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 LO] 
 
A DICTIONARY 
 
 I'KACTICAL, TIIKOUKTICAL, ANP illSTOIUOAI, 
 
 OP 
 
 COMMERCE AND COMMERCIAL NAVIGATION. 
 
 /-? 
 
 ItY Tin; I-ATK 
 
 T 
 
 >;vv 
 
 J. R. M'CULLOCH 
 
 OF H. M. STATIONK.nV OFKICR. 
 
 WITH A BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE BY THE EDITOR. 
 
 'ji 
 
 i 
 
 NEW EDITION, 
 REVISED AND CORRECTED THROUGHOUT. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 HUGH G. RE ID 
 
 SKCnETAP.Y TO M ». M ' ( T I.I.CIC II pOF!, .V X N ■< '.YFJAi.S. 
 
 LONDON : 
 LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 
 
 1869. 
 
 
 t 
 
 li' 
 
 '4 
 
 r I 
 
 . t 
 
//r 
 
 
 ' Thoiiph imrncdietely and primarily written for tlio merchants, this Commprclal Dic- 
 tionary wir. he of use to every man of Iminess or of curiosity. There is no man who is not 
 in some degree a mcrcliant ; who has not something to buy and something to sell, and wlio 
 does not tlierefore want such instnictiona as may teach liim the true vahie of possessions or 
 commodities. The O.escriptions of the producticus of tlie earth and water wliich this volume 
 contiins, may be equally pleesing and useful to the speculatist with any other Natural 
 Histrry. The descriptions of porta and cities may instruct the geographer as well as if they 
 were *' lund in books appropriated only to his own science ; and the doctrines of funds, in- 
 Burr.ncc8, cii.-rency, monopolies, exchanges, and duties, is so necessary to the politician, that 
 without it he can be of no use either in the council or the senate, nor can speak or think 
 justly either on war or traJ". 
 
 ' We, therefore, hope that ^ve snail not repent the labour of compiling this work, nor flatter 
 ourselves unreaso.iably, in predicting a favourable reception to a book which no condition of 
 life can render useless, which may contribute to the advantage of all that make or receive 
 laws, of all that buy or sell, of all that wish to keep or improve their possessions, of all that 
 desire to bo rich, and all that desire to be wiiie.' 
 
 Johnson, Preface to lioU's Diet. 
 
 
 ••• 
 
 .V 
 
I^r^EFACE 
 
 TO 
 
 ■fHE EDITION OK ,«„,. 
 
 fts 
 
 It lias boon well observed of Jf.n ii , , 
 
 *«".!.i. '■■-•bee„„«„,,,„;„''^^:^^«- ''""T"' ""'""•""■>' «'»' 
 
 Tlie Author, after ,„aki„„ „,„ „„„ 
 -..nneneal a ne,v Edition of tl.e C^l ''™'^™"o"'' J"-! -otnally 
 •'•-". oo,„p,e,i„„ tbi, ,„u .,,;j.j tl '™"™"'-» Wore bis dea.b; 
 •o «.e Antnor-s „,an and ar„,„; , J H; "- "' - 1-ibb, adhered 
 «»l>«tc,l, by preserving i„t„e, ,be ! """*' ""'' ■■'''O'o «" has 
 ;oil-K„o„., opinio.^ o n'tbe : h! ::Xrrr »-■ >- -"-.dere 
 
 f » ".«- opinions, however, the I^^ T^' °' '" """ ^'«"0""0'. 
 '■oM responsible. '^""""> "'"i "ot the alitor, .bonid be 
 
 4::::::::::^rz:' r- --™=-es..ri, 
 
 T---r, *e., are i„,roi„ee^ to ^e e dr'"? '':"""■'""• ■^^"^ ^ 
 the-r appropriate heads. '" ' '""■""' «"■ "'o fest time, n„der 
 
 P'-on,- and, with a view to f^Tci ite T ''"'"'- *» P'«"' i.n- 
 
 Pnnted .brougho„t in double eolu^r I. ,'■"'■ '^*"'™ '"« ■"- 
 "o,v n,a,ter given in the fol,„wi„„ ■" ^J'"!'''"'' *« fcshnes, of .,,„ 
 " Kussian Tariff of m'J will b^Sl d ^ '"°'' "'"' «"-^' «-. 
 Mr. Lowe. Besolutions affectinV hi ft,st ' ?""'"•""- ^ ""^ "'"« 
 o»".™I-d in the artiele T..,,^ ^^ ] '""' '"''"'' '''-"- -» 
 «"■•■■'■■■, ic. ' "'■'"»". »"J relerred to „„dcr Tea, 
 
 • S 
 
 i* ! 
 
Ti PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 18C9. 
 
 In a work of such extent tlic Eilitor lias necessarily been indebted t-) 
 very many for aid, and to those more especially who have rendered 
 gratuitous assistance lie would offer his best thanks. Though it seems 
 almost invidious to distinguish any, where all have so readily afforded 
 valuable information and efHcicnt help, he cannot refrain from expressing 
 his heavier obligations to Mr. Robert Slater of Fore Street (unfortmiately 
 since deceased), Mr. Robin Allen, the Secretary, and Mr. John Inglis, 
 Assistant- Secretary of the Trinity House; Mr. B. C. Stephenson, Secretary 
 of Lloyd's; ]Mr. W. S. Lindsay, formerly M.P. for Sunderland; Mr. 
 Tliomson, of Messre. liell, Ratniie & Co. ; and to the Rev. Q. W. Cox, 
 M.A., Editor of Brande's Dictionary of Science, &c. 
 
 The Editor is bound also to acknowledge the aid he has derived from 
 the variciis Commercial Reports of the British Consuls. But it is only 
 just and right that IM'Culloch's Commercial Dictionary should have the 
 fullest benefit from this source of •information— for it would appear that 
 it was at the Author's suggestion that Lord Aberdeen called for these 
 Reports in the form and detail which they now exhibit. And it may not 
 be too much to say here, that the adoption of Mr. M'Cullocli's plan has 
 resulted in the production of that series of accurate, business-like, and 
 instructive documents which have been thought worthy of being printed, 
 and laid before Parlian^ent. 
 
 The Editor, as son-in-law as well as Secretary to the Author, has had 
 ample opportunities of being familiar with his views on many subjects, 
 and as his Secretary acquired considerable experience in the mode of 
 compiling this work by assisting Mr. M'Culloch more or less, from 18 13 
 downwards, in its tabular and more mechanical portions. 
 
 11. G. R. 
 
 Lu.n-i)(.n: Mai/ 1860. 
 
 Tiioro 
 
 reader, 
 
 Tiie e.'s 
 
 countrie 
 
 course, ] 
 
 f'T exai 
 
 nljolition 
 
 Compau) 
 
 ""d Chin 
 
 and Shei 
 
 other mai 
 
 '''he ru 
 
 niatoriallj 
 
 liiissia pai 
 
 glad to h 
 
 had to not 
 
 liberal cht 
 
 trade and 
 
 their rulen 
 
 founded, ai 
 
 niake, in in 
 
 system. 
 
 The great 
 has necessai 
 not, lioweve 
 the different 
 tion at our c 
 so ample, so 
 
 * Thpre is, it 
 
 nmi extensive' ct 
 
 '"irimn ; or, if tl 
 
 tlie siibjiigated n 
 
 ti<'ii« iiml opini,,,; 
 
 I'l't it is imt to 1 
 
 siiporiuimmted sj- 
 
 tlirow, wlittlicr ii 
 
 •)y f(jrci.L'ii io,.,.p_ , 
 
 to exiond the Hi>h 
 
^I^KFACE 
 
 TO 
 
 '■H'^ KBixroN OK ,a3„ 
 
 t'ompauv in IiifUn • +i ' ™® termination of fhc i *'"?"« J the 
 
 ami China; to -Aorr"""' ^«»-- °f the p Ve i^ '^ *'" ^'-«* 1^^^ 
 
 and Shka B.m-u ,f h v"^ '^"'^'"^ »«- aS ' '? v*" ^''"^ 'Continent 
 other matterl "' "^*° ^^^'^ ^'«^ ^^ ^-Po^ts ,- Jl^^ TZ 'n ^"'^""^ ^^'^^ 
 '''^e rules and regulations f . ' '" '""'^^'^ °^ 
 
 ^;S^:rf ;^- Vt^ on, ha. heen 
 
 liberal charac er r "'"''■"■'^' ^^^'^'''^"on of fori ?"T'^'' '''^'''^' "^'^ have 
 trnae and indSryt-lTl"'' ''''' ^^"-"^^le to 'r^^^^' ^'"^^ l^een of a 
 
 their rulers bSr; ^' "'"™ ^'"d more diffu' r« ^^l'' '^'' ^^'^^don^ of 
 founded, and wfth the ""■ TT'"'"'' "^^'^ the o md ;:• ^^^^^^^^^ «« °«tions and 
 
 system. P"^-'"«' -nee we shook oif the si a Lie: 7,^'^ '^ 
 
 The greater important, p ^ Protective 
 
 has necessarily r Su " f.^^'"' '^ *^« "»»»y topics we h , 
 "ot, however^'^^X" c^"" l^'V" ^-'''^^^ «hare o fo^r .r ^'^ '' '^"««-, 
 tl- different n.atSf t 'led "f" ^I"' ''' °*^-. h:!^ I"'"" ^^^'^ '-e 
 t'on at our disposal wo d '« ^ " ^t,!-^^™^ Point of W ^t Ih"" V" "^ 
 --^-oreeen,norso^^:;„:-^--.i^.^ 
 
 ^ *, Th«o is, it must ,« aamittod o "^"^ ^« l'«Ve 
 
 S'ltitisiKit to i,„ .„ '""'*^ fe''voiibiitii •irn!., -^''"Wi; iiiK their rni.Vri '"' "moiiL' 
 
 throw, ^vl,t.th,ri . "'""■"'" ■"''""I'l cvi. ,>,!i, ' "" '''""^t rweiv,. m. 1 .^ ^^'-'''•'''''''•<>S»vs.s. 
 
 c OL mat cau bu Uuuc 
 
 1^ 
 
 I?, 
 
 ■i 
 
via 
 
 PREFACE TO 
 
 done our best to obviate these defects by resorting to the quarters most liliely 
 to be well-inforuied. And on this, as on other occasions, those to whom we 
 applied, have, with but few exceptions, evinced the greatest readiness, and even 
 anxiety, to give us every assistance in their power. We have noticed some 
 gentlemen to whom we have been indebted at the end of the articles to which 
 they especially contributed ; and among tliese and others, we may specify Sir 
 James Emerson Tenuent, and W. M. liucknall, Esq., of the Board of Trade ; 
 Alfred Latham, Esq., Deputy Governor of the Bank of I'^ngland; Andrew 
 Jamieson, Esq., of the firm of Jnmieson, Brothers & Co. ; E. C. Crosbie, Esq., 
 of Livei-pool ; Robert Slater, Esq., of Fore Street, London ; Manuadulie 
 Ilornidge, E.^^., of the East India House ; W. S. Lindsay, Esq., M.P. ; J. A. 
 Messenger, Esq., Inspector-General of Imports and E.xports; Dr. Strang, of 
 Glasgow ; John Ciawfurd, Esq., late of Singapore ; ar.d the very learned book- 
 seller, Nichfilas Triibner, Esq., of I'aternoster Row. It is only by the assistance 
 of individuals having correct information at their disposal, and of those engaged 
 ill different lines of business, in different parts of the world, that a work of this 
 sort can bt rendered of any considerable value. No diligence of enquiry can 
 acquire satisfactory information respecting most part of the subjects of which 
 we have had to treat from books and statistical returns, even when these exist 
 and are accessible, which is frequently not the case. It can only be acquired 
 by comparing these, or, where they are wanting, supplying their place with 
 the communications of intelligent individuals familitir with the matters re- 
 ferred to. 
 
 AVe would fain hope that there are fewer errors in this than in the previous 
 iinpressions of this work, and that it will be found to be in various respects 
 more complete and serviceable. No ordinary amount of labour has been 
 expended upon it. And though the details incident to most part of the 
 subjects which it embraces be perpetually changing, the principles by which it 
 is pervaded are, we are well assured, of an enduring character, and will be no 
 less applicable in the ages that ai-e to come than at present. 
 
 that 
 
 *,* We added to the preface to a former edition of this work the .'"ollowing 
 brief notice of one of the most upright and patriotic statesmen that iliis country 
 has ever produced. However defective it may be reckoned, the place, at least, 
 was not inappropriate for its introduction. And whatever mutations this book 
 may be destined to undergo, this notice will not, we hope, be displaced, unless 
 it be to make room for one less unworthy of the subject. 
 
 ' We may, perhaps, be excused, if, before concluding this notice introductory to 
 a work which he honoured with his approbation, we briefly advert to the irre- 
 parable loss which the United Kingdom, and the commercial world generally, 
 have sustained since the publication of our hu^t edition, in the premature death 
 of Sir Robert Peel. There are but few of the more important topics treated of 
 in this volume in which we have not had to refer to the enlightened and well- 
 digested measures of that great statesman. Tlie maintenance of our old 
 monetary standard, and the sound and comparatively sal'sfactory state of our 
 banking system, are mainly a consequence of his exertions. To say that he did 
 more to promote the public well-being, by introducing enlarged and liberal 
 principles into our economical policy, than any other minister, would be to say 
 little or nothing ; for he did more to forward these great ends than all our other 
 ministers put together, from the Revolution down to the present times. Not 
 
I- 
 
 THE EDITION OF 1859. 
 
 IX 
 
 that we mean to say that we equally approve of all bis measures, or think that 
 some of them might not have been in some respects amended. IJut we refer to 
 the spirit which pervaded his policy, its object, and its general influence. 
 England was the centre of his solicitude ; but the majority of the measures 
 which he supported and earned, and his gieat example, have redounded, and 
 wU continue to redound, not tu the advantage of this country only, but of the 
 world. And hence the deep regret which his death excited in all but the most 
 barbarous nations — " Finis vita ejus amicis luduoms, jmtriee tnstis, extruneis etiam 
 ipiotisque non sine curafuit." * 
 
 ' Though slow to change an opinion or system of policy, he had none of that 
 miserable pride or partisan bigotiy, which so often passes for principle, that 
 disdains to profit by experience, and is above the acknowledgment of an eiTor. 
 He was at all times ready to inquire, and open to conviction. And whenever 
 he had fully satisfied himself that it was necessary, to promote or secure the 
 public welfare, that he should abandon an old or adopt a new course, ho did so 
 at once. The moment he was impressed with that conviction, all doubts and 
 diiUculties vanished from his mind. His duty to his country absorbed every 
 other consideration. Neither the taunts ^.f opponents nor the desertion of 
 friends could influence his resolution. And he spared no efforts, and shrunk 
 from no sacrifice, Iiow„ver unparalleled, to accomplish his patriotic purposes. 
 Other ministers have equalled, and a few may perhaps have surpassed. Sir 
 llobert l*eel in ability. But he stands foreun)st among British statesmen for 
 disintL'restedness ; and for a determination to support and advance, at whatever 
 cost to himself, what he believed to be the lasting and real interests of the 
 community. 
 
 * Taciti Vit. Agiicol. c. lo. 
 
 • -)';■••■•(>*■■ V J i. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 TO 
 
 T 1 1 1-: S K C N 1) E D I T I ( ) N. 
 
 Tht; first impression of tliia Die;ionary, consistinj? of 2,000 copies, was entirely 
 sold ofi' in less tlian nine niontlis from the date of its publication. We feel very 
 deeply indebted to the public for this miequivocal proof of its approbation ; and 
 we have endeavoured to evince our <rratitude, bj' labourinjr to render the work 
 less undeservinp: a continuance of the favour with which it has been honoured. 
 In tlu; prosecution of tliis object, we have subjected every part of it to a careful 
 rt!vision ; have endeavoured to eiadicate the errors that had escaped our notice; 
 to improve those parts tiuit were incomplete or defective; and to supply such 
 articles as Iiad been omitted. We dare not flatter ourselves with the idea that 
 we liave fully succeeded in tlu'se objects. The want of recent and accurate 
 details as to several important subjects, has been an o))stacle we have not, in all 
 cases, been able to overcome ; but those in any dejrree familiar with such inves- 
 lipitions will not, perhaps, be disposed severely to censure our deficiencies in 
 tills respect. 
 
 I'lie changes in the law bearinnr upon commercial transactions have been 
 ciu-cfiilly specitied. Copious abstracts of the late Customs Acts are contained in 
 tlu; articles Coloxtes and Colony Tk.vdk, Impohtation' and Exportatiox, 
 Navigation Laws, JIegistrv, ^MrGOMXC!, Wakkhousing itc. 
 
 The abolition of tlui East India Company's couuuercinl moimpoly, anl the great 
 find jirowing interest* tluit has in consequence been excited amongst all classes 
 respecting the commercial capabilities and practices of India, Cliiua, and other 
 l*]astern countries, iiave made us bestow peculiar attention to this department. 
 Tlu! articles JJax(;kok, IJatavia, Iiomdav, Jiisiiiui;, Hussouaii, Calcutta, 
 Canton, Colujiho, Kast India Comi'axv and East Indiios, Indigo, Macao, 
 
 .MAI)i;As,MANlLI,A,MArUIAlN,MoCJIA, I\IUSCAT,\ANGASACKl,()l'IUJr,UANGOON, 
 
 SiN(iAroKi;, Tatta, Ti;a, &c. contain, it is believed, a greater mass of recent and 
 well-authenticated details as to the commerce of tiie vast countries stretching 
 from tlie .\rabic Gulph to tiie Chinese Sea, than is to be found in juiy other 
 Jviglish publication. 
 
 Tlie article BaXiiING is mostly new. Eesides embodying the late Act prolong- 
 ing tlie charter of tlie Hank of England, and the more important details given in 
 the Ifeport of the Select Committee on the Kenewal of tlie IJank Charter, this 
 article contains sonu; novel aiul important information not elsewhere to be met 
 
 • Tlie rnicnt events in China hnvf luldt'il greatly (o l.lii= iutCTt',-l, iiml Imvf uiiulc \u enter, in Hiis 
 cdiLiou, into hcvcral adduiouai dcLails. 
 
 With. ] 
 lished, t 
 tJie first 
 account 
 from 10! 
 ^^'e havt 
 business 
 tional pa 
 We ha 
 descriptii 
 the histoi 
 will be fc 
 The G, 
 eniporiun 
 perhaps, 1 
 dicament, 
 The sort 
 not be d( 
 and it wn 
 wo drew 
 exports, c 
 niigJit be 
 however, i 
 with the I 
 would hai 
 inteiferenc 
 queries pr 
 transmittec 
 been recei 
 of course, 
 embody a { 
 w-ith a detr 
 servation, 1 
 The inf. 
 but not k 
 twice the 
 of enlargini 
 Besides im 
 nature aiu 
 instances, i 
 the entry 
 public ciia 
 duties on 
 the regulat 
 ii variety o 
 specified tli 
 with tlie rn 
 As it is ver 
 description, 
 about a doz 
 more than 
 
 ♦ Tlif r(.tnrn 
 (-'bn.^iiaiiia, Ai, 
 
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 XI 
 
 with. No account of" the issues of the Hank of Eng-hmd has hitherto been pub- 
 lished, that extends fartlier back than 1777. lint this deficiency is now, for 
 the first time, supplied ; the Directors having obligingrly furnished us with an 
 account of the issues of the Bank on February "28 and August lil, of each year, 
 from 1098, within four years of its establishment, down to the present time. 
 We have also procured a statement, from authority, of the mode of transacting 
 business in the Hank of Scotland ; and have been able to supply several addi- 
 tional particulars, both with respect to British and to foreign banks. 
 
 We have made many additions to, and alterations in, the numerous articles 
 descriptive of the various commodities that form the materials of commerce, and 
 the historical notices by which some of them are accompanied. We hope they 
 will be found more accurate and complete than formerly. 
 
 The Gazetteer department, or that embracing accounts of the principal foreign 
 emporiums with which this country maintains a direct intercourse, was, 
 perhaps, the most defective in the old edition. If it be no longer in this pre- 
 dicament, the improvement has beeu principally owing to oiHcial co-operation. 
 The sort of information we desired as to the great sea-port towns could 
 not be derived from books, nor from any sources accessible to the public ; 
 and it was necessarj', therefore, to set about exploring others. In this view 
 wo drew up a series of queries, embracing an investigation of imports and 
 exports, commercial and shipping regulations, port charges, duties &c., that 
 might be transmitted to any port in any part of the world. There would, 
 however, in many instances, have been much difHculty in getting them answered 
 with the requisite care and attention by private individuals ; and the scheme 
 would have had but a very partial success, had it not been for the friendly 
 interference of Mr. Poulett Thomson. Alive to the importance of having the 
 queries properly answered, he undertook to use his influence to get them 
 transmitted to the Consuls. This was accordingly done ; and answers have 
 been received from the greater number of these functionaries. There is, 
 of course, a considerable inequality amongst them ; but for the most part they 
 embody a good deal of valuable information, and some of them are drawn up 
 with a degree of skill, and display an extent of research and a capacity of ob- 
 servation, that reflect high credit on their authors.* 
 
 The information thus obtained, added to what we received through other 
 but not less authentic channels, supplied us with the moans of describing 
 twice the number of foreign sea-ports noticed in our former edition ; and 
 of enlarging, amending, and correcting the accounts of »ach as were noticed. 
 Besides much fuller details than have ever been previously published of the 
 nature and extent of the trade of many of these places, the reader will, in most 
 instances, find a minute account of the regulations to be observed respecting 
 the entry and clearing of sliips and goods, with statements of the difterent 
 public charges laid on siiipping, the rates of commission and brokerage, the 
 duties on the principal goods imported and exported, the prices of provisions, 
 tiu! regulations as to quarnutine, the practice as to credit, banking &c., with 
 a variety of other particulars. We have also described the ports; and have 
 specified their dcjitli of water, the course to be steered by vessels on entering, 
 with the rules as t<'. pilotage, tuid the fees on account of pilots, light-houses &c. 
 As it is very diflicult to convey a sufiiciently distinct idea of a sea-port by any 
 description, we have giv(!n plans, taken from the latest find best authorities, of 
 about a dozen of the priu ipal foreign port*. Whether we have succeeded, is 
 more than we can venture to say ; but we hope we have said enough to sjitisfy 
 
 ! 
 
 ii', 
 
 I ■>: 
 
 ' The returns liinii-litd by the Cnii^iils iit }[aiiilnup, Trio^tr and Veiiicr, Naples," Dautziu, Bordeaux, 
 Clji'i.-.liaiiiH, AiUblcrdam, El^iiK'ur, New York, Chaiitdou, ic. are punicularly good. 
 
xii 
 
 PREPACK TO 
 
 the reader, that we liavc spared no pains to furnisli him with authentic infor- 
 mation in this important department. 
 
 The Tariff, or Tahle of Diitie.^ on Imports, Sec, in this edititm, is pecu- 
 liarly valuable. It is divided into tliree colunms : the first ccmtainingan account 
 of the existing; duties payable on the importation of foreijpi products for homo 
 use, as the siune were fixed by tlio Act of lost } ear, 3 & 4 Wm. IV. c. 50 ; 
 the next colunm exhibits the duties payable on the same articles in 1819, aa 
 fixed by the Act V.) Geo. III. c. 52 ; and the third and last column exhibits tho 
 duties as tliey were fixed in 1787 by Mr. Titt's Consolidation Act, the 27 Geo. III. 
 c. 13. The duties are rated throughout in Imperial weights and measures; 
 and allowances liave been made for dillerences in the mode of charging, &c. The 
 reader lias, therefore, before bim, and may compare together, the present cus- 
 toms duties with tlie duties as they stood at tho end of the late war, and at ita 
 commencement. No similar Table is to be mot with in any otlier work. Wo 
 are indebted for it to J. D. Hume, Esq., of the Board of Trade, at whose sug- 
 gestion, and under whose direction, it has been prepared. Its compilaticm wna 
 a worlc of much labour and diiRculty ; and could not have been accomplished by 
 any one not well acquainted with the Customs Acts, and the various changes in 
 the mode of assessing the duties. 
 
 On tho whole, we trust it will be found that the work has been improved 
 throughout, either by the coiTection of mistakes, or by the addition of new and 
 useful matter. Still, however, we are well aware that it is in various respects 
 defective ; but we are not without hopes that those who look into it will be in- 
 dulgent enough to believe that this has been owing as much to tlie extreme 
 difficulty, or rather, perhaps, the impossibility, of obtaining accurate information 
 respecting some of the subjects treated of, as to the want of care and attention 
 on our part. Even as regards many important topics connected with the com- 
 merce and manufactures of Great Britain, we have had to regret the want of 
 authentic details, and been obliged to grope our way in the dark. The condi- 
 tion and habits of the English and Scotch are so very diftercnt from those of 
 the Irish, that conclusions deduced from considering the trade or consumption 
 of tlie United Kingdom en masse, are frequently of little value ; and may, indeed, 
 unless carefully sifted, be tlie most fallacious imaginable ; while, owing to the 
 want of any account of the cross-channel trade between the two great divisions 
 of the empire, it is not possible accurately to estimate tlie consumption of either, 
 or to obtain any sure means of j udging of their respective progress in wealth 
 and industry. As respects manufactures, there is a still greater deficiency of 
 trustwortliy details. But the articles relating to them in tliis work having been 
 submitted to the highest practical authorities, we incline to think they aro 
 about as accurate as they can well be rendered. 
 
 The statistical Tables published by the Board of Trade embrace the substance 
 of luindrods of accounts, scattered over a vast mass of Parliamentary papers. 
 They seem to be compiled with great care and j iidgment, and are a very valuable 
 acquisition. We have frequently been largely indebted to them. But their 
 arrangement, and their constantly increasing number and bulk, make them quite 
 unfit Ibr being readily or advantiigeously consulted by practical men. Most part 
 of the returns relating to the principal articles given in tliis work go back to a 
 mucli more distant period than those published by tlie Board of Trade. 
 
 We have seen no reason to modify or alter any vrinciplk of commercial 
 roLicv advanced in our former edition. In some instances, we liave varied the 
 exposition a little, but that is all. In every case, however, we have separated 
 the practical, legal, and historical statements from those of a speculative nature ; 
 60 that those most disposed no dissent from our theoretical notions will, we hope. 
 
 bo re 
 
 ufiliti 
 
 Thi 
 
 othorv 
 
 editioi 
 
 railroa 
 
 positio 
 
 the riv 
 
 the Tat 
 
 emporiu 
 
 We 
 
 peutloni 
 
 tions. 
 
 for any 
 
 furnish. 
 
 concealm 
 
 and sever 
 
 articles in 
 
THE SECOND EDITIOV 
 The „,ap.s given with th. for,n ,■ "' '^^ P'''«=«'^«l 
 
 ;-Jro«d. of Great Iirr«inT; r"^' "' '^« -".pTet J 't"""' '"' "'« P--"t 
 Po- -„ of the di/fbre„ Sthou, '^' ' -^»'^'ing, «t T"^'! ^"'"^^^ ""•' 
 tbe nvers Mersey «nd Dee and, ^ *'-" ""^ "^her tp e ' Jr, T^-«<^J''«. tho 
 "le various lines of „ ' ^ *^^ country from t • ^ ^•^'iJl>its tlio mouths ,.c 
 
 ^•"•"^^h- Wo have .e]do7 "'l'^''' ^'' ^^l^-nlZZtrr^''^ "' ''"■^i"- 
 
 
 * ■ » 
 
 ?.. 
 
 t,kf 
 
PREFACE 
 
 TO 
 
 T H E V 1 ]{ 8 T E 1) I T 1 1) N. 
 
 It has been the wish of the Author and Pul)lishers of this Work, that it should 
 be as extei.sivi'ly uscfid as possil)lo. If tliey bo not deceived in their expecta- 
 tions, it luti y bo adviuitiifjreously oniployed, as a sort of i-adc mecum, by merchants, 
 traders, ship-owners, and ship-masters, in conductinj; the details of tlieir re- 
 spective busiiK'Sses. It is hoped, however, that this object has been attained 
 without omitting the consideration of any topic, incident to tlie subject, tliat 
 seemed calculated to make the book generally serviceable, and to recommend it 
 to the attention of all classes. 
 
 Had our object bei'U merely to consider commerce as a science, or to investi- 
 gate its principles, we should not have adopted the form of a Dictionary. I Jut 
 commerce is not a science only, but also an art of vast practical importance, 
 in the prosecution of which a very large proportion of the population of every 
 civilised country is actively engaged. Hence, to be generally useful, a work on 
 commerce should combine practice, theory, and history. Dillerent readers may 
 resort to it for dillerent purposes ; and everyone should bo able to find in it 
 dear and accurate information, whether his object be to make himself familiar 
 with details, to acquire a knowledge of principles, or to leani the revolutions 
 that have taken place in the various departments of trade. 
 
 The following short outline of what this Work contains may enable the 
 reader to estimate the probability of its fulfilling the objects for which it has 
 been intended : — 
 
 I. It contains accounts of the various articles which form the subject matter 
 of commercial transactions. To their English names are, for the most part, 
 subjoined their synonymou," appellations in French, German, Italian, Russian, 
 Spanish &c. ; and sometimes, also, in Arabic, Hindoo, Chinese, and other 
 Kastern languages. We have endeavoured, by consulting the best authorities, 
 to make the descriptions of commodities as accurate as possible ; and have 
 pointed out tlie tests or marks by which their goodness may be ascertained. 
 The places where they are produced are also specified ; the quantities exported 
 from such places; and the different regulations, duties &c. affecting their 
 importation and exportation, which have been carefully stated, and their 
 infiuence examined. The prices of most articles have been given, sometimes 
 for a lengthened period. Historical notices are inserted illustrative of the 
 rise and progress of the trade in the most important articles; and it is hoped 
 that tiie information embodied in these notices will be found to be as authentic 
 as it is interesting. 
 
 
l»Hi;i'A( K TO TIIK riKST KDITIOS. 
 
 XT 
 
 II. Tim Wmk cuiiiuiM.M a m-iiiTul iiiticl"- (ni CoMMiUdK, cvplaimlDry of it- 
 nature, pi'inciplt's, and obji.'ctH, and t;inbraiMn>r an I'liijuiry into tlic polir\ ol 
 rt'striclii)n«i iiitt-ndi'd to proinot<; indiHtry at lionir, nv to adviiniMi tlic nulilic 
 interests by fxcliulin;; or re.straininj,' lorci^rn coiupeiiti m. IvscluHivc, howivir, 
 of tliis general article, we have .-^eparati'ly t"cainincd tlie upt^ratimi of tin 
 exi;*tiug re.'*tri(!tii)n3 on tlie tra<le in particular articles, and with jmrticulm- 
 eountrits, in tlie accounts of thoMc articles, and of the yi'^^at M-a-port towns 
 bel()n)ri"(^ to the countrien referred to. There niu-*t, of course, be more nr lens 
 of Hanieness in the discussion of »ucli points, the i)rin('iple which runs throiij,'h 
 thoni bein;^ idcintical. J3ut in a Dictionary this is of no contiequenci.'. Thi- 
 reader seldom consults more than one or two articles at a tinu? ; and it is 
 of inliuitely more importance to britijr the whole subject at once before him, 
 than to seek to avoid the ajipearanct; of repetition by referrinjr from one article 
 to anotlier, In this Work such references are nia<li' as Heldom as pos.sil)le. 
 
 III. The articles which niore partieularly refer to commercial navi^^ation are 
 .AvKKAOK, BiLT.s OF Lai)1N(1, lio xto.mkv, ( "h vktlkiw rtv, Frkkmit, I.VsrUA.VCK 
 (.Maui.vk), Mastkr. Navkiatiox Laws, ()\vm;ks, l{i;(iisrKV,SAL\ A(ii;, Hkamk.v, 
 SiiU's, ToNNAfiK, ^\'KK(.•K &c. Thi;s>) articles embrace u pretty full expohitioii 
 of the law as to ahippiiiir: we base particularly endeavoured to exhibit th" 
 privileges enjoyi'd by Jjritish ships; the conditions auil fornuilities, the 
 (ibservauce of which is necessary to the acquisition and preservation of such 
 privileges, and to the traustWence of property in ships ; the responsihilitie-. 
 incurred by the masters and ownens in their capacity tjf public carriers ; and 
 the reciprocal duties and obligations of owners, uu;8ters, and seamen. In this 
 d(!partment, we have made considerable use of the treatise of J,ord Tenterden 
 on the Law of .Shipping — a work that does honour to the learning and talents 
 of its noble author. I'he Hegi-stry Act and the Navigation Act are gi\t'n with 
 very little abridu:ment. T'o this head may also be referred the articles on the 
 Cot), IIkiuuxu, I'lr.OHVKU and Whali; fisheries. 
 
 IV. The principles and practice of commercial arithmetic and accoiuits are 
 unfolded in the articles I]ooK-iii;i;i'iMr, Discoitnt, LxcKAMtK, iNrr.ftEsr and 
 Annuities &c. The article Hook- kkki'ing has bcsn furnished by one of the 
 olficial assignees under the new Bankrupt Act. It exhibits a view of this 
 important art as actiuilly practised in the moat extensive mercantile houses in 
 town. The tables for calculating interest ami annuities are believed to be more 
 complete than any hitherto g-iven in any work not treating professedly of such 
 .subjects. 
 
 V. A con.siderable cla.ss of articles may be regarded as descriptive of the 
 various means and devices that have been fallen upon for extending and 
 facilitating commerce and navigation. Of these, taking them in their order, 
 the articles Banks, BiiOKions, Buovh, Canals, Caravans, CAURtErts, Coins, 
 Colonies, Companies, Consuls, Convoys, Docks, Factors, Fairs ani> 
 Markets, Lkhit-houses, Money, PARTNERsiiir, riL0TA(JE, I'osr-Oin'TCE, 
 Raii,-koai)s, KoADS, Treaties (Commercial), Wkkuits and .Measures &c. 
 are among the most important. In the article Banks, the reader will find, 
 besides an exposition of the principk'S of banking, a pretty full account (derived 
 principally from ofKcnal sources) of the Bank of England, the private banks of 
 London, ami the l']ngli.sh prm'incial banks ; the Scotch and Irish banks ; and 
 the most celebrated foreign banks : to complete this department, an account of 
 Savings' Banks is subjoined, with a .set of rules which may be taken as a model 
 for such institutions.* There is added to the article Coins, a Table of the 
 a.ssay, weight, and sterling value of the principal foreign gold and silver coins. 
 
 • t^oiiiC cif llic iriii'idVciiMiiis iii;iiii> on I hi-; uilirli' aic ridti.Til in tlif rivl';in<- lo Uip IScci.tkI Eilitiou. 
 
 
Hi 
 
 xri 
 
 PRKI'ACK TO 
 
 (Ifducod fmni afsays mai\(^ ftt tlm f^Diulon and Paris ^riiit«i,taki"'n, hy permission, 
 IVoni the la-tt fditiun of Dr. Kolly's Canihutt. Tlio nvticlo Cumixikh is nne of 
 the tnoflt I'xtonflivo in the work : it contains a skiitch of the anritnt and nuulorn 
 (•vstoniM of colonisatiitn ; an oxaniination of the principles of i-oloiiial jiolicy ; 
 and ft vifw of tho oxtcnt, trade, population, and re,«ources of the lulonief* of this 
 and other countriea. In this artiel'*, and in tho articles CwE ov Good JIopk, 
 C'oi.rMiio. IIamkax, QiKiiKC, HvD.VKY, and V'an Dikmkx'w Lano, recent nnri 
 authentic information is jriven, which those inlendin;.' to eniis.'ratn will llnd 
 worth their attention. Tlie map of the Hritish possessions in North America is 
 on a pretty largo scale, and is second to non.', of those countries, liitlit-rto 
 published in an aci'essiblo form. The artiido (!oi/tNiK8 is also illustrated hy a 
 map of Central America and the West Indies. An engraved plan is (riven, 
 along with the article Docks, of the rivor Thames and the docks from Ulaclc- 
 wall to the Tower; and the latest re;,'ulatioMs Issued by the dillerent Dock 
 Companies here and in other towns, aa to tho docking of ships, and the charges 
 on that account, and on account of the loading, unloading, warohousin" -kit. of 
 goods, are given verbatim. The .statements in tho articles Lkhit-iioisks and 
 PinoTAOF, have been nujstly furni.shed by the Trinity House, or derived from 
 papers printed by order of the Admiralty, and may be implicitly relied tipon. 
 In tho article Wkiohts am> Mkasuriis tho reader will find tables of the etiui- 
 valenta of wine, ale. and Winchester measures, in Imperial measure. 
 
 VI. IJesides a general article on th(! constitution, advantages, and disadvan- 
 tages of Companies, accounts are given of the principal associations existing in 
 Great Britain for tho purpose of conducting commercial undertakings, or umler- 
 takingssubordiiiiite to and connected with commerce. Among others Cexolusive 
 of the Banking and Dock Companies already referred to) may be mentioned the 
 East India Company, the Gam Companifm, the Insiranck Comi'Axtks, tho 
 MiNiNO Companies, the Watku Compakikh, &c. The articles on tho East 
 India Company is of considerable length ; it contains a pretty complete sketch 
 of the rii<o, progress, and pre-sent .state of the Britisli trade with India ; an es- 
 timate of the influence of tho Company's monn|. )ly ; and a view of the revenue, 
 population &c. of our Indian dominiejis. Wo have endeavoured, in treating 
 of insurance, to supply wiiat we think a desideratum, by giving a distinct and 
 plain statement of its principles, and a brief notice of its history ; with an 
 account of the rul.s and practices followed by individuals and companies in 
 transacting the more important departments of the bu.«ine.ss ; and of the terms 
 on which houses, lives &c. arc commonly insured. The part of the article 
 which peculiarly respects marine in.surancc has been contributed by a practical 
 gentleman of much knowledge and experience in that branch. 
 
 VII. In addition t-^ the notices of the Excise and Customs regulations affect- 
 ing particular comui'ilities given under their names, the reader will find articles 
 mder the head' >f Custom.s, Excl^t;, Importation and ExpoRTATro>f, 
 Licenses, Smuogl :sg, AVAREHOCSixct &c. which comprise most part of the 
 practical details belonging to the business of the Excise and Customs, pariicu- 
 larly the latter. Tho most important Customs A.cts are given w^ith very little 
 abridgment, and being printed in small letter, they occupy comparatively little 
 space. The ai'tide Tariff contains an account of the various duties, draw- 
 backs, and bounties, on the importation and exportation of all sorts of com- 
 modities into and from this country. — We once intended to give the tariffs of 
 some of the principal Continental states ; but, from tho frequency of the changes 
 made iu them, they would very soon have become obsolete, and would have 
 tended rather to mislead than to instruct. But the reader will notwithstanding 
 
'iIIK Fills r KDITIDN. 
 
 xvil 
 
 find n pooil di'iil of iiiformntinn ro^pt'ctiiijr furui^rii iliiti".s iimlr the u.'tielcH 
 Cadiz, llwur,, Nai'i.ks, Nf.w Vouk, Tiukstk I'tc. 
 
 \'11I. Aimmj,' till' iirticlfs i>( u iiiiscfllaiH'iins description, umy !)»> spoi'llli'd 
 
 AMH.VM, Al'l'ltKNTICK, AvCIIOXKKIt, IJaLVXCK nV TUAIIK, I!aXKULI'T(V, 
 
 CoxTitAiiANn, (.'kkdit, Hanskatk; F-KArat;, I.Mi'oiirs anh Kxi'outm, 1m- 
 ri!i:s>..Mi:Nr, loMAX Islands, .Maui iimk Law, 1'assi;x(;i;us, IVvtkxts, I'awx- 
 imoKixcj, I'litACY, roi'ULATiox, I'uixiois -Mhtai.^ Puiciw, Pui\ ATKKUS, 
 
 I'UUSSIAXOur.EUMAX ( 'oMMWiCIAI- I'XIOX, I't IIMCAXS, C^TAHAX TIXi;, Ki:\ IXIK 
 
 AND i;\i'i;xi»rn'KK, Si.avi;s axd Slavk Ti:ai)i;, Tai.i.v Tuadk, I'liicK 
 Systkm kc* 
 
 IX. A<'co.ints nro ^rivon, iiihIit tlicir propc^r lu'iids, of tin; primipal empoiiums 
 with wliicli tills country lin.s tiny iiuiii'.'diitti' iiilcicoiir.sc ; ol' the coninioditics 
 usunlly exported I'roni and iniportt'd into them ; of their moneys, weights, and 
 nieiisiires ; .md of wucli of their institutions, cnstonis, and re;juhil ions, with 
 respect to commeico untl navigation, us si'uined to deseivc nolici^. 'I'hero are 
 occasionally subjoined to these accounts of the j!;reftt seaports, pretty full state- 
 ments of the trade of the countries in which they are situated, as ii> tin; instances 
 of Ai-i:xAXi)UiA, Amstkuham, JJuhukaix, J'ukxos Ayuks, Cadiz, Cau.itta, 
 Cantox, CopKxnAOEX, Daxtzic, CiAi.Arz, (Sai.vkstox, IIavaxxaii, IlAvni;, 
 Lima, Moxtkvidko, Napi.ds, Xkw Yohk, Odkssa, I'ai.ekmo, 1'';ti:rsiu-uu, 
 lUo i)i; Jaxkiko, Smyuxa, Stockholm, Tuikste,Vam>auaiso, Vera Ckuz, i&c* 
 To have nttonipted to do this systematically would have increased the size of 
 the Work beyond all reasonable limits, and embarrassed it with details nowise 
 interesting to the English reader. The plan wo have a<lopted has enabled ns 
 to treat of such matters as might be supposed to be of importance in I'lngland, 
 and to reject the rest. We believe, however, that, notwithstanding this selec- 
 tion, those who compare this work with others, will find that it contains a 
 iiiuch larger mass of authentic information respecting the trade and navigation 
 of foreign countries than is to b(i found in any other English publication. 
 
 The reader may bo inclined, perhaps, to think that it must be impossible to 
 embrace the discussion of so many subjects in a single octavo volume, without 
 treating a large proportion in a very brief and unsatisfactory manner. ]?ut, in 
 point of fact, this single octavo contains about as much letterpress as is con- 
 tained in two ordinary folio vidumes, and more than is contained in .Macp'^Tson's 
 Annals of Commerce, in four large volumes quarto, published at 8/. 8s.! This 
 extraordinary condensation has been ell'ected without any sacrifice of beauty or 
 distinctness. Could we .suppose that the substance of the book is at all er^ual 
 to its form, there would be little room for doubt as to its success. 
 
 Aware that, in a work of this nature, accuracy in matters of fact is of primary 
 importance, we have rarely made any statement without mentioning- our autho- 
 rity. Except, too, in the case of books in every one's hands, or JJictionaries, 
 the page or chapter of the works referred to is generally specified ; experience 
 having taught us that the convenient practice of stringing together a list of 
 authorities at the end of an article is much oftener a cloak for ignorance thau 
 an evidence of research. 
 
 Our object being to describe articles in the state in which they are ofl'ered 
 for sale, we have not entered, except when it was necessary to give precision 
 or clearness to their description, into any details as to the processes followed in 
 their manufacture. 
 
 Besides the maps already noticed, the work contains a map of the world, on 
 Mercator's projection, and a map of Central and Southern Europe and the 
 
 ,i 
 
 • S.-,craI of tlioso artirles havoheon in?crt(\l for tlio first time in this (the tliiril coiuploto) oilition 
 of the work ; but we tlioiijjlit it most co.ivciiiciit to emimenUe tlioui with the others. 
 
 .,1 . 
 
XVlll 
 
 PKEFACE TO 
 
 ^rediterrnnean Sea. These maps are on a larfrer scale than those usually <riven 
 vith ■works of this sort ; and have been carefully corrected, and compared witli 
 the best authorities. 
 
 Such is a roup-li outline of what the reader may expect to meet witli in this 
 Dictionary. We do not, howevei-, Hatter ourselves with the notion that he will 
 consider that all that has been attempted has been properly executed. In a 
 work embmoitiir such an extreme ranpe and diversity of subjects, respectinji- 
 many of wiiich it is exceedinf'iy diliicult, if not quite impossible, to obtain 
 accurate infonnatioii, no one will be oUended should he detect a few errors. At 
 the same time we can allirni that ludther labour nor expense has been spared to 
 entitle the Work to the public confidence and patronajje. The author has been 
 almost incessantly engaged upon it for upwards of five years ; and he may ])0 
 said to have spent the previous part of his life in preparini^' for the underlakinfi-. 
 lie has derived valuable assistance from some distinguished official gentlemen, 
 and from many eminent merchants ; and has endeavoured, wherever it was 
 practicable, to build his conclusions upon official documents. But in very many 
 instances lie has been obliged to adopt less authentic data ; and he does not sup- 
 pose that he has had sagacity enough alwaj's to resort to the best authorities, or 
 that, amidst conflicting and contradictory statements, he has uniformly selected 
 those most worthy of being relied upon, or that the inferences he has drawn are 
 always such as the real circumstances of the case w.)uld warrant. But he has 
 done his best not to h(( wantinir in these respects. A'ot being engaged in any sort 
 of business, mr being rnider any description of obligation to any political party, 
 there was nothing to induce us, in anj- instance, to concal or pervert the trutli. 
 We have, therefore, censured freely and openly whatever we considered wrong; 
 but the grtiunds of our opinion are imiformlj' assigned ; so that the reader may 
 alwaj's judge for himself as to its correctness. Our sole object has been to 
 prodr.ce a work that should bo generally useful, particularly to merchants and 
 traders, and which should be creditablu to ourselves. Whether we have suc- 
 ceeded, the award of tlie public will show ; and to it we submit our labours, 
 iuit with ' frigid indiil'erence,' but with an anxious hope that it may be found 
 we have not misemployed our time, and engaged in an undertaking too vast 
 for our limited means. 
 
 The following notices of some of the most celebrated Commercial Dictionaries 
 may not, perhaps, bi? unacceptable. At all events, they will show that there is 
 at least room for th<> present attempt. 
 
 The Grand Dictloiuinirc dc Coinmvire, begim and principally executed by 
 HI. Savary, Inspector of Customs at Paris, and completed by his broth(>r, tlio 
 Abbe Savary, Canon of St. ^laur, was pr.ldislud at Paris in 1723, in two volumes 
 folio : a supplemental volume being added in 1.7W. This was the first work of 
 the kind that ap])e!U'ed in modern Europe : and has furnished the principal part 
 of the materials for most of tlio.se by which it has been followed. The under- 
 taking was liberally patronised by the French government, wlio justly considered 
 that a Counuercial Dictionary, if well exticuted, would be of national importance. 
 Hence a considevable, and, indeed, tlie most valuable, portion of Savary's 
 work is eonipileii from ^Iciiioirs sent liim, l.iy order of government, by the 
 inspectors of manufactures in l-'rancu, and by the Freneli consuls in fcu'eign 
 countries. An enlarged editimi of tin; Ijiciioiiiiairr was published at (re- 
 neva in 17o(), in six folio ^(;lllul('s. But the best edition is that of CopenhagtMi, 
 in five volumes folio ; tlie first of which ajipeared in 1759, and tlie last in 
 17(i'>. 
 
 More than the half of tliis work consists of matter altouetlier fonijii to its 
 
 »i 
 
 .^j 
 
THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 XIX 
 
 proper object. It is, in fact, a sort of Dictionary of Manufactures as well as of 
 Conimerco ; descriptions beinjir (riven, which are, necessarily perhaps, in most 
 instances exceedin<rly incomplete, and which the want of plates often renders un- 
 intelligible, of the methods followed in the manufacture of the commodities 
 described. It is also filled with lengthened articles on natural history, the 
 bye-laws and privileges of different corporations, and a variety of subjects 
 nowise connected with commercial pursuits. No one, however, need look 
 into it fv)r any development of sound principles, or tor enlarged views. It 
 is valuable as a repertory of facts relating to commerce and manufactures at 
 the commencement of last century, collected with laudable care and industry ; 
 but it is pervaded by the spirit of a customs ollicer, and not of a mer- 
 chant or a philosopher, ' Soiivcnt dans scs lu'Jlexionii, il tend jilutut a ('f/arcr 
 scs hcteurfi qii\'i Ics eonduirc, et dcs muxinies miisihlen au j)ro<jrhii dii commerce et 
 dc I'industrie obtiennent presque toujonrs ses eloi/cs et son approbation.^ 
 
 The preceding extract is from the I'rospectus, in one volume octavo, published 
 by the Abb6 Morellet, in 170!), of a now Commercial Dictionary, to be completed 
 in five or probably six volumes folio. This Prospectus is a work of sterling 
 merit : and from the acknowledged learning and talent of its author, and bis 
 capacity for laborious exertion, there can be no doubt that, had the projected 
 Dictionary been completed, it would have been infinitely superior to that of 
 Savar)'. It appears (I'rospectus, pp. 'iSo— 373) that Morellet had been engaged 
 for a number of j'earo in preparations for this groat work ; and that he had 
 amassed a large collection of books and manuscripts relative to national 
 economy, and the commerce, navigation, colonies, arts, &c. of France and 
 other countries. The entorpris-e was begun under the auspices of M. Trudalne, 
 lutendant of Finance, and was patronised by Messrs. L'Averdy and Jicrtin, 
 Comptrollers General. But whether it were owing to the gigantic nature of 
 the undertaking, to the author having become too much engrossed with other 
 pursuits, the want of sufficient encouragement, or some other cause, no part 
 of the proposed Dictionary ever appeared. We are ignorant of the fi\te of the 
 valuable collection of manuscripts made by the Abbe Morellet. His books 
 were sold at I'aris within these few years. 
 
 A Commercial Dictionary, in three volumes 4to, forming part of the Encyclo- 
 pedie Methodiiptc, was published at Paris in 1783. It is very unequally executed, 
 ".nd contains numerous articles that might have been advantageously left out. 
 The editors acknowledge in their Preface that they have, in most instances, been 
 obliged to borrow from Savary. The best parts of the work are copied from the 
 edition of the Traitc General dti Commerce of Kicard, published at Amsterdam 
 in 1781, in two volumes 4to.* 
 
 The earliest Commercial Dictionary published in England was compiled by 
 Malachy I'ostlethwayt, Esq,, a diligent and indefatigable writer. The first part 
 of the first edition appeared in 1751. The last edition, in two enormous folio 
 volumes, was published in 1774. It is cliargeable with the same defects as that 
 of Savary, of which, indeed, it is for the most part a literal translation. The 
 author has made no ''flortto condense or combine the statements under different 
 articU's, wh'ch are frequently not a little contradictory ; at the same time that 
 many of them are totallj' unconnected with commerce. 
 
 In 17('>1, Iticharu Eolt, Esq., pubiislnd a Commercial Dictionary in one pretty 
 largo fiilio vuluHie. The best part of this work is its Preface, which was contri- 
 liutodby Dr. .Johnson. It is for the most part abridged from Postlethwayt ; but 
 
 * Tliir, wliou imlilibhcil, nuvst Iiavi' Iji-cu a very % alnallo \Yurk. It is now, however, in a great 
 measure 'jb.-ol.ete. 
 
 a2 
 
 I- 
 
 w 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ■'ri 
 
3«X 
 
 rUHFAL'E TO TIIK FIHST KDITIOX. 
 
 it contivins sdino usofiil fii'liclcs purloini'd from ollu'v works, mixed, lio-iViMcr, 
 •with many iilicn to tin; .s\il)j<>ct. 
 
 In 17(j(), a Conimorciul Dictionarj' was ptihlislu'il, in two rntlipr lliin folio 
 volnmps, by Tliomas Morti: lor, V.^^q., at that timn Vici>-( 'onsiil for llie Xcthor- 
 landp". 'J'his is a more commodious and Letter arranged, hut not a nmre valuahh? 
 work tlian that of Postlothwayt. Tli(> phiii of the autlior I'nihraces, lil^o lliat of 
 liis predecessors, too (jroat a variity of ohj(>ets ; nwire tlian Iialf tin; work heinpr 
 filled with <:ooi,n'aphical artich'S, ami articles do-cribin;jr the processes carried on 
 in different departments of manufacturing; industry ; there are also articles on 
 very many subjects, such as arehitoclure, the natural history of the ocean, the 
 land-tax, the (jualilieations of surf^eons, &c., the relation of which to commerce, 
 navif!;ation,.or manufactures, it seems diflicult to discover. 
 
 In ]810, a Commercial Dictionary was published, in on(> thick octa^■o volume, 
 purportinir to b(! by Mr. Mortimer. We understand, however, that he had but 
 little, if any thin^, to do with its compilation. It is quite unworthy of the sub- 
 ject, and of the i pocli when it appeared. It has all the faults of these by which 
 it was preceded, with but few peculiar merits. ]?eing not only a Dictionary of 
 Commerce and Xavijration, but of Manufactures, it contains accounts of the dif- 
 ferent Arts • but to describe these i'l a satisfactory and really useful manner, 
 would require! several volumes, and the co-operatinn of many individuals : so 
 that, wliile the accounts referred to are worth very little, they occupy so larp:e n 
 space that room has not been left for the proper discussion of t^ose subjects 
 from which alone the work derives whatever value it posseSf.\'i. there is 
 
 an article of twenty-two pap's technically describing,' the various processes of 
 the art of paintiufr, while the general article on connmnTe is comprised in less 
 than two pages. The articles on coin and money do not together occup}' four 
 pages, being considerably less than the space allotted to the articles on engraving 
 and etching. There is not a word said as to the circumstances which determine 
 the course of exchange ; and the important subject of credit is disposed of in 
 less than tiro lines ! Perhaps, however, the greatest delect in the work is its total 
 want of any thing like science. Xo attempt is ever made to explain the prin- 
 ciples on whi( h any operation depends. Every thing is treated as if it were em- 
 pirical and arbitrary. Except in the legal articles, no authorities are quoted; 
 80 that very little dependence can be placed on the statements advancinl. 
 
 In anotlier Commercial Dictionary, repi.blished within these few years, the 
 general article on commerce consists of a dismssion with res-pect to simple and 
 compound demand, and simple and double" competition : hickily the article d<;es 
 not fill quite a page; being considerably shorter tlian the description of ' i. 
 kaleidoscope. 
 
 Under these circumstances, wo do think that there is room for a new Diet." m;: • • 
 of Commerce and Commercial Navigation : and whatever may be l];ought of our 
 Work, it cannot be said tiiat in bringin;, it into the iield we are encroaching on 
 ground already lully occupied. 
 
 H 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE. 
 
 John Kamsay ]\IcC'ci,i.ocif, autlior of The Commerdol DiVfionan/, and 
 many other wiH-knowi; -works, economical and statislioal, was the elilost 
 son of iSIr. William Mc<Julloch, and was born at Wliithorn in Wigtownshire 
 on March 1, IT^SD. 
 
 His father, the eldest son of Edward McCullocli of Auehongool, a 
 small landed proprietor in the stcwartry of Kirkcndbriglit, died in Mr. 
 iVIcCullocli's inlimey, and the latter liaving succeeded to liLs paternal pro- 
 jierty at a very early age, was reared and partly educated by his maternal 
 grundfuther, the llov. Dr. James Laing, minister of (ho parisli of CJlas- 
 sorton in Wigtownsliire. He has described his grandliither. Dr. Laing, as 
 a good classical scholar, and one who had a high relisli for the beauties of 
 literature, ancient and modern. In Ir 5 library, which was extensive and 
 valualde, iSIr. !McCuIloch early acquired that pa.ssion ibr books which 
 remained with him tliroughout life. 
 
 His mother having remarried, ]\[r. McCuUoch resided with her and her 
 luisband, Dr. Dempster, at Kinross, and attended a school in that town ior 
 a Jew years. About 180r» lie removed to Edinburgh, and commenced his 
 studies at the University in that city. Among other classes, he attended 
 liiosc of Sir John Leslie, anil Dr. Thomas Brown the metaphysician. 
 ]Iis acipiaintance with Leslie ripened into a lasting friendshi]>, and he 
 describes .Sir Jolm (in his Catalixjne afterwards alluded to) as 'liberal 
 in his views, of a social disposition, good-tempered, and without either 
 artifice or pretence;' but of lirown he s])eaks somewhat disparagingly : 'T 
 attended a coui'sc of Brown's lectures, i.vhich were nearly identical with 
 those that were afterwards [tulilished ; and whoever looks into the latter 
 may easily imagine of what use such a course would bo to a parcel of 
 young men, who were neither permitted to take notes nor examined to 
 ascertain whether they knew ai\ything of what they had heard. 'J'h.e 
 proceeding, in triitli, was little better than a liiree. A few students tf 
 superior talent, or having a taste for metaphysical research, might perhaps 
 derive some little advantage from their attendance on Brown ; but nine- 
 tenths of his iiearers would liave profited (piile as much by the greater 
 number of the lectures, had he di;livcred them in (!reek.' It woulil seem 
 that ]\[r. INIcCidloch was originally intended for, if he did not choose, the 
 profession of the law, and (as is usual in Scotland under such circum- 
 stances, whatever m;;y be the brancli ibr which the legal student is in- 
 
 ■•. r- 
 
 V. '-. ;■ *' 
 
xxii BIOGKAPHICAL NOTICE. 
 
 tended) lie entered the office of ii Writer to the Signet or solicitor, to acquire 
 die necessary practical knowledge of forms and details. But he ([uickly 
 evinced a distaste for these minutiic, which generally prove unattractive 
 to the young. Speaking of himself, he confesses, ' I had early the advan- 
 t.ige, or tlisjidvantage, I do not venture to sjiy Avliich, of being left to follow 
 those studies, and read those hooks which I preferred, and to chalk out 
 pursuits lor myself.' So he forsook the law ibr a more congenial study, 
 and eventually gave his almost undivided attention to that branch of 
 science which ho has done so nuich to advance and illustrate. 
 
 Mr. jMcCulloch took an ardent interest in the politics of the day. It 
 may be said of him, as Sydney Smith said of Francis Horner, 'Ho 
 loved truth better than he loved Dundas, at that time the tyrant of Scot- 
 land,' For though Liberalism was by no means so safe or profitable a 
 profession of faith as it has been in our time, and political courage in the 
 North was, in the early part of the century, at a very low ebb, ho 
 unhesitatingly joined the pai-ty of progress, and was one of the most for- 
 midable assailants of the faction which then domineered over that part of 
 the empire. The recollection of the party heat and bitterness prevalent 
 about the commencement of his career, was often a fruitful soiu-ce of nnec- 
 doU\ and anuiscment to him in his latter days. In 1817 he became a 
 contributor to and shortly afterwards editor of the Scotsman newspaper; 
 .T'd in it gave fearless and forcible expression to his views, chiefly in support 
 of measu'.es which, though really necessary for the safety of the country, 
 ■were little to the taste of those in jiower at the time. The Scotsman 
 soon after that period became famous also for its political economy. The 
 papers on that subject wi're written by Mr. i\IcCulloCii, and were not only 
 new in a provincial newspaper, luit gave it fame and character throughout 
 the country. 
 
 As the reader will very naturally prefer having this short sketc! as 
 autobiogi'aphical as jiossible, we give the following account, in Mr. 
 ]\IcCidloch's words, of his connection with the Scotsman, which continued 
 till 1827 :— 
 
 At the time when this paper was set on foot, the newspaper press of Scotland 
 was in the most degraded state imnginablo — without talent, or even the pre- 
 tence of independence. And, in truth, it was then no easy matter for a Scottish 
 journalis'u to bo independent, to criticise any act of the general Government, 
 or to hint p.^ a defect in the institutions or administration of Scotland. For, 
 owing to til; vicious constitution of the Criminal Court, than which "ndeed no 
 tribunal could be worse, and the practice of packing juries, a prosecution at 
 the instance of the Lord Advocate against the editor, printer, or proprietor of 
 a papiir, was all but certain, whatever niiglit be the nature of the case, to 
 terminate in his imprisonment, or in his being sent on a tour to the antipodes. 
 The Scotsman, however, partly by good managemimt and iiartly by good luck, 
 escaped tliis danger, and spet-dily attained to a large circulation anti great intlu- 
 ence. I believe, indeed, tiiat its establishment did infinitely more to liberalise 
 public opinion north of the Tweed than any other event that has taken place 
 m tlie course of this century. The overthrow of the Dundns dynasty, and of 
 the abominable caricature of a representative system that formerly existed in 
 Scotland, were greatly facilitated by the vigorous and continued exertions of 
 the Scotsman. 
 
 I had nothing to do with the establishment of this journal ; but I became a 
 contributor to it soon after its commencement, and was for a considerable tim e 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICi:. 
 
 its editor. I was succeeded in the latter capacitj' by Mr. Cliarles Maclaren, oiio 
 of its projectors, an able writer, and an excellent person. Mr. Win. Uitchie, n 
 solicitor, one of its projectors, was a ready contributor and most zealous lor its 
 success. 'I'liis has deservedly been very great. *• 
 
 To the Edinhunjh Uev'uw lie early became a contributor, anil lie has 
 often ])eeii heard to express the delight with Avhich he saw his first article 
 in ' the Blue and Yellow.' This led to his friendship with Mr. (aft(;rward3 
 Lord) JefFroy, and among the more intimate friends whose society ho 
 enjoyed during his residence in Scotland may 1)6 mentioned Leslie, Maevey 
 Najjier, Thomas Thomson, Adam Black, and ]Mr. James Gibson Craig. 
 
 From the interesting notices contained in his Catalogue, to which further 
 reference Avill presently be made, is copied his own account of his con- 
 nection with tlie llcview. 
 
 I made my drhid in the EiUnhiinjh Review in IS IS, bj^ contributing co it 
 an article on IMcardo's Priih'ip/cs of Political Ei-oaumij. I was not ,ireviously 
 acquainted with .Jellrey, the editor, and as the theories advanced in the article 
 wore subversive ol' many doctrines previously iMitertained, .lellrey was a good 
 deal blamed for giving a person, of whom he knew nothing, permission to bring 
 them forwanl. He, however, being satislied of their correctness, was in no 
 degree inliuenccid by this petty hostiUty, and I continued for aljout twenty years 
 to write pretty regularly tor the Ri-view. I contributed almost all the econo- 
 mical articles that appeared in it during that period, with a few on other 
 subjects. JellVey was an admirable person, and my intercourse with him was 
 of the most satisfacttn'y description, and so, also, was my intercourse with his 
 successor in the editorship, Mr. Maevey Xapier. It was not owing to any 
 proceeding on the part of the latter that I finally withdrew from the Revieiv. 
 My contributions to it make, when collected, three thick octavo volumes. 
 
 In 1825 an Kdinburgli professorship seems to have been the height of 
 his ambition, and at this time, with a desire to realise hia wishes, an 
 atte?npt, but a fruitless one, Avas made by some of his friends to induce 
 the CroveTnment to endow a chair of Political Economy in the northern 
 capital. 
 
 Lord Cockburn, in his Life of Jeffrey, vol. i. pp. 277-78, gives a short 
 jiccount of the attempt and its failure : — 
 
 Political I'^conomy is so recent a science that no provision for its being 
 taught could be made by the constitution of old colleges. Accordingly, it was 
 nev(T taught in any Scotch college, except by Professor Mylne at Glasgow, and 
 by Dugald St.iwart, in his two short and very general courses, at the beginning 
 of this centurj% Having now become the most important of all the practical 
 moral sciences, an ell'ort was made during this summer (18:25) to obtain a Ilegins 
 Professorship for it in Edinburgh, and to confer the olUce on Mr. John R. 
 McCnIlocli, who had already given excellent lectures on this subject, and was 
 rising into the position he has attained, as the first ec(momist of the age. The 
 scheme was at first warmly patronised by Mr. Wallace, the President of the 
 Board of Trade, by Canning, lluskisson, and Lord Dudley. Mr. Iluskisson 
 recommended that a memorial should be got from Edinburgh, respectably, but 
 not numerously signed, offering to endow the chair, and praying the Crown to 
 erect it, which he engaged to lay before the Govenment. Jeffrey, who took a 
 deep interest in the affair, both from his conviction of its utility, and from his 
 regard for Mr. McC^JuUoch, and his certainty of his friend's fitness, drew up the 
 memorial, which was subscribed by thirty or forty excellent names, including those 
 of five j udges and twelve professors, who, ' or some of them,' engaged to secure an 
 adequate endowment. But at this stage an unworthy obstacle was thrown in 
 the way from Ivlinburgh, and the plan wivs defeated. 
 
 i . 
 
 I' 
 f 
 
 . •':^P 
 
 '. .••',»'■, ' 
 
XXIV 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE. 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 "We find, lioAvcvcr, that previously, for three successive years, he had 
 delivered lectures in Edinburgh on a variety of politico-econon/.eal 
 subjects; and in 1824, and for scuic years subsequently, he delivered 
 similar lectures in London. These were numerously atti'uded, and among 
 his auditors were several statesmen since distinguished as Cabinet Ministers, 
 and many of the leading bankers, merchants, and Ibrcmost men of tho 
 day, of all .^^hadcs of polities. The celebrity lie thus acquired, and his 
 Avcll-cstaldishfd rcinitation as one of our ablest writers on economical 
 questions, doubtless led to tho offer made to him, in 1827, of the Professor- 
 ship of Political Economy in the Univer.sity College of London. Thia 
 offer he ultimately ace pted, and towards the end of 1828 he removed with 
 his liunily to the metropolis ; but, not finding the appointment what ho 
 expected or could wish, he resigned the chair in 1832. 
 
 His articles in the Edlnhitrijli licciew show how early ]Mr. McCulloch 
 dealt w'.th some subjects of that class which he afterwards treated so 
 clearly and concisely in his great digest of Trade and Navigation. As will 
 be seen from the annexed list, liis contributions Avere seventy-eight in all ; 
 and we find him writing on the Currency in 1818, urging free trade with 
 France in 1819, and attacking the Corn Laws and restrictions on our 
 foreign commerce in 1820 ; in 182'1 denouncing the Navigation Laws, 
 the discriminating duties on East and West India sugar, and the duty 
 on ibreign avooI ; in 182-1 exposing the iniquity of the East India Com- 
 pany's monopoly of tea, and so on with regard to many kindred abuses, 
 till 1837, Avhen he iinally laid down the pen of a reviewer. They all 
 show, too, how heartily he reconuaended those commercial and financial 
 relbrms which he fortunately lived to see effected. 
 
 Ai'ter spending well-nigh twenty years in accuunulating materials, the 
 author, in 1832, produced lite Coiiimercinl Dictionun/, one of the 
 greatest boons of a literary kind ever conierred upon the commercial 
 world. In the preliice to the first edition of this work, he exj»Iains how he 
 arrived at the conclusion tbiit there was room lor a new Dictionary of 
 Commerce and Commercial Navigation. The pvd)lic agreed with him 
 that it was a desideratum, and that he siinplied what Avas really very much 
 wanted. The success of the Dictionary has been almost luiexanipleJ, 
 Edition after edition has been called for, and n;any thousands have been 
 sold. It has been republished in America, and triinslated into several lan- 
 guages, and is referred to for the adjustment oi' mercantile disputes in 
 all (piartcrs of the globe. Since its first jiublieation it has greatly increased 
 in bulk, and is, in truth, a gigantic Avork, for if jn'intcd like ordinary 
 books it would nmko at least thirty volumes octiivo. The author was 
 naturally proud of its jjopidarity and reputation ; and here Ave cannot resist 
 the temptation to repeat, by Avay of illustratioti, an anecdote told latelv at 
 a public meeting by a iriend of his, noAV a learned lord and a Scotch 
 judge.* He said, speaking of Mr. McCulloch, 'He asked me once, "Do 
 you ever quote my Coinmercial Dtclionaiji \\\ Court ? " I said, Avilli some 
 emphasis, " NcA'cr ; Ave never (piote it, and Ave never mention it. Some- 
 times," I s;iid, '• a set of papers come in upon us at night upon a mercantile 
 
 * Lord Xcaves, 
 
 I 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE. 
 
 x.w 
 
 
 question that wc know notliing about, and we go up to our shelves and take 
 down tlio Commercial Dictionari/, and find all we want there, and next 
 tnoi-ning we conic out, to the astonishment of our clients, with Letter 
 information upon the subject than they have themselves ; but wo never 
 mention MoCnlloch'a Dictionari/" (Laughter and cheers.) And that 
 pleased the old man, who had been riithcr :' 'led by my first observation, 
 better than it was easily possible to plea.sc him.' 
 
 While it may bo said, therefore, that the Cotiimitrcial Dictionari/ is un- 
 doubtedly his opiii viar/niim, and that by which he is best known, still it 
 woidd be unjust, even in the most cursory notice of his labours, not to 
 particularise his Descrij)tive and Statistical Account of the Jii'itish Empire, 
 which first appeared in 1837, and the Gcograpldcal Dictionary, first pub- 
 lished in 1841. Their titles arc siifficicntly suggestive of enormous toil 
 and research, and if he had done notliing el.se, these works Avould alford 
 very remarkable proofs of his untiring industry and vigorous faculties. 
 
 In the article ' Whithorn ' in his Geographical Dictionari/ he appears to 
 have been unable to repress his strong attachment to his native pl;ice, 
 which finds vent in these words : ' We may perhaps bo excused, il', 
 towards the close of this lengthened and laborious survey of so many 
 countries and jilaces, we have lingered for a moment over scen<'S once 
 familiar, and still well remembered. The associations which the nienlion 
 of this locality calls up arc all redolent of joy and youth, and are too 
 soothing and pleasing to be instantly dismissed.' 
 
 This Dictionari/, however, vas scarcely out of hand before his thirst for 
 work found vent in another project, to which ho alludes in a letter of 
 November 12, 1840, to an intimate friend in Edinbiu'gh. After stating 
 that he Avas anxious for the conclusion of the Geographical Dictionary only 
 that he might plunge into another, he adds : — 
 
 I am resolved, unlcs?! some unforeseen event occur, to commence a Dictionary 
 of Politics and Political Economy, the instant I got this one out of the way. 
 I shall not be satisfied with myself if I do not produce this work, and it is 
 m.'ce^siiry I should lose no time in grappling with it, as unfortunately one gets 
 old, and not so fond of or fit for hard work. 
 
 This pi'cijcet was never carried out. 
 
 Of his minor works the best known arc his Princii)Ics of Political 
 Economy, his Principles and Practical Injluencc of Taxation and the 
 Funding System, and his book on Wages, all of which have gone through 
 several editions; his Treatises and Essays on Economical Policy, con- 
 taining biograjihics of (Juesnay, Smith, '".id IJicardo, and a work on 
 Succession to Property vacant by Death, which treats of the cfFci't of 
 primogeniture and compulsory partition of land &c. on the state of a nation. 
 
 Of his editorial kibours, the most important is his edition of the Wealth 
 of Xations. Francis Horner and ]\lalthus, we believe, had projected 
 editions of Smith, but neither of them realised his intentions. An edition 
 worthy of the subject was thus reserved for i\Ir. IMcCulIocli, whose studies 
 and pursuits eminentl)- qualified him for this duty. The first edition was 
 published in 1828, in 4 vr.s. 8vo. ; and ten years later it Avas condensed 
 into one very thick volume. The last edition, published in 18(;3, 
 
 ft 
 
 *• - I- .. "' 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE. 
 
 embodying the ctlitor's Life of Smith, an Introductory Discourse find 
 Supplemental Notes and Dissertations, forms u complete code of Political 
 Economy. Towards the end of his career Mr. McCulloch thus character- 
 ised the Wealth of Nniions : ' It is not in truth a book lor one country or 
 one age, but for all countries and all ages ; and will always be regarded as 
 a noble monument of profound thinking, various learning, and persevering 
 research, applied to purposes of the highest interest and importance.' 
 
 Next to Adam Smith, the fiither of the science, Mr. McGulloch ranked 
 David liiciirdo as having done most to advance it. From 181G to 1823, 
 tlie year of Kicardo's death, they had corresponded frequently on subjects 
 connected with Political Economy. In one of his letters Mr. llicardo thus 
 characterises one of Mr. McCulloch's early papers on Currency : ' It 
 appears to me so able, so clear, so convincing, that I shall bo puzzled to 
 account for the obstinate prejudices of those who no doubt will continue to 
 refuse their assent to doctrines so mathematically demonstrated.' In 184G 
 he published an edition of Kicardo's works, in 1 vol. 8vo. The admiration 
 for that writer's talents, expressed in Mr. McCulloch's first contribution 
 to the Edlnbnrgh Review, ■was apparently never lessened, for in his Cataloffiie 
 he proiKiimces Ilicardo's works 'one of the most valuable volumes, if it 
 be not the most valuable, to be met with ' i the wide range of Economical 
 Literature ; ' and he adds, that ' what the researches of Locke and Smith 
 did for the production ol"Avealth, those of llicardo have done for its value 
 and distribution.' Personal friendship may, perhaps, have slightly tinged 
 this eulogium, which must, at any rate, satisiy the most enthusiastic of 
 Ricardo's admirers. 
 
 Mr. McCulloch's advocacy of Liberal measures, and his unquestionable 
 fitness ibr public employment, gave him strong claims on the Whig 
 Government ; yet, while their harvest was being gathered, this sower of 
 good seed was for a time overlooked, and certainly it was not till after 
 many irritating disapjjointments, and years of hope deferred, that he was, 
 in 1838, ajipointed hy Lord Melbourne to the Comptrollership of the 
 Stationery Ofllice, a situation he held till his death. Here his enlightened 
 and practical views enabled him at an early period to carry out extensive 
 reforms, and to efTect, for upwards of a (juarter of a century, large annual 
 savings of the public money. His energy in this direction Avas constant 
 and irrepressible. The nature and extent of his services are recorded in 
 the Parliamentivry papers of his time : their value, too, was fully recognised 
 in high quarters, and there arc good grounds for saying that Mr. McCul- 
 loch Avas nowhere more res2)ectcd and appreciated than at the Treasury, 
 Avhere his valuable qualities as a public servant were necessarily well 
 known. The Times of ]May 4, 18G1, in an article devoted to the Stationery 
 Office, complimented him by saying, ' It is controlled, fortunately for the 
 country, by Mr. McCulloch, and a sturdier guardian of the public jiurse 
 it would be hard to find.' But Avhilo he did his best to promote economy 
 in the pidilic expenditure, he did not neglect the material interests of 
 those associated Avith him in official duties. He Avas ahvays most desirous 
 that those who Avorked Avell should be paid Avell. 
 No occupation, hoAvcver, diverted him long from the study of his 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE 
 
 XXTIl 
 
 ' ■ 1^ 
 
 favourite science, and he wiis even wont to express a wish to return to 
 this world some 300 years hence, to look for tlie solution of various pro- 
 blems, and see whether his doctrines and anticipations would prove true. 
 Having expressed such a desire in a letter of December 9, 1842, to Jeffrey, 
 we find the latter answering thus on the ]2th : 'I quite sympathise with 
 you in your wish that we could be allowed to see more than we are likely 
 to do of the actual working of the causes that are now in operation, and 
 the movements that are visibly begun. I am more modest, however, 
 in my prayer for the gift of prescience than you are, and should l)e 
 satisfied to have a clear vision of the condition of this country some time 
 about the year 1900, before which, I feel persuaded, the problems we arc 
 puzzled about will all be substantially resolved. Indeed (if it were the 
 same thing to the Power who can alone grant such prayers), lahould prefer 
 being allotted to live and see the results in their actual accomplishment, 
 rather than wonder at them in a prophetic dream. But I should be glad 
 to have either of the boons.' * 
 
 The domain of Political Economy was no doubt that which ]VIr. 
 McCulloch most assiduously cultivated, but he did not by any means 
 give it his luidivided attention. He was well read on a great variety 
 of subjects, was pc5.iessed of much general information, and his classical 
 attainments were not inconsiderable. lie had also an extensive acquaint- 
 ance with the literature of France, more especially those branches bearing 
 on Political Economy and Biography. In 1843 he was elected a Foreign 
 Associate of the French Institute, iu the room of Sismondi, having IG votes 
 out of 18. As the other nominees w^ere men of such mark as Hugo and 
 Ranke, this unsolicited honoiu* was highly prized by Mr. McGulloch, 
 who did not set much value on literai-y distinctions that were common or 
 easily attainable, f 
 
 By this time he occupied a conspicuous place in the public eye. Some 
 of his doctrines might be disputed, but no one denied his great and un- 
 questionable merits as the reformer of our commercial code. The avcU- 
 known truths of free trade had been expounded in his writings and in his 
 lectures long before their advocacy became a popular cry. In truth, no 
 other writer had done so much to prepare the way for those memorable 
 commercial reforms which signalised the administration of Sir Robert Peel, 
 And he testified his respect for Mr. McCulloch's services by bestowing on 
 him, in 18-16, a pension of 200/. a-year. Few events in his life afforded 
 him higher gratification than this. To a man Avith a niunerous family, 
 such an addition to his income Avas, doubtless, acceptable ; but what he 
 valued infinitely more was Sir Robert Peel's mode of giving it, and the 
 high compliment paid to him by one for whom Mr. McCulloch had 
 long entertained the highest regard. When he could not have had the 
 remotest expectation of receiving such an honour from that statesman, 
 Mr. McCulloch, in a pamphlet (Observations on the State of the Countrij), 
 published anonymously in 1830, thus speaks of him :— 
 
 * Cockburn's Life of Jeffrey. 
 
 t On March 4, 18G5J llr. Gladstone was elected Jlr. JlcCuUoch'a suscessor in the French 
 Institute. 
 
XXVIIl 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICi:. 
 
 Dill popularity always attacli to merit, Sir Ifobcrt IVfl woulil bo, at tiiis 
 luoiut'iit, till' most p ipiihir man In I'iDtrliind. Tiie country never lias Iiail, and 
 no\i'r will have, a more nprijrlit and ili.^intfri'.sti'd minister, and weldoni i no 
 more oble. He lias made incoiiipniably greater sacrifices tiuin any man now in 
 J'arliament for tlio saiio of the public. 
 
 Our antlior took the earliest opportunity of testifying Iiis gr.ititnde to 
 Sir liobert for tlio sulwtantial and unexjiccfod benefit just referred to, by 
 dedicating to liini the third edition of tlio Statistical Account of the 
 Jirili.^u I'Jinpirc. 
 
 In tlie course of fifty years Mr. IMcCullocli amassed a very valuable 
 libnir}-, consisting of about 10,000 volumes, and its gradual acquiHition 
 afforded him the highest gratification. He makes the following acknow- 
 ledgment in the preface to his t'dtttloijiic: 'Their accpiisition has been a 
 business in which I have alw.'tys taken the greatest interest ; it has not 
 palled iijion ine for a single moment ; and their jiossession, besides the 
 gratification it has afforded, has been so far useful that it has enabled mc 
 to finish works of much research and laboin* without either resorting to 
 imblic libraries or borrowing books.' Ilis love l()r l)ooks, particidarly 
 fine books, was certainly very great, and he defended his admiration of 
 well-bound ones (if, indeed, any defence be neccss;iry), by citing the 
 example of his great chief, Adam Smith, who admitted he was a 'beau in 
 his licviks.' For those that had only rarity to recommend them j\lr. 
 IMcCulloch cared nothing ; but an English classic bound in old morocco 
 gave him a delight which only the deeply initiated in such matters can 
 either understand or apju-eciate. The only alloy to his pleasure seems to 
 have been tlie belief that his library would be dispersed at his death. But 
 his fears on this head proved to be ill-founded. His fine collection has 
 been Ibrtunately kept together, and acfpiircd in its entirety by Lord 
 Ovorstone, a friend for wlioni Mr. IMcCulloch entertained the very highest 
 regard and respect. 
 
 In 1845, lu! published The Literature of Political El momij, a classified 
 
 catjiloguo of select publications in the different departments of that science. 
 
 In the jireface he says : — 
 
 If wo have succeeded in our object, tliis work will be in some measure a 
 llistorj- of Political lOconomy, as well as a Critical Catalogue of t'.ie principal 
 EcoiKiiiiical works. It contains short notices of the riise of some of l!io 
 principal tlienrics, and of the circumstances wliicli appear, at dilferent periods, 
 to have strongly determined public opinion upon economical questions and 
 given birtli to classes of books. Without such notices, indeed, no just estimato 
 coiUd be formed of the latter. 
 
 In 185'^ ho printed privately a Cafalnr/ue raisyonne 
 portant part of liis library, Avhich lu 
 in 18G2, under tlie title of Catalorjue of the Lilrarij of a Political 
 Economist. This aboTinds in curious and valuable information, critical, 
 biograpliical, and Ijibliographical, but, being unpublished, is known only 
 'o his friends, by Avhom, however, it is much prized. Though some of 
 his estimates of distinguished living Avriters are not free from prejudice, 
 his critical oj)inions are generally sound and well-considered, and he has 
 scittcrcd through the work some autobiographical sketches, of which a few 
 have been introduced into this notice. 
 
 of the more im- 
 il'tcrwards elaborated and reprinted 
 
 foil 
 
BIOGRAl'IIICAL NOTICE. 
 
 XXIX 
 
 llo w.'i'* an original member of tlio Political Economy Clnl), ami 
 Boiocted for the jn-ess an 1 wrote pri-liices ibr two voUnacs of scarce and 
 curiiuis tracts on Monoy ami C'oininerce, reprinted liy that body in liS.jfi, 
 
 J lis ni<n-e extensive editorial services l()r Lord Oveistone were per- 
 formed, we believe, from personal I'riendship for \i'\a Lordship, bc.iveoii 
 •whom and Mr. jNIcCulIoch there existed complete agreement of ojiinion 
 on ^ome of the most important Kconomical ipiestions. It was at Mr. 
 McGulIoch's snufgestion tliat Lord Overstone agreed in IfSf)? to reprint, 
 in a collected ibrm, for distribntion among his friends, tho various tracts 
 on the currency written by him at dill'erent times. It was at Jlr. 
 McCulloeh's suggestion also that his Lordship reprinted privately in 
 iHoT-'V.) that collection of scarce tracts on trade, linancc, currency itc, 
 which, though limited in circulation, is well known to all who take an 
 interest in such subjects. This collection consists of foiu" largo octavo 
 volumes, and is of great value. Besides selecting tho tracts to bo reprinted, 
 ]\Ir. McCidloch wrote a preface and notes to each vohnne, and his having 
 been instrumental in preserving and putting them into this shape was a 
 soiu"co of great pride and satisfaction to him. 
 
 Dr. Johnson, in his Life of lioger Aschain, remarks thr.t ' the incidents of 
 a literary life are but seldom observed, and therefore seldom recounted.' 
 While this apothegm is singularly inapplicable to Johnson himsell', whoso 
 minutest sayings and doings have been so carefully clironicled by Boswell, 
 it is appropriate enough to tho subject of this brief memoir. The i)ro- 
 duction of his several woi-ks and his literary successes formed the chief 
 epochs of Mr. McCulloch's busy and useful life, which boasted none of 
 those exciting episodes, that would in truth have been imsuitidjlc to tho 
 position and studies of a philosopher. 
 
 In eniimcrating some of his more salient ind good ([ualities it may bo 
 sjiid, with great truth, that he was a warm and steady friend, and that 
 in him the home afrcetions and attachment to his family were jiarticularly 
 conspi(!Uous. Sydney Smith says, ' Human excellence is so often inverted, 
 and great talents considered as an excuse for the absence of obscuro virtues.' 
 This sarcasm, however, could not in the slightest degree be applied to the 
 author of this Dictionciri/, for nowhere did he appear to so much advantage 
 and so i)orfectly happy as in his OAvn house, with all the members of it 
 around him. 
 
 In a notice of his death given in the Scotsman (which in various 
 parts bears the impress of his old friend and brother editor, the late I\Ir. 
 ]\Iaclarcn), some remarkable features in his character are well described 
 in these terms: — 
 
 Endowed with an enormous capacity for the mastery of facts and figures ; of 
 great sagacity, and manly common sense ; with a power of continuous ap^ili- 
 catiou to the most arduous mental labour, that seemed absolutely exhpustle.s; 
 with a vigour of wiU that led Jam readily into dogmatism ; and an iudej)cndonce 
 of judgment that occasionally revelled in arbitrary assertion and cherished pre- 
 judice, Mr. McCuUoch, as compared with the milder literary stamp of our 
 later day, had something almost Johnsonian in Lis intellectual aspect and style. 
 In all his works this sti'ong individuality of character from time to time asserts 
 itself, sometimes oddly enough by the interjection perhaps of a strongly pro- 
 nounced opinion in the midst of what seemed to be, and really ought to have 
 been, only an unimpassioned statement of dry facts or abstract principles. 
 
XXX 
 
 I'.IOCiKAPIIICAL XOTfCK. 
 
 Mr. McC'ulloch w.ih not a party politician, but lie huiled good measuros, 
 especially for tlie enfraiicliiseincnt of commerce, however tliey originated. 
 Ho liir as the Itcjjresentjition of the people in Parliament is concerned, ho 
 Was not wliat is called an advanced reformer, inasmuch as he did not in 
 the least sympathise with those who would commit a large share of political 
 power to the million. What he inveighed against in his youth was the 
 election of members of Parliament by the self-chosen town councils of the 
 Scotcli burghs, but he disliked and distrusted the opjjusile extreme (piite 
 as nuich. 
 
 Wo liave lieard it remarked that 3Ir. McCulloch possessed in a great 
 degree the inflexibility of the old Koman character. But luider an occa- 
 sionally stern exterior there dwelt great simplicity of character, a good 
 heart, and a most social and hospitable disposition. lie was very decided 
 both in his likes and dislikes, and in hia expression of them he was pithy 
 ar.d luiresorved. Most es])eeially he hated all shams, from an incoiivertil>le 
 j)api'r currency downwards. Very few objects claimed his admiration 
 more than the merchant prince of high honour, who, having achieved a 
 fortune, takes a crcditaldo or distinguislu-d jiart in the councils of the 
 nation. On the other 'land, ho as cordially detested the merchaih pirate, 
 who under solvent colours preys on his fellows, and brings ruin on the 
 ignorant and confiding. But Mr. McCulloch was quite enthusiastic in hia 
 praise of the upright man who strives, by self-denial nnd self-sacrifice, to 
 do his duty to his neighbour. We have heard Iv flen (piote with 
 emj)hasis and delight the well-known eulogy of Bui poet on Heron 
 
 of Kerroughtree, the banker, who, having been unsuccessful in business, 
 gave up ali, and lived in a cottage till he had paid every creditor to the 
 utmost farthing. 
 
 And tlicre will he trusty Kerroughtree, 
 
 Whose honour ^vas ever his law; 
 If the virtues were pack'il in a parcel, 
 
 His worth might be sample for a'. 
 
 Buriis's secitnd Ilernn BtiUail. 
 
 Mr. McCulloch was tall and of strong constitution,* on which, however, 
 frequent attacks of bronchitis had made serious inroads diu-ing the last 
 two years of his life. 
 
 He married early and most happily, and died at the Stationery Office, 
 Westminster, on November 11, 1804 (the 53rd anniversary of his mar- 
 riage), in the 7(Ith year of his age. He was interred in the Brompton 
 Cemetci-y on November 18, and there hia widow, Isabella Stewart, was 
 laid by his side in July 18G7. 
 
 II. G. R. 
 
 May 181)9, 
 
 * Of the various portraits of Jlr. IMcCulloch, those niopt worthy of notice arc a kil-cat 
 by liewick, dated 1825. ar.il a later full-length portrait by Macniic. There arc also two 
 very good marble busts of hhn, the lirst by Joseph and the :iccoud jy Slater. 
 
 w 
 
XXXI 
 
 LIST OF ARTICLES COXTRIUUTIW lO THE EDINBURGH 
 REVIEW liY MR. McCVLLOCH. 
 
 1. On Ricnrclo's PriricipU'S of I'olitical 
 
 Kcoiioniy iiikI Ttixiition. Art. II. 
 Juno 1818. 
 
 2. On Ricnrdo's Proposals for an Econo- 
 
 mic'iil and Secure Curronoy. Art. III. 
 DcccmWr 1818. 
 
 3. On Cotnmorci;il Emljamissnicnts and 
 
 Trudo with Francf. Art. III. July 
 1819. 
 
 4. On Taxation and tlio Corn Ltiws. 
 
 Art. IX. January 1820. 
 
 5. (tn Eostrictions on Foreign Commerce. 
 
 Art. III. May 1820. 
 
 6. On Plan for Commutati! i of Tithes. 
 
 Art. III. August 1820. 
 
 7. On EflFects of Machinery and Accumu- 
 
 lation. Art. VI. March 1821. 
 
 8. On Pernicious Eifcets of degrading the 
 
 Standard of Money. Art. XI. July 
 1821. 
 
 9. On Agricultural Distress ; Causes iind 
 
 Eemcdies. Art. VI. February 1822. 
 
 10. On comparative Productiveness of 
 
 High and Low Taxes. Art. VIII. 
 February 1822. 
 
 11. On Ireland. Art. III. Juno 1822. 
 
 12. On l':ast and West India Sugar. Art. 
 
 X. February 1823. 
 
 13. On Duty on Shite and Stono carried 
 
 Coastwise. Art. XII. Fel;ruary 
 1823. 
 
 1-4. On tliu Navigation Laws. Art. XI. 
 May 1823. 
 
 15. On tlie Funding 
 
 Finances. Art. I. 
 
 16. On "Woollen Manufacture and Duty "u 
 
 I'oniirn "Wool Imported. Art. Vl. 
 October 1823. 
 
 17. On Combination Laws, Restraints on 
 
 Emigration &c. Art. III. January 
 1821. 
 
 18. On East India Company's Monopoly of 
 
 Tea. Art. VUI. January 1821. 
 
 System ; Rritisli 
 October 1823. 
 
 19. On Standard of National Prosperity, 
 
 Rise and I'all of Profits. Art. I, 
 March 1821. 
 
 20. On Dispose! of Property by Will, 
 
 Entails, and French Law of Succes- 
 sion. Art. IV. July 1821. 
 
 21. On Duties on Wine; Restrictions on 
 
 the Wine Trade. Art. ^'I. July 
 1824. 
 
 22. On Abolition of the Corn Laws. Art. 
 
 III. October 1824. 
 
 23. On Irehind. Art. V. January 1825. 
 
 24. On Reduction of the Duties on Coffee. 
 
 Art. X. Jammry 1825. 
 
 25. On Colonial Policy and Value of Colo- 
 
 nial Possessions. Art. I. August 
 1825. 
 20. On Absenteeism. Art. III. November 
 1825. 
 
 27. On I'rogrcss and present State of the 
 
 Silk Manufacture. Art. IV. Novem- 
 ber 1825. 
 
 28. On I'luctuations in the Supply and 
 
 Value of Money ; Banking System of 
 England. Art. I. February 1826. 
 
 29. On State of the Timber Trade ; Duties 
 
 on Timber. Art. IV. February 
 1820. 
 
 30. On Commercial Revnilsions. Art. III. 
 
 Juno 1820. 
 
 31. On Abolition of the Corn Laws. Art. 
 
 II. September 1820. 
 
 32. On Emigration. Art. II. December 
 
 1820, 
 
 33. On Duties on Bnvndy and Geneva. 
 
 Art. VI. December 1820. 
 
 34. On Revenue and Commerce of India. 
 
 Art. IV. March 1827. 
 
 3"). On Complaints of the Shipowners — • 
 Reciprocity System. Art. VIII. 
 3Iavch 1827. 
 
 30. On Rise, Progress, present State, and 
 Progress of the British Cotton Manu- 
 facture. Art. I. June 1827. 
 
 vH' .. 
 
 »P" 
 
 
xxxn 
 
 CONTRIIiUTIONL TO TUE KDINIJURGII REVIEW. 
 
 11 
 
 37. On Taxation, Retrenchment, Roduc- 
 
 tion of tho Rublie Debt. Art. V. 
 October 1827. 
 
 38. On rroprrcss of Xational Debt ; Rest 
 
 Mctlind of Funduig. Art. III. Jiiu- 
 iiiiry 1828. 
 
 39. On Poor Laws. Art. II. 3Liy 1828. 
 
 •10. On Institution of Castes; Indian So- 
 ciety. Art. II. September 1828. 
 
 41. On Prussian Political Economy. Art. 
 
 V September 1828. 
 
 42. On American Tariff". Art. IV. De- 
 
 cember 1828. 
 
 43. On Importation of Forcitxn AVonl ; 
 
 State of tlio Woollen Manufacture. 
 Art. VII. December 1828. 
 
 44. On Census of the Population ; I^aw of 
 
 Mortality &e. Art. I. March 1829. 
 lO. On Sadler on Ireland. Art. II. Juno 
 1829. 
 
 46. On Malt and Beer Duties ; Licensing 
 
 System. Art. IV. Juno 1829. 
 
 47. Ou French Commercial Systim. Art. 
 
 III. October 1829. 
 
 48. On Supar Trade ; Duties on Sugar. 
 
 Art. VI. January 1830. 
 
 49. On Impolicy of increasing the Duties 
 
 on Spirits. Art. VIII. Jauua'y 
 1830. 
 
 50. On Duty on Coal ; Coal Trade. Art. 
 
 VIII. April 1830. 
 
 51. On Finance; tho Budget. Art. X. 
 
 April 1830. 
 
 52. On Rise, Progress, and Decline of 
 
 Commerce in Holland. Art. V. July 
 1830. 
 
 53. On East India Company ; China Ques- 
 
 tion. Art. I. January 1831. 
 
 54. On Causes and Cure of Disturbances 
 
 and Pauperism. Art. II. March 
 1831. 
 
 55. On Taxes on Literature. Art. VII. 
 
 June 1831. 
 
 50. On Jones on the Theory of Rent. Art. 
 
 IV. September 1831. 
 
 57. On Colonial Policy; West Indian Dis- 
 tress. Art, III. December 1831, 
 
 58. On Supply and Consumption of tho 
 
 Precious Metals. Art. III. April 
 1S32. 
 
 59. Ou Recent Conimi ivial Policy of Great 
 
 Britain. Art. V. July 1832. 
 
 60. On Taxes on Policies of Insurance. 
 
 Art. IX. July 1S32. 
 
 61. On Chalmers on Political Economy. 
 
 Art, III. October 1832. 
 
 62. On Babl.'age on Machinery and Manu- 
 
 factures. Art. II. .January 1833. 
 03. On Prolongation of tho Bank Charter. 
 
 Art. V. January 1833. 
 64. On Stuart's Three Yt-ars in Xortli 
 
 America. Art. VII. January 1833. 
 
 05. On Commutation of Taxes ; proposed 
 
 Tax on Property and Income. Art, 
 VIL April 1833. 
 
 06. On Complaints and Proposals regarding 
 
 Taxation. Art. VIII. July 1833. 
 67. On present State of Manufactures, 
 Trade and Shipping. Art. III. Oc- 
 tober 1833. 
 
 08. On Changes required in the Corn Laws. 
 
 Art. I. January 1834. 
 
 09. On Trade with France. Art. X. April 
 
 1834. 
 
 70. On Tenancy and CuUnrn of Land in 
 
 England. Art. VI. July 1834. 
 
 71. On the I'requcucy of Shipwrecks. Art. 
 
 V. January 1835. 
 
 72. On State and Defects of British Sta- 
 
 tistics. Art. IX. April 1835. 
 
 73. On Philosophy of Manufactures. Art. 
 
 VIII. July 1835. 
 
 74. On Progress and present State of Agri- 
 
 culture. Art. III. January 183G. 
 
 75. On Joint-Stock Banks and Conr\inies. 
 
 Art. VI. July 1836. 
 
 76. On Commerce and Manufactures of 
 
 Switzerland. Art. IX. October 1836. 
 
 77. On State of tho Currency, the Bank of 
 
 England, and the Country Banks. 
 Art. III. April 1837. 
 
 78. On Causes and Consequences of tho 
 
 Crisis in the Aiu'r'.ean Trade, Art. 
 
 IX. July 1837. 
 
 )*■ 
 
LIST OF MAPS AND CHARTS. 
 
 r 
 
 MAPS. 
 
 THE WORLD . . . . . 
 
 CRNTKAL AND SOUTIIEKN EUROrE . 
 CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES 
 BRITISH POSSESSIONS IN NORTH AMERICA 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 BRITISH COLUIVIBIA . . . ". 
 
 RIVER THAMES WITH THE DOCKS I-ROM V 
 TO THE TOWER . . . ' . 
 
 To face Tilh--page 
 
 To face j^age 1 
 
 „ 318 
 
 „ ;i.u 
 
 „ 007 
 „ 379 
 
 OOLWICH 
 
 INDIA 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 498 
 
 THE RIVERS MERSEY AND DEE, AND ADJACENT COUNTRY „ 029 
 
 58; 
 939 
 
 RAILWAYS AND CANALS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND „ 11C2 
 
 ■ 
 
 CHARTS. 
 
 • 
 
 ADEN . . . . 
 
 
 . To face lUKje 12 
 
 ALEXANDRIA, PORT 01'' . 
 
 
 23 
 
 AMSTERDAM 
 
 
 'ir, 
 
 ANTWERP . 
 
 
 Gl 
 
 B.AHIA 
 
 
 71 
 
 HALTLAIORE . 
 
 
 82 
 
 «. .\. 
 
 i 
 
 i, I 
 
 ' ■, ' 1 -I 
 
 :';■:vv^:li. 
 
 , ,; -i*;' ■•■■ kW' 
 
 -t' 
 
'XIV 
 
 LIST OF MArS AND CHARTS, 
 
 BARCELONA . 
 
 J50MI3AY HARIJOUU 
 
 BORDEAUX . 
 
 J50ST0N HAK130UR 
 
 COLOMBO 
 
 CONSTANTINOrLE, PORT OF 
 
 DANTZIG 
 
 GIBRALTAE, STEAITS OF . 
 
 ILVMBURG . 
 
 UAVRE, PORT OF . 
 
 KURRACIIEE ILVRBOUR . 
 
 LISBON, HARBOUR OF . 
 
 MADRAS 
 
 MARSEILLES . 
 
 NAGASAKI HARBOUR 
 
 NEW YORK HARBOUR . 
 
 PERNA3IBUC0, PORT OF . 
 
 PETERSBURG, BAY OF . 
 
 RIO DE JANEIRO HARBOUR 
 
 SHANGHAI . 
 
 SMYRNA HARBOUR 
 
 STOCIOIOLM 
 
 TABLE BAY 
 
 THE SOUND 
 
 To face pn/jc 138 
 l.VS 
 1 S2 
 1 Si) 
 ;58S 
 „ 4(17 
 „ 487 
 Cl t 
 fif.l 
 f.8G 
 707 
 
 8;!t) 
 
 81i) 
 8G9 
 900 
 
 ., 1018 
 „ 1051 
 
 „ list 
 
 „ 1210 
 
 „ 1308 
 
 „ 1330 
 
 20.) 
 
 ,, r)87 
 
I' 
 
 i.i': 
 
 «♦■■ 
 
 
 '"',r' 
 
 ■r." «• 
 
 
1^^^^ 
 
 
 
 

JTIW . .-. Hi> lllia>' 
 
 • TOT OT" »* • TKI 4.»TT» 
 
 CO] 
 
 AAM, Al 
 
 used at An 
 
 fort, &c. A 
 
 J^nglish wit 
 
 Hamburgh I 
 
 It is princ 
 
 Amsterdam 
 
 ABACA. 
 
 Philippine I 
 
 ABAND( 
 
 Commerce i 
 
 express the i 
 
 or ^oods ins 
 
 It is helc 
 
 insured has 
 
 tlie insurers 
 
 insured, in i 
 
 ofanyof the 
 
 the voyage 
 
 the projectc 
 
 the thing ini 
 
 he of little ( 
 
 the salvage i 
 
 is of less vail 
 
 expense is i 
 
 undertake to 
 
 book i. eh. x: 
 
 Abandonm 
 
 Insurance) tc 
 
 cases where t 
 
 though not ; 
 
 recovery is to 
 
 the assured, 
 
 the wliole am 
 
 the undcr»vrit 
 
 thing insured 
 
 with all the 
 
 ownership an 
 
 from its rccov 
 
 The aliando 
 
 whole interesi 
 
 tliat interest i 
 
 of the interest 
 
 the maximur 
 
 can claim to li 
 
 insured must 
 
 forcnt subjects 
 
 ,are jointly ins 
 
 donnicnt. Tl 
 
 States, and is s^ 
 
A DICTIONARY 
 
 OF 
 
 COMMERCE AND COMMERCIAL NAVIGATION. 
 
 AAM 
 
 AAM, AUM or AHM. A measure for liquids, 
 used at Amsterdam, Antwerp, Hamburgh, Frank- 
 fort, &c. At Amsterdam it is nearly equal to 41 
 English wine gallons, at Antweqi to 3(i j ditto, at 
 Ilamburgh to38j^ ditto, and at Frankfort to89 ditto. 
 It is principally used for wine and oil. The 
 Amsterdam Aam of oil certains about 3(! gallons. 
 
 ABACA. The Indian name of the hemp of the 
 Philippine Islands. [Hemp Manillas.] 
 
 ABANDONMENT (Fr. dclaisscmcnt). In 
 Commerce and Navigation, this term is used to 
 express the abandoning or surrendering of the ship 
 or goods insured to the insurer. 
 
 It is held, by the law of England, that the 
 insured has the" right to abandon, and to compel 
 the insurers to pay the whole value of the tiling 
 insured, in every case ' where, by the happening 
 of any of the misfortunes or perils insured against, 
 the voyage is lost, or not worth pursuing, and 
 the projected adventure is frustrated ; or where 
 the thing insured is so damoged and spoiled as to 
 be of little or no value to the owner ; or where 
 the salvage is very high ; or where what is saved 
 is of less value than the freight ; or where further 
 expense is nece.s.sary, and the insurer will not 
 imdcrtake to pay that expense,' &c. (Marshall, 
 book i. ch. xiii. s. 1.) 
 
 Abandonment is defined by Amould (Marine 
 Insurance) to be ' the act of cession by which in 
 cases where the loss or destruction of the property 
 though not absolute is highly imminent, or its 
 recovery is too expensive to be worth the attempt, 
 the assured, on condition of recovering at once 
 the wliole amount of the insurance, relinquishes to 
 the underwriters all his property and interest in the 
 tiling insured as far as it is covered by the policy, 
 with all the claims which may arise from its 
 ownership and all the profits which may arise 
 from its recovery.' (3rd edit. p. 852.) 
 
 The iihandonraent of the insured must be of his 
 whole interest, in the thing insured, in so far as 
 that interest is covered by the policy, the extciit 
 of the '.nterest covered by the policy determining 
 the maximum quantity which the underwriter 
 can claim to have transferred to him. Hence the 
 insured must discriminate in his policy the dif- 
 ferent subjects of insurance, for if ship and cargo 
 ,are jointly insured, there cannot be a total aban- 
 donment. Tliis is the law also in tlic United 
 States, and is so held by Emerigoii the Frenchjiirist 
 
 ABANDONMENT 
 
 (vol. ii. p. 215). But if difTcrent objects he insured 
 lor ditferent sums, each may be insured by itself, 
 and each abandoned by itself. 
 
 No one can abandon who hiis not at the time 
 of the loss an absolute right of ownership. Hence 
 one with whom a policy of insurance has been 
 deposited as a security for a loan, has no implied 
 authority to give notice of abandonment. That 
 he should do so, re(|uires the express authority of 
 the owner. In the courts of the United States, it 
 has been held that the assured after abandoning all 
 his interests to one set of underwriters, cannot 
 again make abandonment of the same interest to 
 other underwriters. (13 3Iaas. Rep.) 
 
 Abanilonnieut very frequently takes place in 
 cases of capture: the loss is then total, and no 
 question can arise in respect to it. In cases, 
 however, in which a ship and cargo are recaptured 
 within such a time that the object nf the voi/ai/e is 
 not lost, the insured is not entitled to abandon. 
 The mere stranding of a ship is not deemed of it- 
 self such a loss as will justify an abandonment. 
 If by some fortunate accident, by the exertions of 
 the crew, or by any borrowed assistance, the ship 
 be got off and rendered capable of continuing her 
 voyage, it is not a total loss, and the insurers are 
 only liable for the expenses occasioned by the 
 stranding. It is only where the stranding is 
 followed l)y shipicrtck, or the ship is in any other 
 way rendered incapable of prosecuting her voyage, 
 that the insured can abandon. 
 
 It h.'a been decided, that damage sustained in 
 a voyage to the extent of forty-eight per cent, of 
 the value of the ship did not entitle the insured 
 fo abandon. If a cargo be damaged in the course 
 of a voyage, and it ajipears that what has been 
 saved is less than the amount of freight, it is held 
 to be a total loss. (Park On Insurance, ch. ix.) 
 
 When by the occurrence of any of the perils 
 insured against the insured has acquired a right 
 to abandon, he is at liberty cither to abandon or 
 not, as he thinks proper, lie is in no case bound 
 to abandon; but if he make an election, and re- 
 solve to abandon, he must abide by his resolution, 
 and has no longer the ])ower to claim for a partial 
 '■■'"• In some foreign countries specific periods 
 
 loss. 
 
 are fixed by law within which the insured, after 
 being informed of the loss, must elect either to 
 abandon or not. In this country, however, no 
 particular period is fixed for this purpose ; but the 
 I B 
 
 i' 
 
 M 
 
^ 
 
 '2 
 
 ABANDONMENT 
 
 '4 
 
 rule is, tlint if the insured determine to nl)andon, 
 he must intimate sudi determination to tlie in- 
 surers within a reasnnalile periml after he lias pot 
 intellifji'nce of tlie loss— anv unnecessary delay 
 in making this intimation being interpreted to 
 mean that he has decided not to abandon. As 
 !.liiirt a period as five days after knowlodije that 
 the ship was condemned, was, however, hold l)y 
 Lord ElIenborouKli as too late a notice. (Hunt 
 t', Koyal Kxeh. Assur. Co. 5 M. and Sel. 47.) 
 
 No* particular form or solemnity is required in 
 giving notice of an obandonment. It may bo 
 given cither to the underwriter himself, or the 
 agent who suhscril)ed for him. But it must be 
 stated, whether orally or in writing, in unetiui- 
 vocnl terms. Lord KUcnhorough expressed an 
 opinion that the word ' abandon ' should he used in 
 order t« make it effectunl. The notice ought also 
 to contain a statement of the causes which have 
 led to abandonment. 
 
 In some cases losses may be cumulative. Lord 
 FUenborough laid down, that ' there may be coses 
 in which though a priori damages may be fol- 
 lowed by a total loss, the assured may, neverthe- 
 less, have rights or claims in respect of that prior 
 loss which may not be extinguished by any 
 subsequent total loss. Actual payments for re- 
 pairs made in consequence of injuries suffered at 
 sea, and occurring prior to the total loss are of this 
 character. It has been held by the Court of 
 Common Pleas (Lc Chcminant v. Pearson, 4 Taunt. 
 3«7) that a plaintiff might recover, in addition to 
 a total loss, for sums so expended. 
 
 The effect of an abandonment is to make the 
 owners trustees for the under\vriters. Abandon- 
 ment docs not vest the property. The registry 
 A'jis prevent this from passing, except in a cert.iin 
 way. (Lord Truro in the House of Lords, Scottish 
 aiar. Ins. Co. r. Turner.) The latter become the 
 legal owners of the sliip, and as such arc liable 
 for all her future outgoings, and entitled to her 
 future earnings. An abandonment, when once 
 made, is irrevocable. 
 
 Jn ca:ie of a shipwreck or other misfortune, the 
 captain and crew arc bound to exert themselves 
 to the utmost to save as much property as possi- 
 ble; and to enable them to do this without 
 prejudice to the right of abandonment, our policies 
 jirovidc that, ' in caso of any loss or misfortune, 
 the insured, their factors, servants, and assigns, 
 shall be at liberty to sue and labour about the 
 ilefence, safeguard, and recoverv of the goods, and 
 merchandises, and ship, &c., without prejudice to 
 the insurance, to the charges whereof the insurers 
 agree to contribute, each according to the rate 
 and quantity of his subscription.' 
 
 • From the nature of his situation,' says Mr. 
 Serjeant Marshall, ' the captain has an implied 
 autliority, not only from tlie insured, but also 
 from the insurers and all othors interested in the 
 ship or cargo, in case of misfortune, to do what- 
 ever he thinks most conducive to the general 
 interest of all concerned, and they are all bound 
 by his acts. Therefore, if the ship be disabled by 
 strcs.s of weather, or any other peril of the sea, the 
 captain may hire anotlier vessel for tiie transport 
 of liie goods to their port of destination, if he 
 tliink it for the interest of all concerned tliat he 
 should do so; or he may upon u capture, appeal 
 against a sentence of condemnation, or carry on 
 any other proceedings for the recovery of the ship 
 and cargo, provided he has a probable grounil for 
 <Ioing so ; or he may, upon the loss of the sliip, 
 invest the produce of the goods saved in other 
 fjoods, which ho may ship for his original port of 
 drstination ; for whatever is recovered of the 
 ctlbctb insured, the captain is accountable to the 
 
 ABSINTH 
 
 insurers. If the insured neglect to abandon when 
 he has it in his power to do so, he adopts the acts 
 of the captain, and he is Iwrnnd by them. If, on 
 the other hand, the insurers, after notice of aban- 
 donment, suffer the captain to continue in tho 
 management, ho l>ccomcs their agent, and they 
 arc bound by his acts. 
 
 As to the sailors, when a misfortune hap|H!ns, 
 they are bound to save and preserve the mer- 
 chandise to tile best of their power, and while they 
 are so employed thej' arc entitled to wages, so far, 
 at least, as what is saved will allow; but if they 
 refuse to assist in this, they shall have neither 
 wages nor reward. 
 
 The policy of the practice of aTiandonment 
 seems verj' questionable. The object of an insur- 
 ance is to render the insurer liable for whatever 
 loss or damage may be incurred. But this object 
 does not seem to be promoted by compelling him 
 to pay as for a total loss, when, in fact, the loss is 
 only partial. The captain ai.d crew of the ship 
 are selected by the owners, are their servants, ond 
 arc responsible to them for their proceedings. But 
 in the event of a ship being stranded, and so 
 damaged that the owners arc entitled to abandon, 
 the captain and crew become the servants of tho 
 underwriters, who had nothing to do with their 
 anpointment, and to whom they are most proba- 
 bly altogether unknown. It is admitted that a 
 regulation of this sort can hardly fail of leading, 
 anil has indeed frequently lecf, to very great 
 abuse.;. We, therefore, are inclined to think that 
 abandonment ought not to be allowed where any 
 property is known to exist; but that buch pro- 
 perty should continue at the disposal of the 
 owners and their agents, and that the underwriters 
 should be liable only for the damage really in- 
 curred. The first case that came before the 
 British courts with respect to abandonment was 
 decided by Lord Ilardwicke, in 1744. Mr. Justice 
 Buller appears to have concurred in the opinion 
 now stated, that abandonment should not have 
 been allowed in cases where the loss is not total. 
 
 For further information as to this subject, sec 
 the excellent works of Mr. Serjeant Marshall 
 (book i. ch. xiii.), of Mr. Justire Park (ch. ix.) On 
 the Law of Insurance, Aiiouli On Marine In»ur- 
 ance, Pritchard's Admiralty- Digest, Maude and 
 Pollock's Law of Merchant Shipping, and Eme'ri- 
 gon's Traite des Assurances et des Contrats. For 
 American Late, see Duer, Parsons, Phillips. 
 
 ABATEMENT or REBATE. The namewme- 
 times given to a discount allowed for prompt pay- 
 ment ; sometimes for the difference between the 
 value ofan immature bill and the same instrument 
 when arrived at maturity. It is also sometimes 
 used to express the deduction that is occasionally 
 made at the custom-house from the duties charge- 
 able upon such goods as are damaged, and for loss in 
 warehouses. All claims for abatement of customs' 
 duties arc regulated by the Customs Consolidation 
 Act, 16 and 17 Vict. c. 107 (1853), ss. 76, 90 and 
 97. Goods derelict, &c., and droits of the Ad- 
 miralty are treated as foreign goods. No abate- 
 ment may exceed three-fourths of the duty 
 to which such goods may be liable; and no 
 abatement is allowed on coculus indicus, inix- 
 vomica, rice, Guinea grains, lemons, spirits, corn, 
 grain meal, flour, opium, sugar, cocoa, oranges, tea, 
 coffee, pepper, tobacco, currants, raisins, wine and 
 figs. 'i"he above are nearly all the articles still 
 liable to customs' duty. 
 
 ABSINTH. Womwnod. Produced from the 
 Artemisia absiidliium, ^he plant is indigenous to 
 Southern Europe, is bitterand aromatic, and is used 
 in medicine, but is principally employed for dis- 
 tillation of a liiiueur largely used on the Conti- 
 
 nent, ar 
 tories II 
 Pontarli 
 reputed 
 product! 
 ACAC 
 ACAl 
 w-estern 
 long, ogc 
 
 Bi'forc 
 
 a gallooi 
 
 Acapulcc 
 
 held, ran 
 
 iiitcrcour 
 
 Manilla n 
 
 I'y privai 
 
 unhealth; 
 
 'i'he moni 
 
 as those f 
 
 ACIDS 
 
 Ruished fi 
 
 They are ( 
 
 redden th 
 
 blue or vie 
 
 corrosive, 
 
 alkalies, t 
 
 forming c( 
 
 the constil 
 
 ones prodii 
 
 viously exi 
 
 properties 
 
 acids ; in('c( 
 
 nil. 
 
 The num 
 
 it is only tl 
 
 arts and m 
 
 of, as they 
 
 most import 
 
 acetic, benz 
 
 gallic, hvd 
 
 malic, nitrii 
 
 phuric, tani 
 
 fatty acids, i 
 
 Acetic or 
 
 the destructi 
 
 as oak and b 
 
 conducted ir 
 
 to which a v 
 
 water, a qut 
 
 gas, pass 01 
 
 quality in th 
 
 purided by a. 
 
 being collect 
 
 alcohol it con 
 
 with lime anc 
 
 the acid is i 
 
 compounds i 
 
 Avliere groat f 
 
 direct from tl 
 
 hydrochloric < 
 
 purity is requ 
 
 to a moderaf 
 
 purities (oleji^ 
 
 and its stvlulit 
 
 of albumen. 
 
 into a soda sal 
 
 and saturatio 
 
 instead of dec 
 
 Jt Willi snlph, 
 
 •;^oda, after it h 
 
 impurity bv ci 
 
 obtained by di, 
 
 .•icid Thus pic; 
 
 lbrtif\ing ma!: 
 
 liroviment in 
 
 ••icid, is that ol 
 
 «tc., instead of 
 
 CI 
 
.*:•. 
 
 lo 
 
 Id 
 
 In 
 
 ACACIA 
 
 nciit, nnd of which the most important mnnufac- 
 tories lire at Couvct in Sn-itzcrliuul and at 
 I'lintarlicr in France, The use of absinthe is 
 reputed to be on the incrcii-sc in France, and to be 
 pro<luctivc of very mischievous effects. 
 
 ACACIA. [Gum AuAnir.] 
 
 ACArULCO. A celebrated sea-port on the 
 •western coast of Mexico, in lat. 1C° iJU' 2!)" N.. 
 louR. ?0° 40' W. 
 
 Ucforc the emancipation of Spanish America, 
 n galleon, richly laden, was annually sent from 
 A<^a|iulco to Manilla, and on her return a fair was 
 held, much resorted to by BtranfjerB, This Bort of 
 iiiteroourso is no longer carried on, the trade to 
 Manilla and all other places being now conducted 
 by |)rivato individuals. Acapulco is extremely 
 unhealthy, !ind its commerce is inconsiderable. 
 The moneys, weights and measures, arc tho same 
 as those of !Spain, [Cadiz."] 
 
 ACIDS. A rlass of bodKS which arc distin- 
 guished from all others by the following properties. 
 They are generally possessed of a very shar)) taste ; 
 redden the infusion of litmus and most organic 
 blue or violet colouring matters ; arc often highly 
 corrosive, and enter into combination with the 
 alkalies, alkaline earths, and metallic oxides: 
 forming compounds in which the char.ictcrs of 
 the constituents arc totally destroyed and new 
 ones produced, differing entirely from those pre- 
 viously existing. The last is the only one of these 
 properties which can be considered essential to 
 acids ; in'.'ocd comparativolv few acids possess them 
 all. 
 
 The number of acids known is verj* great, but 
 it is only those which arc largely employed in the 
 arts and manufactures that will be hero treated 
 of, as they only form articles of commerce. The 
 most important acids of commerce arc : arsenious, 
 .acetic, benzoic, boracic, carbolic, carbonic, citric, 
 gallic, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, hydrocyanic, 
 malic, nitric, oxalic, pyrogallic, sulphurous, sul- 
 l)huric, tannic, tartaric, uric, and tho so-called 
 I'utty acids, stearic, margaric and oleic. 
 
 Acetic or PyroUgneous Acid — is obtained by 
 the destructive distillation of dry hard woods, such 
 .is oak and beech, at a red heat. The distillation is 
 conducted in an iron cylinder of large dimensions, 
 to which a worm or condenser is attached ; a sour 
 water, a quantity of tar and much inflammable 
 gas, pass over, leaving charcoal of excellent 
 jpiality in the retort. The crude product is then 
 ])urilied by a second distillation, the first portion 
 lieing collected apart for the sake of the methylic 
 alcohol it contains, and the remainder is saturated 
 with lime and concentrated by evaporation. When 
 the acid is required for the fabrication of other 
 compounds used iu tho arts and manufactures, 
 where great purity is not essential, it is jirepared 
 direct from the crude lime-salt by distillation with 
 hydrochloric or sulphuric acid. But when great 
 ])urity is required, the lime-salt is first submitted 
 to a moderate heat, whereby many of the im- 
 purities (oleaginous and tarry matters) arc charred, 
 and its sqjution is subsequently clarilieil by means 
 of albumen. The lime-salt is then transformed 
 into a soda salt by distillation witli Kulphuric acid, 
 and saturation of the distillato with scila ash, 
 instead of decomposing it as formerly by mixing 
 it with sulphate of soda. From the acetate of 
 soda, after it has l."en freed from the last traces of 
 impurity by crystillisation, the pure acetic !iei<l is 
 obtained by distillation with sulphuric acid. The 
 .icid ihus pic^jarcil is now extensively used for 
 fortifying mah vinegar. The most recent im- 
 proviment in the manufacture of pyroligncous 
 acid, is that of using sawdust, spent dye woods, 
 A'C, instc.id of wood in the process of dcstruLiive 
 
 ACIDS 8 
 
 distillation. This is done by causing these sub- 
 stances to pass in continuouk motion iliMugli 
 heated retorts by means of suitable machiucrv. 
 The greater portion of the pyroligncous acui 
 prepared in this country is employed in the manu- 
 facture of the acetates, particularly acetate of 
 load for the use of dyers and calico printers, and 
 only a small portion is pu.-itied for household atul 
 other purposes. Acetic acid is also extensively 
 employed to preserve animi 1 and vegetable suIh 
 stances, and the acid from \iom\ is jjreferablo for 
 this purpose, on account of tho traces of essential 
 oils which it contaius, and which increase its 
 antiseptic properties. Vinegar is an impure and 
 dilute acetic acid obtained by exposing cither 
 weak wines or infusions of malt to the at'niosphere 
 or other oxidising influences and a slow fermenta- 
 tion. In Germany the process is much expedited by 
 allowing the alcholic liiiuid to flow over wood 
 shavings steeped in a little vinegar in a largo 
 cylindrical vessel, through which a current of air 
 is made to pass Pyroligncous or acetic acid is 
 manufactured in England, France, (Jcrmauy and 
 Sweden on a large scale; also in other civilised 
 countries where wood is abundant and a demand 
 exists for the acetates used in dyeing. The 
 strength or quality of acetic acid is determined by 
 neutr.alisiiig with a standard alkaline solution, but 
 as the acid itself is volatile, the standard solution 
 ought to bo made with a caustic not a carbonated 
 alkali. 
 
 Arsenious Add or White Arsenic. — It formerly 
 appeared in commerce in the form of a heavy 
 white glassy looking substance with a smooth chon- 
 coidal fracture, but is now generally met with as a 
 white powder. It is a weak acid, and sparingly 
 soluble in cold water but readily soluble in hot 
 hydrochloric acid; also in alkalies, forming arscn- 
 itcs. This substance is obtained as a product ot tiio 
 calcination of arseniferous tin and cobalt over in 
 Saxony and of certain copper ores in England, and 
 the crude arscnious acid thus produced is purilicd 
 by sublimation. It is chiefly employed in calico 
 printing, also in glass making, to reduce the 
 sesquioxido of ',: n to protoxide, and forms one 
 constituent of the substances known as Scheele's or 
 Swcinfurt green. It is a most violent poison and 
 has a feeble sweetish and astringent taste, its 
 antidotes being sesquioxido of iron and magnesia. 
 The price of arsenious acid is very low, being 
 about 1/. per ton. 
 
 Benzoic ^cW— exists naturally, formed in the 
 gum benzoin, and may be procured either by 
 submitting the benzoin in fine powder to repeated 
 sublimations, or bv digesting it with lime and 
 water, straining off the clear solution, and adding 
 hydrochloric acid, which enters into combination 
 with the lime, and the benzoic .icid, being nearly 
 insoluble in water, falls as a white powder. This 
 may be further purified by a sublimation. Uenzoio 
 acid is of a be.iutiful pearly white colour when 
 pure, has a very peculiar aromatic odour, and an 
 acrid, acid, and bitter taste; it is used in making 
 pastilles and perfumed incense. This acid also 
 occurs in the balsams of Tolu and Peru, and in the 
 putrid urine of the horse and cow. 
 
 Boracic Acid — is found in an iincombined state 
 in many of tho hot springs of Tuscany, as also at 
 Scsso in the Florentine territory, froni whence it 
 received the namo of Sessolin. In Thibet, Persia, 
 and South America, it occurs in combination with 
 soda, and is iraportctl from the former place into 
 this country in a crystalline form, under the name 
 of Tincal, These crj-stals ore coated with a rancid, 
 fatty substance, and require to bo purilicd by 
 repeated solutions and crystallisations; iifter which 
 it is sold uiu'cr the apjieilation of borax (bi-boratc 
 r.2 
 
 h 
 
 i..^ 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 »■'■ 
 
 I 
 
ACIDS 
 
 I 
 
 of §oH«) ; from a hot imlution of this snlt the 
 Ixiracic noi<l iti rradily olilniiicil, by tliu ni|<littoti 
 (if siilpliiiric ncitl in slight (>X(;p!<»; siilplmto of 
 Hoila i^ fiirmcil, and the hornciu arid crystalliscHns 
 the Moiiition lmioIm. When piiro, these iTy»tal.-t are 
 wlilte, mid have an unctuous preasy feed; thisy are 
 sohihle in alcohol, cominuneatinftapreen tin;;e to 
 its tianir. W'lien funed the acid forms a transparent 
 ^las.s, and lias been found hy Mr. Faraday to unite 
 willi the oxide of lead, prodiieinfX a very nniforni 
 j,'liiss, free from all defects, and well adaptcl for 
 the j>urii(ise of telesiropes and other astronomical 
 instruments. Horax is much employed in the 
 arts, particularly in mctallur};ic operations ns ft 
 tlux : also in enamelling, and in pharmauy. [Do- 
 it.vx.] 
 
 CarhiiUr Ariil or Phenol — an oilv cohnirlcss 
 lif|uid, with n huniiiif; taste and the smell of 
 creosote, is found in considerable quantity in coal 
 tiir, aiul is easily extracted therefrom by heatinfr 
 theheaviercoal'taroils — those boiliiiR between .300° 
 and 40(1° l-'ahr. — with a solution of soda or milk ot 
 lime, 'i'hc aqueous liquid is then separated from 
 the undissolved oil, decomposed by hydrochloric 
 ncid. and the oilv product obtained purilied by 
 cautious distillation. Most of the commercial 
 creosote is simply carbolic acid, mi.xed with more 
 or less wa'T. (Carbolic acid is principally used as 
 an antiseptic rlisiiifect!\nt. either for, or in combi- 
 nation with, K.ne and sulphite of soda and lime 
 (McUoucall's ])owder), also in the preparation of 
 (lyes; viz. phenol blue, or azuline, and picric, or 
 carba/otic acid. 
 
 Carbonic Acid. — This.ncid occurs very abundantly 
 in nature, combined with lime, mafjnesia, bari-tcs, 
 jicrial acid, fixed air, mephitic acid : from any af 
 these it is easily separated by the addition of 
 nearly any of the other acids. In its iincombiped 
 form it is a transparent, f^aseous tluid. having a 
 density of l",")li, atmospheric air being unity; it is 
 al)sorbed to a considerable extent by water, and 
 when the water is rendered slightly alkaliiK; by 
 the addition of carbonate of soda, and a largs 
 quantity of gas forced into it by jiressiire, it forms 
 the well-known refreshing beverage soda water. 
 This gas is also formed in very lanr'^ quantities 
 during combustion, respiration, and lermentation. 
 Carbonic acid gas is destructive of animal life and 
 combustion, and frtmi its great weight .icciirau- 
 lates ill the bottoms of deep wells, cellars, caves, 
 vVc.. which have been closed for a long period, and 
 niinieroiis fatal accidents arise frequently to per- 
 sons entering such jilaces incautiously. The jire- 
 c.niition shouhl always be taken of introducing a 
 lifjhted candle prior to the descent or entrance of 
 anyone ; for should the candle be extinguished, it 
 would bo dangerous to enter until properly venti- 
 lated. The combinations of carbonic acid with 
 the iilkalie;., earths, and metallic oxides are termed 
 carbonates. 
 
 Citric Acid — exists in a free state in the juice 
 of tlic lemon, liinc, and other fruits, combined, 
 however with iimrilii;;e, and simietimcs a little 
 su;^iir, which renders it, if required to be preserved 
 for a long period, \ery liable to ferment; on this 
 jiccouiit the crystallised citric acid is to be pre- 
 ferred. It is prepared by saturating the lemon 
 juice with chalk; the citric acid combines with 
 the lime, forming an insoluble compound, while 
 the carbonic acid is liberated ; the insoluble citrate, 
 after being well washed, is to be acted upon by 
 dilute .sulphuric acid, which forms sulphate of 
 lime, .111(1 the citric acid enters into solution in the 
 water; by liltralion and evaporation the citric 
 acid is obtained in colourless transparent crystals. 
 The chief uses to which it is applied are as a 
 proven ti\-e of sea scurvy, and in making re- 
 
 freshing acidulous or cITei^'escing drinkx ; for 
 which latter purposes it is iMiciiliarly titled from 
 its verv pleasant flavour, .Selling price about 
 'In. peril). 
 
 h'atti/ Acid.i. — These are certain constituents of 
 fatty liodies, i.e. of oils and fats of dilVerent 
 animals, which act the part of acids towanls 
 several bases forming salts which bear the generic 
 name of »im}>». Thus the saponificatiim of oils 
 and fats (■(insists in the combination of the aciils 
 thcv contain with certain base*, chiefly the al- 
 kalies, potassa, and soda. These acids ore three 
 in number, viz. stearic, margaric, and (deic, and 
 exist in variable proportions in difTerent fatty 
 bodi(>8. Thus oleic preponderates in oils, sleariu 
 ill the fat of herbivora, and margaric in the grease 
 of carnivora. They arc extracted by certain pro- 
 cesses more or less complicated, which result in 
 their separation from a neutral principle called 
 glycerine; but the jirocess now most generally 
 adopted is to mix the oil or fat with alioiit ono 
 sixth part of oil of vitriol in large copper vessels, 
 and heat the mass to 35(to Fahr. by superheateit 
 steam. The neutral principle, glycerine, is at this 
 temperature decomiios d and the fatty acids set 
 free. The liberated acids are then distilled in a 
 current of steam and heated to uUO° or 000°, by 
 transmission through a red-hot pipe, and run into 
 pans to s(didifv. The acids have then the con- 
 sistency of butter, and are subjected to pressure to 
 squeeze out the more fluid oleic acid." The de- 
 composition of futs by highly heated steam only 
 has lately been carriei'l to great perfection, and has 
 the advantage of vieldiiig the glyrorine in a very 
 pure state. Steanc and margaric acids are white 
 and crystallisable. They are sometimes con- 
 founded in commerce with stearine and margarine, 
 which however, diflcr somewhat from them, being 
 combinations of these acids with gl_vcerine. Oleic 
 acid is liquid at the ordinary temperature, and is 
 separated from the other two by pressure. Of the 
 three acids, stearic is by far the most important, 
 on account of its being the principal constituent 
 of the well-known candles. It has a brilliant 
 white aiipcarance and crystallises in laminio of 
 pearly lustre. Its point of fusion is 158° Fahr. 
 and It burns with a dear white flame. Stearic 
 acid of commerce contains invariably some mar- 
 garic acid, and a small quantity of wax is usually 
 aiUlcd to it to impart a more homogeneous a]ipear- 
 ancc and a pleasant odour, tiargaric acid is only 
 used mixed with steam, and in the manufacture 
 of candles. Oleic acid of commerce always con- 
 tains portions of stearic and margaric acids, and 
 some foreign substances which give it a reddish- 
 brown colour, and iii the impure state as extracted 
 in the manufacture of stearic acid, is used for the 
 niaiiufactiire of soap. These fatty acids are manu- 
 factured in large (piantities in Kngland, France, 
 Holland, ISelgium, Ciennany, and liiis-ia. 
 
 G'(i//ic Acid. — This acid, together with tannic 
 acid, is obtained from nut-galls, which are excre- 
 sences produced on the leaves oi^ a species of oak, 
 the Querciis infertoria, by the puncture of an 
 insect. Fresh galls yield very little gallic acid, 
 which is produced by the decomposition of tannic 
 acid, and ditlers somewhat from it inasmuch as it 
 does not precipitate gelatin. The simplest method 
 of preparing this aciii in (piantity is to take pow- 
 der(!(l nut-galls, mix them with water to a thin 
 paste, and expose the mixture to the air in a warm 
 situation for the space of two or three niontlis, 
 adding water from time to time to replace that 
 lost by drying up. The mouldy dark-coloured 
 mass produced is strongly pressed in a cloth and 
 the solid portion boiled. The solution contains 
 abundance of gallic acid, which may be crystal- 
 
 Jised if r 
 
 white an 
 
 gent and 
 
 'I'he nil 
 
 gallic acii 
 
 wively ir 
 
 ciolhs, an 
 
 to its fori 
 
 black pre 
 
 same priii 
 
 late l>r. II 
 
 Ralls ill li 
 
 vitriol), 1 
 
 arable, on 
 
 of soft Wji 
 
 the black 
 
 gum. 
 
 The foil, 
 ••oil of \ei 
 •■fibs, galls. 
 Knm. Thi: 
 turies, 
 
 HydrocM 
 Mitnntic A 
 ini|)ortaiicc 
 varied anpl 
 and the lar^ 
 by-product 
 <'ominoii s.il 
 ttate is a ci 
 so strong an 
 that liquid 
 gas, and wh 
 a density of 
 generally va: 
 taining from 
 The dccomp( 
 .salt) by suli 
 «o(la m'anufa 
 drochloric ac 
 is pa.ssed tlin 
 and tilled wi 
 water contiii. 
 ailinity for w 
 condensation 
 13,000 t .lis 
 Kingdom on 
 not a trace 
 pipes of the a 
 is of a sligh 
 .sence of a sin 
 traces of sul| 
 barium) and i 
 ployed in the 
 the majority 
 are not of an v 
 ■»vlieii iiecess.. 
 directly conve 
 ride of" lime 
 nate of soda 
 large quantit 
 Jiotassa, salts 
 chloride of ti 
 b.irium, for ga 
 of copper fij 
 quantity prod 
 per aniiuni, ai 
 ]|<T Ion, accon 
 the distance f| 
 produced in m 
 none to so gret 
 _ Hydrocyanic 
 bitter aluionds, 
 soms of the p! 
 leaves of the p( 
 other vegelabli 
 fliul distilled, v 
 
 i( 
 
lined if required. When pure, gallic acid hnH a 
 vrWuv. and .'«iil<v n|iprarniiL'e, nil J a lii^lilv astriii- 
 (^cnl mill slifjlitly iicid tasto. 
 
 'I'lie nut Kall8, which owu tlicir prnp/Ttios to tlio 
 i;alV\e noid thoy ooiiliiiii, are cmpliiytM'. very oxtcii- 
 hivcly ir tho nrl», Inr dyoiiin mid (.liiiiiiiij^ silks, 
 cliillid, mil woods (It'll black colour; this is iwiiij; 
 to its formiii;^ will', llio oxide of iron an 'iitciisc 
 Idnck |)rcci|)ilntc'. Writing ink ii niad;; on the 
 snine iiriiuiplc: a very excellent receipt of the 
 lale l)r, Itlack's is, to take \i oz.of theliest Aleppo 
 Ralls ill line powder, 1 oz. sulphate of iron (f;reen 
 vitriol), I oz. lo>;wood liiiely rasped, 1 oz. giiin 
 nrabii-, one pint of the l)c?t viiiej;ar, one pint 
 of Hoft water, and H or 10 cloves; in this ease 
 the black precipitate ix kept biis|iended by the 
 
 ACIDS n 
 
 bitter almond oil. It exists ready formed in the 
 moister parts of these substances, but the K'cater 
 portion is produced by a fenneiitation of the 
 ainyplalin contained in the nlunt.-. 'I'bere are 
 many methods of preparing this, and for the pur- 
 poses of medicine mid chemistry, but that nio-t 
 usually followed is to pass snlpiiide of hydrogen 
 through a solution of eyaiiiile of mercury so loiii; 
 an it is absorbed. The Holiiiiiin is separated by til- 
 tration from the siilphido of inerciirv : the excess 
 of sulphide of hydrogen, if any, may lie removed 
 by carUinale of lead. Another method is to de- 
 compose ferrocymiide of potassium (yell w tior- 
 niiato) by diluted sulphuric acid, the porportioiis 
 being ID parts liiicly-powilered ferrocymiide; t> 
 parts of -iilphiiric acid; and II parts of water. 
 The distilled product is collected in a well-cooled 
 
 The fidlowing receipt is taken from the I!ursnr'» I receiver. This acid is the most virulent poison 
 roll of New College Oxford, for the year MIH: ] known, and may be easily recognised by its clia- 
 .'tlbs. galls, .'(lbs. copperas (sulphate of iron), Hlb. racti^ristic odour. 
 
 gum. This ink has stood fur I'uur and a half cen- 
 turies. 
 
 llyilrochUiric Acid. — It was formerly called 
 JMurmtic Atiil ut S/iirit of Sail. It is next in 
 importance to sulphuric acid on account of its 
 varied applications iu the arts and nianiifactiires, 
 and the large scale uii which it i.i produced as a 
 by-product of the man'.M'acture of soda from 
 common s.ilt. llydrocldoric acid in its anhydrous 
 state is a cohiiirle.ss gas of 1"247 density, having 
 so strong an alliiiity for water that one volume of 
 that liquid absorb:) 48U times its volume of the 
 gas, and when thus saturated the liquid acid has 
 H density of I'Jl. The coinmercial acid, however, 
 generally varies from I'll) to 1"18 in density, con- 
 taining irom 30 to oG per cent, of the dry .icid. 
 The decomposition ol ol'.Iorido of , sodium (common 
 .salt) by sulphuric acid iu the first stage of the 
 soda manufacture [Ai.KAi.i ; Sou.vJ evolves hy- 
 drochloric acid in eiiorinoiis quantities, which gas 
 is pos.sed through large towers constructed of stone 
 anil tilled with coke, through whidi a stream of 
 ■water continu.illy percolates. Owing to the great 
 afUnity for water above alluded to, ihis mo(lc of 
 
 J/i/i/rofliioric Acid. — It is found in the well- 
 knuwii inineral tluor spar in combination with 
 lime : from which it is procured in the liipiid foriii 
 by di-l illation with ililiitc sulphuric acid in a 
 leaden or silver retort; the receiver should be of 
 the .tame material as the retort, and kept cool by 
 ice or snow. 
 
 This acid is gaseous in it.i pure form, highly 
 corrosive, and intensely acid ; it is rapidly absorbed 
 by water, coi>inuinicating it.s properties to that 
 (luid. Its chief use i.i for etching on glass, which 
 it corrodes with great rapidity. I'or tliis piirpnso 
 a thill coaling of wax is to he melted on the sur- 
 face of tlie glass, and the sketch drawn by a line 
 har'-;.";;nted instnimeiit through the wax; the 
 liquid acid is then poured on it. anil after a short 
 time on the ■"inoval of the acid and coating, an 
 etching will be found in the substance of the 
 glass. A very excidleiit np|ilication of this pro- 
 perty, possessed by lliioric acid, is in the nughing 
 the shades for table lamps. All the metals, ex- 
 eejit silver, lead, and platina, are acted upon by 
 this acid. 
 
 Xitric Acid or Aquafortix. — This, which is one 
 
 tondensation is exceedingly perfect, and <if the of the most useful acid.s, was formerly pre|)ared 
 13,000 tins evolve<l per annum in the United ' by acting upon nitrate of |iota.s.sa (saltiiclre) with 
 
 Kingdom only 43 tons escape, and in many works 
 not a trace even can be discovered iu the exit 
 pipes of the apparatus. The acid thus produced 
 is of a slightly yellow colo'ir, owing to the pre- 
 .sencc of a small (piantity of iron, and may contain 
 traces of sulphuric aciil (indicated by chloride of 
 liariuiii) mid of ur.senic wiieu pyrites has been em- 
 phiyed in the preparation of the oil <if vitrol. For 
 the majority of the apiilications these impurities 
 nre not of any moment, and maybe easily removed 
 ■when necessary. Most of the acid prcdiiccd is 
 directly converted into bleaching powder or chlo- 
 ride of lime [ 1Jli:.vciiino I'owuiiu] or bicarbo- 
 nate of soda [Alkaliks], but it is also usud in 
 large quantities in the manufacture of chlorate of 
 ])otassa, salts of ammonia, gelatine and glue; 
 chloride of tin, oxychloride of leail, chloriile of 
 barium, for galvanising iron, and in the cxtrac'ion 
 of copper fijni poor silicioiis copper ores. The 
 qiiaiitiiy produced iiiKiigland is about 13,000 tons 
 per annum, and the selling price from 10.1. to ;">/. 
 l)er ton, according to the purity of the acid, and 
 the distance from the seat of luaiiufaclure. It is 
 jirodiiced in most manufacturing countries, but in 
 none to so great an extent as iu England. 
 
 Hydriwyauk or Prui>sic Acid. — The kernels of 
 bitter almonds, apricots, plums, cherries; the blo.s- 
 Koms of the peach, sloe, and mountain ush, the 
 leaves of the peach, cherry, and laurel; and many 
 other vegetable substances, when soaked in water 
 jiiid distilled, yield hydrocyanic acid together with 
 
 sulphuric acid, but now, owing to its comparative 
 cheapness, and the greater yield of aci<l, nitrate of 
 soda, or Chilian saltpetre, is generally substituted. 
 The proportions best suited for the jmrpose, arc 
 loo parts nitrate of pota.ssa to ilO parts of oil of 
 vitriol, or 100 nitrate of soda to 117 oil of vitriol, 
 and 30 parts of water. 
 
 The distillation is generally rondneted in acaat- 
 iroii retort or cylinder, the nitric acid passes over 
 iji the form of vapour, and is collected iu earthen- 
 waru vessels connected by tubes, and a bisulphatc 
 of potash or soda (!SaI nixum) remains in tho 
 retort. Nitric acid of commerce has usually ii 
 dark, orange-red colour, giving off copious fumes 
 and having a spccilic gravity of l-oOO. It may be 
 obtained perfectly colourless by a second distilla- 
 tion, rejecting the tiist ]iortiou that passes over. 
 It is strongly acid and highly corrosive, attacking 
 energetically all organic substances. It also di>- 
 solves most metals, disengaging yellowish red 
 fiinies, and is a powerful presiding agent. It is used 
 in the manufacture of gun cotton, nitro-benzol 
 and picric or carbazotic acid. It is much em- 
 ployed in the arts for etching on copper ])lates, lor 
 engraving, also in the assaying and rdining of 
 gold and silver, in jiharmacy and surgery it is 
 extensively used, and is employed fur destroying 
 contagious eflluvia Combined with hydrochloric 
 acid it forms aipia regia, used as a solvt'iit for gold, 
 platina, &c. The price of nitric acid is about Ori, 
 per pound. 
 
 '. » 
 
 " . 
 
 )'■■ 
 
 tr ■ 
 
 "[ " ' < 
 '.<■■ ■" ■ 
 
 H 
 
6 
 
 ACIDS 
 
 (hdlic .Ilia. — It occurs in oomtiiiiatioii with | iiitnifp of soila liy sulphiirio noid), h intnuiiii'oil 
 liotasxaasliiiimiiilatcof |ii)tiissaiiiilill(TiMit viiriclii'M into lar;;c Icailcn flianihcrs tlio ImttotnH ol' wliii'h 
 iil'sorri'l, lii'nii! tlic name salt of ."orrt'l. Tliis ai'id arc covcrcil with nn iiiclj or more of water. Into 
 was forrnorly pr('|iari'il liy tlio notion of nilrii; aiiil tlipnc cliainLrrM steam is introilupcil by n sultublc 
 on sn^^ar or starch, Itiit it i.s now ninniifactiiroil on arranfjcmcnt of iii|iis connected with an ordinary 
 a lari^c Hcnle, and innili more cheaply by treatint; steam boiler. Whatever may bi^ the precise 
 s'awdnst ulth a mixed sohiiion of |iot.isHaandsi>da. chan(;o that taken |)lacc in the chninhers, all 
 Thcmixtiirui.skcpt lor sonic hoiirsatatemiieraturc ! chemists n(;ree that the nitrous acid serves simply 
 
 of 100° I ahr., ciirc beinj; taken to avoid charrin 
 The (product thns obtained is a urey powder, anil is 
 treated w itii water at about 1)0° Fahr., which leaves 
 the oxalate of soda inidissolved. The supernatant 
 liipior is drawn otf, evaporated to dryness, and 
 heated in furnaces to recover the alkalies. The 
 onalate of soda is washed and decomposed by 
 boiling' with hydrate of lime, and the resulting 
 onalate of lime, !ii;ain decomposed hv snlplniric 
 acid. The liipior decanted from the sulphate of 
 lime is evaporated to crystallisation in leaden 
 vessels, and-the crystals of oxalic acid piirilied by 
 rccrystallisation. 
 
 It is sold iii sni.ill transparent colourless prisma 
 of a stroiurly ai'id taste. It is intensely pidsonous. 
 In cases of )ioisoniu{^ l)y this acid, lime, or chalk 
 mixed with water to form a cream, should be im- 
 mediately ndininistered, the combination of oxalic 
 acid with this substance bciiif; perfectlv inert. It 
 is cm|)loyed principally in calico prlntiuj?, and 
 woollen dyeinj;, straw bleaching, also for whiten- 
 ing leather, removing ink stains, iron moulds, itc. 
 from wood and linen, and for making binoxalato 
 of potassa or salt of lemon. Oxalic acid may be 
 very readily detected by adding sulphate of lime 
 to its sulutiou previously neutralised by ammonia. 
 A white cloud is produced in a few minutes. Since 
 the introduction of the new process the manu- 
 facture of oxalic acid has become nearly a mon- 
 ojioly of this country owing to the quantity of 
 coal required, ami its price has been very niate- 
 ri.ally rcducecl. This ranges now from lOd. to i;i(/. 
 per ih. 
 
 J'l/niffallic Acid. — When gallic acid is heated 
 at a temperature of -llid^ Fahr., or thereabouts, it 
 is resolved into carbonic acid, am' ■■■. volatile pro- 
 duct whicli is termed pyrogalli- -id. It is a 
 'powerful reducing or deoxidising agent, and on 
 this account is much used in photography for the 
 purpose of reducing the salts of gold and silver to 
 a metallic state. 
 
 Siilphuric. Acirl. — Of all the acids this is the 
 most extensively used in the arts, and consequently 
 the most important; and of commerce, indeed, 
 15arim Liebig very justly remarks that it is no 
 exaggeration to .say we may judge with great 
 accuracy of the commerciai jirosperity of the 
 coiuiiry from the amount of suli)huric acid it 
 consumes. 
 
 For many centuries sulphuric acid was manu- 
 factured from grci II vitriol or sulphate of iron, 
 particularly at N'ordlmuscn, in Cierinaiiy : but since 
 about the middle of the last century, it is directly 
 prepared from the oxid.ition of sulphurous acid by 
 mejins of water or steam and nitrous acid. If one 
 views the gigantic scale on which the manu- 
 facture is carried on at the present ihiy he must 
 smile on looking back at the puny operations of 
 former times. The sidphurous acid" which used to 
 ha obtained exclusively by the burning of sulphur 
 is now made by the calcination of various ores and 
 compounds, containing sulphur, more particularly 
 pyrites. For this iiurpose suital)le apparatus, kilns 
 or calcincrs for jtyrites and iron plates, when 
 sulphur U used, are eniployeil. Once kindled 
 the heat generated is sutHcie-it to keep up the 
 combustion, and a constant evolution of sulphurous 
 acid gas takes place. This gas, together with 
 
 as a carrier of the oxvgen between the -lir and the 
 milphurous acid forming Milphiiriu acid which falls 
 in a liquid state to the bottom of the chamber. 
 This li(piid acid, which usually has the density 
 I'oO and Vitt) is daily run into leaden pans, where 
 it is concentrated by evaiioration till it attains the 
 density of PT'i. For many piir]>osi's this degree of 
 concentration issuflicient, and the acid, called from 
 its colour Itrown vitriid, is run for sale into 
 carboys or large globular bottles of green glass. 
 Iirotectcd by bosket-work. If a further con- 
 centration is required, the brown acid is drawn oil' 
 into retorts made of glass or platinum and 
 evaporated until it has a density of i"8l to l.H.j. 
 It has now the ap|iearance of a white cily liquid, 
 hence the name ' oil of vitricd,' and is transferred 
 into carboys, in which form it is sohl as rectilied 
 sulphuric acid. The sulphuric acid of commerce 
 invariably contains lead, also, generally, iiitnm.'' 
 compounds and traces of hydrochloric acid. When 
 it has been prepared from pyrites, arsenic is nearly 
 always present, but for many purposes to wl.icli 
 it is apjdicd tlioac impurities arc of no moment, 
 and when it is requisite they may be easily 
 removed. The quantity of sulphuric acid now 
 manufactured may be roughly estimated, from the 
 quantity of sulphur and sulphur ores consumed, a; 
 about 375,000 tons of 1",')0 spccilic gravity. The 
 greater ]iortion produce<l, about ;!()0,000 tons, is 
 used in the manufacture of alkali, a very much 
 greater and largely increasing quantity to the 
 manufacture of supcridiosphate of lime for manure. 
 The remainder is applied to the most various pur- 
 poses in the manufacture of stearic, tartaric, acetic 
 and other acids, in the preparation of sulphate of 
 indigo, the puritication of oils of evi ry kind, and 
 many other manufactures, for it is, as it were, the 
 very key to most other chemical operations. 
 
 The selling price of the rectilied .sulphuric acid, 
 specific gravity I'M-t and I'S.'j, varies from Id. to \d. 
 per lb., that of the brown acid from 3/. lOii. to itt. 
 per ton. 
 
 Sulphurous Acid, — It is formed whenever sul- 
 phur is burnt in atmospheric air ; it is a suffocating 
 and pungent gas, strongly acid, bleaches vegetable 
 colours with great rapidity, and li a powerful anti- 
 septic. These pro])orties renderit useful in bleaching 
 woollen gooils and straws, and in arresting the 
 process of vinous fermentation. Owing to its 
 volatility and pungent odour, it is usually em- 
 ployed in combination with potassa and soda, or 
 with lime. — These compounds are called sulphites. 
 Its principal u.sc, however, is in the manufacture 
 of sulphuric acid. 
 
 Tannic Acid or G(dlntannic Acid. — Tanning 
 principle is contained in gall nuts of the Querent 
 infvctoria, sumach, &c. Alany other plants contain 
 substances which resemble tannic acid, i.e. they 
 precipitate albumen and gelatin from solution, 
 and unite with animal membrane, forming a 
 substance which resists putrefaction. It is on this 
 principle that leather is manufactured, and the 
 process is called tanning. All these substances 
 are called tannic acids or tannin, .ilthough more 
 exact investigations have shown them to differ in 
 some essential properties from the g.nllotannicacid 
 obtained from gall niit.s. 
 
 Tartaric Acid. — This acid is procured from the 
 
 nitrous acid (prepared by the decomposition of cream of tartiir (bittirtratc of potassa), obtaincil 
 
 by purify 
 
 fermentat 
 
 sal ion. ' 
 
 boiling wi 
 
 !\* cllcrves 
 
 an acid i 
 
 tartrate o| 
 
 from the 
 
 tortrate ol 
 
 I'lilorido o 
 
 remaining 
 
 tartrate o 
 
 dilute sul| 
 
 formed, an 
 
 and may I 
 
 talliHatiou, 
 
 Austria an 
 
 much empl 
 
 effervescing 
 
 Its selling 
 
 Uric Ac 
 
 serpents ai 
 
 ammonia. 
 
 of hot dihi 
 
 n.ae of this 
 
 murexidc, i 
 
 years since 
 
 owing to tin 
 
 manufacturi 
 
 For the a.\ 
 
 ncids, we an 
 
 and manufi 
 
 I.iiverpo(d. 
 
 ACOKXS 
 
 ghiande ; S 
 
 glande.s). '1 
 
 which are .st 
 
 man in earlj 
 
 i.lOG), ares 
 
 of scarcity, 
 
 they are iiom 
 
 niuf poultry. 
 
 with the ad 
 
 the best siih 
 
 tringcnt and 
 
 ACKK, i 
 
 standard Enj 
 
 '10 poles or 
 
 and con.sequi 
 
 I'reviously t 
 
 of weights ai 
 
 ("•l, the acres 
 
 varied consid 
 
 standard acrj 
 
 now abolishe 
 
 each rood 40 
 
 being equal t 
 
 Imperial is t 
 
 one Scotch i 
 
 acres. The I 
 
 and 10f!,\ pol 
 
 perial acres. 
 
 ADELAIIJ 
 
 British colon; 
 
 from its pori 
 
 Vincent's Gu 
 
 Though founc 
 
 situated, this 
 
 Some of the h 
 
 buildings, are 
 
 lH,2f.9; in 18 
 
 The river 'I 
 
 loses itself in 
 
 that the city 
 
 an inlet of 
 
 situation is a ! 
 
 city; and it 
 
ADKLAIDE 
 
 liy purifying the crust, whicli .soparntos (luring 
 fonuenta'tiiiii iif winos liy solution anil <ryitalli- 
 cation. 'Dip imrillcd liiturtratt' is dissolvoit in 
 l)oiling water, and iHiwdrrt'it chalk luldt'd a.-* lon^ 
 ns eUVrvcsi'cncc is excited, or the liijiiid exhibits 
 an acid reaction; tartrate of lime and neutral 
 tartrati' of jiota-isa result; the latter is sepurated 
 from the former hy liltration. The solution of 
 tartrate of potassais then mixed with excess of 
 chloride of calcium, which throws down all the 
 remaining' acid in the fi inn of u lime salt. 'I'lie 
 tartrate of linio thus obtained is treated witli 
 dilute sulphuric acid, sulphate of lime is tluii 
 formed, and the tartaric acid enters into solution, 
 and may be obtained by evaporation and crys- 
 tallisution, This acid is manufactured largely in 
 Austria and France, as well as in KuKland, and is 
 much employed in calico printin);, also in makinj{ 
 cflerveseinj,'"drauj,/its and powders in pharmacy. 
 Its selling price is about Id. ;»/. ]ier lb. 
 
 (j'ric Acid. — It is found in the excrements of 
 serpents and birds, and in ^'uano as urate of 
 ammonia. It is extracted from guano, by means 
 of hot dilute hydrochloric acid. The principal 
 use of this acid is for the purjiosu of making 
 murexide, a beautifid purple ilye, which some 
 years since was manufactured on a large scale, but 
 owing to the introduction of the anilinocoloiurs,the 
 manufacture has gradually decreased. 
 
 For the above exhaustive account of commercial 
 acids, we are indebted to the distinguished chemist 
 and manufacturer Fdinund Muspratt, Esq., of 
 Liveq>ool. 
 
 ACOKXS (Ger. eicheln, cckcm ; Fr. glands; Ititl. 
 ghiande; Span, bellutas; Itiiss. scliedudii; Lat. 
 ginndcs). The seed or fruit of the oak. Acorns, 
 which are said to have formed part of the food of 
 man in early ages (Virgil, Georg. i. 8, Ovid, Aht. 
 i. IOC), are still used in some countries, in periods 
 of scarcity, as a substitute for bread. With us 
 they are liow rarely used except for fattening hogs 
 and' poidtry. They are said to make, when roasted, 
 with the additioii of u little fresh butter, one of 
 the best substitutes for collee. Their taste is as- 
 tnngent and bitter. 
 
 ACHK. A measure of land. The Imperial or 
 standard Knglish acre contains 4 roods, each rood 
 40 poles or perches, eich pole '272 J square feet ; 
 and conse(iuently each acre = 4;f,5G0 sijuare feet. 
 Previously to the introiluction of the new system 
 of weights and measures by the act 5 Geo. 4. cap, 
 74, the acres in use in different parts of England 
 varied considerably from each other and from the 
 standard acre ; but these custoniarj* measures are 
 now ab(dishcd. The Scotch acre contains 4 rood-, 
 each rood 40 Tails, and each fall 30 ells ; the ill 
 being eq\ial to 37*06 Imperial inches. Hence the 
 Imperial is to the Scotch acre nearly as 1 to \\, 
 tme Scotch acre being ctiual to 1"2C1 Imperial 
 acres. The Irish acre is equal to 1 acre, 2 roods, 
 and lOfiyf poles; 30J Irish being equal to 49 Im- 
 perial acres. [Wkiohts and Measiihes.] 
 
 ADELAIDE, Acityol S, Australia, cap, of the 
 Uritish colony of that name, about 7 m, S.S.F. 
 from its port, an inlet on the E, side of St, 
 Vincent's Gulf, lat, 34° 57' S., long. 138= 38' E. 
 Though founded so recently as 1844, and not well 
 situated, this is a well-built, prosperous town. 
 Some of the houses, and most part of the principal 
 buildings, are of brick and sioiic, I'op, in 1855, 
 18,2,')9; in 1801, 18,303. 
 
 The river Torrens, on which Adelaide is built, 
 loses itself in a marsh before reaching the sea, so 
 that the city is about 7 in. distant from its port, 
 an inlet of St, Vincent's Gulf. This inland 
 situation is a serious drawback on the trade of the 
 
 comiuitted in not building it on, nr much nearer 
 to, the coast. This, we are aware, has been denied, 
 though, as we think. u|«)n very unsatisfactory 
 grounds. There appears, iiuleed, to be but liltln 
 iloulit that ill no very IcngiluMied period most part 
 of the commerce of the town will be transferred to 
 the port; and that it will be preferred iM a 
 residence by all commercial people. In the rainy 
 season the Torrens is much tloodeil, though it 
 seldom overflows its banks, which are steep and 
 loftv ; but in the <lry season it has no current, 
 ils ficd being then formed into a series of pools or 
 tanks, 
 
 I'ort Adelaide, 7 ra, N.N.VV, from the city, in 
 n low and marshy situation, consists of a number 
 of dwelling-houses and warehouses, some of which 
 are of stone with wharves, partly belonging to 
 government, and partly to the South Australian 
 Company. The inlet of the Rca, forming the 
 harbour, opposite the entrance to which a light 
 vessel is moored, stretches from the gulf, from 
 which it is separated by a narrow neck of land, 
 for about 8 m. southward, siiiTounding Torrens 
 Island, At its mouth is a sandy bar with 8 ft. 
 water at ebb and 10 ft. at flood tide; this depth 
 being considerably increased, during S. and S.W. 
 winds. Ships of 400 or 5t)0 tons may, conse- 
 quently, iiass the bar in safety, and once over, 
 there is depth enough for the largest ships to the 
 head of the harbour. (Dutton, />', Austrnlia, p. 
 112.) Large vessels are, however, obliged to lie 
 in mid-channel : but projects were recently on foot, 
 for improving the harbour, either by carrying out. 
 piers into the deep water, or by establishing a now 
 port about 2 in. nearer to the harbour's mouth, 
 where the water in-shore is deeper, and the 
 situation affords greater facilities for the accom- 
 modation of shipping. I'ort Adelaide has it 
 custom-house; but vessels are exempted from all 
 port charges in this and in the other ports of tlu- 
 colony. 
 
 Sailing ilirections fur Port Adelaide. — After 
 making " Kangaroo Island, steer E. J N. through 
 Investigator's Straits, between that island ami 
 Althorp Island. Should the wind be from the 
 eastward, you will (ind no difficulty in beating 
 through the straits, nor anything in the w.ty more 
 than is pointed out in Flinder's chart, if bound 
 up Gulf St. Vincent, great care is requisite to 
 avoid Troubridgc shoal, situate (.n the west side of 
 the entrance, as the tlood tide through liackstairs 
 passage sets strong (particularly on the change 
 and fall of the moon) directly upon the shoal; 
 ilurefore coming from the westward the course 
 should not be altered until Point Alarsdcu bears 
 S.W. by W. i\V.; when you will be about 10 
 miles from the highland, inside Cape Jervis, 
 named in Flinder's chart North-West BlulT, when 
 you may shape your course for the light-vessel 
 N.N.E. 40 miles distant. For about six leagues 
 up the gulf the land ia high and bold, but above 
 that the shore becomes very low with hummocks 
 of sand upon it, and the same description of coast 
 prevails to the head of the gulf. After passing 
 the high coast land, the water shoals far out, anil 
 in some instances, when within the distance of 10 
 miles from the light, five fathoms will be found at 
 a distance of four miles from the beach. He care- 
 ful of your soundings, particularly at night, and in 
 running up to the liglit, keep as nearly as you can 
 in between live and six fathoms water, not ap- 
 proaching inside live, as within that depth the 
 water shoals suddenly; and if yon keep outside 
 six fathoms, you may ptiss to the westward of the 
 light and not sec it. In these sounuings you will 
 make the light ahead, which may be seen 12 
 
 ;!? 
 
 I 
 
 '.* < 
 
 city ; and it would seem that a mistake was [ miles from the deck of a ship. The shoal— called 
 
 :-:;!l 
 
 ::t. !;.>:■. 'X 
 
ADELAIDE 
 
 the Bar— at the entrance of the port, bears N.E. 
 one mile from tlie liKht-vcssel. When you are 
 within n propi-r distaiijc, a boat will be sent to 
 you from the light-vessel with a pilot and to re- 
 oeive all mails und letters. Should you sight the 
 light in the early pan of the night, you may 
 anchor anywhere "to the southward oi" it in six 
 fathoms, or keep undcn\°eigh until daylight, 
 taking cnre to be to the southward of the light, 
 and as near it as possible in the morning, as the 
 tide answers early. Where the light-ressel is 
 mooreii, in lut. 34° 44' ,S., there anchor.tgc is safe, 
 hut a good full scope of chain is required, never 
 less than oO fathoms, and, if it blow, a full chain. 
 Never let go the second anclior if you can avoid 
 it; rather give more chain, as your vessel will 
 ride much easier with one anchor down than two. 
 Wlu'ii bound down the gulf steer from the 
 light-vessel S.S.W., M'hich will keep you in sight 
 of the land on the east side of the gulf, and out 
 of the influence of the tide through Hackstairs 
 passage, until you are to the southward of Trou- 
 bridgc shoal ; hut on no account shape a course 
 that you may fancy will enable you to weather 
 the shoals, thereby laying tlie ship's broadside 
 exposed to a rapid tide running diiectly upon it, 
 iinlil you are sulHoiently to the southward to 
 shape your course down tfie strait. 
 
 In beating down the gulf never exceed a 
 distance of 10 miles from the larboard shore (as 
 the o|)posite side is shoal), and be careful when 
 standing .'n to have a cast of the lead, as it is 
 shoal a considerable distance otf until you get 
 tlown to the highland. In sonic places to t\u: 
 northward of Holdfast Bay there are not more 
 than live fathoms, at a distance of four miles from 
 the beacli, and the water shoals very quickly 
 withih that depth ; but where the highland fronts 
 the sea the shore is steep except a reef that lies a 
 mile off, about three miles to the southward of 
 Holdfast Hay. The flag-staff at Holdfast Bay is 
 in lat. 34° o8' '28 " S. In moderate weather en- 
 deavour to be as close to the laud as possible by 
 sunset, wlien you will be certain of the wind off 
 the land, which will lead you down the coast. Do 
 not allow yourself to be thrown off" until you are 
 well down with Cape Jcrvis, and to t!ie southward 
 of Troubridge shoal, whicli is lui extensive flat, 
 and only in the middle shows a patch of about 'MO 
 yards at high water. 
 
 Ships bouiul down Investigator's Straits, meet- 
 ing a strong westerh- wind, and wishing to anchor, 
 will lind good holding ground clo.se in on the east 
 side of I'oint Marsdeu, in six fatluuns of water. 
 Vessels coining from the eastward through Back- 
 stairs passage, and bound up the gulf, shoulil 
 night be approaching, must keep on the north 
 side of the p.'issage. and haul round Cape Jervis, 
 all that coast being quite bold. When the gulf 
 is open shape a course X. by E, J 1], for the light- 
 vessel. 
 
 The trade of Adelaide is already extensive ; and 
 will continue to increase with the increase of the 
 po|)ulatiiiu and trade of the colony, of which it is 
 the grand emporium. The colmiy is belter suited 
 for tillage than any other portion of the continent, 
 and the exports of flour and grain are become of 
 the first imiiortancc. The mines of copper, lead, 
 •fcc, discovered in the vicinity of A.lelaicle, are of 
 the richest description, and the ores furnished by 
 them form a principal article of export. In 18.'j2 
 the in.jiorts of copper ore into this country from 
 South Australia, chiefly from the Burra-Burra 
 mine, amounted to 8,582 tons. The di.seovery of 
 the gold fielus, by attracting many of the labour- 
 ers from the copper mines, gave a serious check 
 to the jirogress of the latter. 
 
 Harbour Dues. 
 
 Inns 
 
 £ 
 
 J, i. 
 
 
 
 ill 
 
 o 
 
 I.') 
 
 1 
 
 .'■ n 
 
 ] 
 
 l/> 
 
 •i 
 
 .'. 
 
 3 
 
 u 
 
 ttmn 
 
 Ve«tel8 under lfH» .... 
 
 obove 1(10 and under VOll - 
 
 SOO „ .■IKI - 
 
 .101) „ 4HII . 
 
 4t«) „ Mm • 
 UM and upwanU 
 
 Vessels registered in the province of under 50 
 tons, or whilst employed in the coasting trade, are 
 exempt. 
 
 Hates of Pihturic ; Port Adelaide. — For every 
 vessel taking a Pilot : in, 3/. 6» ; out, 81. bs. 
 
 Light Dues. — On vessels in Port Adelaide or in 
 any of the outports in St. Vincent's Gulf, Ncpea.. 
 Bay, and the other anchorages in Kangaroo 
 Island to and from Great Britain and Foreign 
 ports, 3d. per ton in and '3d. per ton nut. 
 
 On vessels in Port Adelaide and above outposts 
 to and from Victoria, Van Dicmen's Land and 
 other Australian Colonies 1J«/. per ton in and l^rf. 
 per ton out. 
 
 On vessels coastwise above 100 tons Id. per ton 
 in and Id. per ton out. 
 
 Steam Tup Dues. 
 
 From the l.iitht-stiip anchored at the Inner Ilarliour, 
 I'orl Adeliidc; — 
 Vewiels not exceeding VOO tons • • * - .SOO 
 Kor every ton over iillO tons . - - - -006 
 
 From the l.i^ht-ship Anchorage to ti(xht's Tas^auc, 
 Iielow Snapper Point j or from I.i);lu'» l*aa!.at;e to 
 .North .^rm :— 
 VesseU not eleewllnit 2110 tons - ■ - - -,100 
 Vor every ton aliove x'n» 0!* 
 
 From l.lKht'&hip .\nrhorH({p to the Noith Arm :— 
 \'essels not exct.eflint; veu tons - - - • . fl O 
 For every adititiou.il ton • • - - • -O04 
 
 From North Arm to the Fort ; — 
 Vessels not exc-i-edinj; '^<M» tons . . - ■ 2 
 
 For every atlditional ton . - - • • -0 2 
 
 The same rates outwards, 
 
 Disjibled steamers to pay on gross tonnage. 
 
 When two tugs are employed the above rates 
 are to be increased by one third and the amount 
 as augmented to bo equally divided between the 
 tugs employed, according to distance. 
 
 When two vessels are towed the rates are re- 
 iluced one third, and when more than two vessels 
 are towed ono-half, according to distance for each 
 vessel towed. 
 
 Fees to Licensed Marine Survei/ors. 
 
 For stirvcvlnff a ship's hatches and rargo, inctudinj; 
 
 Httt*!ul.uii e as re<iuirt.(l by the master 
 Kor eii'h set of t-i-riilirate, as required liy rnn>i(piees or 
 
 merctthnts, in tripiicati* ... ... 
 
 Survey of a ship for insurance, inclutliuK report as re- 
 
 quirtKl I'y unUi>Twrilers or n;jeul, 
 Survev of a ship for repairs, mcludini; ntti'ndanre 
 
 .lilritiK the process of sui Ij repairs, aiul drawing up 
 
 of ri'iHirt on repairs heing conipietisl - - - - 4 4 
 
 JFImrves. — Lay days allowed at wharves nt Port 
 Adelaide. All vessels under 100 tons are allowed 
 () days for the ))urpo.se of discharging, and all 
 ve.s.^els above 100 tons the following number of 
 d,iys, Sundays not included: vessels from 100 to 
 ;iob tons, 10 days; 300 to (>00 tons, l(i days; 
 above (JOO ton.*, 21 days. Vessels discharging 
 cargo have preference at the whorves. Vessels 
 exceeding the time allowed and remaining on 
 berth without permission to be charged one penny 
 per ton for every week such lay days shall be 
 exce-jilcd. Vessels loading or discharging at the 
 wbarres will be charged iid. per ton register. 
 
 Wharfage Dues on Goods landed at or shipped 
 from the Compiiiii/'s Wluirf, Port Adelaide, 
 
 1. •!. 
 
 Arrowroot and Safio. Tier hot of cwt. . . . . . u .' 
 
 (Otliir st-m in proportion.) 
 
 naciin. per cwt. ....... ~ n *i 
 
 Hnllast .Old Stone, \tcT ton .......id 
 
 Itark, p r Ion of '^0 cwt, ....... 'i tl 
 
 IJetf, per ticrc - . i) « 
 
 pt-r hariel .•-...... II 3 
 
 lletlows (blacltsinilh's) per pair ...... u i 
 
 Bttr, Wlim 
 
 butt ■ 
 
 Ditto |ier iiip 
 
 l>er hiij 
 
 jier hai 
 
 per qn,i 
 
 lier ocli 
 
 bottled 
 
 Boots anil sh 
 
 llran and |iol 
 
 lireail. per ci 
 
 Hricks, slate, 
 
 Nmall tiles 
 
 Mutter, |wr c 
 
 Candles, per I 
 
 in li 
 
 Carriagn (4-i 
 
 Carrots per c* 
 Casks (empty) 
 ^ (in shew 
 Oeir.enl, per ^ 
 s^nalk, |ier cw 
 Cheese, |>er cv 
 Cluars, per I ,( 
 Coals; coice, ai 
 <]ocoa nuts, |m 
 Coflet,, per cw 
 Confectionery, 
 
 Copper, per ca 
 «.orks, per i„(, 
 iJ-arthenware, 
 
 Flour, per KM 
 
 INjrbair 
 
 Furniture, per 
 
 ' i>h (dry or sai 
 
 Firuita (fresh), j 
 l< 
 
 l< 
 
 K, , Wried),',; 
 rr>intipans, |iei 
 ';;"Ker, Iter cwt 
 Oiass (window;, 
 
 (plate), in 
 l,mceries (see C 
 Jirain of all kinil 
 Jtrindstunes, e ic 
 Hams or checks. 
 Harrows, each 
 Hay, Kr Ion of V 
 Hides (loose), pel 
 Hops, iier noctei 
 {lorscs and latti. 
 Horns and hoofs 
 Iron, |ier cwt. 
 Iron tanks, 40(1 , 
 
 I^ad. per cwt. 
 JUachinery, pir c 
 
 U'l '" ''* 
 
 ss tnnowing 
 
 T hrashing at 
 
 ,„,,•-'•">"' cutlers 
 
 Mil stones, each 
 
 Wails, shot, and i 
 
 JJalmeal, ,>er bar 
 Oils, turps, ^1-., I 
 Ollmens stores Is 
 s'nioiis per cwt. 
 (>ars, per I no feet 
 On-s, |ier ton . 
 Ovens each - 
 Faint, iwr cwt. 
 I'epper, p,-r cwt. 
 I lanofiirtiis. each 
 I itch, per barrel 
 I'ioughs, each 
 I'ork, |ier tierce 
 I'er barrel 
 1 otatoes, per cwt, 
 1 ots, each 
 Kalians, per IIIO t 
 Kice, i«.rcwt. 
 nnitt', twine, cord,- 
 Kesin.pcr liarrel 
 «ai;o(sieArrowro< 
 Salt, per cwt. 
 Harilines, per case 
 Nkins (slieip), p,., 
 Sheep, pigs, ami t, 
 .^oap, per Ikh oI le 
 in latg • p ick 
 ^oda, per barrel 
 .*;pailes, shovels, pe 
 f'plce, |ier cwt. 
 Spirits (vide lleer). 
 Sugar, |H-r cwt. 
 Tar, per h irrel 
 Tea, |wr chest 
 ' ea, per halt-chest 
 
 |>er hot 
 
 Tobacco pi)it.s, per 
 
 Tin iilates. per l«n 
 
 limber : Dray pole 
 
 De.ils, bai 
 
 load of 
 
 Fello.s, p 
 
 J.iilh<i mil 
 
*:'-|4 
 
 ADELAIDE 
 
 Be«r» Wliici, Spirits, CordlaU, Vinegar, Oil, Ace. 
 
 butt 
 
 Ditto |ier i>ipo or punchvon • . . ■ 
 
 ]>er hii^heHil ...... 
 
 )ier bairel • •>•-.., 
 per quarter-cask • . . . . 
 
 tier KcrifTtf . ..... 
 
 bottled (in case or t ask), jwr doxen quarts 
 Bont^ nnil fthoei, ptnr trunk . - . . 
 llran and |K)llurd, per Uh) IIn. ... 
 
 Hread, |>er cwt 
 
 UrickM, slate, and large tiles, per aliort inoi 
 Small tiles - . . .... 
 
 Butter, {ler cwt. ...... 
 
 Candltft, per boi 
 
 in lar^fe packagpii, pvr cwt. • 
 Carriages (4.whef I eath) .... 
 (V'wheel each) .... 
 
 Carrnts per cwt 
 
 Casks (empty) |>ertun ■ . . ■ . 
 
 (in hhboh»), i>er liumlle 
 Cement, per barrel - . . . . 
 
 4'hatk, Iter cwt. ...... 
 
 Cheese, jM'r cwt. ..... 
 
 CiKars, per MKN) ..... 
 
 Coals; coke, and firewoofl, j>er ton 
 
 4'ocoa nuis, per UtO . . - . - 
 
 CoHee, iier cwt 
 
 Confvctiunery, per boi, measuring from 4 f.ei to 
 niider I fft:t 
 I-^rge packages, per 4i» feet - 
 
 Copper, per cwt . 
 
 Corks, per liK)gro&4 ..... 
 
 i^^ar then ware, per rrate .... 
 
 ]*vr half-crate 
 Mour, per inn lbs. ..... 
 
 Iter bairel ...... 
 
 Furniture, per ton measurement . 
 ii-th (dry or salt), ptT bale • . . . 
 ]>er barrel 
 per haif barrel 
 per keg titkiii, or kit 
 l*er cwt. 
 Fruits (fresh), per butt ..... 
 
 per carotel .... 
 
 }ier Imx ..... 
 
 jier c.i»e or barrel . . - 
 
 (drietl},ptrcwt 
 
 Frylngpans, i»er bundle .... 
 
 Ginger, i>er cwt. ...... 
 
 ()la^ (window), per box .... 
 
 |>er orate .... 
 
 (plate), in p.ii'kage« per tOfu'ct - 
 <5roceries (we Confeciionerv). 
 <iram of nil kiniU, per bUhliel 
 (irindstones, e ich ...... 
 
 Haiiis or cheeks, j^r cwt. . . . - 
 
 Harrows, each -...-, 
 Hay, |*r ton of ynrwt. - . . . 
 
 Hides (loose), per 1(10 ..... 
 
 HopK, per pocket or bale .... 
 
 HorMi. and rattle, }«r bead - . - - 
 Horns and hoofs, |wr ton .... 
 
 Iron, iM-r iwt. . - _ . . . 
 Iron Uiiks, -litn gallons, each 
 
 tltbei ii/e», in proportion. 
 
 Iiead, per cwt 
 
 Alachinery, utr cwt. ..... 
 
 in light packages, n»r 40 feet - 
 \l innowiiig niathincs, eacli ■ 
 I'hrashing and renpiiig nmchi* is, each 
 Chaff lutiers, each .... 
 
 Millstones, each .-..->■ 
 Naib, bhot, and ironmt>nger7, per bag, or keg of 
 in heavy packages, 
 Oatmeal, jwr barrel . - ... 
 Oils, turps, Ate, |ier tin or biisk»t - 
 (Hlmen's storeit (st-e Confectionerv). 
 Onions per cwt. ...'... 
 
 (>ar^, |»er IdO feet ...... 
 
 Ores, (»er ton ■■..... 
 
 Ovens C'^fh -...___ 
 
 I'aint, Iter cwt 
 
 I'ep|)er, p^r cwt. • • ... 
 )*ianufi)rti>s, each ...... 
 
 Vitch, iier liarrel ...... 
 
 I'loughi, earh . ..... 
 
 l*ork, per lierc-i? ...... 
 
 |M.'r barrel . . • ... 
 I'otatoeti. tier cwt. - . . . . 
 
 )'u(h, each ....... 
 
 Kattans, per I'M) bundles .... 
 
 Kice, piT cwt. ...... 
 
 Ko[)f, iwjne, ctirdage, per cwt. ... 
 
 Kesin,per b.irrel 
 
 Saao (see Arrowroot). 
 
 ^nlt, per cwi. ...... 
 
 Saniines, per cnse - . .... 
 
 SkiiiH (tiliet'p), pel dozen .... 
 
 Mii-ep, pigs, arul goals, per head . 
 
 Soap, per \*ox of less than I cwt. ... 
 
 in targ- p:ickets per cwt. ... 
 
 Soda, per barrel .... 
 
 Spades, shovels, per bundle . . . - 
 f^picc, |»er cwt. ...... 
 
 Spirits (vide Iteer). 
 
 Sugir, ^M-r cwt. ...... 
 
 Tar. per h trrel ... . . _ 
 
 Tea, |»er chest ...... 
 
 'Jea, per tialt-che&t 
 
 I>er box - . - . . - 
 
 Tobacco pii>es, per 5 gross 
 Tin pinies. per Ikix - . . . « 
 Timber: Ih-av iwles, each - . . ^ 
 
 De.tU, b:itiens, spars, logs, end lawn 
 
 load of 10 cubic feet . 
 Fellitis, per toil .... 
 Littlis and OilMgle^, per HMX) 
 rulings, per 100 . 
 
 lier tun 
 
 I 
 
 o .1 
 
 I fi 
 
 ti 
 
 1 
 
 ii i 
 
 1 
 
 1 r, 
 6 
 y 
 o .1 
 
 2 
 
 1 r, 
 o 1 
 
 y 
 t <i 
 
 1 
 
 O li 
 
 It 1 
 
 1 ti 
 
 o i» 
 
 <i 
 
 1 u 
 
 Oi 
 
 o I 
 
 O '^ 
 
 o 4 
 
 'i fi 
 
 .1 
 
 ti 
 
 1 o 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 fi 
 I fi 
 
 II 1 
 
 t 
 
 y 
 n 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 1 3 
 O 1 
 O 1 
 
 'Z 
 
 1 <■ 
 
 '2 
 O .1 
 
 
 
 
 I) I 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 1 fi 
 
 fi 
 
 1 n 
 U 1 
 
 Tnnhcr : Posts and ratU, per 100 • - • - • *i fi 
 
 Spokes, per KHt . - . • . . • O 4 
 
 I'-i'low, |ier cwi. .........0 1 
 
 Tobacco, per lierre ........0!) 
 
 per balf-lierce .-,.-.. n (! 
 
 per keg or I a»e - - . • - . - O ."> 
 p*-r basket ut roll • ......() I 
 
 \'inecar (vide lleerl. 
 
 AVhalelmne, per cwt. ..... .-0'^ 
 
 Wheelbarrows, earh ..... . . . u .T 
 
 M'heeU (cart or carriage) i>er i>air - - - - -05 
 
 Whiting, per barrel • - ----.. n ." 
 
 other packages, per 40 feet . . - -. • I fi 
 
 AVool, per bale 4 
 
 MiKchandise.not enumerated In the foregoing, say ilraper; , 
 
 apparel, iNic., per ton <»f 40 cubic feet - . . '. I fi 
 
 Hardware, and other heavy goods, per cwt. • . . I) 1 
 
 per ton of 40 r,-et • - 1 fi 
 
 Where ihe measurement or weigbt cannot Im obtained, the 
 
 goiHls to be ektimated at a fair average rate. 
 
 Wharfage Regulations, 
 
 Mo gunpowder, rubbish, or filth to bo landed on 
 tho wharf. 
 
 No boats or casks to be placed, ballast landed, 
 spars inailc, wt)od cut, or casks coopered on the 
 \vha»*f witliout permission. 
 
 No gooils to be deposited on the wharf withii.^ 
 fifteen feet from the Front Line, 
 
 (ioods will he allowed to remain on the wharf 
 48 hours, after whicii time tliey will be liable 
 to rent, and removed at the owner's expense. 
 
 The company will not be answerable for any 
 goods that may be damaged \vhilst lying on the 
 wharf, or what may be stolen from or plundered 
 thereon. 
 
 Vesscl.i loading or discharging coals, At. must 
 use farpaulins to |)rcvent them falling overboard. 
 
 No fires allowed on the wharf. 
 
 Tiie line of rail must be kept sufllciently clear 
 to allow the free passage of the truck. 
 
 Bankimj, — Five banks carried on business in 
 Adelaiile during I8G4, and their operations were 
 further extended by the opening of several new 
 branches and agencies throughout tlie country 
 districts. The increase in wealth and the sound- 
 ness of the financial position of traders will bo 
 manifest on a comparison of the fidlowing state- 
 j ments of the aggregate assets and liabilities of the 
 several hanks for the three half years ending 
 December, 1«G2, 1803, and 18G4 respectively : — 
 
 IJahiiities, 
 
 .T 
 
 o 1 
 
 o I 
 
 y , 
 
 o V 
 
 o '/ 
 
 (I 3 
 
 o 1 
 
 .1 
 
 O 'I 
 
 o 1 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 
 1 Sti'^ 
 
 IM,.-. 
 
 .11.').l2fi 
 
 la.TOd 
 
 11,7I.'> 
 
 l,l.'.».9.1l 
 
 N'ntes in cirrulation . - - - 
 liilU in rirru1iitii>n . . - . 
 ll.i1iiiK*eit dne l« other Imnks - 
 l).-lHiils ...... 
 
 :i>.i,n.-..-. 
 
 UoS,S'J3 
 
 X 
 
 S.I-'. 181 
 
 T.K.Ti 
 
 VI.'Mll 
 
 T87,U)I 
 
 Tul.ll avrriurc lialiillll» - 
 
 i,i'jis,4;if 
 
 A^^ets, 
 
 
 ISli') 
 
 lSfi.1 
 
 IRCl 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Jf 
 
 Coin «ml hutlinn . . - . 
 
 'iTD, 1.1.1 
 
 3'ili.S7,', 
 
 411,710 
 
 (tovernmentMTuritiex . 
 
 4,(ilKI 
 
 4,(ilX) 
 
 4,6IHI 
 
 l^iiitlrft |iro)ierly and bank i>rc- 
 
 
 
 
 misp* ...... 
 
 .ofi.4(;i 
 
 S.'i.lR.^ 
 
 Cn.KON 
 
 Notes and tiilU of other banks 
 
 u.vfis 
 
 ;,i;() 
 
 ^,1II9 
 
 Itaianre^ tine from otlter liiniks - 
 
 4;,'jii 
 
 8'.f,3III 
 
 lil„-)li 
 
 NoteH and tiills tiiscountetl, and 
 
 
 
 
 otiier debts due tu bankii not 
 
 
 
 
 enutneriitttl .... 
 
 I,.'.IS,»(lli I,(in,1,',fi1 
 
 i,7'ii.:'.'i 
 
 Tot:«l averajie a..set« 
 
 1,!).-.(I/>1'2 
 
 v,)»;'.i,i».>j 
 
 a..Vil,rjs 
 
 Total Value of Imports and Exports, 1855-G4. 
 
 Year . 
 
 Total Exports 
 
 Total Imponi 
 
 
 £ 
 
 « 
 
 IS.',,-) 
 
 nss,«i,'i 
 
 t, 37(1,9.18 
 
 IVifi 
 
 I,(i(i'p,74l) 
 
 l,.1lifp,.'>J!) 
 
 )S.')7 
 
 l,'l5s,.^7« 
 
 l,h'M,(l.')J 
 
 is-.s 
 
 Ip.'il'^.lK.! 
 
 l,7(l'.l,.-..')l 
 
 IH.'i!) 
 
 l,(i'i.'i.R7« 
 
 1, mi: ,494 
 
 ISlill 
 
 1,7(1.1, 711) 
 
 1,6.19,.VH 
 
 ISl.l 
 
 a,ll.1'i..1ll 
 
 I,'l7fi.lll» 
 
 IStii 
 
 «,H'.,7!)6 
 
 i,«'!ii,n'ifi 
 
 l.Mi.1 
 
 a,.1.')S,K17 
 
 'i,m».,'i-[t 
 
 IKI.I 
 
 .1,.Ti.'i,'i4.'> 
 
 'i,\\'t,m\ 
 
 ,' « ■• 
 
 h. 
 
 I I 
 
 ;l 
 
10 
 
 ADELAIDE 
 
 Decenninl liehim of the Total Value of Ed-ports from the Province, diiiinflnisliinf; the Counlries to trhich 
 Exported, duriny the Years 185t)-(i5; aho tlie Total Value of Exports, the rroduce of the Colony. 
 
 Ve.lrs 
 
 To (ircat 
 Uril.iin 
 
 • To Britlsli ramc«»ionf 
 
 To 
 Foffiini 
 
 Tol.nii 
 
 Ofwhirh 
 Kxp^r'.n, 
 Pra<!i„«, 
 
 &!'., Dl the 
 
 Nj>i- 
 
 
 T..S- 
 
 WMlcm 
 
 E.-Bt 
 Iiiilirs 
 
 Jl.iuri- 
 
 Other 
 JtiilWi 
 
 
 
 
 ^^■ule. 
 
 
 mani.i 
 
 .ViutraliA 
 
 nnd 
 China 
 
 tius 
 
 )'o«. 
 
 sessions 
 
 
 
 Colony 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 e 
 
 £ 
 
 <• 
 
 IRv; . 
 
 B6.i,.isn 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 •2,:>in 
 
 1 .66 '.,740 
 
 i,ins,.ifi7 
 
 iv'.r . - - 
 
 filifi. 1 yi 
 
 M,-.,l'Jf. 
 
 l,nni,l.'.n 
 
 4,111 
 
 IS,'..'.!; 
 
 7I,I1.'> 
 
 .1I,HI7 
 
 ;i,i(ii 
 
 .-..■i.'.S 
 
 I,'J5S/.7'i 
 
 1,714,IS4 
 
 is.vs . 
 
 i.'Xi.l!)! 
 
 ll.V>l> 
 
 SM,(W() 
 
 1 ,mn 
 
 IV, '.IS 
 
 11,140 
 
 l.iSS 
 
 4 '15 
 
 I.IS'i 
 
 l,.'jl'^,lS5 
 
 I,1.'..'.,0ll 
 
 IS.'.!) - 
 
 !,n,r,m 
 
 I. '.0,11.'. 
 
 SMl,.'illi 
 
 ,i,.ia.'> 
 
 7,701 
 
 ai,!i'i'.p 
 
 i7,ino 
 
 l,'i71 
 
 3,\i'j:> 
 
 1 ,fi5.'>,876 
 
 l,.'.0'2,lli.'> 
 
 ISlid - 
 
 ;s,i,siis 
 
 liiii.aaii 
 
 -JIl.Til 
 
 l,'i"7 
 
 H.liUO 
 
 fil).7HS 
 
 1.'.,.'.,S.1 
 
 fi, ).'.,- 
 
 •iM 
 
 l,7S1,71B 
 
 l,'>7>',.Tili 
 
 isi;i - 
 
 S'^i.sii'j 
 
 l!.Vi,71.'5 
 
 ««,7!).'> 
 
 ,1,7.'i.1 
 
 1<I,74'^ 
 
 4r.,.'iir, 
 
 .ia,76i; 
 
 ,T),l.'i7 
 
 _ 
 
 !i .O.I'M 11 
 
 1,«.1S,63!) 
 
 lSlj'2 - 
 
 !lt.-.fi(i7 
 
 M.V.WI 
 
 !<hli.VV>. 
 
 •J,.lll 
 
 1.1, 17S 
 
 14S,400 
 
 40,f..1.1 
 
 1M,.'.«0 
 
 .1,(i-S 
 
 '^,M.'.,7'JB 
 
 1,'J'^0,IS7 
 
 1S6.-, - 
 
 f».1'.,S»l) 
 
 .1.17, 17.S 
 
 .').')S,III11 
 
 •-',i;io 
 
 1H,C111 
 
 '.'08.000 
 
 li7,li(il 
 
 um,) 17 
 
 1,07.-. 
 
 '.i„1,'.H.S17 
 
 'i,n\l:i,ZSR 
 
 isr.i - 
 
 !)is,.vr. 
 
 B.-.a.ia; 
 
 \,VA,rM ' 
 
 .'..Tin 
 
 I'i.'iH 
 
 i.n,;iii 
 
 2I,.1K1 
 
 ■J7.'.,7!)'i 
 
 .'.■^,s.'i,-, 
 
 .1,10.')..'>l.'> 
 
 1.0l.'.,.'i17 
 
 isf,-. . 
 
 IKil.S'll 
 
 .',.'.7,iis.'> 
 
 I,-'44.li41 
 
 i».nii 
 
 'iH.ino 
 
 7 1 , 1 '.'i 
 
 l.'Jl 
 
 'iC'.'ill 
 
 ^l-'.'t 
 
 1.I'2!).S4fi 
 
 2.7.>l.fi'.7 
 
 The Ueturns do not (jive thlsinfurniatiun, In detail, iiriur tu 1H.J7. 
 
 Decennial Return of the Quantity and Value of Metals, Minerals, §'r., the Produce of the Colonut 
 
 Edportcd durimj the Years 1856-G5. 
 
 Venrri 
 
 l.S.'.O . 
 1S,:.7 - 
 1S.'.S - 
 
 m.vj . 
 
 ISIjl . 
 
 ixr.i - 
 
 IKC'i - 
 IS6.1 ■ 
 
 IHIil ■ 
 ISli'. - 
 
 ('ojiper 
 
 41,'ISO 
 ,'.(i,S')1 
 47.7».; 
 .'ili,7 1.') 
 (i.Sl.!'t 
 f.1,017 
 
 Uli,0,1!l 
 114,0.').'. 
 loO.lHfi 
 
 \*idue 
 £ 
 
 '.'4s,inn 
 'i'>",;.-'j 
 ',i.'.ii,ori 
 
 '.i^!l,S41 
 ,11l,77'. 
 !i91,57'2 
 41l0,.'iUl 
 447,044 
 017,701 
 4.11.7'.)'. 
 
 I.e 
 
 ■id 
 
 Copi.1 
 
 ()ua)ilily 
 
 rwts. 
 
 N'alne 
 
 Quantity 
 
 £ 
 
 tons 
 
 
 
 fl.lliS 
 
 
 
 ~~ 
 
 S.OIIi 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 G,ti07 
 
 1,'Wl 
 
 5,710 
 
 7,H i)i 
 
 l.S'il 
 
 8,'i7.'. 
 
 7,0'.)7 
 
 1,'Wli 
 
 4,4'^0 
 
 7,SI7 
 
 Vtft 
 
 ysi 
 
 c.-iu; 
 
 •n\ 
 
 :>i '. 
 
 .'.,111 
 
 (11 
 
 vn 
 
 I,.'. II 
 
 S'i 
 
 1 .-.1 
 
 ir,.i7ii 
 
 Value 
 
 £ 
 lir.,3.'>l 
 1 4 1 , 'S'l 
 l()l,7S0 
 101.7 l.'i 
 SO, 110 
 t.11,710 
 
 r^i.'je.i 
 
 Kl.'if.'i 
 .1K,1'^'. 
 I)il.(i77 
 
 Lead Ore 
 
 tons 
 
 .15 
 
 1,434 
 
 ti.'.l 
 Wt 
 
 r.s 
 
 15 
 07 
 
 4.'.l)3 
 
 56r.| 
 
 SfiJ 
 
 £ 
 
 .177 
 !1,S.'..'. 
 14. '^00 
 
 H.ons 
 
 ■.i,4N0 
 100 
 2.'.if)6 
 0,1 '07 
 11,107 
 I ,.'.07 
 
 Ke^ulus 1 
 
 Quantitv 
 
 Value 
 
 tons 
 
 X 
 
 71 
 
 li.S'.l 
 
 79 
 
 'J.OdO 
 
 151 
 
 4.'.iia) 
 
 141 
 
 5.fi5l 
 
 ,13H 
 
 14,S77 
 
 190 
 
 10,l'^'> 
 
 41(1 
 
 10,.^ IS 
 
 19 
 
 1,0.'..'. 
 
 5'i 
 
 V.4S0 
 
 — 
 
 ~* 
 
 Total 
 \'rtlues 
 
 £ 
 408.04 '2 
 4.'..S.S10 
 .171,'28'2 
 41I,01S 
 4lfi,'i.17 
 45'i,l7'2 
 .'.47,019 
 5l'2,.-0,) 
 l\M\.(il\ 
 0'.ill,ll'2 
 
 lleturu relutlre to Lighthouses on the Coasts and Harbours of South Australia, for the Years 18G0-C5. 
 
 Light-house or l.l|iht-shl|i 
 where situated 
 
 I'ovt .lilela.di' - 
 
 Tr'iUbriilce ^ho.il - 
 
 Ca).u Uorda, Kaii;;aroo Kland 
 
 - I,i((ht.Nlli|. - 
 
 - 1 Troul.riii^e Li^^hthouse 
 . ! Klindi-rs - . _ 
 
 Cape U'illounhby, Kan;,'aroo I>land , Sturt - 
 Cape Xorthunibt'rlatul - - - ^laeDounell 
 
 (ileiit'Iii.Tettv - 
 I ^t'ntallt1'.re.yetty 
 
 - I (ilenelj! • 
 
 - I Stnt.Tphorp - 
 
 - I Tipara M)tht-ship 
 
 Nature of the Light 
 
 Two li\etl hrlftht lightH 
 Interinitti nt l.riKhl li|{ht 
 Kevi.lvinn — white and 
 
 red (^ min.) 
 llevolvinK— white ( 1 .J- 
 
 liiin.) 
 Revolvinf; — white, red. 
 
 And creen (1-inin.) 
 Fixtil — j;reen 
 Ktxeil — red - 
 Fixpd — white and rotl 
 
 I Expense of Man- 
 By whom aueineni and Stores 
 tuanaged I 
 
 Ikcciwrs \ j^|,„ 
 ',', I l.Stil 
 
 ISC'2 
 1SC1 
 
 1S04 
 
 £ t. d. 
 1,051 10 i 
 
 Amount of Lt(;ht. 
 (h)fs rei'i'i\i.-d 
 
 Year 
 
 ison 
 
 1,sr.' IB 6 ISOl 
 
 4,414 13 4 I86'2 
 
 ■\,V,i 17 4 ISC3 
 
 4,711 15 lljISfil 
 
 • Light Hues alioilsheil Uetober 31, ISGO. 
 
 keeiKT 
 keei)ers 1 
 \ LiUht Dues re-established on Novonber 1. IHG'2. 
 
 ISfi,')! 1,000 13 2:1805 
 
 £ t. d 
 1,81'i 9 7* 
 
 351 3 i: 
 
 i,-l!,i 11 3 
 
 •i-,\0 9 fi 
 1,309 7 
 
 Population of S. Australia on Dec.ol, 1805, l.')G,GO."). 
 lifvoiuio ill l.HGl, TT."),.*^.'!?/. 
 E.xpcnditiiro in 18114, G2(!,G88/. 
 
 Tlic revenue derived from the customs, the only 
 source of taxation, the remaindor haviiij; been 
 acquired by land .sales, &c., was in the suinc year 
 -'0;t,349/., bViiiK at the rate of 1/. 7.«. 8t/. per head 
 of the population. 
 
 The j^Dveinor of South .\ustralia, in bis report 
 for the year 18G1, mentions as indicative of the 
 jiurcbfising power of the comnniiiity of that colony, 
 that the sum paid per head for imported f;ii(j(ls 
 amounted in that year to 14/. 8s. per heail of I he 
 whole population. Of liritish gooi's alone the 
 consumption per head was 8/. bs. 
 
 The value of the inijiorts and c.xport.s from and 
 to the United Kingdom were in tlic same years 
 rcspectivch' : — 
 
 ratio of the exports of each of these during the 
 years specified. 
 
 
 Katio of Arerage of Five Years' Kxports of eaeh 
 
 Five Years 
 
 Class to total KxportH = 100 
 
 
 
 ending with 
 
 
 
 
 Micel- 
 laneuits 
 
 per rent, i 
 
 
 Hreodstuff. 
 per tent. 
 
 Wool 
 
 .Minerals 
 
 
 per I'ent. 
 
 i.er cent. 
 
 
 
 '^S'4 
 
 .T^'O 
 
 til 
 
 ISJO 
 
 .17- 1 
 
 •I'm 
 
 ■2S-.-. 
 
 .'.•1 
 
 1».7 - - 
 
 4I)'4 
 
 3i)*s 
 
 '.illi 
 
 \-t 
 
 1 S..1 
 
 40-fi 
 
 .10-7 
 
 '25'4 
 
 1-1 
 
 IS.*;) 
 
 10-3 
 
 31-5 
 
 '.!7 1 
 
 '^•1 
 
 ISliO 
 
 M-'t 
 
 ll-i; 
 
 iiT'li 
 
 'i'l\ 
 
 ism 
 
 IS'O 
 
 yi-r, 
 
 lit) -7 
 
 •i-^ 
 
 uivi 
 
 .15'.') 
 
 .11- 1 
 
 •.'.T'l 
 
 I'll 
 
 isi;i 
 
 1.V'2 
 
 ll'O 
 
 •i~0 
 
 I'O 
 
 iMil 
 
 3S'S 
 
 31'S 
 
 'ii-l 
 
 •V7 
 
 The relative values of the exports of each of 
 these articles during the .same year was as 
 follows : — 
 
 ISOO 
 ISI.l 
 ISCi 
 ISlil 
 1804 
 
 Imports 
 
 £ 
 
 03'),-|5 
 \,\li\.V>-l 
 l,17S,'lli1 
 l,177,;"B 
 l,ai7,5(.8 
 
 1 800 
 I, SO I 
 1SI.'2 
 1»),1 
 1801 
 
 ^'.xport^ 
 
 £ 
 7S1,89H 
 S'il,SB9 
 ') 11,007 
 01,'.,88» 
 yiS,5'23 
 
 With regard to the amount of the export it is 
 necessary to bear in mind that large (piaiitities of 
 South Australian proiliuie, cliielly wool .ind mine- 
 rals are shipped to the other Australian colonies 
 for transhipment to the United Kingiloin, 
 
 The principal produce of the cohmy consists in ! 
 breadstiilVs, wool and minerals (copper ami copper i 
 ore) ; the table appended will show the percentage ; 
 
 18.'..'. . 
 IS.'.O - 
 1S-.7 - 
 IS.'.S - 
 1S.-.9 . 
 I SOI) ■ 
 
 ISOl - 
 
 ISO'i - 
 ISOl . 
 ISOl ■ 
 
 IlreailstuHs, 
 (iiatn, itc. 
 
 £ 
 
 IWO, 
 5.'.fl, 
 755, 
 
 5.'i4i 
 400, 
 71'', 
 
 on, 
 
 747, 
 1,404, 
 
 Minerals 
 
 anil 
 
 .Metals 
 
 Wool 
 
 £ 
 
 l'.5,'i57 
 4l)S,l)4'i 
 458,S.19 
 371,'J8'2 
 411,018 
 I40,.'.17 
 45'^,17'2 
 517,010 
 54.i,.-.'.)1 
 00I,0J4 
 
 (Jliantily 
 
 lbs. 
 5,.'.00,I7I 
 
 y,i.o.'.,'i"i 
 
 7,77.'..'«.'. 
 
 9,400,7 1 •. 
 ll,7.-.l.17l 
 11,I04,1'II 
 11,'iwi),(K)0 
 15,51,0,787 
 lB,00'i,005 
 
 Value 
 
 £ 
 iis.1,47'1 
 41'J.1B1 
 50I,5'4I) 
 fil),s.'?3 
 4SI,')77 
 .'.73,.108 
 0'M,007 
 fi1'i,'..7lt 
 715,').1.'. 
 775,0.'.0 
 
 Wheat Crop, — The important character of tlii.'* 
 large item of South Australian produce will amply 
 
 justifv the 
 
 colonial bli 
 
 the extent 
 
 'J'ho acre 
 
 390,830 acri 
 
 land. In i 
 
 wheat, or s 
 
 iiicre.'i.se tlii; 
 
 Jier cent. ' 
 
 4,--'.r.>,:)4Dbu 
 
 in the yield 
 
 decrea.se of 
 
 Jier acre be 
 
 fourteen bu: 
 
 average proi 
 
 On one oc 
 
 harvest beci 
 
 1S5'J-G0, wl 
 
 were reaped 
 
 other partici 
 
 wheat during 
 
 given in the 
 
 in that short 
 
 lias more tlia 
 
 Seasoi 
 
 IS.'.S 
 
 -.'.0 . 
 
 1 8.',!) 
 
 -01) . 
 
 ISOlt 
 
 -01 . 
 
 l.SOl 
 
 OK . 
 
 18','.; 
 
 )11 . 
 
 lS(i3 
 
 01 . 
 
 I.SIil- 
 
 
 Seven-eigh 
 by machine, ( 
 last year, nol 
 tion. Out of 
 gathered by n 
 acres secured i 
 reaped by niai 
 acres altogeth 
 
 Torn 
 
 Port Adel.iido 
 Angu>i.i 
 Kllii.t 
 
 iMaedcinnt'll 
 H,.lie - 
 U'.illiiroo - 
 Willuifa 
 I' M.. 
 
 T...,l 
 
 In additii 
 cleared at p 
 river trade. 
 
 The entries 
 Uritain, \'iL't<ii 
 tiite the nio.-i 
 They wero in t 
 
 (ireat Dritain. ente 
 
 ... <l<' 
 
 \ ictoria. mteretl 
 rlciind 
 .New South \\ '.lies. 
 
 The immens 
 diiriii;,' (he pasi 
 the above state 
 been e.N|)orted 
 sterling: ami, < 
 the exports anit 
 with G,7.')0,()(lil) 
 showing an in 
 
ADELAIDE 
 
 11 
 
 justify the following valuable extract from the 
 colonial lilite bnolt fiir the year 18G'l in regard to 
 the extent and nature of tlie crop. 
 
 The acreage of tlie wlieat crop amounted to 
 390,830 acres, or two tliirds of the total cultivati'd 
 land. In IKIm— 1 there were 305,758 acres under 
 wheat, or sixty per cent, of tlic tilled land; the 
 increase this season has therefore amounted to six 
 ])i'r cent. 'I'he total produce of th'; harvest was 
 4,-25-J,'.)49 bushele, compared with 4,Gi)l,919 bushels 
 in the yield of the previous harvest, showing a 
 decrease of 438,970 bushels — the average yield 
 JHT acre being only eleven Iiushels as against 
 fourteen bushels, and one bushel less than the 
 average production of the past seven seasons. 
 
 On one occasion only during that inriod lias the 
 harvest been less ))roductive, viz. in the year 
 JS59-G0, when oidy 9 bushels 38 lbs. per acre 
 were reaped. The yield for each season, and 
 other particulars respecting the cultivation of 
 wheat during the septennial period just closed, is 
 given ill the following table. It will be seen lliat, 
 ill that short space of time, the growth of wheat 
 has more than doubled. 
 
 advantage the farmers possess over those of the 
 si.ster colonies i.s the expedition and economy witli 
 which their crops can he secured, owing to the 
 successful working of the rciping machines now 
 universally used ou all but hilly land, permitting 
 of the grain being reaped, winnowed, cleaned, nnil 
 bagged on the harvest field, and removed into 
 store ere the day is closcil. 
 
 Minerals. — The annexed table nffiirds a com- 
 parison of the amounts of copper and copi)cr oro 
 exported from the colony during the periods 
 indicated. The most important copper mines are 
 those of K.ipiinda and litirra Hurra. 
 
 ' 4- 
 
 Season 
 
 .A ITCS 
 
 cultivated 
 
 Acrei 
 untliT 
 Whf.u 
 
 I'rniliic-0, 
 WhLat 
 
 litl.lieU 
 '.i,llW,.-.ll 
 •-',1(1-1,111 
 
 5,1 10,7 'ifi 
 3,KII,S-.il 
 
 1,tiil,'Jl'.l 
 
 l>L'r 
 Acre 
 
 IS.'.S-'.I . - 
 IH.'i:l.(.() ■ 
 
 1 Mil Mil . 
 IS(il-fiii . 
 ISiiV-li,-. . . 
 ISL.Vfil . . 
 ISlil-'i.-i . 
 
 Sfil.IBi 
 
 3lil,SSI 
 
 ■tas.sifi 
 
 4Sti,(i(i- 
 1U1,.'.I1 
 
 ,'.,',.'j.!)liH 
 ,'>S7,77.'» 
 
 iss,7in 
 •i\s,-!.u; 
 ■ii:,.>.-,'i 
 
 .•51ll,6.-.li 
 .'■^D.n.o 
 .-.-.■.,7''S 
 .-IID.H.^fi 
 
 b. lbs. 
 11 11 
 
 '.) ss 
 1.-. I 
 
 10 5!» 
 Hi 
 14 
 
 11 1) 
 
 Seven-eighths of the wheat crop was reaped 
 by machine, the area hand-reaped being less than 
 last year, notwithstanding the increased cultiva- 
 tion. Out of 390,830 acres, 339,518 acres were 
 gathered by machine, bc'lng an increase of 57,021 
 acres .secured in that manner, whilst the quantity 
 reaped by manual labour only amounted to 51,095 
 acres altogether. One, if not the most impoitant 
 
 rcri»MU 
 
 1 
 
 Copiier 
 
 Copper Ore 
 
 tonK 
 
 
 1 
 
 c\vt«. 
 
 In the year IS V> - 
 
 
 1 ■;,■-'.'.,', 
 
 4,03') 
 
 
 
 5li,-|i 
 
 -..Klfi 
 
 4,-.r, 
 
 Total in live vt-ar.*, li.V--.''> 
 
 • - -1 
 
 VI8,lill!l 
 
 ,3.'i,>lt> 
 
 lhr>i)-(» 
 
 I . .1 
 
 "ir-Mid 
 
 31,01H 
 
 Avcraueof live years, IS'kj 
 
 -.'.9 - 1 
 
 •l.-.,7.T« 
 
 7, Hi!) 
 
 ISIil 
 
 -Ul . ' 
 
 KK,4SS 
 
 <;,»)! 
 
 The annexed is a statement of the shipping 
 !»nd tonnage entered at and cleared from South 
 Australian ports since the year 1855. 
 
 Years 
 
 IS.'i.-i 
 ls5f, 
 
 1S57 
 1S,5S 
 IS.'.I) 
 IsliU 
 ISiil 
 isii'i 
 lsii.-> 
 
 ISIil 
 
 •Num. 
 btr 
 
 .1(11 
 4.-11 
 4S6 
 .">71 
 lUJ 
 .-.'.! I 
 401 
 .371 
 410 
 Iil7 
 
 ToniLiRe 
 
 .\nin- 
 biT 
 
 Tonii.iKo 
 
 H4,!1S2 
 
 .-..',0 
 
 110,011 
 
 ii.-,(;iii 
 
 4.17 
 
 llii,;iO 
 
 140,.37.- 
 
 4Sl 
 
 Ml.OO'i 
 
 ys.so'j 
 
 .->i;7 
 
 9.->,.',l'.) 
 
 1 1 1 .4.-l> 
 
 3:)0 
 
 im.ii'i'^ 
 
 lon.iisi 
 
 ,-3S 
 
 lot,.-.'..'. 
 
 lo.j.iuii 
 
 3H7 
 
 Uli.l.l,'. 
 
 10.r,'J.-.l 
 
 .3M-2 
 
 111,'J'.I0 
 
 l-i7,iii;7 
 
 4 Hi 
 
 1. '7, «'.'(; 
 
 If.li.O'.i.', 
 
 lil!l 
 
 llil,'iM,1 
 
 The following is a summary of the tonnage 
 entered and cleared respectively in the foreign 
 trade in 18f)3-4, fri>in the various ])orts of South 
 Austr;ilia, of which there are eight in adtlition to 
 Adelaide. 
 
 Ports 
 
 
 
 
 InwiinlH 
 
 
 Ollluards 
 
 i 
 
 Ships 
 
 Tonii.ij'o 
 
 Ml 
 
 ips 
 
 Ton 
 
 laye 
 
 lS(i3 
 
 l.S(il 
 
 1 Sli.-, 1 Mi 1 
 
 lS(i,- 
 
 ,-.ll 
 
 IS.M 
 
 1 .S'.3 
 
 isui 
 
 Port Ailel.iiile - 
 
 355 
 
 
 
 4.-).-, 
 
 
 10.-|,7 7t l'i4,J.JIi 
 
 4IS 
 
 li.7,.V.3 
 
 l'.'S,-,73 
 
 Atii^ii^tii - 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 ."> 
 
 
 ■/IIS 479 
 
 .', 
 
 6 
 
 ■^,i:iri 
 
 3,'i.-5 
 
 Klliut 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 1,-,.T) l.'.Sl 
 
 IS 
 
 13 
 
 3,1113 
 
 I.ni3 
 
 i'Macilnt)nL4l 
 
 SI 
 
 
 
 ns 
 
 
 1.717 4,7.')1 
 
 '/-> 
 
 3.S 
 
 1,S'«> 
 
 4,3.V> 
 
 Kobe . . - . 
 
 
 
 1- 
 
 
 ■j,'i-,.-. r,,'->'.'3 
 
 li 
 
 15 
 
 3,'i,'(i 
 
 4,'l^S 
 
 W.tllaroo - 
 
 35 
 
 
 t\'j 
 
 
 lo,7.".3 17,7.'>3 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 '/,II17 
 
 S,03l 
 
 Willuii.ja .. 
 
 n.-. 
 
 
 ^i^ 
 
 
 ,-l,S1.1 .-1.SS4 
 
 •iS 
 
 3S 
 
 4, tin 
 
 ti,l')7 
 
 V«li'.:ilir. . 
 
 9 
 
 
 i;. 
 
 
 1,1, -,3 'i.-.'^r. 
 
 13 
 
 IS 
 
 ■.',-a)7 
 
 3.109 
 
 Vicl..r . . . 
 
 ■1 ■• :l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ i.3.-.'i 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 1.913 
 
 410 
 
 1 
 
 111; 
 
 
 ri,.)>ti7 t(iO,o:i.'i 
 
 4IH 
 
 (ilU 
 
 1/7,S;'. 
 
 lfil,.-4l 
 
 to the above upwards of 4000 tons 
 ■s on the .Jliirray, engaged in the 
 
 In additii 
 cleared at j 
 river trade. 
 
 The entries nd clearances from and to Great 
 IJritain, Victoria, ami New South Wales, consti- 
 tute the niii.-l important item of the tonnage. 
 They were in the years 18(13—1 as follow: — 
 
 (ireat llrilnin, piiterptl 
 clcantl 
 Victoria, entered 
 rlcarirt 
 New South Wales, entereil 
 cleared 
 
 I SB3 
 
 Ions 
 !iS,/li'. 
 1 1,)(:.-, 
 
 .3,\'.))1 
 
 .34,if;9 
 
 3U,'Jo3 
 Sl,»73 
 
 ISIil 
 
 lolls 
 li9,'l|H 
 11,1177 
 .'<li,lll 
 51,173 
 4.''>..'»3.i 
 3S,ooS 
 
 The immense progress the colony has made 
 during tlie past ten years is very clearly shown in 
 the above statement. In that poriotl produce has 
 been exported of the value of over 17,009,000/. 
 sterling: and, during the latter half of the period, 
 the exports aiiKniiited to 10,500,000/., as compared 
 with l),750,(IOil/., ill the preceding live years, 
 showing an increase of one-third, or 3,750,000/. 
 
 nearly. The ai-rmf/e of the qiiinquennial period 
 ending 1859, was '.33 7.3 12/. per annum, and 
 during that ended in IHtit 2,089,209/. annually. 
 In 1855 the exports of pi-oduee aniouiiteil to 
 O.>0,953/. ; in 18i")9, to l.iM;->,ll!5/. ; and in 1S05 
 they reached 3,015.537'.— an advance of 100 
 per cent, during the last live years. In 1855 the 
 exports of produce averaged 8/. per head of the 
 population; in 1859, 12/. 3,v. per lieod; ami iu 
 1 800, at t lie rate of 20/. O.s. jier head of a population 
 iiuniberiug about 150,000 souls. 
 
 Ciislumn Tariff, 1800. 
 
 Ik'cr, in wood .-...- 
 bottle, reputed ipiarts ... 
 |iiut* 
 r^tVee, chicory, coioa, liiiil fboco'. lie - 
 
 llfijis 
 
 Spirits, all sorts ...... 
 
 Suitar 
 
 IVloLuses and treacle ..... 
 
 Tea- - . 
 
 Tobacco, iitaiiul'.iclured - . - . 
 
 hlie pwa^li • • . - 
 
 citfars and siiult .... 
 Wine, In weiwl - ... 
 
 boulc, reiuitwl quarts - 
 
 pliils ... 
 
 
 s. 
 
 il. 
 
 pall. 
 
 II 
 
 li 
 
 doi. 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 1! 
 
 III. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 'I 
 
 Hill. 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 1 ut. 
 
 ,- 
 
 
 
 
 •i 
 
 l> 
 
 111. 
 
 
 
 .3 
 
 
 I 
 
 r> 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 .■; 
 
 ,, 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 Kill. 
 
 '-• 
 
 II 
 
 do/.. 
 
 h 
 
 t> 
 
 ^: m 
 
12 
 
 ADELAIDK 
 
 TMfd fruits nutfi, and »Imnn<N . - - • cwl. 
 Wood ; posti, rails, hand>|iikei, anil (lolei - - .. 
 
 IMinL'S I'"' 
 
 ShIiiKiM nnd lalh« 1.""" 
 
 'J'rpiiaiu and hi'oktfs . - • - - r"l 
 
 Onrs - ll"l l"l 
 
 .Siiiiare limlitr and lulk-, ■.pir-., ilrnk, 
 liallen^, miarlerinixs, v'-n"''^. Imard — 
 ia« n, luwn, or »iihl liinliir - HI cul.U- feet 
 
 1. d. 
 
 X.H. — Fur cli.iiittos in tariir, spp Coltmlul Pos- 
 sessioiui, Tariff of, annually pruscntiMl ti) parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 All imported fjoods not included in the above 
 mentioned list, to which duties arc attached, and 
 not specified in the free list will pay an ad 
 valorem duty of o (ler cent. 
 
 /•Vw L/»^— Animals (liviii!;), baKgafjc of passen- 
 gers, liaffS and sacks, viz. corn sacks, ore ba^s, 
 wool-packs; books (printed), bullion and coin, 
 coals, coke, nnd other fuel ; corn and Hour, 
 manures, plants and trees, ,;iccn fruit, seeds and 
 roots, potatoes, garden seeds, viz. liicern, clover- 
 tares, and such like; skins and hides (raw), 
 specimens of natural history, tallow, wool, nn- 
 smelted ores, shooks, nnd staves. 
 
 Customs Tariff' on Kjrports hy the Murray Hirer. 
 rroclamations ' dated December 3, 1H,")7, and 
 November 17, 1«58, fix the subjoined tarilf and 
 drawbacks on goods intended for coiisumplioii in 
 Victoria or New South Wales, and which have 
 been agreed on by the governments of the said 
 colonies. It is jirescribed that the duties specilied 
 in the taiilV shall be levied upon any goods im- 
 ])orted into South Australia, and intended for 
 consumption in eitl.ci of the said t:olonies, i)r 
 waterborne upon the river Murray for exportation 
 into either of the said colonies. The drawbacks 
 will be allowed for any duties which may have 
 been paid on any such goods in accordance with 
 any taritV for the time being in force in South 
 Australia, 
 
 liter, &t. in hulk (.'.iM. d 
 
 l..i:tl.-il ,. " 
 
 t'ofVee and cllicitry - 'I'- " 
 
 liriindv and uin, Sskf>'^ |ir,Mif .... ^all. )i' 
 
 Did -lorn ■ - .,111 
 
 Kuni, wliNkv, nnd ntlKr s|>ii:i» 7 
 
 Sweetened lKinenr% - . - ,10 
 
 bugar, reline<l and <"iii<i> ..... iwl. (i 
 
 unrt tilled - -,,.'» 
 
 Treaele and inolas^ei -.•---., ^ 
 
 Tea 111. 
 
 ToImcco and smid' -"--.--„ V 
 Ci|;ani -- --,, J 
 
 Hcturn sJiowiii;/ the \uinliir and Tonnaije of 
 Vessels Jiiiilt ami Kiijistered uecordiiirj to Jmu; 
 in the Proilnee of Huuth Australia, to the year 
 1805, inclusive. 
 
 \'psseU 
 Iluilt 
 
 KiHis 
 
 
 CitiiL-filtd 
 
 
 I Ves.elH bi'Iong. 
 I int'l.. I'ort 
 I .Uelaiile 
 
 Pro.'iniis 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 M IhJU 
 
 19 
 
 4H.1 -9 
 19"! .1 
 14(i' •if, 
 SO 'il 
 
 6,2^0 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 IS-.II 
 
 
 •illo 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IR'il 
 IS.'i'i 
 
 
 l,rai7. 
 ■i.TM 
 
 ivo in,.')Ci 
 
 __ 
 
 - 
 
 1 S.').! 
 
 
 7 y, 
 
 l.'I'ili 
 
 1 
 
 „ 
 
 _ 
 
 IH.'>t 
 
 
 n 19 
 
 '.1,11 1'.' 
 
 1 
 
 iin 
 
 (i,l9'i 
 
 l«.'..i 
 
 
 .T>V| 17 
 
 •/,l 1.1 
 
 « I,WI 
 
 :.') 
 
 7, .111 
 
 IS'i5 
 
 
 4;il in 
 
 1 ,S.',(I 
 
 1.1 i,«;i 
 
 so 
 
 7,1(i1 
 
 1S.',7 
 
 
 
 _ 10 
 
 •i.-t'\ 
 
 Vt -i.T'W 
 
 7H 
 
 7.19,1 
 
 IS'iS 
 
 
 .'lO.'i W 
 
 I ,(i(;o 
 
 19 U.tAl 
 
 79 
 
 «..',( «i 
 
 1 s:.!) 
 
 
 10.', li 
 
 .1.14 
 
 •.i 1.197 
 
 73 
 
 5,191 
 
 isra 
 
 
 tm vt 
 
 {.g-.i 
 
 10 1,1/.') 
 
 7.') 
 
 f,,101 
 
 IMil 
 
 
 4-V II 
 
 ^,117 
 
 9 K7I 
 
 SO 
 
 7,')')9 
 
 1 ^li-t 
 
 
 'i\H H 
 
 l,'i7S 
 
 7 fi'll 
 
 «1 
 
 K,S7(i 
 
 111,.'! 
 
 
 19 !•> 
 
 •t,'i>r, 
 
 in l,7fi 
 
 so 
 
 9,1><n 
 
 IHIil 
 
 
 I'lll M 
 
 i,9i,n 
 
 9 1,110 
 
 91 
 
 1V,9;< 
 
 1X1)5 
 
 X 
 
 4llo: VH 
 
 l,.1HS 
 
 9 1.179 
 
 1!1 
 
 r),'.im 
 
 ADEN 
 
 Number, Tonna/je, and Crews of Vemels of each 
 Nation entereil at Ports in the Cohmy of South 
 Australia ia the year 18G5. 
 
 
 y.ntvTvtl 
 
 N.iiionality 
 
 With CarKocs 
 
 In Hall.ist 
 
 Total 
 
 of \'e>si'ls 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 V 1 - 
 
 ,, 
 
 -« 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 c 
 
 it 
 
 J s 
 
 it 
 
 
 H 
 
 fi 
 
 t 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 .« "S 
 
 i 
 
 
 .'ifii 
 
 
 S.I 13 
 
 y'i 
 
 
 '-' 
 
 3SS 
 
 
 -" 
 
 <U. Britain 
 
 IBI,!)'.'.'. 
 
 .1,(i19 
 
 1S3 
 
 lSS,5r,l 
 
 H,nw 
 
 llrcinen 
 
 1 
 
 V9I1 III 
 
 . — ., — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 n'lri 
 
 10 
 
 Fr.ince 
 
 ./ 
 
 ■v.n m 
 
 — — 
 
 — 
 
 'I 
 
 vn 
 
 ■i'i 
 
 lI.tinlniT(f 
 
 () 
 
 \fi>H li.') 
 
 — 1 — , __ 
 
 li 
 
 l.dOS 
 
 r,.'. 
 
 Metkltfitbff. 
 
 1 
 
 '^14 S 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 VI4 
 
 K 
 
 Norway 
 
 1 
 
 .')9S IS 
 
 — 
 
 .. 
 
 ~. 
 
 1 
 
 5US 
 
 IS 
 
 Sweden 
 
 10 
 
 5,1)11 15'. 
 
 — 
 
 .^ 
 
 —* 
 
 10 
 
 5,011 
 
 1.55 
 
 U. HutM 
 
 10 
 ■)»1 
 
 5,(119 117 
 179,101 S.b.))) 
 
 V'>i'3»wy 
 
 Tsj 
 
 10 
 
 5.1119 
 
 117 
 
 
 IS1,lll'/l9,0lll 
 
 (ir. Mrilain 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 HiVIT 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Murray 
 
 IK 
 
 4.5Tfii 109 
 
 _; 
 
 — 
 
 i(i 
 
 4,.')iri ,109! 
 
 Totar 
 
 i;-,O^S1.9"9 9.167 
 
 'i\ .-.'IVt IS", 
 
 li')1 1'*7,()1H 9,1-.n 
 
 Number, Tonnaye, nnd Crews if Vessels of eavh 
 ■ Nation cleared at Ports in the Colony of South 
 Australia, in the year 180."). 
 
 
 
 Claarid 
 
 
 
 N.itlnnality 
 
 With Cargoes 
 
 In llalList 1 
 
 'total 
 
 
 of 't'esseU 
 
 
 ■J, . £ 
 
 
 
 
 Ji 1 = 
 
 * 
 
 
 » 1 i 
 
 c 
 
 !• 
 
 
 .* 1 H 
 
 S 
 
 .i iS 
 
 & !.« 
 
 fS 
 
 S 
 
 
 > 1 
 
 — 
 
 
 i " 
 
 
 — 
 
 (it. llritain 
 
 1 
 
 179 I'iS.r.-.fi 
 
 7,0.-) 1 
 
 87i'^9,19u 
 
 1,0m'5C6,157,S1i: 
 
 K,01tO 
 
 Itreint'il 
 
 ) 
 
 T'li 
 
 111 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 1 . 
 
 V9li 
 
 111 
 
 Kr.ini-e 
 
 1 
 
 Ti:i 
 
 ,lo 
 
 1 
 
 1f)9 
 
 11 !!| 
 
 59a 
 
 •i> 
 
 Il.iint.lirt; 
 
 H 
 
 2,011 
 
 SI 
 
 1 
 
 511 
 
 11 •y. 
 
 2,55-i 
 
 U^ 
 
 .Meekleiil.K. 
 
 •i 
 
 4110 
 
 17 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — V 
 
 llill 
 
 17 
 
 .\ur.*,iy 
 
 1 
 
 59S 
 
 IS 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 1 
 
 5I)S 
 
 is 
 
 Sw|.den 
 
 •.! 
 
 1,110 
 
 ,11, 
 
 9 
 
 5,177 
 
 117 11 
 
 f.,5s7 
 
 1S1 
 
 f. Statrt 
 
 1 1711 
 l'J7,l.)J,!17 
 
 4S 
 7,'.i7"l 
 
 (i 
 lUI 
 
 39,071 
 
 SI 9 
 \,'iVifil,\, 
 
 5,'i'.7 
 
 s,.-.5r) 
 
 
 74, Ins 
 
 (it. llritain 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K ver 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .Murr.ly 
 
 .19 *.r.'>.n 
 
 1'i7 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 .19 
 
 4 r.W 
 
 197 
 
 Tiilal 
 
 "tMi 1.19,7.17 
 
 7 .ail 
 
 I'll. 19,071 l.iSi 
 
 (iio 
 
 7^,st.l 
 
 s,s,vl! 
 
 -VDKN. A town and seaport of •\r.ihia Feli.x, 
 in the jirovince of Yemen. l,at. l'i° 45' N. ; long. 
 ■15° ,'J' E. It was captured in IS-I'J, and has been 
 attaclied ever since as an outlying |)o.ssession 
 under the governni'jnt of Honibay. The territory 
 consists of a mountainous peninsula coniiccled 
 with the main laud by a narrow isthmus nearly 
 covered in spring tides. There is a sidendid 
 harbour, and the port is free, there being no cus- 
 toms levied. 'I'he site is unrivalled as an entrepot 
 for commerce. Light-vessel, south side of channel, 
 inner liarbourmooreil in '21 feet. Lat. 12° 47' N,, 
 l.ing.4.")° 1 ' 15" i;. The light is li.xed. it is seen .seven 
 miles in clear wcither, and is ."5 leet above high 
 water. It lires a gun and burns a blue light on a 
 vessel entering. It is said to he a very bad light, 
 Thetradr, has considerably increased under IJriiisli 
 management. Its mililary position is one of great 
 importance, and the furtilications are niias.>iail;ible 
 by any native force. The climate may be con- 
 sidered healthy and agreeable, lb.; seasons are 
 divi.ied into hot and cold, the former prevailing 
 from April to October and the latter during 'he 
 rtmainiicr of the year. Kaiii falls occasionally 
 luring December, .hiniiary, February, and April. 
 The trade of Aden amounted in" 180;3-(i4 to 
 l,47.-<,'.»88/., and in l8(!4-.(;5 to 1, .WM.'.'O;)/,, showing 
 an increase of 5'J,:J05/. Tins is nothing taking into 
 consideralion the article coal, which is sii|)plieil 
 exclusively for the steamers plying at this port. 
 The princi|)al articles of import appear to bo 
 cotton, cotton and silk iJci'c good.s, grain, live- 
 stock, metals, provisions, seeds, and tobacco. 'I'he 
 chief articles of export are eotlee, dyes, ostrich 
 feathers, gum, hides and skins, ivory, jlearls. Tho 
 principal external trade is carried on with Africa, 
 Arabia, and I'er.iia, .Vmerica, China, Calcutta, and 
 
 ■*> w a m f 
 
 ''itlffe 
 
 <^ 
 
 y \ I B V 
 
 U 
 
 ^ 
 
 A I) K N 
 
w 
 
 BUNDER 
 
 * J* M 
 
 3 
 
 fl 8 
 
 lo 
 
 J4 
 
 * ♦ 6 4 «i 7 
 
 lO 
 
 a 
 
 9 
 
 VI 
 
 ti 
 
 .1 3i 
 
 »t 
 
 « M 
 
 8 
 
 :i I li I n 
 
 6* 7 
 
 6 
 
 lO 
 
 W 
 
 12 
 
 •» .1* 
 
 TOOWYEE 4 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 3i 3i 
 
 it 
 
 *i 
 
 6 
 
 7 «» 
 
 »* JO 
 
 -JO* 
 '" JK 
 
 i2 
 
 2 
 
 li i* 
 
 
 u 
 
 ,* 
 
 A 1) K N 
 
 'T/uUt 
 
 ■ ■ •'■:• .•'■I'' 
 
 • ■. . 
 
 %\:. 
 
 K.lw-iWrdl, 
 
 LitftiUm . ZiMii/»Mitft J^ i 
 
ADJUSTMENT 
 
 Bombay. The export trailc to Arabia nmouiited 
 to ;i94,"2'.)8/., and the value of imports from tbe 
 same source, to 159,778/. 
 
 Shipping, 18G4-(> 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT 
 
 la 
 
 1 Hr,i-,-i 
 
 Arriralt 
 
 1 >e)>rtrture 
 
 French 
 
 (llher foreign * 
 
 Ti.lal - - 
 Tountrv iTnft • 
 
 Ornnit Infal 
 
 ihlpi 
 
 41 
 
 j 
 
 Mm 
 
 I90,l»50 
 
 •/,■> 11 
 
 •him 
 
 171 
 
 40 
 
 .'> 
 
 liinft 
 ISO, ISO 
 4H.7H>i 
 ■/.111) 
 
 7 1'. 
 
 •/7.i>i 1 
 
 ai!) 
 
 KHII 
 " ipn.'i 
 
 a."j,..;^ 
 r:M>. 
 
 f)75 in;,;.,.. 
 
 '^....taii 
 
 Tlio principal places with which the country 
 rr.ift fraile is carried on are Bombay, and Malabar, 
 AfriiM, Keil-Sea ports, Arabian and Persian (iulf, 
 
 AlWUSTMKNT. In Commercial Navigation, 
 llio settlement of a loss incurred by the insured. 
 
 In the case of a total loss, if the policy be an 
 open one, the insurer is obliged to pay the gocjds 
 nccordiuii to their prime cost; i.e. the invoice 
 price, nmJ all duties and expenses incurred till 
 they are put on board, including the premium of 
 insurance. Whether they might have arrived at 
 a good or a bad market, is held by the law of 
 England to be immaterial. The insurer is sup- 
 posed to have insured a constant and not a variable 
 sum; and in the event of a loss occurring, the 
 insured is merely to be put into the same situation 
 in which he stood before the transaction began. 
 If the policy be a vahtal one the practi(!e is to 
 adopt the valuation fixed in it in case of a total 
 loss, unless the insurers can show that the insured 
 had a colourable interest only, or that the goods 
 were greatly over-valued. In the case of all 
 partial losses, the value of the goods must be 
 proved. 
 
 ' The nature of the contract between the insured 
 and insurer is,' says INIr. Justice Park, ' that the 
 go(i<ls shall come safe to the port of delivery ; or, 
 if they do not, that the insurer will indemnify the 
 owner to the amount of the value of the goods 
 stated in the policy. Wherever then the property 
 insured is lessened in value by damage received at 
 Koa, justice is done by putting the merchant in the 
 same condition (relation being had to the prime 
 cost or value in the jiolicy) in which he would 
 have been had the goods arrived free from damage ; 
 tliat is, by paying him such proportion of the 
 prime cost or value in the policy as corresponds 
 Avith the proportion of the diminution in value 
 occasioned by the damage. The question then is, 
 liow is tlic proportion of the damage to be ascer- 
 tained? It certainly cannot be by any measure 
 taken from the prime cost ; but it may be done in 
 this Way: Where anything, as a hogshead of 
 .«ugar, happens to be spoiled, if you can lix whcthor 
 it be a third, a fourth, or a tifth worse, tlien the 
 damage is ascertained to a mathematical certainty. 
 How is this to be found out? Not by any price 
 at the port of shipment, but it must be at tlie 
 ]!ort o( ileliveri/, when tlie voyage is completed and 
 the whole damage known. Whether the jirice at 
 the latter be liigh or low, it is the same thing; for 
 in nitlier case it equally shows whether the damaged 
 goods arc a third, a fourth, or a (iflh worse tlian 
 if tliej' liad come sound; consecpiently, wlietlier 
 the injury sustained be a tliird, fourth, or liftli of 
 the value of the tiling. And as the insurer pays 
 the wliolo prime cost if the thing l)e wholly lost, 
 so if it bo only a third, fourtli, or fifth worse, lie 
 jiays a third, fourth, or fiftli. n<it of the value for 
 ^vhich it is sold, hut of the value stated in the poliri/. 
 And when no valuation is stated in the policy, tlie 
 invoice of the cost, with the addition of all charge, 
 and tlie premium of insurance, shall be the fouu- 
 «lat:on upon which the loss sliall be computed.' 
 
 Tims, suppose a policy to be effected on goods, 
 
 the prime coat of which, all expenses included, 
 amounts to 1,000/.; and 8uppo.se furtlier, tliat 
 these goods would, had they safely reached the 
 port of delivery, have brought 1,'iOO/,. but that 
 owing to damage they have met with in the 
 voyage, they only fetch Hi)OI. ; in this case it is 
 plain, inasmuch as goods tliat would otherwise 
 have been worth 1 ,201)/. are only worth 800/., that 
 they have been deteriorated nue third; and hence 
 it A)llows, conformably to what has been stateil 
 above, that the insurer must pay oiie-third of their 
 prime cost (1.000/.), or 3!il5/. iis. Hd., to be insured. 
 
 In estimating tlie value of goods at the port of 
 delivery, the gross not the net proceeds of the 
 sales are to be taken as the standard. 
 
 A ship is val .1 at the sum she is worth at the 
 time she sails on the voyage insured, including the 
 expenses of repairs, the value of her furniture, 
 provisions, and stores, the money ailvanced to the 
 .sailors, and. in general, every expense of the 
 outfit, to which is added the premium of insurance. 
 
 When an adjuy^ment is made, it is usual for 
 the insurer to mdor.se upon the policy 'adjusted 
 this loss at (so much) per cent.,' payable in a given 
 time, generally a month, and to sign it with the 
 initials of his name. This i" considered as a note 
 of hand, and as such is primii facie evidence of 
 the debt not to be shaken, but by provuig that 
 fraud was used in obtaining it, or that there was 
 some misconception of the law or the fact upon 
 which it was made. See. for a further discussion 
 of this subject, the article Mahink iNst'iiANCK. 
 Park On the Law of Insiirunce, ch. vi.; Marshall, 
 book i. ch. xiv. 
 
 ADM K ASUREJIKXT. [ T< iNXAf : e. 1 
 
 ADMIUALTV COL'KT. This court is strictly 
 that of the lord high a(hniral of England. The 
 judge is styled his lieutenant. Since, however, 
 the ofiice of lord high admiral has been in con\- 
 mission, the judge has been appointed by the 
 crown, and possesses jurisdiction m all maritime 
 cases, both of a civil and criminal nature. 
 
 The high court of admiralty was formerly held 
 at St. Margaret's Hall in Southwark. During the 
 plague of London it was held at Jesus (!ollege, 
 Oxford, the principal of this society. Sir Leolino 
 Jenkins, having been judge of the court, ilut at, 
 or about,that tune it was transferred to the common 
 hall of Doctors' Commons. It is a court of great 
 antiiiuity, and is said as earlv as 20 Edw. I. to 
 have existed time out of mmd. The rules by 
 which it was governed were the ancient laws, 
 customs, a' id usiiges of the seas, including such 
 .selections from tlie laws of Khodes and Oleron, the 
 Waterrccht of \\ isbuy, the Ilanseatic ordinances, 
 the Con-iolato del Mare, the marine ordinances of 
 Louis XIV. (lt)81), :ind others which from their 
 naturiil justice and sound policy obtained generally 
 ill the admiralty courts of Europe. (Pritchard's 
 Digest, Preface.) 
 
 in ordinary cases, the Court of Admiralty is said 
 to be general, in prize cases it is known by the 
 name of Instance Court, and is called into existence 
 from time to time, and as occasion arises, by a 
 special commission under the great seal, at tlie 
 commencement of each year. Appeals in prize 
 cases are by a recent Act referred to the Judicial 
 Committee of Privy Council. 
 
 ADVANCE — implies money paid before goods 
 are delivered, or upon consignment. It is usual 
 with merchants to advance from a half to two- 
 thirds of the value of goods consigned to them, 
 i:n being reipiired, on their receiving invoice, bill of 
 lading, orders to insure them from sea risk, itc. 
 
 AI)V1;UTIS1.;MENT. in its general sense, 
 any iiifonnatioii as to any fact or circumst!ince 
 that has occurred, or is expected to occur; but, iu 
 
 I- 
 
 !« r 
 
1 
 
 14 ADVICE 
 
 n ciminiorcitil sense, it. is imilor.-itood to relate only 
 to iiitiinntioiis witli respect to the sale of articles, 
 the formation ami (iissoiutioii of partnerships, bank- 
 rujitcies, mcetiufjs of creditors, itc. 
 
 I'reviously to 18;i3 a duty of Hi. GJ. was charged 
 iilMiii all advertisements, long or short, inserted in 
 tiie (liizMe, or in any newspaper, or literary work 
 published in ports or numbers. This dnty added 
 alioiit 100 per cent, to the cost of -..uinary uilvcr- 
 tisements, and having been in oonscqucnco much 
 objected to, it was reduced in the above-mentioned 
 year to Is. Gd. We ventured, at the time, to pre- 
 dict that this reduction would not he productive 
 of any very serious injury to the reveinie. and the 
 residt did not disappoint our expectations. In 
 LS.!-', the last year of the high duty, the adver- 
 tisement duty amounted to ITO.doO/., whereas in 
 l«o-.' it amounted to 181,190/.; and though a large 
 portion of this increase must he ascribed to the 
 increase of population and of the demand for ad- 
 vertisements in the interval, still there is no room 
 or ground for supposing that it would have been 
 nearly so great but for the reduction of the duty. 
 Hut notwithstanding its diminution, the tax was 
 a serious obstruction to the diffusion of information 
 useful to all classes, and especially indispensable 
 to commercial men. And it was, at the same titne, 
 unfair and unjust. What could be more partial 
 and oppressive than to impt)se the same duty on 
 the notice of the publication of a sixpenny jmrn- 
 jihlet, or of a servant out of place, as on the inti- 
 mation of the sale of a valuable estate? And as 
 it was quite impossible to obviate this injustice 
 while the duly was maintained, its repeal, in 
 1«5;), was at oiice a wise and a popular measure. 
 
 The best evidence of the enormous 'increase of 
 advertising since that year, will be found in the 
 increase of newspapers, t!ic advertisements in which 
 are one of the main sources of their prollts. It was 
 <'stimated bj' a writer in the English Ennjcln/xudia 
 )m l«,jli, that the number of advertisements in the 
 1,'nited Kingdom amounted to upwards of 4,000,000 
 ainuially. Since that period, however, owing to 
 the vast increase in the number of newspapers, 
 periodicals, and other vehicles for advertisement, 
 the numbers must be considerably in excess of 
 that estimate. To these advertisements in news- 
 ])apers and other printed publications should be 
 ailded, the numerous notices at Railway stations, 
 and other places of public resort. 
 
 AlWIck. It is usually given by one merchant 
 or banker to another by Utter, informing him of 
 the bills or drafts drawn on him, with all particu- 
 lars of date, or sight, the sum, to whom made 
 payable. &c. Where bills appear for acceptance 
 iir payment, they arc frequently refused to be 
 honoured for want of adrice. It is also necessary 
 to give advice, as it prevents forgeries : if a nier- 
 oiiant accept or pay a bill for the honour of any 
 other person, he is bound to advise him thereof, 
 .-.lul this should always lie done imder an act of 
 luimxtr bv a notarj' public. 
 
 AGAU-A(JAU (C'h. luii tsai, sen rc^ctaWc). This 
 term includes all sorts of edible seaweed, the pre- 
 pared agar-agar is called hung tsdi or cooling 
 vegetable; sliilt hwd tsdi is the name of large sorts 
 of seaweed. Agar-agar is the Rialay name for the 
 marine algic (Plocaria [Fmcms] Una.r) growing 
 on the rocky shores of tlie Malayan islands, from 
 which a glutiuous jelly is prepared for the table 
 by boiling; the name is likewise given to the 
 jelly, and something very similar to it is also made 
 from other species of seaweed, and applied to 
 many useful purposes. The bamboo framework of 
 lanthoms is covered with paper saturated with 
 this gum, which when dried is semi-transparent ; 
 it is also used by the paper and sillt manufacturers 
 
 AL ROOT 
 
 as an ingredient in sizing some varieties of their 
 goods. It is incomparable as a paste, and is, 
 moreover, not liable to be eaten by insects. Over 
 150,000 piculs were imported into Shanghai n'.onu 
 in 1859, and the amount at other ports is not 
 small ; the average price there was fi dollars per 
 picul, but it is got for IJ to 2 dollars at the south. 
 Its cheapness and admirable qualities an a paste 
 render it worthy the attention of manufacturers in 
 other countries. (Williams's Chinese Com. Guide.) 
 
 A(JATE, popularly COHNKLIAX ((ier. achat; 
 Dutch, achaat; Fr. agate; Ital. agata; Kuss. agat; 
 Lat. achates), A genus of scnii-pcUucid gems, so 
 called from the Greek a.viTijt, because originally 
 found on the banks of the river of that name in 
 Italy. It is never wholly opatjuc like jasper, nor 
 transparent as quartz-crystal: it takes a very high 
 jiolish, and its opaque parts usually |)resent the 
 appearance of dots, eyes, veins, zones, f)r bands. 
 Its colours arc yellowish, reddish, bluish, milk- 
 white, honey-orange, or ochre -yellow, tiesh-blood, 
 or brick-red, redilish brown, violet blue, ami 
 brownish green. It is found in irregular rounded 
 nodules, from the size of a pin's head to more 
 than a foot in diameter. The lapidaries distin- 
 guish agates according to the colour of their 
 ground : the liner semi-transparent kinds being 
 termed oriental. The most beautiful agates fouiul 
 in (.Jreat Britain are commonly known by the 
 name of Scotch pebbles, and are met with in diffe- 
 rent parts of Scotland, principally on the mountiiiii 
 of Cainigorm ; whence they are sometimes termed 
 (.'ainigorms. The German .igates are the largest. 
 Some very fine ones have been brought from 
 Siberia and Ceylon. Thoy are found in great 
 plenty at the eastern extremity of the settlement 
 of the Capo of Good Hope; and are still met with 
 in Italy. But the jirincipal mines of agate are 
 situated in the little principality of Kajpepla, in 
 the province of Gujrat, fourteen miles distant from 
 the city of Broach, where they are cut into beads, 
 crosses, snuff-boxes, <tc. They are exported in 
 considerable quantities to other parts of India, and 
 to this country : and hence, perhaps, the jewellers' 
 term bnmeli. 
 
 The German agates are principally obtained 
 from the mines of Oberstein, at Galgenberg. 
 There are several varieties of the agate, the prin- 
 cipal of which known in commerce are chalce- 
 dony, the colours of which are in parallel bands, 
 the onyx, the cornelian, the mocha stone, which 
 is procured from the Kast, the moss agate, the jasp 
 ond opal agates, the plasma or heliotrope, or blcjod 
 stone, the chrysoi)rase, the s;irlonyx, and the 
 chrj'solite or peredox, or olwin. This stone being 
 porous, its colours are frequently heightened by 
 artilicial means; the ])roces3 was long kept a 
 secret in the East, but is now commonly known in 
 Germany and elsewhere. Chalcedony is "apable 
 of being coloured to imitate the turquoise. 
 
 AGKNT. |Fact()U.J 
 
 AfilO. A term used to express the difference, 
 in point of v.iluo, between metallic and i)aper 
 money; or between one sort of metallic money 
 and another. 
 
 AL BOOT {Morinda eitrifoUa). The varietie.-. 
 of the Morinda grow freely throughout India, 
 Malacca, liurmah, anci Java. The bark ami root 
 of the Morinda citrifulia are used in dyeing, and 
 furnish the dye used principally in dyeing the 
 Madras red turbans. 'J'he colours thus obtained 
 arc very jierinanent, and arc of three shades, bright 
 red, pink red, and light red. Mr. Dashwood states, 
 ' The al root is cultivated in the Banda Purgunnah, 
 The Ilnmmerpoor district is the great producing 
 countrv forul, probably from there being facilities 
 for irrigation. The plants come to maturity iu 
 
 Years 
 
 11 
 
 is.v) 
 
 ,T. 
 
 IMill 
 
 .17 
 
 isni 
 
 .1(1 
 
 IKIi'i 
 
 41 
 
 IHh.l 
 
 4(1 
 
 iMil 
 
 41) 
 
 Vt'ars 
 
 l.S,'.!) 
 IMIl) 
 
 1S6.T 
 ISfil 
 
ALABASTER 
 
 three years. Tlic roots arc then dug up and sorted 
 into three kinds, acconhnf; to the fineness of the 
 librcs. The fibres are then cut, beaten down well, 
 and then ground to powder, which latter is used 
 for the dye. The proportion of prepared tibre is 
 equal to the raw material. The cost of the pre- 
 pared fibre is 1 rupee per manud. The Murinda 
 umhellata produces one of the commonest red dyes 
 of India, called mungkudu. The best dye is pro- 
 cured from the bark "of roots three years old. It Ls 
 one of the commonest red dyes of India ; though 
 the colour is dull yet it is considered faster than 
 the brighter tints obtained from other substances. 
 {Catalogue of Indian Department of Exhibition of 
 18G2.) 
 
 ALABASTER (Ger. alabaster; Ital. alabastro ; 
 Fr. albatre ; Kuss. alabastr; Lat. alabastritcs). A 
 kind of stone resembling marble, but softer. Under 
 this name are confounded two minerals, the g;ip- 
 seoiis and calcareous alabasters; they are wholly 
 distinct from each other when pure, but in some of 
 the varieties are occasionally mixed together. 
 The former, when of a white or yellowish or green- 
 ish colour, semi-transparent, r . ' capable of receiv- 
 ing a polish, is employed " statuaries. It is 
 verv easily worked, but is net susceptible of a 
 polish equal to marble. Calcareous alabaster is 
 heavier than the former; it is not so hard as 
 marble, but is notwithstanding susceptible of a 
 good polish, and is more used in statuary. The 
 statuaries distinguish alabaster into two sorts, the 
 common and oriental. Spain and Italy yield the 
 best alabaster. That produced at Moutania, hi 
 the papal states, is in the highest esteem for its 
 boautiUil whiteness. Inferior sorts are found in 
 France and Germany. Alabaster is wrought into 
 tables, vases, statues, chimnev-pieccs, &c. 
 
 ALBANY. The capital of the state of New 
 York, and the second most important city of that 
 state. A'banj' is situated on the west bank of the 
 Hudson, and is distant about 145 miles nortli of 
 Kew York city. Pop. in 1860, 62,367. Its posi- 
 tion is well adapted for commerce, more particu- 
 larly that of the lakes, with which it communicates 
 by means of canals. It has also communicatifns 
 with New York, New England, Canada, and the 
 west, by railways. It is the seat of an immense 
 tiniber'tradc, and also possesses a large commerce 
 ill wool, corn, barley, and manufactured tobacco. 
 The Erie canal enters the city at the north end, 
 where a capacious basin has been formed by erect- 
 ing a pier more than a mile in length, which cuts 
 off and encloses a part of a bend in the river, 
 forming a basin having an area of 32 acres, whicli 
 all'ords a safe winter harbour for boats and vessels 
 navigating the river and canals, and also commo- 
 dious wharfage. 
 
 Tdhlc shoiriiig the OJpcidl Receipts Inj the Catiuh 
 at Tide- IVatcr during the Years named. 
 
 ALE AND BEER 
 
 16 
 
 Years 
 
 1 S.',') 
 ISDil 
 ISIH 
 IHli'^ 
 
 IUDI 
 
 feet 
 
 .177,6KS.(illl) 
 
 Mi,cii;,ci II) 
 4i'.',ici.'),sn() 
 
 1!)-|,'iS7,lllO 
 
 5Iiiii(;lc& 'i imber 
 
 17T,cHin 
 (i.l, II 10 
 ■l.'s'JIlll 
 I'.I.MIO 
 
 r>ii,iou 
 
 ruliir. ftt't j 
 l,l.'.J,M)il 
 I.V'J'J.SIH) 
 1,1911,11011 
 
 y,'>i»>,son 
 
 \\K. 
 
 'ifin.'.ird.iino 
 «si,'.iin,iiiMi 
 '.'lU.'^'is.iiiiii 
 
 .T)7 ,11. 0,11011 
 
 '.fio.iioo I 5i.S'.;,i7s,iioi) 
 
 ■l,lVl.llOl) •^h(i,'.!.')0,Olll> 
 
 Table showing the Official Receipts by the Cantds 
 at Albany during the Years named. 
 
 Itonrds ,^nd 
 ScimlinK 
 
 is:,9 
 
 IWll) 
 )M11 
 ISIi'i 
 ISG,-. 
 IKfit 
 
 feit 
 2'.)i,771,;fi'i 
 .1lll,ll'i'i,(il)0 
 
 i(;i,9.'.-^,,'.oo 
 
 !i^1,K!lll,lllO 
 l!l.">,i:ll,.'>lli) 
 «.V'),.|IK,1.10 
 
 Shingles 
 
 Timber 
 
 ni. 
 
 tuhif feet 
 
 I«,7.-.I1 
 
 -0,.1sl 
 
 41, Mi 
 
 4(1,H«S 
 
 ;5i,7Hj 
 
 4 1,7,1 1 
 
 Ti,|^•^'^ 
 
 14S,'JI7 
 
 Vl,.-.'i.1 
 
 .1il7,7IKl 
 
 H,OIII 
 
 -ll.'JW 
 
 Staves 
 
 Ihs. 
 4,117 1, 
 S,7S.-., 
 .",7SI 
 O.'-'IV, 
 <i,71i', 
 .'>,7SII, 
 
 .'lO.T 
 ,.1(;^l 
 .'.00 
 IHU 
 .■ill) 
 
 ri.1 
 
 The value of the lumlier, shingles, and staves 
 received in 18i!t exceeded 8,.500,000 dollars. 
 
 Ai-nANV. The port of West Australia. [Perth.] 
 
 ALCOHOL. Ardent Spirit (Vt. esprit devin; 
 Ger. weingeist; Ital. spirito ardcntc, spirito di 
 vino, alcool). The name given to the pure 
 spirit obtainable by distillation, and subsequent 
 rectilication, from all liquors that have undergone 
 the vinous fermentation, and from none but such 
 as arc susceptible of it. It is light, transparent, 
 colourless ; of a sharp, |)eiietrating, agreeable 
 smell; and a warm stimulating taste. It isquito 
 the same, whether obtained from brandy, wine, 
 whisky, or any other fluid which has lieen fer- 
 mented. The specific gravity of alcohol when 
 perfectly pure is nearly '838 at 30"^ Fahr., that of 
 water being 1,000; but spirit of this strength tan- 
 not be obtained by mere distillation. Alcohol has 
 not been frozen by any known degree of cold. It 
 boils at 174°. It is the only dissolvent of many 
 resinous substances; and is extensively used in 
 medicine and the arts. (Drs. A. T. '^Thomson, 
 Urc. Ac.) 
 
 ALUEU. The lietula alnus of botanists, a forest- 
 tree abundant in England and most part.s of 
 I'.urope and N. America. The charcoal made 
 from its wood is of an excellent quality, and is 
 esteemed for the manufacture of gunpowder.. The 
 bark is sometimes used for tanning, and by the 
 additiou of copperas and other ingredients fonns 
 a dye for several colours. It thrives best in 
 marshy grounds and on the banks of rivers. It 
 rarely attains to a very great size ; its wood is ex- 
 tremely durable in water or in wet ground ; and 
 hence it is much used for piles, planking, pumjis, 
 pipes, sluices, and generally for all purposes where . 
 It is kept constantly wet. It soon rots when ex- 
 ])osed to the weather or to damp ; and when drj', 
 it is much subject to worm. The colour of the 
 wood is reddish yellow, of different shades, and 
 nearly uniftimi. Texture verj- uniform, with 
 larger septa of the same colour as the wood. It 
 is soft, and works easily. (Tredgold's Principles 
 of Carpentry.) 
 
 ALE AND BEEK. Well-known and extensively 
 used fermented liquors, the jirinciple of which is 
 extracted from several sorts of grain, but most 
 commonly from barley, after it has undergone ihc 
 process termed malting. 
 
 1. Jlislorical Notice of Ale and Seer. — The 
 manufacture of ale or beer is of very high anti- 
 quity. Herodotus tells us, that owing to the 
 ■want of wine, the Egyptians drank a liquor 
 fermented from barley (lib. ii. e. 77). Xenophon 
 during his retreat from Central Asia foimd it 
 ill use among the inhabitants of the Armenian 
 Mountains. Mead, or mctheglin, was probably 
 tlie earliest intoxicating liquor known in the 
 North of Europe. Ale or beer was, however, 
 ill common use in Germany in the time of 
 'J'acitus (Morib. Germ. c. 2:5). 'All the na- 
 tions,' s.iys Pliny, 'who inhabit the West of 
 luiropc have a liqueur with which they in- 
 toxicate themselves, made of corn and water 
 (f'ruge madida). The inaniicr of making the 
 liquor is somewhat dinorcnt in Gaul, S])ain, and 
 otiier countries, and it is called by many variou:} 
 names; but its nature and properties are every- 
 where the same. The people of Spain, in par- 
 ticular, brew this liqueur so well that it will keep 
 good for a long time. So exquisite is the in- 
 geiiuily of mankind in gratifying their vicious 
 appetites, that they have thus invented a method 
 to make water itself uitoxicate.' {Hist. Xat. lib. 
 xiv. cli. xxii.) The Saxons and Danes were 
 passionately fond of beer; aiul tlic drinking of it 
 was supposed to form one of the principal enjoy- 
 
 Jt 
 
10 
 
 ALE AND BEER 
 
 ments of the heroes admiKed to the hall of (^ilin. 
 (.Mallet's iXorthern Anliquitien, eh. vi., «tc.) The 
 inanufnctiire of nlc was curly inlroduced into 
 KiiKland. It is mentioned in (he laws of Iiia, 
 KinK of Wossex; and is ])articiilHrly specilled 
 nmoii^ the liqnors provided for a royal hanqiiet in 
 the reign of Kdwnrd the Confessor. It was cus- 
 tomary in the reigns of the Nonnan princes to 
 regulate tlie price of ale ; and it was enacted, hy 
 a statute pas,sed in 1272, that a hrcwer .should be 
 allowed to sell two gallons of nlc for a penny in 
 cities, and three or (our gallons for the same price 
 in the country. 
 
 The use of'hops in the manufacture of ale and 
 hccr seems to have been a (Jernian invention. 
 They were used in the breweries of the Nether- 
 land's, in the beginning of the fourteenth century: 
 but tliev do not seem to have been introdiicel 
 into Kngland till 200 years afterwards, or till llic 
 beginning of the sixteenth century. In IJilo, 
 Henry VIII. enjoined l)rewers not to put hops 
 into their nle. "it would, however, appear that 
 but little attention was paid to this order; for in 
 15r)2 hop plantations had begun to be formeii. 
 (Heckmann's Hist. Invent, vol. iv. pp. 3oti— 341. 
 Kng. ed.) The addition o( hops render ale more 
 palatable, by giving it an agreeable bitter taste, 
 while, at the same time, it tits it for being kept 
 much longer without injury, (ienerally speaking, 
 the Knglish brewers employ a much larger quan- 
 tity of hops than the Scotch. 
 
 The manufacture of malt, liquors is by i .cans 
 peculiar to this country. In lHt)5, a comuuitce of 
 three of the itrewers' Association of Philadelphia, 
 inspected the breweries of Kurope, and found that 
 the consumption of beer was largely on the 
 increase in, bfsides the United kingdom, lielgiuni, 
 IIess-3 Darmstadt, Nassau, Hailen, WUrtemburg, 
 Uavaria, Austria, Saxony, Prussia, Switzerland, 
 Franco, Kus.^ia, Denmark, Sweden and Norway. 
 
 2. Distinction heticeen Ale and Beer or Porter. 
 — This distinction has been well elucidated by 
 Dr. Thomas Thomson, in his article on iirewing, 
 in the J'^nri/clopadia Britunnica: ' Hoth ale and 
 beer are in (ireac hritain obtained by fermentation 
 from the malt of barley; but they differ from 
 each ofher in several particulars. Ale is light- 
 coloured, brisk, and sweetish, or at least free Irom 
 bitter; while beer is dark-coloured, bitter, and 
 much less brisk. What is called porter in Kng- 
 land is a species of beer ; and the term ' porter ' at 
 present signifies what was formerly c.illcd stnmg 
 /teer. The original difference between ale .Tud 
 beer was owing to the malt from which they wen- 
 prepared. Ale malt was dried at a very low heat, 
 and consequently was of a pale colour; while beer 
 or porter malt was dried at a higher temperature, 
 and b.id of consequence acquired a brown colour. 
 This incipier.t charring had developed a peculiar 
 and agreeable bitter tjiste, which was communi- 
 cated to the beer ah)ng with the dark colour. 
 'I'his bitter last,' rendered beer more agreeable to 
 the palate, and less injurious to the constitution 
 than ale. It was consequently inanufacturcd in 
 greater quantities, and soon became the common 
 drink of the lower ranks in J'jigland. AVhen 
 malt became high-priced, in con.sequcnce of the 
 hi'avy taxes laid upon it, and the great increase 
 in tlie price of barley which took jilace durin 
 war of the French revolution, the brewers dis 
 covered that a greater quantity of wort of a given 
 strength could be prepared from pale m:ilt than 
 from brown malt. J'hc consequence was that 
 pale malt was substituted for brown malt in the 
 brewing of porter and beer, ^\'c do not mean 
 that the whole malt employed was pale, but a 
 considerable iiroportion of it. The wort, of course, 
 
 was much paler than before : and it wanted that 
 agreeable bitter flavour which characterised porter 
 and made it so much relished l)y most palates. 
 The porter brewers endeavoured to remedy these 
 defects by several artiticial addition.s. At the 
 same time various substitutes were tried to supply 
 the place of the agreeable bitter communicated to 
 ])orter by the use of brown malt. (Quassia, 
 cocculus indicus, and we believe even opium, 
 were employed in succession ; but none of them 
 was found to answer the purpose sufficiently. 
 Whether the use of these substances be still perse- 
 vered in we do not know ; but we rather believe 
 that they are not, at least by the London porter 
 brewers.' 
 
 .^. Atlulteration of Ale and Beer — Siihatitittinn of 
 Bull' (Iriiin for lilall. — The use of the articles 
 other than malt, referred to by Dr. Thomson, has 
 liten expressly forbidden, xnider heavy penalties, 
 bv repeated Acts of Parliament. The Act 5(! Geo. 
 III. c. 58 has the following clauses : — 
 
 * No brewer or dealer in or retailer of Iwer .shall 
 receive or have in bis jiossession, or make, or use, 
 or mix with, or put into any worts or beer, any 
 li(pior, extract, calx, or other material or pre- 
 paration for the purpose of darkening the colour 
 of worts or beer ; or any liquor, extract, calx, or 
 other material or prepr.nition othr than brown 
 malt, ground or ungroun<l, as commonly used in 
 brewing ; or shall receive, or have in his posses- 
 sion, or use, or mi.x with, or put into any worts or 
 beer, any molasse.i, honey, liquorice, vitriol, 
 qu.Tssia, cocculus indicus, grains of paradise, 
 (iuinea pepper, or opium, or any extract or pre- 
 paration of niola.sse.s, honey, liquorice, vitriol, 
 quassia, cocculus in(licus, grains of paradise, 
 (iuinea pepper, or opium, or any article or pre- 
 paration ifliatsoever for or as a substitute for malt 
 or hops, upon pain that all such liquor," extract, 
 cal.x, mtdasses, honey, vitriol, quas.sia, cocculus 
 indicus, grains of paradise, Guinea pepper, opium, 
 extract, article, and preparation as aforesaid, and 
 also the said worts and beer, shall be forfeited, 
 together with the casks, vessels, or other packages, 
 anil may be .>ieized by any officer of excise; ami 
 such brewer of, dealer in. or retailer of beer, .so 
 offending, shall for each offence forfeit 200/. 
 
 ' No druggist or vender of or dealer in drugs, or 
 chemist, or other person whatever, shall sell, semi, 
 or deliver to any licensed brewer of, or dealer in, 
 or retailer of beer, knowing him to be .so licensed, 
 or ropulcd to be so licensed, or to any other 
 liersou lor. or on account of, or in trust for, or for 
 the use of .such brewer, dealer, or retailer, any 
 ccdouriiig. from whatever material made, or any 
 other ni.ilerial or preparation other than ungrovmi 
 lirt.!-n malt, for the purpose of darkening the 
 colour of worts or beer; or any liquor or prepara- 
 tion heretofore or hereafter made use of for 
 d.nrkeniiig the c<dour of worts or beer, or any 
 molasses or other article.-*, as mentioned in the 
 first section, for or as a substitute for malt or hops 
 respectively ; and if any druggist, or vender of or 
 dealer in drug.-<, or any chemist, or other person 
 whatever, sliall so do. all such liquor called 
 colouring, and material ^r preparation for tho 
 purpose aforesaid, and li(iuipr and jireparalion used 
 for darkening tlie colour of worts or beer, molas.ses, 
 the [ and articles or pre|iMi;uion to be used as a sul)sti- 
 tute for malt or ho|i~, shall be forfeited, and may 
 be seized by any ollioer of excise; ancl the drug- 
 gist, vender, dealer, chemist, or other ])erson so 
 offending, shall forfeit 000/. 
 
 l!y the Act 1 W'm. IV. c. .11, for the repeal of the 
 ale and beer duties, it is enacted (.'<. 17) that no 
 brewer shall have in his brewery, or in any part of 
 his entered premises, or in any liiill coujiected with 
 
 8uch brewer' 
 
 Kmni; and ; 
 
 shall be fill 
 
 ■nill, and nil 
 
 ^M-h uiimalfi 
 
 ini.'ced, shall 
 
 any odicrr, toj 
 
 in which .such 
 
 b(! contained, 
 
 ^Tiiin, and the 
 
 the .same nia\ 
 
 taiiied ; and e 
 
 offence forfeit i 
 
 I. J>cscri/)tk 
 
 lf*2;t there wer 
 
 be breweii in 
 
 beer of the val 
 
 exclusive of the 
 
 value of le.^s tl 
 
 <li".v. Ill 1H2; 
 
 (Kieo. IV. CO 
 
 oertain conditio 
 
 this .sort of beer 
 
 taste, or. wliich 
 
 iaid on the hrev 
 
 extensively in it 
 
 This liniitaiioi 
 
 sorts of ale and 
 
 originated in the 
 
 that these duties 
 
 injiy be brewed ol 
 
 The brewing o 
 
 cjp.ll, or rather, 
 
 <'"|'»l, inanufactii 
 
 Kdintiirgh. The 
 
 eolonr, mild, gl„t 
 
 stronger and moi 
 
 't to ,0 bushels ol 
 
 brewing a barrel 
 
 to a bii.sliel of m, 
 
 ducc of the ale I 
 
 estimated at abov 
 
 good ale is also m 
 
 olher Scotch tow 
 
 Ldinburgh ale an 
 
 trade has latterly 
 
 fnay be produced 1 
 
 It IS doubtful wl 
 
 porter; at all evt 
 
 duced in very larg 
 
 Formerlv it was 
 
 porter couJd be ma 
 
 Of late years, howc 
 to high and not 
 >ve certainlv arc n( 
 consider it as ne. 
 i'On<lon porter. 
 
 Large qiiantiti^.s 
 
 hop()ed variety of 
 
 siderable time past 
 
 ivhere it is in high 
 
 very extensively iis 
 
 i). Itviiulutions a 
 
 "I'd Bcer.—Siiu-o t, 
 
 these regulations ai 
 
 consist only in taki 
 
 premi,ses, and absta 
 
 ""icle, other than n 
 
 bi-'er. A brewer usii 
 
 the purpose of brew 
 
 <;ntry thereof at tin 
 
 for every such ofth 
 
 beer, and materialH 
 
 with (he ma.sh-tun 
 
 seized bianvofficer.- 
 
 'or cver\ offence for, 
 
 as. 15, 16.) 
 
 'J 
 1 
 
ALE AND 15I:ER 
 
 17 
 
 such brewrry, nny raw or uiimnltcd corn or 
 t^rniii ; aii<l all iiiiniiiltcd corn or (;raiii which 
 shall III! rmiiil ill micIi hrcwiiifj promises or 
 mill, ami nil malted com nr f»''i>i" wiili wliidi 
 MU'li iiiiniallcd corn or i^Tiim may have been 
 mixed, shall hn forfeited, and may he seized by 
 any oflicer, together with all vessels or packajjes 
 ill which such raw or iinnialted corn or f,'raiii shall 
 li(! conlaincd, or in which such iinmaltcd corn or 
 grain, and the malted corn or grain with wliicli 
 the same may have been mixed, shall ho con- 
 tained ; and every brewer shall for every such 
 offence forfeit 2ml. 
 
 I. DcHcriptiun of Ah' and liter, — Previously to 
 IW'.'.t there were, only two sorts of beer alloweil to 
 bo brewed in ICngland. viz. stroiiii beer, that is, 
 beer of the value of 10m. and iipward:^ the barrel, 
 exclusive of the duty; and small liiiror beer of the 
 value of less than ICi.'i. a barrel, exclusive of the 
 «liily. In 18-.>3, however, un Act was passed, 
 (1 (ieo. IV. e. 51) aiithorisint; the brewiiitr, under 
 certain conditions, of an tntrinediate beer, Jhit 
 this sort of beer was either not suited to the public 
 taste, or. which is more probable, the restrictions 
 laid on the brewers deterred them from engaging 
 extensively in its manufacture. 
 
 This limitaiion and classilication of the different 
 sorts of ale and beer, according to their strength, 
 originated in the duties laid upon them; and now 
 that these duties have been repealed, ale and beer 
 may be hrewetl of any variety or degree of strength. 
 
 The brewing of ale has long constituted a prin- 
 cipal, or rather, perhaps, we might say the prin- 
 cipal, manufacturing employment carried on in 
 Kdiiihiirgh. The best Edinburgh ale is of a jiale 
 colour, mild, glutinous ,ind adhesive. It is much 
 stronger and more intoxicating than porter, from 
 4 to i> bushels of maU being generally used in 
 brewing a barrel of ale, with about 1 lb. of hops 
 to a bushel of malt. At present fl85.'{) the ])ro- 
 ducc of the ale breweries of Kdinourgh raa\' be 
 estimated at above 201,000 barrels a year. Very 
 good ale is also made at Preston Pans, Alloa, itnd 
 other Scotch towns. Considerable quantities of 
 Edinburgh ale are sent to London; though this 
 trade has latterly been decreasing. Very good ale 
 may be produced by brewers on a small scale, but 
 it is doubtful whether this be the case with 
 porter; at all events the best porter is all pro- 
 duced in very large establishments. 
 
 Formerly it was not supposed that really good 
 porter could be made anywhere except in Loudon. 
 Of late years, however, Dublin porter has attained 
 to high and not unmerited reputation ; though 
 we certainly are not of the number of those who 
 consider it as nearly approaching to the best 
 London porter. 
 
 Large (|uantiti-S of a light, pnle, and highly- 
 hopped variety of ale have been lor some cnii- 
 siderable time past exported to the East Indies, 
 where it is in high estimation ; and it is now also 
 very extensively used in summer in this country, 
 
 i). Jiet/ulations as to the. Muiiiifaclure of Ale 
 <iiul lieer. — Since the abolition of the beer'dulies 
 these regulations are very few and simple; ii,.d 
 consist only in taking out; a licence, entering the 
 liremises, and abstaining from the use of any 
 article, other than malt, in the preparation of the 
 beer, A brewer using any place, or niash-tini, for 
 the purpose of brewing, without having made an 
 <'ntry thereof at the nearest excise olliie, forfeits 
 for every such offence 'JOti/. ; and all the worts, 
 beer, and materials for making the same together 
 with the ma.sh-tun, are forfeited, and may be 
 seized l>\- any officer, — Mrewers obstructing oiiicers 
 for evers offence forfeit 100/. (I Wm, IV. c. 51, 
 8S. Lj, 16.) 
 
 (■>. License Duties. — Xumber of Breirrrs. — Thn 
 license duties payalile by brewers of ale and hcfr, 
 and the iiiiinbers of such licenses granted during 
 the vear 1H01-,J were as foHows:— 
 
 Aeennnt shtiifiiifi the Aitmlur of' Lii ruses issneil In 
 Jlieii-rrs in the Year \X{,\-':,, with the Kates of 
 Dutij ehurged thereon (supplied Inj the Ihvile), 
 
 
 
 'Ihi- Supple- 
 
 The Supple- 
 
 CniniiHwi Kn'wer^ in 
 
 
 lili'ntary 
 
 iiK'nlarv 
 
 llie I'nitfd Ktiitnlmn 
 
 
 CtmrKti 
 
 Dimhiiillrin 
 
 )Jd)ing fur l.uciii>ea 
 
 Amnttnt 
 
 (III the 
 
 «m the 
 
 
 rh it;:i-,l oil 
 each e'l.uk 
 
 I,..'ell,fS 
 I'tpirilitf un 
 
 l.iffUhl's 
 
 
 ( |"ri,in on 
 
 Kx. 
 
 No! fx.| Niiin 
 
 
 !*epleiiil*r 
 
 S\|,*('iiilH'r 
 
 t'etiliiii{ 
 
 cvdliic her 
 
 
 ,TI1, IKS'. 
 
 .111, 18(i-. 
 
 UrnU 
 
 li.irrfl^l 
 
 £ I. ./ 
 
 e :i. 
 
 — 
 
 l,oiM).ll,rw 
 
 !ii,Knr. 1: 1. 
 
 17.1101 11; 1. 
 
 «,l'.| 1 . 
 
 l.COil 
 
 In.iKMi 
 
 1,1.1; 
 
 7S,11') IK II 
 
 I(I,VS'| .'> (. 
 
 .-.,Mn 7 1 
 
 tn,f>(pii 
 
 VII.OIHI 
 
 i;k 
 
 M.^m IS II 
 
 .-,.T.-. IB II 
 
 H:i IH 1 
 
 V",i«jn 
 
 .III.IIIKI 
 
 I.I 
 
 'ri,\i-t II 
 
 •i,\n \ r. 
 
 .'.'^1 Hi 1 
 
 ^'■I'HIII 
 
 .'.o.noii 
 
 .->! 
 
 l7,iM 111 II 
 
 v,i.'i() y II 
 
 v.^ii .^ 1 
 
 .Ml.l'iH) 
 
 IO>t,MI)l) 
 
 K.I 
 
 IH,<VH a (i 
 
 1,S'.II !> II 
 
 '.i.'il T (, 
 
 lilO.ilOll 
 
 i.'in.Hfwi 7 
 
 ll),'l'.7 7 (i 
 
 1,11'jri .'• II 
 
 _ 
 
 l.'.(MHH) 
 
 '^iio.nitii: i 
 
 UMl 1'. (1 
 
 r. .'. II 
 
 .. 
 
 Vlll.tMKl 
 
 '^An.OMiil \ 
 
 11,', 1.1 III II 
 
 v\'^ 7 11 
 
 
 
 ^ lO.iHin 
 
 .IIKI.IIIHl! 
 
 ll.lsii 7 (, 
 
 3.1.1 1'^ li 
 
 •i\ 17 1. 
 
 r>(HI,(l<H> 
 
 .T.n.mK) _ 
 
 
 
 
 ,1.M).)>0*I 
 
 loo.tini) 1 
 
 4.rii'> .', 11 
 
 u~\ 17 f 
 
 — 
 
 't<H),(llll) 
 
 lM),li<lll' 1 
 
 !,:ii\'i 1.', 
 
 
 a'ls 'i 1. 
 
 -l.SiMioii 
 
 .'rtH(,IHHI I 
 
 i,'J'J7 'i 1. 
 
 _ 
 
 .-.,•, u 1 
 
 .'.(Ml.lCtn 
 
 .'.'in.iMKi _ 
 
 
 _.' 
 
 
 SrA\,{MM\ 
 
 lioo .110.1 1 
 
 T,nv\ I. 
 
 71.'> I) I. 
 
 
 
 bOit.lHH) 
 
 
 T,.'>SI (1 1. 
 
 1 1.3 V (, 
 
 _ 
 
 UftfinnT* at' 
 
 
 
 
 |J«. (i./. - .! 4,7IS 
 
 *^,0li7 In e 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 '57,71.-. 
 
 .TOnuu~4''i; 
 
 ■i'^...'ii: 1. 1 
 
 I. -./*;. rr". 
 
 i 
 
 
 l.".,:i'il 17 1 
 
 
 N>'t supplementary 
 
 
 
 
 ihar^e - 
 
 vs. 101 9 II 
 
 •iXAOl 1) 1 
 
 
 Tol.-i! .itnnunt paid 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 1" nil ,-1.1.- 
 
 MO ,'•111 1.1 (■ 
 
 
 
 X.T?. — The barrel contains ,'!G gallons or 1 
 lirkins of ',) gallons each, imperial measure. It is 
 enacted (1 Wm. IV. c. 51, s. 7), that brewers shall 
 pay their licon.'se duty according to the malt used 
 liy them in brewing, and that every brewer shall 
 be deemed to have brewed one barrel of beer for 
 every two bushels of malt used liy such brewer. 
 
 It is enacted (1 Wm. IV. c.51), that every 
 person who shall sell any beer or ale in le^s 
 quantities than four and a half gallons or two 
 ilozert ri'iinted quart bottles, to be drunk elsewhere 
 than on the premises where sold, shall be deemed 
 a dealer in beer. 
 
 7. Proyrcssiee. Consumption of Ale and Beer. — 
 Malt liquor early became to the labouring classes of 
 England what the inferior sorts of wine are to the 
 people of France, at once a necessary of life and i\ 
 luxury; the taste for it was universally diffused. 
 There are, however, no me.ins by which an esti- 
 mate can be formed of the quantity .actuallv 
 consumed jireviously to the reign of Charles II. 
 IJut duties, amounting to 2s. C>d. a barrel on strong, 
 and to t)(/. a barrel on small ale or beer, were 
 imposed, for the first time, in ll'iGO. The.sc 
 duties being farmed until 1081, the amount 
 of the re\'enue only is known ; and as then; 
 are no means of a.scertaining the proportion 
 which^ the strong bore to the small beer, the 
 quantities that paid duty cannot be specified. 
 Ihit since the collection of the duty was en- 
 trusted to oiiicers employed by government accu- 
 rate accounts li.avc been ke|)t of the quantities of 
 each sort of beer on which duty was paid, .in well 
 as the rate of duty and its amount. Now it 
 appears, that at an average of the ten years from 
 KiMl to 1093 inclusive, the amount of ale annually 
 charged with duty was as follows : — 
 
 Str..nf 
 S11..I1 
 
 ,ile 
 ilo. 
 
 4,'if;7,'^!r. tarrols, 
 V,37(i,i,S do. 
 
 Soon after the Revolution, several temporary 
 duties were imposed on ale and beer; hut in lOHl 
 they were coii-solidated, the established duties 
 being then tixed at 4s. {id. a barrel on the strong, 
 and at Is. id. on the sm.all beer, instead of 'Is. Gd. 
 
 f 
 
 I ■ \ 
 
 i. ■ 
 if. 
 >(■'■ ' 
 
 ' i y. 
 
 i 
 
18 ALK AXJ) BEKU 
 
 Accmint of thf lirnvtri, J.icrnml Virtiiiillrrs. Prrfimn l.irentril for the Sole of Utrr to be nnink on 
 niiilotf the I'nmiiirti, Ac., with the Qiioiititirs of Malt mteit hi, uluh Hreiiers. fc, in Ennlanil, Smlliinil, 
 
 aUfi IreUind. tliirino thf Vfnr ISti-l.:'i 
 
 I 
 
 Kimlnnil . 
 KcMUtitt . 
 ircUihl 
 United Kinffdnfii 
 
 rate- 
 
 iind (!(/., whicli liail Iiffii tl 
 li'i'.iit. Tliis increase nt duly had an iniinrdiat 
 elleet on the eoiisumptidii, "tlir (|uantity hrcwed 
 (hiring' the ten years I'rnni IC'.ll to 17(K! being iw 
 follows : — 
 
 Slrontf al«* 
 filial! ilci. 
 
 .l,-74,f.(it barrrli. 
 •.',l>i(l,7(,l il.>. 
 
 'I'lie whole of tliis dccreaKO must not. however, 
 be ascriheil to the increase of tlie beer (hitics.only, 
 tlie duty on malt ami liop-i liavin;; been, at the 
 same time, considerably increased, operated partly 
 nil doid)t to produce tlie effect. 
 
 During the live years endinj,' with 17.')() the nle 
 brewed amounted, at an jiveraKc, to ;j,8( );!,.')«() 
 barrels of stront;, and '.',ir,-_>,.')lil barrels of small. 
 (Hamilton's PrindpUa if T,u-atinn, p. i.j.").) 
 
 The ale brewed m private families for their own 
 use has always been exempted from any duty; 
 and it may. perhaps, bo supposed that the falliiif,' 
 otf in the consumption, as evinced by the state- 
 ments now f,'ivcn, was apparent only, and that 
 the decline in the public brewery wonUfbe balanced 
 by a proportional extension of the private brewery 
 
 revionsly to i upper classes. Xo doubt, however, the oppressive 
 duties with which malt and beer were loa<led in 
 the latter part of last ceiilurv and down to IH.'IO 
 narrowed their consumption in an extraordinary 
 deforce. After various previous additions the duty 
 on malt was raised in IHOl to Ix. ;')•{(/. per bushel, 
 or 'M.i. ]i)fl. a quarter, the beer duties being then 
 also raised to Ids. per barrel (old measure) ; and 
 as a quarter of malt |)roduced iibout three or three 
 and a half barrels of beer, it follows that the duty 
 on malt used in breweries really amounted at that 
 period to from (i.').*. KW. to "().«. lOtl. a ipiarter, 
 making the duty on strong beer, exclusive of tliat 
 on hops, about "JOx. a barrel. The duty on malt 
 continued at this exoibilant rate till IMK!; and to 
 show its intlnence it is only necessary to state 
 that during the 12 years ending with IHICi the 
 consum|ilion of malt amounted to no more than 
 2;i,l'J7,7ol bushels a ye.ir. being, notwithstanding 
 the vast increase of wealth and population in the 
 interval, less than it had been a century previously, 
 the consumption having amounted to '2l,l!)l,:>0t 
 bushels a year during the twelve years ending 
 
 liut though tluTccaribenodoubttlmtthequantity ! with l?L'ii! ( Mai.t. ) The duties had, in fact, 
 
 ■'' "' 1 :_--:—»- /••.• • . ■• been completely overdone ; and besides hindering 
 
 the consumption of malt and malt liquors, they 
 had the mischievous ett'cct of vitiating the publii; 
 taste and stimulating the consumption of ardent 
 spirits, especially of those made from raw grain. 
 In 181(i, however, the duty on malt was rcdiieed 
 to 2.t. .")(/. a bushel. a!;d since lH2.'t it h.is amounted 
 to 2.«. 7)1. a bushel, or 2il.s-. Ht/. a quarter; and the 
 beer duty having been abolished in IH'M), this has 
 been the only duty with which m.ilt liquor has 
 since been atfecled. And though wc ore unable, 
 fnmi the want of subso(iuent returns, to state ho\v 
 much the consumption of beer has increased since 
 JM3(l, the increase in the consumption of malt 
 shows that it must be very considerable. 
 AVe subjoin — 
 
 An Arroiint of the Qunntitii's of Molt brewed by 
 the Fourteen principal Lonilon I'ortvr and Ale 
 Jlreiccrs, ditriiii/ the 7 Years endiny with 1W,52. 
 [I'nil OUO amUtnl : thus M2=:llli,UUll.; 
 
 of beer brewed in private families was increased iii 
 consequence of the pt^culiar taxes laid on the beer 
 brewed for sale, it is abundantly certain that it 
 was not iiici-cased in aiiytbiiig "like the ratio in 
 which the other was diniinislied. This is estn- 
 blislied beyond all dispute, by the fact of the con- 
 sumption of malt having continued very nearli/ 
 stationary, notwithstanding the vast increase <if 
 liopulation and wealth, from the beginning of the 
 l;ist century down to 17."il), and. indeed, to l.s;!(l. 
 [Mai.t. I Had the fact as to malt been dif- 
 ferent, <ir had the demand for it increased pro- 
 liiirtioiiMlly to the increase of population, it would 
 liiive shown that tlie effect of the malt and beer 
 duties had not been to lessen the consumption of 
 bier, but merely to cause it to be brewed in 
 jirivate houses instead of public breweries; but 
 tlu' long continued stationary demand for malt 
 ciiinplctely negatives this supposition, and shows! 
 that the falling off in the beer manufactured bv 
 the public brewers had iKJt been made up bv any | 
 equivalent increase in the suiiply manufactured at ; 
 home. " i 
 
 During the years 17K7 to IH.IO the tax levied ' 
 on the barrel of strong beer varied. It was 8s. at 
 the first mentioned date, was varied to U*. hd. in 
 \W-1, and to lOx. in l«ii|. U varied between !),s. 
 to !).i lOr/. in \HH\, and was finally repealed in l.s;i(l. 
 The gross amount of revenue received by the 
 excise, varied little between l«i)l and 1«;JU, beiii" 
 about ;i,()i 10.00(1/, per annum. 
 
 The stationary consumption of malt and beer 
 during the greater part of last centurv is, most 
 jirobably, in great purt ascribable to the introduc- 
 tion and rapid diffusion of a taste for tea and 
 coffee, and to the consequent change that wa 
 
 Truman, Hanliiirv. anil (,"0. 
 llirL'liiv, I'erkiiM, iind Co. 
 .MfUX and ("o.* - . - 
 Held and I'll* - 
 Wlillhread anil Co. - 
 <'oi!llie and Cii. . - - 
 Iliiart* and f)o. 
 KllHit. Watni'v, and Co. 
 C liviTt and Co. ... 
 Alaiin. Cio^snian. and (V>. 
 t:harrini;tnn, He.til, .uid Co, 
 T.tylor, \\'alker, and I'li. - 
 lioditii; antl Co. • 
 Cour.tt'e and Co. 
 
 Those niarkeil thus * brew |iortet' only. 
 
 ISIG 
 
 ISI7 
 
 IStS 
 
 IS 111 
 
 IS'id 
 
 ISJI 
 
 ISVJ 
 
 lyn. 
 
 qm. 
 
 qr«. 
 
 qrs. 
 
 qrn. 
 
 qn. 
 
 qra. 
 
 \\t 
 
 nil 
 
 in.-. 
 
 10.'. 
 
 till. 
 
 UK 
 
 ll'i 
 
 Vll 
 
 11.1 
 
 lir, 
 
 11'. 
 
 11.1 
 
 \w 
 
 IVI 
 
 1 *7 
 
 fit 
 
 m 
 
 .'.'» 
 
 (111 
 
 1;.'. 
 
 (ill 
 
 • fi7 
 
 M 
 
 .'.1 
 
 .'.(i 
 
 .'.r. 
 
 M 
 
 ttl 
 
 .'>.') 
 
 4.-t 
 
 61 
 
 .^1 
 
 .11 
 
 .'I'i 
 
 .'..1 
 
 .'il 
 
 *l 
 
 It 
 
 4.1 
 
 4.'. 
 
 4S 
 
 17 
 
 Vi 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 .'il 
 
 .1.1 
 
 .-.-. 
 
 .10 
 
 11 
 
 V'l 
 
 .HI 
 
 -1'i 
 
 .-(. 1 
 
 .Ti 
 
 .11 
 
 •n 
 
 '^H 
 
 ."■1 
 
 .1.-. 
 
 r,-i 
 
 If) 
 
 l'» 
 
 •i\ 
 
 •n 
 
 IC. 
 
 ■M 
 
 ,11) 
 
 '^^ 
 
 '^1 
 
 i\ 
 
 ■il 
 
 '^'.1 
 
 •i-. 
 
 vi; 
 
 17 
 
 IS 
 
 17 
 
 \!> 
 
 1.'. 
 
 Hi 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 1'. 
 
 1.1 
 
 1.'. 
 
 11; 
 
 11; 
 
 n 
 
 1.1 
 
 1.1 
 
 II 
 
 It 
 
 1'. 
 
 III 
 
 t G'i'.isslh. sugar. 
 
 The duties on beer were even more indefensiblo 
 
 effected in the moile of living of the middle and from the mode in which thev were charged thai» 
 
 from t 
 
 "cripttf 
 
 nil the 
 
 duty fe 
 
 the con 
 
 is singu 
 
 pressivo 
 
 iiut h 
 
 beer arif 
 
 it was b 
 
 granting 
 
 that wer 
 
 IKW no 
 
 beer will 
 
 'iMiiuallv 
 
 tionaries 
 
 to the oc 
 
 'inturallv 
 
 of their' I 
 
 loiid mom 
 
 tlistrict.s a 
 
 grossing r 
 
 "'0 appear 
 
 a ready nil 
 
 very worst 
 
 nboiition oi 
 
 Jpnve to nil 
 
 "lit proper 
 
 siires. The 
 
 nri; taken o 
 
 fixed bv thi 
 
 \Vm. IV. c. 
 
 «ioners of e.> 
 
 'vere bo'ind 1 
 
 to all porsom 
 
 thorn to sell 
 
 '"'litrerently 
 
 conseqiirnce 
 
 founded it is 
 
 <;rease and b 
 
 ;^ •'■' Wm. I 
 
 license to refj 
 
 contingent oil 
 
 a certiticatc ol 
 
 tain persons r 
 
 It al.so raised L 
 
 reduced the cl 
 
 •Inink on ihil 
 
 iireiiow(l8.');il 
 
 «'i abstract otf 
 
 Person's apit 
 
 'IrnnkonthejX 
 
 Character. S^-i 
 
 to sell beer „, 
 
 bouse or on tl 
 
 to and depo.sif 
 
 collector, or otl 
 
 license withinl 
 
 person apph-if 
 
 retail, a certiliJ 
 
 and being nndl 
 
 taiit.s of such 
 
 rated therein , 
 
 occupying, a ho 
 
 icss than C/., i 
 
 common brewl 
 
 rituous liquors I 
 
 "s or proprietJ 
 
 "qiiors, beer, of 
 
 person npplvinj 
 
 'cr; andat'thd 
 
 overseers of thl 
 
 certify (if the || 
 
 "I'labitants rcsl 
 
 «i'ch certificatol 
 
 "[ the .schedulJ 
 
 "'"■ays, that iil 
 
ALE AND BEER 
 
 r.> 
 
 from thrir amount. Tlicy affoctpd only that do- I mnintainiii^; its own poor, in wliich there nrc not 
 doriptioii of ht'or wliicli w.x'threweil for sale; nnd i\n ] 10 inhal)itmit8 riitod to their relief to the amount of 
 nil the lii^'her oIuhsos hrewed their own beer, the 0/. ench or not occupyinj; housen respectively rale.l 
 
 >r. 
 
 duty fell oidy on the lower and middle ranks of 
 the community, and piirticulurly the former. It 
 in .singular that n tax ho );ro.s»ly unequal and op- 
 prcssivo should have been so lon^ submitted to, 
 
 Jtut besides the obstacles to the consumption of 
 beer arisiufr from the oppressive duties with whi<'b 
 it was burdened, the system formerly in force for 
 j;rantinK licenses for its sale opposed ol)staclos 
 that w('rc hardly loss formidable. I'reviously to 
 IKIII) no one coidd o|)en a house for the sale of 
 beer without tirst obtainini; a license renewable 
 annually from the mat;i»trates; and as these func- 
 tionaries wore accustomed only to ^raut licenses 
 to tlu! occupiers of particular houses, the brewers 
 naturally endeavoured, in order to oiis\ire the sale 
 of their beer, either to buy up those houses or to 
 lend money upon them; and in many extensive 
 districts a few larpe capitalists succeeded in en- 
 (^rossin^; most of the public houses, so that even 
 the appeoranco of competition was tlcstroyed, and 
 a ready market and good prices secured for the 
 \ery worst beer. We, therefore, look upon the 
 abolition of the beer duties, and the granting of 
 leave to all persons to retail beer on their taking 
 out proper licenses, as highly advantageous mea- 
 sures. The conditions under which such licenses 
 are taken out, and the sale of beer conducted, arc 
 lixcd by the Acts 1 \Vm. IV, c. (j-l, aiul the 4 it 5 
 AVm, I\'. c, 85, Under the former the commis- 
 sioners of excise, or other persons duly authorised, 
 were bcind to grant licenses, costing '21. '2s. o. year, 
 to all persons not excepted in the act, empowering 
 them to sell ale, beer, porter, cider, Ac. to be drunk 
 iiiilijfervntli/ either on or off the premises. Hut in 
 c(msefiuenco of the complaints (whether well or ill 
 founded it is now needless to inquire) of the in- 
 crease and bad character of beer shops, the Act 4 
 & 5 Wm, IV, c, 85 makes the obtaining of a 
 license to retail beer to be drunk on the premises 
 contingent on the ap|)licant being able to produce 
 a ccrtilicate of good character, subscribed by cer- 
 tain persons rated at a certain amount to the' poor; 
 it also raised the cost of such license to 3/. 3s., and 
 reduced the cost of a license to sell beer not to be 
 ilrunk on the premises to I/. Is. These licenses 
 arc now (1853) (i(!s. ijrf. and '22s. ()J</. We subjoin 
 an abstract of the Acts. 
 
 Person's applying for a License to sell Beer to he 
 ilrunk on the premises, to deposit a Ccrtijicate of'</ootl 
 Character, S;c. — Kvery person applying for a license 
 to sell beer or cider by retail, to be drunk in the 
 lioiiso or on the premises, shall annually produce 
 to and deposit with the commissioners of excise, 
 collector, or other person authorised to gr.int such 
 license within the parish or place in which the 
 person applying intends to sell beer or cider by 
 retail, a certiticate signed by G persons residing in 
 and being and describing themselves to bo inhabi- 
 tants of such parish, place, A-c., and respectively 
 rated therein to the poor at not less than (!/., or 
 occupying a house therein ratcil to the poor at not 
 less than 61., none of whom shall bo maltsters, 
 common brewers, or ])crson;i licensed to sell spi- 
 rituous liquors or beer or cider by retail, nor own- 
 ers or proprietors of any houses licensed to sell 
 liquors, beer, or cider by retail, stating that the 
 person applying for the license is of good charac- 
 ter; and at the foot of such certificate one of the 
 overseers of the parish, township, or place shall 
 certify (if the fact be so) that such (J persons are 
 inhabitants '■csijcctively rated as aforesaid; and 
 such certificate shall respectively be in the form 
 of the schedule annexed to this Act: jjrovided 
 always, that in any parish, township, or district 
 
 to the poor at )!/. each (not being maltsters, conunou 
 brewers.or persons licensed to sell spirituous liipiors 
 or beer or cider by retail), the corllticale of the ma- 
 jority of the inhabitants of such parish, township, or 
 district maintaining its own poor, as are rated ti> 
 the amount of 0/. eacdi, shall be deiined to be ii 
 sullicient certificate for the purposes of tliis Act. 
 (I it 5 Wni. IV. s. 2.) 
 
 Pciuilty on Overseers. — Any overseer who shall, 
 without due cause, refuse to certify that the per- 
 sons who have signed the ccrtilicate are respec- 
 tively rated to the poor's rate as aforesaid to forfeit 
 not more than 5/. (Sec, 3.) 
 
 Beer drunk in sheds. — Any person licensed imder 
 the Act 1 Wm. IV. c. M to sell beer, cider, Ac. 
 Bot to be consunu!d on the premises, who shall 
 employ, permit, or sutler any person or persons to 
 take or carry any beer, Ac. from his bouse or pre- 
 mises, to be drunk or consumed for his benefit or 
 prolit, in any other house, tent, shed, Ac. belong- 
 ing to, or hired, used, or occupied by such licensed 
 person, such beer, Ac. sliall be hehi to have been 
 cousumcd on the premises, and the person selling 
 the same shall be subject to the like forfeitures 
 and penalties as if it had been actually drunk or 
 consumed in a house or U|)on premises licensed 
 only for the sale thereof, (Sec, 4.) 
 
 Billetlni/. — I'rovisions for billeting soldiers 
 under Mutiny Acts to extend only to those licensed 
 to sell beer or cider to be drunk in the house or on 
 the premises, and not to extend to those licensed 
 to sell beer not to be consumed on the premises. 
 (Sec. .5.) 
 
 Justices to regulate the Opcnimj and Closing of 
 Houses. — .Tustices in jictty sessions arc authorised 
 to fix the hours at which houses and premises 
 licensed to sell beer under this Act shall be opened 
 and closed; but any person thinking himself ag- 
 grieved by any such order may appeal at any 
 time, within I months from its date, to the justice's 
 in quarter sessions, on giving the justices making 
 the order 14 days' notice of liis intention; and the 
 decision of the justices in ([unrter sessions shall be 
 linal: provided, however, that ihc hour to be fixed 
 for opening anv house sliall not in any case be 
 earlier than 5 o clock in the morning, nor for clos- 
 ing the same later than 11 o'clock at night, or 
 before 1 o'cKick in the afternoon on Sunday, tiood 
 Friday, (.'hristmas Day, or any day appoint;''d for 
 a public fast or thanksgiving ; and the hours sa 
 lixed by the justices, with reference to the districts 
 within their jurisdictions, shall be taken to be the 
 hours to be observed and complied with under this 
 Act as fully as if the same had bec.i specially ap- 
 pointed by it. (Sec. G.) 
 
 Constaliles, i,'c. to visit licensed ITouses. — All con- 
 stables an<l oflicers of police are authorised to enter 
 into all houses licensed to sell beer or spirituous 
 liquors to be consumed upon the premises when- 
 ever they shall think proper; and if any person 
 licensed as aforesaid, or any servant or person in 
 his employ or by his direction, shall refuse to 
 admit such constables, Ac. into such house <t 
 premiscK, the person having the license shall for 
 the first offence forfeit and pay any sum not ex- 
 ceeding 5/., together with the costs of conviction, 
 to be recovered within 20 days before 1 or more 
 justices; and it shall be lawful for any 2 or nioro 
 justices, upon any person being convicted of such 
 ofl'ence for the second time, to adjudge (if they 
 think lit) that such offender be disqualified from 
 selling beer, ale, porter, cider, or i)crry, by retail, 
 for 2 years after such conviction, or for such 
 shorter space as they may think proper, (Sec. 7,^ 
 
 \ • 
 
 i 
 
 ■ i 
 
 : ^ ■ 
 
 i 
 
 
 9 
 
20 
 
 ALE AND BEER 
 
 Pcnnltij for vtahing or us'inci fuhe rert'ificateit. — 
 Vcrsons ccrtifviiif,' any matter iiaving rcffrciice to 
 tliis Act as true, wlio know the same to be fulsc, 
 o- iisin^; any <'erlilioate, knowing; the same to bu 
 lorj^od, sbali, on conviction of such otTcncc before 
 2 or more justices, forfeit and ]>ay tiic sum of 20/. ; 
 and ever)' license (,'raiited to any person making 
 use of any certilicate to obtain tlie same, sueli 
 jicrsons knowincj such certilicate to be forf;eil, or 
 the matters certiliod therein to be false, shall bo 
 void to all intents and jjurposes ; and any person 
 usiiii; siu'h certilicate shall be disqualilied for ever 
 from olitnining a license to sell beer or c'der by 
 retail. (Sec. K) 
 
 A'o License to he riranted without n Certificate. — 
 Xo lict'ii'.e for the sale of beer or cider b' retail to 
 be eonsiinied or drunk in the house or on the 
 premises shall b3 fjr.inted, except upon the cer- 
 tilicate hereby retpiired : provided, that in all 
 extra-parochial places the certilicate rccpiired by 
 this Act may be lif^ned and given by inhabitants 
 rated in the poor at 61. in any adjoining parish or 
 parislies. (.Sec. 9.) 
 
 Iietdilers to produce their Licenses on Reqni.iition 
 of 2 Miii/istrates. — In case any complaint be laid 
 before 2 justices against any licensed jierson for 
 an otu'iice against the tenor of his license, or 
 against this Act or the Act 1 ^\'m. IV. c. 01, the 
 saidjustices mayreqnire siu'h person to produce his 
 license before them for their examination; am 
 lie wilfully neglect or refuse so to do, he shul 
 forfeit for such offence any sum, not exceeding ;')/, 
 the saidjustices shall think proper: and such per- 
 son may be convicteil, proceeiled against, and 
 dealt with for such ofl'ence in the same manner. 
 viiitdtis viHldnilis, as i.-i dirccfeil by the Act 1 
 AVm. I\'. c. (il, witli regard to persons guilty of a 
 first oll'ence against said Act; and the ))enalty im- 
 posed for such oll'ence is to lie apjilied in the 
 maimer tliai a ]ieiialty for a lirst offence against 
 said Act is . irected to be applied. (Sic. Id.) 
 
 ConHniiiince of Powers, yc. — The powers, ]iro- 
 visions, and penalties of 1 Wm. IV. c. (M, to ajiply 
 to person-i licensed under thin Act, and to llieir 
 sureties, itc. (Sec. 1 1 . i 
 
 DitlicK on Beer Lirenses. — There shall be paid 
 upon thf licenses heieliy aulhori;-ed to be granted 
 llie duties fidlowiiig; viz. 
 
 l'"or and upon every license to be taken out by 
 any iierson for the s.ile o!' beer by retail, not to be 
 <lriiiik (}r consumed in or upon the house or pre- 
 mises wliere s(dd, the annual sum of I/. Is. 
 
 For and ii|ion every license to be taken out by 
 any person for the sale of beer by retail, to be 
 drunk or consumed in or upon the house or )ire- 
 mises v.liere sold, the annual sum of 3/. lis. 
 (Sec. 1.!.) 
 
 The duties to be under the management of 
 oonimissioMcis of excise, and to be reeo\ cred and 
 
 ai uiited for under the jirovisioiis of the Act 1 
 
 M'ni. IV. c. 01. (Sec. 11.) 
 
 Aol to affect Ihttii on Licenses to retail Cider and 
 Pern/. — Nothing in this Act. shall affect the 
 amount of duty p^iyable under the I \Vni. 1\'. 
 c. (il. on licenses to retail eider and perry; but 
 every such license shall spciily whether it be 
 granted for the sale of eider ami perry by ret.ail 
 not to lie drunk in the house or (iremises where 
 sold, or for the retail of the same to be drunk in 
 the house or premises where solil. (Sec. 15.) 
 
 /licenses under this Act not to authorise Persons 
 tn .sell h^ine, — No license granted under the Act 1 
 Win. IV. c. til and this Act, shall authorise any 
 ]ierson to take out or hold any license for the sale 
 of wine, spirits, or sweets or made wines, or mead 
 orinetheglin; and if aii) person licensed under the 
 Act 1 Wm, IV. c, 04 and this Act, shall permit 
 
 or .suffer any wine, siiirits, &c. to be brought into 
 his house or premises tobe drunk or consumed there, 
 or sliall suffer them to be drunk or consumed in 
 his hc;use or premises, he shall, over and above 
 anv excise penalties to which he may be subject, 
 forfeit 20/. (Sec. H!.) 
 
 J'enalti/ on unlicensed Persons. — .Such persons 
 selling beer and cider by retail to bo drunk olV 
 the premises, 10/.; to be drunk on the premises, 
 20/. (See, 17.) 
 
 Hoard over the Door. — F.very person licensed to 
 sell beer, cider, or perry, by retail, under the 
 autiiority of the Act 1 \Vm." IV. c. Gl and thi;( 
 Act, sh.all, on the board required by the former 
 Act to be placed over his door, jiaint and keep 
 thereon, after the wor<ls 'licensed to sell lieer or 
 cider by r.'tail,' the ailditioiial words, ' not to be 
 drunk on the premises,' or ' to be drunk on the 
 premises,' as the case may be, on (lain (.f forl'.'it- 
 iiig the penalty imposed by such Act for not having 
 such board over the door. (Sec. IX.) 
 
 What is retailing of lieer. lye. — ICvery sale of beer 
 or of cider or ])erry, in any less (|uantity than IJ 
 gallons shall be deemed and taken to bu a sale by 
 retail. (Sec. 19.) 
 
 Penalties for selling Spirits or Wine without a 
 License. — Persons licensed to sell bei r or cider 
 under the Act 1 \\ni. IV'. e. Gl and this Act, who 
 sell spirit.s or wine, sweets, &c. without being 
 if lieenseii, are li.able to the penalties imposed by the 
 laws of excise for selling s|)irits or wine, sweeta, 
 itc. without license. (Sec. 20.) 
 
 Certificate not to he required for Houses in certain 
 Situations, if Popidation crrccr/ 5,000. — The before- 
 mentioned certilicate shall not be required as to 
 any house situated within the cities of J.,ondon aiiii 
 Westminster, or within any parish or place within 
 the bills of mortality, nor witiiin any city or town 
 corporate, nor within the distance of 1 mile from 
 the place used at the last election as the jilace of 
 election or polling jil.ace of any town returning a 
 member to p.irliament, provided that the popu- 
 lation, determined according to the last parlia- 
 mentary census taken in such city, town, itc. 
 shall exceed 5,000, provided that no license for 
 the sal(! of beer, ale, porter, cider, or perry by re- 
 tail on the premises in the cities of l.,ondoii and 
 Westminster, or in any parish within the bills of 
 mortality, or in any such city or town corporate, 
 or town returning a member to parliament as be- 
 fore mentioni'il, shall be granted after the 5th day 
 of April, WM\, unless the house or premises speei- 
 lied as those in which beer or cider is intended to 
 be sold shall be of the value of 10/. per annum. 
 (Sec. 21.) 
 
 Form of Certificate referred to in Sec, 2. 
 
 We, the undersigned, being inh.abitants of the 
 pari; 'i j or townshi)) ".s" the ease niai/he \ of 
 •i.id resijcctively rateil to the poor at not less than 
 G/. per aiinuni, and none of us being m.altsters, 
 common brewers, or persons licensed to .sell spi- 
 lituous liquiir~, or being licensed to sell beer or 
 cider by retail, do hereby certify. That A. H., 
 dwelling in street \ here specify the street, 
 
 lane. S>-c. \ in the said parish ( or township, Ifcc. ] 
 is a person of good character. 
 
 [y/t'/e insert the dai/ of siyning the certificate.^ 
 (Signed) /;. /'. 1 
 
 <:. IL 
 
 L K. 
 L. M. 
 N. 0. 
 
 r.Q. 
 
 I do hereby certify, that aH the above-mentioned 
 persons whose names are subscribed to this cer- 
 tilicate arc inhabitants of the parish lor township, 
 
 [JTcre state thercsidence 
 of .(ich of the persons 
 signing. \ 
 
 (Sec' 
 
ALE AN 
 
 Ac] of rated to C/. to the rolief of tlio 
 
 poor of the said parish. 
 
 c. n. 
 
 [Overseer of the pariah or township, itc. ] 
 
 Date 
 
 In addition to the above tlm fnUowinp; clauses 
 of tlic Act 1 VVm. IV. c. ti-I, are still in force : — 
 
 I'ersons tradini; in partncrsliip and in one house 
 shall not he obliged to take out more than one 
 license in any one year, i)rovide<l also, that no one 
 license shall authorise any person to sell beer, in 
 anv other than the house mentioned iu such license. 
 (See, 10.) 
 
 In cases of riot or expected riot or tumult, every 
 person licensed under this Act, and kcepini; any 
 house situate within their jurisdictions, shall close 
 his house at any time which the justice or justices 
 shall direct ; and every such person who shall 
 keep open his house at ir after any hour at which 
 such justices shall have so ordered or directed such 
 house to be closed, shall be deemed to have not 
 maintained f;ood order .and rule therein, and to be 
 friiill V of an offence ayaiiist the tenor of his license. 
 (Sec." 11.) 
 
 Kvery person licensed to sell beer by retail, shall 
 sell (exce|)t in quantities less than a half pint) by 
 the gallon, quart, pint, or half-pint measure, sized 
 ."iccordinf; to the standard ; anci in default thereof, 
 he shall for every such olFcnce forf''^ the ille;.;al 
 measure, and pay not exceeding l'\i., toj^etlier 
 with the costs of the conviction, to be recoveriHl 
 within thirty days next after that on which such 
 ollence was committed, before two justices; such 
 I'cnalty to be over and above all peinilties to 
 which the od'ender may be liable under any other 
 Act. (Sec. 12.) 
 
 Every seller of beer by retail, haviiii; a license 
 under this Act, who shall permit any person to be 
 {guilty of drunkenness, or disorderly conduct, in 
 the house mentioned in such license, shall forfeit 
 the sums following;' : for the lirst offence, not less 
 than 40.1. nor more than 5/., as the justices, befiire 
 whom such retailer shall be ccmvicted, shall ad- 
 ju(lj;c; and for the second offence, any sum not 
 less than .')/. luir more than 10/.; and for the third 
 otl'ence, any sum not less than 201. nor more than 
 CO/. ; and it shall be lawful for the justices, before 
 whom any such ccmviction for such third olVeuce 
 shall take place, to adjudge, if they shall tliiidi lit, 
 that such offender shall be disqualilied from selling 
 beer by retail for the space of two years next en- 
 suing suL'h conviction, and also that no beer shall 
 be s(dd by retail by any person in the house men- 
 tioned iu the license of such olTerider; and if any 
 Jicrson so licensed shall, knowingly, sell any beer, 
 ale. or porter, made otherwise 'ban from malt and 
 hops, or shall mix, or cause to be mixeil, any 
 drugs or other iiernicious ingredient with any 
 beer sold in his house, or shall IVaduleiilly dilute, 
 or in any way adidterate, any such beer, such 
 oU'endiT shall for the lirst olVcnce forfeit not less 
 tluin lit/, nor more than 20/., and for tlie secoml 
 such otl'ence such ofli'iulcr shall be adjudged to be 
 dis(|nalitied from selling beer, ale, or |)ortcr, by 
 retail, for the term of two years, or to Ibrl'eit not 
 less than 20/. nor more than 60/., and shall be 
 subject to a like penalty at every house where lie 
 shall commit such oll'encc; and if any person shall 
 during any term in which it shall not be lawful 
 for beer to be sold by retail on the premises of any 
 offender, .sell any beer by retail on such premises 
 knowing that it was not lawful to bo sold, such 
 iilfender shall forfeit not less than 10/, nor more 
 than 20/.; every person suffering the conditions 
 tif the license to be infringed to be deemed guilty 
 of <lisordcrly conduct. (Sec. 1;>.) 
 
 lletailers' houses not to be open before four in the 
 
 D BEER 
 
 21 
 
 morning, nor after ten in the evening; nor between 
 the hours of ten in the forenoon and one in the 
 afternoon, nor at any time between the hours of 
 three and five iu the afternoon on any Sund.ay, 
 (lood Friday, Christmas-day, or any day appointed 
 for a ))ublic fast or thanksgiving : and any person 
 ofTcniiing herein shall forfeit lOs. for every offence ; 
 everv separate sale to be deemed a separate ollence. 
 (Sec'. 11.) 
 
 All jicnalfies under this Act, except for selling 
 beer by any person not duly licensed, sholl be re- 
 covered, upon the information of any person before 
 two justices in petty sessions; and every such 
 penaltyshall bo prosecuted forwithin three calendar 
 months next alter the offence; and every person 
 licensed niuler this .Vet, who shall be convicted 
 before two justices, shall, uidess proof be adduced 
 to the satisfaction of such justices that such per- 
 son had been theretofore convicted before two 
 justices, within the space oi twelve calendar months 
 next preceding, bo adjudgeil by such justices to be 
 guilty of a lirst ollence against this Act, and to 
 forfeit and pay any i)enalty by this Act imposed 
 for such offence, or if no specific ])i'nalty be im- 
 posed, then any sum not exceeding 5/., "together 
 with the costs of the conviction ; and if ])roof be 
 adduced to the satisfaction of such justices that 
 such ])erson had been previously convieteil, within 
 the s|)ace of twelve caletnl.tr months ne.xf preceding, 
 of one such otlence only, such person to be adj udged 
 guilty of a second offence against this Act, and to 
 forfeit and pay any penalty by this Act imposed 
 for such offence, or if no specific penalty be .so 
 imposed, then any sum not e.'cceeding 10/. together 
 with the costs of conviction ; and if proof shall be 
 adduced that such person bad been ])reviously 
 convicted, within the space of eighteen calendar 
 months next preceding, of two such separate 
 offences, and if proof be adduced that such person 
 so charged is guilty of the offence charged against 
 him, such person shall be adjudged to be guilty of 
 a third offence against this Act, an<l to forlcil ami 
 pay any penalty imposed by this Act, in resjiect of 
 such ollence, or if no such specific penalty shall be 
 imposed, then to forfeit and pay the sum of f)0/., 
 together with the costs of conviction. (Sec. 15.) 
 
 The iiarty, convi<'tcd of any such third offence, 
 may appeal to the general sessions, or quarter 
 sessions then next tusiiing, unless held within 
 twelve days al'tcv conviction, and in that case, to 
 the then next subsiM|uent sessions; and, in such 
 case, the party convicted shall enter into a reeog- 
 nisance,wuli two sureties personally to appear at the 
 said general or (piarter sessions, to abide thejudg- 
 meiiL of the court; and to pay such costs as shall 
 be by the court owarded ; or, in failure of the party 
 convicted entering into such recognisance, such 
 conviction shall remain good nnd valid; and the said 
 justices who shall take such reconnisance are also 
 recpiircil i,i bind the jierson who shall make such 
 charges toappearat such general orquartersessions, 
 lln^n and there to give evidence .against the person 
 charged, and, ii; like mainicr. to bind any other 
 person who shall have any knowledge of such 
 ollence ; and it tliall be Lawful for the said general 
 or (piarier sessions to adjudge such jhi'sou to be 
 guilty of such third ofVcnce against this Act, and 
 'such a<ljudicalion shall be final; and it shall be 
 lawful for such general or quarter sessions to 
 l)unish such otl'ender by fine, not exceeding 100/. 
 together with the costs of such a|)pcal, or to uiljudgo 
 the license to be forfeited, or that no beer be sold 
 by retail in the house for the term of two years, 
 and if such license shall be adjudged to be forfeited, 
 it shall henceforth be void; and whenever, in such 
 case, I lie license of such offender shall be adjudged 
 to be void, such oll'euder shall bu deemed incapable 
 
 . I 
 
w 
 
 22 ALE AND BEKR 
 
 of scUinft heoT, ale. or porter, by retail, in any 
 house, kept bv him, for the siiiiec of two years, to be 
 computecl f'roin tlie time of sueh adjudication ; and 
 ;uiv license granted to sueh person during such 
 term shall be void. (Sec. IG.) 
 
 In default of payment of penalties, procecdnigs 
 may be had against the sureties. (See. 1».) 
 
 Any person summoned as a witness who shall 
 neglect or refuse to appear, and not make such 
 rcirsoui'lde excuse for such negltct, Ac, as shall 
 be admitted by sueh justices of sessions, or who, 
 appearing, shall refuse to be examined, shall, on 
 conviction, fiu'feit not exceeding 10/. (Sec. 20.) 
 
 OHcnilers refusing or neglecting, within seven 
 d.-'vs after conviction, to pay the penalty imposed, 
 and anv costs assessed, such justices may issue 
 their warrant to lew tlic amount by distress and 
 sale, together with the costs of distress and sale : 
 and in everv such case, such offenders, if in cus- 
 todv, shall lie forthwith discharged ; but if the 
 goods and cliattcls arc not su(ii('ient, sueh justices 
 inay commit the offender to the eonnnon gaol or 
 hoiise of coirection for not exceeding one calendar 
 month, if the ]ienalty shall not bo above 51. ; for 
 not exceeding three calendar menihs, if the iienalty 
 shall be above .')/. and not more than 10/. ; and for 
 not exceeding six calendar months, if the penalty 
 shall be above 10/. : provided, that whenever such 
 offender shall pay to the gaoler or keeper, itr lo 
 whomsoever such justici;. shall have appointed, 
 the penalty and costs, together with all the costs 
 of apprehension and convey.'.nce to gaol, at any 
 time previous to the '■■X)iiiatiim of the ime for 
 wliicli such offender shall have been commit- 
 ted, such offender shall be forthwith discharged. 
 (.Sec. 'J I .) 
 
 No conviction under tliis Act, iK'r any adjudica- 
 tion made upon ajipeal theielVom, sli 'II be (piashed 
 'or want of form, nor rmioved by certiorari. 
 (Sec. i1.) 
 
 ILveiy action against any justice, loustable, or 
 other iierson. for .■uiythiiig ilone in execution of 
 his duty under this Act, to b(' c<mnnenccil witlii;- 
 three calendar months, and not afterwarls ; and if 
 any person be sued, he m.'iy jilead the general issue, 
 .■nid give the special matter ;n evidence. (Sec. ..<.') 
 
 TliisActnot to affect t lie two iniiversitie- nor 
 the vinliiers' company in London ; nor to prohibit 
 the sale of beer at fairs, as lieretot'or . 
 
 11. Siiitch Ale and Beer IJiitii's. — llie duties on 
 .lie ancl beer in !^cotlaiid have been for a lengthened 
 period the same as in I'ngland. 
 
 At the union in 1707, the English duties on ale 
 ■ind beer were introduced into Scotlanil. liul 
 besides s'.roiiic and small beer, the Scotcli had a^; 
 i:iterr.iediate species, which they calleil tiro-pcnni/. 
 and which w:is their favourite beverage, ""he diits 
 <Mi this description of beer was lixed at the union at 
 'Js. \^rt. a barrel. I'dr thirty years after its imposi- 
 tion, th" f|Uantity of two-penny that jiaid duty was 
 always above 100,000, and sometimes exceeded 
 500,1100, b- vrds a year. lUit in 17(!0 the duty on 
 two-|.enny was iiiere.iscd to Ms. \\d., and the con- 
 sumption iuimediately fell oil" to between 100,000 
 and '200. 000 barrels ! The quantifv that paid diitv 
 in J «00 amounted to M!t,80.J barrel's. Thi' nianufac- 
 (ure of this s]iecies of lieer ceased entirely in 1802. 
 
 7Vic KxjMrtatumof liccr anil Al( — has increased 
 very raiiiilly of late years, and ha i beeoine an im- 
 portant liraiieh of our foreign trad( . It waschecked 
 for a while by the dililcully of tixing a drawback 
 proportioned to the duty on the malt and sugar j 
 ( nipl lycd in the manufacture. Down to 1817 only | 
 two rates of drawback were .illowed, viz. Ux. ]ier 
 barrel if 2 bushel malt had been used to the barrel, 
 jind 7*. (id. if ,1 bushels were used. I'lit since this 
 epoch the mode of ascertainuig the drawback li.as 
 
 ALEXANDRIA 
 
 been greatly improved, and no fewer than nevcn 
 different rates, varj'ing by ^ bushel each, arc now 
 allow'd. The result of these and other changes 
 has been, that whereas only 177,0!'9 barrels were 
 exported in 18)0, the cxiiorts amounted in 18(ii-,") 
 to 582.583 barrels, of the ticchircd value of 
 2,148,326/. Wc subjoin 
 
 An Account of the. E.rports of Ale and Deer, in 
 liar rch, for the ten years 1850-11 j. 
 
 IS.'.fi . 
 
 iw.yj'i 
 
 ISfil - 
 
 .ITS.ICI 
 
 1S.'.7 - 
 
 ■|-.',,1-4 
 
 \HC,l . 
 
 initSi: 
 
 IS.'iS . 
 
 .'i.-i.i.s'iS 
 
 1 sr..- . 
 
 •liM.irii 
 
 is,".'! . 
 
 (ill.l.lC 
 
 IMil. 
 
 •)'IS,!ISI 
 
 ISGO- - 
 
 i.11,SK7 
 
 181)5 - . 
 
 i(ii,-.cr, 
 
 The chief consumption of British ale and beer 
 is in Australia and liritish India, to whicli coun- 
 tries more than GO per cent, of the exports are 
 sent. 
 
 ALEX.VXDKIA. So called from its illustrious 
 founder, Alexnndcr the (Jreat. The principal sea- 
 port of Kgypt, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 
 about 14 miles W.S.W. of the Canoiiic moulii of 
 the Nile; t!ie lighthouse being in lat, ;U° 11' J;!" 
 N.,h)ng. 29° 5r'lO"K. The light, which is fixed, 
 is visible 20 miles in clear weather. The situation 
 of this famous city was admirably chosen. I'ntil 
 the discoveiy of the route to India by the (Jape 
 of Good Hope, Egypt formed the centre of tlie 
 C(mimerce between thee.nstern and western worlds; 
 and Alexandria was iilacci' in the most favourable 
 position in Egypt for an emporium, being the > nly 
 port .in its northern coast where there is, at once, 
 deep water, and security for shipping throiigliout 
 the year. The ports of 'Jc^etta and Damietta, the 
 former on the west, and the latter on the eastern 
 arm of the Nile are both diflicult of entrance, each 
 having a bar, upon which there is always a dan- 
 gerous surf. Ships bound for Alexandria avoid this 
 seriou lOonvenience; and by mt.'uis o.' an arlili- 
 cial navigation, stretching from the city to the west- 
 ern branch of the Nile, it has almost tlie same faci- 
 lities for internal navigclion that are enjoyed by 
 tlie cities referreil to. 
 
 It may be iirojier, however, to mention that 
 this iirtilicial coniniunication with the Nile has 
 not .'dways been open. It cxistcil in an(i(juity, 
 but fell into decay during the barbarism ot more 
 modern limes. After being shut up for some 
 centuries, it was reopened by RIehemet Ali. who 
 dug the ^lahnioudieli canal from Alexandria to 
 Atf'li on the Nile, about 27 miles above I'osetta. 
 This iin]iortant work is 'It miles in length, OO feet 
 in bn-iidth, and from 15 to IS feet deep. It was 
 opened in 1810, but ov,-iiig p'lrtly to ihe nature of 
 the ground, partly to some defects in its construc- 
 tion, and jiarlly to the iiiud deposited by tlie 
 water of the Nile, it is diflicult to keep in repair; 
 and can o;ly be navigated by boats that ihfiw 
 little water, and are not suitable for the navigation 
 of the Nile. Ihit, with all its defects, the con- 
 struct ion of this canal has been of grcit advan- 
 tage, not to Alexandria only, but to ICgyp' and 
 even llurope. Now (18,')',)), however, that a railway 
 has been constructed from Alexandria to (,'airo, 
 the canal has beccnne of less importance. 
 
 Ports, Sv. — The ancient city was situated a 
 little more inland than the niodern one, opposite 
 to the small island of Pharos, on which was 
 creeled the liglitliouse. so celebrated in aiitiijuity. 
 (Cav-ar, JJc Hello Cicili, lib. iii. c. cxii,) This 
 islaiul was, jiartly by artilici.il means, and partly 
 by iritural causes, gradually joined to the land 
 by a inouud, and on this the niodern town is 
 principally built. The isthmus and island have 
 now tlie form of a T, its lie.ad being N.E. and S.W. 
 A square castle or tower, built on a small islet or 
 
.' '^ ■ 
 
 ft >■' :• 
 
 ri- 
 
 ,',' 
 
 V 
 
 
 ; 
 
 4:1 
 
 K 1" 
 !;t, I 
 
 • ;■•«.. !.^ 
 
 ■ itn 
 
 • ii; ,^■• 
 
•if\ 
 ron 
 'III 
 
 C.|l 
 
 f'^<-'^, at tlic 
 
 tlic iiiirtli-,., 
 
 ''Ii.irox, n,„l 
 
 •■iiK'U'iit Jiirji 
 
 •'wwii to I'n-i- 
 
 Wilidi there 
 
 ^)'riciiii side, 
 
 t'lo ancients, 
 
 ••^fretclies fr„n 
 
 alJoiit G miles 
 
 >■•< 1)0I1IU|C(| 01 
 
 t""f,'iie or miL' 
 l«nially huilt 
 
 I'aiiks. It 1,,,, 
 "'larcst, tlio eifx 
 
 'I'"- aiul <ii/riei, 
 
 "KTOIl-hlv ,,i., 
 
 '•/•".sideoC'dip. 
 
 'I.v l.iK.ys wliicli 
 J'K itliouso ; it if 
 «i)<l lias, wl.ere 
 tliinl or Wfstcn, 
 ^*itliiiial)out Hire 
 ;'!' of Marabout 
 
 JjMvcst ,,lacc.s. • 
 
 •,'"Ps. wlien in, ni 
 ^"'"1 L'_' t(, .j(, / 
 .•mcliorafru j,, ,,^,^, 
 
 i'ortM^Mors were Co 
 '"> Ill's prol.ibiiio, 
 ; ""-'I'aliy rosorte, 
 ""' port. 
 
 '•''■■'OorAsiariei 
 .'""'<■ cast oC tile," 
 
 J ;•'"'.•'■ wiiid. s,,,,,. 
 
 '• ■' '"• I'ttle tower, o 
 ^" vaterinnne.lia'.e 
 
 ,-|'' '•'•"• anehora^;,. i, 
 
 ••"" '•'^'■'>y. iu.n;,,r ,. 
 
 •■""' ■^^•vral a.;.i.|e, 
 
 'nlmaryti,|es'i,,. ' 
 
 ''""'"'""-■ Xilo (lie ;is 
 "••;'• (;^'o77„„ ;/.';, 
 
 ;)^r";r'>i'-'"...t)u,", 
 
 '" ■•■'>• IS |,ar,|,. ,„,(,' 
 
 ;''""'"'saiixo,i-ii^' "; 
 
 ■"I'Maiice of ,H,,,,v -0 
 
 ;':';-;n i-e ke„t o„-';, 
 
 .•^'•.•at or western iiari 
 .';"'■■''■ '''"mii,i,n,|,esp,al 
 "■7. •m.n.i,„T,|,„t ' 
 
 "«•"•'" iv'en.ber ,s 
 
 <l''<'lioii In- iIr. s, .„, ■ '' 
 to 1,1' ., ."i '^aiaeeiis ni 
 
 l.i'tuii'n /.iintjtnnn ifr .''o. 
 
 ^4,?: 
 
r' 
 
 
 i'"''-^^"/'i;r''n:!;:''-''-v.s;,:r!:;:i!^.- 
 
 ' •'«-". a I''reiicJim..,n 
 
24 
 
 ALEXANDKIA 
 
 of the ii.inic of Jumel arriilontally ob.sen'ed a i Tract of (ioorgc IJ. Gliddmi, Ksq, On the Cotton 
 vory valuable variety of iDiig-stapU'd cottun, I of ICijiipt.) 
 
 however, whether tlie encourapfo- 
 
 raisi'd from seeds brought from Pougola aiul 
 Scnaar, growing in the garden of JIalife I!ey af 
 (,'airo, Jumel having rejircsented its supcrioriiy 
 to tlic I'acha, its cultivation was undertaken on a 
 large scale on account of the latter ; and has suc- 
 ceeded so well, tjiat Mahfe or MakUo cotton has 
 been for a lengthened jieriod by far the |)rinci])al cotton, consi 
 article of export from Kgypt. At a later perio<l - ' - ' •' ■ 
 seeds of the Sea-i;<laiid cotton were introduced; 
 and for a while it also answered remarkably well ; 
 Its pru(liu;e, which in Kgypt was called Senuar, and 
 in Kngland 'Kgyplian Sea-island,' ranking next 
 in the estimation of the maiiufacturers to genuine 
 ' sea-island.' 
 
 The course of the Egyptian cotton tra<le has 
 been peculiar. The reader will iind the amount 
 ini|)orted from Egypt in the fidlowing page. Jn 
 1«(!0, the supply from Egypt fell to (i.'Jii.OOO can- 
 tars, after a lluctuntion from 3(Jo,10S cwts. in 
 ]»(il, to l..')7.'<,!il'2 cwts. in IHC'i. 
 
 N.|! — The gross weight of a bale of Egyptian 
 rott;.ii at Alexandria averages •_':!() rottoli or 
 'J'ift'07 lbs. ; and allowing 12 rottoli as tare foi 
 sacking and cordage, the net weight of the bale 
 will be about 219 lbs. The cantar of cotton was 
 lixcd in 1H3(; at 100 rottoli. Exclusive of the 
 cotton shipped from Egypt, about JiO.OOO cantars 
 a year are sup|ioscd to have been amnially wrought 
 lip in tlie I'acha's cotton factories at an avcnige 
 of the 10 years ending with ISvJiH: but owing, to 
 the failure of most of these establishments, the 
 quantity is now much less. (See the valuable 
 
 J'.rjiortH from Alv.viiiir/rin. iiMtWi 
 
 T.. KiiKl I 
 
 We doubt, 
 ment givn t«> the culture of cotton has not been 
 really injuri( .is to I'.gypt. At all events, we ap- 
 prehend that ' 'se cotton of that country will have 
 great dilHcul in lindiug a profitable vent in the 
 European mai is in competition with American 
 oy- the extremely iow price at. 
 which the lai u iw be s(dd. We have alluded 
 to the degeneracy of the Hen-island cotton ii\ 
 Kgypt, anil it is alleged that thf> Malic is also (!e- 
 gf-neratiiig. l!ut in tlie culture of wheat, beans, 
 barley, and rice, Egypt has nollviny; to feiir from 
 any rivalry. In this de;iarraieut of industri- she 
 is, if not superior to even' other ounitry. iufcrior 
 to none. In 1H58 we iniporu«d ;5tI,.'itiU cwt.-i. of 
 cotton from Egypt ; our irafiorts being osually 
 about two-thinis of the entire ttxjwnts. 
 
 The fact tlnit any great cliawir^ in that which 
 has been the -taph- product of i-rrpt- viz. wheat 
 and other kinds of grain, for ittmi i.ou. a precarious 
 crop, to be .sent t<) a precarious ajiatker. would he 
 a serious evil, li.ms bei 11 anticiputed by tlie viceroy, 
 when he told l)r. Forbe-swho waj* -ofiit ofi the part 
 of the (,'otton Supply .\.i-:<ociation nr wg the vice- 
 roy to further the c-ultiv ation of conimi.. that prices 
 would be a srjftlcieiit stiiiuulus, and rtiiat he de- 
 precated the ciiange. TIjm antieipatioyi was veri- 
 lied, for of late years. Eg;i pt 1ms ban to import 
 gniin, Ac. for the subsisteiir* of her peo:;ile. 
 
 We Milijoin an account wimich shows 'he ]n'in- 
 cipal artii ies, anil their egtimamed values, -aciwrteit 
 frona Ai«'xauuria in 18GG. 
 
 Dfocripllon of Merctiandix 
 
 narliy . 
 Keiiix 
 
 Kull'.ilo horns 
 eollt^tf 
 Cotion 
 C(ittui) Keetl 
 Dale* 
 Drugs 
 
 nrdctis 
 pai-lcaK"^ ! 
 
 
 liuni 
 
 lii;'«n>e - 
 LeiiliK 
 .M.!i)iita('hiri>s 
 
 .'MolhlT'Ot |.-.l 
 
 IKtrich ie.tilit 
 
 llUf • 
 Sait»^l tlidf. 
 Scwls 
 Siiiulrics . 
 Whval . 
 Al'ool 
 
 cam.ir-. 
 
 y.soii 
 
 _ 
 
 nwi.itiKi 
 
 anletK 
 
 b.Ki.niif) 
 
 catitars 
 
 l.tliD 
 
 caiunrs 
 
 OiS 
 
 
 1 ,TIH 
 
 
 4ij,si;i 
 
 ,, 
 
 .'I'i'i 
 
 aniibs 
 
 ) ,1)^0 
 
 |i;Kkai:<'.i 
 
 — 
 
 cantnr* 
 
 s.inn 
 
 rutnliH 
 
 Ifi,')!*) 
 
 t-nrU.irs 
 
 7.'.,.- Ill 
 
 anleb'i 
 
 'i^•^ 
 
 lio. 
 
 ij.miii 
 
 arUebH 
 
 •JOll 
 
 anlelM 
 
 11,70 1 
 
 (';mur« 
 
 l!/,i;iiO 
 
 i.lWI 
 
 281,.. •! 
 
 3Wl 
 
 fl,'.**l 
 
 .'i.sy'.iKW 
 .-.■»,-.i«t 
 
 i ,4IN» 
 
 fi.inia 
 
 iH.iiiini 
 y.tfiH' 
 
 DlK.J^.lll 
 
 l,l«t' 
 
 I^KSM 
 — O 
 '.(,*»> 
 
 a.i.iioi) 
 
 7 -*> 
 
 »-Hl 
 I.1,Wp«) 
 I I.MIp. 
 
 1 '111 Otill 
 
 r mmil<nM.( 
 
 Total 
 
 
 V«win 
 
 i Ouantin- 
 
 ,..,_ Enulish U'eiuhti 
 "" >i hi-r.. p,issil.lL' 
 
 Value,18GC 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 Jl 
 
 n 
 
 ^. 
 
 — qm. 
 
 I.O'il 
 
 i.iin 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 im.iia 
 
 il.Sl.llHI 
 
 ._ 
 
 vf> 
 
 ,"fin |iMr4agt,„ 
 
 ,')ll 
 
 7111 
 
 4,11") 
 
 ).'..Mil« 
 
 7.S,l(iP| twl- 
 
 •il,',llll 
 
 «(!,6(.ll 
 
 11 '.',41") 
 
 '^i);,iiii" 
 
 1, '27 1,^1 HI lml«^ 
 
 ill'l.llllO 
 
 7,nflii,siHi 
 
 li,H.1!l,llll) 
 
 iO.ITti 
 
 '^(•,'1711 liinii 
 
 :'j,6.-i 
 
 3.l.,l7il 
 
 lilil.lllO 
 
 2;,o;o 
 
 2l,i;iill cwt. 
 
 l.'4,IIIO 
 
 2l),l)0iJ 
 
 .',,1,1)0 
 
 
 7.'.,3VI 
 
 
 H 1 .7.M 1 
 
 .'; 1,1111) 
 
 iii 
 
 ."(.0 i>wt. 
 
 Kin 
 
 lll.iKio 
 
 I... 170 
 
 .MH 
 
 I.IHMl jllis. 
 
 ITII.fi"" 
 
 S.Viil) 
 
 V Htm 
 
 iin,4iMi 
 
 J.1il,.'.IKl 'cut. 
 
 iJl.ailO 
 
 UTfiM 
 
 lOl.Vi,,) 
 
 j.'iso 
 
 lI'.H'jIl „ 
 
 4,9(») 
 
 ll.'J.M) 
 
 I'l.liSO 
 
 
 — iqf'- 
 
 111-. 
 
 1 ,0.11) 
 
 _ 
 
 1,.W0 
 
 M,3nn Ipai-kages 
 
 I,.'*!*!) 
 
 S1,.1IH1 
 
 >y>,%v> 
 
 II.sllil 
 
 l-'lllHI ;l-Wt. 
 
 1 1 .snii 
 
 14, .101) 
 
 i.|,«i)n 
 
 tt.mm 
 
 5«,9IK) lib.. 
 
 .-S..'.l») 
 
 it.i.Kim 
 
 4".-lM) 
 
 ChDH 
 
 7.IIM0 ll.alM 
 
 11. will 
 
 li.'i.lSrl 
 
 
 li.iiipn 
 
 .1(i,7ni) !qr<. 
 
 7,KiJI) 
 
 ^'.fHI 
 
 41. '11 11) 
 
 Ti,»4n 
 
 'i.'i.vliO mo. 
 
 8S.1I40 
 
 3ll,.1l»l 
 
 311,, .11 
 
 ,'j'iii 
 
 l,.Viil ;iirs. 
 
 sss 
 
 v,'2.-n 
 
 2,--|) 
 
 
 IIIMIHI 1 
 
 
 IW aiNI 
 
 1.56,1H)I) 
 
 t^m 
 
 .■\,n'iil qrs. 
 
 s,;.'-,r) 
 
 1.I..«'>1) 
 
 — 
 
 l.»ii" 
 
 i.O.lll l..ile< 
 
 4.s!lil 
 
 '.'., ".') 
 
 li.-.non 
 
 Con.stantinopic and the i.slands of the Archi- 
 pelago aio great markets for the wheat and other 
 grain exported from Egypt. The supplies are, 
 however, extremely uncciiiiii. I'A'erything in 
 ICgypt depends on the Xile, and when it does not 
 ri.se to the usual height, the crops are very much 
 below an average. lieans are extensively cultiva- 
 ted, and have .sometimes been brought to Juigland, 
 but rarely, if ever, with advantage to the im- 
 porters. They are inferior to English bc.an.s, and 
 are peculiarly subject to the worm. Xo oats are 
 raised in Egypi, the horses being entirely fed 
 uponbarlcy. ,>ilk is grown to some extent. The 
 tlatc-jialm thrives in every part ol Egypt, and the 
 fruit is largely exported. It is singular, that 
 iiotwithsiaiidiiig tlie luxuriance of many of its 
 vegetalde productions, Egypt should be entirely 
 Uestituli' of timber. 
 
 M«i>rii, — Here, as at Constantinople, the cur- 
 rent money consists in part of new gold .and 
 ■ilver coins of 100, OO, 20, 10, and o piastres: mid 
 in part also of a great variety of European coins. 
 
 Aecfiwntw are kept in piawlrcs of 40 paras or mcdinis. 
 Coiisi«4»Table sums are reckoned bv the his or 
 purse «rf otiti piastres. The exchange with Eng- 
 land is generally about 100 piastres to I/. 
 
 H^'if/htx ami MeiixMics. — The vard, or j)i/i.— 
 2G-8 Jinglish inches: hence 100 piks^-Tl- 1;!« 
 Englif^h yards The measures for corn are the 
 rhihebr. "and the iinlllut or Aisloz; the liirmer = 
 ■1-:i);i Ejiglisli biishids. the latler = 'l*7:i'.i ditto. 
 The ciintirr (iTf/tiinlfil-lW ri>ilnli,\n\t llic rottoli) 
 has dirti'ret.tnami's and weights : I ri>itohi fitrfnrn = 
 il'.'MT lb, avoirdupois: 1 /o^/o/o if//f/i«o=i':;-i;"ilL. 
 ditto; \ Ti/ltitlo zaiiro or i((;o = 2-07 lbs. iliilu : 1 
 rottolo milium 1M)7 lb. ditto. {Manuel IJiiiversel 
 ill' Nclhenbrr'her.) 
 
 Diitiin. — \\ lb the exception of the arbitrary 
 princiiiles on »liicli the i:overnraent somelinies 
 fixes the prices of rommoditie.s, there is nothing 
 objectionable in their policy as to commerce. TUu 
 duties on imports are only 3 percent. W'ebelievr, 
 howevei, that a small iiicrea.se of the cu.stoms 
 duty wwuld compensate the government for the 
 
 An AecL 
 
 l'rln|.||.il 
 Other .Vn 
 
 roir« 
 
 Corn : Whrat 
 Ilarlr^ 
 Heaps 
 Mai/e or Jn 
 Corn 
 Cotton, raw 
 Klax, ilriftseit 
 
 iniiKhorunilm 
 uum, aral lu 
 
 (ieihla - 
 JIaIr or wool, .-o 
 inanulactumof . 
 Inilirfo ... 
 Jewell, prniout an 
 (i-kcept iliamonUi 
 net . 
 Musk 
 l>piiim 
 
 IVarls - . . 
 lla«s nnil r-ther mater 
 
 fur niaking pa|Kr 
 Seed: I.enliU - 
 
 Llnsi eil anil K 
 
 seed - 
 Cotton • 
 R#nna 
 
 S.Ik, raw* . . 
 .Sllksof Jnilla: 
 
 Corahs, chopiia.1, ba 
 dannas, and lus! 
 elolhs anil tither 
 handkerchiefs- 
 Crape shawls, M-ar 
 anil handkiriliie 
 and rrape in p,e,e 
 Pongees and ponu 
 
 llanilkerrhiefs - 
 M.ariufai.iuresoforh< 
 "•rts 
 Teeth, elephants' - 
 lorluLchell or lurll< 
 
 •« 
 
 •il 
 
 shell unman. ifai-lunu 
 y uol, sheep and lambs' 
 '1 II other anliles 
 Total 
 
 Arimint of the Qu 
 
 I'rlnrti«l and f),her An 
 
 halter. 
 
 Apjurel and 
 
 il.tshery - . , 
 
 Anns and ainmuujiion ; 
 f;irt'-ari!is (siu.iii) . 
 litinpowder 
 Hooks, pr.nli'il . , , 
 larnaXM. of Ul sorts . 
 I ».aN. rinilers,.'iudi'ulin 
 lopiH.r, wrought and 
 
 unwr.iiiuht - . ^. 
 Cotton V^rn 
 Cottons, entered by the 
 
 vard . . . . _ 
 
 Crtiims,enlerc.<latv,ilue y 
 Dniits and chemical 
 ^prodiicls - 
 Karth.nware .and nor. 
 
 lelain 
 Hardwares and rutlerv, 
 
 unenumerateit - '. c, 
 Iron, « ri.uKhl and un- 
 
 wnmifht - ^ . J 
 Linens entered by llie 
 
 yard ■ - • . \n 
 ."Ma. hinerv : 
 .*tteam engines - . yg 
 .\ll oiher s..rts . 
 .Mathein..tic.il inslru- 
 
 inenis 
 l'a|,..r of all sorts (in. 
 dulling paier bang, 
 lugsj . . _ . ,,„. 
 I'lae, iilateil ware 
 
 Jewe lery, and watib,., ,^j 
 I roviMiiiK (n..* other- 
 wise ilesrril>,4t . 
 Silk inanufui'iur.'s . ' 
 stationer}, other than ' 
 
 paper - - . ■ 
 Telegraphic wire, fir. ' 
 
 Hoi. liens, enlerwl hy ' 
 
 the yard (inrluding 
 those formerly entereil 
 lij tie p eiel . van 
 
 WiKiMens entered at * 
 
 v.due . 
 .VII i.lhir arllcl,.s . 
 Tutal . , 
 
 vatii 
 
AI^XANDRIA 
 
 An Account of the Quantities and Computed Values of the Principal Articles imported into the 
 United Kini/dom from Kgypt in 1801-5. 
 
 25 
 
 l'rln('i|n| nnil 
 
 
 Quanitiin 
 
 1 ('omptttiMl fUal Valua 1 
 
 
 
 IHfil 
 
 nti'i 
 
 186.1 
 
 iHnt 
 
 l86.^ 
 
 1861 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 1861 
 
 1S6,'> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 .£ 
 
 £ 
 
 rnflee .... 
 
 Ihn. 
 
 .W7,7I1 
 
 
 131,3(1 1; 
 
 Sl,S-i7 
 
 Rn,sn'i 
 
 1 21,107 
 
 11,66'. 
 
 .'.,072 
 
 931 
 
 3,019 
 
 Cum : Whfat 
 
 CWIS. 
 
 l.47y,'>M 
 
 3,«MM.'>6li,31'J,.Vtii 
 
 3(ifi,xi;h 
 
 lli,U63 
 
 67.^,A8H 
 
 1.31.'.,H'/8 
 
 900,.'.77 
 
 1. '.3,328 
 
 
 Jtitrley 
 
 
 .11.^.671 
 
 'VJ\,7.W 
 
 ■IOT,.'>'i.'. 
 
 ^1.!>>l•| 
 
 ^ 
 
 M, ',,!().'. 
 
 1 (.6,671 
 
 l.;o,3.13 
 
 I0,.~.07 
 
 
 llenns 
 
 ,, 
 
 l,G0fi,3'iy 
 
 1,466,160 t;ifiH,373 
 
 2St,'i4l 
 
 ^ 
 
 64(i,9»7 
 
 6II,6M 
 
 48(1,164 
 
 99,171 
 
 _ 
 
 Mi»;ie or Indian 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Corn 
 
 
 2Pfi.OI9 
 
 23.'(.f.m 
 
 431,19) 
 
 9,'/3S 
 
 .. 
 
 ' 9.'>,.'.7I 
 
 72,99S 
 
 I3.-.,6,'.3 
 
 2,962 
 
 _ 
 
 rotton.raw • 
 
 ,, 
 
 Sfi'i.lns 
 
 6V«i,H'J7 
 
 835,aSM 
 
 l,r.i(),17!. 
 
 l,.'i7S,91« 
 
 l,.'<l(i,K9S 
 
 3,723,110 
 
 8,841, .'..■>7 
 
 11,300,.'.<17 
 
 13,906,611 
 
 Flax. (Irt »«eil • 
 
 ^^ 
 
 'i,fvV 
 
 y.H55 
 
 1,'j.i: 
 
 1 ,»3T 
 
 _ 
 
 i fi,.SSI 
 
 7,929 
 
 .^..'102 
 
 4,09'. 
 
 
 iniitfhorundre&iictl 
 
 ^^ 
 
 M>M\ 
 
 IH.'^U 
 
 ii,i>; 
 
 3/»lii 
 
 lla 
 
 2.^,31.'. 
 
 33,(lo| 
 
 27,810 
 
 8.886 
 
 202 
 
 Uum.nratic 
 
 
 ^^.'^^^i 
 
 41 1.0'.^ H 
 
 4 7, 9.1" 
 
 2»,(179 
 
 23,lim 
 
 .'.8,117 
 
 •.8,796 
 
 1IIP,2.'.0 
 
 8H,786 
 
 81,416 
 
 (ietlila - 
 
 1, 
 
 *i,V6H 
 
 H.7y3 
 
 6,94 1 
 
 l,lfi- 
 
 l.li'it 
 
 8,398 
 
 19,231 
 
 9,192 
 
 2,23.'i 
 
 3,773 
 
 Hair or wool, gont^'* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 innnulaciuresof • 
 
 ▼nlnu 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^. 
 
 — 
 
 337,103 
 
 380,9^7 
 
 2.'.8,ni.1 
 
 2n9,92S 
 
 198,763 
 
 Inilirfo . - - . 
 
 cwt>. 
 
 3 
 
 5f.y 
 
 C51 
 
 ion 
 
 6'i 
 
 1 Hi 
 
 17,978 
 
 13,280 
 
 2,.3»U 
 
 1,311 
 
 Jewvia, precioUB stont-s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iftcejit tliamuntU), un- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! . 
 
 
 
 
 
 set 
 
 Talue 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 13,947 
 
 4,2711 
 
 21,620 
 
 S,7S( 
 
 4, .10(1 
 
 Musk .... 
 
 ounce* 
 
 riii.fii*! 
 
 ic.v,: 
 
 in.r.'ii 
 
 «i,.'il3 
 
 9,437 
 
 42,771 
 
 19,681 
 
 I2,i(i6 
 
 27,31.1 
 
 12,0S6 
 
 (>)>iiim - - . - 
 
 ll<«. 
 
 y,.'>Hi 
 
 «,M1 
 
 4,63^ 
 
 4,IT9 
 
 1,»1.-) 
 
 1 1,16! 
 
 .3,717 
 
 2,289 
 
 2,71.'. 
 
 1,176 
 
 IVari* .... 
 
 vdlue 
 
 ._ 
 
 — 
 
 ~ 
 
 — 
 
 
 I Cl>,220 
 
 G8,10U 
 
 47,660 
 
 17.2UI 
 
 12,100 
 
 ItauH Ami niher mntcTiaU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fur ni;ikinf;|in)»tT 
 
 tons 
 
 ^,ntt^ 
 
 4.r.in 
 
 !l,fi-3 
 
 1,771 
 
 84.'' 
 
 33,916 
 
 .'.3,728 
 
 3.'.,^38 
 
 26,1.16 
 
 13,626 
 
 Sevd: LeniilH - 
 
 bUbbeU 
 
 1 4,161 
 
 31C,Vi(i 
 
 291,.'.j(i 
 
 63,.5|.S 
 
 .. 
 
 26,891 
 
 63,.3U4 
 
 i8,3lo 
 
 11,762 
 
 
 Lin^t -Ltl and Flax. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SMXI - 
 
 t\n. 
 
 10,%7 
 
 in.iM 
 
 '.(.IT- 
 
 «,I91 
 
 1,28(1 
 
 26,39H 
 
 28,786 
 
 6,8.58 
 
 7,'>'i'. 
 
 3,392 
 
 Cutiun - 
 
 tn.lH 
 
 }'.*,m:> 
 
 :5.-,ii.'.'.i 
 
 r.i,;is 
 
 H4,IIIS 
 
 113,7111 
 
 117,219 
 
 270.O.-11 
 
 49'.l,l.-i6 
 
 6I.'),07S 
 
 S2!l,208 
 
 Rennii - - . - 
 
 llM. 
 
 r.3fi,*i-"»*i 
 
 'i.T.l.T.Ti 
 
 !(.M.IF■.'^ 
 
 .iK,i;i)i 
 
 4,m3.-. 
 
 7,191 
 
 4,218 
 
 4, .-.2.'. 
 
 .')■. 1 
 
 92 
 
 Sijk.niw* 
 
 ,, 
 
 l.h'JO/vil 
 
 i.l.Tl.llij 
 
 1,779,013 
 
 3,IUI,I1G 
 
 .'.,0i4,ji-l 
 
 1,«21,.'.65 
 
 5flO'J,3lii 
 
 4,637, I5.-I 
 
 3,711,132 
 
 6,102,321 
 
 MilkHot'Imlta: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CorahH, choppas. ban- 
 dnnnax. and tuvsore 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 clutht and other ftilk 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 handkiTctiivftt- 
 
 pieces 
 
 ««,0SO 
 
 19,93.'. 
 
 U,I6V 
 
 21,01.-, 
 
 11,7.3(1 
 
 ' 19,96.'. 
 
 18,183 
 
 13,9.-.3 
 
 21, OK 
 
 11,830 
 
 Crajie ihawU, srarft. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and li-indkt'rrtiietK; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and rrape ii» )ii*H-es 
 
 IbR. 
 
 lo.'r^'! 
 
 6,09S 
 
 9,779 
 
 I3,r,'.ir, 
 
 IR,3n8 
 
 I 23,281 
 
 11,667 
 
 2J,1I3 
 
 26,19E 
 
 48,912 
 
 Pimrws and jionj;** 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ll<in<lker^hie^^ - 
 
 piece* 
 
 4,yri 
 
 8,.S4 
 
 4,1(17 
 
 2,l)'^i 
 
 2,2 in 
 
 4,071 
 
 6,979 
 
 4,079 
 
 l,.16l 
 
 3,074 
 
 Maiinfai'tures uf orher 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^rf. 
 
 vnliie 
 
 «. 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10,967 
 
 6,1130 
 
 4,71! 
 
 4,Sls 
 
 16,693 
 
 Teeth, elephants' - 
 
 cwls. 
 
 1,0 w 
 
 i;,lOT 
 
 1,!4I 
 
 i,."i,V. 
 
 cm; 
 
 2.t,6,s', 
 
 ,'|I,,1S9 
 
 34,.3;ii 
 
 73,012 
 
 2V307 
 
 To»ti)i«f%hell ur tnrtle- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shpll iininrin'it'arlurt'd 
 
 \U. 
 
 i.!)?: 
 
 ^''iV 
 
 ,'i,,'.3i 
 
 ?,47: 
 
 1,191 
 
 1,171 
 
 671 
 
 3,-.l,-. 
 
 l,V.13 
 
 64'. 
 
 U':m>1, slucp iind l.utihs* 
 
 
 1,17.0,993 
 
 'i.fi'JR.lMlO 
 
 l,i6'i,S--i 
 
 l,'JS9.USI 
 
 i,sn7,7si 
 
 70,921 
 
 142,'>61 
 
 87,318 
 
 7.'.,89. 
 
 1011,271 
 
 ^Mlothtr ariii-lt-H . 
 Total 
 
 TAlue 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 __I^ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10C..'.I«2 
 S',39>,l'l3 
 
 lol.sso 
 12,2!.-.,;s3 
 
 TS.I.SI 
 In, l'.(.">, fii 
 
 77..36i 
 
 9o,992 
 
 _ 
 
 .. __= 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 I9,(.0-',2.V. 
 
 ■il,773,'i.50 
 
 1 I 
 
 In TraitMt from In.th*, China, and Jni.a i. 
 
 Arcmmt of the Quantities and Declared Yahiet of the Principal Articles of British and Irish Produce 
 Exportud from the United Kingdom to Egypt in IHOI-GJ. 
 
 
 IVim-ipal and Other Article! 
 
 Ounntititi 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 l)e< Lircil IWal \ 
 
 *:ilue 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 |H«I 
 
 IBM 
 
 1863 
 
 1861 
 
 186,5 
 
 1 IS6I 
 
 18i,2 
 
 £ 
 
 1863 
 
 1861 
 
 1S6-. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Apphfrl and halier- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 it.ithery 
 
 Talue 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ^. 
 
 210,778 
 
 236,700 
 
 2(,9,1.K) 
 
 283,2,16 
 
 338,114 
 
 Aunt and nmmmiilion * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (■ iTf-arnis (».ni.Ul) 
 
 no. 
 
 I ,n.S', 
 
 .M9n 
 
 4,997 
 
 4.698 
 
 11,712 
 
 13.711 
 
 19,907 
 
 21,90', 
 
 U^dOl 
 
 19,212 
 
 (innpowder 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Z7},'yMi 
 
 1iM),/»ftO 
 
 13l,62.'l 
 
 I83,|<»1 
 
 2r;i 
 
 1,1111 
 
 1,173 
 
 3,6,7 
 
 5,1109 
 
 16 
 
 Kouk-, pnnti-d 
 
 rwts. 
 
 n.imi 
 
 4.4V!> 
 
 i,lC6 
 
 S,K--1 
 
 .'>,!,'<» 
 
 6.',,,',3,'. 
 
 7«,7"1 
 
 81,7.'rf) 
 
 91,061 
 
 SS,l.,i7 
 
 , i'arri.iKft. of.ill soTt«i - 
 
 ni>. 
 
 .'i.'i 
 
 •i4'> 
 
 .3.' 9 
 
 ii7» 
 
 144 
 
 ,',,,M2 
 
 31,327 
 
 V.-.,',I7 
 
 77,.--5l 
 
 fi3,'.85j 
 
 • '«iil>,i-in(tfis,,-nid i-nlin 
 
 ttinii 
 
 UH.VX: 
 
 iM.ttr* 1 
 
 26l,9.'»8 
 
 3.'.6,S16 
 
 .1S8,8'^S 
 
 .',S,I.',8 
 
 78,831 
 
 123,13^ 
 
 li;s,(i4i 
 
 206,091 
 
 CupiH-r. wrought and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 utJwrmnjht 
 
 cwts. 
 
 1^,1H 
 
 'i\,^^i^ 
 
 .','!,219 
 
 74, '.91 
 
 4'.,'.'!.'. 
 
 ' 81,611 
 
 110,09.'. 
 
 26':,1S2 
 
 10',,.337 
 
 237," IS 
 
 Cotinn V^ini 
 
 lU. 
 
 l.nf,|,ja(i 
 
 y5i,v37 
 
 l,311,4nj 
 
 l,3/7,.',32 
 
 2,".U6,338 
 
 , 4>i,.-.81 
 
 .')3,cl(lO 
 
 122,96.1 
 
 116,65s 
 
 211,802' 
 
 Cottons, entered by thr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 >;ir(l .... 
 
 y.irdn 
 
 77.1i4S.79: 
 
 55,,')5l,06.^ 
 
 97 ,101, ,',31 
 
 IOC.,l.87,199 
 
 111,017,17.', 
 
 ' S67/,6S 
 
 7I9,81S 
 
 1,810,980 
 
 2,192,997 
 
 2,3.10,K5 
 
 Crttoni. eiitiTed at vnhie 
 
 value 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I0,t:i6 
 
 11,221 
 
 20,129 
 
 35,951 
 
 15,733 
 
 Dniti* and eliuntical 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 pri'iliicu - 
 
 ,, 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 , T,73J 
 
 12,i38 
 
 16,117 
 
 24,223 
 
 19,933 
 
 Kartfimware and por- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rfUin 
 
 ,, 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 7,72i 
 
 9,301 
 
 13,,-iOI 
 
 17,482 
 
 18,917 
 
 Ilardwarps and rutk-rv. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 unenutni-raltnl ■ 
 
 Cwti*. 
 
 n.yi'^ 
 
 3,76K 
 
 7,08'i 
 
 11,797 
 
 «,9',1 
 
 31,111 
 
 37,0011 
 
 .',,-.,11 6 
 
 67,620 
 
 59,283 
 
 Iron, \vriiu;;lu and un- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wroujitit - 
 
 tons 
 
 7,8.'j(l 
 
 11,-.-.: 
 
 l.'j,9S6 
 
 26,.1ii.-. 
 
 .',7,629 
 
 : 08,261 
 
 ►MH 
 
 161,689 
 
 236,090 
 
 531,198 
 
 Lintii^, entered by tht.' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >ard .... 
 
 yariU 
 
 81.S,.-0l» 
 
 4S.-.>j'.H 
 
 l,261,66i 
 
 6,712,971 
 
 3,267,321 
 
 i 27,438 
 
 if.r.r.'j 
 
 42,919 
 
 151,151 
 
 88,201 
 
 ."M.iihinerv : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hti'iun eniiinei - 
 
 value 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 9,208 
 
 .',9,.'j40 
 
 161. !9'. 
 
 31'2,S8I 
 
 369,717 
 
 All other M.rt^ ■ 
 
 „ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 62.362 
 
 74,841 
 
 262,1,21 
 
 402,071 
 
 311,971 
 
 .M.tthenMtic.il insiru- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 menis 
 
 ,^ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 13,711 
 
 14,813 
 
 21,790 
 
 13,688 
 
 16,836 
 
 i ra,HT nf all ^.irl^ (in- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 clutlinK \tA\ t-r haii^- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iuii^) - - - - 
 
 rwts. 
 
 8fi(. 
 
 f.7i 
 
 6,-,9 
 
 891 
 
 294 
 
 6,.'>27 
 
 4,23'. 
 
 3,751 
 
 3,098 
 
 1,180 
 
 rNi'f, plate<l ware, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ji'Mf U-ry,aitd watcliftf 
 
 \-*lue 
 
 — 
 
 .. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 176,S'.9 
 
 217,16.', 
 
 153,131 
 
 132,512 
 
 141,754 
 
 I'rovisniiu {ti'rf other- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lAiNe lte^^nl*»''< ) ' 
 
 ^j 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 8,1'!9 
 
 11,163 
 
 17,462 
 
 19,1 'i5 
 
 93,701 
 
 ^iIk ninnufa* lur-'i 
 
 ,^ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 , 179,617 
 
 221,810 
 
 2-,8,ll8 
 
 «71,8.',0 
 
 314.813 
 
 Siaiumer>, other than 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 paper - 
 
 ,, 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 28,'iOl 
 
 36,800 
 
 41,7.',2 
 
 46,791 
 
 .".-.'.834 
 
 Trliryriiphic wire, ftc. 
 
 ,j 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2,91.'/ 
 
 070 
 
 3(1,517 
 
 7,470 
 
 U'.i..llen*, entered I'v 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ihe yard (indudiiiic 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 thoM-'fiinnerly entered 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 by Ide p ecel 
 
 v,mU 
 
 19*1,801 
 
 131,71ft 
 
 363 /)81 
 
 6ft .'Ml 
 
 633,62(1 
 
 23,S31 
 
 l.'.,16!, 
 
 55,61.0 
 
 90,351 
 
 82..M1 
 
 WiMtMenH ent.-red at 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 v;.hie ... 
 
 value 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3,86.', 
 
 1,8.19 
 
 6,877 
 
 10,9'^.i 
 
 r.TTS 
 
 AH "thiT artk-li-a . 
 Total • _* 
 
 '• 
 
 _. 
 
 .„-_ 
 
 ZI-II 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 2.10,.5C2 
 2,278,818 
 
 23'.97K 
 .■,1.'.'>.9V2 
 
 392,211 
 I,lii6,29"i 
 
 4•.^,17^ 
 
 1ll2.".'sl 
 >.99«v««U 
 
 _— _ . 
 
 - 
 
 ■ ^ 
 
26 
 
 ALEXANDKIA 
 
 iitKililiim of()lhornp|ir(s.iivcclmrf,'('s.!in(l tlierermi 
 Ik; little iloiilit that llic country would be niatc- 
 riiillv liciu'litcd Ly the cliiuiK'-'. 
 
 yiVo^///!'.— riif'pilotiif;" l'"''l I'.v !*liip.s of war for 
 licinf; broiijilit into the W. Iinrliour is T) dolliir-', 
 and 4 dollars (or hoin^; taken oiitof ilo. Merchant- 
 vessels pay 3 dollars both on eiiterini;- and clearing. 
 The iiilol-service, lhon;;h not exempted froin 
 defeet.s, is tolerably well eondiieted. It would 
 lie convenient were i)ilots stationed nearer the 
 entrance of the port, at Jlarabont island for 
 example, or at the waterinf;-place. 
 
 Qimnintiiu:— Merchant-vessels coniiiif; w itli 
 I'dul iiills of health perform 1,') days' (piarantinc, 
 whether witli or without carno. W'lien the bills 
 are '.siispei:ted,' the (piarantine is \,'> days, if with 
 larifo, anil 10 days if in ballast. Ihit a vessel may 
 he admitted to'free-pratinue ID days after the 
 total discharf^u of her carp). The period of 
 ipiarautine fur floods is L'O days. Ships of war, 
 lirinj,'inp; foul bills, perform IJ days: with 'sus- 
 pected' bills, 7 days. 
 
 The (inarantinc cliarj^cs arc — 
 
 For 2 K»'irds, 10 piasl. each per diem, and 
 
 board. 
 For i;nard boat, l.'i jiiasl. ])er diem. 
 l'"or (lisinleclin^ tcoods, 1 to i.') piast. per bale, 
 
 accordiii}; to si/.e. 
 I"or dues, 1 to o J piast. i)er diem, according to 
 
 toimaife. 
 For the interro^jatory, from "J to !!0 pia.-t. 
 
 aceipfilinf; to tonnage. 
 Hills nf health lor vessels bound 1o the 
 
 iicvanl, 1 to ul piast. aceordiiii; to size of 
 
 vessel. 
 
 Travellers in La/arelto jiay for the ijuard 10 
 ;)iast. per day. and l.'i pia^l.for the whole term, as 
 reiit of room, and jirice of fiimifialioiis. 
 
 /,'sm/c.si;/7/;i' J'cr/. — The -general usage of the 
 [lorl, in loiidiiij; ami unlc.adinf; vessels, when no 
 "•lause of the charterparly exists to the <'ontniry, 
 !■; that Inwanl cargoes arc landed into the Cuslom- 
 housc, at the sliip's expense. As regards outward 
 cargoes, cotton is taken from the Miooiia (ware- 
 house) at the cost of the nur<hant,and isdelivcrcil 
 to the shipmaster on the (|uay. The charges for 
 p(irterage. marking, sacking and eonnnissioii, come 
 to 1.^ jiiast. per bale. The ship's subsequent 
 outlay for |ire.-sing, lighterage, stowage, A-c. is 7h 
 or S pia-t."]ier bale. 
 
 Corn seeds, Ac. an; shipped at the charge of the 
 merchant, at the cost of ■_'? jiaras per ardeb. 
 
 Flax is delivercit by the merchant on thcfpiay, 
 and liis outlay is much tlie same as on cot Ion. 
 This article is lujt jiressed, and the ship's expenses 
 frr ligliteragc and stowage are about 'J piasl. per 
 bah'. 
 
 Tlie (harge of lighters is or 10 pi.ist. per diem. 
 Arabs working on bjard in stowing. &c. are iiaid 
 I) )iia-l. tier do. 
 
 It often occurs that lighters left in llie cliargeof 
 vessels w liilst loiiding ihcet with injury. Jn that 
 case ilie Arab owihts apply against the master, 
 anil riM-over. 
 
 Most cargoes of corn, Ac. are taken from the 
 l',icha's MiDona, and a clau'^i' in the i'harleri)anics 
 gem rally obliges the ship t(j ccmforni to its dislri- 
 buticii. That is etlecifd by the receivers beii:g 
 <lass.'d iiiid (irawiiig ]ni fur pri.vity. 
 
 Th<>re is a line claimed agaiu-l vessels that 
 di-chargc iheir ballast into the liarbour, in- 
 ■Icail of causing it to b.' taken on to a pl;i<-e 
 appointed. 
 
 The fidlowing 
 Alexaiulria : — 
 
 On Sellliiri. 
 
 P" 
 
 Fri-iitliti. 'if^*. to .'().*. iiLT Ion ut' 10 fet-f, .inil I0«. prtmage, kij 
 (;iisluiii« fltilit'i ■ • ....... 
 
 rnriiTM^f unit i'anitt tiirf, ]>iiu(l- I'i to \3 |ier |taL-liaf;i'. 
 Stntill'.m*' .--.--- ••. 
 
 llfiusc aiul klreet lirnki-riitt*' >*---.. 
 
 ('rtiiiniis^ion for t'llvt liiitf wle .-.-.-. 
 i»itlo for nltt*iii|>th)i; i..tle ---•---• 
 DiMo if jirot t-vtlh an- rfinltti-d l>y bill or in slit'cie rxclti«ivi-ty 
 of I tH*r mil. liriibcMu. I ._-.... 
 
 nd t'rcHlfrt'. ir' rvtiuirt-il .------- 
 
 WurchuuM.- ri-nt ....... .. 
 
 On Biii/lmi. 
 
 rent, 
 K-3 
 
 Cu^toniH (IntlM ' 
 llmise .111(1 stri't'l lirokcrauu 
 Cniniiil^siiiii on {iurrhu%ini; 
 CnimiiisH-oii on flr-ifl^ 
 llTiilti'r.i^f 1 jiir niil. on ditto 
 
 Vi 
 1-1 
 
 1 
 
 are the charges on business at 
 
 Wnrehuiiso rent never incurred on government 
 produce, which is shipped from the .Shooiia. 
 When other produce is stored, the rent depends on 
 the time antl on the bulk of the goods. 
 Shipping charges: — 
 
 On government cotton, )>iast. IJ per b.ale. 
 Trivnte ditto, 1 i)iast. ;i0 paras, ilo. 
 • ioverimient corn, '-'" [laras per ardeli. 
 I'rivatc ilitto, piast. '* jiur ardeb. 
 (iovernment flax, piast. 1,^ per cant. 
 Private ditto, piast. 2 jier cant, 
 (iiinis, barrels, 18 to 111 |iiast. 
 Other charges, t jiiast. it) paras, 
 
 /'(>//(•;/ (;/■ Mihcimt AIL — It is much to be regret- 
 ted .Meheiuet All, who was in many respects oiu; 
 of the most extraordinary men of his age, should 
 have had no just conception of the iirinciiiles by 
 the !idopti(>n of which his plans of improvement 
 might have been ])erpetuateil, and industry esta- 
 blished on asolid foundation, lie interfered with 
 everything, and left as little as possible to the 
 discretion and enterprise of individuals. He may, 
 indeed, be said to have been the sole proprietor, 
 inaniifaclurer. farmer-general, and wholesale mer- 
 cliant in his dominions. It was no doubt siipula- 
 ted in the treaty concluded between this i ouiitiy 
 ,'iud the Turkish government iii \KiH, the pro- 
 visions of which extend to Fgypt, that tin; niono- 
 )iolies which previously existed in tin; ililli n id 
 parts of tin; Turkish empire >bould all be aljoli-lied, 
 and that, in future, all parties should bt; at liberty 
 to liny .uid sell all descriptions of produce at such 
 prices and in such a way as they tliought lit. This 
 stipuliition has, however, been olTittleconseiiuence 
 ill ICgypt; for as the largest and best |ioriion of 
 the land has become the jiroperty of the I'aclia or 
 bis dependents, and the taxes are mostly all paid 
 in jiroduce, the go\crnnient continues, in ell'ecf.in 
 possession of its old monopoly of the produce of 
 the coniitry, and has power to determine the inice 
 at which it shall be sold. \ system of thissortis 
 injiirioiis alike to tlieinterests of the pmdiicers and 
 merchants; ii .ismiich as they are both liable to 
 have their plans and specuhitioiis deranged by the 
 caprices and regulations of those in authority. 
 It is (lillicult, however, to suggest any means by 
 which this inconvenience might be avoided ; and it 
 I is much to be regretted that, when the Furopeau 
 ! jiowers dictated the terms on which the I'arhaaiid 
 ! his family should hold llie country, they did not 
 ! make some stipulations in favour of the, rights of 
 the popiilatiiin ; whicli, had ttiry been properly 
 ! devi>ed. would have been as much for the advan- 
 I tage of the I'.-ichas as of their siilijects. 
 I .iiiiiint Trade of Alcxduilria. — Aa iilreatly 
 ' remarked, Alexandria was, for a long series of 
 years — lirst under thetireek successor-^ of .\lexan- 
 1 der, and snbseipiently under the Jiomans — lie 
 I principal rnliifjot of the ancient world. Most pari 
 of the traliic between Asi:i and Europe that had at 
 I !i more e.arly [leriod centred at Tyre, was gradually 
 j diverted to this new emporium. An iniercomsc 
 
 liotweeii 
 niul thus 
 Mibsisted 
 I'^gypt an 
 t'iiiried oi 
 Jicd Sea ( 
 •■'long the 
 JJassclgat. 
 iiidin nea 
 was the ci 
 I'tolcmies 
 been unnc. 
 '•onimanik 
 linving ob.v 
 ivinds, von 
 'rom the S 
 Atlantic O 
 a prosperoii 
 I'art of in 
 ^(alahar eo, 
 "'' Indian | 
 with the f 
 emery was 
 *''<■ name of 
 ■»vhieh li.ul 
 •■>nd how I. 
 'Appear, tho,s. 
 t'onipass by ■ 
 <'"iiig t,t (1 
 imperfect st 
 ■lucient.s sel 
 ill seas wit 
 ">'ill be fonv 
 flaring were 
 ""It he was \ 
 '■onteinpoMrii 
 
 J'rom (lie 
 
 periodic.illy 
 
 Jiroduets of , 
 
 'ndiangootL 
 
 and itereiiice^ 
 
 <'"Ptos (tlie u 
 
 they \vcn' pu 
 
 Alexandria, wl 
 
 'be western wr 
 
 conveyed to M 
 
 •^c.me route. ; 
 
 ■bore of the .\, 
 
 north of therm 
 
 ''■"'."" '■' (o Copt 
 
 links. rScrenic 
 
 jsouib u,;,,,,. „ 
 
 blllJt by I'iolf.,,, 
 
 < "iitns is slated 
 
 'be diHer,.nt. re.s 
 
 tt^nuined bv the 
 
 "iii'ut lii.lavs. 
 
 ''"s stall, in" to ; 
 
 "iiTiage to C.ipti 
 
 ^rc.Mer proxiinil 
 
 •'I'd Its lessening' 
 
 i'imy savs t'h; 
 
 'nodities bniughi 
 
 iv;is iiici-eased a h 
 
 \'y the expen.se 
 
 bowever, th.ir tbi 
 
 meaning meielv 
 
 lerially enhanced. 
 
 Jike that iiientioiii 
 
 'he inipo.Mtii,,, of ( 
 
 <-<mld not p(;ssil)l\ 
 
 "'(■re expenses of 
 
 ^ib. VI. ca/). x.riii. • 
 
 '«"*•, PP. 10 J — J 7d 
 
 ""to -Jd, to.) J„ ,! 
 
 Jndiaii comui,j<liti( 
 
 by wayofAle.xa.iil 
 
t- 
 w. 
 Ul 
 
 l)V 
 !llt 
 
 ta- 
 
 ith 
 
 Llie 
 
 ay, 
 
 tor, 
 
 icr- 
 
 ila- 
 
 try 
 
 iiro- 
 
 1)0- 
 
 iiit 
 oil, 
 
 I'll 
 
 lis 
 
 1)1" 
 
 or 
 aiil 
 
 .ill 
 of 
 rice 
 
 t. is 
 
 ;\iiii 
 to 
 
 till- 
 
 liiv. 
 In- 
 lit 
 ;>l\u 
 iiul 
 iiol 
 
 v( 
 
 rly 
 aii- 
 
 lulv 
 
 4 
 Jiu;- 
 |il I' 
 i;nl 
 II at 
 Illy 
 lii=c 
 
 ALEXANDRIA 27 
 
 liotwt'fii tlio ports on tlic oasttni coast of Kfjypt, i times lhoi"o:)t of llinsr lirouj^lit by tlicCaponfdood 
 and l.lioHc oil the opposli<; coast of Arabia, liacl [ Hope. [Kast Ixdi.v ('omi-anv.] lliit KiivptwiH 
 hiibsistod from a very early pcriml. That between then occupied by tlic Mamelukesi and 'IiirkH, wlio 
 Kjiyjit and India was more recent. Itwas at iirst threw every sort of ob-tacb^ in the way of coin- 
 carried on by sliij.s, whi(-h having cniled down the iiierce, and loaded it with the most oppressive 
 lied Sea from Myos llormos and Uereniee, coasted j exactions. 
 
 alonp the Arabian shores till they reached Cape j IJcsidcs this important traffic, which supplied 
 liasnel^jate, whence ft short course bronnht them to ! I!omo and the western world with the siliis. spices, 
 India near (he mouth of the river Indus. 'I'liis precious stones, and other pvoducts of Arabia and 
 •was the course followed during the dynasty of the , India, a i;reat trade in corn was carried on from 
 Ptolemies: but about 80 years after Kgypt had Alexandria to Itome. Kgypt, for a lengthened 
 been annexed to the Koman empire, Ilippalns, the period, constituted the granary fnmi which Home. 
 
 eointnander of an Kgyplian shi]i trading lo India, 
 liaving observed the regular shifting of the t aile 
 winds, ventured to sail with the western monsoon 
 Irom the Straits of liabolmandeb right across the 
 Atlantic Ocean; and was fortunate enough, after 
 a prosperous voyage, to arrive at Musiris, in that 
 jiart of India now known by the name of the 
 Malabar coast. Having taken on board a cargo 
 of Indian jiroducc, Hippalus returned in snfety 
 ■with the eastern monsoon to Egypt. This dis- 
 covery was dccraed of so much importance, that 
 the name of the discoverer was given to the wind 
 which had carried him across the Ocean to India ; 
 ;uul how trillitig soever this voyage may now 
 apiiear, those who consider that Hippalus liad no 
 compass by which to direct his course, and thai, 
 owing to this circumstance, and the otherwise 
 imperfect state of the art of navigation, the 
 ancients seldom ventured out ofsight of land, even 
 in seas with which they were well nc([uainted, 
 r.ill he forward to admit that his enterprise and 
 daring were no wise inferior to his success ; and 
 that he was well entitled to the gratitude of his 
 contemporaries, and the respect of posterity. 
 
 I''rom the eixich of this (iiscovery, lleets traded 
 periodically from I'^gypt to Jlusiris, conveying the 
 jimducts of ICurope to India, and conversely. The 
 Indian goods having been landed at ISIyos llormos 
 .•md lierenicc were tlience conveyed b^' caravans to 
 <'oi)tos (the modern Kenne'), on the Nile, where 
 they were put on board lighters and sent to 
 Alexandria, whence they were distributed all over 
 the western world. The goods sent to India wen> 
 conveyed to Alyos Honiios and Ilerenico by the 
 sisiMC route. 5Iyos llormos was situated on the 
 slioie of the Arabian giilph, about, a degree lo the 
 north of the niodern jRirt of Cosseir. 'J'hc distance 
 fniin it lo Coplos, in a straight line, is about 70 
 mills, 
 laith, 
 
 and afterwards Constantinople, drew the princiiial 
 part of their supplies: and its jiossession was, on 
 that account, reckoned of the utmost consequence. 
 Augustus employed merchantmen of a larger size 
 lliaii any that had previously traded in the 
 Mediterranean to convey the corn of Kgypt to 
 Ostia. They were escorted by ships of war. The 
 fleet received the names of Avicn* and fclU embole ; 
 and enjoyeil several peculiar privileges. The 
 ships belonging to it were the only ones authorised 
 to hoist the small .sail called siipparum, when they 
 drew near the coasts of Italy. .S(,me of the t'asi- 
 sailing vessels attached to the fleet were sent on 
 before, to give notice of its approach ; and .a dcim- 
 tatioii of senators went down to Ostia to receive 
 the ships, which anchored amid the acclamations 
 of an jmmen.se number of spectator.s. The captains 
 were obliged to make oaili that the corn on board 
 their ships was thatwliirli had been delivered to 
 them in Kgypt, and that the ciji-g<'e3 were entire 
 as shipped. (Iluet, Commerce it Aavlgatinii ilia 
 Ancifiis, cap. xlviii. ; .Seneca" Ephl. cap. Ixxvii. ; 
 and the cha])tcr on the (,'onimene of the Konians 
 in the volume of Tnnthia by the author of this 
 work, 2ndcd. l«,")!l.) 
 
 Jittnifoiiniv u-it/t Iiiilid tliroitpli Alr.rniulnn. — 
 These few details will, pcrliaps, serve to give a 
 faint idea of tlu^ iinportance of Alexandria in the 
 commerce of anlinuity. It is impossible, indeed, 
 for any one to glance at a map of the v.orld. or of 
 the aiicieni heniisplicre, and not to perceive that 
 Kgyjit is the iialunil cnlrtput of the commerce 
 between llnrope and all the vast countries stretch- 
 ing 11. from Arabia t<i China. The discovery of 
 the route to India by tlie Cajie of (iood Hope, in 
 1 1118, must, no doubt, have, under any circum- 
 stances, diverted a considerable i)ortion of the 
 
 iradewith the western states of iMiropc, and in 
 lierenice was situated a good way farther | the heavier aiulbnlkicr class of articles, into a 
 biting nearly under the tropic. It was ] new channel. It is, however, alnmdantly certain. 
 
 built by I'tidcniy I'hiladelphus. Its di-itance fioin 
 <'.iplns is stated by I'liiiy at i.'iS lioman iniUs; 
 the dill'eri'nt resting- places on the road were de- 
 termined by the wells, and the journey occupied 
 about 12 day.s. I'tolcinv seems lo have i)referreil 
 
 I tliat had the same facilities fur conducting the 
 
 tiade with the Kast existed in Kgypt in ihe six 
 
 1 Irenth and seventeenth centuries that existed in 
 
 I It in autiiiuily, she would have continued to be the 
 
 centre of the trade fur all the lighter and inure 
 
 ibis station to Myos Jlonnos, though the land | valuable products, and the route of the greater 
 carriage to Coidos was so much farllier, fruni its > number of ihe individuals passing between Kiuope 
 grc.-.ler proximity to llu' Straits of lial)eini:indeb. ! and Asia. But the lawless and arbitrary doininion 
 
 ] of iho Mamelukes, who loadc(l all individuals 
 
 ■pn 
 and its lessening tl;i' voyage up the lied sea. 
 
 riiny says that the cost of the Indian com- 
 modities brought to Home through Alexandria 
 Avas increa.sed a hundred fold (cvndipHciiln vciiiniU) 
 by the expense of carriage, &-c. We sus|)ect 
 however, that this is a rhetorical exaggeration, 
 iiie.aiiing merely that their price was very ma- 
 
 I lie .(laniclUKCs, wlio 
 parsing through the country with oppressive exac- 
 tions, at the same time that they treated all 
 liireigners, ;uid es|)"cially Christians, with inso- 
 lence and contempt, put an entire stop to the 
 intercourse so long carried on by this shortest, 
 rai>s( direct, and most convenient route. ]lap|iily, 
 
 leriiilly enhanced. If the increase was anything I however, a new era has begun, and Kgy|]| has 
 
 like that iiieiitioiied, it must have been ov. ing to 
 the impo.-ition of op]iri>sive lolls and duties, tor it 
 coidd not possibly have been occasiuneil by the 
 mere expenses of conveyance. (I'lin. Jlisf. Nut. 
 lib. vi. cap. xxiii. : Amcillon, Ciimmercf ilcs Kijiij}- 
 iifhs, \)\i. JGl — 170, itc, : l!obcrtson's.-(;/i'iVH< Inilitt. 
 note ".ill, )cc,) 111 the sixteenth century, the co.-,t of 
 Indian coniinoditie:i brought to Western Kurope 
 by way of Alexandriaand Aleppo was about tliive 
 
 I once more become the grand thoroughfare of the 
 I eastern and weslern worlds. After good order and 
 I a. regular government bad luen introduced into 
 ! Kgypt by Mehemet Ali, it was seen that it might 
 i be again made the channel of communication with 
 I India: and the iinportance of facilitating the 
 I intercourse with that coiitiueni forcibly attracted 
 the attenlioii of the linlish government and the 
 I Kast Iinlia Coniiiany. The est.iblishment of a 
 
2S 
 
 Ai-i:xAxni;iA 
 
 KU'.'im cnmmiiiiioatiiin botwcrn Kiiropc inul Son- ' way to Cairo, whcro Hioy iHually romain ovor 
 them Aula, by way of Aluxaiiilria and Siu'/, ami ni'^ht, and tlicuce by railway to Suez. From tbu 
 tlie conHtriii'tioii oi" a railway bt'twocii these townn, ' latter they are conveyed l)y Htearn-diip.H to Itoin- 
 iire nmon;; the most strikiiif;atid important events bay, ('evb)n, .Madras,'an(U'a!eiitta, or to SinfTiporu 
 in reoent times. They have shortened the journey j and <'hinn. Another line of steamers sail from 
 to India from I'.nf^land more than a lialf, and I Aden to the Mauritius, ami theneo to Mulbouriio 
 renilercd it comiiaratively safe and expeditions. ami other ports in Australia. 
 
 Steam-ships eonveyinff the mails leave South- j The existinff (IHil.S) rates of eharp- in the ships 
 
 nmpton for (Jibraltar, Malta, and Alexandria, on 
 the -Ith, l-.'th, 2(ith. and 27th of every month. 
 They f;enerally arrive at (iibraltar in about 5 
 days; and after n few hours' stay proceed to 
 M.'ilta. which they reiieh in about 1 days more, 
 nrriviu;; at Alexandria in about l.'t days from 
 Southain|)ton. Those i)asseiijjera who proceed by 
 Marseilles, embark at that port on hoard steamers 
 which convey them to Slalta, where they join the 
 f^ttamers for .\lexandria. On arriving at the lat- 
 ter, pa.ssetigers arc noM- (18t)(<) conveyed bj' rail- 
 
 oft he I'eninsularand Oriental Steam racketConi 
 pany are as follow, viz. : — 
 
 F. liiifcs J'iDin Soulhiim/ifon. 
 
 I 
 
 To 
 
 (:il.r.l1tar. 
 .Mviaiulrl.i 
 
 t»f rl iM, 
 siniilo 
 
 t'hilclrpn. .1 
 vvArft anit 
 
 'itiiiti ■ ill 
 
 1.1 
 •Jil 
 r-O 
 
 li III 
 10 II 
 l'> o 
 
 kiii< i'i*>n 
 
 anil 
 Mfrvniitt 
 
 X 
 
 
 (»iie child uikUt thrc*! yt-ir. -.f n^v, if uitii tlie piri-nt. tVit». 
 
 II. Eate» Of' P(i.<i::(t(je, including the amnnnt paid hi/ the Compiin;/ to thn Ktjijptian Tiumit 
 Aumimstration, for Conrtyaiice of I'dssi-nytrs thri>iii/h_J'Ji;i//)t. 
 
 From Kn{;la"il to 
 
 (ifnllemi-n or ladipn •nvfllinjj siiiylv, for one berth ! 
 
 in n i;ener il c;iti:ii . - ■ ' . . ' 70 
 
 M.iF.iiil ((nntlt.*, m■l^n»>i^K .1 r("i rviHl r.iiiin - I yiill 
 
 t'li.ldri'ti will) ilio )i iritii, :• viMr« mill unth-r 10 • j 3'i 
 One cIiiIlI uiuIiT "> vf-irh |iio'bi-ith jirovidedi* ■ Fr>e 
 
 ^e ,...„,>...u,.^e..„| ,„, ,,,, . . . . J . J 
 
 
 ! 
 
 Jd 
 
 ■ s 
 
 
 
 i- 
 
 ■h 
 
 ji 
 
 £ 
 
 !).'! 
 
 n.'> 
 
 VII) 
 
 i'lii 
 
 •I'l 
 
 ^.•> 
 
 Kr.f 
 
 Fr.-e 
 
 2> 
 
 •i-. 1 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 « 
 
 ■3 
 
 'a 
 
 (• 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 c 
 
 ^ 
 
 X 
 
 £ 
 
 ino 
 
 10.1 
 
 in.'i 
 
 SMI 
 
 'i7(l 
 
 v-it 
 
 .Ml 
 
 .'lit 
 
 .'lit 
 
 Frra 
 
 l-re<. 
 
 Free 
 
 .'ill 
 
 .'.0 
 
 .1)0 
 
 W 
 
 .-It 
 
 M 
 
 no 
 
 ■.U(l 
 
 1.10 
 3.7-. 
 
 Krre 
 4(1 
 
 Frre 
 liil 
 .1.1 
 
 .17 '• 
 
 rri c 
 
 7" 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 •i-p 
 
 .1 
 
 3 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 V. 
 
 P. 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 IM) 
 
 Inn 
 
 l2lt 
 
 x; 
 
 VIII 
 
 :.iiii 
 
 70 
 
 .'.II 
 
 HI) 
 
 Free 
 
 Flee 
 
 Fre« 
 
 711 
 
 .'ill 
 
 1,1) 1 
 
 .',1) 1 
 
 M 
 
 — 
 
 * KxL-e)>t traiijiil cxiien...e^ lhroii|;h KuMit, If above i >ear5, 
 
 Fir.st-elass passenfjor.H arc allowed 3 rwt. of doius says that it was wide enoiii;li to admit two 
 
 personal ba^ff^age free of fieifjht, and children 
 (above three years') and servant.* H ewt. each. 
 A passenger takinj^ a whole cabin will be en- 
 
 triremes sailing abreast. This great wort; having 
 fallen into decay after the downfall of the I'tole- 
 niaic ilynasty, was renovated either by Tr.njnn or 
 
 titled to take in the .steamers, free of freight, li ' Adrian; and it was finally renewed by ,\mri)ii, 
 cwt. ; and a married couple, paying for reserved i the general of the caliph Omar, the conqueror 
 accommodation, will be entitled' to take ewt. ; of Kgypt, anno C>'M (Herodote, par l.areher, iii. 
 
 The charge for conveyance of extra baggage, ' -I'l"). ' 'I'l'o French engineers traced the remains 
 fihoiild there bo room in the vessel, will bo at the ( of tliis great work for a considerable distance; 
 rate of 1/. per cwt. between .Southampton, Ciliral- I and but for the construction of a railway fronj 
 tar, Malta, or Alexandria; 2/. per ewt. between ' Sue?, to Cairo, it would probably have been rc- 
 Suez and India, and i)/. jier cwt. between Suez, ' opened. 
 Mauritius, Australia, the Straits, and China. The project of cutting a canal between the Kod 
 
 Passengers passing through Kgypt will h,a\e lo .Sea and the Meditcrrane,".n has been seriously 
 pay the Egyptian Transit Administration, M.s. I attempted by !M. do I.i^sseps. Undoubtedly the 
 per ewt., for conveyance of baggage through, success of this experiment would be of great com- 
 shoiild it exceed, for (irst-class pas.scngcrs, ;{ cwt. mercial value. In addition to this, it would be a 
 eacli, and children and .'■ervants, IJ cwt. each, matter of the highest political signideance to tho 
 This amount is collected on board the company's government of this country, because it would 
 t-teamers for the convenience of passenger,-*. ' ! ex])edite the access to llindostan ; provided of 
 
 Ciimil livtu-vvn the yUe and the lied Sin. — It is course always that large ships could easily pass 
 allirmed, that had it not been for the hostilities in such a can:il, and the navigation of the Ked Sea 
 which the late I'aeha was almost always engaged (now better known perhaps than that of any other 
 he would have attem[ited to reopen the famous | sea) was artilicially improved. At present indeed 
 canal that formerly connected the Red Sea and I we are far from arriving at the rijsults which the 
 the Nile. According to llerodotns, this canal was '■ projectors of Ihecanal propose. we are not .satisfied 
 commenced by Xeclioa. king of Kgyjil, and linished Uhat the entrance from tiie Slediterranean could 
 by Darius (lib, ii. s. loS, iv. s. ;i'.t). Under the I be kept clear, that the canal could be maintained, 
 I'toleniies, by whom, according to some author- ' or that the ditliculties attending the IJed Se.a 
 itios, it was completed, this canal b 'Came an i passage could be permanently obviated. On the 
 important channel of eomniiinication. It joined ' whole it .seems, that just as the philosopher's stone 
 the K., or I'elusiae branch of the Nile at Ihibastis, was the delusion which occupied the minds of the 
 the ruins of which still rirnain ; it thence pro- medi:eval chemists, so the Suez canal anil IJed Sea 
 ceeded E. to the bitter or niiiron lakes of Temrah I passage is a similar i</nis fatuus to continental 
 and Cbeik-Aneded, whenc" it followed a nearlv I engineers. Xo one we are convinced would be 
 
 S. d'rection to its junction with the lied Sea at 
 Arsinoe, either at or near where Sue/, now stand.s. 
 It is said by Strabo (lib. xvii. p. .S05) to liave 
 been 10(H) stadia (122 m.) in length; but if we 
 measure it on the best modern maps, it could 
 liardly have exceeded from feij to 95 miles. Hero- 
 
 better ]ileesed than the Knglish would be to see 
 the plan successful, and none could be more willing 
 to acknowledge themselves in error than lOnglish 
 engineers would be, if the result corres,iondcd to 
 the sant^uine theories of M. de Lesseps. 
 AI.l'A. LKsi'.MHo.j 
 
 of 
 
 li 
 Ir 
 1,0(11 
 !h( 
 
 ■li 
 c/l 
 
 ■iron 
 
 art 
 hii 
 
 i\ 
 
 ALf;n:[t,s 
 
 French tcrrir, 
 
 "I whom ;); 
 
 situated ilco 
 
 'I'he hay, „f „ 
 
 "'"I sonii whai 
 
 '•oiirse oC ,.|insl 
 
 2'>,i»()o,()()0 fr,„ 
 
 alM)iit220 acre: 
 
 '•'jet lie la M.I 
 
 !•"' miles. It, 
 
 «'f half „ nii, 
 
 nmmies, the |, 
 
 J''fre are be,, 
 
 ''Pit I; that on 
 
 green. 
 
 '''|i<' value 
 
 to Eranco m 
 
 «n<l in iK(i„ 
 
 "iiporis from 
 
 nearly <).(.0(|,| 
 
 nlmost all tl 
 
 •'"'■t'. The ; 
 
 *"ance are d 
 
 <"■('. and cast-i 
 
 "kiii-f, nnimals. 
 
 I'reiicli governmi. 
 
 fl"i/icially to stii 
 
 hitUr article. 'J' 
 
 i'orted from Eraiicc 
 
 ''•xtile goods, win, 
 
 sumption, ^ 
 
 i«m"'i '='''''^"Hon 
 ^'^•''. lias made ve 
 fci't'll from the foil, 
 quantity bought,,,, 
 'actiirers in Eraiice, 
 
 ■ ^*ea^» 
 
 I1M 
 
 IS',,^ . • - 
 
 K',.-. ■ ■ - ( 
 
 Is-.l - - I 
 
 IV,', . ; • - 
 
 Alii.erals, snch as o, 
 ""'".V, and mercrv • 
 »"<'_-'t con.siderable are t 
 «•"'."' .nouzaia. near 
 .•:\f"' ,'■'<"" which , 
 X torled aniuiallv to 
 ^*ell to observe, that 
 
 ;;nostexcln.sively'forF, 
 of tie value of ^,.,i(,/ 
 
 of lcvaIueor(;r,4:w.,; 
 
 iheiv exist.s „oar Tl 
 
 ;-""• n Qi'.Try of tran 
 
 con ,n,,ch admired, a, 
 '''•n helwixt I'hilippevi 
 zombies the white E Tm 
 » '■« article, „,.,, „f ™" 
 J?;^.. red hon.it. ,,e,,,,l 
 
 ^•"^•e that period t haj 
 
 '''''.Y<"'- '''«ellsatfro 
 cubic men.. "'- "^"'" 
 
 Wi ifhes.imeMicco.s8inti 
 n,^le^pri,v,nceofConst.-ii 
 in tlie province of Orq„ 
 S'ttmtiou is particularly ", 
 ?"'!, so that nearly lour-fif 
 "'AlgeriaistheioduceJ 
 

 f>™<I. rar^'""':' 
 
 ■('oliii . 
 
 "> addition t,i ( I ■ ?^^" 
 
 ^i£™,, ::?''""»""'"" ■■--- 
 
 mid „(• .V, • "- '"^0 those i,| ,.,,„,,,.^ „ "'e 
 
 Jilid.,1, '' ' ''••■"•.'JV..OS. 
 
 
 IWM'icc. j 7%t 7J, 'y "/''I'M^, 89). -^ ""'' -^ouanes de 
 
 »«awe, corrcspoiuiijig to 
 
 .'!:*.: I I 
 
 
 •h 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 k 
 
 
 :/ 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 IL25 
 
 U^|2^ i2.5 
 ' Ki 12.2 
 
 u 1^ 
 
 I.I I ^ m 
 
 1.6 
 
 V 
 
 <^ 
 
 /; 
 
 c?% 
 
 ^^ ,> 
 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4S03 
 
 ^^' >.1^ 
 
 #.^ 
 

30 
 
 ALGIERS 
 
 (lock or port diips, is T) continirs por ton for Frcncli 
 vessels, and 111 cciilinics jior ton lur all other 
 Vfssels, uiili'ss coming lioin ])ort.s out of Kuropi', 
 when it is liftci'U centimes. 
 
 I'ilotaije.—'VUi' i-liarf,'e for pilolinj; all vessels in 
 and out of port is 1(1 centimes jier ton. 
 
 Qiiiintiiliiii'. — A ehjir<;e of 3 i-entinies per ton a- 
 day is made on vessels in quarantine. 
 
 Coiilihit) of Priivisiou';. — A regulation was jiro- 
 muljrated on March iiO, ISO", iiroliibiting the 
 cooking of provisions, or the melting of tar, on 
 lioard merchant vessels, or on the quays, except in 
 the public kitchens or lire-places established on 
 shore. The charge is l,j centimes, or Ihd, for 
 each lire-place used for each meal, and oO centimes, 
 or .")(/., for each cauldron of pitch, tallow, or tar 
 melted in the lire-place. 
 
 -Merchant, steam or sailinr vessels, arc now 
 allowed to have provisions cooked on board by 
 having a gnanl, at the rate of ;> francs a-dav. 
 
 ALICANTE 
 
 r.allast is funiished at the rate of 1 franc .ind 
 l.j centimes a ton 'o all vessels. 
 
 JS'o dues are charged for lighthouses. 
 
 In obtaining the immunities of the French Hag 
 for foreign vessels in Algeri.a, it was ncces.sary 
 formerly to jiay one-fourth of the value of tlic 
 vessel ; now one-tenth oidy is required. 
 
 All materials, as iron and wood, for the con- 
 struction of vessels, are admitted free of duty. 
 
 IJrokers' charge for clearing out a liriti-.h, 
 American, or Swedish vessel, lifty francs on .ic- 
 count of inteqiretation, and sixty and one himdrod 
 francs have been charged in clearing out very 
 large liritish steam ships. 
 
 Jirokerage is at the rate of four |)er cent, per 
 ton for obtaining a cargo, and one-half per cent, 
 for collecting freight. 
 
 The following Tables represent the trade of 
 (Ireat liritain with Algiers for the live vear.s 
 l)S(U_r):— 
 
 Im/mrts. 
 
 Cnir (filirc) 
 
 Copper ore .inti rt';;u'.ii 
 Corn : Whiat 
 Itiirlcy 
 
 \\'\u.'M Jloiir 
 
 Iron, ore of .--...- t.nis — I 
 
 Oil, •ilivi! ....... |on» I 
 
 n.'.tf'^antlothL'r matcTriiNfor in;ik;nt,'}iipir, j 
 
 vi/.: vft:i't;;lili_' filiro .... tons — I 
 
 ScLils, Canary ...... cwl.-.. ISUi 
 
 Cotton ...... tuns I — ' -~ I 
 
 Tolncrii, uninannr.u'tnrf*! . - - . Ilis. .Snl,.''ill' S7,''1S 
 
 Wool, tioats' w4Hil or li;iir .... „ I s,i,tn) 7il.ici!t 
 
 Shn-'p anil lainli^' ... - ,, 
 
 \I1 other attiL'le^ • ..... value 
 
 Total 
 
 l..-.l)7 
 
 'J'.'! 
 I 
 
 i,iv!i 
 
 ISS 
 
 l.')il,2.i4 lir>S,.T,;i I(17,(l'j', j 1 
 
 61.1 ■lli,'J,<S 4D,I0a I 1,'<!')I| 
 
 I ■ 4,a7ui 
 
 2('.s i.niio; 
 
 I 
 
 107 
 
 ,1,22.'. 
 61 
 
 1,2'..-. 1.500' 4,22 
 
 SJ2, 4,OI2i 1,205 .■i2C 
 
 _ I 27.1 - i 
 
 41.1,111 iii,ii(;! i4,9(;i :i9,7r.o 
 
 r.; 
 
 S21 
 
 29 
 
 ;ti4 
 
 j 1 I, ■;iM «.-,(), 12'.i l,177,ll!(l 1!I0,;.10: 
 
 2,401 
 
 II .,M1|11,01.S 
 
 I 1S7,21,4^H 
 
 I, 1.0!)(l| I,.-,72 
 
 10,122'47,2I)1 
 
 £ 
 ,1,1.11 
 
 .M)r; 
 1,1-'." 7,1'..') 
 
 I!i,2i2;i'j,.j7l 
 
 22 » 
 "201 
 
 5,012 
 
 62i; 
 <J,•^r, 
 
 .'.01 
 
 37,.1fi7 
 
 1,17 
 
 104,2IM 
 
 7SS' '..,S01 
 .'.,71l| 2,S'.)ii 
 
 7,l1.v'22,.1.0.'. 
 ,1.121 
 2,l0.j 
 U.I'Jl 
 
 fi,1ll - 
 _(i,M.'>| 2,M7| 
 I37,4(i7 !)iV,o,', ; 
 
 K.rjHirts. 
 
 I'rincipal antl Other .-Viticli- 
 
 Tnals, rinilcrs, .ind ciihn - ton- 
 Iron, *.vroiij;ht anil unwr.>uf,'ht ,, 
 Alt other articU,. ... T.ihit 
 
 Oiiantities 
 
 usiu I ISC' I i8i:i isiii I iscj 
 
 I 
 
 •i(\,\'r, 1S,207 21,1.14 
 •\'.H\ 5,.'j31I 2j(> 
 
 1S,S2(I 21,111 
 l»6 1 1S7 
 
 
 Decla 
 
 'ed Ileal \'alue 
 
 
 ISCl 
 
 £ 
 
 S,701 
 
 1,'iin 
 10,170 
 
 1 '2(l,!).'.o' 
 
 lSli2 i 1SC3 
 
 ISSl 
 
 isr.j 
 
 £ 
 
 I0,2,SI 
 
 .120 
 
 1 .'..I'l 
 
 1 ^,.11.1 
 
 £ 
 
 7,S7II 
 
 ".,sir, 
 
 4,.').1S 
 
 £ 
 
 !I,IMS 
 1 ,022 
 3,(.li2 
 
 £ 
 
 '.t 1 .'. 
 2,(i.ss 
 
 12,22'!" 
 
 4li.2.'.1 
 
 1.1,7.12 
 
 .\LICANT1''.. This city gives its name to the 
 province. According to the repfirt of Ctdonel 
 Harre, the itritish consul at Alicante, it containeil 
 ol, ■_'()() inhabitants in l.sd;!. The harbour is formed 
 by a mole i)roiecting into the sea, of 720 metres, 
 and a countermole is in construction, of which 
 'I'M metres are laitl ilown. In Ajiril 18(11!, a fixed 
 white light was established at Altea in lat. 
 :i8^ ;!3' ;;(l' \. ; long. li° S' l.S" ]•:., wliich is 
 raised 112 metres above the sea. and is seen at i 
 !J miles' distance. The work of deepening the 
 harbour has been carried on for the last few years, 
 ill which operation two l.irge steam dredges and a 
 small one are employed. Those works and the 
 deepening of the harbour will, it is lioped, be con- 
 cluded this year (1S(;7). The depth of water 
 alongside the mole varies from 1 metre to o'ol) 
 metres in the tirst third part, and to (!• 10 metres in 
 the l;ist two 1 birds, so that vessels from 800 to 
 1,000 tons arc enabled to discharge their cargoes 
 there. I'ilots are required in order to bring in and 
 to moor the vessels. 
 
 Tlie following are the port charges paid by 
 Spanish and foreign vessels : — | 
 
 .\ni"hor,''te (lues - 2 rial:, per C^stilian Inn. i 
 
 Liirht titles . . 1 „ (I'tto. I 
 
 ^anitary (lues - - j „ from IIuroiK" ;ird IJ from .\iihm';c.>. 
 
 I>isrhar!'e ornrfo 
 I.aniliO){ of i-arj-o 
 C.ip:ain of port 
 
 rial for everv «iuintal or cwt, 
 ilitlo. 
 
 I 
 
 a • 
 froi 
 
 t to S ri.il.s according l.. lonn.i^e. 
 
 Since 1802 no differenliiil dues are levied on 
 liritish ships in .Spanish i)ort.s. 
 
 The shipping dues, which were formerly an- 
 chorage dues. 1 rial per ton; light dues, ditto: 
 health dues, h rial jierton; cargo loadeil or di.s- 
 charged, ,"> rials per ton, were doubled from .January 
 1, 18(11, in order to defray expenses of inqiroving 
 the port. 
 
 Pilolape dues. 
 
 IVsteN not oxrpodinu 300 tons in anil out - .1 dollars. 
 
 \'t.sselH U^yoiul 100 tons . . . . _ ■ \\ 
 
 Kaeli movement up to 100 tons . - . . - 1" " 
 
 hi'\ond .100 tons . . - - 1-1 ,! 
 
 In l.'^nt the import.s. in Ifi.T llriti.sh vessels, 
 amounted to •J(;i,8:)0/. and, in ol8 foreign vessels, 
 to 629,72'_'/. Those in steamers under Spanish flag 
 cannot be computed, as all goods for Madrid arc 
 forwarded from the mole in sealed waggons, to be 
 there examined and the duties imposed ; and it is 
 calculated that about two-lifths of those landed 
 here are thus .sent to JMadrid. The principal 
 articles of importation in liritish .nnd foreign ves- 
 sels arc coals, iron and railway material, which 
 are free from duty, and timber fiom the Unllic, 
 
 mo.st ot 
 
 Spanish 
 
 duties ii 
 
 'J'he ( 
 
 foreign ■ 
 
 yenr, coi 
 
 and Jat( 
 
 Pxporteti 
 
 trade, ho 
 
 is ascribe 
 
 riagn by 
 
 inimber c 
 
 lonn.igo I 
 
 tons in ] 
 
 '•ind ,Jdvc 
 
 fxtent in 
 tion of sa 
 and wine 
 Tlie on 
 sound qu,i; 
 i" the vea 
 "f lOO'im 
 eluded. C 
 I'lanteil wi 
 "'■ a great 
 <lutics on V, 
 posed acco 
 lorcm, thet 
 'J'he on\y 
 that of ciga 
 upwards of- 
 iiseil being I 
 ■''I'ilippin'e 
 ^ipaiii h,is h 
 ailbrding coi 
 The expo 
 nx'-'^t notabi 
 plant has loi 
 and basket.s. 
 town of (Ji-cv 
 matting and 
 all parts of S 
 IJcrsoiis, cons 
 and produce 
 in length. , 
 aniiu.iJiy exp 
 be carried iff 
 After the r 
 ^^'>~, the trf 
 freased, and 
 years ago, 1. 
 'M'cniiig of se 
 haviiijir cau.sed 
 that the amo 
 <hininisliing, t 
 barbour, and 
 fheapesl, this 
 heavy goods. 
 
 An electric t 
 <i|ieratioii betw 
 portance cf ,Sp; 
 
 Cllsfoill J[(),if 
 
 ''argo. the .shi| 
 
 must b( preseiiL 
 
 I'lntUptc is give 
 
 f cargo from t 
 
 loading, when n 
 
 put on Iioiird I 
 
 •■^ignees then ni; 
 
 t" 'bein,andob 
 
 collector. To 1 
 
 >vard cargo, the 
 
 J'ollector, who g 
 
 ''L' shipped, and 
 
 •'iifrics. Wlien 
 
 <'lhi;ers make tlic 
 
 receiving the por 
 
,h.-, 1 
 
 (Mi 
 
 !\n- 
 itto: 
 
 (Us- 
 iiiiry 
 
 iscls, 
 ,.ls, 
 
 [flap; 
 arc 
 
 \n bo 
 
 1 it is 
 
 cipal 
 I vcs- 
 Ihirli 
 
 flltic, 
 
 ALICANTE 
 
 most other articles of commerce being brought in 
 Spanish vessels in order to avoid the differential 
 duties imposed on foreign shipping. 
 
 Tlie exportation at this port, in British and 
 foreign vesseis, amounted to 207,888/. in the same 
 year, coi. listing of wine, almonds, liquorice, lead, 
 and latterly esparto (0,000 tons of which vere 
 exported in" the same year to (Jreat Britain). The 
 trade, however, in 18(j(), fell to 57,781/. The change 
 is ascribed to the superior advantages of land car- j 
 riage by the northern railway. In 18G(), the 
 number of ships visiting the port was 67.3, with a 
 toiniago of l.jG,710 against lOOO ships of 217,222 I 
 tons in 18G1; lu the immediate ports of Denia 
 and ,Iuvca raisins and almonds to the value of] 
 170.5 11/. were exported in 1864, and to the same 
 extent in 18(jG; and from Torrevicja the exporta- 
 tion of salt, principally for the Baltic, and fruits 
 and wine for Algeria, was valued at 8;t,l.S7/. 
 
 The ordinary wine of this province is of good 
 sound quality, and remarkably cheap, being shii)ped 
 in the year i8G,i at from 1/. 4s. to 4/. lO.s. per pipe 
 of 100 imperial gallons, free on board, pipe in- 
 cluded. Of late years large tracts of land were 
 lilanted with vines, in consequence of the pros))eet 
 of a great opening of trade by the reduction of 
 duties on wine in England, but these being im- 
 posed according to the strength, and not ad va- 
 lorem, the duties amount nearly to prohibition. 
 
 The only manufactory of any importance is 
 that of cigars, a government monopoly, in which 
 upwards of 4,000 women are employed, the tobacco 
 useil being from the United .States, Cuba and the 
 I'hilippine Islands. A branch of the Bank of 
 Spain has been established hero for some years, 
 all'ording consicU'rable facilities to commerce. 
 
 The exportation of esparto grass is one of the 
 most notable in the returns of Alicante. The 
 plant has long been used for making rope, matting 
 and baskets. Fifteen miles from Alicante, at the 
 town of (,'revillente. tiiere are 40 manufactories of 
 matting and imitation carpets, which arc sent to 
 all parts of Spain, which give emploj-ment to 4,000 
 persons, consume annually 10,000 tons of esparto, 
 and produce 17."),000 pieces each of 40 to .50 yards 
 in length. About 8,000 tons of this grass are 
 annually exported from Alicante, and more could 
 be carried if freights were low. r. 
 
 After the opening of the railway to Jladrid in 
 1857, the trade of Alicante was immensely in- 
 creased, and tlio population, which was, twenty 
 years ago, 17,000, has nearly doubled ; but the 
 o|)eniiig of several other railroads to the capital 
 having caused the monopoly to cease, it is found 
 tliat the amoinit of commerce is proportionally 
 diniinisliing, tliough, from the excellence of the 
 harbour, and the railway being tlie sliortest and 
 dieapest, this port will always be preferred for 
 heavy goods. 
 
 An electric telegraph has been for some years in 
 operation between this af»d all the towns of im- 
 ]iortaiu'e of Spain, and consequently of Kurope. 
 
 Custom Hd./fe Jiei/ulalions. — A manifest of tlie 
 cargo, the .ship's tonnage an<l numljcr of crew, 
 nuist 1)1 presented within twenty-fotir liours after 
 jinitiiiuc is given, together with a sealed register 
 of cargo from tlic Spanish consul at the port of 
 loading, when one or two olHoers are occasionally 
 ])ut on board to prevent smuggling. The con- 
 signees tlicn make entry of the articles consigned 
 to them, and obtain an (>rder to discharge from the 
 collector. To load the whoU^ or part of an out- 
 ward cargo, the master reports his intention to the 
 C(dlcctor, who gives his order permitting goods to 
 be .shipped, and the shippers make their specitic 
 entries. When the vessel is loaded the waiting 
 ollicers make their return to tlic collector, who on 
 receiving the port, sanitary, and oonsumptiun dues, 
 
 ALIENS 
 
 31 
 
 grants his clearance, upon which a bill of healtli 
 is obtained and the vessel is clear for sea. 
 
 Alicante is not a favourable place for repairing 
 ships. 
 
 ft^arehousiiir) Si/.ilem. — The permission of the 
 government to bond or deposit goods for oin^ year, 
 not having been taken ailvantagc of by mer- 
 chants, and a useless expense incurred, the order 
 was rescinded after a trial of t •'. o years. 
 
 Vessels with foul bills of hoaltli, or coming from 
 an infected or suspected place, though with clean 
 bills, are usually ordered to the Lazaretto of Fuertu 
 jMahon ; but vessels coming with clean bills olitain 
 under ordinary circumstances immediate prnthjuc. 
 
 Accounts .are kept in rials vcllon of twenty to 
 the doU.ar, and in (•entimes of a rial. Tlie oflicia! 
 nomenclature for taxes and expenditure has re- 
 cently been changed into escudos of ten rials or 
 half a dollar. 
 
 JFelyhts and Measures. — The c.irgo 2,J quintals 
 or lOarrobas; the Valencian arrolia contains 21 
 lbs. of 18 ozs. or liG of 12 ozs. At thi; custom 
 house the Castilian quintal, containing 4 Castiliau 
 arrobasof25 lbs. (4' 1(1 oz. each, which is nearly 
 10 per cent, less than the English cwt.. and the 
 new metrical system, are alone admitted. 
 
 The wine measure is the cuitaro of K! michetas. 
 A pi|)C contains 40 cantaros or 100 imperial gallons. 
 
 The yard or vara <livided into 4 palms is 29'OG, 
 or very nearly 30 lilnglish inches, 
 
 (We are indebted for the above article to Colonel 
 Barrie, 1I,M, consul at Alicante.) 
 
 ALIEXS. According to the strict sense of the 
 term, and the interpretation of the common law, 
 .all individuals born out of the dominions of the 
 crown of England {alibi natus) arc aliens or 
 foreigners. 
 
 It is obvious, however, that this strict interpre- 
 tation could not be maintained without very great 
 inconvenience; and the necessity of making ex- 
 ceptions in favour of the children born of native 
 parents resident in foreign conntrios was early 
 recogriised. The 25 Edw. III. stat. 2, enacts, that 
 all children bori^ abroad, provided both the parents 
 were at the time of their birth in allegiance to the 
 king, and the inotlier had passed the seas by her 
 husband's consent, might inherit as if born in 
 England, And this relaxation has been carried 
 still further by several modern statutes ; so that 
 all children b(a'n out of the king's ligeance, whoso 
 fathers, or grandfathers by tiie father's side, were 
 nattiral-borir subjects, arc now deemed to be them- 
 selves natural-born subjects ; unless their ancestors 
 were outlawed, or banished beyond sea for high 
 treason, or were, at the birth of such children, in 
 the service of a prince at enmity with Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Aitturallsation of Aliens. — Aliens may bo natu- 
 ralised by Act of Parliament, which put.s them in 
 exactly the same condition as natural-born sub- 
 jects, except that they arc incapable of being 
 members of the privy council, of being elected to 
 serve in parliament, or of holding any otlicc of 
 trust under the crown. 
 
 A denizen is an alien bom, who has obtiii.icd 
 letters patent, e.v donatioiie repis, to make him an 
 English subject, lie occupies a kind of middle 
 station between a natural-born subject and an 
 alien, lie may acquire lands by purchase or 
 devise, but not by inheritance; ;;nd may transmit 
 such lands to his children born after his deniza- 
 tion, but not to those born before, (Ulackstoiie's 
 Com. book i. ch. x.) 
 
 An alien may also be naturalised by serving on 
 board any of his "Majesty's siiips of war, i" time of 
 war, for three years, or, if a proclamation has been 
 issiu'd to that ell'ect, for two ^ ears, (G Geo, IV. 
 c. 100, ss. IG, 17,) 
 
32 
 
 ALIENS 
 
 Influence of the Residence of AIIe)U. — There can 
 lie no doubt that, f^cncrally spoakinp, the resort of 
 foreifincrs to a country, and their residence in it, 
 are highly con(Uicivo to its interests. Tliosc who 
 emi^^rate in order to practise tlieir callinp^ in an old 
 settled cmnitry are prcttj" uniformly distiuf^uishcd 
 for activity, enler))rise, and f^ood conduct. The 
 native inhal)itants have so many advantajjes on 
 their side, that it would he absurd to siipi)ose that 
 foreifjners should ever come into anytliiny like 
 successful comijctition with them, unless they 
 were acquainted with some branch of trade or 
 manufacture of which the others were ifjnorant, or 
 possessed superior skill, industry, or economy. Ilut 
 whether aliens practise new arts, or introduce 
 more perfect proces.es into the old, or display 
 superior economy, itc, their inliux cannot fail to 
 he of the fireatcst advantage. They practically 
 instruct those amonj; whom they reside in what it 
 most concerns them to know, that is, in those de- 
 ])artments of art and science in which tiicy arc 
 inferior to others; and enable them to avail them- 
 selves of whatever foreign sagacity, skill, or practice 
 has produced that is most pcrOict. It is not easy, 
 indeed, to overrate the bcnctits conferred on most 
 countries by the resort of aliens. Previously to 
 the invention of printing, \hcrc was hardly any 
 other way of becoming acquainted witli foreign 
 invention;, and discoveries: and even now it is far 
 easier to learn any new art, method, or process, 
 from the exfimple and instructi<in of those fa.niliar 
 with its details, than from the best possible de- 
 scriptions. The experience, indeed, of every age 
 and country shows that the progress of nations in 
 the career of arts and civilisation depends more on 
 the freedom of commerce, and on tlie liberality 
 with wliidi they have treated forei;;ii< rs, than on 
 almost anything else. 
 
 J'Jniilisli Legislation as to Aliens. — But, notwith- 
 standing what has been slated above, an antipathy 
 to resident foreigners seems to be indigenous to all 
 rude and uncivilised nations. Whatever is done 
 by them apiicars to be so much taken from the 
 employment, and, conse(|uently, from the subsis- 
 tence of the citizens; while the advantages result- 
 ing from the new arts or improved practices they 
 introduce, for the most part manifest themselves 
 only by slow degrees, and rarely make any im- 
 |)ression on the multitude. Hence the jealousy 
 and aversion with which foreigners are uniformly 
 regarded in all countries not far advanced in civi- 
 lisation. The early Greeks and liomans looked 
 upon strangers as a species of enemies, with whom, 
 though not actually at war, they maintained no 
 sort of friendly intercourse. ' llostis,' says Cicero, 
 •apud majorcs iiostros is dicebatur, qucni nunc 
 pcregrinum dicimus.' (Ije Off. lib. i. c. xii.) It 
 may, therefore, be considered as a striking proof 
 nt the good sense and liberality of those by whom 
 it was framed, that a clause is inserted in Magna 
 Charta which has the encouragement of commerce 
 for its object ; being to the effect, that 'all mer- 
 chants (if not openly prohibited before) shall have 
 safe and su.'; conduct to depart out of and to come 
 into Kngland. to reside in and go through Eng- 
 land, as well by laud as by water, to buy and sell 
 without any maimer of evil tolls, by the old and 
 rightful customs, except in time of war; and if 
 tiu'v be of a land makingwar against us, and sik'Ii 
 be found in our nation at the begiiniing of the 
 war, they shall be attached without harm of body 
 or goods, until it be known unto us, or our eliief 
 jusiiee, how our merchants be entreated in the 
 land making war against us ; and if our merchants 
 be well entreated there, shall be so likewise here.' 
 lint until the era of Edward I. the stipulation 
 in the (ireat Charter as to foreign mtrchai.ts 
 
 seems to have been little attended to. ]. is 
 doubtful whether, previously to his reign, they 
 could either hire houses of their own, or deal 
 except through the medium of some Knglishman. 
 J!ut this intelligent ])rincc saw the advantage that 
 would result to the trade and industry of his sub- 
 jects from the residence and intercourse of Ger- 
 mans, Flemings, Italians, and other foreigners, 
 who, at that lime, were very superior to tlio 
 English in most bri,nchcs of manufactures and 
 commerce. lie, therefore, exerted himself to pro- 
 cure a repeal of some of the more oppres.si\o 
 restrictions on aliens, and gave them a charter 
 which conveyed considerable jirivileges. This 
 charter was conlirmed by Edward III. in ];i-J«. 
 Among other clausen, it has the following: vi/. 1. 
 That on any trial between foreigners and Englisli- 
 men the jury shall be half foreigners ; 2. That a 
 proper person shall be appointed in London to be 
 justiciary for foreign merchants ; and iJ. That then', 
 shall be but one weight and measure throughout 
 the kingdom. (Anderson, anno 1302.) Down, 
 however, to the reign of Edward III., it continued 
 to be customary to arrest one stranger for the debt, 
 ;..id even to punish him for the crimes and mis- 
 demeanours of others! It may appear extraor- 
 dinary that the gross injustice of this barbarous 
 regulation ever permitted it to be adopted ; and 
 yet it was probably, at one period, the common 
 law of most European states. Ax. soon, however, 
 as the foundations of good order and civilisation 
 began to be laid its operation was seen to be most 
 ])ernicious. In i;!25, Edward II. entered into a 
 convention with the Venetians, in which it was 
 expressly stipulated that they .should have full 
 liberty to come to England to buy and sell com- 
 modities, without being liable for the debts or 
 crimes of others. Conventions to the same ellect 
 were entered into with other foreigners. At lengtli, 
 in 13o.'J, this disgraceful practice was ])ut an end 
 to by 27 Edw. III. st. 2, c. 17; it being pro- 
 vided in this statute, not only that no stianger 
 shall be impeached for the trespass or debt of 
 another, but that, in the event of a war breaking 
 out with any foreign ])ower, its subjects, residing 
 amongst us, shall be wamcd thereof by i)roclama- 
 tion, and be allowed forty days to arrange their 
 allairs. and to de|)art out of the kingdom ; and 
 that, under si)ccial circumstances, this term may 
 be extended. There are few acts i\\ the statute- 
 book that reflect UKjrc credit on their projiosers, or 
 that have been more advantageous than this. 
 
 In consequence of the encouragement given by 
 IMward III. to such of the woollen manufacturers 
 of Elanders as chose to immigrate to England, a 
 good many came over; and it is from their immi- 
 gration that we may date the improvement and 
 importaiic(t of the woollen manufacture in this 
 country. | Wdoi.LiiN MANUFACtuiti:.] I5ut this 
 policy, however wise and judicious, was exceed- 
 ingly unpopular. Thb tireiguers were openly in- 
 sulted, and their lives endangered, in London and 
 other large towns; and a few of them in conse- 
 quence returned to Flanders. E<lward, however, 
 was not to be driven from his purpose by an un- 
 founded clamour of thii sort. A prociamalioii 
 was issued, in which every person accused of 
 ilisturbing or attacking he foreign weavers was 
 ordered to be committed to Newgate, and thrcal- 
 ened with the utmost severity of punishment, la 
 a parliament held at York, in 1335, an Act was 
 jiassed for the better protection and security of I 
 ibreign mercliaiils and others, by which penalties 
 were inflicted on all who gave them any disturb- 
 ance. This stems to have had the cflLCt, for a j 
 while at least, of preventing any outrages. 
 The corporations of Loudun, liristol, and other j 
 
 li. 
 
U". 
 
 ml 
 •o- 
 
 iVC 
 
 tor 
 his 
 128. 
 '.. 1. 
 \A\- 
 iit J- 
 lio 
 hcri' 
 Uovit 
 own. 
 .nucil 
 dc\)t, 
 mi^- 
 traor- 
 jarous 
 1-, and 
 
 iwcvor, 
 isation 
 )c moat 
 
 into a 
 
 it was 
 avc full 
 jll com- 
 lAcbta tir 
 ,nc ctTfCt 
 .tlent^tli, 
 t an tud 
 
 jint; I'W- 
 stiangcr 
 
 iltO)t of 
 brcaUiii;; 
 
 fitroclama- 
 Vvi^c lUcit 
 
 doin ; a-iil 
 Itevm may 
 
 le statuti:- 
 
 L tills. 
 
 t nivcu liV 
 jiiufacturLTS 
 
 En(j;lanil, a 
 ilielr Imnu- 
 cmeut ana 
 
 Uc in t^"^ 
 h lint tins 
 '•li, cxci.'C<l- 
 Koiionly i"- 
 Lonilon awl 
 In in consi^- 
 .^^^ however, 
 ■e bv an nn- 
 >r(.ciamaiu.ii 
 accnsoil "i 
 weavers wi>^ 
 , anil threat - 
 islnucut. !>' 
 an Act was 
 d security/)' i 
 iich veualUjs 
 any distutl'- 
 cficct, fot i i 
 
 '!oTn"d otto I 
 
 ALIENS 
 
 prcat towrs, have been at all times t'lo princijial 
 eneniicH to the immigration of foreig lera. IVrhiip.s, 
 indeed, tliey -Here not more hostila to tliem tlian 
 to such of their own coimtrymen, lielonginf^ to 
 nn(^tlier part of the kingdom, as should have at- 
 tempted to settle niiiongst them without heing 
 free of their eorporntion. liut in deimuMcing 
 foreigners they had the national prejudice ou their 
 hide ; and their att-mpts to eontirm and extend 
 their monopolies by their exehision were reganled 
 as the noblest efforts of patriotism! Kdward 111. 
 was fully aware of the real motives by which they 
 were actuated, aiul steadily resisted their preten- 
 sions. Ihit in the reigns of his successors they 
 succeeded better: some of these were feeble and 
 nidbrlunate, wlulst others enjoyed the crown oidy 
 hy a disputed title, anil in deliance of powerful 
 competitors. The .support of the great towns was 
 of tlie utmost eonsequenco to such princes, wlio. 
 whatever might ho their own opinion as to its 
 jiolicy, coidd liardly venture to resist the solicita- 
 tions of such powerful bodies to exclude strangers, 
 and to impose restrictions on commerce. Kroni 
 the death of Edward III. to the reign of Elizabeth, 
 the progress made by the country was not incon- 
 siderable, but it was little i)romoted by legislative 
 enactments. Throughout the whole of this period, 
 the influence of corporations seems to have pre- 
 dominated in all matters relating to trade and 
 the treatment of foreigners; aiul our legislation 
 partook of the .sellish, monopolising character of 
 tlic source whence it was principally derived. 
 Were the Acts and proceedings as to aliens the 
 enly memorials of our pcdicy fnmi l'M7 to l.ViO, 
 we shouhl certainly seem to have retrograded ma- 
 terially during the interval. Some of these Acts 
 were passed with so little consideration, and were 
 so very absurd, that they had to be immediately 
 repealed. Of this sort was the statute of the 8 
 Henry Vf. c. 21, to the effect 'that no English- 
 man shall within this realm sell, or cause to bo 
 sold, hereafter, to any merchant alien any manner 
 of merchandises, but only for ready payment in 
 hand, or else in merchandises for merchamlises, to 
 be paid and contented in b.and. upon pain of for- 
 feiture of the same.' Ihit as an enactment of this 
 sort was very speedily found to bo more injurious 
 to ourselves" than to the foreigner, it was repealed 
 in the following session. 
 
 The more tyrannical their conduct in other re- 
 spects, the more were our princes <lisposed to humour 
 tlu' national ])rejudice against foreigners. If not 
 a clieap, it was, at least, an easy method of ac- 
 <|\nring popularity. In the very first ])arliament 
 after the accession of I'iohard III., a statute was 
 jiassed full of the most ridicidous, contradictory, 
 and unfounded allegations as to the injury sus- 
 tained by the influx of foreigners, and laying 
 them under the most oppressive restraints. K'on- 
 sidering, indeed, the sort of treatment to which 
 aliens were then exposed, it may excite surprise 
 that they should ever have thought of visiting 
 the country; and, in point of fact, it appears that 
 the resort of foreign merchants to our ports was 
 materially impaired hy the statutes referred to, 
 and others of the same description. This is evi- 
 dent from the Act 19 Henry VII. c. ('>, where it is 
 stated that ' woollen cloth is not sold or uttered 
 as it hath been in divers parts,' and that ' foreign 
 commodities and merchandises are at so dear and 
 exceeding high prices that the buyer cannot li\e 
 thereon.' Ilutin despiteof this authoritative exposi- 
 tion of the mischiefs arising from the restraints on 
 aliens, and on trade, they were both increased in 
 the reign of Henry VIII. And it was not till the 
 rcigu of Elizabeth that the pretensions of the cor- 
 jiorations seem to have bceu disregarded, and an 
 
 33 
 
 attempt made to act, not by st.irts, but consis- 
 tently, on the policy of Edward III. 
 
 The influx of foreigners during the reign of 
 Elizalieth was occasioue(l chielly by tlie p(;secu- 
 tiousoftho Duke of Alva and "the Spaniards in 
 the Low Countries. The friends of the reformeil 
 religion, which, at the time, was far from being 
 finnly established, and the government, wer(! glad 
 to receive such an accession of slrengtli ; and from 
 file superiority of the Eleuiings iu commerce and 
 manufactures, the immigrants cuutriliuled mate- 
 rially to the imiirovement of arts in England. It 
 would seem, however, that the ministers of l^liza- 
 beth contented themselves, perhaps that tliey 
 might not excite the pnhlii; ])rejudice, with 
 declining to enforce the laws against aliens, wiih- 
 out taking any very active steps in their favour. 
 
 In the reign of .lames I. the corporation of 
 London rcnewe I with increased earnestness their 
 complaints of aliens. In l()-'2 a i)roclamalion war, 
 issued, evidently written by James himself, in 
 which, imder |iretenco of keeping ' a due tempera- 
 ment ' between the interests of the complain- 
 ants and those of the foreigners, he suhjects the 
 latter to fresh disabilities. 
 
 Since the revohition, more eidarged ami li1)eral 
 views as to the conduct to he followed with 
 respect to aliens have continued to gain ground : 
 several of therestraiinng statutes have fallen into 
 (iisuse, while others were so much modilied hy tiie 
 interference of the. courts, which have generally 
 been iiudined to soften tlieir severity, that tlieir 
 more otl'ensive jirovisions became inoperative. In 
 1708, an Act was passed, notwithstanding the 
 strenuous opposition of the corporations, for the 
 general naturalisation of all foreign protcstants ; 
 but the i)rejudiee against them was still so ])Ower- 
 fnl that it was repealed within about three years. 
 Some attempts were afterwards made to carry a 
 similar measure. One of these, about the middle 
 of last century, occasioned the ))uhlicalion by 
 Dr. Tucker of two excellent pamphlets in wliicli 
 the poli<'y of a Naturallsatiim Act is ably vindicated 
 and the arguments against it successfully exposed. 
 (Historical Ileinarks on the late Naturalisation 
 liill, 1751 ; Queries occasioned liy the late Na- 
 turalisation Hill, 17.JL'.) 
 
 Hut, notwithstanding these efforts, nothing 
 effectual was done to relieve aliens from the 
 disabilities under which they Laboured till 1814, 
 wlien the 7 & 8 Vict. c. (>G was passed. This Act 
 authorises the secretarj' of state for the home 
 department, on his receiving such evidence as ho 
 may think necessary in regard to any application 
 by an alien for a certificate of naturalisation, to 
 grant, if he think fit, such certificate. If granted, 
 the certilicate conveys to the alien (unless some 
 special reservation be made in it) all the rights 
 and privileges of a natural born Jlritish subject, 
 except that he cannot bo a metnber of either house 
 of parliament, or a privy councillor. Probably this 
 is as good a law as could be enacted in regard to 
 this matter. 
 
 The following regulations have been issued by 
 the secretary of state in reference to the grant of 
 cerfilicates in pursuance of stat. 7 & 8 Vict. c. tifi. 
 
 1. Upon an application to the secretary of 
 state tor the grant of a certificate of naturalisation, 
 it will be necessari' that the apjdicant shouhl 
 ]iresent to one of her Majesty's principal secreta- 
 ries of state a memorial praying for such grant, 
 stating the age, prifession, trade, or other occupa- 
 tion of the memorialist, the duration of his resi- 
 dence within the United Kingdom, and of what 
 friendly state ho is a subject; whether he intends 
 to continue to reside within this kingdom, and all 
 other grounds on which he seeks to obtain any of 
 D 
 
34 
 
 ALIENS 
 
 ,1 
 
 the rislits anil capacities o<" ^ uatural-born Rrilish 
 subjirt. 
 
 i. Tlint (lie memorialist should make an afli- 
 (lavit before a mapstrate, or other ])erson author- 
 ised by law to administer an oath, verifying all the 
 statements in Ids memorial. 
 
 3 That a declaration should be made and 
 .signed by four householders at least, vouching for 
 the respectability and loyalty of the memorialist, 
 verifying also the severtil particuliurs stated in the 
 ineniorial as grounds for obtaining such cert ilicate ; 
 and that this declaration should be made in 'due 
 form, liefore a magistrate, or other person autlior- 
 ised by law to receiv! sncli declaration, in pur- 
 suance of the Act r» it tj VV'ni. IV. 
 
 I'olifi) nf the Liiivs as to Aliens. — Tlio reason 
 assigned by Jlr. Justice ISlai'kstone and others for 
 preventing aliens from acquiring (ixed property 
 seem t'l be very unsatisfaclory. In small states 
 there might be grounds, perluips, for fearing lest 
 the easy admission of aliens to the rights of citi- 
 zensliip should give them .in impro|)er bias ; but 
 in a country like England sucli apprehensions 
 would be quite futile. In this respct the example 
 of Holland seems quite decisive. Xotwitlistand- 
 ing llie comparatively limited po])ulation of that 
 country, it was ' the constant |)olic^- of the repub- 
 lic to make Holland a perpetual, safe, and secure 
 .•tsylinn for all iiorsecuted and oppressed strangers; 
 110 'illiance, no treaty, no regard for, no solicit!!- 
 tion of, any potentate whatever has at any time 
 been able to weaken or destroy, or make the state 
 recede from protecting, those who have tie<l to it 
 fc)r their own security and self-preservation.' 
 (I'ro/ftisals for amending the Trade of Holland, 
 printed by aulhorlty. Loud. 1701.) 
 
 A short residence in the country, and a small 
 payment to the state, was all tliat was rcqidred in 
 fliiUand to entitle a foreigner to every privilege 
 enjoyed by a native. And it is of importance to 
 remark, that it lias not been so much .as insinuated 
 that tills liberal conduct was in any instance 
 productive of a mischievous result. On the con- 
 trary, all tlic highest authorities consider it as one 
 of the mam causes of the oxtraordin.iry progress 
 made by the republic in wealth and commerce. It 
 is said in the olliclal paper just quoted, that 
 •'tlirong'.out the wliole course of all the perse- 
 cutions and oppressions that have occurred in 
 other countries, the steady adherence of the 
 republic to this fund.amental law hits been the 
 oause that many people have not only fled hith-^r 
 for refuge, with their whole stock in ready cash, 
 and their most valuable effects, but have .also 
 settled and established many trades, fabrics, manu- 
 factures, arts, and sciences in this country; iu)t- 
 wlthstanding the first materials for the said 
 fabrics and manufactures were almost wholly 
 wanting in il. and not to be procured but at a 
 great expense from foreign parts.' (Ibid.) 
 
 With stu'h an example to appeal to, we are 
 warranted in aliirmiiig that nothing can be more 
 idle than to suppose that .any number of foreigners 
 Avliich it is at all likely should ever come to 
 Ijigland under the most liberal system for in- 
 dustrial purposes, or to escape religious or political 
 persecutions in their own countries, should occa- 
 sion any ]iolitical inconveniiMice. IJut it should 
 always he. understood that their residence here is 
 tit depend on the jiropriety of their conduct. If 
 • bey abuse the jirivileges accorded to them, and 
 come among us not for the s;ike of an asylum, or 
 lor the prosecution of industrious pursuits, but 
 fhat they may make tiiis country a theatre for 
 carrying on plots and hatching conspiracies against 
 the goveruments of countries with which we may 
 fxi in amity, in such case they forfeit all claim to 
 hospitality, and cannot justly complain if they be 
 
 ALKALI 
 
 (as they ought to be) deprived of their certificates 
 and compelled to quit our shores. The It) «J: 1 1 
 Vict. c. 83 refers to aliens in iiritish colonies and 
 dependencies. 
 
 ALK.VLI (derived from the Ilebicw K.alah, to 
 hum, similar to Arabic, to fry ; Arabic, al kala, the 
 burnt). The term alkali origin.-iUy applied to the 
 ashes of the burnt plants. The plant most used 
 was then called after the n.ime ff the burnt ash. 
 The name has now become generic, and is used in 
 commerce to designate potash, soda, and ammonia, 
 which are respectively distingiushed by the terms 
 vegetiible, mineral, and voKatile alkali. Litliia, 
 c!csia and rubidia are also alkalies. The dis- 
 tinguishing characteristic's of these bodies arc, a 
 strong acrid and powerfully caustic taste, and a 
 corrosive action upon all animal matter, de- 
 stroying its texture with considerable rapidity. 
 Kxposed to the atmosphere when in their caustic 
 state, they rapidly absorb carbonic acid, and 
 l)ecome carbonated or mild, and by ))assing car- 
 bonic acid over them, they become bicarbonated 
 or milder. Their action upon vegetable colours 
 affords us means by which the presence of an un- 
 combined or carbonated alkali may be detected ; 
 the yellow colour of turmeric is changed to brown ; 
 the blue colour of litmus, after being reddened by 
 an acid, is restored; the violet infusion of red 
 cabbage is changed to green, as also many other 
 purple vegetable colours. Litmus paper, reddened 
 l)y carbonic acid, is, however, the most delicate 
 test of the presence of alkalies: they combine 
 with acids, neutralising their acid properties, and 
 forming a very important and extensive class 
 of compounds called sails; a salt being any 
 compound formed by the union of an ajid with an 
 alkali or other metallic oxide. The most im- 
 portant of the alkaline salts will be noticed 
 below. Lime, magnesia, barj'ta and strontia 
 have a similar action on vegetable colours, and 
 are called alkaline earths. 
 
 The fixed alkalies arc all oxides of metals, 
 lighter than water. The caustic alkaline earths 
 are oxides of metals still light, but heavier than 
 water ; the names of the metals ending in unt, 
 that of the caustic bodies chiefly in a sodium soda. 
 
 Soda or Mineral Alkali. — In part, the nitrum or 
 natrum of the ancients, terms also applied to 
 potash ; the two alkalies, potash and soda, not 
 being then recognised as distinct substances. 
 Soda is believed to be mentioned by Solomon in 
 I'roverbs xxv. 20, ' as vinegar upon nitre,' and by 
 .lercniiah, ch. ii. "22, ' although thou wash thee 
 with nitre.' Soda was formerly prepared from 
 barilla .and kelp; 'b.arilla' being the name given 
 to the ashes of plants which grew on the sea shore, 
 and ' kelp ' being the .ashes of sea-weeds. These 
 ashes are not now of any importance as sources of 
 soda, however, they are of great value on account 
 of the iodine salts they contain. Soda and its 
 sidts are now almost entirely manufactured di- 
 rectly or indirectly from common salt. 
 
 Sodium, the melal, is prepared by exposing to a 
 while heat, in iron cylinders or retorts, a mixture 
 of dry car )onaie of soda and charco.al dust, a little 
 chalk being added to keep the nnxture in a pasty 
 condition. The metal .sodium distils over, and is 
 condensed in a copper receiver, which must be 
 well rolled and should be surrounded with ice, and 
 must contain rock oil or naphtha. Sodium has a 
 bluish white colour expo.sed to the air, it is quickly 
 oxidised, when dropped into cold water it decom- 
 poses a jiortion of it, extricating hydrogen, and if 
 the water be previously heated, the gas takes firo 
 and burns with a bright yellow flame. 
 
 .Sodium is manufactured on a connncrcial scale, 
 .and is extensively used in the preparation of 
 aluminum or aluminium. 
 
 a 
 
 snda- 
 as ro( 
 shire 
 
 fe'nry- 
 to be 
 litlJe 
 ^s sati 
 rated 
 Xorth 
 Ihis.ai 
 risings 
 <|uanti 
 Warm i 
 tlie be, 
 the CO 
 magnei 
 colder 
 iron pa 
 J he sa 
 •liained 
 bittern, 
 ><alt is I 
 tbe abo\ 
 fhem wi 
 .Solves ar 
 In C/i< 
 at the |)i 
 per ton. 
 tained fr 
 wliich is 
 and sold 
 lime. Tl 
 the very j 
 '•ather tha 
 tinns of til 
 I'ure .sa 
 PN'posurc t 
 bealed. .i- 
 duclion of 
 verted iii( 
 process. , 
 of salt are 
 "'is one b 
 I'st'd in m 
 •'perations, 
 Common s,- 
 Sulp/iate 
 !'rci)ared b 
 I'linric acid" 
 '■hloric .acid 
 fjoltles on 
 coke or brie, 
 sod.i remair 
 also obtaine 
 'li'ric acid fj 
 extensively 
 particularly 
 ''-■<ists in ah 
 of Cheltenhi 
 .irative |)rop( 
 •'*"Ipliateflf.s( 
 "P'>'i pKister 
 Xulphateof 
 ''"'orescent, 1 
 '■•'llisation, at 
 posiire to the 
 A convenii 
 ''y pouring 
 '■'<'i(l upon eif; 
 Carbonate 
 ff'veral l„cali, 
 '"stance Hun- 
 ^*l"Pn the .so-' 
 ';!immer; ]„ , 
 'rom i;„, ^rro, 
 carliojiiiiu of ; 
 
 rii( 
 
 ilil 
 
 I I 
 
HB>iaiB 
 
 ALKALI 
 
 35 
 
 thee 
 from 
 ;ivcn 
 hore, 
 
 C8 of 
 ;ounb 
 its 
 H di- 
 
 rto a 
 
 xture 
 
 littlo 
 
 piisiy 
 
 lud M 
 
 1st. 1)0 
 
 mill 
 
 I has a. 
 
 liickly 
 
 Iccdin- 
 
 md if 
 firo 
 
 I scale, 
 of 
 
 Chloride of Sodium, muriate of soda or common 
 Kodn — is found in immcnso quantities in the earth 
 as nick salt. The mines of Cheshire and Worccster- 
 sliire in this country, and those of I'oland, Ilun- 
 f,'ary, Spain, and many other places, may he said 
 to he inexhaustible. Actual mining of salt is 
 little practised with us. The water near the salt 
 is saturated brine, which is purilled up and evapo- 
 rated in pans 30 to (JO feet long. The soil around 
 Xorthwich is in many places nuich depressed by 
 tills, and the town itself Is a constant succession of 
 risings and fallings. It is also obtained in large 
 <piantltles by the evaporation of sea water. In 
 warm countries this is carried on in pits dug in 
 the beach by the heat of the sun's raj's, leaving 
 the common salt, mixed with various salts of 
 magnesia and lime, as a white incrustation. In 
 colder climates the evaporation is conducted in 
 iron pans on ilie sea shore, by the aid of fuel. 
 The salt crystallises out, the crystals are then 
 drained from the mother liquor, which is called 
 bittern, and are ready for the market. Haskct 
 salt is made by placing the crystals obtained in 
 the above process in conical baskets, and washing 
 them with a saturated solution of salt, which dis- 
 solves and carries off any magnesia or lime salts. 
 
 In Cheshire, the mine salt has been sold, in 1803, 
 at the ])lt mouth at even less than half-a-crowii 
 jier ton. The large crystals used for soda are ob- 
 tained from the pans at 'Is. a ton. That salt 
 which is rapidly evaporated with the fire is fnie, 
 and sold as salt. It contains a little sulphate of 
 lime. Tlie coarser salt is formed less rapidly, and 
 the very large crystals, which appear ornamental 
 ratlier than useful, arc formed singly in quiet por- 
 tions of the pan. They are in reality the purest. 
 
 Pure salt should not become sensibly moist on 
 exposure to the air ; it decrepitates when suddenly 
 heated. .Salt is employed extensively in tha pro 
 (luction of sulphate of soda, to be afterwards con- 
 vcrtcil into carbonate of soda bv Le Hlanc's 
 process. At the present time (ISflo)". .3.00,000 tons 
 (if salt are annually consumed in this country in 
 tliis one branch of industry. It is also largely 
 used in many other chemical and metallurgical 
 operations, and for the preservation of animal food. 
 Common salt is an excellent antiseptic. 
 
 Sulphate of Soda or Glaiclier's Salts. — Tliis is 
 prepared by heating together a mixture of sul- 
 jiluiric acid and common salt; muriatic or hydro- 
 chloric acid is evolved and condensed in Wolfe's 
 bottles on a small scale, or ii' vessels filled witli 
 coke or bricks on a large scale, while sulphate of 
 soda remains in the retort. Sulph.ate of soda is 
 also obtained as a residue in I lie preparation of 
 nitric acid from nitrateof soda, and is foinid pretty 
 extensively in various parts of the world, more 
 particularly in Spain and South America. It 
 I'xists in almost all waters; tlie mineral springs 
 (if Clieltcnhani and Leamington owe tlieir pur- 
 gative properties to its jiresence. Crystallised 
 sulphate of soda is often found as an efilorc.-cence 
 upon plaster and brick-work in damp situations. 
 
 Sulphaleof soda, when in crystals, is remarUa'oly 
 efiloresccnt, losing tlie whole of its water of crys- 
 lalllsation, at ordinary temiieratures, on mere ex- 
 posure to the atmosphere. 
 
 A convenicut freezing mixture may be made 
 by ]imiring five parts commercial hydrochloric 
 acid upon eight parts of tlie crystallised sulphate. 
 
 Carbnnate of Soda. — Tills is found nati\'c in 
 several localilics; in some places, Egypt, and for 
 instance Hungary, being left as an incrustation 
 when tlic so-called ' soda lakes ' drj' up in the 
 summer; in olher places, Hungary &c. it exudes 
 from )!ie, ground. A consider.ablc quantity of 
 carbonate of soda was formerly, and indeed still 
 
 is, obtained from Barilla, the ashes of ]ilants 
 growing on the seashore; t'le ashes of the Sahiili 
 clavifoliu yielding atiout -Ki per cent., and the 
 Salsiila soda aliout H per cent, of tlieir weigiit of 
 this s;dt. Kelp, the .islies of sea-weeds, contains 
 a iiotalile proportion of carbonate of soda, but 
 is valuable only as a .source of iodine and potash. 
 However, the quaniity annually derived from 
 tliese sources is very trilling when compared witli 
 the quantity manufactured from common salt. 
 
 The process now generally empUived for the 
 manufacture of carbonate of soila from common 
 salt is substantially that reciommended by Ln lilaiic 
 in 179'2, and consists first in the dccomposltlou of 
 the salt by sulphuric acid, as described above, and 
 afterwards roasting the sulplnte of soda .so ob- 
 tained in revcrberatory furnaces with a mixture of 
 lime or chalk and small coal, the proportions being 
 two parts of sulphate of soda, two parts limestone 
 orchalk, and one part small coal ; the mixture melts 
 into a pasty mass termed ' black ash,' wliich on 
 being withdrawn from the furnace, cuoled, and 
 lixiviated with cold water, yields a solution con- 
 taining principally carbonate of soda. The in- 
 soluble residue consists of a sulphate of calcium 
 mixed with carbonate of lime &c., and is Icnown 
 as blue waste, vat refuse, or soda waste. 
 
 The solution containing carbonate of soda is 
 evaiioratedto dryness; mixed with a small propor- 
 tion of sawdust, and calcined at a moderate tempera- 
 ture. The product thus obtained is called snda ash, 
 and contains from 44 to 50 per cent, of alkali. 
 
 Soda Cn/stals or Washing Soda. — This is ob- 
 tained by dissolving the soda ash in water, evapor- 
 ating, and crystallising m iron pans. 
 
 Carbonate of soda is also manufactureil from 
 Cryolite, a mineral found in West (ireenlani', and 
 al.so in the Ural mountains: it is a double iluoriti! 
 of aluminium and sodium. The minimal is ground 
 to powder, mixed with its own weight of lime, and 
 either calcined, or mixed with as much water .as 
 will form a milk, and boiled for some time, 
 li'luoridc of calcium remahis insoluble while 
 aluminate of soda is dis.solred by the water. On 
 passing carbonic acid gas tlirough the liquid the 
 alumina is precijiltated, and carbonate of soda is 
 formed and may be obtained ii. crystals on ev.a- 
 poration. One ton of cryolite will yield from 1^ 
 to 2 tons of soda crystals. The quautit v of cryolite 
 annually obtained from (Jreeiiland instated to be 
 about 3,000 tons, tlie greater portion of which is 
 sent to I'openhagen, and the remaindoi to IJoston", 
 U. S. ; at both of which places the above processes 
 are carried on. 
 
 Carbonate of soda has also been obtained from 
 soda febjiar, but not to any considerable extent. 
 
 Soda ash and soda crystals are both very largely 
 u.sed in many industrial and chemical opeiations, 
 more particularly In the manufacture of soap, and 
 in dyeing and scouiing. 
 
 In this country upwards of 300,000 tons of 
 carbonate of soda are annually made. It is ex- 
 ported largely. 
 
 Bi-earbonatc of Soda. — This is jirocured by 
 exposing the crystallised carbonate to an atmo- 
 sphere of carbonic acid. The crystals absorb thi; 
 carbonic acid, and at the same time lose their water 
 ofcrystallLsition, crumbliiigdown into a white pow- 
 der. It is used in medicine, in the production of 
 ell'crvescing drinks, halving powders &c. On being 
 ;iubjected to a red lieat it loses half of Its carbonic 
 acid, and is converted into the anhydrous sim|iIo 
 carbonate. 
 
 Caustic Soda. — This may be prepared from the 
 
 eoda ash of commerce by boiling with an excess of 
 
 fresh slaked lime, insoluble carbonate of lime l.s 
 
 formed, and caustic soda remains in solution; the 
 
 i>2 
 
36 
 
 ALKALI 
 
 clear li(|iii(l is dornntrd, cvaporafoil, fused, and, 
 wliilc still liquid, is run into irmi ca.sl<s, iinJ ■wUvn 
 ciilil is ready for market. 
 
 The nidtlier liiiimrs from llic mamifnctiire of 
 soda crystals are now generally used for the pro- 
 dueiioii of caustic soda. As they always contain 
 a consideralile amount hesidcit carbonate, they arc 
 well suited for the purpose. 
 
 Caustic soda is daily beconiinn of more import- 
 ance in the arts; lar^ro quantities arc used for 
 makinj; soap, and for lileachinn, scouring', dyeinj;. 
 The commercial product generally contains from 
 GU per cent, to 70 per cent, of idU.ili. 
 
 Nitnite of Sui/a, Ciihic Ailri: or Clil/i Sallpetre 
 — is larjjely imported into this country, and is used 
 as a source of nitric acid, also in the maiiufaeturo 
 of nitrate of jiotash l;y double decomposition with 
 cliloride of potassium, and in manure. It is 
 somewhat deli(|uesceiit. When heatcil to (t'M° 
 i'ahr. it fuses, and on exposure to a higher tempe- 
 rature sulfcrs dec<miposition. 
 
 'I'he followiiif; inleresuu;^ .iccouiit of the pro- 
 duciiuM of the nitrate beds in South America is 
 extracted from the report of jMr. Halidan, late 
 Iter .M.ijesty's consul ii.l Lima: — 
 
 ' Iiiuiii'ie is the centre of the nitrate of soda trade, 
 and to this article aloiu" it owe.; its present position. 
 The )iopulation of the province 'is estimateil at 
 l."),t)oii, i'our-lifllis of whom are more or less inter- 
 ested in it. Larj^e iuid apparently inexhaustible 
 beds of this and other .salts .are found in the pampa 
 or jilaiu (jf lamarufjal, say between the Valley of 
 Oainarones on the north, luid the river Lox (the 
 boundary line of I'eru and liolivia) on the south, 
 a distance of over IjO miles, lyinj; principally 
 towards the Western .side, distant from the ship- 
 |)inf,' port from (I to 12 leagues. The beds of 
 nitrate, or calisheras, are iiLsulated deposits, very 
 irregular, some on the plain, others on the rising 
 ground, varying much in .size and shape, and in 
 depth, iieneath the surface crust of earth and clay, 
 from 1 inch to mixny feer, and in thickness from 
 (i incites to as many feet. Amongst the other salts 
 founil in their vicinity m.iy be enumerated car- 
 bonate and sulphate of soda, biborates of lime and 
 soda, magnesium-ilium, chlorate of sodium. Traces 
 of iodine exist in the nitrate, and in most c*." the 
 waters in the plain have bceii discovered traces of 
 bor.acic acid. 
 
 ' Its cost at the works varies from (S.^ reales to H\ 
 rcales per (juintal, a"C(n'diiig to the aptitude of the 
 Labourers, and the distance they may have to send 
 for water mid fuel. 'I'he rate of carnage to the coast 
 also varies froin o?, to 7h reales |)er (piintal. 
 
 ' The average rate now paid for nitrate placed on 
 the be.acli is 14 reales, and this would give the 
 •Makers J reale fier quintal ])rolit. Nitrate of soda 
 is alwavs s(dd deliverable alongside the ship's 
 launch outside the surf. The merchant has to bag 
 .111(1 embark it, which costs him about IJ realc per 
 ipiintal. therefore selling at 17 reales would yield 
 liim 1 \ per quiiiial prolit. 
 
 ' The wages now givcji are, to the barretero 
 (miner) and foiuleador (boiler of the nitrate) 1 
 real of the quintal iirodiiced, each ; to the acendrador 
 (who breaks the nitrate and separates the refuse) 
 ,1, real pf 2 quintals; to other labourers from 1 
 dollar 1 cent.*, to \i dollars per day. 
 
 'The principal shipping jilaces arc Iquique, I'a- 
 tillns, Jlexilloncs, iind I'isagua. 
 
 ' Tlie total amount exported since the year 1830, 
 when the trade was commenced, is : — 
 
 quintal) 
 
 18W— IS.1I, Inclusive 
 IS.I.'p-lS.T.) „ 
 
 lK4IJ_lhll „ 
 
 ISI.'i-lSltf „ 
 
 i8ao-i8:i4 ,. 
 
 Total 
 
 .161, .-,»:. 
 
 1 ,.'i:il!,.1(lS 
 '/.ilfiii,,',!).'. 
 
 8,03G,i68 
 
 ' The amoinit of exports in British ships, in 18fi-l, 
 were, ;!1.()!)H tons, of the value of «li.'),'lii.") dollars.' 
 
 Sii/pliite of Smli or Anticlilor. It is prepared by 
 p.issing sulphurous acid gas, obtained by the com- 
 bustion of sulphur in air, into a solution of 
 carbonate of soda, and crystallising. This salt 
 was formerly used for removing the last traces of 
 chlorine from the bleached pulp in the manufaduro 
 of paper, Imt is now to a great extent superseded by 
 hyposiilphatc of soda. 
 
 Jlypomtl/i/iile of Soilit. — This may be readily pre- 
 pared by digesting the above-mentioned .salt with 
 tlowers of sulphur, evaporating, and cry.stallising. 
 It may also bo prepared from the soila wnsle 
 produced in the manutacturc of soda ash. Hypo- 
 sulphite of soda is largely used by photographers 
 for dissolving the undecomposcd salts of silver. It 
 is calculated that the ipiantity used in Kngland 
 alone for this purpose is not less than 200 tons per 
 annum, while a far larger tpiantity is used by the 
 pajier manufacturers. 
 
 Flwsphute nf Solid. — Common tribasic phosphate 
 of soda is prc))are(l on a scale of some m.ignitudu 
 by treating powdered bone ash with dilute sul- 
 phuric acid, rendering slightly alkaline with car- 
 bonate of soda, liltering from the ins(duhle car- 
 bonate, phosiihate and sulphate of lime, and 
 crystallismg. This salt is u.sed in medicine. It also 
 enters into the coitiposition of the diinijimj liijiiorn, 
 u.sed by calico printer.s. There are several other 
 ])hospliates of soda, but they are of no importance 
 in commerce. 
 
 Bi-liorate of Soda or Borax (Sohaga, Tincal, 
 Indian names) — obtained in large quantities in 
 the valley of I'liga, in Ladahk, and at Thibet, is 
 collected on the borders of the lakes as the water 
 dries up ; it is then smeared with fat to prevent loss 
 by exportation, and transferred across the Hima- 
 layas on the b.acks of sheep and goats. It is re- 
 linedat Umritsur and Lahore by washing with lime 
 water. It is employed medicinally by the natives 
 as a tonic, deobstruent, and diuretic. It is also 
 obt.iincd in California. It is obtained in the crude 
 state by the evaporation of the waters of the lake 
 whence it is derived, and is purilied by dissolving 
 in water, rendering slightly alkaline with carbon- 
 ate of soda (to precipitate earthy salts), filtering 
 and crystallising. Artiticial borax is prepared 
 largely by dissolving the boracio acid obtained 
 frcm the lagoons of Tuscany in carbonate of .soda 
 or caustic soda, liltering, and crj-stallising .slowly. 
 In some works the crude boracic is mixed with 
 soda ])ota.sh and calcined at a low heat ; the 
 fritted mass is then lixiviated with water, and the 
 clear solution evaiiorated and crystallised. 
 
 A native borate of lime and soda is found in 
 large quantities in Pern; it is used for the 
 preparation of horacic acid and borax, 
 
 IJorax is obtained crystalli.sed in two rarieties, 
 octahedral and prismatic, the former containing 
 3U'8 percent, water, and the latter 47'2 per cent, 
 liolh varieties, when expo.sed to the action of heat, 
 lose the whole of their water, and melt below red- 
 ness to a transparent colourless glass, whicii pos- 
 sesses the propertyof dissolving many of the metal- 
 lic oxides, often with characteristic colours ; hence 
 it is much used in the laboratory as a blowpipe 
 reagent. liorax is used in the arts as a flux, and 
 by the refiner in the melting of gold and silver ; it 
 is also Taluable for facilitating the soldering and 
 welding of metals. In making enamels it is 
 frequently added for the purpose of rendering the 
 compound more fusible, and it is largely emjiloyed 
 in fixing colours on porcelain ; borax is aiso used 
 in medicine 
 
 Silicate of Soda or IFafer Glass — is prepared by 
 igniting 40 lbs. powdered quartz with 23 lbs. 
 
 
 isalsoprcj 
 J'olasxi 
 oxide is r 
 JUS sodiuiJ 
 the corrcl 
 not nearll 
 sodium, al 
 Jierties off 
 C/ilonjt 
 htive beeif 
 along witl 
 It is alsof 
 ' kelp,' thi 
 ill the mill 
 ration of i 
 Jii-Suli 
 scale as 
 of nitric . 
 enisuin ofl 
 ■>vater, thif 
 prolonged 
 snlphate. 
 
ALK 
 
 nnhydrouR carbonntc of coda and .'! \hn rharcoal ; ' 
 <ir, accordiiit; to Hiicliiirr, it may bo |ir('|iarc(l iixire 
 cheaply fnim siilpliate nf soda, and in the pro- 
 (' irtiiiii of 1(1(1 [Wins (juartz, (10 parts anliydroiis 
 Milpliate ofsuda, and lo to "JO parts cliarciial dnst. 
 Afirr cooling, tliu vitreous iiia>.H is lirokcn np and 
 lioik'd with water for three or four hours, the 
 water lieiiii; replaced as it evaporates. When the 
 whole is dissolved the solution is roiicontrated till 
 it attains the specitie Kravily of from I'Jl to l"J(i. 
 In this state it is sutlicieritly liquid to lie used for 
 come pnrposes, for others it may be evaporated to 
 ii syru|)y consistence. 
 
 The most important uses of silicate of soda are 
 for hardening and preserving stones, ])rcpariiig 
 artilicial stones, cement, itc. and for the preparation 
 of colours for mnral painting; it is also used by 
 calico printers and jiapor makers, anil in the pro- 
 ])aration uf printing ink, il'c. 
 
 Aliimitmte of Suild. — This is used as a mordant 
 for tixing madder colours in calico iirintiiig. It is 
 generally prejiared by adding caustic soda to a 
 sohilioii of alum until the precipitate at first 
 formed is rc-dissolved ; ])repared in this nianiuir 
 it contains a large (piantily of sulphate of soda. 
 It is obtaii'.ed tidcrably pure as an intermediate 
 jiroduct in the manufacture of carbonate of soda 
 iroin cryolite. 
 
 Stanmite. of •Suda. — Tt is extensively used in 
 dyeing aiul calico printing: it is jirepared in a 
 great variety of ways, generally by fusing tin or 
 tin-ore with soda or a salt of soda. 
 
 ArscnUite of Soda. — This is also used largelv in 
 calico printing ' dunging li(|iior.' One method is 
 to lieat arsenic with nitrate of soda. 
 
 Tungstule of Soda. — I'reparcd by fusing the ore 
 with carbonate or sulphate of soda. Tungstate of 
 soda is used in dyeing, as a mordant, in the same 
 manner as stanimte of soda : it has lately acquired 
 considerable importance as a medium for ven- 
 ilering linen, cotton and other librous substances 
 iion-inllammable; for this purpose it is used in solu- 
 tjon, either alouc or in conjunction with phosphate 
 of soda. 
 
 Fluoride of Sodium and Ahiminiiim. — This i:-. 
 fi.uiul native as Cri/olilc. in (ireenland, and in the 
 Ural nu)untains ; used as a source of carbonate of 
 soda, also (d' aluininimn. 
 
 Acitule of Soda — is prepared in large qinnttiti^s 
 (luring the purilicati<iii of acetic .icid ; the cruilc 
 acid obtained by the distillati(>nofwood is neutra- 
 lised by carbonate of soda or soda ash, and the 
 salt thus obtained purilied by crystallisation. 
 
 J'otask or Vtijvtahle. Alkali. — I'.xtensively dis- 
 tributed in the vegetable and mineral kingdoms ; it 
 is also present ill animal juiecs,aiul in all fertile soils. 
 
 Potassium. — The metal of which (lotash is an 
 oxide is prepared jirecisely in the same maimer 
 JUS sodium, suhstilutiiig for the carbonate of soda 
 the corresponding salt of potash. This metal is 
 not nearly of as great importance in eoininercc as 
 sodium, and is much more expensive. The pro- 
 perties of both arc very similar. 
 
 Chloride of Potassium. — Large beds of this jalt 
 liave been latelj' discovered at Stassfurt in I'russia, 
 along with common saltandclilorideof magnesium. 
 It is also extracted in considcr.ible quantity from 
 ' kelp,' the ashes of sea-weeds, and is used largely 
 ill the manufacture of jiotash alums, in the prepa- 
 ration of the other salts of potash, and in manure. 
 
 Jii- Sulphate of Potash. — Obtained on a large 
 scale as u residuary product in the manufacture 
 of nitric acid from nitrate of potash ; it is tie sal 
 enisum of the older writers. It is very soluble in 
 water, the crystals fuse below a red heat, and on 
 prolonged ignition arc converted into the simple 
 sulphate. The bisulpliaie is sometimes used as a 
 
 ALI 37 
 
 (lux ill cases where the action of an acid at a Viigh 
 temperature is rei|uircd. 
 
 Potash alum — is a double sulphate of potash ami 
 alumina. 
 
 Carlxmale of Potash, I'otashis.atid Pmrhithis. — 
 ('arhonate of potash is obtained in large (|uantities 
 for commercial purposes by lixiviating wood aslu-, 
 evaporating and crystallising; the mother liipior, 
 containing the carbonate of (lotash, is ovaporali d 
 to dryness, yielding the ym^/.v/l/^s of commerce, anil 
 these when calcined constitute what is known as 
 /mirhisti. Ciinimercial potashes generally contain 
 fromuO to(iO per cent. of alkali. Carbonate of potash 
 is also obtained by decom|iosing the cbloriilc and 
 suliihate, as in the i)rc|iaration of cnrbonale of soda 
 from common salt ; and from felsjiar, by exposing 
 an intimate mixture of KlU )iarts, with about 1 jo 
 jiarts lime, to a white heat, boiling the mnss with 
 water, and saturating the solution so obtained with 
 carbonic acid, to pncijiitatc silica and alumina ; the 
 v'lear liipiid contains the mixed carbonates of pot- 
 ash and soda; on evajmralion the carbonate of soda 
 crystallises out, leaving the carbonate of |>ota'-li in 
 solution. Mr. t". (). AVard heats the felspar with 
 lliiorspar and lime. It has been found riinimera 
 live to extract pota,sh from the grease taken fnun 
 the wool of sheep; IblKI His. of wool yield about 
 80 lbs. carbonate of ]iotasli free from soda ; ai.-o 
 from the juice of the sug;ir beet in rr.ince. 
 
 Carbonate of potash is largcdy used in the arts, 
 particularly in the mamifactiirc of soaji and glas . 
 and for ]irepariiig caiistic potash and its salts. 
 
 Hi -carbonate of Potash is prepared by ])assing .1 
 <'urrent of carbonic acid gas through a strong so- 
 lution of the carbonate of jiotash; crystals of the 
 bicarbonate are deposited. This salt is consume 1 
 medicinally in considerable quantities. 
 
 Caustic Potash is ]irocured from its carbonate in 
 precisely the same inaiiiicr as caustic soda. 
 
 titrate of Potash, Salt/ietre, or yitre. — The 
 principal supply of this important salt is deiiveii 
 from various districts in the Kast Indies, where it 
 occurs sometimes as an elllorcsecnce, at other 
 times disseminated through the soil itself. I'or 
 its formation it is iiecessaiy that the soil should 
 contain felspar or other mineral yielding much 
 potash. The nitre is extracted from the soil by 
 lixiviation with water; evaporating the solution 
 so obtained, removing any common salt which iiiiiy 
 fall, and crystallising ; the crystals being purilied 
 by repeated re-crystallisations. 
 
 Nitre may be alsi made artilicially in beds of 
 decaying vegetable or animal substancis, mixed 
 with old mortar, or other refuse calcareous earth ; 
 these are watered occasionally, too inucli iiiois- 
 turo being hnrtfii! ; after .i.certain period, depend- 
 ing on the rapidity with which the process has 
 gone on, the whole is siibinittcd to lixiviation 
 together with wood-ashes ; which contain car- 
 bonate of potash, and which dccomi>osc any 
 nitrate of lime formed, of which there, is gene- 
 rally a considerable (luantity. After the lixivia- 
 tion is complete, which takes some time, the 
 solution is separated and boiled down ; the com- 
 mon salt separates as in the other process, and 
 the nitre is then crystallised. It was from this 
 source that the whole of the nitre, nearly, em- 
 ployed by the French during the long protracted 
 war with the continental powers was obtained, as 
 in former times in this country wben the obnoxious 
 retremen collected it. 
 
 Nitre is now manufactured largely from nitrate 
 of soda, by double decomposition with chloridi! of 
 potassium ; chloride of sodium and nitrate of 
 potash are formed, and are separated by crystalli- 
 sation. 85 of nitrate of soda are mixed with "t 
 of chloride of potassium. 
 
38 
 
 ALK.AXI 
 
 Nitre has a cold, ponctrating, and iiauspous 
 taste; enters into i^^iicDiis fusnm r.l a k''"H'' 'luat, 
 and i^i thon hkiiiIiIlmI into round cakes (railed huI 
 prniiclla. It U eniployed in llic niiniufaelnre of 
 ^;inipii\vder, which is tonipiwcd of 7o parts by 
 weif^ht of nitre, Hi of (rharooal, and '.) of sulphur 
 (the nitre fur this ])urposo sliouhl he of f^reat 
 imrity) ; as a flux it is one of the most powerful 
 we possess ; it is also used for the preservation of 
 animal food, and in niaUinj; frif,'orilie mixtures ; 1 
 o/, of nitre di-.solvcd in i) oz. of water lowers its 
 tem|ieraturo lij def^rees of Fahrenheit's thermo- 
 meter. It was formerly used for procuring nitric 
 acid .'uid for giving nitrous fmnes to the. vitriol 
 chambers, but the nitrate of soda has now taken 
 its place, in these operations. [Salti'iithe.] 
 
 Cliluiutc (if J'utitsh — is generally prepared by 
 passing chlorine gas into u mixture of iiOO parts 
 caustic lime, lot parts chloi-idc of potassium, and 
 100 parts water, the operation being conducted in 
 close leaden tanks, heated by steam, and provided 
 with agitators ; when the mixture is saturated 
 with clilorine, the liquid is liltered olV and eva- 
 porated nearly to dryness, and the resulting mass 
 redissolvcd in hot water, and set aside to crystal- 
 lise, the crystals being aftenvatds slightly washed 
 and drained. In this process 154 parts chloride of 
 potassium yield fully 200 parts chlorate of potash. 
 The clilor;:tu of potash of the best makers is a 
 nearly pure product. 
 
 Chlorate of potash is extensively used in the 
 preparation of lucifer matches, and in pyrotcchni- 
 cal mixtures. Ii enters into tlic composition used 
 for tilling percussion caps, Ac, and is a convenient 
 source of oxygen gas ; I oz, of the salt j'ielding 
 nearly 2 gallons of oxygen. 
 
 As an oxidising agent, chlorate of potash is 
 used by the calico printer for heightening the 
 intensity of '.steam colours;' and in the labora- 
 tory it is in constant request. Finally, it is of value 
 in pharmaoy, being sometimes administered in 
 considerable doses by the physician. 
 
 Jli/posiilpliilc t)f' I'utiish, mticute of Potash, AIii- 
 iniiiiitc if Potash, Slannate of Potash, Tungstite 
 of Potash. — These salts are prepared exactly in 
 tlio same maimer as the corresponding salts of 
 .soda, suListilutiug for the salt of soda, used in tlio 
 preparation, a similar salt of potash. T'hcir nses 
 arc also identical with the corresponding soda 
 salts. 
 
 Bichromate nf Potash. — A great many processes 
 h.ave been devised for tlie preparation of this salt. 
 "When the native chrome-iron ore is calcined with 
 an alkaline hydrate or carbonate, in presence of 
 an oxidising agent, the oxide of chromium in the 
 ore is converted into chromic acid and unites with 
 the alkali ; thus by fusing tlie chrome-iron ore with 
 half its weight of nitre for several hours, with fre- 
 quent stirring, a mass is obtained which, on lixivi- 
 ation with water and evaporation, yields crystals 
 of neutral chromate of potash. By dissolving the 
 cliromate of jiotash so obtained in water, and 
 adding a strong miner.il acid, generally nitric 
 acid, it is converted into the bichromate ; and by 
 evaporating the solution to the crj'stallisiiig point, 
 mcchaniL-ally separating the crystals of bichromate 
 from those of the nitrate (or other potash salt), 
 formed at same time, and rccrystallising several 
 times, the bichromate is obtained pure — large 
 orange-red rectangular tables. 
 
 The above process of preparing the chromate 
 maj' be rendered more economical by substituting 
 carbonate of potash for a portion of nitre, anil 
 still more by dispensing with the nitre altogether, 
 anil effect ing the oxidation by means of air ad- 
 mitted into the furnace. The addition of lime is 
 found to facilitate the oxidation. Some manufac- 
 
 turers dispcnsA with potash in the calcination 
 altogether, using only lime, and afterwards de- 
 comp'sing the chromate of lime formed by car- 
 bona... of potash. 
 
 ISichromate of potash is extensively nscd in 
 dyeing an<l calico-printing, in preparing pigment.'', 
 and in bleaching tallow, palm oil, &i\ It is solu- 
 ble in ten times its weight of cold water. 
 
 Iodide of Potassium — is obtained by dissolving 
 iodine in caustic potash, evaporating to dryness, 
 gently igniting tlie mass, to decompose iodale of 
 potash, redissolving in water or alcohol, and crys- 
 tallising. It may also be obtained by digesting 2 
 parts iodine and one part iron tilings in a stoppered 
 vessel with ten parts water ; under these circum- 
 stances iodide of iron is formed bj' the direct 
 union of the metal wiih the iodine : the liquid is 
 then boiled, and a cclution of carbonate of potash 
 is added in small (juantities .so long as a preciiiitate 
 is formed, the solution is filtered from the insolu- 
 ble carbonate of iron and set aside to crystallise. 
 
 Licbig has recently jiroposed the following pro- 
 cess for the preparation of iodide of potassium : 1 
 part of i)hosphoru.s is placed ui a basin with 40 
 parts hot water, to which 20 parts iodine are 
 gradually ailded, with frequent agitation. The 
 resulting colourless liquid, containing phosphoric 
 and hydriodic acids, is poured off, and milk of limn 
 added till the mixture is alkaline; it is then liltered 
 and boiled down to half its bulk with 12 parts 
 sulphate of potash, and allowed to cool. A small 
 quantitvof pure carbonate of potash is then added 
 to precipitate any lime, and the filtered solution 
 yiclils on evaporation crystals of pure iodide of 
 potiissium. 
 
 Some manufacturers employ an excess of caustic 
 alkali in order to give the crystals a certain degree 
 of opacity ; others dip the crystals into a solution 
 of carbonate of soda, and afterAvards tlry them in 
 a stove. 
 
 Bromide of Potassium. — This is prepared in a 
 precisely similar manner to iodide of potassium. 
 Both salts arc employed in photography to a con- 
 siderable extent, anil in medicine. 
 
 Ferrocyanidc of Potassium or Yellow Prussiate 
 of Potash. — This important salt is formed when 
 azotised matters are heated to redness with cnr- 
 bonatc of potash and iron. It is manufactured 
 on a large scale by heating dried blood, horns, 
 parings of hides, and other animal matters con- 
 taining nitrogen, with an equal weight of car- 
 bonate of potash, and about one-third their weight 
 of iron filings stirred in an iron pot. The mass 
 when treated with water yields a solution con- 
 taining fyrrocyanidc of potassium. On evapora- 
 tion the salt is obtained in large lemon-yellow 
 crvstals, which are soluble in about 4 parts of 
 cold water and in 2 parts of boiling ■water. 
 
 Ferrocyanide of potassium is manufactured in 
 large quantities for use in dyeing and calico- 
 printing. It produces a beautiful bright blue colour, 
 which, however, will not bear washing with al- 
 kalies or soap. It is also used in the preparation 
 of Prussian blue. It is the source from which 
 prnssic acid, and other compounds of cyanogen, 
 are usually obtained, but is not itself poisonous. 
 It has a saline, bitter taste. 
 
 Ferridcyanide of Potassium or Bed Prnssiatt of 
 Potash. — Obtained by passing chlorine gas through 
 a solution of the preceding salt, until the liquid 
 ceases to give a blue precipitate with perchloride 
 of iron. The solution on evaporation yields mag- 
 nificent riiby-reil crystals, which are soluble in 
 2 J parts cold water, and in IJ part of boiling 
 water, lied prussiate day also bo obtained by 
 exposing powdered yelloAv pru.«sinte to the action 
 of a current of chhirine gas. Bed prussiate is 
 
ALKALI 
 
 in 
 
 alico- 
 nloiir, 
 al- 
 tiUion 
 Ivliich 
 logcn, 
 
 |)IU)US. 
 
 Jttof 
 
 Siqiiiil 
 llorlde 
 1 tnag- 
 bio, ill 
 lolling 
 led by 
 lictioii 
 iatc is 
 
 iispd by dyors and cnliro printers for disrliarRlnf; 
 till: l)liio Colour of iiiilif^o Iroiii calico; also tor 
 dvfiii;; l)lu(! colours. 
 
 C'l/tiniJp of' I'lilnssium — may br prepared liy 
 licatiiit; to dull redness, in a covered iron crniiblc, 
 a niixtnre of H jiarts dry yellow priis>iale witb 
 ;! parts dry carbonate of potash, until llie fused 
 mass has lost its yellow colour, and iMases lo i;ivc 
 otV bubbles of Ras. After ibe particles of iron 
 have subsided to the bi/tlom of the crucible, the 
 fused cyanide is poured on a cold slab, and solidi- 
 fies on coolinj; to a niilk-wbite mass. This salt 
 is very delirpiescent, lias an alkaline reaction, and 
 when moist emits the odour of hydrocyanic 
 (prusiiic) acid. It is very poisonous. Cyanide of 
 potassium is a jiowerful reducing; agent, and as 
 such is constantly used in the laboratory. Larjje 
 quantities are used for the purpose of dissolving 
 the salts oi" fjold and silver in the processes of 
 elect rotv] ling ; also in phot<igraphy. 
 
 Tartrate, and Bitartrute of J'oliisli. — TJitartratc 
 of potash, or cream of tartar, is, when in its crude 
 and impure state, called argol, and is deposited in 
 the interior, of wine casks during fermentation, 
 and from this source the whole of the cream of 
 tartar is obtained. It is generally of a very dark 
 brown colour, but may be purified and rendered 
 perfectly white by sidution aiul crystallisation. 
 It is employed very extensively in dyeing, hat- 
 making, and in the ]ireparation of tartaric acid, 
 and many of the compounds of tartaric acid, as 
 tartar emetic, soluble tartar, boro-tartrato of 
 jiotash ; when heated to redness it is converted 
 into carbonate of potash and charcoal; mixed 
 with half its wcig'ot of nitre and thrown into a 
 red hot crucible it forms the black ilux, and with 
 its own weight of nitre the white flux, both of 
 which arc very much employed in metallurgic 
 operations. The tjirtratc is made by the addition 
 of carbonate of jiotasli to a solution of the bitar- 
 tralc until perfectly neutral : it is used in medicine 
 as a mild purgative. 
 
 liochella Salt. — A double tartrate of potash and 
 soda. 
 
 liiimxalnte of Potash or Salt nf Sorrel. — Abun- 
 dant in the juice of the common sorrel (liiimcr 
 ncc/osa), of the wood sorrel (Oj«//» arvtoM'Uu), and 
 in the leafstalks of the common rhubarb. It is 
 principally used for removing ink spots and iron 
 stains from cloth. 
 
 Ammonia, Spirits of Hartshorn, or Yutatih 
 Alkali — in its uncombined form, an clastic 
 gaseous body, hav'.;g a very pungent and suffo- 
 cating odour, destroys animal life, converts the 
 yellow of turmeric pajjor to a brown, which, from 
 the volatility of the alkali, is again restored by a 
 gentle heat to its original colour. This gas is 
 rapidly absorbed by water, which takes into solu- 
 tion 727 limes its volume at 5!P Fahr., and 1050 
 times its Volume at 32° Fahr., forming the liquor 
 ammonia: of commerce. 
 
 Chloride of Ammonium or Sal Ammoniac. — So 
 called from the circumstance of its first having 
 been procured near the temple of Jupiter Amnion 
 in Libya, from the soot produced by burning 
 camels' dung (there used as fuel). It is now, 
 however, (ircparcd in this country from the ammo- 
 niacal liquor of the gas-works, by saturating it 
 with muriatic acid, evaporating and crystallising ; 
 or by distilling the liquor, and conducting the 
 distiilato into muriatic acid. The crystals are 
 purilicd by sublimation. Sublimed chloride of 
 ammonium forms semi-transparent fibrous masses, 
 very soluble in water, with great reduction of 
 temperature; hence it is a common ingredient 
 in freezing mixtures. Used in soldering and galva- 
 nising iron, with iron filings as cement for iron, 4c, 
 
 Sulphiitt'. of Ammonia. — It is procured from ga» 
 liqu<ir in same manner as the chloride, by sulMti- 
 tuling sulphuric acid for muriatic. It cannot lie 
 purified by sublimation, but may be piiriliecl by 
 reerystallisalion. It is soluble in twice its weight 
 of cold water. Sulphate of ammonia is »ometimc>* 
 applied to muslins and other fabrics for the puriiose 
 of' preventing them from liurning with flame, 
 siiould they acidentally take fire. The fini>hiil 
 goods are di|iped into a soliilion contnining 10 pei 
 cent. ()'■ the crystallised salt, and dried in a cenlri- 
 fugal machine. 
 
 lAipior yirimonitr. — This is prepared from cither 
 of the two preceding salts by mixing them witli 
 slaked lime, heating the m.iss in iion retorts, and 
 conducting the gas evolved into water. Tiu' most 
 concentrated solution of ammonia has a specific 
 gravity of •HJo. wafer being e(pial fo lM)()(). 
 
 Carbonate of Ammonia. — This is jirejiared by 
 mixiu}, the chloriile, or sulphate, with twice it.s 
 weight of chalk, and heating the mass in 
 iron retorts. The vapours of carbonate of am- 
 monia are conducted into large leaden chain 
 bers, termed Moons, where they are condenstd; 
 the salt thus obtained is jiurilied by slow subli- 
 mation in iron pots having conical leaden covers. 
 As met with in commerce carbonate of nminoniu 
 is a semi-transparent, fibrous mass, having the 
 pungent odour of ammonia. It is used largely by 
 confectioners in the preparation of light pastry. 
 It is entirely dissi|)ated during the baking, so no 
 ill effect can arise from its use. It is also used 
 for smelling-salts. 
 
 Tunpstale nf Ammonia. — It is used for rendering 
 linen, cotton, and other fabrics non-combustible. 
 
 All the salts of ammonia are characterised by 
 the following properties ; viz. they arc volatile at 
 most at a low red beat; the lixed alkalies and 
 alkaline earths decompose them, uniting with the 
 acid and liberating tlie ammonia, which may be 
 recognised by its odour and by its alkaline re- 
 action on vegetable colours. 
 
 Ammonia is always form ' when organic mat- 
 ters containing nitrogen are su mitted to destruc- 
 tive distillati(m ; a considerable i.jantity is formed 
 during the distillation of bones in the preparation 
 of Jiijipel's oil. 
 
 The salts of ammonia are valuable as ingre- 
 dients in manures, but their chief use is in the 
 yiroduction of ammonia alum, which is a double- 
 sulphate of ammonia and alumina. 
 
 Ammonia, being a highly elastic gas, has bcci^ 
 used in place of steam or compressed air to give 
 motion to portable machinery ; the compressed gas 
 not only gives motion to the piston by virtue of its 
 elastic force, but after passing the cylinder, lir.y 
 be absorbed by water, thus causing a partial 
 vacuum, and assisting the piston on its return 
 stroke. Owing to these properties it may also 
 be used as a refrigerator, and water frozen by 
 it. To cftect this, two strong closed metallic 
 vessels ave connected by a pipe. One of these is 
 partly filled with a strong solution of ammonia in 
 water, the other is empty. If now heat be ap- 
 plied to the former, while the latter is kept cool, 
 the .ammonia is driven from the water which dis- 
 solved it and compressed in the cooler vessel. On 
 the removal of the heat the ammonia returns, to 
 be with great rapidity dissolved in tlie water 
 again, and in so doing "causes a sudden evapora- 
 tion in the other vessel, and so great an absoq)- 
 tioii of heat as to freeze a vessel of water in which 
 it n.ay be immersed. 
 
 Lithia. — Until very lately supposed to exist 
 only in four mine.als, but, by the aid of spectrum 
 analysis, it is now proved to beveryoxtcnsively dis- 
 tributed iu nature in small quantities. It is i'ound 
 
40 
 
 AI.KANET 
 
 in many iiiiiiiTals. ns lepiiliil'itr, upotlumnte, prtalite, 
 A'c., ill tli(^ aslics (if |ilaiits, piirlinilariy t\u: lo- 
 liai'cii plant, and In mineral water", ami in some of 
 tlie pits (if ('iirnw.'ill in eimsiileralili' (|uantity. 
 
 Ciirlio/iitlr iif l.it/iiii.~'V\w onlv salt (if thin al- 
 kali (if any eimiMUTiial impurtancc : it in used in 
 ill • preparaliiin (if artiliiial mineral waters and in 
 ineilioine tor K"iit. 
 
 i'lisiii and llnhidin. — Lately discovpred and 
 very rave alkalies; tliey oniir in niiniite (iiiantities 
 ill .s(ime mineral waters, and in a ver ■ few mine- 
 rals, /I'pldiilitr f(ir instance. Tiny are (if no com- 
 mercial inipdrlauce. 
 
 Iticliardsmi and Walts's dieniiciil Tvchnulogij — 
 tlio principal stcire (if informatiiui on alkalies — lias 
 been freely used. 
 
 Albdliiiiln (ir \'e{iitn-.lt/iiili(:s — may be divided 
 int(j two classes, natnial and artiliciai, the fdrnier 
 lieiii}^ fdinid ready funned in plants; the latter 
 kiiiiwii (iiily as the result (if chemical inanipulatidii. 
 
 Anidiitjst th(! natural alkahiids the fullowiiif; 
 are the principal: — aciinitiiie, atrtipine liniciiie, 
 cinclidiiini', cdiieiiie, Cdiiiiie, (latiiriiine, difxitaline, 
 hynscyatnine, mecuninc, morphine, iiarcotine, iii- 
 ci.liiie, quituiip, strychnine, tlieine, veratrine, itc. 
 
 The artiliciai alkaloids are too niimei'dns td 
 mentidii here; aiiidiif,'st those known to eiiinmerce 
 are aniline, toliiidine, naphthylamine, Ac. 
 
 We are indehtcd to Dr. Aiif;ns .Smith, the emi- 
 nent chemist, and the j,'dvernmenL inspector of 
 alkali works, for the jibove article. 
 
 ALKA.NKT o. ANCIIII.SA (Cer. . orkanet ; 
 Dutch, alkaima ; Fr. orcanctte: llal. aneusa; 
 Span, altaneta). A species of biif^loss (A'irlius<i 
 tinrliiriii, I. inn. ; l.itliospermum tini'tiir>iim (i)('C. ), 
 It has been cultivated in Knf;land ; but is found 
 of the linesl quality in Siberia, Spain, and more 
 Jiarticiilarly in the .South of France, in the vicinity 
 of Moiitpelier. 'I'he roots of the iilaut are the 
 (Illy parts that are made use of. When in per- 
 fection, they are abdiit the thickness (if the lin;,'c.-, 
 having a thici; hark of a deep purplish red colour. 
 This, when separated from the whitish woddy 
 Jiith. imparts a line deep red to Jtlcohdl. oils, wax. 
 and all unctuous substances. 'I'o water it f^ives 
 only a dull bniwuish hue. It is |irincipally em- 
 ]iloyed to tint wax, pomatum, and unguents, dils 
 employed iu the dressing; of mahogany, rose-wodd, 
 Ac. The alkaiiet broui^ht from (,'oiistantinofile 
 yields a more beautil'iil but. less permanent, dye 
 "than that of France. (Lewis's 3/(//. ilfo/,; Maj;- 
 Iliem, DiitlimiKtiri: ilva I'intliictiuns.) 
 
 The duty, wliich was previously very oppressive, 
 was reduced in IKVl to 'Js. a cwt. ; wits reduced 
 (l«-l_') to 1.?. a cwt. and is now repealed, 'i'he 
 imports are inconsiderable. The price varies from 
 'lis. to 'Ais. a cwt. 
 
 ALLOWANCES, TAItES, rf-c. In selling 
 Roods, or in p.iyiiifr duties upon them, certain 
 ileductions arc made from their weights, depending 
 on the nature of the (lackages in which they are 
 inclosed, and wliich are regulated in most in- 
 stances by the custom of merchants, and the 
 rules laid down by public ollices. These allow- 
 ance.a, as they are termed, are distinguished by 
 the epithets. Draft, Tare, Tret, and Cloff. 
 
 Draft is a deduction from the original or gross 
 weight of goods, and is subtracted before the tare 
 is taken off. 
 
 Tare is an allowance for the weight of the bag, 
 box, cask, or other package, in wliich goods are 
 weighed. 
 
 heal or open tare is the actual weight of the 
 package. 
 
 Custumary tare is. as its name implies, an estab- 
 lished allowance for the weight of the p.ickagt". 
 
 Computed tare is an estimated allowance agreed 
 upon at the time. 
 
 ALOI-:S 
 
 Arrragr. tare is when n few packages only 
 among several are weighed, their nie.iu or average 
 taken, and the rest tared accordingly. 
 
 Sii/ier-lare is an additional allowance, or tare, 
 where the commodity or jiackagc exceeds a certain 
 weight. 
 
 Wli"n tare is allowed, the remaiiuter is railed 
 the iiett weight ; but if tret be allowed, it is culled 
 the Kiitlle uiiiilil. 
 
 Trit is a liediiction of 4 lbs. from every 101 Ib.s. 
 of siitth' weight. 
 
 This allowani^e, which is said to bo for dust or 
 sand, or for the wa.stc or wear of the Cdimnodity. 
 was fdrme.ly made on nuist fureign articles soM 
 bv the pound avoirdupois; but it is now nearly 
 discontinue ! by merchants, or else allowed in \\n'. 
 firice. It is wholly abolished at the Fast India 
 warehouses in Lohih n ; and neither tret nor 
 draft is allowed at the Custom House. 
 
 Cloff, or Clouijh. is .inother allowance that is 
 nearly obsolete. It is stateil in arithmetical liook^ 
 to be a deduction of '_' lbs. from every ;! cwt. of 
 thv second mtti" ; that is, the reinaiiider after tret, 
 is subtracted; but merchants, at present, know 
 clolV oii'y as a small deduction, like draft, from 
 the original weight, and this only fruni two or 
 three articU's. (Kelly's Comliist, art, ' London,') 
 
 For an account of the tares and allowances 
 at Loudon, see Tauk; for the tares and allow- 
 ances ai, the great foreign trading towns, see their 
 names. 
 
 ALMOXDS (Cer. mandeln ; Dutch, amandeleii ; 
 Fr. ainandes ; Ital. m.indorli ; Span, alniendras ; 
 I'ort. amendo.is ; Kiiss. miiidal ; Lat. amygdal;'^ 
 amane, diilces). A kind of medicinal fruit, con- 
 tained in a bard shell, that is er.closed in a tough 
 sort of cotton skin. The tree (Amijgdalus coni- 
 iiiunis) which produces this fruit nearly resembles 
 the peach both in leavers and blossoms; it grows 
 spontaneously only in warm countries, as Spain, 
 and particularly liarbary. It llowei's early in the 
 spring, and produces fruit in August. Almonds 
 are of two sorts, sweet and hitter. They are not 
 distinguishable i'rom each other but by the taste 
 of the kernel or fruit. "The Valentia almond is 
 sweet, large, and flat-])ointed at one extremity, 
 and compressed in the middle. The It.alian jil- 
 monds are not so sweet, .smalle;. and less depressed 
 in the mi(ldle. The Jordan almonds come from 
 Malag.'i, and are the best sweet almonds brought 
 to Kngland. They are longer. Hatter, less pointed 
 at one end and less round at tlu^ other, and have ;i 
 paler cuticle than those we have dc cribed. The 
 sweet almonds are imjiorted in mats, casks, and 
 boxes ; the bitter arrive in boxes.' (Thomson's 
 Dispensatory.) 
 
 I'revionsly to 1832 almonds were grossly over- 
 taxed ; but the duties were then considerably 
 reduced, and they were also still further reduced 
 in 1842 and 185,3. The duty on all varieties (inc. 
 .Jordan) of sweet almonds was iixed in the last 
 mentioned year at 10s. a cwt., that on bitter 
 .ilmonds having been previously repealed. That 
 (m sweet almonds wiis repealed in ISGO. In IStiii, 
 32,037 cwts. were imported chiefly from Spain ami 
 Morocco, valued at 103,901)/. The Morocco al- 
 monds are mostly shipped at .Mooadork, 
 
 ALMONDS, iUTTEi: OIL OF. [Oils.] 
 
 ALIMONDS, DIKA. The fruits of the Mangi- 
 fera ijabonensis, which grows on the west coast 
 of Africa. They yield on pressure from 65 to 71) 
 per cent, of a grease resembling the butter of 
 cocoa, which is stated to be titled for the manu- 
 facture of soap. 
 
 ALMONDS, SWICET OIL OF. [On.s.l 
 
 ALOES (Dutch aloe; Fr. aloe's; {Jer. and Lat. 
 aloe; Kuss. sabir; Sp. alofe; Arab, mucibar). A 
 bitter, gummy, resinous, inspissated juice, obtained 
 
lul 
 
 V- 
 
 flt. 
 
 A 
 
 led 
 
 ALOi:S-WOOI) 
 
 from tlio leaves of tlio plant of ;Iio same iiamo. I 
 'I'lierr are fdiir Ndrlsol' hIikn met willi in ('(iMiriieri'e ; i 
 viz. Sncolriiii; Hi/uilii-, ('ulinlliiic, ii\\i\ ('n/ir. | 
 
 1. Soailrini: — Sd callril Irmii the island i>f| 
 Similra, in the Indian Ocean, nut very dislanl i 
 I'niin Cape (luardal'iii, where the plant {(ilm s/iiinlni, 
 of whieli this xiuc ii'S is llie prudnce, ;,'riiws ahun 
 danlly. It is in pieees eC a redili>li hrown eolmir, 
 Klnssy as it' varni:-hed, and in some (le;;ree p( lluei.l. I 
 AV hen redneed tn powd'T il is iif a hrjj;lit ;;iiMin 
 coliinr. Its laste is extremely hitler; and il li.is a 
 poonliar aninialic (ulnnr, nut nidike that of the 
 rnsset apple deeayi'ij;. It sul'lens in tlie hand, 
 and is adhe^^ive, ai' 1 yeJ is snllieienlly pnlvernlent. 
 It is impcifted hy way of Smyrna and Alexandria, 
 in chests and casks, bnt is very scarce in l'.n;;land. 
 
 2. //c/Ki/ic— The real he,)atic aloe, so called 
 fro.ii its liver colour, is helieveil to he the produce 
 of the A/tw pirfiilitita, which ^rows in Yemen in 
 Arahi.i, from Vvhi'h it is exported to Itondiay. 
 whence it tinds its way to llurope, Il is duller in 
 th(! odour, liitterer, and has a less pleasant aroma 
 than the .Socotrine aloes, for which, however, it is 
 sometimes suhstituted. ]!arliadoes aloes, which is 
 often passed oil' for the Hepatic, is the produce of 
 the Aloe viiliiari.s. It i.s hrou^lit home in calahashes, 
 or 1 • ;e gcuird shells, c(auanun>; Irotn tid to Tti His. 
 It in (..iskicr in its liu(Mhau the liomhay, or real 
 lieiiatic aloes, and the taste is more nanxous. and 
 intensely hitter. Tlio colour of the pow ,ler is ii 
 (lull olive yellow. 
 
 ;S. Cabulliiii: or Iforsc Alms. — This seems to be 
 moroly the coarsest species or refuse of :h(' liarha- 
 ilocs aloes. ]t is used only iu veterinary incdieiiu", 
 and is easily (listin;iuislie(i hy its rank lieiid smell. 
 Ca/ie Aloes. — The lirodnce of the Alue s/iieiilii, 
 which is found in great ahnndance in the interior 
 of the Cape Colony, and in .Melinda. I he latter 
 furnishes the greater jjart of the extract sold in 
 Europe under the name of Socotrine aloes. The 
 odour of the t!ape aloes is stronger and more 
 disagreeable than that of the Socotrine: they have, 
 also, a yellower hue on the outside ; an; less gl issy, 
 softer, and more pliable; the cohair id' the powder 
 is more like that of gamboge than th.'it of the true 
 Socotrine aloes. (Aiuslie's 3/ut. Imltca; Thom- 
 son's JJi.spiiisutory und Jfiil, Mediea.) 
 
 97."),15t) lbs. of aloes, chiellv fnaii the Cape and 
 Itombav, w.re imported in 18(Jj. Duties repealed 
 in 1«-1.1 
 
 ALOr VOOD (Ger. alocliolz; Dutch, aloii- 
 liout, paradysliout ; I'V. bois d'aloes; Ital. legno 
 di aloe ; .Span, aloii chino ; .Sans, aguru ; Malay, 
 agila ; Siam. k'sna). The produce of a large forest- 
 tree, to be found in most of the countries between 
 China and India, from the •Jltli degree of no.-tli 
 latitude to the equator. 
 
 Dr. Mason says with relation to this subject (see 
 Mason's liunnali. Lon<lon, Triihner 18(10) : ' It is 
 imported into Mcrgui by the Sellings, who, as 
 they profit from the trade, endeavour to keep all 
 in ignorance of the tree from which they obtain it.' 
 Sir .1. IJowriiig states that only one species of 
 the tree possesses the inlorous element, and that 
 the dark wood, which alone is valuable, is sold at 
 about 10*. per lb. Every Chri^^tian lamily in the 
 district where it grows is bound tc. pay to the 
 liing of Siam a tribute of 2 lbs. of eaijle wood. 
 It is principally found in the islands situated in the 
 tiulf of Cambodia, (liowring's Siani, \\ 201.) 
 
 It seems to b< the result of a diseased action 
 confined co a small part of a few trees, of which 
 the rest of the wood is whidly valueless. It 
 appears to he more or less frequent according to 
 soil and climate, and from the same causes to 
 differ materially in quality. It is produced both 
 in the greatest quantity and perfection in the 
 
 ALPACA 
 
 41 
 
 countries and inlands of the east coast of llie (lulf 
 of Siam. This article is iu high repute for fumi- 
 gations, and as incens(>, in all Hindu, Moliani- 
 inedan, and Catholii; countries. It formerly 
 brought a very high price, being at one timo 
 reckoned nearly as xahiabli- as gold. U is way 
 . MUiparafively chea|i, though the liiiest specimeiH 
 ari' still very dear. The accounts of this ar'iclii 
 ii; most books, even of good authority, are singu- 
 larly contradiclory and iuaeiiir.Ue. This is nioro 
 surprising, as I, a I.oiibcn' Ims ih-itiiutly sta:. 1 
 that it consisted only of 'certains endroits corrim 
 pus dans des arbres d'uue certaiue c-pi'ce. Toute, 
 arbre decette espece n'en a pas; et ceiix qui en out, 
 ne Ics out pas tons en meme cndroit.' iUoi/niiiue 
 de Siiiiii, t. i. p. 4o. I'Jino. ed.) Tlu' dilliciihy of 
 linding the trees which happen to hi' dise.ised, and 
 of getting at the disease! portion, has given rise 
 to the fables that have been current as to its 
 origin. The lati! Dr. lioxlmrgh introduced the 
 tree which yiidds this production info ll.e liotani- 
 cal (larden at ('alciilta, from the hills t) the east- 
 ward of Sylhet, and described it under the name 
 of .liindiirii Aijiliiehd. 
 
 AI.I'ACA, M.AMA, and VICUNA Wt)OLS. 
 These wools are derived from vaiiiius (|uadrupeds 
 of th(^ genus llama iiihaliiling the t.'ordillera of 
 the Andes, below the line of perpetual snow. They 
 are fi und principally in rem ami Chili, and exist 
 also, but nirely, in Columbia and Taragnay. The 
 race represeut.s the camel of the new world {Aii- 
 c.henid caiiielim jMico, Cuv.), and Constitutes, aeconl- 
 ing to Dr. (iray and others, four varieties, the 
 gnanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuna. The wo<d of 
 the two former animals is pr'ncipally used in the 
 manufacture of coarse native fabrics; that of the 
 latter is line and beautiful, and is rajiidly becoming 
 employed in Kuropo i.; iho manufaiture of dress. 
 The first references to these animals arc in Guiri- 
 lasso, (|Uoted by John de I.aet (folio, Leyden, lljoo), 
 and the manufacture of their wool is mentioned 
 by Acosta {llhtor.u Xniundii Mural de Ins Indlns), 
 ' This wool the barbarians clean, spin, and weave 
 into garments.' According to Hill (7';v/i-(/x in 
 Mexico and Peru, vol. i. p. 101), the gnanai'o, or 
 luianacu, the largest of the llama species, is about 
 J feet (i inches in height, audits wool, which is of 
 a light brown colour, is inferior to that of the 
 llama. 
 
 The llama is about three feet in height: the 
 male is usually employed iu carrying burdens, and 
 is able to periorm a day's jou-;ie\' with a weight 
 v.arying from 100 to I.'')!) lbs. I lol is generally 
 of a dirty brown colour, and occasionally r. speckled 
 grey. I'lie wool id' ihe female is liner t.iian t'lat of 
 the male. 
 
 The vicuna, which is most highly prized for 
 I's wool, is s:naller than the llama, and is about 
 2 feet U inches high. T'he wool is fine, short, 
 and curly. The colour of the greater part of 
 the body is reddish-yellow with a white breast. 
 Their skins are worth, according to Mr Hill, 
 about 4 dollars each, and are stated to belong to 
 the priests. 
 
 Various unsuccessful attempts have been made 
 to introduce these animals into Europe. It was 
 considered possible to introduce them into the 
 Australian colonies; and recently Mr. Charles 
 Ledger (notwithstanding the Tcruvian edict in- 
 tended against their exportation) succeeded, after 
 immense difficulties, in shipping a Hock from 
 Copiapo in Chili for Sydney. Kor some time the 
 experiment was thought likely to bo guccessl'til, 
 but later accounts arc unfavourable. See an able 
 paper read by Mr. C. Ledger before the Society 
 of Arts (Jour, of Soc. of Arts, vol. ix. p. 212). 
 
 The number of hands oniploycd by Mr. Salt, of 
 
I 
 
 42 
 
 ALUM 
 
 S.iltairo, near IJrndfoni, is about 3,000, and of 
 tlicsp alraiit. two-tliirds arc engaged in tlu- various 
 processes l<_ which alpa-a and inulmii are made 
 into cloth. 
 
 Some of tlio goods supplied by this great manu- 
 factory aro woven from pure alpaca and molrtir 
 yarns ; sonic hav,' mixed alpaca, mohair, and wool. 
 iMohair and alpaca cloths have always a warp of 
 cither cotton or silk, never of wool. In some 
 instances mohair yarns arc mixed with silk, in 
 others with a vegetable substance called liht.i 
 filirc. The yarn made for the Velours and L/trccht 
 trade is mostly pure mohair. 
 
 Alpaca Imports. 
 
 isr^fi-isia . 
 
 IsM - 
 
 isi.i - 
 
 .'ifin.nnn ii«. 
 
 Trice IM. per lb. in IS.'IO— 3s. \<l. per lb. in 18G2. 
 JMohair Imports. 
 
 ISM 
 
 l,S.',l 
 
 - 1.111 l,7«l)lln. 
 
 - l.Vl.-.,7S0 „ 
 
 - .">,7,j6,5(iU „ 
 
 Price \s. UV/. per lb. in 185! — 3s. Crf. per lb. in 
 1803. 
 
 Weight. — In many districts !' o packages have 
 to be carried by mules, iu w'./ . case they aro 
 generally from GO to 80 lbs lach. In other 
 (listricts, where better roads or raiiways arc avail- 
 able, the packages vary from l'J5 to 200 lbs., but 
 few arc so he.-.vy as the grciiier weight. 
 
 Quality. — The indicaiious of the bcjt qualities 
 arc, length of sta[)le, lincness and evenness of 
 (piality, softness and brilliancy of colour. The 
 colours are black, white, browi, grey, and parti- 
 eolours. These colours are jiackcd separately, each 
 shipment containing a proportion of all ; but no 
 dilference is made in the price of the respective 
 colours. The average weight of a llecco of alpaca is 
 Iron: 31bs. to 'libs., that <:f a llama from olbs. to Gibs. 
 
 LeiifftJi. — The ordinary length of a staple of 
 good alpaca is about G inches. The average length 
 of a staiile of llama is about 7 to 8 inches, and the 
 fibres of the wool are not so regular, and are mixed 
 with a coarse hair which renders it much less 
 valual)le than the true alpaca. 
 
 rrirc. — The average value of alpaca may be 
 fpiolod about is. Od. per lb., and of llama Is. per lb. 
 
 ALUJI (Ger. alaun ; Dutch, alnin ; Fr. alun ; 
 Ital. allume ; S|)an. allumbre ; Ituss. kwasszii; 
 Lat. alumen ; Arab. sheb). A salt of groat im- 
 portance in the arts, consisting of a ternar)' coin- 
 l)ouud of alumina, or pure argil'aceous earth, 
 potass, and sulphuric acid. Alum is sometimes 
 found native ; but by far the greater jiart of that 
 which is met with in commerce is artilicially pre- 
 pared. The best alum is the Homan, or that which 
 is manufactured near Civita Vecchia, in the Papal 
 territory. It is in irregular, octahedral, crystalline 
 masses, about the size of a walnut, and is opaque, 
 being covered on the surface witli a farinaceous 
 efllorescence. The Levant, or Koch alum, is iu 
 fragments, about the size of the former, but in 
 which the crystalline form is more obscore ; it is 
 externally of a dirty rose-colour, and internally 
 exhibits the same tinge, but clearer. It is usually 
 shipped for Eitfope fnini Smyrna ; but it was an- 
 ciently made at Koccha, or Jtdessa, in Syria; and 
 hence its name Koch alum. English alum is in 
 large, irregular, icmi-transparcnt, colourless masses, 
 having a glassy fracture; not efllorcsccnt, and 
 considerably harder than the oihcrs. It is very 
 inferior to cither the Koraan or Koch alum. The 
 principal use of alum is in the art of dyeing, as a 
 mordant for lixing ,iud giving permanency to 
 colours which otherwise wouUl not adhere at all, 
 or but for a very short time ; but it is also used 
 for a great variety of other purposes. 
 
 AMBER 
 
 I5ockmann has shown (Jlistori/ of Iiivciiliims, 
 vol. i. art. 'Alum') that the ancients were un- 
 ac(piaiuted with alum, and that the substance 
 which they designated as such was merely vitriolic 
 earth. It was lirst discovered by the Orientals, 
 wh(> established alum works in Syria in the thir- 
 teenth or fourieenth century. The oldest alum 
 works iu Euroie were erected about the mMdl-; of 
 the fifteenth century. Towards the conclusion of 
 the reign of (^ueen Elizabeth, Sir Thomas Chalo- 
 ner established the first alum work in England, in 
 the vicinity of Whitby, in Yorkshire, where the 
 ]irincipal works of the sort in this country are still 
 carried <m ; the shipments of alum from Whitby 
 in 1811 amounted to 3,237 tons. There is, also, 
 a large alum work at llurlett, near Paisley, llu; 
 pro luce of which may be eiUiniated at about 1,200 
 tons a-year. Alum is largely manufactund in 
 China, and is tluncc exported to all the western 
 jVsiatic countries. 
 
 Of alum and vitriolic schist the produce in 
 Austria is about 40,000 cwts. ; it is chiefly pro- 
 cured from liohcmi.a, Styria, and Jlora^ia. in 
 Spain about 80,000 kilogrammes are obtained from 
 the province of Murcia. In Prussia about 42o,C00 
 cwts. of alum ore were produced in 18G1. 
 
 Alum is both largely produced in, and exported 
 from, China to India, and other Eastern countries. 
 As an indication of the extent of this branch of 
 Chinese industry aiul commerce, wc extract the 
 following from the sixth edition of Dr. Williams's 
 valuable C/iinise Commercial Guide : ' Alum is 
 exported to India and the Archipelago, where it is 
 regarded as superior to the native pnxhict. About 
 70,000 piciils have been annually exported. It is 
 found in argillaceous schist, or, alum shale, in the 
 provinces of Ngiinhwi, liiinan, and Chckiiii.g, and 
 finds Its way chiefly '.o Ningpo and Shanghai; 
 the markets of Swatow and Arnoy also furnish 
 large quantitie.; drawn from neighbouring districts. 
 The mineral is extensively worked iii the 
 Sungyang hills iu the district of Pingyang in 
 Wanchan fii, ncisr the borders of Fuhkien. and not 
 far from Pihkwan harbour. The supply seems to 
 be inexhaustible, and the daily product was esti- 
 mated by a visitor, in 1853, at 18 tons of alum, 
 which would amount to not less than G,000 tons 
 per annum. This alum .'< equal to the best Ko- 
 man. It is chiefly employed by the Chinese for 
 bleacliing puqioses. 
 
 In 18G2 there were exported from the port of 
 Tien-tsin 951 piculs (1 pic = 133^1bs. avoir.), 
 valued at 1,902 taels (1 tael = Gs. 2</. sterling). 
 From the port of Tamsuy the exfiorts in the same 
 year were 1000 piculs, and fnin the port of Amoy 
 180,066 lbs., and 891 piculs from the port of Ilaii- 
 Kow. The Chinese market price in the same 
 year was from 9s. U)d. to 10s. per picul. 
 
 The imports of alum into (Jreat Ilritaiu arc 
 not large; they amounted in 18G3 to 10,335 cwts., 
 value 3,007/. 
 
 AjMUEK (Gcr. hcrnstcin ; Dutch, barnstecn : Dan. 
 bernsteen, Kav. ; Fr. ambrc jaune ; Ital. ambra 
 gialla; Sp.in. ambar ; Kuss.jantar; Pol. bursztyn ; 
 Lat. succinnm, elcctrnm). A brittle, light, llard 
 substance usually nearly transparent, sometimes 
 nearly colourless, "but commonly yellow, or even 
 deep brown. It has considerable lustre. Specific 
 gravity, 1"0G5. It is found in nodules or ro-mded 
 masses, varying from the size of coarse sand to 
 that of a man's hand. It is tasteless, without 
 smell, except wl<jn pounded or heated, when it 
 emits a fragrant odour. It is highly electric. 
 Amber is undoubtedly of vegetable origin, and, as 
 is clear from the insects, &c. often pre3er\cd in it, 
 was originally exuded in a fluid state from some 
 extinct species of pine. 
 
 Ai 
 
 of .1 
 
 othej 
 
 parei 
 
 consi 
 
 An 
 
 on th 
 
 Archi 
 
 "lul ai 
 
 of e.xf 
 
 court I 
 
 yellov,- 
 
 <'Pfique 
 
 i" Ghi 
 
 catt3'. 
 
 largely 
 
 equal ( 
 
 Wllian 
 
 account 
 
 nations, 
 
 AMli 
 
 amber; 
 
 bragrigi, 
 
 i/risea). 
 
 ^a'ty, ii 
 marble, 
 jfssur/htl 
 It does 
 0"er thol 
 hardly sti 
 the sea- 
 coasts of I 
 pieces, bi| 
 weight. 
 '■ospectinJ 
 that ii, ial 
 
 liitestinesl 
 aceti wlial 
 ought to 
 aljJo odo,i 
 grey witjij 
 should be 
 counterfeit^ 
 'Person! 
 Ambergris! 
 whale, aiul 
 those thatl 
 whence it [ 
 tlisease. 'i\ 
 foot in difir. 
 Its value inl 
 AME'iJf 
 Jtal, amatil 
 t»s). A pi 
 species diOe 
 
P7»l*W«HBOfflifc"^~: 
 
 tr.), 
 
 k)- 
 
 li\n- 
 linic 
 
 I arc 
 |vts., 
 
 Iiui. 
 ra 
 I yn ; 
 
 li.ird 
 linos 
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 l-JUt 
 
 fcn it 
 l;ttic. 
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 tome 
 
 AMBER GEIS 
 
 On the Prussian coast of the Baltic, hctwccn 
 Konicsbcrp and Mcn.cl, amber is more abuiulanl 
 than 111 any other known h)cality, and the Prussian 
 government .ire stated to derive a revenue of 
 about 3/>0i)l, per r.nnum froni its collection. The 
 chief amber beds in tlic north of Prussia .ire near 
 New Kechren, lirusterort and Laiiohncn. In the 
 United States it is found principally at Amboy, 
 New Jersey ; at Gayhcad and at Cape Sable m 
 Maryland. 
 
 Amber is used iu the manufacture of various 
 kinds of varnish, dissolved with drying linsred oil, 
 asphaltum, and resin; it is used as a coach-malier'3 
 varnish, and the spirit varnishes, which .are pre- 
 pared ."i'om the Solution of amber in alcohol or 
 ether, are used for photograpliic purpo ics. (Urc's 
 />icf. o/^r<» §-e, by Iluut.) 
 
 The quantities of air oer imported into the United 
 Kingdom in 18C3 wtic : 
 
 Amber, rouKb . - . 
 Alanul'acturcs not enumcrat^-d - 
 
 fwls. 
 
 70 
 
 Valiip. 
 S7W. 
 
 AMIANTHUS 
 
 43 
 
 Amber has been recently discovered in the Lake 
 of Aiiscrche, in the duchy of Counand, and in 
 other parts of the mstrict. It is mostly trans- 
 parent, and some pieces have been discovered of 
 considerable size. 
 
 Amber is also found in co;!siderable quaiUltics 
 on the shf^ics of several islands of the Indian 
 Archipelago and on the eastern shores of Africa, 
 and at one period constituted a considerable article 
 of export from Aden. It is largely m demand for 
 court beads in China, where the transparent livelj- 
 yellov.'ish brown variety is most prized, foul and 
 opaque pieces being almost valueless. The price 
 iu China varies from 8 dollars to 14 dollars per 
 catty. False amber, brought from India, is also 
 largely used, and is sold at Canton for prices nearly 
 equal to those of the genuine article. (Dr. 
 Williams's Chinese Guide.) See an interesting 
 account of the ideas entertained by ancient Eastern 
 nations, in Asiatic liesearches. 
 
 AMBER GUIS or AMBER GREASE (Gcr. 
 .nmber; Dutch, amber; Ei. ambergris; Ital. ani- 
 bragrigia; Span, a.nbar gris; Lat. anibra, ambra 
 yriaea). A solid opaque, generally asli-coloured 
 "fatty, inflammable substance, variegated like 
 marble, remarkably light, rugged, and uneven in 
 its surface, and has a fragrant odour when heated ; 
 it does not effervesce with acids, mclt'i freely 
 over the lire into a kind of yellow resin, and is 
 hardl}' soluble in spirits of wine. Ii, is found on 
 the sea-coast, or lloating on the sea near the 
 coasts of India, Africa and Brazil, usually in small 
 pieces, but sometimes in masses of 50 or lOOlbs. 
 weight. ' Various opinions have been entertained 
 respecting its origin ; but it is now well established 
 that it is a concretion formed in the stomach or 
 intestines of the I'hysetcr macrocephatus, or sperm- 
 aceti whale.' (Thomson's Chemistn/.) Ambergris 
 ought to bo chosen in large pieces, of an agree- 
 able odour, entirely grey on the outside, and 
 grey witli little black spots within. The purchaser 
 gliould he very cautious, as this article is easily 
 counterfeited with gums and other drugs. 
 
 ' Persons engaged in the whale fishery look for 
 Ambergris in the intestines of the spermaceti 
 whale, and are most successful in finding it in 
 those that appear torpid, sick, and lean ; from 
 ■whence it would appear that it is the product of 
 disease. The lumps of it are from 3 inches to a 
 foot in dii>mcter,and from 1 lb. ♦o 30 lbs. in weight; 
 its value in this country is about ICs. per oz. 
 
 AMETHYST (Gcr. eisenkeisel; Fr. amethyste; 
 Ital. amatista; Span, ametisto; Lat. amethys- 
 tus). A previous stone, of which there are two 
 species diU'ering widely in quality and value. 
 
 According to Mr. Emanuel (Diamonds and 
 Prcciuits Stunc;:), ' tlio Oriental amethyst is a ruby 
 or sapphire possessing an amethyst colour, which 
 may be distiuf/uishcd from the ordinary ametliyst 
 by its supi-'rior brilliancy and play, as well as by 
 its hardness,' ilc. It is a gem of rare occurrence, and 
 even jewellers frequently confound it with the 
 ordinary ".methyst. There are some fine speci- 
 mens in the Griiue Gcwolbe at Dresden, and there 
 are also in the Vatican one or two engraved 
 intaglios o'' this stone of very early date. 
 
 The cominonor Occidental amethyst is a violet 
 coloured quartz. It is, according to the same 
 autliority, found in India, Ceylon, the Brazils, 
 Persia, Silesia, Hungary. Saxony, Spain, and also 
 at Rcboy in Ireland. ' iMa:\y years ago,' says Mr. 
 Emanuel, ' such iimcthysts were of considcrablo 
 value, ranking next to the sapphire, and worth as 
 much as SOs. the carat when very fine. Large 
 quantities, however, were sent from Brazil, and the 
 stone declined in puolic estimation. The taste, 
 however, is still reviving. A fine dccp-colourecl 
 amethyst of the size of a two-shilling piece is 
 worth from 10/. to li)/. ; smaller pieces and in 
 poorer qualities are sold from 'is. to 5/. The best 
 cutting of .imcthyst is in a lirilliant form, with the 
 table slightly domed. Most amethysts are cut 
 in Gennany, owing to the price of labour being 
 cheaper in that country than in England.' (Ema- 
 nuel On Diamonds §'c. Ill, 150, sgg.) 
 
 AMIANTHUS, ASBESTOS or MOUNTAIN 
 FLAX (Lat. amianthus-abcstinum ; Ger. asbert ; 
 Fr. amiante; Span, asbesto, alumbrc de jjluina; 
 Port, asbestos; Ital. asbesto). A mineral of which 
 ther" are several varieties, all more or less fibrous, 
 fiexile, and elastic. It is inconsumable by a high 
 degree of heat; anil in antiquity the art was dis- 
 covered of drawing the fibres into threads, anil 
 then weaving them into cloth. I'liny says that 
 he had seen napkins m.ide of this substance, which, 
 when soiled, were thrown into the fire, and that 
 they were better cleaned by this means than they 
 could have been by washing ! Hence it obtained 
 from the Greeks the name c>f 'Ai^ioi'tos {undejilcd). 
 Its princijjal use, as stated by Pliny, was to wrap 
 round the bodies of the dead previously to their 
 being exposed on tlic funeral pile, that the ashes 
 of the corpse miglit not be mixed with tliosc of the 
 wooil. And in corroboration of this statement 
 we may mention, that iu 1702 a skull, some 
 cilciiicd bones, and a quantity of ashes were found 
 at Rome, in a cloili of amianthus nine Roman 
 palms in length by seven in width. Its employ- 
 ment in thii way was, however, confined to a few 
 of the very richest families, incombustible cloth 
 being very scarce, and bringing an enormously 
 high price. Rarum inventu, ditticilc textu propter 
 brevita.tem. Ciim inventum est, lequat pretia 
 excellentium niargaritarum. (Pliny, Hist. Nat. 
 lib. xix. ch. 1.) The disuse of the practice of 
 cremation, or of burning the dead, caused the 
 manufacture of amianthine cloth to be neglected. 
 
 In the Tarcntaise of Savoy a variety of amian- 
 thus exists, of which the threads are entirely 
 separated and of a brilliant whiteness, and capable 
 of being elongated to upwards of ten times their 
 original length. Clotlis and even lace have been 
 prepared from the amianthus derived from this 
 locality, and thcr<' exists in the Institute of France 
 a work printed entirely on paper made from tliis 
 material. 
 
 There arc several varieties of amianthus : the 
 twisted asbestos, which Is of a dirty grey or 
 whitish yellow colour, sometimes exists in thick 
 spongy pieces, and is then vulgarly called fossil 
 fiesh; sometime." it resembles and is called 
 fossH cork ; occasionally, v/hen of a hard mem- 
 
44 AMMONIAC, SAL 
 
 branous character, it ia cal'.od fuasil leather, and 
 the thinner and more Hcxible kinds of .li.^ same 
 cliiiractpr arc termed fussil paper. Tlie woody 
 asbestos is of a reddish brown colour, and resembles 
 uplinlcrs of wood. 
 
 Asbestos is now employed to a considerable ex- 
 tent for buriiinj; in gas stoves. (Bulletin itu Musce 
 lie r Industrie.) 
 
 According to !^^. Bezon (Dictionnaire yemral des 
 2V,ssH.s), the art of making chith frojp amianthus 
 was, in modern times, revived by JIadame (Candida 
 Lena I'crponti (Journal de hi Sucii'tc d'Encnur- 
 ujiement des Arts et des Sciences, Milan, No. 30). 
 She attempted to render the fibre (lexible by treat- 
 ing it with oil and water, but tinding the former 
 means not so cllicacious as the latter, she made 
 licr future cx))eriments with water, and succeeded 
 in getting lilameuts of such length and tenacity 
 as were available for spinning anti weaving. Iler 
 lirst successful attempt was the manufacture of a 
 pair of gloves. The amianthus was supplied from 
 the V'ulteliue. She also made paper of excellent 
 quality,and, in order to supply an ink which should 
 be equally indestructible, used a fluid containing 
 J sulphate of iron to fj black oxide of manganese. 
 Latterly, however, the manufacture of this 
 article into a fabric has been revived a M. Aldini 
 having succeeded in manutiicturing it without the 
 aid of any foreign substance : the cloth is made 
 loose in its fabric, and the threads are aboftt the 
 liltecnth part of an inch in diameter. Asbestos is 
 found in I'icdmont, Savoy, Saltzburg, the Tyrol, 
 Dauphine, Hungary, Silesia, Corsica, at Staaten 
 Island in New York Harbour, St. Kevern in Corn- 
 wall, and in various parts of tlie north of Scotland, 
 the Cape of Good Hope, auil at Metchursk in 
 Siberia. 
 
 AaLMONIAC, SAL. [Alkalies (Muriate of 
 Ammonia).] 
 
 AiMMONLVCUM (Fr. gomme ammoniaque; 
 Ital. gomnia ammoniaco; Span, goma amnioni- 
 aco; Lat. ammoniiicum ; Arab, feshook). A con- 
 crete resinous juice obtained from tiie Dorema 
 ammoniacum, a plant resembling fennel, found in 
 the north of Africa, Arabia, Persia, tiie East 
 Indies, &c. The name is supposed to be cor- 
 ru|)ted from Armeniacum, and to indicate the 
 route by which the drug was origir.ally imported 
 into Europe, Pliny says that it derived its name 
 from its being produced in the vicinity of the 
 temple of Jupiter Animon in Africa. (Hist. Xat. 
 lib. xii. c. -x.xiii.) It has a faint but not ungrateful 
 smell, and a bitter, nauseous, sweet taste. The 
 fragments are yellow on the outside and white 
 witliin, brittle, and break with a vitreous fracture; 
 their specific gravity is I'iiOT. The best ammoni- 
 acum is brought i'rom Persia by Itombay and 
 Calcutta, packed in cases and chests. It is in 
 large masseS; composed of small round fragments 
 or tears ; or in separate dry tears, which is gene- 
 rally considered a sign of its goodness. The tears 
 should be white internally and externally, and 
 free from seeds or other foreign substances. Ue- 
 jcct tliat which is soft, dark-coh)ured, and foul. 
 It is used principally in the materia luedica, and 
 the quantity imported is but small. (United 
 States Dispensatori/.) 
 
 AMMU^'ITION. A term expressive of the 
 Tariuus implements used in war. 
 
 Set\ 45 of the Customs Consolidation Act of 
 185d (16 A 17 Vict. c. 107) provides that the im- 
 portation of arms, ammunition, gunpowder or any 
 other floods, may be prcihibitcd by proclamation 
 or order in council, and by sec. 150, that by the 
 same means such articles, and all military and 
 n.ival stores may be prohibited to be exported or 
 carried coagl-wise under penalty of forf'^iture ; and 
 
 AMOY 
 
 sec, 169 declares that ' gunpowder, ammunition, 
 arms, or utensils of war, except from tie Unitccl 
 Kingdom or any Uritish possession, are hereby 
 absolutely prohibited to be importeci or. brought 
 either by sea or inlan<l carriage, or navigation, 
 into tlie ISritish possessions in America and the 
 Mauritius.' 
 
 The exportation of ammunition and arms has 
 largely increased since the American Civil war. 
 
 Since the year IHuO the number of small fire 
 arms exporte<l from Great Britain has been — 
 
 ISVJ 
 
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 ISfil 
 
 i:i,'.v9 
 
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 •jTi,:iiH 
 
 IKIll 
 
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 I SfiA 
 
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 im/i>i 
 
 iMiS 
 
 • 
 
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 Sf.'J 
 [(JUNPOWDKI!.] 
 
 AMOY, A Chinese port open to commerce 
 with the United Kingdom, situated in the Fuli- 
 kien province, lat. 21° 40' N., long. ll>i°E. The 
 town, which contains about .300,000 inhabitants, is 
 on an island called Ilia Mun. 
 
 The tow!i of Amoy was visited soon after the 
 Europeans became acquainted with China. In 
 1544, the I'ortuguesc resorted thither, but were 
 forcibly expelled by the authorities, in conse- 
 quence, it is said, of their misconduct towiirds the 
 native traders. The Uuich traded at the port in 
 1G24. Up to 1730 it appears that the Englisli 
 visited Amoy; but at this time the Spaniards 
 were alone permitted to make nso of Uiis port, all 
 other foreign trade having been ceiitred at Canton. 
 Amoy was captured in Ksil by Gough and Parker, 
 and was thrown open to foreign trade by the 
 treaty of Nanking, 
 
 According to Dr. Williams, Amoy is the most 
 accessible of all the consular ports in China, no 
 pilots being required on entering or departing, 
 though boatmen often board the ship to ofier 
 assistance. Some regulations were once issued 
 requiring Britisli merchantmen to engage pilot,! 
 to and from tlie Chan Chat rocks, but their use is 
 now optional. 'J'lie water communication with 
 the interior is not, however, equal to that enjoyed 
 by the other ports. 
 
 The harbour is a bay, and an inner harbour. 
 The inner harbour is one of the best on the coast. 
 Tlicre is good holding ground in the outer harbour, 
 and vessels can anchor in the inner, within a 
 short distance of the beach, and be perfectly se- 
 cure. The tide rises and falls from 14 to 1(5 "feet. 
 The western side of the harbc irs, from )75 to 840 
 yards wide, is formed by the island of Kulangsu. 
 
 The channel round the island of Amoy is so 
 narrow and winding that directions would be 
 useless, the chart benig the best guide. Besides 
 the excellent shelter that this harbour affords, the 
 Chinese have docks for repairing and building 
 their largest junks. 
 
 Native emigration from Amoy is considerable. 
 The arrangements are under tlie management of 
 the British West Indian Emigration Agency, and 
 the official supervision of the Ilntish consul. 
 
 The docks of Amoy are worthy of notice. Ves- 
 sels of almoF^- any size can obtain anything 
 necessary for repairs. The company's large granite 
 dock is 280 feet long on the blocks, and at average 
 springs can take vessels drawing from 10 to 17 
 feet. The dock is fitted with a caisson gate, and 
 with a centrifugal steam pump of great power, 
 ensuring despatch at al! states of the tide. 
 
 Customs Regulations. — The limits of the port are 
 defined within lines drawn from the southernmost 
 point of Amoy island, south-eastward to the nearest 
 island, and thence, in the direction of the high 
 ))agoda, to the point of Lam-tai-hoo hill, and from 
 the northernmost point of Amoy island to the 
 opposite point on the mainland. 
 
 The shipment and discharge of cargo can be 
 
1 1 
 
 • I ■/ V 
 
IH^ 
 
 A M S T E R ]) A M 
 
 Srule 
 
 EavffWellcr 
 
 e-'ods iinpoi 
 ;"th tlie coi 
 iand. 
 
 iiefore an 
 
 clearance,' t 
 
 ^i'- All dm 
 
 cioaranoo m, 
 
 ^argo boat 
 
 "".«' imist 
 
 spioiiously PI 
 
 <-'liinesc charj 
 
 s''i|jpcil, or 
 
 except in ,j„i 
 
 -I' or further 
 seeDr.VVilliai 
 and Mcssx-s. 1 
 Jorts of Chi, 
 Works are pub 
 AMSTlii{0 
 
 L.,„l,<ii. l.m.i,,, ,„.t. I 
 
 t 
 
AMOY 
 
 only carried on in the inner harbour between 
 Kulang-su and Amoy, northern and southern 
 limits. The authorised customs' jetties for the 
 examination, landin;;. and shipment of goods, are 
 those known as the Taou-mei-ma-taii, Kang-ah- 
 Itow, Sin-lo-tow, and Sai-hong wliarves. 
 
 Masters of morcliant vessels must deposit tlieir 
 sliips' papers and import manifest with their con- 
 sul (if they have no consul, with the customs) 
 witliin 48 hours after entering tlic port. 
 
 The import nuuiifest miist contain a true ac- 
 count of the cargo on hoard, and must be handed 
 til the customs before any application to break 
 bulk can be attended to. 
 
 The landing and discharging of cargo must be 
 carried on witliin the limits of the inner-anchorage, 
 and can only take place between sunrise and sun- 
 set, and cannot go on, without special provision, 
 on Sundays and liolidays. Cargo boats employed 
 for the shipment and landing of merchandise can- 
 not make use of other jetties than tliose apecilied 
 above. 
 
 When ready to discharge cargo, the consignee 
 must send to the customs an application in Chinese 
 and Knglisli, giving full particulars of the cargo 
 to be discharged, wlien lie will be furnished with a 
 permit to insure his consignment from the ship by 
 winch imported, and to place the same in a cargo 
 boat. Tlie cargo boat must then repair to one r)f 
 the authorised jetties, in order that the goods m.ny 
 be examined and assessed for duty. A customs 
 ♦ memo.' will thereupon be issued, to he taken to 
 the hank by the consigiice, who, upon payment 
 of tiie duty therein noted, will be supplied with a 
 ' duty receipt : ' upon the presentation at the office 
 (if customs of the duty receipt, a duty-paid order 
 will be issued. The goods imported may be re- 
 moved from the customs jetty, and placed in the 
 niercliants' godown. 
 
 In the case of goods to be shipped, the shipper 
 must s and to one of the authorised jetties for ex- 
 amination, with an application in Chinese and 
 English for a permit to ship, containing all 
 necessary particulars. The goods will then be 
 examined, and a customs memo, issued, and on the 
 production at tlie office of the 'duty receipt,' a 
 ' dutj'-paid order ' will be issued authorising the 
 shipment. 
 
 Cargo for which a shipment permit has been 
 issued, but which cannot be received on board, 
 nuist be brought to one of the authorised jetties 
 for examination before being relanded. 
 
 No transhipment can take place without special 
 written permission. 
 
 Drawback exemption, or coast-trade duty cer- 
 filicatcs will be issued simultaneously witii tlie 
 permit for the shipment of goods covered by them ; 
 exemption or coast-trade duty certiticates for 
 goods imported must be presented simultaneously 
 with the consignee's application for the permit to 
 land. 
 
 JJefore application is made for the ' customs 
 clearance,' the export manifest must be handed 
 ill. All dues and duties having been paid, the 
 clearance will be issued. 
 
 Cargo boats must be registered at the customs, 
 and must have their respective numbers con- 
 spicuously painted on them in English and 
 Chinese characters. No cargo can be transhipped, 
 shipped, or landed, without special permission, 
 except in duly registered cargo boats. 
 
 For further particulars on the trade, &c. of Amoy, 
 see Dr. Williams's Chinese Commercial Guide (18G3) 
 and Mcss/s. Mayers, Dennys, and Kings' Treaty 
 Ports of China' and Japan (1807). IJoth these 
 works are published at Shangliae. 
 
 AMSTEKDAM. The principal city of HoUand, 
 
 AMSTERDAM 
 
 4.i 
 
 situated on the Y, an arm of the Zuvder Zee, in 
 lat. .V>o 2-2' 17" N., hmg. 4° itX 15" E. From 
 1,580 to 17,50, Amsterdam was, jierhaps, the first 
 commercial city of Europe; and though her trade 
 has experienced a great falling oft' since tlie last- 
 mentioned epoch, it is still very considerable. In 
 178."), the popiilaticm is said to have amounted to 
 '235,000; in 1815 it had declined to 180,171); but 
 in December IHfi.'i it had risen, .iccording to the 
 Almanack de Gothit, to 20(),tj7'.>. The harbour is 
 spacious and the water deep; and it has recently 
 been much improved by the construction of docks, 
 two of which arc already completed, and a third 
 in a very advanced state. Owing, however, to a 
 bank (the I'ampus) where the Y joins the Zuyder 
 Zee, large vessels going or coming by that sea are 
 obliged to load and unload a part of their cargoes 
 in the roads. The navigation of the Zuyder Zee 
 is also, by reason of its numerous shallows, very 
 intricate and difticult; and as there ^.■erc nohoijcs 
 of remedying this defect, it became necessary to 
 resort to other means for improving the occess to 
 the port. Of the various plans suggested for this 
 purpose, the i)referencc was given to the scheme 
 ibr cutting a canal capable of admitting the 
 largest class of merchantmen, from the north side 
 of the port of Amsterdam to Newdiep, opposite to 
 the Texel, and a little to the east of the Ilelter. 
 This canal has fully answererl the views of the 
 projectors, and has proved of signal service to 
 Arnsterdam, by enabling large ships to avoid the 
 Pampus, OS well as the difficult navigation of the 
 Zuyder Zee, where they were frequently detained 
 for three weeks, and to get to and from Newdiep 
 without any sort of risk in less than 24 hours. 
 The canal wiis begun in 181!), and completed in 
 1825. It has 5 sluices large enough to admit 
 ships of the line ; the dues and charges on account 
 of towing, (tc. being at the same time very 
 moderate. At Newdiep the water is deeper than 
 in any other port on the coast of Holland, and 
 ships are there in the most favourable position for 
 getting expeditiously to sea. This canal having 
 been found insufficient in depth of water for large 
 steamers, it was resolved to make a more direct com- 
 munication between Amsterdam and the North .Sea 
 at Wky aau Zee, by draining a portion of the river 
 Y, and cutting a canal through the sandhills. 
 Tills was begun by the Amsterdam Canal Com- 
 pany in 1805. and its completion is expected in 
 about seven years. [Canals. J The imports 
 principally consist of sugar, coflee, spices, tobacco, 
 cotton, tea, indigo, cochineal, wine and brandy, 
 wool, grain of all sorts, timber, pitch and tar, 
 hemp and flax, iron, hides, linen, cotton anil 
 woollen stuffs, hardware, rock salt, tin [jlates, coal, 
 dried lisli, &o. The exports consist partly of the 
 produce of Holland, partly and principally of the 
 produce of her possessions in the East and West 
 Indies, and other tropical countries, and partly of 
 commodities brought to Amsterdam, as to a con- 
 venient entrepot from different parts of I'^iirope. 
 Of the first class are cheese and butter (very 
 important articles), madder, clover, rape, hemp, 
 and linseeds, rape and linseed oils, Dutch linen, 
 iSic. Geneva is principally exported from Schie- 
 dam and Kotterdam ; oak bark and cattle princi- 
 pally from the latter. Of the second class are 
 spices, coffee, and sugar, principally from .Java, 
 but partly also from Surinam, IJrazil, and Cuba ; 
 indigo, cochineal, cotton, tea, tobacco, and all 
 sorts of Eastern and colonial products. And of the 
 third class, all kinds of grain, linens from Germany, 
 timber and all sorts of Baltic produce; Spanish, 
 German, and English wools; French, lihenisb, 
 and Hungarian wines, brandy, ic. The trade of 
 Amsterdam may, indeed, be said to comprise 
 
 
46 
 
 AMSTERDAM 
 
 every article that cntcH into the commerce of 
 Kurop;'. Ilor merchants were formerly the most 
 extensive dealers in bills of exchange, anil though 
 London he now, in this reppect, far superior io 
 Amsterdam, the latter still enjoys a respectable 
 share of this business. 
 
 'I'he IJank of the Netherlands was established 
 at Anisterdani in 1811. It is not, like the old 
 I'ank of Amsterdam, which ceased in 17'.IG, merely 
 a bank of deposit, but a bank of deposit and cir- 
 eidalion formed on the model of the Dank of 
 England. Its capital, whioli orii;iiiallv amounted 
 to ,").(IOO,0()0 11., was, douliled in IHl'.l. " It has the 
 exclusive privilege of issuing notes. Its original 
 charter, wliieh was limited to 'J5 j-ears, was pro- 
 longed in IH'.iH for 2.") years more, and again in 
 ISli;! for an additional period of 25 years. 
 
 PiihUc IVorhs. — Many steps have been taken 
 for the important project of cutting a canal through 
 the narrowest part of North Holland for the 
 purpose of having a shorter and more direct com- 
 nuniicalion between Amsterdam and the North 
 ^!ea. The great difficulty from first to last lias 
 been to convince capitalists of the feasibility of 
 the undertaking. 
 
 Happily in the latter end of November 1SG4, after 
 much exertion, the required sum was subscribed. 
 
 On August IG, IS")", a permanent exhibition 
 building (Palace of Industry) was opened in the 
 city with great ccrenony. 
 
 it is contemplated to enlarge Amsterdam, as 
 the population has been of lale on the increase. 
 Unlike most Kuropean towns, it has no suburbs, and 
 is girded around by a canal, the overstepping of 
 >vhich has been dreaded on account of polder 
 malaria. As house-rent is exorbitant, the proposed 
 enlargemeni. would bo a great boon. New hotels 
 have been designed on the principle now adopted 
 in other parts of the continent, and one has been 
 commenced. The present est.ablishments are any- 
 thing but good. As Holland is about the most 
 heavily taxed country in Europe, the cost of living 
 is high, and to the inhabitants of a city like 
 Amsterdam it is more so through t'.ic local or 
 town dues. The duty on coal and turf was ex- 
 cessive, and, though recently reduced, calls still 
 for reduction. The duties on other articles of con- 
 sumption are proportionately high, excepting co- 
 lonial produce, such as tea, cofl'ce, sugar &c. 
 coming from the Netherlands East Indian posses- 
 sions, and Dutch tobacco, the only really cheap 
 article in Holland. 
 
 The average rate of wages for car])cntcrs, 
 masons, paimters, plumbers Ac. is about 2s. per 
 day of nine hours in summer, and ].?. Grf. per day 
 of seven hours in winter. 
 
 The rate of exchange on London during 18G1 
 has varied from 11 florins (>8 cents to 11 florins 
 !>.") cents, and for bills at two months from 1 1 
 llorins 53 cents to 11 florins 77 cents per 1/. 
 sterling. 
 
 The Almnnach de Gutha gives the population, on 
 the 31st of December 18G3. «.> 2C6,G79. 
 
 For an account of the Dutch fisheries, sec the 
 arts. IIkurino Fisukuy and Whale Fisiikkv. 
 
 About 311 ships with a tonnage of 115,410 
 belong to Amsterdam ; they are employed in the 
 J'ast and West India trades, and in trading to the 
 lialtic, the Jlediterrancan &c. There is com- 
 paratively little cnnsting trade at Amsterdam, the 
 commimication with mo.st other ports in the vi- 
 cinity being principally kept up by canals, and 
 that with Friesland by regular packets. 
 
 There belonged to Ilolland on danunry 1, 18G5, 
 1,837 ships, of the aggregate burden of o88,G84 tons, 
 ex river craft and small coasters. 
 
 The total imports into Ilolland in 18G3 were 
 
 I estimated at 442,438,00fi florins, and the exports 
 at 374,730,947. The United Kingdom, the Ger- 
 man Customs Union, Uelgium, Java, France, and 
 
 I Kussia, are the countries with which she carries 
 
 ' on the most extensive trade. 
 
 I Dutnh Con..in:rcial I'nlicy. — The policy of Hol- 
 land, civil, religious, and commercial, has long 
 been of the most liberal and enlightened descrip- 
 tion (see jmst) ; and she was the first country to 
 follow the example we set in repealing the navi- 
 gation laws in 1849. TIio Dutch law on this 
 subject was passed in 1850. I'rcviously to that 
 period discriminating duties were imposed on most 
 articles imported on foreign bottoms ; and also (m 
 those imported by foreigners into Java and her 
 other colonies. I5ut these preferences no longer 
 exist. The following Is an extract from the law 
 relative to these matters : — 
 
 Differential duties are abolished on the vessels 
 of those states which 
 
 a. Place the Dutch fl.ag (m the same fooling 
 with their national flag trading to ard from their 
 own ports (coa.sting trade and fisheries excepted) ; 
 
 b. Whicli place the Dutch flag on the same 
 footing with their national flag trading to and 
 from their colonies, if they possess any ; and 
 
 c. Which do not levy other differential duties 
 to the disadvantage of the produce of the Nether- 
 land colonies, or to the prejudice of produce im- 
 ported from other parts of the world, from Nether- 
 land ports, than those which are levied in favour 
 of the produce of their own colonies, when im- 
 port .'d direct. 
 
 The fisheries and the coasting trade of Holland 
 and of her colonics are reserved to Dutch ships. 
 Ihit it is no longer necessary that the latter should 
 be of Dutch build. Foreign-built ships have, 
 however, to pay on being registered an ad valorem 
 duty of 2 per cent, over and above the fee 
 charged on the registration of Dutch-built ships. 
 Several important reductions were at the same 
 time made ni the tariff of imjjort duties. 
 
 The n.avigation dues or tolls that were formerly 
 charged on vessels or goods passing through Ilolland 
 by the IJhine and the Yssel, and transit duties of 
 kinds, have also been repealed. And though it 
 may be said, and truly, that these wise and liberal 
 measures will be much more advantageous to the 
 Dutch than to any other people, still they arc of 
 the greatest importance to all commercial nations, 
 and especially to those who, like ourselves, have 
 an extensive intercourse with them. 
 
 We are glad to have to state that this liberal 
 policy has in Ilolland, as in Englantl, had its 
 appropriate reward. Commerce has been largely 
 extended. The mercantile marine is in a highly 
 prosperous state, and is daily receiving large addi- 
 tions. Many Dutch .ships have latterly been 
 chartered by English merchants. 
 
 I'esides these c.\i)orts, a considerable amount 
 of foreign and coloni;d produce is exported by 
 (Jreat Uritain to Ilolland. During the years 
 18G1-,'), these amounted to 4,554,830/., 4,504,801/,, 
 6,330,322/., 7,108,223/., and 0,823,100/., respec- 
 tively. Of tliese commodities the largest in 
 value was cotton, representing on an average two- 
 fifths of the whole amount. Coffee, indigo, oils, 
 ice, silk, wool, and seeds were also consiilcrable 
 objects of trade. Tea is also becoming an import- 
 ant article of export from Great liritain to Ilolland, 
 
 The greater ])ort ion, however, of the trade be- 
 tween the United Kingilom and Ilolland is carried 
 on with Rotterdam, which is much more con- 
 veniently situated for such intercourse than Am- 
 sterdam. But the latter continues to engross by 
 far the larger share of the commerce with the 
 flourishing colony of Java and the other Dutch 
 
 Acc( 
 an 
 
 /•'rinci 
 
 possessions 
 t';c principal 
 The foIIoH 
 » 8'i'P of 30 
 drawing 12 
 *" "le k.ist I 
 outwards. 
 
 I'ilolaRe from r„ i 
 
 Sloamboae cnierh," 
 t„ , Ihrouuh 
 jtnw,.r,lcl..,.,r.„,,,r^ 
 
 Inward li„hbS£ 
 ,'?J*''»'-'lli»th(«an,|| 
 
 «'-nbo„.fr„,;j'7„- 
 
 o.;.;w,-,r,ioiear.,„!:;'.':;'; 
 
 J'olal 
 
 Equivali 
 
 Slu'ps are al.sc 
 
 <■■;!'"", u-hicl, is /;, 
 
 "' >;''pes make fh, 
 
 „ " ■■» ship cI 
 
 "ore than 9* o, 
 
 t'lrough (l,e ^„,, 
 
 P-^'I'ciiscs from A 
 
 *<> -ibout 4/. or £ 
 
 '0 cents per ton, 
 
 P"f"!W it on bo,.' 
 
 „„/,-"^"'fr in ba 
 
 imtting.tonh,,,, 
 
 i^oading and sto,j 
 
 clear 
 
 I'i or 
 
 ('( 
 
 I) 
 
 ■5/. 
 
 \m 
 
 ball; 
 ard 
 
 i\\l 
 
Account I 
 
 AMSTERDAM 
 
 '^^:lt''^l*'"^. Oro. 
 
 I to 
 
 ^'^-S- :tf ^''- '/ c, 
 
 Alkali, Mda 
 
 < oals, i|n<|»„ ,.' , ■ 'al. 
 
 „ "nwrouglit ''"' ""'' 
 Coiionyafn " '^"" 
 
 ,"?,?!• '"'"'■' b,.h; 
 I Coetoi 
 
 I Ijrcasf 
 
 Juie v,„„ - - tonj 
 
 {•••■"I and ,hot -' ■ Y»'-, 
 
 X.iiifn .varS . " "' 
 
 M-m;ns.e„,„^,-^„J "" 
 
 I Oil '"'.'"■■'■surls. . 
 I "II, see<l , ■ >. 
 
 Paim,,„. „,„„-■ RaU. 
 
 .Sai;"".""«.''«-'i«l) val. 
 I Hilk, yarn " ' *""S| 
 
 Ihrown " " "'' 
 I ,,v. "■•anufaclures " „"i 
 
 tliosL. formerly en* 
 Toeal . 
 
 
 
 17.7,111 
 
 2I1.3.1L' 2W,6o.W 
 
 . V ",!)sn 
 111,6(18 
 
 7r,,'.,a 
 
 
 IUS,669; 
 
 "7.011 
 2's,,',r;.-, 
 
 [ •1.Sl7,',07l 
 I '.lV3,5a9| 
 
 •i!l,«(ivl 
 
 13J| 
 
 ^.'is'j.rri/ 
 
 "2I,I5S| 
 
 6.VJ,362 I,20j,.-5s 
 
 •.?1S,1, 
 
 ,M,fil7 
 1IN,.17.1 
 2II,8«7 
 
 ,M,226( 
 ISU.Iill 
 
 39,581 
 
 H.U4C| 
 
 72,OCo| 
 
 675,92,l| 
 
 .■!a,!JHii 
 
 2,il',; 
 
 7B.3.-,1 
 107,31.-; 
 
 I'i2,9(;,0 
 15(;,,12ll 
 
 7'''<,9'.l 
 74,8m' 
 
 I 
 
 ■12,780 
 
 22,Sf)',< 
 C,(;i;7j 
 
 C9,(;(,2, 
 
 7<l,79)' 
 3fi,s l.l, 
 781 
 
 «2,ii3 ers.ml 7ae-\ - 
 
 I •■'"* '■2W.'00 7,069,2971 
 
 '■'-'" V'''--"'r-''!^''«"l''."''.7.9f 
 
 74.'i,SIO,'| 
 7,OS9,48ol 
 
 S.72.',,26c 
 
 
 c same, from 
 
 install':' ..""^-i'O ("omKl. al/'.? ^«"«' ""c. 
 
 i*''endari"'^™'''K|'™«, . : : - - . 
 
 
 ■ 19 
 
 ■ I.SO 
 
 6.5 
 
 7 
 S" 
 III 
 l.'i 
 
 l.oii 
 
 .:o 
 
 captaias 
 
 I -^ 
 
 in 
 
'IR 
 
 AMSTERDAM 
 
 .tiiouiil of the Qunnlitiex ami Comjmleii I'lihim of the Principal Arf'clen Tmportrd from the Nether' 
 lands into the Uniled Kinyiiiim diirini) each of the 5 }'eara ctiitinij with lH<i5, 
 
 Prinrliial and Other Artlclei 
 
 QuanlttieH 
 
 Compulnl Real Value 1 
 
 lHr>l 
 
 IKI,U 
 
 18li3 
 
 1801 
 
 180} 
 
 1801 
 £ 
 
 1 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 1 1861 
 
 IH65 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Aniiii<:l!i: (»t«'n ami biilli no 
 
 I •t,^^,^ 
 
 l«,.ViI 
 
 43,276 
 
 77,838 
 
 68,741 
 
 318,711 
 
 312,9,13 
 
 090,501 
 
 1,283,975 
 
 l,.108,.1fl5 
 
 rowtaiul cal*w ,, 
 
 M.Uitl 
 
 W.li-.l 
 
 4t,8Hl 
 
 01,18-. 
 
 08, nil 
 
 21.1,87.' 
 
 105,897 
 
 28V,02' 
 
 .590,217 
 
 .531,118 
 
 Shi'cp ami larnln „ 
 
 1MS.H77 
 
 VllV,'l7l 
 
 22>,l'i3 
 
 261,iOl 
 
 323,272 
 
 1,'0,H02 
 
 407,178 
 
 1 r.83,37.' 
 
 471,105 
 
 791,595 
 
 Swim* vind lioyi „ 
 
 '^:.,y,r 
 
 16,.'ifiV 
 
 11,891 
 
 41,881 
 
 1'.,89-. 
 
 '.'9,191 
 
 15,701 
 
 29,73.' 
 
 1UO,60.' 
 
 125,103 
 
 Anns; swnnln. t>ii>onvt!»t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 raniinn^, >i)uskct»» &c. v.ituL 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 __ 
 
 1 li,2ir 
 
 ! 43,801 
 
 81,812 
 
 26,138 
 
 19,087 
 
 IJ.ircin - fwls 
 
 .1,10.1 
 
 HTi 
 
 1,518 
 
 1,201 
 
 0,69(1 
 
 8,85 
 
 2,112 
 
 3,303 
 
 .1,473 
 
 21,181 
 
 Jtark , for lanners* or dyer-.' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 use - - - . jj 
 
 1l,.1fiT 
 
 ,'>,'., IW 
 
 47,278 
 
 49,802 
 
 .52,97 1 
 
 15,018 
 
 17^164 
 
 1.1,674 
 
 16,277 
 
 1 8,398 
 
 HuiieH nf animals anil fish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (fx. fpt whale lin.s) - tiin> 
 
 .1,01 w 
 
 .1..'ill 
 
 3,081 
 
 2,797 
 
 3,173 
 
 19,00(, 
 
 18,9.52 
 
 16,116 
 
 10,310 
 
 19,880 
 
 Ilran and I'lilUnl - ^^^ t*. 
 
 •'f;,.'.i( 
 
 lM,ll]^ 
 
 93,71.5 
 
 52,!Mi3 
 
 121,190 
 
 21,11! 
 
 17,041 
 
 23,12' 
 
 13,212 
 
 .K),373 
 
 Iluttcr ...... 
 
 ."»;;, (I'M 
 
 31^610 
 
 295,118 
 
 330,'i'il 
 
 315,026 
 
 1,822,.197 
 
 1,53 ••,111 
 
 l,370,8l'' 
 
 1,774,102 
 
 1,880,180 
 
 <'andli-i, slparine . - ,, 
 
 ^..''!»'J 
 
 V.IIS'i 
 
 7,3 1'J 
 
 10,562 
 
 13,795 
 
 12,317 
 
 10,080| 3" ' '8 
 
 40,589 
 
 49,72. 
 
 CaouiclHiui; - • - ,, 
 
 VM 
 
 *,'i<: 
 
 3,>i83 
 
 1,172 
 
 3,070 
 
 5,.573 
 
 32,i';( 
 
 26,, J 
 
 9,'/2>' 
 
 22,292 
 
 Olitfsu •-•-.. 
 
 •Tifi.nvj 
 
 19'^,^<^^ 
 
 321,olA 
 
 . 330.831 
 
 380,902 
 
 808,258 
 
 688,542 
 
 83l,O.K 
 
 881,972 
 
 1,1I8),(P.17 
 
 Clocks .... „„. 
 
 1S,I'^1 
 
 ■lll,7.1« 
 
 51, .181 
 
 55,787 
 
 2M92 
 
 12, .10'. 
 
 9,011 
 
 10,725 
 
 11,153 
 
 8,719 
 
 torn : Wheat - - cw(«. 
 
 4H,-|/il 
 
 M.IM 
 
 11,002 
 
 14,311 
 
 49,210 
 
 31,97( 
 
 5,270 
 
 5,510 
 
 6A1" 
 
 22,017 
 
 Hnrlt-y - - „ 
 
 l(i.'..7l.- 
 
 <i';,iN!i 
 
 83,031 
 
 13,176 
 
 30,719 
 
 51, .123 
 
 18,875 
 
 .12,212 
 
 4,,')02 
 
 1 2,066 
 
 Oats . . - „ 
 
 .Tlfi.U.' 
 
 4!lli,ll'.l 
 
 3.'.5,i,i;s 
 
 298,11/ 
 
 721,071 
 
 129,22-1 
 
 186,4'il 
 
 120,421 
 
 97,545 
 
 253,189 
 
 IVas and beans - ,, 
 
 yi,*^;»5 
 
 •^il,l.-.7 
 
 30,.12i 
 
 31,179 
 
 92,701) 
 
 11,147 
 
 8,218 
 
 11,640 
 
 13,177 
 
 37,514 
 
 UlhiT klruUofcorn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and ^ram - • ,, 
 
 
 (Nut cotniiutiil). 
 
 
 48 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 Cotton : Haw - - - „ 
 
 8, .107 
 
 (i,M7 
 
 1,017 
 
 761 
 
 2,920 
 
 41,008 
 
 51,141 
 
 11,291 
 
 10,014 
 
 89,109 
 
 .'Manuf.iciures value 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 .— 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 «9,0'2U 
 
 143,005 
 
 184,292 
 
 10i,7.')8 
 
 171,913 
 
 Yarn and fotton 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 yarn waste - Ihs. 
 
 5'M,21.1 
 
 573,1 1.1 
 
 601 ,2(H) 
 
 593,2.M 
 
 601,047 
 
 72,107 
 
 18,007 
 
 52,018 
 
 81,011 
 
 8.5,934 
 
 Fish fexcept eeU) - cwts. 
 
 5 3 ,.^02 
 
 iH.d.lU 
 
 50,121 
 
 55,912 
 
 52,3.15 
 
 19,1 107 
 
 2.1,108 
 
 23,957 
 
 29,007 
 
 .13,158 
 
 eels - - - • „ 
 
 II,'».1H 
 
 1 1 , 131) 
 
 9,390 
 
 11,890 
 
 13,090 
 
 35,81 1 
 
 31 
 
 28,188 
 
 .15,670 
 
 .19,270 
 
 Flax : Dressed - - „ 
 
 u;,.T^2 
 
 l-.cn7 
 
 20,8.10 
 
 22,812 
 
 14,821 
 
 07,701 
 
 50, 1 
 
 1.10,2.18 
 
 108,622 
 
 05,274 
 
 Kiiv-Kh or uinlreweil ,, 
 
 H!t,.i;9 
 
 !IS,W71 
 
 90,3.-. 1 
 
 1.10,8.15 
 
 139,003 
 
 298,919 
 
 300,257 
 
 371,829 
 
 521,861 
 
 5I2,.'i.13 
 
 Tow and lodillaot* „ 
 
 i;,"o:> 
 
 UH,l&i 
 
 18,081 
 
 21 ,.158 
 
 15,203 
 
 10,719 
 
 71,1.50 
 
 51,723 
 
 58,8181 
 
 .15,84^ 
 
 Flower root-. - - value 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 19,193 
 
 21,353 
 
 24,918 
 
 27,1(8) 
 
 26,.V.5 
 
 Fitiit, raw, um-numcrnted „ 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 _. 
 
 25,053 
 
 3il,939 
 
 55,195 
 
 42,808 
 
 4 1 ,.180 
 
 (iaranrine - - cms. 
 
 i.'i.v.if 
 
 Vi.ITi 
 
 13,912 
 
 15,261 
 
 11,419 
 
 1U.',.261 
 
 85,131 
 
 90,890 
 
 106,818 
 
 101,143 
 
 (lUlla ((crcha • • - ,, 
 
 5V1 
 
 l,7.-)b 
 
 875 
 
 i,:;9 
 
 4,082 
 
 3,05U 
 
 18,130 
 
 8,703 
 
 13,737 
 
 25,,.28 
 
 Hair: cow, ox, bull, or 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .Ik -..-., 
 
 v,7ni 
 
 3,121 
 
 4,RM 
 
 9,342 
 
 7,504 
 
 12,829 
 
 11,600 
 
 22,877 
 
 45,6.19 
 
 .10,707 
 
 Hules: not tanneil - • ,, 
 
 ;,*i.s.~> 
 
 13,Siii 
 
 22,706 
 
 29,133 
 
 44,910 
 
 22,841 
 
 33,368 
 
 03,299 
 
 89,573 
 
 111,023 
 
 tanninl.tawt'd, cur- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ried, or drL-ssfd Ilis. 
 
 ■ilM.TSft 
 
 511,058 
 
 652,121' 
 
 587,716 
 
 603,775 
 
 1.13.093 
 
 147,829 
 
 1.18,173 
 
 115,50?) 
 
 90,209 
 
 Hqis - - • (Mvis 
 
 I7,I>M 
 
 h,ll)l 
 
 9.7V9 
 
 9,318 
 
 4,593 
 
 01,1 '6 7 
 
 4 1 ,793 
 
 47,101 
 
 00,155 
 
 32,807 
 
 Iron : steet, unwrou^bt • tons 
 
 .T^J 
 
 216 
 
 J,81l 
 
 4,281 
 
 1,991 
 
 5,057 
 
 3,38U 
 
 29,370 
 
 09,087 
 
 29,833 
 
 Iron and steel, wr-iu^'bi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 or man u fait u red ■ value 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 40.815 
 
 33,265 
 
 17,131 
 
 82,217 
 
 89,092 
 
 I^ad, pi^ or ihect - • Ikms 
 
 iW 
 
 43, 
 
 l,.'>73 
 
 1,865 
 
 2,440 
 
 9,520 
 
 8,571 
 
 .10,1.79 
 
 30,98 1 
 
 10,802 
 
 Madder - . - cwts. 
 
 r,,r>fi 
 
 6,S8e 
 
 13,.108 
 
 9,215 
 
 8,110 
 
 11,992 
 
 15,>'.57 
 
 29,911 
 
 20,7.10 
 
 18,9.16 
 
 Root 
 
 sw 
 
 IM 
 
 8,257 
 
 3,808 
 
 302 
 
 l,81S 
 
 208 
 
 10,514 
 
 7,016 
 
 724 
 
 Man^aneAe, On; of - - Ions 
 
 ;,7i)5 
 
 9,C25 
 
 12,.13I 
 
 32,795 
 
 22,528 
 
 88,705 
 
 33,087 
 
 52, 108 
 
 114,780 
 
 -8,818 
 
 Nntmetfs- - - - lis. 
 
 ^'uim 
 
 133,118 
 
 218, 120 
 
 324,622 
 
 452,091 
 
 1,811 
 
 7,131 
 
 9,100 
 
 10,,'>93 
 
 22,105 
 
 r>il, Seed . • - -tons 
 
 i.r.Ti 
 
 XW 
 
 3,122 
 
 1,292 
 
 4,021 
 
 71.202 
 
 153,012 
 
 131,807 
 
 51,487 
 
 190,851, 
 
 Tajier and pasteboard cwt^. 
 
 1 ■i.yn 
 
 4II,'J72 
 
 31,91)3 
 
 55,517 
 
 11,0171 
 
 31,6,52 
 
 74,721 
 
 71,291 
 
 100,316 
 
 01,661 
 
 Totaioes ----,, 
 
 as,i.').'. 
 
 195,071) 
 
 1 in.025 
 
 131,512 
 
 1.19,0.",2, 
 
 8,910 
 
 70,373 
 
 41,1.52 
 
 31,120 
 
 36.551 
 
 Toiato tlour - - - )• 
 
 ■'..vii 
 
 11,1.-2 
 
 37,07,5 
 
 42,425 
 
 17,115 
 
 5,099 
 
 8,199 
 
 !6,'.22 
 
 28,888 
 
 32,061 
 
 ^eeda : tarraway • - ., 
 
 •.l.Tii 
 
 11,711 
 
 11,722 
 
 8,212 
 
 11,.-.07i 
 
 11,317 
 
 10,110 
 
 14,702 
 
 10,212 
 
 17,299 
 
 Clover - - „ 
 
 lil.lKI 
 
 7,1s., 
 
 0,101 
 
 11,053 
 
 0,511 
 
 20,752 
 
 18,909 
 
 10,094 
 
 .17,791 
 
 28,269 
 
 Linseed and Flax. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sceii - - qrs. 
 
 i),S.Ti 
 
 19,nt3 
 
 10,2.19 
 
 .19,181 
 
 19,791 
 
 86,539 
 
 57,095 
 
 31,786 
 
 111,043 
 
 51,988 
 
 Mustard - cwt^. 
 
 1.1,40(i 
 
 1H,5(>.T 
 
 2.), 1,81 
 
 1 1,352 
 
 29,186 
 
 11,512 
 
 15,200 
 
 18,582 
 
 14,217 
 
 29,710 
 
 ^e(ds of other 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MTti - valuif 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 45,71! 
 
 28,103 
 
 40,801 
 
 .13,815 
 
 45,566 
 
 Silk: lUw ■ • . lbs. 
 
 a 1,52a 
 
 .-.7,S35 
 
 36,647 
 
 19,530 
 
 46,481 
 
 29,061 
 
 52,518 
 
 46,216 
 
 27,420 
 
 89,1S2 
 
 Waste, knubs, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 busks - - cwts. 
 
 .'i7fi 
 
 981 
 
 740 
 
 125 
 
 89 
 
 9,038 
 
 11,8,53 
 
 8,288 
 
 1,649 
 
 1,817 
 
 Thrown - - - lbs. 
 
 i:i,'j5ii 
 
 6,032 
 
 7,0iU 
 
 .5,416 
 
 2,797 
 
 23,785 
 
 11,017 
 
 11,057 
 
 9,185 
 
 5,8i6 
 
 Manufartures: slufls 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ami ribbons - - ,, 
 
 IS, Ml 
 
 42,135 
 
 03,101 
 
 01,.132 
 
 85,857 
 
 47,9.14 
 
 108,511 
 
 147,988 
 
 147,026 
 
 207,998 
 
 Manufactures : un- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 enutnerated - value 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 _ j 
 
 9,.533 
 
 10,772 
 
 2 '.,663 
 
 74,975 
 
 57,1.53 
 
 Spelter or tine - - - tons 
 
 '.'/J 7 
 
 3,172 
 
 3,530 
 
 3,278 
 
 .1,672' 
 
 60,020 
 
 08,'/91 
 
 7.5,815 
 
 79,820 
 
 80,132 
 
 Spirits: (i.neva - palN. 
 
 lir.,.'.fii 
 
 131,8115 
 
 187,517 
 
 207,376 
 
 207, 105 
 
 1 1,682 
 
 14,011 
 
 18,210 
 
 19,175 
 
 17,780 
 
 Su;;ar : Unrefined - cwts. 
 
 "t.vn 
 
 72,071 
 
 2,1 ' 
 
 10,102 
 
 31„'.81' 
 
 29,988 
 
 83,039 
 
 2,4,59 
 
 22,167 
 
 42,020 
 
 Uetined, and candy ., 
 
 l.M.d'JS 
 
 1.58,2951 
 
 119,195 
 
 503,761 
 
 50'^,l0lj 
 
 23(i,2,55 
 
 270,7.53 
 
 207,981 
 
 1,003,232 
 
 790,591 
 
 Tea - - - - - lbs. 
 
 M:<,nm 
 
 210,1173; 
 
 42,.508 
 
 221,2.58 
 
 552,581' 
 
 .50,778 
 
 19, .1,13 
 
 3,119 
 
 17,161 
 
 47,458 
 
 Tin - - - - rwts. 
 
 'J,IW( 
 
 12,372! 
 
 12,119 
 
 29,329 
 
 10,191' 
 
 .'lO.ll.o 
 
 73,337 
 
 77,918 
 
 119,0.59 
 
 48,702 
 
 Tobacco, unmanufacturetl lbs. 
 
 Ifim.inH 
 
 8,651,121 
 
 7,783,92 1 
 
 6,050,109' 
 
 »,317,,S51' 
 
 272.728 
 
 3.58,303 
 
 303,390 
 
 275,299 
 
 375,,531 
 
 To>s .... value' 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 - 1 
 
 _ 1 
 
 19,088 
 
 19,1.19 
 
 20,395 
 
 29,853 
 
 .10,219 
 
 [y'ltramarine - - rwts. 
 
 M.l.'.l 
 
 13,821 
 
 11.141 
 
 12,772 
 
 15,037 
 
 02,571 
 
 59,052 
 
 .58,013 
 
 49,823 
 
 .59,534 
 
 Wine - - - nail,. 
 
 38l,f,iO 
 
 314,238 
 
 303,S-.7 
 
 410,311 
 
 460,95.! 
 
 1.52,782 
 
 1.13, 1-A1 
 
 151,972 
 
 176,830 
 
 805,027 
 
 Wood hoojn - - loads 
 
 l,f,.'.2 
 
 4 ,982 
 
 6.00V 
 
 7,1,52 
 
 8,1.19 
 
 27,912 
 
 29,890 
 
 .10,01 1 
 
 40,100 
 
 .50,299 
 
 Wool, sheep and Iambs' lbs. 
 
 'iKH.'iH, 
 
 329,902 
 
 572,9121 
 
 741,591 
 
 400,1.10 
 
 23,802 
 
 30,508 
 
 50,133 
 
 70,286 
 
 39,105 
 
 ^^'ol))len rags torn up to 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 be useti as wool - - „ 
 
 •,",s,i(;n 
 
 3,S21,SS8 
 
 1,922,960 
 
 1,.521,161 
 
 1,818,010 
 
 55,030 
 
 63,098 
 
 90,494 
 
 100,291 
 
 80,352 
 
 Woollen manufactures value ' 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1 
 
 — 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 02,91 1 
 
 00,368 
 
 91,306 
 
 111, .'.01 
 
 119,893 
 
 Yea>t, dried - - rwts. 
 
 87,109 
 
 97,0121 
 
 99,760 
 
 I08,70l! 
 
 10.5,727 
 
 170,811 
 
 195,224! 
 
 200,835 
 
 218,180 
 
 2I3,.188 
 
 All other articles - v.^lue 
 
 — 
 
 -^— i 
 
 — ~— 
 
 — 1 
 
 — 
 
 810,907 
 77J92,895 
 
 949,.531 
 7,803,031 
 
 1,129.678 
 8.001,119 
 
 1 ,363,162 
 11,000,180 
 
 1,351,896 
 12,413,101 
 
 Total 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 — i 
 
 The jrarehniisin<i stjstem has been loiip esta- 
 hli.shed in Amstcrilain; and all goud.s, whether 
 for home consumption or transit, may be depo- 
 sited in bonded warehouses. Speaking generallj', 
 floods can only be kept in bonded warehouses for 
 2 years : but grain of all kinds may be kept for 
 an unlimited period. The warehouse rent charge- 
 able per m<jnth on a quarter of wheat is, on an 
 upper loft, l?rf. ; on an under loft lijd. On a ton 
 (Eng.) of sugar in casks the charge is 8rf. ; in 
 bags, 6d. 
 
 The dock and its adjacent warehouses, belonging 
 to the Entrepot General, or establishment for 
 
 warehousing goods imjjorted by sea or intended 
 to be re-exported by sea or by the Ehiiie, are 
 large and commodious. The dock has water to 
 float the largest sliips, and the dues and ether 
 charges are exceedingly moderate. Merchants 
 may employ their own men or those of the dock 
 in loading or unloading; and may either place 
 their property in separate vaults or floors of which 
 they kee|) the key, or entrust it to the care of the 
 dock officers. 
 
 Dutch Trading Company, or Netherlands Trading 
 Society, Nedcrlandsche Handel Maasschappjj , — 
 The general opinion as to the trade of the Dutch 
 
 Kast 
 
 'lopol 
 f'lrt <, 
 
 IT'iJIOl 
 ("•(kIiu 
 
 A'ovcrn 
 ♦■'('III ill 
 
 ^Vdicr 
 having, 
 
 Proluee 
 
 Jneiit ill 
 
 ^■fnitiici 
 
 "■'"1 t/ie 
 
 F"V(riin, 
 
 .!""'f «t<)( 
 
 ',''•* 'load 
 
 ^"(■(orv i, 
 
 {""•1.8 ii, . 
 
 •iidia, 
 
 •'•'"w.ooo/ 
 
 ^''« CO,,,,,,, 
 
 ;;■;'■'< Kmtnu 
 ," 'o "as j,i, 
 /''o early a, 
 
 /•'•'" ."'0 Hhc 
 
 !'.'•»■ .'avaVult 
 
 ,V"' '''"' i{...s 
 
 P'u^peritvoft 
 
 f" retun, fo 
 
 '"« <-"""lp.'l,lv V 
 
 ^"vonimeuu,. 
 *,|>\eniment8ii 
 
 .";;;'" I'--'"!....;';: 
 
 L""-' "I'ove i.s „ 
 
 ^^"'"■-v;'H ...vceli! 
 
 '»'" ubridfjpd 
 
 .^'""•'* ''ecessarv' 
 1 lie ,iew (arj,,. 
 
 Je';." ''"^ '"'''' 
 
 ''"- ''"'you ti,-.,, 
 •^'"•pa.s.8 ,5 ,„,'.'' 
 tariff 'II, ^^^ ^O 
 
 ■i „ " "•^'- '"r man 
 
 '";>-:y-'.oaed.^ 
 
 ^'""■«'' betiof ?,' *' 
 boi,r.8. "^''^ecu the c 
 
 The Kut'i,/'''"^ "f J'l 
 sliips With „ '>'°^'<="i'ne 
 
 'J 
 
^ivt^-r-™-' 
 
 '";'"« n fov 
 
 '"•'"'"c'o .,f ,'./'''•' V''-'''''^- '■'">'"" ""■' 
 
 ^^^r.sT/.:j{j,.v^f 
 
 •r I 
 
 ,"'"'■'' Imrb. 
 
 'KIov 
 
 '"IrOoiliS I tin 
 
 '"'y. f..r Ji,.j, 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 Wimp,. 1.... ''■"^>^ for a fnr.-.r "" ^''^, t^e (ii,.,„KL I : 
 
 jV i>o iin|)ort"7 J" ''•'^'''■''P. 
 
 ^"/•V arc aboSed^'"* ^^ ••'J'ii'ioL.I c "f "■>' •'"•o A'r il.cTr ;?"^'' "'•''"^ols, baskef, . 
 
 r"''« '^^Imk.ed ^Tl" ''^'^ article. 0-f ''"^ " '" ^ Fm '^ '" "^<^r "''^«"or,,; 
 '," f'c nen- tar «■ „ ' "" "'« vi,/ L'"'"-^ '«« of mcrcl ami; ' ?'"' "''/w 
 
 
 bours. '='■" '"e colonies atitl tL n"* ""^i- 
 
 -l^oli-sbed 7„"i«V» "50 tbo duty on . 
 
 ■•-•ers 
 
 '"^re js a 
 > canisters. 
 
 lumber , 
 ' or packet! 
 
 of 
 
 I . 
 
 ., 
 
 ■■■2 
 
 
so 
 
 AMSTERDAM 
 
 ol'tlia sar e mm nnd Kort, then the tnro may hu 
 (Iclcrinincd by wcinliiiin tlic empty objects, 
 wliicb iihull be indiuateit by tlie eiistom-iitlicer. 
 The fare ^^haIl be tixeil then accdnlin^ ti> the 
 result. 
 
 Art. I.'). — When acl-vali)reni pxxls are packed 
 witli those whereof (Uity it* tobe paid ai'i-ordinj; to 
 tlie weif;lit,lheu the net Weight can be determined 
 by I he eu.stom-ofliecrs at the expense of tlie 
 inqiorler. 
 
 Art. 11. — Kor the determination of the import- 
 duty for liipiids which do not pay excises, the 
 ftillowiii"; dcdnelion will he allowed for leakage. 
 
 <i. When imported by sea, from the harbours of 
 the North Sea and Hallie. of Krance, Portugal nnd 
 Sp:iiii, from this sidi' of the Strait of Gibraltar six 
 per cent. ; /;. when imported from elsewhere twelve 
 l)er cent. 
 
 Art. ir>. — When theimporter is not content with 
 the deduction as tixed by the preceding article, he 
 may jiay iluty for the real quantity, to be deter- 
 tnined at his own expense. 
 
 Art. Hi. — When liquids which do not pay excise, 
 nnd which arc ehargecl according to t he measure, are 
 imported by land or by the rivers, no deduction 
 •will be allv^vcd. 
 
 The duty is to be paid for the whole contents 
 of barrels, except when the importer slumld prefer 
 to have the real content.s determined by the 
 custom-oflicers, at liis own expense. 
 
 Art. li). — Importations prohibited are: 
 
 a. Heprints of books, the copyright of which 
 exists in the Netherlands <ir in foreign states 
 with which they have conc!ude<l copyright treaties. 
 
 Ii. Copper coin and jdates for cojiper coin. 
 
 Copper-plates for coin, however, may be imported 
 for the use of the mint, by paying the import duty 
 as lixed by the tariff for beaten copper, leaves or 
 plates. 
 
 Art. 'JO. — An export duty of 5 guilders per 100 
 lbs. shall be paid on linen and cotton rags.incluiling 
 old useless paper, torn or not, linen and cotton, 
 worn clothes of linen and cotton, sold by weight, 
 likewise pulp for paper, and all those objects when 
 they are mixed with woollen rags. 
 
 An export duty of 5 giiihlers 50 cents per 
 100 lbs. shall be paid on unmixed woollen rags. 
 
 Tlu! following is the IJoyal resolution of October 
 6. 1S(!2, for the execution of the Law of August 
 15, 18(12, concerning the freedom of import-duty 
 for ships' victuals and provisions. 
 
 Art. 1. — The quantity of ship-victuals and 
 provisions for the consumption on inward-bouml 
 (ihips, which are, according to Art. ."> of the said 
 Law, free of import duty or excises, is tixed : 
 
 n. For sailing-ships arriving along sea-side or by 
 the rivers and for rafts per head of the crew : 5 
 ounces salt, 1 litre wine, 4 litre spirits, 2 litres 
 beer, 5 ounces soap, ^ litre vinegar, 5 ounces sugar, 
 10 pounds pit-coals, 1 pound meat, 
 
 /». For every sea and river-steamer at once : .5 
 pounds srdt, 10 litres wine, 20 litres beer, 5 pounds 
 soiip, 3 litres vinegar, .5 pounds sugar, 20 pounds 
 meat, ft pounds pit-coals ))er horse-power of the 
 engine and perliour distance from the first office or 
 the lirst cxpedition-oflice till the unloading place; 
 
 f. For otlier goods, which are imported by sail- 
 ing-vessels, steamers, or rafts, at a quantity where- 
 of the duty is no more than one guilder. 
 
 Art. 2. — The captain has to give a declaration 
 at the first office of the quantity and sort of the 
 victuals an<l jirovisions which are on board, with 
 indication of the barrels, chests, and other pack- 
 ages. 
 
 Att. 3. — The captain has the disposal of the 
 quantity of victuals and provisions, as said by 
 Art. 1. 
 
 Art. 4. — When the victuaU or provisiona sur- 
 pass the quantity fixed by Art. 1, then the custom- 
 officers may apply such measures, either by 
 mentioning on the general declaration, or by 
 giinnling or scaling, that the arrival on the unload- 
 ing-place is securi'cl. 
 
 When th(! g<iods arrive along the rivers, nnd no 
 general declaration is made, then the. captain is 
 obliged to follow tlie prescriptions as fixed by Art. 1 
 of this resolution for the surpassing quantity. In 
 that cas(! shall be mentioned on the documents 
 that those goods belong to victuals or provisions. 
 
 Art. I). — The captain when arrived on the un- 
 loading ])lace is obliged to ]mt the victuals and 
 provisions which he has not at his disposal, under 
 the management of the custom-officers. The goods 
 can be sealed by them on board of the ship or iii 
 bond, till they are exported again. When this 
 cannot be done the captain is obliged to submit 
 the goods to the usual formalities of the in and ex- 
 port or transito. 
 
 Art. (). — This resolution takes effect on the 1st 
 November 1 802. 
 
 The business of insurance is extensively i)rac- 
 tised nt Amsterdam : the premiums nre moderate, 
 and the security unexceptionable. The liigh duty 
 formerly imposed in this country on policies of 
 insurance contributed to the increase of this bu- 
 siness in Holland. 
 
 Credit, Dincount, §t. — The credit allowed on 
 most articles is 3 months ; some articles, however, 
 are always sold for ready money ; a discount is 
 generally given in prompt payments; but the 
 terms of credit on most articles and the discount 
 allowed for ready moi.ey have been fixed by 
 usage, and are regarded as essential conditions in 
 everj' bargain. Some of the more important of 
 these terms and discounts arc specified in the 
 ftdlowing table. In consequence of the preference 
 given in Holland to rendy-money transactions, 
 it is not a country in which adventurers without 
 capital have much chance of speedily making a 
 fortune. ' Kien, en effet, dc plus facile que de 
 s'e'tablir h. Amsterdam ; mais rien de plus difficile. 
 que s'y soutcnir untin del grrmdes re.i.wurccs. Dans 
 cette ville, oil I'argent abonde, oil on Ic prete 
 contre des surctes iv si bon march**, (7 est pourtant 
 impoisihle de s'eii procurer a criiiit; et sans argent 
 il n"y a plus (U; [lossibilite d'y travailler, que de 
 trouver quelqu"un (pii veuille de se charger d'uii 
 papier nouveau qui ne scroit pas appuye d'un 
 credit que I'opinion, la protection, ou des cffets 
 reels feroient valoir ii la bourse. Les Ilollandois 
 suivent lii-dessus des maximes tres-nustbres, memo 
 h regard des maisons d'une certaine considera- 
 tion.' (Enci/elopi'die Methodique de Commerce, t. ii. 
 p. (!oO.) But this austerity is not a disadvantage, 
 but the reverse. It prevents commerce from de- 
 generating, as it has too often done in other 
 jdaccs, into gambling adventures, and puts it 
 on a comparatively solid foundation. And it 
 should be mentioned to the honour of the Dutch, 
 and as a proof of the excellence of this system, 
 that notwithstanding the distress and loss of trade 
 occasioned by the invasion and occupation of 
 their country by the French, the bankruptcies in 
 1795 and subsequent years were not, compara- 
 tively, so numerous as in England in ordinary 
 seasons ! The regulations in the Code Napoleon 
 as to bankruptcy are enforced in Holland. 
 
 It has long been the practice in Holland to 
 make, on selling articles, considerable deductions 
 from their weight, particularly from those of large 
 bulk, as compared with their value. These tarcB 
 and drafts, as they are termed, are now fixed by i 
 ancient usage, nnd the most important amongst J 
 them are here specified. 
 
 Ch, 
 
 
 Kaw su 
 
 7.'" Pi.Ko 
 //trrii,.,, 
 l-olloii.Si 
 
 '■"■nainon 
 
 ,,.""■«; 
 '■'"Bir . 
 '"illliettc 
 
 "'wl.Cap, 
 
 ' ^'^"rr.1,1 
 
 The ahoJ 
 «"'>wjinces rl 
 f^doiis Hitil 
 imp„rt.j,„ipl 
 
 "'"'" ffoods r 
 
 ''•'^'■•'Ptioi, „nl 
 ^'"•'' «« are i,| 
 '* /'«r cent, /ol 
 '"•■'fs, baskctsf 
 . J'-i'ceptioti • 
 '%' ■■'■> kil„, ^ 
 '^ift, we/ghiJ 
 
 '"cascjher 
 tare tix,„j a,, , 
 
 '•••'.V the dutv n 
 
 f "»''s. in such 
 
 CllSfom-houso 
 
 "nporters, 
 
 J" ease thercl 
 '"■ packaircs of I 
 
 ^•«^''«Ac.,tobel 
 

 AMSTKRDAM 
 
 Arllcin 
 
 IUc« : in bale. 
 
 Chw«,:(i„u,l.iand 
 I ., .'*>ilen . 
 
 I 1^ '''tiaiii 
 
 Cwhineai 
 
 Fu»lic . 
 
 .1 kllin. ,,„ ,,j|, ,. 
 P»rwni,an,i j' ' 
 <'fnf. ' • I 
 
 ■^)k.lM.p..rcn»k „,, 
 
 •'"["••rwhalfi.uk 
 I „.,?;"" ''"•'"•nl./ 
 
 ' 7"'- ■' per c„ ' 
 
 P" leiK. ' " 
 I ; Iier cenl. . 
 "Into . 
 •i kilo.. |i,r bale '. . 
 
 . kllo,.,«r(irkln . 
 '>k.o.,,er,l,n„, 
 
 ■Jk,!;"">- per 1«„ 
 
 ' l*r ceiil. . 
 
 ;>'"'. Tr.UI„^ 
 lent. ' ' I*' 
 
 '^ iwr cent, nnil 1 
 P«cnil.f„rcnsl:' 
 
 ilittu. 
 
 ilillu. 
 
 ' l"'r rent. n„,| j 
 l*rreiil. fur ^.,„,, 
 
 tlilt... 
 
 (llllM. 
 
 ' iw cent, (br ij n. 
 
 none. 
 Dune. 
 
 ' '•OBirood 
 Maildtr . 
 
 Haw suftar: casks 
 casi«( _ 
 mats - 
 lia^-s . 
 baskets 
 
 Moltsie, 
 
 I "Tin plate, . 
 I liL-rriiiff, 
 
 j '-"""■■•Surat./lenr 
 I Ifali Arne- 
 
 r'"-''"!. and 
 Surinam I 
 
 Max .' ■ • I 
 
 ii>m|, . : 
 
 12 kll,),. per mill ,^ 
 
 c^nt""'- ""'' ^ I'" 
 'lino I 
 
 ,' Percent. ." 
 '" ptr cent. 
 
 te'?"'-- - 
 
 '?en,?"'-°"'"^P" 
 
 ' IW rent, -i ,„. 
 
 •^'Ot., and IS [Z 
 
 cent. '^"^ 
 
 '' iwr cent. . 
 
 ' l"r cent, for ,-.,.|, 
 
 I '^ l';'r cent. a,id 11 
 . Pi'r rent, tor,, ub 
 2 P" rent, and ' 
 ' l'<"-ent.for.it,h 
 
 1 4 per cent, fo, cash 
 ililto. 
 ditto. 
 ' l'<r cent, and u 
 
 I"r cent, for cash? 
 •* per cent, and I 
 
 percent, for c.„|,' 
 
 nelt Height 
 
 Liquorice 
 
 repjuT . 
 l-'innainon \ 
 
 -■-, «U „„t- 
 
 'liiiffir , 
 f'altiiette I ^ 
 
 M'ool : (!ape . 
 
 ;!iicnw.A,rM, 
 _____'^i>rrachee 
 
 j 2 per cent." 
 
 I n"'! tare, ; i,i|„. f„ i 
 "■ope.andlperceit' ' 
 
 I •?,'■''•«• PW tale . . 
 
 14 k..«,,erbale,and 
 
 ' percent, 
 nett -.veighl 
 
 ' ■"} kil"S. |ier case 
 -.«.__weiKhta„dlper 
 
 •1 per cent. . 
 ''kilos. |,er bale 
 ^ per ceTit. 
 
 rj,, Z.1J}»]!>^ 
 
 ^-^mm with each' o ho "M"'- '" ""'"• "-aii.s- 
 ™port-d,„ios at the ant,/'" '" P^.v'-'i' the 
 •■P".. ffoocLs paying h,ty bv w;''",'^-' "«' *"« 
 exooptioinin.lemcntio ed iwl\f}\'- ''' ^""' "'e 
 « I'or cent, lor sncli as nro fn '", "'^ '*""'', and at 
 '"•yf- '«.skct.s, leath";, Ib'en^r''''"*''^' '^'*"''''^''-^- 
 J»ff 5,5 kil,„ or Zvc 18 nl"'"^' '''«-<^he.sts weigh 
 ^''?f weighing loss'tl L'l i:^no • y^"'""-^' '«- 
 
 In case the importers are n.V '.^^.P" '^<''"- 
 tare ti.xed a,s above bv,h'^"°' '"''■^'"''1 witli the 
 I'-W t,ho duty ae.o7di„ir to t r„o t ''''^' *'"'-^' «»n 
 *r"o<i.s, in such a way as it f i ?" ''''^'«'" "f the 
 ;='>«t..m-house aut-iZues af " L*^^ ^^■"'«<J "^X fhe 
 J'nportcrs. ^' »' "'e oxpensc of tlie 
 
 "r pacT;^e?o?,he%"l?f "T''*''' "^ "^"^ks, ca.sos 
 -^^^■c.,toho>„i„tft-/-lSLS 
 
 A 
 
 •'fliccrs. niiil (I,, . - ""'J 
 
 '•'- ''<-iid':::;;:L'';;;y|'''''- •i'-''i'y wii. 
 
 ^Vl"n gootlH on whi ^^, ' ":'"'^-^'f"K'^^ weight. 
 "'iC'irding t„ ,|,„i" "'' '• Hit. duty is lo l„. ,7;,i,, 
 
 '"'''.•^« "Ilic'^Ts at the v' ' .'";.7,' '->• '1'^' ••'istoin- 
 
 '•"f "II liquids free ,7 :";';••' ""'""•"■'•■^• 
 ""■"■''"re. on'i,,, „„,,. ^'^•'s.ible, ra.ed l.y t|,e 
 
 F-rn^,;;:;:;.r':;;:;'i'"'i^'-' 'na.ti,:sea 
 
 ^l"'i<^or.iihrai,;;,^",^^;;,-:v''-'*i.i-.f.i;;: 
 
 1- PtT cen(. ' ' "^ "-^"f- ; 'f""! other jiorf.s 
 
 ^;ii'i.iZ;Si,i:i:^/';?f/''V'V-^^ 
 
 •'""•; t" " reihictioi, i , .|,'V'"> '^''.""''' ".ssert .•, 
 '""■'I'X's iiMgrant i t"^° -Vi'T '" "'''f'' tlu- 
 
 ''* ;• be delerinin,", , - e , ''",""'">- ^'-ifli 
 -fcClT '"■ t'.c i^npite^r'""-'"'"-^^' ""-- 
 
 l'7'orally .spealdng hot' le'' " ''"' *"' '■>^^lmnge. 
 
 ''"'>■'■, 'Mn,,u^^; i,f;t'V"- 100 ce^t.s, t 
 cents, ,ho r/„A/«.////or 10 ('"■"',' •""''*■"- ^■•-'■■; 
 
 " '^ilv-r e.vcepti ng t ' w t T"' "" "'" ^>l'i.'h are 
 
 "'o.se of J.ooo, -m -m 1 rn'"- '^^"•'••nl"tion are 
 
 P'ld aiitl a great vari.tv f "i""'«''- ^^'TinerK- 
 e.reulatio„, b'i.t the^e ha r^ £,:;':;" -!"« «'ere ii. 
 'rvK/htH nn,l :\T e" Called m. 
 
 ;^iS:^;:,;:;i; «'j-eight, and a..we« ,. 
 ^"''. ^vigije, ..,,^1 C;i ^'i.J,'!r'7."'<?'«ti'coii,.. 
 -Netherlands' 1(,8., are e.Li ► 1 '"'"ffanimes, ,„• 
 "^;\0^ '"■'"ffr.'mm "s a;.:' " ,^" ^-f " '^n^lish iks. 
 
 iJie e//,-, which is t,,^ • '" ^ ewt. 
 mcxsur*. equaLs the J^'renc'll" "-, *''"""="' "^ '""'•■ 
 
 vicrkanto palm vioH . "" > ■ ''"■»="ons are thr. 
 «lreop ; ai^ i"'mS; :^ J;;'"- -><' the vi^ o 
 viorkante b„nder. ' ' "" ^'"^ante roede ai,.( 
 
 "'■e the kubick^e Jilm kuSt' f""" ''^"ivisio't 
 •streep. ' ' ''"^"^'''^ 'l"'™, and kubickc 
 
 /irc'lfod'.'"" "■"" '^ Sivon to a kubicke ellc of 
 
 -^'i5t':£^t;'p':Ir-^^^'7war.., 
 i-rench/iVrf. jt, ,,,■';. P"".'" i an.swcring to the 
 
 n;nl.ipl03 the scheieVrd mli^ '"fjj^ •■"'.' i« 
 also called the z«/, n,„i " """Jde; the latter is 
 
 ^ 30 mudd;"n Cke Tl^t ''"' ^""'-•'' '"="'"- 
 
 ".ocubeTft^L'SaC-'i/"' "•^'"■'' measure, and i, 
 ''•'7. Itsdivlli^Tr; hTr "t?"^^ *° the pfi: 
 »"'» JOO kans make a Jat oT^nsr'^;'-'"'?^'-''"'' 
 tlip Lrench hectolitre. "**''' ^'»ch equalj 
 
 or 5,787 Englisifgr'ain",':'' ""'^'"" ^-^ ^75 g^m.!. 
 K2 
 
 
52 
 
 AMSTKIiliAM 
 
 IHi) niinglc.", 
 
 ;!lt» ditto. 
 ;!it viiTtfls. 
 
 128 mingles, 
 r.'d ditto. 
 Hi ditto. 
 = lOJ Knglish 
 
 Ity tlio old mclliod of cnlciilntitif.'. wljicli is not 
 yet I'litirrly siipcrscrlcd the ll». of Aiil'tiTtlain 
 wiis=ito l-o;» 11m. iivoirdiipois, or IDH lbs. .\mster- 
 <liim«i IOH*;f.';j llw. avoirdupois. 
 
 'i'lio lull or tni-asuri' for corn-:. '10 niiiddpn — 
 ID ll-)iitliH (piartcrs Wiiiilirsirr mi'iiNiirc. I'lio 
 iiiim \ (piid MicaMiri:^! ankcrri H sti'ckans ='.'! 
 vicrlcls -(!4 stoo|M or stopiiiMi = "_'hl miiigliH - "Jjli 
 pints=U Kiifjlisli wine f,'alloiis. 
 
 The .sto<i() contains .'lA pints I",nf;lish nicnsiirp. 
 
 100 min},'l('s arc (•(jujii to Wi l'.n;;liili wine f;ai- 
 lons. or 2(i l-.'ilh Ijij;li>h liccr ^'allons, or •-'•;!( 
 iniporial frallotis. 
 
 French wine is sold per ho^jshcad of 
 iSpanish nuvl I'ori n{,'n(S(; wine pi r 
 
 pljie of - 
 French brandy, per ho;,'slioad of - 
 ]!eer, per barrel (equal to the aain) 
 
 of ----- - 
 
 Ve;,'ctablc oils, per nam, of - 
 Wlinlu oil, ]ier dillo 
 
 Itiim is sold per(i///;(T of _• stcckan 
 wine gallons. 
 The foot of .\msterdani-= II l-7th I!nglisli inches. 
 Tlu^ lihineland foot =-12 ditto. 
 
 The ell, eloth nieasnre = -_'7 l-12th dit.i. 
 
 liiich salt is sold ]ier honilert of 101 niaaten, 
 ■nnUing 20 tons, or 1,000 lbs. Dutch. 
 
 I'it coal is scdd per hoed of ',W itiaaten ; 
 hoeds arc 5 chaldrons of Newcastle, or 0, '.ir)cds are 
 ci chaldrons of London. 
 
 liiitter is .S(dd per barrel ; the barrel of Leyden 
 is 320 lbs. nett— that of l-'riesland 2H lbs. nelt— 
 and the common Dntch barrel 33tJ lbs. gross. 
 
 A last iif herrings is reckoned at 12, 13, or 14 
 barrels. 
 
 A Inst nfjiilc/i is 12 barrels. 
 
 A last of tar, 13 barrels. 
 
 A bag of seed = 2^ Winchester qnnrters. 
 8 hogsheads (or oxhofts) of wine 
 
 12 barrels of jiitcli 
 
 13 barrels of tar 
 20 chests of lemons, Ice. 
 4,000 lbs. of iron, copper, and co- ' 
 
 lonial pri>dnce 
 4,000 lbs. ofalmont's 
 2,000 lbs. of wool or feathers 
 
 are reckoned 
 as one last 
 in s'.'ttlirig 
 the freight 
 of ships. 
 
 A last of wheat is considered 10 per cent, 
 higher than one of rye, and the latter 20A per 
 cent, higher than oats, and 12 per cent, higlier 
 than seed. A last of ballast is only 2,000 lbs.— 
 These details have been derived from the answers 
 by the British con snl to the circnlar qneries; the 
 i)ictiimnaire dtt Commerce {Ency. Method.), torn. ii. 
 pp. 554-650 ; Kelly's Cambist, private informa- 
 tion, IfC, 
 
 A last for freight is 2,000 kilogrammes, 
 equivalent to about 1 ton, I'J cwts. 1 qr. 18 lbs. 
 English. 
 
 According to the tariff of the Xetherlands' 
 Trading Company the last, in settling freights 
 from the Netherlands' East Indies, varies as 
 follow i : — 
 
 It equals 
 
 For Arrark 
 Cochini'.nl 
 
 Suirar ., 
 
 <^<illt«, in ti.ip* „ 
 CoU'ce, uhl in 
 
 lia«s ,. 
 
 CoHe*. in raskH „ 
 Cott'L*, ^wetp- 
 
 ingH „ 
 
 Mace »f 
 
 ('0|IIMT ,. 
 
 Turmeric root „ 
 
 <;fnvet I, 
 Nutmegs, un. 
 
 sound tr 
 
 Nutmegs, sound ,* 
 
 Nutmeg soap „ 
 
 Mother of |i«arl „ 
 
 Pepper „ 
 
 kilos. 
 
 
 kilos. 
 
 
 For Hum beniain 
 
 iteq-.ials 1,7 
 
 1 ,.':m 
 
 (ium 4 opal 
 
 ,. l,'.l)(l 
 
 V.llllll 
 
 Gold tlust 
 
 „ a.oim 
 
 l.hOO 
 
 (iuttapercha 
 
 ., I.IIKI 
 
 
 India rultbtr 
 
 Mini 
 
 l.^no 
 
 Ilt-tnii 
 
 „ 900 
 
 l.SiO 
 
 Hirien 
 
 „ i.aun 
 
 
 Indigo 
 
 „ l,3(l<l 
 
 2,nno 
 
 ( "amiitioT 
 
 „ 1,1(10 
 
 i.im 
 
 ('innaniun 
 
 •J.OII 
 
 •i,im> 
 
 llite 
 
 „ «,0IH) 
 
 I.MHI 
 
 Sago 
 
 „ 1,500 
 
 1,000 
 
 Tortoise shell 
 
 ,, 1,1 «HI 
 
 
 Toliacio 
 
 „ 800 
 
 1,11,00 
 
 Tea, Java 
 
 „ 9.10 
 
 1,000 
 
 Tin 
 
 „ s.noo 
 
 l.'iOO 
 
 Flat 
 
 ., 900 
 
 !i,000 
 
 Wmx 
 
 „ J,(1(M) 
 
 J,SOO 
 
 Wool 
 
 660 
 
 Maiiniliiilc of the Conmircf of lloUniiil in llie 
 Sirrntrrnl/i Ciiiliirij : Cuiisis of its I'ms/n rily ami 
 Dciline. — We lielievi' we iiec<l make no Hp(dogv 
 for embracing thit opportunity to lay before oiir 
 readers the following details with respect to the 
 commerce and coinniercial pidicy of llollaml. It 
 forms oiK^ of the most instructive topics of inves- 
 tigation; and it is to be regretted that so little 
 ailentioii should have been paid to it in this 
 country. 
 
 I'revioHsly to the rommeiicemont of the loiig- 
 coiitinued and glorious struggle niaile by tju' 
 Dutch to einaiici|iate themselves from the blind 
 and brutal despotism of Old .Spain, they had a 
 considerable marine, and had attained to distiii"- 
 lion by their tisheries and commerce; ami tlio 
 war, instead of I dug injurious to the trade of the 
 republic, contributed powerfully to its extension. 
 .After the capture of .Xntwer]) by the Spaniards, in 
 1585, the extensive commerce of wbiidi ii had been 
 the centre was removed to thi! ports of Holland, 
 ami principally to .\insterdani, wdiich then attaineil 
 to the ilistinctii>ii -he long enjoyed, ot the first 
 c<iminer<'ial city of Kurope. 
 
 In l(io2 the Dutch Kast India Company was 
 formed; and notwithstanding the pernicious in- 
 lliience ijf that association, the Iniliaii trade in- 
 creased rapidly in magnitude and importance. 
 Ships lilted either for commercial or warlike pur- 
 poses, ami having n considerable number of 
 siddiers on board, were sent out within a few 
 years of the establishment of the company. 
 Aniboyna and the M<duccas were first wrested 
 from the Portuguese, and with them the Dutch 
 obtained the monopoly of the spice trade, fac- 
 tories and fortifications were in no long time 
 established, from Itussorah, near the mouth of the 
 Tigris, in tlie I'ersiau (inlf. along the co.ists and 
 islands of India as far as .lapan. Alliances were 
 formed with several of the Indian princes ; and in 
 many parts, particularly on the coasts of Ceylon, 
 and in various districts of Malab.ir and Cortmian- 
 del, they were themselves the sovereigns. liataviii, 
 in the large and fertile island of Java, the greater 
 part of wliicli had been conquered by the Dutch, 
 formed the centre of their Indian commerce; and 
 though unhealthy, its port was excellent, and 
 it was admirably situated for commanding the 
 trade of the Eastern Archipelago. In 1(151 they 
 planted a ctdony iit the Cape of Good Hope, 
 which had been strangely neglected by the I'ortu- 
 giiesc. 
 
 I'^very braneh of commerce was rigorously 
 prosecuted by the Dutch. Their trade with the 
 Ualtic was, however, by far the most extensive 
 and lucrative of which they were in possession, 
 (iuicciardini mentions that the trade with Poland, 
 Denmark, Prussia, A'C, even before their revolt 
 was so very great, that fleets of 300 ships arrived 
 twice a year at Amsterdam from Dantzic and 
 Livonia only ; but it increased prodigiously dur- 
 ing the latter part of the sixteenth and the begin- 
 ning of the .seventeenth centuries. The great popu- 
 lation of Holland, and the limited extent and 
 unfruitful nature of the soil, render the inhabit- 
 ants dependent on foreigners for the greater part 
 of their supplies of corn. The countries round 
 the Baltic have always furnished them with tin 
 principal of those supplies; and it is from then 
 that they have been in the habit of bringing tim 
 ber, iron, hemp and ilax, pitch and tar, tallow . . .„ g^^ 
 ashes, and other bulky articles requirctl in th jt"" so great i • 
 building of their houses and ships, and in varioi ^'""a/id ti, ^ .** 
 manufactures. Nothing, however, redounds i :'''"" file .Sni„''"r 
 
 'i 
 
 Co 
 
 III 
 'III, 
 
 be, 
 <'JlH 
 '";,'< 
 
 "lei 
 
 A'.i;,. 
 
 corn, 
 
 n .Ic, 
 
 "/ l-.ii 
 
 ."'(! CO 
 
 '" En 
 l><>rts I 
 "I'liriv 
 
 a' '■•''«• 
 -.""0,()Jj 
 
 "'"'' Con 
 
 ,•'■) 
 . /.o ,., 
 
 '"'"^io,,; 
 
 "'' «Taiii.s 
 6,?""'* a 
 
 ;Vm.sfer,j..„ T 
 "."■'■V'mn/.s J 
 
 /'"" Cst„|,,;, 
 
 Vol. 
 
 >/c 
 
 'stn(jli.si 
 
 t,., ■ "'''«i fJi 
 
 adds ft '" I 
 J'« ti i'-"" ''"^1 
 
 tiio t,.. 
 
 peace,! 
 till 
 
 "."-' »'a,/e V, r 
 '■'oiisJv car.' V' 
 
 fii.U .sl^'""" "• 
 
 thev have invariably followed with respect to t , -'^' tiij.s ,,,,.,■ '^ ' 
 
 ^ had ^'iv' n,e.,,,J,;/;;;;'. II 
 
 roM 
 
 much to the credit of the Dutch, as the polii 
 
 iably followed with respec 
 trade in com. Thcv have, at all times. 
 
 Ip-caLL-r 
 
 "llUibf 
 
'"»;,' Ik'cii (i,- '"''\'iitfiifii i,„ii,.,. ,V ,,'" 'I'M- 
 '■" <"rnTs I """ •'""""cr.v, „r ,: , '''^"^/r"... i„ 
 
 .'"^"•""•^ t ';::' t'"""^'' « ^-m, ;"'■/*"■'■■ 
 
 cor,,, ,,•„'" ".'■'•'■r «ill.,.,«7;.Ji" ''"''''1" 
 « "«« tl'e peace ,.''''"■? "'' ^'^' 'av. /"'"'' '^1""" 
 
 ,'!r "'•^-' upo^;,,;:;,"' ''!v-.,i.,t Sn"':/""'"^- 
 
 -"'.-'-'•' to w ' '!'""'"ito,l at (I, , '" .""''•'-•■•I'Kilo 
 
 '';''("'> nativ-JV;;, ,''''-■•'*'■■■'' "'-t-'-.-'C' •■" "'« 
 
 l-i-fiS r.C' p-'iv ai'sl, '';'";>; -'op'od b? 
 
 '«°»'"no3 in tJe'!i ';'«^-'"c'.l in m ,,t T" ""'' 
 
 '" f'e state of,) {^.""■T"I "-a.. / ,rHM ^"""'' "<" 
 ^'' tlie re, ,„ ', "'P.-f'-PPinir a.„| / S' ""raeted 
 ^'•I'ich their I ; i-^''^' '''*overv f H^ "'"'"'"crce 
 
 •■""^n"t tloris, 7, '"''"•' '^' I"'s.sibJe ., r'' "'"' the 
 '"'•^rested /, t, ''''^" ""'"'s of ever? " P'-''™inent 
 
 on fl,^ . . , / """' 
 
 '''^•stadtridoM"';';!.'''^-"^'^- on';"i;'r '^ ■ ■ 
 
 "'^' queries o'A''"' '^'•' «''<'roc,t,;7' '.''>'='' 
 ^'ent mer,.l> "'^ most ex-to,,.:. ' "'«'^'' 
 
 .!•■ 
 
 ^'ent nierch-iiitr I ■■ "'"■"' ''xtensiv,, "'.''.'■'"ow- 
 
 
M 
 
 AMSTERDAM 
 
 tho same should bo found to be diminished and 
 fallon to decay, then, 2. To enquire; by what 
 jncl hods the same may bo supported and advanced, 
 or, if poasiblf, resforcd to its former lustre, repute, 
 and dijjr.ity V ' 
 
 In discussinf; these qacstions, the merchants 
 were oi)lif,'ed to enter into an examination, as 
 voll of (lie causes which had raised the commerce 
 ol Holland to the hij,'h pitch of prosperity to 
 which it had once attained, as of those which had 
 occasioned its subsequent decline. It is stated 
 that, thoiiph not of the same ojiinion upon all 
 ]M)iuts, they, spciking gencrallj', concurred as to 
 those that were most important. When their 
 answers had been obtamed, and compared with 
 each other, the Stadtholder had a dissertation 
 Ijrojiarcd from them, and other authentic .sources, 
 on the commerce of the republic, to which pro- 
 posals were subjoined for its amendment. Some 
 of the principles advanced in this dissertation 
 apply t(> the case of Holland only; but most of 
 thorn are of universal application, and are not 
 more comprehensive than sound. We doubt, 
 indeed, whft.'ier the benefits resulting from rcli 
 gious tjleration, political liberty, tho .security of 
 property, and the freedom of industry, have ever 
 been more clearly set forth than in this disserta- 
 tion. It begins by an enumeration of the causes 
 •>vhich contributed to advance the commerce "of the 
 roi)ublic to its former unexampled prosperity: 
 these the authors divide into three classes, em- 
 bracing under the first those that were natural 
 and physical ; under the second, those tlioy de- 
 nominated mor.il; and under the third, those 
 which they considered adventitious and external ; 
 remarking on them in succession as follows: — 
 
 ' i. The natural and physical causes are the Jd- 
 vaiitages of the situation of the country on the 
 sea and at tho mouth of considerable rivers ; its 
 situation between the northern and southern 
 parts, which, by being in a manner tho centre of 
 all Kurope, made the republic become the general 
 market, where the merchants on both sides u^ed 
 to bring their superfluous commodities, in order to 
 barter and exchange the same for other goods they 
 "ivantcd. 
 
 ' Nor have the barrenness of the conntrj', and 
 the necessities of the natives arising from that 
 cause, less contributed to set them upon -erting 
 all their application, industry, and utmost stretch 
 of genius, to fetch from foreign countries what 
 they stand in need of in their own, and to support 
 ihcinselves by trade. 
 
 ' The abundance of fish in the neighbouring seas 
 put them in a condition not only to supply their 
 own occasions, but with the overplus to carry on 
 .1 Irado with foreigners, and out of the produce of 
 the fishery to find an equivalent for what they 
 wanted, through the sterility and narrow boun- 
 daries and extent of their own country. 
 
 ' II. Among the moral and political causes arc 
 to be placed, the un.ilterable maxim and funda- 
 mental law relating to tlic free exercise of difl'eront 
 religions; and always to consider this toleration 
 and connivance as the most eflcctual means to 
 draw foreigners from .adjacent countries to settle 
 .'ind reside here, and so become instrumental to 
 the ' ipling of these provinces, 
 
 'Ino constant ptdicy of the republic to make 
 this country a perpetual, safe, and secure asylum 
 for any persecuted and ojipressed stiangers. No 
 alliance, no treaty, no regard for or solicitation 
 of any potentate whatever, has at any time 
 been able to weaken or destrojr this law, or make 
 (he state recede from protecting those who have 
 llcil to it for their own security and self-ineserv- 
 atimi. 
 
 ' Throughout the whole course of all the perse- 
 cutions and oppressions that have ociurrcd in 
 other countries, the steady adherence of the re- 
 public to this fundamental law has been the cause 
 that miny people have n^t only fled hither for 
 refuge, with their whole stock in ready cash and 
 their most valuable effects, but have also settled, 
 and established many trades, fabrics, manufac- 
 tories, arts, and sciences in this c(.untry, notwith- 
 standing the first materials for the said fabrics and 
 manufactories were almost wholly "•anting in it, 
 and not to be procured but at a grcac expense 
 from foreign parts. 
 
 ' The constitution of onr form of government, 
 and the liberty thus accruing to the citizen, are 
 further reasons to which the growth of trade, and 
 its establishment in the republic, n)ay fairly be 
 ascribed ; ^ id all her policy and laws are put upon 
 such an equ'table footing, that neither life, es- 
 tates, nor dignities depend on the c iprice or 
 arbitrary power of any single individi al ; nor is 
 there any room for any person, who, by care, 
 frugality, and diligence, has once acquired an 
 affluent fortune or estate, to fear a deprivation of 
 them by any act of violence, oppression, or in- 
 justice. 
 
 ' The administration of justice in the country 
 has, in like manner, always been clear and im- 
 partial, and without distinction of superior or hi- 
 ferior rank, whether the parties have been rich or 
 poor, or were this a foreigner and that a native ; 
 and it were greatly to be wished we could at this 
 day boast of such impartial quickness and despatch 
 in all our legal processes, considering how great 
 an influence it has on trade. 
 
 'To sum up fill, amongst the moral and political 
 causes of the former flourishing state of trade may 
 be likewise i)laccd the wisdom and prudence of tho 
 ■administration, the intrepid firmness of the coun- 
 cils, the faithfidness with which treaties and en- 
 gagements wore wont to be fulfilled and ratified, 
 and particularly the care and caution practise<l to 
 preserve traiKiuillity and peace, and to decline 
 instead of ciiteriiig on a s<;eiie of war, merely to 
 gratify the an. bilious views of gaining fruitless or 
 imaginary conquests. 
 
 ' ijy thesi; moral a.id political maxims were the 
 glory and reputation of the republic so far spread, 
 and foreigners animated to place so great a con- 
 fidence in the steady determinations of a state 
 so wisely and prudently conducted, that a con- 
 course of them stocked this country with an 
 augmentation of inhabitants and useful hands, 
 whereby its trade and opulence were from time 
 to time increased. 
 
 'III. Amongst the adventitious and external 
 causes of the rise and flourishing state of our trade 
 may be reckoned — 
 
 'That at tlie time when the best and wisest 
 maxims were adopted in the republic as the moans 
 of making trade flourish, they were neglected in 
 almost all other countries; and anyone reading 
 the history of those times may easily discover that 
 the persecutions on .iccount of religion, throughout 
 Spain, lirabant, Flanders, aii<l many other states 
 and kingdoms, have powerfully promoted the es- 
 tablishment of commerce in the republic. 
 
 ' To this happy result, and the settling of manu- 
 facturers in our country, the hmg continuance of 
 the civil wars in France, which wore aftcrv/ards 
 carried on in (icrmany, England, and divers other 
 parts, has also very much contributed, 
 
 ' It must be added, in the last place, that during 
 our most burdensome and heavy wars with Spain 
 and I'ortugal (however ruinous that period was for 
 commerce otherwise), tliese powers had both ne- 
 glected their navy ; whilst the navy of the re- 
 
 piibli. 
 th(> sii 
 only , 
 
 to am 
 
 quarto 
 
 J'^nglis 
 
 ttavo n 
 
 We 
 
 "linkin 
 
 credit o 
 
 JaiKl. J 
 
 <'cive(J n 
 
 of (he c 
 
 render J 
 
 Wealth. 
 
 comn],in( 
 
 .'-"iitiiieni 
 
 I'lhabitan 
 
 the harre, 
 
 "ver/iowet 
 
 f"^i^c, are 
 
 tiKHt (lorn 
 
 *'"^re can 
 
 *'■;/' it is t 
 ^""iieiice 01 
 J'.«t';Jy,are„ 
 *;c"'ar coun 
 J'reoce, £„ 
 
 WaiiydiVsf 
 
 lor the ,/eclir, 
 ""•e mistake 
 •""'crtwoprc 
 
 f""ntries; an, 
 
 I: fe-reat emi„e' 
 j.""ce,andSp 
 <''-»cns,ons or 
 
 t' orgies to thd 
 '*"''«tan,ithec1 
 
 ' eoessity „f .,,,, 
 f"'^eign, and cvl 
 
 '"fen.lencc of (I 
 
 t-romwell had p,| 
 ^n i' ranee and VI 
 
 great natio„,beJ 
 ^*'"'ch (he J)ut„i 
 "'onopol,, if'Jf 
 
 a"';""ityan<rl 
 f'fir active uudf 
 
 "'fnMyfaultoftJ 
 yat function necl 
 l» nations beef 
 7'^.«ndwerel 
 »da previousJv ) J 
 '"■Wl'lJours. ^ ''■ 
 ,. "hatevcr fi.o, / 
 
 "" ^V'un, and the ? 
 
 1- .V ! 
 
AMSTERDAM 
 
 £5 
 
 [dc 
 
 of 
 Jird» 
 llUct 
 
 Iriiii; 
 
 piiiii 
 
 IS for 
 
 «e- 
 
 re- 
 
 piiblic, by ci conduct directly tlic rovers'', was nt 
 the same time formidat)lc, anil in a cap' ■;ity not 
 only to ;irotcct the trade of its own subjcts, but 
 to annoy and crush that of their enemies in all 
 
 Siuarters.' (The Dissertation w 'S translated into 
 ■Inglish, and published at London in 1751. Wc 
 have quoted from the translation.) 
 
 Wc believe our readers will agree with us in 
 thinking that these statements roflect the greatest 
 credit on the merchants and government of Hol- 
 land. Nothing, as it appears to us, could be con- 
 ceived more judicious than the account they give 
 of the causes which principally contributed to 
 render Holland a great commercial conuiion- 
 wcalth. The central situaticm of the country, its 
 command of sonic of the principal inlets to tlic 
 Continent, and the necessity under which the 
 inhabitants have been placed, in consequence of 
 the barrenness of the soil and its liability to be 
 overllowcd, to exert all tlieir industry and enter- 
 prise, are circumstances that seom to bo in a 
 great degree peculiar in Holland. liut though 
 there can be no doubt that tlicir influence has ; 
 been very considerable, no one will pretend to say j 
 that it is to be compared for a moment with the 
 influence of those free institutions which, fortu- 
 nately, are not the exclusive attributes of any par- 
 ticular country, but have flourished in Thocnicia, 
 tJrecce, England, and America, as well as in 
 Holland. 
 
 Many dissertations have been written to account 
 for the decline of the commcice of Holland. 15ut, 
 if we mistake not, its leading causes may be classed 
 luider two prominent heads : viz. (irst. the natural 
 growth of commerce and navigation in other 
 countries ; and, second, the weight of taxation at 
 home. During the period when the republic rose 
 lo great eminence as a commercial state, lingland, 
 rrance, and Spain, distracted by civil and religious 
 <lissensions, or engrossed wholly by schemes of 
 foreign concjuest, were unable to ajiply their 
 energies to the cultivation of commerce, or to 
 withstand the competition of so industrious a people 
 as the Dutch. They, therefore, were under the 
 necessity of allowing the greater part of their 
 foreign, and even of their coasting trade, to be 
 carried on in Dutch bottoms, and under the super- 
 intendence of Dutcli faciors. Jlut after the ac- 
 cession of Louis XIV. and the ascendency of 
 Cromwell had put an entl to internal commotions 
 in France and England, ti)e energies of these two 
 great nations began to be tlirected to pursuits of 
 which the Dutch had hitherto enjoyed almost a 
 monopoly. It was j'.ot to be supposed that when 
 tranquillity and a regular system of government 
 had been established in Franco and England, 
 their active and eiiterprisinj' inhabitants wouUl 
 submit to see one of their most valuable branches 
 of industry in the hands of the foreigners. The 
 Dutch ceased to be tlie carriers of Europe, with- 
 out any fault of their own. Tlieir iierCurmanoc of 
 tliat function necessarily terminated as soon as 
 otl.er nations became possessed of a mercantile 
 marine, and were able to do for tlieniselves what 
 bad iircviously been done for them by their 
 neighbours. 
 
 Whatever, therefore, might hare been the cnn- 
 dilion of Holland in other respects, the natural 
 advance of rival nations must ineritably have 
 stripped her of a large portion of the commerce she 
 once jiosscssed. JJut the progress of decline seems 
 to have been considerably accelerated, o; rather, 
 lierliaps, the elTorts to arn^st it were ren-jored inef- 
 fectual, by the extremely heavy taxation to which, 
 she was subjected, occasioned bv the unavoidable 
 expenses incurred in the revoiutionary struggle 
 with ^paiu, and the subsequent wars with France 
 
 and England. The necessities of the state led to 
 the imposition of taxes on corn, on Hour when it 
 was ground at the mill, and cm bread when it came 
 from the oven ; on butter, and lish, and fruit; on 
 income and legacies ; the sale of houses ; and, in 
 short, almost everj' article of either necessity or 
 convenience, !Mr William Temple mentions that 
 in his time — and taxas were greatly increased 
 aftcnvards — one fish sauce was in common use, 
 which directly paid no fewer than thirty dilVerent 
 duties of excise ; and it was a common saying at 
 Amsterdam, that every dish of lish I)rought to table 
 was paid for once to the ikherman, and sU- times 
 to the state. 
 
 The pernicious influence of this heavy taxation 
 has been ably set forth by the author of the 
 liii-hcsse (lu la llollandu, and other well-informed 
 writers ; and it has also been very forcibly pointed 
 out in the Dissertation already referred to, drawn 
 up from the communications of the Dutch mer- 
 chants. ' Oppressive taxes,' it 1j there slated, 
 ' must be idaced at the head of all the causes that 
 have co-operated to the prejudice and discou- 
 ragement of trade ; and it may bo justly said, 
 that it can only be attributed to them that the 
 trade of this country has b ;cn diverted out of its 
 channel and transferred to our neighbours, and 
 must, daily be still more and more alienated and 
 shut out from us, unless the progress thereof be 
 stopped by some quick and ctTectual remedy : nor 
 is it diflicult to see, from these contemplations 
 on the state of our trade, that the same will be 
 effected bj- no other means than a diminution of 
 all duties, 
 
 ' In former times this was reckoned the only 
 trading state in Europe; and foreigners were 
 content to paj' the taxes, as well on the goods they 
 brought hitlicr, as on those they came here to 
 buy ; without examining whether thej' could 
 evade or save them, by fetching the goods from 
 the places where they were produced, and carrying 
 olhers to the places where they were consumed : 
 iri short, they paid us our taxes with pleasure, 
 without any further eiKpiiry. 
 
 ' But, since the last century, the system of trade 
 is altered all over Europe : foreign nations, seeing 
 the wonderful ettcct of our trade, and to what an 
 emhience we bad risen only oy means thereof, 
 they did likewise apply themselves to it ; and, to 
 save our duties, sent tlieir su])erfluons v'oducts 
 beside our country, to the places wiicre they are 
 most consumed; and in return for the same, fur- 
 nished themselves from the first hands with what 
 they wanted.' 
 
 Uut, notwithstanding this .luthoritativc expo- 
 sition of the pernicious cflVcts resulting from the 
 excess of taxation, the necessary exjienses of the 
 state were so great as U render it impossible to 
 make any suflicient reductions. And, with the 
 exception of the transit trade c.irried on through 
 the iihinc and 3Ieuse, which is in a great mea- 
 sure independent of foreign competition, and the 
 American trade, most of the other branches of the 
 foreign trade of Holland, though still very con- 
 siderable, continue in a comiiaratively depressed 
 s^atc. 
 
 In consequence principally i)f the oppressiveness 
 of taxation, but partly, too, of the excessive ac- 
 cumulation of capital that had taken place, wliilc 
 the Dutcli engrossed the carrying trade of Europe, 
 profits in Holland were reduced towards the middle 
 of ihe seventeenth century, and have ever since 
 continued extremely low. This circumstance 
 would of itself have sapped the foundations of her 
 commercial greatne.s.s. Her capitalists, who could 
 hardly expect to clear more than 2 or .'! per cent. 
 of net profit by any sort of undertaking carried on 
 
 \l 
 
 . .VI' 
 
 m 
 
 ■\- 
 
 •t? % 
 
66 
 
 AMSTERDAM 
 
 nt Iioiiip, vcro tempted to vest their capital in | liad govenimciit wisely declined intcncring in the 
 
 
 ()llu'rc(iiinliiis,nnd tospeculate in loans to foroi/^n 
 jti'vcrninciits, Tlierc arc the best reasons lor 
 tliiiilunf,' that the Dutch were, until very lately, 
 the liir^;cst creditors of any nation in Kurope. It 
 is impossible, indeed, to form any acenrate estimate 
 
 matter. 
 
 In despite, however, of the Kast India monopoly, 
 and the renulations now dcsciibed. the commercial 
 policy of lloUand has been r.iorc liberal than that 
 of any other nation. And in conae'|uence, u 
 
 of what the sums owing them by foreigners pre- i country not more extensive than Wales, ami 
 
 viously to the late French war, or at present, may 
 amount to ; but, there can bo no doubt that at the 
 former period the amount was innnense, and that 
 it is still very considerable. M. Demeunier (l)ic- 
 tioiimiire dc I Eciinomie Politique, torn. iii. ]). 7'2i)) 
 states the amount of capital lent by the Dutch to 
 foreign governments, exclusive of the large sums 
 lent to Franco during tlie American war, at serenti/- 
 tliree millions sterling. AcDrding t,)tho author of 
 the Kicliiaxc tie In Hdllandv (il. j). 292), tho sums 
 lent to France aiul Knghuxl only, previously to 
 177M, amounted to l,.')U().n(IO livrcs tournois, or 
 ()0,()(IO,»K)0/. sterling. And besides these, va.it 
 sums were lent to private individuals in foreii;;n 
 countries, both regularly as loans at interest, and 
 in the shape of goods advance I at long credits. 
 So great was the dilliculty of Ihiding .".n advan- 
 tageous investment for money in Holland, that 
 Sir AVilliam Temple mentions, that the ))ayment 
 of any part of the national debt was looked upon 
 by the creditors as an evil of the first magnituili 
 
 naturally not more fertile, conquered, indeed, in 
 great measure from the sea, from the irruptions of 
 which it is defended by immense dykes, con- 
 structed and kept up at a vast cxjjonso, had 
 accumulated a population of upwards of two 
 millions; has maintained wars of unexampled 
 duration with the moso ))ov,crful nionurchies : 
 and besides laying out immense sums in works of 
 utility and ornaiuent at home, has been enabled 
 to lend hundreds of millions to foreigners. Tt> 
 those who consider what intolligeiu'e, industry, 
 .and perseverance have done for Holland, the 
 ingenious epigram of I'itcaim will not appear ex- 
 travagant : — 
 
 Ti'llurem fei'ere Ilii, «ia littora Hi'lcir, 
 
 Iiniiiet).>in*que fuit inulis uierquc latxts. 
 Pii Ttcuo s|Mrs.i> ^Idiiieruiiint iHllii'rt' UTra-, 
 
 Nil iilii »iuo(t (ii-{itis pttv^iit (ibwc fuit. 
 Ast nel;.'iH iii.-iriii, ct rn>)i, nntur.iniit-* rtTuiii 
 
 Olt.titil ; ulvilniitei hi ilinnuerL- I)i\>!<. 
 
 (Selecia Poematn Pitcnirni, Edinburgi, 1727, p. ?i. 
 Though he has not copied, I'itcairu, no doubt, 
 
 'They receive it,' .says he, "with tears, not knowing i had in his recollection the fMnous epigram of 
 
 how to dispo.'^" of it to interest with such jfalety 
 and ease' 
 
 Among the subordinate causes which contributed 
 to the decline of Dutch commerce, or which have, 
 at all events, prevented its growth, we may reckon 
 the circumstance of the commerce with India 
 having been subjected to the trammeis of mo- 
 nopoly. Do Witt expresses bis tirm conviction, 
 that the abolition of tho Kast India Company 
 Would h.ivc added verj' grcady to the trade with 
 the l';ast; and no doubt can nf.v remain in the 
 mind of anyone, that such would have been 
 the case. (For jiroofs of this, see the article 
 on tho comuKrce of lIolLind in tlie J:'diiil)iii<ilt 
 Jirvicii; No. ('11.. from which 'uoat of these 
 statemints have been taken.) The interference 
 of the administration in regulating tlie mode in 
 which some of tho most important branches of i country in Europe! Java, the Moluccas, and 
 industry shoidd bo carried on, seems also to have j most of her other colonies were then restored, and 
 been exceedingly injurious. Every i)roceeding ' .she is now in the enjoyment of a large foreign 
 
 .Sannazarius on Venice: see the article on that 
 city.) 
 
 During the r)ccupation of Holland by the 
 French, lirst as a depciident state, and sub.se- 
 qiU'Utly as an integral i)art of the French empire, 
 her foreign trade v.as almost entirely destroyed. 
 Her cohmies were successively contpiered by 
 England; and, in addition to tho lo.ss of her tr.ide, 
 .she was burdened with fresh taxes. lUit such 
 was the viist accumulated wealth of the Dutch, 
 their prudenc;, and energy, that the intluencc of 
 these adverse circumstances was far le.ss inju-'ions 
 than could have iieen imagined; and, notwith- 
 staiuling all the lo.sses she had sustained, anil 
 the long interru|)tion of her commercial pursuits, 
 Ilolhind cimtinued, at her emancipation from tho 
 voke of the French in 1.S14. to be the richest 
 
 with respect to the herring li.shery, for cximiple, ■ 
 v.as regulated by tho orders of government, car- 
 ried into C'lfect under the inspection of olHcei's 
 appointed for that purpo.se. Some of these regu- 
 lations w( ro excccdiiif^ly vexatiou.s. The period 
 
 trade. Her ccmneetion with Itelgiuni was an un- 
 fortuinite one for both countries. Tlio union .as 
 not agreeable to either ])arty, and was injurious to 
 Hoiiand. lielgium was an agricultural and manu- 
 facturing country ; and was inclined, in imitation 
 
 when the lishci'v might begin was fixed at live ; of the French, to lay restrictions on the impor- 
 minutes past twelve o'clock of the nij^ht of Jmio | tation of most sorts of raw and manufactured pro- 
 24! and the master and pilot of every vessel duce. A pohcy of this .sort was diiectly op])oscd 
 leaving Holland for the tishery wore obliged to to the interests and tho ancient pr.ictico of the 
 make oath that they would respect the regula- | Dutch, liut though their deputies prevented tho 
 tion. The species of salt to bo made use of in ' restrictive system from being carried to tho 
 ciinng dilfcrcnt .sorts of herrings was also lixed ' extent proposed by tho lielgiaiis, they were 
 bylaw; and there were endless r^i;nlations with un.nble to jirevent it fnmi being carried on to an 
 respect to the size of the barrels, the number and ' extent that materially all'ected the trade of 
 thickness of the staves of which tl\ey were to be ' Holland. Whatever, tlierefore, may he the coii- 
 niiide; the gutting and packing of the herrings; ! .secinences as to lielgium, tliere can be little d )ubt 
 the branding of the baiTcls, ^vc. itc. (//(.s7oi>e (/c.v | that the separation of the two divisions of tho 
 Pcclies i^-c.<liiiis lis 3liTsdu Nord, torn. i.rh.^\'iv.) [ kingdom of the Xetherlan<ls will redoimd to the 
 
 These regulations were intended to secure to the 
 Hollanders that superiority which they had early 
 attained in the fishery, and to prevent tho rejiuta- 
 tion of their herrings from being injured by the 
 bad faith of individual.-!. Ihit their real ellcct was 
 jireci.sely the revcis<^ of this. l!y tying u]) the 
 tishers to a .system of routine, tliey prevented them 
 from making any improvements; while the facility 
 <if counterfeiting the public marks opened a much 
 wider door to fraud than would have been opened 
 
 .advantage of Holland. ]t must ever be for the 
 interest of England, America, and all trading 
 nations, to maintain the indepeiuionco of a state 
 by whoso means their productions lind a ready 
 access to the great continental markct.s. It is to 
 bo hoped thiit tho Dutch, profiling by past 
 experience, will adopt such a liberal and concilia- 
 tory system towards the natives of .lava, as may 
 einihle them to avail themselves to the full of tliol 
 vaiious re.soiirces of that noble island. And ifj 
 
 they 
 
 lew r, 
 
 niodit 
 
 'ho ct 
 
 coiiti,, 
 
 '"ercai 
 
 "'I fh( 
 
 D' I fell 
 
 "'■•(I iiKi 
 
 prp.sciif 
 
 tliat ,, 
 
 "'<-• ah.se 
 
 come aj 
 
 fifaiidin/r 
 
 V'« l^ari 
 desert .st,, 
 
 <">o,| a,ic 
 f'ml ,u,r t 
 
 "tlior to ,) 
 and uvxt I 
 ^''f' "uke.s , 
 
 ''"•""gh. i 
 
 { V'h' "'" "'«' 
 *^"cn too , 
 
 "•ater that 
 
 ••^e-aturooft 
 ""portance. 
 
 '"asters Jro Z 
 
 •'"■'•cfo'is U-u 
 ■""^''"ring y\l 
 '".""t'ioritv- J 
 
 ,„„rf''""'"ierc),,. 
 ,, ^I'lchonWo nh- 
 
 , "^f- ancora • n., 
 "nns, Zu If ,"'•"■• 
 <^'"d of M, ''"■'"' 
 
 ;achi";;,f"«'^-. ' 
 
 such «',"(, '''^'-'n'^ed 
 
 ^''aracter. o, / "' '"•" 
 •■"'''itio, of '^'' '"■'^ " 
 
 '^'■■^"^■'•acCr«-^"^--^ 
 
 ■^f .shin ;, 
 
 ■c/u 
 
 ^■"i-^tas^n'^. "".'"•« re, 
 
 
 Ve.s.s,.l" ' ' '^^"" (he 
 
 ill 
 mar 
 

 
 ^■:,"P'"<'t o i;'"^^ "> *''« 'iri c so 7 '«' '"» 
 and tu'xt ,^- ^'"= bpst l»,fL .'' «"< ill tJm , *- ^-- I'en-i? ; ^ '^"'■•Ifv, .00/ ' '^''- "Jus; 
 
 '^eo. 1 1 I,. "" ™aiL'-e.s f„r h. P "'fin. 
 
 
 *'"' <'f the ,rr„,,,,,V'''^' w apt to iert fi ' '"'"•^' 2 r, V ."^ '""'O'n.s .it ,„ -.""i-it 
 
 ■^'"|w. 'I'l.o • '"'COM). A ,' ■ '""^'■■'-.■iiicori- I 
 
 "'■'"*. ai„| at fh '''■'' "' "'0 Jovrr "', •■' '"""'i 
 •''"'-•k and the «r "'■'l^'"- e".l I. H *■'"' '•.^- 'he 
 <'achoth -.and?;'*'":" faced t If'"'^'' 'i'i'o' 
 
 ! , 
 
' i m mm I'i lSC S 
 
 58 
 
 ANCHORS 
 
 Scale of PrmjH showing the Tensile Strain, to 
 uhicfi Chain Cahles arc subjected before being 
 t'vveived for the use of her Majesty's Naval 
 Service, 
 
 1 Mean 
 
 ninmeter inpliTs 
 
 of Iron , nfthe 
 
 otl'utn- 
 Ml nil 
 Link 4 
 
 u 
 
 !)-lG 
 I 
 
 Comtnun Links 
 
 Mean 
 
 Wi.lth 
 3fi IHa- 
 nu-terii 
 
 of the 
 
 Iron ; 
 
 not to 
 be ovtT 
 or umlLT 
 
 more 
 
 than 
 1-liith 
 
 Ofii 
 
 Dtnineter 
 
 lion : 
 nut to he 
 
 over 
 
 more 
 ih^iii 
 
 1 inth 
 ufa Did- 
 
 meter 
 
 ini'hes 
 
 lilt 
 »j 
 
 9 
 
 ^1 
 
 <IJ 
 
 K 
 
 5J 
 
 '■1! 
 
 31 
 
 inrttes 
 
 Hi) 
 
 Jll 
 
 K'.'i5 
 
 S-1 
 
 7CJ 
 
 7-i 
 
 B"5 
 
 r,-3 
 
 i-iij 
 
 ,'.■4 
 
 4!13 
 
 •1-5 
 
 I Hi 
 
 3-15 
 
 ■^•7 
 
 '2175 
 
 iiVi 
 
 '2-0a5 
 
 l-S 
 
 Scale of Proofs sliowiiiy the Tensile Strain to 
 which Anchors are subjected before being received 
 for the nse of her Majesty's Nural Service. Test 
 of Anchors in Tons, proportioned to their tFciyht 
 t» Cwts. 
 
 Stay 
 Tins, 
 WfiKht 
 of e.ich 
 not to 
 exceed 
 
 Weight of I CO u.„;^,,, 
 J,,,l,o.mnf ,,^;-«d, 
 
 inx 1 Swivel., I ,''',"' 
 
 Sliatkre.. not to , ""™ 
 
 more than i-"'"'.!!" 
 l.VUth part.* 
 
 ozs. 
 1i 
 
 ■17-5 
 411 
 
 .1.-.-,',84 
 '.'« 
 
 1S--B 
 
 11-81 
 •I 
 
 (iS.lfi 
 
 4-'J83 
 
 .T.'> 
 
 i:-314 
 
 l-47.'> 
 
 l-l.-!7 
 
 •S.'il 
 
 •li'i'i 
 
 •4.17 
 
 Cwf.. 
 .-56.1 
 
 .lull 
 V7(l 
 ■il."' 
 Vlli 
 19'2 
 lo8 
 147 
 ViC, 
 
 lim 
 '.III 
 
 75 
 CI 
 411 
 31', 
 '27 
 •2i 
 18 
 li 
 \i 
 ■I 
 
 I\TH, IIm. 
 
 II 
 
 (I (I 
 
 .1 II 
 
 IJ II 
 
 3 II 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 II 
 
 II i\ 
 
 II <l 
 
 O '21 
 
 tons 
 1.3U, 
 11 '2 
 
 iiiL 
 
 SI 
 
 47» 
 
 4(1, 
 
 34 
 '2»1 
 
 H* 
 133 
 
 i 
 
 _, 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 ! 
 
 t 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 .Sf 
 
 
 it 
 
 
 .:♦ 
 
 I ! 
 
 V 
 
 t 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 c 
 
 p* 
 
 H 
 
 ' 
 
 H ! 
 
 If 
 
 H 1 
 
 s 
 
 H 
 
 ? 
 
 H 
 
 cwt. 
 
 tons 
 
 cwt. 
 
 trng 1 
 
 cwt. 
 
 tons 
 
 cwt. 
 
 ton. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 toll. 
 
 Imi 
 
 n 
 
 Ml 
 
 ."ih 
 
 
 611 
 
 ^.?j 
 
 4ll 
 
 ■'■'i 
 
 '211 
 
 •211] 
 
 111 
 
 7M 
 
 .'.» 
 
 
 .VJ 
 
 .3!! 
 
 X,i 
 
 19 
 
 1"(1 
 
 !IH 
 
 liiii 
 
 ■s 
 
 .'>7 
 
 
 5S 
 
 47+ 
 
 3« 
 
 34 
 
 IS 
 
 Ml 
 
 '.f 
 
 ti'ii 
 
 77 
 
 57 
 
 
 57 
 
 46 ; 
 
 37 
 
 33 
 
 17 
 
 l-* 
 
 •IK 
 
 (..^2 
 
 7(i 
 
 .'|6 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 36 
 
 33 
 
 
 16 
 
 r 
 
 il.-i 
 
 6.'.] 
 
 
 r,b 
 
 
 55 
 
 45 
 
 3'> 
 
 .■■>*2 
 
 
 15 
 
 111 
 
 »4 
 
 e.'i 
 
 74 
 
 5',l 
 
 ,04 
 
 44 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 14 
 
 ■'■; 
 
 !I3 
 
 M\ 
 
 73 
 
 55 
 
 
 53 
 
 44 
 
 33 
 
 .31' 
 
 13 
 
 ll'2 
 
 64 
 
 7'2 
 
 54 
 
 
 5'2 
 
 43 
 
 32 
 
 m 
 
 1'2 
 
 % 
 
 'Jl 
 
 63 1 
 
 71 
 
 51 
 
 
 51 
 
 4.1 
 
 31 
 
 •2'.l 
 
 
 11 
 
 •.III 
 
 K3 
 
 
 70 
 
 .mS 
 
 5(1 
 
 I'^J 
 
 311 
 
 2S 
 
 111 
 
 VI 
 
 S1I 
 
 li'2 
 
 
 (i9 
 
 ,'i3 
 
 
 49 
 
 4lJ 
 
 '29 
 
 •27! 
 
 '1 
 
 11 
 
 KS 
 
 (;■.• 
 
 
 68 
 
 5''' 
 
 
 4S 
 
 4ll! 
 
 '2H 
 
 •27 
 
 
 K 
 
 111 
 
 S7 
 
 «i ' 
 
 67 
 
 5'2 
 
 
 47 
 
 411'. 
 
 '27 
 
 •26 
 
 
 7 
 
 '1 
 
 S'i 
 
 61 
 
 66 
 
 51 [ 
 
 46 
 
 3'J 
 
 ■2ii 
 
 ■25 i 
 
 6 
 
 s 
 
 H.'i 
 
 61 
 
 C,.'} 
 
 51 
 
 45 
 
 .Tl 
 
 '25 
 
 '21 
 
 
 ,', 
 
 7 
 
 Kt 
 
 6llt 
 
 64 
 
 .jllj 
 
 44 
 
 3« 
 
 •21 
 
 '23 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 S3 
 
 f,o' 
 
 63 
 
 .'III' 
 
 43 
 
 37 
 
 '23 
 
 '23 
 
 ,-, 
 
 ,', 
 
 H2 
 
 .'.'1 \ 
 
 6'2 
 
 4<H 
 
 4 '2 
 
 ."7 
 
 '2'i 
 
 VI 
 
 '2 
 
 4{ 
 
 Kl 
 
 .VJ 
 
 
 61 
 
 4.S 
 
 ( 
 
 41 
 
 3(i4 
 
 '^1 
 
 -1 
 
 1 
 
 3j| 
 
 * The tensile strain i^ applied to rach of the* S tenths separately, 
 and nut to the whole lenKth of lUO fathom^ at one time. 
 
 Tlie law as to -wTCckcd or cast-away aucliors and 
 cables, *tc., is stated in the articles Salvage nml 
 AVrkck, to which we beg to refer. 
 
 I JV*;?.— The train is applied on the ariii or on tlie pal-n at a spot 
 : which, measured from the ettremitv nf the bill, is unu-third of the 
 I diitance between it and the centre ot' the crown. 
 
 I 
 
 I It is worthy of remark that chain calilcs and 
 ■ anchors do not appear under the head nf expnrt.s, 
 
 and ;ire consequently almo.'^t lust sijjht of as an 
 ' article of manufacture exported in fjreat quantities 
 : from this country. The anchor and cable maiiii- 
 ' facture represents a most important branch of 
 
 British trade. 
 
 Lloyd's Table showing the Slinim am Weights {ex. Stock) of Anchors of unobjectionable form and pro- 
 portions ; Sizes ard Lengths of Chain Cables ; and the Proof Strain to which they are to be tested; 
 and Sizes and Lengths of Hawsers and Warps, 
 
 
 .\ 
 
 
 
 Anchors 
 
 
 
 
 
 I Stud Chain Cable, t 
 
 Hawsers and Wan's 
 
 
 Liinlier 
 
 
 VVelRlit 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 
 
 Stream 
 
 
 
 
 Ship'* 
 Tuonaije 
 
 
 
 
 Hower. • 
 
 Inil 
 
 ulinf; Stock 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 E 
 
 
 ur. 
 
 M 
 
 >• 
 
 E 
 
 i 
 
 
 Z) 
 
 .Minimuin 
 
 , Si:i,- 
 
 Proved to 
 Admiralty 
 
 Ix'nKth 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 'A 
 
 •lest 
 
 
 Chain 
 
 Hope 
 
 Hawser 
 
 Wan. 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 cwts. 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tons 
 
 tOIlM 
 
 cwts. 
 
 cwts. 
 
 cwts. 
 
 1 inches t 
 
 tons 
 
 fatho.ns 
 
 
 inches 
 
 ini'hes 
 
 inches 
 
 511 
 
 '/ 
 
 
 1 
 
 ?f 
 
 4 7.10 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 — 
 
 1 11-16 
 
 R.) 
 
 l'20 
 
 7-16 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 •I. 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 '2-10 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 ( 12-16 
 
 10 l-IO 
 
 I '20 
 
 7-16 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 __ 
 
 — 
 
 100 
 
 •/ 
 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 6 4-10 
 
 
 — . 
 
 1 1.3-16 
 
 II 9-111 
 
 I. Ill 
 
 S.16 
 
 % 
 
 3 
 
 
 jl 
 
 1'2-. 
 
 '2 
 
 
 1 
 
 5! 
 
 7 6-10 
 
 '2 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 14-16 
 
 ••■'5 
 
 ISO 
 
 S-16 
 
 31 
 
 _ 
 
 
 15(1 
 
 '2 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 S '2-111 
 
 ■4 
 '2-; 
 
 ll 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 Ij-IG 
 
 15* 
 
 ISO 
 
 916 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 X 
 
 175 
 
 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 l\ 
 
 9 5-10 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 ] 1 
 
 IS 
 
 ISO 
 
 9-16 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 '21X1 
 
 3 
 
 
 I 
 
 111 4-111 
 
 3' 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 1 1 116 
 
 211 3-10 
 
 ISO 
 
 10-16 
 
 61 
 
 4 
 
 ._ 
 
 '2511 
 
 3 
 
 
 '2 
 
 111 
 
 1'2 
 
 M 
 
 '2 
 
 I 
 
 i 1 '2-16 
 
 •22; 
 25J 
 
 210 
 
 10-16 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 .-■.llll 
 
 3 
 
 
 '2 
 
 12 
 
 13 9-10 
 
 
 •2 
 
 
 , 1 3 16 
 
 210 
 
 11-16 
 
 71 
 
 ■^f 
 
 
 
 35(1 
 
 3 
 
 
 '2 
 
 13, 
 
 15 '2 III 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 ; 1 4-16 
 
 2S 1-10 
 
 240 
 
 11-16 
 
 "1 
 
 
 
 4011 
 
 3 
 
 
 •2 
 
 15 
 11.- 
 
 11; 7-10 
 
 6,\ 
 
 n 
 
 , 1 5-16 
 
 31 
 
 2411 
 
 12-16 
 
 ,S 
 
 (i 
 
 
 
 
 4511 
 
 3 
 
 
 '2 
 
 IS 
 
 7 
 
 1 6 16 
 
 34 
 
 270 
 
 12-16 
 
 s,i 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 3 
 
 
 '2 
 
 IS 
 
 19 
 
 s 
 
 4 
 
 '2 
 
 1 1 7-16 
 
 37 2-10 
 
 270 
 
 13.16 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 
 2 
 
 (idU 
 
 3 
 
 
 '2 
 
 '21 
 
 '21 6-10 
 
 9 
 
 H 
 
 vl 
 
 1 S-16 
 
 401 
 
 270 
 
 13-16 
 
 94 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 u 
 
 711(1 
 
 3 
 
 
 '2 
 
 •23.J 
 
 '23.').l(l 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 '^1 
 
 1 9-16 
 
 44 
 
 .300 
 
 14 16 
 
 111 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 MHI 
 
 3 
 
 
 '2 
 
 ■25.< 
 
 '2'! 2-1(1 
 
 1114 
 
 51 
 
 '■'f 
 
 1 10-16 
 
 •175 
 
 .300 
 
 14-16 
 
 10 
 
 s 
 
 ,j 
 
 "fi 
 
 o(IU 
 
 3 
 
 
 '2 
 
 •2"i 
 
 ■26 9-1(1 
 
 n 
 
 5» 
 
 n 
 
 1 11-16 
 
 51 2. 10 
 
 31111 
 
 15-16 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 
 % 
 
 1,0 10 
 
 3 
 
 
 '2 
 
 .311 
 
 '2S 6-1(1 
 
 1'2 
 
 6 
 
 3* 
 
 1 1'2 16 
 
 55 1-1(1 
 
 .300 
 
 15-16 
 
 10 
 
 
 l,'20ll 
 
 3 
 
 
 '2 
 
 32 
 
 .30 1.1(1 
 
 13 
 
 6| 
 
 .3.; 
 
 1 1.3-16 
 
 59 MO 
 
 .300 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 9J 
 III 
 
 SI 
 
 1,41111 
 
 3 
 
 
 '2 
 
 34 
 
 31 6-10 
 
 l.-ll 
 
 3 
 
 1 11-16 
 
 6.1* 
 67J 
 
 3011 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 (! 
 
 I,li0ll 
 
 3 
 
 
 '2 
 
 .36^ 
 
 33 4.10 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 I 15-16 
 
 300 
 
 1 1-16 
 
 11 
 
 101 
 11 
 
 7* 
 
 \,\ 
 
 1,SUII 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 3S 
 
 34 5-10 
 
 14\ 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 72 
 
 .30(1 
 
 1 1-16 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 '2,00(1 
 
 4 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 40 
 
 .35 7-10 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 4 i 
 
 2 1-16 
 
 76,1 
 
 3(KI 
 
 1 2. 16 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 
 '2,500 
 
 4 
 
 
 •■i 
 
 4 '2 
 
 37 1-10 
 
 17 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 2^ 
 
 SI .3.10 
 
 330 
 
 1 2-16 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 s 
 
 
 3,0(1(1 
 
 4 I 
 
 •2 
 
 45 
 
 39 '2-10 
 
 I'l 
 
 9 
 
 91 1-10 
 
 360 
 
 I 3-16 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 
 .Vftn-- Tor iteanurs tlie ancliors and cables will not be required to exceed in weight and lenf;th those of a sailing ve-isel of two-thirds their 
 total tonnage. 
 
 * Twooftheboweranchorsmustnot bo less than the vciftht E?t forth above, hut in the third a reduction of IJ per cent, will be ai'owed 
 jVII anchor stocks must be of acknowledtred and approved description. 
 
 t Un^tudded cIoKc-Iink chains of 1 inch in diameter anil under, will Iw admitted as cablen, if proved to two-third.s the test requireil for 
 studchaini. But in all buch cases a short length, not less than twelve links, mu^t be tested up to the full strain fur stud-link chains. 
 
 Tabic 
 
 I '-eni^h - 
 
 / Sm 
 
 / '-fni-th . 
 / if"," ;' "le 
 I "'amcier o( 
 
 / '-'"(rlh 
 
 ; *'"'«''' Thro. 
 
 ' [.*"(» h . 
 I •I,','™'''h . 
 I '^'"'■tnw, „„, 
 
 ( -It tl 
 
 "''"nelerofxro 
 Oul 
 
 •''."-■ra.-icoj,,.,); 
 
 /;"'•;, commoi 
 
 ;'"' sprat. Tj 
 
 '"^f"" Sea an 
 ''"Chosen sma 
 
 «<I within, r 
 
 /b ''*"•■"? then , 
 ^o-.^fepealed in i 
 
 ? pro,„.rve " tUu 
 
 ^:c.) (^e«-Js's3i 
 
 I is-i.r,/ ' '*-l>or( 
 J'^ Comniorco I 
 
 odour, • ' ^*''"'^'- 
 
 •'<Tiva(ivo f ' ""™<'- 
 
 -^'"^ofuctirci) "■""*f 
 
 h"«--?;hLrrhf 
 
 th: 
 
 'fimi 
 
 icr 
 
ANCHOVY 
 
 
 I Siic of Throat r " " ■ 
 ! Trend . " " • 
 
 I Small . ^ ; ■ 
 
 ) Lcnpth . •S"'"-"-. 
 
 .Siz..- ,t the nui, : ; - - 
 
 "ule from ih, nil 
 ID'amcierofhul" ; _" - 
 
 '""Rlh . '*"'"• 
 Si«cl Throat ." ' ■ - 
 
 ,„. . Small . ; ■ ■ 
 Blades, u«.,i,ea,| of ,he -„„„- 
 {"■"lofihepnim 
 »-"W.of,h'e,™„t 
 
 I I*nK»h . . /'"'""• 
 llreadth . ' - - 
 
 ■At Ihe t(I(fe 
 
 I Diamwcr of Iron ****''■ 
 . Out fooiit 
 
 ' — - — :- L' Ci_ 
 
 J;"'- nr-^.- the A..SrlSn^r^:^'"«. 
 
 matic tasto. *' ' '""-"' a"<l a sweetish an/ 
 
 ANISEED ST A R-^^i;- , 
 
 f.f "uric a„,l Pdh-k ;, i^c ^i''-''"« = Chinese .sy,,. 
 
 ^'xnvn as pdh-luoh-chrt Thin "■'=• ""^ ""•«><£•.■. is 
 
 rmr of a small everSen roo T' ' "'^""' ''' ''■'' 
 
 uheh grows in Fuhkie nnfl n"^"""- """■*«''"«, 
 
 P;-«v.ncns, in j„pa„ an 1 the P. ■',• "P'"''''"'-nnf; 
 
 ai^c prize,! for their ir ,,!..!• ^"''P'"'"'*'- Tiiev 
 
 '■"»■'«'■ The name of f/"™.'^''" '•'••''te resomhIi„;^ 
 
 '^"t are not so suectT >''?!'"■ "'"" fl'esccd, 
 n'oukly should Ik roioo o 1 '"'JJ,'"''' "'« l>f"i-<cd o'; 
 
 I^ondon, and in most F, r "' '""''' PJacos near 5, '^ l'"'P '^"vclopiiij, theTeeds^^^ '"™«l 
 
 '^apland to Spain lf=''P'"'" countries fro^ V ^'ir ''"''"'^o»inSo7t}Tl.^ 
 
 and resinousXve Ir """' "'''^ thick, Ls'T r'"!' ^^««' Jmlies ; but ,Zk/^ and the Ea.t 
 
 ;'nd a bitterLh pUcnt''[«"t "greeable sS; rltlV"'^ "''''«= ''-^^ 
 
 Pleasanf .,..„„.„.J""."en': taste, m,vn,i ,..:., ''I //''* Prepared by maccr,Mn„. ti 
 
 ■ater, extractinjr ^be see; "f .''? P"''^ '" ^'"ilinff 
 ' «"bsule,. the <r-.id W :;,h"'i ^"""Te the pug 
 '"■-, ana kept in olosnl •V"^ "" tftoroii^rhlv I „n ''''I''"'''"' ""'"h X|f o^ ^T^""-^ ^''i'^" o^n 
 <;ther parts of ' the plai fl -^f T'^'^'' "^"ttles. ^Thc i?'t,? ^^f''^ "' ^''all.I; vessc s iT^'i""'^ ""■-^^d 
 ,«"vour as the roots bun t' ■•''r™^ *"«'« »ndi"i'';„,f '«,"«• J' '« "^ two trN vr^"'"*"-^' ''™" 
 Jhe leaves and seeds .?^ , . '"ferior dejrrep m » • """atto. The lirst ,,,i • , •••'^"•'' "■" ""^t-, 
 Avhen kept. The L,!,, "" "'^'■'■" their vK ," '' l'"Portant art=clo '^' ''"''' '^ ^'-^ far the 
 sweetmeatofthrtei c '':'„'''"'^^:^;"""C'^ m.'ke"* ^'^^ '« f'-rnishcd alnos whomTT'^' P<"'"t >f 
 *? <lire,.t that noL ;'ut t' ' - '• r^ ''" '""cultv ..U 'f , '"P"".'^'' '" s'l»are cakes f •^•\' ^■■»>e""c- It 
 should be kept b" t ' 1 , ■'"'^ ^"'■'"'■"h angei c ' LT' '^•'"-■''' '""PI'"! in banan , '"^'""^ " 'i^^^- or 
 r'-ots are some :iX. use '?^'*^''-. ^" ^"^'""vay the .f' I' ^^''""'O he o 'a b^-t '"""'• ^^'h«" ^^ell 
 
 <oh>urloss oil-l"e nnn- ' T^'™'" '^vcs. j" is a "'•'''<?»«'' sudicie.,. f,,; a hnn '!•":?• '^ <'»^ts. arc 
 
 • " "'^t- "u the former 
 
 P.<. 
 
 [•■': 
 
 «:',,. J!' 
 
 '■■5 if "- 
 
00 
 
 ANNUITIES 
 
 ANTWERP 
 
 i , 
 
 ill 181i 
 
 In 18G"), ^fi41 cwts. were importod cliiotly in 
 the form of flaR annatto. Of this the f^rcnt^r part 
 ranio from I''raiK'o. Tlic nvcraKc valu'j of roll 
 was il. 5s., of Ua<f Hi. 3s. per cwt. ; 7'22 <;wts. were 
 exported. 
 ANNIJITIKS. [ Intkiikst and Anxuitif.s. ] 
 ANTIGUA. [Colony Tisahi; ; St. John's ; 
 
 SuOAlt.J 
 
 ANTIMONY (Oer. and Dutch spiesglas; Fr. 
 aiitimoinc ; Ital. antimonio; Kiiss. aiitimonia ; 
 I.at. antimoniuni). A metal which, when pure, is 
 of a greyish wliite colour, and lias a goo<l deal of 
 brilliancy, sltowing a radiated fracture when 
 hrokcii ; it is converted by exposure to heat and 
 air into a white oxide, which sublimes in vapours. 
 It is found in Saxony and the Ilnrtz, also in 
 Cornwall, Spain, France, Jlexico, Siberia, the 
 I'.astcrn Islands, and Jlartaban in I'cgn. We are 
 at, present wholly supplied with this metal from 
 Mngaporo, which receives it from ISorneo. 
 
 It is also said to exist in considerable quan- 
 tities in the province of Victoria, and in Tulare 
 county, California. It is found in large quantities 
 in the territory of Sarawak in Borneo, from which 
 about G,.")00/. worth was exported in 181)3. 
 
 It is imported in the shape of ore, and commonly 
 as ballast. It is about as hard as gold; its s])ecitio 
 gravity is about 0*7 ; it is easily reduced lo a very 
 line powder; its tenacity is such th.it a rod of -njlli 
 of an inch diameter is capable of supporiiug 10 lbs. 
 weight. Antimony is used in medicine, and in 
 the composition of metal types for printing. The 
 ores of antimony are soft, anJ vary in colour from 
 light lead to <lark lead grey ; their specilic gravity 
 varies from 4-4 to 0'8 ; tiiey possess a metallic 
 lustre, arc brittle, and occur in the crystallised 
 ntassive forms. (Thomson's C/mmistri/, and I'rivnte 
 Jujhrmalhm.) 
 
 The imports into the United Kingdom of anli- 
 iiioiiy in 1 803, were, ore of antimony 1,948 tons, 
 crude 1,171 cwts. and regulus 2!).') cwts. The 
 value of the whole was about 23,000/. Antimony 
 is also found in Tuscany at i'ereta in the 3Ia- 
 reinme and also at Castagneto Mecciano in the 
 Volterrano. The mines at Pereta yielded in 184o 
 according to Pilla 48^ tons. A small amount 
 (about 800 quintals) is annually produced in Spain. 
 The production of the French antimony mines 
 amounted in 1858 t'< 6,729 quintals, the total value 
 of which was 144,759 francs. The mines from 
 which these supplies were principally <lrawn were 
 tliose of Corsica (3,750 quintals) and the Depart- 
 ment of Cantal (2,000 quintals). 
 
 ANTOL. A Hungarian wine-measure contain- 
 ing about lie imp. gallons. 
 
 ANT WKKP. The principal seaport of Holgium, 
 lat. 51° 13' IG" N., long. 4° 24' 10" E. A large, 
 well-built, and stronglv fortified citv, on the 
 Scheldt. Top. in 18G1, I14,GG9. 
 
 Previously lo its capture by the Spaniards, 
 under Farncse, in 1585, Antwerp was one of the 
 greatest C(immcrcial cities of Europe ; but it suf- 
 fered much by that event. In 1G18, at the treaty 
 of Westphalia, it was stipulated by Spain and 
 Holland that the navigation of the Scheldt sliouhl 
 be shut up ; a stipulation which was observed till 
 the occupation of IJclgium by the French, when it 
 was abolished. In 1803, Napoleon I., who in- 
 tc" 'cd to make Antwerp a great iwval establish- 
 ment, undertook the cmistruction of docks on a 
 grand scale, for the accommodation of ships of 
 war ; and of h'te years new and con^-enient docks 
 and warehouses have been opened fo. the use of 
 tlie steamers and other ve^^sels connected with the 
 trade of the port. Down to 1SG3 tlie port charges 
 
 and to Is. on the latter, and was finally repealed of Antwerp were extremely high. This was in con- 
 sequence of the Itelgians having charged them- 
 selves with a payment to indemnify the Diitcli 
 fur consenting to abolish the duties they had been 
 in the habit of levying on the vessels "and goods 
 ascending the Sclicldt. To reimburse themselves, 
 the Belgians imposed heavy tonnage, pilotage, 
 and other duties on vessels entering Antwerp 
 (which has more than three-fourths of the ciitiro 
 shipping trade of the country), Ostend, and other 
 ports, and these, of course, were much objected to 
 by the foreigners on whom they fell. At length, 
 after a great deal of negotiation, the precedent set 
 ill the case of the Sound Duties was followed ; thn 
 dilTerent powers agreeing to pay the iSelgian 
 (lovcrnment certain sums proportioned to the 
 extent of their trade with this city, &c,, stipu- 
 lating per contra that the tonnage duty shouhl bo 
 abolished, and the charges for pilotage reduced 
 at from 25 to 30 per cent. (Treaty of .Tuly IG, 
 18G3, Art. 3). And though the triidc of Antwerp 
 has more recently heen accidentally depressed, 
 tliere can be no "doubt that this effectual reduc- 
 tion of the charges on vessels entering her port 
 will powerfully contribute to its advancement. 
 Our contribution to the purchase, which was much 
 the largest, amounted to 8,782,320 fr. Ships of 
 the largest burden come iip to the town, and 
 goods destined for the interior arc forwarded with 
 the greatest facility by means of canals and rail- 
 ways. 
 
 From the principal part of the commerce of 
 Belgium carried on by sea centring in Antwerp, 
 it has again become a place of much commercial 
 importance. The great articles of export arc 
 corn, especially wheat; flax, butter, cattle, sheep, 
 and pigs ; cast and wrought iron ; muskets, 
 fowling-pieces, and small arms, vast quantities of 
 which are produced at Liege; woollen fabrics; 
 linen ditto ; clover and other seeds ; coal, spelter, 
 books, itc. 
 
 The great articles of import are raw cotton, 
 sugar, coffee, and other colonial products ; indigo 
 and all sorts of dyewoods ; spices, wine, machinery, 
 rice, ashes, fish, oils, &c. 
 
 Cioods may be warehoused in Antwerp, en 
 entrepot, at the rates of charge specified in a fixed 
 Uiriff. 
 
 In 18C4 the values of the imports into Belgium 
 amounted to ('>88,878,10l francs, and those of the 
 exports to 596,892,803 francs. The trade with 
 England is the most extensive carried on with 
 Belgium by sea, and next to it that with the 
 Baltic, the United States. France, Holland, &c. 
 The trade of F'rance with Belgium generally is, 
 however, much greater than tliat of any other 
 country. But it is principally carried on by land, 
 across the frontier between the two countries. A 
 considerable proportion of the imports into Ant- 
 werp not being intended for home consumpti n, 
 but for transit to other countries, their amount is 
 commonly a good deal hotter than that of the ex- 
 ports. 
 
 The value of our imports f.-om Belgium amounted I 
 in 1800 to 7,900.867/., .ind of the exports of British I 
 productions to 2,801,005/. In the same year wej 
 exported to Belgium 8,920,908/. value of foreign! 
 and colonial merchandise. 
 
 Conditinns under which Goods are sold, — Or) 
 goods generally 2 per cent, is aUowed for p.iy-j 
 ment in twenty days, and 1 J per cent, on credit ( 
 six weeks or two months. On cottons at twent.j 
 lays' credit, 3 per cent, arc allowed, and 14 pe| 
 cent, on a credit of two or three months. OJ 
 ashes, hides, and sugar, 3 per cent, for twcntj 
 days, and 1 J per cent, for three months' credit. 
 On May 1, 1801, a Treaty of Commerce «q 
 

 k 
 
 1 ■* ' 
 
 
V- i 
 
 ill.; 
 
 the advaiifn, 
 
 CollCPdoil to 
 
 J't'lffiiiin of , 
 ♦ lie .same ycj 
 t'le twocdiiiil 
 "" either oCt I 
 ""(,' l>e(or(> tlic 
 Uie/miiiiij.j 
 
 ■ifiuiie,,, ffc 
 fvslem "of „„ 
 
 ivero lu'fit ill (] 
 
 f|""il«l /'..mier 
 ^re,! to, = „ 
 
 ^^•'mmereiul Ho 
 rounded in ^„t 
 
 -■•: (l.<ioo,0()()/..s 
 I'l 1,000 n, ,,,„.,, 
 
 "iitiness. JJerc 
 Hiirance compai, 
 "> liriisaels, '>S{ 
 «>>ceessfui, and 
 '^"'1' cities, Liit c 
 
 ^Mtuin-lwuse 
 irnvinK' nt Ant« 
 ""•■St make, wit 
 wruinpr of ti.e „„, 
 spocifyinff tlie m 
 parceLs, &«., tJ.eir 
 f-'L-e at tlie time 
 t 'o name of the si 
 "'f captain, and 
 belong.,, 4c. 
 , i'lc follou-inir i 
 <-'''«>-yes at A.itwer 
 tons, under tiic nev 
 
 Consul", fets J" *'•"' ■ 
 
 'J'otal 
 »' florim, 189 |„, 
 "' ii'S francs |i«r p 
 at francs Oau ptr 
 
 In addition to the .- 
 "Sing the basins, d-c. ; 
 
 from InololS"" 
 ■■'■l lo»)o 
 »" I !..!(.',() 
 
 .boTcJSU."'-^"" 
 
 These dues are rod 
 making more than two 
 
 3rt Towage, ,„,„. 
 
 ■"" ■'""I •uccTOiin^ ,„ja,: 
 
 Steam-vessel8 lading 
 or at the quays will pi 
 voyages m one year 2= 
 
 Sag/jr '' '"""S 
 
 voyage 10 centimes. 
 the«hr-''^'*'*''e'"'ol 
 
 K.i«".'WMU' 
 
 uoTuitut ■ Longn\€in A Co. 
 
ANTWKnP 
 
 61 
 
 Viivif^ntion was (•oiii'liidpd botwcvn I'rniire and 
 Jii'l;;iiim, Ni'ciiriiiK iniiluiiUy to cacli coiiiitry rc- 
 (lufud tarifl" rales and otlicr conccssioiiH. All 
 the advanta;;('H tliiis nblaiiicd by France were 
 conceded to (ircat Itritain l>y our treaty willi 
 Uelpium of July I';), 18(i;i. Da November 1,'t of 
 tlie sanie year a convention was sij^ned between 
 the two countries K'vint; to joint sto('k coinpanio 
 in citlier of the two countries the ri^lit of appear- 
 ing l>efore the tribunals of the other. [ TitKATiiis 
 {Heliiiitm).\ 
 
 j\ioiiei/, H''t'li)hts, anil 3L(isiires. — The French 
 Bvstem of inoneyH, wei;;ht.s, and measures has 
 been adopted in Iielf,Muni. Formerly accounts 
 ■were kept in (lorins, worth Ix. H^i/. sterlinf?. I'he 
 rpiintal formerly in use, and still sometimes re- 
 ferred to, = 103\ ll)s. avoirdupois. In IHIl", the 
 Commercial Haidi, a joint-stock association, was 
 founded in Antwerp. It lia»acai>italof 2r>,0()(l,()il(( 
 t'r. (l,(l()0,OlHt/. sterling), divided into -.'.jjOOt) shares 
 of 1,000 fr. each, and transacts all sorts of bankinj; 
 business. Here, also, are two considerable in- 
 Burancc companies. The railway from Antwerp 
 to lirusaels, 28.^ miles in length, has been bignally 
 successful, and has been of great advantage to 
 both cities, but especially to Antwerp. 
 
 Ciistum-huiise Ihffulations. — Captains of ships 
 arriving at Antwerp, or any of the liclgian imrts, 
 must make, \s-ithiu 21 hours, a declaration in 
 writing of tlie goods of which their cargo consists, 
 specifying the marks and numbers of the bales, 
 parcels, &c., their value, according to the current 
 price at the time when the declaration is made, 
 the name of the ship or vessel, as well as that of 
 the captain, and of the country to which she 
 belongs, &c. 
 
 The following is a pro forma account of port, 
 charges at Antwerp, for a vessel measuring 200 
 tons, imder the new system : — 
 
 frs. cts, 
 To pitotnire from sen to FlushinR on .IS ]>.\lms - - 7!» .'>^ 
 To UUlo from Flushing to AnlwiTi*, 3S ditto - 
 'I'o iHlto t"rnni Anlwer\t to Flu^hliit;, '2S tlilto - 
 To ttiito from Klushin,t to&ea, '2S ditto - . - . 
 To the l)ilt>t fur iii^ht on hoard anil ftrntuity 
 Pilots for inovint; tlie ve^sel in and out tlir diK-k - 
 Sea Frote.t and extundiof; same at Tribunal of Coin. 
 
 nicrce ----.----- y.', 
 Trilninal of Commerce for ajtpointinBSurvejors inwards l.'* 
 Surveyor's fees inwards ..-.---•_'() 
 llarhour dues on'^IH) ton«atSO rcntime!.aad 16 i>ci cent. IIJ 
 For manifest, ]irovlsion list, stampH, Acr. 
 Water baililPs niusterlni; of tlie crew and certificate 
 Brokerage on yiK) tons at 7'> centimes per ton 
 l.Uht dues at IK 70-100 centimes per ton 
 <'uvtum-hoiise clearance papers, cancellin,: bonds • 
 }h\\ of Health and visa, according to circun^tances 
 Consul's fees ..... . ^^ 
 
 Total 
 
 V7 09 
 ■I 2 
 
 11 iO 
 
 l.'iO 
 ,1? 40 
 
 (i'.'ll ' 
 
 at florint, 189 per francs 4tH) - 
 at U5 francs {>er )>ound sterlinK 
 at francs 5-20 per American dollar* 
 
 Florins ii,^ ji;, 
 Dollars Uu 6 
 
 In addition to the above, the following dues are 
 charged, by regulation of July 22, 18C3, to vessels 
 using the basins, &c. : — 
 
 tons 
 
 Vessels lielow loi) (DelKlan measure) ■ 
 from JiH) to I5(» 
 
 l.'ilto'iiio . 
 
 iOI to i.'M - 
 
 Wl I0.WU - 
 
 aboTc300. . . . . 
 
 centimes 
 
 - 40 [ler Ion 
 
 - 45 „ 
 
 - SO „ 
 
 - S5 „ 
 
 - fi-^ .. 
 
 - JO „ 
 
 These dues are reduced as follows on vessels 
 making more than two voyages in the year — 
 
 Srd TOyaKe, reduction ofone-fiurth 
 
 4th voiiaKe, reduction of one.half 
 
 &th .-md succeeding voyai^es, reduction of three-quarters 
 
 Steam-vessels lading or discharging in harbour 
 or at the quays will pay per ton, for the lirst ten 
 voyages in one year 22 centimes, for the second 
 ten voyages 15 centimes, and for each following 
 voyage 10 centimes. 
 
 IPreviously to the abolition of the Scheldt duties, 
 the shipping charges were more than double what 
 they are now. 
 
 Etttr;/ at LiUo. — (Lillo, the first Dclgiaii custom- 
 house, opposite Doel.) Here the custom-houso 
 iiHicer.s come on board, and the master has to hand 
 them :— 
 
 1. A manifest of the onrgo, with the exact 
 number of boxes, bales, casks, cjues, packages, iti'., 
 with the marks, number and contents as exact as 
 possible. 
 
 2. A specitication of the provisitms, such as salt, 
 beef, poriv, bread, tlour, groals, peas, lish, butter, 
 wine, branily, gill, bi:er, coals, lirewooil and planks 
 for dunnage, (ligs, canvas, new ropes, iron-ballast, 
 itc. Ac, also tilt' number of the crew. 
 
 The vessel then proi;eecls for Antwerp with or 
 without a custom-house olliccr, as may be pre- 
 scribeil. 
 
 The custom-house laws being very severe, every 
 master of 11 vessel is recommemleil to bo most 
 particular in making this entry; hut should a 
 mistake have taken place, or there \\i\ goods in 
 dispute, he sliouhl inform his broker at .Xntwcr)) 
 on his arrival, so as to be enabletl immediately to 
 take the needful steps to obtain n rectilication'. 
 
 Draft of Water. — On the arrival of a vessel 
 before the town, the pilot-boat goes ahingside, to 
 .ascertain the ilraft of water in palm*or decimeters; 
 it is therefore .idvisablo for the master or tlit! 
 mate to be present at the hooking, to convince 
 himself of the real draft of water, accoriling to 
 which the sea and river pihitage are settled. 
 
 Ves.ieh remainhif/ in the River. — These must 
 riile with two anchors or have a pilot oil board, 
 which costs from 4 francs 2-1 cents, per every 
 twenty-four hours. 
 
 Docking the Vessel. — Kvery vessel must have a 
 Belgian pilot, to bring her into the dock, as well 
 as going out. The harbour-master assi';;ns to each 
 vessel her jdace in the dock, and no hauling can 
 be ilone without his permission. 
 
 Fire and Light. — Vessels lying in the docks 
 are prohibited to have lire and light on board, 
 except during the winter season, when permission 
 is usually granted by the police. 
 
 Water Bailiff. — A list containing the names of 
 the crew, pas.sengers and their passports, is iianded 
 to him on arrival. Sailors are paid otf and en- 
 gaged before this oliicer, who also orders the 
 arresting of sailors on written demand of the 
 master. 
 
 Flag. — On Sundays and holidays it is customary 
 to have the colours hoisted. 
 
 Cleanliness. — Lying alongside the quay, the 
 crew must take care that the place befdre the 
 vessel be swept every day, and the rubbish put 
 up against the poles, it being forbidden to throw 
 any rubbish into the docks. 
 
 Ballast. — Sand ballast is brought alongside in 
 lighters, and costs 2 francs 25 cents, per last of 
 about 2 tons in the dock and 2 francs 10 cents, in 
 the river. The lighters are discharged by the 
 ship's crew or by labourers paid by the master. 
 A taqiaulin or sail must be put between the 
 vessel and the lighter, to prevent the sand from 
 falling into the dock. Discharging ballast into 
 lighters, costs in the dock 1 franc 55 cents. — 
 in the river 1 franc 40 cents, per last. Fifteen 
 per cent, additional on all these rates. 
 
 Brokerage. — Fixed by law at 75 centimes per 
 ton measurement, which include reporting and 
 clearing at the custom-house. 
 
 Survci/ inwards. — For the whole time of dis- 
 charging, a vessel under 100 tons, 12 francs. 100 
 to 200 tons, 20 francs. 201 to 300 tons, 30 francs. 
 301 to 400 tons, 45 francs. 401 to 800 tons, 55 
 francs. 800 to 1,200 tons, 82 francs 25 cents, 
 above 1,200 tons, 1 10 francs. 
 
 Mooring. — Ma.sters must be particular, in mooring 
 
 I . 
 
 1 .- 
 
 ' * . 
 
 
62 
 
 ANTWKUl- 
 
 tlii'ir vpstscis, to liiivc till" rliniiiH or liawsfrs well 
 jfi'curcil with (.'lialin^f j^car hO a.^ nut to injure tlie 
 ([iinys. 
 
 CiHthing-lmimc rhtiri/m. — For vcBsi'ls of nil nntioni) 
 inidor 'Mi tons I Iriini-, .'Hi to IdO toii.s 2 frnncs, 101 
 to •.'()(» tons ;l Iranes, 201 to ;!()() tons 1 I'ranrs, oOl 
 or abovn .0 frani's, all with l.'t per cent, lulditioiml. 
 
 A |)nrt of a Ht'(^k is rookouod as a whole. Ves- 
 Bt'ls laid lip in the dock pay after the first 2 
 months only J of the tax until they lit out a;;ain. 
 
 Ciireenii- • iluen. — VohhcIs of all nations under 
 100 tons, i'mncs per dny, loo to 111) tons II 
 rent.", per \on a tlnv, 150 to I'.l'J tons ll! rents., 
 200 to 2 19 tons 12 ciits., 2.')0 to 2il!) toii.s 1 1 cents.. 
 .•100 t.) .11!) tons 10 cents., y.")0 to 3'.)1) tuns 9 cents., 
 ■100 and above H cents, per ton a day. 
 
 N.H. — All vessels leaving Antwerp tnnst he 
 )iroviiled with a surveyor's certilicate tliat they 
 Hti'. scu-worthy. When in ballast, this certilicate 
 costs from G francs to 13 francs .'JO cent.f. ; when 
 lo.'iilcd, from 10 francs to .'10 francs, accordinf; to I 
 the burden of the vessel, besides 1 1 francs 10 cent.s. ! 
 for certificate of tribunal. The cookins^-house j 
 duties depend on the size of the ves.sel, and must I 
 be paid whether the house be used or not. 
 
 About »<;■) ship.s of from 11,000 to 12,000 tons! 
 burden bclon^j to Antwerp; and from 1,000 to ^ 
 o.OOO pa.saenijer.i arrive amuially at thecityby t,he ; 
 steam-packets from Knf;land. i 
 
 In 18G.'t, 2,r),j3 vessels of (I08,."i.').'> tons .arrived I 
 at Antwerp ; of these, 917 vessels of 23(>,758 tons | 
 were British. I'lio number of vessels which I 
 arrived at all the IJelf^i.m |)orts in the same year I 
 was ;>.89.'J, the toniuige of which amounted to I 
 712,373 : of these, 697 of (i2,ii25 tons were lJel>;ian ; , 
 1,581 of 281,510 tons liritish ; and the reinainiler i 
 Swedish, French, Dutch, &c. 
 
 The total number of vessels entering from 
 I'elfjium into ports of the United Kin^;dum in ' 
 ]8llti was 2,91G, with a tonnage of G7I,9.jG. 
 
 The commerce of lk'lj.,'ium is almost exclusively j 
 confined to European countries ; the tr.ide -with j 
 those countries being about 95 per cent, of the i 
 ■whole. I 
 
 Fisheries. — In 18G3 there were 27.") smacks 
 
 AITLKS 
 
 mea.suriug 9,.'j79 ton.i engaged in the Dclgiaii 
 Fisheries. 
 
 Value of Belgian Imports and Exports in 18G3, 
 
 Ifontp roiHiini|illnn • 
 Kruiii (ir..al llnUiii ■ 
 Toul 
 
 Impurii, 
 
 frunci 
 
 r.in.niKi.nno 
 l.n, .im.iwKl 
 
 I .H6H,1lHI,IXI0 
 
 Kruiii (irtfal Urltaiii ■ 
 
 f-:rlnirtt. 
 
 ».'..1.7IV',(l'iO 
 
 nf",')<i'i,tHH> 
 sui.Yuu^oui) 
 
 The peneral condition of liclginm is siiiKnlnrly 
 lirospcrous, and her ]iublic revenue is almost an- 
 nually in excess of the expenditure. In addition 
 to threat and well-ileveloped agricultural resources 
 she possesses in her mineral and inetallnrgic 
 industries a large .source of wealth. Of these 
 last we subjoin a table compiled by Mr. liarrou, 
 her Majesty's secretary of legation at Ibussels, 
 from an original source, aiul which exhibits their 
 condition and progress during recent years. 
 
 Tahle mill Xumbcr nf the IMyiiin Merchant Murine, 
 1837-G3. 
 
 is.i; 
 
 1«.1H 
 IN.-'.I 
 IHKI 
 ISII 
 Uil 
 IS 1.1 
 I HI I 
 I SI.'. 
 ISlB 
 ISI7 
 U'lS 
 
 isei 
 
 ISill 
 IS.'.l 
 IS'i'^ 
 1S.'>.1 
 lS6t 
 i».'>i 
 IS.'.fi 
 IS.W 
 IH'iS 
 
 iHiin 
 
 ISIil 
 lS«,'.i 
 ISC". 
 
 
 Nuftil.«r 
 
 
 
 TonimKtf 
 
 
 S.iillnn 
 
 Stennlffs 
 
 Tot.il 
 
 NailfnK 
 Ves<rli 
 
 Siramen 
 
 Total 
 
 I.'.l 
 
 .| 
 
 1.'..'. 
 
 •ilfiilt 
 
 1,177 
 
 '.il.lW 
 
 116 
 
 .'. 
 
 l.'.l 
 
 •i 1 ,.'>.'>7 
 
 1,!1SS 
 
 '^.■.,.51.5 
 
 I'.l 
 
 .'. 
 
 l.'.S 
 
 2i,417 
 
 1 ,MSH 
 
 VI, 40.5 
 
 1.'.'. 
 
 6 
 
 iiii 
 
 ■■ll.Wi 
 
 1,11 IS 
 
 n.iiut 
 
 1.1U 
 
 .'. 
 
 HI 
 
 ■if.'tM; 
 
 1.'.i77 
 
 ■.il.V.M 
 
 11% 
 
 7 
 
 l.Vi 
 
 aa,!).-.? 
 
 4,!)ill 
 
 ui.m.i 
 
 1.11 
 
 S 
 
 lU 
 
 ai.'i7i 
 
 .5,014 
 
 a7,oo.5 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 «»,.'. II 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 l.Ki 
 
 .'. 
 
 Ml 
 
 i(.1,SI7 
 
 I ,'.>M 
 
 !i.5,777 
 
 1.17 
 
 r. 
 
 14.1 
 
 •n.Tjn 
 
 V.I60 
 
 •.i6,'l.'.6 
 
 111) 
 
 .•» 
 
 H.I 
 
 a.5,4.'.S 
 
 I.7I8 
 
 !i7,i;6 
 
 l.'.l 
 
 4 
 
 15.'. 
 
 SS,.'.8U 
 
 l.'JVS 
 
 .1'|,.5I7 
 
 11!) 
 
 
 1.51 
 
 .1ll,'.77 
 
 K,n/fi 
 
 3i,nn1 
 
 l.'.fi 
 
 i 
 
 Ifil 
 
 .13,11.5 
 
 I,i:ot 
 
 31,111'J 
 
 l.'.7 
 
 () 
 
 16.1 
 
 .14,SI6 
 
 l,.177 
 
 .11'., IM 
 
 1.'..'. 
 
 !, 
 
 160 
 
 .11.71)0 
 
 I,.-|2 
 
 .1.5,01-2 
 
 Vt'i 
 
 6 
 
 157 
 
 .11, .17 .5 
 
 yil7 
 
 X',,-mi 
 
 l.'.l 
 
 7 
 
 15H 
 
 .1ii,7fi.1 
 
 1,111 
 
 .1S,Im7 
 
 1.50 
 
 8 
 
 lis 
 
 37,'J57 
 
 .5,.TJ'J 
 
 43,11!) 
 
 MO 
 
 H 
 
 IIS 
 
 .16,V61 
 
 6,171 
 
 U.7M 
 
 \U 
 
 .', 
 
 117 
 
 1il,1'l7 
 
 !i,(l.50 
 
 4V,II7 
 
 IX 
 
 6 
 
 ir.i 
 
 .1H,S31 
 
 3,317 
 
 4'2.I48 
 
 1.11 
 
 4 
 
 1.1.'. 
 
 y>,r,Ti 
 
 l,.539 
 
 .17,191 
 
 los 
 
 8 
 
 116 
 
 KS,S57 
 
 4,i.5l 
 
 -1,111 
 
 10.1 
 
 8 
 
 111 
 
 'Jl.'iVi 
 
 4,tH4 
 
 31,7.16 
 
 Wi 
 
 7 
 
 ll).1 
 
 ti.-.,a6.i 
 
 3,as4 
 
 iiS.'IU 
 
 Ul 
 
 r> 
 
 !)7 
 
 •i 1,5.13 
 
 K,7M 
 
 i!7,'.il7 
 
 Comparative Statement of the Mineral and Metalluryie Produce of Belgium during the following years ; 
 in metrical tons o/" 1,000 kilogrammes, each weighing 3G lbs. less than an English ton. 
 
 j .Piwluca 
 
 
 1851 
 
 7,172,687 
 
 18.55 
 
 1857 
 
 1839 
 
 1860 1 
 
 1 Coal .... 
 
 
 rinns 
 
 B,M3,5I7 
 
 8,10!t,.1.ln 
 
 8,.181,902 
 
 9,160,702 
 
 9,610,895 
 
 
 francs 
 
 4'J,7()'J,I81 
 
 62,192,019 
 
 I03,S51,-.2i) 
 
 100,I70,.5,S1 
 
 101,006,201 
 
 107,127,J>'2 
 
 Iron ore, washttl 
 
 
 tuns 
 fr.incs 
 
 .16l,'.iS4 
 
 669,277 
 
 X.5'2,l.-.4 
 
 Ii5l,!i03 
 
 8^3,011 
 
 80'),|;B 
 
 * 
 
 1,I71,1S7 
 
 6,296,203 
 
 9,229,517 
 
 C,852.0!i 1 
 
 8,215,9.56 
 
 7,718,(M1 
 
 1 I'jrritCT- - - • 
 
 
 tons 
 
 6,41'^ 
 
 7,613 
 
 21,607 
 
 11,620 
 
 31,982 
 
 42,513 
 
 
 francs 
 
 72,9.15 
 
 119,8.17 
 
 179,219 
 
 162,9114 
 
 881,072 
 
 1,2.53,109 
 
 Blende ■ ■ • 
 
 
 tons 
 
 M,1S3 
 
 1.1,611) 
 
 10,905 
 
 111,186 
 
 13,751 
 
 17,281 
 
 ■ 
 
 franrs 
 
 4.17, I9'2 
 
 809,881 
 
 562,11.5 
 
 721,171 
 
 721,0.17 
 
 831,261 
 
 Cilaniinc . 
 
 
 tons 
 
 66,(IH1 
 
 66,1.52 
 
 70,168 
 
 65,719 
 
 56,639 
 
 48,857 
 
 ■ 
 
 fr.incs 
 
 l,8i6,7W 
 
 3,167„115 
 
 3,11'2,16.'> 
 
 4,823,592 
 
 8,803,5.53 
 
 2,121,!)69 
 
 (t.ilena, lead ore - 
 
 
 tons 
 
 3,5!)S 
 
 4,581 
 
 5,991) 
 
 10,770 
 
 6,993 
 
 9,9'Sl) 
 
 
 francs 
 
 539,958 
 57,787,173 
 
 1 ,041,062 
 7.1,628,3.50 
 
 901,923 
 
 914,410 
 fi.1,976,78I " 
 
 1,410,119 
 
 l,6n6,'2V8 
 
 'I'otal value of niklerali 
 
 - francif 
 . francs 
 tons 
 francs 
 
 117,871,4.59 
 
 1 18,067,938 
 
 316,86.1 
 
 536,977 
 
 77,319,947 
 
 ' l<0,6-J3,1S« 
 
 T.1X on niinea 
 
 a36,.;'W 
 
 228,312 
 
 5I2.5.'K) 
 
 4»;5,281 
 
 77,585,518 
 
 66.5,172 
 
 .527,219 
 
 86,112,103 
 
 19i,Sll 
 .5fll,6.-,1 
 
 8I,o;3,86; 
 
 Iron, cast and wrought 
 
 269,777 
 31,350,006 
 
 379,25 1 
 05,987,826 
 
 Sltcl .... 
 
 tons 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 47 
 
 1,100 
 
 1,871 
 
 3,172 
 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 63,001) 
 
 1,3(H),()00 
 
 616.001) 
 
 81!),Of8) 
 
 I.Md .... 
 
 rions 
 * I francs 
 
 1,691 
 
 J,1tfi 
 
 2,7.51 
 
 3,182 
 
 1,736 
 
 4,1.51 
 
 038,037 
 
 1,165,586 
 
 1,. 507 ,.183 
 
 1,096,785 
 
 2,280,056 
 
 1,801,987 
 
 
 tons 
 
 Ti^ 
 
 
 
 984 
 
 916 
 
 1 .255 
 
 1,001 
 
 
 francs 
 
 1,187,000 
 
 _ 
 
 2,710,8.50 
 
 2,886,0011 
 
 .1,790,200 
 
 2, 691, .1.80 
 
 
 tons 
 
 'li,i'tl 
 
 •27,415 
 
 29,802 
 
 3I,.193 
 
 1 1 .130 
 
 1.5,157 
 
 
 francs 
 
 9,707,106 
 
 14,8U3,.16I) 
 
 18,525,520 
 
 21,192,700 
 
 22,732,970 
 
 24,6.14,6-1 
 
 Alum - . - - 
 
 . ttons 
 
 iiOO 
 
 1,061) 
 
 91^ 
 
 1,859 
 
 1, 020 
 
 1,172 
 
 \ francs 
 
 43.000 
 
 190,818) 
 
 115,920 
 
 .171,800 
 
 193,505 
 
 231,206 
 
 (ilau - ... - francs 
 Total mineralurRical produce Ions 
 Slineral and mineraluruical loi 1 
 
 S,H5,1VO 
 
 12,814,8.51) 
 85.022,422 
 
 12,799.700 
 113,.167,891 
 
 16,191,000 
 
 I7.275,VOO 
 
 18,512,000 
 J';9,699,1I3 
 
 51,070,469 
 
 1.13.3,53,688 
 
 121,207,878 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 value 
 
 - francs 
 
 108,857,942 
 
 _158,650,772_ 
 
 231,239 A'K) 
 
 217,330,469 
 
 239,275,816 
 
 250,292,597 
 
 APPLES. The fruit of the Pyrus mains, or 
 apple- tiEe. It is very extensively cultivated in 
 most temperate climates. 
 
 An immense variety and quantity of excellent 
 
 apples are raised in England, parti}' for the table 
 and partly for manufacturing into cider. Those 
 employed for the latter purpose are comparatively 
 harsh and austere. The principal cider counties 
 
 '"■iwrl ,l„,|, 
 .f;'l™rl ,lu,i, 
 i'"">" >lui„ 
 
 ■I'. 
 
 Ac, 
 
 oiint of 
 
 Trln 
 
 //."^."•••ndcu, 
 
 /'.'".'.'he'S'"""'' 
 •■"'." /an'/"-""'" 
 
 .^^^"'"'•."■"''■""(not 
 
 h'^.j-m ." : 
 
 J thrown 
 
 1 Woo I ""' *",•'"'! ra« , 
 I "". TOs nieer«i li, ,1 
 
 h" other ^Ji'.S"'.! 
 
 Arct 
 
 ""'" of the Q^, 
 
 '""'"^'pal and 
 
 /f;ci:sV"".-»-'co„o„j„„ 
 f fr""""Wer» «n.i " 
 
 /""Kn&^fn-iancu.- 
 
 Hop, .'""::«'' "wed, cu,;i« 
 
 J »ron : li,-, " - . 
 
 '"•n an'i "• V"»"««h. . 
 
 to f I """'".rr •'■''"» 
 .m?'^:;">-ufac.u,e,-, „,-,,„ 
 
 I • •■■ -.-TO caie . 
 
 A";r^'h'^"-'d- 
 I {.olaioes . 
 
 *"'*. Haw . ■ - , 
 
 L.„ &:•„*"■;'-■ -ndhtis*.: 
 
 ;'^".anur,c.ur,.:sW;„^; 
 /«"«^'&ed- —""?'■ 
 
1 '"".lllluiir. 
 
 IKHI , ■- 
 
 6» 
 
 IH8II 
 
 T.ID.KIa 
 
 _l«..1»l9,IK)r 
 
 IH6I 
 ftunri 
 
 M.iciii,,,, 
 
 I AM 
 , fftft 
 
 '■s.Jici.vra 
 
 _£^^|wtdB«il V.Iu. 
 
 ■•'I. ««!« 
 
 '«. nnil,T,, anil V^i' "' - 
 
 "-7i and ch,„,i?.' ,"'"". • 
 
 ««'«.nd. „„.„,„„-„„,— 
 
 • .•"I ynm. " " •"" "nwruught 
 
 thrown 
 manuftcturft, , 
 
 hVuolmA™ """•"< yarn . ' - 
 
 ton.« i 
 
 Taluel 
 
 llii. I 
 
 jnitt 
 
 Vdlue I 
 
 . 'l.'J.Vi 
 I , '.Wt 177 
 
 ;.».M 
 
 ■1,0().1 
 
 1.071 
 
 *'>,'iH3 
 
 
 <>J the Qunnt.ties and CommU^lTT^ ~ = ^^HiliH^;- J^''^^' L^*^ / 
 
 r^nZ::;;;::::;;;;;;;^ — ~Y^^^^^~J^;!l^^ S'' ^'■^"' ^^'^'•'"» into 
 
 r'"""-"='"en.„d„,.,„ 
 
 {-WM,ndca„« . _ 
 
 •-'"'ton "ru^ "".'■> "f com "and ^ain" T 
 
 MouKh or undniiKi " 
 I J'l.ire . ■ - - . 
 
 «w«,!;'|;r,'i„'„"j,fnd„„c„,- .- ; 
 
 '™inte"*"»""" • - • ■ 
 to ■>»""'" "-r' •" "•--fac.-ured- 
 
 1 wi;'''-°"'''«« . ■ ■ - 
 
 ,^'j;:i--"We,. ,,.:„„;„ .- - 
 
 '''' •■wl cake .■■-.. 
 l-2KTfr"e?h'""'''»««»- - : • ■ 
 ••otatoej .;--..■ 
 
 ff-''-'"-'''"'" -•--•■ 
 Silk, Haw . ---..- 
 
 «... &»*"">■"■">"'*'-■ : : 
 
 «.' ma„ur.c.ur«=sW.ndk^. : 
 
 ;Rp«ller„,j|„„ , I'nraumtraied T 
 
 *>"»{ar, Unr^finrt J ' ' • - 
 
 fc'^"--"^S-'"''" ■ - -■ 
 
 I ■*" oUw arucie, . ' " - . 
 . Total " ' " 
 
 Quaniltie, 
 
 f,'>«,77.1 
 
 71.077 
 «3,179 
 «1..510 
 i58,B9i 
 •'.■5,002 
 
 9,av7 
 
 .29,01-.i 
 S6,I72 
 ,8,S9I 
 
 «69,N62 
 105,«ii„ 
 
 „'»»,64l 
 S02,m7 
 44,.107 
 fi7,'.i42 
 41,212 
 
 io;%l 
 
 •'.Ml 
 '»»,0.59 
 84,819 
 41f,77B 
 4»,.M0 
 81,017 
 .■58..1I2 
 340/,la 
 6S,«)I7 
 V,7S.l 
 JO,B,53 
 104,816 
 2,8.1 1 
 1A1.1 
 
 '.'9i,8.11 
 
 .i'i.90S 
 . \l'iM3 
 
 178,42J 
 
 «8,iM 
 126.749 
 , 7»,OS7 
 120.124 
 
 e 
 
 709,.1,S.T 
 
 4n,9.18 
 
 7 MM 
 
 4Sfi,-l2 
 
 K«,782 
 
 4(),(m) 
 
 l-Ti.l.Vj 
 
 •1,061 
 
 ,;'A57 
 
 18,662 
 47,AI7 
 
 •\«.u 
 
 I9,99.i 
 433,29 a 
 W).3.M 
 „7.1,957 
 «»7,0'.l 
 fi3,.54| 
 8I,MH 
 5.',?02 
 
 l.'0,77.T 
 17,616 
 W,62,1 
 7S,X0J 
 I-'».»28 
 *a.4.11 
 17,998 
 39,.576 
 348,682 
 40„17| 
 474 
 97,082 
 01,436 
 6.fi27 
 2,009 
 
 '.SS9,020 
 
 .58,5.04 
 »03,6i9 
 212,32* 
 100,713 
 
 r.',i2S 
 
 68,791 
 110,715 
 
 :! -- .? 
 
APrUKNT^^^' 
 
 „v the M"""« •"•" . _ ,„._.M1 
 
 UTH n'"\ '"'";,,. hVuUi*'" r^"''^'\"V „„a nmy 
 
 •^"^ -""'K .ilrsmls --^"'f 'S^l^^^cll iu th.t 
 receive from ' , i,c 'Icl""' ,,„„cur- 
 
 ?^-S£t.of-rr^^ 
 
 of the poor, f :.'^ J ,oor, the «'«l'"V\fXm l'« 
 
 •lo.omt; Iml Wof <i'l'f •"">■'",', re.' i" "" ' 
 „,ir,. l."^-''' , . ...asuns. lro.u <;;',;',.. .s o.. 
 
 '-•'"''' ";j;:^o,nu^o.u^.o^;;J,'^^ 
 
 »" "'■" ,,.. v»rv i" »'"• '^""" ' .. W. however, 
 "f '■'''':' "-.Ol"^^'-"*- ■'■'''?:": sUlo... occr. 1, 
 
 nl-ove o.H'c .. tl"^« y .,f native I 
 
 • l,..i.leH the ''^'^™„„,,»bl".»'"-iJ':,;VH'", the 
 
 one of M";' ^^ •;•,,;' uel <>" 'l"«^ ">Tl,; :'"/. V^r 
 •Uttmt; ,, 1',, '„cls, vaU.e.l at 4H; -l"^ ^V,,, „f .Irie.l 
 
 subject to a 1'. „;„raiseme..t u"^' --f I,,: ..f ii Ihtc 
 f.,r or '^"■"^'r, "' e^,f .rnper ">"^^'^. V^Jt e whole 
 
 *"> ." . .!,„ niithoi.ty 01 1,»" . _^ „„,,„ m 
 
 made ^'yj"v:7,^ tl.eai.thoiit> otpta ^ ^^^,1^ ,„ 
 f.,r"or receive '"• »n";-„ «-u\er l^emuv^ "■ ■- , orpcrsm.shau.M, .„ (,,,„t Bnto» ^^^^ ^ 
 
 ' xccution the A\'* ''[„„ the authontj I 
 
 SobesoboumU ,„ ,„ch bov « 
 If the cost of '^«"'^\ „7,,,.ttl division ol » 
 
 \n writing of the Kuardm.« oi ^^^^^^^ ^,{ 
 rtSe,at1oUe. indorsed ponU 
 
 Sets:- incurredjn^^^^^^^ 
 totheumonorciet-iv. 
 
 i..r avi'rai^crs u uher sex, hound 
 
 dom >vas 0^^;^^.. A person «f .^^^''/inai -iduals, 
 
 oidertobe.n.tn.cte 
 
 tery, or trade ^^^„„n ^'himself at plea- 
 
 at tiiat time c>-"S ^ ^^^.^d to ^ a^ ^ ^^^^ 
 
 to roitigateits in^n ' '^PP"'^"!' bv the 54 
 Geo. Ill- C"*"* 
 
AQl'A I'OItTIH 
 
 mny Ik>) tr) wliicli the boy or lii.s imrciit or 
 
 parcntH is or nrc (.•linr>,'ciible at the time of 
 
 ills bciii^; npiirciiticctl : 
 
 4. All indriitiirci niiule in niiy iiiiinii niny bv 
 
 Hiii'd upon bv the );iinnliuiH of ibn union or 
 
 |icr.<"iis Imvin^ i\w nntbority of guardian ■ 
 
 tliiTC'in for tbc tinio \>v\in:, by their name of 
 
 otlico, and actioui brought by tbein upon 
 
 HMcli indentures shall nut almte by reason of 
 
 death or Chanel' in ihc persons bidding the 
 
 ollice : but no siirli aetiou shall l)o oominenred 
 
 without the consent of the Jrifh I'oor Law 
 
 Coniniis.siuncrs : 
 
 6. The amount of the costa incurred in any 
 
 Hueh action, and not recovered fnun ;hc 
 
 def Midant therein, may be charged upon the 
 
 union or electoral division (as the case may 
 
 be) to which the boy or his parent or p' rents 
 
 was cr were chargeable at thu time of his 
 
 being apprenticed 
 
 AC^IJA I'OUTIS. I \ n s 'Nitric Acitf).] 
 
 A(2l'AMAl,'INE. (:■■• :vi | 
 
 AtiL'A ^'IT^K (dcr. aquavit; Fr. eau de vie; 
 
 Ital. acqna vite ; Span, agua do vide ; IJuss. wodka; 
 
 I. at. aqua vitic). A name familiarly applied to 
 
 all native distilled spirits; equivalcnf to the eau 
 
 tie riV, or brandy, of the French, the whiaky of the 
 
 Scotch and Irish, the geneva of the Uutch, i:c. In 
 
 thia way it is used in the excise laws relating to 
 
 the distilleries. 
 
 AIJANGOKS. A species of btada made of rough 
 cornelian, 
 
 'I'bcy arc of various forms, as haircl, bell, round, 
 &c., and all drilled. The barrel-shr.; ed kind cut 
 from the best stones, ore from two to ihrce inches 
 long, and should be chosen as clear as j-)ssible, 
 whether rod or white, having a good polish and 
 free from Haw The bell-shaped are from one to 
 two inches long, being in all respects inferior. 
 Considerable quantities were formerly imported 
 from Bombay, for re-exportation to Africa ; but 
 since the abolition of the slave trade, the imports 
 and exports of arangoes are comparatively trilling. 
 (Milburn's Orient. Com.) 
 
 ARCHANGEL. The principal commercial city 
 of the north of Russia, in lat. 1° 32' 8" N., long. 
 40° 33' K., on the right bank of ^he Dwina, about 
 35 English miles above where it falls into the 
 AVhito Sea. The growth of the town is steady. 
 The harbour is at the island of SoUenbolc, about 
 a mile from the town. The bar at the mouth of 
 the Dwina has from 13 to 14J feet water; so that 
 ships drawing more than this depth must bo par- 
 tially loaded outside the bar from lighters. The 
 Dwina being a navigable river, traversing a great 
 extent of country, and connected by canals with 
 the Wolga on the one hand, and the Neva on the 
 other. Archangel is a considerable entrepot. It was 
 discovered in 1551, bj' the famous Kiclmrd Chan- 
 cellor, the companion of Sir Hugh Willougliby in 
 his voyoge of discovery ; and from that period 
 down to the foundation of Petersburg, was the 
 onlj^ port in the Russian empire accessible to 
 foreigners. Though it has lost its ancient im- 
 portance, it still enjoys a pretty extensive com- 
 merce. The principal articles of export arc wheat 
 and oats, rye and rye-tlour, tallow, Hax, hemp, 
 timber, linseed, potash, mats, tar, itc. Deals from 
 Archangel, and Onega in the vicinity of Arch- 
 angel, are considered superior to those from the 
 Ilaltic. Hemp not so good as at Riga, but pro- 
 portionally cheaper. Tallow is also inferior. Iron, 
 which is sometimes exported, same as at Peters- 
 burg, sometimes cheaper and sometimes dearer. 
 The quality of the wheat exported from Arch- 
 angel is ahoM equal to that from Petersburg. 
 The imports, which arc not very" extensive, con- 
 
 AUCHANOEL 05 
 
 sist principally of sugar, coffee, spiceff, salt, wool- 
 lens, hanlware, Ac, 
 
 The following Tables exhibit the jiriiu'lpal 
 features (if the trade of Archangel, Its most im- 
 portant trade in, as wdl be seen, with this country. 
 
 I'lj/irc of K-r/mrtii from Archaugrl, 
 
 IHVI t,'!'i;,HT!) 
 
 Ill.ll - 'DOl.H'il 
 
 iml 1,1 r^m 
 
 IHii/ |,l'^s,!Mt 
 
 Mll^ • • ;'ji.,ii'ji 
 
 Whereof to Great Uritain — 
 
 IHVI i.onT.T'ir, 
 
 iHMi ....... . :>'n,'un 
 
 isia :."s,(;s'/ 
 
 isiit ........ ;i. !,ii<'i 
 
 luij.l ........ ;>,i.,i;,i 
 
 These amounts lepresent the ollicial values 
 (baseil on the market value) with the addition of 
 shipping charges. 
 
 The quantities of the principal exports in each 
 of same years, distin;;uishiiig the (piaiititiessliippcd 
 to tiieat Uritain, in 1803, were as follow : — 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 <imi 
 
 Arlit'lei 
 
 ISVJ 
 
 I8KU 
 
 I8r>i ' isfi'i 
 
 1HC.1 
 
 llTliaIn 
 
 
 .Mi," III 
 
 
 1 
 
 H.flSd 
 
 1 Htil 
 
 l.lnwid . qn. 
 
 fiO.tia 
 
 61,197 HTfiSh 
 
 l,i;si 
 
 (laK . „ 
 
 '^3S,'''»K 
 
 VII7.CI7» 
 
 a.W,SI'J l'J7,ll.1 
 
 89,alH 
 
 m.M'M 
 
 H>e- 
 
 .'.S,IIHI 
 
 Ul,.1fi.1 
 
 Ilill.T'^ll ll,l»'J 
 
 l,.1HI 
 
 — 
 
 Whfal . ,, 
 
 |ll,'>a(. 
 
 l,HIKI 
 
 .'.,177; ■l,9»'i 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 ILirlf} - 
 
 _ 
 
 1,1 l.t 
 
 4,!lll| rt,'i"t 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 i l<il • tolls 
 
 S.IBS 
 
 S..1»l( 
 
 4,'J,'j|: 4, .10.'. 
 
 4,111 
 
 .i,.in 
 
 KIni low . „ 
 
 H.IKiS 
 
 3;i\n 
 
 4,'IC17 
 
 4,114 
 
 4,4.^7 
 
 .1,V7'. 
 
 Train oil • „ 
 
 V'J'J 
 
 Vi.'> 
 
 :iw 
 
 •i'JC, 
 
 7111 
 
 •^11 
 
 'I'allow • 
 
 \m 
 
 7!i 
 
 99 
 
 _ 
 
 es 
 
 61 
 
 Hire Flour 
 
 \ifiVi 
 
 «,1.1K 
 
 S,907 
 
 S,3«l 
 
 (!,ni(i 
 
 — 
 
 ■l.ir. . brl. 
 
 (1.1,177 
 
 7.1,1IIA 
 
 I0.1,(MI9 IIS,:ilirii6,77.1 
 
 I SO ,01)3 
 
 I'ilch . „ 
 
 4,7!W 
 
 9,l4fi 
 
 T,\M' fi.'Jl.'- 11,571 
 JSAiSlS 7M,tU 107 ,.V..^ 
 7,(141 l1,.19Hr t(l,95» 
 
 l,l'^4 
 
 I\fats . piec«>« 
 IteiU <l(l. huiiil. 
 
 i8'i,7H7 
 
 SIN.OII 
 
 HS.I.l'^il 
 
 H,im^ 
 
 7,90.1 
 
 H,710 
 
 IteiU <lil. huiiil. S,lW^ 7,901 7,(141 I1..19HI l(l,9SS| H ,71U 
 
 Table of Shipping cleared at the Port of Archangel 
 and including counters. 
 
 Yean 
 
 Tt 
 
 tal 
 
 Tolal of BrilUh 
 
 Hrilish in 
 IncliroL-t Trade 
 
 Niiniltfr 
 
 of \'«.Sf It 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 Number 
 ofVwKl. 
 
 Ton- 
 na|[e 
 
 NunihiT 'I'on- 
 ol' \'e»ftelt Maf{f 
 
 IS -.9 
 
 isi;u 
 isni 
 \nr,-t 
 ise.l 
 
 .')17 
 411 
 M7 
 .'iWi 
 3.'.l 
 
 lll^ilfi 
 Sfi,9lt9 
 97 ,'197 
 
 |cl-i.ll-2.1 
 fiS,H7ll 
 
 W'l 
 191 
 Ml 
 VI 7 
 IS7 
 
 II.CM 
 III,(.1H 
 4 •1,7s.'. 
 4^,(lSI 
 1.^,9K9 
 
 l(i 
 
 »l 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1,194 
 S,IS9 
 4, ISA 
 1,I)H5 
 919 
 
 
 Imports into 
 
 Archi 
 
 ingel 
 
 1862 
 £ 
 
 
 Artictei 
 
 
 1)|J9 
 
 I860 
 
 ISCl 
 .£ 
 
 1863 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 t.'HH 
 
 1M 
 
 822 
 
 703 
 
 198 
 
 Cotlet! • 
 
 
 •i,M 
 
 933 
 
 4,102 
 
 3,226 
 
 2,240 
 
 Tta 
 
 
 — 
 
 .- 
 
 .. 
 
 4,324 
 
 5,.103 
 
 Sut;ar - 
 
 
 2,314 
 
 4,1 S5 
 
 2,1.13 
 
 — 
 
 2,243 
 
 jAd - - 
 
 
 H7« 
 
 VI 
 
 2S4 
 
 717 
 
 
 Oil 
 
 
 S.'i.SH 
 
 3,299 
 
 3,125 
 
 3,185 
 
 3,449 
 
 Salt * 
 
 
 U.WH 
 
 1,2'<(I 
 
 1,677 
 
 .3,919 
 
 3,100 
 
 LtiffwooU 
 Wine . 
 
 
 7SI 
 
 .119 
 T.373 
 
 sll7l 
 
 4i5fiS 
 
 30 
 5,144 
 
 
 
 'HA 
 
 1,079 
 
 157 
 
 112 
 
 4C0 
 
 
 
 8,011 
 
 3,731 
 
 6,372 
 
 7,210 
 
 .'.,174 
 
 Kish - 
 
 . 
 
 34,75» 
 
 S6,47» 
 
 3I,2.'.7 
 
 31,37'i 
 
 4I,9-!S 
 
 Fruit - 
 
 . 
 
 417 
 
 415 
 
 335 
 
 732 
 
 1,1.62 
 
 Mnctilncry - 
 
 
 •^iO 
 
 Wi 
 
 9X3 
 
 4,037 
 
 6,098 
 
 Irmi - 
 
 
 .- 
 
 — 
 
 1,461 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Tin 
 
 
 
 
 1,519 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 fi,114 
 
 5,468 
 
 3,312 
 fil,ISII 
 
 5,097 
 
 2,946 
 
 Tot;»l 
 
 i>7,;ji 
 
 0-,7(l9 
 
 f.9..'Hm 
 
 W1,IMI 
 
 From <ireat Hrllain - 
 
 11,76(1 
 
 IV,3.-.3 
 
 l.-,213 
 
 20,1117 
 
 21,749 
 
 Highest and lowest rates of Freight to Great 
 Britain in 1803. 
 
 Mnseetl - - - 
 Oat» ... 
 
 Tiir . - - - 
 Deals 
 
 Bank. — There is a branch of the Imperial Bank 
 of Russia at Archangel. Jixporters generally pay 
 ca.sh for produce. The money is generally ob- 
 tained from the Archangel bank on bills drawn 
 on St, Petersburg at 40 days' date. The dis- 
 count charged on these bills is IJ per cent, (equal 
 F 
 
 qr. 
 
 HiKhnt 
 
 f. ./. 
 3 9 
 5 I) 
 
 . 
 
 Lowest 
 1. il. 
 
 . 4 6 
 . 3 9 
 
 ton 
 barr.l 
 «r lOU 
 
 52 6 
 
 6 () 
 
 120 
 
 \ 
 
 . 43 
 . 3 (I 
 . S3 
 
 ■ i 
 
 ■ ,t 
 d 
 
 , : 1 ■ ", 
 
66 
 
 ARCHIL 
 
 to Iflj^ per cent, per annum). Sums payable at 
 inland places have to lie sent by post insured for 
 ^ per cent, Ifates of Exchange, same as at St. 
 I'etersburg. 
 
 I/nilithouscs. — A lightiiouse was erected in 18C4 
 at sOiatoi Noss.lat.Cso 9' ,'>0" X., long. 39° 47'_40" 
 E. Fixed wliite light, visible 20 miles ; the light 
 is kept burning from August 1 to November 1. 
 The lighthouse for the port of Archangel is at 
 ^loudinga, near the Uerczov bar at the entrance 
 of the principal channel of the Dwina on the W. 
 coast of Jloudinga Island, lat. 04° 55' iJO" N., 
 long. 10° Kj' (»" E. Fixed white light. Arch- 
 angel pilots iirc to be found hero: they rrect 
 ves.-cls 4 miles outside the slumls of tlio bar. 
 
 Tilt'flraphs. — There is a telegraphic communi- 
 cation l)etwcen Archangel and St. Petersburg and 
 from thence to London. A message of 20 words, 
 including address and signature, to London costs 
 G roubles 83 copecs, equal to about 1/. sterling. 
 
 [Principally derived from Mr. Kenny's excellent 
 Cbnsiilar Beports."] 
 
 The trade of Archangel is much influenced by 
 the demand from the more southerly parts of 
 Europe, and especially from England, for corn. 
 When a brisk demand is anticipated, oats are 
 brought in large quantities from the interior, 
 sometimes oven from a distance of 1,500 n)ilcs, in 
 covered barks capable of holding several hundred 
 quarters. But as there are few extensive mer- 
 cantile establishments here, the supplies arc scanty, 
 except when a large demand is expected for some 
 time previously to the season for bringing them 
 down. (Oddy's European Commerce, aud private 
 informittion.) 
 
 Moneys, Weights, and Measures, same as at 
 Pi;TKi!snurto. 
 ARCHIL. [OnciiKi.i.A.] 
 AKKCA PALM {Areca catechu). [IIktel 
 Leaf ; Betei- Xut.] 
 
 AUGOL, ARtiAL, or TARTAR (Ger. wcin- 
 stein; Dutch w^-nstoen; Fr. tartre'; Ital., Span., 
 and Port, tartaro ; Russ. winnui kamen ; Lat. 
 tartarus). A hnrd ernst formed on the sides of the 
 vessels in which wine has been '.lept ; it is red or 
 white according to the colour of ihe wine, and is 
 otlierwise impure. On being purified, it is termed 
 creiim or cri/stals of tartar. It consists principally 
 of bitnrfrate of potash. 
 
 White argol is preferable to red, as containing 
 less drossy or earthy matter. The marks of good 
 argol of either kind are, its being thick, brittle, 
 h.".rd, brilliant, and little earthy. That brought 
 from IJologua is reckoned the best, and fetches the 
 higlicst ))rico. Argol is of considerable >ise among 
 dyers, as serving to dispose the stuffs to take their 
 colours tlie better. Pure argol, or cream of tartar, 
 is extensively used in medicine. It has an acid 
 and rather linpleasant taste. It is very brittle, 
 and easily reduced to powder: specific gravity 
 1-05. 
 
 Tlie duty on argol, of Gd. per cwt., was repealed 
 in 1845. 
 
 The imports .ind exports of argol in 1866 
 amounted to 18,250 cwts., of the value of 57,967/. 
 Argol is chiefly jjrodrscd in France, from which 
 country there w?re exported in 1803, 2,630,852 
 kilos. \ hied at 3, 110,797 francs. 
 
 ARIoTOLOCIIIA (Fr. serpentaire; Ger. schlan- 
 genwurzel ; Ital. serpentaiia ; I>at. nristolochia 
 serpentaria). Ti)e dried root of Virginia snake-root, 
 or birthworf : it is small, light and bushy, con- 
 sisting of a number of fibres matted tv^'ether, 
 sprung from one common head, of a brownish 
 cnhmr on tlie outside, and pale or yellow v/ithin. 
 It has an aromatic smell something like that of 
 valerian, but more agreeable: anil a warm, bitterish, 
 
 ARROW-EOOT 
 
 pungent taste, very much resembling camphor. — 
 (Ency, Metrop.) 
 
 ARMS. [FiRE-AKMS.] 
 
 ARRACK or RAt^K (Fr. arac; Ger. arrack, 
 rack; Dutch arak, rak; Ital. araco; S|)an. arak; 
 Port, araco; Russ. arak), a spirituous liquor inanu- 
 fncturcd at different places in the ICast. 
 
 Ariack is a term applied iu most parts of India, 
 and the Indian islands, to designate every sort of 
 spirituous liipior; a circumstance which accounts 
 for the discrepancy in the statements as to the 
 materials used in making it, and the mode of its 
 manufacture. Tlio arrack of Goa and Uatavia is 
 in high estimation; that of Columbo or Ceylon 
 has been said to be inferior to the former; but this 
 is doubtful. Goa and Ci)luml)o arrack is invariably 
 made from the vegetable juice toddy, which flows 
 by incision from the cocoa-nut tree ( A'oeos nvcifcra) . 
 After the juice is fermented, it is distilled and 
 rectifieil. It usually yields about an eiijhth part of 
 imro spirit. liatavia or Java arrack is obtained by 
 distillation from molasses and rice, with only a 
 small admixture of toddy. When well prepared, 
 arrack is clear and transparent; generally, however, 
 it is slightly straw-coloured. Its flavour is pecu- 
 liar; but it differs considerably, no doubt, in con- 
 sequence of the various articles of which it is 
 l)repared, and the unequal care taken in its manu- 
 facture. In England, arrack is seldom used except 
 to give flavour to punch; formerly the imports 
 were quite inconsiderable; but they he vc recently 
 been a good deal greater, though an they are 
 mixed I'p in the official returns with rum from 
 iiidia, it is impossible to state their exact amount. 
 In the East its consumption is immense. It is 
 issued to the soldiers in India as part of the 
 established rations; and it is supplied, instead of 
 rum, to the seamen of the royal navy employed in 
 the Indian seas. It is one of the principal products 
 of Ceylon. It is sold in Ceylon by the legger of 
 150, and in Java by the legger of 160 gallons. 
 The duty on arrack, &c. is 10s. Srf. per gallon. 
 
 Its a-i eroge value in Cevlon varies from 12/. to 
 8/. per legger, but it fell to 0/. 10s. in 186?. The 
 exports of arrack from Java were iu 1859, 12,673 
 leggers, valued at about 49,000/.; the principal 
 exports were to Holland ; it is subject to an 
 export duty of 6 per cent, unless exported in 
 Dutch ships, when it is free. 
 
 Pariah-arrack is a phrase used to designate a 
 spirit distilled in the peninsula of India, which is 
 said to be often rendered unwholesome by an ad- 
 mixture oi ganga (Cannabis sativd), and a species 
 of Datura, in the view of increasing its intoxicating 
 power. Ihit it is not clear whether the term 
 pariah-arrack be meant to imply that it is an 
 inferior spirit, or an adulterated compound. This 
 liquor is sometimes distilled from cocoa-nut toddy, 
 and sometimes from a mixture of jaggery, water, 
 and the barks of various trees. (Milbiirn's Ori- 
 ental Com. ; Mr. Marshall's valuable Essay on the 
 Cocoa-Nut Tree, p. 18.) 
 
 ARROBA. A Spanish and Portuguese measure 
 of weight and capacity. It is still in general use 
 in Spain and Portugal and in the Central and 
 South American Republics. The standard Span- 
 ish arroba for wine is 981 cubic inches or 3"54: 
 gallons, and for oil 771 cubic inches or 2-78 gallons. 
 The Spanish aiToba of weight equals 25'36 lbs. 
 avoird., and the I'ortuguese 32'38 lbs. The Cen- 
 tral American and Hungary arroba equals 25*35 
 lbs. avoird. ; that of Brazil 32'38 lbs. The weight 
 arroba of Chili equals 25-30 lbs., and the liquid 
 arroba fi'70 Imp. gallons. 
 
 ARROW-ROOT. The pith or starch of the 
 root Maranta aruiulinucea. It has received its 
 common name from its being supposed to be an 
 
 antidote 
 The poT 
 It is roc 
 it is of( 
 the .Stan 
 •South ^1 
 into the 
 ])ortant i 
 of arrow- 
 pared in 
 yustifhliii 
 coast, wh 
 as to be ; 
 it has be 
 iirunUi.iai 
 to Ceyloi 
 where an 
 inanufaeti 
 meal of Ii 
 «titutefur 
 Imports 
 cwts., of tl 
 Large r 
 edulis) <ir ' 
 land and t 
 Brisbane, 
 white arroi 
 host kinds 
 arrow-root 
 sent in tli 
 abundant si 
 The extens 
 Hours of 111 
 check any 
 arrow-root. 
 ARSENI 
 Span, arscni 
 This metal 
 that of steel 
 has no sensii 
 it emits a \ 
 characterist^ 
 hwlies, and ( 
 to a very fin 
 Its specific a 
 *ry.) Arseil 
 and South ' 
 Metallic i, 
 not, therefo^ 
 the purpose 
 arsenic of coj 
 m-iil of Chen 
 substance, u 
 has an acriel 
 ish impress! 
 metallic st^ 
 animal sysU 
 virulent poiJ 
 times adulf 
 gypsum; til 
 ■small portiq 
 arsenic is I 
 tliere be aij 
 of all the 
 arsenic, or t 
 judiciously 1 
 also used "fol 
 principally f 
 AVliito iirl 
 ration of v.-l 
 gums used] 
 em])loyc(! iif 
 lain, a'smal 
 a larger c 
 Dictionary 
 ARTIFI^ 
 hluinen ; 
 
ARSENIC 
 
 antidote to the poisoned arrows of tlic Indians. 
 The powder ia prepared from roots of a year old. 
 It is reckoned a very wholesome, nutritious food ; 
 it is often adulterated, when in the shops, with 
 the starch or tlour of potatoes. It is a native of 
 South America ; hut has been long introduced 
 into the West Indies, where it forms ii jffetty iui- 
 portant article of cultivation. An excellent kind 
 of arrow-root, if it may be so called, is now pre- 
 pared in India from the root of the Curcinnn aii- 
 i/itstifoliii. The plant is abundant on the IMalabar 
 coast, where the powder is made in such quantities 
 as to be a considerable object of trade. .Some of 
 it has been brought to Kngland. The TJaranta 
 (irundi.iacea has been carried from the West Indies 
 to Ceylon, where it thrives extremely well, and 
 ■where arrow-root of the lincst finality has been 
 manufactured from it. A very finely prepared 
 meal of Indian corn is now largely used as a sub- 
 stitute for this ingredient. (Ainalie's iV/«t. Iiidicci.) 
 
 Imports, (fcc, of arrow-root in 1804, were 15,410 
 cwts., of the value of 41,001/. 
 
 Large quantities of Canna arrow-root (0/)//ia 
 edulis) or ♦ tous les mois' arc produced in Queens- 
 land and manufactured in the neighbourhood of 
 IJrisbane. Queensland also jiroduces the true 
 ■white arrow-root of a quality fully equal to the 
 best kinds of Bermuda arrow-root. The canna 
 arrow-root is of comparatively little value at pre- 
 sent in the English market on account of the 
 abundant supply. (Jury Report, Exhibition 1802.) 
 The extensive consumption of the fmciy-prepared 
 Hours of maize, no doubt, tends considerably to 
 check any great progress in the consumption of 
 arrow-root. 
 
 ARSENIC (Ger. arsenik ; Vi. arsenic ; Ital. and 
 Span, arsenico ; Iluss. miiscbjah ; Lat. arscnicum). 
 This metal has a bluish white colour not unlike 
 that of steel, and a good deal of brilliancy. It 
 has no sensible smell while cold, but when heated 
 it emits a strong odour of garlic, which is very 
 characteristic. It is the softest of all the metallic 
 bodies, and so brittle that it may easily be reduced 
 to a very fine powder by trituration m a mortar. 
 Its specific gravity is 5*7C. (Thomson's Chemis- 
 try.) Arsenic is chiefly obtained from Cornwall 
 and South Wales. 
 
 IMetallic arsenic is not used in the arts, and is 
 not, therefore, extracted from the ore, except for 
 the purposes of experiment or curiosity. The 
 arsenic of commerce is the white oxide, or arsenious 
 acid of chemists. It is a white, brittle, compact 
 substance, of a glassy appearance ; is inodorous ; 
 has an acrid taste, leaving on the tongue a &ivcet- 
 ish impression: and is highly corrosive. In it? 
 metallic state arsenic exerts no action on the 
 animal system ; but when oxidised, it is a mcst 
 virulent poison. The arsenic of the sliops is some- 
 times adulterated with white sand, chalk, or 
 gypsum ; the fraud may be detected by heating a 
 small portion of the suspected powder ; when the 
 arsenic is dissipated, leaving the impurities, if 
 there be any, behind. Though the most violent 
 of all the mineral poisons, the white oxide of 
 arsenic, or the arsenic of the shops, is yet, when 
 judiciously administered, of great etHcacy. It is 
 also used for various purposes in the arts. It is 
 princiiially imported from Saxony and Bohemia. 
 
 White arsenic is extensiveJy tised in the prepa- 
 ration of various pigments, and also in th( mineral 
 gums used by paper-stainers and others. It is 
 employed in the manufacture of glass and porce- 
 lain, a' small jiortion making the glass transparent, 
 a larger quantity opalescent. (Hunt's Ure's 
 Dictionary of Arts, S^c.) 
 
 AKTIFICIAL FLOWERS (Ger. ktlnstliche 
 blumen ; Dutch, kunstbloemcu ; Swed. blommor 
 
 ASAFCETIDA 
 
 07 
 
 artiliciclla ; Dan, kunst blomster ; Fr. lli.-irs 
 artiiicielles ; Ital. flori linti or contriifatti ; Sp.ui. 
 flores de mano ; Cliiucse, chi-hwa). Artiliuial 
 (lowers are made from feathers, shells, papers, 
 insects' wings, cambric, &r.. Their manufacture 
 forms an important liranch of industry, par- 
 ticularly in France and the United Kingdom. 
 This manufacture is of very ancient date. Accosd- 
 iiig to I'liny, they were used in Rome 350 years 
 B.C., and they are said to have been known to 
 the Chinese in the third century. In Spain and 
 Italy they were m.ide at a very early period from 
 silk, cambric, and gauze, and are reported to have 
 been introduced from the latter countrj' into 
 Franco towards the end of the loth century, when 
 the manufacture was carried on r.t Lyons, and 
 subsequently at Paris. Such flowers however 
 appear to have been used not for personal, but fur 
 church adornments. The real progress of the 
 manufacture in France began in the last century. 
 In 1738 Seguin de Mendes at Paris commcnceil 
 the manufacture of artificial flowers of a natural 
 character, and in 1770 a Swiss improved it. Since 
 that period the trade has been ccustantly developed 
 and is fast progressing. The value of the artificial 
 flowers produced in Paris in 1847 was upwards of 
 11,000,000 francs, and in 1858 was estimated at 
 10,000,000 francs. 
 
 In the former period there ■were 022 manufactu- 
 rers employing 0,153 hands, of wliom the larger 
 proportion were women, at an average rate of 
 wages of 3 francs 77 cents, for the men and 1 francr 
 94 cents, for the women. In 1800 the iiv.mber of 
 manufacturers in Paris was altogether l,.'il7, and 
 the value of their productions 28,082,013 francs. 
 The number of hands employed was 7,831, Aver- 
 age rate of wages for men .'< francs 75 cents., for 
 women 2 francs 50 cents. The annual production 
 of artiflcial flowers in the French provinces is esti- 
 mated at about 1,000,000 francs. 
 
 The following table exhibits the declared values 
 of the exports of this article from France : — 
 
 UnltMl Slates 
 <ireat Britain 
 Zollverein 
 Belgium 
 Italian States 
 Brazil . 
 Oilier countries 
 Total - - 
 
 fr. 
 
 fr. 
 
 4.1.1,000 
 
 I,.1!l,'i.000 
 
 .13(i,5(X) 
 
 l,lsB,(l(«l 
 
 115,(100 
 
 iisr.,.iO() 
 
 .')7,(H)0 
 
 487,,')flO 
 
 .10,0110 
 
 8fi,')(MI 
 
 ,1«,(KHI 
 
 S.'.,.'ilKI 
 
 'i17,000 
 
 r. 19,500 
 
 l,'i4O,50O 
 
 1,116,0(10 
 
 The manufacture of artilicial flowers in Great 
 Britain is carried on principally in the metropolis. 
 
 Exports of Artijicial Flowers from France 
 in 1804. 
 
 ZoUverein - 
 Bel^^ium 
 (ireat Uritaiii 
 Spain - 
 It,liy - 
 Switzerland - 
 
 fr. 
 
 T;.S,.'i1i 
 166,,- 
 i,'iti,l 
 10I,U/1 
 l(;0,4.-5!) 
 173,103 
 
 nlled Stales 
 
 "xico 
 
 ■ acil - 
 Veru - . - 
 Other codntries - 
 
 Total 
 
 :o 
 
 S.'i.; 
 .17,V.I.-. 
 S!),7W.'. 
 61,l,'.(i 
 '^.'il.O.^i'. 
 
 fi,u»7,7;-.J 
 
 ASAFCETIDA (Ger, teufclsdrech. stinkasant : 
 Dutch, duivclsdrcck ; Fr, assa-fet-i'a ; Sp, asa- 
 fclida; Lat. asa-fuetida; Arab, hiltcct; Per.-, 
 nngoozen). A gum resin, consisting of the inspis- 
 sated juice of a large umbelliferous plant, the 
 Narthex asafoctida. It is produced in the southern 
 lirovinccs of Persia, and in the territory of Sinde, 
 or country lying at the mouth of the Inihis, 
 flourishing abundantly in the mountainous jiro- 
 vinces of Laar and Khorassan, It is exiiortcd 
 frcn the Persian Gulf to Bombay and Calcutta, 
 whence it is sent to Europe. It has a nauseous, 
 somewhat bitter, biting taste, and an cxcessivol\- 
 strong, foetid, alliaceous smell : the newer it is, it 
 possesses its smell and other peculiar properties in 
 the greater perfection. It is imported, packed in 
 f2 
 
 h 
 
 
 4 : • ■ i 
 
 i^y\. 
 
 I.i' 
 
 
?, 
 
 '-i 
 
 68 ASH (COMMON) 
 
 irrogular masses, in mats, ens'..", and cases; the 
 last bcinR in general the best. It shonld be 
 cliosen clean, fresh, strong-scented, of a pole 
 reddisli eiili)nr, variegated witii a number of tine, 
 wliite tears : wlien broken, it should somewhat 
 resemble marble in appearance; and, after being 
 exposed to tlie air, should turn of a violet red 
 colour. That winch is soft, black, and foul, should 
 be rejected. The packages should be carefully 
 e.xamined, and ought to be tight to prevent the 
 smell from injuring any other article. The im- 
 ports arc at present so trivial, that they are not 
 distinguished separately in tlie returns ;)t" imports 
 and exports. Here, indeed, it is only used in the 
 Materia Medica; but in France, it is used both in 
 that way, and lo some extent also as a condiment. 
 It is wortli in tlie London market from 12s. to 4/. 
 per cwt. 
 
 In India the price of asaftctida is about 2s. per 
 pound. 
 
 ASH (COMMOX). The. I'raxinus excelsior of 
 botanists, a forest tree of wliii^h there are many 
 varieties. It is abundant in England, and is of 
 the greatest utility. 
 
 The ash is of very rapid growth ; and, unlike 
 most other trees, its value is rather increased than 
 diminished by this circumstance. Like the chest- 
 nut, the wood of young trees is most esteemed. 
 It grows on a great variety of soils, but is best 
 where the growth has beei^ most vigorous. It is 
 
 ferior to the oak in stiffness, and is more easily 
 split ; but in toughness and elasticity it is far 
 superior to the oak, or to any other species of 
 timber. Hence its universal omplcyment in all 
 those parts vf machinery which have to sustain 
 sudden shocks, such as the circumference, teeth, 
 and spokes of wheels, ship-blocks, &c., and in 
 the manufacture of agricultural implements ; in 
 the latter it is employed almost exclusively. 
 Ho important indeed is the use of ash in these 
 imi)lements, and so large has been t!ie develop- 
 ment of this branch of manufacturing industry, 
 that the price of ash timber has more than duuhlrd 
 during tlie last ten or fifteen years. The want of 
 prolonged diiiability is its greatest defect ; and it 
 IS too flexible to be employed in building. Tlie 
 wood of old trees is of a dark brown colour, some- 
 times beautifully figured ; the woou of young trees 
 is brownish white, with a shade of green. The 
 texture is alternately compact and poious : where 
 the growth lias been vigorous, the compact part 
 of th • ov-f'ral layers bears a greater proportion to 
 the s; i-i.ge, and "the timber is comparatively tough, 
 cias' c. I i '.lurable. It has neither taste nor 
 sinill . .: ' ' ivhen young, is difficult to work. 
 ('jVlH' ;. , r .iclples of Carpentri/.) 
 
 ash; ( r. vedasse; (ler. waidasche; Dutch, 
 weedas; II..11. veedaske; Ital. feccia bruciata; 
 Span, alurabre dc hcz; Kuss. weidasch; Lat. 
 cineres infcctrmi), 'I'he residuum or earthy part 
 of any substance after it has been burnt. In 
 Commerce, the term is applied to the ashes of 
 vegetable substances ; from which are extracted 
 the alkaline salts called IIauiila, Kelp, I'kakl- 
 
 ASII. I'OTASII, &c, 
 
 ASIMIALTUM. [IIitumen.] 
 
 ASS!) IS. In Commerce, a term used to de- 
 signate the stock in trade, and the entire pro 
 perty of all sorts, belonging to a merchant or to a 
 trading association. It is also applied to goods or 
 projierty pi. 'jcd, for the discharge of some par- 
 ticuhir trust or obligation, in the hands of exe- 
 cutors, assignees, &c, [BANKltui-TCY. | 
 
 ASSIKNTO. A Spanish word signifying a 
 contract. In commercial history, it means the 
 contract or agreement by which tlio Spanish 
 government ceded first to a company of French, 
 
 AUCTION 
 
 and afterwards (by the treaty of Utrecht) to a 
 company of English merchants, the right to im- 
 l)ort, under certain conditions, a specified number 
 of slaves into the Spanish colonies. (For f'ill 
 particulars with respect to this contract, see 
 Mr. IJandinel's valuable work on the Slave Trade.) 
 
 ASSIGMEE. A person appointed by compe- 
 tent authority to do, act, or transact some business, 
 or exercise some particular privilege or power, for 
 or on account of some specified individual or 
 individuals. 
 
 Assignees may be created by deed, or by law : 
 by deed, where the lessee of a farm assigns the 
 same to another; by law, where the law makes 
 an a^isignee, without any appointment of tho 
 person entitled, as an executor is assignee in law 
 to the testator, and administrator to an intestate. 
 The term is most commonly applied to the 
 ofHcial assignees a|)pointed to manage bankrupt 
 estates. [ Bankisui'T. ] 
 
 ASSIZE. fKuEAn-J 
 
 ASSUKANCK. [INSUUAXCE.] 
 
 ATOCIIA (JUASS. A name sometimes given 
 to Esparto Fibre. 
 
 AUCKLAND. The principal town and seat of 
 government in the British colony of New Zealand. 
 Population in 18G1. 7,989. 
 
 The colony of New Zealand consists of three 
 islands, called New Ulster, New Munster, and 
 New Leinster. The islands lie between 34° and 
 48° S. latitude, and 1GG° and 179° E. longitude. 
 They were discovered and partially explored by 
 Tasman in 1G42, and still more fully by Cook in 
 1777. The first settlement ol New Zealand took 
 place in 1814; the colony was constituted in 
 1839 ; and gifted with a separate constitution in 
 1840. 
 
 The chief exports of New Zeal'nd are gold 
 and gold dust, wool, and Kowrie gum. In the 
 three years 18G3-5, the value of gold and specie 
 exported amounted to 2,529,479/., 2,081,347/., 
 and 2,293,017/.; of wool to 830,295/., 1,070,397/., 
 1,141,7G1/. The total exports were 3,485,405/., 
 3,401,007/., 3,713,218/. The imports during the 
 same years were 7,024,074/., 7,000,055/., 5,594,977/. ; 
 the chief articles being drapery, wines and spirits, 
 and provisions. Of these quantities 2,197,473/., 
 2,071,229/., and 1,720,587/. represent British trade. 
 
 The tonnage of Auckland in 18G5 was 13,094, 
 the vessels registered in the port 300, and the 
 imports and exports of the town were in the same 
 year 1,842,410/., and 234,410/. The imports and 
 exports of Otago, or Dunedin, are far larger; but 
 tliis town is situated in the gold district. 
 
 AUCTION. A public sale of goods to the 
 highest bidder. Auctions are generally notified 
 by advertisement, and are held in some open 
 place. The biddings may be made either by 
 parties present, or by the auctioneer under autho- 
 rity given to him : the sale is usually terminated 
 by the fall of a hammer. 
 
 The duties on property sold by auction were 
 repealed in the year 1845. 
 
 The auction duties, which were first imposed in 
 1777, consisted of duties proportioned to its value, 
 charged on certain descriptions of property when 
 s<dd by auction. They amounted ta 7rf. per pound 
 sterling on the value of estates, houses, annuities, 
 .shares in public companies, ships, funds, and some 
 other articles ; and to Is, per pound on the value 
 of household furniture, books, horses, carriages, I 
 and all other goods and chattels. The exemp- 
 tions were, however, very numerous, comprising [ 
 various descriptions of movable property, with all I 
 sorts of property sold by order of the court: ofl 
 chancery and exchequer, or forbcb.oof of credito."s,j 
 or under distress for rent, &c. 
 
 ■Account of 
 
 f n«land . 
 
 !AJ!"endedj,;„ 
 
 I £.nKlan<r:^ — =.- 
 
 ycotland . 
 I 'feland . 
 
 £"«un(rr — — 
 
 iMand 
 
 AUCTloxi,- 
 by auction, u 
 
 f'^rmmare ,1,' " 
 t" the highest I 
 
 ''Ulderinhisboo 
 Pwson for ,vhon 
 <j' en thouffh sue 
 <';'.not object be 
 yisums iviti, resii 
 "'"'eSA'ict.c:'] 
 
 «^ ?f-^ auctione( 
 "e^^-jWe annualiv 
 tJe charged Kv. ^. 
 ^■ngdom i„ ]SG,5- 
 ;*''« statute then 
 
 Jt siiall not be n, 
 «ny goods or cha 
 
 W .so by this A, 
 
 "'srres.s for noiipavrl 
 l-nount than 20/ . 
 
 t»m. IV f » V- 7 
 
 K ,/" "'e Sheriff A 
 
 --''erttferoy 
 parliament now ,•„ 
 
 ;;:--omp,io„a.,bvtel 
 
 aucti?ne,r„&'''"fl 
 
 auctioneer f^L"'*'?'" fj 
 "eaj in or retail! 
 

 AUCTIONEEK 
 
 69 
 
 Account of thf. Produce of the Auction Duties in each of the 3 i/enra endint) the 5th of January, 1843, 
 distinguishing the Amount paid under se/mrate Heads. 
 
 tctc 
 
 England . 
 N-oll.ind - 
 litlaiid - 
 Year ended January .I 
 
 , 1X41 - 
 
 Amount of Auction Duties on the Sale of 
 
 Toul Produce 
 
 Fstate^. Hmivs, 
 Annuities, Miilis 
 I'Ute, JewcU, ci;i:. 
 
 HoaM;h<ild Furni- 
 ture. HorM*^, 
 Carriaces, antt all 
 other liootUand 
 Chattels 
 
 Sheep'l Wool 
 
 Foreicn Produce 
 
 (Kir.l S.ilu 
 
 thereof) 
 
 £ •. d. 
 
 .'i.slil 4 !i 
 •2,'.S.5 4 11) 
 
 £ I. d. 
 
 i.')fi,ia9 1.1 
 
 It.iial 3 1 
 I0,7')l 11 G 
 
 £ : d. 
 
 21 S 6' 
 2 4 7i 
 G .11 
 
 £ >. d. 
 
 i,m^ 14 !)J 
 
 au4 4 Ml 
 
 £ : d 
 
 SHK.fi'^n 9 i! 
 Vll.OtiO 10 7 
 1.1 ,.17 7 .'■ H 
 
 I.Vj.hSU I 10 1 1S1,(HI5 lo Hi 1 K.T I'J AJ 
 
 .1,ll>:l 1:1 ni 
 
 .TiU,lP.JH_ H _ <i) 
 
 RiiiiUnd ■ - . 
 Scotland . - . 
 Ireland . - . 
 Year ended January .1 
 
 1S12. 
 
 I'^l.llSd H 4 
 
 s,n.-.7 la 1} 
 
 .I.IIIG IS i\ 
 
 l.W.iliC 1 7 
 M.UUl 19 ? 
 lO.IIH K II 
 
 IH 1.1 .1 
 3 « U 
 
 'i,-M-i 1 1 G 
 137 m 6i 
 
 7'J,,S4S 14 "4 
 
 S(),H).3 4 A 
 
 l.1,3.1.'> 6 SJ 
 
 .->11,I)G7 .■> 71 
 
 la'.l.03l IS 11 
 
 IS1,I7!) '.1 ,1 
 
 •U l.'> 4 J 
 
 •i.'J.IU -i 114 
 
 EnnUnd . 
 
 >*COll;ind . 
 
 Ireland ... 
 Year ended Januarv .'i 
 
 1S1.1- 
 
 KM, ',,16 1.1 U 
 .'i,llfi7 ."> 10 
 6,7« 10 11 
 
 l.Vi.S.-a IG B 
 14/iU7 K KJ 
 I'MVI 1) .'. 
 
 17 10 G 
 1 1!» 7i 
 .'. 5 
 
 a.XG.') IG iiJ 
 74 Vi ."i 
 
 11 1 r. 
 
 OTP.'.'.v.i Hi 11 
 
 l'.),Sll .1 
 Iti.SU.I C V 
 
 1 1.1,.151 U SJ 
 
 isii.i.iil N :.i 
 
 l<) 1.. Iij 
 
 •^.'.i.ii y !i 
 
 ^m,.'^^.^ .t .',j 
 
 AUCriOXEKR. A person who con(lu'>ts .sales 
 by .luction. It is liis tluty to .^fate the coiulilioiis 
 of sale, to (locl.ire the resjiectivc bidiliiifrs, aiul to 
 terminate tli« sale \\\ knot king down the thiiif; sold 
 to the highest ImkleV. An auctioneer is held to be 
 lawfully authorised hy the purchaser to sign a 
 contract for him, whether it he for lands or goods. 
 And his wricing down the name of the highest 
 bidder in his book is sufliticut to liind any other 
 person for whom the liiglicst bidder purchased 
 even though such person be present, provided he 
 <lo not object before entry. The following pro- 
 visions with respect to auctioneers arc embodied 
 in the 8 Vict. c. 15. 
 
 Every auctioneer must take out a license (re- 
 newable annually on .luly ,')), for which he is to 
 be charged 10/. The duty collected in tlie United 
 Kingdom in 18G.5-6 amounted to -liljOSO/. 
 
 The statute then goes on to enact — 
 
 Auction License not necessary ii. certain Cases. — 
 It .shall not be necessary for any person selling 
 any goods or chattels by auction in any of tlie 
 cases hereinafter mentioned to take out the 
 license by this Act required, viz. any person 
 selling any goods or chattels by auction" under a 
 distress for nonpayment of rent or tithes to less 
 amount than 20/.: or under aiitlmrity of the Act 
 «i Geo. IV. c. 48, ' For the liecove'ry of Small 
 Debts in Scotland ; ' or under authority of the Act 
 i; & 7 Wm. IV. c. 75, intituled ' An Act to extend 
 the Jurisdiction and regulate tlie Proceedings of 
 the Civil Ilil' Courts in Ireland,' and tlie Act 7 
 AVm. IV. f 1 Vict. c. 4.3, intituled ' An Act to 
 amend the Laws for the Kecovery of Small Debts 
 by Civil Hill in Ireland ; ' or under authority of 
 the Act 7 Wm. IV. & 1 Vict. c. 41, intituled ' An 
 Act ft)r the more effectual Kecovery of .Small 
 Debts in the Sheriff Courts, and for regulating the 
 Establisliment of Circuit Courts for the Trial of 
 Small Debt Causes by the Sheriffs in Scotland ; ' 
 or under authority of any other Act or Acts of 
 jiarliament now in force in which the like 
 exemption as by the Act specified is given to the 
 proper officer of court executing the process 
 of such court to se'd the effects seized by him by 
 auction, without 'aking out or having any license 
 as an auctioneer, j)i'ovided the sum for which such 
 process is enforced is under 20/. — Sec. 6. 
 
 6 '7 CO. IV. c. 81 «. 8 repealed^ and 1 Excise 
 License to be sufficient. — So much of the Act 6 
 tieo. IV. c. 81 as enacts ' that every person exor- 
 cising or carrying on the tratlc or business of an 
 auctioneer or selling any goods or chattels, lands, 
 tenements, or hereditaments by auction, shall, over 
 and above any license to him or her granted as an 
 auctioneer, take out such license as is required In- 
 law to deal in or retail, or to vend, trade in, or 
 
 sell, any goods or commodities, for the dealing in 
 or retailing or vending, trading in or selling of 
 which an excise license is specially rerinired, be- 
 fore he or she shall be permitted or autlioriscd to 
 sell such goods or commodities tiy auction, 
 and if iny such person shall sell any .«ucli 
 goods or commodities as aforesaid by auc- 
 tion without having taken out such license as 
 albresaitl for that jjiirpose, h.e or she sliaU be sub- 
 ject and liable to the uenalty in tliat behalf im- 
 posed upon persons dcf.ling in or retailing, vending, 
 trailing, or selling any such goods or cominoditics 
 without license, notwithstanding any license to 
 him or her before granted as aforesaid for the 
 purpose of exercising or carrying on the trade or 
 business of an auctioneer, or .selling any goods or 
 chattels, lands, tenemcnt.s, or hereditaments by 
 .auction, anything herein contained to the con- 
 trary notwithstanding,' together with the ])rovisi) 
 thereto attached, and so much of any other Act or 
 Acts of parliament by which it is required that a 
 separate and di.-itinct license shall be taken out by 
 any auctioneer selling by auction gold or silver 
 plate or patent medicines, or any other articles, 
 arc hereby repealed ; and any auctioneer having 
 at the time in force a license on wliicli the duty 
 under the provisions of this .\ct has been paid may 
 sell by auction any such property, goods, or com- 
 modities, without taking out any other license in 
 such resjiect, any other Act or AtJts to the contrary 
 thereof notwithstanding. — Sec. G. 
 
 Clause 7 orders that every auctioneer, before ho 
 shall commence any sale, shall suspend or affix 
 a ticket or board containing his full Christian 
 name and surname and ])lace of residence in large 
 letters to some conspicuous part of the room or 
 place where the auction is held, under a penalty 
 of 2U/. 
 
 Clause 8 enacts that every person acting as 
 auctioneer shall produce his license, or make a 
 deposit of 10/. on imin of 1 month's iinprisoiinient, 
 on the demand at the time of any sale by auction 
 of any officer of excise, customs, or stamps and 
 taxes. 
 
 An auctioneer wl..) declines to disclose the name 
 of his principal at the time of sale makes himself 
 responsible. Hut if he disclose the name of lii.s 
 principal, he ceases to be responsible, cither for the 
 soundness of or title to the thing sold, unless he 
 have expressly warranted it on his own responsi- 
 bilit}-. 
 
 If an auctioneer pay over the produce of a sale 
 to his employer, after receiving r.otice that the 
 gooils were not the property of such employer, the 
 real owner of the goods may recover the amount 
 from the auctioneer. 
 
 It has long been a common practice at certain 
 
 ' '■'••f:,-., i 
 
 _V'(I>.;' ■ .*: 
 
 ■ , ' ' •■*; 
 
 1 ■.■■' '\\ 
 'I. . 
 • .-. • 1 
 
 1 : 
 
 .1' -, ! 
 
70 
 
 AUSTRALIA 
 
 mictions (onllcd for tliat ronson mock mictions) to 
 ('iii|il(>y puffers, or muck bidiicrH, to raise the viilue 
 of the' arflclos sold by tlioir apparent competition, 
 and many ()uostions hnvc f?ro\vn out of it. It was 
 jong aj^o decided, tliat if the owner of an estate 
 imt up to sale i)y auction employ putfers to bid 
 for iiiui, it is a fraud on the real bidder, and the 
 bii,'lusl bidder cainiot be compelled to complete 
 liis coutrai't. (« T. Hep. p. Of-'.) Hut it would 
 seem as if the mere employment of putVers under 
 any circumstances were now held to be illegal. 
 'The inclination of the courts at the present time 
 i>:, that a sale by auction should bo conducted in 
 ibe most open and public manner possible; that 
 there should be no reserve on the part of the seller, 
 and nocfdlusion on the part of the buyers, rulliuf; 
 is illegal, according to a late case, even though 
 there be only one puffer; and it wa- hen decided 
 that the recognised practice at auctions, of em- 
 ploying such persons to bid upon the sale of horses, 
 cou'ld not l>e sustained.' (Woolrj'ch On Commercial 
 Law, p. 'JU2.) 
 
 A party bidding at any auction may retract his 
 (lifer at any time before the hammer is down. 
 Another clearly established principle is, that verbal 
 declarations by an auctioneer are not to bo suffered 
 to control the printed conditions of sale; and these, 
 when pasted up under the box of the auctioneer, 
 are held to be sufliciently notified to purchasers. 
 
 Auctioneers, like all other agents, shQuld care- 
 fully observe their instructions. Should those 
 who employ them sustain any damage through 
 their carelessness or inattention, they will be 
 responsible. They must also answer for the con- 
 se(iuences, if they sell the property intrusted to 
 their care for loss than the price set upon it by the 
 o^vners, or in a way contrar;, to order. 
 
 An auctioneer who has duly paid the license 
 duty is not liable, in the city of London, to the 
 ]ien":dti('S for acting as a broker without being 
 admitted agreeably to the C Anno c. Hi. 
 
 The establishment of mock auctions is a com- 
 mon practice among swindlers in London. Persons 
 are frequently placed at the doors of such auctions, 
 denominated iurkers, to invite strangers to come 
 iu : and pullers are in wait to bid up the article 
 much beyond its value. A stranger making an 
 oiler at such an auction is almost sure to have the 
 article knocked down to him. I'lated goods are 
 often disposed of at these auctions ; but it is almost 
 needless to add. they are of verj- inferior quality. 
 Attempts have sometimes been made to suppress 
 mock auctions, but hitherto \i'itbout much success. 
 
 Al'STltALIA. [Aniii.AiDK; IJuisbane ; Colo- 
 jtii s ANM) (joi.oxi Tkadk; JlKi.nounsE; Syn- 
 ni:y: Ai'. 1 
 
 AVKltAGE (Fr. avaric; Ital. germinamcnto. 
 For an elaborate dissertation on the origin of this 
 term, see Arnould's Jifarine Insurance, Ord edit. 
 Avith Jlr. Maclachlan's note, p. 7H8). A terra 
 used iu Commerce and Navigation to signify a 
 contribution made by the individuals, wiicn tliey 
 happen to be more than one, to whom a ship, or 
 the goods on board it, belong, or by whom it or 
 they are insured; in order that no particular indi- 
 vidual or individuals amongst them, who may 
 liavo lif'on forceii to make a sacrifice for the jire- 
 scrvation of the ship or cargo, or botli, should 
 lose more than others. ' Thus.' says Mr. Serjeant 
 Jlarshall, 'where the goods of a particular mer- 
 chant arc tlirowu overboard iu a storm to save the 
 ship from sinkin.c; or where the masts, cables, 
 anchors, or other furniture of the ship, are cut 
 away or destroyed for the preservation of the 
 whole ; or money or goods are given as a compo- 
 sition to jiirales to save the rest; or an expense is 
 iiKurred ill reclaimuig the ship, or defending a 
 
 AVEEAGE 
 
 suit in a foreign court of admiralty, ancl obtaining 
 her discharge from an unjust capture or detention ; 
 in these and the like cases, where any sacrifice is 
 deliberately and voluntarily made, or any expense 
 fairly and bonu Jide incurred, to prevent a total 
 loss, such sacrifice or expense is the proper subject 
 of a general contribution, and ought to bo rateiibly 
 borne by the owners of the ship, freight, and cargo, 
 so that the loss may fall equally on all, according 
 to the equitable maxim of the civil law — no one 
 ought to be enriched by another's loss : " Xcmo 
 debet locnpletari aliena jactura."' 
 
 Upon this fair principle is founded the doctrine, 
 of average contributions; regulati(ma with respect 
 to which having been embodied in the Khodiau 
 law, were thenco adopted into the Koman law ; 
 and fonn a prominent part of all modern systems 
 of maritime jurisprudence. The rule of the 
 lihodian law is, that 'if, for the sake of lighten- 
 ing a ship in danger at sea, goods be thrown 
 overboard, the loss incurred for the sake of all. 
 shall bo made good by a general contribution.' — 
 (Duj. lib. xiv. tit. •_*, s. 1; Schomberg, On the 
 Maritime Tmics of RhiidcH, p. (iO.) 
 
 Formerly it was a common practice to ransom 
 British ships when captured by an enemy, tho 
 ransom being made good by a general average. 
 IJut this practice having been deemed disadvan- 
 tageous, it was abolished by stat. 22 Geo. III. c. 
 '-'5, which declares, ' That all contracts and agree- 
 ments which shall bo entered into, and all bills, 
 notes, and other securities, which shall be given 
 by any person or persons, for ransom of any ship 
 or Tcssel, merchandise, or goods, captured by the 
 subjects of any state at war with his .Jlajcsty, or 
 by any person committing hostilities against his 
 Majesty's subjects, shall be absolutely void in law, 
 aiul of no effect wliatevcr ; ' and a penalty of .")()()/. 
 is given to the informer, for every offence against 
 this Act. 
 
 Average is either general or particular; that is, 
 it either affects .all who have any interest in the 
 ship and cargo, or only some of them. The con- 
 tributions levied in the cases mentioned above, 
 come under the first class, lint when losses occur 
 from ordinarj' weai and tear, or from the perils 
 naturally incident to a voyage, without being 
 ruhintiiriiy encountered, such as the accidental 
 springing of masts, the loss of anchors, «Src., or 
 when any peculiar sacrifice is made for the sake 
 of the ship only, or of the cargo only, these losses, 
 or this sacrilicc, must be borne by the parties 
 immediately interested, and arc consequently de- 
 frayed by a particular average. 
 
 'riierc are also some small charges called petty 
 or accvstomed averages ; it is usual to charge one 
 third of them to the ship and two thirds to the 
 cargo. 
 
 No general average ever takes place, except it 
 can be shown that tlie danger was imminent, and 
 that the sacrifice made leas indiKpensahle, or sup- 
 posed to be indisjiensahle, hy the captain and officers 
 for the safety of the ship and cargo. The captain, 
 on coming on shore, should immediately make 
 his protests; and he, with some of t!'o crew, 
 should make oath that the goods were thrown 
 overboard, masts or anchors cut away, money 
 paid, or other loss sustained, for the preservation 
 of the ship and goods, and of the lives of those on 
 board, and for no other purpose. The average, if 
 not settled before, should then be adjusted, ami it 
 shoidd be paid before the cargo is laii.led; for the 
 owners of the ship have a lien on the goods on 
 board, not only for the freight, but also to ansu-er 
 all averages and contributions thai may be dm: 
 But though the captain sliould neglect his duty 
 in this resi)ect, the sufferer would not bo without 
 
AVERAGE 
 
 71 
 
 "IK 
 
 is 
 use. 
 Dtal 
 
 ibly 
 
 rK''> 
 
 HiiK 
 
 one. 
 
 a rcineily, but iiii;;ht bring nil action eitbcr against 
 him or the o\v;.crs. 
 
 Tlic luws of (lificrent states, and the opinions of 
 tlic al)k'st jurists, vary as to whetlicr tlic loss 
 iiicurrctl in ilpfcndinK a ship against an enemy or 
 pirate, and in the treatment of r he wounded oHicors 
 and men, sliouhl lie made good by general or \ii\T- 
 ticular average. The Ordinance of the Ilanso 
 Towns (art. 35), the Ordinance of l(i81 (liv. iii. 
 tit, 7, s. U), and the Code de Commerce (art. MM), 
 8. 0), explicitly declare that tlie charge.s on 
 account of meJlicinc and for attendance upon 
 the olliccrs and seamen wounded in defend- 
 ing the ship, .shall be general average. A 
 regnhition of this sort seems to be founded on 
 reason. IJut other codes arc silent on the sub- 
 ject ; and though the contrary opinion liad been 
 advanced by Mr. Serjeant Marshall, and by Mr. 
 .lusticc Park in the earlier editions of his work, 
 the Court of Common IMcas has unanimously 
 decided tiiat in England neither the damage d(mc 
 to a -ihip, nor the ammunition expended, nor the 
 expense of healing sailors wounded in an action 
 with an enemy or pirate is a .subject of general 
 average. (Abbott, On the Law of Shipping, pt. iii. 
 eh. v''i.) 
 
 The general safety of the whole adventure 
 must also be a motive for the sacriticc, for if a 
 captain of a ship, on the point of capture, thre-,.' 
 overboard a quantity of dollars, not to save tlie 
 ship and cargo, but merely to prevent the d dlars 
 from getting into the enemy's hf.r.d : this is not 
 sut'h a jettison as would entitle the owuei of tlie 
 dollars toageneral average contribution. (Amould, 
 p. 77:!.) ■ 
 
 Some goods .ire excepted, givmg no clai n to 
 contribution, as those of which there is no I ill of 
 luchng ; those taken on board by the captain con- 
 trary to the charter-piirfy ; and especially those 
 cirried on deck, unless there is a usage and custom 
 for such carriage. Thus tiir.ber cast overboard 
 is held to be entitled to aver.igo, as were also 
 some pigs carried between Wuterford and London. 
 
 Much doubt has been entertained, whether ex- 
 penses incurred by a ship in an intermediate port 
 m which she has taken refuge, should be general 
 average or fall only on the .ship. Hut on jirinciple 
 at least, it is clear, that if the retreat of the ship 
 to j)ort be made in order to obviate the danger of 
 loundcring, or some other great and imminent 
 calamity, the expenses incurred in entering it, 
 and during the lime she is forced by stress of 
 weather, or adverse winds, to continue in it, 
 ought to belong to general average. But if the 
 retreat of the ship to port be made in order to 
 repair an injury occasioned by the unskilfulness 
 of the master, or in consequence of any defect in 
 her outfit, such, for example, as deficiencies of 
 water, jirovia. s, sails, tfec, with which she ought 
 to have been sufficiently supplied before setting 
 out, the eynenses should fall wholly on the owners. 
 
 When a ship (supposed to be seaworthy) is forced 
 to take refuge in an intermediate port, because of a 
 loss occasioned by a peril of the sea, as the spring- 
 ing of a mast, &c., then, as the accident is not 
 ascribable to any fault of the master or owners, 
 and the retreat 'to port is indispensable for the 
 safety of the ship and cargo, it woidd seem that 
 any extraordinary erpense incurred in entering it 
 should be made good b_v general average. 
 
 Supposing, however, that it could be shown 
 that the ship was not, at her outset, seaworthy, or 
 in a condition to withstand the perils of the sea ; 
 that the mast, for example, which has sprung, 
 had been previously damaged ; or supposing that 
 the mischief had been occasioned by the incapa- 
 city of the master ; the whole blame would, in 
 
 such a case, bo asiTibable to the owners, who 
 l>esidcs defraying every expense, shoulil he liable 
 in dam.igcs to tlie freighters for the delay that 
 would necessarily take place in compleliug the 
 voyage, and for whatever damage iglit In- done 
 to the cargo. 
 
 These, however, .are merely the ccndusidiis to 
 which, as it appears to us. those must come who 
 look only to princiidcs. The law with rcsjiect to 
 the points referred to difl'ers in ditlVrenf cduiilries, 
 and has differed in this coimtry at difl'erent perioils. 
 ' A doubt,' says Lord Tenterden, ' was formerly 
 entertained as to the expenses of a ship in a port 
 in which she had taken refuge, to repair the damage 
 occasioned by a tempest ; hut this lias beci re- 
 moved by late decisions. And it has been held, 
 that the wages and provisions of the crew during 
 such a ])eriod must fall upon the shin alone. ISut 
 if a ship should necessarily go into an intermediate 
 port for the purpose only of repairing such a 
 damage as is in itself a proper object of general 
 contribution, possibly the wagi^s, itc. during the 
 period of such detontion, may also he held to bo 
 general average, on the ground that the accessory 
 should follow the nature of its principal.' {Line 
 of Shippiiiff, pt. iii. cb. viii.) 
 
 Perhaps the reader who reflects on the vague- 
 ness of this jiassage will be disposed to concur 
 with Lord Tentcrdcn's remark in another ])art of 
 the .same chapter, 'That the determinations of the 
 Kiiglish courts of justice furnish less of authority 
 on this subject (average) than on any other branch 
 of maritime law.' 
 
 The fpiestion, whether the repairs which a ship 
 undergoes that is forced to put into an intermediate 
 jiort ought to be general or p<irticular average, 
 lias created a great diversity of opinion ; but the 
 prin'-iples that ought to regulate our decision vith 
 respect to it seem pretty obvious. Injuries 
 voluntarily ilone to the ship, as cutting away 
 masts, yards, <S:c., to avert some impending danger, 
 are universally admitted to be general average. 
 It seems, however, hardly less clear, and is, indeed, 
 expressly laid down by all the great autliorities, 
 that injuries done to the ship by the violence of 
 the winds or the waves should be particular aver- 
 age, or should fall wludly on the owners. The 
 sliip, to US' ''e admirable illustration of this prin- 
 ciple givi the civil la'.v, is like the totil or 
 instrument 01 a workman in his trade. If in doing 
 his work he break his hammer, his anvil, or any 
 othei instrument, lie can claim no satisfaction for 
 this from his cmjiloyer. (Diff. lib. xiv. tit. 2, s. 2.) 
 The owners are bound, both by the usual con- 
 dition" ill all cli.arter-parties, and at common law, 
 to carry the cargo to its destination ; and they 
 must consequently be bound, in the event of the 
 ship sustaining any accidental or natural damage 
 during the voyage, either to repair that damage 
 at their own expense, or to provide another vessel 
 to forwanl the goods. In point of fact, too, such 
 subsidiary ships have often been provided ; but it 
 has never been pretended that their hire was a 
 subject of general average, tliough it is plain it 
 has quite as good a right to be so considered as 
 the cost of re|)airing the damage done to the ship 
 by a peril of the sea. Hence when a ship jnits 
 into an intermediate port for the common safety, 
 the charges incurred in entering the port, and down 
 to the earliest time that the ivind and iveather become 
 favourable for leaving it, ought to be general aver- 
 age ; but the repair of any damage she may have 
 sustained by wear and tear or by the mere violence 
 of tlie storm, or an accidental peril, and the w.ages 
 of the crew, and other expenses incurred after the 
 weather has moderated, should fall wholly on the 
 owners. 
 
 . r ! 
 
 ^ '4- 
 
 'A- 
 
 ^ • '-r-rtiS m 
 
72 AVERAGE 
 
 A recent decision in the case of n British 
 ship tl>": liiul been obliged to put into port 
 in consequence of nn injury resultiufc from her 
 accidentuily coming into collision with nnothcr, 
 nflirmcd that so much of the repair she then 
 xinderwent n» was ahsoluteh/ necesnari/ to enable 
 her to perform her voyage should be general 
 nverajjc. The Judges, hov-.vor, spoke rather 
 doubllully on the subject; and it is exceedingly 
 ditlicult to discover any good grounds for the judg- 
 ment. (I'lummer and another v. Wildman, 3 M, 
 ij- .S. ■1M2.) It seems directly opposed to all prin- 
 ciple, as well as to the autliority of tlie laws of 
 IJhodes (/>/(/. M, tit. 2), of (Heron (art. !>), of 
 Wisby (art. 12), and to the common law with 
 respect to freight. Lord 'J'enterden has expressed 
 himself as if he were hostile to the judgment. It 
 is, indeed, at variance with all the doctrines he 
 lays down ; and the terms in which he alludes to 
 it,' ' ^c/ iH oHccf/se,' appear to hold it forth as an 
 exception (which it certainly is) to the course of 
 decisions on the subject. 
 
 This rule has been adopted in the United States. 
 hut in this country (Arnould, 702) the case must 
 cither be considered as overruled or at all events 
 not to be an authority for the rule thus deduced 
 from it. Indeed, Lord KUenborough himself after- 
 wards refers to it as decided on the ground that the 
 repairs were rendered necessary by a :;acritice of 
 part of the ship for the general safety, and held on 
 the case then before him (Tower v. Whitmorc) that 
 the expense of repairs can only be a subject of 
 general contribution when rendered necessary by 
 u general average loss. This is accordingly the 
 received rule of law in this country upon the sub- 
 ject. 
 
 It is now usual in this country, when a vessel 
 puts into port on account of a damage belonging 
 to particular average, which requires to be repaired 
 before she can safely jjrocced on her voyage, to 
 allow in general average the expense of entering 
 the port and unloading, to charge the owners of 
 the goods or their underwriters with the ware- 
 house rent and expenses attending the cargo, and 
 to throw the expense of reloading and departure on 
 the freight. 
 
 Considerable doubts liave existed in regard to 
 the policy of making the loss of goods stowed upon 
 the deck and thrown overboard the subject of 
 general average. The French Ordinance of 1G81, 
 proceeding on the assumption that deck stowage 
 is in all cases improper, has expressly excluded 
 goods so stowed from the benefit of such average 
 (Liv. iii. tit. 8, s. 13.) This, however, is plainly a 
 matter in regard to which no invariable rule can 
 be safely laid down ; for though, speaking generally, 
 stowage on the deck be improper and dangerous 
 in most distant voyages, it may not be so, at least 
 in certain seasons of the year, and in certain de- 
 scriptions of vessels, in the coasting or cros.s-channel 
 trades, or in over-sea voyages to contiguous coun- 
 tries. And such being the case, the preferable 
 plan would seem to be to leave cases of the jettison 
 of tlie deck cargo to be decided according to the 
 practice of the i)cculiar trade in which they may 
 happen to take i)lace. This, too, we infer, though 
 the point has not been judicially determined, is, in 
 fact, the law of Kngland at this moment. Prima 
 facie, deck goods are excluded from the benefit of 
 general average ; but if it can be shown that stow- 
 age on deck is the usage of the trade in which a 
 jettison takes place, and the custom of the parties 
 engaged in it, the general presumption againsi, 
 the j)ractice would be defeated, and the goods 
 would be admitted to the benelit of general aver- 
 age. (Shoe's valuable edition of Lord Tenterden's 
 work on the Law of Shipping, pp. 481 — 480.) 
 
 A late statute, the 5 Vict. 2 sess. c. 17, makes it 
 illegal for ships laden with timber and clearing 
 out from any port in liritish North America be- 
 tween November 1 and May 1 to have any portion 
 of the cargo on deck. Hut, with this exception, 
 the propriety of stowing goods on the deck must 
 be determined by the opinions of those engaged 
 in the particular trade in which it may have 
 occurred. 
 
 According to the law of England, when a ship 
 i.i injured by coming into collision with, or 
 rHH«/W/ /■««/ of aiiother, if tlie misfortune has L^ 
 accidental, and no blame can be ascribed to cither 
 party, the owners of the damaged ship have to 
 licar the loss. In cases wliere a collision has 
 taken place through the fault of one party only, 
 he, of course, is responsible for the consequences ; 
 but where both jiarties are to blame, without its 
 l)eing ,iossible to discriminate the precise culpa- 
 bility of each, the loss or damage is to be defrayed 
 equally by both parties. And tliis, al.so, is the 
 rule laid (iown by the laws of Oleron and Wisbv, 
 and the famous French Ordinance of 1G81, in 
 referenco to accidental collisions. The Code ile 
 Commerce (art. 407), however, throws the loss re- 
 sulting from accidental collisions on tlie sutt'ering 
 party, harmonising in this respect with the law of 
 England. [Coli-ision. ] 
 
 The ship and freight, and everything on board, 
 even jewels, i^Jate, and money, except wearing 
 apparel, contribute to genf^al average. Hut tlie 
 wages of seamen do not contribute ; because, had 
 they been laid under this obligation, they might 
 have been tempted to oppose a sacritico necessary 
 for the general safety. 
 
 Dirt'erent states have adopted different modes of 
 valuing the articles which are to contribute to an 
 average. In tliis resiiect the law of England has 
 varied considcrablv at difl'e "ent periods. Atpresent, 
 howe>cr, tlie ship is valued .it the price she is worth 
 on her arrival at the port of delivery. The value 
 of the freight is held to be the clear sum which the 
 ship has earned after seamen's wages, jiilotage, 
 and all such other charges as come under the 
 name of jietty averages, are deducted. It is now 
 the settled jiractice to value the goods lost, as well 
 as those saved, at the price they would have 
 fetched in ready money, at the port of delicenj. (m 
 the ship's arrival there, freight, duties, and other 
 charges being deducted. Each jierson's share of 
 tlie loss will bear the same jiroportion to the value 
 of his property that the whole loss bears to the 
 aggregate value of the ship, freight, and cargo. 
 The necessity of taking the goods lost into this 
 account is obvious ; for otherwise their owner 
 would be the only person who would not be a 
 loser. 
 
 When the loss o£ masts, cables, and other furni- 
 ture oi the ship, is compensated by general 
 average, it is usual, as the new articles will, in all 
 ordinary cases, be of greater value than those that 
 have been lost, to deduct one-third from the value 
 of the former, leaving two-thirds only to be con- 
 tributed. 
 
 But the mode of adjusi'ng an average will 
 be better understood by the following exami)le, 
 extracted from Chief Justice Tenterden's valuable 
 work on the Lair of Shipping, pt. iii. ch. viii. : — 
 ' The reader will suppose that it liecanie neces- 
 sary, in the Downs, to cut the cable of a slii|> 
 destined for Hull ; that the ship afterwards struck 
 upon the Goodwin, which compelled the master 
 to cut away his mast, and cast overboard part of 
 the cargo, in which operation another part was 
 injured ; and that the ship being cleared from the 
 sands, was force . to take refuge in Kamsgato 
 harbour, to avoid the further effects of the storm. 
 
 of dis[ 
 either i 
 institn 
 agains 
 amoun 
 ship, ■ 
 tor till 
 take i 
 ment i 
 same 
 The 
 a part 
 from tl 
 demiiif 
 which 
 its con 
 tions a 
 assiirai 
 object, 
 portaiil 
 well as 
 Jng frc 
 insurc(i 
 
 lit 
 
 igati 
 
AVERAGE 
 
 AVOIRDUPOIS 
 
 73 
 
 the 
 
 /Vtnount »'f 1.0fc!#s 
 
 1III.(.J' 
 
 (»on<K nf A. r.-xt o>i'Tl)0.ir{! ... 
 
 llaiiKiKe i)f the j(ikhI». nf H. Ny ihe U-eiiMm 
 
 Krei|{lii of the koihIs cast uTeilx.aru • 
 
 I'riceof A new {'Hlile, aiit'ttur, ami rnnst • 
 
 Deduct oiu- ttiinl . . . . - 
 
 K«iM-niie of lirinKinii the ship offthe Mn<U 
 
 l'lli>tilfie aiul piirt dutiet K^xtK ^"" *''** harbour and out, 
 nod lUtiiliiiiMioii to the agt-nt who made the di^l■ >itc- 
 iiienlH .-..--•--. 
 
 EipeiiseA there •■..-... 
 
 Adjuttltig thli average - • 
 
 IVatUjje -...-.-.-- 
 Total of lo4he« •---.-- 
 
 .100 
 
 •nnt 
 
 1(10 
 
 ■jnl) 
 .'.0 
 
 Value of Arlirlei to rontrihtite. 
 
 ' (looiU of A. cast overboaril .-.--- 
 
 (Miund value of the ^ooda of li.. tledflcling freight 
 
 ami tharge* -.-.-.-.- 
 
 OoodBofC. ....-.--. 
 
 k! I '. '. '. I '. '. ■ '■ 
 
 Value of the «t(ip • ....... 
 
 Clear freiKhti »l«luctitlg wages, vlnuals, 5ic. 
 
 Total of contrlt'titory value-* - - 
 
 i.nim 
 
 .')IIO 
 
 .'i.OdO 
 '^.IHKI 
 
 Tliitl, ll.SOO/. : l.mit. ■■ : lim/. ! 10/. 
 
 That 14, each person wHt loiw 10 per rent, upon the value of his 
 inlertiit in the cargo, ahin, or freight, '1 heretore, A. loses ^(1/., It, 
 lii(i;„ (", Ml., II, ■iiml., p.. .'ilXi/., the owiiirs WHl. ; in all, 1,1mp/. 
 Upon this eali'uUtlon, the owners are to lose '^Hil/. ; hut they are to 
 receive from tt',e contnhution ?>Mlt. totuake ^'ooil tlieirilishurseiDeiits, 
 and lOiY, more for the freight of the goods thrown overboard; vt 
 *WI.,minutUWl. 
 
 £ 
 
 WO 
 
 They, therefore, ari' nrtually to receive ... 
 
 A. is to contribute 6(1/., hut hiU lost .OIK'/. ; therefore 
 ,\. is to receive ....... HJO 
 
 B. is tocontrihute 100/., but hus lost VOIl/.i there, 
 f.ire 11. i» to receive - 100 
 
 'I'otal to he nctunli)- received - - 7.)0 
 
 On the other hand, C, D., .ind E. have lost J i,' ij,'!', 
 
 nothillgi and are to pay as lietore ; viz. • ^ |^* ,^^^^ 
 
 Tot.il to lie actually paid ... 7 .on 
 
 ^vhlch t« exactly equal to the total to li 
 be paid by and to each person in ratea 
 
 ]p actually received, and must 
 
 iteable pro|>uition. 
 
 ' In the above estimate of losses, I have inohulcd 
 the t'rcit;lit of the goods thrown overboard, ■which 
 appears to be proper, as tlie freight of the goods is 
 to be paid, and their supposed value is taken clear 
 of frciglit, an well as other charges. In tliis coun- 
 try, where the practice of insurance is very general, 
 it is usual for the broker, who has procured the 
 policy of insurance, to draw up an adjustment of 
 the average, wliidi is ctjmmniily paid in tlio first 
 instance by tiic insurers witiiout dispute. In case 
 of dispute, the contribution may be recovered 
 eitlier bi/ a suit in equity, or by an action at law, 
 instituted by each individual entitled to receive, 
 against each party that ought to pay, for the 
 amount of his share. And in the case of a general 
 sliip, where there arc many con.sigiices, it is usual 
 for the master, before he delivers the goods, to 
 take a bond from the different merchants for pay- 
 ment of their portions of the average when the 
 same shall be adjusted.' 
 
 The subject of average does not necessarily make 
 a part of tlie law of insurance ; though as insurers, 
 from the terms of most policies, are liable to in- 
 demnify the insured against those contributions 
 wliich are ))roperly denominated general average, 
 its consideration very frequently occurs in ques- 
 tions as to p.irtial losses. Uut in oriler to confine 
 iissiirances to that which should be their only 
 object, namely an indemnity agaiiLst real and im- 
 portant losses arising from a peril of the sea, as 
 ■well as to obviate disputes respecting losses aris- 
 ing from tlie perishable quality of the goods 
 insured, and all trivial subjects of difference and 
 litigation, it seems to be the general law of all 
 
 maritime states, and is expressly, indeed, provided 
 by the famous Urdiiiancc of l(i«l (see liv. iii. lit. (i, 
 8.' '17, and the elaborate cummciitarj- of M. Valiii). 
 that the insurer shall not he liable "to any dcnii ..li 
 on account of Bvera}.'e, unless it exceed one per 
 cent. An article (No. -I UN) to the same cUVct is 
 inserted in the Ctide de Cnminrrcc; and by slipii- 
 liition, this limitation is frc .icntly extended in 
 French policies to three or four jicr cent. .V 
 similar jiractice was adopleil in this country in 
 1740. It is now constantly stipuliited in all 
 jiolicie.i, tiiat u])on certain enumerated articles of 
 a quality peculiarly perishable, the insurer sliall 
 not be liable for any partial lo.ss whatever; that 
 upon certain others liable to partial injuries, but 
 less difliciilt to be preserved at sea, be shall only 
 be liable for partial losses above /icfi per cent.; 
 and that as to all other goods, and also tlie ship 
 and freight, lie shall only be liable for partial 
 losses above three per cent. Tiiis stipulation is 
 made by a memorandum inserted at the bt.ttoin of 
 all policies done at Lloyd's, of tlie following tenor : 
 'N.H. Corn; fish, ,'.iilt, fruit, Hour, and .seeds are 
 warranted free from average, unle.s.s general, or 
 the ship be stranded : sugar, tobacco, liemp, flax, 
 hides, and skins are warranted free from average 
 under 5/. per cent.; and all otlier goods free f'roiu 
 average under 3/. per cent., unless general, or the 
 ship be stranded.' 
 
 'ihe form of this memorandum was universally 
 used, as well by the Koyal Exchange and London 
 Assurance Companies as by p'rivate underwriters, 
 till 17u4, when it was decided that a ship having 
 run aground, was a stranded ship within the mean- 
 ing of the memorandum, and that although .she 
 got oft" again, the underwriters were lialile to the 
 average or partial loss upon damaged corn. This 
 decision iiuluced the two companies to strike the 
 words or the ship be strmuleil out of the menio- 
 rnndiim ; so that now they consider themselves 
 liable to no losses which can happen to such 
 commotlities, except general averages and total 
 losses. The old form is still retained by the pri- 
 vate underwriters. [Jetsam; Stranuinh.] 
 
 The reader is referred for the further discussion 
 of this important subject, to the article ^Iaiiine 
 I NsuitANCE ; and to Mr. Stevens's Essay on A ceraije; 
 Abbott On the Law of Shipping, pt. iii. eh. viii.; 
 Marshall On Insurance, book i. eh. xii. s. 7; Park 
 Oh Insurance, ch. vii. ; and Mr. JJenccke On the 
 Pi inciples of Indemnity in Marine Insurance; 
 Arnould On Murine Insurance; Pritchard's Ad- 
 miralty Digest; Smith'a Mercantile Law. 
 
 International General Average. — It is clear tliat 
 there is u tendency for the rules of commeicial 
 law, and especially that portion which deals with 
 .shi)iping and marine assurance, to become identical 
 ill all civilised communities. Hence all admiralty 
 and naval courts take into account decisions which 
 have been given in foreign tribunals, quote cases 
 which have been adjudicated on, and treat com- 
 mercial law with greater or less exactness as jiart 
 of the law of nations. 
 
 The reader is referred especially to the liepnrt 
 if the Social Science Association for ISCil, eon- 
 tainhig the resolutions arrived at "by representa- 
 tives from Belgium, France, Holland, the Ilaiisc 
 Towns, Itussia, and the United States. 
 
 AVOIRDUPOIS. .\ weight used in determin- 
 ing the gravity of bulky commodities. 
 
 A I 
 
 i i 
 
 .'.'■• 
 
 iV^I-i 
 r. '. 
 
 4 . ■! ■ • 
 I ; 
 
^mmi 
 
 mm 
 
 m\ 
 
 74 
 
 JJA1500L BARK 
 
 BAIIIA 
 
 B 
 
 ll-l 
 
 ' . i 
 
 liABOOL BAIIK. The bark of the Acacia 
 iiriihica is almost exclusively used by the natives 
 <il' liiilia for tanning purposes, being the only barlt 
 whicli can be obtained throughout the Peninsula 
 ill large quantities, and cheap. The price varies 
 IriMu h to 2 rupees \\'vc mauutl, about 80 lbs. avoir, 
 
 1!A(;C)X AXD IIAMS. The former is made 
 U\m\ the sides and bc'ly of the pig, and the latter 
 Irdin its hind legs. Tue process of curing may be 
 ill'i'cted indifTcrently by the employment of salt 
 cir .-ugar, or both ; but the lirst is by far the most 
 (•(inmionly used. After being impregnated with 
 salt or sugar, and allowed to remain a certain 
 lime in the solution, the bacon and hams are 
 taken out, dried and smoked. The counties of 
 Jlngland most celebrated for bacon and hams, arc 
 Vork, Hants, IJerks, and Wilts. Ireland produces 
 great quantities of both; but they arc coarse, not 
 :.ii well cured as the English, and much lower 
 |irlced. Of the Scotch coiuitios, Dumfries, Wig- 
 ton, and Kirkc'.dbright are celebrated for the 
 ext'ullence of their bacon and bams, of which they 
 export large quantities, principally to the Liver- 
 podl and London markets. [Pouk.] 
 
 liACiCiAtiE. In Commercial Navigation, the 
 wearing apparel and other articles destined for the 
 sole ur.e or accommodation of the crews and passen- 
 gers of ships. The following are the principal 
 custom-house regulations with respect to baggage : 
 
 Baggage and apparel accompanied by the 
 ] proprietor, worn and in use (not made up fur the 
 ]inrpose of being introduced into this countrj'), 
 exempted from all duty on importation. 
 
 liaggage, containing no article liable to duty, 
 and arriving by continental eteara vessels, may be 
 examined between CJravesend and London, pro- 
 vided the proprietor be present, and see the 
 ]ia('kngo3 reclosed and labelled by the oflicer. 
 Such baggage is landed before any other, provided 
 the label be not removed or torn. (Customs 
 Order, Aug. S, 1853.) 
 
 At the outports those passengers having but 
 sliHile packages landed, will have these first ex- 
 amined. 
 
 Articles in baggage (not merchandise) .subject 
 to duty, will be delivered to passengers, if the 
 duties tlioreon, and a small fee for passing the 
 entry, be deposited with the person authorised to 
 receive the same. 
 
 Jf unaccompanied, and examined by sight entry, 
 baggage may be delivered on a proper indorse- 
 ment being made and certified by the examining 
 officer. 
 
 If not cleared at the expiration of six months 
 from the date of landing, it is liable to be sold for 
 duty and charges, the residue (if any) to be paid 
 to tlie right owner on proof being adduced to the 
 satisfaction of the Board. 
 
 One rifle or fowling-piece, and one pau of 
 pistols accomptinying the party, for private use, 
 free per Customs Order, Sept. 23, 1829. Now 
 duty free. 
 
 Trifling articles of silk, and leather gloves in 
 small quantities, found in passengers' baggage, 
 landed from the continent, admitted for entry for 
 private use on the usual declaration. {Customs 
 Order, August 7, 1833.) Now duty free. 
 
 One pint of drinkable spirits of whatever 
 strength, or half a pint of cordial or Cologne 
 water, in baggage, for private use — free. {Trea- 
 suri/ Order, October 2.5, 1820.) 
 
 Half a pound of cigars or manufactured tobacco 
 in tiic baggage of passengers delivered duti/ 
 free. 
 
 Passengers from phon, voyages may enter ") lbs., 
 and those from long voyages may enter 7 lbs., of 
 cigars. (Customs Order, .lanunry 14, 1837.) 
 
 Books, plate, or other articles on ivhich draw- 
 back might have been received, free, on declaration 
 that no drawback has been received. 
 
 Drawings and sketches made for amusement, 
 and not for sale, by the proprietor, and accompa- 
 nied by him, dutyfree. (Treasury Order, August 
 5, 1817.) 
 
 Foreign newspapers vnhmind, dutv free. (Cus- 
 toms Order, April 29, 1829.) 
 
 Passengers denying having Foreign Goodii in their 
 Possession. — Th;, following clause in the Act 10 & 
 17 Vict. c. 107, has reference to this subject: ' If 
 any passenger or other person, on board any ship 
 or boat, or who may have landed from the same, 
 shall, upon being questioned by any officer whe- 
 ther ho has any foreign goods upon his person, or 
 in his possession, deny the same, and any such 
 goods shall, after such denial, be discovered to be, 
 or to have been, upon his person, or in his posses- 
 I sion, such goods shall be forfeited, and such pcr- 
 ! son shall forl'eit treble the value of such goods.' 
 i Sec. 229. 
 
 ' Any Licensed Agent overcharging parties for 
 ' customs duties or other disbursement, will have 
 j his license withdrawn, and be prosecuted. (Cus- 
 \ toms Order, Dec. 24, 1847.) 
 
 A customs officer taking any fee, perquisite, or 
 reward for anything done or omitted to be done by 
 him in discharge of his duty, is to be dismissed.— 
 (16ifel7\ict. c. 107 s. 3.) 
 
 BAUIA or SALVADOR. A large city (for- 
 merly a capital) of Brazil, contiguous to Cape St. 
 Antonio, which forms the right or eastern side of 
 the entrance of the noble bay of Todos os Santos, 
 or All-Saints. 
 
 The map conveys a clearer and better idea of 
 this celebrated bay than could be acquired from 
 any description. 
 
 According to the observations of M. Roussin, 
 the lighthouse on the Cape is in lat. 13° 0' 30" S., 
 long. 38° 30' W. The opposite side of the en- 
 trance to the Baj' is formed by the island of 
 Taporica, distant from Cape St. Antonio about 2^ 
 leagues. Bui a bank along the shore of the 
 island narrov.s the passage for large ships to about 
 two-thirds this distance. Another bank runs 
 S.S.VV. from Cape St. Antonio about 1^ league. 
 Within, the bay expands into a capacious basin, 
 having several islands and harbours, the depth of 
 water varying from 8 and 10 to 40 fathoms, 
 atlbrding ample accommodation and secure an- 
 chorage for the largest fleets. 
 _ There is another entrance to the bay, i n the west 
 side of the island c." Taporica; but it is narrow, in- 
 tricate, and at its mouth has not more than 6 feet 
 water. Several rivers have their embouchure in 
 the bay, which generally occasions a current to set 
 
 'CC;<^ 
 
 '?<*»« 
 
 ^^JtarafM,'^ 
 
 ^'"-foOn, 
 
'^"^t^ Lonfimm i i 
 
 Edw^Wdlirr. 
 
 ■'1 
 
 
 < ■ ' ■ ■; 
 
 I 
 
 Si 
 
from ( 
 Mtimi 
 
 evfrem 
 '/' . 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ "''"lit 1 5fi 
 
 /«f« 'llscovery 
 ii'Proaso in h„ 
 
 ;"")•'' i« bo i 
 
 to 550,000/. r 
 "^'"••Jf-s are a,/, 
 vessel.,, of tifj" 
 
 Ti,. '•> carried 
 vessel.;. '"'^"'W imp 
 
 enforced. " ''"^'f 
 
 ""'""' m Ugh, 
 J'lhia has nnf I 
 
 "'^ferwards^exDo r'";'^'""'«e 
 
 ., ^''"^•'"ty of '?T "«"'•'" 
 
 c'lrononieten, „„ , '"''" ce' 
 "^^onCd^Sofh^rn,, 
 
 Average E\rh. ^'"^ *>« 
 
from tba ^'^JIlA 
 
 "'ILlKCE 
 
 ="^B^ia 
 
 
 
 """wcounir,;, 
 
 I.. ^'ol«l 
 
 
 Soil 
 
 i:oo 
 
 »"i>i-a.. 
 
 "■'" (louMn .ir — — — .' 
 
 ' i 
 
 
 
 
78 
 
 11 A LANCE 
 
 I I 
 
 j^owth nf KoiiMilcr (ipiiiioin with rosporf to llip 
 nnfiirr niid riinciious nt' iiKiiicy, nIioivocI tliu futility 
 <pf a nyxtoni (iI'imiHcv liiiviii^ Niirh oliici-lM in view. 
 It is now ninc'i'ilcii III! nil linndH tlint );iiKI and 
 HilviT arc iiiithiii;; l>iit t'cimnnxlitii's; and tlint 
 
 nrticlcs cnlitlcil fo (Irnwlmckn on exportation, 
 lint thn cxtrMMlon and iiniirovrtni'.nt of the warr- 
 lioii'-in^MyNtrm, and tlit' diniiniilioiiof the niimlMT 
 of drawliai k-, liavi- inntirially liMscnod wh.itr\ it 
 fraud or inaccnrarv may have nrinrn from lliis 
 
 it in in iii> n"<pi'('t nfi'«"<sary to inti'rfi'ro citlicr to ' i-onrri-. So lo:ij,', indi'cd, n* the ^rvntiT nmnlMT 
 t'lic'iinratcc tlii'i; importation or to prevent their 
 exportation. In (i.eat ISritain tliey may lie freely 
 ex|M)rted and imported, whether in the ><h.ipu of 
 eiiin or liidlion. | Ciiin, | 
 
 'I'he trutli is, however, tliat. tlu! theory of the 
 halanee of trade was not erruneons merely from 
 the falxo iiotions wliieh its advoeate-i entertained 
 with respeet to money, Imt proee ded on radieally 
 mistaken views as to the natnre of conimeree. 
 The ino(ic in whiidi the lialamc' was nsnally esti- 
 mated was, indeed, eompletely fallai'ions. iJut 
 had it been eorrectly aseerlained, it wcnild have 
 lieen found, in opposition to the eotnmon opinion, 
 that the imports into eonniiereial conntrie.s must, 
 speakinj; penendly, exceed the exports; and that 
 a haianee, whether on the one side or the other, is 
 l)iit rarly canci lied hy a hnllion payimiit. 
 
 1. The proper business of the wholesale mer- 
 ehant consists in earryinj; the various proihicts of 
 thu dilVerent eonntries of the world from the 
 idaees where tin ir value is least to those where it 
 IS greatest; or, whi -h is th 
 ilistribntin;; thim aeeordini; 
 
 ; ..; , ,, 
 
 dennind. It is el ar, however, that there eould 
 be no motive to export any species of produce, 
 ii'd"ss that which it was iiitnideil to import in 
 iti^ stead were of ;;rcater value. When an lCtiy:lisIi 
 merchant eominissions a (|uaiitity of I'oli.-h wluat, 
 he calculates on its sellinj; for so much more than 
 its pric(! ill I'oland, as will hi^ sullicicnt to pay the 
 expense of frei;,dit, insurance, Ac, and to yield, 
 bcsidts, llie eoinmon and ordinary rate of prollt 
 on the capital employed. If the wh .at did not 
 sell for this miicli, its im|)(irtalion would obviously 
 be a loss to the importer. It is plain, then, that 
 no merchant ever did or ever will export, but in 
 the view of import iiiK somelhiu}; more valiuible 
 in return. And so far from an excess of exports 
 over imports bein;; any criterion of an advantaye- 
 OU8 eoinmcreo, it is directly the reverse; and the 
 truth is, jiotwitlistandinj; all that has been said 
 and written to the contrary, that unless the value 
 of the imports exceeded that of the exports, 
 lbrei;;n trade coidd not be carried on. Were this 
 not the case — that is, were the value "of tlic 
 cx|)(irts always ;;reater than the value of the 
 imports — merehants woidd lose on every trans- 
 action with forei;;iiers, and thj trade with them 
 would be speedily abandoned. 
 
 In KuLtland, the rates at which all articles of 
 export and import ar; oflicially valued were lixed 
 so far back as Ki'Jti, lint the very jrreat alteration 
 that has since taken place, not only in the value 
 of money, but also in the cost of hy ftir the 
 j;tcater number of the commodities ol this and 
 other countries, lon;^ nj^o rendered the otlicial 
 valuation of no use whatever, either as a means 
 of learning' the values or the quantities of the 
 ex|;orts or imports. In so far, however, as respects 
 the former, this defect was unintentionally re- 
 medied in 17'JH, when the • convoy duty,' beinf; 
 an ad valorem tax laid on the exports, furnished 
 the means of ascertaining their amount. And the 
 importance of the information so obtained was 
 such, that, whether articles of export have or 
 have not been charjjed with duties, exporters 
 have since b^en made to declare, in every case, 
 the real value of the articles which they export. 
 
 It has been alleged, and apparently with some 
 probabilily, that merchants have not unfrefpiently 
 been in tlie habit of cxiiggerating the value of 
 
 of articles Were charged with an ail valorem duty 
 of lOx. per cent, on exportation, it may be pn- 
 Hutni il that their \alue wiis rather iindir than 
 overrated. Hut since the repeal of that duly 
 (r) A- ») Vict. c. 17, s. 10), their declared value is 
 believed to come very near the truth; at least, 
 sutlicientiv so for all practical purposes, 
 
 Kutuntd Very recently no authentic informatiou 
 wasoblaincd in regard to the value of the imports. 
 In IrtlH, however, the Hoard of Customs having 
 approved a plan suggested by Mr, .Messenger, 
 iii-pector-general of imports and exports, for 
 xscertaining the value of the former, it was sub- 
 mitted by them to the Ircasury, .Vnd its advan- 
 tau'i's having been fully appreciated by Mr, .laim h 
 Wilson, Jl.i'., then secretary to their Lordships, 
 it was carried into elfcet in 1H.')1. It is needless 
 to enter into any minute details with respeet to 
 the mode of computing the values of the imports. 
 It is sntlicient to state that it is etl'ected by 
 ascertaining the current prices of imported articles 
 saino thing, in ' from price-currents, mercantile circulars, Ac, and 
 to the cITeetLve ! from these deducing the aggregate value of each. 
 
 It would be idle to suppose that results derived 
 from a process of this sort should bo altogether 
 exact; but the errors it involves are of no great 
 moment, and for statistical purposes it nuiy bo 
 reckoned quite correct, and most valuable. 
 
 In a former edition of this work, we ventured to 
 say that, though we had no means of eiunparing 
 the real values of tli> imports with those of the 
 exports, wo had no ubt that the former very 
 considerably exceed, a the latter. It could hardly, 
 indeed, be otherwise. The value of an exported 
 commodity is estimated nt the moment of its 
 being sent abroad, and l/ifuri: its cost is increased 
 by the expense of transporting it to the place of 
 its destination; whereas the value of the com- 
 modity inqiorteil in its stead is estimated afler 
 it has arrived at its destination, and, consequently, 
 after its cost has been enhanced by the expense 
 of freight, insurance, importers' prolits, Ac. 
 
 Eue<..,fl j.^oiBc 
 iiii|Mirt»l 
 
 £ 
 
 IKfiS 
 
 S12,«19,6I4 '^I8,83l,.');ri 
 GV,.131i,.'i,')» Sa/^lll.TOU 
 
 if,r,ii 
 
 £ 
 !».'), W1,.')5S 
 
 !i.1S,8n5,9IX) 
 
 To measure, therefore, the advantage of com- 
 merce by the excess of the exports over the 
 imports is a proceeding false alike in fact 
 and i)rinciple. The value of the imports, in all 
 but anomalous and extremely rare instances, 
 invariably exceeds that of the exports. Anil it 
 is plain that this excess, whatever it may be, 
 forms the only fund whence the e.xiienscs and 
 profits of themerehants cm be derived. The 
 larger, consequently, it becomes, the more will it 
 be for their advantage. 
 
 In the United States, the value of the imports, 
 as ascertained by the custom-house returns, has 
 usually e.xcecded the value of the exports. And 
 although our practical ijolitieians were in the 
 habit of considering the excess of the former as a 
 certain proof of a disadvantageous commerce, ' it 
 is nevertheless true,' says Mr. Pitkin, ' that the 
 real gain of the United States has been nearly in 
 proportion us their imports have exceeilr.d their 
 exports' (Commerce of the United Stores, 2nd edit, 
 p. 280.) The excess of American imports has in 
 part been occasioned by the Americans generally 
 
 qiier 
 
 equi 
 
 cost 
 
 •In 1 
 
 •"old 
 
 harrel 
 
 value 
 
 barrel 
 
 file p, 
 but „,, 
 •■^I'aiii, 
 
 'VO|,|,| 
 
 /or -jr, 
 
 -Vmeric 
 
 have di 
 
 ves.Hi.| I 
 
 *''" fran 
 
 .•'"liars 1 
 
 ''*'i or ot 
 
 "inrkct; 
 
 "<■ the ri 
 
 value to ] 
 
 *^cnn tner 
 
 '■'-'.'•OO fi„, 
 
 *" •'^pain.' 
 
 transactioi 
 
 ^'mt its a,\ 
 
 "'fhevah, 
 
 "' those ex 
 
 -^""•rica i, 
 
 payment., j, 
 
 'V.f'"- nbov, 
 
 "bio extent 
 
 , -• '" the 
 
 .".*■ <me couni 
 
 "''('.'■'"J.vrei 
 
 "^■•''f">-co„n 
 
 mt'rcJmnfs to 
 
 "'"n duo bv 
 
 mvmcntswil 
 
 ^V" ""f. nnd i 
 
 e-'^portation ,j 
 
 '" "'«' Name t 
 
 V' ■'• principle 
 
 i>i the merchar 
 'hose ,lr„„.„ /^ 
 
 fndtoI/oW,;7 
 
 «e ir ""/'""""o. 
 >v b/"''"«^da'r 
 
 -ntofe/^-^'Yt 
 "Pccies ^f^°^'^ to in 
 
 ni 
 
 is 
 of 
 

 '<! 
 
 
 ' • ) ' 
 1 .' ' 
 
78 
 
 BALE 
 
 I 
 
 II i. 
 
 jiicrcliaiit would import any comraodity from 
 France, iink'ss it brought a hi^lic' T>ricc iu this 
 comitry than thi^ commodity cxpo.iod to pay it; 
 and tliat tlic profit of tiic mercbant, or the na- 
 liiiiml t:n'm, would bo in exact proportion to thia 
 t'xccss of price. The very reason a.ssif;ncd by 
 these persons for prohibiting the trade affords the 
 bc.-t attainable proof of its bavin;? been a lucrative 
 one : nor can there be any doubt that an unrc- 
 l•tric^c•(l freedom of intercourse between the two 
 coiiutries would be of the greatest service to both. 
 IJALK. A pack, or certain quantity of goods 
 or merchandise; as a bah of silk, cloth, &c. 
 
 Hales are always marked and numbered, that the 
 merchants to whom they belonj^ may know them, 
 and the marks and numbers correspond to those in 
 file bills of lailinjj, <tc. Selling under the bale, or 
 under the ronls, is a term used in France .and 
 other countries for selling goods wholesale, with- 
 out sample or pattern, and unopened. 
 BALKS. Large pieces of timber. 
 BALLAST (Dutch, ballast; Tr. lest; Ger. bal- 
 last; ItaL savorra; Span, lastre: Swed. ballast). 
 A quantity of iron, stones, smid, gravel, or any other 
 heavy materiid laid in a ship's hold, in order to 
 sink her deeper in the water, and to reader her 
 capable of carrying sail without being overset. 
 AH ships clearing outwards, havhig no goods on 
 board other than the personal baggage of the 
 passengers, are said to be in ballast. 
 
 The quantity of ballast required to fit ships of 
 Cf|ual burden for a voyage, is often materially 
 different; the proportion being always less or 
 more, according to the sharpness or flatness of the 
 ship's bottom, called, by seamen, the Jtuar. 
 
 The proper ballasting of a ship deserves peculiar 
 attention, for, although it be known that ships in 
 general will not carry sufKcient sail till they are 
 laden so that the surface of the water nearly 
 glances on the extreme breadth midships, more 
 than this general knowledge is required. If the 
 shij) have a great weight of heavy ballast, as lead, 
 iron, itc, in the bottom, the centre of gravity 
 will be too low in the hold; this no doubt will 
 enable her to carry a press of sail, but it will, at 
 the same time, maike her sail hea-\-ily, and roll so 
 violently as to run the risk ol' being dismasted. 
 
 The object in ballasting a ship is, therefore, so 
 tn dispose of the ballast or cargo, that she may be 
 duly poised, and maintain a proper equilibrium on 
 the water, so as neither to be too stiff', nor too crank, 
 qualities equally pernicious. If too stiff, she may 
 carry much sail, but her velocity will not be pro- 
 jiortionally increased; whilst her masts are en- 
 claiigered by sudden jerks and excessive labouring. 
 If too crank, she will be unfit to carry sail witliuut 
 the risk of oversetting. 
 
 Stiffness in ballaal ing is occasioned by disposing 
 ;i too great quantity of heavy ballast, as lead, iron, 
 (ic., iu the bottom, which throws the centre of 
 gravity very near the keel ; and this being the 
 i;ciitre aboiit which tlie vibrations are made, the 
 lower it is jdaced, the more violent is the rolluig. 
 Cr.inkness. on the other hand, is occasioned by 
 liaving too little ballast, or by disposing the ship's 
 lading so as to raise the centre of gravity too 
 high: this also endangers the masts Avhen it 
 blows hard; for when the masts cease to be i)er- 
 ])endicular, they strain on the shrouds in the 
 nature of a lever, which increases as the sine of 
 their obliquity : and it is superfluous to add, that 
 a ship that loses her masts is iu great danger of 
 being lost. 
 
 Hence the art of ballasting consists in placing 
 the centre of gravity to correspond with the trim 
 and shape of the vessel, so as to be neither too 
 high nor too low ; neither too far forward nor too 
 
 BALLAST 
 
 far aft; and to lade the ship so deep, that the 
 surface of the water may nearly rise to the ex- 
 treme breadth midships: she will then carry a 
 good quantity of sail, incline but little, and ply 
 well to windward. (t^alcouer's Marine Diet.) 
 
 The mischievous consequences of not attending 
 to the circumstances now mentioned are often 
 experienced by shiiis loading barilla, brimstone, 
 and such heavy articles on the coast of Sicily and 
 Spain. The habit there is to cut large quanti- 
 ties of brushwood and faggots, and to spread 
 them in the liold, to hinder the cargo from 
 sinking the centre of gravity too low, and causing 
 the ship to labour violently; but it very fre- 
 quently happens that tlie pressure of thecargi) 
 on this sort of dunnage is so great as to squeeze 
 it into a much smaller space than could at first 
 have been supposed; so that ships after getting 
 to sea are sometimes obliged to return to port 
 to unload a jiart of their cargo, to prevent their 
 fouudcring. In sucli cases finn dunnage, such 
 as oak staves, should, if possible, be always em- 
 ployed. (Jackson's Commerce of Mediterranean, 
 pp. 125-128.) 
 
 Ships that have cargoes of light goods on board 
 require a quantity of ballast, increasing, of 
 course, according to the greater lightness of the 
 goods. 
 
 By the Thames Conser\-ancy Act, 27 & 28 Vict, 
 cap. 113, ss. 41-48, ballast in the Thames is vested 
 in the Thames Commissioners, who are empowered 
 to grant licenses to have ballast in the fonn and 
 under the conditions annexed. The Act takes 
 away all previous Acts, charters and grants, and 
 thus causes the rights of the Trinity House to 
 cease. 
 
 The charge made for ballast is Gd, the entire 
 yard, 
 
 ' Ballast License, eastward of London Bridge. — 
 We, the conservators of the river Thames, by 
 virtue of the powers granted to us by the Act of 
 Parliament entitled "The Thames Conservancy 
 Act, 1804," do hereby grant our license to 
 
 of to raise ballast, 
 
 gravel, or sand, in his called the 
 
 of the biurthen of tons, from 
 
 the bed of the river Thames, from the 
 to the on payment of the sum of 
 
 and subject to the conditions here- 
 after specified, 
 ' Given imder our hand and seal this 
 (Signed) 
 
 ' Secretary, 
 '41, Trinity Square, Tower Hill, E.C 
 
 ' Conditions referredtoin this Z,ift7isf,— That the 
 space in the river within which dredguig under 
 this license will be allowed, extends from London 
 Bridge to Yantlet Creek, except as hereinafter 
 mentioned, viz. in that part of the said river 
 situate and being between the marsh wall and 
 low-water mark, in front of certain land or lands 
 belonging to the War Department, on the north 
 side of the said river, and nearly opposite the 
 Koyal Arsenal at Woolwich, and also save and 
 except in that other part of the river situate and 
 lying between Pageant's Wharf and Cuckold's 
 Point therein. 
 
 'No dredging with a bag and spoon will be 
 allowed within lUO yards of any wharf or of 
 the river bank, nor will any gravel, sand, or 
 other material bo allowed to be dug or procured 
 from the foreshore within 100 feet of auy wharf, 
 or of the bank of the river. 
 
 ' The dredging authorised by this license is to 
 be carried on under the inspection of the harbour- 
 master of the district, and the person to whom 
 this license is granted, and the men employ.d by 
 
.'■i 
 
 BALLAST 
 
 liim in the dredKinfr, are to dbcy all orders given 
 to Iiini or them by the said harbour-master, with 
 respect to the mooring or placing, or mode of 
 working tlie barge or vessel having tiiis license. 
 
 ' Tliat the license be kept on board the vessel 
 for which it is granted, and produced whenever 
 required by tlic officers of the conservancy. 
 
 ' That the name of the vessel, and the name 
 and address of the owner, bo painted in wliito 
 letters of at least 2i inches in length, and of 
 propiirtionate thickness (say J-inch) on a black 
 ground, and in such a position as to be fairly seen 
 when tlic vessel is fully laden. 
 
 ' That all ai)plications for liucnsca be made in 
 writing, addressed to the secretary. 
 
 ' That this license be forfeited on the iufraction 
 or evasion of any of the above conditions.' 
 
 Itatcs. — l"'or every ten of ballast delivered in 'ir 
 unladen from the inward West India Dock, the 
 further sum of lOd. ; and for every ton of ballast 
 delivered in or unladen from the outward West 
 India Dock, the further sum of id. ; and for every 
 ton of ballast delivered in or unladen from the 
 London Docks, the further sum of 4</. ; and for 
 every ton of ballast delivered in or unladen from 
 the imvard Kast India Dock, the further simi of 
 lOfl. ; and for every ton of ballast delivered in 
 or unladen from the outward East India Dock, 
 the further sum of id. ; and for every ton of 
 ballast delivered in or unladen from the Com- 
 mercial Dock, the further sum of 4d. ; and for 
 every ton of ballast delivered in or unladen from 
 the East Country Dock, the further sum of id. ; 
 and for every ton of ballast delivered in or 
 imladen from the City Canal the further sum of 
 id. ; and for every ton oi ballast delivered in or 
 unladen from the' Surrey Canal, the further sum 
 of id. ; and for every ton of ballast delivered in 
 or luiladcn from the Regent's Canal, the further 
 sum of id. 
 
 Which further rates or prices shall be payable 
 and paid over and above the respective rates first 
 mentioned. 
 
 The ballast of all ships or vessels coming into 
 the Tha»^ "" is to be unladen into a lighter, at 
 the ohai ' od. a ton. If any ballast be thrown 
 or unla rem any ship or vessel into the 
 
 Thames, t^u captain, master, &c., shall for every 
 such offence forfeit 20/. No ballast is to be 
 received on board othenviso than from a lighter. 
 'liy the stat. 54 Geo. III. c. 149, it is enacted, that 
 no person shall, under a penalty of 10/. over and 
 above all expenses, discharge any ballast, rubbish, 
 &c. in any of the ports, harbours, roadsteads, 
 navigable rivers, &c. of the United Kingdom ; 
 nor take ballast from any place prohibited by the 
 Lords of the Admiralty. 
 
 Heaving of Ballast. — The men employed in 
 this laborious occupation have, for a lengthened 
 l)criod, been held in a sort of thraldom by what 
 are called the ' Long shore publicans,' who have 
 jmid them according to a truck sj-stem of the 
 very worst kind. To emancipate the labourers 
 from this degrading subjection, and place them 
 on a more independent footing, the Trinity 
 House offers to heave ballast as follows, viz.: — ' 
 'T'rinity House, London, November 11, 1853. 
 
 'Her Majesty having, as provided by s. 14 of 
 tlie Act IG it 17 Vict. c. till, been pleased by 
 order in council, dated October 24, 1853, to 
 approve a scale of rates, to be established and 
 jiiiid to this corporation by the o^^^ler3 or masters 
 ol', or .ngents for, any ships, who ma)' be desirous 
 that the Trinity House should undertake to place 
 bal'ast on board, or unload it from, such ships, in 
 addition to the rates Tilrcady payable muler the 
 Act & 7 \kt. c. 57, for placing the ballast 
 
 BALSAM 
 
 7» 
 
 alongside the same. The said Fcale so approved 
 is hereby made public fur the infonnation of all 
 persons who may bo desirous to avail themsclvi.s 
 of this regulation, viz. : — 
 
 ' " For vessels having ports, id. for every ton of 
 ballast placed on board or tuiladen; 
 
 ' " For vessels not havhig ports, dhd. for eviiy 
 ton of ballast placed on board or unladen." 
 
 'And notice is given, that on and aft'r )h" 
 1st day of December, 18j;i, this corporation will 
 cause ballast to be placed on board of, or luihuleii 
 from, all ships or vessels, the owners, masters, or 
 agents of which may be desirous that it shall be 
 so ])laced <ir unladen, on payment of the rate.< 
 above spccilied, at the time of making entry and 
 payment fur the quantity of ballast required to 
 be put on board, or unladen, as the case may be. 
 'By order, J. Hi:i!Bi;ut, 
 
 ' Secretarv.' 
 
 The Act IG & 17 Vict. c. 107 s. 145 enacts 
 that before any ship shall depart in ballast from 
 the United Kingdom for ))arts beyond seas, not 
 having any goods on board, except stores from the 
 warehouse borne upon the victualling bill of such 
 ship, nor any goods reported inwards for exporta- 
 tion in such ship, the collector or comptroller shall 
 clear such ship in ballast, by notifying such clear- 
 ance and the date thereof of the victualling bill, 
 and deliver the same to the master of such ship 
 as the clearance thereof; and the master of sucli 
 ship shall answer to the collector or comptroller 
 such questions touching her departure and desti- 
 nation as shall be demanded of him ; and ships 
 having only passengers with their baggage on 
 board, and ships laden only with chalk or slate, 
 shall be deemed to be in ballast ; and if any such 
 ship, whether laden or in ballast, shall depart 
 without being so cleared, if she have any sucli 
 stores on board, the master shall forfeit and pay 
 the sum of 100/. 
 
 Ilallast is not part of a ship's furniture. 
 
 Ship owners are bound to ballast a ship i)ro- 
 pcrly, but they may put merchamlise on hoard 
 as ballast, if it occupy no more room than ballast 
 would have. 
 
 No passenger ship shall be (18 & 19 Viet.c. 119 
 8. 19) allowed to clear out or jjroceed to sea with 
 any horses, cattle, gunpowder, vitriol, lucifer- 
 matches, guano, or green liides, or any other 
 article on board whether as cargo or ballast, which 
 may be deemed bj' the emigration officer at the 
 point of clearance likely to endanger the health 
 or lives of passengers. 
 
 UALSAJl (iJer. balsam; Dutch, balscm; Fr. 
 baumc ; Ital. and Span, balsamo ; Lat. balsamum). 
 lialsams are vegetable juices, either liquid, or 
 which spontaneouslj' become concrete, consisting 
 of a substance of a resinous nature, combined with 
 benzoic acid, or which are capable of affording 
 benzoic acid by being heated alone, or with water. 
 The liquid balsams are copaiva, opobalsam, balsam 
 of Peru, storax, and Tolu ; the concrete arc ben- 
 zoin, dragon's blood, and red or concrete storax. 
 (Ure.) 
 
 1. Copoii'a (Fr. baumc do copahu ; Gcr. kopaiva 
 balsam ; Span, copay va), — This is obtained from 
 the Copaifera mtiltljiiga, and other trees growing in 
 South America and the West India Islands. The 
 largest quantity is furnished by the province of 
 Para in Urazil. It is imported in small casks, 
 containing from 1 to 1 J cwt. Genuine good copaiva 
 or copaiba balsam has a peculiar odour, and a 
 bitterish, hot, nauseous taste. It is clear and 
 transparent; its consistence is that of oil; but 
 wlien exposed to the action of the air it becomes 
 solid, dry, and brittle, like resin. 
 
 Copaiba is said to be frequently .idulterated 
 
 ,1 
 I 
 
 ■ V 
 
 'iff ■ '■ 
 
 •iv^H. 
 
80 
 
 B.\XSAM 
 
 with castor oil nnJ turpentine. Nn test other 
 thiin the quantity of csHcntiiil oil obtaiuahle by 
 distillation appears to be conclusive. 
 
 2. O/xilmlsam (Fr. balsnmicr do la Mecque ; 
 Itiil. opobulsamo; Lat. balsanutm vcrum album, 
 :i ;;yptiacum ; Kgypt. balcasan), — The most pre- 
 cious of all tlio balsams, commonly called IJalm 
 offiilcad. It is the produce of a tree (Ainyris 
 Giliddensh), indigenous to Arabia and Abyssinia, 
 and transplanted at an early ])eriod to Judea. It 
 is obtained by cutting the bark -with an axe at 
 the time tliat the juice is in the strongest circula- 
 tiiin. The true balsam is of a pale yellowish 
 colour, clear and transparent, about the consist- 
 ence of Venice turpentine; of a strong, penetrat- 
 ing, agreeable, aromatic smell, and a slightly 
 l)itterish pungent taste. By age it becomes yel- 
 lower, browner, and thiclier; losing by degrees, 
 like volatile oils, some of its finer and more sub- 
 tile jiarts. It is rarely if ever brought genuine 
 into this country; dried Canada balsam being 
 generally substituted for it. It was in high repute 
 among the ancients ; but it is now principally 
 used as a cosmetic by the Turltish ladies. (Drs, 
 Ure and Thomson.) 
 
 The Canada balsam, now referred to, is merely 
 fine turpentine. It is the produce of the 'Finns 
 Imlsamea, and is imported in caslts, each contain- 
 ing about 1 cwt. It has a strong, but not a dis- 
 agreeable odour, and a bitterish taste ; it is trans- 
 parent, whitish, and has the consistence of copaiva 
 balsam. [Turpentine.] 
 
 ' Szafra and IJeder arc the only places in the 
 Iledjaz v^hero the balsam of Mecha. or balessan, 
 can i)e procured in a pure state. The tree from 
 which it is collected grows in tlie neighbouring 
 mountains, but principally upon Djcbel Sobh, and 
 is called, by the Arabs. IJchem. I wai informed 
 that it is from 10 to 15 feet high, with a smooth 
 trimk, and thin bark. In the middle of summer 
 small incisions are made in tiiu bark; and the 
 juicp. which immediately issues, is taken otf with 
 "the thumb-nail, and put into a vessel. The gum 
 appears to bo of two kiiuls. one of a white, and 
 the otlior of a yellowish white colour; the fir. >. is 
 tlie most esteemed, I saw here some of the latter 
 sort in a small sheep-skin, which the ISedouins 
 use in bringing it to market : it had a strong 
 turpentine smell, and its tasto was bitter, The 
 )ieoplc of Szafra usually adulterate it with sosa- 
 niiun oil and tar. When they try its purity, thev 
 dip tlieir finger into it and then set it on fire: if 
 it burn without hurting or leavuig a mark on the 
 finger, they Judge it to be of good quality ; but if 
 it burn the finger as soon as it is set on fire, they 
 consider it to be adulterated. I remember to 
 have read, in Bruce's Travels, an account of the 
 mode of trying it, by letting a drop fall into a cup 
 tillcil witli water ; the good balsam falling coagu- 
 lated to the bottom, and the bad dissolving and 
 swimming on the surface. I tried this experiment, 
 which was unknown to the people here, and fouiul 
 tlie drop swim upon the water; I tried also their 
 test by fire upon the finger of a Bedouin, who had 
 to regret his temerity ; I therefore regarded the 
 balsam sold here as adulterated ; it was of less 
 ileiisity than honey. I wished to purchase some ; 
 but neither my own baggage nor any of the shops 
 of Szafra could furnish anything like a bottle to 
 luild it ; tlio whole skin was too dear. The Be- 
 douins, who bring it here, usually demand 2 or 3 
 dollars i)er jiound for it when quite pure ; and the 
 Szafra Arabs resell it to the hadjcys ol' the great 
 caravan at between 8 and 12 dollars per pound in 
 an adulterated state. It is bought up principally 
 bv Persians.' (Burckhardt's Traveh in Arabia, 
 vol. ii. p. 123.) 
 
 3, Balsam of Peru (Fr. baume do Penii Ger. 
 Peruvianischer balsam ; Span, balsarao do quin- 
 
 3uina ; Lac. balsamum pcruvianum). — The pro- 
 ucc of a tree {Mi/roxvlon peruiferum) growing in 
 the wannest parts o!" South America. 
 
 The balsam of Peni was first nitntioncd by 
 Monasdcs, imder the n';mo of halaamum. From 
 the tree whicli was named by Dr. IJ»yle, Mi/ro- 
 apermnm Pere/w, two kinds of balsam areobtauicd, 
 the black balsam (balsam of Peru of commerce), 
 gained by incisions into the stem, and the white 
 balsam (Sonsonatc or San Salvador white balsam), 
 obtained by pressure of the fruit after removal of 
 the outer fibrous portions. 
 
 Both of these products arc procured exclusively 
 from the balsam coast of San Salvador, between 
 the ports of Libertad and Acajutla. The principal 
 market for its sale is Sonsonate. The native 
 Indian population collect and bring it to Sonso- 
 nate for sale, in gourds. It is usually sold by the 
 pound, and is paid for in silver pillar dollars. Tho 
 average annual production of black balsam is about 
 25,000 lbs. Accordirg to M. Saravia, of Sonso- 
 natc, it is obtained by inserting rags in incisions 
 in the tree. These rags, when well soaked, are 
 boiled in water, and the balsam allowed to sub- 
 side ; the water is then poured off and the impure 
 balsam packed in gourds ; and M. Victor le Nouvel 
 corroborates this account. 
 
 The tree is also an inhabitant of Peru, Xew 
 Granada, Columbia, and Blexico. lUack balsam 
 of I'eru is a transparent, deep reddish-brown or 
 black liquid, about the consistence of treacle, and 
 possesses an odour similar to that of vanilla or 
 benzoin. It is soluble in alcohol. 
 
 There is another balsamic substance which bears 
 the name of balsam of Peru ; it is of a deep browu 
 colour, and has an odour similar to that of Tolu ; 
 it is called by Professor Gurbourt baume de Ferou 
 en cocos, from being ordinarily collected in cocoa- 
 nut shells. 
 
 The white balsam of Peru is supposed to be tho 
 product of the oleoresinous matter contained in 
 the pericarp and the fatty and other constituents 
 of the seed. It is imported in globular earthen 
 jars, containing about 20 lbs. each. It closely re- 
 sembles Bordeaux turpentine, is scmi-Huid and 
 somewhat granul.ir. 
 
 Balsaraelo is another product of the same tree, 
 procured by digesting the fruit in rum. (Pereira's 
 Materia Mediea, and Frivate information.) ' 
 
 Our imports of balsam of Peru amomited in 
 1863 to 25,508 lbs., four-fifths of which were im- 
 ported from New Granada; but in 1800 the im- 
 ports from the Inttei had fallen to 5,85!) lbs. The 
 total value of the imports was 6,G9y/., and the 
 average value per lb. 5s. Sd. 
 
 4. Stoni.r (Fr. storax ; Ger. storaxbaum ; Ital. 
 storacc ; Span, azumbar ; Lat. sivrax ; Arab, 
 usteruk). The produce of a tree '{Liquldamhar 
 orientale) growing in the south of Europe and tho 
 Levant. 
 
 The purest kind is storax in grains. Another 
 kind is called Styrax calamita, so named from 
 being brought in masses, wrapped up in the 
 leaves of a kind of calamus. Both these kinds 
 have the odour of vanilla, and are rarely found in 
 tiio m.arket. A third variety is light, pliable, and 
 iin|>orted in brown or reddish-brown masses. A 
 fourth is semi-fluid, the liquid storax of tho 
 shopr". Storax is employed in medicine and per- 
 fumery, but it is very hable to adulteration. Its 
 odour appears to bo duo to a volatile oil. (United 
 States Dispensatory.) 
 
 5. Tolu, Balsam of (Fr. baume do Tolu; Ger. 
 Tolutanischer balsam: Span.balsamodeTolu). The 
 
 I juice of the Myrospermum tolui/erum, a tree found 
 
^(1 
 
 \nothcr 
 from 
 , tho 
 kiniU 
 foiiuil ill 
 iblc, atul 
 
 S9CS. A 
 
 of tho 
 anil i)cr- 
 ion. Us 
 
 {United 
 
 BALSAM 
 
 in Carthattcna. The wood of this trcp, according 
 to Iluniboldt, is of a dark red ciiloiir, and of an 
 agreeable odour, and is iniidi used for building. 
 
 The ball-am is obtained by making incisions in 
 the trunk, and is brouglit from C'artbagena in 
 calabaslics, eartlienwi.ro jars, and glass vessels. 
 'I'lie tc-it of its purity is its solution in sulphuric 
 acid, from which no sulphurous ac'id gas should 
 1)0 disengaged in tho process, and which should 
 completely dissolve it. Kalsam of 'I'olu contains 
 cinnamic aoi<l. Italsam of Tolu is not, as has been 
 believed, a variety of balsam of Peru, but is the 
 jiroduce of a different tree and a ditVercnt region. 
 ( United States Dispeniiatoii/.) 
 
 Ci. lienzoiii or Benjamin (l"r. bonzoia ; Gcr. 
 beiizoo ; Span, bengui ; Ital. belzuino ; Lat. ben- 
 zoinum ; Arab, liban i Iliud. luban ; Jav. mcnian ; 
 Malay, caminyan). This is an article of much 
 greater commercial importance than any of those 
 bidsanis previously mentioned. It is obtained 
 from a tree {Styrax benzoin) cultivated in Sumatra 
 and Uomeo, but particularly the former. The 
 ]dants produce in the seventh year. The balsam 
 is obtamcd by making incisions in the bark, when 
 it exudes, and is scraped off. During tho lirst 
 3 years the balsam is of a clear white colour, 
 after which it bf-comes brown. Having borne 10 
 or 12 years, the tree is cut down, a very inferior 
 article being obtained by scraping the wood. The 
 balsams procured in these different stages are 
 distinguished in commerce, and differ widely in 
 value. Benzoin has a very agreeable, fragrant 
 odour, but hardly any taste. It is imported in 
 largo masses, packed in chests and casks. It 
 should be chosen full of clear, light-coloured, and 
 white spots, having the appearance of white marble 
 when broken : it is rarely, however, to bo met 
 with in so pure a state, but the nearer the ap- 
 proach to it the better. 
 
 Subjoined is a table of the imports, &c, of ben- 
 zoin in 18(J3 : — 
 
 From Holland - - - 
 Siain - - - . 
 Jndin, Slnfraporvt and 
 
 Ojlon 
 Other parts 
 Total . . . . 
 
 cwt«. 
 
 •if: 
 
 2,ssn 
 
 1112 
 
 £ 
 
 !(i,n,',<) 
 SI'i 
 
 cVvfiaiie value 
 |K'r rwt. 
 
 £ 1. it. 
 
 K A 4 
 IS 7 6 
 
 R 14 
 
 8 : 
 
 About 480 c^rts. of this amount were exported 
 to France in 1863. 
 
 The exports of this article from Slam arc not 
 the produce of that country, according to Sir K. 
 Schomburgk, who states that ' it is all brought 
 from the Laos country.' The tree is destroyed to 
 procure the gum, the bark is clipped all over, and 
 after the gum has all exuded and hardened, it is 
 /'oiind between the stem and bark, which is then 
 htripped off. The tree is called Kanyan by the 
 Siamese. The gum, which exudes naturally, has 
 a much stronger perfume than that procured by 
 cutting, but from dropping on the ground it is a 
 good deal mixed with earth and other impurities ; 
 it is not white, but of a clear brownish colour. 
 From the manner in which it is brought down 
 the country, it is much destroyed, being broken 
 into dust often from the rough usage which it 
 receives before arriving at the navigable parts of 
 the Meinam. The common way of bringing it to 
 the river is in small baskets strapped in pairs 
 jicross bullocks' backs^ It sells at Bangkok for 
 about 30 ticals per picul. Sir Bobcrt Schomburgk 
 subsequently discovered in his journey to Laos 
 that the benzoin imported into Siam was brought 
 not from Laos, but from tho Western provinces of 
 China. 
 
 Benzoic acid is prepared chiefly from the Su- 
 
 BALTIMORK 
 
 81 
 
 niatra kind of benzoin, the average yield from 
 good samples being about 10 or 1 "2 per cent. A 
 kind of benzoin, from Benang, having a smell like 
 storax, does not contain benzoin, but eliiet'y 
 chinamic acid, wlii.'h has no commercial value. 
 
 The benzoic acid prepared from gum beii/oin 
 has an agreeable odour of the benzoin, but an 
 inferior kind is in the market preparcil from tho 
 uruie of the liorbivora. It has a different smell, 
 indicating its origin. Most of the benzoin im- 
 ported into London and sold at the public sales 
 is re-exported to IJussia, (jreccc, and Boniuu 
 Catholic countries. 
 
 Tlir, Siam benzoin fetches the highest price, but 
 the 'tear' benjamin has almost disappeared from 
 the market. The best Siam is now generally met 
 with in small flat pieces. 
 
 Dra!Jon\i Blood (Fr. sang-dragon ; Lat. sanguis 
 driicouis; Arab, damulakhwaiu; Hind, hcraduky ; 
 tier, draclienblut ; Dan. dragobloil ; Spun, aiul 
 I'ort. sanguo de drago; Ital. sangiii di drago). 
 The produce of a large species of rattan palm 
 (Palma j uncus draco runi/iliius ; Calamus draco; 
 imid.), a native of the islands of the Indian Archi- 
 pelago, but principally produced iu Sumatra and 
 Borneo. 
 
 The berry of the Calamus t/raco, which is round 
 pointed and about the size of a cherry, yields a 
 resinous substance, tho dragon's blood of com- 
 merce. 
 
 Dr. Pereira describes the following kinds: — 
 
 1. Dragon's blood in the reed, dragon's blood 
 in sticks, occurs in dark reddish-brown sticks, of 
 from 12 to 18 in. long, and from J in. to ^ in. in 
 diameter, enveloped with tho leaf of the Talipat 
 [lalm and bound round with slender slips of caiic. 
 Supposed to be obtained from a species of Calamus, 
 perhaps C. draco, 
 
 2. Dragon's blood in oval masses, in drops, 
 occurs in reddish-brown lumps of the size and 
 shape of an olive, enveloped with the loaf of the 
 Talipat palm, which connects them together in a 
 Mw, like beads of a necklace. This kind is rare 
 in Kngland. 
 
 3. Dragon's blood in powder is a reddish powder 
 of very line quality, imported from the East 
 Indies. Is probably the dust of the fruit of the 
 C. draco, 
 
 4. Dragon's blood in the tear occurs in irregular 
 pieces, some as large as the fist. 
 
 6. Lump dragon's blood varies in quality from 
 fine to ordinary, and occurs in pieces of all sizes 
 and shapes. 
 
 G. Dragon's blood in cakes occurs in flat oblong 
 pieces, half the size of a brick, and mostly line in 
 quality. (Pereira's Materia Mcdica ; Guillaumin's 
 Diction, de Commerce.) 
 
 The following ■■ -! the imports in 18C5: — 
 Copaiba, 230,508 J . Peru, 17,()2G lbs.; others 
 unenuraerated, 40 ' ' bs. 
 
 BALTIMORE. - largo, opulent, and com- 
 mercial city of the United States, in Slaryhind, 
 on the north side of the Patapsco river, about 14 
 miles above its entrance into Chesapeake Bav, lat. 
 39° 17' N., long. 7f>° 30' W. Population iiri850, 
 109,054; in 1800, 212,418. It is now, 1807, esti- 
 mated at 300,000. The harbour is spacious, 
 convenient, and the water deep. The exports 
 principally consist of wheat-flour and wheat, to- 
 bacco (of which it furnishes a larger supply than 
 any other port in the Union, with, perhaps, the 
 single exception of Kichmond, in Virginia), 
 Indian corn and meal ; bacon, pork, rice, beef, 
 lard, butter, cheese, and other articles of provi- 
 sion ; with candles, soap, refined sugar, &c, Tho 
 imports principally consist of cottons and wool- 
 lens, sugar, coffee, ten, iron, wine, brandy, silk 
 G 
 
 f "I 
 
 f ■ I 
 
 , ii 
 
 » «. 
 
 ft 
 
 i : *■ 
 
 \i 
 
"TWWfH 
 
 82 
 
 BALTBIORK 
 
 goods, spioos, ri.m, &c. The registered, enrolled, 
 and I'u'cnsiMl ti>iina,£re, bclonnini; to Biiltimore, 
 Juno :>ll. 18(ili, ninnuntod to Ci'.),'>'>^> tons, of which 
 a liiriji.'. ])orti<iii v.is rniployed in tiu; coastinjj 
 trade. In 1s."j7, TjT voi-aidM of the burden of 
 l-J.UO tons Av>T,' built at Ualtimore, but this U 
 abovi! (In: aviraffci of late years. In 18(i.j only 
 2 were biiill. The total value of the artitdc-i 
 ini[iortcd into l!altini(ii<; in the year undinu' 
 .lunc ;!n, isiw;, was lO.oiii.OiiO dollar.t ; i!ie total 
 value nf tlie exports duriui,' the same, year bcini; 
 ll,(l!)l,l'.'.i:! ditto. {Coiisii/iir lii/ioih, "l.St;?.) hi 
 IMaryland (he dollar is wortli T.v. (if/, eurroncy, 
 1/. sterlinic bchifc=l/. l.'ix. 1'/. curi-cney. Tor an 
 aeeouut of the ciirreney of tlie dill'crent states of 
 the Union. withatabU" of the value of tlii; dollar 
 in each, see Xr.w Yoi:k ; and to it also the reader 
 is referred f^ir an account of the foreign trade nf 
 thel'nited States. Wei;litsand measures .same 
 as tliose of Kngland. 
 
 'Die trade of liaUimorc was severely crippled 
 by tlu' civil war, and is now adversely alfected 
 by the high tarilFs and protective, duties of tlie 
 ijnitcd States. Tliis is especially tlie case witli 
 the tr; l)etween this port and tiic liritish West 
 Iiuliis. and witli the export of tobacco. Ju ISliO 
 it iuiported liS(t,S7(J l)ags of colTee, chiefly from 
 Jlio, wliih; among its recei|its were .'jii,i)80 bales cif 
 cotton ; of whicli T.liH) bales were exportcil. The 
 I\larylaud crop of ,vheat was small in 18('iO, but 
 tli.'it of maize was tlie largest ever known, 
 ainountiug to li-lTOjO.".'! bnshels. The most im- 
 portant export, however, \\ as petroleum, of which 
 ],98:'.;!(iS gallons were sent to foreign countries 
 in i.SOd. There are thirteen or fourteen rr lineries 
 engaged in distilling this product. The price 
 lluctuates enormously, varying from a dollar per 
 gallnn, at which it stood in July l.SiM, to ;V2 cents, 
 itsi)rice iuDocendier liS(!(), lialtimorealsoexpdrts 
 large (piantities of provi-ions — beef, jiork, buitcr. 
 lard, liacon. In l.S(;i;, ,"j-J7,t'i8ii lbs. of bacon were 
 ex|)oited. The stock of tobacco in ]8ll(j w;is 
 T;!,.jt)8 hlid.s. The largest exports of Mar^'land 
 tobacco were to IJremen, liotteidani. and France. 
 The imports of coal, once a large trade in this 
 town, liave lieeu seriously cheeked bj- tlie 
 enormous duties imposed on them. In sonic 
 cases, as might be expected, these excessive im- 
 posts have been evailed by wholesale smuggling. 
 (O)iisiiltir liiportn, 1)S(!7.) 
 
 Tliero is a lighthouse on Lazaretto Point, on the 
 X. side of liaitiniorc island, lat. ii'jo 1;V Al" N., 
 I'lng. Tip ;>.'!' ,")!)" W., and visible for 10 miles. 
 
 bi/siers. — Baltimore is one of the jirincipal 
 places in the Union for the supply of oysters. In 
 J8lill the entire produce of the lisherv amounted 
 to ,V)0O.i)llO Ivushels, valued at .l.otJdlOOO dollars. 
 The vessels engaged in this trade were no less 
 tli;iu 1,101), some of .00 tons each, and nearly liOO 
 other vessels were employed in bringing them 
 to market. {Cunstdiir Ucjiort, IXtlCi.) 
 
 Commercial licfiuhitlons adopted It;/ the Board of 
 Trade, in June IWo" : to ohtain where no c.vjiit.ss 
 nprveiitent to the eoiitrari/ c.rists. 
 
 C"tnmiaiii'>ti on (iiiicrni Hiishicxs. 
 
 On snips of forcic" "iiTchanilisp - . - - . . 
 (hi s.ilci iil'doTiiiEitic incriliamliM', not otliciwiM- |>rovkU'il 
 
 lor 
 
 (In unnrnntt'c .--.-._.. 
 <Jn seliinj; tlonr .ind meal . . - - - 
 On sellini; gritiii ret-eiveil by vessels - - . 
 
 railriiail or .steamboat, cx- 
 
 cluilve of tlie expense of delivery ..... 
 On purrha-s,* ami shipment of nierclianilise, on co,Lsnn(l 
 
 rharKe^ Mf.lh funds in iHitul ...... 
 
 On etleclloK marine insurance, 'i\ per cent, on preinhnn 
 
 for domestic and ."S |ier cent, on ibrei^in. No cliirtteto 
 
 i)e made for ellei'ting insurance on jiropcrty consiKned 
 
 or sbip]ieil. 
 On rollei'tini; delayed ilnd llligated accounts - 
 
 On landinj;, re-shipplnff, or delivering gntnU from Tifsfi-; 
 
 in distress, o:i value (if invoice- - - . - 
 On prncuriiiic or obt.tminff money on llottonir^ or lie. 
 
 sjHindentia Bond on Vessels - - • -* - 
 I.aiullnK and re.sbippini: on sprric and bullion ... 
 Ilereivin^ nnd forw.irdini; inerrbaiidise entered at (Custom 
 
 llnu^e. oil invoice v il II- 1 per tent., and on expensi'.s 
 
 incurred . - - . - ... . , 
 
 pi'r reti^ 
 21 
 
 •Ji 
 
 On consignments of merchandise withilrawn or 
 re-shippetl full coinmis.^ion.H are to be charged, to 
 the extent of advances or responsibilitii's incuricd. 
 and one-half cnmnii.ssion on the residue of the 
 value. 
 
 The risk of loss by robbery, firo (unless insur- 
 ance be orilered), theft, popular t'lmult, and all 
 other unavoidable occurrences is in all cases to be 
 home by the owners of the goods, provided ilue 
 diligence has been exorcised iu the /arc of them. 
 
 per rent, 
 P 
 
 •4 
 
 21 
 2S 
 
 On Tiiirrlinsc or snie of v.''iM-lA - . . . . 
 
 On lUsburRi'inent.s .liul ouHil of »eA*eU 
 
 On ]irncurin^ freight anil Ila^s«llp'^:l 
 
 On collecting fri-iKhl ----.--- 
 On colleciinK insurance Inssi'fl of bU kind* - • - - 
 ('harteii...'r vessels on nnmtnit of frL»it;ht, .T.iual or csti- 
 
 niatetl, to be consideretl a^ duu when tliL> rhnritr-iiariii-* 
 
 are sitnml ..---.---- 
 No charter to be ronsideretl hindiiii; till n nieniornnttiuii 
 
 or one of the copies of the charter ha-; liet'n j-i^neil. 
 On piviiiii Imntis fur vesM-K uiidfr allai'linienl in liti(;alcd 
 
 cases, on amount of lialiilily .--..- 
 
 The roro;;oin.i:c roniniis.sions nrc excliisivo of 
 auction duty, and ooiniuissionri. brokcra^^o. storage, 
 and every other duir;;e actually incurred. 
 
 Freight and Frvightiurf, 
 
 If a vessel i.s freiivhted by the ton, and no special 
 
 a'.iTeeincnt is made respcctinj; the proportioun r:. 
 
 wliich each article shall be computed, the fnllow- 
 
 ini^ shall be the standard df computation, viz. : — 
 
 , coal.Ioijwood, fii-stir, 
 
 ■1 
 
 ()Cr rPiil. 
 
 - b.irl. lAJ 
 bus. 1 
 
 >. 2 
 
 21 
 
 -*,'21ll \\y>. pig and bar iron, lead, <-<i]ip. 
 and oihi-r he.ivv dse-wond'. 
 y.nni ,, Nicarayu.i and lir.i/ilettn woml 
 V, .' Ill „ nett MKiar and rice in casks 
 
 I,.S."'i „ collee m haus ■ - - . . - . 
 
 I.iii'U ,, in civks ..--... 
 
 I,.~(iri ., cocoa in ha^'-i or hulk • ..... 
 
 1, !•.'(( ,. in c.i>ks 
 
 1,1 1'l „ iiirneiito in ha^js • - 
 
 \y>'i. ,, in (Mik:; 
 
 HOO ,, Rljip bread in bacs - .... 
 
 7(11) ,, in cxsks 
 
 1,1 O ,, tlrietl bides - - 
 
 'Iltii „ wt. green teasiind riiina raw siil; - . . 
 
 l.iy'l „ It.ihea and otlier bhick tea . _ . . 
 
 1 ,.'■'"> M X'iruinia tot>acco in hbtl>. - . . . • 
 
 I, "0 1 ,, Kentucky ,, _ - . _ . 
 
 1,IH») ,. 3I,irvlanr! „ 
 
 SlnU. flmiTof ntfJnctt ..--... 
 
 ri „ beef, pork, and tall'tw ...... 
 
 7 ., iiav.il stores and p:cklcd lish - - . . _ 
 
 ynilgals. wine measure— e>(iniatini: ibe full ciintents of the 
 
 ea-.k of oil, wine, l»rand>, \c. .... 
 
 22 bu^h. grain, ix^as, In^ans, \c. in" »:i-ks _ . - . 
 
 •in ,, in bulk 
 
 •10 ,. I.lrerpool tilo>?n salt in bulk • . - . . 
 .Tl „ t.Mound „ ..... 
 
 r.l ,. St. I'lios.Capede Verds, .Ve. in bidL 
 
 ."II ,, West India salt in bulk ---.-. 
 
 .'0 ,, sea c<ial in tiulk ........ 
 
 10 cubic feet of plank, boards, timber, b.ile ;:oot!s, paekajie^ 
 anil hoXL-s ........_ 
 
 Tn ostuuatin;:: the contents in cubic feet, of 
 various packages and j^ootls, the followiuii; shall 
 be the standard : 
 
 feet 
 
 A (lour bnrrel -.- ;, 
 
 .V tieree of rice - . . . - . . . . i s 
 
 .-\ bbd. oftla.iseed ]'j 
 
 \'irginia tob^rco . - - . _ - Mt 
 
 Kentuckv,(irort;ia, and (.'ar.i!iii.i - - in 
 
 Maryland and <Mii(i .--.-- r>> 
 
 ."^ bnslu'lsof {;rain in bulk - ... . 5 
 
 In computin^j boxes of candles and soap, ke^s 
 of butter and lard, iiauis ami bacon, and c^enerally 
 all similar articles, 200 lbs, nett wei-^ht shall be 
 considered equal to a barrel of 5 cubic feet. 
 
 All floods brouf^ht to this port on freif»*)it must 
 be delivered on a wharf, at the expense of the 
 vessel brinp;inn^ the name; a delivery, after due 
 notice, on any good wharf at rcll's Point duvin<; 
 business hour.^, is a delivery in the city and port; 
 of lialtimore. Hides and articles /.»ro/»7nV(Y/ to bo 
 landed in the city at certain periods, may be 
 landed where the public authorities may direct. 
 
 ^ 
 
 A 
 
i 
 
 'i: 
 
i ! 
 
 1 t, ■ 
 
 11^ 
 
 ' 
 
 T'l all casc3 
 
 'I'lnrantine rcc 
 
 •■Iwr-o their w 
 
 ilcln-eriiiM. tl,o 
 
 bonio by the c, 
 
 '»>• hceon.^io-n, 
 
 '•""h. then tiio 
 
 "in <«rrier and 
 
 Ji a Vessel i-i 
 
 homo, each slii, 
 
 Pro/'ortion of t 
 
 >■■■»"", of the bulk 
 
 per on the outw; 
 
 Ju all onsos ^ 
 
 frfti-htedforavt 
 
 ^r eliarterer i-, b 
 
 <"■ 'jallast at th, 
 
 ^ard car^o, to « 
 
 J onie and the s 
 
 f'e charter prov 
 
 ''-^' file parties. 
 
 iron"^f'>7PP"« 
 iron steel, hemp, , 
 
 flcs heretofore solf 
 
 linndredofiooib,, 
 jaroa shall bo al' 
 hnffar, in hhd.s. c 
 
 10 per cent.; in bo. 
 
 K;3 a, and mats / 
 packa;;es, the actua] 
 
 Coftee in Ua^^ 
 - per cent. : in /i' „ 
 
 "fhf^-packaL^e^the" 
 tocoa m baf;a, 2 p 
 IcpperiaiV,^'^ 
 
 pimento m linen c 
 
 /ficojntrc.andha 
 <^op,jera3 in hhd... „ 
 „,/'"'•') «reeu, whole 
 
 ot.orpackaWs,Canto 
 <.as.Hia in mats, lo n 
 
 I'-'«^';p«,theactnalt'^ 
 11 all other cases, the .i 
 
 Alum, brimatono, nut 
 , '«o«e,soap.candi;.ro 
 
 ^hanVy'''Kf ground 
 lal be considered as fa 
 
 J .^!W °^'^*='" Packao-es 
 iJrafts as follows • On 
 
 i percent, to be a«o,?ed 
 
 JLirrcU of rum', » i^^ "^'"-"l, dlu,„ 
 wine . .' '""".». su«ar, H,h. 
 
 lam of collfej' cocm n *"**• •'". rai 
 
 1"<"'K0 i„ c„oo,« !' "'' """"• »""il..r 
 r„ , '" rase) . " - - 
 
 ("half chests.' .' ' - ■ 
 p in hoxifi . * . _ 
 
 '*"■''"*""' ""--.•nanUa-rai.; 
 
I5AMB00 
 
 IJiilra, ilrioil 
 
 ""I'.iwrioti . : 
 
 home" o::r'' /? ^■'>"'?«>^'l t a^vo;'"""^- l ""/.!." "">"«'•.. .tor.,.;.---' -" ^« '■•< fan te. 
 
 S3 
 
 ■ Pit month 
 
 '"',!,» n'onth-H stora.',. • '' ^'"'^ "'•■'" ten ii.,v. 
 
 '■"o of 
 
 0« AAnvr 
 
 prov;uT" provides ibr more h" ''"*'*' ^^horo ...... .i." '■'«• • " 
 
 ".^ "le parties. '^° "'^i contniry ig Inadc 
 
 l"-r M.m:li, vi:. 
 
 ■;»-hl,m Tra./c, 
 tii/reenicnt. 
 
 Sugar, 
 
 per in-, 
 per bri. 
 
 3 per 
 
 hiifi:ar,,n liLd.s. or tn". ,.>---' 
 "Percont.; in boxc 7 V" Percent.; in ,,^1, 
 
 f 'mento in linen «?•' ^,^ ^^^^ tar? 
 cont.; in otherpall-a^^ng « r'"^ '>"^' 
 Jiico m trc.-. a„fi i.Tjf ? *"° a'tual tare 
 '>peras in S^"^^' \'\ P" cent! 
 
 us, 3 
 
 "•» ■"-iMiii. --—..», 1 jitT cent, 
 
 co|i:';S';S.!;^,j-J«J^or repacked in ac- 
 I, ^uo tonnai-e film. „ •' "'^""lance.s 
 rs to and fron, "the ^rit^?. '" ''•^P^.s a ton Y,,.,^, 
 
 Storage. 
 
 ' I'ipra 
 
 -.lie . 
 
 '. ceroons 
 
 Iealnche,ts . 
 
 ".half chests." : ' - - - 
 tn lioxM . • - - 
 
 L'H''-''^":'^^.>'c"ltivated jr )f '"°^*t plants lon/an^ 
 
 mmmm 
 
 
 I ' 
 
 !"i, 
 
 ' »t ' ' ' 
 
 V- 
 
 ,1 •'»? V 
 
 '3-., .■:' 
 
 !.,- ^ 
 
 . I* 
 
sjr 
 
 84 
 
 BANCO 
 
 &c. Some varieties grow to ench a sijte aa to be, 
 in the largoHt jiart, nearly two fctt in circumfer- 
 pnco, ami Hugh', knops of these are usod as pails 
 or buckets. The Chinese fabricate their cncap 
 and iis^^ful paper of macerato-i bamboo, and use it 
 in the manufacture of ropes, which arc of great 
 strength and solidity, for the rigging of their 
 junks. The canes \i9ed in Kurope as walking 
 sticks are not bamboos, but rattans— a totally 
 distinct class of plants. Bamboos arc never used 
 for that purpose. (Private information.) 
 
 IIANCO. A word borrowed from the Italian, 
 and used in certain commercial towns to dis- 
 tinguish real or ideal bank values from currency 
 values. It is a term rarely used except at Ham- 
 burg. 
 
 IJAXDAXAS. Silk handkcrchitfs, generally red 
 spotted with white. They were formerly manu- 
 factured only in the Kast Indies; but thcj' arc 
 now manufactured of the very best quality at 
 Glasgow and other places. 
 
 BANGKOK. The capital of the kingdom of 
 Siani, situated about 20 miles direct distance, but 
 about 30 by water, from the sea on both sides the 
 rive: Meinam, but chicflv on its left or eastern 
 bank, in lat. 13° 40' N., long. 101° 10' E." The 
 Meinam opens in the centre nearly of the bottom 
 of the (luLT of Siam. There is a bar at its mouth, 
 consisting, for the most part, of an extensive 
 mud flat. The outer edge of this flat, which is 
 little more than 200 yards broad, is sandy and 
 of harder materials than the inner part ; which is 
 so soft that when a ship grounds ou it during the 
 ebb, she often sinks 5 feet in the mud and clay, 
 which supports her upright, so that she is but 
 little inconvenienced. The highest water on the 
 bar of the Meinam, from February to September, 
 is about 13J feet; and in the remaining 4 months, 
 somewhat more than 14 feet — a difference pro- 
 bably produced by the accumulation of water at 
 the head of the bay after the soutl -west monsoon 
 and by the heavy floods of the rainy season. On 
 account of the deficiency of water on the bar, 
 vessels sent to Bangkok had better, perhaps, not 
 exceed 200 or 250 tons burden. In all other 
 respects, the river is extremely safe and com- 
 modious. Its mouth is no sooner approached, 
 than it deepens gradually ; and at Paknam, two 
 miles up, there are 6 and 7 fathoms water. This 
 depth increases as you ascend, and at Bangkok is 
 not less than 9 fathoms. The only danger is, or 
 rather was, a sandbank off Paknam, bare at low 
 water; but a battery has been erected within the 
 last few years, affording at all times a distinct 
 beacon. The channel of the river is so equal, 
 that a ship may range from one side to another, 
 approaching the banks so closelv that her vards 
 may u^"rally overhang them. 'I'he navigation is 
 said io h'^ equally safe all the way up to the old 
 capital, Yuthia, 80 miles from the mouth of the 
 river. 
 
 The city of Bangkok extends along the banks 
 of the Meinam to the distance of about 2J miles, 
 but is of no great breadth, probably not exceeding 
 IJ mile. On the left bank there is a long street 
 or row of floating houses : each hous'» or shop, for 
 they lire in general both, consisting of a distinct 
 vessel, which may be moored anjrwnere along the 
 banks. Besides the principal river, which at the 
 city is about a quarter of a mile broad, the country 
 is "intersected by a great number of tributary 
 streams and canals, so that almost all intercourse 
 at Bangkok is by water. The population has been 
 variously computed at from 60,000 to 400,000; 
 but, though probably in excess, the latter is no 
 doubt the nearest to the mark. Half the popu- 
 lation consists of Chinese settlers. 
 
 BANGKOK 
 
 The common necessaries of life at Bangkok nro 
 exceedingly cheap. A cwt. of rice may always 
 be had for '2». and very often for 1». Other neces- 
 saries, such as salt, palm-sugar, spices, vegetables, 
 fish, and even flesh, are proportionally cheap. The 
 price of good pork, for example, is 2J#/. per lb. A 
 duck may be had for 7 J. and a fowl for 3il. Tho 
 neighbourhood of Bangkok is one of tho most 
 productive places in the world for line fruits ; hero 
 arc assembled, and to be had in tho greatest 
 perfection and abundance, the orange and lichi 
 of China, the mangoe of Hindostan, and tho 
 mangostein, durian, and shaddock of the Malay 
 countries. 
 
 The area of the kingdom of Siam has been 
 estimated at about 200,000 square miles, and its 
 population at from nearly 3,000,000 to 6,000,000 ; 
 both estimates being by the highest authorities, 
 viz., Mr. Crawfurd, one of the most intelligent 
 Englishmen that has ever visited the country, 
 and tho other by M. Pallerroix, bishop of Siam. 
 Sir John Bowring reckons the population at 
 between 4,000,000 and 5,000,000 ; but it is evident 
 that no dependence can be safely placed on any 
 of these estimates. P'rom a quarter to a third 
 part of the population are supposed to be Chinese, 
 Sir John Bowring says : ' There is no class of 
 settlers, who, under proper control, are so likely 
 to be useful as the Cliinese. That passion for 
 acquiring wealth, which leads them to dare all 
 danger and difficulty, is a most valuable recom- 
 mendation. Their habits of subordination, their 
 inbred respect for authority, their gregarious 
 spirit, which drives them into associations of 
 every sort, private and public, praiseworthy and 
 liernicious, only require a thorough knowledge 
 of their character to be turned to tho best ac- 
 count.' ^ The Kingdom and People of Siam, i. 243.) 
 The Chinese are, in truth, by far tho best and 
 most valuable part of the population. 
 
 Trade. — Being near the mouth of a great 
 navigable river, which runs througi. the whole 
 extent of the country, Bangkok is well dtuated 
 for commerce, and formerly she possessed a con- 
 siderable trade. This, however, gradually fell 
 off, in consequence of the monopolies and "other 
 injudicious measures of the government. But 
 latterly a more liberal spirit has prevailed ; and 
 since 1855, when the commercial treaty negotiated 
 by Sir John Bowring (see post) came" into opera- 
 tion, trade has been largely extended; and tho 
 capacities of the country are so very great that, 
 were they at all developed, Bangkok could not 
 fail to become one of the principal emporiums of 
 the East. 
 
 The trade which is centred at Bangkok is 
 ])rincipally carried on with China, Cochin-China, 
 and the neighbouring countries, and with Singa- 
 pore, Java, &c. But vessels direct from England 
 and other European countries and the United 
 States, occasionally arrive at the port. Pallegoix 
 has given (torn. i. p. 327) a list of the articles, 
 with their quantities and prices, that are usually 
 shipped from Siam ; but we prefer laying before 
 the reader an account of the articles, &c., that were 
 reallv imported into and exported from Bangkok 
 in 18"64-C5, 
 
 A large part of the imports consist of English 
 cotton stuffs and twist, copper, iron and nails, 
 shipping stores, &c. The imports from China 
 comprise coarse earthenware and porcelain,spelter, 
 quicksilver, tea, lacksoy (vermicelli), dried fruits, 
 raw silk, crapes, satins, and other silk fabrics, 
 nankeens, shoes, fans, umbrellas, writing paper, 
 sacrificial paper, incense rods, and many other 
 minor articles. Not the least valuable part of 
 the importations arc imraigranta. 
 
 Total 
 utrticl 
 Specii 
 
 Rice 
 SuKar 
 Sapan wa 
 Poddy 
 
 Silk 
 
 'J'cvl'SCtHl 
 
 Salt 
 Fish, salt 
 Mussels 
 Teak - 
 Canlainoi 
 Pepiier - 
 blicklac 
 
 M. P, 
 
 the extcl 
 the diffid 
 period ; 
 arc paid! 
 the gettr 
 obviate i 
 with Sia 
 
 1'- 
 
BANGKOK 
 
 85 
 
 Tulal Quantitiei and Values of the I'riiiciiMil Articles Imported, Incladiiui Bullion and Specie, at the 
 Port of Uanyhoh, in each of the lean lyUl and laOD. 
 
 rrlncipal Articln 
 
 M'hitc ililrtinni ■ 
 (Irej „ . . . 
 
 KlKured „ ... 
 I'howli .... 
 
 Mlsfellnneoui iiivctf ({noilii > 
 White, Yf How, anil red twist 
 
 Mnchinifry 
 
 ( rockerj . 
 
 ('..ai . 
 
 Hrnu nnil copper wan 
 
 Max bOKt 
 
 t >|iiuni ... 
 
 t liina Koodt 
 Silk I'hooU - 
 Crapei . 
 
 Silk tnanufactureii 
 liold leaf - 
 Mesicaii dollan . 
 
 I I'i' 
 I liJ 
 ipie. 
 
 J rnri 
 
 frorget 
 
 ( pieces 
 
 ' t»ale« 
 
 jiecet 
 
 >iecf« 
 
 'bile. 
 
 \ parknget 
 
 I pierel 
 
 bales 
 
 packaffet 
 
 t>m« 
 LMmt 
 piere<i 
 I'lietts or casen 
 picula 
 pat-kafleH 
 piei'es 
 
 Quantltiet 
 
 Value 
 
 "421 
 
 ~.VII 
 
 767 
 
 ~7B1 
 4St 
 
 39,^7S 
 
 ■I, 7.111 
 
 4r'>"4 
 
 4,09O,'J.1.1 
 
 .liil 
 
 .1,71.1 
 
 GI.IWI 
 
 •it.9't\ 
 
 I'J.H.n 
 
 3'J,'J'J5 
 
 £ 
 
 4'i;i.io I 
 
 76,7 Hi I 
 
 9,067 { 
 »7,8'J1 
 W,179 I 
 3.1,119.5 
 I6,4.1'< 
 !(.1,I3.1 
 111,819! 
 3J).<i.Vi 
 '.l'l,fiS7 
 44,749 
 )6,H6» 
 HI,0I1 
 
 2y,S06 
 
 .VJ,493 
 
 100,496 
 
 873,mi 
 
 1.167,697 
 
 Uu.liltilie* 
 
 3<,ion 
 
 9V5 
 
 W,lh7 
 
 I, .166 
 
 l,631,'.7B 
 
 ao.'i 
 
 M,557 
 
 Value 
 
 J S'.,.1c)l 
 } S7,I06 
 I S,777 
 
 I4,!MI 
 
 W,Ti\ 
 
 ln,1',6 
 
 16,1.17 
 lll,'i9i* 
 a 1, 9,17 
 6,'i1S 
 4.1,.1I3 
 
 6,089 
 
 38,().10 
 
 11l,6ii 
 3S.I174 
 
 .',19,79,'. 
 
 •?Vi 
 
 • . 
 
 Opium has become an cxtctiHivo article of coii- 
 siiniption. It was formerly prohibited ; but, to 
 use tlio words of Sir John IJowrin^c, * The influence 
 of the Chinese, the wants of the treasury, the 
 impoteucy of prohibitions and pimisbmeutd to pro- 
 veut its importation, have led to the legalisation 
 of the drug, and the establishment of an opium 
 farm, for whicli a large sura is annually paid by 
 an opulent Chinese contractor.' (iJowring's Siam, 
 i. 2r.5.) 
 
 The tonnage engaged in the trade with China 
 formerly consisted almost entirely of junlis; but 
 latterly these have been to a considerable extent 
 superseded by the employment of square-rigged 
 vessels built in Siam after European moilels. 
 
 The supplies of many of the above articles, 
 especially of sugar, pepper, rice, &c., may be 
 indefinitely increased. The principal sugar grow- 
 ing districts are situated in the immediate vi- 
 cinity of the capital ; and nothing is wanted but 
 the application of sicill and capital to the culture 
 of the cane and the manufacture of the sugar to 
 increase the produce of the latter to any amount. 
 Pepper is mostly grown near, and is brought from 
 Marlaban, on the cast side of the Gulf. 
 
 Total Quantities and Value of the Princi/ml 
 Articles E.vported (exclusive of Bullion and 
 Specie) at the Port of Bangkok, in each of the 
 Years 18G4 and 1805. 
 
 the country, to whom they might consign tlicir 
 goods, to be sold according to the deniuiid, and 
 n'!',! might purchase and accumulate, as occasion 
 served, articles of export. Those who act thus, 
 he says, generally succeed. (Pallegoix, i. 3-2t;.) 
 
 Account of the British and Foreign Shipping cleared 
 from the Port of Bangkok in 1861 and 18G5, 
 specif i/ing the Value of their Cargoes, 
 
 rriticipil Articles 
 
 1861 
 
 1865 
 
 Ouan- 
 tilies 
 
 piiMiI* 
 
 Value 
 
 Qu.in- 
 litiea 
 
 Value 
 
 
 £ 
 
 piculs 
 
 £ 
 
 Rice - - - . 
 
 i,l"9,74S 
 
 901,6.10 
 
 .16,718 
 
 81,801 
 
 
 S9,»6I 
 
 111,576 
 
 81,966 
 
 102,458 
 
 Sap.(n wood . - - 
 
 '.17,490 
 
 i!l,.17-^ 
 
 90,117 
 
 39,4V6 
 
 Paddy . - . ■ 
 
 40,678 
 
 13,876 
 
 io..ia4 
 
 5,4«5 
 
 Silk . . - - 
 
 91i7 
 
 31, .175 
 
 947 
 
 31,961 
 
 'IVel-seetl - . - 
 
 'iR.m; 
 
 M,463 
 
 .1?,016 
 
 •Vi.tni 
 
 .Salt .... 
 
 I4S,1J1 
 
 10,099 
 
 2.'>V,4I9 
 
 i(5,24» 
 
 Fish, salt - - 
 
 r.t6,i.i6 
 
 56,.M4 
 
 87,51',i 
 
 120,189 
 
 
 4,'J!i9 
 
 6,161 
 
 10,985 
 
 17,851 
 
 Teak .... 
 
 9,806 
 
 15,116 
 
 .. 
 
 16,115 
 
 
 I,W.'> 
 
 11.859 
 
 1,300 
 
 12,118 
 
 Pepper ... - 
 Sticklac 
 
 Total 
 
 M.75i 
 
 44,810 
 
 26,'^81 
 
 ,16,1.16 
 
 1.1,1.11 
 
 2S,.Ti8 
 
 4,744 
 
 11,860 
 
 — 
 
 l,3I7,Uai 
 
 — 
 
 529,270 
 
 M. Pallegoix states that the main obstacles to 
 the extension of trade at Bangkok consist: 1. In 
 tlie difiiculty of disposing of goods within a limited 
 period ; 2. In the dilatoriness with which they 
 are paid for ; and 3. In the delay which attends 
 the getting on board of a return cargo : and to 
 obviate these he suggests that foreigners trading 
 with Siam should have agentj and warehouses in 
 
 
 Cleared 
 
 
 1861 
 
 1865 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Value 
 
 -s 
 
 
 Value 
 
 
 Tons 
 
 of 
 
 > 
 
 Tons 
 
 of 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 CaiKoes 
 
 
 Car);oes 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 £ 
 
 British .... 
 
 IIS 
 
 54,771 
 
 616,814 
 
 37 
 
 10,81,'. 
 
 90,01 a 
 
 Danish . . - - 
 
 .11 
 
 N,U10 
 
 66,.191 
 
 1 
 
 16)1 
 
 
 nutch .... 
 
 6 
 
 3,284 
 
 6,775 
 
 19 
 
 9,2111 
 
 15,090 
 
 
 
 2,.'.78 
 
 _ 
 
 « 
 
 9l!i 
 
 3,1.19 
 
 Hanoverian ... 
 
 14 
 
 3,699 
 
 ^ 
 
 » 
 
 571 
 
 6,38 1 
 
 Ilanseatic 
 
 75 
 
 21,124 
 
 — . 
 
 7 
 
 «,54i 
 
 !I,U3U 
 
 .Norwegian and Swedish 
 
 12 
 
 3,896 
 
 22,331 
 
 
 
 
 Oldi-nburg ... 
 
 4 
 
 1,291 
 
 8,618 
 
 1 
 
 5011 
 
 900 
 
 Prussian - - , . 
 
 1 
 
 2H6 
 
 1,82.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 American, U.S. 
 
 11 
 
 7,.121 
 
 48,.Vrfl 
 
 1 
 
 305 
 
 61« 
 
 Siamese .... 
 
 101 
 
 62,348'562,.50ll 
 
 79 
 
 30,816 
 
 402,109 
 
 Other Countries - 
 
 10 
 
 2.723| 1 fiV 
 
 ri5 
 
 557870 
 
 
 Total - - - 
 
 171,135 — 
 
 J29,2'6 
 
 Port Dues and Duties. — Previously to 1855 
 British ships arriving at Bangkok were subject to 
 certain port dues, but these were abolished by 
 the treaty of that year, liiities on imports were 
 at the same time fixed at 3 per cent. The duties 
 on exports and trade regulations are specified iu 
 the tariffs, &c., annexed to the treaty. [Tueaties, 
 
 COMMEIICIAL.] 
 
 iiun peau pilots are always in attendance out- 
 side the bar. As soon as the river is entered, all 
 diflicu.'ties cease. Vessels are obliged to anchor at 
 Paknam, a town situated about 3 miles from the 
 entrance on the eastern bank. They there laud 
 their guns and ammunition, and take on board a 
 customs officer before proceeding to Bangkok. 
 
 Paklat Lang, on the west bank of the river, 5 
 miles above Paknam, is the entrance to a ctnal 
 which saves a circuit of nearly 10 miles to boats 
 proceeding to or from Bangkok. Ships must take 
 the circuitous route by the river. The cuial re- 
 enters the river at the small village of Paklat Bon. 
 
 On arrival at Bangkok, vessels can, in any state 
 of the tide, either lie alongside the wharves of 
 their consignees, or. if preferred, anchor in the 
 main stream, where every facility for unloading 
 exists in the abundance of cargo-boats always at 
 
 , .1 
 
 •■ . t 
 
 i' 
 
 
 ■ ■ I •» 
 
 i! ,1 V 
 •i'lV, 
 
80 
 
 TVVNdKOK 
 
 liimd lit tt ro.i-'oiiaMii clmrfrc 'I'lioro am no |ii rt 
 iluo- I'll l',iirii[irnn licittciniH. On >liipo rcporiiiifr 
 at their ro'<piilivi' cntiiilato^ iniimrtrrs liiivc tci 
 >':iti^r parliciilarr* of tlii'ir Tiurcliiiiiilisi' iit the 
 Siamoso ciiilorii-lioiiMp, wliiili tlicrcon .rnntg the 
 i'11-.toinnrv onl'T to the landitij^ waiter lu elittr;;e 
 to iHTinit tlie laiiiliilf,' of the piod.-". 
 
 All iiiirehaiiilise (with the exeeptioii of fiperie) 
 payn tlie unilorm nd valorem duty of ;i per eeiit. 
 I'rodine not, directly taxed on it< prodiietion or 
 traii-it to llan^ikok iVoni the interior, pavit varioii:< 
 export dutie-<. 
 
 Mnniiia, U'eii/lit.i, iiiiil MenmireK, — fioltl nild 
 eoppc r are not used as money in Siam, and the 
 inrreiiey eon-^isl-i oidy ol i owrie chells and xilvi r. 
 'I'lie denomiiiatioiis ari- :i< follows: — ■_'()(( hia or 
 eowries inak" I p'hai-mniir; 'J p'hai-mni;4!'. 1 niii;,'- 
 p'hai; - »ini;-p'hai^. I fiiiijii;;; 'J fuiui;;.-', 1 Maluni, ; 
 I ^ahni;!", I bat or Ileal; riO ticiils, 1 eattie; liiO 
 eati i("<, 1 I )i( III. 
 
 The staiidai'd eojn is tlie hat, whii h Europeans 
 have called a licdl; Imt there are nNo coins, 
 tlioni;h hs- I'reqnently, of the hi wer denominations. 
 'I'li'-e are of a rnde and peculiar form. 'I'liev are, 
 ii. I'aet, not hini;' more than small hits of a silver 
 har heiit, and the i^nds beaten together. They 
 are impressed with two or three small stamps, 
 not eoverinj; the wliolc surface of tlio coin. The 
 eattie and iiimil arc, of course, only used in 
 •peakiii>; of lar;;c sums d" money, (lold and 
 silver are weinh« d by sm.iU weiirhts, which h.-ive 
 the same denomin;itioiis as the coins. The p'h.ai- 
 nuiiLT, the lowi'st of these, is in tliis ease sub- 
 diviiled into ;>"_' sajjas, or red beans, the Aluu^i 
 jinTiitiirliin of botanists. 
 
 TIk^ bat. or tiial, was assayed at the mint of 
 Cahntta; it was found to weif;h ■_';!(! prains ; its 
 .-tandard. liowever, was uncertain, and the value 
 of dilVerent specimens varied from 1 rnpee 3 anas 
 and ."> piee. to 1 rupee .'! anas and 7 pii;e. 'I'he 
 value, therefore, in sterlim; money, is about ".'.i. (»/., 
 and it is so consiilered. 
 
 The deiiiiiiiinatioiis of the smaller coins are ns 
 follows : — 
 
 'J I-i'li —1 At. Tin- o nre t!.nt pi-wter . ->lin, tin- liKor 
 
 -ilxitil till-- si/ ' ul' a h,iIt'|H'niiy. ami 
 rrplarinc tin- leu ciwrie she 1>, 
 \il\i(li Wirt" until 1 ili'iv tin- iii-ly 
 l)it>iliiui) ot >xriiaiiF;e t'tT values under 
 ttie ' Fii lilt;.' 
 
 'J At =ISonKlVts. ,V tial coppi-r coin of llir s.itn« 
 
 (tisi-, liiit till, k( r Ihati tliL' aliuvo. 
 
 y Sniid l't*i»=I I'ninu. 1 
 
 U Kllanuo =1 Saluutf. J- Flat (.iJvcT cuius. 
 
 4 Salunuii =1 Il.lt ur Tii'al. } 
 Kit Tii-aU =1 Chaiitf or I'attic. 
 
 .III C.nttlis! .., .'..niiTi , 
 
 'I orruuOTkuls J "'"■'' '" "••■iKl"'" ll"' ''hiuc-e. 
 
 There is no pfold money used in general, aiitl the 
 larn'cst silver coin is the tieal. The eattie and 
 picnl represent merely weights of silver, aii'l are 
 only used for the caleiilatiun of large sums as in 
 India is useil the term lac. 
 
 In respect to ordinary measures, the Siamese 
 <;attie is ilouble the weight of the Chinese eattie. 
 which, as is well known, is equal to IJ lb. avoir- 
 tlnpois. The picnl, however, is of the same 
 weiglit. consisting in tiie one case of 50 catties 
 only, and in the other of 1(10. In weighing rice 
 ami salt, a large iin\isiirc is used, consisting, in 
 res[)ect to the tirst of •>•> piculs, and of the last of 
 '_'.") iiictils. nice is also measure I by tlie basket, 
 of which 100 gu tu the largo measure above 
 mentioncil. 
 
 The long measnns .ire as Ibllow: — 12 finger 
 breatllhs make 1 span; 2 spans, 1 cubit; l cubits, 
 1 fathom ; 'JO fathoms, 1 sen ; and 100 sen, 1 
 ynta, or, as it is more commouly pronounced by 
 the .Siamese, yut. The fathom is the measure a{ 
 most freipient use, antl the Siamese have a pole 
 of this length divided into its fractional parts, 
 
 IJAXK- lUNKlNO 
 
 This, an nc'irly ns ca.". be a-eertained. is etpul to 
 about (! feet (J iiii h's. 'I'he sen appears to be also 
 used ill the adu'easii-ement of land, and to be 
 the name of a -'ipiare measure of '_'(! fulhonis to 
 the side. 
 
 For the treaty belH'cen tireat Itritain fiiitl 
 Siam, see Ti!,: vriKs. < ■om.mkihiai.. 
 
 This artie!' ha b'. iii conipihd from intoniiiition 
 pri'ciired on the spot, and eoinniiinieal' il to us by 
 our frientl.Iohii I'rawl'urd. Ds'i.; from tUi' Discri/i- 
 tiiiii (III liiiiiniimi' t'liiii (III Siiiiii, '2 tomes, I'uris, 
 !><."> I, tie M. I'allcLjoix; Sir .loliii Itowriiig's ./e- 
 coiiiit of the Kiiiijiloin niiil I'niplv. nf Slum ; illlor- 
 matiori supplietl by T. (i. Kimx, l!sii., II, .M. eon- 
 stil at It.'ingkok; Coiisiihir Jii/iiirls ; the iliilf of 
 Simn ■ I'iliil ' ; and /'iiiliniiit'iilan/ J'ti/iirn. 
 
 ItA.SK — MA.VKINC. Il.iiiksa're esialdishmeiits 
 iiitenilcil to serve for the sati; custotly and issue 
 of money; for facilitating its )iayinent by one 
 intlivitlnal to anotlier; ami sometimes for the 
 aoconimodation of (he public with loans. 
 
 I, GknKI'.AI, I'KINCII'M.S in KlifJAni) Tl> 
 
 I'Ari;!! Miixr.v ami IJan'kimj. 
 
 II. 15ANKS IT Dia-OSIT .iM) HaNKS iIF 
 
 Isxfi:. 
 I! I. Hank hk I'"N(ii.ani> (.VcrouNX m ), 
 
 1\'. I'KINi'II'l.l-; AXI> OrKII.VTlON OK TIIK AcT 
 OF IHll. 
 V. JlANAtiF.MKNT OF TlllO ]!\NIv OF I'.Nti- 
 I-ANI). 
 
 VI. C'lisrui.ATiDx, i;t<„ of tmi'. 1>axk of 
 England, ani> of thf; Enoi.isii I'ko- 
 I viNciAi. Kanks, 
 
 \'IT. 15ANK.S (SroTcn). 
 '« III. Hanks (Inisii). 
 I IX. Hanks OF Vknick, Amstfudam, v.ar. 
 j X. JSanksok Fkanci:, Hi:i.<;iu.m, Austima. 
 .\l. Hankini; in UNiTFn Statics. 
 XII. JJanks rou Savinus. 
 
 Si:c. I. riFNKKAL PltlNt'IfLKS IN UEtiAnD TO 
 I'AfKIt MONEV AND UANKING. 
 
 SiilinliliitiDn (if ^'oten far Coinii. — Xotwitlistand- 
 iiig the precious mctiils are in ULiny respects 
 atlmirably titteil to ."crve as media of exi;hange, 
 they liave two very serious drawbacks, viz., their 
 cost, .inil the didiculty and expense of carrying 
 t! .m from ])l.ace to place. If no bank notes 
 circulated in the United Kingilom, it might be 
 fairly assumed that from a."),000,0(ll) to 40,000,000 
 mure .sovereigns would be rerpiired for th(' public 
 accommodation than at i)resent, including intho-e 
 now employed the reserves held by the bankers: 
 and the expense of such a currency, taking it at 
 :i7,.")00,000/. and the rate of protit at tj per cent., 
 with anallow.anciof 1 ])or cent, for wear and tear 
 and loss of coins, would be at least 2,t)'2r),000/. 
 a-ycar. I5nt the inconvenience attending the use 
 of a currently consisting wliolly ofgold woulil be a 
 much greater tlrawback on its employment than 
 its cost. The weight of 1,000 .sovereigns exceeds 
 '21 lb.s. troy; so tha*^ were there nothing but coins 
 in circulation, the conveyance of large turns from 
 place to jiliice t'> discharge accounts would be a 
 very laborious priKicHS, ami even small sums conlil 
 not be conveyed without consider.ablo diliiculty. 
 Hence it is that most commercial and civilisetl 
 nations have fahrieatetl a portion of their money of 
 less costly and heavy materials, and resorted to 
 various ilevicrsfor economising the use of coin. Of 
 the .sub.stitiites for the latter hitherto suggestcti, 
 paper is in all resiieets the most eligible. When 
 governments are siilHcicntly powerful and intelli- 
 gent to enforce the observance of contracts, indi- 
 viduals possesseil of written promises from others 
 that they will pay certain sums at spccilicd periods 
 
 
HAXK-]iANKING 
 
 87 
 
 
 a 
 
 iiUl 
 tv. 
 
 .pf 
 to 
 Of 
 
 c-1, 
 ion 
 lli- 
 ili- 
 cra 
 oils 
 
 bociii to ns»if;ii t.heni to fho!>o to wlioin tlic." arc 
 iiuli'btcd ; mill when tlioM.' by whom su'tU oblifid- 
 tioiw arn suh^iTrbi-il arc persons ol' wliosc solvency 
 liu iloiibl cim be cntcrt.iincd, tiny arc readily 
 ncciptcd in payment of the dcbtH due by one 
 indiviiliial to another. Hut when the circnlatioi: 
 <if obllualions or bills in this way ha.s contiinu'd 
 for II while, individuals bc;,'m to perceive that they 
 may derive u profit by i-suini; them in such a form 
 as to lit them for boin){ r'lidily ii ed as a substitute 
 for money ia lIu' oriUiiiiry transactions of life. 
 Heme tlic origin of bank notes or paper money. 
 All individual in whoso wonllli and discrcliou the 
 public have conlidoiioo hcinij applied to fora loan, 
 SUV of .'1,000/., urants (lie applicant his bill or note 
 jinyablo on demand for that sum on his receivint; 
 ad'ciiuato security for its repayment with interest. 
 Now. as thi.s iinlc passes, in consoqucnco of the 
 coiilidence placed in the issuer, currently from 
 bund to hand as cash, it is quite ns useful to the 
 uori'oM cr OS if ho hud obtained an equivalent umomit 
 of jjoM ; and supposing; that the rate of interest is 
 •1 per cent., it will yield, so loiij; us it continue- to 
 circulate, u revenue of "JOO/. a year to the issuer, 
 A i-euse of the udvantunes that mi^jlit, inthisway, 
 bo derived from the circulation of bills or notes 
 led to the formation of bunks for their rcffular 
 issue. 'I'lioao who i-suc such notes, coin a.sit were 
 their credit. They ticrive the same revenue from 
 the bail of their written jiromises to p.iy certain 
 sjuuis that they would derive from the lonn of tlio 
 .sums themselves; and whili! they thus increase 
 theirownincome, they at the .same time contribute 
 to increase the wealth of the society. IJesidea 
 being inconifiurably cheaper, bunk notes arc also 
 incomparably more commodious than a metallic 
 currency. A bank note for 1,000/. or 100,000/. 
 may be, carried about with as much facility as a 
 single sovereign. It is of importance, too, to 
 observe, that its loss or destruction, whetlier by 
 tire, shipwreck, or other%vise, would be of no 
 greater importance, in a public point of view, than 
 the loss or destruction of as much paper. Xo doubt 
 itmi(,dit be a Borious calamity to the holder; but 
 to whatever extent it injured him, it would piv- 
 portioiially beiiclit tlio issuer, whereas the loss of 
 coin is an injury to the holder without beinj^ of 
 service to anyone else; it is, in fact, so mucli 
 abstracted from the wealth of the community. 
 
 Jtct/ulutions ill raidrtt to the Issue of Notes, 
 — To obviate the endless inconveniences that 
 would arise from the circulation of coins of 
 every weii^ht and dcjjrec of ))urity, were there no 
 restrictions on their issue, all f^ovcrmnents have 
 forbiildcii the circulation of coins not of a certain 
 .spcciticd or standard wcif;ht anil lineness. And 
 the recurrence of similar iiiconvoniences from the 
 issue of notes for varyinj; sums, and jiayable 
 tinder varyinj^ conditions, has led, in most coun- 
 tries in which paper money is made use of, to 
 the eiiactiufi of regulations forbidding; the issue of 
 notes below a certain amount, and layiiif; down 
 rules for their p.ayment. In England at this 
 moment no note payable to bearer on demand can 
 be issued for loss than u/., and they must all be 
 p.iid the moment they are presented. In Scotland 
 and Ireland the minimum value of bank notes is 
 lixed at 1/., the regulations as to payment beiiif; 
 the same as in Kiighuul. In order to preserve the 
 monopoly of the London circulation to the liank 
 of Eiif;land, no notes iiayablc to bearer on deniand 
 arc allowed to be issued by individuals or associa- 
 tiims, other than the Itaiik of England, within 
 65 miles of St. I'aul'.s. lint beyond these limits 
 they may bo issued by certain banks, iiiiiler the 
 provisions of the Act 7 & 8 Vict. c. JW itc. 
 
 Distinction between Bills of Exchange and 
 
 Paper- Miineit. — I'ndef the phrase papcr-inoiu y 
 or puper-curreticy, wc do not iielude bills of 
 excliange. or bill* issiuil by baiik<T', mcieliaiits, 
 and otlnTs, and payablx some time alter elate. 
 iSucIl bills perl'iirni, in some respects, the same 
 functions as nioii v; and have, in consequeiiie, 
 been frccpiently ri>;,'ardcd in the same light as 
 bank nole«. Dut this is quite impropi'r; lor 
 though there are miiriy points in which a bill of 
 e\chungc and a bank note elo-' ly resemble e.icli 
 other, there are othi'rs iiiwhi>li ihere is a distimt, 
 and materiul ilill'ereiice between them. A note 
 bears to be payable on demand ; it is net in- 
 dorse I by a bidder on his paying it away: the 
 party receiving has no claim on the partv from 
 whom he received it, in the event of tlu^ tailure 
 of the issuers. l*rft<;ti<ally speaking, this is the 
 fact; but a person paying away a bank mte is 
 liable to be called upon for repuynu'ut. : liciild tlie, 
 bank fail before it was in the power of the party 
 to whom it was jiuid, using ordinary diligence, to 
 present it. TUc responsibility seldom exceeds a 
 couple of hours, and cun hardly in any case ex- 
 ceed a couple of days. In practice it is never 
 adverted to; and everyone is thus encouraged, 
 reckoiiiug on the facility of passing it to another, 
 to accept bank paper, 'even tlioiii/h he s/iould liniht 
 the ultimate suleene;/ if the issuer.' (Tlief iiton On 
 Paper Credit, p. 17"i.) Kills, on the contrary, are 
 almost all drawn ))ayable at some distant period; 
 and those into whose hands they come, if they 
 be not in want of money, prefer retaining them 
 in their possession, in order to get the interest; 
 that aciTues upon them. Hut the principal 
 distiiictie'i between notes and bills is, that every 
 individual, in iia-siiig a bill to another, has 
 to indorse it, and by doiiig so makes himsidf 
 responsible for its payment. ' A bill circulates.' 
 says Mr. Thornton, ' in conseqneni'c. clii( tly of 
 the conlidencc placed by each receiver of it in 
 the last indorser Lis own (correspondent in trade; 
 whereas the circulation of a bank note is owing 
 rather to the cinu instance of the name of the 
 issuer being so well known as to give it an univer- 
 sal credit.' (Ibid. p. 10.) Nothing, then, can be 
 more inaccurate than to represent bilh and notes 
 in the same point of view. If A pay to 15 100/. 
 in satisfaction of a debt, there is an end of tlu; 
 transaction; but if A pay to 15 a bill of exchange 
 for 100/., the transaction is not completed; and in 
 the event of the bill not being paid by the person 
 on whom it is drawn, 15 will have ri^coiirsc upon 
 A for its value. It is clear, therefore, that 
 a great iKal more consideration is always 
 r( quired, and may be fairly ])r;siimcd to be 
 given, b( fore anyone accepts a bill of exchangu 
 in payment, than before he accepts a bank note. 
 The note is payable on the instant, w ithout de- 
 duction — the bill not until some future iveriod; 
 the note may be passed to another witlmut in- 
 curring any ri> k or responsibility, whereas every 
 fresh issuer of the bill makes himself responsible, 
 for its value. Notes form the currency of all 
 classes, not only of those who are, but also of 
 those who are not engaged in business, as women, 
 children, labourers, ifcc, who in most instances 
 \ are without the power to refuse thcm,.iiul without 
 the means of forming any correct conclusion as to 
 the s(dveney of the issuers. I'ills, on the other 
 hand, jiass only, w ith very few exceptions, anionp 
 persons engaged in business, who are fully aware 
 of the risk they run in taking them. There is 
 plainly, therefore, a wide and obvious dislinctioa 
 between the two species cd" currency ; and it 
 cannot be fairly argued, that because tioverument 
 interferes to regulate the issue of the one, it 
 should also regulate the issue of the other. To 
 
 
 IT. : 
 
88 
 
 llANK-B.VNKINTf 
 
 imn tho wordfi of Lnnl Mannflelil, < Hank nnti-8 arc 
 not, liki' bills of cxi'huii({i', iiipri! Hei'iirities or 
 iloi'iiiiii'iitH for fIt'ldH, nor ore no cittccnicil. but arc 
 trcntnl OH money in tho oriliimry roiirxc nn<l 
 trnnsiutioiiH of buiiiticfo, by tho Riiicriil consent 
 (if nmiikiml; nml on payment of them, whenever 
 n receipt is requireil, the receipt.-" htc always 
 fi'ivcn OH for money, not as for .securities or notes.' 
 (( bitty On nilh,'nU id. p. 5.5;"..) 
 
 yivinnitij of iiiiuriHii the Cuiirersion of Dnnh 
 Xitlf iiilii Coin. — 'I'lio takin;; of measures to in- 
 Hurc the convertibility of bank notes into coin is 
 u matter wliidi cannot safely be left to the dis- 
 rretion or jiul^ment of in<liviibials, but which 
 must be settled by 'lovernment. No bank notes 
 nhouM bu permitted to circulate, about the 
 ('((uivnlency of which to the coins they profess to 
 represent there can bo tln^ smalleHt room for 
 doubt. It is alleged, indeed, that in this, uh in 
 most other thin;,'s, we may safely trust to the 
 
 Iintdencr and »aj;ocitv of those who deal with 
 tanks; and that, if lef't to themselves, the public 
 will very rarely be deceived. Hut the witlest 
 
 ■xperienro shows that little, if anv, depend- 
 ence can be placed on this doctrine. I'hc puUli(; 
 
 is very apt to be misled, in the tirst in.staiu'c, in 
 flivinj; conddcnce to or takiiif; the jiaper of indi- 
 viduals or associations; and thouf^h that were 
 not the ease, the condition of an individual or 
 company may chancre from bad or expensive 
 management, improviilent speculation, unavoid- 
 able losses, and lifty other things of which the 
 public know nothinV, or nothing' certain. The 
 fact that any |jarticnlar banker who issues paper 
 ctijoys the public contidence, is. at best, n pro- 
 nuraption merely, and no proof that ho really 
 deserves it. The public may believe him to be 
 rich and discreet; but this is more hypothesis; 
 the circumstances which excite conlidence at the 
 out.sct. and which preserve it, are often very 
 deceptive; and in the vast majority of instances 
 the public has no certain knowlelKC, nor tho 
 means of obtaining; any, as to the real .state of the 
 case. ]Jut it ij unnece-.sary to arj^ue this jioint 
 .speculatively. There have, unfortunately, been 
 innumerable instances in wliicli it has turned out 
 that bankers who have lon^ been in the highest 
 credit, and whose notes had been unhesitatingly 
 accepted by the public, have been found to be, on 
 the oecurrenee of anything to excite suspicion, 
 quite unable to meet their eufjagements. 
 
 The issue of notes is of all businesses that 
 which seems to hold out the greatest prospect 
 of success to the schemes of those who attemjjt 
 to get ricli by preying on the public. The co.st 
 of enfrravin^ and issuinf; is nothing compared 
 ■with the sinns for which they are issued; and 
 jirovidcd they he got into anything like exten- 
 Bive circidation, they become at once consider- 
 ably jirodiutivo. They are not issued, excejit, as 
 previously explained, on the deposit of bills or 
 other securities, j-iclding a considerable rate of 
 interest ; so that if an individual, or set of indi- 
 vidujils, with little or no capital, should contrive 
 by fair appearances, promises, and similar devices, 
 to insinuate him.self or themselves into the public 
 contidence, and succeed in getting 20,000/., 50,000/., 
 or 100,000/. into circulation, he or they would 
 secure a good income in tho meantime ; and on 
 the bubble burstin-jf, and the imposture being 
 detected, they would be no worse oil' than when 
 they set up their baiil:. On tho contrary, the 
 )jresumptiou i.s, that they would be a great deal 
 better ofT; and that they would take care to imi- 
 vide, at the cost of the credulous and deceived 
 public, a reserve stock for their future main- 
 tenance. Hence, seeing that the facilities for 
 
 committing frond are no very great, tho pro- 
 priety or rather necessity of providing au'ohist 
 them. 
 
 It is sometimes, no doubt, contendeil that tho 
 grand princinlc of the freedom of industry shonlil 
 be universally respected ; that it can in no case 
 be departed from with impunity ; onil that it ii 
 not oidy injurious, but unjust, to lay any restri(!- 
 tions u|M>n the business of banking. JJnt we arc 
 not to be led astray by n cnckoo-cry of this de- 
 scription. The business of bonking — that is of 
 keeping and dealing in money — is one thing, 
 while file manufacture and issue of notes, in- 
 tended to bo substituted for and to serve an 
 money, is another and a totally diirerent thing. 
 And though everybody may perhaps be allowed 
 to undertake tiie former, it by no moons follows 
 that the same license is to be extended to those 
 who make and issue notes. It is to be recol- 
 locteil that in matters of this sort, neither freedom 
 nor restriction is, abstractly considered, just or 
 unjust, good or bad, expedient or inexpedient. 
 It is by their respective intluence upon society 
 that they are to be judged ; ond though o freo 
 and liberal course of policy be in general most for 
 the public advantage, there are very many cases in 
 which it is necessarv to impose restrictions. It 
 is ailmitted on all Iiands that governments are 
 bound to suppress or regulate every business or 
 |iursuit which is likclv otherwise to becomo 
 publicly injurious. And does anyone doubt that 
 the issue of notes payable on demand is in tho 
 foremost class of these businessoi ? The expe- 
 rience of all ages and nations is conclusive as to 
 this j>oint. It has been everywhere regulated, in 
 the most deniocratical as well as in the most dcs- 
 potical states, in ICngland and liussia, Holland and 
 France, tho United States and Austria. Tho 
 reasonableness of the jiractico accords with its 
 uniformity. Le droit d'l'inettre des billets est 
 trfes-avantageux ; inais oussi il est si dangereiix 
 que I'Ktat doit on s'en re'sen-cr rexercice. ou lo 
 re'gler de manifcre a, en pre'venirlcs abus. (Report 
 on tho Kxtension of tho rrivilege of the Bonk of 
 France in 1840.) 
 
 It may perhaps be said thot bank notes are. 
 essentially private paper ; that tho accepting of 
 them in payment is optional ; and that as they 
 may be rejected by evervone who either suspect's 
 or dislikes them, there is no room or ground for 
 interfering with their issue ! Hut vague gene- 
 ralities of this sort are entitled to very little at- 
 tention, tlverybody knows that, whatever notes 
 may be in law, they are, in most parts of tho 
 country, practically and in fact legal tender. The 
 bulk of the people are without power to refuse 
 them. The currency of many extensive districts 
 consists in great jiart of country notes, and such 
 small farmers or tradesmen as should decline 
 taking them would be exposed to the greatest 
 inconveniences. Everyone makes use of, or is a 
 dealer in, money. It is not employed by men of 
 business only, "but by persons living on fixed 
 incomes, women, labourers, minor.", and in short 
 bv every class of individuals ; very many of whom 
 being necessarily, from their situation in life, 
 quite unable to form any estimate of the solidity 
 of tho ditlercnt banks whose paper may bo in cir- 
 culation, arc uniformly scvejc sufferers by their 
 failure. And as the notes which come into their 
 hands make a part of the currency or money of 
 the country, it is evidently quite as much the 
 duty of Government, in the view of prevoiiting 
 these losses and the ruin they occasion, to t.ake 
 such steps as may be required to make bank 
 notes truly and substantially what they profo.sg 
 to be, as that it should take measures to prevent 
 
 X'o part 
 
 bank note 
 
 should 
 
 A\'ales no 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Iiayablo to 
 
 be proper! 
 
 issued by' 
 
 demand,'d< 
 
 bank note.' 
 
 as cash in , 
 
 l'l:e them, 
 
 provisions i 
 
 bank notes 
 
 Act was pa 
 
 the validity 
 
 The circ 
 
 restrained 
 
 17C6 to i; 
 
 48 Geo. Ill 
 
 notes, or 
 
 than 20.1., 
 
 from 20s. t( 
 
 .i- 
 
■^ .■' 
 
 BANK— BANKING 
 
 ik 
 lit 
 
 tlio ixHtio of xpiirlnii!) roinn, or the urc of false or 
 Ucllcipiit Wfii^hts mill mrnmiroH, 
 
 Hnnkx atlonl ffrt^at facilitiPH to tho pulillc in tliR 
 ii<X<>ti4tioii of l)ill.H of cxclmn){o, or in (Ih> niiikiii); 
 of jmymcnts nt di.stnnl plnct's. Miuiy of tliu 
 bankiii); companiex fslnltliMlird in ilifTiTcnt ili'^lriotM 
 liavo ailirect intoriMinne with rarli ntlu r, nmt they 
 hnvo nil currcKpondonts in b)nilon, Iloncu an 
 intlividunl rcnidinj; in any part of the ooiintry, 
 who may wish to make n payment in any oth'iT 
 Jiart, however distant, may etTeet hi:* olijcct by 
 applying; to the hank nearest to him. Th»<i, snp- 
 )ioso A of ren/nncc has a pavment to make to II 
 of Inverneris: to tran.smit tfie money hy letter 
 Would he hnz(irdou8 ; and if there were fruc!tional 
 parts of a pound in the Nuni, it would hardly he 
 j)raeticahle : how then will A manage? Ho will 
 pay the sum to a hanker in I'enzanee, and his 
 creditor in Inverness will receive it from a hanker 
 there. The transaction is extremely simple ; the 
 Tenzance banker orders his correspondent in 
 London to pay to the correspondent of tho Inver- 
 ness hanker the sum in question on account of A, 
 and the Inverness banker, being advised hi bourse 
 ol post of what has been done, pays H. A small 
 coniinission charged by tho I'cnzance banker, and 
 the postages, constitute the whole expense. There 
 is no risk whatever, and tho whole affair is trnns- 
 ncted in tho most commudious and cheapest 
 manner. 
 
 IJccently, however, the facilities given to the 
 transmission of money by means of post-ollice 
 orders have materially interfered with this branch 
 of banking business, ospecinlly in the transmisHitm 
 of small sums, and arc a great convenience to 
 the public. [Post Officf.J 
 
 Legal Description of Bank A'otes. — Bank notes 
 arc merely a species of promissory notes. They 
 arc suhsorihed either by tho parties on whose 
 account they are issued, or by some one in their 
 employment, whoso signature is binding upon 
 them. A Bank of Enj^lnnd note for 6/. is as 
 follows : — 
 
 Uaiili of (!FnsI<-mtr. 
 
 /promise to pat/ the Bearer on Demand 
 
 the Sum of Jfi'faC Pounds. 
 1858 Dee' 14 London 14 DeC- 1858. 
 
 For the Gov' and Compy of the 
 £jrti>r. BANK OF ENGLAND. 
 
 A. B. 
 
 W 
 
 being imposed on their issuers. It was enacted by 
 the 7 tieo. IV. e. ti, that the issue ef all hank iiotM 
 or promissory notes for less than .V. hy the Bank 
 of Kngland.'or by any licensed Knglish hai'kers, 
 and stamped I''eb"ruary 5, IH'.Mi, or previously (alter 
 which period such notes were not »tain|)od), should 
 terminate on April .1, IH'.".). 
 
 The stamp duties oi- bank notes or promissory 
 notes payable on demand arc — 
 
 
 
 X t. ,/. 
 
 £ I. •!. 
 
 t M. <!■ 
 
 \.)t n» 
 
 vttUnK 
 
 1 1 l> 
 
 
 
 n II A 
 
 »:>. ml 
 
 
 1 1 II 
 
 and niii •■>n<llnic t -i fi . 
 
 III 
 
 
 
 H « II 
 
 1 A 
 
 II 1 .1 
 
 
 
 A A 
 
 ,. Ill II 11 
 
 II 1 <) 
 
 
 
 III II II 
 
 , «l II 
 
 II « II 
 
 
 
 in '1 
 
 . .Ill II II 
 
 II S II 
 
 
 
 ,'^ti n II 
 
 „ All II II 
 
 II .% 
 
 
 
 ill « II 
 
 llkl 
 
 II S 6 
 
 No particular form of words is necessary in a 
 bank note. The essential requisites arc, that it 
 should be for a detinite sum (in Kngland and 
 Wales not less than 6/., and in Scotland and 
 Ireland not less than 1/.), that it should be 
 payable to bearer on demand, and that it should 
 be properly stamped. Promissory notes, though 
 issued by bankers, if not payable to bearer on 
 demanil.'do not come under the denomination of 
 bank notes ; they are not, like the latter, taken 
 as cash in all ordinary transactions, nor are they, 
 lil.o them, assignable by mere delivery. By the 
 provisions of 27 & 28 Vict. c. 78, the signature of 
 bank notes may be impressed by machinery. The 
 Act was passed in order to remove any doubt as to 
 the validity of such notes, &c. 
 
 The circulation of notes for loss than 5/. was 
 restrained bv law (stat. 15 Geo. III. c. 51) from 
 17C6 to 1797. In 1808, it was enacted by stat. 
 48 Geo. III. c. 88, that all bank notes, promissory 
 notes, or other negotiable instruments for less 
 than 20.1., should be absolutely void : a penalty of 
 from 20s. to 5/., at the discretion of the justices. 
 
 Which notes may he reissued after pavment, as 
 often as shall hi' thought fit, pMvideii they bo 
 issued by a banker or person who has taken out a 
 license, renewable annually, and costing 30/.. ti. 
 issue notes payable to bearer on demand. Any 
 banker or other person issuing such rcissiiahle 
 notes, without being dulv licensed, shall forfeit 
 100/. for every oflence. (.'Jo Geo. 1 1 1, c. 181 s. 27.) 
 
 These conditions do not apply to tho Bank of 
 England. The stamp duties on the notes of that 
 establishment were formerly compounded for at 
 the lale of 3,500/. per million of those in circula- 
 tion ; but the Act 7 it K Vic>t. c. 32, has wholly 
 exempted them from all charge on account of 
 stamp duties. 
 
 Notes or bills nut payable to bearer on demand 
 are not reissuablo, under a penalty of 50/. For 
 the stamp duties affecting them, see ExciiANaE. 
 
 By the tJco. IV. c. 23, English bankers not in 
 the city of London, or within three miles thereof, 
 arc authorised to issue promissory notes, and to 
 draw and issue bills of exchange, on unstamped 
 liaper, for any sum of 5/. or upwarils, expressed to 
 be payable to the bearer on demand, or to order 
 at any period not exceeding 7 days after sight 
 {bills "may also be drawn at any period not ex- 
 ceeding 21 days after date), upon obtaining licen- 
 ses, costing 30/., to that effect ; provided such bills 
 of exchange be drawn upon bankers in London 
 and Westminster, or .Southwark ; or provided such 
 bills be drawn by any banker or bankers at tho 
 place where he or they shall be licensed to issue 
 unstamiied notes and bills, upon himself or them- 
 selves, or his or their copartner or copartners, 
 payable at any other place where such banker or 
 imnkers shall be licensed to issue such notes and 
 bills. Bankers having such licenses are to give 
 security, by boiul, that they will keep a true 
 account of all promissory notes and bills so issued, 
 and account for the duties on them at the rate of 
 3s. Gd. for every 100/., and also for the fractional 
 jiarts of 100/. of the average value of such notes 
 and bills in circulation. Persons postdating un- 
 stamped notes or bills shall, for every such offence, 
 forfeit 100/. 
 
 Legal Kffect of the Payment of Bank Notes. — 
 Notes of the Bank of England were not, prcviouslv 
 to the Act 3 & 4 Wm. IV. c. 98, like bills of 
 exchange, more securities or documents of debt, 
 but were treated as money or cash in tho ordinary 
 course or transactions of business: the receipts 
 given upon their payment being always given as 
 for money. Now, however, they are legal tender, 
 everywhere except at the Bank,"for all sums above 
 5/. All notes payable to bearer are assignable by 
 delivery. The "holder of a bank note is primid 
 facie entitled to its prompt payment, and cannot 
 be affected by the previous fraud of any former 
 holder in obtaining it, unless evidence bo given to 
 show that he was privy to such fraud. Such 
 privity may, however, lie inferred from the cir- 
 cumstances of the case. To use the words of Lord 
 
 
 'II 
 
 1; 
 
 ^^ i 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 ^i!i:;;^''i| 
 
90 
 
 BANK— BANKING 
 
 Tui.terden, "If a person take a bill, note, or any 
 other kind of security, under circumstances which 
 t)ii;ilit to tixcile suspicion in the mind of any 
 rriisoMal)le man acquainted with the ordinary atTairi 
 of iif.'. and which ought to put hini on his guard 
 to make the necessary enquiries and he do not, 
 I hen lie loses tlic riglit of maintaining jiossession 
 c.r (lie instrument against the lawful owner.' 
 (( liiildhall, October •_'."), 182(i.) 
 
 ( iiinilry bank notes are usually received as 
 cash, lint though taken as such, if they be 
 lirescnted in i/ne time and not paid, they do not 
 .Muount to a |)aynienf. and the deliverer of the 
 notes is still liable to t lie holder, It is not easy 
 to deierinine what is ■> due or reasonable time, 
 iiiasniucli as it must depend in a great measure 
 on ilic circumstances of each particular case. On 
 the wliole, the safest rule seems to bo to present 
 all n<ites or drafts ]iayable on demand, if received 
 ill the place where they are payable, on the day 
 Oil which they are received, or as soon after as 
 liossible. When they have to be transmitted by 
 )M]st for jiayment, no unnecessary delay should bo 
 jillowed to intervene. (Cliitty's Comiiieivial Law, 
 vol. iii. p. 690.) [Check.] 
 
 Among the schemes devised to secure the eon- 
 veriibility of notes into coin, the following are, 
 perhaps, the most prominent, viz. — 
 
 1. Measuns suytjesteil to insure the conversion li/" 
 \olcs into Coin, Inaihquiicy of llicsc ^teasuns, — 
 To continr the issue of noti's to Joint-stock banks, 
 or associations with large numbers of partners, 
 each of which should be indeliuitely liable Ibr the 
 debts of the as^^iciation. At the time when this 
 descri))tion of banks was established by the 7 Geo. 
 IV. e. Iti, it was supposed that they woulil prove 
 to be of the greatest advantage, and atlbrd that 
 complete security to the holders of their n(]tes, and 
 those who entrusted them with money, that is so 
 desirable. Hut everybody knows that these an- 
 ticipations have been entirely disappointed, and 
 lliat the history of the joint-stock banks fouiuled 
 under the above statute discloses some of the 
 most flagrant instances to be met with of reck- 
 lessness, imposture and fraud. And this, after all, 
 is only what might ha\e bi'Cn expected. 'J'he 
 shares in many joint- stock banks are small, few 
 being above 100/. the greater ra .iber not exceed- 
 ing 60/., whilst many are only :!6/., and some not 
 more than 10/., if so much. (Jenerally, too, it is 
 understood, or rather it is distinctly set forth in 
 the conditious of partnership, that not more than 
 ten. twenty, or fifty per c( nt. of these shares is to 
 be called Ibr; so that an individual with a few 
 Hounds to spare may become a sharehohler in a 
 bank. And owing to a practice or rather a 
 ll:igrant abuse, introduced into the management 
 <if various banks, of making large advances or 
 disidiints on the creil't of the stock held by 
 vhaiehiililers, not a few individuals in doubtful or 
 even desperate circumstances take shares in them, 
 in tlie view of oblaiuing loans, and bolstering up 
 tlieir credit ! The great danger .arising from such 
 banks is olivious, and when one of them sto])s 
 ]iaymeiit, the claims on it, if ultimately made 
 good, can be so only at the cost, and jjerhaps 
 ruin, of such of its proprietors as have abstained 
 from the abusive practices resorted to by others. 
 At t/ie same time, however, it is quite plain 
 that a joint-stock bank, provided it possess 
 .•idecpiate capital, and is discreetly managed, may 
 all'ord ample security to its sh.ireholders and the 
 jiiiblic. And it is further plain, in the event of 
 ils sli.areholders being a numerous body, com- 
 jiiising, as is sometimes the cas". hundreds of 
 ii.diviclual-, many of whom have large fortunes, 
 that its creditors, though exjiosed to immediate 
 
 injur}-, may in the end have little or nothing to 
 fear, even from gross mismanagement. l!ut it is 
 very dillicult to discriminate between one variety 
 of jidiit-stock banks and another. A bank may 
 have u considerable bodjr of proprietors; but, 
 though tlie contrary opinion may prevail, few of 
 theni may be wealthy, and man\ mere men of 
 straw, fO that the security ali'orded by such .1 
 bank may be worth little or nothing. Xeither is 
 there any foundation Uir tin; notion, that becau e 
 a bank has tifty or a hinidred jiartners, it will be, 
 cither richer or better managed than if it had 
 only tive or ten. In truth, the presumption seems 
 to be quite the other wav. The petty subscriptions 
 of many may amount m the aggregate to a con- 
 siderable sum, which, however, may bo greatly 
 inferior to the fortunes of a few wealthy indivi- 
 duals. And when the latter engage in banking, 
 or any other sort of business, they must, if they 
 would protect themseh'cs from ruir, pay unre- 
 mitting attention to their concerns, and act in a 
 discreet and cautious manner. IJnt the partners 
 and managers of a great joint-stock company act 
 under no such direct and jircssing responsibility. 
 ' I think,' said the highest authority on such 
 subjects, 'that joint-stock banks are deficient in 
 everything requisite for the conduct of banking 
 business, except extended responsibility; the 
 bankhig business requires peculiar persons atten- 
 tive to all its details, constantly, daily, and hourly 
 watchful of every transaction, nineh more than 
 mercantile or trading businesses. It also requires 
 immediate, prompt decisions upoi; ciiciimstances 
 when they arise— in many cases a decision that 
 does net admit of delay lor consultation; it ab;o 
 reipiires a discretion to be exercised with reference 
 to the special circumstances of each case. Joint- 
 stock banks, being, of course obliged to act 
 through agents, and not by a jirinclpal, and 
 therefore under the restraint of general rules, 
 cannot be guided l)y so nice a reference to degrees 
 of difl'ercnce in the character or responsibility of 
 l)arties; nor can they undertake to regulate the 
 assistance to be granted to concerns under tempo- 
 rary embarrassment by so accurate a reference to 
 the circumstances, favourable or unfavourable, of 
 each case. (Evidence of Lord Overslonc, before 
 Committee on Bank C/iartcr, in l.SJO.) 
 
 In fact, more than ninc-tenthsof the partners in 
 joint-stock banks are wholly ignorant of banking 
 business, and have nothing better to trust to than 
 the supposed honesty and intelligence of tlie di- 
 rectors ; and, even if they were acipiaiiiled witli 
 the business, the result would be nearly the same, 
 as it would not be possibh; for anyone, by a cur- 
 sory iusjiection of tlie books of a bank (if sucli 
 were permitted), to form an accnr.ate (■slimate of 
 its condition, or of the mode in which it trans- 
 acted business. And heme the <lirectors in these 
 establishments arc practically all but absoliile. 
 If they be carefully selected, juid be worthy of the 
 conlideiice jilaced in them, all goes on smoothly ; 
 and this also is the case when they are most 
 unworthy, till they have involved the concern in 
 inextricable difliculties ! The history of the Nor- 
 wich liank, of the Northern and Central IJaiik, 
 the JIarylebonc llank, the JIanchester Bank, the. 
 London and Eastern liank, the K'oyal British Bank, 
 the Borough Bank of Liverpool, the Western Bank 
 of Glasgow, and a host of others, snflicieiitly 
 attests the truth of what has now been stateil. 
 The responsibility of the directors to t)io share- 
 holders has not been fouinl, in any of these 
 instances, to hav(! been any check wliatever over 
 their frauds and imiirovidenee. The whole paid- 
 up caiiital of the Western Bank, amounting to 
 1,600,000/., had been wasted in the most improvi- 
 
 'Ipntspi 
 
 'hat off 
 
 «'id Kat 
 
 directors 
 
 •■oiitracti 
 
 ^'oMers 1 
 
 "ere oth 
 
 ^\'e iiif 
 
 <^'ccasioiie 
 
 I'crvertcd 
 
 IS not f„ ( 
 
 parfiiiTs, r 
 
 'jecoiiies, 1 
 
 privations 
 
 '"yt'iiil til 
 
 '<'" years , 
 
 "'""It l,r,()i 
 
 Mpatcd in ; 
 
 -V"lasniii,, 
 
 >^i'm(ul i,v . 
 
 i"".' Jilt!,; o] 
 
 t'.> nnagiiio , 
 
 ?'*;<■" to roi 
 
 ■'!""!""•* it. ni 
 
 their own caj 
 
 . Jt is rJe;, 
 
 .M'lnt-stoe/c I 
 
 ""airs win [ 
 
 notes iiiiiiijrij 
 
 .-• '''oiiisnn 
 
 !'0"'. it lias be 
 
 issued exeeni 
 
 r'yP". for tiiei 
 
 '"dividual ore 
 
 -"",000/., or ot; 
 
 ]'rcvioi,slyfo,i 
 
 •■'I'I'oiiited for 
 
 "".rtv for an on 
 
 tins Mould be iu 
 
 Lnder a systen 
 
 .^•'l"t"I, and sha 
 
 I'' tlie public. ,v 
 
 ^^•'•'J.notabusint 
 
 '^"l^ and that r 
 
 J'artics possessed 
 
 «'.'t tliouy-j, a 
 
 ^■'"■■^Klerablc exf 
 
 ^'."'^•"'atepiJ^ 
 
 '■."• "nmediate 
 ' "•"• •'dv;i„f.,..^,o, 
 
 ■^'<'l'l'.''gGofaba, 
 
 i5';.'.".ldbetak 
 
 ;'< "vndo,,,. son 
 
 ; I .^''"P.^^' before , 
 
 "'the ii„(,„, ,, 
 
 '"",'" ••""' -""TT • 
 
 '/"'"'• <''e „u.st ; 
 
 [ '^' «i.ms for wliiol, 
 
 event of t|,,.,e,. 
 
 ■-W^' of credit, it ,„i, 
 
 ' .nvertthosecrT 
 f •' ilea\y loss. ']■( 
 
 ,';;'"1 giving „iat c. 
 
 ,,-ti; p''"c-'^t'nsiv 
 ' ' "'« I nited SL-u,.. 
 
 :'■"'""- "hie.]/, Tc, 
 
 ;::^;"----"nis,„„^; 
 
 -f^'it supposing thn 
 
'I -i^ 
 
 I ■ . 
 i t 
 
 1; 'f 
 
 it. / 
 
 V, : 
 
 n 
 
92 HaImK— UANKIXa 
 
 bankers, and otliTs will put an end to tlio prac- 
 tices hitherto comt)laincd of. Hut thouf^h it were 
 much to be wished tliat such should be the case, 
 and thoufrli, no doubt, it will have considerable 
 inlluenoe, it will not suflicc to repress iho evil. 
 IJesides makin;? bankers aud others who em- 
 bezzle, appropriato, or make away with jiroporty 
 ciitrusteil to their care, K"'l'y ofa miMlemeanour, 
 the statute goes on to enact, "'That if any director, 
 malinger, or public officer of any body corporate, 
 or public company, shall make, circulate, or 
 publish, or concur in making, circulating, or 
 puWi;'hiiig, any written statement or account 
 •.\ hieli he shall know to be false in any material 
 liarticular, with intent to deceive or defraud any 
 member, shareholder, or creditor of such body 
 eiirpornte or public compauy, or with intent to 
 induce any person to become a shareholder or 
 ])artner therein, or to intrust or advance any 
 money or jiroperty to such body corporate, or 
 ]mblic company, or to enter into any security for 
 the benetit thereof, he shall be guilty of a mis- 
 demeanour.' (.Sec. 8.) 
 
 And it is further enacted. ' That every person 
 found guilty of a misdemeanour under tliis Act 
 shall be liable, at the discretion of tlu^ court, to 
 be kept in penal servitude for the term of three 
 years, or to suffer such otiier punishment, bv iiii- 
 lirisomiient, for not more than two years, witli or 
 witliout hard labour, or by line, as the court shall 
 award.' (See. IC.) 
 
 It is dillieult to see how, under a law of this 
 .sort, such llagranlly false statements as tlft)se jiut 
 forlli by the Itoyaf liritisli and otlier banks, after 
 they were in a state of utter bankruptcy, should 
 not subject their aiilliors to the full penalties of 
 the statute, liut villaiiy is fertile in resi/irces; 
 and no severity of |iunishmeiit has ever been found 
 to be effectual for the suppression of (riine. Though 
 it maybe fairly ]iresunied that the 'cooking of 
 returns ' will be less fi-ei|uenf, and less glaring, in 
 time to come than formerly, it would be idle to 
 expect that it should ever be wholly jiut down. 
 And, as already seen, even when the directors of a 
 b;uik are so disposed, it will t'requeiitly be out of 
 their power to lay before the jiuldic a really true 
 .statement of their affairs. It is plain, then, that 
 this so '.ailed publicity affords nothing aiiproaching 
 to that undoubted and uii(|uestionalilo guarantee 
 which shoidd be recpiired from all parties and 
 assoi nations empowered to issue notes. 
 
 liut the difficulties in the way of insuring the 
 «'niiversion of the latter into coins, though greal, 
 are not insuperable. A plan originally suggeste<l 
 liv Lord Overstone, and adopted and carried into 
 ellect by Sir IJobert I'eel, lies been found to be 
 <|uitc effectual to secure this grand objei't. And 
 it has the additional and important reeommeinl- 
 atioii, of having done this without sulijecting the 
 ]iulilie to any sensible iucoiiveuience. 
 
 liut before entering into r. cx])osition of the 
 |)lan referred to. it will be nci ( -.sary to premise 
 .some details with regard to the ■nstitutioii and 
 action of the existing banks. 
 
 Sec. II. BanivS oi- Dioposit ,\.n ■ Basks oi- 
 Issui;. 
 Principles on jrliich tliei/ are t stuhlishetl.— 
 Banks are commonly divided into bnitlis tif i/e- 
 jw.iit and hanks of insne: i.e. banks that take 
 care of other people's iiioney, and banks that 
 issue money of their own. liut there are few 
 banks of issue that are not at the same time banks 
 of deposit; and the latter are further divisible 
 into two gre.it classes: vi/. those who do and 
 those who do not issue the money of their 
 customers. The banking companies established 
 
 in this co.intry belong to the first class; while 
 the old Bank of Amsterdam did, and the existing 
 Bank of Hamburg docs, belong to the second 
 class. 
 
 Advantages of Bankers. — Instead of keeping 
 money in their own houses, where it would be 
 expo,sed to v.irious accidents, and to the attacks 
 of thieves and robbers, most jieople wisely commit 
 it to the care of a banker, and avail themselves of 
 his services in receiving and making payments on 
 their account. They send to their banker sucli 
 sums of money as they may happen to receive, 
 and all bills aud drafts payable to them; and ho 
 becomes responsible for their amount, for the 
 regular presentation of the bills for acceptance 
 and payment, and for their proper noting, if not 
 accepted or paid. It is also the practice for parties 
 who have an account at a banker's to make all 
 considerable payments iiy cheques payable by 
 him. As Uv discharge of these functions involves 
 considerable risk and expense, it is usual for 
 bankers either to charge a percentage for their 
 trouble, or to stipulate that the parties dealing 
 with them shall keep an average balance of cash 
 in their hands corresponding to the amount of 
 business transacted in their behalf. In this way 
 business is carried on with safety, ease, and des- 
 patch ; and at much less expense than it would 
 be if individuals kept their own money, and made 
 their own payments. 
 
 Of the sums paid into banks, some are intended 
 to meet the checiues and orders drawn against 
 them in the ordinary course of business ; while 
 others arc sent rather for safe custody, to be 
 retained, till opportunities be found for their 
 investment. The former are generally placed 
 under what arc called drawiny, and the latter 
 under deposit accounts ; but there is no ditlerence 
 between the two, except that the sums iti deposit 
 accounts are usually permitted to lie for longer 
 periods -without being operated upon or called up. 
 Such portions of the one or tlic other as the 
 bankers do not retain in tlieir coft'ers to meet the 
 usual demands of their customers, they employ in 
 the discount of bills, or in making advances of 
 one sort or other, generally at short dates, to 
 those who require them, and in whom they think 
 they may conlide. 
 
 This last is one of the most imjiortant functions 
 performed by banks of deposit. They become, as 
 it were, receptacles or reservoirs into which the 
 surplus or unemployed capital of the surrounding 
 districts is collected, aud from which it is again 
 distributed to those who want it. And it may bo 
 proper to observe, that th.o bankers do not always, 
 nor perhaps even most commonly, coiiline tlieir 
 advances to those who can give security for their 
 repayment. On the contrary, they arc often more 
 nitluenced in making loans by their knowledge of 
 1 le conduct, the intelligence, and the pursuits of 
 llio parties, than by anything else. And it fre- 
 iiueiuly happens that industrious, frugal, and 
 enterprising young men, who have no guarantee 
 to offer save tlieir character, obtain advances that 
 would be denied to wealthier, but otherwise less 
 trustworthy parties. 
 
 On this, as on most other points, the li>te evi- 
 dence t)f Lord Overstone is highly instructiv. 
 
 Q. liut, genera'ly speaking, persons vrl'.o 
 have no capital, liavt; very little opportunity ot 
 raising money, have (licyV Ans. 'I'liat certaiiiiy 
 is not so. 'I'he whole iirineiple of banking is to 
 afford capital — to transfer it from the inactive 
 accumulator to the active and energetic jierson 
 who wants the capital. The banker is the go- 
 between, who receives deposits on tin; one side, 
 aud on the other apidies those deposits, uitrustiiij;' 
 
 I'y 
 
BA>rK— BANKING 
 
 93 
 
 k 
 
 them, in the form of capital, to the hands of active, 
 ontTfictic persons, who, lie thinks, will make a 
 good use of it. 
 
 Q. Who have no security to pive? Ans. Who 
 have in many instances no security to give, except 
 their character, and bkill, and talent, of which the 
 banker forms his judgment. 
 
 Q. To pc'.'sons of character who have no 
 otlicr Rcctiritv to give? Ans. To jiersons cif cha- 
 racter who, in some cases, have no security to 
 fjivc : lint who, in all cases, have no security to give 
 equal to the amount advanced to them, except that 
 best form of security, their characier, tlicir energy, 
 and their prudence. (Minutes of Evidence, ]>. .'MM.) 
 
 Hut without insisting on these considerations, 
 which, however, are not a little important, it is 
 manifest that those who have capital to lend, and 
 those who wish to borrow, arc equally indebted to 
 the afjency of the bankers, who, while they enable 
 these ftja^t classes mutually to assist eacli other, 
 contribute to increase the public wealth by facili- 
 tating the flow of capital into the mosr productive 
 channels. 
 
 Credit, Definition of. — But, however great, 
 this advantage is not to be exaggerated. Though 
 l>anks aft'ord valuable assistance in the collection 
 and distribution of capital, it must not be supposed, 
 as is often done, th_t they have any direct in- 
 fluence over its formation. That is the joint 
 ofl'cct of industry and economj- — the former in 
 producing convenient and desirable articles, and 
 the latter in saving and preserving them for 
 future use. (,'redit is neither more nor less than 
 the transfer of money or other valuable produce 
 from one set of individuals called lenders, to 
 another set called borrowers — a transfer which is 
 greatly facilitated by the establishment of banks. 
 And as there can be no reasonable doubt that 
 those who borrow have, in the majority of in- 
 stances, better means of employing capital with 
 advantage than those by whom it is lent, its 
 transference from the one to the other will, in so 
 far as this presumption is realised, be ]mblicly 
 advantageous. But this is the entire extent of 
 the beneticial influence of what is called credit; 
 and when it happens, as is too often the case, to 
 divert capital into the pockets of knaves and 
 gamblers it is disadvantageous. No doubt wc 
 frequently hear of great imdcr^iikiiigs being 
 carried on by means of credit; but such state- 
 ments are entirely false and misleading. They 
 will, indeed, be uniformly found, when analj'sed. 
 to mean only that the undertakings are carried on 
 by means of borrowed capital. Credit is impo- 
 tent to effect anything whatever. It is, in fact, a 
 mere name for the trust reposed by a lender in a 
 borrower. To call it capital is as much an abuse 
 of hingtuige a^ it would be to cull v eight colour, 
 or colour weight. It may transfer money or pro- 
 duce from A to It, or from C to U, but that is «W 
 that it either docs or can do. When credit is 
 said to be high, nothing is really meant save that 
 tho^se who have money or capital to lend have 
 great conlidence in the borrowers, and conversely 
 when credit is said to be low. 
 
 Bunks sometimes encourage Gamhling and Over- 
 trading. — Banks, when not conducteil by men of 
 probity, skii!, and caution, arc very apt to excite 
 and iiifl.ame i spirit of speculation and gambling. 
 They do thi'. by furnishing specidators with loans 
 and' discouus, by means of which they are not 
 enabled 'nerely, but tempted, to engage in 
 hazardoi'J enterprises. And for a time, or while 
 the process is going on, everything wears an air 
 of prosperity ; and those old-fashioned houses, as 
 they are called, that carry on a legitimate business 
 on capital of their own are frequently undersold 
 
 and driven from the market by the competition of 
 adventurers trading on the funds of others, ready 
 to encounter any ri.-k, and living in the greatest 
 splendour. But at length the thing is overdone, 
 tlie bubble bursts, the worthless machinery of ficti- 
 tious bills, rediscounts, and so fortii, is exposed, 
 and the tragi-comc<ly is wouml up by the offer of 
 a composition of some Is. or 2s. per pound. Bankers 
 and money dealers who employ the money en- 
 trusted to their care in so reckless a manner, arc 
 litter for Newgate than for the situations they so 
 unworthily till. It would be a great stretch of 
 charity to suppose that advances of the kind now 
 alluded to can be wlioUy the result of imprudence. 
 Bankers have peculiar means at their disposal by 
 which to beco nc acquainted with the character, 
 position, and capabilities of those who apply to 
 them fur advances. And it is their duty to avail 
 themselves of these means to distinguish between 
 the careful and the improvident or reckless trader — 
 between the man who may and the man who 
 may not he trusted. It is difficult to believe, 
 provided they make the necessary enquiries, that 
 they should be often or greatly deceived in their 
 judgment of individuals; and, provided they act 
 with due caution, tliey will never so far commit 
 themselves, even with the most respectable firms, 
 as to endanger their own establishment in tlie 
 event of the failure of the latter. Bankers may 
 risk their private fortunes, if they have any, as 
 they please, but they arc not entitled to risk" the 
 money of their constituents by making advances 
 to equivocal parties, and especially to those who 
 arc notoriously overtrading. It is impossible, 
 perhaps, to bring an abuse of this sort within the 
 meshes of the penal law, but it cannot be too 
 strongly condemned in the opinion of the public. 
 There is nothing about which people should be so 
 cautions as the employment of bankers; and high 
 character, experience, and reputation for pruileiit 
 management, ought always to have the preference 
 over fair promises and prospectuses, even when 
 the latter are backed by offers of high interest. 
 
 Interest on Deposits. — The private bankers of 
 London have not been, until recently, in the 
 habit of allowing interest on deposits, though in 
 special cases it was .sometimes done. But in 
 Scotland, and also in many parts of iMiglaud, it 
 has been long the practice to pay an interest on 
 deposits of from one to two per cent, less than the 
 market rate at the time. And tlic joint-stock 
 banks set on foot in the metropolis since 182fi, 
 having introduced the practice of giving interest 
 on deposits, provided a certain noti^o (generally 
 from three to eight days) be given before they 
 are withdrawn, very large sums have been de|)o- 
 sitcd in these establishments. Most private banks 
 have been compelled, in order to maintain their 
 position, to ado|)t in a greater or less degree the 
 same system. There can, indeed, be little doubt 
 that it will, in no very lengthened period, 
 become universal, and that the amount tif de- 
 posits will ho progressively and largely aug- 
 mented. 
 
 By bringing, as it were, the advantages of 
 savings' banks, without any of their limitations, 
 within reach of all classes, of the middle and upper 
 as well as of the lower, this system is, in muiiv 
 respects, highly advantageous. It maj-, indeed, 
 be doubted whether any means could be devised 
 more likely to generate and diffuse a spirit of 
 economy. Unhappily, however, its advantages 
 are alloyed by the formidable disadvantage of 
 its involving a great amount of insecurity and 
 hazard. 
 
 Dangers incidert to the Deposit St/stem. — 
 Banks that give interest on deposits must employ 
 
ot 
 
 BANK— HANKING 
 
 till' linlniiro nt their ilispnsiil so ns to rcaliso that 
 iiilerrsl. )ihis a i)rolit to llicnisi'lvc.-i. Iiivcstiiiciil 
 is iiol o]iiioiial witli tlieni, it is iii(iis|jcnsahl(^ : and 
 tlicy caiiiiot, ill seeking invcstniciits, hnik to 
 scriirity only. I'lotit must be in their estiiiialion 
 as f,'ri'at, or oven a f,'ri'ati'r consiilcralion. ISut 
 pmlit and risk aro insoparahh'. and are always 
 diri'dly iiroportioncd to oai'li other ; and heneo it 
 is, that in periods ofdiseredit, or Avhen a revulsion 
 oecnrs. suspicions may lie expeeted to arise in 
 re;;ard to tlie solidity of deposit hanks, cspceially 
 ol' those that pay hi^h rates of interest on the sums 
 eomniittcd to their custody. 'I'hcse suspieions 
 may I'rcqnenlly, no doulit. bo very ill-foundeil ; 
 bill, if tliey be entertained, the result will lie 
 iie.irly the same. This was exemplilied by wliat 
 look place in isdri.ulien these banks wore seriously 
 all'ccted by the deposit system. 
 
 It is didicult to know how to ward off such 
 <'ontiii{;cucies ; but it nevertheless seems to be 
 indispensable that soincthiu^t should be done in 
 that view, othenvise we m.iy be said to be always 
 expo ed to the most tremendous risks. It nuiy 
 not be practicable to form an airiiratc estimate of 
 tlie amount now held as deposits liy bankers and 
 money de.ilers ill (Ireat 'iritain only; but if we 
 take the entire sum ae about three hundred 
 minions, we sl'all iirobably be wilhiii and not 
 beyond the nuirk. And of this vast sum more 
 than lialf is jiayable ut call, aiul more than 
 three-fourths wiihiu ten days. l!ut everybody 
 knows that such iiayments are practically impos- 
 sible. And liciKC it is plain, that in the event, 
 which may any day occur, of a bank with a laruc 
 aiuouii-of deposits pettiii.i^ into dillieulties, or of 
 any circumstance occiurintc that should occasion a 
 distrust of tlie system and a ijenernl ]ianic. the 
 whole fabric would fall to iiieecs, aud we shoulil 
 have a universal smash. 
 
 'J'his appears to lie as unsatisfactory a slate of 
 tliiufis as can well be iinaniniid. Ihit ilc 7-cjiiililir(i 
 It'll iltspcraiiilKni. Thoufj;li (Virmidable, the evil is 
 not insuperable; and the dangers referred to .ire 
 so jiTcat and imminent, that no lime slionlil be lost 
 ill ado]ilin,2; measures by which they may be either 
 obviated or inili,i;ated. Kxplosions of the credit 
 system arc, in the coniUKrcial aud tliiancial, what 
 explosions of gunpowder are in the physical world. 
 And it would seem t'> be quite as'necessary 1 1 en- 
 deavour to lessen the fref|ueiicy and violence of the 
 former as of the latter. Hence we think it would be 
 good policy to enact, that all sums lienrinp interest, 
 in the hands of bankers,' discount-brokers, ami 
 money-dealers generally, should not bo legally 
 demandablc without a month or six weeks' notice. 
 A regulation of this sort ■would not interfere with 
 anytiiiug that is valuable in the existing system, 
 while it would confer <ni it some portion of that 
 Solidity of wliicli it is at present so miserably 
 delicii nt. It would protect all classes against the 
 elVoets of sudden aud unreascmable iears and 
 panics. It would give time to the borrowers to 
 collect, their resources; and to the depositors 
 calmly to eni|uire into the character and situation 
 of those to whom they had entrusted theirinoney. 
 This may not be enough ; but some such measure 
 ns this appears to he indispensable for the security 
 and protection of the |)iiblic. 
 
 ^V»/f,s (lipii.iilcd ill Hanks not the Prnprn;/ of 
 the JJepositurs. — It has sometimes been contended 
 that the notes and moneys deposited in banks by 
 jirivate parlies continue to be their i)roperfy, and 
 are as really a portion of their moni'v as the notes 
 or .sovereigns which they retain in their tills or 
 their pockets. 'J'he place where it is kept is 
 different; but, except in this respect, the money 
 ■which they have lodged in and that which they 
 
 have out of banks, is said to be, to all intents and 
 purposes, identical. Hut thoiiLih gpecious, this 
 stalemeiit is entirely fallacious. T'lie money which 
 depositors lodge in Imiiks forms a p.irt of the money 
 of the country; hut after iis IoiIl^iik i;t in them it 
 ceases to belong to, or to make a pari of. the pro- 
 ])erry or money of the depositors, 'i'iicy have 
 consigned it to banking establishiinais. a.id ae- 
 <|uire(l credits in its stead; i.e. they have ac- 
 quired the rii/ht to draw upon and receive eipial 
 sums of money from these establishments. Ihit 
 everybody knows that the right to a thing is not 
 the thing itself, but something altogether different. 
 A banker who owes a million or other sum to 
 depositors might regard himself ns being in a 
 sulliciently seiure slate, if, according to circum- 
 st.ances, he had a third, a fourtli, or a fifth part 
 ol that sum in notes niid gold in his till to 
 answer the demands of the <li'positors, while he 
 employed the reserve in advances to others. 
 Hence it is plain that bank ereilit and money have 
 nothing in common. Thosewho confound things 
 that an^ so very dill'ereiit can have no clear appre- 
 hension of either the one or the other. 
 
 ll is on the distinction between money and de- 
 posits or credits, that the business of banking 
 really de|)( uds. It is a business by wliicli n small 
 amount of money is made to siqiply a large 
 amo;int of credit, the prolits of the bankers arising 
 from the use of the money so economised. The 
 I'lauk of Ijigland, for example, often holds inoi-o 
 than twenty millKUis of jiubliu and private de- 
 posits, while she is considered to be in a perfectly 
 s.ife and sound position if she have in the till o[ 
 her banking department live millions, or even 
 less, ill notes and coins. 
 
 ll is hardly necessary, after these statements, 
 to observe that the ])rolit maile by bankers in 
 employing jiart of the money eomniittcd to their 
 (Uislody is extrinsic to, and independent of, anv 
 prolits which they may realise on capital of their 
 own. ' finch banks,' to use the words of IMr. 
 liieardo, 'would never be established if they ob- 
 tained no other prolits than those derived from llii' 
 I'lnployment of their own capital. Their real 
 advaulage enmmences only when they begin to 
 employ the capital of others.' (^Eeonomicul and 
 Secure Cnrnnei/, p. ST.) 
 
 JVeressIti/ of dijiitiil to the Securiti/ of Buii/ts. — 
 lint we are not thence to conclude lliat it is in- 
 dillereiit whether such hanks have or have not. 
 independent capitals of their own. That ■would 
 be the greatest of errors. Unless it have a con'- 
 maud of capital proportioned in some degree to 
 the extent of its business, those who deposit their 
 money in a bank have but slender .security for its 
 liayment. I'lU' if bankers make improvident or 
 injudicious advances, if the securities in their 
 possession he (Mscredited, or dillieultiesof any kind 
 arise in the conduct of their business, those who 
 liavo no capital, or but little of their own, m.ay be 
 obliged to stop payment, when moreo|)iilent linns 
 may be but little affected by the like circum- 
 stances, lilucli, no doubt, must always depend on 
 the character and knowledge of the parties; but 
 no ainonnt of skill or caution can ever fully com- 
 pensate for the want of adequate capital. It is 
 the sheet-nnchor of security, the only real and 
 subslanli:il guarantee to which the ordinary cre- 
 ditors of a bank have to look. When such capital 
 has been accumulated by the bank, it shows that 
 its affairs have been well managed, and raises a 
 strong presumption in its favour; and when it has 
 devolved on the partners by inheritance, or been 
 bequeathed to them in legacies, the fair inference 
 would .seem to be, that they will not (unless they 
 be mere fools, unworthy of any kind of coiilidcnce) 
 
 t liey 
 
 at ions 
 
 for 
 
 of nid 
 
 ivhicli 
 
 '■ipatiu 
 
 realise 
 
 liahili 
 
 for 
 
 a-socia 
 
 prosj'cr 
 
 idlollt 
 
 I hey IIP 
 i;iconvi 
 <'oiise(|i 
 will b( 
 tlleir ov 
 ivhat bu 
 
 lint 
 
 of iiiilin 
 
 ill wliicP 
 
 l);iiik 
 
 guard, J 
 
 unless t 
 
 Ihit, in 
 
 any ,assu 
 
 safe tore 
 
 have, or 
 
 NiqipoMn 
 
 <'iirrent 
 
 'lext, orj 
 
 I'liblic 
 
 losses, it.. 
 
 sits lunv 
 
IIANK— HANKING 
 
 r.'islily ooniproinise its scciiri.'y I)y cnga^jiii.i^ iu 
 i[uosti(iniililf ])r(icpiMliiii;.-<, 
 
 Limited Liabilitii, DinaJranfnocs of. — l!v n latp 
 Ant, thn 'JO &. 21 "Viot. i:. 40, b;iiiUH"may 'bn nm- 
 ^tiliitcd with limited liability, lint this is n 
 viiiotiH (iriiiciplo. Ipsscniiij; tlio natural rispnnsi- 
 Ijility under nhirii every man oii;;ht to art, and 
 tMnptinj^ parties to en;;ai;c; in all manner of 
 de-perat'' advent iire.-i. in hankinf;, (^neh a prin- 
 ciple nnisl be especially mi:<ehiev()us ; lor it is a 
 bii-iriesH tliat riMjiiires t;real''antion and prndenee 
 — the very virtues with whieh tlie, principle of 
 limited liability is ino-t at variance. It may. 
 indeed, bo said" that the nnmeroua in.stancea of 
 niisniana;^cmcnt and cmbcz/.lem<'nt that now pre- 
 N.iil. sliow that even the priueiplo of indetinite 
 liability is not enonf^h to make joint-stock banks 
 lie conducted prudently and honc-t.y. Ihit, how- 
 ever defective, still it is the only principle on 
 ivhich any stresd can be safely laid, and the in- 
 sta'ices referred to, bear, after all, but a small 
 proportion to those of an opposite, dc-cription. 
 'I'lu' ;;reat majority of banks are discreetly anil 
 faitldidly managed. And if knavery and f(dly be 
 sonielimes found to prevail wlicrc every iiartner 
 is deeply interested in their i)revcntion, and is 
 liable to the last farthins' he jiosscssos for the 
 conscfpiences, the fair i)resumption is, that they 
 woidd be much more prcvaknt wore the parties 
 liable only for the amount of tlicir shares in the 
 iiank. To suppose the contrary would be a con- 
 tradiction; it would be c.,nivalcnt to snpposin.u; 
 (hat a man is to be as much interested in the 
 ^alV■ty of ]()/. or 100/., as of 1,000/. or 10,000/., 
 or (if his entire fortuije, however p;reat it may be. 
 
 Whatever else, may be the etl'eet of the lato 
 disclosures of mismanagement, fraud, and rol)bcry, 
 on the part of the directors and secret ries of 
 joint-stock banks, it can hardly fail to ni.akc the 
 partners in those associ.itions more alive to the 
 dangers of their situation, and to convince them, 
 that if they would provide for their own safety, 
 lliey must" be more rautiona than hitherto in 
 regard to the persons they e' t to till these situ- 
 ations, and less disposed to u.ko their statements 
 lor ;;ranted. Such, however, is tlu! earclossness 
 of most i)eople, even in regard to those mattera 
 wliich most nearly criicem them, that these anti- 
 cipations, thoujih reasonable, may not be fully 
 realised. IJut, in the case of banks with limited 
 liability, they must be sanicuino indeed wh :> look 
 lor any improvement. The jiartners in those 
 a-:-oeiations have no sufTieicnt interest in their 
 prosperity to make them take any unusual trouble 
 :.l)out the way in which they .are conducted, and 
 1 liey neither tear ruin, nor even any considerable 
 inconvenience, from their failure. Tho chances, 
 <i)ose(piently, arc ten to one that their mana;;crs 
 w ill be loft without let or hindrance to pursue 
 their own schemes; and, when such is tho case, 
 what but abuse can bo expected to be the result V 
 
 l!ut it is ar-^ued, whatever may bo the influence 
 of unlimited liability on the partners of the banks 
 ill which it is established, that tho depositors in 
 banks with limited liability will be on their 
 ^nard, and will not trust them with their money, 
 unless they were wi 11 assured of their solidity. 
 I>ut, in truth and reality, they never can have 
 .•my assurance of the sort on which it would be 
 safe to rcl)% A bank with limited liability might 
 -have, or pretend to have, a largo capital. And 
 supposing it really had such a capital in the 
 current year, that may not be the case in the 
 next, or in any subsequent year. And yet as the 
 linblie can know nothing certain of the bank's 
 losses, its credit may not 1)0 impaired, and depo- 
 sits may bo pressed upon it after it is really 
 
 As lo l.iiiiilicl r.i.ihiliij ill Hiuikiii);, -.to ^iKo 8> .t 
 
 insolvent. In such cases the jniblie is helpless ; 
 and if the indelinite ro-'ponsibility of thi! partneri 
 in banks be not enough to nialie theui look to 
 their prop(}r numagenient. it would be wor-e than 
 idle to depend in any drgree on the fcari i.r 
 interests of the depositors. This is not a matter 
 about which there needs be any speculation. The 
 e.\|)erience of tho United States is dicisive of iho 
 (pu'stion. In the Union, the banks are all. or 
 nearly all, e-tablished under a system of liniifcd 
 liability, and, notwithstanding their insecnritv, 
 and their perpetually recuning insolvency, they 
 always hold large sums in deposit. I'mmise", 
 lirofessions, tho bait of high interest, and tlie 
 conlideni'e )ilaced by everyone in his siijierior 
 sagaiity and good fortune, (ill the coll'ers even of 
 the establishments least worthy of credit. And 
 siuh, no doubt, would be the case in l)nglaiul, 
 were a like system established amongst us. lint, 
 what, under su(di circumstances, would be tho 
 situation even of a well-nianag il bank, were 
 any suspicions to be entertained of its credit? 
 The rush would be tremendous; for everybody 
 would reasonably conclude, that if ho did not 
 succeed by prc-sing forward with •hot haste' in 
 getting payment of his deposit, the chances were 
 ten to one ho would get little or nothing, lie 
 h.as no proprietary body to which to look for pay- 
 ment of his claims; mid if tho doors were once 
 shut iigainst him, he could hardly expect morethau 
 some miserable dividend .at some distant term. 
 
 I)uring the crisis of IH.JT, when the 'Western 
 and City Itaiik of til.asgow stopped payment, there 
 was comparatively little .agitation, th( holilers of 
 their notes and of deposit receipts being well 
 assured th.at, whatever ineonvcnieiice they might 
 be subjected to in the meantime, in the end thev 
 would be fully paiil. Ihit liad the liability of the 
 partners been limited, such would not liav^ been 
 the rase, and tlie panic would have been so great 
 that it is not believed that a single bank would 
 have wei(here<l the storm. 
 
 ImrnductUm of Banking into Loiidoti. — Tlu' 
 business of banking was not introduced into 
 London till tho seventeenth century. It was at 
 lirst conducted by the goldsmiths, "who lent the 
 money lodged in their hands for security to 
 Government and individuals. In the course of 
 time, the business came to bo conducted 'jy houses 
 w'lo conlinod themsulves t> ij- only, and nearly in 
 theniodfc in which we n./i\ iind it. From iVos!, 
 as already stated, down to 182(i, with the ex- 
 ception cf the Hank of Kngland, no company with 
 more than six jiartners could bo established, either 
 in London or anywhere else in Kngl.and and 
 ^^'alcs, for conducting banking business ; and a 
 very largo portion of that business is still con- 
 ducted in tho metropolis by tirms with a small 
 number of partners, or by what are called jnintti: 
 liaiiks, 
 
 C.'eitriiifi House. — Hy far the largest i)roporlion 
 ofthe"' 'and bills in circulation iu the country, 
 and 01 .110 foreign bills drawn ni)on Cireat liritaiii, 
 are made payable in Jjondon, the grand focus in 
 which all the pecuniary transactions of the em- 
 pire are ultimately adjusted. And in order to 
 i'aeilitato this adjuslmeiit, and to eeonomiso the 
 use of money, the principal bankers of tho metro- 
 polis established, in 1775, the clcarim/ house. 
 I'his is a house to which each banker who deals 
 with it is in the habit of daily sending a clerk, 
 who carries with him the various bills and cheques 
 in the possession of his house that arc drawn 
 upon other bankers; the practice formerly being 
 to exchange them for tho bills and choipies m 
 tho possession of those others that wen; dr.awii 
 u|)on his constituents, and to pay the balance on 
 
 V 
 
 Vict. c. S!t. 
 
 i -^ 
 
90 
 
 BANK— BANKING 
 
 t)ie one siile or the other in cash or Hank of 
 KiiKlaiul notes. Ily this moans tlic bankers con- 
 nt'ctid with tlie clearing lioiise were enahlrd to 
 settle, transactions to the extent of several millions 
 a <lay, bv the employment of n(>t more, at an 
 average, than from 200,000/. to 500,000/. in cash 
 or Hank of England notes. 
 
 Latterly, liowever, the arrangements connected 
 with the clearing honsc have been so much sim- 
 lililied and improved, that neither notes nor coins 
 arc any longer required inscttling the largest trans- 
 actions. Tlie clearing house itself, and the various 
 banking firms connected with it, have accounts 
 at the JJank of England ; and the balances that 
 Avere formerly settled by a money payment arc 
 at present settled by transfers from one account 
 to another. The saving of money in the ad- 
 justment of large transactions occasioned by this 
 and oi her contrivances, accounts for the fact that 
 the proportion of notes of 20/. and upwards issued 
 by the Jiank luis considerably declined of late 
 year.s while that of 6/. and 107. notes, which are 
 used in ordinary dealings, has been materially 
 increased. 
 
 Seciiriti/ afforded hy Banks of Deposit. — The. se- 
 curity atlbrtled by a bank of deposit is a matter as 
 to which there must always be more or less of 
 doubt. When, indeed, a harking company con- 
 fines itself to its proper bi.siness, an(l does not 
 embark in speculations of unusual hazard, or 
 from which its funds cannot bo easily withdrawn, 
 it can seldom fail, except in periods of panic or 
 general distrust, of being in a situation to meet 
 its engagements; whilst the large private fortunes 
 that fro(|uently belong to the partners afford those 
 who deal with it an additional guarantee. Much, 
 however, depends on the character of the parties, 
 on their living within or beyond their incomes, 
 and on a variety of circumstances with respect 
 to which the public can never be correctly in- 
 formed ; so that though there can be no doubt 
 that the security aftbrded by many hanks of 
 deposit is of the most unexceptionable description, 
 this may not be the case with others. 
 
 Aot nccesmrij for the State to provide for the 
 Secitrit'i of Depositors. — All joint-stock banks, or 
 banks having more than six partners, whether 
 for deposit and issue, or for deposit merelv, are 
 ordered, by the Act 3 & 4 Wra. IV. c. 83, to 
 send quarterly returns of the number and names 
 of their partners to the Stamp-olHco. But there 
 was no good reason ■why similar returns should 
 not, and several why they should, be reipiirod 
 from all banks ; and" this liaving boon done by 
 tlic Act 7 it « Vict. c. 32, which also provides for 
 their publication, little if any further interference 
 would seem to be required with banks not issuing 
 notes. There is in this respect a wide dillercnce 
 between them and bunks of i.isuc. It is the duty 
 of (ioverument to take care that the value of the 
 currency shall be as invariable as possible ; but 
 it kis never been protended that it is any ])art of 
 it-i duty to enq\iire into the security given by the 
 borrowers to the lenders of money, any more 
 than into the security given by the borrowers to the 
 lenders of anything else, (jovernraent obliges a 
 goldsmith to have liis goods stamped, this being 
 a security to the public that they shall not bo im- 
 posed on in buying articles of the quality of 
 'vhich they arc generally ignorant ; but it does 
 not require that the person to whom the gold- 
 smith sells or lends his goods should give him a 
 guarantee for their payment. This is a matter as 
 to which individuals arc fully competent tojudge 
 for themselves ; and there is no gooil reason why 
 a lender or depositor of bullion or notes should be 
 more protected than a lender or depositor of 
 
 timber, coal, or sugar. Oold being the standard 
 or measure of value, Government is bound to take 
 effectual precautions that the currency shall 
 truly <'orrospond in the whole and in all its parts 
 with that standard ; that every poinid note shall 
 be worth a sovereign ; and that the amount and 
 value of the aggregate notes in circulation shall 
 vary exactly as a gold currency would do were it 
 substituted in their stead. But if A trust a sum 
 of money in the hands of B, it is tlieir atl'air, and 
 concerns none else. Provided the money afloat 
 correspond with the standard, it is of no import- 
 ance, in a public point of view, into whose hands it 
 may come. The bankruptcy of a depo.^it bank, 
 like thatof a i)rivatc gentleman who has borrowed 
 largely, ni.iy lie productive of much loss or incon- 
 venience to its creditors. But if the paper in 
 circulation be equivalent to gold, such bankrupt- 
 cies cannot atlect either the <iuantity or value of 
 money, and are, therefore, directly injurious only 
 to the parties concerned. 
 
 But though such bo the direct effects of the 
 bankruptcicsof deposit banks, their indirect effect, 
 by propagating panics and runs on other banks, 
 may bo most disastrous. And to prevent their 
 mischievous influence in this respect, it would ho 
 good policy, as already seen, to require a month's 
 or six weeks' notice to make deposits bearing in- 
 terest legally demandable. 
 
 Deposit Banks which do not emploi/ the Money 
 of the Depositors. — The other descrii)tioii of banks 
 of deposit, or those which do not employ tiie 
 funds in their hands, or engage in any sort of 
 business, are established without any view to 
 profit, that they may secure the money, and 
 facilitate the transactions of those who deal with 
 them. The latter obtain hank credits or baidt 
 money, equivalent to the sums they deposit in the 
 bank; and as the principal traders in towns 
 where such a bank is established belong to it, 
 each has a bunk credit, and their pjiyments ore 
 made without the intervention of money, by 
 writing off so much from the credit or account of 
 one to the credit or account of .another. It is 
 only in the event of a person having to pay 
 money to a stranger that he has any motive to 
 withdraw any portion of his deposit from the 
 bank. An institution of this sort is, to those who 
 deal with it, what the clearinghouse is lo the 
 London bankers. Its expenses are usually de- 
 frayed either by a small fee charged on every 
 transfer of bank credit from one individual to 
 another, or by a charge on the coin or bullion 
 deposited, or both. 
 
 A bank of this sort can never, unless its agents 
 act dishonestly, be involved in debt, or in any 
 kind of dilliculty. The constitution of the Bank 
 of Amsterilam was in so far vicious that it was 
 not managed by parties interested in its welfare; 
 that is, by agents chosen by the depositors. On 
 the contrary, it was managed in the most secret 
 manner by those who happened to bo magistrates 
 of the city, whether they were or were not de- 
 positors. And they, in violation of their outlis, 
 privately lent to others a largo portion of the 
 funds deposited in the bank. But a proceeding of 
 this sort is hardly possible in the case of a properly 
 constituted deposit bank, like th.;t established in 
 Hamburg. For in the latter the managers are 
 appointed for short periods by the depositors, who 
 of course endeavour to select the most trustworthy 
 persons. And though it is necessary that the 
 strictest secrecy should be kept in regard to the 
 accounts of individuals in the bank, its affairs arc 
 otherwise transacted with sufllcient publicity, 
 while the deposits in its coffers may be withdrawn 
 at any momcut, 
 
 A'o 
 
 banJcc 
 
 tries ii 
 
 '''") at 
 
 *xerci! 
 
 the pr, 
 
 to liavi 
 
 •'fposit, 
 
 "r order 
 
 paying ] 
 
 profits a 
 
 their disi 
 
 "'lowed 
 
 "'oneys i 
 
 "'"' ill no 
 
 tUoy were 
 
 ^'■"x place, 
 
 .'■''■■"Ved by 
 
 '',1't that 
 
 ""pA'ocf, 0/ 
 
 f «fe of tbi 
 
 V', ''ebtors 
 
 ?eivcs by cl 
 ?"tcrest. (I 
 
 i-^««. <tc.. 
 
 l>nuth'a Die. 
 
 "je business , 
 J"'"'? almost 
 bombards of j 
 
 *Bc. Iir.^jj , 
 
 ^'tablishmen 
 
 tie principal h 
 
 ■•" principal nr. 
 
 s^ert«4 
 
 ptfe"""^-""- 
 theT,^'"°'«thed, 
 
 ihTertr' 
 
 -Pene^r'i'-- 
 r-«'"4orX''d1 
 
 £;^''?^ 
 
 'cnts fo„ their SI 
 »-ii[s, tenements nJl 
 
 '? P'Tchase an,.' "•* 
 chattels wL?sn '""^ 
 
 twenfv^w,^.'' *='""'»'■ 
 
 March 25 „;"?'^'»«' v 
 '"«mbo«o7^i;Vil25 
 
 "f the inters? ''"'°"»' 
 
 "^t^Sar:;^^> 
 

98 
 
 BANK- BANKING. 
 
 expedient, in order to place licr in a situation the tain called England, to borrow, owe, or take up any 
 
 ■ ■■ ■■' -' -' ■ '-- ■ sum or sums of inonev on their liilln or notes 
 
 payalde on demand, or in any less time than six 
 montlis from tlie Imrrowing thereof.' Tiiis pro- 
 viso, which haa had fo powerful an operation on 
 banking in England, is said to have l)een elicited 
 by the Mine-adventure Company having com- 
 menced banking business, and begun to issue notes. 
 It has been pretty generally imagined, from the 
 private banking companies in the m'-tropoli.s not 
 
 better to withstand any adverse circumstances 
 tlint might afterwards occur, to increase her capital 
 from 1,-.'00,()00/. to 2,'201,171/, In 1708 the di- 
 rectors undertook to pay ofTand cancel l,.'iOO,000/. 
 of Exchequ'-'r bills they had circulated two years 
 .efore, at 4,J per cent., with the interest on them, 
 amounting in all to 1,775,028/. ; wliich increased 
 tlie permanent debt due by the public to the 
 Itank, including 400,000/. then advanced in con 
 
 sidcration of the renewal of the charter, to i issuing notes, that they were legally incapacitated 
 
 3,;i75,028/., for which they were allowed (! per j from doing so. "' 
 
 cent. Tiie Bank capital was then also doubled, or 
 
 increased to 4,402,3i;i/. IJut the year 1708 is 
 
 chiefly memorable, in the history of the Hank, for 
 
 tlie Act that w.is then passed, wliich declared, tliat 
 
 (Jut the clause in the Act of 1708, 
 he only restriction on the issue of 
 notes, applied generally to all England, and had 
 no peculiar reference "to London. The fact that 
 banks with C or fewer partners have not issued 
 during the continuance of the corporation of the [ notes in the metropolis, as well as in the jirovinees. 
 Hank of England, 'it siiould not be lawful for any is, iherefore, ascriljablc either to their being aware 
 body politic, erected or to be erected, other than ! that their notes would obtain no considerable cir- 
 tlie said (iovernor and Company of the Bank of: culation concurrently with those of a grea^ asso- 
 England, or for any persons whatsoever, united or [ ciation like the Bank of England, or from their 
 to be united in covenants or partnership, exceeding i believing that their issue would not be profitable, 
 the number of six persons, in that part of Great Bri- I We subjoui — 
 
 An Account of the, sitrcessive livnciftih of the Charter, of the Conditions under tchich these Re7iewals 
 were made, and of tlie Variations in the Amount and Interest of the Permanent Debt due by 
 
 Government to the Bank, exclusive of the Dead freight. 
 
 I Ilalfnf 
 1 K«new;il 
 
 I lf.07. 
 
 i i:i)s. 
 
 Onditions under which Ki'newals wtTc made, and Permanent Debt contracted 
 
 IVnnnnent Debt 
 
 Charter Rtanted under the Act ItftC M'ni. III.c. '^l).red<-tM)ialt|t' uiionlhcexiilrat ion nf 1*' mnnlhs' notice I 
 
 after Aui:uh| 1. Mo.'i, upon u.tymeiil li> the putilii' to the Manic of the demands therein specilied. 
 
 tJridir thii Act the II ink advanced to the pulitic 1,'2<M>.IMMI/,, in consideration of their receirinK an 
 annuity of KHI.IHKI/. a year, viz. K per crnt. interest, i>nil 4,0011/. for mansKement 
 I'harter continuetl by tlieSSty Wm. III.c. ^0. till I '^ months* notice after Aut^lst 1, 1 7 10, on payment, ^c. 
 Under thin Art the Hanit took ui> and <ulile<l to their btock I,I)<II,I7I'. Kxi-tie<iuer liilU and tallieii. 
 Charter continued by 7 Anne, c. 7. till H monthii' notice after August I, \7yit on payment, he. 
 
 Under this Act the Hank advanced 4nO,<H>(7. to (invernnient, without interest ; and delivered up to 
 tic cancelletl 1 ,775,0^71. I't Hit'. Kxchequer bills, in ioiiiideration of their receiving an annuity of 
 Ioti,.^U. 1.1«., lieinK at the rate of fi per cent. ........ 
 
 Charter continued liy ly Anne, stat. I.e. II, till IV months* notice after .Vugust I, l74'i,on payment, \c. 
 In I7I(», by the ."^ (Ji-o. I. c. 8. Hank advanced to (iovernment, at .'» tier cent. 
 And liy the name Act, tlie interest on the Exchequer bills cancelled in I7UH was reduced from 6 to 
 
 5 tier cent 
 In I7'il 
 
 'il, by 8 (ieo. I. c. Kl.the South Sea Company were authorlswl to sell 'iOO.OOOI. (iovernment 
 annuities, and coriioralions purchasing the same at '2r, years' purchase were authorised to add tlie 
 amount to their capital sto<'k. The Hank liurchasc<l the whole of these annuities at VO years' purchase 
 
 !i per cent, interest was payable on this sum to Midsummer, I7'i7, and thereafter, 4'pet cent. 
 
 At diH'erent times between M'i' ;ind \7^H, both inclusive, tlie Hank received fVoni the public, on 
 account of permanert debt, n,*27A,U'^7/. I7f. IOJ.,and advanced to iton account orditto3,0UU,(KX)/. : 
 ditlerence .............. 
 
 I7C1. 
 I7SI. 
 I SOU. 
 
 Ilelitdueby the public in I7.1S .......... 
 
 Charter ciiniinueu by l.'i ii o. II. c. \^, till 12 months' notice after August I, 1761, on payment. Sec. 
 
 Under this Act the H nk advanced l,l!no,ooo/. without interest, which being added to the original 
 advance of l,'.;00,l)tl(i/., and the IIHI,IIO0/. advanced in 1710, bearing interest at 6 per cent., reduceil 
 the inteiest on the v-hole to .1 tier cent. ......... 
 
 In IT I.'), under aulhoritv of I'J <teo, 1 1, c. ft, the Hank delivered up to be cancelled OSG.OtK)/. of 
 Kxch('<iuer bills, in coiisidcr<ition of an annuity of 39,17'^/., being at the rate of .'i per cent. 
 
 In I7I'J. the 'Z^ (it.). II. c. 6, ritluced the interest on tlie 1 per cent, annuities held by the Bank to 
 .1J per cent, for 7 years from Dd'ember 'J'», I7.'>i', and thereafter to .1 tier cent. 
 Charter cnnttnued by 1 fien. 111. c. 'Z'l, till 1*2 months' notice after .Vugust 1, I7S'), on payment, .Sjc. 
 
 UndiT this Act the H ink paid into the Exchequer I I0,m>0/. free of all charge. 
 Charter continued by '^1 (ieo. III. c. til), till I'i months* notice after August 1, ISI*./, on payment, tec. 
 
 Under this Ait the Hank advanced 3,000.1101)/. for the public service for ."? years at 3 per cent. 
 (Charter continued by 40 tieo. III. c. '^S, till I '2 months* notice after August I, IS.'i3, on payment, fee. 
 
 I.'nder this Act the H ink advanced to (iovernment 3,000,000/. fur 6 years without interest ; but in 
 pursuance of the recommend.ttion of the comnrttec of IH07. the .sdvance was continued without 
 tnierest till (i months tifier the signature of a definitive treaty of ^leace. 
 
 In IHIti, the U ink, under authority of the ActAG Geo. lll.'c. Uti, advanced at3per cent. to lie repaid 
 on or bcfiire A ugust I, IS33 ....... , . . . 
 
 Charter continued by .') At 1 Wm. I V. c. !)8, till I'.^ mcnths' notice after August 1, 1855, withaproviso that 
 it mav lie dissolved on i'i mimths' notice after Auiiust I, IKI.'i. on p,iyiiient, &c. 
 
 I'his Act directs that in future the Hank shall deduct 120,000/. a year from their charge on account 
 of the management of the public debt, and that a fourth part of the debt due by the public to the 
 
 Ilank,or3,'i< 1,700/.. be i.aiclotr . . . 
 
 Permanent advance bv the Hai.k to the public, bearing interest at 3 per cent., independent of the 
 itdvances on account of (le.id weight, &c. ......... 
 
 Charter continued by 7 tic H Vict. c. 3/, till \'i months after August I, IS.'i.'i, on payment, Ac. 
 
 This Act, an abstract of wliii h is given in a sulisequent part of this article, exempts the notes of the 
 Hank from all chi.rge on a>-( ount of stamp duty, and directs that in future the Hank shall deduct 
 lsii,i) 11'/. a yenr from the ch..rge on account of the management of the punlic debt. It also sep.it. ;tes 
 the banking from the issuing department of the i^tablisliment, and eitects other important changes. 
 
 I, '200,000 U 
 
 17.5,047 17 10 
 il(K),000 
 
 4, nnn,ono o o 
 
 9,374,U'27 17 10 
 l/7.'>,0«7 17 10 
 
 9,IOO,(XIO U I 
 
 I 
 
 i.coo.ooa 
 <JSG,.soa 
 
 
 
 
 3,nnn,noo 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 II,6S(i,»00 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 3,r,7i.7no 
 
 
 
 
 
 11,013,101) 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 Tlie charter of the Bank of England, when first 
 i;tiii;'eil, WHS to continue for eleven years certain, 
 or till ■; year's notice after August 1, 1705. The 
 cliarter was further prolonged in 1()!)7. In 1708, 
 the Bank having advanced 100,000/. for the public 
 service, without interest, the exclusive privileges 
 of lie corporation were prolonged till 17i).'5. .And 
 ill consequence of various arraiigemeiils made at 
 dilUreiit times, llie exclusive privileges of the 
 li.'iiik have been continued by successive renewals, 
 till a year's nolico after August 1, 18.55, (See 
 table prelixed.) 
 
 (For further details as to this subject, sec the 
 Appendix No. 1 of the Report of 'l83'2 on the 
 Renewal of the Bank Charter, and the Acts of 
 Parliament referred to in it; see also Postlethwait's 
 History of the Revenue, pp. .301— .'UO; and Eairmaii 
 Oh the funds, 7th eil. \i\\ 85—88, &q.) 
 
 Tlie capital of the Bank on which dividends arn 
 paid has never exactly coincided with, though till 
 of late it seldom dill'ercd very materially from, the 
 permanent .advance by the Bank to the ])ul)lic. 
 We have already seen that it amounted, in 1708, 
 to ■l,\^)i.fl\'il. iJeiweeu that j-car and 1727 it was 
 
 increni 
 to 10,: 
 no cha 
 cent., f 
 at thin 
 
 JIlO-M,! 
 
 the nru 
 tlio Act 
 of the 
 directed 
 due lo t 
 K'viiig t 
 dediift i 
 not ii„i,( 
 "lent am 
 The j 
 affected 
 notes, 
 •■idvaiice t 
 as tar as 
 ill onler 
 Averting ( 
 of paying 
 <lerivcd a 
 *>'«' Ilighli 
 "t a mee 
 traders of 
 declaring 
 receive Ba 
 wight be (i 
 to use thei 
 payments ii 
 Uuring t 
 3'aiik iiicui 
 mob attack 
 'nencemeiit 
 have prove( 
 Juyed their , 
 providing a 
 Since that p 
 "'K'ltly plac, 
 protection in 
 In the latt 
 there was, in 
 •Jn their part' 
 fjanks; and , 
 raents were i 
 «» considerabi 
 The year 1 
 «poch in the 
 partly to evci 
 ive were then 
 of (iermany- 
 liome bv the' 
 and ciiie"fly, j, 
 I'l'f^Iy made 1 
 prevented the 
 control ovrr 
 
 wiiliivourable . 
 "'f.' year larg 
 tlic Bank, ii 
 lung of V, 
 
 witertaiiKuI 
 Pagated of ,„ 
 on the coast 
 ^yere thus c.xci 
 «'al baiik,s in i 
 some of them 
 ,i;eiieral, and t, 
 iiiuiids t'or cash 
 'luarters; am 
 'lad only 1^2 
 'Oilers, uitli ev 
 place on the fo], 
 •'"' order in com 
 I'rohihitiiijr t),c 
 cash until the 
 
 of 
 
 :ici 
 
 1(1 
 
V ,; 
 
 IJANK-BANKINO. 
 
 'J9 
 
 the 
 
 the 
 
 Is of 
 
 Jait's 
 
 ijicronscd to near 0,000,001/. In 1740 it amounted 
 to I(),7H(»,0((0/. From tliid period it iuui';rweni 
 no uliuiiKc till 17ft'.', when it was increased 8 per 
 cent., or to ll,(J'l'2,'lUi)/, It continued stationary 
 at this Hiim down to 1810, when it was raised to 
 l-\,6M,U00l. by an addition of '2i> per cent, from 
 the [jrofits of the itunk, under the provisions of 
 the Act5(i (jCo. III. c. 'Mi. The Act for the renewal 
 of the charter, in 18;!;t, ;) & 4 VVra. IV. e. 08, 
 directed that the sum of 3,(i71,700/. of the debt 
 due to the Hank should be repaid by the public, 
 fjiviof; the directors i)ower, if they thought lit, to 
 deduct it from the liank capital, liut this was 
 not done ; the sum bein^; reinvested in a Uovcrn- 
 nieiit ainiuity, terminable in 18U0. 
 
 The Hank of England has been frequently 
 alTected by panics amongst the holders of its 
 notes. In 1745 the alarm occasioned by the 
 ndvanco of the Highlanders under the Pretender 
 OS far as Uerby led to a run upon the Iiaid( ; and 
 in order to gain time to concert measures for 
 averting the rini, the directors adopted the device 
 of paying in shillings and sixpences. But they 
 derived a more effectual relief from the retreat of 
 the Highlanders; and from a resolutiun agreed to 
 at a meeting of the principal merchants and 
 traders of the City, and very numerously signed, 
 declaring the willingness of the subscribers to 
 receive Bank notes iu payment of any sum that 
 might be due to them, and pledging themselves 
 to use their utmost endeavours to make all their 
 payments in the same medium. 
 
 During the tremendous riots in June, 1780, the 
 Bank incurred considerable danger. Had the 
 mob attacked the establishment at the com- 
 mencement of the riots, the consequences might 
 have proved fatal. Luckily, however, they ilc- 
 layed their attack till time had been afforded for 
 providing a force sufficient to insure its safety. 
 Since that period a considerable military force is 
 nightly placed in the interior of the Bank, as a 
 protection in any emergency that may occur. 
 
 In the latter part of 1702 and beginning of 1793 
 there was, in consequence of a jirevious over-issue 
 on their part, a general run on most of the private 
 banks; and al<out a Mirc/ part of these cstabli::' 
 ments were forced to stop payments. This led to 
 11 considerable demand for com from the Bank. 
 
 Tlie year 1797 is, however, the most important 
 epoch in the recent history of the Bank. Owing 
 partly to events connected with the war in whicli 
 we were then engaged ; to loans to the Emperor 
 of Germany; to bills drawn on the treasurj' at 
 home by the British agents abroad ; and partly, 
 and chiefly, perhaps, to the advances most unwil- 
 linj^ly made by the Bank to Government, which 
 l)revented the directors from having a sufficient 
 control over their issues, the exchanges became 
 unfavourable in 1795, and in that and the follow- 
 ing year large sums in '-pccie were dra\vn from 
 the liunk. In the latter end of 179G and begin- 
 ning of 1797 considerable apprehensions were 
 entertained of invasion, and rumours were pro- 
 pagated of descents having been actually made 
 on the coast. In consequence of the fears that 
 were thus excited, runs were made on the provin- 
 cial banks in different parts of the country; and 
 some of them having failed, the panic became 
 general, and extended itself to London. De- 
 mands for cash poured in upon the Bank from all 
 quarters; and on Saturday, Feb. 25, 1797, she 
 had only 1,272,000/. of cash and bullion in her 
 coffers, with every prospect of a violent run taking- 
 place on the following Monday. In this emergency 
 an order in council was issued on Sunday the 2Gih, 
 prohibiting the directors from paying their notes in 
 cash until the sense of Parliament had been taken 
 
 on the subject. And after Parliament met, ami 
 the measure had been much discussed, it was 
 agreed to contunic the restriction till six months 
 alter the signature of a delinitive treaty of peace. 
 
 As soon as the order in council prohiliiling 
 pavments in cash appeared, u meeting of the 
 principal bankers, merchants, trailers, itc. of the 
 metropolis was held at the Mansion House, when 
 a resolution was agreed to and verv numcMusly 
 signed, pledging, as hail been done in 1745, ll>ose 
 present to accept, and to use every means iu their 
 power to cause Hank notes to be accepted as casli 
 ni all transactions. This resolution tended to 
 allav the apprehensions that the restriction had 
 excited. 
 
 Parliament being sitting at the time, a com- 
 mittee was immediately appointed to examine 
 into the affairs of the Bank; and their report put 
 to rest whatever doubts might have been enter- 
 tained with respect to the solvency of the esta- 
 blishment, by showing that at tlio moment when 
 the order in council appeared the Bank was pos- 
 sessed of property to the amount of 15,51:1,090/., 
 after all claims upon her had been deducted. 
 
 Much ditVerence of opinion has existed with 
 respect to the policy of the restriction in 1 797 ; 
 but, considering the peculiar circumstances under 
 which it took place, its expediency seems abun- 
 dantly obvious. The run did not originate in 
 any over-issue of Bank paper, but grew entirely 
 out of political causes. So long as the alarms of 
 invasion continued, it was clear that no Hank 
 paper immediately convertible into gold would 
 remain in circulation. And as the Bank, though 
 possessed of ample funds, was without the means 
 of instantly retiring her notes, she might, but for 
 the interference of Government, have Ijeeii obliged 
 to stop payment; an event which, had it occurred, 
 mt'st have produced consequences in the last 
 degree fatal to the public interests. 
 
 It had been generally supjjosed, previously to 
 the passing of the liestriction Act, that Bank 
 notes would not circulate unless they were im- 
 mediately convertible into cash ; but the event 
 showed, conformably to principles that have since 
 been fully explained, that this was not really the 
 case. Though the notes of the Bank of England 
 were not at the passing of the Hestriction Act 
 publicly declared to be legal tender, they were 
 rendered so in practice, by being received as cash 
 in all transactions on account of Government and 
 of the vast majority of individuals. For the first 
 three j'ears of the restriction, their issues were 
 so moderate that they not only kept on a par 
 with gold, but actually bore a small prei..iuni. In 
 the latter part of 1800, however, their quantity 
 was so much increased that they fell to a discount 
 of 8 per cent, as compared with gohl, but they 
 soon after rose nearly to par; and it was not until 
 1808 that the decline of their value excited any 
 considerable attention. Early in 1810 they were 
 at a discount of about loh per cent.; and this 
 extraordinary fall having attracted the attention 
 of the legislature, the House of Commons aj)- 
 pointed a committee to enquire into the circum- 
 stances by which it had been occasioned. The 
 committee examined several witnesses ; and in 
 their report, which was drawn up with considerable 
 ability, they justly ascribed the fall to the over- 
 issue "of Hank paper, and recommended that the 
 Bank should be obliged to resume cash i)ayinents 
 witbin two years. This recommendation was not, 
 however, acted upon ; and the value of Bank 
 paper continued to decline, as compared with gokl, 
 till 1814. 
 
 Al the (leriod wlien the restriction on cash pay- 
 ments took place hi 1797, it is supposed that there 
 II 2 
 
 
100 
 
 BANK— BANKINO. 
 
 were about 280 country banks in existence; but 
 no riipiilly were those establishments mulliplicd, 
 that they amountcil to above "JOO in IHlit. The 
 price of com, inliucncrd partly by the (Icpreciutioii 
 of the iM.rrency, and the facility with which dis- 
 counts were obtained, but far more bv delicicnt 
 hnrvests, anil the uuprocciionted ditKcultie.t which 
 the war threw in the way of importation, had risen 
 to an extraordinary hei(;lit durini; the live years 
 ending with IMKt. Hut the harvest of that year 
 beini; unusually iiroiluctive, and the intercourse 
 with the (Continent heinj; then also renewed, prices, 
 inttuciiced by Imlli rirrumstanccs, sustained a very 
 heavy fall in the latter part of IMKl, and the be- 
 Hinniuj; of INI 1. And this fall haviuf; ruined a 
 considerable number of farmers, aiul produced a 
 general want of conlidence, such a destruction of 
 provincial paper took place as lias rarelv been 
 paralleled. In 1«I4, 181.5, and l«lti, mi fewer 
 than 210 country banks stopped payment ; and 
 eighty-nine commissiuns of bankruptcy were issued 
 against these establishments, being at the rate of 
 one commission against every ten and a half of 
 the total number of banks existing in 1K!3. 
 
 The great reduction that had been thus sud- 
 denly and violently brought about in the quantity 
 of country bank paper, by extending the Held for 
 the circulation of liank of England paper, raised 
 its value in I«17 nearly to a par with gold. The 
 return to cash pavments being thus facilitated, it 
 was (ixed, in IMl'J. by the Act 5i( Geo. III. c. 78, 
 C(nnmonly called Sir Robert I'cel's Act, that they 
 should take place in 18".';!. But to prevent any 
 future over-issue, and at the same time to render 
 the measures us little burdensome as possible, it 
 was enacted, in pursuance of a plan suggested by 
 the late Sir. liicardo, that the liank should be 
 obliged, during the interval from the passing of 
 the Act till the return to specie payments, to pay 
 her notes, if required, in bars of standard bullion 
 of iu)t less tiian sixty ounces weight. This plan 
 was not, however, acted upon during tlie period 
 allowed by law ; for, a large amount of gold 
 having been accumulated at the Bank, the di- 
 rectors preferred recommencing specie payments on 
 the 1st of May, 18'2I. (See Table I., p."lI(i,foran 
 account of the price of bullion, the depreciation of 
 paper, &c. from 1800 to 1821.) 
 
 A great diversity of opinion lias been entertained 
 with respect to the policy of the return to the old 
 standard in 1810. liy one party it has been re- 
 presented as a wise and politic measure ; they 
 contend that Sir Kobert Peel's Act not only put 
 an end to those fluctuations in the value of money 
 whicli had previously been productive of great 
 mischief, and gave effect to the solemn engage- 
 ments into which the public had entered with the 
 national creditor, but tliut it did this without 
 adding auything material to the natii. .al burdens. 
 l>ut another, and also a very numerous party, take 
 a totjilly difierent view of this measure: they 
 contend that the public was not really bound to 
 return to casli payments at the old standard at the 
 termination of the war ; that the return h.is very 
 greatly enhanced the value of the currency; and 
 that this enhancomcnt, by adding proportionally 
 to the fixed burdens laid on the industrious 
 classes, has been most injurious to their interests. 
 
 It will, however, be found in this, as in most 
 cases of the sort, that the statements of both 
 parties are exaggerated; and that if, on the one 
 hand, the measure has not been so advfintageons 
 as its eulogists represent, neither, on the other, has 
 it been nearly so injurious as its enemies would 
 have US believe. 
 
 In discussing this question, it is material to 
 observe that the value of paper, which had been 
 
 in IRl.'S and IHIfi about IfiJ per cent, below that 
 of gidd, rose in 1817 and 181M, from the causes 
 already mentioned, without any interference what- 
 ever on the part of liovernment, to wittihi little 
 more than 2^ [ler cent, of the value of gold; 
 and that in |h|<i thedeprecialimi -mly amounted to 
 ■I J per cent. (See Table I., p. 1 Hi. > It is, therefore, 
 quite ludicrous to ascribe to the Act of 1810, as is 
 often done, the whole rise 'hot h.as taken place in 
 the value of the currency since the peace, seeing 
 that the currency had been for llirre t/enr.i pre- 
 eionsly to its enactment from 12J to 14J per cent, 
 above its value in 181.'), and from 21 to 2.1 per 
 cent, above its value in 18U. The main object 
 which the promotrrs of the Act of 181'J had ii. 
 view was to sustain the value of the currency at 
 the point to which it had recovered itself without 
 legislative interference. This, however, could not 
 be done without recurring to specie payments ; 
 anil the difl'erence of 4 J per cent, that obtained in 
 1810 between the value of gold and paper, was 
 not deemed suiliciently considerable to warrant a 
 departure from the old standard, and from the nets 
 engaging to restore it. 
 
 lint it is alleged that those who suppose that 
 the Act of 1810 added only 4 J per cent, to the 
 value of the currency mistake altogether the 
 eH'cct of the measure. It is admitted, indeed, 
 that paper was then only 4^ percent, less valuable 
 than gold ; hut by reverting to specie payments, 
 we made an unexpected purchase of thirty millionx 
 of gold ; and it is athrmed that this novel and 
 large demand, concurring simultaneously with the 
 contraction of paper in several of the Continental 
 states, and with a falling oft' in tho supply of 
 bullion from the mines, had the effect of adding 
 very greatly to the value of gold itself, and con- 
 sequently to that of the ctirr.'ncy. It is very 
 ditiicult, or rather, perhaps, impossible, to de- 
 termine the precise degree of credit that should 
 be attached to this statement ; but while mt 
 incline to think that it is well founded to a certain 
 extent, we see no grounds for believing that it is 
 so to anything like the extent that has been stated. 
 The gold imported into Great Britain, to enable 
 the Bank to resume specie payments, was not 
 taken from any particular country or district, but 
 was drawn from the market of the world; and 
 considering the vast extent of the supply whence 
 it was derived, it is against all reason to suppose 
 that its value could be materially intlucnced by 
 our purchases. \Vc doubt, too, whether the con- 
 traction of the paper currency of some of the 
 Continental states, and the substitution of specie 
 in its stead, was not more than balanced by the 
 cessation of the demand for specie for the mili- 
 tary chests of the different armies, by the stop- 
 page of the practice of hoarding, and the greater 
 security consequent on the return of peace. And 
 with respect to the falling off in the supplies from 
 the mines, it is not a circumstance, supposing it to 
 have had a considerable inllucnce, that Parliament 
 could take into account. It could neither deter- 
 mine the extent to which bullion had been raised, 
 nor at what point the rise would stop, nor how 
 soon it might again begin to decline. The di- 
 minution in the supply of bullion had then con- 
 tinued for too short a period, and its influence on 
 the value of gold was much too uncertain, to 
 make it a ground for interfering in any degree 
 with the standard. And notwithstanding tho 
 falling otF in the product ivenes.s of the American 
 mines still continues, the diminution thence 
 arising has been since more than compensated by 
 the extraordinary mcrcist- that has taken place of 
 late years in the produce of the Kussian mines 
 and washings. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 The 
 
 has tai, 
 
 referred 
 
 enhance 
 
 infercnc 
 
 represeu 
 
 much al 
 
 Pfo(hiclii 
 
 fMonev a 
 
 articles < 
 
 •»een con 
 
 within th 
 fof exaini 
 Prussia, ai 
 '>y the spl 
 subversion 
 •'"clion ol 
 wholly ow 
 "la'lem ng 
 from Irehii 
 satisfactoril 
 ""'I rapid B 
 many, ,vho 
 "'«" in Mr 
 growing imi 
 than fio \ca\ 
 And a very 
 '«" in the pi 
 "n all liands, 
 Wonopolv sy 
 tivation "in i 
 Althougli, (1, 
 falling {,/}■ in 
 "'ust, at (irst, 
 we hold it to 
 awribe to it t 
 "'e peace. W 
 r*"" cent., we bi 
 overstated, fj 
 <^^'i the wh 
 approve of the 
 Act of IH\\), 
 "urdens of the 
 ?" fur Jiostilc 
 >mpo8sible to 
 anything like t 
 "ont. ihe peri 
 :''" <listanf, tliat i 
 '"'I'viduals hav 
 J-eference to the 
 that whatever i 
 the first install, 
 '"'•<l'0' or Chang 
 would not be to 
 «'^'<"<1'. At the < 
 w<'ro considerabl 
 bfcn really abanc 
 a'l'l perhaps we n 
 been better, all t 
 price of bu]]i„„ (j 
 
 /"•'<•'-■ Hut havin 
 
 attendant upon th 
 
 and maintained i 
 
 'ast degree impol 
 
 ations. Should th 
 
 period, unable to 
 
 ;"!' better consul 
 
 'airjy eorapoundin 
 
 endeavouring to 
 
 resorting to the , 
 
 «l«m 0/ enfeebling 
 
 ^''epri,:cofcori 
 repressed in is'jj 
 
 this circumstance 
 peculiar to that t 
 ^"fy rage for sp<| 
 
 a 
 
BANK— BANKING. 
 
 101 
 
 The decline in the price of mo^t articles thnt I country bantcs bcinp in ronspqucnoe far too much 
 
 he 
 ili- 
 
 om 
 
 ,to 
 
 ent 
 
 ler- 
 
 ked, 
 
 low 
 
 Tdi- 
 
 |on- 
 
 011 
 
 to 
 
 TCO 
 
 [tbo 
 lean 
 Ince 
 
 by. 
 
 |c ot 
 lines 
 
 1ms lakcn plnce sinre tlio pence lins hcen often 
 referred to as u roiu'liisivo proof of the (jreat 
 enhancement in the vahie of hiillion. Hut the 
 inference is by no means so certain as lias been 
 represented. Tlie prices of commodities are as 
 much atVeclcd by changes iu the cost of their 
 production, a.s liy changes in the quantity of 
 niiniey afloat. Now, tlicre is not one of the j;reat 
 articles of commerce tlie cost of whicli has not 
 been considerably reduced, or which has not been 
 8U|iplied from new anil more (inxUietive sources, 
 within the last few ye.irs. The growth of corn, 
 for example, has been vastly extended in France. 
 l'ruii.sia, and generally throughout the Continent, 
 by the splitting of laVf^c estates, and the complete 
 Hi.bversion of the feudal system; and the re- 
 duction of its price in this country has been 
 wh(dly owing to the astonishing improvements 
 made in agriculture, and to the increase of imports 
 from Ireland. The fall in the price of wool is 
 satisfactorily accounted for by the introduction 
 and rapid multiplication of Merino sheep in Ger- 
 many, where they seem to succeed even better 
 than in Spain, and by the large and rapidly 
 growing imports from Australia, wliere little more 
 than 50 years ago there was not a single sheep! 
 And a very large portion, if not the whole, of tlic 
 fall in the price of colonial products, is admitted, 
 on all hands, to be owing to the destruction of the 
 monopoly .system, and the vast extension of cul- 
 tivation in Cuba. Itrazil, Java, Louisiana, Ac. 
 Although, therefore, we do not deny that the 
 falling olT in the supjily of bullion from the mines 
 must, at lirst, have had some inlluencc over prices, 
 we hohl it to be the greatest imaginable error to 
 ascribe to it the entire fall that took place after 
 the peace. Were its effect rated at from o to 10 
 per cent., we believe it would be very considerably 
 <)verst4ited. [PitECinus Mktals.J 
 
 On the whole, therefore, we arc disposed to 
 approve of the conduct of those v/ho framed the 
 Act of 1«1',». That it added somewhat to the 
 burdens of the industrious classes, and has been in 
 so far hostile to the public interests, it seems 
 impossible to doubt; but it has not been so in 
 anything like the degree wliich its enemies repre- 
 sent, 'Ihe periml, loo, when it was pa.ssed is now 
 so distant, that the existing engagements amongst 
 individuals have almost all been formed with 
 reference to the altered value of the currency ; so 
 that whatever injury it may have occasioned in 
 the first instance must be nearly gone by. To 
 modify or change the standard at this late period, 
 would not be to repair injustice, but to commit it 
 afresh. At the end of the war the circumstances 
 were considerably different. The standard had 
 been really abandoned for the previous 18 years; 
 and ]ierha|)s we may now say, that it would have 
 been better, all things considered, had the mint 
 price of bullion been raised in 181.^ to the market 
 price. ISut having surmounted all the diflicultics 
 attendant upon the restoration of the old standard, 
 and maintained it since 1821, it would be in the 
 last degree impolitic to subject it to new alter- 
 ations. .Should the country become, at any future 
 period, unable to make good its engagements, it 
 will better consult its honour and its interest by 
 foirly compounding with it,s creditors, than by 
 endeavouring to slip from its engagements by 
 resorting to the underhand and dislionest expe- 
 dient of enfeebling the standard. 
 
 The i)ri<;c of corn, whieli had been verv much 
 <lcpressedin 1821 and 1822, rallied in lH2;f; and 
 this circumstance contributed, along with others 
 peculiar to that period, to promote an extraor- 
 ilinary rage for speculation. The issues of the 
 
 extended, the currency beciime redundant in llio 
 autumn of 1824 ; and Ihe exchnnges having been 
 depressed, a drain lor gold began to operate upon 
 the Hank of Kngland. liut the directors of the 
 Hank having entered, iu the early part of that 
 year, into an engagement with (iovernment to 
 pay off such holders of 4 per cent, stock an 
 might dissent from its conversion into a 3^ 
 Iier ceiil. stock, they were obliged to advance 
 a considerable sum on this account after the 
 depression of the exchange. This tended to 
 counteract the effect of the drain on the Hank 
 for gold; and, in consequence, the London cur- 
 rency was not very materially diminished till 
 September, 182."). When, however, the continued 
 demand of the public on the Hank for gold had 
 rendered money scarce in the metropolis, tho 
 pressure speedilv extended to the country. Such 
 ol the provincial banks — and they were a nu- 
 merous class — as had been originally csloblishcd 
 without sufFieient capital, or had conducted their 
 business upon erroneous principles, began to give 
 way the moment ihey experienced an increased 
 dilHculty of obtaining pecuniary accommodations 
 iu London. The alarm, once excited, soon became 
 general ; and confidence and credit were, for 
 awhile, almost wholly suspended. In the short 
 space of six weeks, above seventy banking esta- 
 blishments were destroyed, notwithstanding tho 
 very large advances made to them by the Hank 
 of Kngland; and the run u|)on the Hank for 
 cash to supply the exigencies of tho country 
 banks was so heavy, that she was well nigh 
 drained of all the coin in her coiVcrs, and obliged 
 to issue about a million of 1/. and '21. notes. 
 
 To guard against a recurrence of the wide-spread 
 misciiief and ruin produced by this and the 
 previous bankruptcies of the country bank.s, it 
 was resolved, in 182G, with consent of the Hank 
 of Kngland, to make a change in the law of 1708, 
 limiting the number of partners in banking esta- 
 blishments to six only. And it was accordingly 
 enacted, that thenceforth any number of partners 
 might form themselves into associations to carry 
 on the business of banking, including the issue 
 of notes, any where not within aU-ty-Jive miles 
 of London. The directors of the Hank of Kngland 
 came, at the same time, to the resolution of esta- 
 blishing branches in some of the principal towns ; 
 and these have since been established in Glou- 
 cester, Manchester, Hirmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, 
 Hristol, Kxeter, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Hull, Nor- 
 wich, iV'c. 
 
 'I'lie branch banks have been useful, but wc 
 have already seen that the benefits which it was 
 sup|)oscd would result from the formation of joint- 
 stock banks have been in great measure disap- 
 pointed. At best, the formation of joint-stock 
 banks was but a feeble palliative of inveterate 
 disorders. It was quite illusory to expect to 
 make any real improvement upon the sj'stom of 
 country banking in Kngland, by the mere in- 
 troduction of a plan for allowing banking esta- 
 blishments with large capitals to be set on foot. 
 There had always been, and were at the moment, 
 a great number of such establishments in Kng- 
 land. What we really wanted was the adoption 
 of a system that should suppress all local issues, or 
 exclude the possibility of notes being discredited, 
 by making sure that notes when issued should 
 be paid. 
 
 Hesides attempting to lessen the frequency of 
 bankruptcy among the country banks by repealing 
 the law limiting the number of partners, it \v.is 
 further resolved, in 182G, to prohibit th ■ issue of 
 1/. notes. The policy and effects of this mcasuro 
 
 P! 
 
102 
 
 RANK -HANKING. 
 
 Bov" rise lo much dispute. It wcms clcnr ilmt it 
 wont far to .shut up oiin nf tliu m<l^<t cmivciiii'iit 
 cliuMnrl.H l)y wliich tlie iiirorior ilass of cf/iintry 
 lmiiU<r» ciiritriM'd to >{''' their nnlcH into tircu 
 Inliiin, luiil must in so far have iIdmc (;oiiiI. Hut 
 then' were many (itlicr clmimclx xiill dpcn tn 
 tlicm ; and to imatfinc lliat this mrasnrc was to 
 plarc tile provincial currency on thai .snliil basis 
 on which it (tliouhl he placed was (luile visionary. 
 There uere no notes under hi, in circulalioii ni 
 IT'.I-' ; and yot fully one tliirtt part of tlie country 
 hanks then in existence lieeamn hanUrupt ! No 
 doulit cm, however, be entertained, that Iherepre- 
 Hcni;ilions of the extreme injury occasione<l by 
 the withdrawal of 1/. notes were f,'rcatly exa;;- 
 ^er.'ili'il. At the .same time it is obvious that the 
 means of the hauliers to make advances, as well 
 as the prolit, derived from making; them, iimst 
 both hav<' been diminished by the suppression of 
 the small notes; and it would be fooli.sh to deny 
 that this circumstance must have ocrasione<lsome 
 loss and inconvenience to individuals; tliou);li, as 
 respects the public, the measure was highly ud- 
 vanlafjeous. 
 
 The extraordinary extent to which the forfforv 
 of the I/, notes of the Hank of Knyland was carried 
 all'ords of itself a sullicient vindication of the 
 policy 111 their suppression. Hut the ccunparatively 
 limited circulation of llie country banks, and per- 
 haps we may add the fjrenter attention paid to the 
 manner in which their notes were engraved, hin- 
 dered their forgery from becomiuf^ injuriously 
 prevalent. 
 
 The defects inherent in the old system were 
 ajraiu fully developed in l<s;ili and IK>7. It is 
 needless now to enter iiimn any invest ii,'atiiin of 
 the circumstances which led to the overtrading of 
 the-e years: but it wa.s carried to a ^fe'at extent 
 both here and in the liiited States. In nothinff, 
 however, was this more strikingly evinced, than 
 in the rapid increase of joint-stock banks; their 
 lunnber, which in IH.'M-Jio had amounted in Kn;;- 
 lanil and Wales to ,0."), haviiii;- risen in IHIi.i-.'K! to 
 no fewer th;in Kit) ! Many of these were banks of 
 issue, ami in consefpience of the large additions 
 that were thus sud leidy made to the number of 
 notes alioat, and still more to the lumiber of bills, 
 chc(|ues, and other substitutes for money, the cur- 
 rency became redundant and the exchange de- 
 pressed; and the delicient harvests of l«,'i8 and 
 IK>'.>, conspiring with this redundancy, occasioned 
 a further f II in the exchange, and a severe drain 
 upon the Hank of Kiigland for gold. Ihit while 
 the latter was narrowing her issues by supplying 
 the exporters of bullion with gold in exchange 
 for iu)tes, the country banks went on increasing 
 their issues! What the former did by contracting 
 on the one hand, the latter mon^ than undid by 
 letting out on the other. The vaeinim created 
 by til ■ withdraw;il of Itank of luigland ))aper was 
 immediately tilled up, and made to overllow, by 
 the issue of a more than equal amount of provin- 
 cial paper; so that had it not been for the rise in 
 the rate of interest, and the other repressive mea- 
 sures adopted by the Hank, the probability is that 
 she might have gone on paying away bullion for 
 notes, till she wa.s drained of her last sixpence, 
 ■without in any degree atVceting the exchange: 
 and as it was, tlie bullion in her coflers in August 
 lK;i!) was reduced to 2,!in,0l)l)/.. so that wc nar- 
 rowly escaped a tremcndcnis crisis. 
 
 Sec. IV. — PRiNCin.E and Opkuation op 
 THE Act of 1811. 
 
 Tliis perilous experience having again forcibly 
 attracted the public attention to the state of the 
 
 banking Ry.^'em, .Sir Robert Peol wan induced to 
 attempt its improvement. And the men Hires which 
 he introdiiieil and carried througli Parliament in 
 IHl I and I Ml.'), for the improvement of our hanking 
 system, were .so skilfully contrived as to provoke 
 little opposition, at the same time that they efl'ectcd 
 mist important and highly beneficial changes. 
 
 The measures in question consisted of the Act 
 7 A H Viet. c. ;(•.', which refers to the llaidi of 
 I'.ngland, and the Knglish country banks; and 111" 
 Act « & 1» Viet., of which c. .17, .'W refer to the 
 banks of Ireland and Scotland respectively. These 
 statutes were intended to obviate the chances of 
 over-issue an<lof sudilen tluetiiatlons in the ijii.tn- 
 tity and value of money, by limiting thc! pr)wer 
 to i.ssiie iKjtes pnyidile on demand, and by making 
 the amount of sudi notes in circulation vary with 
 the amount of bullion in the possession of the 
 issuers. In dealing with the Hank of England, 
 Sir Hobert I'eel adopted the proposal previously 
 made by Lord Overstone, forell'ecting a complete 
 sefiaration between the issuing and banki;ig de- 
 partments of that establishment, and giving the 
 jlirectors full liberty to manage the latter at dis- 
 cretion, while they should have no power what- 
 ever over the other. 
 
 I'rinci/ile OH which ^Ict o/'lSM was founded, — 
 The notes of the Hank of Kngland in circulation 
 for some vears previnuslv to 1811 rarelv amounted 
 to '20,0()I)",()(M)/. or sunk so low as U!,0()('l,(IO(l/. And 
 such being the case. Sir liobert Peel was jtistilied 
 in assimiing that the circulation of the Hank 
 coidd not, in any onlinary condition of society, 
 or under .iny mere commercial vicissitudes, be 
 reduced below 14,000,(10(1/. And the Act of 1811 
 allows the Hank to issue this amount upon se- 
 curities, of which the 11,015,100/. she has lent 
 to the ))ublic is the most important item. Inas- 
 much, however, as the issues of the provi 'cial 
 banks were at the same time limited in their 
 amount, ami conlined to certain existing banks, 
 it was further provi led, in the event of any of 
 these banks ceasing to is.suo notes, that the Hank • 
 of Kngland might be empowered, by order in 
 council, to issue, upon securities, two-thirds, and 
 no more, of the notes which such banks had been 
 authorised to issue. Under this condition, tho 
 total secureil issue of the Hank has (■18,j8) been 
 increased from 11,000,000/. to l-l,47.5,00(l/. But 
 for every other note which the issue department maij 
 at any time issue over and above the viaximnni 
 amniinl (14,47."),0O0/.) issued on securities, an equal 
 amount of coin or Imllion must he paid into its 
 coffers. And hence, under this system, the notes 
 of the Hank of Kngland are rendered really and 
 truly equivalent to gold, while their immediate 
 conversion into that metal no longer depends, as 
 it previously did, on the good faith, the skill, or 
 the prudence of the directors. And the.so im- 
 portant results have been attained without im- 
 posing any burden of which anyone has any 
 right to complain. Our currency rests on the 
 fundamental principle, that all debts above forty 
 shillings shall be paid in gold. l?ut individual's 
 and as.soeiatioiis, including the banking or com- 
 mercial department of the Hank, have^ the option, 
 if they prefer it, to exchange gold for bank notes, 
 and to make use of the latter in their dealings 
 with the public. Hence, if A. or R goes to the 
 issuers of paper, and gets 100 or tlOO notes from 
 them in exchange for an equivalent amount of 
 gold, it is his own convenience he has exclusively 
 in view. He w.is at full liberty to use gold, 
 but he preferred exchanging it for notes becau.se 
 he coiihl employ the latter more advantageously. 
 'I'his is the way in which paper is issued under 
 the Act of 1844 ; and such being the case it is 
 
 
BANK— BANKING. 
 
 103 
 
 ccintrmlictory to sny lliat it, U pniductivo citlior of 
 linrcMiip (ir iiK.'onvcnit'iii'c. 
 
 It lint bcpii iillctci'il tliiit tliii sty^ftrm is iiijiiriniiH 
 liy Nlmokliii^ tlii! [\auk. in the use dI' Ikt cri'ilit. 
 Kilt it inii.st lie clrar on lliu IvaM rt'tli'dimi tlmt 
 it (loc'H iiotliiiifj of the .lort. It miTcly pri'vcnts 
 her I'roiii i!<siiiii^ Hiili.slitiitc.t for nioiiry wtiicli ilo 
 not r('|ir>'sciit money. It iloo.s not ulisorlior luck up 
 a Nin;;U' sixpt'iici! worth of lior cnpitul ; iiorilofs it 
 interfere in any manner of way witli lier employ- 
 ment eitlier of it, or of lier credit. The nold in 
 the i>»iie department of the linnk was not pnr- 
 chn.sed liy her, and doe.-< nut belotif^ to her, hhe 
 is its keeper, hut not its owner. It helonns to 
 tlu! piildie, or to the holders of hank notes, who 
 (h'piisited it in the liank in exehani^c for notes, 
 with and under the express stipulation, that on 
 payiii;; the latter into the Hank, they ithoiild 
 receive hack their tjidd. Any interference with 
 these deposits would be an interference with 
 property hidd in pledge for others ; that is, it 
 would be an net precisely of the same kind with 
 that which deservedly subjected Strahan, I'aul, 
 and Co. to transportation for fourteen years. The 
 authority of Jlr. Sheltield Neave, formerly 
 governor of the Hank, may be quoted in corrobo- 
 ration of this statement: 'The issue-department 
 is out of our hand» altogether. Wo arc mere 
 iriistcps under the Act of rarliamcnt, to sen that 
 those .securities arc placed there and kept up to 
 that amount ; and in no case can any creditor 
 of the Hank touch that which is reserved for a 
 note-holder. Wo are in that respect merely 
 miiiistrativc; wc arc trustees to hold that amount 
 in the issue-department, and ourbankiiif; depart- 
 ment has a totally separate function, which has 
 no relation whatever to the issue-department.' 
 (Mill, of Evidence, 18J7, p. U'J.) 
 
 Hut though she may not lay violent hands on 
 the property of the public, the Bank, it is obvious, 
 has at this moment the same absolute command 
 over her entire capital and credit, that she would 
 have were the Act of 1844 non-existent. In her 
 banking capacity she is free from all restraint, 
 and is in precisely the same situation as other 
 banking or mercantile establishments. She may 
 lend or not lend as she pleases, and may lay 
 down such conditions as she pleases in regard to 
 the interest and the terms of her loans and dis- 
 counts. In short, she may do whatever she likes 
 with her own. Hut further she is not permitted 
 to go. She may not substitute shadows for reali- 
 ties. She cannot, whether to assist others, or to 
 relieve herself from embarriissment, issue a single 
 note except, upon a deposit of bullion. Hut this 
 rule does not operate on herself only. It applies 
 to all individuals and associations. And to relax 
 it in any degree would be — disguise it as you will 
 — to authorise an issue of lictitioiis or spurious 
 paper, and consequently to vitiate the currency 
 and to abuse credit in the way that is sure to be 
 in the end the most disa.strous. 
 
 It is further objected to the Act of 1844, that it 
 'limits the currency; ' ' that it makes no provision 
 for the increasing demaiuLsof the public ; and con- 
 fined us in 1858, when the exports would probably 
 exceed 1 ■i(),UOO,(JUU/., to the same amount of mont'v 
 as in 1844, when the exports did not exceed 
 ;")8,,')00,000/.' Hut though this statement has been 
 made by parties who ought to have known better, 
 the reader can hardly require to be told that it is 
 completely destituteof foundation. The 14,01)0,000/. 
 issued on securities, is the only thing that is 
 limited in the Act; cver3'thing else varies with 
 the varying condition and circumstances of the 
 country, including the means by which the use of 
 money may be ccouomisbd. In the weeli ending 
 
 .\iigiist '.'!>, M*!u, the issue department of the 
 H.ink hail i-siied notes to the amount of "J5,32;i, '.Hi.')/., 
 being no fewer than 1 1 ,;fj;l,!)t'i.')/ overand above llie 
 ainoiint authorised to he issued on securities, .And 
 if the country had really ri(|iiired a larger supply 
 of money, lliiit is, if more coins, or paper equivalent 
 to coins, could have been abiorbed into the eireii- 
 lation without rendering the (currency redundant, 
 and di'pro.^iiig the exchange, the addilioiial 
 quantity would have been forthwith siqiplied. 
 For iiiidersuch circuinstaiiies, nierehaiil^, bankers, 
 and money-dealers would have reali-ed a certain 
 and immediate profit by larrying bullion to iho 
 Mint or the Hank, that "they might obtain coins, 
 or notes, or both, with which to increase thi! 
 currency. It is one of the chief merits of thn 
 Act of JHI I, that, under its agency, the siipjily of 
 money is not to any extent or in any degree regu- 
 lated " or iiilhieneeil by the |)roceediiigs of thn 
 Hank or the (iovernment. They have nothing to 
 do in thn matter, unless it be to coin the bullion 
 which indiviiiiials or firms carry to the Mint for 
 that purpose, and to exchange, when called upon, 
 notes fur coins, and coins for notes. The supply 
 of money, like that of all non-moiiopoli.-^cd articles, 
 is wholly dependent upon, and is determined by, 
 the (ren action of the public. It would, indeed, ho 
 quite as true to say, that the Act of 18 1 1 limits tliu 
 amount of corn, ol cloth, or of iron produced in the 
 country, as that it limitt; the amount ol money. 
 It maintains the value of the notes issued by tho 
 Hank on a level with the coins fur which they 
 are substitutes; but beyond that its etVect is h/7. 
 It has nothing whatever to do with the greater or 
 less amount of the currency. That depenil.s en- 
 tirely on the estimate formed by the imblic of its 
 excess or detieii nev, an estimate whiidi, when 
 wrong, is sure to be corrected by the exchange. 
 
 We may add, that no inference can ever bo 
 safely drawn from the number of notes or coins, or 
 both, aHoat in a country, as to whether its currency 
 he, or be not, in exces.s. That is to be leariu'd by 
 the state of the exchange, or by the inlliix and 
 elllux of bullion. If the imports of bullion exceed 
 the expiirt.s, it shows that the currency is in some 
 degree deficient, while if the exports exceed the 
 imports, it shows that the currency is in excess, 
 and that no additions can be made to it wilhuut 
 further dcpre.'ising the exchange anil increasing 
 the drain of bullion. When the imports and 
 exports of bullion are about equal, then of course 
 the currency is at about its proper level. These 
 are tho only criteria by which anything can ever 
 he correctly inferred in regard to the delicieiicy or 
 excess of currency. Its absolute amount alliirds 
 hardly even a basis for conjecture. When there is 
 little .speculation or excitement, an issue of 
 '2,'),000,000/. or 'J7,0OO,000/. banU-notes may be in 
 excess! while, at another time, and with a ditlcr- 
 ent state of trade and s|)Cculation, an issue of 
 ;i.'),O0O,0tiO/, or 37,000,000/. of notes may not be 
 enough. Kxcept in periods of internal commotion, 
 or when we are disturbed by alarms of invasion, 
 the state of the exchange is the only, as it is the 
 inlallible, test of the sulliciency and insulHciency 
 of tho currency. 
 
 We have seen that bills of exchange, about 
 which so much is said, though they serve some of 
 the purposes of money, am not money. Hut 
 whether the amount of them in circulation ho 
 great or small, and whether they be drawn at long 
 or short dates, though highly importaiu in other 
 re-'pects, has no reference to, or bearing upon, this 
 (|uestion. When from any cause, whether from an 
 excess in the amount of bills or notes afloat, tho 
 currency becomes redundant, the exchange is 
 depressed, and notes arc sent to the issue depart- 
 
 I- .» 
 
 ,...v 
 
 ^- 
 
"^SS^SSSn 
 
 104 
 
 BANK— BANKING. 
 
 mcnt of the Bank to be pxchangod for Rold, which 
 is forthwith exported. And it is by tlie immediate 
 action of the adverse excliani^e upon notes, and 
 the cimseqiinit inllucncc of the contraction of the 
 hittrr upon bills, tliat the amount of the currency 
 is h'si-entd, its value raised, and the exchange 
 brought to par. At sucli periods there is usually 
 more orlcss (if mercantile pressure, and aj^reatcr de- 
 mand for discounts and pecuniar}' accommodation. 
 This leads to a rise in the rate of interest; but 
 no chanfje in this rate has any inlltience over the 
 currency, except in so far as its rise may diminish, 
 «nd its lall may increase, the demands upon the 
 Bank for loans. A system of this .sort effectually 
 prevents any (jreat excess of bills from ever jjet- 
 , ting into tho market ; and thus checks, in limine, 
 what would otherwise be the most copious source 
 of wild specidation. overtradinc and bankruptcy. 
 
 It may be said, prrhajis — for there is no end of 
 !ipolo};i('s for wliatevor is vicious — that if the 
 issue of notes were in the hands of (iovcmment, 
 the entire profit accrniuR thereon would belon;? 
 to the public. Hut supjiosing such to be tlie case, 
 the diftrrcnce between that profit, and that which 
 is or may bo realiseil under the present system, 
 would either be nothing at all, or so inconsider- 
 able as to be wholly unworthy of atti'ution. It 
 will be afterwards seen that at this moment the 
 public receives by far the greater part of the profit 
 made by the Bank on the fixed issue of 14,000,000/., 
 and if it be deemed expedient, that part mav be 
 fitill further increased, or turned into the lion's 
 share. Assuming, therefore, for a moment, that 
 the power to issue notes is vested in tiovernnient 
 commissioners, it is not pretended that these 
 notes are to be legal tender. Xothing so mon- 
 strous as that could bethought of, or at all events, 
 durst be proposed. The notes is-ined by the com- 
 missioner-', like those issued by the Bauk, nni.-t be 
 fiaid on demand. But to do this, a stock of 
 bullion must be provide!; and 'jidcss the plan 
 now followeil were adopted, and all issues above 
 the amount of 11, 000,000/., or thereby, weremaile 
 upon deposits of bullion, the public would not 
 have that perfect security which is given them by 
 the present system, and which is worth more tlian 
 ten times all the profits arising out of the fi.\ed 
 issue. Even under the old system, or tliat which 
 existed ]ireviously to 1811, the rule of the Bank 
 was to keep a stock of bullion on hand e(pial to a 
 third part of her issues. But this rule was not, 
 and in truth could not be, acted upon. It is plain, 
 however, had it been bona fide carried out. that the 
 profits on the issue of notes would not haAC been 
 materially, if at all, different from what they are 
 at this moment. Nothing, therefore, can be more 
 completely futile than the talk about the large 
 profits that would accrue to the public by vesting 
 the power to issue notes in commissioners ap- 
 pointed by Government. With the same security 
 as at present for the conversion of the notes into 
 coin, nothing would be gained bv such appoint- 
 ment ; and if, as would most likely be the case, 
 it Ic-'sened the security referred to, and added to 
 the chances of over-issue and mismanagement, the 
 injury to the public hence resulting might be 
 enormous. We. therefore, are disposed to believe, 
 that of the various proposals in regard to the cur- 
 rency, that which proposes to vest the issue of 
 notes in ihe hands of (ioverument commissioners 
 is one of the most objectionable. The chances arc 
 ten to one that they would act as directed by the 
 (ioveriiment of the <Iay ; and this, at all events, 
 would be popularly assumed to be the case. Sup- 
 posing, liowever, that they did nothing of the 
 sort, hut were perO'ctly independent, still it is 
 obviouB that whatever they did mure or less than 
 
 is done at present, would be mischievous. And 
 such being the case, it is not easy to see what 
 advantage would be gained bv their appointment ; 
 wdiilc it. would have tlie serious disa(lvantagc of 
 making (Jovcrnment directly responsible, in the 
 public estimation, for whatever inconvenience 
 might at any time be supposed to result from 
 the limitation of the currency. 
 
 The objections to the Act of 18-11 are so various 
 and so opposite that they are not easily recol- 
 lected. Sometimes we arc told thai it is incon- 
 sistent with itself and incomplete, and that it 
 deals stringently with the Bank of England, 
 wh'lc it hardly interferes with the country banks. 
 But this is an unfair representation. In dealing 
 with the country banks the Act may not have 
 gone quite so far as it was desirable it should 
 have gone, or as Sir Robert Peel wished it to go ; 
 but it notwithstanding effected, even in thai; 
 respect, a very great improvement, and really 
 left but little to be wished for. 
 
 To prevent future over-issues of country paper 
 it was enacted, that from and after the passing of 
 the Act, no new bank for the issue of notes should 
 be establishei'. u' any part of the United Kingdom. 
 And it was further enacted, that the maximum 
 issue of notes by the existing country banks 
 should, in future, be limited to the average amount 
 which they had respectively in circulation during 
 the twelve weeks preceding the 2Tlh April, 1X14 ; 
 and various penalties are impo.sed on those whose 
 issues exceed that fixed amount. This condition 
 applies only to banks in England and Wales. 
 The issues of tho.se in Scotland and Ireland are 
 limited to the average amount of tho.se in circu- 
 lation during the twelve months ending the 1st 
 iif Jlay, 1H4.5. (See jmst.) It was then, also, 
 m-ilered that the names of the par'uer.s, in joiut- 
 ;U(ick and other banks, should be periodically 
 pulilished. 
 
 These are most important regulations. No 
 doubt it would have been better had provincial 
 issues been entirely suppressed, ami Bank of 
 England notes made the (Uily legal siibstitule for 
 coins. But in matters of legislation what is prac- 
 ticable is of quite as much importance as wliat is 
 absolutely just and proper. Sir Hobert I'eei knew 
 what he could carry through I'arliament. Had 
 he attcmpteil more, ha would not only have failed 
 of his object, but would, mo.st likely, have en- 
 dangered the success of the oilier and far more 
 important portion of his measure which relate<l 
 to Ihe Hank of England. 
 
 Under ihe operation of the Act of 1844 the ex- 
 tinction of the country issues is being gradually 
 effected, partly by some of the i.ssuing banks find- 
 ing it to be for their advantage lo use notes of llio 
 Bank of England instead of their own, and (lartly 
 by the winding-up of some concerns and the bank- 
 ruptcy of others. Bui, owing to the limitation of 
 the issues, comparatively litlle inconvenience has 
 resulted to the public from the latter circum- 
 stance. 
 
 On the whole, therefore, there does not appear 
 to be much ground on which lo object lo the 
 existing arrangements in regard to the country 
 banks. Though not theorelically perfect, their 
 practical deficiencies are unimportant. To attempt 
 to obviate them might imperil other and more 
 important arrangements. And we incline to think 
 that the notion that such would be the case has 
 had not a little to do in making them be pres.sed 
 on the attention of the public. 
 
 Simpensinns of 1847 and 1857. — But it is said, 
 ' that even the best system cannot always be 
 carried to an extreme. The Act of 1844 has had 
 to be suspended in 1847, and again in 1857; and 
 
 years, w 
 failure li 
 W'hich 111. 
 the objcc 
 distru.st t 
 numbers 
 sponsible 
 subjected 
 
 of IK'll'- 
 
 sources In 
 W'cre olili 
 onlv faiU 
 On' the 
 more tha 
 lengtheni 
 Sources 
 most que 
 lators wii 
 But the 
 such pruc 
 parties, 
 flestroy a 
 banks," b_\ 
 picions in 
 of the oth 
 safety tin 
 sell seciir 
 which to 
 of it wcr 
 And, in ac 
 discounts, 
 per cent, 
 diminishci 
 was rcdiici 
 it was th 
 reserve wi 
 or wholly 
 of such 
 
BANK— BANKING. 
 
 105 
 
 nmchincry for its relaxation in periods of diffi- 
 culty fhould be introduced into it ! ' 
 
 Wc bcR, however, to express our dissent from 
 this doctrine. It would be easy to show that the 
 embarrassment of the banking department of the 
 JJanU in 1817 which led lo the suspension of the 
 Act, WHS mainly a consequence of the injudicious 
 proceedings of tlic directors ; and it is to be hoped 
 that the experience they acquired on that occasion 
 may not be forgotten. Hul in whatever way the 
 crisis may have originate ', there can be no (|iies- 
 tion that the suspension of 1847 was a measure of 
 doubtful policy. The exchanges had already 
 become favourable, and it was the prevalent 
 opinion in very well-informed quarters, that the 
 panic which had begun to show itself would 
 speedily have disappeared without the interven- 
 tion of Government. It should never be forgotten 
 that, apart from internal panics, the time when 
 the Act is said to be working harshly and oji- 
 prcssively is the very time when it is most for 
 tlie public advantage that it should be honestly 
 carried out. 
 
 The revulsion in 1857 was occasioned by the 
 stoppage of the American banks. The real value 
 of the exports from this coimtry to the United 
 States amounted in 18u(i to 21,'l7(i,(i()0/., of which 
 a large portion was nnpaid when the banks stopped 
 payments ; and a further a-id very largo sum was 
 due to us ou account of dividends on state, railway 
 and canal stocks, and so forth, held by parties in 
 Kngland. The sudden cessation of so large an 
 amount of payments could not fail to occasion a 
 good deal of distress among the merchants and 
 others dealing with America. And it w.ts among 
 this class, or those intimately connected with it, 
 that the greatest overtrading and abuse of credit 
 had taken place. .Some firms in (ilasgow, which 
 had been notoriously overtrading for a number of 
 years, were the first to give way. And liieir 
 failure being on a very large scale, the banks by 
 which iliiy hiid been principally supported became 
 the objects of suspicion. And fri)m suspicion to 
 distrust there is hut a step, Notwithstanding the 
 numbers and wealth of the shareholders re- 
 sponsible for the banks in question, they were 
 sidyected to a run on the part of the inferior class 
 of note-holders and depositors, and their re- 
 sources being cither anticipated or locked up, they 
 were obliged to suspend payments. Atid bad tbe\' 
 only failed, none could have regretted the result. 
 <^)ii the contrary, it woidd have been nothing 
 more than they deserved, for they had for a 
 lengthened period grossly abused the ample re- 
 sources at their command, and re orted to thr 
 most questionable means to biuster \ip the s])ccn- 
 lators with whom they had become identified, 
 lint the mischief is, that the disastrous elfiels of 
 such proceedings cannot be conlined tr< the guilty 
 parties. A tire originating in a pig-sty iiviy 
 destroy a palace. The suspension of the oft'eni aig 
 banks, by generating uneasy feelings and sus- 
 picions in the public mind, led to a run on some 
 of the other banks. And to provide fur their own 
 safety these establishments immedi.itely began to 
 sell securities, and to adopt other means, by 
 which to obtain supplies of gohl. Large amo-j.its 
 of it were in consequence carried to .Scotland. 
 And, in addition to the demand for gold, that for 
 discounts, notwithstanding the high rate of ten 
 per cent, charged by the Hank, contniucd un- 
 diminished, so that the reserve in her ))osse8sion 
 was reduced on November 1 1 to 1,41)2,10;!/.; and 
 it was the general belief, that this inadequate 
 reserve would be forthwith either much reduced 
 or wholly swallowed up. To avert the possibility 
 of such an event occurrinjj, the directors! were 
 
 authorised, on November 12, to issue notes with- 
 out being bound by the conditions of the Act of 
 1814. 
 
 This, though a brief, is, we believe, a sufficiently 
 accurate account of the circumstances that led to 
 the suspension of the Act in 18,i7. The weight to 
 be attaclied to them will be differently estimated 
 by dilVercnt individuals. The suspension is be- 
 lieved by some to have been, at least, premature, 
 and others think that probably it might have 
 been avoided. It is alleged that the panic in 
 .Scotland had begun to subside previously to the 
 measure being adopted; and it was all but cer- 
 tain that wdien it had subsided, a considerable 
 jiortion of the g<dd that had beefi sent to .Scotland 
 would speedily lind its way back to London, and 
 some considerable risk and inconvenience should 
 have been eticountcred rather than that measures 
 should have been ado|jted, the efl'ect of which will 
 be to protect speculators and money dealers with- 
 out capital, and wantiig alike in character and 
 conduct, from the consequences of their nnjusti- 
 fiable i)roceedings. liut, at the same time, we 
 admit that the immediate exposure atid punish- 
 ment of these parties, luiwever desirable, was not 
 to be purchased at the risk of a general revulsion. 
 And as the information laid before ministers made 
 them believe that such a calamity was imminent 
 unless the statute of 1844 was suspended, tliey 
 were bound to act upon th.at conviction, and to 
 provide ' ne quid detriinenti respubliea capiat.' 
 
 15ut whatever may be thought of these con- 
 clusions, it is at all events certain that the Act of 
 1844 had nothing whatever to do with the late 
 revulsion. It did not occasion the American 
 stoppage, and utider its operation the foreign drain 
 for gold had been etitircly stopped; and though it 
 could not prevent the abuses in banking, and the 
 system of rediscounting and overtrading in which 
 so many banks and lirms have been engaged, it 
 contributed in no ordinary degree, by preventing 
 the issue of spurious paper, to coidinc them within 
 comparatively narrow limits and to lessen the 
 violence of the crisis. 
 
 The Act of 1844 is a rule to be enforced in .ill 
 but extraordinary and unforeseen emergencies, tie 
 urgency of which caiuiot be appreciati'd beforehatid, 
 but must be deterinineil at the moment, liut 
 when these occur, it may, like the Habeas Corpus 
 .\ct, be properly sii.spended. It is mainly cahn- 
 lated to regulate our currency by the exchanges, 
 01 through our commercial intercourse w itli other 
 countries; but it i.s not applicable, nor is any 
 system of which the convertibility of |)aper into 
 coin makes a part applicable, to a state of internal 
 discredit or patiic. Had it exi.sted in 17i)7, it 
 must have been siispendeil ; and its suspensions in 
 1847 and 18.')7 are only to be justified h\ the state 
 of our domestic affairs making an adherence to 
 principle inexpedient and impracticable. lint, 
 whenever the cj ou nstances referred to, that is, 
 wdicn the panic laxu di.strust th.it occasioned the 
 suspension of the \cl subsided, it is clear it should 
 be, and it has been, revived in its i)ri.->tine vigour. 
 I'he Habcts Corpus Act is not the less ctlicient at 
 tViis moment that ii has been repeatedly suspended 
 ill periods of danger and dili'culty. 
 
 We subjoin a full 
 
 AnsTHiUT OK TiiK Act 7 4 8 Viot. c. .32, fok 
 
 It'll •I.ATISG TflE ISSI'F. OK HAXIv NoTKS, AN1> 
 
 F .'t givi.no to TIIK Hank of K.ncii.anij (;i;ii- 
 
 VAIN I'niVlI.KGKS KOIl A LIMITED riiU10I>, 
 
 19 July, 1844. 
 
 Jlank to establish a separate Department for the 
 Issue of AWes. — Whereas it is ex|)edient to regu- 
 late the issue of bills or notes payable on demand: 
 
 Mi. 
 
 i v; 
 
JOG 
 
 and wlirrrai the Act " it I Win. IV. c US u;:i\q to 
 tli(! f'iir|iiiraliiin of tlio fii/vcriKir .'iinl (■(ini|):iny iif 
 tlio I'aiiU (il Kiifilaiid ccrtiiiii |irivilt'i;cs fur a 
 liinitoil p'Tiwil, iiiidiT I'crlaiii CDiidiliuiin ; and it is 
 (■X|i(-diciit llial the iiiivilof^cs of cxcliisiso liaiikiiiL; 
 tlicrciii nioiilioiit'il slidulil do c niliuiicil to llu' said 
 j^ovoriiiT and (lompany o( llic l>ank «( llnj^'land, 
 willi siicluilN rations as arc herein contained, n|ion 
 certain conditions: lie it tlierel'ore enacted, tlwit 
 from and after iIib ,'il.st diiy of .\u!;n--t. In I I, tlie 
 issnc of promissory notes of tlio {governor and c(m)- 
 |iany of the liank of Knf;linid. ]>ayahU^ on dtinand, 
 shall he separated and tlienceforth kept wholly dis- 
 tnict from ttie f^eneralhanUinf^hiisincss of the said 
 tlovernor ;nid company; and the hnsiness of ami 
 relatin;^ to sncli issue shall be thenceforth con- 
 ducted and carried (jn hy the said governor and 
 company in a separate (lepartment, to Ik' called 
 • 'I'ho Issue Department of the I'ank of I'.n^land,' 
 snliject to the rides and regulations hereinafter 
 contained : and it sliall he lawful for the court of 
 rlirectorsof the said f^overnor and company, if they 
 shall thii K lit, to appoint a committee or commit- 
 tees of directors for the conduct and manageflient 
 of sucli issue department of the liank of lliif^land, 
 and f;)m time to lime to remove the members, 
 and deline, alter, and rejjulate the constitution ancl 
 |iowers of such committee, as they slnill think lit, 
 .'ubject to any bye-laws, rules, orref^ulations which 
 maybe ma<lu for that purpose: provided never- 
 theless, that the .said issuo department shall 
 ahvay.s he kept separate and distinct from the 
 bankinij department of the said governor and 
 company. (Sec. 1.) 
 
 jy/riiKir/cinviit i\t the hsnc hi/ Binili of Eiifihind. — 
 Upon August ;!1, 1841, there shall be transfcrnid. 
 iippropriated, ainl set apart by the .saiil icovernor 
 and company to (he issue ilepartment ol the liaidi 
 of Kngland securities to the value of 1 l.OOO.OOn/., 
 whereof the debt due by the jiuldic to the said 
 goverror and company shall be and be deemed a 
 ))art ; and there shall also at the same tnne be 
 transferred, appro))riated, and set apart by the said 
 governor ami company lot he said issu(> department 
 so nnich of the gold ccjin ami gcdil ami silver 
 bullion then lield by the liank'of !)ngland as shall 
 not be reipiired by the banking department 
 thereof; and thereupon there shall he delivered 
 out of the said issue deiiarlment into the said 
 baidiing department of the liank of Kngland such 
 an amount of Jiank of Kngland notes as, togellii r 
 with the Hank of Juigland notes then incircnlation, 
 i^hall bo equal to the aggregate amount of the 
 securities, coin, and bullion so transferred to the 
 said issue department of the liank of Kngland ; 
 and the whole amount of liank of Kngland notes 
 then in circulation, including those delivered to 
 the banking de)iartment of the liank of Kngland 
 as aforesaid, shall be deemed to be issued on the 
 credit of such securities, coin, and bullion .so ap- 
 pnipriatcd and set apart to the said issue depart- 
 nunt; and from thenceforth it shall not be lawful 
 for the said governor and (company to increase the 
 amount of securities for the time being in the said 
 issue (Icp.irtment save as herein-after is mentioned ; 
 but it shall be lawful for the said governor and 
 company to diminish theamountof such securities, 
 and again to increase tlu^ same to any sum not 
 cxcceiling in the whole the sum of li,00(),()0()/., 
 and .so from time to time as they shall see occasion ; 
 and from and after .such transfer and appropriation 
 to the said issue department as aforesaid, it shall 
 not bo lawful f(>r the said governor and company 
 to i.ssue liank of ICngland notes, either into the 
 banking department of the liank of Kngland or to 
 any persons or person whatsoever, save in exchange 
 for other liuiik of England notes, or fur gold coin 
 
 15.VNK— BANKING. 
 
 or for gold or silver bullion received or purchased 
 for the said issue department under the provision.^ 
 of this Act, or in excthange for .securities acquired 
 and taken in the said issue <lepartment under the 
 lirovisions herein contained : prov'de<l always, 
 that it shall he lawlul for the said governor ami 
 company in their banking department to issue all 
 such liank of Kngland notes as they shall at any 
 time receive from the said issue department or 
 otherwise, in the same manner in .•'.11 respects as 
 such issue woulil bo lawful to any other person or 
 persons. {.See. "-'.) 
 
 I'rojmrlioii I'f Sllrcr Hiillion to hi' rctainrd in the 
 Issue Depitrtinvut. — Whereas it is necessary to 
 limit the amount of silver bullion on which it 
 shall be lawful for the issue de|mrtment of the 
 liar.k of Kngland to issue Hank of Kngland notes ; 
 bo it therefore enacted, that it shall not be lawful 
 for tlic liank (jf Kngland to retain in the issue 
 department of the said Hank at any one time an 
 amount of silver bullion exceeding onc-fonrfli 
 part of the gold coin and bullion at such lime 
 held by the liank of England in the issue dejiart- 
 menf. (.Sec. li.) 
 
 Alt Persons mmj rlrmnml of the Issnc I)vj)itrt- 
 mcnt Xotis for Gold Biitlion. — From and after the 
 ;ilst da_\ of August, IHM, all persons shall be 
 entitled to demand from the issue department, 
 Hank of Kn;;Iand notes in exchange for g<dd bul- 
 lion, at the rale of 3/. I7.s'. ',(r/. ]ier ounce of standard 
 gold: jiroviilcd always, that the said governor and 
 company shall in all cases be entitled to require 
 such g(dd bullion to bo melted and assayed by 
 l)ersons apjirovcd of by the said governor and 
 company at the expense of the (larties tendering 
 such gold bullion. (Sec. 4.) 
 
 Power to increase Sernritii's in the I.isne Depart- 
 ment, and issue nilililional Notes. — If any banker 
 wdio on the tith day of M.iy, lull, was issuing his 
 own bank notes shall cease to issue his own bank 
 notes, it shall he lawful for II. M. in council at 
 any time after the cessation of such issue, upon 
 the application of the said governor and company, 
 to authorise and empower the said governor and 
 company to increase the amount of securities in 
 the said issue department beyond the total sum 
 or value of M.ODil.OUO/., and thereupon t.) issue 
 addiliomil liank of ICngland notes to an amount 
 not exceeding such increased amount of securities 
 s|)ecilied in sucii order ni council, and so from 
 time to time: proviiled .always, that such increased 
 amount of securities speciiied in such order in 
 council shall in no case exceed the proportion of 
 two-thirds the amount of bank notes which the 
 banker so ceasing to issue may have been autho- 
 rised to issuo under the provisions of this Act; 
 and every such onlcr in coiuudl shall be |)ub- 
 lished in the next succeeding London Gazette. 
 (Sec. ».) 
 
 ^Iceonnt to he renilered hy the Bank of Enyiand. 
 — -Vn account of the amount of Hanic of ICngland 
 notes issued by the issue department of the Hank 
 of England, and of gold coin and of gold and 
 silver bullion respectively, and of securities in the 
 .said issue department, and also an account of the 
 capital stock, and the deposits, ami of the money 
 and securities belonging to the said governor and 
 company in the banking department of the Hank 
 of I'^nglandjon someday in every week to be fixed 
 by the conimissioners of stamps and taxes, shall 
 be transmitted by the said governor and company 
 weekly to the .said commissioners in the form 
 prescribed in the .schedule hereto annexed marked 
 ^A), and shall be published by the said com- 
 missioners in the next succeeding London Gazette 
 in which the same may be coiiveuiently inserted. 
 (.See. 0.) 
 
 Ban 
 
 fipoii. tl 
 
 <lay of 
 
 piiiy ol 
 
 and <li.. 
 
 'I'lty, o 
 
 iipo2i or 
 
 ''> bean 
 
 flicnccfo 
 
 exempt 
 
 "■'ln^soe^ 
 
 Jiank t 
 
 after the 
 
 niont or d 
 
 'nadc bv 
 
 f 'if provis 
 
 year of 
 
 ^V'illinm J 
 
 "ic charg, 
 
 '"■omed (\i 
 
 said govcr 
 
 "'c Piivile 
 
 '^•"''•■niptioii 
 
 this Act, si 
 
 pnvileges a 
 
 no io„^.pr, , 
 
 "IP •''nrns noi 
 
 •iiid compan 
 
 *'« public ,, 
 
 '^■<'.W0/., a,„ 
 
 nieiit, or in " 
 
 'nthstaiidin/r 
 
 '.""' .shall in 
 
 •■'.irhts of the 
 
 f"»''l for the m 
 
 T'llo mid accor, 
 
 ''« Geo. 1 17. (. 
 
 f 10 advancing 
 
 Conditions, an 
 
 <^ "Claimed Hi 
 ' "zp-", and for 
 
 made for the .Al 
 (St. 8.) 
 
 J^'oik to aUou- 
 
 weHlafion.—ln 
 
 'cforo containe, 
 
 '•■■■'"o 'Icpartmen 
 
 •■'"V time be inc 
 
 *'' H,0On,f)00/., 
 
 '" ^h'cli the .san 
 
 f'l'cb increase sh-i 
 
 company .shall i, 
 
 I f" he pubJie, cq 
 <'«nvcd in th^ I 
 
 'jurrentyearfron. 
 
 ^^^.-'uchnfftheam, 
 I b^ the additional 
 j '*f'u;''e.xpenses si 
 
 i '''« «aKi sro^•crnor 
 I [■""■'"'lerafion of i 
 ; h^afier of ,he 
 
 ; ,,:'"i'"'- ■;">'i such 
 i to the public by tl 
 
 «nt't'«.ltorece^VM 
 ^'""unf, by law pa 
 
 •company for the ,• 
 "'■redeemed puldi 
 the said annual .sun 
 to ho deducted the 
 fo new Bank , 
 
 pas.s.ng of tfiis 
 
 banker who on 
 
 lawfully issuing 
 
 um 
 
 hen 
 
 the 
 his 
 
BANK— BANKING. 
 
 107 
 
 Bank of Knglaml exempted from Stamp Duty I or issue bank notes iu any part of the U. K. 
 
 vpon their Autas. — From and after tlio said ."Ust 
 day (if August, 1S14, the said governor and com- 
 pany of Ihj Hank of Kngland shall he released 
 and discharged from the payment of any stamp 
 duty, or composition in respect of stamp d'.'ty, 
 upon or in respect of I heir promissory notes payalile 
 to hearer on demand ; and all such notes shall 
 thenceforth ho and continue free and wholly 
 exempt from all liability to any stamp duty 
 whatsoever. (Sec. 7.) 
 
 Bank to tithir IHO.dOO/. prr Annum. — From and 
 after tht said .T 1st day of August, lUl-l, the pay- 
 ment or deduction of tlie annual sum of l"J(),lloii/., 
 made by the said governor and company under 
 the provisions of the said Act passed in the fourth 
 year of the reign of his late INIajcsty King 
 William IV., out of the sums payable to them for 
 the charges of management of the public imro- 
 decmcd debt, shall cease, and in lieu thereof the 
 said govcrnur and company, in consi<leralion of 
 the privileges of exclusive banking, and the 
 exemption from st.iinp duties, given to them by 
 this Act, shall, during the continuance of such 
 privileges and such exemption respectively, but 
 
 (Sec. ;().) 
 
 Itcstrictinn arjainst hsue of Bunk Notes. — Froni 
 and after the [jassiug of tins Act it shall not be 
 lawful for any banker to draw, accept, make, or 
 issue, iu iMigland or Wales, any bill of exch.iugo 
 or pn.missory note Or engagement f(jr the payment 
 of money piiyable to bearer on dcMianii. nr to 
 borrow, owe, or take up, in ICngland or Wales, 
 any sums or sum of money on tlie bills or notes 
 of such baid<er p.ayable lo bearer on deni.iiiil, save 
 and except (hat it shall be lawful for any banker 
 who was on the (itli day of May, l«ll, carrying 
 on the business of a b.'udicr in Kiigljuid or Wales, 
 and was tlicu lawfully i-suing, iu I'.ngland or 
 Wales, his own bank notes, under the aulborily 
 of a license to that elTect, to conliuue lo i->ne 
 such notes to the extent and under tlie (!ondition» 
 herein-aCter mentioned, but not further or other- 
 wise, and the right of any company or parlnersliip 
 to continue to issue such notes shall not be in any 
 manner prejudici'd or alVccteil by any change 
 which may hereafter take place in the personal 
 composition of such company (U'jiartnership, either 
 by the transfer of any shares or =;lKire therein, or 
 
 no longer, deduct and allow to the ptd)lic. from i by the adnnssion of any new jiartner or member 
 
 the sums now payable by law to the said governor 
 and company for the charges of management of 
 the public unre<Iecme<l debt, the annual sum of 
 i 80,000/., anything in any Act or Acts of Parlia- 
 ment, or in any agreement, to the contrary not- 
 withstanding : provided always, that such deduc- 
 tion shall in no respect prejudice or affect the 
 rights of the said governor atid company to be 
 paid for the management of the jiublic debt at the 
 rate and according to the terms provided in the Act 
 '1« Geo. III. c. 4, intituled 'An Act to atithorise 
 the adv.ancing for the Public Service, upon certain 
 Conditions, a proportion of the H.alance remaining 
 in the Hank of Kngland, for the payment of 
 Unclaimed Dividends, Annuities, and Lottery 
 Prizes, and for regulating the Allowances to be 
 made for the Management of the National Debt.' 
 (See. 8.) 
 
 Bank to ulfow the Public the Profits of increanerl 
 Circulation. — In case, under the provisions herein- 
 before contained, the lecnrities held in the said 
 issue department of the liank of Kngland shall at 
 any time he increased bevond the total ainonnt 
 <if"M,OO0,O00/., then and in e.ach and every year 
 .(I 1 in which the same sh.all happen, and so long as 
 
 in I such increase shall continue, the said governor and 
 
 of companj' shall, in additicm to the said annual sum 
 
 llie ! of 180,000/., make a further p.iyment or allowance 
 
 lu)- j to the public, eipial in amount to the net profit 
 
 jet ; derived in the said issue department during the 
 
 l,\i^ I current year from such addition.-il securities, after 
 
 \ttc. I deducting the .amoiuit of the expenses occasioned 
 
 by the additional issue during the .ime jieriod, 
 \i,il. which expenses shall include the amount of any 
 
 .and every composition or payment to bo made by 
 the said governor and company to any banker in 
 consideration of the discontinuance at any time 
 hereafter of the issue of bank notes by such 
 banker; and such further piiyment or allowance 
 to the public by the said governor and company 
 lind i i shall, m every year while the pid)lic sliall be 
 link 1 1 entitled to receive the same, be deducted from the 
 Jxed 11 amount by law payable to the said governor and 
 TiiaU ' ' company for the charges of management of the 
 |any unredeemed public debt, in the same manner as 
 
 ,)rm • I the said annual .sum of 180,000/. is hereby directed 
 Iked. ; ; to he deducted therefrom. (Sec. 9.) 
 ,.m- 1 No new Bank of Issue. — From and after the 
 I'iit passing of this Act no person other than a 
 
 tied. I hanker who on the Gth day of May, 1811, was 
 lawfully issuing his own bunk notes shall make 
 
 thereto, or by the retirement of any present jiart- 
 ner or member therefrom ; provided alw.ays. that 
 it shall not be lawful for any company or partner- 
 ship now consisting of only six or less than six. 
 persons to issue bank notes at any time after the 
 number of partners therein shall exceed six in 
 the wliole. (Sec. 1 1.) 
 
 Bankers ceasing to issue Notes niai/ not resume. — 
 If any banker in any part of the IJ. K. who after 
 the passing cjf this Act sh.dl be entit'ed to issue 
 bank ixites shall become bankni|it, or shall ce.ise 
 to carry on the business of a baidicr, or shall 
 discontinue the issue of bank notes, either by 
 agreement with the governor and company of the 
 liiiiik of F.ngland or otlierwi-e. it shall not be 
 lawful tor such banker at any lime thereafter lo 
 issue any sui'b notes. (Sec. 1"2.) 
 
 K.ristinc] Banks of Issue to continue vnilcr certnlr 
 Limitations. — Kvery baid<er claiming under this 
 Act to continue to issue bank notes in Miiglninl or 
 Wales shall, within one month next after the 
 ]iassing of this Act, give notice in writing to the 
 coirmissioners of stamps and taxes at their In-ad 
 ollice in London of such claim, and of tlie place 
 and name and tirni at and inider which such 
 banker has issued such notes during the twelve 
 weeks next iiroceding the 27111 d.ay of April last; 
 and tht "eupon the said commissioners shall jiscer- 
 tain if .'iich banker was, on the titli day of May, 
 181 1, carrying on the business of a banker, and 
 lawfully issuing his own bank notes in Kngland 
 or Wales, and if it shall so appear, then the said 
 ccmimissioiiers shall proceed to ascorlani the 
 average amount of the bank notes of .such banker 
 which were in circulation during the said period 
 of twelve weeks preceding the >Hh day of Ajiril 
 last, according to the returns made by snch banker 
 in pursuance of the Act -1 it 5 Vict. e. ,')0, intituled 
 'An Act to make further Provision relative to 
 the Returns to be made by Hanks of the Amount 
 of their Notes in Circulation ; ' and the saiil com- 
 missioners or any two of them shall certify under 
 their hands to such banker the saiil average 
 amount, when so ascertained .as aforesaid ; and 
 it shall be lawful for every snch banker to con- 
 tinue Ui issue his own bank notes after the 
 liassing of this Act; provided nevertheless, that 
 such banker shall not at any time after the lOtli 
 day of October, 1844, have in circulation upon 
 the average of a period of four weeks, to be as- 
 certaine.l .as hereinafter mentioned, a greater 
 
 I. • ;. 
 
 M 
 
•^^mmm 
 
 IHillll 
 
 108 
 
 BANK— BANKING. 
 
 amount of notes than the amount so ccrtilied. 
 (Sec. 13.) 
 
 Prorision fur united Bnnhn. — IfitKhnll be made 
 to appear to tin commissionorfl of stamps and 
 taxt'H that any two ormoro banks have, by written 
 contru'-t or af;rcement (whicli contract or agree- 
 ment shall be produced to the said commissioners), 
 become united within the twelve weeks next pre- 
 ceding such '27th day of April as aforesaid, it shall 
 be lawful for the said coinmissioners to ascertain 
 the average amount of the notes of each such 
 bank in tliL manner hcrein-before directed, and to 
 certify the average amount of the notes of the 
 two or more banks so united as the amount 
 which the united bank shall thereafter be anlho- 
 rised to issue subject to the regulations of this 
 Act. (Sec. 14.) 
 
 Duplicate Certificate to be published in the 
 Gazette. — The commissioners of stairps and taxes 
 shall, at the time of certifying to any banker such 
 particulars as they are herein-before required to 
 certify, also publish a duplicate of their certificate 
 thereof in the next succeeding London Gazette m 
 ■which the same may be c(mveniently inserted ; 
 and the Gazette in which such publication shall 
 be made shall be conclusive evidence in all courts 
 whatsoever c.f the amount of bank notes which the 
 Vianker named in such certificate or duplicate in by 
 law authorised to issue and to have in circulation 
 as aforesaid. (Sec. 15.) 
 
 If Banks become united. Commissioners to certify 
 the Amount nf Bank Notei trhich each Bank was 
 authorised to issue. — In case it shall be made to 
 appear to the commissioners of stamps and taxes, 
 at any time hereafter, that any two or more banks, 
 each such bank consisting of not more than six 
 persons, have, by written contract or agreement 
 (wliicli contract or agreement shall be produced to 
 the said commissioners), become luiited subse- 
 f(uenlly to the passing of this Act, it shall be 
 lawful to the said commissioners upon the applica- 
 tion of such united bank, to certify, in manner 
 hcrein-before mentioned, the aggregate of the 
 amounts of bank notes which such separate banks 
 were previously authorised to issue, and so from 
 time to time ; and every such certiticate shall be 
 published in manner herein-before directed; and 
 from and after such publication the amount 
 therein stated shall be and bo deemed to be the 
 limit of the amount of bank notes which such 
 united bank may liave in circulation : provided 
 always, that it shall not be lawful for any such 
 united baidi to issue bank notes at any time after 
 the nund)er of partners therein shall exceed si.x in 
 the whole. (Sec. 1(>.) 
 
 Penalty on Bunks issuing in excess. — If the 
 monthly average circulation of bank notes of any 
 barker, taken in the manner herein-afler directed, 
 shall at any time exceed the amount which such 
 banker is authorised to issue and to have in 
 circulatio:; luulcr the jirovisions of this Act, 
 such banker shall in every such case forfeit a sum 
 equal fo the amoimt by which the average 
 montlily circulation, taken as aforesaid, shall have 
 exceeded the amount which such banker was au- 
 thoiised to issue, and to have in circulation as 
 aforesaid. (Sec. 17.) 
 
 Issuiuii Banks to render accounts. — Kvery banker 
 in England an<l Wales who, after the 10th day (jf 
 October, 1K14, shall issue bank notes, shall on 
 some one day in every week after the l'.)lh day of 
 October, 18-11 (such day to be fixed by the ciim- 
 missioners of stamps and taxes), transmit to the 
 said commissioners an account of tin; amount of 
 the bank notes of such banker in circulation on 
 every day during the week ending on the next 
 preceding Saturday, and also an account of the 
 
 average amount of the bank notes of such banker 
 in cireuiation during the same week; and on 
 completing the first period of four weeks, and .so 
 on, complct ing each successive period of four weeks, 
 every such banker shall annex to such account 
 the average amount of bank notes of such banker 
 in cireuiation during the said four weeks, and also 
 the amount of bank notes which such banker is 
 authorised to issue under the provisions of this 
 Act; and every such account shall be verified by 
 the signature of such banker r his chief cashier, 
 or, in the case of a compan}' or partnership, by the 
 signature of a managing director or partner or 
 chief cashier of such company or partnership, and 
 shall be made in the form to this Act annexed 
 marked (B) ; and so much of the said return as 
 states the weekly average amount of the notes 
 of such bank shall be published by the said 
 commissioners in the next succeeding London 
 Gazette in which the same may be conveniently 
 inserted; and if any such banker shall neglect 
 or refuse to render any such accoimt in the form 
 and at the time required by this Act, or shall 
 at any time render a false account, such baidcer 
 shall forfeit the sura of 100/. for every such of- 
 fence. (Sec. 18) 
 
 Mode of ascertaining the average Amount of 
 Bank Notes of each Bunker. — For the purpose of 
 ascertaining the monthly avcr.nge amount of bank 
 notes of each banker in eircidalion, the aggregate 
 of the amount of bank notes of each such banker 
 in circulation on every day of business during the 
 first ccmiplete period of four weeks next after the 
 loth day of October. 1844, such period ending on 
 a Saturday, shall be divided by the number of 
 days of business in such four weeks, and the 
 average so ascertained shall be deemed to be the 
 average of bank notes of each such banker in 
 circulation during such period of four weeks, aiul 
 so in each successive period of four weeks, an<l 
 such average is not to exceed the amount certified 
 by the commissioners of stamps and taxes iis 
 aforesaid. (Sec. ID.) 
 
 Commissioners empowered to cause the Books of 
 Hankers to be inspected. — Whereas, in order to 
 insure the rendering of true and faithful accounts 
 of the amount of bank notes in circulation, as 
 directed by this Act, it is necessary that the 
 commissioners of stamps and taxes should be em- 
 powered to cause the boiiks of bankers issinng such 
 notes to be inspected, as herein-after mentioned: 
 be it therefore enacted, that all and every the book 
 and books of any banker who shall issue bank 
 notes under the provi.jons of this Act, in which 
 shall be ivcpt, contained, or entered any account, 
 minute, or tncmorandum of or relating to the bank 
 notes issued or to l)e issued by such banker, or of 
 or relating to the amoiuit of such notes in circula- 
 tion from time to time, or any account, minute, 
 or memorandum the sight or inspection whereof 
 may tend to secure the rendering of true accounts 
 of the average amount of such notes in cireuiation, 
 as directed by this Act, or to test the truth of any 
 such account, shall be open for the inspection and 
 examination, at all reasonable times, of any 
 ofiicer of stamp duties authorised in that behalf by 
 writing, signed by the commissioners of stamps 
 ami taxes or any two of them ; and every such 
 officer shall be at liberty to take co|iies of or ex- 
 tract;! from any such book or account as aforesaid; 
 and if any banker or other person keeping an> 
 such book, or having the custody or possession 
 thereof, or power to produce the same, sliall, upon 
 demand made by any such ofHccr, showing (if 
 required) his authority in that behalf, refuse to 
 produce any such, hook to such oflieer for his ; 
 inspection and examination, or to permit him to | 
 
 "isprct an 
 
 f'lereof „t 
 
 such accoi 
 
 ^ept, cont 
 
 banker or 
 
 cveiy suuh 
 
 viiled alwj 
 
 not e.xerci' 
 
 consent of i 
 
 „ -4// Bank 
 
 ui""'i> Off. 
 »Vnle^ who 
 earry „„ i,„j 
 
 January fi, 
 
 "'tiT, make 
 
 stamps and t 
 
 ins name, n 
 
 '•ase of a co 
 
 residence, nn 
 
 posing or be 
 
 partnership, a 
 
 which such hi 
 
 °" the busin, 
 
 where such bu 
 
 •ianker, compi 
 
 rc'use to malic 
 
 tfu .said l3t ( 
 
 make other tha 
 
 herein required 
 
 ""'■h'P so o/fe, 
 
 •''^50/.; and the 
 
 taxes shall, on 
 
 wi hin each tow 
 ofthe return so 
 "«• partnership ca 
 Within sucli "tow 
 case raav be. (>. 
 Bankers to fX 
 
 CT "' «•''"■'■''' f 
 hanker wJio shall 
 hcense from the 
 
 ^''all take out a s 
 c^-efytownorpj.! 
 or his aL'enf ; 
 si'fli 1 cense to aut 
 thing ,„ any f„rme 
 thereof „o,Vin,:rta 
 'o I anker who on , 
 /«4-^, had taken „„ 
 ;''« «aid last-men 
 f-rcc, lor the is u 
 t"ore than four sH 
 a >y time hereafte? 
 J'ave ,„ force at one 
 f'w sucli licenses to 
 "«tes or bills atnPo 
 places specified";^ 
 «aui (Jth day of m; 
 places respectively , 
 £:«?'<nast-menti;, 
 WJs in pursuance of 
 
 yyensatlon to ,-e, 
 
 .Wi.rf„/,_vVhereas t 
 the schedule hereto 
 
 ^■««sed to issue thciro 
 •■'peementswithtJe^; 
 
 !'"''on.:„gia„„""„ff 
 
 : Areement., ..,,,,,., ^,f 
 
 '•"'ould receive by w 
 •••"raposition as hltZ 
 «f «"ch bankers, .^ f 
 ■^""is in respect of .M 
 «ce,veconipe„«atio;- 
 
 h 
 
l-aoker or other per ,„ so ff 'I'' ""^"'y «'"'l' 
 «Ye>y such offence foritt the '5""'''"K «hall for 
 vidctl alwavs, that Z .„• . '""" "^ J""'-: Pro- 
 not exercise the nouerf of '"""^'■'"^'"""'^ sh 
 consent of the I or.ls of m. t"''""^ without ,c 
 ^ All Banke,; ZTturn^^r ^ '"^'"'^y- (Sec. 20 
 
 'Valeawhoisnowcnrrv-ni. ' ^'"ffl'i'Hl and 
 
 ^Tyon l-iKsineJas/ucl fhai; °' '^l'^^ ''^^^««''" 
 Jnniiarv in each Vr„„ ' ."' «" the Jst ihiv „f 
 
 •Yt^T, makeT'e u ,? to it"'" '' ^'^y^^'^ 
 stamps and taxes at t o.v i, ■ ™"""'s''i<'iiers of 
 J'>« name, resideneo a,' '?' "'''?'''« ^""don of 
 •-ase of a conir.anv or °<='^»Pation, or. i„ (hi 
 '--'cnce, an^Sp'atioTofev'"''"' "■" """o 
 P"«"ff or beinff a mem L of '^'h. P"«"" "^otn- 
 partnership, and aL^hf^" f «'^h company or 
 which such banlter rnrnr,„ °' ""= ^'nn under 
 
 <•■> the bnsine4 ol- haX'iy':n?"'"^"'''-^'''P«""y 
 where such busines'- isin^^V"'^ ""^ «^erv place 
 hanlccr, company or .^"T^*-''""' ""J if anvsuch 
 «'»seto makesud, rcun ''m'!' «''"" "'"^t or 
 tf"-' said Ist dly ' f Jnn "■'""" ^° "iavs after 
 "'ako other tha7a rue rS' 7.?*^^" "^^i"-" 'v 
 
 Withm such toun or mn '"'""''' °f l^anl^er 
 case may be. (Sec; 'n ) ' '''P'"-'''^«'ly, as the 
 
 taxes to autho se tr^ f ""''' "*' stamps ami 
 «hallta).eoutasVa.:te T,"',-'' .''"^'='' "^ hiU, 
 every town or pj-.ce at wh"; ■'''''V"'^' ''ci'nse fo^ 
 "■• "f. agent, issue arn ^l'"' «'>,''.''. ''J' '"^se f 
 s'Th license to autho^ls'e ZfJ'- '^'''^ requiring 
 thmff i„ any former Act contn!,."^ "^"'^«''' «">'- 
 thereof notwithstand^^n- ' ^'"^'' '" "^'^ «ontra?v 
 
 ..o hanker M-ho on o"bek;e^h!tS' f^''^'-'' ^ha^ 
 I«4'J, had taken (Mtt fn,,r = ,"'l.*'th day of Jlav 
 
 the said last-n,e, oned .r'' .'^•''"•'"'^'^^'"ch Jn' 
 fwcc, for the issuing of anv\f '''^Pectivelv in 
 n^ore than four sep"frate town.' "T' "' "^"'^ at 
 any time hereafte?be reouTre I ^ i'','"='^'' «'">" at 
 have n, fo^e at one and M^r. ° '^'''' ""t or to 
 ^'ur sucl. licenses to auhJriseTn •""''• """•<= 'han 
 notes or bills at all or any "f ,1- """"^ "^ '"''•'' 
 Pl?ws sjiecitied in such Li •"""" towns or 
 '^axi tith day of llav 'iJif '" VT' »« tho 
 places respectively sm), i ,''" ^'■"-"h towns or 
 
 l^'lJs in pursuance of such i ^en ""' '"^•'' ""'es or 
 «.^7;ec.ively. (gee 2I """"'« ""• "">' of them 
 f^omjmmation to certu!,, n , 
 
 ^'■/-•^f''--Wherea the eS:i*r J''""^'' "' *''<^ 
 the schedule hereto nn.f !, ^""''"■'"lai.ied in 
 
 ceased to issue the U'SnT''''' ^'^^ '>»-" 
 Kreemcnts with the govern r an, "' ""''"■ '^''«»i" 
 •ankof Knffian.l: audit' T.vn''r'""P""y"'' the 
 ;f cements s.,ould <:ease and r'""' ''"'' ^''^h 
 • St day of December next ami hT'"" "" the 
 si'ould receive by way 'f 1 ''"^'""^'' ''ankers 
 composition as hereZn, eompensatio,, such 
 of such bankets, .„,?/'"'''''''"'''''• "'M a Is 
 ;:unis in respect'o'^iti^f ';,"!;;'" "' ''l« '""^imim 
 --ve con.pe„saUo„, Utl^t^t^^^^^^ 
 
 BANK— BANKING. 
 
 c'uefcashirnSi:;i:^-l,;--,si,ne,n,,,, 
 fore enacted, that the several !'^ ""' = '"■ 't H.erc- 
 hetween the sai.l governor i^f '*'"""'■■' ^»''«i"''i"g 
 several bankers menti. I.i ,"'".!'""/"".'>' "'"' the 
 r I in« to the issue of anV^Vi:'"' "'*= ''"°to 
 shall cease and determin„ , ^'"/-''and notes 
 
 December next; and™"" "'■ "" •*''^t ,lay of 
 «a.d governor alid tmpa^v 'sh .1 '7 ""•'<'«>- the 
 to tlie several bankers Zm,, ''"-^ ""'' allow 
 hereto marked (C), soT,""'^'^^'' "| the sohedulo 
 he willing to rece ve thn ^ ""-''' '"'"''er shall 
 and after the rat" f^i^^e??:' ." ''°"'P'«itio i „ 
 the average nraountof tlfe jJa?!.!'- P^^ """"'" on 
 issued by sucli bankers resnn^ " ^'"*=f'«'"l "otes 
 remaining, in circuIaTion '^to i'"-' "'"' "-^tually 
 follows: (that is to sflv/ "^ ascertained as 
 month of Anrili«i" . -T^ "" -^ome day ;,,,,,„ 
 governor anRmnln' '° ^' determined bTtl e sai 
 of the JJank of Fn^r."^' f" f ''"""t shall" b 'taken 
 ''ankers respectivelf "bv ^h''' •'•'""^'^■^«'' '" such 
 company within tL. J '►•''''''' ^•'^''"'or and 
 
 t'';ee calendar month -and ^h" "' '""^'^^'^ of 
 ,';" ""^es ascertained o'takiif"' "''"^S'^ "f the 
 shall be .leemed to be the-ayer^li^^'" «"«'' accounts 
 of Juigland notes issue h J If ?'"''""t of Lank 
 
 •7/ and kept in c'cutt on ,''""'''''• '««Pec- 
 ' «'!.'>, and on which VJ!" ''"""« the year 
 
 respectivelytorecetVthe""/ '"*;" '^"'"'ers^we 
 "f 1 per cent, for the ve„r .^o^'fe^aid composition 
 counts shall be taken ^ nit'' •' ''"'' «™'lar ac- 
 butineach year sud „ '''"'^ succeeding yea,. 
 ''■fferentmontlKsfr mH"'°"?'^-'"'«" he tfken [n 
 "' the last precedSffVeart'" ''^T^ the accounts 
 fcrent days „f the nmnth ri" "''^*'"' "'"' "" dif- 
 to be determined by tCinM"""'^ «"'' days 
 company; ami the amonn, !•"', ^"''<'"'or and 
 payable as aforesafd sZn . *•' * '° eompositi, n 
 fi^rmor and company "t of f."'-' ''-^ ^''^ «aid 
 and in case any .liftV,™ , "' their own fun,l, . 
 of such hankei^aS r« ''"'" ^™« hetu" en " ny 
 the Bank of £"^"1 in f '""'"' ""'' company o^ 
 payable as aforetal" t re^'^P^'S"'" '''« com, os tion 
 by the Chancel or of tt Kx^f ''""' ^' determined 
 being, or by some person. "i''"*"' '"«'• 'he time 
 ""d the decision of theT) '^^."'""ed by him 
 eheqiier, or his nominee ,^ fi"'i""°'' "^ the Exi 
 cusive: provided always '(^""^ ''"»' «"d con- 
 ful for any banker named in m '^ *''«" be law- 
 annexed marked (C)^„ h" "'".^ebedule hereto 
 
 thereby acquire any r^ i,f '"^""ee as aforesaid 
 "o^es. ^ (Sec. 23.) ^ "^'" °' title to issue Znk 
 
 :;;'f "^^t aS:!/^ ifr'-f to co,n„ouna 
 -nd governor and company „ ^" ^''^■'^"' f"' the 
 banker who under the nrn 7- ''^'""' ^^'th ever>' 
 
 t^"^ '" ---e ba?kT tes''^t:',f!''^ ^''^ «"«^1 
 oanker a composition n/fh ' "'"*w to such 
 
 a corta.„i„.,„j detain' 'r'" '^""^'""«" 'or 
 position payable to the ""vml t "i"""'"" °^ eom- 
 t s,, j^j,. hereto marked ?/T'^!"' ""fed in 
 •^"'•h other bankers wi7h *^^ ''''aH apply •„ „i, 
 and company are here ''"'.' ""^ «ai, Vgo^•e no" 
 «'-esaid: P^viSed ShT tri '^' »t-" 
 tne amount of composi- 
 
no 
 
 BANK— I5ANKIN0. 
 
 til 111 payalilo to sucli bankors as last aforosaid 
 .shall ill cvory case in which an iiicrcaso of 
 sci-iiritii's ill I he issue ilcpartinciit uliall have brcii 
 aiilhiirisc'il hy any onlcr in council h(^ deducted 
 uul of the amount pavahle by the said governor 
 anil (!onipaiiy to the public under the provisions 
 herein coiilaiiied : provided always, that the total 
 sum payable lo any banker under the provisions 
 herein contained l)y way of composition as afore- 
 said, in any one year, shall not exceed, in ca.se of 
 tile bankers mentioned in the schedule hereto 
 marki.'d (C), 1 per cent, on the several .sutns set 
 aj^aiiist the names of such bankers respectively in 
 tlie list and statement delivered to th«! com- 
 luissiiuiers of stamjis .as aforesaid, and in the 
 case of other bankers shall not exceed 1 per 
 cent, on I be amount of bank notes which such 
 bankers resfiectively would otherwise be entitled 
 to issue under the provisions herein cuntuincd. 
 (Sec. -21.) 
 
 Ciiinp<i:<itii>ns to cease on lat August, IS.iC. — All 
 the ci.iiipositions payable to the several bankets 
 inentio'iied in the stihedule hereto marked (C), 
 and such other bankers as shall agree with the 
 said fjorernor aiuJ company to discontinue the 
 issue of their own bank notes as aforesaid, shall, 
 if not pre V iously determined by the act of such 
 banker as herein-beforc provided, cease and deter- 
 mine on the 1st day of August, IH.")*), or on any 
 ♦^arlierday (m which Parliament may prohibit the 
 i.*KU(' of bank notes. (Sec. 2.").) 
 
 Biitilts wit/ihi Sijriy-five miles of London may 
 ■aarrpt. uVc. Jiills. — From and after the passing 
 iif I (lis Act it shall ho lawful for .any sotMety 
 «>r eom|)any or any persons in partnership, 
 i!5iiiugh exceeding six m number, carrying on 
 tuje business of banking in London, or wicliin 
 ti.i miles thereof, to draw, accept, or endorse 
 bills of exchange, not being paj'able to bearer on | 
 demand, anything in the herein-before recited i 
 Act |)fissed ill the fourth year of the reign 
 of his said Majesty King \Villiam IV., or in 
 anv other Act, to the contrary notwithstanding, \ 
 (Sir. 20.) j 
 
 Jjun/i to eiijoi/ Privili-fles, subject to Redemption. [ 
 — The said governor ami comiiany of the Dank oi 
 Kngland shall have and enjoy such exclusive 
 privilege of banking as is given by this Act, upon 
 .such terms and conditions, and .subject to the 
 termination thereof at such time and in such 
 manner as is by this Act provided and specilied ; 
 ami all and every the powers and authorities, 
 franchises, privileges, and advantages given or 
 recognised by the said recited Act, 3 »k 4 Wm. IV. c. 
 !IM, as belonging to or enjoyed by the said governor 
 and company of the Bank of Kngland, or by any 
 subs(-queiit Act or Acts of Parliament, shall be and 
 the same arv. hereby declared to be in full force, 
 and continued by this Act, except .so far as the 
 saiue are altered by this Act ; subject, nevertheless, 
 to redcniption uiion the tenns and conditions 
 following; viz. at anj' time upon 12 months' 
 notice to be given after the 1st d.ay of August, 
 I8j."), and upon repayment liy Parliament to the 
 said governor and company or their successors of 
 the Slim of 1 1,01.5,1(10/., being the debt now due 
 from the public to the said governor aii<l company, 
 without any deduction, disf'/unt, or abatement 
 whatsoever, and uixm payment to the said 
 •,'overnor and company and their .successors of all 
 iirrears of the sum of 1011,000/. per annum, in the 
 l.i-t-inentioned Act mentioned, together with the 
 interest or annuities imyable upon liie said debt 
 or in respect thereof. , and ;<; i upon repayment of 
 all the principal and intcresi which shall be owing 
 unto tb' said govenur and ci.mpany and their 
 •juccessurs upon all such tallica xcheipier orders. 
 
 exchequer bills, or parliamentary funds which the 
 said governor and company or their successors 
 shall have remaining in their lianils or be entitleil 
 to at the lime of such notice to be given as last 
 aforesaid, then and in such case, and not till then, 
 the said exclusive privileges of banking granteil 
 by this Act shall cease and determine at the expi- 
 ration of such notice of 12 nuMiths : and any vote 
 or resolution of the House of Commons, signilied 
 under the hand of the Speaker of the .said House 
 in writing, and delivered at the public oflico of 
 the said governor and company, shall be deemed 
 and adjudged to be a sullicient notice. (Sec. '27.) 
 
 Ill turn of the B(tnk Notes iasnetl from April 1 1 , 
 •iMO^ to Feliniary 7. [HWi^on the first it'ednesdny 
 of voeli month: distimjitisliimj S'otcs held by the 
 i'ublii; and the liimh, and the Sceurities on which 
 the Issue was paid. 
 
 Week rndin)> 
 
 1HC<) 
 AfTil II . 
 May 'J 
 .hiiierj 
 July I 
 August 1 
 Sci>ltfmlj<;r 't 
 UrUiltKT 5 ' 
 No»freil»r 7 
 
 IMII 
 .Tanuarv 't 
 Feliru.iry G 
 iMarrli e . 
 April 3 ■ 
 .Mar I . 
 Junp 't 
 .July .- • 
 Aiiuust 7 - 
 SeptemtHfr 4 
 OctobirV 
 iNovenilwr fi 
 Ilecember 4 
 
 18r>'2 
 ■Innuary 1 
 Kt'hruary ft 
 Marrh i - 
 Auril -■ - 
 Alay 7 - 
 .lime 4 
 .luly a 
 Aiii:u»t€ - 
 s-'iUfmilirr ."J 
 
 ;ul»*fr 1 
 . ovtfmbcr -'» 
 i>*riMtinber 5 
 
 ISfi.l 
 .Taminry 7 
 Ft'liruiirT 4 
 .MiirclH - 
 Ai.rll 1 . 
 Jfiiy r, . 
 .Tune .1 
 July 1 
 August 5 • 
 Sfpteiiil)er 'i 
 Oi-tulicr ; 
 NoTenihet J 
 December J 
 
 isni 
 
 .T;inuar>' '» 
 February .' 
 .M.irch 'i - 
 April f> - 
 iMay 4 
 .tune I 
 .luly - 
 A u^'ust " - 
 Si-pleinlHT 7 
 ( Ictolier 5 
 November ^ 
 December 7 
 
 1 Sfi.'. 
 January 4 
 February 1 
 Maicb I - 
 April r, . 
 .May 3 - 
 .lune 7 - - 
 July .'t 
 Au(^st2- 
 September 6 • 
 0( tober 4 
 No\eirlj<r I 
 Deteillbtr i; 
 
 .Tanuary j 
 February 7 - 
 
 .\lllM 
 
 belli 
 by tlie 
 I'ubllc 
 
 £ 
 
 '.1.1,4(17 ,nnn 
 'i'iiTi' , mil 
 
 I VliW.S.IIlHI 
 
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 '^K,i»iU,llllll 
 
 al,4>i>,ll(H> 
 I VI, 95.1,(11 lU 
 j ii.'im.mui 
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 OT,.'! 1 1,000 
 
 I i'J,H7'.l,iHm 
 
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 l!l,"lil,ll<»l 
 
 'io„ii)r,iii!ip 
 
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 W.0(i3,i>ill 
 V(l,.147,l».j 
 ■^ll,V'l!),ili«i 
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 W(.77.1,lKiil 
 iU.OlU.UOll 
 
 I 
 
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 ! Vll.7,1i,(«)ll 
 'ill AT 1 , 1)110 
 
 '2i,(irj,iio<i 
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 ji,(iiifi,ii(iii 
 
 ■^■i,5H7,01HI 
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 1U,76I,0WJ 
 
 .Vi.les 
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 15,181,00(1 
 15,75'i,000 
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 l'i,14'.>,000 
 
 l.'i, 1 15,000 
 I4,Si1,0()0 
 15,'Ji. 2,000 
 1(1,401,0(10 
 14,(14(1,000 
 l.'i,l.11),0 iO 
 17,11,V)()0 
 li,l>l'i,l)(IO 
 lfi,'.'49,ilO() 
 14, '.(11,01 10 
 14,094,000 
 
 13,7S(;,0(II 
 l'i,SI.'),00() 
 1.1,(107,1)110 
 1 l,iSS,l)IIO 
 14,'i9l,IIOll 
 13,5114,1)00 
 ll.'i'il.DllO 
 14,0'i(l,0fKI 
 1 1,714,000 
 M,170.IH)0 
 1.'!, 195,1 1(10 
 li,431,000 
 
 11.51 1,000 
 ]'i,iiH,.iXM 
 I3,'ill4.l>(l0 
 l-.','J17.li'<0 
 ll,77S,oi.<» 
 ii,.im;,,ooo 
 
 11,'i 19,1 100 
 
 i'i,i;'i,(ioo 
 i'i,'i'i:,OiKi 
 l'i,i77,i)()0 
 12,57 l,(H)o 
 13,091,000 
 
 1.1,319,000 
 1.1,711,000 
 I 1,011,0110 
 I I.IO'.'.OOO 
 I.-,S5I1,(HI0 
 I|,S9I,0II1I 
 1.1,I2'',0CH) 
 I3,'.0I,'IIH) 
 1.1,l2'i,000 
 12,4 10,111 10 
 12,512,0(K1 
 13,()85,(R«) 
 
 12,380,000 
 12,273,000 
 
 Auk. S. 
 
 Since 
 in some 
 .'iiid tern 
 been de.si 
 ' The I 
 true of til 
 secure pi; 
 to inaki 
 persons . 
 facilitate 
 the iibtaii 
 nblc bill- 
 approved 
 or note 
 accounts. 
 ((> 0|IC11 
 
 forward. 
 
 proval, 
 
 .iliiiiif (PI 
 
 ni.i\- be 
 
 eilce Ik 
 
 f.oiidoii, 
 
 <'stablisli(. 
 
 lion. Til. 
 
 niiich are 
 
 Ik> receiv( 
 
 opened 
 
 ol[ altonu 
 
 will procii 
 
 this ca.se. 
 
 •ittorrtey ; 
 
T 
 
 BANK— HANKING. 
 
 Interpretation Clause. — Tlio torm liatik naten 
 U8C1I ill tliis Act Khali cNtciid ami apply In all liills 
 or iicitcs for tlio payment of nioiiiy to Iho licari^r 
 on (Iciiiaml other than lilllsor notes of the t^overnor 
 and company (if the Hank of ICii^laiid; and the 
 term JIaii/i of Knglnnit notes shall extend and 
 apply to the promissory notes of the jjovernor and 
 company of the Hank of l'ji},'lanil payahle to hearer 
 on demand; and the term Itan/ier shall extend 
 and apply to all corporations, societies, jiartner- 
 ships, and persons, and every imlividual person 
 •■arrying on the husincss of baiikin;;, whether hy 
 the issue of hank notes or otherwise, except only 
 llienovernorandcompany of the Hank of Kn^land; 
 and the word y(c/soH used in this Act shall indnil 
 
 111 
 
 it. Ptircliases and salca of every description of 
 (jovernment sccnrilies are elFeoted hy the hranch 
 at a charfjc corresponding; to that maile hy the 
 local hankers wlii're the hranch is situated. A 
 eommi.-sion, inchiilinf^ hrokeraixe in London, and 
 all cxjienses of posta;;e, is charf^ed on payinj; at 
 the Itank of l'jif;land hills accepted hy persons 
 having drawing acconiits at Swansea, siii:li liills 
 to he advised hy the branch; also for granting 
 letters of credit on London, or on the other 
 hranchis. The hranch grants hills on London, 
 payable at seven dayn' (laic, without acci |itaiico, 
 for sums of 10/. and upwards. IVrsons having 
 drawing accounts at Swansea may order monev 
 to be iiaid at the bank in London to their credit 
 
 corporations; and the singular number in this Act j at Swansea, and viee. rrrs(i, at a char] 
 
 shall include the jilural nuitihcr, and the plural 
 nnmhcr the singular, except where there is any- 
 thing ill the context repugn.int to anch constrnc- 
 lion; and the masculine gender in this Act shall 
 include the feminine, except where there is any- 
 thing ill the context repugnant to such construc- 
 tion. (See. L'H.) 
 
 An Account, pursuant to the Act 7 §• 8 Vict, c, .32. 
 for the Week endiny on Wednesday, Aug, 7. 18(i7. 
 
 15911; IKPAH r Ml ST. 
 
 Nul(rs issued 
 
 - .->;,l)l2,8,1i 
 
 I'roprictors' cnpitnl 
 
 lli.;( 
 
 I'lihlii- deposits (in- 
 clU(liii(;esthmufr, 
 ^avi'ius-li.tnk-<, 
 rutiiiniiLsinni-rA of 
 national (tet>t, anil 
 (livi{t<intacrounts) 
 
 fltljtT deposits 
 
 Seven uaji' 
 other bill> 
 
 XJ7,I1 12,8.13 
 
 nANKI.va impAllTMBNT. 
 
 £ 
 
 l(,'.;..i,o()r. 
 
 £ 
 Covernmentilcl.t - ll.OI.'i.Inn 
 (Ither securities .l.'JSl.'JOIl 
 
 (iul.l fjin ami bullion 'J'i.iM'i.s.-,,', 
 ij7,0l'J,»jJ 
 
 and 
 
 .'.,1»9,1S1 
 
 I'J.siG.U.T-t 
 
 4SM«9 
 
 4:l3,4(>7,i6l) 
 
 (lovefnment securU 
 
 ties 
 other M!curities 
 
 Not 
 
 Gold and silver coin 
 
 12,HIV,:5T.1 
 Ifi./C.I.-ll.l 
 
 ia,fi9'j,.ivi 
 
 Auk. «• 
 
 £i.i,is;,7(iij 
 
 . ."Mav, Deputy Cashier. 
 
 SiiC, v.— Manaokmknt of Tiir, JLvnic of 
 
 ENCil.ANI). 
 
 Since 18'2(i the Hank has established brunches 
 in some of the great commercial towns, the mode 
 and terms of conducting business at which have 
 been described as follows : — 
 
 'I'lie hranch hank at Swansea (and the same is 
 true of those estahli.shed in other places) i.s to be a 
 secure place of deposit for persons having occasion 
 to make use of a bank for that purpo.se; such 
 persons are said to have drawinr/ accounts: to 
 facilitate to the mercantile .wd trading cla.sses 
 the iibtainiiig discounts of good and unexception- 
 able bills, founded iipi n real transactions, two 
 approved names being required upon every bill 
 or note discounted ; these are called discount 
 accounts. The applications of parties who desire 
 to open discount accounts at the brinch are 
 forwarded to the parent establi liraent for ap- 
 proval, and an answer is gener:uiy received in 
 about ten days. When approved, giuiij 'ills 
 may be di.scounted at the hranch wilhoiil K ler- 
 ence to London. Hills payable at Swansea. 
 London, or any other pla(;e where a brai. h is 
 established, are discounted under this regula- 
 tion. The iliviih'iid.s on Illy of -he public funds, 
 which are jiayable at tln^ limk if Kngland, may 
 bo received at the brancli by persons who h.ivc 
 opened ''drawing .accounts," after signing powers 
 of attorney for rtiat purpose, which lie brancli 
 will procure lr>«w Loiuhm. No chargt. is made in 
 this ease, exi'mt the expense of ihe p(.wer of 
 aMorttey and the postages incurred in transmitting 
 
 e of Cil. in 
 lieu of post.'ige. The hranch may be called upon 
 to change any notes issncd and dated al Swansea; 
 hut they do not cliange the notes of the bank 
 ill London, nor receive them in p.ayment, unles.s 
 as !i matter of cixirtesy where tlie parlies are 
 known, liank post bills, which are accepted and 
 due, are received at the branch from parties 
 having drawing accnimts, and taken to .iccount 
 without any charge for postage; but unaccepted 
 bank post bills, which must be sent to London, 
 are subject to the charge of postage, and taken to 
 account when due. No interest is allowed on 
 deposits. No advance is made by the branch upon 
 any description of landed or other property, nor is 
 any account aUowed to he overdrawn. The note.i 
 are the same as those issued by tlic parent esta- 
 blishment, except licing dated Swansea, and made 
 payable tliere and in Loudon, No note issued 
 exceeds the sum of ,')00/., and none arc for a less 
 amount than o/. ' 
 
 Ihit though it might have been .advisable to 
 establish oflices in Jlanchester, JUrmingham, .and 
 one or two more great town.s, for the interchange 
 of bank-notes and gold, we much doubt whether 
 the establishment of the branch banks has been 
 advantageous. Speaking generally, it may be 
 laid down that local affairs are best conducted hy 
 local agencies; and this is believed to be especially 
 the case in banking. It is a business which is 
 most likely to Hourish when those hy whom hanks 
 are established in connlr'- districts belong to those 
 districts, and are well ,aci) tainted with the char- 
 acter and pursuits of those with whom they deal. 
 
 Bank of Knijlinid in connection witli (ioeern- 
 ment. — The IJank of Kngland transacts the whole 
 business of Government. 'She acts not only,' 
 •says Adam Smith, ' as an ordinary bank, but as a 
 great engine of state. She receives and jiays tlie, 
 greater part of the annuities which are due io the 
 creditors of the public ; she circulate.* Lxcheciuer 
 hills; and she advances to the Governnieiil 
 the annual amount of the land and malt tsxes, 
 which arc frequontlv not paid till some years tliere- 
 aftcr.' 
 
 Assistance rendered bi/ Bank to the Mercantile 
 liilrrest. — The greater part of tlic paper of the 
 Hank has generally been issued in the way of 
 advances or lo-ins to Government, upon .Mciirity 
 of certain branches of the revenue, and in the 
 purchase of Exchequer bills and hullimi ; but her 
 issue through Ihe medium of discnuiis and ad- 
 v.'inces to individuals has also been M all times 
 considerable, while during war. and in periods 
 "t distress, it is iccasionally very great, (icner- 
 ally, however, the directors do iitit app(^H» (o have 
 thought ■>• Hdvisable to enter inlo :»n\ very keen 
 compotiiivin wvth private baukevs "in flip vUs- 
 ci.iH.iJng VI mercantile iviiper, \nd hencv \\ is 
 ih.u the rate of inteivst \V^»wd hy thv^ \Uuk for 
 loans being nsuall^V \^t\U,A\ t\V «>\vl vmietimO'* 
 r iiher above, Ike WAvUot Mlvs ^^mlparatively few 
 
112 
 
 I5ANK— BANKING. 
 
 applications arc made to licr, in ordinary periods, 
 for discounts. liut, at the same time, every one 
 wlio liax any reasonalilo Hecnrity to ofTer, l<now» 
 wliere they may always bo hail ; while the rate til' 
 interest chnrfjed by the Hank necessarily forms a 
 mn.rimum rale which no other establishment can 
 exceed. When, however, any circumstances occur 
 to occasion a pressure in the money market, or a 
 diHicully of obtaining accommodation in the usual 
 channels, the market rate of interest (generally rises 
 to the rate fixed by the Bank, how hixh soever that 
 may be, and on such occasions the private hankers, 
 and tlie public (generally, resort to the Hank for aid. 
 Slie then becomes, as it were, a bank u/ support; 
 and has, as such, on various occasions, rendered 
 pMid service to public credit, ami to the commer- 
 cial interests of the country-. 
 
 Hut, at the same time, it must be admitted that 
 the interference of the Hank in assisting? the com- 
 mercial interest is a matter that recpiircs the 
 {{reate.-t consideration, and that it can only be 
 safely undertaken in rare instances and under vcr}' 
 peculiar circunist<inces. We re]»oat ajjain, that 
 liowever a drain for gold may originate, the fact 
 of its existence shows conclusively that gold is 
 more valuable abroad tlwrn here, and consequently 
 that the currency is redundant and ought to be 
 diminished. Under such circumstances, it is the 
 imjierativc duty of the directors, if they would 
 pre\.'nt the total exhaustion of their banking 
 reserve, not to till up the vacuum caused by the 
 exchange of notes for bullion, by the issue of 
 fresh notes. It is at such periods, no doubt, that 
 the applif ations for assistance are the most urgent ; 
 but it is impossible to yield to them, and at the 
 same time to cnfnrcc that systematical and con- 
 tinuous reduction of the issues which is indis- 
 pensable lor the safety .if the banking department 
 of the liank. Slie cm no longer assist herself, as 
 on former occasion-, by making fresh issue.i of 
 paper. And in trutli that rcsmiree was of no real 
 advantage to her, but the reverse. It tempted her 
 
 to disregard those great principles and warnings j evmcci 
 wjiicli never can be neglecteil with impunity. ! 18i)G 
 
 rate of disootmt, especially if it be considerable, 
 is always productive of more or less inconvcnienca 
 to the mercantile world, it may be proper, when 
 the exchange becomes unfavournble, to endeavour 
 to restore it to |)ar by shortening the dates of 
 bills, and, if circumstances will permit, by selling 
 bullion and securities. Hut, at all events, the 
 redundancy of the currency must be got rid of, 
 and the exchange redressed ; and if the other 
 means at tiie disposal of the Hank be inadequate 
 to ellect, this object, a rise in the rate of interest 
 should be at once resorted to, and carried to the 
 necessary extent. 
 
 It may be observed, with respect to the ?ale 
 of securities, that they may be wholiy or iiartly 
 paid by drafts against deposits held by the Hank. 
 Hut, if so. it is clear that, at all eventj*. her debts, 
 or the obligation under which she lies to pav 
 notes or gohl to depositors when demanded, will 
 be in .so far reduced. 
 
 Tlie fact that the applications for discount at 
 the Hank arc usually most numerous when the 
 rate of discount is highest, has caused some doubts 
 to be entertained in regard to the eilicacy of a rise 
 in that rate to raise the value of the currency, and 
 restore an unfavourable exchange to par. 
 
 Hut the additional demand for discounts, on the 
 occasiims referred to, is most commonly a conse- 
 quence of the increased ditliculty of obtaining 
 them in other quarters; and when the rate of dis- 
 count becomes unusually high, apprehensions of 
 a revulsion begin to be entertained, and bankers 
 and others carry bills to the Hank, not that they 
 may get gold to send abroad, but that they may 
 provide for their own security, by getting a supply 
 of notes or gold, or both, to kccj) in reserve. And 
 it is further to be observed, that the rise in the 
 rate of interest, whether it be, as it usually is, the 
 result of capital becoming scarcer or more pro- 
 ductive, or of a temporary increase in the demand 
 for money, uniformly operates to hinder the ex- 
 portation of the latter. That such is the case is 
 
 I 
 
 by what took place in 1H2'>, aiul ni 
 And on a more recent occasion, not vvith- 
 The great commercial cri-cs that took place in ' standing the large sums lent by the Hank on tjills 
 17'.KJ, in J81o-l(J, in 1825, and in 183U-!5!), were all | and advances of one sort or other, the 10 per cent, 
 increased in violence and deslriictiveiicss by the rate of interest charged by her was sufficient to 
 
 Hank declining to narrow her issues immedi.itely 
 on the exchange becoming luifavourable, and de- 
 ferring her repressive action till too late a period. 
 
 Muthoth hy which the Bank may reduce her 
 Issues. — When the Hank sets about reducing her 
 issues, she may etl'ect her object in various ■^^•ays, 
 viz., bj rejecting a portion of the bills sent to 
 her for discount, by raising the rate of interest 
 at which she iliscounts or makes advances, by 
 .shortening tlie dates or echcance of the bills which 
 she negotiates, and by .selling bullion and se- 
 curities. Of these means, some may be more 
 or less expedient at one time, and some at 
 another. On the whole, however, the first mode, 
 or the rejection of bills, seems to be, in all re- 
 .spects, the most objectionable. The Hank will 
 not, of course, discount any bill in rcg.nrd to the 
 jiayment of wliich tiicre can be any re«s( nable 
 doubt. And wlicn the solidity of the bills oifered 
 for discount caimot be objected to, it becomes an 
 invidious, if not an unjust proceeding, to discount 
 some and reject others. Under such circum- 
 stances, the true plan is to raise the rate of 
 interest, for while such rise operates equally and 
 universally, it makes rich parties, or those who 
 can avail themselves of ottier means of accommo- 
 dation, withhold their demands, aiul thus cfi'ect its 
 oliject in the fairest and easiest way, and without 
 .sacriiicing individuals. 
 
 Inasmuch, however, as any sudden rise in the 
 
 stop the efflux of buUiim to the Continent and the 
 United States ; and, but for the abuse of credit by 
 some private establiahment.s, the restoration of the 
 exchange to par would have been ett'ected without 
 any internal revulsion. 
 
 jMischieriius Effects of discounting Bills at long 
 Dates. — Th(! Hank of England rarely discounts 
 bills that have more than two, or at most three, 
 months to run, and it weio well were this rule 
 generally ob.served by other establishments. The 
 discounting of bills at lung dates is ,'; powerful 
 stimulus to unsafe speculations. When indi- 
 viduals obtain loiuis which they are not to bo 
 called upon to pay for six, twelve, or, pcrliaps, 
 eighteen months, they are tempted to adventure 
 in speculations which are not expected to bo 
 wound up till gome proportionally distant period; 
 and as these not unfrequently fail, the consequence 
 is that, when the bills become due, there is 
 commonly little or no provision made for their 
 payment. In such cases the discounters, to avert 
 un imminent loss, sometimes consent to renew 
 the bills. Hut, while a ])roceeding of this sort 
 is rarely productive of ultimate advantage to 
 either party, the fact of its having taken place 
 tnakes other ad\enturers reckon that in the event 
 of their .speculations proving to be less successful 
 than they anticipated, their bills will be treated 
 in the same manucr, and thus aggravates and 
 extends the evil. 
 
 
 In o( 
 
 long dj 
 permani 
 sound I 
 bankers 
 rc-(iiircc 
 and indi 
 tress. 
 
 Distill 
 
 niiu.~\ 
 
 stri',-s is 
 the disiii 
 'riMwacti, 
 arc iuten 
 former ar 
 are xt|;;ni 
 {On the , 
 has sli()wi 
 elassos (if 
 "■ide as m 
 '>e genera 
 drawn api 
 T its valui 
 pnv/nent. 
 pven most 
 sells to H , 
 Wll at si.x 
 trade is br 
 and in a 
 I' sells tin 
 thereafter s 
 "lay, and i 
 '•'lis amoun 
 *''e value i 
 proivn out o 
 bill of the se 
 ''"s, but hi 
 re<lis('ountei| 
 last !n.l<irser 
 to; and (hen 
 which anv ( 
 origin and h 
 t'l'iii of (he I 
 On the wh 
 "■eal or presui 
 '>ill, and resp 
 «nl'c criterion 
 "f shoidd n(. 
 "iirchant or i 
 bills for disco 
 a sospicion |I 
 I''iiquiriesof t 
 fortliwiih 1,0 
 f^pl.'ination.' 
 j''<-(e(l. On 
 I'llls for redis 
 of the I);,nl< 
 •li'esiionable 
 Hilt, excejit in 
 'le thus verv 
 appe;ir Ui ho", 
 ;"■'■ se 1,1 liiii. 
 "f iiegoliiibilit 
 loan from a l,a 
 '''II is known 
 '•'"•■Pd, it does 
 mode. 
 
 Hesides billg 
 ''•■"ion purpose 
 
 "J •'■I'ch bills i; 
 
 tr(,Mi e.ieh oihe 
 •■i|)pear as if t| 
 '■"'I '"'IS. And 
 'Ins sort are ah 
 jxient. Ofcoi 
 ''C knowingly 
 To almost alwaH 
 
 1; 
 
BANK— BANKING 
 
 118 
 
 In other respects, too, the discount of hills at 
 Idii^j (Inton, or their rcnowal, or tlu; maUiiip of 
 licrmniiciit loann, is alto^jcthcr inconsistent willi 
 sciiinil haiikin^c iiriiiciplcs, lor it prevents tlic 
 h.iiikers from havinjj that command over their 
 resdnrees which is advantat^i'ous at all times, 
 and indispcnsaljlc in periods of dillioiilly or dis- 
 tress. 
 
 lihtinrtUin hitirern real anil nccommoilatlon 
 Uii'1.1. — In the diseonntinn of hills, a j^rcat deal of 
 Hire-s is nsiially laid, or ijretended to he laid, on 
 the distinction hetwcen those that arise ont of real 
 transaelions and those that are lictilious, or that 
 are intended for neeommodation purposes. The 
 f'ornier are said to ho lenitinnite, while the latter 
 are siif^matised as illcf^itimate. Jlnt Mr. Thornton 
 {Oil lliK Paper Credit (if Great Jlrilnin, ch. ii.) 
 lias shown tliat the difTerence hetween these two 
 classes of hills is ncitlicr so well marked nor so 
 wide as most jiorsons suppose. A notion seems to 
 he ^'('iierally entertained that all real hills are 
 drawn aj^ainst prodnee of one sort orot'* 'r, which, 
 or its valne, is supposed to form a fund for their 
 payment. Such, liowevci, is not always, nor 
 even most commonly, the case. A. lor example, 
 .sells to 1$ certain proihue, for which he draws a 
 bill at sixty days" date, lint prices are rising;, 
 trade is brisk, or a spirit of speculation is afloat, 
 and in a week or two (sonielimes much less) 
 B .sells the produce at an advance to (', who 
 thereafter sells it to D, and so (m. Ileiico it 
 may, and in fact frequently docs, happen, that 
 hills amounting to four, live, or even ten times 
 the value of a quantity of merchandise, liave 
 prown out of its successive sales, before the first 
 hill of the series has become due. And not oidy 
 this, hut hills are themselves very frequently 
 rediscount ed; and in this case the credit of the 
 last Midorser is f^enerally the only thing looked 
 to; and iliere is not, perhaps, one case in ten in 
 which any encpiiries are made in regard to tin; 
 origin and history of the bills, though they are 
 often of llie most questionable description. 
 
 On the whole, therefore, it would seem that tlic 
 real or iiresmned solidity of the parlies signing a 
 bill, and responsible for its payment, is tlie only 
 .sale criterioti by which to ji.dge whether it should 
 or should noD be discounted. But the fact of a 
 niercliaiit or other trader ofl'eriiig accommodation 
 bills for discount ought unquestionably to excite 
 a si'siiioion that he is trading beyond liis caiiital. 
 ljiqiiirii!scif the most searching descriiit'ti should 
 fortiiwilli be instituted; and Jinless satisfactory 
 explanations arc given, his paper should be re- 
 jected. On the same jirinciplc, the offering of 
 bills for rediscount ought to awaken suspicions 
 of the bankers and others who re.sort to so 
 (|uesiionable a mode of carrying on business. 
 Milt, except in so lar as a feeling of distrust, may 
 lie thus very properly excited, there does not 
 appe.ir to be anything in an ticcoinmodation bill 
 jiir .sc to hinder it from coming within the pale 
 of negoliability. It is a mode of obtaining a 
 lo.aii from a bank ; and when the character of the 
 liill is known to the banker, or is openly de- 
 clared, it does not appear to bo an objectionable 
 mode. 
 
 liesidos bills avowedly intended for acconmio- 
 ilalion purposes, another and a dilferent variety 
 "( Mich bills is drawn by parties at a distance 
 iViini each other, often men of straw, and made to 
 appear as if they wore bottomed on real trans- 
 actions. And wc are sorrj' to say, that bills of 
 this sort are always current, and often to a largo 
 extent. Of course no person of respectability can 
 lie knowingly connected with such bills, which 
 are almost always put in motion cither to bolster 
 
 up some bankrupt concern, or to cheat and defftiud 
 the public. But despite! the mischief of which 
 they arv productive, it appenrs to be jirelty 
 generally supposed that the cnrreuey of these 
 bills is an evil which cannot be prevented. There 
 can, however, be no real doubt th.it it m;iy, at 
 all events, be very greatly dimini-hed ; ami this 
 desirable result would bi^ etfected were it enacted 
 that all bills should henceforth bear upon their 
 face what they really are — that those that ari' 
 intended for accommodation ])urposes shall have 
 at their head the words .ieeiimmwlatinn Hill ; and 
 that those only shall bear to be for 'value re- 
 ceived' that have grown outof boiii'i tide transfers 
 of property. An enactment of this sort could not 
 bo felt as a grievance by any one unless he had a 
 fraudulent purpose in view. And were the im- 
 pressing of a false character on a bill made a 
 criminal offence punishable by three years' im- 
 prisonment, or some such pcmilty, there is every 
 probability that a formidable check would bo 
 given to the issue of spurious bills, and to the 
 manifold abu.ses to which the practice gives ri.se. 
 
 Bill-discounters who have got fictitious paper 
 on their lianils, and attempt, as has been done, 
 to get rid of it by concealing its character, or 
 representing it in a favourable light, make them- 
 selves )iarties to the fraud. Such conduct is so 
 very lljigifious, that when it can be fairly brought 
 home to the parties, it should subject tlieui to the 
 severest iienalties. 
 
 Hates of Discount charijed hy Bank. — The rates 
 of discount charged by the Bank lluctuate with 
 the variations in the demand for money, and in 
 the rate of interest. The rates of discount since 
 IHoO have been as follow : — 
 
 Rates of Discount. 
 
 
 n 
 
 ' 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 IS'.f. 
 
 
 \)K. 
 
 l\ 
 
 1 AUR. 
 
 .1.111. 
 
 
 
 Avi:t. 
 
 1 Auk. 
 
 .luiii; 
 
 JJ 
 
 IS.'jO 
 
 .1* 
 
 1 Aun. 
 Sept. 
 
 lilt 
 
 n 
 
 April 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Niiv. 
 
 7 
 
 May 
 
 1 
 
 Aver. 
 
 We. 
 
 1! 
 
 t .lune 
 
 .1. 
 
 
 AVKf. 
 
 'A 
 
 June 
 July 
 
 •^1 
 
 ISfl'i 
 
 
 
 ATi-r. 
 
 3 
 
 ,7.Hn. 
 
 1.SJ7 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 May 
 
 .A pril 
 
 H 
 
 ISro 
 
 
 .lul. 
 
 .Til lit' 
 
 it 
 
 .Iin. 
 
 .1 
 
 .luly 
 
 .Till, 
 
 ■'S 
 
 Kill. 
 
 ■X 
 
 Oct. 
 
 (l,t. 
 
 r, 
 
 .Vpril 
 Af.iy 
 
 
 A ver. 
 
 Oil. 
 
 7 
 
 4) 
 
 
 .\..v. 
 .\..v. 
 .Niiv. 
 Of.-. 
 
 s 
 'J 
 111 
 s 
 
 .May 
 .Viiv. 
 Nov. 
 .Nov. 
 
 1 
 
 isc- 
 
 .Taii. 
 .I.in. 
 Keli. 
 April 
 
 Aver. 
 
 7 
 
 IlfC. 
 
 .'i 
 
 
 
 !)«■. 
 
 t; 
 
 I8,',S 
 
 
 Aver. 
 
 ij 
 
 April 
 May 
 
 .l.in. 
 
 74 
 
 ISCl 
 
 
 M.iy 
 
 .tan. 
 
 ,'. 
 
 .Ian. 
 
 7 
 
 Nov. 
 
 tT.in. 
 
 •■'! 
 
 Ftl.. 
 
 S 
 
 Nov. 
 
 K.I,. 
 
 ?\ 
 
 M.irili 
 
 7 
 
 Dec, 
 
 M.irili 
 
 .1 
 
 April 
 
 fi 
 
 I),i-. 
 
 .April 
 
 '•'J 
 
 April 
 
 '1 
 
 Dec, 
 
 .liily 
 
 .1 1 
 
 ■M.iv 
 
 e, 
 
 Aver. 
 
 
 . .; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I8r>4 
 
 
 llrl. 
 
 ,Ian. 
 
 H 
 
 (),t. 
 
 Keli. 
 
 7 
 
 (lit. 
 
 Fell. 
 
 fi 
 
 Nov. 
 
 .Ai.nl 
 IM^ay 
 
 7 
 
 lie.-. 
 
 S 
 
 A vir. 
 
 .M,„ 
 
 'J 
 
 
 .Al.ly 
 .May 
 June 
 
 f. 
 
 IS68 
 Jan. 
 Kill. 
 
 Aug. 
 Sep.. 
 .Nov. 
 Nov. 
 Dei. 
 
 ' 
 
 ■M.irch 
 
 ;t 
 S 
 
 r, 
 
 Miy 
 .Mav 
 .Miy 
 .Mav 
 A iig, 
 .Am;. 
 
 Aver. 
 
 n 
 
 )S65 
 
 
 Auk. 
 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Manh 
 
 
 Sep,. 
 Nov, 
 Dec. 
 
 M,ircli 
 M.iy 
 
 1 
 
 Aver. 
 
 .May 
 
 1 
 
 
 June 
 
 -'\ 
 
 ISB? 
 
 Tune 
 
 ,1 
 
 Fell. 
 
 lulv 
 
 ■11 
 
 .Mav 
 
 Au«. 
 
 ■1 
 
 July 1 
 
 S».,l. 
 
 n 
 
 Aver. 1 
 
 ?l 
 
 ■I 
 Ii 
 
 The dividends on Bank stock, from the esta- 
 blishment of the company to 18C7, have been 
 as follow : — 
 
 Years 
 
 Diviilend 
 
 \>M5 
 
 Divldend 
 
 lllill 
 
 fi iier cent. 
 
 17SS 
 
 7 per cent. 
 
 ir,'j7 
 
 !l .. 
 
 1S117 
 
 10 „ 
 
 17I1S1 
 
 Vari.'il from 9 to 
 
 ISii.l 
 
 8 ,. 
 
 IVi'li 
 
 .'..J per cent. 
 
 lK-,^1 
 
 7 
 
 17.10 
 
 « .. 
 
 IS'ii 
 
 74 .. 
 
 iT.m 
 
 !>h .. 
 
 IS.VI 
 
 8 . 
 
 17.-il 
 
 B 
 
 IS.'.B 
 
 9 .. 
 
 17.1S 
 
 .'■J .. 
 
 is.'.y 
 
 8 ., 
 
 1717 
 
 S ,. 
 
 18(1.1 
 
 » ., 
 
 U.'i.T 
 
 44 „ 
 
 1861 
 
 9 ,. 
 
 17nl 
 
 5 ,. 
 
 18f.,5 
 
 11 ,. 
 
 1767 
 
 .'■4 ,. 
 
 18(i6 
 
 10 .. 
 
 1781 
 
 fi 1. 
 
 1867 
 
 10 „ 
 
 :v I 
 
 i i 
 
 I 5 
 
114 
 
 UA.VK— lUNKINO 
 
 Bunk does not allow /ntereit on hritimla. — Tlu' 
 Itaiik of Knulaiicl ilnos not illliiw, lillitT at the 
 liciiil ddicL' ill Li'Milciii I'f lit luT l)riiiiclirs, any 
 iiili'rf?t, nil (lc|"i-il.i; lunl in (loiii;^ mi >\w /jiIs 
 \viMi'ly, Ni'twitlijii.iihliii;; llii^ iiiiii-|iiiyiiitMii of 
 iiitcri'si, slu Ims (iluii \(ry iiir;;c iimoiiiil.i of 
 (l(|iii>it< nil lur hiiiiif^. mill win' slir in |)iiy in- 
 terest, tlie iiMliiiliility ix lliiit lliey wniilil lie very 
 j;ri!illy iiicrra>e(l, and ini;;lit, in periinlH n'' ditli- 
 eiilty, .^eridii'-lv i iini|ir(iiiii>i? lier -afely. At [ire- 
 sent llic liaiik may eiiiier ret liii ilepnsils or 
 iavesi llieiii in llio^e seeiirilies fri;ni «liioli they 
 inay lie most ea-ily withdrawn. Itiit if she al- 
 lowed interest, till' ease wonhl lie dilVereul, and 
 the wonhl lie olilif^ed to look c|iiile as iniieh or 
 mure to Hie proiiis to lie made liy investments as 
 to III laeility of repns-essin^' herself o' funds. 
 We lie-, ill eorrolioratioii (if what has le v In en 
 htated, to draw the reader's atteiilioii to the 
 follov.iiii: extract front the e\ ideiiei' of Jlr. 
 We^'ueliii, late ( hiveriior of the Hank, before the 
 Ciininiiliee of \H')'i : — 
 
 ' We,' said he, 'at the Hank of F.n;;land, have 
 •tlwavs eon-idered that the proper Innelions of 
 .t hanker were to keep the >pare i aslj of his 
 eustomer, sneh cash as his eustomer re{(nired for 
 Ins ilaily expi'iulitnri', for the sudden ilemands of 
 hi- hnsiness. and any aei'ideiital aeeiitniilation 
 whieli inij;ht happen hefore the eustomer had 
 ocoasiiiii to invest it. That is eonlrasted with 
 the system pnrsiied by the Joint-sloek hanks. The 
 joinl-sloek hank invites a lar;,'e deposit liy otl'erin;; 
 a e( rtain rate of iiuciest for the de|ii'sit ; in point 
 of faet, the joint-stoek hank heeomes the investor 
 of the money instead of the customer. The eus- 
 tomer of .1 joint-stock hank does not himself 
 invest his own money, hut he employs the joint- 
 stock hank to do it. t.-ikin;;' the t,'iiaraiilee of the 
 joiiit-stoek hank, and taking;, possihly, a lower 
 rate (if interest. Now that system, if applied 
 to the Hank of Kn^laiid, would he, 1 think, very 
 prejiidieial to the pnldie interests. It would, in 
 the lirst place, force upon the H.iiik of Kimland 
 to invest its reserves much more closely than it 
 docs now. If it had to jiay interest upon its 
 deposits, it could only do so hy investing them 
 in some securities that would jiay a hif^her r.ite 
 of interest than that which it pays. Its deposits 
 are also of that particular character which would 
 render it still niont inexpedient that they should 
 be closely in •sied. Thin- consi>t, in the lirst 
 place, of (iovermneiit deposits, which rise from a 
 low rale at one period of a ijuarter up to ,'i.linil.iillli/. 
 orti.ntiD.dOO/. hii;her at another period ofaquarter, 
 and a;;ain colla|.-o to a very low rate at another 
 period. .\t!aiii, the private deposits consist, to 
 a certain extent, of the deposits of the bankers 
 and the joint stock banks of London, Those 
 deposits are she amounts which tliosi! bankers 
 reipiire to work their own business. Conse- 
 (luenlly, they are not deposits which should he 
 very closely invested by the Hank il' luif^land. 
 In times when there is w f^reat .accnmul.ition 
 of deposits in the l!auk of I'.n^danil, it is because 
 the public :!rc not able at tlujso times to 
 find investments to their mind to employ those 
 de|iosits ; aud. consequently, it is not at all 
 likely that iu' li.ank of England, if that is 
 the ease will: the iiuhlic generally, will be 
 able to iind investments which the public them- 
 selves have not been ;ible to do. AH these rea- 
 sons combined would le.ad me to ihink that 
 to for(?e a system upon the Hank of IJiglaiid 
 by which it should he obliged to employ its 
 deposits very closely — much inore closely than 
 it does at present — would be iiot only pre- 
 judicial and unsafe as regards the J5ank of 
 
 Kiiglainl, but would be prejudicial to the public 
 
 interest." (Q, U'dt.) 
 
 The truth IS, tli.it the whole Hiibject of ileposils 
 is h( -et \>illi dilliciiltieH, Tlii' extrlit to which it 
 lias 111 already carrieil has deeply endan-cred 
 the L.iliiliiv of the banking system, and wi' hfive 
 seen that i is indi-peiisahli! it should be subjeclvtt 
 to regulation. 
 
 Previously to ITHti the Hank received iiii al- 
 ii w.aiiee for trouble in )iayiiig the dividends, 
 ipcriiitending ''-v transfer of ilie stock iScc. 
 ol the national - lit of Mil. I<>s. u million on 
 I its amount. in \1M this allowance Avas rediicevl 
 to loll/, a million, the Hank being, at the same 
 time, entitled to a considerable allowance for her 
 Iniihli in receiving coiilribiilionson loans, lotteries 
 (ic. This, though long reganUd as a very im- 
 provident arrangement on the part of the public, 
 «.M acquiesced ill till IHOM, wlien the allowance, 
 on .tceoiint of management was rediici d to ;l In/, 
 per million on i;tMl.illlil,Ot)ll/. of the ]iublic debt, 
 ami to yilO/. per million on all that it exceeded 
 that -iim, exclu-ive of some separate allowances 
 for annuities iV<', The im|ire-sion, however, u as 
 still entertained that tlu^ allowances for manage- 
 ment should be further reduced, /Hid this has lieeii 
 elVecled in the interim. 
 
 Exclusive of 111 r hmctions as public hanker, 
 and manager of the public debt, the Hank of 
 ICngl/md is connected with (iovetument through 
 the lircnlatiiiii. We have sei u ihat she is en- 
 titled to issue upwards of I l,(MM).iillO/. upon se- 
 curities, that is, on the i redit of the funds ^he has 
 lent to Government, lint Ibr these she receives 
 about :i per cent, interest, and such being the 
 ease, the [lublie is eharly entitled to a portion, 
 if not to the whole amount, of the prolils realist d 
 by the Hauk on the issue of these 1 t.lMM),(MHl/. 
 It is dillieult to say how much this may amount 
 to. The issue department of the liaiik seldom 
 reissues notes, but for the most part destroys them 
 as soon as they are returned to it. This practice 
 is said to b(^ necessary to enable the Hank to 
 obviate fraud, by keeping a proper .■.ccoiint ol 
 the nundiers of the notes alloat. An opinion is, 
 however, pretty generally enterlained that this 
 might lie elVected by a less expensive pn.ess 
 than that which is now resorted to. And, cer- 
 tainly, it seems to be a very wasteful proecKliiig, 
 that ji (piantity of newly niaiiufaclnreil notes 
 issued hy thi^ Hank in the forenoon, and returned 
 to her ill the afternoon, should not be rei-sued, 
 but consigned to the llaines. The Scot h banks 
 ;ire justly eensiiralde for keeping their notes too 
 long alloat, but this is running with a vengeance 
 into the opposite extreme. 
 
 Hut, as it is, the cost of maintaining ;in issue 
 of I 1.111111,01X1/. is estimated by the Hank at about 
 ll;),000/. a year; and taking the gross prolils 
 oftheis-iii' lit !{ per cent., or I-JO.uik)/., the neii 
 lirolils may he estimated at I)(I7,IIIH)/. a year: and 
 of this sum the Hank pays to (iovernmeiit Imi.Duii/., 
 vi/. (iU,l)IIO/. in lieu of the old charge for slanip 
 diitv. abolished in 1«11, and .i further sum of 
 l-.'o",IHll)/., leaving the Hank 1-.'7.()0I)/. for her 
 shiire of the prolits. And so long as the cost of ■. 
 the issues remains at about its iirescnt amount, ;. 
 we do not know that there is much to ohjcct i 
 t 1 in this arrangement. I'robably, bowi^ver, were ,' 
 the allowance to Government further increased by i 
 some 5I»,000/. or (lO.OOU/., the Jiank might lin'd j- 
 means, without injury to the jiublic, of reissuing f 
 her notes, or of otherwise reducing the cost off 
 Iheircin ulation. During the year ended Marchol, I 
 ls,"ii;, the p.ayments made to the Hank for managing 
 the national debt and anmiities timouuted toj 
 'J5,«76/. 
 
 It slid 
 
 •'"id exp( 
 
 •hepiil.Ji 
 
 <o the e„ 
 
 Croin one 
 
 "nrit fiC t 
 
 Milhsiand 
 
 ''lecks ail 
 
 >:'"' has /h 
 
 (orger\- ai 
 
 ""■"iigli ;, 
 
 '■'l>.il easlii 
 
 ■•"Id I lie /or 
 
 'Ki-asiill I 
 
 years endi,, 
 
 'orgeries „i 
 
 {lif/inrt nn 
 
 "eside.-j t 
 
 '■'"'Ted, oil 
 
 '»'lli Gover 
 
 pensions an 
 
 """•e eoinmii 
 
 »'"'of(he w 
 
 •;!"P''raniiuale 
 •>."(ii),Ot)o/. a. 
 
 "'■•'" A'radi,,.,] 
 .^'nished. In- f 
 res(dved in'i^; 
 < qnallv over t 
 '''"•iiig whiel, 
 "■""'•I coiKi,,,, 
 J';.';-^*': it was 
 
 """""y to p„ 
 >■<"«/■. capita,,; 
 "Xlerlake to p 
 '"•>«r.'idnated 
 '"••'<"'g the l\r: 
 ""<' Widuallv ,1 
 ''"•f.v-lifih and 1,-. 
 
 to only ;j(j„, 
 
 '".•;.''ver, reahs 
 ' ";g to r„fe, 
 
 Jiiit II, \ii-,;\ ti 
 
 receivi,,;^ ,,„ ,,„ 
 .V'""-<, eon„n,,,J 
 <;'i account „,• ,1, 
 
 , " !"''-;'"is be, 
 ^"fl.mel„.sive,,i| 
 
 i''onnerly ii,u \ 
 ;';':■■ '''> 'unch eif 
 
 ;"-'i;>i-H-y peopi, 
 
 I'm •'■'' ,""'^ "I 
 /''."■"' Uiis re..pJ 
 
 ♦"'■'■'-■''. Glie,M,.' 
 
 "••'- (ornicrh- ]o, 
 
 ;'""?'"". great or . 
 
 .'"■;""^« i^ t'ond,,,! 
 •"Id, we may -i,/,! f 
 
 . ""' li'ink „p,.n'J 
 
 '•"f '"'.v. and the r,| 
 
 ;?^^,""1 ^vho ehooF 
 .inkers and to ,i 
 "■'^ also ,,„es ; 
 
 lid docs all that,,' 
 
 ■'"••*•• '"• (lie reeein 
 ;<-« "f any chargi'l 
 '•'■""ty boxes, nml 
 
 , ""^ "verngP halJ 
 I ' compensate for f 
 ^'nnng it, and i„ J 
 
lU'f 
 !■> 
 
 nil "1 
 .11 is. 
 llii-* 
 
 irr- 
 
 liiiii:;, 
 liolis 
 \iriu4 
 
 lOS I'll) 
 
 issui; 
 ill Hint 
 (U-olits 
 V 11.11- 
 
 •: mM 
 
 Hi.nnii/., 
 
 !-laiiMi_ 
 
 sum "' 
 
 t'.ir Ui-f 
 
 c.isl "f 
 
 liniiiiiii'i 
 
 ijl.ii'i't- i 
 
 t!isi-J iiy 1 
 j,iit liii'i ; 
 
 ,-iiiiin 
 
 c.sl I'l' 
 
 k;\rcli''>''> 
 
 Iau:i:-^i"K 
 
 LANK- 
 
 It slidiild 1(13 olisorveil that tlic n's)i(iiisit)illty 
 .•mil pxiH'Usi' iiiourrod liy the liaiiU. in niaii.iiiint; 
 ilio piililic (Iclit, arc very jjronl. Tin- tcniptatinn 
 lo till' <'i)inniis<i(in df Iraiid, in traiislirrin^ stork 
 I'n.tii line in.liviiliial to aiiotlicr, an. I in tlic pay- 
 iiiciit (if tlic ilivi.ltiicis, is well Un(j\vn ; an. I not- 
 uilliHtanilin;; the skilfully tloviscil hV^tcin of 
 (lucks adiipti'il liy tlic Itank lor its (ircvi'iition, 
 ^ll.' lias lri'i|iiciitly Mistaini'.l vrry (;rrat losses liy 
 lorpTV anil ollurwise. In 18(i;t tliu ISank lo^i, 
 tlimn^jli a fraii.l cotinnitted liy ono of lur prin- 
 ripal easliitrs, Mr. A.slelt, no loss llian o 10,(.)00/. ; 
 .•111(1 the forf^i'ries of Fauntleroy, tin; baidier, cost. 
 Iier n still I irjjor sum ! At an averajicn of tin; ten 
 years en.lin ! with 1k;{1, the Hank lost, throuf;h 
 l'or;;eries on the |"ddic funds, W,~Mt, a-year. 
 {Hi'/tiirt mi Jian/i (liiutrr, App. p. Iti,').) 
 
 Hosiiles the traii-aetions alluded to, the Hank 
 ontered, on March Jii, 18211, into an t'n,'aj;einent 
 with (lovernnieiit uith respect to the iinldic 
 pensions and annuities, or, as they hav.' Iieeii 
 more coninionly termed, the </«»/ irvipht. At the 
 111. 1 of the war, the naval and military pensi.jns, 
 .superannuated allowances itc. nniountcd to aliove 
 .'),ii(M),OllO/. a-year. They would, of course, have 
 been gradually lessened, and ulliinately e.xlin- 
 j,'uishe(l, liy the death of the parties. But it was 
 resolved in |f"_'_' to attempt to spread the burden 
 ( fpially over the whole period ni' fortif-five years, 
 dnrinj^ which it was calculated the annuities 
 Would continue to decreaM>. To elVect this pur- 
 ])ose. it W.1S supposed that, upon (JovorniHent 
 (.1)'. ring to pay '_',,s!(io,il()0/. a-year for forty-live 
 ye^i , capitalists would be found who Would 
 undeiiake to pay the entire aiiiiuities, acconling 
 to a gra.liiated scale previously dcK rmiiu.l upon, 
 luakiiig tl]i. lirst year a pay'nieiit of ■l,',)00,0(Mi/., 
 mill gradually decreasing the payments niilil the 
 forty-tilth and last year, when they wer.' toamouiit 
 to only oOO.dUO/. This supposition yvas not. 
 however, realised. No capitalists were found 
 willing to enter into such distant engagements, 
 liut in \H2:', the lianlc agreed, on condition of 
 receiving an annuity of .080,710/. for forty-four 
 years, commencing on April 5, 18'.';>, to pay, 
 (111 account of the iiensions &c. at dilVereiit speei- 
 
 .1 periods, lielween the vears iHio and lf<'_'8, 
 both inclusive, the sum of 1.0,08',1,11'J/. (-1 Geo. IV. 
 c. •-'-'.) 
 
 I'orinerly the Inisines-i traiisacte.l at the Rank 
 wai so much encniiihered with forms ami con- 
 ditions, that the generality of niercliants aiul 
 onlinarv people rand}- thought of employing her 
 1.) keeii tlieir money or make tlipir p.iynienls. 
 ]!ut in this re.spect an rntiro change lias been 
 (•fleeted. Cheipips, the minimum ;inioiint ofwliich 
 was formerly Id/., may now be drawn of any 
 amount, grea', or small ; and all sorts of banking 
 business is condiicte.l with facility and despatch, 
 an. I. we may ;idil, with perfect security. 
 
 'I'lie R'liik o]iiiis banking acconiits, or, as they 
 are called, 'drawing acconnis,' for the sale 
 custody, and the receipt and ]iaymeiit of ca--h, not 
 only with merchants and traders, but with all 
 persons who choose to keep their money at a 
 fiiinkcr's ami to draw cheques against it. Tlie 
 IJank also takes charge of their customers' bills 
 of exchange, exclie.pier bills, and other securities. 
 ,111(1 does all that is needful either in the collection 
 i.f bills of exch.'inge, the exchaiigo of exchequer 
 lills, or the receipt of dividends, and so forth, 
 free of any charge. I'late-chests, and deed and 
 Mcnrity boxes, may be deposited, free of expense. 
 Iiv customers, for sale custody. 'J'he Hank looks 
 the average balance of cash on each account 
 compensate for the trouble and expense of 
 keeping it, and in this respect the rcciiiiremcL'ts 
 
 BANKINU 
 
 llj 
 
 of the liank iire c('rt»inly \\M. greater than (lioso 
 ol (irdin.iry bankers. No particular sniii is reipiiri'il 
 to iw. liidgeil on opening an account; it is only 
 necessary that the party slnmlil Imi knmvu as r«- 
 spect.'ible, and ill u condition lo reipiire a banking 
 account. A commission is now (18ii«) charged if ilui 
 aceontit be not considered reiminerative. Jliit (lu! 
 liiiiik receives and holds sums of money for Hjifo 
 custody f.ir parties who have no ciirr.nt .•iccoiinls. 
 
 The following are the regulations under whi.-li 
 acconnis are conducted: — I. All letters should bo 
 addressed lo the chief cashier. 
 
 -. it is di sirabli! that dr.-ift.s should lie drawn 
 upon cheipie^ I'liriiistuMl by the IJank. 
 
 ;i. I'lo'ipies u[.on CUly bankers, eastward vf 
 King Street, Chenpsid.', 
 
 I'ai.l ill by I'l o'clock may bo drawn for after I, 
 l>o. "J o'clock ., ,. after ;>, 
 
 •1. Cheques pai.l in after 1', and before IS o'clock, 
 and cheipies upon all other f-ondou b;uikers paid 
 in before I'J o'clock, may bo drawn lor on thu 
 ftillowiiig m.irning. 
 
 ."i, t'lie.pies jiaid in alter o o'clock are sent out 
 at !) the following moruiug, and may bo drawn lor 
 lis soon as received. 
 
 G. Cheques on country bankers paid in before 
 II o'clock (on Saturdays 10 o'cloi Is) will be c.l- 
 lecled through the coniilry clearing, aud go to 
 account _' days alter date of paying in. 
 
 7. |)ivid. ml warrants are received at the draw- 
 ing ollice until 4 o'clock in the allcrnoou for all 
 per,-.oiis having accounts at the Hank. 
 
 8. It is reipiested that notice hi: given at tbn 
 drawing (idice of bills accepted (layable at tho 
 Hank, with the, date of their maturity. 
 
 0. I'ersons keeping a drawing account with tlio 
 
 , Itank (aliiioiigh not having a disc.nmt a(C(jiiiit) 
 
 may tender hills for discount through the drawing 
 
 .illice. Application for discounts, or for advances 
 
 oil stock, itc, must be made helore 2 o'clock. 
 
 Ill, lUUs of exchauge aud notes uot paid wh.n 
 .lue will lie noted. 
 
 11. The Hank will make purchases or sales of 
 llritish or foreign securities upon an order in 
 writing addressed to the chief cashier ; and divi • 
 dends on stock may be received under ]ii)Weis of 
 attorney gr.inted to the cashiers of the Hank, 
 
 12. Exch.'quer bills, bonds, railway debcniiir.'a 
 Ac. may be deposited, and the interest, when pay- 
 able, will be received and placed to account. 
 
 l.i. Credits pai.l in to account are r.'ceived 
 without the Hank book, and are afterwards entered 
 therein without tl." party claiming them. 
 
 II. Nolo of country bankers, payabl' in Loiid'Hi, 
 are sent out the same day for payment if paid in 
 before 3 o'clock. 
 
 lo. The pass-books should bo left .it (he draw- 
 ing ollice. at least once a month, to be written up. 
 
 10. Where post-bills are rccpiired, or a payment 
 is lo be made to any ollice of the Hank by che.pio 
 on tlie H:mk of I'.iiglaiid, the chei|ue must be pre- 
 sented to the ollice on which it is drawn, and ex- 
 changed for an order on the post-bill otlice, or on 
 the otlice where the payment is to be made. 
 
 17. Cash-boxes taken in, contents unknown, for 
 such jiarlies as keep accounts at the Bank. 
 
 18. A person having a drawing account may 
 have a discount account ; but no person can ha .o 
 the latter without having also tho former. W'luii 
 a discount account is opened, the signatui'js of 
 the iiarties are entered in a book, aud powers of 
 attorney arc granted empowering the. persons 
 named in them to act for their principals. liiUs 
 of exchange having more than 'Jo days to run are 
 not eligible for discount. 
 
 X.H. — All changes in the residence of p.T .ins 
 keeping cash at the Bank are requested to be made 
 I 2 
 
 I , 
 

 
 IMAGE EVALUATrON 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 #. 
 
 mc 
 
 ^.^^. 
 
 {./ 
 
 
 J 
 
 :/- 
 
 f/ 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1.0 
 
 M 
 
 11.25 
 
 ■ 45 
 
 ^ 1^ 
 
 1^ m 
 
 2.2 
 2.0 
 
 U i 1.6 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO 
 
 (716) 8/2-4503 
 
 # 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 
 
 

116 
 
 known at the drawinf; office ; and it i.< partioiiliirly 
 requested not to offer any j^ratuilies to the clerks 
 of tlic banking oiliees, sueli gratuities being 
 .-•trietly forbidden. 
 
 'I'here are »io general holidays at the Hank except 
 Christmas and Good Friday, though May 1 and 
 November 1 arc held as such in the transfer 
 (iiiices. 
 
 We subjoin an account of the days for trans- 
 ferring stock, and when tlie dividends are due at 
 tlie Hank:— 
 
 Transfir Days. — The transfer days are now 
 'rucHilays. Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays. 
 Dividends arc due at the tbllowiiig dates after an 
 interval of three days, or if a Sunday intervenes, 
 of four days. 
 
 Al the Bank. 
 
 I5ANK— BANKING 
 
 orders. The boxes for receiving powers of attorney 
 for sale close at two. 
 
 I'robates of wills, letters of administration, and 
 other proofs of decease, must be left at the JSank 
 8iC. for registration, from two to three clear days, 
 exclusive of holidays. 
 
 Stock cainiot be added to any account (whether 
 single or joint) in which the decease of the indi- 
 vidual, or one or more of a joint party, has taken 
 place ; and the decease to be proved as soon as 
 practicable. I'owcrs of attorney, in case of the 
 death of the party or parties granting them, 
 become void. 
 
 The inialtered possession of 600/. or upwards 
 Hank stock, for six months clear, gives the pro- 
 prietor a vote. 
 
 Hnnk Stock 
 
 
 
 
 A|.ril 
 
 .', 
 
 Oct. U) 
 
 .t per ('tmt. ( oiis. 
 T> ))er Cent. IT'^'i 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Jan. 
 
 .0 
 
 Julj i 
 
 .'■ (Kir (Vnl. Reduc, 
 
 New 3 (H-r Ont. Annuit. 
 
 
 
 
 April 
 
 i 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 NiMv .'i per Cent, AmniU. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Julj i 
 
 Kast India Stock 
 
 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 V.\sX India lloiids 
 
 
 
 
 Mar. 
 
 "1. 
 
 Sep. .ID 
 
 <'IJ. 3 IHT 4'eiit. An. mil. 
 ." per rent. IT.'il 
 .New y.J per Cent. 
 
 
 
 
 April 
 
 i 
 
 Oct. lU 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Jan. 
 
 .'> 
 
 July 5 
 
 Sicc. YI. — Circulation of tiik Bank op 
 EsGLAxn, AND Of THE English Pkovincial 
 Banks. 
 
 No. I. — An Account of the Average Market Price 
 of Bullion in eoch Year from 1800 to 1821 
 (taken from Official Documents); of the Average 
 Value per Cent, of the Currency, estimated by the 
 Market Price of Gold for the same Period ; and 
 of the Average Depreciation per Cent. 
 
 Tickets for preparing transfer of stock must be 
 given in at each otlice before one o'clock. Private 
 transfers may be made at other times than as 
 above, by paying 24'. i)il. extra for each transfer ; 
 but no transfer can be made after one o'clock on 
 SSatmdays. 
 
 Transfer at the Bank must be made by half- 
 past two o'clock. 
 
 JCxpcnse of Transfer. 
 
 Bunk Stock, not pxcecdiiin 'lit, Lli.; above that sum, \'is. 
 India Stock, 1/. lUt. : non tr.anster days, Vj. «,/. extra. Transfers in 
 Consols and other (joverninent Stocks are exempt from duty. 
 
 Powers of attorney for the sale or transfer of 
 stock to be left at the Bank &c. for examination 
 one day before they lan be acted upon: if for 
 receiving dividends, they may be left at any 
 time. 
 
 The expense of a power of attorney varies from 
 \s. to 1/. 10s. If wanted for the same day, half- 
 past twelve o'clock is the latest time for receiving 
 
 No. II. — An Account of the Notes, Post Bills St. of the Bank of Enghmd in Circulation on the 28th 
 of February imd [)\st of August in each Year from 1G98 to 1702 both included, as near as the 
 same cun be made up. 
 
 Ve;urs 
 
 Averace 
 
 Price of (iold 
 
 pel oz. 
 
 AveratiP pi'r 
 
 Cent, of the 
 
 Value of the 
 
 Currency 
 
 Average 
 Depreciation ' 
 per Cent. 
 
 
 £ 1. ,t. 
 
 £ .. rf. 
 
 £ I. d. [ 
 
 ISOO 
 
 ,-> 17 Idi 
 
 liiri I) n 
 
 Nil. 
 
 IHdl 
 
 < r, 
 
 ill Hi 4 
 
 S 7 8 
 
 1«0'J 
 
 4 4 
 
 m 11 2 
 
 7 a 11) 
 
 ISO^ 
 
 4 
 
 !I7 fi 10 
 
 2 1.1 2 
 
 ISlll 
 
 4 II 
 
 !I7 fi 10 
 
 2 I.T 2 
 
 ISil.'j 
 
 4 II 1) 
 
 07 B 10 
 
 2 1.1 2 
 
 IKDC 
 
 4 
 
 •J7 6 10 
 
 2 1.1 2 
 
 iso; 
 
 4 
 
 '.17 fi 10 
 
 2 M 2 
 
 ISIIS 
 
 4 II 
 
 •n fi 10 
 
 2 1.1 2 
 
 lN(i:i 
 
 4 .'. 
 
 ■11 \'i 4 
 
 S 7 8 
 
 ISII) 
 
 4 10 O 
 
 SI, 111 B 
 
 1.1 9 6 
 
 isii 
 
 4 4 6 
 
 92 .1 2 
 
 7 Ifi 10 
 
 ISl-^ 
 
 4 l.'! (■ 
 
 79 .'i .1 
 
 20 14 » 
 
 1S1.1 
 
 A 1 
 
 77 2 11 
 
 2i 18 
 
 ISIl 
 
 5 4 
 
 74 17 fi 
 
 2.'> 2 6 
 
 IS1', 
 
 4 1.1 r. 
 
 H.I 5 <) 
 
 Ifi 14 3 
 
 ISKl 
 
 1 l.T fi 
 
 S.T .'i 9 
 
 Ifi 14 1 
 
 1S17 
 
 4 II II 
 
 ■17 fi 111 
 
 2 1.'' 2 
 
 ISIS 
 
 4 II 
 
 97 fi Ml 
 
 2 1,1 t 
 
 isiu 
 
 1 1 (i 
 
 ■1.5 11 
 
 4 9 I) 
 
 1S.!I) 
 
 . 19 U 
 
 97 » 
 
 2 ii 
 
 \K-i\ 
 
 .-> 17 IIH 
 
 mil 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Year 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 I COS 
 16'J9 
 17IIII 
 1701 
 1702 
 1711.1 
 Kill 
 17d.'> 
 171111 
 17117 
 I7IW 
 1709 
 I7III 
 1711 
 1712 
 171.1 
 1714 
 171.'> 
 1711! 
 1717 
 1718 
 1719 
 1720 
 1721 
 1722 
 172.1 
 1724 
 172S 
 1726 
 1727 
 1728 
 
 i;«9 
 
 £ 
 
 1 ,2V I ,iinii 
 
 7 1 1 ,0110 
 
 ■J."S,(IIK) 
 
 299,11110 
 
 ■J2 1, 0111 1 
 
 ■J1l,llllil 
 
 9G2,0I«I 
 
 .'),',7,CHIll 
 
 997,000 
 
 9fio,OII(l 
 
 619,1100 
 
 707,000 
 
 0112,000 
 
 47S,lliill 
 
 7.TI,OOU 
 
 1,2^2,000 
 
 112 1,0011 
 
 972,001 
 
 1,4(11,000 
 
 »,0i1,000 
 
 i,7S2,IX)U 
 
 1,807,0011 
 
 2,107,000 
 
 8,2H,0IK) 
 
 2,30fi,ono 
 
 3,.'>1«,000 
 
 3,211,000 
 
 3,731,000 
 
 3,077,000 
 
 3,888,000 
 
 4,.')7.'>,lin0 
 
 4, 153.(100 
 
 Aug. 31 
 
 £ 
 
 1,210,000 
 .'. 19,000 
 781,1100 
 701,000 
 1,011,000 
 1,211,000 
 9t0,0(») 
 
 1,011,000 
 
 hO.'j.llOO 
 
 82.5,000 
 
 .'.99,000 
 
 091,01111 
 
 4S1,00II 
 
 .'i;i,oo(i 
 
 2.02'<,ooo 
 
 ROI,0liO 
 
 l,l.,')'i,ll"ll 
 
 979,1100 
 
 1, ',80,000 
 
 2,18S,O00 
 
 1,8117,000 
 
 1,910,000 
 
 1,012,000 
 
 2,-2iifi,noo 
 
 1,000,000 
 3,182,0(10 
 
 1,s,',h,oi:0 
 
 .1,111,000 
 3,1.'>2,0(») 
 4,fi7«,IIO0 
 4,.^14,llllO 
 4,2011,000 
 
 Year 
 
 1710 
 1731 
 1712 
 17.11 
 1 711 
 1715 
 1710 
 1717 
 1718 
 1719 
 1710 
 1711 
 1742 
 1713 
 1714 
 17l.'> 
 171G 
 1717 
 1748 
 1719 
 
 ur,o 
 
 1751 
 1 752 
 17.51 
 1751 
 1755 
 1 750 
 1 7,'.7 
 1758 
 1759 
 1700 
 17nl 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 £ 
 
 3,998,1X10 
 4,152,000 
 4,2.')2,(IOH 
 4,185,000 
 4,2(I1,0IK) 
 4,028,000 
 .1,'IIIS,000 
 5,215,0110 
 1,700,000 
 4,117,000 
 4,5,',1,00'J 
 4,812,000 
 4,172,IHK) 
 4,0,')5,(IOO 
 4,251,(100 
 :,2S0,0IK) 
 1,181,000 
 4,107,000 
 1,H't5,000 
 
 i,:i7,ooo 
 
 3,90 '..OOO 
 4,022,0: K) 
 4,115,1100 
 4,102,000 
 4,001,000 
 1,'J5I,IIII0 
 4.107,000 
 5,319.001) 
 5,121,000 
 4,587,000 
 4,'JC9,000 
 5,012,000 
 
 AUR. 31 
 
 £ 
 
 4,117,000 
 5,2.'iO,000 
 4,592,000 
 1„'i43,OllO 
 4,072,0110 
 4,719,000 
 5,078,000 
 4,415,1100 
 4,'I(I9,0II0 
 4,1,')2,0I10 
 4,41l,Oin 
 4,081,000 
 4,911,000 
 4,250,1100 
 4,271,000 
 3,105,000 
 1,811,000 
 3,0'iv,(l(8) 
 1,790,000 
 4, 181,010 
 4,118.000 
 5,195,(I(M1 
 4,750,000 
 4,120,000 
 4,081,000 
 4,115,000 
 4,510,000 
 i,l,')0,IIOO 
 4,804,000 
 4,810,(810 
 4,'J.10,iioi) 
 5,247.018) 
 
 17C2 
 
 1703 
 
 1761 
 
 1705 
 
 1760 
 
 1707 
 
 1708 
 
 1769 
 
 1770 
 
 1771 
 
 1772 
 
 1773 
 
 1774 
 
 1775 
 
 1776 
 
 1777 
 
 1778 
 
 1779 
 
 1780 
 
 1781 
 
 1782 
 
 1783 
 
 1781 
 
 1785 
 
 1780 
 
 1787 . 
 
 1788 
 
 1789 
 
 1790 
 
 1791 
 
 1792 
 
 Feb. 28 
 
 £ 
 
 5,741 ,000 
 6,000,000 
 5,.',01,000 
 6,317,000 
 5,018,0(81 
 5,511,000 
 5,779,000 
 5,707,0(81 
 5,237,000 
 6,823,000 
 5,962,000 
 6.(117,0(8) 
 7, .Ml, 000 
 9,1,10,000 
 8,700,000 
 8,712,000 
 7,410.000 
 3,011,000 
 8,411,000 
 7,092,001) 
 8,029,000 
 7,075,00(1 
 0,201,000 
 6,921,0(8) 
 7,,')82,OMO 
 8,11(l,l«8l 
 9,501,0(8) 
 9,807 ,(8"J 
 10,01 1, (8H) 
 1 1 ,119,0(8) 
 11,107,000 
 
 Aug. 31 
 
 £ 
 
 5,887,000 
 5,11.'>,0II0 
 
 6,2li,:io;) 
 
 5,150,18)11 
 5,210,0110 
 4,8i1,0l»l 
 5,110,000 
 5,111,000 
 5,;i7,0(«l 
 6,1111,0011 
 5,'l88,t"li) 
 0,1(i2,'iO0 
 9.8Sli,0(IO 
 8,"9S,0'HI 
 ',5'ii,llOO 
 7,751,0 111 
 0,T5S,ol|il 
 7,'l77,OilO 
 0,112,i"in 
 I. ,.109,0(10 
 0,7.',9,ipll(l 
 I, ,,1(17,0110 
 5,.'i93,0(l() 
 0,571, 1.(10 
 .-,181,011(1 
 9,0Si;,i'0O 
 10,001,00(1 
 11,122,1X10 
 11,4,13,000 
 11,072,000 
 11,01.6,000 
 
 ^O. III.. 
 
 "f t!i 
 
 as th 
 
 Pale 
 
 Id 
 
 1793 
 
 1791 
 
 1 795 
 
 1790 
 
 1797 
 
 1798 
 
 1799 
 
 1 800 
 
 1801 
 
 1 802 
 
 1801 
 
 1801 
 
 1805 
 
 1806 
 
 1807 
 
 1804 
 
 1 809 
 
 1810 
 
 ISII 
 
 1812 I 
 
 1813 I 
 1811 I 
 1815 I 
 1810 I 
 1817 
 1818 
 
 1819 I 
 
 1 820 
 
 lO.Sf 
 
 I !0,21 
 
 1(1,81, 
 
 9.21 
 I 1 1.11 
 ■ 12,18 
 
 :Yl% 
 
 17,09! 
 
 I 15,9s.- 
 
 17,151 
 
 lo,.is« 
 
 21,027 
 ' l'),07S 
 117,111 
 19,571 
 ; 21,791, 
 I '■'1.287, 
 21,027, 
 l2l,,S28, 
 28,1f,s, 
 27,219, 
 20,759,: 
 29„',1l,i 
 20,202,1 
 2".,'2',1,( 
 2I,299,( 
 
 No. l\.—A. 
 
 Demand, in 
 
 .lluntl 
 
 .March 4 
 .'uiie 21 
 
 'ipt. 10 
 Die. 10 
 
 .March 2 
 ■liine 52 
 
 March 1 
 .lune 21 
 ■'(ept. 11 
 Dec. 
 
 Marih 2S 
 ■lune 2(1 
 Sept. 12 
 Hec. 5 
 
 March 27 
 ./une 1 9 
 Sept. U 
 Dec. 1 
 
 'March 25 
 June 17 
 Sep(, 9 
 Dec. 2 
 
 ■March 24 . 
 •lune 10 
 Sept. 8 
 Die. 1 
 
 isl 
 
 ISlI 
 
 isil 
 
 March 19 
 June 1 1 
 ■Sept. 1 
 Dee. 21 
 
i ! 
 
 "BANK— BANKING 
 
 117 
 
 No. 
 
 III. — Account of the Cirrnlation, Deposits, Securities, Bullion, ami Surplus (crclusive of Capitiif) 
 of the Assets over the lAnhUities if the Bank of Euglan(V>ou the 'Mst August {or as near thereto 
 as the Accounts can be made vp) in each of the following Years. 
 
 rircii. 
 liitlull 
 
 Depofiu 
 
 £ 
 
 (;,ii5,nnn 
 .'i,'j."i;,ii(H> 
 
 N,l.V'),liOI) 
 
 (i.fi.'fii.ii I') 
 ■,7lij,(»ll)| 
 s,,~ti)i,niM) 
 ifivi.tnitt 
 
 »,.T>'),ll('l) I 
 H.I.II.IIOI) 
 '.l,7.^'l,'Hl:l 
 !I,SI7,"(I0 ■ 
 
 'jjicmw) , 
 li.ois.iiuo 
 
 'J,(iM,Ol«)l 
 
 ii.rs'j.iioo 
 
 1.1,1)1,1,(101) 
 
 la,'^.'>l.l)l)l) 
 
 l.V'l!l,"UI> 
 11,1)70,1101) 
 ll,Hri,()iii) 
 
 ll,lfl(),(>CH) 
 ll,«'i(),()(}0 
 fi,r,;ir,,nno i 
 ll,S5(i,l)0() 
 !),')'<,',,1K)() I 
 
 7,'J'^s,l)l)o ' 
 
 G,.1l)l,()l)(l 
 i,ril,i)ni) 
 
 £ 
 
 n,sii),nnn 
 ri,iifi,(ui() 
 
 I6,'J'JI),I)I)I) 
 17,i)M,()l)') 
 IS, Wll, 1)1)1) 
 17 .TM),"!))) 
 l(i,').1l),IX)l) 
 
 y'^,ns,i)it() 
 'i'.','ii)),()iii) 
 '^;,iir.,i)()i) 
 ■^n.:)ii),c)ix) 
 
 25,S'i7,l)l)() 
 V7,77.l,i)l)() 
 
 i'j,i;.i,i)i)o 
 •i:),'j.i7 ,11110 
 
 M,J1I,01)0 
 .V),I.Vi,llllO 
 
 10,1)7 t.))0O 
 37,0)S.1,')oo 
 .1s,l7li,ill)() 
 10,ll)li,')))l) 
 4S,5lfj,(l"0 
 
 ll,«.'j|,OI)0 
 .")7,'i»l),000 
 
 .Ti,*i06,ono 
 
 .1S,.171,»00 
 .11,711,ll'«) 
 liS.Slli.OOl) 
 
 Dullion 
 
 £ 
 
 ,'i,r>i'^,o()o 
 fi,77o,i)no 
 
 S,1,1G,()0<) 
 •^,1W,IH)0 
 ■l,(»!)O,00t) 
 
 (i,.'i|ii,oon 
 7,i")l.l)il0 
 .'.,1.00,1)00 
 ■1 ,."i,T>,oOO 
 ,1,S')'^,000 
 .T,.'j'.).1,000 
 . .'.,S7'J,000 
 
 7,M\,mi) 
 
 I *;,'.; 1 .0,000 
 
 : (1,181,000 
 
 (;,((l)i,i)i)0 
 
 .-.c.'iv.ooo 
 
 1 ,i,li)'^,(100 
 ' .1,'^ 1.1,000 
 
 I .■?,()i);),ooo 
 
 1 •i.7l'.i,ooo 
 
 a,0'j»,ooo 
 
 .".,101) )00 
 
 I 7,')(i.i,0))) 
 !li,r,(is,()()0 
 
 (i,.")(i.1,000 
 ' .*,0<)0,()'(O 
 I 8,'^l 1,000 
 
 Ki'^t or j 
 
 of A^^et^ 
 over l,u- ' 
 bililii's ;i 
 
 £ I 
 ■.!,S2i,nnn 
 
 «,W)l,0(..) 
 .1,10<(,000 
 .1,'il.'i,00()l 
 .1,171,000 
 .',111.000 1 
 
 •i s'ji),ooo ■ 
 
 .1,!107,000 , 
 3,HOO,000 
 
 l,l(i:),oo() 
 
 4,711,000 
 
 4,H.1(;,()0() 
 
 4,')(il,()0() 
 
 .'|,0'^1,0()0| 
 
 1,V')1,000 
 
 .'i,1.1(i,0IH) 
 
 .1,'^.Ofi,000 
 
 .'),7.'il,OoO 
 
 .'.,'J(i 1,000' 
 
 0,100,000 i 
 
 0,8.1 ), ODD ' 
 7,V^.1,01K) '. 
 H,11!),()00 
 
 l,,Tl-, ) 
 
 .0,010,000 
 
 4,(;oi,()oo 
 .i,77;),oo() 
 
 .1,117,000 
 
 IS'il 
 
 inn 
 
 lH-i1 
 IS'it 
 ISliO 
 ISiO 
 1S'.!7 
 IS'M 
 18 V') 
 18.10 
 18.11 
 ISli 
 18.1.1 
 18.11 
 18.V, 
 I 810 
 181- 
 1818 
 l.S.I'.t 
 18 10 
 1811 
 181'^ 
 181.1 
 1841 
 18IA 
 1840 
 1817 
 
 rirril* 
 lutiuit 
 
 £ 
 
 •2n,virt,am 
 
 17,lli.0,(H)O 
 19,'^11,1100 
 W0,1.1'i.000 
 l',),19!),(i(«) 
 a 1,00 1,000 
 'ii.7 18,010 
 
 ai,.Vis,oiio 
 i:),oi;,i)i)o 
 
 21,l(iO,<)lll) 
 18,.'i.W,01)l) 
 18,1'iO,0(10 
 ll),!)^i,llOO 
 
 i'j,rj>,oiio 
 
 ls,')80,iH)O 
 I8,()18,0i)0 
 18,887,000 
 1'.), 188,000 
 17,'.)8'2,OO0 
 17,170,0()() 
 17,170,000 
 V(),11V.000 
 ll),11O,()00 
 21,48.0,000 
 J'i,l09,000 
 '^1,1'JO,000 
 18,8'JS,U00 
 
 Ut'itosits Sucuritii- 
 
 Ilullion 
 
 £ I 
 
 .0,818.000 
 
 0,.1:)'.i,ooo , 
 7,8'i7,()00 
 •),08o,O()() 
 
 0,110,000 1 
 7,'^00,0o() i 
 S,0 V.(,()0() I 
 ll),M 1,000 
 
 u.oi.o.ooo I 
 
 11,0'^1,()00 
 !),()OU,()00 I 
 10,278,010 
 11,'J27,000 
 11,10I1,0(H) 
 11,72,0.000 
 12,010,000 
 10,010,000 
 S,!>22,()00 
 0,188,) 1(10 
 0,2.01,000 
 6,'J7.0,().iO 
 »,0'J)).OI10 
 11, .107,000 
 12,118,000 
 ll,lO'.',000 
 10,122,000 
 14,117,OUU 
 
 18 
 
 '.70 
 
 17 
 
 rn 
 
 17 
 
 1(.7 
 
 £ 
 
 ,(V10 11,211 
 100 |lO,0!)8 
 
 ,000 ■ 
 ,000 
 
 12,(1 
 1 1 ,78 
 
 1,0.14 
 
 0,7.0 1 
 
 io,i(;i,oi<o : 2 
 
 10,1'.)'.) 
 
 ,!)0,OOil 
 .021,000 
 
 1,o(i; 
 
 r,ooo 1 
 
 ,"00 
 
 too 
 
 11,160, 
 (,,410, 
 7,011 
 10,871 
 ,))')() : 7.."01, 
 ,oOO '■ 0,200, 
 ,o0)) I .0,200, 
 
 , J (i,.018, 
 
 ,00O !),.01O, 
 
 ' ' 
 
 ,000 \ 
 ,OIK) 
 ,000 
 ,"00 I 
 ,000 1 
 ,0)K) I 
 ,000 I 
 ,11110 
 
 ,oo() 
 
 2,120, 
 ,000 I 4,2'J'J,1 
 
 I 
 
 I, .007 
 <,l(.l 
 j,007 
 
 |,OUO 
 ,"00 ' 
 I2.I1O0 I 4.822,000 
 ,000 
 ,000 
 ."00 
 
 I'lOl 
 ,000 
 
 72!),( 
 
 12,i'),0 
 
 , 1 
 
 ,000 1.0,.0')'^ 
 ,0(10 .10.188 
 ,000 'J, 104 
 
 ,0011 
 
 .880. ) 
 
 ,'111,00.1 
 
 )I71,I 
 
 SO.O.OOO 
 810,(HIO 
 ,87.0,OOi| 
 ,1^11,000 
 .717,"00 
 ,11l!,(10)) 
 ,204,000 
 ,010,000 
 ,018,000 
 ,8811,000 
 ,!)78,000 
 
 ,7H,oo() 
 ,0!) 1,0(10 
 ,')0O,OOO 
 
 ,07!),()(;o 
 
 ,800,000 
 ,280.0011 
 ,601,0011 
 ,.081),") 10 
 ,810,0110 
 ,S'.iO.UO() 
 
 No. IV. — Account of the Average Aggregate Amount of Promissory Notes Pai/ahJe to Bearer on 
 Demand, in circulation in England and IVales, Scolhind and Ireland, at the undermentioned Periods. 
 
 Aluotl) I'liiU'd 
 
 Mnrch 4 
 .luiie 21 
 Si'pt. 10 
 Uic 10 
 
 M.irch 2 
 .hiiie Ti 
 Seiit. 14 
 Uic. 7 
 
 March 1 
 •lune 21 
 Si-i.t. 11 
 Die. 6 
 
 ]\Iar<h 23 
 ,Iune 20 
 S.'iH. 12 
 Dec. i 
 
 Rt.ircll 27 
 .ruiiL' 1'.) 
 Sciil. U 
 l)i-c. 4 
 
 M.irch 25 
 .Iiine 17 
 Si|il. I) 
 Dec. 2 
 
 .M.iril) n 
 .Iiiiip IG 
 S..|,i. 8 
 Die. 1 
 
 March 23 
 .l)ine l.O 
 Seiu. 7 
 DfC. 28 
 
 Maich 82 
 .Imii; 1 1 
 Sfiil. 
 Dec. 27 
 
 M.irch 20 
 .liiiii' 1 >. 
 "•'in. I 
 Deo.iS 
 
 March 19 
 
 1818 
 
 1801 
 
 18iS 
 
 Sp|il. 
 
 Kn^Iand .intl \\'nles 
 
 I Scotland { 
 
 Hank of 
 Knf^iand 
 
 £ 
 
 20,110,000 4,78.0.000 
 
 18.111,(10') 4,.0O1,O()l) 
 
 I'J, 1.12,000 4,'2»8,000 
 
 18,7'Jl,OOU 4,033,000 
 
 21,171,000 4,n02,OOO 
 
 20,(1.01,001) I 4.711,000 
 
 2l,'iH6,ot)<) 1 ^..IH 1)00 
 
 >0,S»li,UOO «,442,00O 
 
 ('ountiv Hanks 
 
 Trivale 
 liaiik^ 
 
 »1 ,080,000 
 21,277,000 
 1I1,'J11,00() 
 22,Uli,UUO 
 
 20.116,00;) 
 'ri..0fi1,Ol)() 
 2l,l'.)2,()()il 
 21,0.0.0,000 
 
 4,411,000 
 
 4,3'J8,0()0 
 4, .1.08 ,000 
 4,iOa,000 
 
 i,">i,o,ono 
 
 4,4.00,000 
 .1,407,(100 
 4,i'Ji,,000 
 
 20,087,000 4,041,000 
 
 10,078,000 
 18,1)18,000 
 '^0,101,000 
 
 18,010,000 
 18,081,000 
 1<), 111,000 
 18,70^,000 
 
 18,1)86,000 
 111,312,000 
 ll),.0'/O()<i() 
 l'J,'i44,O00 
 
 I9,')lo,noo 
 
 ■20,101,000 
 '^0,01!) ,000 
 111,757,000 
 
 19,'JOS,000 
 20,1.01,000 
 21,018,001) 
 1!),S!)'J,00() 
 
 21,311.000 
 22,722,000 
 24,1.07,O(H> 
 «3,893,O0U 
 
 23,200,000 
 24,270,000 
 
 4,18.0,000 
 4,171),()()0 
 1,01)1,000 
 
 3.001,000 
 1,(»28,() 10 
 .1,11"2,000 
 3,, 03,000 
 
 3,407.000 
 3,.01O,"(iO 
 .",127,000 
 3,070,000 
 
 3,.')16,000 
 .•5,0.02,000 
 1,112,000 
 3,450,000 
 
 3,380,000 
 1,011,000 
 3,211i.()0') 
 3,370,000 
 
 3,397,000 
 3,.001.000 
 3,100,000 
 3,017,000 
 
 5,671,000 
 3,7.08,000 
 
 .loint Stock. 
 Ilanks 
 
 2,811.000 
 2.801 (KIO 
 2.703,000 
 3,1G1,0U0 
 
 3,427,000 
 1,60 0,000 
 .1,158,001) 
 3,086,000 
 
 3/)S0,O()O 
 1,) 3 1,000 
 3,112,000 
 3,i21,OiiO 
 
 3,170,000 
 1,128,000 
 1.1 11,018' 
 .">,1'JO,000 
 
 3,217,000 
 3,088,000 
 2,'Ji 1,000 
 2,070,000 
 
 2,572,000 
 2,01)^,OO0 
 2,171.(00 
 2,727,000 
 
 2,090,000 
 2,001.000 
 2,1.07,000 
 2,701,000 
 
 2,080,000 
 2.715.000 
 2,011,000 
 2,685,000 
 
 2,685,000 
 2,800.000 
 2.,00'.),OOO 
 2,678.000 
 
 2,7.11,000 
 2,800,000 
 2,;oi,oiio 
 2,914,000 
 
 2,991,100 
 3,011,000 
 
 22,1 12,000 1 3,833, .00 I 3,o50,0oO 
 
 £ 
 
 7,629,000 
 7.307,00') 
 7,051,000 
 7,09 1,000 
 
 8,419,000 
 8,108,000 
 7,490,000 
 7,529,000 
 
 7,001,000 
 7,529,(100 
 7. .000,000 
 7,791,000 
 
 7,092,000 
 7,081,000 
 7,519,0(10 
 7,780,000 
 
 7,789,000 
 7.171.000 
 7.1.13,000 
 6,'.!07,OOO 
 
 6.171,000 
 0,227.0' )0 
 .O,')51.')00 
 0,430,000 
 
 6,057,000 
 0,'^01,000 
 5.780,000 
 6,J7'J,(iOO 
 
 6,203,000 
 0,298,000 
 0,021,001) 
 6,130,000 
 
 6,072,000 
 0,111),O()0 
 5,789, (Hh) 
 6,0 19,000 
 
 6,131,000 
 6.1.0,0.1100 
 6.171,000 
 6,561,000 
 
 6.065,000 
 6,79'),000 
 
 <'h.artt'red, 
 
 Private .antl 
 
 .loin I 
 
 Stock 
 
 Ilanks 
 
 2,588,000 
 2,8(il),0l)C 
 2,009,000 
 3,166,000 
 
 'i,684,000 
 3,117,(H)() 
 2,910,(8)0 
 3,180,000 
 
 2,980,000 
 1,185,000 
 1,111,000 
 3,801,(100 
 
 3,018,000 
 5,508,000 
 3,110.000 
 3.990,000 
 
 1,300,000 
 1,017,000 
 3.497,(HN) 
 3,73'^,OOU 
 
 2,901,100 
 3,437.000 
 1,(121,000 
 3,570,000 
 
 2,915,000 
 1,180,000 
 3,0.01,000 
 3,000,000 
 
 2,993,000 
 3,171,0(H) 
 3,173,000 
 3,115,000 
 
 3,033,000 
 3,171,000 
 3,125,0110 
 3,350,000 
 
 3,081,000 
 3,580,000 
 3,314,000 
 .V64,OUO 
 
 Hank of 
 Ireland 
 
 .i,i9n,ooo 
 
 3,100,(100 
 
 2,975,0110 
 
 3,502,000 
 
 3,609,000 
 1.188,1100 
 1,1.09,11110 
 3,900,000 
 
 Private and 
 
 Joint Stock 
 
 Hanks 
 
 2,097,000 
 1.701,000 
 l,('9l),()i)il 
 
 2,i;o,o(io 
 
 2,428,000 
 2,080,0110 
 '-'.002.0110 
 '2,915,000 
 
 3,991,000 3,1.10,000 
 
 1,882,0(1(1 I 2,7."(i,0l8l 
 
 1,712,000 I 2,517.0110 
 
 4,10I,0'IO 3,511,01)0 
 
 4,257,000 1 
 4.1 lli.iioo 
 1,1)21,0110 
 4,57.),0()0 [ 
 
 3.857,000 
 3,127,000 
 1,02)»,(100 
 3,175,0110 
 
 2,900,000 
 2,803,(1(10 
 2,0.81,01 10 
 2,851,000 
 
 2,598,000 
 
 2,481, ) 
 
 2, .108 
 
 2,050,000 
 
 2,601,000 
 2, .0.111 ,000 
 2,418,000 
 2,017,000 
 
 2,571,000 
 
 2,100 
 
 2,'A02,il))O 
 2,470,000 
 
 1,187,000 
 
 2,8.02, ) 
 
 2,Oiil,"(10 
 1,401,000 
 
 2,840,0110 
 2,117.(100 
 2,021,0110 
 '2,147,000 
 
 2,110,000' 
 1,797,000 
 1, 081,01 ■!) 
 2,117,000 
 
 1 ,801,000 
 l,504,"O() 
 1.502,0110 
 '^0 17, 000 
 
 1,888,000 
 1,711,1100 
 1,715,000 
 2,209,000 
 
 2,016,000 
 1,8()8,0(H) 
 1,719.000 
 2,266,000 
 
 2.128,000 1 2,133,000 
 
 2,010.0110 i 2,018,000 
 
 2,505,00.) I 2,002,000 
 
 2,847,000 S,8S7,000 
 
 3,443,000 2,801,000 
 
 4,()20.()O() , 2,771.000 
 
 3,728,0110 ; 2,093,O(H) 
 
 4,112,000 I 3,OiJ5,000 
 
 2.715,000 
 2.091,0110 
 
 3,.357,()0U 
 
 Total for 
 
 I'lliOHl 
 
 Kinfjdam 
 
 35,851,000 
 .11,188,000 
 11,518,00t) 
 ,10,511,(!UO 
 
 ,18,612,000 
 17,728,111 » 
 37,111,000 
 38,817,000 
 
 38,689,000 
 38,1)11,0,10 
 39,012,(8H) 
 41, .12 7, 000 
 
 38,502,000 
 38,(iI8,0(10 
 .18,7 10,1,01) 
 40,678,00.) 
 
 37,911,000 
 .15,001,000 
 11,597,(1(10 
 35,181,000 
 
 ."2.872,000 
 31,()01),00)) 
 32,370,000 
 .13,072,(-()3 
 
 .12.180,000 
 12,911,(100 
 ,12,170,000 
 33,798,000 
 
 .11,6'i3,000 
 31, 112,0' 10 
 .14, .100,000 
 34,0'J5,0110 
 
 .33,634,000 
 34,2I6,0<)0 
 .11,905,"0() 
 34,032,000 
 
 .34.110,000 
 37.1S6,I8HI 
 3»,170,OI«) 
 39,904,000 
 
 38,835,000 
 40,401,000 
 
lis HANK l!.\ SKI N(l 
 
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 Situ. VII. — Hanks (.Sciririi). 
 
 j w.'i'i |i(i'f!icil in IHOI, Ik I ..'.(Ill.diMl/., iln iircMciit 
 
 !llllllllllll. Ol' lllis SHIM, l,IIIHI,ll(Ml/. Iliis lll'l M ll.'lill 
 
 'I'lic Art. (if 1 rdrl, iiri'Vciiliiii',' nmri' lliiili six ii{i, 'I'lir l:isl nii'iiliiiiiril .\il. ilinrliil lliiil nil 
 iiiiliviiliiiils rriilii I'lilrnii;^ liilu ;t |i,'irlii('i'slil{i I'nr siiiih nl'iliii;'. In llii' ,'inMii:i nl' llii' ImiiU slmiilil 
 ciirrviii;; 111! till' liHsiiii'Ms 111' luiiiluii^;, dill mil ('nIi'IhI liiiiicfurl Ii Iii' riiliil in slirliii).; innncy ; lli.'il. Ilii: 
 III .Si'iil i'lnii. Ill i:iiiis('(|nrili'i' nl llii-i |.\rni|il imi, rnrnirr iiimli' nf iliviiliii;; li.'iiili slmli liy hIi.'ip.k 
 Hcvrnil li,'iiikin;:; r(iiii|i(iiiirs, «illi niiinriiiiis limlii's ,',liiiiili| In' <li'i'<iiiliiiiii il ; ,'iiiil lli.'iljliir tin- riilnrr, 
 (if ]i,'irliii'rrt, li.'ivi' rxislcil, liir .'i Icnj^lliriH'il pcrioil, it. hIhhiIiI lir li;ii!srir,ilili' in sun is nr |i,'irri Is nl .'iny 
 ill llwil |i,'ii'l 111' III!' i'iii|iiri'. .'iindiinl. On llii niiiuii nf ihi' Iwn Liii<nlniiH in 
 
 Ihiiih of Siiilliiiiil. — Till' r„'iiiU (if Sriilliunl «;is 17117, llii' ii.'ink nf Sciil liiliil iiiiilirlnnli Ilir rf 
 prnji'i'liil liy I\lr. .Inliii llnll.'iiiil, incri'li.'inl, nf cniii.'if;!', Mini rIVrrlcd llir cxi'lmn;;!' nf Ilir ('iiircnry 
 I, I. Ill Inn, .'iml w.'is I'Hlalilislii'il liy Ai'l nf llii' Srnlcli in .Srnl |;iiiil. 1 1 w,'i.h:iImi II ii' nr(,'.'iii nl' (JnviTniiiciil, 
 I'arli.'inicnl (Win. III. I'lrl. I, h. .'i) in MiH.'i, liy tlic in I lie in^ni^ nf llir nrw silvrr rnin.'i^,'!' in IHI7. 
 11,'iiiir nf iIk' (iiivrrnnr .'mil ('niii|i:iiiy nf llir 1,,'uiU ' 'I'lii' ItiuiK nf Sinllaml in tlir niily .Srniili Imiik 
 nf Si'nll.'iinl. lis iiii;;iii,'il ciipil.'il \v.is I .I'llO.IMlO/. inmlil nicil liy Ai'l nf riirliiiincnl. Il lii^.'in to 
 Srnlcli, nr I (1(1,(11 Ml/, sicrlinj;, (lislriliiili'il in sli.'irrs ' isl;ilili,-li lir.'inclics in IliilO, ,'inil is.siii'il iinlis Inr nlK; 
 (if l,(Ml(l/. Scnli'li. Ill- KM. (i.s. H(/. sli'i-lint;. fiiili. |iiiiinil sn early lis 1701. 'I'lir li.'inU .'ilsn lii-nan iiO 
 'I'lic All c.xi'iiiptril llir r.'ipilnl nl llic liiiiiU fmin J a vrry early pcrinil tn receive ilipnsils nii inliresl, 
 nil pnlilic liiirileiis. anil f^nvc il tlie exclusive ' ainl In (rraiil crcilif nil eiiHli-accniinls, a ininnte of 
 ]irivili')^(' nf liaiiliinj^ in .Scnllaml fur 'i\ years, i llie ilinclnrs willi rc'-pect Inllie rnmle of lu'i'|iinf{ 
 'I'lie iilijei'ts fur which the haiik was insliliileil, i the laller lieiiij; ilaleil sn fur hack as 1 7l".i. Il, is, 
 anil ils innile nf iiiaiiaKeiiieiit, \vere in I em led In he, ! Ilierefnre, eiilitled In the ('ridilof haviiif; intrndiiced 
 and have lieeii, ill iiiosl, rcMpc'M.M, similar to lhns(. and .el nil fnnt, the distinctive principles of tli(; 
 (if the Itaiik nf I'jif^lanil. 'I'lid re^<pnnsihilily nf the I Scnich liaiikiiif; Hystcin, which, whatever may hp. 
 Hhiirchnldersis limit ml to tlieaiiiiiuiit nf their sh.ires. | its defect, s, is perhaps siiperinr In must nllKtrsvHtein.s 
 
 'rh('(!.'ipilal of the hank waH iiicrcaHed l(r.i(l(l,(l()(l/. liitlierlncslali"lislicd. (ienerally speaking, the Hank 
 
 -i.'ii'i.ii"' 
 ,..i.i,-..i 
 
 r,,ll7h,')"" 
 
 r,j,'ui,'«'". 
 
 in I7)'I, anil was ciilar^jed liy suh.teipieiit Aitts of 
 I'urliamont, tli(j lawt of wliicli (4t tiuo. 111. c. 2.'1) 
 
 of Sciillaiid ha.s ln!en cautiously and Kkilfully coii- 
 (lucli'd ; and tlicrn cnn be no doii!'t thai it liaji been 
 
; 1 
 i '■ 
 
 120 
 
 BANK— 15ANKING 
 
 productive, both diroctly and as an oxamplo Id 
 (itlior bankiii}^ i.-taldisliincnts, of iiiulIi imlilic 
 litiliiv and advaiiliifji'. 
 
 It "may l)i> wurtli incut ioniii};, tliat tliu Act of 
 Wni. Ili., cslablisliin.;- tlic Hank of Suolland, de- 
 clared that all (iireit;ner.s who became ])arlners in 
 the bank should, liy doiuK so, bceonio to all 
 intents and purposes naturalised Scotidnnen. After 
 boin;^ for a lonf^ time forn'>tten, this clause was 
 taken advanlai^e of in 1S1^', when several i-lii'Us 
 
 head oOicc in I'dinhurgh. The local business of 
 that district is also conducted at that otlice. for 
 the local business in the other parts of the kin;j- 
 doni, the baidi has its regular public ollices in the 
 priiu'ipal towns. At each of these odices I here is 
 the baidv apiit or cashier, who j^ive;: due security, 
 and conducts the bank's business for that di>trict 
 in the manner after mentioned. (NVm, IH. Pari. 
 1, s. ,-..) 
 XI. 'I'lio bank takes in money at nil its public 
 
 HC(piire(l properly in I he bank in order to secure the I oiliccs. on deposit receipts or on current deposit 
 
 accounts. At the head-oHicc drafts on the branches, 
 and at the branches iliafts on the other branches 
 and on the head-ollic(^ are f;ranted. Holli at the 
 head-olHce and branches drafts are granted on llu; 
 Loiiiloii, Dublin, and Kn^lish and Irish provincial 
 corres|)ondents of the baidi. All receipts and 
 drafts are on the bank's enj^raved forms, and licar 
 to be f;ranted ' for the Hank of Scotland,' or ■ for 
 the Governor and Coin|iaiiy of the liaiik of Scot- 
 land.' At the head-oliice oflicial documents are 
 si^;ned by the treasurer, and at the branches by 
 
 bonelit of natiir.ili^ation. Uut, after beiiifi sus- 
 pended, the iirivilcj,'e was lin.illy cancelled in \X'2'2. 
 
 We subjoin an nljlinl abstract of tlie conslitn- 
 tion and objects oi' the Maiik of Scotland, iirinted 
 for the use of the pio|irielor5. The terms iind 
 mode of transactint; business are, of course, some- 
 times altered, according to circumstances. 
 
 I. The liaidi of Scotl;ind is .-i public natiomil 
 establishment, erected and re^julateil by the le;^Ms- 
 lature alone: and expressly as a pidilic bank in 
 this kiiiirdom; for the bcnetit of the nation, and 
 
 for the advancement of aj;ricnlture, commerce, and ; the agents, and all are eountersignei 
 
 f pnlilio 
 c.:!-2i 
 01 Geo. HI. 
 
 mainifactures ; and for other objects 
 policv. (Win. 111. Pari. 1 
 21 Geo. Ill.c. hi; \Vi (ieo 
 c. I!); -It (ieo. III.c. •_':!.) 
 
 II. The statutory cajjital is at present 1,500,000/. 
 sterling;. It is raised by voluntary sid)seription ; 
 and has been subscribed for. l,00i(,O00/. has been 
 called for, and paid in. (11 Geo. III. c. 2;!.) 
 
 HI. Subscribers, 1.' not under obliffations to the 
 bank, may, at pleasure, transfer their riirht. If 
 under ohli;iation to the bank, the obligation 
 must be previously licpiidated; or tlie proceeds of 
 the sale, at a price to the satisfaction of the di- 
 rectors, must be applied towards sindi liipiidation. 
 Transfers are made by a short assignment and 
 .icceptance thereof, both in a register appointed 
 for that purjuise. The expense, beside the Govern- 
 ment stamp, is lis. (Wm. III. I'arl. 1, s. .">.) 
 . IV. liank of Scotland stock may be acipiired, 
 in any portions, by any person, community, or 
 
 Remittances can lie made to the principal co- 
 lonial and continental towns; and bills, ]iayabl(! 
 in the colonies an<l in foreign countries, <'an Ijc 
 negotiated through the bank. (Hcsolulitm of 
 Court, 170.'!, aa since iii<iilijii<l.) 
 
 X.I!. — The bank has always allowed interest 
 on deposits, at a rate varying according to circum- 
 stances. 
 
 XII. liillson London, Kdiidjurgli, orany town in 
 the United Kingdom, arc discounted at all the hank's 
 pid>lic olHees. The baidi's agents judge, in ordin.iry 
 cases, of the bills presented ; so that parties meet 
 with no delay. The bank does not re-issue the 
 bills which it has discounted. (lii'suliition of Court, 
 Feb. 'Jo, ITHil, and subsa/uent Mo'lifcations.) 
 
 XIII. Goverinnent stock and other public funds 
 may be piirchiused or sohl, and dividends thereon 
 may be received, through the bank. 
 
 XIV. The hank gives credit on cash accounts at 
 
 any 
 
 ol Its 
 
 lices, on bond, with security. The 
 
 other luwfid party whatsoever; without selection, ' security m.ay be personal co-obligants, or such 
 exclusion, or limitation of numbers. (Win. HI. ^ other security as may be specially agreed on. Ap- 
 Parl. 1, s. .'); 11 (ieo. IH. c. 'I'A.) \ plicationsfor cash accounts are given into the ollico 
 
 V. Hank of .Scotland stock m.ay be conveyed by ; where the cash account is wanted, and must specify 
 will, and if specially mentioneil, without expense | the credit desired, and the security ])roposed; and 
 of conlirmation. It cannot be arrested: the j the individual partners, where eo-iiartneries arc 
 holder's right may be adjudged. Dividends may proposed. Cash accounts are granted by the di- 
 be arreste(l. (Win. HI. I'url. 1, s. o.) rectors only; and are not recalled unless by their 
 
 A'l. The liank of Scotlaml is a public corporati(m I special authorily. It is understood that these cre- 
 bj- Act of Parliament. The bank's transactions arc dits are not used as cicad loans, to |)roduce interest 
 distinct from those of the stockholders: and theirs onlv. In the fair course of business, the advantiig 
 
 fnim those of the bank. (Wm. HI. Pari. 1, s. h.) 
 
 VII. The establishment is exjiressly debarred 
 from anv other business than that of banking. 
 (Wm. HI. Pari. l,s. 5.) 
 
 VIII. The management is vested, by statute, in 
 a governor, deputy governor, twelve ordinary, and 
 twelve extraordinary, directors. They are chosen 
 annually, on the last Tuesday of March, by the 
 stockholders haviu!, iMI. of slock or u|)wards. 
 Those above 250/. have a vote for every 250/. to 
 5,000/., or 20 votes. No person can have more 
 than 20 votes. The governor must hold, at least, 
 2,000/. of stock; the deputy governor 1,500/.; and 
 each director 750/. They swear to be equal to all 
 persons; and cannot bold a v inferior cilice in the 
 bank. (Wm. HI. Pari. 1, s. 6; 11 Geo. HI. c. 32; 
 44Geo. HI. c. 23.) 
 
 IX. The executive part is conducted by a 
 treasurer, secret.iry and other public ollicers," all 
 Bworn, Those having the ollicial cliarge of cash 
 find due security. (Wm. HI. Pari. 1, s. ,5.) 
 
 X. The board of directors sits for the general 
 ndra.'nistration of the bank, at the bank's public 
 
 of the bank is consulted by an active circulation 
 of its notes, and by frequent repayments to it in a 
 wav least aU'ecting that circulation, (licsoltition 
 of 'Court, Nov. 0. 172!l, and Feb. 23, 1780.) 
 
 XV. The bank's dividend has been for .some 
 time 8 per cent. ]ier annum on its paid-up capital 
 of 1,000,000/. sterling. The dividends are paid 
 regularly twice a year, without cxiiense. They 
 may he drawn either at the bank's head-otiice, or 
 at any of its other ofliees, as most agreeable to the 
 stock-holder. 
 
 The above may sullice iw a general outline of 
 the mode in which the basiuess of banking is 
 conducted in Scotbuid. 
 
 The Royal Bank of Scotland was established in 
 1727. Its original capital of 151,000/. has been 
 increa.sed to 2,000,OCO/. 
 
 The British Linen Company was incorporated 
 in ?71(), for the purpose, as its name implies, of 
 undertaking the manufacture of linen. Ihit the 
 views ill which it orii^inated were speedily aban- 
 doned ; and it becair.a a banking coiuiianv onlv. 
 Its capital amounts to l,rx)0,fXK)/. 
 
 N .ne o 
 
 in .Scotlai 
 
 rcsponsih 
 
 extent of 
 
 Some of 1 
 
 JJank, thi 
 
 «tc. have i 
 
 air . ) an 
 
 directors, 
 
 The Ita 
 
 to issue 1/ 
 
 has since 
 
 'III Scotia 
 
 lieport of 
 
 moiis of \H 
 
 and Jrelaiii 
 
 to I ho beat 
 
 Illsli. 
 tiilt'd 
 
 IW,') 
 
 17^7 
 
 I 174G 
 
 1810 
 
 18« 
 
 1«.1U 
 
 I 1S2.', 
 
 I IS.1G 
 
 IS.1S 
 
 I 1S3'J 
 
 I 1S.1S 
 
 18.11 
 
 Han 
 K<iyi 
 llrit 
 
 <."oin 
 Nnll 
 
 l/Tllo 
 
 Abe, 
 Norl 
 Cljih 
 
 Ctnti 
 
 A witness, 
 ferent banks 
 Commons' ( 
 than half tht 
 had been con 
 Jicing asked 
 that makes f 
 Jng answer ; 
 of condnctin;. 
 in Scotland 1 
 Iiart of the b| 
 meiit of .savii 
 Q. AVha 
 makes the sn 
 Ans. 'I'hey 
 in towns li" 
 Perth and . 
 lishermen, an 
 •save small 
 ootne to be 
 facility for I 
 Hanks, whi, 
 amounts to 1( 
 to the minim 
 of banking i 
 Provident I 
 tliose de|iosii 
 savings of th 
 accrued upon 
 year or year, 
 goes on", will 
 laling (at com 
 able either to 
 to be 100/., 01 
 commenci! bu!- 
 lie has hitherl 
 Hie depositors 
 and a great 
 fanners and n 
 heginiiiiigs.' 
 
 Cash Accouti 
 llio Scotch ba 
 counts, or upo 
 commonly ten 
 A cash-crcdi, 
 by a banking 
 
' ■^ ,•; f \ 
 
 BANK— BANKINO 
 
 121 
 
 N 'lie of the other bnnkiii;; companies e.slnbli.-ihod 
 in ScotlniKi arc chartered assuoinlioiis willi limited 
 responsibility, the parlies beiiiK liable, to the \\ bole 
 extent of their fortunes, for the debts of llio linns. 
 Home of them, such as the I'.dinbiirfjh and ( ilasf;ow 
 Hank, the National liaiiU, the C'onnnercial l!:,i'k 
 Ac. have very numerous bodies of jiartiiers. 'I'beir 
 aff- • 1 arc uniformly conducted by a board of 
 directors, annnally clKjsen by the shatelioUteis. 
 
 The Itank of .Scotland bejjan, as alreMly stated, 
 to issue 1/. notes so early as 1701 ; and their issue 
 has since been continued wilhont interruption. 
 'In Scotland,' to use the statement f;iven in the 
 IJeport of the Committee of the House of Com- 
 mons of IHvIli, on the Promissory Notes of Scotland 
 and Ireland, ' the issncof promissory notes payable 
 to the bearer on demand, fur a sum of not less than 
 
 Insti. 
 tuU-U 
 
 1727 
 1710 
 1810 
 18'i5 
 18.10 
 1S2.', 
 1S.16 
 IS.IS 
 183'J 
 1N.1S 
 18.11 
 
 Hank nf Scotland • 
 lloyal llank « 
 llriiUh I.inen (^omjiany • 
 ('onimerclal llank • 
 Nntiuniil Hank of Scotland* 
 Union llank ol" .Scotlaiul • 
 Abcriicen Town ami Countv H.mk 
 North of Scotland hanking Coiniiany 
 Clydesdale Jlankinf{ Couipaiiy * 
 City of (Jla-^pow Hatik • 
 Cak'donjan HankinK Coinitany - 
 Central n.ank of Scotlaiul 
 
 Partnei^ 
 
 Dr. 
 
 960 
 
 or, 
 
 
 K.1 
 
 S70 
 
 'li 
 
 WJ 
 
 81 
 
 !..'.! 11 
 
 71 
 
 1,011 
 
 lllll 
 
 ,ll,'. 
 
 yi 
 
 I.'^ll 
 
 .If. 
 
 1,'^rJ 
 
 K> 
 
 1,'HIO 
 
 'jii 
 
 "•^.'i 
 
 17 
 
 US 
 
 1) 
 
 'JO.*., has been at all times permitted by law ; nor baa 
 any Act been passcil limiting' the period for which 
 such i.ssue shall rontinue lei;al in that country.' 
 
 Deiiiisits. — All the .Scotch banks receive deposit.s 
 of so low a value as 10/., and sometimes lower, 
 and allow inter:'st upon them. 
 
 Tlu^ interest alloweil bv the banks upon deposits 
 varies from time to time, according to the varia- 
 tions in the current rate of interest. And it has been 
 estimated, liy the best authorities, that the ai,'j;re- 
 gate amount of the sums tleposited with the Scotch 
 liaiiks is little, if anything, under .")0,()0(),OllO/. 
 I We borrow from Oliver and Boyd's e.\cellent .\l- 
 ^ manac for MM the following talile, exhibiting the 
 1 cajiital ami other particulars of tlu^ Hanks of Issue 
 j in Scotland, willi the price of their shares, as pub- 
 I Holy quoted in the third week of December IHUT : 
 
 'aid 11)1 
 lapital 
 
 .£ 
 l.Odii.nno 
 
 V.lKIII.Ollll 
 
 1, 1)1 10.1 II 111 
 
 1,1 II 111,111 10 
 
 1,11110.111*0 
 
 1,1 II 10,0' 10 
 
 IS'J.iiOl) 
 
 VHii.llOil 
 
 91111,11111) 
 
 8711,11110 
 
 I'^.^illllO 
 
 11111,111111 
 
 ll.ile 
 
 Tajalilo 
 
 £ 
 
 
 in 
 
 -Al.ril&Oct. 
 
 
 Jan. ^ .liily 
 
 11 
 
 .InncV ll.c. 
 
 Vifil 
 
 .Ian. .lie .liilv 
 
 UWi 
 
 .Ian. id .Tuly 
 
 10 
 
 •Itine .V Dec, 
 
 10 
 
 .Mar. ft Si-ii. 
 
 M 
 
 May ,1: Nov. 
 
 in 
 
 Feb. .^i .All);. 
 
 8 
 
 Feh. .V Auk. 
 
 10 
 
 .August 
 
 IJl 
 
 S, |itenili(T 
 
 - - — - 
 
 
 
 
 Share 
 
 
 
 jiaid 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ t. 
 
 d. 
 
 lliO 
 
 'illl 
 
 
 
 lllll 
 
 1117 111 
 
 
 
 lllll 
 
 Vl.'i 10 
 
 
 
 lllll 
 
 2 Hi 
 
 
 
 1 '11 
 
 •21-. 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 I18H 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 11 17 
 
 n 
 
 .1J 
 
 7 1.'. 
 
 
 
 Kill' 
 
 191 10 
 
 o 
 
 10.1 
 
 111 1.'. 
 
 II 
 
 •'i 
 
 .'. 1 
 
 li 
 
 411 
 
 111 
 
 
 
 * The capital of the hank^ marked with an anteri'k is not in »hares, Lut in stock transfer.-ihle to any amount. 
 f Kx diviiiend. | llivldeiid and bui.us. 
 
 A witness, connected for many years with dif- ' under 100/. or 'JOil/., upon his own .security, and 
 fereut banks in Scotland, being examined by the i that of two or three individuals approved by the 
 Commons' Coiiiiniltcc of l.SiHi, stated that mort' | bank, who become sureties for its imyment. " The 
 
 tlian half the deposits in tlie banks with which lie 
 had been connected were in sums from 10/. to 'JOO/. 
 Heing .asked what class of the comninnity it is 
 that makes the small deposits, he gave the follow- 
 ing answer; from which it appears that the mode 
 of conducting this branch of the banking business 
 in Scotland has long given to that country most 
 part of the benelits tlerivable from the establish- 
 ment of savings banks. 
 
 Q. What class of the community' is it that 
 makes the smallest ileposits ? 
 
 Atis. They .are generally the labouring clas.ses 
 in towns like (ilasgow: in country places like 
 I'erth and Aberdeen, it is from .servants and 
 fishermen, and that class of the communily who 
 save .small sums froiii tlieir earnings, till they 
 
 individual who has obtained such a credit is en- 
 abled to draw the whole sum, or any iiart of it, 
 when ho pleases, replacing it, or portions of it, 
 according as lie tio'is it convenient ; interest being 
 charged upon su ' part only as he draws out. 
 • If a man borrows 5,000/. from a iirivatc hanil, 
 besides that it is not alw.ays to be found when 
 required, he jiays interest for it ivliether ho be 
 using it or not. His bank credit costs him 
 nothing, except duri.ig the moment it is of service 
 to him, and this circumstance is of eijual advaut.agc 
 as if he had borrowed money at a much lower rate 
 of interest.' (Ilnine's L'ssnif un tin: liuhtncc of 
 Trade.) This, then, is plainly one of tlie most 
 commodious forms in which advances can be made. 
 Cash-credits arc not, however, intended to be a 
 
 come to be a bank deposit. There is now a j f/tad loan, though they not unfrequently become 
 facilitv for their jilacing money in the Provident such ; a main object of the banks in granting 
 IJank.s", which receive money till the tleposit them is to get their notes circidated, and they ilo 
 amounts to 10/. When it conies to 10/. it is e(|iial not grant them except to persons in business, or 
 to the minimum of a baiiK tleposit. The system 
 of banking in Scotland is an extension of the 
 I'roviileiit liaiik svsteni, Ilalf-vearlv or vearlv 
 
 those depositors come to the bank, and .add the 
 savings of their labour, with the interest that has 
 accrued upon the deposits from the iirevious half- 
 year or year, to the principal ; and in this way it 
 goes on, without being at all reduced, acciimu- 
 laliiig (at compound interest) till the de|)ositor is 
 able either to buv or build a bouse, when it comes 
 to be 100/., or 'iilO/., or .")00/., or till he is able to 
 commence business as a master in the line in which 
 he has hitherto been a .servant. A great jiart of 
 the depositors of the bank are of that ilescription, 
 and a great part of the most thriving of our 
 farmers and maiinfactiircrs have arisen from such 
 beginnings.' 
 
 Cash Accounts. — The loans or advances mule by 
 the Scotch banks are either in the .shape of dis- 
 counts, or upon cash-credits, or, as they are more 
 commonly termed, c(i.s/i accounts, 
 
 to those who arc frequently drawing out and 
 paying in money. 
 
 The system of ca.sh-credits has been very well 
 described in the Ileport of the Lords' Committee 
 of 1H2G on Scotch and Irish IJauking. 'There is 
 also,' s.ay their lordships, ' one jiart of their system 
 which is stated by all the witnesses (^aiid, in the 
 opinion of the committee, very justly stated) to 
 have had the best etl'ects upon the peo])le of 
 Scotland, and particularly upon the middling and 
 poorer classes of society, in producing and en- 
 couraging habits of frugality and iniluslry. The 
 practice referred to is that of cash-credits. Any 
 person who applies to a bank for a cash-credit is 
 called upon to produce two or more competent 
 sureties, who are jointly bound; and, after a full 
 enquiry into the character of the applicant, the 
 nature of his business, and the sutlicieiicy of his 
 securities, he is allowetl to open a crcttit, and to 
 draw upon the bank, f«r the whole of its .amount, 
 or for such part as his daily transactions may 
 
 1 
 
 A cash-credit is a credit given to an indivithial | require. To tht; credit of the account he pays in 
 by a banking company for a limited sum, seldom ■ such sums as he may not have occasion to use, 
 
122 
 
 BVXK— BANKING 
 
 and intcrost is charged or croilitrd ii])fiii I lip ilnily 
 Ipulmicc, as tin- rase may be. Fruiii llu' lacilily 
 wliii'li llicsc casli-oiTilits f^ivc h> all tlif small 
 traiisactiiins nl' llic comitry. ami rmm llio (ippni- 
 timitii's wliicli they iillonl Id persdii-i wIki l)('j;iii 
 biisiiicsH with little nr no lapilal liiit tlicir cliarac- 
 trr. til ciiijiliiy iirnlilnlily llir iiiimilcst ]iroiliicl-< ul' 
 tlirir iiiilii>try. it camml lie iliMililcd lliat tin- most 
 im|Hirl.iiil advaiitaf^rs aiv ilcnved to tlic wliolc 
 tommmiily. Tlie advaiita^^'c to llio hanks who 
 ijivc tlicx^ ( ash-crodits arises from the (.'all which 
 they edinimially prodiire lor llu.' issue of their 
 ])aper. and from the opporiiiiuty whieh theyan'ord 
 for the imilitahle employment of part of their 
 deposits. Tlio hanks are indeed so seiisilde that, 
 ill order to make this jiart of the business advan- 
 ta|j;eiius and si'eure. it is necessary that their cash- 
 credits should (as tlioy express it) be IVeiinently 
 operated upon, that they refuse to eontimu' them 
 unless this imiilied condition be fullilled. The 
 total amount of the cash-credits is stated by one 
 vilncss to be u,0()fl,()(iO/., of ivhieh the average 
 imouut advanced by the baidis may he one-tliiid.' 
 
 'I'he expense <if a bond for a cash-credit of ."idli/. 
 is 12s. <!//. stamp <liity, and a charge of from os, to 
 10.<. ()(/. ])er cent, for ])reparini; i(. 
 
 Stiihilili/ of the Scutch Jhiii/i.i, — Tliere have been, 
 until lately, comparatively few failures amoni; the 
 .Scotch banks. Jn IT'.W and IS'J.'i, when so many 
 of the Knf.4ish baidvs were swept oil', there was 
 not a siiif^le establishment in Scotland that f;ave 
 way. 'I'his su]H'rior solidity ainjears to have been 
 owiiif; to various causes, ])artly to the baidis 
 liavinj;, for tlu^ most part, larf^e bodies of partners, 
 who, lieint; conjointly and iiulividnally bound for 
 the debts of the companies to which they belonu;, 
 p) far to render their ultimate security all hut 
 uiifiucstionable ; and jiartly to the facility allorded 
 by the law of Scotland, of attaching a debtor's pro- 
 perty, whether it consist of land or movi'ables, and 
 making it available for the jiayment of his debts. 
 
 lint, on the ■whole, we are inclined to thiidi 
 that the long familiarity of the inh.abit.inis with 
 I'anks and paper money, aiul the Icsi risk that 
 has attended tWc business of banking in Scotland, 
 have been the principal causes of the greater 
 BtabilitT of the Scotch banks. Latterly, however, 
 owing to the rapid growth of Glasgow, Dundee, 
 and other commercial towns, the risk attending 
 baidiing in .Scotland has materially increased. 
 And while haz.ard has been augmenting on the 
 one hand, there appears, on the other, to have 
 been a still more rajiid decrease of that cautious 
 policy that was supposed to be a characteristic of 
 Scotcii hankers. In the crisis of ]y.i7 two of the 
 jirincipal Scotch baidis, the head-iiuarters of 
 which were in (ilasgow, weri^ comi)elled to stop 
 pavments, Thev had verv large capitals, the 
 Western Hank l'.m),>»WI., and tlie City of Glas- 
 gow liaiik 1,(10(1,01)11/,, with agreat many branches, 
 large amounts of deposits, and very nimierous 
 and wealthy )iroprii>lary bodies. Had their 
 management displayed anything like ordinary 
 skill and prudence, they might have gone 
 triiunjihantly through a far more serious trial. 
 But the management of the Western Uiink was 
 char.'U'terised by the most marvellous folly and 
 recklessness; that of th(^ ('ily of (ilasgow Baid<, 
 though in many respects blameworthy, has been, 
 as compared with that of the Western Hank, 
 prudent and skilful. It has recommenced business; 
 ami it is to be hoped that its managers will profit 
 by the lesson they have received. Having ad- 
 vanced immense sums to a lew linns that never 
 were enlithid to any considerable credit, the 
 Western JJank was so crippled that, for a length- 
 ened period before its stoppage, the dijectors were 
 
 reduced to the niisomble expedient of sending up 
 the bills they had discounted in (ilasgow to be re- 
 discouiiled in London; and when this resource 
 failed them, and the other banks declined to «'omo 
 forward to their assistance, they had nothing for it 
 but to slnil their doors. On the stoppage taking 
 place (he all'airs m the bank wer(^ found to be in a 
 much worse st.ite than any one could have anti- 
 cipated. The losses are estimated at above 
 .■>,0(l(l.Oil()/., so that, besides the sacrilice of their 
 l)aiil-up capital of L.OOO.dOO/., the shareholders 
 liave had to advanc<' a fartler sum of more than 
 that amount to meet the demaiuls ii|)on them. No 
 such gigantic failure ever occurreil in .Scotland. 
 The holders of notes and deposit-reeeipis will be 
 paid in full, lint of the 1,200 or l,;i(JO individuals 
 who held shares in the bank, a large pro|)ortion have 
 been nearly, and many entirely, ruined. It is dif- 
 liciilt, indeed, to imagine the distress and misery 
 of which this cataslroplie has been productive. 
 
 The ruin in which the bank has been involved 
 did not come suddenly upon it. On the contrary, 
 it was accumulating for years. And yet the 
 directors took no steps, or none that were ellicient, 
 to arrest the progress of the evil; nor did they 
 .ajiprise their conliding constituents of the perilous 
 condition into which the bank had got, Con- 
 ce.'ilment was iir.ictised to the very last moment, 
 till the concern was irretrievably sunk in the 
 abyss of bankruptcy. It is much to be wished 
 that directors who have so acted were really 
 responsible for their conduct. No charge of 
 corruption is brought against tlieni ; but their 
 inattention to, and neglect of, the important 
 interests committed to their charge, has been 
 wholly inexcusable. They were bound, ou under- 
 taking the otlice of directors, to bestow unre- 
 mitting care and diligence upon the perfomiancc 
 of the duties which it imjiosed on them. They 
 might neglect their own businc s; but they could 
 not, without a ilagrant breach of trust, neglect 
 the duties they hail undertaken to discharge on 
 account of others. This, however, is precisely 
 what they have done. They .apjicar to have 
 selected the most reckless and incompetent 
 managers, and then to have given them carte 
 blanche. Whatever such conduct may be in law, 
 it is morally and politically in the highest degree 
 culpable. Hundreds have been sent to the anti- 
 podes and the treadmill for offences that were 
 comparatively innocuous. No doubt, the grand 
 source of mismanagement in banks and other 
 associations is to be found in the apathy of 
 the shareholders, in the blind and often unde- 
 served conlidencc they place in those who are, no 
 matter how, at the head of their concerns. If 
 those who may be ruined by the proceedings of 
 their own oflicers and .servants will not look after 
 them, it were idle to attempt to throw such a duly 
 upon others. 
 
 In a iiublio point of view, the stoppage of the 
 fJlasgow banks was jiroductive of the very worst 
 results. By creating a panic, and occasioning a 
 heavy internal demand for gold, it m.ay indeed he 
 said to have been the main cause of the suspension 
 of the Act of 18U. 
 
 Sec. VIIL— Banicing in Iueland. 
 
 liankinri in Irtkiml. — ' In no country, perhaps,' 
 s.ays Sir Henry I'arnell, ' has the issuing of ])a|)er- 
 inoney been carried to such an injurious excess as 
 in Ireland. A national bank was established in 
 ITHH, with similar i)rivileges to those of the Bank 
 of England, in respect to the restriction of more 
 than six partners in a bank; and the injury that 
 Ireland has sustained from the reiieated failure of 
 banks may be mainly attributed to this defective 
 
 regiil 
 
 as fr( 
 
 paper 
 
 progr. 
 
 been ^ 
 
 with 
 
 cft'ccti 
 
 'Jn 
 
 its pay 
 
 Irelam 
 
 Bank 
 
 1797 t 
 
 Ireland 
 
 2,L'(i(l,^ 
 
 'The 
 
 i'lcrcisc 
 
 *he nun 
 
 •Jf'thidii 
 
 the pric 
 
 wilt, ah 
 
 with Lo 
 
 par heiii 
 
 afterwan 
 
 issues of 
 
 ciation o 
 
 when the 
 
 settled at 
 
 'The I 
 
 failure of 
 
 J' aiipoar: 
 
 Irish E^c^ 
 
 time, in 
 
 that year 
 
 Wished, hu 
 
 other, iijyo 
 
 'n immons 
 tions: i'irs 
 secondly, ft 
 Belfast; an 
 banks, with 
 Bank of In 
 existing in 
 , 'Jn 1821 
 iiaving fail( 
 preceding y 
 nient succee 
 the Bank of 
 panics wore .-i 
 <>'■"% miles 
 permitted to 
 3,000.000/, st< 
 WIS founded 
 having omitt 
 restrictions on 
 imposed by 33* 
 lornied. I„ 
 Belfast, wishii 
 
 Accouiit o) 
 
 Hank of Ireland . 
 |''lil«mi.in Joint St. 
 
 I'rovincial n,ii,k „f 
 Xortlicrn nanH„„ i 
 'Wfnsi Hanking (?„ 
 
 The following 
 enactments in co 
 
BANK— BANKING 
 
 126 
 
 rogulntion. Ilnd tlic trado of bankiiif; l)rrn loft 
 as frco in Ireland as in Scotland, the want of 
 papor-moncy that wnuld have arisen with (he 
 prof^ross of trade would in all proliahility have 
 heon supplied hy juint-stock corai)auies, su|ip(irted 
 with lartje capitals, and governed hy wise Hn<l 
 cU'ectual ndes. 
 
 ' In 1797, when the Bank of Knglaud suspended 
 its payments, the same privile^?e was extended to 
 Ireland; and alter this jieriod the issues of the 
 liank of Ireland were lapidly increased. In 
 
 pany, petitioned Parliament for the repeal of this 
 Act of Geo. II.; and an Act was acoordiri^'ly 
 passed in tliat session, repoalinj; .some of its most 
 objectionable restriciiims. (.'^i (leo. IV. c. 7;i.) 
 
 ' In eonscquenee of this Ai>f,the Northern Hank 
 of Ilclfast was converted into a joint-stock cuni- 
 pany, with a (nominal) capital of .1011,001)/., and 
 commenced business on the 1st of .lantia/y, IK'J"). 
 lint the restrictions of .'i;> (ieo. 11., and certain 
 (iriivisious contained in the Acts 1 & 2 (ieo. III. and 
 ") (ieo. IV., obstructed its pro;,'re.ss, and they fouiul 
 
 1797 the amomit of the notes of the liaid< of it necessary to apply to tiovernment to icinovc 
 Ireland in circulation was ()-.M,917/. ; in 1801,1 
 2,'.'(!t;,171/.; and in 1«M, 2,08(1,999/. 1 
 
 ' Tliese increa.sed i.ssucs led to corresponding] 
 increased issues by tlie ]ir:vate baidis, of which 
 the number was titty in 1801. The cou-sequence 
 
 of this increase of paper w.as its f^rcat depreciation; I Ireland commenced business with a (nominal) 
 the price of bullion and guineas arose to 10 ])er [ capital of 2,000,(10(1/.; and the liaidv of Ireland 
 
 tlieni ; and a bill was accordingly introducci 
 which woidil have repealed all the obuo.xinus 
 clauses of the 'S,i lieo. II., had it not been so 
 altered in the committee as to leave .several of 
 them in force. In 18_'.") the I'rovineial Itaiik of 
 
 cent, above the Jlint price; and the exchange 
 with London became as high as 18 \ier cent., the 
 par being 8^. This imfavourable exchinigc was 
 afterwards corrected, not by any reduction in the 
 issues of the liank of Ireland, but by llie depre- 
 ciation of the Ilritish currency in the year 1810, 
 when the exchange between i.ondon and Dublin 
 settled again at .about jiar. [ICxciiAXfji:. | 
 
 'The loss that Ireland has sustained by the 
 failure of banks may be described in a fi'w words. 
 It appears by the Keport of the Committee on 
 Irisli Exchanges in 1801, that there were, at that 
 time, in Irelaiul fifty registered banks. Since 
 that year a great many more have been esta- 
 blished, but the whole have failed, one after the 
 other, iuTolviug the country from time to time 
 in immense di.stross, witli the following excep- 
 tions : First, a few that withdrew from business ; 
 secondly, four baidis in Dul)lin ; thirdly, three at 
 Belfast ; and, lastly, one at jNIallow. 1 hesc eight 
 banks, with the new Provincial Bank and the 
 Bank of Ireland, are the only banks now (1827) 
 existing in Ireland. 
 
 'In 1821, in consequence of eleven banks 
 having failed nearly at the same time, in the 
 preceding year, in the south of Ireland, Govcni- 
 mcnt succeeded in making an arrangement with 
 the Bank of Ireland, by which joint-stock com- 
 panies were allowed to be established at a dLstance 
 of llfty miles (Irish) from Dublin, and the bank was 
 permitted to increase its capital from 2.500,000/. to 
 3,000.000/. sterling. The Act 1 & 2 Geo, IV. c. 72 
 ■was founded on this agreement. But ministers 
 
 WIS of late established branches in all the i)rincipal 
 towns.' (ObnernUions on I'upcr-Monci/ kc. by 
 Sir Henry Parnell, p. 171.) 
 
 Since Sir Henry I'arnell publi.sbed the pam- 
 phlet from which we have taken the foregoing 
 extract, several joint-stock baidving couqiauies 
 have been founded in Ireland. The I'rovineial 
 liaidv, to which Sir Henry alludes, has a paid-up 
 capital of r>IO,000/.. and has been well and pro- 
 tilably m;iiniged. But others have been less fortu- 
 nate." The Agricultural and Commercial B.ank of 
 Ireland, estafdished in 18;il, with 2,170 partner.s, 
 a paid-up capital of 1102,790/., and many brandies, 
 stopped ])ayment during the pressure in November 
 18;it), and by doing so involved many persons in 
 ^reat distress. It appears to have been extremely 
 ill-managed. The auditors appointed to examine 
 into its affairs reported that 'Its book-keeping 
 has been found to be so faulty, that we are con- 
 vinced no accurate balance-sheet could at any 
 time have been constructed.' And they siguili- 
 cautly added, ' the personal accounts at the liead 
 office require a diligent and searching revision.' 
 
 The Tipperary Joint-Stock Bank, which was 
 established in i8;!9, .and stopped payments in 
 18.0."i, appears to have been little, if at all, better 
 than a mere swindling engine. Luckily it did 
 not issue notes; and tlic sphere of its operations 
 was not very extensive. But, so far as its in- 
 lluence went, nothing could be worse, being 
 ruinou.s alike to the ni.njority of its partners and 
 the public. 
 
 The existing Irish joint-stock banks, amounting 
 
 having omitted to repeal in this Act various to eight, have been all cstalilisbed between 1821 
 restrictions on the trade of banking that hiid been I and 18(il. We borrow principally from Thorn's 
 imposed by 3.'J Geo. II. c. 14, no new company was } Irish Almanac, the most valuable publication of 
 formed. In 1824 a party of merchants of | its clas.s, the following details with respect to the 
 Belfast, wishing to establish a Joint-stock com- I Irish banks in 18(17 : — 
 
 Ihc 
 Irst 
 a 
 Ibc 
 Ion 
 
 Ink 
 
 liat 
 
 live 
 
 Account of the Joint- Stock Banks existing in Irelatul in 18G7 ; their Branches, fixed Issues &;c. 
 
 Hank of Ireland . _ - - - 
 «IIU«mian Joint Stock Bank 
 
 Provincial n.mk of Ireland 
 
 Northern Bankinf; Com])any 
 
 Itelfast Hanking (Company - 
 
 .National Hank . - . - . 
 
 Ulster IfankiniF CompanT - • - 
 
 ♦ Kovalllank 
 
 *llnion Hank of Ireland (Limited) - 
 
 *.Munster Bank (Limited) . . • 
 
 Total 
 
 Initiated 
 
 No. of 
 Shares 
 
 Per 
 
 Share 
 
 Amount 
 
 Capitol 
 paid up 
 
 RcserT9 
 
 Fixed Issue: 
 
 8 & 9 Vict., 
 
 c. .17 
 
 Dividend 
 
 m'r cent. 
 
 18h6 
 
 178.1 
 181it 
 
 1S«5 
 182. I 
 1827 
 1.S.15 
 181K 
 18.in 
 1862 
 18W 
 
 £ 
 
 Stork 
 10,0011 
 21,000 
 1,000 
 4,8111 
 10,000 
 .'1(1,000 
 7.1,,1C2 
 30,000 
 10,000 
 40,000 
 
 £ 
 
 ]no 
 
 100 
 
 1001 
 10} 
 !)2 
 
 100 
 51) 
 10 
 .'lO 
 
 100 
 10 
 
 £ 
 
 a,7B0,2-n 
 
 2,(100,0110 
 2,000,000 
 
 4.'il,480 
 I.OOO.IKH) 
 2,,MK),00i) 
 
 7.1.1,(;20 
 l,.'ilKl,0(K) 
 1,000,(100 
 
 ■10.1,(I(H) 
 
 £ 
 
 2,7n!»,2.10 
 2S0,(100 
 540,000 
 1. '.0,000 
 225,000 
 
 1,.')00,000 
 18.1,10.1 
 .100,000 
 220,000 
 110,000. 
 
 £ 
 
 l,0(i8,l.15 
 T1),2S.1 
 
 2.'>r.,.'.6,1 
 
 1.11,012 
 263,00(1 
 5!)7,0I7 
 1 l5,Si;'. 
 2I.V'0O 
 
 3, ion 
 
 S5,00() 
 
 £ 
 
 3,738,128 
 
 927,667 
 21.1,110 
 2S 1,611 
 85i,2C.I) 
 311,07'J 
 
 £ 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 7 
 
 1 .\.1U 1 ,3.10 
 
 t),277,li35 
 
 2,727,781 
 
 6,354,494 1 — 1 
 
 * These are not banks of issue. 
 
 The following are the latest parliamentary 
 enactments iu counectiou with Irish banking. 
 
 By 9 Geo. IV. c. 24 all jniblic notaries practising 
 in Ireland were constrained to keep open their 
 
 I 
 
 •;.,. \ 
 
124 
 
 BANK— BANKING 
 
 offices till nine p.m. By 27 Sc 28 Vict. c. 7 the 
 notary is not constrained to kcop liis otlioc open 
 lifter six I'.M., iiMil every note or liill, paynieiu of 
 whieli is not presented upon this hour, is lielil to 
 Lc (lislioMoiireil. 
 
 lly -27 it '.'« A'iet. c. 20 so mtich of 8 * 9 
 Vict. c. ;t7 as prohiliits the negoliation of bills of 
 cxchaiij^c? ami )ironiissory notes helow .")/. is 
 ro|)eateil for llie space of two years. 
 
 J{y e. M the Treasury may eonipouml wilh 
 hank) rs in Irelaml for the slaiu|i <iiity on bank 
 jiost bills for a period of thne years. 
 
 By 2« & -J'.l Vict. e. Hi the interest payable to 
 the governor and eoinpany of the Hank of 
 Ireland i.i respect of 2,().JO,7ii'.l/. -in. M.. (Uk' to 
 llieiu by the |)iiblie, is lixed at It per cent. 
 'J'he. payment in respect of the management of 
 the public debt is -I'lOl. Jier million, if the debt 
 be under ao.UOO.dOO/. ; ;iOO/. per million, when 
 between 30,000.(100/. and 10,000.000/.; and if 
 above 10,000.000/., then 1 JO/. per million for each 
 additional million, 
 
 Siic. IX. — Baxks ok Vi;xi(u:, Ajistkhkam Ac. 
 
 It would far exceed our limits to enter into any 
 detailed statements with respect to tlie banks anil 
 bankinf^ systems of foreij^n countries; wc shall 
 therefore conline ourselves to u brief notice of| 
 such banks as have been most celebrated, or are 
 at present of the ^jrcalcst importance. 
 
 JJanfi of Venice. — 'l"hc Hank of Venice was the i 
 most ancient bank in Kuropc. llistoriiMis inform I 
 us that the republic being hard pressed for money, j 
 was obliged, upon three diflVrent occasions, in \ 
 11 jO, 1180, and lulo, (o levy forced contributions [ 
 upon the citizen-:, giving them in return per- 
 petual nnnuities at certain rates jier cent. The 
 annuities on the forced loan of l-M) were to be 
 suspended during i)eriods of war. The auiinities 
 due uudcr the forci'd loan of 1 loO were, however, 
 finally extinguished in the sixteenth century. 
 And the oflices for the payment of the annuities 
 duo under the other two loans having been con- 
 solidated, eventually became the Bank of Venice. 
 (Cleirac, Dii A'lV/oce, de hi Baiujiie &c. — Hordeaux, 
 IGoG, pp. 112 — 117. a scarce and valuable volume.) 
 This might be cU'ectcit as follow.: : The interest 
 on the loan to Uovcrnment being paid punctually, 
 every claim registered iii the books of tlie ofjc 
 would be considered as a productive capital ; and 
 these claims, or the right of receiving the annuity 
 accruing thereon, nuistsoon have been transferred, 
 by demise or cession, from one person to another. 
 This jiractice wouUl naturally suggest to holders 
 of stock the simple and easy method of discharging 
 their mutual debts by transfers on the ollicc books, 
 and as soon as they became sensible of the advan- 
 tages to be derived from tins method of accounting, 
 bank-money was invented. 
 
 The Bank of Venice was essentially a deposit 
 bank. Though established witliout a capital, its 
 bills bore at all times an agio or premium above 
 the current money of the republic. The invasion 
 of the l'"rench, in 1797, occasioned the ruin of this 
 establishment. 
 
 Bunk of AmsUnlam. — The Bank of Amsterdam 
 was founded in IGOD, on strictly c<inimcrcial prin- 
 ciples and views, and not to all'ord any assistance, 
 or to commix with the linances of the state. 
 Amsterdam was then the great entrei)6t of the 
 commerce of the world, and, of course, tlic coins of 
 all Kuro);e passed current in it. Manj' of them, 
 however, were so worn and defaced as to reduce 
 their general average value to about 1) per cent, less 
 than their Aluit value; and, in consequence, the 
 new coins were immediately melted down and ex- 
 ported. The currency of the city was thus exposed 
 
 to prreat fluctuations ; and it was chiefly to remedy 
 this inconvenience, and to fix the value or par of 
 the current money of tlie country, that the mer- 
 chants of Amsterdam established a ' bank,' on iha 
 model of ih.it of Venice. Its lirst capital was 
 formed of Spanish dueats or dncatoous, a silver 
 coin whicji Spain Iwul struck in the war with 
 Holland, and with which tin: tide of coinnierco 
 li.ad enriched the country it was formed to over- 
 throw. 'I'he b.'ink aflerwanls accepted the coins 
 of all countrie-i, worn or new, at their iiiirinsic 
 value, and made its own bank-money payable in 
 standard c lin of the country, of fulT weiglii, 
 deilnctiiig a • brassage ' for the expense of coinage, 
 and giving a credit on its books or ' bank-money,' 
 for the (k'posils. 
 
 Tlie Itaiik of Amslerdam jirofcssed not to lend 
 out any part of the specie entrusted to its keeping, 
 but to retain in its cofl'ers jill thai was iiiscribcil 
 on its books. In 1(172, when Louis XIV. pene- 
 trated to Utrecht, almost every one who li.ad an 
 account with the oaiik demanded his deposit, and 
 these were paid oil" so readily that no suspicion 
 could exist as to the tidelity of the administra- 
 tion. Many of the coins then brought forth bore 
 marks of the conlljigration which haiipencd at the 
 Hotel do Villc, soon after the establishment of 
 I the bank. This good failh was maintained till 
 about the micUlle of last century, when the mana- 
 , gers secretly lent part of their bullion to the 
 i Kast India Company and (lovernment. The 
 I usual 'oaths of ollice' were taken by the magis- 
 j tracy of a religious community that all was safe; 
 \ and the good people of Holland believed, as an 
 [ article of their creed, that every florin which 
 circiilatcil as bank-money had its metallic con- 
 I stituent in the treasury of the bank, sealed up 
 I and secured by oaths, honesty, and good policy. 
 I This blhid conlidcnco was dissipated in December 
 1700, by a declaration that the bank would retain 
 j 10 ]ier cent, of all deposits, and would return none 
 of a less amount than 2,.')00 florins. 
 
 I^vcn this was submitted to and forgiven. But 
 four years afterwards, on the invasion of the 
 French, the bank was obliged to declare that it 
 had advanced to the states of Holland and West 
 Frieslainl, and the JCast India Gomp.iny, more 
 than 10,,J0O,000 florins, which sum they were, of 
 course, unable to make np to their depositors, to 
 whom, however they assigned their claims on 
 the states and the company. Bank-money, 
 which preriously bore an agio of 5 ]ier cent., 
 immediately fell to IG per cent, below current 
 money. 
 
 This epoch marked the fall of an institution 
 which had long enjoyed an unlimited credit, and 
 had rendered tlie greatest services. The amount 
 of treasure in the vaults of the bank, in 177."), 
 was estimated by Mr. Hope at 33,000,000 florins. 
 (Storch, Cours il'Eeonomie I'olitiijue, torn. iv. p. 
 102.) 
 
 Biiu/i of Hamburg. — The Bank of Hamburg 
 was established in IGIO, on the model of that of 
 Amsterdam. It is ))nrely a deposit bank for the 
 transfer of sums from the .account of one indivi- 
 dual to that of another. It receives no deposits 
 in coin, but only in bullion of a certain degree of 
 lineness. Down to 1815 it charged itself with 
 the bullion at the rate of 4 1'2 schillings the mark, 
 and issued it at llio rate of -Ml schillings, being a 
 charge of four-ninths, or nearly one-half per cent., 
 for its retention; but since that date it receives 
 and issues bullion at the aame rate, charging one 
 per mille for its expenses. It advances money on 
 jewels to three-fourths of their value. The city 
 is answerable for all pledges deposited with the 
 bank : they m.ay be sold by auction if they rc- 
 
 mnin on 
 being p, 
 three vc 
 bank Is 
 ijianaged 
 
 S 
 
 which hi 
 
 to the H« 
 
 1 800, but 
 
 basis till ] 
 
 lixed at •! 
 
 tioned ve, 
 
 shares, 6r < 
 
 <:7,!»0I) ha 
 
 'ho reniaii 
 
 l>y the bar 
 
 queiitl^ ca 
 
 down to ]) 
 
 a reserve 1 
 
 recently of 
 
 flioyed tin 
 
 »n I'aris cm 
 
 «"'!, as wi 
 
 only autho 
 
 Her chartei 
 
 prolonged a 
 
 periods; ace 
 
 are not term 
 
 The Lank 
 
 between 1« 
 
 (.ruccur.iales) 
 
 They are ma 
 
 parent cstab 
 
 been on a 
 
 are exclusive 
 
 IS will be im 
 
 Notwithsta 
 
 wliicli her an 
 
 the I.'evolntic 
 
 situation of el 
 
 large advance 
 
 the city of 
 
 combined witi 
 
 prevalent, occ 
 
 J"'' ffidd, that, 
 
 ber coflcrs, si 
 
 March ic, is 
 
 notes being at 
 
 Jiut to prcvcr 
 
 have taken 
 
 m.n.ximnm an 
 
 *^^0 millioiKs. 
 
 reduce tlie v 
 
 and 100 fr. 
 
 I'reviously , 
 
 moilel of that 
 
 been esiablislu 
 
 Jtouen, and of, 
 
 determined th 
 
 rated with the 
 
 ."f the latter. 
 
 issued on April 
 
 shareholders ol 
 
 number) were 
 
 value of their 
 
 yalue of the st. 
 
 "1 consequence 
 
 representinga( 
 
 to tlie stock of 
 
 latter consist of 
 
 shares. I„ jsj 
 
 foijtinued, spec! 
 
 J he suppress 
 
 Partnientai bar 
 
 measure, and w 
 
 tbe equal val,, 
 
HANK— BANKING 
 
 125 
 
 mnin one year and six weeks witliniit any intcrrst 
 fieiiij; paid. If the viilun be not limod witliiii 
 tlircc vcnrs, it is forfeiliMl to the [loor. This 
 hnnk Is universally admitted to be very well 
 ijiiinaged. 
 
 Sec. X. — The Bank of Fiianck, 
 which ifl second only in magniludcand iinportani'O 
 to the Hank of England, was originally fonnded in 
 1800, but was not placed on a soli(l and wcU-dolinrd 
 basis till l«otl. ll(^r capital, which was originally 
 lixeil at ■I.'),(100,000 fr., was raised in tlio last men- 
 tioned year to 00,000,000 fr., divided into 90,000 
 shares, or actions, of 1,000 fr. each. Of these shares, 
 (17, 000 have jiassed nito the hands of the piiblii! ; 
 the remaining 22,100, having been pnrcliased up 
 by the bank out of her surplus profits, were subse- 
 quentlj cancelled. Hence her capital amounted, 
 down to 1H18, to 07,000,000 fr. (•.',7ir,,((00/.), with 
 a reserve fund, lirst of 10,000,000 fr., and more 
 recently of 12,080,7^0 fr. Since 1800 the bank has 
 enjoyed the privilege of being the only institution 
 in I'aris entitled to issue notes payable on demand; 
 and, as will be afterwards seen, she is now the 
 only authorised issuer of such paper in France. 
 Her charter and exclusive privileges liave been 
 prolonged and varied by laws passed at different 
 periods; according to existing arrangements they 
 are not terminable till 1897. 
 
 The bank has established, at different periods 
 between 1817 and 1850, offices or branches 
 (succursales) in different parts of the countrj'. 
 They arc managed nearly in the same way as the 
 
 Earcnt establishment ; but their operations have 
 een on a comparatively small scale. These 
 arc exclusive of the departmental banks, united, 
 as will be immediately seen, to the bank in 1818. 
 
 Notwithstanding the skill and caution with 
 wliich her affairs have generally been conducted, 
 the I'evolntion of 1818 brought the bank into a 
 situation of extreme danger. She had to make 
 large advances to the provisional CJovernment and 
 the city of I'aris. And these circumstances, 
 combined with the distrust tliat wad universally 
 prcvak'ut, occasioned so severe a drain upon her 
 for gold, that, to prevent the total exhaustion of 
 her coil'crs, slie was authorised, by a decree of 
 March 10, 1818, to suspend cash payments, her 
 notes being at the .same time made legal tender. 
 But to prevent the abuse that might otherwise 
 have taken place under the suspension, the 
 maximum amount of her issues was fixed at 
 350 millions. She was then also authorised to 
 reduce the value of her notes from 500 fr, to 200 
 and 100 fr. 
 
 Previously to 1818, joint-stock banks, on the 
 model of that of Paris, and issuing notes, had 
 been established in Lyons, Marseilles, Bordeaux, 
 Kouen, and other large cities. And it was then 
 determined that these banks should be incoqio- 
 rated with the Bank of France, and made branches 
 of the latter. This was etTected by decrees 
 issued on April 27 and l\Iay 2, 1818, by which the 
 shareholders of the banks referred to (nine in 
 number) were allowed, for every 1,000 fr. nominal 
 v.iluc of their shares, a share of 1,000 fr. nominal 
 value of the stock of the Bank of Fr.-mce, And, 
 in consequence of this measure, 2;i,351 new shares, 
 representing a capital of 2,'{,;S51,000 fr., were added 
 to the stock of the Bank of France, making the 
 latter consist of 01,250,000 fr,, divided into 91,250 
 shares. In 1851 the bank resumed, and has since 
 continued, specie payments. 
 
 The 8ui)pression of the local issues of the de- 
 partmental banks was, no doubt, a judicious 
 measure, and was indispensable, indeed, to secure 
 the equal value of the paper circulation in dif- 
 
 ferent parts of the countrj*. This, however, 
 might have been efVecteil by the mere stoppage 
 of the issues of the department, i hanks, without 
 consolidating them with the Hank of France. 
 The hitler measure is diie of whirh the policy in 
 very questionable; and then are, a-< already seen, 
 g(>o<| grounds for thinking tlia' the banking 
 business of tlie deparlnieuls would have been 
 more likely to bo well condneted by lo('al associa- 
 tions than by branches of the Hank of Fr inee. 
 
 Owing to the peculiar circnrastances i.l the l;»st 
 few years, occasioneit partly by the war with 
 IJtissia, but more by the rage for speculation and 
 the drain for silver to tlie Fast, the Itaidt of 
 '■'ranee has been exposed to considerable dilli- 
 cidlies. And iv the view of strengtheinng her 
 position, and also, it may be presumed, of i)ro- 
 viding a loan for (iovernment, ft law has been 
 recently passed (.June 9, 1857), by which the 
 capitjd' of the bank has been doubled. I're- 
 vii>usly to this law, her capital amounted, as 
 already seen, to 91,250 shares of 1,()00 fr. e.ich; 
 whereas it now consists of 182,500 shares of 
 1,000 fr. each. The new shares were assigned to 
 the existing proprietors at the rale of 1,100 fr. 
 per share, producing a sinn total of 100.l!70,000 fr., 
 of which 100,000,000 fr. have been lent to Govern- 
 ment at 3 per cent. Hence the meas\ire, though 
 it has added to the credit andsecurity of the bank, 
 has not made any addition to the mwins directly 
 at her disposal. 
 
 Down to the passing of this law, the bank could 
 not raise the rate of interest on loans and discounta 
 above percent. But this impolitic restriction is 
 now removed, and the bank may charge any rate of 
 interest which she reckons expedient, excejit upon 
 advances to (iovernment. the maximum interest 
 on which is limited to 3 per cent. The bank ha.s 
 been farther authorised to issue notes of the value 
 of 50 fr., to make advances on railway sh.ares &c, 
 .ind the charter has been extended to 1807. 
 
 The bank is obliged to open a compte rnurant 
 for anyone who requires it, and performs services, 
 for those who have such accounts, similar to those 
 jierformed for their customers by the banks in 
 l^ondon. She does not charge anv commission on 
 current accounts, so that her only remuneration 
 arises from the use of the money jdaced in her 
 hands by the indii-iduals whose payments .she 
 makes. It is probable, therefore, as has been 
 alleged, that this part of her business is but little 
 profitable. The bank also discounts bills with 
 three signatures, at variable dates, but not having 
 more than three months or ninety days to run. 
 In 1855 the aggregate amoimt of these discounts 
 in Paris and the dep.irlments amounted to the 
 very large sum of 3,202,000,000 fr., the interest 
 being 5 per cent, till October 18, and afterwards 1 
 per cent. Besides discounting bills, the bank 
 makes advances on stocks and pledges of various 
 kinds, and niulertakes the care of valuable articles, 
 such as ]date, jewels, title-deeds Ac. at a charge 
 of one-eighth per cent, on the value of the deposit, 
 for every period of six months and under. No- 
 thing can show more clearly the petty retail cha- 
 racter of the trade of I'aris, and generally of 
 France, than the smallness of the value of the 
 bills discounted by the bank. Thus of 903,000 
 bills discounted in 1817, the average amount was 
 onlv 55/. -Is., and of these no fewer than 12G,'>00 
 were for less than 200 fr. (8/,), and 470,000 for 
 less than 1,000 frs. (20/.), each, (Tookc and 
 Newmarch On Prices, vi. 51.) 
 
 The .administration of the bank is vested in a 
 council of twenty-one members, viz. a governor 
 and two sub-governors, nominated by the Em- 
 peror; and fifteen directors and three censors, 
 
126 
 
 UANK- 
 
 nominntcd liy tho ih.ircliuldprH. Tlio bniik liii.< a 
 laij;c Hurpliiri C)i|iit,il -t rest. \n I«.')ij and 1«M 
 shu (lividoil ii.i Ksh than 201) tr. and -ITl I'r. ,)rolils 
 nil taili share; l)iit llii'se liiive much fxcccdcd 
 the dividends in any previous jear. In 1«1S the 
 dividends only niuounted to 75 I'r. per .share. In 
 
 ■BANKII.a 
 
 July 18:)ti the 1,000 fr. Bhorn i,f hank-stoek was 
 
 worth 4,07fi I'r.; in July 1«67 it. had sunk to 
 I 2,MH0 fr. Her iuliinate t'oiineotinn witli tho 
 
 (iovernrnciit is deeidedly the iiKJSt dlijeetiuiiable 
 I l'eatur(t in the cuu.stitutiiiii of the l!ank of 
 
 France, 
 
 paid divi 
 years Ifi 
 etwit., 1 V 
 in INJG.' 
 
 -V.'/r Cir, 
 
 The following Is an Aifoinit of I lit: liaiih of France for the Five Years ending 1865, stated in JCnylish 
 
 moniy at 'ibfrimcs— 11, 
 
 1.— LIABILITli:S (Passu). 
 
 
 ' 
 
 Dllleli to Bearer i Bllteei (a Ordor 
 
 (Current At-counu 
 
 1 
 
 
 DiMtl 
 
 
 (CirculnUun) 
 
 (Bank Pint Bili>l 
 
 (Uir|WUU| 
 
 Other 
 l.UliiUtiei 
 
 ■l'.ll,ll 
 
 _ 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 M,il>illtie« 
 
 
 a' 
 
 f 
 
 Branch 
 
 Total 
 
 I'arll 
 
 K6ce- 
 
 pil.S^4 
 
 £ 
 
 Total 
 
 Trcaiury ! PorU i Branch 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 lgr,t 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ \ £ \ £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Apnl 
 
 
 
 ■28,'iiiit.noo 
 
 ■J 111,00(1 
 
 .1f,0,0l)l) 
 
 IJOO.OOO 
 
 .1,200,000 4,160,000 1,,100,000 
 
 N,')(.O.01l0 
 
 0,1,10,0011 
 
 17,7' (1,0' )0 
 
 1>L: 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ■iS,h3U,iJU0 
 
 lhO,(K)U 
 
 lUll.OOO 
 
 3;o,uuo 
 
 4,110,000 4,fi70,UUO 1,050,000 
 
 10,1.10,000 
 
 
 I!I,I.jO,OOU 
 
 April 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 3.i,.',7n,(ioi 
 
 .170,000 
 
 .110,000 
 
 csn,' ,10 
 
 4,0C.O,0flO 6,510,000 1,120,000 
 
 ri.ioo.iKW 
 
 !l,2.'iO,0O() 
 
 .'■•i.'.l'iO.OOO 
 
 1)«. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 .ii.'^ue.ouu 
 
 ISU.OuO 
 
 2MI,(K)0 
 
 400,000 
 
 1,2211,000 .'..i'JO.OOO 1,270,000 
 
 11,080,000 
 
 i>,1HO,U0O 
 
 .',2,120,1100 
 
 i)>r,.i 
 •April 
 
 
 
 ,il,noo,i)nii 
 
 .-00,000 
 
 t r.n.non 
 
 460,0110 
 
 .1,020,000 6,0.10,0110 1,210,000 
 
 10,260.0(Ki 
 
 n,2'o.ooo 
 
 ,'.0,170,000 
 
 \ik. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ou.'^uu.ooi) 
 
 iso.uou 
 
 120,000 
 
 ."oo,uuo 
 
 2,100,000 ; i,120,0uu 
 
 1 ,0 10,U00 
 
 »,.'.6U,0U0 
 
 10,170,000 
 
 .|'J,'.,'.0,0O0 
 
 April 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 .io,.-9n,oi*) 
 
 180,000 
 
 r.o.ooo 
 
 2 10,000 
 
 2,(«10,000 4,.'5.'>0,or)0 
 
 "so.ooo 
 
 7,130,000 
 
 !I,'.I|0,0110 
 
 47,s6il.liOO 
 
 Uec. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 '2'J,0'JO,000 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 260,000 
 
 2,S'JO,000 4,360,UOU 
 
 U60/JII0 
 
 11,210,000 
 
 10,110,000 
 
 19,270,000 
 
 186.1 
 .Ian. 5 
 
 
 
 31,620,0110 
 
 _ 
 
 
 210,000 
 
 3,.',8O,O00 6,190,000 
 
 1,220,000 
 
 11,100,000 
 
 10,l'j.l,(100 
 
 .ll,.',^),!^ 
 
 Fil). i 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 .Ti,4»l>,llO0 
 
 M. 
 
 
 
 2:0,1100 .1,PO.OIIO 1,600,11(11)1 l.l-iil.OOl) 
 
 0,1 so, (100 
 
 ;l,170,()0(. 
 
 .'11,110,1100 
 
 .M.ir.h 2 
 
 __ 
 
 «. 
 
 .io,y.ii),oiH) 
 
 .. 
 
 — 
 
 2'^il,0(lil 1 ."sI'.lO.iKKf .'i,21)0,INlll l,2(Jt,0lH) 
 
 (),OSu,:i(l(l 
 
 0,1110,1100 
 
 .'.il,',1ii,(iriO 
 
 Ai>ril t; 
 Stay 4 
 
 „ 
 
 _ 
 
 .-l.liU, 1 
 
 .. 
 
 — 
 
 270,111111 .-,;'iii.iiiio ,'.,,'.10,1100 1,1,111,0110 
 
 10,16.1,000 
 
 0,74.1,0(1(1 
 
 .',l,')^ll,l)(H) 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 .Ti.lSo.diiO 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 21111,111111 ,''.,lhl(,0'10 ,'!,(. lll.Hilll l,2.'iH,(H10 
 
 10,1711.0011 l',s'^it,nii() 
 
 '.'j.'lCK DOO 
 
 June 1 
 
 __ 
 
 „ 
 
 .IV.^'Jii.inlo 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 .1110,000 1 1,,',,1I1,(M10 C,6'i(»,0lli» 1,2211,(100 
 
 ll,,-70.iii"i 
 
 ll,7'(l,ll(l!l 
 
 '.-.,». 11. ,01 10 
 
 July C 
 
 __ 
 
 _ 
 
 .■31,.l(iil,iJ(HI 
 
 
 
 
 
 jni.iioo .',,(i,1o.(iO(» 7, ,'.'.11,11110 i„iii...iiiiii 
 
 1 1,1s. 1.111)11 
 
 lii.;lii...iiii 
 
 '.'1,1 ;ii,l)l)0 
 
 Auk. 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 ,1,',,'I.10,I«H) 
 
 — 
 
 » 
 
 .1111,0110 .'1,7110,000 7,1711,11110 ' 1,. '.-(11.1)110 
 
 14, 'lino '0 
 
 <l,1'Hl,(lili) 
 
 (.ii,'.'l)i),(ll)0 
 
 Sep. 7 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 .l.l.'JSO.IIIIO 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 .Vio.iioo (1,200,000 7,.'.6o,on.i l,itu,0(iii l4,'ioo,()i)i) 
 
 '.1,111.1.1)1)0 
 
 ,' i,'.',)),()(K) 
 
 Ocl. 4 
 
 _ 
 
 .. 
 
 .1.1,.1»),ll()0 
 
 .~ 
 
 
 
 ,1,',(l,000 .',,670,000 7,.120,(t'M 1,170,0110 1 1,. 11:0,1100 
 
 <), (.110,111 111 
 
 .'i'J,(,',l(l,(l(10 
 
 Not. 3 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 .1S,.58il,.«lll 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 .120.000 ' ,',,.1IH1.0(K) r,,l,'»0,000 l,.1IO,(liiO 12,7!10,0(,0 
 
 0,71 .0,11' 10 
 
 .'.S,. ".'10,01)0 
 
 Dec. 7 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 .U.S.SD.OHO 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 ,100,000 1,010,000 6.1711,000 •J70,111.0 ll,4,',O.O00 
 
 0,7.'.0,Oi)0 
 
 ,'.6,OSO,OilO 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 — ASSE1 
 
 rS (ACTIF). 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dales 
 
 Coin and Bullion | J^^l^l,^ 
 
 Ad. 
 
 vattced 
 1)11 
 
 lll}{OtH 
 
 lolal 
 
 Ativan- 
 ci-s on 
 I'ul.l.c 
 Slocks 
 Total 
 
 Ad- 
 
 vanci» 
 
 oil 
 Sharif 
 Total 
 
 (Ither 
 A (nets 
 
 Tolnl 
 
 AsMla 
 
 I'arli 
 
 llranL'h 
 
 Total 
 
 Paris j 
 
 Branch Total 
 
 1S61 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 April 
 
 2,«fill,000 
 
 l^I(.0,0(tO 
 
 l.M'jo.ooo 
 
 8,,i()0,noo 
 
 9,920,000 I8,2'.:il.(i(!0 
 
 l,7'iO,000 
 
 1,0'.IO,000 
 
 2,0'io,o00 
 
 9,6'^o,00O 
 
 47,860,000 
 
 Der. 
 
 3,73O,UU0 
 
 
 
 11,'A",U,I)00 
 
 
 700,000 
 
 980.000 
 
 1,800,000 
 
 8,390,000 
 
 49,360,000 
 
 1862 
 April 
 
 r>,i,'tO,0i)O 
 
 ii.isn.non 
 
 io,fi30,noo 
 
 12,400,0110 
 
 10,060,000 22,1.'>O,O0O 
 
 410,000 
 
 '1,700.000 
 
 'J.160.O110 
 
 8,1,10,000 
 
 55,800,001) 
 .V2,100,000 
 
 Dec. 
 
 4,43O,0UO 
 
 8.j.->0,0U0 
 
 l'2,7(iO,OUO 
 
 12,130,000 
 
 lo,76o,mio 
 
 22,790,000 
 
 2 10,000 
 
 3,180,000 
 
 3,730,000 
 
 9,100,000 
 
 1863 
 
 April 
 
 4. ."i 10,000 
 
 1C/>20.000 
 
 lA.Ofio.non 
 
 10,840,000 
 
 o.i.'iO.noo 
 
 20,190,0011 
 
 370,000 
 
 3,310,000 
 
 3,260,000 
 
 8,890,0(10 
 
 5l,080,l«10 
 48,850,000 
 
 Die. 
 
 2,310,000 
 
 O/iilo.oou 
 
 8,620,000 
 
 13,660,000 
 
 ll,Sie,oou 
 
 '24,ilO,(XJO 
 
 520,000 
 
 2,030,000 
 
 3,110,000 
 
 9,160,000 
 
 April 
 
 :i,o:iO,ooo 
 
 5,T1",(|:M 
 
 S,7fiO,000 
 
 14,290,000 
 
 il,i.',o.ooo 
 
 2.',,7 10,000 
 
 580,000 
 
 i, 260,000 
 
 2,110,000 
 
 9,210,000 
 
 47,900 000 
 
 Dec. 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 ii,,','jo,oeo 
 
 22,,',70,OO0 
 
 960,000 
 
 9.10,000 
 
 1,770,000 
 
 9,930,(.(HJ 
 
 49,260,000 
 
 J:m. 
 
 _ 
 
 — . 
 
 I3,yon,000 
 
 14,380,000 
 
 13,220,000 
 
 27,600,000 
 
 810,000 
 
 9.'.o,nno 
 
 1,800,000 
 
 9,1 10.000 
 
 51,500 000 
 
 I-.lk 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 
 12,'J( 10,000 
 
 11,1. ',0,001) 
 
 26,o.iO,oilii 
 
 ■'^0,(100 
 
 960,000 
 
 1,83(),0()(1 
 
 9,120,000 
 
 
 .M.ir. 
 
 — 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 12.020.000 
 
 22,780.00(1 
 
 690.00.1 
 
 880,01)0 
 
 1,710,000 
 
 •1. 100 111 .11 
 
 
 .Vpril 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 10,0'^0,l)00 
 
 10,7!10,00() 
 
 2i),810.00(l 
 
 880.1)00 
 
 940,1100 
 
 1,910,000 9,19:1,000 
 
 .51,9'.'ii,Oilo 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 10,6,'»(),0()0 
 
 11,00< 1,000 
 
 2l,0'iO,(.0)) 
 
 1, '200,. 00 
 
 960,000 
 
 1,910,000 9,r^0,(M)0 
 
 June 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 lo..'i.io,iii)(i 
 
 19,180,001) 
 
 1,89(1,000 
 
 970,000 
 
 I.'ICO.OOO , ',1,9111,000 
 
 
 Julv 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 11,.1M),()00 
 
 12,290,000 
 
 '^1,670,0110 
 
 2,1J0,(1(10 
 
 1,010,000 
 
 2,120,000 ' 9,1(111,0.10 
 
 
 Auk- 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 11,01111,0(10 
 
 '«, 1.10,001 
 
 2,'iio,.«ii; 
 
 1,010,000 
 
 
 
 ^(■n. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 '.^n,lii),(»0() 
 
 11, .560,000 
 
 1 1 ,8,'iO,000 
 
 •23,110,1)111: 
 
 '2,660,01.0 
 
 960,000 
 
 2,()8",00(1 0,1 Ml 0110 
 
 
 o,r. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1S,S.~)0,(HH) 
 
 13,il0.009 
 
 12,800,0(10 
 
 '26,3IO.0lK 
 
 2,I8(),0()0 
 
 9'2O,()00 
 
 2,140,000 9.-00,0(1(1 ' .',.l',(;so!()(i(i 1 
 
 Nov. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 13,990,000 
 
 27,920,001 
 
 I,I40,()(1() 
 
 890,000 
 
 Dec. 
 
 — 
 
 "~ 
 
 
 12,010,0(10 
 
 25,540,000 
 
 1,910,000 
 
 850,000 
 
 1,960,000 
 
 'i,2i:o, 
 
 56,(170,000 I 
 
 Fluctuation!! in the Vuluc of the 
 
 Shares 
 
 of ih3 1 
 
 Bank of France since the V 
 
 mr 1801, par 
 
 1,000 /runes-. 
 
 
 
 Years " 
 
 Highest 
 
 I,owest 
 
 Years 
 
 Highest 
 
 Lowest 
 
 ISOl 
 
 1,4.'.0 
 
 1,170 
 
 1837-41 
 
 3,800 
 
 2,-50 
 
 180'2-fi 
 
 1,3S5 
 
 1,010 
 
 181'2-16 
 
 3,,'i()3 
 
 3,(H)0 
 
 1 807-1 1 
 
 1,4.10 
 
 l,ls'. 
 
 1817-51 
 
 3,400 
 
 930 
 
 1812-16 
 
 1 ,260 
 
 470 
 
 l85'/-.',0 
 
 4,'im 
 
 2,515 
 
 1817-21 
 
 1 ,605 
 
 1,112 
 
 1857-61 
 
 4,6(1(> 
 
 2,500 
 
 182'^-26 
 
 2,225 
 
 1,115 
 
 1862 
 
 3,500 
 
 2,920 
 
 IS27-11 
 
 2,050 
 
 1,380 
 
 1863 
 
 3,.500 
 
 3,275 
 
 1831-36 
 
 ■2,304 
 
 1,595 
 
 1864 
 
 5,595 
 
 3,260 
 
 Amount of Dividend paid per Share of the 
 Bunk of France, 183G-G1. 
 
 Yc.irs 
 
 Frs. 
 
 Years 
 1814 
 
 Frs. 
 
 Ycira 
 1851 
 
 Frs. 
 
 105 j 
 
 \ ears 
 
 in. 
 
 1836 
 
 112 
 
 107 
 
 IS '.8 
 
 Ill 
 
 1817 
 
 126 
 
 1815 
 
 1,13 
 
 18.'.2 
 
 118 1 
 
 IS'.') 
 
 11'. 
 
 1838 
 
 114 
 
 IS 16 
 
 15') 
 
 ;s'i3 
 
 154 
 
 ISf.O 
 
 1 10 
 
 1839 
 
 144 
 
 1817 
 
 177 
 
 IS.Vl 
 
 I'll : 
 
 1861 
 
 1 17 
 
 1810 
 
 1,19 
 
 1818 
 
 75 
 
 185', 
 
 200 
 
 
 158 
 
 1841 
 
 IM 
 
 184'P 
 
 106 
 
 1 856 
 
 272 
 
 1863 
 
 
 1812 
 
 136 
 
 1850 
 
 101 
 
 1857 
 
 217 
 
 181,1 
 
 200 
 
 
 122 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 During a period of 29 ynnr. the Bank thus 
 
 Year. 
 
 1805 
 1810 
 1815 
 |8'^() 
 IS'il 
 1831 
 1835 
 1810 
 
 .Si:i, 
 I'russiii.. 
 
 fillllldlil ;|| 
 
 of llainliiii 
 was renrf;.! 
 nioic e.Meii 
 aeconiaiice 
 '• notes li 
 \'h<' thaler 
 "lis i.ssuc 
 The ciipiial 
 portidii »it| 
 ill silvir, til 
 rest in luan 
 from (Weill V 
 an i.ssiie of', 
 tlif e.xt(.iit ( 
 'roin J to ;! 
 <li-siiiunts an 
 'liere eiiiinol 
 ni.itidii (III (',,f 
 tliat the pfd, 
 tnoiitiiijr iiicji 
 ill tlie hank a 
 'Hie sliareliol( 
 <j|'''i.i per ceiii 
 deduction of 
 orresi, ^liiel 
 <-'il|iit.'il, one 
 I)orlioii|.|| („ 
 to the Ircisui- 
 nuniher of en 
 •■Stettin, Ma. 
 I'osen, .Stolpc, 
 iJil.-^seldorf.C',. 
 tlie-Oder, Sir.-L 
 and thiu form 
 tioiis tliroiij,di 
 Till' private 
 was founded 
 of iiohl(j pro[ 
 (hulers. Aft( 
 carried to l,ri 
 "lis hank emli 
 of iiierchandis 
 .securities, riu 
 interest. It,-, 
 oil condition 
 'I'liere i,s a circn 
 of inort.ira^ 
 f"r_ l(),',,o( 10,1 III 
 difT'crciit juriiK 
 Hollies of varid 
 interest ;it .'!,< 
 
 Aita/iid.—Tl 
 ISl.'i, with the 
 and parliciiiarl 
 paper money, l) 
 all hut nominal 
 was 110,200,00 
 
 P 
 
BANK—HANKING 
 
 1.37 
 
 jiaid diviilonds of, I ypjir MSIH) 7 per cent., IH 
 vciifi 10 ti) I") per cent., H years I.I Id -.'il per 
 (•i;n(., 1 year (IH.jT) ".'l per ceiil., mid -'7 per cut. 
 in IHJU.' 
 
 .Vi<<c Circululiiiii (if llii- JIdii/i of I'niHii', |MII,")-G1. 
 
 Year, 
 
 IHil'i 
 
 Fn. 
 
 Ywin 
 
 Vx,. 
 
 ■ '),iHin,niio 
 
 IHI'i 
 
 'if.«,nii(i,ii(iii 
 
 ISlll 
 
 |II(I,IKK),IHI<) 
 
 INIS 
 
 .'1',.'^,l)0H,iillO 
 
 \s\< 
 
 4l.(lilii,l»ii) 
 
 IS/il 
 
 /.vi,i)"ii,iii«i 
 
 IH'211 
 
 |,'i.'i,IHIII,(i(llt 
 
 IS,',,'. 
 
 ril(l,IHI4l,tHH) 
 
 ls/1 
 
 vv.'^,""",'ieo 
 
 IXd'l 
 
 7,'in,l)(N),ii<HI 
 
 is-il 
 
 'il7*ii<Hi,iiiin 
 
 IHKi 
 
 HIII.IIIID.IIIU) 
 
 IH3-. 
 
 V'JI,(Hio,t;(in 
 
 IHIil 
 
 7HII,(I.JI),(I(IU 
 
 IHin 
 
 r^'>,IMHI,(l(K> 
 
 
 
 iSr.c, XI, — IUnkim; in (ii;ii.MAN'i. 
 
 Prunalii. — Tlie Uimk Kdv.tI of I'mssin wns 
 fmiiiiled at lierlin in 17(i."i, iipun llie inipdel nl' flml 
 of ilaniliiirj;. So it existed until Ml'!, wlien it 
 wiis reiirf^.miscil under a new charter, }>y wliicli 
 mtiri^ exteiisidii wa.s given to it,'< operaticiiis. In 
 accordance with thi,s new c<iiistiluticin. the issue 
 ,,;' notes ha,s been carried to 1. "),l)i Ml, 1 1(1(1 Ihalers 
 ^tlio thaler c'pial to '.'.t, 10:;'/, sterlin;,'). In I8.1II 
 Ihi.s issue was raised to '-.'UOtMMHIO of thalers. 
 The capital of the hank is always to he, in pro- 
 j)ortiou with the notes in circidation, t\\o-si.\lhs 
 in silver, three-sixths in hills discounti>d, and the 
 rest in loans on securities. The haidc notes are 
 from twcniy-livc to lil'ty tlialerseach ; hut in \s:,i\, 
 an issue of notes of ten thalers was perinitred to 
 the extent of aluiut lOO,!""'/. sterliu^,'. It p;iys 
 from ■_' toil per cent, 011 deposits. In IH.'itJ the 
 di,scounts amo(nited to L'iJS.OOO.dOO thalers. ISm 
 there cannot he a douht, althonf;li accurate iid'or- 
 niation on foreign hanl-nig is not easily attainahle, 
 that the progress of commerce is rapidly aug- 
 menting their use. The share of the (iovernnient 
 in the hank amount,s, at most, to 500,0i)ii Ihalers. 
 The shareholders are entitle(l to an annual interest 
 of ,'!,J, per cent, upon the, capital, and. aftera further 
 deduction of \ per cent, set apart for the reserve 
 or rest, which is not to exceed liO per cent, of tlu^ 
 capital, oiu' moiety of the surplus protils is ap- 
 portioned to them in addition, and tlie other goes 
 to the treasury. The hank hashranches in a great 
 iiumher of cities, as Hreslau, Kiiiiigshcrg, Diiut/.ic, 
 Stettin, Magdehiirg, IMiinstcr, Cologne, iMeniel, 
 I'oscn, Stolpe, Klherfeld, Treves, .\ix-la-('liapelle. 
 DUsseldorf, Cohleu/, Minden, I>furt, I'ranUfort-on- 
 the-Oder, Stralsund, Kiislin, Liegnit/, and Oppeln, 
 and thus forms a vast network of financial opera- 
 tions through all the kingdom. 
 
 The private hank of the noble.sse of Pomerania 
 was founded at Stettin, in l^'■_' I, hy an association 
 of iiohh; pidpri(!tors, with a I'apilal of l.oiio.diii) 
 thulers. After the crisis of lf<l>0 this capital was j of 'M, oO, ain 
 
 lloritiH, the note eireulntion r?7."i,Si>8.n-.'0 llorins, 
 mortgages in eirciilaliou n'faiidhiiil'e in Irnlauf) 
 I l,l."i:i.:!70 lloriiis. The s|i<cie held hy the hank 
 anioiiuled to 1 17,:i(lo,71S tlorius. Its privilei;e^ are 
 e.vteiided to Deceniher ;il, IH7(i, The loan to 
 the state in eonsideraiion of these privilege's is 
 «(i,0ii0,00() tlorius without security. 
 
 I'lie lt;inl of Vienna is the sole ,'<tate bunk of 
 Austria, Its liinclions are chietly those of issuing 
 paper, discounting coinmcni d liills. ami of cle- 
 velopiug certain kiiuls of public wor\-. It has 
 the soil' right of issuing notes. Ii appears that 
 the chief clanger which the hank runs is thai coii- 
 seijuent upon advances to (Jovernmeiit. which arc 
 made, as mi^ht he expected, profusely in time > of 
 pressure. I'hese advances are accompanii'd willi a 
 largely iiuTe'ised issue of paper. The bank allows 
 no interest 011 dcjiosits. The rale of tliscoiiiit is 
 never above ,') or helow I per cent. 
 
 The iiiuik had. iii iKd.i, nineteen hraucbrs, the 
 chill' of these being the esijijihshmcnls at I'rague, 
 I'eslli, and lirlinii. The business, l.iiwcvcr, done 
 at (he branches is comiiaratively trivial, 
 
 liiinii'ui. — The lloyal Itank of Nuremberg, 
 which has I ranches at Anspach (at wliieli place 
 it was lirst fouiidcd), llayretith, liamber^-, llof, 
 l.udwigsbafen. Ilalisboii and W'urtzburg, is an 
 .■iiieienl est.iblishnient, the supervision ol which is 
 in the hands of linance ministers. The funds of 
 the bank are derived from slate grants, advances 
 made by the Mlicials of the b;uik reserve fiiiids, 
 and deposits from the law courts. The net protils 
 are divided into two portions: of these one is 
 divided between the st.'lt(^ and the ollieials of the 
 b;ink ; the other moiety forms !i reserve. It imh- 
 lishes no accounts. Its business is thai .if exchange, 
 di.scouni, loan and deposit : loans being gr.inted on 
 sullicient- security, and de[)osits hearing interest of 
 from ■_' to .'! ]ier cent. 
 
 The loan and exchange Itaiik of T?avaria, which 
 was founded in Mnuicli in IH.M, and authorised by 
 royal decree in lis.!,"), began operations in Wo.y, 
 I t,s charter is for !)'.) years from .Inly 1, \K\\. It 
 had three branches in l."?ti;f. Its funelion is to 
 leiiil on goods up to liidf their value ; to discoiiiit. 
 bills of exchange of ninety days, ;ind containing 
 not less than three names, or Kiivariau securities 
 at six luonths' date; to lend on specie Ac. up to 
 ninety percent. ; to cciutrnct lire ancl life assurances. 
 'I'lie issue! i.i limited to 8,0(10,000 llorins. •_',(iii(i,00i, 
 being based on specie, 'i'he annual dividend on 
 the slock of the bank appears 10 be large. 
 
 Leii>sic. — This hank was fuunded by royal de- 
 cree in 183'.l, to endure for forty years, with ,a 
 capital of l,.")OO,00O thalers, a sum which has been 
 snhsecpicntly increased. It receives cleposits without, 
 interest, discounts three mouths' bills wiili three 
 I names, and ]ierforms similar o'perations. Its i.ssnes 
 
 carried to l,r):!l,,"j00 thalers. 'i'he operations of 
 this bank embrace discount, loans upon lodgmeuts 
 of merchandise, loans upon public and private 
 .securities, current account.s, and cle]iosits with 
 interest. It:, issue is limited to l,iloo,ou(J thalers, 
 on condition that it retains one third in specie. 
 'J'here is a circulation of about ',>0,000,00() of thalers 
 of mortgage notes in Prussia (these are, in fae:t, 
 for l(ir),000,il00). They have been issued, at 
 dilTcrcut periods, hy associations of projirietary 
 nobles of various parts of the kingdom, and carry 
 interest at lij per cent. 
 
 Austria. — The Ihink of Vienna was founded in 
 1815, with the purpo.sc of restoring the fmiinces, 
 and particularly for the conversion of the stale 
 paper money, the value of which was hy this time 
 all but nomin.il. At the end of 18(14 the capit.al 
 was 110,2JO,000 Jloriiis, tlic reserve 11,-207,'JOO 
 
 100 thalers uiii.''t he supported I 
 
 IV 
 
 two-thirds their amount hi .specie or ingots. The 
 protils are divided : ;> jicr cent, is livst paid on tlu; 
 capital, and of the surplus -.'> i)er cent, is added 
 to the reserve, until it reaches ;5.00(l,00() thalers, 
 .j for the managemeni, 70 for the sharcholdors. 
 
 lyUrtc'iiiln/y. — There are four hanks at Stiitt- 
 gardt, one belonging to the king. Another, possess- 
 iiigacapitalof 'J,000,()OU llorins, pays .') percent, and 
 wlialevtr surplus may exist, issues notes, twei- 
 thirds of which maybe guaranteed on commercial 
 bills, one-third in siiecie. 
 
 Biltiium. — The Xatiemal liaiik of Ijclgium is 
 modelled on that of the liank of France. lis 
 caiiii.al consists of 2.5,000 shares, each of 1,00(1 
 francs : it issues paper payable' on sight and to 
 bearer to the amount of 20." ,50, 100, 500, and 1,001) 
 francs ; hut without permission from Government 
 caiuiut increase its issues beyond three times its 
 
 I i 
 
128 
 
 moiallic reserve. 
 
 BANK— Banking 
 
 This 1>nnk has pniil large and 
 inrreasiiiR dividends to holders of its stock. 
 
 The Bank of Ik'ljjiiMn lias a capital of 30,000,000 
 francs in !,000 franc shares. It was authorised by 
 royal decree in 1835 for the period of forty years. 
 There arc also hanks at (ilient, Lii'gc, "^craing, 
 Tongres, Nainur, V'rrviers, besides loan ..nd dis- 
 coinit establishments and institutions of credit 
 foncier and mobilier. One of the last kind has 
 beer in existence since 1822, was authorised by 
 ihe kiii„' of Holland, was niodilied by the Belgian 
 monarcliv after the war of independence, and has 
 been emiu'^ntly successful. There are, in short, 
 few European countries in which banking has 
 been so fully developed as in Belgium. 
 
 Denmark. — There is a bank at Copenhagen 
 (with branches at Flcnsburg and Kcndsburg), 
 which was created in 1818, with a capital of 
 13,401.000 rixdoUars. The capital was ])rovided 
 by a sjiecial tax, the contributaries to which, ])ro- 
 vided their quota was not short (/f 100 rixdollars 
 (about 10/. 5s.), became pro ratfl shareholders. 
 The bank issues notes, the amount of which in 
 1864 was 20,000,000 rixd.'lars. 
 
 Greece. — The National Bank of Greece, situate 
 at Alliens, with branches at Patras and Syra, has 
 a capital of 5,000,000 drachma';, divided into 5,000 
 shares. It discounts bills at a maximum rate of 8 
 per cent., lends on lieposic of geld or sUver at a 
 piaxiraun: of 10 per cent., and makes ad»^..nces on 
 accounts current and deposits. It issues in^tes of 
 26, 100, and 500 drachmas, of whicli one-third 
 must be supported by specie, and bills of not less 
 than 100, o,- more than 1,000, drachmas. After 
 providing that 7 per cent, should be paid as 
 interest on the shares, the surplus is divided as 
 follows: four-twentieths to the reserve fund, until 
 this fund amounts to one-fifth of the capital; one- 
 twentieth to tlic directors an! oflicials; llftecn 
 twentieths to the jmiprietors ol shares. The bank 
 had, in 1803, 2,128,000 drachmas as a reserve, and 
 had paid, from its commencement in 1842 to this 
 date, a rate varying between ~h and 12 per cent, on 
 the capital. 
 
 Italy. — The National Bank of Italy has its 
 chief office at Turin with branches at Florence, 
 Nanles, Milan, and Genoa. Its capital amounts 
 to 100,000,000 francs in 100,000 shares on each of 
 which 700 francs is paid. Its foundation took place 
 1803, by the union of the National Hank of Turin 
 with that of Tuscany. There are also a bank at 
 Naples and at Home, the former with a capital of 
 1,000,000 ducats, the latter of 2,000,000 Boman 
 scudi. The issues of the I'apal Bank arc as iow as 
 a single scudo. Establishments of credit foncier 
 and mobilier have also been founded in Italy. 
 
 Forliir/al. — The National Bank of Portugal — 
 cliief office at Lisbon witli branch at Oporto — has 
 a ca|)ital of 8,000 contos of reis, divided into 80,00» 
 shares. It was established by royal d'>cree, by a 
 fusion of the old Bank of Lisbon and the Co'ni- 
 panhiaConlianza National. It issues notes, the 
 lowest at 1,200 reis, makes advances on bills and 
 deposits of mercliaudise &c., on immovable jiro- 
 perty, and on accounts current. Bills having two 
 names, and for ninety days, are discounted at 5 
 ]ier cent, and loans i;re lugotiated at the same 
 rate en i)nbli<: and privnte .'('curities. 
 
 S,iitiii. — The liank of Spain has its chief office 
 at >Iadrid, nith branches at Valeiitia and Micante. 
 Tlie governor and deputv-governor are nominated 
 by ihe state. Its cap'ital is 120,000,000 reals 
 velhn, in 00,000 shares. Int. rest tixed at per 
 cen;. The bank was fonndeil by tlic crown in 
 ]84'.l, ill place of the Hank of S. Ferdinand, which 
 had itself been incorporated with that of Isabella 
 II, An earlier institution was the bank of S. 
 
 Conies, founded by a Frenchman, in 1782, one 
 Caba'ius. 
 
 The bank issues notes up to a moiety of its. 
 capital, under the guarantee of a tliird ■)( the 
 issue in specie, the lowest note being of 500 reals 
 vellon. It discounts ninety days' bills with three 
 signatures, and makes advances on deposits to 
 foiir-tiftbs their value. The dividend on the 
 shares h.as been as b.igh as 2(i jier cent. Tb^rc 
 are other banks in yjjain, besides institntii'iis of 
 credit. 
 
 Sifetlen and Xonrai/. — Tlie Bank of Sweden 
 has its ciiiefotlice at Stockhohn. with brancnes at 
 (iothenburg. Malniii and Wisbv. Its capital is 
 13,000,000 bank tbalers. It was fouiukd in 1037. 
 It issues notes. Tl.e Iioyal Loan Bi.nk of Norway 
 has a capital of 3,000,000 tbalers specie. It's 
 chief offices are at Drontheim, but it lias several 
 branches. It issues paper to double the amount 
 of its reserve in bullion. 
 
 Switzerland. — Ibere are numerous hanks in 
 this republic, each state in the confederation being 
 possessed of a bank. 
 
 Turh'i/. — The transactions of this community 
 are managed by the Imperial Ottoman Bank, 
 whicli is cinj'owered to issue notes. "Tiic capital 
 of the bank is 07,000,000 francs. 
 
 Walluchia and Moldav'ui. — These principalities 
 have a bank at Jassy. the capital of which is 
 10,000,000 tbalers in "50,000 shares. It issues a 
 jiaper currency, which must be supported bj one- 
 tliird its amount in specie. 
 
 Bank of the Netherlands. — 1 he original capital 
 was fixed at 5,000,000 ilorins, with a power of 
 doubling this, if expedient; but two years (.lapsed 
 before the whole was subscribed for. Of this 
 capital the State held 1,000,000 liorins. 
 
 In 181(1 the capital was raised to 10,000,000 
 florins ; and as the rest then amounted to 250,000 
 florins, in order to place the new shaiCS on the 
 same footing with tlie old, 1,050 florin.') were paid 
 up on each share. The whole were immediately 
 placed, as will be seen bv the balance of March 31, 
 1820. 
 
 In 1838 the charter was renewed for another 
 [leriod of 25 years by royal decree, and the capital 
 increased to 15,000,000 florins, the State receiving 
 am! e.xerci.sing the right of holding 500,000 florins 
 of the increase of capital. The sum to be paid up 
 on each of the new shares was fixed at 115 tlorin.s, 
 thus bringing the capital and rest up to 17,500,000 
 florins, at wliich figure it remained with trifling 
 change up to the expiration of the renewed charter. 
 It ai)pcars by the statement made by the Minister 
 of Finarcc, in laying before the States- (Jeneral a 
 bill for the renewal of the charter of the Bank, 
 that the last-named 500 shares belonging to 
 the Slate were sidd in 1840 at a i)remiuin of 
 103,80!! florins 35 cents; ami the original 1,000 
 sha; s likewise held by the State wen^ realised in 
 184.^ fetching the sum of 1.010,000 florins. 
 
 By the new charter of lf<38, several reslriction.s 
 existing under the former one were removed, while 
 on the other hand the Bank lost some of its 
 privileges. 
 
 i.'p to the year 1852 a strict injunctiou of 
 secresy -..as iiniiosed and observed; in the la-it- 
 nientioned yea"- this injunction was removed, ami 
 the i)iiblication of some details of the operalimis 
 of the Hank reiidere<l imperative, and of others 
 pcrmi.ssive. The same decree empowered it also 
 to make loans on all foreign Government stock.'- 
 without distinction. 
 
 Lastly the charter was again renewed by Act of 
 the Legislature in 18ri3. The 1,000 snares reserved 
 to flic (loveriiment by the new charter were sold 
 at thfc price of 1,040 florins per share. 
 
 It is 
 
 has a < 
 Iiroporti 
 
 Sec. y 
 
 It has 
 States f 
 blished i 
 demand. 
 h(dders i 
 of their ( 
 establish 
 in generi 
 to a coiTij 
 lianking 
 individuo 
 vided the 
 guidance, 
 «cnted. 
 
 Under i 
 nnd valiK 
 State.s ha' 
 "■.V; andi 
 of bat ■ -uj 
 Bci ei 
 oifTcr t f 
 ajd it is sj 
 'I'reasury o 
 th..t these 
 and 18lf), 
 and severe, 
 occurred. 
 
 J'ut had 
 that which 
 accounts of 
 a little; bul 
 i>o very neai 
 
 Year* 
 
 1 8-0. 
 J8.1I- 
 1M5. 
 IM6 - . 
 1837 - 
 
 . Now obse 
 increase tuA 
 are told is q 
 paying notci 
 most men o 
 that a revulf 
 ^*"thin the U 
 exception, st 
 J'l 1838 s, 
 Managed, an 
 payment in , 
 ther crash toe 
 Y'l'c'). as has 
 dollars in 183 
 and (o 58,503 
 that in this la, 
 i"g the Bank 
 <lestroycd. ,. 
 preciation wh 
 ')('all kinds, ai 
 enormous. A 
 really trifling, 
 has stated, coi 
 fociety from t 
 elements of sc 
 station of men 
 •'^[leculalioii wl, 
 to retain ill-g„ 
 The evils ol 
 aggravated by 
 "■ ist banks ha 
 (be h.indsof re 
 "ic humbler > 
 severely bv the 
 Siiice 1838 
 
 vh 
 
BANK— BANKING 
 
 729 
 
 It is alleged that the Bank of the Netherlands 
 has a considerably K''<^ater supply of bullion in 
 proportion to its circulation than any other bank. 
 
 Sec. XII. — Banking ix the Unite. > States. 
 
 IL has been the unirorm practice of -he diffcrcni 
 States of the Union to allow banks to be esta- 
 blished l».i- the issue of notes, payable in specie on 
 demand. In ca?es where the liability of share- 
 holders in banks was to be limited to the amount 
 of their shares, they had, previously to 1838, to be 
 established by Acta of the local legislatures. But, 
 in general, these were easily obtained ; and down 
 to a comparatively late pcuod, it may be said that 
 V)anking was quite free; and that, practically, all 
 individuals or associations might issue notes, pro- 
 vided they abided by the rules laid down for their 
 guidance, and engaged to pay them when pre- 
 sented. 
 
 Under this system, the changes in the amount 
 and value of the paper currency of the United 
 States have been greater than in any other coun- 
 try ; and it has produced an unprecedented amount 
 of bat ■■'uptcy and ruin. 
 
 Bo en 1811 and 1820, about 195 banks, in 
 differ- t parts of the Union, became bankrupt ; 
 ard it is said, in a report by the Secretary of the 
 Treasury of the United States, dated May 12, 1 S20, 
 th..t these failures, which mostly happened in 1811 
 ar.d 1810, produced a state of distress so general 
 and severe, that few examples of the like had then 
 occurred. 
 
 But bad as this instance was, it was nothing to 
 that which took place subsequently to 1834. The 
 accounts of the aggregate issues of the banks differ 
 a little ; but the following statement is believed to 
 i/c very nearly accurate, viz. : — 
 
 Year* 
 
 ISIO- 
 18.11- 
 
 15.15 . 
 
 15.16 - 
 1837- 
 
 Notn 
 
 - f;6,6/K.a«0dollari. 
 
 - iii.i,r.'J!(,iM „ 
 
 - I i(»..ii(>,r..is „ 
 
 - IIU,l86,8ilO „ 
 
 Now observe, that this sudden and enormous 
 increase took place under the obligation, which v.e 
 are told is quite enough to prevent all abuse, of 
 paying notes on demand. The result was. what 
 most men of sense must have anticipated, viz. 
 that a revulsion took place, and that everj' bank 
 within the Union, without, it is believed, a single 
 exception, stopped payment in 1837. 
 
 Jn 1838 sjcii of the banks as had been best 
 Kianagcd, and had the largest capitals, resumed 
 payment in specie. But in 1839 and '840 a far- 
 ther crash took place. And the bank-notes afloat, 
 which, as has been seen, amounted to 149,185,800 
 dollars in 1837, sunk to 83,734,000 dollars in 1842, 
 aiul to 58,503,000 dollars in 1843, It is supposed 
 that in this latter crash nearly 180 banks, includ- 
 ing the Bank of the United States, were totally 
 <U'.stroyed. And the loss occasioned, by the de- 
 jiroclation which it caused in the value of stocks 
 ■)( all kinds, and of all sorts of property, was quite 
 enormous. And yet, vast as that loss was, it was 
 really trifling, as a writer in the American Almanac 
 has stated, compared with ' the injury resulting to 
 fociety from the upheaving it occasioned of the 
 elements of social order, and the utter dcmorali- 
 vatiou of men by the irresistible temptation to 
 speculation which it afforded, ending in swindling 
 to retain ill-gotten riches.' 
 
 The evils of the American system have been 
 aggravated by the lowness of the notes which 
 n. ist banks have issued. This brings them into 
 the hands of retail traders, labourers, and others in 
 the humbler walks of life, who always suficr 
 severely by the failure of a bank. 
 
 Since 1838 and i.b42, various measures have 
 
 been taken m nearly all the States, but principally 
 in New York, to restrain the free action of the 
 banks, and ta prevent a repetition of the calamities 
 referred to. 
 
 In New York, for example, the banks have been 
 divided into two great classes — the incorporated 
 and the free banks. The former, which are in- 
 corporated by a State law, have to conform to 
 certain regulations, and have to contribute a half 
 per cent, annually upcn their capital to a security 
 fund, which is devoted to the payment of the notes 
 of defaulting banks. But this is a most objection- 
 able plan ; for, in the first place, it does not prevent 
 bankruptcies ; and in the second place, it compel'< 
 the well-managed banks to contribute to a fund 
 which goes to pay the debts of those that are mis- 
 m.Tiiaged. It has consequently declined in favour, 
 and is now rarely acted upon. 
 
 In the other, or free banking system, :;11 in- 
 dividuals or associations who choose to deposit 
 securities (minimum amount 100,000 dollars) fjr 
 their payment, are allowed to issue an equal 
 amount of notc]. And this is certainly by far the 
 more efficient as well as the most popular of the 
 two plans. But it is objectionable, Lucausc, 1st. 
 A longer or shorter, but always a considerable, 
 period necessarily elapses after a bank stops before 
 its notes can be retiree' ; and, 2nd. Because the 
 securities lodged for the notes are necessarily at all 
 limes of unee't-ain and fluctuating value ; while, 
 in periods of panic or general distrust, they becr.nie 
 all but inconvertible. The Sub-sccrntary of the 
 Treasury of the United States ha3 animadverted as 
 follows on this plan, in a letter dated Nov. 27, 1854 : 
 • 'J'he policy of many of the State governments 
 has of late years consisted in 'incouniging the issue 
 of small notes, by sanctioning the establishment 
 of what are popularly called " free banks," with 
 deposits of stocks and mortgages for the " ultimate " 
 security of their issues. This " ultimate " security 
 in, it may be admitted, better than no security at 
 all. The mischief is, that it is least .ivailablu 
 when most wanted. The very causes which pre- 
 vent the banks from redeem. iig their issues 
 promptly, rause a fall in the value of the stocks 
 and iiortg.igcs on " the ultimate security " of which 
 their notes have been issued. The " ultimate 
 security" may avail someihing to the broker who 
 buys thum at a discount, and can hold them for 
 months or years; but the labouring man who has 
 notes of these " State security banks" in his pos- 
 session, finds, when they stop payment, that" the 
 ultimaic security " for their redemption d(5es r.ut 
 prevent his losing twenty-five cents, fifty cents, 
 or even seventy-five cents in the dollar, 
 
 ' In a circulating medium we waiit something 
 more than " ultimate security." We want also 
 "immediate" security ; we want security that i» 
 good to-day, and will be good to-morrow, and the 
 next day, and for ever thereafter. 'J'his security 
 is found in gold and silver, and in these only.' 
 
 Tlie above statements are taken from a paper 
 read by Lord Overstone to the late Ccmniittee on 
 Banks. 
 
 It appears from the Bcportof the Superintendent 
 of Banking for the Strife of New York for 185(1 
 that the securities he then held in trust amounted 
 to 39,359,071 dols., wiiich were almost wholly 
 , 'odged by banking as.iociations and individual 
 bankers. 
 
 During the year the securities held in trust for 
 the under-mentioned banks that had become in- 
 solvent in 1865 were disposed of. But the sutns 
 realised by their sale did nc'_ in any case suflice to 
 pay the notes at par, while a period varying from 
 two to four years would have to elapse before the 
 nflfaira of the insolvent banks will be tlnally settled. 
 
130 
 
 BANK— BANKING 
 
 Namnofll^nk* that Falkd 
 
 Eiublh ATpnue Mank - - - - 
 FrfrmtT*!* llHiik, OnonilaR.-l - . . 
 J.iiDe^' Hank ..-..- 
 McTihiniN* and Mertianifjt* Ilank,\pswe(;o 
 N- w Kochf ilc, Hnnk of - - -■ - 
 
 Ni'W Kwlii III', Dank nf 
 
 Notes ]le(li<«meil 
 
 ^11 
 
 All 
 
 All 
 
 All 
 
 Stork Niit«i - - • 
 Mtock anil Estate Notes 
 
 Ralnnf 
 
 lU-demptlon 
 
 ni ci'iiH 
 M.'. cnH 
 91 cenIM 
 77 cents 
 Tar - • 
 Kl cents 
 
 Time for Reileinption 
 
 May al.ISfl 
 No». I'i, IKM 
 June 17, IS.'iil 
 hept. »«, 18611 
 .lune 17, l«.'iS 
 June 17, 18511 
 
 This statement sets the defective nntnre of the 
 FPCtirily system, as ndministored in New York, in 
 tlie clearest point of viciV. It mifjlit, no donht, be 
 improved by iiicrensin}; tlie proportion of sccnrities 
 to notes. But owinp to tlie variety of secitriiies 
 that are taken (viz. all manner of bonds and 
 miirtRaKes, state, canal, m\<\ railway stocks &c, 
 &c.), and the nnccrtaiiity of their value, a prcat 
 ileal of risk is always incurred in acceptinfc them, 
 and they can never form a proper foimdatiun on 
 which to issue notes. 
 
 Hut, however desirable, it would, we fear, be 
 visionary to expect that local issues should be 
 suppressed in America, or that her paper currency 
 should be placed on a really sound foundation. 
 IJut it may, nevertheless, be easily and (greatly 
 improve J, And, perhaps, this would be best ef- 
 
 fected by suppressing low notes, or those for less 
 than twenty ilollars, and increasing the proportion 
 of securities to issues. The rules on which so 
 much stress is laid, in most parts of America, 
 for making the issues of banks depend on the 
 magnitude of their capitals, or the amount of 
 specie in their vaults, arc really of no use what- 
 ever. They may be and have been eluded and 
 defeated in a thousand waj-s, and serve only to 
 make the public look for jirotection to what is 
 altogether impotent and worthless for any good 
 purpose. 
 
 The following t.nblc, from Hunt's Commercial 
 Mogazine for March 1H57, gives an account of the 
 number and condition of the banks of the United 
 States, as officially reported, in certain years from 
 1831 to ISoC. 
 
 Table, of the Secretary of the Treasury, show'ing the Nvmher of Bonis and Branches, u-ith their Capitals, 
 JJiscounts, Impede, Circulation, ami Deposits, in the Union, in the following Years, from IS.'J-l to 
 1850. The last line gives the position of the Baiihs near January 1, 185C. 
 
 Years 
 
 Banks 
 
 Capital 
 
 DisLonnts 
 
 S|>crie 
 
 Circulation 
 
 Deposits 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 1? 
 
 « 
 
 WM 
 
 .inB 
 
 sno.niifi.nno 
 
 .i»i,iin,nno 
 
 ■vc .CIV,! Kin 
 
 9i,sin,nno 
 
 7.'>,'.(i7,nno 
 
 IK.Ifi 
 
 71.'. 
 
 li.'il,S7.'>,0i«l 
 
 457,.'il"i,lMI) 
 
 40,ilV(V">l> 
 
 Ml)..1III.lllll) 
 
 ii.'i.ini.iioi) 
 
 ik:i7 
 
 7SS 
 
 •iin.ivum) 
 
 M.'sllfi.llOU 
 
 .17,91.'),lll)<) 
 
 MnilS"!.!)!)!) 
 
 r^7,i!i7, (1(1(1 
 
 1S4.T 
 
 6»l 
 
 ViUfiii'i.lv*^ 
 
 2.'il,.'il5,(llli> 
 
 .1.1,.'ilf.,(lilO 
 
 .'i,S,.'if)l,(H)0 
 
 5f,.ii.v,nii() 
 
 IHIS 
 
 7il 
 
 i(ll1,S.->.-,0(K) 
 
 .111,177.(WM) 
 
 46,.17II,I«I0 
 
 lys,.M).i,rHi() 
 
 l().1,'iWi,(lll(l 
 
 1S.',I 
 
 S7« 
 
 Xi7.WiS,"ll0 
 
 4I.1,7.')7,()(10 
 
 4S,f.; 1,111)1) 
 
 l.'i.-.,lfi.'i,Olll) 
 
 las.'.i.w.imo 
 
 ISS4 
 
 l.vos 
 
 .1111, .17(5,0(10 
 
 S.'i7,inS,(»IO 
 
 M,ilii,iino 
 
 VIH,(iS!),lll)i) 
 
 1SS.IS9.0II() 
 
 IS.V. 
 
 i,r.()7 
 
 .11a,177,ll(H) 
 
 .'i7(i,M.'>,(l()ll 
 
 .1.1,9 r- ,111 10 
 
 lH(;,^i5v,(iNi) 
 
 lfl(),4<l(l,()l)i| 
 
 1S5S 
 
 1 ,.->9H 
 
 3l.1,S74,()()n 
 
 fi.1l,lS.1,0IKI 
 
 S9,114,()l)0 
 
 19'.,747,l)iH) 
 
 !!12,7U0,0OO 
 
 Statement showing the Condition of the Banks of the United States in 18,0."), 1850, 1857, ami 1858. 
 
 Numlier of hanks - 
 Number of branchi-^ 
 
 Toul • 
 Capital paid In 
 
 I.oans and discounts 
 
 Sloflts 
 Heal estale • 
 Oilier iiivpstments 
 Pn • by other banks 
 Notes 'of Dthtir banks 
 Sperie funds 
 Hjietie 
 
 fircuTatlon - -...._ 
 
 Deii'isits .--._.. 
 Due til oiber hanks - . - - . 
 
 Oilier liabilities • - - - - 
 
 Actfri'Baleof immciliate li ibirties - . . 
 
 A L'grefiale of immediate iniMiis «... 
 (ioltl anil silver in tlie Uniteil Slates treasury depositories 
 Total sperie in banks and treasury deiio..;tories 
 
 1,1(5.1 
 141 
 
 14.1 
 
 1,.107 
 
 I,39S 
 
 S.13ii,177.0(IU I S.14.1,S74,000 
 
 1.1.1 
 
 5.170,8.15,0(10 
 
 l.iSI 
 
 rs 
 
 ?.1!ll,(5'^r.,0()ll 
 
 KFSOfRCES 
 
 Si7(5,14.'i,ni)0 
 
 S4,n7l,()il() 
 S,7.1'i,()l)i) 
 55.7.19,(100 
 !(.1,1.1(i,l»ll) 
 2I,9.1(i,n()0 
 M,'j4 5,000 
 
 I.IAIttl.lTlE.S 
 
 lRfi,95?,nno 
 
 I9(l.4()l),0(IO 
 4"i,157,ll()() 
 15,(;iHI,()0() 
 4'^'^,50'i,iKl() 
 l.'.S,((l'l,nU() 
 'J7.IK9,n(l0 
 SI, 1.11,000 
 
 SC.1I, 181,090 
 49,4'5,li()0 
 
 »),sfi(i,n{i(i 
 
 8,S'^".,(K)il 
 (5^,(ill),l>0l) 
 li4, 779,01)1) 
 19,918,000 
 59,31 4, (H)0 
 
 195,748,000 
 
 y|y,7(i(i.(Ml() 
 
 .M,TW),(li)i) 
 
 IV.VVS.iuii) 
 
 4ril, 174,1 IIKI 
 
 ifi(i,';7i,oiio 
 
 Ka,0!il),000 
 
 Sf 81,457,000 
 ■V.l,'l7l,<)iill 
 
 a(5, 1 •i.'t.mn 
 
 5,9iO,(i()il 
 (i'i,819,0(,() 
 '.'S.l'il.OIIO 
 V."i,(l,SV,ll(l() 
 i»,.1iO,(jOO 
 
 214,779,000 
 210,.15l,l)O0 
 57,674,000 
 19,817.000 
 .'i(17 S05,0()o 
 177,405,000 
 ';ill,0(i(:,(IOO 
 78,416,000 
 
 S5S1,165,nnn 
 
 6(.,rio5,0(i() 
 
 2S.7.'i6,OllO 
 6,07(5,(11111 
 .18,1 1.11,(101 1 
 22,417,1100 
 l.'i,.1Sii,iliiil 
 "4,113,0(10 
 
 155,208,(^00 
 
 185,93V,illM 
 
 51.170(11111 
 
 14.167,0"!) 
 
 .192,1111,0(11) 
 
 170,291,11110 
 
 10,229,i»l() 
 
 84,G(2,000 
 
 In 1857 another crash took place, and alt tlie 
 banks in the Union, from the (Julf of Mexico 
 to the frontiers of Can.ida, .again stopped p."iy- 
 ment.'. 
 
 This new crash affords, liad that been necessary, 
 a fresh and striking illustration of the truth of the 
 principles we have endeavoured to establish in the 
 course of this treatise; and it may be expected to 
 awaken, if tliat be possible, the American people 
 to a proper sense of the enormous abuses connected 
 
 with their banking system ; and tlic necessity of 
 placing it on an entirely new foundation. 
 
 The above account shows that there had been a 
 rapid increase of discounts since 1851, and that in- 
 crease was especially great in 1856, and went on 
 augmenting down to August (1857). On the 8th 
 of that month, the dbcounts and advances by the 
 New York banks amounted to 122,077,252 dollars, 
 the deposits in their possession being at the same 
 time 94,430,417 dollars. This was the maximum of 
 
 both. ( 
 
 f'f'mpan 
 
 business 
 
 Bo doing 
 
 dencc, w 
 
 banks ti 
 
 certain < 
 
 was prim 
 
 so reduce 
 
 October 
 
 dollars. 
 
 ncce.ssaril 
 
 tho.se mci 
 
 banks foi 
 
 stopping t 
 
 October 1 
 
 "f41„54(;,; 
 
 nnivcrsal • 
 
 f'f these pr 
 
 There si 
 
 advances i 
 
 tr-idiiig, w( 
 
 It is import 
 
 Banker's 3 
 
 and other 
 
 Vork, tha' 
 
 part at leas 
 
 allowed at 
 
 accounts, o 
 
 bankers am 
 
 'veep largo b 
 
 and in sorr 
 
 Jiioney-deale 
 
 questionable 
 
 interest paya 
 
 may be truly 
 
 of the least d 
 
 of wild .specu 
 
 ever any serit 
 
 file Union tt 
 
 sequences ar 
 -"■'"■ i; fc 
 
 iSe° iuter table under L'NirnD SrAiiu-. 
 
 disastrous ; 
 being very i 
 resist no scri 
 payment of r 
 a few stop, a 
 even the hes 
 niin. 
 
 A tendency 
 peculiarities 6 
 f'c liability 
 limited, the d. 
 of notes not iss 
 '" trust to, r 
 ^'icir suspicioi 
 selves by witht 
 their notes. J^ 
 lianics spread 
 ";n.v add, that 
 'ii-'iseminateil ir 
 trary circiimst; 
 •'.V the public i 
 partners to niak 
 
 In the city 
 foreign exchan 
 always on hant 
 specie. But tin 
 "hat a small 
 country parts of 
 "lit. the Union, c 
 III Wlustratiou oi 
 "lat in June \ 
 "'.V of New Y 
 roiurns to hav( 
 circulation, with 
 flian 12,000,000 
 iiut at the same 
 
BANK— BANKING 
 
 131 
 
 both. On Aufjust 24, the Ohio Life and Trust 
 (>)mpany, A.iiich carried on an extensive banking 
 business in New York, stopped payments; and by 
 BO doing pave a severe sliock to credit and confi- 
 dence, which the suspension of two or three more 
 banks turned into a panic. Notes being in a 
 certain degree secured, tlic run upon the banks 
 was principally for deposits. And to meet it they 
 so reduced their discounts and advances, that on 
 October 17 they amounted to only 97,245,826 
 dollars. This sudden and violent contraction 
 necessarily occasioned the suspension of many of 
 those mercantile houses that had depended on the 
 banks for discounts. And it did this without 
 stopping the drain for deposits, which had sunk on 
 October 17 to 52,894,023 dollars, being a decrease 
 of 41,540,784 dollars, in about two months. The 
 universal stoppage of ihe banks was a consequence 
 of these proceedings. 
 
 There seems to be no doubt th.it improvident 
 advances on the part of the banks, and over- 
 trading, wore the main causes of the crisis.^ And 
 it is important to observe that it is stated in the 
 Banker's Magazine for November 1857 (p. 430), 
 and other works of authority published in New 
 Yorlc, tha' the improvidence referred to was, iri 
 part at least, occasioned by the too high interest 
 allowed at New York on deposits on current 
 accounts, or at call. This made the opubnt 
 bankers and capitalists in the Western States 
 keep large balances at New York ; and it tempted, 
 and in some degree obliged, the bankers and 
 money-dealers in the latter to make r.dvanccs on 
 questionable security, for the sake of the high 
 interest payable on them. A system of this sort 
 may be truly said to force capital into the hands 
 of the least deserving, and to be a prolific source 
 of wild speculation and overtrading. And when- 
 ever any serious check is given in any quarter of 
 the Union to the process of inflation, the con- 
 sequences are sure to be in the last degree 
 disastrous ; for, the greater number of the banks 
 being very ill supplied with specie, they can 
 resist no seriou.i demand upon them eillicr for 
 payment of notes or deposits; and when one or 
 a few stop, a panic is generated, wliich involves 
 even the best managed banks in the common 
 ruin. 
 
 A tendency to panics is, in fact, one of the 
 peculiarities of the American system. Owing to 
 the liability of the partners in banks being 
 limited, the" depositors in them, and the holders 
 of notes not issued upon securities, having nothing 
 to trust to, make all imaginable haste, when 
 their suspicions are awakened, to save tb.em- 
 solves by withdrawing their deposits, and cashing 
 their notes. And hence the rapidity with which 
 panics spread throughout the Union; and, we 
 may add, that the slowness with which they are 
 disseminated in this country arises from the con- 
 trary circumstances, from the conlidcnce )>laoed 
 by the public in the unlimited obligation of the 
 partners to make good all demands. 
 
 In the city of New York, the action of the 
 fiireign exchanges compels the banks to have 
 always on hand a very considerable amount of 
 specie. But the reader will hardly believe with 
 wliat a small stock of coin the banks in the 
 country parts of that state, and generally through- 
 out the Union, contrive to carry on their business. 
 In illustration of this statement, we may mention, 
 that in June 1857 the fifty-six banks in the 
 city of New York are reported in the official 
 returns to have had 8,000,000 dels, notes in 
 circulation, with an aggregate amount of no less 
 ttiiin 12,000,000 dols. specie in their cofl'ers. 
 But at the same time that the city banks were 
 
 in this situation the circulation of the 255 
 country banks then existing in the state is re- 
 turned at 24,000,000 di.ls., and their specie at 
 only 1,200,000 dols., being only one-twcniieih 
 part of their notes afloat. And as these returns 
 give only average results, it follows that, wliilo 
 some of the banks would have more, others would 
 have proportionally less specie than this medium 
 rate. 
 
 A notion, indeed, would appear to be gaining 
 ground among the banks, in somt; i)arLs of the 
 States, that wiien they have given security for 
 their issues, they have done quite enough, and 
 that they may dispense with the troublesome 
 obligation to pay them on demand. It appears, 
 for example, that in the moral and religious state 
 of Slassacbusetts there were, on July 7, iSuli, 
 no fewer than 135 banks (excluding those iu 
 Boston), which had 0,601,130 dols. of deposits, 
 and notes in circulation amounting to 13,106,06ti 
 dols., while their specie on hand amounted to 
 only 1,092,403 dols., or about one-thirlcenth 
 part of the circulation. And in other parts of the 
 Union the stock of bullion was still more scanty. 
 Thus, in Illinois, on July 0, 1857, the State Bank, 
 with noces afloat to the amouiit of 725,000 dols., 
 had, to m-.et all demands, 01,000 dols. in specie 
 in her ooficrs ; while the Grayville Bank, with 
 a circulation of. 471,550 dols., was provided with 
 a supply of 18,951 dols. in specie ; and the Kaleigh 
 Biink, witli a circulation amounting to 248,000 
 dols., had a specie fund of no less than 1,000 
 dols. ! It may be supposed, perhaps, that this 
 would be the minimum amount of specie, but no. 
 For some banks (such as the Bank of the Com- 
 monwealth, with notes afloat to the extent of 
 84,915 dols.) were honest enough to admit that 
 they had a considerable circulation without being 
 encumbered with a single dollar ! 
 
 It is evident that a banking system of this sort 
 has no better foundation than a house of cards. 
 It is sure to fall to pieces at the first touch. The 
 grand object of by far the greater number of the 
 bankers is to get their notes into circulation ; 
 and as these are often issued for very small sums, 
 cost nothing, and at the same time yield some 
 eight, ten, or twelve per cent., or more, of ;n- 
 teres», we need not wonder at the eagerness with 
 which they pursue this object, or at their success, 
 or the abuses to which it leads. The discount of 
 bills at distant dates, and their renewal, make part 
 of the system. 
 
 The security system followed in New Yovk, oven 
 were it generally adopted, aOords no guarantee 
 against these evils. Instead of preventing, it 
 really tends to encourage, over-issue, and it is 
 impotent to insure a proper .supply of bullion. 
 All that it contemphtes is the ultimate pay- 
 ment of the notes; but it does not prevent the 
 bankruptcy of those by whom they are issued, 
 and 've have seen that it docs not accomplish 
 even that ultimate payment which it has ex- 
 clusively in view. The whole system is rotten 
 to the Core; and unhappily, too, . is deeply 
 injurious to all those with whom the Americans 
 have any dealings, as well as to themselves. 
 
 Wo are glad to be able to conoborate our views 
 of these matte rs by the high authority of a former 
 President of the Uijitcd States. Mr. Buchanan, 
 in his Message to Congress, delivered on De- 
 cember 8, 1857, makes the following conclusive 
 statement: 'The first duty which banks owe 
 to the public is to keep in their vaults a suflicient 
 amoinit of gold and silver to insure the con- 
 vertibility tf their notes into coin at all times 
 and under all circumstances. No bank ought 
 ever to be chartered without such restrictions 
 k2 
 
 I 1 
 
132 
 
 BANK— BANKING 
 
 
 on its business as to secure this result. All other 
 restrictions nre compiiratively vain. This is the 
 onlv true touchstone— the only efficient re^julator 
 of "a paper currency — the only one which can 
 punnl tlic public against over-issues and bank 
 Busponsions. As a collateral and eventual se- 
 curity it is doubtless wise, and in all cases ought 
 to be" rcfjuircd, that banks shall hold an amount 
 of United States' or state securities equal to 
 their notes in circulation, and pledged for their 
 redompi ion. This, however, furnishes no adequate 
 security against over-issues. On the contrary, it 
 may be perverted to intlatc the currency; iniiced, 
 it is possible by this means to convert all the 
 debts of the United States and state governments 
 into batik notes, without reference to the specie 
 rc(|uircd to redeem them, however valuable 
 these securities may be in themselves, they can- 
 not be converted "into gold and silver at the 
 moment of pressure, as our experience teaches, 
 in suflicient time to prevent bank suspensions and 
 the depreciation of bank-notes.' 
 
 It is truly stated by Mr. Buchanan, in the 
 Message now referred to, ' that it is easy to ac- 
 count for our financial history for the last forty 
 years. It has been a histdry of extravag..,it 
 expansions in the business of the country, followed 
 by ruinous contractions. At successive intervals 
 the best and most enterprising men have been 
 tempted to their ruin by excessive bank loans 
 of mere paper credit, exciting them to extrava- 
 gant importations of foreign goods, w\!d specu- 
 lations, and ruinous and demoralising stock 
 gambling. When the crisis arrives, as arrive it 
 must, the banks can extend no relief to the people. 
 In a vain struggle to redeem their liabilities in 
 specie, they are compelled to contract their loans 
 and their issues ; and at last, in the hour of 
 distress, when their assistance is most needed, 
 they awl their debtors together sink into in- 
 solvency.' 
 
 We have .already seen that the real value of 
 cur exports to the United States in 185(> amounted 
 to 2I,47(!,0()0/. But we have been too much in 
 the habit of estimating our commercial prosperity 
 by the magnitude of the exports, which is a most 
 fallacious criterion. We have heard it .stated by 
 well-informed parties, and we believe the state- 
 ment to be tnie, that but for the extreme in- 
 flation of the banking .and credit system of the 
 United States, the imports from England in 
 \HhS would not have exceeded 15,000,000/. or 
 16,000,000/.; and that those from France and 
 other cciuntries would have been reduced in some- 
 thing like the .^ame proportion. And, had such 
 been the case, production here would not have 
 boon unnaturally stimulated, and a fair profit 
 would have been obtained from our cxport.s, 
 whereas tliey will now entail a large and most 
 serious loss. 
 
 Hosidcs the banltruptcy and ruin that periodi- 
 cally .arise from such a system, it is at a" times 
 productive of the greatest inconveniei. o and 
 trouble. Where there are so many separate and 
 independent banks (about 1,400), the sphere of 
 the iiitlucnce and circulation of each is neces- 
 sarily circumscribed ; and when notes get to any 
 considerable distance from the place where they 
 are issued, especially when they get into a 
 difforont state, they circulate with difficulty, and 
 generally at a discount. But this is not the only 
 evil by which their circulation is attended. Banks 
 arc every now and then suspending payments, or 
 getting into discredit. And lists arc regularly 
 publishecl of such defaulting or suspected banks, 
 and of the rates of discount at which their notes 
 are current, without which no traveller can leave 
 
 his house, and no shopkeejKir can venture to 
 transact any business. It is truly astonishing, 
 seeing the extreme inconvenience resulting from 
 such a state of things, that it should be tolerated 
 even for a week. If the general (iovenimcnt be 
 not sufficiently strong to suppress local issues, and 
 to substitute in their stead a national paper issued 
 on deposits of bullion, the public may, if they 
 choose, rid themselves of the evil by refusing to 
 accef>t payment otherwise than in coin. The 
 banking interest is, however, so verv powerful, 
 and embraces so great a number of mdividuals, 
 that we doubt whether, even with the co-operatiou 
 of the general (lovemment, the time has yet 
 arrived for anything effectual being done fur the 
 amendment of the system. But the longer it 
 exists, the more intolerable will it become ; and 
 in the end, no doubt, it will bo suppressed. It 
 forms, at present, the most gigantic abuse by which 
 an intelligent people ever permitted thcmsclvci to 
 be disgraced and oppressed. 
 
 Congress passed an Act, dated February 25, 
 18()3, by which the privilege possessed by the 
 several states was virtually superseded. The title 
 of this Act is, 'An Act to provide a National 
 Currency, secured by a pledge of United States 
 Stocks, and to ])rovide for the Circulation and 
 Kedemption thereof.' 
 
 The Act provides a new officer, called the 
 comptroller of the currency, who is nominated by 
 the secretary of the treasury for 5 years, subject 
 to the approval of the president and senate, 'fhi-s 
 officer is bound to make an annual financial report. 
 The immediate object of the department is the 
 circulation and redemption of the legal tender 
 greenbacks ; the indirect effect is the extinction of 
 the States banks, and the estabUshment in their 
 stead of national banks. Banks known by the 
 name of national banks may now be founded by 
 not less than five persons, who are bound to lodge 
 duly legalised certificates with the public officer, 
 specifying the name of the company, its place of 
 business, the amount of its capital, which must 
 not be loss than 50,000 dollars in towns under 
 10,000 inhabitants, and in towns above that num- 
 ber, than 100,000 ; the names and residences of 
 the shareholders, with the number of shares sub- 
 scribed for by each, 30 per cent, of which must 
 at least be paid up ; and lastly the date at whiclj 
 the operations of the bank are to commence. 
 
 The comptroller, when he is satisfied that these 
 conditions have been fulfilled, gives the jiropcr 
 authority to the company, under which they 
 commence their operations. The company is 
 bound to forward a certain amount of United 
 States bonds to the treasury, in exchange for which 
 thev receive ' currency circulating notes in blank ' 
 registered and countersigned to 90 per cent, of 
 the bonds deposited. The aggregate amount of 
 these notes shall not exceed 350,000,000 dollars, 
 150,000,000 of which are circulated by the bank, 
 the rest bv the secretarv of the treasury. The 
 notes are o, 10, 20, lOOj 500, and 1000 dolhirs. 
 The banks, in lieu of taxes on their circulation, 
 pay 1 per cent, on the notes issued to them at tlni 
 returns of July 1 and Jan. 1, 2 per cent, being 
 recoverable in default. 
 
 The notes are receivable at par for taxes, 
 excise, land sales, and all public debts, except 
 customs and dividends on United States stock. 
 Banks which fail to meet their obligations afU^r 
 protest made by creditors before a notary, are 
 suspended by the comptroller, and the guarantee 
 bonds forfeited. These are sold by public auction 
 at New York, after thirty days' notice, and the 
 creditors reimbursed. 
 Each bank must be managed by from five to 
 
 nine ( 
 
 rcsida 
 
 1 per 
 
 200,00 
 
 nlnay.' 
 
 its cin 
 
 bank r 
 
 procure 
 
 Baiil 
 
 ment « 
 
 quarter, 
 
 lation, i 
 
 able for 
 
 at the b 
 
 the com 
 
 sufficien 
 
 full exh 
 
 required 
 
 first nat: 
 
 18(13. 
 
 On Jai 
 491 in tl 
 114 in tl 
 states— 1, 
 there wcr 
 
 Jan. I. 
 
 IS.', I 
 
 JDM 
 INM 
 
 1IIS7 
 
 _ On Jan. 
 
 circulation 
 
 the specie 
 
 In Octol 
 
 was 1,G39, 
 
 ing boHds i 
 
 of legal ten 
 
 Between 
 
 ten of these 
 
 the public 
 
 of these bai 
 
 dols. (Mr. 
 
 Siic, 
 
 Banks t 
 sums deposi 
 for llieir 
 They are .. 
 posed to do 
 moneys pai 
 "cconliiig tc 
 <•• 92, and ^ 
 paid into . 
 and vested i 
 'I'he last-rae 
 P'ljable to 
 that payable 
 per annum; 
 being intend 
 nianagemen 
 more thai 
 a savings 
 deposits to 
 not to excec 
 and compo 
 standing in , 
 amount to 2( 
 such deposit 
 The commiss 
 debt have ih 
 public funds 
 Tliis systcr 
 November, 
 including in.. 
 It farther ap 
 1«17, down t 
 
 a 
 
 ,'i 
 bi 
 
BANK— BANKING 
 
 133 
 
 k. 
 
 nine directors, all citizens of the United Stntes, 
 resident more than n year, and carh poaacsscd of 
 1 per cent, of the capital, or, in case it exceed 
 'J00,000 dollars, of 10 per cent. A linnk must 
 nlwavfl possess to the amount of one-fourtli of 
 its circulation deposits in lawful money. The 
 bank must not pledge its own stock in order to 
 procure specie or notes. 
 
 liaiiks are required to make a detailed state- 
 ment of tlicir atl'airs at the beginning of each 
 quarter, and a statement of their nveraRC circu- 
 lation, deposits, lawful money, and balances avail- 
 able for the redemption of their circulating notes, 
 at the beginning of each month. It is urged by 
 the comptroller that this quarterly return is in- 
 fiutlicicnt, and that it would be desirable that a 
 full exhibit of the afltiirs of each bunk should be 
 required on the lirst Monday of each month. The 
 first national bank was organised on June 20, 
 18U3. 
 
 On Jan. 1, 18ti3, there were i>07 Kastcrn banks, 
 401 in the Middle states, 147 in the South-cast, 
 114 in the South west, 207 in the North-western 
 stales— l,46ti Fornine years precedent and 1851, 
 there were the following : — 
 
 Jan. 1. 
 
 
 Jan. 1. 
 
 
 
 
 IH.'.I 
 
 srn 
 
 )H6H 
 
 
 . 
 
 t.ISS 
 
 IS.'.4 - 
 
 1,V!IH 
 
 1S69 
 
 
 > 
 
 i,i;ii 
 
 JH6.f 
 
 i..".ip; 
 
 infill 
 
 
 . 
 
 i,>iii 
 
 1N,'.« . 
 
 1 ,.TJS 
 
 IXfil 
 
 
 . 
 
 l.i.nl 
 
 11167 
 
 i.llll 
 
 IMt 
 
 
 • 
 
 l,l!l(i 
 
 On Jan. 1, 1863, the capital was 40.5,000.000, the 
 circulation 238,000,000, the deposits 393,000,000, 
 the .specie 101,000,000, of dollars. 
 
 In October, 1807, the number of national banks 
 was 1,039, with a capital of 424,394,801 dels., hav- 
 ing bonds on deposit, 340,075,000. The circulation 
 of legal tender paper was 291», 1 03,990. 
 
 iietwecn June 20, 1803, and Oct. 1, 1867, only 
 ten of these banks have failed, with liabilities to 
 the public of 4,560,000 dols. The liquidation 
 of these banks has led to the loss of only 1,000,000 
 dols. (Mr. Holland's Report, Dec. 18t)7.) 
 
 Sec. XIII.— Banks fob Savings. 
 
 Banks established for the receipt of small 
 sums deposited by the poorer class of persons, and 
 for their accumulation at compound interest. 
 They are managed by individuals who are su])- 
 poscd to derive no bcnctit from the deposits. All 
 moneys paid into any savings bank established 
 according to the provisions of the Acts 9 Geo. IV. 
 c. 92, and 7 & 8 Vict c. 83, are ordered to be 
 paid into the Banks of England and Ireland, 
 and vested in Rank annuities or Kxcbcquer bills. 
 The last-mentioned statute reduced the interest 
 payable to the trustees of banks to 3/. 5s., and 
 that payable to depositors to 3/. Os. Wd, per cent, 
 per annum ; the dillerence of 4s. '2d. per cent, 
 being intended to form a fund to defray the cost of 
 management &c. No depositor can contribute 
 more thou 30/., exclusive of compound interest, to 
 a savings bank in anyone year; and the total 
 deposits to bo receive<l from any individual are 
 not to exceed 150/.; and whenever the deposits, 
 and compound interest accruing upon them, 
 standing in the name of any one individual, shall 
 amount to 200/., no interest shall be payable upon 
 such deposit so King as it shall amount to 200/. 
 The commissioners for the reduction of the national 
 debt have the disposal of the sums vested in the 
 public funds on account of savings banks. 
 
 This system began in 1817 ; and on the 20th of 
 November, 1857, there was due to depositors, 
 inchiding interest accruing on deposits, 35,255,722/. 
 It farther appears that from the tith of August, 
 1817, down to the 20th of November, 1857, the 
 
 public paid on account of interest and charges on 
 the sums due to savings banks and friendly 
 societies under the Act referred to, 28,852,013/. 
 8s. 5r/., and that the dividends receivcil during 
 the same period on the stock and other public 
 securities in which the commissioners for the 
 reduction of the national <lebt invested the said 
 sums, amounted to 26,077,961/. I9.«. 2ii., leaving a 
 balance of 2,774,051/. 9s. 3</., which consequently 
 may be said to be the sum which the system fiaa 
 cost the public. (Pari. Paper, No. 441, sess. 
 1858.) The reduction of the interest on deposits 
 in 1844 from 2^*/. lo 2*/. per cent, per diem 
 contributed in some degree to diminish the h)ss to 
 the public. But it is mainly owing to the 
 circumstance that the contributions to savings 
 banks, and consequently the investments on their 
 account, are greatest when the country is pros- 
 perous and the funds high; and that the deposits 
 are principally drawn out under the opposite cir- 
 cumstances, or when confidence is shaken and the 
 funds are low. But, after all, the loss to the pub- 
 lic is not verj' considerable ; and it does not seem 
 too great a price to pay for the maintenance of so 
 advantageous a system. 
 
 That this is a true statement may be easily 
 shown. In the metropolis, and many other parts 
 of England, pidilic banks do not receive smail 
 deposits, a id until recently they did not pay any 
 interest on them. And even in Scotland, where 
 the public banks allow interest upon <leposits, 
 they do not generally receive less than 5/. or 10/. 
 lint few poor persons are able to s, ", even this 
 much, except by a lengthened course of economy. 
 The truth, therefore, is, that until savings banks 
 were established, the poorer classes were every- 
 where without the means of securely and pro- 
 litably investing these small sums they are not 
 unfrequcntly in a condition to save, and were 
 con.seqiiently led, from the difficulty of disposing 
 of them, to nc/jlect opportunities for making 
 savings, or, if they did make them, were tempted, 
 by the oH'cr of high interest, to leutl them to 
 persons of doubtfl characters and desperate 
 i'ortiines, by whom they were for the most part 
 squandered. Under such circumstances, it is 
 plain that nothing could be more important, in 
 the view of ditfusing habits of forethought and 
 economy amongst the labouring classes, than the 
 establishment of savings banks, where thesmallest 
 sums are accumulated at compound interest, and 
 are paid, with their accumulations, the moment 
 they are demanded by the depositors. The 
 system has not yet received its full development. 
 The want of perfect security operates as a serious 
 drawback to its extension; but the magnitude of 
 the deposits already received sets its iiuwcrful 
 and salutary operation in a very striking point of 
 view. 
 
 Savings banks are now regulated by 'he Act 
 of 1863,23 & 24 Vict. c. 87, and the various sections 
 of the previous .\cts which that statute left uiire- 
 pealeil. These arc 3 & 4 Wm. IV. c. 14 ss. 21, 
 22, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 & 35, and 17 & 18 
 Vict, c. 20, sec. 2 only of which is repealed. 
 
 Purchase of Government Annuities by Dcjiositors 
 in t>avtngs Banks. — The Act 2 4 3 Win. IV. c. 
 14, under the provisions of which depositors in 
 savings banks were allowed to purchase Govern- 
 ment annuities, was subsequently amended by 
 the 7 4 8 Vict. c. 83, which Acts were after- 
 wards consolidated and amended by the Ui & 
 17 Vict. c. 45 ; and the facilities for the purchase 
 of such ann'.itics were extended by the 27 A 28 
 Vict. c. 43. That these measures were benevolently 
 intended, and that they may be productive of 
 advantage to many individuals, cannot be doubted ; 
 
 V. .h' 
 
iHyi,i^.ini II ■"I 
 
 134 BANK- BANKING 
 
 but we look upon all attempt.i, and particularly 
 tliose made bv (lovommeiit, to pet individuals 
 to exchange capital for annuities, as radically 
 objectionable, and ns beiii}? subversive of principles 
 which ouKbt to be strengthened rather than weak- 
 4!ned. r Funds; Inteukst and Annuities.] 
 
 Sec. (! of tlic 27 & 28 Vict. c. 4^ requires the 
 construction of fresh tables of the annuities and 
 insura:ices contemplated by the Act ; and s. 14 
 empowers the Postmastcr-ticncral to authorise his 
 odicers to receive tlie moneys payable under tlie 
 Act and under the IG & 17"Vict.'c. 45. 
 
 1'er.sons desiring to purcha.se annuities or to 
 effect insurances should apply 'or a proposal form 
 at one of the post oflices opened for tlie purpose. 
 Instructions as to the mode of filling up the form 
 arc printed on it. 
 
 Tliis serious defect and 'he constant defalcation 
 of the trustees of savings banks led to tlie intro- 
 duction into Parliament of a measure to remedy 
 tlie evil by the establishment of (Jovernment 
 savings liaiiks, pledging the security of the state 
 to depositors, and the Act, of 1801, 'it Vict. c. 14, 
 known as the Po.st OlTice Savings Bank Act, was 
 passcil with th'is object. 
 
 Geni:«ai. Post Office Savings Bank. 
 
 BANKRUPT AND BANKRUPTCY 
 
 depositor for the repayment of all money deposited, 
 together with the interest due thereon.' 
 
 Before the post office savings banks were es- 
 tablished, 638 savings banks (in which number 
 penny banks are, of course, not included) were 
 open in the United Kingdom for the receipt of 
 small savings. Of these, 355 were open but onco 
 in each week, 54 were open but once in each fort- 
 night, several were open but once a month, and 
 only 20 were open daily. Since the establishment 
 of "the 3,064 post office banks, all of which arc 
 open daily, the duration and the frequency of 
 the term for business have been increased at 
 many of the old savings banks. On the other 
 hand, tlic trustees of many of the old savings 
 banks have either clo.sed or signilicd their in- 
 tention to close the institutions under their con- 
 trol, in the belief that the post office banks 
 afford the public a sufficient amount of accom- 
 modation. 
 
 The following statement gives the proportion of 
 savings bank depositors to the whole population 
 of the kingdom at each of four decennial periods, 
 and shows that the rate of increa.»e in the number 
 of such depositors has, throughout tlie last 30 
 years, been greater than tlie rato of increase of 
 population : — 
 
 Tlie 24 & 25 Vict, c. 14 extends the facilities for on not. si [ ' ^■J:^;;'i;'u',r,«,fr} '*if°"',i.,g, hank depositors, 
 the deposit of small savings, by making the „ isia „ „ 3\ „ 
 
 General Post Office available for the purpose, and I „ is.'.i „ „ 4j 
 
 affording the direct security of tlie state to every I .. "ifi" -> >• ^l 
 
 Tlic following Talk is appended in Jlliistratinn of the Condition of the Post Offwe Savings Banks on 
 
 .VarJ. 31, 1864, 
 
 1 
 
 Couiuriit 
 
 Nnmber of DepMltors* 
 Accounts to MarJi 31 ISO 
 
 Deposits 
 
 Withdrawals 
 
 .Amount oT 
 llatances 
 remainint: at 
 Credit of 
 DeiK>Mtors' 
 Accounts 
 
 Opened 
 
 Cloieil 
 
 Remain- 
 ini; Oi'en 
 
 Number 
 
 .Vniount 
 
 Number 
 
 Amount 
 
 EniLind - 
 Kiifjland anil Wales - 
 
 Island! 
 
 ?sc.,il,iiid - 
 
 Iretand . . - 
 
 iDtal ■ 
 
 4or,,r,m 
 
 11.71-' 
 
 76,? 11 
 5.16'^ 
 
 327.31(i 
 
 n,v>i 
 
 J3.>,»'J7 
 
 7.1fi 
 l«,l,N3 
 
 it,(;.-9 
 
 37!i,9''. 
 
 l.Mfi.SOi 
 f..'),4W 
 
 .3,797 
 9l,3sr, 
 7S,-69 
 
 £ t. <l. 
 
 5,.3.V/,Wn 10 u 
 
 171.3'i) .'• Ill 
 
 A,i2C,^7.') IS 7 
 
 ln,S29 3 1 
 llis,ll3 11 1, 
 'IVJ'Jid 3 1 
 
 31.'i,.>9.') 
 
 H,Uli 1 
 
 "3'Jl,i.59 
 
 .'.79 
 Ifi.lM 
 Ili.Sl'^ 
 
 £ I. ./. 
 
 I,6'i'2,ll71 5 3 
 
 5.\tf« Vi 6 
 
 £ «. d. 
 
 3,70(l,17ri 4 fi 
 
 lvl,il.'9 13 4 
 
 3,mi,vili 17 10 
 
 7,.'.98 fi 4 
 ln-,^)31 I'i K 
 Ifll).7')fi 4 4 
 
 11 »,'.!; 3 
 
 9J!) 
 !3,-SS 
 1S,91.5 
 
 ;9,37li 
 1').-. 
 
 4,:ip'i 
 
 l,70i,.36'J IS 9 
 
 -,W0 17 
 6ll,.')ri 1 10 
 K9.1..9 in 
 
 4fil,aoi 
 
 HS.SiO 
 
 I,7'J.'>,I71 
 
 .').9').'),;74 17 9 
 
 .v,;,i;(i 1 \,t,M,'i\i la 7 
 
 4,0'J7,<'ja 1 'i 
 
 Out of the 7,000,0007. paid into the post office 
 savings banks since their establishment in 1861, 
 only 1,100,000/. has been transferred from the older 
 .«."ivings banks ; thus it is obvious that the post 
 ollice banks have created an almost entirely new 
 business. 
 
 Seamkns Savings Bank. 
 
 "With a view of inducing provident habits in the 
 seamen and their families, and of providing for 
 the safe custody .ind iiicrca.se of their savings, 
 the legislature has passed an Act empowering the 
 lioaril of Trade to establish savings banks at suitable 
 places within the United Kingdom for the benefit 
 of seamen belonging to the mercantile marine, as 
 well as their wives and families, the management 
 and control of these bunks being vested in the Board 
 of Trade. Under the provisions of the Merchant 
 yiiipjiing and Seamen's Savings Hank Acts a de- 
 rarinienthas been established in Lonilon at the 
 Board of Trade as the Central Savings Bank, 
 where all accounts of the depositors are kept. 
 The shipping masters at the several ports are to 
 net as its agents to receive and to pay deposits. 
 
 The Kegimental Savings liinks arc conducted 
 under the War-OHicc, and tho.scfor the seamen of 
 the Koyal Na\'y under the Admiralty. 
 
 BANKRUPT AND BANKKUPTCY. In the 
 
 general sense of the term, bankrupt is equivalent 
 to insolvent, and is applied to designate any 
 individual unable to pay his debts. Formerly in 
 the law of Kngland bankrupts formed that par- 
 ticular class of insolvents who were engaged in 
 trade, or who ' sought their living by buying and 
 selling,' and who were declared, upon the oath of 
 one or more of their creditors, to have committed 
 what the law had defined to be an act of bank- 
 ruptcy. But the distinction between traders and 
 non-traders was in most respects abolished bv the 
 Act of 1861, the 24 &, 25 Vict. (!. 134. At pre'.^ent, 
 liowever, we shall merely lay before the reader a 
 few observations with respect to the principlcii and 
 leading provisions embraced in the law as to 
 bankruptcy and insolvency; referring to the article 
 Insolvency and Bankhui'tcy for some further 
 observations on the subject. 
 
 All classes of individuals, even those who have 
 least to do with industrious undertakings, are 
 exposed to vicissitudes and misfortunes, the oc- 
 currence of which may render them incapable of 
 making good the engagements into which they 
 ba%e entered, and render them bankrupt or in- 
 solvent. But though bankruptcy bo most fre- 
 quently, perhaps, produced by' uncontrollable 
 
r! 
 
 BANKRUPT AND BANKRUPTCY 
 
 135 
 
 causes, it is frpquently also produced by persons 
 living beyond their means, and b)' their rc- 
 im^nancc to make those retrtnclinicnts which the 
 bt.'iie of their afl'uirs imperatively demands ; and 
 ^<<)nletimcs ond, we regret to have to add, not un- 
 frc(iiiently, bankruptcy originates in fraud or bad 
 fiiilh. llut, however it may be occasioned, whe- 
 ther by the misfortunes, the folly, or the fraud of 
 the individual, it ought, prima facie, to be viewed 
 as a very grave moral olTcncc. No man is justitied 
 in entering into cngogcments, or making pro- 
 mises, which he has not a reasonable prospect of 
 being able to fullil; nor is he justified ni applying 
 the money or loans that may have been made lo 
 him, or the property that may have come into his 
 hand.-i in the course of his business, to maintain 
 an expenditure that decidedly exceeds his ordi- 
 nary income or protits. Those who i)ersevcre in a 
 system of this sort caimot, if they think at all, 
 expect to arrive at any goal other than bank- 
 ruptcy. They must know that they are corrj'ing 
 on a "system of deception; that they are con- 
 tracting debts which they can never pay ; and 
 that, in truth, thej' arc as really swmdlers as if 
 they had oflered lictitious bills or dock-warrants 
 in payment of their bonds. And hence the diffi- 
 culty of dealing with this subject. Misfortunes, 
 when they really occur, or the failure of reason- 
 able speculations, are easily dealt with ; but all 
 bankruptcies not at once accounted for in that 
 way involve serious grounds of suspicion, and 
 should be thoroughly sifted. Inasmuch, however, 
 as the circumstances whicli end in bankruptcy 
 are often of a very complicated character, ind 
 difficult to disentangle, it is not easy to lay down 
 any general rules for dealing with thcui. And 
 hence it is that the laws with respect to bank- 
 ruptcy have differed very widely in different 
 countries and periods of society, and that it is 
 not, perhaps, jjossible to suggest any system 
 against which pretty plausible objections may not 
 be made. 
 
 The execrable atrocity of the early Roman laws 
 with respect to bankruptcy is well known. Ac- 
 cording to the usual interpretation of the law of 
 the Twelve Tables, which Cicero has so much 
 eulogised (Z)e Orat. lib. i.), the creditors of an 
 insolvent debtor might, after some jjreliminary 
 formalities, cut his body to pieces, cacli of them 
 taking a share proportioned to the amount of his 
 debt ; and those who did not choose to resort to 
 this horrible extremity were authorised to subject 
 the debtor to chains, stripes, and hard labour; or to 
 sell him, bis wife, and children, to perpetual slavery 
 trans Tiberim 1 This law, and the law giving 
 fathers the power of inflicting capital punisli- 
 meuts on their children, strikingly illustrate the 
 I'erocioua and sanguinary character of the early 
 Komuns. 
 
 There is reason to think, from the silence of 
 historians on tlie subject, that no unfortunate 
 debtor ever actually tVlt the utmost severity of 
 this barbarous regulation ; but the history of the 
 republic is full of accounts of popular commotions, 
 some of which led to very important changes, 
 that were occasioned by the exercise of the power 
 given to creditors of enslaving their debtors, and 
 .-subjecting them to corporal punishments. The 
 law, however, continued in tliis state till the year 
 of Koine 427, 120 ye.nrs after the promulgaiioii of 
 the Twelve Tables, when it was repealed. It was 
 then enacted that the persons of debtors should 
 cease to be at the di.-iposal of their creditors, and 
 tlmt the latter slumld merely be authorised to 
 seize upon the debtor's goods, and sell tliem by 
 auction in satisfaction of their claims, lu the 
 subscipicut stugesofKoumu jurisprudence farther 
 
 changes were made, which seem generally to have 
 leaned to the side of the debtor; and it was ulti- 
 mately ruled that au individual who had become 
 insolvent without having committed any fiaud 
 should, upon making a ccssio Ao/io.'-m, or a sur- 
 render of his entire property to his creditors, 
 be entitled to an exemption from all personal 
 penalties. (Terassou, llistoire de la Jurhprudcnce 
 liomaine, p. 1 17.) 
 
 The law of England distinguislied, down to a, 
 late period (isiil), between the inaolvciicy of 
 persons engaged iu trade and that of others, the 
 former being treated with comparative indulgence. 
 llut despite the elaborate reasonings of Ulackstone 
 in its favour (Comment, book ii. ch. xxxi ), there 
 were no really good grounds for this preference. 
 Vast numbers of traders found their way into the 
 Gazette without being the victims either of 
 accidental losses or unavoidable contingencies. 
 All that was most revolting in the worst cases of 
 insolvency was equalled or surpassed by many of 
 the cases in bankruptcy. Recklessness, impro- 
 vidence, and the obtaining of loans or advances 
 under false pretences, are as common in one clasa 
 of society as another ; and though this were not tho 
 case, the classes excluded from the benolit of the 
 Bankruptcy Acta had to encounter as many risks 
 as the others. There are few trades so hazardous 
 as that of a farmer, and yet if he became insolvent 
 he was not entitled to the same privileges he 
 would have enjoyed hail he been the keeper of an 
 inn, or a commission agent ! The injust ice of this 
 distinction is obvious ; but, without dwelling upon 
 it, it is clear that discharges, which were not given 
 to insolvents, should be granted indiscriniinntely 
 to all honest debtors. Being relieved from all 
 concern as to his previous incumbrances, an in- 
 solvent who has obtained a discharge is prompted 
 to exert himself vigorously in future, at the same 
 time tliat his friends are not deterred from coming 
 forward to his assistance. But no one, however 
 favourably disposed, could venture to aid an in- 
 solvent who continued liable to his previous debts 
 with a loan ; and he was discouraged, even if he 
 had means, from attempting to earn anything 
 more than a bare livelihood ; bo that, wliile cre- 
 ditors did not, in one case out of a hundred, gain 
 the smallest sum by this constant liability of tiie 
 insolvent, his energies and usefulness were for 
 ever paraly.;ed. We, therefore, are glad that the 
 distinction between bankruptcy and insolvency 
 has been practically abolished. Every case of a 
 failure to meet one's engagements should be tried 
 on its own merits. Improvidence, extravagance, 
 and bad faith arc equally objectionable iu the 
 case of traders and non-traders, and should be 
 dealt with in precisely the same way. 
 
 Tho law of Bankruptcy is administered by a 
 Court which sits in London, and by district courts 
 in Manchester, Birmingham, and other large 
 towns. The County Court Judges have also the 
 powers of Commissioners of Bankruptcy, and may 
 act as such. 
 
 The Acts which constitute what are called a 
 bankruptcy are speciticd in clauses 70-85 of the 
 Act 25 & 26 Vict. c. \iH. They all involve 
 either an inability or a disinclination to pay one's 
 just debts. They consist principally of allowing 
 i)iicself to be imprisoned for a debt, a trailer for 
 fourteen days, and a non-trader for two months; 
 going or escaping abroad with intent to defraud 
 creditors ; tiling a declaration of inability to meet 
 one's engagements; suffering execution to be 
 levied by seizure and sale of goods ; traders exe- 
 cuting u conveyance of tlieir property to trustees 
 for the benefit of the creditors A'c, 
 Au adjudication of bankruptcy takes place upoa 
 
 li-l 
 
im 
 
 136 BANKRUPT AND 
 
 the debtor or n creditor to the extent of oO/. pre- 
 senting a petition to the courl, which, on proof of 
 tlic Ktatcmcnt, adjudges the debtor a bankrupt. 
 An oflicinl assignee ia tlien appointed bv the court 
 to ascertain and take care of the debtor s properly. 
 The creditors also appoint an assignee, and tlic 
 proceedings then take place which are specified in 
 the Act, clauses 8G-225, for realising and ratcab'y 
 dividing the property of the bankrupt among the 
 creditors, or for otherwise winding up and termi- 
 nating the bankruptcy. 
 
 Ui)on the bankrupt passing his lost examination 
 under the statute, the court appoints a meeting 
 for considering whether a discharge should be 
 granted to him, and the conditions under which 
 it should be granted. Formerly discharges or 
 ceriiticatcs were of three kinds, but these distinc- 
 tions are now abolished. The court is authoriscil, 
 according to the estimate which it forms of the 
 conduct of the bankrupt, to suspend hia discharge, 
 with or without protection from arrest, for such 
 term as they may think fit, staling in the dis- 
 charge the reasons for such suspension, and whe- 
 ther he has been imprisoned under the provisions 
 of the Act. It is left to the creditors to determine 
 whether any, and if any, what allowance shall be 
 made to a bankrupt out of his estate. 
 
 And it is further enacted, that any bankrupt 
 ' who has carried on trade by means of fictitious 
 ca|iita1, or who conld not have had, at the time 
 when any of his debts were contr.icted, any rea- 
 sonable or probable ground of expectation of being 
 able to pay the same, or that, if a trader, he has, 
 with intent to conceal the true state of his affairs, 
 wilfully omitted to keep proper books of account, 
 or, whether trader or not, that his insolvency is 
 attribiitable to rash and hazardous speculation, or 
 imjustifiable extravagance in liviug, or that he 
 has put any of his creditors to unnecessary ex- 
 pense by frivolous or vexatious defence to any 
 action or suit to recover any debt or money due 
 from him, the court may cither refuse an order of 
 discharge, or may suspend the same from taking 
 effect for such time as the court may think fit, or 
 may grant an order of discharge subject to any 
 condition or conditions touching an\' salary, pay. 
 emolimients, profits, wages, earnings, or income, 
 which may afterwards become due to the bank- 
 rupt, and touching after-acquired property of the 
 bankrupt, or may sentence the bankrupt to be 
 imprisoned for any period of time not exceeding 
 one year from the date of such sentence.' 
 
 But, despite these and other penalties embodied 
 in the Act, we are stronjjly impressed with a con- 
 viction that bankruptcy is treated in this country 
 with too much indulgence. The offences specified 
 in the .\ct are mostly of a very grave character, 
 and some of them deserve to be very severely 
 treated. But it so happens tliat it is often very 
 dirticult to establish by the evidence of witnesses 
 some of the least justifiable and most common 
 causes of bankruptcy, such as extravagant living, 
 whicli is its great source, improvident speculation, 
 and so forth. And we doubt whether any such 
 evidence should be required. Bankruptcy, or the 
 failure of individuals to fulfil their engagements, 
 is, and sl.ould be considered a very serious offence. 
 But, like other offences, it is of various degrees of 
 magnitude, and may arise from very different 
 causes. There is a wide difference between bank- 
 rupts who pay their creditors 10s., 15s., or 18s. per 
 pound, and those who pay them only Is. or 2s. per 
 ditto, and it is not reasonable that they should be 
 treated in the same way. Innumerable accidents 
 and disappointments may occur to hinder a man 
 from me ting bis engagements; but if he have 
 lived within his income and properly proportioned 
 
 BANKRUPTCY 
 
 his speculations to Iho extent of his capital, it is 
 dillicult to see how he should be unable to pay u 
 dividend of less than 10s. or !2s. per pound on 
 his debts. And supposing this to bo a correct 
 view, it might be safely enacted that all bank- 
 ruptcies in which the estates realised le<s than 
 10s. per poimd of dividend should ipso facto be 
 held to bo fraudulent, or caused by improper 
 proceedings on the part of tlie bankrupts ; and 
 that they should be dealt with accordingly, un- 
 less they succeeded in satisfactorily establish- 
 ing the "propriety of their conduct. In ca.-es 
 where the dividend exceeded 10s., it might, an 
 at present, be left to the creditors to arraign tlic 
 proceedings of the bankrupts in opposing their 
 discharge. 
 
 We do not well see how a system of this sort 
 could be justly objected to. Those who make im- 
 provident speculations, or who pursue a line of 
 conduct which involves them deeper and deeper 
 in debt and difficulties, cannot fail to know that 
 they must necessarily become bankrupts ; and, if 
 they only injured themselves, few would regret 
 the" hardships which they might suffer. But they 
 are sure to injure other's— the savings on which 
 the industrious and frugal had to depend being 
 often squandered by the most unworthy parties, 
 and on the most unworthy objects. Bankruptcy, 
 when not occasioned by uncontrollable or un- 
 looked-for causes, is, in truth, a great crime. In- 
 dividuals who systematically contract debts which 
 tliey have no reasonable prospect of being able to 
 pay — who, to obtain loans, misrepresent the true 
 state of their affairs, and pervert them, when ob- 
 tained, to spendthrift or dishonest purposes — are 
 one of the worst varieties of swindlers. And the 
 vast extent to which bankruptcy is carried, the 
 extravagance and bad faith of many bankrupts, 
 and the frequent non-existence and inconsiderable 
 amount of the dividends, show the extent and 
 malignancy of the disease, and the propriety of 
 taking measures for its abatement. 
 
 The policy of imprisoning for debt, when no- 
 thing unfair or improper is involved in its con- 
 tractian, is not a little questionable. Notwith- 
 standing the deference due to the authorities who 
 have vindicated this practice, we confess we are 
 unable to discover anvthing very cogent in the 
 reasonings advanced in its favour. _ Provided a 
 person in insolvent circumstances '.iitiraate his 
 situation to his creditors, and offer to make a 
 voluntary surrender of his property to them, he 
 has, supposing he has acted honestly, done all that 
 should be required of him, and ought not to 
 undergo any imprisonment. If, indeed, he have 
 deceived his creditors by false representations, or 
 have grossly misconducted himself, or have endea- 
 voured to convey away any part of his property, 
 then, undoubtedly, he should be subjected to the 
 pains and penalties attached to swindling; but 
 when such practices are not alleged, or cannot be 
 proved, sound policy, we apprehend, would dic- 
 tate that creditors should have no power over the 
 persons of their debtors, and that they should bo 
 entitled only to their effects. The maxim career 
 non solvit is not more trite than true. U is said 
 that the fear of imprisonment operates as a check 
 to prevent persons from getting into debt, and so 
 no doubt it docs. But then it mu«t, on the other 
 hand, be borne in mind, that the power to impri- 
 son tempts individuals to trust to its influence to 
 enforce payment of their claims, and makes them 
 less cautious in their enquiries as to the condition 
 and circumstances of those to whom they give 
 ciedit. The carelessness of tradesmen, and their 
 extreme earnestness to obtain custom, are, more 
 than anything else, the great causes of insolvency, 
 
 BANKR 
 
 and the power 
 
 and cncourng( 
 
 ail individual 
 
 wliich he is u 
 
 speculation. 
 
 done so, bo all 
 
 If he wished I 
 
 should not ha 
 
 with him onlj 
 
 tions are, on 
 
 Voluntary; an- 
 
 a debtor"who I 
 
 representations 
 
 oidy to blame. 
 
 It is pretty ( 
 
 prisonment i"n 
 
 Return for the 
 
 Namber oriid}itdir; 
 *Hi iietKiiin ot a < 
 On |ieiltinii ofih 
 IJy rrxiairarial I 
 On iiviiiionn in f« 
 On Juilumenl del 
 Number iifadjiidia 
 
 eiceeded.liiii/, 
 Numbrir where the ( 
 Ui«.h»rgi!. grantrd 
 tu^iendc 
 rcfuftfU 
 
 Total amount of pri 
 biinkru|it<' eitatn 
 Till il amount re.tllM 
 Total amount re.iljK 
 Number sfcun in i 
 
 The Acts of Pa 
 is administered i 
 explained by 2C 
 by 23 & 24 Vict 
 Bankniptcy and j 
 
 Bankruptcy in 
 riiptcy is general 
 before the Act ol 
 traders and non 
 the same judges i 
 and insolvency. 
 
 'i'he following 
 returns, give th 
 between April 11, 
 the rates of comp 
 
 Numher of Compi 
 position paid be 
 11, 18CIJ. 
 
 Number 
 
 1 Rite per 
 
 ofl'wds 
 
 I'ound 
 
 ». d. 
 
 2 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
 .', 
 
 IX 
 
 « 
 
 1 
 
 II N 
 
 1 
 
 II Hi 
 
 
 f> 9 
 
 Ui 
 
 1 II 
 
 s 
 
 1 .1 
 
 i 
 
 1 4 
 
 31 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 H 
 
 117 
 
 i II 
 
 1 
 
 a 1 
 
 S 
 
 !! .1 
 
 S9; 
 
 ^^ 6 
 
 .T 
 
 U H 
 
 1 
 
 i III 
 
 »li 
 
 X 
 
 I 
 
 3 1 
 
 11 
 
 .T 4 
 
 17 
 
 3 li 
 
BANKRUPT AND BANKEUPTOY 
 
 and the power of imprisoning; merely tends to foster 
 nud encourage these habits. If a tradesman trust 
 an individual with a loan of money or gond.'<, 
 which he is unable to pay, he has made a bad 
 speculation. But why should he, because ho has 
 done so, bo allowed to arrest the debtor's person ? 
 If lie wished to have perfect security, ho eitlier 
 xhould not have dealt with him at all, or dealt 
 with him only for ready money. Such transac- 
 tions are, on the part of tradesmen, perfectly 
 Voluntary ; and if they place undue conliilenco in 
 a debtor'who has not misled them by erroneous 
 representations of his afluirs, they have themselves 
 only to blame. 
 
 It is pretty evident, too, that the efficacy of im- 
 prisonment in deterring individuals from running 
 
 BARCELONA 137 
 
 into debt has been greatly overrated. Insolvents 
 who arc honest mu^t liavcBuflcred from mislortuno 
 or been disapiMiinted in the hopes they entertiiiiied 
 of being able, in one way or other, to di'churgii 
 their dnbtJi. The fear of impriscoment did not 
 greatly influence such persons; for when ther- 
 eon traded debts, they had no doubt of their 
 ability to pav them. And though the imprison- 
 ment of bona tide insolvents be abolished, it could 
 give no encouragement to the practices of tlioso 
 who endeavour to raise money by false representa- 
 tions ; for these are to be regarded as swindlers, 
 and ought as such to bo subjected to adei|uaio 
 punishm'nt. [Ciikdit, ] 
 
 'I'lie fcdlowing return sets these statements in the 
 clearest point of view ; — 
 
 Return for the Year ending October 11, 1863, of Judicial and Financial Malten transacted under (Pari. 
 Paper, No. 31, Sess. 18G4) the Bankruptcy Act of 1801. 
 
 NDml)«rofadjudirAtinn<i of bankruptcy 
 
 <h» lirtttion ot aireiliior - - - • 
 
 On f>Flltinn of (he iletitnr . ■ • • 
 
 lly rexitirartai llie prlsnni - - .. 
 
 On iwtlllons in foni ft )tau)icrt« ... 
 
 On juflument ctelitor bumtnon* . . • 
 
 Numliier of Adjudications where tliedetiti of tlie l>ankru|>t 
 eacet-de*! 3tii"/. ..... 
 
 NumtM-r where thp debts did not eiceed 300f. * 
 ULM;haTKe» ifrHntiHl . 
 
 tusficnded . • • * ' 
 
 refuttfU . - . - - 
 
 Total amount of ^ross piotlui e reali&ed from the several 
 iKtnkrupti' eslales . . • . • 
 
 Till d amount realised b; creditors* a-si){necs 
 Total amount realised liy otHi-i«l aa^iffnees 
 Number of cases In which a dividend was made- 
 thTe wa< no dividend 
 divideiiil was under Vf . 6d, 
 M. d. I. i. 
 
 U fi and under A u 
 .10 " ' 
 
 7 6 
 10 O 
 I'l O 
 SI) O 
 
 7 
 
 10 O 
 
 15 
 
 W U 
 
 District i^urt 
 
 Country 
 District Courts 
 
 Count; Courts 
 
 Total 
 
 2,919 
 
 l,r.7'i 
 
 3,SI9 
 
 s.tro 
 
 tifi 
 
 3 IS 
 
 K3 
 
 f.7» 
 
 »,lll» 
 
 l,(i'J» 
 
 3,n33 
 
 6,141 
 
 196 
 
 1\S 
 
 4. '.6 
 
 Sl>7 
 
 4»U 
 
 13 
 
 i77 
 
 ;xo 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 I,6M 
 
 i,«sr 
 
 IH4 
 
 3..M4 
 
 l.VBS 
 
 1'. 
 
 3,r.(ii 
 
 4,016 
 
 t,M1 
 
 \,-SVi 
 
 3,114 
 
 6,:'.lt 
 
 U% 
 
 M 
 
 111 
 
 .W» 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 III 
 
 IIU 
 
 £ I. i. 
 
 t : i. 
 
 £ 1. d. 
 
 X .. d. 
 
 ■\M,,\%h 14 i 
 
 Kb\\'l\ 17 5 
 
 Sl,9!)n 17 11, 
 
 «9H„'.iis '1 ; 
 
 llil.OHA S 3 
 
 1iX-,6US S V 
 
 11, .160 11 .'i 
 
 473,141 3 111 
 
 61,11X1 11 U 
 
 170,;K« 9 3 
 
 43,G3U A 6 
 
 17,'>,li7 .'. 9 
 
 1 116 
 
 All 
 
 .139 
 
 U"6 
 
 J,7KS 
 
 1,131 
 
 1,711 
 
 4,fi3 1 
 
 I 43 
 
 169 
 
 1.-.7 
 
 409 
 
 34 
 
 131 
 
 III 
 
 til 
 
 14 
 
 XI 
 
 41 
 
 1.16 
 
 S 
 
 HO 
 
 IR 
 
 41 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 1!) 
 
 43 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 The Acts of Parliament under which bankruptcy 
 is adniinistercil in Scotland are I'JiSt '20 Vict. c.'29, 
 explained by '20 & 21 Vict. c. 19, and amcndeil 
 by '23 & '24 Vict, c, 19. (Mr. Murdoch's Law of 
 Bankruptcy and Insolvency.) 
 
 Bankruptcy in Ireland. — The Irish law of Bank- 
 ruptcy is generally identical with that of Kngland 
 before the Act of"l861. The tlistinction between 
 traders and non-traders is still retained, though 
 tlio same judges adjudicate in cases of bankmptey 
 and insolvency. 
 
 The following tables, extracted from official 
 returns, give the number of deeds registered 
 between April 11, 1865, and April 11, 1866, with 
 the rates of composition paid : — 
 
 Xumber of Composition Deeds and Rates of Com- 
 position paid between April 11, 1865, and Ajiril 
 11, 1866. 
 
 Number of Deeds registered between April 1 1 , 18C5, 
 and April 11, 186C. 
 
 Number 
 
 R.\te|wr 
 
 uf li«fd« 
 
 round 
 
 
 .. d. 
 
 2 
 
 II 3 
 
 1 
 
 .', 
 
 IS 
 
 II n 
 
 
 » 
 
 I 
 
 II Kt 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 14'^ 
 
 1 II 
 
 6 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 4 
 
 31 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 K 
 
 117 
 
 1 II 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 3 
 
 197 
 
 1 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 S 
 
 1 
 
 1 III 
 
 I 8B 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 3 I 
 
 1 11 
 
 3 4 
 
 17 
 
 3 « 
 
 Number Rate l^er 
 uf Devdii Pound 
 
 ! 
 1 
 117 
 I 
 1 
 1 
 
 in 
 1 
 
 SIS 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 60 
 
 9 
 9t 
 37 
 lOA 
 41 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 Number 
 of I icedii 
 
 a. d. 
 3 9 
 3 11 
 
 19 
 
 ll.'i 
 
 I 
 
 •i 
 
 19 
 I 
 
 l". 
 
 16 
 
 i 
 1 
 9 
 
 34 
 1 
 I 
 I 
 1 
 1 
 3 
 
 116 
 
 1,.31U 
 
 Rate per 
 Pound 
 
 1. d. 
 
 9 
 III 
 in 3 
 
 13 II 
 
 13 4 
 
 13 6 
 
 14 O 
 14 
 16 O 
 
 16 fi 
 
 17 6 
 IX II 
 19 
 19 C 
 10 
 
 
 Deeds of 
 As!,i({nment 
 
 Composition 
 Deeds 
 
 Deeds of 
 In^i>ector»liip 
 
 Date 
 
 Num- 
 ber 
 
 Gross 
 Amount 
 
 of Un- 
 secured 
 
 Debts 
 
 Num- 
 ber 
 
 tiross 
 Amount 
 
 OfL'M- 
 
 secured 
 Debts 
 
 Num. 
 ber 
 
 iiross 
 Ami' unt 
 
 ofU.i- 
 st-ciircil 
 
 D«l:l* 
 
 From April 
 11, 1X64 to 
 Oct. 11,1X64 
 
 From Oct. 1 1 . 
 isesto.^pril 
 ll.lNlin - 
 
 1,107 
 1,119 
 
 £ 
 3,S6 1,390 
 .•..113,714 
 
 1,119 
 1,191 
 
 £ 
 3,316,114 
 1,115.079 
 
 40 
 37 
 
 £ 
 
 3,fil 1,161 
 
 67«,R'-'H 
 
 Bankruptcy is considered in France as simple 
 and fraudulent, banloruptcy being distin^'uished 
 from insolvency. 
 
 The French law of bankruptcy in its charac- 
 teristic particulars has been admitted into many 
 Eurcpeaii countries, and appears to make progress. 
 That of the United States agrees generally with 
 the English law of 1849, which, as we have seen, 
 is stricter than the present law of England. 
 
 BAKCALAO or BACALAO. The Spanish 
 name for cod. 
 
 BARCELONA. The capital of Catalonia, and 
 the principal town of .Spain, on the Mediterra- 
 nean, lat. 41° '2.2' 68" N., long, 2° 8' U" E. It 
 is a strongly-fortified, well-built city. The popu- 
 lation, winch has rapidly increased, amounted, in 
 1857, to 242,015, Barcelona is eminently dis- 
 tinguished in the history of the middle ages for 
 the zeal, skill, and success with which her citizens 
 prosecuted commercial adventures at a very early 
 period. She would seem also to be entitled to the 
 honour of having compiled and promulgated the 
 
 \\ 
 
138 
 
 BARCELONA 
 
 :i 
 
 "1 
 
 '-! 
 
 fainous code of maritime law known by tlic name 
 of lb(! Cunsolato del Mare; ami Iho earliost au- 
 thi'utio notices of the prartit-c of murine insurance 
 anil of the negotiation of bills of exchange are to 
 Ik; found in her annals. For proofs of this, goo 
 Jn.sui!AN<-'i:, MAKiTiMliLAW, dtc. The A/oHor/us 
 /li.iloriviis sobre la Marina, Comercio ^c. de Barce- 
 liimi, by C'apmany, in 4 vols. 4to. is one of the moat 
 valuable and authentic works on the commerce, 
 art-", and eommcrcial and niaritinic legislation of 
 the middle a;;es. The (irst volume is the most 
 intiTcstinj,', at least to the general reader; the 
 oilieis foMsisting principally of extracts from 
 tlie archives of the city. There is a brief but 
 pretty good account of the early trade of Barcc- 
 iiiiia," drawn principally from Capmany, in the 
 work of Depping, Jlistoirc du Commerce cnlrv 
 Ic Levant et C Europe depuis les Croisaden S^c, 
 toni. i. cb. V. Catalonia bus continued, amidst 
 all the vicissitudes it has undergone, to bo 
 the nioit industrious of the Spanish provinces, 
 many vcr\' extensive manufactures, especially of 
 silk and cotton, have been established in Barcelona, 
 and within the last lU or 12 years an extra- 
 ordinary degree of cnter])risc bas been 'infused into 
 all classes of the population. In 18G5 the town 
 bad no fewer than 7 banking companies, 10 mari- 
 time insurance companies, 5 railway companies, 4 
 steam navigation companies, 3 canal companies, 
 :J ^as conipanies &c. The Bank of Barcelona, 
 which -as founded in 1844, bas a capital of 80 
 millions of reals, of which 20 millions have been 
 paid up. It bas been well managed ; and its 
 success has led to the formation of other banking 
 and discount companies. Another company re- 
 cently formed deserves special mention, being for 
 the esfiiblisbmcnt of an electric telegraph to con- 
 nect Barc<'lona with France and Europe generally 
 on the one side, and with Sladrid through Turra- 
 gona on the other. It is true that some of the 
 many companies formed of late years have been 
 womul up; but others continue in a flourishing 
 .state. The railways which centre in the city, 
 and are being extended into the interior, will be 
 of inlinite advantage to its industry and trade. 
 
 The Harbour, which is naturally bad, is formed 
 by a mole or jetty, which has "recently been a 
 good deal enlarged, running out to a considerable 
 distance in a southerly direction, and having a 
 lighthouse and some batteries near its extremity. 
 The depth of water within the mole; is from 
 18 to 20 feet ; but there is a bar between the mole 
 and Monjouich, which has frequently not more than 
 10 feet water; and which would, it is believed, 
 entirely shut up the harbour, were it not occa- 
 riionally lowered by means of dredging machines. 
 Vessels in the harbour moor at a short distance 
 from the mole: where, though exposed to the 
 .southerly gales, they are bo well protected that 
 no accident of any consequence bos taken place 
 since the dreadful storm of 1821. Large ships 
 iimst anchor outside the mole, and in winter are 
 much inconunodeJ by winds. Vessels entering 
 the haibour arc under no obligation to take a pilot 
 on board ; but they are always in attendance, and 
 it is generally deemed safest to have their assist- 
 ance in passing the bar. 
 
 The port of Barcelona is being considerably in- 
 creased by the carrying out of a sea-wall from the 
 .shore under Fort Monjouich and by another pro- 
 longing the old extremity of the mole so as to 
 approach at some distance, leaving a good entry. 
 -Much of this work ha.s been eflected already, and 
 which will enable vessels to ride safely within the 
 port, but the works are far from terminated ; when 
 concluded, the port will be capacious and safe, 
 though as for its depth much dredging will be re- 
 
 quired to keep it clean and useful. The depth of 
 water is not above 20 feet. 
 
 The principal articles of import are raw cotton ; 
 sugar, coffee, cocoa, and other colonial products, 
 principally from Cuba and I'ort^) Uico; suited lish, 
 hides, and horns ; iron and hardware ; machinery, 
 coal <tc. have latterly been imported in large 
 quantities, principally from England. Most spe- 
 cies of manufactured goods are prohibited ; but it 
 is nccdles.s to add that they are notwitbstaiuliiig 
 largely introduced into this as into most other 
 parts of Spain. The trade with the colonics, 
 France, and the coasting tra<lc in active and in - 
 creasing. Catalonia being the grand seat of the 
 Spanish cotton trude, the imports of raw cotton 
 arc very consiileruble. In proof of this, it may 
 suffice to mention that in the year ending June 'M), 
 1858, no fewer than 80,043 bales (30,805,002 
 lbs.), worth 4,610,244 dols., were shipped from the 
 United States for Spain on the Mediterranean, 
 that is, for Barcelona; at the same time that 
 additional supplies were obtained from Brazil and 
 other |)arts. 50,000 to 100,000 persons, mostly in 
 Catalonia, are said to be dependent on the maim- 
 facturc. The raw cotton is principally imported 
 in Spanish ships. The direct imports from Eng- 
 land, ex. coal, are not very considerable, and tlio 
 exports to her still less. 
 
 The chief exports are wrought silks, cotton 
 stuffs, Boap, fire-arms, paper, hats, laces, ribands, 
 steel <tc. The principal articles of native produce 
 that Catalonia has to export arc most con- 
 veniently shippc4l at Villanova, Tarragona, aud 
 Salon. They consist of wine, brandy, nuts, 
 almond.<<, cork bark, wool, fruits &c. A good deal 
 of brandy is sent to Cadiz and Cetto : most part 
 of the former finds its way into the wine vaults of 
 Xeres ; and the latter, being conveyed by the Canal 
 of Languedoc to the (Jaronne, is used in the pre- 
 paration of the wines of Bordeaux. From 25,001) 
 to 30,000 bags of nuts are annually sent from 
 Tarragona to England. Tarragona also exports 
 about 12,000 bags of almonds. 
 
 In the years 18G1-2-3, the tonnage which 
 cleared from Barcelona was 195,007 with cargoes; 
 74,393 in ballast; 177,712 with cargoes; 03,710 in 
 ballast; 307,905 with cargoes; 71,313 in ballast; 
 while that which entered was 240,923 with 
 cargoes; 6,GfiO in ballast ; 237,015 with cargoes; 
 5,705 in ballast ; 344,555 with cargoes ; 4,7;)3 
 in ballast respectively. The imports and exports 
 and merchandise cleared coastwise were in value 
 as follow : — 
 
 Imports 
 
 Ksporls . . - 
 CuasUnft trade, enteri-d 
 cleared 
 Total 
 
 I SCI 
 
 reale» 
 36.'),ll"J,;W 
 HG.i>(ia,l>l4 
 
 47I,!I.T1,"CI 
 
 I,I4I,4UI,'^()«; 
 £l4,<ll,nl'2 
 
 IH(i.l 
 
 I 
 
 reales 
 
 iOSxiv.fi.lll 
 
 l,4.->Y,St)'J,VM| 
 
 £\4.r-,'iH.i,irii 
 
 The trade of Barcelona is by far the largest of 
 any Spanish port, and a spur has been given to it 
 by the opening of the railway which now coniiocts 
 it with Madrid, and the most important towns uf 
 Spain, anil with the rest of Europe. 
 
 Custom-house and Warehousing Regulations 
 same as at Alicant. 
 
 Port charges have been reduced, iind are now 
 nearly identical for Spanish, British ves.sels, and 
 most of the Foreign, being uniformly exacted ou 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Port dues now paid by British vessels. — Anchor- 
 age at 1 real (2,W.) per ton, Spanish measure; 
 lighthouses, 1 real per ton : navigation dues, 
 one-eighth of a real per Spanish hundredweight; 
 of cargo taken in or discharged. 
 
 / 
 
 Kji 
 
li — 
 
 Mimiuirli / 
 
 
 
 
 ;' 
 
 ■ -. /♦ ♦' 
 
 
 
 
 '\ 
 
 /* ^ 
 
 ?» ?i 
 
 :/« 
 
 ^i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -'J s 
 
 yi 
 
 :>< 
 
 ^* 
 
 
 :'< 
 
 r' ■' "' "'* 
 
 
 
 
 
 /^^ 
 
 
 a« 
 
 
 ■» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / ^y 
 
 
 
 
 ,1 
 
 
 •» 
 
 
 
 
 r •' *^'' 
 
 .1* 
 
 
 
 
 
 ** 
 
 It 
 
 f< 
 
 ■»# 
 
 B A K (" E L N A 
 
 , i f,a SHU , 
 
 in '" H 
 
 '■i ■ » 
 
 .9 ■''' 
 
 I"' 
 
 K.lw''W<-Ufr 
 
 1^'tultin : lt>iufmim A Co, 
 
lluh 
 
 JCxtra ftii 
 to improve 
 
 '•'•111 [XT S|l 
 por ton on 
 'HI I on (hoi 
 ('oiHinis.ili 
 K'xxl.t ulii|i|) 
 on consigtin 
 ready mono 
 4 months. 
 
 7'ares. — j\ 
 
 nre iillowrd ; 
 
 "ii^Iy mnnifi 
 
 liowcvcr, nlli 
 
 net portion b 
 
 l)iit if the we 
 
 l)c il per ce 
 
 manifcHt, the 
 
 that the imp 
 
 cent, allowed 
 
 penalties of si 
 
 by rnerehant 
 
 cent. ; on CO 
 
 barrel, hag < 
 
 cocor. and pep 
 
 4 lbs. per bale 
 
 Money.— A 
 
 mtiMon, 210 di 
 
 likewise divid 
 
 utttliios each; 
 
 each. Ileuce 
 
 latter, = 1 Ubn 
 
 The lihra C 
 
 Tho peso d 
 
 37 J sueldos C< 
 
 15 Ultras, 
 
 Weights an 
 discrepancies a 
 in tho differenl 
 a very great 
 the anthers wl 
 following f)tat( 
 brccher : — 
 
 The quintal i 
 of 12 oz. tothe 
 grains = .lkilogi 
 of I{arcelona = « 
 The yard, nai 
 01 4 quartos, and 
 100 canaa = ,53-4 
 dam = o«-ol4EB 
 'i'ho quartera, 
 into 12 cortanes 
 •-'j-rjoG, or 25^ ^V 
 The cargo, or 
 into 12 cortanes 
 mitailcllas. It is 
 iargas=-l/>,),e. 
 107 cortanes. 
 
 (We have dcr 
 Murccs; but prii 
 pven us for thi 
 in;,'li8's Spain in 
 ^IJAKILLA (D 
 <Jer. soda, barill 
 barrilha; Russ. i 
 i<ali). Carbonate 
 native in llungi 
 countries. It is L 
 facturers of hard 
 barilla of commerc 
 marine and other | 
 Tlio best, or Alica 
 Sdsnla soda, whici 
 'iirtliis puriJose in 
 places on the eastci 
 
HARILLA 
 
 Extra itiifx jMiid for iiij})mrt of wnrht rarrieil out 
 to imiiroi-e the. jxtrt. — Anchorano, J roal per ton; 
 linlitliniisort, ^ roal piT ton; imvij;nti(iti, ' 
 rial per Spiuiisli c;wt. ; ami health <liics, ,J real 
 por ton on arrivals from Luropouu ports, unit 1 
 real on thoso from Aiufricii. 
 
 I'oiiiiiiiHHiiiii in at the ratn of 2i per cent, on 
 fjoods nhippt'il, Hinl 2 per ecnt. on those reccivid 
 on eonsijjnnient. Goods aro Honiotiinc* nohl for 
 ready money, und gouiuttmes on erodit for ;1 or 
 4 months. 
 
 Tarcn. — At the Cnaloni-honse, real tares only 
 are allowed; and the net wcij;hl» must be rigor- 
 ously manifested. A !-urpluH of 'A per cent, is, 
 however, allowed to cover any inexactness in tiic 
 net portion between forei;;n and Spanish wcif^hls; 
 hut if the weight of any parcel sbouM turn out to 
 bo i> per cent, f^reater than is marked in the 
 manifest, the Burplus is seized, at the same tinit; 
 that the importer loses the benefit of the 'S per 
 cent, allowed by law, and becomes liable to the 
 
 Eenalties of srau(;;,'linf;. The tares usually allowed 
 y merchants aro, on llavannah suf^ur 13 per 
 cent.; on coffee 2 per cent., exclusive of the. 
 barrel, bag 4c. in which it is contained ; on 
 cocor. and jjcppcr 2 per cent. ; Pemambuco cotton 
 4 lbs. per bale ; other cotton 1 lb. per cwt. 
 
 Money. — Accounts aro kept iu libras of 20 
 suvtdos, 210 dinerof, or 480 mallaa. 'I'hc libra is 
 likewise divided into reaka dc plata Cattdan, of ;t 
 nutldos each; and into reales anlit-a of 'i aueldon 
 each. Hence, C"7 of the former, or 10 of the 
 latter, •= 1 libra Catalan. 
 The libra Catalan is -2s. -id. sterling nearly. 
 The peso durn, or hard dollar, is valued at 
 37^ aueldos Catalan, eight such dollars making 
 15 lib r as. 
 
 Weights and Measures. — There are endless 
 discrepancies amongst the weights and measures 
 in the different P- iiaish provinces, and there is 
 a very greot aiscrcpaney in the accounts of 
 the authors who have written upon them. The 
 following Ptatemeuts are taken from Nelkeu- 
 brcchcr : — 
 
 The quintal is divided into 4 arrobas, or 1 0-1 lbs. 
 of 12 oz. 10 the pound. The |)ound = t!,174 Knglish 
 grains = 4 kiIog. = «32.')-G as of Holland. 100 lbs. 
 of I{arcelona = 88"21f) lbs. avoirdupois. 
 
 The yard, named cana, is divided into 8 pd/mos, 
 o{ 4 quartos, and i3 = 21 inches very nearly. Hence, 
 100 canas = 5;('499 metres = 77'5 yards of Amster- 
 dam =5«"514 English yards. 
 
 'i'ho quartera, or measure for grain, is divided 
 into 12 cortanes and iS piculiiis. 100 quartcras = 
 •Jit'.WG, or 2oJ Winchester quarters. 
 
 The carga, or measure lor liquids, is divided 
 into 12 eortanes or arrobas, 24 cortarinas, and 72 
 initadellas. ltis = 32'7 Knglish wine gallons. 4 
 largas— 1 pipe. The jiipe of Majorca oil contains 
 107 cortanes. 
 
 (We have derived these details from various 
 sources; but principally from a report obligingly 
 j;ivcn us for this work by Mr. IJaker, and froiii 
 Inglis's Spain in 1830, vol.'ii. pp. 384-387, 302.) 
 
 U.-VUn^LA (Dutch, soda; Fr. .sonde, barillc; 
 tier, soda, barilla ; Ital. barriglia ; Port, solda 
 barrilha ; Kusa. Bocianka ; ypan. barilla ; Arab. 
 kali). Carbonate of soda [Alkaliks] is found 
 native in Hungarj', Egypt, and many other 
 countries. It is largely used by bleachers, manu- 
 facturers of hard soaps, glass-makers Ac. The 
 barilla of connnerce consists of the ashes of several 
 marine and other plants growing on the sea-shore. 
 The beat, or Alicaut barilla, is prepared from the 
 Stdsnla soda, which is very extensively cultivated 
 for this purpose in the huerta of Murcia, and other 
 places on the eastern shores of Spain. (Towusend's 
 
 HARK 
 
 130 
 
 Travels in SjHiin, vol. iii. p. 1!).').) The plants iiro 
 i;atli<reil in .Septemhir, dried and hurnrcl in 
 funiaees heated so as to bring tlx; ashes into ii 
 state of imperfect fusion, when thev conrreti into 
 hard, dry, cellular masses of a greyish blue colour. 
 Sicily and Teiierill'o prodiii'e good barilla, l.ut 
 inferior to that of Aliea-it and Carthageiia. Kelp, 
 which is a Ic'-s puri! alkali, is formed bv the in- 
 cineration of the eoimnon sea-weed. | l\i--.i.i'. | 
 
 The Saracens established in Spain seem to have 
 been the first who introduc'd the manufiietiire of 
 barilla into Europe. They called the idaiits c m- 
 ployed in its preparation /iiili; and llii-, wilii the 
 Arabic article (// prelixed, has given ri.-^^ to the 
 modern elumieal term alkali. I'rimc ipiality in 
 barilla is to be distinguished by its strong smell 
 when wetted, and by its whitish colour. I'artieiilar 
 attention should be paid to have as little siiiail or 
 dust as possible. 
 
 The manufacture ofarfilicial f la (soudefivtire), 
 now very extensively carried on, occasioned an 
 ( xtraordiimry ileeliiic'in the iinportsof barilla, the 
 (piaiitily entered for home consumption in l«;il, 
 ainomiling to 237,712 cwt., having been reduced 
 in 1M41 to 47,380 cwt. C'i)iisiderabio quantities 
 are imported from Teneriffe, Alicaut in Spain, 
 Sicily, the United States, and Kussia. Thus, of 
 l-14'.t tons imported in 18r>7, Sill came from the 
 Cauorv Islands, 158 from Italy (Sicily), 122 from 
 the Liiitcd States, ami 103 'from Kussia. Tho 
 duty on barilla, after being reduced in 1812 from 
 ■\0s. to ."is. a ton, was wholly repealed in 184.'). IJut 
 this judicious measure has not had so much in- 
 tlucncc over the consumption of the article as was 
 expected. 
 
 liAKK, The outer rind of trees. There is 
 an immense variety of barks known in commerce 
 as cinnamon, Peruvian bark, oak bark, quer- 
 citron A'c. The term Ixtr/i is, however, gene- 
 rally employed to express either Peruvian bark, 
 or oak bark and quercitron, and it is theae only 
 we here notice. 
 
 Peruvian bark (Er. quinquin.i; Gor. kron- 
 china; Dutch, chiii.i-bast; Spau.cpiiiia, quenquina; 
 Lat. mienquiua. Cortex Pcruvianus). There aro 
 several sorts of this bark known in commerce. 
 Tho first sort is the pale bark of the shops. It is 
 the original cinchona of Peru, and is the |)roduce 
 of ditl'ercnt varieties of the Chinchona officinalis of 
 Linmcus. The sorts called Comiaminen, Bonplan- 
 diaua and Crispa or Cresjiilla are now naturalised 
 in India and flourishing on the higher ranges of the 
 Ncilghcrrics,andthe C. Succirubraan\\ C. Calisaya; 
 and are also largely propag.atcd in the Goveriinient 
 plantations,with every prospect of successful results 
 in India, Ceylon, and the West Indies. This .sort 
 is usually imported in chosta covered with skins, 
 each containing about 200 lbs. well packed, but 
 generally mixed with a quantity of dust and other 
 heterogeneous matter. It consists of pieces 8 or 
 10 inches long, some of them being scarcely one- 
 tenth of an inch thick, singly and doubly quilled 
 or rolled inwards, the quills generally 'being in 
 size from a swan's quill to an inch and a half. It 
 is internally of a jiallid fawn or cinnamon hue, 
 but approximates, on being moistened, to the 
 colour of a pale orarfgc. When in substance 
 it has scarcely any odour, but during the decoction 
 the odour is sensible and agreeably aromatic. 
 The taste is bitter, but not unpleasant, acidulous 
 and austere. 
 
 The second sort, or red bark, is obtained from 
 the C. Succirubra growing on the Andes, chielly 
 in Ecuador in the forests of Chimborazo, where 
 the true ^ed bark is known as the 'Cascnrilla 
 loja,' and its production appears at present to be 
 confined to tho district lying between 1° and 24° 
 
 
 ;^f. 
 
140 
 
 BARK 
 
 U ! 
 
 S. Int. nntl 30' and 40' W. Innpr. of (Juilo. It i», 
 bi)wevcr, supposed to have within a recent period 
 existed in all the valleys of the Andes which 
 debouch in the Guyngulian plain, but in most of 
 tliesc di-itriota it has been corapJetcly exhausted. 
 The red bark is imported in chc-its contaiiiinp^ 
 from 100 to 150 lbs. each. It consists of various 
 sized pieces, most of them flat, but some partially 
 quilled or rolled. The internal part is woody, 
 and of a rust red colour ; it has a weak peculiar 
 odour, and its ts.stc is much less bitter, but 
 more austero aid nauseous than that of the other 
 barks. 
 
 We would refer for a description of the mode 
 of collecting the bark to a report by Mr. !>prucc 
 to the Under-Sccrctnrj' of .State for India {Pari. 
 PnpiTS, Return E. India Chinchona Plant, 1803, 
 No. 118, p. Co ct seq.) witli reference to bis ex- 
 pedition to the red bark tree districts. Limon, 
 the situation to wliich Mr. Spruce's observa- 
 tions refar, is at the junction of a stream cf that 
 iinnit with the ri\ or Chnsuan. 
 
 The entire quantity of the red bark collected 
 in 1859 did not reach 50 quintals, and it was sold 
 for 43 dola. the quintal. In 1800 no red bark 
 at all was got our, so that the trade in it is well 
 nigii extinct. 
 
 The third sort of yellon' bark of the sScps is 
 obtained from the Cinchona Calisaya, growing in 
 Itolivia and the Peruvian province of S. Caravaya. 
 It is imported in serons, containing arrobas of 
 about 150 lbs. each, and consists of pieces 8 or 10 
 inches long, some quilled but greater part flat. 
 'l"ho interior is of a yellow colour passing to 
 orange. It has nearly the same odour in deuoc- 
 tion as the pale; the taste is more bitter and less 
 austere, and it excites iio astringent feeling when 
 chewed. The C. Calisaya is used in the manufac- 
 ture of Bi'"'phate of quinine and is consequently 
 of great commercial value. The forests of New 
 (iranada yield several sorts of bark used in 
 quinine manufactures. The most valuable of 
 these are the C. pitaya and the C. iaiicifolia, which 
 liave recently been imported into Europe m great 
 quantities. According to Dr. RIacphorson's account 
 of the medico-botanical history of cinchona, it was 
 first introduced into Europe in 1040, and it is 
 stated that the value of Peruvian bark as a medi- 
 cine was first made known in connection with the 
 cure of the Countess of t'hinchon, whence the name 
 Chinchona or more properly Chincona. 
 
 The quantity exported from Payta (the port of 
 L')xa) in 1800 was J,400 quintals of pale bark at 
 30 dols. the quintal. The quantity exported from 
 Arica in 1859 was 1,920 quintals, valued at 
 ]7,.'i31/., and from January to November 1800 it 
 w.is 3,888 quintals valued at 35,000/. Prom Islay 
 in 1803 the quantity exported was 3,015 quintals, 
 vtilued at 100 dols.' per quintal, cr 301,500 dols. 
 The bark from Islay is yellow bark. 
 
 The exhaustion of the Bolivian bark tree forests 
 led the Government of Bolivia to establish in 1859 
 u ' bank of bark ;' but as tliis institution was 
 granted a monopoly of the export of bark, the re- 
 suit was, as stateil by Dr. Forbes Koylo, rather to 
 enhance the price than to continue the preserva- 
 tion of the supply. 
 
 The increasing cost of the article and the danger 
 arising from the reckless system of destruction of 
 the bark-trees pursued by the owners of tlie Boli- 
 vian forests, added to the great cost of the supply ol 
 the article fur the British service in India (stated by 
 Mr. Markham to have been 53,000/. in the years 
 1857-8), induced the British (iovernment to endea- 
 vour to introduce the cultivation of the Cinchona 
 in the hill districta of British India. Dr. Forbes 
 lioylc had recommended its introduction in 1836, 
 
 in his work on Himalayan Botany, suggesting 
 that it might be cultivated on the slopes of the 
 Neilgher cs, and ho again recommended that 
 endeavours should bo made with the same object 
 in 1847, and his recommendations were strongly 
 supported by Dr. Falconer, superiutcndciit of the 
 Hon. East Ir 'ia Company's Botanic Gardens in 
 1852. At length, in 1859, Mr. Clements Markham 
 was instructed by Lord Stanley, then Secretary of 
 State for India, to proceed to Peru with a view to 
 procure seeds and plants of the Cinchona and to 
 convey them to India, to which country, in con- 
 junction with Mr. Spruce, a botanist, and Mr. 
 Cross, a practical gardener, he succeeded, after 
 innumerable difficulties owing principally to the 
 jealousy of the Peruvian Government, in conveying 
 upwards of 400 plcnts of the C. Calisaya, where 
 they ','ere planted at the nursery at Ooiacamund. 
 These plants were, however, reported as all dead 
 at the end of 1800, but Mr. Cross succeeded in 
 arriving in April 18G1, with 403 plants of the C. 
 luccirubra and six plants, brought from England, 
 of the C. Calisaya, and Jlr. Spruce introduced Irom 
 .Java the C. Calisiiya, C. cauci/olia, and C. Paliu- 
 diana. From this Htock the present Cinchona 
 plantations in India have been established with 
 results so successful, that the number of plantu 
 growing on the Neilgherriea in February 1803 
 was as follows : — 
 
 Number and Distribution of Cinchona Plants on 
 the Xeilgherries, on February 28, 1803, 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 
 'i 
 
 
 
 
 Value pel 
 
 
 
 No. of 
 Hlanu 
 
 Poiinil of 
 
 ti. 
 
 Botapical Niinin 
 
 Commef'.ial ^ imM 
 
 ^t] haikin 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 the London 
 
 
 
 
 
 Market 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. </. I. H. 
 
 1 
 
 
 Rrd )<ark 
 
 4K,1I»!J 
 
 •I 6 lo H <l 
 
 V 
 
 CTaliirtyn - 
 
 Vellow hark ■ 
 
 1,180 
 
 •t in „ 7 (I 
 
 .1 
 
 C. Untii&inirti 
 
 ()n([in»l loia turk 
 
 'jn 
 
 'I 10 „ 7 (1 
 
 4 
 
 
 Selircl crown tiark 
 
 3I,(M'J 
 
 t III,, ; O 
 
 .". 
 
 C. Cre.|tiil.i * 
 
 Fine crown bark • 
 
 S'J.'i 
 
 t 10 „ r. (1 
 
 li 
 
 C. liincifolia • - 
 
 Pllavo birk - 
 
 1 
 
 1 li„t II) 
 
 i 
 
 C. niliila 
 
 (ivnuine grey bark 
 
 8,3 ;» 
 
 1 8 „ 2 V 
 
 S 
 
 C. ififciet wiUiout 
 
 
 
 
 
 name - 
 
 Fine ffrey bark 
 
 
 1 s „ 2 in 
 
 9 
 
 C. nijcrantha 
 
 (irey bark 
 
 N,.">VB 1 8 „ V 9 
 
 10 
 
 C. Pirtiviana 
 
 Flnejil K"7 bark - 
 
 W.HI7'1 S „ 't 10 
 
 il 
 
 C. PaliuUiaiia 
 
 Unknown 
 r of plants 
 
 *'l!> Worililfc. 
 
 
 Tota". numln 
 
 ijj,;r.a 
 
 
 The Dutch Government attempted to introduce 
 the Cinchona into their East Indian possoesions 
 in 1852, and Mr. Hasskarl succeeded in 1854 in 
 introducing it into Java, where the plants are now 
 thriving. 'I he principal plantations are situated 
 nu the Kending and Malabar range of mountains 
 in the southern portion of the Island. 
 
 The quantity of Peruvian bark imported into 
 (ireat Britain in 180U was 13,797 cwt., valued at 
 109,477/. 
 
 The above has been compiled chiefly from 
 information furnished by J. E. Howard, Esq. thi; 
 author of the Nueva Quinotogm de Paron, anil 
 from Pari. Paver 118, 1803, East India Cinchona. 
 Sec also Dr. VVcddeirs Quinologic. 
 
 The cnscarillcros or peelers usually destroy the 
 tree by stripping o<f its bark as it stands ; wlicrcas 
 were they to cut it close to the ground, young 
 shoots would spring up, which would in their 
 turn become lit ibr peeling in from si.K to twenty 
 years. This reckless destruction, coupled wil'- 
 the enormous demand for quinine in Europe, Iiuk 
 occasioned so great a scarcity, that the autho- 
 rities in Upper Peru contemplate placiig an 
 interdiction on the exportation of bark for a seriejt 
 of years. 1 1 is asseited that 800 to 900 treea arc cut 
 down in order to furnish 11,000 pounds of bark, 
 and that 25 to 50 ounces, 1^ to 3 percent., are 
 
 the two < 
 The sum < 
 the piirchii 
 exceed ti\ 
 consumes, 
 451 of qu 
 nbniit 400, 
 120,000 Ibf 
 The foil 
 Peruvian b 
 
 The re-oj 
 foreign conn 
 of which b,[ 
 cwt. to Frai 
 factured in g 
 cmburg, anc 
 continent of 
 ^ The super 
 French quini 
 to the lower 
 duction. 
 
 Quercitron 
 covery and a 
 quercitron to 
 for his inve 
 war breaking 
 advantages. ] 
 Parliament pa 
 38) securing ti 
 patent for foui 
 latter period 
 extend his i 
 years, but ti 
 bill. Like to 
 profited but li 
 been of great i 
 the countrj-. 
 vol. ii. p. Ji 
 House of Con 
 175.) 
 
 BAKLEY 
 Dutch, ryg ; 
 futschmea; Li 
 jow). A spec 
 of which there 
 sively cultivat 
 in most of tht 
 Africa. It may 
 but not at a li 
 4,000 feet, and 
 Large quantii 
 lengthened pei 
 cently, howev« 
 'hough probab 
 i""g. In 1705 
 number of ba 
 Wales at 739,^ 
 the population 
 Cumberland co 
 bread, wc are i 
 may not, at pr 
 Hut the princ 
 Britain is for c 
 the manufactui 
 and though its 
 ccrtiiinlv incrci 
 of wealth and i 
 
BARLEY 
 
 the two extreines of quinine from 100 pounds. 
 The sum expended by the Indian Government in 
 the purchase of this valuable medicine is stated to 
 exceed (ivo lacs of rupees annually. Madras 
 consumes, on an average, 2,U90 lbs. of bark ami 
 451 of quinine. Ureat Britain imports annua' ly 
 about 400,000 lbs. of bark, and retains towards 
 120,000 lbs. for home consumption. 
 
 The following represents the imports <tc. of 
 Peruvian bark in the year 1863 : — 
 
 From Si. Thomu 
 
 Unllfd Statn: Norlh 
 Atlantic I'oru 
 
 New Granada . . - 
 
 Peru - . - - - 
 
 Chill . . . . - 
 
 Oilitr Paru . . ■ . 
 Toul 
 
 Qunnlily 
 
 Value 
 
 cwt. 
 I.IUO 
 
 7CS 
 (;,5I» 
 I2,6IU 
 
 4)S 
 1,7K7 
 
 7,757 
 
 4,202 
 .1(1,4.'.! 
 GU.IIH 
 
 V,I7i 
 
 9,S.'i(> 
 
 •a.i-H) 
 
 129,0 I.: 
 
 I'er Cwt. 
 
 £ : d. 
 i lU 1(1 
 
 It 9 
 
 II 4 
 
 !) 4 
 
 II 3 
 
 lU 3 
 
 The re-exports of bark from (?rcat Britain to 
 foreign countries in 1865 amounted to 14,975 cwt., 
 of which 5,517 cwt. went to Holland and 3,307 
 cwt. to France. Sulphate of quinine is manu- 
 factured in great quantities at Stuttgart in WUrt- 
 emburg, and in Franct, from which sources the 
 continent of Europe u largely supplied. 
 
 The superior cheapness of the (ierman and 
 French quinine is probably in some degree owing 
 to the lower cost of the alcohol used in its pro- 
 duction. 
 
 Quercitron Bark. — We are indebted foi the dis- 
 covery and application of tUe useful properties of 
 quercitron to Dr. Lancroft, who obtained a patent 
 for his invention in 1775; but the American 
 war breaking out soon after, deprived him of its 
 advantages. In consideration of this circumstance. 
 Parliament passed, in 1785, an Act (25 Geo. 111. c. 
 38) securing to him the privileges conveyed by his 
 patent for fourteen years. At the expiration of the 
 latter period the House of Commons agreed to 
 extend his privilege for an additional seven 
 years, but the House of Lords rejected the 
 bill. Like too many discoverers, Dr. Bancroft 
 profited but little by his invention, though H has 
 been of great use to the arts and manufactures of 
 the country". (Bancroft On Permanent Colours, 
 vol. ii. p. 112; RejMrt of the Committee of the 
 House of Commons on Patents, Appendix, page 
 175.) 
 
 BARLEY (Fr. orge ; Ger. gcrstengraupen ; 
 Dutch, ryg ; Ital. orzo ; Span, cebada ; Kusa. 
 fat^'chmea; La'j. hordcum; Arab, dhourra; )lind. 
 jow). A species of bread-corn (Ilordeum, Linn.), 
 of which th(>re are several varieties. It is exten- 
 sively cultivated in mo.st European countries, and 
 in most of the temperate districts of Asia and 
 Africa. It may also bo raised between the tropics; 
 Imt not at a lower elevation than from 3,000 to 
 4,000 feet, and then it is not worth cultivating. 
 Large quantities of barley have been, for a 
 lengthened period, raised in Great Britain. Re- 
 cently, however, its cultivation has been supposed, 
 though probably on no good grounds, to be (Icdiii- 
 iiig. In 17(i5 Mr. Charles Smith estimated the 
 number of barley consumers in England and 
 Wales at 739,000 ; and as a largo proportion of 
 the population of Wales, Westmoreluiul, and 
 Cumberland continue to pubsist chiefly on barley 
 bread, wc are inclined to think that this estimate 
 may not, at present, be very wide of the mark. 
 Hut the principal demand ibr liarley in Great 
 Britain is for conversion into malt, to be used in 
 the manufacture of ale, porter, and British spirits ; 
 and though its consumption in this way has not 
 certainly increased proportionally to the increase 
 of wealili and population, Htill there docs not seem 
 
 BARRATRY 
 
 141 
 
 to be any g:oimd for supposing that it has di- 
 minished, i.arley is aLso extensively used in 
 fattening black cattle, hogs a'"l poultrj'. It; 
 now generally follows turnips, and is a very im- 
 portant crop III the rotation best adapted to'light 
 noils. The principal barley counties of Eiigla-id 
 are Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Bedford, Herts, 
 Leicester, Nottingham, the upper parts of Here- 
 ford, W invick, and Salop. The produce varies, 
 according to soil, preparation, season 4c. from 
 about 20 to CO or 70 bushels an acre. The most 
 usual crop is from 28 to 36 or 38 bushels. The 
 Winchester bushel of good English barley gene- 
 rallv weighs about 50 lbs., but the best Norfolk 
 barley sometimes weighs 53 or 54 lbs. Its pro- 
 duce in flour is about 12 lbs. to 14 lbs. grain. 
 Barley is a tondcr plant, and easily hurt in any 
 stage of its growth. It is more hazardous than 
 wheat, and is, (;cnerally speaking, raised at a 
 greater expc.ise. so that its cultivation should 
 not be attemptc 1 except when the soil and climate 
 are favourable for its growth. 
 
 The question whetlier malted or unmalted bar- 
 ley is the fittest food for cattle, has in this country 
 practical interest. For purposes of revenue, a 
 considerable duty is levied on malt. It is asserted 
 that this duty check: the cultivation of barley on 
 light soils, and that even when barley is gro^vn, 
 its most useful purpose, that of stimulating the 
 flow of milk in cows, and of promoting the rapid 
 growth of fat stock, is prohibited bv the operation 
 of an excise duty. The Act 27 & 28 Vict. c. 9 
 has indeed so far relaxed the excise system as to 
 permit, under proper regulations and supervision, 
 the malting of barlcj' for the use of stock, the 
 chief precaution taken in order to prevent the 
 abuse of the privilege being the admixture of 
 a certain amount of linseed meal with the malt. 
 This, it appears, renders the malt permanently 
 unfit for the manufacture of beer or spirit. 
 
 In the 11th inland Revenue Report (1867), p. 
 xxiii., it is stated 'The farmers, however, appear 
 to be finding out by experience what science long 
 ago indicated as the truth — that malt contains no 
 feeding properties not possessed by barley, and 
 that th;; cost of malting is worse than thrown 
 away, because the barley during the process loses 
 a portion of its nutritious constituents, its value 
 as an article of food being proportionately di- 
 minished.' Number of samples examined for 
 cattle-feeding purposes in 1866-7, only 95 as 
 against 462 in the preceding year. The customs' 
 duty on foreign barley, pearled, is 44rf. per cwt. 
 
 (For details as to the prices of barley, .the 
 quantities imported and exported ifcc. seeCoUN 
 Laws and Cokn Thade; and for further d(;- 
 tails as to its consumption and culture, sec 
 Smith's Tracts on the Com Trade, 2nd edition, 
 p. 182 ; Bro^vn On Rural Affairs, vol. li. p. 42 ; 
 Loudon's Encyclopcedia of Agriculture; and Report 
 of the Relative Values of Matted or Unmalted 
 Barley as Food for Stock, presented to Parlia- 
 mont in 1866.) 
 
 BARRATRY. In Navigation, barratry is, in 
 its most extensive sense, any fvauduknt or un- 
 lawful act committed by the master or mariners 
 of a ship, contrary to their duty to their o\vners, 
 and to the prejudice of the latter. It appears to 
 bo derived from the Itali,",a word barratrare, to 
 cheat. It may bo committed by nuining awny 
 with a ship, wilfully carrying her out of the 
 course prescribed by the owners, delaying or 
 d feating the voyage, deserting convoy without 
 leave, sinking or deserting the ship, embezzling 
 the cargo, smuggling, or any other oft'ence where- 
 by the ship or cargo may be subjected to arrest, 
 detention, loss, or forfeiture. 
 
 .\ 
 
 li 
 
 ": n ■■■ J 
 
'»'H<HffB5aW57y.J 
 
 112 
 
 BARRATRY 
 
 I l: 
 
 Ft is tlic prnrticc in most countries to insure 
 afj.iinst barratry. Most forcifrn jurists huld 
 thut it comprchuiuls every fault wliich the master 
 and crew can commit, whether it arise from 
 fraud, ncftlifconco, unskilfulness, or mere impru- 
 donce. Hut in this country it is ruled that no act 
 of tlu! master or crew shall be dconie i barratry un- 
 less itprocpcd from a criminal or fraudulent \nnt\yc, 
 
 ' Itarra'ry can only be committed by the mas- 
 tor and niarinera by some net contrary to their 
 duty in the relation in which they stand to the 
 owiicrs of the ship. It is, therefore, an offence 
 attainst them, and consequently an owner himself 
 cannot commit barratry. lie may, by his frau- 
 diilo it conduct, maite ilimself liable to the owner 
 of tlic goods on board, but not for barratry. 
 Neither can barratry be committed against the 
 o^\'ner with his consent: for though he may be 
 liable for any loss or damage occasioned by the 
 misconduct of the master to ^vhich he consents, 
 yet this is not barratry. Nothing is more clear 
 tlian that a man can never set up as a crime an 
 act done by his own direction or consent.' 
 (Marshall On Insurance, book i. ch. xii. s. 0.) 
 
 When, therefore, the OANuer of a ship is also the 
 master, no act of barratry can -be committed ; for 
 no man can commit a fraud against hims-lf. 
 
 It is a maxim in law, that fraud shall not be 
 presumed, but must bo clearly proved ; and it is 
 a rule in questions of insurance, that he who 
 charges barratry must substantiate it by con- 
 clusive evidence. 
 
 It is not necessary, to render an act barratrous, 
 that it should be committed with a criminal in- 
 tent as respects the owners, in order to injure 
 them, or to benefit the captain or crew. It may 
 even bo committed with a view to promote the 
 owner's interests ; for an illcrjal act done without 
 the authority or privity of the o^NTiers, am' which 
 proves detrimental to them, is barratrj-, wl atever 
 be the motives in which it originated. Lord 
 Kllenborough, in an able judgment, has laid it 
 down as clear law, ' that a breach of duty by the 
 master in respect of his oi\Tiers, with a fraudulent 
 or criminal intent, or ex maleficio, is barratry ; 
 that it makes no difference whether this act of 
 the master be induced by motives of advantage 
 to himself, malice to the owner, or a disrei/ard of 
 those taws which it was his duty to obey; and that 
 it is not for him to judge or suppose, in cases not 
 intrusted to his discretion, that he is not breaking 
 the trust reposed in him, when he endeavours to 
 advance the interests of his owners by means 
 which the law forbids, and which his owners also 
 must be taken to have forbidden.' 
 
 'i'ho circumstance of the owners of ships being 
 permitted to insure against the barratry of the 
 mas'^er and mariners can hardly fail, it ma}' be 
 not uncharitably presumed, of rendering them 
 less scrupulous in their enquiries with respect to 
 their character than they would otherwise be. 
 Perhaps, therefore, it might be expedient to pro- 
 hibit such insurances, or to lay some restrictions 
 upon them. They were, indeed, expressly for- 
 bidden by the Ordinance of Kotterdani ; and 
 Lord Manslield, whose authority on all points 
 connected with the law of insurance is so de- 
 servedly high, seems to have thought that it 
 would be well to exclude barratry entirely from 
 policies, and to cease ' making the undenmter 
 become the insurer of the conduct of the captain 
 whom he does not appoint, and cannot dismiss, to 
 tlio owners who can do either.' But though it 
 were expedient to prevent the owners from 
 making an insurance of this sort, nothing can be 
 more rca:-onablo than that third parties, wlio 
 freight a ship, or put goods on board, should be 
 
 BARYTA, SULPHATE OF 
 
 allowed to insure against such n copious source 
 of loss. In the maritime policies efl'ectcd in 
 France, the barratry of the master of the yhip 
 will, under certain circumstances, vitiate the 
 claim to compensation, especially when the 
 captain has been appointed by the claimant. 
 (For a further discussion of this subject, 80(( 
 Marink Inscuaxck; and Marshall (in Insur- 
 ance, book i. ch. xii. s. G, and Park On Insurance, 
 ch. V.) 
 
 By 24 & 25 Vict. c. 100 s. 1.3 it is enacted that 
 if any person set fire to any ship or part thereof, 
 or any goods or chattels therein, or shall cast 
 away any ship with intent to co'nmit murder, ho 
 shall be guilty of felony, and liable, at the dis- 
 cretion of the court, to be kept to penal servitude 
 for life, or for any term not less than three years, 
 or to ba imprisoned for any term u.jt exceeding 
 two years, with or without hard labour, and with 
 or without solitary contincment. 
 
 BARRKL. A cask or vessel for holding 
 liquids, particularly ale and beer. Formerly the 
 barrel of beer in London contained only 32 ale 
 gal'ons=32i imperial gallons; but it was enacted 
 by 4;3 Geo. III. c. G9 that 36 gallons of beer should 
 be taken to br a barrel ; uud by the G Geo. IV. 
 c. 68 it is enacted that whenever any gallon 
 measure 's mentioned in any excise law, it shall 
 alwai-s be deemed and taken to be a standard 
 imperial gallon. At present, therefore, the barrel 
 contains 3G imperial gallons. It may be worth 
 while observing that the barrel or cask is an ex- 
 clusive product of European ingenuity ; and that 
 no such article is linown to any nation of Asia, 
 Africa, or America, who have not derived it from 
 Europeans. 
 
 BARWOOD. A red dye-wood brought from 
 Africa, particularly from Angola, and the river 
 (iahoon. The dark red whicli is commonly seen 
 upon British Bandana handkerchiefs is for the 
 most part produced by the colouring matter of 
 barwood, saddened by sulphate of iron. (Bancroft 
 On Colotirs.) The imports of barwood, in 1865, 
 amounted to 2,347 tons. It is estimated, in the 
 official accounts, as being worth about 3/. per ton. 
 
 BARYTA, SULPHATE OF. This substance 
 is found native in many narts of the United 
 Kingdom, and is known under the name of 
 heary spar. 
 
 ( lonsidorable importance attaches to this sub- 
 stance fiom the use which has latterly been made 
 of it in the arts, as a body for paint. The native 
 sulphate being crystallised, and therefore more 
 or less translucent, is not available for this pur- 
 pose, and when mixed with white lead, as is 
 frequently done, must be looked on as an adul- 
 teration. That, however, which is prepared by 
 artificial merfhs is more opaque, though still far 
 inferior in body and solidity to white lead. It 
 has certain advantages, however. It is not 
 SiTectcd as lead is by the vapour of sulphuretted 
 hydrogen, and therefore does not blacken on ex- 
 posure to the air, and its use is unattended with 
 those deleterious ctTects which ensue from the 
 constant manipulation of lead salts. Sulphate of 
 baryta is used as a water-colour by artists, under 
 the name of permanent white or blank fix. It is 
 also said to be largely used in the manufacture of 
 paper-hangings. 
 
 A very great impetus has been given to the use 
 of barytes by the paper collar trade. When the 
 collars were covered with white lead there was 
 reason to fear that health might be endangered 
 by the pores absorbing this deleterious substance. 
 A durable enamel prepared from barytes has 
 consequently been sidjstitutcd, and with so much 
 success, that upwards of twenty tons are daily 
 
 used in the i 
 city alone. (X 
 1866.) 
 
 BASKETS 
 
 pan i ere ; Spa; 
 
 sinll). Basket 
 
 principally of 
 
 osier, birch & 
 
 splinters of wo 
 
 of other article 
 
 of dry goods, a 
 
 of quality and 
 
 produced at hi 
 
 imported u.ide 
 
 viously to 185 
 
 year the duty 
 
 pealed. Very 1 
 
 baskets are i"mr 
 
 BAST. Mat 
 
 [Hats; Matt 
 
 BATAVIA. 
 capital of the 
 Indies, and th 
 Oriental islands 
 visible 13 miles 
 long. 106° 47' 4 
 the island, on i 
 or rather road, ] 
 several sm.ill ui 
 the boisterous < 
 BufHcient shelter 
 from 300 to 50( 
 from shore. A s 
 which is navigal 
 tons, a couple of 
 branch oflF from i 
 affording great c 
 was formerly so 
 Daendals was ai 
 government to S 
 in this, he set ab( 
 farther inland, J 
 whither the Go 
 ately removed, 
 chants now live i 
 Old city, only w! 
 a portion of the 
 to^vn is at present 
 and the descend 
 several of its str 
 demolished. Mo; 
 (.'apellen, whose 
 long be gratefull; 
 of the superior ai 
 place of trade, oxi 
 ther decay, by re 
 healthiness; to ! 
 t^everal of the strc 
 and cleaned othei 
 tions *c. : and th 
 siircs has been, tl 
 as any other town 
 according to an ai 
 consisted of 2,8l 
 L'.i,000 Chinese, 1, 
 all 118,300 persouo 
 the population has 
 scut bo estimated 
 independently of t 
 always a considera 
 cipal merchants a 
 I'rench, and Germi 
 the most importan 
 '^lons in the Ea.st, a 
 colonics in the wor 
 iin area of 62,000 
 «n Dec. 31, 1862, 
 
 tl 
 
 B 
 
BASKETS 
 
 used in the collar manufactories of New York 
 city alone. {Journal of the Sociuty of Arts, Oct. 26, 
 1(*66.) 
 
 BASKETS (Fr. corbcilles; Gor. korbe; Ital, 
 paniere; Span, canastas, canastos; Kusa. kor- 
 isinU). Baskets are made, as everyone knows, 
 principally of the interwoven twigs of willows, 
 osier, birch A'c. but frequently also of rushes, 
 splinters of wood, straw, and an immen.so number 
 of other articles. They are used to hold all sorts 
 of dry goods, and arc constnicted of every variety 
 of quality and shape. Besides tbe vast (]uantities 
 produced at home, some of the rincr kinds were 
 imported under an ad valorcia duty, which, pre- 
 viously to 1854, was 10 per cent. In the above 
 year the duty was reduced to 4rf. It is now re- 
 
 E' ealed. Very large quantities of rods for making 
 askets arc imported. 
 BAST. Material for straw hats or bonnets. 
 [Hats; Matting. 1 
 
 BATAVIA. A city of the Island of Java, the 
 capital of the Dutch possessions in the East 
 Indies, and the principal trading port of the 
 Oriental islands; lat. of lighthouse on the west pier, 
 visible 13 miles off in clear weather, 6° 5' 4" S., 
 long. 106° 47' 40" E., on the north-west coast of 
 the island, on an extensive bay. The harbour, 
 or rather road, lies betv-een the main land and 
 several small uninhabited islands, which, during 
 the boisterous or north-western monsoon, afford 
 sufHcient shelter, and good anchorage. Ships of 
 from 300 to 500 tons anchor at about l.J mile 
 from shore. A smrll river runs through the town, 
 which is navigable for vessels of from 20 to 4() 
 tons, a couple of miles inland ; a number of canals 
 branch off from it into different parts of the town, 
 affording great conveniences for trade. B.'.tavia 
 was formerly so very insalubrious, that General 
 Daendals was anxious to transfer the scat of 
 government to Sourabaya; but being thwarted 
 in this, he set about building a new town, a little 
 farther inland, on the heights of VVeltevreden, 
 whither the Government offices were immedi- 
 ately removed. Most part of the principal mer- 
 chants now live in the new town, repairing to the 
 Old city, only when business requires it, during 
 a portion of the day. In consequence, the old 
 to\vn is at present principally occupied by Chinese, 
 aiid the descendants of the ancient colonists, 
 several of its streets having been deserted and 
 <lcmolished. More recently, however, the Baron 
 (.'apcllen, whose enlightened administration will 
 long be gratefully remembered in Java, sensible 
 of the superior advantages of the old to>vn as a 
 place of trade, exerted himself tc prevent its fur- 
 ther decay, by removing the causes of its un- 
 hcalthincss ; to accomplish which, he widened 
 several of the streets, filled up some of the canals, 
 and cleaned others, demolished useless fortifica- 
 tions &c. : and the effect of these judicious mea- 
 sures has been, that Batavia is now as healthy 
 as any other town of the island. The population, 
 according to an accurate census t.ikcn in 1832, 
 consisted of 2,800 Europeans, 80,000 natives, 
 '.'.i,000 Chinese, 1,000 Arabs, and 9,500 slaves ; in 
 all 1 18,300 persons, exclusive of the garrison. As 
 the population has increased since, it may it pre- 
 sent bo estimated at from 140,000 to 150,000, 
 independently of the military, of which there are 
 always a considerable number. Among the prin- 
 cipal merchants arc Dutch, English, Americans, 
 I'rench, and Germans. The island of Java forms 
 tlie most important portion of the Dutch posses- 
 sions in the East, and is, in fact, one of the finest 
 colonies in the world. It contains, inc. Madura, 
 an area of 52,000 squore milcj, \ni]x a pcpulatioa 
 on Dec. 31, 1862, of 13,380,770. 
 
 BATAVIA 
 
 H."? 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Values of the I'nn- 
 cipal Articles, the Produce of the Eastern Archi- 
 pelago, exported from Java cud Madura in 18U3. 
 
 Princip<(l Artic]e<i 
 and Countries to which exported 
 
 Quantities 
 
 Value 
 
 Arrack ■ ■ Tout - ■ ledgers 
 
 0,7 M 
 
 gulden 
 .>IU,7ll 
 
 ToIIoll.ind . . - - „ 
 Molucra^ - - - „ 
 Great Britain - • • .. 
 
 4,OUll 
 At.-. 
 
 3e6,Uli7 
 liA,79(l 
 S9,li.'H' 
 
 
 
 Coffee . . Total - - picola 
 
 To Holland 
 
 France , 
 
 7,3.->4,ssr, 
 
 S,U.i8,178 
 
 83l,.-..-,li 
 
 Copper and capper wares Tolal value 
 
 - 
 
 4.'>;,371 
 
 To Sin^pore - • * ., 
 Borneo • . - ,. 
 Celebe. 
 
 irt8,l,,t> 
 iU,9IO 
 5.".,'.H«i 
 
 Fancy Wares - Total - - ,, 
 
 _ 
 
 ■;s.'"n 
 
 To Soulh-West Coist - 
 
 Palembang and Banlia . ,, 
 Borneo -.-,,. 
 
 Hides, cow and buffalo - - ,, 
 To Holland - - - . „ 
 
 y 1 1 ,!)»3 
 
 •.i31,<Ji;3 
 
 1^U,.',0» 
 8l,48tf 
 
 8-^),ll98 
 786,401 
 
 India rubber - - Total - picols 
 To Holland ----,, 
 
 7. lil 
 li, Wi 
 
 6311,01)7 
 
 Indiffo - . Total - • pond 
 
 *in,'.}V.t 
 
 1,843,')V3 
 i,l>31,81C 
 
 119,lVi9 
 
 To Holland - - • - „ 
 
 4U,>,u.,3 
 
 Iron wares - - Total • value 
 
 _ 
 
 To Sinjjapore - • * ,» 
 Noulb.West Coast . - - „ 
 
 Bali 
 
 Borneo - . - - „ 
 Aloluccas . - . „ 
 
 - 
 
 28,147 
 'il/jVi 
 »,.'i'J9 
 9,161 
 9,l«t 
 
 Linen and cotton manufactures 
 
 Total 
 
 i,asn,7(;s 
 
 Borneo ----,, 
 P'lltmhang and Banka • 
 hiuKapore 
 
 - 
 
 Cli8,ai3 
 Ml,.')73 
 .13l,(il\! 
 Illl,.'>r>l 
 
 Oil cake • - Tolal - - „ 
 
 „ 
 
 !07,f.KB 
 8A,9'^'J 
 
 lu.uou 
 
 To China .... „ 
 Holland - - - - „ 
 
 — 
 
 Provisions - - Total • .. 
 To South-West Coast - 
 
 Borneo - • - - ., 
 
 Rio 
 
 Talcmbanf; and Banka - ,, 
 
 le.evt 
 
 4ll,Aib 
 93, 106 
 87,.'>«U 
 MfiH 
 i 1,063 
 
 Ratt'ins - . Total - - piiol» 
 
 746,V'20 
 
 496,133 
 
 79,A7t 
 
 To Holland . - . . „ 
 Sinf;aporc - - - „ 
 
 8,716 
 
 Rico . - Total - „ 
 
 To Holland ....,, 
 
 Taleinbanfc and Banka ,, 
 
 Borneo - 
 
 China ... - ,, 
 
 93l,iU8 
 '.i7'^,0liti 
 l(it),,')H3 
 88,391 
 1118.879 
 
 6,038,386 
 
 l,9M),:'i1fi 
 
 l,0»V,Ht8 
 
 65i,filN) 
 
 39l,9>ll 
 
 Sugar, loaf - . Tolal - „ 
 
 l,137,,V.iS 
 
 r.iiiNi.oVo' 
 
 l.'',78.Vi8J 
 
 
 l.-',''SS,jlli 
 a.'.4,M4 
 
 Sugar, brown . . - . „ 
 
 37,fi83 
 
 To North Amerifa - - „ 
 AuvtMlia - - - ,, 
 Holl-Jid 
 
 lti,947 
 
 3,SIS 
 7,1)IK) 
 
 l'^l,li.'i8 
 
 3.'i,o;4 
 
 49.300 
 
 Tea- - Tolal - . value 
 
 _ 
 
 127,991 
 0:,OI3 
 
 To Holland - - - - „ 
 
 - 
 
 Tin - - Total - - T'ieols 
 To Holland - . . . „ 
 Japan . . . . „ 
 
 K.-iM 
 
 11 7. '1118 
 
 3,(118 
 _ 3,103 
 
 ~153.331 
 138,993" 
 
 161,177 
 
 Tobacco (Java) - Totnl - „ 
 
 o,ISI,ol6 
 
 
 i,"79. ■!! 
 
 Cigars (all kinds) - Tolal - value 
 
 
 
 32,61,'. 
 
 To South-West Coast - - „ 
 Borneo . . . . „ 
 
 Kio „ 
 
 Alolucc.is . - . ,, 
 
 3 
 
 9.42I 
 6,722 
 3,8^0 
 3,2.'.5 
 
 Wine, ,Vi-. . - Total - „ 
 
 — 
 
 212,814 
 
 To Borneo •---,, 
 Soulh.West Coast - - „ 
 Palembang and lianka s „ 
 
 - 
 
 8VfiS 
 47,'.'12 
 31,937 
 
 Specie • . Total - - „ 
 
 
 8,032,043 
 
 To Singapore - - - „ 
 China * - ■ * „ 
 Bali . . . . „ 
 South-West Coiist - 
 
 J,397,a02 
 723,311 
 377,316 
 .309,.'.48 
 
 The area of the islands of Java and Madura 
 -s, in the year 1861, 51,336 English square 
 
 miles, and the population 13,019,108. 
 
 '* /' 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ,1 
 
' ^ 
 
 ! i 
 
 Hi 
 
 n^ 
 
 144 
 
 Amount received from the several V^tiea and Duet 
 levied in the Islands of Java and Madura m the 
 Years 18GI— 18U3. 
 
 1863 
 
 Dulles &C. 
 
 |lll(K>Tt . - - - ■ 
 
 Kx|>urt - • ■ - - 
 
 llondinK .... 
 
 Shlpiiinit .... 
 
 Wriuhinft .... 
 Warehouse rent - . . 
 Kxri^f duty on tohaci;o - 
 Addilioiial 6 |>er cent. 
 
 ISFI 
 
 gulden 
 
 7,n3s,Hnn 
 3,M1,18" 
 
 80.S47 
 4,41.1 
 SO.BSH 
 111,811 
 87 .A 14 
 
 5'2 1,891 
 
 5ll,v'l7,Ml 
 9.V4,;74 
 
 1861 
 
 (EUldtfti 
 
 f,.18.1,67S 
 3,166^6. 
 
 I09,4.W 
 
 4l,7»i.1 
 I97,IUV 
 
 8«,'>II4 
 4S1(,fifi.T 
 
 l(l,46'l,9!ll 
 K7<.499 
 
 BATAVIA 
 
 place of import, the goods cannot enter before the 
 'JiiTcrcnec is paid. 
 
 4. Clothes, linen, used furniture, ond luggage 
 of pasgengers (regalen), imported by them. 
 
 Art. 3.— An Export duty shallbc paid on the 
 articlex, as specified in the following list, when 
 thcv are ejcported from the countries named in 
 Art. 1. 
 
 gulden 
 
 .^,780,169 
 3,1 16,7 IS 
 
 M,0.31 
 .'i,.16.1 
 
 40,911 
 112.1,664 
 
 94,K'>H 
 4.V2,<»il8 
 
 «,77",'>99 
 HI4,'inO 
 
 Amount of Duty received on the several Articles 
 exported from the Islands of Java and Madura 
 in the Years 18G1-1863. 
 
 Amount of Dutj receired 
 
 1861 
 
 CoflTee . - ■ - 
 
 Pefper 
 
 Sui^iir - - - - 
 
 Arrack . - - 
 
 Uice .... 
 
 Ilor^eft 
 
 Indigo ... 
 
 Japan rami>hor - 
 
 S ■^n: ■ 
 
 Mace 
 
 t'love* ... 
 
 Nutmegs 
 Oil . - - 
 Tin . . . . 
 Uirdi^* nests (edible) - 
 Other article* 
 
 i Gulden 
 
 Total 
 
 gultlen 
 
 !i,l«6.l)t.3 
 
 1. '1,763 
 
 460,891 
 
 9.49'. 
 
 80,1179 
 
 7,.MI) 
 
 SO 
 
 23,116 
 19,41.1 
 84,615 
 11, .619 
 
 141,891 
 ll),9"l 
 
 1«4,'),'.9 
 
 3,V9',116 
 «1.WS 
 
 186!i 
 
 gulden 
 
 2,1 H.liiO 
 
 1.'>,6I1 
 
 61'i,416 
 
 6,163 
 
 451,997 
 
 3,740 
 
 49,884 
 
 1,61(4 
 
 28,163 
 !i;,78S 
 •911,996 
 ■;i4,.'>54 
 14n,'il« 
 S..641 
 69,'i77 
 
 3,166,666 
 863,H8II 
 
 1863 
 
 gulden 
 
 !i,'^96.7SS 
 
 19,073 
 
 109,786 
 
 .3,611! 
 
 93,1.-0 
 
 li,40(( 
 
 4!,il6 
 
 i.tOi 
 
 19,557 
 
 1,968 
 
 46,861 
 
 4,161 
 
 178,418 
 
 1,679 
 
 «88.9I3 
 
 3,116,714 
 «69,7'i6 
 
 Foreign ships are admitted to the ports of 
 Batavia, Samarang, and Sourabaya, on a principle 
 of reciprocity. They arc, however, prohibited 
 from engaging in the coasting trade, which is 
 reserviid exclusively for Dutch and colonial ships, 
 
 A large portion of the import and export trade 
 of Java, especially the latter, has been engrossed 
 by the Netherlands Commercial Company, esta- 
 blished in 1819. But of late years the 'private 
 traders have been gaining on the Companjr ; and 
 ■were it not for the patronage that has been injudi- 
 ciously accorded to the latter by Government, its 
 agents would most probably be driven from the 
 Held. 
 
 Tariff in force from January 1, 18C6, to January 1, 
 1872. 
 
 Art. 1. — On all articles imported for consump- 
 tion into Java and Madura, the -wett coast of 
 Sumatra, Benkoclen, the Lampong districts, Palcm- 
 baiig, Banca, Billiton, ami West, South, and East 
 .'sections of Borneo, a duty shall be paid as speci- 
 licd in the following tariff, save on articles posi- 
 tively exempted. 
 
 Art. 2. — Besides the goods exempt from import- 
 duty, the following also may be imported free. 
 
 r. All goods for the use or on account of the 
 Government. 
 
 2. a. All produce of the Netherlands East Indies 
 •where customs-duties are levied, as cotton goods, 
 tobacco and cigars, must be followed by a ccrtili- 
 catc of export, b. AH the produce of other Nether- 
 lands East Tndia possessions and of the Inland 
 frientlly States of the Eastern Archipelago; — 
 gambler excepted only on Java and Madura, be- 
 sides woven cotton goods, tobacco and cigars. 
 
 The ijrohibitory stipulations relating to the im- 
 port of some articles have nevertheless effect on 
 these goods. 
 
 3. AH goods on which duty is paid at one of the 
 Netherlands India custom-boards. 
 
 When a higher duty must be paid (it the second 
 
 Ilirds'nata 
 
 CofTee 
 
 Hidei. . - . - - 
 
 lndi|io, not nrepiiicd'fjr the in. 
 
 land market - ■ • • 
 
 Sugar- 
 
 Tin . 
 
 inland market 
 
 nn 
 
 rkel 
 
 n. pd. 
 
 value 
 100 n. |id. 
 
 lOOn, pd. 
 
 Duties when 
 ea|iof ted to 
 
 The Ne. 
 therlands 
 
 6 per ct. 
 6 per ct. 
 1 per ct. 
 
 10 centf. 
 
 free 
 3-60 n. 
 
 Sperct. 
 9 jter ct. 
 1 per ct. 
 
 15 rents. 
 3 pnrct. 
 
 J pnrc 
 ill. 
 
 Art. 4. — When goods subject to n differential 
 customs-duty are exported to the Netherlands, 
 then the payment of the higher duties shall be 
 warranted, according to the stipulations of the 
 governor-general. 
 
 The lowest duty shall be levied only when it 
 shall be proved that the goods arc landed in 
 their entirety within the term fixed by the 
 governor-general in a Dutch harbour, out of the 
 same ship in which they had been laden. 
 
 The goveriior-gsneral may exempt from the 
 higher duty when convinced that goods have 
 been totally or partly lost at sea, or necessarily 
 laden in another ship. 
 
 The governor-general ma}- also exempt from 
 the higher duty part of a cargo landed in one of 
 the Dutch harbours, when it has been necessary, 
 in consequence of a disaster on sea, to sell the rest 
 of the gootls in a foreign harbour. 
 
 Art. 5. — No export duty is to be paid on — 
 
 1. The goods exported for the use or account 
 of the Government ; 
 
 2. The goods on which the duty is paid at one 
 of the Netherlands Indies custom-boards. 
 
 When a higher duty is due at the second place 
 of export, then the goods cannot Ve cleared before 
 the difference is paid. 
 
 Art. 6. — The rules about the import and export 
 duties, and the particulp' stipulations for Mueaia- 
 Kompeh, in Djambi, fixed by rcsolutipii of the 
 governor-general of April -2 -, 1847, shall continue 
 to have effect. 
 
 The govornor-gener.ll may levy custom duties 
 in those parts of the Dutch Indies not indicated 
 in Art. 10 where as yet no duties were levicil ; 
 provided that this shall take place after a non- 
 differential tariff. 
 
 Art, 7.— On the import and export duties no 
 additional cents arc to be paid. 
 
 Art. 8. — The dock-duties (entrepot-gelden), 
 those for loading from one ship into another, 
 and those for weighing (waaggeld), are abolished. 
 
 The governor-general fi.\es the tariffs of pay- 
 ment for warehousing and watching goods, and 
 other services rendered. 
 
 Art. 9.— No duties on the transit will be levied. 
 
 Art. 10. — No import or export duties will be 
 levied in the residency Riouw, its subjections on 
 the cast cot..it of Sumatra, not including tlie 
 government of Celebes and subjections, the go- 
 vernment of the Moluccas, and the residencies 
 Menado and Timor. The application of tiiis 
 stipulation in the western, southern, and eastern 
 sections of Borneo is reserved. 
 
 Art. 11. — Necessarj' measures will be taken to 
 maintain the execution of this law, and to prevent 
 the duties being '. faded. 
 
 Hunk of Bi 
 
 nnd other b 
 
 H.'itavia in U. 
 
 ^ioiiraliaya ; 
 
 fitriictivc. Ti 
 
 Vm,mQ fjor 
 
 fjiib.'cribod w 
 
 'Jivourabln nn 
 
 success of (h( 
 
 J"cr, had liio 
 
 ''e.iraii to enjoi 
 
 rajiid increase 
 
 •'••iva led to a . 
 
 •■"id to the pay 
 
 o'l loaii.s; and 
 
 '•onsi.stedofban 
 
 . t "! prolits bcc 
 
 tliat they amoi 
 
 pnco of the ,500 
 
 then also 1,550 
 
 as brief as it w 
 
 bitant interest 
 
 "• ' bank to mali 
 
 A- .Iferch.-.ndis 
 
 i; hia.!^"' : '■ 
 
 '"'',?•, f ogra|,hic.,l .1 
 I cT.w •''"""'''"■•"'It 
 
 l;l"thes. woven or knit 
 ' "als and c.ike - 
 (.[ocanuLs and cocoan'ut 
 t-''PI>er, r„u^.h and ,1," 
 
 I "hips, mUmrmetal.lSi 
 •"PPermanufaclur.; ,, 
 
 I Wire, iind copper wire 
 C:;l';;;rinplat«:„rc„,^, 
 
 ' ^"'"'"■'"■arc, pottery, a', 
 
 I t 'uur and nieal 
 I riirniture - 
 
 I f.lass and gl.issworit, „"r, 
 j '■"''' •""'silver, in li„s„ 
 
 !;;""l.owd,.r1 *""'''•" 
 ' :'e""' "^r' ""'' "'"its 
 
 Jrm?"""","'^' m.ithematic 
 
 ; »nT;L'X**i;?o';:"r„' 
 
 WHrehou,es l,ol,™„'r„l 
 Ir-nwork, li.nnd.Vor f "r! 
 
 U'ad.rouuhandHatteniKl 
 «ilher«,nd leatherwori' 
 •; '"Til "■'?'"■ f"''h 
 
 l..d.M,„,h„,„^_„^,.lj 
 
 "' II of all sorts, salted o 
 "lUMierated . 
 .MiTctryff . ^ 
 
 JIi.ier.,1 waier, natural or 
 
 I'l'i"'": I'alna and Jtenare 
 Malwa - 
 , Levant and I'crsiii 
 I™ierWolours,gr„„,,^'^ 
 
 • Save existing or fnlnrn 
 'r',»'''Wanda.!inoJ'HZ;i 
 
 ^^lo'-erltn''.'.''''' «'••»'»• 
 
 , ',"'l"«ea.lesandwh« 
 ts"eTe'?S"'^''"" 
 
",j,!in!?vy^ 
 
 i 
 
 BATAVIA 
 
 145 
 
 Bank of Batavia. — A bank, for the issue of notes 
 and other Imnkinp: business, was established nfc 
 l?atavia in 1827, witli branches at Samaranf^ and 
 S(turiibaya ; the history of which is not uniii- 
 structive. The capital of the bank, consistini;,^ of 
 ii,(K»0,000 llorins, divided into 4,000 phares, was 
 Hubscribod with difliculty ; and the most un- 
 favourable anticipations were entertained of the 
 success of the establishment. No sooner, how- 
 e^'cr, had the bank been set on foot, than she 
 lie^^an to enjoy a larpc share of prosperity. The 
 rapid increase of cultivation and commerce in 
 .lava led to a corresponding demand for ca|)ital, 
 iiiul to the payment of a very hip;h rate of interest 
 on loans; and as the loans made i)y the bank 
 consisted of bank notes, which cost next to nothin^^, 
 the. profits became quite enormous; so much ho 
 that they amounted in 18157 to 3.'I per cent., the 
 price of the 500 florin share of bank stock being 
 then also 1,550 .'lorins. But this prosperity was 
 as brief as it was signal. — The offer of an exor- 
 bitant interest had tempted, in not a few cases, 
 tb * bank to make advances on doubtful security ; 
 
 and in Java, as elsewhere, issues of paper payable 
 on demand necessarily stop the moment the cir- 
 ctdation has been fully saturated with notes ; and 
 this result having been attained in 1838, and the 
 notes issued by the bank being henceforth re- 
 turned on her tor payment, she speedily became 
 involved in the greatest dillicultics; many of 
 those who depended on her advances for support 
 were no longer able to meet their engagements; 
 and the Avhole islarid was subjected to a severe 
 pecuniary I'ud commercial crisis: in fact, but for 
 the intervention of the Government, in 1810, when 
 bank notes were made legal tender for a limited 
 period, she must have stopped payments ! This 
 mtervention gave her time to recover from the 
 diflicultie? into which she had been precipitated; 
 and after sustaining a very heavy loss, she re- 
 sumed specie payments. At present the maxi- 
 mum amount of notes which tlie bank may issue 
 is fixed from time to time by the governor- 
 general. In 18-10 she was prohibited from making 
 any dividends till the losses her capital had sus- 
 tained during the crisis were made good. 
 
 Tariff of Customs Duties to he levied in Java and Madura §*c. 18GG-1872, 
 A. ^rerch&ndisc of certilietl Dutch orif^ln or manufactured in Uie Netherlands, B. Imjiorted from or nianufncturcd cisewlicre. 
 
 Articles 
 
 Arms, fire, likewiie parts of lire-.irms* - - - - . - - 
 
 Hwr, in l.ulk -.--- 
 
 in glass .---.--•---- 
 Ii.m.l,iai-k 
 
 Utioks, Kco({rai>tuc.il and hvdrof;ra|ihical maps, engravings, |>TuitSt 
 niu->ic, bound or not t ------.--. 
 
 ('andles, wax, spermaceti, <i|earine, and romposition - - - . 
 
 ('arriaKea, and parts of carriiims ^.-.----. 
 
 ('attle, alive ..._. -. ..•-. 
 
 tllotks, watches, and ^Mmdulei .--- 
 
 l^lothes, woven or knit ..-...._. 
 
 Coals an<l coke --- ......>.. 
 
 Coioanuts and c^ocoanut oil ..- 
 
 Copper, rouph and dressed, tni-l''.dini; f>heett and leaves for bheathing 
 shiiis, mUntzmeial, liolt" au'.l nars - - - 
 
 Cupper manufacturvu. painted and lacquered or not, plated and bronze 
 vara, and copper wire .-.-----•- 
 
 CiipptT in plates ior copper coin, or copper coin §----. 
 
 Karilunwarc, pottery, and (hina 
 
 i tiles and hrlcks - - - 
 Kluur and meal - -.-. 
 Kiimiture ----- -• 
 Kiistafje, new and empty - - 
 (i:unliier|l ...-.------•- 
 I (Jlass anil phs-swork, of :i!l soits ......-- 
 
 ; tiold and silver, in bars or i)ieci's, Rolddust and roin .... 
 
 I work, l^ce and wire -.---•-- 
 
 (iiniimwdtr •( -. 
 
 ^ ll'jrses, asses, and nmles ---.----.- 
 
 'ce ----- -.- 
 
 instruments, mathematical, physical, chlruTglcal, optical, and musical 
 
 Iron, in bars, pieces, rods, or sheets: railway b.trs, scarf nails for rail. 
 
 I wavs, tnbe-t for water conduitors ; iron gas tubes, founded or ('a\t, axles 
 
 and wheels,** iron prows or loadinn boats; frames for iron buildings or 
 
 ' warehouses, bolts and nails, iron wire, ships* am hors, chains, capstans 
 
 Irnnwork, foundtil or furiicd, not otherwise enumerated . - - 
 
 ' .leweU, p'arls, and all other precious stones, sot or unset -■ . - 
 
 U-ad, rounh and tlattened, manulactured, and not otherwise enumeratetl 
 
 ' i«alher<and leatherwork 
 
 .^lachinerv, steam, for the use of afrriculture, mining, and manufac- 
 
 torlis. likewise parts of miK-hinery, provide<l that this can be ac- 
 
 ; kno«leclg«l by the functionaries -...---- 
 
 Miuuliutures, of cotton, not made up, white or hteachetU dved or 
 
 I prinii'd, linen, woollen, hemp, llai, and tow ; ribbon and band, late, 
 
 \ and all other sorts, not partltularly enumerated . . - - - 
 
 Manure ,..._-.-.-... 
 
 Mtit of all sorts, salti'd or preserved in any other way, not otherwise 
 
 enumerated -_.. ........ 
 
 Mactryft 
 
 Mineral water, natural or artifuial 
 
 0|]ium: Vatna and Henares It - . - - - - 
 Malwa- ..-..-.- 
 Levant and Tcrsift ..--.- 
 
 I Psinter's ctitours, ground with oi l or not, and linsee d oil 
 
 value 
 100 litiJS 
 
 100 n. pd. 
 value 
 
 Value 
 value 
 
 vD'.ue 
 value 
 
 100 n. pd. 
 value 
 
 va!ue 
 
 value 
 value 
 
 During ISftH, lSfi7, and 
 
 ItJfiti 
 
 value 
 
 value 
 
 ion bottles in 
 
 ; dtone or gla<<5. 
 
 i^ter chest of 6'^ 
 
 n.pd.orless.$§ 
 
 A It 
 
 1 per ct. 
 
 2 tls. 4 m. 
 
 2 2J lis. 4'50 (Is. 
 
 free 
 
 fVec 
 W lis. 
 10 per ct. '10 per ct. 
 free 
 10 per ct. 
 10 per ct. 
 free 
 fret- 
 free 
 
 10 per ct. 20 per ct. 
 
 prohibitetl 
 lOjicr ct. yiiper ct. 
 
 frctf 
 10 per ct. 'JOper ct. 
 10 per ct. VO per -t. 
 10 per ct. '^U iwi ct. 
 
 tiO fls. 
 lOlwr ct. '^Oper ct. 
 
 free 
 
 free 
 6 jier ct. 
 
 tree 
 
 free 
 
 free 
 
 free 
 10 per ct. '^0 per tt. 
 
 free 
 10 per ct. 20 per ct. 
 lO jier ft. 2U |jer c. 
 
 free 5 iier ct. 
 
 lOperct. 20rerct. 
 free 
 
 lOperct. SOperct. 
 ti per ct. 
 
 \ 6fls. 
 
 j- .i:io fis. 
 
 2.'iO (Is. 
 _^per^i't. 10 per ct. 
 
 Purine l«69and 
 tullowing years 
 
 A B 
 
 per ct. 
 
 2'lls. .Tils. 
 
 2*25 ns. .'S'50Hs. 
 
 free 
 
 free 
 
 20 tls. 
 
 lOperct. IGpcrct. 
 
 free 
 
 lOperct. 
 
 to per ct. 
 
 fn« 
 
 free 
 
 free 
 
 lOperct. IGper ct. 
 
 prohibited 
 lOperct. Itiper ct. 
 
 free 
 lOperct. 16 per tt. 
 10 |>"r ct. Ifi ]H;r ct. 
 lOwrct. 16 per ct. 
 
 20 fls. 
 10 per ct. IG per rt. 
 
 free 
 
 free 
 6 per ct. 
 
 fifee 
 
 free 
 
 free 
 
 free 
 10 per ct. 16 per ct. 
 
 fre«' 
 10 per ct. 16 per ct. 
 10 per ct. l*i per tt. 
 
 free 4 per ct. 
 
 10 per ct. 16 per ct. 
 free 
 
 lOperct. 16 |>er ct. 
 
 6 per ct. 
 
 6 tls. 
 
 350 fis. 
 
 850 fls. 
 
 200 tU. 
 
 __6 per ct. lUperct 
 
 In to 
 
 Ivcnt 
 
 • Save existing or fuluro prohibitory stipulations. The prohibition does not include the arms for sportsmen, which must be imported 
 ttiwrately and a. knowhdjuetl as such by tbe custom functionariei. 
 
 * I'riius and euKravings, in frime, as Furniture. 
 
 t ilailway carriages and parts of them are free of duty. 
 
 t The prohibitory stipulation it nut applicable to plates for copper coin, and copper coin which is imported on account and for the uie of 
 ihfOoTernnient. 
 
 I The custom duty shall only be paid en Imports Into Java and Madura. Elsewhere gambler Is free of duty. 
 
 ^ Save the existing or future prohilitoiy stipulations. The prohihi.ion duet not include fowling gunpowder (crrp^, lirportet) In boxet 
 ttntaining I n. pd. or irr-i, and with permission of the local authoiities. 
 *« Carriage axlet and wheels iin|>orted to pay the same duly as carriages. 
 
 t' When necetaary, the governor general will s^iecilj the other articles to be classed under Mercery. 
 U Skve the existing or future prohibitory stipulations. 
 
 II When Imported in t heits containing a larger quantity, tlie dutv will be comparatively increased. 
 
 i. 
 1 , 
 
 ^ I 
 
 ! , i. 
 
 
J ' ' 
 I t 
 
 I ■ * 
 
 .'i 
 
 146 BATAVIA 
 
 Tariff of Cualoms Z)a<ie»— continued. 
 
 A. Merchandise of Mrtificd Dutch origin or manufaclurnl In the Nrthcrlands. B. Imported from or maiiufactureil eliewhere. 
 
 Articles 
 
 ]*nper of nil sortx. Paper hanfxings, music, coloured, card, pasteboard, 
 and reiti^ti-rs white or linwl .-.------ 
 
 I'effuintiifs ..-.-.--,-.- 
 I'tctures ..--,-.--.--- 
 
 Fitch ■ 
 
 I'laving cards _ . - 
 Kesin - - - . . 
 Ilice, cleaneil or uncl'ani'd 
 Hope antl cordage of all hurts 
 Saili'lolh . - - • 
 Sail 
 
 Silk, manufictured and ril.hon> 1 ..--..-- 
 Spirita: iiencTa, Kin, In bulk --------- 
 
 in boxes, kehlers .--.---. 
 brandy of all sorts, I oRnac, mm, arrai-k, in bulk - 
 
 ditto <litlo in (jiass - - - . 
 
 liqueurs, sweetened, of a' I sorts - --.-.- 
 Steel, rod, jdale, sheet, raitw.iv bars, scarf nails for railways 
 
 m.muf.u'tured, not otherwise enumerated . . - - - 
 Srrup from fruits ..------.-. 
 
 ndxed with spirits - ......-.- 
 
 Tar ------- -- 
 
 Timtrr or wood, sawn or not, ship and buildinf^ timber, includinff 
 pole* and masts, oars and spars -- ------ 
 
 Timber or wood.t dresseti and prepared for use - . - - - 
 Tobacco, in leaves, stemmed or unstrippcd, all manu&ctured sorts not 
 otherwise enumerated ---------- 
 
 Tobacco, Manilla and Havana --.---.- 
 
 snuiT ------------ 
 
 cigars, Manilla and Havana ------- 
 
 all ether sorts -------- 
 
 Victuals, not otherwist^en'tiierated - ----.-. 
 
 Vinegar, all sons, in bulk - - - - - . . - - 
 
 in ^Ijss - . . - . . - - - 
 Wine, in bulk -------- .--- 
 
 in ulass ------------ 
 
 i'hampaene and other foamin;; wint-s . - . - . 
 Writing and drawing necessities S - - - . - - - - 
 
 Yams, cotton or woollen - ---- --_-- 
 
 oUier sorts ------ 
 
 Zin«, rough and flattened, plates and sheets for sheatliim; ships, nails 
 and bolls ------------- 
 
 work, painted, lacquered, or not ------- 
 
 All otlier articles, not particularly enumcrrited, or not included in those 
 mentioned nliove - • ------ • 
 
 Rate 
 
 value 
 value 
 
 value 
 value 
 
 value 
 lot) litres 
 
 value 
 100 Imttles 
 
 value 
 100 n. pd. 
 
 value 
 ICO .res 
 
 100 litres 
 
 100 bottles 
 value 
 value 
 
 value 
 value 
 
 Dulles 
 
 During IsnR, 1867, and 
 IHliX 
 
 A n 
 
 10 per ct. W per ct. 
 
 10 Iter et, 
 
 free 
 
 free 
 
 lOmrct. 
 
 fiee 
 
 free 
 
 free A jter ct. 
 
 free •') per 1 1. 
 
 prohibitert 
 
 6 per ct. 
 
 W Hi. 
 
 M fls. 
 
 V7 (Is. 
 
 .-I) fls. 
 
 40 tis. 
 
 free 
 
 lOperct. yopercl. 
 
 .:o (Is. 
 
 As liqueurs. See Spirits. 
 
 free 
 
 free 
 G |ier ct. 
 
 Sfls. 
 
 m lis. 
 
 40 lis. 
 
 21 II I lis. 
 
 .^0 lis. 
 
 10 per c(. 
 
 2 ds. 4 lis. 
 
 2-50 lis. ,', lis. 
 
 a lis. 
 
 8 ns. I(i-S0fls. 
 
 21 (Is. 
 
 (i per CI. lOperct. 
 
 10 per ct. '^Oper ct. 
 
 C per ct. 
 
 free 
 lOperct. 20perct. 
 
 <« per ct. 
 
 rurinB ISfi^lard 
 followin); years 
 
 A II 
 
 lOperct. ir, perct. 
 
 10 per ct. 
 
 tree 
 
 free 
 
 10 per ct. 
 
 free 
 
 free 
 
 free 4 per ct. 
 
 free 4 per ct. 
 
 probiliitid 
 
 6 per ct. 
 
 211 lis. 
 
 2.; lis. 
 
 27 (Is. 
 
 .10 lis. 
 
 40 (Is. 
 
 free 
 
 lOperct. ICpeirt. 
 
 20 (Is. 
 
 As liqueurs. See Spiriu 
 free 
 
 free 
 6 |H-T ct. 
 
 8 ns. 
 
 30 (Is. 
 
 40 ns. 
 
 2IN) (Is. 
 
 .Wfls. 
 
 10 per It. 
 
 2 fls. 3 «s. 
 
 2-50 n«. 4 lis. 
 
 'J lis. 
 
 in-.wtu, 
 
 21 lis. 
 
 fi perct. lOperct. 
 
 1(1 per et. Ifi perct. 
 
 'i per ct. 
 
 free 
 lOperct. 16 perct. 
 
 6 jier ct. 
 
 • The prohibition Is not applicable when salt is imported on account of or for the use of the Government, and in those iKissessions nnici l 
 Java and Madura which are or shall be cxeepted bv the Rovemor general. * » "uisiul 
 
 t Kxcmsively manufactured of silk. Mixc-d stulis as Manufactures of cotton. 
 $ Fustage and cooper's work excepted. 
 } Paper excepted. 
 
 General Remarks on Java. — The previous staf e- 
 ments sliow that the prodaco and trade of Java 
 have increased during the last 30 years with 
 a rapidity unluiown in any other colony, Cuba, 
 perhaps, excepted. And if the resources and 
 capabilities of this noble island be fully developed, 
 it is quite impossible to say how mucii farther her 
 trade may bo extended. It would far exceed our 
 limits, iind, even were this not the ease, it would 
 involve us in discussions nowise suitable for this 
 work, were we to enter into any detailed exami- 
 nation of the means by which the extension of 
 ciiituro in Java has been brought about. We 
 may, however, shortly mention tliat the produce 
 for'cxport.ition is principally rai.sed on account of 
 CJovernment, partly by contributions in kind from 
 the cultivators, these being, in fact, the rent of 
 the land which the latter occupj', Government 
 bring here, as in Hindostan, the only, or, at all 
 events, the paramount proprietor ; and partly by 
 a system of corvee or compulsory labour established 
 01 ; One-fifth part of the lands applicable to the 
 culture of rice, of which Government has resumed 
 the possession. And, provided these contributions 
 and corvces be not carried to excess, wo incline to 
 think that they are at once the least onerous 
 mode in which the nativej can be made to pay 
 their taxes, and the most pro.'itablo for the Go- 
 ▼ernment. It is, we apprehend, idle to suppose 
 that industry, if left to itself, will ever become 
 tiourishing in a country like Java, where the 
 wants of the inhabitants are so few and so easily 
 satisfied, and where the climate indisposes to 
 exertion. No doubt the system of compulsory 
 labour may be easily abused and converted into 
 
 an instmment of the most grinding oppression • 
 but so long as it is managed with discretion ami 
 good sense, we are disposed to believe, from all 
 we can learn, that it is preferable to everj- otlicr 
 sy.stem hitherto devised for developing the rc- 
 sourcci- of tropical countries. (Temminck, Pos- 
 sessions Neerlandaises dans VInde Archipelaainiic 
 i. 237 &c.) ^ J 1 > 
 
 Very great public improvements have also boon 
 already effected, and arc btill in progress, in tlie 
 island. Among others, an excellent higli rnni 
 has been constructed through its whole loin'tli 
 from Bantam on its W. to 8ourabaya on its' !•:! 
 coast, whence cross roads lead to all the priiici|i;ii 
 stations. A number of forts have also been con- 
 structed in commanding situations in the interior, 
 the principal of which at Surackarta, near the 
 centre of the island, is a regular and strong 
 citadel. It is said to bo intended to transfer the 
 scat of government thither from Batavia. 'i'boso 
 forts have been erected principally to kcop the 
 natives in check, and to prevent those out- 
 breaks that have done so much to retard the 
 prospentv of the island. Several important 
 establishments have also been recently founded 
 along the S. coast, which had previously been 
 all but neglected. (Argout Sur Java, 'Shnia- 
 pore Sfc.) 
 
 Rice used to be the staple product of Java ; but 
 it IS now far surpassed by coffee and sugar, the 
 culture of both of which has been astonishingly 
 increased. In proof of this we may mention that 
 the exports of coffee, which in 1830 amounted to 
 288,740 piculs, had increased in 1854 to 1,017,596 
 do. or to 60,571 tons; T^hilethe exports of sugar, 
 
 which in I 
 
 increased ii 
 
 tons. More 
 
 tres in Bata 
 
 Indigo ha 
 
 ihe other pi 
 
 -Banca, tobat 
 
 The inipc 
 
 other manui 
 
 with iron, ha 
 
 the Levant ai 
 
 of other artic 
 
 J'orl Req„, 
 
 ^^tanco of th( 
 
 ^hooonimant 
 
 not to laud hi 
 
 passengers to 
 
 •t boat from t 
 
 landing, is fir; 
 
 and after^van 
 
 ofHce.— 3. ^\ , 
 
 bo delivered ai 
 
 of the ship's 
 
 master of a vi 
 
 with the mast 
 
 which arc dui 
 
 receives his p, 
 
 thority._5. No 
 
 after sunset, xu 
 
 J^o goods can 
 
 Rates of Duty 
 
 jllanufactures : 
 ^Voollen ; 
 
 From Holland 
 
 -dtl other couni 
 
 J-inen and cotton , 
 
 f'pmHolland 
 
 I i"''.'"" eollon and 
 t-otlon and woollen 
 <-ape.f liood |l„ 
 I-umiture - 
 Hrori.ion, fro ^ • 
 (lambier; ""foj 
 
 From Duirh Kast 
 ernm Foreijjn 
 Wine and other bever 
 f opper. Iron, sti^l, .i„ 
 Miscellaneous . 
 
 Tot.il 
 
 ■Account of the 
 
 Principal and other 
 
 I -Apparel and haberdash. 
 I Iteer and ale . 
 
 i ll""''' einders, and cimr 
 
 I < upper, wrought and 
 
 wrouRht - , . 
 
 ("olton yarn 
 
 I t'oltons, entered by the i 
 
 Karthenware and po"eli 
 I'lassmanufaclures . I 
 tiardwares and cutleJ 
 unenumerated . ' 
 
 wroughT""-*"". ■"■''. 
 I*id and shot . i 
 
 I.inens, entered by Ihe v J 
 •Machinery: Steam eng'l 
 Soap . _■*» other sol 
 Jm plates I J I f 
 noollens, enterpfl h. .1 
 J^rd(inJludh^Tb^,'J 
 
 vroollen,e„,erej H 1 
 All other Milcled ^ 
 
 Tout . ; 
 
BATAVIA 
 
 147 
 
 which in 1830 amounted to 108,640 piculs, had 
 increased in 18.'>4 to 1,793,510 piculs or 106,750 
 tons. More than half the trade of the island cen- 
 tres in Batavi'i 
 
 Indigo has also become an important proiUict. 
 The other principal articles of export are tin from 
 Banca, tobacco, tea, and birds' nests. 
 
 The imports comprise cottons, woollens, and 
 other manufactured goods ; wines and spirits, 
 with iron, hardware, and machinery ; opium from 
 the Levant and from Bengal ; and a great variety 
 of other articles. 
 
 Port liegiilations. — The following is the sub- 
 stance of the port regidations of Batavia : i. 
 The commander of a ship arriving in the roads is 
 not to land himself, or permit any of his crew or 
 passengers to land, until his vessel be visited by 
 a boat from the guard ship. — 2. 'i'hc master, on 
 landing, is first to wait on the master attendant, 
 and aftenvards report himself at the police 
 olBce. — 3. A manifest of the whole cargo must 
 be delivered at the Custom-house within 24 hours 
 of the ship's arriving in the roads. — 4. The 
 master of a vessel must lodge the ship's papers 
 with the master attendant when he first lands, 
 which arc duly delivered up to him when he 
 receives his port clearance from the same au- 
 thority. — 5. No goods can be shipped or landed 
 after sunset, imder a penalty of 500 florins. — 0. 
 No goods can be shipped on Sunday without a 
 
 special permission from the water liscal, which, 
 however, is never rofusod on applicatiun,— -7. 
 , No musJicts or ammunition can b^• imported : but 
 the prohibition does not extend to fowling pieces 
 exceeding 100 florins value. 
 
 Lionel/. — Accounts are liept, at Batavia. in the 
 
 florin or guilder, divided into centimes, or 100 
 
 parts, represented by a copper coinage or doits. 
 
 The florin is a new coin made expressly for India, 
 
 but of the same value as the florin current in the 
 
 j Netherlands. It is usually estimated at the rate 
 
 ' of 12 to the pound sterling, but the correct par is 
 
 1 1 florins bH cent, per pound. Doubloons, ,iiid 
 
 ' the coins of continental India, are receivable at 
 
 ; the Custom-house at a lixed tariff; the tSpiuiish 
 
 : dollar, for example, at the rate of 100 for 260 
 
 I florins. 
 
 ! Weiyhts. — The Chinese weiguts arc invariably 
 used in commercial transactions at Batavia, and 
 throughout Java and the other Dutch possessions 
 in India. These are the picul and the cattle, 
 which is its hunilredth part. Tli ■ picul is com- 
 monly estimated at 125 Dutch, or 1,'}3J lbs. avoir- 
 dupois, but at Batavia it has boi-n long ascer- 
 I tained and considered to be equal to ISO lbs, 
 avoirdupois (llogcndorp. Coup d'QiU sur Tile 
 lie Java, c. viii. itc.) By far the best work on 
 Java, and generally 'on the Dutch possessions in 
 the East, is that of Temmiuck, referred to above, 
 in 3 tomes, Lcide, 1840-49. 
 
 Hates of Duty levied, and Amount of Duty received, on the various Articles imported into the Islands 
 of Java and Madura, in the Years 1861-1863. 
 
 Articles 
 
 Hates of Duty 
 
 Amount of Duty ReceiviHl 
 
 1S61 1862 
 
 1 863 
 
 niumifaclures: 
 Wuollen : 
 
 From Holland with certificate - - - - 
 All other counirit'n of Europe and America 
 Linen and cotton koo<Is : 
 
 From Holland with certificate - - - - 
 
 All other countiiet of Europe and \merica 
 
 Indian cotton and woollen: Archi)ieI.i(;o . - - 
 
 Cotton and woollen : From countries eattward of tho 
 
 Cape if tioutl Hope ..--.-- 
 
 Furniture 
 
 ProTixions from Kurope and America . - - - 
 Cam bier : 
 
 From Dutch East Indies - 
 
 From Foreign ,, .--.-- 
 
 Wine and other heTerages - - - - - j 
 Copper, iron, steel, and wares thereof " " * "S 
 Miscellaneous "~'l 
 
 Total ... - {«""™ 
 
 per cent. 
 
 12 and 24 
 
 23 
 12 and 24 
 12 ami 24 
 
 12(1. per picul 
 
 18 „ 
 
 (Liriir) 
 
 per cent. 
 
 e, 12, and 24 
 
 G, 10, 12, and 24 
 
 gulden 
 
 5,S04 
 83,137 
 
 1,0n6,S«9 
 
 2,929,238 
 
 8,730 
 
 13,141 
 
 39,813 
 25'J,'JJ2 
 
 } 837,759 
 
 > 1,722,367 
 
 gulden 
 
 4,312 
 8,5,947 
 
 1,109,720 
 
 2,331.814 
 
 6,124 
 
 15,409 
 
 45,315 
 
 229,109 
 
 860,593 
 1,695,002 
 
 gulden 
 
 2,530 
 93,888 
 
 816,692 
 
 2,14(1,710 
 
 8,'JOl 
 
 13.320 
 
 4(I.3'.I2 
 
 246,931 
 
 778,501 
 1,638,695 
 
 7,038,800 
 S8fi,5(i7 
 
 6,3S3,67i 
 531,973 
 
 5,7SI),.,69 
 481. K81 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Declared Values of the Principal Articles of British Produce and 
 Manufacture exported to Java in 1862-1866. 
 
 Principal <ind otlier Articles 
 
 .\piiarel and }»aberdashei7 Talue 
 Beer and ale - - - barrels 
 
 Coals, cinders, and culm - tons 
 Cupper, wruufiht and un> 
 
 wrought . - - . cwtfi. 
 
 ('otton jam ... lbs. 
 Cottons, entered l>.i the jard yards 
 
 at Talup - value 
 
 Karthenware and porcelain „ 
 
 Class manufactures - - ,, 
 Hardwares and cutlery, 
 
 unenunleratetl - - - cwts. 
 Iron, wrought and un- 
 
 WTOught - - - - tons 
 
 liCid and shot - - - „ 
 
 Linens, entered by tlie yard yards 
 
 Machinery : Steam engines value 
 
 All other solts „ 
 Soap ...-., wts. 
 Tin plates .... value 
 Woollens, entered by the 
 yard (including those for- 
 merly enterwi by the piece) yards 
 i Woollens entered at value - vmlue 
 All other artlclesi ■ . » 
 Toul . . . . - 
 
 2.697 2,191 
 
 i35,ll2 fi4.'i,0-,.- 
 26,322.463 I6,lf5,927 
 
 Quantities 
 
 222 
 41,819 
 
 3'.0 
 29,473 
 
 3,273 
 
 2,588 
 
 27 
 
 93,001 
 
 11,448 
 
 176,811 
 
 2,780 
 
 3,051 
 
 21 13,049 
 
 10,033 
 
 1864 
 
 742 
 
 S2,2.-0 
 
 3,170 
 419,165 
 
 20,708,210 
 
 2,734 
 
 93 
 
 202,504 
 
 3,233 1,991 
 
 481,7881 79l,l!)(. 
 
 .30,941,909 62,290,326 
 
 10,517 
 
 2i0,S12| 182,598 
 
 912 
 23,013 
 
 5-9 
 18,312 
 
 2,387 
 
 2,636 
 
 29 
 
 404,744 
 
 lij,2I4 
 
 147,8.33 
 
 2,899 
 
 3,892 
 
 4 
 
 42n,686 
 
 1,3,473 
 
 221,471 
 
 Declared Real Value 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 1801 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 £ 
 
 3,308 
 
 1,149 
 
 17,338 
 
 £ 
 
 2,498 
 1,851 
 12,925 
 
 £ 
 
 3,609 
 4,011 
 10,510 
 
 £ 
 
 i,;,'.9 
 
 4,721 
 U,32Q 
 
 £ 
 
 2,964 
 2,441 
 9,141 
 
 13,276 
 38,S.',2 
 496,1811 
 
 9,113 
 3l,40n 
 
 4,914 
 
 10,398 
 66,1, '.6 
 411,,1S9 
 11,844 
 26,458 
 2,899 
 
 15.706 
 49,119 
 550,0 1 1 
 11,621 
 22,982 
 2,051 
 
 I5,2«0 
 
 50,090 
 
 702.901 
 
 8,280 
 
 22 ,.331 
 
 1,.-i9S 
 
 9,00 1 
 
 77.950 
 
 1,431,0.59 
 
 26,181 
 
 16,949 
 
 1,509 
 
 15,503 
 
 10,514 
 
 8,548 
 
 8,382 
 
 8,218 
 
 23,700 
 645 
 
 5,579 
 21,164 
 27,235 
 11,429 
 
 1,381 
 
 26,489 
 1,172 
 8,525 
 2,680 
 9,802 
 
 10,697 
 1,756 
 
 22,079 
 2,005 
 9,. 54 1 
 3,604 
 
 21,358 
 9,068 
 2,747 
 
 :i3,0S6 
 018 
 17,203 
 4,911 
 12,647 
 9,417 
 105 
 
 39,846 
 95 
 19,442 
 14,745 
 8,306 
 13,412 
 
 13.555 
 
 1,12« 
 
 39,596 
 
 13,082 
 
 568 
 
 18,721 
 
 13,935 
 
 440 
 
 25.901 
 
 11,019 
 
 319 
 
 18.288 
 
 21,929 
 
 290 
 
 21,690 
 
 776,411650,424 
 
 790.851 
 
 927,755 
 
 1,724,558 
 
 l2 
 
 • •<•" 
 
 ' 1. 
 
 
•!■■' 
 
 148 
 
 BATAVIA 
 
 Eatci of Duty levied on the several Articles exported from the Islands of Java and Madura, in the 
 
 Years 1801-1803. 
 
 i' ' 
 
 1"J 
 ) 
 
 Arlklei 
 
 ItatnofDiity | 
 
 
 'lo Diiit'h I'ortf 
 
 To Koreiiiii Turn 
 
 In llull.iiul 
 
 In the Kaxt Itulle-i 
 
 In I>u(<h 
 \'ci>fteU 
 
 lit Fofiiyn 
 
 \V9-,I<U 
 
 In Dnirh 
 \'esseU 
 
 In Ftireinn 
 
 \'e;iseU 
 
 In Diili'h 
 
 In KorpiKH 
 
 Cof\W' - - 
 
 I»ip|»T - - 
 
 Hu>tar 
 
 Arrnck 
 
 llicc - - - . 
 
 Horses 
 
 Jndi((o 
 
 Japan camphor 
 
 SpVoi-*: 
 
 Mact> - . - 
 Clove* - 
 NuUncKS - 
 Oil ... - 
 Tin - - - - 
 Itirds' n.iti (.-dible) 
 Other iMticteit - 
 
 Ad v.itorem 
 IVr |<i(ul 
 Ad Valorem 
 I't-r leiiKcr 
 
 I'iml 
 K.uh 
 IVr 11). 
 
 lialic 
 
 ricul 
 »» 
 »» 
 
 Ad valorem 
 
 t\ yex Cfnt, 
 1 gulden 
 Free 
 Free 
 !'• cent* 
 VO ^tllden 
 ,'» ci'nt* 
 5-/jU guldL-n 
 
 in 
 
 '.»'■'>" 1. 
 
 (i per cent. 
 
 \1 piTcent. 
 '^ Kul.U-n 
 <i ui-r cvni. 
 c ., 
 
 10 rents 
 
 411 pildfii 
 10 lent s 
 7 gulden 
 
 20 „ 
 »'J ,. 
 19 „ 
 •T f. 
 4 „ 
 12 percent. 
 
 \'l per rent. 
 
 2 guld> n 
 *i per cent. 
 Free 
 luctnts 
 VOcnlden 
 10 cents 
 7 gulden 
 
 20 „ 
 
 ly .. 
 I'j „ 
 
 I-iO,, 
 
 * M 
 
 6 pci cent. 
 
 1 2 per cent. 
 
 y (O'lden 
 f> per cent. 
 
 lOcrntH 
 tOfJuiden 
 10 cents 
 7 f;ulden 
 
 20 „ 
 
 vi >» 
 
 J ;: 
 
 \'i per cent. 
 
 12l»T cent. 
 •i Kiilcli'ti 
 
 (i IKT fl-llt. 
 
 Kr.-f 
 
 lOtrnts 
 211 Kill'lun 
 lOcfnts 
 7 gulden 
 
 SO „ 
 1« „ 
 I'J M 
 I'iO,, 
 4 ,. 
 
 6 iiercent. 
 »• 
 
 \'l per cent. 
 'i BuUIrn 
 fi )ier cent. 
 (> .1 
 10 cents 
 IllKulilen 
 HI cent* 
 7 Kulden 
 
 in „ 
 '■' » 
 I'J .. 
 
 3 „ 
 
 4 „ 
 
 1'2 per cent. 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Computed Values of the Principal Articles inqmrted from Java 
 into the United Kingdom in 1802-1800. 
 
 Trin ■ip.'il and otiier Articles 
 
 Quantities 
 
 Computed Real Value | 
 
 1S62 
 
 ISf.3 
 
 1RC4 
 
 1815 
 
 1866 
 
 1862 
 
 1363 
 
 1864 
 
 1S65 
 
 1866 
 
 1 r.ines : raltuns, not ground - - - number 
 
 Caoutiliuuo cwts. 
 
 CotTec , 
 
 Hides, not tanned - - - • 
 Nutmegs -.--.-- lbs. 
 
 ; Pepper ...--.- „ 
 
 1 Rice, not In the hu>k .... cwls. 
 Suc-ir. unrefined ----- „ 
 
 1 All oihcr articles value 
 
 3Cl,n,i8 
 
 IT') 
 
 1,I7V 
 
 b'J-i 
 
 miiiii 
 
 1 i,-<.iii 
 
 ,'i.1,7.')'> 
 
 2CO,052 
 
 491 
 
 311 
 
 .17 
 
 1,4?0 
 
 43,(i95 
 
 S,4n4 
 
 C,7JI 
 
 '«'^3I6 
 
 1,079 
 
 1.17,4ii7 
 
 16,68U 
 
 
 57,'-..'.l 
 91 
 
 5,699 
 
 £ 
 
 6.VJ 
 
 3,039 
 
 S,.161 
 12,901 
 69,216 
 
 .1,813 
 93,136 
 
 £ 
 
 S1I 
 
 3,671 
 
 1() 
 
 12.0 
 86 
 
 783 
 7,144 
 8,191 
 1,076 
 
 £ 
 
 6lW 
 
 8 
 
 511 
 
 67 
 
 2,076 
 
 12,371 
 
 1,091 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 98 
 914 
 
 7, Fie 
 
 74 
 
 Tot.il 
 
 - 
 
 — - 
 
 
 - 
 
 22,417 
 
 16,749 
 
 226 
 
 8,132 
 
 BATTEX. A name in common u.se for a 
 .scantling of wootl 2^ inclics thick ,ind 7 wide. If 
 above 7 inches -.vide, it is called deal. 
 
 BAZAAK. A term used in the East to desig- 
 nate a market, or building in wliich v.irious 
 articles of merchandise are cxpo.sed for .sale. 
 Bazaars arc now met with iu most large cities 
 of Europe. There are several iu London, of 
 which the one in Soho Square is the most con- 
 siderable. The largest of Eastern bazaars is said to 
 be that of Tauris in Armenia, which is reputed to 
 contain 15,000 shops, in which every kind of 
 merchandise is exposed for sale. The bazaar of 
 Ispahan encloses a square, which would, it is 
 said, hold an army of near 40,000 nun. That 
 of Constantinople was built \>\ Jlahonict II. 
 Sometimes the.^e bazaars arc devoted to the sale 
 of special commodities, as drugs ; and generally, 
 when they are large, p.irticular streets and dis- 
 tricts arc occupied i)y traders of one kind only. 
 
 BDELLIUM. This gum resin is of two kinds, 
 known as Indian and African, the former producetl 
 by a tree found in India and Madagascar, and 
 called Ami/ris commiphora. The latter is said to 
 be the jiroduce of Heudelotia africana, a native 
 of Senegal. It is found either in small and 
 somewhat globular piece.', of a reddish colour, 
 scmitransparent and brittle, with a wax-like 
 fracture; or in large iiTcgular lumps of a dark 
 brownish-red colour, less transparent, somewhat 
 tenacious, and adhering to the teeth when chewed. 
 Its medical properties are somewhat an.ilogous to 
 those of myrrh, but it is seldom used in modern 
 pharmacy. " (Wood and Uachc, United States Dis- 
 pensatory.) 
 
 BEACONS. In Commerce and Navigation, 
 public marks or signals to give warning of rocks, 
 fihoals &c. No man is entitled to erect a light- 
 house, beacon Ac. without being empowered by 
 law. The Trinity House corporation are au- 
 thorised to Bet up beacons in whatever places they 
 
 shall think fit; and any person who shall wilfully 
 remove or run down any buoy, beacon &c. be- 
 longing to the Trinity House, or to any other cor- 
 poration, individual or individuals, having au- 
 thority to establish it, shall, besides being liable 
 to the expense of replacing the same, forfeit a sura 
 of not less than 10/. nor more than 50/. for every 
 such oflbncc. (6 Geo. IV. c. 125 s. 91.) [Buovs.j 
 
 BEADS (Fr. rosaires; Ger.rosenkriinze; Dutch, 
 paternosters; Ital. coronc ; Sp.an. coronas). Small 
 globules or balls used as necklaces, and made of 
 different materials ; as pearl, steel, amber, garnet, 
 coral, diamonds &c. But those of crystal or 
 glass, generally called bugles, arc by far the most 
 extensively produced, antl form, indeed, how in- 
 considerable soever they may appear, an important 
 commercial article. Roman Catholics use thoiu 
 in rehearsing their Paternosters and Ave Maria.s ; 
 and be.sidcH their consumption for these and other 
 purposes in Europe, they are largely exported to 
 Africa, the West Indies, India itc. They are 
 produced to a greater or less extent in most parts 
 of the Continent, but principally in Venice, which 
 is, and has long been, the grand seat of their 
 manufacture. In 1805 we imported the enor- 
 mous quantity of 3,305,221 lbs. beads, of which 
 no fewer than 3,054,703 lbs. were brought from 
 Venice ; the residue mostly came to us from 
 Bohemia, through the Haiisc Town.s. In 1800 
 we imported 3,438,587 lb.s. We re-export them in 
 very large quantities to the places referred to 
 above. Beads are, also, made in China, and sent 
 to India and elsewhere. 
 
 The non-manufacture of beads in this country 
 used to be ascribed to the influence of the glass 
 duties ; but the repeal of the latter lias had little 
 or no effect on their production. The truth is, 
 tkat the colours of the Venetian beads, and their 
 finish, are decidedly superior to those of the 
 beads produced here and in most other places. 
 Beads have fallen greatly in price of late years. 
 
 (=; 
 
 Those made 
 
 fanciful .sort 
 
 tions are o.\ 
 
 BEAN.s' 
 
 l{|iss. boobii 
 
 known \'cge 
 
 tivatod both 
 
 is f)f much in 
 
 as it has gor 
 
 loams and cl 
 
 lowi.sh bean, 
 
 Shangtiing t 
 
 J*IaiKliuria, i 
 
 ^'ingpo, and t 
 
 employed in 
 
 <or cooking ai 
 
 *he same or 
 
 Dolichos soja 
 
 China, Chines, 
 
 If Clin of S. 2 
 
 Ignatia, 'a imt 
 
 the size and si 
 
 twenty seeds. ' 
 
 tityof-twoalko 
 
 80.SS the poison 
 
 I hey are not 
 
 found in rlie V 
 
 Bean, Tonka. 
 
 or Coiiniarona o 
 
 An oblong pod 
 
 able, aromatic c 
 
 out it is also eir 
 
 BEAVER. I 
 
 BEECH (Fal 
 
 met with every 
 
 one species, the 
 
 from the diffcrer 
 
 sidorable quantit 
 
 prn parts of Bud 
 
 ""g: as it soon rq 
 
 ;is piles in pl.-ici 
 
 IS manufactured 
 
 which its great 
 
 rentier it siiperioi 
 
 also extensivelv 
 
 »1':I':e. The 
 
 ircsli or s.nlfed 
 families at lea.sti 
 of . salt beef in Ocl 
 tor their consumJ 
 D'lt in consequenl 
 of markets wherJ 
 obtained, the praJ 
 and the quantitvl 
 <;omi)ared with frJ 
 J-argo supplies ol 
 liarcd at Cork. aiT 
 [0 the East and 
 large supplies wd 
 the navj-. The 1 
 trade, and in shol 
 vi.<ions. 
 
 The English hii 
 suincrs of beef; al 
 "-ed in London, a] 
 tlian anywhere cl 
 pnrlation of fresh] 
 iioeffromaforei.. 
 charged with a tUi 
 ywr the duties < 
 o». Hd, per cwt., 
 reptalcd. In jsui 
 Iwf amounted tol 
 
 VISIONS.] I 
 
 '"•:kt. [;ertri 
 
 •"e i^^'ii, and whil 
 
BEANS 
 
 Those made in France arc mostly of tlic finer and 
 fanciful sorts, on which (gilding and other decora- 
 tions are expended. (Prii-ate information.) 
 
 UEANS (Fr. feves ; (Jer. hohneii; Ital. favo ; 
 iJuss. bodbii; Span, nabii ; Lat. fabse). A well- 
 known vegetable of the pulse species, largely cr.i- 
 tivated both in gardens and fields. Its cultivation 
 is of much importance in rural ccononiy, inasmuch 
 as it has gone far to supersede fallows on strong 
 loams and cla3-s. There is a round white or yel- 
 lowish bean, grown principally in the north at 
 Shangtung and Chih-le, and in tho south of 
 Mancliuria, and largely exported to Shanghai, 
 >> ingpo, and other Chinese ports. They are cliieflv 
 employed in the manufacture of oil, used botli 
 for cooking and lighting. fSoy is prepared from 
 the same or a closely allied' kind of bean, the 
 Dolichos soja. (Lockhart, MaVwul Missionary in 
 China, Chinese He/ionilon/, &c.) 
 
 Bean of S. Ignatius, — i'lie fruit of the Siri/chnos 
 Ignittia, a native of the Philippine Islands, is of 
 the size .ind shape of a pear, and encloses about 
 twenty seeds. These seerfs contain a notable quan- 
 tity of two alkaloids, strychnia and brucia, and pos- 
 sess the poisonous properties of these substances. 
 They are not used in IJritish pharmacy, but arc 
 found in the United States DIspensatonj. 
 
 Bean, Tonka. — The seed of the Di/iteri.v odorata, 
 or Comnarona odorata, a tree growing in Uuiana. 
 An oblong pod contains a single seed, of an agree- 
 able, aromatic odour, chiefly used to flavour snuff, 
 but it is also emploved in perfumery, 
 BEAVER, [Ski.ns.J 
 
 BEI'XII (Faffus sylvatica). A forest-tree to be 
 met with everywhere in England, There is only 
 one species, the difference in the wood proceeding 
 from the difference of soil and situation. A con- 
 siderable quantity of beech is grown in the south- 
 ern parts of Bucks. It is not nuich used in build- 
 ing, as it soon rots in damp places; but it is used 
 as iiiles in places where it is constantly wet. It 
 is manufactured into a great variety of tools, for 
 ■which its great hardness and uniform texture 
 render it superior to all other sorts of wood; it is 
 also cxtensiveh- used in making furniture, 
 
 UEEF, The flesh of kine. It is used cither 
 fresh or salted. Formerly it was usual fur most 
 families, at least in the country, to provide a stock 
 of salt beef in October or November, which served 
 for their consumption until the ensuing summer; 
 but in consequence of the . ...iversal establishment 
 of markets where fresh beef may be at all times 
 obtained, the practice is now nearly relinquished, 
 and the quantity of salted beef made use of as 
 comp.arod with fresh beef is quite inconsiderable. 
 Largo supplies of salted beef are, however, pre- 
 pared at Cork, and other places, for exportation 
 to the I'^ast and West Indies. During the war 
 large supplies were also required for victualling 
 the navj'. The vessels engaged in the coasting 
 trade, and in short voyages, use only fresh pro- 
 visions. 
 
 The English have at all times been great eon- 
 sinners of beef; and at this moment more beef is 
 used in London, as comp.ared with the population, 
 than anywhere else. Previously to 1812 the ini- 
 yiortation of fresh beef was prohibited ; and salt 
 beef from a foreign countrj- was at the same time 
 charged with a iluty of Vis. per cwt. But in that 
 yoar the duties on both sorts were reduced to 
 is. l^rf, per cwt., and in 181G they were wliolly 
 repealed. In 1800 the imports of salted and fresh 
 liocf amounted to 232,918 cwt, [C\\tti.e ; Pud- 
 visions.] 
 15 V. VAX. [ Ai.E AN n Be er, \ 
 liKKT. Certain plants, originally grown near 
 the .si'ii and which belong to the natural order 
 
 BERGEN 
 
 140 
 
 Clienopodiaeetr, have long ago been emploved for 
 domestic and agricultural purposes, un(ler the 
 names of beet and mangolil. They .ttc charac- 
 terised by containing a large quantity of sugar, and 
 the cultivation of the beet and the cxtrat'tion of 
 this sugar form an important and increasin;; iii- 
 dustrv in central Europe. 
 
 This cultivation was the conseipienee of the 
 exclusion of colonial produce from France during 
 the continental war, and notwithstanding the great 
 increase in the growth of cane sugar, tliat of the 
 beet has grown and is growing rapidly. The 
 French agriculturists reckon five varieties of beet, 
 grossc rouge, petite rouge, jaunc, blanche, and 
 veince de rouge. The richest in su^ar are the 
 yellow and red, but the percentage varies with the 
 soil and the season. A beet crop is an excellent 
 rotation to grain. 
 
 As the beet root sugar is chemically identical 
 with that from the cane, it can be fermented and 
 become a wash for spirits. The distillation of spirit 
 from beet was hardly known in France before 
 iHlO, when it is said that only ISO hectolitres 
 were manufactured. After the oidiuin attacked 
 the grape, the produce of beet-root distillation 
 iiK'reascd enormously, and it has probably by 
 this time reached 400,000 hectolitres (8,800,000 
 gallons). 
 
 For the statistics &c. of the beet root sugar 
 produce of F'rancc &c. sec SuoAit, 
 
 BELL-METAL (Fr. mdlal de fontc ou de 
 cloches; Uer. glockengnt ; Dutch, klokspys ; Span, 
 campanil; Ruas. koloklnajamjed). A composition 
 of tin and copper, usually consisting of 3 parts 
 of copper and 1 of tin. Its colour is greyish- 
 white; it is very hard, sonorous, and elastic. 
 Less tin is used for church bells than for clock 
 bells ; and in very small bells a little zinc is 
 added to the alloy, (Thomson's Chemistry.) 
 
 BEN (Fr. ben;' Ger. salbniisse; Dutch, behen- 
 moten ; Swed. bennotter ; Span, anais unguen- 
 tarias; Ital. noco di been, ghiando unguentaria). 
 The nut of a kind of tree known to botanists as 
 GuiUindina bondiic, originally brought from tropical 
 Asia, but now cultivated successfully in central 
 Europe. The seed is a cone, containing a num- 
 ber of triangular seeds, about the size of a hazel 
 nut, ihese seeds holding a white and sweet kernel, 
 which gives on expression a large quantity of pil. 
 This oil is particularly free from mucilaginous 
 admixture, and therefore does not solidify. Hence 
 it is exceedingly useful for watchmakers, and 
 other mechanicians who need a lubricating oil 
 which does not readily congeal. It is also free 
 from any disposition to grow rancid, and it thus 
 forms a convenient vehicle for perfumes, Ben oil 
 is now a rare article of commerce, and is sometimes 
 confounded with oil of sesame. 
 
 BENZOIN. [Balsam.] 
 
 BERGl'IN. The first commercial city of Nor- 
 way, situated at the bottom of a deep bay, in lat. 
 GO''^ -li' N., long. 5° 20' E. Pop. in 18U0, 2(;,o.l0. 
 It has a light on Nordnaes Point, visible 4 miles 
 off in clear weather. The bay is enclosed on all 
 sides by rugged rocks and islands : the water is 
 deep ; but, owing to the number and intricacy of 
 the passages, the access to the town is attended at 
 all times with a good deal of difficulty, and should 
 never be attempted without a pilot. Cod-fish, 
 salted or dried, is the principal article of export: 
 when dried, it is called stock-fish, and goes chiefly 
 to Italy and Holland, The fishery is the principal 
 employment; and considerable quantities of tish 
 and other products are also brought hither for 
 exportation from the more northerly parts of the 
 kingdom. At an average, from 2fj,000,000 to 
 30,000,000 lbs. salted and dried fish are annually 
 
 ' '. V 
 
 ■MM 
 
150 
 
 TTEREIES 
 
 
 
 oxpnrtcd. lIcrriM),"', wlwilc oil, »king, bones, tar, 
 l<>l).st( rs &v. nro nl.-o l:irj;i'ly I'xportpil. Consul- 
 (JciUTiil Cniwo, ill his Kii»irt dI' Feb. 18 IH, stati's 
 Hint tisliin^,' fur nlmrks iiloii^,' tlic Wfstcru coast of 
 Niirwav Ims l)cciiin(! prutitablp. Tlip i<.\pi)rt» of 
 tiiiilxT from HnjiCMi arc iiir(iiisi(l<'ral)lo, and none 
 has latterly ;,'i)iic to Kii;;laiiil. Norway tinihor is 
 not so larjio as I hut, brou^jlit from I'ms^iaii ports, 
 nor so fnc from knots ; but, bcliin of tilowir 
 growth, 11 IS more compail mil li's.s liable to rot. 
 'ihe ])laiiks aro titbi-r red ir whitu lir or jiiiK! : 
 the ri'd wood is produced from tlio Scotch lir; 
 the white wood, whicli is inferior in price and 
 estimation, is the produce of tlio spruce lir : each 
 tree yields three (lieces of timber of 11 or 1"-' feel 
 in le'iif;tli: and is 70 or 80 years of a^e before it 
 arrives at |)ert'ection. The planks or deals of ller- 
 f;en are, liowevei, a (,-ood deal inferior to those of 
 Christiania. The imports into IJerKcn iirincipally 
 consist of (^raiii from the Ualtic; and salt, hard- 
 ware, cofl'ee, siipar Ac. from Kiigland. 
 
 For Moneys, iVtiyhts, anil Measures, sec Ciutis- 
 TlANiA ; wliere there are further details as to the 
 trade and navi;;ation of Norwily. 
 
 BEliltlKS (Baeca). The fruits or tiocds of 
 many dilferent sjiecies of |>lants. The berries 
 quoted in Lf)ndon Price Currents are bay, juniper, 
 Turkey, ami I'ersian. 
 
 1. iiii)/ Berries (Fr. bales do laurier ; Gcr. lor- 
 boarcn; Ital. bacclii di lauro ; Span, bayis). The 
 fruit of the Latirus luibilis. This tree is a native 
 of the south of Europe, but is cultivated in this 
 country, and is not uncommon in our gardens. 
 The berry is of an oval shape, tleshy, and of a 
 dark jjurple colour, almost black ; it has a sweet 
 fragra'it odour, and an aromatic astringent taste. 
 Bay berries, and the oil obtained by boiling them 
 in water, are imported from Italy and Spain. 
 
 2. Juniper Berries (Fr. genevrier ; Dutch, .seven- 
 boom ; Ital. ginepro ; Span, enebro). The fruit 
 of the coinnion juniper {Juniperus communis). 
 They are round, of a black purple colour, and 
 require two years to ripen. They have a mode- 
 rately strong, not disagreeable, but peculiar smell, 
 and a warm, iiungent, sweetish taste, which, if 
 they be long chewed, or previously well bruised, 
 is followed by a considerable bitterness. They 
 are found in this country- ; but most of those made 
 use of liere art' imported from Holland, Germany, 
 and Italy. They should be chosen fresh, not 
 much shrivelled, and free from mouhline.ss, which 
 they are apt to contract in keeping. On distil- 
 lation with water, they yield a volatile essential 
 oil, very Miblle and pungent, and >n smell greatly 
 rcsembiiiig tlie berries. The peculiar tlav- lur and 
 diuretic qualities of Geneva depend principally on 
 the presence of this oil. Much English gin is 
 said to be flavoured with oil of turi)eiitine. 
 (Lewis's Mat. Med. ; Thomson's Dispensatury.) 
 
 The duly on juniper berries, previously to lt<32, 
 was lift. It/, per cwt., being more than 100 per 
 cent, on the price in bond. The oppressiveness of 
 this duty seems to have been the ))rincipal reason 
 why turpentii'.e, which in point of flavour and all 
 other respects is so inferior, was largely used in 
 prefereiK'c to juniper berries in the preparation of 
 gin. This oppressive duty was reduced, in 1832, 
 to 2s., again, ni 1812, to Is. Gd., and was linally 
 repealed in 1815. This wise and liberal measure 
 has materially improved the beverage of a large 
 proportion of the people. In 18(ij, 2,842 cwt. of 
 juniper berries were retained for consumption. 
 
 3. Turkey I'ellow Berries. The unripe fruit of 
 the Rhamnus infeiiorius of Limiaius. They arc 
 used as a dye drug, in preparing a lively but very 
 fugitive yellow, for topical application in calico- 
 priuling. Considerable quantities of them lure 
 
 BKTEL-NUT OR ARECA 
 
 exported from .Salonicn, to which they ore brought 
 from 'i'hcssaly and Albania. An inferior sort is 
 produced in France. (Uancroft On Co/our*.) The 
 duty on Turkey berries was abolished in 1845. 
 'I'lie imports in 181).'^ amounted to ,'),184 cwt., and 
 the exports to 1,110 do. I'rice in the London 
 market, September 18(15, bl. 7s. ij<l. to .0/. M». 2r/. 
 |ier cwt. 
 
 I. Persian Yellow Berries are said by the mer- 
 chants to be of the same species a.s the Turkey 
 yidlow berries. The colours which they yield are 
 more lively and lasting. They are high priced, 
 fetching from 80s. to llOs. per cwt. 
 
 ISICKVL (called by the jewellers Aquamarine). 
 This stone was suspected by I'liny to be a variety 
 of the emerald ; a conjecture which modern miner- 
 alogists have completely continued. The tcnn 
 emerald \» applied to that particular variety which 
 presents its own peculiar colour, ot emerald green ; 
 while that of beryl is given indiscriminately to all 
 the other varieties; as the sea green, pale blue, 
 golden yellow, and cidourlcss. Tlie beryl is found 
 in very many parts of the world — in the United 
 Kingdom, F'rancc, li.ivaria, Siberia, Sweden, Sax- 
 onv, Elba, l(ra/.il, Massachusetts, Hindoslan. 
 
 I'lie commercial value of the beryl or aqua- 
 marine is trifling ; it is used principally in JHr- 
 raingham, for imitation jewellery, and as orna- 
 ments fir metal work. (Kraanuel On Diamonds.) 
 1!KTEL-LEAF (Hind, pan; Malay, sireh ; 
 Javanese, suro). The leaf alluded to in art. Uktkl- 
 NUT. It is the produce of a species of pepper vino 
 (Piper Betle), and somewhat resembles the ivy- 
 leaf. In their fresh state, betel leaves form an 
 important article of Eastern trallic, being every 
 where used in the |)reparatiou of betel. The Piper 
 Betle is a scandent plant, and poles are placeii hi 
 the ground, round which it twines itself. In con- 
 .seipiencc of the great consumption of its leaves, it 
 is extensively cultivated throughout tropical Asia. 
 It grows in the greatest perfection in rich soils 
 close to the Equator; and is raised with more 
 dilli;;ulty the farther we recede from it. {J-Jnci/, 
 Britannica, new eil., art. ' Iletcl ; ' Crawfurd's 
 Indian Archipelago, vol. i. p. 403.) 
 
 BETEL-NUT or AKECA (Sansc. and Hind, 
 suapri ; Malay, pinang ; Javanese, jambi). 'i'lic 
 fruit of the Areca catechu, a slender and graceful 
 palm, rising to the height of about 30 or 40 feet ; 
 It produces frtut at the age of live or six years, 
 and continues bearing till its twenty-fifih or 
 thirtieth ycjir. The fruit, wliich is the only |)art 
 of the palm that is made use of, is eaten both in 
 its unripe and in its mature state. When ripe, it 
 is of the size of a small egg, and of an orange 
 colour ; the exterior part consists of a soft, spongy, 
 fibrous matter, enclosing a imcleua rosembling'a 
 nutmeg in shape, internal structure, and ccdoiir, 
 but usually larger, and always harder. A single 
 tree produces, according to its situation, age, cul- 
 ture Ac, from 200 to 800 nuts. They arc objects 
 of great importance in the East, forming the 
 principal ingredient of a compound in universal 
 use as a masticatory in all central aiul tropical 
 Asia. The other ingredients are the leaf of the 
 Bktel Pki'I'EK, ..1 which the areca nut is wrapped ; 
 a little Ciiunam; and generally, but not always, 
 a little catechu or terra japonica [Catiochu |. 
 The whole compound is called betel, and is used to 
 an extent of which it is difficult for a European 
 to form a just idea. All individuals, without 
 excei)tion of age or sex, begin at au early period 
 to accustom themselves to betel. They are un- 
 ceasingly masticating it, and derive a gratification 
 from its use that strangers can neither understand 
 nor explain. It reddens the s.iliva, gives a bright 
 hue to the li))s, and, in course of ime, renders 
 
 the teeth 
 
 nausea, exc 
 
 inach. lies! 
 
 nry, it is a k 
 
 llitereourse o 
 
 ^Vheii any p 
 
 afler tlie firs 
 
 oniil it on il 
 
 Jeet, and iin 
 
 on the other. 
 
 dignilied indi 
 
 'io" of chew 
 
 without excli 
 
 the cereiiionii 
 
 'I'lie areca nu 
 
 exlen.sive tra 
 
 most largely i 
 
 and Sumatra. 
 
 notion may bi 
 
 jiorts of areca 
 
 to 53.(i33 Ind, 
 
 into Canton, 
 
 amounted to S 
 
 standinjr JJcuji 
 
 in which arec.i 
 
 £nry. Brit, ne 
 
 Commerce of' . 
 
 Jielago, vol." i. 
 
 Aalendar and 
 
 BEZOAU ( 
 
 I'ers. padzehr I 
 
 stomacli of an 
 
 smooth, glossv 
 
 olive colour. T 
 
 been extended 
 
 anim;ils ; such 
 
 .stoin.'ich oj th( 
 
 bcioar, found ii 
 
 inoii in Nepaui 
 
 the gall-bladdei 
 
 prized jis n y^] 
 
 linest bezoar is 
 
 the sea-ports 
 
 article is partic] 
 
 be procured froJ 
 
 Gazel/a. Man] 
 
 merly ascribeil , 
 
 sullicient reasoij 
 
 . BHANG or ^ 
 
 ui tracts north , 
 
 exudation derivl 
 
 The dried hcmpi 
 
 which (he resiif 
 
 Punjab, and is 
 
 valualde medii, 
 
 iiiodic and anoJ 
 
 sules are called. [ 
 
 The resin call 
 
 Vcr lb. ; a stilll 
 
 N«>paul, and calf 
 
 J2s. perlb. TiJ 
 
 .1 singular proci 
 
 run tliroiigh th 
 
 the planis witl 
 
 resin adheres U 
 
 scraped off an( 
 
 the leathern a 
 
 K'sin is collect 
 
 (Kvhibition Co 
 
 iflAZ. A c. 
 
 niaiiufacttiied i 
 
 •ixteiit, both fo 
 
 toKussia. Thei 
 
 harjan; the me 
 
 variety niatnila 
 
 harian biaz is 
 
 chased by dealei 
 
UEZOAR 
 
 the teeth quite liliuU. Il is miij to dispel 
 nnuscft, exrit(( .'ippctitc, niid strennllien tlic Hto- 
 mai'li. lU'.siili's bciiif; used as ati article of lux- 
 ury, it is a kind of cereincniial wliicli regulates the 
 iniiTitiurse Dftlie more |ii>li>hcd elassesot'the Knst. 
 W'lu'Li any person of ((m.^idiratioii visits anollier, 
 afier the first salutations, betel is presented: to 
 omit it on tlie one part would lie considered ne^- 
 leil, and its rejection woulil lie judged an alTronl 
 on the otlier. No one of inferior rank addresses a 
 dijjnilied individual without the previous precau- 
 tion of elu:winf; betel ; two persons seldom meet 
 without excliaiifiint; it; and it is always offered oi. 
 (he ceremonious iiitervu'ws of public missionaries. 
 The aree.i nut is, in conseipu'iu'e, an article of ver^' 
 extensive trade. The countries which yield it 
 most lar^;ely for exportation are Malabar, Ceylon, 
 and Sumatra. Of the extent of this trade some 
 notion may bo formed from the fact that the ira- 
 liorts of areca into Calcutta in 181 1-12 amouide(l 
 tu .'ili.li.'tll [nd, niaunds, or ],!)<iG tons, and those 
 into (.'nntun, in 18;!7, by liritish ships only, 
 amounted tu 2r),978 pieuls,'ur 1,;)U2 tons, notwith- 
 Rtandin;; Itcngal and Southern China are countries 
 in which areca is largely nroduced. (.Art. ' J5etcl,' 
 Enry. Brit, new cd. ; Uell a liiviiw nf the External 
 Commerce of' liengul ; Crawfurd's Indian Arehi- 
 pekif/o, vul. i. p. 11)2, vol, iii. p. 41-1 j Chinese 
 Kalcnilar and lieyiatcr.) 
 
 l{EZ()Ali (Arab, fadiij ; Hind, zelier-inorah ; 
 I'trs. padzehr kanic). A concretion found in tlie 
 stomach of an animal of the goat kind : it has a 
 .smooth, glossy surface, and is of a dark green or 
 olive colour. The word bczoar, however, has lately 
 been extended to all the concretions found in 
 .tnimals ; such as the hor/ hezoar, found in the 
 stomach ut the wild boar in India; the bovine 
 bezoar, found in the gall-bladder of the ox, coin- 
 inou in Nepaul ; and the camel bczoar, found in 
 the gall-bladder uf the camel : this last is much 
 jirized as a yellow jiaint by the Hindoos. The 
 finest bezoar is brought to India from Uurnco and 
 the sea-ports of the rersiau (iiilf; the I'ersian 
 article is purticularlv sought after, and is said to 
 be procured from animals of the goat kind, Cupra 
 Gazella. Many extraordinary virtues were for- 
 merly ascribed to this substance, but without any 
 sullicient reason. (Ainslie's Materia Indica.) 
 
 UHANG or CHUKIUJS (the latter name used 
 in tracts north of the Punjab to denote a resinous 
 exudation derived from the hemp, Caniuiiiissutiru), 
 The dried hemp plant which has Uowcred and from 
 ■wluch the resin has not been removed is called 
 Gunjah, and is used for smoking. It has also 
 valuable medicinal properties as an antisjjas- 
 modic and anodyn^'. The larger leaves and cap- 
 sules avo callcil. lihang, Tubjee, and Siddha. 
 
 The resin called Churrus is worth about 8s. IrA 
 per lb. ; a still liner kind, I'ollected by hand in 
 Nepaul, and called momeca, is wortli from lO.v. to 
 12.S-. per lb. The ordinary churrus is collected by 
 a singular i)roccss. Men clad in leathern dresses 
 run through the hemp fields, brushing through 
 tlie plants with all possible violence ; the soft 
 resin adheres to the leather, and is subsequently 
 scrafied oil" and kneaded into balls. Sonieliines 
 the leathern attire is dispensed with, and the 
 resin is collected on the skin of naked coolies. 
 {K.vhlbition Catalogue for India, pp. '12, 81.) 
 
 lUAZ. A cotton material resembling linen, 
 nianufaclured in Central Asia to a considerable 
 extent, both for native use and for exportation 
 to Kussia. There are three sorts : the best, or liok- 
 hariaii; the medium, or Khivan: and an inferior 
 variety nianufaclured in Tashkend. The Uok- 
 hariaii bia7. is brought to the bazaars and pur- 
 chased by dealers fur export to Kussia. It is sold 
 
 BILBAO 
 
 Idl 
 
 in pieces from I2i to \i'>\ yards in length and lllj 
 inches in breadth. The best description sells at 
 about !».()(/. and the lowest at lO^i/. per piece. 
 \ camel s load consists of filil pieces, each piece 
 weighing about 1 \ lb. Thi^ Tashkend biaz, 
 althoiigli inferior in ipiiility .iiiil measure to that 
 of Itokhara, is of but very Utile hiss value, the 
 price of a pic^c(( of II yards heiiiu at Tashkend 
 IOj</. lo l.i. \d. The price n( llie Khivan biaz is 
 from nil. 'Alt. to 17.1. I.U/. pir lit pieces. The 
 (piantity imported into l!iis»i;i between 18 III and 
 1M,")0 was, according I o .Mr. I.umley, aboiil l,r,lMi,iiiiil 
 |>ieces, valued at 114, l.)0/. A blue Win/., teitdrl iir 
 hiiiiiik. dyed with indiLiU, is also exported from 
 I'liikliara,' Khiva, and Tashkiind to Kussia. For 
 further information on this subject .see Mr. 
 Liiinley's valiialde Keport c.i Central Asia, with 
 Reports of Secretaries of Legation presented to 
 Parliament in I8il2. 
 
 iUIJl.VO. The capital of Biscay, one ()f the 
 three Basque Provinces, a seaport town of Spain, 
 on the river Ncrvion, about 8J JMiglish miles from 
 I'ortugalete. Population in 18t;i, 26,000. 
 
 Port. — The Bay of Bilbao lies between Puiito 
 Galea on its east, and Punto I.iizuero on its 
 western side, distant apart about 3 miles. It 
 stretches S.K. to within r{ mile of Portiigalete, 
 a small town at the mouth of the Netvion, lat. 
 43° 15' 47" N., long. 2° 45' \V. 
 
 The water in the bay varies from 5 to 10 and 
 14 fathoms. There is a bar at the mouth of the 
 river. High water at full and change at 3 1 . i-.si. 
 The depth of water at high tide on the ba. may 
 be said to have a maximum of IG to a minimum 
 of 12 feet. Instances, however, are frequent of 18 
 and I!) U-vl: about 15 feet at high water may 
 generally be depended on. 
 
 The eliannel is constantly changing, and heavy 
 seas on the bar are of continual occurrence. The 
 head pilot is in attendance, weather permitting, 
 taking soundings, and directing incoming or out- 
 going vessels; but when ho is unable to go out, 
 signals are made by red Hags at Portugalete and 
 Simturce, either to direct the passage of the ships 
 or to forbid their attempting to cross the bar. 
 Vessels never, except in the finest weather, or to 
 avoid running on an impracticable bar and lee 
 shore, anchor in the bay. Pilots go off from Por- 
 tugalete and Santurceon the west, and Algeria 
 on the east side of the baj", and sometimes board 
 from Sautaiia. The lighthouse is at Punto (ialca. 
 (For bearings, see S.mi.ing 1)ii!i:ctions.) Ve.ssels 
 proceed to Olaveaga, 2 miles below the town of 
 Bilbao, to discharge, to which point ships of any 
 draught that can cross the bar can safely proceed 
 and discharge afloat. Only steamers of light 
 draught, and ships drawing not more than 9 feet, 
 can get up to Bilbao, and even then they lie 
 aground at low water. Vessels also discharge coal 
 cargoes and load iron ore at San Nicolas, about 
 2 miles above Portugalete. Goods arc conveyed in 
 lighters from Olaveaga to Bilbao; but the railway 
 will be continued to Olaveaga, and probably to 
 Portugalete, and thus put an end to the heavy 
 expense and inconvenience of the present system 
 of discharging and loading. A proposed port 
 outside the bar, stretching from Jsanturce to 
 Algorta, woulil obviate that Ibnnidable obstacle. 
 The following are the port dues and expenses : — 
 
 Inwards, 
 
 .\ilvire to head ]ii1ot of draught of water - . - . 
 
 ll'a<l|Ml<it 
 
 I'ilut.mc, |H.'r Spatiihh foot • ...... 
 
 llo.it from sia to l)lavc.ii;a (every reuel aboTe 50 tons is 
 hound to lake H iHKit) ....... 
 
 Detention at nuar.mline, lo pilot ..... 
 
 Kitra boats tu tow in or out, each ..... 
 
 Voir of bullocks to tuw up the river, per kUomeIre - 
 
 Il«.T 
 
 ct 
 
 •it 
 
 
 
 7,r, 
 
 7.'. 
 
 VI 
 
 u 
 
 l.W 
 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 iO 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1« 
 
\r,2 
 
 BIIX OF EXC'IIANQE 
 
 n>. T. 
 
 I.'. 
 
 N! 
 
 111 
 
 I 11 
 
 II 7 ■ 
 II Wi 
 
 <:ua.lliiiipllot (lf«nj| wrl ri>a«l, prr li«su« - 
 
 ,, I'.nil ro.l^t 1. . - , 
 
 .Mm.urlnij »n.i'l (■ I p.ijriifnt ..f illltl.ir. |'»I S|..lil|.|l Ion . 
 All. horiKf ilulv, i»r >|.aiil.li l""l „„|, ih„r^„| l„»,itj. ( 
 
 llii.irammeilun, pff >»l'«"t«» lo" . • - . ■ 
 .<.i»iKatit>n duty oinMiKK, |wf i|Uin(nl . . - 
 
 Jlr4ikerai(f, per J^paiUHh li'ii - a u 
 
 Outwards, with curi/o, 
 
 llri.l>tmr at ("inloiin Ill I) 
 
 i'il>il.i|C*>i t-o.iM, hf.wi jiilot.nnd «ten, liii- *utn' .n invvariK. 
 .\.ivf»(,ilinii dul>, Ihe Mine, liul if i.tryo xi iron orr, |*r 
 
 quintal f-l 
 
 ltri)kiT.iKf . yn Sjijininh Inn • ... - I u 
 
 „ it charteri-d in purtt 'i iwi rvitt. 
 
 OutwariU in hallast. 
 
 Tlio «nnii-, Mcrptlnn that tlio nuiRHion dulj it not 
 
 L-tiarRpd. 
 n.ilt.i»ti pt-r ton .-•--• - •- .»0 
 
 'IVlof^rnpliic (•Dniniiiiiic.itiini li.'is Imi^; bcfii csfii- 
 lilislu'il. Tlif nti' of iNcliaiif,'!', tJikiiiK nil nvcriij;!' 
 I<ii' ilic last livt! years, nmy bu calculated tit 
 !t7 IN. \ii\\. ti) the !/. stcrlini;. 
 
 'I'lic Hilliao and I'udcla K.iilway, ciiiiimonced in 
 I8.JiS 1,11(1 conipli'tcil in W<.\, is oiio of the must 
 ii'iiiarkabic wurks in Spain. In <i ilistaitco ul' 
 .".liimt '.'■_' Knj;lisli uiilo.s in (i (liatt linn it ncconi- 
 plislii's an ascont of 2,0(10 feet, anil reaches the 
 level of the plateau of the interior. At Miranda 
 this railway iiitersectri (ho North of Spain line, 
 and plaie.-, liiliiao in (linet coiniiumieatioii with 
 I'rani'e. Itareelona, .Madiid itc. 
 
 The liunl; of liilbi.o, estalillshcd in 185V, is the 
 only hank of issue and diseoniit. There are also 
 t\v(! associations for general liiiancial iniiposcs, 
 but haviiif; no power of issue. 
 
 Trailf ami Cummcrcc.—'V\\Q articles of iinporl 
 are Hritish and I'reiich inanufactures of every de- 
 scrii)tion, cod-lish, timber, and colonial produce. 
 The exports are j;rain and llour, iron, zinc and 
 lead ore, wine, madder, preserved food, liiiuoriee. 
 Iamb and goat skins, cliesnnts itc. The won] 
 trade has ceased for many years. An iilea of thr 
 rapid advance in the eoinniercial importaiue of 
 liilbao duriii',' the last few years may be Ibrmed 
 IVoni the following: — 
 
 Kijjorts. Imports. 
 
 is.vi . - - je4.i,'2ii I i<vi . - - £•,;<■•.l■^',^ 
 
 IMJI . . . ■i'n.-iG-l I ISIM . - - 2,;(,0,»Si 
 
 Moneys. — The same as throughout Spain. 
 
 Weiijhts and .Measiins. — The metrical system 
 is uow'the legal one, and will no doubt in a few 
 years he universally adopted. The ancient 
 weights and measures of His"ay are the (]nintal 
 of 108 lbs., the arrob;! of - I >s., the cantara of 
 about 4 gallons, and the azuiil.'-j of half a gallon ; 
 but tin se are liable to en .derablo variations 
 according to the ditl'erent ar; des conccnied. 
 
 J'riviliiir.i. — The Ifasi|ue I'l-ovinces still retain 
 tlieir jiriiuipal ancient ]iiivileges, known as the 
 I'ueroa, but gTcat efVorts are being made to deprive 
 them of these advantages. The most impor- 
 tant are. the free importation of tobacco and salt, 
 freedom from (iovemment taxation, stamps, and 
 the eonscril>tiim. 
 
 I We are indebted for this article on Bilbao to 
 Iluiaee Youiii;, I'.sfi.] 
 
 r.ILL OI' KXCllAXCK. f KxcifANGi:.] 
 
 ISILL OF HKALTII. A certificate or iustru- 
 nieiit signed by consul s or ot her proper authorities, 
 delivered to the ma ters of ships at the time of 
 Iheirelenringout from alliiortsor jdaces suspected 
 <jf being ]iarticularly subject to infectitnis dis- 
 orders, certifying the state of health at the time 
 that such shi]) sailed. A f/c«« bill imports that 
 at .he time the ship sailed no infectious di.s- 
 crder was known to exist. A simjierted bill, 
 commonly called a /o«cA«/ patent or bill, imports 
 that there were rumours of an infectious disorder, 
 
 HILL OK LADING 
 
 hut that it had not aclimlly apjienretl. A foul 
 hill, or the absence of clean bills, imports thai 
 the place was infected when the ves.-'l sailed. 
 
 [t,llAltANTI\i:. I 
 
 IIILL OK LAI)IN<i. A formal rrrn/i/ sub- 
 scribed by Ihe maslrr of a ship in his capacity of 
 earrii'r, acknowledging that he has received the 
 guilds speeitied in it on bnaril his ship, and biiiuiiig 
 hiin^rlf (iindrr eert.iin exeeptioim) todeliver Iheiii, 
 in the like good nrder as received, at the plai'e niid 
 to the individual named in tin- bill, or his assii^ns, 
 on his or their paying him the stipulntccl frei>;lit 
 il'c. When goods are sent by a ship hired by a 
 oharterparty, the bills of lading are didivered by 
 the master !o thi^ merchant by whom the ship is 
 chartered; hut when they art! .sent by a iii'niral 
 slii/i — i.e. by a ship iiothireil by cliarter|iarl y. but 
 einplc.yed as a general i ■■"irier — each 'iidividnal 
 who sends giiods on hoard receives a bill i>{ linlmg 
 fur the same. In all cases, therefnre, the bill of 
 lading is the evidence of and title to the guod.s 
 slapped. 
 
 Till! li.'ibility of a carrier, at common law, is to 
 ill liver the goods intrusted to his care, cancelled 
 (iiily by 'the act of (iodand the rpieen's enemies.' 
 liut to limit this responsibility, the following 
 ixceptiou is iiuw. invariably almost, introduced 
 into the clause in billi of lading, binding the 
 master to the didivery of the guDils: ' 7'/ii' ail <;/" 
 (lod, Ihe queen s ewmies. fire, and alt and evenj olliir 
 ilinKjern and accidents of Ihe sens, rirers, and iiaviija- 
 tion, (f u-htilever initnre and kind soever, exce/ilid.' 
 
 Ililis lit' lading are not, in general, immediately 
 given by the in.isler on receiving the goods. The 
 usual practice is fur the master or his de|)uty to 
 i;ive n eoinmon receiiit for the goods, wliicli is 
 delivered np on receiving the hill of lading. The 
 latter shniild always be reipiired within '-1 hours 
 after the ,'ooils are received on board. 
 
 Three sits of all bills of lading are made out on 
 stamped )iaper: one of these sliould be remitti'd 
 by the lirst post to the person to whom the gmids 
 are consigned, a second being sent to him by the 
 ship; the third is retained by the shipper of the 
 goods. The master ought always to retain co|iiis 
 of the bills III lading for his government. A 
 stamp duty of (ir/. is charged on each bill of lading, 
 wintlii r for gouds exported or carried coastwise. 
 
 The usual furm of a bill of lading is as follows : — 
 
 -W. 1!. \A'7J.— SHIPIM:!), in good order 
 No. 1. a 10. j and will conditioned, liy ^1. II. 
 merchant, in and upon the good ship 
 called whereof ('. /). is 
 
 master, now in the river Thames 
 and bound for , the guoils 
 
 following, viz. \ here descrilir Ihe 
 i/oods I markeil and numbered as/nr 
 margin, to be deliverxl in the like 
 good order and condition, at 
 aforesaid {the act if (iod, the queens 
 enemies, fire, and all and ererij oilier 
 danijers and accidents <f the smx, 
 rivers, and vnviijation, if wholervr 
 vatnre and liinil soever, crcrpleil), 
 unto the said .,/. It. or his assigns, 
 he or they jiaying for the said goods 
 at the rale of per ]iiece 
 
 freight, with iiriniage and average 
 accustomed. In witness whereof, I, 
 the said master of the said ship, have 
 allirmed to three bills of lading, of 
 this tenour und date; any one of 
 ■which bills being accomplished, the 
 other two arc to be void. 
 London, this day of , 
 
 1868. C. D., Master. 
 
 
 Ihit ill the ens 
 
 the West Indie: 
 
 the eargii fmni i 
 
 of lading is um 
 
 net of (Joij, III,. 
 
 every otln r dai 
 
 rivers, and iiav 
 
 kind siiever, suet 
 
 liable thereto, c: 
 
 be and are sum 
 
 is thf ;;,.ueral fm 
 
 Transfer of It, 
 
 trauNferi'ibleeitlii 
 
 like hills of exch 
 
 charact.T of lb,' 
 
 .■oiisi;,'!!!.,!, whet I 
 
 factor, a;;enl, ur I 
 
 tide boll ,r of a 
 
 consignee is entil 
 
 thetn from the m 
 
 piircliased the bj 
 
 unless he eau ,|,, 
 
 g Is. (Holt./., 
 
 Kormerly, a fat 
 not pledijc the g 
 hnrilsliip"nnd inci 
 were such, that i 
 <>eo. IV. c. '.14. 
 ileclares that any 
 lading shall he d,., 
 speeitied in if, ,q,, , 
 him of such gouij; 
 the person f,, ,vhui 
 has notice that tin 
 tual and buua fide 
 Velirenj under i 
 to sign and ileliv 
 IHissible that then 
 upon the captain b\ 
 however, is, in siicl 
 that he act with gil 
 .jiidgineut; and tin 
 to the person who ( 
 Iireseiiiment of tli 
 circumstances be noi 
 his having unfair! 
 act ilitlereiitly, he i 
 peculiarities of the 
 his negligence; tli, 
 the instructiiiii.s of 
 carrier or servant, 1 
 to ileliver iiccordiut 
 \\'b(re sever.il I 
 import have been si 
 the lime when Ihev 
 ter ; but tlie person 
 (if one of (hem froi 
 right to the consign 
 ladiii;r, though di/le 
 oonstriictively the s 
 Immi tide, a tieliver\ 
 will discharge him"! 
 J!y '.'3 Vict. e. i 
 liecomcs the entry 
 Iiiirted. The chary 
 liy 20 Vict. c. 22: 
 tlie same subject. 
 
 • ■reat ineouveniei 
 larity occur in a bill 
 "•'several countries,. -I 
 "lid several of the S 
 "re exceeilinglv sti 
 ("uiitries, a m"istak 
 lre(|iieiitly to the iii( 
 ,'.:'I.I^ OK SALK 
 "Inch an indiviilnal 
 interest he has in t 
 
HILL 01' SALH 
 
 Itut ill tbt< ciisc iif .sliijis tiiinii'W.'inl Ixiuml frcim 
 tlic West Indict, wliiih Mciitl lliiir lioiits In IV'ti'li 
 llic ciir;;ii frniii till' slmrc, llii' cxcciilioii in llii' liill 
 (if indinj; i-^ iiMially fxprcs.inl an Inllows; • Tlir 
 n(!t ii|'(i(mI, iIk> i|ii('i'ir.s I'liiiiiit'M, tire, anil all ami 
 ovory (itlii r (liniLjorM ami aiTiilints nf llitt Ma>, 
 riv^'r.^, mill iiavi;;atiiiii, of wliatcvcr iiatiirr ami 
 kiiiil MM'Vrr, .Idle risk of litKih, «» f'<ir rj.i tlii/i^ nrr 
 liiihir lliiriti), cxcciitiMi.' Olliir cxrcpliiiMs may 
 lir ami arc somi'liiius iiitriKluoeil; Imt llii.' alHivc 
 is llir t;i.'iu'ral fdiiii. 
 
 TiKiiafir of Hilln of /Mtli'i;/. — Hilln of lailini; arc 
 traii.Hfcriiblc either liy blaiiU .t sjiciial imlur.-cincnt, 
 like liills (ifrxilianiii'. Ami «vliatc'ver iii.iy lie the 
 clmract.T of llio person to vlioiii the (;imii1s arc 
 .■oii.'-i^iicd, whether he lie a liiiyer, or merely the 
 fnetiir, a;;eiit, or hrokcr ol' the eoiisi^mir, the boiiii 
 tide hull er of a bill of lailiiif^ indoiseil by the 
 ciinsi;;iico is entitled to the noods, ami may cl.iiin 
 them from the ma-ler, if he can jirovc that lie has 
 |iiireliasc(l the bill for a i/iiod rousiiliriitiim: but 
 unless he eaii do this, he is not <iiitille(l to the 
 goods, (Holt, Liiir tf Slil/)/>liiii, 2nd cd. p. 'MV.'>.) 
 Kormcrly, a factor, tlioiiuli lie iiiii;lit sell, cooM 
 not /ilitlije the floods of liis jirincipal. lint the 
 linrdsliip and inconvenicnca nrisinj; from this rule 
 were sinli, that it was set aside by the Act li 
 (ieo. IV. e. '.It, The second sec:tion of this Aci 
 declares that any jierson in possession of a bill of 
 ladiiii; shall be deemed the true owner of the goods 
 H)iccilied in it, so as to make a sale or ]iledj4c by 
 him of such f;oods or bill of ladinj; valid, unless 
 tlio iierson to whom the Roods arc sold or picdjjed 
 has notice that the seller or plcdj;er is not t'iic ac- 
 tual and bona tide owner of the floods. ( K.^i-Tnit. | 
 JJvlivi'iij vmiir liill of' Liiiliiiy. — It beiiif^ usual 
 to .sign ami deliver three bills of lading, it is 
 jmssible that there may bo conflicting demands 
 upoti the captain by the diflerent holders. Nothing, 
 however, is, in such a case, rcipiired of him, except 
 that he act with good faith, and to the best of his 
 judgment ; and that ho make didivery of the goods 
 to the person who lirst demands Iheni of him, upon 
 ])reseiitment of the bill of lading, provuleil the 
 rlrriimstanccs be not such as tnji,stifi/ it .sw.vyii'c/oH of 
 his having unfairly got possession of it. If be 
 act ditl'ereiitly, he is iinsweralile, according to the 
 lieculiarilies of the case, to the person injured by 
 his negligence; the bill of lading being not onlv 
 the instructions of the merchant to him, as his 
 <arri<'r or servant, Imt his own especial agreement 
 to deliver according to its conditions. 
 
 Where several bills of lading of a diO'ereiit 
 iiniiiirt have been signed, no regard is to bo paid to 
 the time when they were lirst signed by the mas- 
 ter ; but tho person who lirst gets legal possession 
 (if one of them from the owner or shipper lias a 
 right to the consignment ; and where such bills of 
 kiiliii;;, though dilVerent upon the face of them, an; 
 const ructively the same, and the master has acted 
 liiiiia lido, a delivery according to such legal title 
 will discharge him from all, (Holt, pp. 375, HIT.) 
 I!y '23 Vict. c. 22 s. 21 A-c, i\ bill of lading 
 becomes the entry or shipping bill of goods cx- 
 |)iirted. The ch.irges under this Act are repealed 
 liy 20 Vict, c. 22: see also 18 & 19 Vict. o. Ill ou 
 tho same subject. 
 
 (Ireat inconveniences arise, should any irregu- 
 larity occur in a bill of lading; for the regulations 
 iil'<rveral countries, as in particular .Spain, Portugal, 
 and several of the South American governments, 
 are exceedingly strict. In (he ports of these 
 (iniiitries, a mistake in these documents leads 
 lrii|iiently to the indictioii of severe penalties. 
 
 DILL 01" SALK. A formal instrument by 
 which an individual convej-s away the right and 
 interest he has in the goods or chattels named 
 
 HILL OF STOUK 
 
 l.')3 
 
 therein. Tho property nf stiiim is transferred by 
 bill of nale, of which there are two (lescriptioiis, 
 vi/. (I) the (/r(/nf/ bill of sak', which conveys the 
 property of the shiji from the builder to the owner 
 or lirst |iuri'liaser ; and (2) the (in/i'/ir/cy liill of sale, 
 by which any siilisei|ueut tran-ler is made. No 
 stamp duty is pjiyable on IIicm' ilm iiiiieiil.i. imr is 
 it necessary that they bIiouIiI be iimler seal. 
 (Maude aiid I'ollock On Me Law of Shipiinii), 
 p. 13.) I Kkoisikv. I 
 
 III 1,1, OK SKillT. When a merchant is ignor- 
 ant of the real (luantities or (jualities of any go id.i 
 ciui-iigued to him, so that he is unable to niakea 
 prrfrct eiitrv tlicronf, he or his agent must subscribu 
 a (leclaralinii to that elVect before the cnlleetor or 
 ciiiiiptniller, who is aulhorised, on receiving such 
 dcclaratiiiii, to allow the importer to enter tho 
 guilds by Itll.l, ol'- SliillT. (See the form, bf'oK- 
 TAitd.N AM> I'".xi'<)itT.\rioN.) Tliiy may then 
 be pidvisionally lauded; and perfect entry of tho 
 same must be made within 3 diiys, by indorsing 
 on the bill of sight such particulars as are reipiired 
 ill making perfect entry of goods wlicllier forpay- 
 iiicut of (lilt V, warehousing, ordeliverv free (i.diity, 
 (Ifi it 17 Vict. c. 107 ss. r.l.Cc'.) 
 
 (ioods entered by bill of sight for delivery on 
 l>ayiiieiit of duly are nut In be delivered till pcrfei't 
 'ill rj' thereof has been made, and the duty paid, 
 unless llie importer (lepo>it a sum (f money siitli- 
 cient to cover the duty payable thereon. (Sec. 1)3.) 
 
 In default of perfect entry within .'! days, goods 
 entered by bill of sight are to be taken to the 
 l^hieen's warolioiise ; and if the importer do not, 
 witliin 1 month, make perfect entry, and pay tho 
 duties thereon, or on such jiarts as can be entered 
 for home use, together with chnrges of moving 
 and warehouse rent, such goods shall he sold fur 
 ]iayment of the duties, (.^ic. Gl.) | I.^ii'ditrAi.-oN 
 
 ANI> KxroltTATION. I 
 
 lill.L OF STOKi;. A license granted by the 
 Custom-hnuso tore-import liritisli goods into the 
 United Kingdom. 
 
 The Act 10 it 17 Vict. c. 107 has tho following 
 clause in regard to the entry of goods by hi" "•" 
 store : — 
 
 All llriiisn goods re-imported into tho Ignited 
 Kingdom shall be entered as foreign, and shall be 
 liable to the same duties, rules, regulation,-, and 
 restrictions as such goods, ii' fijreign, would be 
 liable to on the first importation thereof, unless 
 the same shall bo re-imported within 10 years 
 after the exportation thereof, and it shr.'ll bo 
 proved to the satisfaction of the Commissioners of 
 Customs that the property in such goods has con- 
 tinued and still reiiialns in the pcrsnii by whom or 
 on whose account the same have been exported, 
 in which ease the Fame may be entered as Mritish 
 goods, by bill of store, containing such particulars 
 and i|i such form and manner as the said Com- 
 missioners may direct : Provided always, that the 
 following goods shall, on re-importation", be deemed 
 and taken to be foreign goods, viz, corn, grain, 
 meal, flour, and hops, and also till goods for which 
 any drawback of excise shall have been received 
 on exportation, unless by special permission of the 
 Cominissioners ot Customs, and on re-payment of 
 such drawback, and als(Tall goods for which a bill 
 of store cannot be issued in manner directed by tho 
 said Commissioners, except remnants of liritish 
 goods, with permission of the Commissioners of 
 Customs. (Sec. G5.) 
 
 The following is a regulation of the T3oard of 
 Customs, dated November 0, 1861, by which the 
 importation of returned liritish goods is greatly 
 facilitated: — 
 
 ' That the limit of time within which goods 
 may bo returned and admitted as liritish bo 
 
 ' I ■ ' 
 
~Tf(7 :r- 
 
 r I 
 
 154 BILL (VICTUALLING) 
 
 abolished in all ruses excopt where a I5ill of Store 
 is required, and that I he declaration of continued 
 proprietorship be in all eases dispensed with. 
 
 'That returned llritish goods of the same de- 
 Bcriptiou as foreign goods on which duty is 
 chargeable upon importation, or which were 
 entitled to drawback on exportation, be deemed 
 to be foreign unless a Kill of St.ire be obtained 
 in accordance with the other provisions of the 
 above section, com, grain, meal, (lour, and hops 
 being in all eases deemed to be foreign. 
 
 ' That returned Uritish goods bearing marks or 
 brands of British manufacturers be deemed to be 
 foreign goods with Uritish marks or brands, and 
 as siicli liable to forfeiture, unless declaration be 
 made by the persons whose marks or brands tliey 
 bear, that tlie goods are of Itritish mahufaeture, or 
 imless a Itill of Store be obtained. 
 
 ' That teturned Itritish goods not bearing marks 
 or brands, not entitled to drawback on exportation, 
 and not of a description which, if foreign, wouhl 
 be chargeable with duty, be admitted upon tlieir 
 being entered as British goods with tlu; usual 
 declaration to the truth of the parlieulai con- 
 tained in the entry, as required on all import 
 entries.' 
 
 BILL (VICTUALLING). Fomjerly a victual- 
 ling bill v.as a list of all stores for shipment, but 
 HOW it shows only stores shipped from the boniled 
 warehouse or for drawback on board vessels pro- 
 ceocUng on over-sea voyages. This dociunent 
 serves also aa a certilicate of clearance when tliere 
 is nothing but stores on Ijoard the sliip (Ki it 17 
 Viet. c. 107 s. 145), and this law also enacts that if 
 after clearing outwards a vessel be foinid to jjossess 
 any such stores which are not endorsed on tlie 
 victualling '.ill. such stores sliall be forfeited. 
 (Sec. 110.) 
 
 BILLINGSGATE. A market for lish, contigu- 
 ous to tlie Custom-house in London. It is held 
 every lawful day, and was established in 1GG9 by 
 Stat." 10 iS: 1 1 \Vm. III. c. 24. Every person buy- 
 ing lish in Billingsgate market may sell the same 
 in any other market-place or places '.vithin the city 
 of London or elsewhere, by retail, with this condi- 
 tion, tliat none but lishmongers be jiermitted to 
 s( 11 in lixed shops or houses. No person or persons 
 .shall purchase at Billingsgate any quantity of 
 lish, to be divided by lots or in share« amongst any 
 lishmongers or other persons, in order to be after- 
 wards put to sale by retail or otherwise ; nor shall 
 any lisiunonger engross, or buy in the sjiid market, 
 anj' quantity offish, but what shall be for his own 
 sale or use, under tlie penalty of 20/. No person 
 is to liave in his possession, or expose to sale, any 
 spawn of lish, or lisli unsi/.eable, or oat of season. 
 (36 deo. III. c. 118.) The minimum size of tlie 
 lobiters to be sold at Billingsgate is lixed by 
 statute. [LunsTKU.] 
 
 rrcvionsly to 1812 no llsli of foreign taking or 
 curing, or in foreign vessels, could be imported 
 into the United Kingdom, except turbots and 
 lobst'jrs, stock-lish, live eels, anchovies, sturgeon, 
 botargo, and caviare. But the importation of ail 
 sorts of lisIi was then permitted on payment of 
 duties, which were linally repealed in IHoo. At 
 present, therefore, the trade in (ish is quite free. 
 
 For some lurtlicr remarks with respect to this 
 sidyect, see I'lsH. 
 
 lilllCJI (l"'r. boideau ; Dutcli, berkc ; Ger. birke ; 
 ItaL betulia ; Lat. betula ; Pol. brzoza ; Kuss. 
 bereza; Span, abedul, betulia). A forest-tree met 
 witli everywhere hi the north of Europe. It is 
 apidied to various purposes. In Lapland, Norway, 
 and Sweden, tlie long twig:; of thcbireli are woven 
 into mats and twisted into ropes ; the outer liark 
 I'ornis an almost incorruptible covering for houses ; 
 
 LIRDS' NESTb 
 
 and the inner I 'k is used, in periods of scarcity, 
 as a substitute for bread, liussia leather is pre- 
 pared by means of the empyreumatic oil of the 
 birch. It is an excellent wood for the turner, 
 being light, compact, and easily worked, its 
 durability is not very great, it is" sometimes used 
 in the manufacture of herring barrels. 
 
 BIUnLhMI': (tier, vogelleim ; I'r. glu; ItaL 
 jiania ; Span, liga ; Kiiss. ptitschei klei). It is 
 tuund in tli<^ inner bark of certain plants, as the 
 mistletoe {Visciim album) ami the holly (i/cj- 
 aijuifolium). It is jirepared by boiling the bark seve- 
 ral hours in water, separating it from the liqui(i. in 
 whicii it is insoluble, and setting it aside till it 
 becomes viscous. Birdlime is greenish, tenacious, 
 glutinous, of a latter taste, and a, smell simihir to 
 linseed oil. If exposed to the air in thin layers, 
 it becomes dry brown, and may be powdered, but 
 regains its viscidity when treated with water. A 
 suhstance similar to birdlime, and called specially 
 tjlu by French chemists, exudes spontaneously 
 t'rom the bark of certain idants. Wlien this sub- 
 stance is purified, it is without odour or taste, is 
 very adhesive, is fusible by heat and inllammable, 
 is quite insoluble in water, and nearly so in alco- 
 hol, but is freely dissolved by ether and turpentine 
 oils. It has been called viscin. The use of bird- 
 lime is tamiliar, but it has little commercial 
 importance. 
 
 BIKDS' NESTS (Gcr. ludianische vogelnester ; 
 Dutch, Indiaansehe vogelnestjes ; Fr. nids do Tun- 
 kin ; Ital. nidi di 'luiichino; Span, nidos de la 
 Cliina ; Javanese, susu ; Malay, sarungburung; 
 Chinese, yiii-wo). The nests of a species of small 
 swallow peculiar to the Indian inlands (l/iniiulu 
 escuknta), very much esteemed in China. In 
 shape these nests resemble those of other swallows. 
 They are formed of a viscid substance ; and in ex- 
 ternal tippearance, as well as consistence, are not 
 unlike librous, ill-concocted isinglass. Esculent 
 nests are principally found in Java, m caverns 
 that are most frecpieiitly, though not always, 
 situated on the sea-cojist. Alany conllicting state- 
 ments have been made as to the substance of 
 nests; some contending that they are fornu.'. of 
 sea-foam or other marine productt:, and others 
 that they are elaborated from the food of the liinl 
 iStc. But these are points as to which nolliuig 
 satisfactory is known. 
 
 It is asserted that at the time of pairing the 
 swallow secretes a glutinous substance from its bill, 
 and that this mucus flowing from the bill in 
 filaments forms the material of the nest. This 
 substance, for which the name cubilose has been 
 suggested, is hardly soluble in cold, and sh)wly in 
 boiling water, but readily in alkaline soliitiiin.>i, 
 whether cold or hot. Iodine tinges it au oraiiye 
 yellow. 
 
 Singapore is the chief mart for birds' nests, 
 to which they are brouglit from Borneo, Java, Hio 
 Miuto, Sumbawa, Sumatra, and Celebes. The 
 price of the same quality varies enormously : at 
 Manilla a picul (133 lbs.) will fetch 2,000 pi.istics, 
 wliili! in Canton the same quantity may be wurtli 
 nearly li,000 piastres. 
 
 Binls' nests are served at the close of great 
 entertainments, in the proportion of a nest and a 
 half to each guest. 
 
 \\^e borrow from Mr. Crawfurd's valuable work 
 on the A'astem Ari:hipelago (vol. iii. pp. io'l — 1.17) 
 the following authentic and curious details as to 
 the traflic in this singular production :' The best 
 nests are those obtained in deep damp caves, and 
 such as are taken before the birds have laid tlieir 
 eggs. The coarsest are those obtained after tlie 
 young are fledged. The finest nests are flic 
 whitest, that is, those taken before the nest has 
 
 t':ir 
 
 been renderc 
 
 young birds. 
 
 if regularly 
 
 oflered to tin 
 
 the quantity 
 
 by the ca\'es 
 
 a year or two 
 
 <lillicult of ;i, 
 
 lecled by per 
 
 the ollicc. 'J' 
 
 caves in .fava 
 
 of the culiirt 
 
 Jyuiiimi lioliiii, 
 
 t'oulli ei>as(, ( 
 
 only to 1)0 api 
 
 of many huiid 
 
 rattan, over j 
 
 rocks. When 
 
 the perilous of 
 
 be perlbrined 
 
 recesses <,f tlie 
 
 l^e iiistantiv l 
 
 ilolliing bei;)w 
 
 its way into th 
 
 'The only | 
 
 undergo is thai 
 
 exposure to flu 
 
 in small boxes. 
 
 assorted for the 
 
 according lo tl 
 
 Jiist or hest, sea 
 
 that are rcgiihi 
 
 parts, 03-3 part 
 
 parts of those o 
 
 the third. 
 
 ' The common 
 are, for the first 
 dollars the picu 
 second, 2,800 S| 
 the third, J,f,0( 
 prices it is snflici 
 arc no more thai 
 They are consul 
 fhe best part .. 
 sumption of the 
 thv'M, under (he 
 I'ully stimulating 
 their most va^ui 
 feetly harmless, 
 mueh resemble 
 liabits, have not 
 tlie latter aeqni 
 niodiiy is no los. 
 mil. Among till 
 parallel to it, uii 
 tiniatioiiiii whicl 
 luxury, reniaikal 
 for any qualities 
 Mr. Crawfurd 
 birds' nests c\i 
 212,100 lbs., w'. 
 observes, 'of thi 
 'ry whii!li prodi, 
 wants of a single 
 elusive |)r()pertv 
 forms a valuable 
 revenue of the 
 course not equal, 
 and the circiinist.i 
 "1 which the nest 
 inotc and sequest 
 lawless, a pioper 
 subject (o the peq 
 and It not !infre(| 
 "P'.nit is tlie prii 
 ■'lillvd by uiiu pel 
 sueli situations. 
 
BISMUTH 
 
 been rendered impure by tbc food nnd /tree* of the 
 yiiiiiiK birds. Tlicy are taken twice u-year, and 
 if regularly collected, amino unusual injury be 
 offi'red to tbe ca\ cms, will produce very equally, 
 tlie quantity bein;; very little, if at all improved 
 by the eaves being left alto^'etlier umnolested for 
 a'year or two. ISonie of i lie caverns are extremely 
 clitlicult of access, and llie nests can oidy be col- 
 lected by persons accnstoPied from their youth to 
 the olVicc. The most rcinarkablc and productive 
 caves in .lava, of wliicb I si-perintended a moiety 
 of the ccillection fiir nveral years, are those of 
 Kuiiimj liiiliiiiij, ill tlu! province of Biiijlm, on the 
 winth coast of the island. Here the caves are 
 only to be approached by a perpendicular descent 
 of many hundred fee>, by ladders of bamboo and 
 rattan, over a sea roUinf; vii)lently a^jainst the 
 rocks. When the mouth of the cavern is attained, 
 the perilous oflicc of taking the nests must ol'ten 
 be performed by torch-light, bv penetrating into 
 recesses of the rock where the slightest trip W( uld 
 be instantly fatal to the adventurers, who see 
 nothing below them but the turbulent surf making 
 its Wiiy into the cluisnis of the rock. 
 
 ' The only preparation which the birds' nests 
 undergo is that of simple drying, without direct 
 exposure to the sun, after which they are jiacked 
 in small boxes, usually of half a picul. They arc 
 assorted for the Chinese market into three kinds, 
 according to their qualities, distinguished into 
 Jirsl or livst, second, and third qualities. Cavcrn.s 
 that are regularly managed will atl'ord, in 100 
 parts, 6;!"3 parts of those of the tirst quality, 35 
 jiarts of those of the second, 11'7 i)arts of those of 
 tlie third. 
 
 ' The common prices for birds" nests at Canton 
 are, for the first sort, no less than 13,500 Spanish 
 dollars the picul, or 5/. IHs. if^d. per lb.; for the 
 .second, 2,800 Hpanisli dcdlars per picul; and for 
 the third, 1,000 Spanish dollars. From these 
 prices it is sudiciently evident that the birds' nests 
 are no mopc than an article of expensive luxury. 
 They are consumedonly by tbe great; and indeed 
 the best part is sent to the capital for the con- 
 sumption of the court. The sensual Chinese use 
 them, laider the imagitiation that they are power- 
 fuUv stimulating and tonic ; but it is jjrobable that 
 their most va.aable quality is their being per- 
 fectly harmless. The people of Japan, who so 
 mucii resemble the Chinese in many of their 
 habits, have no taste for the edible nests ; and how 
 the latter acquired a taste for this foreign coin- 
 modiiy is no less singular than their persevering 
 in it. Anu>ng the Western nations there is nothing 
 paridlel to it, unless wc except tlio whimsical es- 
 liniation in which the Koni'Misludd some articles of 
 luxury, rem.'irkable for their scarcity rather than 
 for any qualities iLscribcd to them.' 
 
 Mr. Crawfurd estimates the whole quantity of 
 birds' ni'sts exported from the Archipelago at 
 :>1-.V100 lbs., worth 2.s 1,'.'!)0/. -The value,' he 
 observes, "of this immense property to the coun- 
 try which produces it, rests upon the capricious 
 wants of a single people, it is claimed as the ex- 
 clusive i)roperty of the sovereign, and everywhere 
 forms a valuable branch of his income, or of the 
 revenue of the state. This value, liowever, is of 
 course not equal, and depends upon the situation 
 and the circumstances connected with the caverns 
 ill which the nests are found. ISeing ol'ten in re- 
 mote and sequestered situations, in a country so 
 lawless, a pioperty so valuable and exposed is 
 subject to the perpetual depredation of freebooters, 
 and It not \infrequently haiMiens that an attack 
 up„u it is ilie iirincipal object of the warfare coin- 
 Piitled by one petty state against another. In 
 such situations, the expense of iillbrdiny them 
 
 BITUMEN 
 
 155 
 
 protection is so heavy, that they are necessjirily 
 of little value. In situations where the caverns 
 are dillicult of access to strangers, and where there 
 reigns enough of order and trancpiiility to secure 
 them from internal depredalion, and to admit of 
 the nests being obtained wiihout other expensi! 
 t ban tlie simple labour of collect ingtliem, the value 
 of the property is very great. The caverns of 
 Kiiraiiij-boliniij, in .lava, an; of tliis description. 
 Tliese aniinally atl'ord (i,WIO Uis. of lusts, which 
 are worth, at "the Hatavia prices of :),(l(i(l, 2,5(10, 
 and 1,200 Spanish dollars the picul. for the re- 
 spect ive ki'ids, nearly l.'t9,000 Spanish dollars ; and 
 the whide expense of collecting. i:uring, and pack- 
 ing, anioiinls to no more than 1 1 (ler cent, on this 
 amount. Tlie jiriee of birds' nests is of course a 
 monopoly price, the (luantity imiduccd being by 
 nature limited, and incapable of augmentation. 
 The value of the labour expended in bringing 
 birds' nests to market is but a trifling portion of 
 their price, whicli consists of the highest sum 
 that the luxurious Chinese will atl'ord to pay for 
 them, and which is a tax jiaid by that nation to 
 the iiih.ibitants of the Indian islands. There is, 
 perha|)S, no production upon which human in- 
 dustry is exerted, of which the cost of ))roduction 
 bears so small a proportion to the market price.' 
 (Sec also the valuable work of Count llogendorp, 
 Coup d'CEil stir I' fie de Java, p. 201.) 
 
 ' The present importation of all kinds can only 
 be gueisedat: 500 piculs were entered at Shanghai 
 and Canton in 18(!0, but the entire import can 
 hardly be less than 700 or 800 jiiculs annually.' 
 (Williams' Chinese Commercial Guide, 5tli cd.) 
 
 IJISMUTII (tier, wismuth; Dutch, bismuth, 
 bergsteen, blinkendin; l'"r. bismuth; Ital. bis- 
 multe; Span, bismuto, picdra iiiga; liuss. wis- 
 mut; Lat. bisniuthum). A metal of a reddish 
 white colour, and almost destitute of taste and 
 smell. It is softer than copper ; its specilic gra- 
 vity is !)-822. When hammered cautiously, its 
 density is considerably increased ; it breaks, how- 
 ever, when struck smartly by a hammer, and, 
 consequently, is not malleable, neither can it be 
 drawn out into wire ; it melts at the temperature 
 of -170°. The chief source of bismuth is Saxony, 
 but it is found in Swabia, the Pyrenees, Sweden, 
 and Cornwall. (Thomson's Chemistry.) 
 
 ' liismnth is used in the composition of pewter, 
 in the fabrication of jirinters' types, iind in 
 various other metallic mi.xtures. With an equal 
 weiglit of lead, it forms a brilliant white alloy, 
 much harder than lead, and more malleable than 
 bismuth, though not ductile; and if the iiroportioii 
 of lead be increased, it is rendered still more mal- 
 leable. Eight parts of bismuth, 5 of lead, iind ;> 
 of tin, constitute the fusible metal, sometimes 
 called Newton's, from its discoverer, which melts 
 at the lieat of boiling water, and may be fused 
 over a candle in a jiiece of still" jiaper without 
 burning the paper. It has been suggested that 
 this alloy of bismuth might be used advanta- 
 geously ill order to prevent steam cxidosioiis, 
 I'ewterers' solder is formed of I part of bismuth, 
 with 5 of lead, and 3 of tin. It forms the basis of 
 a symp.'ithctic ink.' (Ure.) 
 
 iUTUMEN (Ger.Judeiipech; Fr.bitume; Dutch, 
 jodenlyin ; Ital. iusfalto; Span, asfalto; Port, liis- 
 phallo; liuss. asfalt ; Lat. asphaltum bitumen jii- 
 daicuni). This term includes a considerable range 
 of inthimmablc mineral substances, burning with 
 the (lame in the open air. They differ in consistency, 
 from u thin fluid to a solid; but the .solids are for 
 the most part Jiiptefiablo at a moderate heat. 
 They are — 1. Noiihtha; a line, white, thin, fra- 
 grant, colourless oil, which issues out of white, 
 mIIow, or black clavs in Persi;i and Media, This 
 
 < ' . 
 
 \ . . 
 
 i i 
 
wmm 
 
 i 
 
 I .^ 
 
 % 
 
 
 156 BLACKING 
 
 is higlilj' inflammable. Near the village of 
 Amiauo, in the staio of Parma, there exists a 
 Hpring which yiekls this substance in t itricicnt 
 ((iiantity to illuminate the city of (icnon, for which 
 I)urpose it is employed. With cort.'jin vegetable 
 oils, naphtha is said to form a nood varnish. — 2. 
 Petroleum is much thicker than naphtha, rescm- 
 bliiif; in consistence common tar. It has a strong 
 disagreeable odour, and a blackish or reddish 
 brown colour. During combustion it emits a 
 thick black smoke, and leaves a little residue in 
 the form of black coal. It is more abundant than 
 the first-mentioned variety, from which it does 
 not seem to differ, except in being more inspissated. 
 It is found in various countries, and is especially 
 abundant in the Birraan empire, where it is met 
 with above Promo, within about 2 miles of the 
 Irrawadi. The gross annual produce of the wells in 
 this place has been estimated at about 80,000,000 
 lbs., worth on the spot about ls.8r/.porcwt.:and the 
 supply might, if a market could be found, be indc- 
 linitely increased. It is used as a lamp oil, and, 
 when mingled with earth or ashes, as fuel and in 
 the lining of boats. (Geographical Diciionan/, i. 
 453.) In the United States it is found abundantly in 
 Kentucky, Ohio, and New York, wlicre it is known 
 by the name of Seucca or Genesee oil. It is also 
 obtained from wells in the island of Zantc. Hero- 
 dotus tells us that he had seen these wells (lib. 
 iv. c. l'.)5) ; and the descrijition he lias given of 
 them, and of the mode of obtaining the petroleum, 
 corresponds, in all respects, with the accounts of 
 the best modcni travellers. The average annual 
 produce of the ZaiUo springs is abmit 100 barrels. 
 (Chandler's Travels in Greece, Ito. cd. p, oOl ; 
 Holland's Travels in Greece, -Ito. ed, p, IS.) 
 Petroleum is particularly abundant in Persia. 
 ' When taken from the pit, it is a tliick liquid re- 
 sembling pitch. The bottoms of most vessels 
 which navigate the Euphrates and Tigris arc 
 covered with it, and it is also used in lamps, in- 
 stead of oil, by the natives. The most productive 
 fountains are those of Kerkook, Mondali, and 
 I5adku. The wells in the neighbourhood of the 
 latter seem to be quite inexhaustible, being no 
 sooner emptied than they again begin to fill. Some 
 of them have been found to yiclil from 1,000 to 
 l.SitO lbs. a day !' (Kinneir's Persian Empire, pp. 
 H'J, oo'j.) — 3. 3Ialtha, or Sca-icax, is a solid whitish 
 sul)staiice, not unlike tallow. It melts when 
 heated, and in cooling assumes the consistence 
 of white cerate. This is, most probably, the bitu- 
 men cantUdum of Pliny (Hist. Aat. lib. xxxv. 
 c. 15). It is not used as pitch; but it aflbrds a 
 better light than petroleum, and emits a loss dis- 
 agreeable smell. It is found on the surface of the 
 liaikal Lake in Siberia, at the foot of the moun- 
 tains of IJucktiari in Per.fia, and in some other 
 j)laces. — 4. Elastic Bitumen yields easily to pros- 
 sun ; it is flexible and elastic. It emits a i,..ong 
 bituminous odour, and is about the weight of 
 water. On exposure to the air it hardens, and 
 loses its elasticity. It takes up the traces of 
 crayons in the same manner as caoutchouc, or 
 India-rubber, whence it has obtained the name 
 o( mineral caoutchouc. It has hitherto been found 
 only in the lead mines of Derbyshire. — 5. Compact 
 Bitumen, or Asphaltum, is of a shining black 
 colour, solid, and brittle, with a conchoidal frac- 
 ture. Its spccitic gravity varies from 1 ..o 1"G. 
 Like the former varieties, it burns freely, and 
 leaves but little residuum. It is found in' India, 
 oil the shores of the Deiui Sea, in Fraiici', in 
 Switzerland, and in large deposits in sandstone in 
 Albania; but nowhere so largely as in the island 
 of Trinidad, where it forms a lake 3 miles in 
 circumference, and of a thickness unknown. A 
 
 BLACK-LEAD 
 
 gentle heat renders it ductile, and, when mixed 
 with grease or common pitch, it is uscil for paying 
 the bottoms of ships, and is said to protect them 
 from the teredo of the West Indian seas. The an- 
 cients employed bitumen in the construction of 
 their buildings. The bricks of which the walls of 
 Babylon were built were, it is said (Herodotus, lib, 
 i. s. 179), cemented with hot bitumen, which gavo 
 them unusual solidity. [Petroleum,] 
 
 BLACKING (Ger, schuhschwiirze, wichse ; Fr, 
 noir (do cordonnicr), cirage ; Ital, ncro da ugner 
 Ic.scarpe; Span, negro de zapatos), A factitious 
 article, prepared in various waj's, used in the 
 blacking of boots and shoes. The principal ingre- 
 dients in its maniiractuie are oil, vinegar, bone- 
 earth, molasses, and sulphuric acid. It is in verj- 
 extensivc demand. Some of the establishments 
 for its manufacture, especially those in the metro- 
 polis, are on a very large scale ; and it is in such 
 only that it can I'c cliea])lv and advantageously 
 produced. One of the principal, or rather we may 
 say the principal outliiy in establishing a blacking 
 business, consists in advertising. Indeed, any in- 
 dividual or set of individuals, provided they supply 
 a reasonably good article, may by continuous ad- 
 vertising and puffing attain to the highest emi- 
 nence in the ' blacking line.' Exclusive of that 
 used at liome, blacking is a considerable article of 
 
 BLACK-LEAD, PLUMI.AGC .'^APHITE, 
 
 or WAD (Dutch, potloot- ? . t , Je plonib 
 noir, plonib de mine, potelot; Ger. pottloth, reiss- 
 bley ; Ital. miniera di piombo, piombaggine, core- 
 zolo; Lat. ])lurabago; Span, piedra mineral do 
 jilomo). A mineral of a dark steel grey colour, 
 and a metallic lustre ; it is soft, has a greasy feel, 
 and leaves a dark- coloured line when drawn along 
 paper. 
 
 This mineral is found only in a state of purity in 
 Borrodalc in Cumberland, the mines in wliich 
 have been wrought since the dnys of Eliz.ibeth. 
 The lead is not found in veins, but is detached 
 pieces, or in what are called sops or bellies, so that 
 the supply is very irregular, the miners being fre- 
 quently employed for a lengthened period in seek- 
 ing at random for the lead. Its quality also differs 
 very widely. The best is that ^vliich is lightest, 
 and the trace of which on paper is easily and com- 
 pletely rt .iioved by the application of India-rubber. 
 The mine is only opened at intervals, and is at 
 present (18G8) closed. The supply has been ■ :- 
 trcmely scanty, and mostly also very ic!' u .-, 
 When the mine is open, the trade is suppl, .: .'. 
 salts held on the first Monday of each r. .. ' 
 in Ksscv Street, Straiu!, London, 
 
 At a sale of black-lead held at Essc.r Sti\e' 
 St'^anU (according to a writer in the Builder, 
 iSept. 1, 1800), picked plumbago brought 20.s. the 
 lb., the article having been jiieked through at 
 former sales. After this, there was a considerable 
 stock sold at much lower prices, more like 20/. the 
 ton than anything else, while the pure Borrodalc 
 lead would now fetch 30s, the lb,, or rtiorc than 
 3,000/, the ton. 
 
 The mine ceased to bo worked three or four 
 years ago. The corapanj' who took it passed 
 through the Bap.kriiptcy Court, The Keswick 
 makers not unfrcqiiently purchase pure ;"ad found 
 in the locality which has been washed down from 
 the mountains into the rivers and low lands, so 
 that pure Borrodalc 'ead pencils may still be 
 luirchaseil at Keswick , but comparatively few 
 people go to the iirice, viz, 6». the dozen. 
 
 In one year (1803) the produce of the Borrodalc 
 mine was 500 casks, each of IJ cwt., the produce 
 being worth 30s. the lb. So valuable was llic 
 product, every cart-load being worth from 3,000.. 
 
 BL. 
 
 to 4,000/,, thai 
 
 tary escort to 1 
 
 dations on tli 
 
 made robbery 
 
 Tlje soiircf's 
 
 found in Cevlc 
 
 2,000 tons are 
 
 c rix part of tli 
 
 Siberia, Austri 
 
 Lake Superior 
 
 zenbach in Holi 
 
 annum are obt. 
 
 ill beds of gro 
 
 Venisei about .' 
 
 of Toorookhan; 
 
 the Chinese fro 
 
 of commercial 
 
 India, both in 
 
 Spain, It is al 
 
 In 18(1'., 4,83G 
 
 Cevlon, 
 
 BLACK-LE. 
 nen; Fr, craj'oi; 
 nero; Port, lapi 
 lapiz negro), ] 
 circled with cod 
 There is hard 
 temptation to s 
 article is greal( 
 purchaser is moi 
 lead pencils, 'i 
 ference between 
 lead, and of the 
 substituted for i 
 as follows:— 
 
 F'irst qua; 
 Second di 
 Third dit( 
 1. Pencils oft 
 made of pure C 
 present (1808) 31 
 18 to 20 dozen s 
 pound of this lea 
 These pencils 
 lead into the pie( 
 times, liowever, 
 (lefective, so tha 
 fiii-t, be \cry in 
 some makers pre 
 grit or carthv p 
 iiiony or other al 
 pared lead, the p 
 to be depended oi 
 2, Pencils of t 
 tured out of tlios 
 the dust of the i 
 people from the r 
 riixed or alloyed 
 of antimony. 't1i: 
 of course, on the i 
 exceeds the anti 
 former may be ta 
 the latter "at onl 
 sistibK' lomptatio 
 the latter beyond 
 position produces 
 ti> the 11).; their 
 purity of the lead, 
 3, The third qu 
 Mexican or Spani 
 per cwt., with anti 
 It produces aboii 
 lb., which may b( 
 (jross, according t 
 ployed and tho cai 
 sort of pencil maj 
 flue stroke, but i'l 
 
m 
 
 BLACK-LEAD PENCILS 
 
 to 4,000/., that the produce was sent under mili- 
 tary escort to Kendal, In order to jircvent depre- 
 dations on the mine, an Act, 25 Geo. IF. c. 10, 
 made robbery from a black-lead mine felony. 
 
 The sources of black-lend arc numerous. It is 
 found in Ceylor, and according tc .Sir K. 'I'ennent 
 2,000 tons are annually exported from the south- 
 <rn part of the island. It is also procured from 
 Siberia, Austria, I'russia, in Nortli America near 
 Lake Superior, in Scotland, and from Scliwar- 
 /.cnbachin Holiemia, •whence about 7(),()()0 lbs per 
 annum are oblaijied. It has also been discovered 
 in beds of great thickness on the banks of the 
 Ve.iisei about ODO English miles east of the town 
 of Toorookhansk, and again in South Siberia near 
 the Cliinese frontier. The chief sources, however, 
 of commercial graphite are I'assau, in Bavaria ; 
 India, both in the Himalayas and Ceyhni ; and 
 Spain. It is also a product of some iron works. 
 In 18Ci">, 4,83G tens were imported, chiclly from 
 Cevlon. 
 
 i)LACK-LKAD I'ENX'ILS (Dutch, potlootpcn- 
 nen; Fr. crayons noirs; Ger. bleystifte; Ital. lapis 
 nero; Port, lapis negro ; Ituss. karanaschil; Span. 
 lapiz negro). I'encils formed of black lead, en- 
 circled with cedar. 
 
 There is hardly, perhaps, anything in which the 
 temptation to substitute a spurious for a genuine 
 article is greater, or in which, consequently, the 
 purchaser is more liable to be deceived, than black- 
 lead pencils. This is occasioned by the vast dif- 
 ference between the cost of genuine Cumberland 
 lead, and of the other articles that are or may be 
 substituted for it. Pencils are usually described 
 as follows: — 
 
 First quality, or drawing pencils. 
 Second ditto, or prepared iiencils. 
 Third ditto, or composition pencils. 
 
 1. Pencils of the first quality arc, when genuine, 
 made of pure Cumbcrlaiul lead, which cos's at 
 present (IS08) 30«. per lb. or 1G8/. per cwt. From 
 18 to 20 dozen such pencils are i)roduceil from a 
 pound of this lead. 
 
 These pencils are usually made by sawing the 
 load into the pieces inserted in the cedar. Some- 
 times, liowever, the. lead is in jiarts grittj' and 
 defective, so that a pencil of this kind may, in 
 fact, be vcy inferior. To obviate this defect, 
 some makers prepare the lead, to free it from llic 
 grit or oartliy particles; and, provided no anti- 
 mony or other alloy be mixed up with tlio pre- 
 liared lead, the pencils iiroduccd from it arc most 
 to be depended im. 
 
 2. Pencils of the second quality arc manufac- 
 tured out of the sawings or dust of pure load, with 
 the dust of the small pieces picked up bj' poor 
 people from the rubbish thrown ont of the mine, 
 nixed or alloyed with, a greater or less quantity 
 of antimony. The goodness of tliis pencil depends, 
 of course, on tlie proportion in wliich the pure lead 
 exceeds the antimony. Hut as the cost of the 
 former may be taken at 100/. per cwt. and that of 
 the latter at only 2Gs., there is an all but in-e 
 sistiblo temptation to increase tlie proportion of 
 tlie latter beyond due bounds. This sort of com- 
 position produces about l.j or 10 dozen pencils 
 to tlie lb. ; tlieir price varying according to the 
 purity of the lead. 
 
 if. The third quality of pencil is made by using 
 Mexican or Spanish lead dust, costing 45s. or 50s. 
 per cwt., with antimony costing about 26s. per cwt. 
 It produces about 14 or 15 dozen pencil < to the 
 lb., which may be sold at from 2s. Crf. to 12». per 
 iiross, according to the cost of the articles em- 
 ployed and tho care taken in mixing them. This 
 sort of pencil may take a firm point, and nial.o a 
 Hue stroke, but its trace will not obliterate on 
 
 BO ART 157 
 
 being nibbed with India-rubber. The easy and 
 complete obliteration of the strokes is, in fact, tho 
 best and perhajis only test of a pencil being of 
 pure Cumberland lead. {Private infurmation.) 
 
 15LKACH1NG POWDKUS. 'l''hcsc are the 
 chlorides of the alkalies and alkaline earths. Tho 
 cheaiiest and most generally used is the chloride 
 of lime. 
 
 This product is manufactured in various parts of 
 tho country. Tlie Industrial Itesuurces of the Tyne, 
 Wear, and Tees estimates the amount produced 
 in that region at 11,280 tons per annum. The 
 use of the pow<lor is not confined to tho bleaching 
 of manufactured goods, for, accor<lingto the work 
 referred to, the denuuid has greatly increased in 
 consequence of tho extensive use of tlio Spanish 
 esparto grass in tho manufacture of paper. The 
 use of tho chlorides, especiall)' that of lime, as a 
 disinfectant is well known. 
 
 The price of chloride of lime, which amounted to 
 aljout. 28/. a ton before chemical discovery had 
 cheapened the process, has now been reduced 
 to a third of that amount. 
 BLOCKADE. [Costuabasd; Xhutuamty.] 
 IJEUI515ER (Ger. thran, fischtran; Dutch, 
 thraan ; Ital. olio di pesco ; Span, grassa, accito de 
 pescado ; Kuss. salo worwannoe. wor\van ; Lat. 
 oleum piscinum). Tho fat of whales and other 
 large sea-animals, of which train oil is made. The 
 blubber is the adeps of the animal : it lies under 
 the skin, and over the muscular flesh : it is about 
 (■> iu'dies in thickness, but about the under lip it is 
 2 or 3 feet thick. The whole quantity yielded by 
 one of tlieso animals ordinarily amounts to 40 or 
 50, but sometimes to 80 or more cwt. Formerly 
 train oil was manufactured from the blubber in the 
 seas round Spitsbergen, and other places where 
 wliak'S were caught ; but tho practice is now to 
 bruig the blubber home in casks, and to prepare 
 the oil afterwards. 
 
 It is enacted by tho G Goo. IV. c. 107 s. 44 that 
 before any blubber, train oil, spermaceti oil, head 
 matter, or whale fins, shall be entered as being 
 entirely tho produce of sea animals caught by the 
 crews of ships fitted out in tho United Kingdom, 
 or tho islands of Jersey, (Juernsey, Sark, and jMan, 
 the master of the ship importing such goods shall 
 make oath, and tho importer also shall make oath 
 to the best of his knowledge and belief, that the 
 same arc the produce of fish or creatures livi- ;. in 
 the sea, taken and caught wholly by the crew of 
 such ship, or by tho crow of some other ship 
 (naming it) fitted out in the United Kingdom, or 
 in one of the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Aldorney, 
 Sark, or 5Ia:i (naming •which). 
 
 Before blubber, train oil &c. can be entered as 
 from a British possession, a certificate must bo. 
 obtained from tho custom-lKuisc oflicer at such 
 British possession, or in default of such ollicer 
 being there, from two principal inhabitants, noti- 
 fying that oatli had been !nadebefi>re him or them 
 that such blubber ifcc. was the produce of fish or 
 creatures living in the sea, and had been taken by 
 British subjects usually residing in some part of 
 his Majesty's dominions; and the importer is to 
 make oath, to the best of his knowledge and 
 belief, to the same etVect. 
 
 The gauging of casks of oil and blubber is dis- 
 pensed with since 1825. They are to be passed at 
 the rate of 12G gallons the pipe, and 03 gallons the 
 hogshead. 
 
 BOAliT. A technical term, used by diamond 
 merchants to designate ^;ranular or imperfectly 
 crystallised diamonds. This substance is either 
 crushed into powder or used for engraving on hard 
 stones. Boart is worth from 22». to 30s. per carat, 
 (Emanuel On Diamonds §'c.) 
 
 r I). 
 
 .!-:■ 
 
 ^w 
 
^m 
 
 168 
 
 BOATS 
 
 h; I 
 
 I f \a' 
 
 'if' 
 
 BOATS. Oppn vess-elfi, commonly wroiiglit by 
 oars, and of nu piidlcss variety of shapes, according 
 to the purposes to which tlicy arc to be ap|)lied. 
 
 Boats of Vnseln to bear Name of Vessel, Port, 
 and .f faster. — The owner of every ship belonging 
 wholly or in part to any of her Majesty's subjects 
 shall paint or cause to be painted upon tlic outside 
 of the stern of every boat belonging to such ship 
 .ho name of such ship and the port or place to 
 which she belongs, and the master's name within- 
 side the transom, in white or yellow lioman let- 
 ters, not less than 2 inches in length, on a black 
 ground, on pain of the forfeiture of every such 
 boat not so marked, wherever the same shall he 
 found. aO & 17 Vict. c. 107 s. 203.) 
 
 Boat not behnfi'mg to Ships to have Name of 
 Owner and Port thereon. — The owner of eveiy 
 boat not belonging to any ship shall paint or cause 
 to be painted upon the stern of such boat, in white 
 or yellow Koman letters, of 2 inches in length, on 
 a black ground, the name of the owner of the boat 
 and the port or jdacc to which she belongs, on 
 pain of the forfeiture of such boat not so marked, 
 wherever the same shall be found. (Sec. 204.) 
 BOHEA. A species of tea. [Tea.] 
 BOLE. A friable earthy substance, a species 
 of the soapstone family. .Spc(afic gravity !• 1 to 2. 
 It is found in the island of I^mnos, whence it is 
 sometimes called Lemnian earth; and in Armenia, 
 Italy, France, Silesia, various parts of South 
 America &c. Armenian and French boles were 
 at one time not uncommon in this country, being 
 used in the materia niedica ; but they are now 
 entirely" ix almost entively, discarded. In India, 
 however, Armeniar bole still continues to be in 
 extensive demand. It is brought to Bombay from 
 the Persian Gulf. It is soft, feels greasy to the 
 touch, adheres strongly to the tongue, and is verj- 
 frangible: it is gener.illy of a yellowish brown 
 colour; though sometimes it is seen of a line flesh 
 red, which is tlic viriety held in the highest 
 estimation. Armenian bole consists chictly of 
 alumina and silica, coloured by oxide of iron. 
 The chief use of Armenian bole is that of the 
 manufacture of tooth powder. Some savage 
 nations, such as the Ottomaques, described by 
 II. Humboldt, are in the habit of allaying ihe 
 pains of hunger by eating boles, which however 
 are occasionall}* nutritious, because masses of 
 infusoria fossilised, but still containing animal 
 matter, are found in the substance. The Java- 
 nese, when they wish to becoiiio thin, eat cakes, 
 called tanaampo, made of bole. (Lewis, Mat. 
 Medica; Thomson's Chemistry; Ainslie's Mat. 
 Indica.) 
 
 BOMBAY. A seaport on (he westcni coast of 
 British India, one of the greatest emporiums in the 
 East; lat. 18° .56' N., long. 72° 57' E. It stands on 
 the south-eastern extremity of a small island of the 
 same name, separated from the main land by an 
 arm of the sea, forming with the contiguous 
 islands of Colaba, Salsetto, Butcher's Island, and 
 Caranjah, one of the best harbours in India. 
 Borabaj" Island was ceded by the Portuguese to 
 the English in IGGl. In IOCS it was transferred 
 by the Crown to the East India Company, by 
 letters patent, in free and common soccage, on 
 payment of an annual rent of 10/., and in 18,")9 it 
 was placed with the rest of India under the direct 
 govcniment of the Crown. The fort stands on 
 the south-east extremity of the island, on a narrow 
 neck of land, imme<liatcly over the harbour. The 
 fortilications are extensive, and on the sea side 
 very strong. 
 
 The population of Bombay Island, on its cession 
 inlOGl,did notexeeed 1.5,000, In 18(11 it amounted, 
 including all its suburbs, to 81G,.5G2 inhabitants. 
 
 BOMBAY 
 
 of whom 530.'J50 were males and 28fi,112 
 females, being in the ratio of 185'4 males to 100 
 females. The following table shows the caste or 
 race, {Bombay Almanac IHtifj.) 
 
 ■i9,«ni 
 
 8, HA 
 
 3.''H 
 
 The total area of the Bombay Presidency under 
 the administration of Uritisli rule, excluding 
 native States, amounts to 142,013 s-quare miles, 
 with a total population of 13,039,100, of which 
 the European portion, according to a census taken 
 in 1801, was 27,317. The gross revenues of the 
 I'residency show a progressive increase. 
 
 })(io(lhi^t or 
 
 Jain 
 
 - 8,021 
 
 Parsees - 
 
 llr ihmin 
 
 . 
 
 . .'o.mii 
 
 Jews 
 
 rinuaet - 
 
 - 
 
 I., 098 
 
 Native ChrUtians 
 
 lihiitt-a - 
 
 . 
 
 - 2r,771 
 
 Eiirastnn-t 
 
 IIiiul(>os - 
 
 . 
 
 - 5'^.\'t7-l 
 
 Kuropean 
 
 .Mussulnii'Ti 
 
 . 
 
 - 14,'.,8S0 
 
 Cliine-4! - 
 
 Np^ro African - 
 
 2.074 
 
 Total 
 
 In I«I^14 
 lM,'..1-.'il 
 181,3-61 
 
 ■l.fiDD.Sn? 
 - S,'Jl.'i,717 
 
 Bombay Harbour is one of the safest and most 
 ccramodious in India. It is bounded on the west 
 and north by the island of Colaba or Old 
 Woman's Island, Bombay Island, and the islanil 
 of Salsette, The first two are separated only by a 
 narrow creek fordable at low water, and Bombay 
 Island was joined to Salsette by a causeway con- 
 structed in 1805. On the east side of the harbour, 
 I)etwcen it and the main land, is Butcher's Island, 
 distant about 4 miles from Bombay ; and imme- 
 diately behind Butcher's Island is the famous 
 island of Elephanta. About 3 miles south from 
 Butc'i'^r's Island is the island of Caranjah, on the 
 western side of which, next the harbour, is an 
 extensive shoal. S.W. from Caranjah, distant 
 about 5 miles, is Tull Point ; between which and 
 Colaba, or Old Woman's Island, is the entrance 
 to the liarbour. A lighthouse v.as erected in 1844 
 on the southern extremity of Colaba Island, ele- 
 vated about 120 foot above high-water, which in 
 clear weather may be seen at the distance of 17 
 or 18 miles. The point on which the lighthouse 
 stands is siirroinided on .ill sides by an extensive 
 reef of rocks divided into prongs : of these, the 
 most diingerous is the prong stretching S.W. about 
 3 miles from the lighthouse, and formiiig the 
 northern boundarj' of the entrance into the har- 
 bour. It is ])roposed to erect a new lighthouse a 
 mile and a half farther out on the reef. The reef 
 stretching W.N.W. from Toll Point about 3^ miles 
 forms the southern boundary of the entrance; the 
 breadth of the channel between Ihem being about 
 3 miles, with a depth of from 7 to 8 fathoms. A 
 new light was erected in 18G7 on Kennary Island, 
 IGl feet above the level of the sea. These light- 
 houses wi'.l contribute much to the safety of tlio 
 navigation into and out of the harbour of iiombay. 
 In going into the harbour, it is necessary to ple.nra 
 sunken rock, lying almost due east : urn the light- 
 house, at about li mile distant; and also a bank, 
 called the Middle Ground, lying nearly opposite to 
 and about l\ mile from the southern extrcniitv of 
 the town. (Nicholson and Watson's Plan of Bom- 
 bay Harbour.) 
 
 Docks. — Bombayis the only ,.uit of consequence 
 in British India in which the rise and fall of the 
 tide are so considerable as to admit of the forma- 
 tion of extensive wet docks. At ordinary spring 
 tides the rise is about 14 feet, but occasionally as 
 high as 17. The capacious docks constructed* by 
 the East India Company are their property, and 
 are for the most part under the direction of 
 I'arsees, who, excepting the Chinese, are the most 
 industrious and intelligent people of the East. 
 Merchant vessels of the largest class, or from 
 1.3O0 to 1,400 tons burden, for the cotton trade to 
 China, have been built in these docks. Frigates 
 
 «WV,' 
 
 .^^T 
 
 B A C^k 
 
 
 ,,^..-,^ -P-VC-., 
 
 ■I- 
 
J 
 
 ' >K<imb<i^/n 
 
 
 /^^ 
 
 \ s #■*■" 
 
 
 1 fs^^ 
 
 
 ^•;!i#^ 
 
 
 
 * ■■-. \^pf" \} 
 ' ^'h ^■, "c^ ■■•\ '" 
 
 
 M Grounetst) ,' '* 
 
 
 «: «S 1 all a^ 
 
 Jj ' 
 
 7-# 
 
 »■» 
 
 i\ tei M *-» 
 
 ArfT^': 
 
 ■■ ^ a.* 
 
 « » i " V 14 JJ 
 
 ■.it-. I' 
 
 7 le ■ 
 
 J • t::>io ^ -^^ \2o 
 
 ;»>■. (■" ' ■"' n 17 ■■ M »a 
 
 Pronff Gtmi'tJ 
 
 » ■'■■;•> \ 
 
 1 P) " 
 
 B O M B A Y 
 
 H AUB UK 
 
 t.t«*Wellfi- 
 
 /oiruifWt l4»u/'n(in 4 (i 
 
 ,1 
 
 ■ : 
 
 ■•4.», .;•! 
 
I! -■*' 
 
 r 
 
 i 
 
 and lino-of-bi 
 
 coiistnictpcl i 
 
 sivo (lircctioi 
 
 Imvinj; to be 
 
 built at Horn 
 
 trary to the 
 
 tirely constr 
 
 diiru'ilc vcsse 
 
 pair, and oftc 
 
 the m;i.st part 
 
 strict applicat 
 
 nionly, thoiifjl 
 
 The Itombi 
 
 of 1850, coiisii 
 
 an accouiitan 
 
 vator of tlie pi 
 
 Hates of Doc 
 
 OpniinK the gates . 
 I>.>ily il,„k hPr.- . 
 Su|)i-rttit('ntli>nce . 
 Ilirt'cifshnriN- 
 llirr ot'ii lliKwav l.iil 
 Boring IioIls incpii 
 
 Any artifice 
 dockyard to be 
 
 Pilotage and 
 bo charf,'ed cxt 
 
 Commission 
 ship-biiildin^' i 
 brazier'8 or plui 
 bills and on al 
 dockyard 10 pei 
 All stores bi 
 repairs of vessc 
 and the full val 
 and a copy of 
 f'lirnislicd to hi 
 ilock. 
 
 Timber cut fo 
 he clinrged for c 
 
 Port Rules 
 Port Jtiiles.— 
 200 tons, entcri 
 amongst the si 
 ccived pcrmissi 
 other duly aiitl 
 within and to i 
 light; and no i 
 limits of the p. 
 one place to an 
 sunset and sunrii 
 of the master at 
 2. A vessel w( 
 I if it at sunsut, n 
 soon bo'h ancho 
 should they be 
 he bent to the ai 
 .'!. All vessels a 
 fliii harbour whil 
 to fly their nat 
 hoarding to the 
 simrise to sunscl 
 the flags ma/ be 
 ■show his numbei 
 Clause 2.— All 
 the port of Bom 
 such berth as mi 
 master attendant 
 sistants, and sha 
 when required bj 
 The berths of 
 to be determined 
 .WofAct I. of 1 
 with the conscii 
 attendant. 
 
BOMBAY 
 
 159 
 
 and lino-of-battle ships have also been occasionally 
 coiistnictpcl in tlieni, somctimps nn<ler the nxclii- 
 sivo direction of I'arsop, artiticers. Tho timhor 
 liavinj? to be broufjht from a ffrent distance, wliips 
 built at llombay arc very costly; but bein;^, con- 
 trary to the practice in otbrr parts of India, en- 
 tirely constructed of teak, they are the most 
 duru'hlc vessels in the world, requirin}; little re- 
 pair, and often running 50 ortiO years, liciiig for 
 the m;).st part built by natives, without any very 
 strii't a|)plication of the rules of art, tliey are com- 
 monly, thouj,'h not always, heavy sailers. 
 
 'I"he Horn bay port cstablishraent, under Act I. 
 of 1859, consists of the shipping roaster, a deputy, 
 an accountant, a master attendant and conser- 
 vator of the port, with 2 assistants, and 17 pilots. 
 
 Itatei of Dock Charges for Reimirs tc Ships and 
 ms. 
 
 Steam Vesseli 
 
 ally ilock hlr.. 
 Su)ii-rinl(-iulence - 
 Iliri! nf shores - 
 llirr (if Han^way laihltr • 
 tiorinf; liok-s in'ct'p|K.'i- hhcels 
 
 Largf* Dock 
 Hi. 
 
 . .'i(IO 
 . 'ID 
 
 10 ]vr tlifMii 
 'Mi |K.T spriiii; 
 •i 
 3 jier IIK) 
 
 .Sinnll Dock 
 K-s. 
 
 3(HI 
 
 1 .'> pLT spring 
 3 per l"iO 
 
 Any artificers or foremen employed from the 
 dockyard to be charged at dockyard rates. 
 
 Pilotage and labour — hauling in and out — will 
 bo charged extra. 
 
 Commission on work, and materials used in 
 ship-building or repairing, and on machincrj-, 
 brazier's or plumber's work, and on all contractor's 
 bills and on all ship's supplies brought into the 
 dockyard 10 per cent. 
 
 All stores brought into the dockyard for the 
 repairs of vessels must be weighed or measured, 
 and the full value declared to tho dockyard clerk ; 
 and a copy of the contract for repairs must be 
 furnished to him before the vessel loaves tho 
 dock. 
 
 Timber cut for shores, and dock blocks cnt, will 
 he charged for extra. 
 
 Port Rulks, Dues, and Pilotaoi': Fees. 
 
 Port Rules, — Clause 1. — 1. No vessel, if above 
 200 tons, entering Bombay harbour, shall run up 
 amongst the shipping until she shall have re- 
 ceived permission from the master attendant or 
 other duly authorized person, but must anchor 
 within and to the eastward of the inner floating 
 light; ami no such vessel anchored within the 
 limits of the port of Bombay shall move from 
 one place to another within tho port, between 
 sunset and sunrise, without tho special permission 
 of the master attendant. 
 
 2. A vessel working out of harbour, if not clear 
 I if it at Bunsut, must anchor. In the S. \V. Mon- 
 soon both anchors and cables are to be keri clear 
 should they be required, and the shrjc cable to 
 1)0 hciit to tho anchor, 
 
 ;!. All vessels above 200 tons, entering or leaving 
 the harbour whilst a pilot may be on board, arc 
 to fly their national flag from the time of his 
 hoarding to the time of leaving, from the time of 
 Kunriso to sunset, or before and after, as long as 
 the flags ma/ bo visible ; and also every ship will 
 .show his number on entering the port. 
 
 Clause 2. — All vessels above 200 tons, within 
 the port of Bombay, shall bo bound to tako up 
 such berth as may be appointed for them by the 
 master attendant, the harbour master, or their as- 
 sistants, and shall change their berths or remove 
 when required by such authority. 
 
 The berths of coasting cralt and small vessels 
 to be determined under the provisions of section 
 fi!> of Act I. of 1852, by the customs authoritie- 
 with tho consent and approval of the master 
 attendant. 
 
 Clause 3, — All vessels in tho port of Ponibay 
 shall have their flying jib-booms rigged im, and 
 shall when ordered by the master allcndant rig 
 in their jib and driver booms and strike their 
 masts or yards ; and any signals made from the 
 dockyard sheer flagstart" directing the striking of 
 masts or yards, or the rigging in of booms, shall 
 be cf usidercd to be onlers, and obeyed as such. 
 
 Claus(! 4. — Cargo boats, full or empty, shall 
 not be allowed to swing astern of any vessel 
 without permission , or shall anchors bo coek- 
 billed, or spare spars allowed to hang alongside 
 or astern of any vesxel. 
 
 Clause ;■). — Vessels taking in or discharging 
 ballast or any [larticular kind of cargo, within 
 the port of liombay, shall be bound to lake up 
 such berth as the master attendant or the harbour 
 master may direct. 
 
 Clause ii.— Preo passages to bo kept to all 
 piers, jetties, landing-places, wharves, docks, and 
 moorings; and all boats and vessels shall bo 
 bound to move when reipiired to clear such 
 passages. 
 
 Clause 7. — All vessels within the port of Bombay 
 will moor and unmoor according to the orders of 
 tho master attendant or tho harbour master, and 
 shall keep a clear hawse. 
 
 Clause 8. — 1. On making a written application 
 to the master attendant, a vessel may be moved 
 from any mooring or anchorage within the har- 
 bour to any other mooring or anchorage approved 
 by the master attendant, on paying the rates 
 specified in Act XXXI. of 1857, 
 
 2. Transporting vessels below the Middle 
 Ground, 20 rupees for vessels not exceeding 300 
 tons, and for all ships above that tonnage 30 
 rupees. 
 
 All vessels within the port of Bombay shall bo 
 mo ned or warped from place to place as required 
 by the master attendant or harbour master ; and 
 no vessel shall cast off' a warp that has been 
 made fast to her to assist a vessel mooring, with- 
 out being required so to do by tae pilot or officer 
 in charge of the vessel mooring. 
 
 Clause 9, — No vessel shall use any of tho 
 Government chain moorings, whether fixed or 
 swinging, without permission of the master at- 
 tendant or the harbour master. 
 
 Clause 10, — All vessels occupying Government 
 moorings, fixed or swinging, shall be liable to 
 pay for the same according to the following scale, 
 but no more : — 
 
 For Fixed Moorings. 
 
 Vessel!! up to 109 totu • 
 From 2(H) to S!)9 „ - 
 
 300 _ 39!) „ - 
 
 39!) — .fJil „ - 
 
 .')(ll)_ .'i9!> „ 
 
 tllK) — 999 ,, 
 1, (>()<) and upwards 
 Hwlngitlf; Moorings 
 
 Clause 11. — Nn boats to |)ly as c.irgo boats 
 except nder license, as provided for by section 
 80 of Act I. of 1852. 
 
 Clause 12, — 1, No boats lying within 50 yards 
 of the dockyard stairs or wharves, or within 50 
 yards of the wharf in the basin formed within the 
 breakwater in tho \icinity of the custom house 
 bunder, or Government docks, will be allowed to 
 have firo on board. 
 
 2, No vessel shall boil pitch on board, but must 
 do so in a boat alongside or astern, 
 
 3, All vessels takmg in cotton are not on any 
 account to have any lights in the hold or orlop 
 whilst the hatches aro opened, and during the 
 stowage of the cotton ; the fires are to be put out, 
 
 I'Vom Not. 1 
 to Majr 3a. 
 
 From June 1 
 to Oct. 31. 
 
 Rs. 
 
 1 per diem. 
 « » 
 
 i' ;: 
 
 i = 
 
 3 „ 
 
 Ri. 
 
 3 per diem. 
 
 \ :: 
 I :: 
 
 i 10 „ 
 
 * „ 
 
 n 
 
 J*'* .. 
 
 ;l i; 
 
 
 . 1 
 
 = ,' • , 
 
 . .- ■ 1 
 
 , f 
 
 . 1 
 
 ' ■ i 
 
 ""'^ 
 
 ,f ■' . 
 
 
 i'.. • 
 
 
 r , . 
 
 
 m I 
 
I' 
 
 IkI '" 
 
 I i 
 
 160 
 
 BOMBAY 
 
 and all spirits, oil, paints, and spirits of turpentine 
 uro to be stowed in a place of security. 
 
 4. All vessels that may require to be steamed 
 must bo moved below the Middle Ground, clear 
 of the shipping. 
 
 Clause 13. — No private vessels are to hoist 
 signal lights at nights or to fire any great guns, 
 or muskets, at the hour of sunrise or sunset, or at 
 any other time, witliout pen ussion excepting in 
 cases when assistance is needed. 
 
 The provisions of sections 12, 28, ,17, and 40 of 
 tho said Act, No. XXII. of 1855, are hereby 
 spcrially extended to the port of Bombay. 
 
 J'ort Duel. — Port dues are levied under the 
 provisions of Acts XXII. of 1855 and XXXI. of 
 1857, at the rate of 2 annas for every ton of 
 burden, and ships entering the port witli ballast 
 1 anna per ton. 
 
 Fees are levied at the rates below indicated for 
 the following services ; 
 
 Transporting, 
 
 VmmU not exi-c«<linK ."^00 tons 
 
 Fair Kason 
 40 ru. 2e» 
 
 Monsoon 
 G6 rupee* 
 
 And 10 rnpeos additional foi every additional 
 100 tons. This only applies to vessels transporting 
 from their moorings to Government dociis and vice 
 versa, or to Mazagon and back to harbour. 
 
 Transporting to the Middle Ground, 
 
 Tons 
 
 Vessels not cxceeiUnff .'jOO 
 
 Between !■<> > and l.lKH) 
 
 I. (11/11 ami 1,5011 
 
 l,5u<l and 3,0iJU 
 
 Hs. 
 
 (ill 
 
 SI) 
 lllO 
 
 Ships from inn to 
 
 ,1(10 — 
 400 — 
 600 _ 
 (WO — 
 700 — 
 
 8(M) — 
 91") — 
 1,0011 — 
 1,I0I)_ 
 l.iOil- 
 1,.-|I0 — 
 1,100 — 
 1,500 — 
 I ,':oo — 
 
 i,;oi)- 
 l.soo — 
 
 l.'JUO — 
 
 Tons 
 
 30U 
 100 
 .'lOO 
 tillO 
 TOO 
 KOO 
 'JOO 
 I.IIIH) 
 1,100 
 
 i,aoo 
 
 1,.TOO 
 1,400 
 Ij.'mO 
 
 1,(100 
 1 ,;()() 
 1 ,soo 
 
 l,U(H) 
 V.OOO 
 
 Fair season 
 
 Mnasouii 
 
 Its. 
 
 Ka. 
 
 . 60 
 
 75 
 
 - S5 
 
 80 
 
 . 60 
 
 85 
 
 . 6'. 
 
 90 
 
 . 70 
 
 95 
 
 • 75 
 
 100 
 
 . 80 
 
 105 
 
 • 85 
 
 110 
 
 . 90 
 
 115 
 
 - 95 
 
 V2l\ 
 
 - lOU 
 
 125 
 
 • 105 
 
 13m 
 
 - 110 
 
 135 
 
 . 115 
 
 110 
 
 . 120 
 
 145 
 
 - U5 
 
 150 
 
 - 130 
 
 155 
 
 - 133 
 
 IGU 
 
 If a pilot proceeds on board a ship (when re- 
 quested) to take her to sea, and his services arc 
 for that day dispensed with by reason of the ship 
 not being ready — a fee of rs. 20 is charged by the 
 master attendant for the attendance of the pilot. 
 
 Filotage in and out of the Port of Kurrachee. — 
 From and after the last day of January 1865, 
 pilot fees for pilot services as shown in the fol- 
 lowing scale w ill be charged on all sailing vessels 
 over 100 tons burden that may enter or leave 
 the port of Kurrachee. The monsoon season 
 comprises the months of June, July, and August. 
 
 Bhipt from 
 
 Tons 
 
 mo to 
 
 3i«) 
 
 3(K) — 
 
 4110 
 
 400 — 
 
 600 
 
 600- 
 
 (i"» 
 
 600 — 
 
 700 
 
 700 — 
 
 800 
 
 soo- 
 
 »(K» 
 
 »<)0 — 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,0(10- 
 
 1,10(1 
 
 1,11)0 - 
 
 l,1i()0 
 
 i;mo- 
 
 l^KJU 
 
 Fair season 
 
 Its. 
 
 . 60 
 
 • a 
 
 . 60 
 
 • GS 
 . 70 
 
 • ;s 
 
 • 80 
 
 - 8» 
 
 - w 
 
 - M 
 
 - JOO 
 
 Monsoon 
 Ks. 
 
 75 
 
 80 
 
 85 
 
 !I0 
 
 9'i 
 100 
 I (.5 
 110 
 115 
 
 ivn 
 
 1W6 
 
 Tons 
 
 Khips from 1,30010 1, 4(li> ■ 
 
 1,4110-1,500 . 
 
 1 ,500 — 1 ,601 1 ■ 
 
 1,600-1,70 1 - 
 
 1,700 -1,MK) - 
 
 1,800-1,900 - 
 1,900- S,lK)0 
 
 Vessels proceeding to sea, and anchoring by 
 desire at the Miildle Ground for less tliau twenty- 
 four hours, half the above rate. 
 
 Hooking - - 16 rupees | Measuring . - 30 rupees 
 
 Pihtage in and out of Bombay Harbour. — For 
 vcssela from 100 tons to 2,000 tons during fair 
 season and S.W. monsoon. The .S.W. monsoon 
 commences from June 1 and ends September 30 : — 
 
 Fair s«ason Monsooa 
 
 . 10-1 I -'I 
 
 . 11U 135 
 
 ■ 115 110 
 
 - . HO 145 
 
 - IS5 150 
 . 110 li5 
 
 - 135 ICO 
 Inarard pilou^e only will be charffetl on Hteamen. 
 
 On all sea-going vessels of 100 tons and up- 
 wards, the same bciii{j necessitated to receive a 
 pilot on board when nioving ■within port limits, 
 2 annas for each ton of burden. 
 
 Coasting craft and vessels under 100 tons 
 burden, which vessels are nut required to take 
 a pilot when moving within port limits, 4 
 annas for each ton of burden. (Kxtract Bombay 
 Almanac, 18t)5.) 
 
 Moni-y. — Accounts are kept in rupees ; each 
 rupee being divided into 4 quarters, and each 
 quarter into 1 00 rcas. The rupee is also divided 
 into IG annas, or 50 pice. An iirdee is 2 reas; a 
 dorcea, 6 reas ; a dooganey, or single pice, 4 reas ; 
 a fuddea, or double pice, 8 reas; a paunchca is 5 
 rupees; and a gold mohur, 15 rupees. Of these, 
 tho annas and reas only are imaginary moneys. 
 The coins of Bombay are the moliur, or gold rupee, 
 I he silver or Government rupee, and their divisions ; 
 also the double and single pice, the urdcc, antl 
 doreea, which are copper coins with a mixtiiro of 
 tin or lead. The following is tlie ass.iy and sterling 
 value of the present gold and silver coinage of 
 Bombay : — 
 
 Gross wt. Pure metal. Sterlinf; valut 
 
 ^S. KTS, K. 
 
 (iold miiliur .... IKO 1(15 S9-i 
 
 Utivemm : niiwe (silver) - ISO 165 I'll 
 
 if silver bo taken at 5s. 2d. per or.., and 2s. 0J(/. if 
 silver be taken at 5s. dd. per oz. 
 
 The Government rupee has been coined only 
 since November 1, 18G2 ; but it is almost identical 
 in respect of value with the rupees previously ui 
 circulation. [Cai.cutta.j 
 
 The charge of coinage m the Bombav Mint is 
 24 per cent, for gold, and 3 per cent, for silver, 
 including the charges for refilling. The machinery 
 for this mint was sent out Iruin ICiigland a few 
 years ago, and is complete, but very costly. 
 
 Weights and Measures. — The unit of weight in 
 Bombay, as in other parts of India, is, by the law 
 of 1833, the tola of 180 grains troy, "the otiier 
 weights being derived from it as fuUows : — 
 
 8 nittLfs . - - - = 1 nia-sha ■= 15 Irov Kr.iins 
 
 r^mashas . - . . = 1 lol.i = ISO troj uraiiij 
 
 80 lolas (or sicca welKht) - = I swr = '^^Iti. tro)* 
 40 ster =1 inun tor bazaar mnuiid) = 100 lli. troy 
 
 The following tal'a shows the comn\ereiid 
 weights of tho several I'resiilencies of Imlia, 
 Travancore, China, and England, compared with 
 the new Indian niaund introduced into Bengal in 
 1833, and adopted in the tarifl' valuation uuder 
 tlie Bombay I'residcncy since 1840. 
 
 Tlie Bombay maund of 
 The iSurat maund of 
 
 40 
 41 
 4'i 
 
 *H 
 41 
 
 The Bengal factory maund 
 bazaar do. 
 
 The Madras maund 
 
 1 he Bombay caudy of 
 
 XI 
 22 
 20 
 •il 
 2'^ 
 
 The Madras candy of 20 
 
 The 'I'ravancure candy of 20 
 
 The China picul 
 
 The KnKlMi cwt. 
 
 The EniilUh ton of 20 cwt. 
 
 40 seen 
 42 
 
 The Surat candy of 
 
 Ibl. 
 = 28 
 
 = "ig-ino 
 
 = 31 -.333 
 = iH-iflli 
 = .39-2IIO 
 = 40-366 
 = 41-OCfi 
 = 74 -(.66 
 = 82133 
 = 25 
 20 maundA=.06O 
 =58 H 
 =616 
 =746-666 
 =781 
 =82I'.-w3 
 =603 
 
 =610 
 =13,3-333 
 = 112 
 =2210 
 
 f"S 
 
 c . 
 
 « — 
 
 5*^ 
 
 ■a ?* 
 Si* 
 
 •-•ao 
 
 e i 
 e". 
 
 U 
 
 maunds. 
 2-!'3S775 
 2-;9SSS3 
 2-201IIS1 
 ':i-l:.(i.T.i3 
 2-09'J12i 
 2 0.1sr>6 
 2-003; 10 
 I-IO'^OIO 
 1-001S45 
 3-291 l-iH 
 6-S0i'>5:> 
 /•I15S-.3 
 7-486111 
 9-0;il)7* 
 
 9-527;r7 
 g-9Hii8i 
 
 6-076,38S 
 7-77;7;7 
 l-B-.'017n 
 1-.1311I1 
 
 Grain Measure. 
 
 Ita. 01. 
 t tipprtea = I mtr a oil 
 4 seen a I pally si « lH 
 Tpalliei =lparah= 19 t 
 8 paraha e> 1 cans)} a 13C It 
 
 dr. 
 
 3-« 
 12-8 
 9-S 
 
 
 Wei 
 
 Bazaar iveig/i 
 
 tho local weigh 
 
 4 dhanoryaT=' '■* 
 8 raklica =1 mi 
 _4 nijisha =1 lan 
 ■- tank, or) , 
 
 .30 pa-i.. j=lKr 
 i'lser. =ImA, 
 
 20 ninni =| kha 
 
 The khandi f( 
 avoir, or 7 c^vt. 
 
 'Iho 'pakka s 
 At I'anwel the £ 
 
 The British Ii 
 2-9387755 Boml 
 and the Bombay 
 
 Tlie Bombav 
 and the miin 12* 
 
 At I'oona the 
 standard tolas, o 
 troy = -9.583B. I, 
 
 4\ tanki 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 chhatonki 
 
 
 
 
 pail a 
 
 
 = 1 
 
 
 ken 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 pa'tseri 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 indn or 1 UO 
 
 
 
 6i pallas (',^0 mint) 
 
 
 Kachcha mans 
 in the district. 
 
 In the Klied, 
 talnkas, the ser 
 and Indapur, 76J 
 tolas. 
 
 At Ahmcdnug 
 Indian or imperia 
 
 At Ahmedn 
 „ Sliolapor 
 
 In .Satara the a 
 from 92-75 tolas a 
 pur ; in Satara cil 
 
 In Sindh the I 
 Glared by proclan 
 only legal standa 
 
 8m<ns=l khandi=6! 
 
 At Surat the 
 variously ctated ft 
 mdn from 37i to 
 being probably th^ 
 from which — 
 
 1 Surat ser. 
 t .. ,. 
 1 Brit. Ind. 
 1 Ilonili, ser, 
 The Khandi fur 
 
 In Khandeish A- 
 authorised. 
 
 At Baroach Ac. 
 
 At llaroac 
 f, Alimod 
 „ .lambu!, 
 » Waitra 
 „ lldnsot 
 
 JVative 
 
 4 dhan = 
 8 rail = 
 12 masha= 
 
 A dhan is 0-4687 
 grammes. 
 
 Goli 
 
 igunj =1 
 
 4 » il = 
 
 12 niasha=: 
 
 Mashas, rati, dhf 
 evaluation of assav 
 
OWP 
 
 BOMBAY 
 
 161 
 
 Weiohts and Measures. 
 Bazaar weight — In Bombay the following are 
 the local weights in use :— 
 
 «dhanorja»='"^'^^j}=3 SIS67 gr. lr.= •01182 tola. 
 
 H rakllra 
 4 niiuha 
 Ti tank, 
 .K) iia'l». 
 
 VU iiidiu 
 
 =1 niRftha 
 =1 lank 
 ""}=lHr 
 
 =3| khandi 
 
 - 
 
 8-50(i9 
 
 il-48au 
 II IS 
 
 dr. 
 
 02. 
 
 AT 
 
 := 
 
 ■(KJIM 
 
 •.-.;ww 
 k; »-9 
 
 s 
 
 88 
 
 l>0 
 
 Ih. 
 lb. 
 
 1* 
 
 = 10SS«.9 
 
 The khandi fur cotton is 28 miins or 78-1 Iba. 
 avoir, or 7 c^vt. 
 
 The ' pakka scr' is lia lbs. avoir, or 72"59 tolas. 
 At I'anwel the scr woiglis 72*83 tolas. 
 
 The British Indian or imperial scr and mdn are 
 2'J>iJ87755 Bombay scrs and mdns respectively; 
 anil the Bombay man is 0*3402778 imp. md!!<>. 
 
 'I'lio Bombay scr weifjhs 317*51485 grammes, 
 and the miin 12*700594 kilogrammes. 
 
 At Poona the scr is 80 ankushi rupees or 7G*66 
 standard tolas, or 1*9714 lbs. avoir, or 2'33U04 lbs. 
 troy = *9583B. I. sers. 
 
 4) tank! 
 4 chhatonkt 
 4 ]iaiia 
 A Mirs 
 K paMeri 
 
 =1 chhntanka 
 = 1 |>nu-ser = 
 = 1 KIT a 
 
 = 1 v>aueri = 
 = 1 man 
 
 •T indnorlVOwn =1 patia = 
 
 =.\ khandi =l.'i;7'U 
 
 1 -'.1714 01. aT.= n-n.ts Im. ch. 
 
 7-K»i(i „ „ r.-KM „ ,. 
 
 IVP7I4 lb. „ (i-U.'iS „ Kr. 
 
 •JS-.7 „ „ 4-7'Jl „ „ 
 7.S-S;.(i „ „ S8-.T^'J „ „ 
 i.l-li'i? „ „ •/■»75 „ m*. 
 
 rj'lC5 „ 
 
 6J pallos {'1.0 mini) 
 
 Kachcha mdns of 12} and 14 scrs arc also used 
 in the district. 
 
 Ill the Klicd, Poonmdhur, and Bhimathadi 
 taliikas, the scr weighs 76 tolas; in Shiwner 
 and Indapur, 76} ; in Pabal 77 ; and in Mawal 75 
 tolas. 
 
 At Ahmcdnuggur and Sholapoto the British 
 Indian or imperial weights arc in use. 
 
 At AhmednuRgur the Palla \%1\ mdns. 
 ., Sholapurc; 1 Manki=:l lJhara»=;12scn. 
 
 In Satara the scr varies in different localities 
 from 92*75 tolas at Koley to 115 tolas at Mamda- 
 pur ; in Satara city it is 93*25 tolas. 
 
 In Sindh the British Indian weights were de- 
 clared by proclamation August 1, 1853, to be the 
 only legal standard. 
 
 8 mtnt= 1 khandi=GJS %.1 \\». aT.=-23-S10!04 Bombay mim. 
 
 At Surat the Surat ser of 35 Surat tolas is 
 variously etatcd from 36*4583 to 37 tolas, and the 
 mdn from 37} to 38 lbs. avoirdupois, the former 
 being probably the more accurate determination, 
 from which — 
 
 1 Sural ser. = •I557M Brit. Ind. ten. 
 1 „ ,, =l'3.1U'iiH(i Bomh. sin. 
 
 I Brit. Ind. ■er.=2-l94'2857 Surat sen. 
 I Bomb. M!r. = -746667 „ „ 
 The Khandi for cotton Is 21 roflns, or 7 cwt. 3} lbs. 
 
 In Khandeish iL-c. the British Indian system is 
 authorised. 
 
 At Baroach iL-c. 
 
 At Itnronch the scr is 
 
 tolas. 
 
 '10 moshas fine' signifies !0-12thB pure, or the 
 same as '10 oz. touch.' 
 
 M'.aaurei of Length. — The gaz or unit of lineal 
 measure not only differs in different provinces of 
 India, but also, like the ser, in the same province 
 for different purposes. The Knglish yard, however, 
 is rnpidly becoming the only standard unit, cspe- 
 I'iiilly where English education has obtained a 
 (inn footing. 
 
 40 
 „ Aliinod „ ,, ,1 TtV'i 
 
 ., .Tninbusar and Anklesar .~>s 
 „ Waitta .-.74 . 
 
 „ Udnsol 38-8125 
 
 Native Jewellers' Weight. 
 
 1 dhan = 15-."2 p. troy. 
 4 dhan =1 rail = I 7-8 „ „ 
 8 rati =1 masha= 15 f» .. 
 12 maaha=l tola =180 „ „ 
 
 A dhan is 0*46875 gr. troy or 0*0303745 French 
 grammes. 
 
 GolumiAs' Weight. 
 
 i itunj =1 wal = 3-8SS2 gt. troy. 
 4 w il =1 matha=3 IA*.^12S .. ,. 
 12 niasha=l tola =183-7&36 „ „ 
 
 Mashas, rati, dhans are employed in the native 
 evaluation of assay of the precious metals : thus 
 
 •"^J.iu ssl anitli =: 
 
 4 aoKll ~I niiithi =3 
 
 1-. ...Hii „1 bin* hath orl __ 
 
 '""'«" = bi"i,ht J = 
 
 2 bin' hath or) I hath 01 I _ 
 
 '^1 anw. J — cutiil \ 
 
 2 linth =lgazorvard =3 
 
 4h..h =',;;:f;;'^"} = 
 
 200nilanda =lkmorkro» =1010 
 
 In. or 19-n;i 
 
 „ 2-iN-6 
 ,. 4i;-l» 
 
 4 kros 
 
 It. 
 yd., 
 
 vds. 
 
 = 1 vojan 
 
 U1I-.1H „ 
 1-H2S7 met. 
 .1657-. 
 
 ■II m. It&.^U 
 
 In Bombay the half hdth is called V«$nt ; and 
 the measuring rod or kathi for land, according to 
 Jcrvis, is 9*3644 feet. In Gujarat 5 Imth make 1 
 VasO or Kathf. In Western India almost every 
 village has its own Kathi. 
 
 The Kos of the Ayin-akbari was about 2*58 
 miles, or 4,540 yards, or 4,150 metres. 
 
 The Bengal Kos contains only 1 ,000 danda or 
 dhnnu. In surveying, 80 h<ith = 1 Rassf. 
 
 In the N.W.P. — Delhi, Liidhianah, Ferozepore, 
 and part of Bcrar: 33 inches =1 Ildhi gaz, 3 II. 
 gaz = l bans or gantdli, and 20 bans=l Jari'b. In 
 Itcuares and Ghazcepore the gaz used by Mr. 
 Duncan in the settlement of 1795 was 33*6 inches. 
 The true Ildhi gaz probably measured 32*6 to 32*8 
 inches ; in Barcilly, Bulanshahr, Agra &c. it is 
 reckoned at 32*5 inches. 
 
 In Orissa the padika or rod is 10*4355 feet ; in 
 Tirhiit the lagf is 9J feet ; and in Jynteah the 
 dastidarf hdth is 18*87 inches, and 16 haths make 
 Inull. 
 
 In Bombay, for cloth — 
 
 2 an|tali=l tasA= I 1-8 inch. 
 24 taiu =1 gai =27 >. 
 
 In Piina the gaz is 341 inches, but English 
 cloth is sold by the yard. 
 Ill Bengal — 
 
 .1 unital or argli=l Kirih= 21 inch. 
 =1 hilih= *° 
 
 8 eirth 
 2hiitb 
 
 =1 gai 
 
 = 18 
 =36 
 
 Measures of Surface.— In Bengal the following 
 arc used : — 
 
 2M|uarch^tbs=l (tandeh = 2} sq. ft. 
 20Kandt-h =1 chhatftnk= f> si|. yds. 
 
 16 chhattink =1 katlhl = 80 „ „ 
 2U kallha =1 highi =1600 „ „ 
 
 The Bengal bighd is ^o, or 0*3305785 of an acre. 
 
 The Benares and Ghazecpore bi'ghd contains 
 3,<i()0 square Benares gaz, or 3,136 sq. yards, or 
 *647934 acre. 
 
 Ill Bombay, Poona Ac— 
 
 .11 1-36 square hdths^l kalhl. 
 
 20 katliiyo =1 uand, or Tasd. 
 
 20 pand =1 blKhd. 
 
 A bighA =1 rukeh. 
 
 I2U bighk =1 chahdr. 
 
 If the Bombay katlif of 5| bdths be exactly 
 9*3644 feet as stated by Jcr\'is, this bi'gh will con- 
 tain 3897*422 sq. yards =0*805253 .icre; but in 
 other places it varies with the katM, which is the 
 only real measure ever used in the control ond 
 southern parts of the Bombay Presidency, In some 
 places the survey chain of 33 feet has taken its 
 place, and — 
 
 16 anas or Unks=:l Kunta or thai a. 
 iOguntas = I acre. 
 
 M 
 
 * .' 
 
 •I* 
 
 • I 
 
 ,f ' -■ 
 
 m: 
 
 .1 J , 
 
 \J 
 
 J'. 1 
 
 •i E 
 
 , •il'.'i-,'!-'- \ 
 
 
 ■i'f,''- 
 
 "'f 
 
 ■ I. 1 - .' , 
 
u\ 
 
 ' Iv ■ 
 
 193 
 
 In Gujarat — 
 
 tothuni Bl iiadtal. 
 
 VOpailKl =:| IXllM. 
 
 miiMlal si «lthw4>hl. 
 
 !lll«t>hw^l=l inui. 
 
 uo vtui si vinf{ho, bigh& cr d<$r1. 
 
 In the North- West provinces,— Delhi, Patna, 
 iSliahnbad, Sanin, Ithn{;nlporo, and Moiighyr, the 
 bi^hii of 3,ti00 8({uaro Ihihi gaz=:3,025 sn. yards 
 or U'U25 ncre prevails, anil is divided aa follows : — 
 
 *iO UHwant) or nanwnnsi=:l ftatwftiul = S4'''>OU.5 m]. in< 
 SO »ajiwanii ortaiiw&n«i=l kjichwan»i= .1-4tV1l'2 sii- ft. 
 SO kuhwinti ^1 biJiwiiiul = 7'J6136>q. ;d>. 
 
 SObUwziul =1 lilswi = Lilt „ „ 
 
 VO biiwH =1 bighk =3il'ii „ „ 
 
 1 ni're=l-R Delhi hi^hk. The Ortiu h(Kh& It 1 icn or 4810 u). jdi. 
 'i'liv Tithul bixha i< 4UU u). ]Xni=.Uti iq. ]rd>.='lt7'^931 >cre. 
 
 In Madras — 
 
 84 KToundi 
 
 the kitni=|-32331l acret 
 
 1 mknl or ground= S400 iq. ft. 
 
 =1 k4ni = GIllO >q. ;d. 
 
 1 acre =U'7i6-^ kinl. 
 
 Liquid and Dry Measures, — India, properly 
 fiponkiii)^, does not possess dry or liquid measures. 
 Where these are employed tliey represent the scr 
 or the m&m weight. The value of any vessel of 
 capacity rests solely on the weight contained in 
 it. In South and West India an equal mixture 
 of the principal grains is taken, and a vessel 
 formed to hold a given weight of it. 
 
 In Bengal ' he following ore used for grain ; — 
 the conversion into English measure being derived 
 from the capacity of a vessel holding a mdn of 
 water or 1 J^ bushel : — 
 
 A chhatanki =1 k<lnk< =: 1 1-107 c. In. = 0-514.1 pu. 
 
 IGchhaltnk =1 ler = .'>7'(J37 „ = l-«4.'r7 „ 
 
 4\ilnkl =1 rrt = 71-3 „ = S-H',71 ,. 
 
 4 r^k or5ier=l pil;ali, ordriin^ SS5-186c. In. = Hfim iiu. 
 Su&li =1 min ='^'^81-49 „ = S't^HGcal. 
 
 XOpiyall =1 joali =5703-7« „ =20-6714,, 
 
 It may bo remarked that the mdn of 8| gallons 
 very nearly would form a very convenient dry 
 measure ; it would be a little larger than the 
 I'jiglish bushel, and ought to be a cylinder 8 inches 
 deep and 19'055 inches diameter, or 8^ inches 
 deep and 18-487 inches diameter. 
 
 At Bombay — 
 
 BOMBAY 
 
 For salt in Bombay — 
 
 1 adhtalll a 4-II745 plnM. 
 10) Mlhvalll=3 1 phaio or Cuoa A'7'J79 Kail. 
 lOII ph.ira =1 .inn =s 7'i'474 biuh. 
 
 16 ana =1 raa s:14I-UI8 qn. 
 
 The faro fur salt contains ir>07'Cl cubic inches; 
 and there is a scr for liquids of CO tolas, or about 
 42'78 cubic inchc.-t, that is, 1"2343 pint. 
 
 At I'ooiia aud I la well Taluka — 
 
 H rhl|ilin =1 ler <n^H■^■^ Hand. Mat. 
 
 •i lera =1 lulholl = I'UIA „ wn. 
 
 4 ieii =1 p««ali =1 3'H3'i „ „ 
 
 \t i><tallar48ien=:l in4n 3|.'>"J83 „ „ 
 ■.I)mJin,or t^Oier=l iialla = .V4487 „ mint. 
 8 palla =1 khandl=S7'.'<!) „ „ 
 
 According to Sykes, a scr in the Dcccan con- 
 tains 2-14934 lbs. avoir, of Jerwail rice, or 1"04I7 
 quart. The Adboli ia the largest measure in 
 common use. 
 
 The measures arc all heaped ; and equal quan- 
 tities of live sorts of grain givo the c(iuivaleiit 
 weight in tolas. 
 
 In llaweli Taluk* the adhali='ll2 tolat. 
 
 Khed, Mawal, udlndapore „ sSI6 „ 
 I'oorundhur 
 
 S6 
 
 tAnkH 
 tipart 
 tprt 
 
 =1 tlparl = 9-7046 c. ln.= S S-4 or. ar. 
 
 =ls»r = 19-40'JZ „ = 11( „ 
 
 16 p^jalf -1 phiro, or faro = 1242 3-16 „ =44 4-5 
 K P{™"<"=,khardi =9937i .. =358 2-3 
 
 25 fara =1 muda = 17-9715 r.ft.= 14 
 
 i;i|iu>allt =1 fara of rice =I3.19"J3 c. in.=(iOl 
 
 1 fara of olher_ .-r-.d ri 
 
 grain _ - "J* 66 „ =6J 
 
 '"= 659-91 „ 2-98 
 
 17i piyalii 
 
 ll«. 
 
 qrs. 
 
 (jal. 
 
 ft, „rf„,i(. ^l fara of lime or_ 
 
 Tlicse fnras arc not regulated on any authori- 
 tative basis. 
 
 Ilhlmalhadi 
 
 HhiTner 
 
 Pabal 
 
 =224 
 
 =.233 
 =239 
 
 At llydrabad, Ac. (Sindh)— 
 
 4 chaotaii 
 
 4 patoii (375-77 tolas) 
 4 loyat 
 
 5 katas 
 
 12 luuiidiat, 60 kotat 
 
 1 pttol 
 I toya 
 i kata 
 
 i mundl 
 > kblnrar 
 
 1-1713 imp. 
 
 4-6971 „ 
 
 18'7SSI „ 
 
 93-912 „ 
 
 1127-304 „ 
 
 The values of these measures vary at difTcrcnt 
 places; the Toya at Nuggur is 528 tolas, at 
 Mitthi 518, and at Islamkot 464, on the frontier 
 about 344, and at Sbikarporc 295 tolas weight of 
 water. 
 
 In Kurrachec everything is sold by weight. 
 
 At Madras — 
 
 8 ollackt =1 . , 
 8 paili =1 marital 
 5 niarkaU=l parah 
 
 Depth and dtam. 
 93-75 c. in. 5-03118 In. 
 750 „ 10-0616 „ 
 
 3750 „ 17-2050 „ 
 
 The Garisha or Garce for grain is 12| mdus or 
 320 lbs. avoir. =3g British India mdns. 
 
 Shipping. — Vessels of various nationalities 
 trade in and out of the port of Bombay, but 
 the far greater portion arc under British co- 
 lours, showing an average of opwards of 800 tons. 
 The native craft is larger than in any other part 
 of India, trading generally from port to port, anil 
 even as far as the Arabian and Persian Gulfs. 
 The following table shows the arrivals and de- 
 partures at the port of Bombay to and from all 
 foreign pkces: — 
 
 llritish colours ^ . . . . - 
 
 French ....... 
 
 American ,,-..... 
 
 (hhir „ . . . . . 
 
 Total 
 
 rteainers ------- 
 
 Nitive craft 
 
 Total 
 
 Grand total 
 
 Arriralt 
 
 Departurea 
 
 I853-M 
 
 186.1-61 
 
 18.',3-54 
 
 186.1-64 
 
 19 
 7 
 19 
 
 tont 
 173,1135 
 6,025 
 4,762 
 7,192 
 
 thipt 
 
 5^ 
 
 29 
 
 27 
 
 46 
 
 tont 
 439,3l'i0 
 13,544 
 19,640 
 17.744 
 
 thlpt 
 
 265 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 tont 
 167,471 
 .5,618 
 3,819 
 2,915 
 
 thipi 
 
 4b 
 
 25 
 
 21 
 
 42 
 
 ioni 
 400,1149 
 12,23'. 
 14,140 
 14,070 
 
 313 1 191,014 
 
 OTi 
 
 49U,2:<8 
 
 81,0.54 
 217,794 
 
 3UU 
 
 not 
 4,631 
 
 179,823 
 
 Riven 
 i;7.474 
 
 475 
 
 441,2114 
 
 not 
 5,567 
 
 giren 
 209,973 
 
 117 
 
 6,600 
 6,717 
 
 125 
 
 4,726 
 4.UI 
 
 KfliVi 
 21)9,1112 
 
 298,848 
 
 736,538 
 
 6,880 
 
 4U0.987 
 
 7,3.19 
 
 789,136 
 
 4,931 
 
 357,297 
 
 5,426 
 
 Ip 1843 there belonged to Bombay, and mostly 
 to native merchants, 68 ships of the aggregate 
 burden of 31,378 tons, of which 6 only were under 
 200 tons. They were for the most i)art navigated 
 by natives or lascar.s, the master .-iiid superior 
 oliiccrs only, and that nut always, bciiig English- 
 
 men. Besides these there were then numeroun 
 native craft, varying from 2 to 175 tons cncli, 
 amounting in all to about 50,000 tons. In 18ti3 
 it was oscprtaiucd {Bombay Almanac) that tha 
 vessels legistercd as belonging to Bombay 
 were — 
 
 Mquai* rimed 
 lluil.nt,,.( II) Ion 
 
 «lo. iitiiler „ 
 t'.iiicM>» or Suniliool 
 
 ('I'liimerre & 
 
 nl)Iy Kitimtcd ii 
 
 liiiiiiicatiniis th 
 
 ii.s llio rivers v 
 
 nrt'onl the Ham 
 
 Wtstcm a.s on 
 
 tlic inland tr« 
 
 ali)n;^ (heroail.-*, 
 
 bullocks niid t 
 
 iliitics and the i 
 
 <'ntliig with the 
 
 have, however, < 
 
 trailo of the pt 
 
 proved the I'resi 
 
 The external 
 
 carried on with 
 
 Arabian and Pet 
 
 in British and o 
 
 a very large coai 
 
 minor ports in tl 
 
 bay for the purpi 
 
 parts of the uri 
 
 chiefly carried o 
 
 and Caiiara coasi 
 
 _Thc principal i 
 
 Kingdom consis 
 
 (raw), chiefly co 
 
 liquor, manufacti 
 
 parel, books and 
 
 From Froncc, wL 
 
 jewellery, musica 
 
 China, raw silk a 
 
 candy, tea, glassn 
 
 bian ond Persian ( 
 
 fniits, groin, prcc 
 
 Mauritius sugar. 
 
 The export trad 
 consists of raw t 
 spicci, iVom Africa 
 skins, opium, coffe 
 coffee, seeds, and l 
 and o|)ium. To Mi 
 and Persian Gulfs 
 candy, tobacco, te 
 
 Value of Princif 
 Presidency of 
 India. 
 
 Articlet 
 
 Apparel 
 
 Cattle, horses &c. 
 
 Coal - 
 
 Cotton /•"•I'tandyam 
 ., , iKooda - 
 fruits - 
 JcweUety and pre- 1 
 
 cious stones 
 Marhinepf - • 
 Malt liquor 
 
 . (manufactured 
 Metals < unmanufac- 
 
 ( tured- 
 Railway matertali . 
 Silk, raw . 
 
 goods - 
 >u)far and sugar candv 
 li'a - 
 
 Wines and spirits 
 Miscellaneous - 
 (iross imports, 
 ilulliun or tivasure 
 _Total Import Trade 
 
 The discrepanc} 
 ports is to be accoi 
 tions of cotton fron. 
 were in response tc 
 ecvsation of the 
 for Bome time t 
 

 Numh«r 
 
 
 of ve44«l« 
 
 Wtiunre Tlifunl 
 
 ii^ 
 
 lluitt .-tlove III tons 
 
 - ^,^'^^ 
 
 do. iiiiil<*r „ • 
 
 - 1.NH3 
 
 r.itiiwf« or Sumbookt 
 
 - l.HVi 
 
 Amrrmf 
 tonnnice. 
 
 i)f rrewi. 
 
 Cniiimerre Ac. — Ilorabay is much less favour- 
 nlily Mitiintcd in respect to nnturnl intcrnnl com- 
 niiiiiicntiniiH thnii Calciittn nnd Madras, inasmuch 
 ns I lie rivers with one or two exceptions do not 
 ntViird the samo facilities for navigation on the 
 Western ns on the Ka.»tern coast of India; all 
 the inland trade hns hitherto l)cen carried on 
 nloHH the roa<ls, which are available only for pack- 
 bullocks and camels. Tho abolition of transit 
 duties and tho introduction of railways communi- 
 rntin^ with tho principal markets in tho interior 
 have, however, considerably tended to increase the 
 tratle of the port of IJombay and otherwise im- 
 proved the I'residency generally. 
 
 Tho external trade of liombay is principally 
 carried on w^ith (ircat Itritain, France, ports in 
 Arabian and I'ersian (lulfs, China, nnd Mauritius, 
 in Ilritish nnd othor European vessels, as well as 
 n very largo coasting trade in native vessels from 
 minor ports in tho Presidcncjr to the port of Uom- 
 bay for tho purpose of exporting produce to other 
 parts of the universe. The coasting trade is 
 chiefly carried on between Calcutta, the Malabar 
 and C'anara coast, Cutch and Kattywar. 
 
 The principal articles of import from the United 
 Kingdom consist of coal, cotton goods, metals 
 (ra\v), chiefly copper nnd iroL, machinery, malt 
 liquor, manufactured metals, woollen stufTs, ap- 
 parel, books nnd stntioneri', wines nnd spirits 4c. 
 From Frnncc, wines and spirits, furniture, books, 
 jewellery, musicnl instruments, clocks &c. From 
 China, raw silk and silk goods, sugnr and sugar- 
 candy, tea, glassware, tobacco &c. From the Ara- 
 bian nnd Pcrsinn Gulfs, horses, cotton-wool, gums, 
 fruits, grain, precious stones, wool &c., and from 
 Mauritius sugar. 
 
 The export trade to the United Kingdom chiefly 
 consists of raw cotton, cashmere shawls, seeds, 
 spiccb from Africa, silk and silk goods, hides and 
 skins, opium, coffee, grain, ivory, gums. To France, 
 coffee, seeds, ond shawls. To China, cotton goods 
 and oi)iura. To Mauritius grain, and to the Arabian 
 and Persian Gulfs cotton goods, sugar and sugar- 
 candy, tobacco, tea, grain &c 
 
 Value of Principal Articles Imported into the 
 Presidency of Bombay from all part* out of 
 India. 
 
 Artirlet 
 
 18M-S1 
 
 1853.54 
 
 I8f;0.61 1 lH(i3.«4 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 1 £ 
 
 Apparel - - - 
 Cnttle, hones Ate. 
 
 SS,451 
 
 6IA34 
 
 82,778 142,766 
 
 41,800 
 
 41,483 
 
 59,100 7,480 
 
 Coal .... 
 
 ^ 
 
 «0,6!tl 
 
 143,449: 171,457 
 
 «"«■>" C^'."?^"'? 
 
 «2I,1B9 
 
 .'W1«,3M 
 
 297,117, 618,535 
 
 TaS.ASI 
 
 I,735,»!i9 
 
 3,441,764 
 
 5,686,971 
 
 Kruin .... 
 
 71,509 
 
 78,855 
 
 102,757 
 
 164,470 
 
 JfwclliMy and pre. 1 
 cious stones J 
 
 173,317 
 
 172,6'i8 
 
 159,662 
 
 287,806 
 
 Marliinery . - . 
 
 5,004 
 
 15,867 
 
 148,615 
 
 174,2.'.7 
 
 JUalt liquor 
 
 4!l,374 
 
 50,399 
 
 244,316 
 
 372,893 
 
 (manufactured 
 
 lOU.VH 
 
 75,117 
 
 153,694 
 
 ili,355 
 
 MetaU < unmanufac. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( tured- 
 
 7n7,4»9 
 
 180,880 
 
 1,157,134 
 
 1,4.18,948 
 
 Railway materials - 
 
 — 
 
 34,113 
 
 838,219 
 
 .176,647 
 
 
 240,043 
 
 29l),Wl 
 
 403,598 
 
 .183,968 
 
 goods. 
 
 77,01S 
 
 (111,214 
 
 143,5131 236,241 
 
 Suf^r and sugar candv 
 
 438,4.14 
 
 183,021 
 
 216,553 
 
 425,184 
 
 Toa .... 
 
 37,8 fifi 
 
 30,354 
 
 68,677 
 
 lnl,l)94 
 
 Wine^ and spirits 
 
 141,378 
 
 11(1,787 
 
 163,018 
 
 340,328 
 
 Miscellaneous • 
 
 l,4.^3,944 
 
 1,026,737 
 
 1.623,828 
 
 2,906,547 
 
 (iross Imports . 
 
 l,54i,7r,4 
 
 4,192,915 
 2,2U8,479 
 
 9,1^8,210 14,270,9.'iO 
 
 Bullion or treasure • 
 
 ■i,3M,'a,'. 
 
 5,967,209 16,1.16,459 
 
 Total Import Trade 
 
 6,9117,979 
 
 6,701,3941)5,415.419 3U,4>J7,4CI9 
 
 The discrepancy between the imports and ex- 
 ports is to be accounted for by the vast cxporta- 
 tions of cotton from Bombay. These cxportations 
 were in response to the void created b^ the sudden 
 cciiti.ition of tho supplies of American cotton. 
 For Eomc time tlie trade of Bombay was ex- 
 
 cessively active, speculation was 
 were rapidly accunitilated. Land lu 
 ood of tl 
 
 BOMBAY 103 
 
 rife, furtuncs 
 u the iieigh- 
 iKJurhood of the port ro.sc to a fabulous price. As 
 might 1(0 expected, the reopening of the. Si)uth('rn 
 fiorts of the American Union reversed nomo of 
 these circumstance.*, and the necessary conse- 
 (|uences of over Hpeculatiou ensued, hut "itonibiiy 
 has been permanently benellteu by tho e.xtra- 
 ordiimry commercial activity of the ycur.t \Hi',l-'>. 
 
 Value of Princ!/xd Articles Ejjinrled (inrliidiiiff 
 Jmports re-rr/iurted) from the l'rc$i(lcnvy of' 
 Hombaij to all parts out of India, 
 
 Articles 
 
 181l).S| 
 
 lHW-54 
 
 1860.61 
 
 I8',3.6t 
 £ 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Coiree. 
 
 53,8,14 
 
 fi5,,39l 
 
 75,151 
 
 133,-. Hi 
 
 fraw 
 Cotton -Juoixli, twist, 
 ( and jam - 
 
 2,'JI.V(2I 
 
 J,4C9,-60 
 
 6,972,;26 
 
 28,115,151 
 
 
 
 
 
 3sn,n7.'. 
 
 5I8,S17 
 
 635,2lr 
 
 921.215 
 
 
 .V1,CP7(1 
 
 61, '.59 
 
 I52.or. 
 
 11.,I49 
 
 Indigo ... 
 
 i.i.r.il 
 
 46,960 
 
 49,9011 
 
 59,7,13 
 
 (>)>iiini 
 
 '.',.':oi,ii6<i 
 
 2,748,135 
 
 6,609,5(19 
 
 5,118.158 
 
 Sivl 
 
 ■-■,514 
 
 ll,97(i 
 
 6.1,2(i', 
 
 '.'3,182 
 
 2S,vll 
 
 128,0.19 
 
 901.021 
 
 6SS,i7l 
 
 IShawli, Cashmere - 
 
 1.'. 1,130 
 
 148,20(i 
 
 311,111 
 
 20.,2'I3 
 
 ■Silk ("" • • - 
 " \good. - . 
 
 1 .-.,4.1.1 
 
 .33,7r,6 
 
 71,117 
 
 5,S63 
 
 'Jii,ii57 
 
 13,799 
 
 31.3:«i 
 
 17,(172 
 
 Spices .... 
 
 4!>,9I1 
 
 69,115 
 
 36,197 
 
 1(HI,7(12 
 
 Sugar .... 
 
 1(111,011 
 
 100,675 
 
 55,9.'rfi 
 
 7 1 ,835 
 
 'I'ea .... 
 
 13,935 
 
 lK,(il9 
 
 41,.im 
 
 4(i,9,19 
 
 Tobacco . . . 
 
 5,251 
 
 .1,1161 
 
 13,2HI 
 
 15,951 
 
 AVool .... 
 
 68,285 
 
 20:1, 148 
 
 478,1.14 
 
 991,017 
 
 .Miscellaneous . 
 
 40'.(,2 1 1 
 
 .155.1(10 
 
 042,083 
 
 716,.189 
 
 (<roueiports 
 
 1,, 699,015 
 
 r:rr8,H. 
 
 17,150,11.1 
 
 38,083,7.19 
 
 Ilulhon «>r treasure • 
 
 lfiO.81'1 
 ir,7(;ii,46l 
 
 929.726 
 8, 128 ,.'.4 2 
 
 411,.->.1S 
 t'..104,881 
 
 •181,966 
 
 Total Ksport Trane 
 
 38,.Wi8,725 
 
 Proportion of Imports into Bombay from the 
 United Kingdom, and Exports from liomlmy to 
 the United Kingdom, at different jteriuds f'rotn 
 1850tol«<-.4. •''■"' •> 
 
 Years 1 
 
 Imports 
 
 £>|N>rts 1 
 
 1 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 I8.11)-51. 
 
 2,860,009 
 
 2,101,857 
 
 18,1.1-54. . . 
 
 3,318,494 
 
 2,6.15,183 
 
 1862 - . 
 
 6,120,385 
 
 21,908,616 
 
 1863 
 
 9,284,031 
 
 .111,281,011 
 
 
 9,604,618 
 
 31,0U9,(H19 
 
 186.1 
 
 6,895,409 
 
 22,.1li9,l.n 
 
 1866 
 
 6,716,107 
 
 19.188,511 
 
 Statement of the Vine of the External Trade of 
 Bombay exclusive of Interport Trade with other 
 Ports in the same Presidency, and of Remittances 
 of Specie on Government account, for each of 
 the G Fears ending with 18GC-7. 
 
 Years 
 
 Imporu 
 
 Kiports 
 
 K. Eipotts 
 
 Totarrrade 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 1861.2 
 
 21,816,579 
 
 18,889,060 
 
 8,410,899 
 
 13,116,140 
 
 1802-3 
 
 29,1118,709 
 
 27,175,883 
 
 8,963,320 
 
 .19,157,914 
 
 1863.4 
 
 30,340,.107 
 
 37,810,017 
 
 .1,417,978 
 
 77,608,3,13 
 
 IS04-5 
 
 34,471,064 
 
 40,917,118 
 
 4,403,-09 
 
 79,791,892 
 
 1863-6 
 
 35,568,316 
 
 35,511,787 
 
 4,61.1,016 
 
 71,69.-,150 
 
 1866-7 
 
 22,23U,.104 
 
 19,570,017 
 
 4,910,181 
 
 46,740,7,-,! 
 
 Banks. — These consist of the Chartered Mer- 
 cantile Bank of India, and the Chartered Bank 
 of India, and branches of the Oriental Bank of 
 London, the Agra Bank <S;c. Including agencies 
 of English houses, there are about 13 in all, 
 the capita] amounting in the aggregate to alwut 
 16,000,000/. But it would appear from the Bom- 
 bay Calendar and Directory for 1868, that there 
 were, besides these, 56 Banking and Financial 
 AssOv..ations connected with Bombay then in 
 course of liquidation. • 
 
 Insurance. — Companies for the insurance of 
 lives, shipping, and against fire, have been estab- 
 lished in Bombay ; and several of the Loudon and 
 Calcutta Insurance Companies have agents here. 
 
 Marine Insurance Companies. — There are 39 
 marine insurance offices, chiefly agencies, at Bom- 
 bay. The fire and life insurance business is con- 
 ducted almost exclusively by agents for companies 
 in England, there being only one life company, 
 namely, the Bombay Laudable, having a quin- 
 m2 
 
 jMi 
 
 Mi 
 

 
 
 164 
 
 UOMIJAY 
 
 qucniiinl flxistciico, an tho firnt nppoars to have 
 been p:4tnlili.thc(l in 1«".'D anil tcrminatotl Decem- 
 ber ;U, lM:i;t; anil tliu seventh Lnudublo Society 
 tcrmiiiiUi'il on December 31, 18G;). 
 
 Cii»loms Oiitiei : Imp<nt niui Kx}h>rt. — Hy the 
 Iiulliiii ('ii.'*tiimi Dutiei* Act of March 18()7, oiie 
 uniform tariff for import;! and exportM was lixcd 
 for all jMirts iu Uritinh India, [Calcutia.] 
 
 Tunnnge Scale ill nomhay. 
 
 Arll.lM 
 
 o thf ton 
 
 Artir1r« to the ton 
 
 A'oet, in )kr\i% 
 
 \t\ i-wi. 
 
 KltU*^ and kkina, looM 
 
 
 Alum, in ti itft - 
 
 U(> „ 
 
 in vinitll tmndlra 
 
 12 cwt. 
 
 Ann.tt'«, In i-.utt 
 
 6»i fii'l 
 
 Horns buir.ilu and cow. 
 
 
 Ai»p'>n*l 
 
 
 Ioo.«. 
 
 Ifi ., 
 
 ArrowpKii. In ratct - 
 
 ,, 
 
 llornk, deer, Ioom 
 
 H .. 
 
 A-nftiluU „ 
 
 ,, 
 
 li|i<t,utanjikiml 
 
 Ifi .. 
 
 ll.inll.i ... 
 
 50 rwt. 
 
 Indlttn, in catea • 
 
 50 feet 
 
 Jli^>' wax, tnmwt • 
 
 Mfeet 
 
 .ULkwiKxl . 
 
 ,^ 
 
 lieifl nut. Id I'Atrt 
 
 IGcivl. 
 
 I.ac dye, in ihells or 
 
 
 iiliiliw<->«I,in!>tralKtit 
 
 
 ra-trn 
 
 M 
 
 t.<iu.ire i.>u. 
 
 .V) fwt 
 
 (.tn>ef<l, in ham • 
 
 l».»e. 
 
 Illaikwooti, utlierwl->e 
 
 'ill rwl. 
 
 M.Kc, in c iiH"* • 
 
 Aurn.1 
 
 liook-. .... 
 
 Sdfti.t 
 
 .Mu|l)tr-u*-)>t.Mrl, in rates ,, 
 
 Borax, in ra-c* - 
 
 „ 
 
 HI bax^ 
 
 •:0 iwl. 
 
 in bajii . 
 
 211 tw(. 
 
 Munjeet or madder loot 
 
 
 IlulH<m 
 
 pt-r ct-nt. 
 
 In t a>ek or bales 
 
 "m r«« 
 
 ('ami»hor, in cnwi 
 
 611 li-vt 
 
 Munjr'el or madder rtmt 
 in liumlk'^or in batts 
 
 
 I'rtnfH, r.tii.ins in 
 
 
 'licwl. 
 
 )tuiul1»"i - 
 
 Ifirwt. 
 
 Mu^k. in tMsvs 
 
 .'XI I'tfft 
 
 rardiiiiom^, In Itunilln 
 
 ^0 fnt 
 
 .Mjirotkilani, in l>a^ • 
 
 ir><»i. 
 
 Caf-t.'i Imnea, li»uil<i| 
 
 
 Ntitnit'Ks, in c^wh 
 
 Mfnt 
 
 and bu.lt - 
 
 ,, 
 
 \us voin.ca, in ra«e« . 
 
 ,, 
 
 ^^H^■unl 
 
 lOrwt. 
 
 in bate* • 
 
 Ifil'Wi. 
 
 China root, In c»»m - 
 <'lii.ir<. - - . 
 
 AOftfvt 
 
 Oil nflin; kind, In caulks 
 
 IttllliiiM'' 
 Ualluiia 
 
 r.inuamon, in tiii(*'« - 
 
 lo'cwt. 
 
 Oil tee<U, leel, njw, 
 
 
 in t-<ue> - 
 
 bW fwt 
 
 nul^tard, castor, and 
 
 
 CIoTM, in t tuts - 
 
 „ 
 
 Khorassan 
 
 ITcwI. 
 
 lnbiii{<»orfrazlU 
 
 lOcwt. 
 
 Opiiirii ... 
 
 IKT cheil 
 
 Coal* .... 
 
 VI t M 
 
 raddy, In baits . 
 
 Ificwi. 
 
 <*iKo\, in l».iK* • 
 
 yl .. 
 
 IVjiper, in bajfi • 
 
 *p 
 
 Curiilut indiciif, in baf{* 
 
 I'i .. 
 
 Fiii]vnto ... 
 
 M „ 
 
 Culltfi'f in caws - 
 
 :)Hfeet 
 
 INuntb-iKo, in t»ac4 
 Hatlaiia, in Inindles • 
 
 SC) „ 
 
 inI)atfRurrraztU 
 
 Ifi rwt. 
 
 IK .. 
 
 Coir, In bali'i 
 
 iilfeit 
 
 K round - 
 
 ,, 
 
 in butullet or loose 
 
 (> cwt. 
 
 Ke^lwoml - 
 
 sn'fwi 
 
 rope, In coil« 
 
 H ,. 
 
 Kbubaib, incuet 
 
 Colocvnth, in i'.wi% - 
 
 .'.II fert 
 
 Kipp, in baifs 
 
 20 cwt. 
 
 (Nitonibo mot, in ba^ 
 
 1 1 (V^t. 
 
 ijatlluwer, in raws 
 
 so f«t 
 
 Copra, in rotilnt ■ 
 
 1^ *, 
 
 In screwed bale* 
 
 
 Curii|, nniKh (not ipe- 
 
 
 111 batfs 
 
 in'rwl. 
 
 tii u-ns) in l>.if{i 
 
 20 „ 
 
 Sa((o» in cases - 
 
 £Ufert 
 
 Coiti. . ill balei • 
 
 b\) feet 
 
 Sal ammoniac, tn case* 
 
 ,, 
 
 Cowrit ., In case* 
 
 ,, 
 
 in ba^ 
 
 If) cwt. 
 
 in bairt . 
 
 20 LWt. 
 
 Saltpetre . 
 
 Sandal and ^auan wood 
 
 Sealing wai, in cases* 
 
 VO ,. 
 
 rubeli* . . 
 
 I'<t •• 
 
 ■ 6 „ 
 
 Cummin Mod, In catp* 
 
 50 feet 
 
 id rn-l 
 
 Cuti-h , or terra inponica 
 In biiftnr bokkt'isun- 
 
 
 Senna, in bant . 
 
 fi cwt. 
 
 
 in bntei • 
 
 .^11 fret 
 
 »>crt'wid - 
 
 Ifi cwt. 
 
 Shells, rough, in baut 
 
 aOcwt. 
 
 Dates, wet - - . 
 
 ^0 „ 
 
 Silk, inlm'ei - 
 
 Ill „ 
 
 dry - 
 
 Ifi .. 
 
 in cases 
 
 5Ufect 
 
 Pracon'ii blood. In c\**s 
 
 50 fetl 
 
 Soap, in ra&et 
 
 „ 
 
 Kbonv, square and 
 
 
 Sugar, in bag^ • 
 
 SO cwt. 
 
 straii-ht - 
 
 
 Talc .... 
 
 „ 
 
 £lt;jtliaiiU' treth In rates ,, 
 
 Tallow . - 
 
 .W fwrt 
 
 in ttundleti 
 
 18 cwt. 
 
 Tntnartndi ■ ■ . 
 
 IK cwt. 
 
 loo&c 
 
 '^0 „ 
 
 Tea, in chests 
 
 M fe«t 
 
 Furniture - - - 
 
 ;.{) fe t 
 
 Timl>er, te.tk, squart* 
 
 
 (inliiiKiN * 
 
 1'^ .. 
 
 planks and \»oon 
 
 ,, 
 
 Gall>, in bass 
 
 Ifi cwt. 
 
 Tlinlier. teak, round. 
 
 
 in tajte'* • 
 
 Ao feet 
 
 one-tifth oIF 
 
 
 Ginger, dr>» in c-itM - 
 
 ,, 
 
 Tobacco, in bales 
 
 SO feel 
 
 inba^s - 
 
 12cwt. 
 
 Torioi<HPt>betu, in rheati 
 
 
 (imm . . - . 
 
 ^0 ., 
 
 Turmeric, in bBRs 
 
 I.Vt-wt. 
 
 (irujndnut<t, shel'ed - 
 
 IS „ 
 
 Tiitena^ue • 
 
 vo „ 
 
 liums nf all liinds in 
 
 
 Unrateil wood 
 
 14 „ 
 
 cn^pH ... 
 
 .10 feet 
 
 \\'han){ee» ( vide Canes) 
 
 Mi „ 
 
 (turn nlihintim. In ba^i 
 
 Ifi cwt. 
 
 Wheat . - - 
 
 '^0 „ 
 
 Hariall, in ras-s- 
 
 50 foet 
 
 U'ino* and spirits, in 
 
 
 Ut-mp, in screwt (1 haU'H 
 
 , 
 
 casiks 
 
 SO r«t 
 
 liio-eorin bunillfs 7 cwt. 
 
 Wines and spirits. In 
 
 
 Iftde^ and hltinii, in 
 
 
 CB-.es ... 
 
 
 i>cre«-td bale* - 
 
 50 feet 
 
 Wool, i'\ screwed bales 
 
 
 
 
 Zedoary 
 
 20 cwt. 
 
 *^* I'he stfinilnnl tnn at Jlumba> for mcaiurumcnt of goutla ihall 
 te t.^keii at SO cubic tV-4.'t. 
 
 The freight ou oil is paid on the full gauge of the 
 cask, ascertaincil at the port of di.schargc. 
 
 When freight is payable on weight, the same is 
 to be (in the net weight delivered. 
 
 Hides and regulations for the measurement by 
 callipers upon shipmenti to Great Britain nf cotton, 
 woo/. Iiemp, and other screwed and pressed bales, at 
 the port of Bombay. — 1. That callipers shall from 
 time to time be submitted to the .Secretary of the 
 Chamber of Commerce, and if found correct, shall 
 be branded with a stam)) bearing the name of the 
 chamber, to indicate the same. 
 
 2. That if, from use or other^vise, any callipers 
 should get out of order and be objected to, the 
 party objecting shall send the callipers to the 
 chamber for examination ; and should the objection 
 
 TIOMBAZINE 
 
 be valid, tho chamber'.'* stamp nhall be defaced by 
 tho Hecrctarv ; if, however, the objection is fouml 
 to be groimdU's.'t, tl. . secretary ahull give a note ti> 
 that elTect, and the party objecting slmll be bound 
 by his (lecisiiiu. 
 
 X That any callipers found incorrect, and on 
 which the stamp has been dufuced, may be re- 
 stamned after adjustment. 
 
 4. That no measurements shall be helil good 
 except such as arc taken by callipers bearing tho 
 chamlier's stamp. 
 
 r». That cotton, hemp, wool, and other screwed 
 bales shall be measureil as follows, namely — tho 
 greatest length to be tirst ascertained, and then the 
 bale to bo set on either end, as the shipmaster m«y 
 wish, and cross measurements to be taken at top 
 over the lashings, excepting tho knots, and as near 
 the centre of the bale as possible. That an 
 average of 100 bales be struck by asccrtainnig tho 
 actual measuretnent of any 10 bales, and propor- 
 tionately, the shipper selecting and measuring one 
 half, and tho shipmaster the other half: should, 
 however, any dispute or dilliculty arise in the 
 selection of bales, cither party to have the option of 
 measuring the whole ({uaiitily. 
 
 0. That all produce subject to measurement be 
 measured within the day ou which it has been 
 ordered to be screwed, provided the order has been 
 given by the shipmaster or agents of the vessel ; 
 and that from Juno 1 to October 15 the same 
 be measured at the Screws : dunng tho remainder 
 o*" the year, if required, on tho Ijunde., weather 
 permitting. No cotton, wool, or other goods to 
 be measured until a Custom-house pass has been 
 obtained for the same. 
 
 7, That in the event of the shipmaster not 
 attending to measure at 'ch hour as may have 
 been appointed by hinr agent or agents of the 
 ship do empower a pc attend on his behalf, 
 
 whose sanction to t mrement shall bu 
 
 binding upon the shipmaster. 
 
 Money. — Silver is the legally constituted me- 
 dium of exchange in all money transactions 
 throughout the Uritisb-Indian possessions. GoM 
 coin was intended to be a legal tender, at a tixcd 
 value of IG rupees for the gold mohur of Calcutta, 
 and 15 rupees for the goltl rupee of Madras and 
 Bombay ; but it is not demandablc in payment, 
 and is left to lind its current value in the market. 
 
 The value of a rupee is generally assumed as 
 equal to 2s. sterling. At the Calcutta mint price 
 of silver it is worth 2s, 0'035rf, ; at the commercial 
 par of exchange Is. ll-bld.; and at the London 
 mint price of silver it is worth 1», ll'Olrf. 
 
 Tho rupee weighs 180 grains troy, or 1 tola, 
 and consists of 11 parts of silver and 1 of alloy. 
 The gold rupee is of the same weight and staii- 
 dartl. The copper coins are the half anna, weigh- 
 ing 200 grains ; tho quarter anna or paisa, 100 
 grains ; the half paisa, 50 grains ; and the pic, 33^ 
 grains. 
 
 In Bombay, accounts arc still often kept in 
 rupees, quarters, and racs, 25 raes making one 
 auua. 
 
 
 
 Value Sterling 
 
 
 
 £ >. d. 
 
 I^ie 
 
 = 
 
 o n |.s 
 
 •Tple =lp.iisaorl anna=. 
 
 ll.'S.H 
 
 1-^ l>i<f =1 an.ia 
 
 = 
 
 U 1) 
 
 Ifi annai =1 rui.^ 
 
 r= 
 
 -i n 
 
 !.'■ ruuee&— 1 nold ^upee 
 
 =^ 
 
 1 III 
 
 16 ru)iees=;l «oUl niohur 
 
 = 
 
 I Vi a 
 
 ,0(X)rupeM=l lakh 
 
 =3 
 
 in.nno ii n 
 
 lOOlakhi =lkaror 
 
 = 
 
 I.UUO.ilUU u u 
 
 BOMBAZINE (Fr. al.fpine). A kind of niixed 
 stuff of silk and wool, originally manufactured at 
 Milan, and thenco sent into Trance and otlier 
 countries. The chief scat of its foreign manu- 
 facture is Amiens. In this country it has goue 
 
 ffreatly outof 
 
 I'abriiM, but it 
 
 export trade i 
 
 liONES. J 
 
 <ither animals 
 
 handles for kr 
 
 but of lato yea 
 
 nnco in agric 
 
 latter they an 
 
 duc'cd to powdc 
 
 nnre for turnip 
 
 the seel, thoug 
 
 broadca. ' and 
 
 used varies (ror 
 
 •10 bushels largi 
 
 be considerably 
 
 gone the proccs 
 
 iiscil, in this coi 
 
 in Lincolnshire 
 
 their extensive 
 
 been one of the 
 
 inent, and of the 
 
 it has attained. 
 
 largely used, no 
 
 the adjacent co 
 
 of ICngland, and 
 
 and its in<luenc< 
 
 and turnips, an 
 
 of butcher H meal 
 
 extraordinary. 
 
 of this manure ai 
 
 tension of furroi 
 
 of steam navigati 
 
 nicnts that have 
 
 IC20, and the vasi 
 
 are principally to 
 
 In 1827 Mr, Hi 
 
 of the bones am 
 
 about 100,000i ; I 
 
 amounts to more t 
 
 valoiem duty of 1 
 
 1841, 2,D33/. 5.. 3 
 
 of the imports mu 
 
 of which it is abu 
 
 l)aratively small j 
 
 than inagricultun 
 
 from the Nethei 
 
 America. It is a 
 
 on bones imported 
 
 Folic of 
 
 
 i^tft 
 
 
 
 '•a»h ; tmot 
 
 
 I5«ih«iuer 
 
 
 «lll» rewiT., 
 
 
 Three and a 
 
 
 l)el>enture a 
 
 
 Slilp Aimlia 
 
 
 Adventure i 
 
 
 ■JaniBi llaile 
 
 
 
 
 Hilllau, Sp, 
 
 folio oT 
 i«dKer 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 To Milt p.,. 
 
 
 To ln>uranc 
 
 9 
 
 To Morrli V 
 
 4 
 
 i'o J van Ki 
 
 7 
 
 To Simon K 
 
 ■i 
 
 To.rameaA 
 
 S 
 
 ToUeoriit. 
 
 
 Balance, belt 
 
 II 
 
 Let the transacfiti 
 order for goods fron 
 House in Jamaica sc 
 
m 
 
 BONKS 
 
 ^rcntly out of fashion, living supcrMcdcd by nlp.ica 
 t'lilirii'.'', but it iH Haiil tlmt there in a cniiMidcrulilc 
 export tradu in tlic fabric tc Soutli Arnvrica. 
 
 I'lOXK.S. In the Arts, the hones of cMtle and 
 •itiier animals aru extensively used in forming 
 handles fur knives, uiul various other purposes; 
 liut of late years they have been of most import- 
 anro in agriculture. \V'hcn eniployod in the 
 Jailer they are, in most instances, ground or re- 
 tinccd to powder, and are commonly used as ma- 
 nure for turnips, being in general drilled in with 
 the sec'l, though sometimea also they arc sown 
 broadea. ^ and with other crops. The quantity 
 used varies from about 25 bnsh'iU of tiuit to about 
 •10 bushels large an acre. Their effect is said to 
 he considerably increased when thcv have under- 
 gone the process of fermentation. I'licy were (Irst 
 used, in this country on a large scale, as a manure 
 in Lincolnshire; and there can be no lUuibc that 
 their extensive employment in that county has 
 been one of the chief causes of its rapid improve- 
 ment, and of the high state of cultivation to which 
 it has attained. llone-du.»t is now, however, very 
 largely used, not only in Lincolnshire, York, and 
 the adjacent counties, but in most other parts 
 of England, and almost everywhere in Scotland ; 
 and its influence in increasing the crops of corn 
 and turnips, and consequently also (ho supplies 
 of butcher H meat and farm manure, has been quite 
 extraordinary. In fact, it is to the emiilovmcnt 
 of this manure and guano, combined witii the ex- 
 tension of furrow drainage and the introduction 
 of steam navigation, that the wonderful improve- 
 ments that have been made in agriculture since 
 1C20, and the vast increase of agricultural produce, 
 are principally to be ascribed. 
 
 In 1827 Mr. Uuskisson estimated the real valii" 
 of the bones annually imported for manure at 
 about IQOydWL ; but at present (18U8) it probably 
 amounts to more than quadruple that sum. The ad 
 valoicm duty of 1 per cent, on bones produced, in 
 1841, 2,933/. 5a. dd. nett, showing that the value 
 of the imports must then have exceeded 293,000/., 
 of which it is abundantly certain that but a com- 
 paratively small portion was employed othenvise 
 than in agriculture. They arc principally brought 
 from the Netherlands, German}', and South 
 America. It is a curious fact, that while the duty 
 on bones imported into Scotland in 1841 amounted 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING 
 
 ins 
 
 to 749/. At, 4t/., the duty on those imported into 
 Ireland amounted to only 2/. Kit. \d. After being 
 reduced in 1842 to (id. a ton, the duty on bones 
 was finally repealed in IMI'i. In I8(i*> the iinportx 
 of bones (exclusive of whale fiiiM) into the I'liiled 
 Kingdom amounted to 80,3UU tons, valued at 
 409,090/. 
 
 Uumt bones or animal charcoal possess remark- 
 able powers of absorbing noxious gase.x, and of 
 bleaching water which is stained by organic mat- 
 ter. Hence they are used largely as the material 
 for filters, and in particular for rclining Kiignr. 
 The same substance is employed to form the cupel 
 of the gold and silver refiner, the scoria of the alloy 
 sinking into the substance of the cupel, and the 
 button of iiurc metal remaining on tlic surface of 
 the crucible. 
 
 The most powerful kinds of animal charcoal 
 arc obtained from the ignition of substances pos- 
 sessing a large auvunit of animal matter, as dried 
 blood, hair &c. Thus, while btine black has a 
 
 flower in decolorising syrup and indigo which may 
 le represented by 1, a charcoal formed from blood 
 ignited with carbonate of potassa has the powers 
 of 20 and 50 on these substances re!<peetiveiy. 
 
 HUOK-KEKPINti. The art of keeping the 
 accounts and books of a merchant, liook-keeping 
 by double entry means that mode or system in 
 which every entry is double, that i^, has both a 
 debtor and a creditor. It is also called the Italian 
 method, because it was first practised in Venice, 
 Genoa, and other towns in Italv, where trade was 
 conducted on an extensive scale ut a much earlier 
 date than in England, France, or other ports of 
 Kurope. This method, however familiar to mer- 
 chants and book-keepers, seems intricate to almost 
 all who have not practised it ; nor is the dryness 
 and ditticulty of the task much lessened by the 
 printed works on the subject, which, having been 
 compiled more by teachers than by practical mer- 
 chants, contain a number of obsolete rules and 
 unnecessary details. The most eficctual mode of 
 giving clearness and interest to our remarks will 
 be, first, to state a few mercantile transactions, 
 and then to explain the nature of the accounts 
 and entries which result from them. 
 
 The Journal of a mercantile house ought to 
 open, at the beginning of each year, with an enu- 
 meration of their assets and debts, as follows : — 
 
 Folic of 
 
 SUNDRIES D». to STOCK. 
 For the fullowitiK, twinic the uwu of tlic houic. 
 V.atAi \ 111100111 At the banker'! thin da; (Jan. 1) - . . - . 
 Kxihviiuer blllt ; amount in hand •■...•■• 
 Uillh receivable ; in liAnil. ai iier bill iMok ..... ~ . 
 
 Three and a half per Onl, Slock, fi.niHII., rallied at 90/. )i<r 100/. Iluck ' 
 
 IJet>cnture account ; drawttnikft receivable ai the cuitom-houae - 
 
 Stii|i /1m«/ia ; our lhree-ei|;ltthft»t' that ve>kel ...... 
 
 Adventure in Iriiii linen ; amount in hand, computed at cott price 
 James llailey Ac Co., Liverpool ; due by tliein ..... 
 
 'J'hfimaH Wat&on Ai Co., Dublin; ditto ....>.•• 
 
 William Spence <> Co., FIjmoulh t ditto ...... 
 
 £ 
 
 .'i„1IO 
 7,3(11) 
 t>, IIHI 
 5I.T 
 3,111111 
 
 v,ii;7 
 
 I, .I'M) 
 
 .1,.'l.1l) 
 y;(i 
 
 (I 
 
 
 
 lu 
 
 x.i»,.3m 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 II) 
 io 
 
 Folio of 
 I«lKet 
 
 8T0C1C Da. to SUNDRIES. 
 For the debts of the houw, a> follovs :— 
 
 To Mill payable; amount of accF)>t:<nce<ial this date- • 
 
 To Insurance ; amount of iiremlumH due lo underwriters ....... 
 
 To Morrit rittnian, Trinitlad ; balance due to him ...-..-• 
 To.Tam*-k Korbeii, llemerara; do. .......... 
 
 To Simon Krazer, Ixindon ;do. .......... 
 
 To Jame* Allan & I'o., KinKi>ton, Jamaica; do. - . . . . .*. 
 
 To Ueurife and William Fai, FalluuuUi ido. ........ 
 
 Italance.beinK the pment capital of the houw ........ 
 
 1 
 
 « 
 
 ^ 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 7 
 ■t 
 8 
 
 £ 1. i. 
 
 2,.T.O 10 II 
 l.KSI) 1.-. 
 
 l,.i;o .'. II 
 
 7V0 .^ II 
 
 '.IfiU 13 
 
 M.'iO 10 tl 
 
 yio 15 
 
 H,7.'>.-. 1.5 
 2.1,6 JH 2 10 
 
 X-.-.a,.-i9I 17 10 
 
 Let the transaction to be first explained be an 
 order for goods from a correspondent abroad. A 
 bouse in Jamaica sends instructions to the house 
 
 at home to buy and ship a quantity of manu- 
 factured articles, suited to the Jamaica market, as 
 follows : — 
 
 ■1 .' 
 
 .^^ii'i i: 
 
■'•"^Pi 
 
 I ■■ 
 
 i ( 
 
 :in '') :i 
 
 1'. * ,■ 
 
 16C BOOK-KEEPING 
 
 Order from James Allan §• Co, of Kingston, Jamaica, to Henry Barclay Sf Co, of London. 
 
 ,1..\. Linmt Mnt StrrUtz Osnaburgs, M bain, about Cd. per yard. 
 U Co. Be*t low Slrflilz du., n balcf, 4i/. or 4^. 
 
 Hrit white Plalillai, 1 caso. 
 
 Linen lick aswrtcd, 3-4lhs width, 9i , U., U. Sd. ! 10 piKn <ich, cut up la K-yud Imj^tlu. 
 Wfwiltna ; 6 balet Tenittones, 3-4thii witte, bt«t indiffo blue. If. a vard. 
 c'lillon* ; 50 pieces itout calico, "iH yards each, 3*4lhs wide, 4J, a vard. 
 
 AOdo. do. do. 7'1thf, ai'perior, 5a. a yard. 
 
 100 do. Itout calico ihlrtinc, 7'Kthf wide, superior, 6d, a yard. 
 llal» ; 4 doxen gentlemen's superline black, VOr. each. 
 U do. do. dtah, 20>. each- 
 
 1 do. youths' i!>). blaek, I5t. each. 
 
 VO do, felt hats, for nevroe*, S^. per dozen. 
 Shoet ; 10 dozen prime calf-skin shoes, full size, 65f. per dozen, 
 10 do. youths' do. .V^s. per dozen. 
 
 5 do. K^nllemen's dress do. 72«. ]wr dozen. 
 
 This order the London merchant divides among 
 six, seven, or more wholesale dealers, according to 
 their re.spcctivc lines of business. Each dealer, or 
 tradesman, as he is commonly called, provides his 
 portion of the order in the coorso of the fortnight, 
 
 Messrs. Hbkrv Barclay 8c Co. 
 
 J. A. 
 4c Co. 
 
 No. 8. 
 
 three weeks, or month, allowed him by the mer- 
 chant ; and when the goods arc paclced and ready 
 to ship, he sends in his accoimt, or bill of parcels 
 thus: — 
 
 London, Wih February, 1S13. 
 Bought of StHoir Frazbr. 
 
 10 pieces best tow Strelitz Osnaburgs, 146 yards each, at id, per yard 
 Inside wrapper, l(i yards, at. 1d. ...... 
 
 Cord, bale, and press packing •.•--. 
 
 Then follow, stated in like manner, the particular., of 8 bales, No. 9 to 16, both tncliuire, amounting to 
 
 X 
 
 a. 
 
 d. 
 
 u 
 
 « 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 lu 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 itl2 
 
 4 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 
 Jl-iil 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 Messrs. IIekht Barclay & Co. 
 
 London, 2WA Ftbruarn, 1843. 
 
 J. A.' 
 
 «iCo. 
 
 3U 
 
 41 
 
 C.tse, 1 dozen and *i youths' hats and bands, ■'^t 15«. each 
 Case (small) ...... 
 
 Case, 9 dozen felt hats for negroes, at Via, per dozen 
 Case (large) ...... 
 
 Do. the sanic . - ... 
 
 £ 
 10 
 
 
 a. d. 
 10 
 4 
 
 £ 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 a. d. 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 14 II 
 
 9 
 
 
 18 
 16 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 
 MM 
 
 ■1 II 
 
 The merchant, having received the whole of i Custom-house, and to ship the goods. That done, 
 the bills of parcels, fixed on a vessel, and agreed the next step is to prepare the Invoice, or general 
 for the freight, proceeds to make an entry at the | account of the shipment, as follows: — 
 
 Invoic. of Goods shipped by Henry Barclay Sf Co. tn the Kawlins, J. TTiomson, from London to 
 Kinyston in Jamaica, on account and risk of Messrs. James Allan §• Co. of Kingston. 
 
 J.A.&Co. 
 
 No. 1. 
 •i. 
 
 4, 5, C. 
 
 7. 
 8 to IC. 
 
 17. 
 IStoXJ. 
 i(5 lo 38. 
 
 39. 
 40.4,1. 
 
 Tuncheon strong calfskin shoes, p^r .F. .Tohnson's bill of parcels . 
 Pino ditto ;pcr ditto ,-..-. 
 
 French calf-skin shoes, perilaio . . * . . 
 
 3 trunks ditto per ditto . . . . . 
 
 Case linen tick assorted, per J. Wilson's bill of parcels . • - . - 
 9 baU-s best tow (^Hnatmrgs, 10 riieces each, per Simon Krazer's bill of parcels 
 I case white rintillai, per .MollinK & Co.'s bill of parcels .... 
 7 cases the same, per ditto - .-..-- 
 
 14 bales lint Osnaburgs, {ler .T. Mackenzie's bill of narceb .... 
 I case youths' hats anil b?nds, per .}. Bonradaiie k Co.'s bill of (larceU 
 S cases felt hats, ditto per ditto .... 
 
 Entr>* ; duty on part at ) iter rent. ; l^ind and debenture . 
 t.'artace, wharfage, anil sbipping cliarues . . . 
 
 Preiglit and primafio 7tm. la. ; bills of lading 3«. 6i/. 
 Insurance on 1,6UU/. at 40f. per 100/. . . . . . 
 
 I'oiicy duty ....---... 
 
 £)0 O 
 3 IS 9 
 
 Commii Tion, ^ r*r cent, on 1 ,33M. - 
 Ditto i per cent, on 1,500/. insured 
 
 £ a. d. 
 
 93 7 
 
 <J4 IG 4 
 
 !i3 9 
 
 fi7 3 7 
 
 £ a. d. 
 
 4 8 
 
 7 9 fi 
 
 38 10 6 
 
 33 18 9 
 
 (6 15 
 
 7 10 
 
 At 6 months' credit ; due Septemlicr 5. 
 London, March 6, 1843. 
 
 Errors excepted. 
 
 S7S 15 II 
 4'^ (I II 
 
 S3li 
 
 41 
 
 SS7 
 
 
 8 
 I 
 
 3fi7 10 n 
 10 14 'I 
 
 HI 8 II 
 
 l,-./84 18 3 
 
 158 I in 
 iei;4l3 10 d" 
 
 Hrkry Barclay & Co. 
 
 This invoice, being sent out by the vessel to 
 Messrs. Allan & Co., conveys to them a number 
 of particulars in a short spncn ; viz. the mark, tlic 
 nmnbcrs, the volue, and the contents of each 
 package. In former times it was the practice to 
 make an invoice very long, inserting in it a literal 
 copy of each bill of parcels, but it has now become 
 usual to make each tradesman deliver a duplicate 
 of his account, to be sent abroad wiili the goods ; 
 in which case the invoice may lie, like the above, 
 little more than a summary of the bills of parcels. 
 This method has two advantages : it saves time 
 
 at the counting-hou.se of the exporter, .•uid it 
 alfords to his correspondent an assurance tliiit no 
 more is charged to him than has been actually 
 paiil for the articles. 
 
 An invoice ought to bo made out with tlic 
 utmost care, for it is a document of great inipurt- 
 ance in several respects : first, between the ex- 
 porting merchant and his correspondent abroad ; 
 and next, when in the hands of the latter, it m.iy 
 and generally does form a voucher for oalculatinfC 
 the import duty, as well as for the sales effectetl 
 to retailers or other dealers. 
 
 The 8nr 
 generally t 
 |J per cent 
 insurers in 
 It is thus T. 
 
 Folio of 
 I-edKer 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 !/ 
 
 .1 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 Tc 
 'I'c 
 To 
 To 
 To 
 To 
 To 
 ■lo 
 To 
 
 The prece 
 mercantile hi 
 prises a varit 
 
 Invoice of / 
 Master, j 
 and risk. 
 
 6 balet 
 
 The 
 stores 
 
 Custon 
 Freij;h 
 Comml 
 
 [ Insurar 
 
 Folic; 
 
 Commii 
 
 London, Oetobe 
 
 The foUowii 
 herrings, shipp 
 London, in t" 
 to Barbadoes, i 
 John Hendenso 
 him at Bridgett 
 
 J. If. 
 
 60 barrels 
 at Hrld 
 at -ila. 
 
 This invoice ii 
 been that the 1 
 fixed price, all c 
 
 Account of 
 
 AccoiiifT 
 
 Insurance on 175/. a 
 Policy . 
 
 Freight of79cwt. 85 
 Prima«e, pierage, am 
 Huty on ;g cwL 15 lb 
 
 hniry . 
 nock dues . . - 
 Landwailers and enir 
 ivarehouse rent, 1 9 i 
 Sampling . 
 Insurance from Are .• 
 Inlernl on IVeight am 
 llrokeragf , I per cent. 
 < ommisBlon, i iwr cei 
 5 per cent on 175/. in 
 
 Nett proceeds, due Mi 
 
 tMidon, April t, V 
 
BOOK-KEEPING 
 
 167 
 
 The sum insured by the exporting racrnliant 
 generally exceeds the amount of the invoice by 
 2 per cont., because the recovery of a loss from 
 insurers involves a charge of fully that amount. 
 
 It is thus necessary to cover not only the price of { clear of any deduction. 
 
 the goods, and the charges of shipping, insurance, 
 and freight, but such further sum as may enable 
 the shipper, in case of loss, to carrj' to the credit 
 of his correspondent the amount of the invoice, 
 
 ',-.«, i^* 
 
 ■ I" 
 
 Journal Entries resulting from the foregoing Invoice, 
 
 Folio of 
 
 
 LtNlKer 
 
 
 I 
 
 To 
 
 1 
 
 To 
 
 1 
 
 To 
 
 1 
 
 To 
 
 •i 
 
 To 
 
 '.' 
 
 To 
 
 3 
 
 To 
 
 3 
 
 To 
 
 3 
 
 To 
 
 3 
 
 To 
 
 jAiin Allan & Co. Dm. io Si'NnRiM. 
 For goodt ihipped to them in the Ran'tin*, Thomson, for Jamaica. 
 
 1 .Tame* Johnson t amount of ihocs, per \M hills of parcels • 
 
 > John Wilson ; linen tick per itilto 
 I Simon Frnrer ; tow Osnabvirf^s |tcr ttitto 
 t.Fohn Mackenzie; lint Osnsburgs jter ditto 
 
 > Jsmes Horrndaile h t'o. •„ hats per ditto 
 
 > ^lolling & Co. ; for IMatillas iter ditto 
 I Freight Account ; fretRht. primage, and hills of lading 
 
 > Insurance; premium and tiulic; ----.. 
 
 > Charges ; enirr outward, duty, and shipping charges 
 
 > Trotit and Ix>ss ; for commls^on . - . . - 
 
 £ 
 
 !!7S 
 *1 
 
 !i3fi 
 
 3(17 
 32 
 
 32H 
 3S 
 33 
 11 
 7« 
 
 (I. 
 II 
 I) 
 
 jel,443IO (J 
 
 The preceding invoice, being for account of a 
 mercantile house, who sell again to dealers, com- 
 prises a variety of articles : as a further specimen, 
 
 wc subioin two short invoices, for account of 
 sugar planters, and confined to articles consumed 
 on their estates. 
 
 Invoice of Plantation Stores shipped hy Henry Barclay §• Co, in the Adventure, J, Williamson 
 Master, for Kingston, Jamaica, by order of Mr, Jatnes TTiomson, Planter, and for his account 
 and risk. 
 
 J.T. 
 1 to 6. 
 
 6 bales lint (Hnaburgt, per bill of parcels from James Andenon 
 
 • £2M 
 
 Then follow, in like manner, the inark, number, and contents of various other packages of plantation 
 stores (hats, shoes, nails &c,}, composing the shipment ; amounting in all to - 
 
 Custom-house entry, and shinning charges 
 Freight, primage, and biiU of lading . 
 Commission on 2,374/. at '2^ per cent. • 
 
 Insurance on 2,550/. at 2/. per cent. - 
 
 Policy duty --..-- 
 Commission, } per cent. . • . > 
 
 r,oiii/an, Oelobtr 2, 1842. 
 
 Ckarget, £ «■ d. 
 
 ■■ 12 6 
 
 IS 
 59 
 
 7 fi 
 7 
 
 51 n 
 
 fi in 
 
 12 l.'i I) 
 
 2,.^'.2 10 
 
 80 7 
 
 70 
 
 Errors excepted. 
 
 IlmmY Bahclat & Co. 
 
 The following is an invoice of CO barrels of 
 herrings, shipped by Henry Barclay & Co. of 
 London, in the Barclay, James Ferrier, bound 
 to Barbadoes, by order and for account and risk of 
 John Henderson, Esq., planter, and consigned to 
 him at Bridgetown, Barbadoes. 
 
 Lonim, Frb. 18, 1843. 
 
 J. If. I 60 barrels prime white herrings. dellTerabte 
 at llrldgetown, Barbadoes, free of charg'^, 
 at 21s. per barrel . . - . 
 
 X63 
 
 This invoice is very short, the agreement having 
 been that the herrings should be delivered at a 
 fi.xed price, all charges included. 
 
 Account of Sales. — We come now to a trans- 
 
 action of a diiTerent kind ; to the sale of goods 
 importetl from abroad. A merchant in England 
 receives from a correspondent, whether in India, 
 the West Indies, or North America, notice of a 
 shipment of sugar, coffee, rice, or other produce, 
 about to be made to England, with instructions to 
 effect insurance on the computed value. This is 
 the first step in the transaction ; on the arrival of 
 the vessel the goods are entered, landed, and ware- 
 housed ; and a broker is instructed to report 
 on the state and prospects of the market. On 
 a sale taking place, an account is made out 
 and forwarded to the correspondent abroad, aa 
 follows : — 
 
 Account Sai.b of 7 Ilhd«. SuRar, by the Cerei, from Trin!dad» for Account of Morris Pittman, Esq. of Trinidad. | 
 
 Insurance on 175/. at 60t. iw IOC/. X/i 
 I'olicj 
 
 li) 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 23 
 
 lOS 
 1) 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 4 
 
 
 1. J. 
 
 \r, 6 
 
 V, 4 
 » 7 
 19 
 fi 
 12 10 
 IB 
 15 2 
 3 fi 
 6 
 
 12 3 
 fi 9 
 
 13 4 
 17 G 
 
 M.P. 
 1 to7. 
 
 7 hhds. weighing 
 Deduct draft 
 
 Deduct tare - 
 
 cwt, qr». /6i. 
 
 . . 87 3 21 
 
 • 14 
 
 £ 
 }2.,4 
 
 «. </. 
 
 
 
 Freight of 79 rwt. 9.5 tbs. at G«. per cwt. 
 PrimaKe, iiieraffe, and trade . - . 
 Dutv on 79 cwL 'd.5 lb». at *i7i- per cvrt. - 
 
 Knuy • • 
 
 D<H k dun 
 
 Landwaiiers and entry - . - - 
 Warehouie rent, 19 weeki 
 Sampltnjc .-.--•- 
 Inturanre from Are • - • - - 
 Interest on tVetKht and duty - - • 
 Hrukernffe, 1 per cent. - . . - 
 CommiKion, i per cent. - . . - 
 i per cent on 17^'. insured 
 
 Nett procceda. due May 2, 1812 . - 
 tjmaont ApHl «, tS43. 
 
 i 
 
 - 
 
 87 3 7 
 . .937 
 
 Nett -S 
 at 60s. per cwt. 
 
 * 
 
 ^ 
 
 1.W 
 HI 
 
 8 9 
 11 3 
 
 «34 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 jewi 
 
 
 
 
 Krrors ei 
 
 cepted. 
 
 Ilnrnr Bakci.av It 
 
 Co. 
 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 
 
 t i 
 
 
 1, 1 
 
 n 
 
 IV ; 
 
 'I: 
 
 
■^■'•i 
 
 ■J 
 
 IVi 
 
 :!.'■ 
 
 168 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING 
 
 We have here, on one side of the account, the 
 quantity and value of the goods sold; on the 
 other, the various charges attending the bring- 
 ing home, the warehousing, and the sale of the 
 articles. 
 
 The quantity of goods accounted for in an ac- 
 count sale must be the same as in the invoice; if 
 it be loss, whether through damage at sea, through 
 waste, or any other cause, the extent of the de- 
 ficiency should be explicitly stated. By the over- 
 taker in the following sale is meant the additional 
 
 barrel or package required for the coffee taken out 
 of such of the tierces as have been opened on 
 account of breakage or other damage. 
 
 Allowances of Weight— The tare is the wciglit 
 of the cask, and ditters, of course, in almost every 
 package : but trctt (see the following sale) is a 
 tixed allowance of 6 lbs. per tierce in the case of 
 coffee, intended, like draft in the case of sugar, to 
 insure good weight to the buyer, and to enable 
 him to do the same to those who purchase again 
 from him. 
 
 Account Salk of 20 Tiercn Coffee, per VUtorhi, from Demerani, for Account of Jambx FunnRM. Em]. Dcmerara. 
 
 Charok*. 
 In*- I'ance on SO tierces At T.^t. a tierce, 
 
 7u(u°. at bUi. ; polii;, 3C<. 9J. • 
 Freight on 1 li cwl. at if. lid. 
 
 percwt. ... - Jil'i lA 
 Primage, pierage, and trade - 17 6 
 
 Dock duet ....... 
 
 l.nndwalters. entry* and part of tiond 
 liisuraitce from tirr, - - . - - 
 
 I'uhlic Kale char^fes ■ . • • . 
 Hrokerage. 1 per cent. .... 
 Commiuion, ^4 per cent, on fyJGl. 
 Commiteion, ^ per cent, on 7(J1>/. Insured • 
 
 Ne:i proceedi, due Ma; .1, 1831 
 
 £ 
 19 
 
 41 
 
 10 
 I 
 
 
 1 
 fi 
 
 II) 
 3 
 
 •. d. 
 6 9 
 
 2 r> 
 
 U I 
 
 •I fi 
 
 19 fi 
 
 7 6 
 
 IB 7 
 
 18 II 
 
 10 
 
 104 
 571 
 
 13 I 
 
 £&;fi i 6 
 
 tMulM,ATHl3,\Mi. 
 
 J. F. 
 
 No. 
 
 I. to 20. 
 
 Groas Weiuht 
 
 crvf . art, Ibi, 
 
 .I tiercel 30 i 7 
 
 5 do. 32 2 6 
 
 4 do. 24 2 4 
 
 Tare 
 ewt, art, Ibt. 
 
 3 2 IS 
 
 4 I) S 
 2 3 16 
 
 87 I 16 
 
 lU 2 8 
 Trett 2 14 
 
 De<1uct II 
 Nett 7G 
 
 22 
 22 at 
 
 II 22 
 
 Groii H'elnht 
 crvt. art, tbt. 
 3tlerce< 17 1 1 
 3 do. lU 3 15 
 
 121<.6<l. percwt. 
 
 Tare 
 ctvl. gra, Ibt, 
 
 37 U 16 
 
 Toiuct 4 2 2A 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 ■o y 
 
 1 15 
 
 4 
 Ttelt 
 
 1 24 
 1 1 
 
 4 
 
 2 25 
 
 Nett 32 1 19 at 1 2n<. percwt. 
 
 GroM Welfht 
 etvi, qrt, 
 Orertaker 5 1 
 
 clfttit 
 
 . Ui. 
 
 9 
 
 Tare 
 tnt, art, Iht, 
 u 3 y 
 Trett 11 
 
 Deduct 3 20 
 
 3 20 
 
 Nett 4 1 17atll7> — nrcwt. 
 
 Erron excepted. 
 
 DUcount. 1 per cent. 
 Gross proceeds 
 Ilsmtr Barci.ai tc Co. 
 
 £ I, d. 
 
 462 17 * 
 
 194 9 4 
 
 2.'. 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 683 
 6 
 
 2 
 16 
 
 1 
 7 
 
 £676 
 
 /> 
 
 6 
 
 Freight is charged on the weight of the pro- 1 and is to be traced less to the reason of the 
 duce only ; not of the produce and packages case than to the competition prevailing among 
 together. This allowance is of old standing, | shipmasters. 
 
 Journal Entries resulting from the preceding Accounts of Sale. 
 
 Polio of 
 Ledger 
 
 June 1813. 
 
 Thomas Krmulc & Co. Dri. to Siindrics. 
 To Sugar per Certt, 
 
 Pro>eedsof 7 hhiK., M.P. 1 to 7, sold by them at one month's credit, ;rom April 2 
 To CoHee jier Vitlitritt. 
 
 Proceeds of 20 tierces, J. F. i to SO, sold at one month's crtdll, from April 3 - . 
 
 Sugar per Ctrn Dr. to Sundries. 
 To Insurance Account ; for premium and policy ....... 
 
 To Freight Account ; fur freigitt, primage, and pierage • - . . . 
 
 To Customs Inward; duty and entry . ........ 
 
 Charges : dock dues, i2i. lod. ; warehouse rent, 3St. »<l. ; landwalters, 16f . ; sampling, S». M. 
 insurance, 6*. - . . . . . . , . ... 
 
 To Thomas Kemble St Co- ; brokerage, I per cent. . . . . ... I 
 
 To Fruflt and l.oss ; for commissions ......... 
 
 Interest on freight and duty *.--...... 
 
 TaMoTritPlltman; proceeds due Ma; 2, 1813 ••■.... 
 
 Coffee per Vittaria Dr. to Sundries. 
 To Insurance ; for premium and policy .*-.... 
 
 To Freight Account; freight, primage and pierage . ..... 
 
 To fharifes ; do<-k iluf-s, lan(lwalter«. Insurance from fire,and public sale charges 
 
 To Tlintnns iiemlitv \ Co, ; brokerage . ...... 
 
 'J'o l'ro6t and Lo6s; for rommiskiims . >-•.... 
 
 To James Forbes; nett proceeds due June 3, 1842 - • . . . . 
 
 and 6re 
 
 *i 10 10 
 I IS 3 
 
 M I. d. 
 
 234 U 
 
 676 5 6 
 
 910 5 6 
 
 5 15 6 
 
 SI 4 II 
 
 107 5 
 
 3 13 6 
 
 2 6 9 
 
 T X 1 
 SI II 3 
 
 234 U 
 
 19 6 
 44 2 
 
 13 18 
 
 l> 16 
 
 20 8 
 
 571 13 I 
 
 X676 » 7 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 — . 
 
 
 
 1X12 
 
 
 Mar. 1 
 
 Tob 
 
 3 
 
 To 
 
 
 Ja 
 
 6 
 
 To b 
 
 
 of 
 
 9 
 
 To J 
 
 
 me 
 
 
 Ha 
 
 15 
 
 To \ 
 
 
 lial 
 
 — 
 
 To ,1, 
 
 
 li.li 
 
 
 /V<> 
 
 18 
 
 To li 
 
 
 ban 
 
 
 Ma 
 
 — 
 
 Topr 
 
 
 dis( 
 
 
 nior 
 
 
 due 
 
 
 Jo 
 
 
 8i 
 
 
 Jo 
 
 
 Ja 
 
 
 M 
 
 Folio of i 
 
 Ledger 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 T 
 T 
 
 7 
 
 
 T 
 
 7 
 
 
 T< 
 
 8 
 
 Tc 
 
 3 
 
 
 To 
 
 Folio of 
 
 
 Ledger 
 
 
 6 
 
 Bills Pa 
 
 
 2d. 
 
 
 7lh. 
 
 4 
 
 Customs 
 
 
 23ril 
 
 8 
 
 Simon F 
 
 
 IRlh 
 
 
 2Cth 
 
 8 
 
 Interest 
 
 
 ■ Nth 
 
 1 
 
 James ,F 
 
 
 I8lh. 
 
 
 John \VI 
 
 
 I8lh 
 
 
 John .Ma 
 
 
 18th. 
 
 
 James li< 
 
 
 lllh. 
 
 2 
 
 Moiling I 
 
 
 18th. 
 
 8 
 
 <!«>rge at 
 
 
 Sllh. 
 
 3 
 
 Chargis. 
 
 
 31st. 
 
 The above sh 
 the account of 
 parties paying 
 while for all sun 
 the parties recei 
 
 VVe are next t 
 transactions. 
 
 BiUs receivabl 
 lance sheet th 
 
 We have thus given an example of the : produce received in return. Our next ilhis- 
 
 transactions which form a great part of the 
 business of our merchants ; the export of manu 
 
 facturcd goods, and the import and sale of a month : 
 
 tration shall be of a merchant's cash book. 
 The following is an example of the entries for 
 
 No. 
 
 ReceiTed 
 
 8 March 
 10 Atarch 
 
 From 
 
 Bailey , 
 Watson 
 
 12 MarchlSiien ce 
 
'1 V 
 
 ■rr 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING 
 
 169 
 
 1H12 
 
 Mar. I 
 
 ,1 
 
 6 
 9 
 
 To balnnce at the bankers* ... 
 
 To ship Amtliat reciived of James 
 
 JacolMi fur fr(.'i|;ht - - . - 
 
 To hilU receiviihle, recetvetl payment 
 
 of No. lt'»l on J- Ilenderhon 
 
 To Jamei Bailey ft Co., reteived priy. 
 
 ment of their draft at sixht on ■!. 
 
 HainbridKe- . . . - . 
 
 To William **itenre t* To., lecelvtd 
 
 balance of their account • 
 
 To debenture account, received draw . 
 
 back on tobacco bhipped by the 
 
 I'liiver ..--.. 
 
 To liilln receivable, discountetl at the 
 
 bankern*, llurriK)n&Co.,due l.')— IS 
 
 M arch 
 
 To, 
 
 disc 
 
 money the accounts per contra, nut 
 due till 6 months hence, from 
 James Johnson - - JC13 19 
 John Wilsiin ■ ■ t -i 
 Riinon Frarer - - 11 16 
 John Mackenzie - IS 7 
 James Uorrailaiie^E Co. 16 
 Moiling 8c Co. 
 
 V,.'..')0 
 
 ai)i) 
 
 ) profit and loss, received 5 per rent, 
 discount, on payinff with ready 
 
 16 8 
 
 1.12 
 971) 
 
 IS 
 
 730 
 
 I. ./. 
 
 U I) 
 
 3 
 
 n 
 
 10 U 
 
 10 
 
 PAID. 
 
 .£l,iti7 7 
 
 I8l'.f 
 Mar. 2 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 7 
 18 
 
 Bj hltls payable, paid NaV61 to James 
 Hal dmR ...... 
 
 By U-ra-'-r and William Poi, paid 
 their balance of account • 
 
 By John Smith 8t Suns, paid J. Jack- 
 son for their account - • • . 
 
 By bills payable, paid No. 2C'J to 
 J. »<te«tart 
 
 By Interest paid, discount on Harrison 
 U Co., 'i moiitlis .... 
 
 By J. Jchnson, paid hii bill of parcels 
 
 By John Wilaon do. 
 
 By Simon Krazer do. 
 
 By John Mackenzie do. 
 
 By JamesBorradaile&Co* do. 
 
 By Molllnx h Co. do. 
 
 By charKes paid, postage, and petty 
 dlsburset lents this month, per i«tty 
 ca»h book ...... 
 
 By balance, carrletl to neit month 
 
 £ I. d. 
 ll.-> 10 
 
 300 (I 
 
 6 I 10 
 
 S7H 1.'. 11 
 
 4'^ II II 
 
 •i:>(i i (I 
 
 3r,7 III II 
 
 XI t o 
 
 3!8 5 4 
 
 2,6Kfi 13 U 
 
 jEI,H,'>; 7 
 
 These trnnsactions, -when put into the Journal fonn, stand thus : 
 
 Maec.i 184!. 
 CASH On. to SUNDRIES 
 Received this month. 
 To Ship .^mrfia. 
 
 ."^d. Prel;:ht from James Jacotx . • . . 
 
 To Bills ReceivaMe. 
 
 6th. Keceived pavment of J. Anderson, due this da; 
 18ih. Discounted Harrison & Co. due 9th of .May . 
 
 To Jamca Bailey & ('o. 
 
 9th. Received their draft on Bainbridge, due 
 To W'lliam Spence A Co. 
 
 l.'ith. Received balance of their account 
 To Debenture Account. 
 
 l.'tth. DMwback on tobacco by ttie r/utvr * 
 To Profit and Ixiss. 
 
 18th. Received discount on sundry accounts, per cash boo] 
 
 £'inn 
 
 750 10 u 
 
 173 3 
 
 930 10 
 
 i.'.a 10 I 
 
 970 10 j 
 
 IS 8 
 
 C3 8 g 
 
 :iu; 
 
 ti 
 
 Folio of 
 Lc<lffer 
 
 SUNDRIES Das. to CASH. 
 
 Paid this month as follows : 
 Bills Payable. 
 
 Vd. Paid No. !61 
 
 7th. Do. MU 
 
 Customs Inward. 
 
 V3rd. Paid duty on sugar, per Cira, 79 cvt. !!3 lbs. at S;>. 
 Kntry - . - . . 
 
 Simon Frazer. 
 
 18th. Paid his bill of parcels . . - - 
 
 VCth. Paid J. Jackson for his account. 
 
 Interest Account. 
 
 IKth. Paid discount on Harriion & Co. 
 James .lohnson. 
 
 18lh. Paid his bill of parcels . . . - 
 
 John Wilson. 
 
 18th. Paid his bill of parcels . . . ■ 
 
 John Mackenzie. 
 
 18th. Paid his hill of parcels .... 
 James Borradaile & Co. 
 
 I8lh. Paid their bill of parcels ... 
 
 MoiiinxJi I'o. 
 
 18th. **ald their balance of account ~ - - 
 
 (ieorfte and William l''ox. 
 
 Vllh. Paid their balance of account • . - 
 
 CharKi^. 
 
 31st. Paid postage, and |ietty disbursements this month 
 
 per cwt. 
 
 £ I. i. 
 
 145 1U 
 I9< IS 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 19 
 6 
 
 836 
 98 
 
 5 n 
 
 
 
 £. 
 
 .. J. 
 
 33S 
 
 a 
 
 107 
 
 i 
 
 331 
 
 a 
 
 6 
 
 1 10 
 
 «8 
 
 IS 11 
 
 VI 
 
 II 
 
 367 
 
 10 
 
 3ii 
 
 •i 
 
 388 
 
 a 4 
 
 .ISO 
 
 IS 
 
 1.5 
 
 « fi 
 
 X«,I70 
 
 J n 
 
 The above Bhowd, that for all sums received, 
 the account of cash is made debtor, and the 
 parties paying the same are made creditors ; 
 while for all sums paid, the cash is credited, and 
 the parties receiving them are made debtors. 
 
 We arc next to state the mode of entering bill 
 transactions. 
 
 Bills receivable. — We have seen by the Ba- 
 lance sheet that several correspondents are 
 
 indebted to the house. The debts of corre- 
 spondents abroad may be ■ reduced by remii^ 
 ting either bills, specie, or merchandise for 
 sale: from correspondents in England, bills are 
 almost the only mode of remitting. When 
 bills come to hand, the rule is to enter each 
 iu the bill book, with a minute statement 
 of the date, term, sum, and other particulars 
 thus : — 
 
 No, 
 
 Received 
 
 From whom 
 
 Drawn by 
 
 Date 
 
 Terra 
 
 Drawn on 
 
 To order of 
 
 Due 
 
 Sum 
 
 How disp. of 
 
 630 
 Ml 
 63« 
 
 8 March 
 10 March 
 \t March 
 
 Rslley 8c Co. 
 Watson St Co. 
 Spence St Co. 
 
 W. Adams 
 J. J.icobs 
 T. Johnson 
 
 llelf.ist, 1 March 
 i:ork, 3 March 
 Falmouth, 1 March 
 
 i months 
 1 month 
 'i months 
 
 T. J .^ea, Dublin 
 J. Adams, London 
 T. Allan, Liverpool 
 
 A. Williams 
 0. Wilson 
 U. Jones 
 
 1-4 May 
 
 3—6 April 
 3 8 May 
 
 £ 
 330 
 
 teo 
 
 Rainl-r&Co. 
 Sm'4h & Co. 
 V rerend St Co. 
 
 ll I 
 
 r' ,!:' ■ 
 
 y^~:i 
 
 
 .■I ;. 
 
 \. 
 
 
 
 :• i't 
 
 I.. I 
 
170 
 
 I'- 
 ll ^ 
 
 h 
 
 I) If' 
 
 I \''' 
 
 i-i 
 
 : 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING 
 The Journal Entriea for these bills are as follow : 
 
 Folio of 
 Ij«ilRer 
 
 DILLS RECEIVABLE Dn. lo NUNDKIES. 
 For the foIlo\Tiii;{ remitted thii month* 
 
 To James Ball«T * Co. 
 
 No. A.V), on T. J<mei, Dttlilln, due 4lh of Ma; - 
 To T. Wneson h (lo. 
 
 No. fi.')!. on J. Adams, I.ondoni due Cth of April 
 To William S|ience & Co. 
 
 No. 63V, on T. Allan, LlTerpoot, due 8th of May 
 
 £ 1. 
 
 >i. 
 
 3i() 
 
 
 
 1.15 
 
 
 
 acn n 
 
 n 
 
 MTt'i U (I I 
 
 Sills Payahle. — The entries under this head arc, 
 of course, wholly diflerent from the preceding, 
 being for acceptances of the house given on 
 
 account of sums owing by it to correspondents. 
 Each acceptance is entered in the book of bills 
 payable, thus : — 
 
 No. 
 
 Prawn liy 
 
 1'l.ice and Date 
 
 To order of 
 
 On account of 
 
 Term 
 
 When accep. 
 
 Due. 
 
 Sum 
 
 £ I. il. 
 
 l;,') 10 
 
 -.1 l.') 
 
 13'.; 10 
 
 131 
 
 l.'.i 
 1S.1 
 
 J. Allan * Co. 
 (i. .V W. Vox 
 J. mark 
 
 Tamaira, 1.1 J.tnuary 
 Kalmntith. 7 March 
 Hull, .'I .March 
 
 .T. .rones 
 J.Thomson 
 (>. Harclav 
 
 J. Allan Si Co. 
 (i. & W. Fox 
 J. Smith It Sons 
 
 90 days' sight 
 l.'i days' date 
 1 month's dale 
 
 12 March 
 14 JIarch 
 16 March 
 
 lO-I,-! .rune 
 'I'i-U March 
 .■i-a March 
 
 The Journal entries for these bills are as follows :— 
 
 Folio of 
 Ledger 
 
 SUNDRIES Dhs. to lULLS FAi'ABLE. 
 . For the folIowinK bills accepted. 
 
 James AIIah Ac Co. No. 1A1, their dr.ift, due i.'lth of.Tune ,...-. 
 
 O.vVW. Fox. No. 152, their draft, due 9.'>th of March - 
 
 Simon FrazL-r. J. Clarke draft on his account^ due Hth of March ....•< 
 
 Mat 1812. 
 
 CASH Dn. to THOMAS KEMBLG H CO. £ «. </. 
 
 '27th. Received f^om them proceeds of sugar per CfTft ...--- -234 
 
 Less their brokerage .- • ~ - • • - -269 
 
 ."0th. Received rofTee per Vittoria - - .-.---- 67fi 5 6 
 
 I*S5 brokerage - - - - • ' - - - -6 16 7 
 
 £ 
 
 «. 
 
 d. 
 
 17.5 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 7.-5 
 
 I.'. 
 
 
 
 I3!i 
 
 10 
 
 '1 
 
 jWHI 
 
 1 . 
 
 It 
 
 231 
 
 IS 
 
 3 
 
 fifiO 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 iUUl 
 
 •i 
 
 •i 
 
 The preceding entries, few as they are com- ' 
 
 Eared to the monthly tra.i.sactions of a house of | 
 usiness, are sufficient to show the npturo of a 
 Journal a.s well as of the subsidiary boolcs (for i 
 cash, bills, invoices, and account sales) from 
 which it i." composed. The Journal, being a com- I 
 plete record of the business of the house, is very i 
 varied and comprehensive in its nature, and may I 
 bo termed an index to every book of consequence j 
 in the counting-house. IJut while in the cash j 
 book every payment or receipt is entered on the 
 day it takes place, and in the bill books every j 
 bill is registered on the day it comes to hand, or I 
 is accepted, the Journal entries, being completed I 
 only at the cud of the month, admit of being ^ 
 combined to a considerable extent, so as to exhibit 
 a number of transactions in collective sums. Thus 
 
 all the acceptances of the house paid in the course 
 of the month appear in the Journal eutry of Bills 
 Payable Dr. to Cash : they arc arranged in this 
 entry as they fall due, after which the whole are 
 added into one sum, which sum alone needs hi 
 carried to the Ledger. In like manner, all bills 
 receivable, whether discounted, or kept by tlie 
 house till they fall due, are collected under the 
 head of Bills Receivable Dr. to Cash, summed 
 up together, and carried to the Ledger in one 
 line; a point of great importance, as we sliall 
 see presently, in facilitating the balance of the 
 Ledger. 
 
 We proceed to give a specimen of the Ledger : 
 the whole of the tfoumal entries in the preceding 
 pages, when posted into the Ledger, will stand 
 thus: — 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 .Stock. 
 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 1812 
 Jan. 1 
 
 Fo. 
 
 1 
 
 To sundries . . - - 
 
 £ : d. 
 8,75.T IS 
 
 1831 
 Jan. 1 
 
 Fo. 
 1 
 
 Bj sundries .... 
 
 £ t. d. 
 3a,391 17 10 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 Cash. 
 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Jan. 1 
 Mar. 1 
 Ma; 31) 
 
 To stock 
 
 To sundries • 
 
 To T. Kemble & Co. 
 
 S,.'i.W 
 
 Mar. 31 
 
 
 51,307 7 
 
 
 
 901 2 2 
 
 
 
 Bj siuidrlet - 
 
 *,170 7 7 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 
 Exchequer Bills. 
 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Jan. 1 
 
 1 
 
 To stock 
 
 ■ . . S^IU U 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 Three and a half ^ Cent. Stock. 
 
 Cr, 
 
 Jan. 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 To stock 
 
 - - - 
 
 S,400 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 JAME.S JoHNSuN, London. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Mar. 1 
 
 4 
 
 To cash 
 
 . . . 
 
 278 l.'> 11 
 
 Mar. : 
 
 9 
 
 Bj J. Allan & Co. - . 
 
 278 IS 11 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 John Wilson, .'^ontlon. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Mar. 1 
 
 i 
 
 To cash . . . - ■ 
 
 42 
 
 Mar. 6 
 
 9 
 
 B; J. Allan ic Co. . ■ 
 
 42 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Mar. 26 
 31 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Mar. 8 
 
 i 
 
 Dm. 
 
 Mar. 1 ., 
 Dr.. 
 
 Mar. 1 I 4 
 
 Dn. 
 
 Mar. fi 
 31 
 
 9 
 11 
 
 Dr. 
 
 April 2 
 
 11 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 Mar. 3 
 
 4 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 April s j 
 
 M 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Jan. 1 1 1 
 Mar. 3 1 S 
 
 Dr. 
 
 *lar. 7 
 
 - 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Jan. 1 1 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Jan. 1 1 I 
 
 Dr.. 
 
 Jan. 1 1 
 
 1 
 
BOOK-KEEPING 
 
 171 
 
 Dr. 
 
 l)r. 
 
 
 
 Simon Fkazbr, London, 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Mar. id 
 .11 
 
 Fo. 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 To cas^h . - . . . 
 To bilU payable ■ 
 
 £ t. <l., 
 
 .131 & u Jan. 1 
 
 132 10 1 Jan. 6 
 
 Fo. 
 2 
 9 
 
 By stock .... 
 U; J. Allan Ac Co. 
 
 e 4. d. 
 om IS 
 
 23fi 4 U 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 John Mackinzie, London. 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Mar. 8 
 
 4 
 
 To cath ..... 
 
 367 10 
 
 Mai. c ' 9 
 
 By J. Allan & Co. . . 
 
 367 10 
 
 Dr>. 
 
 
 James Boriadailb & Co. London. 
 
 Crs. 
 
 Mar. 1 
 
 4 
 
 To cash- .... 
 
 32 * 
 
 Mar. 6 
 
 9 
 
 By J. Allan & Co. . ■ 
 
 32 2 
 
 Drs. 
 
 
 
 MoLLlNO & Co. London. 
 
 
 Crs. 
 
 Mar. I 
 
 4 
 
 Tocaah. .... 
 
 328 4 4 
 
 Mar. 
 
 9 
 
 By J. Allan & Co. - . 
 
 328 .1 4 
 
 Drj. 
 
 
 J. Allan & Co. Kingston, Jnmaic.i. 
 
 Cri. 
 
 Mar. 6 
 31 
 
 9 
 11 
 
 To sundries . ■ . - 
 To bills iiajable - 
 
 1,413 10 
 I7S 10 
 
 Jan. 1 
 
 2 
 
 Bystoi'lc .... 
 
 1,100 10 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 Sdoar by thb Cerei. 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 April 2 
 
 U 
 
 To sundries .... 
 
 234 
 
 April 2 
 
 11 
 
 By T. Kemble i Co. . 
 
 234 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 Freight Accocnt. 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mar. 6 
 April 2 
 May 3 
 
 9 
 11 
 13 
 
 By J. Allan* Co. . . 
 
 By sugar per Ore* 
 
 By coffee per yutorin - 
 
 38 10 6 
 21 11 11 
 44 2 6 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 Insurance Account. 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. 1 
 Mar. 6 
 April 2 
 Ma; 3 
 
 2 
 9 
 11 
 13 
 
 By stock .... 
 
 By J. Allan As Co. 
 
 By sugar per Ceret 
 
 By coiiee per Vittorin ■ 
 
 1,880 15 
 
 33 18 » 
 
 .■> IB 6 
 
 19 6 9 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 Charges. 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Mar. 3 
 
 4 
 
 To cash .... 
 
 U 2 6 
 
 Mar. 6 
 April 2 
 May 3 
 
 9 
 11 
 13 
 
 By J. Allan * Uo. - - 
 
 By sugnr per Ceret 
 
 By coffee per Vittttria . 
 
 11 17 6 
 5 13 (! 
 
 13 18 7 
 
 Profit and Lo>8. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Mar. 6 
 
 9 
 
 Mar. 8 
 
 4 
 
 April 2 
 Sfay 3 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 By J. Allan Ic Co. 
 By cash - 
 By sugar per Ceret 
 By conee per VUloria 
 
 74 S 
 
 63 8 9 
 
 7 3 1 
 
 20 8 I 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 Customs Inward. 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 April 2 
 
 4 
 
 To cash • . - - - 
 
 107 S 
 
 April 2 
 
 11 
 
 By sugar per Ceret 
 
 107 4 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 Coffee per Vittoria. 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 April 3 
 
 13 
 
 To sundries . - . • 
 
 C76 s r> 
 
 April 3 
 
 11 
 
 By T. Kemble & Co. • 
 
 676 5 6 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 Morris Pittman, Trinidad. 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 Jan. 1 
 April 2 
 
 2 
 U 
 
 By stock .... 
 By sugar p4T Ceret 
 
 1,370 5 
 81 11 3 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 James Forbes, Demcrara. 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. 1 
 May 3 
 
 2 
 13 
 
 By stock . - . . 
 By collie per ViHrn-ia . 
 
 720 5 
 571 13 1 
 
 Drs. 
 
 
 Th 
 
 DMAS Kemble & Co. London, 
 
 
 Crs. 
 
 AprU 3 
 
 11 
 
 To sundries .... 
 
 910 a 6 
 
 April 7 
 
 30 
 
 May 30 
 
 11 
 13 
 15 
 
 By sugar per Ceret 
 
 By coftl-e per Vittoria - 
 
 By cash .... 
 
 2 6 9 
 
 « 16 7 
 
 901 2 2 
 
 
 910 5 6 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 Bills Receivable. 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Jan. 1 
 Mar. 3 
 
 I 
 5 
 
 Toftock .... 
 To sundries - . - - 
 
 7,300 IS 
 745 
 
 Jlar. 1 
 
 4 
 
 By cash 
 
 930 10 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 Bills Payable. 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Mar. 7 
 
 4 
 
 To cash 
 
 338 S 
 
 Jan. 1 
 Mar. 3 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 By stock .... 
 By sundries .... 
 
 2,359 10 
 3Sl 1* 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 Snip Amelia, 
 
 « 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Jan. 1 
 
 1 
 
 To slock .... 
 
 3,000 
 
 Mar. 1 
 
 4 
 
 By cash 
 
 176 3 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 Adventure in Irish Linen. 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Jan. 1 
 
 1 
 
 To stock .... 
 
 2,467 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dm. 
 
 
 J> 
 
 kMEs Bailey tc Co. Liverpool, 
 
 
 Crs. 
 
 Jan. 1 
 
 1 
 
 To stock .... 
 
 1,350 10 
 
 Mar. 3 
 Mar. 9 
 
 t 
 
 By cash 
 
 By bills reci'lrable 
 
 152 10 
 340 
 
 VI' 
 
 ■■ :1 
 
 
 "' 9, 
 
 
 'i.r-v' 
 
 
 - \^ 
 
 li \^\. i 
 
 A- 
 
 't 
 
 •1 . '], 
 
 ■'' '. t>. '.J ,1 
 
 'If;' 
 
Bsas 
 
 172 
 
 Dra. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING 
 TiioMAi Watiion & Co. Dublin. 
 
 Crt. 
 
 iV' 
 
 ' % ' 
 
 '1I 
 
 Jan. 1 
 
 Ko. 
 
 1 
 
 To Hock 
 
 • - 
 
 £ I. d. 
 
 SAW \i 
 
 Mar. 3 
 
 & U; bllli rtnlTable 
 
 £ ». d. 
 135 
 
 Dri. 
 
 
 
 William .Spencs & Co. Plymouth. 
 
 Cri. 
 
 Jan. 1 
 
 1 
 
 To Mock 
 
 . - 1 DTO 10 
 
 1 Mar. 3 
 1 Mar. 4 
 
 4 
 S 
 
 liy rash - . - - . 
 Jly billt receivable 
 
 UTO III 
 Kill U 
 
 Dr.. 
 
 
 
 Oeoroe and William Fox, Falmouth. 
 
 Cm. 
 
 Star. 4 
 Mar. 6 
 
 4 
 
 To caih - 
 
 To bill» pajalil* - 
 
 '. I 
 
 3'^c) I A n 
 7.T 13 
 
 Jan. 1 
 
 s 
 
 lljr stock .... 
 
 3M 15 U 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 Dlbenturb Account. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Jan. 1 
 
 1 
 
 To itock 
 
 - - 
 
 513 
 
 Mar. i 
 
 4 
 
 Ujcash 
 
 15 8 
 
 Dr. 
 
 
 
 Interest Account. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Mar. 8 
 
 4 
 
 To ca»h - 
 
 - .1 6 1 lu 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ' The Ledger is thus a register of all the entries 
 in the Journal ; and a register bo arranged as to 
 exhibit on cue side all the sums at Debtor, on 
 the other all those at Creditor. It is kept in the 
 most concise form, the insertions in it hardly ever 
 exceeding a line each, or containing more than the 
 title of the entry in the Journal. On opening a 
 page in the Ledger, a person Unacquainted with 
 book-keeping is apt to consider this brevity un- 
 satisfactory ; and it was formerly the practice to 
 add in each line a few explanatory words. Thus 
 the entries in the Dr. side of the account of Simon 
 Trazer, -"vhich in our preceding page are briefly 
 
 £ I. d. 
 Tocath - - - .131 5 
 To bills payable • 131t lU 
 
 March Vu 
 
 31. 
 
 would, at an earlier date in the practice of book- 
 keeping, have been expanded to 
 
 March 18. Vo rash paid for poods per Anfr/iiu - U^fi A 
 if6. Ti ditto paid J. Jackson for his account *Jti U 
 31. To bills payable, paid J. Clark's draft for 
 
 Ids account . . - . - 132 10 
 
 This method is still followed in some counting- 
 houses, and such explanatory additions are cer- 
 tainly conducive to clearness ; but they are prac- 
 ticable only in a house of limited business: 
 
 wherever the transactions are numerous and 
 varied, they should be left out of the Ledger, for 
 two rcastons ; they increase greatly the labour of 
 the book-keeper, and they never can be so full or 
 circumstantial as to supersede the account current 
 book. 
 
 The same Ledger may continue in use from one 
 to live years, according to the size of the book, or 
 the extent of the transactions of the house. On 
 opening a new Ledger, it is proper to place in 
 succession accounts of the same class or character : 
 thus— Stock account ought to be followed by 
 that of the Three per Cent. Consols, Kxchetpicr 
 bilk, or other property belonging to the house ; 
 and if the business be with the West Indies, it is 
 lit that accounts with Jamaica should be placed 
 near those with Demcrara, Trinidad, and otiicr 
 sugar coloni' j. 
 
 Balancing the Ledger. — This important operation 
 is performed by adding up the Debtor and 
 Creditor side of every account in the Ledger, 
 ascertaining the difference or balance in each, and 
 carrying such balance, as the case may be, to the 
 Debtor or Creditor column in the balance f hcet. 
 On closing, for example, a few of the preceding 
 I Ledger accounts, we tind them to stand thus : — 
 
 
 Diblon. 
 
 
 
 Crctliton 
 
 
 Cash 
 
 Jamea Allan & Co. 
 
 . . . . 
 
 £ t. d. 
 
 3,.')87 15 S 
 
 4f!S 10 U 
 
 Simon Fr.-iaer 
 FreiKht account . 
 
 .... 
 
 £ I. d. 
 
 :m 5 II 
 lu; 4 11 
 
 And BO on with every account except Stock, 
 which, having no entries in the current year, is 
 put in the balance sheet exactly as it was in the 
 beginning of the year. Including Stock, the total 
 at the Debtor side of the balance sheet ought to 
 agree exactly with the total at the Creditor side; 
 and if it do not, it is u rule in all well-regulated 
 counting-houses to follow up the examination 
 perseveringly, until they are made to agree. The 
 apparent diffcreuce may not exceed a few 
 shillings, or a few pence ; still the search is con- 
 tinued, because the smallest discrepancy shows 
 the existence of error, and to an extent perhaps 
 greatly beyond the fraction in question. It often 
 happens, indeed, that, a^ the examination pro- 
 ceeds, the difference undergoes a change from a 
 smaller to a larger amount, and without increasing 
 the difficulty of discovering the error, which is as 
 likely to have occurred in the case of a large as of 
 a .omall sum. Differences, when in round sums, 
 ,«uch as lOL, lOOL or 1,000/., generally lie in the 
 addition; fractional sums frequently in the 
 posting. All this, however, is uncertain ; for the 
 error or errors may be in any month in the year, 
 and in any one of the thousand entries and up- 
 wards which have been made in the course of it. 
 
 Hence the necessity of examining the whole; 
 and young book-keepers are often obliged to jia s 
 week after week in the tedious labour of revising, 
 adding, and subtracting. On the other Imticl, 
 there are sometimes examples of the balance 
 being found on the first trial ; but such cases are 
 rare, and occur only to careful and experienced 
 book-keepers. The only effectual means of 
 lessening the labour and perplexity of balancing 
 the Ledger is to exercise great "care in every 
 stage of the book-keeping prc-cess, as well in 
 making the additions in the Journal, as in posting 
 from the Journal into the Ledger, and casting 
 up the Ledger accounts ; and, lastly, in adding up 
 the balance sheet, which is generally ©f formidable 
 length. 
 
 Accuracy in addition is one of the main requi- 
 sites in a clerk, and particularly in a book-keeper. 
 Of the extent to which it may be attained by 
 continued practice, tho-e only con judge who have 
 experienced it themselves, or have marked the 
 case and correctness with which clerks in banking- 
 houses perform such operations. They are in the 
 habit of striking a daily balance which comes 
 within small compass ; but a merchant's balantf, 
 comprising the transactions of a year, extends 
 
 commonly ovi 
 advisable, thi 
 portions of t( 
 separately. 'J 
 evidently easi 
 in succession, 
 containing fift 
 Another im 
 balance, is to 
 gi'r entries ; ii 
 OS possible in 
 which are po! 
 case of the i 
 roccivable or ] 
 the Journal c( 
 bill, the final 
 the Ledger — si 
 a number cf bi] 
 book, which gt 
 of the tran.saci 
 some book-kec 
 into the Ledgei 
 ment in the Jo 
 ness this plan i 
 it is better to ( 
 cash, thereby 
 entries the tran 
 posted separate 
 required for re- 
 will, in most 
 exhibiting the 
 facilitating the 
 of the year. 
 
 We "hare saic 
 nine mercantile 
 
 Allan & Co.,Ji 
 Aiiii-lia, ship 
 
 The Subsidiai 
 
 business in this 
 
 persons on a vei 
 
 number of men 
 
 whom we shoul 
 
 call merchants, 
 
 what like that i 
 
 keepers. The n 
 
 daily record of 
 
 chases, receipts, 
 
 was called a Wi 
 
 in which the en 
 
 written, being ir 
 
 transactions in 
 
 diary the Journ 
 
 book-keeping by 
 
 understood by fe 
 
 books of several r 
 
 in the week at i 
 
 these rough nia 
 
 entries. In j)roo 
 
 liplicd and merca 
 
 separate books iv 
 
 particular depart 
 
 bills of exchange 
 
 money transactio 
 
 in the large mer 
 
 land ; and above 
 
 ral practice in I 
 
 then the only f 
 
 England, liut in 
 
 houses, tlie bill b< 
 
 long considered a 
 
 details ; not as be 
 
 ments for Jouma 
 
 diary only was ua 
 
 of keeping these 
 
 nierchanta becam 
 
 ^ . 
 
m 
 
 ■t'- 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING 
 
 173 
 
 commonly over a number of folio pages. It is 
 ndvisable, therefore, to divide each pa(;c into 
 portions of ten lines each, adding such portions 
 Hcparatcly. Thi» lessens the risk of error, as it is 
 evidently easier to add live or six such portions 
 iu succession, than to do at once a whole folio 
 containing fifty or sixty sums. 
 
 Another important point towards agreeing a 
 balance, is to limit carefully the number of Led- 
 ger entries ; in other words, to comprise as much 
 as possible in those aggregate sums in the .'ournal 
 •which are posted in the Ledger. Thu?, in the 
 case of the monthly entries for bills, whether 
 receivable or payable; while the inner column of 
 the Journal contains the amount of each specific 
 bill, the final column— that which is carried to 
 the Ledger — should, and generally does, comprise 
 a number cf bills in one sum. Entries in the cash 
 book, which generally form so large a proportion 
 of the transactions of the month, are carried by 
 pomo book-lceepers directly from the cash book 
 into the Ledger, without an intermediate arrange- 
 ment in the Journal form. In some lines of busi- 
 ness this plan may answer ; but as a general rule 
 it is better to take the trouble of journalising the 
 cash, thereby comprising in 30 or 40 Ledger 
 entries the transactions of the month, which, when 
 posted separately, would exceed 100. The time 
 required for re- writing or rather re-casting them 
 will, in most cases, bo amply made good by 
 exhibiting the cash in a proper form, and by 
 facilitating the balance of the Ledger at the close 
 of the year. 
 
 We hare said the close of the year, because, in 
 nine mercantile houses out of ten, that is the 
 
 period for striking a balance. In some branches 
 of trade, however, the case is otherwise. Thus, 
 among VVcst India merchants, April 30 is the 
 time of balancing, because at that season the sales 
 of the preceding crop are, in general, completed, 
 and those of the current year not yet bcgim. 
 
 Arrears in book-keeping ought to be most care- 
 fully avoided^ilculntcd as they are to engender 
 mistakes, and to produce loss from delay in ad- 
 justing accounts. The practice of balancing the 
 ledger every C months, and of transmitting as 
 often accounts current to the correspondents and 
 connections of merchants, will, it is to be hoped, 
 become general. It is, however, hardly practicable 
 in cases where, as too often happens in the lesser 
 mercantile establishments, the book-keeper is 
 charged with a share of the active management. 
 Exemption from interruption, and removal from 
 the bustle of current business, are main requisites 
 to accuracy and despatch in accoinits. In exa- 
 mining, or, as it is called, collating the books, the 
 book-keeper requires not only a retired apartment, 
 but the assistance of a clerk for the purpose of 
 calling them over. A similar arrangement for 
 another purpose — we mean for composing the 
 Journal, the book-keeper dictating from the sub- 
 sidiary books to a clerk whose %vriting forms the 
 draught or rough copy of the Journal — has as yet 
 been seldom adopted; although, when properly 
 applied, it is highly conducive both to accuracy 
 and expedition. 
 
 A Ledger must, of course, have an index ; but 
 it is very brief, containing merely the titles 
 of the accounts and a reference to the page, as 
 follows : — 
 
 Allan tc Co.. James 
 Aiiiflia, khii* 
 
 Folio 
 ■i 
 
 
 nailer St Co., Janaes 
 BilU |ja>able 
 
 Folio 
 K 
 
 7 
 
 77ie Subsidiart/ Books,— la former times, when 
 buLiiness in this country was conducted by most 
 persons on a very limited scale, the accounts of a 
 number of merchants, or rather of those dealers 
 whom we should now think it a compliment to 
 call merchants, were often kept on a plan some- 
 what like that at present followed by our shop- 
 keepers. The merchant or his chief clerk kept a 
 daily record of transactions, whether sales, pur- 
 chases, receipts, or paj'ments, in a diary, which 
 was called a Waste-book, from the rude manner 
 in which the entries or rather notices in it were 
 •written, being inserted, one by one, soon after the 
 transactions sn question took place. From this 
 diary the Journal and Ledger were posted ; and 
 book-keeping by double entry being iu those days 
 luiderstood by few, one person frequently kept tlie 
 books of several merchants, passing one or two days 
 in the %vcek at the house of each, and reducing 
 these rough materials into the form of regular 
 entries. In process of time, as transactions mul- 
 tiplied and mercantile business took a wider range, 
 separate books were more generally required for 
 particular departments, such as a bill book for all 
 bills of exchange, and a cash book for all ready 
 money transactions. This had long been the case 
 in the large mercantile towns of Italy and Hol- 
 land ; and above a century ago it became a gene- 
 ral ])ractice in London and firistol, which were 
 tlien the only places of extensive business in 
 England. But in English, as in foreign counting- 
 houses, the bill book and even the cash book were 
 long considered as little more than memoranda of 
 details ; not as books of authority, or as fit docu- 
 ments for Journal entries : for that purpose the 
 diary only was used. In time, however, the mode 
 of keeping these subsidiary books improved, and 
 merchants became aware that, when cosh or bill 
 
 transactions were properly entered in them, the 
 Journal might be posted' from them as ■»vell as 
 from the diary. 
 
 Similar observations arc applicable to the other 
 subsidiary books, viz. an invoice book for goods 
 shipped, and an account of sales book for goods 
 received and sold. When from the gradual im- 
 provement in the management of counting-houses 
 these books were kept in a manner to supply all 
 that was wonted for Journal entries, the use of 
 the diary was dispensed with for such entries also. 
 And ut last it was found, that in all well-regulated 
 counting-houses the books kept for separate de- 
 partments of the business were sufficient for the 
 composition of the Journal, with the exception of 
 a few transactions out of the regular course, which 
 might be easily noticed in a supplementary book 
 called a Petty Journal, or a book for occiisional 
 entries. The consequence was, that the diarj' or 
 waste book, formerly the groundwork of the Jour- 
 nal and Ledger, became excluded from every 
 well-regulated counting-house. This has long been 
 the case, and the name of waste book would have 
 been forgotten, were it not found in the printed 
 treatises on book-keeping which have appeared 
 from time to time, and have been generally com- 
 posed by teachers in schools or academien, who, 
 unacquainted with the actual practice of mer- 
 chants, were content to copy and reprint what 
 ihey found laid down in old systems of book- 
 keeping. , 
 
 The subsidiary books required in a counting- 
 house arc, the Cash book ; 
 
 IJook of Acceptances of the house, or Bills Pay- 
 able; 
 
 Book of Bills receivable, or bills on other mer- 
 chants which are or have been iu possession off 
 the house ; 
 
 ' (■ 
 
 
 ' ■ 
 
 : I 
 
 , I ! . 
 
 i^.. . .1 
 
BOB^ 
 
 174 
 
 BOOK-KEETINa 
 
 1^^' 
 
 Hoiiftht book, or book for bills of parcels ; 
 Invoice bock, or register of goods sold or ex- 
 ported ; 
 Account of Sales book ; 
 
 Iiisurniice Policy book ; containing cojiius of nil 
 IKilioies of insurance ; 
 
 IVtty Journal, or book for such occasional 
 entries as do not belong to any of the preceding. 
 
 Such are the authorities from which it is now 
 customary, in every well-regulated house, to com- 
 ])osc the "Journiil. Their number indicates a rc- 
 |iartition or subdivision, to a considerable extent, 
 of counting-house work, and nowhere is such 
 repartition ])roductive of greater advantage. How 
 much better is it to enter all bills receivable in 
 one book, all bills payable in another, and all cash 
 transactions in a third, tlmn in any way to blend 
 these very distinct entries! The effect of this 
 Hubdivision is to simplify the Journal entries in a 
 manner highly conducive to accuracy and des- 
 patch ; and to present such means of checking or 
 examining them, that many transactions may be 
 stated, and an account extended over a number 
 of folios, without a single error. 
 
 The use of most of the subsidiary books is 
 sufhcicntly pointed out by their names ; but it 
 may be well to add a few remarks on the Bought 
 .Book, or receptacle for the accounts of goods 
 purchased. A bill of parcels is the name given to 
 the accomit of goods supplied by a manufacturer, 
 tradesman, or ilealer, to a merchant. Such ac- 
 counts soon become mimerous, and it is evidently 
 of consequence to adopt the best method of keeping 
 them. In former times it was the practice to fold 
 them up in a uniform size, and after writing on 
 the back the names of the respective furnishers, to 
 put them away in bundles. Hut wherever the 
 purchases of a merchant are extensive, and the 
 bills of parcels numerous, the better mode, after 
 arranging them alphabetically, is to paste them in 
 a large book, generally a folio, made of blue or 
 sugar-loaf paper: this book to have its pages 
 numbered, and to have an alphabetical index. 
 Any single bill of parcels may thus be referred to 
 with the same case as we turn to an account in a 
 ledger ; and one of these folios may be made to 
 hold a very great quantity of bills ol parcels ; as 
 many as would form a number of large bundles 
 when tied up on the plan of former times. 
 
 Book of Bills Payable. — The notice, or, as it is 
 termed, advice of bills payable after sight, gene- 
 rally comes to hand before the bills themselves. 
 As the time of the arrival of the latter is uncertain, 
 the better plan is not to enter them from the advice 
 among the other bills payable, but to appropriate 
 a space of 10 or 12 pages at the bcginnnig or end 
 of the book of bills payable, and to insert there 
 the substance of the advice received. 
 
 There are a few books in every counting-house 
 which do not form part of the vouchers or mate- 
 rials for the Journal ; viz. the Account Current 
 book, containing duplicates of the accounts fur- 
 nished by the house to their different correspond- 
 ents and connections ; 
 
 The Letter book, containing copies of all letters 
 written to the correspondents or connections of 
 the house ; 
 
 The Petty Cash book, or account of petty dis- 
 bursements, the sum of which is entered once a 
 month in the cash book ; 
 
 The Order book, containing copies of all orders 
 received ; 
 
 The Debenture book, or register of drawbacks 
 payable by the Custom-house. 
 
 it was formerly a practice in some houses for 
 the book-keeper to go over the letter book at the 
 end of each month, that he might take note of 
 
 any entries not supplied by the subsidiary books. 
 This, however, is now unnecessary ; these books, 
 wlien carefully kept, containing, in one shape or 
 other, every transaction of the house. 
 
 The I'rinciple of Double I'lntry, — From theso 
 explanations of the practice of book-keeping, wo 
 must call the attention of our readers to a topic of 
 more intricacj'— the origin of the present syxtem, 
 and the manner in wliich it was adopted. To 
 record the transactions of a merchant in a Journal 
 or day book was an obvious arrangement, and to 
 keep a Ledger or systematic register of the con- 
 tents of the Journal was a natural result of his 
 business, particularly when conducted on credit. 
 Such, in a rude form, are the books of our shop- 
 keepers, who enter their sales and purchases in a 
 day book, and in their Ledger carry the former to 
 the Dr. of their customers, the latter to the Cr. of 
 the wholesale dealers who supply them with goods. 
 Uy making at the end of the year a list of the 
 sums due to him by his customers, and of those 
 due by him to wholesale dealers, a shopkeeper 
 may, after adding to the former th" value of his 
 stock on hand, make out an approximate statement 
 of his debts and assets. Now, that which in this 
 manner is done indirectly and imperfectly, it is 
 the object of double entry to do with method and 
 certainty. The shopkeeper makes out a list of 
 debtors on one side and of creditors on the other, 
 but he cannot make them balance, because his 
 entries iiave been single; that is, they have hod 
 no counterpart. On making a purchose of cottons 
 from Messrs. M'Conncll of Manchester, or of wool- 
 lens from Messrs. Gott of Ixeds, he merely enters 
 the amount to their credit, but he makes no one 
 Dr. to them, because the goods are not sold; and 
 to introduce an imaginary account would be too 
 great a rcfmemcnt for a plain practical man. Itut 
 a person accustomed to double entiy would, with- 
 out any effort of thought, make ' Printed Calicoes ' 
 Dr. toMessrs, M'Connell, and ' Kerseymeres ' Dr. 
 to Messrs. Gott, for the respective amounts ; after 
 which, as the sales proceeded, he would make the 
 buyers Drs. to these accounts for the amoiuit of 
 their purchases. 
 
 We thus perceive that tbe intricacy in the 
 application of double entry ".as not with the per- 
 sonal 80 much as with the nominal accounts. 
 Let Hs refer to the country where book-keeping 
 was lirst studied, and fake as an example the 
 case of Doria, a merchant in Genoa, shipping, in 
 a former age, silk, of the value of 200/., bought 
 from Flori, in Piedmont, to Henderson and Co., 
 silk manufacturers, in England, on the terms of 
 charging, not an additional price, but a com- 
 mission of 6 per cent, with interest until reim- 
 bursed his advance. In entering the transaction, 
 Doria's book-keeper woiUd, as a matter of course, 
 make Hendersons debtors to Flori 200/. for the 
 cost of the silk ; but he might not so readily find 
 a creditor for the 10/. commission, or the 11. 
 interest eventually duo on the advance. The 
 custom in this primitive era of book-keeping 
 probably was, to mtroduce the firm of the house 
 into their books, making Hendersons debtors to 
 Doria for the 10/. and 7/. ; but as the practice of 
 book-keeping improved, it was found preferable 
 to avoid inserting, on any occasion, the firm of 
 the house, and to substitute nominal accounts, 
 such OS, commission, interest, bills payable, billet 
 receivable. These, attention and practice ren- 
 dered in time familiar to the book-keeper, who 
 learned to open his Journal at the beginning of a 
 year by making the parties who owed balances 
 to the house debtors, not to the firm by name, 
 but to Stock ; and those to whom the house was 
 indebted, creditors by Stock. As the tronaactious 
 
 of the year 
 
 money was 
 
 the house, 
 
 account bill 
 
 payable; so 
 
 assumed its 
 
 impcrceptib 
 
 ^Vhat are 
 
 pared to thai 
 
 tc-it of accur 
 
 debtor side u 
 
 the creditor 
 
 «-f a matt(T 
 
 through this 
 
 l'''iKth, niav 1 
 
 a Kcneral acc( 
 
 calicoes, the ' 
 
 on hand may 
 
 the account ii 
 
 references to 
 
 wise be reqi 
 
 dealer could 1 
 
 he took stock 
 
 Ledger ba).in( 
 
 taking, howev 
 
 servants, becoi 
 
 of calculation. 
 
 in trade, whe 
 
 fncturer, doubl 
 
 of his accounts 
 
 enquirj'os tot) 
 
 nution of hi° ca 
 
 This advant! 
 
 without any gri 
 
 the books of dc 
 
 uino parts in t 
 
 single entrvr ft 
 
 double entry in 
 
 end of the moi 
 
 to exhibit the i 
 
 actions. 
 
 Nominal Aen 
 us to notice onl 
 chandisje. The ' 
 »ide all the cm 
 gains obtoined 
 tlie debtor side „ 
 llier by bad del 
 
 June 30 
 
 I .July Z 
 July 9 I 
 
 lift.-. .-,1 
 
 \% 
 
 To Inlanre 
 1 u yuur di 
 oue Aui. 
 I'o invoXcf 
 •^wetla, Ui 
 To cash pa 
 your acfou 
 To injurar 
 ■hipiml h 
 Nokes.l." 
 pi'r ctnl. 
 
 Po 
 
 PiMlaftr am 
 'luriiiK the 
 i o conimiss 
 on msi. I 
 '■!«•'/. rcci'l^ 
 rount 
 To Iialancp 
 
 half 
 
 J^ilon, neccmbcr ; 
 
 \^'^e have here „ 
 nmdeorrosponsibi] 
 «iUs in question, j 
 
BOOK-KEEPING 175 
 
 of tho ycta proceeded, be mndo tliosc to whom | Kvrry hniiso kccpinf; rpgidnr books miisl h.ivc! ii 
 nioucy was paid debtors, not to tbo tiriii of protit and Iuhh iiccuuiit, but a merchandise account 
 the bouse, but to Cash ; and thorn- for whose ' is alto^cthiT optional. Those who have such ix 
 account billa were iicceptcd debtors to IJills ! licad in their Lcd(i;cr arc accustomed to make it 
 payable ; so that book-keepinfj bv doiibli' c-ntry 1 Dr. to the dealers or furnishers from whom they 
 
 assumed its present fonii (rraduaily and almost 
 imperceptibly. 
 
 What are tho advantages of this method com- 
 pared to that of sinj^lo entry ? First, it supplii-s a 
 tc.-t of accuracy, inasmuch as, tho entries on tho 
 debtor side of the J.odfjer being equal to those on 
 the creditor side, their respective totals ought, 
 as a mattiT of course, to balance. After going 
 through this proof, personal accounts, of whatever 
 
 make jiurchases, and to credit it in n^turn by 
 the correspondents or connections to whom tlicy 
 niako sales. In many houses, however, tlu're is 
 no such intermediate accoui.t; the ))ar(ies to 
 whom the goods are sent boil g made Drs. at 
 once to the furnishers of the goods, as in llie 
 case of the shipment to Jamaica stated in our 
 preceding pages. 
 A merchant, before estimating his profits, ought 
 
 leiigtii, may be settled with coulidcnee ; while in i to charge interest on each head ot investment, 
 a general account, such as kerseymeres or printed His dear profit cannot be ascertained without it ; 
 calicoes, the value sold and the value remaining and the practice of charging it is a lesson to him 
 on hand may be ascertained by merely balancing to hold no pro|)erty that does not alford, at least, 
 the account in the Lodger, without the repeatcil i interest on his advances. 
 
 refersnces to tho sales book that would other- | Jlercantile books and accounts must bo kept in 
 wise be required. Without double entry, a ; the money of tho country in which the partners 
 dealer could hardly estimate his iirojierty unless l reside. A house in Rotterdam e(nn|)osed of Kiig- 
 lie took stock ; but with it an extraction of the lish jiartners necessarily keep their accounts in 
 Ledger balances fulfils that object, and stock- j Dutch money, although their transactions may bo 
 taking, however proper as a test of the honesty of ! cbieily with England. Further, books, it is o!)- 
 servants, becomes (luito unnecessary as a means vious, can be kept in only one kind of money ; 
 
 of calculation. In short, in regard to any person 
 in trade, whether merchant, dealer, or manu- 
 facturer, double entry forms the connecting link 
 of his accounts, and affords a ready solution of an^v 
 cnquirj'as to the appropriation, increase, or dimi- 
 nution of hi° capital. 
 
 This advantage may fortunately be obtained 
 without any great sacntice of time- or labour. Of 
 tho books of dealers, manufacturers, and retailers, 
 nine parts in ten may continue to be kept by 
 single entry t for the addition of a few pages of 
 double entry in tho form of a summary, at the 
 end of the month or cjuarter, will be sufKciont 
 to exhibit the result of a great extent of trans- 
 actions. 
 
 Nominal Aecounts. — Of these our limits permit 
 us to notice only two; Profit and Loss, and Mer- 
 chandise, Tho former contains on the creditor 
 side all the entries of commissions earned, and 
 gains obtained on particular adventures; while 
 the debtor side exhibits the losses incurred, whe- 
 ther by bad debts or by unsuccessful puichosea. 
 
 and wlien a merchant in England receives from a 
 distant country accounts which cannot at tho 
 time be entered in sterling for want of a fixed 
 exchange, these accounts should bo noted in a 
 separate book, until, the exchange being ascer- 
 tained, they can be entered in tho Journal in 
 sterling. 
 
 A book-keeper will do well to avoid all such 
 puzzling distinctions as 'J. Johnson, my account 
 with biin ; ' and ' J. Johnson, his account proper ; ' 
 on the plain ground that every account in the 
 Ledger ought to be the general account of tho 
 person whose name it bears. 
 
 Errors excepted. — This exjiression is merely b 
 l)rovi»o, that if any mistakes be discovered in "tho 
 account in question, they shall bo open to cor- 
 rection. 
 
 Accounts Current, — An account current gene- 
 rally contains ,'U the transactions of tho houso 
 witt one of its cc. respondents during a given 
 time, generally G or 12 months. Tho following is 
 an example : — 
 
 iMcurs. jAURi Allan St Co. 
 
 Jamaici, In .\ccount Current with IIknrv IIahclav & Co. London. i 
 
 
 Dr.. 
 
 
 
 
 Davs 
 
 toSi 
 
 Interest 
 
 
 Crs. 
 
 
 Day. ! 
 
 nil 
 
 
 £ 
 
 t. 
 
 i. 
 
 Dec 
 
 
 1S12 
 
 
 £ >. ,1. 
 
 Dec. j 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Juno 30 
 
 To bolanrc of Iniit account 
 
 8b7 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 184 
 
 1,595 
 
 Aug. 10 
 
 By proceetls of 20 tierces 
 
 
 
 
 .luly 2 
 
 To jour draft to J. Smith, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 coOee, per Louita, due 
 
 
 
 
 
 due Auff. 13 - • - 
 To Iniolce of good! pw 
 
 las 
 
 
 
 
 
 140 
 
 179 
 
 
 Sept. 10 ... . 
 
 410 
 
 112 
 
 4*9 
 
 July 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 By your remittance on J. 
 Auitin, due Ocl. 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 Amtlia, due Oct. !) - 
 
 702 
 
 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 C24 
 
 
 3S0 
 
 82 
 
 2S7 
 
 Oct. 10 
 
 To cash itaid J, Harvey on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sejit. 15 
 
 By proceeds of 17 hhds. 
 
 
 
 
 
 your account - - - 
 
 To Innumnce on nroducti 
 
 shimwd by you in the ^nn, 
 
 No\M,l,400/.,atliguineaa 
 
 75 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 82 
 
 (12 
 
 
 sugar, per K.rcti/H, due 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oct. 14 ... . 
 
 2.-S 
 
 77 
 
 173 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sept. 20 
 
 By cash received from J. 
 .Tohnson on your account 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 260 
 
 102 
 
 205 
 
 
 tier cent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I)cc. 31 
 
 B.ilance of Interest carried 
 
 
 
 
 
 £'i9 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to Dr. • - . . 
 
 
 
 1,276 
 
 
 Policy 3 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B.alance of account carried 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to your l>r, in new account 
 
 R21 8 7 
 
 
 
 
 1I(V. 31 
 
 Postage and petty charges 
 during the half year 
 
 To commission, f percent, 
 on V(I3/. paid, Ditto on 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vti'^l. received on your ac- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 count .... 
 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 To balance of Inter .-st this 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 half year, l,'i76 divided 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 by 73, la .... 
 
 £ 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 2,460 
 
 l.\T.> 
 
 H 
 
 _L 
 
 
 2,11.0 
 
 i,s;9 8 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Errors excepted. « 
 
 
 1 
 
 Lnnilon, DKCinbcr 31, 1812. 
 
 
 
 
 
 If KNRT Barclay Sc Co. 
 
 We have here on the Dr. side .ill the jiaj'tnenta 
 made or responsibilities incurred for the correspond- 
 cuts in question, and on the Cr. side tlio different 
 
 receipts on their account. Tlio interest for tho 
 half year, tho commission on receipts and pay- 
 ments, the postage and petty charges, being then 
 
176 
 
 BOOK-KEKPINO 
 
 M 
 
 milled, tlm acrount may be cloHi-d and tlic balanco 
 carriod lo next yi'nr. OopioH of iiccouiits ciirri'tit 
 iMi'^ht tn lin sent olT a!< hood ax pciHxiliUs aftiT llin 
 diiy to which they aro brought down; and witli 
 that viow they oii^ht lo Uv written out from the 
 Ledijer t>ef(ire tlie close of the ycir or half year, 
 p.irtiridarly n» the entries for interest and com- 
 mission can be made only after they are written 
 out. The whole ou^ht thou to be copied into the 
 nrcount current book. 
 
 Hut in some count in);-housP8 the account cur- 
 rent book, instead of bcinj; copied from the Led- 
 per and .luunial, is jxisted, like the latter, from 
 the bill book, the cash book, the invoice book, 
 and the account of sales book. It is then con- 
 fidered u check on tlu' .lonrnal and licd^er; and 
 I'riun the comparative ease with which it is jiosfed, 
 niay l)e cinnpleted and made use of before the 
 latter are fully broujjht up. This is certainly an 
 advantage in houses where, from pressure on the 
 book-keeper, the •Journal and Ledger are in arrear, 
 but such oupht never to be the case for any lenf,'tli 
 of lime; while as to the former jioint — that of 
 forminj; a check on the Journal and Ledi;er— the 
 fact is, that these books, from Iho mode in which 
 they are kept, arc much more likely to bo correct 
 than the account current book. 
 
 I'rinted lyorkr on Ihmh-heepiiiij. — To the pub- 
 lications of old date by teachers have succeeded, 
 in the present age, several treatises on book- 
 keeping by accountants. Some of the. are of 
 very limited use, bcins directed more to recom- 
 mend a favourite practice of the author in some 
 particular branch of book-keepinp than to convey 
 n comprehensive view of the system. The only 
 works on the subject entitled to that character 
 arc two : one, A Complete System of Book-heep- 
 inij, London 1799, by the late Benjamin Ilooth ; 
 the other. The Science of Book-heej>ing exemplified, 
 by Mr. Jones, an accountant in London, printed 
 in IS.'fl. liooth was a man of ability, who had 
 experience both as a merchant and a book- 
 keeper, having jiasscd one part of his life in 
 London, the other in New York. The reader of 
 his work finds a great dcil of info.uiation in 
 short compass, without being perplexed either 
 by superfluous detail or by fanciful theory, 
 '"'he form of Mr. Uooth's Journal and Ledger is 
 similar to what we have given in the preceding 
 p.iges, and to the practice of our merchants for 
 more than a century: it was by much the best 
 work on book-keeping, until Mr. Jones deviseil 
 several improvements calculated to lessen the 
 risk of error in both Journal and Ledger. One of 
 these improvements is the use of two columns 
 tor ligures in each page of the .Journal, one for 
 llie Drs., the -)tlier for the Crs. ; by inserting each 
 sum twice, the book-keeper obtains the means 
 (if proving the Journal additions poge by page. 
 The posting from the Journal to the Ledger is 
 .also sim])lilied and rendered less subject to *rror 
 by the use of these columns. In regard to the 
 great task of balancing the Ledger, Mr. Jones's 
 plan is to do it (piarter by (piarter. making use of 
 a separate book, called a balance book, in which 
 are inserted the totals on eiich sid • of the Ledger 
 juconnts at the end of 3 months. Uy these 
 moans the agreement of the general balances is 
 made a matter of certainty after completing the 
 additions. Other parts of Mr. Jones's book, viz. 
 hi.i Jhrmultc for books on the single entry plan, 
 and for the accounts of bankers, contain sugges- 
 tions of evident utility. Ili.t volume consists of 
 two parts: the printed part (120 ))p.) containing 
 the treatise, with directions; and the lithographed 
 part (140 pp.) giving copious examples in two 
 sets of books, one kept by single, the other by \ 
 
 BOOKS 
 
 double entry. If, on a rciniprossion, the author 
 were to divule the work, and to sell the single 
 entry part separately from the double entry, the 
 price of each might be moclerate, and a great 
 service would be reuderc<i to the mercantile public, 
 
 HOOKS ((!er. bllrher; Dutch, boeken; Dan. 
 bitger; Swed. biicker; l-'r. livres; Ital. libn ; .Span, 
 libros; Port, livros; Uiiss. knigi ; I'id. ksiaski, 
 ksiegi; Lat. libri). Written or printeil treatises 
 on any branch of science, art, or literature, com- 
 ]>08ed with the view of instructing, amusing, or 
 persuading the reader. 
 
 CupyriglU is the right which the authors of books 
 or treatises claim to the exclusive privilege of 
 ])rinting, publishing, and srlling them. 
 
 Itooks are sometimes blank, as account books; 
 but these enjoy no |)eculiar privileges, and do not 
 come within tlu^ scope of our enquiries. 
 
 Itooks are diviiled into cliissci, according to tlio 
 mode in whicli the sheets of the paper on which 
 they arc printed or written are fohled : viz. folio, 
 when the sheet is folded into two leaves; ipuirto, 
 when folded into yiiwr; «> 'oro. when folded into 
 eii/lit; duodecimo, when ihc sheet is fohlcd into 
 tiirlre, &c. In making these classificaliu'.is, no 
 attention is paid to the size of the sheet. 
 
 I. I'royress and present Stale if the Law as to 
 the Copyright of Books. — It has been doubted 
 whether, in antiquity, an author had any exclusive 
 right to a work, or whether, having imce published 
 it, he could restrain others from copying it, and 
 selling copies. We incline to think that he could. 
 The |>ublic sale of copies of works is jfteii referred 
 to in the classics ; and in such a way ax warrants 
 the inference thot they were productive to the 
 author, which could not have been the cose had 
 every one been permitted to copy them at pleasure. 
 Terence, in one of his phiys (I'ral. in Eunuch. \. 
 20), says, ' Fabulam, quam nunc acturi sumus, 
 postquam icdiles cmerunt; ' but why should the 
 magistrates have bought it, had it l)cen free to 
 every one to copy it 'i" Martial, in one of his 
 epigrams, says — 
 
 Sunt quirlnm, qui me ilirunt nnn mte jWtam : 
 hetl qui me viniiit, bihliopola, putat, 
 
 I.il). liT. Kp. I'JI. 
 
 'I'hls evi<lentlv conveys the idea that ho liml 
 assigned the right to sell his book to a single per- 
 son who jTotited by it. Pas-ages to the same 
 efl'ect may be foun<l in Horace (I)e Arte Poetico, 
 line ;J15), Juvenal (Sal. 7, line 8;t) Ac. 
 
 It would have been singular, indeed, had it been 
 otlierwisc. Of all the species of property a man 
 can possess, the frul;s of his mental labours seem 
 lo be most peculiarly his own. And though it 
 may, w(! think, be shown that many serious in- 
 conveniences would result from giving the same 
 absolute and interminable property over ideas 
 that is given over material objects, these incuii- 
 vcniences could hardly have been perceived iu 
 anti(iuity. 
 
 It will also be observed, that in antiquity a 
 coi)yriglit was of much less value than in moilVru 
 limes. Hooks coidd then only be multiplied by 
 copying them with the pen ; and if any one chose 
 privately to copy a work, or to buy it of another, 
 it must have been very diflicult to hinder him: 
 but when printing had been introduced, the greater 
 <-heapness of books not only extended the demand 
 for them in far greater proportion, and conse- 
 quently rendered copyrights more valuable, but it 
 alsoall'orded the means of preventing their piracy. 
 Frinting is not a device by which a few copies of 
 a book can be obtained at a cheap rale. It is pro- 
 ductive of cheapness only when it is emjdoyed 
 upon a largo scale, or when a considerable im- 
 pression is to be throAvn oil". And hence, after iti* 
 
 invention, pi 
 secret : the p 
 market ; the i 
 and the ollem 
 punished. 
 
 '•'or a eonsi 
 printing, no qi 
 •^■spect lo oopi 
 • •arly adoplimi 
 merits soon pn 
 Jiowerfiil eiigii 
 'hid ; and the 
 of its energies 
 all works not 
 I'liriiig the oo 
 «.•!•< etI'rctiinJh 
 ('■■f & I It'll.", 
 JT' 'I'laniations i 
 printing i.fonv 
 as well ns „"j, 
 <'ensing Act tii 
 became reallv 
 simimary nieth 
 invasion of theii 
 the Licensing Ai 
 their rights at n 
 bookseller could 
 at common law, 
 damape, property 
 ■ated ; it being i 
 the sale of one 
 "iirler thesi" v\ 
 made to I'arliam 
 profierty. by jrrm 
 method of "prever 
 In conse<|uence, 
 jiasscd, securing t 
 oxcliisive right of 
 certain, from the 
 'iiigent 14 years, 
 the expiration of I 
 books protected b 
 of till' authors or 
 till' pirated copioj,, 
 same. !Su('h be 
 Stationers' Hall 
 of this Act. 
 
 It had been ci,.- 
 to this period, for 
 of Oxford and I 
 most books enlcre 
 Act of Anne mad. 
 of all works emit 
 •leliveredtothcfo 
 I.d.iurv. now tran 
 tlie Libraries of 
 Libraries of the 
 Library of Sion C 
 Faculty of Advoc 
 eojiies. 
 
 The Act of Anne 
 
 ns to copyright. ' 
 
 dill not afl'ect tliei 
 
 they or their assig 
 
 common law agains 
 
 alter the period 
 
 expired. The pub 
 
 sistcd these preten 
 
 was cither no righ 
 
 the productions of 
 
 «ich right to have 
 
 tlift statute of Ann< 
 
 "f opinion in the 
 
 i«rd Mansfield, M 
 
 "lost eminent Ju 
 
 <;laims of the aiitl, 
 
 "ecided, upon au ii\ 
 
 of 
 
.1 
 
 invention, piracy couW hnnlly he CdmrniUcS in 
 xvi'rot : the |iinit(Ml Ixtoii liiiil to lie liroii^lit t<< 
 marlicl ; tlip I'riiiiil wns thus mirt' to 1»! iii".(itp<l, 
 and tlio (ilTond'iiK party niinlit bt> pnmucuu'd iiml 
 piinislicil. 
 
 l''(ir n t'DnHiilcrablp finn nftor tlio inv.'ntinn n',' 
 printiiif;, no qucKlions seem lo have occurred wiih 
 renpect to ropyrlshts. 'I'liis wan ocoa-sioni il hy tlie 
 early adoptioi\ (>!' thi^ licentiM^ «y:<teni. (iovern- 
 montssoon perceived llie vast iiiiportnnee of the 
 l)o\verful en;;ine tliat had l>een lirc>u;,'lit into tlii! 
 lielil ; and Ihey endoavonreil io uviiil llieni.solves 
 of its ener;,'ies by inlcrdiclinj; the publication of 
 all works not iireviously liccnsc^l l>y autliority. 
 I'liriu); tlio continuation of tills system, jiiracy 
 win etVectnally prevented. The I^icensinj; Act 
 (l.'t & II Cb. II. c. 2) and the jirevious Ai'ls and 
 pri'daniations to the s;inio elVoct, prohibited the 
 printing; of any book without consent of the owner, 
 as well as without a license. In ItJ'Jl the l,i- 
 eensiuK Act tiually expired, and the press then 
 became really free. Instead, however, of the 
 summary methods for obtaining; redress for any 
 invasion of their property enjoyed by them under 
 the LieetiBinf? Acts, authors were now left to defe:id 
 their rifjhts at romnuin law; and as no author or 
 bookseller could procure any redress for a piracy 
 at common law, except in so far as he could prove 
 ilamufle, pro|,erty in i)ooks was virtually annihi- 
 lated ; it beinjj in most cases impossible to prove 
 the sale of one printed copy out of a hundred. 
 Under these circumstances, applications were 
 made to I'arliament for an Act to protect literary 
 pro|ierty. by fjrantinf; seme speedy and ell'ectual 
 method of prevent inj; the s.ik of spurio\is copies. 
 In consciiuence, the statute H Anne c. I'J was 
 jiassed, securing to author.! and their nssifjnees the 
 exclusive ri};ht of printing their books for 14 years 
 certain, from the day of publication, with a eoii- 
 lioLcent 14 years, jirovided the author were alive at 
 the expiration of the first term. Tersons printing' 
 books protected by this Act, without the consent 
 of tlii^ authors or their assignees, were to forfeit 
 the i)irated copies, and \<l. for every sheet of the 
 s.nine. Such books as were not entered at 
 Stationers' Ilall were excluded from the benelit 
 of this Act. 
 
 It had been customary, for sc"'o time previous 
 to this period, for the libraries of the Universities 
 of Oxford and (Cambridge, Ac. to get a copy of 
 most books entered at Stationers' Hall; and the 
 Act of Amie made it imperative that single copies 
 (if all works entitled to its protection sliould be 
 (Iclivered to the following libraries : viz. the Koyal 
 bibiary. now transferred to the ISrilish ISIu.scuni; 
 the Libraries of Oxford and Oambridge; the 
 Libraries of the four Scotch Universities: the 
 Library of Sion College, I.rf)ndon. and that of the 
 Faculty of Advocates in Edinburgh ; in all, nine 
 copies. 
 
 The Act of Anne did not put to rest the questions 
 ns to copyright. The authors contended that it 
 did not afl'ect their natural ownership; and that 
 they or their assigns were entitled to proceed at 
 fummnn law against those who pirated their work.t 
 .nfter the period mentioned in the statute had 
 expired. The publishers of spurious editions re- 
 sisted these pretensions, and contended that there 
 was either no right of property at common law in 
 the productions of the mind ; or that, supposing 
 such right to have existed, it was superseded by 
 the statute of Anne. There was some difference 
 cif opinion in the courts oa to these points ; but 
 Loril Mansfield, Mr. ,Tustice Klackstonc, aiul the 
 must eminent Judges, were favourable to the 
 claims of the anthorb. However, it was finally 
 decided, upon au apiicul lo the House of Lords in 
 
 HOOKS 177 
 
 1774, that an action could not l)C maintained for 
 pirating a copyright after the term specillcd in the 
 statute. ((iolsdii Oh //« f,<iw iif I'nlinh unit 
 Coiii/riiilitu, p. 'JO."),) 
 
 IIh! Act of Oueen Anne referred only to (ireat 
 llritaiii ; but in IHdl its provisions were extended 
 to liclanil ; the penalty, exclusiv<' of forfeiture, on 
 printing or importing books wirliout consent of 
 the proprietor, was also increased from lil. to ;i(/. 
 a sheet. In return for this concession, two ad- 
 <lllional copies of all works (iitered at Stalione"!' 
 Ilall were to be delivered ; oru' lo Trinity ( ullege, 
 Dublin, and one to the King's hnis, Dublin. 
 
 Kveryone must be satistied tbat 14 years' ex- 
 clusive pos.sc.ssion is f.ir too short ;i period to 
 indemnify the author of a work, the <'oin(H>sition 
 of which has reipiiredany roiisiderable amount of 
 1 ibour and research ; though -^< years is perh;ips, 
 all things considered, not a very improper period. 
 Itut the grand defect of the statute of Anne con- 
 sisteil in its making the right to the exdusivi! 
 po.ssession for '^H years contingent on the fact of u 
 person having lived a ihiy more or less than 14 
 years alter the publication of his work. Ibis was 
 making the enjoyment of an important right de- 
 pi'ndent on a mere accidental circumstance over 
 which man bos no cimtrol. I'ould anything be 
 more oppres.sivc and unjust than to hii\der an 
 author from bequeathing that properly to bis 
 widow and children, that would have behmged 
 to himself bad he beenaliveV Nothing, indeed, 
 as it appears to us, can be more obvious than the 
 justice o*' "vtendiiig all copyrights to the same 
 period, whether Mie authors be di'ad or not. 
 
 Hut though the extreme hardship, not to say 
 injustice, of the Acl of tiueen Ainie bad been 
 repeatedly pointed out, its provisions were con- 
 tinued (U)wn to 1814, when the Copyright Act, 
 o4 Geo. III. c. 150, was passed. This Act ex- 
 tended the duration of all copyrights, whether the 
 authors were dead or alive, to "JX years certain ; 
 with the further provision, that if the aulhor 
 should be alive at the end of tbat period, he should 
 enjoy the copyright during the residue of bis life. 
 
 l!ut though the Act of 1H\1 conferred a most 
 important advantage on authors and publishers, 
 it did not satisfy their pretensions, and rei>eated 
 attempts were subsequently made to have copy- 
 rights deelaretl perpetual, or, at all events, to have 
 their term consiilerably extended. In conse- 
 quence, after a great deal of discussion, the cxi.st- 
 ing Copyright Act, ;'» A ti Vict. c. 4.'), was passed 
 in 1X42. This statute exten<ls the duration of all 
 copyrights, whether the authors be dead or olive, 
 U> /till i/-t ICO years certain : providing, further, tbat 
 if the author be alive at the expiration of this 
 period of 42 years from the publication of his 
 work, he shall enjoy the copyright to his death, 
 and that his heirs or a.ssigns shall enjoy it for 7 
 years after that event. We subjoin an abstract of 
 "this .statute. 
 
 Clause 1 repeals former Acts, viz. 8 Anne c. lt>, 
 41 (Jeo. Ill, c. 107, and 54 tieo. III. c. l.")(;. 
 
 Clause 2 refers to the interpretation of this Act. 
 
 Endurance of Term of Copyright in any Hook 
 hereafter to be piiblisheil. — Tiie copyright in every 
 book' which shall hereafter be published in the 
 lifetime Of its author "fehall endure for the natural 
 life cf such author, and for the further term of 7 
 years from the time of his death, and shall be tho 
 property of such author and his assigns: pro- 
 vided always, that if the said term of 7 years shall 
 expire before the end of 42 years from the lirst 
 publication of such book, the copyright shall in 
 that case endure for such period of 42 years; and 
 that the copyright in every book which shall bo 
 published a'.cr the death of its author shall endure 
 N 
 
178 
 
 BOOKH 
 
 H t. 
 
 
 fur the fonn of 4"2 yonrs from tin- (irt piiMirnlioii 
 tliiriMif, 1111(1 uliiill l)«! till' prnpcrtyiif till- proprictur 
 111' till" iiiitliiir'.s inniiiisiTipt irnm wliiili hiiiiIi lidok 
 (tli.'ill lir lir-'t piililifilKMl, nml his ns.-<i;jiiiM's. (Sec. II.) 
 //( ((Ki'.i (I/" siilmistiiiji Ciipiiriijht Me Trnn fii lir 
 f.ih iii/i'/.- -'i'\u' copyri^'ht wliicli nl llio timi' of 
 pn^-iii« this Aft hIiiiII (iulii<i^t in niiy piililislird 
 IxiiiU (rxccpt lis licrriimftiT iiuMitioiii'd) »*liall Im 
 cxliiiili'd mill cmliiri' fur llu- full t •rin proviilnl 
 liv this Act ill ciiscs nf honlvs tlicrtttfliT piihli^hnl, 
 aiiil f-lmll 1)1' till! property of the- pprsoii who at. tliu 
 tiiiii' of pnssiii^; this Act shall he the proprietor 
 of Micli copyright ; proviileil, that in all cases in 
 which such pnpyrinlit shall lieloiit; ill whole or ill 
 part to a |mlilislier or other person who shall have 
 acipiired it for other considpriitioii than that of 
 natural love and alVection, sucli ('opyri,L;ht shall 
 not lie extemlcd l>y this Act. Iiiit shall endure for 
 tho term which shall siihsist therein at the time 
 of p.'issiiij;; this Act, and no loiif^er, unless the 
 nntliorof such hook, if ho he liviufr, or the per- 
 sonal representative of such nutlior. if he he dead, 
 and the proprietor of such copyri(,dit shall, hefore 
 the- expiration of such term, consent and njjree to 
 a<;i;cpt the henelits of this Act in respect of such 
 hook, in the form jjiven in thi' schedule annexed 
 to the Act to he entered in the hook of registry 
 thereinafler directed to he kept, in which case 
 such copyri;,'lit shall endure for tlie full term of 
 the hooks to he piihlishcd after tho passing of this 
 Act. and shall he the jiropcrty of such person or 
 jicrsons as in such minute shall bo expressed. 
 (Sec. 1.) 
 
 Clause 5 pives the •Indicia) Committee of the 
 Privy Council power to license the republication 
 of such bonks as the proprietor refuses to republish 
 after death of the author. 
 
 Clauses (> and 7 specify the terms within which 
 copies of books pulilished after thi! passini^ of this 
 Act, and of Riihsequent editions, shall be delivered 
 at tile Uritish Museum. 
 
 (.'laiise H directs that (besides the copy for the 
 Uritish Museum) a copy of every book bo de- 
 livered within a month efter demand to the oflicer 
 of tho Stationers' C'onipany for tho followin-; 
 libraries: viz. tho ISodleian at Oxford, the I'liblic 
 Library at Cambridge, the l''a "I'y of Advocates 
 at Kdiiihurffh,and tiiat of 'i'rin. > Jollef;c, Dublin. 
 (Clauses !) and 10 authorise puiiiishors to deliver 
 copies to tho libraries, instead of at tho Stationers' 
 Company, and impose penalties for default in 
 dclivcrinj; copies for tho use of tho said libraries. 
 J}o(i/{ of lieyislry to be ki'pt at Statlimem' Hull. — 
 A book of registry, wherein may bo registered the 
 proprietorship in tho copyright of books, and as- 
 signments thereof, and in dramatic and musical 
 pieces, whether in manuscript or otherwise, and 
 licenses atl'ecting such copyright shall be kept at 
 the hall of tho Stationers Company, and shall bo 
 open to the inspection of any person, on payment 
 of one shilling for every entry searched for or 
 inspecteil in the said book; and tho oflicer in 
 charge of such book shall, whenever reipiired, give 
 a copy of such entry in .such book, certilied under 
 his hand, and imiiressed with tho stamp provided 
 by said company for that ]iurpose, to any person 
 requiring the same, on payment of tho sum of live 
 shillings; and such copies so certilied and im- 
 pressed shall bo received in evidence hi all courts 
 and in all su-mmary proceedings, and shall be 
 prima facio jiroofof the propriotorship or assign- 
 ment of copyright or license as tlicreiii expressed, 
 and in the case of dramatic or musical pieces 
 shall be prima facie proof of tho right of repro- 
 scntntiim or performance. (Sec. 11.) 
 
 Clause \i enacts that making a false entry in 
 tho book of rogistrv sludl bo a misdemeanour. 
 
 CIniiHe III enacts that entries of copyright may 
 he made ill the book of registry. 
 
 ('laiise II enacts that per-ons aggrieved by any 
 entry in the book of registry may apply to a court, 
 of law in term, or judge in vacation, who may 
 order siii'h entry to be varicil or expiniged. 
 
 Ufiiifili/ f'lir till' Pinny of HimiIih by Aitiiin on 
 the ('ii.li: — If any person shall, in any part of the 
 Uritish dominions, after tho passing of this Act, 
 print or cause to be printed, for sale or export.i ■ 
 tioii, any book in which there shall he a siihsist iiig 
 copyright, without the consent in writing of the 
 proprietor, or shall import for sale or hire any such 
 liook nnlawfully printed fmni parts beyond tho 
 sea, or, knowing such book to have been so un- 
 lawfully printed or imported, shall sell, publish, or 
 expose to sale or hire, or shall have in his pos- 
 session, for sale or hire, any such book without 
 consent as aforesaid, such oifender shall be lialili! 
 to a special action on tho case at the suit of tho 
 jiroprictor of such copyright, to he brought in any 
 court of record in that part of the Uritish dominions 
 in which the otrence shall bo committed : provided 
 always, that in Scotland such offender shall he 
 liable to an action in tho Court of Session in Scot- 
 land, to bo brought and prosecuted in tho same 
 manner as any other action of damages to tho 
 like amount may be brought and prosecuted there. 
 (See. 1.1.) 
 
 (,'lauso ir> enacts that in actions for piracy tho 
 defendant shall give notice of the objections to tho 
 pliiintitrs title on which he means to rely. 
 
 Clause 17 enacts that no person, except the 
 proprietor Arc, shall import into tho ISritish do- 
 minions, for sale or hire, any book first composed 
 itc. within the United Kingdom, wherein there 
 shall be copyright, and reprinted elsewhere, under 
 penalty ol forfeiture thereof, and also of 10/. and 
 double the value. Hooks may bo seized by oHiccrs 
 of customs or excise. 
 
 Clause \x relates to and delines tho copyright 
 in enoycloiia'ilias, periodicals, and works published 
 in a series, reviews, or magazines. 
 
 Clause I'.l enacts that proprietors of eneyclo- 
 piedias, periodicals, and works publishoil in series, 
 m,iy enter at once at Stationers' Hall, and thereon 
 have the benefit of the registration of the whole. 
 Clause '20 enacts that the provisions of ."f S.- I 
 Win. IV. c. 15 shall be extended to musical com- 
 posiiious, and the term of copyright, as provided 
 tiy this Act, applied to the lilierly of reproscnliiig 
 dramatic jiieces and musical compositions. 
 
 Clause 2;! enacts that pirated books shall boeomo 
 the property of the proprietor of the copyright, 
 and may bo recovered by action. 
 
 ( llanse 2.") makes copyright personal property. 
 It was further enacted by the statute o iV (! 
 Vict. c. '17 that the importation of all hooks, nl' 
 which there is an existing copyright, into the 
 l.'nited Kingdom, should be absolutely prohibited 
 from April i, IHV.i. 
 
 The great practical difticnlty in interpreting tho 
 Copyright Acts is in' distinguishing between an 
 original work and a copy made, animo fiirandi. 
 from one already in existence. Tho following is 
 a summary of Jlr. (Jodson's remarks on thi-i 
 subject: — 
 
 ' Tho identity of a literary work consists entirely 
 in tho aentiments and language. The same cim- 
 cejitions, clothed in the .same words, must neces- 
 sarily bo the same composition; and whatever 
 method is taken of exhibiting that composition to 
 the ear or the eye, by reeltal, or by writing, or liy 
 printing, in any number of copies, or at .any period 
 of time, the property of anotlicr person has been 
 violated ; for the new book is still the identical 
 work of the real author. 
 
 
 'Thiw, ( 
 •em I men ti 
 piracy. 'I' 
 n (v\v pag 
 not row, ( 
 although t 
 fcn-iif, i I al 
 'Althout 
 'hat a varii 
 in .iiibstanc 
 whiih is a 
 piracy; ye 
 author after 
 in abridgm 
 are servilely 
 . ' Hut if ■( 
 circiimsfanci 
 author is foH 
 sullicient toi 
 ndojit i>art < 
 make use of 
 of science, i 
 baving done 
 matter so tal 
 without what 
 'In judginj 
 and candi I, o 
 been swayed 1 
 taken, and tli 
 course must b 
 'If the woi 
 copy, then it is 
 tojiirato; for 
 the book havii 
 apparent, and 
 piracy has und 
 ' lint if onl' 
 quoted, then it 
 was done aniii 
 depriving the a 
 his work to thJ 
 then the mo<{e] 
 enquiry; for . 
 piracy, that pat 
 that of anothei 
 so much as wi 
 for the jury) tl 
 and that the i 
 been co/ourabig 
 'If a work he 
 nature as to all( 
 author cannot n 
 a court of cqi 
 injunction to jir 
 property. Kvei 
 tendency, the L 
 (Godson, p. 212. 
 1 1, K.Tpedien 
 reasonable Tern 
 copyrights shoul 
 this done, men 
 devote themseh 
 present to the 
 great labour; in 
 works, were it 
 provision for a 
 whether these , 
 Host books or ni 
 booksellers, or | 
 that there will 
 demand for then 
 •'"P.vrights are 
 little more woi 
 tliey made perpe 
 rent or p;otit aris 
 property, with re 
 risk, is sold, if th 
 
 ■h 
 
HOOKS 
 
 170 
 
 (in- 
 ci's- 
 
 CVCT 
 III to 
 
 r liy 
 
 'ThiiR, thcreforo, a transcript of iirnrly nil the 
 *miliniPiitA mill laiiKuiiK<' of n Ixmk is ii (rlnrin^ 
 pirni'y. To copy pnrt of n liook, filhrr by takiii)^ 
 a ffw pnfjos rerhalim, when tim Hciitiini'nts arc 
 not i:rw, or by imitalinii of the pririripal idea*, 
 nUhoiif;!) the troatlsr^t in otlior rcKiH-'Cls arc <lif- 
 fi-rciif, i I also ronsiilcrcil to ho illr^nl. 
 
 'Allhoii(,'h it was held hy KIlciihorouKh ("..'. 
 that a varinncp in form and mitnner is a variance 
 in fuhstiinci; and that any material alteration 
 which is a mrlioritliim cannot he considered as a 
 piracy; yet a piracy is committed, whether the 
 ntitlior attempt an original work, or call his hook 
 an ahrid(;inent, if thu principal parts of a hook 
 are servilely copied or nnfairly varied. 
 
 ' lint if the main design he not copied, the 
 circumstance that part rif the composition of one 
 author is found in another is not of itself piracy 
 Nullicient to support iin action. A man may fairly 
 adopt i>art of the work of another; he ni.iv so 
 make use of another's labours for the promotion 
 of science, and the bcnelit of the public : but 
 having done so, the question will be, Was the 
 matter so taken used fairly with that view, and 
 without what may be termed the animus furandi V 
 
 ' In jud>;in^ ot a (piotation, whether it is fair 
 and candi I, or whether the person who ipiotes has 
 been swayed by the animus furandi, the (piantity 
 taken, and the munner in which it is adopted, of 
 course must ho connidered. 
 
 ' If the work complained of l)c in stihstnnre a 
 copy, then it is not necessary to show the intention 
 to pirate ; for the {greater part of the matter of 
 the book having been purloined, the intention is 
 apparent, and other proof is suncrtluous. A 
 piracy has undoubtedly been committeil. 
 
 ' Hut if only a small portion of the work is 
 'juoted, then it becomes necessary to show that it 
 was done animo furanili, with the intention of 
 depriving the author of his just reward, by fivinf? 
 his work to the public in a cheaper form. And 
 then the tnoile of doing it becomes a subject of 
 enquiry; for it is not sutHcient to constitute a 
 piracy, that part of one author's book is found in 
 that of another, unless it be nearly the whole, or 
 HO much 08 will show (being a (|uestion of fact 
 for the jury) that it was done with a bad intent, 
 and that the matter which accompanies it has 
 been colourubly introduced.' (Pp. 215 — 217.) 
 
 ' If a work be of such a libellous or mischievous 
 nature as to afTcct the public vwrah, and that the 
 author cannot maintain an action at law upon it, 
 a court of equity will not inteqiosc with an 
 injunction to jirotect that which cannot be called 
 property. liven if there be a doubt as to its evil 
 tetidencj', the Lord Chancellor will not interfere.' 
 (Godson, p. 212.) 
 
 II. Kxpeiliency of limiting Copi/riffhts to a 
 reasonable Term. — It is argued by many that 
 copyrights should be made perpetual ; that, were 
 this done, men of talent and learning would 
 devote themselves much more readily than at 
 present to the composition of works requiring 
 great labour; inasmuch as the copyright of such 
 works, were it perpetual, would be an adcipiate 
 provision for a family. But we doubt much 
 whether these anticipations would he realised. 
 Most books or manuscripts are purchased by the 
 booksellers, or published upon the presumption 
 that there will immediately be a considerable 
 demand for them ; and we apprehend that when 
 copyrights are secured for 42 years certain, very 
 little more would be given for them were 
 they made perpetual. When an annuity, or the 
 lent or pvolit arising out of any lixed and tangible 
 property, with respect to which there can be no 
 risk, is sold, if the number of years for which it is 
 
 to continue be consiilerable, fho price which il Is 
 worth, anil which it fetches, does not dilVcr 
 materially from what it would bring were it 
 perpetual. Ihit the copyright of an unpublished 
 work is, of all deHcriptions of property in whii'h 
 to siiecul.'ite, the most hazardous, and the chaiicis 
 of rea|)iiig contingent advantages from il, at thu 
 distance of 12 years, would be worth very little 
 indeed. 
 
 Those who write books, and thove who publish 
 them, calculate on their obtaining a rcidy and 
 extensive sale, and on tliiir being indeninilicd 
 ill a few years. Very few authors, and still 
 fewer booksellers, are disposed to look forward 
 to so distant a period even as 2H years for re- 
 muneration. They are, with very few excep- 
 tions, sanguine enough to suppose that a inucli 
 shorter term w ill enable them to reap a full harvest 
 of fame and profit from the publication; and wn 
 doubt niui'h whether there be one c.'-^i; in ;i 
 hundred in wlii<'h an author would obtain a 
 larger sum f( r a iierpetiial copyright than for ono 
 that is to continue for the period stipulated in the 
 late Act. 
 
 Hut while the making of copyrights perjietual 
 would not, as it appears to us, be of any material 
 advantage to the authors, there are good grounds 
 for thinking that it-would be disadvantageous to 
 the public. .Suppose an individual computes a, 
 table of logiinthms to (ive or seven places; if his 
 computations bo correct, no improvement can bo 
 made upon them to the extent at least to which 
 they go. Hut is he or his assigns to be entitled, 
 in all time to come, to prevent other individual 
 from publishing similar tables, on the ground of 
 an invasion of i)rivate property? Such a preteu- 
 sion could not be admitted without leading to the 
 most mischievous consequences ; and yet there is 
 no real ground (though the courts have attempted 
 to make one) on which the claim in ipiestion and 
 others of the same description could be resisted, 
 wen; copyrights made perpetual, r.nd placed in 
 all respects on the same footing as other property. 
 Wc, therefore, are clearly of opinion that good 
 policy suggests the limitation of the exclusive 
 right of printing anil publishing literary works to 
 some such reasonable period as may secure to 
 authors the greater part of the profit to be derived 
 from their works; and that this period being 
 expired, they should become public property. 
 
 Perhaps the period of 28 years has been advan- 
 tageously extended to 42; but we .arc satisfied 
 that more injury than benefit would result to 
 literature by extending it beyond this term. In 
 France, coiiyrights continue for 20 years after the 
 death of the author. In most of the German 
 states they arc peqietiial : this, however, until 
 very recently, hardly indcmnilied the authors for 
 the case with which spurious copies might bo 
 obtained from other states. But by a resolution 
 of the late German Diet, a copyright secured in 
 one state is good in all. 
 
 HI. International Copyriyhtx.— 'Yho. establish- 
 ment of an international copyright system, that 
 should enable the authors of one country to secure 
 the copyright of their works in other countries, 
 has, of late, excited a good deal of attention. Wc 
 doubt, however, whether the advantages that would 
 result from such a sj-stem, were it established, would 
 be so great as many soera to suppose. No doubt 
 it would be advantageous for the authors of popu- 
 lar works in Great Britain and the United States, 
 for example, to be able to secure a copyright in 
 both countries ; but the real question is, would 
 the interests of literature and of the public bo 
 promotP<l by such arrangement ? Now we incline 
 to think that this question must be answered in 
 M 2 
 
 :v*:- 
 
 1 
 
180 
 
 BOOKS 
 
 fc 1'^; 
 
 
 the negative. The ainf;le market of cither Great 
 Brituin or the United States is quite large enough 
 to secure a sale for really good works suflicient to 
 afford ample ciicouragcment to their authors; and 
 such being the case, it is difKcult to see on what 
 ground the republication at a cheap rate in the 
 one country of books originally published in the 
 other should be preventecl. Indeed, buch preven- 
 tion would appear, by obstructing the circulation 
 of knowledge and of amusement, to be injurious 
 to both. It has, it ia true, been alleged, that ii' 
 we had a copyright system in common with 
 America, English and American books might be 
 published at a less price, inasmuch as the exten- 
 sion of the morket would secure them a larger 
 sale. Hut though this result might, we doubt 
 much wliether it really would, happen. We ap- 
 prehfMl that then, as now, authors and publishers 
 would impose such prices on their works as they 
 supposed would realise the largest amount of profit, 
 and that if thej' thought a high nricc more likely 
 to ilo this than a low one, it would be preferred. 
 The extensive reprinting of che.ip editions of 
 Frentii works that has for a lengthened period 
 been carried on at Unisrels has certainly been 
 disadvantageous to the literati of France. Still, 
 however, the market of that kingdom seems to be 
 sufficiently extensive to insure the unlimited pro- 
 duction of works displaying the greatest talent, 
 research, and industry; and it is plain that if the 
 production of valuable works he not checked in 
 France by their being reprinted abroad, the injury 
 done to i'rench men of letters redounds to the ad- 
 vantage of every foreigner who has occasion to 
 look info or consult tlicir works. Everj' cftort 
 should be made to prevent copyrights being in- 
 vaded by pirates at home, and by the clandestine 
 importation of books printed abroad; but farther 
 than this wo should not go. We are well con- 
 vinced tliat it is for the advantage of the public 
 and of literature that nations should have full 
 liberty to republish each ofhor's works in such 
 forms and at such times and prices as they may 
 think lit. 
 
 Tlie real evil with which our literature has to | 
 contend originates in the barefaced piracy carried i 
 on at home, and not in the proceedings of foreigners. , 
 The latter may, perhaps, interfere a little witli the ' 
 sale of native works, by supplying the public with 
 foreign instead of home editions ; but the pro- 
 ceedings of the indigenous jjiratcs are ten times 
 more mischievous. They consist for the most 
 part of knaves and drudges, without talent or 
 learning of any sort, save only that of transmuting 
 and adulterating tlic labours of others, and dis- 
 guising their own rascality. Such persons fasten 
 like leeches on any new work of talent, research, 
 and industry; they forthwith announce some 
 system, eon)|)ilation, or abridgment of the same 
 sort, every idea and statement in which is stoien ; 
 and tlini publish their spurious rubbish at a 
 low price, advertise it as being decidedly the best 
 ■work on the subject, and lind numbers of news- 
 paper writers ready to puff off and cidogiso their 
 disinterested and meritorious labours ! it is diffi- 
 cult, we admit, to deal with such a nuisance, ami 
 it cannot, perhaps, be abated by legislation. 15ut 
 while we regret the fact, there cannot, we believe, 
 be a question that courts and Juries have for a 
 lengthened period inclined too much to a lenient 
 interpretation of the law as to piracy; .and that 
 literary plunderers, whose robberies are but little 
 disguised, too often escape with impunity, 
 
 IV. Taxes on Literature. — These taxes, if 
 carried beyond their proper limits, become im- 
 politic, ojjpressive, and unjust; impolitic, because 
 they tend to obst'.uct the growth aud diQ'usion of 
 
 knowledge; oppressive, because they sometimes 
 swallow up the entire reward of the labours of the 
 most deserving persons; and unjust, because they 
 are not proportioned to the value of the article on 
 which they are laid, and have not nnfrcquently to 
 be paid out of capital. 
 
 Forraerlv 11 copies of all new works had to be 
 given to different public libraries. Happily, how- 
 ever, this tax, which not unfrequently prevented 
 the publication of expensive works that had only 
 a limited demand, has been reduced to 5 copies. 
 We incline to think that it is expedient, to secure 
 the preservation of books and to facilitate their 
 consultation, that copies of all works should l)e 
 deposited in the British Museum, and in libraries 
 in Edinburgh and Dublin. Perhaps it would be 
 right that the public, for whose advantage they 
 are preserved, should pay for such copies; wc 
 should not, however, object to the authors doing 
 this, but they should not be required to ao more. 
 To call upon them to provide copies for tlio 
 libr.aries of rich foundations, like the Universities 
 of Oxford and Cambridge, is a proceeding at 
 variance with every fair principle. 
 
 The law of other countries is in this respect 
 preferable to ours. In America, Prussia, Saxony, 
 and Bavaria, only one copy of any work is re- 
 quired from the author; in France and Austria, 
 tivu copies are required ; and in the Netherlands, 
 three, 
 
 V. Book Trade of Great Britain. — London is 
 the great centre of "the British book trade ; the 
 number of new publications that issue from its 
 presses being far greater than all that appear in 
 the rest of the emjure. Within the course of the 
 last GO years, however, many very important 
 works have been published in Edinburgh ; but the 
 latter, as well as those that appear in Oxford, 
 Cambridge, (Jlasgow &c., are principally disposed 
 of by the London trade. The booksellers of Edin- 
 burgh, and all the provincial towns, have agents 
 in London, to whom they consign a certain num- 
 ber of copies of every work they publish; and to 
 whom, also, they address their orders for copies of 
 such new or old works as they have occasion for. 
 The London booksellers, who act as agents for 
 those in the country, are in the habit of regularly 
 despatching parcels to their correspondents on the 
 last day of each month, with the maga/.ines and 
 other raontlily publications ; but if any new work 
 of interest appears in the interim, or orders be re- 
 ceived from the country that cannot be con- 
 veniently deferred to the end of the month, a 
 parcel is immediately forwarded by rail. The 
 booksellers of Edinburgh and Dublin act as agents 
 for those of London, and supply the Scoteli ami 
 Irisli country trade with the metropolitan publi- 
 cations. 
 
 The publishers sell the books which they pnl)- 
 lish to the retailers at certain prices. But, instead 
 of allowing the latter to dispose of these hooks at 
 prices varying according to the conditions and 
 circumstances inider which thoj' might be sold, 
 they endeavoured to compel them to be sokl at or 
 near uniform |)nces lixed by themselves. Thus, 
 if the publishers sidd a book to the trade at '.)»., 
 they fixed the price at which the lattershonld sell 
 it to the public at I'is., or thereby; and they pro- 
 claimed that if any retail dealer sold it fur less 
 than 10 per cent, under this price, the publishers, 
 who had combined for the purpose, would not 
 supply him with another book ! But we are glad 
 to have to state that this audacious attempt to 
 keep up the prices of books at an artificial eleva- 
 tion has completely broken down; and retail 
 dealers who purchase books from publishers may 
 now sell them at any price they please, without 
 
 any risk ( 
 
 credit givi 
 
 varies froir 
 
 being allov 
 
 Cp'Tcent. 
 
 From en 
 
 care and la 
 
 logtte, we li 
 
 ending wit! 
 
 1.101 volun 
 
 elusive of p, 
 
 were annua 
 
 have farther 
 
 of the forme 
 
 volume. H 
 
 pression of e 
 
 will be seen 
 
 annually pro 
 
 cation price, 
 
 of the new ec 
 
 making tog 
 
 however, tha 
 
 the entire im| 
 
 actually sell 
 
 far from the i 
 
 books annual 
 
 Since this dn 
 
 Britain has 
 
 amount annui 
 
 third more tin 
 
 It would be 
 
 were the librai 
 
 to keep and at 
 
 according to tl 
 
 of all the no 
 
 periodical pu 
 
 liaiids, specify! 
 
 each class. S 
 
 with the greai 
 
 thentic informt 
 
 The old book 
 
 is very extern 
 
 1'hc price of < 
 
 their condition 
 
 cumstance, it i 
 
 equal) • good c« 
 
 quejtly to be I 
 
 what they can I 
 
 Vf. Regulatii 
 
 Works.— To pri 
 
 property of indi 
 
 duty more than 
 
 importation subi 
 
 that the duties 
 
 imported, or tha 
 
 <r.v in a fair w 
 
 identical books 
 
 kingdom, and t 
 
 for his private 
 
 Order, October i 
 
 1818.) 
 
 Individuals c( 
 down to April 1, 
 copies of Engllsl 
 had not expiree 
 facilities for smi 
 nidulgence, it hs 
 portation of all 1 
 countries, of wh 
 right, is absolute: 
 8. 21.) 
 
 'I'lie duty on U 
 7,11«/. 19s, 3rf. 
 "» l«o;i, and has . 
 VII, Booh Tra 
 the French press 
 since the commen 
 
; '> 
 
 i ' 
 
 BOOKS 
 
 181 
 
 any risk of having their supplies cut off. The 
 crcilit given by the publishers to the retailers 
 varies from seven to twelve months; a disiount 
 being allowed for prompt payment at the rate of 
 6 ))t r cent, per nnnum. 
 
 From enquiries we have had made with much 
 care and labour, founded on Low's lirilhh Cata- 
 logue, we tiud that at an average of the 4 years 
 ending with 1852, 'i,27'J volumes of new works, and 
 1,101 volumes of new editions and reprints (ex- 
 clusive of pamphlets and periodical publications), 
 were annually published in Great IJritain ; and wc 
 have farther ascertained that the publication price 
 of the former was Is. lit., and of the latter 6», 9rf, a 
 volume. Hence, if we suppose the average im- 
 pression of each work to have been 7;')0 copies, it 
 ■will be seen that the total value of the new works 
 annually produced, if they were sold at their publi- 
 cation price, would bo 932,465/, 12s, (it/., and that 
 of the new editions and reprints 278,960/, 12*, 6(/,, 
 making together 1,211,156/, 5s. We believe, 
 however, that if we estimate the price at which 
 the entire impressions of both descriptions of works 
 actually sell at 3s, 6(/, a volume, we shall not be 
 far from the mark ; and if so, the real value of the 
 books annually produced will be 574,875/. a year. 
 Since this date the production of books in Great 
 Britain has been rapidly increasing, and the 
 amount annually published cannot be less than a 
 third more than the quantity of 1852. 
 
 It would be, in many points of view, desirable, 
 were the librarians of the Uritish Museum dircctetl 
 to keep and annually publish an account, classiticd 
 according to the subject and the size of the works, 
 of all the new lintish books, pamphlets, and 
 
 Ecriodical publications that come into their 
 ands, specifying the average publication price of 
 each class. Such a return might be made up 
 with the greatest facility, and would afford au- 
 thentic information not (ither\«'isc attainable. 
 
 The old book trade carried on in Great Britoin 
 is very extensive, and employs many dealers. 
 The price of old books depenilj very much on 
 their condition; but, independei't'y of this cir- 
 cumstance, it is verj' fluctuating and capricious, 
 equal)' good copies of the same works being fre- 
 que'.itly to be had in some shops for the half of 
 what they can be bought for in others. 
 
 VI. Regulations as to Importation of Foreign 
 Works. — To prevent foreign books and maps, the 
 property of individuals, from being charged with 
 duty more than once, the proprietor shall, on each 
 importation subsequent to the original one, declare 
 that the duties were paid when they were lirst 
 imported, or that he purchased them in this coun- 
 try in a fair way of trade; that they are the 
 identical books or maps ho exported from this 
 kingdom, and that they are now brought back 
 for his private use, and not for sale. {Treasury 
 Order, October 3, ami Customs Order, October 8, 
 1818.) 
 
 Individuals coming from foreign parts might, 
 down to April 1, 1843, import as baggage single 
 copies of English works of which the copyright 
 had not expired ; but, in consequence of the 
 facilities for smuggling that grew out of this 
 indulgence, it has been withdrawn, and the im- 
 portation of all English works printed in foreign 
 countries, of which there is an existing copy- 
 right, is absolutely prohibited. (5 dc G Vict, c, 47 
 8. 2 I.) 
 
 The duty on foreign works produced, in 1852, 
 7,118/. 19s. 3rf. The duty was, however, reduced 
 in 1853, and has since been abolished. [ Tauifk. j 
 
 VII. Book Trade of /•Vance.— The activity of 
 the French press has been very greatly increased 
 since the commencement of the present century. 
 
 Count Daru, in his Notions Statistiques siir la 
 Librairie, published in 1827, estimated the num- 
 ber of printed sheets, exclusive of newspapers, 
 prod teed by the French press in 1816, at 
 66,852,883 ; and it appears (art. ' Librairie,' Diet, 
 du Commerce) that in 183G the number of 
 printed sheets (ex. newspapers) had increased 
 to 118,857,000. Between the years 1812 and 1859 
 inclusive, the number of works published in 
 France, exclusive of engravings, musical composi- 
 tions, and newspapers, amounted to :i21,950. 
 The quality of many of the works that liave 
 recently issued from the French press is also 
 very superior; and it may be doubted whether 
 sucli works as the Biographie Universelle, the 
 new and enlarged edition of the Art de verifier 
 les Dates, in 42 vols, octavo, and the 2 octavo 
 editions of Bayle's Dictionary, could have been 
 published in any other country. The greater 
 number of new French works of merit, or which 
 it is supposed will command a considerable sale, 
 are immadiately reprinted in the Netherlands or 
 Switzerland, but principally in the former. To 
 such an extent is this practice carried, that a single 
 bookseller in Brussels has reprinted .is many as 
 150,000 volumes of new French works in the 
 course of a single year! 
 
 All the French booksellers are brevetcs, that is, 
 licensed, and sworn to abide by certain prescribed 
 rules. Tliis regulation is complained of by the 
 publishers, as tending to lessen the number of 
 retail booksellers in the country, and to prevent 
 that competitior. which is so advantageous. 
 
 The discount allowed by the French publishers 
 to the retail dealers is not regulated, as in England, 
 by the size of the volumes, but by the subjects. 
 The discount on the sale of books of history, criti- 
 cism, and general literature, is usually about 25 
 per cent. ; in tlie case of mathematical and strictly 
 scieutitic works, it is seldom more than 10 or 15 
 per cent. ; while upon romances, tales, &c. it is 
 often as high as 50 or 60 per cent. 
 
 Viri. German Book Trade. — This trade is very 
 much facilitated by the book fairs at Leipsic; the 
 Easter fair being frequented by all the booksellers 
 of Germany, and by those of some of the neigh- 
 bouring countries, as of France, Switzerland, Den- 
 mark, Livonia Ac, in order to settle their mutual 
 accounts, and to form new comiections. The 
 German publisher sends his publications to the 
 keeper of assortments a condition, that is, on com- 
 mission, for a certain time, after which the latter 
 pays for what have been sold, and may return the 
 remainder. This is not so favourable for the pub- 
 lisher as the custom in the French and English 
 book trades, where the keepers of assortments 
 take the quantity they want at a fixed rate. In 
 the German book trade it is the custom for almost 
 every house, either in the country or abroad, 
 which publishes or sells German books, to have its 
 agent at Leipsic, who receives and distributes its 
 publications. A, of Kiga, who publishes a book 
 calculated for the (ierman trade, has his agent B 
 in Leipsic, to whom he sends, free of expense, a 
 number of copies of his publication, that he may 
 distribute the new work to all the booksellers with 
 whom he is connected, from Vienna to Hamburg, 
 and from Strasburg ttxKonigsberg, each of whom 
 has his agent i:i Leipsic. Instructions are also 
 given as to '.he number of copies to be sent to 
 each. B delivers those copies in Leipsic to the 
 agents, who send them every week, or more or 
 less frequently, by the post or by carriers, at the 
 expense of the receiver. 0, ot' Strasburg, who 
 finds that he has not received copies enough^ writes 
 lor an additional number of copies to his agent D 
 of leipsic : U gives this order to B, who dolivew 
 
 
 . 1 
 
182 
 
 BOOTS AND SHOES 
 
 the number wanted to D to be transmitted to C. 
 This arrangeinciit is advantageous to the German 
 book trade as well aa to Leipsic. The dealer 
 receives cvcrylliing from Lcipsic; and as a great 
 number of |)ackcts, with books from all parts of 
 (iermany, arrive there for him every week, he can 
 have them packed together and sent at once. The 
 carriage is thus much less than if the packets were 
 sent to him separately from the different places, 
 and the whole business is simplified. The book- 
 sellers are also enabled to agree with case on a cer- 
 tain discount per cent. No such intimate con- 
 nection of the booksellers has yet been formed in 
 any other country. The (Jcrman booksellers rarely 
 unite, as is the practice in Kiigland,in undertaking 
 the imblication of extensive works.' (German 
 Omversatiims-Lcrieun, American edition.) 
 
 The literary deluge which commenced in Ger- 
 many in 1814 still continues to increase. For the 
 2,0(10 works which were then about the annual com- 
 
 i dement, we have now perhaps 10 times as many, 
 diigazines and Kncyclopa;dias have increased in 
 the same proportion, and the public has shown as 
 great a desire to read as the learned have to write. 
 I'rivate libraries are diminishing, while the public 
 ones are dailv increasing. 
 
 JUJOTS AND SHOES. The external covering 
 for the legs and feet, too well known to require 
 any description. (For an account of the value of 
 the boots and shoes annually produced in Great 
 Lritain, see Lioatiieu.) 
 
 liOliAX or T1NC.\L (Arab, burak; Pers. tun- 
 kar). A ccmiiiound of soda and boracic acid. It 
 exists native, and is also prepared artilicially. It 
 is found in Kurope, in IVru.and in the republic of 
 Ecuador, in a mineral whicli is called finkalzitc, 
 mill wbicli appears to be a mixed borate of soda 
 and lime. But the ])rincipal source of native 
 borax is the lakes of Tliibet and Persia, from 
 which it is obtained by spontaneous evaporation. 
 The impure borax called tincal crystallises on the 
 borders of the lakes. It is always covered with 
 an earthy cotiting, greasy to the toucli. This a|)- 
 IKarance is derived from a fatty matter. There 
 is also a tincal exported from China, and it is 
 reported that borax is found in vast quantities in 
 California. 
 
 The purification of borax was originally a secret 
 possessed by the Dutch and Venetians only, but 
 is now, owing to the development of chemical 
 sciince, practised in most manufacturing countries. 
 The chief peculiarity in the refining of borax con- 
 .'-i-ls in separating the fatty matter by means of 
 lime, which forms an insoluble soap, and by getting 
 rid <if saline impurities by careful crystallisation. 
 Artijicial Borax. — Large quantities of horax 
 arc now manufactured by direct combination of 
 boracic acid and soda. This acid is produced in 
 large quantities in certain parts of the Italian 
 volcanic field, and especially in a regioii in Tus- 
 cany. The soil in this district is cleft by nume- 
 rous fissures, which form a vent for hot vapours, 
 called soliioni. The process is to b,.'M a b.asin of 
 niasdiiry round several of these fissures, so as to 
 form a lagoon; water being introduced from a 
 neighbouring stream. The water, owing to the 
 heat of the emitted vapour, gradually boils, and 
 becomes impregnated with boracic acid. It is 
 then drawn ofVan<l evaporated in leaden pans, the 
 Ileal being supplied as before by the steam issuing 
 from the earth. The produce of these works is 
 annually increasing. In 1815 it w.as nearly 1,00(1 
 tons, in I85i> it was over 1,800. The boracic acid 
 is then saturateil with carbonate of soda. It may 
 be added that the originof this acid is exceedingly 
 obscure. It is not tbund in the extruded gases, 
 nor in tho soil ; but as boracic acid is volatilised 
 
 BORDEAUX 
 
 by the aid of steam, it seems that it is carried 
 mechanically to the lagoon. 
 
 Borax has an alkaline reaction. Its chief uses 
 arc as u flux for metals ; as a material to facili- 
 tate the soldering of metallic surfaces, which 
 it seems to effect by preventing oxidation ; as 
 an ingredient in glass and porcelain ; and as a 
 medicine. 
 The duties on borax were repealed in 1845. 
 BORDEAUX. A large and opulent city of 
 France, on tho Garonne, about 75 miles from its 
 mouth. Latitude 40° .50' 2G" Nor:h ; Longitude 
 0° 34' West. P-pulation in 18G5, 173,300. Tho 
 commerce of Bordeaux is very extensive, but the 
 most important article is that of wine. The 
 iiHronne, wliich at its conHuencc with the river 
 Dordogne about 18 miles below Bordeaux changes 
 its name and becomes the Gironde thence to 
 the sea, is a noble river, with depth of water 
 sufficient to enable large ships to come up to the 
 city, laying open, in cimjunction with the Dor- 
 dogne and their tributary streams, a large extent 
 of country. The commerce of Bordeaux has been 
 considerably extended since the introduction of 
 railroads. Formerly the Grand Canal du Lan- 
 (jueiluc, extending from Toulouse to Cette on the 
 Mediterranean, was the principal channel for the 
 transport of goods between Bordeaux and the south 
 of France. But since the establishment of the 
 'Compagnie des Chemins dc Fer du Midi,' which 
 now fanns this canal, and whose interest it is to 
 divert from it its usual traffic in order to favour their 
 own line, it has lost much of its importance. 
 Wine, brandy, friiir, gram and seeds, resin, tur- 
 pentine, pine timber for railroad purposes and 
 pit-props, are the staple articles of export ; but the 
 generality of merchants confine themselves more 
 es])ccially to the wine trade. Most part of thi'ir 
 other business is confined to dealing on com- 
 mission, but this thej' conduct almost invariably 
 on their own account. The reason tlu^y assign 
 for this is, that the difficulties attending tho 
 purchase and subsequent care of wines so as to 
 render them fit for exportation are so very great 
 as to make it almost impossible to conduct the 
 business on anything like ordinary terms, so il. 
 to satisfy their employers. CNdonial produce, 
 cotton, dye stuffs, hides, tobacco, rice, coffee, 
 sugar, cocoa, pepper, form the princip,.! articles 
 of import. 
 
 Money. — Money is the same in Bordeaux as in 
 other parts of Trance. All accounts are kept in 
 francs, the i)ar of exchange being 25 francs the 
 pound sterling. 
 
 Weights and 3Teasurcs. — The decimal .system 
 lias entirely superseded the old system. 
 
 The old "measure of the velte has hmg since been 
 abidished. Wine is sold by the tun of 4 hogsheads 
 of 225 litres each, equal to 50 gallons; brandy 
 and s|)irits by the hectolitre; oil by 100 kilo- 
 grjimmes. 
 
 Entrance to the River. — Since tho last publica- 
 tion of this Dictionary great improvements have 
 been effected. The entrance ,as well as the whole 
 course of the river up to Bordeaux have been 
 thoroughly buoyed, and many additional lights 
 and beacons have lieen added. The p.isses have 
 been greatly improved by the works effected under 
 the directiiuis of the Government engineers; and 
 though the navigation for vessels of high tonnage 
 is .'till intricate, it has been rendered much more 
 safe than it was formerlv. (Consular liejmrt tu 
 the Admiralty, August 11,' 18G0.) 
 
 Port Charyen. — The following is an account of 
 charges and harbour dues levied at Bordeaux ou 
 British shipping trading between Dritisli pos- 
 sessions in Europe and tliis porU 
 
 H c 
 
 % 
 
 \ 
 
 'A.. 
 
 w 
 
 Hf'\ 
 
 fifl 
 
 >si^ 
 
 .^ 
 
 U 
 
 7 
 
 
H () R I) K A r X 
 
 t.tnuion. li>ntfrmiti i^ ('<». 
 
i '5* 
 
 ■t 
 
 V 
 
 TrnformA Sh 
 turts with Ca 
 and retumin 
 
 T(» rfport and pllota 
 
 waliT I ; lett) 
 l'-i/.ire(tn (tiie^. 10 r 
 Movillif ycsM-l up oil 
 
 i^iilcrhiK ihe vc>tel 
 
 am! brukiTnfie in 
 
 huleii or in ballaftt 
 
 Dct Inratlnn anil |iriil 
 
 fliullnff htnmiu nr 
 
 'i'ribiinatot'i.omir 
 
 Ailvfrij^eincnts in 
 
 ^ -uul for fi eiuUt am 
 
 'J'oniiatfc nHint-y anc 
 
 I'reiicli nuMKurcm 
 
 Double decimif the 
 
 f .1. araiic. a at suiiilrv 
 
 iilJinifwt ami frfiuht 
 
 <'nn«ul'aliil|{ifany|. 
 
 ll.illait talim in, Iron 
 
 rilolaite from Uorde 
 
 111 left) 
 i'iiiv, attendance, an 
 
 ton (in hallo&t) 
 
 JMooriiiK buos, 10 ce 
 
 A.M. Itriilceraue out 
 
 jiiT ton nie:iiiUivinL' 
 
 ol'Kouds taken in, 
 
 (Jiinyatjc and 
 fiiKiilH, I ir. per 
 
 Use iif cranc! 
 dock, (iO cents. ] 
 
 Til moor and 
 a (Iraymun is < 
 each operation. 
 assist in innorir 
 rate of 5 frs. eac 
 
 llritisli ships 
 than British pi 
 navigation duec 
 |"r Ion, and the 
 the former case, 
 is ,')(! fr. instead 
 Bordeaux is a 
 careening ships, 
 sorts of stores. 
 
 The foHowing 
 tonnage jf vessel 
 of Jiordeaux in t 
 
 Knterei! . 
 tNearetl . 
 
 The relative p 
 vessels were : — 
 
 Uritish : vessels ci 
 i'rench : vessels e 
 
 \i\ 
 
 (See also Detai 
 Sec respecting Slti 
 of Trade, NtW, 18 
 Coastimj Trade. 
 tciiis entered, and 
 of 11U,714 tonscl 
 
 jiaiiJcitiff Jistabl 
 in liordeaux, whii 
 a local company, 
 the ' Ilunque de 1 
 ciirsale de la Uant 
 liciiis are condiictc 
 ri'fjiilations of tha 
 
 Jirokers. — Xo oi 
 tile broker in l''rai 
 of twenty-five yea 
 jcct or being nadi 
 in n mercantile he 
 
 They are nomin 
 qiialilications havt 
 her (if Commerce. 
 
 All foreigners ai 
 kcrs to transact 
 house; and altht 
 I'Veiich vessels ni 
 their services, thcj 
 
}■'■>■■■ 
 
 BORDEAUX 
 
 183 
 
 rr. 
 
 cts. 
 
 7.'. 
 
 •ir> 
 
 
 
 1) 
 
 )U 
 
 (1 
 
 - 150 (I 
 
 .■S .1i 
 
 3H7 
 111 
 1^ 
 
 U^ !iO 
 
 ISO 
 
 .1U 
 
 rrofomiA Shi/ibrolier's Bill for a Vessel of 300 
 tons with Cargo from an Knijlish Port in Kurope, 
 and returning home in ballast. 
 
 To ri>|inrt nnd pllotagv from ica to llorilenux (draught of 
 
 WHltT 17 (evt) - _ - - . 
 
 l/\/.»rtttrnliiM, 10 rents, per Tejflsler ton • • 
 
 Aloviii|{ ve»fiel up and niiHirinff hvr . • - 
 
 Knu'riii){ the vehbel at Custom House and other odlccK, 
 
 nnd liroktTatie inwarilsif at AG cuntti. pi'r tun (whether 
 
 hulen or in ballaftt) - . . > 
 
 Dfi lariitiou and protest at tlie Custom Houku (if any), in 
 
 i-hidinK stainii* and rexiitterint; and deelaratioit at the 
 
 ') rilumiil of t.oninieree (whin required) 
 Advt-riivenienis In t)ie p.ipers a^aiiiNt trusting the crew, 
 
 ■tnd tor fieiifht and patsentferH (ot'tional) 
 'I'unnaKe money and navigation dues, a» |>ei rrcei|>tH, on 
 
 I'renrh nie.i>iurement, ahuut ."MO toon, at 1 fr. lier ton. 
 
 Double deeinie thereon, clearance and stumps - 
 (.Ii aranc> a at sundry olHce< . , - - 
 
 .AtaTiifest nnd freight Hkt (if any) - - . 
 
 t'o'isul'slim (if any). 
 
 It.illaBt laken in. from 1 fr.K) ccnti. to 1 fr. 'i't cents, iut ton 
 I'ilolaife from Uordeaux to bea, in b.ilta!>t Idrauffht of water 
 
 III feet) ...... 
 
 i:nrf , alleodancc, and broliera^'e, outwards, 60 cintg. per 
 
 ton liii liallast) .... 
 
 AI<K)rinK buo.s, 10 cents. |)«r ton and per montti - 
 .N. It. ItroliernKe outward, svlien laden anil thnrti-red lumpsum 1 fV. 
 
 per Ion nietsurement ; when laden otlierwl^e, 1 ft. !A) cts. per ton 
 
 of f{iiod» taken in. 
 
 (Juayafrc and use of cranes to ilclivcr or take in 
 f^Diid.H, 1 fr. per ton, paid by the shippers. 
 
 Use of cranes to take goods out of the hold on 
 deck, (iO cents, per ton, paid hy the ship. 
 
 To moor and unmoor ship to and from the quay 
 a (hayman is emphiyed, and is paid 15 frs. for 
 each operation. If the ship can spare no hands to 
 nssist in moorin};, labourers arc employed at the 
 rate of 5 frs. eacli. 
 
 Briti.sh ships coming from or going elsewhere 
 tlian British possessions in Kurope jiay foreign 
 navigation dues, that is 3 fr. 7.5 c. instead of 1 fr. 
 [uT ton, and the pilot.tgc is one half more than in 
 tlic former case, and the clearance at tlie customs 
 is .'U; fr. instead of 15 (for vessels of 300 tons). 
 
 Bordeaux is a favourable place for repairing nn<l 
 careening ships, and for obtaining supplies of all 
 sorts of stores. 
 
 The following is a statement of the number nnd 
 touniige jf ve.iscis entered and cleared at the port 
 of lioriteaux in the year 18C-1 : 
 
 Kntprcil - 
 Clearet) - 
 
 vessels tons 
 
 i,4KS .1.'>(i,'ill5 
 
 Tbc relative proportions of British and French 
 vessels were : — 
 
 llritish ; vessels cnlereil 
 cleared 
 
 I'rcnch : vessels entered 
 cteaied 
 
 r.07 121, nan 
 
 .Til IIU.K.1H 
 
 r.".'^ n'^,'.ii7 
 
 7ii7 Ili7,U.'> 
 
 (See also Detailed Report showing the Itegidations 
 ^•r. respecting Shippitig, transmitted to the Board 
 of Trade, Ntiv. 1855.) 
 
 Coasting Trade.—lfiii French vessels of 129,702 
 tons entered, and 1,7-15 vessels of the same nation 
 of 110,714 tons cleared, during the year 1804. 
 
 jlaiMng Jistablishment, — Tliere is only one bank 
 in liordeaux, wliicli formerly was in the hands of 
 a local company, but was incorporiiteil in 1848 in 
 tlie ' llanque de France.' It is now called ' suc- 
 t'lirsiile de la Banque de France,' and all its opera- 
 tions are conducted according o the statutes and 
 n'j^iihttions of that cstablislnnent. 
 
 Ihokers. — Xo one is allowed toat^t as a mercan- 
 tili' broker in France who has not attained the age 
 of twenty-live years, and who, being a Freiiclisub- 
 joct or being naturalised, has not soived four years 
 in a mercantile hou.sc or with a broktir. 
 
 They are nominated by the Ei>iperor after their 
 qualilications have been u-scertaineil by the Cham- 
 licr (if Commerce. 
 
 All foreigners are obliged to employ ship bro- 
 Uors to transact their business at the custoui- 
 limise ; and although masters and owners of 
 French vessels might sometimes dispense with 
 their services, they never do iso, Unding it to be, 
 
 in idl cases, most advantageous to use their inter- 
 vention. All duties outward on vessels and 
 cargoes are paid by the ship brokers, who in- 
 variably clear out all vessels, Frcncli as well as 
 foreign. 
 
 All gotMls brokers must deposit in tlie treasury, 
 as a guarantee, the sum of 8.()()() francs if of the 
 tirst category, or 4,000 francs if of tiie second. 
 
 The fir.st category comprises the hrnkers exercis- 
 ing their functions in the city of Bordeaux ; the 
 set'ond. those similarly employed in the various 
 arroiidi.s.sements. 
 
 The insurance, ship, and money and exchange 
 brokers are subjected to the same rules and regula- 
 tions as the goods brokers, but the deposit of the 
 money brokers is 30,000 francs instead of 8,OP0. 
 
 At the present moment there are 28 goods bro- 
 kers ; 22 .•ship brokers ; 20 inoiiey and exchange 
 brokers; 15 wine and spirit brokers; 7 insurance 
 brokers. 
 
 Katics of Com.missiox. 
 
 Shiphrokcrs, 
 
 /;: 
 
 |icr ton. 
 
 CflU. 
 
 i tn fiireiim Kolnv ves.>^eU : 
 
 Arriviiift laiU'n or in hallmt • - > n .mi 
 
 IK-pnrtiiiK in lialtiutt ■ - - M 
 l.(t.i(lt*tt )>er chnrtLT-imriv, or on owner's account 1 » 
 
 I.d.'uUtl on friii;ht {not charU-fLti) - - 1 iil) 
 
 On roaster*: 
 
 No ref(ular, hut very jnoderate charges. 
 
 On pKit'.t Hhifipttl : 
 
 In tiireiKii'^'nint; sliip^t • • -20 
 In cnastiTs lra<linf{ to anil from all French ports, 
 
 excfpt thoMf on the MiMtiicrrane.ni - 1 5(> 
 
 In coa&tcrs tradinK only <o poitii between Dor- 
 
 (Icaux and Nanii-s inclusivily - - 1 
 
 Goods Broltcrs, 
 
 On most goods, prinritially I'olonint, with the rxreption of cotton, 
 i^ar, ami niotas>es, ^ per cent, paid hy the purchaicr. 
 i\n .n.. I ...... I ..... -....1 ..-.;. I I... *\)(. puii'hastT. 
 
 that is I )ier cent, paid by the 
 
 suK--. -- 
 
 On mol . , ,. „ , 
 
 On cotton antWn^ar, ) percent 
 seller and ^ by the ]iurchaM.T. 
 
 On prunes, paid hy the purchaser 
 per K va^o, 1st quality 
 per .')(> kilos, *^nd quahly 
 per ca&k of WO kitos, connnon 
 liio ,, ,, 
 
 M ,. 
 On walnuts, per ba^ 
 
 per ton 
 
 fr. 
 
 cent 
 
 (1 
 
 ■lit 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 CO 
 
 II 
 
 ■11) 
 
 
 
 .■() 
 
 t. 
 
 •ii 
 
 The following gtmds pa;/ a com m ission of ^ per cent, ; 
 that is, J t>y the seller and \ by the buyer. 
 
 Oils. 
 
 \\ heat. 
 
 jMaize. 
 
 Harley. 
 
 Hyc. 
 
 Flour. 
 
 SeetIs : 
 l.iiisee<1. 
 Mustard. 
 Sesmnum. 
 t'lover. 
 I'oppy. 
 
 nape. 
 
 .Tuiti)K>r lierries. 
 Horse ure.tsi". 
 (iuinea cloth. 
 Hops. 
 Kaihins. 
 
 Verdigris. 
 
 Aruol 
 
 Neiits foot oil. 
 
 (?oilon. 
 
 Haw suf;ar. 
 
 Brandy and Spirits Broliers. 
 
 Alcohol, (ler pipe 1 fr. .'>(! by scllir and 1 fr. .Ml hy liuyer. 
 p.r cent. jier cent. 
 
 llrnndy |icr cask of 4 licctols. I i) by seller 1 1 1 by buyer. 
 Cu^iLic ,, „ .'' „ '2 II ,, '2 II ,, 
 „ „ .1 >• I .'lO „ 1 .'lO „ 
 
 ■■ . .. i „ 1 II ., 1 „ 
 
 „ pcrcnseof !■.' bntllfs }'i 4 „ \i A 
 Hum, ^ lier cent, the seller, and .) |ier cent, the buyer. 
 
 Wine Brokers. — 2 per cent, jiaid by the seller 
 lier tun of t hogsheails. When wine is solil under 
 150 francs the tun, the broker's commission, paid 
 by the seller, is 3 francs per tun. 
 
 Insurance Brokers. — }^ jier cent, on the capital 
 insured. 
 
 Money anil Exchange. Brokers. — ,\ per cent. 
 
 The exchange or money hrokvrs of Burdeaux 
 follow a kind of business pretty similar to the 
 Lomloii private bankers. They receive, negotiate, 
 antl iiav bills and orders of such houses as have 
 accounts open with them, charging and allowing 
 an interest on balances, which varies from .'tj^ to 
 4.i per cent., accoriluig to circumstances. They 
 charge \ per cent, for negotiating liills, and J per 
 cent, on all the payments they make. 
 
 There are, besides, nuinerons capitalists who 
 employ their spare funds in di.scountiug bills. 
 They prefer bills at long dates, and take from 3 to 
 
 I » (■ 
 
 > ■ 
 
 • 1 
 
 
 i. 
 
 .f 
 
 1 . 
 
 . !■: 
 
 1 
 
 1 J 
 
 •!- ] 
 
 ,. 1 
 
 A -. 
 
 .f y 
 
■WIIIJIII[l||f ,1 If 
 
 184 
 
 BORDEAUX 
 
 
 per cent, discount, ncconUnp to the confidence 
 they have in the pnper presented. 
 
 T'herc are not wanting individuals who guaran- 
 tco, with their names, every sort of paper prc- 
 Hcntcd, taking; from 5 to GO per cent, for the risk. 
 
 Merchants' Commissions, — 2 percent, on current 
 affairs, o per cent, on litigious affairs, variable on 
 floods in transitu, ^ per cent, on insurances. 
 
 For a considerable portion of tlie above valuable 
 information on tlio trade of JJordcaux we are in- 
 debted to Mr, Scott, her Majesty's consul at 
 Bordeaux, 
 
 Quarfi/itine^—Qimrant'inc can bo performed in 
 the river Oironde, in tlic neighbourhood of Pauil- 
 lac, a small port about .'10 miles below Bordeaux. 
 The old Lazaretto has been ])ullcd down as being 
 uselessly large, and a smaller and more a[tpropriate 
 establishment is erecting. 
 
 Colonial produce, spices* dye-stuffs, and metals 
 are usually sold for cash, with 3 per cent, discount. 
 Corn, iloiiV, brandy, and several other articles, arc 
 sold for nclt eash, without discount. 
 
 The usage is generally established in Bordeaux 
 to consider all paper having less than 30 days to 
 run fl« cash ; and with such all payments are 
 made, where there is not an express stipulation to 
 be paid in coin. 
 
 Tans, — The tares allowed at Bordeaux arc the 
 following : — 
 
 Tares allotved h^f the Custom House, 
 
 Anchovies. In small ke^a of 3 kilos, l<Oth of Itieir w Muht. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 'a 
 
 Coctia: In casei or rn^k:! ... 
 
 in hales or ba^j . . - . 
 
 <'onVc : in cask* . ■ - . . 
 
 in l»ale> or bag* . - - - 
 
 in the Imsk - . - - • 
 
 in ptllirle - . - ■ - 
 
 Cotton, Turkish : in ftninll biles of roarse bullrush 
 
 mats, or coar>e ^'o.it hair ■ 
 
 of oih< r i-uunirit-s: in !»niall bales, lens than A(> 
 
 kilos . . - - - 
 
 in b^les above .'jO kilfH _ - , 
 
 Indif^o Ir ctses oi rasks enclosinK: a leather ba^; 
 
 a c.invii.s baj; ----•■ 
 
 in cases . . - . - 
 
 ill seronn . . - • - 
 
 in caiiva* liai;s _ . . - 
 
 IVpper : iti bales, small liales or bajTS - - - 
 
 Suijar ; in cask-* or lases . . - - 
 
 in halts or bag^, with double packages 
 
 in canisters - _ - - 
 
 All other gooilh : in ca^ks or C'ises . . • 
 
 in hales, bmali baletor bagi • 
 
 5 
 U 
 3 
 
 1't 
 20 
 
 8 
 6 
 21 
 II 
 
 *J 
 t! 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 
 •I 
 
 Tares allowed in Commerce between Merchants, 
 
 Aloes ... 
 Almond», in double packing 
 
 Arsenic - 
 
 Asal'cL'tida 
 
 Annatto, bc>ides 1G |>er ( 
 
 'nt. for vacant kjiacc 
 
 Hark (IVruvian), in serons - - - 
 
 4'uuh . - - - - 
 
 Cocoa : in casks . - - - 
 baj;s weighing fiO kilos or less 
 
 (in, !A) to;;! kilos - 
 
 X/j, '»i.i and upwards - 
 
 Coffee : in casks . - - - 
 
 bags . , - . 
 
 IVfochd . . - - 
 
 Cinnamon - . - - - 
 
 I'lK'hliie.il - - - - • 
 
 Cotton : in square bales . . . 
 
 round »i - * " 
 
 small 1. • • ■ 
 
 Indian - - - - 
 
 Cream o' tartar . . - - 
 
 ('opper . . - - - 
 
 Cloves • _ - - - 
 
 Karth nuts . . . - 
 
 (lallit . . . . • 
 
 Ciinger : in bags . - . » 
 
 small bitgi . . • 
 
 (>um : in casks . - . - 
 
 hngs . - - - 
 
 Hair(rallle) . - - - 
 
 Indigo : in cases - - - - 
 
 terons weighing A.^ kilos or less 
 
 .v., 'iO to (iS kilos - 
 
 fi.'., W to 71 „ ■ 
 
 7.1, a.'j to'J'» „ . 
 
 'J-l and upwards - 
 
 Itesidcs 1 kilo tor matk 
 
 Juniper l>erries - - , • 
 
 Jalap ;^in serons . - - - 
 
 JJthari^e - - - - - 
 
 Liquorice: in single {lacking 
 
 BI«nKan«rst . . . • 
 
 Kold nett weight 
 Ut packinu 
 detUicted 
 nett 
 nett 
 
 Id per cent, and 4 
 \wT cent, tret 
 10 kiloi |»er seron 
 I per cent, 
 nett 
 1 kilo per bag 
 
 '^ \\ 
 
 nett 
 
 as fur cocoa 
 
 real tare 
 
 nett 
 
 *; |ier cent. 
 
 4 I, 
 
 real tare 
 
 nett, tret 1 per cent. 
 
 real tare 
 
 by agrwmmt 
 
 rnnuh weight 
 
 I kilo |>er bag 
 
 real tare 
 
 nett 
 
 1 kilo per bag 
 
 .'» per cent. 
 
 nett 
 
 7 kilos per bemn 
 
 i ;: 
 11 
 
 rou^li weight 
 
 7 kiloi lier MTon 
 
 ni'tt 
 
 rou^h weight 
 
 lieu 
 
 Mola<tiiM . • - - . 
 
 Mother «r pearl (»hflts) . . . 
 
 Nutmegt • - - - . 
 
 Oil, whale : In caiki of 2.V) ktlof and upwards • 
 
 Oli.raiK- - 
 
 olire: in c>uk»* 
 
 rod finh 
 
 ii's5 than V<0 kilos 
 
 rimcnto; in Inrce hales 
 
 sniollLT It - 
 
 iVpper : In hiU*^ . . - - 
 
 I'll! and pearl aahet ... 
 
 Vrunes . . - - - 
 
 Ouercitron . - - - 
 
 Rtwin ..... 
 Kite* in casks . . - - 
 
 liags .... 
 
 Scetlsi aniMH'd .... 
 „ Unsold (Indian), in tinirs 
 „ lucfln (prtHltire of the country), in hales 
 „ ,, f^outli Ameticaii) „ 
 
 ,. clover, in bales 
 SnfUower - • . - - 
 
 S»KO . . . . - 
 
 Salt . . . . . 
 
 Saltpetre . - . . . 
 
 Sarsaparilla: inhales 
 
 Soap . . . • - 
 
 Sugar; raw, in hogsheads . - - 
 
 tierces . - . 
 
 quarts - . - 
 
 bales (Mauritius, Reunion and 
 
 Manilla) - 
 canvas iiaps . 
 fiout>le uackiiii; 
 clayed, in hopheads iKaytl, !Martinicn, 
 and Guadaloupe) 
 tierces 
 quarts 
 cases (Havana and Portt? 
 
 Klcol • 
 cases I Hrazil) 
 hales (Vera Cnir) • 
 
 of 7 '(kilos and upwards 
 
 (India) ■ 
 of less than lb kilos 
 
 (India) 
 (Manilla) 
 (ll.itavial 
 canisters of 17<'> kilos and 
 upwards 
 
 real tare 
 nclt 
 
 IH iwrccnt. and trel 
 
 1 per cent. 
 '^0 |ier cenl. 
 nett 
 IM per cent, and 1^ 
 
 kilo, tret 
 SO per cent, and \ 
 
 kilo, tret 
 .1^ kilos per lule 
 real tare 
 'I kilos |Mr hale 
 1'^ lier cent, 
 nett 
 
 12 per cent, 
 nett 
 
 I'iper cent. 
 as for co'.'oa 
 routlh weight 
 nitt 
 
 *i kiios |>er iiale 
 nett 
 
 -l kilos pi r hale 
 K per cenl. 
 real tare 
 nett 
 
 •^ per cent. 
 ti^t li kilo. 
 nett 
 
 1.^ tier cent. 
 Ifi 
 
 n 
 
 l> 
 I.'' 
 
 1.1 
 17 
 (i kilos lier bale 
 
 - S kilos i>er bale 
 
 less th.in 
 kilos 
 loaf . - . 
 
 Shumac . - . . 
 
 Turmeric : in tiagH 
 
 smaller bags 
 Tin .... 
 
 Tallow ; RussLtn . . - 
 
 Buenos Ayres and United States 
 
 Bordeaux . . - 
 
 Tobacco - . . - 
 
 TuriHnitine . . - 
 
 Tea . . . - 
 
 \'anilla - . - . 
 
 Verdiitris . - - . 
 
 Wool .... 
 Wooii fdveinR) . . - 
 
 M.idder .... 
 
 i7.'i 
 
 21 .. 
 
 as agreed 
 
 nett 
 
 rouch weiitht 
 
 I kilo Iter bag 
 real weight 
 tret 1 per cent. 
 14 per cent, 
 varies according to 
 
 kind of package 
 nett 
 
 I I tier cent, 
 real tare 
 
 nett 
 
 real t.ire 
 .'» per cent. 
 tret 1 per cent. 
 nttt 
 
 Bonlcaiix possesses some iron foiinderic.s, cotton 
 factories, .suRar relincrics, plass works &c. ; Imt 
 labour and livins; arc too high to aiiinit of its bi'- 
 comiiig a considerable mannfactiiring city. 
 
 Insurance of ships, houses, and lives is effcctpil 
 at Bordeaux. The first is carried on partly by iii- 
 divdiuals, and partly by companies ; the last' two 
 by tompanies only. The partners in these asso- 
 ciations are generally liable only to the anioiintof 
 the shares they respectively hold. 
 
 For statements as to the Warehousing System, 
 Smuggling, §'c. the reader is referred to the article 
 Havre. 
 
 Bordeaux Wine Trade. — The cult ivation of the 
 vine has greatly increased since 1H,'!-1, cxcejit in 
 a portion of the white wine district; though for 
 many years, owing to the vine disease, the quantity 
 of wine produced fell short of what it ought to 
 have been. The tli.scase has, however, gradually 
 diminished, and had almost cntireh- disapiicared 
 in 1864, which year may be considered to liave 
 produced a low average quantity. 
 
 The average production of tlie vines in tin- 
 Department of the Gironde, for the live years 
 eniling with 1804, amounted to 2.^1,41)1,400 litres 
 (257,116 tuns), equal to 50,908,968 gallons. 
 
 Tlie red wines of the Gironde may be divided 
 into three categories, the first of which is divided 
 into several classes. 
 
 The first category includes the fire classes of 
 
 the Riipcrior 
 of M<?doc. 
 
 Tho scco 
 
 Graves, St. 
 
 Cotes, and 1 
 
 The third 
 
 deux Mers(( 
 
 Has Mt'doc, 
 
 The first ci 
 
 according to 
 
 the crus hinti 
 
 the Hunt Mi 
 
 The first cl 
 
 the Chateau 
 
 first three arc 
 
 Alt'doc, a.W. 
 
 trict called d( 
 
 highest excel 
 
 and in favouru 
 
 i'T. per tim, wl 
 
 when they ha 
 
 the price is di 
 
 bottle of the b 
 
 « or 7 fr. Th( 
 
 cate,andi8clia 
 
 palate and its 
 
 of the nature 
 
 Latour has a fi 
 
 considerable ai 
 
 Lafitc The C 
 
 is lighter, and 
 
 of thf, Laiite, c: 
 
 a flavour. Th( 
 
 iind body tlian 
 
 when new, and 
 
 wood; while tl 
 
 nmch le.ss time. 
 
 The second 
 
 Mouton, Leovil 
 
 The third clas 
 
 I.a G.'.iiige, Gis 
 
 Tlie fourth t 
 
 rii'vrc, Chatcai 
 
 'iho fifth cla 
 
 Itataillov, Gra 
 
 Caiitemcrle itc. 
 
 'I'he crtin hoii 
 
 hut superior to t 
 
 are likewise the 
 
 printip.-d parish 
 
 liriiiluied are lAI 
 
 t,'aiix, .St. .Juliei, 
 
 'I'he lirodueliii 
 
 classes was cstim, 
 
 tlie prices rang! 
 
 lirst growtlis to 
 
 'I'lli! criis bourgm. 
 
 varied from 7bo 
 
 Tho district of 
 
 ■•jO.OOO tuns, I'r 
 
 frnntts per tun, 
 
 'I'he district of 
 tuns, varying in 
 francs per tun, 
 
 Tlie otheniistr 
 varying in price I 
 tun. 
 
 The white wir 
 duofd in the d 
 I'reigiiac, and Hat 
 cliisses, besides t 
 quantity of tho tv 
 "/ the thin! about 
 ji.ly of the two firs 
 '"kIi prices have 
 tinlo. 
 
 'i'he quantity pi 
 
..v..i.v. 
 
 BORDEAUX 
 
 185 
 
 tlic superior er&i (growtlis) and the crui bourgeois 
 of Mddoc. 
 
 The second category includes the Vins do 
 Oraves, St. Kmilinn, lilayo and Ilourj,', Vins do 
 Cotes, and Vins de I'aysnna du Medoc. 
 
 The third category, Vins do Talus and Kiitrc 
 deux Mers (district ly in-between the two rivers), 
 Has Mt'doc, and Carjjo wines. 
 
 Tlie lirst category is divided into five sub-classes, 
 according to tlie excellence of the wines, besides 
 the crtis Ixmrneoii, all of which are the produce of 
 the J/iiut Mcdoc. 
 
 The lirst class comprises the Lafite, the Latour, 
 the Chateau Margaux, and the Hautbrion. The 
 first three are the produce of tlie district of llaut 
 Ale'doc, N.W. of llordcaux, and the last of the dis- 
 trict called (les (Jraves, These wines are all of the 
 highest excellence ; their produce is very limited, 
 and in favourable years sells at from 3,000 to 4,000 
 fr. per tun, which contains 210 imp. gallons, but 
 when they have been kept in the cellar for (> years, 
 tlie price is doubled, so that even in Bordeaux a 
 bottle of the best wine cannot be had for less than 
 (1 or 7 fr. The Lalite is the most choice and deli- 
 cate, and is characterised by its silky softness on the 
 jialate and its charniing perfume, whicli partakes 
 of the nature of the violet and raspberry. The 
 Latour has a fuller body, and at the same time a 
 considerable aroma, but wants the softness of the 
 Lalite The Chateau Margaux on the other hand 
 is lighter, and possesses all the delicate qualities 
 of tlif. Latite, except that it has not quite so high 
 a flavour. The Hautbrion again has more spirit 
 ami body than any of the iireceiling, but is rough 
 when new, and requires to be kept t! or 7 years in 
 wood ; while the others become fit for bottling in 
 much less time. (Henderson On Wines, p. IHI.) 
 
 The second class comprises the growths of 
 Mouton, Leoville, Larose, I'ichon <ic. 
 
 The third class comprises the growths of Langoa, 
 I-a (jr.uige, (iiscours, Talnier, Kirwan &c. 
 
 The fourth class comprises the growths of St. 
 rievre, (Chateau Ucycheval, Duluc, Carnel iiv. 
 
 The fifth class comprises the growths Caiiet, 
 Ilataillcy, Grand Puy, Lynch, D'Arniailliac, 
 Caiitemerle &c. 
 
 The cnh bourgeois, inferior to the last named, 
 but superior to the Vins de paysans, all of which 
 are likewise the produce of llaut Medoc. The 
 principal parishes in which all these wines are 
 prtMlucod arc Rlacan, Labarde, Cantenac, Mar- 
 ^'aux, St. Julicii, I'auillac, and St. Kstephe. 
 
 The production of the five categories of crus 
 c/(is.s('s was estimated, in 18G4, at about 5,000 tuns, 
 tlic prices ranging between 5,000 francs for the 
 lirst growths to 1,"J00 francs for the fifth growths. 
 The crus bourgeois produced 7,500 tuns, and prices 
 varied from 700 to 1,200 francs. 
 
 The district of Hlaye and Hourg produced about 
 oO.OOO tuns. Prices varied from 200 francs to 450 
 francs per tun. 
 
 The district of Libourne produced about 50,000 
 tuns, varying in jiricc from 300 francs to 1,000 
 francs per tun. 
 
 The other districts produced about 157,000 tuns, 
 varying in price from 120 francs to 400 francs ))cr 
 tun. 
 
 The white wines of the first quality are pro- 
 duced in the districts of Sauternc, Uommes, 
 I'reignac, and Uarsac. They are divided info three 
 classes, besides the common kinds ; the average 
 quniitify of the two first classes is about 950 tuns, 
 (if the third about 700 tuns. In 18U4 the quan- 
 tity of the two first classes was 635 tuns, but their 
 liif,'li prices have hitherto interfered with their 
 Dale. 
 
 The quantity produced of other classes, includ- 
 
 ing the Vins de Graves, amounted to about 2,200 
 tuns, and their prices ranged from 240 francs to 
 600 francs per tun, with the exception of the 
 higher kinds of Grttves, 
 
 The production of the classed white wines has 
 remained stationary, but that of the unclassed 
 wines has decreased to the extent of two thirds, 
 owing to the invasion of the oidium, which, since 
 1H52, has forced many proprietors to pull up tho 
 greatest part of their vines. 
 
 Annwd Average Exports of Wine at the Port of 
 Bordeaux for the lu Years 18G0-1«G1. 
 
 
 t)uantilles 
 
 Countries to which eximrted 
 
 
 1 
 
 Litres 
 
 (iailons I 
 
 The United Kincilom - 
 The llan^ Town* 
 
 6,tni,4,'.7 
 .'>,()71,.')'iS 
 
 1 ,3 12,'iSn 
 1,11 ,7.*.r. 
 
 Ili'llund 
 
 4,»H'i,IS.'. 
 
 1,1 1/1, "27 
 
 IWlKiuin 
 
 4,.'i!l(;..175i 
 
 1,1)1 l,.!l 12 
 
 The (ierman CnmnieTcial Union - 
 
 'i,fi'i!i,"j(n 
 
 .'.>i.'i,17S 
 
 Sweden and Norway 
 
 ;i.i,ivo 
 
 ll,3,'..'>2 
 
 IliinoTcr . - . 
 
 (:m,m\ 
 
 14i,.1!)0 
 
 MeckitfidiutfC 
 
 Tim.'O'i 
 
 Sl.llTl 
 
 Denmark ... 
 
 .V.!I,.T<HI 
 
 7ll,0t« 
 
 Hussia 
 
 lITJISS 
 
 32,.T.'>n 
 
 S|.ain .... 
 
 .'jU.KSII 
 
 13.(141 
 
 rorluKal 
 
 11,11^7 
 
 2,42(1 
 
 Austria ... 
 
 ll),M7 
 
 2,^'i6 
 
 Italy . . . - 
 
 '•ir>.\br,',\;,\ 
 
 72 
 
 Total cxiiort!i to Kuroiie • 
 
 .'.,hPll),l27 1 
 
 The United Sutea 
 
 S,'JH.1,4R4 
 
 l,S22,362 
 
 Hirer IMiite 
 
 tiw.i.yta 
 
 l,'..')'J,S.'i(l 
 
 llritish (^ilonies - 
 
 fi.A.Tj.aa.i 
 
 l,4.W,f.2» 
 
 French Coloiues - - - « 
 
 fl,3;2.,'.(14 
 
 l,l!<l,9(i4 
 
 Uruguay ... 
 
 .-.,».-)0,'if>8 
 
 HI2,ri.')!) 
 
 Mra/ii .... 
 
 1,IM.US7 
 
 320,ll'J7 
 
 I'eru - - . • 
 
 84A,Hl.9 
 
 1H6,(VI1 
 
 Mexico .... 
 
 Sa.'.pSM 
 
 ISI,i;8H 
 
 Siianl,h Colonies 
 
 china and Cocliin China - 
 
 fiti.VJIS 
 
 I4(i,gii2 
 
 614,157 
 
 13.'.,1.SS 
 
 Chile - . . . 
 
 S.1l,.')97 
 
 iKi.g.^i 
 
 Veneiuela 
 
 201,341 
 
 147.()4K 
 
 Oceania . . - 
 
 1-K,1(I1! 
 
 37.862 
 
 Kqu.itor . . - 
 
 13n,S()H 
 
 »S,77H 
 
 New (iranada . - - 
 
 16!),!I7I 
 
 37,308 
 
 Dutch Colonies - 
 
 127,4:..-. 
 
 2S,010 
 
 Dani^h Colitnies - 
 
 114,744 
 
 2.'.,243 
 
 Havli .... 
 
 4H,0U:) 
 
 I1),5SI 
 
 (luatcmala ... 
 
 3i,7'«a 
 
 7,(i.'>2 
 
 Wot coast of Africa 
 
 w,x<r. 
 
 (.,238 
 
 Total exfiorts to sundry colonic. 
 
 .»7,»t7'',(»;h 
 
 H,2r,l,li4K 
 
 Kcrapitulation : 
 
 
 
 Exports to Kuio|>e 
 
 •25,4.'.S,I.'.I 
 
 5,(100,127 
 
 t'olonies 
 
 3;,07!),07G 
 
 8,261, (IIB 
 
 Sundry places . 
 
 .l.fi.SI 
 
 80.1 
 
 Total 
 
 (i!i,S37,H;» 
 
 1 13,;lfil,'J76 
 
 The unclassed wines of Mcdoc were estimated 
 at about 40,000 tuns, varying in price from 250 
 francs to GOO francs per tun. 
 
 The expenses attending the cultivation of the 
 vine, including the vintage, in the district . of 
 Medoc, where, owing to tiio superior va\iw of the 
 wine, no expense is spared in ,)roducing the great- 
 est quantity and the best qualify, are estimated at 
 about 300 francs per journal, equal to J hec- 
 tare, or 3 roods, 6 poles ICnglish measure, besides 
 the interest on the capital, to which must be added, 
 in years when the wine is not immediately dis- 
 posed of, the expense of keeinngand loss in ullage. 
 
 The produce of a journal is estimated as 
 follows : — 
 
 On the light sandy soils, 1 to 2 hogsheads ; on 
 the good average soil of Medoc, 2 to 3 hogsheads; 
 on the strong alluvial soils, where the wines are of 
 the commonest kinds, up to as much as G tuns. 
 
 The merchants geniyally purchase the finest 
 crus as soon as they can jutlge their character. 
 The system of farming certain of them for a 
 number of years is almost entirely exploded, as 
 cx))erieiicc h.-is shown that such an operation is 
 a very losing concern. The wines are transported 
 to the private establishments of the purchasers in 
 liordeaux, so situated as to insure an equable 
 temperature throughout the year; and in these 
 they ripen and undergo all the ditterent processes 
 of lining, racking, mixing A-c. considered necessary 
 to bring them to the requisite condition for sale. 
 
 
 v.i 
 
 • t-' -t 
 
186 
 
 BORDEAUX 
 
 ''I ; 
 
 The old custom of lulaptin^ IlorJcuux wiiicB to 
 the tnstc of llic iCiigliah market hits entirely L'uiised 
 licro for many years past. The taste for pure 
 wines liaviti^; generally superseded that, for the 
 heavily loaded wines ol'the former generation, the 
 wine merchants of llordeaux have ceased the 
 operation of blending; their wnies with the strong, 
 fuU-liodied, and high-llavoured wines of the Khone, 
 Kucli as Jlerniitage, eole rotie, croze itc., and the 
 still more heavy .vines of Catalonia. In former 
 (lays, the greatest porlicii of the r. Ines of the 
 Khone were imported into Uordp'.ux for tlie above 
 speeilii'd jnirpose ; bnt at the pr^'sent time, and for 
 several years past, the purehase of them has en- 
 tirely ceased, and they take another direction, that 
 of Iturgundy, or direct to Kngland, where the 
 operation former!}' practised in Bordeaux is said 
 still to prevail. 
 
 The wines shipped under tlio titles of Lalite, 
 Latour, and Cliateau Jlarganx arc also freely 
 mixed with the wines of tlie surrounding vineyard's, 
 which, from the nature of the soil, i)roximity, and 
 mode (if cultivation, cannot ditFor materially. 
 
 Other good wines arc also sjiid to enter largely 
 into the composition of these celebrated cn'm. Some 
 houses pretend to keep their wines i)ure, but the 
 practice of mixing is at r,ny rate very general. 
 
 The ])urchase of the wines, whellier from the 
 grower or the merchant, is effected tlirough bro- 
 kers. Tliere are a fow of I hem who have the 
 reputation of accuracy in dissecting the different 
 liavours, and in tracing the results of the wine by 
 certain measures of training and treatment. 
 
 Kngland consumes the greatest portion of the 
 high-classed wines, besides a large share of the 
 lower kinds, especially since the Treaty of Com- 
 merce with France. A certain quantity is taken 
 by the Russians aud citizens of the United States ; 
 the remainiler is consumed in IJordeaiix or in 
 i'aris, where, owing to increase of wealth, liigh- 
 l)riccd wines are now in demand. 
 
 The wines of inferior quality and value a'o c'>:- 
 ported to various ])arts of the Continent of Kurope, 
 and wherever a demand may exist. The wines 
 known as Caryo Wiiie are the least valuable. 
 They are chiefly from the district of ' Kutre deux 
 3Iers,' but for several years |)ast, and more 
 jiarticularly since the diminution in the pro- 
 duction of wine, many of these wines are somaiui- 
 I'actured that it is hardly possible to know of what 
 they are composed. The best, however, arc !i 
 mixture of the common white wines, the coarse 
 dark-coloured wines of tlie south, such as Nar- 
 bonne. Houssillon A'C, anil a certain quantity of 
 distilled water. They can be ]iut on board at 2/. 
 ])er hogshead and upwards, and at os. per case of 
 12 bottles. These kinds of wine, when |)roperly 
 prepared, will last sound two or three years, wlie- 
 ilier in wood or in bottle, and bear the sea-carriiige 
 well; a vast quantity bein;;- exported to North 
 and South America, the colonics, the south coast 
 of Africa, and Iiulia. 
 
 The practice formerlj' pursued by the Dutch, as 
 described in tlic first edition of tliis Dictionarv, of 
 
 full body, as the prevalent tnsto in Holland ia for 
 new und light wines. 
 
 Brandies anil S/iiri/.i of Ifine. — The ((uantity 
 distilUd in the Department of the (iironde has been 
 very insignificant for several years past. Not- 
 witlistandmg the increase of the cultivation of the 
 vine, the o'l'dium or vino disease reduced tho 
 quantity so greatly belowtho average astoincreasn 
 the |)rice even of the lowest qualities, from which 
 braiuly is made, to such an extent that far greater 
 profits vsnc derived from the sale of the wines 
 than from the distilling of them into spirits. The 
 manufacture of brandy may therefore be said to 
 have been confined exclusively to the neighbouring 
 countries of Armagnac and Mamuuulc, 
 
 The district of Armagnac produces yearly on an 
 average about -l(i,("tO to 60,000 pieces, of 4 hec- 
 tolitres each, and the j)rcseut price is 72 francs 
 per hectolitre. 
 
 The district of Mannando produces from 10,000 
 to l,'j,UOO pieces, valued at .08 francs per hectolitre, 
 
 Languedoc produces annually about 40,000 
 pieces, of 80 veltes each, the greater part of which 
 comes to Hordeaux to be forwarded to the different 
 ports of the north of France, or to foreign co.m- 
 tries. France consumes about two-thirds of the 
 above <iuanlity; the remaining one-third goes to 
 the north of Furopc. Tho jirices of orandv are 
 from 130 fr. to 160 fr. per 60 velteg, ordmary 
 proof; spirits of wine, from 4 fr. to u fr. per 
 velte. 
 
 The greatest shipments of brandy take place to 
 Fngland from the port of Tonnay-Charento, on 
 the Cliarente. Cognac, from which the brandy 
 takes its name, and where there are large distil- 
 leries, is a few leagues u[) the river. The quantity 
 exported is far greater than what is made at 
 Cognac; the two leading distillers there (Martcll 
 and llennessy) buying great quantities from the 
 small cultivators. The greater jiart of the wines 
 niade about Angoulenie, and thence down to- 
 v.iird the sea, are of inferior quality, and lit only 
 for making brandy ; and so little do the prices 
 vary, that the proprietors look upon it nearly in 
 the same light as gold. When they augment 
 their capital by savings or profits, it is employed 
 in kee|)ing a larger stock of brandy, which has tlie 
 further a<lvantagc of paying the interest of their 
 capital by its improved value from age. Knglaml 
 is said to receive upwards of l),000 pieces annually 
 from Charento. 
 
 .V very large (iroportion of these brandies is sent 
 to liordeaux, where they are converted into com- 
 mon or cargo Cognac, and sent off' as such to 
 various parts of the world. The remainder finds 
 its way |)ure to various parts of France, or is em- 
 ployed here for brandied fruits, liipicurs, and 
 cordials. 
 
 At Hordeaux, ns at I'aris and Slarscilles, tiiero 
 is a constant gambling ousiness in lime bargains 
 cf spirits of wine. It is in the form of spirits of 
 wine that nearly all tho brandy consumed in 
 France is expedited, as in this form there is a 
 
 great saving in c.irriagc. (For an ollicial .■u'coinit 
 sending ships with supercargoes to purchase the i of flu; cicports of wine and brandy from France, 
 wines, has been moditied»-thc purchases for that see Wlnj;,) 
 country being now in some cases conducted by the K.rpurt of Fruits. — The fruit exported consists 
 
 l\: 
 
 purchasers personally under the guidance of a mer- 
 chant of liordeaux, to whom is intrusted the ship- 
 ment of their purchases. In others, tlie Hordeaux 
 merchants are employed to purchase, ship ic, 
 without tlie presence of the Dutch purchaser — a 
 commission being allowed on all these operations. 
 Many Bordeaux merchants eoimeetcd with Hol- 
 land speculate on their own account, sending 
 samples of their purchases to their customers. 
 Tlicy seldom purchase old wines, or those of 
 
 of prunes, almonds, walnuts, apples tS: :. 
 
 The influx of the South Americai. Spaniimls, 
 which was noted thirty years ago, has long since 
 ceiLsed. Many of those wlio at that time had set- 
 tled in Bordeaux have either died or left it alto- 
 gether, and their capital has gone with them. At 
 the present time there arc few existing, and the 
 trade with the South American continent has again 
 fallen into the hands of the French merchants. 
 Many of these capitalists embarked iu speculations 
 
 which did 
 •hey liad bi 
 
 -tniiiiitl Av 
 "f Hordm 
 
 Ciiiinlrlci t( 
 
 Thi- i;nli„| Kii 
 «»nli'n .iiiil .S„ 
 ii;iiiM* 'I'owiia 
 llolUnil . 
 ik'iKiuiii 
 Ku.«iii . 
 
 {jtrinnn Comme 
 
 •Vui, . 
 
 To(«l ««poru 
 
 The i;n|,„i scir 
 I'nli.li(-ai„.,i„ 
 «l>er rinie 
 |rei,th Colonlf. . 
 
 KpanlKli rolonies 
 J;'""* »nU Cochin 
 
 • hilt' 
 Peru . 
 
 JJi'w <irainil,i - 
 ilrazil 
 
 JVi-Mioaslof Afri', 
 
 VctizuiU 
 
 J»Hni«(i Colonies . 
 Oceania 
 
 <>ualraial,i '. 
 
 Tolal export to : 
 
 IleL-apitul 
 Eiporti to Kuroiu. 
 roile(,-oloni« . 
 •I o sumlry placM 
 
 Total 
 
 OperatiuH of , 
 the Triide of 2 
 
 great city l,as J 
 sighted, anti-soc 
 ""^'"- Tliis poll 
 aiul systematical 
 W(.' believe it wou 
 privations it eiitj 
 iientpowerlullvc 
 f"ll. Hut (Iiose 
 have not hithert 
 'o a sounder s\-.s 
 '••■irried, in soni.' , 
 xysiem'tonnex 
 Ifon. .\otwithst 
 t'ountry like Frai 
 ware at a cheap 
 loreigncrs is ex 
 famed for a thir, 
 isniaimfaetnred 
 lias been foUowt 
 <vc. ,\i„| in ,,r, 
 lO'Sar from ihe 
 •J"" laid, not oii.j 
 that imported fh 
 operation of (his 
 <li'sliyofthocoui 
 jty forcing Franc, 
 tlie production t 
 a<-'liiired capabili. 
 qiiniliy tlie grow 
 <liiction of which 
 cnniKry has bcei 
 TOniniercc being h 
 Keiprocity, a couii 
 cease to export. 
 ~-hy refusing to 
 ;;»'loiis and hart 
 ^we'leii, the linen.' 
 •^witzerlantl and V 
 ^" 'hat was in Jicrl 
 
 rd 
 •d( 
 
 of 
 
i 
 
 which iVul not succeed, and much of the fortune 
 they had brought with them was thus dissiinUcd. 
 
 Annual Avriaye F.rportis of Jinimli/ iit the Port 
 of liordiwu; for tin: laU b IVurs, l«(ill — Istil, 
 
 
 Quantities 
 
 rmintrUt to wlik-h e&iHirU-d 
 
 — . ^- ^ 
 
 
 
 
 Lltrea 
 
 tinllnn^ 
 
 The Unttifl Kmixcloni 
 
 Tiij.n.si 
 
 15.'.,.ViH 
 
 Hwv<lcn iiiKt Norway 
 
 ^^^,m^ 
 
 74,I.'>H 
 
 llnns« TowiM ... 
 
 V1S,!II') 
 
 .'il,7lii 
 
 Hoi Unci .... 
 
 •im\,y.t^ 
 
 4.'),l.'ill 
 
 Jii'lftlUlll 
 
 1 IH.OT.I 
 
 •i(i,nity 
 
 Ku^uiii > 
 
 ICIli.VlO 
 
 'i.1..1IHi 
 
 4it'rman rommcn-ial ITnimi 
 
 H;,1T.1 
 
 I'l.Ml 
 
 lU'Diiiark 
 
 y\;iir> 
 
 7,Vi!» 
 
 Niiiuii .... 
 
 \H,7.l6 
 
 \,"yi 
 
 FnrtiiKnl ... 
 
 h./i/ifi 
 
 •i,\in 
 
 llunuvt-r 
 
 ','iKI 
 
 l,ti!H) 
 
 ToWlciporU lo i:uicr|ii' 
 
 I,SN1,.17.1_ 
 
 ~~Tli.i,i)iiii 
 
 The llnilwl Sl«ti-» 
 
 •i.ivii.r^i 
 
 4I'.,-OT 
 
 nrttihh ('olo-ik-A - 
 
 i,(i;i,inH) 
 
 3I.S,'iSCI 
 
 Klujr rime 
 
 MS.S71 
 
 S 1 ,1 .'I'i 
 
 French Culonieft - 
 
 lii 1,1.17 
 
 4'(,li.-« 
 
 jUexico . - • - 
 
 Kil.HXV 
 
 .1.'.,lil4 
 
 HuanUh rdonies - 
 
 China and Cochin China • 
 
 i \-i%,tt\r. 
 
 VN,lfi.1 
 
 \vi:i\i 
 
 ii4.<iSB 
 
 UruKuay 
 
 1 1 1 ,,-<.17 
 
 Vl.l'Jt 
 
 OhllJ . - . - 
 
 1 110,1 l»H 
 
 •tt,irn 
 
 reru .... 
 
 !)7,'iV.T 
 
 XI,I77 
 
 K<)imtor ■ - - - 
 
 !l.1,4'll 
 
 •.ill,.')BS 
 
 New (iranaita 
 
 m.'m^ 
 
 I.1,SiH 
 
 Uracil . ■ . - 
 
 ,'i.Vil'J 
 
 1 1 ,SO.T 
 
 West i-oast of Afi ii-a 
 
 M.SSI 
 
 ll,(i-vl 
 
 DuUh Ooloiiies - . - 
 
 Ui,n\'i 
 
 lll,M9 
 
 Veni-T.uela 
 
 .-.l),')'J.l 
 
 I,,N1S 
 
 Punish Colonies - 
 
 •iii.r.ii'.t 
 
 4,li:S 
 
 Oceania . . - 
 
 A.lll) 
 
 1,121 
 
 (iuateniala 
 
 4,;>ti> 
 
 I.IHIII 
 
 Total export to ouinlrv colonies . 
 
 .'1,170,1811 
 
 2j,ini.'.'5'*I. 
 
 Kecnpitutation : 
 
 1 
 
 
 Kiporta to Kiirojie 
 
 ' l,ssi,v:i 
 
 4l.i,!)no 
 
 Toll e t'olonics - 
 
 b,xn,im 
 
 I,1SI.I.18 
 
 To sundry pi. u-e-i 
 
 l.l.llCil 
 
 li,S7.1 
 
 Toiil - 
 
 1 ~7lviil.lil3 
 
 l..'il)S,2ll 
 
 Operattun of the French Commercial System on 
 the Trade of Bordeaux ^•c.—'Vhc trade of tbin 
 great city has suftcrcd severely from the sliort- 
 siKhteil, Miiti-.soci.'il policy of the French Govcrn- 
 inent. This ))olicy was first broadly laid down, 
 ami .systematically acted u|)oii, by Napoleon I. ; and 
 we be'lieve it would not be dillicult to show that the 
 lirivations it entailed on the people of the Conti- 
 nent powerl'uUy contributed to accelerate his dowu- 
 Ihit those by whom he has been succeeded 
 
 IJOllDKAUX 187 
 
 of those coimlriis from her markets. They are 
 not less anxious than formerly to obtain her 
 wines, brandies, aiiil silUs ; ina.Mniich, ho-vever, as 
 commerce is merely an exchange of pro.lucts, and 
 as l''rance will accept very few products belon^'iiig 
 to others, they cannot, how anxious soever, maiii- 
 tuin that extensive and mutually beneticial inter- 
 course witli her they would oihirwise carry on : 
 they sell little to her, and their purcliiuses are, of 
 course, proportionally diinini.-'hed. 
 
 Tliis, iiuleeil, is in all cases the necessary and 
 inevilablc ellect of the prohibitive system. It 
 never fails to lessen exjiortalion to tlit^ same ex- 
 tent that It lessens imnortation ; so that, when 
 least injurious, it merely substitutes one sort of 
 inilustry for another — the production uftlie article 
 that had been obtained from the foreigner, for the 
 production of that whicli had been sent to him n8 
 an equivalent. [CtoiMKlicE.] 
 
 France is not only extremely well situated for 
 carrying on an extensive intercourse with foreign 
 countries, hut she is largely suppliecl with several 
 productions, which, were she to adopt a liberal 
 commercial system, would meet with a reatly and 
 advantfigeous .sale abroad, and eualile her to fur- 
 nish equivalents for the largest amount of import.s. 
 The superiority enji)yed by Amboyiia in the pro- 
 duction of cloves is not more decided than that 
 enjoyed by France in the production of wine. 1 ler 
 cliircl, burgundy, ch.impagne, and brandy arc un- 
 rivalled; and furnish, of tliemselves, the materials 
 of a vast commerce. Iiuleed, the iiroductiou of 
 wine is, next to the ordinary business of agri- 
 culture, by far the most extensive and valuable 
 brancli of industry in France. It is stated by the 
 landholilers and merchants of the department of 
 the Gironde, in the admirable J'liilion rt ^Innoire 
 (1 VAjipui, presented by them to the Chamber of 
 Deputies in IH.>S, that tlie ([uantity of wine 
 annually produced in France amounts, at an 
 average', to about 'lO.OOO.OUO hectolitres, or 
 1,000.(100,000 gallons; that its value is not less 
 than from 800,000,000 to 1,000,000,000 francs, or 
 from 32,()()0,000/. to 40,000,000/. sterling ; and that 
 upwards of three millions of iiuiiviiluals are em- 
 ployed in its production. In some of the southern 
 departments it is of paramount importance. Tlie 
 population of the (Jironde, exclusive of IJordeaux, 
 
 fall 
 
 have not hitherto seen the expediency of returning 
 
 til a .sounder sj-stem ; on ihc contrary, the v have 
 
 carried, in .some respects at lea.!t, the ' continental amounis toahout 1,50,000 inilividuals, of whom no 
 
 system' to an extent not contemplated by Napo 
 Icon. Notwithstanding the vast importance to a 
 country like France of supplies of iron and hard- 
 ware at a cheap rate, that which is produced by 
 foreigners is excluded, tliongh it might be ob- 
 tained for a third part of the i)rice of that which 
 is inanufaetured at home. A similar line of policy 
 L.is been followed as to cotton yarn, earthenware 
 ic. Anil in order to force tlie manufacture of 
 sugar I'rom tlie beet-roof, oppressive duties have 
 belli laid, not only on foreigi; sugar, but even on 
 that imported from the French colonies. The 
 operation of this system on the commerce and in- 
 dusliy of the country has been most mischievous, 
 liy forcing France to raise, at home, articles for 
 tlie production of which she has no natural or 
 aiM)uired capabilities, the exportation, and coiisc- 
 qiu'iitly the growth, of those articles in the pro- 
 duction of which she is superior to every other 
 cdiiiitry has been very greatly narrowed. All 
 commerce being bottomed on a fair principle of 
 reciprocity, a country that refuses to import must 
 cca.se to export, lly excluding foreign produce 
 —by refusing to .admit the sugar of llrazil, the 
 cottons and hardware of England, the iron of 
 Kweiloii, the linens of (Jermany, and the cattle of 
 Switzerland and Wilrlemberg — France has done 
 nW that was in her power to drive the merchants 
 
 lower than "JoOiOOO are supposed to lie directly 
 engaged in the cultivation of the vine. 
 
 Here, then, is a branch of industry in which 
 France has no competitor, whicli even now atl'oril.i 
 employment for about a tenth part of lier popu- 
 lation, and which is susceptible of indefinite ex- 
 tension. She has, in this single article, tlie means 
 of carrying on the most extensive and lucrative 
 commerce. ' Le gouvemement fraiu'nis,' says 51. 
 (,'haptal, in his work Siir I'lndustrie Frumctise, 
 'doit les phis graiiils eiicimrageineiiis i\ la culture 
 lies vigiie.s, .'-oit qii'il coiisiilere ses piMduils rela- 
 tivement ii la consommation iiiterieure, soit qu'il 
 les envi.sage sous lo rajiport de iiotre commerce 
 a\ec I'etranger, dont il est enejf'etla baseesseidielU:' 
 
 lUit instead of labouring to extend this great 
 branch of industry, Government has consented lo 
 sacrifice it to the interests of the iron-founders, the 
 cotton and linen niannfacturcrs, and the planters 
 of Martinique and Guadaloupe ! We do not, 
 indeed, imagine that they were at all awarii lliat 
 such wouUl be the effect of their policy. Theirs 
 is only one instance, among myriads that may be 
 spocilied, to prove that ignorance in a ministry 13 
 quite as pernicious as bad intention.s. The con- 
 sideration, apparently not a very recondite one, 
 that, notwithstandhig the bounty of nature, wine 
 ■was not gratuitously produced in France, and 
 
 V,,; 
 
188 
 
 BORDEAUX 
 
 t. : 
 
 coiild not, thoroforo, l)C export p<1 except for an equi- 
 valent, won 111 seem never to have occurred to the 
 ministers of Ixiuis XVIII. and Charles \. Hut 
 those whose interests were at stake did not Tail 
 to apprise them of the hollowncas of their system 
 of policy. In 1822, when the project f»r raising 
 the duties on sugar, iron, linens tSrc. was under 
 discussion, the merchants of llordeaux, Nantes, 
 Marseilles, and other great commercial cities, the 
 silk manufacturers of Lyons, and the wine-growers 
 of the (Jirondc, and some other departments, pre- 
 sented petitions to the Chambers, in which they 
 truly stated that ii was a contradiction and an 
 absurdity to attempt selling to the foreigner 
 without, at the same time, buj^ng from him ; and 
 expressed their conviction that the imposition of 
 the proposed duties would bo fatal to the com- 
 merce of France, and would consequently inHict 
 n very serious injury on the wine-growers and 
 silk mnnufacturcrs. These representations did 
 not, however, meet with a very courteous reception. 
 They were stigmatised as the work of ignorant 
 and interested persons. The Chambers approved 
 the policy of ministers ; and in their ardour to 
 extend and perfect it, did not hesitate deeply to 
 injure branches of industry on which several 
 millions of persons are dependent, in order that 
 n few businesses, nowise suited to France, and 
 the support of which costs her several millions a 
 year, might be bolstered up and protected ! 
 
 It is plain, had there not been some powerful 
 counteracting cause in operation, that the exports 
 of wine from France would have been very greatly 
 augmented since the pence of 181,"). 'le United 
 States, Kussia, England, Prussia, ,. nil those 
 countries that have at all times becji the great 
 imi)ortcr.s of French wines, have made prodigious 
 advances in wealth and population since 1789; 
 and, bed the conimercc with them not been sub- 
 jected t'» injurious restrictions, there is everj- 
 reason tc think that their imports of French 
 wine would have been much greater now than at 
 any former period. So far, however, from this 
 being the case, they have declined in a most 
 extraordinary degree. This is proved beyond all 
 question by "the following extract from a report 
 made to the Council General of the Gironde in 
 18U, and published by its orders and with its 
 sanction : — 
 
 ' Previously to 1790 the wine trade at Bordeaux 
 had an immense development. The books of our 
 most ancient houses, transmitted down religiously 
 from father to son. and the registries of our lands, 
 prove that in the years preceding 1787 our exports 
 had reached more than 100,000 tuns of wine, 10,000 
 casks of brandy, and 5,000 of vinegar. They also 
 show that from 1,200 to 1,400 vessels from the 
 North took large quantities of wine, in return for 
 their national produce, which they easily disposed 
 of amongst us. It was a most lucrative commerce, 
 for wo then sent 15,000 tuns to Prussia, 18,000 to 
 England and Ireland, 0,(100 to Dantzic, 40,000 to 
 Hamburg, Lubeck, and Bremen, 15,000 to Holland, 
 7,000 to .Sweden, 5,000 to Denmark and Norway, 
 and 12,000 to Russia, But at that period we l.ad 
 not closed our frontiers to the produce of all these 
 nations — we received at moderate duties their 
 ■wodIIciis, linens, hemp, iron, wood, cattle, and 
 other articles, the consumption of which was less 
 expensive, and the quality bettor, than similar 
 articles made at home, and forced on us by cus- 
 toms duties. At present, notwithstanding the rapid 
 increase of commercial affairs — notwithstanding the 
 now nations of America, the advantages of a more 
 expeditious, certain, and economical navigation, 
 the demandi of nations increased in number and 
 industry, and confieiiucntly more disposed to pur- 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 chase for consumption, our commerce is declining 
 in H most alarming manner. Authentic documents 
 prove that, in 18,19, our exports only reached l,3;il> 
 tuns to England, 2,499 to Kussia, 147 to Sweden, 
 ;i42 to Norway, 2,9(')4 to Prussia, G12 to Denmark, 
 8,188 to the H'anso Towns, and 7,021 to the Nether- 
 lands, Since then our exports have not increased; 
 80 that instead of 100,000 tuns at least taken by 
 the north of Europe from the department of tlio 
 Gironde previously to 1790, not more than 25,000 
 tuns arc taken at present. Yet the taste for wine 
 and the necessitv to use it have not been weakened 
 amongst tho various nations ; but the exaggerated 
 duties with which its introduction has been loaded 
 only allow it to be consumed by the wealthy 
 classes, who are everywhere the least numerous. 
 These duties arc established in retaliation of those 
 which France lays on foreign productions. If tho 
 exportation of wine has diminished in so great a 
 proportion, the cause must be sought in tho pro- 
 tective system. When tho variations in the ex- 
 ports of wine are attentively examined, and their 
 decrease looked to since 1822, when this system 
 attained its height, to 1840, it is impossible not to 
 be struck with the fact that these variations are 
 intnnatelv connected with the system itself. Tho 
 decrease ni the ex|M)rt.s of wine has followed tho 
 increased development of tho protective system, 
 and, therefore, we are forced to draw this conclu- 
 sion, that If is tills system which destroys our export 
 trade. Yet foreign consumi)tlon is tho most cer- 
 tain and most profitable for Bordcau.x wines, and 
 it is particularly in the markets of the north of 
 Europe and of England that the wines of the 
 finest quality which our department ))roduce8 find 
 purchasers. Let us, then, insist on the necessity 
 of re-opening these markets, which have beeii 
 closed by the enormous amount of duties imposed 
 by foreigners in reprisal of those laid by us on 
 their products.' 
 
 Besides the injury inflicted on the wine trade 
 by the prohibitive system of commercial policy 
 adopted in France, and the retaliatory measure's 
 provoked in other countries, it suffered severely 
 from the octrois and other duties on internal con- 
 sumption. But the depression, though felt cvcrj'- 
 where, was greatest in the Gironde, which was espe- 
 cially dependent on its export trade. This was 
 strikingly evinced by the largo stocks of wine 
 remaining in the hands of the growers and mer- 
 chants, and ly the fall in its price. This, of 
 course, reacted on the vineyards, many of which 
 became all but unsaleable; and in 1843 the com- 
 mittee of wine growers applied to (jovernmciit 
 for a loan of 2,000,000 francs to be applied to the 
 payment of taxes due by the wine growers. 
 
 Such were the effects of the restrictive system of 
 policy on the wine trade of France — on a branch 
 of industry which employed three miltions of 
 people. 
 
 A wiser policy has, however, prevailed in Franco 
 since the negotiation of the French conimcrfial 
 treaty and the partial development of the prin- 
 ciples of free trade in that country. 
 
 BOSTON. A commercial city of the United 
 States, the capital of Massachusetts, and the largest 
 town of New England, lat. 42° 2li' N., long, 71" 4' 
 W. Population in 1860, 177,812. The city is 
 situated on a peninsula near the bottom of a large 
 and deep bay, being surrounded on all sides by 
 water, except on the south, where it is joined to 
 tho mauiland by the narrow isthmus called Boston 
 Neck. But it communicates, by means of exten- 
 sive wooden bridges, with Charleston on tlic 
 north side of the bay, and with Dorchester on the 
 south. Boston Bay is of great extent, and is 
 studded with many islands. 
 
1-v, 
 
 dc 
 cy 
 
 res 
 ily 
 in- 
 
 7- 
 
 .'«- 
 rag 
 ine 
 cr- 
 of 
 ich 
 m- 
 
 Cllt 
 
 the 
 
 lof 
 
 ich 
 
 of 
 
 I ! 
 
 
 lice 
 cial 
 rin- 
 
 itcil 
 
 Rest 
 
 Of 
 
 y is 
 arge 
 1 by 
 J to 
 ston 
 teii- 
 thc 
 I the 
 id is 
 
 If ^'; 
 
 -■M 
 
»• 
 
 LighthnuM 
 
 «no iiii I ho \ 
 <^ii(rnnc(> nf 
 "i<- thinl (III I 
 Narrows, niid 
 LoiiK iHlaiid. 
 t'lircl JH red. 
 
 Shipping.—. 
 
 Hiwloii hjiH n 
 
 "tlii'r port ill ( 
 
 "••••"iiiK.s laid I 
 
 •■•■Kinlori'd, ciir 
 
 "•K to HoMtoi 
 
 ■> '",!'!»(j tons, ( 
 
 111 tlie coaHliii 
 
 uiirdcii of ,0o,;j 
 
 and liir imined 
 
 I'vcr, Hie .shiMi) 
 
 tliniiiiiidiod. 
 
 Shipping Clu. 
 •Nkw Youk. 
 
 //()«' to nilci 
 Atlantic, a Nhii 
 iH'nr W, by N. 
 Tho largest nhin 
 cable's len^rti,. 
 tlie master be n 
 the wind be nori 
 favourable Cor c 
 h- 'S. (or Nniitui 
 and jret a pilot. 
 
 Mmrintf iVc.— 
 
 ticii'iit deiithofv 
 
 come up to the to 
 
 iisiially moor mK 
 
 <'"'y He in pe 
 
 Loiisada, ill Ids j 
 
 f lio roadstead is f 
 
 tic measures are t 
 
 of time Mhcii It 
 
 enter. There are 
 
 'or the most part, 
 
 structure of sf(in( 
 
 are ' Loiifr \Vhar/; 
 
 tral Wharf,' 41.J 
 
 havinpr a ranpc 
 
 houses aloiijf its v 
 
 Pilutage.~ti^, 
 Winch vessels niu 
 vessels, with the 
 tons, and Americj 
 i'liris from Jtritis 
 within about lA n 
 him on board, niu 
 tliey have f;ot wil 
 nailed, th(. obli.r; 
 ciases. This re^^r, 
 tated by a wish to 
 tiic alert ; it bein.' 
 ai'quainted with tl 
 oil board, thoiiL'h 
 hmiis. 
 
 Careening, Store 
 
 nhle iilace for carei 
 
 l<i»ils of supplies 1 
 
 ami at moderate pi 
 
 I»imigration.~T 
 
 ri»inf,'at Boston 
 
 I.tiOO or 1,800 in j 
 
 that the masters . 
 
 shall enter into ■ 
 
 amount of L'OO dolll 
 
 »'"*•' not hccoinl 
 
 'w •> years, or pal 
 
 on account of eactf 
 
 tioii does not apiJ 
 
 fcasoiiablo amount] 
 
 -T 
 
 I a 
 
 4-nttrn iM'/utniiUi-- ,^>'t^ 
 
1 ^ 
 
 nOSTON 
 
 180 
 
 Liyhthnunrx, Poslon Bail. — Tlirrn nro l lifjlits : Ihp forci;;!) ronsulH n» to this puint is commoiily 
 oiiv nil the Miiiot l.i'ilf;(', tlio sironil mi Ihr iinrt'i j actcil ii|iiin. 
 
 oiitrniice (if tlio liarlmiir nu |,ii;lilli(uist' Isliind, j Tnulf nf UohIoh At.— Iliwton liim n vory fx- 
 ()ic lliinl on till! west cml of tlu' Spit iilirciiat tlu> tonsivn trudf with tin- Soullicrii Stales ;iii'l «illi 
 NnrrowH, niid the fourth on tht> north-rnst end of) foreign I'oiiiitrioH, nnd is also cim- of tho |iriii('i|ial 
 Lon^; IhIuikI. The second li^ht w revolving, the I scats of tlic American tishiTirn. Siiu i.s lart;cly 
 tliird is red. I indchtcd to her soiithiTii iiciKhlxnirs, and princi- 
 
 Sltipping. — With tlu> oxcoplion of New York, pally to Ni'W York, Maryland, and I'i'nnsyivania, 
 KoHloii ha.s n InrpT inori'antilu iiiariiu' than any for supplies of tloiir and wheat, and for (;r('al (pian- 
 other port in the llnited .States. Areorilin^ to the | titles of liarley, niai/e, oatmeal, oats iVe. as well 
 neeount.s laid hefore CJonnress .lanuary 1, IM,')M, tlu; ' as for (■oll<ai, lolmeeo ie. Of these, the iinport.s 
 renidtcred, oiiroUed, and lieensod tonnajfe belong;- ! of (lour amount, nt an average, to nhout l,liin,l)0() 
 iiif; to Huston on .luiie 'MK IX-u, atnountcd to I liarrelsa-year ; allsorts of ^raiii to aliout :i,riUi),(M)() 
 
 •li7,'.t!)G tons, of which 4'i,l7'.( tons were employed 
 in the eonHtin^ trade. In l«atJ, '18 ships, of the 
 burden of .")0,;l!tl tons, were launched in Hosimi 
 and her immpdinto vicinity. Since the war, how- 
 ever, the shipping of liohtun has been materially 
 tliniinished. 
 
 S/ii/i/iiiip Chargfs. — For an account of these, see 
 Nkw YoiiK. 
 
 How to enter the Port. — In coniinfj from the 
 Atlantic, a ship hIioiiUI bring the liglitliouse to 
 bear VV. by N. to W.N.W. and run direct for it. 
 The largest ships may pass it at within less than a 
 cable's length. If there be no pilot on board, or 
 the master be unaciiunintcd with the harbour, or 
 the wind be north-westerly, which is the most un- 
 favourable for entering, she bad better steer M'. 
 by S. for Nantucket roads, where she may anchor 
 and get n pilot. 
 
 Mooring itc. — (Jenerally speaking, there is suf- 
 ticieiit depth of water to ei'iable the largest ships to 
 come up to the town at all times of the tide. They 
 usually moor aloiigsiile (piays or wharfs, where 
 they lie in perfect safety. IJiit Mr. Consul 
 Lousada, in his Keport of Jan. 24, 18(>7, says that 
 the roadstead is fast tilling ui), and unless energe- 
 tic measun^s are taken, it will be merely a ([ucstion 
 of time when large vessels will be unable to 
 enter. There are in all about t!0 wharfs ; which, 
 for the most part, are built on piles, with a super- 
 structure of stone and earth. The two principal 
 are * Long Wharf,' iioO yards in length ; and ' Cen- 
 tral Wharf,' 4l;J yards long by IM in breadth, 
 having a range of lofty brick stores and ware- 
 houses along its whole length. 
 
 Pilotage. — No particular )ilaee is specified at 
 •which vessels must heave to for a pilot. Hut all 
 vessels, with the exception of coasters under 'HW 
 tons, and American vessels laden with plaster of 
 I'aris from ISritish America, if bailed by a pilot 
 within about 1 J mile of the outer light, must take 
 him on board, under a iicnalty of 60 dollars. If 
 they have got within this distance before being 
 hailed, the obligation to take a piU)t on board 
 ceases. This regulation has obviously been dic- 
 tated by a wish to have the pilots constuntty on 
 the alert; it being supposed that masters not well 
 acquainted with the b.iy will heave to to take one 
 oil board, though they have got within the free 
 limits. 
 
 Careening, S/orex, ^"c— lioston is a very favour- 
 nhle place for careening and repairing ships. All 
 kinds of supplies may be had of the best quality 
 and at moderate prices. 
 
 Immigration. — The number of immigrants ar- 
 riyiiig at Boston is not great, seldom exceeding 
 1,000 or 1,800 in a year. A citj' ordinance directs 
 that the masters of vessels bringing immigrants 
 shall enter into a bond with sureties, to the 
 amount of '.'00 dollars for each immigrant, that he 
 shall not become a charge upon the state 
 for 3 years, or pay a commutation of 5 dollars 
 on account of each individual. Hut this regula- 
 tion does not apply to immigrants having a 
 reasonable amount of property . the declaration of 
 
 bushels; cotton 'J'.'ll.OdO bales; sugar >*(l,ii(IO,(|{lll 
 lbs.; collet' .">(),(M)(» bags itc. Her returns are 
 made, partly in native raw produce, as beef, (inrk, 
 lard Ifn:; jiartly and principally in the produce 
 of her maniil'aciiiring industry, in which Massa- 
 chusetts is deciiU'dly superior to every other state 
 in the I'nioii; uikI partly in the productMif her 
 fisheries and foreign trade." At an average, Hosloii 
 annually sends to the .soutliern parts of the I'liion 
 about fo,0(M) barrels „( beef and pork; '.'00,0(10 
 barrels mackerel, herrings, alewives &c. ; large 
 quantities of dried and smoked lish; 5,000,(100 
 pairs of boots and shoes; besides a very large 
 amount of cotton aiurwoolleii niaiiufai'turcd gooils, 
 pa|)er, nails, ice, furniture, cordage Ac. ; so as to 
 leave a large balance in her lavoiir. Her exports 
 of native produce to foreign countries consist prin- 
 cipally of the .same articles she sends to tho 
 southern States ; but she also exports a largo 
 amount of the foreign produce she bad previously 
 imported. The imports from abroad consist prin- 
 cipally of cotton and woollen goods; linens and 
 canvas ; hardware, silks, sugar, tea, coffee, wines 
 and brandy, spices, hides, indigo, dyewoods A-c. 
 The total imports from foreign countries into tho 
 state of Massachusetts in the year eiulhig.lune W, 
 18G4, amounted to i(l,:i(l,),(;:.'7 dols. ; while the 
 exports of native produce, during the same year, 
 amounted to only l.'>,(;t)4,0;!;t dols.. and of native 
 and foreign produce together to 17,0,')7,(l!i'2 dols.; 
 the balance against Massaclin.setts being paid otV 
 by bills upon the .southern States, to which sho 
 exports much more than she imports from them. 
 New York alone is, in fact, supposed to be at all 
 times indebted to Hoston about j,000,000 dols. 
 We suiijoin some statements illustrative of tho 
 trade of Hoston. 
 
 Vah 
 
 uo of the JJomestir Prothue 
 
 "f 
 
 Massachn.icttn, 
 
 
 lyOi"), iHiJO. 
 
 
 
 
 ism 
 
 
 ISfi.-. 
 
 
 Dollars 
 
 
 I>»ll.irs 
 
 Cott.MI 
 
 . .T/,(MMi,n(H) 
 
 
 4n,iHii>,(nii) 
 
 Flinir 
 
 2l,(HM},il(H> 
 
 
 l^.lHKI.nl'i) 
 
 ("nm 
 
 •2,lHtil,(hHI 
 
 
 •i.'iMi.mii 
 
 < >AtS 
 
 K.VstKK) 
 
 
 l,*^.'iO,i(eo 
 
 r.Kii 
 
 7,1K>I>,()1)(I 
 
 
 (i.VMl.iKKI 
 
 uuw< 
 
 V.MH),(HV» 
 
 
 V,7.'>li,(IO(l 
 
 I^athtT 
 
 - ia.-MHMHK) 
 
 
 1S,II0»,CI<KI 
 
 IViirisiutis 
 
 7,()(><i,(li)() 
 
 
 s,;)<i(>,<inrt 
 
 N.tval si»ire^ - 
 
 «i.VI,(KKI 
 
 
 f,IHI,IH)(> 
 
 lluiU'r aiul L'lu>u^e 
 
 l.'iOii.tHIO 
 
 
 6,(HHI,n"0 
 
 Wool 
 
 •i'i.OOtf.onO 
 
 
 •is.nno.iino 
 
 Total 
 
 - 'l »9,(HKMH)0 
 
 
 IJS.SiU.UUO 
 
 Imp 
 
 orts ( Qtiantitii's) 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 1SG6 ]mr, 
 
 Ashus 
 
 c? ki. 
 
 3,S7.'> 4,1S.T 
 
 t'oro-v 
 
 « ba^. 
 
 1'^, 
 
 )'<o :i,7ll 
 
 roHt'L' 
 
 ,, 
 
 Sll, 
 
 l.'>l '^(;,".it 
 
 (^•(lon 
 
 bales. 
 
 n:; 
 
 .(I'J Ui.UH 
 
 I)viw,»Hls . 
 
 tons. 
 
 • •'', 
 
 UH la,9.14 
 
 Irun tiim - 
 
 - lirituh toiiH. 
 
 Bfi-, 
 
 'lit «.')0 
 
 I.eatl 
 
 |.iftS. 
 
 iiri.Wi 71,(1-7 
 
 SiiliiH-trc - 
 
 ba^'s. 
 
 .1S.^IS7 .1MU 
 
 Wuw 
 
 gallons. 
 
 !U,SU 8.1,.'ft'l 
 
 \\oul 
 
 bales. 
 
 3I,'^I8 XI.IHII 
 
 Ice. — Hoston was the origin,iland still continuea 
 to be tho principal seat of the American ice trade. 
 This novel branch of industrj- began here in iHOt!, 
 and has since vastly increased. For a while tlu- 
 exportation was coiifiucd to the southern ports of 
 
 r.- 1 
 
""■-"• "'wn 
 
 190 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 BOTTOMRY AND RESPONDENTIA 
 
 thn Union, the Ilavannali, and otlicr ports of tlic I the ship. The owner or captain of a ship is, under 
 Wo.'it Indies; hut now it extends to all parts of | certain eircnmsrances, authorised to liorruw money. 
 
 fSoutli America, to Indir. and (^Idna, and to many 
 parts of Kurope. At present (t8(!7) tlie exports 
 amount to about 1(!0,0(I() tons, wliercof al)out 
 2-_',()0(( are sent to the ICast Indies. The cost of 
 the ice free on l>oard exceeds iJOO.OOO dollars 
 a-year, and it affords a profitaMe article of frcifjht 
 to a vast amount of shippin^j. It was formerly 
 sold in Xcw Orleans and the Ilavannah at (i cents 
 jicr 11)., hut it is now sold for 1 cent per il'tto, and 
 a similar reduction has taken i)lace in its price in 
 other emporiums. The ice is principally brought 
 liy r.'dhvay from Fresh Pond, Wenham, an<l other 
 lalv(s, about 18 miles from lioston. It is sawn 
 into s(|iiare blocks, not less than 12 inches thick, 
 aiul is remarkably pure .and solid. 
 
 Jii.iiirinicc Cnnipitiiir.s. — Insurance, both fire and 
 marine, is carried onto a great extent by joint- 
 stock companies, and to some extent also by indi- 
 viduals. There is a great deal of risk in the 
 
 either to lit her out so as to enable her to proceed 
 on her voyage, or to purchase a cargo for the 
 voyage, pledging the keel, or bottom of the ship 
 (a part for the wliole), in security for payment. 
 Ill bottomry contracts it is stipulated, that if the 
 ship be lost in the course of the voyage, the lender 
 shall lose his whole money; but if the ship arrive 
 in safety at her destiuation, the lender is then en- 
 titled to get back his principal, and the interest 
 agreed upon, however much that interest may 
 exceed the legal rate. (Black. Com. book ii. c. 
 XXX.) Tlie extraordinary hazard run by th" 
 lenders of money on botti-mry, who, in lact, be- 
 come advcntureis in the voyage, has been held, 
 iu all countries, as justifying them in stipulating 
 for the highest rate of interest. 
 
 When the lo.an is not on the ship, but on the 
 goods laden on board, which, from their nature, 
 must be sold or exclianged in the course of the 
 
 - r^ .-..- ... — ., — _ _ ,.^..- — " •• 
 
 business, which is more, indeed, like a hittery than ! voy.age. the borrower's personal responsibility is 
 
 a regidar tr.ndc; and the <li\ idcnds, consc(|uently 
 vary from next to nothing to 10, and sometimes 
 even to 20 per cent, or upwards. 
 
 Credit. — Foreign goods arc frequently sold for 
 ready money, but more usually at a credit of from 
 ii to rjmontbs: average length ofcrodit,t; months; 
 but on iron and .sonic other articles 12 montli.s' 
 credit is given. Discount for ready money at the 
 rate of (i per cent, per annum. 
 
 Commission. — The rates of commission arc arbi- 
 trary, varying from 2 to ri, and sometimes (ik! 
 crcdirc included) to Ih ]ier cent. On small ac- 
 count.-', an ' West India goods, .') per cent, is 
 usually charged. The ordinary rate may be taken 
 at 'Ih per cent. ; but competition is so great tliat 
 comini.ssion merchants may he found who will 
 transact business on .Umost any terms. .Some- 
 times whole cargoes are .sold by brokers on an 
 agreement to receive aspecilic sum in lieu of com- 
 mission .and brokerage. 
 
 Mumy. — In Massachusetts, and throughout New 
 ICnglaiui, the dollar passes at G.s-. ; so that the 
 pound stcrling=l/, G.s. >*(l. Boston currency. (For 
 further particulars as to Monvy, iriii/lits. Mea- 
 sures S^-r. see Nkw Yonii.) 
 
 We have derived these details partly from offi- 
 cial, partly from private information, ami jiartly 
 from tables and statements in Hunt's valuable 
 Conimereiid lirnyiizine. See, for detailed infor- 
 mation as to the shipping rates and charges at the 
 ])ort of IJoston, Fdwards's British Shipmaster's 
 Guide (Longmans it Co.). 
 
 I?OTAI!G() (called in l'roven<'e Jinunrgues'). 
 A sausage made on the shores of the Mcditerraneai. 
 and tlie Ulack Sea, of the roe of tlie mullet. 'J'lie 
 best come from Tunis and Alexandria. 
 
 liOTTMCS (Fr. bonteilles; (ier. bonleillcn ; 
 Ilal. bottiglie, liaschi; lluss. bnliil!>i ; Span, botel- 
 las). Glas.j vessels for holding liquids, too well 
 known to require any description. They are ex- 
 jiorted in considerable quantities. The duty ,)f 
 Xs. a cwt. on bottle glass, like the duties on other 
 descriptions of glass, was both oiipressive in 
 amount, and was imposed an;l collected in tlie 
 most vexatious maiin; r. llapjiily, however, it 
 was repealed in ISl.j. Sin<!e the repeal the jini- 
 duce of common gla.'S bottles has increased four 
 fold. 
 
 During the year IHiVj there were fortj'-sevcn 
 bottle houses in o)>eration on the banks of the 
 Tyne, the Wear, aro tin- Tecs, and their produce 
 was about 4,2iJ0,0i dozens. {Iniltistriul Resources 
 ofl'ie Ti/rte, Wear, and Tees, IHM). [(il.ASs. ] 
 
 IJOrtOMIiY .\Ni) KFSl'OKDKNTIA. Hot- 
 tomry, in Commercial Navigation, is u mortgage of 
 
 then the principal ccurity for the performance of 
 the coiitr.act, which is therefore cMcA rcspondentin. 
 Ill this consists the principal dill'crencu between 
 bottomry and respondentia. The one is a loan 
 upon the ship, the other upon the goods. The 
 money is to be repaid to the lender, with the 
 marine interest, upon the safe arrival of the ship, 
 in the one case, and of the goods in the other. In 
 all other respects these contracts are nearly the 
 .same, and are governed by the s.-'me principles. 
 In the former, the ship and tackle, being hypo- 
 thecated, are liable, as well as the person of the 
 borrower ; in the latter, the lender has, in general, 
 only the personal .security of the borrower. 
 
 This contract, which must alicays lie i« writiny, 
 is sometimes mad(! in the form of a deed poll, 
 called a bill of bottomry, executed by the borrower ; 
 sometimes in the form of a bond or obligation, 
 with a iienalty. Hut whatever may be its form, 
 it must contain the names of the lender and the 
 borrower, those of the ship and the master; the 
 sum lent, with the stipulated marine interest; tlu' 
 voyage propo.sed, with the commencement and du- 
 ration of the risk which the lender is to run. It 
 must .show whether the money is lent upon the 
 ship, or upon goods on board, or on both ; and 
 every other stijinlation and agreement which the 
 jiartics may think jiroper to introduce into the 
 contract. (See the forms at the end of this art.) 
 The loan in bottomry is on risk during the 
 voyage. Hence no one can be entitled to it who 
 does not take on himself the perils of the voyage. 
 Thus the words in a bonil stipulating payment of 
 the sum borrowed 'in eight days after my arrival 
 at the port of London' were nnderstood to mean 
 my arrival with the .ship, or the ship's arrival. 
 (Smith's Mercantile Law, book iii. c. vii.) 
 
 'It is obviou.'',' says Lord Tonlerden, 'that .i 
 loan of money upon boiloinry, while it relieves 
 the owner from many of the perils of a maritinu' 
 adventure, deprives him also of a great jiart of the 
 ]irolits of a successful voy.age ; and, tlierefore, in 
 the plac <' the owners' residence, ythpTC. they may 
 exercise their own judgment upon the propriety 
 of borrowing money in this manner, the master of 
 the ship is, by the maritime law of all states, pre- 
 cluded from doing it, so as to bind the interest of 
 his owners, without their consent. With regard 
 to aforciyn coiiidry, iho rule appears to be, that 
 if the master of a vessel has occasion for money to 
 repair or victual his ship, or for any other purpose 
 necessary to enable him to complete the enterprise 
 in which she is engaged ; whether the occasion 
 arises from an extraordinary peril or mi.sfortunc, or 
 from the ordinary course of "the adventure ; he maj-, 
 
 if ho canno 
 bottomry n 
 and the fre 
 payment at 
 this is doi 
 respon.sible. 
 the master 
 ii. c. iii.) 
 
 Theauthf 
 
 f-hip and fre 
 
 theranceof ( 
 
 foreign port, 
 
 ol tlio freigh 
 
 «<''ry; but h< 
 
 money on be 
 
 of the owner 
 
 'he owner at 
 
 tlio residence 
 
 l)rol)ably Ircl 
 
 Jt has bee 
 
 could have be 
 
 bond is v„i(|. 
 
 'J'ho rule f 
 
 against the oi 
 
 seems, on tJic 
 
 Jt is now a qi 
 
 these laws, whi 
 
 not bo pledge 
 
 lender on a .shi 
 
 can recover, so, 
 
 enected, it is tl 
 
 last in point of 
 
 ment, on the pi 
 
 master was cor 
 
 by absolute nee 
 
 Jn bottomrv i 
 
 receives the wh( 
 
 nothing; heis r, 
 
 ticular arcraye. 
 
 Ihis; but i( was 
 
 lieiich in Joyce 
 
 Geo. IJLJ Nor 
 
 scqiiendy recapl 
 
 respect our law ( 
 
 de Commerce, art 
 
 the lenders on bi 
 
 to average, as 
 
 insurance. N„ \ 
 
 milcss a total los: 
 
 '.''•■•' ',''"■'"?? the V, 
 
 lied by the contn 
 
 a'ly default or a 
 
 which the lender 
 
 cover. 
 
 There is no rest 
 to the persons 
 liottoniry or at 
 case of "Joans (,ii 
 ';> the East Indie 
 'jeo. \. Stat. 1 c. 2 
 It does not, hoii 
 "Hier to enable tl 
 iwt to obtain ni 
 iii.it the contract 
 'it'tlie debt .should 
 l^ond. Provided 
 money do not 
 risk of the slii|,s i 
 maritime interest ' 
 '!">• ' to bo no rea< 
 pledge both the sli 
 """IT-' And in 
 "lis way to relit ^ 
 winch was ca[)tur 
 lender recovered, i 
 Hottomrv contrj 
 "uciflnts. 'AtAthc 
 
 lid 
 
 t 
 
 ( 
 
BOTTOMRY AND EKSPONDENTIA 
 
 19i 
 
 if he cannot otherwise obtain it, borrow money on 
 bottomry at marine interest, and pledge the sliip, 
 and tlio freight to be earned in the voyage, for re- 
 payment at the termination of the voyage. When 
 this is done, tlie owners are never personally 
 responsible. The remedy of the lender is against 
 the master of the shi|).' {Law of Shippiiuj, part 
 ii. V. iii.) 
 
 Theauthority of llio master to hypothecate the 
 Bhip and freight in ease of necessity, and in fur- 
 therance of tlie voyage in which he is engaged, at a 
 foreign iiort, is inilisput.Tble, and his hypothecation 
 of the freiglit or cargo is also justifiable, if neces- 
 sary; but he must not do so when he can obtain 
 money on belter lenns, e.g. ou the personal credit 
 of the owner, or when he can communicate with 
 the owner at his residence. All Kngland would be 
 the residence of the owner, and, since the Union, 
 probably Ireland. (Sinith, ihiil.) 
 
 It has been held that if this communication 
 could have been made by telegraph, the bottomry 
 bond is void. (Maude and Pollock.) 
 
 The rule that the remedy of the lender is 
 against the owner of the ship, was contingent, it 
 seems, on the laws regulating the rate of i ..'."rest. 
 it is now a question, however, since the rcijcal of 
 these laws, whether the owner's personal credit may 
 not bo pledged. P'or the procuss by which the 
 lender on a ship hypothecated in a foreign country 
 can recover, see Smith. If a number of loans are 
 effected, it is the rule, if the ship be sold, that the 
 last in point of date is entitled to priority of pay- 
 ment, on the presumption (to be proved'* that the 
 master was compelled to contract the obligation 
 by absolute necessity. 
 
 In bottomry and respondentia bonds, the lender 
 receives the whole of his prin?ipal and interest or 
 nothing; he is not ansirerabh' for general or par- 
 ticular average. [Mr. Serjeant JIarshall doubts 
 this; but it was so decided by the Court of King's 
 lieiich in Joj/ce. v. WiUiamumi, B. R. JMich. 2.'! 
 Geo. III.] Nor will any loss by capture, if snb- 
 .sequently recaptured, affect his claim. In this 
 respect our law differs from that of Franrc {Code. 
 (Ic Commeree. art. ^oO) and most other countries ; 
 the lenders on bottomry bonds being there subject 
 to average, as our underwriters upon policies of 
 insurance. No loss can void a bottomry contract, 
 unless a total loss, proceeding from a peril of the 
 sea, (hiring the voyage, and within the time speci- 
 lieil by the contract. If the loss happen through 
 any default or act of the owners ,.i master, to 
 which the lender was not privy, he may still re- 
 cover. 
 
 There is no restriction by the law of England as 
 to the persons to whom money may be lent on 
 liottomry or at respondentia, except in the single 
 case of loans on the sliips of foreiguers trading 
 to the East Indies, which are forbidden by the 7 
 (ii'o. I. Stat. I c. 21 s. 1'. 
 
 It does not, however, a]ipear to be necessarj', in 
 onier to enable the master of a ship in a tbreigu 
 port to obtain money for her repair, outlit li-c, 
 that the contract pledging the vessel in security 
 of tlie debt should be in the nature of a bottomry 
 bond. Provided the yerson who advances tlie 
 money do not choo.sc to take upon himself tho 
 risk of the shiji's return, and do not stipidate for 
 maritime interest, ' there seems,' says Lord Tenter- 
 (Icn. 'to be no reason why the master .should not 
 liledgeboth the ship and the personal credit of the 
 iiwiier.' And in the case of money advanced in 
 this way to relit a ship in distress at Jamaica, 
 which was captured on the voyage home, the 
 lender recovered. {Law of Shipping, part ii. c. iii.) 
 Hottomry contracts were well known to the 
 ancients. At Athens the rate of interest was not 
 
 fixed by law, but the ciistomarj' rate seems to 
 have been about 12 per cent. I5ut when money 
 was lent for a voyage, upon the security of the 
 ship and cargo, tlu^ interest, on account of the 
 superior risk encountered by the lender, was in 
 most cases much liigbei-. IJy the lihodiau law, 
 the exaction of such high interest as is usual in 
 bottomry was declared to bo illegal, unless the 
 principal was really exposed to the ilangcrs of the 
 sea. (lioockh's Piihlie Econnmg of Athens, vol. i. 
 p. 177, I'.ug. trans.) This principle was adopted 
 by the Konians, who gave to bottumry interest 
 the n.ime of nantieum fa;nns : and has been trans- 
 ferred fidm I he Itonian law into .ill modern codes. 
 'Formerly,' says Mr. Serje«nt Marshall, 'the 
 practice of borrowing money on bottomry and 
 respondentia was more general in this country than 
 it is at present. The immense capitals now engaged 
 in every branch of cimimcrce render such loans 
 unnecessary ; and money is now seldom borrowed 
 in this manner but by the m.astersof foreign ship.s 
 who put into our ports in need of pecuniary as- 
 sistance to relit, to pav their men, to purchase 
 provisions &c. Sometimes ollicers and others 
 belonging to ships engaged in long voyages, who 
 have the liberty of trading to a certain extent, 
 with the pro.spect of great pmlit, but without 
 capitals of their own jo employ in such trade, take 
 up money on respondentia to make their invest- 
 ments; but even this, as I am informed, is now 
 not very frequently done in this country.' 
 
 Tho term hottomry has sometimes been in- 
 correctly a[iplied to designate a contract by the 
 terms of which the ship is not pledged as a security, 
 but the repayment of money, with a high premium 
 for the risk, is made to depeixl upon the success of 
 the voyage. This, however, is plainly a, loan upmi 
 a ii.irticular alventure, to bo made bj' a particular 
 ship, and not a loan upon the ship, and, of course, 
 the lender has only the personal security uf the 
 borrower for the due performance of the contract. 
 .\nd it seems that loans have .sometimes been made 
 ! in this manner, and probably also with a jiledge 
 I iif the ship itself, to an ami"i;it exceeding the 
 ■ value of the borrower's inleri'st in the ship; and 
 such a contract is still legal in this country in all 
 j cases, ex ept the case of ships belonging to liritish 
 subjects bound to or from the E.ist Indies; as to 
 which it is enacte<l (I'J Geo. II. c. ."7 .s. o), 
 'That all sums of money lent on bottomry or at 
 I respondenlia upon any ship or shi|is belonging 4o 
 ! his Majesty's subjects, bound to or from the E.ast 
 I Indies, shall be lent only on the ship, or on the 
 1 merchandise or etfects laden, or to be laden, oil 
 I board of such >hip, am', shall be so expressed in 
 ' the condition of the bond, and the benelit of salvage 
 I shall be allowed to the lender, his agents or assigns, 
 I who alone shall have a right to make assurance on 
 the money so lent ; and no borrower of money on 
 liottomry or at respou<lentia as aforesaid shall 
 recover more on any assurance than the value of 
 his interest on the ship, or in the inerchandises 
 and <ll'ccts laden on board of such ship, e.xdusivo 
 of the money so borrowed: anil in case it shall 
 apiiear that the value of his share in the .ship, or 
 in the merchandises and effects laden ou board, 
 doth not amount to the full sum or sums he hath 
 borrowed as aforesaid,^ such borrower shall be 
 responsible to the lender for so much of the money 
 borrow.'d as he hath not laid out on tho ship, dr 
 merchandi.ses laden thereon, in the proportion the 
 money not laid out shall bear to the whole moiify 
 leiit, notwithstanding the ship and merchandises 
 be totally lost.' 
 
 Lord Tenterden says that this --tatutc was 
 introduced for the protection of tho trade of the 
 East India Company; and its rules tnust be 
 
192 
 
 BOTTOMRY AND RESPONDENTIA 
 
 ^hll\ 
 
 h 
 
 It 
 
 complied with in the case of bottomry by the | althoii^li expressed to be executed by tlie master 
 
 for liiinselr and the other part-owner, would not 
 bind the ofhor part-owner persouullv, unless he 
 had hi/ r. prevkus deed authorised the master to 
 execute such a bimdfor him. (Abbott On the Law <f 
 Ship})intj, part iii. ch. i. s. 2.) 
 
 II. Form of a liotlomrij Bill. 
 
 To all men to wliom those presenta shall como. 
 I, A. 15.. of Beni/al. mariner, part-owner and 
 muster of tlic ship ealled the Exeter, of the 
 burden of !ive hundred tons and upwards, now 
 ridin;^ at anchor in Table Bay, at the Cape of Good 
 Jlo/)i: send jireetiu^; : 
 
 Wiiereas I, the said A. ]{., part-owner and 
 master of the aforesaid shi|i, called the K.reter, 
 now in prosecution of a \-oya)^(! from Bemjal to 
 the port of London, haviuf; put into 'J'able Bai/ for 
 the pi.rpose of procurinj; provisions and other 
 supplies necessary for the continuation and pi'r- 
 formaiu'e of the voyage aforesaid, uiii at tiiis time 
 necessitated to take up upon tlie adventure of 
 tlie said ship called the Kxeter the sum of one 
 thousand pounds sterlini; moneys of Great Britain, 
 for setting the said ship to sc.i. and fumishini;; her 
 with jirovisions and necessari"s for the said voyage. 
 whi(.'h sum C IJ. of tliu Cope of Good Hope, niit''' "r 
 attendant, hath at my re(|ucst lent unto me, and 
 supplied nui with, at the rate v{ twelve hundred and 
 twentji pounds sterling for the said one ilir.nsand 
 jmiinds, being at the rate of ohc hundred and twent;/ 
 two pounds for every hundred pounds advanced m.> 
 aforesaid, diol '^ the voyage of the said sliip fnim 
 Table Bui) to London. Now iiuow ye, that I, IIk' 
 said A. H., by these presents, do, for me, my 
 executors and administrators, covenant .and grant, 
 t.> and witli the said C. i). tliat the said ship shall, 
 with the lirst convoy wlich shall oll'erfor Knijland 
 after the date of these iirescnts, sail and depart for 
 the port of London, ihcre to linish the voyage 
 aforesaid. A:u\ 1, the said A. 15., in oonsidcratinu 
 of the sum of o/it' thousand pounds sterling to me 
 m lianil paid by the .said C. D. at and before the 
 sealing and delivery of these ])resents, do hereby 
 liiiid myself, my heikV, executors, and adminis- 
 trators, my goods and chattels, and iiartieularly 
 the .said ship, the taelxle and apparel of the same, 
 and also the freight of the said ship, whidi is cir 
 shall become due for the aforesaid voyage fruiii 
 Beiifjid to the port of London, to i;ay unto the said 
 C. I)., his e.xeeulors, administrators, or assigns, llii' 
 sum of twelve hundreil and tireiiti/ jHiumIs of law lul 
 Uritish money, vitliin thirty days next after llie 
 safe arrival of the said ship at the |)ort of London 
 from tlio same intended voyage. 
 
 And 1. the said A. ]!., do, for me, my exeeulors 
 aiid admi.iistrators, covenant and grant to and 
 with the said C. i>., his executors and .adminis- 
 trators, by these presents, that I, the said A. 1!,, 
 at the time of sealing and delivering of these 
 presents, am a true and lawful part-owner ami 
 master of the said ship, and have power ami 
 authority to charge and engage tlie said ship willi 
 her freight as aforesaid, and that the said ship, 
 with her freight, shall, at all times alter tlie said 
 voyage, be liable and eliarjfoablc for the payment 
 of the stiid twelve hundreil and twenty pounds, ac- 
 cording to the true intent and meaning of these 
 presents. 
 
 And lastly, it is hereby declared and agreed hy 
 and between the said part ies to these ]iieseiits, tliiit 
 in ca.se the said ship shall be lost, miscarry, or bi' 
 east away before her arrival at the said jwrt uf 
 iMndon from the said intended voyage, that then 
 the jiaymentof tlio said twelve hundred and tiventij 
 pounds shall not be dcmaiuled, or be recoverable 
 
 masters of ships trading to the Kast Indies 
 
 For a further discussion of tliissidiject.see .\bbott 
 On the Iaiio of Shippiiuj, part ii. ch. iii. ; Marshall 
 On Insurance, book ii. ; and I'ark On Jnsurance, 
 eh. xxi. 
 
 I. Form of a Bottomry Bond, 
 
 Know all men by these presents, That I, A. 15., 
 cominander and two-thirds owner of the ship 
 FJ.eeler, for myself and (.'. D., remaining third- 
 owner of the .'iiiid ship, am held and lirmly bound 
 unto K. V, in the penal sum of two thousand pounds 
 sterling, for the payment of which well and truly 
 to be made unto the said E. V., his heirt. executors, 
 Jidministralors, or assigns, I hereby bind myself, 
 my heirs, executors, and administrators, (irmly by 
 these presents. Jn witness whereof I have hereunto 
 set my ha\id and -eal, this 11th day of L'eccndier, 
 in the year of our Lord 1790. 
 
 Where.as the above bound A. 11. hath taken up 
 and received of the said H. V. the full andjust sum 
 iti one thousand pounds sterling, which sum is to 
 run at respondentia on the block and freight of 
 the ship h.vet^r, whereof the said A. Ii. is now 
 master, from tiie port or ruad of Bombay on ii 
 voyage to tiie port of London, having |iermission 
 to toucli, stay at, and proceed to all ports and 
 jilaces witliin the limits of the voyage, at the rate 
 oi premium of twenty-five jier cent. ('I't percent ", 
 for the voya;, '. In considera!' .ii whereof usual 
 ri.sks of the se.is, rivers, enemies, tires, pirates ixe. 
 are to be on account of the saiil 1'^. l'\ And for 
 the fiirllur security of the said K. F. the said A. 15. 
 (loth by these presents u'lrtgage and assign over 
 to the saidF. F., his heirs, e. (■<'iitors, administrators, 
 and assij-^ns, the said sliip Kxetrr, and her freight, 
 together with all her tackle, a]iparel Ac. Anu 
 is liereby declared, that the .said ship Kxeter an. 
 her frcigh' is thus assigned over for the security of 
 the respondent 'a taken up by the said \. 15., and 
 shall be delivered to no other i;.-e or |Hirpose what- 
 ever until payment of this bond is 'irst made, with 
 the premium th.-t may become due ,]iereon. 
 
 Xow the condition "f this obli' .ition is such, 
 that if the above bound A. 15., his heirs, executors, 
 or administrators, shall ". id do i. ell and truly pa_\, 
 or cause to be paid, unto the said F. F. or his 
 attorneys in London legally autliori.sed to receive 
 the sanu', t heir execut.irs, administrators, or assign.s, 
 the full and just sum of 1,001;/. sterling, being the 
 principal of this bond, together with the premium 
 which shall become iluc thereon, at cr before the 
 expiration of h/(»7i/ (hays after the safe arrival of 
 the said ship L'.reter at her i' iioriiigs in the river 
 Thames, or in case of the lo.ss of the said ship 
 FJxeter, .such an aver.age as by custom .shall have 
 become due on the salvage, the:i this obligation to 
 be void and of no effect, otherwise to remain in 
 full force .and virtue, ll.aving signed to three 
 bonds of the same tenor and date, the ene of wliich 
 being aecoiiiplished, the other two to be void and 
 of no effect. 
 
 .s.) 
 
 Signed, sealed, and delivered, where 
 no stamped pap( r is to be had 
 the presence of 
 
 A. 15. for self ) , 
 and (J. D.) j ^'" 
 
 ' ""I I. K. 
 
 the 
 
 Tu this bond the occasion of borrowing 
 money is not expressed, but the money was in 
 reality borrowed to relit the .ship, which, being on 
 n voyage from Bengal to London, wa.'i obliged to 
 put back to Bombay to repair. {The Kfetcr, iVhit- 
 ford, 1 Kob. A. K. 170.) The occasion therefore of 
 borrowing tlic money gave the lender the security 
 of the cwiire interest of the ship. 15ut this bonil, 
 
 •'.v the said 
 
 "«■ assign.s, 
 the loss th( 
 by the .said 
 tors, and th 
 net, matter, 
 part and bcl 
 nnv ihinjr i, 
 
 withstandiiif 
 In wii 
 cha; 
 four 
 whi, 
 and 
 
 Wilncsi 
 
 .s,|; 
 
 HOUNTY. 
 
 Art.s, to signif 
 to tlic produce 
 articles, or to 
 trades. 
 
 1. Bounties 
 given in the i 
 ment of some 
 are intended to 
 iH believed to 
 neither case, ho 
 111 all old settk 
 <|f individuals ai 
 new iiiidertakin 
 tagcous, withou 
 and if a branch 
 ho really impor 
 It will as.^uredl 
 extent, without 
 the natural deml 
 2. Bounties or. 
 It is enacted b^ 
 merchant or oxf 
 back on goods e: 
 have been aetn; 
 re-Iandcd, and ai 
 any part of the 
 Man (unless ent 
 the islands of 1 
 enacted, that if , 
 for a bounty or 
 ported to parts 
 landed in any pi 
 the islands of F: 
 the islands of 
 or Man (not hn 
 and shipped for < 
 goods shall be 
 <'r ships emplo^■c 
 and any persoii 
 means such goo 
 landed, or earrie 
 treble the value ( 
 •'!. Polici/ of 
 tomary to grant 
 yari(jus articles ; 
 IS now very genei 
 allowed tiiat boi 
 ''lioiild be given 
 I'ominodities ns , 
 <''Pm. Hut it is - 
 m such cases, wc 
 '0 supply the for. 
 tlmti they cost. 
 H' cannot dispo.s. 
 out they will 
 
m 
 
 wm 
 
 BOUNTY 
 
 by the said C. D., his executors, administrators, 
 or assigns, but shall cease and determine, and 
 the loss thereby be wholly borne and sustained 
 by the said C. D.. his executors and adminislra- 
 tors, and that thjn and from thcncefortli every 
 act, matter, and thinR herein mentioned on the 
 part and behalf of the said A. U. shall bo void ; 
 any thinjj herein contained to the contrary not- 
 ivithstandint;. 
 
 In witness whereof the parties have inter- 
 chanfteably set their hands and seals to 
 four bonds" of this tenor and dale, one of 
 which being paid, the others to bo null 
 and void. 
 
 At (he Ctipc of Good If()j)e,thi!i 15lh 
 day of November, in the year of 
 our Lord one thousand eight hun- 
 dred and thirtv. 
 
 BOX-WOOD 
 
 193 
 
 Witness, 
 
 f E. F. 
 \ (}. II. 
 U.K. 
 
 A. li. 
 
 (I,, s.) 
 
 BOUNTY. A term used in Commerce and the 
 Arts, to signify a premium paid by Government 
 to the producers, exporters, or importers of certain 
 articles, or to those who employ ships in certain 
 trades. 
 
 1. Bounties on Production are most commonly 
 given in the view of encouraging the establish- 
 ment of some new branch of industry ; or they 
 arc intended to foster and extend a branch that 
 is believed to be of ]iaraniount importance. In 
 neither case, however, is their utility very obvious. 
 In all old settled and wealthy countries, numbers 
 of individuals arc always ready to embark in every 
 new inidertaking, if it promise to be really advan- 
 tageous, without any stimulus from Government ; 
 and if a branch of industry, already established, 
 lie really important and suitable for the country, 
 it will assuredly be prosecuted to the necessary 
 extent, without any encouragement other than 
 tlic natural demand for its produce. 
 
 '2. Bounties on K.rport(dion and Imporintion, — 
 It is enacted by the 3 A 4 Wm. IV. c. ,rJ that a 
 merchant or exporter claiming a bounty or draw- 
 back on goods exported must make oatli that they 
 have been actually exported, and have not been 
 re-landed, and are not intended to be re-landed, in 
 any part of the United Kingdom, or in the Isle of 
 Man (unless entered for the Isle of Man), or in 
 the islands of Faro or Ferro; and it is further 
 enacted, that if any goods cleared to he exported 
 for a bounty or drawback shall not be duly ex- 
 ported to parts beyond the seas, or shall be re- 
 landed in any part of the United Kingdom, or in 
 the islands of Faro or Ferrn, or shall be carried to 
 the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, 
 or IMan (not having been duly entrred, cleare<l, 
 and shipped for exportation to such islands), such 
 floods shall be forfeited, together with the ship 
 (ir ships employed in re-landing or carrying them ; 
 and any person by whom or by whose orders or 
 moans such goods shall liave been cleared, re- 
 landed, or carried, shall forfeit a sum equal ♦:o 
 treble the value of such goods. (Sees. 87-95.) 
 
 .'!. Folia/ of Bounties. — It was formerly cus- 
 tdiiiary to grant bounties on the exportation of 
 various articles; but the impolicy of such practice 
 is now very generally admitted. It is universally 
 allowed that bounties, if they bo given at all, 
 slidiild be given only to the exporters of such 
 commodities as could not be exported without 
 tlietn. llut it is plain that, by granting a bounty 
 in such cases, wo really tax the public, in order 
 to supply the foreigner with commodities at less 
 than they cost. A. has a parcel of goods wliich 
 lio cannot dispose of abroad for less than 110/.; 
 but they will fetch only 100/. in the foreign 
 
 market; and he claims and gets a bounty of 10/. 
 
 to enable him to export them. Such is the mode 
 in which bounties on exportation uniformly ope- 
 rate; anil to suppose that they can be a means of 
 enriching the public, is equivalwit to supposing 
 that a shopkeeper may be enriched by selling his 
 goods for less tlian they cost ! 
 
 But however injurious to the state, it has been 
 pretty geu rally supposed that bounties on ex- 
 portation are advantageous to those who produce 
 and export the articles on which they are paid. 
 But the fact is not so. A trade that cannot be 
 carried on without the aid of a bounty must lie a 
 naturally disadvantageous one. Hence, by grant- 
 ing it, iiulividuals are tempted to engage or con- 
 tinue in businesses which are necessarily very 
 insecure, and are rarely capable of being rendered 
 lucrative; at the same lime that they are prevented, 
 by trusting to the bounty, from making those 
 exertions tliey naturally would have made, had 
 they been obliged to depend entirely on superior 
 skill ami industry for tie sale of their produce. 
 The history .)f all businesses carried on in this 
 country by the aid of bounties proves that they 
 are hardly less disadvant.tgeous to those engaged 
 in them than to the public. 
 
 The truth of ihese remarks has been acknow- 
 ledged by (Jovernment. The hoiinly mi the ex- 
 portation of corn was repealed in lH\l>; and the 
 bounties on the exportation of linen and several 
 other articles ceased in 1830. 
 
 4. Bounties on Slii/ipiiii) have principally been 
 paid to the owners of vessels engaged in the 
 lishery, and their inlluenco will be treated of 
 under IIiciutiN-a Fishicuy ami Wiiai.h Fisiiioav. 
 
 [UltAWHACK; TaI!IFK.] 
 
 BOX-WOOD ((Jer. buchsbaumholz ; Dutch, 
 palmhout; Fr.buis; Ital.busso,bosso,bossolo). The 
 wood of the box-tree (liuxus sempervirens), grow- 
 ing wild in several places in Great Britain. This 
 tree was greatly admired ')y the ancient Uomans, 
 and has been much cultiv.iteil i '. modern times, on 
 account of the facility witli ^ uich it is fashioned 
 into dilVerent forms. Box is a very valuable wood. 
 It is of a yellowish colour, close-grained, very hard, 
 and heavy ; it cuts better than any other wood, is 
 susceptible of a very lino polish, and is very dur- 
 able. In consequence, it is much used by tnniers, 
 and mathematical and musical ins'rui'icnt makers. 
 It is too heavy for furniture. U is the imli, 
 wood used by the engravers of wood-cuts for 
 books; and provided due care be exercised, the 
 nninbcr of impressions that may be taken from a 
 box-wood cut is very great. In France, box-wood 
 is extensively used for combs, knife-handles, and 
 button-moulds ; and sometimes, it has been said, 
 as a substitute for hops in the manufacture of beer. 
 The value of the box-wood sent from .Spain to 
 Paris is reported to amount to about 10,(1(10 fr. a 
 year. In 181.') the box-trees cut down on I!o.\- 
 iiill, near Dorking in Surrey, produced upwards of 
 10,000/. They are now, however, become very 
 scarce in England. Previously to 181)7 the duly 
 on box-wood was quite oppressive, being hi. a tun 
 if brought from a foreign country, and I/, a ton if 
 from a British possession; but it was then reduced 
 to 10,1. a ton without reference to origin. In 1811 
 this duty produced 551/., showing that 1,10,S tons 
 had been entered for consumption. In IMi the 
 duty on box-wood froift a British possession was 
 reduced to 2s. Grf. a ton, and in 1845 it was repelled. 
 Turkey box-wood sells in the London market for 
 from 4/. 10s. to 8/. 15s. a ton. 
 
 The export of box-wood from Constantinople in 
 
 1864 amounted to about 7,000 tou.s, ;),000 of which 
 
 were of large sizes : about 0,000 tons were sent to 
 
 England, the remainder to France. In 1866 we 
 
 O 
 
 ^ 
 
 i} 
 
194 
 
 BRAN 
 
 impnrted 4,100 ions, of wiiicli 4,055 wore from 
 Turkey. Coiisidrnihld quniititirs of Circnasiaii 
 box-wo(i() iiro dliipppd to (Jri'iit itrltain fhroimh 
 Coiistiiiitiiioplc Tlip nvcra^'o viiluo of Turkish 
 box-woii<I was, in IKdCi, (il. ITs. .'!(/. jicr Ion. other 
 box-wood 7/. Tlio Customs duty, wliieli produced 
 iiOl/ in lH(i I, was abolished in iMtiCi. It is subject 
 in I'urkev to an export dutv of 4 ]ht cent. 
 
 lUiAN (Fr. sou ; (!er. kleie). 'Ihe tliin skins or 
 liusks of corn, particularly wheat, {ground, and 
 separated from t'ui corn liy n sieve or boulter. 
 Br.ui contains a hirfj;e aniotnit (if mtrojjenous mat- 
 ter, and Ihuir hjses i.'s nutritive power by the 
 sijiaratiivn of liran. Itraii is also usei! in dyeinp;. 
 
 i'.KAKDY ((ier. brantewein ; IJ itch, brande- 
 ivyn ; Fr. eau de vie, brandevin ; Ital. aquar- 
 zentc; Span. af;nardiente ; Port, a^uardenti!; 
 Kuss. wino ; Lai. viiuim adustum). A spiri- 
 tuous and infiammablo liquor, obtained by dis- 
 tillatii'ii from wine and the husks of grapes. It is 
 prep.iicd in most of tlie wine countries of Furope; 
 but the superiority of French brandy is universally 
 admitted, 'i'he jatter is principally distilled at 
 liordeaux, I{ochelle, Copiao, the Isle de lihe. 
 Orleans, Nantes, and in I'oitou, Touraino, and 
 Anjou. That of Cuj^nac is in the highest estima- 
 tion. 
 
 Wines of all descri])tioiis, but chiefly those that 
 are strong and liarsh (poussrs), are iis''d in the 
 manufacture of hrandy. The fiuperior vintages, 
 and those that have most (hivonr, are said to make 
 the worst brandy. It is naturally clear and colour- 
 less. The dilfi rent shades of colour which it has 
 in commerce arise jiartly from the casks in which 
 it is kept, but chiefly from the burnt sugar, saun- 
 dcrs w(jod, and other colouring matter intention- 
 ally added to it hy the dealers. It is said that the 
 burnt sugar gives mellowness to the flavour of the 
 liquor, and renders it more palatable. 
 
 The art of d'stillation is believed to have been 
 first discovered by the Arabians. I'rom a passage 
 in the 'J'v.itiniuntuni Aovissimitin of the famous 
 Haymond Lully. who flourished in the thirteenth 
 century, it ivould appear that tlic production of 
 brandy and alcohol from wine was familiar to his 
 contemporaries. (I*. 2, edit. Anjent. 1571.) lint 
 the practice doc/i not appear to have been intro- 
 duced into I'Vance till Kil.'i. (Le (Jrand d'Aussi, 
 Vir. privce rlc Frim^ois, t. iii. p. t)4.) When lirst 
 introduced, brandy or burnt wine (vlmirn mlitatiim) 
 apjiears to I'.ave been used iirincipally as an anti- 
 se])tic and restorative medicine; and the most ex- 
 Irav.igant panegyrics were bestowed on its virtues. 
 It was described as a sovereign remedy in almost 
 ail the disonlers of the human frame ; it was com- 
 mended for its 'Mliiacy in comforting the inemorv- 
 and strengthening the reasoning powers: it was 
 extolled, in short, as the elixir of life, ami an in- 
 fallible preservative of youth and beauty! (llen- 
 derscm's Histonj of Wine, p. 24.) Dr. Ilender.son 
 says that the experience of later times has shown 
 lion- little this eulogy was merited ; but in this he 
 is contradicted by l.urke, who maintains, with 
 equal idiKiuencn and ingeimity, that 'the alembic 
 has been a vast b' lefit and h'essing.' {Thoughts 
 iini> Details on Scureiti/, p. 4i.) 
 
 JJitties on Urandy. — In a forn.icr edition of this 
 work wo remarked on this subject as follows, viz. : 
 'In nothinj.;, jicrhaps, has the injnri: up operation 
 of oppressive df.tics been so strikingly exemplified 
 as in the case of bratidy. At the lat'tci- r^i.d of tho 
 17th century, when the duty on brand)* di<I not 
 exceed 9/. a tun, the imports iiito England 
 .imounied to about 0,1)110 tuns, or 1,512,000 gal- 
 lons (Ilistoriad and Political Remarka on the 
 Tariff' of the late Treati/, 176G, \>, 113); whereas 
 ii.t present, uotwithatanding out vast increase in 
 
 BRANDY 
 
 wealth and population since the period referred to, 
 we do not import .so much brandy as we did then, 
 ^'or is this extra' nlinary circumstance to he as- 
 cribed to any )irefercnce on the part of the ])ublic 
 to other beverages, but is wholly owing to the; 
 exorbitant duties with whiidi brandv is loaded. 
 The price if brandy in bond varies,'at tins mo- 
 ment, according to quality, from 4,i. to (is. a gallon 
 (imperial measure), wlu.e the <luty is no less than 
 22.t. 10//. Hud the imposition of such a duty 
 taken aw.iy the taste for brandy, it would have 
 been comparatively innocuous. But it h.is done 
 no .such thing. Its only effect has been to con- 
 vert a trade, thai might otherwise have been pro- 
 ductive of the most Jidvantageous rcsidts, into a 
 most prolilic so'-roe of crime and <lemoralisatiou. 
 The temptation to smuggle, occasioned by tlu- 
 exorbitancy of the duty, is too overpowering to 
 be counteracted by the utmost penalties of the 
 law. All along the coasts of Kent and Sussex, 
 and the districts most favourably situated for 
 riinnitijj spirits, almost the whole of the labouring 
 population are every now and then withdrawn 
 from their ordinary employinents to engage in 
 smuggling adventures. The efforts of the revenue 
 (illicers to seize foreign brandy and geneva have 
 in innumerable instances been repelled by force, 
 liloody and desperate contests have in consequence 
 taken place. Many individuals who, but fortius 
 fiscal scourge, would have been industrious and 
 virtuous, have become idle, predatory, and fero- 
 cious; they h.ivc learned to despise the law, to 
 execute summary vengeance on its oflicers ; and 
 are influenced by a spirit that has been, and may 
 be, turned to the most dangerous purposes. 
 
 ' Neither can it be truly said that this miserabli> 
 system is upheld for the sake of revenue. On the 
 contrary, it is e.nsy *o show that, besides the other 
 mischievous effects it entails on the jmblic, il, 
 occasions the loss of at least 1,000,000/. a-year. 
 In 1780, Mr. I'ilt, by a wise and politic measure, 
 took 50 per cent, from the duty on brandy and 
 geneva (the duty on the latter has been for a 
 lengthened period the .same as that on brandy) ; 
 and instead of being diminished, the revenue was 
 incrcastd. In 1790, when the liutyon brandy and 
 gene.,, i.ts .5». the wine gallon, the quantity re- 
 tained for home consumption w.as 2,225,590 gal- 
 lons. During the ^ years ending with 180.'5, when 
 the duty was 9,v. 2(/., the ipiantities of brandy and 
 geneva retained for home consumption amounted, 
 at an average, to about 2,700,000 gallons ; hut 
 during the o years ending with 1H18, when tlie 
 duty had been increased to 18.s. lOd. the wine 
 gallon, the quantities retained did not exceed 
 850,000 gallons, while the quantities actually en- 
 tered for home consumption were much less ! 
 The consumption increased considerably between 
 1818 and 1822 ; but since the latter epoch it has 
 remainec' nearly statioiuiry ; and, notwithstandiiif; 
 the great increase of wealth and population in the 
 interval, is not nearly so great now (184J!) as ii 
 was half a century ago ! Nothing, therefore, can 
 be more palpably erroneous than to contend that 
 the ic'cnue is improved by the present system. 
 Have we not seen the revenue derived from coH'ce 
 trebled by reducing the duty from Is. 7rf. to (ir/. ? 
 Have wc not seen the revenue derived from IJrilisIi 
 spirits greatly increased by reducing the duty 
 from 5,<. 6d. to ' • •'. vino rjallon ? And where 
 is the. grooid fi.v s.iji! nS j, ■■ u.-' the result would 
 be dJTeieut w>r.'. tiic duucp >, : brandy equally 
 rcducedlr JR.it ihi, c.^iierie .c > forded by Mr 
 Pitt'.f measure 'r, ) / <(j, i t do( ''ivi; ;jf to this point. 
 i.i- 1. ladruplcci ')i' ton am )-', it ii' .ncreased the 
 rt' .jciue by takio: ■■. I..vlf • in the duty when it 
 was a good deal loss < i.pr.sdivu than now ? Were 
 
 a similar rei 
 <loubt that I 
 gling .-ind ai 
 our trade w: 
 tended; and 
 by a direct in 
 great dimini 
 ' Ihit the ( 
 lirandy in Ii 
 diiiarv. At 
 with "1802, w 
 K'lllon, the a\ 
 "" Ireland am 
 ■■I nett rcvenii 
 qiience of tre 
 during the 3 
 standing the 
 only amoiinfci 
 producing alx 
 'Swift has shn 
 mofic of the ci 
 make four, hm 
 have threefold 
 revenue, and h 
 'It is surely 
 evincing in ev 
 pncity, to be pa 
 who to get at tl 
 permitted for a 
 our fiscal code, 
 eontinuance of < 
 crime and miser 
 tlie duty on brai 
 neither the cons 
 of rnui wou;d b 
 elassos wouM, h( 
 occasions when 
 nothing; its ch 
 prevented; those 
 obliged to have 
 aiidtheinanufact 
 that are now .so ft 
 "oiild be put an 
 
 At length, in i 
 reduced by Sir R 
 a ffallon. But t 
 wi'ial to some o: 
 same great mini? 
 they were less nei 
 much importanc 
 shows that the i 
 occasioned Jias 
 reunite; for the 
 and duties in 185 
 quence of the sen 
 occasioned by the 
 on brandy was 
 iliis change equt 
 British spirits. 
 . Notwithstandini 
 since 1858, the pri 
 "Kh. And heiu 
 l"-andy, and of o 
 pounds, for the get 
 lingulntions as 
 Roneva, and other I 
 " m casks, in cas 
 pllons, under pen 
 w imported in shir 
 jind arc not to be 
 house except in a 1 
 of forfeiture. 
 
 ^J» I'arl. Paper > 
 flat m 18G2 847 < 
 
 'Ofii'tSG gallons in 
 "1 tlie latter vear f 
 
BRANDY 
 
 ft similar reduction made at prosont, docs nny one 
 doubt that a similar result would follow ? Smug- 
 glinp and adulteration would immediately cease ; 
 our trade with France would be very greatly ex- 
 tended ; and the revenue would gain not merely 
 by a direct increase of duty, but indirectly by a very 
 great diminution of the expense of collection. 
 
 ' Hut the eflect of the increase of the duties on 
 brandy in Ireland has been still more extraor- 
 dinary. At an average of the 3 years ending 
 with "1802, when the duty was 7s. 3^rf. the wine 
 gnlloii, the aver.ige annual consumption of brandy 
 in Ireland amounted to 208,0(>4 gallons, producing 
 a iK'tt revenue of 77,714/. Now, mark the conse- 
 quence of trebling the duties. The consumption 
 during the 3 years ^nding with 1842, notwith- 
 standing the population is more than doubled, 
 only amoinitcd, at an average, to 15,399 gallons, 
 producing about 17,500/. a-year revenue ! Dr. 
 Swift has shrewdly remarked, th.it in the arith- 
 metic of the customs two and two do not always 
 make four, but sometimes only one. Hut here we 
 have threefold duties, with less than \ of the 
 icvcnuc, and less than -X of the consumption. 
 
 ' It is purely impossible that a system like this, 
 evincing in every part a degree of ignorant ra- 
 pacity, to be paralleled only by that of the savages 
 who to get at the fruit cut down the tree, should be 
 permitted for a much longer period to disgrace 
 our fiscal code. Those only who are anxious for the 
 continuance of smuggling, with all its consequent 
 crime and misery, can be Iiostilc to a reduction of 
 the duty on brandy. By fixing it at lO*. a gallon, 
 neither the consumption of British spirits nor that 
 of ruin wou^d be sensibly affected. The middle 
 classes woul 1, however, be able to use brandy on 
 occasions when, perhaps, at present, they use 
 nothing ; its clandestine importation would be 
 prevented ; those engaged in smuggling would bo 
 obliged to have recourse to industrious pursuits; 
 and the manufacture of the abominable compounds, 
 that are now so frequently substituted in its stead, 
 wouhl be put an end to.' 
 
 At length, in 18 IG, the duties on brandy were 
 reduced by Sir Robert Peel from 22s. lOrf. to 15,s-. 
 a gallon. But though considerable, this was not 
 equal to some of the reductions effected by the 
 same great minister in cases in which, perhaps, 
 they were less necessary. It was, nevertlicless, of 
 much importance; and the subjoined account 
 shows that the increased consumption which it 
 occasioned has prevented any dimi.iut'ou of 
 revenue; for the falling off in the consumption 
 and duties in 1857 and 1858 was wholly a conse- 
 (luence of the scarcity and liigh price of brandy, 
 occasioned by the vine disease. In ISliO the dtity 
 (in brandy was fixed at 10«. ttd. per gallon. 
 This change equalised the duty on foreign and 
 British spirits. 
 
 Notwithstanding the improvement in the vintage 
 since 1858, the price of brandy is still (1868) very 
 high. And hence the substitution of British 
 brandy, and of other more objectionalilc com 
 pounds, for the genuine article. 
 
 liegulntions as to Importation !fc. — Brandy, 
 Rcncva, and other foreign spirits must be imported, 
 if in casks, in casks containing not less than 20 
 gallons, under penalty of forfeitttro. They must 
 be imported in ships ci" 50 tons bunlen or upwards, 
 and are not to be exported from a bonded ware- 
 house except in a vessel of like tonnage under pain 
 of forfeiture. 
 
 In Pari. Paper No. 400, Sept. 1864, it Is stated 
 that in 18C2 847,035 gallons of British brandy 
 were permitted from the rectifiers' stocks, and 
 706,356 gallons in 1863; 61,25* being permitted 
 in the latter year for exportation; 
 
 BRASS 
 
 106 
 
 An Account of the Number of Gallons (^Imperial 
 Measure) of Foreign Rrandij retained for Hume 
 Conmimptiim in the United Kingdmn, the Hates 
 of Duty affecting the same, and the entire nett 
 Proiluce of the Duty, each Year since 1814 (^ob- 
 tained from the Custjm Jlouse). 
 
 
 lju.in(itip» 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 cnliTctl fnr 
 
 Nett Prwluce 
 
 lUtei of Duly 1 
 
 
 HomeCnn- 
 
 of Duty 
 
 l»er lm{ierial lialtun | 
 
 Years 
 
 stimption 
 
 United 
 KhlKilom 
 
 
 
 
 
 Unrtcd 
 KitiKtluin 
 
 lireat Britain 
 
 Ireland 
 
 
 iinp. f^al. 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 4. </. 
 
 £ t. it. 
 
 1HI4 
 
 .'■iir,7i;i 
 
 587,674 
 
 1 2 GJ 
 
 U 17 .13 
 
 ISl.', 
 
 fill 1,7 IS 
 
 715,149 
 
 — 
 
 
 IMR 
 
 Ctl'.',M7 
 
 7lli,lli9 
 
 __ 
 
 — . 
 
 1SI7 
 
 r,-i,h<j'i 
 
 7I9,98> 
 
 
 
 
 
 IHIH 
 
 .')V,8I.'J 
 
 6114,87.1 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 1SI» 
 
 73 1 ,.'i(l'2 
 
 S9ii, 1 59 
 
 1 •.; 74 
 
 __ 
 
 IRVI) 
 
 81«,S1» 
 
 961,49.-. 
 
 
 
 
 isai 
 
 !lW),fi.1l 
 
 1,11.19.5111 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 I STi 
 
 I,lll)S,<)l.'i 
 
 1,1.18,8.1(1 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 I HV3 
 
 1,U)II,V.'7 
 
 l,«.19,Sl'i 
 
 — 
 
 1 y K 
 
 IS'^* 
 
 i ,'i'i: ,i,it'.) 
 
 >,~88,lll 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 m'^,'i 
 
 l.yn.t;' 
 
 1,49.1,945 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 1 »*i 
 
 i,4so,i;m 
 
 1,464,897 
 
 1 V f, 
 
 1 '2 6 
 
 1S1!7 
 
 l..Ti(l,lS8 
 
 1,479,7.1,1 
 
 
 
 
 
 IS'.'H 
 
 I,3.'>.'i,IS,', 
 
 1,499,4-2.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 IS';!) 
 
 l.:ill!),!)7!) 
 
 1,47(1,151 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 1S.1I) 
 
 \,-iii:i.:im 
 
 1,111,1118 
 
 „ 
 
 
 
 ISM 
 
 l/M.O.IOl 
 
 1^188,187 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 )S-.2 
 
 i.doi.n.'j'i 
 
 1,1*01,4(8) 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 ls-,.i 
 
 i,vi7.'jn 
 
 1,5J6,515 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 1K.-.4 
 
 1,388,(;.19 
 
 1,.'>(.1,1S7 
 
 ._ 
 
 — 
 
 IS.Vi 
 
 l,314,!ll,1 
 
 1,476,511 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 IS.-.fi 
 
 1,';.'.7."M 
 
 1,411.774 
 
 — 
 
 __ 
 
 1S.17 
 
 l.'iOH.Iilfi 
 
 1.1 -.a,!, 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 1S.1H 
 
 l,'i(l-,4.1,-. 
 
 1,.1.5.',,6I4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1S39 
 
 1,11.7, :o« 
 
 1,.1I)9,10U 
 
 Hiefore May 161 
 
 I 1 C 
 
 1840 
 
 1,108,S78 
 
 1, '259,527 
 
 j 1 V (i ( 
 S after ftlav IG f 
 I 1 2 io J 
 
 1 2 10 
 
 1811 
 
 i.iGi.'inn 
 
 1,3'29,08.1 
 
 
 
 
 ISl'i 
 
 1,(182,91') 
 
 I,'.!15,SI6 
 
 I 7 10 
 
 I 2 10 
 
 1SI3 
 
 i,(a8,.ii7 
 
 1,185.478 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 1S44 
 
 I, Oil ,117:1 
 
 1,167,817 
 
 »_ 
 
 
 ISli 
 
 l,Cli8.'i7« 
 
 l,'.;U8,161 
 
 /until .Mar. ISJ 
 J 1 2 111 1 
 
 I 15 1 
 
 1 'i 10 
 
 184G 
 
 1,514,465 
 
 1,1C5,0I(; 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 1S17 
 
 1,5.17,V38 
 
 1,152,758 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 1S1H 
 
 I.IC'.I.IIOI 
 
 l.'i(lii,745 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 1819 
 
 !!,lS7,.ViH 
 
 1,619,17.1 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 IS.'iO 
 
 l.KWl.SIIS 
 
 1,. 195,1 10 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 IS.'ll 
 
 1,>''.'I,5!7.1 
 
 1,191,862 
 
 ^ 
 
 ._ 
 
 IS'.'i 
 
 l,!il,,-i95 
 
 1,41'2,681 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 IS -.3 
 
 1,8I'.'J,34T 
 
 l,4il'i,l),'(S 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 IKi4 
 
 l,8(>!f,l89 
 
 1,196,175 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 IS.V'i 
 
 1,5W,57« 
 
 l,14.1,.1fi5 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 18'iS 
 
 l,53,->,7(iV 
 
 1,1.'8),(18S 
 
 _ 
 
 
 isn 
 
 },WJ,I.\.', 
 
 967,SS.1 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 lIS.'.S 
 
 1,1117, '298 
 
 8'i9,8'l9 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 186'J 
 
 J,.105,9G9 
 
 !»8(1,.1,13 
 
 fMarch6,1860^ 
 
 8 6 
 
 ISCU 
 
 1,101,552 
 
 ,:2I,470 
 
 1)86 1 
 \ Juj 18, 1860 f 
 ( 10 5 ) 
 
 10 5 
 
 ISfil 
 
 1,598,970 
 
 8.1.1,31! 
 
 
 
 l«6!i 
 
 l,r.9s,.199 
 
 hS5,4'iO 
 
 
 
 ISfi.T 
 
 1,911,1111) 
 
 8,(157 
 
 
 
 :hb4 
 
 !i,.1IV,-90 
 
 l,'i05,7B8 
 
 
 
 18*; -I 
 
 ■,i,6ri1,'iS9 
 
 1,188,7.13 
 
 
 
 1 si;i"i 
 
 3,lVll,9:.ll 
 
 l,6'i7,019 
 
 
 
 BRASS (Ger. messing; Duich, mossing, missing, 
 geelkoper; Fr. cuivre jaune, laiton ; Ital. ottone ; 
 Span, laton, azofar; Russ. .sclonoi mjed; Lat. 
 orichalcum, aurichalcum). A factitious metal, 
 made of copper and zinc in certain proportions. 
 It is of a beautiful j-ellow colour, more fir.ible than 
 copper, and not so apt to tarnish. It is malleable, 
 so ductile that it m,iybc drawn out into wire, and 
 is much tougher than copper. Its density is 
 greater than the mean density of the two metals. 
 By calculation it ought to be 7'G3 nearly, wherea.t 
 it is actually 8'39 ; so that its density i.s increased 
 by about one tenth. The ancients do not seem to 
 have knoivn accurately the diflferencc between 
 copper, brass, and bronze. They considered brass 
 as on'.y a more valuable kind of cojjper, and there- 
 fore used the word ces to denote either. They 
 called copper <es cyprium, aftcnvards cyprium ; and 
 this in process of time was converted into cuprum. 
 Dr. Watson has proved that it was to brass they 
 gave the name (<f orichalcum. Brass is malleable 
 wiicn cold, unless the proportion o.'' zinc be ex- 
 cessive; but when heated it becomes brittle. It 
 o i 
 
 
 \^smi 
 
196 
 
 BRAZIL NUTS 
 
 may be readily tunied upon tlio lathe ; and, indeed, 
 wiirks iniiro kindly than any other mol.il. 
 
 There is a vastvaricty in the proportions of the 
 dillVrent species of brass used in comnierci- ; nor 
 is it easy to determine whether tlio perfection of 
 this alloy depends on any certain proportions of 
 the two metals. In general, the extremes of the 
 Iiigliest aixl lowest proportions of zinc are from 
 12 to "ir) parts in the IdO. In some of the IJritish 
 manufactories, the brass made contains one third 
 its weight of zinc. In (Jcrmany and Sweden the 
 proiiortion of zinc varies from one fifth to one 
 fourth of the copper. The ductility of brass is 
 not injured when the proportion of znic is highest. 
 This metal is much used in the escapement wheels 
 and other nicer ])arts of watch-making; and bars 
 of brass, very carefully made, fetch for this purpose 
 a high price. 
 
 The use of brass is of very considerable an- 
 tiquity. Most of tlio ancient genuine relics are 
 composed of various mixtures of brass with tin 
 and other metals, and arc rather to be denominated 
 bronzes. The best proportion for brass guns is 
 said to be 1,000 lbs. of copper, 990 lbs. of tin, and 
 fiOO lbs. of brass, in 11 or 12,cwt. of metal. The 
 best brass guns arc made of malleable metal, not 
 of pure copper and zinc alone ; but worse metals 
 are used to make it run closer and sounder, as lead 
 and pot-metal. (Thomson's Chemistry ; Knci/. 
 Britannka \ iSrc.) 
 
 The economical use of brass is largely iacreasing. 
 It is employed for a great variety of »«■■< 'lanical 
 l)urposes, and in the fine arts, no metai having 
 been foimd so available for these uses. It would 
 be impossible in the compass of this article io 
 refer to all the ends which this important ro»^-al 
 fullils. I5ut the reader may be referred t'. tl»e 
 exiiaustivc and valuable account of the br,i - 
 maniifactur.! in Birmingham, written by .M 
 Aitkcn, and contained in the volume entitled 7V/^ 
 Kvsdiirrcs, Proiluvts, and Industrial Histurti if 
 Birmingham and the Midland Hardware Disln-r 
 
 The "amount of the metals used in the IJirmin:: 
 ham brass manufactories during the year IHti.') is 
 reckoned by this writer at upwards of 38,000 ions, 
 the value being 2,371,058/. 
 
 There are various kinds of brass, known as 
 pinchbeck, prince's metal, bath metal, red bra-^, 
 Dutch gold, Muntz's yellow metal, and malleabi<* 
 brass; the diflerence depending on the variou,* 
 proportions of copper and zinc. An alloy of brass 
 witii phosphorus is said to have valuable pro- 
 perties. 
 
 lUtAZIL XUTS (Ger. pcchurinnUsse ; Dutch, 
 brczilie or foelio nooten ; Swcd. macis biinor, 
 piccoiin biinor; Dan. pechurim noddcr, macis 
 bbnner; Vr. noix pe'churins; Ital. fava bucari, 
 noci gemelie; Span, becuiba: Port, pucbarins) 
 or Chtstniils (if Brazil. The fruit of the .Juvia 
 (Bi-rtholhtid cTcelna), a majestic tree growing to 
 the luijiht of 100 or 120 feet, abounding on the 
 banks of the Orinoco, and in the northern parts of 
 Brazil. The nuts are triangular, having a cunei- 
 form appearance, with sutures at eacli of the 
 angle> ; the shell i-' rough and hard, and of a 
 brownish ash colour. The kernel resembles that 
 of an almond, but is larger, and tastes more like n 
 common hazel imt; it contains a great deal of oil 
 that may be obtained by expression or otherwise. 
 These nuts do not grow sepanately, or in clusters. 
 but are contained, to the number of from 15 to 50 
 or more, in great ligneou- jicricarps or outer 
 phclls, generally of the .size of a child's head. 
 Humboldt says he had most frequently found from 
 15 to 22 nuts in each pericarp ; hut L)e l,aet, who 
 gave the first and most accurate description of 
 this fruit, sayB thai the pericarp is divided into 
 
 BRAZIL-WOOD 
 
 six compartmer ts, each of which encloses from 8 
 to 12 nuta. '1 ^ outer shell is very hard and 
 strong, .so that - rather dirticult to get at the 
 nuts, which ar Icisely packr-<l in cells inside. 
 The natives an ..urticularly fond of this fruit, 
 and cclebrati' the narvest of the jiivia with re- 
 joifinga ; it is also very much esteemed ni I'^urope. 
 The nuts brought to thin countrs- and the (,'onti- 
 ncnt are chielly exported from P.irii, and form an 
 article of considerable eonunercintl impioitance. 
 (Humboldt's Fers. Nar. voL v. p. 538, English 
 translation.) 
 
 The lluctuuticms in the export from Para of 
 Brazil nuts are very consideratlile : iietween \>'')\ 
 and 185t> the maximum and Ruiunvum amrmnts 
 were 92.000 and 19,000 alquiert:. An alquiere wf 
 Brazil nuts varies in weight iho-r (>(> to 80 lh«. 
 avoir., according to the season iKud goodness of 
 the nuts. They are principally ("xyiorted to thf» 
 United States aod tn Great liriiiiiim, the lar^rew 
 portion to the former cmuntry. TUm price varies 
 considerably, being o^-i-.-ufionally as .i>>w as 1.740 
 m. reis and ju* higti a.-; .i.4'iii ni. reis w>r alquiere. 
 The imports into the l.uiled Kingdi-mi are nor, 
 specified in the returns of wude. Prici- m London 
 market, October 20, 18G5 anwl 1860, 34». no 'iis. and 
 ■12j<. to l.'i,s. per barrel. 
 
 BR-V/lL-WOOl) (Fr. \»<w de BrcVd; <Ser. Brn- 
 silienhotz : Dutch. Brasilienuuut ; Ital. LwgiM del 
 lira^^ilevJ•r^in^<l: .Span.madera.del Bresil ; i^'iirr. pao 
 Brazil). Ir has l>een commonly supposed xUmi i his 
 wood denvor; ■rj nume from the country in wuich it 
 Ls principally produced. But Dr. Bancroft Iisik con- 
 clusively shown that woods yiehling a rcrfrfi^ were 
 calle<l Brazil-WKOils long previously to, the dis- 
 covery of America; and that the early voyagers 
 gari- the name of Brazil to that part of that 
 contL.iMit to which nr, is still applied, from their 
 haviiiL- ascertained th«t it abounded in such woods. 
 {Philun'iphy of Cohmm. vol. ii. pp. 31 (! — 3'Jl.) 
 
 It is t'lund in the greatest abundance, and is of 
 the best qualit)', in the province of Pemambuco, 
 where it is called Paoda rainha, orQueen's wood; 
 but it is also found in many other parts of the 
 Western hemisphere. The lr>'e is large. <ri)okeil, 
 and knotty ; the leaves are of .i beautiful reil, aiid 
 exhale an agreeable odour, li." botanical name is 
 Cucstilf)inia brasiletto, but it is callt^t by the natives 
 ibiripitanga. >fotwithstanding its apparent hulk, 
 tbfr bark is so thick that a tree a,- large as a man's 
 boft^ with the bark will not be s<^ thu'k as the hg 
 wlieii )ieeled. When cut into chips, il loses the 
 jj.ile colour it before had, and becomes red, and 
 when chewed has ii sweet taste. It is used tnr 
 various purposes bj' cabinet-makers, and admits of 
 a Ueautiful varnish, hut its principal use is in dye- 
 ing red ; and though the colour is liable to decay, 
 yet, by mixing with it alum and tartar, it is easily 
 made jx-rmauent. There is also mad'- of it, by 
 means of acids, a .sort of liquid lake or carmine f r 
 paintintr in miniature. 
 
 llraxil- wood lias been for many years pant a n yal 
 monopoly ; its exportation, except on account (jf 
 (iovernni''nt, being prohibited under the severest 
 I>eiialties. Owing to the improviiU'iit manner in 
 which it has been cut down by the (jovt'nimeiit 
 agents, it is now rarely found within >everal leagues 
 of the coast. Indeed, we arc assured that many 
 of the planters have privately cut down the trees 
 on their estates, and used the timber as fire-wood, 
 that they might not expose themselves to animy 
 ance from the arbitrary and vexatious proceedings 
 of i.i»*ne functionaries. The quantity of Brazil 
 wood imported into tliis country is inconsider- 
 able. It* price in the London market is alx>ut 30/. 
 per ton. In 1800, 1,201 tons were imported, chiefly 
 from Vencsuela and Altauco. (Dr. Bauciolt in luc. 
 
 cit. ; Encyi 
 
 p. 87; JI.i 
 
 Mi.V/M 
 
 wood broil 
 
 cheapest ai 
 
 BKKAD 
 
 irtK'le in t 
 
 Kists of n p 
 
 meal of din 
 
 and baked. 
 
 t<> the fresh 
 
 be leavened 
 
 •■'< said to he 
 
 I'or the pi 
 
 re.irler to Ui 
 
 I ■ Histori 
 
 detJognethii 
 
 and learning, 
 
 it is probable 
 
 making breo 
 
 95— lo.o, j.:„ 
 
 known (Millie 
 
 by hand-mill, 
 
 from a verv r 
 
 period tli(. "i{„ 
 
 "our than hy 
 
 The .Macedon": 
 
 acquainted wii 
 
 niiil I'linv mei 
 
 for the I'irst t 
 
 A«/. lib. xvi 
 
 lioiuaiis diffusi 
 
 coveries, a kno' 
 
 as practised in 
 
 Europe. 
 
 Till! use of J 
 howner, from 
 to have been pi 
 befijre it wa.s pr 
 jilie the (Jroek 
 internii.xing tii( 
 become stale. ' 
 superseded that 
 France and ,Spa 
 an admixture o( 
 in modern time! 
 teeiitheeiiturv. 
 though th,. hrea 
 sup'rior to (hat, 
 ''.V the faculty o 
 dicial h) health 
 hihiied under t 
 however, the ta 
 the interest of t 
 these absur<| reg 
 disu.se; iiiid vo, 
 where, used in p 
 inaiiufacturc of 
 <\cilleiici! (,(' wh 
 The sjiecies of 
 depends parti v , 
 Imt more on tlie 
 But ihe superior 
 eiou.s plant.- i,i 
 v<Ty great. li;,d, - 
 fidly cultivat, ij, 
 iiiarly total exc] 
 hi'wever, the soil 
 It.'' growtli, rve, o; 
 '■"■y gr at ;.haii, 
 respect, taken pi; 
 last c'ntury. U. 
 'li'-'-ription of |.ji. 
 <il Henry V HI. tli 
 tlii'ir own tables, I 
 ""i.ghboura were i. 
 w^he-vwithrye, ba 
 
BRAZILETTO 
 
 cit. ; Enct/c. Mi-trop. ; Modern Traveller, vol. xxix. 
 p. K7 ; M.iltc Hrun, vol. v. p. 52.5, Knfr. cil. ; Ac.) 
 
 UkA/CILK'rrO. An iiiferiur species of Hrazil 
 wood broiinlit from Jamaica. It is ono of the 
 clii'.'ipcst niid least pstoomc<l of the red dyewoods. 
 
 lUvlCAl) (l''r. pain; (Jcr. brot), tlic principal 
 article in tlic food of most civilised nations, con- 
 sists of a paste or doii^li formed of the flour or 
 meal of ditl'erent .-orts of t;rain mixed with water 
 and baked. When stale doii,L;li or yeast is added 
 to tlio, fresh dou^'h, to make it swell, it is said to 
 be leavened; when nothing of this sort is added, it 
 is said to bo unleavened. 
 
 l'"or the process of bread-making, we refer the 
 reader to Ore's Dietinnary of Manufactures. 
 
 1. Historical SAetcli of Bread. — The President 
 dc ( lOf^uet has endeavoured, with his usual sagacity 
 and learning, to truce the successive steps by which 
 it is [irobablo men were led to discover the art of 
 making bread (Oriyin of Laws i^c. vol. i. pp. 
 9.'j — lOj, Kng. trans.) ; but nothing positive is 
 known (111 the subject. The method of •rriiidingcorn 
 by hand-mills was practised in I'".gypt and (ircccc 
 frmn a very remote epoch; but for a lengthened 
 period the Koinans had no other method of making 
 tlour than by beating roosted corn in mortars. 
 The Macedonian war helped to make the Koinans 
 aei|iialnted with the arts and refinem«it» of Greece ; 
 and I'liny mentions that public bakers were thf-n, 
 lor the lirst time, established in Kome', (Hint. 
 Kat. lib. xviii. c. 11.) The conquest* of the 
 Koinans diffused, among't many other useful dis- 
 coveries, a knowledge of the art of preparing bread, 
 us practised in Kome, through the whole south of 
 Europe. 
 
 The use of yeast in the raising of bread seemH, 
 how'ver, from a passage of Pliny ^lib, xviii. o. 7), 
 to hinve been practised by the (ierinans and Gauls 
 heforv it was practised by the Koraan«; the latter, 
 like the (Jn^eks, having leavened tli'-ir bread by 
 intermixing the fresh dough »itli that which had 
 become stale. The Koman pr»ctici> seems to have 
 superseded that which was prev»iusly in use in 
 France and .Spain ; for the art of rauHing bread by 
 un admixture of yeast was not practised in France 
 in modern times till towards the end of the seven- 
 teenth century. It deserves to be mentioned, that 
 thmigh the bread made in this way was decidedly 
 .>iup4 rii)r to that previously in use, it was declared, 
 by the faculty of medicine in Piiris, to be preju- 
 dicial to health ; and the use of yeast Wiis pro- 
 hibited under the severest penalties ! Luckily, 
 however, the taste of the public concurring with 
 the interest of the bakers, proved too powerful (or 
 these absurd regulations, which fell gradually into 
 disuse; and yeast has long been, almost every 
 where, used in |)rcfercnce to any thing else in the 
 niaiiufacture of bread, to the wlKdesoineness and 
 cxci llenc<" (if which it has not a little contributed. 
 I'he species of bread in common use in a country 
 depends partly on the taste of the inhabitants, 
 but more on the sort of grain suitable for its soil. 
 lUit the s'jporiority df wheat to all other farina- 
 ceous plant' in the manufacture of broad is so 
 Very great, tii.-it wlierevcr it is easily and success- 
 fdlly cultivated, wbeateii bread is used td the 
 nearly total exclnsioii of most others. Where, 
 IwiWever, the soil i.r climate is less favourable to 
 its growth, rye, oats Ac. are used in its stead. A 
 rcry gr-at change for the better has, in this 
 resjiect, taken place in (ireat Britain within the 
 l,ist c'litury. it. is mentioned by Harrison, in his 
 (le-cription of Kngland (p. lliXi. that in the reign 
 (if Henry VIII. tin- gentry had wheat sufHci' it for 
 their (iwn tables, but tliat the, household nut iioor 
 neighbours were usually obligi d to conreiit li»' m- 
 iielves with rye, barley, and oats, it ajipeurs fruiii 
 
 BREAD 
 
 197 
 
 the household book of Sir Edward Coke, that, in 
 Ib'JIi, rye broad and oatmeal formed a consider- 
 able part of the diet of servants, even in great 
 families, in the southern countic<. Ilarloy bread 
 is stated, in the grant of a monopoly by Charhis I. 
 ill 1G2(), to be the usual food of the ordinary sort 
 of people. (Sir F. M. Edeii Ou the Poor, vol. i. 
 p. 601.) At the Kevolution, tlic wheat produced 
 in England and Wales was estimated by Mr. 
 King and Dr. Davenant to amount to 1,750,000 
 quarters. (Daveuant's Works, vol. ii. p. 217.) 
 Mr. Charles .Smith, the very well informed author 
 of the Irncts ou the Com "Trade, originally pub- 
 lished in 17.08, states that in his time wheat had 
 become much more generally the food of the 
 common people than it had been in KiSi); but 
 he adds (2ud cd. p. 182, London, 17(ir))_ that not- 
 withstanding this increase, some very intelligent 
 enquirers were of opinion that even then not more 
 than half the people of England fed ou wheat, 
 Mr. Smith's own estimnt", which is very carefully 
 dra>vn up, is a little higher; for, taking the popu- 
 lation of England and Wales, in 1700, at 0,000,000, 
 he supposed that 3,7.'JO,000 were consumers of 
 wheat; 739,000 of barley; 888,000 of rye; and 
 02;i,000 of oats. Mr. Smith further supposed 
 that they individually consumed, the lirst class, 
 1 (juarter of wheat; the second, 1 quarter and 
 iJ bushels of barley; the third, 1 quarter and I 
 bushel of rye ; and the fourth, 2 quarters and 7 
 bushels of oats. 
 
 About the middle of last centurj' hardlv any 
 wheat was used in the northern counties of 
 Kngland. In Cumberland, the principal families 
 used only a small quantity about Christinas. The 
 crust of the goose pie, with which almost every 
 table ill the county is then supplied, was, at the 
 period referred to, almost uniformly made of 
 barley meal. (Eden On the Poor, vol. i. p. 604.) 
 
 Everyone knows how inapplicable these statc- 
 nvents are to the condition of the people of 
 England at the present time. Wheaten bread is 
 now universally made use of in towns and village,"), 
 and almost every where in the country. IJarley 
 is no longer used, except in the distilleries, and 
 in brewing ; oats are employed only in the feed- 
 ing of horses ; and the consumption of rye bread 
 is comparatively inconsiderable. Tlic produce of 
 the wheat cro|)s has been, at the very least, quad- 
 rupled since 1700. And if to this immenac increase 
 in the supply of wheat we add the still more 
 extraordinary increase in the supply of butcher's 
 meat [Caitlk], the fact of a very signal im- 
 provement having taken idacc iii the condition 
 of the population, in respect of food, will be ob- 
 vious. 
 
 But great as has been tlic improvement in the 
 condition of the people of England since 1 700, it 
 is but trilling compared to the improvenn nt that 
 has taken iilaco, since the same period, in the 
 condition of the people of .Scotland. At the 
 middle of last century Scotch .igricultnre was in 
 the most depressed state ; the tenants were desti- 
 tute alike of capital and skill ; green crojis were 
 almost wholly unknown ; and the quantity (»f 
 wheat raised was quite inconsiderable. A tield 
 of 8 acres sown \\ith«this grain, iu the v a inity 
 of Edinburgh, in 1727, was reckoned so great 
 a (ijriiMlty that it excited the attention of the 
 whole neighbourhood! (Kobertson's Rural lir- 
 cdUeiHons, p. 267.) But even so late as the 
 American war, the wheat raised in the f^iCluaos 
 and Berwickshire did not exceed a third ftMTt «t 
 what is now grown • .lom ; and taking tlfce wholfe 
 country at uu. av,.iage, it will bo a «ioderate 
 estimate to say that tlie cultivation of wheat has 
 incrca.sed in a tenfold proportion since 1780. At 
 
 ■f. 
 
198 
 
 BREAD 
 
 tliat period no wlientcn bread was to be met with 
 in the country places mid villuf^es of Scotland ; 
 oat cakes and barley hannochs bcinf^ uiuver-ally 
 made use ol", lliit at present the vasn is widely 
 dill'erent. The upper anil also the middle and 
 lower classes in towns and villa:;;es use only 
 >vheaten bread, and even in Carmhousos it is very 
 e.\t<'n.sively consuinr'd. There is, at this moment, 
 hardiy a village to be met with, however limited 
 Its extent, that has not a public baker. 
 
 In many parts of Kngland it is yet the custom 
 for private families to bake their own bread. 
 This is particularly the cas^o in Kent, and in some 
 parts of Lancashire. In It^O'l there was not a 
 siii{;Ie public baker in Manchester, and their 
 number is still small. 
 
 2. Regulations as to the Manufacture, of Bread. 
 — Owiiif,' to the vast importance of bread, its 
 ■ijimifncture has been subjected in most countries 
 to various regulations, some of which have had n 
 beneficial and others an injurious operation. 
 
 a. Assize of Bread. — trom the year I'JIpG, in 
 the reij^Ti of llenr)- III., down to our own days, it 
 has been customary to regulate tlie price .it which 
 bread shouUl I.c sold according to the price of 
 wheat or (lour at the time. Au interference of 
 this surt was supposed to be necessary to prevent 
 that mono[)oly on the part of the bakers which it 
 was feared might otherwise take place. Hut it 
 is needless, perhaps, to j:ay tliat this apprehension 
 \Viis of the most futile drscriptinn. The trade of 
 a baker is one tli.it may be easilv learned, and it 
 requires no considerable rapital to carry it on; so 
 that were (hose engaged in the business in any 
 particular town to attempt to force up prices to an 
 artilicial elevation, the combination would be im- 
 mediately defeated by the competition of others; 
 and even though tliis were not the case, the 
 facility witli which bread may be b.iked at homo 
 would of itself serve to nulliiy the cd'orts of any 
 combination. I5ut the assize regulations were 
 not merely useless; they were in many respects 
 cxcociiingly injurious: they rendered the price of 
 flour a matter of comparative indiflTeronce to the 
 baker; and they obliged the baker who used the 
 finest flour, and made the best bread, to sell at the 
 same rate as those who used inferior Hour, and 
 whose bread was di'cidedly of a worse ((uality. 
 I5ut these considerations, how obvious soever 
 they may now appear, were fur a long time 
 entirely overlooked. According, however, as the 
 use of wlieatcn bread was extended, it was found 
 to be impracticable to set .issizes in small towns 
 and villagis; and, although the fewness of the 
 bakers in such places gave them greater facilities 
 fur combining together, the price of bread was 
 almost uniformly lower in them than in places 
 where assizes were set. In conseiiucnce, partly 
 of this circumstance, but still more of the 
 increase (jf intelligence as to such matters, the 
 practice of netting an assize was gradually re- 
 linquished in most places; and in \K\i'> it was 
 expressly abolished, by an Act of the Legislature 
 (o5 (.ieo. III. c. IM)), in Loudon and its environs. 
 In other place- , though the |)ower to set an assize 
 still subsists, it is seldom acted upon, and haij 
 fallen into comparative disuse. 
 
 b. Reguiatinns us to tlie lyeiglit, and Ingredients 
 to he used in making 7/;c«(/._Accordillg to the 
 assize Acts, a saclv of door weighing -SO lbs., is 
 supposed capable of being baked into 80 quarlcm 
 loaves; one-fifth of the loaf being supposed to 
 consist of water and salt, and four-fifths of flour. 
 But the number of loaves tliat may be mide from 
 a sack of flour depends entirely on its goodness. 
 Good flour requires more water than bad llour, 
 and old tlour than new flour. ISometimcs fJ, 83, 
 
 and even 8G loaveji have been made from a sack 
 of tlour, ond sometimes hardly 80. 
 
 Under the assize Acts, bakers were restricted to 
 bake only three kinds of bread, viz. wheaten, 
 standard wheaten, and household ; the first being 
 made of the finest tlour, the second of the wlude 
 Hour mixed, and the third of the coarser tlour. 
 The loaves were divided into peck, half-gieck, 
 and quartern loaves ; the legal weight of each, 
 when baked, being, the peck loaf 17 lbs. (J oz., the 
 half-peck 8 lbs. 1 1 oz., and the quartern 4 lbs. 
 .OJ oz. avoirdupois. 
 
 Now, however, it is enacted, that, within the 
 city of London, and in those places in the country 
 where an assize is not set, it shall be lawful for 
 the bakers to make and sell bread made of wheat, 
 barley, rye, oats, buckwheat, Indian com, peas, 
 beans, rice, or potatoes, or any of thrm, along 
 with common salt, pure water, eggs, milk, barm, 
 leaven, potato, or other yeast, and mLied in such 
 proportions as they shall think Jit. (.1 (Jco. IV. 
 c. 106 s. 2, and 1 &. 2 Geo. IV. c. 50 a. 2.) 
 
 It is also enacted by the same statutes that 
 bakers in London, .ind in the countrv, i.e. in 
 all places 10 miles from the Koyal Lxchange 
 where an assize is not set, may make and sell bread 
 of such weight and size as they think fit, any law or 
 assize to the contrary notwithstanding. Hut it is 
 at the same time enacted that such bread shall 
 always be sold by avoirdupois weight of 10 ounces 
 to the pound, and in no other manner, under a 
 penalty for every offence of not more than 40s,, 
 except, however, French or fancy bread, or roll-, 
 which may be sold without previously weighing 
 the same. 
 
 Bakers or sellers of bread are bound to have 
 fixed, in some conspicuous part of their shop, a 
 beam and scales, with proper weights for weighing 
 bread : and a person purchasing Ijrcad may reipiire 
 it to be weighed in his presence. Bakers, nml 
 others sending out bre.ul in carts, are to supply 
 them with beams, scales &c., and to weigh tlu; 
 bread if required, under a penalty of not more than 
 .")/. (3 Geo. IV. c. lOG s. 8.) 
 
 Bakers, either journeymen or masters, using 
 .ilum or any other unwholesome ingredient, ami 
 convicted on their own confession, or on the oath 
 of one or more witnesses, to forfiit not exceeding 
 '20/. and not less than 5/. if beyond the environs of 
 London, and not exceeding 10/. nor less than o/. if 
 within London o' its environs. Justices are 
 .allowed to publish the names of offenders. The 
 adulteration of meal or flour is punishable by a 
 like penalty. Loaves made of any other graiii 
 than wheat without the City and its lilxTties, or 
 beyond 10 miles of the Boyal Exchange, to be 
 marked with a large Ifoman M. ; and every person 
 exposing such loaves without such mark shall for- 
 feit not more than 40s. nor less than lO.v, for every 
 loaf so exposed. (1 & 2 Geo. IV. c, 50 s. (i.) 
 
 Any ingredient or mixture found within the 
 house, mill, stall, shop ic. of any miller, mealman, 
 or baker, which, after due examination. tOiall be 
 adjudged to have been placed there for the pur- 
 pose of adulteration, shall be forfeited, and the 
 person within whose premises it is found punished, 
 if within the city of London and its environs, by a 
 penalty not exceeding 10/. nor less than 40.<. for 
 the first offence, 5/. for the second (dl'enco, <in<l 1 0/. 
 for every subsequent offence. (3 (ieo. IV. c. 100 
 s. 1 1.) And if wit iiout London and it-s environs, 
 the party in whose house or jiremises ingreilii iits 
 for adulteration shall be found shall lorf'eil. lor 
 everv such offence not less than 5/. and not more 
 than" 20/. (1 A 2 Geo. IV. c. 5 s. «.) 
 
 Hakcrs in London and its environs are not to 
 sell, or expose to stUe, any bread, nill-s, or takes, 
 
 
 nor bake or < 
 
 or victuals of a 
 
 the hours of , 
 
 afternoon, umh 
 
 20.1. for tlie sec 
 
 «e(|iient oll'eiict 
 
 Bakers in tli 
 
 j'lg &c. any I 
 
 any meat &c. 
 
 liast 1 o'clock o 
 
 ring the time o 
 
 ''■1. for the first 
 
 20.1. for the th 
 
 (SjMieo. IV. c. 
 
 There are sev 
 
 force with respe 
 
 an assize is set ; 
 
 assize i.s nearly i 
 
 to recapitulate 
 
 bread lias alieud 
 
 pie on which ii.s 
 
 Notwithstandi 
 
 of alum, it is bi 
 
 P'oyed, ))articula 
 
 the metropolis,' 
 
 Eucyc. Brit. art. 
 
 of brejid is pstin 
 
 it is usual witli d 
 
 an inferior qualif 
 
 moil s!ilt to the' 
 
 (|uantity of salt at 
 
 'leticiency sujiplio. 
 
 riiis improves the 
 
 much whiter and 
 
 l"hu census reti 
 
 number of ' baker 
 
 'file trade which t 
 
 hinited, and it is i 
 
 o»s line of busines; 
 
 Breud-makinq i 
 
 ''>•"■■' I was, .iiiij A 
 
 franc c. Tlie(iovei 
 
 irice, but this was 
 
 iiioiie, in Paris to 
 
 ITivilcge of (lie rni 
 
 a law of ,Julv j; 
 
 MogemeiKs, (lie li 
 
 variety of regulati 
 
 number was liinilci 
 
 only LCOl, a;„l tl 
 
 <'<'"• It is said thai 
 
 populace ill good i 
 
 I'clied lo .,p1) (j,.(,„,| 
 
 their loss being rein 
 
 or communal reveiii 
 
 Tidde showing the 
 grummc in Vcnlin 
 Bread at Paris/, 
 
 V<;ars , l>r,ces I VcarT' 
 
 , ISOl 
 
 m»v 
 
 I HO} 
 I ISlll 
 i Ml-') 
 { IKll'i 
 
 1MI7 
 
 ' nm 
 iMia 
 
 1S!0 
 ' ISII 
 ! 181'^ 
 IS1.T 
 lAII 
 iKIi 
 
 •■i-nts. 
 
 
 .1W-«I 
 
 , ISIfi 
 
 
 1 ISI7 
 
 
 [ UIH 
 
 v.l-JC 
 
 I'SI'I 
 
 v.".-!!,-, 
 
 ISVO 
 
 •e.r la 
 
 \>iii 
 
 •w-v.-! 
 
 IH'iV 
 
 •■ilil!) 
 
 lli.l 
 
 iJi-;.-! 
 
 1NV4 
 
 
 IS;.', 
 
 
 IHvli 
 
 nsr 
 
 ISS7 
 
 
 IHJS 
 
 'iS"^l 
 
 iS'<a 
 
 '^S-'i 
 
 IH.10 
 
 riie regulations a, 
 taken away bv a d< 
 the decree says iiotl. 
 was conferred on tin 
 tw of Agriculture, ho 
 
 fT 
 
I 
 
 UREAD 
 
 nor liako, or deliver any niciit, pi:d(lut(;. pic, tart, 
 or viutuul.s of any sorl, (iii .Smiiluy.t, except 'jctwceii 
 tliu lioiirs of nine in tile nidriiiii;; aiul one in tlic 
 afteriiiioii, uiuler penally of lO.i. fnr tlio first ollencc, 
 '20.1. for the second olTcncc, and •IDs. for every sub- 
 scqneiit olfciice. {o (ico. IV. c. lOG 8. Hi.) 
 
 Itakcrs in the couulry are prohibited from hcU- 
 inj; Ac. any bread ite. or bakiilfj or tlelivorinn 
 any meat &c. on Sinidays any rime after half 
 paHl 1 o'clock of the afternoon of that day, or dn- 
 rinff the time of Divine gprvicc, under penalty of 
 C).i. for the lirsit oflence, 10». for the »cconi,l, and 
 'JO.s. for the third and every i<ub8e(|ucut ottence. 
 (oi) (Jeo. IV. e. aii .s. 12.) 
 
 There are several regulations in the Acta now in 
 force with respect to the sale &c. of bread where 
 uii assize is set; but an the practice of setting an 
 assize is nearly relin(|uishe(l, it seems unnecessary 
 to recapitulate them. The weight of the assize 
 bread has aheudy been mentioned, and the princi- 
 ple on which its price is lixed. 
 
 Notwithstanding the prohibition a(;ainst the use 
 of alum, it is believed to be very generally em- 
 ph)yed, i)articularly by the bakers of London. ' In 
 the metropolis,' says Dr. Thomson (A'«/jyj/. to 
 Kncijc. Brit. art. ' Ihiking '), • where the goodness 
 of brejid is estimated entirely by its whitenes.s, 
 it is usual with those bakers who employ Hour of 
 an inferior ipiality to (>dd as much alum as com- 
 mon suit to the dough; or, in other words, the 
 (juantity of salt added is diminished a half, ami the 
 (ielicicncy KU|)plied by an eijual weight of alum. 
 This improves the look of the bread, rendering it 
 much wliiter and iirmer.' 
 
 The census returns of 18G0 give 12,308 as the 
 number of ' bakers ' in the metropolitan district. 
 The trade which they carry on is in general but 
 limited, and it is not reckoned a very udviiutage- 
 ous line (pf business. 
 
 lireml-maltiiig in Fraiire. — The old assize of 
 If';. I W!i?, and thcuretically is still, in force in 
 1 ram c. The (iovernmentdid not, however, fix the 
 ].ric(,', but this was left to the mayor of the corn 
 inline, ill I'liris to the prefet of the city. This 
 jirivilege of the mayor was conferred on him by 
 a law of July IT'Jl. In pursuance of these ar- 
 riuigemeiils, the bakers were made liable to a 
 v.uiety of regulations. In most communes their 
 number was liiniled. hi I'aris, iu 181)0, they were 
 only l,('i(H, a;id their shops were liable to inspec- 
 tion. It is taid that, in order to keep the Parisian 
 populace in good humour, the bakers were com- 
 |i('lie<l to soil bread in scarce times at low prices, 
 their loss beini; reimbursed (o tliein from thcjiublic 
 vr communal revenue. 
 
 7'i(/'/(' s/i<iiri»ff tlic Menu Annual Prices pur Kito- 
 ijrumine in Centimes and Fractions of IVIicaien 
 'jJreadat Paris from the year 1801 to 1858. 
 
 BREMEN 
 
 109 
 
 Years 
 
 Prices 
 rent*. 
 
 , Years 
 
 I'rkcs 1 
 
 Years 
 
 Prices 
 
 Years 
 
 Prii-.s 
 
 
 
 rents, i 
 
 cents. 
 
 
 cents. 
 
 ISOl 
 
 .T^-lil 
 
 1S16 
 
 j.v.i; 
 
 ISII 
 
 ■Ti-iyj 
 
 IS I.', 
 
 .Ti'7'. 
 
 ISlli 
 
 ■l(l-.T 
 
 1S17 
 
 (i 1-2,1 
 
 ISM 
 
 .IMi 
 
 IHlli 
 
 ."i'J-.'7 
 
 IIIII3 
 
 iS .'iS 
 
 IHIS 
 
 .'7 ■.').'> 
 
 1 s.-,.-> 
 
 liSll.i 
 
 IS17 
 
 4U-S7 
 
 ISIII 
 
 v3"jr, 
 
 ISI'I 
 
 3.'i-a7 
 
 1S.14 
 
 •n 11 
 
 IMS 
 
 t'Jt\t 
 
 1-CI.> 
 
 •i:yi:t 
 
 isa) 
 
 41N7 
 
 IS.1A 
 
 VH-.VJ 
 
 1SI9 
 
 •.iS-.17 
 
 IlilJ'i 
 
 'f.fVi 
 
 DSVl 
 
 .1S-M 
 
 IS.W 
 
 •.■7'Ji 
 
 IK.'.II 
 
 Vli-ST 
 
 iMi; 
 
 M.\'n 
 
 Wll 
 
 .15-i 
 
 ,(.17 
 
 vi-yi 
 
 1S,',I 
 
 V(iU6 
 
 ISll.S 
 
 ■IhV.) 
 
 iti.i 
 
 3.')-.Ti 
 
 11 3S 
 
 y\ .').i 
 
 \sit 
 
 31-H 
 
 iMHJ 
 
 ti-:-^ 
 
 ISVI 
 
 •is-is 
 
 ISVJ 
 
 y.\»; 
 
 1S.'..1 
 
 .-.S-.'.7 
 
 ISIO 
 
 V.l-15 
 
 IS.-.'i 
 
 •,(« IS 
 
 ISill 
 
 .1S-S.1 
 
 IS.11 
 
 4H-.'. 
 
 ISII 
 
 .■,-■.•., 
 
 IKvli 
 
 •i«-l.l 
 
 IKIl 
 
 .-.1-4 
 
 1 S.'i.'i 
 
 4'J 79 
 
 ISI';! 
 
 ■(1S7 
 
 1H27 
 
 yi- 1 
 
 ISli 
 
 M17 
 
 1 S.'.li 
 
 4'Jlll 
 
 1S13 
 
 ,T.I l.'> 
 
 IS'iS 
 
 3iJ-!li 
 
 1 S43 
 
 .Ti (I'i 
 
 lH.'i7 
 
 3K'I7 
 
 IKll 
 
 •IS.-U 
 
 isaa 
 
 4,V7,1 
 
 1841 
 
 3I'S 
 
 18SS 
 
 •i^i 
 
 mil 
 
 ls-\ 
 
 1 IS.VI 
 
 3'j yt 
 
 
 
 
 
 The regulations affecting the boker's trado were 
 taken away by a decree of June 22, 1803. But 
 th« decree says nothing of the assize, for this right 
 was conferred on the mayor by law. The Minis- 
 ttt of Agriculture, Iwwcver, i.-^auud a uirculur, dated 
 
 August 22, 18C.3, suggesting to the mayor to sus- 
 pend, provisionally, his privilege. If, it is said, 
 experience is favourable to this siiggestion, the 
 law will be altered by the Legislature. | The iii- 
 furmation on this head bus been supplied by 
 M. Maurice liloek.J 
 
 UKKMICN. Olio of the Hanseatic cities, on 
 the We.ser, about 60 miles from its mouth, lat. 
 r/.P 4i}' N., long. 80 48' ;;" K. The city and sub- 
 urbs contain .an area of 73J| square miles (Uritish) 
 The revonuc for the throe years lHl)2-l was 
 27!»,'10-J/., 241,027/., 2Gl,!llO/.i the exiieiiditurc 
 3iJ:i,4(Ui/., 307,800/., 2;i.'),530/. Population in 1K04, 
 104,091; that ofHreraen town being 7(),l!yi ; of 
 Vcge.-ack town 3,081; llremer llaveii 7,43;'); of 
 the rural districts 2 1 ,983. 
 
 Its situation renders IJrcmcn the principal ciniio- 
 riuin of Hanover, Brunswick, Hesse, and other 
 countries traversed Ij^ the Wcser. 
 
 Entrance to Bremen. — 'I'he entrance to the 
 Weser lies between the Mellum and other sands 
 on the south-western, and the Teglers Plaat Ac. 
 on the iiorth-eitstern side. Its course from Bre- 
 mcrlehe to its mouth is nearly S.IO. and N.W. It 
 is buoyed throughout; the Inmys on the right or 
 starboard side when ciiterin;j; being black and 
 marked with letters, while those on the left or 
 larboard are white and numbered. The first or 
 outer Wack buoy has a gilt key upon it, and is, 
 therefore, called the schlnssel or l;ey buoy ; it lies 
 iu lOJ fathoms, bearing N.K. 6 miles from Wran- 
 gernog light. This is an iiiterinittiiig light, 
 having replaced in 1850 the old coal-lire beacon 
 on the island of Wraugcroog, opposite to the 
 northern extremity of East Friesland. It is, ac- 
 cording to the most authentic statements, in lat. 
 .'J3° 47^' N., loiig. 7° 51' 55" K. ; and is elevated 
 03^ feet above high-water mark, being alternately 
 visible and invisible for (he space of a mhiiite. 
 
 In place of the wooden Bremen /yci/coH, situated 
 in 53° 42' 51" North lat. and 8" 11' 52" Last long, 
 from Grcenwicli, a lighthon.se was erected in the 
 We.ser on the Ilohe Weg in 1850. It is of brick, 
 and surrounded with sloping masonry of stone 
 at the base. It is octagonal. 
 
 'i'he light is catadioptric, according to Frcsnel's 
 system of the second order; it is 107 feet abov(; 
 high-water at ordinary tides, and is a fixed wliite 
 light. In clear weather it is visible at the dis- 
 tance of 15 or 10 nautical miles, within all the 
 points of 'he compass from S. round E. to N. W. 
 by \V., and may therefore be seen from the Key 
 buoy. 
 
 From the outer light-vessel the lighthouse bears 
 S. by K. \ 1'.., and from the lighthouse the church 
 of Laiigwardeii bear.s f^. 
 
 For the convenience of mariners entering the 
 Weser, but by no means to induce them to neglect 
 the ii.se of the lead, a .sni.ill white light will be 
 shown from the lighthouse at an elevation of 38 
 feet above common high-water mark, which in 
 clear weather will be visible at the distance of 7 
 nautical miles. This light will disaiipear to those 
 who are ncariiig too much the lilack buoy (or .star- 
 board) side, near buoys H. and J. To llio.se en- 
 tering the Dicasyat it will assume a reddish colour 
 in tt line with the red T)uoy, and will disappear 
 when they reach the line of the black W. A. buoy. 
 This smaller light will be visible between the 
 bearings of X. bv W. ij W. roiiiid northward to E. 
 by S. 
 
 By a law of February 12, 180G, regulations have 
 been laid down for discharging freights in the 
 ports of the Weser. The time allowed for 
 discharging vessels uii to 75 lasts is eight days 
 between March 1 and October 31, twelve days 
 between Nov. 1 and Feb. 28. For every additional 
 
RflH 
 
 ; ■ I 
 
 200 
 
 BREMEN 
 Sundavs 
 
 30 Instd one dny moro irt allowed, 
 and liolidnvH nro not rockonod. 
 
 Tlio niinilicr of Hrcmcn vcsspIm on .lannaLy 1, 
 18(17, amoiintnd to 2!>;), of the biirdon of ll-2,1974 
 lasts, cnch last of 4,000 lbs., 2,();V2 lbs. beinR equal 
 to 1)11(1 Kn;j;lLsb ton. The number of vessel!) wliioh 
 arrived at Hremen in IHtiO was '2,K7(l, of .'!73,7H5 
 lasts Inirdoii. Tbe followini^ arc the principal in- 
 stitutions in Hremen : — 
 
 The Chamber of Commerce or Board of Trade 
 at Hremen was substituted in 1849 for the ancient 
 eoiirl of Aldermen called Collepiinn Scniorum. The 
 members of tlic cliamber are elecleil by and from 
 mercbants. It consists of 24 members and two 
 syndics. It possesses certain legislative and ex- 
 ecutive functions. 
 
 The Uank bas n capital of 4,000,000 Hremen 
 tbniers and a note circulation of about 2,000,000 
 Itrcmcn tlialers. 
 
 A Discount and Drpoitit Bank has been csta- 
 blinbed wit!) a capit.il of 20 millions tbalers 
 (400,000/.). It is empowered to issue notes of the 
 value of 5 thnlcra aiul upwards, payable on demand, 
 
 to the amount of one-third of the bullion in it^ 
 coffcrt ; and is said to liavc been of considerable 
 use, by its judicious conduct, (liiniif; the crisis of 
 18.')7. It lias since been authorised to add 2^ 
 million thalers to its capital. 
 
 The ^fold thaler enuals .I.h. 4d. sterlinpf. 
 
 The public debt ol Hremen is almut 12,000.000 
 thalers, chietly contracted for railways, docUs Ac. 
 
 The Norddeiituche IJoyil. — This eoinpany owns 
 27 steamers and a number of iron liixhtcrs. Amoiif; 
 the steamers are I large Transatlantic Htcam-ships, 
 which maintain a regular communication once u 
 fortnight with tlie United .States, and C steamers 
 which run between Hremen, London, and Hull. 
 
 The Kmigrntioii OJfire, where emigrants may 
 obtain, gratuitously, all reliable information and 
 advice. The number of emigrants embarking ai. 
 Bremen during the period from 18.51 to 1802 
 amounts to 455,782, .averaging 38,000 a-yc.ir. 
 'I'lie largest number, viz. 7(>,875, passed tlirou'^b 
 in 18,')4. In IHIJO the emigrmifs were 02,251, 
 nearly all of whom went to the United States, 
 (Sec below.) 
 
 Quantities and Talue of the Principid Articles Imported into, and Exjiortcd from, Bremen, in each of 
 
 the Yean 1803 and 18ti4. 
 
 rrincipal Arlicles 
 
 
 Importad 
 
 
 
 Exported 
 
 _ , _;; 1 
 
 IDfiS 
 
 186J 
 
 1S63 
 
 1861 1 
 
 ^nantilkt 
 
 Value 
 
 Qtiantitiea 
 
 Value 
 rll.ftollan 
 
 Uuantltln 
 
 Value 
 
 ^iiantttieft 
 
 Valuf 
 rii-tlol|.ir< 
 
 
 
 ril dollan 
 
 
 
 rli-dollart 
 
 
 Bacon . Ibii. 
 
 3.TOI,T01 
 
 .-.f,6,li'>« 
 
 19S,38.'> 
 
 fi.'r, 1 
 
 3,679,'i62 
 
 386,483 
 
 867,217 
 
 lmi,.v».'» 
 
 Href . . „ 
 
 I.IIB.IBS 
 
 1.1.',,3fi7 
 
 I,l6-,66.'. 
 
 lls.84i 
 
 1.. 14- ,2 12 
 
 l.19,.191 
 
 840.617 
 
 MV.dS'i 
 
 Mutter - „ 
 
 'i.iiii'i.'jim 
 
 9.11.7.1K 
 
 •.i,l(9'2,3s9 
 
 588,7.-,K 
 
 2,193,242 
 
 .'.11,779 
 
 611,672 
 
 if.;,,'.;,^ 
 
 Ch.f.e . „ 
 
 l,MI>i,4IHi 
 
 .-.l!l,3.'i« 
 
 1,4113,171 
 
 189,7«l. 
 
 2,372,6(19 
 
 297,889 
 
 9 '.6, 762 
 
 i.i:,<.;m 
 
 rhicory 
 
 •i.li M>,Vll 
 
 I'^II.IIS 
 
 I,l'i7.4.16 
 
 5il,SI3 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 _ 
 
 VAflurt - milk' 
 
 .1.1,1.111 
 
 4li7.3;4 
 
 37,740 
 
 5S6.9()« 
 
 102,900 
 
 1,411,875 
 
 10.1,218 
 
 1,441,314 
 
 Cocoa . ai%. 
 
 17S,I73 
 
 31, .'.34 
 
 41)11,(106 
 
 74,74S 
 
 — 
 
 .- 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Coll.* 
 
 8,U87..1«.» 
 
 l,S9»,ti»9 
 
 8,788,703 
 
 I,8,M,9I3 
 
 7,846,277 
 
 1,732.891 
 
 6,409,161 
 
 1,462, IT. 
 
 Corn ; whfat - lasts 
 
 li,tl97 
 
 •i:>%,\'n 
 
 1,918 
 
 K« 1,073 
 
 693 
 
 93,114 
 
 1,2.14 
 
 1 10,470 
 
 'je 
 
 1.1,31.1 
 
 l,31(.,.'j10 
 
 9,.'. 10 
 
 7!K),I44 
 
 6,184 
 
 641,731 
 
 4,994 
 
 442:74 1 
 
 0.tU • „ 
 
 4.».'.1 
 
 ill7,90.^ 
 
 3.40'. 
 
 166,692 
 
 1,428 
 
 81,666 
 
 8.7 
 
 44,i.V, 
 
 barley . „ 
 
 I ,BS1 
 
 139,194 
 
 1,83.'> 
 
 139,986 
 
 601 
 
 51,!NI8 
 
 684 
 
 .'.3,211 
 
 Tollon, r.iw • ., 
 
 0,8.',.i,(ini 
 
 4,111.8119 
 
 ll,384,.17l 
 
 5,8117,244 
 
 9,847,416 
 
 4,S!10,29i 
 
 10,987,194 
 
 6,018,9i;9 
 
 (Currants iiittlr.iislns lb>. 
 
 V,.^K 1,661 
 
 161,314 
 
 l,5l»,8fi.'> 
 
 96,.1V0 
 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 (in-anf, lard .S:i . ,, 
 
 4,IWI,UVS 
 
 ■1K9,IM 
 
 V,ll.'.,.19.'. 
 
 270,1199 
 
 4,r.77,l61 
 
 564,311 
 
 4,861,416 
 
 671 673 
 
 llnrn - ,, 
 
 1, (17 'i. Hill 
 
 1(36,778 
 
 \,-i\r,,t\i 
 
 191^908 
 
 1,3J7,CI3 
 
 219,811 
 
 982,700 
 
 18'J,7.'ll 
 
 tlrieil - ,, 
 
 l,'<H8,UI'> 
 
 164,0-.S 
 
 i,67l,3M 
 
 216,814 
 
 
 ._ 
 
 
 
 ._ 
 
 li,l3H,si)7 
 
 410, '.73 
 
 1.881, .1.16 
 
 3(2,v89 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 Honoy - ,. 
 
 ^, I'll, 169 
 
 ■ill 1,670 
 
 2,3«9.7n9 
 
 189,796 
 
 1,976,410 
 
 176,261 
 
 1,331,410 
 
 121,877 
 
 llol» - . „ 
 
 l,(ilS,7ll 
 
 44b,ll'i< 
 
 84.',,3»ii 
 
 »3'),.133 
 
 1,468,991 
 
 416,724 
 
 893,827 
 
 2i1'>.0i: 
 
 Intlitio - ,, 
 
 .1Vi,3ll 
 
 »\!i,'M1 
 
 467,981 
 
 99H,8i6 
 
 310,020 
 
 714,607 
 
 487,048 
 
 l,076,to; 
 
 Molasses • ,, 
 
 4,4.1l>,'.41 
 
 \•i•i,^-6 
 
 S,l)31i,9.1S 
 
 67,2«7 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 I'eppi'r . „ 
 
 I,S'J7,VJ1 
 
 IhU.-.ia 
 
 1,-('M,414 
 
 1V1,H24 
 
 1,720,217 
 
 193,2.18 
 
 1,1.14,106 
 
 128,3'10 
 
 Petroleum - „ 
 
 H,«S.1,1(»'^ 
 
 .'.16.767 
 
 8.679.746 
 
 698,011 
 
 4,643,070 
 
 .1.14,716 
 
 7,091,641 
 
 6ll(l,'il4 
 
 Kice - ■ „ 
 
 HU,lilXI,ll)9 
 
 2,566.717 
 
 9U,-.t80,U4l 
 
 2,993,993 
 
 44,901,217 
 
 1,963,518 
 
 63,210,318) 
 
 2,6'i.1,lJUS 
 
 Suit - . lasti 
 
 3,mil 
 
 1I.5,SS3 
 
 3,43 i 
 
 1(11, 043 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 -_ 
 
 Skins, raw - n,». 
 
 1S«,.'<05 
 
 4.'.'l,4s-4 
 
 18ii,8ia 
 
 4.^7,607 
 
 148,233 
 
 414,602 
 
 174,173 
 
 447,1110 
 
 8|iirtt> : rum - luts. 
 
 3,1 i.', 
 
 163,»;S 
 
 3,818 
 
 179,449 
 
 4,804 
 
 39^414 
 
 6,124 
 
 4'A1,I11 ! 
 
 bpirits of svine ., 
 
 7,(i';0 
 
 V31,')09 
 
 14,163 
 
 4(11,081 
 
 3,694 
 
 128,2116 
 
 8,677 
 
 2'i'J.8.l) 
 
 Sugar: riw . lbs. 
 
 S4,4»7,l«18 
 
 l,'.SS,47.1 
 
 H,4«8,142 
 
 1,044,.423 
 
 15,049.708 
 
 I, (18 1,1. '.6 
 
 2,196,161 
 
 18:i,(ll.1 1 
 
 relinitl ., 
 
 »,l«l,Knt 
 
 317,7.18 
 
 1,931, V61 
 
 289,4.14 
 
 8,708,366 
 
 914,681 
 
 4,606,017 
 
 474,879 
 
 T.illow 
 I'imlier : 
 
 1,'J4'J,3»7 
 
 'i34,U9'< 
 
 770,843 
 
 86 J 10 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 - 1 
 
 oak nnil l>ee<-h rubic ft. 
 
 9I7,JW 
 
 3«n,,'.li4 
 
 604,119 
 
 240,273 
 
 _ 
 
 
 .^ 
 
 _ 
 
 fir Ant! abler iVr. „ 
 
 l,4i;7,llli; 
 
 1199,1116 
 
 878,778 
 
 lfil,.VHI 
 
 _ 
 
 .. 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 dealt and planks no. 
 
 i,'>i4,(iin 
 
 46(l,.163 
 
 1,7111,1168 
 
 414.767 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 -« 
 
 cellar - sq, ft. 
 
 .■,S.17,H19 
 
 3l'i,17l 
 
 3,137,146 
 
 243,270 
 
 „ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 — < 
 
 Totiaci-o - lbs. 
 
 6S,.1-1 1 .1:39 
 
 15,819,970 
 
 70,589,701 
 
 14,446,180 
 
 63,071,879 
 
 14,911,446 
 
 63,82(),a8» 
 
 t4,61.1,7M 1 
 
 Train oil . tonn. 
 
 lti,H'^g 
 
 4.1.1,71(7 
 
 16,081 
 
 424,305 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 Wbalel»ne - lbs. 
 
 — 
 
 .. 
 
 _ 
 
 
 264,483 
 
 41.1,399 
 
 291,726 
 
 -97,267 1 
 
 Whale fins . 
 
 Vll,.'i33 
 
 316,99S 
 
 li18.0'.fi 
 
 290,891 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Wlieat meal • ,, 
 
 I1,II7'>,S4S 
 
 471,481 
 
 in,l.',8,3'.3 
 
 414,694 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 - 1 
 
 WtHiI, rastf (sheep'i) „ 
 
 l,!>17,»(il 
 
 I,'21.'.,'J37 
 
 1,510,718 
 
 1,191,810 . 
 
 1,975,383 
 
 1,027,218 
 
 1,426.287 
 
 1,198,111.1 \ 
 
 Vegexack, situated on the Weser, is remarkable 
 for ship-building. Its harbour is of no import- 
 ance, and only fitted for smaller ves.sels. There is 
 a Kailway hence to Hremen ; and Bremer Haven, 
 the harbour of Hremen, has also been connected 
 with the city by railroad (since 1862). The ' 
 harbour works are very extensive, and are being 
 enlarged year by year to meet the requirements 
 of the extending trade. In addition to the ad- • 
 jacent (ieestemUnde, there arc three large docks 
 of such depth that vessels drawing 23 to 24 
 feet can enter with facility. The harbour dues 
 are very moderate, and not higher than those of 
 Geestemlinde. 
 
 liesidcs her communications bv water, Hremen 
 
 18 now, also, connected by railways with Hanover, 
 I.(eipsic, and the whole of western and central 
 Germany ; and hence the rap'dly increasing mag- 
 nitude of her commerce, which has more than 
 doubled withiu the last 8 or 10 years. Though 
 inferior as a navigable river to the Elbe, tlie 
 Weser has the important advantage on its side of 
 being free from those tolls and burdens which 
 obstruct the navigation of the former. The toll 
 at ElsHeth, below Bremen, was suspended or 
 abolished early in this century ; and the tolls on 
 the Upper Weser have been abolished since 1815. 
 And we may add that the advantages which have 
 resulted from the free navigation of the Weser 
 have i)owerfiilly contributed to awaken attention 
 
 to the mischit 
 
 and cl.scwhere 
 
 The charge.H 
 
 of goodM at 
 
 jiriiicipal (icrn 
 
 grain, oak bar 
 
 sccil, beef and 
 
 and clocks, oil 
 
 "bippcd here a 
 
 useful coiniii 11 
 
 are much ihi 
 
 The import..* c 
 
 i|uantili(..sare r 
 
 colonial [irodu 
 
 "iues, raw cott 
 
 ware, coal, bn 
 
 hemp &c. 
 
 The oversea 
 .States is imp, 
 great variety < 
 back large qu; 
 and other Amc 
 count shows tl 
 the United Sta 
 accounts publis 
 value of the e 
 of the Union 
 'he year ended 
 tlialers, and thai 
 Irom Jlrcincn ii 
 I balers. 
 
 Total Vafue of 
 Port of Brem, 
 i'ear IHOi. 
 
 'ounirln 
 
 (irtvniand 
 llu,;.la 
 .Sweth'n 
 iVorsv.iy 
 
 Denmark . . 
 
 I.aiieiil.ur» and .Nleiwi 
 llchcol.iitU 
 ifatnburK 
 l.llbi'.k 
 
 Weser l',.,r, „f Ure.nn 
 F .'t.t.kh.nburi' . 
 I Holland 
 
 Zollvi'rrin 
 I llelKinin 
 I l;nit,,l Kingdom 
 I rr.in.e 
 ^nslrta 
 
 ■■swil/erland . 
 I Spain and I'orluiral 
 Italy . 
 (Jr,,.re 
 I Turki-v in Knrope 
 
 turkey in .\s,a 
 . Russia in .Asia 
 I ►■K.VPI . J 
 
 I llr.t..l, North America 
 ' I iiiteil Males . 
 
 CubT""*"'"""""'*" 
 {' .'ainafca 
 
 j l'..rlo nico 
 ' St. Thuinas 
 
 •^'.-w (irenada - 
 i Veiie/ueln 
 I llr.iil 
 ' I^rutfuay 
 I Ilii'iio* .\yre»- 
 I Chile 
 I l;.!in 
 t Kciiador 
 
 (Canary Ixlantln 
 ( C.lie Colunv . 
 I «;pst t.'o.isl of Africa a 
 ' niiiit 
 I jlritish Kasl Indb, 
 
 Hirinah 
 
 llubb Hast Iiidii.. 
 
 I .iiulichery 
 
 AlaiiilU 
 
 Cliiiia 
 
 •lapan 
 
 Anslralia and Sandwich 
 '^L't. » stores - 
 Ollur countries 
 
 Total 
 
 {" 
 
 • KiHu^iTcofthetradi 
 »iln Jlreinen in th«;car li 
 
TIRRMEN 
 
 201 
 
 to tl)R iniiichicvouA influence of the tolLs at .Stado 
 and rlacwhorc on tlui l'lll)o. 
 
 'Iho c-hnr();o8 on thi? I)iiyiiif;t sfHi'' '• urid .sliippiiif; 
 of f^tunU at ISromen aro very i -ileratc. The 
 priiioipnl (icrman exports arn woollen (^oii(.H,liiicnjs 
 ^Tain, oak l)ark, K^aim, snialtN, Immx, liidcn, rapo- 
 m<'d, lii'pf and pork, ra^jH, wool, wine, wooden toy" 
 mirl clock.i, oil-eake Ac. 'I'lin wlioat and bnrli'v 
 tdiipped here are mostly infcri>'i ; hut the oal.n r- 
 useful eoinin 11 feed ; heana aro jjood. The liii. , ^ 
 lire nuu'h ihc Hamo n» thunu from Hamburg. 
 The iinportM couNiHt of tobacco (of which lnr;^o 
 <pnintiliesare re-exported), codec, su^jar, aiidotlier 
 coliuiial products; whale oil, iron, rice, hidea, 
 wines, raw cotton, cotton stuffs and yarn, earthen- 
 ware, coal, braiuly, ar, tea, dyewootU, timber, 
 hemp d'c. 
 
 The oversea trade of IJremen with the United 
 States is im^Kirtant. She also ■ietuU thither n 
 great variety of (icrman producLs, and brin^c-s 
 back lar^^e quantities of cotton, tidiaeco, rice, 
 and other Americati produce. The annexed ac- 
 count shows the inagnitude of her trade with 
 the United States in 1804. From the ollieial 
 accounts published by order of Congress, the 
 value of the exports of the dcmicstic produce 
 of the Union to Uremcn was estimated for 
 the year ended June !!(), 1H58, at H,<>17,ir>7 
 thalers, and that of the imports into the Union 
 from Kremen in the same year at lU,'if)°J,lUO 
 llialers. 
 
 Ti)t(il Viiliie of the Imports and Kxporta at the 
 Pint of Bremen, from various Countries, in the 
 year ISUl. 
 
 Arrivah ami Dtftartures of Shipfting at Bremen 
 in the Years I8(i0-0[. 
 
 < ounirlM 
 
 Itnitorlft* 
 
 Eiporii • 
 rii-dollan 
 
 
 riitlollnn 
 
 (tu-enland 
 
 ■1.1 ."'J I 
 
 _ 
 
 Kuv.la 
 
 3CO,ii(i7 
 
 »,4ni,4.',« 
 
 Swrtlcn 
 
 hi, 4 1,0 
 
 l,IH'»,'^()'^ 
 
 Norw.iy ... 
 
 a.i.i.wi'i 
 
 7'; ',"7,1 
 
 Ht'tmiark ... 
 
 .1,.'.i:7 
 
 4'J.1,.'.S< 
 
 l.aiieiilmrK and SletwiK IloUtein 
 
 1 \:>,:>■t^ 
 
 431, IV7 
 
 Ht'liL'ol'inU 
 
 „ 
 
 V7II 
 
 llftii)l>urK 
 
 V,49.'.,.'«S6 
 
 2,419.70 
 
 l.UlMik 
 
 iS.iHl 
 
 IVJtMit 
 
 WfstT ('<»rrt (if nrtiiit'n 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Mi-i-kii*nl>ufK • 
 
 (i0.241 
 
 S9I.«'B 
 
 tlotUrul 
 
 .1(;l,(M'i 
 
 «i;),ii37 
 
 ZnllviTfin - - . 
 
 SS.'JfiT.fiMi 
 
 3i,Hir,,n7 
 
 H«flKium 
 
 1S'J,.T'» 
 
 .1Vl.i).16 
 
 Unitt'il KinKiloni 
 
 10,!l,'j.'.,l«7 
 
 4,cl5l,l)i» 
 
 Fr.iKe - 
 
 ;.',5,.TC.-5 
 
 «1,1.17 
 
 AmtriA ... 
 
 l.JIK.BCS 
 
 3,eii.i,i.'.9 
 
 Swit/rrlmd - 
 
 101,730 
 
 7fil,;TS 
 
 Stiaiii und l*ortUKal 
 
 111,.1'Ji 
 
 160,K.",1 
 
 Italy .... 
 
 11.'),4;h 
 
 11,9,111 
 
 (Jrrtft? 
 
 l.'i.B?! 
 
 — 
 
 Turkvy in Kiirope 
 
 ao.iin 
 
 a?, lis 
 
 Turktf'y iii AMii 
 
 !i.1,ll7 
 
 .5.1,517 
 
 , Ktistia ill Asia 
 
 ^ 
 
 Nl,(,'^| 
 
 1 K«v(it - . - 
 
 
 
 55,II»H 
 
 1 Hntish Nortli America 
 
 lO.tfil 
 
 f.9.1S7 
 
 1 I'lnli^l Stiles - 
 
 9.1'..'.,'Jl'J 
 
 8,(IOi,(,;9 
 
 .Mfxu'o and <'i>ntral America 
 
 S 15, 11.1 
 
 1')5,CI99 
 
 < ruin 
 
 3,!iil.:i.is 
 
 53.1,51 1 
 
 i .Tiimnira ... 
 
 ik;,17S 
 
 9l,l)Gi> 
 
 ' Kati 
 
 1SS,()5H 
 
 S;.UH7 
 
 I l'..fi« Rito 
 
 Z-iWit 
 
 as5.;(ii 
 
 i Si. Tlioinai - 
 
 l.llliO 
 
 l.iSO 
 
 ' Nt'w (iri-nada - . . 
 
 4,l'Jll.7M 
 
 1SI,lifi7 
 
 1 Vim If/. II eta . - - 
 
 .V.a,'JD7 
 
 4.K),IE3 
 
 t Mr till 
 
 J(is'j,6r2 
 
 9>,9IIO 
 
 1 UruKiiay ... 
 
 _ 
 
 1U,I7< 
 
 1 IIii-Moi .\yro - 
 
 »s,s;n 
 
 ibHMi 
 
 1 Diile 
 
 — 
 
 .1!,774 
 
 i I'^M, 
 
 IT.Sfil 
 
 'J'2,'(6S 
 
 Kriia<lor 
 
 13,011) 
 
 4 1 .MMR 
 
 ('Aii.iry Islinilii 
 
 64,5^1 
 
 60,9(17 
 
 )' \\\v i'oliHiy - 
 
 — 
 
 3,9(13 
 
 1 W'fst t.'u.ist of Africa and IVIau. 
 
 
 
 1 liiiiis 
 
 33,-.H 
 
 s«,m t 
 
 { Mritish Kast Indi«-& 
 
 l,OSl,',.'.l 
 
 i7,'W5 
 
 Itirinah 
 
 i,i;HU,iii» 
 
 9,V.1i) 
 
 Imitlt Ka<( Iiidirt 
 
 ;4,s,i,'ji 
 
 7.UI3 
 
 Vitiiilirht'ry . . - 
 
 l.KCIO 
 
 _ 
 
 Manilla 
 
 Xi'i 
 
 _ 
 
 (■liiiia ■ . - 
 
 151,704 
 
 \H,'>1R 
 
 Japan . - . 
 
 S,V«5 
 
 4,7 Wi 
 
 Aiitiralia and Sandwich I&landit 
 
 36I,SI« 
 
 ,387,<,i»l 
 
 Sliin's liior*** ... 
 
 _ 
 
 7113,955 
 
 Otlur I'ountrles 
 
 Tolal - |r.x-dolla« 
 
 3,37.i 
 
 1\,'tM 
 
 67,113,9.-0 
 
 1 61,4r,G,H4S 
 
 ll,lNJ,65i 
 
 1 10,141,474 
 
 Ytan 
 
 iHr,o 
 
 IHKI 
 \nl.l 
 lNr,.i 
 1\Uj\ 
 
 l«f,0 
 IHC I 
 
 IN,3 
 IHBI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a.3-,ii 
 
 195.997 
 
 9«3 
 
 1()9,I19« 
 
 .1,459 
 
 •J,lfi5 
 
 I75,"3T 
 
 1,01 IS 
 
 1 .'.i,ii,a 
 
 3,171 
 
 •i,vrt 
 
 I91,.3ij 
 
 K74 
 
 91, '151 
 
 3.1 111 
 
 a, IBS 
 
 mil.l'il 
 
 9ii9 
 
 1n;,1.T> 
 
 -,l.-.7 
 
 l,9l'< 
 
 IWi,T^7 
 
 h7'< 
 
 KII,H7i 
 
 V.7',4 
 
 VM,1I3 
 
 3iis,5.-.i. 
 
 •<;7.i'i9 
 
 * Kirlutite oT the tradi- of III* WcMT Talts, whioh wai included 
 «ith llreincn In the jcar MCa. 
 
 The value of the imports of Uriti.sh poods in 
 I8t!5was l,l'l,3,;!-.>0/.,nnd in 1H(!« l,'i:W,325/. Tlie 
 value of tlie exports to l'.n)rland in IHOj was 
 l,107,4!)l/., and in IHf.ii wa» 1,1.54,014/. 
 
 Duties. — An export duly of \ per cent., ad 
 valorem, is char^ced on all mereiiaiidi.se shipped 
 from Itrcmen ; and an import thity of jj per cent., 
 ad valorem, on all foreign articles entered for sale. 
 
 Goods passinji through Bremen in transitu are 
 divided into yiiwr clas.ses ; those subjected to the 
 hif;hcst duty payin(; about M. per ewt, i^ro^a, 
 while those aubjccted to the lowest duty pay only 
 about j\f/. per ditto. As this duty can yield but 
 a mere triHc, it should be repealed, 
 
 'J'lio value of the imports is ealculatetl according; 
 to the invoice price, adding; '.hereto the freif^ht 
 and the rate of insurance current in Bremen ; thn 
 vaUic of the exports is estimated from the invoice 
 nritie only. Should there bo no invoice of imports, 
 It is the dut)' of the importer to make a correct 
 estimate of the value upon oath. 
 
 Emigration. — Bremen has become the most 
 considerable port on the Continent for the shin- 
 racnt of emigrants. In proof of this wc subjoin 
 an 
 
 Account of the Numbers of the /'migrants sailed 
 from Bremen during each ofth' 35 Veors ending 
 with 18UG. 
 
 KmiffTantl 
 
 - V5,;76 
 . .37, 193 
 
 - 5'*.55l 
 
 - 5S.1U 
 
 - 7G.)t75 
 
 - 31,550 
 
 - .3r,,51l 
 . 4',,399 
 
 - 1!3,IKJ5 
 
 • •it.tnn 
 
 ■ Mt.l'lH 
 
 • 17,V6I 
 
 - i4.;io 
 
 . IH.nXi 
 
 ■ V7,1KI> 
 
 - 44,ISI 
 
 - G'i,'.lJ4 
 • H»,6«9 
 
 Nine-tenths and more of the emigrants are 
 destined for the United States, and are justly 
 regarded .is among the best of the recruits seiit 
 to them from Kuropc. It will be seen, however, 
 that the number, which was diminished during 
 the American ivar, hasjigain largely increased. 
 
 Ship-brokers arc licensed ollicers, and give se- 
 curity to the amount of 2,000 rix-dollars for tho 
 faithful discharge of their duties. The.sc arc, to 
 engage freights, to sell vessels by auction, to enter 
 vessels, and collect freights. They aro not )>cr- 
 mittcd to have partners, to transact any commer- 
 cial business on their own account, to accept com- 
 missions or consignments, to sell or pnrchosc bills 
 of exchange, or to engage in any mercantile 
 concerns. 
 
 None but oppointed brokers of this class can 
 undertake any of the duties assigned to them. 
 
 Venn 
 
 Kmitranti 
 
 Years 
 
 IS.H 
 
 ■ 111,341 
 
 185,1 
 
 IH33 
 
 . K,S91 
 
 IS5I 
 
 lH3t 
 
 - 13,(ISi; 
 
 IS.',J 
 
 18.15 
 
 . ,-,.185 
 
 18.53 
 
 1 SIB 
 
 - 14,1.17 
 
 1854 
 
 1S.17 
 
 - I .,(187 
 
 1855 
 
 IS.18 
 
 • 9,3 l!i 
 
 1858 
 
 18.19 
 
 - lu.m 
 
 1857 
 
 IMO 
 
 ■ n.niK, 
 
 18.'..S 
 
 IHII 
 
 . 9,594 
 
 1859 
 
 mu 
 
 - 13,619 
 
 I.SBO 
 
 1S43 
 
 - 9,987 
 
 IKBl 
 
 IH44 
 
 . 19,857 
 
 mm 
 
 IHI5 
 
 - 31,HS'i 
 
 18(i3 
 
 IKIB 
 
 . .3S..37S 
 
 IKIit 
 
 1847 
 
 . 3.1,li8i 
 
 IHr,5 
 
 1S4S 
 
 . 89,917 
 
 1866 
 
 1849 
 
 • 88,6«9 
 
 
 
KJ^M 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 // 
 
 ^/ './^i. 
 
 
 v.. 
 
 ^ 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 
 1^ I 
 1^ 
 
 2.5 
 
 lis 
 
 H: ii£ 12.0 
 
 11 
 
 1.8 
 
 m m 
 
 6" 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WIST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 
 

 
iimiifMrn-iawMUMWi 
 
 202 
 
 BllEMEN 
 
 I i 
 
 Any person employing a non-appointed broker is 
 tlcprivcd of legal redress against the unauthorised 
 iig(:nt by whusu conduct lie may sustain injury. 
 
 Sliip-'brokcrs are obliged to keep a register of 
 all vu.sscls coming in or going out, ol the names of 
 the captains who employed them, to procure moni- 
 fi'sts of cargoes, and to attend to the payment of 
 ditties and other dues chargeable on vessel or cargo. 
 
 The fees allowed to them are, for chartering a 
 vessel in bitlk, 18 grotes ]icr grain last; of this 
 th(! owner pays 12 and the freighter C grotes. 
 
 For otitward-boiind vessels, taking merchandise 
 as it may be offered, 2 per cent, on the freight. 
 
 For entering a vessel from sea meastiring 50 
 lasts, 5 rix-dollars; measuring 100 ditto, 74 rix- 
 dolliirs ; and if she measur"; above 100 lasts, 10 rix- 
 dolhirs. 
 
 Entry dues are to be paid by the consignees of 
 foreign vessels out of the commission they may 
 charge. 
 
 For the collection of freight money, the broker 
 is entitled to receive 1 per cent., but the consignee 
 of a foreign vessel is to pay this sum, 
 
 Ilegidations of' the Harbour of Bremer Haven, — 
 All vessels entering the harbour are sttbjecti') the 
 sitperintendcnce ol the liarbot'r-mastcrs, whose 
 dircotions are to be obeyed. 
 
 No ballast or rubbish is to be thrown overboard 
 under a heavy penalty. 
 
 It is not permitted to keep gunpowder on board 
 longer than 2 hours after the vessel has reached 
 her berth under a heavy penalty; nor is it per- 
 mitted to discharge any lire-arms in port. 
 
 The use of all lire on board, from sunset to 
 sunrise, is prohibited ; the captain, however, may 
 have a light, in a closed lantern, in his cabin. 
 
 The crews are nut allowed to carry on shore any 
 fire-arms, dirks, or other weapons. 
 
 Harbour Dues at Bremen, 
 
 For each ship over TiO last tiurdcn I>ing in tiarboiir for two months 
 (f)0 'lavs) at most, each last • - - -11 grottM. 
 
 lycss sliiiK by last - - - - - •** ,i 
 
 One month ----- half the above. 
 
 Itejond two months, rach month, each last - - I ^rott*. 
 
 llatXi of timber c Jch montli - - - - 2 thalers. 
 
 Tonnage Dues in place of Harbour Dues, 
 
 tloods stowedon board or landed, each last • - 3 f;rotcs. 
 
 .Ships remaining more than a month to paj hartlour dues. 
 l.oclt dues . - - - 'i thalers ^(i jp'otrs. 
 
 Tonnage dues from the right bank, each last, 1 grute, but no excess 
 
 over .Ifi grotes. 
 
 Certain vessels are exempt from these tolls of harbour and tonnage. 
 
 Kepairs to keel, when needed, a payment of per last burden, 
 4 grotes. 
 
 Harbour Dues, 
 
 that. f^. 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 ■(io 
 
 - li 
 
 ts 
 
 • .1 
 
 .Ifi 
 
 . 4 
 
 ."14 
 
 - .5 
 
 30 
 
 - 7 
 
 
 
 that 
 
 K'- 
 
 - 1 
 
 2i 
 
 - ' 
 
 (ill 
 
 . ^ 
 
 IH 
 
 . .1 
 
 .'i4 
 
 . f, 
 
 (1 
 
 ■ fi 
 
 IS 
 
 - 12 
 
 U 
 
 last 
 
 uptoRi) [ - 
 to to I VI) 
 iVOtnS'i;) 
 
 aootosod 
 
 WH» to 7))() 
 
 7&<> and uiiwards • 
 
 Life-boat service, 
 
 last 
 up to 60 
 fiO to I '^0 
 liOto.-iOO 
 .-(lOioMtO 
 WW to 7»K) 
 over 700 _ - . 
 
 oceait bteamships 
 
 Towing ships, 
 
 lost thai. KT. 
 
 uptr)150 . - • . 3G 
 
 l.MMo 100 - - " ' i* 
 
 ■l(»n and upwards - • - - \ ^fi 
 
 Stowage oil quay, lituuie being Rl^cti, every square perch, 6 grotefi. 
 
 (Regulations of Nov, 17, 18G3.) 
 
 The following are the rates of piIota;^e for the 
 pilot-company of Bremer Haven : — 
 
 I. Ve.«sols cominf^ from sea, of whatever con- 
 Btruetion, pay in gold or Bremen money for each 
 foot Bremen "measure which the vessel draws: 
 
 A. Durhig tiic summer mouthn, from April IG. 
 to September 1.0, inclusive :— 
 
 Bremer Haven^ 
 
 From sea to Hremer IfaTen 
 
 the first (o the fourth buoy - 
 fourth tn the seventh Imoy 
 seventh buoy to the Bremen beacon 
 Bremui beamn to the red buoy 
 red l.uoy to W'remen 
 Wremcn in Urcmer If^ven - 
 Uretner Haven to UrossensitJ 
 
 Zweyhurg, 
 
 From lea to Zwrybur^ ... 
 
 the first to the tourth buoy • 
 fourth to the nevi-nth buoy 
 seventh buoy to the Bremen beacon 
 Bremen bea'cnn to the red buoy - 
 red buov to Wremen 
 
 Wremen to Bremer Haven - 
 
 Breme* Haven to Zweyburg 
 
 Brake, 
 
 From sea to Brake . . - 
 
 the first to the fourth oi Croubuor • 
 fourth to the seventh buoy or Meltum 
 seventh buoy to the Bremen beacon 
 Bremen beamn to the red buoj • 
 red buoy to Wremen 
 Wremen ro Bremer Haven • 
 Bremer Haven to Brake 
 
 thai. ir. 
 
 
 .T 
 
 
 .^7 
 
 
 311 
 
 
 V7 
 
 
 9 
 
 . n 
 
 (!» 
 
 . U 
 
 .■)! 
 
 . 33 
 
 Iha 
 
 ■ fJ. 
 
 - i 
 
 lo 
 
 
 lit 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 .-t 
 
 
 ir, 
 
 
 4 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■IS 
 
 4U 
 
 that 
 
 . (tr. 
 
 • 1! 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 
 
 .'.4 
 
 
 A-i 
 
 
 •ii 
 
 
 \t 
 
 
 
 (is 
 
 
 
 4S 
 
 B. In spring and autumn, from February IG to 
 April 1.5, and from Septcnber IG to November 15, 
 both inclusive : — 
 
 Bremer Haven, 
 
 
 
 thai. gr. 
 
 1. 
 
 From sea to Itremer Haven 
 
 - 2 t,'. 
 
 2. 
 
 the tirst to the fourth buoy - 
 
 - 1 fi!( 
 
 .1. 
 
 fourth lo the seventh liuov 
 
 . 1 .'.I 
 
 i. 
 
 seventh buoy to the Ilri-men liearon 
 
 - 1 39 
 
 .'.. 
 
 Bremen bearcm to the rett buoy - 
 
 - 1 21 
 
 (i. 
 
 rett buoy ti> Wremen 
 
 - I 9 
 
 7. 
 
 Wremen to Hremer Haven - 
 
 . (1 fi.1 
 
 S. 
 
 Bremer Haven to Gro.sen>lel 
 Zweyburg, 
 
 - 45 
 IliaLgr. 
 
 1 , 
 
 From sea to Zweyburg - - - 
 the first to the ftiurth '.uov - 
 fourth to the seventh buoy 
 
 - V! 24 
 
 •i. 
 
 - ■/ II 
 
 3. 
 
 . 1 f(» 
 
 4, 
 
 seventh buoy to the Hremen t>eacon 
 
 - 1 4S 
 
 S. 
 
 Bremen beacon to the red buoy - 
 
 - 1 .11! 
 
 fi. 
 
 red buoy lo Wreme 
 
 - 1 IH 
 
 7. 
 
 Wremen lo Bremer Haven - 
 
 - I 1) 
 
 S. 
 
 Bremer Haven to Zweyburg 
 Brake. 
 
 - ^4 
 thai. gr. 
 
 1. 
 
 FVom sea to Brake ... 
 
 - 2 .1.1 
 
 V. 
 
 the first to the fourth tjuoy - 
 
 - 2 I.'. 
 
 7. 
 
 fourth to the seventh buoy 
 
 . 1 (1!) 
 
 1. 
 
 seventh buoy to the Mremen lieacon 
 
 - 1 ,'.7 
 
 .'i. 
 
 Bremen Iwacnn to the rt-d buoy - 
 
 - 1 .1!) 
 
 «. 
 
 red buoy to Wiemen 
 
 - 1 27 
 
 7. 
 
 ^Vremen to Hremer Haven - 
 
 - 1 9 
 
 ». 
 
 Bremer Haven lo Brake 
 
 - 0.1 
 
 C. Diirinp; the winter month.s, from Novem- 
 ber 16 to February 15, inclusive: — 
 
 Bremer H-jven, 
 
 From sea tn Bremer Haven 
 
 the first lo the fourth l.tioy - 
 fourth to the seventh huov 
 seventh liuoy lo the llreiiien t>earon 
 Bremen beacon to the red buoy • 
 red buity to Wremen 
 Wremen lo Bremer Haven 
 Bremer Haven to (jrossensiol 
 
 Zweyburg, 
 
 From sea to Zweyburg ... 
 the first to the fourth buoy • 
 fourth to Ibe seventh buoy 
 seventh buoy to the Bremen l)«acon 
 Bremen beacon lo the led buoy • 
 ri-' buoy lo Wremen 
 Wrenu-n to Bremer Haven - 
 Bremer Haven to Zweyburg 
 
 Brake, 
 
 From sea to Brake ... 
 
 tlie lir^t tn the fourth buoy - 
 fourth to the seventh liuoy 
 seventh buoy to the Bremen tieacon 
 Bremen lic.icnn to the rett buoy • 
 red buoy to Wremen 
 
 Wreiren to Bremer Haven . 
 
 Bremer Haven to Itrake . - 
 
 tlial.gr. 
 2 .Vi 
 . 2 28 
 .24 
 ■ 1 fiU 
 . t .16 
 
 - 1 20 
 
 - u en 
 
 • U 44 
 
 tlial.gr, 
 
 . 2 CI 
 
 - 2 .17 
 . 2 II 
 
 - 1 6«, 
 
 - I 45 
 
 - 1 2!l 
 
 - I .'>; 
 
 . n\ 
 
 thai, gr, 
 
 - 3 
 
 - 2 48 
 
 ■ 2 24 
 
 ■ 2 S 
 . 1 .'.i; 
 
 ■ 1 40 
 . 1 16 
 . C« 
 
 11. Vessels 
 measure whic! 
 
 A. During ( 
 to September 
 
 1 . From Bremer 1 
 
 3.' 
 4, 
 
 B. In sprin; 
 April 15, and fi 
 
 1. From Bremtr H 
 
 C During 
 December, Jam 
 
 1. From Bremerlli 
 
 3.' 
 
 4. 
 
 D. Forpilotii 
 is to be paid, w 
 
 a. During tin 
 to September IS 
 
 To the Kibe 
 
 Kyder . 
 
 b. From Sepu 
 
 To llie Elbe 
 ■fclyder 
 
 Measure 
 
 A. 
 
 lot) Jlremeii i 
 1 Bremen ( 
 
 St 
 
 1 firemen square 
 
 ( 
 
 firemen cubic foot=i; 
 
 Me. 
 
 , I Brem 
 I scheflel= 
 1 last 
 
 Fluid Mens 
 
 
 1 oxh 
 
 '90 Bremen handels. 
 
 100 thaler»gold=l6 2,1 
 
 4I0-.' 
 
 _ _ 79;ll)0 U 
 
 Ihecourseofeichai 
 
 in f 
 
 The course of eichar 
 l/indon HMS It. s 
 Paris I frc. " 
 
 anihurg 30(1 l.eo. k.s 
 Berlin too ths. gold 
 
 The places named from Nos. I lo 8 po.'nt out the commencement ,lnd 
 the end ol'ihe dlvis:ons or staliniis, for which tne .-idjnined hire is 
 to be paid, wbeiher the )iUol went on t>oaid at Ihe coiumeticei'ieiit 
 or at the end of ttic space so designed , 
 
 Tares.— Tlie ust 
 and Brazil chests 
 ho.\es, 70 lbs. ; Mi 
 licnd ; ilitto Virgil 
 liogsliead i cotton, 
 <iitto, G per cent. ; 
 cli&st, equal to th 
 (black), 22 Ib.s. 
 arlicles, such as 
 spices &c. real ta 
 munications of 
 Reports.) 
 
 liKlBE, Anv, 
 recompense, or 'k\ 
 tonis, to induce hi ^ 
 200/. (3 A 4 VVm. 
 
 BKICKS ANi, 
 "swl ill the builuin 
 « in.t(le of baked 
 
 Until 1833 an 
 •ficks and tiles (t 
 
 
 B 
 
■IB 
 
 BEIBE 
 
 II. Vcasclf. goiog to sea, for each foot Drcmen 
 measure which they draw : — 
 
 A. During the summer months, from April 16 
 to September 15, inclusive : — 
 
 BRISTLES 
 
 203 
 
 From Bremer Haven to tlie Hremen beacon 
 Atellum 
 
 fourrh or cross buoy 
 first buoy 
 
 thai. RT. 
 
 • () 31J 
 
 - (I 66 
 
 - I n 
 
 • 1 la 
 
 B. In spring and autumn, from March 1 to 
 April 15, and from September 16 to October 31 : — 
 
 thai. Rr, 
 1. Prom Uremer Haven to the Hremen beacon • U /iKj 
 
 'J. Mellniii 
 
 ?<. fourth or cross buoy 
 
 ■1. first buoy 
 
 C. During the winter months, November, 
 December, January, and February: — 
 
 1 1'^ 
 
 - I xe 
 
 - 1 61 
 
 From Bremer Haven to the Urrmen beacon 
 Mellurn 
 
 fourth or -losabuoy 
 first buoy 
 
 thai. RT. 
 
 - 1 N 
 . I iO 
 
 - i 
 ■ 2 '.14 
 
 I), For piloting a vessel to the Elbe or Eydcr 
 is to be paid, without regard to her bulk : — 
 
 a. During the summer months, from April 16 
 to September 15 : — 
 
 To the Kibe 
 Kydcr 
 
 thai. er. 
 - IS 
 
 6. From September 16 to April 15 : — 
 
 To the Elbe 
 Eyder 
 
 thai, itr. 
 .16 U 
 fi 
 
 Measures, Weights, and JIojjky. 
 Measures of Lengtli, 
 
 100 Bremen fMt=94-93.- EnRlish foot. 
 
 1 Bremen elle='^ feel=*635 English vards. 
 
 Superficial Measure. 
 1 Bremen square foot='U03 English square foot. 
 
 Cubical Measure. 
 
 Bremen cubic foot=1728 cubic inch -;^*8a7 English cubic foot. 
 
 Measures of Capacity. 
 
 1 Bremen last of er.iin=lOEchefrcl. 
 1 Echetfel^^U-W-') Kniilish quarter 
 1 last=IC''iU(l K. I'sh quarters. 
 
 Fluid Measures for Wine and Spirits. 
 
 1 oxhoft=6 anlter=30 viertel. 
 
 I vicrlel=r.'ifiO English imp. gallons. 
 
 1 oihoft:=46'80U English imp. Kalluns. 
 
 freight. 
 100 Bremen handels-prunde= 1 10-232 English aToid. lb. 
 
 Jl/oncy. 
 
 1 lb. fine gotd=.^f, kronen^TiO thalcrs gold. 
 lOU lhalers|;old=lG -riTf or lOiliC^el.'i-OS.I thalers. 
 
 4IO-.MOfrc. or I fri .=I7-.'|38 crotes. 
 "91(10 U.S.dols. or I dol.= I ■26S thalers. 
 The course of eichanire of Rold ngainst silver gives 
 in Hamburg for I : 16*3,'^. 
 In Berlin „ 1 : 16-42. 
 The course nfelrhange is with 
 London l(Hl.e k. S. 616'l>94 Ihnlcrs 2 months 61 1-767 thalcrs. 
 Palis I frc. ,, 17-4.'i2 Krotes. 
 
 Haniliurg .■^nin.co. k.S. I.IK-njS thalen „ l.i'l-(86 thalers. 
 Ucrlin lUUlhs.gold,, 1U9'9I; „ „ 110-917 „ 
 
 Tarfs.— -Tlic usual tares are, on sugar in casks 
 and iJrazil chests, 17 per cent.; on Havannah 
 boxes, 70 lbs, ; Maryland tobacco, 90 lbs, per hogs- 
 head; ditto Virginia and Kentucky, 110 lbs. per 
 )iofcshead ; cotton, round bales, 4 per cent. ; square 
 (litlo, G per cent. ; tea (green), 20 lbs. per quarter 
 chftit, equal to the modern Kiiglisb chest ; ditto 
 (black), 22 lbs. per quarter chest. Most otlier 
 arliclc!, such as East India indigo, rice, collce, 
 spices <tc. real tare. (Drawn up from the com- 
 munications of Brenien merchants and Consular 
 Reports.) 
 
 liKlBE. Any person giving or ofTering a bribe, 
 recompense, or reward, to any officer of tlie ciis- 
 tniiis, to induce him to neglect his duty, to forfeit 
 '200/. (3 & 4 Wm. IV. c. 53 s. 38). 
 
 BRICKS AND TILES. Well-known articles 
 used ill tlie builuiiig and covering of houses. They 
 iuo made of baked clay and sanil. 
 
 Until i833 an excise duty was charged both on 
 bricks and tiles (the latter being then exempted 
 
 from the duty), so that their manufacture was 
 placed under surveillance. It was ordered by 17 
 Goo. III. c. 42 tbat bricks made for .sale should be 
 84 inche.'i long, 2^ inclies thick, and 4 wide ; on 
 pain of forfeiting, for bricks of less dimensions 
 when burnt, 20s. for every 1 ,000, and proportion- 
 ally for a greater or less number. It was al?'j pro- 
 vided that the size of the sieves or screens for 
 sifting or screening sea -coal jshes to be mixed with 
 brick earth in making bricks should not exceed \ 
 inch between the meshes. 
 
 Bricks being the principal materia! used in Lon- 
 don and in most parts of England in tlie buililing 
 of hou.scs, immense quantities are annually ]iro- 
 duccd in that part of the United Kingdom. And 
 notwithstanding the influence of the duty, their 
 consumption in England nearly doubled during the 
 20 years ending with 1840 ; the number that paid 
 duty in 1821 having been 899,178,510, whereas in 
 1840 it amounted to 1,677,811.134, and in 1847 to 
 2,193,829,-t91 ; but they subsequently fell off, the 
 quanlitv brought to the charge in 1849, the last 
 year of the duty, being only 1,462,707,154. In 
 Scotland, where stone is mostly employed in 
 building, their manufacture is comparatively unim- 
 portant. The duty, which produced, in 1849, a 
 nett revenue (inc. Scotland) of 456,452/., had 
 long been felt to be extremely partial, seriously 
 affecting some parts of the country, while it did 
 not touch others. Its defects were set in a .still 
 more striking light by the rapidly extending use 
 of tiles, after they had been relieved from the duty 
 in drainage ond otherwise. Influenced by these 
 and other considerations, Government proposed and 
 carried the repeal of the duty on bricks in 1850, 
 Perhaps, however, the better plan would have been 
 to have commuted it for an equivalent house-tax. 
 BRIMSTONE, [Sui.i'huk.] 
 BRISBANE. The metropolis of the colony of 
 Queensland. It is situated about 12 miles up the 
 river Brisbane, and being accessible to steamers 
 and coasters is a city of considerable commercial 
 importance. Pop. (1861) 4,225; of the colony, 
 34,885. The imports from Qacensland have risen 
 from 155,673/. in 1862 to 341,362/. in 1866. The 
 principal, nearly the sole, article is sheep and 
 lamb's wool, of which 3,354,020 lbs. were imported 
 thence into the United Kingdom in 1866 ; this 
 material being of very good quality, A small 
 amowit of cotton, for the production of which the 
 colony is well suited, is also exported. The cx- 
 Twirts from the United Kingdom to Queensland 
 are cotton, linen and woollen fabrics, iron, hard- 
 ware, and machinerj'. They have risen from 
 210,757'. hi value (1862) to .561,693/. (1866), 
 [Colonies and Colony Trade.] 
 
 BRISTLES (Fr. soies; Ger. borsten ; Dutch, 
 borstels ; Ital, setole ; Span, cerdas, setas ; Pol. 
 szezeciny ; Ituss, schLschetina; Lat. soUo). The 
 strong glossj' hairs growing on the back of the 
 hog and the wild boar. 
 
 These are very extensively used by bru.slimakers, 
 shoemaker.s, saddlers iSic. and form a, considerable 
 article of import. 
 
 British bristles are not to be had, the old breeds 
 of the pig having dieil out, and the improved 
 breeds being almost without hair. 
 
 Our supplies of bristles are chiefly obtained 
 from Russia, European and Asiatic. The following 
 is a list of the annual exports from St. Pctor.sburg 
 (the chief port of shipment) during the eleven 
 years ending with 1865 : — 
 
 
 
 I'ootls 
 
 
 
 
 Poods 
 
 1865 
 
 . 
 
 fi7,-..18 
 
 1S61 
 
 
 . 
 
 67,635 
 
 IS'iG 
 
 . 
 
 67,509 
 
 lm;2 
 
 
 . 
 
 64.37.1 
 
 1S67 
 
 . 
 
 6!),S9I 
 
 l,sr,3 
 
 
 . 
 
 75,(165 
 
 1S61 
 
 . 
 
 7ii,7».-. 
 
 IKIit 
 
 
 . 
 
 71,931 
 
 1M69 
 
 . 
 
 77. .163 
 
 1866 
 
 
 . 
 
 78,993 
 
 1S6U 
 
 . 
 
 (l.ySB 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 iwodi = .Wcwt 
 
 , Oqr. ii; 
 
 lb 
 
 English. 
 
 
 . as 
 
r,-*i!i»rtS--je:-^:l;'-fr— ■■"-' 
 
 204 
 
 BROKERS 
 
 '■I ■ 
 
 The totnl quantitr fif bristles imported into the 
 United Kingdom in 1866 wns 2,678,5(55 lbs., valued 
 at .352,2-23/. 
 
 Tlierc are various substances used as substitutes 
 f(ir bristles. Amonp^st these may be mentioned 
 the nf/ai'a, or fibre of the Agave american.., 
 stHte<l by the jury of the London Exhibition of 
 1862 to possess qualities whieh in some respects 
 render it equal if not superior to hog's bristles. The 
 libre of the broom corn (Sortjlium vulr/are) is also 
 used, as also that of the I'iassava or Bass, which 
 grows in the Brazilian forests on the Attalea 
 J'unifi'ra. 
 
 Tlie duty, which varied from 2s. 6f/. on rough to 
 3s. per cwt. on sorted bristles, was rei)ealed in 1K45. 
 BKOKKRS. Persons employed as mid<llemen 
 to transact business or negotiate bargains between 
 ditfcrent merchants or individuals. They are 
 sometimes licensed by public authority, and some- 
 tinu's not. 
 
 ]iroiv('rs are divided into different classes ; as bill 
 or exchange brokers, alncUbrokers, ship and in- 
 surance brokers, pawnbrokers, and brokers simply 
 80 called, or those who sell or appraise household 
 furniture distrained for rent. Exclusive, too, of 
 the classes now mentioned, the brokers who ne- 
 gotiate sains of produce between different mer- 
 chants usually confine tluniselves to some one 
 department or line of business ; and by attending 
 to it exclusively, they jicquire a more intimate 
 knowledge of its various details, and of the credit 
 of those engaged in it, than could be looked for 
 on tlie part of a general merchant ; and are conse- 
 quently able, for the most part, to buy on cheaper 
 and to sell on dearer terms than those less fafuil'ar 
 with the business. It is to these circumstances — 
 to a sense of the advantages to be derived from 
 using their intervention in the transaction of 
 business — that the extensive employment of bro- 
 kers in London and all other large commercial 
 cities is wholly to be ascribed. 
 
 The number of brokers in London is unlimited; 
 but by the stat. 8 ife !» \Vm. IIL c. 20 they are to 
 be licensed by the lord mayor and aldermen, under 
 such restrictions and limitations as they may think 
 fit to enact. By the 57 Geo. III. c. CO brokers 
 acting without being duly admitted are made 
 liable in a penalty of 100/. The fee on admission 
 is fixed by the same Act at 5/. ; and there is bes'des 
 an annual payment of 5/. 
 
 The following are some of the regulations esta- 
 blished by the mayor and aldermen pursuant to the 
 Act of Wm. III. : That every person shall, upon 
 his admission, take an oath duly and faithfully to 
 execute and perform the office of broker between 
 ])arty and party, in all tilings pertaining to the 
 duty of the naid office, without fraud or collusion, 
 to the l)est and utmost of his skill and knowledge ; 
 tliat ho shall in all cases reveal the name of his 
 liiincipal; and neither deal in goods on his own 
 iicrount, nor barter and sell again, nor make any 
 gain in goods bcymul the usual brokerage; ond 
 that he shall regularly register all the contracts 
 A-c. into wnich ho enters. 
 
 Brokers grant a bond under a penalty of 500/. 
 for the faithful performance of the duties sworn 
 to in the oath of admission, 
 
 A medal is delivered to the broker, with his 
 name engraved thereon, which he may produce, if 
 required, as evidence of liis qualification. 
 
 Twelve persons professing the Jewish religion 
 are permitted to act as brokers within the City 
 under the same regulations, and receive the silver 
 medal accordingly. This medal is transferable, 
 and is sold generally at from 800/. to 1 ,600/. cx- 
 cluBive of the expense of transfer, which is un- 
 cerluin. Upon the decease of any of the holders 
 
 of the medal without its having been transferred, 
 the appointment falls to the lord mayor for tho 
 time being ; and for it the s>im of 1 ,5()0/. bus not 
 unfreaucntly been given, (Monteflore's Com. Diet. 
 art. • iJrokers.') 
 
 If goods in the city of London he sold by a 
 broker, to be paid for by a bill of exchange, the 
 vendor has a right, ivithin a reasonable time, it' he he 
 not .satisfied with the sufficiency of the purchaser, 
 to annul the contract, provided he intimate his 
 dissent as soon as he has an opportunity of en- 
 quiring into the solvency of the purchaser. In a 
 case of this sort (Hodgson v. Davies, 2 Cwnp. N, 
 1*. C. 536), Lord LUenborough was, st first, rather 
 inclined to think that the contract concluded by a 
 broker must be absolute, unless his authority were 
 limited by writing, of which the purchaser had 
 notice. But the special jury said, that ' unless the 
 name of the purchaser has been previously com 
 municttted to the seller, if the payment is to be 
 by bill, the seller is always understood to reserve 
 to himself the power of disapproving of the suffi- 
 ciency of the purchaser, and annulling the con- 
 tract.' Lord iiiUcnborough allowed that this usage 
 was reasonable and valid ; but he clearly thought 
 I hat the rejection must be intimated as soon as 
 the seller has had time to enquire into the .'■ol- 
 vcncy of the purchaser. The jury found in the 
 casi? in question, that Jive days was not too long 
 a period for making the neccssaiy enquiries. 
 
 Brokers, Bill, — propose and concluile bargains 
 between merchants and others in matters of bills 
 and exchange. They make it their business to 
 know the jtate of the exchange, and the circum- 
 stances likely to elevate or depress it. They sell 
 bills for those drawing on foreign countries, and 
 buy bills for those remitting to them ; and from 
 their knowledge of the mutual wants of the one 
 class as compared with those of the other, a few 
 of the principal brokers are able to fix the rate of 
 exchange at a fair average, which it would not be 
 possible to do if the merchants directly transacted 
 with each other. Their charge, as brokerage, is 2s. 
 per cent, 
 
 ' Those,' says Mr. Windham Beawes, ' who 
 exercise the function of bill brokers, ouglit to be 
 men of honour and capable of their business; and 
 the more so, as both the credit and fortune of tlioso 
 who employ them may, in some measure, be said 
 to be in their hands ; and, therefore, they shoidd 
 avoid babbling, and be pr dent in their ullic", 
 which consists in one sole point, that is, to hear nil 
 and sat/ nothing; so that they oughtnevcr to speak 
 of the negotiations transacted by means of their 
 intervention, or relate any ill report which tliey 
 may have heard against a drawer, nor offer his 
 bills to those who have spread it.' 
 
 Brokers, Stock, — are employed to buy and sell 
 stock in the public funds or in the funds of joint 
 stock companies. Their business is regulated by 
 certain Acts of Parliament, by which, ainong other 
 things, it is enacted, that contracts in the nature 
 of wagers, or contracts apparently framed for the 
 sale or purchase of stock, but really intended only 
 to enable the parties to speculate on contingent 
 fluctuations of the market, without any stock 
 being actually sold, shall be void, and those cn- 
 g.iging in them subjected to a penalty of u(JO/. 
 (7 Geo. II. c. 8, made perpetual by 10 Ocii. 11. c. 
 8.) And by the same Act, anyone contracting to 
 sell stock of which he is not actually posses.sed, 
 or to which be is not entitled, forfeit.s 500/. 
 Brokers not keeping a book in which all con- 
 tracts are regularly inserted, arc liable in a 
 penalty of 60/. for each omission ; half to the King 
 and half to those who sue for it. Tlie charge for 
 brokerage on all public funds, except Exchequer 
 
 i\ 
 
 bills and India bo 
 
 it is Is. per cent. 
 
 the purchase and 
 
 cin be concluded 
 
 licensed broker, ui 
 
 Brokers, Shin , 
 
 Ployment of this c 
 
 and selling of ihip< 
 
 and adjusting the i 
 
 with the master fo 
 
 A'c. Their charge 
 
 «ent. on the gro.ss i 
 
 surance brokers, t 
 
 premium, excUisivi 
 
 on settling with th. 
 
 looks to the broker 
 
 tract and a proper 
 
 hira also the uiide 
 
 caiKUd disclosure c 
 
 affecting the risk, i 
 
 miums. From the 
 
 raent, ship and insui 
 
 indeed generally are 
 
 nonour, in whom ful 
 
 A ship broker is not 
 
 tlio regulation and i 
 
 bons I.. Rule, c. p. J, 
 
 Brokers, Custom-h 
 
 Customs Consolidati 
 
 that no person shall 
 
 agent for transactin; 
 
 house m the port of 
 
 trance or clearance 
 
 authorised by licensi 
 
 tustoms, who are to i 
 
 for 1,000/. for the fait 
 
 and his clerks. This r 
 
 api'lv to the clerk oi 
 
 persons transacting bu 
 
 onhrs or their account. 
 
 Brokers, Pawn, [p 
 
 Brokers, simply so c 
 
 appraisers and sellers ( 
 
 are regulated by 57 Gc 
 
 tlmt no such person mi 
 
 wlicre the sum duo doc 
 
 more than the foUowin 
 
 For IcTjtine 
 ;;'''"'i'«i"enLs il an, . 
 
 the niK produce . ^ 
 
 Mam,, dutv, lawful a„„u 
 
 Appraisements, whetl 
 W. per pound on the ^ 
 l«nnlty „f treble the a 
 ia«-fully taken, with co 
 Manly before a justice, 
 
 111 1' ranee the broker 
 change, merchandise, 
 Ml ed agents de change, 
 '3 limited to sixty, '^'i 
 thange is directed by a c 
 i7 x'jn'licale) chosen ai 
 "ley are severally obli 
 amount of 12r),000'fr fo 
 Ine.v are also obli.r,.,| 
 
 str.ctcdtoachargoofft 
 are interdicted from car 
 
 (I "/e rfe Commerce, s. 7 
 „/"/''« United States 
 ""'; ?,*^«y give bonds. 
 BKOKERAGE, The 
 S'P'"'','o brokers on 
 
 , BRONZE (Ger, stuck, 
 "Uckgocdiltal. bronze 
 
 n 
 
 Tl 
 
 [ 
 
MaiHitaMiii) 
 
 BROIvERAGE 
 
 l)ills and Tndia bonds, is 2s. CiJ, per cent. ; on these 
 it is Is, per cent. No transaction with respect to 
 the purchase and sale of stock in the pubhc funds 
 can be concluded except by the intervention of a 
 licensed broker, unless by the parties themselves. 
 Brokers, Ship and Insurance. — The chief em- 
 ployment of this class of brokers is in the buying 
 and selling of t liips, in procuring cargoes on freight 
 and adjusting the terms of charter-parties, settling 
 with the master for his salary and disbursements 
 &c. Their charge as ship brokers is about 2 per 
 cent, on the gross receipts. When they act as in- 
 surance brokers, they ctiarge 5 per cent, on the 
 premium, exclusive of a discount allowed them 
 on settling with the imdcrwriter. The merchant 
 looks to the broker for the regularity of the con- 
 tract and a proper selection of underwriters. To 
 him also the luiderwriters look for a fair and 
 candid disclosure of all material circumstances 
 affecting the risk, and for payment of their pre- 
 miums. From the importance of their employ- 
 ment, ship and insurance brokers ought to be, .iiid 
 indeed generally arc, persons of respectability and 
 honour, in whom full confidence may be reposed. 
 A ship broker is not within the various Acts for 
 the rcgidation and admission of brokers. (Gib- 
 bons V. Kule, C.r. June 27, 1827.) 
 
 Brokers, Custom-house. — It is enacted by the 
 Customs Consolidation Act of 1853, ss. 15-17, 
 that no person shall be authorised to act as an 
 agent fur transacting business at the Ciistum- 
 house in the port of London, relative to the <ti- 
 trance or clearance of any ship <fcc. unUss 
 authorised by license of the Commissionors of 
 Customs, who are to require bond with one surety 
 fur 1,000/. for the faithful conduct of such person 
 and his clerks. This regulation does not, however, 
 apply to the clerk or servant of any person or 
 persons transacting business at the Custom-house 
 on his or their account. 
 Brokers, Pawn. [Pawnbrokkhs.] 
 Brokers, simply so called, in their character of 
 ti|ipraisers and sellers of goods distrained for rent, 
 are regulated by 57 Geo. III. c. 93, which enacts 
 (lint no such person making any distress for rent 
 wlierc the sum due does not exceed 20/. shall take 
 iiKire than the following sums : viz. 
 
 f. (/. 
 
 For Ifvyinf; - • • - -.TO 
 
 For mtii keeping Tiossesslon, per tiny - - y (» 
 
 Advertisements, it' any - - • • 10 
 
 (.'aialuKues, sale, cointniK<>ion &c. in the pound on 
 
 the nett proiliice - • - - 1 
 
 Stamp dutv, lawful amount. 
 
 Appraisements, whether by one broker or more, 
 Cirf. |ier pound on the value of the goods, under a 
 licnnlty of treble the amount of the money un- 
 iiurfuUy taken, with costs, to be recovered sum- 
 marily before a justice of the peace. 
 
 In France the brokers who deal in money, ex- 
 change, merchandise, insurance, and stock, are 
 called agents de change, and their number at Paris 
 is limited to sixty. The company of agents dc 
 change is directed by a chamber of syndics (cham- 
 he syndicate) chosen annually by the company. 
 They arc severally obliged to give bonds to the 
 amount of 125,000 fr. for the prevention of abuses. 
 They arc also obliged to keep books ; are re- 
 stricted to a charge of from 4 to J per cent. ; and 
 are interdicted from carrying on, or having any 
 interest in, any commercial or banking operations. 
 (Code de Commerce, s. 74 &c.) [ Bordeaux. | 
 
 'n the United States, brokers are not licensed, 
 nor do they give bonds. 
 
 BROKERAGE. The commission, or percent- 
 age, paid to brokers on the sale or purchase of 
 bills, funds, goods &c, [Factorage.] 
 
 BRONZE (Ger. stUckgut, stilkmetall; Dutch, 
 I stUckgocd ; Ital. bronzo ; bpan. metal de canoucs ; 
 
 BUCKWHEAT 205 
 
 Lat. mctallum tormentonim). ' A mixed metal, 
 consisting chiefly of copper, with a .small propor- 
 tion of tin, and .sometimes other metals. It is used 
 for casting statues, cannon, hells, and other articles, 
 in all of which the proptrtions of the ingredients 
 vary.' (Hunts Ure.) 
 
 BROOMS (Ger. bcsen ; Fr. balais ; Ital. scope, 
 granate; Span, e.scobas; Russ. nietlii). They arc 
 principally made of birch or heath. Vast quanti- 
 ties are manufactured in Southwark, for the supply 
 of the London market. 
 
 BRUSHES (Ger. bUrsten ; Fr. brosscs ; Ital. 
 setole, spazzole ; Span, brozas, cepillos, escobillas ; 
 Russ. schtschetki). Well-known implenieiit.s, 
 made of bristles, and manufactured of various 
 forms. Our exports of brooms and brushes in 
 18(i() were valued at 49,201/. [Bristlks.] 
 
 BUBBLES. A familiar name applied gener- 
 ally to fraudulent or unsubstantial commercial 
 project? which hold out hopes of rapid gain, for 
 the purpose of enriching the projectors at the ex- 
 pense of sanguine and ignorant adventurers: and 
 particularly used to designate those projects the 
 funds for which are raised by the sale of shares or 
 subscription to a transferable stock. 
 
 In consequence of the mischief produced by the 
 gambling in transferable shares of bubble "com- 
 panies at the time of the South Sea project, 171D 
 and 1720, the stat. G Geo. I. c. 18, reciting that 
 several undertakings or projects had been contrived 
 and practised which ' manifestly tended to the 
 common grievance, prejudice, and inconvenience 
 of great numbers of his Majesty's subjects in their 
 trade and commerce,' and describing, among other 
 practices of the time, the ordinary mode of raising 
 money by shares and subscriptions to a pretended 
 transferable stock, enacted that the undertakings 
 and attempts so described, and public subscriptions, 
 assignments, and transfers for furthering them, 
 and particularly the raising or pretending to raise 
 transferable stocks without authority of charter or 
 Act of Parliament, should be deemed illegal and 
 void, and prohibited them under severe penalties. 
 Some decisions limited the operation of, antl linally 
 the stat. G Geo. IV. c. 91 altogether repealed, these 
 enactments and prohibitions. The projectors of 
 bubbles, therefore, are now punishable only when 
 they can be deemed guilty of frauds or conspiracies 
 at common law ; and there is no other check on 
 the adventurers than the loss aiul troublesome 
 liabilities, under the law of partnership, in which 
 participation in these projects often involves tlicni. 
 BUCIIU LE .WES. the leaves c. f the Barosma 
 crcnata and of other species of Barosma, .small 
 shrubs growing at the Cape of Good Hope. They 
 have long been used by the Hottentots for a variety 
 of diseases, and have been made known in Europe 
 through the English and Dutch physicians re- 
 lent at the Cape. They are employed in liuropc 
 principally in diseases of the urinary organs. 
 Prices in London market October ISGG, ^h<l. to 
 Gc/. per lb. for broad leaves, long narrow do. 'id, 
 to Is. per lb. 
 
 '3UCKWHEAT (Fr. bid sarrasin, ble noir; 
 Ger. buchwcizcii, heidekorn; Ital. grano saraceno, 
 faggina, fraina ; Span, trigo saraceno, trigo negro ; 
 Pol. tatarca, gryka, ])ohanca; Russ. gretscha; 
 Lat. fagopyruni). It is principally cultivated in 
 order that it may be cut when young and green, 
 and employed as fodder for cattle ; when allowed 
 to ripen, the grain is usually employed to feed 
 pigeons and poultry. 
 
 When ripe it is of a deep yellow colour, tho 
 seeds bearing a great resemblance to beech-mast. 
 It will grow on the poorest soils. Buckwheat has 
 been cultivated in tliis country from tho latter 
 part of the sixteenth century. Its native country 
 
206 
 
 BUENOS AYRE3 
 
 ■3 
 ' l' 
 
 is unknown, but gupposed to bo Asin. _ Beckmann 
 has a very learned dissertiition on its introduction 
 and early culture in Europe. (Histon/ of In- 
 ventions, vol. i. art. ' Buckwheat.') The imports 
 of buckwheat arc comparatively incnnsiderp.blc. 
 The duty on it and on buckwheat meal is the 
 same as on other sorts of corn or meal. [Corn 
 Laws.] 
 
 Uuckwheat is largelv produced in the United 
 States. In 1840 the "production was 7,291.743 
 bushels, in 1850 8,95(5,912 bushels, and in ISGO 
 17,571,818 bushels, showing a larger increase than 
 !iny other grain crop. The states in which the 
 largest quantity is grown arc New York, Penn 
 svlvania, and Ohio. 
 
 ' HUKNOS AYRES. This city, the capital of 
 the province of the same name, was founded in 
 l')35, and stands on the right bank at the head 
 of the estuary of the I!io do la I'lata, on a vast 
 plain which is here about 35 or 40 feet above the 
 soa, and which extends westward to the Andes. 
 The level uniformity of its outline is only broken 
 by the spires of various churches. The streets are 
 regular and straight, intersecting each other at 
 distances of about 150 yards, forming squares like 
 a ches.sboard. The houses have never more than 
 two storeys, and commonly only one. The Ar- 
 gentine Confederation contains the tract of South 
 America comprised within the 22nd and 42nd 
 degrees of latitude, and the o9th and 72nd of lon- 
 gitude, the area being 75,000 square leagues, or 
 675,000 geographical miles ; the regions being 
 that which lies within the great rivers Parana 
 and Uruguay, the Pampas, and the mountainous 
 districts of the Southern Andes. The political 
 divisions of the Argentine Confederation comprise 
 fourteen provinces — those of Buenos Ayres, Santa 
 Fc, Entre Kios, and Corrientes on the coast ; those 
 of San Luis, Mendoza, and San Juau on the west, 
 and at the base of the Chilian Andes ; those of 
 Cordova, Kioja, and Santiago del Estero in the 
 centre ; and Tucuman, Catamarca, Salta, and 
 Juiuy in the north. 
 
 The rivers Parana and Unigway join to form 
 the Plata, and drain an area of 170,000 square 
 leagues. The Plata is 8 leagues broad at the 
 junction of the streams Parana and Uruguay, and 
 after a course of 35 leagues the river is emptied 
 into the ocean between the capes of St. Maria and 
 St. Antonio, where its breadth is 70 leagues — the 
 ■widest embouchure in the world, (Martin de 
 Moussj', Confederation Argentine, 18C0.) But the 
 course of the river is encumbered with sand- 
 banks, which shift from time to time and cause 
 great difficulties to navigation. Hence it becomes 
 necessary to employ pilots to Buenos Ayres and 
 Montevideo, the capital of the Uruguayan Repub- 
 lic. Considerable danger arises also from the pre- 
 valence of gusty winds called pamperos, which are 
 said to occasionally cause a rise in the water to 
 the extent of a fathom. 
 
 The total population of the Argentine Confe- 
 deration was estimated by Do Moussy at 1,210,000. 
 Of these, 83,250 were inhabitants of Buenos Ayres, 
 11,905 of Rosario, the two ports of the Confedera- 
 tion. One-third of the inhabitants of Buenos Ayres 
 were Europeans, chiefly English and French. 
 Sir. Clare Ford, secretary of the British Legation, 
 states the population of the Republic in 1860 to be 
 1,465,000. At present (1868), judging from its 
 past growth, it may amount to about 1,500,000. 
 
 From San Miguel tower, 68 feet high, a little 
 westward of the cathedral, the true bearing of the 
 north Cerro dc San Juan on the Banda Oriental 
 coast is N. 89° 41' 34" E. There are two wharves 
 or piers, from 220 to 330 feet in length— the first 
 near the church of Ln Merced, for passcngera; 
 
 the second in front of the custom-houso, for mer- 
 chandise — but they are not long enough, and in- 
 convenient when the river is low from N.W. winds. 
 Trade of Buenos Ai/res. — Bucnos Ayres has 
 a considerable trade. Its imports are manufac- 
 tured goods, cottons, earthenware, gunpowder, 
 hardwares and cutlery, iron, leather, linens, oil, 
 linseed, woollens dtc. ; and the exports are, wool, 
 hones, copper unwought, grease, horsehair, 
 hides, horns, skins of various kinds, salt meat, 
 tallow, tobacco &c. All kinds of supplies, in- 
 cluding coal, but excepting meat, are at a very 
 high price. Corn, which for a considerable 
 period was not produced in sufficient quantity for 
 home consumption, has latterly become an oc- 
 casional article of export. Mostpart of the jerked 
 heef, and numbers of mules, are exported to the 
 Ilavannah and Brazil, and a growing quantity 
 of River Plate beef to Europe. Hides, tallow, and 
 wool, especially the first, are leading articles of 
 export. Sir W. Parish estimated the total amount 
 of the imports into the La Plata at about 
 2,110,000/., of which about half might be fur 
 Bu^.-nos Ayres; but the trade is now much greater. 
 Mr. Ford, in his excellent Report to the Foreign 
 Office of Oct. 30, 18G6, gives the following Tables :— 
 
 Cwnparative Statcmtnt of Goods imported into 
 liuenos Ayres during the Years 1 864-65. 
 
 
 1S64 
 
 186S j 
 
 1. D'fTerent tiuues; princi- 
 pally woollen and calicoes 
 
 a. Eatables; principally sL^:ir, 
 yeiba mal£, and rice 
 
 .". Divers fabricated articles; 
 principally haberda-ihery, 
 perfumery, and ready- 
 made clothes - 
 
 -1. Drinkables ; principally red 
 wines and gin - 
 
 .'>. Materials for industrial 
 pur]ioses ; principally 
 ccal. iron, and wood 
 
 fi. Groceries ; principally to- 
 bacco, packing paper, and 
 kero^ne 
 
 7. Articles used for shipping; 
 
 ironmon^^ery and paint . 
 
 8. W'ritinK rnaterials, paper 
 
 &c. - 
 
 £ 1. d. 
 I,00J,915 4 U 
 
 1,()7J,S85 8 
 
 65B,6U IC 
 628/2.16 16 
 
 4S5,191 4 
 
 liTi.an 
 
 217,846 12 
 
 2S..1G7 S 
 
 £ i. ,J. 
 1,412,739 12 U' 
 
 057,876 8 
 
 873,895 8 
 813,172 4 
 
 649,897 12 
 
 345,069 12 
 315,417 4 
 
 S2,?3,'i S 
 
 Total 
 
 4,5711,134 S U 
 
 5,l2(),(ill3 8 
 
 •«• Increase of 24 i>cr cent. In 1865 o»er 1864. 
 
 Statement of the Quantities and Values of each 
 of the main Articles of Argentine Native Produce 
 exported from Buenos Ayres in 1865. 
 
 Articles 
 
 Quantitiei 
 
 Values 
 
 Wool - 
 
 lbs. 
 
 115,842,430 
 
 £ 
 
 2,37S,251 
 
 H ides, ox and cow 
 
 no. 
 
 1,690,763 
 
 9'iS,ii;ii 
 
 (irease and tallow 
 
 IllS. 
 
 28,8^2,790 
 
 3li3,I.M 
 
 Stirep hkini 
 
 no. 
 
 17,V6.-i,333 
 
 211,698 
 
 Saltinc.it 
 
 lbs. 
 
 45,699,81)0 
 
 138,702 
 
 Horsehair 
 
 „ 
 
 3,286,127 
 
 85,790 
 
 Horse hid™ 
 
 no. 
 
 151,588 
 
 43,3.17 
 
 Ostrich feathers - 
 
 lbs. 
 
 153.330 
 
 38,498 
 
 Bone a^h 
 
 tons 
 
 6,089 
 
 13.761 
 
 Hide cutUngi 
 
 llis. 
 
 1,67H„1U() 
 
 5033 
 
 HoneH - 
 
 tons 
 
 2.917 
 
 5/>I5 
 
 Shin and thank bones 
 
 no. 
 
 4,8(18,000 
 
 ■1,H7.'> 
 
 Otter skins 
 
 U»i. 
 
 52,037 
 
 3,881 
 
 Tips of homi 
 
 no. 
 
 1,210,000 
 
 3,7.'iO 
 
 Deer skins 
 
 lbs 
 
 91,058 
 
 2,187 
 
 Shunk skins (unborn ani- 
 
 
 
 
 maU) - 
 
 no. 
 
 100,530 
 
 1..W!) 
 
 RreedhiK rams 
 
 „ 
 
 4,7.'.fi 
 
 I,2i3 
 
 Hoofs* salted (oi)ffues, ani- 
 
 
 
 
 mal oil, tiuer and otlier 
 
 
 
 
 skins , rnf^, and sonp 
 
 — 
 
 .~ 
 
 20,122 
 
 AHiccUaneouB 
 
 _1 
 
 
 88.7'I3 
 
 Total - 
 
 £4,300,3.'..'j 
 
 The value of our exports to the Argentine Con- 
 federation in 1866 was 2,880,787/., cottons beiiiR 
 by much the most important article, and next 
 to it woollens, iron 4c. France supplies silks, 
 wines (of which the imports have largely in- 
 creased), jeweller}', perfumery &c. The im- 
 ports from the United States consist chiefly of 
 unbleached cloths, spirits, aoap^ sperm candlet. 
 
 dried and sa 
 
 and deals. (J 
 
 goods, brandj 
 
 brandy, cigar 
 
 gery, crocker 
 
 cordage, canva 
 
 nean trade is 
 
 produce, partic 
 
 oil, maccaroni, 
 
 goods are in li 
 
 liandkerchiefs, 
 
 are imported, 
 
 ed in 1865 was 
 
 t/fr/ia mate, or 
 
 article of som. 
 
 superseded, evei 
 
 chiefly obtaine: 
 
 Chili and Peru i 
 
 well supplied wi 
 
 try, vegetables, 
 
 the butter used 
 
 these details ft 
 
 Woodbine Paris 
 
 319-369; thei?e 
 
 charge d'affaires,' 
 
 P/atc, by Wilfrid 
 
 Light.— At 4J 
 
 tho custom- he us 
 
 or stationary gi 
 
 tliree niasts, wl 
 
 visible 6 miles. 
 
 Outer Road.— 
 front of Buenos . 
 and that of the C 
 of the great Pali 
 exposed to the wi 
 often bring in a h 
 qiicntly drag, foul 
 fin shore. It is i 
 tackling, to bo ci 
 anchors, and to c 
 vessels in the ros 
 anchors. The bott 
 the 12 feet line of 
 and to 16 feet ha 
 mostly s.,ft mudd 
 larffe number of vr 
 There are seven 
 tlie roads ; two net 
 low water, lie in tl 
 Catalina channel, 
 marked by beacon 
 northward of the 
 from the shore, is 
 a north-west and 
 i to f mile in bi 
 I'l leet over soft mi 
 anchorage there is j 
 water on it at the n 
 limes not more than 
 "f moderate draugi 
 from the town in 1 
 (lencia in the soutl 
 S.W. by W. 
 
 The domes of thi 
 anchor in the outer 
 lOor 11 miles. Tin 
 tliat southward of tl 
 iii'cessary to keep 
 ifaving passed the 
 increase, and the bot 
 I' feet water, soft rai 
 anchor in about 2( 
 firing S.E. by E. 
 J>csidcncia S. bv V\ 
 «S;yV. 4 W.; Ld^ 
 north-west of the 
 
BUENOS AYRES 
 
 207 
 
 dried and salted provisions, tobacco, furniture, 
 and deals. Germany sends woollen and cotton 
 goods, brandy and gin ; Holland, sugar, gin, 
 brandy, cigars, cheese 4c. ; Belgium, ironmon- 
 gery, crockery <tc. The Baltic furnishes iron, 
 cordage, canvas, pitch, deals Ac. The Mediterra- 
 nean trade is principally in Spanish and Italian 
 produce, particularly clieap wines, brandies, olive 
 oil, maccaroni, dried fruits, and pepper. Spanish 
 goods are in little demand, though some serges, 
 hnndkercliiefs, and ribands, sewing silk, and salt, 
 arc. imported. The value of Spanisli wines import- 
 ed in 18G5 was alone upwards of 180,000/. The 
 yerlia mate, or Paraguay tea, formerly an import 
 article of some consequence, has been nearly 
 suiicrsedcd, even in Buenos Ayres, by genuine tea, 
 chiefly obtained from India. The trade with 
 Chili and Peru is insignificant. The markets are 
 well supplied with butcher's meat and fish. Poul- 
 try, vegetables, and fruit are generally dear. All 
 the butter used is imported. (VVc have derived 
 these details from the excellent work of Sir 
 Woodbine Parish On Buenos Ayres, 2nd ed. pp. 
 319-309 ; the Report of Mr. Francis Clare Ford,late 
 cliargc d'aflTaires, 1866 ; and The States of the River 
 Plate, by Wilfrid Latham, 2nd ed. 1868.) 
 
 Light.— kt 4i miles N.E. by E. i E. from 
 the custom- hcasc at Buenos Ayres is a hulk 
 or stationary guard-ship, painted black, with 
 three niasta, which shows a fixed red light, 
 visible 6 miles. 
 
 Outer Road. — There are two anchorages in 
 front of Buenos Ayres, formed by the city bank 
 and that of the Camaron, an extension or tongue 
 of the great Palmas flat. Both are anchorages 
 exposed to the winds from S.E. to E.N.E., which 
 often bring in a heavy ground swell; vessels fre- 
 quently drag, foul each other, and sometimes go 
 on shore. It is necessary to have good ground 
 tackling, to be cautious not to ground on the 
 anchors, and to give a berth to the buoys of 
 vessels in the road to prevent grazing on their 
 anchors. The bottom is a fine dark sand ; within 
 the 12 feet line of soundings it is generally hard, 
 .iml to 15 feet hard and soft; beyond 15 !*-■ is 
 mostly H'<ft muddy sand. There arc always a 
 lartre number of vessels lying here. 
 
 There are severol dangerous sunken vessels in 
 tlic roads ; two nearly close together, showing at 
 linv water, lie in the outer road in line with the 
 Catalina channel, and one farther in, and r.re 
 marked by beacons. The great or outer road 
 northward of the city bank, at about 3^ miles 
 from tho shore, is from 3 to 4 miles in length in 
 a north-west and south-cast direction, and from 
 i to 3 mile in breadth, with depths of 18 to 
 i'l feet over soft mud. At the entrance to this 
 anchorage there is a bar or flat with only 1.5 feet 
 water on it at the mean level of the river, and at 
 times not more than 12 feet, which obliges vessels 
 of moderate draught to anchor at G or 7 miles 
 from the to^vn in 17 feet water, with the Resi- 
 (lonoia in the southern part of the city bearing 
 S.W. by W. 
 
 The domes of the churches and the vessels at 
 andior in the outer road are seen at a distance of 
 10 or 11 miles. The bottom on the city bank or 
 that southward of the outer road being hard, it is 
 necessary to keep a little to the northward. 
 Having passed the bar, the soundings slowly 
 increase, and the bottom becomes softer ; when in 
 17 feet water, soft mud, steer to the westward, and 
 anchor in about 20 feet, with the guard-ship 
 lioaring S.E. by E. \ E., distant 2 J miles; La 
 Ilesidcncia S. by W. J W. ; the Custom-house 
 S.S.W, J W.; and the church of La Recoleta, 
 north-west of the town, S.W. | W. A good 
 
 berth will also be found near the sunken vossoIh, 
 whore tlic water is deepest and the position con- 
 venient for boats. It is not usual to moor in tho 
 outer roads, but to veer a long scope of cable, and 
 bo ready to drop a second anchor with south- 
 easterly winds. 
 
 Inner Rixid. — The inner or little road off the 
 north-east angle of the city is a spaoe of about IJ 
 mile in lengtli, in a N.N.W. and S.S.K. direction, 
 and about 3 c.ibles in breadth, liaving 12 and 13 
 feet water. It is formed between the city bank 
 and the coast: the latter is bordered with a bank 
 of rotten stone. To the northward of the inner 
 road is the anchorage El Pozo, having about a 
 foot more water. Vessels in tho Pozo and inner 
 road always moor N.E. and S.W., and groat 
 attention should be given to prevent grounding 
 on the anchors, for frequently there are only 8 or 
 10 foot V ter, and vessels are often aground and 
 unable to go to sea for 15 or 20 days. A large 
 number of vessels are always here. But as the 
 banks arc constantly shifting, it is necessary when 
 going into the inner road to employ a pilot, and 
 particularly for tlio purpose of choosing a clear 
 berth, and avoiding the many lost anchors in the 
 roads. 
 
 IFinds. — During summer, between August and 
 March, the winds are from the eastward. In 
 April, May, June, and July, the weather is vari- 
 able. The barometer always rises with a S.E. 
 wind, which brings clear dry weather; falls for a 
 pampero or S.W. wind, but falls lowest with tho 
 wind from N. to W., which brings cloudy, rainy 
 weather. It may be fine weather at sunset, and 2 
 hours after blowing a gale, but the barometer is 
 sure to indicate it. 
 
 Tides. — It is high-water at Buenos Ayres, full 
 and change, at about 12 h. ; jind the rise may be 
 from 3 to 5 feet. The flood runs 5 hours, "and 
 the ebb 7 hours, at from 1 to 2 miles an hour. 
 The winds from the S.E. cause the water to 
 rise, and those from the N.W. depress it, and 
 in some places cause a difference of 12 feet. A 
 case has occurred when the wind from the N.W. 
 has so depressed the water, that a person was 
 able to walk dry to the vessels anchored in the 
 inner road. 
 
 Rio Riachuel, — At about a mile southward of 
 the town is the little river Riachuel, with 13 tc 
 
 16 feet at low tides, over soft mud, which 
 serves as a port of commerce to Buenos Ayres. 
 This river being the deepest on the south coast, 
 was the cause of the town being placed on the 
 neighbouring plain. Its mouth is obstructed by 
 banks, so that vessels drawing less than 10 feet 
 alone can enter when the water is high from the 
 S.E. winds, 3 feet only being on the bar at low 
 tides. Large numbers of coasters load and un- 
 load here. 
 
 At high tides vessels of less than 8 feet draught 
 can navigati'. to the Conchas, where there is an 
 excellent po.'t. In strong winds from the S.E. 
 many vessels leave the roads of Buenos Ayres to 
 seek shelter there, but it is necessary to "have a 
 good pilot, 03 all this western part of the La 
 Plata is obstructed by the great flat and bank of 
 Las Palmas, on which near the coast the depths 
 are irregular, the channel mnding, and subject to 
 frequent changes. There are in places 13 or 14 
 feet water, but the deepest is in front of the shore 
 forming Olivos Point, whero there are from 12 to 
 
 17 feet. 
 
 Above Las Conchas the shore is broken by a 
 great number of little rivers, outlets from the 
 Parana. At 25 miles N.N.E. of Las Conchas is 
 the mouth of the Great Parana. The latter is 
 the only one Tesaels of any size c«n enter. 
 
' I 
 
 208 
 
 BUENOS AYRES 
 
 Next in importance to Buenos Ayrcs come the 
 Arf,'fntinc ports of Kosario, Corrientes, Uruffuny, 
 San Nicolas, and Gualf^uayclui. In 18GG tiicre 
 Wi-i-c 326 miles of Argentine Railways oi>cn to 
 tratlic. 
 
 Mouey. — The currency of Buenos A^res wan 
 formerly an irredeemable paper money, issued by 
 n banU, under authority uf special laws passed 
 frotn lime to time, and was by law legal tender. 
 This paper money, having no specie basis, was 
 alVirtcd in value, as compared witii gold, by over 
 i.siiucs and by politics, and has fluctuated 60 per 
 cent, in one day ; but l)y a new Currency Law, 
 January 4, 18G7, the Provincial Bank of the State 
 of Buenos Ayres is authorised to pay 25 paper 
 (lols. for every patacon, and also to give 1 patacon 
 for every 2o dols. (paper). If paper money 
 sliouUl exceed 25 per patacon, and the bank has 
 paid ;iway the specie received in exchange for the 
 amount of the present emission, the bank shall 
 still continue to give gold at 25 p. d. per patacon 
 as lo.ig as sutficient coin exists. Parties indebted 
 to the bank or state may pay in gold or paper 
 money at the rate of 25 dols, per patacon. In 
 18G5 the revenue of the Argentine Kepublic 
 amounted to 1,G59,014/., and the expenditure to 
 1,375,233/. Official financial accounts are made 
 up in hard dollars, one of these being about equal 
 to 4s. 
 
 The following are the statistics of the shipping 
 and trade of Buenos Ayres : — 
 • 
 
 Number and Tonnage of Sailing Vessels Entered 
 and Cleared at the Port of Buenos Ayres in 
 cacti of the Fears 1801-05. 
 
 
 In liallait 
 
 1 
 
 Year* 
 
 Enlertd | 
 
 Cleared out | 
 
 Shi|» 
 
 Tom 
 
 Shipi 
 
 Tom 
 
 IHfil 
 
 \i 
 
 V.IIK) 
 
 iiO'J 
 
 TS,HOI 
 
 IHIiV 
 
 m 
 
 6,1 iiH 
 
 1311 
 
 1 1 ,5.T. 
 
 l«fi.1 
 
 II 
 
 2,44(1 
 
 KS 
 
 1!'J,537 
 
 miii 
 
 fi 
 
 iVi 
 
 let 
 
 *83 
 
 ISM 
 
 Total 
 
 •i 
 
 1,(H)(1 
 
 9 
 40i 
 
 1,361 
 
 ty^,H7 
 
 .'il 
 
 1S,.TJ(.P 
 
 Number and Tonnage of Vessels, of each Nation, 
 
 Untered and 
 
 Cleared at the Port of Buenos 
 
 Ayres in the 
 
 Year 1803. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cleared 1 
 
 Natlanalit; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VesaeU 
 
 Tonj 
 
 Vetseli 
 
 Tons 
 
 SweiliNh and Norwcf] 
 
 ian 
 
 11 
 
 5,S.'.B 
 
 8 
 
 ■i.nii 
 
 Dnniftli 
 
 
 3! 
 
 S..11H 
 
 «3 
 
 4,UII 
 
 Dutch 
 
 
 66 
 
 1V,797 
 
 66 
 
 H<,»II7 
 
 Bremen 
 
 
 11 
 
 3,994 
 
 15 
 
 5,n5S 
 
 HaniburK 
 
 
 1« 
 
 s.a.-.s 
 
 14 
 
 3,(ifil 
 
 Hanoverian - 
 
 
 14 
 
 i,t»i 
 
 II 
 
 1,999 
 
 Kelllian 
 
 
 1* 
 
 i.mt 
 
 14 
 
 4,M3 
 
 British 
 
 . 
 
 141i 
 
 44,U4t 
 
 110 
 
 31,567 
 
 French 
 
 . 
 
 HI 
 
 30,013 
 
 73 
 
 ii4,5'JO 
 
 Italian 
 
 
 81 
 
 !n,66'J 
 
 7'^ 
 
 19,470 
 
 Spanish 
 
 North Ameriiaii 
 
 
 117 
 
 a6.7M 
 
 100 
 
 iil,9l6 
 
 
 f;4 
 
 3.1,'I79 
 
 63 
 
 31,508 
 
 Argentine 
 
 
 •a 
 
 5,«43 
 
 33 
 
 5,877 
 
 Brazilian 
 
 
 ■iO 
 
 7,Vfil 
 
 !(3 
 
 5,44',i 
 
 Other countries 
 Total - 
 
 
 ■ w 
 
 S,lfi4 
 
 IK 
 
 5,415 
 
 7r)3 Xli,li53 
 
 643 
 
 179,085 
 
 Tlid following is an account of the exports of 
 wool from Buenos Ayres for fourteen years, sup- 
 plied by Mr. Newton, Vice-President of the Ar- 
 gentine Bural Society : — 
 
 M'ilh CarRoes 
 
 Years 
 
 1861 
 IK6X 
 1863 
 1K6I 
 !865 
 
 Total 
 
 Enteral 
 
 Ships 
 
 Tons 
 
 Cleared out 
 Ships 
 
 707 
 64'^ 
 733 
 825 
 !M16 
 
 3,»lj 
 
 200,259 
 186,692 
 
 253,S27 
 
 2i7,239_ 
 
 i,0!)3,S7U 
 
 469 
 519 
 632 
 SI 16 
 930 
 
 Tons 
 
 124,072 
 157,958 
 173,511 
 229.V03 
 255,351 
 
 9411,097 
 
 Y'ean 
 
 Number 
 of UalM 
 
 Increase 
 per cent. 
 
 Arrobaj, 25 Ih.. 
 
 ea»h, ol'32to 
 
 the hale 
 
 Number of 
 Sheep at rate 
 of 7 fleeces to 
 each Arroba 
 
 1852-53 
 
 20,51 1 
 
 _ 
 
 656,418 
 
 4,.597,1,16 
 
 lS5.-,.54 
 
 22,4511 
 
 9-43 
 
 718,400 
 
 5,"28,S8ll 
 
 1854.55 
 
 25,7(i9 
 
 11-78 
 
 Rli4,60H 
 
 5,722,-^511 
 
 1855 56 
 
 .12,621 
 
 26-60 
 
 1,013,968 
 
 7,.107,7;fi 
 
 1856-57 
 
 37, '.13 
 
 15116 
 
 I,-W1,376 
 
 8,4119,6.12 
 
 1857-58 
 
 39,V52 
 
 4.52 
 
 1,2.56,061 
 
 8,79'2,41H 
 
 1858-59 
 
 48,737 
 
 24-15 
 
 1,559,584 
 
 I0,9I9,I1.S« 
 
 1859-6U 
 
 42,276 
 
 Leu. 
 
 1,. 152 ,800 
 
 9,469,6IHI 
 
 1860-61 
 
 611,734 
 
 43-65 
 
 1,91.1,488 
 
 13,604,416 
 
 1861-62 
 
 67,161 
 
 1II-58 
 
 2,119.152 
 
 15,0U,0(il 
 
 1862-63 
 
 88,780 
 
 32-19 
 
 2,808,960 
 
 19,656,7211 
 
 ll<6.>.64 
 
 96,679 
 
 8-90 
 
 3,1193,728 
 
 a 1,656,036 
 
 1864-65 
 
 1.10,S60 
 
 35-36 
 
 4,187,5-iO 
 
 29,31-2,6<0 
 
 1865 66 
 
 1.16,100 
 
 4-84 
 
 4,364,800 
 
 30,5.53,6110 
 
 Total Value of Imports and Exports, iritli the Amount of Didies Collected thereon, at the Port of 
 
 Buenos Ayres in each of the Years 1861-63. 
 
 Years 
 
 
 _.. 
 
 
 1 
 
 Dulles 
 
 
 
 Import 
 
 Kxport 
 
 1861 . 
 1 S62 ■ 
 1863 - 
 
 paper dollars 
 41.-,, 1-^0,674 
 41.5,011,060 
 593,811,101 
 
 3,751,671 
 4,318,675 
 5,1)61,703 
 
 patter dollars 
 21S,.5.59,'.H19 
 •259,4.52,212 
 .151,127,614 
 
 £ 
 1,981,4.50 
 2,518,114 
 
 2,879,082 
 
 paper dollars 
 60,198,918 
 66,119,281 
 8.5,016,001 
 
 £ 
 548,478 
 612,037 
 717.528 
 
 paper dollars 
 10,812.187 
 12,930,992 
 17,506,0.16 
 
 !)S,02- 
 125..507 
 147,71'J 
 
 Ptlotaqe. — Vessels drawing 10 ft. Burgos, pav 
 40 Sp- dols.; II ft. 50 dols.; 12, 60 dols.; 13, 
 70 dols.; 14, 90 dols.; 15, 110 dols.; 16, 130 
 dols.; 17, 150 dols.; 18, 180 dols.; 19, 210 
 dols.; 20, 240 dols.; and 21 ft. 260 Sp. dols. 
 N.B. 100 ft. English = 109 ft. Burgos; 100 ft. 
 French = 115 ft. Burgos; 100ft. Norwegian = 112 
 ft. Burgos; and 100 ft. Swedish = 106 ft. Burgos. 
 Un palmo (a palm) =91j Spanish inches. 
 
 All vessels, excepting packets, if requiring a 
 pilot to enter the inner roads, pay 200 dols. 
 currency. When leaving, whether taking a pilot 
 or not, they are bound to pay the 200 dols. 
 Any vessel that may enter the inner roads with- 
 out a pilot, and wishing to be moored or to change 
 anchorage, must pay 100 dols. 
 
 Port Charges. — 1. National vessels sailing for 
 ports beyond sea pay 3 dols, per ton. 
 
 2. Foreign vessels 4 dols. per ton, except those 
 
 which, in virtue of existing treaties, arc assimilated 
 to national vessels. 
 
 3. Foreign vessels pay, for visit of health ofTiccr, 
 25 dols., and the same amount for bill or" health. 
 
 4. Foreign vessels belonging to nations liaviiig 
 no consul, 40 dols. for do. 
 
 5. The duties to be paid one half on entrance 
 and the other on departure. 
 
 C. National and foreign vessels, which do not 
 leave nor receive cargoes, pay one-half of these 
 duties. 
 
 Customs Duties : Imports by TVater. — 1. Gold and 
 silver, coined or in bullion, books, printing-paper, 
 plants of all kinds, fresh fruits, ice, fire-wood, char- 
 coal, and cattle for breeding are free of duty, as 
 also maize (Indian com) and flour of maize im- 
 ported by land. 
 
 2. The Executive Power may admit free, seeds 
 destined for agriculture, articles exclusively des- 
 
 BU 
 
 fined to religion, i 
 
 tilic purpo.He.8, mac 
 
 metals, and the for 
 
 tries, the furniture 
 
 things exclusively 
 
 3. Unset prccioiif 
 
 or manufactured w 
 
 cverj- instrument o 
 
 mciit of the same 
 
 Dieiit their value c 
 
 their value. 
 
 4. All articles no 
 per cent. 
 
 5. The impost of 
 despatch to be 5 cent 
 or its equivalent in I 
 
 G. The leakage grii 
 beer in casks, and vi 
 —at 10 percent, for 
 «'<!e of the Line, at 
 this side, and 3 per cf 
 Loss granted to wine 
 gar.and oil, in bottle 
 . E.vp<>rts by Land 
 "ig to pay 5 per cen 
 tioii :— Horse and cov 
 mules and sheep, skins 
 beef, hide-cuttings, s.-i 
 bone.s, bone-ash, honi 
 washed and dirtv wi 
 lliiid and solid grease ; 
 8- Every other iiro! 
 e-\prossed in the prec 
 and silver, coined or in 
 diitv. 
 
 (if DejMsit and Irar, 
 diily authorised shall ai 
 winch is introduced liai 
 
 ''^•,'i'he deposit to be 
 tlic Government, eithe 
 viite stores, the fiscal 
 los.'ics or damages of i 
 po-sits; and further, if ( 
 ment, it can oblige the 
 ilie private stores to flu 
 
 11. In all cases the 
 ileposits in j)rivate store 
 
 12. Merchandise ma 
 yonrs from the entry 
 f!.ipsed, their despatch 
 '"' '^ obligatory, thoi 
 renewed, after examinat 
 "iR of the warehousage 
 
 lii- The impost of iv.-n 
 lo paul on goods in dei 
 1(1 be revised yearly. 
 
 14. The impost for a i 
 
 in deposit for a portion . 
 
 l.>. The fiscal is re 
 
 'lepositcd in his own w.i 
 
 wyond control, or injury 
 
 Mtiire of the goods ()r tl 
 
 ,11!- The Custom-houst 
 
 ot merchandise in deposi 
 
 .I'.The Custom-hou; 
 
 I'eeof duty, the tramshii 
 
 ;"«y (lays from the dal 
 
 ''"Wing the same, or A 
 
 Mnilest, excepting thosi 
 
 lie manifest is not nece' 
 
 I'ame.s declare, on the a 
 
 "'0- arrived in transit fol 
 
 Of the manner of caf 
 
 "!<: duties to be ArranJ 
 
 I-Micd by valuators, audi 
 
 jorts by their value in .ll 
 
 'tar market value at the! 
 
..^. 11 , 7J^ 
 
 BUENOS AYRES 
 
 fined to religion, instruments or utensils for scien- 
 tific purposes, mncliincs for the amnlgamation of 
 metals, and the formation of new fabrics or indus- 
 tries, the furniture and tools of immifrrants, and 
 things exclusively destined to tlieirestabliahnient, 
 
 3. Unset precious stones, gold and silver worlted, 
 or manufactured with or without precious stones, 
 everj" instrument or utensil with handle or orna- 
 ment of the same metals, when these shall aug- 
 ment their value one-third, to pay 8 per cent, of 
 their value. 
 
 4. All articles not excepted in the previous, 15 
 per cent. 
 
 T). The impost of wharfage for articles of direct 
 despatch to be 6 cents for every 8 arrobas of weight, 
 or its equivalent in bulk. 
 
 (i. The leakage granted to wines, spirits, liqiieurs, 
 beer in casks, and vinegar, to be calculated thus : 
 — at 10 per cent, for the ports situated the other 
 side of the Line, at C per cent, for the ports on 
 this side, and 3 per cent, for ports within the Capes. 
 Loss granted to wines, spirits, liqueurs, beer, vine- 
 gar, and oil, in bottles, 5 per cent, for breakage. 
 
 Exports by Land and Water. — 7. The follow- 
 ing to pay 5 per cent, of their value on exporta- 
 tion : — Horse and cow hides of all kinds, those of 
 mules and sheep, skins in general, jerked and salted 
 beef, hide-cuttings, salt tongues, ostrich feathers, 
 bones, bone-ash, horns, horn-clippings, horsehair, 
 washed and dirty wool, animal oil, tallow, and 
 lluid and solid grtase ; cattle, horses, and sheep. 
 
 8. Every other |)roduction or manufacture not 
 expressed in the preceding Article, such as gold 
 and silver, coined or in bullion, is free of all export 
 iliitv. 
 
 df Dejiosit and Transit. — 9. The Custom-houses 
 duly autliorised shall admit to deposit every article 
 which is introduced liable to import duty.' 
 
 10. The deposit to be made at the discretion of 
 tlic Government, either in Government or pri- 
 vate stores, the fiscal not being responsible for 
 losses or damages of merchandise in private de- 
 posits; and furtlier, if convenient to the Govern- 
 ment, it can oblige the removal of the goods from 
 ilie private stores to those of the State. 
 
 11. In all cases the Executive regulates the 
 Jcposits in ))rivate stores. 
 
 12. Merchandise may be in deposit for two 
 yinrs from the entry of the vessel: this time 
 Ihpscd, their despatch, for consumption or tran- 
 ■it, is obligatory, though the deposit may be 
 renewed, after examination of the goods and pay- 
 ing of the warehousage and wharfage. 
 
 li!. The impost of warehousage and wharfage to 
 1 p.iid on goods in deposit, according to a tarilf 
 ;.i bo revised yearly. 
 
 14. The impost for a month to be paid for goods 
 in deposit for a portion of a month. 
 
 15. The fiscal is responsible for the effects 
 (leposited in his own warehouses, saving accident 
 Ixyond control, or injury arising from the inherent 
 nature of the goods or their coverings. 
 
 ICi. The Custom-house to allow the free transit 
 of merchandise in deposit from one port to another. 
 7. The Custom-houso will likewise permit, 
 free of duty, the transhipment of all goods within 
 liirtv days from the day of entry of the vessel 
 
 I lriii({ing the same, or presenting a copy of the 
 
 I nianifest, excepting those for which the copy of 
 ilio nianifest is not necessary, or those which the 
 
 1 larties declare, on the entry of the vessel, have 
 »aly arrived in transit for foreign ports. 
 Of the manner of calculating the Duties. — 18. 
 
 I Tlic duties to be arranged by overseers, accom- 
 laiiicd by valuators, and to be calculated on im- 
 jorts by "their value in deposit, and on exports at 
 ikcir niarkct value at the time of shipment, except 
 
 BUOYS 
 
 209 
 
 those previously classified and valued, which duties 
 shall be calculated by a tarilTof valuation formed 
 upon the same basis of prices. 
 
 19. Every six months a valuation to be made of 
 the mcrchnjidisc and produce to be included in the 
 tariff sjiokc II of in the preceding Article. 
 
 20. The inorohandise which appears damaged 
 at the time of despatching it .shall be valued by 
 the price it obtains in public auction, with the 
 deduction of the corresponding duty, the account 
 of which must be remlcrcd within thirty days 
 from the day of despatch. 
 
 21. In case of a dilTerenco arising between 
 the overseer, valuator, and the interested party, 
 respecting the valuation of any merchandise or 
 product of the country not included in the tariff 
 of valuation, its despatch shall be put off until the 
 difliculty is overcome ; and this not being accom- 
 plished within eight days, the Custom-house shall 
 have the right, and may likewise bo obliged, to 
 hold the article at the v.iluation it m.iy see fit to 
 put upon ir, i)ayiug for it in Treasury bills. 
 
 22. From tlic merchants shall be accepted 
 bills payable at three and six months, when the 
 amount of duty passes 50 dols. ; under this sum 
 it shall be [laid in ready cash. 
 
 23. Tbo duties of exportation shall be paid 
 in ready casli, and at the port of loading, the 
 goods being despatched directly for a foreign port ; 
 neither can they be embarked in transit from one 
 point to another of the Republic without their 
 having been despatched by paying the duties, or a 
 securitj' given in the form to bo determined by 
 the Executive Power, 
 
 Adilllinmil Duties 24. All goods and mer- 
 chandise subject to import duty to pay a duty of 
 2J per cent. 
 
 25. The produce of the country subject to ex- 
 port duty shall pay an additional duty of Spercent. 
 
 26. These additional to be collected separately 
 from tlic ordinary duties. 
 
 Adilitiwial Import Duties commencing Januanj 1, 
 1867. — Additional impost of 5 per cent, on all im- 
 ports, excepting such articles as are comprised 
 in Art. o of the present Custom-house Law, and 
 2 per cent, on all exports, ])ayable cash down; 
 to count from 30 days after the promulgation of 
 this law. 
 
 lilJFE (Or. bilffcl, biliTelhUute; Er. butTle, peau 
 de bullies, et ))eaux passees en bufiles ; Ital. 
 bulalo, cufijo di bufalo). A sort of Icatlier jirepared 
 from the skill of the buffalo, dressed with oil, after 
 the iiiaiinor of chamois. The skin of elks, oxen, 
 and otiier like animals, when prepared after the 
 same manner as that of the bufl'alo, is likewise 
 culled buff. It is used in making sword-belts and 
 other articles where great thickness and lirmness 
 arc required. 
 
 nL'(iLES. Small glass beads of difTerent co- 
 lours. They arc in considerable demand in Africa, 
 to which tliey are mostly exported. 
 
 liULLIOX. Uncoined gold and silver in the 
 ni.iss. [(ioi.n; Pnncious Mktai.s; Silvkk.] 
 
 lU'OVy. riccos of wood, cork, or hollow 
 ini't:i!lic substance, moored and fioating on the 
 water. Those of wood arc sometimes solid, and 
 soiiict iiiies hollow, like a cask, and strongly hooped ; 
 tlipy arc made of various shapes and sizes; and 
 are either private or public. 
 
 I'livatc Jiuoi/s are so called from their belonging 
 to private individuals. They arc principally em- 
 ployed to mark the place of the ship's anchor, 
 being fustcned to it by a rope or chain, so that the 
 nu'M who go in the boat to weigh it may readily 
 find out where it is. 
 
 By 1 & 2 Geo. IV. c. 75 s, 11 it is enacted 
 that if any person or persons shall wilfully cut 
 
 ! t 
 
 
N ' 
 
 II'::' 
 
 SIO BURDEN OF A SHIP 
 
 away, cast adrift, remove, alter, deface, sink, or 
 destroy, or in any way injure or conceal, any buoy, 
 buoy-rope, or mark,' belonging to any stiip or 
 vessel, or which may be attached to any anchor or 
 cable belonging to any ship or vessel, whether in 
 distresis or otherwise, such person or persons so 
 offending shall upon conviction be adjudged guilty 
 of felony, and shall be liable to be transported for 
 anv term not exceeding 7 years, or to be impri- 
 soned for any number of years, at the discretion of 
 the court. 
 
 Public Buoys, being intended for the public ser- 
 vice, cannot be placed, altered, or removed, except 
 by competent authority. They are generally of a 
 l)retty large size, and arc firmly moored by chains 
 <ir cables to rocks, large stones, anchors &c. By 
 floating on the surface of the water they serve at 
 once to mark the channels through which it is safe 
 to steer, and to point out dangers to be avoided, 
 such as sunken rocks, shoals, wrecks of vessels &c. 
 The places in, and the purposes for which, buoys 
 arc exhibited, are always specified in good charts ; 
 and OS the leading buoys are generally of a pccu- 
 
 BUSHEL 
 
 liar figure or colour, whii-h is also indicated in the 
 chart, the navigator, as soon as lie recogiiisfS them, 
 shapes his course accordingly. Hence the great 
 importance of having buoys properly placed, and 
 of their being carefully marked in charts. 
 
 The G (Jeo. IV. c. Vib s. 91 enacts that every 
 person who shall ride by, make fast to, remove, 
 or wilfully run down or run foul of any -Ncssel 
 placed to exhibit lights, or any buoy or bea- 
 con belonging to the corporation of the Trinity 
 House of Dcptloid Strond, or to any other 
 corporation having authority to place such ves- 
 sel, buoy, or beacon, shall, besides making good 
 all damage occasioneil thereby, forfeit for every 
 such offence any sum not exceeding 50/. nor less 
 than 10/. 
 
 Subjoined is an account specifying the buoys 
 and beacons under the control of the Trinity House, 
 Deptford Strond, with ' ic rates of charges on 
 account of the same on Jlritish and foreign ships 
 and the produce of the rates, in each of the under- 
 mentioned years. (Corrected to 1868.) 
 
 It would appear, from the Report of the Com- 
 
 I 
 
 Rates of Charges | 
 
 Amount collected 
 
 Eitlmate for 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 llritiUi and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 Coastcrfc 
 
 Koreiifn 
 Veuelt 
 
 IBM 
 
 
 1851 
 
 1852 
 
 
 iS5S 
 
 
 
 Ovemea, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lierTon 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d. 
 
 
 For the Imoy* antl iKsirons 
 
 In the port of London the following 
 
 € 
 
 *• 
 
 i. 
 
 £ : •'. 
 
 £ 
 
 «. 
 
 £ .. rf. 
 
 in the t'hanneH lendlnu 
 
 rates are payahle for the Inward 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to Ihe river Thames and 
 
 UBftsase only : viz — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 port of Loniton, inchul- ThL* rate^ vary from 
 infc ioadKRianaueand pri- ) |ienny (o t farihinK 
 mii|{e, alsu including (he ! per tun, arrordini{ to 
 liues formerly relurnt*ii ; the descTiiition of the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 iienny . 
 
 \■^,Wl 
 
 ;(i 
 
 Ill 
 
 11,424 19 02 
 
 14,412 
 
 10 
 
 112 
 
 11,342 16 
 
 under the he.id of 'I'ri- 
 
 .e&Rels' carcoes, nnd 
 the places whence they 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 niiy House duties from 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■tranifeis' ships. 
 
 arrive. 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sheemets - - ' W. per ton - - \ penny - 
 The I^ndon rate* of dut> are also receive<l at (inive>end. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Roche»ter, Favemham, Leiuh, Mnldon, Colchester, Ips- 
 wich. Woodbridne, Harwich, and AldborouKh, at which 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 they are payable for the inward pasviKe only. 
 Buoys ofT Yarmouth - | \ farthing per ton - I J farthmR 
 
 .1,2V6 
 
 1.1 
 
 1 
 
 3,184 9 32 
 
 3,333 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 2,572 2 S 
 
 Buovft and beacons in the river Ti-es : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Co«,.„. British and .orei^, {J^; >«' '-" -^% ^^ } 
 Exeter huoys: — 
 
 993 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 959 19 8 
 
 1,009 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 799 10 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Coasters ( not stone boaU) - \d. \wt ton per tovskp. ) 
 Stone boats • . hs. i>er Tessel per annum. J" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IIS 
 
 IS 
 
 1 1 
 
 144 6 9 
 
 143 
 
 S 
 
 6 
 
 106 19 
 
 ItritUh and foreign - - j^d. per ton per voyaK^'. ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Conway buoys 
 
 3 tarthinKs per ton, e.ich and crerv \ 
 lime of parsing. J 
 
 Vi 
 
 9 
 
 n 
 
 ;'it -i 9J 
 
 98 
 
 16 
 
 ■i 
 
 25 10 4 
 
 Carmarthen buoys 
 
 3 fanhinKS per ton, each time ofl 
 
 pa&sint;. J 
 
 I halfpenny per ton. I 1 penny. 
 
 1 1 
 
 16 
 
 ^ 
 
 152 11 C 
 
 138 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 69 19 
 
 AberdoTev buoys - 
 
 .-J) 
 
 IS 
 
 9 
 
 2G 4 
 
 26 
 
 19 
 
 ■i 
 
 23 13 (1 
 
 Woodbridtfe bt'acon fic. : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 On all ve-sels entering the port of Woodbrldge :— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Under 5(1 tons - . . 1«. |>er vessel. ) 
 M) and under 100 tons - Vi. ,, > 
 100 tons and upwards • 7<*. ,» j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 31 19 
 
 30 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 21 13 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 • 
 
 £ 
 
 17,997 
 
 ~fi" 
 
 S 
 
 18,94H 12 7 
 
 19,153 
 
 T7" 
 
 JL 
 
 14,962 4 
 
 These rates are siihject at this time (ISfiK) to a discount or ahatement of 50 t*r cent., so that nracticatty they are just one-half. 
 '1 he tnstieciion of liflhts, buoys, and beacons is, by Ihe Merchant Shipping Amendment Act, vested in the General Lighthouse Authorities, 
 f LiollrnouHK*.] 
 
 TTiissioners on Lights, Iluoys. and Beacons, laid 
 before, Parliainciit in 18(il, that there were belong- 
 ing to the United Kingdom l,10',t buoys in posi- 
 tion, while of beacons of some magnitude there 
 were 2G1 in position, 
 
 BITHDKX OF A SHIP. [Tonnage.] 
 
 BUltOL'NDY. (WiNi:.] 
 
 BUlUiUNDY PITCH (Fr.poix de Bourgognc, 
 poix jaune, poix blanche). A resin, the produce 
 of the Piniis Abies, or sjiruce dr. It is obtained 
 by m.iking incisions in the bark down to the wood, 
 ■whence it flows thickly and languidly, immediately 
 concreting into Hakes that adhere firmly to the 
 tree. These being taken off arc melted iu boiling 
 •water, and strained through coarse cloths. It is of 
 a cliwe consistence, rather soft, has a reddish 
 brown colour, and a not unpleasant smell ; it is 
 very adhesive. The true Burgundy ]ntch comes 
 chiefly from the department of the Vosgcs, and 
 certain hilly regions in the centre and south-east 
 of France. It is as.serted that the best is derived 
 from the Abies picea, or silver-fir tree. A fictitious 
 
 sort is made in England, and found in the shops 
 under the title of common Uurgundjr pitch : it 
 may bo distinguished by its friability, want of 
 viscidity and of the odour which chnractcriscs 
 the genuine sort. Burgundy pitch is used chiefly 
 in medicine. In 18GG, G9,G85 cwt. of ^itch were 
 imported, valued at 31,909/. 
 
 A species of Burgundy pitch exudes spon- 
 taneously from the Norway spruce fir. This, 
 which undergoes no preparation, is the resin or 
 thus of the ()l(l London rharmacopceias. It is im- 
 ported in the form of tears or small masses packed 
 in casks, each containing from 1 to 2 cwt. It 
 fetches about half the price of that which is 
 strained. (Ura}''8 Supplement to the Fhannaco- 
 pceias ; Thomson's Dispensatory.) 
 
 BUSHEL. A measure of capacity for dry 
 goods, as grain, fruit, dry pulse &c, containing •! 
 pecks, or 8 gallons, or J quarter. 
 
 The AVinchcster bushel contains 2150-12 cubic 
 inches, while the Imperial bushel contains 
 2218*192. llcncc, to convert Winchester bushels 
 
 into Imperial, m 
 or -dCmn, or ap 
 and if great accu 
 more, 'i'o conve 
 into prices per I 
 fraction 52j_hji!12 
 
 •Jl."iO-4? > 
 
 »y 5 (ieo. IV. 
 the standard raci 
 lime,Jish, potaloei 
 and things comn 
 The bushel i^hall 
 distilled water, bi 
 and even bottom, 
 hide to outside, f 
 which the bushel 8 
 
 I VVkIOIITS A.NI) Jt 
 
 The standard ra 
 as well for liquids 
 by heaped measure 
 10 lbs. avoirdupt 
 weighed in air a 
 Fahrenheit's therm 
 30 inches ; and sue 
 standard gallon (co 
 and all measures si 
 tiples, or certain pr 
 standard gallon ; ar 
 part, and the pint 
 standard gallon ; a 
 IJCck, and 8 such gi 
 .such bushels a quai 
 not measured by he 
 nUSHIRE or A 
 of Persia, in the pr 
 cast coast of the P 
 M°bO-E. Populat 
 by Major Wilson at 
 shire is situated nt 
 sandy peninsula, to i 
 the bay. There is 
 large ships due wes 
 distant, in from 25 i 
 300 tons burden or L 
 to the north, about 6 
 aRo is pretty good 
 westerly gales they 
 tlicir cables, and bca 
 about 15 leagues W. 
 immediately to the 
 llio passage to it is 
 cannot be passed by 
 or 9 feet water, exce 
 is a rise of from 8 
 1811 was 4° 43' W. 
 by Captain Ritchie ; 
 all the other ports 
 trcmcly hot, particul 
 Ihe unhealthy sea.so 
 Trade ^-c.— llushii 
 particularly with Ca 
 Its merchants supply 
 commodities, as also 
 |iroiiglit from Kuropc 
 inJigo, sugar, sugar ci 
 important; the steel 
 til every otlier, and is 
 tin is brought from Bi 
 fiipplicd by Mocha ni 
 '■iilf. English cott 
 liic admitted inferiori 
 ill great esteem in Pi 
 to supersede those 
 'f"m llindostan; an 
 rapidly extending, an 
 iiiiloliiiite increase. 
 iiudiire, a good ma 
 
BUSUIRE OR .BUSniRE 
 
 211 
 
 into Imperial, multiply by the fi action rj:if-^M; 
 
 1 L' 
 
 :io 5(>oi 
 
 -' _ anil .- 
 
 voonu 
 
 or 'OCnM/, or approximately dciluct -' 
 
 anil if f;rcat accuracy be required, 
 
 more. To convert prices jicr Wincliesiter busliel 
 
 into prices i)er Imperial Imshcl, multiply by tlio 
 
 fraction -^}^}"?, or 1-0315157. 
 
 lly 5 (ieo. IV. c. 74 s. 7 the buahcl shall be 
 the standard measure of capacity for coals, culm, 
 lime, Jiuli, potatoes, or fruit, and all other Kooils 
 and things commonly sold by heaped measure. 
 The bushel i^hall contain 80 lbs. avoirdupois of 
 distilled water, being made round, with a plain 
 and even bottom, and bc'ufj 19J inches from out- 
 hide to outside. Sees. 7 and 8 direct the mode in 
 wliich the bushel shall be used for heaped measure. 
 I Wkioiits ajji) Measuues.J 
 
 The standard measure of capacity, by this Act, 
 as well for liquids as for dry goods not' measured 
 by heaped measure, shal'. be the gallon, containing 
 10 lbs, avoirdupois weight of distilled water 
 weighed in air at the temperature of 02° of 
 Fahrenheit's thermometer, the barometer being at 
 30 inches ; and such measure shall be the Imperial 
 standard gallon (containing 277*274 cubic inches), 
 and all measures shall be taken in parts or mul- 
 tiples, or certain proportions, of the said Imperial 
 standard gallon ; and the quart shall be the fourth 
 part, and the pint shall be an eighth, of such 
 standard gallon ; and 2 such gallons shall be a 
 peck, and 8 such gallons shall be a bushel, and 8 
 such bushels a quarter of corn or other dry goods 
 not measured by heaped measure, 
 
 nUSUIRE or ABUSIIIKE. A seaport town 
 of Persia, in the province of Fars, on the north- 
 cast coast of the Persian Gulf, lat. 29° N., long. 
 ,')0° 50' E, Population uncertain, but estimated 
 by Major Wilson at from 15,000 to 20,000, Ilu- 
 shire is situated at the northern extremity of a 
 sandr peninsula, to the north and cast of which is 
 the bay. There is a convenient ancliorage for 
 large ships due west from the town, 3 or 4 miles 
 ilisiant, in from 25 to 28 feet water ; but ships of 
 300 tons burdcu or thereby lie in the inner roads, 
 to the north, about 6 miles from shore ; the anchor- 
 age is pretty good ; but during violent north- 
 westerly gales they are sometimes obliged to cut 
 their cables, and bear up for Karak, a small island 
 about 15 leagues W,N,VV. of Bushire. The water 
 immediately to the east of the town is deep, but 
 the passage to it is obstructed by a bar, which 
 cannot be passed by vessels drawing more than 8 
 or 9 feet water, except at spring tides, when there 
 is a rise of from 8 to 10 feet. The variation in 
 IS 11 was 4° 43' W. {Chart of the Persian Gulf, 
 by Captain Ritchie ; Ac.) The climate here, as ni 
 ail the other ports of the Persian Gulf, is ex- 
 tremely hot, particularly June, July, and Aiigust. 
 The unhealthy season is in the fall of the year. 
 
 Trac/e S<-c. — Bushire has a good deal of trade, 
 farticularly with Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. 
 Its merchants supply almost all Persia with Indian 
 commodities, as also Avith a good many of those 
 liroiii;ht from Europe. Of the imports from India, 
 iiiJigo, sugar, sugar candy, and spices are the most 
 important; the steel of India is preferred in Persia 
 i» every other, and is made into excellent sabres; 
 tin is brought from Banca ; and coll'ce is principally 
 supplied by Sloclia and other ports on the Arabian 
 (iiilf. English cotton goods, notwithstanding 
 the admitted inferioritj' of our red dyes — a colour 
 in great esteem in I'ersia — have alrcadj' gone fur 
 to supersede those that were formerly brought 
 from llindostan; and the demand for them is 
 rapidly extending, and is susceptible of un almost 
 iiuli'iinite increase. Besides those imported at 
 Dushirc, a good many are imroduccd through 
 
 Bussorah, and some through Turkey and Russia; 
 the latter by way of the Black Sea, the former of 
 Smyrna and Constantinople. Hitherto, indeeil, a 
 considerable part of the cott .tis imported tliri)UL;h 
 the last-mentioned channels have been supplied 
 by Switzerland and Germany — their fabrics having 
 been, in some respects, better tilted than ours for 
 the 'Turkish and Persian markets ; but they seem 
 to have lost this advantage, as our exports of 
 cottons to Turkey are now rapidly increasing. 
 Woollen goods, cutlery, watches &c. sent to India 
 from England pre thence exported to Itusbiro, 
 Imitation shawls, of the proper size and pattern, 
 are said to meet with a fair sale. The exports 
 principally consist of raw silk, Korman wool, Ker- 
 man and Cashmere shawls, carpets, horses, silk 
 goods, dried fruits, wine, grain, copper, turquoises, 
 asafoctida, gall-nuts, pearls, and other articles of 
 minor importance. Turkey annually supjilies 
 Persia with a very considerable amount of bullion, 
 most part of which is sent to India. 
 
 Of the Persian exports, raw silk is the most im- 
 portant. It is produced to some extent in every 
 province; but Gheelau and Mazunderan are those 
 which arc most celebrated for its growth. In the 
 former, about 900,000 lbs. are annually raised. 
 Uussia is a large consumer of this article. Dried 
 fruits and dates arc sent in considerable quantities 
 to India. Horses are largely exported to India 
 both by sea and land; they serve for mounting 
 our Indian cavalry, and for supplying the largo 
 private demand that always obtains in Ilindostaii 
 for this noble animal. Though neither so swift 
 nor so beautiful as those of Arabia, the Persian 
 horses are large, more powerful, and, all things 
 considered, better for cavalrj'. 'I'hey are capable 
 of supporting an extraordinary amount of fatigue. 
 Wine of Shiraz enjoys a degree of celebrity to 
 which, judging from the few samples we have seen, 
 it seems but ill entitled, Mr. Eraser says that it 
 is made in so careless a manner, that, in choosing 
 it, not more than 1 bottle in 4 or 5 can be made 
 use of. Persian tobacco and yellow dye berries 
 are highly esteemed : the former enters to a con- 
 siderable extent into the trade to Turkey as well 
 as to India ; the berries bring a very high price in 
 our markets, but the imports hitherto have been 
 inconsiderable. Turquoises, asafoctida, and various 
 sorts of drugs, rose water, with other minor articles, 
 form part of the exports. Sheep's and goats' wool 
 is also exported. The best is that of Kerman. 
 The down furnished by the goats of this province ■ 
 is almost as line as that of the Thibet or shawl 
 goats. Cotton is extensively produced in Persia ; 
 the Russians carry away some, but the greater 
 part is used in the country. Grain is sent to 
 Muscat, but not in large quantities. The pearl 
 trade is now principally centred at Muscat. The 
 copper exported from Bushire is principally the 
 produce of the Persian mines, mixed, however, 
 with some Russian copper from Georgia. Of 
 manufactured articles, the jirincipal are carpets of 
 the most beautiful fabric ; shawls, partly native and 
 partly brought from Cashmere; velvets, silk goods, 
 gold and silver brocades, and a few other articles. 
 The trade between Persia and Russia by the Caspian 
 Sea is not very considerable. IMost part of the 
 paper used in the former is supplied by the latter. 
 The furs of Russia lind a ready market in Persia. 
 The Russian provinces on the Caspian derive their 
 supplies of indigo from Persia by way of Bushire. 
 
 The entire trade between British India and the 
 Persian Gulf amounts to about 1,500,000/. a- 
 year. This, however, includes the trade to Muscat 
 and Bussorah as well as to Bushire, and wo have no 
 means of discriminating the separate amount of each. 
 
 Water at Bushire is excessively bad and dear; 
 p2 
 
212 
 
 nT'ss 
 
 l)ut rxcrlloiit wntcr, nn<l in ffrcai nhiindnncc, mnv 
 be linil III Knrnk. 'I'lio niulKiraKO nt tliis i.-tlnnil ih 
 safe at all limps, ami sliips may lin clo?c to tlic 
 bi'acli. Sir .Inlin Malculni »ii(,'(;rst('(l that tiic 
 poniiiiiiiiil possts.sioii <if Karak would bo an object 
 of <'(in.''iilf ruble ini|)(irtanoe; and wu arc rather 
 inclined to agree with him. It is of no vahie lo 
 the I'ersian.", and tlicrc neems little doubt that 
 they would bo glad lo cede it for a trifling; con- 
 xideration. ItspoMses.sioii would not only enable us 
 to eominand the navit;ation of the IVrsian (Julf, 
 but it would form a depot where pxxls destined 
 for Ihi^hire, Uussorali Ac. ininht be kept in perfect 
 Nafeiy, and in a situation the most convenient, 
 beinf; readily accessible to all sorts of Arabian 
 vessels. A laste for Ilritish cottons and woollens 
 is now formiiif,' in all the vast countries watered bv 
 the i;u|)lirates and the Ti;;ris, or which derive their 
 supplies from the om|)oria erected on their banks; 
 and it is of the fjreatest consequence that nothini; 
 be omitted, that may serve to facilitate the dif- 
 fusion of this taste, and the means of (gratifying it. 
 iVi/Hcy. — Accounts are kept in tomans of .00 
 abasscs, or llil) mamoodis. The toman is a Per- 
 sian gold coin, containiiig, according to the report 
 of the liombay mint, from 71*."> to ('7 gr. pure 
 metal, being consequently c(iual to from \'2s. '•{<l. 
 to Us. 11(/. sterling. The toman of Itussorah is 
 wnrlh about 'Ms., and that of (iombroon about 
 24i». These, with I'crsian and foreign silver coins 
 of all denominations, are found at llushiro; but 
 the rates of Ihe foreign coins are pcriietually v.trj'- 
 ing, and the weight of the native coins is also 
 subject to frequent changes. 
 
 frfi./lits ami JTi-iisiiri:i. — fiold and silver are 
 weighed by the miscal of 2 dwt. 23 "-rj gr. or 3 
 dwt. very nearly. 
 
 The commercial weights vary according to the 
 commodilies sold, and the places where they are 
 used. The mauiid tabrce weighs (\^ lbs. avoir- 
 dupois at the Custom-house, but only CJ lbs. at 
 the bazaar. This weight is used by dealers in 
 sugar, cofl'ce, copper, and all sorts of drugs. The 
 maund copra is ~i lbs. at the '' isfom-house, and 
 from 7^ to 7^ lbs. at the bazaar. Dealers in rice 
 and other article* of provision use this weight. The 
 maund sliaw is double the maund tabrec, or 13,^ lbs. 
 I'earls are weighed by the abbas = 2'2.0 gr. Tro}-. 
 There arc various sorts of guz's or cubit.s. One 
 called the royal guz = 37A Kng. inches ; the com- 
 mon guz is two thirds of the former, or 25 inches. 
 The Persian league or parasang is 5^; of a 
 degree of the equator, and should, therefore, be 
 equal to 3 miles 3 furlongs and 25 poles Knglish. 
 'J'lio artaba, or principal corn measure, is equi- 
 valent t.i about 2 AVinch. quarters. 
 
 For further particulars, see Niebuhr, Voyage en 
 Ariiliir, tome li. p. 75; Kiiincir's Memoir qf' the 
 J'eisiitn Empire, p. 70 ; Eraser's Travels on th 
 Shores of the Caspian, Appen. pp. 352-384 ; Pari. 
 Paper No. 735, 2nd iSe.ss. 1832, pp. ti32-()38 ; 
 Kelly's Oriental Metrology \ 'lUomtoii A Ji. Inc/ian 
 Calriitalor ; kc. 
 
 lU'SS. A small sea-vessel, used by us and the 
 Dutch in the herring fishery, commonly from 50 
 to fO tons burden, and .sometimes more, A buss 
 has two small .sheds or cabins ; one at the prow, 
 and the other at the stem : that at the prow serves 
 for a kitchen. [Fishkuy. ] 
 
 1UJ.S.S()1{A1I or llASKAII. A city of Arabia, 
 on the western bank of the Shat-el-Arab (the name 
 given to the river ibrmed by the junction of the 
 Tigris and the Euphrates), above 70 miles from 
 its mouth, lat. 30° 30' N., long. 47° 32' F. Popu- 
 lation about (10,000, consisting of Arabs, Turks, 
 Persians, Armenians, .Jews it(,. The houses and 
 Streets arc mean and (iltliv. There is a vast area 
 
 mrssoRAn 
 
 within the walls, occupied principally by gardens 
 and plantations of date trees, and intersected by 
 canals, on which are numerous small craft. 
 
 The bar at Ihe mouth of thn Sbat-el-Arnb has 
 only about 12 feet water, but the channel within in 
 deep, so that ships of 500 tons burden, prov.'.ed 
 thev cross the bar at the springs, may without 
 dithciilty ascend the river as far as the city ; and 
 both its grand branches may be na;igatcd to a 
 great distance by smaller vessels. Uussorab is the 
 principal inlet on the east, through which Indian 
 aiiit other F.astern products lind their way into tlio 
 Turkish Kmpire. Its commerce is, therefore, even 
 at present, pretty considerable ; and were the rich 
 and extensive countries traversed by the Tigris 
 and the Kuphrates occupied by a civilised and in- 
 dustrious people, it would be very great. Its im- 
 ports from India and ICurope are similar to those 
 at Husiiiiii': ; from Persia it imports shawls, pearls 
 from liahrein ic. and cofrce from Mocha. Mr. 
 Vice-Consul Johnston reports that of Itritish am? 
 British Indian coasters the unusual number of 27 
 steamers and 25 sailing vessels of 29,9(')0 total 
 tonnage entered and cleared this port in the year 
 ended March 12,18(17; biu the 27 steamers brought, 
 only 743 tons of cargo to, and took 3t!'.) from 
 Hussorah — l,3(iG other vessels of 104,844 tons in 
 all, chiefly Turkish and Persian, visited the port. 
 Its exports are principally bullion, pearls, dates, 
 grain, wool, horses, gali nuts, and drugs. In 
 18()(!-G7 the value of the exports paying customs' 
 duties m IJussorah, and exclusive of those 011 
 which duties were levied in the interior, was 
 81,7G2/., of which dates formed J. The value of 
 the imports from British India and the United 
 Kingdom was 2G9,lil3/., and of those from Persia 
 and the Pen^'ian (iiilf i>orts .')5,822/, The com- 
 merce with the intcnor is conducted by meann 
 of caravans to Aleppo and Bagdad ; but it might 
 be carried on to much more advantage by means 
 of steam-boats. It was at one time proposed 
 to fonvard mails from India by steam by the 
 .Shat-e'.-Arab and the Fuphrates to Bir, thence by 
 land to Scandcroon, and again by steam to Gibral- 
 tar and Kngland; but this project was very wisely 
 given up in favour of the route by the Bed Sea. 
 
 Money. — Though the Persian keran is now al- 
 most the only coin in circulation, purchases and 
 sales continue to be effected exclusively in shamis, 
 the keran and other coins being accepted at the 
 ratfc of the day when payments fall due. Not- 
 withstanding this, the demand for shamis does 
 not appear to lessen. 
 
 Shamll per 100 (ierman Crowns 
 Shamis per Init I'erMan Keraiu 
 Mi.iniis per 10(1 Hupees . . • 
 (franil Siunor Piastres per Sham) 
 (irand Si^nor Piaslrfi per £ sterling 
 
 iscfi-c; 
 
 'ilC 
 41 
 
 lllV 
 101 
 
 111) 
 
 Weights and Measures. — Gold and silver are 
 weighed by the ehe/ti of 100 miscals, or 7,200 ICiig. 
 grains. 
 
 The commercial weights are the maund atteree, 
 the mannd snfy or sesse, and the oke of Pagiltul. 
 1 vakia — V.) oz. avoirdupois ; 2^ vakias=l oke of 
 B!igdad = 4/A oz. avoir. ; 1 maund atteree = 28 lbs. 
 8 oz. avoir. ; 1 maund sofy = 90 lbs. 4 oz. avoir.; 
 1 intra of indigo =138 lbs. I5oz. avoir. 
 
 These are tlie weights u jcd by the Europeans 
 settled at Bussorah ; those used by the Arabians 
 difl'cr a little from the above, and frequently alsn 
 among them.selves — a circumstance to which the 
 merchant must pay particular attention. 
 
 The long measures are the Aleppo yard for silks 
 and woollens = 2 feet 2-4 inches ; the Iladdcd il". 
 for cottons and linens = 2 feet 10-2 inches ; tin; 
 Bagdad do. for all pur{)0ses = 2 foot 7*6 iiuMss 
 
 For further details as to the commerce of Busso- 
 
 rah, sec the 
 "loir nil the J 
 filial Me/rotoi 
 tor. p. 424. ] 
 Voyai/r en A 
 
 ni'TLKlj; 
 BUTT. A 
 
 "IK 2 hog.sliei 
 
 liLT'i'EIi 
 beiirrc; Ger. 
 butyrum ; 1', 
 ni.'isslo korow. 
 A fat, unctuc 
 I'retly linn sul 
 Iroin cream, bj 
 'Ihe various 
 ductioii and w. 
 investigated by 
 iiiciustry. T|u 
 ' that butter wi 
 liomans in cool 
 was it brought 
 as is everywher 
 ^"ikI it mentiom 
 though thev ha> 
 }>urf)ose8. No n 
 is there any thii 
 authors who tret 
 given us very pi 
 to milk, cliecso, 
 marked by oth( 
 ''V the aiicicnta 
 to the use of go 
 bu;ter is very lit 
 .Spain, Portugal, 
 (JPistory of Invet 
 licckinaiin \\.\. 
 butter that was 
 oily or liquid stal 
 all hot countries 
 •toes not allude 
 the Arabs, by wli 
 used from a remo 
 ' Arab cookery 
 even the Italian ; 
 purposes, except 
 universal sauce, a 
 meiise; their vege 
 U they work tluii 
 into a proper coi 
 crumbs, boiled iil 
 with all classes; ;1 
 ■"If prepared for J 
 butter is made frof 
 that of camels iJ 
 'i'he homo suppIyT 
 consumption, ami 
 important article J 
 Dietionari/, cd. 181 
 Butter is very e 
 'ilher northern coui 
 land is rcckoncl tH 
 of Kpping, CainM 
 tamous, are all bul 
 Dorset, and DevoJ 
 repute. The Ayll 
 highest price in thl 
 l"st produce of tl 
 and Oxfordshire. 
 <acli containing . 
 a piece, ^-hile the 
 'ihe butter of Sd 
 IS very good ; it id 
 n s(|iiare baskets,] 
 liy railway. The U 
 and .Scotland, and L 
 <'' i'^iiglanil, is of el 
 
UUTLKRAGE 
 
 mil, WC the iMt Consular Report; Kinnpir's Me- 
 iiiiiir nil the I'crniiin i'iiii>irv, n. l!H.'i; Ki'lly's Ori- 
 «•«<«/ «l/>7ri(/(«///; TliDrillori'f Kast Jiiilinii Ciilculii- 
 tor. \K ■I'Jl. Nii'liiilir has >;ivcii a plan of Iiussorah, 
 yoi/ai/r en Arahif, tiimi^ ii. p. 170. f IlusiilKi:. J 
 l'!liTLKl:A(ii:. [ l'icisA(JK. 1 
 IIUTT. A v<'H.scl or iiiensurL' for wine, contain- 
 ing '1 lio(;.ilica(lH, or I'JC. wi.._' pallon.s. 
 
 llL"n'J:U (I)aii. smiir ; Dutch, hoter ; Fr. 
 hi'iirro; Ger. luittiT ; Ital. hiirro, biiliro ; Lat, 
 hiityrum ; I'ol. maiiln ; I'ort. muiitcij^a; Kiiss. 
 iiiasslo korowe ; Span. n%'intfca ; Swcd. smor). 
 A fat, iinctuouH, nud, in Icmpcrate ••liiualcs. a 
 jirc'tty linn siibslaiux', oblaincd from inilU, or rather 
 from cream, by the process of churning. 
 
 The various circiiniNtances at lendiiif; the intro- 
 duction and use of butter in nntiqiiily have been 
 invcstiKOled by IJcckmann with great learning and 
 industry. The conclusion at which ho arrives is, 
 • that butter was not used cither by the (irceks or 
 Itonmns in cooking or the preparation of food, nor 
 was it brought upon their tables by way of dcsserl, 
 ns is everywhere customary at (jrcsent. We never 
 lind it mentioned by (Jalcn and others as « food, 
 though they hove spoken of it as applicable to other 
 purposes. No notice is taken of it by Apicius ; nor 
 is there any thing said of it in that respect by the 
 authors who treat of agricult ui e, t hough they have 
 given us very particular information with respect 
 to milk, cheese, and oil. This, as has been re- 
 marked by others, may be easily accounted for, 
 by the ancients having ac»;ustomed themselves 
 to the use of good oil ; and iu the like manner 
 hulter is very little employed at present in Italy, 
 .Spain, Portugal, and the southern parts of France.' 
 (Histury of Inventions, vol. ii. p. 413, Eng. ed.) 
 
 Itcckmann h.is further shown thut the little 
 butter that was used by the ancients was in an 
 oily or liquid state ; and such is its usual state in 
 all hot countries. It is rather singular that he 
 <l(ie8 not allude to the consumption of butter by 
 tlic Arabs, by whom it has been very extensively 
 used from a remote period. 
 
 ' Arab cookery is extremely friant, more so than 
 even the Italian ; but no oil is used for culin^iry 
 purposes, except in frying iish. Ihitter is their 
 nniviTsal sauce, and of it the consumption is im- 
 mense; their vegetable dishes float in butter; with 
 it Ihcy work their adjouc (paste made of dates) 
 into u proper consistency ; dried corn, or bread 
 crumbs, boiled in butter, is a common breakfast 
 with all classes ; and in tlie desert, the kemmui/es 
 are preiiared for use in the same manner. Arab 
 butter is made from the milk of sheep and goats, 
 ttiat of camels not being used for that jmrpose. 
 The homo supply is not nearly suflieient for the 
 consumption, and butter consequently forms an 
 important article of importation. (dcuyrapliical 
 Dictionaii/, ed. 1811, art. 'Arabia.') 
 
 llutter is very extensively used in this and most 
 /ither northern countries ; that of England and Hol- 
 land is reckonc.l the best. In London, the butters 
 of Epping, Cambridge, and Yorkshire, once so 
 famous, are all but entirely superseded, Aylesbury, 
 Dorset, and Devonshire being now in the higliest 
 repute. The Aylesbury butter, which brings the 
 higliest price in the London market, comprises the 
 Inst produce of the dairies of ISuckinghanishire 
 and Oxfordshire. It is generally packed in ' flats,' 
 laih containing from 18 to HO lumps of 2 lbs. 
 a piece, ^hile the Dorset butter is packed in tubs. 
 The butter of iSonicrsetshire and (iloucestershire 
 is very good ; it is made up in 1 lb. prints, packed 
 in s(piare baskets, and sent to the London market 
 liy railway. The butter of the mountains of Wales 
 and Scotland, and the moors, commons, and heaths 
 of England, is of excellent quality when it is pro- 
 
 nUTTRR 
 
 213 
 
 pcrly managed ; and though not equal in quantity, 
 it often i.- confessedly superior to that produced 
 by the richest meadows. Much buttir, but r)f 
 second and third rate qualities, is now iniporle<l 
 from Jersey chictiy in tubs resembling; wash tubs. 
 
 Considirable (piantities of butter are maiU; in 
 Ireland, and it forms a [irominent article in the 
 exports of that country : generally, it is very 
 inferior to that of Hritain ; but tfiis is a con- 
 sequence ratlier of the want of attention than 
 of any inferiority in the milk. It is not much 
 ".sed in Londoi;. However, some of the best 
 irish butter brought co London, after being washed 
 and re-pa( ked, is sold as Dorsetshire butler. 
 
 The salt butter of Ilollainl, when unadulterated, 
 is superior to that of every other country ; and large 
 quantities of it are annually exported. It forms 
 about one-third of all the foreign butter wo im- 
 port, the rest being brought from France, Ger- 
 many, lielgium &e. Latterly the sup))lie8 of 
 Osteiid butter have materially increased, the 
 qualities ranging from the very best, which is 
 occasionally sold for Aylesbury, to the very worst 
 description", or imitation butter. It is generally 
 importedin long boxes, containingabout 1 cwt.cach. 
 
 The production and consumption of butter in 
 Great Britain arc very great. T he consum|)tion in 
 the metropolis may, it is believed, he averaged at 
 ab(uit 8 lbs. a year for each individual ; and sup- 
 posing this estimate to be nearly accurate, and the 
 population to amount to !!,'200,0i)0, the total an- 
 nual co'isumption would, on this hypothesis, be 
 25,000,000 lbs., or 11,-128 turn; but to thi;; may be 
 added 3,000 tons for the butter required for the 
 victualling of ships and other purposes ; nwking 
 the total consumption, in round nunil)crs, 14,428 
 tons, or 32,320,000 lbs., which at Is. per lb. would 
 be worth 1,010,000/. 
 
 The average yield of milk by a cow in England 
 is stated by Mr" Ilorsfall (Jour. Uoy. Aiiric. Soc, 
 vol. xvii. j). 2C", (pioted from Muspratt's Cheiiiis- 
 try) to be from 100 to 180 lbs. daily, and the 
 average yield of butter 8 or 9 oz. or 1 oz. per 
 quart, equal to about 1 lb. for every 10 quarts. 
 
 The average produce per cow of the butter 
 dairies is estimated by Mr. Marshall at 108 lbs. a- 
 ycar ; but owing to the improvements that have 
 been made in the interval, the yield per cow may 
 now be safely estimated o', 180 lbs. ; so that, sup- 
 posing wc are nearly right in the above estimates, 
 about 180,000 cow.s will be required to produce an 
 adequate supply of butter for the London market. 
 
 In 1852 tlie entries of butter for consumption 
 amounted to 287,200 cwls., i)roducing a nett 
 revenue of 143,341/. The duty of lOs a cwt. on 
 butter from a foreign country was reduced in 1853 
 to iis. a cwt. ; that on butter from a Hritish pos- 
 session was continued at 2». Gd. per cwt. The 
 duty was repealed m 1359. 
 
 Account of the Qiianiity and Value of Butter im- 
 ported into the United Kinijdom in 180G from 
 each of the undermentioned Countries. 
 
 £ 
 
 M'.I.MK 
 
 liilfiKl 
 
 l.'JTIMI'U 
 
 ild.Ut 
 
 rwl». 
 
 nenm.irk - - • .^''Jl'-J 
 Hanstf Towni ]'?*:;,.? 
 
 Holland - - - -^SJ'^?; 
 
 Itelumin - - - • 6.W 
 
 Kratire - • - '-Vt^^ 
 
 r:aiiail» - - - -'M" 
 
 Olhn iiaru - - S.-i.Mlt 
 
 Tola! • >,165,0Sl 
 
 •^,^i^|^,iv^ 
 
 4,U r^,4ii 
 
 Imports of butter have increased enormously 
 since the abolition of the duty, as will be seen 
 from the subjoined table : — 
 
 Year 
 
 IS.'i,'. 
 I K.'-6 
 IK.'.T 
 IK.'iS 
 18A9 
 IKOU 
 
 rwts. 
 147, !66 
 SlJ,.19'i 
 441,605 
 .1S7.566 
 4'i>,lifi.1 
 H4U,ll1t 
 
 Year 
 
 cwM. 
 
 IHUI 
 
 stK,;;* 
 
 1 htili 
 
 • 1,I137.S7I 
 
 1 »C,3 
 
 US6,70II 
 
 ]HM 
 
 - 1.0'.4.6I7 
 
 1S6S . 
 
 . 1,(18.1.717 
 
 1866 ■ 
 
 - l,l6S,tlSl 
 
 
■■-^^"r"''"'"- ""['•""iirwi 
 
 214 
 
 BUTTER 
 
 
 ■fi 
 
 
 The principal Bourccs of foreign simply have 
 been the Ilauso Towns, IIullniKl and liclgiiini, 
 Franco, and Dcnmarlc. The pi ice, which in 1854 
 was about 41. Cs. the cwt., has fince risen steadily, 
 mid is now about 5/. 2s. for the same quantity. 
 
 The ftveraj^e contract prices of the butter fur- 
 n'slicd to (Jrcenwich Hospital from 1730 to 1808 
 have liecn as follow : — 
 
 Year 
 
 I*i{{-f>s jteT lb. 
 
 Year 
 
 F.-ici'siier 11). 
 
 Year 
 
 1 
 
 I'rin-s per Iti. 
 
 
 >. d. 
 
 
 .. d. 
 
 1. il. 
 
 17.1(1 
 
 II f, 
 
 vao 
 
 II G 
 
 ISIf) 
 
 l,k 
 
 ?! 
 
 1711) 
 
 !, 
 
 l.SdII 
 
 11 
 
 Is.Ti 
 
 IT.'.n 
 
 1, 
 
 .'. 
 
 ISIO 
 
 1 1 
 
 IHIII 
 
 111 
 
 I7(:ii 
 
 1810 
 
 1 V 
 
 ISIO 
 
 II) 
 
 I7;ii 
 
 r, 
 
 II K 
 
 isvr. 
 
 9k 
 
 .1 io5 
 
 1(>.'.S 
 
 'I lU 
 91 
 
 17»() 
 
 1 llii5 
 
 1III..S 
 
 In order to obviate the practice of fraud in the 
 weighing and packing of butier, different statutes 
 have been passed, particularly the 36 Geo, 11'. c. 
 8t) and 38 Geo. III. c. 73, the pri.icipal regula- 
 tions of which are subjoined. It is very doubtful, 
 however, whether they have been productive of 
 any good effect. It might be proper, perhaps, to 
 order the weiglit of the butter", exclusive of the 
 vessel, and the dairj'man's or seller's name, to ho 
 branded on the inside and outside of each vessel ; 
 but most of the other regulations, especially those 
 as to the thickness of the staves, and the weight 
 of the vessels, seem to be at once vexatious and 
 useless. 
 
 Every cooper or other person who shall make 
 any vessel for the packing of butter shall make 
 the same of good, well-seasoned timber, ti^ht and 
 not leaky, and shall groove in the heads and bot- 
 toms thereof; and every vessel ma.c for the 
 pa-king of butter shall be a tub, firkin, or haJf- 
 lirkin, and no other. 
 
 Every tub shall weigh of itself, including the 
 top and bottom, not less than 11 lbs. nor more 
 than 15 lbs. avoirdupois ; and neither the top nor 
 the bottom of any such tub shall exceed in any 
 part five eighths of an iiicli in thickness. 
 
 Every iirkin shall weigh at least 7 lbs. including 
 the top" and the bottom, which shall not exceed 
 four eighths of an inch thick in any part. 
 
 Half-lirkins to weigh not less than 4 lbs. nor 
 more than C lbs. includiin; the top and the bot- 
 tom, which shall not exceed the thickness of three 
 eighths of an inch in any part ; upon pain that 
 the cooper or every other person making any 
 such vessel, in any respect contrary to the pre- 
 ceding directions, shall forfeit every such vessel 
 and lO.v. 
 
 Every coo^icr &c. shall brand every cask or 
 vessel before going out of his possession, on the 
 outside, witli his name, in legible and permanent 
 letters, under penalty of 10s., together with the 
 exact weight or tare thereof. 
 
 Every dairyman, farmer, or seller of butter, or 
 other person packing the same for sale, shall pack 
 it in vessel.^ made and marked as aforesaid, and in 
 no otiier, and shall properly "oak and season 
 every such vessel ; and on the inside, and on the 
 top on thr outside, shall brand his name at lengtli, 
 in permanent and kgible letters; and shall also, 
 with an iron, brand on the top on the outside, and 
 on the bcuge or body of every such cask, the true 
 weight or tare of every such vesseV. when it shall 
 have been soaked and seasoned ; and also shall 
 brand his name at length, on tiie bouge or body 
 of every such vessel, across two different staves at 
 least, and siiall distinctly, and at length, imprint 
 his Christian and surname upon the top of the 
 butter in such vessel when filled, on pain of for- 
 feiting 61. for every default thereof. 
 
 Every tub of butter shall contain, exclusive of 
 thb tare of good and merchantable butter, 84 lbs, ; 
 
 every firkin 56 lbs. ; everj' half-firkin 28 Ibn. ; nid 
 •I) old or corrupt butter shall be mixed, or fiacked 
 in any vessel whatever, with ai y butter that i.s 
 new and sound; nor shall any butter made of 
 whey be packed or mixed with butter niadc of 
 cream, but the rcspeciive .sorts shall be packed 
 separately, ami the whole vessel .shall, throughout, 
 be of one sort and goodness ; and no butter shall 
 be salted with any great salt, but all butter shall 
 be salted with small salt ; nor shall more .salt bo 
 intermixed with the butter than is needful for its 
 preservation, under penalty of bl. for offending 
 against any of these regulations. 
 
 No change, alteration, fraud, or deceit shall be 
 practised by any dealers or packers of butter, 
 either with respect to the vessel or the butter .so 
 packed, whether in respect to quantity or other- 
 wise, under a penalty of 30/. to be imposed on 
 every person engaged in the offence. 
 
 Every cheesemonger, dealer in butter, or other 
 person, who shall sell any tubs, firkin.s, or l.nlf- 
 tirkins of butter, shal' deliver, i.i every such cask 
 or vessel respectively, the fi'll quantity appointed 
 by this Act, or, in default thereof, shall be liable to 
 I make satisfaction to the person who shall buy the 
 I same for what shall be wanting, according to the 
 1)1 ice for which it was sold, and shall be liable to 
 ail action fur recovery of the sair^e, with full costs 
 of suit. 
 
 No cheesemonger, dealer in butter &c. shall 
 repack for sale any butter, under pcnaitj' of 5/. for 
 every tub, firkin, or half-firkin so repacked. 
 
 Nothing in this Act shall extend to make any 
 cheesemonger, deader in butter, or other person, 
 liable to anv penalties for u.sing any of the tubs, 
 lirHns, or- Rall-firkins, after the British bu'ter 
 usihI in such vessels shall have been taken there- 
 out, for the repacking for sale of any for<'igi\ 
 batter, who shall, before he so repack tuch foreign 
 butter, entirely cut or cfi'acc the several names of 
 the original dairyman, farmer, or scc-r of butter 
 from every suc'.i vessel, leaving the name and 
 tare of the cooper, and the tare of the original 
 dairyman, farmer, or seller thereon ; and, after 
 the names are so effaceil, shall, with an imii, 
 brand his Christian and surname, and the words 
 foreign butter, upon the bouge of avery snelv 
 vessel, across two staves at least, to denote that 
 such butter is foreign butter. 
 
 Persons counterfeiting or forging any such 
 names or marks shall for every such offence 
 forfeit 40/. 
 
 I'cnalties not exceeding 5/. to be determined by 
 one justice, upon the evidence of one witness, anil 
 the whole shall go to the informer. 
 
 renalti ^ above 61. to be recovered by aclinn of 
 debt, or in: jrination, in the courts at Westminster, 
 and the whole to the informer. 
 
 Nothing to extend to the packing of butter in 
 any pot or vessel which shall not bo capable ol 
 containing more than 14 lbs. 
 
 Previously to 1826 no butter could be sold in 
 any public tr,i rket in Ireland, or exported from if, 
 without being previously examined and liranded 
 by a public inspector; but compliance witli this 
 regulation is no longer compulsory, but, is ;elt to 
 the discretion of the parties. 
 
 It is enacted by statute t AVm. III. c. 7 that 
 every warehouse-keeper, weigher, searcher, or 
 shipper of butter and cheese, shall receive all but- 
 ter and cheese that shall be brought to him for the 
 London cheesemongers, find ship the same without 
 undue preference ; and shall ha\e for his nains 
 2s. Grf. fjr every load; and if he shall make 
 default, he shall, on conviction before one justice, 
 on oath of one witness, or confession, forfeit for 
 every iirkin of butter 10s., and for every weigh of 
 
 cheese on. ; half 
 to the informer. 
 And erery si 
 cntrj- of receivi 
 pain of 2s. Gd. fo 
 of cheese. 
 
 The j.astrtr of 
 
 or cheese before 
 
 ciiee.somonger's o 
 
 shall forfeit for ( 
 
 and liir everv wei 
 
 This Act does 
 
 Cheshire or Lanci 
 
 I'he total proi 
 
 htatcs in iSnO wa 
 
 450,681,372 lbs. 
 
 amounts are proi 
 
 vania, Ohio, lllii 
 
 fouri, Iowa, Mail 
 
 fstatc.i j)rou!ioed ii 
 
 Hiittcr made i 
 
 iiquid. In India 
 
 mostly piepared fi 
 
 usually conveyed 
 
 Ijide, each of whicL 
 
 Ghee is an articli 
 
 importance in man 
 
 ULTTONS(Dui 
 
 K'lopfe; Ital. bott 
 
 botories). VVell-kn 
 
 clothes &c. Thev 
 
 Je«s variety of mate 
 
 The chief seat o 
 
 England is Birmin; 
 
 not only cnjoycti tl 
 
 rigorous protective i 
 
 to the Continent am 
 
 It seems buttons wei 
 
 variou.s Acts of Pari 
 
 of the persons cnga" 
 
 button trade coiSrn 
 
 Covered buttons ma 
 
 duced at the begin 
 
 and the flexible shi 
 
 1825. I.inen button 
 
 manufactured in 184 
 
 Since this time 
 
 I CABLES. Stron, 
 Uocd m the anchorin 
 
 1. Jii^e Cables 
 manufactured of het 
 very frequently mat 
 of the cocoa-nut, anJ 
 oil the Red Sea, of ( 
 the date-tree. Hem 
 formed of three prim] 
 three ropes, and evil 
 latter hav'iig more i 
 the greater or less L 
 very large cables, ol 
 ships, are usually f 
 smaller ropes twistJ 
 Cables of this sort f 
 harder, and more cJ 
 qiicntly constructed 
 thickness is not vd 
 engthby twinting I 
 fcngth of the yam? 
 Mnice three cables,! 
 the sheet cable, the i 
 

 :i 
 
 BUTTONS 
 
 cheese OS. ; half for the use of the poor, and half 
 to the informer. 
 
 And cTcry such person shall keep a book of 
 cntrj' of receiving and .sliiopiMf; the ^joods, on 
 pain of 2s. Gd. for every lirkin of butter and wcif^li 
 of cheese. 
 
 The '.i.astor of a ship refusing to take in butter 
 or cheese before he is full laden (except it be a 
 ciieesemonger's own ship sent for his own goods) 
 shall forfeit for every firkin of butter refused 5s., 
 and tor every weigh of cheese 2s. Ua'. 
 
 This Act does not extend to any warehouse in 
 Cheshire or Lancashire. 
 
 'i'he total product of butter ia the United 
 States in 18.i0 was 313,;!45,a()G lbs., and in 18(i0 
 4r)!),()81,37'21bs. The States in which the largest 
 amounts are produced arc Xew York, Pennsyl- 
 vania, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Mis- 
 fouri, Iowa, Maine, Kentucky. Kach of these 
 Statc.1 proUuoed in 1800 over l"n,000 lbs. 
 
 IJutter made in hot ountries is generally 
 liquid. In India it is > lomiuated ffhee, and is 
 mostly picpared from ti.- milk of butValoes; it is 
 usually conveyed ii; duppcrs, or bottles made of 
 hide, each of which contains from 10 to 40 gallons, 
 tihee is an article of considerable commercial 
 importance in many parts of ludia. 
 
 BUTTONS (Dutch, knoopen; Fr.bouton; Gcr. 
 knupfc ; Ital. bottoni ; Kuss. pogowizU ; Span, 
 botones). Well-known articles, serving to fasten 
 clothes &c. They ar? manufactured of an end- 
 less variety of materials and forms. 
 
 The chief seat of the button manufacture in 
 England is Birmingham, which fifty years ago 
 not only enjoyed the supposed advantages of a 
 rigorous protective system, but exported largely 
 to the Continent and the United States, At tirst 
 it seems buttons were made with the needle, and 
 various Acts of Parliament were passed in favour 
 of the persons engaged in this industry. The gilt 
 button trade commenced about 100 years ago. 
 Covered buttons made by macbinerj' were intro- 
 duced at the beginning of the present century, 
 and the .lexiblo shank button was patented in 
 1825. Linen buttons for imderclothiug were first 
 manufactured in 1841. 
 
 Since this time various materials have been 
 
 CABLES 
 
 215 
 
 employed. The use of hoofs for the manufacture 
 of 'horj buttons' commenced in France. These 
 were fSllowed bv the vegetable it-ory button, a 
 materii'l of which we are informed fifteen to 
 sixteen tons a-week are consumed in Birmingham. 
 In 18t)0 Mr. Manton patented a mineral button, the 
 use of which is ra|)idlv increasing. Metal buttons 
 have still maintained their ground, being needed 
 fur military and other uniforms, thougli they are 
 not manufactured in equal quantities to those of 
 twenty-live yca/s ago. Mr. Wright, of Birming- 
 ham, computes the consumption of metal in such 
 buttons at from nine to twelve tons a -week. 
 
 Pearl buttons are manufactured from shells. 
 The finest of thcso arc called Macassar, and the 
 shells are wortli from 140/. to 160/. the ton. The 
 Manilla shells are worth from 100/. to 120/., those 
 of Bombay and Alexandria from 70/. io 80/., if 
 of good quality, the poorest being those from 
 Panama, and worth from about 20/. to 30/. The 
 manufacture of pearl buttons is declining. Glass 
 buttons are also made. 
 
 The number of persons engaged in the Birming- 
 ham bi'tton trade is calculated by Mr. Turner at 
 about U.OOO. 
 
 The chief seats of foreign manufacture ^^rc the 
 Rhenish provinces, Bohemia, Vienna, and Paris. 
 The production is so considerable in the United 
 States as to have met the enormous demand 
 during the late war without any foreign importa- 
 tion. (TVie Industries of Birmingham §•<■.) 
 
 It might have been supposed thut the manu- 
 facture of such an article as this would have been 
 left to be carried on .according to the views : nd 
 interests of those concerned, individuals being 
 allowed to select anj- sort of button they pleased. 
 Such, however, has not been the case; and 
 various statutes liave been passed, jjointing out 
 the kind of buttons i,o bo worn, and the way in 
 which they are to be made ! Most of these regu- 
 lations Lave luckily fallen iato disuse, but they 
 still occupy .1 place in the statute-book, and 
 might, we presume, be enfcrced. 
 
 In 186C, metal buttons to the value of 27,298/., 
 and other kinds to the value of 07,689/., were 
 imported into the United Kingdom, principally 
 from Holland, Hamburg, and France. 
 
 c 
 
 CABLES. Strong ropes or chains, principally 
 u:;ed in the anchoring or mooring of ships. 
 
 1. Rope Cables are, in Europe, principally 
 manufuctured of hemp ; but in the East they are 
 very frequently made of coir, or the librous part 
 (if the cocoa-nut, and in some places, particularly 
 on the Red Sea, of the coating of the branches of 
 the date-tree. Hemp cables arc for the most part 
 formed of three prini^ipal strands, every strand of 
 three ropes, and every rope of three twists ; the 
 latter hav'iig more or fewer threads according to 
 the greater or less thickness of the cable. But 
 very large cables, or those used by the largest 
 ships, are usually formed by a combination of 
 smaller ropes twisted round their common axis. 
 Cables of this sort are stronger than the others, 
 harder, and more compact, so that they are fre- 
 quently constructed in this way even when tiieir 
 thickness is not very great. The reduction of 
 length by twioting may be taken at about ^ the 
 length of the yam. Large vessels have ready for 
 eer\-iee three cables, which arc usually designated 
 the sheet cable, the best bower cable, and the small 
 
 bower cable; but besides these, most ships havb 
 some spare cables. The ordii;iry length of a cable 
 is from 100 to 120 fathoms. 
 
 2. IFire Ropes ,v<;tc first employed in the silver- 
 mines of *hc Ilartz mountains, having proved more 
 economical than flat hempen ropes. 
 
 The use of wire ropes for mining commenced 
 in this country about 1840. Now, however, the use 
 of this material is gradually being adopted in 
 shipping. In the case of steamers and iron ships 
 wire rigging is almost invariably used, and even 
 in wooden ships, though there has been a pre- 
 judice against its employment, it is rapiiUy 
 coming into favour, and tao expoitof it to the 
 shipping and ship-building ports abroad is in- 
 croasing. It is calculated that the produce of 
 wire ropes in the Tyne, Wear, and Tees district 
 was 4,500 tons in 1864, and was of the value of 
 170,000/. Wire ropes, weight for weight, are less 
 costly than hempen fabrics. {Industrial Resourcet 
 of the Tyne, Wear, and Tees.) 
 
 3. Iron Cables. — The application of strong iroa 
 chains or cables to the purposes of navigation is a 
 
 
— Mufe' il 
 
 ss 
 
 216 
 
 CABLES 
 
 
 late and important discovery, for which wc are 
 indebted to ('aptain Samuel Hrown, R.N, In 
 1812 tlie Admiralty adopted diaiii cables in the 
 na\'y. It is singular, indeed, that this applica- 
 tion should not have beei' made at a much earlier 
 period. On rocky bottoms, or where coral is 
 abundant, a hempen cable speedily chafes, and 
 is often quite destroyed in a few months, or 
 pcrliaps days. A Htriiiini; instances of this occurred 
 in the voyage of discovery under the orders of M. 
 Mougainville, wlu) lost six anehors in the space of 
 nine days, and narrowly esiapcd shipwreck ; a 
 result, says that able seaman, which would not 
 have happened 'si nous en.-fions etc munis dcs 
 quclqucs chained do fer. (J'est une pr<^cjution que 
 ne doivent jamais oublier tons les navigateurs 
 destines il de parcils voyiif^es.' ( Voyage auttmr t/ii 
 Moiule, p. 207, 4to ed.) The work from which tliis 
 extract is taken was published in 1771 ; and yet it 
 was not till nearly foitii years after that any at- 
 tempt was made praci ioally to profit by so judicious 
 a suf^gestion. The dillieulties in the way of im- 
 porting hemp from 180H to 1814, and its consccpieiit 
 high price, gave, the lirst great stimulus to the 
 manufacture of ii : cables. 
 
 Iron cables arc oonstructx'd in different ways. 
 (Encyc. Jfhtrc/).) Tlieir great \xeight contributes 
 to their strength, inasmuch as the impulse of the 
 ship is clieeked before the cable is brought nearly 
 to a straight line, or that the strain approaches to 
 a maximum. Holts and shackles are provided at 
 every fathom or two fathoms, by striking out 
 which the ship may, if necessary, be detached from 
 lier anchors with less difficulty than a hempen 
 cable can be cut. 
 
 If properly made, iron cables arc a great deal 
 stronger tlian those of hemp; and as to durability 
 no sort of comparison can be made. Xo wonder, 
 therefore, that they should be rapidly superseding 
 the latter, which are now almost whol'y laid 
 aside in the navy, and, to a great extent, also in 
 the merchant service. 
 
 Tcstivfi of Iron Cables. — In addition to iron 
 cables, iron chains arc now frequently used in the 
 
 may erect and maintain proving establishments, 
 apparatus, and machinery siutable for tlie testing 
 of eliain cables or anchors, and may raise money 
 for tlint purpose. 
 
 2. The Hoard of Trade may grant to any cor- 
 poration, pidilic body, or company, person or 
 persons erecting any suitable proving establish- 
 ment, apparatus, and machine-y, license to test 
 chain cables and anchors uiuler this Act, and 
 the board may suspend or revoke any such license 
 so granted ; and the expression ' tester ' in tliis 
 Act a]iplics to every corporation, public body, or 
 company, person, or persons to wliom such license 
 shall be granted, such license not to be granted 
 until the proving establishment, apparatus, and 
 machinery erectetl have been inspected and cer- 
 tilied as cflicicnt by an inspector appointed under 
 tliis Act. 
 
 ii. Tlie Board of Trade to appoint a (it person to 
 act as inspector of such proving establishments, 
 apparatus, and machinery, and may at pleasure 
 remove such inspector from his office, who must 
 conform to any regulations made by the Hoard. 
 
 4. Any license granted to be renewable annually, 
 but not until the proving establishment, apparatus, 
 and machinery, in respect whereof such licenss 
 was granted, have been inspected and certilied 
 bj' the inspector within that year. 
 ' b. On the original grant, and on every annual 
 renewal of such license, a fee not exceeding f.fty 
 pounds to be paid to the Hoard of Trade, and to 
 be jy them paid into the Kxchecpicr. 
 
 <i. The inspector to receive such salary and 
 allowances as may be directed by the Hoard of 
 Trade and Treasury, out of money to be provided 
 by I'arliament for the purpose. 
 
 7. Every tester shall, with all reasonable de- 
 spatch, subject every chain cable or anchor that 
 shall be b'ought to his proving establishment to 
 the same tensile strain as that to which chain 
 cables and anchors respectively of similar size, 
 weight, or description are subjected before being 
 used in her JIajesty's naval service, and shall 
 stamp every live fathoms in length of every 
 
 rigging of ships ; and there can be no doubt that siicli chain cable, and also every such anchor. 
 
 both the one and the other arc great improvements, 
 provided they are properly made, and of the 
 proper degree of strength. The latter, however, 
 is a sine qua non, without which shijis, their cargoes 
 and ctews, are exposed to the greatest danger. 
 And hence we are clearly of o|)inion that all 
 chain i.ablcs, chain ropes, and anchors shoulil not 
 be left to be tested by the maker, but that before 
 being offered for sale they should bo carefully 
 tested in public proof-houses. AVe regret to have 
 to state that there can be no possible doubt that 
 cables, anchors, and iron chains of a very worth- 
 less description were till lately sent in large 
 ({uantities into the inarket, and that a great 
 deal of property and many valuable lives were 
 consequently lost. A shameless abuse of this 
 sort ought to be put down at all hazards: it is 
 injurious alike to the public and the honest manu- 
 facturer, and is' a disgrace to the (ioverument by 
 whom it is tolerated. And do what wc will, 
 it cannot be suppressed except by prohibiting the 
 sale of all cables, chains, and anchors not subjected 
 to a public test, and marked as approved by the 
 examiners. We might refer, were it necessary, in 
 proof of the statements now made, to a paper 
 put forth by the operative chain-makers. The 
 abuses which it discloses arc of the most dis- 
 creditable character, and call imperatively for 
 redress. [Anchors.] 
 
 We subjoin an abstract of the Act 27 & 28 Vict, 
 c. 27, passed to remedy the evils complained of : — 
 
 I, Any corporation, public body, or company 
 
 with a stamp or die to be provided for that piir- 
 (lose by the tester, and approved by the Hoard 
 of Trade, denoting that such chain cable or ancluir 
 has been * proved,' and whicli shall bear the mark 
 of the tester. 
 
 8. Kvery tester may make such charges as he 
 thinks fit for the testing and stamping witii proof 
 mark any chain cable or anchor not exceeding the 
 scale authorised by the Hoard of Trade ; and such 
 tester shall affix upon some conspicuous part of 
 the proving establishment a table of the clinrgcs 
 so authorised, and such table shall distinctly bo 
 painted on a board or boards, or printed in legible 
 characters on paper affixed to such board or boards ; 
 and it sliall not be lawful for such tester to niiike 
 any alteration in such table or charges until such 
 alteration be approved by the Hoard, and the 
 tester shall have caused written or printed notice 
 of the intended alteration to be aftixcd to such 
 table for not less than three months, 
 
 9. Any tester may detain any chain cable or 
 anchor so tested until such charge shall be paid ; 
 and if not paid within three months alter the 
 testing he may sell the cable or anchor by auction, 
 antl out of the purchase money deduct the vx.- 
 penses of sole, ond all other expenses incurred by 
 such with respect to the cable or anchor, and 
 shall pay the surplus (if any), on demand, to the 
 owner or to the captain or master of the vesicl, 
 or other person on whose application the cable or 
 anchor had been tested. 
 
 10. When any tester shall have tested and 
 
 
 stamped any ch 
 
 quested by "the 
 
 same was teste( 
 
 testing, deliver, 
 
 certificate of sue 
 
 11. After first 
 
 and sixty-fi^•o it 
 
 of or dealer in c 
 
 contract to sell f 
 
 cable whatever 01 
 
 «ne hundred an( 
 
 chain cable or an 
 
 tested and duK 
 
 «ctH in contravci 
 
 for every such 
 
 victioii f„r the si 
 
 <"• in Scotland b: 
 
 gistrato, be liable 
 
 pounds. 
 
 . 1-'. If anvpcrs( 
 
 mg any chain cal 
 
 any tester, or witl 
 
 !)« the stamp of ai 
 
 of the tester whos) 
 
 «r counterfeited, 01 
 
 'or the purpose or 
 
 such chain cable or 
 
 mg m the same b 
 
 anchor diilv tested 
 
 o« this Act, or if 
 
 chain cable or aiici 
 
 marked or stampe 
 
 same, or shall deli 
 
 be taken or used as 
 
 vessel, or if any per 
 
 to any person any c 
 
 "'ff.to be a cert'ific 
 
 chain cable or anch( 
 
 •inder the provisions 
 
 t-'hain cable or anch( 
 
 or document had m 
 
 cvorj' person so ofl 
 
 misdemeanor, or in 
 
 every such misdemc 
 
 in the discretion of 
 
 any term not excee( 
 
 hard labour, and w 
 
 hiiement. 
 
 ly. No maker of, 
 anchors, ship-owner. 
 sonofthisAct, orof 
 relieved from any re? 
 i;hain cable or ancho 
 to which, but for til 
 subject. 
 
 14. Nothing in th 
 tracts mailo by the j 
 
 nny chain cables oral 
 ■<lockyards or for the 
 sliips. 
 
 15. This Act shall , 
 ine thousand eight h 
 
 CADIZ. A large 
 •of Spam, on its south 
 and elevated extrem it 
 <irtongucofland,proj 
 N.N.\\.aboiit4Jiiaut 
 <m all sides, excefit tl 
 imd, by the sea, and 
 '««!', 71,.521. It k y, 
 tance, a very striking 
 liRhthouse of St. Seba 
 mc of the city, bciiic^ 
 
CADIZ 
 
 217 
 
 stamped any chain cable or a.-chor, he shall, if re- 
 quested by the Y)crson on whose application the 
 same was tested, within one month after such 
 testing, deliver, free of charge, to such person a 
 certificate of such testing. 
 
 11. After first July one thousand eifjht hundred 
 and sixty-five it shall not bo lawful for ai\y maker 
 of or dealer in chain cables or ancliors to sell or 
 contract to sell for the use of any vessel any chain 
 cable whatever or any anchor excccdiiif? in wei^lit 
 one hundred and sixty-eifjlit pounds, unless svich 
 chain cab'.e or anchor shall iiave been i)reviously 
 tested and duly stamped; ond if any person 
 acts in contravention of this jirovisiou, he shall 
 for every such offence, upon a sumniary con- 
 viction for the same before a justice of the peace, 
 or in Scotland before any slierifV, justice, or ma- 
 gistrate, be liable to a penalty not exceeding fifty 
 pounds. 
 
 I'i. If any person shall stamp or assist in stamp- 
 ing any chain cable or anchor with the stamp of 
 any tester, or with a stamp or mark jturporting to 
 be the stamp of any tester, without tiie authority 
 of the tester whose stamp shall have been so used 
 «r counterfeited, or with any other stamp or mark, 
 for the purpose or with the intention of passing 
 such chain cable or anchor, or of allowing or assist- 
 ing in the same being passed as a chain cable or 
 anchor duly tested ami stamped under the powers 
 of this Act, or if any person, knowing any such 
 chain cable or anchor to have been so wrongf.dly 
 marked or stamped a.s aforesaid, shall sell the 
 same, or nhall deliver the same to any person to 
 be taken or used as part of the equipment of any 
 vessel, or if any person shall write out and deliver 
 to any person any certificate or document purport- 
 ing to be a certificate under this Act, that any 
 chain cable or anchor has been tested and stamped 
 under the provisions of this Act, knowing tiiat the 
 chain cable or anchor referred to in such certificate 
 or document had not been so tested or stamped, 
 cverj' person so oflending shall be guilty of a 
 misdemeanor, or in Scotland of an otTence, and for 
 cvcrv such misdemeanor or offence shall be liable, 
 in the discretion of the court, to be imprisoned for 
 any term not exceeding two years, with or without 
 liard labour, and with or A-ithout solitary con- 
 finement, 
 
 13. No maker of, or dealer in, chain cables or 
 anchors, ship-owner, or other person, shall by rea- 
 son of this Act, or of anything done thereunder, be 
 relieved from any responsibility in respect of any 
 chain cable or anchor made, sold, or used by him 
 to which, but for this Act, he would have been 
 subject. 
 
 11. Nothing in this Act sholl affect any con- 
 tracts made by the Admiralty for the supply of 
 nny chain cables or anchors to anj* of her Majesty's 
 •dockyards or for the use of any of her Aliijcsty's 
 ships. 
 
 15. This Act shall continue in force to first July 
 one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two. 
 
 CADIZ. A large commercial city and seaport 
 of Spain, on its south-western ciast, on the rocky 
 and elevated extremity of a narrow, low peninsula, 
 or tongue of land, projecting from the Isla de Leon, 
 N.N.W , about 4^ nautical miles. It is surrounded 
 (in all sides, except the south, where it joins the 
 land, by the ecu, and is fortified. Population, in 
 18G(), 71,521. It iff well built, and has, at a dis- 
 tance, a very striking appearance. The tower or 
 lighthouse of St. Seljastian stands on tiie western 
 side of the city, being, according to Tofiilo, in lat. 
 30° ar yC" N., long. G° is' so" W. it is a most 
 conspicuous object to vessels approaching from 
 tlio Atlantic. The light, which is 100 feet high, 
 is of great brilliancy, red and white, revolves 
 
 twice a minute, and in fair weather may be Been 
 21 miles off. 
 
 Bay of Caillz. — The entrance to this noble basin 
 lies between the city and the town and promon- 
 tory of liota, bearing N.W. by N., distant about 
 !■{ league. Tlic bay is of very great extent, 
 affording, in most places, good anchorage. Tho 
 port is on the eastt^ru side of the city, where a 
 mole of conjiderable dimensions has been con- 
 structed ; but tbe water is not sufliciently deep to 
 allow large vessels to approach nearer than witliin 
 .il)(>ut ij mile, where tliey'anchor in from 5 to 7 
 fathoms. The rocks culled tlie C'ochinos, the 
 I'ueroas, and the Diamante, lie to the north of 
 the city in the entrance to the bay ; the first two 
 at about ^ mile distant, and the Diamante at 
 rather more tiian IJ milo from the city. Vessels 
 may enter between the I'uercas anil tho Dia- 
 mante; but none, except those not drawin;,' moro 
 than 15 feet water, and well acquainted with the 
 channel, ought to attempt entering between tho 
 (^ochinos and Puercas and the city. The town of 
 St. Mary's, on tlie opposite side of tho bay, in 
 famous for being thedci)ot of the wines of XVres. 
 The outer bay, or tliat of Cadiz prop; rly so called, 
 is separated from the iinier bay by the ijrouion- 
 tory having at its extremiiy the castle of Mata- 
 gorda, which apiiroaclics within about J mile of 
 the Puntales castle on the Isla de Leon. Within 
 the inner bay is the famous arsenal of the Caraccas, 
 the town of San Carlos, the canal of Trocadero itc. 
 At SI. ring tides tho water in the bay rises 10 or 11 
 feet, but at neaps the rise does not exceed G feet. 
 (For further particulars, see the excellent Chart 
 of the Bay of Cadiz, by Toliilo; Malhani's Aaval 
 Gazetteer; and Purdy's Sniliny Direeticns for the 
 Bay of Biscay, itc.) 
 
 History, Trade Sfc. — Cadiz is a very anciirit 
 city, having been foundid by the I'huiuicians 
 about 1,200 years before tlie Christian a;ra. The 
 temple which they erected in it in honour of Her- 
 cules was one of the most celebrated in antinuity. 
 (Sainte Croix, t/esi yincienHCii Co/on.'es, p. 14; Pomp. 
 Mela, lib. iii. c. vi.) Its excellent port, and its 
 situation, favourable alike for commerce and secu- 
 rity, have made it, whether possessed by Cartlia- 
 ginians, Komans, Moors, or Ch istians, .and under 
 every vicissitude, a ,ilace of considerable com- 
 mercial and political importance. It has long 
 been the principal station of the Spanish naval 
 force. In 1720 the commerce with Spanish 
 America, which had previously been exclusivilv 
 carried on from Seville, was transferred to Cadiz- 
 It enjoyed this valuable monopoly till 17(;5, when 
 it was partially relaxed by the trade to Cuba, St. 
 Domingo, Porto Ivico, and tiie other islands, being 
 opened to all the greater ports of Spain. Tlie 
 benefits resulting from this relaxatian were so 
 very great, that in 1778 the trade to all parts of 
 America was opened to ships from every con- 
 siderabl ; Spanish port, except those of Uiscay, 
 which, not being subject to the general laws "of 
 the kingdom, were not allowed to participate 'n 
 this privilege. In consequence, however, of 1 er 
 situation, tho great capital of her merchants, and 
 their established connections, Cadiz continued, 
 notwithstanding Ine abolition of the monopoly, 
 to preserve by far the largest share of the Ameri- 
 can trade. But since the colonies achieved their 
 independence, her commerce has been contracted 
 within comparatively narrow limits ; and though 
 considerably increased of late years, it will not 
 attain to anything like the extent to which it 
 might arr've without a total change of policy on 
 the part of the Spanish Govemraent. ISarceloi'ia is 
 at i)resent the principal seat of Spanish commerce. 
 (Kobertson'Hyimericojb. viii. passim; Townseiid'a 
 
 m 
 
 hi. 
 
n.m t i Wir'KUfn i 'm ti i im u m 
 
 "1- 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 218 
 
 c^yjiz 
 
 1'ravels in Spain, vol. ii. pp. .395— tOl, 2nil edit. ; 
 Mr, Gordon'B ConHular Itepurt, IWtil.) 
 
 The white wiiicH of Xeres in its vicinity form 
 1)V' fur the principal nrticlo of cx|.ort from (Jiuliz. 
 The quantity exported may mnotmt to about 
 ii;>,()00 pipes a-year. The prices vary from 12/. 
 to Ii,')/. per pipe ; but, as the lower (pialiticti pre- 
 dominate, the price may be taken, at ii medium, 
 at at)out 25/., making the total value of the ex- 
 
 ports 8.".0,000/. IMorc than % of the whole comes 
 to Knf^lnnd. The other articles of export are 
 qnick.silver, brandy, oranges and other fruits, oil, 
 provisions, flour, salt, wool &c. Tlie imports 
 consist principally of sugar and colloe from the 
 llavannah and Porto IJico, cocoa, hemp, flax, 
 linens, dried lish, hides, cotton wool and otton 
 manul^actures, coal and iron, rice, spices, iudigo, 
 staves and timber <ic. 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Values of the Prncipal Articles Imported from Spain into the United 
 Kingdom during each of the three Years inding with IHGG. 
 
 I'tinclpal and other 
 
 Articles 
 
 
 
 Quantities 
 
 
 Computed Kcal Value 
 
 
 
 1H6I 
 
 I8r,5 
 
 1RC6 
 
 1861 
 
 1S65 
 
 1866 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Animals: oxtm and bulls - 
 
 . 
 
 no. 
 
 «,'-"( 1 
 
 R.'ao'j 
 
 8,490 : 
 
 112,175 
 
 1 15,724 
 
 174.224 
 
 Co|HH.T ore 
 
 
 tons 
 
 3,7?'J 
 
 ii,74 1 
 
 1 .1..1.'. 
 
 20,611 
 
 42,095 
 
 15.527 
 
 untvrousht rnd ii.irt 
 
 wrought 
 
 ,, 
 
 1.1l.'< 
 
 1,608 
 
 1,510 
 
 121,166 
 
 1.17,787 
 
 115,987 
 
 r<.7k - - 
 
 _ 
 
 ,, 
 
 ISS 
 
 ti7 
 
 193 ; 
 
 6,580 
 
 2,314 
 
 6.754 
 
 ("orks, rt-ndV'tn.ide 
 
 . 
 
 lbs. 
 
 TS.l.'O 
 
 200,071 
 
 .119,892 
 
 4,2.13 
 
 10,840 
 
 20.0.15 
 
 Curii: wheat 
 
 . 
 
 fwts. 
 
 l.S'il 
 
 lW.1,.1fil 
 
 572,0.15 i 
 
 887 
 
 60,67 1 
 
 33'..7.'4 
 
 wluMliiu'.'iI and fli)iir 
 
 . 
 
 ,, 
 
 1« 
 
 H,3!l.'# 
 
 2.13,115 
 
 75 
 
 5,765 
 
 207.864 
 
 Cotton, raw 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 H.'.IO 
 
 831 
 
 iin 
 
 187,8.17 
 
 7,.'K)7 
 
 \fll-i 
 
 Ki;b< 
 
 ipreat hun.lrtcls 
 
 5l,l(i5 
 
 31 ,.128 
 
 80,055 
 
 16,915 
 
 10,910 
 
 27.153 
 
 Fruit ; almonds, not liittcr . 
 
 _ 
 
 cwts. 
 
 IIM!77 
 
 lll,lls3 
 
 12,1)11 
 
 62,117 
 
 41,161 
 
 6S,271 
 
 ••Ks 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 li.IOl 
 
 7, 9!) I 
 
 12.1.08 i 
 
 1,372 
 
 5,7.18 
 
 8,969 
 
 Sraiic, 
 
 . 
 
 bushels 
 
 44,>.'.i7 
 
 3(),3U7 
 
 40,774 
 
 .15,162 
 
 29,815 
 
 45.754 
 
 nuts, chpstnut* 
 
 . 
 
 ,j 
 
 liyiol 
 
 1.198 
 
 2,SI2 
 
 4,376 
 
 246 
 
 I.03H 
 
 stn.ill nuts 
 
 . 
 
 ,^ 
 
 l;!J,4«2 
 
 22(1,131 
 
 225,959 
 
 131.169 
 
 186,975 
 
 161.623 
 
 oranKes and lemons 
 
 . 
 
 ., 
 
 i7'J,fi,'il 
 
 470,273 
 
 filS,705 
 
 142,412 
 
 241,491 
 
 326.806 
 
 ra'bins 
 
 . 
 
 
 a.i.i,i;s.'. 
 
 2Ci:.14.4 
 
 28,S,2S7 
 
 319,3.-5 
 
 420.862 
 
 406.116 
 
 Iron ore - 
 
 . 
 
 
 •I."i,l)'.i7 
 
 37,121 
 
 27,619 
 
 .12.S87 
 
 29,176 
 
 22.160 
 
 Lead, tiii: and sheet 
 
 . 
 
 
 !i.-),7lW 
 
 27,174 
 
 31.075 
 
 473,501 
 
 529,103 
 
 601,163 
 
 Liquorice, Juice and paste • 
 
 . 
 
 cwts. 
 
 MS 
 
 741 
 
 210 
 
 2,.105 
 
 1,706 
 
 473 
 
 .Madder - . . 
 
 . 
 
 .^ 
 
 8.S1S 
 
 3,72H 
 
 
 16,018 
 
 6.718 
 
 
 Manganese ore • 
 
 . 
 
 tons 
 
 1B.-.V2 
 
 21,3,'.'! 
 
 25,2.')9 
 
 57,215 
 
 78,058 
 
 12'i.3l6 
 
 Dil, Dlive - > . 
 
 . 
 
 tuns 
 
 .1,131 
 
 11,91!) 
 
 2,927 
 
 176,572 
 
 621,446 
 
 163.6.13 
 
 (»re, unenumerircd 
 
 
 value 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,516 
 
 249 
 
 17 
 
 ISrites of iron or to)t]icr 
 
 . 
 
 tons 
 
 r'l.'iO'i 
 
 i(i..in.- 
 
 11,910 
 
 41,813 
 
 53,.5on 
 
 36,911 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 KiiUs anil otli' r maleriils for 
 
 . 
 
 lbs. 
 
 4.5UI,.>JU 
 
 l,2iil,2JU 
 
 2,401,315 
 
 483,086 
 
 l.-0,376 
 
 219.195 
 
 making; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 paiier : viz. Veget.ible lilire 
 
 
 tl...S 
 
 41, .1.19 
 
 47,239 
 
 65,859 
 
 202.659 
 
 246.251 
 
 29.5,197 
 
 Sail ton - - - 
 
 . 
 
 lbs. 
 
 3,1117 
 
 .'•,159 
 
 3,112 
 
 5.050 
 
 8.101 
 
 6,183 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 SP'J 
 
 1,128 
 
 418 
 
 3!l,l.')l) 
 
 57,711 
 
 22,610 
 
 Spelter - 
 
 _ 
 
 
 .01;!) 
 
 3,,V15 
 
 11,851 
 
 1,967 
 
 12,298 
 
 48,3.17 
 
 Wine . - - 
 
 . 
 
 gtillons 
 
 7,7!I1,(W5 
 
 5,S91 ,.523 
 
 6,470,157 
 
 2.879,592 
 
 l..'>39.017 
 
 1,959.675 
 
 Wool, sheep and Iambs 
 
 . 
 
 lbs. 
 
 71'A1I1 
 
 il.'i.OIl 
 
 123,058 
 
 .'.8,679 
 
 9,774 
 
 9,782 
 
 -All other articles - 
 Totil 
 
 . 
 
 value 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 170.527 
 
 101.291 
 
 loy,4.w 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 5,879,70.? 
 
 4,769,277 
 
 5,.')43,l.1.1 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Values of the Principal Articles of British and Irish Produce Exported 
 from the United Kingdom to Spain in each of the three Years ending with 1866, 
 
 
 
 
 Quantities 
 
 
 Declared Real Value 1 
 
 IVincipnl and othci ArticlL>s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1861 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 £ 
 36,251 
 
 AlkiilJ, finda 
 
 - cwts. 
 
 5'2;\Vi 
 
 61,586 
 
 50,315 
 
 £ 
 27,764 
 
 £ 
 
 35,359 
 
 Arms and ammunition : fin* arms (^ma!t) 
 
 • no. 
 
 y.'. 
 
 16 
 
 36 
 
 3.10 
 
 194 
 
 216 
 
 Runiiowdbr 
 
 . lbs. 
 
 2^,400 
 
 .500 
 
 60,704 
 
 460 
 
 11 
 
 995 
 
 App.irel .-ind halwn!*shery - 
 
 - value 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 46,763 
 
 37,048 
 
 48,458 
 
 }tiii'<in and hams ... 
 
 - cwts. 
 
 .16fi 
 
 71 
 
 18 
 
 994 
 
 219 
 
 59 
 
 (arn.i^'ps oi alt -^rts 
 
 • no. 
 
 817 
 
 45 
 
 14 
 
 94,21)1 
 
 4,825 
 
 1.203 
 
 ( oalsf cindtrrs, and cutm 
 
 - tons 
 
 55't,'i4R 
 
 465,816 
 
 51 1,052 
 
 280,773 
 
 251,164 
 
 297.498 
 
 (^opiter* wruught and unwrought 
 
 - CWIS. 
 
 «,IS2 
 
 2,180 
 
 1,612 
 
 12.482 
 
 10,.149 
 
 7,(ill4 
 
 ( otion yam 
 
 . lbs. 
 
 1.54,'Jl'i 
 
 195,979 
 
 188,515 
 
 21,668 
 
 29,521 
 
 33.729 
 
 Cotiuns, entered by the yard 
 
 . yanU 
 
 3,4lV,W8 
 
 2,446,942 
 
 2,233,323 
 
 131,870 
 
 82,663 
 
 80.140 
 
 at value 
 
 - value 
 
 ^, 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 16,185 
 
 12,4.'>0 
 
 18,141 
 
 Dnitfs ami chprnnMl |irmlucts 
 
 >> 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 — 
 
 12.150 
 
 12,958 
 
 9,759 
 
 K-irilienware and porcelain 
 
 i» 
 
 « 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 3,314 
 
 2,689 
 
 2,OH7 
 
 Ki»li : tnid and Ims 
 
 - CWl;*. 
 
 .1.1,900 
 
 31,179 
 
 24,280 
 
 34,817 
 
 32,948 
 
 28,3,18 
 
 (1^l^'^ maniifartiires 
 
 - value 
 
 , 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4,1.15 
 
 2.407 
 
 1,217 
 
 Hardwares and cutlery, nnenumcrattd 
 
 - cwts. 
 
 16.179 
 
 12,176 
 
 1.1,469 
 
 80,615 
 
 61.205 
 
 62,751 
 
 1-on, wrought and unwrouKht 
 
 - tons 
 
 63,.135 
 
 37,708 
 
 18,999 
 
 488,lli6 
 
 261.709 
 
 179,810 
 
 I.iuen yarn - - - 
 
 - ll«. 
 
 13,599,091 
 
 11,892,072 
 
 11,8.10,714 
 
 936,1(8) 
 
 703.156 
 
 742,010 
 
 Janens, entertd by the vard 
 
 • jard» 
 
 1,640,119 
 
 1,212,872 
 
 891,479 
 
 88,790 
 
 69,3SS 
 
 5(1,165 
 
 at value 
 
 - value 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1,168 
 
 3.829 
 
 4,.179 
 
 ;\Iachinery; Bteain engines • 
 
 i» 
 
 -. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 113,907 
 
 77.708 
 
 22,119 
 
 all other M>rt» - 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 ._ 
 
 — 
 
 127,821 
 
 75,289 
 
 69,826 
 
 Oil.-icwl - - . - 
 
 - gals. 
 
 161,621 
 
 64,453 
 
 78,185 
 
 21,510 
 
 9,1.12 
 
 12,748 
 
 rainliTN* cnlouri . - . 
 
 - value 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 11,310 
 
 7.014 
 
 5,283 
 
 J'rovision.s, not othervrUe described • 
 
 It 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2,405 
 
 679 
 
 2,298 
 
 ^ilk( thrown and yam 
 
 IM. 
 
 2,751 
 
 1,202 
 
 287 
 
 1,960 
 
 918 
 
 229 
 
 manufactures 
 
 - value 
 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 21,943 
 
 16.068 
 
 10,9,19 
 
 TeliRraphic wire - - • 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2.9.16 
 
 2.731 
 
 1,765 
 
 Tin, unwrought • 
 
 • cwts. 
 
 3,536 
 
 2,178 
 
 3,173 
 
 18.879 
 
 1 2.2,58 
 
 11,062 
 
 nlaies 
 
 - value 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 ..- 
 
 38,795 
 
 37,562 
 
 41,817 
 
 Wodlltrn and jrornted vam - 
 
 • lbs. 
 
 .13,618 
 
 2,778 
 
 22,930 
 
 7,060 
 
 3,999 
 
 3,671 
 
 Woolleit., enlered bv (he vard (including those 1, I 
 formerly entered by the |iiece) f J^^us | 
 
 2,317,081 
 
 1,237,235 
 
 1,037,091 
 
 164,959 
 
 101,403 
 
 78,161 
 
 entered at value - 
 
 • value 
 
 _ 
 
 .. 
 
 ^ 
 
 12,771 
 
 9,258 
 
 4.2(14 
 
 All other arUcItt - 
 
 Total - 
 
 - f$ 
 
 ._ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 249,140 
 ■3,084,778 
 
 201,3(15 
 
 215,1.17 
 
 2,091,828 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 2,177,416 
 
 In the years 1801-3 the shipping of Cadiz was 
 as follows : — 
 
 Kiitere«l and cleared with 
 
 cargoes - 
 Tonnage of ditto - 
 Tonnage of coasting trade, 
 
 entered - 
 Ditto cleared 
 
 1861 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 2,281 
 5lHl,6l6 
 
 180,905 
 135,696 
 
 2,155 
 511,507 
 
 218,.'>24 
 16 ,722 
 
 2,378 
 539,114 
 
 224,10,1 
 1.59,206 
 
 In 1805, 409,497 tons of coal and coke were im- 
 ported into various Spanish ports. 
 
 The wine exports of Cadiz for 1860 (taking 
 Xeres and Port St. Mary together) are estimated 
 by Mr. Consul Dunlop at 60,000 butts. Sec also 
 Mr. Savile Lumley's note of May 4, 1867, on the 
 Wine Trade of Spain, published among the Ke- 
 ports of Secretaries of Embassy and Legation. 
 
 The total am 
 in the year 1863 
 to Brazil, Prussi 
 
 Mr. Consul «i 
 table in his Ke 
 number ant! nat 
 Cadiz ill ISUO :— 
 
 Knijlish 
 French 
 
 Swedish and N, 
 Italian . 
 Dulih . 
 Kussian 
 I'oriuKUese 
 >llnerican 
 I russi.in 
 'lustriaii 
 
 Bank of Cadiz, 
 tablLshedwithspo 
 to issue notes. Ii 
 but are still in cir 
 ill discredit. 
 
 Banks. — Some 
 Cadiz, joint-stock 
 legitimate discou 
 more respectable 
 who advance on 
 banking business. 
 
 •■old Isabella of 1 00 reals ( 
 piece of 80 „ 
 40 ' 
 20 
 
 silver dollar of 20 „ 
 
 Accounts are kc 
 
 are sometimes also 
 
 in circulation, and J 
 
 which pass current! 
 
 Cadiz 'Napoleons.' 
 
 rarely seen, and do 
 
 Weights and Mt 
 
 IS divided into 4 a 
 
 each : 100 lbs. Ci 
 
 The common Spani 
 
 lbs. English, Thev 
 
 orl00varas = 92^Kr 
 
 sure for corn, is divi 
 
 minas, or 576 <ptan 
 
 quarters, and 5 fanJ 
 
 or arroba, the niea3 
 
 8 azumbres, and 3] 
 
 sorts of arrobas, u 
 
 they are to each ol 
 
 being equal to 4J eI 
 
 to 3J do. A moi/o of 
 
 =30 arrobas of wii| 
 
 arrobas of wine, or i 
 
 127i English wine m 
 
 Port and other CM 
 
 3, 1852. — The ship.sf 
 
 cede an equal benefil 
 
 to the vessels of tl 
 
 on an equality in L 
 
 islands with SpanisI 
 
 navigation and pol 
 
 anchorage, and load! 
 
 in the law of Apnl 
 
 decree of December f 
 
 Shipping charges I 
 
 Pilotage (ordinarr fl 
 
 iflo'lroral 
 
 Carraf 
 
 For every changol 
 Besides this, fror 
 every pilot for the ] 
 
 Puntales Fort dues (el 
 
 taptain of port. 4 reall 
 
 LlKhthouse i 
 
 Anchorage! 
 
 If quarantined a ' 
 ton, daily. 
 
1 
 
 CADIZ 
 
 219- 
 
 The total amount of salt exported from Spain 
 in the year 18G3 was 2,327,844 hectolitres, chicliy 
 to Brazil, Prussia, Russia, Sweden, and Uruguay. 
 
 Mr. Consul Graham Uunlop pves the following 
 table in his Iteport of May, 18G7, showing tlie 
 number and nationality of vessels which entered 
 Cadiz in 18(50 : — 
 
 Knclish 
 
 French 
 
 Kwwli^h and Norwr^iiin 
 
 Italinn - . . 
 
 Dutih ... 
 
 Uushinn 
 
 I'ortu^ueke 
 
 J\inerit-an 
 
 rrusAi.in 
 
 Austrian 
 
 Number 
 
 !.'>» 
 .'iB 
 51 
 ■17 
 42 
 
 12 
 K 
 1 
 
 Bank of Cadiz. — This joint-stock bank was es- 
 tablished with special privileges, and was permitted 
 to issue notes. In 18G4 the notes fell to a discount, 
 but are still in circulation. The bank is therefore 
 in discredit. 
 
 Banks. — Some other smaller banks exist in 
 Cadiz, joint-stock and private ; but most of the 
 legitimate discounting is accomplisihed by the 
 more respectable of the merchants of the place, 
 who advance on wine, and do other ordinary 
 banking business. 
 
 3Tonc7/, 
 
 (iold IsAbellftof inOrealsorAdoI:!* 
 I>ieceof 80 „ 4 
 41) „ -J 
 W ,. I 
 SilTcr dollar of -^0 ,, 
 
 tillJer i dolbr of in reals 
 peseta of 5 „ 
 
 " . ■• ■■ 
 
 t peseta of 2 „ 
 coin of 1 „ 
 
 Accounts are kept in reals and cents. There 
 arc sometimes also doubloons and half-doubloons 
 in circulation, and French five-franc pieces of silver 
 which pass currently for 19 reals, called always in 
 Cadiz ' Napoleons.' English gold and silver are 
 rarely seen, and do not pass current. 
 
 Weights and 3Ieasiires. — The ordinary quintal 
 i^ divided into 4 arrobas, or 100 lbs. of" 2 marcs 
 each: 100 lbs. Castile = 101 J lbs. avoirdupois. 
 The common Spanish pound of weight is about 2 
 lbs. English. The yard, or vara = "927 English yard, 
 or 1 00 varas = 92^ English yards. The cahiz, or mea- 
 sure for corn, is divided into Vifancgas, or 144 cc/e- 
 miiuis, or 57(j quartillas; 100 cahiz = 19'7 Wincii. 
 quarters, and 5 lanega3 = l quarter. The cantaro, 
 or arroha, the measure for liquids, is divided into 
 8 azumbres, and 32 quartillos. There arc two 
 sorts of arrobas, the greater and the lesser; 
 they are to each other as 32 to 25 ; the former 
 being equal to 4^ English wine gallons, the latter 
 to 3J do. A moyo of wine = IG arrobas. The botta 
 =30 arrobas of wine, or 38* of oil. A pipe ==27 
 arrobas of wine, or 34^ of oil. Hence the botta = 
 127^ English wine gallons, and the pipe 1 14f do. 
 
 Port and other Charges at Cadiz, jixed January 
 3, 1852. — The ships of all tho nations which con- 
 cede an equal benefit in their respective territories 
 to the vessels of the Spanish marine to be put 
 on an equality in the Peninsula and adjacent 
 islands with Spanish vessels for the exaction of 
 navigation and port dues, i. e. of lighthouses, 
 anchorage, and loading and unloading, established 
 in tlic law of April 11, 1849, and in the royal 
 decree of December 16, 1851. 
 
 Shipping charges &c. at Cadiz are heavy. 
 
 Pilotage (ordinary for erery vessel) 9 dollars 51) cents. 
 
 If to TroL'adero about 4/- 5«. hterlinf; 
 
 Carraca about 4/. sterling 
 
 For every change of anchorage 3 dols. 25 cents. 
 Besides this, from 1 to 5 dols. arc allowed to 
 every pilot for the hire of his boat, 
 
 Punt.-iles Fort dues (every vessel passing) 75 reals 
 Captain of port. 4 reals to K, nrcordinie to tonnage and rig 
 
 Li^httiouse dues I real per bpanisli lou 
 
 AnuhoraKe dues 1 „ „ 
 
 If quarantined a vessel pays 25 reals per Spanish 
 ton, daily. 
 
 N.B. yl// vessels arriving with a bill of health 
 not countersigned by a Spanish consul or author- 
 ity are qiiaraiiiined, generally for 3 or 4 days. 
 
 There is also a small tax on vessels leaving, 
 called 'consumos-ducs,' wliicli is levied according 
 to crew and passengers. A most important branch 
 of the import trade of Spain is the smuggling, 
 which is now managed in the Custom-houses as 
 well as by the contrabandistas. This is said to be 
 an understood matter, and in the South of Spain, 
 where free-trade doctrines are more prevalent than 
 ill Catalonia, it would be impossible to prevent 
 smuggling, except by free-trade. 
 
 Customs Regulations. — Art. 1. Shippers of mer- 
 chandise in for.ign countries shall present to the 
 Spanish consul a statement in duplicate, aiid witli- 
 out corrections or erasures, of the goods they em- 
 bark, expressing the name and nature of the vessel, 
 and of the master, port of destination, description 
 of the bales, boxes, packages &c. Ac. to be shipped, 
 tlieir marks and number.'*, class, quality, and quan- 
 tity of the merchandi.se contained in each, in 
 Spanish weight or measure, the consignees thereof, 
 of what nation the produce and manufacture; if 
 of the countrj' whence .shipped ; and if not, of 
 what other nation or fabric may be their origin, 
 concluding the statement or note with a declara- 
 tion that it details the true contents of the pack- 
 ages, and that they contain nothing else. There 
 must be separate notes from each shipper and for 
 each consignee. 
 
 Art. 3. From all these' not ;3 the consul is to 
 form a general summary, with a copy of which, 
 and one of each of the notes of the sliippers, he is 
 to form a true register of the cargo, to be delivered 
 to the master in a sealed despatcli (with wax and 
 wafer), addressed to the administrador of tho cus- 
 tom-house at the port of destination. No mer- 
 chandise can go on board after delivery of tlic 
 register to the master without subjecting all to 
 seizure on arrival in Spain. 
 
 Art. 8. Tlie master who, in the act of receiving 
 pratique, shall not deliver to the administrador 
 the sealed despatch or register handed to him by 
 the Spanish consul shall paj' a fine of 400 dols., 
 the cargo discharged and stored until the consul 
 shall remit a certified copj* of tho ori";inal notes 
 presented by the shippers, and for wliich the ad- 
 ministrador shall apply. 
 
 Art. 10. On examination by the administrador, 
 in presence of the master, of these sealed de- 
 spatches or register, if they manifest marks or 
 evidences of having been previously opened, the 
 master shall be fined 100 dols. for this alone, and — 
 
 Art. II. In ca.se amendments and alterations ■ 
 are observed in the notes, the master shall answer 
 before the tribunal of finance for the crime of 
 forgery, which he may be guilty of. 
 
 Art. 12. Where no consul resides, shippers must 
 send their notes to the one nearest resident, and 
 the master shall receive from him tliesc registers, 
 with the understanding that merchandise from a 
 foreign country shall not be admitted to entry 
 which shall not come with the requisites detailed. 
 
 Art. 14. The exceptions to the above are car- 
 goes of lumber, staves, codfish, hides, coals, which 
 it shall be evident come to the order of the master 
 in search of a market ; but in such cases a docu- 
 ment of origin must be presented from the place 
 of loading, specifying the quantity aboard of the 
 vessel. 
 
 Art. 23, Within twenty-four hours after anchor- 
 ing (being visited), the' master shall present to 
 the administrador of the custom-house a manifest 
 of the cargo «tc. 
 
 Art, 27, Fine of 100 dols, if the manifest be not 
 presented within twenty-four hours. 
 
 I ;>' 
 
 f 
 k 
 
220 
 
 CADIZ 
 
 I' ! 
 
 i f ; ., 
 
 Art. 38. Fine of 100 dols. for every packnRC in 
 0XCCS8, niul 50 dols. for every one mnnifested less 
 ihan wimt U expressed in the register made up by 
 the Spniiish consul. 
 
 Art. 3'J. If the manifest does not specify mi- 
 nutely the contents of the packajjes of iiroliibited 
 nierchinidise manifested in the transitu, they shall 
 be landed and examined. 
 
 Art. 42. All poods must be manifested to speci- 
 fied consij^ees, in no case to ' order.' The general 
 term mtrcliaruiise. is not recognised nor admitted, 
 in which case the goods shall be landed and ex- 
 amined in the jireseuce of the master or his agent, 
 and if they shall be found to be illicit gt.)ds, they 
 shall be forfeited, and the master lined 25 per 
 cent, if they be worth more than '2,()()() dols., and 
 if less 500 dols. If the goods be of licit tralHc, 
 half the sums. 
 
 Art. 181. Tninshipments prohibited. 
 
 Art. 182. Merchandise cannot be manifested in 
 transitu for the port from which the vessel origin- 
 ally sailed, nor those touched at in the voyage. 
 
 TBEASUIIY DEPAUTMENT — ORUER IN COUNCIL. 
 
 'Your Excellency will please to notify to II.M. 
 consuls abroad that under no pntence they give 
 course to the declarations or notes of shippers 
 unless exactly in conformity with the customs 
 regulations, nor despatch registers including arti 
 cles of prohibited traflic, under the understanding 
 that for the confiscations and fines which shall be 
 imposed for defects in consular documentation the 
 consuls themselves shall be lesponsible, notifying 
 them also that all the documents which they give 
 course to must, without exception, be made in 
 the Spanish language. 
 
 'Madrid, September 2C, 1850. 
 
 In the Gaceta of Madrid of April 2, 1865, occurs 
 an odicial notice witli a royal decree, showing the 
 exact state of the present Spanish Navigation laws, 
 viz. — 
 
 ' It is decreed Xhai flour imported into the islands 
 of Cuba and Puerto Kico shall pay duty (from 
 July 1, 18G5) on each barrel of 92 kilograms =200 
 lbs. of Spain, as follows : — 
 
 ilcits. 
 
 I . Flour, the produceof Spain, coming from Spanish porta under 
 
 Spanish Amk * - - • - • 'i 
 
 'i. CoiiiiuK I'rom Spnniih port^ unttpr a foreign fl^f; • • 4 
 
 .1. ForciKn flour under Spani&h ting, • . - - 7 
 
 4. Foreign flour under foreign flaK - • • - 10 
 
 The railway from Cadiz to Madrid has been 
 completed. 'I'his will open a large inland trade 
 advantageous for Cadiz. The railway to Malaga 
 has also been finished, and that to Granada and 
 some interior to^vns will soon be opened. The 
 journey from Cadiz to the capital per rail is now 
 (1868) perfonned in about 25 hours. 
 
 Cadiz is the port of the whole district, including 
 Port St. Maria, Port Real, San Fernando, Puntalcs, 
 Rota, Jeres, Seville, San Lucar, Cordova. 
 
 Although there is a good deal of fruit &c. shipped 
 in small steamers at Seville, and taken abroad, the 
 long river navigation is against Seville. 
 
 Spanish Commercial Policy. — It is the pi'ciiliar 
 misfortune of Spain that every part of her political 
 system has been alike vicious and objectionable, 
 liad her commercial policy been liberal, it would, 
 in some degree, have compensated for the defects 
 in the distribution of property and political power, 
 and would, no doubt, have given a powerful stimu- 
 lus to industry. But, unluckily, it lias been in per- 
 fect harmony with her other institutions, and was, 
 in all respects, worthy of the favourite seat and 
 strongholtl of the Inquisition. From the reign of 
 Ferdinand and Isabella do^ra almost to yesterday, 
 the grand object of the Spauish Government, next 
 
 to the extirpation of heresy, has been to cxcludo 
 foreign manufactures from the Peninsula, and to 
 preserve a monopoly of its markets, ns well as of 
 those of the colonies, to the home manufacturers. 
 It is, however, almost needless to say that their 
 efforts to bring about this result have been signally 
 unsuccessful. Oppressive taxes, with the nuilli- 
 plication of fasts and holidays, the Goveriiniciit 
 monopolies, and the badness of the roads and 
 other means of communication, made it impossibli-. 
 for the Spanish manufacturers, even if they had 
 evinced greater enterprise and industry than they 
 have done, to produce manufactured articles us 
 cheap as the English, French, and others less 
 unfavourably situated ; and such being the case, 
 it is plain that the prohibition of certain descrip- 
 tions of commodities, and the oppressive duties 
 laid on others, could have no ctl'ect e.\ccpt to 
 suppress the legitimate commerce of the country, 
 and to throw it wholly, or almost wholly, into 
 the hands of smugglers. Any one who takes up 
 a map of Spain must be satisfied at a glance that 
 it would be impossible for an army of customs 
 olTicers to prevent her being deluged with smuggled 
 proline's, provided they were materially cheapc-r 
 than her native products ; for, besides her exten- 
 sive sea frontier, they may be introiluced by way of 
 France and Portugal, and also through the Basiiuc 
 Provinces, which iiavc distinct laws, and enjoy 
 an exemption from the commercial code inflicted 
 on the rest of the kingdom. We need not, there- 
 fore, be surprised that every effort to prevent the 
 clandestine introduction of foreign products com- 
 pletely failed. The .severities occasionally inflicted 
 on the smugglers, instead of abating, seem really 
 to have increased, the evil. The contraband trade, 
 has long been a favourite occupation, and lius 
 been eagerly followed by the adventurous, the 
 necessitous, and the desperate. It is believed 
 that fur nearly three centuries from 100,000 to 
 150,000 individuals have been pretty constantly 
 engaged in this occupation; that is, they have 
 been engaged in trampling on the laws, obstructing 
 their othcers, and committing acts of violence 
 and blood. A few vears ago about 3,000 actions 
 were annually instituted aj^ainst contrabandistus 
 and others engaged in illicit trade, which termi- 
 nated in the ruin of a vast number of families; at 
 the stme time that the courts of law were filled 
 with perjury, and the country with bloody con- 
 flicts; and yet these atrocities secured lio one 
 object GoYcmment had in view. 
 
 Notwithstanding their being absolutely pro- 
 hibited, English and French cotton goods "might, 
 in 1848, be bought in every shop in Madrid, and 
 generally throughout Spain ; the former at from 
 20 to 30 per cent, above their price in Gibraltar, 
 where they arc about as cheap as in Manchester; 
 and the latter at from 20 to 30 per cent, above 
 their price in Bayonne, which is nearly identical 
 with their price m Kouen ! While Cadiz </as a 
 free port, about 6,000 persons are said to have 
 been employed in it twisting cigars, which, as 
 soon as finished, were forthwith smuggled into 
 the interior. Three-fourths, in fact, of the forcif,'ii 
 trade of Spain were then in the hands of the contm- 
 batidistas, who carried it on in defiance of the 
 law ; and when such was the case, need we 
 wonder at the low state of industry, or at tlie 
 prevalence of those predatory and ferocious habits 
 that uniformly mark the characterof the smuggler? 
 
 And, strange to say, notwithstanding the ruinous 
 influence of this wretched system was long since 
 exposed by UUoa, Campomanes, and other dis- 
 tinguished Spaniards, and by Mr. Townsend and 
 other foreigners who had visited the country, and 
 notwithstanding all the vicis.iitudcs Spain lius 
 
 i.1 
 
 undergone during 
 
 tinned to maintaii 
 
 But the leading S 
 
 at length, satisliei 
 
 the old system, a 
 
 year now" mention 
 
 tariff; and notwit 
 
 sighted opposition 
 
 new taiiff was ha| 
 
 true that it leaves 
 
 at the same time 
 
 system by which 
 
 especially valuabi 
 
 introduction of t 
 
 rational poHcj-. ] 
 
 importatiim were 
 
 majority of instan 
 
 greater number of 
 
 prohibited arc now 
 
 The following are tl 
 
 ' Machines and i 
 
 cultural, manufacti 
 
 to pay a duty of fn 
 
 'Raw material 
 Spain, and used in 
 industry, whatever 
 value that it may 
 per cent. 
 
 ' Raw material si; 
 duced hy Spain, p 
 case, such as coal 
 merchandise of fort 
 compete with those 
 manufactured in Sd 
 cent.' "^ 
 
 N.B.— Cottons an 
 The duties on the f 
 ])pr cent, ad valorem 
 ' Foreign produce 
 consumption, and n 
 iiidiistrj', to pav a n: 
 at the utmost 20 pe 
 case. 
 
 'The duties hith 
 produce of foreign 
 creased. 
 
 'A discriminatinp 
 charged on articles i, 
 and on those articl] 
 the support of the! 
 criminating dutv mo 
 The prohibited iiL 
 and munitions of wal 
 powder; quick.silvcil 
 Admiralty, and repril 
 by Spaniards, duringi 
 constructed of wood " 
 of 20 quintals each ; 
 and maccaroni 4c. f, 
 com laws ; books andl 
 authors, if not import! 
 copyright; missals, f 
 of liturgy (dictionJ 
 ilevices, and militar^ 
 ill this prohibition)! 
 morality, or ridiculinl 
 mon salt, tobacco, shJ 
 c.\cept for the privatJ 
 preparations forbiddif 
 Moderate export dil 
 or galena, not argentiT 
 melted ; litharge conl 
 silver per quintal ; pi 
 Prohibited KxporA 
 province of Gerona ; f 
 1111(1 upwards of silvi 
 galena; lead contaiiil 
 
CADIZ 
 
 221 
 
 undergone cUiriiip; the previous half cotitury, it con- 
 tinued to maintain i(.s ascendancy down to 1849. 
 Hilt the leading; Spanish statesmen having been, 
 at length, satisticd of the disastrous influence of 
 tlie old system, a vigorous effort was made, in the 
 year now mentioned, to introduce a more rational 
 tariff; and notwithstanding^ the seltish and short- 
 sighted opposition of the Catalans and others, the 
 new ta.ift was happily passed into a law. It is 
 true that it leaves much to be desired; but it is, 
 at the same time, a vast improvement on the 
 system by which it was preceded ; and it is 
 especially valuable as being the first step in the 
 introduction of a new and more liberal and 
 rational policy. In a few cases the duties on 
 importation were increased, but in the great 
 majority of instances they were reduced, and the 
 greater number of the articles tliat were formerly 
 prohibited are now admitted on payment of duties. 
 The following are the bases of the new tariff, viz. — 
 ' Machines and instruments necessary for agri- 
 cultural, manufacturing, and mining operations, 
 to pay a duty of from 1 to 14 per cent, ad valorem. 
 ' Kaw material not abundantly produced by 
 Spain, and used in the o])crations of the national 
 industry, whatever be the form or the increase of 
 value that it may acquire, to pay from 1 to 14 
 per cent. 
 
 ' Raw material similai* to that abundantly pro- 
 duced by Spain, productive agents in the sai le 
 case, such as coal and coke, and articles of 
 merchandise of foreign manufacture which may 
 compete with those of tlio same liind and quality 
 manufactured in Spain, to pay from 25 to 50 per 
 cent.' 
 
 N.n. — Cottons and silks come under this class. 
 The duties on the former are generally about 35 
 per cent, ad valorem, 
 
 ' Foreign produce and manufacture required for 
 consumption, and not supplied by the national 
 industrj', to pay a maximum of 15 per cent., and 
 at tlie utmost 20 per cent, in every exceptional 
 case. 
 
 ' The duties hitherto levied on the colonial 
 produce of foreign countries to be suitably in- 
 creased. 
 
 ' A discriminating duty of 20 per cent, to be 
 charged on articles imported in foreign bottoms ; 
 and on those articles which contribute most to 
 the support of the national navigation the dis- 
 criminating duty may be raised to 50 per cent.' 
 
 The prohibited imports are arms, projectiles, 
 and munitions of war, including all kinds of gun- 
 powder; quicksilver; charts, published by the 
 Admiralty, and reprinted abroad ; maps and plans 
 by Spaniards, during copyright ; cinnabar ; vessels 
 constructed of wood of less burden than 300 tons, 
 of 20 quintals each ; grain, flour, biscuit, bread, 
 and maccaroni 4c. for soup, not admitted by the 
 corn laws ; books and T,.ints in Spanish, by Spanish 
 authors, if notimported by those individuals diuing 
 copyright; missaln, breviaries, and other books 
 of liturgy (dictionaries, vocabularies, insignias, 
 devices, and military ornaments are not included 
 in this prohibition) ; pictures &c. offensive to 
 morality, or ridiculing the Catholic religion ; com- 
 mon salt, tobacco, shoes, and ready-made clothing, 
 except for the private use of travellers ; chemical 
 preparations forbidden by the sanitarj' laws, 
 
 Jloderate export duties to be levied on antimony 
 or galena, not argentiferous; black copper, roughly 
 melted ; litharge containing less than an ounce of 
 silver per quintal ; pig lead, raw silk. 
 
 Prohibited Kxportn. — Cork in the bark of the 
 province of Gerona ; litharge containing an ounce 
 1111(1 upwards of silver per quintal; argentiferous 
 galena ; lead containing 24 drachms and upwards 
 
 of silver per quintal ; cotton, hempen, and woollen 
 rags, ami worn-out articlrs of those materials. 
 
 The high discriminating duty on goods imported 
 on foreign bottoms is the most objectionable 
 feature in the Spanish tariff; though we can 
 hardly be surprised at the Si)aniards continuing 
 to act on a principle that was acted upon down to 
 a very recent period by the Knglish and the 
 Americans. We believe, however, that it will be 
 far more injurious to themselves than to any one 
 else ; and that its effect will be to lessen and em- 
 barrass their trade without really providing em- 
 ployment for Spanish merchantmen. 
 
 To the other .'"acilities for smuggling in Spain 
 must be added the venality and corruption of the 
 customs oflicers. Notwithstanding his eajxiHolism, 
 Mr. Ford bears testimony to its universality. Ho 
 says, ' Kvery lock in Spain is to be picked with a 
 silver key, and every difficalty smoothed by a 
 properly mlminisiored bribe. The customs emple- 
 aclos have been defined to be gentlemen, who, 
 under the pretence of searching portmanteaus, 
 take money on the highway without incurring the 
 disgrace ot begging or the danger of robbing ; and 
 practically they worry honest travellers who 
 won't pay them, as much as they facilitate those 
 who will.' But, in truth, this venality is not 
 confined to the revenue officers, but pervades and 
 ilebases all classes, from the highest to the lowest. 
 
 The following information has been supplied to 
 the editor by an eminent Spanish merchant: — 
 
 ' To pass through the custom-house requires a 
 regular education on the part of the merchant. 
 The amount of duty to be paid depends more on 
 mutual understanding than on law. Such laws 
 as are supposed to be in force are imperfectly 
 worded as well as badly administered, and refer- 
 ences to the Board of Customs at Madrid arc 
 incessant and vexatious. There is little or no 
 official honesty ; there is a price for everything, 
 business being vastly expedited by presents. 
 This general corruption of Government officials 
 is almost necessitated by the low rate at which 
 they arc paid. Of course uncertainty is fatal to 
 successful trade.' 
 
 The writer illustrates the utter want of system 
 in Spanish finance by referring to the fact that 
 during the late dearth of cotton the exporters of 
 Spanish goods to Cuba wished the Government to 
 allow the importation of Spanish goods into that 
 colony duty free, so as to expedite the export of 
 Cuban cotton. The Government assented, but in 
 practice neutralised the boon by annexing a con- 
 dition that the duty should be paid in Cuba, but 
 repaid to the exporter in Spam, This neither 
 met the difficulty nor checked smuggling : at 
 last the Government saw and acknowledged its 
 error ; but the opportunity had passed away. 
 
 We incline to think that, allowing for smug- 
 gling, the import and export trade of Spain might 
 each bo estimated, previously to the late change 
 in the tariff, at about 4,000,000/, sterling, or 
 perhaps a little more; and the good effects of 
 that change are alreadj' obvious, both importation 
 and exportation having greatly increased, and a 
 corresponding stimulus having been given to 
 industry. This has been further increased by the 
 opening of railways, the formation of companies 
 for steam-navigatiou, banking &c. In 1856 the 
 duties on imports and exports amounted to 
 352,930,000 reals. The trade of Spain by sea during 
 that year employed in the out and home voyages 
 9,060 Spanish vessels of the aggregate burden of 
 600,870 tons, and 9,357 foreign shiiis of the aggre- 
 gate burden of 1,217,488 tons, showing that the 
 foreign vessels employed were more than double 
 the size of the Spanish, 
 
 ' i 
 
 ! i 
 
 ! i 
 
222 
 
 CADIZ 
 
 The great articles of export from Spain consist 
 (exclusive of silk mmiiifactiircM) of raw products. 
 Of these, wine, olive oil, wool, fruits of various 
 kinds, lead, quicksilver, brandy, cork-wood, salt, 
 raw nilk, wheat &c. are the most important, and 
 arc almost all Busccptiblc of an indefinite increase. 
 
 The fjrcat articles of import are colonial pro- 
 ducts, obtained principally from Cuba, Porto Kico 
 &c. ; cottons and cotton wool ; linens, linen yarn, 
 woollens, with, of late years, large quantities of 
 iron onil machincrj', coal ic. from ICngland ; 
 salted fish, hardware, glass, and earthenware; 
 timber, rice, hides, butter and cheese &c. Sub- 
 joined is 
 
 An Account of the Value of the Principal Articles 
 (including Bullion and Specie) Exported from 
 Sntiin and the Balearic Islands in each of the 
 Years 1861, 1862, and 1863. 
 
 Principal Anictet 
 
 1861 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 
 rtalet 
 
 real 71 
 
 realeii 
 
 Anlmatit living 
 
 V.),t>79,\0'i 
 
 17,613,730 
 
 16,601,702 
 
 Kotiks, printed 
 
 i.H52,HOO 
 
 1,369,5(1(1 
 
 2,342,236 
 
 Coats, vegetable 
 
 'J,S45,130 
 
 6,121,425 
 
 1,223,306 
 
 Cork , in kheetn and 
 
 
 
 
 ready-made 
 Fifth, of all kindi 
 
 38.196,r,|4 
 
 .33,450,774 
 
 31,222,813 
 
 V,MA,«nK 
 
 3,365,799 
 
 4,2I5,75S 
 
 Flour 
 
 H5//ri.460 
 
 86,511,352 
 
 75/101,4(12 
 
 Fniit:- 
 
 
 
 
 OIlTPt 
 
 1,701,420 
 
 2|137.90O 
 
 3,106,851 
 
 AlmomLi' - 
 
 ' 
 
 
 n 2,286,539 
 
 Dry, not otherwise 
 
 
 
 
 named - 
 
 
 
 2,090,953 
 
 Fresh 
 
 108.33:^,726 
 
 143,003,454 
 
 8,199,359 
 
 Nuts small 
 
 
 
 9,9V().375 
 
 Oftntiei and lemons 
 
 
 
 20,586,2'.8 
 
 Kaisini 
 
 
 
 I 71,482,854 
 
 Grain, vegetahles 
 
 
 
 
 andseed» * 
 
 61,W7,818 
 
 30,363,377 
 
 3 1.241 ..560 
 
 Hemp;— 
 
 
 
 
 Dressed 
 
 1,129/200 
 
 761,200 
 
 1,799.504 
 
 Manufactut.i of, 
 
 
 
 
 and nf cotton 
 
 .V1».1,1S4 
 
 6/162,747 
 
 523,138 
 
 HideM.ofall kindi • 
 
 6,931, 32N 
 
 5,514,S75 
 
 6,020,051 
 
 Liquorice, Juice and 
 
 
 
 
 paste 
 
 .i,3n4,.i»(i 
 
 4,164,146 
 
 4,331,917 
 
 Meat, salted • 
 
 3,717,470 
 
 3,nl6,55(; 
 
 3,(125,193 
 
 Metala 
 
 Oil :— 
 
 13S,63C,V76 
 
 141,114.825 
 
 157,274,350 
 
 A'uiond 
 
 2,92S,0(;9 
 
 865,487 
 
 1,. 393,874 
 
 l» e 
 
 M,lii6,l!(0 
 
 "8,67(I,'S0 
 
 96/116,326 
 
 Ores, of nil kinds 
 
 li,'i,C8V,9<n 
 
 33,4;6,570 
 
 44,153,126 
 
 Pa|)er, of all kindi 
 
 6,34»,0O9 
 
 6,123.630 
 
 14,60V,S24 
 
 Plants and hcrtw 
 
 6,(l8'i,ir,n 
 
 12,974/185 
 
 3.150, '.96 
 
 Preserve! 
 
 4,140.(145 
 
 2,493.760 
 
 7.2113,665 
 
 Saffron 
 
 S,99.'),niK) 
 
 18,060,090 
 
 17,081,325 
 
 Salt, common 
 
 16,706,741 
 
 2(1,636,254 
 
 16,759,767 
 
 Shoes, of all kinds - 
 Silk :- 
 
 8,157,776 
 
 11,653,536 
 
 11,825,500 
 
 Manufactures of 
 
 4.100,039 
 
 2,112,516 
 
 1,205,650 
 
 Haw and waste 
 
 4r'>27,778 
 
 4.101,170 
 
 4,li02,557 
 
 Soap, hard - 
 
 21,000,150 
 
 20,628,520 
 
 18,5C(J,U4U 
 
 Esparto grass, stemmed 
 
 
 
 
 and unstemrned 
 
 5,879,470 
 
 9,713,9-0 
 
 13,169,661 
 
 Spirits and liqueurt - 
 
 21,950,400 
 
 20,133,210 
 
 13.77'.',7I8 
 
 Httgar 
 
 5,(l«4,745 
 
 2.393,552 
 
 3,(i23,51(l 
 
 Wine 
 
 331.975,190 
 
 313,114,950 
 
 348,107,581 
 
 Wool :- 
 
 
 
 
 Manufactures of 
 
 2,097,785 
 
 1,750,351 
 
 980.432 
 
 Washed, unwashed, 
 
 
 
 
 and waste 
 
 31,098,749 
 
 .30,961,078 
 
 26,019,291 
 
 Silver coin • 
 
 Total ofurinci-7_„..„ 
 pal and other }."=''2 
 articles • S * 
 
 yi,l)3l),54 1 
 
 48,207,196; 
 
 59,S06,884 
 
 I,2(i9,.')0n,i(;n 
 
 1,1 10,53 -',27(1 
 
 1.219,871,094 
 
 12,695.005 
 
 1!, 1(15,322 12,198,710 
 
 
 
 The importance of the trade that Spain formerly 
 carried on with her vast possessions in the New 
 World was, at all times, much exaggerated ; and 
 she. in truth, was little better than an agent in 
 t!ie business, the greater part of the goods sent on 
 Spanish bottoms to the colonies being, in reality, 
 the property of loreign merchants. Spain, not- 
 withstanding the emancipation of Mexico and 
 South America, has still some very valuable 
 colonies ; and, if nothing else can, the astonishing 
 progress made by Cuba and Porto Kico since the 
 abolition of the prohibitive system should satisfy 
 her of its ruinous tendency. 
 
 Wool used to be a leading article of import 
 into this country from Spain; but now, though 
 our imports of wool have vastly increased, they 
 are principalljr supplied by our possessions in 
 Australia, Africa, India &c. The quantities 
 brought from Spain have, indeed, become quite 
 
 CAOLIARI 
 
 inconsiderable; so much so, that while in 1866 
 she supplied us with only ISSjOfiS lbs., our total 
 imports amounted to the immense quantity of 
 23'.l,358,680 lbs.! Wine, raisins, olive oil, nuts, 
 lead, copper ore, cattle, and (piicksilver arc at 
 present the principal articles imported into the 
 United Kingdom from Spain in ordinary years. 
 Sometimes, however, she supplies us 3vith' large 
 quantities of wheat and flour. And the completion 
 of the railway from Santander to Leon and Kstre- 
 madura, two of the finest wheat-growing provinces 
 of Europe, will make the I'eninsiila one of the 
 principal sources whence wc may at all times draw 
 large supplies of these indispensable articles. Pre- 
 viously to the alteration of the tariff in 181!) the 
 declared value of the direct exports from the 
 United Kingdom to Spain varied from 500,000/. to 
 800,000/, a-vear; ivhereas they amounted, at an 
 average of 'l865 and 1866, to 3,079,257/. a-yc.ir, 
 while our imports thence in 1867 are volued at 
 6,088,389/. This is a great increase ; still it msiy 
 be safely afHrmed that our trade with Spain does 
 not yet amount to J of what it would be were she 
 to aclopt a really free commercial system. 
 
 Some portion, though far less now than formerly, 
 of the exports to Portugal, Gibraltar, and Malta 
 find their way, by the intervention of the 
 smuggler, into Spain. 
 
 Owing to the badness of the roads, and their 
 unfitness for carriages, the principal carriers of 
 merchandise are the arrieros, or muleteers, who 
 traverse the country in all directions along beaten 
 tracks, many of which are accessible only to them. 
 They form a large portion of the provincial popu- 
 lation, and, on tne whole, have a good character 
 for honesty to their employers, though they are 
 nearly all, more or less, engaged in smuggling 
 transactions. The extent of this traffic m.iy be 
 estimated from the fact that about three-fourths 
 of the entire inland traffic in com is carried on by 
 their means. Waggons have, however, been in- 
 troduced on all the practicable roads ; and should 
 the latter be improved, the business of the ar- 
 rieros will proportion illy fall off. 
 
 There can be no reasonable doubt that, but for 
 the system of misrule to which Spain ha.s been 
 subjected, her commerce would have been very 
 extensive. Her natural advantages, superior to 
 most, and not inferior to those enjoyed by any 
 other kingdom ; her wines, brandies, fruits <J-e.'; 
 her wheat, of which she mi^ht produce the 
 largest supplies ; her wool ; her iron, which 'a of 
 the be.«t qualitj"; her lead and quicksilver miiicn, 
 respectively the most productive in the world; 
 the number and excellence of her harbours ; the 
 enterprising and adventurous character of her 
 inhabitants, and her favourable situation, would, 
 were she permitted to avail herself of them, raise 
 her to a very high rank among coramcrci.il 
 nations. Let the Government follow up what it 
 has so well begun, by ceasing to counteract tlic 
 intentions of nature; let moderate duties take tlic 
 place of prohibitions, and freedom of regulation, 
 and all sorts of industrious pursuits will revive 
 from the deadly lethargy in which thej' have liccu 
 so long sunk. 
 
 [ We are indebted to Mr. Graham Dunlop, lii^r 
 Majesty's consul at Cadiz, for corrections in tliis 
 article,' as well as to his Report of May 20, 1.S07, 
 for further information.] 
 
 CAOLIARI. The capital of the island of 
 Sardinia, on the north-cast shore of a spacious bnv 
 on the south coast of the island, lat. 39° 12' 13" N"'., 
 long. 9° 7' 44" E. Population, in 1862, 30,90:). 
 The city stands on a rising ground, and has aii 
 imposing effect from the sea. The public buildings 
 and churches are numerous, and some of them 
 
 
 splendid; but the 
 
 narrow, steep, and 
 
 The (iulfofCag 
 
 west, to Cape Carbi 
 
 about 24 miles ac 
 
 with good anchor 
 
 into soundings, A 
 
 ollire, and shipg „s 
 
 S. from it, in 6 or « 
 
 bottom of mud. T 
 
 harbour ot the soi 
 
 capable of containii 
 
 size, besides small ci 
 
 of the best and safe 
 
 There are two lig 
 
 the other at the ci 
 
 former gives a red i 
 
 harbour lights are a 
 
 Inujorts and Exp, 
 
 Sardinia is carrieth 
 
 fish on its coast and 
 
 Sicilians, Neapolita 
 
 Corn is the principa 
 
 years the exports 
 
 amount to 400,000 
 
 biishcLs of wheat, 2( 
 
 <litto of maize, IOC 
 
 ditto of peas, 1,000 
 
 projected railways i 
 
 would increase. Th« 
 
 becoming of more ii 
 
 Catalan pipes are 
 
 Alghero and Ogliast 
 
 object in the rural cc 
 
 siderable quantities a 
 
 monopoly, and aflfoi 
 
 i'lax, linseed, hides, 
 
 &c. are among the ar 
 
 and coral fisheries ei 
 
 but, as already obsen 
 
 managed by foreignei 
 
 Almost every artic 
 
 gentry or the peast 
 
 stationery, glass, ear 
 
 well as sugar, coffee 
 
 supplied by foreigners 
 
 Sards possess many r 
 
 ivere successfully wrc 
 
 "lice more becoming 
 
 tlieir iron and steel 
 
 carried on in the isli 
 
 salt, tobacco, and woo 
 
 Uy far the l.irgest j 
 
 the island is forwanU 
 
 (if the kingdom. TIk 
 
 is said to have amoi 
 
 .) years ending with 1 
 
 lbs. 267,n 
 
 A Imond , 
 llacnn and | 
 
 Mil meat J " 
 Hsriila 
 Btans, barley, ) 
 
 pulie I 
 
 ('aula 
 ( hcesc 
 Cord] 
 
 lb.s. 315, 
 cwti. 5,8 
 qrs. 13,0 
 no. 22, 
 
 cwti. 4!*,' 
 Jlis. 70 
 
 ,9 
 
 liiit the returns ,^ 
 ftrikiiig falling off in 
 lead ore. 
 
 The following was 
 18fi4 .and 1866 :_ 
 
 I Entered f,"?"™'!!" 
 t ( oaNtiiif( 
 
 CiPired (Poreittn 
 ! I ( oastin g 
 
 The following repres 
 trade with the island 
 
 llJul-o ;— 
 
CAGLIARI 
 
 splpndid ; but the streets arc, for the most part, 
 narrow, steep, and filthy. 
 
 Tlic (iiilf of CoRlittri extends from Pula on the 
 west to Cape Carboiiara on the east, n distance of 
 nl)oiit °24 miles acroiiH, and about 12 in depth, 
 ■with f^ood anchorage everywhere after Roltinj; 
 into saundinRS. A mole projects from the Pratique 
 oilire, and sliips usually lie about 1 mile S.W. by 
 S. from it, in 6 or 8 fathoms water, on an excellent 
 bottom of mutl. There is a very convenient pier 
 harbour at the south angle of the tower wall, 
 capable of containing 14 or IG vessels of a tolerable 
 size, besides small craft. Altogether, Cafjliari is one 
 of the best and safest ports in the Mediterranean. 
 
 There are two liglithouses, one on Fanale Point, 
 the other at the entrance of the harbour. The 
 former gives a red flash every two miuutcH. The 
 harbour lights are also red. 
 
 Imports and ExporU. — Almost all the trade of 
 Sardinia is carried on bv strangers ; and even the 
 fish on its coast and in its harbours is caught by 
 (Sicilians, Neapolitans, Tuscans, and Genoese. 
 Corn is the prmcipal article of export. In good 
 vcars the exports from the whole island may 
 amount to 400,000 starelli, or about 500,000 
 bushels, of wheat, 200,000 starelli of barley, 6,000 
 ditto of maize, 100,000 ditto of beans, 200,000 
 ditto of peas, 1,000 ditto of lentils. Were the 
 projected railways made, no doubt these exports 
 would increase. The culture of vines is gradually 
 becoming of more importance; and about 3,500 
 Catalan pipes are exported, principally from 
 Alghero and Ogliastro. Cheese is an important 
 object in the rural economy of Sardinia, and con- 
 siderable quantities are exported. Salt is a royal 
 monopoly, and alTords a considerable revenue. 
 l''lax, linseed, hides, oil, saffron, rags, alquifoux 
 &c. are among the articles of export. The tunny 
 and coral fisheries employ a good many hands ; 
 but, as already observed, they are almost wholly 
 managed by foreigners. 
 
 Almost every article of dress, whether for the 
 gentry or the peasantry, is imported. Soap, 
 stationery, glass, earthenware, and furniture, as 
 well as sugar, coffee, drugs, spices &c, are also 
 supplied by foreigners ; and, notwithstanding the 
 Sards possess many rich mines, several of which 
 ■wore successfully wrought in antiquity, and are 
 once more becoming productive, they import all 
 their iron and steel. The only manufactures 
 carried on in the island are those of gunpowder, 
 salt, tobacco, and woollen caps. 
 
 By far the largest portion of the exports from 
 the island is forwarded to the continental states 
 (if the kingdom. The quantity of these exports 
 is said to have amounted, at an average of the 
 3 years ending with 186^, to — 
 
 AlmfliKU 
 Barnii anil ) 
 
 H.ih meal J 
 IUii;lj 
 Itrans, barle)',) 
 
 pulse i 
 
 ralllo 
 ( hieM.' 
 Coral 
 
 l!ut the returns for 18G4 and 18()5 show a 
 ftrikiiig <"alling off in each item of export except 
 lead ore. 
 
 The following was the tonnage of Cagliari in 
 1864 and 1806 :— 
 
 InipnrtK • 
 KiportH - 
 
 IJitto Colonial anil foreign 
 Total 
 
 IHCI I ism 
 
 186.1 
 
 lA«t 
 
 £ 
 
 £ \ £ 
 
 .^,''•1'/ .IT.M'i 7,674 67, Hi 
 
 »,'J7.'J Sj «ll 1,67.^ 
 
 223 
 
 lllli,»6^ 
 
 llis. 
 
 867,083 
 
 lbs. 
 
 .115,399 
 
 CWtl 
 
 . 5,S80 
 
 qrs 
 
 13,071 
 
 no 
 ewta. 
 
 llis 
 
 25,914 
 4H,VH4 
 70,1'J'i 
 
 Corkwood 
 
 - cwts. 81, .1.10 
 
 Fi:tisalt 
 
 . lbs. 1,03N,S».'> 
 
 Lead ore 
 
 - rwts. 8KII,K73 
 
 Olive oil 
 
 - lbs. 1,877,638 
 
 S.ilr - 
 
 . Ions SI,18'J 
 
 Skins 
 
 - llK. l,8.'.0,6llll 
 
 Wheat 
 
 - qrs. 8.'.,3.'i3 
 
 Wine 
 
 • pals. Ti'i,»ir< 
 - Ibl. 3.Si,UC3 
 
 Wool 
 
 
 1866 
 
 vessels 
 
 tons 
 
 vessels 
 
 tons 
 
 378 
 
 00,100 
 
 810 
 
 IK'),(il.S 
 
 XI3 
 
 88,608 
 
 106 
 
 .10,791 
 
 37.'. 
 
 90,8119 
 
 696 
 
 l.'i7,0ll 
 
 846 
 
 79,lil8 
 
 77 
 
 83.763 
 
 Tlie following represents the amount of British 
 trade with the island of Sardinia fur the years 
 
 1861-5;— 
 
 Moneij, Weiyhta, and Measuren, — Accounts aro 
 kejit in "lire, reali, and soldi. 5 soldi = 1 rcale =---- 4 Jrf. ; 
 
 4 reali= 1 lira= Is. 6d. ; 10 reali= 1 seudo = ;tj(. 'M, 
 The paper money consists of notes for 6, 10, and 
 20 sciidi. 
 
 Farm produce and the coarser metals are weighed 
 by the pe»i di ferro: 12 Sard, oz. = l lb. = 14 oz. 
 
 5 dr. avoirdupois; 26 lbs.= l rubbo ; 4 rubbi^l 
 cantaro = 'J.'J lbs. oz, 8 dr, avoirdupois. 
 
 The starello, or corn measure, is equivalent to 1 
 bush. H peck Eng. The palm = 10^ Kng. inches. 
 
 Ciiusva of the depressed State of Sardinia. — The 
 above statements sufTiciently show that the com- 
 merce of Sardinia is very far from being what 
 might naturally be expected from her extent, fer- 
 tility, admirable situation, and the excellence of 
 her many harb( -s. She contains an area of about 
 9,500 square i...;cs, being, in point of size, but 
 little inferior to Sicily ; and in antiquity was 
 reckoned, along with the lotter, a principal granary 
 of Home. ' Siciliam ct Sardinian! benignissiinas 
 urbis nostraj nutrices,' (Val, Max. lib. vi. c. 6.) 
 
 ITtraque fniKiferis est lnsul.1 nohills arvls : 
 N«c l)luh Hesperlam lonKinquis inessibus ullic. 
 Nee Uomana niaj{U comi>lvrunt hone.-i terra... 
 
 Lucun, iii. tin. 65. 
 
 But the establishment of the feudal system in 
 its worst form, and the unfavourable political and 
 municipal regulations under which the island has 
 latterly been placed, have gone far to neutralise 
 the advantages it owes to nature. The agricul- 
 turists of Sardinia principally consist of two great 
 classes — those who cultivate small farms on the 
 metayer principle, and those who work on the 
 estates of others, getting, in most instances, a 
 patch of land for their support, and cultivating it 
 at such times as they are not employed on the 
 lord's lands. Both cla.sscs are excessively jioor. 
 The agreements under which the former class hold 
 are seldom for more than a year; the landlord 
 furnishing the seed as well as the land, and re- 
 ceiving half the produce. Those who occupy land 
 for which they are obliged to pay a rent in corvecs, 
 or other feudal services, arc, if possible, still worse 
 off; having usually to borrow tlie seed either from 
 the landlord or from the Monti Frumentarii esta- 
 blished for that purpose, and having also to defray 
 the tithe and a host of other burdens. Another 
 disadvantage under which all classes labour is the 
 want of houses on their farms ; the peasants live 
 together in villages, and have frequently to per- 
 form a journey of several miles in going to and 
 coming from their farms. 
 
 Lands belonging to a canton or commune are 
 frequently cultivated on a kind of partnership 
 system, being divided into three portions : one of 
 the.se, called vidazzonc, comprisps all the lands that 
 are in cultivation, and which are distributed by lot 
 among certain individuals, while the other" two 
 portions are occupied in common as pasture. But, 
 as a now distribution takes place every year, it is 
 l)lain that no individual can take any interest in 
 the improvement of the soil ; and this sort of 
 tenure becomes, in fact, the mostettcctual that can 
 be devised for the extinction of industry, Lat- 
 tcrlj', however, the Government has been making 
 eflbrts to promote the formation of inclosures and 
 the division of the lands, which, though opposed 
 by the prejudices of the people, have made some 
 progress, (Marmora, Voyage en Sardaigne, lib, v. 
 ch, i,) 
 
 
934 
 
 CAGLIARI 
 
 i'. 
 
 ' :l 
 
 '. i » 
 
 
 Even these arc not, nrrhaps, the f^catCMt dis- 
 rniirnf^oTnont!) to n(;riciiltiire. As if to annihilate 
 the po.ssihility of the jwnsanlry cmorKJnjj friim 
 their (h<i>ri'.s.se(I condition, and to ohiigo them 
 to ('online tlieir imhistry to tlic Niipply of their 
 indisponNnl)le wnnt.s, it has heen enacted that no 
 rorii shall he exported if its price exceed 30 reals 
 the atarflh; and a heavy duty is laid on all that 
 is exported, as a suhstituto for a (general land-tax. 
 Most other articles of export have been loaded 
 villi similar duties; and it would really seem that 
 every device that ignorance and short-sighted 
 rapacity could sufj^fst had heen practised to re- 
 duce this ' bcni);nnnt nurse ' of imperial Kome to a 
 state of poverty and destitution. 
 
 Happily, ns" nlrenciy seen, the bounty of na- 
 ture lias "proved an overmatch for the perverse 
 in^jcnuity of man; and such is the fertility of this 
 tine island, that, notwitkstandinf; the influence of 
 the duty now referred to, and the wretched system 
 of agriculture, it exports in good years consider- 
 able quantities of com. The culture of the vine 
 is gradually increasing in importance, and about 
 a.rjOO Catalan pipes are exported, chietiy from 
 Ali,'hero and Ogliastro. Olive oil, owing to the 
 little care taken in its preparation, and its conse- 
 quent bad nuality, has hitherto been but little ex- 
 ported ; it IS susceptible, however, of an indefinite 
 increase, and might be made an ifnixirtant article. 
 Tobacco s a royal monopoly, and brings about 
 7.0()0,0()j livres n-year into* tlie public treasury. 
 Flax, linseed, saflron, hemp, and barilla are grown 
 to some extent ; silk is ))roduced only in limited 
 quantifies, but its produce might, no doubt, be 
 vastly increoscd; some cotton is produced, and 
 also small quantities of madder, which last grows 
 wild in the island. The mountains arc clothed 
 with forests of oak, beech, chestnut, and other tim- 
 ber ; but, from the want of roads, these are nearly 
 useless. The agriculturol implements and pro- 
 cesses are excessively rude. The Sardinian plough, 
 the counterpart of that described by Virgil, does 
 little more thon scratch the ground. It is without 
 a coulter, and is very frequently wholly con- 
 structed of wood. Oxen only are used in plough- 
 ing and other field labour. The com is left in the 
 fields till it be thrashed, an operation effected by 
 the primitive practice of treading with horses and 
 oxen. 
 
 During the present century, however, some very 
 important changes for the better have been intro- 
 duced into the island, and some of the worst 
 of the abuses previously noticed have been ob- 
 viated. In 183(5, in pursuance of enquiries pre- 
 viously commenced, feudal jurisdictions were 
 completely abolished : and since then the feudal 
 Bvstem has been wholly subverted. According to 
 a' law passed in 1839, all lands were declared to he 
 the property of individuals, communes, or the 
 crown ; the "latter becoming the possessor of all 
 waste lands, or those to which neither private 
 parties nor communes could show any title. 
 Lands which have been cultivated or applied to 
 use, whether enclosed or not, wore assigned in 
 p<'rpetuity to the occupiers, undisturbed possession 
 being held to confer a s'lflicient right to the pro- 
 perty in the absence of any other title : those whose 
 interests were at all aft'ccted by the new changes 
 received compensation in money or lands, or by an 
 assignment of public funded property. The king 
 substituted himself in the place of the barons ; he 
 took all the feudal rents into his own hands ; and 
 their value being estimated at 20 years' pur- 
 chase, public securities to the amount, bearing 5 
 per cent, interest, were made over to the nobles in 
 exchange for the privileges of which thoy had been 
 deprived. All kinds of vassalage were, at the 
 
 CALABASHES 
 
 same time, made redecmahln ; and courts of law 
 placed under the direct control of the state were 
 substituted in the place of the feudal jurisdictions 
 where the barons were nt once suitors and judges. 
 It is impossible to overrate the importance of these 
 changes; and there cannot be a doubt that they 
 will iiavc the greatest and most beni'liclal in- 
 fluence. (Von Kaumer, Itnlij &,-c. i. 'J!)5-301.) 
 We may also mention, in proof of the improve- 
 ment of*^ the i.daiid, that the population, which 
 ill 18l(i amounted to only ;J')2,()()(), had increased 
 in 1838 to ,VJ l,(;33, and in 18(i2 to iJ7.'I,ll£. A 
 good road has been constructed, uniting ('agliuri 
 and iSassari, ami cross roads have been carried from 
 it to some of the more considerable places in the 
 island. A railway commenced in 18(J1, to join 
 (-'agliari, Oristano, ind (Sassari, is expected to be 
 finished in 1800, and will no doubt give an impetus 
 to trade and commerce. Stringent measures have 
 recently, also, been adopted for the suppression of 
 the banditti, with which the island has long been 
 infested. And ^'hould these measures of improve- 
 ment be properly curried out, the administration 
 of justice simplilied and freed from the abuses and 
 venality by which it has long been disgraced, and 
 all restraints on exportation abolished, it may be 
 confidently predicted that Sardinia will gradu- 
 ally become more and more prosperous ; that the 
 revenues of the crown will be increased in a ten- 
 fold proportion ; and that the population will cease 
 to be conspicuous only for ferocity, idleness, and 
 contempt of innovation. (See Geographical Dic- 
 tiunary, art. ' Sardinia,' and the authorities therein 
 referred to ; IMr. Consul Craig's Heport of June, 
 1807; Ac.) 
 
 CAJKPUT OIL. The volatile oil obtained from 
 the leaves of the cajeput tree (Melaleuca cnjaputi, 
 Linn.). The name is a comi])tion of the M alay words 
 c«^M-pM^', that is, white-wood oil; because the bark 
 of the tree which yields it has a whitish appearance, 
 like our birch. This tree is common in Amboyna 
 and other Eastern islands. The oil is obtained by 
 distillution from th.<3 dried leaves of the smaller *if 
 two vorieties. It is prepared in great quautitii's 
 in llanda, and sent to rlolland in copper flasks. 
 ' It is very mobile, transparent, ofa fine pale bluish- 
 green colour. It has a strong, agreeable odour, and 
 a warm, aromatic taste.' {British Phannacopaia, 
 1807.) It bums entirely away without leaving 
 any residuum. It is often adulterated with other 
 essential oils, coloured with resin of milfoil. 
 
 The colour of cajeput oil is not, as has bcrn 
 frequently said, derived from the presence of 
 copper. It has been found that when the oil is 
 distilled, at first a light colourless oil comes over, 
 and then a green and denser oil. 
 
 Cajeput oil not being used except in the materia 
 medica, only small quantities are imported. In 
 July 1831 it sold in bond at about 7il. per oz. ; 
 but an idea having then got abroad that it was 
 one of the most eflicient remedies in cases of 
 cholera, its price rose in November 1831 to no 
 less than lis. per oz. ! Hut it soon after fell into 
 discredit with the faculty, and additional supplies 
 having been obtained from Holland, its price 
 declined almost as fast as it had risen. It is not 
 now worth more than from id. to Od. per oz. 
 
 CALABAK SKIX (Fr. petit-gris ; Ger. grau- 
 werk ; Ital. vaor, vajo ; Russ. bjelka; Span, gris 
 pequcno). The Siberian .squirrel skin, of v.irious 
 colours, used in making mufTs, tippets, and trim- 
 mings for clothes. 
 
 CALAIJASHES. Gourds, the skins or rinds of 
 which, after the pulp hos been extracted, are used 
 by the native Indians of America as cups, bottles 
 &c. Many kinds of resins and other drugs arc run 
 into gourds, as convenient vessels for carriage. 
 
 CALA] 
 /!ALAMA.Vl)i.:i 
 
 "f timber brought 
 tnat common edgc- 
 ni'ist be rasped nn 
 " '■<. singularly rei 
 'V'niixti.re of i.„l„„ 
 ""' '•''OL-olute, now 
 .""■ "'nek, now fad 
 ''"" .'""I eream c..l< 
 ^"e rich bcaiitv of 
 Tom any ,„„i,„: „,,^, 
 
 ['"'."h, nn,l in ,yr„w 
 '■•"■ly into tables. 
 K-vemor of Cevlon, 
 room of his scat in »; 
 
 "::;";'"';• .'^ '•■< H'-n. 
 
 r<';riilurly unportcl ; 
 
 .""■'* i»'c» imported b' 
 
 ;."h' from the colonv," 
 
 ,,''■ ""' most beaiaif 
 
 ! lie nearer it is taken; 
 
 '"'■ritis. (Milburns 
 
 '">><»Hlhn„u-ledqe,'\\ 
 
 t'ALCirrTA. The 
 
 fney.of Hengni, tl 
 
 ' "I'linions in /ndia. 
 
 ;!•' *"*•; long. 880 27',,; 
 
 (rom the sea, being sit 
 
 yf the western branch. 
 
 he Hooghly Kiver. wl 
 
 ■nnfies navigable to ni 
 
 arKe ships. At high 
 
 lie ebb the side oppoj 
 long rong.. of .i, ' ''" 
 i l"Wth and intrica"cv ol 
 
 n M 7 Calcutta wn, 
 
 , •*' t''e population of 
 
 ilie town amounted to , 
 
 >t "as .m,lHi, of whi. 
 
 was only 8,«UL». jj . , 
 
 >«",0oo persons who rcsi 
 
 or neighbouring viilag, 
 
 '••'■■l.v m the morning to] 
 
 -"-•"ts The small ,„„ 
 
 m ( alcutta (where, hoJ 
 
 'inmerous than in any 
 
 «'" excite surprise. I| 
 
 <'ss«tio„ of the Compail 
 
 irohihition of EuropeaJ 
 
 "^■asion an influx of n\ 
 
 f^ tins anticipation 
 
 .varc.ly a single Eiixi 
 
 «P>talsufIicient'toculi| 
 
 ta^established himself I 
 
 '"l.'ivation of indigo anil 
 
 n» immigration ofartisal 
 
 ; "l.v what might have bel 
 '"•'"K too fully occupied I 
 ■ ;" '."-.ivy, and the wageJ 
 ■I'tait of anything like „,1 
 ;'";:ration. TheEurasial 
 'lilicrs and native moth/ 
 i< clerks „, (i,e (i„ven,n 
 ™f cstablishineiits, and i 
 !'"'«? and u.-eful elass. (J 
 ";'• '; Pnrt iii. p. 10 ^.^.1 
 ■■'I'lirbs, extends about { 
 ' "'«nver, with an avl 
 """It li mile. Fort Will 
 |"o s.mie side of the ri\J 
 ';' '' ,1 ^ffo.nfe' iTffiilar fori 
 : f'\ 't would roquif 
 ,"'"/'"• Its efToctual dt'fel 
 m natural advantages! 
 N^WsoflorcignproducJ 
 
 
CALAMANDER WOOD 
 
 CAT.AMANDKU WOOD. AbpniitifulsppciM 
 of limber hroiinlit from (^nvlim. It U so hard 
 that, common cdfje-tooln rnimot wo'k ii. ho that it 
 must bp ranppd and almost uroimd into nhnpo. 
 It in nin^fiilarly rrmarkaliic for thi; variety and 
 admixture of colours. The most prevailinj; is a 
 tiup cliocolatp, now deppcniu;^ almost into abso- 
 lutp black, now fadin;; into a mpdiom bptweon 
 lawn and cream coloum. It arrests the eye from 
 •liP rich beauty of the iutprminj;lcd tints, not 
 from any undue shov.iness. It takes a very hi){h 
 polish, and is wrouirht into chairs, and particu- 
 larly into tables. Sir IJcbert Ilrownrigj;, late 
 (,'overnor of Ceylon, had the dcmrj of the diniu^r- 
 room of his seat in Monmouthshire n\a(|p of cala- 
 niander. It is searce in Ceylon, and is not 
 re;;iilarly imported ; all that is in (ireat Uritain 
 has been imported by private gentlemen, return- 
 ing from the colony, for their own use. It is by 
 far the most beautiful of all the fancy woods. 
 The nearer it is taken from the root of the tree, the 
 lineritis. (Milburn's Orient. Com.; JAh.of Enter- 
 tiiiniiu/ Knoifleilffe, 'VcfivtahU' Substances,' p. 17!).) 
 CALCUTTA", The principal city of the I'rcsi- 
 <len<'y of Hengal, the capital of the British 
 <lominions in India, Its citadel is in lat. 22° iU' 
 •19" N., lonfr 88° 27' UV K. It is about 100 miles 
 from the sea, bcinff situated on the eastern bank 
 i]f the western branch of the (iaiifjcs, denominated 
 the IIoof;hly Uivcr, which is the only arm of the 
 (ianges navigable to anyconsidprablo distance by 
 large ships. At high water the river opposite to 
 llic town is about a mile in breadth ; but during 
 the ebb the. side opposite to Calcutta exposes a 
 long rang(! of dry uand-banks. Owing to the 
 length and intricacy of the navigation from the 
 8ca, it is generally undertaken with a pilot. 
 
 In 1717 Calcutta was but a small village. In 
 1H.'i7 the population of what is properly called 
 llie town amounted to only 220,700, and in 18t')l 
 it was 4i;f,182, of which the European portion 
 was only 8,802. Hut this is exclusive of about 
 I,s0,fl00 persons who reside at night in the suburbs, 
 or neighbouring villages, coming into Calcutta 
 early in the morning to their res|)ective employ- 
 ments. The small number of English resident 
 in Calcutta (where, however, they arc far more 
 'uimerous than iu any other part of India) may 
 well excite surprise. It was supposed that the 
 cessation of the Company's monopoly, and of the 
 iroliiliition of European resort to India, would 
 iicasion an influx of British settlers and capital; 
 liut this anticipation lias not been realised. 
 Scarcely a single English agriculturist, with 
 capitarsutlicient to cultivate 100 acres of land, 
 has established himself in India, except for the 
 oiltivation of indigo and tea, and there has been 
 mi immigration of artisans. And this, after all, is 
 •Illy what might have been expected ; the country 
 lieing too fully occupied, the burden on the lands 
 luo heavy, and the wages of labour far too low, to 
 ailmit of anything like an extensive European im- 
 raiiiration. The Eurasians, the jirogeny of white 
 !;itliers and native mothers, are mostly employed 
 if clerks in the (iovemment olliccs and mercan- 
 tile establishments, and arc said to be an indus- 
 trious and ufcful class. (BenpalSc Agra Gazetteer, 
 till. i. part iii. p. 10 &c.) The town, excluding 
 iibiirbs, extends about 4,\ miles along the bank 
 f the river, with an average breadth inland of 
 ilimit 14 mile. Fort William, the citadel, lies on 
 ifcc Slime side of the river, a little lower down. 
 It is a strong regular ibrtitication, but so cxten- 
 ;vc that it would require a garrison of 10,000 
 Ml for its effectual defence. Calcutta possesses 
 |.ioat natural advantages for inland navigation ; 
 111 sorts of foreign produce being transported with 
 
 CALCUTTA 9M 
 
 great facility on the danger and its subsidiary 
 streams to the north-westcni cpiarters of Hindu- 
 stan, over a distance of at bast I,ll0(l miles, whilu 
 the productions of the interior are receiveil by the 
 same easy channels. 
 
 The principal mprchants and tradem consist of 
 British and other Europeans, I'lirtiigiiese born in 
 India, Armenians, .'ews, I'ersians (rmu the coast 
 of the I'ersian (Julf (commonly called I'arsees), 
 Moguls, Mohammedans of Ilindostnn, and Hin- 
 doos; tlic latter usually either of the Itrahniiriical 
 or mercantile castes, and natives of ltciiL;al. 
 
 The principal foreign business is coniliicted by 
 English merchants; but other |)arlies also, either 
 ill partneiship with the English or on their own 
 account, sjieculate largely to Europe, America, 
 and especially to China. The brokers known 
 under the name of .Sircars and Baboos are all 
 Hindoos. The general rates of agency commis- 
 sion ore as follow : — 
 
 Schedule nf Commlsaton Clitirrirs revisnl iind iiilojit- 
 ed by a Special Gt'iuritt Matiiuj nf the liiiiijal 
 Chamber of Commerce, held on June 18, IHIil, 
 with effect from January 1, 18G2. p,.r 
 
 .fnt. 
 1. On the lale, purchate, or bhipmrnt of bullinn, Knld dutt, or 
 
 t. On llie purthaw (whrn tn funili) or snlf of Indiitn, raw silk, 
 silk piece goodi, opiutil, jit'arU, prei'iuii!. stiini-!i, or jvwifU 
 lory . . . . . . i\ 
 
 .1. On punhulnfi flltto. when fundn art* provided liy Ihe nufiit 5 
 4. On the saleor puriliasf ofalt other K"o'la->.he iDnimissiim in 
 all case, (o be clmr|{eil upon Ihe \t,\os% amount of salm, anil 
 tn regard to purrtia-<es ii|ion linth cost and I har,{e« • A 
 
 A. On returns for luusi^nnien*^, if math' In prmhice - ' ^i 
 
 (i. On returns of ronstiinmcnl. , if in hills; hullioii, or treasure - 1 
 I. On accepting bills against consignments • • .1 
 
 H. On the sale or joircliase ofsliip., fartoriet, houses, lands and 
 
 alt (property of a like description • • ' ^\ 
 
 9. On Ktxsls and treasure consixned, and all other ttmnerty of 
 any description refcrriit to aiti ncy for sale, wlietncr ad- 
 vanced upon or otherwi.e, which shall afterwards be with, 
 drawn ; and on kwhIs cunsitfned forrondilinnal delivery to 
 others and so dcliveretl (on invoice amount at 'it. per 
 rupee) ..... hnlfcom. 
 
 10. On inakinf; advances or prorurinfj loans of money fur com- 
 
 mercial t)urpi>ses, when the a,;gre(;ate commission doi-* 
 not exceed /i ]ier cent, . . - '^i 
 
 11. On orderiiiie or receivini; and delivering goods, or superin- 
 
 tending the fulhlment of contracts, or on the shipment of 
 KikkIs. where no other commission is derived • 2^ 
 
 t'2. On KuaranteeinK bills, Imnds, or other engaitemcits, and on 
 liecnminK security for adniinistratiim of estates or to lio- 
 vernment for the dishursetnent of public motley - 2\ 
 
 It. On (/r/-crrtfrrr, or KuaranteeitiK Ihediie re.-tlisation ofsales . yj 
 
 14. On the inanaKement of estates for executors or adtniuistra- 
 
 lors ■ - - . - . • 'i\ 
 
 15. On chartering ships or enRaging tnnnace for constituents for 
 
 vessels to oriKeed to out-ports for loatling - - ^i\ 
 
 Ifi. On adverlisinit as the agents for owners or commanders of 
 ships for cahln passengers on the amount of passju:e money, 
 whether the same shall pass through the agent's hands or 
 not- . - - . . . 'ij 
 
 17. On procuring freight for a ship by shipping order or charter, 
 
 or on procuring employmitit for a sliip on monthly hire, 
 or acting as agents for ownvrs, c.intain, or charterers of a 
 v, ssel, upon tile gross amount of l^reighl, brokerage iiiciu. 
 sive - . - . . .4 
 
 18. On engaging Asiatic emigrants for a ship to the Mauritius, 
 
 the West Indies, or elsewhere, upon the gross tiinouitt of 
 earnings - . . . . .5 
 
 19. On engaging troops for a ship to droit liritain or elsewhere, 
 
 on tile gross amount of passage money for rank and file - 'l\ 
 
 20. On realising inward freight, inward troop, emigrant, or cabin 
 
 passage niiiney - - - . • 2J 
 
 til. On landing and Ve-stiipning gootlsfroni anv vewfl in distress, 
 or on landing and setting by auction ilainagetl gocxls from 
 any such vessel, and acting as agent for tlie master on 
 behatf of all i oncs'rned— on the ibctareil value of alt such 
 giMMls as may be re shippetl, and on the net procecsis of all 
 inch goods as in.ly be publicly sold - - - ,^ 
 
 If opium, iniligo, raw silk, or silk piece goodt - - V^ 
 
 If treasure, precious stones, or jewellery . - I 
 
 22. t*n etiecting insurances, whether on lives or property . \ 
 
 2.'^. On settling insurance claims, losses, and averages of alt 
 
 classes, and on procuring returns of premium - 2 J 
 
 21. On drawing, purchasing, selling, or negotiating hilts of 
 
 exchange . - . - . -I 
 
 25. On debts or other claims when a processat law or arbitration 
 
 Is incurrefl in claimini; thi in . - - • 2j 
 
 Or if recovered by such means • - . .'» 
 
 2rt. On hilts of exchange returned dishonoured - . t 
 
 27. On collecting liouse rent • - - * 21 
 
 2H. Oil ships* disliiirsenients .... >^( 
 
 29. On realising bt.ttumry bonds, or negoUating any loan on 
 
 rcijtinnlettlia - - - - '- "24 
 
 .10. On granting letters of credit - - - . | 
 
 .11. On -ate or purcliase of (iovemment securities and bank or 
 other joint stock shares, and on every exchange or tiansfer 
 not by purchase from one class to another . - \ 
 
 32. On detiveriny up (iovemment securities and bank or other 
 
 joint-stock sbart".. on the market value - - .4 
 
 -IS. On all amounts debited and credited within the year (less the 
 balance broui:ht forward) iliion wtiicti no coniinissioa 
 -■s 'iiting to 6 per cent, htvs been charged - .1 
 
 llrukerage when paitl is to be separately chargetl. 
 
 s-i 
 
 i 
 
220 
 
 CALCUITA 
 
 
 (I: 
 
 t- 
 
 ■ If 
 
 .if 
 
 
 I: 
 
 f 
 
 Cuntomn TarifK—Uy Act Xo. XVfF.t oallod 
 'The indinii CiiMtorn?* DiUics Art. 1H»J7,' |»iiMn«'fl 
 by tho ifovcrnoi'-iiciu^ral of Ihilia on Mnrcti (I, 
 l^ri", tho follnwini; import and export larilftj nro 
 approved aH npplical)!*' to every |H>rt in the terri- 
 tories of Uritish Imlia :— 
 
 Import Tariff, 
 
 nnrriptton uf ArticI* 
 
 ^pparvl, InrluiUnir haber- 
 daHttery* ml)lin*'r« he. 
 Arni«i animiinltloii, and 
 mtliiarjr utorra : 
 (}iin|M)wilvr, rommim 
 ftportiMK 
 Fire tmn, and pnri^ nf dn. 
 All other %o,t*, Inr1u<liri»( 
 mi'iiary arcoulnriiientJi« 
 uniforint he. • 
 
 V'bIh* on which i „ ^h..*- 
 
 ad val»rent | 7| per cent. 
 
 Blirkingt qnnrts • 
 Hmall 
 liitini - 
 Cabinet ware 
 
 CHndlc'-* : wni, ronipodtlon, 
 and oilier kinds : 
 wai 
 
 liarnfflne 
 s|irmiat Htt 
 compohltlnn. and 
 other wirts 
 Cari>ct« and rariH'tln^ ; 
 alnf{le cariietn 
 rai|>etinK In rulln - 
 rarri.iKeH - 
 (■hemirals 
 
 China and .Tspan ware, ottier 
 than lnc<|ULrL-d ware, which 
 U free . . - 
 
 C'loi-kt, watrh>^, and other 
 timekeeperfi 
 Cairh-builders' tnateriad • 
 Coll'tv : 
 IVntl.-in Gulfand Uttl Sea • 
 Other pla^'i* 
 Corks 
 Cotton : 
 
 Thread* wwing thre:id, 
 white and coloured 
 sewing thread, in ret-ls. or 
 on card* not excpeiling 
 one hundrwl yardn • 
 fio.i and country - 
 
 Twist, mulfi nndt.>r No. !>'' 
 Not. Kitn VI 
 
 43— 52 
 M— 60 
 
 70 
 
 RO . 
 
 no 
 
 100 
 
 110 to 150 
 
 Water '^o 
 
 ■PI 
 /if) 
 A hove .V) 
 Turkey red twist, all kinds * 
 Twist, orani;t.', retl. and 
 
 other coloorsf - 
 Piece goods : 
 Grey— fthirtine^, mada|>oI- 
 
 lams and printcnt 
 IiOnf(' cloths, ip.'ins, «ln. 
 nie«tici|!theeinif(s,dTilt.i, 
 and T. (-t»th - . i 
 
 Other snTt* 
 Cotton roi»e 
 
 ("otton n<»odB, othet kinds - 
 Druct and medict.ies: 
 Aciil, sulptuirir - 
 Alknli,countr;{SajeeKhar) 
 Aloes, lihrk 
 
 fSm-otra 
 Alum - - - 
 
 Arsenic - • . 
 
 Chin^, Munscel - 
 AsaftPtlda(HinK)- 
 
 coar^ (Hini^ra) 
 Brimstone, Onur • 
 
 roll • • 
 
 roufjh 
 Camphor,Bhimsiiip{Barrai) 
 retined cake 
 crude in powder . 
 
 r> fi ptt lb. 
 I o' „ 
 ad valorem 
 
 ad Toloretn 
 
 .'» t>er doz. 
 'it* » . 
 
 ^ „ ' 
 ad valorem 
 
 1 n per lb. 
 O 8 „ 
 
 8 „ 
 
 f. M 
 
 nd Talorem 
 ad *a..>rein 
 ad v.ilo.eii) 
 ad valorem 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 (id valorem 
 ad valorem 
 
 ^0 per cwt, 
 W o „ 
 
 1 8 per grosj 
 
 l2i>erU(. 
 'i 8 i>er KTosn 
 reel 
 
 10 per rwt. 
 ; per 11). 
 
 II „ 
 
 \'i „ 
 
 I.T „ 
 
 II ,. 
 
 1 I *. 
 ' '^ t, 
 I .T „ 
 1 * *. 
 I •> „ 
 I lO „ 
 
 in „ 
 
 1'^ „ 
 
 I.T „ 
 
 l'* „ 
 
 1 I ft 
 
 I i u 
 
 I 6 piT lb. 
 
 It „ 
 ad vrdorem 
 25 per rwt. 
 ad v.dorein 
 
 .T per lb. 
 
 y per cwt, 
 
 10 „ 
 
 'r> „ 
 
 .1 s „ 
 
 2*» „ 
 
 8 „ 
 
 r,n n „ 
 
 10 „ 
 
 7 „ 
 
 6 „ 
 
 1 8 M 
 
 10 per III. 
 
 65 per c.vt. 
 
 50 ,, 
 
 7i per rent., 
 eicrpt ni 
 reitardt mi- 
 litary ami 
 other rf«u- 
 lation unl- 
 fwnit and 
 accfm're- 
 mm^^ when 
 bniMirted fnr 
 private u*« 
 by fwntonH 
 In the putt. 
 Hi* lierviie, 
 whlth are 
 free. 
 
 74 per cent. 
 7i percent. 
 
 71 iMT rent. 
 
 A per cent. 
 
 I»er cent. 
 IH.T cent. 
 
 ■^5 I>cr cent. 
 
 7\ per ctmt. 
 71 per cent. 
 
 I 74 per cent. 
 71 iM?r tent. 
 
 ,74 per cent. 
 
 ' 34 per cent. 
 
 35 per cent. 
 
 .A per cent. 
 
 74 p^T cent. 
 
 ■ 71 jK-r cent. 
 
 * Exceedtni; this lenfrlh to l^echarRed In proportion. 
 
 t Duty to be rhareedi-n the^rey weixl^t of thecnlouredynm ; when 
 not asoertainable^ the actual wharf weight or invoice weight tu be 
 taken. 
 
 18 
 
 D«rrlptlonof Artlcia 
 
 CftMla llffnea 
 
 CfMiv.i, rnl - • 
 
 Copfieran, Krevn 
 yuliiine . . . 
 
 nal ammoniac - 
 N4lep . . . 
 
 Hentii teavet - • 
 
 All niher sort"* - • 
 
 DyvinK and colourinii matt- 
 riaU : 
 CiN-htneal 
 (inllnuti : 
 i'ountry, m>-rol>.ilan 
 Fernlan' 
 f9iinilM)Ke uond • ■ 
 
 Maildir or miin|ei i 
 < »r. hi|l,i w.*il 
 SaH'ron, Kurnpe • 
 
 mendtiw, S<M>runJun 
 I'ersinn - 
 In ctken or lumps - 
 8iinan wooit and root 
 All other Milts • 
 Felt I 
 
 SheathinK MOk.T^ inches - 
 In rolls or ill 1en){tht 
 All other <uirl4 
 Firework* i China- 
 
 Oiher nnrts 
 111 Flail manufacturci of ; 
 Piece k(xm1i 
 I Other ftorts 
 20] Kruitt anti vpirrtnblen : 
 
 Almonds, without ^liell • 
 
 with shell 
 Cajoo kem*^li 
 (?ocoaiuits 
 
 kernel (Copra) - 
 Currant*, Kurnpe- 
 
 PtTsian 
 Dales, drv. in bat;^ 
 wet, In bii)c* 
 in |K)t.t 
 FiK», Kurope 
 
 Persian, dried 
 r.arlic - 
 Piittarhio nuts 
 Pninen, Bu^Horah 
 Hal-iins, Bl.uk, PrrMan 
 (lulf. RetiNea, 
 and KhiMiiU - 
 Monoi'ka, Persian 
 (;uir, and Betl 
 Sea • 
 Other sorts 
 Walnuts, Akroot - 
 Man^oe*, <lrietl 
 Pnmes, Kunipe - 
 Other sorts, except Bld- 
 miskh and Buzarbuttoo 
 nut*, which are free 
 SI (il<vss imd tlLiMware : 
 
 iIanKl^''>» IflaNS, china, ffiU • 
 
 not gitt 
 Beads: chin.i 
 
 rommon ■ 
 
 ruliy of all siires • 
 se^it 
 •mall, scnrlet and re<l 
 coral tf'ilse) Moor/un 
 
 Broken . . - 
 
 China, ol' all colours 
 
 Crown, colouted - 
 
 of sizes - 
 
 Plate, not silvered 
 Pearls, fal»e Kiieri-i 
 B<jna 
 
 •loiiri.i > 
 
 N'nthia 
 'J'achea 
 Wattanah 
 Glass ware of all uther sorts, 
 rxpepi boitU's, which are 
 free - - - 
 
 Gold leaf, Kiirope • 
 
 Grass and other cloth of 
 China nianiif irture 
 Guina: aminuniai: 
 Arabi'- 
 
 bdellium, ronimnn gum 
 Benjamin 
 
 hysabole, coarse myrrh 
 copal 
 frankiiiri'nse or oli 
 
 ban u in 
 gamiiier {or kino) 
 myrrh 
 
 Persian (faNe) 
 rosin 
 M! other sorts 
 Groceries not otherwise de- 
 scriljeil - 
 Hidei and skins: 
 Border hitie«, jircpareil 
 Buffalo hides, country, 
 
 tannefl 
 Calfskins 
 Chamois skins 
 
 12 O 
 bb 
 
 24 O „ 
 .T „ 
 H „ 
 ad valorem 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 L'^0 each 
 
 ,80 per srore 
 40 I) pei doz. 
 6 " 
 
 Value o 
 duty is 
 
 ri. an. 
 
 .■ill n iier .wt. 
 ad val'tmn 
 
 2 Hiwrtwi. 
 
 ''0 |MT lb. 
 
 22 Oiwrcwr. 
 
 t>0 O „ 
 
 M 
 
 ■U valurum 
 
 1 12|ierlb. 
 
 .1 per cwt. 
 xs o „ 
 
 20 „ 
 
 10 n „ 
 
 H „ 
 
 iti 0|>er III. 
 
 10 ojiercwt. 
 
 12 Opi-r lb. 
 
 '' „ 
 
 3 K per rwt. 
 ad Tdluri'iii , 
 
 4 f>er piece 
 
 4 per yard 
 ad Viilnrem 
 
 .10 Uiwrlxtxof 
 
 ■d valoruni I 
 
 a<l valorem 
 ad valorem 
 
 25 r per cwt. 
 
 Ill I) ,, 
 
 Vt O „ 
 
 ^|^ Oper H 0<» 
 
 M Oner CM t. 
 
 ^^ o „ 
 
 1 „ 
 
 ^ o „ 
 
 i^ II „ 
 
 r, „ 
 
 •I „ 
 
 u o „ 
 
 12 u „ 
 
 70,, 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 5 O \n'r I'wt, 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 10 per 100 
 pairs 
 
 5 „ 
 50 i»cr cwt, 
 28 „ / 
 
 1 2 per lb. 
 
 10 „ 
 
 10 „ 
 
 8 iier rorge 
 ofVIMKlbeadH 
 
 5 n per cwt. 
 
 ID m-r iri:>s 
 
 10 ]ier lilO 
 BUpi. feet 
 
 6 per 10U 
 
 lupl- feet 
 
 10 per foiit 
 5 per lakh 
 
 1 OperlO(i') 
 K (>|ierlnkh 
 6 per louu 
 12 .. 
 
 10 0i>erlakh 
 
 ad valorem 
 4 iM-r 1(13 
 leaves 
 
 id valorem 
 10 Oper cwt. 
 16 O „ 
 
 Cow biJes, country^ tanned 16.) per score 
 
 lUteofduly 
 
 71 partem. 
 
 74 ptr cent. 
 
 ■'. per cent. 
 74 |Hr cent. 
 
 74 per rent. 
 
 I»«cnpiio„ofAriic|. 
 
 Oih ITT* ''■»he' 
 
 "orns; liufUlii , 
 
 •'■»*( or deer 
 
 In.!., '"*"Uf*cUin.sof 
 
 l»;r,«,„|,»„ 
 
 Kt-phantU^rrnders 
 ' u.k, above 20 lb». 
 
 ^"'k- '" 'U. and note 
 lusksuirdTlOII.,. 
 
 ^-nd;r:«^:z''»*:«»»..^n 
 
 , *ndr,lff"''>^''«'l 
 f> Jvw!/: "'*""'**ture. or 
 
 I ih.ll 
 
 jj^-i. «n.i .(,„„ : 
 
 '■'''""' ^'IV •*".."<! port,; 
 I elder an,l olh« f," 
 
 Splril, ."""'""iiuor. 
 
 '7.5l«r.MU. 
 
 71 per cent. 
 
 71 per cent. 
 
 7} per cent. 
 
 '"'« *">". !uiU liciueiirs . 
 All other jorti 
 
 ' ■Yn.'i'li'""';™"''"''"''"!;!!! i 
 
 J'i'Imaiiufaclurcof- 
 "'"" „';^j"'»'»f«'Kn'e. China ( 
 i shecij, rolls ,1.,, ,i,j_" 
 
 - t"PPer,,»uitralian 
 ' lioll 
 
 bnuJer'« . 
 China caih 
 Japan 
 nallj and comuosl' i 
 (Ion naiU ' 
 
 old 
 
 piKjandiUhs.ronjim I 
 sheet, .healhing, ' 
 
 and plate *. 
 
 Iilej, Initoi,, cakes, 
 
 and hricks i 
 
 Chiii.i.whitecopper 
 
CALCUTTA 
 Iin/Hirt Tiiri//"— continued. 
 
 227 
 
 Dttcrlpllon of Artlcit 
 
 RhinoctrtM Itftthcr 
 Oth*pr Korl* • • 
 
 Hunt* ■■ Itull'Ald 
 
 •tiift or (leer 
 iniiiiuf4riun>t of 
 In*(truini'ni>, muilcak 
 Ivorji and ivorv ware i 
 Klc|>hAMt*« nrlmUrt • 
 
 ru<kaabov**^Ulb«. 
 Tukkk to Mm. and not »• 
 
 ci-««tlng tn lh«. - 
 Tutki uiTiltr 10 lU. 
 SiM i-ow or mojiv twtht ^ lt>^- 
 
 atul upwniib 
 Sea cow or mo)e tet-'tli* 
 
 uniirr 5 lt>B. 
 I»nrv, manufacture* of 
 Jt-wvUery. InrludlnK |>lat« : 
 Nilver warvt |ilain 
 Jewcllrrj ntiil jilate of all 
 ollivr klntli, vlce|ittnK 
 lirtrlona atotiMand iwarli, 
 whicti M9 trw • 
 Jut«* manufactures of 
 l.ac: ithk 
 ■hell 
 
 all other lorta 
 I.«aih«r and nianufac.urea of 
 I^e'ithei . - - 
 
 llootH and ihoes - 
 HarrifM and Mildlery 
 Oihvr lortt 
 
 Llc|uur : alt', btvr, and porter 
 elder and other fer- 
 mented liquon ■ 
 N|>irita - 
 
 \\ 
 
 Wines : ChamiMifnies, •park- 
 ling whiei, luid liqueurs • 
 
 A II other wTt'^ 
 
 ^\ .irbit', rruUKlit, other than 
 Matuar; - - - 
 
 Mats, floor mattlnKt ()liina of 
 all stirti - - - 
 
 Mt'ials, unwTouKht, wrouHht 
 Hn<l miinufacture% of: 
 brass head<i> Koogrce, China 
 old 
 
 sheets, rolU very thin 
 t\il>per, Australian 
 holt 
 
 brazier's - 
 (!hina cash 
 Japan 
 nails and composi* 
 
 tiun nails 
 old 
 pig^ and slabs, foreign 
 5heet. sheathing, 
 
 and plate 
 tileii. tuKotA, cakes. 
 
 and bricks 
 Chmii, white copper 
 ware ■ 
 
 Value on which 
 duly is 
 
 n. an. 
 Ht per ewt. 
 
 ad vainrt-in 
 
 II xnet cwt. 
 
 U O M 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 ad valoretn 
 
 in iHrr rwl. 
 300 „ 
 
 
 „ 
 t valorem 
 
 I G per tolah 
 
 ad v.ilnrpm 
 ad valoretn 
 
 Ifl iwr cwt. 
 
 UH „ 
 ad valorem 
 
 ail Talorem 
 W) per 10() 
 
 n v^ 
 
 Xi 
 
 81) 
 
 tH 
 
 60 O 
 
 50 t) 
 
 .10 
 
 48 
 
 Vy 
 
 10 
 
 i;> u 
 
 50 
 
 17 „ 
 1 4 l>cr lb. 
 
 Rate of duty 
 
 T4 per cent. 
 7^ per cent. 
 74 percent. 
 
 7) |K;r cent. 
 
 74 per cent. 
 
 \" 
 
 J iwr cent. 
 iwr cent. 
 
 74 per ceni. 
 
 1 annu per 
 imp. galluii 
 
 S rupces'the im< 
 perial gallon, 
 and the duty 
 to be rateably 
 lnr-re.ued ai 
 the strength 
 eireeds Iajix- 
 dun proof. 
 
 I'rovided that 
 10 i>er cent, 
 ad valorem 
 shall be char- 
 l£ed on all 
 spirits usetl 
 eacluslvely in 
 arti and nm> 
 nufactures, or 
 in chendstry, 
 subject to hurh 
 rules as the 
 local Uovern- 
 ments shall 
 ...:m time o 
 time pre- 
 
 scribe, for 
 ascertaining 
 th^t buch 
 
 spirits are 
 unfit for u>c 
 OS a tieverage, 
 and inrapabte 
 of being con- 
 verted to that 
 purpose. And 
 the ofHcer In 
 charge of the 
 customhouse, 
 subject to the 
 general in- 
 structions of 
 the local Go- 
 vernment, 
 shall decide 
 wnat K)iiriU 
 fall within the 
 iiroviiM), and 
 bis decision 
 thereon shall 
 be hnal in 
 law. 
 
 1-S per imp. 
 gallon, or 6 
 
 ■ll. iKlttlc:!. 
 
 1*0 per do. 
 74 iw cent. 
 74 i>er cent. 
 
 per 1000 
 i»cr cwt. 
 
 74 per cent. 
 
 Detcrlptlun of Article 
 
 •TS 
 
 39 
 
 ft)ll dduk pana, China 
 
 Kurope 
 Iron, lie.ims 
 
 tl.«t, iu)ii.-iri> and bolli 
 
 Including hiolch - 
 hoop, plaie, and sheet 
 nalU - • 
 
 nnil rod > ■ 
 
 old 
 pig 
 lotl. round, llrltlsh, 
 
 u..diT 4 inih dlaiM. 
 Hweihsh, flat luid 
 
 square • 
 
 I 
 
 rlc* bowls • < 
 
 rlfeU 
 Other wri*, rtrept Anchnn, 
 cabin, unit kmilnlge, 
 whlrh KTL t'rcv - 
 l<ainelta: ilouhle rcet. 
 .ln|{l« r«vli 
 Leuil, plff 
 
 linni'd 
 thvet\ (other tha-t 
 titin theet. fov te.l 
 t-anistvri, which are 
 free) 
 <*re({a!fn.-» 
 Aluck KiiM leaf - 
 
 Orslilun or braw tearet, fo- 
 rei|[n : Eurnuu . 
 (Jhlna . 
 I'atent or jellow nielal>, 
 
 ■heatliinft untl thvvU 
 Ditto, ditto, old • 
 Uuli k.llver 
 fhut, bird 
 i'lielter nalll 
 
 iilate and other ihaiies 
 iheet or line t heathuiK 
 Steel, blLlered . . 
 
 BritUll 
 cait 
 
 Value on whkh 
 dulj I 
 
 n. an. 
 
 3 I) per book 
 of Inti U'aiei 
 
 4 II „ 
 
 Ml valuiem 
 
 lUKofdul; 
 
 Swedish . 
 Tm blo<k 
 
 platei, larm >lze, box 
 nut elci'edlnit I'll llii. 
 and IIHI plales, and 
 pro rata 
 smdt:,ize,nDtL>xceedini! 
 1 cut. and '^'^6 plate., 
 ,,., ""'' I"" 'ata 
 \\ Ire, bra« 
 
 common iron, No*. I 
 
 to 4(1 
 copper 
 Other sorts, including hard- 
 ware, ironinongt^ry, and 
 cutlerj; but eicludinK 
 machinery, the coinpon* 
 TOt parts thereof, and 
 agricultural Implements, 
 which are free . 
 Naval stores : 
 IJables, coir, tnrriHl 
 Canva., country, cotton 
 
 Europe sail, notez- 
 
 ceetlInK III yards 
 
 toir, ro|ie, Alaldive and 
 
 Larcadive 
 Coir yarn of all kinds 
 Cordage, hemp, Kuro|» . 
 ^ Alanilla « 
 
 Pammer 
 I'itch, Ainericiui and 
 
 Kurope 
 I'itch, coal 
 
 Tar, American 
 
 coal 
 
 Swulihh and ArchanRel 
 Twine, Kurope sail 
 All other sorts, except 
 oakum, which is free • 
 Oils : Caril.imuin . 
 
 t'Osnia 
 
 Castor, cold drawn 
 
 Cinnamon, Ceylon 
 
 Cwoaiiut 
 
 Karth 
 
 tirass 
 
 JiiiKelee or teei 
 
 Kerosene 
 
 Linseed, country 
 Europe 
 
 Naphtha 
 
 Olto, of sorts 
 
 Nandalwood - 
 
 Sorrel 
 
 Turpentine - 
 
 ^\'hale and lish 
 
 Wood 
 
 All other ».:rts, except 
 corum and slush fat, 
 1 wliicl are free 
 
 HA 
 II-, 
 III 
 «■> 
 ■I 
 411 
 
 11(1 
 
 i>er ton 
 
 II „ 
 II Ifr cwt. 
 II iwr ton 
 H jwr cwt. 
 U p«r ton 
 
 10 (I „ 
 
 3 4 |H.<r Mt 
 of III 
 
 1 10 per set 
 of 8 
 
 11 Oparcwl. 
 
 ad ratorein 
 1 n per .core 
 '' 4 „ 
 tl Oiwrcwt. 
 3 !• „ 
 
 i»r liO 
 Looks 
 
 I 4 tier lb. 
 W ;, 
 
 ptr cwt. 
 <l „ 
 per lb. 
 II iNtr cwt. 
 " „ 
 » „ 
 II ,, 
 II ,, 
 „ 
 l> „ 
 „ 
 U „ 
 „ 
 
 U H per lb. 
 
 9 S per cwt. 
 (I lu |irr lb. 
 
 kJ-iI 
 
 0) 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 I per cwt. 
 u „ 
 
 '1 per boll 
 
 f> iHTf cwt. 
 a O „ 
 H U „ 
 
 II „ 
 i „ 
 
 {lier hrl. 
 not ex. 
 ceeding 
 ."i cwt. 
 
 do. do. 
 14 
 
 N'licr lb. 
 
 ad valorem 
 in (I |ier lb. 
 
 U „ 
 
 H p. duz. pts. 
 
 U per lb. 
 
 per rwt. 
 
 „ 
 
 II per lb. 
 
 \ier cwt. 
 I Vi p. I^lp.^l. 
 IH per cwt. 
 
 4 p. imp.^l. 
 
 per cwt. 
 
 (I per oz. 
 
 II per lb. 
 
 (I per cwt. 
 
 Op.imp.^l 
 
 per cwt. 
 
 „ 
 
 7| per cent. 
 
 1 per cent. 
 
 'i per cent. 
 
 75 per cent. 
 ' per cent. 
 
 (■ 
 
 ad valoicm 
 
 '4 l>er cent. 
 
 '4 per cent. 
 
 
 < 1 '.. 
 
 q2 
 
 ,l' 
 
 Vfl '. 
 
228 
 
 CALCUTTA 
 Import Ttiri/f— -continued. 
 
 lr"i 
 
 ill 
 
 ■f 
 
 ^' DcMTiption of A » ilcit 
 
 Value on which 
 duly Is assessed 
 
 Rateofdut; 
 
 e 
 
 OeKriptlon of Article 
 
 Value on which 
 duty is assessed 
 
 Kate of duty 
 
 
 n. an. 
 
 
 
 rs. an. 
 
 
 iO Oil and floor rioth • 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 5 per cent. 
 
 n 
 
 Soap 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 1\ nerccnu 
 
 4 1 I'al nu. colours, and painter'i 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 i>picei : 
 
 
 
 initieriaU : 
 
 
 
 
 Aloe wood 
 
 S per lb. 
 
 
 Ochre, ail coloun 
 
 3 per cwt. 
 
 
 
 Aniseed star 
 
 10 (1 per cwt. 
 
 
 I'aintii of MirU 
 
 12 O*^., 
 
 
 
 Uetelnut,white,RheveTdhun 
 
 18 „ 
 
 
 Fruwlan blue, China 
 
 8 per lb. 
 
 
 
 all other kind* • 
 
 7 „ 
 
 
 £uroite 
 
 1 H ,, 
 
 
 
 in husk • 
 
 2 U per 1000 
 
 
 lUd lead 
 
 14 per cwt. 
 
 
 
 Cavia buds, Nagkeuur, 
 
 
 
 Turpenline 
 Vermiliun, Canton 
 Macao 
 
 2 Op. imp.gK 
 ^ «l£undl« 
 
 7J pef cent. 
 
 
 China - 
 rhillies, dried - 
 Cloves - 
 
 in seeds, Nulravuna 
 
 8 per lb. 
 8 11 |>er cwl. 
 15* „ 
 8 „ 
 
 74 per cent. 
 
 White lead 
 
 18 per cwl. 
 
 
 
 Mace - 
 
 II U ,ier lb. 
 
 
 All oiher sorts, including 
 
 
 
 
 Mse 
 
 10 |ier cwt. 
 
 
 blushes 
 
 ad TBlorem 
 
 
 
 ^■'•ilmetfs 
 
 10 per lb. 
 
 
 ■12 Perfumiry • 
 
 
 
 1 In shell - 
 
 6 ,. 
 
 
 Atary, Persian 
 
 Ii n per cwt. 
 
 t 
 
 
 wild 
 
 VI ■! per cwt. 
 
 
 K<ise Mowers, dried 
 
 ID ,, 
 
 >71 per cent. 
 
 
 Pepper, blark -.id long 
 
 15 „ 
 
 
 lies • watir 
 
 1 l-ip. imp.Rl. 
 
 
 while - 
 
 25 „ 
 
 
 All other Mirts 
 
 ■d valorem 
 
 } 
 
 
 All other kinds - 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 
 43 rijotoKraphic ajiiiaratus tnd 
 
 
 
 5.V 
 
 Suiionery other ihan pajier 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 71 per cent. 
 
 mati;rials 
 
 ad Talorem 
 
 7J per cent. 
 
 M 
 
 Suitar and siif(ar-i andy : 
 
 
 
 44 Pi»*'-e Koods, not otherwise 
 
 
 
 
 bugar candy, China 
 
 20 per cwt. 
 
 
 descrilHMl 
 
 Ld TaIor.in 
 
 5 per cent. 
 
 
 loaf 
 
 •a n „ 
 
 
 4.^ I'orcelain and earthen- ware 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 ;^ per cent. 
 
 
 soft 
 
 >« U „ 
 
 7i per cent. 
 
 16 I'r()»isior.» and oilman's 
 
 
 
 
 All other sorU of saccharine 
 
 
 1 
 
 stores : 
 
 
 
 
 produce 
 Tallow and greas-: - 
 
 ad valorem 1 1 
 
 IJacon In canistcis, .JokIi 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 20 per cwt. 
 
 74 per rent. 
 #4 per cent. 
 
 and cheeks 
 
 9 per lb. 
 
 
 5K 
 
 Tea . - 
 
 1 per lb. 
 
 j 
 
 60 per lierce 
 
 
 5'J 
 
 Telegraph stores : Oflron . 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 1 per cent. 
 
 Beef - - J. 
 
 of 3 cwL 
 
 
 
 Other sortj 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 74 per cent. 
 
 IC OpiT barrel 
 
 
 60 
 
 Timoer and woods ; 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 of'i cwl. 
 
 . 
 
 
 Deal or pine iilanks and 
 boerds, su[)ernciai square 
 
 
 
 Cheese . - - 
 
 n 10 per 11). 
 
 
 
 
 
 ('hocolate 
 
 8*^.. 
 
 
 
 fool, and 1 inch thick- 
 
 
 
 C(K oa prepared - 
 
 U 8 ,. 
 
 
 
 ness - 
 
 55 Op. 1000 ft. 
 
 
 1-ish maws 
 
 50 per cwt. 
 
 
 
 Mahogany, in logs 
 
 6 per super, 
 ticial fool of 1 
 
 
 Hoiille and Singallj, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 small 
 
 6 „ 
 
 
 
 
 in. thickness 
 
 
 Flour 
 
 25 Operhrl.or 
 
 
 
 Australian - 
 
 60 per ton 
 
 
 
 ■ackaf^mllii. 
 
 
 
 Sandai rood 
 
 22 per cwt. 
 
 74 per cent. 
 
 (ihee 
 
 ^fi per cwt. 
 
 
 
 Australian and 
 
 
 
 Hams ... 
 
 8 per lb. 
 
 7i per cent. 
 
 
 bastani 
 
 4 „ 
 
 
 ( 
 
 50 per tierr- 
 
 
 All other sorts, eirepling 
 
 
 
 Pork - - J 
 
 of3 cwt., and 
 SI Operbrl.of 
 if cwt. 
 
 
 
 ebony, lignum vitar. lug- 
 gurwood, and Palmyra 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 wood, which are free 
 
 adralorem 
 
 
 Sa«o 
 
 7 Oiiercwt. 
 
 
 
 Manufactures of, including 
 
 
 
 Shark fins - . '20 " „ 
 
 
 
 also pipes, suves,and casks 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 
 'I'ongues, sailed • 
 
 10 Up. keg of 6 
 
 
 61 
 
 Tobacco : 
 
 
 
 Vint-Kar in bottles or in 
 
 
 
 
 Manufactured 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 } 10 per cent. 
 
 wood, Kuro|ie . 
 
 1 8p.lmp.gl. 
 
 
 
 Unmanufactured - 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 Do., do., Pek-hian - 
 
 IS ,,' 
 
 
 
 Articles such as pipes &c. 
 used in cnnsumpti.m of - 
 
 
 
 Do., do., country • 
 
 6 „ 
 
 
 
 
 74 per cent. 
 
 All other *orU, except blche 
 
 
 
 6'i 
 
 Toys and requisites fui ail 
 
 
 
 de mer, butter, and i>atted 
 
 
 
 
 games - 
 Trunss and boaes • 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 74 per cent. 
 74 per cent. 
 
 fisii, which are free 
 
 Pd valorem 
 
 
 Ki 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 47 Kaltwav materials : 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 Umbrellas : 
 
 
 
 Of iron - 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 1 per cent. 
 
 
 Cotton, steel ribs - 
 
 13 each 
 
 
 Other sorts 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 7J per cent. 
 
 
 canerilM - 
 
 11 „ 
 
 
 48 Rattans and canes : 
 Canes, Malacca • 
 
 1 per dot. 
 
 
 China pa|ier keltisals 
 
 45 Uiierboioi' 
 110 
 
 74 per cent. 
 
 Hattans - . _ 
 
 7 per cwt. 
 
 ■ "4 iHT cent. 
 
 
 All <.ther sorts 
 
 atl valorem 
 
 
 All other sorts 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 
 65 
 
 Woollen gocds : Piece goods 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 5 per cent. 
 
 49 Seeds: Anchuihuc»' 
 Aniie, £urope 
 
 Aiiiuilia 
 Cajoo 
 
 10 per cwl. 
 •28 „ 
 
 
 
 Ilraid 
 Other sorts 
 
 > ad valorem 
 
 7i per cent. 
 
 7 ,, 
 .7 
 
 
 
 Castor 
 Cummin - 
 
 black 
 Esubicool - 
 Linsettl 
 Aleihee - • 
 
 1* ?. :: 
 
 i „ 
 5 ,, 
 5 „ 
 
 
 Export Tariff. 
 
 
 Description of Article 
 
 Value on which 
 duty is assessed 
 
 Rate of duly 
 
 5 0,, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mustard - 
 
 4 8 „ 
 
 7} per cent. 
 
 
 
 n. an. 
 
 
 Quince ceed or badana 
 .llape or iursee 
 
 50 (I „ 
 
 
 1 
 
 Indigo 
 
 
 3 rs. per maund 
 
 4 8 1. 
 
 
 S 
 
 (irain of all sort* - 
 
 ,_ 
 
 an. per mauiid 
 
 Sawjeerah - 
 
 as „ 
 
 
 3 
 
 l.ac: liulton 
 
 2» per cwt. 
 
 
 Tookmeria 
 
 7 „ 
 
 
 
 Dye 
 
 45 „ 
 
 
 All other sorts, except- 
 
 
 
 
 s4d - - - 
 
 20 „ 
 
 ' 4 per cent. 
 
 ing seeds imported hj 
 
 
 
 
 Shell 
 
 28 „ 
 
 any public society for 
 
 
 
 
 .Stick 
 
 16 „ 
 
 
 p-Aluitous distribu- 
 
 
 
 
 Other joru 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 
 tion, which are free • 
 
 ad valorem j 
 
 
 4 
 
 Oils; Castor 
 
 16 per cwt. 
 
 
 ■iO Shawls - 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 5 per cent. 
 
 
 Cocoanut 
 
 20 „ 
 
 
 ',1 ShelU: 
 
 
 
 
 Fish 
 
 15 „ 
 
 
 CharVs, 'large shells/ for 
 
 
 
 
 tirau 
 
 2 per lb. 
 
 
 cnmeos 
 Chanks, white live 
 dead 
 
 13 per 100 
 6 „ 
 3 „ 
 
 
 
 Jingeelv or teel - 
 Mhowa . - - 
 
 20 per cwt. 
 18 ,, 
 12 „ 
 
 ' 3 per cent. 
 
 CowdAS, Mozambique and 
 
 
 
 
 Mustard - - • 
 
 16 „ 
 
 
 Zanzibar 
 
 3 „ 
 
 
 
 Poppy ... 
 
 20 I) „ 
 
 
 Cowdas from other places - 
 
 8 ,, 
 
 
 
 Kai>e or sursee 
 
 16 „ 
 
 
 Cowries: Ifazaar, common 
 
 4 iiei cwt. 
 
 7 J percent. 
 
 
 Sandalwood 
 
 8 „ 
 
 
 MaUlivu 
 
 6 „ 
 
 
 
 Other sorts 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 
 SunXli'v 
 
 „ 
 
 
 !> 
 
 Seeds: 
 
 
 
 Yellow, superior qualilj 
 
 8 „ 
 
 
 
 ('astor seed (erundee) 
 
 4 8 per cwt. 
 
 
 Mother o' pearl - 
 
 8 , 
 
 
 
 Coriander seeil 
 
 4 „ 
 
 
 Tortoise sht II 
 
 G (1 per lb. 
 
 
 
 Cummin seed 
 
 12 „ 
 
 
 nnck 
 
 1 O*^,, 
 
 
 
 HIack (raleejeera) 
 
 A „ 
 
 
 Nuckla and other sorts 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 
 
 Ground nuts, with shell 
 
 5 „ 
 
 
 JU Silk: 
 
 
 
 
 without shell 
 
 6 „ 
 
 
 Floss 
 
 8 per lb. 1 
 
 
 
 Jingeelv or teel seed 
 
 6 „ 
 
 ■ 3 per cent. 
 
 Kaw, Clmron and Cochin 
 
 
 
 
 5 „ 
 
 
 Chin;* . 
 
 4 „ 
 
 
 
 Methee seed 
 
 SO,, 
 
 
 Uathow . 
 
 I U „ 
 
 
 
 Mustard seed 
 
 4 8 „ 
 
 
 other kinds of China 
 
 7 „ 
 
 74 per cent. 
 
 
 Poppy seed 
 
 S 8 „ 
 
 
 Persian 
 
 5 „ 
 
 
 Rape or sursee seed 
 
 4 8 „ 
 
 
 PunjumandCuichra 
 
 1 12 >, 
 
 
 
 Other soru 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 
 Siam 
 
 4 „ 
 
 
 6 
 
 BhawU - 
 
 ad Talorem 
 
 per cent. 
 
 Rewini;*hri»ad. China 
 
 8 „ 
 
 
 7 
 
 Cntton gofds: 
 
 
 
 Other Koru 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 
 
 Piece goods: Baftaht 
 Uuirab ... 
 
 30 per score I ., _, ! 
 
 bilk piece goods of sorti - 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 i per cent. 
 
 
 20 „ 
 
 [ " 1"* «•*•"• I 
 
 \e. Uescripii 
 
 Kharwah 
 
 Maniooitie 
 'Mirzaiwre c 
 Pallia 
 .Shans 
 rurijeeb. On 
 
 I «!"'''' ""'It 
 
 I Twisi, counlr. 
 
 I a 11 .^"«nd I 
 All other kit 
 I goo<ls 
 
 ■ "I" «nd skir 
 '■ides ; 
 
 MulTalo, coi 
 
 Cow 
 Skin, ! Goal a 
 
 i-amb - 
 •Any other sort 
 
 ■>■«: Aloew 
 llelelnul In hu 
 Cardamoms 
 
 .qhllli... drl^l* 
 •»lnger, dry (roi 
 
 Pep,« "!""« 
 Turnietle 
 ■A'l other sons 
 
 Renmrks on 
 
 charging timies 
 
 questionable. 1 
 
 India labours, in 
 
 sists principally 
 
 lents for foreign 
 
 necessary paymc 
 
 tlie case, it is cci 
 
 to lay duties on 
 
 sulcrations of exn 
 
 suggest that thev 
 
 dutyfree. Thew 
 
 Ills this would gi, 
 
 increasing the pi 
 
 compensate the fl 
 
 inconsiderable suj 
 
 which they are clI 
 
 Tonnage ScheduA 
 has been in opi 
 
 ArtiJ 
 
CALCUTTA 
 
 229 
 
 
 Export Turi^— continued 
 
 
 3 
 
 Ilctcrlption of Article 
 
 Value on which 
 duty is assessed 
 
 Hale of duty 
 
 
 
 rs. an. 
 
 
 
 Khar»ih 
 
 Ki 1) per score 
 
 
 
 Manio04tie 
 
 .V2 0*^ „ 
 
 
 
 Mirzaiiorechlntx - 
 
 \!> 1) 
 
 
 
 Fatiia . 
 
 .11) U „ 
 
 
 
 Sham . 
 
 40 II „ 
 
 
 
 Tiinjccb, Oude - 
 
 «r> „ 
 
 
 
 (hhiT lorfi 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 ■3 per cent. 
 
 
 TwUi, country, No. 11 
 
 7 per lb. 
 
 
 
 No. m 
 
 9., 
 
 
 
 No. .10 
 
 U 111 ., 
 
 
 
 Hand spun • 
 
 US,, 
 
 
 
 All other klndi uf cotton 
 
 
 
 
 KiwiU 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 
 8 ■? -'les and skim tanned ; 
 
 
 
 
 \\\Ait : 
 
 
 
 
 lluH'ilo, countrjr, tanned 
 
 70 n per score 
 
 
 
 Cow - 
 
 .'lO „ 
 
 
 
 Skins ! Goat and theep 
 f^mb - 
 
 10 „ 
 » U „ 
 
 3 per cent. 
 
 
 Anyotlier sorts ot hides and 
 
 
 
 
 skins 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Spit-es; Aloe wood - 
 ilelelnut In hu>k - 
 
 3 per lb. 
 
 
 
 'i II |ier IDIHI 
 
 
 
 Cardamoms 
 
 KIIO Opercwt. 
 
 
 
 large bastard 
 
 40 „ 
 
 
 
 Chillies drini 
 
 H „ 
 
 
 
 (jlnger, dry irout{h) i'Nfal.ibar 
 
 10 „ 
 
 3 i>er cent. 
 
 
 ikngal - 
 
 7 „ 
 
 
 
 (scraped) - 
 
 lA „ 
 
 
 
 Pcpiier . 
 
 1'. T ,. 
 
 
 
 Turmeric 
 
 7 „ 
 
 
 
 All other sorts 
 
 ail v.itorem | 
 
 
 Ariiulit 
 
 Bemarks on the above Duties, — The policy of 
 charging duties on exported articles seems verv 
 questionable. The great difiiculty under whicli 
 India labours, in a commercial point of view, con- 
 sists principally in her inability to furnish equiva- 
 lents for foreign imported goods, and to make the 
 necessary payments abroad; and, when such is 
 the case, it is certainly not a little contradictory 
 to lay duties on exports. The most obvious con- 
 siderations of expediency and common sense would 
 suggest that they should be allowed to be exported 
 tluty free. There can be no doubt that the stimu- 
 lus this would give to their production would, by 
 increasing the public wealth, inlinitcly more than 
 compensate the (iovemnient for the loss of the 
 inconsiderable sum produced by the duties with 
 which they arc charged. 
 
 Tonnage Schedule for the Port of Calcutta^ which 
 has been in operation since January 1, 18G0. 
 
 Articles 
 
 Aloes, In bagi nnd boxes - 
 Alum, ditto 
 .Aniteedt in ba^s 
 Arrowroot, In cases 
 AbafcEiida^ in ba^ and boxes 
 Apparel, in boxes 
 
 Hark, In bags . . . ' 
 
 Heeb' wax . . . . 
 
 Barilla - . . . . 
 
 Hetel nut - . . . 
 
 Booki - - - - . 
 
 Borax or tlncal . . . • 
 
 Brlinvtone . . - . 
 
 Bullion . . . . 
 
 (like lac, in baKs :■ • 
 Camphor, in cattes 
 
 Card«inun)s, in robbins - 
 
 boxes 
 
 Cassia, in boxes . - • • 
 
 b.iK» - . - . 
 China root, in ba^s 
 boxes 
 
 Chiretta - . - . 
 
 Cifjars - - - . . 
 
 Cloves, in bat^ft - - • • 
 
 lH>xei . .. - • 
 
 ToaU . - - - . 
 
 CiKhineal . _ - , 
 
 C«1!V«, in ba(r« - • • < 
 
 CHkkS - - - ■ 
 
 Coral, rouitb , . - 
 
 Cutton in bales, b to the ton, not to exceed • 
 
 Cowries - - - ■ 
 
 Culi-h, In bags - • • 
 
 Dale*, wet . . - • 
 
 dry . - . 
 Dholl . - 
 Elvphanis' teeth, in bulk • 
 
 Furniture - - - 
 (Urlic and onions 
 
 (iinifer . - - - 
 
 (tram - • - - . 
 Gumi, in roies ... 
 Uunn> bags and gunny cloth 
 
 Cwt. per 
 
 Cubic feet 
 
 ton nett 
 
 lier ton 
 
 ■JO 
 
 __ 
 
 •i» 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 ~— 
 
 _. 
 
 iO 
 
 '.Ill 
 
 .^ 
 
 — 
 
 60 
 
 H 
 
 —, 
 
 i!0 c It 
 
 .({ross 
 
 VI) 
 
 V.I 
 
 Vt» 
 at per 
 Iti 
 
 II 
 
 K 
 
 Vll 
 
 IH 
 lf> 
 VO 
 
 V() 
 18 
 V<) 
 Ifi 
 VI) 
 
 vo 
 
 IS 
 1(t 
 
 V(» 
 
 Hemp, in bales, per ton of d bales, not to 
 
 eicet^ ... 
 
 Hiilei, butfalo or cow, cured 
 Huofii, born shavings and tips 
 llorn«, cow, buH'alo. or d«er 
 IniliKo ... 
 
 Jute, .'> bales to tilt Ion, not exceeding 
 Lac dye ... 
 
 I.ard • . ■ . 
 
 Kinsecd ... 
 
 Aface • . ■ - 
 
 .Machinery - - - 
 
 Meiali . • • - 
 
 IMyrubatans . . • 
 
 Mulaioes . . - 
 
 Mother o'pearl, in bags - 
 
 cheatK • • 
 
 Munjeei ... 
 
 Mu'tiard or rape seed 
 Nutmegs in cases or cask^ 
 Nux vomica ... 
 Oits .... 
 Oil, In cases ... 
 casks ... 
 Opium .... 
 Paddy . - - . 
 
 I'eas . . . , 
 
 Pepper, long ... 
 black ... 
 IManks and deals 
 
 Poppy ««cd ... 
 Putchuck - . _ 
 
 Raw silk, in bales 
 Kattans for dunnage 
 lied wood Tor ditto 
 Hhtfa, in bales, per ton of 5 bales, not eX' 
 
 ceetling ... 
 
 Ilice . - - . 
 
 Hoping, In coils . - . 
 
 lines and twines,-in bundles 
 Hum, in casks ... 
 f-alllower, in bales, per ton of 5 bales, not 
 
 exceeding ... 
 Ssiuo, in cases ... 
 Halainmumac, in bags 
 boxes 
 Saltpetre ... 
 
 Sat .... 
 Sitjian wood for dunnage ■ 
 healing wax, in cu&cs 
 h«ed>iac, in cases - • 
 
 bags 
 Senna - - - - 
 
 Shells, rough, in bags - 
 Shellac, in ca^es 
 
 b^igs - - - 
 
 Silk, piece goods 
 
 Skins .... 
 Soup, country. In cases - 
 lAgs - 
 bar 
 Stick lac. In cases 
 bags 
 Siigir - . - - 
 
 1 allow, in cases ur casks - 
 Talc .... 
 Tamarinds, in cases or casks 
 'I'apioca ... 
 
 TtM - . - - 
 
 'I'eel seeil ... 
 
 Timber, round . - - 
 
 square * • . 
 
 Tobacco, in bates 
 
 Tortoise shell, m chests > - 
 
 Turmeric - . - 
 
 Wool . - . - 
 
 Wheat - 
 
 Cwt. per 
 ton nett 
 
 14 
 
 VII 
 
 Cubic feet 
 per ton 
 
 52 
 
 - 
 
 yt 
 
 — 1 
 
 M 
 
 'ti cwt. 
 
 gross 
 
 •m 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 .'ill 
 
 m 
 
 
 m 
 
 ._ 
 
 Ifi 
 
 
 
 I punch*. 
 
 or 1 lihils. 
 
 till 
 
 
 iO 
 
 
 
 — . 
 
 ill 
 
 Ill 
 
 
 _ 
 
 .'0 
 
 16 
 
 
 IS 
 
 — 
 
 — . 
 
 .'.0 
 
 4 hng>he<-i(li 
 
 per chest 
 
 
 
 •iO 
 
 
 
 \i 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 !M 
 
 iiO 
 
 
 10 
 
 __ 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 ■iO 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 .'.S 
 
 m 
 
 
 » 
 
 SO 
 
 16 
 
 
 1 puncht. 
 
 or 4 hhds 
 
 _ 
 
 S2 
 
 _. 
 
 .'(0 
 
 SO 
 
 — 
 
 W cwl 
 
 • gross 
 
 iill 
 
 
 iiO 
 
 — 
 
 •iO 
 
 — 
 
 ^_ 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 SO 
 
 Hi 
 
 .. 
 
 
 SO 
 
 •M> 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 SO 
 
 16 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 so 
 
 U 
 
 
 — 
 
 M 
 
 IS 
 
 __ 
 
 w 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 SO 
 
 in 
 
 
 JO 
 
 — 
 
 ill 
 
 — 
 
 Wl 
 
 _ 
 
 to 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 Si) 
 
 — 
 
 so 
 
 M 
 
 — 
 
 _. 
 
 40 
 
 _ 
 
 SO 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 SO 
 
 IS 
 
 _ 
 
 •iU 
 
 — ■ 
 
 Bengal Bonded Warehouse Association, 
 estabushed 1838. 
 
 Table of Rents chargeable on Goods and Packages 
 Received and Stored in the Bengal Bonded 
 
 per montl.. 
 
 rs. A. p. 
 
 p<T br. md. t) i 
 
 • per liogHhenil U 6 
 
 canca . per tIn/en quarts 1 O 
 
 ditto • per ilo/en pinu 8 
 
 per br. md. 6 
 
 per duien tmttles " 
 
 cent. 
 
 Receive* 
 
 t and 
 
 AO 
 
 Warehouse, 
 
 5*1 
 
 
 
 5U 
 
 AnUeed 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 Ueer, in hogsheads 
 
 » 
 
 boitled. 
 
 in casks 
 
 flO 
 
 ditto 
 
 
 .^0 
 
 Betel, nut 
 
 . 
 
 60 
 
 Bottles, in crates 
 
 — 
 
 Camphor 
 
 
 AU 
 
 Canvas 
 
 
 — 
 
 Cardamoiiu 
 
 
 50 
 
 Cigsrs 
 
 
 — 
 
 Cloves 
 
 
 — 
 
 Coffee 
 
 
 — 
 
 Coidage 
 
 
 5V 
 
 Cotton 
 
 
 — 
 
 C.iw hides 
 
 
 — 
 
 Ditto 
 
 
 — 
 
 Cummin seed 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Ciiirh 
 
 
 — 
 
 K.trthenware 
 
 
 — 
 
 (imgtT 
 
 
 50 
 
 (ilas»ware 
 
 
 _. 
 
 liuatkkins 
 
 
 — 
 
 (iunnles 
 
 
 ~~ 
 
 Mitto 
 
 
 50 
 
 Hemp 
 
 
 50 
 
 Indigo 
 
 
 per case U 
 
 yet bale 
 
 ^er br. md. 
 
 |ier case 
 
 per lir. md. 
 
 Iter br. md 
 
 per cwt. 
 lie of .'too lbs. 
 
 per screwed bali 
 
 - per targu bale IV 
 per smaller Itale H 
 
 per br. md. 1 
 
 per lOitbr. md4. 8 
 
 fwr cakk I O 
 
 per 100 br. mdx. 3 
 
 per ra»k 1 
 
 l»t?r bale 8 
 
 - per large l>ale 8 
 per HmaMir ba e U 6 
 
 Hredbaleof :iiH) lln. O 6 
 
 per chest It 
 
 )M>r screwtM 
 
 .1' ',■, 
 
 f'l-^ 
 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 'F 
 
 > 
 
 ■ .■ 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ' ,i ■■' 
 
 ;i- 
 
 v.- 
 
 
 ■M., 
 
 
 ■ ':%: 
 
 i. '..'.I 
 
mmmm 
 
 230 
 
 CALCUTTA 
 
 
 Bengal Bonded Warehouse— <ioxii\Xi\\(i(X, 
 
 pet month. 
 
 •Tuto . . - per screweil bale of .100 Uw. 
 
 I.iic (l^e . - - . per che>t 
 
 MetnU .... ])vr br. mil. 
 OiN, turiientini'i llnH^etl and other vegetable 
 
 tijis . - - - - per br. nid, 
 
 l»anit • " • ji^r kt*j(ofMi It'H. 
 
 I*fp|)cr - - - . |)tT br. riu' 
 
 ■'i:;:; '^;i,/''""" } ■•• c-. or b. no. .,c«.lln„ 10 c. ft. 
 I'XCWtlinfj 10 c. ft.. 
 
 Uitto 
 
 Dllto 
 IHIto 
 nilta 
 
 Oiiii'kiilv 
 
 lluu 
 
 HiHiii or (liimmar 
 
 N.ifilowur 
 
 Mi.lUc 
 S;lt . 
 
 Silk piece KootU 
 
 Sliirlu 
 
 Diltii 
 
 llillii 
 
 J>itui in bottle 
 
 D'lto 
 
 Snuar 
 
 Tea - 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 'J'ln plates 
 
 'J'litiai-i'o, American 
 
 'runntric 
 
 Twist of all sorts 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Ditto 
 
 ^\'iIle» 
 
 Ditto - 
 
 D.tt.i ■ 
 
 Ditto ill bottle - 
 
 Ditto . 
 
 liito/l'- •■"" 
 " laniliioteiccetliii((l.'i 
 
 ' atul not excce<linK 20 
 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 
 .ft., 
 .ft., 
 
 .ft.. 
 
 .Ill 
 
 „ 10 
 
 per tir. mil. 
 
 - . - jier br. mil. 
 
 per It. mil. 
 
 |ier bale 
 
 )>er 100 br. mils. 
 
 per ciiest 
 
 _ - • per bal«- 
 
 _ - - pi-r case 
 
 per butt or pii«j 
 
 Iter half pi|H-> or boKshead 
 
 l>er quarter pi^ie 
 
 per (lo/i.|i quarts 
 
 per dozen pints 
 
 Iier br. ind. 
 
 per wbole chest 
 
 . - - per smaller box 
 
 - • tier lioi 
 
 |ier case not exceedinR .*> cubic fi?et 
 
 per 100 br. inds. 
 
 iicr li.ile of ^00 or 1100 Ills. 
 
 iwr h.ile jf 1110 or .'HHI Ills. 
 
 - yvx bale .aluive .'jOO lbs. 
 
 per butt or pl|>e 
 
 per half pipe or hoKshead 
 
 per quarter pipe 
 
 per dozen quarts 
 
 per dozen pints 
 
 R 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 I H 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 I) 
 
 (I 6 
 
 s 
 
 H 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tl 
 
 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 •I 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 
 *„* 
 
 All cootls not enumerated or compreli^nded in the above 
 
 rlii 
 
 list will be charged lor per agreement. 
 
 Cargoes of vessels imt back from sea will be re- 
 ceived into the ivarehoiisc — saltpetre anil liamageil 
 goods excepted ; antl it will be optional villi the 
 A.-;sociation to apply the above rates, or charge 
 rent according- to the spatie occupictl. 
 
 Where parties desire to engage accomnioilntion by 
 the month or for a longer period, the A-ssociatioii 
 lets space by measurement: for instance, a range 
 100 feet long by '20 feet wide on the upper storeys 
 would rent for l.')0 Ks. a mouth. Ditto ou the 
 yioiind floor for 200 Its. per inontli. 
 
 lieiit commences fnun the moment goods arc 
 brought within the premises of tlic warelioiise; 
 anil if gooiis are left in the compound of the ware- 
 Iioii.'je, they will remain there at the risk and 
 expense of depositors. 
 
 Kent will not be charged for a shorter pcriotl 
 than half a mtmth ; and thereafter the shortest 
 broken period for wliich it will be chargeil is a 
 (juarter of a mouth. 
 
 Tilt; Association does not nmlertake to store 
 goods, or to supi)ly labour for that purpose, and is 
 not respousib! i for any loss or damage that may 
 arise in their receipt or delivery. 
 
 Coins, Weioiit.s, Measures, Hxciiangks, &i. 
 
 Calcutta ill Bengal. Coins. — Accounts are kejit 
 here in rupees, with tlieir sub-divisions aunas ami 
 pie: VI pic make 1 anna; 10 aiiiia.^, 1 rupee. 
 
 The standard of the llengal money has ever 
 been silver. (Jold is occasionally coined, but the 
 great bulk of the currency is silver. 
 
 A lakh of rupees is 100,000 ; and a crore, 100 
 lakhs or l,00,0lt,OOO rupees ; and in aciiounts siim.- 
 aro distinguished into eroros, lakh.s and single 
 rupees, by marks or divisions, as in tiie foregoing 
 examples. 
 
 Cowries, small, white, glossy shells, are made 
 u.se of for small payments in tlie bazaar, and are 
 generally thus reckoned : — 
 
 »r''i equal t, 
 lulls ) ■ 
 
 4 cowr 
 '.^0 guiul 
 
 I I ^unda, 
 
 I I IMUI. 
 
 < pun" \ „...! ,„ " niina. 
 4 iniLisJ "l""' "> U 
 
 '( 1 kahun, whirh is .ibout \ of a rupee. 
 
 But they rise and fall accoriiing tt> the demnntl 
 there is for I hem, and the <iuaiitity in the market. 
 
 C«)no(/e.— The Act No. XIII.ofim2 provide,^ 
 for a new silver and a new copper coinage, 
 thus : — 
 
 That from Xoveniber 1, 18C2, no silver or copper 
 coins, except those mentioneil l)elow, shall be coined 
 at the Mints in British India : — 
 
 Silver Coin. 
 
 A rupee to lie called the (lovemment ru^ic'.'. 
 
 A h.llf nipee. 
 
 A quarter riniee or four anna piece. 
 
 An elffhth ol^a rupee or two anna piece. 
 
 Copper Coin, 
 
 A double pice or half anna. 
 
 A iiice or quarter anna. 
 
 A half iiiceor one.eiglith of an anna. 
 
 A pie, lieiiiK one third of a pice, or oiie*twelfth of r.n anna 
 
 That the rupee so coined shall be 180 grains troy. 
 and the stanilard as follows : — ii or 165 grains iif 
 pure silver; -'^ or 15 grains of alloy. The other 
 silver coins sliall bo of proportionate weight and of 
 tlic same standard. 
 
 The copper coins, viz. : 
 
 ice shall i 
 
 The double | 
 The |iice 
 The half pice 
 The pie 
 
 rci(;h 200 srains 'iroy. 
 too „ 
 ■'■0 „ „ 
 3H „ 
 
 Until the Gr>vcmor-(<eneral in Council shall 
 otherwise order, the silver and copper coins t: > 
 coined shall bear on the obverse the likeness ami 
 the name of her JIajcsty Queen Victoria, ami the 
 inscription Victoria Queen, ami on the reverse the 
 designation of the coins in English filled by the 
 word India, with such date and em)<ellishnieiits 
 on each <H>in .is the Governor- Gencial in Council 
 shall from time to time direct. 
 
 British- Iiulian Weights and Measures. — The 
 tilais the unit of the IJritish-Intlian pondcrarv 
 system. Its advantages are — 1. That the niaiiml, 
 formed from the modified weight, would be precisely 
 equal to 100 Knglish troy pounds; and, 2. That 
 35 seers would al.so bo precisely equal to 72 pounds 
 avoirdupois: thus establishing a .simple connexion, 
 void of fractitms, between the two English metrical 
 scales anil that of India. The tola weighs 180 grains 
 English, troy weight. From it upward'i .irc derived 
 the heavy weights, viz. Chiltach, Se:r, and Mmi 
 (or Mauiul) ; ami by its sub-division the small or 
 jeweller's weight.s, called Mashas, liuttees, and 
 Dhans. 
 
 The following scheme comprehends botli nf 
 those in one series : 
 
 i.tiun 
 
 Tuswree 
 
 Seer Chittack 
 
 GIO 
 SO 
 
 1^ 
 
 Tola 
 
 .12110 
 
 JjOO' 
 
 NO 
 
 Afasha 
 
 38100 
 
 ^4H00 
 
 _ U60 
 
 " 60 
 
 12 
 
 Rutlee 
 
 Dhan 
 
 .to;2ih) 
 
 l2';«Mifl 
 
 .■58100 
 
 fern 
 
 4S0 
 
 J.MfiOII 
 
 .107 ai) 
 Win 
 
 N 
 
 _ ,1M 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 Tho Mun (or that weight to which it closely 
 .ac'cords in value and to which it is legally e'luiva- 
 leiit in the new scale) has been hitherto better 
 liuown among Europeans by the name of Bmmir 
 Matind, but ujxin its general adoption, under Kegii- 
 lation Vil. of 18.'!.3, for all transactions of I lie 
 llritish Government, it shoulil bo denominated the 
 HltlTisii Maund (in Ilinilec Ungrezee Muti), to 
 distinguish it at once from all other weights in 
 use throughout the country. In the same way 
 the Sladras, ISombay. and I'urruckabail riipt'o 
 (when the .Sicca rupee Ls abolishcil, ami an Eng- 
 lish device atlopteil) may bo called the Biilisli 
 rupee, and in the native laiigiiago Ungrezee rupi/it. 
 
 The I'usseree is, as its name denotes, a live seor 
 weight, and therefore shonlti not form an integral 
 point of the scale, but as its use is very gcmral, 
 it has been introduced for convenience of reference. 
 
 _ The Seer being 
 
 in the retail busim 
 
 being liable, accor 
 
 hiihorto prevalent 
 
 nrlicle sold as well 
 
 rally referred to tl 
 
 cantile dealings, as 
 
 sicca, bhurrees, Uxkt 
 
 seer being always 8 
 
 1 he Chittack is tl 
 
 grass weights, aud 
 
 halves and (piarter 
 
 thus marking the 
 
 which are othenvise 
 
 tlio seer Ac. to tJio t 
 
 I he Tola is chief! 
 
 precious metals and 
 
 IS received in this dt 
 
 Diillion produce are < 
 
 also usual at the mi 
 
 "' "le tola into anna 
 
 ot mashas and ruttee 
 
 Comparison of the Tc 
 and Siluer or Troij 
 
 Place 
 
 •> Ale|.|M, 
 
 ; llu>sorah . 
 
 I Cairo 
 Calicut 
 t'hina 
 I Constantinople 
 , Damascus - 
 I'l'iiiniirlc 
 England 
 rrance 
 ficrmanT - 
 Holland . 
 Hal; 
 
 ■ I Me 
 • i iMi, 
 
 • ; Hot 
 
 ■ .Vis 
 I Tali 
 I Che 
 
 Oiiii 
 .M.ir 
 I l-oiii 
 I Kilo 
 I I'm,,, 
 I .Varl 
 I Kliiri 
 bi 
 
 1 lea 
 
 ll.rh, 
 
 .Marl 
 
 ; .Marl 
 
 I lilil. 
 
 I'uur 
 
 M.ir 
 
 .Mar 
 
 Ma 
 
 Jfaslitis. Rutlees, aniL 
 native goldsmiths am 
 "iiployeil in the native 
 lirccmus metals: thus 
 ly-I-'ths pure, and cor 
 "f the English assttv 
 •■' closer accorilaiico "wi 
 scale, inasmuch as the !■ 
 roiiresent the !)(; carat 
 iw'ind, and the dhan th 
 
 Htiilsh. Indian ' 
 weinhts ! 
 
 KuKl 
 
 Ills, 
 lull 
 
 Fnr p.irtirulars of .'Madras >,. 
 "<"re.,wUvcl)irectorl«."°" 
 
 ConijHirison with Tr, 
 version of I'jiglish trol 
 iiiilia, the following sc 
 
 ■in.plicity of their relati 
 table unnecessary. 
 
 I,b. 
 
 I'r. 
 
 Oi. 
 
 l>wt. 
 
 _J^ 
 
 
 
 — 1-- 
 
 210 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
iHli 
 
 ' A 
 
 CALCUTTA 
 
 231 
 
 .< ' 
 
 Tlic Seer bcinp; the commonest weight in use 
 ill the retail buiiiiie.sfl of the l)azaars in India, and 
 bein^ liable, according to the pernicious sysliim 
 hitherto prevalent, to vary in weight for every 
 article solil as well as for every market, is gene- 
 rally referred to the common unit in native mer- 
 cantile dealings, as ' the seer of so many tolas ' (or 
 sicca, bhurrees, takahs itc.) ; the standard or bazaar 
 seir being always 80 tolas. 
 
 The Chittack is the low<st denomination ol the 
 gross weights, and is commonly divided into 
 halves and quarters (called in IJengalcc kacha) ; 
 thus marking the line between the two scries, 
 which arc othenvise connected by the relation of 
 the seer Ac. to the tola. 
 
 Tiie Tola is chiefly used in the weighing of the 
 ]>recioiis metals and coin ; all bullion at the mints 
 IS received in this denomination, and the tables of 
 bullion produce are calculated per 100 tolas. It is 
 also usual at the mints to make the sub-divisions 
 of the tola into aimas (sixteenths) and pie, in lieu 
 of mashas and ruttees. 
 
 Comparison of the Tola and Maund with the Gold 
 and Silver or Troy lyeiyhts of othc Countries. 
 
 
 
 WilKht 
 of 
 
 NumWr 
 
 Place 
 
 Denomination 
 
 sInHle lb. 
 mark 
 .\r. in 
 
 equal In 
 1 iiiun, or 
 10(1 llis. 
 
 
 Mel leal - 
 
 lulas 
 
 troy 
 
 Alpppo 
 
 nin.', 
 
 7S!)n-410 
 
 lliissurati - 
 
 MiscHl . 
 
 0- l.'ill 
 
 8ono-(i(H> 
 
 (yiilro 
 
 Itnttnio - 
 
 -IrW, 
 
 Sfi-.'il.l 
 
 Calitut 
 
 .Mi4cal . 
 
 IIMS,1 
 
 S.147-ltM 
 
 China 
 
 Ta\i 
 
 r.-i-ii 
 
 •J'l.Tllli 
 
 ronstantinople 
 
 riifiii: ,e • 
 
 ti7-.'MH 
 
 llli'l'l!! 
 
 Damaiicus - 
 
 Ointt-e 
 
 lililKI 
 
 lWil7.T 
 
 Dcninnrk 
 
 M.irk 
 
 ■^l)-|S,1 
 
 l,'.S-.'>l(i 
 
 KiiKland 
 
 I'oiind 
 
 .-■iiioo 
 
 KKIIHKI 
 
 Fraiu'e 
 
 Kitojcramme 
 
 S.'.-715 
 
 .■57-.T^O 
 
 (itTinany 
 
 Marie 
 
 •JII-(II4 
 
 l.W-61.') 
 
 Holland 
 
 2i-10U 
 
 IJI-06H 
 
 lealj 
 
 l-'lorenrc and Lok- 
 
 
 
 
 horn lib 
 
 2'IHl 
 
 ln9OT.1 
 
 i\f()cha 
 
 Vaka 
 
 afi.'.:. 
 
 lii(l.'.IUl) 
 
 Venn 
 
 Tiral 
 
 IMIS 
 
 ■.il'.i7-.107 
 
 IVrsia 
 
 Drhem . 
 
 n-s.i9 
 
 ,isi'i-z;)7 
 
 Fortuifal 
 
 .M.itk 
 
 1!(H7'> 
 
 l(ii(il!i 
 
 rriissi^ 
 
 ALirk 
 
 vii-orji) 
 
 l.')'.l-(i()0 
 
 Uiii.ie 
 
 1 llihra - 
 
 V!l-li;7 
 
 1101119 
 
 KiiMiia 
 
 l*(iund 
 
 .-..Vlll'i 
 
 91-ir.i 
 
 Siialii 
 
 :\I,irk 
 
 l!l'71i.'i 
 
 M\T^^M 
 
 VmWe 
 
 MarL- 
 
 •ny\r,-i 
 
 l,'i(i-4.'.7 
 
 Viirnna 
 
 Mark - 
 
 •UltTi 
 
 I3'i-M3 
 
 3Titsh(is. Ruttees, and Dhans are useil chiefly by 
 native goldsmiths and jewellers. They are also 
 oiiiployed in the native vahiat'rsi by assay of the 
 jinicious metals: thus 10 mashas lino signifies 
 lll-r.'ths pure, and corresponds to ' 10-oz. toicli ' 
 cif tlic KnglLsli assay rr|)ort of silver. There is 
 a closer accordance with the Juiglish gold assay 
 scale, inasmuch as the 9G ruttees in a tola exactly 
 roproaent the Oli carat grains in the gold assaj' 
 1101111(1, and the dhan the (puirter grain. 
 
 Ilritlsh-Indian I 
 wetKhta I 
 
 Kn^likh troy wel({hu 
 
 
 
 lis. or., dwt. 
 
 (!"• 
 
 Krainmi^ 
 
 nniind 
 
 ■ 
 
 lull II II 
 
 (1 
 
 ,-7.TilllH'i 
 
 MHT - 
 
 . 
 
 'i a II 
 
 II 
 
 lt.1.~i-llll.'» 
 
 I'liitlack 
 
 - 
 
 1 17 
 
 Vt 
 
 .'iSMlll 
 
 tdia - 
 
 • 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 ii-i;(,'^ 
 
 iii.isba 
 
 . 
 
 
 l."i 
 
 0972 
 
 riittoe 
 
 - 
 
 
 1-S7.'i 
 
 0-122 
 
 I'renrh weiftlitx 
 
 For pnrtinitnrs of .Madras and Bombay Weiffhti and Measures, 
 vide renpectivc Direetorics. 
 
 Cimijmrisoii u-ith Troy Wviijhis. — For the con- 
 version of iMiglish troy weights into those of 
 India, the following scale will suflico, since the 
 liniplicity of their relation renders a more detailed 
 table uniiccessarj'. 
 
 Dwt. 1 
 
 <in. 
 
 Tolls and Uec. 
 
 210 1 
 
 .17(10 
 
 .^•SIMK) 
 
 2(1 
 
 1 
 
 4IIU 
 24 
 
 2'666fi *c. 
 O-l.TO «ic. 
 
 ! 1 
 
 0-0054 &C. 
 
 The accordance of the mun weight with the 
 100 lbs. troy of ICngland affords a ready means of 
 a.scertainiiig its relative value in the standards of 
 other countries employed in weighing thepreoi'iis 
 metals, since tables of the latter arc generally 
 expressed in lbs. troy. The following are a few of 
 those valuations Tor the prineiiial weights of ICii- 
 ropo itc. extracted from Kelly's CamlAst, page 
 222. The weights in troy grains have been con- 
 verted into tolas by dividing them by 180. 
 
 Required the rquiealent of!>7,^!>^ muns .1.') seers and 
 G chittachs in avoirdupois poimds. 
 Taking the numbers opposite to 57, 35, a'-d .tO 
 respectively, and removing the decimal point — in 
 the first, tlirec places to the right hand; in the 
 second, one place to the right ; and in the third, 
 one place to the left, we have 
 
 i7,ono inauni!s=ir>!i02Sn- 
 
 .".'iii 
 .1 
 .17 seers 
 (mIui, 
 ilw. 47UI( J7I2 
 
 .ISKIII)- 
 21f;S'.7 
 7ti'l14 
 771 
 
 12 oz. nearly. 
 
 Since 35 seers are exactly equal to 72 lbs. 
 avoirdupois, the following .simple and accuratn 
 rules for their mutual conversions will be found 
 equally convenient with the table : 
 
 Rule I. — To convert IiuUan Weiyht into Avoir- 
 dupois Weiijht. 
 
 1. Multiply the weight in.vetT.«by 72 and divide 
 by 35 : the result will be the weight in Ib.s. avoir- 
 dupois; or 
 
 2. Multiply the weight in, maunds by 30 and 
 divide by 49 : the result «vill be the weight in cwt. 
 avoirdupois. 
 
 One tone 27*222 maunJs, or 27J maunds nearly. 
 
 Rule II. — To cotivert Avoirdupois weiyht into 
 Indian weiyht. 
 
 1. iMiilliiily the weight in lbs. av. by 3.'), and 
 divide by 72 : the result will be the weight in 
 seers ; or 
 
 2. Multiply the weight in cwt. ">y 10, and 
 divide by 30 : the result will be the weight in 
 mauiuls. 
 
 One maund= S1K lbs, avoir, exactly. 
 
 For converting Avoirdupois Weiyhts into British- 
 Indian IVeights. 
 
 ,p Minis or ,,,„, I Munsorlfci- ,. 
 
 J^""" Ila/aar MauniU i*-""- zaar Maunds i "»• 
 
 100 
 •111 
 Kll 
 70 
 (ID 
 
 ■.'(> 
 10 
 9 
 S 
 
 7 
 
 r. 
 ;> 
 
 4 
 .T 
 2 
 I 
 
 ind<. 
 
 2722 
 
 2 I'll I 
 
 2177 
 
 l!)(li 
 
 10.1.1 
 
 1.1111 
 
 IIISH 
 
 Kifi 
 
 .•ill 
 
 272 
 
 2|.'> 
 
 217 
 
 nil) 
 
 Ki.l 
 llfi 
 
 HIS 
 HI 
 't\ 
 27 
 
 srs. i-liil. 
 Ill HI 
 
 .1,'! 10 
 
 •id II) 
 
 17 
 
 H 
 
 ' Muns or M.i- 
 I xaar .Alauiuls 
 
 inds. ara. 
 25 .14 
 
 24 
 
 211 
 
 21 
 
 ,1 
 
 21 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 l«i 
 
 19 
 
 '/. 
 
 17 
 
 'il 
 
 Hi 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 m 
 
 1.1 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 10 15 
 
 9 21 
 
 K i: 
 
 fi 32 
 
 5 17 
 
 4 .1 
 
 2 2H 
 
 1 14 
 
 chit. 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 ■ij 
 
 I2i 
 
 
 mils 
 
 . srs. 
 
 .bit 
 
 ion 
 
 1 
 
 K 
 
 -1 
 "4! 
 
 90 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 .-s 
 
 70 
 
 II 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 '.'9 
 
 v. 
 
 S.I 
 
 o 
 
 21 
 
 4i 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 '9 
 
 
 .-0 
 
 II 
 
 14 
 
 ll 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 (i 
 
 K 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 11. 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1.', 
 
 .1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.'. 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 Tlie ^altlnnulul f& '^^ (ler cent, heavier than thu bazuar inaund» 
 liHTinft Hit tolas to the bt-er. 
 
 Coins, 
 
 'i (louMc 
 Vi )>k>, siiialt I _ 
 Ifi annnb / ' 
 IGruitees J 
 
 ngle |>3rsa 
 I anna 
 I I rupee 
 
 \ (4 sine 
 
 l^make^|«'"" 
 J I runt 
 
 ( I KoIU inohiir 
 
 When accounts arc kept in rupees, they use the 
 imaghiary pie of 12 to an anna. A small copper 
 coin of the value of a pic has recently bee^ put in 
 circulation. 
 
 i ; • 
 
 I '■ . 
 
 
imiWBiiiiii'ii 
 
 m 
 
 ill- 
 
 
 '\: 
 
 282 
 
 CALCUTTA 
 
 Small rIipIIs, called cowries, are also made use 
 of f<ir paying coiilies Ac. which are reckoned as 
 follows : — 
 
 4 cowrln ) ( I (lundmh 
 
 V) KunilahsV inike< 1 pun 
 8 |)uni j ( 1 anna 
 
 But these rates vary from time to time. The 
 annn a few years ago was valued at 5 puns. 
 
 ji Comparative View of the relative Value of the 
 several Denominations of Rupees generally used 
 in keeping accounts. 
 
 Current rup4*es 
 inn ticca nipcn (Calcutta)- Ifi O 
 IIH> Siinat rui>m> III II 
 
 InOlloinha; ru|>eei 1ll> O 
 
 lUUArcatniiHm lOS O 
 
 Sicca nipeci. 
 ion Arrotiupfen =ra 11 7 KS-W 
 UK) lliiinlia; rupeci 91 l.t t 'iR-M 
 lOU Nmat rupeM !)j II %'l-t9 
 
 Baznar or Great Weights. 
 
 ] 
 
 A tirra weight 
 16 ctiiilackii 
 40 ftrers 
 
 {! chitlack 
 1 iie*T 
 1 maund 
 
 The different Weights made use of in Bengal, with 
 their Value in Sicca Weights. 
 
 weiftht 
 
 sn sTcca V 
 
 >>^^ „ „ 
 
 H4 .. .• 
 
 !•« .. .. 
 
 SI .. 
 
 ill' >. » 
 
 -,'i Sa. Wt. 1 1 iin«, 
 
 VlMins Id Kuntls. 
 
 3 cows, 76 ttec. 
 
 !) 
 
 make 
 
 '1 Calcuttn bazanr seer 
 1 Seramimre vteer 
 
 1 BenareK mmt 
 1 Lucknow sfer 
 I Mir/a^iore seer 
 1 AllalmUad mtt 
 
 I Calcutta factory leer 
 
 NTt. fine Sicca weight ii equal to 6 drachms &70C6 decimals aToir- 
 dupob weight. 
 
 The Bengal Factory Maund and its Fractional 
 jMirtSf reduced to Fnglish Avoirdupois JVeight^ 
 according to the Standard received from Europe 
 in 1787. 
 
 
 IM 
 
 07. 
 
 clrs. dec 
 
 1 maund 
 
 =74 
 
 HI 
 
 10 Bl.fi 
 
 ^llieera 
 
 .17 
 
 ,1 
 
 A .->.-..! 
 
 11) ., 
 
 IH 
 
 10 
 
 10 CfiG 
 
 ■> „ 
 
 » 
 
 A 
 
 A .1S.1 
 
 4 >, 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 4(ifi 
 
 S ,. 
 
 A 
 
 » 
 
 9 .V)9 
 
 « .1 
 
 .1 
 
 11 
 
 II 7.11 
 
 I .. 
 
 1 
 
 1.1 
 
 M HCH 
 
 » chlllackJ 
 
 II 
 
 14 
 
 14 9.11 
 
 4 >. 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 7 4I1B 
 
 2 „ 
 
 <l 
 
 .1 
 
 11 7.11 
 
 
 (> 
 
 1 
 
 1.1 IliB 
 
 The nenj;.i1 haz^»T maund i» 10 |ier cent, better than the fy. fnaund, 
 ■nd is etiual to h2 Itis. 'i oz. 2 dra. 3(iB dec. 
 
 Gold and Silver Weights. 
 
 4 punkho or quarter grain 
 
 4 nlinn^ 
 
 fi.J mttee^ 
 
 8 rutleca 
 100 ruilees or 12) maK<tas nr 16 a.«. 
 Iiili.t ruttctft or I1-Vli-lAi mn.s.sa or 17 
 
 =: I ffrnm or dhan 
 1 rutlee 
 I Pinti 
 I massa 
 1 lolanr na. re. 
 1 gold mohur 
 A Kola mohur weiiihs 7-'i'.i and nine-tenthft troy weight, containinir 
 IS7-(i)l flnet'oldand 170.Hailojr. 
 
 A Mcca ru|>ee weiKhn 7:11 and two'thirds troy weight, contalnins 
 17A 923 fine silver and IA'!J9.~ ailoy. 
 
 Cloth Pleasure. 
 
 3 rnrhe n 1 unf^ooiiee 
 
 3 ungooiteei I geerah 
 
 S ueerahs 1 hauth or cidiit. 18 Inched 
 
 X hauthi 1 guz or yard 
 
 Beckoning hy the Tale. 
 
 3 partlcidan = 1 gundah 
 
 4 gundaht or 20 particular! 1 coorce or corge 
 
 Liquid Measure. 
 
 A ixca riipeo weight of liquor = 1 chlltack 
 4 chitiacki 1 powah 
 
 4 iwwahi 1 tieer 
 
 40 ae«r« I maund 
 
 A H?en( mike 1 puiweree or meanure 
 6 nuKsereeft or measure make 1 maund 
 The covid in cloth measure U 9 inches 
 
 Land Measure. 
 
 I lief'g;ih make* 20 rnttahs 
 
 1 collah or 16 chit'acka 
 
 8 chitiaikH or 4 a cottah 
 
 4 chiitackt or I pitwiih 
 
 % koonkees or • ■ powah make 
 
 1 ditto 
 
 idllla 
 dlllu 
 
 720 square feet 
 
 •■"■" 
 
 ISO „ 
 
 90 
 4A 
 
 2«i 
 
 Grain Measure. 
 
 A chittarkf s I koonkc* 
 
 4 knonkeet I raik 
 
 4 ralks I pally 
 
 KO paliln 1 wally 
 
 IB Mailics I kahoon or 40 maunds 
 
 For the mutual Conversion of Bengal, Madras, and 
 Bombay Maunds. 
 
 1 he word mun, of Arabic or TIebrew origin, i.s 
 used throughout Persia and Northern India ; hut, 
 as might he expected, it represents very difffirent 
 values in different places: thus the7n«n of Tabriz 
 is only OJ lbs. avoir., vnile that of Palloda, in 
 Ahmednuggur, is 1G3.^ Ihs. 
 
 It is probable that the seer or ser, a Hindoo 
 weight (st'taA), wa.s more uniform than the maund, 
 since it was founded upon the tola (tolaha), whicli, 
 with its sub-division, the massa, must, in very 
 ancient times, have been extensively known 
 throughout commercial Asia : there can be little 
 doubt that the tale and mace of the Chinese are 
 identical in origin. 
 
 It may be generolly assumed that the maund 
 system follows the common scale, viz. : — 
 
 IB chittacV8= 1 aeer 
 
 40 leers = I maund 
 
 20 maunds = 1 candy or maunee 
 
 The use of a live-seer weight also univcrsi.lly 
 prevails under the name of pusseree, dhuree, or vis. 
 The dhuree, from its name, however, seems to be 
 properly a measure ; and accordinf'y while in 
 Malwa it is equal to !> seers, in other places it is 
 found of 4, 4i, .')■}, 10, 11, and 12 s'-.irs. Tlie 
 tervasadhola, adhetee {hoXf}, pao,pou-ah (quarter), 
 trdhpao (half-quarter), frequently occur: they ex- 
 plain themselves. 
 
 Weight. — The sub-divisions of the pondernry 
 systems, throughout the whole of British Indiii, 
 generally agree in name, though they dift'er in 
 value. Thus in every case 
 
 (Tariabie) dlian =: 1 ruttre 
 H rutteet = 1 m.issa 
 12 niassas = I tola 
 (variable) tula = I chiltack 
 
 IBchittacks= I seer 
 4U leers = I maund 
 
 The number of dhans in n ruttee, and the num- 
 ber of tolas in a chittr.ck, arc arbitrary. The 
 annexed tables show all the vorieties that have 
 been brought to notice. To save needless repeti- 
 tion, we shall reicr to them as may be nece.ssary» 
 and gi\ e in detail only the (ieculiar systems of each 
 district 
 
 Table L 
 
 4 or 8 flhans = 1 ruttee 
 8 rutteeit = 1 matM 
 is masMU =s 1 tola 
 
 Table IL 
 
 Measure. — The linear measures of India gene- 
 rally arc based on the follo'"ing system : — 
 
 5 ungooileet or flugevk* breadth ; = 1 moothtika or palm 
 
 6 mooahtlkM -= I huitu, or haulh, or cubit 
 
 Also — 
 
 I lluvsoos or lengthier III 
 „ of llie thumb 
 
 *''Juv«>0» 
 2l,|UsSOOS 
 
 42 ungiwlle,. 
 
 From the very c; 
 •^ervis, as given in 
 I"S.v, It appears tha 
 
 I "iMlorhauihofUJu 
 
 ] gniof2l]us,TOM 
 'BUioft2ungoolie«l 
 
 The standard of 
 settlement of the 1 
 been lixcd at 33 incl 
 
 33 inchet 
 «0x2O=.4'0Oi^. ba 
 
 In Bengal the hau 
 to be 18 inches in lei 
 
 4 square hnulhi 
 
 so 
 
 8U 
 
 cowrie 
 RUndai 
 kullas 
 
 These are the bee 
 the only values rcfen 
 hauth mav be said 
 inches, and the beec 
 sffuare yards. The d- 
 not sutHciently precis, 
 not affected an accura 
 not atf.-iin. 
 
 m 1809. ](, autUo 
 1 liacker'.s Bengal Din 
 rupees which, at 2s 
 of which 2.20IJ,000/. hn 
 are now selling at a hit 
 nient is conducted b' 
 Iiointcd by Govcrnmei 
 j'rietors: time of servit 
 I Ins bank posses.ses 1 
 coiiscqiientlv its circul 
 large areii, its notes I 
 "liii-'es, in imvmont ofi 
 llio various districts 
 WMngs' banks) there 
 branches of banks, of w 
 nominal capital of thesi 
 to about 1'1,OP:>,000/., tl 
 falling much short of tl 
 Insurances.— T\\» fire 
 I'lisincss is coiuhicted 
 ai-'ciicies, 8 of which an 
 jinioiinting in aggregate 
 larger proporJJcn apne 
 .^iiraiice c.xclusivelv. 
 
 Pilotage, Port Charg 
 at Calcutta have i.ssuct 
 as to pilotage, port chai 
 1. Commanders are r 
 their vessels, on arrival 
 wrtily, or cause to be 
 liirm of certificate show 
 iniiiiiige, the draught 
 ilif ve.s.sel has or has 
 ''^'^mcr any part of tlie 
 uw of a row-boat, Thi 
 I", the pilot, in order f 
 Ifjng correctly made ou 
 -. C'liinniandei-s are fi 
 iftci- their arrival as pos' 
 "; V"^ ""»•''''■•• attendant 
 I'l the reference for the 
 biil.s. 
 
 3. On the receipt by 
 ""' above certificate ai 
 Wment, a single bill wl 
 
Also — 
 
 tit JUSSOO* 
 
 4'i un)(oolle< 
 
 =: 1 (piz or clothf*T'a ywA 
 t= 1 Kux or BriiHceT*i( >ard 
 = 1 Mahomrdan kuz or jrnrd 
 
 From the very careful invcstiRntions of Major 
 .Tcrvis, »s given in his works on Intlian Mctor- 
 logy, it appears that 
 
 I I'lihll or hauth of UJutioaior 24 ungoolleci = l9'.tlH9 inrhn 
 1 Ruz of '<ll juiaooa ='iT'.ml „ 
 
 1 tCIIZ of VI JU^MKM ^Z^y.'ti'i't ,p 
 
 I gutof 4^ungoollec< =3t'!tlU6 „ 
 
 The standard of Ilahco pnz used in the land 
 Bcttlcmcnt of the North-Wcstern provinces has 
 been fixed at 33 inches, whence 
 
 3.1 inchci = 1 Ilahee guz 
 .1 cuz = 1 ban^ or meaiiuritiK ro«l 
 jnx 20 ^ 4U0 tq. bans = 1 bNgah = Mlo tq. yardi 
 
 In Ikngal the hauth or cubit has been assumed 
 to be 18 inches in length, and thus generally — 
 
 4 square bauihs = I square cowrie or kurra 
 
 4 ,1 cowries — I ti Kunda 
 'J(l „ KUndat = 1 ,1 kutt.i 
 8U „ kuttas — 1 beei;ah== 1,600 tq. yards 
 t 
 
 These are the becgahs most iit use, and are 
 the only values referable to fixed standards. The 
 liauth may be said to vary between 15 and 30 
 inches, anil the boegah between 1 .oOO and 3,000 
 sf|Hare yards. The data at present before us arc 
 not sufficiently precise, and we have consequently 
 not affected an accuracy which in truth wc could 
 not attain. 
 
 Banks. — The Bank of Bengal was cstablishrd 
 in 1899. Its authorised capital, according to 
 Thacker's Bengal Directory for 18(38, is 3,00,00,000 
 rupees, which, at Is. the rupee, gives 3,000,000/., 
 of which 2,200,000/. has been paid up. The shares 
 are now selling at a high premium. The manage- 
 iiicut is conducted by nine directors — three ap- 
 pointed by Government, and six cle-jted by pro- 
 ]iriotors : time of service for the latter three years. 
 Tliis bank possesses peculiar advantages, and 
 consequently its circulation extends over a very 
 large area, its notes being received at all public 
 ollices, in payment of revenue, by the collectors of 
 ilic various districts. Besides thij (exclusive of 
 sivingd' banks) there arc 18 other banks, or 
 hnniches of banks, of which 13 are 'limited.' The 
 nominal capital of these amounts in the aggregate 
 to about 1'1,00.'),000/., the paid up capital, however, 
 filling much short of this amount. 
 
 Insurances, — Thg fire, life, and marine insurance 
 liiisiness is co))(lucted by 62 establishments and 
 au'encics, 8 of which are local, the nominal capital 
 amounting in aggregate to over 30,000,000/. The 
 larger proportion appear to conduct marine in- 
 fiinnice exclusively. 
 Pilotage, Port Charges Sfc. — The Marine Board 
 
 at Cal<;utta have issued the following regulations 
 
 as to pilotage, port charges Ac. : — 
 
 1. Commanders are requested, prior to quitting 
 their vessels, on arrival off Calcutta, to fill up and 
 rertiiy, or cause to be filled up and certified, a 
 I'lirin of certificate showing the actual registered 
 toiiniigc, the draught of water, and whether 
 tlic vessel has or has not been tugged by a 
 jtcamcr any part of the way, or has not had the 
 use of a row-boat. This form will be furnished 
 III tiie pilot, in order to the bills of the vessel 
 being correctly made out. 
 
 2. Commandei-s are further requested, as early 
 after tlieir arrival as possible, to notify in writing 
 til the master attendant tho name and residence 
 of the reference for the payment of their vessels' 
 bills. 
 
 3. On the receipt by the master attendant of 
 the nbiive certificate and written reference for 
 payment, a single bill will be prepared, including 
 
 CALCUTTA 233 
 
 inward pilotage, port dues, and row-boat hire (if 
 any), wiiich, together with the certificate, will Im 
 forwarded to the collector of customsfor ciillcctiou 
 within fifteen days of the arrival of the vessel, 
 and having on it ihc n.ime anil resideiice nC the 
 party referred to for payment, which commanders 
 ar requested to furnish to the master attendant in 
 writing, as early after their arrival as practicable : 
 that officer will more readily bo eniiblcd to present 
 it. By this arrangement all the charges connected 
 with the vessel up to her arrival off Calcutta will 
 be embodied in one bill, instead of, as hitlicrto, 
 being made in separate bills. 
 
 4. In the event of the vessel's docking, or being 
 transported at the desire of the commander, it is 
 reqnesled that a certificate may be given by the 
 commanding oHicer of the operation having been 
 performed, in order to its accompanying the bill 
 
 when presented for payment to the referee. 
 
 5. 'Ihe charges for hauling to the chain moor- 
 ings, for their monthly hire, and for hauling from 
 the moorings, will be in separate bills, including 
 the charge for hauling to the moorings, that for 
 occupying them, and that for hauling from tlioin ; 
 and commanders are requested to give, or cause 
 their commanding ot'.iccrs to gi\ e, to the master 
 attendant or the harboup-master certificate of 
 the date of hauling to and from the moorings, 
 which certificate, as before, will accompany tiie 
 bill when presented for payment. The lure of 
 the moorings will be charged for the day on 
 which the vessel is hauled thereto, without 
 reference to the period of the day ; and in like 
 manner no charge will be made for the day on 
 which she hauls from her moorings, however late 
 in the day she may quit them. 
 
 (!. The" system of charging outward pilotage on 
 an estimated draught of water, with an addition 
 of 10 per cent., subject to adjustment after the 
 vessel has saileu, and of charging a certain num- 
 ber of days for a row-boat, subject to a like ad- 
 justment, is abolished ; and in future the outward . 
 pilotage and chorge for row-boat hire on outward- 
 bound vessels will be made as follows: — 
 
 When the vessel is finally laden, the c immander 
 is to give notice thereof to the master attendant, 
 when the draught of water is to be ascertained 
 and certified by the commander or commanding 
 otHcer on the part of the vessel, and by thu pilot 
 on tlic part of Government, subject, in case of 
 dispute, to the decision of the master attendant. 
 On receipt of the certificate, the master attendant 
 will cause a bill to bo made out for the regular 
 amount of pilotage, and for the row- boa . hire. 
 The bill and certificate will be presented in due 
 course for payment. 
 
 7. As, however, it frequently happens that 
 vessels are taking in cargo or filling their water 
 up to the last day of their departure, or that from 
 otiier causes the bills for the chain moorings and 
 outward pilotage cannot bo made out till the eve 
 of departure, owners, agents, and commanders are, 
 in such cases, particularly requested, with a view 
 to despatch, to cause an individual to attend at 
 the Bankshall and expedite the transmission of 
 the bill and certificate to the collector of customs 
 for collection. 
 
 8. In the event of a vessel being tugged any 
 part of the way down by steam, or not having 
 the use of a row-boat, commanders are to obtain 
 from the pilot at Kedgeree a certificate to that 
 oft'ect, whicti they should for>vard by dak to their 
 agents. On receipt thereof, agents are requested 
 to make out a bill against her Majesty's Govern- 
 ment for the J deduction from the pilotage allowed 
 if tugged by steam, or for the row-boat hire paid, 
 as the case may be, acd to forward it, together 
 
 
 ' 
 
 i . 
 
 , 
 
234 
 
 CALCUTTA 
 
 / If? 
 
 1: 
 
 
 t;'-.:. 
 
 fi 
 
 witli the certificnte, to the civil paymaster for 
 audit and payment. 
 
 '.». In cases where a vessel leaves Calcutta, 
 avowedly iiitendinjj to fill up carffo at some place 
 below, the pilotage will be charged at the drauglit 
 at which she loaves Calcutta in like manner, 
 though at tlie reduced amount, as if she had pro- 
 ceeded to sea ; and with respect to the subsequent 
 iiilotage charge from the place at which the 
 vessel tak( s iu the additional cargo to sea, owners 
 or agents of vessels will be required to furnish a 
 special guarantee to pay the amount chargeable 
 according to a certificate of the draught of water 
 to be signed by tlie commander or commanding 
 ollicer and pilot. 
 
 !•». Two sets of moorings at Diamond Harbour 
 having been fitted specially to enable vessels 
 
 arriving in distress from loss of anchors and 
 
 cables to be readily moored, the charge will bo 
 
 Co.'s Ks. 10 for mooring anil unmooring, and the 
 
 daily hire the same as for the moorings at Calcutta. 
 
 Tlie moorings will of course be available to vessels 
 
 not in distress from loss of anchors and cables, 
 
 I but the harbour-master will be instructed at all 
 
 times to keep two sets vacant during the SVV. 
 
 } monsoon to meet casualties. 
 
 I 11. Annexed is a statement of the several port 
 
 and pilotage charges ; and the master attendant 
 
 I trusts that, with these and the certilicates of the 
 
 j commanders or commanding officers before thciii, 
 
 j owners and agents of vessels will at all times 
 
 ^ be enabled readily to ascertain the correctness of 
 
 the bills, and to discharge them on presenta- 
 
 ! tion : — 
 
 Pilotage CItargeable on Vessels : Intermediate or Broken Pilotage. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 Full PiloUire 1 " — ' 
 
 ^^ 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DrauKht of 
 Waier 
 
 
 
 i 1^ 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 12 
 
 » 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 Co.'s lU 
 
 1 Co.'s Rs. 
 
 
 Co.'s Rl. 
 
 Co.'s Rs. 
 
 Co.'s Us. 
 
 Co.'s Rs. 
 
 Inward 
 
 Outward Ir * ard 
 
 Outward 1 Inward i Out- ;ard 
 
 Inwiird 
 
 Outward 
 15 10 
 
 Inward 
 20 13 4 
 
 Outward 
 ■^0 13 4 
 
 Inward .Outward 
 
 Under S feet 
 
 B2 
 
 8 
 
 02 
 
 8 S .3 4 
 
 5 3 4I 10 
 
 6 8 
 
 10 6 8 
 
 l') 
 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 26 S 
 
 H to u „ 
 
 llH) 
 
 (1 
 
 UK) 
 
 0; 8 54: 8 5 4 
 
 16 
 
 10 8 
 
 16 10 8 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 5 4 
 
 33 
 
 5 4 
 
 II 
 
 10 8 
 
 41 10 H 
 
 9 to 10 „ 
 
 137 
 
 S M 
 
 151) 
 
 0. II 7 4' 12 8 1 
 
 ^2 
 
 14 8 
 
 25 
 
 34 
 
 6 
 
 37 
 
 8 
 
 45 
 
 13 4i 50 
 
 II 
 
 57 
 
 4 8 
 
 62 8 II 
 
 10 to 11 „ 
 
 16« 
 
 H U 
 
 175 
 
 0. 13 8 8, 14 9 4 
 
 27 
 
 1 4 
 
 29 2 8 
 
 40 
 
 10 
 
 43 
 
 12 
 
 54 
 
 2 8| 38 
 
 3 4 
 
 67 
 
 II 4 
 
 72 14 » 
 
 II to lii „ 
 
 1S7 
 
 S 
 
 200 
 
 15 10 0, in 10 8 
 
 31 
 
 4 II 
 
 .13 5 4| 46 
 
 14 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 8 0, 66 
 
 10 8 
 
 78 
 
 2 
 
 83 5 4 
 
 \'l to 13 „ 
 
 212 
 
 S 
 
 225 
 
 17 11 4I 18 12 n 
 
 33 
 
 6 8 
 
 37 8 .53 
 
 '.1 
 
 56 
 
 4 
 
 70 
 
 13 4 75 
 
 
 
 88 
 
 8 8 
 
 93 1'^ II 
 
 13 to li ;, 
 
 V5() 
 
 (1,262 
 
 8 20 13 4, 21 14 U 
 
 41 
 
 10 8 
 
 43 12 Q 
 
 62 
 
 8 
 
 65 
 
 10 
 
 83 
 
 5 4 87 
 
 8 
 
 104 
 
 » 8 
 
 109 6 (1 
 
 U to 15 „ 
 
 2S7 
 
 8 Ol3(ll) 
 
 23 10 4 25 
 
 47 
 
 14 8 
 
 50 
 
 71 
 
 14 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 13 4-IUO 
 
 
 
 119 
 
 12 8' 125 (l| 
 
 \i to IG „ 
 
 337 
 
 S 0'362 
 
 8 28 2 0| 30 3 4 
 
 56 
 
 4 6(1 6 8 
 
 St 
 
 
 
 W 10 Ollfi 
 
 8 120 
 
 1.1 4 
 
 140 10 U Ul II >•' 
 
 Ifi to 17 „ 
 
 10(1 
 
 ll|150 
 
 33 5 4i 37 8 li 
 
 60 
 
 10 B 75 
 
 100 
 
 112 
 
 8 II 
 
 1,13 
 
 5 4 150 
 
 
 
 166 
 
 10 8187 8 II 
 
 1" to IS „ 
 
 41)2 
 
 8 (M525 
 
 (I 38 8 li] 43 12 
 
 77 
 
 1 4 87 8 II 
 
 115 
 
 10 131 
 
 4 1 
 
 151 
 
 2 8 175 
 
 (I 
 
 192 
 
 11 4 2IS l'( V 
 
 IS to 19 „ 
 
 525 
 
 ()i.-|87 
 
 8 II 43 12 01 48 15 4 
 
 87 
 
 8 0! 97 14 8 
 
 131 
 
 4 140 
 
 14 (1 
 
 175 
 
 195 
 
 13 4 
 
 218 
 
 12 null 12 8 
 
 19 to '^0 „ 
 
 6;)U 
 
 n (i'675 
 
 50 56 4 II 
 
 100 
 
 112 8 II 
 
 150 
 
 I6S 
 
 12 li 
 
 200 
 
 225 
 
 n 
 
 250 
 
 0',i81 1 11 
 
 'lO to 'U „ 
 
 1,75 
 
 II j 750 
 
 56 4 62 8 
 
 112 
 
 8 125 II 
 
 168 
 
 12 187 
 
 8 II 
 
 225 
 
 2,5(1 
 
 
 
 281 
 
 4 (I31'J S (1 
 
 ■n to i'i „ 
 
 737 
 
 8 «»12 
 
 8 61 7 4 67 U 4 
 
 122 
 
 U 8 1.35 6 8 
 
 IS4 
 
 6 203 
 
 2 
 
 245 
 
 13 4 270 
 
 1.1 4 
 
 307 
 
 4 8 .LIS s s 
 
 Ti tf « „ 
 
 sno 
 
 n S75 
 
 II 66 10 8 72 14 H 
 
 1.13 
 
 5 4 145 13 4 
 
 200 
 
 U 218 
 
 12 
 
 266 
 
 10 8 291 
 
 10 8 
 
 3.13 
 
 S 4 ,161 U 1 
 
 23 to U „ 
 
 S75 
 
 (1 'J62 
 
 8 72 14 8 SI) 3 4 
 
 115 
 
 13 4 16(1 6 8 
 
 218 
 
 12 210 
 
 10 
 
 ■291 
 
 10 8 320 
 
 13 4 364 
 
 9 4 401 II K 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 1 
 
 8 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Under S feet 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 31 
 
 4 1) 
 
 31 
 
 4 11 
 
 3« 7 4 35 7 1 
 
 41 
 
 10 8 41 10 8 
 
 46 
 
 110 46 
 
 11 
 
 ,'.2 
 
 1 4 
 
 52 
 
 1 4 
 
 57 
 
 4 8 
 
 57 4 S 
 
 S to 9 „ 
 
 50 
 
 (1 
 
 50 
 
 (1 II 
 
 .58 5 4' 5S 5 4 
 
 66 
 
 10 8 66 10 s 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 S3 
 
 5 4 
 
 83 
 
 5 4 
 
 91 
 
 10 8 
 
 '.11 Id H 
 
 9 to 11) „ 
 
 (iS 
 
 12 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 80 3 1| S7 8 (1 
 
 91 
 
 10 8 IdO (1 
 
 103 
 
 2 112 
 
 8 
 
 HI 
 
 9 4 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 1'26 
 
 8 
 
 117 8 II 
 
 10 to 11 „ 
 
 SI 
 
 4 
 
 S7 
 
 8 U 
 
 94 12 S 1112 1 4 
 
 108 
 
 5 4 110 10 .s 
 
 121 
 
 14 
 
 131 
 
 4 II 
 
 1.15 
 
 6 8 
 
 145 
 
 13 1 
 
 148 
 
 15 1 
 
 ir,0 6 8 
 
 11 la I'J „ 
 
 ill 
 
 12 too 
 
 
 
 109 6 116 10 8 11(5 
 
 133 5 1 
 
 14(1 
 
 10 
 
 150 
 
 II 
 
 1,',6 
 
 4 
 
 166 
 
 10 8 
 
 171 
 
 14 
 
 183 5 4 
 
 IV to 13 „ 
 
 1(16 
 
 4 II ll!i 
 
 8 II 
 
 123 15 4 131 4 III 
 
 10 8 1.50 II 
 
 159 
 
 6 
 
 168 
 
 ;2 
 
 1-7 
 
 1 4 
 
 187 
 
 8 
 
 194 
 
 12 8 
 
 ■iUii 4 (1 
 
 13 to 11 „ 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 131 
 
 4 II 
 
 145 13 4 153 2 
 
 1C6 
 
 !0 8 IT5 (1 
 
 187 
 
 8 II 
 
 196 
 
 11 
 
 208 
 
 5 1 
 
 218 
 
 12 
 
 229 
 
 2 8 
 
 210 1(1 (1 
 
 14 to 15 „ 
 
 143 
 
 12 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 167 11 4 175 (1 
 
 191 
 
 10 8 2(10 
 
 215 
 
 10 
 
 225 
 
 1) 
 
 2.19 
 
 9 4 
 
 250 
 
 n 
 
 263 
 
 8 8 
 
 275 
 
 15 In 16 ,, 
 
 16S 
 
 12 
 
 181 
 
 4 ri 
 
 196 11 0211 7 4 
 
 225 
 
 II 211 10 8 
 
 253 
 
 2 
 
 271 
 
 14 
 
 281 
 
 4 
 
 302 
 
 1 4 
 
 309 
 
 6 
 
 ,132 1 K 
 
 16 to 17 „ 
 
 ,(00 
 
 II 
 
 225 
 
 n 
 
 833 5 4 262 8 
 
 266 
 
 10 S ,100 
 
 .300 
 
 II 337 
 
 8 
 
 333 
 
 5 4 
 
 375 
 
 1) 
 
 360 
 
 10 « 
 
 112 K II 
 
 17 to IS „ 
 
 ^31 
 
 4 
 
 ^62 
 
 8 
 
 ■i69 12 8.100 4 
 
 3(IS 
 
 5 4 350 
 
 316 
 
 14 393 
 
 12 
 
 .185 
 
 6 8:1.37 
 
 8 
 
 423 
 
 15 4 
 
 IHI 1 II 
 
 IS to PI „ 
 
 jr.'i 
 
 8 II 
 
 J93 
 
 12 
 
 3116 4 312 11 4 .-.50 
 
 II .391 10 8 
 
 .193 
 
 12 410 
 
 10 
 
 137 
 
 8 11! 189 
 
 9 4 
 
 4S1 
 
 4 o:53H s a 
 
 1!' to TO „ 
 
 3(10 
 
 U 
 
 337 
 
 8 II 
 
 350 393 12 
 
 100 
 
 I) 1,50 
 
 150 
 
 5ii0 
 
 4 
 
 5(10 
 
 562 
 
 8 
 
 5,50 
 
 0:618 12 II 
 
 '^il to 'il „ 
 
 137 
 
 8 
 
 375 
 
 II 
 
 3'J3 12 0437 8 
 
 |.')(l 
 
 500 (; 5(16 
 
 4 0.562 
 
 8 
 
 562 
 
 8 625 
 
 I) 618 
 
 1 2 GK7 S II 
 
 •i\ to ■:'4 „ 
 
 36S 
 
 12 II 
 
 106 
 
 4 
 
 1.30 3 4 473 15 4 
 
 491 
 
 1(1 li 511 10 8 5.'>3 
 
 2 609 
 
 6 
 
 614 
 
 9 4 677 
 
 1 1 076 
 
 8 744 1'.' h 
 
 'i1 to W „ 
 
 10(1 
 
 II 
 
 137 
 
 8 
 
 166 10 8 510 6 8 
 
 533 
 
 5 4 5S3 5 4 600 
 
 650 
 
 4 
 
 660 
 
 10 8 729 
 
 S 8 7.13 
 
 5 4 M)'^ 1 4 
 
 23 to 24 „ 
 
 137 
 
 S (1 
 
 481 
 
 4 510 6 8 561 7 4 583 
 
 5 4 611 10 8 0.56 
 
 4 0721 
 
 14 
 
 729 
 
 2 8 802 
 
 1 4 802 
 
 1 4 882 IS 
 
 PlI.OTAGE CirARGES. 
 
 Outwards. — From within the Fort of Calcutta, 
 
 1. ToIk'Iow Fort Clouc.sttr - . - - \.\2 
 
 '^. To bflow Ho]( River ObelUk • • ■ . u-\'l 
 
 .^. 'I'o below the Anchoring ('reek - - - .l-ia 
 
 '1. T^ bi'low Diiitiiond llArbuur telegraph station- • 4-1*^^ 
 
 .I. To bt-'Iow RanRafuila Obelisk (SE.) - - - 5-12 
 
 a. To ImjIow Mud Point tele)n'a]ih station (ESK.) - - C-IV 
 
 7. To below the Fairway buoy of HulfurUs in that channel, 
 
 or the tow :>rinost buoy of the Auckland, if in that 
 
 channel .---.- 7.12 
 8< I'o below the apex buoy of llcdfonlit, or the apex buoy of 
 
 the western channel,' according to the chatniel used • 8-12 
 y. To l»elow a line E. or W. of Saufzor anchoring; buoy, or 
 
 of ihe H. buoy for the western channel - - 0'\2 
 
 10. To l>elow aline ENE. or \VS\V. of the Lower (fa.v,)er 
 
 liyht-vessel for tbe eaf.tern cbannel. or WSW. of the 
 lower ea^ttern reef head piihi^age buoy for the south 
 channel - - - - . . 10-12 
 
 11. To Iwlow aline ENE. nf the spit buoy for the eastern 
 
 channel, or WSW. of the &outh chuhnel reef buoy fur 
 
 the south channel - - - - - 11-12 
 
 12. To )>eIoH' a line drawn eait and weit of ti.*, lower re*.f 
 
 buoy, or the pilot station ... full pilotage 
 
 Inwards. — To within the Fort of Calcutta, 
 
 1. From below Fort Gloucester • ■ - - l.|2 
 
 2. From tielow Ho({ Kiver Obelisk ... 2-12 
 
 3. From Ih?1ow the Anchorinfi Oeek - . - 5-12 
 
 4. From t)elow Diamond Ylarlmur tele^^aph station * 4-12 
 A. From below KanKafullaOMisk IHE.) • . A-12 
 fi. From ht'low AIutT Point teleffraph htatlon fESE.) .. 6-12 
 7. From below the Fairway buoy of ItedfonU in that 
 
 channel, or the luwermunl buoy of the Auckland^ if in 
 
 that channel ..... 7.12 
 
 8. From below the apex buoy of Hedford-i, or the apex buoy 
 
 of the western cbannel, according to the channel ustti ■ H-l'.' 
 
 9. From Iwlow a line east or west of Saugor anchoring buoy, 
 
 or of the II. buoy for the western channel - . O-l'i 
 
 10. From below a line E.VE. or WSW. of the I^wer liasper 
 
 light-ve<wsel for the ea.s(ern channel, or WSW. of the 
 loHer eastern reef head passage buoy fur the south 
 channel ...... iq.]</ 
 
 11. FroDi below a line ENE. of the spit buoy for tlu* eastern 
 
 channil, or WSW. of the south channel reef buoy for 
 
 the snuih channel • . - 11 12 
 
 12. From below a line drawn east and west of the lower reef 
 
 buoy, or thepdot station - - . full pilutice 
 
 H^wurAr.— Intermediate or broken pilotajre is calculatetMi^ .imvle 
 
 subtraction of the proportion Ic^viable for the shorter distaiue fntni 
 
 that chargeable for the greater. 
 
 Illiutration. — What proportion of the outward pilntn^e should l>e 
 
 p.ii<l for conducting a shin outwards from Fuliah to Saugor Roid- - 
 Proportion for Fullslb, Mow Hiw' Hiirri>/WiiA: - - 2*12 
 
 Proportion for Saugor llcMils, below Apex UtdJ'ordi - S.I2 
 
 Proportion payable -. • ii.Vt 
 
 Table of Port Dues leviable in the Fort ofCakutia 
 uiuler Act No, XXX, of 1857, 
 
 I'tr (on. 
 th. ai. |i. 
 Sea-going vesSL-Is of 20 tons and upwanU - - •! U 
 
 ^o |K>rt dues chargeable on vessels comitelled, by stress of 
 
 weather, to re-enter port. 
 Dhonies or country veshels emplnveftin tbe coasting trade 
 
 char(;e;ible not ofteiier than once in bn days - -020 
 
 Vessels enttrmg the (wrt in b dlast - - 3 
 
 Tug steamers belonicing to the |khi, once every 6 months, 
 I viz.,onct' from .January 1 to Jure .10, and once firom 
 1 July 1 to l>eceniber:>l, annually • . - 4 
 
 AU Vesseh occupy 
 or swimjing, sha 
 according to thej 
 
 Vessels up to 199 tons 
 
 from 2(X) up to 2' 
 300 ,, 3»' 
 400 ,, 41 
 500 ; .V 
 
 600 ;; ^ii 
 
 I."noandupi 
 ItV.^Oto I,4Vj 
 
 Table of Port Fees I 
 under Ai 
 
 llaullnjtio or from chain m. 
 
 .■•JtitormMlSfT""""" 
 Iiookmg - . " 
 
 Measuring 
 
 Ihc following new ^\ 
 \'l]?,^Se9 have been i. 
 
 I. Goods lying on t 
 
 House Compound, an 
 
 allowed to remain foi 
 
 any charge for rent, afl 
 
 (at the rates enumcra 
 
 to be charged for four 
 
 ••iii.v.nirther number of, 
 
 U. Goods lying undc 
 
 House to be allowed tw 
 
 single rent, and for any 
 
 of that period double re 
 
 111. Goods landed a 
 
 Ooods remaining ui the 
 
 twenty-four hours shall 
 
 3j,'P, and if remaming 
 
 Hharlage. 
 
 IV. Thodayoflandil 
 lie reckoned as one dal 
 are not reckoned in thl 
 •clay 13 caused by thcT 
 Hou.so Officers to exaJ 
 .ifter application in duJ 
 '"f Ja^'s of such delal 
 lemi. ' 
 
 Scale o/l 
 
 ter-whoic ,,ip^, t„„ I 
 
 lia.f pipi. or hogshead .F 
 
 , quarter i,l,w .»'""" f 
 
 Uw.^cask,c„„,a,„l„gg,as.„;J 
 
 I.arsi' crate " " J' 
 
 fmallur irate " ' ■; , j 
 
 Hine-buttoriiipp . °' ' 
 
 lialfpi|K.orhoiMhead '■ 
 quarter pipe . ■ 
 
 chS on?.'* ''''""»'« I 
 
 chest ■?frV'°'™ "'"••»• I 
 cnest of 6 dozen Jiie. or .^il 
 
 quarter che,l or .Idokmf 
 
 one do/en lioK ' 
 
 i'Pi'lU, iwr pi,« . 
 l*r hogshead 
 In Iwitje CISC m 1 do/in t 
 
 per case off, doren si7» n3 
 lierc.^of.doj,':,',^'^ 
 
 |itr bale if .iriUler size 
 
CALCUTTA 
 
 235 
 
 AU Veueh occupying Govemm:mt Moorings, fixed 
 or swinging, shall 4c liable to pay for the same 
 according to the J'ollowing revised scale : — 
 
 Vessel! up to 199 tons 
 
 from K(K) uii to 290 Ions 
 300 „ .199 „ 
 41)0 „ 4U9 „ 
 500 „ S'J'J „ 
 600 „ 999 „ 
 I.lnlOanduuto l,H9 
 1 ,iSO to 1 ,499 torn 
 l.MK) „ 1,749 „ 
 1,7.')0„ 1.999 „ 
 V,000 tons and upwards 
 Swinging moorings ^ 
 
 From 
 Nor. I to 
 May 31, 
 per diem 
 
 rs. a. 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 I) 
 USD 
 
 .- () 
 
 3 K II 
 
 4 (I 
 .'I 
 
 6 U 
 
 7 () n 
 H II II 
 ■J II 
 ■i I) 
 
 Table of Port Fees leviable in the Port of Calcutta 
 under Act XXX. o/1857. 
 
 rs. 
 
 llnulinK to or firom chain moorings, each opcrattnn - - 16 
 
 Ilaulinu to or from swinging mooiings, each operation - 10 
 
 Ke-mooring • - • • - - ITt 
 
 llnullnii in or out of dock, each operation ... z^O 
 
 U)>e of tmoy hauling in or out of dock - • - li> 
 
 Kumovlng from one part of the port to another • • 25 
 Kemoving from one mooring to a.iother, at the request of tht* 
 
 agent or master - - - - - . /iO 
 
 Hooking - - - - . • ' \f> 
 
 Measuring - - . • . . 3<) 
 
 Customs Wharfage Rules and Scale of Cliarges, — 
 The following new Wharfage Rules and Scale of 
 Charges have been in operation from January 1, 
 18(i0 :— 
 
 I. Goods lying on the Wharf or in the Custom 
 House Compound, and not under cover, to be 
 allowed to remain four days without incurring 
 any charge for rent, after that period single rent 
 (at the rates enumerated in the annexed Table) 
 to be charged for four days, and double rent for 
 any further number of days. 
 
 il. Goods lying under cover within the Custom 
 House to be allowed two days rent-free, two days 
 single rent, and for any number of days in excess 
 of that period double rent. 
 
 III. Goods landed at the Custom Hou?e and 
 Goods remaining in the shade on the Ghaut beyond 
 twenty-four hours shall be charged Double Wharf- 
 a;,'o, and if remaining beyond eight days Treble 
 Wharfai^e. 
 
 IV. The day of landing and that of removal to 
 be reckoned as one day ; Sundays and holidays 
 are not reckoned in the rent-free terms. When 
 ilelay ia caused by the inability of the Custom 
 House Otiicers to examine and pass the goods 
 after application in due course for that purpose, 
 ilie days of such delay are not to reckon in any 
 tenn. 
 
 Scale of Charges^ 
 
 Bwr-whole pipe* butt, or jmncheon • . . 
 
 half ptiV, or hog&hcad . . . . 
 
 quarter plfie . . . . . 
 
 Large cask, containing glass or earthenware 
 Tierie ,, „ ,, ,, or provisions • 
 
 Large crate „ „ VI ,, dozen Iwttles • 
 
 >mallfT (Tate ,i 8 or 6 dozen, or mure or less 
 
 Wine— butt or pipe - . - _ - 
 
 half pit»e or hogshead • - . - 
 
 quarter pipe - - - _ . 
 
 chest above 12 dozen size - . . 
 
 chest of I i dozen size, or above d dozen - 
 chfst of 6 dozen size, or above 3 dozen - 
 quarter che-d or .T do/tm 
 
 all Imxes under 3 dozen and above 1 dozen size • 
 one dozen Ijox . . . . 
 
 Spirits, i>er piiH> . . . . . 
 
 tier liogNheail . . . . 
 
 in bottle cue as 1 dozen 
 aliove 1 and under 3 dozens 
 3 dnzens . . . . . 
 
 above si and under fi dozens 
 
 6 dozens . . . . . 
 
 for every dozen in excess of H dozens 
 British piece gouils, per case above Vi dozen size 
 j)er c.i>e of Vi dozen hizc or above fi dozens 
 per case of fi dczen size or above 5 dozens 
 per case of .T dozen size at less - 
 per biile of size of twist of 4(K) to bm lU. 
 per bale of smaller size 
 Twist, of all sorts, per bale of 400 or 600 lbs. - 
 ptr bale (f^^iraller size 
 
 Per month 
 
 rs. 
 
 a. 
 
 I'- 
 
 n 
 
 \'l 
 
 ll 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 (1 
 
 1 
 
 I) 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'l 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 li 
 
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 i; 
 
 n 
 
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 3 
 
 
 
 
 
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 I 
 
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 ■i 
 
 II 
 
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 II 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 li 
 
 II 
 
 ■i 
 
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 3 
 
 II 
 
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 4 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 H 
 
 II 
 
 H 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 fi 
 
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 II 
 
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 11 
 
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 4 
 
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 li 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 fer 
 
 mon 
 
 Ih 
 
 s. 
 
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 ^ 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 li 
 
 l> 
 
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 fi 
 
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 • 
 
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 • 
 
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 II 
 
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 11 
 
 li 
 
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 •I 
 
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 Vl 
 
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 H 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 II 
 
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 'I 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 I! 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 ranTas, per balo - . - - - 
 
 Sitkt pt?r liale ..... 
 
 Silk |iifce gooils, pi-r case . - - . 
 
 IndiKo, \vx chfst ..... 
 OpiuiDf ptT chest . • - . 
 
 Cotton, hemp. Jute, and safllower, per st:rewc(l bale of 300 
 
 lbs. -..._. 
 
 ^ugar, rice, and seeds, iict 100 br. mds. 
 Cutch, per 100 br. mds. .... 
 
 Shell lac and lac d>'e, ptT chest 
 
 Veimlllon, per l»ox ..... 
 Arsenic, lier Ijox - ■ - - 
 
 HrasH leaf, per box . . - • 
 
 rhtna pH|)er, per ca^e .... 
 
 China cai,es of nankin, cassia, camphor, silks, aniseed &c. 
 
 per COM? ..-•-. 
 (iioKer .ind turmeric, per lOO br. mds. 
 lU.tei-nul, per br. mil. . . . - 
 
 CIoTi-s, jier br. md. . - - - • 
 
 Colfee, pepiwr, cardamom, cummlmeed, aniseed, in ba^s 
 
 or his., p. hr. md. - . - • - 
 
 .Su);ar, spices, .md any other similar articles,ln hoi;8he.-ids, 
 
 per hoif^heiid ..... 
 
 Hugar, in tierces, per tierce - - - . 
 
 Tea, per whole chMt .... 
 
 Jier smaller hoi . . - . . 
 
 Sugar candjr, per tub .... 
 
 Faint, per keg of ^6 lbs. .... 
 
 Salmon, herrings, or other lish, per keg 
 Tur]ientlne>, linseed, and other regetahiu oils, per jjr 
 Ail cordage, per cwt. . . - . - 
 
 Kosin oi llammar, per hr. md. • • 
 
 Tobacco, unmanufactured, per I md. bale 
 (junnies, per large hale . . . _ 
 
 |ier sm.dlet hale .... 
 Cow hides, per larger hale , - . . 
 
 |ier smaller hale . - - . 
 
 float skins, per hale . - ' • 
 
 Ouicksilver, per hr. md. _ . - . 
 
 i ill plates, per box - - . . • 
 
 nietals, per br. md. - . • - . 
 
 New Wharfage Rules. — ^Importers and othcH 
 landing goods at the Custom House are to appoint 
 watchmen to take care of them : such Avatchmen 
 arc to iiave in their possession the badge or writtoii 
 authority of tlie j orsons appointing them, and 
 whicli is to be produced when rcijuired by an 
 officer of Customs. 
 
 Wliarf Assistants arc strictly cautioned from 
 receiving paciiages containing matchc.a, acidn. 
 crackers, gunpowder, gun-caps, saltpetre, or other 
 inflammable articles within their sheds, and to 
 bring to the notice of the Controller as soon as 
 they find from their boat notes or information 
 other^vise received that such articles are about to 
 be landed. Any person bringing such goods into 
 the Sheds and Godowns of the Custom House will 
 be liable to a fine of 500 Rupees, and to make good 
 all damages arising therefrom. 
 
 No packages are allowed to bo opened on the 
 Wharf without the Collector's orders, or if for ap- 
 praisement, under direction of one of the Apprai.sc-.-*. 
 
 No full casks or cases of wine, beer, or any ochor 
 liquor are to be passed out until the empty ones 
 covered by the same rcr\vannali arc removed fir.'it. 
 'J'his rule is applicable in cases where parties are 
 alliiwoil to lill up beer, spirits, tar &c., on the 
 wharf before passing 
 
 As the Out-Sheds are onlj' intended for the ac- 
 commodation of goods landed before the opening 
 and after the closing of the gates, unless under 
 special permission of the Collector, and with cer- 
 tain exceptions, no goods are allowed to be placed 
 therein between the hours of 10 A. m. and 6 r. m. 
 
 The following goods only arc allowed to be 
 landed outside at all hours : — Timbers and planks 
 of all descriptions, heavy anchors and chains, tar, 
 rosin, pitch, and all heavy packages which require 
 the use of the crane. 
 
 All expenses incurred for advertising and re- 
 moving packages are to be paid by the owners or 
 consignees thereof at the time of passing. 
 
 An extra Officer and a Peon to be appointed to 
 all jii-'vate bond Godowns at the expense of the 
 bonders. The former to receive and the latter to 
 accompany the goods passing into private bond. 
 An officer is also appointed, at the expense of the 
 bonders, to pass out goods from private bond on 
 whicli duty lias been paid, 
 
 A Peon (if one be available) will be appointed 
 
 ,. 1 ' 
 
 \, 
 

 f;. 
 
 {■ T 
 
 i' 
 
 r 
 
 ti 
 
 236 CALCUTTA 
 
 by tlic Officer at the Bonded Warchouso to nc- 
 rmiiiinny {,'oods into public bond, otherwise a fee 
 ul° 4 iinniiH must bo paid tor nn extra I'eon. 
 
 'I'lic rate to be charp;cd by the extra Olliccr has 
 be<Mi fixed from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. at 1 rupee ond 
 8 annas; and any further time beyond the above 
 up to 5 I'.M., 3 rnpccH. From .'J toC i'..m. an extra 
 charge of 12 annas will be made, and 1 rupee from 
 3 to tj-3f) I'.M , after wliicli time (iflicer-s are not 
 cxpectcil to worii. Fee for I'cons, 4 aunas cacli 
 per day. 
 
 A conveyance fee of 1 rupee to bo paid to the 
 extra Dflic'er when rc((uired to attend at a Clodown 
 the distance of which from the Custom House 
 cxccedn J a mile. 
 
 Instances having occurred in which poods coidd 
 not be received and duly secured in the lionded 
 Warehouse on account of i)Ussin,ir out late from 
 the Wharf, Assistants will not allow any poods 
 intende J for private bond to be carted after 1 i'.m., 
 and for public bond after *l-3t) i'.m. 
 
 No work will bo allowed on Siindays and Chris- 
 tian hididays. 
 
 Work before and after hourii, and on general 
 holidays, will be allowed only on payment of fees, 
 and under sanction of the Collector. 
 
 The rate for working on those holiday.', and 
 before a:id after hours, i.e., from 7 to 10 a-.m. and 
 from 5 p.m. to sunset, is fixed at 5 rupees for each 
 requisition for the Assistants, and 8 annas to the 
 I'cons; if after sunset, extra fees of i> rupees and 
 a annas, respectively, will be charpod. 
 
 All applications for working on holidays should 
 be sent in to the Collector the day previous, and 
 in time to allow the necessary arrangements to be 
 made. 
 
 (looi's lyinp under cover within the Custom 
 House to lie allowed four days rent-free, two days 
 pinplc rent, and for any number of days in excess 
 of that period, double rent up to fourteen tlays 
 (exclusive of the rent-free ond single rent terms), 
 after that to treble rent for ten days more, and 
 quailru|)lc rent for any period in excess of that 
 term. These rates to be calculated by the single 
 rates lixcd in Government Order No. 27%, dated 
 November 15, 1859, published in the Calcutta 
 Cazetle on January 4, 1800. 
 
 All empty Cargo Iloats lying for more than 
 twenty-four hours on the Kivcr bank within the 
 limits of the Custom House, i.e., from Coilah 
 Ghaut to Clive-street Ghaut, will be charged a 
 rent of 5 rupees per day. 
 
 Coimtry timber landed within the above limits 
 will be charged, from tho data of landing, a rent 
 of 1 rupee per log per day. 
 
 Scale of Charges for Use of Cwitom-house Crane. 
 
 n. n. )), 
 
 Cases, rnrriige • » - - 
 
 piano .... 
 
 lundries, xHr not excei-dinir fi dozens 
 
 almvtf (i dozens and nut exceeding lltdozs. 
 nlmve I'^ dozens ... 
 
 ]tiere floods - ' - 
 Ca«ks, Tire Ixiwls ..... 
 «undrie». sizf> not exccedinf; 6 dozeni 
 
 atiove i\ dozens and not exceeding 1 2 dozs. 
 atiove \'l dozens 
 butts, pliiicheunit, wines or spirits 
 hui{!.head4 ..... 
 barrels, quarter casks .... 
 llalcs, cow hitles ..... 
 goat skills ..... 
 canr.is ..... 
 
 |>a|>er ..... 
 
 |)iece ifoods ..... 
 Crates, earthenware, china &c., lar^^ . . 
 
 small ... 
 Mai-I ini-ry, metals, and weighable arti'-les packed or un* 
 imcked, ]ier tnaund • . . .010 
 
 N.H. — A secont) rharite of half the almve rates wilt lie made on all 
 paek't^es not carted when lifted from the boat. 
 
 Trade of Calcutta. — During the present centurj' 
 the trade of Calcutta has experienced some very 
 striking vicissitudes. Previously to tlie opening 
 
 11 
 
 H 
 
 II 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 ll 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 tl 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 H 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 l!i 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 (I 
 
 3 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 •i 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 t 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 •i 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 K 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 of the trade in 1814-15 cotton piece goodsformoil 
 the principal article of export from India; the 
 value of those exported from Calcutta, at nii 
 average of the live years from 1814-15 to 1818-li), 
 being (at 2ii. per sicca ru|)cc) l,2fi0.73(!/. a-year. 
 The extreme cheapness of labour in Inilia,' and 
 the excellence to which the natives hail long at- 
 tained in several departments of the inamifacture, 
 would, it might have been supposed, have suf- 
 liecd to place this important department beyond 
 the reacli of foreign competition. Hut the won- 
 derful genius of our mechanics, the admirable skill 
 of our workmen, and our immense capital, Imvc 
 far more than countervailed the apparently in- 
 siiperablc drawback of high wages, and the ex- 
 pense of bringing the raw material of the maiiu- 
 i'aeturc from America, and even India itself; and 
 have enableil our manufacturers to bear down nil 
 ojipositiiin, antl to triumph over the cheaper laliinir, 
 contiguous material, and traditional art of the 
 Hindoos. The imports of Ilritish c( ttons and 
 twist into India have increased since 1814-15 
 with a rapidity uncxumpleil in the annuls of cmn- 
 merce; anil the native manufacture has sustaiiioil 
 a shock from which it is not very likely it will 
 ever recover. The inthicnee of these circum- 
 stances on the trade in piece goods has been very 
 striking. During the year 1857-58 the value of 
 those exported from Bengal was no more than 
 70,231/., being only about X of what it amounted 
 to 3G or 37 years previously ! In 1802-3 it fell, 
 including twist and yarn, to 2.3,878/., but rose to 
 119,570/! in 1803-1, anil was 78,357/. in 1801-5. 
 
 The importation of bullion into Calcutta liiis 
 fluctuated in an extreme degree since the openini; 
 of the trade in 1814. Bullion had from the earliest 
 period been one of the most advantageous arlieles 
 of export to tho East, and it continued tti bo 
 largely imported into Calcutta down to 1827-2K. 
 But from that iieriod the imports declined, and 
 were comparatively inconsiderable down to 18;)7- 
 38 ; indeed, in 1831-32, and 1832-33, the exports 
 of bullion exceeded the imports; but since 1«;)7- 
 38 its importation has ogain become greater than 
 ever. [East Indiics ; I'liKcious Mktals.J 
 
 It does not, however, ajipear to be very dilliciilt 
 to account for these variations. Formerly the 
 export of bullion to India, though inlluenceil liy 
 other causes, was mainly occasioned by the dilli- 
 culty under which we were then placed of pro- 
 viding articles of merchandise suitable fur ihc 
 Indian markets suflicient to balance our imports. 
 The astonishing increase of our exports of cuttoii 
 goods and yarn to India lias, however, gone far 
 to obviate this difficulty : in truth, the fair pre- 
 sumption seems to be, that in future the circum- 
 stances of the case will be reversed, and that the 
 difficulty of procuring return cargoes of proiluce 
 suitable for our markets will, in ordinary years, 
 be found to bo the principal obstacle to the ex- 
 tension of our trade with Hindostan as well as 
 with China. There seems to be no limit other 
 than the necessity of furnishing equivalents in 
 their stead, to the indefinite sale of ourproducts 
 in the East ; and m so far, at least, as India is 
 concerned, the facilities for furnishing such equiv- 
 alents will, most likely, be gradually incrcaseil. 
 The soil and climate of Bengal seem to be pe- 
 culiarly well suited to the production of grain, 
 sugar, indigo, opium, silk, cotton, saltpetre, jute, 
 tea, spices, and a host of other articles ; and as I 
 the inhabitants arc not deficient in industry, nor 
 in the desire to improve their condition, it would 
 seem that there wants only a reduction of the 
 land-tax, which is so heavy as to paralyse all 
 their energies, to enable them to increase their 
 articles of export to au indefinite extent, and to I 
 
 render f heir counlry 
 
 prosperous. 
 
 Calcutta is the cl 
 trade of Bengal ; th 
 Chittagong, Cutlack 
 n»,iiies and sfatemei 
 mainly the external 
 tlency. Of the prin 
 tl"-s part of Imlia, o 
 cotton to th„ Cnitcd 
 ("1 this article there hi 
 increased export arisii 
 111 America) ; indip,, t, 
 rica, trance, and Gerr 
 <lom, I'.urope, ami Am 
 doni, France, Maurit 
 ler.sian(iulfs; grain, 
 Mauritius; raw silk 
 trance; saltpetre to Ui 
 China, and France; a 
 
 America, Mauritius, an, 
 to United Kingil,,,,, „, 
 chiefly to the United 
 foriner New South Wai 
 //«/«rt*._The princi 
 tnicutta consist of co 
 piece goods, chiefly Brii 
 apparel of all kinds, boi 
 
 iiery, malt liquors, metal 
 T"'!. tin, spelter, mat 
 and military stores, rail 
 wines, salt, woollen gooi 
 the following taides v 
 trade of Bengal at diflen 
 
 ■i^munt of the Number a 
 each Aalion (includm 
 forts m the Presidency 
 mentioned Years ended 
 
 Natiotialitv 
 
 ' Hriilsh . 
 
 Amtrrican 
 \ Araliiaii . 
 '■tustrali.in 
 '.Ausirlaii - 
 J HflK'an - 
 
 lturine»e - 
 
 I'utdi . 
 I Frenrh > 
 I (lermrin - 
 I lutuii - 
 j\itr«euian 
 I IVr»iaii • 
 i I'nriuguese 
 I I'ruwiaii . 
 Itus«iari . 
 I ^anljiiraii 
 >|Mnifch - 
 
 An Account s/iowhi/; l/tel 
 ported int\ 
 
 Artlrlest 
 
 I IH.'.O-AI I 
 
 '"•'Uaiiil coke 
 "'^'lisanilstitt.nncry - 
 ' oilon rV *'■'*""'*. ^"n 
 
 I f"iits.itni n(ii.s 
 -"tkryiindpreciou-i 
 
 ,'Uthrt(cry . 
 "iJtli<iuor - 
 I lIftaisi'"''''""'"'"''U''e<I 
 lunni.inufactil. 
 
 I ■'I i ffowli 
 Railway materfali 
 Hinejand N|Mril» 
 '^wllen gouUa 
 
 Gnuirniiurii 
 fri!Jion or treasure 
 
 fotll ir 
 
 ^port traile - 1 7 
 
Col bin 
 
 Silk 
 
 CALCUTTA 
 
 render their country compnrativc'lyflijurisliing and 
 priisperoiis. 
 
 Calcutta is the cliief port for cnrryiii;! on the 
 trade of licngal ; the minor ports heipf; KalaNorc, 
 Chittngoii^', (Juttacli, and I'ooreo. The Riil>juiiied 
 tignres and statements, therefore, will represent 
 mainly the external trade of the Ucngal I'resi- 
 denoy. Of tlie principal articles exported from 
 this part of India, opiinn goes to China chietly ; 
 cotton to th,! Cnitcd Kingdom, France, and Chi'na 
 (in this article there has bt^en of late years a largely 
 increased export arising from the late disturbances 
 ill America) ; indigo to the United Kingdom, Ame- 
 rica, France, and (Jermany; jute to United King- 
 dom, iMirope, and America ; rice to United King- 
 dom, France, Mauritius, America, Arabian oiid 
 I'ersian (iulls; grain of other kinds principally to 
 Alaiiritius ; raw silk to United Kingdom and 
 France ; saltpe're to United Kmgdom and America, 
 China, and France; spices to United Kingdom, 
 America, Mauritius, and Straits Settlements ; seeds 
 to United Kingdom and America; sugar and tea 
 chiefly to the United Kingdom, though of the 
 former New South Wales receives largely. 
 
 ImjmrU. — The principal articles of import into 
 Calcutta consist of cotton twist and yarn, and 
 piece goods, chiefly Ilritish manufacture; wearing 
 jipparel of all kinds, books and stationery, machi- 
 nery, malt liquors, metals (raw) consisting of copper, 
 iron, tin, spelter, manufactured metals, naval 
 and military stores, railway materials, spirits and 
 wines, salt, woollen goods, also bullion, or treasure. 
 
 The following tables will show the state of the 
 trade of Bengal at different periods : — 
 
 Account of the Number and Tonnage of Vessels of 
 each Aation {including Steamers) Cleared at 
 Ports in the Presidenci/ of Bentjal in the '2 under- 
 mentioned Years ended April 30. 
 
 237 
 
 Airimnt of the Value of Prlnri/ml Artiilis ICr- 
 ported from the Deiiijal Presidency to all parts 
 out of India, 
 
 Aillcle 
 
 (R. 
 I u 
 
 xnxU, IwUt 
 , unil yiirti 
 II. M / Intliuit 
 
 (iniin I *}''■•• 
 (iiinnieK uiU f{uiiny 
 
 ini)i^>>Bnakk)nt 
 
 Julu 
 
 l.flc 
 
 Oili 
 
 (Ipium 
 
 Siilii>etre • 
 
 S«Hl*of all kintU . 
 
 ShawU. Caihmvre • 
 
 ' K»w - 
 
 (tocxU 
 
 SiiKar and candy 
 
 Tea 
 
 Timber and woodi • 
 
 T(i|ia(.co 
 
 fiross expnrl4 
 Itulhun ur treasure • 
 
 Total ei {Kir t trade - 
 
 1H.VI.5I 
 
 IH53-.'>I 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 si>i,2fi; 
 
 l(>9,r.5l 
 
 IlT.'JIt 
 
 •l(l,.M'^ 
 
 1.71(1,171 
 
 l.'Ul.dlU 
 
 NII.MI'i 
 
 7II,»1I 
 
 .lOH.'ill) 
 
 7.'i7,.1.'.7 
 
 ll.HM 
 
 M,-U3 
 
 lC(i,ll09 
 
 174, JS9 
 
 .-Iis,|7'> 
 
 .1-.'.,.'i.H 
 
 I9(;,9.iii 
 
 VI4,7B» 
 
 l.V>,7Nl 
 
 IIIV.349 
 
 97,'i'in 
 
 IS.II.Vl 
 
 .1,1.V.,II7A 
 
 3,6H«,!I(.3 
 
 .1(11, .11 III 
 
 .Vtl.-ilft 
 
 V(i'MV9 
 
 ■i(i7,lll 
 
 l7,.'i'JO 
 
 X«.I(M 
 
 fio.'i.sfili 
 
 fill.'i,.1l.lt 
 
 .1.1V,(i,'i7 
 
 .111,911 
 
 l,■'•n,:<^l^ 
 
 43i,67H 
 
 i'\hi) 
 
 VI,3I.^ 
 
 4,171 
 
 107.4111 
 
 1. 113.1 
 
 W.>:,','iH 
 
 1.1.747 
 
 10,133,^01 
 
 v7i;,-M 
 
 417,'I13 
 
 l».v;3.Si7 
 
 l».571.al7 
 
 iH(;ii-6i 
 
 £ 
 
 a7.4»iv 
 
 l,Mi,ii:.<j 
 i.'.i.iii; 
 
 8,3I9,VSII 
 13H,G'JV 
 
 .l.m.lfl'i 
 .'iiii.uiv 
 4ci'j,3;a 
 
 3,.'i7.'>.ll4 
 59.1,l(i7 
 763.677 
 39,4.13' 
 961,'iHI 
 llll.7.V.i 
 719.9.1B 
 lli;,ll3S 
 l.Ml,?!* 
 ll,OiU 
 
 13,I9N.7.')9 
 4.'.7.747 
 
 1H6.1.64 
 
 £ 
 3,0; 1,103 
 
 119..'.7S 
 
 l,»93,i'.1ll 
 
 46,744 
 
 'i,1.13.l7X 
 
 •iW.'JW 
 
 lOI.V^.S 
 
 7a7.(i,-.9 
 
 !,.'•< 17 .1137 
 
 V.Vl.i.il) 
 
 4(i,lll.'> 
 
 4,OT7.i-.(i 
 
 69'^,lill 
 
 l,l37.7».'i 
 
 711.014 
 9IK,I76 
 
 Kil, ri9 
 .19'.,I7S 
 ll'n,|(,4 
 
 4.'..V79 
 
 Ifi.KII 
 
 I8.6|II,VVV 
 
 (.SN,,'.44 
 
 N'.ilion»lll]r 
 
 INGI 
 
 
 S64 
 
 Ot VVkavU 
 
 Vi^sel. 
 
 'loiia 
 697,.').1S 
 
 Veiwll 
 1,538 
 
 Tons 
 
 llrillsh - 
 
 1,'i'ii 
 
 899,318 
 
 .American 
 
 78 
 
 (il.lMi 
 
 »3 
 
 19,H7li 
 
 Arabian - 
 
 7 
 
 4,311 
 
 3 
 
 1,117 
 
 .\uslrall.-in 
 
 1 
 
 447 
 
 _ 
 
 
 AuAlrian • 
 
 — 
 
 
 _ 
 
 __ 
 
 IklKian - 
 
 » 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 417 
 
 lliirmeM - 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ilAiii.h - 
 
 9 
 
 V,571 
 
 C 
 
 3,473 
 
 : liuicli - 
 
 4 
 
 a..io(; 
 
 
 
 Frtnrh - 
 
 140 
 
 67.178 
 
 l-.fl 
 
 ,')7,M33 
 
 Unman - 
 
 11 
 
 b.'m 
 
 li 
 
 8.1UB 
 
 lt.ili.in - 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 Nuraeijian 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 IVrsian - 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1'mtugune 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 IVuuian - 
 
 1 
 
 994 
 
 3 
 
 1,3-0 
 
 Kuwian - 
 
 1 
 
 443 
 
 1 
 
 796 
 
 >ar(lliiian 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 >)i.tnihh • 
 
 ^' 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 »«,iil»h - 
 
 3 
 
 l,04'.i 
 
 3 
 
 1.240 
 
 Turl^ish . 
 Tolal 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 1,4S2 
 
 844,711'i 
 
 i,;uK 
 
 993,4 1 1 
 
 N'ative crall 
 Total 
 
 174 
 1,G47 
 
 l.VT.i7 
 NCI, (179 
 
 ■i 1 ,1 
 
 ICHHS 
 
 1 ,973 
 
 1,I)I(1,.'.7'J 
 
 An Account showin/f the Principal Articles Im- 
 ported into Bengal, 
 
 Articles 
 
 1840-41 
 
 lS.'.,1-.',4 
 
 l8nMll 
 
 1K1,.1-(11 
 
 , 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Jf 
 
 £ 
 
 .Mip.inl 
 
 194,499 
 
 177,141 
 
 1!I9,.13I 
 
 7114,949 
 
 i*il» and coke 
 
 3l,fi8il 
 
 41, ',18 
 
 113,118 
 
 1.17,779 
 
 lUkiand ^tiit.onl•^y - 
 
 93,831 
 
 94,.5'J3 
 
 l')',l,l.11 
 
 193,77!) 
 
 '«»{A;:^i""'^'"" 
 
 7111,317 
 
 40(1 
 
 1,1111,474 
 
 618,703 
 
 7,7(17,916,3,105,3 .• 
 
 4,19 1,9 l» 
 
 4, 191, .173 
 
 iruil^aiid niKH 
 
 63,831 
 
 70,073 
 
 83,638 
 
 66,0.M 
 
 JrMrliT> and precious 
 
 
 
 
 
 in.mf> 
 
 4.^,89.'! 
 
 .'.6, ,',67 
 
 107,911 
 
 119,870 
 
 i^aillincry - 
 
 14,101 
 
 77 ,.14-. 
 
 716,7114 
 
 374,188 
 
 ^lllt ii(|tinr • 
 
 4S,.')3s 
 
 77,748 
 
 114,(178 
 
 718,819 
 
 ,, . , Inianuf.uiureil 
 """' Vniniinufacld. 
 
 177,4S'J 
 
 19l,l9tl 
 
 7113.717 
 
 16l.78.'i 
 
 «(is,9fi9 
 
 .141,110 
 
 971,888 
 
 1,713,789 
 
 <ill 
 
 6(i6.llli 
 
 111,171 
 
 .104,78; 
 
 3I4,,V>7 
 
 \ i %(kk\i 
 
 311,930 
 
 44,T47 
 
 Il7,.'i<,7 
 
 l74,4.-,7 
 
 '^iilway tnatcrlali 
 
 _ 
 
 « 
 
 7'i9,l67 
 
 479,l,''4 
 
 IVinei anil spirita 
 
 X23.676 
 
 14.1.093 
 
 770,711 
 
 34.i,.1ll4 
 
 ''\«Jien Hooil* 
 Gt)tl iini)orti 
 
 1.17.1811 
 
 6(1,17.1 
 
 II7,47.S 
 
 764,773 
 
 6.1.')8,813 
 
 4,673,367 
 
 17,(170.634 
 
 10,743,680 
 
 i^im or treasure 
 TottI Import trade 
 
 1,144,877 
 
 7, '^.(JSI 
 7.749 341 
 
 3,.')V9.(;41 
 
 4.8.1ti,i,VJ 
 
 7,3(M,6H4 
 
 H,4.VI,777 
 
 14.080,719 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,717 13,646,4119 l! ),378,766 
 
 Statement of the Number of Ships and their Ton- 
 luige entered and cleared into and from Bengal. 
 
 1 8. .1-44 
 
 E 
 
 niered 
 
 Cleared 
 Shipi Tonnage 
 
 
 Mhlpi 
 
 Tunna^e 
 
 nrilish - 
 Pori'iyn - 
 Native 1 raft 
 
 648 
 
 377 
 
 397 
 
 U177 
 
 379,734 
 l.4y,77n 
 
 47,473 
 
 7(K) 
 377 
 411 
 
 461,477 
 149,867 
 47.481 
 
 Tolal 
 
 480,878 
 
 l,4.-,» 
 
 b(i3,'J70 
 
 1803-64 
 
 1 
 
 IlrilUh - 
 KoieiKil • 
 Native craft 
 
 1,430 
 
 788 
 767 
 
 809.821 
 
 177,131 
 
 10,170 
 
 7,18 
 
 174 
 
 1.647 
 
 697 A1S 
 
 148,11,4 
 
 14,377 
 
 861,079_ 
 
 Total 
 
 1.980 
 
 1,007,175 
 
 In 1805-60, 1,089 vessels of 801,170 tons entered 
 the port, and 1,120 of 854,440 tons cleared out. 
 
 Remarks on Exjmrts. — T'he reader will elsewhere 
 find [Canton; OriuM] pretty ample infor- 
 mation in relation to the trade in opium. It 
 is sutlicicnt here to. state that it has rapidly grown 
 in magnitude and importance. At an average of 
 the yeors 18,1()-:tl and 1831-32 the exports from 
 Calcutta were 7,273 che.«ts, worth 1,121,500/.; 
 whereas during the year 1857-58 the exports had 
 increased to 38,874 chests, worth 740,083/. In 
 1803-4 the value of the exports from Bengal was 
 5,207,236/., and in 1864-5 4,724,300/. China is 
 not the principal merely, but almost the only mar- 
 ket for opium, so that the trade between Calcutta 
 and her is now second only to that between Cal- 
 cutta and England. It is true that large quantities 
 of opium arc .shipped for Singapore and other inter- 
 mediate ports, but China is its ultimate destination. 
 
 Towards the close of last century the exports of 
 indigo from Calcutta were comparatively trifling; 
 but about that period Europeans began to engage in 
 the business ; and the culture of the plant wa.s, in 
 consequence, so much extended, and the jirepar- 
 ation of the drug so much improved, that it has 
 been for a lengthened period an article of primary 
 commercial importance. Of late years, however, 
 the growth of indigo ajipears to have increased but 
 slowly ; the !<hipmcnts in 1830-31 and 1831-32 being 
 2.850 tons, and those in 1857-58 only 3,071 tons. 
 The value of the exports from Bengal in 1804-5 
 (1,420,883/.) is, however, higher than that of 
 1803-4. The stationary state of the trade has 
 been ascribed partly to the influence of importa- 
 tions from Java, where indigo is now very ex- 
 tensively raised, and partly to the alleged decrease 
 in the iise of blue cloth. France is, next to 
 England, the great market for indigo. 
 
 Wc had occasion to remark, iu a former edition 
 
 , * 
 
23S 
 
 CALCUTTA 
 
 I'' i 
 
 i !•: 
 
 H 
 
 I , 
 
 ' 
 
 Abstract View of the External Trade of Bengal. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Countries 
 
 Imimu 
 
 
 
 Kiiwru 
 
 ( 
 
 IfLi^-bi 
 
 1S6.V4I 
 
 18'.1 
 
 -.',1 
 
 IHA.I-r,! 1 
 
 MerchandUe 
 
 Treasure 
 
 Merrhandiae 
 
 Treature 
 
 tMeri-liiutdlM) 
 
 Treaturu 
 
 .Merchanilive 
 
 TreasuTB 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 iC 
 
 £ 
 
 e 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 ■ Uniixl Klnitilom • 
 
 ifiUlj.W.t 
 
 S'Jii.BSI 
 
 «,S(«,f..1l 
 
 4S7,MS 
 
 4,009, 77.» 
 
 7,1J1 
 
 9i4iii,H'n 
 
 13,91)1 
 
 Ailvn . 
 
 \ljl 
 
 7,1S(J 
 
 4 VII 
 
 1,6.17 
 
 7,471 
 
 ,. 
 
 m,i)i7 
 
 
 AfrMM • 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 M,77.1 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 AinerU'a- 
 
 n\,'Wi 
 
 1 ,!(«!) 
 
 .'.1,1 SI 
 
 , , 
 
 7.M,9S7 
 
 ,, 
 
 7l,3,91H 
 
 
 Aratii>n and rernian (iuir< • 
 
 (17,'<IH 
 
 lu.um 
 
 '>li,VK.T 
 
 l'J,3»» 
 
 In 1,1)99 
 
 
 19l,ll9'< 
 
 ,, 
 
 Austria • 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 !,".« 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 llellttiiin • 
 
 \t,vn 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 17, III 
 
 ,. 
 
 l,H')'i 
 
 ,, 
 
 riipt* ot iio<nl Hope 
 
 1,'JIS 
 
 SIK) 
 
 »,G73 
 
 110 
 
 ll,RSH 
 
 
 39,S»3 
 
 W) 
 
 Ctpe (If \ enle l»lan(l4 
 
 ,, 
 
 .. 
 
 . , 
 
 
 •t\ 
 
 
 , , 
 
 
 ('e>lon ... 
 
 17,.'i?l 
 
 u\ 
 
 a.'>.l)71 
 
 «';7,i.'.s 
 
 «.'>,711 
 
 .Vi,.isfi 
 
 39S,:.1ll 
 
 
 1 China . 
 
 SII>,I(HI 
 
 1IH.K7I 
 
 1(17, 1H3 
 
 •t:i\,iM 
 
 a,V.'>s,l7H 
 
 aiji),i,99 
 
 4,H1I,,.1"H 
 
 
 France . 
 
 110,1 in 
 
 ni,^M 
 
 mil, .Ml' I 
 
 I,1W,I'4'J 
 
 .M,1,9afi 
 
 .. 
 
 bf,\,il,l 
 
 
 Oermany 
 
 l./iTS 
 
 ,. 
 
 3«,U'J.-> 
 
 
 9,1)73 
 
 
 37,UH 
 
 ,, 
 
 llulland ■ 
 
 1U8 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 3(i,32i 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 •ri*a and Sumatra 
 
 ,. 
 
 .. 
 
 Il,l.'i9 
 
 ujaao 
 
 4,1111) 
 
 ., 
 
 111,901 
 
 ,, 
 
 Madeira • 
 
 SSI) 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,^ 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 1 Maldtve lilaniU • 
 
 ll,fi.1.1 
 
 
 V!),S9.1 
 
 
 K.m:, 
 
 
 v:,'i7i 
 
 
 MaurltliiH and Ituurtion . 
 
 li.uim 
 
 7«,7.1I 
 
 1,11117 
 
 ss.in 
 
 !il9,llll 
 
 oli,W» 
 
 8l.1,1.1S 
 
 , 
 
 Metliterrane.tn imrt* 
 
 Ili.KHI 
 
 '^ .{It'll 
 
 l'i,K,',« 
 
 1 ,iii«) 
 
 ■iifi-ii 
 
 ,, 
 
 fill) 
 
 
 New South \\'.ilt"i 
 
 V.1,I).T2 
 
 •ih\\li,\ 
 
 3 1.1, fill') 
 
 1 ,9,','.,'VS0 
 
 Vli,'<66 
 
 iOO 
 
 ICti.SllA 
 
 
 Si»ain and I'ortUKal 
 
 W.HIH 
 
 .I.UfiO 
 
 '.i,H.',!) 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 Siralb ttetllLinenIa 
 
 lU'.l,lfiS 
 
 7U,74,i 
 
 3ni,lfi() 
 
 CI 9, 196 
 
 7.W,ilsl 
 
 74,117 
 
 I,'.il7/)M 
 
 li.'-'ia 
 
 SI. Helena 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 , , 
 
 
 1,74S 
 
 ,, 
 
 1,7'JW 
 
 
 Sue/ 
 
 lu.fiia 
 
 ISH,??!) 
 
 'J.'>,U39 
 
 S7,l.17 
 
 m.iVi 
 
 500 
 
 iQi.ya 
 
 130 
 
 Sweden - 
 
 3 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 Turket . 
 W'ekt indjet 
 Total 
 
 
 , , 
 
 , J 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 1,916 
 
 ^ 
 
 Rfi 
 
 
 lO.il.l.fiSO 
 
 4,».1«,.'>.19 
 
 in,i.n,.ii)i 
 
 4.17,913 
 
 .•Jl.SiO 
 
 
 ,'i.ir;-.,.-\c.7 a,"».-.,'isi 1 
 
 IS,lill),VV'i 
 
 *iHS..'.|| 
 
 of this work, that of the variou.s nrticlos broupht 
 from India, suRnr seemed to be the one in which 
 an increase of importation would mont likely take 
 place. In 1835 the duty on Kast India HUffar, 
 [iroviously comparatively high, wa.^ reduced to 
 the amount of tliat on West India sugar; and 
 that circumstance, and the continued high price 
 of sugar in thi.s country, gave a powerful .-stimulus 
 to its culture in and exportation from India, Hut 
 the great increase in the exports of sugar from 
 WU) down to 1810 ha.s not been continued; and 
 now that tlie sugar tr.idc is placed on a proper 
 fiMiting by the abolition of the discriminating 
 duties on foreign sugars the importations from 
 India will, perhaps, be but slowly increased. 
 
 In consequence of the American civil war the 
 exports of cotton from Ilengal increa.sed enor- 
 mouslv, the value having risen from 7t),u3fi/. in 
 1800-01 to 3,071,10:!/. in 18G3-4 ; but it fell to 
 2,152,759/. in 1 801-5, and the average export for 
 subsequent years will probnlily be much less. 
 
 The exports of .s.iltpetre from Imlia havenot, as 
 many anticipated, been afTcctcd by the competition 
 of nitrate of soda from .South America. In 1830-31 
 the exports from Calcutta were 424,729 fact, 
 niaiinds; whereas, in 1850-57, they amounted 
 to 940,801 Ind. maund.s. Tiie value of the exports 
 from Bengal, however.fell from 813,101/. in 18G2-3 
 to 529,010/. in 1864-5. 
 
 The exports of rice from Hengal fluctuate very 
 greatly. Tliis is not caused so much by variation.-; 
 in the crops of the country as by variations in 
 those of other countries ; for, when a scarcity 
 occurs in almost any parts of continental Asia or iii 
 any of its islands, recourse is most frcqiientlv 
 had to Hengal to supply the deficiency, and the 
 demiinds tliencc arising have been sometimes enor- 
 mous. In 18;!l-32, for example, the exports nl' 
 rice from Calcutta to the coast of Coromamlcl 
 amounted to only lfi,ij45 inaunds, whereas in 1 «.'!;>- 
 34 thev amounted to 1,252,050 maunds. (I!ell'-i 
 ComjHirativv View of 1832-33 and 1833-34, ji. -11.) 
 The value of tlie exports of rice from lleiignl in 
 I8C4-5 was 2,01 1,759/, It is worthy of remark, 
 that while Hengal is 'hipping in'niense siipplii's 
 of rice and otiier grain to distant part,-', a l.'irgo 
 part of her own population is frequently in a .state 
 of great want and suffering. Ireland is not, 
 therefore, the only country in which tlic most 
 abject poverty and wretchedness on tlio part of 
 the inhabitants arc found combined with great 
 fertility of soil and a large exportation of food. 
 
 IJcsidcs the articles of native Indian produce 
 exported from Calcutta, she re-exports pretty con- 
 siderable quantitiesof various articles brought from 
 other parts. The value of the llritish cotto . goods 
 re-exported nmount.! to about 200,000/. a-yciir. 
 
 Account ahou-ing the Value of the Imports into and nf the Exports from Bengal of Merchandise ami 
 Treasure in the following 25 Years, eiuled April 30. 
 
 They are principal!, 
 
 for Sliver. Tlie on", 
 
 the llurmesc domini 
 
 1" Hurma, a.8 in K„, 
 
 genuity of the umiig 
 
 lance of the (lovernn 
 
 "" w^'ho'it much dili 
 
 CALICO ((Jor. ka 
 
 .'nn ; Swcd. cat tui 
 
 • ;"». tela bambagina 
 
 agodon; Port, pan.) 
 
 lol. bawcliiika; Chi 
 
 cotton; so call,.,| (>, 
 
 '•onst, whence it was 
 nil white or uniirii 
 "onimated calicoes ; 
 fill'* term is „p,,iiy, 
 Iiniited. 
 
 Jlistorical Xatice of 
 This art, thoujr), ,,,,;„ 
 
 n>lt. has been practis 
 
 lleroilotiis mcntionH ( 
 
 on the shores of the C 
 
 painting the fig„re.<, o 
 
 with a colour formed 
 
 -rui.sed and soaked in 
 
 tins colour was not effi 
 
 as the clothes themsel 
 
 gine that the colours < 
 
 iient, hat! not tho.se us 
 
 with the use of morda 
 
 r';«?nge in Pliny (llhi 
 
 which though In som 
 
 tliat the ancient Egvpti 
 
 with the principle of call 
 
 "'lys no, ' the clothes, n 
 
 'Inigs (sorbentibus met 
 
 '•"l<|»r. This being doi 
 
 .1 vat full of boiling dve, 
 I little : when thev t 
 painted of various colo 
 ;Ming that there is on 
 (uiius HI cortina color). 
 slKuiId be produced bvtl 
 liny further states thai 
 licsivc they could not if 
 'lothes were the strongeJ 
 lar process is known ti 
 Inilia from the earliest tl 
 nioelianical inventions A 
 ilio cause of vast improJ 
 ■inil beautiful art ; but f 
 ■'"'"■» distinctly that wl 
 l«ti: only jicrfecting J 
 i^ractised in the reniotesil 
 O'lico Printing hi J 
 iuUmes.~\u Great HritJ 
 'i:is lormed, for a considi 
 I'Ttant and Taluable IT 
 imly said to have grown] 
 "f repeated elforts for its f 
 tlie u.se of calicoes froml 
 maud for linen and wol 
 pa.s.-<cdinl721,imposinJ 
 «i;avcr, and of 20/. upol 
 oahco ! Fifteen j-ears f 
 jtatufe was so far modi^ 
 lactiircd in Great, Ilritaiil 
 •provided the warp theJ 
 yarn,' This was the lal 
 "II alter the invention cT 
 introduced a new era in] 
 'on. manufacture, wliel 
 "l-vioiis to everyone. 1 
 Pas'ed, allowing printccl 
 t^tton, to be used, after f 
 .TOd (raised to 31,/. iu A 
 
CAUCO 
 
 They (iro principnlly bartered with the Hurmesc 
 for Hilver. Tlie oimvcyBncp. of the latter nut iiC 
 tlie Iliimiesc (lomiiiioiis is Htrietiv |iri>)iibitc(l ; liiit 
 in Kurina, as in KnKlnnd and eWwliore, the in- 
 genuity oi" the Hmut;Rler U tmi much fortlic vigi- 
 lance of the (Jovernmciit, and the trade in carried 
 on without much dilhculty. [ Kaht lNi>tK8.J 
 CALUX) (tier, kattnu; Dutch, katoen ; Dan. 
 'tun; Swed. cattun; Kr. coton, toile de colon ; 
 i4al. tela liamba^ina, tela dipinta; Span, tela dc 
 al^odon ; Port, pano de nlgodao : Kuhs. wUboika; 
 I'ol. bawclnika; ChincNe, pii). Cloth made of 
 cotton ; HO called from Calicut, on the Malabar 
 coast, whence it wan first imported. In Kn^land, 
 all white or ur.printed cotton cloths arc de- 
 nominated calicoes ; but in the United States 
 this term is applied to tliosc only that arc 
 printed. 
 
 Historical Notice of the. Art of Calico Printimj. — 
 This nrt, thouf;h apparently one of the most dilli- 
 cult, hos been practised from n very remote era. 
 Herodotus mcntionH (lib. i. ». 202) that a nation 
 (in the shores of the Caspian were in the habit of 
 painting the figures of animals on their clothes, 
 with a colour formed from the leaves of trees 
 bruised and soaked in water ; and he adds that 
 this colour was not cnhceable, and was as durable 
 ns the clothes themselves. It is diflicult to ima- 
 jjine thot the colours could have been so perma- 
 nent, hod not those using them been ac(|uainted 
 with the use of mordants. There is, however, a 
 (iiissage in Pliny {Hist, Nat. lib. xxxv. sec. 11), 
 which, though in some respects obscure, shows 
 that the ancient Egyptians were fully acquainted 
 with the princii)le of calico printing. ' They paint,' 
 jays he, ' the clothes, not with colours, but with 
 drugs (sorbentibus medicamcntis) that have no 
 colour. This being done, they immerse them in 
 .1 vat full of boiling d\'e, and leave them there for 
 a little : when tliey take them out, they arc 
 painted of various colours. It is cxtrnordmary, 
 seeing that there is only one colour in the v.it 
 (unus in cortina color), that a variety of colours 
 -liiiuld be produced by the operation of the drugs.' 
 riiny further states that the colours were so ad- 
 licsive they could not be woshed out ; and that 
 (Idthes were the stronger for being dyed. A simi- 
 lar process is known to have been followed in 
 liulia from the earliest times. The chemical and 
 nipclianical inventions of modem ages have been 
 the cause of vast improvements in this ingenious 
 and beautiful art ; but the passage now quoted 
 [■Imws distinctly that we have, in this instance, 
 lyieii only perfecting and improving processes 
 imctiscd ill the remotest antio'iity. 
 
 Cidico Printing in this Country. Duties on 
 Calicoes. — In Great llritain the ])rinting of cottons 
 lius formed, for a considerable period, a very im- 
 I'ortant and raluablo business, which may bo 
 iruly saiil to have grown up amongst us in despite 
 m| repeated efforts for its suppression. To prevent 
 the use of calicoes from interfering with the de- 
 mand for linen and woollen stuffs, a statute was 
 pas.-cd in 1721, imposing a penalty of 5/. upon the 
 weaver, and of 20/. upon tlic Bclfer, of a i>iecc of 
 calico ! Fifteen years later this extraordinary 
 statute was so far modified, that calicoes monu- 
 facturcd in Great, IJritain were allowed to be worn, 
 •provided the warp thereof was entirely of linen 
 yarn.' This was the law with respect to calicoes 
 till after the invention of Sir Kichard Arkwright 
 nuroduced a new era into the history of the cot- 
 ton manufacture, when its impolicy became 
 iibvious to everyone. In 177'I a statute was 
 [lassed, allowing' printed goods, wholly made of 
 cotton, to bo used, after paying a duty of ',kt. per 
 yard (raised to Sfid. in IHOii) ; and enacting some 
 
 CAMEL 
 
 28» 
 
 regulations ns to the marks to be affixed to the 
 ends of the pieces, the stripes A'c. 
 
 This Act ccmtinucil in force down to 18.11 ; but, 
 though an improvement ujioii the old law, it was 
 much, and justly, complained of. Its injustice 
 and injurious opcTation were very forcibly pointed 
 out by Mr. I'oulett Thomfon (aflenvards Lord 
 Sydeiihani), in his cxcrllent speech on taxation, 
 on March 2(>, IKK). ' It is a matter of Mir)irise to 
 me,' said the right hon. gent., 'that this most im- 
 politic impost should have been allowed to con- 
 tinue, especially when it was declared by flic 
 committee of 181H to be " fMtrlial and oyj/cc.i.s/rc, 
 and that its repeal was most desirable ; " who, 
 indeed, can examine it and not feel the truth of 
 this observation ? Is it credible, thot, in order to 
 raise a iiett revenue of .W.'.tidi)/., a gross tax 
 shouhl be imposed of 2,019,7.'J7/. ? and yet this 
 was the return, according to the \m\)VT on your 
 table, for 1H2M. And these figures ore still far 
 from showuig the real cost of the collection of this 
 tax; — that must bo taken upon the gross (iroduce: 
 and supposing the rate of the collection for tlio 
 excise to be 5 per cent., which is less than it really 
 is, you hove a cost of 20 per cent, on the nett pro- 
 duce of this tax, for chorges. In addition to this, 
 from oil the enquiry I have been able to make, the 
 incrcoscd cost to the manufiicturer is fully 5 per 
 cent, upon the whole quantity made; so that you 
 liaTC thus two sums, eocli of 100,000/., levied on 
 the public, for the soke of exacting a duty of 
 ()00,000/. Hut the revenue is ogoin, in this case, far 
 from being the measure of the injury you intlict. 
 The inequality of the tax constitutes its chief ob- 
 jectiim. The'duty is levied upon the squoreyard, 
 at iJJrf. per yard. Thus, the piece of calico whicli 
 sells for ()(/., duty paid, contributes equally with 
 that which is worth ox. a yard. You levy an 
 onerous and oppressive tax of 100 or 150 per cent, 
 upon the poor, who arc the purchasers (jf inferior 
 cottons ; whilst the rich, who buy only the finest 
 kinds, pay but 10 or 15 per cent.' 
 
 It is due to Mr. Thomson to state that, be- 
 sides giving this forcible exposition of the in- 
 equality and injurious operation of the duty on 
 printed goods, one of his first measures, on coming 
 into oflice, was to propose its repeal. 
 
 In consequence, partly of the abolition of the 
 tax, but principoUy, no doubt, of the cxtraor- 
 dinory increase of the cotton manufacture, the 
 business of calico printing has increased pro- 
 digiously since 18.10. In jiroof of this we may 
 mention that in 1829, about twelve months pre- 
 viously to the abolition of the duty, 89,802, l.'!3 
 yards of all descriptions of |)rinted ^oods were ex- 
 ported to foreign parts: whereas, in 1841, there 
 were exported, of printed cottcms only, the 
 enormous quantity of .'529,210,892 yards, of the 
 declared value of 7,772,73c/. ! Our exports of 
 printed cottons in 180() amounted to 897,825,517 
 yards, valued at 22,095,210/., anck in 1807 to 
 8«0,(U 9,8.15 vards, valued at 1 9,'105,384/. [Cotton.] 
 
 CAMIIRIC or CAMBHICK (Ger. kammer- 
 tucli; Dutch, kameryksdoek ; Fr. cambroy batiste; 
 It.ll. cambraja ; Span, cambrai ; I'ort. eambraia ; 
 Ivuss. kamertiig). A species of verj' fine white 
 linen, first ■inailo at Cambiay, in French FLiiidcrs, 
 whence it derives its appellation. It is now pro- 
 duced, of an equally good quality, in Gre.it liritain. 
 
 CAMFL (Fr. chameou ; Ital. and Span, c.imelo; 
 Ger. kameel; Arab, djimcl; Lot. comelus; (Jr. 
 KdnijAoO- Thisanimolis indigenous toArabia,and 
 we only mention it in this place on account of its 
 extreme importance in the commerce of the East. 
 
 The camel is one of the most useful of tho 
 animals over which the inhabitants of Asia and 
 Africa have acquired dominion. These continents 
 
 I ' 
 
iiiiMMl 
 
 210 
 
 CAMEL 
 
 
 M' 
 
 
 nro intprscrtcd l)y vast 'riiclM of biiniinff iinnil, the 
 HfiitH or ilcHol.'itioii mill ilriiii^lit, HI) as ii|)|inri'ntly 
 torxriiiilf lilt! piiHitiliilily iifiiiiy iiiliTi'DiirHC takiii)^ 
 |il(iro lirturi'ii the rminfrics fliat llicy !«'|mratc'. 
 ' Hut (IS the oocnn, which ap|iciirH nt tirst view to 
 bo placcil a« an insuperable harrier U'twcen ilif- 
 feri'iit ri'f;ii)Ms of the earth, liax lieeii rcmlereil, by 
 ii/ivi;,'atii)ii, Hiilisfrvieiit to their iniitiial inter- 
 course; so l>y means of the camel, which liic 
 Arabians empiiatically call the slii' .,/ Ihe ileaerl, 
 the iiioj-t ilreary wastes are traverseil "ml the 
 iKilions which they disjoin arc enableil to trade 
 with one nnotlier. Ity tlie wise economy of 
 I'roviilcnce, the camel seems formed on purpoge 
 to be the beast of burden in those refjions where 
 Jic is placed, and where his service is most wanted. 
 In all the tlislricts of Asia and Africa, where de- 
 serts are most rreipient and extensive, the camel 
 abounds. This is his proper station, and lieyimd 
 this ibe sphere of his activity does not extend far. 
 He dreads alike the excesses of heat and cold, 
 und does not .i^ree even with the mild climate of 
 our temperate /.one.' (Kobprtsoii'ii Uimiuisition on 
 Aiiiiriit India, Note tiW.) 
 
 The first trade in Indian commodities of which 
 we have any account {(Jenesis xxxvii. 'Ih) was 
 carried on by camels; and they still I'ontinuo to 
 he the instruments employed in the conveyance of 
 merchants and merchandise throughout Turkey, 
 I'crsia, Arabia, Kf^yiit, Harbarv, and many con- 
 tij;iiiius countries. The merchants assemble in 
 considerable numbers, fonninj; themselves into 
 an association or Cvk.wan, for their mutual 
 protection aj^ainst the attacks of robbers, and 
 the dangers incident to a journey through such 
 rude and inhospitable countries. These caravans 
 are often very large, and usually consist of more 
 camels than men. The capacity of the cumcl 
 to endure fatigue, and the small sujiply of pro- 
 visions that he requires, are almost incredible. 
 ' His ordinary burden,' says Volnej', ' Is "riOlbs. ; 
 his food, whof ever is given him — straw, thistles, the 
 stones of dates, beans, barley &c. With a pound 
 of food a-day, and as much water, be will travel 
 for weeks. In the journey from Cairo to Suez, 
 which is 40 or 46 hours, they neither eat nor drink ; 
 but these long fasts, if often repeoted, wear them 
 out. 'i'heir usual rate of travelling is very alow, 
 hardly above i miles an hour: it is in vain to push 
 them; they will not quicken their pace; but, if 
 allowed some short rest, they wiP iravel 16 or 
 18 hours a-day.' ( Voyage eii Syrie, I ■! , ii. p. 383.) 
 The Arabiars regard the camel ;•, •■ sacred ani- 
 mal, the gift of Heaven, withoul (v'..ose aid they 
 could neither subsist, nor trade, .or travel. Its 
 milk is their ordinary food ; they also eat its flesh, 
 especially that of the young ca.nel, which they 
 reckon excellent ; its hair, which is renewed ever^ 
 year, is partly manufactured into stufl's for their 
 clothes and furniture, and partly sent abroad as n 
 valuable article of merchandise ; and even its fasces 
 serve them for fuel. (Sec the admirable descrip- 
 tion of the camel in Huft'on.) 
 
 Hut, however useful to the inhabitants of 
 parched, sandy deserts, it may be worth while, 
 perhaps, to remark that the camel is of very 
 little servu^e elsewhere. He cannot walk 100 yards 
 on wet or slippery ground without stumbling. 
 He is tot.illy unknown in all hilly or woody 
 countries; and, with few exceptions, may be said 
 to be as great a stranger in the Kasteni Islands, 
 Japan, tl) , southern parts of China, the whole 
 country lying between China und India, and all 
 the southern parts of the latter, including ISengal, 
 as he is in Europe. In all those rast countries tlie 
 ox is the most useful of the lower animals. It is 
 used for draught (for which the camel is totally 
 
 CAMPHOR OR CAMI'ITIRE 
 
 unfit), in the cart and plough, in the carrying of 
 burdens, in treading corn, in Ihc oil-press Ac, ind 
 tinully as food. 
 
 CAMKi;S HAIU (tier, kameelhaar; Fr. poil de 
 chamcau, hiinc de chevron ; lial. pelo di camello ; 
 Span, pelo li Ima de I'liniello). The hair of the 
 ciuiel imported into this country is principally 
 used in the nianufacturc of line pencils for liraw- 
 iiig and painting. In the Kast, however, it is an 
 important article of commerce, and is extensively 
 used ill the arts. It serves for the fabrication of 
 the tents and carjiets of the Arabs, and for their 
 wearing apparel, t^lolli is also maniifactureil of 
 it in I'ersia and other places. The most esteemed 
 hair comes from Persia, It is divided into tlirci! 
 i|ualilips — black, red, and grey. The blnck is the 
 dearest, and the grey is only wi"*'^ half the pmI. 
 Considerable quantities of camei's hair are ex- 
 ported from Smyrna, Constantinople, and Alex- 
 andria. It is used in the manufacture of hats, 
 particularly by the French. (Kccs's Ci/eloi>adia, 
 art. ' Camelus.') In 180(» there were importcil 
 into the United Kiiigilom 33II,3<J'2 lbs, of camel's 
 hair, valued at U),Uml. 
 
 IIAMLET or CAMIJLET (Cer. and Dutch, 
 kamelot; Fr. camehit; Ital. ciambellotto ; .Span, 
 camelotc; Kuss. kamlot). A plain stiitl', manu- 
 factured on a loom, with 2 treadles, aa linens arc. 
 There are camlets of various colours and sorts ; some 
 wholly of goats' hair; others, in which the warp is 
 of hair, and the woof half hair and half silk ; others, 
 again, in which both the warp and the woof are of 
 wool ; and, iastly, some, of which the warp is nf 
 wool and the woof of thread : some ore striped, 
 some watered, and some tigurcd. 
 
 CAMO.MILEorCIIAMOMILE(Fr.camomillc; 
 Ital. camomilla ; Span, manzanilla; Lat. chaniu- 
 milla). A well-l iiuwn plant (the Anthemia nubilit 
 of Linua-us) wli(i>c flowers are used for mcdicinnl 
 purposes. Itoth varieties, single and double, but 
 especially the former, are bitter and very aromatir. 
 {lirUisli Pharmacopceia of the Medical Council.) 
 Most of what is brought to the London market is 
 grown about Mitcham, in Surrey. The imports, 
 however, are not inconsiderable, having amouiituil 
 in 1852 to82,2G2lbs.; the exports, during the same 
 year, were only 1,000 lbs. A duty of \.d. per lli. 
 formerly laid on this article was repealed in 
 1845. 
 
 CAMPHOU or CAMPHIRE (Ger. kampfcr; 
 Dutch, kamfcr ; Fr. cami)hre ; Ital. canfora ; Span. al- 
 canfor; Rnss. kamfora ; Lat. camphora; Arab, and 
 Pers. kafoor; Malay, kaafur). There arc two 
 dcscripi'ons of this valuable article, which must 
 not be confounded. 
 
 1. Camphor of Commerce, or that met with in 
 Europe, is obtained by boiling the timber of a 
 species of laurel (Laurus Camphora), a tree found 
 in the forests nf Fokien, in China, near the city of 
 Chinchew, very commonly in F'ormosa, and in 
 certain localities in Japan. Most of the camphor 
 imported into Europe comes from China; but a 
 small quantity, considered of superior ipialiiy, 
 comes from Japan bj- way of Ratavia. The ex- 
 ports from Canton may be estimated at about o,0(ii) 
 picul.s, or 400,000 lbs. ; and if to this we add the 
 exports from liatavia of Japan camphor, amounlin),' 
 to about 500 piculs, the total annual exports will Lc 
 about 400,000 lbs. It is brought to this country 
 in chests, drums, and casks ; and is in small, 
 granular, friable masses, of a dirty white orgrcyisli 
 colour, very much resembling half-relincd su;,'ar. 
 When pure, the camphor of commerce has a 
 strong, peculiar, <'ragrant, penetrating odour, and 
 a bitter, pungent, aromatic taste. It is in reality a 
 concrete essential oil. Camphor, when refined, is 
 in thin hollow cukes of a beautiful virgin white- 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 CA 
 
 now. and, if expose 
 
 "•wit care is then 
 
 pbor, to prevent h 
 
 ^■•X|>or(s „f ramph. 
 
 ' . •^••<. rwt. anil !i,;t,v 
 
 2. Camphor Mm 
 
 '"Wiish it from til, 
 
 I '<: port of .Siimnira 
 
 \} If a product of n 
 
 '■■rest trie, confined 
 
 .""biy peniiiNula. J 
 
 I" the Iksures of ||, 
 
 '"It very t\-w trees t» 
 
 "'"• ,;"''y in small qu, 
 
 ''fyoungir trees, 
 
 mid only a h^v of tli 
 
 "Ifer diligent se.irch, 
 
 ;,'""'Mned before a, 
 
 SI'-'U <i any bo f,„„„, 
 
 '"•"1%% and the s, 
 ""'•"';■ Thcwoodofi 
 therefore less li,d,|„ , 
 
 much esteemed for cai 
 
 ihis species of cam 
 
 K''nt tlian that vicldeil 
 
 wholly consumed. Tl 
 •"" the prices of the 
 
 !;"';;t Chinese camnho, 
 •10 dollars per pic,,/, y,\ 
 qm-tcd at ao dollar;; p, 
 ;i tlio alter 100 times 
 former ! 
 
 'J''ie virtues of ilii.s k 
 overestimated. Specin 
 ress indeed the quilitic 
 "'; nn inferior degree 
 '"'"'. '!f»9-nau, and ^ 
 medicine, craplovinrT 
 'irc-works. "^ • «> ' 
 
 lamphorisexcccdingi 
 " flowed with them. 
 
 Malay camphor is wli 
 ail iirticle of trade 
 
 CAMPHOR OIL a 
 (.'rant essential oil, obtail 
 icating the wood of ih^ 
 't'" nearly as cheap as fi 
 not held many esteem 1 
 perhaps, be profitably ij 
 a .'uhstitute for spirits 1 
 ■""1 fi)r medicinal purpi 
 ilifi timber of the Drmt 
 infmor to any produced? 
 f^'ws, for the purposes o| 
 {^m-ate information ; al 
 rliipelapo, \ol i. n 51 ! W 
 
 CAMWOOD. %re-j 
 
 l-.iirope from Africa U 
 
 j'niicipally obtained fri 
 
 wonc, where it is calletll 
 
 ;',f cam or kam wood hal 
 
 ,Z ';!'''>"'-'nK matter wf 
 
 I'ttle from that of ordinaJ 
 
 'n qualify or quantity;? 
 
 wtl' J^iiiiilar mordants. 
 
 "iinipier, vol. ij. part iij 
 
 Ins valuable article ar 
 
 !">.S while the exports a 
 
 '^!^"^,«"'' the article is] 
 
 .'-AJ.AL, CANALS, k 
 
 ;''»n"fl, filled with watcl 
 
 'r means of locks or 8hi| 
 '•""'" J)Ctween two or ml 
 ]■ Historical Sketch ot\ 
 -lie comparative chel 
 Much goods may bo conf 
 
CAMPHOR OIL 
 
 now. mid, if ("xpoxoil to the air, totally rvnporiiics. 
 tirciit cure is tlu-refori! requisite in pnckiii^ cnin- 
 plior, to iircvent Beriotis loss. The import.'* iiml 
 exports of onmphor, in 1800, were respectively 
 7,lt!(i cwt. nn<l !l,.'t.'i(! do. 
 
 2. Ciimphor Mtiliiy, oommonly called, to dis- 
 tincni^h it from the Inst, camphor of Hums, from 
 the port of .Siimntrii, where it is inoslly Hhippcd. 
 It is Ik [iroihict of the Dryohalanopn Camphoia, u 
 forest tree, eontiiied to Siiinntra, lloriieo, ar' the 
 Malay peiiiiisiiln. 1 1 is foiiiid in concrete masses 
 in llie lissiircs of the wood; there are. hi>wever, 
 h'lt very few trees that afford it; and those that 
 ilo, only in small <piniilities. 
 
 'i'lieyoini^^rc trees seldom jMis.ses-i this coiu-ret ion, 
 and only a ft w of the old ones. It is fonnd only 
 after dilinent Hearch, lor hiimlreds of trees may he 
 examined hefore any camphor is iliscovereil. 
 .Shonid any he found, the tree is cut ilown, sawn 
 in'.o lojjs, and the Hid)slanc(< extracted hy instru- 
 ments. The wood of the trco is fragrant, aiid heinn 
 therefore less lialile to the attacks of insects is 
 much esteemed for carpentry*. 
 
 This species of camphor is loss biting; and pun- 
 gn\l than that yielded hy the laurel, and is in iii(;h 
 riniitc among the Chinese, by whom it is almost 
 wliolly consumed. There is an immense disparity 
 in the prices of the two species in China ; the 
 tiiiest Cliinese camphor bcin^ sometimes quoted at 
 ;!() dollars per picul, while the Malay camphor is 
 quoted at 30 dollars per catty, making the price 
 uf the latter 100 times greater than that of the 
 ftirmer ! 
 
 The virtues of this kind of camphor have been 
 over estimated. Specimens brought to Europe pos- 
 sess indeed the qualities of ordinary camphor, but 
 ill an inferior degree. The Chinese call it piiiti 
 pitn, lung-nau, and po-lo-hiang. They use it in 
 nirdicine, cmplo\'iiig the common camphor for 
 lire -works. 
 
 I'amphori3exccodingl3'apt to taint other goods, 
 it' slowed with them. 
 
 Malay cam|>hor is wholly unknown in Europe as 
 an article of trade. 
 
 CAMI'HOU OIL (Malav, Minyuh). A fra- 
 1,'raiit essential oil, obtainett in large quantities by 
 lioatiiig the wood of the Dryt>baJatmps Camphora, 
 It is nearly as cheap as spirits of tur|M!ntiiie, but is 
 nut held in any esteem by the Chinese. It might, 
 I'orlinps, be profitohlv imported into England as 
 a substitute for spirits of tuqicntinc in the art.% 
 and for medicinal purposes. We may adil that 
 iho timber of the Dryobalannps Camphora is not 
 inferior to any produced in the countries where it 
 f.Tiiws, for the purposes of house and ship building. 
 [Prkate information; and Crawfurd's Indian Ar- 
 rliiptlugo, vol. i. p. 510.) 
 
 CAMWOOD. A red dyewood, first brought to 
 Kiinipe from Africa by the Portuguese. It is 
 ]iriiicipnlly obtained from the vicinity of Sierra 
 Uonc, where it is called kambi ; whence its name 
 iif cam or kam wood has obviously been derive<l. 
 Thp colouring matter which it atlbrds differs but 
 little from that of ordinary' Nicaragua wood, cither 
 in quality or quantity ; and it may be employed 
 with !<iinilar mordants. (Hanc-oft On Colour., ; 
 Diinipier, vol. ii. part ii. p. 58.) The imports of 
 ihis vuhiahlc article amounted, in 1800, to 397 
 I Inns, while the exports amounted to only 33 tons. 
 Tlic use of the article is declining. 
 
 CANAL, CANALS. A canal is an artificial 
 I (haiiiicl, filled with water kept ot the desired level 
 ly means of locks or sluices, forming a communi- 
 I i-itiun between two or more places. 
 
 1. Historical Sketch of Canals, Ancient Canals. 
 
 I -fhe comparative cheapness and facility with 
 
 A'liich goods may bo conveyed by sea or by means 
 
 CANAL, CANALS 
 
 241 
 
 of imvignlile rivers seem to have suggested, at a very 
 early period, the formation of canals. The best 
 ai.ilienlicateil nccounts of ancient Egypt represent 
 that country as intersected by canals conveying 
 the waters of the Nile to the' more distant |)art» 
 of thi^ country, [tartly for the purpose of irrigation 
 and partly for that of internal navigalioii. The 
 ell'orls made by the old Egyptian monarchs, and 
 by the I'lolemies, to construct a canal biawecn 
 the Ked Sea and the Nile, are well known, and 
 evince the hinh sense \.lii(di they entertained of 
 the importance of this species of communication, 
 (Ameilbon, Commerce dfs Kyyplien», p. TO.) 
 
 (ireece was too smaK a territory, too much 
 
 intersected by arms of the sea, and snbdivideil into 
 
 too many independent states, to alVord much 
 
 scope for inland navigation. Attempts were, 
 
 however, made to cut a canal across the Isthmus 
 
 of Corinth : but they did not succeed. 
 
 j The Konians did not distinguish themselves in 
 
 canal navigatioii. Their aqueducts, the stupendous 
 
 ruins of which "attest the wealth and power of 
 
 1 their fon-iders, were intended to furnish supplies 
 
 , of water to sonic adjoining city, and not for the 
 
 conveyance of vessels or produce. 
 
 i 2. Chinese Canals. — In China, canals, jtartly for 
 
 ' irrigation and partly for naNngation, have existed 
 
 1 from a very early period. The most celebrated 
 
 amongst them is the Itn)>erial or (irand Canal, 
 
 ' commencing at llang-tchou, near the mouth of 
 
 the Tching-tong-chiung riv;;r, in about lat. 30° 22' 
 
 I N., long. 119° 45' E. ; it then stretches north, and 
 
 crossirg the great rivers Yang-tse-Kiang and 
 
 I lloang-ho, terminates at Lin-ting, on the Eu-hu 
 
 j river, in about lat, 37° N., long. 110° K. The 
 
 direct distance between the extreme limits of the 
 
 I canal is about 512 miles, but, including its bends, 
 
 ; it is above 650 miles in Icngtii ; and as the ICn-ho, 
 
 ; which is a navigable river, unites with thePei-ho, 
 
 ' also navigable, an internal water-commimication 
 
 is thus establislied between Ilang-tchou and Pekin 
 
 across 10° of lat, liut apart from its magnitude 
 
 and utility, the Grand Canal does not rank high 
 
 as a work of art, A vast amount of labour has, 
 
 ' however, been expcndc' upon it ; for though it 
 
 I mostly passes through a tlat country, and winds 
 
 1 about to preserve its level, its bed is in parts cut 
 
 ' down to a great depth, while in other parts it is 
 
 carried over extensive hollows, and even lakes 
 
 and morasses, on vast mounds of earth and stone. 
 
 The sluices, which preserve its waters at the 
 
 necessary level, are all of verj- simple construction, 
 
 being merely intended to elevate or depress the 
 
 height of the water by a few inches ; as, excepting 
 
 : these, there is not a single lock or interruption to 
 
 the navigation throughout the wliole length of 
 
 ; the canal. It is seldom more than 5 or feet in 
 
 depth, and in dry seasons is sometimes consider- 
 
 iil)ly less. The vessels bv which it is navigated 
 
 : arc sometimes rowed, anJ sometimes dragged by 
 
 men, so that the navigation is for the most part 
 
 slow. The canal is frequently faced with stone. 
 
 t The construction of this great work is usually 
 
 I ascribed to the Tartars, but the Chinese allege 
 
 that it was merely repaired and renovated by the 
 
 latter, and that it had been completed in the 
 
 remotest period of their history, (Barrow's China, 
 
 p. 335 A'C, ; La Lande, Canaiix de Navigation, p, 529 
 
 &c.) 
 
 3. Italian Canals, — The Italians were the first 
 people in mcdern Europe that attem))ted to plan 
 and execute canals. They were principally, how- 
 ever, undertaken for the purpose of irrigation ; 
 and the works of this sort executed in the Milan- 
 ese and other parts of Lombard^', in the eleventh, 
 twelfth, and thirteenth centuries, are still rcgarde(i 
 as models, and excite the warm admiration of 
 B 
 
 i ., 
 
242 
 
 CANAL, CANALS 
 
 \ I 
 
 •I 
 
 m 
 
 every one capable of appreciating tlicra. In 1271 
 till! Nnvilio (Jrandc, or canal leading from Milan 
 to Abbintc Cirnsso and tke Tesino, was rendered 
 navigable. ( Voung's Travels in France S^c. vol, ii. 
 p. 170.) 
 
 i. Dutch Canah, — No country in Europe con- 
 tains, in proportion to its size, so many navigable 
 canals as the kingdom of the Netherlands, and 
 particularly the province of Holland. The con- 
 stniction of these canals commenced as early as 
 the twelfth century, when, owing to its central 
 and convenient situation, Flanders began to be the 
 entrepot of the commerce between the north and 
 south of Europe. Their number has since been 
 astonishingly increased. ' Holland,' says Mr. 
 I'hillips, in liis History of Inland Navigation, ' is 
 intersected with innumerable canals. Tliey may 
 be compared in number and size to our public 
 roads and highways ; and as the latter with us 
 aie continually full of coaches, chaises, waggons, 
 carts, and horsemen going from ajid to the differ- 
 
 in the world, is to afford .'. safe and easy passage 
 for large vessels from Amsterdam to the German 
 Ocean. This city has 40 feet of water in the road 
 in front of its port, but the pampus or bar at the 
 junction of the Y with the Zuydet Zee, 7 miles 
 below, has only a depth of 10 feet; and hence all 
 ships of any considerable burden entering or leavin;; 
 the port must unload and load part, of their cargoes 
 without the bar. As the Zuyder Zee is evcry^vhere 
 full of shallow.", all ordinary means of improving 
 the access to Amsterdam were necessarily in- 
 effectual ; and the resolution was, therefore, iit 
 length adopted, of cutting a canal from the city td 
 the Ilclder, the most northern point of the pro- 
 vince of Holland. The distance between tlipsn 
 extreme points is 41 English miles, but the length 
 of the canal is about 50J. The breadth at VIk; 
 surface of the water is 124^ English feet (l-.'O 
 Khinland feet); the breadth at bottom 30; tlie 
 depth 20 feet 9 inches. Like the Dutch canals 
 generally, its level is that of the highest tides, and 
 
 ent cities, towns, and villages; so, on the former, it receives its supply of water from the .sea. Tlie 
 the Hollanders in their boats and pleasure barges, inly locks it requires are, of course, two tide-locks 
 their treck.schuyt.s, and vessels of burden, are con- at the extremities; but there are, besides, two 
 tinually journeying and conveying commodities ' sluices, with floodgates in the intermediate space, 
 for consumption or exportation' from the interior It is crossed by about 18 drawbridges. Tlip 
 of the countiy to the great cities and rivers. An locks .lud sluices are double, i.e. there arc two in 
 iidiabitant of Rotterdam may, by means of these i t)ie breadth of the canal ; and their construction 
 canals, breakfast at Delft or the Hague, dine at j and workmanship are said to be excellent. Thoy 
 Lcyden, and sup at Amsterdam, or return home are built of brick, for cconomj' ; but bands of lime- 
 again before night. By them, also, a most prodi- j stone are interposed at intervals, and these project 
 gious inland trade is carried on between Holland about an inch beyond the brick, to protect it from 
 and every part of France, Flanders, and Germany. ! abrasion by the sides of vessels. There is a broad 
 When the canals are frozen over, they travel on | towing-path on each side, and the canal is wiilc 
 them with skates, and perform long journeys in a j enough to admit of two frigates passing. (Kor 
 very short time ; while heavy burdens are con- i the expense of tomiig, see Amstkudam.) 
 veyed in carts and sledges, which are then as The line which the canal follows may be easily 
 
 traced on a map of Holland, From the Y at Am- 
 sterdam it proceeds north to Purmcrend ; tliento 
 %vest to Alkmaar Lake ; again north by Alkniaar 
 to a point within 2 miles of the coast, near 
 Petten ; whence it runs nearly parallel to the coast 
 till it joins the sea a little to the cast of the Heklor, 
 at the tine harbour of Nieudiep, formed within the 
 last 50 years. At the latter place there is a 
 powerful steam-engine for supplying the canal with 
 water during neap-tides, and other purposes. Tlip 
 
 much used on the canals as on our streets. 
 
 ' The yearly profits produced by these canals 
 
 are almost beyond belief; but it is certain, and 
 
 li.is been proved, that they amount to more than 
 
 250,000/. for about 400 miles of inland navigation, 
 
 which is C25/. per mile, the square surface of 
 
 which mile does not exceed two acres of ground ; 
 
 a profit so amazing, that it is no wonder other 
 
 nations should imitate what has been found so 
 
 advantageous. 
 ' The canals of Holland are genciMlly CO feet I time spent in towing vessels from Nieudiop to 
 
 wide and 6 deep, and are carefully kept clean ; the ■ Amsterdam is 18 hours. The Ilclder is the only 
 mud, as manure, is very profitable. The canals spot on the shores of Holland that has deep water ; 
 aiy generallj- levels ; of course, locks are not \ and it owes this advantage to its being opposite 
 wanted. From Rotterdam to Delft, the Hague, i to the Texel, which, by contracting the com- 
 and Ijeyden, the canal is quite level, but is some- | munication between the German Ocean and tlic 
 timc!s affected by strong winds. For the most part ! Zuyder Zee to a breadth of about a mile, produces 
 the canals are elevated above the fields or the ' a current which scours and deepens the channel, 
 country, to enable them to carry off the water Immediately opposite the Helder there arc Km 
 ■which in winter inundates the land. To drain feet water at liigh tides, and at the shallowest 
 the water from Delftland, a jjrovince not more part of the bar to the westward there arc 27 feci. 
 than (!0 miles long, they employ 200 windmills ■ In the same wa}-, the artificial mound wliicli nins 
 in spring-time to raise it into the canals. All the I into the Y opposite Amsterdam, by contractini; 
 canals of Holland are bordered with dams or banks I the water-wiiy to about 1,000 feet, kecps,a deplli if 
 of immense thickness, and on these depends the 40 feet in the port (at high water), while above 
 
 .security of the country from inundation ; of course 
 it is of great moment to keep thom in the best 
 repair; to effect which there is a kiiid of militia, 
 and every village has a magazine of proper stores 
 and men, whose business it is to convey stones and 
 rubliish in carts to any damaged place. When a 
 certain bell rings, or the waters are at a fixed 
 lieight, over)- man repairs to Iiis post. To every 
 Jiouse or family there is assigned a certain part of 
 the bank, in the repair of wiiich they are to assist. 
 AVhcn a breach is appiohended, they cover the 
 banks all over with cloth and stones. 
 
 5. Canal from Amsterdam to Nieudiep, near the 
 J/e/der. — The object of this canal, which is the 
 greatest work of Us kind in Holland, and probably 
 
 and below there is only 10 or 12. 
 
 The canal w.as begun in 181!), and Inished in 
 1825. Tliecost was estimated at 10,000,0(H) or 
 12,000,000 florins, or .about 1,000,000/. sterlin,!;. 
 If we compute the magnitude of this canal by the 
 cubic contents of its bed, it is the greatest, we I 
 believe, in the world, unless some of the Chinese 
 canals be exceptions. The volume of water which j 
 it contains, or the prisme de remplissage, is twicu i 
 as great as that of the New York Canal, or tlio I 
 Canal of Langucdoc, and two and a half times ,is I 
 great as that of the artificial part of the Calcdoni.in [ 
 Canal. In consequence, however, of the facility j 
 with which the Dutch canal was dug, and of tlio 
 evenness of the gromil through which it passes,! 
 
 *ho difliriiltieH 
 
 contend in mal 
 
 those which hac 
 
 'he canals now r 
 
 yhat returns thi 
 
 's not, at least in 
 
 aide ooncern. E 
 
 the lowncss of in 
 
 the amount of 40 
 
 expenses; and s 
 
 should think, be 
 
 tolls laid on the , 
 
 W':»i>A.M.] This 
 
 sideratioutobeatl 
 ui a work of this s. 
 
 the trade of Amstc 
 m^.v far more than 
 evident, too, that t 
 ivould have effccti 
 t-'ffo ; that is, they 
 object for which th 
 I'avo derived thes. 
 pticle in the Scot 
 '"Jormation.) 
 
 At the present ti 
 
 eoursc of formation i 
 
 at_\uurtorento An 
 
 »vi|-Ker-mcer to tl 
 
 theestimacedcostoi 
 
 ?i-o" ".computed I 
 
 1«'0. The entrance 
 
 oy two jetties, that 
 
 It'igth, that on the 
 
 designed to drain 6 
 
 of land, and will she 
 
 sterdam to the sea bv 
 
 It 13 almost unneci 
 
 lav^e superseded the 
 
 traffic, and that these 
 
 almost entirely to the 
 
 ^■JJaninh Canals.—' 
 belonging to Denmarl 
 portance. It joins thi 
 "11 the north-east co 
 navigable communicaJ 
 a little to the north of 1 
 enabling vessels to pal 
 by a short cut of abo J 
 mgthenedanddifHcui 
 .'liroughtheCattegatJ 
 IS navigable for vessell 
 eet water from Tonif 
 iieiidsburg, where it iJ 
 communicates with tli 
 3 miles north of Kii 
 li'iglish miles in lenjl 
 "f what IS principally r 
 pvated portion is 95 1 
 laches at bottom, andl 
 ii'casure). Its highest (T 
 flic sea IS 24 feet 4 inci 
 are raised and let dow J 
 "■Hig.ible by vessels o] 
 Kovidod tliey are con^ 
 'OfalcostofthecanaF 
 Wic'ied in 1785, and hi 
 
 ' Its projectors as to el 
 1 |e Danish islands in 1 
 
 I' "and, England Ac. 
 ^' r-K than, in the 
 ti»n, they could havJ 
 ;K''w; and conversclvl 
 
 he smaller class of ii 
 
 I 7" ""?«' the Dutch! 
 
 ?atmg the Baltic and! 
 
 «ailed themselves ofT 
 
■^.JiyiL f 
 
 I 
 
 «!»■ 
 
 CANAL, CANALS 
 
 243 
 
 the (lifllciiltics with which the engineer had to 
 euiitciid ill making it were trifling compared to 
 tlmsc which had to be overcome in constructing 
 tlie canals now mentioned. We have not learnecl 
 wliat rotiims this canal yields ; most probably it 
 is not, at least in a direct point of view, a profit- 
 able oiincern. Even in Holland, notwithstanding 
 tlie lowncss of interest, it would require tolls to 
 the amount of 40,000/. a-year to cover ir.'.eres'-, and 
 expenses; and so large a sum can hardly, we 
 should think, be raised by the very moderate 
 tolls laid on the ships passing throrgh it. [Am- 
 .sri;Ki>Aji.] This, however, is not the only con- 
 sideration to be attended to in estimating the value 
 of a work of tliis sort. Its influence in promoting 
 the trade of Amsterdam, and, indeed, of Holland, 
 may far more than compensate for its cost. It is 
 evident, too, that the imposition of oppressive tolls 
 would have effectually counteracted this advan- 
 tage ; that is, they would have defeated tlic very 
 object for which the canal was constructed. (We 
 have derived these details, partly from an able 
 article in the Scotsman, and partly from pr irate 
 information.) 
 
 At the present time (18G7) a new canal is in 
 course of formation in Holland from the Zuyder Zee 
 at Vuurtoren to Amsterdam, through the Het-ij, 
 Wij-Ker-meer to the North Sea near Breesaap. 
 TIic cstimaccd cost of the work is 18,000,000 florins, 
 and it is computed that it will be completed by 
 1870. The entrance into the North Sea will be 
 by two jetties, that on the north 2,000 mfctres in 
 length, that on the south 1,500. The canal is 
 designed to drain 6,000 hectares (15,000 acres) 
 of land, and will shorten the journey from Am- 
 sterdam to the sea by 56 kilomfetres. 
 
 It is almost unnecessary to say that railways 
 have superseded the use of canals for passenger 
 traffic, and that the service of the latter is confined 
 almost entirely to the carriage of goods. 
 
 6. Danish Canals. — The Holstein Canal, foiinerly 
 belonging to Denmark, is of very considerable im- 
 purtiince. It joins the river Eyder with Kiel Bay 
 un the north-east coast of Holstein, forming a 
 navigable communication between the North Sea, 
 a little to the north of Heligoland, and the Baltic ; 
 enabling vessels to pass fro.Ti the one to the other 
 by a short cut of about 100 miles, instead of the 
 k'ngthcned anddifKcultvoyage round Jutland, and 
 througli the Cattegat and the Sound. The Eyder 
 is navigable for vessels not drawing more than 9 
 loot water from Tonningen, near its mouth, to 
 Kendsburg, where it is joined by the canal, which 
 communicates with the Baltic at Holteuau, about 
 3 miles north of Kiel. The canal is about 26 
 Eniilish miles in length, including about 6 miles 
 "f what is principally river navigation. The ex- 
 cavated portion is 95 feet wide at top, 51 feet 6 
 inches at bottom, and 9 feet 6 inches deep (Eng. 
 measure). Its highest elevation above the level of 
 the sea is 24 feet 4 inches; to which height Tessels 
 are raised and let down by 6 locks or sluices. It is 
 navigable by vessels of 120 tons burden, or more, 
 [irovidod tliey are constructed in that view. The 
 total cost of the canal was about 500,000/. It was 
 oiiciicd in 1785, and has so far realised the views 
 lil'its projectors ns to enable coasting vessels from 
 the Danish islands in the Baltic and the east coast 
 III' Holstein, Jutland &.C. to proceed to Hamburg, 
 lliUand, England <tc. in less time, and with much 
 liss ri k, than, in the ordinary course of naviga- 
 tiiin, they could have cleared the point of the 
 Skaw ; and conversely with ships from the west. 
 The smaller class of foreign vessels, particularly 
 those under the Dutch and Hanscatic flags, navi- 
 gating the Baltic and North Seas, have largely 
 availed themselves of the facilities afforded by 
 
 this canal. About 3,000 vessels pas.T ann.ially 
 through the canal. This is a sufTicient evidence 
 of its utility. It would, however, be much more 
 frcqueutcd, were it not for the difficult navigation 
 of the i'^yder from the sea to Kendsburg, The 
 dues are modrrato. (Coxe's Travels in the North 
 of Europe, 5th cd. vol. v. p. 230, wliere there is a 
 plan of tlie canal ; Catteau, Tableau ties Etats 
 Danois, tom. ii. pp. 300 — 304 ; and private infor- 
 mation.) 
 
 7. Swedish Canals. — The formation of an inter- 
 nal navigation connecting the Cattegat and the 
 Baltic has long engaged the attention, and occu- 
 pied the ellbrts, of the people and Government of 
 Sweden. Various motives conspired to make 
 them embark in this arduous undertaking. The 
 Sound and other channels to the Baltic were com- 
 manded by the Danes, who were able, when at 
 war with the Swedes, greatly to annoy the latter 
 by cutting off all communication by sea between 
 the eastura and western provinces of the kingdom. 
 Hence, in the view, partly of obviating this 
 annoyance and partly of facilitating the convey- 
 ance of iron, timber, and other bulky products 
 from the interior to the coast, it was determined 
 to attempt forming an int3mal navigation, by 
 means of the river Gotba, and the lakes Wener, 
 Wetter &c., from Gottenburg to Soderkocping on 
 the Baltic. The first and Tiost difficult part of 
 this enterprise was the perfecting of the commu- 
 nication from Gottenburg to the lake Wener. The 
 Gotha, which flows from the latter to the former, 
 is navigable, through by far the greater part of its 
 course, for vessels of considerable burden; but, 
 besides others less difficult to overcome, the navi- 
 gation at the point called Trollhtetta is interrupted 
 by a series of cataracts about 112 feet in height. 
 Owing to the rapidity of the river, and the stub- 
 bom red granite rocks ever which it flows, and by 
 perpendicular banks of which it is bounded, the 
 attempt to cut a lateral canal, and still more to 
 render it directly navigable, presented the most 
 formidable obstacles. But, uudismayed by these 
 impediments, on which it is, indeed, most probable 
 he had not sufficiently reflected, Polhem, a native 
 engineer, undertook, about the middle of last cen- 
 tury, the Herculean task of constructing locks in 
 the channel of the river, and rendering it navigable ! 
 Whether, however, it were owing to the all but 
 insuperable obstacles opposed to such a plan, to 
 the defective execution, or deficient strength of 
 the works, they were wholly swept away, after 
 being considerably advanced, and after vast sumsi 
 had been expended upon them. From this period 
 down to 1793 the undertaking was abandoned; 
 but in that year the plan was proposed, which 
 should have been adopted at first, of cutting a 
 lateral canal tlirough the solid rock, about 1^ mile 
 from the river. This new enterprise was begun 
 I under the auspices of a company incorporated for 
 I the purpose in 1794, and was successfully com- 
 pleted in 1800. The canal is about 3 miles in 
 I length, and has about 6^ feet water. This is the 
 I statement of Catteau, Tableau de la Mer Baltique, 
 ! tome ii. p, 77 ; Oddy, in his European Commerce, 
 ' p, 306, and I'albi, Abregcde la Geographie, p. 385, 
 I say that the depth of water is 10 feet. It has 8 
 I sluices, and admits vessels of above 100 tons. In 
 j one part it is cut through the solid rock to the 
 I depth of 72 feet. The expense' was a good deal 
 
 less than might have been expected, being only 
 j about 80,000/, The Lake Wener, the navigation 
 I of which was thus opened with Gottenburg, is very 
 I large, deep, and encircled b;;' some of the richest of 
 
 the Swedish provinces, which now possess the iu- 
 
 estimable advantage of a convcuieut and ready 
 
 outlet for their products. 
 
 b2 
 
 : .1 
 
 i .1 
 
244 
 
 CANAL, CANALS 
 
 
 
 
 1 . 
 
 As soon as the Trollhnetta canal had been com- 
 pleted, there could be no room for doubt as to the 
 practicabihty of extending the navigation to So- 
 derkoeping. In furtherance of this object, the lake 
 Wencr was joined to the lake Wetter by the Gotha 
 canal, whicli admits vessels of the same size as 
 tiiat of Triillhajtta ; and the prolongation of the 
 navigation to the Baltic from the Wetter, partly 
 by two canals of equal magnitude with the above, 
 and partly by lakes, has since been completed. 
 The entire undertaking is called the Gotha Navi- 
 gation, and deservedly ranks among the very first 
 of the kind in Europe. 
 
 IJesidcs the above, the canal of Arboga unites 
 the lake llielmar to the lake Maclar;and since 
 1819 a canal has been constructed from the latter 
 to the Baltic at Sodertelje. The canal of Striims- 
 holm, so called from its passing near the castle of 
 that name, has ofl'ected a navigable communication 
 between the province of Dalecarlia and the lake 
 Maclar &c. The total revenue of the C Swedish 
 canals in 18G1 was 36,4jG/. (Report of Mr. 
 Hamilton, Secretary of Legation, of February 9, 
 1867 ; Coxe's Travels in the North of Europe, 
 5th ed. vol. iv. pp. 25,5-200, and vol. v. pp. 58-66 ; 
 Thomson's Travels in Sweden, p, 35 ; <tc.) 
 
 8. French Cana/s.— The first canal executed in 
 France was that of Briare, iiilj English miles in 
 length, intcndcil to form a communication between 
 the Seine and Loire. It was commenced in 1605, 
 in the reign of Henry IV., and was completed in 
 1643, under his successor, Louis XIII. The canal 
 of Orleans, which joins the above, was commenced 
 in 1C75. But the most stupendous undertaking of 
 this sort that has been e.xecuted in France, or in- 
 deed on the Continent, is the canal of Languedoc. 
 It was projected under Francis I., but was begun 
 and completed in the reign of Louis XIV. It 
 reaches from Narbonnc to Toulouse, and was in- 
 tended to form a safe and speedy means of com- 
 munication between the Atlantic Ocean and the 
 Mediterranean. It is 04 French leagues in length, 
 and feet deep; and has, in all, 114 locks and 
 sluices. In its liighest part it is 000 feet above 
 the level of the sea. In some places it is conveyed, 
 by bridges of great length and strength, over large 
 rivers. It cost upwards of 1,300,000/. ; and reflects 
 inflnite credit on the engineer, Kiquet, by whom it 
 was planned and executed. 
 
 Besides tliis great work, France possesses 
 several magnificent canals, such as that of The 
 Clentre, connectuig the Loire with the Saone ; of 
 St. Quentin, joining the Scheldt and the Somme ; 
 of Besan^on, joining the Saone, and consequently 
 the Rhone, to the lihine ; of Burgundy, joining the 
 Rhone to the Seine &c. Some of these are of very 
 considerable magnitude. The canal of the Centre 
 is about T2 Englisii miles in length. It was com- 
 pleted in 1791, at an expense of about 11,000,000 
 iranes. Its summit level is about 240 feet above 
 the level of the Loire at Digoin ; the breadth at 
 tlie watei's edge is about 48 feet, and at bottom .30 
 feet; depth of water 5J feet; number of locks 81. 
 The canal of St. (jucntin, 28 Englisii miles in 
 length, was comiileled in 1810. The canal joining 
 the Rhone to the Rhine is the most extensive of 
 any. It stretches I'rom tlie Saone, a little above 
 St. Jean do Losne, by Dol, Besan^on, and Mul- 
 liouse, to Strasburg, where it joins the Rhine — a 
 distance of about 20U English miles. From Dol 
 to Vogeaucourt, near Montbc'liard, the canal is 
 principally excavated in the bed of the Doubs. It 
 is not quite finished. The canal of Burgundy will, 
 when completed, be about 242 kilom. or 15o' Eng- 
 lish miles in length ; but at present it is only navi- 
 gable to the distance of about 95 kilom. In addi- 
 tion to these, a great many other canals have been 
 
 finished, while several are in progress, and others 
 projected. There i-j an excellent account of tlie 
 French canals in the Histnire de la Navigation In- 
 terieure de la France, by M. Dutens, in 2 vols. 4to., 
 a .d to it we beg to refer the reader for further 
 details. He will find at the end of the second 
 volume a very beautiful map of the rivers and 
 canals of France. 
 
 The railroads now constructed in France have, 
 however, checked the progress of canals. [Boii- 
 i>EAux.] We may obs^jrve, too, that the state of 
 the law in France is very unfavourable to the un- 
 dertaking and success of all great public works ; 
 and we are inclined to attribute the comparative 
 fewness of canals in France, and the recent period at 
 which most of them have been constructed, to its 
 influence. In that country, canals, tiocks, and such 
 like works, are mostly carried on at the expense 
 and for behoof of Government, under the control of 
 its agents. No scope has been given to the en- 
 terprise of individuals or associations. Beforo 
 either a road or a canal can be constructed, plans 
 and estimates must be made out and laid before 
 the Minister of the Interior, by whom they are re- 
 ferred to the prefect of the department, and then 
 to the Bureau des Fonts et des C/iaussees ; and sup- 
 posing tne project to be approved by these, and 
 the other functionaries consulted with respect to 
 it, the work must after all be carried on under the 
 superintendence of some public officer. In conse- 
 quence of this preposterous system, very few works 
 of this description have been undertr.ken as private 
 speculations ; and while not a few o*' fhcst; ' 'in 
 by Government remain unfinished r,Mrv ci. . ;,..a- 
 tivelj' useless, those that are completed have, as 
 was to be expected, rarely proved profitable. 
 There are some good remarks on this subject in 
 the useful work of M. Dupin on the Forces Com- 
 merciales of Great Britain. 
 
 9. Prussian Canals. — The Prussian states arc 
 traversed by the great navigable rivers the Elbe, 
 the Oder, and the Vistula ; the first having its 
 embouchure in the North Sea, and the others in the 
 Baltic. The formation of an internal Lavigation 
 to join these great water-ways excited tlie at- 
 tention of Government at a distant period; and 
 this object has been successfully accomplished 
 partly by the aid of the secondary rivers falling 
 into the above, and partly by canals. In IGUi 
 the canal of Aluhlrose was undertaken, uniting 
 the Oder and tl;o Spree ; the latter being a navi- 
 gable river falling into the Havel, also a navi- 
 gable river joining the PMbe near Ilavclburg. 
 But the navigation from the Oder to the Elbe by 
 this channel was diflicult and lialle to freciucnt 
 interruption; and to obviate these defects, Frede- 
 rick the Great constructed, towards the raiddl<! 
 of last century, the Finnow canal, 8tretcliin„ 
 from tbe Oder at Oderburg to the Havel near 
 Licbenwaldc ; the communication is thence con- 
 tinued by the latter and a chain of lakes to 
 Plauen, from which point a canal has been 
 opened joining the Elbe near Mag(''>burg. 
 
 The Elbe being in this way connected with 
 the Oder by a comparatively easy navigation, the 
 latter has been united to the Vistula, partly by 
 th'' river Netze, and partly by a canal joining 
 that river to th". Brahe, which "falls into tne Vis- 
 tula near Bromberg. A vast inland navigation 
 has thus been completed, barks passing freely 
 through the whole extent of country from Lim- 
 burg toDantzic; affording the means of shipping 
 the products of the interior, and of importini,' 
 those of foreign countries, either by the North 
 Sea or the Baltic, as may be ""ound most ad\r.n- 
 tageous. (Cattcau, Tableau de la Mer Baltiqiie, 
 tome ii. pp. 1 1 — 18.) 
 
 10. Russia) 
 Russia IS of 
 iin[)ortanpe. 
 with respect t 
 
 11. Bavaric 
 
 "•as for a li 
 
 IJavaria was < 
 
 become of grc 
 
 iJietfurtli on i 
 
 of the Danube 
 
 tanccof234 G 
 
 It is on a large 
 
 This n)agnific( 
 
 inland navigat 
 
 and realises the 
 
 i-he Black Sea 
 
 ducted by a joi 
 
 ance of the I 
 
 navigation of 
 
 bo considerabl 
 
 channel of con 
 
 importance whi 
 
 to obtain. 
 
 12. Austrian 
 traversed in its 
 the advantages 
 trade of the emj 
 nver navigation 
 rho jealousy of 
 embouchure of ( 
 in some places i 
 pretty extensive 
 ill Hungary, 'ft 
 English miles in 
 through the Bam 
 whence vessels p 
 a little above its 
 other Hungarian < 
 Irancis. Itstretcl 
 to the Theiss, wh 
 02 English miles! 
 highest does not 
 above, the canal] 
 munication betw^ 
 is said to be the 
 10 Trieste; buthq 
 whether this be pi 
 made from Muncl 
 weiss on the Moil 
 into the Elbe, J 
 iisefui communical 
 !/<"■;/, p. '2i6;halbi\ 
 13. Spanish Cat 
 nicessary, both fol 
 irrigation, than iil 
 fdil, and the poverT 
 went as well as ol 
 Ijstacles to thc| 
 iKgn of Charles l 
 'factors ofl[prcd 
 'lavigablc frotn M 
 iiigus, and the l3 
 'lo'i, provided tl 
 'liity for a certaiJ 
 ^iveyedbythiscl 
 look this proposal F 
 and after inaturclj 
 singular decision-I 
 •hat these two rivJ 
 He would not haJ 
 liave made them ] 
 <'"nc it, it is nlnl 
 aat it should be d| 
 would be to violatJ 
 and to mend the 
 •icdly left in His , 
 *'ie Hfianisk Nationl 
 
I 
 
 CAN.VL, CANALS 
 
 10. Russian Canah, — The inlaiiu navigation of 
 liusaia is of vast extent, and very considerable 
 importanr'C. The rtader will find some details 
 with respect to it under the art, Pktkksbuiio. 
 
 11. Bavarian Canals. — A grand canal which 
 was for a lengthened period in progress in 
 Itavaria was completed in 1846, and promises to 
 become of great public utility. It extends from 
 Dietfurtlx on the AltraUhi, a navigable affluent 
 of the Danube, to Uamberg on the Mayn, a dis- 
 tance of 23^ German, or abouu 112 English miles. 
 1 1 is on a large scale, and has cost above 1,000,000/. 
 This magniliccnt undertaking, which carries an 
 inland navigation tlirough the centre of Europe, 
 and realises the project of Charlemagne for uniting 
 the lilacic Sea with the German Ocean, is con- 
 ducted by a joint-stock company, with the assist- 
 ance of the Uavarinn Government. But the 
 navigation of the Mayn and the Danube must 
 be considerably improved before this grand 
 channel of communication can acquire all the 
 importance wbirh, most probably, it is destined 
 to obtain. 
 
 12. Austrian Canals. — The Austrian empire is 
 traversed in its whole extent by the Danube; but 
 ihe advantages that might result to the foreign 
 trade of the empire from so great a command of 
 river navigation have been materially abridged by 
 the jealousy of the Turks, who command the 
 
 245 
 
 are no longer looked upon as sinful ; and many 
 have been projected since the accession of the 
 Hourbon dynasty, though few have been per- 
 fected. The canal of the Ebro, begun under the 
 Emperor Charles V., is the most important of the 
 Spanish canals ; but it is only partially completed, 
 and during dry seasons it sullcrs from want of 
 water. It runs parallel to tlie right bank of the 
 Ebro, from Tudela in Navarro to below Sara- 
 gossa ; the intention being to carry it to Sastago. 
 where it is to unite with the Ebro, The canal 
 of Castile is intended to lay open the country 
 between the Douro and Iteynosa, and to facilitate 
 the conveyance of grain from the interior to 
 Santandcr and Bilbao. It passes by Valladolid, 
 Palencia, and Aguilar del Campos ; a small part 
 has been executed, and is now in operation. A 
 company has also undertaken, what the Dutch 
 contractors formerly ortered — to render the Tagus 
 ravigable from Aranjuez to Lisbon ; the free 
 navigation of the river having been stipulated at 
 the Congress of Vienna. A project for deepening 
 the Guadalquivir, and some others, are also on 
 foot. (Geographical Dictionary, W.IXI).) It would 
 appear from Mr. S"ckville West's Kcpcrt to the 
 Foreign Office, of January 1, 1867, that on De- 
 cember 31, 1865, the total amount of canal shares 
 and subventions was 211,040,251 reals vellon, or 
 2,110,402/., andthat thesumestimatcdasnecessary 
 embouchure of the river, and by the difficulties j for their completion was 11 816,190 reals vellon, 
 in some places incident to its navigation. Two i or 118,561/. {Reports' of Secretaries of Legation, 
 pretty ex*-,ensivc canals have been constructed i No. 5 of 1867.) 
 in Hungary. That called the Bega Canal is 73 14. British Canals. — Owing partly to the late 
 
 Knglish miles in length : it stretches from Fascet i rise of extensive manufactures and commerce in 
 
 through the Bannat by Temeswar to Becskerek, | Great Britain, but more, perhaps, to the insular 
 whence vessels pas3 by the Bega into the Theiss 
 
 a little above its junction with the Danube. The 
 
 other Hungarian canal is called after the Emperor 
 
 Francis. It stretches from the Danube by Zambor 
 
 to the Theiss, which it joins near Foldvar, being 
 
 62 English miles in length ; its elevation where 
 
 highest does not exceed 27 feet. Besides the 
 
 above, the canal of Vienna establishes a com- 
 munication between that city and Ncustadt. It 
 
 is said to be the intention to continue this canal 
 
 to Trieste ; but however desirable, we doubt much 
 
 whether this be practicable. A railroad has been 
 
 made from Munchausen on the Danube to Bud- 
 
 wciss on the Moldau, a navigable river that falls 
 
 into the Elbe, Wnich promises to be a highly 
 
 useful communication. (Bright's Travels in Hun- 
 gary, p. 246 ; Balbi, Abrigede la Geographic, p. 216.) 
 18. Spanish Cana/».-^ Nowhere are canals more 
 
 necessary, both for the purposes of navigation and 
 
 irrigatiuii, than in Spain ; but the nature of the 
 
 !<iil, and the poverty and ignorance of the Govern- 
 ment as well as of the people, oppose formidable 
 bstacles to their construction. During tlie 
 
 iLign of Cbarles II. a company of Dutch con- 
 tractors oBered to render the Man9anare3 
 
 navigable from Madrid to where it falls into the 
 
 liigus, and the latter from that point to Lis- 
 
 lion, provided they were allowed to levy a 
 
 iluty for a certain number of years on the goods 
 
 conveyed by this channel. The Council of Castile 
 
 tdok this proposal into their serious consideration, 
 
 and after maturely weighing it pronounced the 
 
 singular decision — 'That if it had pleased God 
 
 that these two rivers should have been navigable, 
 
 lie would not have wanted human u^isistance to 
 
 have made them such ; but that, as lie has not 
 
 (lone it, it is plain lie did not think it proper 
 hat it should be done. To attempt it, therefore, 
 
 would be to violate the decrees of His providence, 
 
 and to mend the imperfections which He desig- 
 nedly left in Hb works ' ! (Clarke's Letters on 
 
 the Spanish Nation, p. 284.) But auch undertakings 
 
 situation of the country, no part of which is very 
 distant from the sea or from a navigable river, no 
 attempt was made, in England, to construct canals 
 till a compari,tively recent period. The efforts of 
 those who first began to improve the means of 
 uitemal navigation were limited to attempts to 
 deepen the beds of rivers, and to render them 
 better fitted for the conveyance of vessels. So 
 early as 1635, Mr. Sandys, of Flatbury, Wor- 
 cestershire, formed a project for rendering the 
 Avonnavigable from the Severn, near Tewkesbury, 
 through the counties of W.nrwick, Worcester, and 
 Gloucester, ' that the towns and country might be 
 better supplied with wood, iron, pit-coal, and 
 other commodities.' This scheme was approved 
 by the principal nobility and landowners in the 
 adjoining counties i but the civil war having 
 broken out soon after, the project was abandoned, 
 and does not seem to have been revived. After 
 the Restoration and during the earlier part of last 
 century various Acts were at different times 
 obtained for cheapening and improving river 
 navigation. For the most jiart, however, these 
 attempts were not very successful. The current 
 of the rivers gradually changed the form of their 
 channels ; the dykes and other artilicial construc- 
 tions were apt to be destroyed by inundations ; 
 alluvial sand-banks were formed below the weirs; 
 in summer the channels were frequently too dry 
 to admit of being navigated, while at other periods 
 the current was so strong as to render it quite 
 impossible to ascend the river, which at all times, 
 indeed, was a laborious and expensive undertaking. 
 T>ese difficulties in the way of river navigation 
 seem to have suggested the expediency of abandon- 
 ing the channels of most rivers, and of digging 
 parallel to them artiticial channels, in whicti the 
 water might be kept at the proper level by means 
 of locks. The Act passed by tlie Legislature in 
 1755 for improving the navigi'tion of Sankey 
 Brook ou the Mersey gave rise to a lateral canal 
 of this description, about 11^ miles in Icngthf 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 I :!■ 
 
 t: 
 
 .! I 
 
yili. 
 
 I! !• 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 246 CANAL, 
 
 vhich deserves to bo mentioned as the earliest 
 cHort of the sort in Enplnnd. 
 
 lUit before this canal had. been completed, tlic 
 celebrated Duke of Bridgewater, and his equally 
 celebrated engineer, the self-instructed James 
 Brindk'V, bad conceived a jilan of inland naviga- 
 tion independent altogetlicr of natural cliannels, 
 and intended to afford the greatest facilities to 
 comnicrcc, by carrying canals across rivers and 
 tbrough mountains, wbercver it was practicable to 
 copttruct I hem. 
 
 Tlie Duke was proprietor of a large estate at 
 Wor.-ley, 7 miles fror, Manchester, in which 
 were some very rich coal-mines, which had hitherto 
 been in greatnieasure useless, owing to the cost 
 of carrying coal to market. IJoing desirous of 
 tuFiiing his mines to some account, it occurred to 
 him that his puipose would be best accom- 
 
 Slished by cutting a canal from Worslcy to 
 lanchester. Mr. Brindley, having been consulted, 
 declared tliat the scheme was practicable; and au 
 Act having been obtained, the work was imme- 
 diately commenced. 'The principle,' says Mr. 
 Phillips, ' laid down at the commencement of 
 this business reflects as much honour on the 
 noble undertaker as it does upon his engineer. 
 It was resolved that the canal should be perfect 
 in its kind ; and that, in order to preserve the 
 level of the water, it shoulii be free from the usual 
 obstruction of locks. But in accomplishing this 
 end manj' dillicultics were deemed insurmount- 
 able. It "was necessi-.y that the canal should be 
 carried ovir rivers, and many hirge aud deep 
 valleys, \vherc it was evident that such stupen- 
 dous niomids of earth must be raised as would 
 scarcely, it was thought by numbers, be com- 
 pleted by the labour of ages ; and, above all, it 
 was not known from what source so large a sup- 
 ply of water could be dravn, even on this im- 
 proved plan, as would supply the navigation. 
 J5ut Mr. Jirindlcy, witl; a strength of mind pecu- 
 liar to himself, and being possessed of the con- 
 lidence of liis great patron, contrived such admir- 
 able machines, and took such methods to facilitate 
 tlie progress of the work, that the world soon be- 
 gan to wonder how it could be thouglit so difficult. 
 ' Wlicn the canal was completed as far as Barton, 
 where the Irwell is navigable for large vessels, Mr. 
 Brindley proposed to carry it over that river by an 
 aqueduct o'J feet above the surface of the water in 
 the river. This, however, being considered as a 
 wild and extravagant project, he desired, in order 
 to justify his conduct towards his noble emploj'er, 
 that tlie opinion of another engineer might be 
 taken, believing that lie could easily convince an 
 intelligent person of the practicability of the design. 
 A gentleman of eminence was accordingly called, 
 who, being conduct. 1 to the place where it was 
 intended that the aqueduct should be made, ridi- 
 culed the attempt ; and, when the height and di- 
 mensions were communicated to him,heexclaimed, 
 '•1 have often heard of castles in the air, but 
 never was shown before where any of them were 
 to be erected." This imfavourable verdict did not 
 deter the Duke from following the opinion of his 
 own engineer. The aqueduct was immediately 
 begun ; and it was carried on with such rapidity 
 and success as astonisiied those who, but a tittle 
 before, thought it impossible.' 
 
 Before tiie canal from Worslcy to Manchestcrhad 
 been completed, it occurred to the Duke and his 
 engineer that it might be practicable to extend it 
 by a branch, which, running through Chester 
 parallel to the river Mersey, should at length tcr- 
 ji-.inate in that river beiow tlie limits of its arti- 
 licial navigation, and thus allord anew, safer, and 
 cheaner means of communication between Mau- 
 
 CANALS 
 
 Chester and its vicinity and Liverpool. The exe- 
 cution of this plan was authorised by an Act jiasscd 
 in 17CI. This canal, which is above 2!) miles in 
 length, was linished in about 5 years. It was 
 constructed in the best manner, and lias proved 
 equally advantageous to its noble jiroprictor and 
 the public. 
 
 ' When the Duke of Bridgewater,' says Dr. Aikin, 
 ' tmdertook tliis great design, tlie price of carriage 
 on the river navigation was I2s. the ton from Man- 
 chester to Liverpool, while that of land carriage 
 was 40s. ilie ton. Tlic Duke's charge on his canal 
 was limited by statute to iis. ; and togetlier 
 with this vast superiority in cheapness, it had 
 all the speed and regularity of land carriage. Tlic 
 articles conveyed by it were, likewise, much mor<! 
 numerous than those by the river navigation; be- 
 sides manufactured goods and their raw materials, 
 coals from the Duke's own pits were deposited in 
 yards at various parts of the canal, for the supi)ly 
 of Cheshire ; lime, manure, and building materials 
 were carried from place to place; and the markets 
 of Manchester obtained a supplv of provisions from 
 districts too remote for the ordinary land convey- 
 ances. A branch of useful and prolitablc carriage, 
 hitherto scarcely known in England, was also 
 undertaken, which was that of passengers. Boats, 
 on tlic model of the Dutch trcckscliuyts, but 
 more agreeable and capacious, were set up, whicli, 
 at very reasonable rates and with great coii- 
 venience, carried iii'"\bers of i)crsons daily to and 
 from Manchester along the line of the canal.' 
 (Aikin's Descriptiim of the Country round Man- 
 chester, p. 11 G.) 
 
 The success attending the Duke of Bridf;c- 
 water's canals stimulated public-spirited indivi- 
 duals in other districts to undertake similar works. 
 INlr. Brindley had early formcl the magniticotit 
 scheme of joining the great ports of London, Liver- 
 pool, Bristol, and Hull by a system of internal 
 navigation ; and though he died in 1772, at the 
 early age of 60, he had the satisfaction to sec liis 
 grand project in a fiiir way of being realised. The 
 Trent and Mersey, or as it has been more comm jiily 
 termed, the tiraiid Trnnk Canal, 96 miles in length, 
 was begun in 17(;6 and completed in 1777. It 
 stretches from near Runcom on the Mersey, wlicrci 
 it communicates with the Duke of Bridgewater's 
 Canal, to Newcastlc-under-Linc ; thence souili- 
 wards to near Titchfield ; and then north-westerly, 
 till it joins the Trent at Wilden Ferry, at tlu; 
 north-western extremity of Leicestershire. A 
 water communication between Hull and Li\erp(«il 
 was thus completed ; pnd by means of the Stafloril- 
 shire and Worcestershire Canal, which joins ilie 
 Grand Trunk near Haywood in the former, and the 
 Severn near ftourport in the latter, the sane 
 means of communication was extended to Brisiui. 
 During the time that the Grand Trunk Canal was 
 beingmadc, a canal was undertaken from Liveipodl 
 to Leeds, ISO miles in length ; another from Bir- 
 mingham to the Staffordshire and Worcestershiic 
 CanaJ,joining it near Wolverhampton; and """iVoni 
 Birmingham to I'azeley and thence to Covjiitiy 
 By canals subsequently undertaken, a coniniMiii- 
 cation was formed between the Grand Trunk Canal 
 and Oxford, and consequently with London, com- 
 pleting Brindley's magnificent scheme. In 17'J-' 
 the Grand Junction Canal was begun, which runs 
 in a pretty straight line from Brentford, on tiie 
 Thames, a little above the metropolis, to Branns- 
 ton, in Northamptonshire, where it unites with 
 the Oxford and other central canals. It is about 
 90 miles in length. There is also a direct water 
 communication, by means of the river Lea navi- 
 gation, the Cambridge Junction Ctnal iSrc. be- 
 tween London and the Wash. lu addition to 
 
 ^'losp, an immcnsf 
 
 of them of great m 
 
 I'Cen constructed ii 
 
 HO that a command 
 
 obtained, unparalh 
 
 with the exception 
 
 In Scotland, the 
 
 and Clyde was ben- 
 
 "J 1777, and was""! 
 
 of 1 10 American wa 
 
 1790. Its total lei 
 
 ciifs to Gl,Ks^,o,^ m„ 
 
 miles. Wliere hid 
 
 level of the sea Jt 
 
 of the Enifiisi, cnna 
 
 Mirface is b6, and at 
 
 ally It was about 8 
 
 banks have been 
 
 of water is now ab. 
 
 difficulties had to be 
 
 ever, were all success 
 
 "nprotitable for a wi 
 
 past j^elded a bette 
 
 ftHift boats on the i 
 
 described were establ 
 
 (CleIands.S7a<,Wc,o, 
 
 ihc Liiion Canal j 
 
 Canal near Falkirk, ar 
 
 u'lrgh, being gn l:i, 
 
 "■«''• "tthelop,lo™ 
 completed in \sn R 
 
 ane.xtremelyill-advis, 
 f '/f.P''''l>netorshav 
 the Ldinburgh and G] 
 "10 employ it in th 
 Other heavy poods. 
 
 A canal intended t 
 between Glasgow, Pai 
 (•ommenccd in 1807- b 
 ';<';;t"'g Glasgow witii ] 
 Johnstoun has hitherto 
 '=< about 12 miles lon^ 
 
 iT'-ud .It top, 18 at boti 
 liere that the cxperime 
 "1 quick travelling bvJ 
 ".ive demonstrated that! 
 i'<'i ii properly construl 
 ygers and goods, alon J 
 "[10 miles au hour, witl 
 («eo post.) ' "f 
 
 I'he Crinaii Canal acrj 
 .^^^'"'''"itting vessels 
 I I"; M in length, and 12 ■ 
 l.lie CakHluniaa Canal 
 'f'»« of the sort attej 
 >tretches S.W. and N iJ 
 l';'">tii«:ar Inverness to a j 
 ti cliic/lyfonnedbyL/ 
 U> 1 Lochy. The totarf 
 
 cluihng the lakes, is 60U 
 jwrt IS only about 23 milei 
 loet above the level of t J 
 
 mostly constructed upon r 
 'ntj>idedUbc20feetdeJ 
 
 Md 40 broad; and had n 
 
 as was originally intendel 
 "icrcliant ships of 1 OOO ' 
 passed through it. It «•£ 
 I i"""^"'"! entirely at tho \ 
 'fom the designs and d 
 f"cc of ThoniSs Telfortl 
 amounted, exclusive of 
 ;'"J''}**^'2> to 1,347,780/.! 
 ^ ;r, to have been projl 
 "il^'ratioii, and has beeJ 
 
CANAL, CANALS 
 
 317 
 
 tlipsp, an immonsp numl)cr of other canal.s, some 
 of them of great mafjnitudc and importance, have 
 been constructed in (lilfercnt parts of tlie country' ; 
 HO that 11 command of internal navigation has been 
 obtained, unparaUelcd in any European country, 
 with the exception of Holland 
 
 speculation. Tlic revenue of the canal nmonnicd 
 in 18,)2-t5.'J to only 5,HS'.)l,, wlicrcas the expenditure; 
 during the same year, exc. any allowance for wear 
 and tear, and inc. only 900/. for repairs, amounted 
 to 7,429/.! Hut tliis is not all. (iwiiig to a wisli 
 to lessen the expense and to hasten the opening 
 In Scotland, the great canal to join the Forth of the canal, parts of it were not excavated lo 
 and Clyde was begun in 17(!8, hut it was suspended | their proper depth, while others were executed in 
 in 1777, and was not resumed till after the close i a iiurricd and insufficient manner. ircn(;e tins 
 of the American war. It was (inally completed in | canal does not really admit vess(!l^ of above iTiO 
 
 1790. Its total length, including the collateral 
 cuts to Glasgow and the Monkland Canal, is 38J | 
 miles. Where highest it is 150 feet above the j 
 level of the sea. It is on a larger scale than any | 
 of the English canals. Its r ,dium width at the | 
 surface is 50, and at the bottom 27 feet. Origin- i 
 ally it was about 8 feet (! inches deep ; but its 
 banks have been raised, so that the 
 of Avatcr is now about 10 feet. It has, iti all 
 39 locks. In completing this canal many serious 
 difficulties had to be encountered. These, iiow- 
 cvcr, were all successfully overcome ; and though 
 improtitablo for a while, it has for many years 
 past yielded a better return to its proprietors. 
 Swift boats on the plan of those subsequently 
 described were established on this canal hi 1832. 
 (Cleland's Statistics of' Glasflow, p. 170 &c.) 
 
 The Union Canal joins the Forth and Clyde 
 Canal near Falkirk, and stretches thence to Edin- 
 burgh, being 31^ miles in lengtli. It is 40 feet 
 wide at the top, 20 at bottom, and 5 deep. It was 
 completed in 1822. But it appears to have been 
 an extremely ill-advised undertaking; so much so 
 that its proprietors have jeld it at a heavy loss to 
 the Edinburgh and Glasgow Kailway Company, 
 who employ it in the conveyance of coal and 
 oihcr heavy goods. 
 
 A canal intended to form a communication 
 between Glasgow, Paisley, and Ardrossan was | 
 
 or 300 tons burden, and previously to steam tugs 
 Ijcing provided on the lakes, they were frei)ueiilly 
 delayed in making their passiige across for a 
 lengthened period. During 1837 and 1838 the 
 works sustained considerable damage ; and the 
 reader needs not be surprised to hear tliat it w;w 
 gravely debated whether it would not be better 
 depth i entirely to break up and abandon tlio canal ! 
 
 There was naturally, however, an extreme disin- 
 clination to destroy a work which, how iiiex- 
 peilient soever originally, has boon executed at 
 an enormous expense; and various schemes have 
 been suggested for relieving the public from the 
 expense of keeping it up witliout involving its 
 destruction. Among others it has been proposed 
 to assign it to a joint-stock company, on tlieir 
 agreeing to complete the works and keep them 
 in repair: and ati Act authorising such transfer 
 was passed in 1810. Hut liitlicrto it has not been 
 found possible to dispose of the canal in this way, 
 and Parliament has since voted largo sums for 
 the partial repair of the works, which, though a 
 good deal improved, will every now and then 
 require fresh outlays. 
 
 Some other canals have been projected and 
 completed in dillerent j)arts of Scotland. Of 
 these the Monkland Canal, for the supply of 
 Glasgow with coal, has been the most successful. 
 
 15. Irish Canals. — Various canals have been 
 
 commenced in 1807 ; but ouly that portion con- . undertaken in Ireland, of which tlie Grand C".ual 
 
 lu'cting Glasgow with Paisley and the village of ' 
 Juhnstoun has hitherto been tinished. This part 
 is about 12 miles long ; the canai being 30 feet 
 broad at top, 18 at bottom, and 4,^ deej). It was 
 here that the experiments were originally made 
 
 and tlie IJoyal Canal arc tlic principal. The 
 Grand Canal was begun in 17().5, by a body of sub- 
 scribers; but they could not have com])leted tlic 
 work without very large advances from Govern- 
 ment. The canal commences at Dublin, and 
 
 on quick travelling by canals, which are said to : stretches in a westerly direction, inclining a little 
 
 have demonstrated that it was practicable to im- 
 liel a properly constructed boat, carrying pas- 
 sengers and goods, along a cfinaj at the rate of 9 
 or 10 miles an hour, without injury to the banks ! , 
 (^Sce post.) ■ 
 
 The Crinan Canal across the peninsula of Kin- 
 tyre, admitting vessels of 100 tons burden, is 9 
 liiiles in length, and 12 feet in depth. 
 
 I'he Caledonian Canal is the greatest, under- 
 taking of the sort attempted in the empire. It 
 
 to the south, to the Shannon, with whicli it 
 unites near Banaglicr, a distance of 85 statute 
 miles, and thence on the west side of the river to 
 IJallinasloe, 14 miles. But exclusive of the main 
 trunk, there is a branch to Athy, where itjoins the 
 Harrow, a distance of about 27 miles ; and there 
 are branches to Portarlington, Mount Mellick, and 
 some other places. The total length of the canal, 
 with its various branches, is about 104 Eng. miles. 
 Its summit elevation is 200 feet above the level 
 
 stretches S.VV. and N.E. across the island from a [ of the sea at Dublin. It is 40 feet wide at the 
 loiiitncar Inverness to another near Fort William. ' surface, from 24 to 20 feet at bottom, has feet 
 it is chiefly formed by Loch Mess, Loch Oich, and ' water, and cost, in all, above 2,000,000/. 
 l/ioli Lochj'. The total length of the canal, in- Two capital errors seem to have been committed 
 eluding the lakes, is CO J miles; but the excavated | in the formation of this canal — it was framed on 
 part is only about 23 miles, AtthesummititisOOJ ! too l.irge a scale, and was carried too far north. 
 feet above the level of the Western Ocean. It is Had it been 4 or 4^ instead of feet deep, its 
 mostly constructed upon a very grand scale, being ; utility would have been but little impaired, while 
 intended tu bo 20 feet deep, 50 feet wide at bottom, ; its expense would have been very materially 
 and 122 at top; the locks are 20 feet deep, 172 long, diminished. But the great error was in its 
 and 40 broad; and had it been wholly executed ■ direction. Instead of joining the Shannon about 
 as was originally intended, frigates of 32 guns and 1 15 miles above Lough Derg, it should have joined 
 merchant ships of 1,000 tons burden might have j it below Limerick. By this means barges and 
 passed through it. It was opened in 1822, being j other vessels passing from Dublin to Limerick, 
 executed entirely at th<! expense of (iovcrnmcnt, ; and conversely, would have avoided the difliculL 
 (torn the designs and under the superintend- and dangerous navigation of the Upper Shannon ; 
 
 eiice of Thomas Telford, Esq. The entire cost 
 amounted, exclusive of interest, on the Ist of 
 May, 1853, to 1,347,780/. It would appear, how- 
 pvor, to have been projected without duo con- 
 siiliTUtion, and hoa been a most unprofitable 
 
 and the canal would have passed through a com- 
 paratively fertile country ; and it would not have 
 been necessary to carry it across the bog of Allen, 
 in which, says Mr. Wakeliehi, 'the company have 
 buried more money than would have cut a spacious 
 
 1 1 
 
 •^.: \ 
 
248 
 
 CANAL, CAN.\XS 
 
 
 t ■ 
 
 n ^j 
 
 it- 
 
 cannl from Dublin to T.imorick.' (Account of Ire- 
 land, vol. i. p. M'i.) 
 
 The lioj'iil ("nnnl was undertaken in 1789. It 
 strclclu's westward from Dublin to the Shannon, 
 ■which it joins near Tormnnbury. Its entire length 
 is about ICi miles, exclusive of a branch of 5 miles 
 from Kilnshecto Longford: its liighest elevation 
 is ;)•-'•-' fi't't above the level of the sea. A(. bottom 
 it is 'J4 feet wide, having C feet depth of water. It 
 had cost, exclusive of interest on itock, loans &c. 
 ndvanrcd by CJo\ ornmcnt, in February 182'J, 
 ],4-Jl,!l.')l/. 
 
 This canal scorns to have been planned in the 
 most injudicious manner. It has the same defect 
 as the Grand Canal, of being extravagantly large; 
 and throughout its whole course it is nearly 
 parallel to, and not very distant from, the latte •, 
 There arc consequently two immense canu 3 
 where there ought, perhaps, to be none. At all 
 events, it is abundantly certain that one canal 
 of comparatively moderate dimensions would have 
 been quite enough for all the business of the 
 district, even if it were much greater than it is at 
 this moment, or than it is ever likely to become. 
 
 It apyiears from Thorn's Almanac for 18G8, that 
 in ]8()i) the grnoj revenue of the Royal Canal was 
 10,."(()4/.. while the net revenue of the Grand Canal 
 for the first half of 18GC was 7,535/. ; an<l deducting 
 from these sums the expense attending the working 
 of the canals, and allowing for their ordinary wear 
 and tear, it is extremely doubtful whether these 
 great public works, which have cost between 
 6,000,000/. and 0,000,000/., produce a sixpence of 
 clear revenue. 
 
 IJesidos the above, there are some other canals, 
 as well as various river excavations, in Ireland, 
 the chief of which is the Ulster, 48 miles long ; 
 but hardly one of them yields a reasonable return 
 for the capital expended upon it. They have 
 almost all been liberally assisted by grants of 
 public money ; and their history, and that of the 
 two great canals now adverted to, strikingly 
 corroborates the caustic remark of Arthur Young, 
 that 'a histori/ of public works in Ireland would he 
 a history of jobs.' (Tour in Ireland, part ii. p. 0(j, 
 4to. ed.) 'I'liose who wish to make themselves fully 
 acquainted with the history and state of the canals 
 of Ireland may consult the Report by Messrs. 
 Henry Mnllins and M'Mahon, in the Appendix to 
 the Report of the Select Committee of 1830 on the 
 State of Ireland, and the valuable Report on Rail- 
 ways. 
 
 io. American Canals. — The United States are 
 pre-eminently distinguished by the spirit with 
 which they have undertaken, and the perseverance 
 they have displayed in executing, the most mag- 
 nificent (ilans for improving and extending internal 
 navigation. Besides many others of great, though 
 inferior, magnitude, a canal has bean formed 
 connecting tlic Hudson with Lake Erie. This 
 immense work is 303 miles in length, the rise 
 and fall along the entire line being 092 feet. It 
 was originally 40 feet wide at the surface, 28 feet 
 at bottom, and 4 feet deep. But these dimensions 
 being found, from the rapidly increasing traffic 
 and importance of the canal, to be far too limited, 
 an Act was passed in 1835, providing for its en- 
 largement. Under this Act the canal has been 
 increased, so as to he 70 feet wide on the surface, 
 42 feet at the bottom, and 7 feet in depth, the 
 locks being of corresponding dimensions. The 
 original cost of the canal was 9,027,456 dols. ; 
 and the cost of the enlargement has been about 
 25,000,000 dols., or nearly three times its first 
 cost. The Erie Canal is the property of the state 
 of New York, and is one of the greatest and 
 most important works of its kind in the world. 
 
 Notwithstanding the contracted scale on which 
 it was originally constructed, it Ims completely 
 verified the predictions of its projector, Dc W'iit 
 Clinton, having been at once extremely profitahlo 
 as a mercantile Rpcculat)(m, and of singular ad- 
 vantage in a public point of view to the State of 
 New York and the Union generally. 
 
 The Chesapeake and Ohit Canal ''.ould, had it 
 been completed, have been a grea, and useful 
 work. It begins r.t the tide water of the Potomac 
 River above (Jeorgetown in the district of Colum- 
 bia, and is intended to terminate at Pittsburg, in 
 Pennsylvania, a distance of341i miles. Its dimen- 
 sions are nearly identical with those of the new 
 I Erie Canal ; ita breadth at the stirfacc being from 
 00 to 80 feet, ditto at bottom 50 feet, with a depth 
 of water varying from C to 7 feet. Several tun- 
 i nels occur in the line which crosses the Alleghany 
 ridge. The cost of this work was estimated at 
 ' 22,275,000 dols., which were to be subscribed 
 j partly by indiviiluals, and partly by the United 
 I States and the States of Maryland and Pennsyl- 
 ' vania. Owing, however, to the inability, or rather 
 . disinclination, of the two last-mentioned states to 
 I make good their engagements, the works on the 
 ' canal have been suspended, after about 10 millions 
 i of dollars have been expended upon them, lint 
 . the probability is that they will be resumed and 
 i completed at some future period ; their completion 
 being the only means by which the ca|>ital already 
 expended upon them can be made to yield any 
 thing, 
 
 A great many other canals have been completed 
 and are in progress in different parts of the Union, 
 Of the former, the Ohio Canal, uniting the Ohio 
 with Lake Erie, is by far the most important, and 
 is, if at all, only less advantageous than the Erie 
 Canal. Cleveland, where the canal unites witli 
 Lake Erie, has become one of the greatest eni]ui- 
 riums on the Lakes. 
 
 1 7, Canadian Canals. — The British (lovcmment 
 has expended a very large sum upon the Rirloau 
 River and Caiml, stretching from Kingston, on 
 Lake Ontario, to By town, on the Ottawa, ortlraiul 
 River, an affluent of the St. Lawrence. But tliis 
 work was undertaken as much in the view uf 
 improving the military defences of Canada as (if 
 protecting its commerce, though in the latter 
 re -peet it has been of considerable utility. The Hrit- 
 ish Government has also constructed the Wclland 
 Canal, uniting Lakes Erie and Ontario, the navi- 
 gation between which by the river is interni))k:d 
 by the Falls of 1 iagara. This canal has becmne a 
 well-frequented commerciol channel, and is every 
 day rising in importance. 
 
 18, Utility of Cawi/s.— The utility of canals, 
 when judiciously contrived, and opening an easy 
 communication between places capable of main- 
 taining an extensive intercourse with each otlicr, 
 has never been better set forth than in a work 
 published in 1705, entitled ' A View of the Advan- 
 tages of Inland Navigation,' &c. Uut the follow- 
 ing extract from Macpherson's Annals of Commirve 
 (anno 1760) contains a brief, and at the sume time 
 eloquent, summary of the principal advomages re- 
 sulting from their construction : — ' They give f'rcsli 
 life to est.iblished manufactures, and they encou- 
 rage the establifiliroent of new ones by the case of 
 transporting the materials of manufacture and 
 provisions ; and thence we see new villages start 
 up upon the borders of canals in places formerly 
 condemned to sterility and solitude. They invi- 
 gorate, and in many places create, internal tra;le. 
 which, for its extent and value, is an object of 
 still more importance than foreign commerce, and 
 is exempted from the many hardships and dangers 
 of a maritime life and changes of climate. And 
 
 they greatlv prr 
 quently enrich tl 
 they, or the navi 
 with, terminate, li 
 pro<luce from, and 
 chandisc into, th( 
 which are thus pi 
 maritime parts; 
 parts become coast 
 of shipping. Th( 
 equalised through 
 of Proi-idencearcr 
 Jhc monopolist is 
 iniquity and oppt 
 provisions are tran 
 tance. The adva 
 provides a great p« 
 the whole of the si 
 on manufactures ai 
 great. Manure, ni 
 articles, which coi 
 expense of cartage 
 <liice, can be carri( 
 canals ; whereby p( 
 ren lands are brougl 
 emolument of the f'l 
 general advantage 
 inentcd supply of tl 
 rials of manufactu: 
 which to a manufac 
 actually concerned 
 duly apiireciating) 
 minerals in general, 
 of great bulk in pn 
 had hitherto lain u 
 reason of the cxpen 
 sibility, of carriage, 
 dored a fund of weal 
 which thus gives bit 
 turn, it is maintainei 
 
 19. Increased 
 Great as have ., 
 from the formation 
 lieen to a consider 
 formation of Rau.u 
 that canals will alwa 
 aiice of coal and of 
 and even passengers 
 with a rapidity tha 
 supposed impossible, 
 (luced on the Paisle 
 Houston, in .June 18 
 ill the following sta 
 cossarj' to call the n 
 
 Mr. Thomas Gr 
 Lttter to Canal I' 
 'i'lie experiments o 
 and proved on the 
 curved canal in St 
 Paisley Canal, con 
 with the town of Pa 
 —a distance of 12 mi 
 every previous theo 
 ofattaining great v< 
 (laiiger or damage t< 
 in moving vessels a 
 'The ordinary spt 
 scngers on the Ardi 
 years, been from ni, 
 altlumyh there aref< 
 per day, at this rapii 
 10 injury. The boa, 
 5 feet (> inches brol 
 narrowness of the < 
 They carry easily fi 
 wlicii reqi"iirod, can 
 no jiasscngers. Tl 
 
 be 
 
 III 
 
 
CANAL, 
 
 they p;Tcatlv promote foreign trade, and conse- 
 quently cnncli tlic merchants of the ports wlicro 
 they, or the navigable rivers they are connected 
 with, terminate, by facilitating the exportation of 
 produce from, and the introduction of foreign mer- 
 chandiHC into, the interior parts of the country, 
 which are thus placed nearly on a level with Jie 
 maritime parts; or, in other words, the interior 
 parts become coasts, crid enjoy the accommodations 
 of shipping. The price of provisions is nearly 
 equalised through thcwholecoimtry ; the blessings 
 of Proi'idence arc more uniformly distributed ; and 
 the monopolist is disappointed in his schemes of 
 iniquity and oppression by the ease wherewilli 
 provisions are transported from a considerable dis- 
 tance. The advantages to agriculture, which 
 ])rovides a great part of the materials, and almost 
 the whole of the subsistence, required in carrying 
 on manufactures and commerce, are pre-eminently 
 great. Manure, marl, lime, and all other bulky 
 articles, which could not possibly bear the great 
 expense of cartage, and also corn and other i)ro- 
 <luce, can be carried at a very light expense on 
 canals ; whereby poor lands are enriched, and bar- 
 ren lands are brought into cultivation, to the groat 
 emolument of the farmer and landholder, and the 
 general advantage of the community, in on aug- 
 mented supply of the necessaries of life and mate- 
 rials of manufactures ; coals (the importance of 
 which to a manufacturing country few people not 
 actually concerned in manufactures are capable of 
 duly appreciating), stone, lime, iron ore, and 
 minerals in general, as well as many other articles 
 of great bulk in proportion to their value, which 
 had hitherto lain useless to their proprietors by 
 reason of the expense, and, in many cases, impos- 
 sibility, of carriage, are called into life, and ren- 
 dered a fund of wealth, by the vicinity of a canal ; 
 which thus gives birth to a trade, whereby, in re- 
 turn, it is maintained.' 
 
 19. Increased Speed of Travelling hy Canals. — 
 Great as have been the advantages ilcrived 
 from the formation of canals, their progress has 
 been to a considerable degree checked by the 
 fiirmation of Kaii-uoaus. \\c believe, however, 
 that canals will always be preferred for the convey- 
 ance of coal and other bulky and heavy products; 
 and even passengers could be conveyed along them 
 with a rapidity that would previously have been 
 supposed impossible. This new system was intro- 
 duced on the Paisley and Glasgow Canal, by Mr. 
 Houston, in .lune ISiM. The results arc described 
 in the following statements, to which it is unne- 
 tessarj' to call the reader's attention : — 
 
 Mr. Thomas Grahame, civil engineer, in his 
 Letter to Canal Proprietors and Traders, says, 
 'The experiments of great velocity have been tried 
 and proved on the narrowest, shallowest, and most 
 nrved canal in Scotland, viz. the Ardrossan or 
 I'aislcy Canal, connecting the city of (JIasgow 
 with the town of Paisley and village of Johnstoun 
 — a distance of 12 miles.' The result has disproved 
 every previous theory as to difliculty and expense 
 of attaining great velocity oti canals, and as to the 
 danger or damage to their banks by great velocity 
 in moving vessels along them. 
 
 'The ordinary speed for the conveyance of pas- 
 sengers on the Ardrossan Canal has, for nearly 2 
 years, been yVom Mine to ten miles an hour; and, 
 altlionffh there are fourteen journeys along the canal 
 l>er day, at this rapid speed, its hanks have sustained 
 m injury. The boats arc 70 feet in length, about 
 i feet (i inches broad, and, but for the extreme 
 narrowness of the canal, might bo made broader. 
 They carrj' easily from 70 to 80 passengers ; and, 
 wlicu required, can and have carried ujiwards of 
 110 passengers. The entire cost of a boat and lit- 
 
 CANALS 
 
 349 
 
 tings up is about 125/. The hulls arc formed of 
 light iron plates and ribs, and the covering is of 
 wood and light oiled cloth. They are more airy, 
 light, and comfortable than any coach. They 
 permit the passengers to move about from the 
 outer to the iimer cabin, and the fares per mile are 
 one penny in the Jirst, and three Jarthings in the 
 second cabin. The passengers are all carried under 
 cover; having the pri'Mlege also of an uncovered 
 space. These boats are drawn by 2 iiorses (the 
 prices of which may be from 50/. to (iu/. per pair), 
 ni stages of 4 miles in length, which - -, done in 
 from 22 to 25 minutes, including Btoppiif,es to let 
 out and take in passengers, each set of horses 
 doing 3 or 4 stages alternately each day. In fact, 
 the boats arc drawn through this narrow and 
 shallow canal at a velocity which many celebrated 
 engineers had demonstrated, and which the public 
 believed, to he impossible, 
 
 'The entire amount of the whole expenses of 
 attendants and horses, and of running one of these 
 boats 4 trips of 12 miles each (the length of the 
 can.ll) or 48 miles daily, including interest on the 
 capital, and 20 per cent, laid aside annually for 
 replacement of the boats, or loss on the capital 
 therein vested, and a considerable sum laid asic'e 
 for accidents aiul replacement of the horses, is 
 700/. some odd shillings ; or, taking the number 
 of working days to be 312 annually, something 
 under 2/. 2». 4rf, per day, or about Urf. per mile. 
 The actual cost of carrying from 80 to 100 persons 
 a distance of 30 miles (the length of the Liverfiool 
 Railway), at a velocity of nearly 10 miles an hour, 
 on the Paisley Canal, one of the most curved, nar- 
 row, and shallow in Britain, is therefore just 
 1/. 7s. (jrf. sterling. Such are the facts, and, incre- 
 dible as they may appear, they are facts which no 
 one who enquires can possibly doubt.' 
 
 lioats on this principle were for a time esta- 
 blished on a great n lany British canals, and on the 
 Grand and Koyal Canals in Ireland. 
 
 20. Profits of Canals. — It is a well-known fact, 
 that canals, at an average, and allowing for the 
 length of time that must elapse from the first out- 
 lay of capital before they yield any return, are 
 not very productive. When, indeed, they connect 
 places that have an extensive intercourse, and 
 when no very extraordinary difficulties have to 
 be surmounted in their construction, they most 
 commonly yie'd very large profits ; but, generally 
 speaking,* this does not appear to be the case ; aiul, 
 on the whole, they seem to have been more bene- 
 ficial to the public than to their projectors. 
 
 It is customary to insert clauses in the Acts au- 
 thorising canals to be cut, limiting the charge 
 which the proprietors shall be entitled to impose 
 upon the goods conveyed by them. But wo 
 think tliat the dividend ought also to be limited ; 
 ai' j that it should be stipulated that whatever a. 
 moderate toll yielded over and above defraying 
 this dividend, and providing for the repair of the 
 canal, should be accumulated as a fund in order to 
 buy up the stock of the canal, so that the toll 
 may ultimately be reduced to such a sum as niaj- 
 suttice merely to meet *'ie necessary repairs. Wo 
 arc not aware that any gootl objection could bo 
 made to a plan of this sort; and had it been 
 adopted in this country, there are several in- 
 stances in which it would have been very advan- 
 tageous for the public. When the canal of Lan- 
 guedoc wi-.s completed, the most likely method, it 
 was found, of keeping it in constant repair was to 
 make a present of the tolls to Kiquet the engineer. 
 'These tolls constitute,' says Dr. Smith, ' a very 
 large estate to the different branches of the family 
 of that gent'jmau, who have, therefore, a great 
 interest to keep the work in constant repair. But 
 
 I I 
 
 .1 
 

 \M 
 
 I : 
 
 200 CANARY SEED 
 
 liail those tolls been put iiiidrr the niaunf^rmnit 
 of CDmniinsioiu-rs, who had no such interest, tliey 
 tniKht. iierlin])s, have been (lissi|)ateil in ornamental 
 and niiiieeessnrv expense.", while the most essen- 
 tial jinrts of the work were allowed to };o to ruin.' 
 Dr. Sniitli oii^cht, liowever, to have mentioned 
 that Hiquet advanoed a four/It part of tlie entire 
 sum laid out upon the canal (l)iitens. ]\'>iviiiiitum 
 Jiiti'r'n'ure de Id Fninre, torn. i. p. lit) ttc.) ; and 
 that olHeers were appointed by the Crown to see 
 tliat the tolls were not reiulercd oppressive, and 
 tlie canal kept in piod order. At the Kevohition 
 most part of tlie property of the canal was conlis- 
 eatcd; but at the restoration of the I{ourb(.ns in 
 1814 such parts of the coiitiscntcd property as hail 
 
 CANNON, CANNONS 
 
 not been wolil were restored to the successors of 
 i\I. Hiquet, who have at this moment the principal 
 management of the canal. 
 
 CANAUVSCKl). [Ski;i>.] 
 
 CANDIJC (tier, lichtei-, kcrzen;l)idch,kaarzen; 
 Fr. clinndelle; Ital. candelle; Span, and I'ort.velas; 
 Hnss. swjctsclii ; l.at. eamlela). A taper of tallow, 
 wax, or spermai'eti, the wick of wliich is com- 
 motdy of several threads of cilton spun and 
 twisted together. 
 
 Dr. Ure >;ives the followinfj table, as containin-^ 
 the result of certain experiments he liad made in 
 order to determine the. relative intensity of the 
 li<;ht, and the duration of different sorts of tallow 
 candles : — 
 
 NunithT in a I^ound 
 
 III tii'iuhl 
 lilili|ip«I - 
 
 S niaiiUl 
 
 (i „ 
 
 4 „ 
 Artfand oil l lame 
 
 Duration 
 
 WilKlit 
 
 (!onitiini|itinn 
 )K.r lluur, 
 in (iriiiiiK 
 
 PrnpnrliMI 
 
 of a CiinUlf 
 
 in drains 
 
 of I.iclit 
 
 .'.h. 'Im. 
 
 6S2 
 
 lyi 
 
 I'it 
 
 1 .■.li 
 
 r.7-' 
 
 l.')l» 
 
 M 
 
 fi .-.1 
 
 Mr, 
 
 \yi 
 
 1(1 
 
 7 _-i\ 
 
 l.ifii 
 
 ^6^ 
 
 1 h 
 
 U Tm 
 
 i,7s; 
 
 IKIi 
 
 'Hi 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ,'ll'i 
 
 r.ij 1 
 
 Kconoiny 
 of Light 
 
 6li 
 80 
 IIIO 
 
 r.-mdlps r<iiul 
 one Arffiiiui 
 
 .'.•7 
 
 5-1) 
 3-.i 
 
 ' A Scotch nintehkin,' says Dr. Ure, ' or ^^ of a 
 gallon of good seal oil, weighs 0,010 gr., or lit J oz. 
 avoirdupois, and lasts in a bright Argand lamp 1 1 
 hours 44 minutes. The weight of oil it consumes 
 per hour is equal to 4 times the weight of tallow 
 in candles 8 to the iiouihI, and o\ times the weight 
 of tallow in candles (! to the pound. But its light 
 being equal to that of 5 of the latter candle.", it 
 appears from tlie above table that 2 lbs. weight 
 of oil, value 9(/. in an Argand, are equivalent in 
 
 illuminating power to ?> lbs. of tallow cnndlo.':, 
 which cost about 2s. The larger the flame in 
 the above candles, the greater the economy of 
 light.' 
 
 iSeo, for ample infoniiation on the kinds and 
 manufacture of candles. Hunt's Tires Dictiunari/. 
 
 Until liS;!l, when it was repealed, candles were, 
 for a lengthened neriod, subject to an excise duty ; 
 and their consuniption was, in consequence, pretty 
 exactly ascertained. 
 
 Year 
 
 Tallow 
 
 Rate of 
 Duty per lb. 
 
 Wax 
 
 ll«. 
 
 lUti- of 
 Duty per Hi. 
 
 Sperm.nceti 
 
 lUle of 
 Duly pir lb. 
 
 Nett Uevenue 
 
 
 ll». 
 
 </. 
 
 il. 
 
 IlK. 
 
 d. 
 
 jE t. d. 
 
 IS'20 
 
 ss.X'ii.ini 
 
 1 
 
 cn'i,7o.'. 
 
 3J 
 
 im.in.i 
 
 3.1 
 
 .-.73,4.V5 II .', 
 
 IS'il 
 
 ',n,Sl'i,.-)lli 
 
 — . 
 
 6^17,19'. 
 
 
 Iti.'i,(ll7 
 
 
 1 .VJ,'.,i(ll R 7 
 
 ISiJ 
 
 '.IS ,.111, SOI 
 
 
 IWi.'i 1 1 
 
 
 
 K'J.Wis 
 
 _ 
 
 i\5.r,i0 1> .T 
 
 ISM 
 
 10'i,lfii,S7'l 
 
 
 
 (I!ll,ni4 
 
 — 
 
 iNii.wn 
 
 — 
 
 4MA17 li S 
 
 IH'it 
 
 in'i,siii.i)ii(i 
 
 — 
 
 7.'.:i,7.-.l 
 
 
 
 1 -'.1,1.5 1 
 
 
 
 4fi6,04'.i l(i 1 
 
 IS« 
 
 lll,IS7,.ViO 
 
 _ 
 
 H.'il,.17ll 
 
 
 
 aiS,177 
 
 ~. 
 
 4».1,0U » !l 
 
 ISVIi 
 
 iiii,iiT.>,(;i.-5 
 
 — 
 
 7e.'..r,l.-i 
 
 _ 
 
 OTI,7!lll 
 
 
 4fi7,ll6^t 12 1 
 
 IS'^7 
 
 ll4,'|-.i|,.',7S 
 
 _- 
 
 71 -,6 V. 
 
 
 
 •iW.-iT! 
 
 
 
 4K7,.%IH 3 4 
 
 is;s 
 
 n-,.-i'.',i,-.7 
 
 — 
 
 74S,aOT 
 
 — 
 
 U7l>,'ll,r. 
 
 — 
 
 497,770 i 9 
 
 1 sv:i 
 
 ii.'.,i.ji;.siH 
 
 - 
 
 716.II'.S 
 
 — 
 
 .W.I.fiS.-. 
 
 , — 
 
 4S9,a'i9 1 9 
 
 In ISGG our export of BritLsh stearine candles 
 amounted to (i.H.MliO lbs. valued at '2-J-_',4()7/., and 
 in 18G7 to 4,831, l-_'7 lbs. valued at 182,79-2/. ; and of 
 foreign candles, in 18G(>, 4,44G,fi24 lbs. valued at 
 13G,145/. More than halt of these exports was 
 consigned to Australia, and nearly the whole of 
 the remainder to other British colonies. 
 
 Candi.k, Sale on Auction nv Is<:n of, is 
 where bystanders are allowed to bid for merchan- 
 di.se while a small piece of candle is burning, and 
 the commodity is adjudged to the last bidder 
 whenever the candle is burnt out. 
 
 (^ANIiLLA ALBA (Fr. canclle blanche; Ger. 
 wcisser Zimmet ; Ital. canella bianca ; Span, ca- 
 iiella bianca ; Lat. canella alba). The inner bark of 
 tlie Canella allia, a tree growing in the West Indies. 
 It is brought to this country packed in casks and 
 cases, in long pieces, some rolled in quills and 
 others flat ; the quilled sort is considerably thicker 
 than cinnamon, and the flat nearly i inch in thick- 
 ness. The (luilled pieces arc yellow on both sides ; 
 the flat pieces are yellow on the outside and pale 
 brown within. They have a'l aromatic, clove-like 
 odour, and an acrid, peppery taste. The virtues of 
 canella reside in a volatile oil which maj- be 
 extracted by distillation, {British Pharmacopeia.) 
 
 CANES, [Bamboo ; Rattans.] 
 
 CANNA STARCH. A kiml of starch, known 
 by the French under the name of Urns lea mois, is 
 found in commerce. It is uncertain from which 
 
 species of Canna (Nat. Order Marnntacca:) it is 
 derived, but it is kn«wn that 3 tubers of the Canna 
 Achiras are used as food in Peru and Chile, and 
 that similar economical uses belong to the tubers 
 of the Canna edulia of the West Indies, in which 
 islands it is regularly cultivted, Canna starch 
 is said to be superior "to even the best arrow-ruot. 
 The grannies are whiter than those of ordinary 
 fociihu, are said to be larger, and to present a 
 different appearance under the microscope, 
 
 CANNON, CANNONS (Dutch, kanoncn; Fr. 
 canons ; Ger, kanonen ; Ital. cannoni ; Pol. dziala; 
 Port, canhocs ; Russ. puschki ; Span, canones ; Swcd. 
 kanon), A kind of long hollow engines for throw- 
 ing iron, lead, or stone balls by the force of gun- 
 powder. They are commonly made of iron, hiit 
 frequently also of a mixture of copper, tin, aiul 
 brass. They arc either cast hollow, or solid and 
 then bored ; tho.sc made in the latter way being 
 very superior. Brass cannons, or cannons made of 
 mixed metal, are said not to be so well calculated 
 for hard service, or quick and continued firing, as 
 those made of iron. The proportions of the ingre- I 
 dicnts used in making the former do not differ 
 materially in different countries, though they | 
 rarely coincide. To 240 lbs. of mettd fit for casting, 
 we commonly put 68 lbs. of copper, 52 lbs. of brass, 
 and 12 lbs. of tin. To 4,200 lbs. of metal fit for I 
 easting, tlu Germans put 3,G87A. lbs. of copper, 
 204JJ lbs. of brass, and 307|5 lbs, of tin. Others, j 
 
 CAN 
 
 ngain, use 100 lbs 
 
 niKl !* lbs. of tin ; a 
 
 10 ll).s. of brass, and 
 
 I', seems (o bo the 
 
 were lirst made use o 
 
 Antonio de Capinan 
 
 ments which render i 
 
 '■ortofariilltTv wasii 
 
 so early as m->. tQ, 
 
 (Jannoiis were ccrtaii 
 
 1347 at the .si,.fro of Ci 
 
 at Cliii.ggia in 1 ;!()(!, 
 
 (icnoese in 1.37!) and I 
 
 t'lcmat the .sicjre., ^fC 
 
 14.<3. Wlien first inti 
 
 most part very heavy 
 
 lialLs o," an enormous 
 
 uwing to tiioir fretiuent 
 
 ^'croiis to tho.se nsin" tl 
 
 riiero is a valuable arti 
 
 history of cannons in 
 
 was published before th 
 
 work. In l«co we ex 
 
 non and mortars of Br 
 
 at 97,394/. (Brande 
 
 >>CieHce, .'i.v. 'Guns:"I 
 
 CANTIIARIDES or 
 inaridcs, raouchos A'y 
 flicgcn ; Ital. cantarelh 
 liischpanskie muchl; S 
 culeopteroiis insects p( 
 properties, and owe thei 
 calied canthaiidin by eh 
 w reside in certain nt 
 Dody. . ' 
 
 The Cantharis vesical 
 yrciiter part of that found 
 mm eight to ten lines in 
 breadth. It is of a brirr 
 I yrs"" colour. When aliv 
 odour. They arc found 
 tlic white poplar, ash, 
 Ihev are abundant in Hi 
 SiMithern France, and alsj 
 arc usually collected in M 
 iflien they are toriiid, pj 
 protected by masks, antO 
 IMt or .shake the trees. 
 :ncn cloths spread umla 
 ;'imged into dihucd vinl 
 vapour of vinegar, and f 
 ;jc»(3d in casks, carefull J 
 I acsphere. The best carj 
 I '*«'ncrn provinces of ]{il 
 wppery colour than tho/ 
 countries. In igfiG we 
 cantharides, valued at 2 4| 
 It'Spanish flies are exno.J 
 uiJ lose their powers 'H 
 Iffliics. Powdered flies 
 I iih euphorbiiim. 
 1 The Cantharis vittata L 
 Jweralkindsof J/(./a. poJ 
 I a 33 large or larger quf 
 J '.'■• 1 he physicians of thl 
 l»vcred that several indigl 
 l-ime medical propertiesT 
 I *i(is/i I'harmacopaia ; 11 
 
 J CANTOX. Once the , 
 lliuna, IS the capital of q 
 I Ji provinces of China pJ 
 l-V, Long. 11.30 14' 30" p 1 
 
 m stream, the Chu-Kikl 
 |a? one of the channels bvf 
 |8t\ro great interior stn-al 
 ■wers, reach the sea. cl 
 
i '-'. 
 
 H, ' 
 
 CANTUARIDES 
 
 ngnin, use 100 lbs, of copper, C lbs. of brass, 
 and 'J lbs. of tin ; anil ntliors. 100 lbs. of copper, 
 10 lbs. of brns-i, and 15 lbs. of tin. 
 
 r. wems to be tlie nt'iienil opinion that cannon 
 were lirat made use of in l;!;j(! or l.'f.18; but Don 
 Antonio de Capinany lias produced H'uno state- 
 ments wliieh render it almost certain that some 
 sort of anilli'ry was used by tbc Moors in Spain 
 so early as \:ih. (QiirntioiieH Criliais, p. 181 Ac.) 
 (Jannons wore oorfainly used by the Knjjlish in 
 1347 at the sief^c of Calais, and by the Venetians 
 .it tlluof^^ia in IKlIO, and in tlieir wars with tlui 
 (lenoese in l.'!79 and 1380. Tlic Turks employed 
 tliem at the sicjjcs of CVmstantinoplc, in l.lOi and 
 ll.OI). When lirst introduced, ttuiv were for the 
 most part very heavy and unwieldy, and threw 
 halls of an enormous size : they were, however, 
 owing tu tlioir frc(iucntly bursting, about as dan- 
 liorous to those using them as to their opponents, 
 i'liere is a valuable article on the construction and 
 history of cannons in Hees's Ci/clopatlia ; but it 
 was published before the api>earaneo of Capmany's 
 worli. In 18CG we exported 17,lCtJ cwt. of can- 
 non and mortars of llritish manufacture, valued 
 at 97,;194/. (Brando and Co.\, Dictionari/ of' 
 Sciencr, s. v. ' Guns;' ' Uitled Cannons.') 
 
 CANTIIAKIDKS or SPANLSII FLY (Fr. can- 
 tliarides, raouchcs d'Kspagne ; Ger. spanische 
 flicicen ; Ital, cantarcllo ; Lat. cantharis; Kuss. 
 liisclipanskic muchi; Span, cantaridas). Many 
 wlcopterous insects pcissess peculiar medicinal 
 ppiperties, and owe them to a peculiar principle 
 ailed canlhaiidin by chemists, and which is said 
 to reside ia certain parts only of the insect's 
 body. . 
 
 The Cantharis vesicntoria, which .supplies the 
 jrcutcr part of that found in commerce, is an inseot 
 iroin eight to ten lines in length, by two or three in 
 breadth. It is of a bright and shining metallic 
 jrcon colour. When alive, this animal has a fetid 
 odour. They arc found feeding on the leaves of 
 the white poplar, ash, privet, elder, and lilac. 
 Ihcy are abundant in Iluugarv, Spain, Italy, and 
 Smthern France, and also in VVestern Asia, They 
 aro usually collected in Jlay and June, at sunrise, 
 when they arc torpid. Persons having their faces 
 protected by mask.s, and their hands by gloves, 
 cat or shake the trees, and catch the insects in 
 "men cloths spread underneath. They arc then 
 ■lunged into diluted vinegar, or exposed to the 
 I vipour of vinegar, and subsequently dried and 
 [jcked in casks, carefully protected i'rom the at- 
 mosphere. The best cantharidcs come from the 
 •outhern provinces of IJussia, and are of a more 
 wppory colour than those of the Mediterranean 
 1 tountries. In 18CG we imported 21,301 lbs. of 
 I camharides, valued at 2,405/, 
 ll'Spanish flics arc exposed to damp, they putrefy, 
 mil lose their powers, Thej' are also attacked by 
 I mites. Powdered flies are occasionally mixed 
 1 Tith cuphorbium. 
 
 The Cantharis vittata, ^Tylahris cichorii, and 
 I woral kinds of Mda: possess the active principle 
 liaas large or larger quantity than the common 
 The physicians of the United States have dis- 
 Ifjvercd that several indigenous insects possess the 
 lame medical properties with the Spanish fly. 
 \Mtish Pharmacopoeia; Wood and Bacho's United 
 I %iks Dispensatory.) 
 
 CANTON, Once the chief commercial mart of 
 Ithin.i, is the capital of Kwang-tung, one of the 
 I'j provinces of China Proper, in I at, 23° 7' 10" 
 Ik, Long, 11.1° 14' ,80" E., on a broad and navigable 
 lilal stream, the Chu-Kiang, or Pearl River, form- 
 ling one of the channels by which the united waters 
 lihwo great interior streams, the North and West 
 lEirers, reach the sea. Canton is situated in the 
 
 CANTON 
 
 261 
 
 most southerly of the provinces on the sea-bord of 
 China, This pnivinw! is traversed from west to 
 east, from north to south, and from cast to wcsi, 
 by three magnificent '.treams, of which the two 
 latter are navigable by heavily-laden boats for 
 distances of from 200 to 300 miles, whilst the for- 
 mer is derived from the remotest interior, being 
 accessible for fully 70() niilcs along its own clian- 
 nel, and navigable also by large stoaincrs for nearly 
 300 miles from the sea. Tlie North and West 
 Itivers join about 30 miles to the westward and 
 northward of Canton, wlienee, in a noble channel 
 of more than a mile broad, known as the Lower 
 West liiver, or ih(! Hro.adway, they ))ursue a direct 
 soutberlv course to the sea, A portion of the 
 united West and North Kivers is, however, diverted 
 at the junction through a imrrow channel in an 
 easterly dir^^Jtion, and, after passing the import- 
 ant trailing and manufacturing town of Fat-shan 
 (Fu-shan), expands at Canton into the broad tidal 
 river, branching into two channels (eventually 
 subihviileil into an intricate network around num- 
 berless Hat, alluvial islands), which has the name 
 of Chu-Kiang. 12 miles farther down thcriAer is 
 the sale and commodious anchor.nge of W liampoa, 
 and 10 miles hiwer the East Kiver joins, discharg- 
 ing itself by several mouths channidled through 
 an alluvial plain. The bold shore a few miles 
 lower down, and some rocky islets, compress ilie 
 stream intoa considerably narrower channel, calUd 
 by the Chinese llu Mun, or Tiger's Mouth, and by 
 the Portuguese Boca Tigris, and hence ' The liogue".' 
 This was a fortiticd position from a very early 
 period ; but after having been thrice taken and 
 dismantled at different times within the last thirty 
 years by British squadrons, the once famous bat- 
 teries of the Boguc are now (18(58) only masses of 
 battered masonry. On leaving the Bogue the river 
 expands to a. breadth of several miles, joining by 
 numerous tortuous channels the waters of tlic 
 Lower West Kiver, until it is (inally lost in the sea 
 about 80 miles from Canton. The' breadth of the 
 estuary is fully 70 geographical miles. At the 
 extreme eastern limit lies the island forming the 
 British colony of Hong Kong, 40 miles to the west- 
 ward of which, and close to the Broadway Channel, 
 is the Portuguese settlement of Macao, 
 
 The facilities offered to commerce by so exten- 
 sive a river-system and its accessibility from tlio 
 sea made Canton at a very early date "the princi- 
 pal seaport of the empire. This distinction it re- 
 tained despite the drawback it suffers by its dis- 
 tance from the rich producing districts of Central 
 China, The Northern harbours having silted uj) as 
 early as the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the 
 export and import trade centred at Canton, and as 
 early as the eighth century trade with the ports of 
 the lied Sea and the Indian Ocean was carried on 
 here by Arabian vessels. Of European nations, 
 the Portuguese were the lirst to reach China, In 
 1617 Fornao Peres de Andriide visited Canton, 
 and Spanish, Dutch, and English adventurers soon 
 followed. In 1037 the first British vessels reached 
 this port after an encounter with the Bogue forts. 
 Subsequently the prospect of a lucrative trade in 
 silks, drugs, and tea led the East India Company 
 to s; rive persistently to establish themselves here 
 independently of the Portuguese, who again sought, 
 at their settlement of Macao, to monopolize all 
 communication with China. By the end of tlio 
 reign of Charles II. the Company had planted 
 several agencies at different ports along the coast, 
 and about 1C85 its factory was established at 
 Canton. The lirst duty upon tea imported into 
 England {bs. per lb.) was imposed about 1680. For 
 exactly a century and a half, down to 1834, the 
 trade between the United Kingdom and China 
 
 .> ' ' ( 
 
 4 
 
 1 1 
 
. .. w 
 
 SAS 
 
 CANTON 
 
 1.1,' 
 
 
 1, .1 • 
 
 was monopolised J)y tlie East India Company ; but 
 in tliiit vi'or lliiii inoiiuiMily wom happily aUi- 
 VisIkmI, and thu trndu witli Cliiim tlirown utK^n tu 
 all cIiis.^i'H iitidcr tlip conditions 8|K;tilied in the Act 
 a A l Wm. IV. c. 'X\. 
 
 Tlic only real dilHciiIty in trading; with China 
 originated in lite despotism, pride, and joaloiiNy of 
 tlie (lovernmcnt, and in tlie t^encral corruption of 
 itsolKeers. The former atlccted to treat all foreij^n- 
 ers with contempt, and exposed them to fre(iuent 
 insult ; while the latter endeavoured to mul- 
 tiply and enforce vexatious regulations and de- 
 mands, that they miurht prolit by the douceurs 
 pven for tlieir evasioii. We submitted, with 
 exemplary forbearance, lor a lon^rthencd perio<l, to 
 every petty indijfnity the Chinese (lovernnient 
 chose to indict; but the iiroeeedinjjs connected 
 with the seizure ond destruction, in IH.'tJl, of the 
 opium belont^inj; to British subjects — [Oimiim] — 
 led to hostilities between this country and China ; 
 and these, as every one knows, have been produc- 
 tive of events which must powerfully inlluence 
 the future intercourse of Englishmen, and of 
 foreigners generally, with the Chinese. 
 
 Our military and naval operations resulted in 
 the signature of a treaty at Nanking, on August 
 20, 1812, by which four additional ports (Khanghui, 
 Ning|)o, Fu-ehow, and Araoy) were thrown open 
 to foreign trade, the rights of residence in and 
 access to all these cities as well as the sur- 
 rounding country were conceded, a lixed tarill' 
 was proclaimed, the Cdiong or Chinese mercantile 
 monopoly abolished tit Canton, and the Island of 
 Ilong Kong ceded to the Uritish. 
 
 From this period our commercial relations with 
 China v.astly increased, but the preeminence of 
 Canton gradually declined. .Several years elapsed, 
 indeed, bcfi.re the new ports drew to themselves 
 any considerable share of trade. 
 
 Tea has always been by far the principal article 
 of import from China; and it is mainly owing to 
 the diifusion of the taste for it, and its consumption 
 by all ranks and orders of the people, that the 
 trade with China has attained its present import- 
 ance ; ond, as already seen, we believe we must look 
 principally to the increased consumption of teatlmt 
 will, no doubt, follow the effectual reduction that 
 has been made in the exorbitant duties with which 
 it was formerly loaded, for the future increase of 
 the trailc. The other articles of import are raw 
 silk and silk manufactures, cassia lignca, and a 
 few more; but they arc of very inferior value and 
 importance as compared with tea. 
 
 The great articles of export from this country 
 to China consist of cotton stuffs an(; yarn, woollen 
 goods, linen &c., earthenware, iron, and steel Ac. 
 Bullion used to be largely exported to China, but 
 for some years past that has not been the case. 
 [I'ttEcioiJs Metai-s.] 
 
 Previously to the altolition of the monopoly, in 
 1834, the real value of the merchandise annually 
 exported from the Ui)'*ed Kingdom to China did 
 not exceed 000,000/. , .vhereas it ha<l increased in 
 1830 to 1,3-20,388/. The interruption of the regular 
 trade by the disturbances and hostilities that after- 
 wards ensued prevents any conclusions in regard 
 to its real amount being deduced from the returns 
 fc IH39, 1810, and 1811. 
 
 War of 1850.— The Treaty of 1812 did not 
 
 Erove to be so lasting as many supposed it would 
 e. It was, in truth, in many respects vague and 
 indefinite, and disputes, of one sort and another, 
 could hai Uy fail to arise out of its provisions. But 
 that which led to, or was a pretext for, the war of 
 18J0 was about as worthless as could well be 
 imagined. On the 8th of October of that year a 
 sjiecica of vessel called a lorcha, registered at 
 
 Hong Kong, and said (though that hashrcn itnutly 
 denied) to have had the British Hag Hying, va.H 
 boarded near Canton by a parly of (.'hinese, who 
 seised a portion of her crew (natives) and hauled 
 down the alleged British Hag. The consul and 
 the governor of Hong Kong took, or pretrmlcd to 
 take, lire at this real or imaginary insidt to tin: 
 majesty of the British nation; and the Cliincsit 
 governor havingrefused to humour their prejudices 
 by making an apology, they jiroceeded forlhwiili 
 to bombard Canton, and to destroy the war junks 
 in the river. When tlie intelligence of tlu'sr) 
 violent proceedings arrived in Knghind, they guv« 
 rise to much diversity of opinion. They wore dis- 
 approved of by the House of ('ommons; but on its 
 being dissolved, and an appeal ma<le to the country, 
 the t)ellicose propensities of the latter were Inliy 
 developed, and a House was returned pledged in 
 indict signal vengeance on the Chinese for llicir 
 insult to our tlag and dignity! An expediiiiju 
 was in consequence litted out to accomplish this 
 and other objects. Happily it was accompaiiiefl 
 by an able diplomatist, the Farl of Elgin, who was 
 authorised to negotiate a treaty with the Chinese. 
 It would be useless, and it would also be forei^;!! 
 to the object of this work, to enter into any details 
 in regard to the proceedings of Lord Elgin's ex- 
 pedition. It is enough to say that thev wen: 
 completely successful ; and a portion of the I'jiglish 
 forces, accompanied by a small French squailroii, 
 having proceeded up the I'ciho to Tieii-tsin, 
 within 80 miles of Peking, a treaty of peace was 
 agreed to on June '20, 1858, between the Hritisli 
 (by whom it was in fact dictated) and Imperial 
 commissioners; and similar treaties were subse- 
 quentlj- agreeil to with the plenipotentiaries of 
 France, Kussia, and the United States. 
 
 The allied occupation of Canton was prolniifjeil 
 through the attempt of the Chinese Goveniineiit in 
 1,459 to resist the advance of the British anil 
 French Ministers towards Peking, or the raii- 
 tication of the treaties concluded by Lord Elgin 
 and Baron Gros in the previous year. This resist 
 ance led to the successful campaign of 1800, whiclil 
 brought the British army under Sir Hope Grant 
 to the gates of Peking, Hero the treaty of 18j(* 
 was fully ratilied, and an additional coiivciitionj 
 wrung from the Chinese commissioners. 
 
 The following is a 8yiio'>sis of the treaty ul 
 Ticii-tsin : — 
 
 Summartj of the. Treaixj hehceen her MajeHty and 
 
 the KmfKTor of China, siyiitd at Tien-isin, JmA 
 
 20, 1858. 
 
 Art. 1. Confirms the treaty of Nankin of 1X121 
 and abrogates the supplementary treaty and geiie^f 
 ral regulations of trade. 
 
 2. Provides for the appointment of ambassaddrnJ 
 ministers, or other diplomatic agents on the ji.irl 
 of either country at the courts ef Pekiu aii(f 
 St. James's. 
 
 JJ. Contains provisions for the permanent cstabJ 
 lishment of a British minister, his family nna 
 suite at Pekin, and the forms to be observed in \n\ 
 communications with the Imperial Government. 
 
 4. Makes arrangements for the trtvelling anJ 
 the transmission of the correspondence of tkJ 
 minister and tho employment by him of sijeciaj 
 couriers. 
 
 6. The Emperor of China consents to nominati 
 one of the secretaries of state, or some high oilif 
 cer, to transact business with the British nmiisi(i| 
 either personally or in writing, ou a footing 
 perfect equality. 
 
 0. The same privileges are to be granted to th 
 Chinese minister in London. 
 
 7. Consuls may be appointed in China, and toal 
 
 reside In any of the on 
 rank and position as 
 authorities oredetcrmi 
 
 8. The Christian reli 
 tpsUnfs or Koraan Call 
 lis professors protected. 
 
 9. British subjects to 
 into all parts of the int 
 tlieir consuls, countersij 
 ms. The regidatioiis a 
 .ire determined. The pi 
 ii> be opplied to ships' c 
 "fwhoin regulations ai 
 inisul and tho local au 
 ,'iven to Nankin, or ci 
 relicls, 
 
 10. British merchant i 
 trade up tho great rive 
 srcsent disturbed si ate 
 valley no port is to be c 
 (xccption of Chin Kiang 
 J year from the signatu 
 -ace is restored, British 
 ;o trade at such ports, as 
 ■ocdnig three in number, 
 jiier consulting with ti 
 ;iate, shall determine. 
 
 11. In addition to t 
 Hiwang, Tang Chow, Ta 
 
 how (Swatow), and Kii 
 J he opened, and the 
 I iulding landed property v. 
 
 12, British subjects are 
 mdcd property at the rat 
 iwple. 
 
 I 13, No restrictions to bi 
 Mat by British subjects 
 my lawful capacity. 
 
 14. The hire of boats fi 
 •assengers to be settled be 
 *lvc8 without the interfei] 
 rernment. The number 
 jmited, and no monopoly 
 
 I .'ling takes place, the orfej 
 tonling to law. 1 
 
 15. All questions in regJ 
 r person between British f 
 hejiirisdictionoftheBriJ 
 
 It). Chinese subjects gui 
 ■uwards British subjects fl 
 ■MA by the Chinese authl 
 M of China ; British sif 
 frimc in China to be triJ 
 f nsul or other public funJ 
 ws of Great Britain. 
 17. Determines the mi 
 laiier of complaints on tl 
 r Chinese subjects. 
 If*. Provides for the p« 
 lail property of British sul 
 H'. If any British moif 
 wters is plundered by rolf 
 liese authorities are to 
 tipture and punish the 
 aic stolen property. 
 iO. Wrecked or straiJ 
 hniler stress of weather, J 
 Jinil security in any Chinl 
 Imto be furnished by til 
 Irali the means of eonvevf 
 hoiar station. 
 
 J 21. Chinese criminals ■ 
 jMnp;, or on board of BritI 
 Nuisition of the Chinese I 
 Im same also if taking rel 
 Iwrd the vessels of Britf 
 Ipurts. 
 

 CANTON 
 
 263 
 
 reside in any of the open portfi, and their oflicinl 
 rank anil poHitioii ns rcgnrdH the ChinuHu lucal 
 iiithoritic!! urc dctcrmiiicil. 
 
 8. The Cliriatian religion, as professed by I'ro- 
 tcstantit or Komau CatiiulicM, to be tolernted, and 
 Its professors protected. 
 
 9. Ilritish Bubjccti to travel for pleasure or trade 
 into all parts of the interior, with passports from 
 ilicir consuls, countersigned by the local authori- 
 ili's. The regulations as regards these passports 
 irc determined. The provisions of the article not 
 111 be applied to ships' crews, for the due restraint 
 >t' whom regulatiims arc to l)e drawn up by the 
 Minsul and the local authorities. No pass to be 
 ;lven to Nankin, or cities in the hands of tho 
 
 yht'U. 
 
 10. British merchant ships ore to be allowed to 
 :rade up the great river (lang-tsze), but in the 
 
 resent disturbed slutc of tho upper and lower 
 viilley no port is to be opened for trade with tho 
 .\ccption of Chin Kiang, which is to be oi)cned in 
 1 year from the signature of the treaty. When 
 .'ncc is restored, Dritish vessels are to be admitted 
 ) trade at such ports, as far as Hankow, not cx- 
 rcding three in number, as tho British minister, 
 ^itvr consulting with the Chinese secretary of 
 •late, shall determine. 
 
 11. In addition to the present ports, Now 
 hwang, Tang Chow, Tai Wan (Formosa), Cliow 
 how (Swatow), and Kiung-Chow (Hainan) are 
 I be opened, and the right of residence and 
 aolding landed property is conceded. 
 
 12. British subjects arc to make agreements for 
 iindcd propcrt}' at the rates prevailing among the 
 •<ople. 
 
 13. No restrictions to be placed on tho employ ■ 
 sent by British subjects of Chinese subjects in 
 ay lawful capacity. 
 
 14. The hire of boats for transport of goods or 
 "jssengers to be settled between the parties thcm- 
 «lvcs without the interference of the Chinese Go- 
 Temmcnt. The number of the boats not to be 
 jmited, and no monopoly allowed. If any smug- 
 :',ing takes place, the offender to be punished ac- 
 torcling to law. 
 
 15. All questions in regard to rights of property 
 r person between British subjects to be subject to 
 he jurisdiction of the British authorities. 
 
 l(i. Chinese subjects guilty of any criminal act 
 •ijwarda British subjects to bo arrested and pun- 
 L-hcd by the Chinese authorities according to the 
 .Iff of China ; British subjects committing any 
 mmc in China to be tried and punished by the 
 1 asul or other jiublic functionary according to the 
 laws of Great Britain. 
 
 17. Determines the mode of procedure in the 
 latter of complaints on the side cither of British 
 a Chinese subjects. 
 
 II*. Provides for the protection of the persons 
 ■M property of British subjects. 
 
 111. If any British merchant vessel in Chinese 
 titers is plundered by robbers or pirates, the Chi- 
 nese authorities arc to use every endeavour to 
 sapture and punish the offenders, and to recover 
 :iic stolen property. 
 
 •JO. Wrecked or stranded vessels, or vessels 
 inder stress of weather, arc to be afforded relief 
 md security in any Chinese port ; and the crews 
 IK to be furnished by the Chinese, if necessary, 
 liili the means of conveyance to the nearest con- 
 silar station. 
 
 21. Chinese criminals taking refuge in llong 
 Konj;, or on board of British ships, shall, upon the 
 squisition of the Chinese authorities, be given up ; 
 'iit same also if taking refuge in the houses or on 
 Mrd the vessels of British subjects at the open 
 
 '2'2. The Chinese authorities to do their utmost 
 to arrest Chinese subjects failing to dischargo their 
 debts to British subjects or fraudulently absconding, 
 and to enforce recovery of the debts. ' The Hritisli 
 authorities to do likewise as regards British sub- 
 jects indebted to Chinese. 
 
 '.*3. Debts incurred by Chinese at Hong Kong 
 must be recovered in tho courts of justice on tho 
 s|H)t. If the debtor should al>sconil, and should 
 possess real or personal property in the Chinese 
 territory, tho Chinese authorities, in concert with 
 tho British consul, are to see justice done between 
 the parties. 
 
 '24. British subjects shall pay on all merchandise 
 imported or exported the duties prescribed by the; 
 tariff, but in no case shall they pay other or higher 
 duties than the subjects of other I'urcign nations 
 pay. 
 
 '2.'). Import duties to be considered payable on 
 tho landing of tho goods, and duties of export on 
 the shipment of the same. 
 
 '20. 'Ihe tariff lixed by Article 10 of the treaty 
 of Nankin to bo revised by a commission of 
 British and Chinese oflicers to meet at .Shanghai, 
 so that the revised tariti' may come into operation 
 immediately after the ratilication of the treaty. 
 
 '27. Either contracting party may demand a 
 further revision of the tariff an(l of the commercial 
 articles of the treaty at the end of ten years; but 
 I six months' notice must lie given, or the tariff is to 
 remain in force for ten years more, and so at the 
 end of each successive ten years; 
 
 '28. It is agreed that within four months of thv. 
 signature of the treaty, the Chi leso collector of 
 duties at ports already opened and hereafter to bo 
 opened to British trade shall be obliged, on appli- 
 cation of the consul, to declare the amount of du- 
 ties leviable on produce between the place of 
 production and the port of shipment, and upon 
 imports between the consular port in question and 
 the inland markets named by the consul ; and u 
 notitication thereof shall be published in English 
 and Chinese. British subjects may, however, 
 clear their goods of all transit duties by payment 
 of a single charge ; the amount of the charge to 
 be calculated as near ns possible at the rate of 2^ 
 per cent, ad valorem duty, and it is to be fixed for 
 each article at the conference to be held at 
 Shanghai. 
 
 The payment of transit dues by commutation is 
 in no way to affect tho tariff duties on imports or 
 exports, which will continue to be levied sepa- 
 rately and in full. 
 
 '29. Regulates the amount of tonnage duos. Bri- 
 
 ! tish merchant vessels of more than 150 tons 
 
 burden to pay at the rate of 4 mace per ton ; 
 
 if of 150 tons and under, at the rate of 1 mace per 
 
 ton. 
 
 Vessels engaged in the coast ing trade, or clearing 
 for Hong Kong from any of the open ports, shall 
 be entitled to a special certificate exempting them 
 from all further payment of tonnage dues in any 
 open port of China for a period of 4 months from 
 the date of port clearance. 
 
 30. The master of any British merchant vessel 
 may within 48 hours after his arrival, but not 
 later, depart without breaking bulk ; in which 
 case he ivill not be subject to pay tonnage dues. 
 No other fees or charges upon entry or departure 
 shall be levied. 
 
 31. No tonnage dues to be paid on passenger 
 boats, or boats conveying baggage, letters, articles 
 (.(' provision, or other articles not subject to duty. 
 All cargo boats, however, conveying merchandise 
 subject to duty, shall pay tonnage dues once in G 
 months, at the rate of 4 mace per register ton. 
 
 3*2. The consuls and superintendents of customs 
 
 
364 
 
 I 
 ( 
 
 ■fi.;' 
 
 I 'i 
 If;? . 
 
 to consult fdfjothpr rcKpoctiiiK tlifi crrctinn ( 
 liiinvH mill li^lit' HliipH, n!< occaHion iiiav ilrmaml. 
 
 :i:l. Duties lo 1)0 paiil to the autliorUcd ChiiicHO 
 liiiiikorH, I'ltliiT ill nyccc or in fori'ij^n niotioy, 
 nccoriliiit; to the assay nindo at Canton, July lb, 
 1813. 
 
 HI. Sets of standard woiRhts and mcnsurcs to 
 be delivered by the NUperiliteiideiit of ctistciing to 
 the i-onsul nt each port, to .secure uniformity. 
 
 ;)u. Itrititth merchant vcshcId to be at liberty to 
 en;{ii(;e piIot.s to take them into any of the open 
 ports, anil to convey them out, after they have 
 discharged all legal duen and duticM, 
 
 yO. The Huperintendcnt of customs Hh.ill depute 
 one or more customs oflicers to guard a liriligh 
 merchant ship on arriving ofTonc of the open ports. 
 They shall stay either in a boat of their own or on 
 board ship; their food and expenses shall he sup- 
 |)lied from the custoni house, and they shall be 
 entitled to no fees from the master or consignee. 
 
 '.')'. Ships' papers, bills of lading A-e., to bo 
 lodged in the hands of the consul twenty-four 
 hours after arrival, and full particulars of the vessel 
 to be reported to the supermtendent of customs 
 within a further period of twenty-four hours : 
 omission to comply with this rule* within forty- 
 eight hours punishable by a fmo of 00 tacls for 
 each day's delay. The total amount of pc uilty 
 not to exceed 200 tads. The master responsible 
 for the correctness of tho manifest : a false mani- 
 fest subjects the master to a (ine of 500 tacls, but 
 he will be allowed to correct any mistake within 
 twentj"-four hours without incurring the penalty. 
 
 .'J8. If tlnmaster shall begin to discharge any 
 goods witho 't the permit from the snperintendont 
 of customs, ho shall be fined 500 tacls, and the 
 goods discharged shall bo couliscated wholly. 
 
 .'59. liritish merchants must apply to the super- 
 intendent of customs for a special permit to land 
 or ship cargo. Cargo landed or shipped without 
 such permit will be liable to confiscation. 
 
 40. No transhipment from one vessel to another 
 can be made without special permission, under 
 p;.!.i of confiscation of the goods transhipped. 
 
 41. The superintendent of customs shall give a 
 port clearonce when all dues and duties have been 
 ])aid, and the consul shall then return the ship's 
 papers. 
 
 4'2. If the Dritish merchant cannot agree with 
 the Chinese ofliccr in fixing a value on goods sub- 
 ject to an ad valorem duty, each party shall call 
 in two or three merchants, and the highest price 
 at which any of the merchants would purchase 
 them shall be assumed to be the value of the 
 goods. 
 
 43. Provides that duties shall be charged upon 
 the nett weight of each article, making a deduc- 
 tion for the tare weight of congee &c., and regu- 
 lates the manner in which the tare on any article, 
 such as tea, shall be fixed. The British merchant 
 may appeal to his consul within twenty-four 
 hours. 
 
 41. Upon all damaged goods a fair reduction of 
 duty shall be allowed, proportionate to their dete- 
 rioration. If any disputes arise, they shall be 
 settled in the manner pointed out in the clause of 
 this treatj' having reference to articles which pay 
 duty ad valorem. 
 
 45. Uritish merchants who have imported mer- 
 chandise into an open port and paid duty may re- 
 import their goods under certain regulations 
 without payment of any additional duty. 
 
 British merchants desiring to re-export duty- 
 paid imports to a foreign country to be entitled, 
 under similar regulations, to a drawback certifi- 
 cate, which is to be a valid tender in payment of 
 customs duties. 
 
 CANTON 
 
 f 
 
 Foreign grain brought into a Chiucso port in a 
 Itritish ship, if no part has been landuil, may h(^ 
 re-ex|>ortcd without hindrance. 
 
 4C. The Chinese authorities a: the ports to adopt 
 the means they may judge must proiier to nreveiu 
 the revenue sutleriiig from fraud or smuggling. 
 
 47. liritish merchont-vcssels not to resort tn 
 other than the ports declared open ; not iiidaw- 
 fully to enter ports, or to carry on clondestinc 
 tra(ie along the coasts. Vessels violating this pro- 
 vision to be, with their corgoea, subject to confis- 
 cation by the Chinese Government. 
 
 48. If a Uritish merchant vessel be concerned in 
 smuggling, the goods to be subject to confiscutiuu 
 l)y the Chinese authorities, and the ship may In; 
 prohibited from trading further, and sent away as 
 Moon as her accounts shall have been adjusted. 
 
 49. All penalties or confiscations under ilic 
 treaty to belong and be appropriated to the public 
 service of the Chinese Government, 
 
 50. All ollicial communications addressed liy 
 British diplomatic or consular agents to tho Clii- 
 iieso authorities arc henceforth to be writt( ii in 
 Knglish, For the present they will be accompa- 
 nied by a Chinese version ; but it is understuud 
 that in case of there being any ditTcrence of mean- 
 ing between the English and Chinese text, iho 
 English Government will hold the sense expressed 
 in tlie English text to be the correct sense. This 
 provision is to apply to the present treaty, ilie 
 Chinese text of which has been carefully corrected 
 by the English original. 
 
 51. Tho character ' 1 ' (barbarian) not to he 
 applied to tho British Govcrnmont or to BritLsli 
 subjects in any Chinese oiHcia' '.ument i,ssucd 
 by the Chinese authorities. 
 
 52. British ships of war c- t no hostile 
 purpose, or being engaged in lu^ ......suit of pirates, 
 
 to be at liberty to visit all the Clducse ports, and 
 to receive every facility for procuring necessaries, 
 or, if required, for making repairs. Tho command- 
 ers of such ships to hold intercourse with the 
 Chinese authorities on terms of equality and 
 courtcsv. 
 
 53. The contracting parties agree to concert 
 measures for the suppression of piracy. 
 
 I 51, Confirms all advantages secured to the 
 ' British Government by previous treaties, ami 
 I stipulates that the British Government shall par- 
 ticipate in any advantages which may be graiitoil 
 by the Emperor of China to any other nation. 
 
 55. The conditions affecting indemnity for ex- 
 penses incurred, and loss sustained, in the matter 
 of the Canton question, to bo included in a sepa- 
 rate article, which shall be in every respect of 
 equal validity with the other articles of tho treaty. 
 
 50. Ratifications to be exchanged within a year 
 after the day of signature. 
 
 Separate article provides that a sum of 2,000,000 
 taels, on account of the losses sustained by Bri- 
 tish subjects through the misconduct of the Chi- 
 nese authorities at Canton, and a further sum of 
 2,000,000 taels on account of the expenses of (he 
 war, shall be paid to the British representative in 
 China by the authorities of. the Kwang TuniJ 
 province. 
 
 The arrangements for efficting these payments 
 to be determined by the British representative in 
 concert with the Chinese authorities at Kwan^' 
 Tung, 
 
 The British forces arc not to be withdrawn 
 from Canton until the above amotmts arc dis- 
 charged in full. 
 
 We also annex an abstract of the trade regula- 
 tions annexed to the treaty. 
 
 Rule 1, Unenumerated Goods. — Articles not 
 enumerated in the list of exports, but enumfcratcd 
 
 'n the iJHt of imp 
 
 amount ofdiity s, 
 
 ports; OM.I, «i,„i| 
 
 the .1, of iin[)()r| 
 
 •jxporls, when ini 
 
 <luly sot, ngaii'st t 
 
 Articles not enu 
 
 ''■*( ..f duty-frcn ■ 
 
 ■'"'y of 5 per cci 
 valiin. 
 
 Ru/o 2. I),it,/-fr 
 
 lioii, foreign coin.s, 
 
 pn'S|.rved meats n 
 
 ciiiiteetii.nerv, fore 
 
 "■••ire, perfumery, s( 
 
 woo<l, candles (f„r, 
 
 (foreign), wine, b 
 
 Nhiiis' stores, perso, 
 
 iiig, tlriiggriing, CI 
 
 gl«ss and crystal wt 
 
 1 he above pay n 
 
 i( Iraii.sported into i 
 
 eeptiiiMofjH-rsonnn); 
 iiiid foreign coin.s, p; 
 -i per cent. a<I valoi 
 . A freight or part 
 lie-; (liersoiml bam,, 
 and foreign coins ex 
 ;:«73''iSthem,thoi,f; 
 lia^de to tonnage-diu 
 Jl'il'- .'}. Contra f>an, 
 iriide IS alike |)roliibi 
 OuiiiKiwder, jhot, ct 
 niiiskef.s, i)ist(ds, an() 
 laments of war; ami 
 llule4. Weights an 
 limis of the Tariff, n 
 hundred catties is he! 
 and thirty-three am 
 diipnis ; and the lengt 
 feet to bo equal to d 
 J^n^lish inches, 
 
 One Chinese chili is 
 one-tenth inches Engi] 
 less three inches to col 
 V?«/c5. Regardinn) 
 fore Contraband.— 'Ihi 
 "1 opium, cash, grain! 
 sj|»/ie(re, and spelter f 
 lowing conditions : L 
 I. Opium will hincl 
 picul import duty T\ 
 ;',' I'le port. It will \,i 
 Uune.se only, and onl4 
 J'reign trader will not! 
 Ihe provisions of Artil 
 t>in, by which Britisli 
 mcMl into the inter! 
 'vili not extend to it, if 
 "I thi' same treatv, h\\ 
 n-t'i'l.'ifcd; the tra'nsit-J 
 ■If the Chinese GoveriJ 
 roviMinis of the Tariff f 
 "'lie applied to opiumi 
 .'. Copper Cas/i.~T}i 
 "reigii p„rt is prohibi 
 'wltntish subjects tol 
 KtsofChinatoanotll 
 MIoHing Regulation :J 
 I 'w of the amount of X 
 wportofitsdestinati 
 fitherhyabondwith tl 
 '■positing such other! 
 '«■ "le Customs satisfal 
 ■nnnthsfromthedateJ 
 ;'! the p„rt of shipmeil 
 'iiin, with an acknowlef 
 
CANTON 
 
 265 
 
 In iIk' VtM orimportd, when pxportcil will 'iny Hit! 
 nmoiiiit ordiity Ki<t iif^uiiist them in ttic listdfiin- 
 IHirtx; nnil, niniilnrlv, articles n(it riiuuu'ralrcl in 
 the li. of iniportM, but cnumcriiti'tl in the list of 
 
 ccint o( tho cnsh at tho port of dcHtination, hv thu 
 coll<"7tor lit thiit port, who shall thereto ufllx Iim 
 HTiil; or, falling the production of the certificate, 
 to forfeit a sum equal in value to the cash Hhipped, 
 
 exports, when imported will pay the ninount of i Cash will pay no duly inwards or outwards; hut 
 duty sot a^oiiist tlicm in the list of exports. a freight or ijart freight of ca»h, though no other 
 
 Articles not enumerated in the list, nor in either car^o be on hoard, will render tlie vessel carrying 
 list of duty-free poods, will pay an ad valorem i it liable to poy tonnaj;e-diies. 
 duly of 5 per cent, calculated on their market '■ !!. Tho export of rico and all other Kfain wliat- 
 valiio. ] soever, native or foreif^, no matter wliere prowii 
 
 Hiilf '1. Duii/free khmIh. — ficdd and silver bill- or wlieiice imported, to any forei^i port, is prohi- 
 liciii. forei);n coins, thiur, Indian meal, sapo, biscuit, bited ; hut thwse conimodilictt may be carried by 
 preserved meats and ve^jetables, cheese, butter, j British merchants from one of the open ports of 
 cniifectiiiiiery, foreign dothiiiL', jewellery, plated China to another, uiid'T tho same conditions in re- 
 ware, perfumery, soap of all kinds, charcoal, lire- i sped of Hccnrity as cash, on payment nt the port 
 wodd, candles (foreign), tubacco (foreign), cigars of shipinent nf the duty specilicd in the Tarid'. 
 (foreign), wine, beer, spirits, househohl stores, | No imjiort duty will "he leviable on rice or grain; 
 ships' stores, personal baggage, stationery, carpet- butafrciglit,orpartfrcight of rice or grain, though 
 iiig, drugget ing, cutlery, foreign medicines, and no other cargo l)e on board, will render the vessel 
 glass and crystal ware. importing it liable to tonnage-dues. 
 
 The above pay no import or export iluty, but, ] 1. I'ulae, — The export of pulsu and boan-caUc 
 
 if transported into the interior, will, with the ex- fnmi Tang-chau and Ncw-ehwang under the Jlrit- 
 
 (■( ptionof jiorsonal baggage,gold and silver bullion, ' Ish Hag is ))rohibitcd. From any other of the open 
 
 mill foreign coins, pay a transit duty at the rate (>f I ports they may be Bhip|>cd, on payment of the 
 
 "' per cent, ad valorem. taritV duty, either to other i)orts of China or to 
 - ■ - .... . . ......^.. Ti.~ ....».!„»:_.. »., •! » . 
 
 A freight or part freight of duty-free commodi- 
 ties (|iersoiial oaggage. gold and silver bullion, 
 and foreign coins excepted) 'vill render the vessel 
 larrying them, though no other cargo be on board, 
 lia'.)le to tonnoge-duea. 
 
 Jtulf 3. Cuntrahnnd gmuh. — Import and export 
 tnide is alike prohibited in the fcdlowing articles: 
 Umipowder, ;ihot, cannon, fowling-pieces, rides, 
 muskets, pistols, and all other munitions and im- 
 jilements of war ; and salt. 
 
 Itule 4. Weights and Measurei. — In the calcula- 
 timis of the Tariff, the weight of a picul of one 
 hundred catties is held to be equal to one hundred 
 and thirty-thrco and one-third pounds avoir- 
 dupois; and the length of a chang of ten Chinese 
 feet to be equal to one hundred and forty-one 
 English inches. 
 
 One Chinese chih is held to equal fourteen and 
 ono-lcnth inches English ; and four yards English 
 less three inches to equal one chang. 
 
 liule 5. Regarding certain Commwlitiea hereto- 
 fore Contraband, — The restrictions aflfecfing trade 
 in o])ium, cash, grain, pulse, sulphur, brimstone, 
 saltpetre, and spelter are relaxed, under the fol- 
 lowing conditions : 
 
 1. Opium will henceforth pay thirty taels per 
 piciil import dut)'. The importer will sell it wily 
 at the port. It will be carried into the interior by 
 I'liinose only, and only as Chinese property ; the 
 fiireign trader will not be allowed to accompany it. 
 The provisions of Article 9 of the Treaty of Tien- 
 tsin, by which British subjects are authorised to 
 ITocced into the interior with passports to trade, 
 will not extend to it, nor will those of Article 28 
 iif the same treaty, by which the transit-dues are 
 ro;;ulatcd; the transit-dues on it will be arranged 
 as ilio Chinese Government see fit ; nor, in future 
 rovis.ioiis of the Taritf, is the same rule of revision 
 t'llic applied to opium as to other goods. 
 
 2, Copper Cash. — The export of cash to any 
 foroign ]iort is prohibited ; but it shall be lawful 
 for Hiitish subjects to ship it at one of the open 
 l«irts of China to another, on compliance with the 
 tihowing Regulation : — The shipper shall give no- 
 tice of the amount of cash he desires to ship, and 
 ilie pirt of its destination, and shall bind himself, 
 either by a bond with two siitlicicnt sureties, or by 
 Jipnsiting such other security as may be deemed 
 l)y llie Customs satisfactory, to return, within six 
 fflcmtlis from the date of clearance, to the collector 
 at tlic port of shipment, the certificate issued by 
 Mm, with an acknowledgment thereon of the re- 
 
 foreign countries. The restriction as to the ports 
 of Tang-chau and Ncw-chwang was abolished in 
 January 18()2. 
 
 i). Saltpetre, sulphur, brimstone, and spelter, 
 being munitions of war, shall not be imported by 
 British subjects, stive at the requisition of the Chi- 
 nese Government, or for sale to Chinese duly au- 
 thorised to purchase them. No permit to land 
 them will ''• issued until the Customs have proof 
 that the 1 cessary authority has been given to the 
 purcha^f r. It shall not be lawful for British sub- 
 jects to carry these commodities up the Yang-tsze- 
 Kiang, or into any port other than those open to 
 the seaboard, nor to accompany them into tho 
 interior on behalf of Chinese. They must be sold 
 at the ports only, and, except at the ports, they 
 will be regarded as Chinese property. 
 
 Infractions of the conditions, as above set forth, 
 under which trade in opium, cash, grain, pulse, 
 saltpetre, brimstone, sulphur, and spelter may be 
 henceforward carried on, will be punishable by 
 confiscation of all the goods concerned. 
 
 Rule 6. Liability of Vessels entering Port. — To 
 prevent misunderstanding, it is agreed that tho 
 term of twenty-four hours, within which British 
 vessels must be reported to the Consul under 
 Article 37 of the Treat}' of Tien-tsin, shall be un- 
 derstood to commence from the time a British 
 vessel comes within the limits of the port ; as, 
 also, the term of forty-eight hours allowed her by 
 Article 30 of the same Treaty to remain in port 
 without payment of tonnage-dues. 
 
 The limits of the ports shall bo defined by the 
 Customs, with all consideration for the convenience 
 of trade, compatible with due protection of the 
 revenue ; also the limits of the anchorages within 
 which lading and dischorging are permitted by tho 
 Customs ; and the same shall be notiticd to the 
 Consuls forpublic information. 
 
 Rule 7. Transit Dues. — It is agreed that Article 
 28 of the Treaty of Tien-tsin shall be intci-pretcd to 
 declare the amounts of transit dues legally leviable 
 upon merchandise imported or exported by British 
 subjects, to be one half of the tanff duties, except 
 in the case of the duty-free poods liable to a tran- 
 sit duty of 24 per cent, ad valorem, as provided in 
 Article 2 of these rules. Merchandise shall be 
 cleared of its transit dues under the following con- 
 ditions : — 
 
 In the case of Imports. — Notice being given at 
 the port of entry, from which the imports arc to 
 be for^vardcd inland, of the nature and quantity 
 
 ,i 
 
 I • 
 
 i 
 
266 
 
 CANTON 
 
 'U 
 
 of the floods ; the ship from which thcj' have been 
 landed ; and the place inland to which they are 
 hound, with all other neccssarj- particulars, the 
 Collector of Customs wjil, on due inspection made, 
 and on receipt of the transit duty due, issue a 
 transit-duty certilicute. This must be produced 
 at cverv barrier station, and vised. No further 
 (hity will be leviable upon imports so certificated, 
 no matter how distant the place of their destina- 
 tion. 
 
 In the case of ]'2xports. — Produce purchased by 
 a British subject in the interior will be inspected, 
 and taken account of, at the first barrier it passes 
 on its way to the port of shipment. A memor- 
 andum, showing the amount of the produce and 
 (ho port at which it is to be shipped, will bcdepo- 
 .sitccl there by the per.wn in charge of the produce ; 
 he will then" receive a jtiiificate, which must be 
 exhibited and vised at every barrier, on his woy 
 til tlic port of shipment. On the arrival of the 
 jiro'luce at the barrier nearest the port, notice 
 must be given to the Customs at the port, and the 
 transit dues due thereon being paid, it will be 
 passed. On exportation the produce will pay the 
 tariff duty. 
 
 Any attempt to pass goods inwards or outwards 
 otlierwise than in compliance with the rule here 
 laid down will render them liable to confiscation. 
 
 Unauthorised sale, in transitu, of goods that have 
 beun entered as above for a port, will render them 
 
 upon the Yang-tsze-kiong when that river shall be 
 opened to trade. 
 
 The following is a synopsis of the Supplementary 
 Convention of I'tking, signed October 24, 18C0 :— 
 
 Art. I. Expresses the regret of the Emperor of 
 China for the breach of friendly relations in 185U. 
 
 Art. II. Establishes the right of rasidence at 
 I'eking on the part of the British Ambassador. 
 
 Art. III. Provides for the payment of a war- 
 indemnity of six millions of taels (2,000,000/.) in 
 addition to two million taels previously demanded 
 as indemnity for the losses of British merchants at 
 Canton. 
 
 Art. IV. Opens the Port of Tien-tsin to trade. 
 
 Art. V. Authorises the emigration to foreign 
 countries of Chinese with their families. 
 
 Art. VI. Cedes to the Queen of Great Britain 
 and Ireland a tract of land known as Kow-looii, 
 on the mainland opposite Hong Kong. 
 
 Art. VII. Provides for the immediate operation 
 of the Treaty of 1858, 
 
 Art. VIII. Provides for the publication through- 
 out the Empire of the treaty and convention. 
 
 Art. IX. Contains agreements with respect to 
 thr evacuation of the sundry places of which 
 possession had been taken. 
 
 High expectations were now entertained, and 
 with reason, of a vastly extended commerce with 
 China, and large European settlements sprang up 
 at the ports newly thrown open. The diffusion of 
 
 liable to conlscation. Any attempt to pass goods I trade over so wide an area could not, however, but 
 
 in excess of the quantity specified in the certificate ' be prejudicial to the prosperity of Canton, already 
 
 ■" ' " '' ' ''' ' " — '""~ seriously undermined by the hostilities of 185U- 
 
 i « 
 
 will render all the goods of the same denomination 
 named in the certificate liable to confiscation. 
 I'ermission to export produce which cannot be 
 proved to have paid its transit dues will be re- 
 fused by the Customs until the transit dues shnll 
 hove been paid. The above being the arranf;a- 
 nient agreed to regarding the transit dues, which 
 will thus be levied once and for .ill, the notification 
 required under Article 28 of the Treaty of Tien- 
 tsin, for the information of British and Chinese 
 subjects, is hereby dispensed with. 
 
 Jiule 8. Foreign Trade under J'nssport. — It is 
 a;;Tced that Article 9 of the Treaty of Tien-tsin 
 shall not be interpreted as authorising British sub- 
 jects to enter the capital city of Peking for pur- 
 l)ose3 of trade. 
 
 liule 9. Abolition of the Meltage Fee. — It is 
 agreed that the percentage of Oiie tael two mace, 
 hitherto charged in excess of duty payments, to 
 defray the e.Kpeuses of melting by the Chinese 
 Government, shall be no longer levied on Brit- 
 ish subjects. 
 
 Jiule 10. Collectiun of Duties under one System 
 at all Ports. — It being, by Treaty, at the option of 
 the Chinese Government to adopt what means ap- 
 pear to it best suited to protect its revenue, accru- 
 ing on British trade, it is agreed that one uniform 
 fystcm shall bo enforced at every port. 
 ' Tlic high oflicer appointed by the Chinese Go- 
 vernment to superintend foreign trade will, ac- 
 cordingly, from time to time, ciihcr himself visit, 
 iir will send a deputy to visit, the different ports. 
 The said high ofiicer will be at liberty, of bin own 
 choice, and independently of the suggestion or 
 nomination of any British authority, to select any 
 British subject he may see fit to aid him in the 
 aihninistration of tlio Customs revenue; in the 
 prevention of smuggling ; in the definition of port 
 bo'indarios; or in (lischarging the duties of har- 
 boiir-maater ; also in the distribution of lights, 
 buoys, beacons, and the like, the maintenance of 
 which shall be provided for out of the tonnage- 
 dues. 
 
 The Chinese Government will adopt what mea- 
 eurea it shall find rcqubite to prevent smuggling 
 
 1858. The teas and other exports which were 
 formerly brought by a land journey of 600 miles 
 from the producing districts of Hu-peh across the 
 mountains, and down the North Kiver to the 
 Canton market, were now purchased at Hankow, 
 in the centre of the producing districts, and de- 
 spatched by steamers navigating the Yang-tsze to 
 .*^hanghai, whence they were shipped to England 
 direct. Imports in like manner were introduced 
 at half a dozen eligible points to the markets of 
 the interior. 
 
 Hong Kong, too, in 1854 suddenly rose in im- 
 portance, owing to the prevalence of the rebellion 
 around Canton, which caused many of the native 
 traders to seek security in Hong Kong either as 
 residents or by transporting merchandise thence in 
 steamers to Canton. Two years later the entire 
 foreign community was removed from Canton, 
 owing to .le pending hostilities, and a large ac- 
 cession to the importance of Ilong Kong as a set- 
 tlement was the natural consequence. The prox- 
 imity of our colony to the seat of troi'te give en- 
 couragement to merchants to maintain their depots 
 and residences in the island, inducing the Cliincsc 
 dealers to visit them there for the purchase of im- 
 ports. For the introduction of these into the inte- 
 rior; exceptional facilities were afforded by the 
 numerous branches of the Canton river, througli 
 which merchandise, and especially opium, can be 
 clandestinely conveyed, and the payment of cus- 
 toms duties at Canton avoided. Under tliescciroum- 
 stuncesllong Konggrew rapidly, at thtexpensenf 
 Canton; and when tranquillity was restored, it be- 
 came apparent, after a year or two. that the great 
 nicrcantile houses need no longer make the latter 
 place their head quarters. The number of foreign 
 residents has dwindled year by year in proportiou I 
 to the growth of Ilonj; Kong, whilst the intro- 
 duction of powerful river steamers built in the I 
 United States, and making the voyage between 
 Canton and Hong Kong daily in less than six | 
 hours, has rendered it still more easy for thcChincsc j 
 dealers to visit the colony and supply their want<[ 
 from the importers there in the cheapest and most j 
 
 expeditious mi 
 
 Jiition in the n 
 
 tne principal 
 
 from Canton, \ 
 
 assistants cropl 
 
 "■'k; but a Ian 
 
 frade has pass 
 
 affpiits, whilst t 
 
 very rapidly to 
 
 or throngii the 
 
 agencies, thus 
 
 portanco of the 
 
 once drew to th, 
 
 w file entire out' 
 
 2 ""e.-communi, 
 
 fhe extended us, 
 
 'he vajit inrtux ot 
 
 world are rapid) 
 
 to a level vith " 
 
 "••'I've as well a 
 
 uniform distributi, 
 
 entailed the cvila 
 
 "''settled markets. 
 
 "f periodical failur 
 
 Perhaps at no , 
 
 the trade of Chin, 
 
 by a few wealthy 
 
 tliineso native ae'c, 
 
 parts of Europe, as 
 
 "!S 'n Australia a 
 
 oingapore. 
 
 'i'hisdiversionofti 
 must be steadily boi 
 
 "Pon the diminished 
 «nd of exports and 
 farther on. This din 
 present the actual fall 
 «o much as the tran 
 business done to Ch 
 annually published 
 latter respecting whid 
 accessible. At the o 
 w not the case, as the 
 outuard com„;.,7,g 
 
 rade within the cog' 
 
 tabhshmentsjbutat'^ 
 cation with Hong Ko 
 much merchandii;! i^ 
 ply.ng r^ularly betwl 
 "Dports or experts bvl 
 moiy native t^rifnT/ 
 ^c foreign Inspector^ 
 returns of trade arc del 
 J 'le administration J 
 China demands a briefl 
 ;"" '"'ports and export J 
 ;;'n-t of merchaiKl 
 
 ,1 h " '««^»Snised sf 
 aiHl have usually been i 
 
 court favourites, fa7m"n1 
 Iwralive condition., ' 
 paid annually by the , 
 
 'fi7oS(n '"'' "^«' I 
 l-o/,uuo/.) pej. annum! 
 
 »cre usuall^ above ^1 
 P« at this and ;?| 
 ant bargaining betwcT 
 •ho merchant, and a V 
 corniption was usually a 
 «, but was seldom! 
 Ill's demoralising systel 
 .''0 proved, naturally I 
 
 ^'"^^"^"y injurious y 
 
 ",•'"'«. "ffW class,' 
 
 /^" accidental circuiJ 
 
 ,J"«hai by rebels inj 
 
 "le Chinese CoUectorafc 
 
mssmBSBmim<<L^ ^ mi 'fv'r 
 
 CANTON 
 
 257 
 
 expeditious manner. In consequence of this revo- 
 lutiuii in the method of conducting trade, many of 
 the principal firms have withdrawn altogether 
 from Canton, whilst others are still represented by 
 assistants employed for the purchase of tea and 
 silii ; but a large and increasing proportion of the 
 trade has passed into the hands of commission 
 agents, whilst the Chinese then" 'Ives are learning 
 very rapidly to do business on their own account, 
 or througli the medium of the foreifjn commission 
 agencies, thus progressively curtailing the im- 
 portance of those few celebrated houses which 
 once <lrew to themselves all hut a fractional part 
 of tlio entire outward and inward trade. Kapidity 
 of intercommunication, the employment of steam, 
 the exteiuled use of the English language, and 
 the vust intiux of competitors from all |)arts of the 
 world, are rapidly reducing the power of capital 
 to a level vith that of energy and enterprise, 
 native as well as foreign; but with the more 
 iniiform distribution of the advantages of trade are 
 entailed the evils of commercial insecurity and 
 unsettled markets, with the attendant calamities 
 uf ))criodical failure and panics. 
 
 Perhaps at no distant time, instead of having 
 the trade of China to a great extent engrossed 
 by 11 few wealthy Bri'ish houses, we may have 
 Cliinesc native agencies in the various commercial 
 marts of Europe, as we already sec tjiem flourish- 
 ing in Austrcilia and California, in Java and 
 Singapore. 
 
 Thisdivcrsionof trade from Europeans to Chinese 
 must be steadily borne in mind in any reflections 
 upon the diminished returns of customs revenue 
 And of exports and imports which will be shown 
 farther on. This diminution docs not really re- 
 presentthc actual falling off in the amountof trade 
 80 much as the transfer of a large portion of the 
 business done to Chinese hands. The statistics 
 annually published have no reference to the 
 latter, respecting which little or no information is 
 nccessible. At the other open ports, indeed, this 
 K not the case, as the necessity of carrying on all 
 outward commerce in foreign bottoms brings the 
 trade within the cognisance of the Customs es- 
 tablishments ; but at Canton the river communi- 
 cation with Hong Kong is so easy and safe, that 
 much merchandise is carried by native junks 
 plying regularly between the two places, and tht 
 imports or exports by which pay duty under a 
 |iurcly native tariff, apart from the jurisdiction of 
 tliD foreign Inspectorate of Customs whence the 
 returns of trade are derived. 
 
 The administration of the Maritime Customs of 
 China demands a brief explanation here. Duties 
 im imports and exports, as well as on the internal 
 transit of merchandise, have been for 1,500 years 
 one of the recognised sources of reveiuie iu China, 
 and have usually been made productive of prolit to 
 court favourites, farming the income un<|pr highly 
 lucrative conditions. The revenue required to be 
 paid annually by the Superintendent of (Customs 
 at Canton was 'fixed in 1800 at 800.000 taels 
 ('.'67,000/.) per annum, but the actual receipts 
 were usually above 1,000,000 taels. The system 
 pursued at this and other ports was one of con- 
 stant bargaining between the Custom-house and 
 the merchant, and a well-understood system of 
 I corniption was usually at work. A nominal tariff 
 I existed, but was seldom the rule for levying duty. 
 This demoralising system was profitable to many, 
 «lio proved, naturally, its warm supporters, but 
 Mas equally injurious to the Chinese Government 
 and to the higher class of merchants. 
 
 All accidental circumstance (the canturo of 
 Slmiighai by rebels in 1853) led to the placing of 
 the Chinese CoUectorate of Customs at that port 
 
 in the hands of a commbsion of three Europeans, 
 api)ointed by the Consuls of Great Britain, France, 
 and the United States. The honesty and regu- 
 larity with which business was transacted under 
 them commended the services of foreigners to the 
 notice of the Chinese authorities, by whom the 
 system was continued, with the lacit consent of 
 tile Cabinet of Peking, even after the expulsion 
 of the rebels. 
 
 A few years later, a clause of the Treaty of 
 Tien-tsin placed the employment of foreigners in 
 the Customs department on a recognised footing. 
 The system was soon extended to all the oiien 
 ports, with l)cncficial results. At Canton (as else- 
 where) a European Commissioner is stationed, 
 with a staff of clerks, tide-waiters 4c., by whom 
 the entire working of the tariff is conducted, with 
 the excepJion of money payments. These remain 
 entirely in the hands of the Cliinesc. The papers 
 of all vessels entering port are deposited with the 
 Consul of the nation to which thej' belong, and 
 report is then made to the Custom-house, which 
 completes the entn/ of the vessel. The master 
 or consignee obtains from the Custom-house his 
 permit tu load or discharge cargo, and, on payment 
 mto the Chinese Customs' Hank of all duties and 
 tonnage-dues, a clearance (called the Grand Chop) 
 is issued under the seal of the Chinese Superintend- 
 ent of Customs, on production of which at his 
 Consulate the master receives back his papers and 
 can proceed to sea. 
 
 The following statement shows the state of the 
 commerce at Canton down to 1865 : — 
 
 Year 
 
 Value of Import!) 
 
 Value of Exports 
 
 
 dollars 
 
 dolJnn 
 
 isdo 
 
 18,<n(l,n00 
 
 16,'flH),000 
 
 ISfil 
 
 i«,»<M),(ino 
 
 IS.MKI.OOO 
 
 ISIW 
 
 io,a)o,(H)o 
 
 i;,7iKi,w)o 
 
 186.1 
 
 9,,1<10,niH) 
 
 16,U(H),aOO 
 
 ii>i;4 
 
 8,1110,1)1 H) 
 
 I3,lio0,0(l0 
 
 ISCi 
 
 7, 91)0,000 
 
 I.1,'i00,000 
 
 ToMi Value in 
 Meiitan dollars 
 
 .il,cnn,ooo 
 
 18,700,000 
 
 ti8,'^),iH)n 
 
 ti.?,5UII,flOO 
 ii 1, 700,000 
 ii 1,400,000 
 
 The duties have fallen off proportionately : the 
 total collection for — 
 
 ISfiO amounted to l,49li,nnn taels 
 1861 „ l,<.'VI,(KiO „ 
 
 IS6i! „ 1,089,000 „ 
 
 18B.T „ 950,000 „ 
 
 1864 „ 7ii7,000 „ 
 
 It is thus shown that the value of the foreign trade 
 of Canton for 1864 was about § what it was in 
 1860, and the amount of duties received is less than 
 J of what it was 5 years previously. On the other 
 hanil while in 1842 the exports from the United 
 Kingdom to China amounted to 969,311/., in 1843 
 they were 1,456,180/., and in 1845 they rose to the 
 then unprecedented amount of 2,394,827/. But 
 though they declined in 1848 to 1,445,950/., they 
 have since progressively risen till, in 1866, they 
 amounted to, exclusive of Hong Kong and Macao, 
 5,008,474/., and inclusive of these two ports 
 7,677,633/, Great as this amount may seem, most 
 probably it would, at no distant period, be very 
 much increased but for the difliculty the Chinese 
 experience in making returns ; a ditticulty which 
 will, however, be now very materially diminished. 
 
 Although Canton is situated nearly in the rsame 
 parallel of latitude as Calcutta, there is a consider- 
 able difference in their temperature; the former 
 being much cooler, and requiring fires during 
 the winter months. The streets are very narrow, 
 paved with little round stones, and flagged close 
 to the sides of the houses. The front of every 
 house is a shop, and those of particular streets arc 
 laid out for the supply of strangers, China-street 
 is appropriated to Europeans ; and hero the pro- 
 ductions of almost every part of the globe ar« to 
 be found. One of the shopkeepers is always to 
 be found sitting oa the counter, writing with a 
 S 
 
 
 
 1 , 
 
 ,i 
 
 ( 
 
 L '! 
 
2S8 
 
 CANTON 
 
 . i-f 
 
 m^ 
 
 ^' r 
 
 camel's-huir brush, or calculating with his swan- 
 pan, on which instrument a Chinese will perform 
 operations in numbers with as much celerity as 
 the most expert European arithmetician. 
 
 Tlie Cliinese, considered as traders, are eminently 
 active, persevering, and intelligent. They arc, in 
 fact, a highly commercial people ; and the notion 
 that was once very generally entertained, of tlieir 
 being peculiarly characterised by a contempt of 
 commerce and of strangers,is as utterly unfounded as 
 any notion can possibly be. BusinCoS is transacted 
 at Canton with great despatch ; and nowhere in the 
 v.-orld may cargoes be sold and bought, loaded 
 and unloaded, with more business-lilte speed and 
 activity. 
 
 Provisions aiid refreshments of all sorts are 
 abundant in Canton, and, in general, of an excel- 
 lent quality ; nor is the price exorbitant. Every 
 description of tlicm, dead and alive, is sold by 
 weight. It is a curious fact that the Chinese 
 tnalvc no use of millc, cither in its liquid state or 
 in the shape of curds, butter, or cheese. Among 
 the delicacies of a Chinese marlvct are to be seen 
 horse-flesh, dogs, cats, hawlcs, and owls. The 
 country is well supplied with tisli from the nu- 
 merous canals and rivers by which it is inter- 
 sected. 
 
 The British settlement at Canton is designated 
 the Shamien Site, and is an artilicial island con- 
 structed in 1860-1 at an expense of 325,000 dols., 
 of which one-lifth was defrayed by the French 
 Oovernment, to whom a proportionate allotment 
 of the area was made. 
 
 Steamers of heavy burden can ascend the river 
 to an anchorage immediately facing the Shamien 
 Site ; and although the limits of the port of Can- 
 ton are officially held not to extend above tlie 
 anchorage of Whampoa, the advantage to trade 
 which is entailed by the loading and discharging 
 of steamers at Canton is so great tliat a tacit per- 
 mission is given to the practice. Several large 
 steamers trade regularly between Canton, Shanghai, 
 and Tien-tsin, carrying almost exclusively native 
 merchandise, such as drugs, dried fruits, iron and 
 brass ware, |)apcr (of which large quantities are 
 manufactured newr Canton from the macerated 
 hull of the bamboo) <fec. The great variety of 
 tliese miscellaneous articles of commerce can best 
 be estimated by a review of the Custom-house 
 returns, in wliich they are included in virtue of 
 their shipm'jnt in British bottoms. It is rarely, 
 however, that foreign traders arc concerned in 
 these shipments. The great staples of tea and 
 sillt, opium and cotton goods, miy still bo said to 
 occupj- almost exclusively the attention of foreign 
 mercliants. Continental (chiefly German) houses 
 'Ui, indeed, import some quantities of petty Euro- 
 pean manufactures, among which watches and 
 iirc-arms take the lead ; but the importance of this 
 trade is not great. Among the articles of the 
 second class to be enumerated are matting and 
 fire-crackers (largely shipped to the United States) 
 and drugs, tiuano has of late voars been intro- 
 duced, and has found a ready sale. The price 
 obtained has been on an average about 300 dols. 
 per picul (133J lbs.) 
 
 A very considerable trade in Indian cotton, im- 
 ported from Bombay by Parsee and Koja traders, 
 for tlic most part is carried on in ordinary years; 
 but (he How of cotton eastwards was interrupted 
 during 1862-18C4, when this article of merchandise 
 W!is for the first time exported from China (prin- 
 cipally from Shanghai) to meet the I'^nglish 
 demand consequent upon the war in the United 
 Stales. Indian cotton is considered by the Chinese 
 inferior to their own staple, but its cheapness 
 causes it to be extensively employed. Kice is 
 
 another article very largely imported, as the pro- 
 duction in (>hina has never kept pace with the 
 demand. The carrying trade in rice forms one of 
 the principal sources of employment for sailing 
 vessels during the winter months, when tea and 
 other freights are slack. It is brought from Siam, 
 Burmah, Manila, and Saigon, and is usually 
 transhipped at Hong Kong on board native junks. 
 As regards the manner of purchase and sale, it 
 must be borne in mind that imports are seldom 
 brought to Canton by the European merchants, 
 who, as has already been said, prefer attracting 
 the Chinese buyers to llong Kong. Propositions 
 to establish bonded warehouses at Canton have 
 hitherto been negatived by the Chinese Govern- 
 ment, and have also been unfavourably viewed 
 by the residents of Ilong Kong. Exports, how- 
 ever, must be purchased on the spot from the 
 Chinese brokers. To buyer and seller alike tiic 
 brokers arc as essential in China as in other coun- 
 tries, and by their intervention trade is carried on 
 at Canton with great facility. Tea is brouglit 
 from the interior by companies of traders, who 
 purchase and prepare it for the market in the 
 producing districts. The owners of a lot or chop 
 of tea (usually 500 to COO chests) place their 
 merchandise in the hands of a broker, who obtains 
 for them from the native banks an advance of 
 some 75 per cent, of its value, and circulates 
 among the foreifiu merchants samples or ' musters ' 
 of its quality. When a purchase is decided upon, 
 the chop is examined by the tea inspector uf 
 the firm, but seldom more than one per cent, of 
 the chests is o[)encd. If, as is usually the case, 
 the tea in bulk is .'.,jproved of as ' equal to muster,' 
 it is immediately prepared for shipment, a gua- 
 rantee or security chop being usually given by 
 the broker, who thus becomes re°"onsible for its 
 good quality throughout until its amval in I'lng- 
 land and examination by sworn brokers. Silk is 
 similarly examined and guaranteed. 
 
 The commercial honesty of the Chinese is re- 
 marked upon by all who have dealings with them, 
 but is giving way gradually before the influx of 
 eager foreign competition and the admission of a 
 lower class of natives to participation in inter- 
 national dealings. 
 
 Moneys. — The currency at Canton in European 
 transactions is the Mexican dollar, but the dollar 
 coined at Hong Kong since May 18GG is expected 
 to supersede this gradually. The Chinese have 
 no silver coin, and keep their accoutits in taels, 
 mace, candareens, and cash, forming a decimal 
 system, of which only the lowest member is re- 
 presented by a coin. Weight of silver is, indeed, 
 the basis of their notation in this respect. A tacl 
 or Hang equals 1 J oz. of silver, and is divided into 
 10 mace (tsien), the mace in^j 10 candarccna 
 (fun), and the candareen into 10 li, to wliich 1 
 cash in copper should precisely ccrrcspond. Owing, 
 however, to the decline in the value of the cus/i, 
 which for nearly half a century has undergone 
 progressive depreciation in the mintage, the 
 average value of tlie tacl is 1,400 copper casli 
 (t'uug-ts'ien). These coins are cast in moulds, 
 with a square hole occupying the centre, around 
 which, on the obverse, arc Chinese characters, 
 denoting the reign, with the words ' Circulating 
 Value,' and on the reverse the name of the mint ii! 
 Manchu characters. 
 
 In largo native transactions, pure silver, known 
 as sycce, is the basis of exchange. The silver k\ 
 cast in ingots, called shoes, from a fancied resem- 
 blance in shape; thes* weigh from i a tael to 1001 
 taels. Silver of the highest standard of purity 
 prfKhiced at the (Customs Bank by melting and 
 reliiiing the foreign dollars received in payment < ' 
 
 >li"ties, ond is Itno 
 s.vcee. It stands 
 •lollnr currency of 
 to the respective 
 uities. 
 
 -*;fc/(a»5re._TIic 
 sterling i„ the boo 
 I'ut Its value van. 
 according to the p, 
 •'"liars in London 
 
 poitional value may 
 by the nultiplier 1 
 
 Spanish dollar be 6C 
 
 will be 60x1 -208=' 
 
 the tael will be 79-7' 
 
 ui the same proporti 
 
 fineness of Gold 
 
 goldandsilveriscx 
 
 ■"to lOOparts, called' 
 
 inodern practices of 
 
 W touch, it is unde 
 
 ailoyand93ofpurei^ 
 
 ^he fineness of the 
 
 tl'ose decimal propor 
 
 fr-'Sl'shproporiion'Tb 
 
 ^'WosegoldisDj-cc, 
 
 '!> '!?« standard, and 
 
 standard silver iAtot. 
 
 -;^',^« touch of ster 
 
 CoW.-Goldisnot< 
 
 merchandise : it is sol, 
 
 mined weight thet 
 
 «-'cli;andthegoldis, 
 
 '"•ay be only 7)2 „'o 
 
 I ^'^'i'Afe.-Goldand 
 
 iOO candareens, or ]( 
 reckoned to weigh 12f 
 
 |,f-t'V^">°taeIeqVto 
 iro% grammes, 
 
 . J he principal weight^ 
 ;;|™ , the catty, and 3 
 
 |j'videdintolo5'cat"iy 
 
 Long Measttre.—Thatl 
 "''Y'-- it is divided inti 
 "I'f to 0-371.') metres, ' 
 J . ''^C'j'feso have nu 
 JHofv^ich nearly lol 
 lamesc Commercial g1 
 I lie most important are r 
 
 '"'""»". 'failor'srt.Vi.eaire. 
 -""«'■« mcKure I 
 
 *.■ -t^iuiu surveyor's rul 
 
 Land Measurc.^l,„f.,f 
 ,r'%'^y the ;J'/,^J 
 
 fh iH much employed 
 >o.n.d; 60 of tLJ 
 t' "'"«'= 1 English I 
 
 'a urement adopted al 
 k'i on official enquirici 
 :.P>h an<l 2 puJlcD 
 
 ,^sn.feetj4Hsh = l^ 
 
 "e • contains 180 fal 
 Wi called engineer's «J 
 ,*^!"'creA;;etl^O 
 
 f ;'!? 'Ictfrceiutor 
 h,iiili imies, or 11-131 
 
CANTON 
 
 269 
 
 (liities, and is known as Ilai-Kwan (i. e. Customs') 
 syccc. It stands at a premium as regards the 
 (foliar currency of from 3 to 10 per cent, according 
 to the respective abundance of the two commo- 
 dities. 
 
 Exchange. — The tael used to be reckoned at 6s. 8rf. 
 sterling in the books of the East India Company; 
 but its value varies, and is generally computed 
 according to the price paid per ounce for Spimish 
 dollars in London. The tables given for this pro- 
 portional value may be calculated in pence sterling, 
 by tlie multiplier 1'208. Thus, if the price of the 
 .Spanish dollar be 60rf. per oz., the value of the tael 
 will be 60 x 1-208 = if-iM. ; if at 66rf., the value of 
 the tael will be 79"728f/. ; and for any other price 
 in the same proportion. 
 
 Fineness of Gold and Silver. — The fineness of 
 gold and silver is expressed by dividing the weight 
 into 100 parts, called toques or touch; similar to the 
 modern practices of France. Thus, if an ingot be 
 9;} touch, it is understood to contain 7 parts of 
 alloy and 93 of pure metal, making in the whole 100. 
 The fineness of the precious metals, expressed in 
 these decimal proportions, may be converted into 
 English proportions by the following analogies : — 
 Suppose gold is 91'CO touch, say, as 100: 91*66 : :12: 
 1 1, the standard, and vice versa ; and to convert 
 standard silver into touch, say, as 2-10 : 222 : : 100 : 
 'Jl\>, the touch of sterling silver. 
 
 Gold. — Gold is not considered as money, but as 
 merchandise : it is sold in regular ingots of a deter- 
 mined weight ; the largest of these weigh 10 taels 
 each ; and the gold is reckoned 9-1 touch, though 
 it may be only 92 or 93. 
 
 Weights. — Gold and silver arc weighed by the 
 catty of 16 taels ; the tael is divided into 10 mace, 
 100 eandareens, or 1,000 cash. 100 taels are 
 reckoned to weigh 120 oz. 16 dwt. troy, which 
 makes the tael equal to r>79'8 Engliih grains, or 
 1 37'566 grammes. 
 
 The principal weights for merchandise are the 
 I iiicul, the catty, and the tael; the picul being 
 ilividcd into 100 catties, or 1,600 taels. 
 
 lbs. oz. dwrs. 
 
 1 tael weighs, aToinlupoU - 1 A\f ,T7=: i \ oz. 
 
 l(j taels, or 1 cattjr - - I 5 .'i'W.1= U 'b. 
 
 IIK) catties, or 1 |iicul - - 13.1 S A-.1.13=l,ir){ lbs. 
 
 Ince the picul weighs WVit kUo)^ammes, or IC'i lbs, oz. S awls. 
 
 ,3gri. irojr. 
 
 Long Measure. — That used in China is the covid 
 r Mh ; it is divided into 10 inches (ts'im), and is 
 i|iial to 0-3713 metres, or 14-625 English inches. 
 The Chinese have numerous variations of the 
 'iii/i, of v.-bich nearly 100 are enuii.erated in the 
 Irtiiii'sc Commercial Guide, cd. ISO.'J, page 28'1. 
 Illie most important are the following : — 
 
 1 
 
 inR, 
 
 lU.s/l, 
 
 rune 
 the 
 cash 
 uWa, I 
 ounil I 
 Iters, I 
 iilinS I 
 iiitin 
 
 tiowu I 
 tct is I 
 C9cm-I 
 Lo 100 
 ity is| 
 g anilj 
 ,cnt( 
 
 Tailor's chiht called pai-WicH-chih 
 .Mercer's measure lor buyitiff wholesale 
 
 retailhiK 
 Architect's measure 
 Laiid surve>ut's rule 
 
 Inches 
 U(is;> 
 
 iv7-n 
 
 14-.17 
 1^'- 
 
 I'^-sr.'i 
 
 Measures of Capacity. — Thirteen divisions of a 
 decimal scale are enumerated by the Chinese, but 
 only four are in actual use. These arc the ho, 
 siting, half shi'.g, and tow. The tow measures 
 usually about 1 J gallon, contair.inir 10 shing. 
 
 The follow ing tables, extracted I'roin the Chinese 
 Commercial Guid;, will be found useful : — 
 
 Equivalents of Chinese Wkiqiits etc. in 
 Enolisu ditto. 
 
 Table for converting Chinese Money Weight into 
 English Troy Weight. 
 
 I'ikwg. 
 
 Land Measure.— Land is measured in large 
 
 liaricls by the k'ing and mow. At Canton, the 
 
 |3i«(;. = 100 nquarc pai-ts'ien-chih (=l'19-7o0 sq. 
 
 tii, is much employed in measuring small plots 
 
 II;.Tound; 60 of these =1 mow, at which rate 
 
 |l'?47 moi« = l English acre. The standard of 
 
 litasiircment adopted at the British Consulate, 
 
 |i'eil on ofticial enquiries, is as follows : 66 inches 
 
 1--1 pu, and 2 pu=l chang (or 10 c/ii7i). Hence 
 
 biO sn, feet Englisli = 1 square mow. 
 
 \ The li contains 180 fathoms, each 10 feet — the 
 
 kt, called engineer's, measuring 12-65 English 
 
 ^ilics; therefore the 11—1,897^ English feet ; and 
 
 i-'.i lis measure a mean degree of tlu'. meridian 
 
 arly ; but European missionaries in China have 
 
 fviilcd the degree into 200 lis, each li making 
 
 'J'l I'inglish feet ; which gives the degree 69-166 
 
 ii;lish miles, or 11-131 Frcuch myriuuiotres. 
 
 t.lel> 
 
 oz. Uwts. 
 
 prs. 
 
 raace 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwtl 
 
 . UTS. 
 
 nil) 
 
 r^ii 
 
 1(> 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 7-N72 
 
 .'lU 
 
 i;(i 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 Ifi 
 
 2I-SS8 
 
 ■ii 
 
 .Ki 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 ll'DIU 
 
 •it 
 
 m 
 
 19 
 
 20'16 
 
 .1 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 l'J20 
 
 ■a 
 
 ■il 
 
 I'l 
 
 IBM'i 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 <l 
 
 l,vsii; 
 
 U2 
 
 it; 
 
 11 
 
 l'^-4« 
 
 .1 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 A-jat 
 
 ■il 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 Sfi4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 i9-a6» 
 
 ■M 
 
 t< 
 
 S 
 
 4 KG 
 
 lor 10 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 Vi 
 
 19 
 
 (1-96 
 
 caiiitar. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 0-984 
 
 18 
 
 !fl 
 
 14 
 
 21- 1 '4 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4-l8,'i6 
 
 17 
 
 W 
 
 111 
 
 17 -as 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 •n-Mi-i 
 
 16 
 
 VJ 
 
 6 
 
 1.T44 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 IB-.'.SNS 
 
 1,'. 
 
 IX 
 
 K 
 
 9-6(l 
 
 li 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 10-790 1 
 
 14 
 
 IC 
 
 IP 
 
 S-76 
 
 ,'> 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4-994n 
 
 l.'> 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 1-92 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 2.1 \9.1B 
 
 li 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 •!2'0S 
 
 .1 
 
 1) 
 
 
 
 17-.19.V4 
 
 11 
 
 1,1 
 
 f, 
 
 18-44 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1I-.V.I68 
 
 10 
 
 v> 
 
 1 
 
 14-40 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-7984 
 
 !> 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 Ill'56 
 
 cash 
 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 'J 
 
 13 
 
 6-72 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 S'2I856 
 
 7 
 
 H 
 
 9 
 
 2-88 
 
 .8 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-fi.1872 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 2.1-04 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-0.'>888 
 
 li 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 19-20 
 
 (i 
 
 
 
 
 
 .1-479(11 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 IG 
 
 I. '.-.IB 
 
 .1* 
 
 
 
 
 
 2-S9940 
 
 .1 
 
 .1 
 
 l<.t 
 
 11 '.'li 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 •4-.1l9.1fi 
 
 ■i 
 
 •i 
 
 H 
 
 7 -68 
 
 .1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-7.1'.'.V4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3-81 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1-13968 
 
 mace 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-57M84 
 
 B 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 l;-856 
 
 
 
 
 
 Formula: for reducing Cldnese, English, and Indian 
 Weights. 
 
 One poimd troy is equal to taels 9-933 nearly. 
 
 One pound avoirdupois is equal to J catty, or 
 12 tls. 
 
 One hundred weight is equal to 84 catties. 
 
 Ninety catties seda at Macao are equal to 1 picul 
 balanca. 
 
 One ton is equal to 16 piculs 80 catties. 
 
 One ton is eiiual to 27-222 Indian maunds, or 
 nearly 27^ maunds. 
 
 One Indian maund is 82=lb3. avoirdupois ex- 
 actly. 
 
 One mauiul i r 100 lbs. troy is equal to 993 416 
 taels. 
 
 One tola is equal to 3-221 taels. 
 
 One Bengal factory maund is equal to 56 catties. 
 
 One Bengal bazaar maund is equal to61-6 cati ies. 
 
 To convert taels into pounds troy. — Divide by 
 10, and to the quotient add 2-3rds of 1 per cent. 
 
 To convert piculs into pounds avoirdupois. — Add 
 a third to the number of catties. 
 
 To convert pounds avoirdupois into piculs. — 
 Subtract a quarter, and divide by 100. 
 
 To convert hundred weights into piculs. — 
 Multiply by 84 catties, and diviile by 100. 
 
 To convert Bengal factory maunds mto piculs, — 
 Multiply by 56, and divide by 100. 
 
 To convert piculs into hundred weights, — 
 Slultiply by 100, and divide by 84 ; or if minute 
 exactness is not required, add l-5th, and from the 
 result deduct 8 per mil. 
 
 To convert piculs into Bengal factory maunds. — 
 Multiply by 100, and divide by 56 ; or if minute 
 accuracy is not required, add J, and 2 per cent, 
 upo'i the result. 
 
 T 1 convert Bengal bazaar maunds into piculs. — 
 Miiltiplv by 616, and divide by 1,000. 
 
 To convert piculs into Bengal bazaar maunds. — 
 Multiply by 1,000 and divide by 616 ; or if minuto 
 accuracy is not required, add 6'2J per cent. 
 
 To convert Indian weights into avoirdupois 
 weights, — 1. Multiply iho weight in seers by 12, 
 and divide by 35 ; the result will be the weight in 
 
 82 
 
 'I 
 
 » 
 
 ■;1^ 
 
200 
 
 CANTON 
 
 if . , 
 
 f 
 
 4-' 
 
 \ 
 
 h 
 
 >■! 
 
 hi <i 
 
 :.•>. : 
 
 pounds avoir. Or 2. Multiply the weight in maands 
 by 36, and divide by 49 ; the result will be the 
 weights in pounds avoir. 
 
 Odneu, Indian, and English large Weighti 
 compared. 
 
 Madraiitnaundtof H Till, or - V.^-liOO 
 
 Itomba; iiiaundi uf 40 BomtNly um, or '^H'00(> 
 
 A Iilciil is 
 
 A cwf. it 
 
 rqual to 
 
 equal to 
 
 5MM 
 
 4'4flO 
 
 4--«l 
 
 4'(K*) 
 
 ■ •,«.'. 
 
 3tl(l« 
 
 .1S71 
 
 S'flflO 
 
 3'IS4 
 
 rU'iO 
 
 .1-401 
 
 X-H'i7 
 
 .T.IM 
 
 •i-:7i 
 
 .V^4B 
 
 •ill! 
 
 l'7Si 
 
 1-ilKI 
 
 \■6'i^ 
 
 1-.16.1 
 
 ■\t „ 29'4(IO 
 
 Suratlmaundi of 40 Sural seen, or !t7'33.^ 
 
 41* „ - XH'irs 
 
 4Kt „ - .19-1'J9 
 
 4.".1 „ . 4n-.V,B 
 
 44 „ - 410M 
 
 Ilensat fiictor; tnaundi of 4U seen, or 74'fi6f> 
 
 Ittn ipil ba»aar ,, gii'l.'iS 
 
 A Madras randv nf '^0 maunds is ■ 
 A llombay caiid> of'^OI | 
 
 »V i en li I 
 
 A Sural candy of VOf maund40| 
 
 fl I I meta, is I 
 
 ■■''J I 
 
 •'J.. 
 
 cwl. 
 
 .VK) 
 
 4-4B4 
 
 .^fiO 
 
 S-(K10 
 
 .'.US 
 
 SS50 
 
 r,ir. 
 
 y.wo 
 
 74B! 
 
 6'H66 
 
 TXI 
 
 7-(XI0 
 
 SVIJ 
 
 7-333 
 
 pels. eat. 
 3 7S 
 
 '■■*: 
 
 * By this weiKiit China sut{ar is soid at Homl>ay. 
 t By this weight Malwa o|Mum is sold at Damaun and in the 
 interior of Indict. 
 t By this weif;ht cotton Is sold at Bombay. 
 
 To convert avoirdupois weight into Indian 
 weights. — 1. Jfultiply the weight in pounds avoir, 
 by 35, and divide by 72 ; the result will be the 
 weight in seers. Or 2. ISIultiply the weight in cwts. 
 by 49, and divide by 'M ; tlie result will be the 
 weight in maunds. 
 
 The following table .shows to the nearest far- 
 thing the eliarge upon each lb. at the different 
 rates of freight, allowing, as a fair average, 7 bales 
 of 103 lbs. each to 1 ton of 50 cubic feet ; and from 
 this table the cost may be computed for any rate 
 of freight. 
 
 per lb. 
 At .11. per Ion of 50 feet • 
 .1/. or 4/. lot. „ 
 4/. lUt. „ . - 
 
 SI. or il. 10<. „ 
 B/. 
 «/. 10». or ■/. „ 
 
 i!:'"- :; : : 
 
 The emigration of Chinese Coolies to the British 
 West Indies has been successfully carried on 
 through an official agency since 1859. From the 
 22nd January, 1860, to 31st March, 1866, 19 vessels 
 were despatched, carrj-ing in all 6,329 emigrants to 
 Demcrara and Trinidad. Down to 1866 the emi- 
 gration from Canton was carried on under regula- 
 tions arranged by the British Consul and Chinese 
 authorities, but on the 5th of March, 1866, a con- 
 vention was signed at Peking by the British and 
 French Ministers and the Prince of Kung, regulat- 
 ing the emigration of Chinese from all parts of 
 the Kmpiro. 
 
 One of the objects of this convention is to enable 
 labourers to be obtained under the French flag for 
 Cuba and Peru. 
 
 For particulars respecting customs' regulations, 
 pilotage, docks &c. see Wiiami'oa. 
 
 Canton. River Stkameu Regulations. 
 
 Import Manifest. — On entering port, masters of 
 river steamers must have their import manifests 
 in readiness to hand to the customs' officer, who 
 will board the vessel on arrival. For cargo to be 
 discharged at Whampoa, a separate manifest will 
 be required, to be handed to the customs' officer 
 at that place. 
 
 The customs must in all cases be furnished 
 with import manifest before any cargo can be dis- 
 charged. 
 
 Landing of Cargo. — Consignees are not required 
 to make application to the customs for permission 
 
 to remove consignments from the steamers, but 
 all goods imported in such vessels must on being 
 discharged be taken for examination to the cus- 
 toms' jetty. 
 
 Shipment of Cargo. — All exports for shipment 
 by river steamers must be sent to the customs' 
 jetty for examination, on which a permit to ship 
 will be granted. 
 
 Export Manifest. — Manifest of cargoes exported 
 must be handed to the customs on the return trip 
 of the steamers. 
 
 Landing or Shipment of Cargo en riute. — River 
 steamers must not land or ship cargo at any other 
 place in the river than Canton and Whampoa. 
 Any breach of these regulations respecting the 
 shipment or discharge of goods exposes such 
 goods to seizure and confiscation. 
 
 Office Hours. — The Custom-house is open for 
 the transaction of business from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.,. 
 and the River Steamer Office from sunrise to sun- 
 set, Sundays and holidays excepted. 
 
 All applications regarding customs business 
 should be addressed to the ' Commissioner of Cus- 
 toms.' 
 
 Office of Maritime Customs, Canton. 
 
 Canton and Whampoa. Custom-house 
 Regulations. 
 
 Ship's Papers. — Masters must deposit their 
 ship's papers and manifest with their consul (if 
 they have no consul, with the customs) within 48 
 hours after entering the port. 
 
 Import Manifest. — The import manifest must 
 contain a true account of the nature of the cargo 
 on board, av \ must be handed to the customs 
 before any application to break bulk can be at- 
 tended to. 
 
 Applications to land Cargo. — The import mani- 
 fest having been received and ship's papers duly 
 lodged with the consul or the customs, permits 
 to land goods will be granted, on the receipt of 
 applications specifying the number of packages, 
 with their marks, weight, quantity, and such like 
 particulars. 
 
 Applications to Ship Cargo. — Before shipment 
 of goods, permits to ship must in like manner be 
 obtained. 
 
 Exclusion of Cargo. — Cargo for which a permit 
 has been issued, but which cannot be received on 
 board, must be brought to the Custom-house jetty 
 for examination before being relanded. 
 
 Export Manifest. — When a vessel has received 
 on board the whole of her outward cargo, the cus- 
 toms must be furnished with an export manifest. 
 Fayment of Duties. — After examination of goods, 
 consignees or shippers will be supplied with a 
 memo., for which early application should be made, 
 of the duties payable. 
 
 They may then pay in the amoimt to the Ilai 
 Kwan Bank or Receiving Office, when they will I 
 be furnished with a duty receipt in Chinese, which \ 
 they must bring to the customs. 
 
 Import duties are due upon the landing of the j 
 goods, and export duties on their shipment. 
 Amendment in respect of weight or value miuu I 
 be made within 24 hours after the landing or ship- 
 ment of the goods. 
 
 Customs' Clearance. — On application being made I 
 for the customs' clearance, if the customs arc satis- 
 fied that the import and export manifests arc cor- 
 rect, and that all dues and duties have been paid, 
 the clearance will be issued. 
 
 Transhipment. — In all cases of transhipment, 
 application must be made for a tranship pcrmi*. 
 Goods trrushipped before receipt of such permit 
 are liable I a confiscation. 
 
 Goods conveyed i 
 
 * f.M~^'"''e" boat 
 to Whampoa for sh 
 «xamniation to the 
 can be Dut on board 
 J>oa their permits n 
 
 Accou 
 
 Teas : Congou 
 
 Souchong ' 
 
 Flowery Pekoe T 
 (tranxe „ 
 lowchong 
 NinKjong and Oolo 
 'lyson . 
 
 Young hvKon ^ 
 tiunpuwder 
 Imperial 
 J"->»ay 
 
 *• ■ 
 
 Ca*Ja, in mats T 
 
 llhubarh '**! : 
 
 Caskia buds 
 
 Star anise . \ 
 
 i'amphor 
 
 Ca«.ra oil 
 
 Anise 
 
 Vermilion 
 
 >;pli< rattans - 
 
 Preserves 
 
 Firecrackers . 
 
 Itatlan chairs 
 
 .llalting.iize I 
 
 i 
 
 Foreign Merchants.- 
 .Vmerican, French, Dut 
 mi«li, and Portuguese, 
 Mahommedan British > 
 French, and Dutch h 
 recognised by the Im 
 s.ime privileges have i 
 to all foreigners that 
 linglish. 
 
 Rates of Commission , 
 November 1831, and 
 Vummerce, March 18i 
 
 1. On all sales of opium, co.ton 
 
 baroos.hlrds' nwl,, dlam^; 
 
 I i„u« i.lon«, pearlK. sliius a 
 
 J.On -ales of all other kLo,!,"^ 
 
 3. n returns. ,f,„x,«,ir 
 
 "'•''"""'' 'f'"<'™>ire.bu 
 
 ""'KofesTk""""""'" 
 ;|.<)f manufactured silk 
 , _ ,•'• Of all other i{oo<la 
 6. On inspecii,,. teas, wheiherfl 
 »ne, an a<rditionai chare,, 
 ,. MMk.,|,u,cha«..„r.hip,?,'e, 
 J. On dra» inif, ►«!», or neJol a 
 
 .lli;"".'"* '-•""•'W.ii 
 
 S.On drawing, sale, o/neKoiim 
 
 «u.iranleed l.y Iheagentn,, 
 
 "I'd not covered by aditi, al 
 
 l'.0nj.urch„i„K,,i,l.,o,e3icJ 
 
 l'i"«. "ftheajientorotherJ 
 
 ■ n iHgotlnlInK loans or r.-^pl 
 
 ". On Kua"ntMing sale's when i 
 Without including respon] 
 
 !!• On Buaranleeing both sale. I 
 proceeils . . I 
 
 iS "''.•«'"»««. '«ur.J 
 
 r'oal'!'."!'"'"'^',""'"'""'-"! 
 
 "" ;•' "dvance, of miiii.y f„rl 
 whether the KomI, areVonJ 
 •r..nt,ju,dwheie.eomn."I 
 i> n„i charge.! . "I 
 
 lTd"'ril?"""'--"««"j 
 
 I' On all eoods, treasure *c rnl 
 
 •.r.i. withdrawn or ,^n, I 
 
 ««* co,,.lg„ed for addil 
 
 I a On procuring freight,' or ad. J 
 
mm 
 
 Ilk • ' 
 
 CANTON 
 
 261 
 
 Goods convey td to and from Whampoa in Cargo 
 Boats, — Cargo boats conveying goods from Canton 
 to Whampoa for shipment there, must be taken for 
 examination to the customs' jetty before the goods 
 can be out on board the ship. Un arrival at Wham- 
 poa their permits must be exhibited at the tioat- 
 
 ing Custom-house, for countersignature ; in like 
 manner, the permits of cargo boats conveying 
 goods to Canton from ships ut Whampoa must bu 
 countersigned at the Whampoa floating Custom- 
 house, and on arrival at Cauton they must repair 
 to the customs' jetty fcr examination. 
 
 Account of (he Average Weights and Measurements of the Principal Goods. 
 
 
 Arllclet 
 
 
 Nett Weight 
 
 Meak'iremcni 
 
 I'a kaKCft in a 
 Toil of 40 Feet 
 
 l*acl[aKe« in a j 
 Ton ol M Feet 1 
 
 
 
 
 cubic feet 
 
 
 TeM t CoitKou 
 
 cheit« 
 
 Kilbi. 
 
 4-4 
 
 9 
 
 II 
 
 
 • half chVbU 
 
 4U „ 
 
 ■a 
 
 IB 
 
 W 
 
 Houchong ... 
 
 cheitlft 
 
 Ml „ 
 
 4-4 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 - " - 
 
 . half chenti 
 
 ST ., 
 
 •J-6 
 
 16 
 
 w 
 
 Ftowcrj Pekoe - 
 
 cheMi 
 
 66 „ 
 
 4-4 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 Uranxv „ - 
 
 . half ch«u 
 
 40 „ 
 
 !(■.'> 
 
 16 
 
 to 
 
 I'oWChOMR ... 
 
 
 30 „ 
 
 %-l 
 
 IS 
 
 as 
 
 Ningjong and Oolong . 
 
 »» 
 
 M„ 
 
 ■iS 
 
 16 
 
 xo 
 
 lJ>H)n - . - 
 
 chesit 
 
 ;<> „ 
 
 *-^ 
 
 U-3 
 
 11-6 
 
 »• - 
 
 - half cliwu 
 
 46 „ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 Young hvson - 
 
 ft 
 
 •?5 " 
 
 3-1 
 
 
 
 (iunpuwilcr ... 
 
 tt 
 
 as .. 
 
 13 
 
 IG 
 
 Imperial 
 
 . 
 
 SJ „ 
 
 
 
 
 Twsnkay 
 
 clicsu 
 
 49 .. 
 
 
 
 Njion kkin 
 
 «8 ,. 
 
 4K 
 
 n 
 
 1« 
 
 lUwfllk .... 
 
 bale 
 
 SUcaUla 
 
 6'0 
 
 19} 
 
 t* • - - • 
 
 case 
 
 50lb«. 
 
 ii-tt 
 
 14-4 
 
 CaWftfinmats 
 
 bundle 
 
 SO catliea 
 
 4 
 
 lU 
 
 1«| 
 81 
 
 caM^ ... 
 
 caacs 
 
 40 , 
 
 4-H 
 
 7 
 
 Rhubarb . - - . 
 
 
 40 „ 
 
 as 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 Caibia buda . . . - 
 
 i> 
 
 1 pli'Ul 
 
 .vu 
 
 7-7 
 
 9-G 
 
 Ktar aniile .... 
 
 u 
 
 I ., 
 
 H'S 
 
 4-7 
 
 4-9 
 
 ramnhor .... 
 Caufaoil .... 
 
 n 
 
 1 „ 
 
 4-1 
 
 9-7 
 
 Iii-« 
 
 
 •* 
 
 •i-H 
 
 11-3 
 
 17-9 
 
 AniK .... 
 
 M 
 
 ■t 
 
 ii-S 
 
 IK 
 
 W 
 
 Vermilion .... 
 
 
 t* 
 
 1« 
 
 33 
 
 41-7 
 
 Siililialuni .... 
 
 hundle 
 
 ■ »• 
 
 3-fi 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 Piwervei .... 
 
 laies 
 
 Jan 
 
 1-113 
 
 n 
 
 tT3 
 
 Kire crackers .... 
 
 
 40 iiackt 
 
 ll-U 
 
 94 
 
 IW 
 
 Kattan chain 
 
 bundle 
 
 •i I'h.iin 
 
 13-74 
 
 ■3 
 
 3G 
 
 Matling.ilic { 
 
 roU 
 
 4U jardi 
 
 3'6 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 \ ■ ■ 
 
 M 
 
 t* 
 
 4-8 
 
 H 
 
 lU-4 
 
 \ ■ ■ ■ 
 
 *l 
 
 „ 
 
 li'D 
 
 6} 
 
 »i 
 
 C . - - 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 " 
 
 Tt 
 
 4(i 
 
 7 
 
 .1 per cent. 
 & It 
 
 » »» 
 
 Foreign Merchants, — These consist of British, 
 American, French, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Spa- 
 nish, and Portuguese, with Parsce and Indian 
 Mahommcdan British subjects. The Americans, 
 French, and Dutch have each consular agents 
 recoj^nised by the Imperial Government. The 
 same privileges have been, or are to be, conceded 
 to all foreigners that have been granted to the 
 English. 
 
 Eates of Commission in China, agreed upon in 
 November 1831, and revised hy Hie Chamber of 
 Commerce, March 1838. 
 
 1, On alt sales of opium, cotton. cochineal, cimphor 
 tmrooK.liinls' nekts* tUtiinontb, and other pre- 
 liiiUH htoufs. penrU. shiptand hou»v» 
 i. On saleH of all other t(uodit ... 
 3. On retumi, if in gooiU ... 
 
 \. itn returns, if In treasure* bullion, or bill* 
 !i. Un purchases, not being returns for t(ood»soId : 
 1. (If raw silk .... 
 'i. (>f manufnctured silk - . • 
 
 :t. Of nil other goods 
 6. On insiieciliitf (eas, whvtherfor returns or other- 
 
 utte, an aclditiunal chartieof 
 i.Oti sale, purchaAe, or kblpinent of bullion 
 jt. Ondrawlntf, sale, or nr^oliailoii of bills when 
 not involving reapon.<tibi,iiy as drawer or in- 
 diirwr . . . . - 
 
 9. On drawing, sale, or nrgotialiun of hills when 
 guaranteed by the agent nidrawiror eiidorwr, 
 and not covered by atU-iiuaie security 
 M. On (lurchatiing bills, or ent-cting remittance by 
 
 lull), of the anient or otherwi»e 
 I!. On iu>|{ntiaiing loans or ri'spomtentia - 
 I h.On ttiiarsnteeing bills, bonds, or other cngag«- 
 mtfnts ... - - 
 
 I*'. Oil guaranteeing sales whi-n ef-ptTlnlly required 
 without includiny rebponslbiilcy for remit* 
 tances . . - . - 
 
 I). On tinaranlceing both saleu and remittance of 
 prorceds . . . • - 
 
 I 13. On bills of exchange, returned noted, or pro- 
 1 Xtslv^ .... 
 
 I ir,. On letters of credit for mercantile putpo>es 
 I ll.On i<ll advances of money for purpo)>i-!> o\ trade, 
 whither tliegomU are ronsignetl tntheapent 
 or not, and where a commiskiun of 6 per cent. 
 is ncit rharged . . . - 
 
 I h. On ordering goodt or supcrirtendlng the fulfil- 
 ment of contracts, where no ottiei coiitniiksion 
 Is derived . - - - 
 
 1 1'.'. On all goods, treasure 9tc, consigned, and after. 
 wards withdrawn or sent to auction, and fur 
 ltood<i consigned for additional delivery to 
 others . . - . . 
 
 1 10. On procuring fireight, or advertising at agents for 
 
 h 
 
 - Vi 
 
 - n 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 - I 
 
 n 
 
 . 4 commission 
 
 owners or commanders, on the amount of 
 
 freight, whether the same passes throuj;!) the 
 
 hands of the agent or not - - • Ct per cent. 
 
 Si. On receiving inward freight - - - | „ 
 
 tf'i. On ship:** di«bur»em(-nts • . ' ^^\ *• 
 
 V.'l. On chartering ships for other parties - - v] », 
 
 U.\, On ellecting insurance) or writing orders fur 
 
 insurance .... 
 
 •ib, Heitltng insurance Io«set, total or partial, and on 
 
 procuring return of premium 
 SG. Debts, where a proceu at law or arbitration is 
 
 necessary. '1!^ per cent. ; and if recovered 
 S7. Collecting housu rent 
 tH, Acting for the estates of |>ersans deceased, as 
 
 executors or adniinlBtratom 
 
 29. The management of the ehtates of othent, on the 
 
 amount n-ceived .... 
 
 30. All cash receipts, not serving for the purchase of 
 
 gootls, and nut otlierwi!« specified aLove 
 Sl.Shrotting . - . 
 
 34. 'J'ransbiiiping goods - 
 53. All advances not punctually liquidated, the 
 
 agvnt to have the option of chargnig a second 
 
 commission, as upon a fnnh advance, provided 
 
 the charge does not occur twice in the !>atne 
 
 year - • . . . 
 
 31. At the option of the airent, on the amount de- 
 
 bited or credltetl within the year, including 
 interest, and excepting only items on whicli a 
 conunission of 5 per cent- has been charifcd - 
 N.B.—'i'hin charue not to be applietl to p<yinu over a trilHi^ce due 
 on an account matte up to a particular iieriotl, untesi where such 
 balance is nltbdrawn without re.isonable notice. 
 
 Pari Chargu are fixed under the new treaty at t mace per ton for 
 vessels of mure than 1^0 tons burden, and at 1 mate per to-.i on 
 veikMrls of less than 150 tons. 
 
 The Act G & 7 Vict, c. 80 authorises the super- 
 intendent of the trade of hor Majesty's subjects in 
 (?hina, being at the siinie time govern<.r of Hong 
 Kong, to issue, with the advice of the legislative 
 council of the island, laws and ordinances for the 
 government of British subjects in China* or within 
 100 miles of the same. Laws and ordinances so 
 issued are to be laid before Parliament. 
 
 TuADh: OF United Kingdom etc. with China. 
 Value of the Exports from British India to China 
 in the Fifteen Vears 1853-06. 
 
 1 »» 
 
 'i Iter mil* 
 1 iter CL'tit. 
 
 1 
 
 1853 • 
 18.^1 • 
 I8.M ■ 
 IHMi. 
 1N47 • 
 1S.M- 
 1Ki». 
 
 iC 
 
 
 7,6.'>1,«IS 
 
 ISTO- 
 
 7,4ii4.;j« 
 
 18fil. 
 
 6,6.-.,1,y.-)9 
 
 18(i'i- 
 
 6,lifi.-.,l)04 
 
 ISIi.T - 
 
 8,(I|6,><K1 
 
 I8li4 • 
 
 tl,.'jU(I.Hllg 
 
 1»64- 
 
 n,SlV,96i) 
 
 
 £ 
 
 ln,l'i8,4IS 
 1I.4S9,96S 
 IIMr,7,sl(9 
 
 i-j,iv;,A<r 
 
 ll),.'ill(i,3lU 
 
 This account includes Japan for tlic last year. 
 
 \ ^ 
 
 >\ 
 
 tr 
 
 
262 
 
 CLINTON 
 
 I- ^ 
 it- 
 
 I' 
 
 Account of the Qiiantilieg and Values of the Principal Articles imported into 'he United Kingdom from 
 China, inc. Ilong Kong, in each of the 5 Years ending with IbuS. 
 
 Principal and other ArtlclM 
 
 Canen or Kticks, of all Boru 
 
 Caula litni'a 
 
 China ur I'orcolain ware 
 
 and earthenware 
 Cotton, raw 
 
 piece goods 
 Oalll . 
 
 Uinfter, preserved 
 Hemp • 
 Japnnned and I<acquercd 
 
 ware - 
 Malt and matting 
 llhulvirb 
 Silk, raw 
 
 waste, knubs 
 
 huiki 
 thrown 
 Silk manufactures ; 
 Crape ihawls, scarfs, 
 and handkerchiefs, and 
 crape in piecci 
 Pongcet and Pongee 
 
 handkerchiefs 
 Unenumerated 
 Sugar, unrefined 
 Tea ... 
 Tin - 
 
 W*%t vegetable 
 Wool, sheep and lambs* . 
 All other articles 
 Total 
 
 value 
 lb.. 
 
 rwta. 
 
 pieces 
 
 cwts. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 cwts. 
 
 value 
 lbs. 
 
 GWla. 
 Ib«. 
 
 pieces 
 value 
 cwts. 
 lbs. 
 cwts. 
 
 I'bs. 
 value 
 
 Quantities 
 
 I, as 
 
 14M49 
 
 HS,V1 
 
 ],t;9 
 
 3,16S 
 
 S,t9t 
 
 15,889 
 
 ~7,5as 
 
 10S,.113,9J0 
 
 1863 
 
 138,336 
 
 !,0.t6 
 
 143,1.14 
 
 \,3U0 
 
 Vi 
 
 35,680 
 
 \7,fti 
 
 387 
 
 l76,343 
 1,679,531 
 
 liO 
 
 5,677 
 
 7,931 
 
 T(),.589 
 
 127,130.187 
 
 .1.^ 
 
 1,681 
 
 429,617 
 
 18<il 
 
 •zaa 
 
 917 
 
 459,847 
 
 l.W-i 
 
 1 ,1166 
 
 173,W9 
 
 3,914 
 
 1«6 
 
 450,484 
 !,0I8 
 
 3,142 
 S,««7 
 
 ~ II 
 
 112,128,0.12 
 
 2,548 
 
 142,161 
 
 99,123 
 
 858 
 109,946 
 
 "3,172 
 
 186,838 
 873 
 
 74,310 
 128,485 
 
 2,952 
 
 6.751 
 54 
 
 "" 4 
 
 109,805,895 
 
 ~ 141 
 9,426 
 
 69:. 
 
 29,715 
 
 3(18 
 
 3,6.18 
 
 14fi,tW7 
 
 3.9<i!l 
 
 1.18 
 
 T*,Hn 
 
 91,657 
 3,631 
 
 15,12'J 
 9*^2 
 
 ~ I 
 
 127,486,120 
 
 2,11'^ 
 50,tXI8 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 Computed Real Value 
 
 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 1861! 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Canes or sticks, of all sorts 
 
 value 
 
 8,312 
 
 13,984 
 
 12,810 
 
 7,970 
 
 6„MD 
 
 Cassia lignea 
 
 lbs. 
 
 936 
 
 5,482 
 
 12 
 
 4,116 
 
 — 
 
 China or Porcelain ware 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and earthenware 
 
 cwts. 
 
 11 /.79 
 
 17,269 
 
 11,376 
 
 9,242 
 
 8.l;r. 
 
 Cotton, raw 
 
 
 101,; 36 
 
 1,125,221) 
 
 3,671,904 
 
 1,061,346 
 
 128,7'.IS 
 
 piece goods 
 
 pieces 
 
 3,610 
 
 210 
 
 2,1103 
 
 — 
 
 21 III 
 
 OalU - 
 
 cwts. 
 
 — 
 
 52 
 
 5,.155 
 
 9,753 
 
 1I,.1W 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 4,9.53 
 
 1,747 
 
 7,502 
 
 8,173 
 
 6.2SI) 
 
 Hemp . 
 
 cwts. 
 
 5,519 
 
 28,006 
 
 4,741 
 
 821 
 
 7,9l>5 
 
 Jaiunncdand Lac<iuered 
 ware - • - 
 
 
 2,538 
 
 4,205 
 
 1,746 
 
 1,130 
 
 1,211 
 
 
 value 
 
 3,440 
 
 1,8.18 
 
 4,128 
 
 6,777 
 
 8,5,'..', 
 
 Hhubarb 
 
 ll». 
 
 19,915 
 
 16,1. OS 
 
 iQrVS 
 
 25,024 
 
 14,04.1 
 
 Silk, raw 
 
 
 3,028,009 
 
 1,611, .185 
 
 461,1180 
 
 _; 161,954 
 
 110,711) 
 
 wa.ste, knubs ol 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cwts. 
 
 18,991 
 
 31,036 
 
 26,768 
 
 64,795 
 
 59,941 
 
 thrown 
 
 lbs. 
 
 3,162 
 
 684 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Silk manuJaclurc*i : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crape shawls, scarfs, 
 and handkercliii'f^,anil 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 crape in pieces 
 
 „ 
 
 4A17 
 
 10,068 
 
 10,076 
 
 14,730 
 
 22,388 
 
 Pongees and Pongee 
 handkerchiefs 
 
 pieces 
 
 14,268 
 
 6,503 
 
 1,862 
 
 78 
 
 l,l2r: 
 
 Unenumeratetl 
 
 value 
 
 2,219 
 
 
 2.013 
 
 1,176 
 
 U2i 
 
 Sugar, unrelineil 
 
 cwts. 
 
 8,165 
 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Tea - 
 
 lbs. 
 
 8,418.194 
 
 9,8(i9.T22 
 
 8,386,629 
 
 9,081,486 
 
 io,ir8,o;u 
 
 Tin - 
 
 cwts. 
 
 .- 
 
 199 
 
 1.1,322 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 „ 
 
 — 
 
 5,463 
 
 ~- 
 
 757 
 
 12/i9l 
 
 Wool, sheep .ind Iambs' - 
 
 lbs. 
 
 10,958 
 
 15,277 
 
 5„558 
 
 353 
 
 1,861 
 
 All other articles 
 
 value 
 
 28,523 
 
 46,998 
 
 27,722 
 
 .39,318 
 
 :.9,.i.-,i 
 
 Total - 
 
 11,699,961 
 
 12,826,757 
 
 12,667,190 
 
 10,499,034 
 
 10,620,452 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Values of the 
 
 Principal Articles of British Produce and ManvfaetnA 
 
 exported from the United Kingdom to China, including Hong Kong 
 
 in each of the 6 Years emliiii 
 
 with 1«0G. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Frinciiial Articleii 
 
 Quantities 
 
 I>eclarcd Real Value | 
 
 IHGi i 1S63 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 1861 
 
 1865 
 
 mm 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Apparel and ha- 
 WrdasluT) - tal. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 21,358 
 
 38,550 
 
 26,385 
 
 12,577 
 
 I7,s: 
 
 Armit anil aminu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nition • • ,, 
 
 — 
 
 
 V 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 23,226 
 
 69,273 
 
 59,399 
 
 21,4,18 
 
 3'l,f,.) 
 
 Beer and ale - ItIs. 
 
 5,074 
 
 10,3.15 
 
 5,713 
 
 3,790 
 
 4,618 
 
 20,4.« 
 
 42,28,'i 
 
 23,244 
 
 14,259 
 
 2U,23 
 
 Coals, cinders, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rulm - • tons 
 
 120,.-,69 
 
 107,284 
 
 79,362 
 
 54,039 
 
 51,761 
 
 .59,58.S 
 
 53,279 
 
 35,102 
 
 .•10,3; 7 
 
 .12,1! 
 
 Cotton >arn - lbs.. 
 
 939,966 
 
 13,949 
 
 168,249 
 
 218,120 
 
 237.800 
 
 50,735 
 
 1,356 
 
 V.^Oll 
 
 22,762 
 
 2,1,.-.l 
 
 Cottons, entered by 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 the yard - yards 
 
 60,618,421 30,7.10,941 
 
 .50,907,813 
 
 88,867,557 
 
 111,900,987 
 
 953,805 
 
 778,162 
 
 1,402,735 
 
 1,961,102 
 
 ,i,3ir,,i; 
 
 Cottons, cntcri'd at 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 value - - Tal. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 — 
 
 .— 
 
 — 
 
 4.237 
 
 4,072 
 
 2,316 
 
 838 
 
 j,.1: 
 
 Hardwares and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cutlery, unenu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 merated - cwls. 
 
 1,669 
 
 4,121 
 
 4,0,6 
 
 1,580 
 
 887 
 
 9,858 
 
 22,954 
 
 18,972 
 
 8,172 
 
 5,1 
 
 Iron, wroiiebt and 
 unwroufiht - tons 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6,2,17 
 
 11,579 
 
 10,625 
 
 7,904 
 
 5,62(1 
 
 62,32,1 
 
 132,058 
 
 1 18,057 
 
 69.101 
 
 56,1 
 
 I*cad and shot - ,, 
 
 4,2.')l) 
 
 7,610 
 
 3,«I9 
 
 1,211 
 
 2,326 
 
 91,439 
 
 162, lUI 
 
 78,3110 
 
 
 
 Flchleh and sauces val. 
 
 m~ 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 .. 
 
 _ 
 
 7,520 
 
 i!2,9l7 
 
 ll,39!i 
 
 26,,'.7I 
 
 ,10,5 
 
 IVovUions, uiiL-nu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,126 
 
 %,\ 
 
 merateil ,t 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 *- 
 
 — 
 
 .. 
 
 9,621 
 
 24,0,16; 15,147 
 
 6,,152 
 
 9,: 
 
 Woollens, entered 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 by (he yard - yard* 
 
 4.966,531 
 
 8,4S2,8.1f. 
 
 1.1,613,551 
 
 16,245,721 
 
 20,306,2.51 
 
 490,248 
 
 7.12,611 
 
 1,018,228 
 
 1,305,518 
 
 1,381,' 
 
 Woollens, entert.'d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U value • Tal. 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 .- 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 4,.101 
 
 8,448 
 
 4,134 
 
 1,210 
 
 1, 
 
 All other articlt'H • » 
 Total . 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 21, '1,201 
 2,024,118 
 
 .321,510 
 
 227,l,'i3 
 
 11 4, ,162 
 
 121, 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 2,416,705 
 
 3,09i,6ll 
 
 3,(i()3,.VI5 
 
 5.n;.tti, 
 
 Quantities and V, 
 
 '^ •-■'■'"". jf;i?d.: 
 
 Pam,i,k,, 
 f/'n'ed . 
 ?'"slins . 
 Mandk.rchlef, J 
 »,'ve»een» 
 y^lvel, . 
 r. ""> 
 
 vi?"?"-Bomb,r,,a^ 
 
 «r:i,?,;i'!""'i«ur";, 
 
 flannels . 
 
 "a''.«nS"'""*"™"cloth, 
 Jwg ells . 
 
 /i-ls^'iTufdu-'?"'''- 
 
 I Quicksilver" 
 ( ^in 
 
 Opium, Malwa 
 
 (.., I'alna 
 
 , '»srir.'&,„tv-:«.. 
 
 ♦RaieofEicha, 
 Q"0''tit!es and Value o 
 
 Articles 
 
 Tea, hl,irk 
 
 I Si'lc, raw . 
 j thrown 
 
 j c.iarse 
 
 refuse 
 I „ cocoons 
 I < "Hon, Homhav 
 ,.,, China . 
 
 thfneso carirrMwi x, . . " 
 
 j •"''™r,iS-.tv„'rttr 
 
 ' Total 
 
 • Rate of Ei^ 
 
 Q"""tities of Black and i 
 
 •Countries to 
 ■: vnich Kiported 
 
 (ireainritalnl 
 
 •lu-lr,ilia ', . 
 
 ! JloilllllV I 
 
 jfonn linng 
 
 J nitiil States l 
 
 '-■'■ ■ Icai 
 
 Black 
 
 lbs. 
 
 22.601,599 I 
 
 *'.« 50,866 I 
 622,366 I 
 ___7M..10I 
 J(i58!M.l2 'fi| 
 
 hmberand Tonnage of v\ 
 I f"feredatthePortof\ 
 
 Xalionalifj of Vessels 
 
 1,S62 
 
 BriiNh 
 HI' 
 
 I'ersieamcrsand 
 
 lorch,is 
 j-imericin • 
 
 Kliffr steamers 
 I, (Wier countries 
 
 Total 
 
 Ves. I 
 sels 
 
 108 i 
 
 Tons I 
 51^393 
 
 I8,l5d 
 39,78^ 
 20,55 
 
 !0,26 
 
 23j25,1.M6| 
 
 118 
 
 , *8 
 
 I 300 
 
 59 
 
CANTON 
 
 268 
 
 Quantities and Value of the Principal and other Articles Imported at the Port of Canton in each of the 
 
 Years 1802-04. 
 
 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 1 
 
 1861 1 
 
 Princlpil Articles 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Quantities 
 
 Value 
 
 Quanlillm 
 
 Value 
 dols. 
 
 Quantities 
 
 Value 
 doll. 
 
 Cotton plFce ftoods i 
 
 
 
 doU. 
 
 
 
 Drills, Amerlc.in - 
 
 - pieces 
 
 30,065 
 
 16^,566 
 
 2,196 
 
 15,391 
 
 -.,562 
 
 29,412 
 
 
 f> 
 
 126,529 
 
 480,704 
 
 48,829 
 
 195,133 
 
 44,216 
 
 221,080 
 
 T cloths, .36 janls ... 
 
 " 
 
 49,788 
 1,870 
 
 151,343 
 
 9,778 
 
 41,095 
 
 6,0.i5 
 
 192,876 
 21,262 
 
 42,376 
 
 201,286 
 
 Cottons, djred, Anund, plain ■ 
 
 " 
 
 20,601 
 21,627 
 
 47,382 
 73,53i' 
 
 28,802 
 20,100 
 
 76,623 
 »5,392 
 
 22,352 
 14.457 
 
 87,173 
 65,057 
 
 
 „ 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 4,272 
 
 12,696 
 
 716 
 
 6,155 
 
 Damasks. 
 
 „ 
 
 3,667 
 
 22,0' 12 
 
 .3,1816 
 
 22,110 
 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 11,382 
 
 23,902 
 
 15,812 
 
 41,048 
 
 6,080 
 
 20,212 
 
 
 
 .510 
 
 510 
 
 1,984 
 
 2,.503 
 
 31 
 
 44 
 
 Handkerchief. 
 
 - djxL'ns 
 
 28.057 
 
 35,071 
 
 27,121 
 
 35,786 
 
 29,734 
 
 .37,168 
 
 Velveteens . . _ 
 
 . pieces 
 
 1,711 
 
 11,977 
 
 4,813 
 
 43,745 
 
 1,508 
 
 15,0.SI1 
 
 
 t* 
 
 
 9,510 
 
 2,625 
 
 22,522 
 
 1,022 
 
 11.212 
 
 Cotton, Bombar, raw 
 Woollen manufactures ; 
 
 . plculs 
 n 
 
 20,334 
 33,928 
 
 1,016,713 
 718,505 
 
 14,819 
 
 488 
 
 1,106,171 
 10,022 
 
 9,501 
 
 779,156 
 
 Hlantels- 
 Broad cloths 
 
 pairs 
 pieces 
 
 3,510 
 
 157 
 
 21,060 
 8;792 
 
 3,819 
 148 
 
 24,198 
 
 8,436 
 
 3,615 
 1,568 
 
 19,S8() 
 89,371 
 
 Camlets .... 
 
 „ 
 
 4,417 
 
 'J'"!!^ 
 
 C,6<9 
 
 117,085 
 
 2,982 
 
 57,073 
 
 FianneU - - . - 
 
 
 271 
 
 6,000 
 
 352 
 
 7,094 
 
 147 
 
 3,087 
 
 Habit and medium cloths • 
 
 „ 
 
 a66 
 
 21,621 
 
 1,196 
 
 66,014 
 
 
 Lastlnm . . . ■ 
 
 „ 
 
 3,411 
 
 56,656 
 
 4,611 
 
 71,785 
 
 4,050 
 
 68,850 
 
 Long ells- 
 
 If 
 
 8,000 
 
 79,740 
 
 11,863 
 
 106,143 
 
 6;724 
 
 57,154 
 
 Kuanish >lriitet ... 
 Woollen and cotton mlltures 
 
 *, 
 
 9,00; 
 
 177,427 
 
 7,448 
 
 141,.133 
 
 6,793 
 
 122,274 
 
 • ,, 
 
 8,769 
 
 51,806 
 
 5,769 
 
 39,502 
 
 14,530 
 
 1.59,830 
 
 Iron manufactures . - - 
 
 plculs 
 
 43,254 
 
 129,765 
 
 29,991 
 
 844,221 
 
 24,021 
 
 51,055 
 
 Ijetd .... 
 
 „ 
 
 25,808 
 
 216,776 
 
 60,655 
 
 468,268 
 
 51,853 
 
 .337,318 
 
 Qulcksilrer ■ . - - 
 
 „ 
 
 3, .336 
 
 .39,720 
 
 4,054 
 
 169,877 
 
 3,786 
 
 261,226 
 
 Tin . . . . . 
 
 
 2,214 
 
 62.963 
 
 810 
 
 27,5.59 
 
 l,'i«5 
 
 .35,989 
 
 Opium, Malwa . . - . 
 
 ,* 
 
 1,668 
 
 1,213,979 
 
 1,775 
 
 1,193,635 
 
 
 772,063 
 
 Palna - _ - 
 
 
 2,245 
 
 1,437,198 
 
 2,036 
 
 1,096,579 
 
 _ 
 
 550,803 
 
 Chinese cargoes Ac, chief!; coast and carrying 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 trade in foreign bottoms . 
 Total of principal and other articles ■ 
 
 dais. 
 
 — 
 
 4,176,656 
 
 - 
 
 3,973,162 
 9,5< 15,285" 
 2,281 AMt 
 
 — 
 
 4,458,991 
 8,5.34,192 
 2,053,539t 
 
 - 
 
 10,580,928 
 2,412,515* 
 
 "" 
 
 * Rate of Eichange, 4l. Id. 
 
 f U. iid. 
 
 t U. 9]<f. 
 
 Quantities and Value of the Articles (exclusive cf Treasure) Exported from the Port of Canton in each 
 
 of the years 1802-04. 
 
 Articles 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 1S64 t 
 
 Quantities 
 
 Value 
 
 Quantities 
 
 Value 
 
 Quantities 
 
 Value 
 
 Tea. blark . - - ll». 
 f(reen • - ' *t 
 
 Silk, r.iw ... - picuU 
 thrown - - • », 
 Ci')ariie . - * »> 
 refuse • - „ 
 curoonft - - - *» 
 
 Cotton, Itnmhay • - • »» 
 China - - - ». 
 
 Chinese carKoes Ate, chiefly of the coa&t, 
 and carrying trade hi foreign Ixiitoma 
 
 Tot.il - { ^"'i 
 
 25,589,332 
 
 6,301,7112 
 
 6,091 
 
 ■5,215 
 
 794 
 
 17 
 
 3S,77j 
 
 dols. 
 6,170,923 
 1,689,191 
 2,528,067 
 
 3)~,926 
 
 35,744 
 
 1,918 
 
 775,491 
 
 6,239.028 
 
 18,057,591 
 
 6,419,820 
 
 4,408 
 
 296 
 
 .3,'! 14 
 
 695 
 
 ~938 
 
 dols. 
 
 4,134,156 
 
 1,.527,812 
 
 2,2.35,1(1S 
 
 125.851 
 
 374,(HJ1 
 
 31,307 
 
 25,339 
 7,628,888 
 
 10,913,186 
 
 3,006.738 
 
 2,735 
 
 12.. 
 
 3,400 
 
 771 
 
 ~833 
 
 dols. 
 
 2,.')7 1,925 
 
 772,7.53 
 
 1,154,593 
 
 52,415 
 
 329,>i80 
 
 31,696 
 
 22)088 
 
 4,875.'J75 
 
 9,815,711 
 2,.-61,42lt 
 
 — 
 
 17,742,591 
 4,060,716* 
 
 — 
 
 16,083,062 
 3,862,0.391 
 
 - 
 
 * Rate of Exchange, 4<. 'd. 
 
 t 4l. 9i(t. 
 
 • 4». 9J</. 
 
 Quantities of Black and Green Teas Exported to various Countries from the Port of Canton in each of 
 
 the Years 1802-04. 
 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 ; 1864 j 
 
 irhich Exported 
 
 Black 
 
 Green 
 
 Total 
 
 Black 
 
 Green 
 
 Total 
 
 Black 
 
 (Jrccn 
 
 Total 
 
 (irestnritainl 
 .luslr.iiia > - 
 Itomlnv \ 
 llonpi ftnng 
 Initf-d States 1 
 
 , South Ami'rlcaJ 
 Otlier rountrie* - 
 
 1 Totnl 
 
 lbs. 
 
 22,604,599 
 
 * 1,650,866 
 622,366 
 711,501 
 
 11>S. 
 
 3,1.39,566 
 
 976,577 
 
 1,831,063 
 
 357.496 
 
 lbs. 
 
 25,714,165 
 
 2,627,413 
 
 2,453,429 
 
 1,068,997 
 
 31,894,034 
 
 lbs. 
 
 14,713,519 
 
 *1,51 1,266 
 
 223.208 
 
 1,606,598 
 
 18,057,491 
 
 lbs. 
 
 3,048,033 
 
 1,246,262 
 
 1,338,309 
 
 787,216 
 
 6,419,820 
 
 lbs. 
 
 17,761,552 
 
 2,760,528 
 1,561,517 
 2„393,814 
 
 lbs. 
 
 9,234,066 
 
 857,778 
 490,791 
 360,551 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1,473,311 
 
 379,300 
 871,057 
 282,977 
 
 lbs. 
 
 10.707,410 
 
 1,237,138 
 
 1,361,848 
 
 613,528 
 
 2..,589,332 
 
 6,304,7112 
 
 24,477,411 
 
 10,943,18b 
 
 3,006,738 i 1.3,949,924 | 
 
 * Bjr river steamers, lorchas, and Chinese boats. 
 
 I dumber and Tonnage of Vessels of various Nations 
 entered at the Port of Canton in 1802-04. 
 
 .Vilionalitj of Vessels 
 
 I BriilA 
 
 Kiver steamers and 
 lorchas 
 I .AmOTicin - 
 
 River steamers 
 I : OUiLT countries 
 Total 
 
 log 
 
 118 
 48 
 
 300 
 49 
 
 723 
 
 Tons 
 
 48,390 
 
 18,144 
 39,782 
 120.5,55 
 J 6,265 
 253,116 
 
 1863 
 
 Vcs- 
 
 167 
 27 
 
 4811 
 97 
 
 Tons 
 
 57,425 
 
 22,262 
 
 19,,565 
 
 172,268 
 
 29,0<HI 
 
 867 '300,,52U 
 
 Ves- 
 
 99 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 617 
 110 
 847 
 
 Tons 
 
 50,762 
 
 8,352 
 
 7,783 
 
 2,50,954 
 
 31.89H 
 
 .352,719 
 
 Quantities of the different Kinds of Silk Exported 
 from the Port oj Canton in each of the Yearr 
 1802-04. 
 
 Description of Silk 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 
 
 Hill 
 
 lbs. 
 798,661 
 
 16,952 
 
 694,212 
 
 105.908 
 
 2,274 
 
 lbs. 
 719,264 
 
 39,.368 
 420,562 
 
 92,568 
 
 ll<s. 
 
 363,755 
 
 16,.-v59 
 
 452,333 
 
 I02,.'',43 
 
 Total - 
 
 1,618.010 
 
 1,371,762 1 934,990 | 
 
 From this table it will be seen that the silk. 
 
 *i' 
 
 ,, I. 
 
 ' 
 
 
 f • 
 
 .M 
 
 
 " t 
 
 ■" ( - t 
 
 ' t 
 
 i. • 
 
 ^^^ 
 
^;:^:r^ 
 
 it- 
 
 264 
 
 tnulc is dcclininf:. The export of tea fell from 
 2(i3,00O piculs in 1800 to 109,742 piculs in 1865. 
 
 Contultir Fees. 
 
 Vot rrtrt ricctnnillon made before fhe rnnsitt in 
 
 fbrmt IL C. P. li. II. and L. in the Kheduia Jt : i. 
 
 ofliie .MerriiaiU Shippintc Act • • A U 
 
 Eiidor'iiift a meinnrnnifum of ciiange i>f matter 
 
 ii)ioii i-vrtiHoileof reffi^lry • - -020 
 
 For l.'r:mliiiKn proviiiionHi rertifiraleof reftiltry tO O 
 For re<-ordinKa mortgage of aahli> - . n 10 
 
 TraiKfer ofdo. - - - .070 
 
 DiMriiarce of do. - - • 7 fi 
 
 Halei.fuhip . • - - O 10 
 
 In.pcctton of rextiter - • - I 
 
 Kv•rJ^e.unaneltlfAKed^efore consul - - y o 
 
 Alter.ttton in .iKreement • - - j( O 
 
 Seaman diiict)iirt{rU - - - -0X0 
 
 . Dtlertiim.'ertifini - • -020 
 
 Attesting fteAman'ii will - • t) )l 
 
 Eiaiiiln illnii of proritioni and water, to Iw paid 
 
 hvp.rlYindif.ult • . 10 O 
 
 8arT»f(ulinnd|l7«i ISVict. c. lOtl. 488) . « (I 
 
 Di>l<ur>ei>ienti for dlttrewd teamen ■ ■ V) iier cent. 
 
 In all ihciecaieitlie cantul'i inlerpoaition U required bjr law. 
 
 In matters of voluntary jurisdiction, the follow- 
 ing fees are claimable : — 
 
 Nollnc iiroteit, with certified ropj Ifneeded - 
 Order or hurrey. with iln. • - - o 
 
 Kitendins a promt Willi do. • - 1 
 
 If b'Tond 'ma wonli, f..r each additional 100 
 
 woitli - 
 
 Preparing and attesting bottomry or arbitration 
 
 I 
 u i 
 
 I I 
 
 10 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 2 
 
 per diem 
 
 II 
 
 !) 
 III 
 
 2 II 
 
 1 1 n 
 
 U\ Iter cent. 
 
 t « 
 
 6 
 
 bond 
 Attealing do. when not prepaml by cnniiiil 
 Attendance nt ahtpwi¥cli out of consular ofTice 
 
 with travelling exjiensea ... 
 Attentling valtialion of gnodi under 200/. 
 Po. if aliotre, for each dav'i attendance 
 Attending sale of fiooiia lindvr 2lt0/. 
 Do. If above, for each day's attendance 
 CertiticAte of due landing of goods from Unitetl 
 
 Kingdom - . - - 
 
 Bill ol hialth .... 
 
 Vi.tf of pawpor* .... 
 Oiiening will nf British subject (not being lu.-iman) 
 Manauetnent of projierty lif ito. 
 Registra'ion of documents ... 
 If exceeilinir lll<l words, fur every 100 additional 
 Kvery certified copy of doi-uitieitt not before 
 
 mehti ned - - <# * t. 
 
 If ln'yond 100 words, for each inO . -0 B 
 
 Administering oath and attesiing signature, if 
 
 rrqulred - ■• - - - 2 
 
 Attes'iitg aign-tttire - - . - 2 
 
 Annexing ofltcial seal to any document not 
 
 previously named - - - .050 
 
 No fee to be taken for custody of or endorse- 
 ment on ship's articlea and papers deposited with 
 the consul in accordance with 17 tfe 18 Vict. c. 101 
 8. 279. 
 
 Where the fee is fixed in preceding tables 
 for any particular act, no additionnl fee to be de- 
 manded for signature, attestation, or annexing 
 sial of office. 
 
 Th '. above fees, if not paid in F.niclish money, 
 arc to be calculated at the current rate of e.\- 
 chanjjp. 
 
 The payment of our consuls by fees is much, 
 and we bi'licve justh*, objected to at Canton. It 
 is a bad practice anywhere, and especially so in 
 China. 
 
 A Cbinrse ship or junk is seldom the property 
 of ime individual. Sometimes 40, 50, or even 100 
 difTcrciit merchants purchase a vessel, and divide 
 her into as many different compartments as there 
 are partners ; so that each knows his own parti- 
 cular part in the ship, which he is at liberty to fit 
 up and secure as he pleases. The bulk-heads, by 
 which these divisions are formed, consist of stout 
 planks, so well caulked as to be completely water- 
 tight. A shin thus formed may strike on a rock 
 and 3'et sustain no serious injurv; a leak spring- 
 ing in one division of the hold will not be attended 
 with any damage to articles placed in another; 
 and from her firmness she is qualified to resist a 
 more than orilinary shock. A considerable loss of 
 stowage is, of course, sustained ; but the Chinese 
 exports generally contain a considerable value in 
 small bulk. It is only the very largest class of 
 junks that have so many owners ; but even in the 
 smallest class the number is very considerable. 
 
 Population of China, — For some remarks on the 
 
 CANTON 
 
 conflicting accounts and theories that have been 
 put forth with respect to the population of this 
 empire, the reader is referred to tne Geographical 
 Dictionary, art. ' China.' 
 
 CANVAS (Fr. toile & voile; Ger. scgeltuch ; 
 Ital. canevaxza, lona; Kuss. panissnoo polotno, 
 
 fiaruBsina ; Span. lona). Unbleached cloth of 
 lemp or flax, chiefly used for sails for shipping. 
 Masters of ships used to bo required to make entry 
 of all forcign-mado sails and cordage, not being 
 standing or running rigging, in use on board (heir 
 respective ships, undcra penalty of 100/. But this 
 and all other restrictions and regulations in regard 
 to foreign canvas are now repealed. It had been 
 the practice for a considerable period to grant 
 bounties on the exportation of canvas or sail- 
 cloth : these, however, finally ceased en the Ibt 
 of Januarv, 1832. By an Act passed in the reign 
 of Geo. if. new sails were ordered to be stamped 
 with the maker's name and place of abode ; but 
 this regulation was repealed by the 10 Geo. IV. 
 C 43 s. 8. 
 
 ' It is usually made in pieces or " bolts " from 24 
 to 30 inches wide, and 38 to 40 yards long. A bolt 
 of navy canvas (alwavs of the best quality) is aliout 
 40 yards long. Kacb bolt of canvas is numbered, 
 to show its quality, and bolts 39 yards long aiul 
 24 inches broad ought to weigh. No. 1 quality, 
 40 lbs.; No. 2, 43 lbs.; No. 3, 40 lbs. ; No. 4. 30 
 lbs. ; No. 5, 33 lbs. ; No. 6, 30 lbs. ; No. 7, 27 lbs. ; 
 No. 8, 25 lbs.; No. 9, 23 lbs.; and No. 10, 21 lbs. 
 The two last are uncommon.' (Young's Nautical 
 Dictionary.) 
 
 Prices of Sail-chth paid by Trinity House. 
 
 per yard 
 f. d. 
 
 (IRB.I - .14 
 For Mils, canvai No. 1 ; I Mi 1 . • I 6 
 (l8fi.7 ■ . I i 
 Falling jif. |>er yard each number. 
 
 The price fi.xcd for the value of imports of sails 
 and sail-cloth in 1866 was Ix. per square yard. 
 
 CAOUTCHOUC (Ger. federiiarz; Dutch, rias- 
 tickgom; Fr. caoutchouc ; Ital. gommii elas' ion; 
 Span, ule resina elastica). ' Caoutchouc, g<t>\i cbis- 
 tic, or india-rubber, are the general names for a 
 substance now so well known, familiar, and im- 
 portant, that it seems matter for surprise that the 
 latter half of the preceding century should have 
 passed away before it was maile known to Europe 
 by memoirs read to a learned bodv : for the re- 
 mainder of the century its extraordinary property 
 of elasticity and the grotestpio (ibjects made by 
 the Indians caused it to be met with in the cabi- 
 nets of the curious ; its general knowledge and use 
 was confined to erasing marks of black lead pencil 
 from paper, and in this country it received the 
 common name of lead-eater.' (Ure'a Dictionary, 
 by Hunt.) 
 
 The chief source of the 'India rubber' of com- 
 merce is the juice of several kinds of siphonia, and 
 especially the Siphonia elastica of Central nnd 
 South .\merica. The largest quantity of caout- 
 chouc is imported from Pard in Brazil. 
 
 Caoutchouc comes either in large flat pieces or 
 moulded on a framework of clay, in the shapt" of a 
 bottle. The latter are formed by concreting suc- 
 cessive layers of fresh juice on a clay mould. In 
 order to facilitate the drying of these layers, the 
 mass is exposed to smolco, which gi' »8 the sub- 
 stance a black colour. When it is not so treated, 
 the mass is a yellowish white. It is said that 
 acids, and especially alum, cause a more rapid 
 coagulation, and that ammonia retards the process. 
 
 Tne properties of caoutchouc were first made 
 known by Bouguer and La Condamine, who liad 
 been sent to Peru, by thu Aesdcmy of Sciences in 
 Paris, in order to measure a meridional arc in 
 

 (''■■ 
 
 • I 
 
 ■' t 
 
 ' I 
 
 ' . • 
 
 h'- •'!. 
 
 r;.. :;, 
 
 i , 
 
 S ; 
 
 i-.. 
 
 
 (".■■■ 
 
 ,1 
 

 V^i 
 
 
 
 describe 
 
 'Ihn I 
 
 t'hoiic si 
 
 Vnt 
 
 IK.VI 
 IKAI 
 lllA'> 
 INM 
 
 Those » 
 
 'I)iH valua 
 
 i'l ft re 
 
 A''Vfii in 
 
 price of ru 
 
 iOO per p,., 
 
 CAVKlii 
 
 VTx; Jfnl. 
 
 I'lTszH ; Ln 
 
 "lit "I' thcj 
 nicliH, in inc 
 fiord are imp 
 pnrl.s of tlie 
 
 "' ''Vance. 
 
 .Uajorcn, atifi 
 
 '» IW(!, :^0!l. 
 
 at «,",)0.'. j", 
 
 rhcir import! 
 anfl was repei 
 
 for.v in South 
 al)oiita2inil(.g 
 find on fhe wc 
 " iCivos its nt 
 
 i(i.;iO, and rcinj 
 
 'f,>M their poss 
 fishn, ]7y5 J 
 
 hfl Bnti«h in 
 J«l». Thestn 
 crossing each ot 
 Dcinff watered h 
 With oaJcs. Th 
 acconiin;,- to the 
 about a thinf wc 
 
 <lcfended by a 
 
 ships; but it is' 
 ■ liidi, (|„rin,r ti, 
 P'sf, fj,ro,v tn a 
 < 'slre.ssin{r accide, 
 <lra«back upon ( 
 rf*pec(s is »,„st „ 
 fial station. <\t 
 ;l"rinff the preval 
 fiblo Bay is' porf' 
 and abundance of 
 'l'«';iiin«te,„n,i„i, 
 I'WiiIiariy dosirabh 
 '""rfrom India. C 
 tort Jnstructiom 
 merchant vessels in 
 '^ p(Hiited out to tl 
 '■aptam when he bo 
 a mcTchant vessel 
 ffrmission from the 
 '■^tremcemcrfroncv.^ 
 ''';^e.o as early ai'p 
 - hliould it be tl!^ 
 7^1 to .lisclmr;;e o, 
 ''J'^l-le quantity of 
 '""•«'Jo"t toh.'nia' 
 
 ifnt/"*i (li''ii/'M<i/( <( i'u. 
 
i-ao -n, CAPERS 
 
 •?•?» - .'.:•?*? litwi . e»i«. moor iif^ .,„. i "'7''-.rakinr>'o.n,w,i.i.' _ . "" 
 
 Vrar 
 
 ill.M 
 
 inn 
 
 IX.U 
 IHM 
 
 INM 
 IDA' 
 IMS 
 
 V*ar 
 
 INMl 
 
 ixri.t 
 
 IWil 
 
 -WU. 
 
 - 4MMI 
 
 - »9,7M 
 
 - M,(l«9 
 
 - 7 1, to} 
 • 7»,I7B 
 ■ 7'J,710 
 
 "J?"""*?, not to overlav'/,'*'*'"'?''''Pe<--iaJ<-«rP, in "" 
 
 at .unglo anchor in The n,.? "'" "'""« may ri,l" 
 thiapa.e it is part C.IarU "^ ""^horaffe; Cut , 
 
 out«0or90fatLi"&';;;X'""''^^ 
 
 «8 the l.nhiiity „f „'„;,[;'.7..:"i- '.'y a chaincnh!,., 
 
 ,„, . '■'•"« ""soa^c it is particiil.rK; ''"'^'""■affe; but ii 
 
 lOfl per cent, higher thnn i*i • ''.-i''- Pfr lb., or 
 rcr.- ; Jtnl. cappar7 ^'.^'^klni'''"''' ' ''"'«''. I^«P- 
 
 ('apjiaris spinoKi, 
 oiK of the joint., 
 
 -Kin,„ostoftnowar„,p„,,„nu.ropo. 
 
 r. 111. ^1:^1* 
 
 ■J 
 
 i .'t 
 
 M 
 
 * . i" 
 
 I ! 
 
 
2fl0 
 
 capp:-town 
 
 ) • 
 
 h' 
 
 -I' 
 
 -ri 
 
 R ! 
 
 vcniciit inonns of adiiUcrntiii^ «ithcr."i; so tlint 
 bfl.lidt'S liciii;; itijiiriniis tii the rcviuiiio, xiirli roiliic- 
 tioii of tliily promotes fraiiiliilont prin'ticon, ami 
 (Iclrncts from the comforts of I lie piiblii". 
 
 Consideriibte qimntilies of hides, nkinK, and 
 honis are exported. Tlicy nre priiu'i|ially brought 
 frr)m AIl^oii llav, on the enslrriiHideof lhni:olonv; 
 nnd tlie trade has increased very fast iliirin^ the 
 last I') years. Aloes nre nn important produrt ; 
 and word, Initter, beef, ivory, ar>{iil, and various 
 otiier articles nre among tlie exports. 'I'he hitter 
 also include dried lish, whal« and seal oil tVc, 
 the (^ipe lishcries being "^ considerable value. 
 Copper ore ia also become an important article of 
 export. 
 
 The imports of the Cape consist of woollens, 
 cottons, hardware, furniture, haberdashery, paper, 
 books, nnd portions of most articles ii>ed in this 
 
 country. I'iece pnodn and leak timlier nre imported 
 fniin India, tea from China, sugar from India, the 
 Mauritius li-c. 
 
 Trade. — The trade between the colonists and 
 the independent natives is snliji'<'le<l to various 
 restraints, of which it is not always very easy to 
 discover the |)olicy. TIk" xnle of gntipowdir and 
 lirearnis to the natives has been prohibited; a 
 regulation which might have been a judicious one. 
 i.^id they not been able to obtain them from any 
 one else. The Americans have, however, traded 
 with the eastern const, and have liberally sn|>- 
 plieil the natives with these and various other 
 articles; so that by keeping up the regnlation in 
 question we merely exidude ourselves from pnr- 
 tn-ipating in what might be an udvantageout 
 trade. Since we have taken possession of Natal, 
 this intercourse may perhaps have been stopped. 
 
 Account of the Quantities anil J'a.'iirt of Homeallr J'toi/arta anil Manufacturer fXjiorteit from thr 
 United Kingdom to the Cajte Volonif in each of the 5 Yean ending with 18G0. 
 
 'I l*rlncip«l and other .Irliclt't 
 
 Uunntllin 
 
 App«rr! nnil habrrtliulinnr • 
 
 Arin« and aiiimtitiHIun ; viz. 
 Fire-iinn'4 nmnlt) 
 (iuii|>owdcr 
 Rh^. nnpty - 
 Hi-er and ale - 
 Itook^, Itriiilifl 
 llri»« 
 
 Copper, wrouftlit and unwrouifht 
 Cinillf, 
 
 ("iwli, cinder*, anil rnim 
 Cottun:., entvri'il liv the y.ml 
 
 at value 
 I>rU(.''* and rhemir il prndnrt* 
 Karlherware and imrri-Uin > 
 
 Furniriirel cabin.-t and upliuU 
 
 »tfry ware* - 
 <ila«« ni.iniifai'ttiri't 
 Hardwares and Liillerr, unenu- 
 
 ineraleil 
 H.iti. of all Mirtil - • 
 
 Iron, wrnuKht and unwrnvi^^ht - 
 Leather, urntixht and un- 
 wrouuht 
 tndtl'erv and Iiarnc*» 
 Linen*, entiTi-U liy the yard • 
 
 at Taliie 
 Afacbincry nnd niiilwiirV 
 Taper, of all sort*, includinx 
 
 f' i|>tT hanffin^i 
 k inanuf.it tilrea 
 Soup • . • • 
 
 St ifi'inerr, other than piper 
 Siu;,»r. refined 
 Wooiti'ni, enteral hy the yani - 
 
 at value 
 .\1I other arliclei 
 Total 
 
 value 
 
 no. 
 
 lilt. 
 
 ilozcii 
 
 harreU 
 
 l'Wt«, 
 
 I In. 
 
 tont 
 yardi 
 value 
 
 rwtv. 
 
 il.i/en 
 
 Ions 
 
 value 
 
 vanli 
 value 
 
 rwli. 
 v.ilue 
 rwl*. 
 taUle 
 i»ti. 
 y.inis 
 value 
 
 Apparel and haberladiery - 
 
 .\rin* and anuiiunltion ; vii. 
 
 Fire arms (vmaJl) - 
 
 (luniKiwdtT 
 IliUr*, einp'y • 
 K'-er and ale . - - 
 
 flook«, printed 
 
 Ilraw • - • 
 
 C.pp'T, wrought and unwrouKht 
 
 Candles 
 
 CoaK, finder*, and mini 
 
 Cultunk, entered hy the \ard 
 
 at value 
 Dnig* and chemif.il priNln<-t« 
 kirtlienware and ponelaln 
 Furniture: raliini't and uptwl- 
 
 Mery wares - 
 (;iasv inaniifirtnre* 
 llardwaret aJid cutlery, unenu- 
 
 inerated ... 
 Hats, ora'l voTti 
 
 Ir m. wruu^lit and unwronijtit - 
 I.eatlier, wrou;:ht and un- 
 wrouitlit 
 ».addiery ami hame*^ 
 LIneiu. entered hy the y.ard 
 
 at va'ue 
 Machinery and ntiMwork 
 Paper, of all sort*, including 
 
 paper h.tngin)ri 
 Silk inanufacturet 
 H.iap . . - . 
 
 Slaliorerv, othtT than paper 
 Mu:;ar, ri-lined 
 Woollens, enteretl by the yard - 
 
 at value 
 All other arllclet 
 Total 
 
 value 
 
 no. 
 Ib^. 
 
 iloien 
 
 barreU 
 cwt». 
 
 lU. 
 
 tons 
 
 vartls 
 
 value 
 
 rwts. 
 
 doren 
 
 tons 
 
 yard* ! 
 value I 
 
 cwts. 
 
 value 
 
 I wis, 
 
 value* 
 
 cwts, 
 
 yards 
 
 value 
 
 T.TtI 
 
 J.1»,1I'>'> 
 
 I'.lliS 
 
 16,4<JI 
 
 I.VSl 
 
 l.ivn 
 I ,'M 
 
 819,119 
 .lii.'lrc 
 
 1,011,111 
 
 i:,:iii 
 11,1.11 
 !i,.'.(; I 
 
 7'i1,960 
 
 iiT.0.11 
 
 7,;m 
 
 IMS 
 
 M,07l 
 ll.l.VI 
 
 l,\1.1 
 
 1,.'.M) 
 
 l.imi) 
 
 StS.OHS 
 
 1Ci,.TKI 
 
 .'>,.iM,i(;9 
 
 ll,1'>9 
 
 1I,-.I7 
 
 7,;(>s 
 
 .'.,083 
 
 ,■",417 
 
 7,1107 
 9St,ii< 
 
 I8r.l 
 
 1,HII 
 
 4«,»7'> 
 I6,7lil 
 
 l.tKll 
 
 1 ,1171) 
 
 fil 19,17'! 
 
 .^7,((.7 
 
 l2,li3,7M 
 
 ii?,K.'.r, 
 
 17,1.17 
 9,ll>^ 
 
 7.1.'i.779 
 
 r.,\t\ 
 
 .11.110 
 T,.'.'.9 
 
 l,f>j'),.'s);i 
 
 »,.10H 
 
 SlVI.'lil 
 
 .17.7SI 
 
 IH.IKi.l 
 
 i.eiH 
 
 471 
 
 SOS 
 
 lU.TIIi 
 l.OSfi.UM 
 
 17,019 
 
 9,StiV 
 4,79'. 
 
 M»,787 
 
 if AS 
 
 10, BIO 
 
 4.f;7.'. 
 
 i,i;ii,i.Tt 
 
 Declared Real Value 
 
 lH(i« 
 
 Vli,il»7 
 l«,H'): 
 l,r.-, 
 
 ■ HO 
 
 l.'^ll 
 
 51A,II.',| 
 
 '^7,11! 
 
 l».l'i'J,.WI 
 
 ll,ii«: 
 .'■,7'Jl 
 •AMI 
 
 ■''Si.osa 
 
 i,n<i.i 
 l«,ni.i 
 
 .i.f.n 
 
 S01,1,'.1 
 
 ISM 
 
 I86S 
 
 I8fil 
 
 1863 
 
 186li 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 / 
 
 377,«6S 
 
 iSI,l.'.l 
 
 60<Jr^l3 
 
 45'J,I15 
 
 3;7,«,'.« 
 
 .-.7,0 ;s 
 
 !Hi,71'i 
 
 1I.473 
 
 8,«96 
 
 9,niil 
 
 9,1170 
 
 7,9'i'l 
 
 'J, IBS 
 
 8, .',.18 
 
 
 »?.IM1 
 
 S.I.C.V. 
 
 ,'S9,7V() 
 
 40,178 
 
 '/(> ViS 
 
 70.V4 '. 
 
 44,r.01 
 
 fili.HH 
 
 6li,Jli(i 
 
 i;,.'i»i 
 
 ItO.fiM 
 
 ■.10,4.11 
 
 •i^'filt 
 
 VI, 698 
 
 HI,! 11 
 
 li,lV9 
 
 7,181 
 
 .^,810 
 
 «,49l 
 
 IIS 7 
 
 6, SOI) 
 
 4,71.3 
 
 4,8.01 
 
 3,.1.W 
 
 .'..117 1 
 
 .1.1.7H9 
 
 '^9,879 
 
 I9,'t.-.n 
 
 9,^S7 
 
 IH.171 
 
 19,1'IH 
 
 14,'^HH 
 
 3Y,31K 
 
 »3,ol'< 
 
 l(i.3'lS 
 
 S17,.1.M 
 
 1|7,(S>H 
 
 .1».-..')8l 
 
 «B.',,978 
 
 31.'i,3';4 
 
 1S,IY.1 
 
 1 1,8V0 
 
 18,71'. 
 
 i»,3r9 
 
 l.'i,l76 
 
 17,97.'. 
 
 14,S47 
 
 '.i/,179 
 
 fIfiVl 
 
 17JM 
 
 '.10,111 
 
 lfi,l9U 
 
 ti.uyi 
 
 \6,<r,t 
 
 lu.'iie 1 
 
 'i7,l90 
 
 ti.MO 
 
 20.1B6 
 
 17,198 
 
 in.Bj,. ' 
 
 •^n,ll3 
 
 18,780 
 
 23,94 i 
 
 lB,9i3 
 
 lAIkU 1 
 
 8.1. 19S 
 
 f./,SSI 
 
 Hl.•)^» 
 
 6.0,514 
 
 4!,nf,9 
 
 '^n.'llS 
 
 «l,41l 
 
 .K',7B9 
 
 V0,3I4 
 
 U.I'll , 
 
 115,171 
 
 115,867 
 
 141,914 
 
 «9,V67 
 
 43/.I); [ 
 
 I09.K17 
 
 86,'2?l 
 
 1IB,B78 
 
 «0,r.84 
 
 tn.-n,'. 
 
 .I.I.V.Ifi 
 
 w,r,w 
 
 V9,4 1 1 
 
 »3,3.Vi 
 
 »,1'.'-. 
 
 •Vt.ixy 
 
 17,'il7 
 
 3V,I'I7 
 
 tll,7'<9 
 
 vi.vn 
 
 \;i'.n 
 
 9«n 
 
 t.'MI 
 
 l,'i78 
 
 i.i'..i 
 
 Tjfi:,<i 
 
 ■i.V.I'.< 
 
 39,706 
 
 W,ti6 
 
 ii,»i 
 
 ir.,<)')9 
 
 1.^.87'. 
 
 t\fln 
 
 1.V76 
 
 ii,f7n ' 
 
 14,1.4 
 
 l.^,•i•>l 
 
 9,9W) 
 
 6,1'JS 
 
 i.'i.ii 
 
 •l\,f,l\ 
 
 .ifi,»l( 
 
 33,88.0 
 
 15,81.4 
 
 IV 11 
 
 Vl.'lf^-i 
 
 U,'ri' 
 
 1I,7V1 
 
 ll,«6-> 
 
 ii.e'ii, 
 
 »'<,016 
 
 ■I.SU 
 
 7.V(I7 
 
 7,5'.U 
 
 5,'j(lC 
 
 119,131 
 
 1011,011 
 
 I.'.fi.773 
 
 I«0,I77 
 
 79,1 ».■> 
 
 lO.IIti 
 
 9.8.V; 
 
 1 1 ,931 
 
 «,'r.7 
 
 4.Btl 
 
 'i99,7S3 
 
 S8 1.7.17 
 
 'i9l,».1l) 
 
 197,8.15 
 
 IBH.icg 
 
 I,9S1,'«3 
 
 l,.VM.'i8.^ 
 
 •i.t'AMi 
 
 1,701,060 
 
 1,399,1111 : 
 
 Account 
 
 ''rincli 
 
 Aloe. ~~7 
 Arrowroot * 
 
 t.'om, 
 
 taipprrore . 
 < oitiai, raw 
 feallier,, m,|„ 
 iiidei, not Ian 
 Horn,, hornlli 
 
 boni 
 Inditfu 
 
 tbi, daln or Mi 
 •(lermaceti 
 I etruleum . 
 Ki.e, nm rial, 
 busk . 
 rouihorii 
 Skim, giMt, uiii 
 
 leal . 
 „ "beep. III 
 
 Sunar, unrefiiKs 
 Teeth, elephant 
 loLacco, iiianuf 
 Wine 
 
 Wool, khiTpanil 
 Another arlJi-U.t 
 
 Tola 
 
 AInei 
 
 Arrowroot - 
 CoIIm 
 
 t'opiKr ore - 
 Coi;on, raw 
 leather!, ostrich 
 jliUei, not taunt d 
 "orna, burnllpt, a 
 
 born 
 Indico 
 
 Oil, train or blubh 
 •iwrmacell or 
 I etruleum • 
 KIce, not rouih 
 hu>k 
 tough or 111 th( 
 "kini, goat, iiiidre. 
 teal ■ 
 
 ihetp. undre 
 ;— H-r, unreliiied 
 leiih,eleplmnt>' 
 Tobacco, nianufact' 
 Wine . I 
 
 Wnt.l, theep and la 
 All other articles 
 Total 
 
 tl 
 
 But we shot 
 we supposed 
 greater portion 
 Capc-'lown. ( 
 the W. side oi 
 harbour, being 
 of the colony, ai 
 of wool, is bee 
 trade, its c^xpor 
 those of Cupe-'j 
 British Kurtrari 
 the relative imj 
 lowing table h. 
 importance of 
 
 Statement show! 
 Vessels that I 
 Ports of Cape 
 
 Vaia 
 
 CajM? I'own 
 I'tiCt llcaufort 
 Mossel Hay 
 Sniii.u', I'own . 
 Tttrt Kli/alwth ' 
 Port.llfred 
 Total 
 
 t.'oastwUe ; 
 tape Town 
 I'oit Ueaiiturt . 
 .Vovsel Hay 
 MniMn's l'o«n . 
 I'wt KlUabeth . 
 I Total ca.i>twbe 
 llotal . 
 
CAPPVroWN 
 
 267 
 
 Account of the Quantitki and Valuen of the I'rinriiHil Article*, the Produce of the Colony, exported 
 thence to the United Kimjdom in eiieh of the !> ftari endiny u-iih IHGC. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Unantllln 
 
 
 
 Prlncl|MU and Mtwr Anklw 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IM'i 
 
 IIN)3 
 
 U64 
 
 III64 
 
 I8C6 
 
 AIOM 
 
 IIm. 
 
 nijnt^ 
 
 4in„VI.'> 
 
 474,763 
 
 731.777 
 
 791,594 
 
 Arrowroot - 
 
 cwi«. 
 
 1,1)46 
 
 1,1. V, 
 
 UVVI 
 
 l,V.1il 
 
 2,164 
 
 Cufffc* 
 
 llM. 
 
 IH.Vlll 
 
 .17,1 '.7 
 
 49,199 
 
 KH.IIM 
 
 401,211 
 
 r^liprfoTo - - • 
 
 ton* 
 
 V.UMt 
 
 .1,|.Vi 
 
 4r1NI 
 
 4,1 IN6 
 
 4,13H 
 
 ('oiliiit, raw 
 
 rwm. 
 
 li.Mli 
 
 .14,os/ 
 
 I.;(I7 
 
 1,111 
 
 4,115 
 
 K>;illtrrN, oNtrtch • 
 
 lbs. 
 
 »,»»(» 
 
 ll.^l'i 
 
 15,017 
 
 17,H9'i 
 
 17,99*, 
 
 llldn, not tJinniHl 
 
 twit. 
 
 IV.illl 
 
 13,11,1 
 
 14,4.1 
 
 in.um 
 
 1.1,099 
 
 Horiu, hurniltM, uml plrcM of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 h«m 
 
 toni 
 
 tx 
 
 Kli 
 
 Hi 
 
 87 
 
 M 
 
 Imlltfu ... 
 
 Oil, fValnor lilulitN*r . 
 
 ewU. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 6(i 
 
 — 
 
 .131 
 
 tunt 
 
 11 
 
 .19 
 
 47 
 
 64 
 
 lf.4 
 
 •(NFriiiacrtt or licrtil maltvr 
 
 >• 
 
 ™ 
 
 40 
 
 131 
 
 » 
 
 ^ 
 
 rfftrultum - 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 637 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' hu.h - - 
 
 cwt«. 
 
 «J1 
 
 fi,H39 
 
 
 
 14,870 
 
 24.041 
 
 rouRh or in ih« huhk 
 
 qrt. 
 
 lu; 
 
 
 _ 
 
 K,I)H4 
 
 1,(75 
 
 Sk;iu, K<Mt» uiHlietMnt 
 
 tin. 
 
 7«.1,W)1 
 
 D 111,191 
 
 l»9,76'i 
 
 .166,S7t 
 
 30'(.BIn 
 
 
 
 K.MW 
 
 .1,1 'i'l 
 
 l,IKl 
 
 
 5,'i26 
 
 ilicrp, un<lrt'i«iHl 
 
 ,, 
 
 643,'J6fi 
 
 SIM,7VI 
 
 .141, V79 
 
 omMit 
 
 762,901 
 
 NuKMr, unirfinr<l 
 
 (,'Wt*. 
 
 i,nu 
 
 I7.*41t 
 
 59,5111 
 
 44,715 
 
 31,414 
 
 'I't'i'ihi clrphanU' 
 
 
 i,iy4 
 
 »,<.1H 
 
 l.lin 
 
 
 
 Tnhacco, itiAnufarlurcd 
 
 Ilx. 
 
 I4K 
 
 419 
 
 «,7H'. 
 
 SS5,7.1l| 
 
 41,5 
 
 Wine 
 
 R.illiint 
 
 49,t.V^ 
 
 101,107 
 
 «'I,I75 
 
 
 2.1,686 
 
 Wool, »h»T|i nml Uriili>' 
 
 IIm. 
 
 IK ,9.111 ,MI6 
 
 «a,ibii,i,i7 
 
 19,H.10,M)J 
 
 a9,2iO,.1M 
 
 29,249,000 
 
 Allothrr arlldii 
 
 Toral . 
 
 «a1uv 
 
 — 
 
 -^ 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 Comimlnl lUal Valu* 
 
 
 III61 
 
 IM!1 
 
 IHSI 
 
 1865 
 
 1166 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Alow 
 
 Arrowroot - 
 CotYee 
 
 IIm. 
 
 4,n9.'» 
 
 HMX 
 
 ll..V(9 
 
 H.8S'! 
 
 12,4(3 
 
 cwU. 
 
 »,'(«7 
 
 3,9(4 
 
 5,ll'>! 
 
 3,9(11 
 
 7,801 
 
 Il». 
 
 fill 
 
 1,1 IHU 
 
 1 ..ih; 
 
 1I,«H9 
 
 l»,K5l 
 
 
 74,119.1 
 
 Wl.H'il 
 
 ll(l,-,79 
 
 U.'r,fi5« 
 
 73,372 
 
 Cotton, r»w 
 
 KMihKM, »trlch • 
 
 MUlei. not taniKU • ■ 
 
 
 .-4,4.S« 
 
 19li,IIU 
 
 15,1.17 
 
 It,lll7 
 
 29,41 »i 
 
 II,*. 
 
 CWtt. 
 
 41,V..1 
 ■it,tl3 
 
 lllli.9IH 
 tl7,ll9 
 
 1.19,'^ >l 
 ,11,l.3i 
 
 V3,90O 
 
 105,971 
 2>,910 
 
 llorni, hormlpi, and iiitct* of 
 
 horn 
 ImliKO I. ,, • 
 Oil, train oTMubber - 
 
 ■uermaceti or head matter 
 Vrtrutfurn • ■ • 
 
 ton» 
 luiu 
 
 11,176 
 ~447 
 
 t,ril3 
 
 1,57" 
 
 1,.,7« 
 
 V,II4 
 
 111,620 
 
 ?,099 
 
 "2,795 
 71H 
 
 1,871 
 7,656 
 7,911 
 
 "9.424 
 
 Kit**, not rough nor in th« 
 
 husk 
 touith or III the hunk 
 8kinit fioai, «nilre*M?d 
 
 iea.\ ■ 
 
 ■hei|i. undrrtM-d 
 Nunr, unrtfliiwd 
 'i evih, elephant*' 
 Tohatcu, manufactured 
 
 rwU* 
 
 W5 
 
 Sfii» 
 
 _ 
 
 7,133 
 
 13.573 
 
 ■in. 
 no. 
 
 .VV4 
 
 .1.'i,41» 
 
 7,'irJ 
 
 4T,»9i 
 1,IIH9 
 
 .lT,353 
 713 
 
 4,39< 
 
 fi.5,SII1 
 
 ■JMlii 
 
 2,295 
 
 4li,6.'i.1 
 5.375 
 
 
 r>,1,M>H 
 
 .111,11 Hi 
 
 5.1,161 
 
 »H,^-3 
 
 79,186 
 
 CWtl. 
 
 'I'hs. 
 
 ffalli'iift 
 
 lln. 
 
 value 
 
 1,W.T 
 
 •i7,19.1 
 
 7 
 
 1,151, W 
 .19,6U'I 
 
 fill,.171 
 
 tl 
 
 10,6111 
 
 76.741 
 
 3J,4iA 
 
 .131 
 
 'i,74» 
 
 M.tM> 
 
 9,4 1 » 
 9.037 
 
 32.560 
 
 19,779 
 
 19 
 
 2,010 
 
 Wioe '..".. 
 Wool, »heep and \\mW 
 AH other artlde-i 
 
 Total - 
 
 1,'^ 1.1,1 Vi 
 45,007 
 
 l,t«4,79l< 
 
 lli,(Kil 
 
 l,83;,4H3 
 40,293 
 
 »,179>)n 
 4.1,140 
 
 l,Sl7.itil 
 
 1,919,1143 
 
 1,975,H71 
 
 2,ll5,4ll'i 
 
 1 2,719,323 
 
 But wo should fall into tlie tircateat error if 1 
 ive supposed that cither the whole or even the. 
 ifrcaU-r portion of this produce wiis shipiwd from | 
 Cape- Town. Ou the contrary, Port Elizabeth, on i 
 the W. side of Algo.i Bav, with an excellent I 
 harbour, being situated in the most fertile district | 
 of the colony, and the most suitable for the growth , 
 of wool, is become the centre of a con.>iiderabIe 
 trade, its (exports in some years having exceeded 
 those of Cape-Town. The recent annexation of 
 British Kattraria, however, will no doubt increase 
 the relative importance of Ca|io-Town. The fol- 
 lowing table shows the comparative commercial ' 
 importance of the places referred to : — 
 
 Statement showing the Number and Tonnage of the 
 Vefseh that entered each of the undermentioned 
 Porta of Cape Colon;/ in 18G3-G5. 
 
 Tutu 
 
 
 
 Entered 
 
 
 
 1863 
 
 1861 
 
 1865 
 
 Veawla 
 
 Torn 
 
 177,87.-. 
 
 995 
 
 1,611; 
 
 20,9.12 
 
 51.332 
 
 Veaael. 
 
 Tuna 
 
 Viiaela 
 
 'J'ona 
 
 r«iM'Town 
 
 I'url Jlfiiiiliitt - 
 
 M>)M*I »«» 
 
 Smuin'^ '1 own • 
 
 I'uit Kliinlwlli • 
 
 Port.dfrwi 
 ToUl 
 Coa.lwUe : 
 
 Cape Town 
 rmt U«aiilbrt > 
 
 Mo>sel liny 
 >nni.ir4 lo»n - 
 I'otl EliiiWUl . 
 Tolal ciMstwh* 
 
 Total - 
 
 391 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 37 
 
 lh8 
 
 39 ( 
 
 To 
 49 
 
 ~B59' 
 
 177.081 
 
 lT873 
 
 2li,99l 
 67,917 
 
 3.-3 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 42 
 
 172 
 1 
 
 144.8117 
 
 918 
 
 768 
 
 27,094 
 
 71,154 
 
 1.59 
 
 2.54,931 
 
 1.29 
 
 ■(.■(.7.10 
 
 273,924 
 
 27,555 
 
 4';242 
 .1.9. 'T 
 |N,8<I7 
 
 .555 
 
 119 
 18 
 
 .>• 
 
 19 
 
 60 
 
 285 
 
 914 
 
 11,918 
 2,811 
 5,475 
 3,967 
 17,.'.73 
 41,777 
 297,516 
 
 210 
 
 36 
 19 
 
 a 
 
 330 
 
 195 
 15 
 39 
 21 
 77 
 
 29,755 
 2,.107 
 6,1.47 
 4, .17 7 
 
 2.-. ,838 
 
 54,431 
 
 317 
 902 
 
 66,924 
 .121,8.54 
 
 989 
 
 328,4.'.<i 
 
 In the 5 years 18G2-6 we exported to the 
 Cape foreign and colonial produce and maiuifiic- 
 tures of the values of 113,316/., 10'2,42'1/., 108,820/., 
 67,300/., and 00,989/. 
 
 Custom-house IIeoulations, Duties, Fees 
 
 ETC. 
 
 On Admimion of a Ship to Kntry, observe — 
 
 1. 'J"hc shiji's register must be loilged in the 
 Custom-house until the vcs-sel clear again for sea. 
 
 2. The manifest of the cargo on board for this 
 place must be deposited there. 
 
 3. The cockcts of cargoes ship])cd from any 
 place in Great Britain or Ireland fur tliis placo 
 must also be deposited there. 
 
 From the endorsement of such cockets an ex- 
 tract is to be made, which will show the contcntB 
 of the ditferent )>ackagcs on board, and facilitate 
 the making out of the entries. 
 
 4. In making out the declarations, the value 
 by invoice of tlic different commodities must be 
 given by the importer, in order to enable the 
 Custom-house to estimate the duties payable, and 
 to send in to Uovemment, annually, the required 
 statement of the total duties received upon the 
 several articles imported. 
 
 In the clearing of a Ship iMtivards, observe — 
 
 1. The master must produce a certificate from 
 the harbour-master that the tonnage duties of the 
 port have been paid. 
 
 2. The export manifest must be examined with 
 the permits granted, in onlcr to ascertain whether 
 packages have been shipped without a permit. 
 
 ,•> ' 
 
 ;» 
 
 V II 
 
 V ■■ « i • 
 
 
 I;-)..- :• 
 
 A ■■'.■: 
 
 ,-■! ..''il. 
 
 , '' 1 
 
 i" 1 
 
 •1, ■ , : 
 
 J I 
 
 \ 1. .»" 
 
 ■I , 
 
 ( : 
 
 ' 1: 
 
 
Vf 
 
 268 
 
 CAPE-TOWN 
 
 ■ fP 
 
 3. Export tloclarationa must be sent in by the 
 several shippers of the qualitv and value of nooda 
 or ]iro(lucc shipped by them, in order to ascertain 
 the amotint of the exports of the colony. 
 
 4. When Cape wine is shipped for exportation 
 to P'.nKland, affidavit of the particular description 
 of such wine must bo delivered, and a ccrtiticatc 
 granted, by the collector or comptrollt;r of customs, 
 to the master, of his having received such affidavit. 
 
 5. Manifests, in triplicate, of such goods as are 
 shipped from the Cape for Great Britain, must 
 be delivered signed and sworn to by the master, 
 before the collector or comptroller. 
 
 The original of which ia to be returned to the 
 master to accompany tlie cargo. 
 
 The duplicate to be forwarded, by the first con- 
 veyance sailing subsequently to the vessel con- 
 taining the original, to the commissioners of cus- 
 toms in England ur Scotland respectively, as the 
 case may happen. 
 
 And the triplicate, Avrittcn on or covered with 
 a stamp, to remain us an ollice copy. 
 
 N.B.— Ships taking in cargoes for other parts 
 of the world are rc(iuired to deliver only original 
 and duplicate manifests. 
 
 6. When whale oil or whale Jjone is shipped 
 from the Cape for England, the proprietor of the 
 whale fishery is to malte oath before the collector 
 or comptroller that the same were bona fide the 
 produce of fish, or creiiturca living in the seo, 
 actually taken and caught wholly by her Majesty "s 
 subjects usually residing in this colony ; and the 
 collector or comptirller is to grant a certificute 
 under his hand and seal to the master, testifying 
 that such oath hath been made before him. 
 
 7. When salted seal skins are sliippcd from the 
 Cape for England, the shipper is to make oath 
 before the collector or comptroller that the same 
 arc if-ally anti bona fide the skins of seals taken 
 and caught on the coasts appertaining to the Cape 
 of liood Hope, wholly by her Majesty's subjects 
 usually residing in this colony; and that all the 
 salt used in the curing or preserving of the same 
 was not made in, or exported from, (ireat liritain 
 or Ireland ; and the collector or comptroller is to 
 grant a certificate to the master accordingly. 
 
 8. The original manifest, and a copy thereof, 
 of sliips touching at the Cape of Good Hope, witli 
 cargoes from tlie eastward for England, to be 
 delivered and sworn to by the master before the 
 collector or comptroller. The original to be re- 
 turned to the master, and the copy forwarded from 
 the Custom-house to the commissioner of customs. 
 
 9. If any part of such cargo shall be discharged 
 at the Cape of Good Hope, the collector or comp- 
 troller is to endorse upon the manifest the part of 
 the cargo so discharged, and verify the same. 
 
 A Table of Ditties of Customs }>ayahle on Goods, 
 Wares, and Merchandise imported into the Colony 
 of the Cape of Good Hope, per Act I, 18")0. 
 
 Duly 
 
 Ate or liwr, Tit. :— 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 J. 
 
 d 
 
 in tioltlpH - 
 
 . 
 
 • R»l. 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 nut ill bottler 
 
 - 
 
 -Hal. 
 
 
 
 
 
 'i 
 
 f■^eese 
 
 . 
 
 - <!Wt. 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Oliuiamon or lasbia 
 
 . 
 
 . III. 
 
 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 Cloves 
 
 . 
 
 - III. 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 Coll« 
 
 . 
 
 - cwl. 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 fi 
 
 Flour, wtieat<'n 
 
 bar 
 
 of 196 lbs. 
 
 n 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Fruil!,, .Irif.1, >iz.:- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 curranttt, raisins, or figs 
 
 - 
 
 - cwl. 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 (iinfier, *iz. ; — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .lij 
 
 . 
 
 . III. 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 prwerved or cliowi Iiow 
 
 - 
 
 ■ III. 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 (TUnpoMrdt r - 
 
 
 ■ III. 
 
 
 
 
 
 (i 
 
 <iuns, or ({un.liarrelii • 
 
 . 
 
 . bar. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 Miire 
 
 . 
 
 ■ lb. 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 9 
 
 JVIeat, haltitl or curttl - 
 
 
 - rwt. 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 (1 
 
 iNuirnt'K^ 
 
 . 
 
 - lb. 
 
 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 Pt'IUMT . . - 
 
 . 
 
 • rwt. 
 
 II 
 
 II) 
 
 n 
 
 fi'tifU, or piktol-barreU 
 
 . 
 
 • eiich 
 
 
 
 III 
 
 1) 
 
 Hi™ 
 
 - 
 
 - rwl. 
 
 u 
 
 * 
 
 II 
 
 NpiiltK'ir all ^ortH, not rxi*p*f<Ilnir the sIrenL'lh of |iroof 
 li> Svkes'ii h>(lroiiit;tt.'r, and mi in proportion for any 
 Kicdlvr fctren^th .... i;al. 
 
 3 
 
 Oaoda 
 
 Duty 
 
 ie . _ 
 
 Liqueurs, oordiali, or sweetened ipliits * * gat. 4 II 
 
 Sutfhr, *ii. :— 
 
 unrelint^t . . , - cwl. 3 6 
 
 reHnrd. or candy .... cwt. ll S n 
 
 molassn . . - - ■ cwt. O 2 ll 
 
 Tea- - • - - - lb. O fi 
 
 Tobacco, viz. : 
 
 not manufactured - - . cwt. 1 ft 
 
 manufactured (not clears), or snufT • -cwt. *l lli ll 
 
 clKarstat theontlon of theotHcvrsof customs) luud O \t l> 
 
 or the lb. ■ - - ■ - U I 3 
 
 Wine, Tiz. I— 
 
 in bottles .... |tal. O 2 fi 
 
 not in bottles - • - - gnX. O 'i U 
 
 Wooil, unmanufacturetl - - cubic foot U 2 
 
 Goods not beiiv: . numerated or described, nor otherwise 
 charited with diil.r, and not |irohiliited to be imported 
 into, or usetl in, the Colony of the Gape of Uood llope, 
 
 fur e<rry inO/. »luii - • • - 7 10 
 
 Foreign reprints of books, originally published in 
 the United Kingdom, and there protected by 
 copyright, may now (Act Col. Pari. No. 4, 1854) 
 be imported here on paying an ad valorem duty 
 of 20 per cent, on the bona, fide value of such 
 reprints. 
 
 Fkeis. 
 
 Animals, living. 
 
 Books and music printed. 
 
 Bottles of common glass, imported full of spirits, 
 wine, beer, or ale. 
 
 Bullion or coin. 
 
 Coals, coke, or patent fuel. 
 
 Diamonds. 
 
 Guano. 
 
 Ice. 
 
 Maps or charts. 
 
 Pictures. 
 
 Provisions or stores of every description, imported 
 or supplied for the use oi her Majesty's loud or 
 sea forces, when the customs duties shall not 
 have been paid thereon. 
 
 Seeds, bulbs, or plants. 
 
 Specimens illustrative of natural history. 
 
 VVine, imported or taken out of bond for the use of 
 military officers serving on full pay in this 
 colony or in British Kuflraria,and also for the use 
 of officers other Majesty's navy serving on board 
 any of her Jfajosty's siiips : subject, however, 
 to such regulations as the governor shall think 
 fit to make ; and provided that if any such wines 
 shall be sub.sequontly sold in this colony, cxeept 
 for the use or consumption of any of her M;i- 
 jesty's military or nav;il officers serving lis 
 aforesaid, the same shall be forfeited, and be 
 liable to seizure accordingly. 
 
 All articles of naval or military uniform or appoint- 
 ments imported by otticers stationed in this 
 colony, or liritisli Kaflraria, for their own ii.ic. 
 Custom House Fees. — All fees abolished by Or- 
 dinance No. 6 of 1853. 
 
 Queen's Warehouse Bent, — A certain sum per 
 
 week is charged upon goods, in proportion to tlicir 
 
 bulk and value. 
 
 Commission. — Tlie following rates of conimissiim 
 
 are charged and allowetl, namely : — 
 
 Per cent. 
 1. On the net amount of nil xales of i;n<Kts by public sale, and 
 
 on the |;rnK<i amount of hII other sales- - - <> 
 
 ^. ttoods ronsiuneil, and nfterwarils wirlulrawn • - '^f 
 
 3. On pur< hasen eftet'tidfrnin the prnceeilsof|;ouft«on which 
 
 a cnnimis>i(in has a'leady liivn cluiufd • v^ 
 
 4. On alloiher purchases, or shiiimenisnf^iKMl^ - . .'i 
 ■'>. On the sate or purch.isc of ships, houses, or laiidi> - • '^k 
 li. On ships' disblirsfnients - - • - .'» 
 7. On procuring freiuht - - • - • •'» 
 K. tin colIeclinK freiuhl on Khips tiounil to this place • Jt) 
 *J. On |tiiHr.in:eein(; bills ur bonds hy indorsement or other- 
 wise . . ■ . SI 
 
 10. On collectlnll debts without recourse to law - - 2{ 
 llitio where le|{:it priicecdlnKS are taken • - - .'i' 
 
 It. On eilectinj{ reinitt.inci« by billsuf exchanf;e - - 1 
 
 \'i. tin the iii-|intiatiun of bills • . - - I 
 
 13. On elfectitlK insurances • . - - 'U 
 
 1 1. On the administration of estates . - • .'i 
 1.0. tin rash advances ■ • . • ^\ 
 16. On the delitor anil creditor sides of cash accounts, on which 
 
 no other commission is charged . - • I 
 
 Money. — Accounts are either kept in pounds, 
 shillings, pence, and farthings, or in ri.^-doUars, 
 schillings, and stivers. 
 
 ThcCoi 
 Treasury i 
 
 Revenue 
 of Cope ( 
 275,559/. 1 
 the same 
 C51,515/. 
 
 Banks ^ 
 hove been 
 Cape of G 
 M-ith a pa 
 African m 
 with a pail 
 Bank, esta 
 1847 ; and 
 banks trar 
 allow inter 
 notes. Jo 
 formed for 
 and for othi 
 
 Weights i 
 of in the ( 
 pound of A 
 50 lbs. down 
 which is re^ 
 
 107schepels=S2 
 nearly. 
 
 'I'he muld of w 
 being somewhat i 
 
 Colonial W 
 
 lOfllhs. 
 iOUIbs. 
 
 1 (task 
 1 anker 
 1 auni 
 1 leaKue 
 I pipe 
 
 Saldanha 
 15" E., bcin 
 one of the " 
 the world, 
 
 B'^sides L 
 best of tha 
 authorities 
 the above d( 
 the napcrs i 
 
 CAPITA 
 those portit 
 be directlyl 
 beings or ' 
 Political 
 merce, and 
 understood! 
 merchant, 1 
 dcrtaking, 
 stock of a I 
 fund of a I 
 which sen 
 it. Thusi 
 
« ' 
 
 CAPE-TOWN 
 
 I ItlTCT 
 
 = I of a penny 
 
 VI ftencci or 1 IK.I if^ 
 
 M tchUUni;* Is iMence, or 1 rix-dolUr 
 
 6 ttiven Vl itence. or'l nchlllinK 
 
 The Ck>mniissariat department grant bills on the 
 Treasury at a premium of IJ per cent. 
 
 Revenue and Expenditure. — In 1865 the revenue 
 of Capo Colony amounted to 499,812/., of which 
 •276,,')69/. was denved from the Customs. During 
 the same year the expenditure amounted to 
 051,515/. 
 
 Banks Sfc. — Five joint-slock banking companies 
 have been established in Cape Town, viz. the 
 Cape of Good Hope Bank, established in 1837, 
 with a paid up capital of 70,000/.; the South 
 African Bank, established in the following year, 
 with a paid-up capital of 60,000/. ; the Colonial 
 Bank, establisheil in 1844 ; the Union Bank in 
 1847 ; and the Commercial Bank in 1854. These 
 banks transact ordinary banking business, and 
 allow interest on deposits, but the tirst only issues 
 notes. Joint-stock companies have also been 
 formed for conducting the business of insurance 
 and for other purposes. 
 
 Weights and Measures. — The weights made use 
 of in the Cape are derived from the standard 
 pound of Amsterdam ; and those assized are from 
 50 lbs. down to 1 loot, or the 32nd part of a pound, 
 which is regarded as unity. 
 
 Liquid Pleasure, 
 
 16 flasks = I anker, 
 4 ankers 1 aam 
 4 aamft 1 leuguer 
 
 Com Measure. 
 
 4 tcheneU =1 muict 
 10 muiiu 1 lond 
 107 »chepel«=SJ Winch. builieU, or 4 scliepel»=3 Imp. buthell, Teiy 
 nc>rly< 
 
 The muid of wheat wrizhi, at an arerage, about 1 10 lbs. Dutch, 
 being somewhat over 1U6 Ids. Kn({lish. 
 
 Ctotk and Long Measure. 
 
 \i Rhmland Inches =1 Ilhynlnnd foot 
 
 V7 ditto I Dutch ell 
 
 141 ditto I square foot 
 
 14 1 square feel 1 rood 
 
 600 roods 1 morgen 
 
 Colonial Weights and Measures compared with 
 those of England. 
 
 Weights. 
 
 100 lln. Dutch =nearly lO'J lbs. Knglish avoirdupois 
 100 Ibi. );r ilish ^nearly i'i lbs. Dutch 
 
 1 flask 
 1 anker 
 1 aum 
 1 leaguer 
 1 pipe 
 
 Wine or Liquid Measure. 
 
 = 0.6 old gallon, or 4'34G imiierial gallons 
 91 „ 7!) 
 
 Stt „ .111 
 
 liCTi „ 
 
 I v.! 
 IIU 
 
 91-6 
 
 Saldanha Hay, in lat. 33° C S., long. 17° 58' 
 15" E., being 16 J leagues North of Cape-Town, is 
 one of the best and most commodious harbours in 
 the world. It is perfectly safe at all seasons. 
 
 B'- <ides the Cape Almanac for 18G5, one of the 
 best of that class of publications, and the other 
 authorities referred to, we have derived part of 
 the above details from the Geographical Dictionary, 
 the napers of the Board of Trade &c. 
 
 CAPITAL. In Political Economy, comprises 
 those portions of the produce of industry that may 
 be directly employed cither to support human 
 beings or to assist in production. {Principles of 
 I'olitical Economy, 5th ed. p. 47.) But in com- 
 merce, and as applied to individuals, capital is 
 understood to mean the sum of money which a 
 merchant, banker, or trader adventures in any un- 
 dertaking, or which he contributes to the common 
 stock of a partnership. It signifies likewi.sc the 
 fund of a trading company or corporation; in 
 which sense the word stock is generally added to 
 it. Thus we say the capital stock of the Bank ttc. 
 
 CARAVAN 
 
 269 
 
 The profit derived from any undertaking is esti- 
 mated by the rate which it bears to the capital 
 that was employed. 
 CAPSICUM. [Peppeii.] 
 CARAT. [Coins ; Diamonds ; Weights and 
 Measuuks.] 
 
 CARAVAN. An organised company of mer- 
 chants, or pilgrim 1, or both, who associate together 
 in many parts of Asia ami Africa, that they may 
 travel with greater security through de.scrts and 
 other places infested with robbers, or where the 
 road is naturally dangerous. The word is derived 
 from the Persian kervan, or mrvaii, a trader or 
 dealer. (Shaw's Travels in the Levant, p. 9, 4to ed.) 
 Every caravan is under the command of a chief 
 or aga {caravnn-bachi), who has frequently under 
 him such a number of troops or forces as is deemed 
 sufficient for its defence. ^Vhon it is practicable, 
 they encamp near wells or rivulets, and observe a 
 regular discipline. Camels are used as a means of 
 conveyance, almost uniformly, in preference to the 
 horse or any other a.iimal, on account of their 
 wonderful patience of fatigue, eating little, and 
 subsisting 3 or 4 days or more without water. 
 There are generally more camels in a caravan 
 than men. [C.\mk.i..] 
 
 The commercial intercourse of Eastern and 
 African nations has been principally carried on, 
 from the remotest period, by means of caravans. 
 During antiquity the products of India and China 
 were conveyed either from Suez to Khinociilura, 
 or from Bussoroh, near the head of the Persian 
 Gulf, by the Euphrates, to Babylon, and thenco 
 by Palmyra, in the Syrian desert, to the ports of 
 Phoenicia on the Mediterranean, where they were 
 exchanged for the European productions in demand 
 in the East. Sometimes, however, caravans set 
 out directly from Cliiiia, and, occupying about 250 
 days in the journey, arrived on the shores of the 
 Levant, after traversing the whole extent of Asia. 
 (Gibbon, vol. vii. p. 93.) The formation of cara- 
 vans is, in fact, the only way in which it has ever 
 been pos.iible to carry on any considerable internal 
 commerce in Asia or Africa. The Governments 
 that have grown up in those continents have 
 seldom been able, and seldomer indeed have they 
 attempted, to render travelling practicable or safe 
 for individuals. The wandering tribes of Arabs 
 have always infested the immense deserts by 
 which they arc intersected ; and those only who 
 are sufficientlj' powerful to protect themselves, or 
 sufficiently rich to purchase an exemption from 
 the predatory attacks of these frcebootens, can 
 expect to pass through territories subject to their 
 incursions without being exposed to the risk of 
 robbery and murder. 
 
 Since the establishment of the Mohammedan 
 faith, religious motives, conspiring with those of 
 a less exalted character, have tended to augment 
 the intercourse between different parts of the 
 Eastern world, and to increase the number and 
 magnitude of the caravans. Mohammed enjoined 
 all his followers to visit, once in their lifetime, 
 the Caaba, or square building in the temple of 
 ]Mecca, the immemorial object of veneration 
 amongst his countrymen ; and in order to pre- 
 serve continually upon their minds a sense of 
 obligation to perform this duty, he directed that, 
 in all the multiplied nets of devotion which his 
 religion prescribes, true believers should always 
 turn their faces towards that holy jilace. In 
 olicdience to this precept large caravans of pilgrims 
 used to assemble annually in every country where 
 the Mohammedan faith is established ; and though, 
 owing either to a diminution of religious zeal, or 
 the increasing difficulties to be encountered in 
 the Journey, the number of pilgrims has of lato 
 
 : •• I » 
 
 .e 
 
 • ''i' 
 
 f I 
 
 hJMwmm gpgaig^ij'j s .a ;, „. j a':.; 
 
270 
 
 CARAVAN 
 
 J- -. 
 
 vpars declined greatly, it is still very considerable, 
 it'ew, however, of the pil{,Tinis are actuated only by 
 devotional feelings. Commercial ideas and objects 
 mingle with those of religion; and it redounds to 
 the credit of Moliammed tliat he granted pcrmis- 
 siou to trade during tlie i)ilgriniage to Mecca, 
 providing at the same time for tiie temporal as 
 well as the lasting interests of his votaries. ' It 
 shall be no crime in you if ye seek an increase 
 from your I ord by trading (titriiig the pilgrimage.^ 
 (Sale's Koran, c. li. p. ^6, cd. 17(>t.) 
 
 The numerous camels of each caravan arc loaded 
 with those commodities of every country which 
 arc of easiest carriage and readiest sale. The holy 
 city is crowded during the montli of Dhalhajja, 
 corresponding to the latter part of June and the 
 beginning of July, not only with zealous devotees, 
 but witli opulent merchants. A fair or market is 
 held in Mecca and its vicinity on the 12 days that 
 the pilgrims are allowed to remain in that city, 
 which used to be one of the best frequented in the 
 world, and continues to be well attetded. 
 
 ' F('w iiilgriras.' says Burckhardt, ' except the 
 mendicants, arrive without bringing some produc- 
 tions of their respective countries for sale; and 
 tliis remark is applicable as well to the merchants, 
 with whom commercial pursuits are the main ob- 
 ject, as to those who arc actuated by religious zeal ; 
 ibr, to the latter, the profits derived from selling 
 a few articles at Mecca diminish, in some degree, 
 the heavy expenses of the journey. The Moggrc- 
 byns (pilgrims from Morocco and the north coast of 
 Africa) bring their red bonnets and woollen cloaks ; 
 the European Turks, shoes and slippers, hardwa»e, 
 embroidered stufls, sweetmeats, amber, trinkets of 
 European manufacture, knit silk purses A'c. ; the 
 Turks of Anatolia bring carpets, silks, and Angora 
 shawls ; the Persians, Cashmere shawls and large 
 silk handkerchiefs; the Afghans, tooth-brushes, 
 called Mesouak Kattary, made of the spongy 
 boughs of a tree growing in Bokhara, beads of a 
 yellow soapstone, and plain coarse shawls manu- 
 factured in their own country; the Indians, the 
 numerous productions of their rich and extensive 
 region; the people of Yemen, snakes for the Per- 
 sian pipes, pandals and various other works in 
 leather ; and the Africans bring various articles 
 adapted to the slave-trade. The pilgrims are, 
 however, often disappointed in tlieir expectations 
 of gain ; want of money makes them hastily sell 
 their little adventures at the public auctions, and 
 often obliges them to accept very low prices.' 
 (Tia:cls in Arabia, vol. ii. p. 21.) 
 
 The two principal caravans which yearly ren- 
 dezvous at Mecca are those of Damascus and Cairo. 
 The iirst is composed of pilgrims from Europe and 
 Western Asia, the second of Mohammedans from 
 all parts of Africa. 
 
 The Syrian caravan is said by Burckhardt to be 
 very well regulated. It is always accompanied by 
 the pacha of Damascus, or one of his principal 
 oflic.cr.s, who gives the signal for encamping and 
 starting by tiring a musket. On the route, a 
 troo]) of horsemen ride in the front, and anotl.cr 
 in the rear to bring up the stragglers. The 
 different parties of pilgrims, distinguished by 
 tlieir provmces or towns, keep close together. At 
 night torches are lighted, and the daily distance 
 is usually performed between three o'clock in the 
 .'iflernoon and an hour or two after sunrise on the 
 following day. The Bedouins or Arabs, who carry 
 tirovisions for the troops, travel by day only, and 
 m advance of the caravans, the encampment of 
 which they pass in the morning, and are overtaken 
 in turn and passed by the caravan on the following 
 night, at their own resting place. The jonrney 
 with these Bedouins is less fatiguing than with 
 
 the great body of the caravan, as a regular night's 
 rest is obtained ; but their bad character deters 
 mos6 pilgrims from joining them. 
 
 At every watering place on the route is a small 
 castle and a large tank, at which the camels water. 
 The castles ore garrisoned by a few pen-ons. who 
 remain the whole year to guard the provisions 
 deposited there. It is at these watering-places, 
 which belong to the Bedouins, that the sheikhs of 
 the tribe meet the caravan, and receive the accus- 
 tomed tribute for allowing it to pass. Water is 
 plentiful on the route ; the stations are nowhere 
 more distant than 11 or 12 hours' march ; and in 
 winter, pools of rain-water are frequently found. 
 Those pilgrims who can travel with a litter, or on 
 commodious camel-sadiUes, may sleep at night, 
 and perform the journey with little inconvenience ; 
 but of those whom poverty, or the desire of speedily 
 acquiring a large sum of money, induces to follow 
 the caravan on foot, or to hire themselves as 
 servants, many die on the road from fatigue. 
 (Travels in Arabia, vol. ii. pp. 3 — 9.) 
 
 The caravan which sets out from Cairo for 
 Mecca is not generally so large as that of Damas- 
 cus, and its route along the shores of thcKed Sea 
 is more dangerous and fatiguing. But many of 
 the African and Egyptian merchants and pilgrims 
 sail from Suez, Cosseir, and other ports on the 
 western shore of the Red Sea, for Djidda, whence 
 the journey to Mecca is short and easy. 
 
 The Persian caravan for Mecca sets out from 
 Bagdad ; but many of the Persian pilgrims are now 
 in the habit of embarking at Bussorab, and coming 
 to Djidda by sea. 
 
 Caravans from Bagdad and Bussorah proceed to 
 Aleppo, Damascus, and Diarbeker, laden with all 
 sorts of Indian, Arabian, and Persian commodities; 
 and largo quantities of European goods, principally 
 of English cottons, imported at Bussorah, arc now 
 distributed throughout all the eastern parts of the 
 Turkish empire by the same means. The inter-, 
 course carried on in this way is, indeed, every day 
 becoming of more importance. 
 
 The commerce carried on by caravans, in the 
 interior of Africa, is widely extended and of con- 
 siderable value. Besides the great caravan whidi 
 proceeds from Nubia to Cairo, and is joined by 
 Mohammedan pilgrims from every part of Africa, 
 there are caravans which have no object but com- 
 merce, which set out from Fez, Algiers, Tunis, 
 Tripoli, Old other states on the sea-coast, and 
 penetrate far into the interior. Some of them take 
 as many as 50 days to reach the place of tlieir 
 destination ; and as their rate of travelling may 
 be estimated at from 18 J to 22 miles a day, as they 
 are heavy or light, the extent of their journeys 
 may easily be computed. As both the time of 
 their outset and their route are known, they arc 
 met by the people of the countries through 
 which they travel, who trade with them. In- 
 dian goods of every kind form a considerable 
 article in this traflic ; in exchange for which, 
 the chief commodity the inhabitants have to give 
 is slaves. 
 
 Three distinct caravans arc employed in bring- 
 ing slaves and other commodities from (Antral 
 Atnca to Cairo. One of them comes direct from 
 Mourzouk, the capital of Fezzan, across the Li- 
 byan desert; another from Senaar; and the third 
 from Darfur. They do not arrive at stated periods, 
 but after a greater or less interval, according to 
 the success they have had in procuring slaves, 
 ivory, gold dust, drugs, and such other articli's 
 as are titted for the Egyptian markets, Tlii\ 
 Mourzouk caravan is said to be under the host 
 regulations. It is generally about 50 days on its 
 passage, and seldom consists of less than 100, 
 
 or of more thai 
 from Senaar ar 
 yery irregular, 
 111 Egypt for 2 
 the occupation : 
 jMohaninied Ali 
 I'^gypthas bocor 
 regular, 'i'l,,. n, 
 J'-fe'ypt by these c 
 oi'e time, to abou 
 ?' a taravan from 
 important event- 
 attention of the w 
 kind of era. (Uro 
 p. /«.) A caravan 
 i( It has 2,000 cam 
 the Moorish pilgrii 
 boiiakin and Mass, 
 Arabia, and then f 
 Hurckhardt states 
 who arrive in the 
 
 spectable character 
 Central Africa. 
 
 Caravans are dist 
 
 Camels loaded wit! 
 
 lica\y caravan; li, 
 
 applied to designate 
 
 a inoderate load, or . 
 
 Ihesafetyofacai 
 
 the conduct of the 
 
 -Niebuhr says that w 
 
 and honest, and the 
 
 language, and is a( 
 
 method of travelling. 
 
 Jcsert IS rarely either 
 
 ■ "lit It IS not unusual 
 
 realise considerable su 
 
 ;l' conducting caravan 
 
 I'eved m the East tht 
 
 order to indemnify the 
 
 arrange with the Arab 
 
 "f the caravans, and sh 
 
 It all events, a leader 
 
 T the situation, evei 
 
 lust impose proportioi 
 
 «.sociation. Hence the 
 
 nravans is, to attach o 
 
 an actn-e and experiet 
 
 ;i!?f'''^«We property e 
 
 •"ling. It would be ea 
 """ff Ike proper arram 
 nicnt, o render travel! 
 
 !"'^''l'I<foj,age en A 
 Amst. 1780.) 
 
 I y? particular formalit 
 
 K'tion of a caravan ' 
 
 :.mo(l3 are mostly und. 
 
 »"t, by whom the leac 
 
 '••'Mrally speaking, a. 
 
 ^fo™ a company an 
 
 Jiial m whose name ' 
 
 •' he leader, unless h 
 
 1^ ^\\ place. When 
 
 t'ociatc together in the 
 
 pappomt officers to 
 
 h'sics may arise during 
 
 f, '•^f'J'Js witli respc 
 
 'i-2«; Robertson's^ 
 
 K«i,.iote54; Rces's C 
 
 « of which is copied 
 
 out n single word of ,^ 
 
 ''l^yaoeUinArtU>ia\ 
 '''•■fteg and Us R^^\ 
 
 ^^ ^'"vtlsinBo/i/iarJ 
 
 
:>& 
 
 InK- 
 l trill 
 Iriiiu 
 Li- 
 Ihird 
 liods, 
 
 h t" 
 
 lives, 
 
 T'liio 
 
 Ibost 
 
 In i'^ 
 
 KJO, 
 
 CARAVAN 
 
 or of more than 300, travellers. Tlio caravans 
 from Senaar and Darfur used formerly to be 
 very irregular, and were sometimes not seen 
 in Kgypt for 2 or 3 years together; but since 
 the occupation of the fonncr by the troops of 
 Mohammed Ali, the intercourse between it and 
 Egypt has become comparatively frequent and 
 regular. The number of slaves imported into 
 Egypt by these caravans was said to amount, at 
 one ;ime, to about 10,000 a-year. The departure 
 of a caravan from Darfur is looked upon as a most 
 important event; it engages for a while the 
 attention of the whole couutrj', and even forms a 
 kind of era. (Browne's Travels in Africa, 2nded. 
 p. 7S.) A caravan from Darfur is considcicil large 
 if it has 2,000 camels and 1,000 slaves. Many of 
 the Moorish pilgrims to Mecca cross the sea from 
 Souakia and Massouah to the opposite coast of 
 Arabia, and then travel by land to ^Mecca ; and 
 Burckhardt states that of all the poor pilgrims 
 who arrive in the Ilcdjaz, none bear a more re- 
 spectable character for industry than those from 
 Central Africa. 
 
 Caravans are distinguisheil into heavi/ and light. 
 Camels loaded with from 500 to 600 lbs. form a 
 heavy carayan ; light caravans being the term 
 applied to designate those formed of camels under 
 a moderate load, or perhaps only half loaded. 
 
 The safety of a caravan depends materially ou 
 tlic conduct of the caravan-bachi, or leader. 
 Niebuhr says that when the latter is intelligent 
 and honest, and the traveller understands the 
 language, and is accustomed to the Oriental 
 method of travelling, an excursion through the 
 desert is rarely either disagreeable or dangerous. 
 But it is not unusual for the Turkish pachas to 
 realise considerable sums by selling the privilege 
 of conducting caravans; and it is generally be- 
 lieved in the East that leaders so appointed, in 
 order to indemnify themselves, not unfrequently 
 arrange with the Arabian sheikhs as to the attack 
 of the caravans, and share with them in the booty ! 
 At all events, a leader who has paid a largo sum 
 lot the situation, even if ho should be honest, 
 lust impose proportionally heavy charges on the 
 ijsociation. Hence the best way in travelling with 
 aravans is, to attach oneself to one conducted by 
 an active and experienced merchant, who has a 
 lonsiderablc property embarked in the expedition. 
 With ordinary precaution, the danger is then very 
 trifling. It would be easy, indeed, were there any 
 tiling like proper arrangements made by Govern- 
 tiicnt, to render travelling by caravans, at least 
 tjti all the great routes, abundantly secure. 
 Xiebuhr, Voya/je en Arabic, tome ii. p. 194, cd. 
 Arast. 1780.) 
 
 No particular formalities arc ro(| wired in the for- 
 mation of a caravan. Thoso that start at fixed 
 tCTiods are mostly under the control if (ioveni- 
 intnt, by whom the leaders arc appo eil. Uut, 
 IsneruUy speaking, any dealer is I liberty 
 iform a company and make one. he indi- 
 iiliial in whose name it is raised is t sidercd 
 ji! the leader, unless ho appoint some .rie else 
 1: his place. When a number of merchants 
 wociate together in the design, tlioy elect a chief, 
 ;1 iippoint ofHcers to decide whatever confro- 
 irsics may arise during the journey. (For fur- 
 br details with respect to caravans, see the 
 IWcrn Part of the Universal Ilistun/, vol. xiv. |)p. 
 li— 2-13 ; Robertson's Disijuisition on Ancient 
 i'iia, note 54 ; Rces's CJ/c/o;ja'rf/«, art. 'Caravan,' 
 ost of which is copied from Kobertson, though 
 ithoul a single word of acknowledgment ; lliirck- 
 nlt's TraveUin Arabia, vol.ii. passim ; Urquhart 
 Turkei; and its Resources, up, 137, 151 : Yam- 
 's TravtU in Bokhara ; Ac.) 
 
 CARDAMOMS 
 
 271 
 
 CAItAVANSEFU. A large public building or 
 nn appropriated for the reception and lodgment; 
 of the caravans. Though serving in lieu of inns, 
 there is this radical difference between them — 
 that, generally speaking, the traveller iinds no- 
 thing in a earavansera for the use citlier of himself 
 or his cattle. He must carry all his provisions 
 and necessaries with him. They are chiefly built 
 in dry, barren, desert places, and are mostly fur- 
 nished with water brought from a great distance 
 and at a vast expense. A wellof water is, indeed, 
 indispensable to a earavansera. Caravanseras arc 
 also numerous in cities, where they serve not only 
 as inns, but as shops, warehowses, and even ex- 
 changes. 
 
 CAKAW AY-SEED (Fr. carvi, cumin dcs pros ; 
 Ger. keummel, brodkllmmcl ; Ital. carvi ; Span, 
 alcaravea). A small seed, of an oblong and slender 
 figure, pointed at both ends, and thickest in the 
 middle. It is tlie produce of a biennial plant 
 (Caniin canii), Nat. Order Umbellifera; with a 
 taper root liiie a parsnip, but much smaller. It 
 should be chosen large, new, of a good colour, not 
 dusty, and of a strong, agreeable smell. It is 
 principally used by confectioners, and is exten- 
 sively cultivated in several parts of Essex. The 
 Russian liqueur hummel derives its flavour from 
 the caraway seeil. 
 
 This plant is a native of southern Europe, but it 
 has been naturalised in most countries, growing 
 wild as well as being cultivated; The root im- 
 proved by culture is edible, and is used for food in 
 northern Europe. In 18CC, 13,793 cwts. were 
 imported into England, almost entirely from 
 Holland, and were valued at H, 15s. \d. per cwt. 
 
 CARBON, BISULPHIDE OF. {Dictionary 
 of Manufactures.) 
 
 CARftONATK. [Diamond.] 
 
 CARUUNCLE (Ger. karfunkel ; Fr. oscar- 
 bouklo; Ital. carbonchio; Span, carbunculo; Lat. 
 carbunculus). A precious stone of the garnet kind, 
 of a very rieh glowing blood-red colour, highly 
 esteemed by the ancients. The term carbuncle 
 among jewellers is applied to such garnets as are 
 cut en cabochon, i.e., with a flat base, and a smooth 
 convex top. If they are pure, of large size, and are 
 free from spots, they are, says Mr. Emanuel, occa- 
 sionally worth as much as 20/. 
 
 CARD (Fr. cardes; Ger. kardiltschen, kardcn, 
 woUkratzen ; Ital. cardi; Russ, bardil ; Span, cardas). 
 An instrument, or comb, for arranging or sorting 
 the hairs of wool, cotton &c. Cards are cither 
 fastened to a flat piece of wood, and wrought by 
 the hand ; or to a cylinder, and wrouglit by 
 ma inery ; or arc made to move over 2 cylinders. 
 The .-])ikes with which carding cloth is armed 
 range from fine wire, used to hacltlc delicate tis- 
 sues, to strong wire, employed to dress coir itc. 
 The machinery by which carding cloth is manu- 
 factured is verv elaborate. 
 
 CARDAMOMS (Fr. cardamoracs ; Ger. kai la- 
 mom ; Ital. cardamomi ; Span, kardatnomos; Hind, 
 gujarati elachi: Arab, cbil ; Chinese, peh-tau-kau). 
 This spice, the name of which is derived from the 
 (irecks, has been imported from the East into 
 Europe uninterruptedly for many centuries. It 
 was known to our forefathers under the name of 
 grains, or grains of Paradise, and was tlio cheap- 
 est of the Oriental spices introduced by the Italian 
 merchants into medieval Europe. (Rogers's Agri- 
 cultnre and Prices in Etiqland, vol. i. p. (109.) 
 
 The spice is the seed of various kinds of Scilami- 
 new, as the Elctlaria major, Amomttm cardamomum, 
 Amomiim angnstifolium, Amomum grana Paradisi, 
 and especially ICletturia cardamomum. The first 
 of these, according to Dr. Pereira, is tlic produce of 
 Ceylon. The pod contains numerous angular, rug- 
 
 
 ,t 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
272 
 
 CAEDS 
 
 t ; 
 
 
 gcd, yollowish-rcd seeds, which have a peculiarly 
 fragrant odour. The second, which is identified 
 with the*AMUfiof of DiosRorides, andis the 'round 
 eurdamom ' of commerce, prows in Sumatra, Java, 
 niid other East Indian islands. The capsules, 
 rather smaller tiian a cherry, contain a number of 
 cuneiform aec.is. Sometimes the capsules arc sent 
 iiiio the market in their native clusters, and then 
 iorm the Amomnm racemumtm, oxamome a grappes 
 of the French. This kind is chiefly sent to the 
 bouth of France. The third or Java cardamom is of 
 very inferior (juality. The fourth is obtained from 
 Muda^^ascar, where it grows in marshy ground. 
 Tlie fifth, known also us Guinea grains, grains 
 of Paradise, or Malegiietta pepper, are obtained 
 from western Africa, arc strongly hot an<l peppery, 
 are of a round or ovate form, often angular and 
 cuneiform, rough, brown extenially, and white 
 ■within. They have but a feeble aromatic odour, 
 tjinnlar seeds have been sent from Trinidad, and 
 arc probably to be procureil from other West 
 Lulian islands. They are chiefly used in veter- 
 inary practice, and to gi ve a factitious strength to 
 beor and spirits. The various plants, in short, 
 called Scitamineas have a wide geographical range 
 within the tropics. 
 
 The true cardamom of pharmacy is the last 
 named. The fruit is a three-celled capsule, con- 
 taining many seeds. 
 
 The plant is a native of the Malabar mountains. 
 When the forests and undergrowth are removed, it 
 springs up everywhere spontaneously. It yields 
 fruit at the end of the fourth, and continues to 
 bear for many years. The ripe capsules are col- 
 lected, dried over a gentle fire, and then rubbed 
 by the hands from the foot-stalk and calyx. They 
 contain numerous small angular, irregular, rough, 
 brown seeds. The seeds arc about 7-1 per cent, in 
 weight. 
 
 According to PcreiiU, three varieties are dis- 
 tinguished in British commerce — sliorts, long- 
 longs, and short-longs — the distinctions being 
 founded on the shape of the capsules. 
 
 It is said, and with obvious probability, that 
 the purchase of the seed collected by the natives 
 is made a Government monopoly, th'e agents sent 
 to collect the produce putting a "fixed price on the 
 article, and selling it to the merchants at enhanced 
 rates. Such a custom is very general in the East, 
 and ought assuredly to be put an end to. 
 
 Cardamoms arc used in cookery as an ingre- 
 dient in curries, and largely in medicine. The 
 consumption of this article is very considerable 
 an\ong Eastern nations. They should be kept 
 whole, at they lose their virtues in powder. These 
 virtues depend on a peculiar volatile oil, which 
 when extracted, though air be carefully excluded, 
 loses its peculiar odour and taste. (Wood and 
 liache's IHspensatory.) 
 
 CARDS or PLAYING CARDS (Dutch, kaart- 
 cn, speclkarden; Fr. cartes Jljouer; Ger. karten, 
 s))iel karten ; Ital. carte da giuoco ; Russ. kartu ; 
 S|)an. carras, naipes ; Swed. kort). The only thing 
 iioccssary to be noticed in this place with respect 
 to cards is tlie regulations as to their manuf:(cture, 
 sale, and the payment of tl.e dutv. 
 
 It was regulated by the 9 Geo. Iv. c. 18, that an 
 annual license duty of 5s. shali be paid by every 
 maker of playing cards and dice. The iluty on 
 every pack of cards was Is., antl was to be speci- 
 fied on the ace of spades. Cards were not to be 
 made in any part of Great Britain except the 
 metropolis, nor in Ireland except in Dublin and 
 Cork, under a penalty of 100/. Cards are to be 
 ciulosod in wrappers, with such marks as the Com- 
 missioners of Stamps may appoint. Before license 
 can be had, bond must be given to th« amount of 
 
 CAEMINE 
 
 500/. for the payment of the duties &c. Selling 
 or exposing to sale any pack of cards not duly 
 stamped, sulijected a licensed maker to a penalty 
 of 50/., and anjone else to a penalty of lOA Any 
 person having in his possession, or using, or per- 
 mitting to be used, any pack of cards not duly 
 stamped, to forfeit 5/. Second-hand cards may l)c 
 sold by any person, if sold without the wrapper of 
 a licensed maker; and in packs coiituining not 
 more than 52 cr.rds, including an act of spades 
 duly stamped, and enclosed in a wrapper with the 
 words ' Second-hand Cards ' printed or written in 
 distinct characters on the outside; penalty for sell- 
 ing second-hand cards in any other manner, 20/. 
 
 The former duty of Is. per pock on cards pro- 
 duced, in 1861, the sum of 13,(i37/. ; showing that 
 272,740 packs had been disposed of. But in 1802 
 the stamp duty was reduced to 'id. a pack. At 
 the same time the license of cardmakers was raised, 
 in case the maker also sold them, from 5s. to 1/. 
 Dealers only previous to the Act of 1862 exempt 
 from license pay 2s. 6</. Since the change the 
 |iroduce of the stamp duty lias been verj- uniform, 
 being a little less on the average than 9,000/., the 
 license duty yielding 1,040/. in 1866-7. The cus- 
 toms duty on foreign playing cards is 8s. 96/. per 
 dozen packs. 
 
 CARMEN, of the city of London, arc constituted 
 a fellowship by act of common council. The rates 
 which they are allowed to charge, and the regula- 
 tions by which they are to be guided, arc settled 
 at the quarter sessions. In other respects they 
 are subjected to the rule of the president and 
 governors of Christ's Hospital, to whom the owner 
 of every cart pays an annual licensu duty of 17s. \J. 
 
 Carmen are to help to load and unload their 
 carts; and if any carman exacts more than the 
 regular rates, upon due proof, before the Lord 
 Mayor or any two magistrates, he shall suffer im- 
 prisonment for the space of 21 days. 
 
 If any person shall refuse to pay any carman his 
 hire, according to the regular rotes, upon complaint 
 mode, the president of Christ's Hospital, or a jus- 
 tice of the peace, may compel payment. 
 
 Merchants or other persons may choose what 
 cart they please, except such us stand for wharf- 
 work, tackle-work, crane-work, at shops and mer- 
 chants' houses, which are to be taken in turn ; and 
 every carman standing with his empty cart next 
 to any goods to be loaded shall, upon the first de- 
 mand, load the same for the accustomed rates ; 
 and if any person shall cause a carman to attend 
 at his house, shop, warehouse, or cellar, with his 
 loaded cart, the cannan being willing to he!,') to 
 unload the same, he shall pay the carman after tliu 
 rate of Vld. for every hour after the first half hour 
 for his attendance. 
 
 Every licensed carman is to have a piece of brass 
 fixed upon his cart, upon which is to be engraven 
 a certain number ; which number, together with 
 the carman's name, is registered in a register kept 
 at Christ's Hospital; so that, in case of any mis- 
 behaviour, the party offended, by taking notice of 
 the number of the cart, may search for it in the 
 register, and the name will be found. 
 
 Carmen not conforming to these rules, or work- 
 ing without a numbered piece of brass Jixed on 
 the cart, may be suspended from their employ- 
 ment. 
 
 Carmen riding upon the shafts of their carts, or 
 sitting within them, not having some person on 
 loot to guide the horses, shall forfeit 10s. 
 
 CARMINE (Ger. karmin ; Dutch, kurniyn ; Fr. 
 carmine ; Ital. carmiuio ; Lat. carniinium). A pow- 
 der of a very beautiful red colour, bordering upon 
 purple, and used by painters in miniature. It is a 
 species of lake, and is formed of finely pulverised 
 
 cochineal, 
 been consii 
 aniline colo! 
 CARNEI 
 CAROB 
 seed in the 
 siliqua, St. t 
 of the Legi 
 hannisbrodb 
 robe; Itahc 
 carob tree 
 and all the 
 almost the oi 
 a sweet, nuti 
 article of hui 
 They arc pri 
 southern coi 
 Asiatic Turk 
 for cattle an 
 used to a sn 
 paration of ai 
 of Cyprus gr 
 devoted to th 
 sale of carobs 
 mcnt monopc 
 years since tl 
 In 1852, 27,( 
 island ; and ii 
 7,087 tons, of i 
 wild in Cyprui 
 in the district 
 trees are found 
 nnd other noun 
 CARPET, ( 
 tapyten, vloer 
 Span, alfombri 
 alcatifas; Rus< 
 and Turkish c 
 England, carpe 
 Kidderminster, 
 ccster, Worce^ 
 land, at Glasgc 
 at Axminster 
 anything, infer 
 In 18G6 there 
 carpets and dr 
 Kingdom, vahi 
 ous and instni 
 <fec. in coiinccti 
 Mr. Digby Wy 
 Parliament 186 
 CARRIAGE 
 CARRIERS. 
 carry goods froi 
 Proprietors o 
 owners of ships 
 ferrymen &e. a 
 The master of a 
 sengers for hire 
 undertake to ca 
 is liable for botl 
 master-General 
 eeptation of th( 
 liabilities, 
 
 1. Duties and 
 Jire bound to rt 
 persons for a n 
 proper care of t 
 tlicm safely, an( 
 tliey were receiv 
 may arise from 
 '?'<") i or, in de 
 "on to the owne 
 Roods mav have 
 that migh't hav( 
 IIenceacarri« 
 'he goods, or the 
 
CARNELIAN 
 
 cochineal. It is high priced, but its value has 
 been considerably affected by the discovery of 
 aniline colours. 
 CARNELIAN. [Agate.] 
 CAHOB BEANS or LOCUST BEANS. The 
 seed in the pods of the carob tree, the Ceratonia 
 sUiqua, St. John's bread ; one of the Natural Order 
 of the LeguminostE. (Syn. Gcr. karobbaum, Jo- 
 hannisbrodbaum ; Span, algarrobo ; Port, algar- 
 robe; Ital. carrubio, caruba; Arab, kharoob.) The 
 carob tree grows in southern Europe, in Asia, 
 and all the Mediterranean coasts. At Malta it is 
 almost the only tree that grows. The pods contain 
 a sweet, nutritious pulp, and arc used as a cummon 
 article of human food where the tree is a native. 
 They are principally used, however, in most of the 
 southern countries of Europe, and in Egypt and 
 Asiatic Turkey, as a nutritious and fattening food 
 for cattle and horses. They arc at present also 
 used to a small extent in England in the pre- 
 paration of artiticial food for cattle. In the island 
 of Cyprus great attention has of late years been 
 devoted to the cultivation of the carob tree. The 
 sale of carobs in that island was formerly a Govern- 
 ment monopoly, but since its abolition about 40 
 years since the production has largely increased. 
 In 1852, 27,000 cwt. were exported from the 
 island ; and in 1864 the export had increased to 
 7,087 tons, of the value of 31,500/. The tree grows 
 wild in Cyprus, but is more particularly abundant 
 in the districts of Limassol and Kerinea : the tinest 
 trees are found at Lefcara. (From Consular Reports 
 and other sources.) 
 
 CARPET, CARPETS (Ger. teppiche ; Dutch, 
 tapyten, vloer-tapyten ; Fr. tapis ; Ital. tappeti ; 
 Span, alfombras, alcatifas, tapices ; Port, tapctoa, 
 alcatifas ; Russ. kowrU, kilimi). Indian, Persian, 
 and Turkish carpets are the most esteemed. In 
 England, carpets are principally manufactured at 
 Kidderminster, Durham, Halifax, Wilton, Ciren- 
 cester, Worcester, Axminster &c. ; and in Scot- 
 land, at Glasgow and Kilmarnock. Those made 
 at Axminster arc believed to be very little, if 
 anything, inferior to those of Persia and Turkey. 
 In 1866 there were exported 7,600,511 yards of 
 carpets and druggets, the produce of th3 United 
 Kingdom, valued at 1,217,682/. (For mmh curi- 
 ous and instructive matter on carpets, t.ipestry 
 &c. in connection with the Paris Exhibition, sec 
 Mr. Digby Wyatt's Report, in vol. ii., presented to 
 Parliament 1868.) 
 CARRIAGES. [Coaches.] 
 CARRIERS. Persons undertaking for hire to 
 carry goods from one place to another. 
 
 Proprietors of carts and waggons, masters and 
 owners of ships, hoymen, lightermen, bargemen, 
 ferrymen &c. are denominated common carriers. 
 The master of a stage coach who only carries pas- 
 sengers for hire is not liable for goods ; but if he 
 undertake to carrj' goods and passengers, then he 
 is liable for both as a common carrier. The Post- 
 master-General is not a carrier in the common iic- 
 ccptation of the term, nor is he subjected to his 
 liabilities. 
 
 1. Duties and Liabilities of Carriers, — Carriers 
 are bound to receive and carry the goods of all 
 persons for a reasonable hire or reward ; to take 
 proper care of them in their passage ; to deliver 
 tlicm safely, and in the same condition as when 
 they were received (excepting only such losses as 
 may arise from the act of God or the queen's ene- 
 mies) ; or, in default thereof, to make compensa- 
 tion to the owner for whatever loss or damage the 
 Roods may have received while in their custody, 
 that might have been prevented. 
 
 Hence a currier is liable, though he be robbed of 
 the goods, or they be taken from him by irresistible 
 
 CAERIERS 
 
 273 
 
 force ; and though this may seem a hard rule, yet 
 it is the only one that could be safely adopted ; for 
 if a carrier were not liable for losses unless it 
 could be shown that he had conducted himself dis- 
 honestly or negligently, a door would be opened for 
 every species of fraud and collusion, inasmuch as 
 it would be impossible in most cases to ascertain 
 whether the facts were such as the carrier repre- 
 sented. On the same principle a carrier has been 
 held accountable for goods accidentally consumed 
 by tire while in his warehouse. In delivering the 
 opinion of the Court of King's Bench on a cose of 
 this sort, Lord Mansfield said — ' A carrier, by the 
 nature of his contract, obliges himself to use all 
 due care and diligence, and is answerable for any 
 neglect. But there is something more imposed 
 upon him by custom, that is, by the common law. 
 A common carrier is in the nature of an insurer. 
 All the cases show him to be so. This makes him 
 liable for everything except the act of God and the 
 king's enemies ; that is, even for inevitable acci- 
 dents, with those exceptions. The question, then, 
 is, fFhat is the act of God ? I consider it to be laid 
 down in opposition to the act of man; such as 
 lightning, storms, tempests, and the like, which 
 could not happen by any human intervention. To 
 prevent litigation and collusion, the law presumes 
 negligence except in those circumstances. An 
 armed force, though ever so great and irresistible, 
 docs not excuse ; the reason is, for fear it may give 
 room for collusion, which can never happen with 
 respect to the act of God. We all, therefore, arc 
 of opinion that there should be judgment for the 
 plaintiff.' (Forward v. Pittard, 1 T. R. 27.) 
 
 A carrier is not obliged to have a new carriage 
 for every journey : it is sufficient if he provide one 
 that, without auy extraordinary accident, may be 
 fairly presumed capable of performing the journey. 
 
 Acarrier may be discharged from his liability 
 by any fraud or concealment on the part of the 
 individual employing him, or of the bailor ; as if 
 the latter represent a parcel as containing things 
 of little or no value, when in fact it contains things 
 of great value. But when the carrier has not 
 given a notice limiting his rcsponsibilltv, and 
 when he puts no questions with respect to the par- 
 cel to the bailor, the latter need not say anything 
 with respect to it ; and though the bailor shoulil 
 represent the thing delivered to the carrier as of 
 no value, yet, ;/ the latter know it to be otherwise, he 
 will be responsible in the event of its being lost or 
 damaged. If the bailor deliver goods imperfectly 
 packed, and the carrier does not perceive it, he is 
 not liable in the event of a loss occurring ; but if 
 the defect in the package were such that the car- 
 rier could not but perceive it, he would be liable. 
 On this principle a carrier was made to answer for 
 the loss of a greyhound that had been improperly 
 secured when given to him. 
 
 A carrier may refuse to admit goods into his 
 warehouse at an unseasonable time, or before he is 
 ready to take his journey ; but he cannot refuse 
 to do the ordinary duties incumbent on a person 
 in his situation. 
 
 It is felony if a carrier open a parcel and take 
 goods out ot it with intent to steal them ; and it 
 has been decided that if goods be delivered to a 
 carrier to be carried to a specified place, and ho 
 carry them to a different place, and dispose of them 
 for his own profit, he is guilty of felony ; liut the 
 embezzlement of goods by a carrier without a 
 felonious taking merely exposes to a civil action. 
 
 No carrier, waggonman, carman, or walnman, 
 with their rcsijectivo carriages, shall travel on 
 Sundays, under a penalty of 20s. (3 Ch. I. c. 1.) 
 
 A carrier is always, unless there be an express 
 iigrccmcnt to the contrarv, entitled to a reward for 
 
 ' ,' ' . .i 
 
 > '■ , 
 
 1 > 
 
 ! ■ ■ t 
 
i, 
 L. 
 
 I't; 
 
 274 
 
 his caro and trouble. In some cases his reward is 
 regulated by the LosiHlnture, and iti others by a 
 siiecial stipulatiou between the parties ; but though 
 there be no legislative provision or express agree- 
 ment, ho cannot claim more than a rewmnahle com- 
 pensation. 
 
 2. Limitation of Reimonsibilittj. — Until the Act 
 of 18H() a carrier might, by express stipulation, 
 giving public notice to that effect, discharge bis 
 liability from all losses by robbery, accident, or 
 otherwise (except those which arose from misfras- 
 tiiice (iiid gross nrijUgi'nce, from which no stipidation 
 or notice could "exempt him), and provided the 
 notice did not contravene the express conditions 
 of an Act of rarliament. 
 
 Notices generally bore that tho carrier would 
 not bo responsible for more than a certain sum 
 (usually n/.) on any one parcel, the value of which 
 had not been declared and paid for accordingly ; so 
 that a person aware of this notice, cnternig a 
 box worth l.tJOd/. without declaring its value, or 
 entering it as being worth 200/., would, should it 
 be lost, have got iu the tirst case only .0/., and in 
 tho latter oidy 200/., unless ho could have shown 
 that the carrier had acted fraudulently or with 
 gross negligence. Ihit, to avail himself of this de- 
 fence, the carrier w.is bound to show that the bai- 
 lor or his servant was acquainted with the notice 
 at th.r time of delivering the goods. ' No particular 
 manner of giving notice was required. It might 
 bo done by express communication, by fixing it 
 up in a conspicuous place in the carrier's office, by 
 insertion in the public papers or Gazette, by tho 
 circulation of handbills Jic. ; it being in all cases 
 a question for the jury to decide whether tho bai- 
 lor was really acquainted with the notice of the 
 limitation ; smce, if he were not, he was entitled 
 to recover, whatever efforts the carrier may have 
 made to publish it. Thus, a notice stuck up in a 
 carrier's warehouse, where goods were delivered, 
 waj of no avail against parties who could not read : 
 neiiher was it of .any avail against those who could 
 read, and who had seen it, unless they had aetually 
 read it. On this principle it was held that a no- 
 tice in a iiewspajjcr is not sufficient, even when it 
 was ])roved tliat the bailor read the ju^wspaper, 
 unless it could also be proved that ho had read the 
 notice itself. 
 
 'I'bcse attempts to limit responsibility gave rise 
 to a great de.il of litigation and uncertainty; and 
 to obviate the. inconveniences thence .irising, the 
 important statute 1 Wm. IV. c. (if! was passed. 
 This .-Vet declares that carriers hij land shall not be 
 lialilo for tho loss of certain articles specified in 
 the Act, when their value exceeds 10/., unless the 
 nature and vahir of such articles bo stated at the 
 time of their delivery to tho carrier, and an iu- 
 creasod charge paid or agreed to be paid upon the 
 same. It is further declared that no publica- 
 tion of any notices by carriers shall have power 
 to limit their responsibility at common law for 
 all other articles except tliose specitied in the 
 Act. l$ut as the Act is of great importance, we 
 sut)ioin it. 
 
 I'rom and after the passing of this Act, no mail- 
 contractor, stag(!coacii |)roprietor, or other com- 
 mon carrier In/ land for hire, shall be liable for tho 
 loss of or injury to any article or articles or pro- 
 perty of the description following, viz, gold or sil- 
 ver "coin of this realm or of any foreign state, or 
 any gold or silver in a inanufactured or unmanu- 
 factured state, or any precious stones, jewellery, 
 watches, clocks, or timepieces of any description, 
 trinkets, bills, notes of the Governor and Company 
 of tho Banks of England, Scotland, and Ireland 
 respectively, or of any other bank in Great llritain 
 or Ireland, orders, notes, or securities for payment 
 
 CARRIERS 
 
 of money, English or foreign stamps, mans,, 
 writings, title-deeds, paintings, engravings, pic- 
 tures, g(d(l or silver plate or plated articles, glass. 
 china, silks in a manufactured or immanufacfurcd 
 state, and whether wrought up or not wrought up 
 with other materials, furs, or lace, or any of them, 
 contained in any parcel or package which shall 
 have been delivered, either to bo carried for biro 
 or to accompany the person of any passenger in 
 any mail or stage coach or other public ennvey- 
 ance, when tho value of such article or articles dr 
 prQi)crty aforesaid contained in such parcel or 
 package shall exceed the sum of 10/., unless nt 
 the time of the delivery thereof at the olHte, 
 warehouse, or receiving house of such mail con- 
 tractor A'C. the value and nature of such article or 
 articles or property shall have been declared by 
 tho person or persons sending or delivering the 
 same, and such increajcil charge as hereinafior 
 mentioned, or an engagement to pay tho same, be 
 accepted by the person receiving such parcel or 
 package. (Sec. 1.) 
 
 When any parcel or package containing any oi 
 the articles above specilled shall be so delivered, 
 and its value and contents declared as aforesaid, 
 and such value shall exceed the sum of 10/., it 
 shall bo lawful for such mail contractors, stage 
 coach proprietors, and other common carriers to 
 demand and receive an increased rate of charge, 
 to be notilicd by some notice, affixed in legil)lo 
 characters in some pidJic and conspicuous part of 
 the office, warehouse, or other receiving house, 
 where such parcels or packages are received hy 
 them for tho purpose of conveyance, stating I ho 
 increased rates of charge required to be paid over 
 and above the ordinary rate of carriage, as a com- 
 pensation for the greater risk and care to be taken 
 for the safe conveyance of such valuable articles; 
 and all persons sending or deliviring parcels nr 
 packages continuing such valu.iblo articles a-; 
 aforesaiil at such oifice shall be bound by such 
 notice, without further proof of the same ha\ii):;- 
 come to their knowledge. (Sec. 2.) 
 
 Provided always, tliat when the value shall 
 have been s() declared, and the increased rate ot 
 charge paid, or an engagement to pay the same 
 shall have been accepted as hereinbefore men- 
 tioned, the person receiving such increased rate 
 of charge or accepting such agreement shall, if re- 
 quired, sign a receipt for the package or parcel, 
 acknowledging the same to have been insured, 
 which receipt shall not be liable to any stani)) 
 duty ; and if such receipt shall not bo given when 
 required, or such notice as aforesaid shall not l]av(^ 
 been affixed, tho mail contractor, stage coach pm- 
 prjetor, or other common carrier as aforesaid, shall 
 not have or be entitled to any benefit or advanlaire 
 under tins Act, but shall be liable and rcsponsiljlf. 
 as at the common law, and be liable to refund the 
 increased rate of charge. (Sec. S.) 
 
 And be it enacted, that from and after tho lat 
 day of September 1830, no public notice or declara- 
 tion heretofore made or hereafter to be made shall 
 be deemed or construed to limit or in any wise 
 affect the liability at common law of any such mail 
 contractors, stage coach proprietors, or other pub- 
 lic common carriers as aforesaid, for or in respect 
 of any articles or goods to be carried and coiiveyed 
 by them ; but that all and every such mail con- 
 tractors, stage coach proprietors, and other com- 
 mon c.irriers as aforesaid shall, from and after the 
 said 1 St day of September, bo liable, as at the com- 
 mon law, to answer for the loss of any injury [so 
 in the Act'] to any articles and goods in respect 
 whereof they may not be entitled to the benefit 
 of this Act, any public notice or declaration by 
 them made and given contrarj' thereto, or iii 
 
 anywise lim 
 (Sec. 4.) 
 
 And be it I 
 
 of this Act, I 
 
 house, which 
 
 wail conlrac 
 
 other such er 
 
 parcels to be 
 
 deemed and 
 
 W'arehoiiso, or 
 
 coach propria 
 
 that any (,|,c 
 
 stngo conch pr, 
 
 be liable to be 
 
 names onlv; ai 
 
 io recover "dam 
 
 .package, or pe 
 
 joining any co 
 
 mail, stage coac 
 
 land for lijrc as 
 
 I'rovided alwi 
 
 nothing in this 
 
 construed to ann 
 
 contract bctwcer 
 
 proprietor, or coi 
 
 ties, for tho conv, 
 
 (Sec. t!.^ 
 
 Provided also, 
 lyliere any parcel 
 livored at any su, 
 tents declared as 
 ofchargesbeenpi 
 sliall have been 
 Idled to recover ( 
 or damage shall a 
 such increased cl 
 addition to the v.i 
 (Sec. 7.) 
 
 Provided also, a 
 "ollimg in this A 
 a;iy mail contract 
 other common car 
 answer for lo,,., or 
 whatsoever, arisin. 
 coachman, guard, 
 servant in his or th 
 such coachman, gu 
 vant, from liabilit 
 sioned by hj^ „^ ,^g' 
 mndnct. (Sec. 8.) 
 Provided also, a 
 sueh mail contract 
 "Hier common carr 
 eluded as to the va 
 
 p by the value so 
 
 lie or they shall in 
 
 from the party suin 
 
 J"r\', proof of the a 
 
 die ordinary lorral 
 
 contractors, stage c. 
 
 mon carriers, as afe 
 
 linmages only as sh 
 
 not exceeding the d( 
 
 increased charges as 
 
 And be it fitfther 
 
 tie brought against n 
 
 the defendant or d( 
 
 into court. (Sec. I( 
 
 It will be observe 
 
 imhstandiiig this \ 
 
 leloinous acts of thei^ 
 
 faance or gross nel 
 
 however, to lay doJ 
 
 OTciinistaiices whil 
 
 I'ltrenng as they \ 
 
 question, when raiJ 
 
 "ut K lias been decil 
 
CARRIERS 
 
 275 
 
 anywise limiting such liability, notwithstanding. 
 (Sec. 4.) 
 
 And be it further enacted, that for the purposes 
 of tills Act, every ollico, warehouse, or receiving 
 house, which shall bo used or appointed by any 
 mail contractor, or stage conch proprietor, or 
 other sucli common carrier, for the receiving of 
 parcels to be conveyed as aforcsaiil, shall be 
 deemed and taken to 1)0 the receiving house, 
 warehouse, or otlice of such moil contractor, staj^e 
 coacli proprietor, or other common carrier; and 
 that any one or more of such mail contractors, 
 stage conch proprietors, or common carriers, sliall 
 be liable to be sued by his, her, or their name or 
 names only ; and that no action or suit commenced 
 to recover damaf^cs for loss or injury to any parcel, 
 package, or person, shall abate for the want of 
 joining any co-proprietor or co-partner in sucli 
 mail, stage coach, or other public conveyance by 
 land for hire as aforesaid. (Sec. 5.) 
 
 I'rovided always, and l)o it further enacted, that 
 notliing in tliis Act contained shall extend or be 
 construed to annul or in anywise affect any special 
 contract between such mail contractor, stage coach 
 proprietor, or common carrier, and any other par- 
 ties, for the con^-.^yance of goods and merchandises. 
 (Sec. 0.) 
 
 Provided also, and be it further enacted, that 
 wlicre any parcel or package shall have been de- 
 livered at any such office, and the value and con- 
 tents declared as aforesaid, and the increased rate 
 of charges been paid, and such parcels or packages 
 shall have been lost o' damaged, the party en- 
 titled to rtoover damag is in respect of such loss 
 or damage shall also to entitled to recover back 
 such increased charges so paid as aforesaid, in 
 addition to the value of sucn parcel or package. 
 (Sec. 7.) 
 
 Provided also, and be it further enacted, that 
 nothing in tiiis Act shall be deemed to protect 
 any mail contractor, stage coach proprietor, or 
 other common carrier for hire, from liability to 
 answer for loss or injury to any goods or articles 
 whatsoever, arising iroui the felonious acts of any 
 coachman, guard, book-keeper, porter, or other 
 servant in his or their employ, nor to protect any 
 such coachman, guard, book-keeper, or other ser- 
 vant, from liability for any loss or injury occa- 
 sioneil hy his or their own personal neglect or mis- 
 conr/iict. (Sec. 8.) 
 
 Provided also, and be it further enacted, that 
 such mail contractors, stage coacli proprietors, or 
 otlier common carriers; for hire, shall not be con- 
 chuled as to the value of any such parcel or pack- 
 lige by the value so declared as aforesaid, but tliat 
 ho or they shall in all cases be entitled to require, 
 from the party suing in respect of any loss or iii- 
 jiirj-, proof of the actual value of the contents by 
 tlie ordinary legal evidence; and that the mail 
 contractors, stage coach proprietors, or other com- 
 mon carriers, as aforesaid, shall be liable to such 
 damages only as shall be so proved as aforesaid, 
 not exceeding the declared value, together with the 
 increased charges as before mentioned. (Sec. 9.) 
 And be it further enacted, that in all actions to 
 be brought against any such mail contractors &c., 
 the defendant or defendants may pay the money 
 into court. (Sec. 10.) 
 
 It will be observed that carriers continue, not- 
 withstanding this Act, liable, as before, for the 
 felonious acts of their servants, and their own mis- 
 feasance or gross negligence. It is not possible, 
 however, to lay down any general rule as to the 
 circumstances which constitute this oflcncp. 
 Ditfering as they do in almost every case, tlie 
 question, when raised, must be left to a jurj'. 
 But it has been decided, that the misdelivery of a 
 
 parcel, or its non-diTivcry within a reunonnhle lime, 
 IS a misfeasance that cannot bo dcfeatcil l)y any 
 notice on the part of the carrier liinitiiif; liis re- 
 sponsibility. In like manner, the sending of a 
 parcel by a dift'erent coach from that directed by 
 the bailor, the removing it from one carriage to 
 another, are misfeasances. Wliero a parcel is di- 
 rected to a iierson at a particular place, and the 
 carrier, knowing such person, delivers llic imrcol 
 to another who represents himself as the con- 
 signee, such delivery is Kross nei^ligeiice. Leav- 
 ing parcels in a coach or cart unprotected in the 
 street is also gross negligence. 
 
 At common law, there is no distinction between 
 carriage performed by sea or land ; but by the 7 
 (Joo. 11. c. 1'), and 2ti Geo. III. c. 8(i, corrccte ind 
 amended by the 53 (Jeo. III. c. 15!t, it is enacted 
 that shi)) owners are not to be liable for any loss 
 or damage liappeuing to goods on board through 
 the fraud or neglect of the master, witlioiit tlieir 
 knowledge or privity, further than the value of 
 the vessel and the freight accruing during the 
 voyage. [OwNKHs. J 
 
 3. Commencement ami Termination of LiahilHy, — 
 A carrier's liability commences from tlic time tho 
 goods are actually delivered to him in the charac- 
 ter of carrier. A delivery to a corrier's servant is 
 a delivery to himself, and he will be responsible. 
 The delivery of goods in an inn yard or warehouse, 
 at which other carriers put up, is not a delivery 
 so as to charge a carrier, unless a special notice bo 
 given him of their having been so delivered, or 
 some previous intimation to that etlcct. 
 
 A carrier's liability ceases when he vests the 
 property committed to his charge in the hands of 
 the consignee or his agents by actual delivery ; or 
 when the property is resumed bv tho consignor, 
 in pursuance of his right of stoppuig it in transitu. 
 It is in all cases the duty of the carrier to deliver 
 tho goods. The leaving goods at an inn is not 
 a sutficient delivery. The rule in such cases, in 
 deciding upon the carrier's liability, is to con^^idct 
 whetlier anytliing n-mains to be done by tho 
 carrier as such; and if nothing remains to be 
 done, his liability ceases, and conversely. 
 
 A carrier has a lien upon goods for his hire. 
 Even if the goods be stolon, tho rightful owiicr is 
 not to have them without paying the carriage. 
 
 In order to obviate any risks which might be in- 
 curred on the part of the public in consequence of 
 the actual monopoly possessed by railway and 
 canal companies, whoso interests are now generally 
 united, tho Railway and Canal Traflic Act was 
 passed in XHiA (17 & 18 Vict. c. 31), ai d inter alia 
 provided : That every railway and canal ccivnany 
 shall be liable for the loss of or any injury done to 
 any horses, cattle, and other animals, or to any ar- 
 ticles, goods, or things in the receiving, forwardin;;, 
 or delivering thereof, occasioned by the neglect or 
 default of such company or its serwints, notwith- 
 standing any notice,condition, or declaration made 
 or given by such company contrary thereto or in 
 anywi.B limiting such liability — every such no- 
 tice, condition, or declaration being hereby de- 
 clared to be null and void ; provided always, that 
 nothing herein contained shall be construed to 
 prevent the said companies from making such 
 conditions with respect to the receiving, forward- 
 ing, or delivering of any of the said animals, ar- 
 ticles, and goods or things as shall be adjiulgod by 
 court or judge before whom any question relating 
 thereto shall bo heard, to be just and reasonable. 
 It ihen provides that the m;>ximum value of a 
 horse shall bo 50/., of cattle lui'., of sheep or pigs 
 l)er head 2/., unless a previous declaration should 
 bo ma<lo of higher value, in which case the com- 
 pany inav demand a reasonable per coutagc in ad- 
 T 2 
 
278 
 
 CARRIERS 
 
 II-, 
 
 I • 
 
 dition to cover the extra risk : proof of the value 
 to lie on the claimant. It then provides that no 
 special contract between such company and any 
 other parties respecting the receiving, forwarding, 
 or delivering of any anironls, articles, goods, or 
 things as aforesaid, shall be binding upon or 
 affect any such party unless the same be signed by 
 him or by Iheperton delivering such animals, articles, 
 goods, and things respectively for carriage. 
 
 The following interpretation was put tjy Chief- 
 Ju'<tice Jcrvis on this clause, which is confessed) v 
 obscure : ' The fair meaning of this section, as it 
 seems to mc, is this : the first branch of it declares 
 that all notices, conditions, and declarations made 
 and given by the company shall be null am* void 
 ill 80 far as they go to release the company from 
 liability for loss or injury to goods Ac. m the re- 
 ceiving, forwarding, and delivering thereof, occa- 
 sioned by the neglect or default of the company or 
 its servants. liut then it goes on to provide, in 
 the next branch, that this shall not prevent the 
 company from making such conditions, which 
 shall be adjudged by the court or Judge before 
 whom any question relating thereto shall be tried, 
 to be just and reasonable ; and further, though just 
 and reasonable, such condition or special contract 
 shall not be binding iinlcaa signed by the person 
 sending or delivering the goods. The result seems 
 to be this : a general notice is void ; but the com- 
 pany may make special contracts wr h their cus- 
 tomers, provided they are just and reasonable, and 
 signed ; and whereas the monopoly created by rail- 
 way companies compels the public to employ them 
 in the conveyance of their goods, the Legislature 
 have thought fit to impose the further security 
 that the court shall see that the condition or spe- 
 cial contract is just and reasonable.' The Court 
 of Exchequer took a different view, and held that 
 the first part of the Act applies only to notices, 
 conditions, and declarations by the company; and 
 that the parties were, by a special contract signed 
 by the person sending the goods, at liberty to 
 make whatever arrangements they pleased ; and 
 where there was such a signed and special con- 
 tract, the question of reasonableness and unreason- 
 ableness of its terms did not arise. Ultimately 
 the Court of Exchequer Chamber overruled this 
 decision of the court below, and adopted and con- 
 firmed Chief Justice Jervis's construction. (Smith's 
 Mercantile Law, ed. 1865, p. 290.) 
 
 For further details as to this subject see Jeremy 
 On the Law o/* Carrier*, passim ; Chitty's Commer- 
 cial Law, vol. iii. pp. .369-386 ; and Smith's Mer- 
 cantilc Law. There are some excellent observa- 
 tions with respect to it in Sir William Jones's 
 Essay on the Law of Bailments. (For an account 
 of the regulations as to the conveyance of passen- 
 gers in stage coaches, see Coaches, Stage.) 
 
 CAKKOT (Daucus carota, Linn.) (Fr. carotte; 
 (ier. gomeine mahre, gelle rube; Itul. carota; 
 Span, zanahoria). A biennial plant, a native of 
 liritaiii. Though long known as a garden plant, 
 its introduction into agriculture has been compara- 
 tively recent. The uses of the carrot in domestic 
 economy are well known. It is extensively culti- 
 vated in Suffolk, whence large quantities are sent 
 to the London market. Horses are remarkably 
 fond of canots. In 1866, 426 cwt. of carrot seed 
 were imported into the United Kingdom. 
 
 CARTS. Every cart &c. for the carriage of 
 anything to and from any place, where the streets 
 are paved, within the bills of mortality, shall con- 
 tain 6 inches in the felly. No person shall drive 
 any cart, waggon &c. within 5 miles of the Gene- 
 ral Post Office, unless the name, surname, and 
 place of abode of the owner bo painted in con- 
 Bpiuuous letters, at least 1 inch in height, on the 
 
 CASSIA 
 
 right or off side thereof, under a penalty of 5/. 
 Any person may seize and detain any cart, 
 waggon 4c. without such mark. (14 2 Wm. IV. 
 c. 22.) 
 
 CASCARILLA. [Bark.] 
 
 CASH. In Commerce, the ready money, 
 bills, drafts, bonds, and all immediatclv negotiable 
 paper in an individual's possession. [Canton.] 
 
 CASH ACCOUNT. In Book keeping, an ac- 
 count to which nothing but cash is carried on the 
 one hand, and from which all the disbursements of 
 the concern are drawn on the other. The balance 
 is the cash in hand. When the credit side more 
 ihan balances the debit or disbursement side, the 
 account is said to be in casli ; when the contrary, 
 to be out of cash. 
 
 Cash Account. In Banking, the name given 
 to the account of the advances made by a banker 
 in Scotland to an individual who has given secu- 
 rity for their repayment. [Banks {Scotch).'] 
 
 CASHEW NUTS (Ger. ak^unUssc, Westin- 
 dischc anakarden ; Dutch, catsjoenooten ; Fr. noix 
 d'acajou ; Ital. acaju ; Span, nueces d'acaju ; Port, 
 nozes d'acaju), 'l"he produce of the Anacardium 
 occidental, a native of the West Indian Islands 
 and tropical America. They are externally of a 
 greyish or brownish colour, of the shape of a kid- 
 ney, somewhat convex on the one side, and de- 
 pressed on the other. The shell is very hard; 
 and the kernel, which is sweet and of a very fine 
 flavour, is covered with a thin film. Between this 
 and the shell is lodged a thick, blackish, inflam- 
 mable oil. of such a caustic nature in the fresh 
 nuts, that if the lips chance to touch it, blisters 
 immediately follow. The kernels are used in 
 cooking, and in the preparation of chocolate, 
 
 CASPIAN SEA. [Taganuoo,] 
 
 CASSIA, There are 4 species of cassia in 
 the market, viz. Cassia lignea or Cassia Bark; 
 Cassia fistula; Cassia Buds; and Cassia Senna. 
 
 1. Cassia lignea, or Cassia Bark (Fr. cassc; 
 Ger. cassia ; Port, cassia lonhosa; Arab, seleekeh; 
 Hind, tuj ; Malay, kayO-legi). "The bark of a tree 
 (Laurus cassia, Linn.) growing in Sumatra, Borneo, 
 the Malabar coast, Philippine Islands 4c.; but 
 chiefly in the provinces of Quantong and Kingsi, 
 in China, which furnish the greatest part of the 
 cassia met with in the European markets. Tlio 
 tree grows to the height of 50 or 60 feet, with 
 large, spreading, horizontal branches. The bark 
 resembles that of cinnamon in appearance, smell, 
 and taste, and is very often substituted for it ; but 
 it may be readily distinguished ; it is thicker in 
 substance, less quilled, breaks shorter, and is more 
 pungent. It should be chosen in thin pieces ; the 
 best being that which approaches nearest to cinna- 
 mon in tlavour : that which is small and broken 
 should be rejected. A good deal of the cassia in 
 the Indian markets is brought from Borneo, Su- 
 matra, and Ceylon. Malabar cassia is tliicl.er and 
 darker coloured than that of China, and more sub- 
 ject to foul packing : each bundle should be sp)ia- 
 ratelv inspected. (Ainslie'a Materia Indica ; Mil- 
 bum s Orient. Com. ; 4c.) 
 
 2. Cassia Buds, the dried fruit or berrj' of the 
 tree {Laurus cassia) which yields the bark de- 
 scribed in the previous article. They bear somn 
 resemblance to a clove, but are smaller, and, when 
 fresh, have a rich cinnamon flavour. They should 
 be chosen round, fresh, and free from stalk or 
 dirt. Cassia buds are the produce of China. 
 (Milbum's Orient. Com. ; Anglo-Chinese Kalendar ; 
 and Pari. Paper No. 257, Sess. 1843.) 
 
 3. Cassia fistula (Fr. casse ; Ger. rhonkasie ; 
 Ital. polpa di cassia; Lat. cassiae pulpa; Arab, 
 khyar sheber) is a tree which grows in the East 
 and West Indies, and Egypt {Cassia fistula, Linn,). 
 
 'Hic fruit is n 
 thickness of i 
 length. Those 
 pnncipally fror 
 and cases ; but 
 liast Indies, ai 
 smaller smooth 
 "ffhepulp. I, 
 ''>747 exported. 
 *• Cassia Sen 
 The duties oi 
 lb. They arc n 
 In 1866 the ir 
 78,048 lbs. and 
 buds are worth 
 per cwt. Tlie i 
 were 349,449 lb 
 !>'• '»*. 7d. per 
 4/. 18.*. 6rf. Of( 
 ported from HoH 
 CASTOR (Fr 
 torcunt; Dutch, b< 
 Ital. castoro; S 
 the beaver. Jn t 
 mal are found foi 
 on each side : in t 
 tained a softish, i 
 substance, which, 
 drj-and brittle, a 
 castor. It liaa a ] 
 smell, not unlike m 
 subacrid taste. Ti 
 13 obtained in aui 
 years it has been v 
 fijund in the shot 
 I he goodness of c( 
 sible qualities: thi 
 inodorous, oily, ar 
 to be sometinics c( 
 some gummy and 
 with castor; but 
 In 1866 the impor 
 ''If t'v, the exports 
 CASTOR OIL (] 
 sohl ; Ital. olio (ii 1 
 18 obtained from thel 
 or Palma Christ!, aj 
 tropical countries, | 
 Spam 4c. The oil 
 cither by boiling thl 
 them to the action f 
 though the largest 
 cured by the first ik 
 nioro apt to becomi 
 hy expression, whicl 
 pcss now most con 
 pressed castor oil is i 
 but the best leaves il 
 m the throat after itl 
 and heavier than 
 transparent, and co 
 straw colour. That I 
 the seeds has a broJ 
 when they become 1 
 colour to a reddi.shi 
 nauseous taste. It ij 
 in the materia medicl 
 Uimensatory.) f 
 
 The duty of U. 3 J 
 repealed in 1845. hi 
 •"^'3,037 cwt., and tJ 
 
 Catechu (Fr 
 
 «i'tt;Mal.gambir) 
 wwi of the Acacia ^ 
 prmliices it is a smalM 
 (.'rowing abundantly iJ 
 ffflpire, Itissaidtol 
 
CASTOR 
 
 The fruit is a woodv, (laris brown pod, about the 
 thickness of the thumb, and nearly 2 feet in 
 length. Those brought to this country cuino 
 principally from the West Indies, packed ni coaks 
 and cases ; but a superior kind is brought from the 
 East Indies, and is easily distinguished bv its 
 smaller smooth po<l, and by the greater blackness 
 of the pulp. In 18(i)i, 11,321 lbs. were imported, 
 8,747 exported. (Britinh Pharinac(^ceia, 18()7.) 
 4. Cassia Senna. [ Sknna. ] 
 The duties on cassia were Igo''. and Sj'jjt/. per 
 lb. They arc now repealed. 
 
 In 1860 the imports of cassia buds amounted to 
 78,048 lbs. and the exports to 22,881 lbs. Cassia 
 buds are worth in tbc London market about !)/. 
 per cwt. The imports of Cassia lignea in 18C6 
 were 349,440 lbs., and its price from 41. 15j, to 
 i)/. 4i). 7rf. per cwt. ; that from China being 
 4/. 18s. Gti. Of Cassia Tcra 115,782 lbs. were im- 
 ported from Holland. 
 
 CASTOR (Kr. ca.storeum; Ger. bibergeil, kas- 
 torcunt; Dutch, bcevergeil; Uuss.babrownjastruja; 
 Ital. costoro; Span, castorco). The produce of 
 the beaver. In the inguinal region of this ani- 
 mal are found four bags, a large and a small one 
 on each side : in the two large ones there is con- 
 tained a softish, greyish yellow, or light brown 
 substance, which, on exposure to the air, becomes 
 drj- and brittle, and of a brown colour. This is 
 castor. It has n heavy but somewhat aromatic 
 smell, not unlike musk ; and a bitter, nauseous, and 
 subacrid taste. The best comes from Kussia, and 
 is obtained in autumn and winter, but of late 
 years it has been very scarce ; and all that is now 
 found in the shops is the produce of Cniinda. 
 The goodness of castor is determined by its sen- 
 sible qualities: that which is black is insipid, 
 inodorous, oily, and unfit for use. It is said 
 to be sometimes counterfeited by a mixture of 
 some gummy and resinous substances flavoured 
 with castor; but the fraud is easily detected. 
 In 1866 the imports were 4,989 lbs., valued at 
 1,122/.; the exports 3,690 lbs. 
 
 CASTOR OIL (Fr. huile du ricin ; Ger. rizinu- 
 flohl ; Ital. olio di ricino ; Span, aceile de ricino) 
 is obtained from the seeds of the Ricinus communii, 
 or Pulma Christi, an annual plant found in most 
 tropical countries, and in Greece, tbe south of 
 Spain Ac. The oil is separated from the seeds 
 either by boiling thcin in water or by subjecting 
 them to the action of the press. It is said that 
 tliough the largest quantity of oil may be pro- 
 cured by tlie first method, it is less sweet, and 
 more apt to become rancid, than that procured 
 by expression, which in consequence is the pro- 
 cess now most commonly followed. Good ex- 
 pressed castor oil is nearly inodorous and insipid, 
 but the best leaves a slight sensation of acrimony 
 ia the throat after it is swallowed. It is thicker 
 and heavier than the fat oils, being viscid, 
 transparent, and colourless, or of a very pale 
 straw cidour. That which is obtained b\' boiling 
 the seeds has a brownish hue ; and both kinds, 
 when they become rancid, thicken, deepen in 
 colour to a reddish brown, and acquire a hot, 
 nauseous taste. It is very extensively employed 
 in the materia mcdica as a cathartic. (Thomson's 
 Di^ensatory.) 
 
 Ihe duty of Is. 3rf, per cwt. on castor oil was 
 repealed in 1845. In 1806 the imports amounted 
 t" '23,037 cwt., and the exports to 6,103 cwt. 
 
 CATECHU (Fr. cachou; Ger. kaschu; Hind. 
 cutt ; Mai. gambir). An extract prepared from the 
 wood of the Acacia Catechu. The acacia which 
 produces it is a small tree about 12 feet in height, 
 crowing abundantly in Hindostanand the Burmese 
 empire. It is said to be also common in Jamaica. 
 
 CAT SKINS 277 
 
 The wood of the tree abounds in astringent matter 
 which is extracted by boiling and inspissating the 
 product. Ik'forc its source was discovered it was 
 supposed to bo a kind of earth. Hence iu com- 
 mercial name, terra juponica. After it was found 
 to be of vegetable origin, it was taken to bo an 
 extract of the betel nut; but tlie real nature of 
 I lie drug was first determined by Mr. Kerr, of 
 the Ilengal Civil Hospital, an eye-witness of the 
 manufacture. Catechu, or terra japonira, is also 
 called cutvh by the English traders, who have 
 derived this name from the Hindostanec cutt. 
 
 Catechu has several uses. It has long been cm- 
 ployed as an astringent medicine, being the mo.st 
 powerful of the kind. It is consumed in largo 
 (piantitics by the natives of tropical Asia, who 
 mix the substance with a small quantity of lime 
 and aromatic drugs, and wrapping it in the leaf 
 of the piper betel, use it as a masticatory. It ia 
 used for this purpose in France, made into small 
 pills or lozenges. 
 
 But its most important economical use ia as a 
 dye and tanning drug. It owes these iiropcrties 
 to the large amount of tannic acid it contains, 
 amounting occasionally to more tliun half the 
 weight of the substance. It is said that a pound 
 of catechu has as much tanning power as seven or 
 eight pounds of oak bark. 
 
 Catechu is derived from many countries and 
 in various forms. The following have been enu- 
 merated: 1, Cuke catechu, in quantities weighing 
 from a few ounces to 2 pound.s. This is resinous 
 in its fracture, and bears marks of having been 
 inspissated in saucers or similar flat vessels. 2, 
 I'egu catechu, imported in masses of large size, 
 sometimes nearly a hundred weight. This is of 
 excellent quality, compact, dark brown in colour, 
 and resinous in character. 3. Bengal catechu, in 
 quadrangular cakes, about 2 to 3 inches in length 
 and breadth, and similar in character to tho.so 
 mentioned above ; and 4. A catechu in balls, the 
 quality of which is generally inferior. 
 
 As the plants producing catechu are so widely 
 distributed, the cost of the article depends ia 
 great degree upon the cost of labour and carriage. 
 The quantities sent to Europe are increasing. The 
 price of catechu varies at the Eastern ports from 
 10.1. to 15s. the cwt. (Wood and Bache, United 
 States Dispensatory, from which excellent and 
 exhaustive work the above has been cliiviily com- 
 piled.) 
 
 CAT'S EYE. A mineral of bcautifal ap- 
 pearance. Its colours are grey, green, brown, 
 red, of various shades. Its internal lustre 
 is shining, iUs fracture imperfectly conchoidal, 
 and it is translucent. It has derived its name 
 from a peculiar play of light, arising from 
 white fibres interspersed. The French call the 
 appearance chatoyant. Among jewellers this geiu 
 is also known by the names of cat's eye, chri,so- 
 heryl, and cyinnphane. It is found in Ceylon, 
 Brazil, Moravia, the Ural Mountains (where a 
 beautiful variety is known as Alexandrite), and 
 in the United States. Good cat's eyes, according 
 to Mr. Emanuel, are worth from *100/. to 300/., 
 and are becoming more valuable than formerly. 
 It scratches quartz, is easily broken, and resists 
 the blow-pipe. It is set by the jewellers as a 
 precious stone. 
 
 CAT SKINS. The skin or fur of the cat is used 
 for a variety of purposes, but is |)rincipally dyed 
 and sold as false sable. It appears from evidence 
 taken before a Committee of the Ilonsn of Com- 
 mons (1859) that it is acommon practice in London 
 to decov the animal and kill it for the sake of its 
 skin. The fur of the wild cat is, however, fat 
 more valuable than that of the domestic cat. The 
 
 , 1 I < . • 
 
 
 'i;M 
 
278 
 
 CATTLE 
 
 i *■ 
 
 wild oat Hkins importod into this country nrc 
 broiiglit almost wholly from tho territories of tlu! 
 Hud.son'a Uiiy Com|iany. The animal from whic^h 
 they are taken is a f{ood deal larjjcr than Ihc 
 I'ji^lisl! wild cat, and is sonietimeH called the 
 loup cervier, or Canadian Ivnx. It is very cou- 
 rafjcoiic. At an average a^iout 30,000 cat skins 
 are aniiuallv imported, of which more than a half 
 are retained for homo consumption. 
 
 CATTLE. A collective term applied todcsitrnale 
 all those q.iadrupeds that arc used cither as food 
 for man or in tilling the p^round, Uy neat or 
 horned cattle is meant the two species included 
 iimler the names of the ox (Hon) and the buffalo 
 (liiiltuliin) ; but as the latter is hardly known in 
 this country, it is the former only that wo have 
 here in view. 
 
 The raising and feeding of cattle, and the pre- 
 paration of the various products which they yield, 
 have fornicd, in nil countries emerged from the 
 savage state, an important branch of induslrj'. 
 
 It would be quite inconsistent with the objects 
 and limits of this work to enter into any details 
 with respect to the different breeds of cattle raised 
 ■ in this or other countries. They arc exceed- 
 ingly various. In Great Ilritain they have been 
 vastly improved, in the weight of carcase, the 
 quality of the beef, and the abundance of the 
 milk, by the extraordinary attention that has 
 been given to the selection and crossing of the 
 best breeds, according to the dbjects in view. 
 This sort of improvement began about the middle 
 of last century, or rather later, and was excited 
 and very much fonvarded by the skill and enter- 
 prise of two individuals — Mr. IJakewell of Uishlcy, 
 and Mr. Culley of Northumberland. The success 
 by which their efforts were attended roused a spirit 
 of emulation in others ; ■■nd the rapid growth of 
 commerce and manufactures since 17(!0 having 
 occasioned a corresponding increase in the demand 
 for butchers' meat, improved systems of breeding, 
 and improved breeds, h.ive been very generally 
 introduced. 
 
 Hut the improvement in the size and condition 
 of cattle has not been alone owing to the circum- 
 stances now mentioned. Much of it is certainly 
 to be ascribed to the great improvement that has 
 been made in their feeding. The introduction 
 and universal extension of the turnii) and clover 
 cultivation has had, in lliis respect, a most aston- 
 ishing induence, and has wonderfully increased 
 the food of cattle, and conse(iueutly tlie supply of 
 butcliers' meat. 
 
 It was stated in the First Keport of the Select 
 Committee of the House of Commons on Waste 
 Lands (printed in 179")), that cattle and sheep 
 liad, at an average, increased in si/e and weight; 
 about a Jbitrlh part since 1 732 ; but there are 
 .strong groinids for supposing that the increase 
 had been niucli more considerable than is repre- 
 sented by the committee. 
 
 The average price of oxen, during part of the 
 thirteenth and the whole of the fourteenth cen- 
 turies, as exhibited in Mr. Itogers's work On Agri- 
 culture and Prices in England, 1259-1100, was 
 13s. \\d., of cows 0». (!(/., of bulls 10s. \^d. These 
 averages have been dcriviij from many thousand 
 entries, and indicate that the oxen were on the 
 whole intended to be used as meat, since tlic price 
 is considerablj' in excess of that at which cows 
 worn sold, and that no general attempt was made 
 to improve the herd, since bulls were cheaper than 
 oxen. 
 
 The average weight of an ox in the year 1517, 
 if we can rely on a victualling bill of the navy, 
 preserved in the Public Kccord OIHce, and contain- 
 ing the weii^hts of 40 oxen, was 4 cwta. It is 
 
 [lossiblc that the herd mav have improvcil during 
 the century and a half which follow on the 
 period comprised in the work referred to. (Agri- 
 culture and Prices in England, vol. i. ii. 53.) 
 
 According to an estimati' of Dr. Davcnant in 
 1710, the average weight of the nett carcase of 
 black cattle was only 370 lbs., of calves 60 lbs., 
 and of sheep only 28 lbs. ; hut according to !Sir F, 
 RI. Kden (History of the Poor, vol. iii. Appendix 
 p. 88) and Mr. ftliddleton (Agriculture of Middle- 
 sex, 2iul cd. p. 541), the averoge nett weight of 
 the carcase of bullocks killed in London might bo 
 taken, about the end of the last or the beginning 
 of this century, at 800 lbs., calves at 140 lbs., shccj) 
 at 80 lbs., and lambs at 50 lbs. 
 
 Consumption of Butchers^ Meat in iMndon. — The 
 number of head of cattle, uheci), and lambs sold in 
 Smitlilicid market, each year from 1732 to 1852, hits 
 been as follows : — 
 
 Year 
 
 l7.->« 
 I/.13 
 
 17.14 
 I7.1S 
 17M 
 17.17 
 17.1N 
 17,1!) 
 I74U 
 1711 
 17 1'^ 
 171.1 
 1741 
 I7I'> 
 
 nil] 
 
 1717 
 17IS 
 171!) 
 17.511 
 1751 
 i: i 
 
 I, .Ii 
 17')7 
 tlfiH 
 17'i9 
 I7(](l 
 17lil 
 17M 
 ITM 
 17'. I 
 l-fi', 
 17 (if. 
 l-t.7 
 l7f.S 
 ITIi!) 
 1770 
 1771 
 177a 
 177.1 
 1771 
 177.'i 
 17;(i 
 1777 
 
 17;h 
 
 1779 
 17SII 
 17M 
 I7S'.; 
 17 H.I 
 17S1 
 17«5 
 I7>i'i 
 17S7 
 17liS 
 17h'.) 
 KW) 
 1791 
 1792 
 
 Callle 
 
 "B.alD 
 
 7H,SI(I 
 ».1,H!M 
 S7,(iOG 
 H<J.Hf,-l 
 S7,"l() 
 K6,7S7 
 KI.NIO 
 77,711 
 79,(i(M 
 7(i,l7.'. 
 llifilH 
 74,IKH 
 71,'*^ 
 71,1.VI 
 f.7,Wl 
 7V,7.IS 
 7l),7li.'> 
 69,.'iS9 
 7.1,7I1S 
 T!t,i'rl 
 ■(1,1.17 
 74,S'«) 
 7;,M7 
 
 Kl.V.V^ 
 
 8(1,4.19 
 
 »»,.'>9I 
 
 SV,'14 
 
 Kl.'.H.Il 
 
 8il,K',l 
 
 7i,lfiS 
 
 8l,(i.1ll 
 
 7.'>,'i.14 
 
 77,S'24 
 
 7ft,(i'iO 
 
 H-^,1.11 
 
 8(i,19() 
 
 9.1,.'>7.1 
 
 ).9,'>0.1 
 
 90,111 
 
 90,119 
 
 U.1,.''S1 
 
 9K,17i 
 
 9,1,714 
 
 ' 97,1(i() 
 
 97,.V)J 
 
 1I«,1S1 
 
 I0J,.')I.1 
 
 1(11,17(1 
 
 1(11,810 
 
 1 <iH,l4.1 
 
 I 99,017 
 
 , 9V,tl7(l 
 
 I 91,916 
 
 'il.K'ft 
 
 y.i,vf;9 
 
 101,708 
 I01,l(i4 
 ,107,318 
 
 ShL<«p 
 .51 1, 700 
 
 .'r.;i,ii.5o 
 
 .0<.li,91O 
 .'.•)II,!I70 
 5»7,4'.'(l 
 fiU7,.1.T) 
 41(9,170 
 .'iCH,98l) 
 ,5(ll,,:vil 
 .5.16,11111 
 JOI.Sfid 
 4(iK,lVI) 
 
 vmfi'io 
 
 •j<.1.!l90 
 f,iil,-90 
 (..(1,78(1 
 (ild.DGd 
 6H,iM 
 
 61I,S90 
 filV,l(iO 
 (i4s,4 10 
 ell, .1.50 
 
 (i. '1,7 10 
 .57 I, (WO 
 .5.50,9.10 
 
 C(i(!,l>IO 
 
 -vt,\m 
 
 65.1,110 
 .5.5ii,.1G() 
 5.17.(*IO 
 .574, ;9() 
 S7l,(C.O 
 (.V(i,170 
 (ilii.UlO 
 
 (;i9,i)90 
 r,i I ,nf.i) 
 
 S(l'l,.5|0 
 (;il9,74i) 
 .5«,5.'i9() 
 riV.1,9iO 
 B71,7(KI 
 714,S7(I 
 6iS,.54() 
 
 (;;(i,5io 
 
 7(it".,8M) 
 743,.1.1(. 
 7as,970 
 7(11, r.lO 
 BKi.llO 
 611.170 
 66.5,910 
 6(iH,.57ll 
 679,l(l() 
 fl9.1,7(Kl 
 719,6(,l) 
 71ll,.1lll) 
 76i),Hi9 
 
 Vear 
 
 179.1 
 
 1794 
 
 1793 
 
 1796 
 
 1797 
 
 179S 
 
 1799 
 
 181 HI 
 
 18(11 
 
 1 8(1 a 
 
 ISd.l 
 
 18(14 
 
 1805 
 
 ISdii 
 
 1807 
 
 1808 
 
 1899 
 
 18111 
 
 IMl 
 
 181'2 
 
 181.1 
 
 1814 
 
 1813 
 
 1816 
 
 1817 
 
 1818 
 
 1819 
 
 18 V) 
 
 1 8'^ I 
 
 \*-tt 
 
 18M 
 
 18^1 
 
 18'A5 
 
 IS'^G 
 
 IS'^7 
 
 lS'/8 
 
 I8V9 
 
 18.10 
 
 1811 
 
 181'2 
 
 18.13 
 
 1811 
 
 18.15 
 
 1S16 
 
 18.17 
 
 1818 
 
 1819 
 
 IHKI 
 
 1N4I 
 
 181'^ 
 
 1813 
 
 IS44 
 
 1815 
 
 1846 
 
 1.(I7 
 
 1848 
 
 1S19 
 
 18.50 
 
 1851 
 
 1832 
 
 CaUla 
 
 III; ,818 
 
 1(19,448 
 
 I31.(I9'2 
 
 117,132 
 
 108,177 
 
 107. 170 
 
 H'J,98K 
 
 123,1173 
 
 131,546 
 
 I2li,3'i9 
 
 117,531 
 
 113,019 
 
 123,1113 
 
 I2d,2.5d 
 
 13 1, .126 
 
 114,(142 
 
 I37,6dd 
 
 112,135 
 
 123,012 
 
 1.1.1,831 
 
 137,770 
 
 1.13,(171 
 
 121,918 
 
 1 2(1,4.19 
 
 129,888 
 
 138,1117 
 
 1.15,226 
 
 1-2,9.13 
 
 129,125 
 
 1 4 '.',01 3 
 
 1 19,5.52 
 
 163,613 
 
 156,9X3 
 
 143.460 
 
 1 38,.',63 
 
 147,698 
 
 1.58,113 
 
 159,9(17 
 
 HS,!68 
 
 I (.6,22 1 
 
 I3'.',d!l3 
 
 162,185 
 
 17d..123 
 
 11.1,131 
 
 17i.(35 
 
 183..1.i2 
 
 18(1,78(1 
 
 177,197 
 
 166,9/2 
 
 173,117 
 
 173.133 
 
 lSfi.191 
 
 195,180 
 
 199,873 
 
 22d,8(.2 
 
 22d,191 
 
 223,3(10 
 
 229,714 
 
 213,511 
 
 256,948 
 
 Nllcep 
 
 728,480 
 719,420 
 74.5,6 Id 
 
 738,840 
 
 693,510 
 
 7.5.1,010 
 
 831,4(8) 
 
 842,210 
 
 76d,.5(.0 
 
 743,170 
 
 787,4.10 
 
 !«I1,9 10 
 
 912,110 
 
 H ■.8,370 
 
 921,0.10 
 
 1,013,280 
 
 9S.|,V.50 
 
 962 :30 
 
 9116.100 
 
 933,<..1.) 
 
 89l,Md 
 
 870,180 
 
 9112,840 
 
 968,5110 
 
 1,041,710 
 
 . 961,230 
 
 9I9,9(H) 
 
 917,990 
 
 1,107,2.10 
 
 I.IHM'.O 
 
 1,.;6 1,9/0 
 
 1,239,7'.'0 
 
 1,1.10,310 
 
 1,270,5.10 
 
 1,133, lUl 
 
 l,2S8,l60 
 
 l,2ld,.VI0 
 
 l,287,o7il 
 
 I,I8'..,010 
 
 1,3111,160 
 
 1,11.7,820 
 
 1, 217,11^1 
 
 l,3M,VliJ 
 
 1,219,310 
 
 l.ll'I.OlO 
 
 1,1.11,1(10 
 
 1,1111... .Ml 
 
 i,.";i,i;o 
 
 1..- 1 .!.'.' .fO 
 1,41<,9I,0 
 l,'.:l,760 
 l,llll'.,1.10 
 1,I41,'I80 
 1,13»,S20 
 1,438,'Mll 
 
 i,iii,7;o 
 
 1,514. I'd 
 
 1,555,2:11 
 l,377.'l'.ll 
 1,573,HU 
 
 Thenumbcrof/(z«crfca/ws,cxclu.sivcofsuckler?, 
 of which no account is taken, sold annually in 
 Smithlield from 1821 to 1852 inclusive, was a.* fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 IMle 
 
 Number 
 
 natc 
 
 NunilMT 
 
 1821 
 
 - 21,768 
 
 1837 
 
 - 17,71(1 
 
 1822 
 
 - 2I,2.V5 
 
 1838 
 
 . l»,f,33 
 
 1823 
 
 - 22,7.39 
 
 1839 
 
 - 18,148 
 
 1821 
 
 - 21,919 
 
 1840 
 
 - 17,154 
 
 1823 
 
 - 2(\9.58 
 
 1841 
 
 - 17,0.54 
 
 18.6 
 
 . 2/,118 
 
 1842 
 
 - 19,648 
 
 1827 
 
 - 20,729 
 
 1813 
 
 - 19,113 
 
 1828 
 
 - 20,83i 
 
 1841 
 
 . 19,(1S3 
 
 1829 
 
 - 20,879 
 
 184 5 
 
 . 18,7.14 
 
 1810 
 
 - 20,300 
 
 18l(. 
 
 - 19,864 
 
 1811 
 
 — 
 
 1847 
 
 - 23,7.12 
 
 1832 
 
 - I9,.522 
 
 1848 
 
 - 2H,7(I6 
 
 1833 
 
 - 18.374 
 
 181) 
 
 . 26,122 
 
 1834 
 
 - 19,721 
 
 18.50 
 
 . :5(i,v:s 
 
 1813 
 
 • 20,852 
 
 1851 
 
 . 3i,'.':i 
 
 1836 
 
 - 18,900 
 
 m% 
 
 • 36.027 
 
 The contrae 
 ^t (ireenwicb 
 below : — 
 
 Mxt . 
 
 1740 . 
 1750 . 
 
 i7(.o . : 
 
 1770 
 1780 . 
 1790 . 
 I800 - 
 1810 . 
 I8li . 
 
 Hut it should h 
 I'^iO, thoqualit 
 been 'prime.' 
 (18(;k) consists 
 beef of buttocks 
 >Vo suspect, 
 practical men of 
 "."signed by ."^ir 
 th(! cattle sold 
 when their esti 
 excess ; but the 
 in the breeding 1 
 of tlip empire 
 average size; s 
 now. wc have bi 
 llie mark. In 
 we shall take (h( 
 h).-^. ; and supposi 
 to be nearly right 
 knew the respecti 
 to estimate the t 
 furnished for Lor 
 elusive of hogs a 
 Hot, however, dist 
 ii known that thi 
 as .-i to 1 ; so that 
 Meiglit of the shee 
 
 .IveMtje .Viinibirof 
 
 .»inin.il, »olil in Sniidi. 
 
 I l.cl.l in t'it< h ..f iht' 3 
 
 if.irs vtidinif Dec. 31. 
 
 18 52 
 
 '.'11,411 call le 
 1,3(1'.1,520 shrep ,„j 
 lainl.v 
 .13,192 calves 
 T.K.il - 
 
 This quantity, eJ 
 
 M., would cost 7.. 
 y,!l02,384/. 
 
 Ihit exclusive o\ 
 ixrly so calli'd, a ] 
 eluding the head al 
 is used as food. f 
 
 A part of the cafl 
 the towns in the vl 
 iiKiiiy cattle are sil 
 :l.iiiglitered for tlj 
 .iccdiint is taken. 
 the latter quantity , 
 .Hipposing that thel 
 the above qnantitf 
 
 ri'Kiirdedasformiii^f 
 iiuat required for I 
 however, of the od 
 |'i.;'.S suckling cah| 
 I'lU'dii, hams, and 
 « (listaiice. Tiic qil 
 .'ici-'diint arc verv lal 
 troduction of steani 
 '■■ittle and sheep aJ 
 (hstaiit parts of till 
 jire sent up for .sale! 
 hiive no means ol' if 
 "» ^iich a sulij(!ct, I 
 ihiit ih(j carcu.ses A 
 
CATTLE 
 
 270 
 
 The contract prices of butchers' meat per cwt. 
 nt (ireeiiwicb lioxpital, since 1730, have been as 
 below : — 
 
 
 X I. d. 
 
 
 nxt . 
 
 . 1 .'. H 
 
 IHVO 
 
 1740 ■ 
 
 1 K 
 
 IHV.I 
 
 17.W - 
 
 . I R fi 
 
 iH.m 
 
 17(iO • 
 
 - 1 11 K 
 
 IMM 
 
 1770 
 
 - 1 H 
 
 iHin 
 
 i;ho • 
 
 ■ IK A 
 
 IHIA 
 
 I7!»l ■ 
 
 • I 111 10 
 
 IH.VI 
 
 1N(HI . 
 
 - .1 I 1 
 
 1 HM 
 
 IHIC) . 
 
 ■ ^ \'i II 
 
 INIill 
 
 ISli . 
 
 - .1 H 
 
 IHII5 
 
 £ I. 
 
 d. 
 
 .1 ICI 
 
 t 
 
 ■-• \'l 
 
 •i ^ 
 
 (1 
 
 U 
 
 7t 
 
 t 14 
 
 
 
 U 6 
 
 II 
 
 ■i 1 
 
 ■'•4 
 
 ■t IH 
 
 !l 
 
 •i 17 
 
 '•* 
 
 .1 n 
 
 7 
 
 But it should be remnrked that siiioo .lanuarv I, 
 Ixt'iO, the quality of the meat contracted for has 
 lii'cii 'prime.' The mutton for the hospital now 
 (IWiS) consists entirely oflpfjs and loins, and the 
 beef ot buttocks and thick Hanks free from bone. 
 
 Wo .suspect, from what we have lieard from 
 jirai'tical men of great experience, that the weiglits 
 «ssif,'ned by Sir F. M. Kden and Mr, Middleton to 
 tlie cattle sold in Smithtield were, at the lime 
 wlien their estimate was framed, ilecidrdly in 
 excess ; but the f;reat improvements since made 
 in the breedinj; and feeding of cattle in all parts 
 of tile empire have materially increased their 
 average size ; so that the above weights are 
 now, wc have been well assured, not far from 
 the mark. In order to bo within bounds, 
 we shall take the nctt weight of the cattle at 750 
 lbs. ; and supposing this and the other estimates 
 to be nearly right, we should be able, provided we 
 knew the respective numbers of sheep and lambs, 
 ti) estimate the total iiuantity of butchers' meat 
 I'liriiished for London bj- Smithfield market, ex- 
 i'liisive of hogs and pigs. Sheep and lambs arc 
 iKif, however, distinguished in the returns; but it 
 is known that the former are to the latter nearly 
 •is ;> to 1 ; so that we may estimate the average 
 iveight of the sheep and lambs at about 70 lbs. 
 
 Average Niimbi-rof 
 AnliiuN hold in Siiiith- 
 
 lit'lil ill enfli of llie ."> 
 MMn eiiUinif Dec. 31, 
 
 ISV^ 
 
 '.'ll'.lll lallle 
 l,:jti'.i,"i'^(l sheep and 
 lanilt* 
 .".l.iyy calvei 
 Total - 
 
 I 
 
 (IroM 
 VVelRht 
 
 Oflal 
 
 Ikii. 
 l.UOO 
 
 17i 
 
 lli>. 
 
 •iM 
 
 Nelt 
 Weijjilt 
 
 llutrheri* 
 .Meat 
 
 11).. 
 VM 
 
 711 
 14(1 
 
 lln. 
 ISVI,,')iS,MO 
 
 lo9,s(;r.,ino 
 
 l.lilH.SNO 
 
 
 an; ,1171, .'..111 
 
 This quantity, estimated at the average price of 
 fif/., would cost 7,420,788/. ; at 8</. it would cost 
 'J,',)0'->,.381/. 
 
 lint exclusive of the above, or of the beef pro- 
 |i(rly so called, a largo portion of the offal, in- 
 cluding tlie head and tongue, heart, tripe, fat itc., 
 is used as food. 
 
 A part of the cattle sold in London go to supjily 
 the towns in the vicinity; but, on the other baud, 
 iniiny cattle are sold in the adjoining towns, and 
 :l;iiiglitered for the use of London, of which no 
 .iccoiiiit is taken. We have rcison to '.iiink that 
 the latter quantity rather exceeds the former ; but, 
 supposing that they mutually balance each other, 
 the above quantity of 297,071. ■'''30 lbs. may be 
 reijiirded as forming the annual supply of butchers' 
 iiuiit required for London (in 185;!) ; exclusive, 
 hiiwever, of the offal used as food, and of hogs, 
 |iiss, suckling calves »!kc., and exclusive also of 
 li.u'iin, hams, and salted provisions brought from 
 11 distance. The quantities thus omitted from the 
 acLiMint are very large indeed; and since the in- 
 troiUictioii of steam navigation great numbers of 
 lattle and sheep arc killed in Scotland and other 
 distant parts of the empire, the carcases of which 
 .ue sent up for sale in the London market. We 
 liavc no means of forming any correct conclusion 
 on such a subject, but wo are inclined to think 
 tlial ili( carcases so sent up, added to the oll'al 
 
 used as food, and the hogn killed in town, may lie 
 coiisideii'd as fully equivalent to the biiteiiers' 
 meat used in the i-iiliinllinr/ of flips. On this 
 liypothesis there will remain '.'07,1171, ri^tO ll>s. of 
 biiti'hers' me, if for the siqiplv of the metropolis, 
 which, fakiiigthe population (tor IH.'i.'l) at 2,10il,()0l>, 
 gives !2;i^ Uis. tor the consumption of every iiidi- 
 viilual, exclusive of bacon, hams, and salted pro- 
 visions, and also of poultry. If the population of 
 the metropolis be taken at :l,OI)0,00(), the quantity 
 required, on the prccoling calculation, will be 
 37 1, 12 1,. '>:!(> lbs. 
 
 This, though P'lt ne.arh' so great as has been 
 sometimes represented, is. we brlieve, a larger 
 consumption of animal food than takes ))lace any 
 where else by the same number of iiiilividiials. 
 Mr. Middleton (Auricultnrr of Miittllrnrj; p. 1113) 
 estimates the consumption of animal food in 
 London, exclusive of lish and noultn.', at 231 llis. 
 a-year for every individual ! Anil he further 
 estimates the total average annual exjiense in- 
 curred byeaeh inhabitant of the metropolis, {or all 
 sorts of animal food, at W, 8.1. According to M. 
 Cliabrol, the consuniption of butchers' meat in 
 Paris amounts to between H^i lbs. and 80 lbs, for 
 each individual. At Ilriissels the consumption is 
 a little greater, being supposed to averiige 81) lbs. 
 each iiulividiial ; being rather more than .'! lbs, 
 above the mean of I'aris, and 31:j lbs, under the 
 mean of LiMidon. 
 
 There were 342,308 caffic, 40,207 calves, 
 1,021,40,') sheep, and 3o,803 jiigs brought into the 
 Metropolitan Cattle Market in IHG.^i, 
 
 In estimating the weight.s of the animals killed 
 in country towns, a lower standard must be adopted 
 tli.in that taken for London ; first, because the 
 largest and lincst cattle are brought to the metro- 
 polis; and secondly, because a very large propor- 
 tion of the calves killed in country towns are 
 sucklers, which are ('\eludeil from the London 
 accounts. Neither is the consumption so great 
 in country towns as in the metropolis ; and sup- 
 posing the consumption in the latter to be at the 
 rale of 123 lbs. per individual, it does not probably 
 exceed 100 lbs. per do. in Manchester, (ilasgow, 
 Liverpool, and other great provincial towns. In 
 18r)l there were slaughtered in Glasgow 20,.j(10 
 oxen, 4,443 calves, 123,188 sheep and lambs, and 
 5,1.'>7 pigs. And this statement taken in connec- 
 tion with the fact that very large quantities of 
 fresh and salted meat are imported into (ilasgow, 
 and that, so late as 1700, the slaughter ot bullocks 
 for the supply of the public market was unknown 
 ill that city, sets the wonderful improvement that 
 has taken place in the food of the Scotch people 
 in the most striking point of view, rreviously to 
 1780 it wa.s customary in Glasgow, Ldinburgli, 
 and the principal Scotch towns, for families to 
 imrchase in Novemberwhat would now be reckoned 
 a small half-fed cow or ox, the salted carcase of 
 which was the only butchers' meat they tasted 
 throughout the year. In the smaller towns and 
 country districts this practice jirevailed till the 
 present century ; but it is now everywhere aban- 
 doned. We believe, indeed, that there has never 
 been, in any country, a more rapid increase in 
 the quantity, or a greater improvement in the 
 quality, of the food brought to market, than has 
 taken iilace in Scotland.since 1770. In so far as 
 respects butchers' meat, this has been occasioned 
 partly by the growing numbers and opulence of 
 all cla.sscs, and partly by the vast increase in the 
 food of cattle consequent on the introduction of 
 green crops, and of an imjiroved system of culti- 
 vation. [Hhkad.] 
 
 The introduction of steam navigation, and the 
 improved means of coi:iinuuicatiou by railroads 
 
 , I I 
 
280 
 
 CATTLE 
 
 Knil othrnriKP, havo already Imil, nnil will rtnilnubt 
 I'onlimio to hnvo, a matcriul iiillurnno over tho 
 (iiipply of hutchfrn' meat. Owiii); to tho ditliculty 
 nnd I'xpiiiHO of their convcynnce, cnltio coiihl not 
 formerly be conveniently fiitlened nt any very 
 con^iilorublc dl.Hliinco from the ^roat markets; but 
 hicnni naviKntiun han pine fur to remove thin 
 (hlliciilty. Instead of Helling their cattle, lean or 
 Imlf-fed, to the Norfolk fjruisierit, by whom they 
 were fattened for the London market, the pro- 
 diieerH, in varioux districts of Scotland, now fatten 
 them at home, either Rending; the live animals or 
 the carcases by steam to London, l^ivcrpool <l-c. 
 This practice is indirectly as well as directly 
 advanta);eoiiM to the farmer, inasmuch as it enables 
 him to tnni his ^oen crops to better account, and 
 to raise larjjer supplies of manure. Tho same 
 practice is also extending in Ireland; and will, 
 no doubt, spread itself over every part of the 
 country where feedinp can be carried on, that has 
 the re(inired facility of transport. 
 
 I'.xclusive of tho cattle raised in Great Hritain, 
 wo import considerable supplies uf beef and of live 
 cattle from Ireland. 
 
 Account nf the Xnmber of Cows nnd O.reii, anil of 
 the Quantitifs of lirrf, importeil- into (Ureal 
 Jiriliiin from Ireland in the undermentioned 
 Years, 
 
 Ym 
 
 Cowt Ami oirn 
 
 UmT 
 
 
 
 no. 
 
 Iwrri-t* 
 
 isni 
 
 . 
 
 .11, '.I.I 
 
 .tx.'ill 
 
 fSll', 
 
 . 
 
 •i\,^c.•l 
 
 SH,'>I» 
 
 ISIO 
 
 
 4I,V,.T 
 
 •.\,mh 
 
 ISIS 
 
 . 
 
 l-i.HIW 
 
 (;n,.i(i7 
 
 lnvii 
 
 . 
 
 .lu.nil 
 
 St.'.'.t\ 
 
 IHV.'> 
 
 - 
 
 6.VM9 
 
 a, Ml 
 
 In 1825 the trade between (Jreat liritain nnd 
 Ireland was placed on the footing of a coastinj; 
 trade, so that there are no means of continuin;; 
 this account to a later date from olHcial returns. 
 But tho following; statement collected by the 
 Customs from noii-oflicial sources has been con- 
 tinued from 1«G0 to 1806 from the valuable Stotis- 
 tics of Ireland, published in Mr. Thorn's Almanac 
 for l8tJ8 :— 
 
 Imports of Cattle, Sheep, and Sivine from Ireland 
 into Great Britain during each if the under- 
 mentioned Fears ending with 18Gt). 
 
 Year 
 
 Olen.huili, 
 and cowi 
 
 Caltea 
 
 .Shwp «nd 
 laniliA 
 
 Swine 
 
 iK4r; 
 
 1S6,1H.1 
 
 «,1fi1 
 
 v'.n,v.'.7 
 
 im.nn 
 
 1K47 
 
 lll'l,96l) 
 
 •l.'I'JV 
 
 3« 1 , 1 T!) 
 
 lori,4()7 
 
 IKIH 
 
 VJIi.ltVi 
 
 7,iis(i 
 
 '2V.,i;hv 
 
 lli>,7»7 
 
 IHI'J 
 
 ^111,811 
 
 ll.NIl 
 
 Vll.iilil 
 
 (iH,115.1 
 
 IM.MP 
 
 IHI,lil(i 
 
 4,M,-i 
 
 i;b,'ji.^ 
 
 1II'J,I70 
 
 IH.'.l 
 
 IH.l.Tfill 
 
 l!,17l 
 
 I5I,M)7 
 
 l.lli.Ki'i 
 
 INCI) 
 
 •/'l.^,fis7 
 
 3 1 ,!IS.1 
 
 4I'.),T0I 
 
 Ml.'M'i 
 
 IXIil 
 
 .111,11)1 
 
 V 1 ,.-.|-,() 
 
 4117,1.6 
 
 3-,H,IK7 
 
 I»«'i 
 
 .-sr.i.M 
 
 41,S<>H 
 
 .V.N.Ii.ll 
 
 .1f,4.(,1l 
 
 ISC.T 
 
 y.fi.wx 
 
 4'^,1S7 
 
 .'il7,.MS 
 
 1.')7,'J.1S 
 
 IStil 
 
 .1»!l,'ill) 
 
 19,076 
 
 3711,711 
 
 3"S,'i43 
 
 IHO.'i 
 
 s.-.a.ii'.a 
 
 ll.lISi 
 
 lli.131 
 
 3H3,IVi 
 
 IHliK 
 
 364,8»1 
 
 3I,.VjU 
 
 39S,HI(i 
 
 Mi.itX 
 
 The average annual value of the total imports 
 for the last seven years being 7,279,376/. 
 
 Nttmber of Head of Cattle in Great Britain. — It 
 would, on many account.", be very desirable to 
 have an accurate estimate of the number nnd 
 value of the stock of c.ittle in Great Britain, and 
 of tho proportion annually killed and made use of; 
 but owing to the little attention that has bci>n 
 
 {mid to such subjects in this country, where most 
 )ranclics of statistical knowledge are at a low 
 •'l)b, there are no means of arriving at any con- 
 clusions that can be depended upon. The follow- 
 ing details may not. however, be unacceptable. 
 
 Arthur Young has given, both in his Eastern 
 and Northern Tour, estimates of tho number and 
 value uf tho different descriptions of stock in 
 
 Knglnnd. The greatest discrepancy, uiiaccom- 
 
 {>anied by a single explanatory sentence, exists 
 )etwei'n them ; but there can l)e no doubt that 
 the following estimate (Eastern Tour, vol. iv. p. 
 4.')r>), though, perhaps, rather under the mark, is 
 inlinitely nearer the truth than the other, whiuli 
 is al)out twice as great: — 
 
 Numbrr ordraiiKhl raillt 
 ritwa 
 
 ratltnK rattle 
 young i-altle 
 
 8RI.4DI 
 T4l.»1li 
 
 _9li,n5« 
 t,IM1l,UIII 
 
 Now, taking this number at the round sum of 
 3,11110,0(10, and adding a half to it for tho increase 
 since 1770, and 1,.'JOO,000 for the number of cattle 
 in Scotland, wo shall have 6,000,001) as the total 
 head of cattle of all sorts in Great Hritain. The 
 common estimate is, that about a fourth purt of 
 the entire slock is annually slaughtered; which, 
 adopting tho foregoing statement, gives 1,500,000 
 heail for tho supply of tho kingdom; o result 
 which all that we iiad heard down to 1859 inclined 
 us t(> think was not far from the mark. 
 
 But in 1860 an enumeration of the cattle, sheep, 
 nnd pigs was taken for Kngland, Wales, and Scot- 
 land. Tho number in Ireland has been stateil for 
 some years past. This census gives 4,785,840 a.H 
 the total number of cottle in (ireat liritain. Of 
 these, 3,307,054 were returned for England, .54 1 ,401 
 for Wales, 937,411 for Scotland. In Ireland Jic 
 cattle were 3,493,414 ; tho."e in the Isle of Man 
 and the Channel Islands 37,700: making a total of 
 8,310,9(i0 for the United Kingdom. 
 
 The cattle reared nnd held in the United King- 
 dom is considerably less than that helil on an 
 average in foreign countries. Wo subjoin a table 
 of tho population and number of cattle in several 
 of these countries according to tho latest returns, 
 the countries being arranged according to the 
 number of their population. 
 
 
 Ilatr i>r 
 
 
 ('ountrlea 
 
 return of 
 
 population 
 
 
 live ttucic 
 
 
 RitMia 
 
 18.59.63 
 
 7l,1.19>19t 
 
 Krance 
 
 \mt 
 
 37,186,113 
 
 AuAtna 
 
 IH63 
 
 .Vi,'2li7,648 
 
 i;nl(f<l Statd 
 
 186(1 
 
 SWUA.OHI) 
 
 t'niletl Kinfjcloin 
 
 1866 
 
 Wfll»flVl 
 
 Truisia 
 
 1862 
 
 18,4'.ll,r.»> 
 
 Spain 
 
 186.5 
 
 I.5,6,')8,.511 
 
 llavaria 
 
 186.1 
 
 4,8117,410 
 
 IWtiiuin 
 
 I8'i6 
 
 4, .5^9, 161 
 
 SwKltn 
 
 I860 
 
 3,8.59,7'« 
 
 HollanU 
 
 1861 
 
 3,6l8,l.'i9 
 
 Saiun^ 
 
 1H6I 
 
 ■I.'IU.MO 
 
 Hanover 
 
 IH6I 
 
 l,88n,il7(> 
 
 W'llrlenibcrK 
 
 1861 
 
 l,;'ill.7l)H 
 
 Ik'tiniark 
 
 1861 
 
 1,66'J,731 
 
 ILiilen 
 
 1861 
 
 1,4'J9.I9U 
 
 llnse 
 
 1863 
 
 8)3,31.5 
 
 flnUtetn 
 
 1861 
 
 561,811 
 
 Merklenhurft Schwfrill 
 
 18.57 
 
 .539,a.58 
 
 .\as-viu 
 
 1861 
 
 468,.1ll 
 
 Schlt^wlK 
 
 1861 
 
 4'.j|,l86 
 
 OtdenbiifK 
 
 Hbi 
 
 i; 9,637 
 
 Callle 
 
 These figures will show how much less is the 
 proportion of cattle to head of population in the 
 United Kingdom than is to be found in some other 
 ctmimunitics. 
 
 Importation of Cattle. — Previously to 1812 the 
 importation of homed cattle, sheep, hogs, u.id 
 other animals used as food was strictly prohibiteil ; 
 but this prohibition was then withdrawn, and the 
 importation of the animals in question permitted on 
 paying a duty of 20s. a head on oxen and bulls, 
 15s. on cows, 3s. on 8hce|), 5s. on hogs d'c. This 
 certainly was one of the boldest and most im- 
 portant inroads ever made on tho prohibitive 
 system, and reflected the greatest credit on the 
 administration of Sir Hobcrt Peel, It was siiii- 
 posed at the time that this change would lend to 
 a very heavy fall in the prices of all sorts of .stock, 
 a supposition which was in some degree realised 
 
 by tho panic whi 
 no good foundni 
 this wo emlcavo 
 this Dit^titmary j 
 thr prohibition. 
 
 The home proci 
 by tho change— 
 during the prcval 
 lH»<i Mir «. Pee 
 cattio trade by 
 The result has be 
 lean stock, the ft 
 protitable business 
 
 Account showing . 
 
 Ilien, bulli, COWI, and c 
 .sheep and Iambi 
 
 Total 
 
 According to th( 
 Animals (July ifi, ] 
 chief sources of cat 
 are Spain, Portugn 
 .Schleswig, Deumar 
 is also supplied fror 
 .Scotch ports, and f 
 Kngland. Importat 
 [lyrts only, these h 
 t'ustoma authorities, 
 tically a measure of 
 lor foreign cattio are 
 Hull, Newcastle, Leii 
 '"ittle, Glasgow, Sill 
 pool, and Bristol, 
 tarried to Liverpool 
 The following are 
 the House of Comn 
 pointed to enquire in 
 liomo and foreign trat 
 TVansiV.— Tho sea- 
 in good condition, 
 cxception.s, specially 
 liave divisions for 
 wiiulsails or other . 
 and in some cases she 
 Tlu^ cattle, liowerer 
 appear to suffer fron 
 of air when the vessel 
 orare waiting for the 
 as at Newcastle, Hu 
 the cattio cannot be 
 tide. 
 
 The animals carriei 
 tied with their heads 
 though the best mod 
 liKids to the centre, 
 affords greater facilit 
 ami for good veiitilati 
 brought over loose. 
 
 There is no rule res 
 li'iard, but with the ( 
 llic Irish and Breinei 
 appear to be overcrow 
 It is in evidence i. 
 arises to cattle from b 
 •Irover.'*, and that cati 
 Spuiii arrive in a be 
 Ireland. 
 
 In the voyage fro 
 allowed space to lie i 
 prcwd food, and wate 
 mala are packed closi 
 
 ft'' 
 
m ( 
 
 CATTLE 
 
 281 
 
 by thn panic which it occuionrd. Hut thuro \vai 
 no K<H)U fuundntlon fur 8iich anticipations; lunl 
 this wo cnilcavuiirod to Hhow, in the uilition of 
 thifi l>ii:ti(innry published noun after the r('|)oul uf 
 
 tl'.r prohibition. 
 Tho I 
 
 homo producer was not nflt'ctod advpr.fi'ly 
 by the ctmnKc— indeed no real idmngo occurred 
 during; the prevalence of these duties. Hence in 
 I8I(! Sir K. reel completed his reform in the 
 cattle trade bv admitting animals duty free. 
 The result has been a considerable importation of 
 lean stock, the fattening of which has been the 
 prolitabic business of farmers and graziers. Cattle 
 
 importcil ar.i rarely in condition for the butcher, 
 fiirthecoriincmcnt and hardships of a sea voyage 
 tell severely upon lean Mtool<, and would involve 
 a xerious loss on beasts shipped in prime con- 
 dition. 
 
 A temporary check, however, was niven to the 
 importation of foreijjn cattle l)y the late preva- 
 lence of the cattle plague. In the period from 
 Juno 24, 18(i5 to November 10, IHlJli, l!)H,4Hl 
 cattle in England were attacked, of which but 
 L'1,589 recovered, while .'W.M.'l healthy bcu.ils were 
 slaughtered to prevent the spread of the disease. 
 {Minceltanenux Statiatica, p. 321). ) 
 
 Account showinij the Number and Declared Real Value of the Foreign Cattle, Sheep ij'c. Imported 
 into the United Kingdom in 18U5-G7 {Stiitittical Abatract, ltiU8). 
 
 Ofen, bull«, cowl, and cftlvc* > 
 shvep ami InmttB 
 Tolnl 
 
 IIUU 
 
 lACi 
 
 IMT 1 
 
 Numbn 
 
 uu,i7n 
 
 Valut 
 
 N'umbar Valua 
 
 Numlwr 
 
 Valu* 
 
 4,401, 4A2 
 l,7lt;,SHli 
 
 X 
 
 \TlflW 
 
 .'.l(l,,1« 
 
 .V«i.:iI0 
 
 — 1 6,isg,.iiii 
 
 - 1 :•,.W,^^■^>^ 
 
 — 
 
 \M'J,<J1t 
 
 According to the last Report on the Trade in 
 Animols (.luly 10, l«t;i;. Pari. Paper No. 427), the 
 chief .sources of cattle imports into (Jreat Britain 
 arc Spain, Portugal, f'rance, Belgium, Holland, 
 Schlcswig, Denmark, and Sweden. The market 
 is also supplied from Orkney and Shetland to the 
 Scotch ports, and from Scotland and Ireland to 
 Kiigland. Importations are permitted to certain 
 ports only, these having been approved by the 
 Custoraa authorities, the regulation being prac- 
 tically a measure of quarantine. The chief ports 
 l(ir foreign cattle are Liveriwol, London, Hanvich, 
 Hull, Newcastle, Lcith, and Uranton ; and for Irish 
 cattle, (ilasgow, Silloth, Morecambe Bay, Liver- 
 |i()ol, and Bristol. Scotcdi cattle are generally 
 carried to Liverpool ami London. 
 
 The following arc extracts from the Report of 
 the House of Commons' Committee of 18GG ap- 
 pointed to enquire into the manner in which the 
 borne and foreign trade in animals is conducted : — 
 Transit. — The sea-borne cattle arrive generally 
 in good condition. The vessels are, with some 
 exceptions, specially fitted up for the purpose, and 
 have divisions for every four or six animals, 
 windsails or other means to secure ventilation, 
 and in some cases shelter for the cattle on deck. 
 The cattle, howercr, in well-ventilated vessels 
 ai]pear to suffer from the want of a free current 
 (if air when the vessels arc coming up the Thames 
 or are waiting for the tide to discharge their cargo, 
 as at Newcastle, Hull, Bristol, and Leith, where 
 the cattle camiut be landed at all states of the 
 title. 
 
 The animals carried between decks are usually 
 tied with their heads to the sides of the vessel, 
 though the best mode is to tie them with their 
 heads to the centre, because this latter method 
 affords greater facility for feeding and watering, 
 and for good ventilation ; the Irish store cattle are 
 brought over loose. 
 
 There is no rule respecting the numbers put on 
 Imard, but with the exception of some cases in 
 the Irish and Bremen trade, the vessels do not 
 appear to be overcrowded. 
 
 It is in evidence that in Ireland much injury 
 arises to cattle from bad treatment received from 
 (Irover.J, and that cattle landed from Oporto and 
 Spain arrive in a better state than those from 
 Ireland. 
 
 In the voyage from Oporto, each animal is 
 allowed space to lie down, and is fed with com- 
 pressed food, and watered ; in other cases the ani- 
 mals are packed close to one another, so as to 
 
 prevent their lying or being shaken down, and 
 sometimes arc neither fed nor watered until 
 landed. 
 
 The animals are chiefly made to walk on and 
 off board, and the practice of slinging is nearly 
 abandoned. 
 
 It hos always been tha practice to cleanse the 
 ships, more or less, after each voyage, and recently 
 dismfectants have been used. 
 
 On the railways cattle are often overcrowded 
 and badly treated, especially in Ireland, and are 
 carried for 36 to 48 hours without being fed or 
 watered. 
 
 It is bad for the cattle and troublesome to un- 
 truck them, while there is some difTicuItv in 
 watering them while in a truck — a difficulty, flow- 
 ever, which is not insuperable. 
 
 A journey, whether by sea or rail, causes cattle 
 to deteriorate in value, and makes them feverish, 
 and tends to jjroduce, if it does not actually cause, 
 the foot and mouth disease. These evils are very 
 much increased if cattle are ill-treated or not 
 properly watered. 
 
 Since the recent Orders in Council, the cattle 
 trucks appear to have been properly cleansed as 
 fur as is possible. Possibly the doors might bo 
 constructed so as to admit of a more thorough 
 cleansing than is at present practicable. 
 
 The Committee is of opinion that it should be 
 made imperative upon all railway companies or 
 steamboat proprietors who are engaged in the 
 carriage of animals, to thoroughly cleanse and 
 disinfect the trucks, steamboats, and pens used by 
 them after every journey or voyage; and that 
 provision should he made under (lovemment 
 superintendence for the proper ventilation of all 
 vessels employed in cartj'ing cattle by sea ; and 
 also that nimilar provision should be made with 
 respect to the vessels employed in carrying cattle 
 from Ireland and Scotland. 
 
 The laws relating to cruelty to animals might 
 be often enforced with advantage in the case of 
 both vessels and railways. 
 
 Home Trade. — If London and other large tov/ns 
 could be supplied entirely with meal killed in the 
 country, a great deal of the traffic in cattle, and 
 consequently a preat deal of the chance of spread- 
 ing infectious diseases, would be avoided. 
 
 London and other large towns can, except in 
 
 hot weather, be supplied, to a great extent, with 
 
 dead meat from a distance ; and frequent ly country- 
 
 I killed meat, though not so good looking, is better 
 
 I and keeps longer than town-killed meat. 
 
 I 
 
 W- 
 
MMH 
 
 282 
 
 CATTLE 
 
 h 
 
 At present, the cost of sending carcases by rail 
 is liir(;cr than that of sending live cattle ; but. 
 witli proper arrangements, the copt of carriage 
 niijcht be diminished. 
 
 If animals arc hhiughtcred in dL-^tricIs which 
 art; thinly peopled, tliere is great difHculty in 
 tlisposing of the offal, wliieli does not bear the 
 <'xpense of carriage. It would be a loss to the 
 farmer in such districts to be obliged to send his 
 tattle to distant markeU, dead instead of alive, 
 and to the poor of London and large towns, who 
 are great consumers of offal, and who would be 
 deprived of it if those j)lacos were supplied by 
 dead msat only. 
 
 The trade gcneraily object to a dead-meat sys- 
 tem ; they say that the supply l: very irregular, and 
 that prices arc only kept from violent fluctuations 
 by the live-meat market. 
 
 Moreover, while admitting that the general 
 demand is tolerably imiform, they say tliat tlieir 
 indi. idual demand varies — that they can only 
 meet this irregularity by buying cattle and keeping 
 them ali\e in their own lairs to slaughter when 
 required. 
 
 Many butcliers and contractors who supply the 
 suburbs cf London an- dependent for their meat 
 on the metropolitan markets. If tliey could only 
 obiaiu dead meat at th<!se markets, it would be 
 impossible to supply meat in as good .i condition 
 as they do .at present. 
 
 The Committee is of opinion that it is not pos- 
 sible at present to dispense witli a live meat 
 market in the metropolis and otlier large towns. 
 
 Hoth in London and in the provincial towns, 
 butchers of thesubur''s or neighbouring places 
 have been in the habii of purchasing cattle in I lie 
 live markets, and removing them to their own 
 premises, and keeping them there until renuired 
 for slaughter. Tliese persons have suffireil gre.it 
 inconvenience and extra expense by tlie recent 
 Jiroliibition of such removal, by the Orders in 
 Council made in consequence of the cattle i)l:igue. 
 There does not seem to bo any general desire 
 permanently to restrain the general liome traflic 
 in c.ittle, but tlie Commiltec recommend that 
 the Metropolitan Market should be conlincd to 
 animals intended for immediate slaughter ; and 
 that all animals exhibited therein should be 
 branded, and not allowed to be exhibited for sale 
 in any other market, but should be slaughtered 
 within 10 days, and tliat, subject to this regida- 
 tion, the animals might be moved so as to allow 
 butcliers to take them to their own places and 
 slaughter fluni. 
 
 The Committee does not recommend that any 
 permanent restrictions, other than those above 
 suggested, should be placed on the homo tralTic in 
 cattle. That they arc of o|iinion that the wilful 
 exposure for sale in a public market of animals 
 Buffering from infectious disorders, such as rinder- 
 pest, sheep pox, pUii'.ro-pncumoiiia, or glanders, 
 or the knowingly driving sueli animals ujxm the 
 public highways, or conveying tiiem upon rail- 
 way or boat, sliould be rendered an otl'eiice punish- 
 able in a summary manner ; .and, if necessary, a 
 Hill to effect this sho dd be introduced into I'ar- 
 liament. 
 
 The great inconvenience of cattle driving in the 
 streets of London and other towns arises partly 
 from cattle being driven to the live-meat markets 
 and partly from cattle being driven from those 
 markets to private slaughter-houses. 
 
 The live markets are not u:dif allliy in them- 
 selves, nor are slaughter-house .i properly kept, 
 though they usually attract .se.eral trades which, 
 in crowded localities, arc injurious to public 
 faeulth. 
 
 The private slaughter-houses are occupied by 
 two classes, carcase butchers and retail butchers. 
 The carcase butchers kill animals for the pur- 
 pose of selling them wlndcaale in the dead-meat 
 market. This slaughtering could be carried on ,it 
 a public slaughter-house adjoining the live market 
 us well as at private slaughter-houses; and if 
 this were done, the number of cattle driven 
 thniugh the streets would be very miudi reduced, 
 and tlie noxious trades which are connected with 
 them would be removed. 
 
 The slaughter-houses of the retail butchers 
 stand on a different I'ooting, Their abdlition 
 would cause great hardship to many butdu-rs 
 who have slaughter-houses adjoining (hiir shops, 
 and can slaughter animaU jis they niiuire tliem 
 under their own superintendence. 
 
 For the public interest it would be advisable as 
 far ,is priulicablc to .idopt a system of i)ul>lic 
 slaughter-houses, and in all cases slaughtcr- 
 liouses should be placed under regulations and 
 proper inspection, as is the case at present in 
 some of tlie provincial town- ; and this Com- 
 mittee is of opinion that power should be given 
 by a genera'. Act to local authorities to acquire 
 land for the erection of slaughter-houses, and to 
 make regulations respecting them. 
 
 That the system of inspection at present exist- 
 ing in the City of London sliouhl be extended to 
 the whole metropolitan district, iillhoiigh no 
 entirely satisfactory inspection of meat can be 
 carried <iut until .ill meat is killed in specified 
 public slaughter-houses. 
 
 J'orriiin Trade. — The importation ot foriiuai 
 cattle is very important, for. as the home supply 
 of cattle is reduced, the importation tends to keep 
 down the price of meat, and it api)ears impossiljlo 
 to supi)ly dead meat from foreign ports, to any 
 but a very small extent. 
 
 The introduction of disease is, to a great extent, 
 prevented by the system of inspection, wliicli 
 makes imjiorters careful to send .sound aniiii:il>. 
 The inspection is at present carried out etlectuallv, 
 though the accoramod.ation at some wharves is 
 delicient. 
 
 Diseased aniin.als .are slaughtered, but the rost 
 of the cargo is sold, except in cases of riii(li'i|i( ^l, 
 when the whole cargo is slaughtered. Store stuck 
 affected with foot and mouth disease are, in some 
 cases, detained until cured. 
 
 Inspectors cannot discover undeveloped seeds of 
 disease in ananiin.il, and tberefore, with the view 
 of preventing the importation of disease frmn 
 abro.ad, many nersons are desimus of placing store 
 cattle in (jiiarantine, and of maintaining the 
 present regulation as to slaughtering fat cattle at 
 the port of discharge within four days frcjin their 
 arrival. 
 
 The compulsory sl.augbler of all foreign cattle 
 at the port of discharge, under the recent Orders 
 in Coun(Ml, has prevented the impo.tation of any 
 store cattle or sheep (which was an increa-iiig 
 trade), much to the detriment of the Scolcli 
 farmers, who have been unable to stock tlieirlanils, 
 and h.is diminishe *he importation of fat cattle, 
 a trade which would otherwise have increased. 
 
 The temporary inconvenience of insutlicient 
 accommodation for slaughtering at the wharves 
 could no doubt be removed, but the evil of causing 
 a large amount of additional slaughtering in lur;;c 
 towns, as Liverpool and Hull, i.s more dilliciilt to 
 deal with. 
 
 Compulsory slaughter at a port, like compulsory 
 
 slaugliter at a market, is more expensive to the 
 
 butcher, hampers the trade, and will diniinisli the 
 
 importation, and raise the price to the consumer. 
 
 The Committee recommends that all imported 
 
 fiit cattle 8h( 
 l-.'nglish fat c, 
 
 That the 
 <'iiuiitry, in wl 
 cattle plague i 
 and to pr( liibi 
 nials therefroi 
 lion shall onl 
 that animals s 
 any market. I 
 ciilry within k 
 Hesides the i 
 ihc port of disc 
 "light be a sepi 
 London close i 
 stock might b( 
 market, or on tl 
 'i'he jilan wou 
 iiig infection fn 
 politan market, 
 cl driving cattL 
 wall to Copenh 
 i-r.Miirlit back to 
 It is objected 
 nearly all the bu 
 that the separatii 
 kets would be i 
 competition, and 
 wliile by givi,,^ j 
 ii would increase 
 unfair advantage 
 Although to SOI 
 purchase foreign, 
 cattle, yet there ai 
 .separation of the 
 men from one or t 
 •'Such a separati 
 therefore undesira 
 driving in the strec 
 if the cattle were 
 1 lau at present, , 
 this course would 
 condition, and all, 
 the wharves. 
 
 The chance of 
 
 ilimiuished if the 
 
 exclusively a fat rr 
 
 llie cattle would 
 
 recommendations, 1 
 
 It seems desirab 
 
 towns to separate t 
 
 Any .system of qu 
 
 .icconiniodation at I 
 
 cases (.'IS Liverpoo 
 
 great difiicultv in p 
 
 . 'i'he objections ui 
 
 tme arc the expcnsl 
 
 iiiid the deterioratif 
 
 qiiarantine, while iti 
 
 lalch the disease \ 
 
 quarantined. AquaJ 
 
 :i ':ix on importatioj 
 
 lation altogether, w] 
 
 inco to the purchasi 
 
 It is alleged on tlj 
 
 would gladly pay aiT 
 
 uave a kind of warrl 
 
 animal; but it ml 
 
 'liiaraiitinefurnishesr 
 .inimal is free from (I 
 
 The only disease { 
 to be at all refisonabl 
 
 Where countries lil 
 "nly free from rinderl 
 the exportation of call 
 hies, there seems to \ 
 liir cattle exported M 
 
CATTLE 
 
 fat onttlc should be subjoi't to tlic same rule as 
 lOiiKli^li f'lt cuttle when exposed in ii market. 
 
 That the I'rivy (3ouiicil ghull declare any 
 odiiiitry, in wliich tliey have reason to believe the 
 cattle plaj^no is existing, to be an infected country, 
 and to pr( hibit the importation altogether of ani- 
 mals therefrom, or to declare that such importa- 
 tion shiUl only take i)lace at certain ports, and 
 that unimals so imported shall not be taken into 
 any market, but be slaughtered at the port of 
 entry within four days of their being landed. 
 
 Besides the general question of slaughtering at 
 the port of discharge, it was suggested that there 
 miglit be a separate market for foreign fat stock in 
 London close to the wharves, and that for'ign 
 stock might be excluded from the metropolitan 
 market, or on the banks of the Thames. 
 
 The plan would i)revent the chance of introduc- 
 ing iid'ection from foreign cattle into the metro- 
 jHilitan market, and would stop the inconvenience 
 (1 <lriving cattle through the streets from Black- 
 wall to Copenhagen Fields, many of which arc 
 br.iught back to VVliitcchapel. 
 
 It is objected to by several inspectors, and by 
 nearly all the butchers and salesmen, who alleged 
 that the separation of tlio homo and foreign mar- 
 kets would be inconvenient, would decrease the 
 compctit ion, and tend to diminish the importation ; 
 while by giving additional trouble to the butchers 
 it would increase the ))rice, and would • give an 
 unfair advantage to owners of Knglish stock.' 
 
 Although to some extent one class of biiti^hers 
 purchase foreign, and another class English tat 
 cattle, yet there arc many who imrchase both. The 
 separation of the markets would exclude these 
 men from one or the other market. 
 
 Such a separation of the two markets seems 
 therefore undesirable. The evil of the cattle 
 driving in the streets might be much diminished 
 if the cattle were landed lower down the river 
 than at present, and brought np by rail, while 
 this course would also bring the cattle in better 
 rondition, and allow of better accommodation at 
 the wharves. 
 
 The chance of infection will also be much 
 rtiniiuished if the metropolitan market be made 
 exclusively a fat meat market, as in that case all 
 the cattle would be, according to our previous 
 ri'conimendations, killed within 10 days. 
 
 It seems tlesirable, where practicable, in large 
 towns to separate the fat and store cattle markets. 
 
 Any sj'stem of quarantine will require extensive 
 acconnnodation at the port of arrival, and in some 
 cases (as Liverpool and I,ondon) there will be 
 great diiliculty in iiroviding this. 
 
 The objections urged to any system of quaran- 
 tine .irc the expense, the interference with trade, 
 and the deterioration of the animal during the 
 (lii.irantinc, while it is said that the animal might 
 lalch the disease from the place where it is 
 ([uarantincd. A quarantine would, no doubt, act as 
 a tax on importation, and if it did not stop im|)or- 
 lation altogether, would diminish it, and raise the 
 liricc to the purchaser. 
 
 It is alleged on the other hand that ap'nrchascr 
 wcidd gladly pay au increased price, as he would 
 have a kind of warranty of the souiulness of the 
 animal; but it may be doubted whether the 
 
 (luarantinc furnishes an .idequato security that the 
 
 animal is free from disease. 
 The only disease for wliich quarantine appears 
 
 to be at all reasonable is the rimlerpest. 
 Where countries like Spain or Denmark are not 
 
 imly free from rinderpest, but are not a channel for 
 
 the exportation of cattle from infected inland coun- 
 tries, there seems to be no reason for a quarfintinc 
 
 for cattle exported from them. 
 
 CEDAR 
 
 283 
 
 The Committee is of opinion that a permanent 
 department of the Council Ullice shouhl be ap- 
 pointed to keep up communications with the 
 Board of Customs and her Majesty's consuls 
 abroad, in order to have accurate accounts as to 
 the existence or otherwise of the cattle plague, 
 uj)on wliose recomnien<lation the Council could, 
 if they thought, tit, order a quarantine, or impose 
 sucli "restrictions upon the trade in animals as 
 circumstances might appear to them to justify. 
 
 Laws 11$ to Cattle. — No salesman, broker, or fac- 
 tor, employed in buying cattle for others, sliall buy 
 for himself in London, or within the bills of mor- 
 tality, on penalty of double the value of the cattle 
 bought and sohl. (31 Geo. 1 1, c. 40.) 
 
 Cattle not to be driven on Sunday, on penalty 
 of 20s. (llCh. Lc. 1.) 
 
 Any person ludawfully and maliciously killing, 
 wounding, ormaiming any cattle shall be guilty of 
 felony, and, upon conviction, may be transported, at 
 the discretion of the court, beyond seas for life, or 
 lor any term not less than 7 years, or be im- 
 prisoned for any term not exceeding 1 years, and 
 kept to hard labour; and, if a male, may be once, 
 twic( , >r thrice publicly or ])rivately whipped, if 
 the cuiut shall think lit so to order. (7 ifc H (<co. 
 
 LV. c. ao.) 
 
 Persons wantonly and cruelly abusing, beating, 
 or ill-treating cattle may, upon being convicted 
 before a Justice of such otfence, be fined in any sum 
 not exceeding hi. and not below lo.f. ; and upon 
 non-payment of line may be committed to the 
 house ol correct i((n for any time not exceeding 3 
 months. 
 
 Conq)laint must be made within 10 days after 
 the ofl'ence. Justices are instructed to order com- 
 pensation to be made, not exceeding 'JO.s-., to per- 
 sons vexatiously complained against. (U Geo. IV. 
 c. 71.) 
 
 CAVIAR or CAVIARE (Er. caviar, eavial; 
 Ger. kaviar; Ital. caviario, caviale; Span, caviario; 
 Uiiss. ikra ; Lat. caviarium). A substance pre- 
 pared in Russia, consisting of ihc salted roes of 
 large lish. The best, which is made of the roi> of 
 the sturgeon, appears to consist cntirel\ oi the 
 eggs, and does not easily become fetid. It is 
 packed in small casks rr kegs; the interior sort 
 being in the form of dry cakes. Caviar is highly 
 esteemed in Russia, and considerable quantities 
 arc exported to other countries. It is principally 
 made of the roe of the sturgeon caught in the 
 Wolga, in the neighbourhood of Astrachan, as 
 many as ,'i(),O0O barrels of caviar having been 
 exported from that city in a single season. In 
 18()U, 128 cwts. of caviar were imported into 
 Great Britain, valued at 2,1113/. {Gcog. Diet. art. 
 ' Astr.achan,') 
 
 CAYENNE PEPPER or GUINEA PEPPER. 
 [Pi:pi'i;h.| 
 
 CEDAR (Ger. zcder; Dutch, cedcr; Fr. cedre; 
 Ital. and Span, cedro ; Russ. kedr; Lat. cedrus). 
 The cedar of Leb.inon, or great cedar {Piiius 
 cedrus) of the Old Testament. It grows to a 
 very great size. The timber is resinous, has a 
 l)eculiar and powerful odour, a slightly bitttn" taste, 
 a rich yellowish brown colour, and is not subject 
 to the worm. Its durability is very great; ami it 
 was on this account (propter teternitatein, Vitruvius, 
 lib. ii. sec. t)) enqiloyed in the construction of 
 temples and other public buildings, in the forma- 
 tion of the statues of the gods, and as tablets for 
 writing upon. In the time of Vitruvius cedars 
 were principally produced in Crete, Africa, and 
 some parts of Syria. (Loc. cit.) Very few arc 
 now found on Lebanon ; but some of those that 
 still remain are of immense bulk, and in the 
 highest preservation. 
 
 ' • 1 
 I i 
 
 ! 'i 
 
284 CEMENT 
 
 Odnr exrocda the oak in toiipflineas, but is very 
 interior to it in strcn^jtli and stiffnoss. Some very 
 fine cedars have been produced in England. 
 
 Tlicro arc several other kinds of timber ihat 
 arc usnally called cedar: thus a species of cypress 
 is called white cedar in America; and the cedar 
 used by the Japanese for building bridges, ships, 
 houses <tc. is a kind of cypress, which Thunberg 
 doicribes as a beautiful wood, that lasts long 
 without decay. The Juniperui oxycedrus is a 
 native of Spain, the south of France, and tlie 
 Levant; it is usually calh'd the brown-berried 
 cedar. The Bermuduin ccilar {./unipertis Btrmii- 
 dmna), a native of the Bermuda and Bahama 
 islands, is another species that produces valuable 
 timber for many purposes, such as internal joiners' 
 work, furniture, and the like. The red cedar, so 
 well known from its being used in making black 
 lead pencils, is produced by the Virginian cedar 
 (Juniperus Virpiniana), a native of North America, 
 the West India islands, and .Japan. The tree 
 seldom exceeds 45 feet in height. The wood is 
 very durable, and, like the cedar of Lebanon, ia 
 not attacked by worms. It is employed in various 
 ways, but principally in the manufacture of draw- 
 ers, wardrobes Ac, and as -. cover to pencils. The 
 internal ■v.ood is of a <lark red colour, and has 
 a very strong odour. It is of a nearly uniform 
 texture, brittle, and light. (Tredgold's Principles 
 of Carpentry ; lAbraryofKnt '•taining Knowleilrn, 
 ) '((jetahlc Hubstatices ; Hees's Cyclopadia ; &c.) 
 
 The duties on cedar, which produced onlj' a 
 trifiing sum, were repealed in IHla. A duty of 
 Is, per ton w;is, however, inii)Ose(l on cedar in 
 18()0, but the importation has been U o aince 
 March, 186G. The imports in 18l!« were b,M~ 
 tons, valued at 59,2"2-l/. The use of cedar in ])encil 
 making has been superseded to a consiujrable 
 extent by other and cheaper wood-:. 
 
 CEMENT. Another name for hydraulic mortar, 
 i.e. mortar whic^h solidifies under water, and there- 
 upon becomes impermeable to it. These cements 
 always contain alumina and silica, and the 
 rationale of their action is the fornalion of a 
 bydrated silicate of limc,alumina,and occasionally 
 magnesia. The sources ol hydraulic li'ie are — 
 
 1. The septariiC of the oolite and London clay, 
 found on the coasts of Kent, the Isles of Sheppey 
 and Thanct, Yorkshire, Somerset, and the Isle of 
 ^Vight, as v.cll as in many continental countries. 
 
 2. The blue lias cement stones found in South 
 Wales, Somerset, Lyme Kegis, and Nottingham- 
 shire. 3. The isle of I'orilanci cements of similar 
 character may also be made artificially by the 
 calcination of lime with silica and similar com- 
 pounds. (Ur?'s Dictionary.) 
 
 The valuexf Briti.ih cement exported in 18(IG was 
 280,!IUi/., about the average of the former .'! years. 
 
 CKUTIFIC/ I'ES, in the Customs. Certijicates 
 of origin were required in respect of all goods 
 which arc entitled to any exemption from or re- 
 mission of duty, or other peculiar adv.intage, on 
 their being imported. They were required, for 
 example, in the case of sugar and spirits iVom 
 the British possessions in America and the 
 Mauritius, of FUgar from places within the limits 
 of the East India Company's chatcr, of wino 
 from the Cape of Good Hope 4c. The clauses 
 with respect to them were embodied in the Cus- 
 toms Consolidation Act. [Impoktation and 
 E.M'oitTATioN.j The statute enacted that the 
 Commissioners of the Treasury may by order 
 under their hands declare that a certificate of pro- 
 duction shall be re(|uired upon the exportation of 
 any goods from any British possession abroad or 
 other place, or upon the importation of such goods 
 into the United Kingdom, mid frame such regulu- 
 
 CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 
 
 lions respecting such ccrtificotes and goods as they 
 may think tit; and if any goods in respect of 
 which such ccrtilicates arc required be imported 
 without such certificate, they shall be deemtd to 
 be foreign goods and liable to any duty attaching 
 to them as such ; and such orders of the Treasury 
 shall be published in the London and Dublin 
 (iazettes three times at least within three months 
 from the date thereof respectively. (Sec. 78.) 
 
 The following clauses relate to the importation 
 of goods from the Channel Islands : — 
 
 Goods of Guernsey, Jersey Sfc. — Any goods of 
 the growth of the Channel Islands, and any goods 
 manufactured ia the said islands from materials 
 of the growth of the said islands, or from materials 
 not subject to duty in the United Kingdom, or 
 from materials upon wliich the duty has been 
 paid in the United Kingdom, and upon which no 
 drawback has subaequc^jtly been granted, may be 
 imported into the United Kingdom from the said 
 islands respectively without payment of any duty, 
 and such goods shall not bo deemed to be included 
 in any charge of duties imposed by a'iy Act on 
 the importation of goods generally from parts 
 beyond the seas ; but such goods shall be char.jed 
 wir'i any proportion of such duties as shall 'airly 
 countervail any duties of excise payable on the 
 like goods the produce or manufacture of the part 
 of the Unite' Kingdom into which they shall be 
 imported, or payable upon any of the materials 
 from wbii.li such goods are manufactured ; and all 
 goods manufactured in any of the said islands 
 from any other materials than .he materials afore- 
 said shall be declared and taken to be foreign 
 goods. (Sec. 82.) 
 
 Master to deliver Certificate of Produce. — Before 
 any good.; ;' 11 '.)e entered as being the i)roduce 
 of "the said .: ands (if any benefit uttacli to fc'icii 
 distinction), the master of the ship importing the 
 same shall deliver to the collector or coniptrullor 
 of cusjoms a certiucate from the governor, lieu- 
 tenant-governor, or commander-ill-chief of the 
 island whence such goods were imported, that 
 ')ri,.if had been made in manner required by law 
 that such goods were of the produco ol" siicli 
 island, stating the quantity and quality of tlie 
 goods, and the number and denomination of the 
 packages containing the same. (Sec. 83.) These 
 regulations are now repealed. 
 
 CHAIN. In Surveying, a measure of length, 
 composed of a certain number of links made of iron 
 wire, serving to take the distance between two or 
 more places, (luntcr's chain contains 100 such 
 lii'ks; each measuring 7A2_ inches, consequently 
 equal to (iG feet, or 4 poles. 
 CHAIN CABLKS. [>Ncnmts and Cables.] 
 CHALDRON. A dry Engli.sh measure. 30 coal 
 bu.ihclsmake a chaldron, and 21 chaldrons a score. 
 The coal bushel is 19J inches wide from the out- 
 .sld", and 8 inches deep. It contains 2217'0 cubic 
 inches ; but when heaped, 2815"ii, making the chal- 
 dnm 58'(J>') cubic feet. There are 12 sacks of coal 
 in a chaldron ; and if 5 chaldrons be purchased at 
 the same time, the seller must deliver 03 sicks ; 
 the .'t sacks additional are called the ingrain. But 
 coals are now sold in London, and almost every- 
 where else, by the ton of 20 cwt. avoirdupois. Tlio 
 Newcastle chaldnm of coals is 53 cwt., and is ex- 
 actly double the London chaldron. [Coal.] 
 
 CHAM BKK OF COMMEUCIi. An assembly of 
 merchants and traders, where affairs relating to 
 trade are treated of. There are several establish- 
 ments of this sort in most of the chief cities in 
 France ; and in this country chambers of this kind 
 have been erected for various purposes. 
 
 CiiAMUK.ic OF Assun.VNCK, in France, denotes s 
 society of mercbauls and others for currying uu 
 
 the business o 
 
 ties a court < 
 
 iissurancc are 
 
 CHAMPAf 
 
 cchdirated of t 
 
 c:hank.s 
 
 conch shells i 
 divers in the 
 site Jaffnapatt 
 water ; and at 
 places. Large 
 found. Chank 
 important as a 
 in extensive de 
 are sawn into 
 worn as ornain 
 by the Hindoo 
 buried with the 
 persons. Those 
 lisli, are called j 
 The wliite chan 
 the beach by str 
 consistency, is n, 
 The value of the 
 A chank opcniiii 
 the right-hande 
 S'. netimes to sel 
 peos. (Bell's a 
 communications.) 
 The fishery of i 
 Government, wh( 
 3,000/. to 4,000/. 
 lishery, partly frc 
 of the contiguous 
 in the supply of cl 
 of the banks fell 
 and this smaller i 
 a license to dive f 
 ^0 dig up the dead 
 of Alanaar. Under 
 l"ave wisely aband 
 without being of ) 
 view, obstructed t 
 ants on the shores 
 blc Report of Sir 
 on Ceylon, present 
 CHAHCOAL ( 
 Ital. carbone ; Spai 
 of cathon—diamoi 
 charco'd. The ori 
 determined ; the h 
 most important kii 
 iii.ACK, vegetable c 
 Vegetable charc( 
 and admitting as s 
 blc during! he proc 
 trees arc piled in i 
 with turf, a few h( 
 tlie pile, at which 
 then ignited from 
 slowly till smoke c 
 tares are then close 
 I'ool. This mctho( 
 verj- ancient, and 
 country for centur 
 l)oily of Kufiis in t 
 burner, and his dci 
 tion up to the chii, 
 quantities of charct 
 filiation of wood ii 
 
 iuroofpyroligneou.> 
 IS «■> impure varie 
 used in the manufa 
 ilie young brunches 
 nnil more vascula: 
 which contains mo 
 tree— being selected 
 
CHAMPAGNE 
 
 ttic busincRS of insurance ; but in Holland it 8ip;ni- 
 fics a court of justice where causes relating to 
 assurance are tried. 
 
 CHAMPAGNE. One of the most esteemed and 
 celebrated of the French wines. [Wine.] 
 
 CHANKS or CHANK SHELLS. Common 
 conch shells {Valuta Fyrum) are fished up by 
 divers in the (iulf of Manaar, on the coast oppo- 
 site JafFnapatam, in (Ceylon, in about 2 fathoms 
 water ; and at I'ravancore, T uticoreeu, and other 
 places. Large fossil beds of chanks have also been 
 iound. Chanks are of a spiral form. They are 
 important as an article of trade in India, being 
 in extensive demand all over the country. They 
 arc sawn into narrow rings or bracelets, and are 
 worn as ornaments on the arms, legs, fingers &c. 
 by the Hindoo women : many of them are also 
 buried with the bodies of opulent and distinguished 
 persons. Those which, from being taken with the 
 lish, are called green chanks, are most in demand. 
 The white chank, which is the shell thrown upon 
 the beach by strong tides, having lost its gloss and 
 consistency, is not worth the freight up to Calcutta. 
 The value of the green chank depends upon its size. 
 A chank opening to the right, called in Calcutta 
 the right-handed chank, is so highly prized as 
 onetimes to sell for 400, or 500, or even 1,000 ru- 
 peiis. (bell's Commerce of Bengal; and Private 
 communications.) 
 
 The fishery of chanks used to bo monopolised by 
 Government, who formerly let the banks for from 
 3,000/. to 4,000/. a-year. But of late years the 
 fishery, partly from the poaching of the lishermen 
 of thccontiguous coasts, nnd partly from a decrease 
 in the supply of chanks, declined so tliat the rental 
 of the banks fell off to from 300/. to 400/. a-ycar ; 
 and this smaller sum was not paid, as formerly, for 
 a license to dive for live chanks, but for permission 
 to dig up the dead shells along the shore of the Gulf 
 of Manaar. Under those circumstances Government 
 have wisely abandoned the chank monopoly, which, 
 without being of any value in a financial point of 
 view, obstructed the employment of the inhabit- 
 ants on the shores of the Gulf, (See the valua- 
 ble Report of Sir J. E. Tenncnt, p. 55 of Papers 
 on Ceylon, presented to Parliament in 1848.) 
 
 CHAliCOAL (Fr. charbon; Ger. kohlcnstoffo ; 
 Ttal. carboiie ; Span, carbon). There are three forms 
 of carbon — diamond, graphite or plumbago, and 
 charcoiil. The origin of the first two has not been 
 determined ; the latter is an artificial product. The 
 most important kinds of artificial carbon are Lami'- 
 111, ACK, vegetable charcoal, and animal charcoal. 
 
 Vegetable charcoal is prepared by igiiitiiu^ wood 
 !ind admitting as small a quantity of air as possi- 
 ble during the process of combustion. Branches of 
 trees are piled in a conical shape, and are covered 
 with turf, a few holes being left at the bottom of 
 the pile, at wliich air is admitted. The pile is 
 then ignited from below, and suffered to burn 
 slowly till smoke ceases to be evolved. The aper- 
 tures are then closed, and the charcoal suffered to 
 cool. This method of manufacturing charcoal is 
 very ancient, and bas been practised in this 
 country for centuries. The man who found the 
 boily of liufus in the New Forest was a charcoal 
 liuriier, and his descendants followed the occupa- 
 tion up to the close of the last century. Large 
 quantities of charcoal are also produced by the dis- 
 tillation of wood in close vessels, in the mamifac- 
 turc of pyrolignooiis acid and wood naphtha. Coke 
 ii an impure variety of charcoal. The charcoal 
 uscil in the manufacture of gunpowder is made of 
 the young branches of various pl.ints, the lighter 
 anil more vascular parts — excepting the bark, 
 which contains more salts than the rest of the 
 tree— being selected. These woods are charred in 
 
 CEARLESTON 
 
 285 
 
 iron vessels at high temperatures, and the product 
 reduced to an impalpable jiowder. 
 
 Thn economical uses of wood charcoal are consi- 
 derable. It has powerful disinfectant and decolor- 
 ising properties, and arrests putrefaction in animal 
 and vegetable substances. These qualities appear 
 to depend on its extraordinary power of absorbing 
 gases, particularly those w ach are the result of 
 putrefaction. Thus 1 volume of charcoal will ab- 
 sorb 90 volumes of ammoniacal gas, nnd 55 vo- 
 lumes of sulphuretted hydrogen, giving off these 
 products on being heated. Hence charred casks 
 are the safest vessels for water to be used in by sea 
 voyagers, and piles charred at the end arc much 
 more able to resist rot than uncharred wood. 
 Disagreeable odours are eliminated by charcoal. 
 It also absorbs colours. Hence its power of bleach- 
 ing water, and its familiar use as a lilter. Its 
 properties are most notable in projiortion to its 
 lightness, which varies greatly with its origin, 
 since its specilic gravity when solidified is ;)'5, 
 while some kinds of porous charcoal are as low as 
 •44. 
 
 Animal charcoal is obtained by submitting cer- 
 tain animal substances, generally bones, to a rod 
 heat, the vessel containing the material boiiig 
 closed. The product when obtained from bones i^ 
 called bone black, or ivory black. 
 
 The extraordinary decolorising power of animal 
 charcoal does not depend on the mere fact that the 
 substance is carbonised, but on the minuteness to 
 which the division of particles is carried. This 
 division in the case of ordinary bone black is 
 effected by the phosphate nnd carbonate of lime 
 ccmtained in the product, which being intimately 
 blended with the charcoal, though only in a state 
 (if mechanical combination, render the surface of 
 the charcoal, in which the decolorising power 
 consists, more extended. By far the most power- 
 ful form in which animal charcoal can be ob- 
 tained is from the ignition of dried blood, hair, 
 albumen, and similar animal substances, with car- 
 bonate of potassa, and washing the product. Such 
 a kind of charcoal, when compared with the deco- 
 lorising jiowcr of ordinary bone black, the latter 
 being taken as unity, exercises twenty times as 
 much power in decolorising sugar, and fifty times 
 as much in producing the same effect on a solution, 
 of indigo. If, however, the substance combiiieiJ 
 with the charcoal undergoes fusion, and so perma- 
 nently coats the surface of the charcoal, the pro- 
 duct IS worthless. 
 
 Animal charcoal has great value in the art of 
 the sugar refiner, in that of the dyer, and in vari- 
 ous departments of economical chemistry. 
 
 CHARLICSTON. A city and sea-port of the 
 United States, in South Carolina, in 'at. 3'2°4G' 3'.V' 
 N., long. 79° 49' W. Population in 1800, 51,200, 
 including the suburbs of Js'eck &c, beyond the 
 limits of the city. 
 
 The situation of Charleston is not unlike 
 that of New York, being built on a point of 
 land between the Ashley and Oooper rivers, nt 
 their point of continence. The exports princi- 
 pally consist of cotton and rice (particularly the 
 former), which are the staple products of the 
 state. There are a few other articles exported, 
 such as naval stores, hams, bacon &c., but their 
 value is inconsiderable. All the cotton sent from 
 South Carolina to foreign countries is shipped at 
 Cliarleston. In the year ending August 31, 1857, 
 the shipments of cotton to foreign countries 
 amounted to 229,185 bales; the shipments of 
 cotton coastwise during the same year wore es- 
 timated at 109,348 bales. But during and isince 
 the civil war which closed in 1805 the state of her 
 trade has been abnormal The imports from 
 
286 
 
 CKARLESTON 
 
 forcipi cnuntrics principnlly consi.st of cottons, 
 woollens, linens and silk.s, Imrdware, iron and steel, 
 coffee, sii>;ar, tea, wine, spices Ac, The prcntcr 
 part (if the imports do not, however, come from 
 abroad, but from the Northern and Middle States. 
 The former supply her with lisli, shoes, and a.'l 
 sorts of coarse inanufactured Roods for the use of 
 the slave population ; while the latter supply her 
 with wheat. Hour <tc. The larj^cst portion of the 
 imports of foreif^n produce is also broutfht at 
 second-hand from New York, which occupies the 
 same rank in the Union that Liverpool and 
 London do in Great Britain, In South Carolina 
 the dollar is v.-orth -in. Hil. currency, so that 1/. 
 sterling = 1/, 0*. Xfif. currenc}. IVeiyhis ami 
 Measuren same as in Knj^dand. [New Yohk.] 
 
 Port. — Charleston Harbour is spacious and con- 
 venient ; but the entrance to it is incommoded by 
 a range of sandbanks, stretching from Sullivan's 
 Island on tlic north to Folly Island on the south, 
 about 2,\ leagues. There arc several channels 
 through these banks, but only tlu-ec (the middle 
 or direct channel, the ship channel, and Lawford 
 channel between the latter and the mainland) that 
 ought to be attempted by ships of considerable 
 burden. The entrance to the shf]i channel is in 
 lat. 3.;° 10'. The depth of water on the shallowest 
 part of the bar at clib tide is 12 feet, and at flood 
 from 17 to 18 feet; whilst thcdopth in tlie middle 
 ch.annel at low water does not exceed 9 feet, and 
 in Lawford channel it docs not exceed 10 or 1 1 feet. 
 There an- two lights on Morris Island, lat. 
 ^2^^ 11' .'iG" N., long. 79° .52' 29" W., and on the 
 west of the Ship channel. Tlioro arc two lights 
 on the east end of Cliarlosion IJattery, and two in 
 Charleston harbour. liut the lightliouse system 
 of this, like that of the other harbours in the 
 Southern States, has been deranged by tlic 
 late war. After getting into the cliannel, which 
 is marked by the breakers and buoys on each 
 side, the proper course for a shij) to steer is to 
 bring the lighthouse to bear NW. by W., and 
 stand direct for it till you get within the banks, 
 when the course is N. by W. But it isunncccssarv 
 to enter into further details on these points, as all 
 .ships entering t^Jli.irlcston harbour are bound, pni- 
 vided tliey are hailed by a licensed julot off the 
 bar, to pay him full pilotage fees, whether they 
 accept his services or not. In point of fact, how- 
 ever, they arc alw.ays accepted : for the sliifting of 
 the sands, the inftuenco of the. tides itc. render 
 the entrjinco so dilticult to those not pci-fcctly 
 familiar with it, that even the packet ships that 
 s;iil regularly to and from New York uuil'ornily 
 hwue-to without tJio bar for a pilot. 
 
 Ships usually moor alongside (piays or wharves, 
 where they arc in perfect safety. 
 
 Shipping t'hargis. — The charges of a p-.d)Iic 
 nature paid by ships entering this port difl'er but 
 little in amount on a native and a foreign ship. 
 On a vessel supposed to be of 300 tons burden, 
 entering, uidoading, taking on board a mixed 
 cargo and clearing out, they would be as 
 under : — 
 
 doU< 
 - 'i 
 
 cts. £ I. 
 
 Fee on r*itTy nl the ru«tom-hoi'--r . '.i (ii) or c 11 
 
 feuj\t'vof's rV'f, un a l'ori-i^;ii ship - ,'j (/J .,11 
 
 li.llo, oil a nallve ship - ^ ("> „ 1'^ 
 
 i'Niticiur-mnster's fi« - . . y 'lo „ H 
 
 I'ort w:irfifn\ siTvey, when rp(iulre<l - 10 0') „ 1' U 
 Ft'ei nn ciparance al tliu (.'uKtuni-hou^e, 
 
 of a native ft.iip ■ • - 3 W „ |4 
 
 dillu, ofa f.iri'i,t.i hhip . - "i ;U „ U II 
 rilot.'^Kf-'ii^ward.sattil <iiit wards, siipposinK 
 
 she ship to draw 1 1 ftct wniM . .SO 00 „ 10 1,1 
 
 WharfaKe, perdu II - - • 1 eO „ 4 
 
 a 
 
 The difference in the fees on the clearance at 
 the custom-house of a native and a foreign ship is 
 owing to the former being obliged to give certain 
 boudis which are not required of the latter. 
 
 CHARTERPARTY 
 
 The greater or smaller tonnage of the ship makes 
 no difference on any of the above charges except 
 that of pilot.age, which is in proportion to her 
 draught of water, and is the same whether for a 
 foreign or a native ship. 
 
 Harbour fees are IJ cent per ton, according 
 to the tonnage in the vessel's register or papers, 
 on all vessels of the United States, and upon 
 all foreign vessels entering upon the same 
 terms as vessels of the United States, p.ayablc 
 every voyage, excepting steamboats and packets, 
 and other vessels performing regular uiccessivo 
 voyages from North Carolina and Georgia, which 
 vessels pay I per cent, per ton, once in every 
 quarter, Kees to be paid at the harbour-master's 
 otlicc 48 hours after arrival. All other foreinu 
 vessels not entering upon the same terms as 
 vessels of the United States pay double, or 3 
 cents per ton. All vessels owned in the State of 
 South Canilina, and steadily plying or trading 
 ■vithin the limits of the siime, are exempted from 
 the above fees, (See Mr, Kdwards's excellent 
 Jiritish Shipmaster's Guide, Longmans, 18(5('),) 
 
 Rates of Comminsinn. — The rates of commission 
 or factorage usually charged and allowed at 
 Charleston on transacting ditl'ercnt sorts of busi- 
 ness are as follows, viz 
 
 For selling domestic produce, 2J per cent. 
 
 For selling foreign merchandise, ^> per cent, 
 
 I'"or guaranteeing eitlier of tliesc sales, 'Ih ]icr 
 
 cent, additional is commonly allowed. 
 For purcha.»ing with funds in hand, or drawiiii; 
 
 domestic bills for reimbursement, 2J per cent, 
 I'"or purchasing goods and dr.iwing foreign bills 
 
 fur reiiiibursenipiit, .5 per cent, is charged. 
 For tlie sale of real or personal estate, the regiil.ir 
 
 charge is 5 per cent, ; but where the propenv to 
 
 be sold is of any considerable v.-ilnc, thepartie.<in 
 
 general enter in to an agreement beforcliand, and a 
 
 much lower rate of commission is allowed. 
 
 CllAItT(tJcr, seekarten; Dutch, zcck.artcn ; Fr. 
 eri 'es marines; Ital, carte marine; Span, ;inil 
 I'ort, cartes do marcar). This term is prDpciiv 
 ap]ilied to a projection of some part of the w:\, a< 
 tlio term Map is to a portion of the land; whcn'- 
 fore eliarts are sometinus tlcnominated ' Ilvdre- 
 grapliical Maps,' Tncy are distinguished" into 
 .several kiiuls, .-is plane, globidar, aud Mcrcator 
 charts, 
 
 CHAUTEItrAKTv The name given to a con- 
 tract in writing, between the owner or master <it'a 
 ship and the freighter, by which the former liire>i 
 or lets the ship, or a part of the ship, under certain 
 spceitied conditions, for the conveyance of the 
 goods of the freighter to some particular place iir 
 l)lace.s. Generally, however, a charterpartv is ,i 
 contract for the use of the whole ship: it! is in 
 commercial law what an indenture is at cominoa 
 law. 
 
 No precise form of words or .ict of stipiilatiinH. 
 is requisite in n charterpartv. The forms subjoiiail 
 to this article are those nio.t commonly in use; 
 but these may, and, f'.Jced, in many i-ases must, 
 be varieil, to suit the views and intentions of the 
 parties, 
 
 A charterparty is seldom under seal ; for gene- 
 rally a printed or written insfumcnt is signed by 
 the parlies, (•.■died a memorandum of a charterpnrtij; 
 cind this, if a formal charterpartv lie not afterwards 
 executed, is binding. The stamp iu either case is 
 the name, 
 
 Ciiarterparties, when ships arc let or hired At 
 the place of the owners' rcsidcTicp. are generally 
 C'.ecutcd by them, or some of . . ■, • . ; i)i,i vh. •; the 
 .'■bii, is in a foreign ';><', f charleqii'iy d' '- 
 necessarily be execute i I.v cl ■ waste", .I'l (:■" 
 merchant or his agent, unless Ju' ctwue>. Uu^- 
 
 an agent in sucl 
 
 act for them in i 
 
 A charterpart 
 
 when he is in a ' 
 
 the .ship's cmplt 
 
 cuinstanccs whi( 
 
 or when it is m 
 
 cumstanceswhic 
 
 or implied as.seni 
 
 the latter. But, 
 
 no direct action 
 
 .-irutnent itself j 
 
 .-igned and scale 
 
 thoriso the mastc 
 
 to enter into tlu 
 
 tinctly -sxpressed 
 
 imly as agent. 
 
 When a ship is 
 
 ^cveral persons, t 
 
 futed by each, o 
 
 •iction for non-pci 
 
 |iart_y be not expi 
 
 p.irfies, but runs 
 
 dented witnesseth 
 
 with consent of A 
 
 the ship to frcigh 
 
 meiit contains cov 
 
 A and B; in this 
 
 action upon the c( 
 
 with them; but uii 
 
 cannot be sued upu 
 
 [inipcr form. 
 
 I'lic general rul 
 struct ion of thi.s, a 
 nient.s is, that the i 
 agreeable to tlic rej 
 tcinlbrniable to the 
 of the particular i 
 relates. 
 
 The charterparty 
 of the ship; and by, 
 of 1(;«1 it is requi 
 .'^foUoy (bk. ii. ch. i 
 ljytheton,,indfoun( 
 tlic p,ayment shall 
 ind if a ship bo fr 
 iibouts, the addition 
 iuithorl is commonl' 
 less; but it is now 
 ' register measurem( 
 The usual covonai 
 wnrt]iy,andinacond 
 ilie owners to ju-ep.! 
 to commence and fu 
 the charterparty con 
 "wner of the vcs.se 
 1)01111(1, asacr/rrw, to 
 be lit to jierfurm th 
 lie should give noti( 
 Irum losses occftsionc 
 Ills ve.s.sel, unless s 
 want of ordinary ci 
 it'liiss'-ip were not; 
 
 In all maritime 
 liie utmost conscqu 
 ilclay, the object or 
 l"St; and therefore, 
 liy the time appoinle 
 ilie other may seek 
 bring an .action to 
 .«ii.<taiiied. 
 
 The manner in wh 
 far«o is, for the m 
 tust(jin and usage of I 
 ». unless there be an 
 charterparty with rci 
 ever, the owner is bt 
 
CHAETERPARTY 
 
 287 
 
 an (iRont in such port, having proper authority to 
 act for them in such matters. 
 
 A chartcrparty made by the roaster in his name, 
 when lie is in a foreign port in the usual course of 
 tlio ship's cmplovmcnt, and, therefore, under cir- 
 cumstances which do not aflbrd evidence of fraud ; 
 or wlicii it is made by him at liomo, under cir- 
 cumstances which afford evidence of tlio expressed 
 pr impUcd assent of the owners ; is bindinjf upon 
 the latter. But, according to the law of England, 
 111) direct action can bo maintained upon the in- 
 .-irumcnt itself against the owners, unless it bo 
 .-igned and sealed by them, or unless they au- 
 llmrise the master (or agent, as the case may be) 
 to onior into the contract, and unless it be dis- 
 tinctly expressed in the charterparty that ho acts 
 mily as agent. 
 
 When a ship is cluirtcrcd by several owners to 
 -cvoral persons, the charterparty should be exe- 
 cuted by each, or they will not be linole to an 
 :ict ion for non-performance. But if the charter- 
 [iiirty be not expressed to bo made between the 
 parties, but runs thus — 'This charterparty in- 
 iloiitod witnesseth, that C, master of the ship W, 
 with consent of A and B, the owners thereof, lets 
 tliu ship to freight to E and F,' and the instru- 
 ment contains covenants by E and F to and with 
 A and B ; in this case A and B may bring an 
 :ietion upon the covenants expressed to bo made 
 with them ; but unless they seal the deed, they 
 cannot be sued upon it. This, therefore, is a very 
 [iropcr form. 
 
 'I'lic general rule of law adopted in the con- 
 struction of this, as of other mercantile instru- 
 ment-<, is, that the interpretation should be liberal, 
 agreeable to the real intention of the parties, anil 
 cunformable to the usage of trade in general, and 
 of the particular trade to which the contract 
 relates. 
 
 The charterparty usually espressos the burden 
 of the ship ; and by the fimous French Ordinance 
 of 1IJ81 it is required to do so. According to 
 ir<illoy (bk. ii. ch. iv. s. 8), if a ship be freighted 
 by the ton, and found of less burden than expressed, 
 t lie payment shall be only for the real burden; 
 and if" a ship l)c freighted for 200 toas, or tlicrc- 
 abniits, the addition of thereabouts (says the same 
 autlior^ is commonly reduced to Jive tons more or 
 less ; l)ut it is now usual to say so many tons 
 ' register measurement.' 
 
 The us\ial covenant, that the ship shall be sea- 
 worthy, and in a condition to carry tlic goods, binds 
 tlic owners to prepare and complete every thing 
 M eiinimcnce and fultil the voyage. But though 
 iho charterparty contained no such covenant, the 
 owner of the vessel would bo, at common law, 
 l}i)uii(l,asac«rr'er, totakc care that the ship should 
 be lit to jierform the voyage ; and even though 
 he should give notice, limiting his responsibility 
 from losses occasioned to any cargo put on board 
 his vessel, unless such loss shouM arise from 
 want of ordinary care &c., he would be liable 
 if bis s''ip wore not seaworthy. [Skawohtiiv.] 
 
 In ail maritime transactions expedition is of 
 the utmost consequence ; for even by a short 
 ilclav, the object or season of a voyage may bo 
 l"st ; and therefore, if cither party be not ready 
 liy the time appointed for the loading of the ship, 
 liie other may seek another ship or cirgo, i.nd 
 bring an action to recover the damages he ^ has 
 siislaiiicd. 
 
 The manner in which the owner is to lade the 
 carjio is, for the most part, regulated by the 
 cusUjin and usage of the place whore he is to lade 
 it, unless there be any express stipulation in the 
 charterparty with respect to it. Cioncrally, how- 
 ever, the owner ia bound ta arrange the dittercnt 
 
 articles of the cargo in t ho most proper manner, 
 and to take the greatest care of them. If a cask 
 Ixr accidentally staved in letting it down into the 
 hold of the ship, the master must answer for the 
 loss. 
 
 If the owner covenants to load a full and com- 
 plete cargo, the master must take as much on 
 board os he can do with safety, and without injury 
 to the vessel. 
 
 The master must not take on board any con- 
 traband goods, whcrebj- tho ship or cargo may bo 
 liable to forfeiture and detention ; nor must ho 
 take on board any fals. or colourable papers ; but 
 he must take and keep on board all the papers and 
 documents required for tho protection and mani- 
 festation of the ship and cargo by the law of the 
 countries from and to which tho ship is bound, by 
 the law of nations in general, or by any treaties 
 between particular states. 
 
 if tho master receive goods at tho quay or 
 beach, or send his boat for them, his responsibility 
 commences with the receipt in the port of London. 
 With respect to goods intended to bo sent coast- 
 wise, it has been held that tho responsibility of 
 tho wharfinger ceases by tho delivery of them to 
 the mate of the vessel upon the wharf. As soon 
 as he receives tho goods, the master must provide 
 adequate means for their protection and security ; 
 for oven if the crew bo overpowered by a suponor 
 force, and tho goods taken while tho ship is in a 
 port or river within the country, tho master and 
 owners are liable for tho loss, though they mav 
 have committed neither fraud nor fault." This 
 may seem a harsh rule ; but it is necessary, to 
 put down attempts at collusive or fraudulent com- 
 binations. 
 
 The master must, according to tho terms of 
 the charterparty, commence the voyage without 
 delay, as soon as the weather is favourable, but 
 not otherwise. 
 
 The courts of law have recently given some im- 
 portant decisions on the subject of delay, and otlier 
 contingencies arising from local customs. 
 
 Thus there is a custom at Newcastle that coal 
 should be loaded by turns. In a case in which 
 the cargo was to bo coke, and an action w.as 
 brought for delay, the Court of Common I'lcas 
 held that there should bo evidence alleged that 
 the custom extended to coke. 
 
 Again, it was held that, a custom prevailing at 
 Liverpool, by which 'S months' interest or discount 
 might be deducted from freights pay.able under 
 bills of lading on goods coming from New Orleans, 
 and a shipowner demanding a full freight, tho 
 Court of (Queen's Bench held that tho custom was 
 not rcpufnant to the written contract. 
 
 Again, when it was agreed by the charterparty 
 that tho ship ' should load with all possible despatch 
 in the customarv manner a full and complete 
 cargo of coke, to l)e loaded in regular turn,' it was 
 held that cvidcnco was not admissible to show 
 that, according to a custom at tho port of lading 
 under a contract so framed, tho shipowner was 
 bound (provided reasonable despatch was used) 
 to wait his turn, according to a list kept by a coke 
 manufacturer, who was not named in the contract, 
 but whose name was mentioned at the time when 
 it was entered into. The court held that such 
 evidence would bo inconsistent with the terms of 
 the chartcrparty. (Maude and Pollock, p. L'l!.'(.) 
 
 Several important decisions have been made, 
 subsequent to the Kussian war, on the fullilmc.it 
 of the terms of a charterparty after a declaration 
 of war, and an agreement made, previous to this 
 declaration, to sail to a port which, by the fact of 
 war being declare. I, became luisttle. In the case of 
 Kxposit'i V. Boweu it was decided by the Court of 
 
 I 
 
288 
 
 CHARTERPARTY 
 
 Queen's Bench that the plea alleged was not suffi- 
 cient, for that the contract might have been per- 
 formed cither by purchasing a cargo before notice 
 of (lerlarntion or from a British subject at Odessa, 
 But tlie Court of Exchequer Chamber, on appeal, 
 reversed this decision, on the ground that a ship- 
 ment of cargo from an encmy'8portwa.M,priraafacie, 
 illegal, and therefore tliat the contract waa dis- 
 solved. (Maude and Pollock, p. 247.) 
 
 For the effects of blockade on contracts of 
 affreightment, see Contraband and Neutka- 
 
 LITV. 
 
 Sometimes it is covenanted and agreed upon 
 between the porties, thot a specified number of 
 days shall be allowed for loading and unloading, 
 and that it shall bo lawful for the freighter to de- 
 tain the vessel a further specified time, on pay- 
 ment of a daily sum as Demurrage. If the ves- 
 sel be detained beyond both periods, the freighter 
 is liable to an action on the contract. The rate 
 of demurrage mentioned in the charterparty will, 
 in general, bo the measure of the damages to be 
 paid ; but it is not the absolute or necessary 
 measure ; more or less may be payable, as justice 
 maj' require, regard being had to the expense 
 an(l loss incurred by the owner. When the time 
 is thus ojtpressly ascertained and limited by the 
 terms of the contract, the freighter is liable to 
 un action for damages if the thing be not done 
 M'ithin the time, although this viay not he attrUmt- 
 aile to ani/fitiilt or omission on his part; for he has 
 engaged that it shall be done, (Abbott Oti the 
 Law of Shipping, part iii, c, 1,) 
 
 If there has been any undertaking or warranty 
 to sail with convoy, the vessel must repair to the 
 place of rendezvous for that purpose ; and if the 
 master neglect to proceed with convoy, he will be 
 answerable for all losses that may arise from the 
 want of it. 
 
 Tlie owners or master should sail with the ship 
 for the place of her destination with all due dili- 
 gence, and by the usual or shortest course, miless 
 in cases of convoy, which the master must follow 
 as far as possible. .Sometimes the course is pointed 
 out in the charterpart}', A deviation from the 
 usual course may be justified for the purpose of 
 repairs, or for avoiding an enemy or the perils of 
 the sens, as well as by the sickness of the master 
 or mariners, and the mutiny of the crew, 
 
 liy an exception in the charterparty, not to be 
 liable for injuries arising from the act of (iod and 
 the queen's enemies, thoowiieror ma-ter is not re- 
 sponsible for any injury arising from the sea or 
 the winds, unless it was in his power to prevent 
 it, or it was occasioned by his imprudence or gross 
 neglect. ' The (luestion, said Lord Mansfield, in 
 an action brouglit by the Kast India Company, 
 'is, whether the owners arc to pay for the damage 
 occasioned by the slomi, the act of God; and this 
 must be determined by the intention of the parties, 
 and the nature of the contract. It is a charter of 
 freight. The owners lot their ships to hire, and 
 there never was nn idea that they insure the cargo 
 against the iierils of the sea. What are the obli- 
 gations of the owners which arise out of the fair 
 construction of the charterparty '/ Why, thai 
 they shall be liable for damages iiii iirred by their 
 own fault, or that of their servants, as from defects 
 in the ship, or imiiroper stowage &c. If they were 
 liable for damago.i ocrasionecl by storms, they 
 would become insurers,' The House of Lord's 
 confirmed this df>otrine by deciding (May 20, 
 1 7K8) that the owner is not liable to make satis- 
 faction for damage done to goods by storm. 
 
 The expression perils of the sea is held to 
 
 cover the following losses : — A ' loss by pirates,' 
 ' accidental colUaiou,' 'the ewcll of the tide in a 
 
 dry harbour,' 'the wilful bn it barratrous act of 
 the crew in throwing ball: '■vrboanl," and a 
 stranding rendered neccssaf , ikago producci< 
 by the careless loading of ihe cargo. 
 
 But on the other hand it was not held to include 
 losses caused by the injur)- of worms .it sea, by an- 
 other vessel firing into the ship by mistake, or in- 
 jury to goods by rats. Losses when a vessel lias 
 been under repair on the beach, or by alteratidii 
 ill the banks of a navigable river due to uatuml 
 causes, or by the rising and failing of a vessel with, 
 the tide while moored in harbour, arc not Iobwcs by 
 sea perils. 
 
 In one case when the defendants agreed u ■»«- 
 vey some boxes of gold-dust trom the l^xrarj'- 
 across the Isthmus of Panama to London, anrt laiiw 
 vidod against robbers, dangers of mads, of wliuu 
 soever nature or kind, the court held that rohiti-i 
 did not protect the defendants from lijibility for "U" 
 loss of one of the boxes stolen frc»m a railway tnni, 
 between Southampton and London, t'uir that robbi-r 
 meant robber by force, and (langer of roiaas must be 
 that arising from the condition of roailm. e. g, the 
 overturning of carriages. 
 
 The charterer of a ship may lade it e.ittlBer with 
 his own goods, or, if he have not suflicii-ait, may 
 take ill the goods of other persons, or (if awt pre- 
 vented by a clanie \n that effect in the nhartcr- 
 p!irty) he may wholly imdierlet the ship toanotber. 
 (F' r further details, sef Ablxitt On the Lair of 
 S:..ppim), part iii. c. 1 ; Ciiitty'-t Commercial Luiv, 
 voL iii. '■.. 9 A'c, ; and thi; articles Bii.i, of Ladinc, 
 Freight, Mastkr, ifcc) 
 
 Fomu of Charterparties. — The following is imo 
 of the ru(i!t usual forms of a ciiarterparty : — 
 
 ' This •^larterparty, indented, nuule &c. between 
 A B, &<■. mariner, master, and owmer of the good 
 ship or vessel, call-i'd &c. now nding at anchcir 
 (tc. of ■shti- burden ' '' 200 tons, or thereabouts, ot' 
 the one ,!i»rt, and < D of itc, merchant of the 
 other iMBT. witnessetii. that the said A B, for the 
 consideratiion hereinafter mentioned, hath granted 
 and to freiirnt lettcn, and by these presents dolh 
 grant and to freight let, unto the said (' D, his 
 executors, administrators, and assigns, the trholo 
 tonnagp of the hold, stem-sheets, and half-dec* of 
 the said ship or vessel, called tfcc. from thf puTt 
 of Londoffl to i-f. in a voyage to be made brtlie 
 said A B with thf said ship, in manner herein- 
 after mentioned, i ihat is to say,; to sail with thf- 
 first fair wind and weather that shall happen afi' ! 
 &c. next, from th*- port of London with the gouu 
 and merchandise oi the said (. D, his factors .t 
 assigns, on board, to die, aforesaid (the .ict of 
 Goil, the queen s enemies, fire, and all and every 
 other dangers and accidents of the seas, rivers, 
 and navigation, oi whatever nature and kind, in 
 so far as ships are liable thereto, during the said 
 voyage, always fxi-epted), and there unlade ami 
 make discharge i,>C th* said goods and merchaiiilises ; 
 and also shall thfre take into .ind on board the 
 said ship again the irr.odg and merchandises of ilic 
 said C D, his factors or assigns, and shall llitii 
 return to the port of London with thi' said goivN, 
 in the spare of &c. limited for the end of the sai 1 
 voyage. In consideratKin whereof, the said (' \\ 
 forhim,sclf, his executors and administrators, duth 
 covenant, promise, and grant, to and with the still 
 A K. his executors, administrators, or assigns, by 
 these presents, that the said C D, his executors 
 administrators factors, or assigns, shall nuil will 
 well and truly \if*v, or cause to be paid, unto lln' 
 said A B, hiscxecutors, administrators, or assign^, 
 for the freight of the said ship and goods, the sum 
 of &<■ (or so much per ton), within twenty nu' 
 days after the said ship arrived, and goiuli 
 returned, and discharged at the port of Louduu 
 
 aforesaid, for i 
 also shall and 
 shall bo by d( 
 factors or assig 
 and every ,h>v, 
 the .snid A B. 
 administrators,! 
 to and with tl 
 niiiilstrators, nin 
 llie said ship or 
 of London to ta 
 IT before iStc. nf 
 I'T himself, his 
 within 10 davM « 
 "■ thus rea<iv, t 
 s.iid ship, u, pr 
 ■' ■^". on arriv.il , 
 ■I \s to have liis 
 ■^■O'l ship, to retui 
 •"'I A It, for b 
 ministrators, ,J„|(| 
 "III with the s,ii( 
 I m tors, and a.ssigi 
 """■ is, and at all 
 ' ■ . I" the best em 
 li'-^ executors an 
 and their own prr 
 'huiKs made and I- 
 ipparelled, fumislK 
 "ii'ii and mariners s 
 and govern the sai 
 "irging, boats, tac 
 prmi.sion, and appui 
 'it the said nnen ai 
 -liip during thevoyi 
 The great variety 
 flil/erent vovagcs an 
 ing<liversitvincharl 
 '" which the follow 
 ' sample of the more 
 
 >iniinents : 
 
 'It is this dnv mu 
 '', i»ann, owner. • d, 
 'he Mermaid, \\ i||i. 
 measurement of |7» 
 :he river Thames, anl 
 linri of Messrs. ThomI 
 ".' Mauritius, merchaj 
 'K'". staunch, and si 
 I'T the voyage, shalll 
 ■■"' "'"' proceed to (I 
 convicts out to NewfJ 
 troops, merchandise, 
 mentioned port of Cai 
 at Madras on her \\ 
 owner's account, or si 
 latclyget, and there 1 
 -aiil merchants at, CaT 
 fjirt'oofrice, oranvoll 
 il'"-terer engages "to 1 
 ■'""' '<> Port Louis, il 
 I'liver the same free 1 
 "i"!' a full and compll 
 I- "Uier lawful merchiT 
 "•i^'c, which the charl 
 '^wding wliat she 
 "'')• over and abov^ 
 '1011*. and furniture » 
 •'"eimli proceed to lI 
 f she may .safely ffct I 
 ''■'iiff paid n-eight, viz r 
 ;;i;'f'tothe,u.tuaf,,u«,t 
 !';« n.,iy be shlpj.ed J 
 ' I'-i.tW, pcrtouof J 
 ,"" should the vessel def 
 f"" of London than tlil 
 ««"ls, actually Hhippedl 
 
CHARTERPARTY 
 
 289 
 
 aforpsniil, for fhft end of the said voyngp; and 
 also shall and will pay for domiirraf^p (if any 
 (ihiill be by default of him, the said C I), his 
 factors or axsi^ns) the sum of Ike. per day, daily, 
 and every d..\v, as the same shall j^row due. And 
 the said A U. for himself, his executors and 
 administrators, doth covenant, promise, and Rrant, 
 to and with the said U 1), bis executors, ad- 
 ministrators, and assif^ns, by these presents, that 
 tlie said ship or vessel shall be rea<ly at the port 
 (if London to take in jjoods by the snid C I), on 
 iir l)i'foro &c. next coming. And the said C 1), 
 l.r himself, his 4c. doth covenant and promise, 
 wiiliin 10 days after the said ship or vessel shall 
 i.c thus ready, to have his poods on board the 
 >.iid ship, t(. proceed in the said voyage; and 
 II '^i>, on arrival of the said ship &c. within &c. 
 ■ I \ 1 to have his goods ready to put on board the 
 <:\i'\ ship, to return on the said voyafje. And the 
 •li'l A H, for himself, his executors and ad- 
 nun istralors, cliiih further covenant and grant, to 
 mill with the said C D, his executors, adminis- 
 imtors. and assigns, that the said ship or vessel 
 now is, and at all times during the voyage shall 
 I..', to the best endeavours of liim, the said A IS, 
 \i\< executors and administrators, and at bis 
 ami their own proper coats and charges, in ail 
 things made and kept, stiff, stauncli, strong, well- 
 ipparelled, furnished, and provided, as well with 
 men and mariners sutHcient and able to sail, guide, 
 anil govern the said ship, as with all manner of 
 rii;ging, boats, tackle, and apparel, turn i lure, 
 pnivision, and appurtenances, fitting and necessury 
 fur the said men and mariners, and for the said 
 ^liip during the voyage aforesaid. In witness li'c 
 The great variety ol*' circumstances under which 
 different voyages are itiade [jroduce a correspond- 
 ing diversity in chart crparties. The charterparty 
 of which the f(dlowing is a copy atlbrds a gi«xi 
 
 be paid on the cxces.i at the regular current rate 
 of freight for sugar which other vessels, loading 
 at the same time at I'ort lAxiis, receive ; the ton- 
 nage of the rice, wheat, or grain, to be reckoned 
 at 20 cwt. nett per ton ; that of other goods at the 
 usual nieas'irement (the act of (iod, the queen's 
 enemies, fire, and all and every other dangers and 
 accidents of the seas, rivers, and navigation, of 
 whatever nature and kind soever, during the 
 said voyage, always excepted). The freight to bo 
 paid on unloading and right delivery of tlie cargo, 
 as is customary in the port of London. Ninety 
 running days are to be allowed the said merchant 
 (if the ship is not sooner despatched) for loading 
 the ship at Calcutta, discharging the cargo at 
 I'ort Louis, and loading the cargo there ; the said 
 lay days to commence on the vessel being ready 
 to receive cargo, the master giving notice in 
 writing of the same at Calcutta, and to continue 
 during the loading there ; and from the timt; of 
 her arrival at I'ort Louis, and being ready to di.s- 
 chartce, rill the final loading at that ])ort, and to 
 be di.schargcd in tin? ))ort of London with all possi- 
 lylo despatf.'h ; and "JU days on demurrage over and 
 above the said laying days at 12/. per d.iy. 
 Pf-uiu'ty for non-performance .of this agreement, 
 ■t.tKWi', The cargo to be brought to and t.-dten 
 from alongside at the expense and risk of the mer- 
 chants. The necessary cash for the disbursements 
 of the vt^ss*-! at Calcutta, not exceeding 3uU/., to 
 be .idvanced by thtc charterer's agents ; they tak- 
 ing the master's drafts on the owner for the same, 
 at the regular current rate of exchange, and at 
 three months' wight ; and if the said bills be not 
 regularly accofited and paid when due, the same 
 to be deductf;d from the freight payable by this 
 charterparty. The vessel to be disbursed at Port 
 Loiiis by the chartering agents ; sum not to ex- 
 ceeii 300/., free of commission ; and the amount 
 
 fxainple of the more complex species of these jj- lo be deducted from the freight at the final settle- 
 ment at the port of Loudon. Captain not to ship 
 jpimds without consent. In the event of the ship 
 i^-vng prevented, by damage or any other cause, 
 reaching the Mauritius on or before the 1st day of 
 J.anuary, 1H43, the charterer or lii» agents shall 
 be at liberty to employ the vessel for one or two 
 voyages to Calcutta, at the rate of 21. per ton of 
 rice, or other goods, delivered at Mauritius. I'ifty 
 running days, to load and discharge, to be allowed 
 on each voyage ; it being understood tliat the 
 charterer or his agents shall load the ship, as 
 before agreed, cither at the end of the first or 
 second voyage, as the case mav be. The freight 
 on the intermediate voyages (if any) to be paid 
 on delivery of the cargo, in cash, or by bills on 
 London at usance, at the option of the master. 
 The vessel to be addressed, both at Calcutta and 
 Isle of France, to the agents of the charterer. In 
 witness wherenf, the .said parties have hereunto 
 set their hands and seids, at London, the 2nd day 
 of Decomber. lf<ll.' 
 
 Slamfi Uulksoii diarterparties. — By the 55 Geo. 
 III. c. IM, charterpartics were made liable to a 
 duty of I/, lo.?. In cast.' (he document contained 
 more than 2,100 words, every entire quantity of 
 1,080 words above the (irat 1,080 was liable to a 
 further stamp duty of 1/, 5*. 
 
 Ihit by 5 & Vict. c. 79 these drjlles were 
 repenh d, and in jilacc it was cnacteu Uiat every 
 I'harlerparly, or agreement or contract for the 
 charter of any ship, and every memorandum, 
 letter, or olher'« riling between the captain, nias- 
 
 ■^truments 
 
 ' It is this day mutually agreed between Mr. T. 
 
 1!. Uann, owner >■'' the good ship or vessel called 
 
 ilie Mermaid, William llenniker inaHLer, of the 
 
 measurement of 172 tons, or thereabouts, now in 
 
 :iie river Thames, and Mr. David Thomson, of the 
 
 !lrm of Messrs. Thomson, I'assmore, and Thomson, 
 
 (if Mauritius, merchants, that the said ship, being 
 
 tiglit, staunch, and strong, and every way fitted 
 
 frtt the voyage, shiUl. with all convenient speed, 
 
 siil and proceed to Calcutta, with leave to take 
 
 convicts out to New South Wales, and from thence 
 
 troops, merchandise, or passengers, to the afore- 
 
 memioned jiort of Calcutta, with leave to touch 
 
 at Madras on her way thither, if required on 
 
 owner's account, or so near thereunto as she may 
 
 safely get, and there load, from the factors of the 
 
 Mill merchants at Calcutta, a full and complete 
 
 larKO of rice, or any other lawful goods wbirli the 
 
 chirtcrer engages to ship, and proceed with the 
 
 ^ame to Port Louis, in the Isle of France, and 
 
 lii'liver the same free of freijzbt ; afterwards loatl 
 
 thirr a full and complete carj^-o of sugar in bags. 
 
 riillier lawful merchandise of as favourable ton- 
 
 ria;;(', which the charterer engages to ship, not 
 
 • xoccding what she can reasonably slow and 
 
 irry over and above her tackle, apparel, pm- 
 
 . <iiins, aiul furniture : and, being so loaded, shall 
 
 iiiercwiih proceed to London, or so near ihereunto 
 
 IS she may safely get, and deliver the Hiinie on 
 
 MiiK paidtVeight". viz. for such qiianlity of sugar 
 
 mual to the iictual quantity of rice, or oilier goods, 
 
 liiat may be shipped at Calcutta, at tlie rate of 
 
 V. Yh. id. per ton of 20 cwt. nett, slii|)ped there ; 
 
 aiiilshould the vessel deliver more iiettsugar in the 
 
 ixirt of London than the quantity of rice, or other 
 
 goods, actually uhipped in Calcutta, tiie own<;rs to 
 
 ter, ot owner of anv ship and any o'' r persons 
 for or relating to (lit) ffeigb' ur c aveyanco of 
 any moneys, goods, of effects //// |)oard any .ship, 
 iiiiif^l be stiiinpcil witli ft fi», star///;, py 28 ii 2'J 
 
 Vict. c. 9G, the duly yiu» iatthef fmweij from 
 
a»0 CHAY OR CHOY KOOT 
 
 o*. to Or/. Tlip stamp may be improssod, willicmt 
 the payment of any penalty, within 14 ('ays after 
 the charlcrparty l)cars date, and has heen executed 
 by the p.irty who first executed it. Within a 
 month from tiiis time the stamp may be obtained 
 on payment of a penalty of 10/. : beyond this 
 |)eriiid it cannot be afflxed at all. 
 
 ClIAYoii CHOY HOOT. The roots of a small 
 biennial, rarely triennial, plant, the Olilenlutulia 
 umhelhita, Nat. Order liiibiarea; growing spon- 
 taneously in light, dry, sandy ground near tlio 
 sea ; and extensively cultivated, especially on the 
 const of Coromandel. The cultivated roots are 
 very slender, and from I to 2 feet in length, with 
 a few lateral fibres; but the wild are shorter, and 
 supposed to yield one fourth part more of colour- 
 ing matter, and of a better quality. The. root 
 gives a yellow colour to cohl, a reddish to hot 
 water, wliich becomes bright red by alkalis. The 
 basis of the dye is alizarine. The roots are cm- 
 
 i)loyed to dye the durabli! reds for which the 
 ndian cotton yarn and chintzes have been long 
 famous, and wliicli can only be cijualled by the 
 Turkey red. 
 
 Chav root forms a considerable article of cxj)ort 
 from Ceylon. Only a particular set of people are 
 allowed to dig it. It used to be all bought up by 
 (iovernnient, who paid the diggers a lixed yir'we of 
 76 or SO rix-doUars a candy, and sold it for ex- 
 portation at about 17.5 rix-dollars. (Dertolacci's 
 Ceylon, p. 270.) 
 
 This root has been imported into F.urope, but 
 with no success. Dr. Bancroft sus|H'ets it may 
 be injured by the long voyage; but he adds, that 
 it can produce no cflect which may not be more 
 cheaply produced from madder. It ii* a very 
 bulky article, and is consequently burdened with 
 a verv lieavv freight. (Permanent Colours, vol. ii. 
 pp. '282-303.") 
 
 CHECKS, CHEQUES, or DRAFTS. Orders 
 addressed to some person, generally a banker, di- 
 recting him to pay the sum specified in tlic check 
 to the jierson named in it, or bearer on demand. 
 The following is the usual form : — 
 
 £100. Loni/oii, lO/Zi iXovemher, 185.'?. 
 
 Pai/ A, B. Esii; or hearer, One llundrcil Poundu 
 on aerount of C. D. 
 
 Mesxrs. Ghjn, Milh, and Co. 
 
 In poJ^it of fiirin. checks nearly resemble bills of 
 excliange. They are .assignable by delivery only, 
 and are payable instantly on presentment, without 
 any days of grace being allowed. Hut by the 
 custom of London, a banker luis until '.> of the 
 alteriioon of the day on which a check is jiresented 
 lor payment, to return it; so that where a check 
 was returned before o, with a memorandum of 
 'cancelled by mistake' written under it, it was 
 heW a refusal to jjay. If a check upon a bankir 
 be lodged with another banker, a presentment 
 by the latter at the clearing-house is sutH- 
 cient. Cheeks are usually taken cijnditionally 
 uj oAsh ; for unless an express .stipulation be made 
 to the contrary, if they be presented in due time 
 and not paid, they are not a payment. It is diffi- 
 cult to deline wlvit is the due or reasonable lime 
 within whicli checks, notes, or bills should lie pre- 
 sented. A man, as Lord KUcnborough has ob- 
 served, is not obligeil to neglect all other business 
 that he may immediately present them : neverthe- 
 less it is the safest ))lan to present them without any 
 avoidable delay ; and if received in the place where 
 payable, they had better be presented that day, 
 or next at furthest. If a check be not presented 
 witliin a reasonabk time, the party on whom it is 
 drawn will be justified iu refusing to pay it ; and 
 
 CIIEK8E 
 
 the holder will lose liis recourse upon the drawer. 
 (Chitty On Cnmmerciul /.air, vol. iii. p. Ml ; 
 Woolrych On Commercial Law, ch. iii. s. 2 Ac.) 
 
 In ccmsequence of the alteration of the law 
 effected by the IG 4 17 Vict. c. f)9, checks were 
 for a time of two sorts, viz. those on tmstampcd 
 or plain paper, and those on jiapcr impressed with 
 a penny stamp. 
 
 1. In plain checks the place of issue and the date 
 of issue had to be correctly stated, and to be ilrawu 
 upon bankers having their place of business within 
 16 miles of the locality where the checks are is- 
 sued ; and not payable to order, but to bearer. 
 
 2. (,'hecks on stamped pajicr enjoyed sundry 
 privileges. Thus it was not necessary to allix 
 the date or the place of their issue; they miglit 
 bo drawn upon any one, whether banker or noi: 
 they might be issued ut any distance from the placid 
 where they were to be paid; and they might he 
 payable either to bearer or to order. If made 
 payable to order, it was essential that they ' purport 
 to be indorsed' by the payee; but the party on 
 whom they were drawn, provided he was u banker, 
 was not bound to enquire whether such indorse- 
 ment was genuine. I!y21 Vict. c. 20 the stamp 
 duty is extended to all checks. 
 
 If the party on whom a stamped check payable 
 to order is drawn be not a banker, his responsibili- 
 ties are not affected by the late Acts, and we 
 apprehend that to make himself secure ho slioidd 
 be satisfied, before paying the check, of the autlicii- 
 ticity of the signature of the ])ayee. 
 
 The system of drawing checks on a balance hclil 
 by a banker is almost peculiar to our monetary 
 system. The practi<'e commenced about a cen- 
 tury ago, when the London bankers adojjted if in 
 place of issuing their own notes. It is only, 
 however, within the last twenty years that tlie 
 use of the clieck-book has become almost univer- 
 sal, not only with traders, but with professional 
 men, and even lliose who have fixed incomes, 
 though of small amount. The exchange of I'hccks 
 [ Ci.EAKiNQ lIoLSK j ha.s greatly aided the general 
 adoption of the banking and check system. 
 
 To the economist and the merchant the cine k 
 system presents some striking phenomena. It 
 has infinitely facilitated business transactions; lint 
 it has also had a remarkable effect on the metallic 
 and paper currency, econc misiug the former, ami 
 contracting the latter, oven underthecircumstanics 
 of an incredible increase of home and foreign com- 
 merce. 
 
 In consequence of questions having arisen as to 
 the legal effect of crossing a cluMpie, the 21 
 A- 22 Vict. c. 70 provides tliat o che(pie crossed 
 with the name of a banker should be paid only to 
 tliat banker; and if crossed with the words 'and 
 Company,' or any abbreviation thereof, then only 
 to some banker. [ IJa.nks. | 
 
 CHEESE ^(ier.kiise; Dutch, kaas; Fr. from.ige; 
 Itol. forraaggio, cacio; Span.queso; Huss.sur; Lat. 
 ca.seus). The curd of the milk separated from the 
 whey, or pressed or hardened. It has been used 
 as an article of fooil from the carlie>t ages ; vast 
 quantities of it are consumed iu Great IJritain, 
 and in most countries of Europe. 
 
 There is an immense variety of cheeses, the 
 qualities of which depend jirincipally on the rich- 
 ness and flavour of the milk of wliich ihey aro 
 made, and partly on the way in \>liich they arc 
 prepared, lingland is | irticuiarly celebrated for 
 t he abuiiiiance and excellence of its cheese. Cheshire 
 and (iloucestcrshire ore, in this respect, two of ils 
 most famous counties : the cheese produced iu 
 the former has been ctiraated at 14,000 tonsa- 
 year. There are two kinds of Gloucester cheose. 
 double aud single ; thu first is made of the milk 
 
 •iiiil cream, tlio 1 
 Iwilf the cream, 
 double genenill' 
 >"^'le, or IkTkei 
 "lit of fashion, n 
 <breso is also i 
 "liK'h borders 
 Wiltshire. The 
 t'lieshire cheese- 
 <;ioiicestershircc 
 liiionfrom there 
 '■■"'■so, soinewhni 
 •I' <'heddarin Soi 
 l';i'';'>'- coloured, a 
 i'i'.'"i-«est price. 
 Nillou is made i 
 I'"' villages roinii 
 i-'ikoned sii/lieioni 
 !"• (wo years old • 
 " '•■ivwl, blue, and 
 ma. e at Leigh, in ; 
 made in England, ■ 
 "•iiii''. either from 
 'lii'ib'y, are the 
 >i'iMliani cheeses 
 < liie^cs, of a pecul 
 "'';i"\."'«y are m 
 ■■'"•' V'rk, ami IJu, 
 
 '"i/ieir cream choei 
 
 I'ld lianbury in 0\t 
 
 (T these cheeses; 
 
 "iij'c ii| it, very Iar« 
 
 .' iMvhm and Jjjra 
 
 ''•-'iiiguished for its ) 
 
 -'"'land is not ce 
 
 ;-' '■•: tailed Dunlo 
 
 ^>i-;liire where it w 
 
 """'"I' '■'"■■OSes goner. 
 
 ; 'Derbyshire, except 1 
 ' '"■<•"<■'* maiJe to resen 
 ■■.v'ensively produced 
 '"ir^^e quantities of 
 '"■'■'! i'l ilolland. I, 
 
 /"''-■'■."•hich is reckon 
 '"ir'"'iloiic ,icid ,s 
 '"'''"<' of rennet. 'Ji 
 
 ;;;- [ves it from mi 
 
 ' 'll'-d from I',-,rma in 
 ■ ' ^:'', •' "'^'•ely a ,,„\ 
 : "ill flavour to tlic 1 
 :•;""- "'" Po, where k 
 ' ■"■""^■^■■1" theesc is kej 
 ' '••;■'■ '••'"•ried to miiJ 
 
 :""."'V''''- «'viss cil 
 
 ■•""I'l.i'ted (Jruyere, ii 
 ;"'V" "iP canton off 
 ; "> ire chooses are ml 
 
 '''""■i'''l"iilk,andare'| 
 
 - ".Tally ,veigh from I 
 
 . "•^'■'1 /or oxiiortatioJ 
 
 ' '" '^■'•■■■i each. f 
 
 •\<i"rdiiig to Air. mJ 
 
 H'l.ec of cheese from r 
 
 ■""I '•< bom a to 4 cwl 
 
 ;;'Kl't of the butter. 
 
 ^':'!'''t'ealAcco,nUo/-nA 
 
 ""■ <bityon air do J 
 
 f'»"untml, previouslv t,| 
 
 ■■;',""liat year the "du( 
 
 ,";"'ish possession wasl 
 
 I" ,^,l' 'lie duties were! 
 
 :'■"'• PIT cwt.rospoctivl 
 
 ; '^aiidlroui Jiritish I 
 
 :,'''">• on chee.se frol 
 
 I ;;"''-'• rwlucod to 2.,. (J 
 
 i '"'"'lb' abolished in ml 
 
CIIEESI-: 
 
 .mil crcHin, llii; latter of the iiiilU dcprivcil (if aliout 
 
 Imir llic cream. They aru <>[' varioin sizes: tin; 
 
 (liiiililu fjeiierally run t'rnin HO to 10 lbs., and the 
 
 ^iiiL;le, or U<'rkelcy, wliicli are, however, last f;oiii^; 
 
 cMit of fashion, averai^e Iti Ihs. A ijreat ileal of 
 
 clueso is also made in that part of Shropshire 
 
 which borders upon Cheshire, and in Xortb 
 
 W'illshire. The former noes under the name of 
 
 ( liesliiro cheese; the latter was, till lately, called 
 
 (lliiiicistcrshirc cheese: now it receives lis nppel- 
 
 l;ilioii from the county where it is made. A stron^c 
 
 clieeso, somewhat resembling Tarmesan, is madi^ 
 
 :i( ( 'lieddar in . Somersetshire. This sort is either 
 
 ]i,ile or coloured, and being much in favour brings 
 
 ilir largest price. Thecelebrated rich elieeso called 
 
 Milton is made in Leicestershire, principally in 
 
 the villages round Melton Mowbray. It is not 
 
 reckoned sulHciently mellow for cutting unless it 
 
 lie two years old ; and is not saleable unless it bo 
 
 licciyed, blue, and moist. A rich cheese is also 
 
 iiiiiile at Ix'igh, in Lancashire. The other cheeses 
 
 made in luigland, which luive acqiiiriul a peculiar 
 
 iKiMie, cither from the quantity made or from the 
 
 iliiidily, are the Derbyshire, Cottenham, and 
 
 ^iMiiham cheeses. The last two arc new milk 
 
 (liic-es, of a peculiarly (ino tiavour: the jdaccs 
 
 wIkti; they arc made arc in Cambriilgeshire. 
 
 j'.aili, York, and Buckinghamshire are remarkable 
 
 Icr I heir cream cheeses. The county of Warwick, 
 
 •inil IJanbury in Oxfordsliire, are also remarkable 
 
 I if these cheeses; the former for the quantity 
 
 mule in it, very large supplies being sent from it 
 
 ill Loudon and liirmiughain. Banbury cheese is 
 
 i'stiiiguished for its ricliness. 
 
 ■"lland is not celebrated for its cheese; the 
 
 ■ I is called Dunlop cheese, from a parish in 
 
 \vr-liirc, where it was originally manufactured. 
 
 iMinlep ( heeses generally weigh from 20 to CO lbs. 
 
 cull ; .iiiil are, in most respects, similar to those 
 
 .1 l><Tbyshire, exi c]it that the latter are smaller. 
 
 Cliccscs made to resendile those of Uunlop are now 
 
 ■xUiisively produced in other parts of Scotland. 
 
 Large quantities of very good cheese arc pro- 
 
 iliiced ii; lltdland. In (he manufacture of (iouda 
 
 lii'c-c, which is reckoned the best made in Holland, 
 
 'iwlroc'hloric acid is uRcd in curdling the milk 
 
 nslead of rennet. This reiulers it pungent, and 
 
 ■riscrves it from miies. rarmcsan cheese, so 
 
 t.illod from Parma in Italy, where it is manufac- 
 
 iin(>d. is merely a shim-milk cheese, which owes 
 
 ;!> rich tiavour to the line herbage of the meadows 
 
 \\"\v^ llie Po, where the cows feed. The best 
 
 i'lriiiesan cheese is kept for 3 or 4 years, and none 
 
 . I vci carried to market till it be at least six 
 
 iiinilis old. Swiss cheese, particularly that de- 
 
 I'liiiiiated (iruyere, from the bailiwick of tliat 
 
 1 Liie in the canton of Friburg, is ver\' celebrated. 
 
 iinivirc cheeses are made of skimmed or partially 
 
 kiirmicd milk, and are tiavourcd with herbs. They 
 
 .111 rally weigh from l') to GO lbs. each, and are 
 
 ,iiki(l for exportation in casks containing 10 
 
 '111 (scs each. 
 
 Acdiiiliug to Mr. Marshall, the average yearly 
 irmliico of cheese from the milk of a cow in I'^ng- 
 iiiil is from ;> to 4 cwt., or more than double tlie 
 ■>ii;'lu of the butter. (For further details, see 
 i^kti.slical A ccountofJiiiti.ili Empire, i. ,001 , iird ed.) 
 Tlie duty on all descriptions of foreign cheese 
 Jiiiiiunted, prcviousl)' to 1842, to Kl.i. dil. per cwt. ; 
 ■It ill that year the duty on cheese imported from 
 i liriti^b possession was reduced to 2.s. (i(/. per cwt. 
 I'll"!:! the duties were fixed at 6.i. jier cwt. and 
 s.tW, per cwt. respectively on cheese from foreign 
 IIS and from TSritish possessions. And in iy/)3 
 iliity on cheese from a foreign country was 
 rtliir reduced to 'i.s. i\d. per cwt. T'he dutv was 
 "iiolly abolished in l«&y. 
 
 CllKSTNUTS -291 
 
 In 18fifi, 872,.'M2 cwts. of cheese wore imported 
 into the L'nited Kingdom, of the value of 2,M0 1,. Oru/, 
 Of this vast amount, tl.j,221 cwts. came from tlio 
 North Atliuitie ports of the United States, and 
 12(),o.")!) cwts. from Holland. The average value 
 of American cheese was 'M. (i.s. Ki/. per cwt.; of 
 Dutch ;y. 1.1. 'M. In imi? the imports had swelled 
 to l)0;),47(> cwt s., valued, however, at but •lJhii),'H\al. 
 
 CIIKKKIKS. The fruit of a tree (^I'rvnm Ce- 
 rasus, Linn.) too well known to require any de- 
 scription. 
 
 Tiicy derive their name from Cerasus, a city of 
 Pontus, whence the trei^vas brought I'V Lueullus, 
 about half a century bel'ore the (Ihristian lera. It 
 soon after spread into most parts of Kurope. and 
 is sujiposed to h.ive been carried to Britain about 
 a century alter it came to l{ome. The princi|).il 
 supplies of cherries for the London market arc 
 brought from the cherry orchards in Kent and 
 Herts. The woixl of the cherry is close, takes a 
 Hue pidisb, and is not liable to split. (Pees's Cy- 
 chjHctlia ; Loudon's KwycUtpadia of Agriculture ; 
 Ac.) 
 
 CHKSTNUT. A forest tree {Fn;im nr-tanca) 
 growing abundantly in most parts of the suuthern 
 countries of Europe. It was at one time very 
 common in England, and is still frc(pieutly met 
 with. It is long lived, grows to an inunensc 
 size, and is very ornamental. The wood is hard 
 and conqiact: when young, it is tough .and llex- 
 ible; but when old, it is brittle, and often shaky. 
 The chestnut contains only a very small pio])or- 
 tiou of sap-wood ; and henoc the wood of ynung 
 trees is found to be superior to even the oak in 
 durability. Jt is doubtful whether the roof of 
 Westminster Hall be of oak or chestnut; the two 
 woods being, when old, very like each <ither, and 
 having been formerly used almost iiidillcreutly in 
 the construction of buildings. A good deal of 
 chestnut has been planted within tlie last lifly 
 years. (I'redgold's I'rinciplt.s o/' Curpcnlry.) 
 
 CIII':ST^' UTS. CaxUw.a vtuca, Nat. Order 
 Corylaecw (Fr. chataigiies ; tier, kaslauien ; Ital. 
 castague; Span, castaiias ; Puss, kaschtaiili; Pol. 
 kasztang). The fruit of the chestnut tree. Chest- 
 nuts grow in this country, but are very iufcrior 
 both in size and perfection to those iin|)orted from 
 tlie South of Eurojie. In some parts of the Con- 
 tinent they are frequently used as a siibslinife for 
 bnNid, and form a large proportion of tli food of 
 the inhabitants. This is particularly the case in 
 the Liiuoiisin, in Corsica, and several districts 
 of Spain and Italy. The inhabitants cf tlii^ li- 
 mousin are said lo prepare them in a peculiar 
 manner, which deprives' them of their .astringent 
 and bitter pro)iertics. Clicstiiuts imported iVom 
 Spain and Italy are frequently kiln-dried, to pre- 
 vent their germination on the passage. In this 
 country they arc principally served up roasted at 
 desserts. 
 
 The chestnut is very widely disseminated, being 
 a native of all temperate regions of Europe, Asia, 
 and America, but not of any part of Africa. 
 
 The chestnut contains a largo quantity of starch, 
 a peculiar sugar, and a small quantity of gluten, 
 so small that the Hour cannot be fermented. In 
 France, where the chestnut is of great economical 
 importance, the large chestnut is known by the 
 name of mttrron. T'liese sorts are chietij' grown 
 in the hills of Vivarais, Forez, and Dauphine, but 
 being generally sold in Lyons, are called marrous 
 do Lyon. The best chestnuts come from the 
 neighbourhood of IVrigord. There arc from ten 
 to twelve varieties of the edible chestnut. 
 
 The duty of 'is. a bushel on chestiiut.s, repealed 
 in 1845, produced in 1842, 3,435/. 3». nctt, showing 
 that tho constimptiou must have amouutvd to 
 u2 
 
 i I 
 
 11 
 
 1 i 
 
292 CHETWERT 
 
 31,351 bii.hdn. In IHCtl, (!7,7()1 IiumIioU were im- 
 porU'il, ctiiclly from Frauce. The imports were 
 vuliie.l nt •27,'."J'J/. 
 
 ClIKTWKKTorTSCIIKTWKKT. A monmirc 
 of corn in KimKin, equal to fiul InipiTial tiuslicU ; 
 henco 100 clu'tWLTt» = 7'2'12 Iniperial iiuiirtcrs, 
 
 CIIICA KKD. A colruirint; mutter anulo^ouH 
 to indigo, obtained from (he Icaveit of the KiKnoniit 
 Cliicii, u, tree found in Central America. It is nsi'd 
 by the natives ns a dye. nn<l has U^^^\n imported 
 into this and other countries, under the name of 
 Crajnru. 
 
 (,'IIICORY or SL'a;()I»Y. The wihl cndive.or 
 Cifhuriiim Intiiliua of l.innieus. Natural Order 
 St/nantlirseiE (.Span. a<'hieoria; Fr. chieoree ; tier, 
 zichorien, wa>;wart ; Ital. cicoria). This plant is 
 said to be ori^'iiially a native of Cliina, and to 
 have been introduced into Europe at thi^ middle 
 of the sixteenth century. It is now found ^row- 
 inf; wild on calcareous soils in Kn^lnnd, and in 
 mont coimtries of Kurope. ]n its natural state the 
 stem rises from 1 to li feet hif,'h, but when culti- 
 vated it shoots to the height of ,'> or feet. The 
 root, which runs deep into the ^^round, is white, 
 tlesthy, aiul yields a milky juice. In (icrmany, 
 the Netherlands, and France, chicory has lonj; 
 been extensively cultivated for the sake of its root, 
 which is used as a substitute fiir'cortee. When 
 prepared on a larf;o scale, the roots are partially 
 dried, and sold to the manufacturers of the article, 
 who witsh them, cut tliciu in pieces, kiln-dry them, 
 and prind them hctweeu fluted rollers into a pow- 
 der, whiL'h is packed up in papers containing from 
 2 ox. to 3 or 4 lbs. The jxiwder hiui a strikiuj^ re- 
 semblance to dark ground coll'ee, and a stronj; 
 odour of li(|uorice. 
 
 Chicory contains a lar^c quantity of sugar, from 
 24 to i)o per cent, in the dry root. When it is 
 kiln-dried, and partiall}' charred, a portion of this 
 sugar is converted into caramel, and it is to the 
 production of this substance that the peculiar pro- 
 l)ertie.s of roasted chicory are duo. The admixture 
 of chicory with coU'ee may be detected in various 
 ways: 1. by the presence of sugar; 2. by the large 
 quantity of silica contained in its ash ; 3. by the 
 red colour of its ash, due to the presence of iron; 
 4. by the fact that it gives a colour to cold water, 
 in consequence of the caramel produced by roast- 
 ing ; 5. its structure may be detected under the 
 microscope. 
 
 Chicory is destitute of the ])eculiar properties of 
 coll'ee, those, namely, which render the latter ex- 
 liiiarating and rcstoruli ve. 1 1 givea only bitterness 
 and colour to the infusion. Hence, as it is a cheap 
 product, and was not till lately subject to an ex- 
 cise duty, it is largely employed as a means for 
 adulterating codec. 
 
 Jf chicory be sold mider its own proper name, 
 there can be no fair objection to its culture, or to 
 its being exempted from taxation ; but if it be 
 fraudulently sold uiuler the name of coll'ee, which 
 in truth and reality is the very purpose to which 
 it has been appliecl. and used as a substitute for 
 and a means of adulterating the latter, then there 
 can be no question tliat justice to the coffee-growers 
 and to the jiublic requires that this abuse should 
 be prevented, or that chicory should be subjected 
 to the same duty as coll'ee. And yet, singular as 
 it may appear, the fraudulent substitution of 
 chicory for coffee was in eft'ect legalised bv a 
 Treasury minute of August 4, 1810; and thoiigh 
 much objected to, this minute was not rescinded 
 till 1852, when a new minute was issued, prohibit- 
 ing the sale of coffee mixed with chicorj', but 
 allowing coffee dealers to sell the latter in parcels 
 marked as such. But though a great imi)rove- 
 ment on the previous practice, tliis arrangement 
 
 CHOCOLATE 
 
 was said not to realise all the .idvantagoit that 
 were expected; and after u g(Jo.J deal of further 
 enquiry and discussion a fresh miinite was issued 
 on February 25, 1853, permitting the sale of 
 chicory mixed with coffee, provided Xhv parcels 
 containing such compound be labelled 'MiXTuur. 
 OK I'orKKK AND CiiKoKY.' And notwithstand- 
 ing the objections that have been taken to this 
 iniiuue, we do not well see what more can be r.'- 
 quired. It is illegal to sell coffee mixed with 
 chicory without giving intimation that such is 
 the case ; but if pan ii's aware <if the circumstamu- 
 prefer the mixture to pur« coffee, it is merely an 
 utl'air of taste, to the gratilicatioii of which, what- 
 ever we may think of it, there can bo no good ob- 
 jection. 
 
 In 18(;o a small excise duty was levied on 
 chicory. This was gradually inrrcas(-d to 1/. >U. Hit. 
 the cvvt., or to nearly the same rate as the customs' 
 duty on cort'ee. Hut the produce of the excise tax 
 on chicory in the yearciulitig March 31, 18(;(;, was 
 only 13,273/. Foreign chicory when raw or kiln- 
 dried pays 1/. (Is. (W. the cwt., while roasted carries 
 the same dut^' as roasted coffee, viz. AU. the pouml, 
 in 18(i(i our imports of chicory were 103,7(i3 cwts., 
 raw or kiln-drieil, of the value of 41,703/. 
 
 CHINA (JiiA.SS. The libre of a species of 
 nettle. A valuable lieport by Mr. Abbot, L'nitcd 
 States Consul at llradi'oril, states that prepared 
 China grass makes an excellent material for ml- 
 mixture with long staple woollen te.\tiles, par- 
 ticidarly for those requiring a stiff, strong, and 
 cool texture, combined with a glossy silk appear- 
 ance. 'J'lic Report, which is of some length, is to 
 be fomid in the United .States Commercial Jirk. 
 tiniis with Foreiyn Countries for the Year ended 
 September 1 8()5, 
 
 CHINA ROOT (r.er. ehinawurzel ; Dutch, 
 chinawortel ; Fr. squine, estpiine ; Span, raiz 
 china, cocolmeca ; Arab, rhubsinie). The mot iif 
 a species of climber (SmiLix China, Liim.). It 
 comes from the West Indies as well as from 
 China; but that from the latter is best. It is 
 oblong and thick-jointed, full of irregular knnts, 
 of a brownish colour on the outside, and a pali! 
 red within ; while new it will snap short, and 
 look glittering within; if old, the dust tiics I'roni 
 it when broken, and it is light and keekv. it 
 should be chosen large, soiuul, heavy, anil of a 
 pale red colour internally. It is of no value if 
 the worm bo in it. It is used for the same pur- 
 poses as SAiiSArAKii.i.A. 
 CHINA WARK. [I'okcki.ain.] 
 CHIN-KIANG. [TiiK riiEATY Pokts of 
 China and Jai-an. I 
 
 CHINTS or CHINTZ (Fr. indiennes; Cer. 
 /itze; Ital. indiane; Russ. siz ; Span, chitea, 
 zaraza). Fine printed calico, tirst manufaotureil 
 in the East Indies, but now largely maiuil'ac- 
 tured in Europe, particularly in Great Rritain. 
 [CAr.iro.l 
 CIIII' HATS. [Hats.] 
 CHOCKIN(;. [DuNSAOE.] 
 CHOCOLATE (Dutch, chocolade ; Fr. chocolat; 
 (ler. schokolate ; Ital. cioccolata ; I'ort. chocolatD; 
 Russ. schokolad; Span, chocolate). A kind of 
 coke or confection, prepared principally from lb(^ 
 cocoa nut. The nuts arc first roasted like coffee; 
 and being next reduced to powder and mixcit 
 with water, the paste is put into tin raouldn of 
 the desired shape, in which it speedily hardens, 
 being, when taken out and wrapped in paper, lit 
 for the market. Resides cocoa the Spanish use 
 vanilla, sugar, maize &.c. in the preparotion of 
 chocolate. This article, though celebrated for its 
 nutritious qualities, is but little used in Great 
 Britain; a circumstance which is probably, in 
 
 •omn considerable dpg 
 
 regulations to which 1 
 
 importation used, iuil 
 
 though this prohibitii 
 
 tile duties (,ii it are | 
 
 iipoiicoci)a,weiiiaiiiifii( 
 
 isrequiri'd forourecnsi 
 
 is said to b,. very lar; 
 
 and Ca-tih; soao," (Vi\\ 
 
 |>. 3(;4. ed. iHI't.) |„ 
 
 from Fiance) 17(;,!I51» 
 
 colate, valii.d at I0,!i; 
 
 were eiilert'd f„r eonsi 
 
 per lb. amounting to I, 
 
 'Alike easy to convex 
 
 ir contains 'a hn■^.^. ' 
 
 -limulatiiig particles in 
 
 I'ceu sai<l with truth, 
 
 .Hid hIivu butter a.-.sist n 
 
 111 tlie N.,.w World, c 
 
 niai/.e have rendered a( 
 
 lands ol (he Andes and 
 
 (Humboldt's l'ir.i.Xur 
 
 CHRI.STIANIA. Til 
 
 itedattheUittoiuofati 
 "f .\ggerliiiiis; in lai. ,-,<) 
 I'epulaiioii in inm^ i |,o 
 which entered the port" 
 was about 142,000, whi 
 from it. C:iiristiaiiia is 
 open .sea: the gulf is in 
 ■ nd Its navigation som. 
 .-iillicii'iitly deep for the 
 or 7 fathoms water close 
 I'ulsory (ui all ships to 1 
 the mouth of the bay. 'j 
 considerable. The prim 
 ■iiiil deals, which are lai 
 1 nitcd Kingdom; glass, 
 and nails, bone.s, smaltj 
 .ind [liekled fish, one o 
 .\((rwuy, is principallv 
 I lie deals of Christian i";i 
 liigliest estimation; a 
 ullencc of the timber, ai 
 ;ie sap-wood and otiiei 
 way; and not, as 
 Mipposed, of the skilful... 
 -;iw mills were ''urmerlv 
 Viaiitity only, and the" i 
 niiikt oath that it was 
 Triwels in the Aorth of 
 |i. ■-'«.) This absurd reg 
 I onsul-General Crowe, ii 
 iiinarks, 'that t' .■ Xoi 
 >il'ly decrea.sed ol late 
 jiiiiicious and culpable 
 iiriiloiibtedly has materi; 
 .■laplo capital of the coui 
 ii'.-irictions on industrv i 
 ibii in Sweden. In"tl 
 (■aitiircd goods are admi 
 aiiil are very geiierallv 
 n|iui articles of import ;. 
 ami hardware; machiiu 
 I Hon goods; coals, bi 
 corn is sometimes exteii; 
 Cu'<lnms liegulatioHs.- 
 vp\scl hasgot'to her moi 
 lielivor to the collector! 
 'iiipand cargo, or prcser 
 irliaving such r. i.ort il 
 Mce of a ship broi- er, \\ 
 l)rt>ip;n vc.-sels cannot en] 
 making this general rep. 
 'i bo exhibited, jmd pavL 
 itliiT dues inward is to bl 
 
momi' considerablo (l(';,'reo, nnrribnliU' lo (the ILsrnl 
 ri'i;>'''»ti(rtis to which it has hroii Huljirred. Itri 
 iiii|i(irtaliiiii UHVtl, indeed, to be pmhihited ; and 
 (hdu^h this priihibiliuri no loiiKer exists, yet, nit 
 (he ihitieM on it are |ir imrtionnlly li avier than 
 ii|>i>n iMeiia, we Hiaiuit'aetiiri' at iiumu almopit all that 
 i8re(|iiired I'cir ciur('i'iiMini|iiiiin. llriliMh chnedlute 
 in said Id be very lar;,'ely aihilterated witli Hour 
 and t'a"tile .-((lai). (Ivlwards'n H'mt Jiutifn, vol. ii. 
 |i. ;t(>l. ed. \Hl'i.) In iNiKi we iinported (eliicliy 
 Iroin France) ITli,'.!;")'.) ibs. of cocoa paste, or dio- 
 colate, valued at 1(),'.)71/., of which l71,-.".'7 Ibs. 
 were entered for eonsnni|ption : (be duty at 'id. 
 per lb. atnoiintiiij; to l,|-J7/. [('ocoa. | 
 
 ' Alik<' easy to convey ai\d employ as an aliment, 
 
 ir contains a lar^'e i|nantily of ruitrilive iml 
 
 >iininlatin^ particles in a small ei>'mpUR<i. It has 
 
 been said with trntli, that in .MVica, rice, (;uni, 
 
 ;ind «/((■« butter assist man in crossing tlie desert-. 
 
 In lb(! N(!w World, cbocolatt! and the llour of 
 
 maize have rendered accessible to him the '.ible- 
 
 hinds ol I he Andes and vast uninhabited foi its.' 
 
 (Humboldt's I'ira. Xtir. vol. iv. p. 2.\\. Kn({. trans.) 
 
 (;IIKISTI ANMA. The cajiital of N'orway, situ- 
 
 ited at the bottom of a liord or f,'ulf, in the provini'e 
 
 i.f AKKerhuns; in bit. :>\P iib^' N.. lolif,'. 10° -18^' K. 
 
 ['(•[lulalion in iMiln, 1 |,2I"J. The average tonnage 
 
 which I'litcred the port in the three vears lMti2-l 
 
 was about 1IL',0()(), while about l;!ti.ii("* cic/ired 
 
 I'riitn it. Cbristiania is about (iO miles trotn the 
 
 iipen sea : the j,'idf is in some places very narrow. 
 
 Mill its navif^ation somewhat dillicult; but it is 
 
 •ulliciently deep for the larj;est vessels, having Ij 
 
 (ir 7 fathoms water dose to tlic cpiay. It is coin- 
 
 {Hilsory on all ships tu take a pilot on board at 
 
 the riioulb of the bay. The trade of the town is 
 
 itiniiiderable. The ])riiieipal exports ari- tindjer 
 
 ;iii(l deals, which are larj^ely imported into the 
 
 1 iiited Kingdom; (.(lass, particularly bottles; iron 
 
 and nails, bones, smalts, oak bark Ac. Salted 
 
 iiiid ]iickled fish, one of the staple products of 
 
 Norway, is principally exported from Iterp'n. 
 
 Ilie deals of Christiania havi! iiiways been in the 
 
 lii;;hest estimation ; a eonsfipieiiee of the ex- 
 
 ullencc of the timber, and of the care with which 
 
 ;:ie sap-wood and other defective (larts are cut 
 
 iway; and not, as Mr. Coxe sei'ins to have 
 
 -upjiosed, of the skilful sawiiif? of the, plank. The 
 
 •aw mills were 'brmerly licensed to cut a certain 
 
 i;iiaiitity only, and the proprietors were bound lo 
 
 make oath that it was not exceeded. (^Co.xe's 
 
 I'luvels in the North of J'^urope, 5th eilit. vol. iv. 
 
 ji. 28,) This absurd regulation no longer exists. 
 
 I onsul-General Crowe, in his Repurt of Feb. 1H()!<, 
 
 itmarks, 'that t' ■' Norvvcgian timber has sen- 
 
 .-ilily decrea.sed ol late years, owiiii; to the in- 
 
 jmlicious and culpable system of felling, which 
 
 uniliiubtedly has materially reduced this hitherto 
 
 siaple capital of the country.' Then? are far fewer 
 
 nstrictions on industry and commerce in Norway 
 
 ihaii in Sweden. In the former, liriti»h manu- 
 
 I'acliircd goods are admitted on moderate duties, 
 
 ami arc very generally made use of. 'I'be prin- 
 
 f]|iiil articles of import arc colonial produce ; iron 
 
 and hardware; machinery; woollen, linen, and 
 
 oitlciii good.s; coals, butter, wine, l)rau.ly itc. ; 
 
 corn is sometiiues (extensively imported. 
 
 Cuitnins Regulations. — Within 2\ hours after a 
 vp-.si'l has got' to her moorings, the master sboidd 
 licUvir to the collector his general report as to 
 »lii|i and cargo, oi present the reciuisitc documents 
 IT having such r |iort made out with the assist- 
 incc of a ship broi- er, whose services masters of 
 bninn vo^^sels cannot entirely dispense with. On 
 making this general report, the measuring bill is 
 IjIjc exhibited, and payment of the tonnage and 
 
 CHRISTIANIA 293 
 
 not been prcvionnly measured in Norivay, and in, 
 conseipicntly, not |>rovi(led with a Norwegian 
 measuring bdl, "be is to bi measured, to asi'crtain 
 her burden in N^rwegiau commercial lasts, for 
 the calculation of ibe l(rnnage cluty. 
 
 The general report having been made, the 
 ('ustomhi'use oflioers in charge ol the vessel are 
 furni'^li'd witli the books fur deliv( ry, ami Ibe 
 diseb:i e of the cargo commences under their 
 inspe.uon; and the ccjnsignees may make their 
 special repi ris under their responsibility and 
 sigialnre. If they are without precise infor- 
 inaiidu as to tin 
 
 i 
 
 iiit(Uils of any or all of the 
 
 their address, these bales or 
 
 ir leipiest, be opened in the. 
 
 rs Ix^forc report is made. If 
 
 ivailiiig himself of this per- 
 
 ling thereafter that more or 
 
 hai! cirdereil, or been advised 
 
 to Ids address, will not be 
 
 In the nports or entries is to bo 
 
 r it is intended to )iay tlu' duties 
 
 paikages or bales tn 
 
 p.i. kages may, al 
 
 [.resence of lln' oli 
 
 a consignee oniit.> 
 
 mission, bis preic i' 
 
 other g(jods than In: 
 
 of, have been sent 
 
 attended to. 
 
 stated wbcihi 
 
 fortbwilh, whether the goods are intended for 
 
 exjiorialion, or whelber they are to \w landed. 
 
 Prior to comni'iicing loading outwards, the 
 master is to givc> \ ■ rbal notice id' bis intention at 
 ibe (ustom-liouse. If he have no Norwegian 
 nieasuriiig bill, ibe vessel i> to be measured. 
 This being done, I ho shipper or shippers of the 
 outward-bound cargo an each of them to make 
 their special entries as to the (pialily, weight, ami 
 measure of the goods ihoy mean to lo.id. A copy 
 of such entries is to be ileposited al ihe (Custom- 
 house, and tlie loading commences under the 
 contrtd of the oliicirs. This applies to all mixed 
 cargoes; but if llie outward- hound cargo consist 
 excbisively of wood, the sbippci' or shippers are 
 only to notify that they intend loading wood, 
 without s|)ecil'ying (luaniity, measure Ac, as Ihe 
 export duty on wood is i harued .according to the 
 burden of the vessel. When the master clears 
 outwards, he ))rodiices the proper <locinnents for 
 showing the burden of bis vessel, and to what 
 port she belongs, and he is then, on proper 
 application being made, provided with a pilot, 
 who takes his vessel to sea. 
 
 Warvltousiiiij. — In Norway, goods brought front 
 abroad may be bonded or warehoused, witli a view 
 lo their being again exported at some t'utiire 
 period. Goods entered for home consumption may 
 also be 'uoiided bir a certain period, in order to 
 facilitntc the payment of the duties. 
 
 The former is called transit opliiij, i.e. depositing 
 or warehousing goods for exportation, suliject to 
 transit duties only. The latter is ealb'd cmdit 
 oplafl, i.e. warehousing or bonding on credit. 
 
 1. Transit Oplaij. — Under this system, goods 
 from abroad may be warehoused for exportation 
 free of import duty, paying on exportation a 
 transit duly, which, in most cases, is -^\- of 
 what they would pay if entered for homo con- 
 sumption. If the goods are deposited in the 
 Custoin-bouse warehouses, they lie free of rent or 
 dues during 1 1 days ; and if in private warehouses, 
 under the key ami seal of the Customs during (> 
 months. If they remain long, viz. beyond 11 
 days in the one, and beyond G months in the other 
 case, the,' pay rent or duos equal to |\ of the 
 transit duty per month; which, after Ihe lap.se of 
 o months, as regards goods in the Custom-house 
 warehouses, is increased to i of the transit duty 
 per month. 
 
 2. Credit Oplag. — This.iystem allows mostgooda 
 imiiorted from abroad to be placed in the owner's 
 or importer's own warehouses, under his own lock, 
 free of duty, for a given time, on his reporting to 
 
 illitT dues inward is to be made, if the ship have | the Customs, every 3 months, how much he hafl 
 
 t ' ^g "*! ! ' 'JJJiyjL i^^^g?S5? 
 
r-n 
 
 ^, 
 
 ^f^^.. 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 iM 
 
 
 I.I 
 
 " ■■" "12.0 
 
 14 
 
 1.25 
 
 IM IIIIIL6 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 7 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^.O 
 
 "^ J^^^, 
 
 
 A 
 
 €/. 
 
 r^cj 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 t3 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.r. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

 y.^^ 
 ^ jf 
 
 % 
 
294 
 
 CHTIISTIANIA 
 
 i' 
 
 11 U: 
 
 sold, f)tlipnvi30 consumed, or exported, and then 
 paying the duty on such amount; the Ciistom- 
 luiuse ofl'.cors, who arc bound quarterly to examine 
 tlio goods, convincing themselves by ocular de- 
 monstration that no more is missing than the 
 quantity reported to have been taken away. 
 
 Tliis credit on the duties in no case to exceed 
 2 years from the time the goods werii imported 
 
 whether there remains sufficient value for the 
 duties; and if they sec reason to doubt this, full 
 riglit, in default of other satisfactory security beiiij; 
 otl'ered, to seize the stock, and to sell tlic whole, 
 or as much as shall cover the duties. 
 
 4. In case of death or failure of the party, au 
 equal right to sell forthwith the whole of ]m 
 stock at public auction, and to retain as mucli ol' 
 
 Account of l/ie 
 
 J5y way of security for paj-ment of the duties ; the proceeds as shall cover the duties; and ip 
 on whicii tlie credit is granted, Government re- | case of deficiency, an established claim for tin; 
 serve to themselves — remainder on the estate of the deceased or bank- 
 
 1. I'riority of mortgage on all the goods in rupt, as the case may bo. 
 
 q\iestion. In charging the duties, no allowance is made 
 
 2. Priority, or (irst riglit, in the property, goods, for waste or damage in tlic warehouses. 
 
 and effects of every description belonging to the | The warehouse reni; charged on goods bondc ,1 
 trader availing himself of this credit, in as far as i under the transit system in the Custom-huu.-c 
 such property is not previously legally mortgaged, i warehouses is as follows : — 
 
 3. Libcrtj' for the Custoni-l;ouse oflicers, wlien 
 Jlnd as often as they shall deem it expedient,! on a quarter of wheat, for ihe first. -5 momiw 
 between the stated quarterly inspection, to look Afierwanis - - - - 
 over the stock on hand, with a vicav of ascertaining ' ?xlVZl ?" ""-'"' "-'"" " "^ 
 
 Per month. 
 >. il. 
 
 • (I O/J'i.-S 
 
 ■ n i-iii7(i 
 . (I ii-.v-si 
 
 • I ii-();o'j 
 
 Afcotiiit of the Qnnntitiea and Values of the Principal Articles of Britisli and Irish Produce mul 
 Manufacture exported from the United Kinydom to Norway, in each of the Five Years endinij wiilt 
 18(i(). 
 
 
 
 
 
 Qaantllics 
 
 
 1 
 
 I'rintiii.il ami oilier Articlus 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 186a 
 
 isi;3 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 1806 
 
 App: ri'l and tiat«rdaiiherr 
 
 - value 
 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 _ 
 
 Alkali, soda 
 
 . cwts. 
 
 J'iTlOl 
 
 13*^57 
 
 97846 
 
 13,079 
 
 14,097 
 
 (.'arri.i(:»'s - . - 
 
 - number 
 
 .OG 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 CoalA, cinders, and rulm • 
 
 - tout 
 
 M9,0I.'i 
 
 127,031 
 
 179,S17 
 
 177,938 
 
 19.1,110 
 
 Co|)(ier, wrouyht and unwroiifilit - 
 
 - cwls. 
 
 1,S59 
 
 3,;197 
 
 2,.->4 4 
 
 3,652 
 
 4,9110 
 
 Culton yarn - - . 
 
 - lbs. 
 
 61,S7.1 
 
 126,551 
 
 15ll,9WI 
 
 430,179 
 
 491. lUO 
 
 <;ull<.ns, entered hs the yard 
 
 - yards 
 
 1,097,173 
 
 l,SU'.:,34(i 
 
 2,262,127 
 
 3,132,118 
 
 4,535,797 
 
 ;ii value - 
 
 • value 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rordaiieand twine 
 
 * cwts. 
 
 877 
 
 1,S41 
 
 1,580 
 
 1,163 
 
 1,5S7 
 
 Kartlienwarr and porcelain 
 
 - v.iliie 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 __ 
 
 _ 
 
 llardwarfH -ind » uilery, uni-numerated 
 
 - rwti. 
 
 5,.'-..1.1 
 
 6,110 
 
 6,907 
 
 10,593 
 
 9,'>I6 
 
 Iron, wn)ii|{ht and uiiwroii^dit 
 
 - tons 
 
 11,71,1 
 
 9,34.-; 
 
 16,985 
 
 14,559 
 
 16,2112 
 
 \jV!Ai\ and ^tlut ... 
 
 ji 
 
 151 
 
 181 
 
 IJ.S 
 
 180 
 
 130 
 
 Leather, wrought and unwrought - 
 
 • value 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Linen yarn 
 
 - Hk. 
 
 eum 
 
 2I6"i769 
 
 579,663 
 
 6.'~7n2 
 
 nTfin; 
 
 Linens, entered by the yard 
 
 - yard.s 
 
 263,329 
 
 316,965 
 
 895,755 
 
 519,815 
 
 450,11311 
 
 ;u' viUiif - 
 
 - value 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Afachinery: Kteani tn^ims 
 
 >» 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 all other &oris 
 
 »t 
 
 _, 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 Oil, seed 
 
 • gallons 
 
 61,762 
 
 77,(199 
 
 88,717 
 
 76,441 
 
 21.812 
 
 ranners'coloiil.t • 
 
 - value 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 Salt - - . - 
 
 - tons 
 
 11,710 
 
 111,740 
 
 9,207 
 
 12,403 
 
 14,092 
 
 Tin iil.ite* 
 
 - value 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Wool, ^he^■p anil liinl.V . 
 
 - lbs. 
 
 102,9IS 
 
 10,021 
 
 30,526 
 
 24,217 
 
 2'.,180 
 
 Woollen and woistcd yam 
 
 „ 
 
 4fi,6,')l) 
 
 92,202 
 
 68,521) 
 
 5l,.303 
 
 ,'.S,7M 
 
 Woollens, entered liy the yard 
 
 - yards 
 
 1,051, lUl) 
 
 1,096,291 
 
 1,176,356 
 
 972,895 
 
 I,01.5,M1 
 
 at value 
 
 - value 
 
 _ 
 
 __ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 All oiher .'.rti'Ies- 
 
 >. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 *- 
 
 . 
 
 Total 
 
 • 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 Declared Heat Values 
 
 
 1S62 
 
 IS63 
 
 1,S04 
 
 1865 
 
 ISOO 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Apparel and baberdn.shcrr 
 
 Alkali, sndi: 
 
 - value 
 
 27,701 
 
 25,281 
 
 21,803 
 
 13,756 
 
 21 ,S9 5 
 
 - cwts. 
 
 4,7112 
 
 4,901 
 
 3,fi26 
 
 5,226 
 
 6,.',5I 
 
 Carria^'es - , - 
 
 - number 
 
 S.IOT 
 
 2(1(1 
 
 35 
 
 1(14 
 
 1,5,17 
 
 CoalH, cindt-rs, and culm - 
 
 - tons 
 
 6.*,.'>l).*( 
 
 5n,4SS 
 
 7I,3H6 
 
 79,li28 
 
 91,8'i'i 
 
 (■opper, WTuuf{ht and unwroU(;ht - 
 
 - cwts. 
 
 S,I21 
 
 13,219 
 
 10,5,35 
 
 15,315 
 
 20,111 
 
 Toiton yarn - - - 
 
 - lbs. 
 
 3,S'I2 
 
 1(1,128 
 
 14,995 
 
 33,.'i07 
 
 .3S,I.-1 
 
 Cottons, entered by the yard 
 
 - yards 
 
 3.'i,'JIII) 
 
 51,731 
 
 68,916 
 
 .80,910 
 
 113,912 
 
 at value - 
 
 - value 
 
 CSIO 
 
 9,194 
 
 1.3,143 
 
 18,4 18 
 
 2l,r,7S 
 
 rorn.ige and twine 
 
 - cwts. 
 
 3,7(11) 
 
 9,SB0 
 
 9,0S2 
 
 6,552 
 
 8,1 yi 
 
 Earthenware and pnrrelain 
 
 - value 
 
 12,'Jfl) 
 
 15,,537 
 
 l2,7.-i5 
 
 10.913 
 
 12,1,-.3 
 
 Hardwares and cutlerv, xuienumerateU 
 
 - cwts. 
 
 2S,S;i(i 
 
 32,799 
 
 .37,401 
 
 42,.1Sl 
 
 4 8, .11 19 
 
 Iron, wrought and unwrou^Iit 
 
 - tons 
 
 ».1,S3'J 
 
 «1,«97 
 
 135,228 
 
 12i,()97 
 
 141,791 
 
 Lead and ^hot - - - 
 
 „ 
 
 3,1(17 
 
 3,JI19 
 
 3,518 
 
 .3,881 
 
 .1,141 
 
 Leaiher, vrrouf;ht and unwruu^ht - 
 
 - value 
 
 ll.ilS 
 
 S,671 
 
 19,180 
 
 7,143 
 
 10,099 
 
 Linen yarn 
 
 . lb.. 
 
 ,'i,V22 
 
 12,016 
 
 42,841 
 
 5,091 
 
 7,M0 
 
 Linenij, entered by the yard 
 
 - yards 
 
 11,2113 
 
 1S,022 
 
 43,585 
 
 28,253 
 
 27,31.1 
 
 at value - 
 
 - value 
 
 B,(.2» 
 
 7,415 
 
 9,7.VJ 
 
 9,207 
 
 S,a91 
 
 Machinery: steam engines 
 
 " »» 
 
 6,:i.')» 
 
 79(1 
 
 5,845 
 
 6,011 
 
 2,0»9 
 
 all other borts 
 
 • »» 
 
 ii,r,',s 
 
 13,011 
 
 14,168 
 
 10,618 
 
 Sn.Mi 
 
 on, seed 
 
 - Kal*ons 
 
 1(1,221 
 
 12,993 
 
 13,388 
 
 10,401 
 
 .1,.V)I 
 
 Painters.' colours . - - 
 
 - value 
 
 3,7.10 
 
 4," 12 
 
 4,711 
 
 5,092 
 
 5,173 
 
 Salt .... 
 
 • tons 
 
 5,132 
 
 5,169 
 
 4,452 
 
 6,218 
 
 S,8(Vi 
 
 Tin plates 
 
 - value 
 
 4,751 
 
 3,415 
 
 5,735 
 
 4,877 
 
 6,421 
 
 U'ool, -shetp and lamhs' - 
 
 - lbs. 
 
 6,717 
 
 710 
 
 2,281 
 
 1,778 
 
 2,M0 
 
 Woulli-n and worsted van. 
 
 i> 
 
 fi,0.')5 
 
 11,391 
 
 10,816 
 
 8,611 
 
 9,171 
 
 WooilenN, entered by "the yard • 
 
 - yards 
 
 62,7.'.0 
 
 72,996 
 
 8S,,564 
 
 69,635 
 
 78,iPVli 
 
 at value 
 
 • ralue 
 
 2,.').-,7 
 
 3,lti7 
 
 2,3.19 
 
 2,010 
 
 1,9 M 
 
 A 11 other arUcles 
 
 Tola! 
 
 • 
 
 .^7,179 
 
 72,774 
 
 10l,6,'>6 
 
 62,013 
 
 1 25.1.79 
 
 51I(1,U.'J 
 
 .550,979 
 
 772,095 
 
 6;7,(io; 
 
 8.>l,11,1 
 
 I'rimipal 
 
 .\nlmali; oxen ami bill 
 rows and lal 
 Hones of aniinaU and li 
 Coli.ilt, oxide of . 
 (-'opiier ore 
 
 III »rouKhiand| 
 C.oni : oatji - 
 
 Ki.h . 
 Ice 
 Iron, ore 
 
 ill hars, unurouchi 
 hlooin 
 
 chroinatc of 
 iVii-kel, ore of 
 Oil, train „r hlul.ber 
 Oil. seed rake 
 r?T"** o^'lron or coniier 
 .Skins, sell 
 
 Wood and timber, not sa 
 
 dea's, L 
 
 Haw 11 
 
 st.^ves 
 
 (ireivoo 
 
 latiiwoc 
 
 ; bircli a 
 
 ,,, ^ htirir 
 
 All other .'irtlcles - 
 
 Total 
 
 Animals ! oien and bulls - 
 cows and ralvej 
 Hones of animals and fish I 
 Cobalt, oxide of . 
 Copper ore 
 
 unwrouBht and pan 
 t-orn : oati 
 Fish 
 Ice 
 iron, ore 
 
 in bars, unwrouijht '- 
 liloom 
 
 chromate of 
 Nickel, f,re of 
 Oil. train or tilnbber 
 Oil-seed cake 
 , Pvrites of iron or copper - 
 
 Skins, seal . 
 
 I Wood and timber, not sawn 
 ; deals, batt 
 
 ' sawn or 
 
 ! staves ■ 
 
 I firewoofl 
 
 \ latbwc A 
 
 ' birch 
 
 ... . IierrioL' 
 
 • Ail other articles 
 
 I Total . 
 
 Tc these exports . 
 Kingdom there shouf 
 colonial produce, collf 
 tolmcco, tea &c., the 
 1w;G wa9 2ti.V>ll/., 
 exports 1,119,859/. 
 the most important 
 of the whole, fi.sh, oa 
 .111(1 ice. The trade ill 
 It ivill be seen hmA 
 imports are valued tl 
 value of our import.sf 
 Wu was (i,477,8()5/. 
 
 For the cod aud he\ 
 Coi), IIkkhino. Ctf 
 111(111 are sent per sti 
 Hull and London, aif 
 to be a profitable emj 
 Money, ff^eiyhts, \ 
 there are no gold eoiil 
 called a species dollaj 
 There arc, also, half f 
 5 .species, or •24-.sk 
 (i-.fkilling pieces ; aij 
 Icmyiit, or small c| 
 pieces. The species i 
 grs. pure silver, and | 
 sterling, the par cf 
 lar„l2/^skill.= l/. 
 sniall change, arc al 
 
CHRISTIANIA 
 
 295 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Values of the Princt/ml Articles imported into the United Kinodoin 
 from Norway in each of the Five Years ending with 18G(). 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ou.iiititieM 
 
 
 
 I'rint-lital and other Articles 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i862 
 
 1853 
 
 1364 
 
 1S05 
 
 1800 
 
 Animali: oxen and bulls • 
 
 number 
 
 9 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 222 
 
 271 
 
 cijws and calves 
 
 ,, 
 
 49 
 
 .'; 
 
 I 
 
 . 1 
 
 58 
 
 Hones nf animaU and ti.Oi (except wlialcfins) 
 
 tons 
 
 5:,9 
 
 S76 
 
 460 
 
 1,517 
 
 797 
 
 Cobalt, oxide of - - - - 
 
 value 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 15 
 
 ^ 
 
 t'opi»cr ore - - 
 
 ton-. 
 
 fiSI 
 
 1,1.-5! 
 
 7.'1S 
 
 1.109 
 
 1,651 
 
 iiT.wrounht and part wrought 
 
 ,, 
 
 11,'. 
 
 131 
 
 1.34 
 
 1.30 
 
 76 
 
 ('om : OHts - - - . 
 
 cwts. 
 
 •ir<,r>r,i 
 
 97,193 
 
 46,9.J4 
 
 IIS.OOO 
 
 119,017 
 
 KUh . - - - - 
 
 ,, 
 
 71, '11 1 
 
 r,i,ir,4 
 
 193,230 
 
 159, IT4 
 
 117.219 
 
 Ice • • - • - 
 
 tons 
 
 ■i';,oio 
 
 36,I9'2 
 
 21,:(12 
 
 3H.0O5 
 
 Oi,.37l 
 
 Iron, ore . . - - 
 
 „ 
 
 Ml 
 
 •^70 
 
 l,9Sl 
 
 *,S.',I) 
 
 4,s-,7 
 
 in bars, unwrouglit - 
 
 „ 
 
 las 
 
 539 
 
 801 
 
 179 
 
 3S9 
 
 bloom . - - . 
 
 ,, 
 
 n'i 
 
 .'>7 
 
 75 
 
 S2 
 
 152 
 
 chromate of - - ■ 
 
 „ 
 
 m 
 
 433 
 
 131 
 
 155 
 
 — 
 
 Nickel, ore of . - - - 
 
 value 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 -- 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Oil, train or liluliher 
 
 tuni 
 
 77 
 
 297 
 
 120 
 
 354 
 
 758 
 
 Oil-seed cake _ . - . 
 
 tons 
 
 f.i;o 
 
 7(11 
 
 1,431 
 
 1,131 
 
 2,222 
 
 I'TTites of iron or copper - - - 
 Skins, sell _ - . - 
 
 ,t 
 
 4,<.);.'j 
 
 ri,73ri 
 
 10,1IS7 
 
 22,2 i9 
 
 38,';i;2 
 
 number 
 
 .1V,.'.'/t 
 
 33,13.1 
 
 45,S7l 
 
 01, .502 
 
 ."9,232 
 
 Wood und timber, not sawn or !,nlit - 
 dea's, battens, lioards tic.. 
 
 loads 
 
 iil.ni.'i 
 
 101,993 
 
 13M,O20 
 
 122,(]93 
 
 140,290 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aawnoraplit • 
 
 ,, 
 
 211,C0» 
 
 250,.'.n9 
 
 29n,9Sj 
 
 287,5.39 
 
 307,577 
 
 strives - 
 
 ,, 
 
 .1 
 
 3 
 
 56 
 
 19 
 
 4,012 
 
 lirewood 
 
 „ 
 
 81,74.0 
 
 95,S-iS 
 
 99,11119 
 
 137,2S7 
 
 97,.-59 
 
 latbwood 
 
 ,, 
 
 32 
 
 SD.S 
 
 41 
 
 190 
 
 »,081 
 
 birch and fir, for making 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iltrrinn barn-Is - 
 
 „ 
 
 ,'i,060 
 
 4,74- 
 
 6,29 1 
 
 5,0.59 
 
 5,132 
 
 All other iirticlea - - - - 
 Total 
 
 value 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ' — 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Computed Ki-al Vntue 1 
 
 ISB'i 
 
 1SG3 
 
 1801 
 £ 
 
 1805 
 
 I860 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Animals: oxen and bulls - 
 
 cows and talve* '. , „ T 
 Bones of animals and fish (except wl.alefins) 
 Cobalt, oxide of . - - • 
 Copiwr ore * ' J ' 
 
 unwrought and part wrouRht 
 Corn : oati . . - - 
 Fi.h - - ■ ' ; 
 
 number 
 
 tons 
 
 value 
 
 tons 
 
 .",IW 
 
 'i,7rifi 
 
 SO 
 3,070 
 3,.'>fil 
 3,1133 
 
 ~ IS 
 2,6(13 
 9,900 
 .3,197 
 
 4,009 
 072 
 
 8,252 
 11,025 
 13,771 
 
 5,115 
 1,0';4 
 3,89') 
 6,ilO 
 16,411 
 
 cwts. 
 
 )(),/.'i6 
 U,lll 
 
 12,747 
 32,773 
 
 11,254 
 15,572 
 
 11,320 
 42,116 
 
 5,870 
 50,49.3 
 
 
 41,111) 
 
 49, ISO 
 
 120,211 
 
 102,lil2 
 
 15,-,SaB 
 
 tons 
 
 !i.',(l'2'.l 
 
 32,S14 
 
 22,233 
 
 34,710 
 
 56,137 
 
 Ice - 
 
 Iron, ore • , - 
 in b.irs, unwr^ujiht - 
 bloom . - - • 
 chromale of - - ' 
 
 Nickel, f.re of - - - - 
 
 Oil.trnm or t.lubber 
 
 Oil-seed cake - • - - 
 
 Pvrites of iron or copper - 
 
 Stins, seal 
 
 Wood and timber, not sawn or split - 
 
 
 .'>:53 
 
 .lis 
 
 ),HOI 
 
 «,.-.72 
 
 5,H1 
 
 j' 
 
 4UJ 
 
 5,913 
 513 
 
 9,SS1 
 675 
 
 1,995 
 
 738 
 
 4,030 
 1,216 
 
 value 
 
 737 
 
 2,1ij0 
 1,H3I 
 
 .100 
 37,585 
 
 930 
 11,128 
 
 19,8.33 
 
 iiins 
 tons 
 
 number 
 loads 
 
 3,111 
 
 •1 1)90 
 
 (i.'ilU 
 
 14,5li4 
 
 5,1 IS2 
 iii.inl 
 .'..S.'iO 
 
 'ii4,;«; 
 
 10,571 
 
 lo.Hll 
 
 23,.'.75 
 
 7,155 
 
 290,515 
 
 18,109 
 9,39S 
 
 32,296 
 
 9,220 
 
 230,004 
 
 .-...,n15 
 
 17,811 
 
 (i,->,753 
 
 0,081 
 
 218,953 
 
 deals, battens, boards &c.. 
 sawn or split 
 
 
 cao.nss 
 
 701,022 
 
 847,480 
 
 720,596 
 
 723,301 
 
 staves • 
 
 firt>wnrul - * 
 
 
 '^a 
 
 31 
 
 720 
 
 .581 
 
 55,980 
 
 ^1 
 
 7T,(ir,i) 
 
 91,065 
 
 94,059 
 
 130,423 
 
 83,(.15 
 
 lathwc d 
 
 ,, 
 
 iO 
 
 I,13S 
 
 ao 
 
 390 
 
 14,546 
 
 birch .-'nd fir, for making 
 1 herring barrel* 
 ; All otl.er articles 
 1 Total - 
 
 
 4,.')90 
 
 7,121 
 
 9,111 
 
 S,IS9 
 
 7,699 
 
 value 
 
 l,l()-.,973 
 
 2S,719 
 
 30,742 
 
 30,738 
 
 37,298 
 
 1,231,0S3 
 
 1 1,572,751 
 
 1,451,2.'-.^ 
 
 l,6ri.,359" 
 
 To these exports of produce from the United 
 Kincdom there should be added, of foreign and 
 colonial produce, coffee, raw cotton, wool, hides, 
 tobacco, tea &c., the aggregate value of which in 
 IWJO was 2(>5,.')11/., makhig the value of the total 
 exports 1 , 1 1 9,859/. Of our imports from ^ onyay 
 the most imiiortant are timber, about two-thirds 
 i,f the whole, fish, oats, iron and copper ore, oil, 
 and ice. The trade in ice is of growing importance. 
 It will be seen from the account that our total 
 miports are valued for 18GG at 1,011,35!)/. The 
 vnhie of our imports from Sweden and Norway lu 
 mu was (i,477,H()5/. 
 
 For the cud and herriny fisheries of Norway see 
 Coi> lInnuiNO. Considerable quantities of sal- 
 mon' arc sent per steamer from Ohristiansaiid to 
 Hull and London, and shark fishing is now lomid 
 to be a profitable employment in Norway. 
 
 Money, iyeights, and Measures.— In Norway 
 there arc no gold coirs. The principal silver coin, 
 called a species dollar, is divided into 120 skiUiiigs. 
 There are, also, half species, or CO-skillmg pieces; 
 1 species, or 24-skillinK pieces; ^ species, or 
 8-skilling pieces; and what is denominated skil- 
 lomvnt, or small change, i.e. 4 anjl 2 skilling 
 pieces. The species dollar contains 390-58 l-^ngl'sl. 
 grs.purc silver, and is consequently worth 4s. Cirf. 
 sterling, the par cf exchange being 4 species dol- 
 lar^ \2f^ skill. = 1/. All Norway coins, except the 
 siiiiiU chai.ge, arc alloyed with | copper, so that 
 
 the species dollar wciglis 448"i5S English grs,, an I 
 its divisions in proportion. Small change coins 
 are alloyed 3vith three times their weight of cop- 
 per. There are 1 and 2 skilling pieces of copper. 
 
 Weights aiul Measures same a.s at C()rKNiiAGB;w. 
 
 Shipping Charges.— The various charges of a 
 publL; nature payable by a ship of about 300 tons 
 burden, entering the port of Christiania with a 
 mixed cargo on board, unloading there, taking on 
 board another cargo, and clearing out, arc as 
 follows : — 
 
 1. Charges Inwards. 
 
 Pilot.ijjp Trom Ffirtler, .nt the mouth of Christiania 
 llav, whiTo all ships must lake a pilot on Im.inl • 2 
 
 line tlii ■ 
 
 » o? 1 1 . 
 Tunn;i|;e clues and light niunt!y - 
 Broker's fees 
 
 Hill of hfalli), assuming that the '-rew, hicludin^ 
 the master, consists or 1 1 persons 
 
 2. Charges Outwards. 
 
 PIloLiue 
 
 ('astle dues 
 
 Muster roll of crew 
 
 Fale or st;ike money - 
 
 Measuring lull 
 
 ('hariiy chest - 
 
 'I'onnafje due* and light money 
 
 fliuhulmhuht 
 
 I'ilotai^e to F.irder 
 
 Uruker'k lees - 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 . 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 » 
 
 . 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 £ 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 U 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 « 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 7 
 
 _ 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 ."> 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 •i 
 
 . 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 h 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 . 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 !l 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 K 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 IS 
 
 II 
 
 £ 18 11 
 
 N.B. — There is no difference between the 
 charges on native ships in Norwegian ports, and 
 privilege^ foreign ships, i.e. the ships of countries 
 having reciprocity treaties with Norway ; nor in 
 
 ii 
 
 '. L i 
 
mtm 
 
 
 296 CIIKISTIANIA 
 
 the duties on poods imported by native ships and 
 such privileged foreign sliips. Great Britain is a 
 privileged country. 
 
 The shipping ot' Norway has declined eonsider- 
 abl y of late j-cars ; a proof, if any such wore want- 
 in^', of the groundlessness of the clamours kept 
 up ill this country as to the supposed pernicious 
 inllucncc of reciprocity treaties on our shipping. 
 
 Wc borrow from Consul-General Crowe's lie- 
 port of Feb. 1868 the following 
 
 Review of the Aqgrer/nte Amniint of Imports into 
 and Kxports from Nortcmj diirimi I8()(), with the 
 Official Kstimale of their livlative Value, reduced 
 to British Steriiiii/, with the Amount of Duties 
 collected. 
 
 A riiclts 
 
 Kstimatcd Value 
 
 Duty Lejled 
 
 Imports 
 
 Exports 
 
 (In Im- OnEi. 
 IHjru ' ports 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 1 £ 
 
 Live nnimaU 
 
 I'l.lli 
 
 K,47.') 
 
 i\\ - 
 
 I'rcivisiuns-of aiiitnaU 
 
 ?'.'J,7V'i 
 
 I,41fi,6.!7 
 
 r>,fi!>\' *:^^^ 
 
 JiT.Mls - 
 
 l,.1'.\7ii9 
 
 j2,<»M.1 
 
 CH,S.'lt — 
 
 (Colonial good! 
 
 8r.7,S.'.5 
 
 'il>' 
 
 •i'J-i.'ifi.'l — 
 
 Fiuits, Rarden stud'-. A:c, 
 
 Tli.'if.U 
 
 6,11111 
 
 1 .'i,S(i'J _ 
 
 Spirits and ilrinkaliles 
 
 \w,^'>^^ 
 
 i.sr.s 
 
 63,39!l _ 
 
 \\'t)ven itdlfs &c. • 
 
 ■tM,7l.1 
 
 i.sr.o 
 
 •i — 
 
 Viiin.roiH'inakerh' work iVc. 
 
 liir..'JS9 
 
 3,1111) 
 
 7,'il-i — 
 
 Mamifiirtiires of sjmn stHtf- 
 
 8uO,!/.>)4 
 
 l'^,.-il,.S] 
 
 'J'4,H4 — 
 
 iliiir, 'eatherSf skins, horn 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \<-. 
 
 i.'H),rsi 
 
 icfi.in! 
 
 7,'.'I3 231 
 
 Manufactures of ditto 
 
 i7,ii;.-> 
 
 43 
 
 V,l()li; _ 
 
 Tallow, irri-afce, oil, lar.^'ims 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 .V.-. . - - 
 
 «i:.ini 
 
 421,0.',7 
 
 0,730 2,771 
 
 M.umfacHircs of ditto 
 
 r.-.7.-)l 
 
 ill 
 
 4,3Sj _ 
 
 W'u'jtt gocd^, uiiwrouRht and 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 halt' wrou.:;lit 
 
 r.i,!i2i 
 
 i,(i."s,n7'i 
 
 1,II1S31,3C'J 
 
 ii-roii^ht * - 
 
 1!",I.".H 
 
 .'liiii 
 
 1,37 - 
 
 Dye itiitTs 
 
 (^1,117 
 
 7.'i6 
 
 ii,3')S _ 
 
 ^iiiiilry vrpet.ihic itulifitancL'S 
 
 S.'i.SIO 
 
 .'^,<1II3 
 
 l,^i^l^ 1 
 
 I'ap.'r'aml piti'tT work 
 
 S'J,8j'J 
 
 1,696 
 
 4,W3 _ 
 
 OllHT Tuaiiuf.u-tufi'scf Tege- 
 
 
 
 
 tahle Kuliritai^cei • 
 
 i,!ilt 
 
 1,?7!i 
 
 4lr, _ 
 
 Minerals: raw stuff 
 
 .Til.s-s 
 
 llti,ti.->.s: 
 
 22,3.',.-. _ 
 
 AJetoU: nintiuf.ifi tired 
 
 7li,S71 
 
 .'.111 
 
 li,ll<-i _ 
 
 rawandhalfwrou^lit 
 
 }s;,m:> ioi,ij77 
 
 !.-> _ 
 
 wrninihi . 
 
 ii.^ifiG '^,(111 
 
 1(1,61.; _ 
 
 Sliipst carriaiftfs. iiiacliitiers* 
 
 
 I 
 
 Total - 
 
 .1fi2.5V7 4.l'^')' 
 
 3,3311 _ 
 
 4,SI6,>-63.1,!H'i,li77i 
 
 6U^33_41,61.') 
 
 Blinking. — There are no private banking esta- 
 blishments in Norway ; but there is a public bank, 
 having its principal office at Drontlicim, with 
 branches atChristiaiiia,liergen,anilChristiansaii(l. 
 It was established by a com|)ulsorv assessment 
 in 1816. Its capital (-nnsists of 'J.OOO.OOO species 
 doll.'irs, in transferable shares, divided amongst 
 tho'^o who were forced to contribute to its for- 
 m.'ition. These shares tiT". now at a premium of 
 oO per cent. Its managers arc appointed by, and 
 arc accountable to, the Storthing or Xtjrwegian 
 Parliament. It issues notes for 100, 00, 10, and 
 so low as 1 species dollar. These notes shimld be 
 payable in specie on demand ; but they are at a 
 discount of 3.') per cent., and arc paid by the bank 
 at that rate. It discounts bills at 2 and ij months' 
 dat", at G per cent, per annum; advances money 
 on mortgage at 4 per cent. ; and transacts the 
 ordinary banking business of individuals. It does 
 not allow interest on deposits. 
 
 Credit. — Goods arc sold partly for ready money 
 aii.l partly on credit, but principally the former. 
 
 ('(immission Sfc. — The number of brokers in 
 ( liristiania is limited to 4. Commission on the 
 sale of goods, 2 per cent., or, del credere included, 
 "> ])cr cent. Brokerage is ii.xcd by law at 5 per 
 cent., which, in practice, is paid by the sellers. 
 
 Iiisiirance. — All houses situated in Norwegian 
 market towns must be insured in the General In- 
 surance Company at Christiania, which is guaran- 
 teed by the state. The premium is moderate, 
 being, on buildings situated in towns, ^, and 
 on those situated in the country J per cent. 
 Sometimes, however, when very destructive tires 
 occur, it is raised. 
 
 I'rovisions Sfc. — Christiania is not a favourable 
 place for careening and repairing ships; but 
 
 supplies of beef, bread, water, and other sea stores 
 may be had as cheap or cheaper than in any other 
 port of Norway. The distance, however, of the 
 city from the eea is too great to allow of its being 
 visited by ships desirous merely of victualling. 
 (We have derived these details from various 
 sources, but principally from Consular Itetums.) 
 
 Timber.— A ptandar'd Christiania deal is 11 feet 
 long, \\ inch thick, and inches broad ; and 51'2 
 such deals make a load. 
 
 Freight of deals from Norway to England is 
 calculated at the rale of single deals, the standard 
 measure of which for Christiania and all the 
 southern porta of Norway, except Dram (a small 
 town on the Drammen, about 20 miles tjW. of 
 Christiania), is 11 feet long, and 1^ inch in thick- 
 ness. A single deal from Urara is reckoned 10 
 feet long, and IJ inch thick. 
 
 Battens. — Three battens make 2 deals, retaining 
 their own length and thickness. Half deals are 
 only counted as deal ends if they run under (i 
 feet; but if they run G or 7 feet long, then 2 half 
 deals are counted a deal, retaining their own 
 tiiickness. 
 
 Ends of Deals.— Four ends of deals, although 
 T) feet long, make but a deal 1 1 feet long, retaining 
 their thickness, which the owners and cajitaiiis of 
 ships think nnrcaso!iable ; but as the freighters of 
 ships seldom wish to have this assortment, which 
 commonly run from o to 5 feet, and are taken on 
 board as stowage, consequently for the advantage 
 of the ship and not the freighter, the ship ought 
 to bear the burden. 
 
 £nds of Battens, called Larwick Palinps. — No 
 less than G ought to be coimted a single deal, 11 
 feet long and IJ inch thick. 
 
 J'ale-hoards, ivhen tliey have their proper length, 
 are 7 feet long ; 3 pale-boarJs are counted a single 
 deal. 
 
 Staves for hogsheads take u|) much room ; in 
 consequence of which more than 10 cainu^t be 
 computed a single deal. 
 
 The •width of deal is never noticed in the 
 calculation of freight: a good deal ought to run 
 !) inches within the sap, which not a twenlieth 
 part of a cargo does at present; but, though some 
 may be above 'J inches wide, many are only 8, 
 therefore one must make up for the other. 
 
 Timber or Hewn Goods cannot be exactly com- 
 puted according to the contents in deals, because 
 it cannot be stowed in a sliip in the same manner 
 as deals: the freight is, therefore, agreed for liy 
 the himi), or according to the number of deals 
 which the vessel may have taken ou board on a 
 former occasion. 
 
 One hundred deals = 120. 
 A ton = 40 solid feet of timber, cut to a square. 
 One load of balk, or timber, = 50 solid feet. 
 Two loads of timber are reckoned for 150 deals. 
 The several bills of lading contain together an 
 exact account of the cargo which the captain lias 
 received on board his ship, consequently blndiiig 
 him to deliver according to their contents : wiieii, 
 therefore, the deals are mentioned as usual i* and 
 10 feet, and 11 and 12 feet, he cannot insist on 
 more freight than half of the length, according to 
 its description. 
 
 One thousand Nor^vay standard deals are 
 reckoned equal to a keel of coals, which is 21 tons. 
 Bowsprits pay duty as masts; capraveiis are 
 above 12 and under 18 inches in circumference at 
 the middle, and without bark. Clapboard is ex- 
 ported in whole pieces and unquartcrcd. Deals 
 i'rom Germany pass as Norway deals ; spruce 
 deals are upwards of 20 feet in length ; deals from 
 Norway, above 7 feet long, rre counted as whole 
 deals ; above 5 feet, and not above 7 feet in length, 
 
 arc accounte( 
 
 as one whide 
 
 Thodi/rcrc 
 
 standard beii 
 
 oiiffht to be 
 
 times happor 
 
 and Dram ha 
 
 Christiania hi 
 
 the others for 
 
 ■which runs ve 
 
 J'l^ar. (liorda 
 
 Beports; &c.) 
 
 CHKOMIU 
 covered by Va 
 ish white colo 
 affected by any 
 eal value," but i 
 ance as dves at 
 
 CIIUNAM. 
 The best, obtaii 
 employed in tli( 
 it IS said, its inj 
 
 CiDIili or 
 
 aplelwein; Ital. 
 
 The juice of api 
 
 produce of the 
 
 pressed and fcrr 
 
 in 1828, to 37,22 
 
 a barrel, shows 
 
 brought to charg 
 
 barrels, exclusiv( 
 
 manufactured. ' 
 
 amounted to aboi 
 
 'I'he duty was rci 
 
 tiaps the total j, 
 
 now be estimate 
 
 barrels. 
 
 'J'lie manufiictu 
 
 branch of indiisti 
 
 provinces of Nor 
 
 Artois. Jt is tna 
 
 I'TUer apples, wl 
 
 oy the time at wl 
 
 thedil'erentqualij 
 
 them. Cider is 
 
 Canada and the ll 
 
 Good cider con I 
 
 fT'rit. Cider is sJ 
 
 with the object of Jl 
 
 IS exceedingly inji 
 
 poison. Commoni 
 
 lor tlie manufactuil 
 
 CINNABAft ((\ 
 vcmiilioen; Fr. cil 
 finabrio ; IJugs. ki J 
 cinnabrium). 
 
 i. Native Cimiak 
 'iravv.andbrillianl 
 tlncfly in quicksil 
 «' that metal. Tj 
 Wands is said to 
 iliatof Alrnaden, il 
 also abundant in thl 
 w Cliina. The bel 
 flntir, brilliant, al 
 fflatfer. Only 24 cil 
 at o3(i/., were impol 
 - Artijicial CiniA 
 tiiry mid 1 of siilpll 
 a mortar, the raercl 
 ihc whole assumes 
 fwmcrly called /J 
 "I'nerul is heated rl 
 proper vessel lie nhiJ 
 laiac^d of a line redl 
 "■"ly called cinnabi 
 
CHEOMIUM 
 
 arc accounted as half deals, and two of them pass 
 as one whole deal. 
 
 TliediU'iTcncc between thcChristianiaand Dram 
 standard beiii^' nearly JL, tlie freiglits to Dram 
 oiifjlit to bo varied proportionally. It has some- 
 times happened that ships both' for t'hrirtiania 
 and Dram have been in company, and those for 
 Ohristiania have (jot up, loaded, and nailed, before 
 the others for Dram have f^ot over Dramstroora, 
 wliioli runs very strong down in the spring of tlie 
 year. (Uordans/.' Jiurupean Commerce; Consular 
 Reports ; Ac.) 
 
 CHKOMlUJr. This metal, which wa.s dis- 
 covered by Vauquelin in 1797, is brittle, of agrey- 
 i.sh white colour, and very liard. It is scarcelv 
 affected by any acids. The metal has no economi- 
 cal value, but its salts are of the greatest import- 
 ance as dyes and colours. 
 
 CIIUMAM. The name given in India to lime. 
 The best, obtained by the calcination of sliells, is 
 employed in the compositioti of JjKTiil,, to prevent, 
 it IS said, its injuring the stomach. 
 
 ClDEll or CYDEU (Fr. cidrc ; Gcr. zider, 
 apfclwein ; Ital. cidro; Russ. sidor; Span, sidra). 
 The Juice of apples expressed and fermented. The 
 produce of the duty on cider and perry (the ex- 
 pressed and fermented juice of pears) amounted, 
 m 182«, to 37,220/.; which, as tlie duty was lO.s-. 
 a barrel, shows that the tpiantity produced and 
 brought to charge must have amounted to 71,'14() 
 barrels, exclusive of what might be clande^linely 
 manufactured. The perry is supposed to have 
 amounted to about a fourth part of tins quantity. 
 The duty w,as repealed in 1830. [Applies. J I'er- 
 haps the total produce of cider and perrv mav 
 now be estimated at from 100,000 to 110,000 
 barrels. 
 
 The manufacture of cider is also an important 
 hrancli of industry in Franco, especiallj- in the 
 provinces of Normandy, IJrittany, I'icardy, and 
 Artois. It is made from summer, autumn, and 
 wi'«ter apples, whiclt are not oidy distinguished 
 by the time at which they reach maturity, but by 
 the diTcrent tpiality of the beverage produced from 
 them. Cider is also largely manufactured iu 
 Canada and the United States. 
 
 Good cider contains about G per cent, of proof 
 ppirit. Cider is sometimes adulterated with load, 
 with the object of masking tartness. This practice 
 is exceedingly injurious, as lead is a dangerous 
 poison. Common cider is also extensively used 
 lur the manufacture of spurious wine. 
 
 CKJAKS. [TonAcco.] 
 
 CINNAIIAK ((ier. zuniober; Dutch, cinaber, 
 vomiiliocn; Fr. cinnabre; Ital. cinabro; Span, 
 cinabrio; Uuss. kinowar ; Chinese, cliii slid; Lat. 
 cinnabrium), 
 
 1. Native Cinnabar. — A mineral substance, red, 
 hoavy. and brilliant. It is found in various places, 
 fliiclly in quicksilver mines, being one of the ores 
 of that metal. The cinnabar of the Philippine 
 Islands is said to be of the highest colour; but 
 that of Almaden, in Spain, is the richest. It is 
 also abimdant in the central and western provinces 
 of China. The best native cinnabar is of a high 
 ciilour, brilliant, and free from earthy or stony 
 matter. Only 24 cwts. of native ciimabar, valued 
 at 33(1/., were imported in IHOt!. 
 
 2. Artificial Cinnabar. — When 2 parts of mer- 
 cury and I of sulphur are triturated together in 
 a mortar, the mercury gradually disappears, and 
 tlic whole assumes the ibrni of a black powder, 
 furmcrly called Ethiops mineral. When this 
 mineral is heated red liot, it sublimes; and if a 
 proper vessel he placed to receive it, a cake is ob- 
 tained of a line red colour. This cake was for- 
 merly called cinnabar; and, when reduced to a line 
 
 CINNAMON 
 
 297 
 
 powder, is well known in commerce under the 
 name of vermilion. Cinnabar, the ordinary ore of 
 niercury, has been found in enormous quantities 
 in California, [Meuc'uy.] 
 
 The production of cinnabar is considerably 
 facilitated if the sulphur be previously melted. 
 The pigment is prepared on a large scale in Hol- 
 land, the sulphur being melted iu a cast-iron 
 vessel, and the mercury being finely divided, and 
 also purified, by being scpteezed through the pores 
 of achamois leather bag. As soon as the substances 
 have combined, sublimation is allowed to begin. 
 The larger the quantity of materials, the richer is 
 the tint of the product. It is important also 
 that botli the sulphur and the niercury should be 
 as pure as possible. * 
 
 Enormous quantities of cinnabar arc used iu 
 China. Ked is the colour of rejoicing willi the 
 Chinese, and vermilion is therefore used in docu- 
 ments &c. 
 
 CINNAMON (Dutch, kancel ; Fr. canncllc; 
 Ger. zinimet, kanelil ; Ital. canclla; Lat. cinna- 
 niomum, canelU; I'ort. canella; Span, canela; 
 Pers. and Hind, darchinie ; Arab, darsini ; Malay, 
 kaimanis ; Gr. Kivatiov ; Chinese, jiiu kwei ; (.!in- 
 galese, karundu ; Tamil, karua putta}'). The 
 inner bark of the cinnamon 'tree (Laums cinna- 
 mnmum), Nat. Order Lauracea;, a native of Ceylon, 
 where it grows in great abundance. Cochin China, 
 and perhaps of .some other countries. It is brought 
 home in bags or bales weighing 92,^ lbs. each ; and, 
 in stowing it, black pepper is mixed with the bales 
 to preserve the cinnamon. The best cinnamon is 
 thin and rather pliable: it ought to be about the 
 substance of royal paper, or somewhat thicker ; is 
 of a light yellowish brown colour, approaching 
 nearly to tliat of Venetian gold ; it is smooth and 
 shining ; fractures splintery ; has an agreeable, 
 warm, aromatic flavour, and a mild, sweetish 
 taste ; when chewed, the pieces become soft, and 
 seem to melt in the mouth ; it is not so pungent 
 but that it may be borne (m the tongue witliout 
 pain, and is not succeeded by any after taste. 
 Whatever is hard, thick as a half-crown i)iece, 
 dark-coloured or brown, or so hot that it cannot be 
 borne, should be rejected. Particular care should 
 be taken that it be not false packed, or mixed with 
 cinnamon of an inferior sort. (Milbum's Orient. 
 Cumm. ; British Pharmacopoeia, 18tj7 ; MarshaU's 
 Essay, quoted below.) 
 
 The cinnamon of Cochin Chinp grows in the dry 
 sandy districts lying N. W. cf tlie town of Faifoe, 
 between 15° and 10° N. lat. It is preterred in 
 China to the cinnamon of Ceylon: the annual im- 
 ports into Canton and other ports vary from 2.50,000 
 to 300,000 lbs. There are no fewer than 10 va- 
 rieties of this species in the market. It is not 
 cured, like that of Ceylon, by freeing it from the 
 eiiidcrmis. (Crawfurd's Embassy to Siam §-c. p. 
 475.) 
 
 Besides the produce of the inner bark of the 
 Lauriis vinnamomum, the bark of the root affords 
 a volatile oil which is similar in flavour to oil of 
 cinnamon, but has also a camphorous pungency. 
 Another kind o*' oil is distilled from the leaves. 
 The cinnamon-leaf oil of commerce is of two kinds; 
 one fatiy and probably procured from the fruit, tlui 
 other volatile and similar in taste and odour to oil 
 of cloves or oil of pimento. 
 
 The principal cinnamon gardens of Ceylon are 
 near Colombo. The seeds arc planted so that the 
 shrub should grow in clumps or clusters. The 
 shoots which arc decorticated are generally from 
 1 to 3 inches in diameter. The finer and tliiniier 
 the bark, the more valuable is the product. The 
 cinnamon harvest lasts from May to October. 
 
 Cinnamon is obtained from China, the IMalabar 
 
 V 
 I 
 
■"tmmmkimm^ 
 
 ^u> 
 
 ttma 
 
 298 
 
 CINNAMON 
 
 coast, Manilla, Java, Cayenne, the Locwanl I would, at no very distant pprind, have amounted 
 Island-', and the Isle of France. Tlie produce of to l,(IOO,(MI() lbs. It is the hii{h price of cinna- 
 (Miina is called Cassia. | mem — a price not caused hy its scarcity or tlio 
 
 Cinnamon Mumipitlij.—Dnvm to ]8n,3 the cultivt- i dilliculty of its production, hut hv the oppressive 
 tiun of cinnamon in Ceylon was restricted to a few ! monopolies and duties to which it has been sub- 
 gardens ill the neighbourhood of Colombo; the 1 jected — tliat has made it be regarded as a luxury 
 production and liale of the article being wholly i attainable only by the rich. 
 
 moiioptdised by Ciovernmeiit. Upon tlie transfer- j 'Should tlie exports nf cinnamon from Ceylon 
 ence of tlie island from the East India Company under the new plan amount to ,000,000 lbs. a-year, 
 to the King's Government, tlie former agreed to pay | Government will receive from it an annual revenue 
 (iO,00()/. a-year for -100,000 lbs. or 1,3124 '"'''-"•'* "fjof oO.OOO/.; and supposing them to amount to 
 cinnamon ; it being sti|)ulated that if the quMnlity (iOO,000 lbs., the revenue will be (iO.OOO/. And to 
 C(dlectcd exceeded this amount, thi: surplus uuis to secure the immediate payment of this trifling sum, 
 6c hnrncd ! (See an article by II. Marshall, Esq., every ulterior consideration of prolit and advan- 
 Staff Surgeon to the Forces in Ceylon, in Thom- tagehas been sacrificed. It is, however, pretty 
 8on"s Annals of J'/iilosoplii/, vol. x. p. 350.) Hut 
 
 this agreement was afterwards broken off; and 
 the cinnamon was sent to Knglaiul by Govern- 
 ment, and sold on ils account at quarterly sales. 
 The nett revenue derived from the cinnamon 
 monopoly in IKM is said to have amounted to 
 127,!M;1/. As the monopoly could not bo en- 
 forced except by Confining the culture of cinna- 
 mon to certain districts, it neecssaiify led to the 
 most oppressive interferences with the rights of 
 iiulividiials, to tlie creation of numberless imagin- 
 ary olfenees, and the multiplication of piinishmeiifs, 
 forming a heavy drawback upon the prosperity of 
 the island. A sense of these disadvantages led at 
 length to the abidition of the monopoly sj-stem 
 in ISoo, when we ceased to he amenable to the 
 charge of uiiholdiiig, without inijiroving, tlie worst 
 part of the Dutoli policy, and r>storcd to the na- 
 tives their right to cultivate cinnamon anywhere 
 and in any way they think lit. 
 
 Duties on Cinnamon.— I jiliickily, howo\-er, the 
 abolition of the old monopoly system was accom- 
 panied by the imposition of the exorbitant duty of 
 3s, per lb. on all cinnamon exported, willioiit dis- 
 tinction of quality, reduced in 1837 to 2s. (id. on 
 the 1st and 2nd ipialities, and 2s. on the 3rd or 
 lowest quality, and in IStl to 2s. on all qualities. 
 We took the liberty to animadvert as follows on 
 this system in a former edition of this work: — 
 ' The natural cost of cinnamon does not, we believe, 
 exceed (!«/. or 8(/. jier lli. ; luit taking it at Is., the 
 duty is no less than 200 per cent. ! .So enormous 
 a tax, by confining the export of cinnamon within 
 the narrowest limits, will go far to deprive the 
 island of the advantages it would otherwise derive 
 from the repeal of the monopoly, and will be, in all 
 respects, most injurious. It is contended, in vindi- 
 caiion of this oppressive tax, that IJeylon having 
 a natural monopoly of cinnamon, it is sound policy 
 to burden it with tlie highest duty it will bear, as 
 the largest revenue is thus obtained at the least 
 expense to the island. Hut, in addition to the 
 ciiiuamon produced in Cochin Cliina, and which it 
 is more than probable will speedily find its way to 
 the European markets, the extent to which cassia 
 lignea is substituted foi cinnamon .shows that the 
 monopoly possessed by Ceylon is of trifling im- 
 portance. And though it were otherwise, though 
 cassia lignea did not exist, and cinnamon were to 
 be found nowhere but in Ceylon, we should not the 
 less object to so exorbitant an export duty. So 
 long as it is maintained, it will confine within the 
 narrowest limits what might otherwise become an 
 important branch of induslry, and a copious source 
 of wealth to the island. 
 
 ' Under the old system, the produce of cinnamon 
 in Ceylon amounted to about ,000,000 lbs. ; and it 
 is not at all probable that the exports will ma- 
 terially increase under the new system ; but had 
 the duty varied from about (k/. per lb. on the best, 
 to3f/. or 4(/. on the inferior sorts, we have little 
 doubt, now that the culture is free, that the exports 
 
 clear that this short-sighted rapacity will be, in 
 the end, no less injurious to the revenue than to 
 the industry and trade of the island. Were cinn.v 
 inon allowed to bo exported for a few years under 
 a low duty, or till such time as the taste for it wiis 
 fully diffused throughout this and other countries, 
 it might then be easy, by gradually raising the 
 duty, to obtain from it, without materially clieck- 
 ing the consumption, a large revenue ; at least two 
 or three times more than it will ever produce 
 under the present ])lan. 
 
 ' Suppose that we had had the power effectunlly 
 to monopolise the inventions by which Sir r!ich:iril 
 Arkwright and others have so proiligiously facili- 
 tated the .spinning of cotton, what would have 
 been ♦bought of tlie policy of those who .'hoiild 
 liave proposed laying a duty on exported cotton 
 ecpuvalent to the peculiar advantages we enjuycd 
 ill their production? Had this been done, we 
 should have got a monopoli/ value for our exports 
 of cotton ; but instead of amounting, as at present, 
 to 30,000,000/. a-year, they would not, under such 
 a plan, have amounted to 200,000/. ; and instead 
 of affording subsistence for .some 1,300,000 or 
 1,400,000 individuals, the cotton manufacture 
 would not have supported 50,000 ! And yet tliis 
 is the mischievous nostrum— for it would b(: an 
 abuse of terms to call it a principle — on which wo 
 have proceeded to regulate the export of the 
 staple product of Ceylon.' 
 
 ICxpcrience has more than confirmed the truth 
 of these statements. Instead of increasing, as 
 they certainly would have done but for the ex- 
 orbitancy of the duty, the exports of ciniiamou 
 declined even below their amount during the 
 monopoly. Notwithstanding the reduction of the 
 duty in 1841 to 2s. jier lb., the exports in lli.it 
 year amounted to only 323,401 lbs., producing n 
 revenue of 33,111/.! This result was broiiijht 
 about, as we anticipated, p.artly by the liifih 
 dutj' and its conseipient high ))ricc reslrictiug 
 the demand for cinnamon ; partly by the <luty 
 operating as a bounty to introduce the culture (if 
 the plant into other places; and partly and princi- 
 pally by if s encouraging the use of cassia lignea and 
 other substitutes in the place of the genuine ar'.iclc. 
 
 ' It does not,' says Mr. Cook (formerly of tlic lirni 
 of Trueman and Coolv, brokers), ' admit of a doi:l)t, 
 that unless the cxjjort duty of 2s. per lb. iiayable 
 on the shipment of cinnamon at Ceylon be re- 
 moved, the trade must speedily be annihilatcfl. 
 From 17'J8 to 1825 the cultivation was known in 
 no other jiart of the world, and notwifhstanilini; 
 the impolicy even then of such an exorbitant 
 charge, the trade was comparatively little affected; 
 but in 1825 a successful attempt was made in .Java 
 by an experienced planter from Ceylon, and tho 
 shipments from that island, which, having since 
 been annually increasing, were estimated (1S12) 
 at 1 1 7,000 lbs. at least, on which is levied a duty, 
 on the value, of 4 per cent. only. The culture 
 has also extended itself to Guiana and the West 
 
 Indies; and 
 received fro; 
 it can be si: 
 and that a 
 confidently 1 
 there being 
 Cliina, Mala 
 doubtless ere 
 produce bcii 
 charges. Jt 
 namon cann 
 withstand tl 
 countries; an 
 understood bi 
 traiie would a' 
 main in its pre 
 Ion cinnamon, 
 (luences, won! 
 European mar 
 li.irnea as a sul 
 will no doubt ei 
 t he cinnamon d 
 asft;(),000/.,or, 
 whereas in m 
 47,000/. only, a 
 even this m'lich 
 so that the lev 
 pioved as injur] 
 to the prosperit 
 Such conclusi 
 ,i,'.nrded, and in 1 
 was reihiced to 
 too high ; and 
 culture of the pi 
 Java and elsewii 
 liecome so habit i 
 tutes, that the C 
 'iilty maintain 
 ivero wholly repi 
 to 4fl. hi 1848, a 
 abolished in IScI 
 enough to inflict 
 Ihe exports ha\ 
 very maf-'riallv ; 
 deteriorated, alid 
 coarser and inferi 
 quantities export 
 llieir value is loss 
 lias not increased 
 This brief n otic 
 cinnamon aflbrds 
 ample of the ris 
 iluties on tho ex 
 substitutes may L 
 elsewhere. Had 
 of cinnamon in 16 
 "•sifle, it is all b 
 vould have been 
 present, and that 
 I'lirtant as well as 
 industry. 
 
 The imports of 
 Lnited Kingdom 
 
 1SI-. 
 . Vi() 
 
 IV,,-, 
 iH.'.G 
 
 - TO.',, I. 'J 
 
 • "'-'I, (in 
 
 Ihe years mark 
 'wiRlit from othei 
 are inconsiderable 
 mon from all quari 
 "1 tlie last three y< 
 
 The dm V 
 
 lM,(i 
 lltli? 
 
 on cinna 
 
CINNAMON 
 
 Indies ; nnd, jiidsinR from a small parcel lately 
 received from .lamaica, there can be no ([iiestion 
 it can bo successl'iilly produced in lliat (piartcr, 
 and that a supply may at no distant period 
 confidently bo expected from tlience, the duly 
 there heinj; only 2A ])er cent. From Cochin 
 China, Malabar itc. lar;;;c (luantities will also 
 doubtlcHS ere long find tlieir way to luirope, their 
 produce being comparatively free from fiscal 
 charges. It is tlier-'forc evident that Coyh)n cin- 
 namon cannot, under existing circumstances, 
 witlistand the competitiim of that of other 
 countries; and if tlie merits of the (picstion were 
 understood by the (jovernment, tins interesting 
 trade would assuredly be no longer suffered to re- 
 main in its present anomahnis state. Indeed, Cey- 
 lon cinnamon, in(k'pendently of other adverse iu- 
 lluences, would be very soon driven out of the 
 luiropean markets by the increased use of cassia 
 lignca as a substitute. The tpicstion of revenue 
 willnodoul)t engage the attention of (iovernment, 
 tlu!cinnamon duty having yielded in IS;!;! as mucli 
 as lt;O,()00/., or al)out half the revenue of tlio island ; 
 whereas in 1811 the governor estimated it at 
 47,000/. only, and it is doubtful if it will realise 
 even this much — (in fact it only realised ;i3,l 1 1 /.); 
 so that the levying an impost so oppressive has 
 piovcd as injurious to the collection of revenue as 
 to the prosperity of the trade.' 
 
 Such conclusive statements could not bo disre- 
 fjarded, and in 1814 the cx])ort duty on cinnamon 
 was rednccil to l.s. IJut even this was a great deal 
 too high; and it soon became evident that the 
 culture of the plant had taken sucli lirm root in 
 Java and elsewhere, and that tlie jniblic laslc had 
 l)ecome so liabituated to cassia and other sut)sti- 
 tutes, that the Ceylon planters would with difli- 
 ciilty maintain tlicir ground, even if the duty 
 were wholly repealed. And after being reduw-d 
 to Aft. in 1818, and to 2r/. in 18.")3, it was finally 
 abolished in IStJO. Ilut it had continued long 
 enough to inflict irreparal)le injury on the trade. 
 The exports have, indeed, increased, though not 
 very materially ; but the tpiality of the spice iias 
 deteriorated, and now principally consists of the 
 coarser and inferior varieties ; so tliat, though the 
 quantities exported are greater than formerly, 
 their value is less. 'Ihe consunipti(ui of the spice 
 has not increased in the United Kingdom. 
 
 This brief notice of the legislation in regard to 
 rinnamon aflbrds an instructive and striking ex- 
 ample of the risk attending the imposition of 
 iliities on the exportation of articles for which 
 substitutes may be found, or that may bo raised 
 elsewhere. Had no duty been laid on the export 
 of cinnamon in 1833, when the monopoly was set 
 aside, it is all but certain that its production 
 vould have been incomparably greater than at 
 liresent, and that it would have formed an im- 
 l«irtant as well as interesting branch of Cingalese 
 iiuUistry. 
 
 The imports of cinnamon from Ceylon into the 
 United Kingdom have boon : — 
 
 1M-I - 
 
 . r,2l,SM*nK. 
 
 ISfii 
 
 - SlO.fiSlllM. 
 
 .vil) • 
 
 - liSH,-iM* „ 
 
 isi:.i 
 
 - S74,7iil „ 
 
 l^,■,'l 
 
 - (i'j;.,i.')5* „ 
 
 isni 
 
 - .')'J6,769 „ 
 
 K.a 
 
 - Til .n-'i „ 
 
 i8r.-> 
 
 - 81(1,13.1 „ 
 
 ^,•.7 
 
 - (Wi;,«7.> „ 
 
 18(iS 
 
 - uciu.sa; „ 
 
 ISIil - 
 
 . 73i,'J40 „ 
 
 
 
 The years marked thus * include a few pounds 
 weight from other places than Ceylon, but they 
 are inconsiderable. The total imports of cinna- 
 raon from all quarters into the United Kingdom 
 in the last three years were as follow : — 
 
 iM.li 
 
 1»67 
 
 Ills. 
 8S(i,7.-I 
 
 X5!),l).14 
 
 The duty on cinnamon from a Uritisli possession, 
 
 CINQUE PORTS 299 
 
 after being couslaiit from 1840 at 3 J^ rf. per Ih., 
 was reduced in 18.53 to 2(/. per lb. 'I'lio annual 
 entries for consumption since the repeal of theduty 
 in 18(iO are not known. The average value of 
 (Cingalese cinnamon in ISliO was Is. 9jj(/. per lb. 
 In tlie article (Jui.omdo wc have given an account 
 ofthe exports of cinnamon from Ceylon since 18 10, 
 and, for amiile details on this subject, see .Sir James 
 Kiuerson Tcnnent's oxcoUeiit work on Ovhin. 
 
 C1N(^UK I'OUTS. These are ancient trading 
 towns, lying on the coast of Kent and .Sn.ssex, 
 wliich were .selected, from tlieir (iroximity to 
 r-anco .uid early .superiority in navigation, ti> 
 assist in protecting the realm against invasion, and 
 vested witli certain privileges bj' royal charter. 
 
 'The ports so jirivilegcd, as wc at present 
 account icin, .arc Dover, .Sandwich, Itomney, 
 ILutings, llyflie, and the two ancient towns of 
 Wiiiclielsea iind Kye; although the two latter 
 places appear to have i)een originally only mem- 
 bers. The .services which they were appointed to 
 ])erform were either honorary, viz. assisting at the 
 coronation and sending members to I'arliament ; 
 or auxiliary to the defence of the realm, as fur- 
 nishing a certain supply of vessels and seamen, on 
 being summoned to that service by the king's writ. 
 
 ' In ]irocess of time the Cinipie Ports grew so 
 powerful, and by the possession of a warlike fleet 
 so audacious, that they made piraticalexciirsionsin 
 defiance of all public faith; on simic occasions tlicy 
 made war, and fiirmed confederacies as separ.ate, 
 inde|)endent states. It seems, however, that those 
 irregularities were soon suppressed when the 
 (iovernment was strong, and sutlieiently confident 
 to exert its power.s. .So long as the mode of 
 raising a navy by contributions from difl'ercnt 
 towns continued, the Cinque Ports afforded an 
 ample supply ; but since that time their privileges 
 have been jireserved, though their separate or 
 peculiar services have been dispensed with. Their 
 charters arc traced to the time of Edward the 
 Confessor: they were confirmed by tlie Conqueror 
 and by snbseiiuent monarchs. William the Con- 
 queror considering Dover Castlo the key of 
 England, gavn the charge of the adjacent coast, 
 with the .shipping belonging to it, to the constable 
 of Dover Castle, with the title of Wiirdcn of the 
 Cinque Ports— an office resembling that of the 
 Count of tho .Saxon coast {Comes littoris Sa.r<»iici) 
 on the decline of the Roman power in this island. 
 The lord warden has tho authority of Admiral in 
 the Cinque Ports and their dependencies, with 
 power to hold a court of admiralty; ho has 
 authority to hold courts both of law and equity ; 
 is the general returning officer of all the ports — 
 parliamentary writs being directed to him, on 
 which he issues his precepts; and, in m.any 
 respects, he was vested with powers similar to 
 those pos.scsied by tho heads of counties palatine. 
 At present the efficient authority, charge, or 
 patronage of tho lord warden is not very great ; 
 the situation is, however, considered very honour- 
 able, and the salary is 3,000/. He has under him 
 a lieutenant and some subordinate officers; and 
 there are captains at Deal, Walmer, and Sand- 
 gate Castles, Archcliff Fort, and Moats Bulwark. 
 'There is an exclusive jurisdiction in tho 
 Cinque Ports (l)eforc the mayor and jurats of tho 
 ports), into which exclusive jurisdiction the king's 
 ordinary writ does not run; that is, tho court 
 cannot direct their process immediately to tho 
 sheriff, as in other cases. In the Cinque Ports, 
 tho process is directed to the governor of Dover 
 Castle, his deputy or lieufcnant. A writ of error 
 lies from the mayor and jurats of each port to the 
 lord warden of the Cimiue Ports, in his court of 
 iShcpway, and from tho court of Shcpway to the 
 
 i 
 
 ■rmr^m^TilfS ^v . y 
 
 "^^^g^gi^j^ 
 

 mm 
 
 mm 
 
 300 
 
 CITRON 
 
 (i I 
 
 Kind's nonrli; a mcmorini of snperioritv reserved 
 to tlic Crown at tlio original creation of the fran- 
 chise; and |irerof;ativc writs, as those of haheas 
 corpus, ]ir(]hihitiiin, certiorari, ami mandamus, may 
 issue, for tiic same reason, to all these exempt 
 jurisdictions, because the privilepfe tliat the king's 
 writ runs not, must be intended between party and 
 party, and there can be no sucli privilef.'e against 
 the king.' (Cliitty's Coinmerridl L,au;\o\,ii.\i.l2 ; 
 Knocker's Gratid Court of Shepwai/, Ac, London, 
 18C2.) The peculiar jurisdiction of the Cinque 
 I'orts was much modilied by 18 & 19 Vict. c. 48, 
 and other Acts, and the salary of the lord warden 
 lias lieen abolished. 
 
 CITRON (Ger. succadc; Danish, sukkat ; Ital. 
 confetti di ccdro ; Span, acitron verde; I''r. ci- 
 tronat verd). An agreeable fruit, resembling a 
 lemon in colour, smell, and taste. It is the Citrus 
 mer/ica of botanists, and is probably a mere variety 
 of lemon. It is much larger than the lemon, of an 
 ovoid shape, and with a very thick rind. The Juice 
 too is less acid than that of the lemon and lime. 
 The cuticle of the rind is fuUofvesiclescontaining 
 an essential oil, on wliich the flavour of the rind 
 depends. The Citrus medica is a native of Asia, 
 and was probably imported from Persia or Media, 
 in the second century of our era. ' It is now cul- 
 tivated in warm climates throughout the world. 
 The candied rind is imported from Madeira, of 
 the fniest quality. 
 
 CIVKT (Ger. zibeth; Dutch, civet; Fr. civctte; 
 Ital. zibetto; Span, algalia). A perfume derived 
 from two animals — the Fjrenv/ ciff7/n oT AVica, 
 and the J'iferra zibelhn of the Kast Indies. Tlie 
 substance is secreted in certain glands situated in 
 the ))crineuin of the animal. In order to obtain 
 greater supplies, the civet cat has been domes- 
 ticated, and the substance, the quantity of which 
 may be increased by irritating the sac in which it 
 is .secreted, is collected. 
 
 Civet was once used as a medicine, but now 
 solely as a perfume. Its odour is very strong, 
 and even oflensive when it is smelt in bulk or near ; 
 but when diluted and at a distance, itisconsidcre(l 
 to be very agreeable. When genuine it is worth 
 30s. or 40s. an ounce. 
 
 CIVITA VECCIIIA. A fortified sea-port town 
 of the Papal dominions, on the IMeditcrranean, 
 lat. 4'jo 4' 38" N., long. 11° 41' 52" E. Population 
 about 12,000. 
 
 Harbour. — The port of Civita Vecchia is arti- 
 ficial, and is formed by three large moles. Two 
 of tliem |)rojecting from the main land, inclined 
 one to tlie north and the other to the .south, 
 form the sides of the harbour ; while a third mole, 
 or breakwater, constructed opposite to the gap 
 between the other two, serves to protect the har- 
 bour from the heavy sea that would otherwise be 
 thrown in by the westerly gales. There are 3 
 lights in this port : one, which revolves every 
 40 seconds, on Antemuzale, the S. end of the 
 ISreakwater; a second on Bicchiese Mole; a third 
 on the Lazaretto Mole. Vessels may enter cither 
 by the south or north end of the outer mole, but 
 the southern channel is the deepest, having from 
 8 to and 4 fathoms. Ships may anchor within 
 the port in from IG to 18 feet water; or between 
 it and the outer mole, where the water is deeper. 
 Within the port are a dock and an arsenal. 
 
 Ilistorival Notice. — Tliis harbour, which is by 
 far the best on the western side of the Papal 
 dominions, owes its origin to the Emperor Trajan, 
 and affords the most unequivocal i)roof, not of his 
 power merely, but of his sagacity and desire to 
 promote the interests of commerce and navigation. 
 There is in one of Pliny's Letters (lib. vi. epist. 
 31) a clear and interesting account of this great 
 
 CIVITA VECCHIA 
 
 work, which has obviously lieen planned and con- 
 structed with equal skill and judgment. The 
 outer m<de was mostly formed, precisely like the 
 breakwater at Plymouth, by sinking immense 
 blocks of stone into the sea, which became li.\ed 
 and consolidated by their own weight, till l)y 
 degrees it was raised above the waves. (Originally 
 it was called Trantnus Portus, and it is to be re- 
 gretted that it did not always bear the name of 
 its illustrious fountler. Put in the latter ages of 
 theHoma'i empire it was called Centum Celln; ami 
 in modern times Civita Vecchia, (Cellarii Aotitid 
 Orbis Antiqucc, i. p, 73L) 
 
 Money. — Accounts are keptl.ere, and throughout 
 the Papal States, in crowns or scudi. called scmli 
 Komau! and scudi moneta. 1 scudo = U) jitioli, 
 and 1 paoh = 1 bajocclii. 'J'he sciido contains 4ii;i 
 grains of English standard silver, and is, conse- 
 quently, worth 4». 4(/. sterling. Payments above 
 a scudi arc made in cedole, or schedules, a species 
 of bank notes; but these not being payable in 
 specie on demand, are uniformly at a discount. 
 
 Weights. — The libra or pound of 12 onri, or 0,1 !12 
 prani, contains .'),234 English grains. Hence, Kill 
 Koman pounds = 74,771 lbs. avoirdupois = 90,808 
 lbs. troy = 33.90G kilogrammes = 70,008 lbs. of 
 Hamburg. There are three diU'erent cantaros or 
 quintals; viz. of 100, lOO, and 250 lbs. The 
 migliajo= 1,000 lbs. 
 
 Measures. — The Koman foot=lP72 Eng. in.; 
 the ca;ina = 78*34 Eng. in.; the canna used by 
 builders = 87'90 Eng. in.; the barrel of winc = 
 12,841 imp. gals., and the barrel of oil=12-t;4 
 imp. gals.; the soma of oil = 30'13 imp. ilo. ; the 
 rulibio of corn = 8143imp. bids. (Kelly's Cambist; 
 Nelkenbrecher, Manuel (Iniversel.) 
 
 Inifmrts and Exports. — Though the wealth niul 
 population of the country round Civita Veccliia 
 be much fallen olTin modern times compared wiili 
 antiquity, it still continues to be the entrepot nt' 
 Rome, with which it is connected by a railway, 
 and engrosses almost the entire trade of the Papal 
 dominions on the side of the Mediterranean. The 
 imports consist principally of cotton stud's mid 
 yam; woollen.', silks, and linens; iron and hard- 
 ware ; cofi'ee, sugar, cocoa, and other colonial pm- 
 ducts; salt an<l salted fish, coal, wines, jewellery, 
 glass and earthenware <tc. The exports coiinist 
 of staves and timber, corn, wool, cheese, p(ita>li, 
 pumice-stone, alum from Tolfa, in the vicinity, 
 cream of tartar, rags <fcc. The total value of 
 the imports may be reckoned at from 700,00(1/. to 
 800,000/. : inasmuch, however, a i a consideniljle 
 portion of these are on account of the straiif,'ers 
 resident in Pome, the exports are by no menus so 
 great, and do not, indeed, exceed from 250,(10(1/. 
 to 350,000/. Marseilles and Genoa have the larj;e.-t 
 share of the foreign trade of Civita Vecchia, uud 
 ne.xt to them England. 
 
 In addition to the ordinary sailing-vessels 
 which frequent the port, it is now regularly visited 
 by steam-packets from Malta, Marseilles, Genoa, 
 Naples A-c. by which from 10,000 to 12,000 pas- 
 sengers are annually conveyed on their way to 
 and from Pome. 
 
 In 18CG the value of the exports of dimestic 
 produce from the United Khigdom (ehielly coal 
 and iron) to the Papal dominions amounted to 
 15,293/., and in 18C7 to 15,313/. Our imports from 
 the Papal dominions amounted to 5,491/. in \%W>, 
 and to 6,102/. in 18G7. 
 
 In 1804, 2,028 vessels, of 331,890 tons, entered, 
 and 1,990 vessels, of 330,509 tons, cleared, the port 
 of ('ivita Vecchia. 
 
 Duties. — Civita Vecchia is a free port; i.e. 
 a port into which produce may be imported, and 
 cither consumed or re-e.xportcd, free of duty. 
 
CLARET 
 
 Quarantine rcRulntions are strictly enforced ; 
 no vessel with a foul bill of health IteiiiR permitted 
 to enter any of the I'apal ports. {Annuaire du 
 Commerce Maritime, torn. ii. p. 3()G, &c.) 
 
 CLARKT, A name of ancient orifjin, f,'iven in 
 Knj^land to the red wiuc8 of Uordeaux. [U»m- 
 DKAUX ; Wink.] 
 
 CLEARINO. In 1775 the London, or rather 
 the 'Citv,' bankers established the 'CleariiiK- 
 hoiise.' 'I'his is a house to which each hanker 
 who deals with it is in the habit of daily scudin;; 
 a clerk, who carries with him the various bills 
 and checks in the possession of his house that 
 arc drawn upon other bankers ; the practice for- 
 merly being to exchange them for the bills and 
 checks ill the possession of those others that 
 were drawn upon his constituents, and to pay the 
 balance, on the one side or the other, in cash or 
 liank of England notes. By this moans the 
 bankers connected with the clearing-house were 
 enabled to settle transactions to the extent of 
 several millions a day, by the employment of not 
 ni(iro, at an average, than from 200,000/. to 
 ,')0O,00O/. in cash or Bank of England notes. 
 
 Latterly, however, the arrangements connected 
 with the clearing-house have been so much sim- 
 plilicd and improved, that neither notes nor coins 
 arc any longer required in settling the largest 
 transactions. The clearing-house itself, and the 
 various banking tirms and joint-stock companies 
 cdiineoted with it, have accounts at the Bank of 
 England; and the balances that were formerly 
 settled by a money payment are now settled by 
 transfers from one account to another. The 
 economy of money in the adjustment of large 
 transactions, occasioned by this and other contriv- 
 ances, accounts for the fact that the proportion of 
 notes of 20/, and upwards issued by the Bank lias 
 ciiiisiderably declined of late years, while that of 
 .y. and 10/. notes, which are used in ordinary 
 dealings, has been materially increased. 
 
 Originally the convenience of the clearing was 
 permitted to the private bankers only, but after 
 a lapse of time the private banks gave waj', and 
 admitted the joint-stock banks to share its ad- 
 vantages. Latterly, too, the clearing system has 
 been extended to the country banks, through their 
 liondon correspondents. These difliculties arose as 
 to the admission of these country establishments : — 
 The adoption of the system was likely to involve 
 some inconvenience to the London bankers in 
 the loss of time and additional trouble which the 
 ccmcession would involve. Then, again, it was 
 impossible to grant the convenience, in case the 
 loiiiitry bank deducted, as they sometimes did, a 
 small commission or percentage on checks drawn 
 oil their own house. And lastly, it was not al- 
 ways easy to accommodate the system to that rule 
 (if law which requires the person in whose favour 
 a check is drawn to present it as early as possible 
 f(ir payment. The Post-oflfice obviated to a great 
 ixtent the last ditliculty, and ultimately a plan 
 proposed by Sir John Lubbock was accepted, and 
 [lilt into operation. (For the details of this plan, 
 sue the Journal of the Statistical Societi/, Sep- 
 tember 18C5.) 
 
 There is another service, that of railways, to 
 which the advantages of a clearing are obvious. 
 Hallways have often running powers over each 
 other's lines; and even if they have no legal power 
 to use any neighbouring or adjoining line, which 
 may join their own, they constantly find it to be 
 a conveui'iuce to the public, and therefore an ad- 
 vantage to themselves, to issue through tickets 
 which will enable the purchaser to complete his 
 joumev without being put to the pains of 
 procuiing a second, or even several tickets ; or 
 
 CLOCK, CLOCKS 
 
 301 
 
 again to run their carriages on a neighbouring line, 
 or receive carriages belonging to another company 
 on their railroad; or lastly, to convey parcels 
 through without a fresh booking and additional 
 entries. But in order to balance their accounts 
 readily, it is necessary to have a speedy settle- 
 ment of these : hence they have established a 
 Railway Clearing, the form of wliich is analogous 
 to that established now nearly a hundred years 
 by the London bankers. 
 
 ■CLKAKING-IIOUSK. The place whero the 
 operation termed clearing is carried on, 
 
 CLOCK, CLOCKS (Gcr. uhreii, grosse uhren, 
 wiandunrhe ; Dutch, nuren, uurwerken, horolo- 
 gien ; Fr. horlogcs ; Ital. orologgi. oriiioli ; Span, 
 relojes; Kuss. tschasll). A kind of machine, put 
 in motion by a gravitating body, and so con- 
 structed as to divide, measure, and indicate the 
 successive portions of time with very great ac- 
 curacy. Most clocks mark tlie hour by striking or 
 chiming. It is a highly useful instrument, and 
 is extensively employed for domestic and jdiiloso- 
 phical purposes. Clocks are made of an endless 
 variety of materials and models, so as to suit the 
 different uses to which they arc to be applied, and 
 the different tastes of tlieir purchasers. Their 
 price consequently varies from a few shillings to 
 more than 100/. The Germans and Dutch are 
 particularly celebrated for their skill in the manu- 
 facture of wooden clocks ; while the English, 
 French, and Genevese, especially the former, liave 
 carried the art of making metallic clocks, so as to 
 keep time with the greatest precision, to a high 
 degree of perfection. 
 
 The history of the invention, introduction, and 
 successive improvements in the manufacture of 
 clocks has been carefully investigated by some 
 very learned and industrious antiquaries (see 
 Beckmann's History of Inventions, vol. i. pp. 419- 
 4G2, Eng. cd. ; and Itees's Cyclopadia) ; but, not- 
 withstonding these researches, the subject is still 
 involved in considerable obscurity. It, seems, 
 however, that the middle of the fourteenth cen- 
 tury may be regarded as the epoch when clocks, 
 having weights suspended as a moving power, 
 and a regulator, began to be introduced Tho 
 period when, and the individual by whom, the 
 pendulum was first applied to clockwork, have 
 been subjects of much contention, Galileo and 
 Huygens have disputed the honour of the dis- 
 covery. ' But whoever may have been the inventor, 
 it is certain that the invention never flourished 
 till it came into the hands of Huj'gens, who insists 
 that if ever Galileo thought of such a thing, he 
 never brought it to any degree of perfection. The 
 first pendulum clock made in England was in the 
 year 1062, by one Fromantel, a Dutchman.' 
 (Hutton's Mathematical Dictionary.) 
 
 The clock manufacture is of considerable im- 
 portance and value. It is carried on to a great 
 extent in London. 
 
 Previously to 1842 an ad valorem duty of 25 
 per cent., which was then reduced to 10 per cent., 
 was laid on all clocks when imported. In 1853 
 the duty was further reduced, and placed on a new 
 footing. It was repealed in 1800. We subjoin 
 
 An Account of the Numbers and Values of the 
 Clocks Imported in 1866, specif fing the Countries 
 whence they came. 
 
 Country 
 
 Number 
 
 V.lue 
 
 llollanil 
 France 
 
 UnileU Slates - 
 Other |iarts 
 
 39,0M 
 
 HO,177 
 
 131,^11) 
 
 612 
 
 £ 
 
 9,523 
 
 19l),3Vl 
 
 54,353 
 
 List 
 
 Total . 
 
 S5I,3S1 1 »5,S79 1 
 
 -lit 
 
'^•« ' « i iiilwi 
 
 302 
 
 CI/)TII 
 
 i! 
 
 On tlio (itlicr Imnd in IHCitl wo o\|inrf('(l j,774 
 cldcks, other limn llritisli, valued at DJtlHI., !in- 
 Hidcs Itritinli dock and watch movements of the 
 vnhie o( li>,H[Hl. 
 
 ClockmakcrH are obligod to engrave upon the 
 dial-plate of all clocks made by thorn their names 
 and Ihc place of their residence. It is illegal to 
 import except in transit, and sulijcct to such 
 rof;ulations as the Treasury may direct, clocks and 
 watches of any metal impressed with any mark or 
 stamp appearing to be or to represent anv legal 
 liritish assay mark or stam]), or purporting l)y 
 any mark or appearance to bo of the manul'acturc 
 of the United Kingdom. (10 &, 17 Vict. c. 107 
 s. 44.)_ 
 
 It is Haid, however, net to be nn iincommnn 
 practice among the less reputable portion of the 
 trade to engrave their names aii<l ' London ' on 
 foreign clocks and watches, and to sell them to 
 the public as English work. The fraud may be 
 detected by referring to any respectable watch- 
 maker. 
 
 l{y a Treasury order of Sept. -1, 1828, clocks 
 and watches for private use, thouglj not marked 
 in the manner now specified, may be admitte<l 
 on payment of the duty, on the parties making 
 adiclavit of their entire ignorance of the law in 
 ([uestion. 
 
 I'ersons hired by, or in the employment of, 
 clock and watchmakers, who shall fraudulently 
 embezzle, secrete, sell &c. any metal, material, or 
 precious stone, with which they may happen to be 
 intrusted, shall, upon trial and conviction before a 
 justice of the peace, forfeit 20/. for the first ollVnce ; 
 and for the second, and every siibsoiiuent offence, 
 they shall forfeit 40/. ; and, in default of payment, 
 they are to be committed to the house of correc- 
 tion. (27 Geo. II. c. 7 s. 1.) [Watch. J 
 
 CLOTH. [ Linen ; Wool ; &c. ] 
 
 CLOVER (Ger. klcc ; Dutch, klavcr ; f r. trefdc, 
 luzeme ; Ital. trifoglio ; Span, trebol ; Huss. trilist- 
 nik ; Lat. trifolium). A very important species of 
 grass. Some of the species in cultivation are annual, 
 others biennial or triennial, and others perennial. 
 The seed used formerly to be principally imported 
 from Holland, but that which is raised in this 
 country is now said to be of a superior qualitj'. 
 (Loudon's Encyclopadia of Agriculture.) Culture 
 for seed is, however, very precarious, and of un- 
 certain profit. 
 
 We have been for a lengthened period in the 
 habit of importing conniderable quantities of clover 
 seed ; and there can be little doubt, despite the 
 impioveraent of the home produce, that the im- 
 ports would have been much greater but for the 
 heavy duty of 2ns. a cwt. with which foreign 
 clover seed was formerly loaded. Such duty had 
 the mischievous effect of tempting farmers to use 
 seed of inferior quality, and fell with peculiar 
 severity on Scotland and those parts of the coun- 
 try which grow no seed. We are, therefore, glad 
 to have to state that after being reduced to lOs. a 
 cwt. in 1842, and to 5.s. per do. in 184(5, the duty 
 was finally repealed in 1853. In 18Gfi we im- 
 ported 220,014 cwt. clover seed, valued at 720,004/., 
 of which nearly a half came from France, while 
 our exports ainounted to only 4,493 cwt. The 
 price varied from 3/. 'is. to 3/. Is. Oe/. per cwt., that 
 of France being 3/. 5s. In 1807 the imports were 
 150,968 cwts., valued at 503,009/. 
 
 CLOVES (Ger. niiglein, gewurznelkcn ; Dan. 
 nclliker, krudenelliker ; Dutch, kruidnagclcn ; 
 Pol. gozdrik; Fr. clous de girollc, girofles; Ital. 
 chiovi di garofana, garofani, garoffoli ; Span, clavos 
 de especia, clavillos ; Port, craros da India, craros 
 girofes; Kuss. gwosdika; Arab, kereni'ul; Malay, 
 chookee; Chinese,- ting biang tsz' ting hiung). 
 
 CLOVES 
 
 The fruit, or rather cup, of ilie unopened flowers 
 of the clovi'-tree, or Ciin/o/ihi/lliis ariimntinis, Nat. 
 Order Mi/rldcua: It is not Uiiown when this 
 spice was introduced into European markets. 
 Ill the middle ages, however, it was brought by 
 the Venetians and tlciioese by the route over 
 the highlands of Armenia, by that from llagda 1 
 to Lycia, and by the Itcd Sea and the Nile. It was 
 by far the costliest of Eastern spices. In 132'J 
 the fellows of Mertoii College, Oxford, bought 
 cloves at the rate of 1/. l,*. 4(1. per lb. (troy) in 
 money of the time; that is, at not less than 12/. T.'s. 
 ill mdderii value. In 1719 cloves were purchased 
 at 12s. per lb. 
 
 The dove-tree is a native of the Moluccas. 
 Though its natural ran >! was limited, it grew 
 abundantly in all the islands; but th« Dutch, for 
 reasons given below, succeeded in extirpating tin' 
 plant in all the islands except Amboyna aiiii 
 Tcriiafe. A Frenchman, however, one I'oirie, the 
 governor of Mauritius and Itourbon, contrived to 
 export several trees to the islands under Ids 
 government : thence they have spread to Cayenne 
 and the West Indies, to Hra/.il, to Sumatra, and 
 Zanzibar. 
 
 They were first introduced into the islands of 
 Zanzibar and Pemba about 1830 from the Mauri- 
 tius : they throve, and the cultivation has iioiv 
 iUmost entirely superseded that of sugar aiul 
 rice, formerly the chief products of those islands. 
 The average crop of Zanzibar cloves is .iboiit 
 2(J0,000 farasluhs, or about 7,000,000 lbs,, valued 
 a., .diout 85,000/. Owing to the increased pni- 
 ductioii, the price has fallen about 70 per cent, 
 within a few years. In Colonel Polly's IJeport 
 for 1800, published in 1803, the value of the 
 cloves exported from Zanzibar is stated ;is 
 5.'),000/., the quantity having been 4,800,100 llis. 
 Export duties are not charged on the cloves shipped 
 from Zanzibar. 
 
 Cloves arc shaped like a nail ; whence the naino. 
 from the French clou, nail ; about lines loiif;, 
 plump and heavy. They are imported from tlic 
 Dutch settlements ; the best in chests, and iin 
 inferior kind in bags. The best variety of the 
 Amboj'na cloves is smaller and blacker than 
 the other varieties, verv scarce, and, as a ni.iil; 
 of pre-eminence, is termed the Poyal clove. 
 Good cloves have a strong, fragrant, aromatic 
 odour; and a hot, acrid, aromatic taste, whidi is 
 very permanent. They should be chosen lar{;f 
 sized, perfect in all parts ; the colour should he ,■; 
 dark brown, almost approaching to black; ami, 
 when bandied, should leave an oily moisture upon 
 the fingers. Good cloves are sometimes aclul- 
 terated bj' mixing them with those from which 
 oil has been drawn ; but these are weaker than 
 the rest, and of a paler colour ; anil whenever lliey 
 look shrivelled, having lost the knob at the tup, 
 and are light and broken, with but little smell or 
 taste, thej^ should be rejected. As cloves readily 
 absorb moisture, it is not uncommon, when a ijuan- 
 tity is ordered, to keep them beside a vessel of 
 water, by which means a coD^iderable additi<jii is 
 made to their weight. Cloves contain a very larp;i' 
 amount of volatile oil, the quantity being "nearly 
 20 per cent. They are also, it is said, verj' rici 
 in tannin. Every portiim of the tree is aromatic, 
 and has been subjected to distillation ; but uniler 
 existing circumstances the supply of this article, 
 once .so scarce and precious, is abundant. The 
 use of cloves in cookery is familiar to every one. i 
 but they enter also largely into perfumer)-, and 
 are used in the Pharmacopoeias of this country and 
 the United States. (Thomson's Dispcnsatoryu 
 Milburn's Oriental Commerce; British JPkirma-\ 
 copceia, 1807.) 
 
 V„r,n,„f,j„, 
 .iTom Ihoe.NM,, 
 "M 102.i, ,|„.',j 
 "V'y ''Xcepi,.,!, 
 <;l 'he.MoJ,u,t.,„ 
 
 ''"'■' •■'■•< lo thee; 
 ;:' ■''''(,rl-si^,||f(,,| 
 J";ve, .seM,„i. eo 
 P"'.V. 'J'lie ol,j,, 
 i'';"'v was rioi t, 
 
 ;;' '^;'"^L's, i.ut („ , 
 
 '"""■'<• 'I'hev n, 
 
 "•"'II a stunted 
 
 l"-"l'l from a ira.i 
 
 l''".iiiioiit fora ve 
 
 '".I'revcnt tlioir i 
 
 ".'■"W <'<nin(eract( 
 
 ;;.7^ "HO- suhjec, 
 
 ■^'"'l'.^-- 'That, 
 
 Wdateandeon, 
 
 •^ "'>'»ght prop 
 
 \^r} I'vorywhercf 
 
 I' >!• po,vc.r; and 
 
 ' ''?''e-^tn,ctio„. 
 
 , ;• .-'.'"-''■"ntracis 
 "^■^■tvisusthesurro 
 Snnvth of cloves w 
 'M,'nng „p ,vi,h a „, 
 ".'.■^•"•"lic rigour n 
 
 "{"'"■•"•"•o.^'a 'sea 
 «■'"'.•'' t'e clove trad 
 ;'^'-'<^' into effect U , 
 W""dsl,e(l-tl,o CO in 
 ''^''>f"n„,ofwhiclu 
 •" ";e worst condit o" 
 Krcat monopolize".;"' 
 "ent whose duty i "s 
 
 ^«';M hardly devLe , 
 
 "f'Tti, or injur oils tJ 
 ■^■""ed in a barbarous 1 
 "I""' the charact r "of 
 jcvero in it. "' 
 
 'J' if curious to remJ 
 
 ;«"-'-.ving,hede(,3 
 
 •t once impose ,„, I 
 
 ilienisdves. The I 
 
 ;';:':"'•': '.V, but ti^;'J 
 
 «",lt,vator brings f 
 
 "f'-'-yhfreitissubiJ 
 
 "' .""'-''ftl' for pavZ,*] 
 
 ' '!' »'Hl "lilitar^" fl eel 
 
 "-Kleris/ixed-at'thel 
 
 ''".':"'•• I>ut before n1 
 
 '■ (or he clii<.r,, „ ' 
 
 :5 1 ™v . °P"">sh doll 
 "■ I'leul, or Vi^ M 
 
 Wm 
 
 r!''"-^l>-'otLewar?/?pr 
 
 r^»-«'/.tTeibl8^/'?"j 
 
 h-',-';Vvtcr:;T 
 
CLOVES 
 
 I'lilln/ iif the Diilih ii^ In tlif Triiilv in ('Aires. — 
 Vroiii I lie ('\|iiil>iiii; ol'tln' lOiif^lisli friiin Ambdymi 
 ill l(l".i:l, I lie Diilcli h.ivc, a few .sliort intervals 
 only ex('e|iti(l, eiijiiycil tile exclusive |)(is.sessi(in 
 dl' the Miiliii'eiis, (ir Cliive l.slatuls. In their eon- 
 duct as Icp tile cldve trade llieyexhiliited a deforce 
 (pr.slnirl-'-ii;litcd ra|pacity which has hccii, we lie- 
 liive, .-eldoiii ((iiialled even in the annals ofnic iiu- 
 |ioly. Tile clijict (if the Dutch liasi India C(ini- 
 paiiv was nut In ciiciiura};e the fjrowth and trade 
 (if cloves, luit to coiiline lioth withhi the narrowest 
 limits. I'liey [ireferred deriving a larjje )iro(it, 
 iruin a stunted and jietty trade, to a. moderate 
 limlli from a trade that inif^ht have nlForded em- 
 liloynieiit for a very larj^e amount o4' capital; and 
 t" prevent their narrow and seKisli projects from 
 liciii;^ eounleraited by the operations of the na- 
 tives, they suhjccted them to the most revoltiiif^ 
 tyranny. 'That thev niif;ht,' says Mr. Crawfnrd, 
 ' iej;iilate and control production and price just as 
 tliev thought proper, the olove-trees were extir- 
 pated everywhere but in Amhovnn, the seat of 
 tlieir power ; and the surrounding |irinoes were 
 lirilied by annual stipends to league with them 
 fur the destruction of their subjects' property and 
 birthright. This plan was begun about the year 
 \'ii) 1 . The contracts are still in force, and an annual 
 tloet visits the surrounding islands to suppress the 
 growth of cloves, which in their natiye country 
 >pring up with a luxuriance which these measures 
 iif Satanic rigour, and of sacrilege towards boun- 
 tiful nature, can scarce repress. 15y the iilan on 
 which the clove trade is now conducted — a jilan 
 ciirried into etTect through so much iniijuity and 
 liidodshed — the country of spices is rendered a 
 iiotty farm, of which the natural owners are reduced 
 hi the worst condition of predial slavery; and the 
 great monopoliser and oppressor is that Govern- 
 ment whose duty it should have been to insure 
 fncdom and afford protection. Human ingenuity 
 ffliild hardly devise a plan more destructive of 
 iniiiPtry, more hostile to the growth of iiublic 
 wealth, or injurious to morals, than this system 
 friuucd in a barbarous age ; and it retlccts disgrace 
 ui«iii the character of a civilised people to pcr- 
 ?evore in it. 
 
 ' 1( is curious to remark how the monopolisers, 
 ill carrying the details of this system into effect, 
 at once impos? upon the natives and deceive 
 llieinselvos. The nommal )irice paid to the na- 
 tives is actually above the natural price of the 
 nimiiiodity, but they arc cheated in the details. 
 Tlio cultivator brings his produce to the public 
 ftdres, where it is subjected at once to a deduction 
 4 one-fifth for poynient of the salaries of the 
 livil and military oflicers. The price of the re- 
 maiiiiler is fixed ot the rate of 9'G Spanish dollars 
 ilic picul : but before payment is made, another 
 iloiliK'tion of one-fifth is made ; one-half of which 
 i- tor the chiefs or rajas, and the other for the 
 native elders, who arc overseers of the forced 
 It lire. The real price, therefore, paid to the 
 I -Tiiwcr is 8 Spanish dollars per iiicul, or 3Jrf. per 
 \ avoirdupois, instead of H— Spanish dollars 
 ir picul, or -I'id., which is pretended to be 
 I -iven. 
 ' When cloves have been sold on the spot, the 
 riio usually exacted has been about G4 Spanish 
 Jlnis the picul, or 8 times the price paid to the 
 'iltiviitor. The average price in Holland, prc- 
 j'iiiusly to the war of the trench revolution, was 
 liliout (is. per lb., or 177-iS- Spanish dollars per 
 l;ioiil, being 2,122 per cent, advatice on the real cost 
 Tf the coinmodity in the place of its grow th. When 
 linnii^lit direct to England, thev cost at an aver- 
 k'l' 3s. M. the lb., making 108^'-/- Spanibh dollars 
 Ivr picul, an advance on the natural export price 
 
 COACHES an3 
 
 of l,2.">.'i per cent.' {/■'astern Archipelago, vol. iii. 
 pp. ;(«s-;i;io.) 
 
 lliit it Would be most unfair to the Government 
 and people of Holland not to mention that this 
 oppressive system has been entirely abolished. 
 As respects the culture of cKives, it is now carried 
 on upon nearly the same plan that has been 
 adopted in Juvr. in respect to the culture of coffee 
 and most other articles, and is not very different 
 from that under which opium is raised in liengal. 
 A certain extent of land is assigned to each village 
 for the growth of spices; and the produce, whiili 
 the villagers are bound to raise, is delivered to the 
 (iovernment, at certain lixed rates. And provided 
 these are reasoiuible, which wo ore assured is the 
 case, we incline to think that this is the best plan 
 that can lie pursued. If left to follow their own 
 views, it is all hut certain that t lie natives would con- 
 tine their attention to the culture of the few articles 
 necessary for their subsistence, and tliat the pro- 
 duction of spices would be either wholly neglected 
 or prosecuted only to a trifling extent. (Tem- 
 minck, I'ossessions Neerlandalscs dans flnde Arclii- 
 petaijique, iii. pp. 202 — 211.) 
 
 It was supposed for a lengthened period that 
 cloves were a product peculiar, to the Moluccas, 
 and that they could not be raised elsewhere ; and 
 thisnotion seems tohavestimulatedthc Dutch Kast 
 lndiaCom|iany to obtain the monopoly of the trade. 
 This notion is, however, far from being so well 
 founded as was at first .supposed. It is true that 
 the attempts to cultivate the clove-tree in Surinam 
 have not been very successful, and that in Java, 
 where its prospects were believed to bo. highly 
 favourable, it has not answered. This, however, 
 is not the case with the plantations that have been 
 tried in other places. Those, for example, that 
 have been formed in Prince of Wales Island (for- 
 merly Puln I'enanif) have been singularly suc- 
 cessful, and furnish considerable supplies of the 
 finest cloves. (Thornton's East India Gazetteer, 
 iv. 175.) They are also jiretty extensively grown 
 in the Isle de I{t?union (ci-devant Isle de 
 Ilourbon), at Bencoolen, in Sumatra, and other 
 places. 
 
 Of 900,057 lbs, cloves we imported in 1857, no 
 fewer than 87.'i,7U) lbs. are said to have been 
 supplied by the Brili.sli East Indies ; but of those, 
 considerable quantities were no doubt derived 
 indirectly from the Dutch possessions, and from 
 the Isle de Reunion, the Mauritius &c. 
 
 The Duty on Cloves was considerably reduced 
 in 1819 ; and there was, in consequence, a consi- 
 derable increase in the consumption of the article, 
 though not nearly so great as it would have been 
 had it been supplied under a more liberal system. 
 It was farther reduced in 1812 to G^d. per lb., 
 and in 1853 to 2d. It was repealed in 18f)0. In 
 18CG we imported 1,21 3,467 lbs., valued at 18,845/,, 
 and exported 1,441,817 lbs. In the London mar- 
 ket, in June 1867, the price of cloves varied, 
 Amboyna from 4Jrf. to 5^d. per lb. ; Penang and 
 IJencoolen from 'Jj^d. to is, O^rf. ; Zanzibar from 
 3(/. to 'd\d. per do. 
 
 COACHES. Vehicles for commodious travelling. 
 They have sometimes two, and sometimes four 
 wheels. The body of the coach is generally sus- 
 pended, by means of springs, upon the framework 
 to which the wheels arc attached. They are 
 usually drawn by horses, or impelled by steam. 
 The forms and varieties of coaches are almost 
 innumerable. 
 
 1. Historical Notice. — Beckmann has investi- 
 gated the early history of coaches with his usual 
 care and learning. It is certain that a species of 
 coaches were used at Rome ; but whether they 
 were hung on springs, like those now made use of 
 
 
 i • ( 
 
 I ■ 
 
804 
 
 COACH KS 
 
 I , 
 
 is not CPrtnin. After the mihvcrsion of the Homnn 
 power, liomclmck wa« nlnidxt the only mode of 
 Iriivellin^'. About the end of the fifleriitli cen- 
 tury, however, covered earrinf?e« l)e(;nn to Ix^ em- 
 ployrd l>y persoHH of distinction on >;reiit. occasions. 
 In l,').'i(( there were nt Paris only three coaches; 
 one of which belonged to tlie queen ; another to 
 the celebrated I»iaiia of Poitiers; and the third to 
 a cor]iuleiit, unwieldy nobleman, l!en<5 do Laval, 
 lord of liois-Danphin. Coaches wore seen for the 
 tirsttitne, in Spain, in IWd. They hejjan to be nsod 
 in Kn^laiid alwuit UiHO, anil were in common use 
 amoMf; the nobility in the henintiiii); of the seven- 
 lecnth century. (Jlintory nf JnvenlUms, vol. i. pp. 
 Ill, I'll, Hnj;. trans.) 
 
 2. Mdniifiiclure of Ciirriapes. — This is a depart- 
 ment of conslderabio value and iinportatice. The 
 best built and handsomest carriages are made in 
 London, where only the trade of a coach currier is 
 carried on ; bi.t the carriaf^es inadc at Kdinbur);li 
 and some other places are also very superior. 
 Down to lH->^t a duty was laid on all carriages 
 made for sale ; and, supposing; that at an average 
 carriages mav last for 10 years, an ain.ual supply 
 of from 2'.»,0l'>0 to ,10,000 new carriages woidd be 
 required to keep up the stock of Ihose that are 
 now (IHtil!) charged with duty, ex hackney car- 
 riages. 
 
 if. Jiulien on Ciirrmpea. — These duties have been 
 long imposed, and have tliictuated considerably at 
 different periods. The table on page ;50(i shows 
 the luimbcr of four-wheeled and other carriages 
 (exclusive of hackney coaches) charged with 
 duties in 18.it> and IHW>. 
 
 4. Stnfjc Conches, TravcUing hij. — Owing to the 
 improvement in the breed of horses and the 
 building of carriages, but above all to the extra- 
 ordinary improvements that were effected within 
 the last halfcenturyinthelayingout.constructiim, 
 and keeping of roads, the ordinary rate of travel- 
 ling by stage coaches, previously to their all but 
 total extinction by railway .i, was seldom under!) 
 or 10 miles an ho'tir, stoppages included, and, on 
 some roads, was as much as 11 or 12. The stages 
 liaving been shortened, this speed was not found 
 to be materially more injurious to the horses than 
 the slower rate atwhicli they previously travelled. 
 The surface of the ropds being perfectly smooth, 
 and most .sharp turns or rapid descents having 
 been got rid of, travelling even at this rate was 
 comparatively safe ; and it was surprising, con- 
 sidering the number of coaches, how few accidents 
 occurred. They were occasioned, for the most 
 part, by the misconduct of the drivers, and prin- 
 cipally by their endeavouring to make up by 
 increased speed for time lost at stoppages, or by 
 their attempting to pass each other. It Ls, per- 
 hai)s, needless to add that since the opening of 
 railways between all the principal. places of the 
 coinitry, travelling by stage coaches no longer 
 exists, except in a few remote districts, and has 
 become a matter of history. 
 
 lAtip n.i to Staffe Coarhrs. — This is chiefly em- 
 bodied in the Acts 2 & S Wm. IV. c. 120, and 
 3 & 4 VVm. IV. c. 48. 
 
 Definition. — A stage coach is .iny carriage tra- 
 velling along the road at tho rate of 3 miles or 
 mora an hour, without regard to form, provided 
 the pas.scngers pay separate fares for their places 
 therein; but all carriages used wholly on a rail- 
 way, or impelled by steam, arc excepted from this 
 delinition. (2 & 3 Wm. IV. c. 120 s. 4.) 
 
 Licenses, Duties §c. — The license duties im- 
 posed by this Act, and the ir.ileage, or duty on pas- 
 sengers travelling by stage carriages, were repealed 
 in 18.53, and the following license duties imposed 
 in their stead, viz. : — 
 
 Pontmiuters : — Licenses to Lei Horses for Hire. 
 
 I'lTiiin* hwi'ln^ I hnr^ or 1 rnrriaftf • 
 Not •kc»nlinf( *i „ V cUTii^vi ■ 
 ■* ,1 •'' ., • 
 
 H ,. « „ • 
 
 I'' .• '> ,. 
 I'i >• VI ., 
 VI „ 11 
 l-'xrpftliiiK l.'i I'iirriaKtfi - . - 
 
 KiffMllnu -til tinr*««, tlirii for evtTy lutilittmi 'I 
 numlM-r of 10 hnr..'i, Antl fur niiv ndiliiloti.il 
 iniiiili«>r \vt\ llian 10, over and itlioTu *ii>, or imj 
 ulUvr iniiiil|ilf uf In lior.v«i thu furltur addi- 
 Oonal tluljr of • « 
 
 £ 
 
 f. 
 
 4. 
 
 7 
 
 Ill 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 111 
 
 II 
 
 vo 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 M 
 
 II 
 
 (» 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 .'.() 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 no 
 
 (1 
 
 II 
 
 71) 
 
 u 
 
 M 
 
 10 o 
 
 The duty of Is. Id. per milt* on every fiiir pas- 
 senger;) conveyed by railway, imposed by the 2 it 
 3 Wm. IV. c. 12!), having been found to operate 
 unequally and oppressively, was repealed in I8rj 
 by the .") A (i Vict. c. ,')!). This Act imposed, at the 
 same time, a duty of t> per cent, on all receipts 
 from passengers (testricted by the 7 4 8 Vict. c. 
 M.'i H. !) to tliose paying more than id. per mile) 
 by railways. 
 
 An important alteration in the excise laws regu- 
 lating stage carriages was en'ecteil in IHIi.'l, 2(i & 
 27 Vict. c. 32, which inter alia enacted that the 
 duties then payabh; for tiie licenses and stage car- 
 riages thereinaftcrdescribed should be reduced, and 
 in lieu of these diities there should bo paid in (ireat 
 Itritain for every original license, to be taken out 
 ycjirly, to keep a stage carriage to carry not 
 more than 8 passengers at one time, the dtitv 
 of ll).*., and for every supplementary license for 
 the same carriage, which shall be taken out in any 
 case allowed by law during the period for which 
 such original license was granted, the duty of IW. 
 
 And for every mile which any such .stage car- 
 riage shall be licensed to travel, the duty of J(/. 
 
 Penalty on canying more than 8 passengers 10/. 
 
 Licenses may be granted (at tho discretion of 
 the (Commissioners of Inland Keyenuc) for short 
 periods. 
 
 I. d. 
 
 For a carriage witli 1 tiorse. • 1 dnjr - .1 o 
 
 a hnrww - ,. ' 'j 
 
 more ttian 2 tiorse* ,. - 111 u 
 
 II for longer than one day, half the above rates 
 for each additional day, up to six days. 
 
 Stage Coaches. — The duties levied on stage 
 co.nchcs by the Act 2!) & 30 Vict, c. 3G are as 
 follow : — 
 
 For every mile which any stage carriage shall 
 be licensed to travel in Great liritain, the excise 
 duty of \d. In the Eleventh Keport of the Com- 
 missioners of Inland Kevcnuc it is stated that 
 the result of the reduction of the dutj" to \d. was 
 an increase in the mileage in the "year ended 
 .lune 30, 1807, to 34,054,798, or 1,179,000 over 
 the return of the previous vear ; but the mileage 
 duty fell from 130,08.5/. to 40,742/. 
 
 The following are the rates payable for liorses 
 4c. let to hire under this Act after July 6, 18G(i :— 
 
 U^erp the person takini; out a licence nholl ktvp 
 at one una ttie bdnie time and 1ft to tiire 1 lior.e £ t. d. 
 or 1 r.irriage only • > . . Ft i) II 
 
 Z liorteA and 'i carriage* • 
 
 ID 
 l.'i 
 
 so 
 
 M 
 .W 
 41" 
 hi) 
 HO 
 70 
 
 r. „ 5 „ . 
 
 S ,. R „ • 
 
 \'i „ 'i „ - 
 
 Hi „ \t „ 
 
 VII ,. 1.1 „ 
 Kxceeding I'i carriairea 
 
 KxL-erdiiiK VI) hor>e^, then f'lr 'eacit additional 
 niimluT of ID liorse.. and for any additional 
 number It^s than ID, over and above VO. or any 
 otlier multiple of lU horses, the further addi- 
 lional tlulv of - - . - 10 
 
 in lieu of the dutitt now payable on such licenses. 
 
 Stage carriage licenses expire on the first Sun- 
 day of November. 
 
 Stage carriage licenses may be taken out for a 
 quarter of a year. Each quarter to be i^ccmcd to 
 commence on April 1, July 1, Oatobcr i, January 1, 
 and the license payable being one-fourth of the 
 annual sum due. 
 
 Sfflgo can 
 mav 1)0 tran.v 
 niint of J 
 >itnge cari^iagi 
 or with recall 
 or with impr 
 e.K h by a pci 
 28.) 
 
 I'emtlt;/ on . 
 
 not the (Iwner 
 
 f'i»fiini; J'/„ 
 
 Xiiinrs of / 
 
 i'i legilile iiiid 
 
 o( the extreme 
 
 ■"'iii'l he liceiisi 
 
 her of pnssengi 
 
 "iit.iiile. ivna 
 
 •''■ _ (Sec. ,■«;.) 
 
 Cirtnin Ctirr, 
 or Lu;i,i„,i,.^ yj 
 shall he nioro tli 
 or the bearing o 
 ili.itaiice bet wee 
 wheels, shall ba 
 •'/• (■'^ec. ;(7.) 
 
 Lupgiijie on t 
 
 /f eight, viz. K) f, 
 
 carriage drawn h 
 
 niches from ditt< 
 
 horses. Driven 
 
 is committed lial 
 
 'I'he clauses in 
 
 'iliiij,' lothedisti 
 
 iiave beenrepeale 
 
 wliich .substitutes 
 
 A'liinberofOuts, 
 
 .stage carriage wii 
 
 '■(•of of whii'h sha 
 
 ehes from the groii 
 
 "'Pffround .shall no 
 
 'he centre of the t 
 
 lict 
 
 ol 
 
COACIIKS 
 
 30.') 
 
 Stn^c cnrriflKfi licrnHco (lurinR their currency 
 miiv lio trnn.tt'i'rrpd liy ciulorscmont. 
 
 /fd/if (>/■ y,i(T;.,ic At. — Kci'pini;, iiMiiijr A,;, niiy 
 ht.i','"' rarriiiKo willio'it a license, iif willicpiit plates, 
 <ir willi recalled pl'iten, (irciint.rar/ totheir liceiisen, 
 <.r wirh improper plates, or! oflence.s pnnisliable 
 each by n penalty of 20/. ('.s dc 3 Win. IV. bh. i!7, 
 ■•X.) 
 
 I'miillif nn Drivers of CiHtclien without l'lntr», if 
 lint the (iwner, 10/. ; it' the owner, I'l)/. (.Sec. :iO.) 
 
 t'lirfjimi J'liitfs, a misdenseanor. (Sec. .'12.) 
 
 \iiiiirf of Projirii'lom ,S'c. to lie paintiil oiitnidc, 
 in lef^ible and eonspieiious characters ; Iho names 
 ot the extreme places between which siK'h earria^je 
 shall be licensed lo (^o ; and uImo the ^jrente.st num- 
 ber of pas.sen^jers licetiHed to be carried inside and 
 eiitsiile. I'enallv for nef;lectinK this particular, 
 
 .V. (See. ;«;.) 
 
 Crrtiiin Cftrrinr/en not to earn/ Oiitaiih Piifnengi'rn 
 iir Ltifiiiiiiir, vi/. tboie the lop or roof of which 
 slinll be more tbnn H fctlt inches from thej^roiind, 
 iir the hearint; of which on the ground, that is, the 
 distance between the centres of the tracks of the 
 wheels, shall bi' less than -l feet C inches, I'enaltv, 
 .-,/. (.Sec. ;)7.) 
 
 Luflfjiiije on the Roof not to exceed a eertttin 
 Ifeii/ht, viz. 10 feet It inches from the f;roiind on a 
 i'.irriafje drawn by 4 or more horses ; and 10 feet .'( 
 inches from ditto if on a carriaKo drawn by 2 or 11 
 horses. Driver of any carria^je where sncli otTence 
 is committed liable in ,i peiialtv of i>l. (Sec. 4U.) 
 
 The clauses in the Act 2 &. :i Win. IV. e. 120 re- 
 laliuf; to the distribution of outside passengers itc. 
 have been repealed by the Act .'t & I Win. 1 V. c. 18, 
 vliich substitutes the foUowinf; in their stead : — 
 
 A'umberof Outside I'as^emjers S^c. — Any licensed 
 stafjc carriage with 4 wliccis or more, the top or 
 roof of which shall not be more than 8 feet !) in- 
 ches from the ground, aud the bearing of which on 
 the ground shall not be less t ban 4 feet (1 inches from 
 the centre of the tracks of the wlieels, if such car- 
 riage shall be licensed to carry any number not 
 more than t) passengers, shall be allowed to carry 
 not more than Ti of such passengers outside; and 
 if licensed to carry more than 9 and not more 
 than l2 passengers, shall he allowed to carry not 
 more than 8 of such passengers outside ; and if 
 licensed to carry more than 12 and not more 
 than 1 .') passengers, shall be allowed to carry not more 
 than 1 1 of such piissengers outside ; and if licensed 
 to carry more than 15 and not more than 18 pas- 
 sengers, shall he allowed to carry not more than 
 12 of such passengers outsido; and if licensed to 
 itirrv any greater number than 18 pa.ssengers, 
 shall be allowed to carry not more than 2 additional 
 jiasscngers outside for every 3 additional passen- 
 f;i'is which such carriage shall be so licensed to 
 ivirry in the whole ; provided that in no case a 
 Lrrcaler number of passengers shall be carrietl on 
 lUe outside than is authorised by the license. If 
 inure he carried, driver lo forfeit 5/. (Sec. 2.) 
 
 Dime), Guard, and Children in lap not to be 
 • liuiited as passengers : 2 children under 7 years 
 reckoned as one passenger. (Sec. 3.) 
 
 i\'() person to sit on Lwtgagc on the Roof, nor 
 nidrc than 1 person besides driver on the box. 
 IViially Uh (Sec. 14.) 
 
 Justices, Road-mirveyors, Toll-keepers SfC. autho- 
 riseil to cause stage carriages and luggage to be 
 measured ; any passenger authorised to reciuire the 
 driver to stop at a toll-gate and to require the 
 sale-keeper to measure tlie carriage and luggage, 
 ,111(1 to count the number of inside and outside pas- 
 songers. Penalty on ilriver refusing to stop, u/. ; 
 on );ftte-keeper neglecting to provide a measure, 
 (T refusing to measure and count, 5/. (2 & 3 
 Wm. iV. c. 120 s. 45.) 
 
 Conduct .1/ Driven f-c. — Drivers nuitting thn 
 box liefore a proper person shall stand at the heail 
 of the horses ; such person leaving the horses be- 
 fore some other person shall be placed in like 
 manner, or have the command of the horses, or be- 
 fore tlu' driver has resumed his ^eat on the box 
 and taken the reins; driver allowing any passen- 
 ger or other person todrive for him, or leaving the 
 box without any reasonable occasion, or for n 
 longer lime than is absolutely necessary ; concealin); 
 o. 'iiisplacing plates; guard discharging lirc-arnix 
 unnecessarily ; driver, conductor, or guard nejjlect- 
 ing to take care of luggage ; asking more than 
 t\\'.'. proper fare ; neglecting to account to his eni- 
 liloyer; or assaulting or using abusive language 
 to any person having travelled, or about to travel, 
 as a passenger, or to any person accompanying 
 the same; shall in each and every such case for- 
 feit :>l. (See. 47.) 
 
 Jhiinkemwss ^'c. — Drivers, conductors, or guards 
 having the care of any stage carriage, emlatigiring 
 through intox'cation, negligence, or wanton and 
 furious driving, the safety of any passenger or 
 other person, or the property of the owner of such 
 carriage or other person, shall eatli person so 
 oU'ending forfeit 5/. (Sec. 4'.t.) 
 
 Ou-iiers lialile for penalties, when driver or guard 
 is not known or cannot be found. (Sec. 41>.) 
 
 Mail coaches are under the regulations of 
 th.' rostmaster-General ; ajid the cnactmcntH 
 in this A^t as to jilatea, inscriptions, outside pas- 
 sengers, and luggage <lo not extend tc' them; 
 but the other regulations as lo the conduct 
 of drivers, guards &c. do apply to them. Mail 
 coaches have only four outside passengers: one 
 on the box, and three i.umcdiately behind the 
 box. No passenger allowed to sit beside the 
 guard. 'I'lie rale of travelling, the time al- 
 lowed for 8to))piiges, the quantity of luggage 
 to be carried A'c. are all regulated by the I'ost- 
 master-tieneral. 
 
 Rates of Duty on Carriaf/es. — These arc fixed by 
 the IC & 17 Met. c. 90 asfoUows, viz.:— 
 
 Annu<tl Duty for 
 caL'h CaniAj(B 
 
 For everv sm-h carriatfe with 4 wh«TU ; 
 
 \Vlicri> Ihf htiiiit? Khali be drawn h ' 2 or more 
 l.nrsi-s or rimles • 
 
 And wilt re Ihe same khall be drawn bj 1 
 luirse or inult* only 
 For fvi iv larriiigf wiih 1 whei'li,e;uh being ol' 
 le«!> diameter than ."^O liirhes : 
 
 Whfre the same t.hall lie tlr.iwn by 'i or more 
 iionies or niuli% neither of tlieni eneediiiK 
 1.1 hands in lieixhl 
 
 And where the name shall lie drawn by I such 
 pony or mule fiiily . - . 
 
 For every carriage « Ith less than i wheels i 
 
 Whi'ie the Mine hhall be drawn by 2 or more 
 hor-es or mules • . - - 
 
 And where the rame shall te drawn by 1 
 horse or mule only ... 
 
 And where the same shall be drawn tiy I 
 |iony or mule only, not exceetlinK 13 hands 
 in lielKht .... 
 
 And where any siifh oarrlaKe shall be kept 
 and used solely lor Ihe purjiose of beinif let 
 for hire 
 For every carriaite useii by any common carrier 
 ]iTiiu'i)ially and bon4 (iite for and in the 
 carryinK of itootts, vvare^, or merehanilise, 
 whereby he sh til seek a livelthiHKl, where 
 such carrinKe shall be occasionally only ased 
 in conveyiKK iiassengers for hire, and In 
 siii-h manner that the stage carrbige duty 
 or any comiiosition tor the same shall^ not 
 tie payable under any license by the Cotn- 
 missii'iiiers of Inland Hevenue : 
 
 \Vliere such last-nientioned carriage shall 
 have I wheels - • - - 
 
 And where the same shall have lest than 4 
 wheels . . - - 
 
 Rules for charging the said Duties. 
 
 1. The said duties to be respectively charged for 
 every coach, landau, chariot, chaise, sociable, 
 caravan, curricle, chair, or car, and fjrevci.' other 
 carriage constructed for tiie like purposes, by 
 
 X •■ 
 
 J. 
 
 3 10 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1 l.'i 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 One half of the 
 aliove-ineii* 
 tioned duties 
 refllie<:tively 
 
 S fi 
 
 s 
 
 1 K 
 
 R 
 
KiiMitfiiiliNiiiMM 
 
 I f 
 ! 
 
 300 COACHES 
 
 whatever nnmc or .inmcs the same Bliall bo called 
 or known, and upon all such carriages hired by the 
 yeiir or any longer pcrioil, and upon all such 
 carrinRos kept to be let out to hire, 
 
 '..'. riio duty on carriages kept to be let out tr 
 hire to be p.aid bj- the person keeping the same for 
 Hucb p.irpoKe, and to be charp-ed on tha greatest 
 !ninil)er of such carriages which shall have been 
 kept at any one time, and which shall have been 
 actually let during the preceding year; provided 
 thai if a due return tl'cnof shall not be made by 
 th(^ hirer of any snt'h cai-sage, according to the 
 directions of the Acts ii. force, stating therein the 
 name and placi of abode of the person letting the 
 same to hire, such hirer shall bo cliargcable with 
 the said duties. 
 
 COAL 
 
 Numbers of Stage and llavkncy Cnrr'uwes. — In 
 the year ending March 31, 18li7, 9,099 stage and 
 hackney carriages paid Excise license duty in iinai 
 Britain, to the amount of 13,171/., the proportimi 
 being about 30 in England for 1 in .Scollainl. 
 The duty, for what reason it is not easy to divijK . 
 does not extend to Ireland. (For an account (i 
 Hackney Coaciiks, see the term; and Kjiilw^x 
 Carriages, see Uailways.) 
 
 In iSfiG we exported 798 rarriagcs and cart:^ 
 valued at 70,698/., besides 1,0,")7 railway passengir 
 carriages of the value of ir>,"),711/., and (Jti8 rail- 
 w.\v waggons and trucks wortli 37,8 10/. 
 
 During the years ended \pril 5, 1800 and \i<\\\',, 
 carriages were charged under Assessed Taxes, ;iiiil 
 produced as follows, viz, : — 
 
 Citrinces with 4 wheels, drawn hy 2 nr more i..)rse3 
 1 hnrse 
 witit le^s tli.in 4 wheels, drawn by 2 or more 
 horses .-...- 
 
 1 horse - 
 Ditto, usetl by ctrricrs .... 
 Totals - ; 
 
 18.56 
 
 ISBfi 
 
 
 Articlen 
 Charged 
 
 Amount of PutT 
 
 Articles 
 Cliarxed 
 
 .12,17.'- 
 7U.51S 
 
 200 
 
 17S,.1.1I 
 
 fi,772 
 
 Amount of Duty 
 
 21, -.I.'. 
 47,761 
 
 21.1 
 
 147,11.10 
 .S471 
 
 X J. d. 
 S.I, 1 Si 1.'. 
 84,792 lU U 
 
 477 
 
 10.1,270 7 6 
 
 9,119 1.1 4 
 
 £ t. rf. 
 
 lm,72t .') 1) 
 H4,89U lU U 
 
 .in.") 
 126, 197 .'. (1 
 11,.V.M G S 
 
 22,'>,24n 
 
 2S2,S)2 ."■ 10 
 
 297,186 ' .19.1,S.10 C S 1 
 
 COAL (Dutch, steenkoolen ; Fr. charbon <te 
 terre ; Ger. steinkohlen ; !tal. carboni fossili ; 
 Lat. litlianthrax ; T'ort. carvoes dc terra, ou dc 
 pedra; Kuss. ugolj, kamennoe; Span, carboncs 
 do tierra. carbones dc piedra; Swed. stenkol). 
 This highly important mineral is recognised by 
 mineralogists under three heads : 1 . Lignite, brown 
 or boghead coal ; 2. Common or liituminous Coal ; 
 3. Anthr.icite. The second of these kin Is contains 
 an endless number of varieties. 
 
 JJgnite. — liovey coal, .so called from its being 
 worked at ISovoy Tracey in Devonshire. It is of 
 comparatively little importance, being used chiefly 
 for pottorv. Some of the varieties of lignite are 
 of considerable v.ilue. as the boghead or brown 
 canne' of Scotland, and similar products in Pnissia 
 and Austria. 
 
 Bituminous coal is tlie commonest kind. It is 
 very widely ilistributed in (ireat Britain, being 
 wtirked from Somerset to .Sutherlandshire. 
 
 The Somerset and (iloucocer collieries are those 
 of the Forest of Dean and the Bristol coal-field. 
 The proiluce of this region in the year 18t'il was, 
 inclusive of the Devonshire anthracite of Bideforil, 
 netirly 2.000,000 tons. The Bristol coal-field con- 
 tainsabout .'lO .square miles. 
 
 Smith n'ali's Field. — This district, which sup- 
 plied nearly 7,000,000 tons of coal and anthrficite 
 dnring the year 1804, is of great extent and thick- 
 ness. It has been computed bj' S. \V. Logan and 
 Sir II. de la Heche that the thickness of these car- 
 biinifernus strata is not less than 11,000 to 
 12,110:) feet. 
 
 Shropshire. — This contains the Coalbrook-dale 
 field. The total thickness of the coal is from 10 
 feet to ,5.5. I'roduce in 1804, l.loO.OOO tons. 
 
 Stafford and Worcestershire. — i his coal-field, 
 whicli has bc-n described minately by Mr. Beete 
 .'ukes (see the Birmimiham. Hardware Industries), 
 contains a peculiar and important bed of thick 
 co.al. The area is about 130 .stiuare miles, and the 
 ' ad of thick coal is about 30 feet in thickness. 
 The produce of the coal in the two _juntics was 
 11,459,851 tons in the year 1804. 
 
 Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. — The produce 
 from the first-named county was in the same year 
 4,470,750, that from the latter 790,700. 
 
 Leicestershire and Warwickshire, — The best 
 coal of this district is that at Ashbv dc la Zouch. 
 
 The jiroilueo of Leicestershire was in the same 
 year 890,000 tons. The Vr'ari.ickshire coal, 1ji.. 
 twecn Tamworth and Coventry, supplied 751,000 
 tons. 
 
 Yorkshire. — This county comprises the impor- 
 tant collieries nf Barnsley, Halifax, Leeils, iirai!- 
 ford, lludderslield &c. The produce was 8,809,1100 
 tons. 
 
 Lancashire. — The area of this coal-field is about 
 250 squr.re miles. In certain districts the .t^'- 
 grogate thiikness of the coal strata is 9I> luji. 
 It contains the thick and v.iluablo seams of 
 eannel coal at Wigan. The produce was 11,530,00(1 
 tons. 
 
 CTcs/i/rc— Produce in 1864, 822.750 tons. 
 
 Monmouths/iirt . — Produce in ;80l, '1,028,500 
 tons. 
 
 Cumberland. — This district is a narrow region 
 .ibout Whitehaven; the workings in some parts 
 being carried uniler the sea. The produce in 18(11 
 was 1 ,380,795 tons. 
 
 Durham and Nortiiumberland. — This is tlio 
 wiliest and most important area from which coal 
 has been extracted, .ind that from which il li.i? 
 been longest ob'ained. The produce in 18iM wa.s 
 23,248,307 tons, 
 
 iVor//i Wales. — This district comprises the coal 
 measures of Flintshire .ind Denbighshire. In 18(!1 
 it supplied 1,987,000 tons. 
 
 Scotland. -There arc three principal coal-basins 
 in Scotland . l, thatof Ayrshire ; 2. thatof Clyilt'.--i 
 dale ; 3, that of the vallev of the Forth. It' sup- 
 plied 12,400,000 tons in 1801, 
 
 Ireland. — Although the Irish supply is at prc-j 
 sent very small, the island having produced inili 
 125,000 tons in 1804, the area over which cial is 
 distributed is vc y large. Anthracite is found 
 the Leinster and Muns'er districts, bituminous ooa^ 
 in Conn.iught and IJister. 
 
 Anthracite. — This exceedingly important kinc 
 of fuel, whicii is a moditication of coal, is extcni 
 sivcly used in blast furnaces, for whicli it is cspc-j 
 cially fitted, for its great heating power. It cimj 
 tains very little volatile matter, and the be,«j 
 varieties have only a slight amount of ash. It 
 fact, il is nearly pure carbin igniting with Fonij 
 difliculty, and giving out intense heat during cemj 
 bustiim. Its localities in the United Kingdom ar 
 lUdeford, the western division of the South W'ak' 
 
 I al-ficld, and ] 
 co.-i.sKlcrcd to i 
 (liriiwn awav. 
 aii(hr.iciteas af 
 
 I>ictlOm!ry_) 
 
 'I'lie total coa; 
 
 (•'"•'I'ngfoMr.Hi, 
 
 ',■* 1;'./(<W .square 
 
 ,1, of the M-holo SI 
 
 proportion is .stili 
 
 wmc authority a 
 
 < '.'•''-bearing strat' 
 
 ?;'"m 1-22, in B 
 
 ;\ 111 erica also 1-20 
 
 '■!it It is believed ' 
 
 '"".'es is three oi 
 
 'l>"ved from all th 
 
 ■ine following ol 
 
 "'«' "1 this countr 
 
 '"^rpfore stands tt 
 
 '" 'he editor bv hi 
 
 ncnt Professor "of 
 
 C'xtord : 
 
 'Coal is found an, 
 «.vsfems of strata- 
 ;<'-.y .little, and that 
 homjerous rocks, iu« 
 '""'"itain iimestote, 
 '■""l lormation, and 
 ;'^7," 29,000 .square 
 '- tn'% ""■"f" may 
 
 "" the southern par 
 '''"' ^vorked in the „ 
 ^'""e strata, occ.isi,^ 
 
 •'"■'■ed andtheTront 
 in-tjiowhere abundai 
 
 'iiutin general, in 
 
 ' fiom the upper nar 
 '";« malformation.'^" 
 ""■es of moiiMain lin 
 
 ..•"fcaft^v square n 
 "t'T Kilkenny and C 
 
 ;;;ijO;.s of the Shannon 
 ui.^t/e. .Scotland poss. 
 ■I' t'« British {.slanW;,, 
 *«'jasin of the Forth 
 r,.'-"-'h»)othi„coara; 
 I'o hmostone above, as 
 s ries below. ' 
 
 , ''f'c carboniferous sv 
 
 ■^ d, totwcen the Twe« 
 
 '»•«'"'' 1>-000 and 100 
 
 'o^oeptionsoftholm 
 
 -''";<- amf Vork.shire, co^ 
 
 Z.^ -a'iy^Si^ 1 
 
 ,''"« stjuare miles, to wJ. 
 '""»■" to occur or vervl 
 K'en, borders, in Duri^an 
 '«J ^ott.nghalnshire ab 
 *i.ire miles. Of th •., 
 
 "'■■■■•■i,thelarges',i?'-r 
 '""liiare mile's. '^)^ . 
 
 'Wiltshire, the vale nfV. ' 
 
 |J;'-S very probable e 
 •/■I'uswehavoforagra 
 
 'l')'*'me, and Notting 
 
 
 
 
COAL 
 
 307 
 
 I 'al-ficl'!, ami Ireland. Fifty years n<;o it, was 
 considered to be incombustible refuse, and was 
 tliniwn away. (For particulars as to the value of 
 aulhraciteas a fuel forl'urnacc i)urposes, see Urc's 
 Dirtionart/.) 
 
 The total coal area of t'.y^ British Islands, ac- 
 (•(irdinf?toMr. Hunt, the Keeper of Jlinint; Kccords, 
 is li,h(JO square miles, and therefore amounts to 
 ' . of the whole suifnce. In the United States the 
 l.roportion is still higher, being according to the 
 s:mc authority S of the whole. In France the 
 ( iial-bearing strata are i'lOO of the area, in Tcl- 
 1,'ium 1''22, in Uohemia 1'20, in British Noith 
 America also 1*20, in Spain 1'5"2, in Prussia I'OO, 
 lint it is believed that the produce of the British 
 niipes is three or four times as much as that 
 (luri\ ed from all these countries put together. 
 
 The following observations as to the supply of 
 coal in this country, and the relation in which it 
 tlicreforo stands to industry, have been supplied 
 t(i tlie editor by his friend Mr. Phillips, the emi- 
 mnt Professor of Geolog in the Uuiversity of 
 Oxford :— 
 
 ' Coal is found and work- . in our islaiuls in two 
 systems of strata — the oolitic rocks, which yield 
 very little, and that of small value ; and the car- 
 boniferous rocks, justly so named, which include 
 mountain limestone, millstone grit, and proper 
 I'cial formation, and occupy in the British K'os 
 ,il)out 29,000 square miles. Tiie total thickness 
 (.r these strata may be taken as not exceeding 
 l."),000 feet. In the northern part of Fngland, 
 and the southern part ot Scotland, coal is found 
 :iiid worked in the midst of the mountain lime- 
 >tone strata, occasio.ially with valuable iron- 
 .loiie. In the North of England, between the 
 I'wced and the Tr&nt, coal is found and worked, 
 but. nowhere abundantly, iu the millstone grit 
 jtrios. 
 
 ' But in general, in all parts of Great Britain 
 whore coal is now obtained in large quantity, it 
 is from the upper pait, called exceptionally the 
 tnie coal formation. Ireland, with 1G,0I)0 square 
 miles of mountain limestone and millstone grit, 
 lias only a few square miles of valuable coal beds, 
 uoar Kilkenny and Castle Comer, about the 
 MHirces of the Shannon, in Tyrone, and at Bally- 
 astle. Scotland possesses the largest coal-field 
 ill the British islands, about 1,1)00 square miles in 
 the basin of the Forth and Clyde. This tield is 
 vtry rich both in coal and iron — is productive in 
 1 ihc' limestone above, as well as in the sandstone 
 ! ries below, 
 
 •The carboniferous system of the north of Eng- 
 Iiiiid, between the Tweed and the Trent, occupies 
 I'litwceu 9,000 and 10,000 siiuavc miles. With 
 ',lic exceptions of the limestone districts of Derby- 
 
 ■liire and Yorkshire, coal is found aiul has boen 
 |»or!;od at intor\'als throiiq;hout this large tract ; 
 
 tmr the really productive tracts do not exeeeil 
 J WW sipiare miles, to which we may add, for coal 
 jknowii to occur or very likely to be found on the 
 lia-tcniborders.in Durham, Yorkshire, Derbyshire. 
 Iind Xottinghamshire, about (100 more ; inall 2,200 
 iHiaarc miles. Of the other coal-lields of Great 
 iBriti'-n, the larges', is that iu South Wales, about 
 li"ii square miles. The remainder, in Anglesca, 
 lllintshire, the vale of the Severn, and the midland 
 Ittal-liclds, may be assumed at 400 square miles, or, 
 lufludii.f; very probable extensions, at 700 square 
 piles. 
 'Tliua we have for a grand total, of productive 
 
 ■sal area acUuiUy known about 4,600 square miles, 
 ' highly probable exlensions 900 square miles, 
 
 [akiiig a total of 5,400 square miles. 
 't':iiij( ' urally we may believe that in Yorkshire, 
 'ibyshire, and Nottinghamshire, under the 
 
 |>lain of Cheshire, between the midland coal-fields, 
 and ir. the valleys of the Severn and Avon, as 
 much as GOO t luare miles of coal will be luiiiul 
 work.iblo. 'I'his makes in all 0,000 square miles 
 of available British coal. 
 
 'The gre.itest total thickness of coal in any 
 district of Britain probably occurs in Sontli Wah's 
 — 120 feet. In most parts of Knghmd it falls 
 below GO feet. The thickness is not to be assumed 
 as equal over the whole area: in some parts the 
 coal beds are in such condition as to fai.lis, depth, 
 and earlier workings as to be (ptito innvorkable. 
 Many of tlio beds arc too thin to lie workable. 
 For these reasons we may take !| of the ti.tal 
 quantity existing as really attain.ible. 
 
 ' Sixty feet of coiil existing, our estimate of 
 available thickness is 40 feet, from which \ nuist 
 be deducted for old woi'kings and rt-aste. .JO feet 
 remain, which, on the usual calculation of 1,I00 
 tons per acre for each foot in thickness, gives 
 .'!0,000 tons per .acre^ 19,200,000 tons per square 
 mile = 115,200,000,000, as the toial quantity 
 which according to reasonable estimates can 
 ever be reached in these islands. ^ of this quan- 
 tity (1,500 .square miles) has been admitted as 
 ])robable; the remainder may be rcgar.ied as 
 certainly available, but at prices contimialhj yrou-- 
 ing higher and higher as the dcptlis of the work.-, 
 continually augment, and as coal beds les.-; in 
 value or more expensive in working come into 
 demand.' 
 
 As to foreign coal-fields, Mr. Phillips says : — 
 
 ' Most of the coal of Europe, excepting our m\v , 
 lies in tracts of no great extent, at considerablo 
 distances from the sea. The valuable coal- 
 field of Belgium continued across the Khine to 
 Elberfeld •,; one of the nearest to .shipping. 
 Coal in fact reappears on the same line at 
 Boulogne; but whether there be a contiiuious 
 deposit from the vicinity of Valenciennes to near 
 this port is not known : if it be so, the depth 
 would probably be found in most parts too great 
 for working. The princnal c'lal-liold of France, 
 St. Etienne, is covered with iudustrial establish- 
 ments, and is limited to a small area, viz. 10') 
 square miles. 
 
 ' The coal-fields of Saarbruck, Silesia, and Bohe- 
 mia are all of ccmsiderable extent ; Bussia ha.s 
 several tracts of inferior coal south of Moscow ; 
 Poland a sm.all basin of gcod thick coal; Spain 
 some considerable tracts in the Asturias, and 
 Portugal a small aref* on the Douro. The wlKdc 
 of those EuropoiUi fields would probably be found 
 on strict enquirj- not to contain so much coal as 
 the coal-measures of Great Britain. 
 
 • In the Black Sea, at Ileraclea, a small quantitj' 
 of coal is known ; in India several pretty large 
 scattered tracts, some fairly productive. 'I'hc 
 co.il of Borneo is used for steam purpose.*, and in- 
 creased suiijilies will soon be drawn from New 
 Zeak'uid, tiucen3land, and New South Wales. 
 ,Iapan yields much coal, accessible from the sea; 
 China contains coal far inlaiid ; Africa has coal on 
 the Zambesi. 
 
 ' British America has coal in the eastern provin- 
 ces, especially in Nova Scotia and New BrunsMick, 
 the thickest beds b ,ing at Pictou. The L'nite(l 
 States possess tracts of productive coal-measures 
 exceeding those of all the rest of the world, as at 
 present known. The greatest fields of coal are on 
 the westeni side of the Appalachian chain, a thou- 
 sand miles from the sea ; but a small tract of good 
 coal appears on the eastern side of the range, 
 near Richmond. Brazil, lately under examina- 
 tion by Agassiz, contains a large tract of coal ia 
 the interior. 
 ' On the whole it appears that Britain, aud the 
 x2 
 
 
 
308 COAL 
 
 islands under the control of Britain, must bo 
 looked to f(»r exports of coal " dum stabit fortuna," 
 and that we can never hope to feed our own furna- 
 ces and work our own looms by the aid of fuel 
 from other parts of the world.' 
 
 The p:reat value of anthracite coal as a means 
 for supplying heat is illustrated by the followinf; 
 results of Dr. Fyfe's experiments on the com- 
 parative powers of Scotch bituminous coal with 
 anthracite: — 
 
 Furl 
 
 Poundi 
 
 burnt per 
 
 hour 
 
 Duration 
 of trial, 
 hour> 
 
 Tempera- 
 ture 
 
 Poundi of 
 water era. 
 pomted 
 from Initial 
 temperature 
 bj 1 lb. of 
 coal 
 
 Poundi of 
 
 water at 
 
 Slid" from 
 
 lib. of coal 
 
 Coal per 
 bour on 1 tiq. 
 foot of Krate 
 
 Time in 
 leronds of 
 conitUminK 
 
 1 lb. coal 
 
 MiddlerlRMcatchco.il - 
 
 Anthracite . - - . 
 
 HI '.IS 
 47-94 
 
 9 
 81 
 
 4 so 
 453 
 
 Bfifi 
 8--.-J 
 
 7-74 
 lO'lO 
 
 inoo 
 
 5-«» 
 
 4 1-27 
 7509 
 
 The number of collieries in existence in the 
 year 18G6 was 3,188, as contrasted with 2,397 in 
 1853. There arc twelve inspectors of collieries : 
 one for Northumberland, Cumberland, and the 
 North division of Durham ; one South Durham ; one 
 Yorkshire ; one Derby, Notts, Warwick, Leicester ; 
 one Cheshire, Shropshire, North Stafford; one 
 South Stafford ; one North and East Lancashire ; one 
 St. Helen's a.. " Wigan district in Lancashire, and 
 for North Wales ; one South-west of England and 
 South-east Wales ; one Glamorganshire and 
 South-western Wales ; one for the. Western divi- 
 sion of the Scotch field, and one for the Eastern. 
 There is no inspector for Ireland. 
 
 Origin of Coal, Phenomena of Combustion Sj-c. — | 
 Coal "beds, or strata, lie among those of gravel, ! 
 sand, chalk, clay &c., which form great part of 
 the present surface of the earth, and have been 
 evidently accumulated during: remote ages by the 
 agency of 'moving water,' similar to accumula- 
 tions now in process of formation at the mouths 
 of all great rivers, and in the bottoms of lakes and . 
 seas. When these strata had, by long contact i 
 mid pressure, been solidified into a rocky crust to \ 
 tiie earth, this crust, by subsequent convulsions of 
 nature, of which innumerable other proofs remain, , 
 has been in various parts broken and heaved up 
 above the level of the sea, so as to form the greater 
 part of our dry or habitable land ; in some places 
 appearing as lofty mountains, in others as extended 
 plains. In many situations the fracture of the 
 crust exhibits the edges of the various distinct 
 strata found in a given thickness of it. When the 
 fracture has the form of a precipitous cliff, these 
 edges appear one above another, like the edges of 
 pi'.pu planks or books ; but often also they are met 
 with in horizontal succession along a plain, as the 
 edges of a pile of books laid down upon a table ; 
 or they may be seen surrounding hills of granite, 
 which protrude through them. Coal, anil other 
 precious minerals, were first discovered ut the 
 fractures of the strata above described, and by the 
 continued digging of the strata or veins the vast 
 cKcavations called mines have been gradually 
 formed. When it was at last discovered that the 
 mineral strata occur every where in nearly the 
 same order or succession, so that the exposure of 
 a portion of one stratum is a good indication of 
 the other strata being near, the operations of the 
 miner became of much surer result, and expensive 
 boring through superior strata might he prudently 
 undertaken, even where no specimen of the desired 
 but more deeply buried substance had yet been 
 seen. 
 
 IJcfore the discovery of coal-mines, or the in- 
 rention of cheap means of working them, wood 
 was generally used as fuel ; and in many countries 
 where the arts have not much flourished, it con- 
 tinues to be principally employed as such. Coal, 
 however, for many purposes, answers much better 
 than wood; and, iij fact, the two, although in 
 appearance so different, are in their ultimate ii. - 
 position very nearly allied. They both have lor 
 
 their basis or chief ingredient the substance callcil 
 by the chemists carhon, and for their chief other 
 ingredient the substance called hydrogen, which, 
 when separated, exists in the form of air or gas. 
 The hydrogen is easily driven away or volatilised 
 from cither coal or wood by heating in a close 
 place ; and when it is caught and preserved, it 
 forms the gas now used to light our streets and 
 public buildings. What remains of coal, after being 
 so treated, is the substance called coke ; and what 
 remains of wood, similarly treated, is the substance 
 called charcoal — both being nearly pure carbon, but 
 differing as to the states of compactness. "This 
 kindred nature of coal and wood does not surprise 
 when the fact is known that much of our coal is 
 really transformed wood ; many coal-mines being 
 evidently the remains of antediluvian forests, 
 swept together in the course of the terrestrial 
 changes already alluded to, and afterwards solidi- 
 fied to the state now seen. In these mines, the 
 species of the plants or trees which formed them 
 are still quite evident in abundant specimens, 
 mixed often with the remnants of the animals 
 which inhabited the earth at the same time. The 
 extensive pcat^mosses now existing on the surface 
 of the earth consist chiefly of vegetable remains 
 in an early stage of the kind of change wliich ter- 
 minates in the formation of coal. 
 
 A substance which, like coal or wood, cheaply 
 answers the purpose of producing great heat and 
 light is called fuel, and the phenomenon of that 
 production is called combustion. Now, modern 
 discovery has ascertained that, in every instanco, 
 combustion is merely an appearance which accom- 
 panies the mutual action, when very intense, n( 
 two substances in the act of forming an intimate 
 or chemical imion. Where that cct is less ener- 
 getic, the heat produced is less intense, and tliere 
 is no light. Thus, water and sulphuric acid when 
 mixing produce great heat, but no light. Water 
 and quicklime produce still greater heat; sufHcicnt, 
 it is known, to set fire to a ship in which the mix- 
 ture unfortunately occurs. It is an occurrence of 
 the same kind when heat is evolved from an acid 
 dissolving a metal ; and it is still of the same kind 
 when a mass of coal or wood in a fire-grate is, 
 with the appear::ncc of combustion, undergoing 
 solution in the oxygen of the atmosphere. In 
 this last case, however, the temperature of the 
 fuel is, by the very intense action, raised so much 
 that the fuel becomes incandescent or luminous; 
 an appearance assumed by every substance, whe- 
 ther burning or not — of a stone, for instance, or 
 piece of metal — when heated beyond the tempe- 
 rature indicated by 800<2 of Fahrenheit's thermo- 
 meter. The inferior degrees of such incandescence 
 arc called red heat; the superior degrees, white 
 heat. The reason why any strongly heated body 
 throws out light we cannot yet explain. When a 
 quantity of wood or coal has been burned to asli 
 in a confined portion of air, the whole of the fuel, 
 vanished from view, is held in solution by the air, 
 as salt is held in water, and is agtiin recoverable 
 
 H- 
 
COAL 
 
 309 
 
 by the art of the chemist. The phenomenon of 
 common fire, or combustion, then, is nterely the 
 fuel being chemically dissolved in the air of the 
 atmosphere. If the fuel has nothinj; volatile in 
 it, as IS true of pure carbon, and nearly true of 
 coke and charcoal, it bnrns witli the appearance 
 of red-hot stones ; but if there be an ingredient, 
 as hydrogen, which, on being licated, readily as- 
 sumes the form of air, that ingredient dilates before 
 burning, and in the act produces the more bulky 
 incandescence called flame. 
 
 The two great ))urpose9 which combustion 
 •lerves to man are to give light nnd boat. 15y 
 tlic former he may be said to lengthen consider- 
 ably the duration of liis natural existence; for he 
 converts the dismal aiul almost u-<elcss night into 
 what, for many ends, .serves bim as well as day ; 
 ii'ul by the latter, besides converting winter into 
 any climate which he desires, lie is enabled to 
 effect most important mutations in many of the 
 substances which nature offers for liis use; and, 
 since the invention of the steam-engine, he makes 
 heat perform a great proportion of the work of 
 society. From these considerations may be per- 
 ceived the importance of having fire at command ; 
 and, as the cheapest means of commanding fire, of 
 having abundance of coal. 
 
 As respects the supply of coal, Britain is sin- 
 gularly favoured ; a large portion of the surface 
 of the country h.aving under it continuous and 
 thick beds of this valuable mineral — vastly more 
 precious to us than would have been mines of the 
 precious metals, like those of Peru and Mexico ; 
 lor coal, since it has been applied to the steam- 
 ongiue, is really hoarded power, applicable to 
 almost every purpose which human labour di- 
 rected by ingenuity can accomplish. It is the 
 possession of her conl-mines which has rendered 
 Uritain, in relation to the whole world, what a 
 city is to the rural district which surrounds it — 
 the producer and dispenser of the various pro- 
 ducts of art and industrj'. 
 
 The kinds or differences of coal depend on their 
 compar.itive proportions of carbon and hydrogen, 
 and of earthy impurities totally incombustible. 
 While some species of coal contain ac.irly a third 
 111' their weight of hydrogen, others have not a 
 liftieth part. The former kinds are flaming coal, 
 pleasing in parlour fires, and fit for the manufae- 
 turc of gas. The other kinds — some of the Welsh 
 >tone coal, for instance — will only burn when in 
 large heaps, or when mixed with more inllam- 
 mable coal : they have no fiamo. When flaming 
 ooal is burned where a sufliciency of oxygen can- 
 not pass through or enter above the fire, to com- 
 bine with and consume the hj'drogen as fast as it 
 riM9, a dense smoke is given out, consisting of 
 hydrogen and carbon combined in the proportions 
 which form a iiitchy substance. The Welsh coal 
 above mentioned c.in as little give out smoke as 
 il.ime, and iience is now minch used in great 
 breweries, and iu the steam- ongine furnaces of 
 towns, where smoke is a serious nuisance. The 
 foliated or cubical coal, and slate coal, are chiefiy 
 usei' .IS fuel in private houses ; the caking coals, 
 f T smithy forges ; the slate coal, from its keeping 
 open, answers best for giving great heats in a 
 Mind furnace, as in distillation on a large scale ; 
 and fjlance coal, found in Staffordshire, is used for 
 drying grain a-id malt. The coals of South Wales 
 ciiiitain less volatile matter than either the Eng- 
 lish or the Scotch; and hence, when employed in 
 smelting the ore, produce a greater quantity of 
 iron. 
 
 The following account of the produce of coal in 
 Kngland is taken from Mr, Hunt's Mineral Stutii- 
 tia fur 18GG :— 
 
 Summary of Coal Produce, of the United Kingdom 
 for I8(ib. 
 
 
 Tons 
 
 
 
 
 Tonii. 
 
 Durham and North- 
 
 
 
 Shropshire - 
 
 (,liiU,7n0 
 
 innberland 
 
 2.'»,iy4, 
 
 '..'.n 
 
 (iloui-eiitersMr«, 
 
 
 ('utiilwrlond < 
 
 l.i^tO.lHl 
 
 Soint-riietstiire, 
 
 
 Yorkshire 
 
 !t.7n 
 
 ;iio 
 
 and nt'Toniihire 
 
 1 ,s.'.o,7no 
 
 IKTbyshire - 
 
 4,7.'»0 
 
 '.Wl 
 
 Monmniiilisliire - 4,11.0,000 
 
 Notiii)|{hfinishirj - 
 
 1,01 )(l 
 
 '.60 
 
 Si.ulh ^^ ales 
 
 !l,37ii,l13 
 
 ■.eict-Atenhlre 
 
 Kflfi, 
 
 ')!.() 
 
 North Wale. 
 
 y.iiS'^.OOO 
 
 \Vnrwukshire - 
 
 -55 
 
 000 
 
 Sfotlantl 
 
 l'.',(ii.',,0"0 
 
 Statrord shire ami 
 Wort eitentti ire • 
 
 19,208 
 
 ')S0 
 
 Irelanil . 
 
 lX.-i,7.'.l) 
 
 Total itrodure of 
 
 Lanra'ihire • 
 
 l!i,3V0 .WO 
 
 llif UnireU 
 
 
 Chc:)hire - 
 
 %'jr> 
 
 JOU 
 
 Uint;iluin 
 
 ■ 101,030,544 
 
 Table showhiff 
 
 the 
 
 Increase in the 
 
 Number of 
 
 Collieries in the. 10 Years since 
 
 1850. 
 
 Counties 
 
 ISiC 
 
 IKGl. 
 
 KS'QI.AND. 
 
 
 
 Durham anil Norlhumhrrland 
 
 27(1 
 
 2!)7 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 
 
 •/s 
 
 .TO 
 
 ( heshiru 
 
 
 
 yi 
 
 3!( 
 
 I^aiicatliire 
 
 
 
 • ' .".Ml 
 
 .'.Hi 
 
 Vork'.hire 
 
 
 
 - 1 ."'.I'J 
 
 417 
 
 Dk-rliy^hlre 
 
 
 
 17(1 
 
 J.'.O 
 
 f.eice^te^^hire - 
 
 
 
 - i <> 
 
 11 
 
 WrtfwickHhire - 
 
 
 
 ii; 
 
 1.'. 
 
 Nutiin^hamshire 
 
 
 
 •n 
 
 2.'. 
 
 North MafTurd^liire 
 
 
 
 lid J 
 
 107 
 
 Suutti Sialfordshire and W 
 
 or- 
 
 
 
 cestershtre 
 
 
 
 . 1 424 
 
 512 
 
 Shroii.%hire 
 
 
 
 - ' .O.'i 
 
 M 
 
 Gluuce&t^iahire- 
 
 
 
 .'.fi 
 
 79 
 
 Somersetihiru - 
 
 
 
 !i') 
 
 3.5 
 
 Dwoimtiire 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 ■i 
 
 
 
 AVAi.r 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 »*embrokes!ilrc - 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 Cacrmartticnshire 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 .'.7 
 
 SO 
 
 MiUmorKamhiri! 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Hi.'. 
 
 2.Ti 
 
 D.Uoaml AJonmouth&liire 
 
 
 
 1'..) 
 
 IIIU 
 
 1- lintNhirL' 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 4^ 
 
 40 
 
 DenhiKlHhire . 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 AiiKleava 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 Scon.AKD. 
 
 
 
 
 
 lanarkihlre 
 
 
 
 
 15.'. 
 
 2or> 
 
 Ayrshire 
 
 
 
 
 U.l 
 
 97 
 
 FiViihirL' 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 ('l-ickmcinnan - 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 Haddington shire 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 13 
 
 Kilinl>urf{luhire 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 Liiilitti^'owatiire 
 
 
 
 
 1,'. 
 
 ir, 
 
 Stiiliitff'h're 
 
 
 
 
 3.1 
 
 47 
 
 Ihiinltartonithii'c 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 ;6 
 
 Keiifrew-hire - 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 Other Counties - 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 *■- 
 
 Ireland 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 M 
 
 Total 
 
 ■,1.1116 
 
 X,i>a 
 
 General Summary of the Quai titiesof Coal brought 
 into the London District, Coastwise, by Inland 
 Navigation, and Itailways. 
 
 Year 
 
 Coastwise 
 
 Inland 
 NaviKation 
 
 lotal 
 
 
 tons 
 
 tuns 
 
 ton* 
 
 is-i 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 2,ll8ii,.')17 
 
 IS.".'. 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 '.;,i9'.l,S16 
 
 1S.-.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,391,551 
 
 1S.-.7 
 
 2,6'i(i,flU7 
 
 2,324 
 
 2,(i29,-i21 
 
 IS3H 
 
 2,'iSI.{)S5 
 
 1,(1S5 
 
 2,.'iS2,770 
 
 1S.-.9 
 
 2,625,323 
 
 1 2,9.13 
 
 2,li38,25« 
 
 ISIO 
 
 2.5Mi,SiJU 
 
 22,1S« 
 
 2,5.s9,0S7 
 
 IH4I 
 
 2,9111,111 
 
 .3.1,.'.9I 
 
 2,912.7.18 
 
 IKI'^ 
 
 2,72."..200 
 
 31,519 
 
 2,7.'.l,719 
 
 IMI.1 
 
 2,C2S,5M 
 
 34,liS4 
 
 2,t,(;3,20l 
 
 mil 
 
 2,l90,aiU 
 
 72,250 
 
 Railway and 
 Canal 
 
 2..5G3,1I.6 
 
 IS15 
 
 3,392,'.I2 
 
 R(;,f,29 
 
 3,461.199 
 
 ISIIi 
 
 2,02ll..ir,7 
 
 33,(;r,7 
 
 2,9.>.>,9'10 
 
 1S47 
 
 3,2sn,l2l> 
 
 41,9,H7 
 
 3,.'i22..1s: 
 
 IKIK 
 
 3.4IX,3I(I 
 
 60,st9 
 
 3,1-9,1 9 
 
 IS I'J 
 
 .3,.3.19,l4li 
 
 41,610 
 
 3,380,786 
 
 IS.'.0 
 
 3,553,301 
 
 S.'.„'i79 
 
 3,C.-.8,883 
 
 IK.'.I 
 
 3,2.-.i Ml 
 
 2'i4,l2l 
 
 3.1911,963 
 
 1H.'.2 
 
 3,.3.-'.,l2S 
 
 411,917 
 
 3,74.',,345 
 
 ISJ3 
 
 3,.-,73,2.'i6 
 
 «>53,-29 
 
 4,1 120,9.85 
 
 1 S5 1 
 
 3,.->9J,5(il 
 
 977,210 
 
 4,376,771 
 
 1H.'.5 
 
 3,0lli,sri9 
 
 1 161,086 
 
 4,177,9,'>5 
 
 l».'>t> 
 
 3,119,«Sl 
 
 1.271,700 
 
 4, 91,.V84 
 
 IS.57 
 
 3,l33,l.i9 
 
 1,233,172 
 
 4,366,031 
 
 IS.'iS 
 
 3,2lili,l4t> 
 
 1.210,645 
 
 4,177,091 
 
 I S.'.'J 
 
 3.299,170 
 
 1,20S,I3< 
 
 4„507,.102 
 
 ISCll 
 
 3,57.3,377 
 
 1,497,138 
 
 5,li70,.'.15 
 
 ISI.I 
 
 3,.'.r.7,0O2 
 
 l,Cli1,0S3 
 
 5,228,085 
 
 1 Sli J 
 
 3,4 1^,402 
 
 1,.'.2I,9I7 
 
 4,967,319 
 
 l.siis 
 
 3,.3.V.,I74 
 
 1,781,713 
 
 5.I1<.,S87 
 
 lH(i4 
 
 3,llli,703 
 
 2,3'il,.342 
 
 5,0< 8,015 
 
 I.Slii 
 
 3,Uil,l!S3 
 
 ^.741, .'.88 
 
 5,90.1,27 1 
 
 l.^lifi 
 
 3,033,193 
 
 2.980,073 
 
 6,013,266 
 
 I . , ■. V 
 
 1 1 
 
 . 1 ' X 
 
 A 
 
 The number of persons (all males) engaged in 
 coal-mining was returned in the ccusuo of 1861 
 
 '•^ ^ ^ iSlX^.^^ vil^j- ' .'. 
 
I-., 
 
 1 \' 
 
 li ■ 
 
 
 CO 
 
 £.;":^rt^hc ^^^j;l^t"iZI^'^^^^^ coaler .aste, 
 
 mVui.iory i.; "^^'^^^Smcs annually greater, 
 fr, an extent ^vlncl bo ome ^^^^^^ ^^^^ j,,,^ 
 
 '1-u these persons, 1> ,*-;' tnule, the number of 
 V ho are engage.l m 1 e O'^^ * ^;,t,;„ity, inclucljng 
 S;JJ^:S>^:^S;-l-beavor. dealer, .c, 
 
 The i•..ll..^ving table xbbU« ^.^^^.^^ ^,^, . i 
 l,r.>.luc.ion « '-i\;\,rtuc consumplion m the 
 
 The Prices of A 
 
 will ue uLu.v.--^ J. ,^ g,i rciumi" -.»•- 
 
 The-, latter c'^«"»"?., ",',8 Small coal ur yaste, 
 nn.lcr present co"'"'"*"*- -..ip „" worthless, is now 
 l^uchSscdtobcthrowr^a^^^de-;- .^^ ^j^^ ^.,„. 
 
 found to be valuable ; »>nPl"'' ., ..ossible to con- 
 '^truetion of fumaees havcjadc it ,o ^^.^,.^. 
 
 Butne smoke ami ^^»!""mporVant of all, the use 
 nreviously lost; and most imix reduced the. 
 
 ^of the hc^ blast n -- "« '^^^^ manufactun. 
 expenditure of ^^'^V^ff 'l"mcrlv used. Nay, thr 
 to at least i V^Vitlronn'Tiy^Bemer process ,s 
 
 puritication «f '="\.> nt e\ft -ted by the combustion 
 't.,averygreatextent^m^^J y ^^^ ^^t„,„,. 
 „f the impurities pr^-s"" " gneral canon 
 
 \u ^'bortit may te la» commodity 
 
 in prices, that *;^'^,'Xects of primary necessity 
 
 ' employed ^t/™^,",,"^ import >'^''^ 
 
 ,J\ of merely ""'^^1'^' to arrest consump- 
 Sn^lTfiSySittto the former us. 
 
 „. f Coal at the London Coal Market dun..j 
 PrLces 0/ Coal at » ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^_ 
 
 January 
 
 It ^viin.e plain from tlu^tjje tl.it the^-^ 
 
 sumption of "''^^J^hi The in.portance o , 
 
 ^P„rs by nearly ""«-;/;'7amUhc de-iec in which 
 ioal as a necessary of Wc, and ^.^^.f-^,^,, ^j^ ^^ 
 oursupcriorilyin aitsa 1.1 ,^^ ^ ^., p | 
 
 upon our obtaining ^" 'P''^^\,^^ ,, y.,od deal ol , 
 X have naturally attiactul a b^^^^ ^^.j^^^ 
 
 Xntiou to thccpiei^on^a. to^^l^e^P ,^ ^ ; 
 
 the cxh! ustion ot /'^« '■; i^ns on the subject , 
 
 oipated l^^,';'l"^'^ue aipoi"tn.ent of a .W 
 
 demand of a l'""tt/P^"f^i>cek to its fulness, , 
 
 atrect ^"PPly,'*%'l*l'^^ \tablv rises. The more j 
 tlic priee of the article ne%i" incessant 
 
 ,Uessary the --'T iema^^d, l.e more sensitive ■ 
 and nndoub cdisthedema , ^^^_ 
 
 tJVr£of^£in^.cJ.o^SlSn^ 
 
 Staihtics. , . Y pgtato is of course 
 
 The presence of coa " »^^y„„ ^nd it may be 
 of great advantage t the «,, ^^^.^^ ^^ „„t 
 the case that even at prese t I ^,^i„„ ..c ', 
 
 Icem to suggest any notable uju^^^ 
 
 last thirty-lour y<='^'^^'/'^f'' ,\,,Uorv proprietors to , 
 ,,vn by the eagerness of coll .1 ^^^^^, , 
 
 realize the beneCts "f >f c l^ ^-^ operative, . 
 iStill, even though th s m ^j^^, ,naiutost 
 
 &-SS^; -[?ttn= 
 
 "A-o;nS.e,.b^b.iU..oba^^^^^ 
 
 remote, the annual \^^'^^ ^,„d scarcity ^^•.U 
 e.,al will reach n^ wax "» ^ ^, ,„ 
 
 be felt. «-'.'?,^%ran eVonomy of the article 
 price, and ^^''^^..l*'^ ^J'counterviiling t^f^c to the 
 This economy, often a couu 
 
COAL 
 
 311 
 
 The I'ricea of Xeivcastte and SunderlamI Coal in the London Markel during each Month of the 
 
 Yuam 1832 to 18G6, both inclusive. 
 
 1 S.1.1 
 
 IS- 1 
 
 I K ■. j 
 
 I s.n; 
 1S17 
 Is.-.H 
 isr.'J 
 
 IMI 
 
 ^H\^ 
 
 1M4 
 
 ISI.'l 
 !S46 
 1SI7 
 ISIS 
 IKl'J 
 IS.'.ll 
 
 ISM 
 is.vi 
 ls-,.1 
 IS-il 
 1 S,').'. 
 IS.W 
 1S.',7 
 1>-,S 
 IV, VJ 
 ]K<;i 
 
 ISlil 
 
 \hlii 
 
 1M,3 
 
 ISht 
 IS'li.'l 
 ISfifi 
 
 Jan. 
 
 - La ' - 
 
 t.d.l.i 
 •II fi 14 
 •l\ 11,14 
 VI "1.1 
 M l.'i 
 M « l.'i 
 « li IS 
 •J7 "17 
 
 ■a .1 17 
 
 '^.'. 17 
 ur> Mil? 
 VI 0111 
 'il fill 
 
 ») '.Ijl'i 
 
 1(7 n in 
 ii(i ii|i.-> 
 
 !i!l » i7 
 
 vr; 6 II 
 
 I!) .1;11 
 M 14 
 
 17 on 
 
 17 U II 
 
 Ti 14 
 
 J.I -n 
 
 •ili 14 
 
 •i\ C 15 
 
 licl C 1.1 
 
 V.1 6 IV 
 
 V(l .1 IV 
 
 V(l l> 1.1 
 
 •IC, (i l.'i 
 
 IS .1 IV 
 la 1.1 
 v.o i; 14 
 
 VI 1.1 
 19 .1 IS 
 
 l.d 
 
 ■i-i a, 
 
 IS .1, 
 VO 
 VV 9 
 V.I fi 
 VS 
 V.I 
 V4 G 
 V5 f, 
 V7 (1 
 VV fi 
 VI 3 
 VO fi, 
 VI 1) 
 IS G 
 itl .1 
 V.1 
 17 O 
 19 .1 
 Ifi 9 
 17 G 
 VV fi 
 .111 
 V9 II 
 19 
 19 0' 
 19 fi 
 19 G 
 VI 9 
 VI! .1 
 17 C 
 17 fi 
 VO 
 V.I G 
 Ifi G 
 
 .llarth 
 
 t 
 * 
 
 .. ./. 
 
 14 O 
 
 IV <l 
 IV fi 
 14 
 1.1 fi 
 19 9 
 19 n 
 17 9 
 Ifi I 
 17 (1 
 Ifi 
 1.1 
 1.1 6 
 14 U 
 IV 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 S 1 fi ? I 2 
 ■a I » 
 
 I. if. ».</.,>. ■/. <. d.\ i.d. I. d.' ,.d. l.d. 
 
 14 fi l.'i olVI 3 15 Ov.1 9 I.S fi VI fi LI 11 
 
 VI 1.1 (1V1 6 13 6 IK .1 11 fi III 9 II ( 
 
 VII 3 IV 6 VV 3 II fi 19 9 14 vo fi 14 
 VV 6 11 (l^'l niH VV 111 3 VII 9 14 9 
 VV 3 II 6 V3 3,1'. UVV 9,11 fi .•! 9il.'j n 
 
 7 n 17 (I.Vfi 3 I'i 0V3 91111 OVV !mfi 9 
 
 July 
 
 I. il 
 
 VV « 
 
 <.>/. 
 
 Au(t. 
 
 1.^ fi VV 3 
 
 Ifi 3 
 
 Sept. 
 
 i.d.<t.d.'t.d. 
 VV 9 Ifi fiVI 
 
 l.d. 
 
 No¥« 
 
 I. d.' *. d.\ a, d. '■ d. 
 
 VS IS fi^VI fi 
 V.'. 17 filv.') fi 
 V.'> fi 1.1 o'v3 9 
 VI 9 l.'i OiVV fi 
 VI fi 14 11 VV fi 
 VI 3 IV O.Vl 
 ■i'i a IV 6.VV 9 
 VI 6 13 fiiVO 6 
 17 U IV 19 
 14 6 VI 3 H OVO 
 V fijlS Oil fi 17 3 
 
 10 g!|7 .1 II OVl fi 
 13 3 17 9 Vi C VO 
 
 11 6115 Oil 6115 9 
 6 3 
 
 II 17 0,10 fill 
 14 G M 15 0,V 
 
 7 fiV3 9 17 II V.I 9 1(1 
 Ifi OVl 3;i5 Ovl 15 .1 
 15 fi VV 9 IS OVV 3 Ifi 
 14 fi VV 3114 fi Vl 9 14 I) 
 
 13 ovl II 13 fivl 3;i3 fi 
 IV fiVO fi IV 6 VO 9 IV fi 
 1.1 3V5 9 13 0V5 9' II 
 IV fiVO 3 13 OVO IV 9 
 11 9 19 II IV 15 9 IV 
 
 14 VO 9il.1 6 IS 9 13 fi 
 11 fi 17 fi II IIIG 9 11 fi 
 IV 3 IK lllll Ifi 9 II fi 
 IV II 17 3 11 DIG 3 11 
 II 15 fi'll 14 n II 
 11 IS .1,11 0,li; .1 II U 
 
 9 VI 15 fi VO 
 ■6 OIVV 15 VV fi 
 14 fi IK 6 13 fi;i9 fi 
 12 g|lS 6ll2 OVO 
 11 o,v5 on fiVII 3 
 II fi IK II 18 fi 
 1.1 II VI filV OVV fi 
 14 ovl II IV fi 19 
 II fi 17 fi II 17 fi 
 IV fi IS 3 H 0,17 6 
 IV 3 19 U IV fi'VO G 
 
 V 3VV G IV 9 IS fi 
 
 VII C'll fi IS fi tv 9 17 n l.S 3 
 
 .. _ „ Ifi o v.-i O 16 II, VI .1 1.1 fi 
 
 Ifi .III 0.17 0,11 9 19 G IV fiVI lilV 9 VI fill l>|vl I H 9 
 VO 3 15 9 VI 3,14 G VV 15 V3 915 II VI 15 9;vl II 111 
 Vl 3 15 OVI 6 15 OVV 3 IG O S.I Glfi 9 v4 3 17 ."•!vl \i IV 
 VV 3 15 O.VV fi;15 fiVI 17 3 V7 fi IS fi i7 IJ 3,v5 fi 19 O 
 V3 G 16 9'V1 9 17 OlVI 9 17 OVl i; IS v'l IS 9iv4 3 17 fi 
 VI .■• 15 9|V4 O 15 9 V.I 9 Ifi 0|V5 9 17 fi Vfi 17 II v5 .•> Ifi 
 V3 9 17 V3 o 15 V4 17 SI 9 17 n V5 16 fi i5 17 fi 
 V3 .1 IB olv3 3l|5 9V4 6 15 9 J I fi 16 3 VI 3 111 3,v5 3 Ifi 9 
 Vl fi 11 OVl 9|I4 OVO fi 14 II V3 3 1.1 il M o; M 6 H "' 
 Vl 3 11 filvl O IV fiVl 13 OVV G il fi VI 9 14 fi vl 9 13 " 
 VO 9 IV 5 VI) 6 IV 19 9 IV 3 V4 fi I'i 3 VI 9 110 vO fi 13 3 
 V5 C 14 0,V3 9ll5 OVI 15 I VI fi'H G VI fi 14 111.15 II Ifi " 
 M II IV II IK 9 II 19 9 1.1 .-, 19 9 14 IS « II ol|K i; 1,1 
 16 3 IV 6 Ifi 9 IV o IS 6 IV fi VI fi 13 II VI fi 13 fi|V5 fi 13 fi 
 IK 9 14 9 VI 11,15 .1,VV O 15 II /V 'I 15 fi VI 3 IG Iilv5 II 1 
 IG fi 11 II 17 filll 0117 9 II (ivl II II 19 fi IV 9|I9 9 13 
 ■- 6 _...-.. 
 
 14 OVI 16 OVI 15 OVI fiil5 6 
 
 15 .1VI O 15 0-i\ fi,I5 OlvV fi II 6 
 14 IS 9,13 G IS 0!|3 fi vO fi.ll G 
 13 IK 3ll3 17 fi,13 19 II 
 IV 17 fillV 0.17 6 II 9 17 9 IV fi 
 II 19 6 IV 9,19 fi IV 9,17 6 13 
 
 IV IIIIK O IV 0|1S fi IV (I VI 1.1 fi 19 3 IV fi 
 
 16 6,10 UilG 3|I1 6 17 IV 1 Ifi 9 IV 3 Ifi fi IV 
 
 15 Oil 15 9|II Ifi fi II ,1 IK IV OVI) 13 G 
 
 16 Oil 0115 filll 9I17 IV IK IV fi.lS fi 13 fi 
 IS 6,13 0V3 6 15 OVO O IS 1 Vfi 16 fivH IK " 
 
 S5 15 0;V5 14 6 V7 
 
 'V3 6 15 fi 
 
 19 o;i,1 9 
 
 19 II 13 
 
 IS IV I 
 
 " fi IV 
 
 S3 15 9VV 6 
 VO 14 fi VI) 
 19 6 13 fi V3 
 
 ■i fi VO o;iV fi!l9 6 13 0|l9 6113 o!vO II IV fi 
 
 IV IK fijIV 3iI9 0,1V 3 
 IV 17 (III <; lb 9 11 
 11 17 0,12 3 17 fi IV 3 
 II 9 IS fi IV fi 17 fi 13 
 11 IK 13 Is I 
 
 15 fi v. C 16 
 
 16 fiiVI II 15 (I 
 
 13 VI) fi 14 II 
 
 14 OVI 13 II 
 
 15 3 17 15 6 Ifi 9115 9 17 16 3 17 3 15 9 
 
 VO 0,1V 19 3 IV 
 IS II fi IK Oil 6 
 IK 0:1V 3 IS fi IV G 
 19 Il|l3 .1 19 13 
 VO Ifi 3|VI) 13 II 
 
 IK IV G VI IS fi VO IV fi 
 
 IK 9 IV 6 VO IV 6 VII >.) 13 II 
 
 VO 13 3 lis Gil3 0,V4 II 14 6 
 
 VO IV OVI) fi IV OVI) 9 13 I 
 
 IK fi IS 19 fills fii'^0 1.1 3 
 
 19 3 IV 3 VI 3 12 fiVO 0114 6 
 
 VI 3 13 fi V1.9;i4 0,V.1 1.1 
 
 VI II 3 V3 IM5 fil'.M C 16 (i 
 
 19 3 IK 9|V0 17 6|21 VO G 19 6 19 3 il 3 IK 9 
 
 19 fi 13 1 
 17 3 IV 
 19 9 IV fi 
 IK fill fi 
 .15 .1 17 
 V3 Ifi II 
 VV 9 11: 
 19 9 15 (I 
 19 9 IV fi 
 19 G IV (I 
 VI 1.1 fi 
 V4 6 15 
 IS G II (I 
 19 IV 9 
 VI 15 
 VI Glfi 9 
 ;v 15 6 
 VI 17 9 
 
 'i 
 
 
 Pinfits of Coal-Mining, Coal-Ou-nirx' Monopoly 
 ^■1; — instead of the business of coal-mining bein};, 
 ■.'(.■ncially speai<ing, an advantageous one, it is 
 ilistinctly tiic reverse. Sometimes, no doubt, 
 \ivc'j,K fortunes have been made by individuals 
 .111(1 associations engaged in tliis businejis ; but 
 tlicso arc rare instances. The opening of a mine 
 is ,1 very expen.sive and liazardous operation, and 
 of very "uncertain result. Collieries are exposed 
 to an "infinite number of accidents, against which 
 no caution can guard. The chances of explosion 
 liavc, it is true, been a good deal lessened by the 
 inlruduction of Sir Humphry Davy's lamp; and 
 .vomc mines arc now wrought, that, but for the 
 iiivLMition of this admiralile instrument, must have 
 ken entirely abandoned. 15ut besides explosions, 
 which are still every now and then occurring, 
 from tlie carelessness of the workmen and other 
 oimtingcncies, mines are very liable to be de- 
 flroyed by creeps or by the sinking of the roof, and 
 Ijy drowning or the irruption of water from old 
 workings through fissures which cannot be seen 
 .111(1 consequently cannot be guarded against. So 
 c;rcat, indeed, is the hazard attending this sort 
 i)f iirciperty, that it lias never been possible to 
 ('H'oct an insurance on a coal-work against lire, 
 water, or any other accident. 
 
 llr. ISiiddle informed the committee of the 
 llmisG of r.ords, in 1829, that ' although many 
 inllierics, in the hands of fortunate individuals 
 ami (.ompaiiics, have been, perhaps, making more 
 tiiaii might be deemed a rea.sonable and fair 
 priilit, according to their risk, like a prize in a 
 liiltcry; yet, as a trade, taking the whole capital 
 cmiiliiyed on both rivers, he should say that cer- 
 tainly it has not been so.' {First Report, p. 56.) 
 .V^ain, being asked, ' What have the coal-owners 
 "11 the Tyiic and Wear, in your opinion, generally 
 mill.! on their capital employed?' he replied, 
 ' .Vcporiling to the best of my knowledge, I should 
 lliiiilv that by no means 10 per cent, has been made 
 nt simple interest, without allowing any extra in- 
 tircst for the redemption of capital.' (p. 57.) 
 
 Ill addition to the vast expense attending the 
 sinking of shafts, the erection of steam-engines 
 
 &c., and the risk of accidents, the coal, after being 
 brought to the surface, has frequently to be con- 
 veyed 7 or 8 miles to the place of shipping; and 
 those whose collieries are in that situation have 
 to pay way-leave rents, ainoiintiiig, in some cases, 
 to 500/. a-year, for liberty to open a copimunication, 
 I or a railroad, through the jiroperties lying between 
 them and the shore. 
 
 Much has frequently been said of the monopoly 
 of the coal-owners on the Tync and the Wear ; 
 but we are satisded, after a pretty careful inves- 
 tigation of the circiimstance.s, that no such mono- 
 poly has ever existed ; and that the high price of 
 coal in the metropolis is to be a.scribed wliolly to 
 the various duties and charges that have been laid 
 upon it from the time that it has passo'l from the 
 hands of the owner to the time that it is lodged 
 in the cellar of the consumer. What means have 
 the coal-owners of obtaining a monopoly price for 
 their coal? They enjoy no exclusive privileges 
 of any sort; they are a numerous body; and the 
 trade is as open as any other to all capitalists to 
 engage in. The number of places on the east 
 and west coasts, both of England and Scotland, 
 and the southern parts of Wales, from which coals 
 are exported, render it quite visionary to siqiposc 
 that any general agreement to keep up prices can 
 take place amongst the various coal proprietors ; 
 and though such an agreement were entered into, 
 it is impossible it could be maintained. The 
 power of producing coal greatly exceeds the jirescnt 
 demand; many new mines have been recently 
 opened, and many others would be brought into 
 activity were the price artiticially enhanced. It 
 is true that the coal-owners referred to, having 
 experienced the ruinous efl'ects of throwing a 
 superabundant quantity of coal upon restricted 
 and already glutted markets, have occasionally 
 met together ; and each having named the price 
 he thinks his coal will command, and at which 
 he intends to sell it, they have proceeded jointly 
 to regulate, according to the probable demand, 
 tho quantity that each shall raise during any par- 
 ticular period. By means of this arrangement the 
 supply and price of coal have been kept, during the 
 
 •• ):■ 
 
r 
 
 312 
 
 COAL 
 
 w 
 
 lime it has existed, comparatively steady. Com- 
 mon prudence promnts and juHtifles such an ar- 
 rangement ; but it also supgcats the necessity of 
 reducing the price of coal to the lowest level that 
 ■will iifl'oril the customary rate of profit. For were 
 the price demanded by the northern coal-owners 
 raised above this level, new mines would be opened 
 in Durham and Northumberland; the imports 
 from the Tees, whence a large supply of excellent 
 coal in (It present brought to the London market, 
 would be augmented ; and fresh competitors, from 
 S\7ansea and other places, would come into the 
 field and undersell them. Government should 
 encourage and promote this fair competition ; but 
 it ought, at the same time, to do equal justice by 
 all the competitors. It is not to lend assistance 
 to, or remove burdens from, one set of adventurers, 
 which it does not lend to or remove from others. 
 It is no part of its duty to say how coals, or any 
 species of produce, shall be carried to market. 
 It is bound to give every reasonable facility for 
 the opening of new channels or modes of convey- 
 ance between all parts of the country; but it 
 would be glnringlj' unjust to lay a tax on the coals 
 conveyed l)y a i)articular clmnnvl from which 
 those conveyed by other channels were exempted. 
 
 The aggregate capital employed by the conl- 
 owncrs on the Tyno amounts to about 4,r)00,000/., 
 exclusive of the craft in the river : and supposing 
 this estimate to be nearly correct, it will follow, 
 allowing for the value of the ships, that the total 
 capital employed in the coai trade may be mode- 
 rately estini.ited at from 20 to "25 millions; an 
 immense sum to be almost wholly at the risk of 
 the owners, without any insurance upon it. 
 
 Hiatorii of the Use of Coal. Duties and Uefjii 
 
 issued a proclamation conformably to the prayer 
 of the petition; but it being very little attended to, 
 recourse was had to more vigorous measures ; » 
 commissioner of oyer and terminer being issued 
 out, with instructions to enquire as to all who 
 burned sea-coal within the city, or parts adjoining; 
 to punish them for the lirist otlence by 'pecuniary 
 mulcts ; ' and upon a second oflcnce to demolish 
 their furnaces ; and to |irovidc for the stri(;t 
 observance of the proclamation in all time to 
 come. 
 
 Hut notwithstanding the efforts that were thus 
 made to prohibit the use of coal, and the prcj'i<licc 
 that was long entertained against it, it continued 
 progressively to gain ground. This was partly, 
 no doubt, owing to experience having shown that 
 coal smoke had not the noxious inHuence ascribed 
 to it, but far more to the superior excellence of 
 coal as an article of fuel, and the growing scarcity 
 and consequent high price of timber. In tint 
 reign of Charles I. the use of coal became univer- 
 sal in London, where it has ever since been used to 
 the exclusion of nearly all other articles of fuel. 
 At the Hestoration the quantity imported was aup- 
 ])osed to amount to about 200,000 chaldrons. In 
 1070 the imports had increased to 270,000 chal- 
 drons. At the devolution they amounted to 
 about 300,000 chaldrons, and have since gone on 
 increasing with the growing magnitude and 
 population of the city; being, in 1750, about 
 000,000 chaldrons; in 1800, about 900,000 chal- 
 drons; and in 18(!G about (;00.000,000 tons, (Camp- 
 bell's Political Survp;/ of Great Britain, vol. ii. 
 ]). ."0; Edington On the Coal Trade, p. 41 ; A'O.) 
 
 It might have been supposed, considering that 
 
 coal is, in this country, a prime necessary ol life, 
 lations affecting it, particularly in the Port of , and by far the most important of all the instru- 
 Xonrfon.— There are no mines of coal in either | ments of manufacturing industry, that it would 
 Greece or Italy; and no evidence has been pro- \ have been exempted from every species of tax, 
 duced to show'that the ancients had learned to and that every possible facility would have bieii 
 avail themselves of this most useful mineral. No I given for its conveyance from the mines to the 
 evidence has as yet been adduced as to the time ! districts in the south of ICngland, and other iilaiot 
 at which se.i-coal was first employed for eco- I in want of it. Hut such has not been the case. 
 nomical purposes. The following is from Mr. j The coal trade of Gro.at Britain was, for more than 
 Kogers's Avork on Agriculture and Prices in Eng- J a century and a half, subjected to the most oppic 
 
 land, vol. i. p. 422 : 'Its appearance at so distaiit a 
 place as Dover in 1279, the earliest entry which 
 has come under my observation, suggests that the 
 coasting traffic in this article must have been 
 familiar. It was purchased for the use of the 
 castle, and must, of course, have been burned in a 
 lire-place with chimney. Again it is used at 
 Waleton and Weston, two places in Sufl'olk an<l 
 Herts, which formed part of the estate of Kogcr 
 Higod, the great Earl of Norfolk. It is found 
 at Southampton in 1298. It is quoted in the ac- 
 counts of Clare Castle and Clarette, |>art of the 
 possessions of the Earl of Gloucester. It is bought 
 at Uexley in Kent, and Iloton in Essex. It is found 
 at \Vestbury in Wilts, probably from the .Somer- 
 setshire measures. It may be added that among 
 the various traders given in the taxing bill of 
 (Colchester, Hot. Pari., vol. i., sea-coal dealers are 
 mentioned at the close of the l.Sth century.' It 
 occurs in a charter of Henry HI., granting license 
 to the burgesses of Newcastle to dig for coal. In 
 1281 Newcastle is said to have had a considerable 
 trade in this article. About the eiul of this cen- 
 tury, or the beginning of the fourteenth, coals 
 began to be imported into Loiiihm, being at first 
 used only by smiths, brewers, dyers, .soap-boilers 
 <Jrc. This innovation was, however, londly com- 
 plained of. A notion got abroad that the smoke 
 was highly injurious to the public health; and in 
 L'UO Parliament petitioned the king, Edward I., 
 to prohibit the burning of coal, on the ground of 
 its beitig an intolerable nuisance. His Majesty 
 
 sive regulations. From a very early period tije 
 corporation had imdertaken the task of weigh! i^ 
 and measuring the coal brought to London, and 
 had been accustomed to charge 8</. a ton for their 
 trouble. In 161,3 the power to make this cliari;c 
 was confirmed to the city by royal charter, it hein;;' 
 at the same time ordered that no coal should U- 
 unladen from any vessel till the Lord Mayor had 
 given leave. The right to charge this sum accord- 
 ing to the chahlron of coal lias since been con- 
 tinned to the city by Act of Tarliament; and as 
 the labouruig meters, notwithstanding they ha>c 
 been very well paid, have received only ut/. out nf 
 the 8f/., the balance of ,".r/. per chuldron, whicli 
 produced about 20,000/. a-j-ear, went to the ciiy 
 treasury. 
 
 Hut besides the above, duties for civic purpo-es 
 have been laid on the coal imported into Loiulua 
 from the reign of Charles 11. downwards. Tlii'v 
 were originally imposed in KiCu, after the groat 
 tire, in order to assist in the rebuilding of churches 
 an(l other public edifices; and have ever since 
 been continued, to enable the corporation to exe- 
 cute improvements in the city ; though it is pro- 
 bable most of our readers will be inclined to think 
 that few improvements could be so great as a 
 reduction in the price of s?! very important an ar- 
 ticle as coal. 
 
 Exclusive of the corporation duties, a duty pay- 
 able to Government was laid on all sea-borne coal 
 in the rci(;n of William III., which only ceased 
 in 1831. This duty was at once glaringly unjust 
 
COAL 
 
 313 
 
 niul oppressive : unjust, inasmuch as it fell only on 
 those parts of the empire to which coals had tu he 
 carried by sen ; and oppressive, inasmucli as it 
 amounted to tull^//y per cent, upon the price paid 
 to tlie coal-owner lor the coal. This tax, alter 
 l)cin(; lonfT stationary at 6». per chaldron, was raised 
 to Un. 4c/. durinfr the late war, and was reduced to 
 (is. ill 1824. But the inequality of the tax was 
 not confined to its alTectinif those parts only of 
 the empire towhicii coal had to he carried by sea. 
 I'^ven there its pressure was not equal ; for, while 
 it amounted toUs. per chaldron, or 4». per ton, in the 
 metropolis and all the south of Kngland, it only 
 amounted to U. 7Jt/. per ton on coal carried bysoa 
 to Ireland, and to \s.Hd.on tliat carried to Wales; 
 while Scotland was for many years entirely ex- 
 empted from tlie duty, 
 
 lle.-iides this strikinj; partiality and injustice, 
 various troublesome Custom-house regulations 
 were required in consequence of distinctions 
 btiiiii; made between the duties on large and 
 smail coal, between those on coal and culm (a 
 species of coal), and coal and cinders, and of coiil 
 b(iii}< allowed to be imported duty free into Corn- 
 wall, Devon &c. for the use of the mines. These 
 distinctions were, however, wholly abolished in 
 IH'M, and no duties exist on coal except those col- 
 lected in London and a few other ports, and appro- 
 priated to local purposes. 
 
 A small supply of coal was of late years brought 
 to London from Staffordshire by canal navigation. 
 This coal was charged with a duty of Is. per chal- 
 dron ; but this is now also repealed. 
 
 The regulations to wliich the sale and delivery 
 of coals were subjected in the city of London were, 
 if ))ossible, still more objectionable than the duties 
 imposed on them. Instead of l)eing sold by weight, 
 all coals imported into the Thames were, pre- 
 viously to 1831, sold by measure. It is curums 
 to observe the sort of abuses to which this practice 
 lias given rise. It is stated by the celebrated 
 mathematician Dr. llutton, who, being a native of 
 Newcastle, was well acquainted with the coal trade, 
 that, ' If one coal, measuring exactly a cubic yard 
 (nearly cqiiiil to 5 bolls), be broken into pieces of 
 a moderate size, it will measure 74 bolls; if broken 
 very small, it will measure 9 bolls ; which shows 
 tl'.at the proportion of the weight to the measure 
 depends upon the size of the coals; therefore ac- 
 counting by weight is the most rational method.' 
 The sliipijcrs were well aware of this, and insisted 
 ii]ion the coal-owners supplying them with large 
 coal only; and to such an extent was this prin- 
 ciple carried, that all coal for the London market 
 was screened, as it is technically termed, or passed 
 liver gratings, to sejiaratc the smaller pieces. In- 
 asmuch, however, as coals were sold m all their 
 mbsequent stages by measure, no sooner had they 
 lieen deliver ,;i by the owner than it was for the 
 interest of every one else into whose hands they 
 ciune before reaching the consumer, to break them 
 into smaller portions. In fiict, the profit of many 
 of the retailers in London arose chiefly from the 
 increase of measure by the breakage of coal. And 
 Sir. Brandling, a very intelligent and extensive 
 coal-owner, stated to the Conunons' committee of 
 IH'.'O that, in consequence of the breakage, coals 
 are reduced in London to a size inferior to what 
 tlicy would be were tliev put on board unscreened, 
 and subjected to no additional brcaka'^^e. 
 
 The statements now made sulHciently evince 
 ilie nullity of all the regulations enforcing the 
 sale of coal by correct measures ; for even though 
 tluise regulations had been enforced, instead of 
 liciiig, as they usually were, wholly neglected, 
 they would have been of almost no use ; inasmuch 
 as anv dishonest dealer was as able to cheat by 
 
 breaking his coals a little smaller thon usual, as if 
 be had sold them in deficient measures. 
 
 The loss occasioned by the useless process of 
 screening has been verygreat. The quantity of 
 coal separated by it has amounted in some cases 
 to from 20 to 25 per cent, of the whole; and the 
 greater part of this residue, containing a portion 
 of the very best coal, is burned on the n/mt. ' I 
 have known,' says Mr. Ihiddlo, 'atone colliery, as 
 many as from 90 to 100 chaldrons a day dcstmyed. 
 If they were not consumed, they would cover 
 the wiiole surface, and in the burnings of them 
 they ,'tre extremely destructive; they destroy this 
 crops a great way round, and we pay large sums 
 for injury done to the crops, and for dainngit to 
 tlie ground.' (Fimt Lords' liepurt, p. 72.) Tlie 
 waste of coal h.ns been in this way enormous ; and 
 the coal-owner has been obliged tocliargc a higher 
 price upop the coal sold, in order to indemnify 
 liimself for the loss of so great a quantity, and 
 for the mischief he does to others in burning. 
 
 The fact that so monstrous a system should 
 have been persevered in for more than a century 
 sets the power of habit in reconciling us to the 
 most pernicious absurdities in a very striking 
 [wint of view. Happily, however, the nuisance 
 was ab last abated; the sale of Ci,..'l by weight 
 taking away both the temptation to break coal, 
 and the necessity of screening. 
 
 Tlio duties of all sorts Uiat were formerly paid 
 to the corporation of the city of London were com- 
 muted in I8;J0 for a duty of Is. Irf. per ton, which pro- 
 duced in 1851 a gross revenue of 187,991/. IGs. 'i'id, 
 (Farl. Paper No. 29, Sess. 1852.) 
 
 Most of the coals for discharging into barges 
 are now brought to the Pool by screw steamers. 
 The cost of tlio best Wallscnd put into barges 
 in the Pool would now (1808) be 19s. Zd., made up 
 as under: — 
 
 Prime cost, !>«.• on Iimnt, in tliu Ni'ilh 
 Kvei^lll l»y sltuw steamers . - - 
 
 City dues . . _ - 
 
 t'actur's ctmrges, insurance, liaif metn^e .^cc. 
 
 1. i. 
 
 Vi II 
 
 .'j 
 
 I I 
 
 J_2 
 
 I'J S" 
 
 To which must lie added charges incurred for con- 
 veyance from the vessel to the cellar of the 
 consumer : — 
 
 Lichteraf*e (to anv ordinary wharf Ijetween London $, d, 
 
 and Vaiixhall bridge.) ■ - - - U) 
 
 Wh.irf.ige &c. • • - - - 6 
 
 Loadintf • - - - - 1 U 
 SmntI, i.e. cost of screening; and loss on difTcrcnce of 
 
 selling price of tile small • - - *J 
 
 Cartafp; - - - - - -26 
 
 r. 10 
 in i 
 
 AveraRecoBlfor tlie rear lSr,7-M - - - 21! I 
 
 * Tlie loss liy small is greater liy serew steamers than by sailinf; 
 vessels. 
 
 Steam ships arc gradually superseding sailing 
 ves.seli', as they can carry at a much cheaper rnte. 
 
 There are many wharves below bridge where ves- 
 sels unload alongside, and so save the cost of light- 
 erage and reloading from the barges: butudiffcrent 
 class of ship is required, the freight of whicii is 
 dearer. The charges bv this way would be: — 
 
 Cost nf coal, free on bo;ird . - - . 
 
 Krei(!ht ..---- 
 
 t'itv dues . . - - - 
 
 Faelor's charges, insurance tVc. . . . 
 
 Wharfage, interest nn outlay on tnachincry tic. 
 l.oadiTig, weighing &LC. . - . - 
 
 Small {mu<h less than by screw steamer) 
 Cartage (these wharves lieiiig necessarily lielnw bridge, 
 the average distance of delivery will be greater) 
 
 No doubt, however, the expenses attending the 
 delivery of coal to the consumer might be farther, 
 and very materially reduced, were quays con- 
 structed'at which ships could lie alongside, and 
 discharge their cargoes without the intervention 
 of lighters, and without being subject tu the 
 
 t. 
 
 (/. 
 
 Vi 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 » 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 II 
 
 H 
 
 II 
 
 ., 
 
 1 
 
 Tt 
 
 .■> 
 
 
 
 •2(; 
 
 4 
 
 ' ■\ 
 
314 
 
 COAL 
 
 'ill" 4 
 
 i I- 
 
 delays to wliu'li iluy arc iinw csimsfid. It np- 
 l)cars, also, that tlu; practice of ."ciulint; coals to 
 tliecoiisiirncra in baj^s miglit in the great majority 
 of cases be advantageously dispensed with. No 
 Nuoh practice exists in Manchester. Liverpool, 
 (llasRow, or other large towns; and, generally 
 .'praUing, it seems to occasion not only a heavy, 
 hilt a i)erfectly useless, expense. There is a very 
 keen competition in tiic retail coal trade in I-on- 
 (l(in, and the individual who deals with a respect- 
 alile coal merchant may be pretty well assured 
 that he gets his coals at the lowest price at which, 
 as matters now stand, they can be sold. 
 
 Eiglitpence per ton of the duty of l.t. Irf. would 
 have ceased in 18G2 but for the Act of ISUl, which 
 continued it in its entirety till IH"'.'. Ity l'() it '_'7 
 Vict.c. 46 tlie duty to tlicextent of Ig. was further 
 coutimu'd to IM.H-.>, ij being mortgaged for the 
 Thames KmbanUnient, and ^ for thelloll)ornllill 
 improvements. Again, liy ;il Vict. c. 17 it lias 
 been still farther extended to 1889 — the jt being 
 diverted, however, to freeing certain suburban 
 bridges from toll. 
 
 Account exhibiting the Quantities of the nirioua 
 Descriptions of Coal imported into London hy 
 Sf(i in 1S.")8, and specifying ulsu the A'umber of 
 Shi/is or Cargoes, 
 
 Ues^-ription of l^oal 
 
 Ships or 
 Cargoes 
 
 Tom 
 
 Newcastle Al.iin 
 
 •ifiH 
 
 nr.l.Mi) 
 
 Newcajitle WalUenU • 
 
 SOI 
 
 VS7,.->Ui 
 
 Seahain 
 
 I,C17.T 
 
 •^B7,l(l9 
 
 Sunderland • 
 
 .1M 
 
 iii,4;» 
 
 Siin<lerl.Mid W'allsend - 
 
 I,S.-.7 
 
 (il(l,(i!W 
 
 .Middl«,l,ro' . 
 
 ■tr,7 
 
 M,S.')9 
 
 iriTtlcliuol and We<t HnrtleT^ool 
 
 a.^ii 
 
 6'J3,.'i',ll 
 
 Hljth . . . - 
 
 17'> 
 
 4.1.cPrt7 
 
 Sioli-h 
 
 ■'>9 
 
 1(1.!) 73 
 
 VVel.h 
 
 Ml 
 
 l.«.3l'J 
 
 \'(irk6hire &c. 
 
 .-7r, 
 
 W'J,U4.-> 
 
 I.iverpcxil 
 
 3 
 
 .■WIJ 
 
 >inall coa! 
 
 b-i 
 
 l.'>,»7 
 
 ridni 
 
 C 
 
 1, .1111 1 
 
 CindiTS 
 
 111 
 
 S,.1S7 
 
 Tolal, IS.'iS 
 
 KP.IiO.I 
 
 ^MfiAK 
 
 During the same year (1858) 1,213,464 tons 
 were imported into London by land, that is, by 
 canals, railways, and common roads. 
 
 Statement showing the Quantities of Coals Sec. 
 brought into the London District, by Railway, 
 Canal, and by Sea, in 186G and 1807. 
 
 
 
 
 ISCO 
 
 l.S(17 
 
 By Raili»,i» anil T.inal. 
 
 
 tons 
 
 Ions 
 
 London and Norih-weaterii llailway 
 
 
 l,isv/)iir. 
 
 
 < treat Northern 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 l,(Hi(;,i77 
 
 
 tJreat Western 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 .1(i7,!l(H 
 
 
 (irtat Eastt;rn 
 
 
 
 VlV,1fi7 
 
 
 :\lidUnd 
 
 
 
 ir,hfiir, 
 
 
 South-western 
 
 
 
 .i 1,07 a 
 
 .".,313,131 
 
 ■South.easlem 
 
 
 
 il,7.' 1 
 
 
 t'hatham and trover 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 6, 1 .'.r, 
 
 
 Tilbury and Southend 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 6.1H 
 
 
 (irand Junction Canal 
 
 „ 
 
 
 in,i7B 
 
 
 Tolal - 
 
 - 
 
 
 '.','JS0,U7'.i, 
 ISCB 
 
 I8(i7 
 
 Uy Sea. 
 
 
 
 tons 
 
 tons 
 
 Newcastle - 
 
 - 
 
 
 I,,'.Ua,.517 
 
 1,.')1V,2RI 
 
 Seahain 
 
 . 
 
 
 11 «,(!'« 
 
 K'i,(ISV 
 
 Sunderl.ind - 
 
 . 
 
 
 -.•.«,.177 
 
 793,.HG 
 
 i\I iddh-sbro' - 
 
 . 
 
 
 n'l.ioa 
 
 •Vi.tSI 
 
 Ilartleiiuol and West Hartlepool 
 
 
 ll.^,'IM 
 
 410,4Sl 
 
 Klylh 
 
 
 
 1.1,777 
 
 6,'Jll'J 
 
 Scotland 
 
 
 
 '.^'i.iai 
 
 .39,44i 
 
 Wales 
 
 
 
 .'.•i,.10S 
 
 4U,l.-.il 
 
 Yorkshiri- - 
 
 
 
 ^1,375 
 
 iii.USS 
 
 Dull' 
 
 
 
 ona 
 
 
 Small co.ii 
 
 
 
 •Jl.l'^K 
 
 9,3 Hi 
 
 <'ulni 
 
 
 
 .')(«) 
 
 _ 
 
 Cinders - 
 
 
 
 R,7vO 
 
 0,'.lf)7 
 
 Tolal - 
 
 
 
 .-.in.i,r«3 
 
 3.<lir,,4lli 
 
 Total by Rad, Canal, and Sea 
 
 
 li,Ul,1,'/(ij 
 
 (i,3'.i9,Wl) 
 
 T}cgtdatio7ir as to 
 
 Sale in 
 
 lyondon. — 
 
 A seller's 
 
 
 ticket is to accompany all coals sold within the 
 city of London and its environs, specifying the 
 species of coal, and the number of sacks and 
 weight of coal sent. The coals may be either in 
 bags containing 1 or 2 cwt., or in biilk. Tlie car- 
 man is in all cases bound to carry a weighing ma- 
 t'liiiie with the coal, wliich machine is to be made 
 
 conformably to regulation ; and, upon being de- 
 sired, be is to weigh any one sack, or the whole 
 sacks in his waggon. IVnalty on refusing to weigh, 
 or otherwise obstructing the weighing, 20/. — 
 I'enally on non-delivery of ticket to purclia.ser, 20/. 
 In the event of the weight being deficient, a 
 penalty is imposed of 10/. or 50/. according to 
 deficiency, tiuantitics of less than SCO lbs. may 
 bo sold without being weighed. (1 Jt 2 Wm. IV. 
 c. 7(i.) 
 
 To save trouble in collecting the duties that 
 still attach to coal in the jiort of London, the cor- 
 poration is authorised to compound with the owner 
 or master of any ship or vessel importing coal, for 
 tlie tonnage upon wliich tlie thities are to be jiaid. 
 A certiticatc of such composition, expressing the 
 number of tons of coal, cinders, or culm agreed to 
 be taken as the cargo of the ship or vessel com- 
 pounded for, is to be given to the master or owner 
 of the same, and to be taken as evidence of the 
 quantity on board. 
 
 When no compositinti is entered into, the coal 
 is to be weighed in the presence of an otHccr of 
 the customs at the port of shipment ; and the dutie.t 
 an' to be paid upon the weight so shipped. 
 
 Tlie shipment of coal in the Tyne is regulated 
 by the Act 5 <«eo. IV. c. 72, commonly called 
 the Turn Act. The object of this Act is to 
 make all ships engaged in tlie trade of the Tyne 
 be loaded in the order in which they arrive. It 
 lirevents any preference being given to particular 
 ships, and renders it nearly impossible for any 
 coal-owner to give constant employment to any 
 vessel in the trade which he may wish to employ. 
 Ill .some respects this Act is probably advantageous, 
 but, on the whole, its policy seems verj' question- 
 able. Why should a coal-owner be prevented from 
 emploj'ing certain ships in preference to others V 
 Under this Act, if more .ships engage in the trade 
 than can be profitably employed in it, the loss 
 produced by (letention in port, and waiting for a 
 cargo, instead of falling, an it naturally would, 
 were the trade fre-.-, on particular ships, and driving 
 them trom the business, falls equally on every sliip 
 employed, and represses the whole trade. There 
 is no regulation of this sort on the Wear, 
 
 Duty on Coal conveyed to London by liailwni/. 
 Canal ^r.— The 8 & i) Vict. c. 101 has impcscd 
 the .same (l:ities on coals conveyed to the metro- 
 polis by rai way, canal, or other inland carriage, 
 that arc imnosed on them when conveyed by 
 sea. It has farther enacted that Id. per ton of 
 the produce of such duties shall be accumu- 
 lated from December ill, 184.5, as a fiiiul 
 for the execution of improvements within the 
 metropolis. 
 
 Duties on Coal when exported, — The question as 
 to the policy of laying duties on the exportatiim 
 of coal mainly depends (as the exhaustion of the 
 mines need not be thought of) on the fact whetlier 
 Kritish coal be necessary or of consideralile conse- 
 (luence to the progress of manufactures and arts in 
 foreign countries. If it be, then certainly it would 
 be good policy to preserve that superiority wliich 
 we derive from the possession of coal byproliibitiiig 
 its exportation, or burdening it when exportoil 
 with a considerable duty ; but if the possession of 
 our coal be not necessary or of cjnsiderable im- 
 portance to the foreigner, such prohibition or duty 
 would encourage the working of foreign mines by 
 discouraging the working of our own, without pro- 
 ducing any corresponding advantage. It has been 
 said that it is not easy to pronounce positively how 
 the fact stands. On the whole, however, there does 
 not appear to be much room for doubting that a 
 supply of Britisit coal, though it may not be in- 
 dispensable to the foreigner, is of the greatest ser- 
 
 vice to hlr 
 
 advaiilii^ri. 
 
 not othcrwi 
 
 .'^lu^cess. 'J' 
 
 that of Knj, 
 
 successful c 
 
 the world; 
 
 of the IjMitf 
 
 supplying o 
 
 Liiglish CO; 
 
 1,'J.'(,87,0 ton.s, 
 
 regarded the 
 
 on coal wliei 
 
 '">:■:■ Wv lit 
 
 Would not hn 
 
 ofciiiil.nttbt 
 
 a coii.siilfniiji 
 
 iiieiiiborc(l) \\ 
 
 Account of tl 
 London < 
 1861 to h 
 
 Vear 
 
 ini,r, 
 
 IWil 
 lS(i.'> 
 ISMi 
 
 * IVoceeds .- 
 I Nell protc 
 
 An Account of 
 
 f'ountrie 
 
 I Kussii 
 Swt'den 
 I Norway . 
 I Denmark . 
 
 .Schle^wig Ilolsttln 
 ' I rus.^i.i 
 
 AlecklenlmrK 
 
 Hanover . 
 
 Oldenburg . 
 
 tianibur|{ . 
 
 liremtt) 
 
 I'Uheck 
 
 Holland . 
 
 He!i;iuin • 
 I Frani't. 
 
 I'ortujjal.A/ores.an 
 Spain and the lani 
 
 I Italy : 1 
 
 Sardinian States! 
 i uscany I 
 
 Naples and SicilJ 
 -Adriatic iM>rts A 
 ..an.lth.e HoinaJ 
 * eiietia - 1 
 
 Austrian 'ierritorll 
 
 Ori-ece . 
 
 i<iiiian Isl.iiids 
 
 Turkey I'roper 
 
 r.trvpt 
 
 'Mijeria . 
 
 Cape \erde Islandl 
 
 •lava . I 
 
 <.'bina(eiclusiveofJ 
 
 .lapaii 
 
 t'ulia 
 
 The foUowinl 
 price of coal sif 
 the uiidermeiitii 
 
 Vear 
 
 ChaldroiJ 
 
 ir.-(i 
 
 I7.i-. 
 1710 
 1745 
 I7iO 
 17.5,') 
 I7C0 
 176.5 
 1770 
 1775 
 
 £ •. il 
 
 I 4 i; 
 
 I .'. 
 
 1 y 
 
 1 10 
 1 7 
 8 
 IV! 
 I 12 
 I 9 
 
 10 ll.Q 
 
 • Bwt 1 
 
 This table «en the I 
 on coals, and of the I 
 manajjemeni of the il 
 
CO. 
 
 vice to him, nnd onulilos Iiim to cnrry on with j 
 uilvaiiliiKi! various uiulertaitin;{s in which he could 
 not otlicrwisc hiivc cn(,'af{e<l with iniicli cliuncc of 
 success. Thd coul of Uclf^iutti is not so f;oo(l ns 
 tluit of Kn^'land, and is too far inland to conic into | 
 successful competition with ours in tlic nnirkct of 
 the world; and the same may be sai<I of the coal 
 of tlie United States. TIk! latter, indeed, far from 
 supplying others with coal, arc large importers of I 
 Knglish coal, having taken from ns in IHli.') I 
 I.'i.'i.ST/i tons. Such being the case, we have always 
 regarded the repeal in IH 1;3 of the duty of Is. a tiin i 
 (111 coal when exported as a most unwise proceed- 
 ing. We are well convinced tliat its retention I 
 would not have materially all'ectedthe exportation ! 
 of coal, at the same time that it would have yiehled 
 a considerable amount of revenue which (be it re- | 
 inemhered) would have been wholly paid by the 
 
 VL 
 
 31A 
 
 fondgner. Ihit liritish coal (the total o.xportH of 
 whi(di in IHGli were !(,(MH,21li tons, valued at 
 ■t,«70,0Hl/.) is of incomparably more importance to 
 the foreigner now than it was in J« J5 ; and we think 
 that the imposition of a duty of T).*. a ton on it 
 when exported would he "a highly expedient 
 measure. It will bi^ no holiday task to show hov,- 
 a revenue of upwards of 2,l()i),()()(J/. a-year may be 
 rai^^cd with loss inconvenience. 
 
 The following is an account of the luiinber of 
 tons of coals imported into the port of London 
 during each of the years from l>(t;i to \HM in- 
 clusive, and of the gross and nctt amount of revenue 
 received in each of those years from the duty on 
 coals ; showing also the cpiantity of coals brought 
 laudwise into the city of London and its limits, 
 and the amount of duty received thereon, in each 
 of these years : — 
 
 Account of the. Total Quantities of Coat liroiuiht lii/ Sea, Uuil, and Canal within the Limits of the 
 London Coal liuty HiiUius, and the Xett Proceeds of the Duties thereon, in each of the Years from 
 181)1 to I8GU, both inclusive. {I'arl. Paper No. '.'12 of 1807.) 
 
 Vtar 
 
 Seahome 
 
 ILiilway 
 
 Canal 
 
 lloail 
 
 lotal 
 
 Neil I'rorecds of 
 ill/, duly • 
 
 £ I. d. 
 
 Nt'tt I'roceciU of id. 
 ilulv t 
 
 tons 
 
 tons 
 
 tons 
 
 tllllH 
 
 tuns 
 
 £ t. d. 
 
 18I}1 
 
 .■i,.Vi7,l«l2 
 
 l,r,ii,'.n'> 
 
 ls„'.71 
 
 4,11117 
 
 .',,V.-.'i,IIS2 
 
 I.VJ.llS!! IB .'. 
 
 7'.,S1I 1 .'. 
 
 I8'i'^ 
 
 ^Mi.Wi 
 
 I..'.1.1,iUll 
 
 11, (I'll 
 
 I>,I7I 
 
 .1,'I7-",SA1 
 
 I.')t,(ll>7 S 10 
 
 (.S,.17'< ."> '2 
 
 lNiir> 
 
 .1,.-..V.,17J 
 
 i,;;.'i,is7 
 
 'J.fii't 
 
 7,'ilV 
 
 .'i,l'^7,ll)li 
 
 \i;r,,\ 1.1 Is 4 
 
 7.-.,Sll 11 111 
 
 ISdl 
 
 .1.1l(i,7(l- 
 
 V.',1IV,I1(1 
 
 H.'JO.' 
 
 S,.1KI 
 
 ri,i7n,\'i>i 
 
 171.71'J 1 .T 
 
 7(i,.11il \t l\ 
 
 lS(i,') 
 
 :5,IIH,,.S1 
 
 •^,7.-.:..()ili 
 
 H.C-i 
 
 <i,ti'.!l 
 
 .l.'JMU/Mil 
 
 IH<:,3in 11 1 
 
 sv.sei I'l 2 
 
 I8m; 
 
 .1,I)3,1,IW 
 
 •J,'J(iiJ,H9G 
 
 iii,i7i; 
 
 f.,:il7 
 
 C,,'fiil,lHi 
 
 iS7.iivi !) :s 
 
 s.i,i.')G \i in 
 
 * I'rocettls iipplied hy the M<'troiiolitan Hoirt! of Works in **irL'iMing publiir works antl imprnvemcntH within the mctropnlis. 
 f Nt'tt prucL-LiU dppiied by the City uf I^nitun in C'irL'i'ti>i{4 puhlic wurks utui mi i prove meat n in and niyiicent tu the i.An\ city. 
 
 An Account of the Quantities and Value of Coal exporitfl from the United Kiuf/doni in 18G0. fipecifying 
 the Quantities and Values of the Coal sent to different Countries, 
 
 (^ountTiiil 
 
 (.Juantlties 
 
 Value 1 
 
 Countries 
 
 (.luantitics 
 
 Value 
 
 
 
 tons 
 
 £ 
 
 
 tons 
 
 £ 
 
 HiiSNil 
 
 
 .'ifll.nOJ 
 
 27(1,22.1 
 
 St. Tliomas 
 
 |y9,ii4 
 
 41,711 
 
 Swt'dbTl 
 
 
 a).'i,'i7(l 
 
 ii'J,rii4 
 
 lALirtinuiue 
 
 32,262 
 
 1G,0I3 
 
 Norway 
 
 
 IS'i.llo 
 
 S.'>,788 
 
 United states : 
 
 
 
 Denmark • 
 
 
 r,i'j, id,'. 
 
 viii.'Jtii; 
 
 North Atlitnlic jiorts 
 
 113,990 
 
 68,172 
 
 
 
 15.1,'.C4 
 
 li(i,S7S 
 
 Siiuth .Itliintlc liortt 
 
 12,391 
 
 8,3(U 
 
 
 
 4(il,S7l 
 
 1U2,7II2 
 
 I'ai'itic jiorlb 
 
 7,491 
 
 7,269 
 
 Mecklenlmr^ 
 
 
 4U,lii(t) 
 
 2ll,8.')(i 
 
 .Mexico 
 
 13,721 
 
 7, ,4.19 
 
 
 
 711,131 
 
 .-2,4(i8 
 
 New liranada 
 
 27,'>90 
 
 17,742 
 
 Oldenburg - 
 
 
 Ti,M'> 
 
 1(I,I8'I 
 
 I'cru - - - 
 
 (il),96ll 
 
 41,310 
 
 Manibur({ - 
 
 
 6Sa,XH'l 
 
 25»,442 
 
 Chill 
 
 130,(iSG 
 
 64,646 
 
 HremL-ii 
 
 
 »,2(i!l 
 
 (i,711 
 
 Hra/il 
 
 214,1.18 
 
 149,1/BO 
 
 l.ulieck - 
 
 
 V(l,l!i4 
 
 12,()M 
 
 Uruguay - 
 
 lis.uiti 
 
 69,913 
 
 nollaiKl - 
 
 
 2:17 ,7iS 
 
 I11,!l2fi 
 
 Ar«i-ntine t^onfcderation 
 
 41,(194 
 
 35,194 
 
 ll(.'li;iuin - 
 
 
 (ifi.lll 
 
 ,12,79.1 
 
 Channel Islands 
 
 72,.'iS2 
 
 34,774 
 
 Kraiu'u 
 
 
 l.'ja.'j.lM 
 
 9(n,.^0S 
 
 (ilhraltat . 
 
 74,2(11 
 
 41,286 
 
 l'ortU[;alt.-\Aores,and Madeira 
 
 1I)8,-/W 
 
 SI, 111 
 
 Malta 
 
 168,248 
 
 92,198 
 
 
 . 
 
 4ji,iaG 
 
 219,787 
 
 Itriti^h l*ussessiuns in South 
 
 
 
 Italy ; 
 
 
 
 
 Altlca . 
 
 26,449 
 
 1.5,443 
 
 Sardinian States - 
 
 , 
 
 .-n9,:!.i3 
 
 1(10,418 
 
 ^Mauritius - - - 
 
 28,1.10 
 
 I-,,1.5I 
 
 'J'usr.iny 
 
 _ 
 
 •.!!l,.1ll'J 
 
 11,121 
 
 Aden 
 
 7l),3Cl 
 
 37,8.11 
 
 Nniiieri and Sicily 
 
 . 
 
 MU,733 
 
 112,812 
 
 hriti^l) India; 
 
 
 
 Adriatic tK>rt!i of Ancona 
 
 
 
 lioinbav aiid Sclnde 
 
 213,498 
 
 118,766 
 
 and tl'.e UomaKna 
 
 
 at,n'2:> 
 
 15,r,2.'i 
 
 .Madras • 
 
 27,104 
 
 14,029 
 
 Venetia • 
 
 
 4i,avi 
 
 21,9,12 
 
 llen^al and I'tKU - 
 
 41,074 
 
 22,6iS 
 
 
 
 oi.sii 
 
 .14,714 
 
 Sinffaliore and the Straits 
 Settlements 
 
 
 
 ( Jri;,-ce 
 
 
 T>,'.>m 
 
 16.872 
 
 fil,f.l7 
 
 .16,588 
 
 Ionian Isl.ltid^ 
 
 
 ,-i(),9»7 
 
 17,26') 
 
 t'eylon 
 
 6.1, 174 
 
 33,423 
 
 'I'lirljey I'loiier 
 
 
 !il'J,13li 
 
 118,742 
 
 Hun^; Konj; 
 
 .')3,2llll 
 
 31,889 
 
 Ktfvpt 
 
 
 •.(78,144 
 
 147,177 
 
 Australia - 
 
 22,370 
 
 I4,ns7 
 
 Alfteria 
 
 
 i!7..'>81 
 
 11,792 
 
 Itritish North America 
 
 187,811 
 
 96,230 
 
 
 
 4 1 ,,'>».'> 
 
 2l.,ViU 
 
 llritisti West India Islands 
 
 
 
 .lava 
 
 
 18,082 
 
 «,9.".3 
 
 and British Guiana 
 
 137,287 
 
 8(),0tS 
 
 CliiiKMcxctUbivcofHoilgKonu) 
 
 41,7,16 
 
 32,11'> 
 
 Other countries 
 
 123,478 
 
 68,616 
 
 .Japan 
 Culia 
 
 I 
 
 lo.as.'i 
 
 ,5,8118 
 
 ll,',,r,si 
 
 Total - 
 
 9,648,210 
 
 4,870,019 
 
 iwing is an account of the contract Return of the Quantity of Coals e.rportcd from the 
 il supiilied to Greenwich Hospital in United Kingdom in the folloicing Years. 
 
 The follow 
 price of co; 
 the uiulcrmcutioned years : — 
 
 Vear 
 
 Per 
 
 ChaUlron 
 
 Year 
 
 I'er 
 
 Chaldron 
 
 Vear 
 
 I'er 
 Chaldron 
 
 
 £ M. d. 
 
 
 £ 
 
 .. rf. 
 
 
 £ 
 
 I. d. 
 
 i7.-n 
 
 1 I 6 
 
 1780 
 
 
 17 .1J 
 
 18.10 
 
 1 
 
 12 11 
 
 173i 
 
 1 4 
 
 1785 
 
 
 14 2t 
 
 1N33 
 
 II 
 
 16 Kv.t. 
 
 nil) 
 
 1 9 U 
 
 1790 
 
 
 14 41 
 
 1810 
 
 (1 
 
 19 8 „ 
 
 1745 
 
 1 10 
 
 1794 
 
 
 19 9 
 
 IS41 
 
 
 
 19 5 „ 
 
 1750 
 
 1 7 ^i 
 
 1800 
 
 
 11 7 
 
 1.S42 
 
 
 
 18 9 „ 
 
 1754 
 
 1 8 7J 
 
 1804 
 
 2 
 
 II SJ 
 
 1844 
 
 1) 
 
 18 9 „ 
 
 1760 
 
 1 12 s' 
 
 ISIO 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 1849 
 
 
 
 H 9 „ 
 
 1765 
 
 1 12 4) 
 
 1814 
 
 2 
 
 15 CJ 
 
 1 85 > 
 
 1 
 
 1 1I*„ 
 
 1770 
 
 1 9 It 
 
 18211 
 
 2 
 
 4 9 
 
 ISI.U 
 
 
 
 17 Uf., 
 
 1775 
 
 1 10 lis 
 
 1824 
 
 2 
 
 3 2 
 
 1868 
 
 1 
 
 l*„ 
 
 « Best \Va:l^end. 
 
 I KIsecar. 
 
 This ta1)le«et4 the benpficinl influenre of the abolition of the duty 
 on conis, nnd of the other alterations that hnve l<efn made in thti 
 iiunagement of the trade, in a very striking; i oint of view . 
 
 Year 
 
 Coils 
 
 Vear 
 
 Coals 
 
 Vear 
 
 
 tons 
 
 
 tons 
 
 1828 
 
 ,157,861 
 
 ISIl 
 
 1,848,294 
 
 1854 
 
 1829 
 
 371,271 
 
 1842 
 
 1.99'l,50l 
 
 18.54 
 
 18.10 
 
 .501,119 
 
 1841 
 
 I,^(i6,2ll 
 
 18,56 
 
 1811 
 
 510,831 
 
 1814 
 
 1,751,171 
 
 1857 
 
 18,12 
 
 .588,116 
 
 1844 
 
 2,531. 2S2 
 
 1848 
 
 18.13 
 
 631,448 
 
 1816 
 
 2,531,108 
 
 1 S49 
 
 1831 
 
 615.254 
 
 1S47 
 
 2.4S3,l(.l 
 
 1 86(1 
 
 1 8,14 
 
 73(i,06O 
 
 1848 
 
 2,78 '..VIO 
 
 1861 
 
 18,16 
 
 916,868 
 
 1S4') 
 
 2,828,039 
 
 1862 
 
 1837 
 
 1,111,610 
 
 IS 50 
 
 3,351,880 
 
 1863 
 
 ISIS 
 
 1,111.709 
 
 1851 
 
 1,41.8,544 
 
 1864 
 
 18 '9 
 
 1,149,417 
 
 1842 
 
 3.1 191 
 
 1 864 
 
 1810 
 
 1.606,313 
 
 1843 
 
 3,955,01.2 
 
 18G:i 
 
 tons 
 4,.109,254 
 4,976,902 
 4,879,779 
 6,737,718 
 6,529.183 
 7,11116.919 
 7, .12 1,832 
 7,845,115 
 8,101,852 
 8,274,212 
 8,809,908 
 9.170,177 
 4,8711,019 
 
 In 18G7 our exports of coals were 10,052,75!) 
 tons, while coals, cintlers, and culm reached 
 10,121,880 tons, valued at 5,100,353/. 
 
 (2oals 
 
31A 
 
 COASTING TRADE 
 
 dude foreipncrs fri™ " ; ' in Knglnn'! m 
 
 vast number of »««»^'')'Xs matter. An.l it was 
 
 ^:?.p l^cHl in the <="«','«", /e'i'.^oV quite free. 
 
 /'n/.-cw <!/•"»■• ■R''Pr°V'^. for a considerable time, 
 7vU.:^/luch 'l^oubt ha , or ;j «^°^. policy of the 
 l,oen cn-ertamed in r ^r ^,^j ,„ ,849 t 
 
 monopoly of «!?« '="''T"v7ia be throAvn open. I « 
 was proposed l^f »Vce ^ ; Rroundson NvhicMh.s 
 „ot easy, indeed, to «'^''^ « ^ j";^,!! . vindicated In 
 
 itat have -uA • j;?™V.c»n.tok:onJ»-««' 
 
 cacinB in that trade hmdorsu ,^. 
 
 fom availing themselves ofjnv P ^^^^^ j^,^^ ,„ 
 
 Itances (such as existed m lo ^,^, game 
 
 •large oppressive rates of ^^^^^^ competition 
 
 me subjects them to l^tj^o^^ ^^^^^.^^ ^ ^e 
 
 l.v ^^•hich alotie ^^^^^^ "Ability consequently i^ 
 luUv developed. > '« J/" . system will be as 
 that the introduction "' " ^J^^'' \, sluppi"g "■';'^ 
 •ulvnntageous in all thither things. Our naval 
 ±.i"ation as i" ,'"°«\,^[!''Jf „« manufacturing 
 "re-eminence is the result ot ou ^^^^ 
 ^ul mercantile. «"PP"»"',> 'eonstructiou of ships 
 ?acilities we «nJ»y, K^„. and while the former 
 a dthebreedmgof sa.o«. »^^,^^ latter will not 
 .viUmost ''^''l.Ofnishcd, bv the openmg of the 
 r,.rtainlv be diminislicu, "' nations. 
 
 coa^rn Jtrade to th« f J n u-« ^^^^'"S '''^' T 
 Forefgn ships engaged n t e ^^^^j ^^g„,,^ 
 
 .„b ecte"l in all respects to he^.^^ ^^.^^^ , , 
 tious (given below) hud on .^ ^^^ abs.ract of th« 
 ^^ef—auT^oreign^hips^o the coasting tra^U 
 
 her Maiestybythc 10 & ly ^,,i employed 
 S25,& 326, in respect o^f^flJ-ods exported or 
 
 in the oversea trade, a 
 
 imported in such ships, v 
 
 Foreign Sl.im !n ^'""""iJX^i^^^^^'^^'r'' 
 after the passmg "I » ;;.f',„^„wise fru... ou« 
 canying goods .- V«--^ , 'C^.,^^^ »r .n.m 
 nart of the. United l^' *:' , ,^. Mderuey, hark. 
 
 Kle Islands '^t/'^'S S"". "'.?""!/':;; 
 
 or Man to the i""'^",'",! t,,.. said islands, or 
 
 United Kingdom to any o 1 _ « ^^,^^,^ .„. „ ,, 
 
 m any of the snul shmds t ..^^ . ^^. ^ .^j^,_,j^ 
 
 or from any l'»'V' l,e s'an e. shall be .subject, as > 
 nnv other part ol the saini.. .^_ ^j, „ti,. r 
 
 subiect. (Wcc. -'.) Trof/'; ""' •'"'''i''' ' .'" 
 
 /..-'/.er i<«f^<. '/'«» ^V ; ',fS Act iscu.ph.yed ..i 
 which after the pasMUg J' ; -, . nor a.iy goods 
 The coasting "»''«"i\> X 'luring thet....« 
 carried in any sucli «l' l^'. '",,1. ect >o any hit;l'«f 
 Sship is «"<^7't-DtrhaSu.r, light, pilotage, 
 or other rate ol dock, P'". "" ^^ r,,tcs, or other 
 
 tonnage, or other '!"««' '^"^'"^.'.y other rules as to 
 XarSs whatsoever, or o any ^^^^^^ ^^j,, ,„ 
 
 te employment ol P'"' 'J [, British ships e.u- 
 rcstrictions ^vhatsocver, tba ^^^^_..^^ „^ ,,,^1 
 
 nlovcd in like manner, °'^^,':X,rivilege. or grant 
 
 '^,,, duties, tolls, -■• " ^\'^„\t,n't^ vcsi-cct IhereoC 
 entitled to ""y/"; ^^HAatiuy thereto, or other- 
 
 cLtJ^c Kuhj^ct to It * l; . ,p f^r the safety 
 ^rcreas it is expedient to V'"^ '^ j ,Uat every 
 ,assenger «tcamers . be it cn^^^ 
 
 .„S«"d'.-TheBe -bifi ' ;^^tcu:toms ton.oU- 
 :taplitiedar« embodied, in.t^ ^_ ^„,^ „„^ ,,, us 
 
 dation Act, int- a" 
 
 lieguluti' 
 conducted 
 
 uation ill'') "'^ rr -I I 
 
 follows, viz.:- „ „,« ,/ t/,« r/m(.'J 
 
 ^/f Trade ^V ^^'^J,"^ ,i,e,nid CoastwiM.-\\\ 
 Kingdomtoamthert^^U^^-" ^^^ ^^^, y„ued 
 
 trade by sea from "ny J)'"; J f s;,,all be deemed 
 
 Kingdom to any "^ f I'^J*; f u ,« while employe^ 
 to beacoastingtr.ule,andaiu \ ^ _,„a 
 
 therein shall i^f/>f 7'^:'" Kin, however situated 
 no part of the United Kng^«n j,^l be deen.ed 
 
 with regard to any «;'"J.^cl, other, to be i-ar.* 
 Tn aw, with reference to C'^^. ^^^^^^ ^^ 
 
 bcvond the seas; ""^^ » /i'^ or from what pars 
 ti,ne arise as to ^jhat or f ^, 
 
 of the coast of the um ,,,„nmissum<T, 
 
 deemed a pa^^«g«, "^.y Ermine and direct ... w " t 
 the Treasury "J'^/ '^.^Vrftom one port or plao > 
 
 ruSSSi-i-rwS:s'£ 
 
 urn, or if any ( 
 
 place over I lie 
 
 iinleHS forced lii 
 
 tlie master of a 
 
 tmiclied at nn 
 
 declare the sair 
 
 i'oUector or coi 
 
 Kingdom whei 
 
 arrive, the mas 
 
 BumoflOO/. (! 
 
 Times and Pi 
 
 any goods bo i 
 
 coastwise, or 1 
 
 !*liipped to bo 
 
 holidays, or ui 
 
 authority of t 
 
 or unless at s 
 
 appointed or 
 
 pose, the 8am( 
 
 of the ship sh 
 
 154.) 
 
 Master of Ct 
 —The master 
 cause to be ke| 
 of the ship, thi 
 belongs, and o 
 each voyage, 
 enter in such 1 
 account of all 
 ship, stating t 
 the quantitici 
 therein, and t 
 any goods stc 
 respective shi 
 particulars an 
 port of discha: 
 days on which 
 out of such si 
 parture from ( 
 at every port < 
 on demand, pi 
 of any officer 
 to make any i 
 examination 
 book as conta 
 not to contaii 
 contents, sha 
 shall be foui 
 entered in sue 
 and if such 
 
COASTING 
 wn, or if any consting Hhip Hhnll touch at any 
 Iiliice over I tie soa, or doviate from lu>r voyaf,'<', 
 iiiiloHs forced l)y uimvoidalilc circiim.MtaiiccN.'or if 
 tlic maHtcr of any consiiiif; nImii which nhall havu 
 toiiclicd at any place over the hca Hhiilt not 
 (lodarn the same in writing under his hand to the 
 <-ollocror or comptroller at tlic port in the United 
 Kingdom where sucli nhip nhall afterwards first 
 arrive, the master of Ruch ship Hhall forfeit the 
 .sum of 100/. (.Se-. 153.) 
 
 Times and I'lacei^for Lanrling atul Sliippiiuj. — If 
 any goods be uDHhipped from any Hhip arriving 
 coastwise, or be shipped or water-borne to be 
 shipped to bo carried coastwise, on Sundays or 
 holidays, or unless in tlio presence or with the 
 authority of the proper officer of the Customs, 
 or unless at such times and places as shall be 
 appointed or approved by him for that pur- 
 pose, the same snail be forfeited, and the roaster 
 of the ship shall forfeit the sum of 50/. (.Sec. 
 154.) 
 
 Master of Coasting Veuel to keep a Cargo lioo/t. 
 — The master of every coasting ship shall keep or 
 cause to he kept a cargo book, stating the names 
 of the ship, the master, and the port to which she 
 belongs, and of the port to which she is bound on 
 each voyage, and shall at every port of lading 
 enter in such book the name of such port, and an 
 account of all goods there taken on board sui'h 
 ship, stating the descriptions of the packages and 
 the quantities and (jescriptions of the goods 
 therein, and the quantities and descriptions of 
 any goods stowed loose, and the names of the 
 respective shippers and consignees, so far as such 
 particulars are known to him, and shall at every 
 ]iort of discharge of such goods note the respective 
 <lays on which the same or any of them are delivered 
 out of such ship, and the respective times of de- 
 parture from everj' port of lading and of arrival 
 at every port of discharge ; and such master shall, 
 on demand, produce such book for the inspection 
 of any officer of Customs, who shall be at liberty 
 to make any note or remark therein ; and if upon 
 examination any package entered in the cargo 
 book as containing foreign goods shall be found 
 not to contain such goods, such package, with its 
 contents, shall be forfeited, or if any package 
 shall be found to contain foreign goods not 
 entered in such book, such goods shall be forfeited ; 
 and if such master shall fail correctly to keep 
 
 TRADK 
 
 317 
 
 such cargo book, or to produce the same, or if at 
 any time there he fdund on board siii'li ship any 
 goods not entered iii such book as laden, or any 
 go(«ls noted as delivered, or if any goods cntorrd 
 as laden or any goods not noted "as delivcrnd be 
 not on board, the master of such ship shall forfeit 
 the sum (rf Wl. (.Sec. l!>:>,) 
 
 Account nrevioiii to JJe/Mirtiire to be delivered to 
 Collector.— Ucforv. any coasting ship shall depart 
 from the port of lading, an account, with a dupli- 
 cate thereof, in the form or to thoetVect following, 
 and signed by the master, shall be delivered to 
 the collector or comptroller; and the collector or 
 comptroller shall retain the duplicate, and return 
 the original account, dated and signed by him ; 
 and such account shall bo the clearance of the ship 
 for the voyage, and the T;ian8IUK or Pass for tho 
 goods expressed therein; and if any such account 
 bo false, the master shall forfeit the sum of 20/. 
 
 Fori of 
 
 RhiiiS n.ime Toiinai^c 
 
 TllA.NSIllE. 
 
 Tort of 
 
 rei(ii.tr]r 
 
 Mtuter'i 
 nutim 
 
 Whilher 
 bound 
 
 Hen tlitlt tht Piirtteulara according to the litiove Hraditine. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Foreign f(Mxti, 
 
 diktiiiuiii.>hint{ 
 
 Koods ri'iimved 
 uiuler btiiiil 
 
 Qiianttile^of fioodsU ihle (o 
 
 Here state ' tun- 
 
 ^::^p^ '--:?"«" ^^r"'-?^,!;?::::"' 
 
 , tl'tur, or i-tui'tlcd todrnw- 
 .U I back thereof 
 
 nn other 
 goodn,* at the 
 i:«se may be 
 
 //■ re itate the Particulan according to th* abort Headtnui. 
 
 I ! I 
 
 (SiKned) 
 
 Cleared the 
 
 Day of 
 (Siffned) 
 
 186 . 
 Collector or ComptrolUr. 
 
 Provided always that the Coramissioncrs of Cus- 
 toms moy, whenever it appears to them expedient, 
 permit general transires to be given, under such 
 regulations as they may direct, for the lading and 
 cleoriince and for the entry and unlading of any 
 coasting ship and poods, and the same may be 
 revoked by notice in writing under the hand of 
 the proper olBcer delivered to the master or owner 
 of any ship, or any of the crew on board, (Sec. 150.) 
 
 Account of the Number and Tonnage of British and Foreign Vessels {Sailing and Steam) Entered and 
 Cleared, Coastwise, in 1860, with Cargoes only, at Ports in the United Kingdom, distinguisJiing the 
 Vensels Employed between Great Britain and Ireland. 
 
 Emvlojed between Great Britain 
 and Ireland - > - 
 O'litr coatttinK vetiscls 
 Total 
 
 
 Entered 
 
 
 Cleared 
 
 BritUh 
 
 Foreign 
 
 Total 
 
 British and Foreign 
 
 Ve*iBeU 
 
 Tom 
 
 Veksels Tont 
 
 Vessels 
 
 Tons 
 
 Vessels 
 
 Tons 
 
 3S,093 
 1117,433 
 
 l1,'i2<,"3S 
 
 gs 
 
 620 
 
 12,706 
 9l,S(ia 
 107,571 
 
 3.'.,191 
 1 07 ,9 -.5 
 
 6,975,417 
 Il.l.i2,903 
 lH,59S,r20 
 
 34,902 
 111,343 
 146,216 
 
 6,«99,77« 
 Il,'i77,9l3 
 l»,'.77,U'Ji 
 
 J4»/>a(i 
 
 IH.-IUIS.'ilU 
 
 In 18G7 the total tonnage of vessels (sailing 
 and steam) entered with cargoes coastwise at ports 
 in the United Kingdom was 18,115,l»81 tons, of 
 which 18,348,998 were British, and 90,983 foreign. 
 
 Transire to be delivered in '24 Hours after 
 Arrival. — Within 24 hours after the arrival of any 
 coastiug ship at the port of discharge, and before 
 any gooils be unladen, the transire, with the name 
 of the place or wharf where the lading is to bo 
 discharged noted thereon, shall be delivered to 
 tho collector or comptroller, who shall note there- 
 on the date of delivery ; and if any of the goods 
 ou board such ship be subject to any duty of 
 
 excise, the same shall not be tinladen without the 
 authority or permission of the proper officer of 
 excise; and if any goods on board any coasting 
 ship arriving in Great Britoin or Ireland from the 
 Isle of Man shall be the growth or produce of 
 that isle, or manufactures of that isle from 
 materials the growth or produce thereof, or from 
 materials not subject to dutj' in Great Britain or 
 Ireland, or from materials upon which the duty 
 shall have been paid and not drawn back in Great 
 Britain or Ireland, the same shall not be unladen 
 until a certiticate be produced to tho collector or 
 comptroller, from the collector or comptroller at 
 
318 
 
 CODALT 
 
 (I I 
 
 l:j 
 
 llic port of sliijunciit, tluif proof lind fhorc boon 
 iiiiiilc in niiiniiir rcc^iiircil liy In v tljiit surh f^ncul-. 
 v;>'tv of Hiicli 1,'rowlli. iiniiliii'i', or niiuiiiractiir)', iih 
 tlic ciihi' may lii'; mid if iniy ^nod.s mIwiII I)0 iiii 
 ImiIi'II contrary liircio, tln' niiiitcr kIihII forfi'it tlii' 
 SHIM of -t)l.: anil if any (;oii(ls .sliitll be ladin on 
 liiiarcl any ^liip in any port or plac" ii. I In- United 
 Kingdom, ancl carried coa.ttwiNe, or, having been 
 brouKld coast wiH(',Kbull be unladen inanyHUcb|)ort 
 or place contrary to this or any oilier Act ridaliii^ 
 to tbe (.'iistonis, sncli (;uod!t )<lmll be furfeited. 
 (Sec. 1,")7.) 
 
 Officer iiKiy go on Inutrtl and exiimine any CtHmlinii 
 Slii/i. — Any oflicer of the (!i. -toms may (;o on 
 board any coastintr ship in any port or place in 
 llie Ijnted Kin^'doni, or at any period of her 
 voya/^e search such ship, and examine nil ;;oods 
 on board, and nil )^oods then Jailing or iiidadin^', 
 and demand tdl docnmenis which on^jht to be 
 on board snch ship; and ill ■ colieclor or comp- 
 troller may require tliat all or any such doonments 
 shall bo bron;;'it to him for inspection, and the 
 maslor of any ship refiisiii;; to produce such 
 diMMinieiits on demand, or to brill;; the same to 
 ihe collector or comptroller when ro(|iiired, shall 
 forfeit and pnv the sum of 'JO/. (Sec. l.'iH.) 
 
 COitALT (Cor. kobalt; Dutch, Uobal ; Swed. 
 eobolt; l-'r. cobalt; Ital. eobalto; l!uss. kobolt; 
 l.at. cobaltinn). A mineral of a {;rey colour, with 
 a shade of red, and by no "-cans brilliant. It has 
 scarcidy any taste or smell ; i,^ rather soft ; spoeilic 
 gravity about H-li. Sometimes it is composed of 
 jilatos, sometimes of ^jrains, and sometimes of 
 small fibres adhoriiiK to oacli other. The oxide 
 of cobalt is extensively used as a moans of dyeing 
 f'lss, and for ^'lazin;; and coloiiri;:;; porcelain. 
 'I'lio principal ores of cobalt are tlic arsenates, 
 ('.died (imeiilriil ciilnilt and ijrey coIkiU, I'liey 
 are found in Sweden, Saxony, Saalfeld, Ilessia, 
 and in England in Cumberland and Connvall. A 
 very small amount of oxide is suiiicient to tin;;i' 
 a Iar;,'c quantity of glass. [Smai.t. J In IHilli 
 :i cwts. of cobalt, 429 tons of ore, and 14 tons of 
 oxide, of the ngtrregate value of 24,t!0«/., were im- 
 ported into tlie~Cnited Kingdom, 
 
 C( >CA. A stimulating drug masticated by the 
 Indians of the Peruvian, and ISuliviaii Andes. 
 
 COCCULUS I.NDICIIS or INDIAN liKItKY 
 (Fr. Clique de Levant; (ier. kokkels kornor, tisch 
 kiirner; Ital. galla di Lcvante; Sans, kakamari ; 
 Malay, tubabidgi). Tlu' fruit or berry of the Me- 
 nispcimiiiii Cocfiiliis, Nat. Order JUinin/nTmiireu: a 
 strong climbing tree or shrub found on the Mala- 
 bar coast, in (,'eylon &c. 
 
 The berry is kidney-shaped, dark brown, about 
 the size o'f a large pea; but. when dried and 
 imported it is shrivelled and smaller. The outer 
 layer encloses a woody she'd, containing a yellow- 
 ish kernel. Cocculus Indicus is acrid and intensely 
 bitter. In some jiarts of the Kast it is used, wdien 
 funned into a paste with moistened rice, as a bait 
 by tishcrmen and bird-catchers, but especially the 
 former. lieing tlirown into the sea, or scattered 
 I. II the ground, it is greedily devoured by the tish 
 and birils, which it either kills or stiipelies, so that 
 they are easily captured. It is said not to render 
 the tlesli of such animals poisonous, as strychnine 
 docs. Its eft'ects on man have not been accurately 
 determined; but if taken in large doses it would, 
 no doubt, be fatal. AVhca adde(t to malt liquors 
 it increases their intoxicating power; and pro- 
 vided it be not administered in excess, or does not 
 exceed 3 lbs. cocculus to 10 qrs. malt, its use in 
 this way is not supposed to have any injurious in- 
 lliience. (Pereira's Materia Medico, ilrd ed. p. 
 21.')3; Thomson's iUa/fWa jl/e(/ica ; Aiuslic'a ilfti- 
 teria Mtdica, p. 131 ; A'C.) 
 
 COCHINEAL 
 
 It-i ii«o in ndulteraling beer is illegal, being 
 prohibited, along with a numb 'r of other artielc<, 
 by Ihe oil (ieo. III. c. t,H, iiiidi r a pt'iialty of 200/. 
 upon the brewer and of oOll/. n.i the seller of the- 
 ilriig, over ami above the conliscation of the boor 
 and brewing utensils. Hut a statute of this sort 
 had much better be repeal '(I. It 'n binding only 
 on such tradesmen as choose lo renpect III!' law, 
 anil is no check on thosi! of a dilferenl character. 
 Cocculus Indicus is imported in bags of nboiit I 
 jwt. each. In INtit! Iheie were but .'(!)! cwts. iiii. 
 ported, valued at 70/.; and 'J(K1 cwts. exported. 
 
 COClll.NDAL (tier, koscheiiilje ; Dutdi, con- 
 clienilje; l''r. cochenille; Ital. cocciniglia; Span. 
 cochinilla,grana; Port, cocheiiilha; Kuss. kon.ssc- 
 iiel). The female insect of the Coccun caeli, 
 foiiml in Mexico, (.'entral America, and New (ira- 
 nada, the Canary Islands, lira/.il &c. It has been 
 introduced into .lavn, and i)romises to bcc:ime an 
 important product of that rapidly improving 
 cidony. Formerly it was in Mexico only that it 
 was reared with care, and formed a valuable arti- 
 cle of commerce ; but its culture is now more or 
 less attendid to in many other places, anil cspe- 
 cinlly of late in the Canary Islands. Here its 
 growth has been so very rapid that the exportn, 
 which amounted in XKVl to only 120 lbs., had in- 
 creased in lH,')t) to no fewer than l,.'jll,71(i lbs. I 
 {Cim^iilnr Jicporh, lHfi7, p. 149.) It is a small in- 
 sect, seldom exceeding the size of a grain of bar- 
 ley ; and was generally beli'- ^d, for a coiiHiderable 
 time after it began to be in. ported into Kuropo, In 
 bo a .sort of vegetable grain or seed. There are 
 two sorts or varieties of cochineal: the best ur 
 domesticated, which the Spaniards call yrana jiiut, 
 or line grain ; and the wild, which they call ijrdiui 
 nylvestra. The former is nearly twice as large as 
 the latter, probably because its size has been im- 
 proved by the favourable eU'ects of human care, 
 and of a more copious and suitable noiirishnient, 
 derived solely from the Ciictiis cuchiniUifer, during 
 many generations. Wild cochineal is collected six 
 times in the year; but that which is cultivated is 
 only collected thrice during the same |)eriod. The 
 insects, of which there are about 70,000 in a 
 pound, being detached from the plants on vdiiili 
 they feed by a blunt knife, are jiiit into bags, niul 
 dipped in boiling water to kill them, after wliicli 
 they .ire dried in the sun. It is principally used in 
 the dyeing of scarlet, crimson, and other estcemoil 
 colours. The watery infusion is of a violet crim- 
 son ; the alcoholic, of a deep crimson; and the 
 alkaline, of a deep purple, or rather viidet hue. It 
 is imported in bags, each containing about 2<K)ll)s.; 
 and lias the appearance of small, dry, shrivclkil, 
 rugose berries or seeds, of a deep brown, purple, ur 
 mulberry colour, with a white matter between tlw 
 wrinkles. In this state they sutler no clinn^^c 
 from length of keeping. Dr. Uancroft says tliat 
 that cochineal is the best which is ' large, pliiin|', 
 dry, and of a silver-white colour on tlu^ surface." 
 
 The species of cochineal called //rwHi/A;. or du-^t. 
 is supposed by Dr. Bancroft to be ]irini'ipiilly 
 formed of yrana sy/restra. The insects of wliiiii 
 it cousi.sts are smaller than those composing tln' 
 line cochineal ; and it does not yield more than :i 
 third part of the colouring matter that is yieldcl 
 by the latter. The cochineal insect was intro- 
 duced into India in 1795 ; but a very inferior .firt 
 only is produced. It has also been introduccil 
 into Java and Spain ; but with what suecc-s 
 remains to be seen. (Thomson's Diapensatunj \ 
 Bancroft On Colours ; &c.) 
 
 The duties on cochineal, after being reduced in 
 1842 to 1». per cwt., were finally abolished in 18-1 J. 
 
 In 18GG the imports and exports of cochineal. 
 including granilla and dust, were respectively 
 
 nt r,<H,»lH/ 
 
 •"•fimnted at 
 
 'lie prico 
 
 during (he wi 
 
 winch if itcoa 
 
 •'"on, and pai 
 
 "' direct (J„v 
 
 l"''<'''of (he h( 
 
 ■''■'■•■ ; and it h, 
 
 "i"i hardlv a 
 
 ''""•'' to from 
 
 ilie war termi 
 
 under 1^». or I 
 
 7!"<'oxt..ntini 
 
 'III" circunistni 
 
 '"•'•'isioned, no , 
 
 fiarlly, perhaps 
 
 '"<•'> nintcrinllv 
 
 'V'T. ha.s not h 
 
 r/'cc, and it ^ 
 
 'miiancoof low 
 
 '""ion, but Willi 
 
 tlievarcquitusu 
 
 "' "lo article. 
 
 "' tho London 
 l.«. lud. per lb, 
 
 <''><'(M. or, m 
 
 ■>m. cacao; Cvt 
 
 "le cocoa tree ( 
 
 Muhacew, .lussioii 
 
 ing in tho U'cst In 
 
 •^""■rica. It ,H s; 
 
 '"■•'"■ '"1110 resenibl 
 
 " .vomig hiackhcarl 
 
 ' lie introdiicfioii 
 
 ''."'■ "I ( 'oliimbuH, a 
 
 "on was carric'd o 
 
 America and the V 
 
 '."'"". "<'<'upa( ion oil 
 
 '•'"iliarly bv (he T 
 
 •ifoution of the I 
 
 '■'',',';'' of the 17th cf 
 Ibc tree, if „,„ 
 
 •''""',' •*•' fi'ot, an. 
 n.|iallel,s,bnttioun« 
 I'/Sandatahei.rht 
 "'^."■'■I of tho sea 
 ;;";l">el„.,ters;the 
 P"'.a'^. 5 ; stamens 
 :'■"!' '■? 'ivo-cnlled, 
 "K^^l'esinlonpd,,,,,,, 
 "val pointed shaoe 
 ni.irrow only mor 
 '■'" fn.l ; tough n 
 ^•irving, accordin 
 .Hli.wto rod and', 
 ^ very thick, but 
 '■"Mtaiiiod in each 
 '■nibc.Me.l in a sof 
 (Miiigin's excoIJent 
 "V,;''''",«'"H Paris 
 .'ho "hell of the I 
 '■nitle, and thin • t 
 »"'! (■xtemally, bp,,, 
 '■'IMl portions adJic, 
 "idiimt much ditfic 
 ^(•11. and an uncti 
 »"il l-ecidiar, but no, 
 *!wulil be chosen ful 
 'i.v mustiness, and i 
 ''.V lixprcssion, a lti 
 ™ltivatcdonlythat I 
 preparation of the e 
 'Jc manufacture of c 
 I lie principal ingredii 
 
 
 I 
 
ucert in 
 in WlJ- 
 cluneal, 
 cctively 
 
 .12,7.11 nnil 25,2nH cwts. ; tlip iniportu brinff vnliu'd 
 nt r>',)\,H\Hf. Till' rcinsiim|itic(ii inny. i»'rliiipH, l>o 
 pstimntPil nt nbmit l'2,(Hl() c\\\n. or iVH-'.OIIO His. 
 
 'I'lic price of cucliinpiil tliiftimtcd very inucli 
 iliiriri),' llii" war, |mrlly on ncrmiiit ivfllii! olwtnclfs 
 which it occnxioiinlly tlircw in the wny of iiniiort- 
 atioii, nnil partly on nccount of itn liciii^ nil nrtido 
 of ilircct Jiovor'ninciit cxiicnditiirp. In 1h| I the 
 |irii'p of IliP lipst cochiiipnl wiis as hifjh a^ .'Hi.i. ami 
 :l|iv. ; nnil it lin.M .finer ^jono on rcijiilnrly ilcclinin;;, 
 with harilly a Hill^;lp rally, till, in ix.'iil, it spttlcil 
 down to from l.«. to (l.«. li/. per lb. I'riivioiiMly to 
 ilip war tprniiimtcil in IHl.'i, it, bad novcr liccn 
 Milder 12.1. or l.'is. I.ae dye lias been prnployed to 
 Miinpp.xt'-nt indyciin;;.'car!pt; but notwithMlamlinf; 
 iliin circiimstniipp, the con.^iiiinptioii of eocbiiieal, 
 oceaHioncd, no doubt, partly by iln (•b('a)ino.'*s, and 
 partly, pprbapn, by some change of fashion, has 
 iiien inatrrinlly increased since IHIl."). This, how- 
 ever. ha.H not had any inntorial intluence ou its 
 price, and it wonld npponr, from the lonn eoii- 
 liiniancoof low prices not oidy without any ditni- 
 inition, but with a larf,'<* increase oi imports, that 
 tliey arc quite, .sullicient to remuuenile the jjrowers 
 (if the nrticlo. (Tooke Ac. On lliijh and Low 
 I'riien.) In October, IHdti, the price of cocliineal 
 in the Tjoinlon market varieil from 3ii. •!(/. to 
 (s. KW. per lb. 
 
 COCOA, or, more properly. CACAO (Vt. and 
 Span, cacao; (ler. kakno). The need or nuts of 
 the cocoa tree (Thenhnnnn rafuo), Nat. Order 
 Miiltmenr, .Tussieii ; Stirci'liiicea; I.indley ; rtow- 
 in:,' in the West Inclics niul in many parts of .South 
 America. It is said, by Mr. Hryan Kdwards, to 
 hear come resemblanco, both in size and 8hni)e, to 
 a voiinn btiirkheivt iliern/, 
 
 'The introduction of this nrticlo into Europe was 
 due to Columbus, and for a loiiK time the cultiva. 
 tioii was carried on by the S|)aniards in South 
 America and the West Indies. Before the Kuro- 
 pean occupal ion of the New World, it was used 
 familiarly by the Mexicans. Cec-:! attracted the 
 .ittcntion of the English in Jamaica before the 
 close of the 17th century. 
 
 The tree, if unchecked, re.nclies the hei;;ht of 
 about .'10 feet, and will grow between the 2'>th 
 parallels, but tloiinshes best within the l.jth paral- 
 lels, and at a heif^ht of not less than .500 feet above 
 the level of the .sea. The flowers are very .sm^U, 
 mid in clusters; the calyx is composed of 5 sepals ; 
 petals 5 ; .stamens .">, with double anthers. The 
 '.Viiit is tive-celled, without halves, about 7 to 
 inches in length, and !( tol in breadth, of an elliptic 
 (ival pointed shape, sometbinj; like the vegetable 
 only more clonf;ntcd and pointed nt 
 
 COCOA 
 
 to bo that of Xoconoclio or Sonociisco, 
 
 319 
 
 The prin- 
 cipal importations were fornn riy deriveil fnmi the 
 t.'araeas ami (Jiiaynipiil, particularly the former, 
 and iiowchietly from the West India' Islands, Nov 
 (iranada, Kciiiidor, and Brazil. 
 
 Von lliimtioldt estimated the consumption of 
 cocoii in Europe, in iMDii, at •j:t,Oiiil,(ii|il lbs,, of 
 wlii(!li from ti,00(),ilOl) to <),iH)0,(iiio were suppose 1 
 to be consumed in .Spain, The prodiiciion of cocoii 
 was limnuishinj^ in the Caracas for sevenil yc.ir* 
 previously to the commeuceraeiit of the disturb- 
 ances in Soulb America; and latterly the cultiva- 
 tion I'f cod'ee seems to biive been in most parts 
 jjaiiiiii'; the ascendaney. (Ilumboldl, I'lrs. .\iti- 
 riitirr, V(d, iv. ;ip. 'j;!t)-".JI7, F.iin. trans.) 
 
 DulicH. Cimaiiiiipllim in H.itjiiinil, — l>own to a 
 late period the consumption of cocoa in Ijinliiiul 
 was conliiicd within very luirrow litnits ; a result 
 wli'ch we are inclined to ascrilx^to the oppressive- 
 ness of the duties with which it has been loaded, 
 and not to its bein(^ unsuitable to the ])ublic ta>le. 
 It is iiowmany years since Mr. Itryaii ICdwards 
 declared that the ruin <if the cocoa" plantatio'is, 
 with which .lamaica once abounded, was the. elhc't 
 of till' heavy hanil of minhtvriitl froitioii ' (/lislmi/ 
 of Wist ini/ics, ii. .'!(i.'!, ed. IMllt); and, unac- 
 countable as it may seem, this pressure was not 
 materially abated till IS'.i'', when the diilies on 
 co<Mia from a llritish po.sscssion were reduced from 
 (!(/. to-'/. i)er lb. And such was the inlluence of 
 this judicious measure, that the consumption of 
 cocoa, which, nt an nveruKe of the .'t years endiii;; 
 with IK.'tl, amounted to I l(),.")7N lbs. a-year, had 
 incretLscd, at an avernne of the 11 vears ending with 
 1H12, to 2,07-J,;a'i lbs.! The" duty. on foreijcn 
 cocoa continued from IH.'IO down to \H^•2 to be 
 (fjenerally (!</. per lb.) three limes as f;reat as that 
 on cofiVe t'roin a Ilriti.sh possession ; and in coiisi.- 
 qiieuce of this discrepancy, none of it was entered 
 for home consumption under the duty, tliou;,di it 
 is worthy of remark that cocoa for the navy, [lay- 
 ini,; no duty, was almost always taken troni a foreign 
 .stock. In 1KI2 the duty on cocoa from a liritisli 
 possession was farther reduced I-'-'/, per lb.; and it 
 might have been expected that the ratio of pro- 
 tection in favour of |ilantation cocoa would the.i, 
 also, have been diminislicd ; but it was not till 
 IHK! that the duty on foreign cocoa was reduced 
 to 'iJ-il. per lb. 
 
 In IHit'A the duties were finally eiinalised, and 
 fixed at \J. per lb., and on paste or chocolate at; 
 'Jf/. per do. The duties on husks and shells were 
 then, also, fixed nt ^rf. per lb., but were reduced to 
 2». ))er cwt. in 1«,'),">. 
 
 'n 18(i(!, .|,or.a,i:!;! lbs. and in 1807, ■1.2.3.').917 lbs 
 
 In IKtiC) the imports of cocoa from the liritisli 
 West Indies amounted to iJ,366,H,');t lbs., of which 
 :!,fil',»,OHl lbs. were .supplied by Trinidad, and 
 1,511,901 Ib.s. by (Jrenada. In the same year wo 
 imported 1 ,203,2.52 lbs. from Ecuador, and 1 ,H70,:>7 1 
 lbs. from New (Jranada: the total imports being 
 10,:i0«,208 lbs., valued at 316,579/. In 1807 tliev 
 were 11,954,802 lbs., valued at .310,809/. 
 
 No abatement is made from the duty on coeoii 
 
 tliii end; tough and quite smooth ; the colour of cocoa were retained for home consumption. 
 
 varying, according to the season, from bright - - - ' 
 
 vilidW to red and purple. The rind of the fruit 
 U very thick, but quite tasteless. The seeds 
 iiiiitained in each pod number from 20 to 40, 
 (mbcdded in a soft, pinkish white acid pulp. 
 (Mdugin's excellent and valuable work, Le Cactio 
 ii/,' Chncolat, I'aris, IHtiO.) 
 
 The shell of the nut is of a dark brown colour, 
 
 I'rittle, and thin; the kernel is, both intcrually 
 
 ami externally, brownish, divided into several un- 
 
 K|iial portions adhering together, but separating 
 
 nitliimt much difliculty ; it has a light, agreeable 
 
 smell, and an unctuous, bitterish, rather rough 
 
 nnd iicciiliar, but not ungrateful taste. The nuts 
 
 ihoiilil be chosen full, plump, and shining, without 
 
 ,iny mustiness, and not womi-eaten. They yield, 
 
 ky" expression, a great deal of oil; but tiiey arc 
 
 cultivated only that they may be employed in the 
 
 preparation of the excellent beverage cocfta, and 
 
 the manufacture of chocolate, of which they form 
 
 the principal ingredient. The tincst cocoa is said 
 
 on account of damage. (10 ifc 17 Vict. 
 
 107 
 
 70.) 
 
 I'ricw current of Coron \teT cwt. 
 t)clolH.Ta6, ISliB 
 
 Present \tTWt> 
 
 Prices at 
 same d.ite 
 la^t je.ir 
 
 
 t. d. a. i. 
 
 ». rf. 1. -/. 
 
 Ttlniilad red - 
 
 SA (Ito 111 11 
 
 (i7 to lliil 11 
 
 line marks tCaracas) 
 
 lu.', I'^r. 
 
 'JO lll.'i 
 
 (trej - 
 
 7.'> Ml) II 
 
 ."iS n (in (1 
 
 Grenada, tine marks 
 
 -« 1) S.'i (i 
 
 (;.i a 7.1 fi 
 
 grev to jjooil red 
 
 70 77 11 
 
 IS 1) lii n 
 
 St. Lurla, Domiiiica dec. 
 
 fiS ri 
 
 IS 1) ,',,', II 
 
 Para ... - 
 
 -!! 7-. 
 
 .'>S 1) till tl 
 
 (iuayaquil ... 
 
 75 77 I' 
 
 (i.H S'^ fi 
 
 Surinam 
 
 80 9.H 
 
 .IB II KO II 
 
 's 
 

 
 COCOA NUTS 
 
 cocoa husUs an^, Jf ^ri" SJcrtlS 
 S/!heSe«chUten>an..acto.es 
 
 came.' on in tl>cin. „». worthin bond in the 
 
 ^Ttg'oKcoaSl^ .veijhs 1 cwt., and a 
 
 cask about l* cwt. ^y, COCOA 
 
 COCO, OOKLK, or, m" i ,^„koBnooten ; i r. 
 
 NUTS («"-^°^"tT coc^^ ; Russ. kokos; » 
 
 the tropics, and '^^^ ^^g'Jf many parts of Cey- 
 thcpalmivorou9i«V.»bitan ^^^j ^ ,,ot 
 
 lou, llrazil, and P*^" ^"lY^'feut almost their en- 
 „,etcly the irpnncipal v^ealtn ^^^ ^^^^ .^ 
 
 tire dependence. Every Pa^ ^^^ ^„ Indmn 
 
 nriated to some peculiar p"r^> ^^^g „nd2 
 
 Sa carden containing ^^S^v independent! 
 a trfes iB said to b« --V- f -g^^ „Uning 
 Ijut we max "^^f ^'^^Xantage, but the reverse , 
 subsistence is not f f ^''f" .^i; .sation being rts 
 indolence and a^^"*; ^ The tree grows to the 
 invariable accompamment in ^^^^ ^^ htmchcs, 
 height of from 60 to 9 ) leei , .^ ^^.^^g^h, 
 
 but the leaves are fto™ ^ The fruit is nearly 
 .vith avery strong miduer^b. I „ ^^ 
 
 as large as a man's head ,_ tne ex jjcneath 
 
 to.gf, and of a »>X'fvm tough fil>ro«s mat- 
 Ihis^here is a q'^^"^^* ;°/ ^aciure of cordage 
 ter, which is.usfW'^ jt isbuoyant, and extreme W 
 and coarse sail-cKth. , " '* ° ^ian.eter -, and until 
 ,vell suited for ropes '-<arge a ^^^^ „f the 
 
 the introduction «/ 7^",,'^ i„dian seas were sup- 
 ships «-hich navigated tbc "^ j^i, rcom.] 
 plied with cables "J,.*^,'? tUe shell of the uu. 
 Within the fibrous f««t. « i^ tue ^^ ^i^e of 
 Xh is nearly globu ar ^^/J^^^^'^'aomestic pur- 
 
 n hi"-h polish, an<l."^'= ..„ in taite and firmness 
 noses the kernel « ^^hite,m taste ^^^ .^ ^j^^ 
 
 Lslmbling that of a haz«l -^^-^d with a ^^^^ « u. 
 
 Interior, the ^^o\\py^^^S ^!%\,oU hollow of the 
 
 While the nut IS S ^f^'^V^i, i^ refreshing, agree- 
 
 Bhell is filled ^v>th riuuM^^'^;' The solid par of 
 
 able, and pl^^f.^V^tremelv nutritious, but rather 
 the ripe kernel IS extreme yn expression a 
 
 indigestible. The «erneis j .^ ^.^^^1 to 
 
 great deal of oi , whid . when ^^ 
 
 That of sweet almonds , but 1 ^.^^^^^ ^ tree 
 eid. and is then emplo>ea uy ^ clusters near 
 g erally yieWs "^out 100 nuts ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ 
 the top of about a d"''^" ^"'.flgrs, the frames of 
 ec is made \f« Scon "y water. The leaves 
 houses, and S'-tte" t« ^^^^^ and are wrought 
 are usod for thatching buuang .^^^^ thmgs for 
 
 into mats, l«'«^«*t'niiS « Europe; so that 
 
 .vhich osiers are emploJ ^JJ^ ^^^^^ ^^j. 
 
 cvorv part of it is appUd to som^ ^ 
 
 If the body of the tree d^u j^ j^j ^ine 
 
 from the -omA.^^^^ll^^^nL^ ; V a f-v 
 „r toddy. l>''^\"yorpoignant and agreeable; 
 hours it becomes more P"'b y, and in the 
 
 tut next day it ^'^^^^.^ro vinega^^ When 
 space of 24 hours »«XJ^^est species of Indian ar- 
 Astilled, it producer thc^^^^^^^ 
 
 irr7r;;'«iSEUin.ica;Rees-s 
 
 C!/clo)wdia; &c.) „ -ed in the preparation of 
 
 ■'An improvement f «f ^ ^ importance m the 
 
 cocoa oil has ""'f »;°Se in the manufacture 
 
 arts, by rcndcnng It av auao ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ 
 
 COD 
 
 , The palm oil met with in the markct^B not^J^; 
 ' tained ?rom the ^«;''? ';'::^S;"l,nported from the 
 
 ppeciesofpalm. JV*/,, y,-,^.-! 
 
 coast of Guinea. t^^^„*J^i j^ i^^mensc <iuantities 
 Cocoa nuts arc P'f«'»^"\heir products-oil, ar- 
 
 in Ceylon, forming, with thurp ^(f^m 
 
 rack, Ld coir-in>P«;«»"*„"';^''\^ i„ the 
 
 that island '^hey are also ^ery^^^^^^^ ^,^^^^ 
 
 Maldive I8l'^"''^'.f '"cocoa oil is in very extensive 
 the coast of M«?'^- ^Viwc quantities are manu- 
 use all over In**!^ «";Vrovmee» of IScngal. 'Ihm 
 S;rs\^aiftoKprrtothat imported from 
 
 Ceylon. , . o „cars ending with 1«6(,, 
 
 uh"o\Xof cloai^il were exported from 
 
 United Kingdom a^^J j"^^^^,^ i^portea 3,829,lCa 
 
 8uppressedml845 In l«bo Gained f_or con- 
 
 , nuts, which wxrealrnost^».^^^ ^^ ^^^^ to 
 sumption.. They are usea, ^^^ ^agcs 
 
 till up the inters ice beween ^^^.^^^^ 
 
 in the cargoes »[ f'P''^'" ear our imports and cx- 
 
 baukaelja; ^f-^''f;''£^e,^uh\\\mi ; Ital bac- 
 kabeljo,bakclau; Fr nvoru ^,^^^ tacalhao; 
 
 cala, baccalare ; bpan. ""i^'""^ \^^^ well known to 
 Latgadus). ^ S„ ' i?'i« """"^'"Sly P- 
 require any description. gg^ ooo eggs ma 
 
 lific. Le"^^«^"^?l^,rrsiM: a number that will 
 cod-fish of a nnddlmS^i'an to exterminate In 
 baffle all the f^^^rj* °\^^n =„ Januarj-, and dc- 
 our seas they ^^^S" *^ofgh ground, among rocks. 
 
 posit their egg^ '^ '''tifi th! beginning of April. 
 
 Some continue »n ro« tiui j^ '' rthern parts ot 
 . The cod 18 only found >n " ^^t with 
 
 the world: it is an "f'^'^'^g^reat rendezvous of 
 
 in the Medit«""lanks oFNewfoundland and 
 
 the cod-fish IS on the ha«kso^^ 
 
 in tne meui. «■"■■"- , f j^gwlounuiauu, »"- 
 the cod-fish is on the banks "^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^, ^^^ 
 
 the other sand-banks that '^e o« m 
 greton, No^-.f'llns bv rSn of'tho quantity 
 prefer those s'tualions uj re attorns, which 
 
 Sf worms produced in taese^anaj ^^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 tempt them tojsotth^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 cause of the particular aua jarscas, whore 
 
 these spot^ IS their vicmityt ^^v ^^^^^^^^ ,^^,, 
 
 they return to !P'^^"-t^,ant of food forces them, 
 roes in full security; but wan ^^^ ,^ 
 
 .ssoonas the more southern ^^ 
 
 repair thither for subsistenc ^^ .j^^^^^^,, 
 
 the north of Iceland but^heya^ ^^^^^^^ ^ 
 
 and west coasts. l^y/[^ the Baltic, and off tho, 
 onthecoastsofNoiwaj.m ^^.^^^ .j,,,, 
 
 Orkney and ^^'estern We , ^^ ^^^.^„,, 
 
 numbers dccrea e in p^P^ .^ ^^ ,,, 
 
 Sftiey"re2h^he"Uth of t\e Straits of 
 
 Gibraltar. ,. „„, .r -Wewfoundland the 
 
 ^'.Before the ^'^^^j^^ere on th^ seas of Icclan,! 
 greater fisheries of cod were^n ^^^^^ ^^^ ^ 
 
 Snd off ourWestern Isles, w^j^i„ation8; but 
 resort of ships from a»/*f ^^^^T. ^vas met with n«at 
 t^ems that the g^a^^^^^^^^ before .be 
 
 Iceland. The Englisu resoti ^^^ ^,5. 
 
 voar 1415; for we find that "enry 
 ^o"d to give satisfaction to the ^1^^^^^^^ 
 Certain inegularmescommmed'^^^ ^^ 
 
 on those seas. I" .^^iVfr^the fishery by treaty. 
 
 EngUsh were excluded trom I j-jj^abeth con- 
 In latter times J^e^nd Queen i. .^ ^^^^^ 
 descending to a«k penn«sion to ^^ ^^^ 
 from Christian IV. ^fOenma^ ^^^^ ^^ j,,„gi.^ 
 
 ' her successor, howe^ w, u 
 
 Hhips were emp 
 indulgence mig 
 with a princes! 
 Zoology^ 
 
 Cod is prepa 
 it is cither pul 
 which state it ii 
 or it is dried ai 
 dried cod. Re 
 pcnsable to tl 
 of fishery. 
 
 Cod Fishery 
 under the term 
 of haddock, lin 
 siderable valu< 
 two grand depj 
 termed the Aon 
 The first is car 
 contiguous to t 
 the most produ 
 fisheries are t 
 Shetland and < 
 Essex, Suffolk 
 the principal p 
 was taken roui 
 rather in the 
 bank; and tl 
 But for a nui 
 has been in gr 
 
 Account of the 
 1830 to 18 
 Fishery B< 
 
 
 Feriodn 
 
 Ypu ended 
 
 April 5 
 
 , I«SO 
 
 jj 
 
 1833 
 
 j^ 
 
 11836 
 
 t> 
 
 1837 
 
 
 1838 
 
 
 1839 
 
 J 
 
 1840 
 
 J, 
 
 IH4I 
 
 ^ 
 
 181« 
 
 J, 
 
 1843 
 
 jj 
 
 1844 
 
 (f 
 
 1816 
 
 
 181T 
 
 ^^ 
 
 1848 
 
 >( 
 
 1849 
 
 (» 
 
 18M 
 
 
 18S1* 
 
 tt 
 
 18M 
 
 Dec. .11 
 
 ,1852 
 
 It 
 
 18S3 
 
 
 I8S4 
 
 jj 
 
 18.05 
 
 ff 
 
 1866 
 
 
 18,'Sr 
 
 •1 
 
 1858 
 
 tr 
 
 1859 
 
 
 1860 
 
 j^ 
 
 1861 
 
 »> 
 
 1862 
 
 
 1863 
 
 It 
 
 1864 
 
 It 
 
 1865 
 
 
 11866. 
 
 ( The branding 
 
 KB.— The 1 
 exhibit the to 
 cured till the 
 The bounty 1 
 abstract to A] 
 for fish cured 
 for fish cured 
 vessels or boi 
 while the boi 
 ling, or hake 
 nage and car 
 thence to Jul; 
 oad 35*. to A 
 
'I 
 
 COD 
 
 321 
 
 ships were employed in the Iceland fishery ; which 
 indidgcncc might arise from the marriage of James 
 with a princess of Denmark.' (Pennant's British 
 
 Cod is prepared in two different ways : that is, 
 it is cither |cutted, salted, and then barrelled — in 
 which state it is denominated green or pickled cod ; 
 orit is dried and cured — in which state it is called 
 dried cod. Ready access to the shore is indis- 
 pensable to the prosecution of the latter species 
 of fishery. 
 
 Cod Fishery, British. — This fishery, including 
 under the term not only that of common cod, but 
 of haddock, ling, hake, torsk Ac, is of very con- 
 siderable value and importance. It consists of 
 two grand departments, which may be respectively 
 termed the Aume, and the distant oi cofonm/ fishery. 
 The first is carried on in a great variety of places 
 contiguous to the shores of the British islands ; but 
 the most productive and valuable of the adjacent 
 fisheries are those in the neighbourhood of the 
 Shetland and Orkney islands, and )ff the shores of 
 Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Lincol . 4c. Formerly 
 the principal part of the cod brought to London 
 was taken round the edges of the Dogger-bank, or 
 rather in the hollows between it and the Well- 
 bank; and the finest is still brought thence. 
 But for a number of years the Loudon market 
 has been in great port supplied with cod taken 
 
 between Yarmouth and the Norc ; and in conse- 
 quence of its Dcing procured ao much nearer home, 
 the average price of cod has fallen from 30 to 50 
 per cent, oelow what it was from 1815 to 1820. 
 {Heport on the Cliannel Fisheries, p. 85.) This 
 change has occasioned a great increase in the 
 number of fishing smacks belonging to Barking, 
 Gravesend, and other ports on the Thames ; while 
 those belonging to Harwich and the more distant 
 ports have been materially reduced. The cod 
 taken by the fishermen of Shetland and the 
 ^ycstem Isles is mostly cured dried, but it is par- 
 tially also cured green cv in pickle; and it is 
 sometimes, though much seldomer now than for- 
 merly, conveyed alive in welled vessels to London. 
 The haddocks taken on t'.ie Aberdeenshire coast, 
 and cured at the village of J innan, near Aberdeen, 
 are held in the highest estimation. The haddocks 
 taken in Dublin Bay are the largest of any taken 
 on the British coasts. 
 
 There are no means by which to form any esti- 
 mate either of the number of fishing vessels, or of 
 the quantity or value of the f sh annually taken 
 in the home cod fishery ; by far the larger portion 
 being landed without account or notice of any kind, 
 and disposed of fresh. The following account con- 
 tains such particulars only as have been brought 
 under the notice of the Commissioners for the Im- 
 provement of the British Fisheries : — 
 
 Account of the Total Quantitii of Cod, Ling, or Hake, cured, punched, or branded, and exported, from 
 1830 to 18G6, in so far as the same has been brought under the Cognisance of the Officers of the 
 Fishery Board, 
 
 reriodi 
 
 Total quantity of cod, Itn^. 
 or hake cured 
 
 ToUl quantity of cod, 
 
 ling, Lr hake punched 
 
 or branded 
 
 ToUl quanlitjr of cod, linjt, 
 or hake exported 
 
 Cured dried 
 
 Cured in pickle | 
 
 Cured dried 
 
 Cured in 
 pickle 
 
 Cured dried 
 
 Cured in 
 pickle 
 
 Vru ended 
 
 cwt. 
 
 cwt 
 
 barrels 
 
 cwt. 
 
 barrels 
 
 cwt. qrs, lbs. 
 
 barrels 
 
 April 5, 1830 
 
 101,914 
 
 5,652^ 
 
 !!:?i!f| 
 
 92,314) 
 9,492) 
 
 8,464 
 
 16,369 3. 15 
 
 r- 
 
 „ 183S 
 
 44,152 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 2,235 
 
 10,632 2 24 
 
 
 „ 11836 
 
 38,040 
 
 
 
 
 6,276 
 
 6,766 
 
 , 3,018 
 
 10,992 2 20 
 
 _ 
 
 „ 1837 
 
 66,892 
 
 
 _ 
 
 7,273 
 
 9,589) 
 
 3,206 
 
 10,195 2 11 
 
 1) 
 
 „ 1838 
 
 84,996 
 
 
 
 
 10,803 
 
 9,259 
 
 4,373 
 
 22,166 2 12 
 
 .36 
 
 „ 1839 - 
 
 85,279 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 10,051i 
 
 23,936 
 
 5,093 
 
 26,701 3 
 
 1.50) 
 
 „ 1841) - 
 
 93,560 
 
 
 _ 
 
 6,053 
 
 21,695 
 
 3,205 
 
 29,656 1 
 
 24 
 
 „ IH41 - 
 
 91,494 
 
 
 _ 
 
 9,480 
 
 21,029 
 
 3,891 
 
 3(1.550 1 
 
 44 
 
 „ ISlit - 
 
 76,849 
 
 — . 
 
 7,03Ni 
 
 13,283 
 
 2,164 
 
 25,293 1 
 
 _ 
 
 „ 1843 
 
 77,S0'i 
 
 ^ 
 
 6,431 
 
 10,030 
 
 1,342 
 
 23,737 3 
 
 70 
 
 „ 1844 - 
 
 92,81.-!^ 
 
 _ 
 
 S,1S3 
 
 20,810 
 
 2,226) 
 
 35,476 
 
 4 
 
 „ 1816 - 
 
 92,323 
 
 ,» 
 
 5,037 
 
 11,372 
 
 935 
 
 29,352 
 
 _ 
 
 „ 1817 - 
 
 90,7Mj 
 86,6241 
 
 _ 
 
 6.3414 
 
 12,387 
 
 1,492 
 
 34,4,Vi 1 
 
 15 
 
 „ 1848 . 
 
 _« 
 
 6,247} 
 
 8,145 
 
 955 
 
 25,662 3 
 
 _ 
 
 „ 1849 - 
 
 85,463 
 
 ^ 
 
 6,810S 
 
 9,520 
 
 1,681 
 
 22,608 3 
 
 __ 
 
 „ 1840^ - 
 
 98,9<: 3 
 
 — . 
 
 6,588 
 
 15,556 
 
 997 
 
 24,154 1 
 
 20 
 
 „ 18S1* - 
 
 90,658] 
 92,083| 
 
 _ 
 
 6A3« 
 
 t— 
 
 ^ 
 
 22,304 1 
 
 _ 
 
 „ „ 18M 
 
 — 
 
 7.019S 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 17,141 2 
 
 ^- 
 
 D«. 31, 1852 
 
 102.9761 
 
 — . 
 
 6,886 
 
 .. 
 
 _ 
 
 18,994 2 
 
 ^ 
 
 „ 18S3 
 
 105,596 
 
 — 
 
 5,12tt 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 22,650 3 
 
 14 
 
 „ 18M 
 
 109,684 
 
 _ 
 
 6,166 
 
 — 
 
 «. 
 
 19,557 S 
 
 
 „ 18.M - 
 
 113,561 
 
 _ 
 
 6,316] 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 29,154 2 
 
 «5 
 
 „ 1856 - 
 
 110,504 
 
 _ 
 
 6,642 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 29,629 3 
 
 
 „ 18.^7 
 
 104,668 
 
 ^ 
 
 4,393) 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 .34,310 • 
 
 _ 
 
 „ 18M - 
 
 95,596 
 
 — 
 
 4,584 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 .32,152 
 
 _ 
 
 „ 1859 
 
 118,383 
 
 — 
 
 5,362} 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 35,923 
 
 ^ 
 
 „ 1860 
 
 115,688 
 
 — 
 
 4,3391 
 
 — 
 
 -» 
 
 32,221 
 
 _ 
 
 „ 1861 . 
 
 82,344} 
 100,657* 
 129,7231 
 
 — 
 
 4,145) 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 26,961 
 
 _ 
 
 „ 1862 
 
 ^ 
 
 7,735) 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 32,969 3 
 
 _ 
 
 „ 1863 
 
 ,„ 
 
 7,337 
 
 « 
 
 ^ 
 
 53,736 
 
 ^. 
 
 „ 1864 . 
 
 107,758* 
 
 — 
 
 7,963) 
 
 .— 
 
 .. 
 
 46,461 D 
 
 .- 
 
 „ 1865 
 
 112,807 
 
 _ 
 
 7,678 
 
 .. 
 
 ^ 
 
 44,92« 3 
 
 _ 
 
 „ 11866. ■ 
 
 115,819 
 
 — 
 
 9,957) 
 
 — — 
 
 47,753 
 
 l.'i 
 
 * Since this dale for Rcotland and the Isle of Man only. 
 I The branding and punching of cod and ling was discontinued on January 5, 1850, as well as the collection of returns for England. 
 
 KB.— The books of the Fishery Board do not ' 
 exhibit the total quantity of cod, ling, or hake 
 cured till the year commencing April 5, 1825. 
 The bounty from the commencement of this 
 abstract to April 5, 1830, was near 4s. per cwt. 
 for fish cured and dried, and 2s. 6c/. per barrel 
 for fish cured in pickle, taken by the crews of 
 vessels or boats not on the tonnage bounty; 
 while the bounty for vessels licensed for cod, 
 ling, or hake fishery was 50s. per ton for ton- 
 nage and cargo to July 5, 182G; 45s. from 
 thence to July 6, 1827; 40». to July 6, 1828; 
 oad 35s. to April 5, 1830; when tho bounties 
 
 ceased altogether, and have not since been re- 
 newed. 
 
 Cod Fishery, Iceland. — The large cod remsin 
 near the island during the winter, the chief station 
 being Faxebay. The earliest and best fishings 
 commence in February or March, and extend to 
 May or June. Tho Icelanders capture the fish 
 either by small driftnets, deep sea or hand lines, 
 or tho ordinanr long lines. The line fishing is 
 carried on in from 18 to 20 fathoms water ; but 
 it would be possible to fish succes8''ully in deeper 
 water, were tho islanders wealthier and more 
 adventurous. 
 
 ■.f.^:' 
 
 ■,M 
 
 I'i ;: 
 
 i:: 
 
..fss^^^sBsara. 
 
 COD , i = AftO tons annunlly. Tlic 
 
 .vasaHfoUows:- „«, i«« The chlaf exports offo^^^^^^^ 
 
 . >».. 6,5^>.5« t?.;uou the Mediterranean, Sweticn, r^^^ ^j ^,,,^1. 
 
 stockfish 1" ^f,t'rs 230 of f^"™ '^ '"/''' fTo 000 foundland, d scovcred Jy JJ^ j^ ■ .^c princpal 
 b.r-^s with 4 to 8 oars, ^ ^^ ^y^^^t 10,0UU ^^ ^^as ong, and pcrnap ^^^^ ^^traordmary 
 
 o oil small boats ^n ere u r . ^^^^^^,^4, ^pd nsnerj . havinfi been 
 
 fl^^---^^ > l,adinl864,260vesselsoffthccoast seat^o^^^^ «^«?'^: ftrFrenS I'ortug.^^^^^ 
 
 The French had ui ^°" ' jjurden of 90 tons. » ^.^ asceitained, the ^ri,' . ' j^ iish> ry. The 
 
 of Iceland, ^v^iU^ an ave^g%o,000^cocl per «»"^ i^^^^a^ds soon after en,^^^^^^^^^^ the ft^ld. u 
 
 _. „«„i to taKi- »" ..c^a\ i;„„rish -were later in colli" h ^ J- „„illai„l 
 
 SKcehad on the banks oOe^^^ 
 
 150 vessels, Spam;|« -faring the first halo 
 
 'io.noo.nw) 
 
 11 MlO.llOO 
 
 n'iiw.ooo 
 
 10,000,0(10 
 19,000,(K)0 
 
 ii,ooo.ono 
 
 r. ,000,000 
 8,000 .(«» 
 
 3.(1011,000 
 
 11 5110,000 
 
 ' 9,1100,000 
 
 150110.000 
 
 3 5(10,000 
 6,000.000 
 4,01KI,00<> 
 .',,600,000 
 9 SO0,000 
 3,900.000 
 
 '^of^d^cJ^^nrms^ 
 
 deareeotprospcwv,— -- . jgj^ navms/Y 
 
 nf the Newfoundland fishery "> ^hg British 
 
 ceeded2,800,000^ B"^Xf banks has rapi-Uy 
 fishery on the NewfoundUnd^^ ^ ^^.^^ ^, 
 declined, and cp/'"f ^ ^ow carried on almost 
 moment, to exist. IWs" Americans; the 
 
 entirely by.the French ana .^^ rosccuUou 
 
 facilities enjoyed by the 1»«^ ^^her people, and 
 beinff greater than t^ose 01 } .^^^ ^^ ^ (he 
 
 the fomier being te*"?^**^ *^ts Xded bv Govcm- 
 ?xtraordinaryencouragementBaff« . 
 
 ment. At Pje^ent the 1|^^^'« ji^^d is confmcJ 
 bv the inhabitants of J^ewi ^ut th.s, 
 
 entirely to the shore o^^^l "mrscry of sailors 
 e."™*^/ K„i,1v not so gooa a nui» J 
 
 ductivc of mercnanuiu- "—--.. 20(i.) '11« 
 Brilish America, 2n* ed-.;^;' fiyrics of all sorts, 
 average annual products of t!ie "^ ^ ^^.^ i; ew- 
 tncluding sea-sahnon &^. e^^^^d with 18;«, « 
 
 foundland, durmg tj'e -^ > fj „tcd to 516,4b . 
 
 stated.by M GreSor to ha^ e ^^^^^ fishery is a so 
 
 (Vol. i. P- /*^^-\h« norts and harbours of N» a 
 carried or. from tbo, P0"° "xTgw lirunswick &c. 
 Scotia and Cape »'Jid, the princn^a 
 
 s^i^ir;n%-rfaii;aMet; 
 
 LrS Jo.^trfo&^ -talents .t 
 relicKmon proceed .torn """""J, , „t Ubra.w. 
 
COD 
 
 323 
 
 tlic Hpcond voyage is in a grcer. or pickled state, 
 and dried afterwards at Newfoundland. Eight 
 or nine echooners from Quebec frequent the coast, 
 having on board about 80 seamen and 100 fisher- 
 men. Some of the tish caught by them is sent to 
 lOuropc, and the rest to Quebec; besides which, 
 tlioy carry annually about C,000/. worth of furs, 
 (ill, and salmon to Canada. 
 
 ' From Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, but 
 cliietly from tiie former, 100 to 120 vessels resort 
 to Labrador. The burden of these vessels may 
 amount to 6,000 or 7,000 tons, carrying about 
 1,J()0 seamen and fishermen. Tliey generally 
 tarry the principal part of their cargoes home in 
 a green state. 
 
 'One-third of tiie rasident inhabitants are 
 T.nglish, Irish, or Jersey servants, left in charge 
 (if the property in tbc fishing rooms, and who 
 also employ themselves, in the ipring and fall, 
 latcliing seals in nets. The other two-thirds live 
 constantly at Labrador, as furriers and seal- 
 
 catchers on their own a ;couiit, but chictly in the 
 former capacity, during winter, and ill are en- 
 gaged in the I'sheries during summer. Half of 
 these people ore Jerseymeu and Canadians, most 
 of whom have families. 
 
 ' From 16,000 to 18,000 seals are taken at La- 
 brador in the beginning of winter and in spring. 
 Tiiey arc very large; and the Canadians, and 
 other winter residents, are said to feast and fatten 
 on their tlesh. About 4,000 of these sc.'us are 
 kilkd by the Esquimaux. The whole number 
 caught produce about 3.jO tuns of oil, value about 
 8,00U/.' (Vol. i. p. 185.) 
 
 The total )iroduce of the Labrador fishery in 
 1832 was estimated by M'Gregor at o()2,Gr)0/. ; 
 and he farther estimated the total produce of the 
 Hritish fisheries in the various seas and rivers of 
 America, including seal oil and skins, at an ave- 
 rage of the live vears ending with lH'o-2, at 
 857,210/. a-year. (Vol. ii. p. 590.) Uut it is now 
 considerably greater. We subjoin 
 
 All Atcountof the Quantities and Values of the Exports of the Produce of the Newfoundland Fishery 
 (including that carried on at Labrador by Boats from Newfoundland) in 18Go-5. 
 
 
 
 
 Quantities 
 
 i 
 
 
 Values 
 
 
 Articleii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1863 
 
 ISI!4 
 
 ISGi , 
 
 186.1 
 
 1861 
 
 1865 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 roU li.h - 
 
 - quintals 
 
 iill,777 
 
 819,-3!) 
 
 80I.r>.19 
 
 7r,\,'il6 
 
 795,160 
 
 7i1fi,3.'.2 
 
 Uil! cm) ■ 
 
 - turn 
 
 Ufi'jr, 
 
 •J.-ilfi 
 
 'i.Til 
 
 1S9,1.18 
 
 I13,7.'i7 
 
 1.16,.->')5 
 
 refined 
 
 >» 
 
 SJI 
 
 17i 
 
 ■119 
 
 M.lllKI 
 
 !iB,.-NO 
 
 •.(7,914 
 
 ual 
 
 ,» 
 
 4,1 15 
 
 l,(i(P/) 
 
 3,-ii\a 
 
 I8f>„'>(iS 
 
 7fi.V47 
 
 1.'>B,.'.7S 
 
 Skins, seal - 
 
 Total ■ 
 
 - number 
 • value 
 
 iST.lll 
 
 12.'.,'J5(I 
 
 24'.',I7I 
 
 ■«-,n:.T 
 
 1S,89.'5 
 
 .r.i"<'.:.i7 
 
 .■57,SSfi 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 1 l,143..T.t 
 
 1,1165,115 
 
 *»• The number of ships employed in the flsheriet cannot he ascertained ; the number of boats is about 7jOO[>. 
 
 About eight-tenths of the dried fish exported 
 from Newfoundland by British subjects are sent 
 to Spain, Portugal, Italy, and other Continental 
 nations ; the test goes to the West Indies and to 
 Great Britain. 
 
 The Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 51 contains several regu- 
 lations with respect to the Newfoundland fisheries. 
 Aliens are prohibited from fi.shing on the coasts, 
 (n- in the bays or rivers of Newfoundland, ex- 
 cepting, however, the rights and privileges granted 
 by treaty to foreign states at amity with bis 
 Majesty. 
 
 AH 'iritish subjects may take, cure, and dry fish, 
 occupy vacant places, cut down trees for building, 
 and do other things useful for the trade. (Sec. 5.) 
 'Jertitioates should be granted to vessels clearing 
 out for the fishery; and on arrival at Ncwfound- 
 ];i;i(l a report should be made of such certificate, 
 ami registered; and on leaving the fishery the 
 usual clearance shall be obtained. Vessels having 
 D'.i board any goods oluer than fish <te. to forfeit 
 the fishing certificate. (Sec, 4,) 
 
 Persons throwing out ballast &c. to the pre- 
 jiulice of the harbours in Newfoundland shall be 
 subject to a penalty. (Sec, 5,) 
 
 A contract in writing, specifying wages, and how 
 to be paid, must bj entered into with seamen and 
 tisbcmien. (Sec, 7.) 
 
 ,\ fisherman is prohibited receiving more than 
 tliree-fourths of his wages during service ; but the 
 balance due to him is to be paid immediately upon 
 the expiration of the covenanted time of service. 
 No fisherman to be turned off, except for wilful 
 iu;,'lec't of duty or other sutlicient cause, under a 
 ppnalty, for each offence, of not less than 5/., nor 
 more than 50/. 
 
 In order to fulfil the conditions in any treaty 
 with a foreign state, his Majesty may empower 
 the governor of Newfoundland to remove any 
 works erected by British subjects for the purpose 
 of tarrying on the fishery between C'lpe St. John 
 ami C^ape Kay, and to compel them lo depart to 
 .another place. (Sec. 12.) 
 
 Every person so refusing to depart shall forfeit 
 50/. (Sec. 13.) 
 
 The governor is empowered to sell or lease 
 places within the island called Ship-rooms. (Sec. 
 14.) 
 
 For the regulations tfec. as to the importation 
 of fish into Great Britain, see Fisii. 
 
 It is doubtful whether the distant cod fishery 
 may not have passed its zenith. Spain, Italy, 
 and other Catholic countries have always been 
 the great markets <br dried fish ; but the observ- 
 ance of Lent is every day becoming less strict ; 
 and the demand for dried fish will, it is most 
 likely, sustain a corresponding decline. The re- 
 laxed observance of Lent in the Netlicrlanda and 
 elsewhere has done rasre tb-T anything else to 
 injure the herring fishery of Holland. 
 
 Cod Fishery, American. — The Americans have 
 at all times prosecuted the cod fishery with great 
 vigour and success. Their fishei-men arc remark- 
 able for their activity and enterprise, sobriety and 
 frug.ility ; and their proximity to the fisliing ■ 
 grounds, and the other facilities they possess for 
 carrj'ing on the fishery, give them advantages 
 with which it would be very dillicult to contend, 
 even if they were not assisted by Govcrnnniit, 
 which, however, is the case. In 1795 the Ame- 
 ricans employed in the cod fishery about 31,000 
 tons of shipping ; in 1807 they are suid to have 
 employed 70,300 tons; but it subsequently de- 
 clined for several years, and was almost entirel; 
 suspended during "the war ended 1315, 
 
 In the year ending Juno 30, 1858, the Americans 
 had 110,896 tons shipping engaged in the cod 
 fisherj'. During the same year they exported 
 161,269 quintals of dried, and 30,470 barrels and 
 3,375 kegs of pickled cotl ; their aggregate valuo 
 being 684,448 dols. In 1864 they exported 192,505 
 cwt, of smoked and dried, and 73,756 cwt, of 
 pickled fish, valued together at 1,476,486 dols. 
 By far the larger portion of the dried and smoked 
 fish went to Hayti, St. Domingo, and the Spanish. 
 West Indies, 
 
 y2 
 
 i, 
 
 
^v 
 
 I' 
 
 ■ ''' 1 
 
 COD . ^YiB inhabUants, 
 
 fitting out f"^ '';«f„';^ or their .ons. bui d.ng -^^Vr^ enjoyed 6r clairne^ ^j; - — j,,,^ ^ 
 
 plan is, wiieu » ■"-—•" '^5 ^en on shares. "" K.-(,o,ving Table snows u.« 
 Vessel, lets l>«/° ^^^ets The men pay f"^ « 1 IS t«ly carried it 01 :- 
 
 ThaB to catch fi^^^orn^r month f^rnavigatrng 
 receives only about 2"''- P«^." jg^ths of the hsh 
 the vessel ; the c^^^^ Xee-eighlhs of the whole, 
 cauuht, and the owners ">J=e « ^ , ^^^ ^^^.^^.^ 
 '" '^i-h; first spring ^''yXnkrGulf* of St. Law- 
 the second ci'^er to the banks^ ^ ^^.^^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 1857, both inclusive. 
 
 VcsseU'.— 
 
 number - 
 
 tonnage - 
 
 crew* - , " 
 Produce •■npo'««'.- 
 
 cod, «et '"°'' 
 dry 
 
 not purl- 
 fled 
 
 roe* 
 
 othiTpro 
 duce, 
 
 sounds KSi,16» 
 &c. .1 
 
 TonnXte 
 emplojed 
 
 Allowances 
 
 to H>li>ni! 
 
 Veuels 
 
 R.',,'i4fi 
 87,476 
 
 99,'JiH' 
 
 \irl,Vi>i 
 9.'',>"B 
 ini.'i' .'^_ 
 
 Fears 1862-4. 
 
 95,7SS-6 
 
 Marlln'l"* ■ '. 
 
 ■ liuadaloupe - 
 Cajenne - ] 
 
 Senegal 
 lliunlon 
 
 Oihn countries 1.1 Eut-ipe 
 
 ^l«nt and Barbarj - 
 \vettln5i«. and America 
 
 Total 
 
 1863 
 
 kilos. 
 W.'iM , 
 429,410 
 16,661 I 
 100 , 
 , 6.469 
 
 ' a,400 
 456,390 
 771,:'»6 
 
 -^no 
 
 ~ 53,9»S ' 
 
 1864 
 
 annumtor_w^J^»i; ^ 
 
 TTs stipulated in tbc ^f J^^ the U^F^ 
 ventiou between «''^^,'' ^f^rtobor 20, 1818, that 
 ^States, signed a. London. Oct ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ,^,, 
 
 su 
 
 
 'Intai - 1— — 
 
 fm ever, to dry and '^"^^,, rrcelis of the southern St- 1^'%° V ji^„d, belong to the IrciK 
 men to dry or cure nsu • 
 
 M'Orogor and 
 they linve mate 
 
 COD LIVK 
 <lor. stockfiscli 
 article illu8trat( 
 on an importar 
 lixcd oil extra 
 •common cod, b 
 l)rocurc(l from I 
 the haitc, and tl 
 
 Tlie best cod 
 
 the livers, broki 
 
 steam, to a tern] 
 
 livers siumld Ik 
 
 duct is called al 
 
 livers are left 
 
 rises to the surf 
 
 second quality, 
 
 residue left to pi 
 
 the ban/is oil, an 
 
 odour. Soraeti 
 
 heating the fresl 
 
 supplies a good 1 
 
 (ireat use is m 
 
 of tlie coarser k 
 
 loatlicr, which ii 
 
 Jliis substance. 
 
 mical use is a? 
 
 operates is not 
 
 one of the most 
 
 tivos in cases o 
 
 imu't we importe 
 
 <lj,!»7i)/., the chici 
 
 British North Ai 
 
 Sorts of Cod J 
 
 great value as j 
 
 adulterated with 
 
 and sometimes w 
 
 chemical analysi 
 
 Adulterations, *bu 
 
 possible, is exce 
 
 The following ai 
 
 rities, the most ti 
 
 1. The specific 
 between "Olo and 
 ■which is said to 
 ■article, is rcportec 
 ■866. 
 
 2. Genuine cod 
 
 3. The sulphur 
 gives a centrifug 
 Jiue violet colour, 
 ish red. Sometin 
 
 4. The nitric ji 
 tated with the t 
 colour, afterwards 
 
 5. The sensible 
 {British Pharman 
 mation.) 
 
 COFFEE (Get 
 koify, kofliUooncn 
 koffe ; Fr. Ital. an 
 kofe'; I'ol. kawa; 
 .Malay, kawa; Pi 
 cliaube). The bei 
 Arabica, Linn.), 
 form, smaller thai 
 dose, and hard te 
 the one side and i 
 (Ipcply marked fui 
 the flattened side ; 
 a greenish colour, 
 
 Historical Notici 
 a native of that f 
 (OTIS faba missa S 
 lensiv'ely cultivatei 
 Inilia, ill Java, the 
 
s on tlio 
 French, 
 of that 
 ,lnccii,w 
 in 1T92. 
 cd to by 
 
 COD LIVER OIL 
 
 M'Grogor and others : we believe, however, that 
 thev Imve matcriallv over-rated its influence. 
 
 COD LIVER OIL (Fr. liuile de morue; 
 <ior. stockliscli Icberthran), The trade in this 
 article illustrates the cft'ect of a medical demand 
 on an important branch of industry. This is a 
 lixed oil extracted from the fresh liver of the 
 ■common cod, but oil bearinf; this name is also 
 ))roc\ircd from the liiif;, the coal-tish, the pollock, 
 the hake, and the haddock. 
 
 The best cod liver oil is obtained by heatini; 
 the livers, broken up into a mass, by means of 
 steam, to a temperature not cxcec<ling 180°. Thi, 
 livers sliould be as fresh as possible. This pro- 
 duct is called shore nil, and is the purest. If the 
 livers are left till putrefaction commences, oil 
 rises to the surface, and if rapidly taken off, is of 
 second (jnality, bein^ known as strait) oil. The 
 residue left to putrefy and then boiled constitutes 
 the banks oil, and is offensive both in tasto and 
 odour. Sometimes the oil is expressed, after 
 heating the fresh livers : the product being liltercd 
 supplies a good variety of the oil. 
 
 (ireat use is made of cod liver oil, and Cf peoiall)' 
 of the coarser kinds, in the manufacture of shoe 
 leather, which is most conveniently dressed with 
 this substance. liut its most important econo- 
 mical use is as a medicine. In what manner it 
 ojteratcs is not determined, but it is said to ba 
 one of the most valuable alteratives aiul restora- 
 tives in cases of scrofula and consumption. In 
 18(l(i we imported 8i).") tuns of this oil, valued ut 
 4i.'),l»7!)/., the chief supplies coming from Hamburg, 
 British North America, and Nonvay. 
 
 Sorts of Cod Liver Oil. — In conse(iuence of its 
 great value as a drug, the articic is frequently 
 adulterated with other fixed oils of animal origin, 
 and sometimes with lixcd vegetable oils. Kxact 
 chemical analysis might detect some of these 
 adulterations, but unfortunately the process, if 
 possible, is exceedingly delicate and uncertain. 
 The following are, according to the best autho- 
 rities, the most trustworthy tests : — 
 
 1. The specific gravity of genuine oil ranges 
 between ■i)lo and "yiOo at 72". Shark liver oil, 
 which is said to be s-abstitutcd for the genuine 
 Article, is reported to nave the specilic gravity of 
 •8(!ti. 
 
 2. Genuine cod liver oil does not congeal at 14°. 
 
 3. The sulphuric acid test. A drop of this acid 
 gives a centrifugal movement to tlie oil, and a 
 line violet colour, passing to a yellowish or brown- 
 ish red. Sometimes the colour is red at once. 
 
 4. The nitric acid test. This acid when agi- 
 tated with the oil gives a pinkish or rose red 
 colour, afterwards becoming brown. 
 
 tu The sensible qualities of odour and taste. 
 {British Pharmacopoeia, 18G7 ; and Private infor- 
 mation^ 
 
 COFFEE (Ger. koffe, koffebohnen ; Dutch, 
 koffy, kofliljoonon ; Dan. kaffe, kaffebiinner; Swed. 
 koffe; Fr, Ital. and Port, caffe'; Span, cafe; Uuss. 
 kofe'; I'ol. kawa; Lat. colVea, caffea; Arab, bun; 
 Malay, kawa; Persian, tochem, kewclj; Turk, 
 diaube). Tlie berries of the coffee plant {Coffea 
 Arabica, Linn.). They are generally of an oval 
 I'orai, smaller than a horse-bean, and of a tough, 
 dose, and hard texture ; they are prominent on 
 the one side and flattened on the other, having a 
 deeply marked furrow running lengthwise along 
 the flattened side ; they are moderately heavy, of 
 a greenish colour, and a somewhat bitterish taste. 
 
 Historical Notice of Coffee. — The coffee plant is 
 a native of that part o^ Arabia called Yemen — 
 itrris faba missa Saba:is; but it is now very ex- 
 
 leiisively cultivated in the southern extremity of 
 
 Imlia, in Java, the West Indies, Brazil &c. We 
 
 COFFEE 
 
 32ft 
 
 Aie ignorant of the precise period when it began 
 to be roasted, and the decoction used as a dnnk, 
 though the discovery is not supposed to date fur- 
 ther back than the earlv part of the liftccnth cen- 
 tury. No mention of it is made by any ancient 
 writer, nor by any of the moderns previously to 
 the sixteenth century, I^onliart Kauwolf, a 
 German physician, is believed to be the first 
 European who has taken any notice (.'f coffee. 
 His work was published in 1573, and his account 
 is, in some respects, inaccurate. Coffee was, 
 however, very accurately described by Prosper 
 Aibinus, who had been in Egypt as idiysiciun to 
 the Venetian consul, in his works dc I'lantis 
 Egt/ptt. and de Medicina J'Jyi/jdiorum, publislicd 
 in io'Jl and 15!)l'. 
 
 A public coffee-house was opened for the first 
 time, in London, in Kio'i. A Turkey merchant, 
 of the name of Edwards, having brought along 
 with him from the Levant some bags of coffee, 
 and a Greek servant accustomed to make it, his 
 house was thronged with visitors to sec and taste 
 this new sort of liquor; and, wishing to gratify 
 bis friends without putting himself to inconveni- 
 ence, ho allowed his servant to make and sell 
 coff>.e publicly. In conseancnce of this permission, 
 the latter opened a cotlee-house in Newman's 
 Court, Cornhill, on the spot where the Virginia 
 (Joffec-house now stands. fJarraway's was the 
 first coffee-house opened after the great fire in 
 1 CiGG. (See the learned and elaborate treatise of 
 Moseley On Coffe.'^, 6th cd. p. 15.) 
 
 Charles II. attempted, by a proclar.:.ition issued 
 in 1G75, to suppress coffee-houses, on the ground 
 of their being resorted to by disaffected persons, 
 who ' devised and spread abroad divers false, mali- 
 cious, and i-'candalous reports, to the defamation 
 of his JIajesty's government, and to the disturb- 
 ance of the peace and quiet of the nation.' The 
 opinion of the Judges having been taken as to the 
 legality of the proceeding, they resolved, ' That 
 retailing coffee might be an innocent trade ; but 
 as it was used to nourish sedition, spread lies, and 
 scandalise great men, it might also l)e a coiumon 
 nuisance ! ' 
 
 M. de la Koquc mentions that the use of coffee 
 was introduced into France between 1G4() and 
 IGGO; and he further states that the first coffee- 
 house for the sale of coffee in France was opined 
 at Marseilles, in 1G71. ( Voyage de 'a ISyrie, torn. 
 ii. pp. 310-319.) It was hardly, howaver, known, 
 except to a few travellers who had visited the 
 East, till 1UG9, when it was introduced to the best 
 society in Paris by Solyman Aga, ambassador 
 from the Grand Seignior to Louis XIV. It im- 
 mediately became fashionable ; and the taste for 
 it having been quickly diffused, a coffee-house 
 was opened for its sale in 1G72, which, in no long 
 time, had several competitors. (Sec the excellent 
 work of Le Grand d'Aussy, Vie privet des Fran- 
 cois, iii. 127, ed. 1815.) 
 
 Some time between 1C80 and 1090 the Dutch 
 planted in the vicinity of Batavia coffee beans 
 they had j)rocured from Mocha. In 1G90 tliey 
 sent a plant to Europe ; and it was from berries 
 obtained from this plant that the first coffee plan- 
 tations in the West Indies and Surinam were 
 derived. 
 
 Progressive Consumption of Coffee in Great Bri- 
 tain, Influence of the Duties.-^ln IGGO a duty of 
 4<.'. per gallon was laid on all coffee made and sold. 
 Prex-iously to 1732 the duty on coffee amounted 
 to 2». |)cr lb. ; but an Act was then passed, in 
 compliance with the solicitations of the West 
 India planters, reducing the duty to Is. 6d. per 
 lb. ; at which it stood for many years, producing, 
 at on average, about 10,000/. a-year. In copae> 
 
 .1 
 
 ■t 
 
326 
 
 COFFEE 
 
 ;;..■ 
 
 III V 
 
 ^t,' 
 
 a. 
 If i 
 
 
 quencc, however, of the prevalence of smiigglirif;, 
 cmiscd l)V the too great magnitiKlc of the duty, 
 the revtiiiic declined, in 1783, to 2.WJ/. 10». lOJrf. ; 
 and it Jmving been found impossible otherwise to 
 check the practice of ulandestinc importation, the 
 duty was reduced, in 1784, to i'td. The conae- 
 quoncos of tliis wise and salutary measure were 
 most beneficial. Instead of being reduced, the 
 revenue was immediately raised to near three 
 times its previous amount, or to 7,200/. 15». Df/., 
 showing that the consumption of legally imported 
 coffee must have increased in about n ninefold 
 pro/iortionl — a striking and conclusive proof, as 
 Mr, Uryan Edwards has ob.xerved, of the effect of 
 heavy taxation in defeating its own object. (Ilis- 
 tory of the West Indies, vol. ii. p. JllO, 8vo. ed.) 
 
 Tli'c history of the coffee trade ai)ounds with 
 similar and even more striking examples of tlie 
 superior productiveness of low duties. In 1807 
 the duty was Is. 8</. per lb. ; and the quantity 
 entered for home consumption amounted to 
 1, 170, Itil lbs., yieldingarevcnueo'' 161,245/. lis. 4r/. 
 In 1808 the duty was reduced from 1». 8</. to Id., 
 and in 180!) no' fewer than 9,251,847 lbs, were 
 entered for home consumption, yielding, notwith- 
 standing the reduction of duty, a revenue of 
 245,850/, 8ii. id. The duty having Iwen raised 
 in 1819 from Id. to Is. per lb., the quantity 
 entered for home consumption in 1824 was 
 7,993,041 lbs., yielding a revenue of 407,544/. 4s. 'id. 
 In 1824, however, the duty being again reduced 
 from Is. to 6f/., the quaniity entered for home 
 consumption in 1825 was 10,760,112 lbs. ; and in 
 1S31 it had increased tt» 22,740,()27 lbs., yielding 
 a nett revenue of 583,751/. 
 
 The rapid increase in the consumption from 1825 
 to 1 832 must not, however, be wlioUy ascribed to 
 the reduction of the duty. This, no doubt, had 
 the greatest Influence ; but a good deal is also 
 owing to the low price of coffee from 1824 to 1830, 
 and also to the great reduction during the same 
 period in the price of low brown sugar (fully Uc/. 
 per lb.), a cheap and abundant supply of which is 
 indispensable to the extensive use of coffee. 
 
 These statements, which are principally deduced 
 from the accompanying account. No. I., refer to 
 the consumption of Great Britain only ; but the 
 account No. II. includes the United Kingdom, 
 and is brought down to 1867 inclusive. The most 
 remarkable features in this account are the reduc- 
 tion of the duty on coffee from the East Indies 
 and Ceylon to the same level as that on coffee 
 from the West Indies, and the farther reduction 
 of the duty on coffee from British possessions in 
 1842 to 4}rf. per lb. The equalisation of the duty 
 on East and West India coffee had become indis- 
 pensable after the rapid decline in the supplies 
 from the West Indies consequent on the emanci- 
 pation of the slaves; for us foreign coffee was 
 burdened with a high discriminating duty, the 
 price of British coffee must othenvise have risen 
 to such a height as materially to interfere with 
 the consumption. The latter, indeed, has not in- 
 creased since 1837 In the ratio that might have 
 been expected Irom the increasing population and 
 wealth of the country ; and since 1847, when the 
 consumption amounted to 37,441,373 lbs., it has 
 declined, having been in 18(i6 only 27,849,694 lbs. 
 The produce of colonial coffee as indicated by 
 the imports has risen considerably. When the 
 last edition of this work was published the imports 
 of colonial coffee were little more than 24,000 tons: 
 they were in 1805 considerably more than double 
 this amount. 
 
 The stationary or declining state of the con- 
 Bumption of coll'ec may, however, be easily ex- 
 plained. We have seen how rapidly the growth of 
 
 chicory has extended in this country f Ciiicoky] : 
 and its substitution for coffee has no doubt |iri' 
 vented the increase of the latter. The adulicr.i- 
 tion of coffee with chicory was, indeed, authorise! 
 by a Treasury minute passed in 1840. Hut tlic 
 well-founded objections made to this extrnordinnrv 
 attempt to legitimise a imiceeding by which lin' 
 revenue as well as the public was defrauded, Icil 
 to the repeal of the mmute referred to in 18.V.'. 
 The sale of coffee mixed with cliicory was tlicn 
 prohibited. Inasmuch, however, as this prohllii- 
 tion could not be made effectual, a new miinilc 
 was passed in 1853, permitting the sale of collcc 
 intermixed with chicory, provided the parcel- 
 containing such compiiuiid be labelled MixTiiiM 
 or CoFKKE AND CiiiCKity. And we do not well 
 see what more can be done in the matter. Dealeiv 
 wlio supply chicory, or a mixture of coffee niwl 
 chicory, to customers who order coffee, are swind- 
 lers who ought to be adequately punished ; \n\\ 
 if customers order chicory, or cotfee alloyed wilh 
 chicory, there neither is nor can be any godd 
 reason whj' they should not be supplied with tin: 
 article they want. 
 
 Under such circumstances the best thing that 
 can be done by those who have the opportunity, 
 and who wish to make sure of getting genuine 
 coffee, is to buy it before it is ground; and as n 
 mill for grinding may be bought for a small sum, 
 and coffee is sold reaily 'roasted,' there is, in tlii-^ 
 way, no great diflicnlty in obviating adulteration. 
 Those who use ground coffee will also be pretty 
 secure against fraud if I boy resort only to tirsi- 
 class shops. 
 
 It is seen, from the accompanying tables, that 
 the duty on foreign coffee was reduced in 1841 to 
 6^'gf/. per lb. ; anil, following up the cxami)le set 
 in the case of the sugar duties, it was farther 
 reduced in 1851 to 3(/. per lb., that is, to the same 
 rate of duty that was then laid on British coloni.il 
 coffee. The duty on all descriptions of cotH'c, 
 after being raised to 4f/. per lb. in 1855, was again 
 reduced in 1857 to '6d. A duty equal to thai ou 
 coffee has r'.so been imposed on chicory. [Ciii- 
 
 COUY.] 
 
 I. An Account of the Quantity of Coffee retained for 
 Home Consumption in Great Britain, the liahs 
 of' Duty thereon, and the Produce of the Viiliin, 
 in each Year from 1789 to 1819, both inclimiit:. 
 
 Vrar 
 
 Qunntilies 
 retained for 
 Home Con- 
 
 Huin prion 
 
 1. ._«« 
 
 British 
 plantation 
 
 e» of duty or 
 East In 
 
 1 
 
 Ilia 
 r rent. 
 
 Nett reTtfnne of 
 Customs anil 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 per lb. 
 
 per lb. 
 
 |ie 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ail valorem 
 
 
 
 
 «. d. 
 
 «. d. 
 
 £ 
 
 M. d. 
 
 £ i. ,1. 
 
 WSQ 
 
 B.IO.Hl 
 
 Wi 
 
 u oA 
 
 
 
 ^fi.'iUfi 17 11 
 
 17(10 
 
 97.1,1111 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 _ 
 
 ,'jO,7'i9 7 ■! 
 
 17111 
 
 (,(ll7,'27fi 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 .',7.n.'>9 r, 11 
 
 1 79'^ 
 
 DIfi.Bf.fi 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 ■f.MV.'i f, V 
 
 I7'J.1 
 
 1,070,138 
 
 — 
 
 -_ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 fi7,3.'j7 11 9 
 
 17!)l 
 
 9li9,)l» 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 71,l.">n 4 (i 
 
 17!)'" 
 
 l,l«l,.'>88 
 
 > H 
 
 * 6| 
 
 
 — 
 
 B,'.,78H 3 7 
 
 I7U6 
 
 39(i,9.J3 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 .311,1118 11 11 
 
 17!17 
 
 6.17.IIII1 
 
 1 ~ 
 
 3 "7 
 
 
 „ 
 
 9.;U9 3 11 
 
 17!<S 
 
 697,187 
 
 1 .'> 
 
 •u\ 
 
 
 ~. 
 
 78,9(ifi (i 9 
 
 I7»'J 
 
 (i8K,43i 
 
 1 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 71,1101 2 -i 
 
 I8IK> 
 
 8tt6,.'>9l> 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 HV,SC7 11 .') 
 
 ISOl 
 
 7ilt,8til 
 
 t ,'..1 
 
 2 7 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 inr,,l)7li 2 7 
 
 mm 
 
 8'/9,l.35 
 
 1 fi 
 
 2 7A 
 
 ■i 
 
 
 
 72,183 V 3 
 
 I Kin 
 
 »l.'i,iyi 
 
 1 fi 
 
 1 lln 
 
 K 
 
 Ki 3 
 
 7 (,1193 l.'i H 
 
 ISlll 
 
 I,ll01,.Vi7 
 
 1 7 
 
 2 Hi 
 
 3 
 
 •i fi 
 
 1.'>1,.188 II 11 
 
 1-0'. 
 
 l,Vnl,7.1B 
 
 1 7 
 
 'i Tfl 
 
 3 
 
 3 9 
 
 1V(),I7!I 18 7 
 
 181 IH 
 
 1,167,01 1 
 
 I 7 
 
 •J oj 
 
 3 
 
 7 11 
 
 1.'rt,759 fi 'J 
 
 1S()7 
 
 i,l7n,ia 
 
 
 
 
 
 1fil,2l.5 !1 I 
 
 IHIIS 
 
 i,l)fi9,fi9l 
 
 n~7 
 
 n in 
 
 3 
 
 Tu 
 
 !i«9,7.-.8 Hi 8 
 
 1.SII9 
 
 9,V.'>IA17 
 
 7 
 
 lU 
 
 3 
 
 6 8 
 
 2IA,S8B 8 4 
 
 ISIO 
 
 s,.Tiis.i«(; 
 
 
 — . 
 
 
 _ 
 
 17.'..'.B7 1 4 
 
 IKII 
 
 K,.VJO,l'^'^ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 •^li,89i) 12 111 
 
 IHVi 
 
 8,118,731 
 
 __ 
 
 .. 
 
 
 .« 
 
 !i.M,18l 7 1 
 
 1813 
 
 R,7SS,(i0l 
 
 73 
 
 loj 
 
 3 
 
 19 S 
 
 1 C:tutom recoidi 
 1 deslroviHl 
 
 1811 
 
 6„Til,W7 
 
 72 
 
 11.^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 213,113 18 4 
 
 1815 
 
 (i,l 17,311 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 .. 
 
 2.'iS.7B2 18 3 
 
 1816 
 
 7A''7,I71 
 
 .— 
 
 _ 
 
 
 .. 
 
 2911,831 1' 11 
 
 1817 
 
 8,ri8K.7^li 
 
 .. 
 
 _ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 298,.'iin .'> 1 
 
 1HI8 
 
 7,9C7,8'.7 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 a.',n,Ill6 4 til 
 
 1X19 
 
 7,41i9,.351i 
 
 1 
 
 1 fi 
 
 
 — 
 
 292,1,54 R 111 
 
 n. An A, 
 Quan 
 in eac 
 
 ^'ear 
 
 1820 
 
 ISSI 
 Ui'i 
 18V3 
 18V I 
 
 \ii:, 
 
 18»fi 
 
 1827 
 J8»8 
 I8V9 
 1 8311 
 1811 
 I8.T.i 
 18.13 
 1834 
 
 18.16 
 1837 
 18.18 
 18,19 
 
 isin 
 
 1811 
 
 1842 
 
 1SI3 
 
 1841 
 
 181.', 
 18 IB 
 1817 
 1848 
 1849 
 
 31 
 
 36, 
 ,19, 
 
 18,l>l 
 
 lSV.i 
 I8,-,3 
 IS.VI 
 IS.W 
 
 1S.'.(! 
 
 18',7 
 
 IS.'.S 
 18.19 
 IKBII 
 I8HI 
 1862 
 1863 
 18B4 
 186.5 
 18116 
 1867 
 
 43,.' 
 '<■, 
 
 ,"S,!: 
 
 46.; 
 
 ,')n,.i 
 Al,)d 
 
 M,.i 
 ,57,l| 
 63,J 
 
 SlLli 
 .'.,1,l| 
 
 at.i 
 i5,d 
 
 66,J 
 64,(| 
 5fi,f 
 
 S8,8| 
 
 m.rM 
 B.o,.-l 
 
 82.71 
 K3„5| 
 
 9i,n| 
 
 'I7,.lf 
 Wj.A 
 I, 18,1 I 
 127,ll| 
 I37,7f 
 
 The table No) 
 much as it not rf 
 ilcriveoursupplij 
 wliicii the prodiJ 
 in the mercantill 
 
 The introdtictl 
 well remarked, I 
 the diet of civili,J 
 
COFFEE 
 
 327 
 
 II. An Account of the Quantity, in Pounds Weight, of Coffee imported into the United Kingdom, the 
 Qnantiti/ retained fur Consumption, the Produce of the Duties, and the Bates of Duty on the same, 
 in each Fear from 1820. 
 
 Year 
 
 1820 
 IKM 
 
 18SH 
 
 IRS? 
 ISVH 
 1SV9 
 18.1(1 
 1811 
 18.1'J 
 18.1.1 
 18.14 
 
 1816 
 18.17 
 1818 
 18.1'J 
 
 18tl 
 
 184'^ 
 
 1813 
 
 ISU 
 
 181.'. 
 l.Hin 
 1817 
 1818 
 184!) 
 
 18.'jI 
 IS'j'i 
 18.-).1 
 18.',1 
 ISVI 
 
 i8.'in 
 
 IV.7 
 
 Qunnlilln Im- 
 Vcncfl into itie 
 /lilted Kmiplom 
 
 4.S,8ll,n'^i; 
 
 •l.'>.217,«ll'» 
 'll,llll.->,l'^l 
 
 4.'.,(ii.i,i;.i 
 
 5'i,;)n;,.'ii8 
 
 4tt,ai7,in3 
 
 4;,').18,017 
 
 4i,im!),7.ii 
 
 .1!),ll-|,'il.5 
 4ll,i)'>a,lB1 
 41,II07,8'^8 
 4»,«Si,!)1!) 
 .1l,l'^r>,l(>» 
 4l,8(i.'>,Ill 
 
 SS,3S8,49.1 
 
 ,1t,n.VI.S.17 
 .16,4 1 'i,.'. 14 
 
 41,UU3,.116 
 
 70,'^50,766 
 
 4.1,117,76« 
 41,141,414 
 
 .1S,!)I3,1C9 
 
 4i;,.VM,t8S 
 
 .'>n„177,!ll'. 
 Al,8M,'i.'il 
 5.'>,.1.'>l,ml 
 .^7,O.M,4.')(t 
 6.1,315,787 
 
 Su,80.1,15!i 
 
 ,'i.i,iio,6f;o 
 
 5 1,9.1.5, '.10 
 S '.,631,7.13 
 66,iiOO,3,'.8 
 64,061,479 
 56,998,116 
 58,892,726 
 
 18,'i8 
 
 60,697,26.'. 
 
 18.W 
 
 65,150,18)0 
 
 1860 
 
 82,770,000 
 
 1861 
 
 X3,5.1(I,(«M> 
 
 1862 
 
 91,040,000 
 
 1863 
 
 117,150.018) 
 
 1864 
 
 109,280,000 
 
 1865 
 
 1.38,1 91 ),000 
 
 1866 
 
 127,044,816 
 
 1867 
 
 137,729,716 
 
 Qlinr litif^retainnl 
 
 f'T home roil. 
 
 ftv mlition in the 
 
 V\ \lM Kinndom 
 
 lbs. 
 
 7,103,409 
 
 7, '.91,001 
 7,669,.151 
 K.I51,'.ri0 
 8,262,913 
 
 1,082,970 
 
 13,199,235 
 
 15,560,1 17 
 17,114,63'. 
 19,466,028 
 22,'.6!),2.')3 
 22,715,807 
 22,952,527 
 22,741,981 
 23,785,094 
 
 21,295,016 
 
 24,917,690 
 26,146,961 
 25,76.'.,6;3 
 26,789,915 
 
 28,661,141 
 
 23,370,857 
 
 28,519,616 
 
 29,979,404 
 
 31,352,382 
 
 -1,293,190 
 .16,7.54A''l 
 ,17,441, .173 
 37,077,516 
 3 1, .199,374 
 
 r.1,166,358 
 
 .3?,.'.0I,515 
 
 .14,978,132 
 
 36,983,122 
 
 37,350,924 
 
 3.5,76 1,56 1 
 
 34.095,944 
 
 .34,353,123 
 
 35.208.932 
 34,3.10.000 
 ,35,.')(M),0(K) 
 35,2(«),0fl0 
 34.4.V),000 
 32,760,0(8) 
 31, .160,000 
 30.510,000 
 .10,939,813 
 31,289,106 
 
 Amount of 1 
 diiijr received 
 Ihereon 
 
 Rate! of duly per {Kjunil 
 
 342,828 
 
 384,281 
 r.87,312 
 428,613 
 420,088 
 
 315,801 
 
 336,570 
 
 399,690 
 440,215 
 498,951 
 579,1«1 
 583,751 
 598,038 
 591,241 
 614,134 
 
 652,121 
 
 691,616 
 nVi.ii 15 
 6S5.082 
 779,115 
 
 921,551 
 
 887,717 
 
 768,886 
 
 697,376 
 
 681,616 
 
 717,871 
 7.')6,8-.8 
 746,4.16 
 709,632 
 642,520 
 
 565,659 
 
 441,670 
 
 437,229 
 
 462,3!,7 
 
 467,018 
 
 546,261 
 
 ,584,517 
 
 4.54,727 
 
 440,475 
 
 425,8?8« 
 
 411,437 
 
 439,422 
 
 439.078 
 
 420,352 
 
 410.700 
 
 388,779 
 
 371,495 
 
 .197,190 
 
 Of any llrilUh (K.s«e««Ion In America or AfVlci 
 From any place within the limits of the K.Mt India 
 Company's Charter - . . . 
 
 Ail other collee . . . . . 
 
 1 U 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 Of anj ltriH!ihiM>sjte&<ilon In America • - r» 
 
 Ofan^ Hrttifth ponseHsion within the limits of the East 
 
 India (^umpan)'ft Charter - . . 
 
 Of any other place .... 
 
 (From Aprils.) 
 Of any HHiUh |K)s$i>Mion in America 
 Ot hlerru I.t^one - . . . . 
 
 ImuorietltVoiii any Itrltish )K)sM>ssinn within the limits 
 
 of the K«si Indin (?omi>.inv's('harler 
 Im|>orte(l from any other' plnV-t* wtihm those limits - 
 Otliurwiiie imported - • . . 
 
 (From July 5.) 
 
 Of any British poMeulon In America, or within the 
 limits of ihe East lndi.i Company's Chartir, or of 
 Sierra lA^na • - . - . 
 
 Imported from any Itrittsh pA<MP<tsion within th<> limits 
 of the E.ist India Company's Chnrtcrf not l>einR the 
 prothire thereof - . . - 
 
 Imported ftorn any other place within those llmit^i 
 
 Otherwiite imported .... 
 
 ( From September 9.) 
 
 
 O 1 
 U 1 
 
 9 
 3-4 
 
 Of 
 
 r any British im«e«sIon in AmtTica, or witlilr 
 limits of the Kiist India Company's Charter, i: 
 
 ithin the 
 
 or of 
 
 Sierra Leone - 
 
 Imported from 'any British jio^iKessIon within the limits 
 
 of the Ea.st India Conipaii>'s t:harterf not bein^ the 
 
 produce thereof .... 
 
 ImiMTted from any other place within those limits - 
 
 Otherwise importeil . - - _ 
 
 (From May 15.) 
 
 Ofand from British possessions - - - 
 
 I Of and from foreign countries . • . 
 
 , (From July 9.) 
 
 Of and from British possessions 
 Ofand from forvt};n countries 
 
 (FiomJune6.) 
 
 9 9 20 
 .1-5 
 32 
 
 O 11-5 
 U U »2-6 
 
 o 
 
 
 „,_ (df British possessions H 
 
 "*'' - • iForeiKH . -00 63.1(» 
 
 Kiln-drietl, roasted or Rround{*»J»^;;*»^ir^'<>"» J » l 
 
 (From January !•) 
 Raw (from all parts) . . - 
 
 Kiln-dried, toasted or ground 
 
 (From April 16.) 
 
 flaw • . _ . - 
 
 Kllndrietlf roasted, or fpround 
 
 (From June 4.) 
 
 Raw ..... 
 
 Kiln-drietl, roaitedi or f^und 
 
 ',From April 21.) 
 
 Raw - - - "- 
 
 Kiin-drted, roastedi or ground 
 
 (From April 6.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 •* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 h ^-11- 
 
 I 1 ■ ',■ ' ' 
 
 • I 
 ' 1 
 
 I ' ' 1 
 
 I 
 
 ! ' 
 
 * To March 31. 
 
 Tlic table No. III. (p. 328) is interesting, inas- 
 much as it not only shows the sources whence we 
 derive our supplies "of coffee, but the estimation in 
 whidi the protUiots of ditferent countries are held 
 in the mercantile world. 
 
 The introduction of tea an' coffee, it lias been 
 well remarked, 'has led to a wonderful change in 
 the iliet of civili.8cd nations, a change highly im- 
 
 portant both in a moral and physical point of view. 
 These beverages have the admirable advantage 
 of affording stimulus without producing intoxi- 
 cation, or any of its evil conseijuenccs. Lovers 
 (if tea or coftee are, in fact, rarely drinkers ; and 
 hence tlie use of these beverages has benefited 
 botii manners and morals.' {Scotsman, Oct. 17, 
 1827.) 
 
 L. 
 
 isi 
 
 ;i- 
 
328 
 
 COFFEE 
 
 III, An Account exhibiting the different Sources whence the Coffee imported into the United Kingdom in 
 18(J0 wa» derived, with the Qnnntities imjmrted from each, the Total Quantities retained for Home 
 Connumption, ami the Computed Value of' the Jmports and the Duty, 
 
 |/< 
 
 m I'. 
 
 1'-. 
 
 ■■>•:■ i. 
 *"■ .if 
 
 
 
 Retalr.ed for 
 
 
 
 
 Countrin 
 
 Imported 
 
 home con- 
 
 Value 
 
 Prlee 
 
 Out; 
 
 
 
 »um|itlon 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iivrcwt. 
 
 
 
 lb>. 
 
 Iba. 
 
 £ 
 
 a: .. <!. 
 
 £ 
 
 From Hamburg - - - - . 
 
 lU/.WO 
 
 .I.Ol!! 
 
 51,603 
 
 •i 17 1 
 
 yt 
 
 Ilollina ..... 
 
 70/^A7 
 
 1.V>1'> 
 
 'i,V-t 
 
 3 U 1 
 
 194 
 
 France . . . . - 
 
 U%Wi 
 
 14,4<l'< 
 
 3,H7I 
 
 3 1 U 
 
 186 
 
 PortuKal - . - - - 
 
 HI 4,66V 
 
 4,446 
 
 6,7>r, 
 
 ■' 19 9 
 
 66 
 
 K(0|Jt ..... 
 
 .VA.ISI 
 
 41,11.1 
 
 li,47r> 
 
 4 6 4 
 
 46» 
 
 H'Mt Africa : rnrtu|{unt« |KMii«uIo»i 
 
 17I,9M 
 
 ti.allP 
 
 6,3H6 
 
 3 10 % 
 
 37 
 
 rhili|M>ine IklaiHU .... 
 
 7il6,'(7H 
 
 lU.IIll 
 
 Sl,7l)» 
 
 3 6 II 
 
 iM 
 
 Cuba ..... 
 
 Sl.i.'ili 
 
 4,.'i*s 
 
 ll'/4 
 
 t 19 1 
 
 47 
 
 I'ono Rico .... 
 
 4HH,7U.'i 
 
 SII.I77 
 
 16,116 
 
 3 9 » 
 
 36a 
 
 Havtt ami St. Poniinito 
 
 2,'i«,177 
 
 7. Ha* 
 
 6l,'l.-V 
 
 3 1 6 
 
 98 
 
 United Sute* ; Ncirth Atlantic pOT'H . 
 
 a;»,i!)i 
 
 9, UK 
 
 31,310 
 
 3 11 H 
 
 114 
 
 South Atlantic |>ort» . 
 
 •t,\H< 
 
 13 
 
 70 
 
 3 7 « 
 
 
 Turu on the ruciflc . 
 
 lt»l,747 
 
 
 !fi,'i76 
 
 3 6 
 
 ^ 
 
 Central America .... 
 
 J,10(I,.1M7 
 
 i.Vtn.'MM 
 
 K1I0,.1<HI 
 
 3 9 6 
 
 28,137 
 
 New Granatla .... 
 
 !(,<JN1,I|16 
 
 443,190 
 
 8fl,S(;3 
 
 3 6 
 
 6,790 
 
 HmiII ..... 
 
 9,Wl,»'l| 
 
 67,l)')0 
 
 Sll,!(.Vi 
 
 V 16 V 
 
 838 
 
 llriiUh nnweMloni In South Africa . 
 British 1 ndia : Itomlwy and Slnde • 
 
 4(ll,«1.1 
 
 47,3i'i 
 
 l»,N"i4 
 
 3 11 9 
 
 717 
 
 ail,7.'.() 
 
 6(!ll,9;fi 
 
 SI.IIH 
 
 3 16 H 
 
 8,262 
 
 IMadrai 
 
 Ili,IB;,.V,5 
 
 4,441,7V4 
 
 4«1,1I7 
 
 3 17 7 
 
 46,622 
 
 lienital and Pefpl 
 
 6,H7l 
 
 7,949 
 
 ii37 
 
 3 IX n 
 
 100 
 
 Hinffnjiore and the Kaktem Straits SetlleinentH 
 
 971,1« 
 
 37,616 
 
 ««,6i3 
 
 3 1 3 
 
 469 
 
 Cevltm ..... 
 
 8l,t<H,37(> 
 
 »l,637,c«'< 
 
 !(,:01(,36i( 
 
 3 14 4 
 
 269.214 
 
 Uritisli Wttt India Itlandt . 
 
 4,5II,'JV9 
 
 l,U7ll,i»fl 
 
 147,130 
 
 3 I.- 1 
 
 13.478 
 
 British HiHiduraa .... 
 
 1fi(i,.'.4S 
 
 l(S,Hf.K 
 
 4,906 
 
 3 « O 
 
 .16 1 
 
 UthiT|>art> .... 
 Deduct ei|iarted on drawlack, over.entered he. 
 
 .141,734 
 
 73,-rt7 
 
 9,66(i 
 
 3 !i 7 
 
 916 
 3S6,7ti2 
 
 lll7,UU,8l(i 
 
 30,9.19,1*13 
 
 4,0S9,3i9 
 
 
 
 309,677 
 
 
 Repaid 
 
 3,l.i;9 
 
 
 
 3n,(;3(i,i.iri 
 
 
 
 38.1,0^1.-1 
 
 Aeeoun. ofthi 
 exported fro\ 
 from \^i^ ti 
 
 Supply and Conxumption of Coffee. — Owinp to 
 the iiicrcnsintr consumption of coffee in this 
 country, the Continent, and Aineric.i, the great 
 value of the article, the large amount of capital 
 and labour employed in its production, and the 
 shipping roquircd'for its transport, it has become 
 a commodity of primary commercial importance. 
 It deserves particular attention, too, inasmuch as 
 there are few, if any, articles that exhibit such 
 variations, not only of consumption, but also of 
 growth and price. These are occasioned partly 
 by changes of commercial regulations and (lutics, 
 and partly also by the jdant retpiiring 4 or & 
 vears before it comes to bear ; so that the supply 
 IS neither suddenly increased when the demand 
 increases, nor diminished when it fulls off. St. 
 Domingo used formerly to be one of the greatest 
 sources of supply, having exported, in 1780, about 
 35,000 tons ; anil it is supiioscd that, but for the 
 negro insurrection which broke out in 1792, the 
 exports of that year would have amounted to 
 42,000 tons. The devastation occasioned by this 
 event caused, for n scries of years, an almost total 
 cessation of supplies. They have again, however, 
 increased, and were understood to amount, in 
 180(5, to about 10,000 tons a-year. From Cuba the 
 exports of coffee have, for some years, owing 
 partly to the decline in its price and i)artly to 
 the efforts of the planters having been more 
 directed to the cultivation of sugar, greatly fallen 
 off. They may at present amount, including 
 Porto Rico, to 7,000 tons. In Java and Ikozil the 
 culture of coffee has increased with unprecedented 
 rapidity [ Batavia ; IJio Janeiro]. The exports 
 • from Java, which did not a few years ago exceed 
 18,000 tons, now (1807) amount to at least 55,000 ; 
 while those from Brazil, which have increased in an 
 equal degree, amount to above 140,000 tons. From 
 Eio alone the exports in 1806 were 309,583,300 lbs. 
 The growth of coffee in India and Ceylon has also 
 been very greatly increased, especially in the 
 latter, wh'erc the plantations have been so much 
 extended that their produce is now equal to more 
 than double the present consumption of the 
 United Kingdom. There has, no doubt, been a 
 serious decrease in the exports of coffee from the 
 Pritish West Indies ; the imports into the United 
 Kingdom having declined from 11,014 tons in 
 1832 to 2,01A in 1800 ; but when reference is 
 
 made to the whole supply, this diminution is 
 inconsiderable. On the other hand, the exports 
 of coffee from the Kast Indies have increased from 
 132,819 lbs. in 18.57 to 785,102 lbs. in 1800. 
 
 According to Mr. Palgravc, 'very little, so little 
 indeed as to be quite inappreciable, of the Mocha 
 or Yemen berry ever finds its way westwards of 
 Constantinople.' Arabia, Syria, and Kgvpt con- 
 sume two-thirds ; the remainder goes to Turks and 
 Armenians. Even that which is exported is of 
 inferior quality, the best grains being carefully 
 selected for home use.' 
 
 The Mocha coffee quits its native land by throe 
 main lines of cx|)ort — that of the Red Sea to Egypt, 
 that of the inner Hejuz to Syria, and that of 
 Rasam to Xejed and Shiiticr. 
 
 The second species of coffee is the growth of 
 Abyssinia. Its berry is larger. 
 
 Another, and the commonest kind in the East, Is 
 Indian coffee. Mr. Palgrave adds that American 
 coffee, in the judgment of Orientals, holds the 
 very last rank. {Arabia, vol. i. p. 425.) 
 
 The Cingalese region in which coffee is princi- 
 pally cultivated i." that neor Uampola. This cul- 
 tivation received its first impetus from the decline 
 of the coffee produce in the West Indies after the 
 emancipation of the negroes. The exports from 
 Ceylon, which had been only 1,792,448 lbs. in 
 1827, were 07,453,080 lbs. in 1857, and the imports 
 thence into the United Kingdom in 1800 wore 
 81,428,870 lbs. According to a report of Mr. 
 Ferguson contained in Sir E. Tennent's work On 
 Ceylon (vol. ii, p. 239), there were, in 1857, 403 
 estates in the district, containing 80,950 acres, of 
 which 03,771 were in bearing condition; the 
 average crop per acre being 5'5 cwts. The 
 number of coolie labourers required during crop 
 time was 129,200. 
 
 The consumption of coffee in the United States 
 has increased with great rapidity since 1821, in 
 which year it amounted to only 5,300 tons. Part 
 of this increase is, no doubt, to be ascribed to the 
 reduction of the duty, first from 5 to 2 cents per 
 lb., and its subsequent re]>eal; part to the fall 
 in the price of coffee ; and a part, perhaps, to 
 the increase of temperance societies. The con- 
 sumption, however, hos been checked since the 
 war, in consequence of the reimposition of high 
 duties. 
 
 Prices 
 
 of Coffei 
 
 {wSJliCy -.••"»'' 
 
 Jiood ordinary . 
 Ordinag and triace 
 
 <.ood and flne orrfinari, 
 Small and ordinar. ^ 
 riantalion flne - 
 rlne middllni . 
 '•ond middlinx . 
 Middling * ; 
 fine ordinary to low mil 
 Wiied and triage 
 
 Pro form*. 
 
 4caa.wel|ihln 
 
 tare a 
 
 4 eaaki wel^hin, 
 
 ■are an 
 
 6 caika weiKhinj 
 
 T-, •"' "" 
 
 I6uuki 
 
 fr»f|tht on I.K 
 marine iniura 
 nre iniurance 
 public laleei] 
 brokerage, 1 . 
 cominiMion, 
 cuiuuiu entry 
 
 IXMIBOIC. Jul, ; 
 
 Species of Coffee. 
 Jamaica, Ceylon, ai 
 teemed the best; th 
 K'ca, Dominica, II 
 Java, Martinique, aJ 
 wBce is produced iiJ 
 Wing raised upon irl 
 Mils. The most ferl 
 'ne growth of verl 
 iwards observes J 
 quently amclioratedl 
 luxuriant tree and J 
 ithich are large, ant] 
 "uny years, rank i 
 "mark is made by 
 
COFFEE 
 
 Accoun. of the Qttantities 
 
 and Values of the Coffee ' 
 
 exported frtym Ceylon in each QninijueHnial Period 
 
 from l*i7 to 18GG, both inclusive. 
 
 Yntr 
 
 Quanlily 
 
 Value 
 
 £ 
 
 Year 
 
 QuanlUj 
 
 Vaitt* 
 
 
 iwu. 
 
 
 cwu. 
 
 IM7 
 
 34,lfi4 
 
 Iiifi,q9« 
 
 I8.^« 
 
 .177,179 
 
 697,893 
 
 IHSH 
 
 4U,AII 
 
 llil,«4'J 
 
 I8A3 
 
 3V8.971 
 
 BA'i.Bn7 
 
 I8.VJ 
 
 4I,HAA 
 
 lv«,3NA 
 
 18AI 
 
 407.fiVl 
 
 *.'>0,84A 
 
 IHIO 
 
 68,jn6 
 
 Klt,A«9 
 
 18AA 
 
 Ai»i,A4ll 
 
 1 ,07A,7H» 
 
 1841 
 ToUIfor 
 
 Wl.i^ 
 
 l9fi,IIIH 
 
 lH.'ifi 
 
 44il,NI9 
 
 !)» 1,77.1 
 
 
 
 
 A ytAT% 
 
 t7I.SfiO 
 »4.8:« 
 
 7.^6.603 
 1AI.,1J0 
 
 I8,M 
 
 ^A'SB^I.IO 
 
 4,S0B,1|A 
 
 Aietme 
 
 4II.MS 
 
 811,769 
 I,49A,8U8 
 
 IHtt 
 
 IIQ.IUU 
 
 2B9.7C1 
 
 OOI.CIA 
 
 1843 
 
 01.847 
 
 l»'^.8!ll 
 
 lS.'i8 
 
 AII.B.IA 
 
 1,1.17,4(10 
 
 1814 
 
 1.13.957 
 
 Sli'.lilil 
 
 18A9 
 
 AN9.998 
 
 1,1«8.II97 
 
 I84.'> 
 
 I78,ll<l.1 
 
 .1fi.1.SA9 
 
 INfiO 
 
 fiK.449 
 
 1,AI19,7«3 
 
 ISIfi 
 
 I73.H9S 
 
 .H8,79l 
 
 Ihfil 
 
 B'ill,3l7 
 
 1,667,874 
 
 ToUl fur 
 
 
 
 
 
 A yeart 
 
 701,104 
 
 l,41i«..167 
 
 
 .1.019.0.14 
 
 7,Afi3,673 
 
 A^engt 
 
 H»,*M 
 
 _SS4,473 
 
 I8«t 
 
 lini.HlHi 
 
 1.AI7.7S1 
 
 1«47 
 
 M.I.WI 
 
 BOA ,709 
 
 I.AI6,461 
 
 I8IH 
 
 11811,11111 
 
 .187.180 
 
 1863 
 
 878,A8A 
 
 «,1 ifi,«S0 
 
 I84II 
 
 37.1,.VJ,1 
 
 Ali,,'i4A 
 
 18114 
 
 B;i,8fi3 
 
 1,746,4111 
 
 I8.V) 
 
 «78,47S 
 
 6II9.«» 
 
 INAA 
 
 977,4 in 
 
 7J43,A37 
 
 J851 
 ToUl for 
 
 .1I!).!»A7 
 
 688,1,^6 
 
 1866 
 
 8<l7,B7t 
 
 S,786,SIIIP 
 
 
 3,93l,«'^l 
 
 10,01»,A03 
 
 Aypaw 
 
 1,A7A,SA4 
 
 S,68<i,738 
 
 
 
 
 AveriMie 
 
 .IIA.IIAO A17,147 1 
 
 7«B,7I4 
 
 «.0O9,90O 
 
 Price* o/" Oj^ee in the London Market, April 15, 
 18G8. 
 
 Jamilcm (ioM) mlildUnittoflna • percwt. K(l lo in.'i ii 
 
 Uw middling aiid inidUlinK - ,, 'it „ T.> 
 
 rineordlnarj . . . „ fill (1 „ 7U (1 
 
 (Sond ordinarjr . • . „ .'il (1 ,, M 
 
 Ordinary and trinee - . ,. ZS „ ft^ 
 
 Ceylon 1 NallTt, flm> hold . . „ M (1 „ Cl (l 
 
 (lood and Hne ordinary ■ . „ 4<) fi „ At fi 
 
 Small and ordinary . ■ „ 4.1 (1 „ V> II 
 
 rianlalion fine . . . „ 'JO „ 9'. II 
 
 Fine middl inn . . ■ „ HA „ K<> 
 
 liood mlddlinn . . . „ U7 ll „ SI II 
 
 Middllnv . . . „ 7.1 II „ 7H B 
 Fine onlinarr lo low middlinK - „ fi.1 <> ,. 7'^ ll 
 
 lUiied 
 
 inu triaf« 
 
 
 *t 
 
 as 
 
 „ 54 1 
 
 329 
 •. A «. d. 
 
 |itre«t. 8< (I M 9.1 II 
 
 Ht 
 
 II 
 
 
 8A 
 
 )l 
 
 74 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 It 
 
 (iK 
 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 It 
 
 AA 
 
 II 
 
 „ 
 
 6(1 
 
 It 
 
 A7 
 
 n 
 
 „ 
 
 A4 
 
 It 
 
 IIA 
 
 u 
 
 ,, 
 
 1,111 
 
 It 
 
 SH 
 
 <i 
 
 
 lUA 
 
 It 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 KB 
 
 (t 
 
 69 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 Mi 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 (1 
 
 „ 
 
 67 
 
 « 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 70 
 
 II 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 !• 
 
 7» 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .10 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 «i« 
 
 II 
 
 
 7 A 
 
 It 
 
 48 
 
 II 
 
 
 A8 
 
 It 
 
 4« 
 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 II 
 
 36 
 
 II 
 
 
 41 
 
 (1 
 
 M 
 
 II 
 
 
 7(1 
 
 II 
 
 «» 
 
 II 
 
 ^ 
 
 811 
 
 It 
 
 A3 
 
 II 
 
 ,, 
 
 67 
 
 II 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 7* 
 
 II 
 
 U 
 
 II 
 
 
 81 
 
 (1 
 
 r,H 
 
 II 
 
 
 71 
 
 n 
 
 ,A3 
 
 II 
 
 
 6A 
 
 It 
 
 fill 
 
 « 
 
 „ 
 
 87 
 
 II 
 
 44 
 
 u 
 
 *> 
 
 fiti 
 
 u 
 
 Other BrII. E. India : Fine and au|icrloc 
 
 ItfMMl to Ane ... 
 
 Mlddlinit to Koofl middling • 
 
 Fine oriilnary lo low middling 
 
 OimhI ordinary, native 
 
 (Irdinarji • . > 
 
 Moi-lu : Fine (tarlitetl 
 
 MidditnK logoiid 
 
 UnKarbled ... 
 
 Java : Yellow 
 
 Pale and mixetl - 
 Manilla ■ - . ■ 
 
 Sinjtaiiore ... 
 
 Nuitiatra . • . - 
 
 FadanK .... 
 African . - . - 
 
 Bra/ill Waihed ■ 
 
 Fine ordinary and luperior 
 
 tlood ordinary ... 
 
 tinllnary . . • 
 
 I.a (luayra . • 
 
 Coata Hica : Miildlinl to fine 
 
 OrUinarv lo hne ordinary • 
 41ualeinala ... 
 
 Culm: MiildlinKtoAne 
 
 Fine ordinaiv mid dntlMe line ordinary 
 
 Ordinary and uomI ordinat) 
 Porlo lli.o . 
 
 Ht. DominKo - • . 
 
 Coffee is boUI in bond ; the business being ilimo 
 in tlie public market cither by private or public 
 snlcs. It is always sold at landing weights imd 
 revenue tares ; tlio latter being on coslis, barrels, 
 and boxes identical with the real tares, and im 
 average rate on bales and bags. Draft is allowed 
 for as follows : viz. on packages weighing under 
 1 cwt,, 1 lb. ; 1 cwt. and under S cwt., 2 lbs. ; 3 
 cwt. and under 5 cwt., 4 lbs.; and 6 cwt. and 
 upward.*, 6 lbs. 
 
 The following is an account of the sale of coffee 
 from Ceylon. Such sales arc made out as if the 
 goods were sold within one month from arrival. 
 Tliere is no ctiarge for rent, as the consolidated 
 rate covers tliat charge for twelve weeks. Coffee 
 is always rent-free to the purchaser to the prompt 
 da^', and lies at the seller's risk till then unless 
 paid for. 
 
 Pro form &. 
 
 Account Salci of 
 
 16 Caiki Native Coflee ex Jane, Smith, (a) Ceylon, mid at Public Sale May 14, 18C8, 
 on account and risk of Meisri. J. B. & Co. by the underalgned. 
 
 
 cwti. qn. Ibt. 
 
 & cuki weifthlng. ^rou 4 1 O 4 
 
 tare and dri^ a O Jt A 
 
 5 caikt weighing, ftrou 44 15 
 
 ure aiid draft 5 11 
 
 6 casks welffhlnir. fcros* 58 1 ^7 
 tare and draft 6 V6 
 
 IG casks 
 
 cwts. qrs. lbs. «. 
 3S 3 7 at 44 . 
 3S .t 14 at 4.1 
 46 1 1 at 42 
 
 Discount 1 per cent. • 
 
 Charget 
 
 To landing chargeif warrants &c. . > . . . 
 
 freight on I3<) cwt. 5 qrs. 7 ll>s. at 60f. per lb «:wt. 
 marine ituurance on .'^(N)/. at 3U«. (>er cent, and stamp 
 fire Insurance, ^ monthR, ZOOI. at l«. Ct/. iier cent, niid duty 
 uubllc sale espenikes, advertbing &c. - . - - 
 
 brokerage, 1 per cent. • * - - * 
 
 commission, k\ per cent. - - - - 
 
 customs entr J, poatagcs* and petty expenses ... 
 
 Nett proceeds due June SO, 186S 
 
 LoKDON, JuIt S, t86ft. 
 
 Errors and oversights excepted 
 
 (Signet!) H. B. it Co. 
 
 £ f. d. 
 
 85 7 9 
 
 83 11 8 
 
 97 « 10 
 
 M6 K 
 
 3 
 
 « 11 
 
 i 
 
 13 4 
 
 i 
 
 24 10 
 
 6 
 
 4 10 
 
 9 
 
 A 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 B 
 
 2 13 
 
 V 
 
 6 1« 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 X I. d. 
 
 S63 9 I 
 
 At in 6 
 
 Species of Coffee. Boasting §'c. — Thd coffees of 
 Jamaica, Ceylon, and Mocha are general!}- es- 
 teemed the best; then follow the coffees of Costa 
 Kica, Dominica, Berbice, Demerara, Bourbon, 
 Java, Martinique, and Hayti. Arabian or Mocha 
 coffee is produced in a very dry climate, the best 
 king raised upon mountainous slopes and sandy 
 roils. The most fertile soils are not suitable for 
 tlie growth of very fine coffee. Mr. Bryan 
 Hwanls observes that 'a ricli deep soil, fre- 
 quently ameliorated by showers, will produce a 
 luxuriant tree and a great crop; but the l)eans, 
 «liich are large, and of a dingy green, pro.e, for 
 many years, rank and vapid. And the same 
 lemark is made by Mr. Crawfurd with respect to 
 
 the coffee of Java. {East Indian Archipelago, 
 vol. i. p. 487.) Coffee is improved by being 
 kept ; it then becomes of a paler colour. 
 
 Mocha, or, as it is commonly called, Turkey 
 coffee, should be chosen of a greenish light olive 
 hue, fresh and new, free from any mustiness, 
 the berries of a middling size, clean, plump, and 
 without any intermixture of sticks or other im- 
 purities. Particular care should be taken that 
 it be not false packed. Good West India coffee 
 should be of a greenish colour, fresh, free from 
 any unpleasant smell, the berries small and un- 
 broken. 
 
 Coffee berries readily imbibe exhalations from 
 other bodies, and thereby acquire an adventitious 
 
 h 
 
 
 . 1 . 
 1. 
 
 hi 
 
 
 ■ ■ '■ ■' . 
 
 ;. i 
 
 i' 1 I 
 
 r, '1 
 .'I 
 
 1 
 
330 
 
 COINS 
 
 mill (lisnKroriiblo fluvoiir. Sii^nr i)lacc(l noiir 
 • citVco will, in a ftliort rimo, xn iin|irry;rmto the 
 licrric's mill irijiin? tlirir lliivmir «•< to li)wcr il.s 
 viiliip HI iir 'J(l p«'r I'ciit. Dr. Miwclcy iiiciitioiis 
 thiit n f'l'W l)ng!< of pepper, on l»iiiiril a chip troiii 
 Inili.i, .ipiiileil a whole v.XTjio ot'eolVee, 
 
 'The rciaNtiii;; of the hi'rry to a proper tlej;rep 
 reipiiren (,'rcat nieety : the virtue ami agreeable- 
 iie-M of the ilrink depeiiil iipoti it ; anil holh are 
 often injnred by the onliriary nielhod. Dernier 
 HaVH, when lie was at ('aim, where eolTee is ho 
 nuii'h useil, he was assnreil hy thi ')e»t jiiilKOt 
 that there were only two people in tl .it f^rfat eity 
 who nnderstooil how to prepare it in perfietioii. 
 If it 1)0 nniler-doiio, its virtnes will not be im- 
 parted, anil, ill iiMe, it will load and oppress the 
 stomaeh: if it be over-done, it will yield a flat, 
 bnrnl, and hitter taste, its virtues will ho de- 
 dt'oycil, and, in use, it will boat the body, nud net 
 ns an astringent.' (Mojfloy, )i. ;i!>.) 
 
 lieiiulntiiinH with renfu'it to Stili; Importiitlun §•''• 
 — IJoastnd beans and rye, redneed to powder, have 
 freipiontly boon used to ndiillerato ^roiinil colVee; 
 iMid the possos.sion of such substitutes for coft'eo 
 was formerly an oflenco punishable by the for- 
 feiture of the nrtielos and a penalty of 100/. lint 
 by the Act 3 <ieo, IV. c. ii'.i, persons "who are no/ 
 ilriihr.i in coffee may take a lieenae for roast- 
 in;; and sollinp eorn, pens, beans, or jmrsnips, 
 hiliellin;; the parcels with the names, and eon- 
 iorminjr to the various rof?ulations preseribed in 
 the Aet. 
 
 No cofTeo cnn he imported in packages of less 
 than 100 lbs. nttt weight. 
 
 No abatement of duties is made on noconnt of 
 any ilnmaKo eotl'ee may have rectived. 
 
 CiifTee cannot he entered as beini; the produce 
 of any ISritisli ))ossessiori in America or of the 
 Mnnri'tius until (he master of the shij) in which 
 the coffee is imported deliver to tlie collector or 
 I'omptrollcr a certilicate of its ori.y;iii, and declare 
 that the cofl'ei' is the produce of such place. (M it 
 1) Vict. c. f<G s. :!H.) 
 
 COINS, Pieces of iiietnl, most commonly 
 gold, silver, or co|ipor, impressed with a public 
 stamp, and frequently made le'_'al tender in pay- 
 ment of debts, either to a limited or an unlimited 
 extent. 
 
 I. Cirrumntiinres ivhirh led to the Introduction 
 anil Use of Coins. — When the precious metals first 
 began to be used ns nioncy, or as standards by 
 which to measure the value of dillerent articles, 
 .and the equivalents for which they were most 
 commonly exchar.ged, they wore in an un- 
 fashioned state, in bars or ingot-". The parties 
 liaving agreed upon the ipiantity of metal to be 
 given for a commodity, the exact amount was 
 then ascertained by weight. Jhit it is obvious 
 that n practice of this sort must have been 
 attended with a great deal of trouble and incon- 
 venience. There can, however, be littlu doubt 
 that the greatc -t obstacle to the use of unfashionod 
 metals as money would be found in the diiliculty 
 of determining their quality, or the degree of their 
 purity, with suflicient precision. The operation of 
 assaying is one of great nicety and difficulty, and 
 could not be performed in the early ages other- 
 wise than in a clumsy, tedious, and innccur.atc 
 manner. It is, indeed, most probable that when 
 the precious metals were first, used as money, 
 their quality would Ix; npprecinted only by their 
 weight and colour. A very short ex|)ericncc 
 would, however, be suflicicnt to show the extreme 
 inexactness of conclusions derived from such 
 loose and unsatisfactoiy criteria; and the devising 
 of some method by whicli the fineness of the 
 mctnl might be easily and correctly ascertained 
 
 would very soon he filt as indispensable to the 
 general use of gold and silver as money. SwU n. 
 method was not long iti presenting itself: it was 
 early discovered that, to ascirlain the purity of 
 the niotal, and also to avoid the trouble and 
 expense of weighing it, no more was necessary 
 than to mark each piece witii a Htump, declaring 
 its weight and fineness. This invention was made 
 at a very early period : but the accounts which 
 assign it to particular dates are mythical. 
 
 '.'. Metal uneit in the MaiiHf'iteture of Coinn. — 
 lli'fore the art of metallurgy was well nnderstood, 
 the baser mclals were frequently used as money. 
 Irim was the |)rimitive money of the liacciheino- 
 nians, and copper of the liom'ans. Ihit botli iron 
 and copper deteriorate by being kept ; and liesiiles 
 this defect, the rapid improvement of the arts, by 
 lowering their price, rendered their bulk too great 
 in iiroportion to their value to permit of their con- 
 tinuing to be used as monev. Copper, indeed, is 
 still used in tiic form of tokens, convertible into 
 silver in very small iwiyment.s. In this country 
 copper or bron/e pence and halfpence are rated at 
 about T'l per cent, nbove their real value; but as 
 their issue is exclusively in the hands of (Jovern- 
 mont, nnd ns they arc only legal tender to the 
 extent of one nhilting in any one payment, this 
 ovcr-vnliiation is not productive of any i)ad eflirt, 
 Tlu^ use of copper in other countries is limitid 
 ill liiuch the same way; gold and silver hein;; 
 everywhere the only metals made use of in the 
 mannfneture of the coins used in considerable 
 payments. 
 
 ;>, Stnnilard of Coins. — Ily the sta':;lnrd of a 
 coin is niomit I lie degree of its puriiv, and its 
 weight; that is, IIk- fineness of the metal of 
 which it is made, and the quantity of metal cua- 
 taineil in it, 
 
 (1.) Silver Coins. — A pound troy, or 12 ouncc.i, 
 of the metal of which Knglish silv(^r coins are 
 made, contains 11 oz. 2 (twt.s. pure silver, and 
 \H dwts. alloy. This pound is coined into (l('> 
 shillings ; so that each shilling contains «(f7i7 
 giaiiis line silver, nnd 87'27 grains standard silver; 
 and the money jmnnil, consisting of 20 shilliii;;s 
 contains lOM'.')!.') grains pure silver, and lyi.VI,"!! 
 grains standard silver. From 1600 down to iHVi 
 the jiound weight of stnndnrd silver bullion was 
 coined into (!2 shillings. All the Knglish silver 
 coins hnve been coined out of silver of 1 1 oz. 2 dwts. 
 fine, from the Conquest to this moment, except for 
 the short period of ]i> venrs, from the 31th llenry 
 VIII. to the 2nd Klizaheth. 
 
 (2.) Gold Coins. — The purity of gold is not es- 
 timated by the weights commonly in use, but by 
 an Abyssininn weight cnlled a carat. The carats 
 nrc subdivided into four pnrts, cnlled grains, ami 
 these ognin into qunrters ; so that a carat yraiii, 
 with respect to the common divisions of a iioiind 
 troy, is equivalent to 2J dwts. (iold of the 
 highest degree of fineness, or pure, is said to be 
 21 carats line. When gold coins were first made 
 at the Knglish mint, the standard of the gohl put 
 in them wns of 2.'! carats 3h grains fine, and i 
 grain alloy ; and so it continued, without any 
 variation, to the 18th of Henrv' VIII., who, in 
 that, year, first iutrodiiced a neu standard of pold 
 of 22 carats fine, and 2 carats alloy. The first of 
 tlie.se standards was called the old, and the 
 socimd the new standard, or crown gold ; bcenuse 
 crowns or pieces of the value of bs, were fi^^"t 
 coined of this new standard. Henry VIII. iiiailfi 
 his gold coins of both these standards under dif- 
 ferent denominations, and this practice was con- 
 tinued by his successors until 1()3.3. From that 
 period to the present the gold of which the coins 
 of this kingdom have been made has been inva- 
 
 riably of the I 
 «oine of the CI 
 vioiisly to Ki; 
 when thev we 
 '■•'iif. (Luerp 
 The piiritv 
 f"fp. 11 part's 
 sovereign, or i 
 grains line g.di 
 The pound Tr 
 ''h7f, ««vereigt 
 • tandard [irii 
 • >'/. Jl.«, Cf/. 1, 
 ounce. 
 
 The nilov iu i 
 ii allowed" in < 
 pcnse that woi 
 metals so as to 
 greo of (iiiritv; 
 H small, it lias 
 harder, and le.s) 
 If the quan^il^ 
 would lessen th 
 inetals, and won 
 lue coin.s. 
 
 The standard 
 may bo learned 
 TuMe «/• Coins su 
 ■I. ^ itriutions o, 
 sorts of property i 
 tioiis in alino.st'al 
 or hire, being ma 
 lliat no change ca 
 money or coins wi 
 estimates and con 
 jiortion of society 
 portion, or vic(! vt 
 .ill commodities h 
 incuts in the arts 
 or the discovery 'd 
 ('.111 be selected to .> 
 not vary in its real 
 ihat the precious r 
 riiil that could iJ 
 txioption of the e.| 
 caused by the dia 
 it seems 'to have 
 "tlier periods. 
 
 Hut in additioJ 
 iiilierent in the val 
 lions in the cost dk 
 made, their standa| 
 Xotwithstanding 
 l^'i'ig universallvl 
 compute the valuel 
 iquivaloiit for wll 
 ilm-iged, is by far f 
 imasiires used inl 
 qiicutly, he presol 
 I jure is none thnti 
 'I'lie necessities or| 
 have forced them 
 Mlvcsoftheiucun 
 Mve almost nnivj 
 ftraceful cxpedienf 
 IN of cheating thif 
 '!iL' extent of thii 
 Mcry other dcbt(J 
 same. 
 
 The ignorance 
 wnhtated this .spcl 
 <'' the coins hecnr 
 metal contained i\ 
 wuild have bccur 
 lliit. although thcl 
 f'l'g perjietual, J 
 tmctioiis, their .inci 
 

 COINS 331 
 
 I uiiifi)rtiily proMfrvod ; niiil llic people wlio saw tint 
 snnie ii.'iiiies still reiimiiiiii'' ader llie siilist.inee 
 
 rinbly of tlio nrtr stniiilnrd, or crown roM ; f IkiiihIi 
 some of the ediiis maile of the old stmicj.inl, pre- 
 viimsly to l(il>;!, iDiitiiiueil to eirenlatc^ till I7;I'J, 
 when they were forbidden to he miy lon;;er eur- 
 rciif. (Liverpool On Ciiinn, p. '27.) 
 
 The purity of our present jrcdd eoiim in, there- 
 fore, 11 purls fnu' pild niiil 1 part alloy. 'I'li,. 
 Hovereipi, or '.'0 .shilling; pieee, eontiiins" li;!Mll(| 
 grains line fcold, and l'_';i'27l (;rains standard pild. 
 The pound Troy of standard ;;cdd is coined into 
 ''Vri "overei^ins, cir into Hi/. 1 l.i. ('»/. The mint 
 . tandaril price of p)ld is, therefore, said to he 
 ■i>i/, M». 6(/. per lb. troy, or HI. ITn. Uijjit. jiei- 
 ounce. 
 
 The alloy in coins is reckoned of no value. It 
 i^ allowed in order to save the troid)le and ex- 
 pense that would he ini'nrred in relininj? the 
 inetnls ho as to brin^ thetn to the hi;?hcst de- 
 (,'rec of purity; anil l)ecanse, when its (piantity 
 is Htnall, it has a tendency to render the eoiiis 
 harder, and less liable to be worn or rnblied. 
 If the quantity of alloy were considerable, it 
 would lessen tin; HphMidour anil ductility of the 
 metals, and would add too much to the size of 
 the coins. 
 
 The standard of the coins of foreij;ii iMiuntries 
 may be learned at a fjlance by inspectiii); the 
 Tulile of Coins subjoined to this article. 
 
 ■1. I arialioim of the Stwidiiril. — The value of all 
 sorts of property i)eiiif; estimated, and the stipula- 
 tiiiiis in almost all contracts tor its purchase, sale, 
 iir hire, beinj; made, in money or coins it is plain 
 lliat no chaiiffc can take place in the value of such 
 money or coins without virtually suhvertinj; these 
 estimates and contracts, and enriching; the debtor 
 portion of society at the expense of the creditor 
 
 |i(irtion, or vice versa. As the cost of producing earliest perio<l by the (iroeks, the us or ponilo Uj 
 nil commodities is liable to vary from improve- 'he Komans, the Urre by the I'Vench, and the 
 incuts ill the arts, the exhaustion of the present i /""""' hy the I'jiglish and Scotch; and the coins 
 or the discovery of new sources of sujiply, none ori;,'ijiallj in use in (Jreece, Italy, France, and 
 
 wusdiininishi'il — who saw coins ol a certain weight 
 and lineness cirrulnte under lh<! nanu-s of llorins, 
 livrcs, dollars, and poiimls— and who saw them 
 continue to circubite as such after both their 
 wei;;ht ami thir cU';;ree of their liiu'iiess had been 
 lessened, hef;an to think that they derived their 
 value more from the tlitmjt alliNeirtu them bv au- 
 thority of (Jovernnient than from the ipianlity of 
 the precious metals they contaitud. This "was 
 lonj; a very prevalent opinion. Hut the rise of 
 prices which invariably followed every redinlioii 
 of the standani, and the derauffenicnt that was 
 thereby occasioned in every pecuniary tran^^ailiiin, 
 undeceived the jiublic, ami tan^'bt them and iheir 
 rulers the exp( diency of preserving the standard 
 of money inviolate. 
 
 The stanihinl m.iy ho reduced by simply raising 
 the ilenomiiialioii of tlie coin ; by ordering, f(pr ex- 
 ample, that a half-sovereign .should pass for a 
 sovereign, and the latter for a double sovereign 
 itc. If iniustice be resolved upon, this is the 
 least mischievous wa^- in which it can be perpe- 
 trated, inasmuch as it saves all the trouble and 
 expense of a reeoinage. Hut as it renders tin? 
 fraud obvious ami glaring, it has rarely been re- 
 sorted to; and most rcdnetions have been ed'ected 
 cither by diminishing the weight of the coins, or 
 by increasing the proportion of alloy in the metal 
 of which they are maile, or both.- 
 
 (Jrigiimlly the coins of all countries seem to 
 have had the same denomination as the weights 
 eommonl.v used in them, and contaiHed the exact 
 quantity of the precious metals indicated by their 
 name. Thus, the tnlint was a weight used in the 
 
 can be selected to serve as money or coin that may 
 Milt vary in its real value. It is believed, however, 
 llint the precious metals vary less than any mate- 
 riid that could bo suggested. And wi'th the 
 txi'pptionof the extraordinary fall in their value 
 iMiiiicd by the discovery of the American mines, 
 it seems to have been remarkably constant at 
 iitlier periods. 
 
 l!ut in addition to the fluctuations naturally 
 inherent in the value of coins, arising from varia- 
 lions in the cost of the metal of which they are 
 made, their standard has been repeatedly changed. 
 Notwithstanding that money or coin, from its 
 iK'iiig universally used as a scale by which to 
 compute the value of all commodities, and as the 
 iqiiivalent for which they are comnumly ex- 
 chuMged, is by far the most important of all the 
 measures used in society, and should, conso- 
 quciitly, be preserved as invariable as possible, 
 iliire is none flint has been so frequently altered. 
 The necessities or extravagance of governments 
 Imve forced them to borrow ; and to relieve them- 
 selves of the incumbrances thus contracted, they 
 liave almost universally had recourse to the dii- 
 !,'raceful expedient of degrading the coin : that 
 is, of chmiing those who lent them money, to 
 t!ie extent of the degradation, and of enabling 
 ivery other debtor in their dominions to do the 
 same. 
 
 'I'lic ignorance of the public in remote ages 
 facilitated this sjiecies of fraud. Had the names 
 III the coins been changed when the qnantit.y of 
 metal contained in them was diminished, there 
 would have been no room for misapprehension. 
 lint, although the weight of the coins was iinder- 
 Koiiig perpetual, and their purity occasional, re- 
 ductions, their ancient denominations were almost 
 
 I'.ngland bore the same names, and weighed pre- 
 cisely n talent, a pondo, a livre, and a pound. 
 The standard has not, however, been preserved 
 inviolate, cither in modem or ancient times. It 
 has been less degraded in England than any 
 where else; but even here the quantity of silver 
 in a pound sterling is less than the third part of a 
 pound weight — the (pinntity it contained in 1:500. 
 In France, the livre current in 17S;) contained less 
 than one sirh/si-rtli part of the silver implied in 
 its name, and which it had actually contained 
 previously to llo;). In Spain, and "some other 
 countries, the degradation has been carried still 
 further. (For an account of the degradation of the 
 coins of the ancient and modern (continental 
 nations, sec the article ' Money,' in the Supple- 
 ment to the old, or in the new edition of the Ency- 
 cliwitdia Rritannivn.) 
 
 From l-'Dii to 1356 the coins of England and 
 S.'otland were of the same weight and purity; but 
 a;; the last-mentioned epoch the standard of 
 Scotch money was, for the first time, sunk below 
 that of England; and by successive degradations 
 the value of Scotch money, at the union of the 
 crowns in IGOO, was only a twelfth part of the 
 value of the English mone.y of the same denomi- 
 nation. It remained at tliis point till the union 
 of the kingdoms cancelled the separate coinage of 
 Scotland. 
 
 The gold and silver coins of Ireland have been 
 for a considerable period the same as those of 
 <ircat liritain ; but, u.itil 182"), they were nomin- 
 ally rated «J per cent, higher. Th'is difference of 
 valuation, which was attended with considerable 
 inconveniences, was put an end to by the Act 
 (1 (ieo. IV. c. 7!>, which assimilated the currencj' 
 throughout the emi ire. 
 
 T 
 
 I-, I , 
 
 i: 
 
 M 
 
 I ■ 
 
332 
 
 COINS 
 
 Thn tabic* annexed to thin article rnntnin all I tained liy (]<iveniment at a uigmtraat or dul}' 
 the inrormnliiin tlint can l)c drHircd by niiTcantilc I (nmountinf; to li'J \wt cent.) ii|'i<iii tlic cunia(;i'. 
 men w ith rcHpect t<» th«! w('it,'li(. liniiieitH in: of | W, prevent (lie nilver eoiiiM fiom liccomint; ridiui- 
 
 1 
 
 '^ • ■! ■ 
 
 a 
 
 Kn^li'li nod I'^colch gold and silver eoinx from 
 the eiirlieHt periudH to the prenent inument. 
 
 S. Mint, or Covemmnil ViJuatum of (laid ami 
 Silrrr Coin*.— If both K"ld and »ilver eoinsf Ik- 
 made Ic'^al tenderi*, it is obviously indispensable 
 that their value with rcspoet to eai'li otlirr should 
 bo llxed by authority, or that it hIioiiIiI I)C de- 
 clared that individuals nhull be entitled to dis- 
 ehar^rc the claims upon them by payments, either 
 of gold or silver coins, aeconliiiK to Home regu- 
 lated itroportioii. The practice of making both 
 mctuU legal tender!) was long ado; tL'd in Kng- 
 laml. From \'2lt7 till lUtit the vabn of gold 
 coins WHS regulated by proclamation; or, which 
 is the same thing, it was ordered that the gold 
 coins then current hIiouM be taken as equivalent 
 to certain specified gums of silver. (Liverpool On 
 China, p. I'JH.) From KiGl down to 1717 the re- 
 lation of gold to silver was not tixed by authority ; 
 and silver being then the only legal tender, the 
 value of gold coins fluctuated, according to the 
 fluctuations in the relative worth of the metals 
 in the market. In 1717 the ancient riraciice 
 was again reverted to; and it was tixed that the 
 guinea should be taken uh the equivalent of 21 
 shillings, and eonverselv. 
 
 liut the value of each of the precious metals is 
 liable to perpetual changes ; and hence, how ac- 
 curately soever their proportional value, as (ixed 
 by the mint regulations, may <.(irrespond with the 
 proportion which they actually bear lo each other 
 in the market when the regulation is made, the 
 chances are 10 to 1 that it will speedily cease to 
 express their relation to each other. The mo- 
 ment that such a change takes place, it becomes 
 the obvious interest of cvcrj-onc who has a pay- 
 ment to make, to make it in the overvalued metal, 
 which, consequently, becomes the sole, or nearly 
 the sole, currency of the country. Hence the rea- 
 son why the coins of some countries are almost 
 wholly "of silver, and others almost wholly of gold. 
 It is estimated, for example, that whe*ii it was 
 iixed, in 1717, that the guinea should exchange for 
 21 shillings, gold was overvalued as compared with 
 silver to the extent of lii' per :ent. (Liverpool 
 On Coins, p. 86) ; and as the real value of silver 
 with respect to gold continued to increase during 
 the greater part of last century, the advantage of 
 paying in gold in preference to silver became more 
 decided, and ultimately led to the universal use of 
 gold in all large payments, and to the hisioii or 
 exportation of all silver couis of full weight. 
 (Liverpool, loco cit.) 
 
 In France, a diflerent valuation 'i' the metals 
 has had a Jiferent effect. I'rc <! m y to the re- 
 coinage in 1785, the Louis d'vi- tv'.s rated in the 
 mint proportion at only 24 livr ;i, when it was 
 really worth 25 livres 10 sols. Tliose, therefore, 
 who should have discharged the obligations they 
 had contracted by payments of g(dd coin instead 
 of silver would plainly have lost 1 livre 10 sols on 
 every sum of 24 livres. In consetiuence, verj- few 
 such payments were made ; gold was almost en- 
 tirely banished from circulation, and silver be- 
 came almost the only species tif metallic money 
 used in France. (Sav. Trade d'Economie Politiipte, 
 torn. i. p. ;«3.) 
 
 In 1811), however, a new system was adopted in 
 this country ; it being then enacted (5C Geo. III. 
 c. (18) that gold coins only ultould be legal teiuter in 
 all payments of more than 40 shillings. The pound 
 of silver bullion, that had previously been coined 
 into C2 shillings, was then also coined into CC 
 ebillingr, the additional four shillings being rc- 
 
 dant, <ioverninent has retained the power to isriit< 
 them in its own hands, lender these regulations 
 silver has ceased to be a standard of value, aiirl 
 forms merely a subordinate or i-ubsidiary species 
 nf currency, or change, occupying the some phuc 
 in relation to g(dd that copper occupies in reliition 
 to itself, 'I'liis system has lieeii I'uund tu answer 
 exceedingly well. 
 
 A good deal of difTerencc of opiniim has existed 
 as to whether g<dd or silver coins an; best lilted 
 for being made legal tender. It does not seem 
 that the one possesses any very striking ad- 
 vantage over the other; none, certainlv, that 
 would justify a change, after a selection has 
 been made, and acled upon fur any consideralilc 
 |ieriod. 
 
 Down to H!2i; a seignorage or duty uikju the 
 coinage was usually charged upon the gold and 
 silver coins issued by the mint; "iid it maybe 
 easily shown that the imposition of such a d' ;, , 
 when il is not <'arried to an undue height, is ad- 
 vantageous. A coin is more useful than a piece of 
 uncoined bullion of the same weight and purilv; 
 the coinage tilting it for being used us money, while 
 it does not unlit it for being used for any other 
 purjiose. When, therefore, a duty or seignorago 
 IS laid upon coin c(pial to the expense of coinage, 
 it circulates at its real value ; but when tins charge 
 is defrayed by the public, it circulates at li»s tliuu 
 its real value, and is consequently either inelteil 
 down or cx|M)rted whenever there is any demand 
 for bullion in the arts, or any fall in the exchange. 
 It is, indeed, true, that were a seignoragc to U: 
 laid on gold coins, it would be necessary, to |)re- 
 vent an enhancement of the value of the currency, 
 that their weight should be ;Toportionally re- 
 duced; and it is on this account better, iM-r'ha|is, 
 to let them remain on the present footing, liiii 
 when a seignoragc was laid on the silver coins in 
 181(1, it was nut necessary to take the circuni- 
 staiii I' now alluded to into consideration ; for a.s 
 they were made subordinate to gold, and were 
 intended to serve as change merely, its impositimi 
 had no tendency to raise the value of the currency, 
 at the same time that it was calculated effectually 
 to prevent the fusion of the coins, and to yield a 
 small revenue to Government. 
 
 0. Coituiqe since i790. Amount of Coin in Cir- 
 culation. — No. V. of the subjoined Tables shows 
 the amount of the gold and silver coinage at 
 the liritish mint, each year, from 1790 down- 
 wards. 
 
 It will be seen from this account that gold coin 
 to the amount of C0,12C,047/. has been ctiincd at 
 the mint between 1817 and 1841, both inclusive. 
 It is n it, however, possible to form any very precise 
 estimate of the portion of this immense sum luiw 
 in circulation. In consequence of the exemption 
 of gold coin from any seignoragc, large quantiiiuH 
 of the coins carried abroad during an unfuvouralilc 
 exchange find their way to the foreign minis, 
 where they are melted and rccoineil. Larf,'c 
 (juantities are also conveyed away by eniigranis, 
 of which no account is or can be taken ; and it in 
 neither possible to estimate the sums in lli» 
 coffers of the different banks nor of individuals. 
 On the whole, however, we slioU not perhaps be 
 far wrong if we estimate the stock of coin at pre- 
 sent (18G8) in possession of the public and of the i 
 different private and joint-stock banks (ex. llaiil 
 of England) at 30,000,000/. 
 
 7. The Kxportation and Imjiortation of GoMa»d\ 
 Silver Coinsw&a formerly prohibited ; but in I819| 
 it was enacted (59 Geo. 111. c. 40) that they might] 
 
 be freely pj, 
 
 liable to any 
 
 "">>• be imp. 
 
 <"'ered at tin 
 
 rendered it i 
 
 value of the I 
 
 8. forgery 
 
 ^""".—'Ihe / 
 
 I'M'tised nior 
 
 <"<ctual m<a 
 
 "'.<• fabric of 
 
 ?""> great del 
 
 f'-nnofthccoi 
 
 'r"'»l770dow 
 
 ;'r<iilution wer 
 
 " was very ,|i(| 
 
 and counterfeit 
 
 l-'ialties, were 
 
 •("antities. u, 
 
 !."'«'«. for,.e, 
 ■•^»fli.ient time 
 "ctermining thi 
 
 the offence of CO 
 "' death. 
 
 JJ. Law as to ti 
 
 Acts as to (his w 
 
 the 2 d' ;) Wm. r 
 
 a I'fief abstract :- 
 
 Counterfeiting 
 
 reolm, traiisporta 
 
 ' years, or impr 
 
 .vcars J and every 
 
 I'e eoinpleto althc 
 
 tinishetf. (.Sec. 3. 
 
 o ounng com, 
 
 '"Pt'd, with intent 
 
 Mlver coin, colou, 
 
 with mtont to niak 
 
 IH.rtation for life, oi 
 
 ,vtaw, or imprisonn 
 
 'nff4years. (JSec. 
 
 '"ipairing the g( 
 
 to make the coin sj 
 vcr coin of fuH A 
 
 wcceding HnorlJ 
 mcnt for not exceej 
 LuyiDir or sellinj 
 com for lower vallf 
 porting counterfeit] 
 Jiort,;t...:i for life 
 
 »l imprisonment' 
 (iec. 0.) 
 
 L'ttering connterJ 
 
 sonment for not exi 
 
 sccompanied by ml 
 
 '■»"', or followed bl 
 
 •li.vs, imprisonraena 
 
 every second ofleiicl 
 
 conviction shall be f 
 
 •T for not le.ss than 
 
 not exceeding 4 yeW 
 
 Having 3 or mori 
 
 "ivcr coin in possesl 
 
 wme, imprisonmenti 
 
 Ic's than 7 years, orf 
 1%' 4 years, (^c. K 
 . -^'aking, mendin'iJ 
 K any mould ic 3 
 "f cnifine, convcyil 
 "'c mint without al 
 '".'■' '^"r life, or for } 
 pnsonment for not] 
 
 . ''oimterfeiting anji 
 !"-. mejidiug, or pol 
 '".'•"•g, selling i'c. ■ 
 
COINS 
 
 MS 
 
 Cir- 
 
 nl\(iW» 
 
 lit 
 
 loWll- 
 
 1 coin 
 iicil at 
 liisiv*'. 
 precise 
 im ii"W 
 inptioii 
 antitie* 
 outalili: 
 
 minli'i 
 Lar^c 
 
 igraiits 
 nud it is 
 
 in ill" 
 iviiluals- 
 
 haps be 
 n at pro- 
 
 d of ilic 
 
 K. Uaiik 
 
 Gold and 
 ,t in 1819 
 lev migh'! 
 
 ho frwly pxportod ond imported without Mn^ 
 linhln fi> any charjfo cr duty whatever; and thi'y 
 nifty Im! importnl without beiuK oithcr rt'portrd or 
 cntrrcd at tlic ('uiitom-hoii.ie. Thix rt'^ulalion haa 
 rcndrrrd it next to imposiiiblc to ascertain thu 
 vnlu(> of thi> bullion iinporti'd. 
 
 H. t'nrqery nf Coin. I»»ue of forgril or npuriout 
 Coinn. — 'I'ho for({«ry of coin iit an offcnon that i.t 
 prni'liHnd more or \c*» at all pcriodn. Tho most 
 cllVctual mcnuH of prcvcntinj; it is to improve 
 the fabric of tho f^vnuino coins, to cut the liies 
 with jfrcat di'lioacy, and ocfiisionally to vary the 
 form of the coins. During; the lengthened period 
 from 1770 down to IHKi the K''""'"" "'Ivor coins in 
 circulation were so much worn and dcfaceii that 
 it was very dilllcuU. to distinf^uish betwe>:;< them 
 and counterfeits, which, in despite of tho severest 
 |. ^'Unities, were thrown into circulation in immense 
 (piantities. U.it since the issue uf tho nev coins, 
 ill IMUJ, forgery has been comparatively rare. 
 .Sufllcicnt time has lot yet been afforded for 
 determining tho influence of the law exempting 
 the offence uf counterfeiting from the punishment 
 of death. 
 
 9. IjUW (i.f to the counterfeiting Jr. of Coin, — The 
 Acts as to this were consolidated and amended by 
 the 2 & .'t \Vm. IV. c. 84, of which tho ft.llowii.g is 
 a brief abstract : — 
 
 Counterfeiting the gold or silver coin of the 
 realm, transportation U>r life, or for not less than 
 7 yeors, or imprisonment for not exceeding 4 
 years ; and every such offence shall be deemed to 
 i)C complete although the counterfeiting be not 
 finished. (.Sec, 3.) 
 
 Colouring counterfeit coin, or any pieces of 
 tnctal, with intent to make them pass for gold or 
 iiilvcr coin, colouring or altering genuine coin 
 with intent to make it pass for higher coin ; trans- 
 IMirtatioii for life, or for any term not less than 7 
 years, or imprisonment for any term not exceed- 
 ing 4 years. (Sec. 4.) 
 
 Impairing tho gold or silver coin with intent 
 to make the coin so impaired pass for gold or sil- 
 ver coin of full weight, transportation for not 
 exceeding 14 nor less than 7 years, or imprison- 
 ment for not exceeding 3 years. (Sec. 5.) 
 
 liuyint; or selling d:c. counterfeit gold or silver 
 coin for lower value than its denomination, im- 
 porting counterfeit coin from beyond seas, trans- 
 portiit":";! for life, or for not less then 7 years, 
 ur imprisonment for not exceeding 4 years. 
 (Sec. G.) 
 
 Uttering counterfeit gold or silver coin, impri- 
 sonment for not exceeding 1 year ; and uttering, 
 accompanied by possession of other counterfeit 
 Klin, or followed by a second uttcruig within 10 
 (liivs, imprisonment for not exceeding 2 years; 
 ivery second oflence of uttering after a previous 
 conviction shall be felony : transportation for life, 
 or tor not less than 7 years, or imprisonment for 
 not exceeding 4 years. (Sec. 7.) 
 
 llaving 3 or more pieces of counterfeit gold or 
 silver coin in possession, with intent to utter the 
 same, imprisonment for net exceeding 3 years ; 
 second oft'ence, tronsportation for life, or for not 
 lfS9 than 7 years, or imprisonment for not excecd- 
 ioj; 4 years. (Sec. 8.) 
 
 Making, mending, having possession of, or sell- 
 ing' any mould <tc., or coining tools, or any press 
 ur engine, conveying tools or moneys out of 
 the mint without authority, felo.iy ; transporta- 
 tion for life, or for not less than 7 years, or im- 
 prisonment for not exceeding 4 years. (Sees. 
 Ill, 11.) 
 
 Counterfeiting any current copper coin, or mak- 
 ing', mending, or possessing any coining tool, or 
 buying, selling Ac. any counterfeit copper coin 
 
 for lower value than its denonnination, trnn^orta- 
 tion for not exceeding 7 years, or imprisonment 
 for not exceeding 2 yoan ; ond littering any 
 counterfeit copper coin, or having in posses- 
 sion 3 or more pic<^es of counterfeit copper coin, 
 imprisonment fur nut exceeding 1 year. (Sec. 
 12) 
 < Jold or silver coin tendered to oiiy person sus- 
 
 fiecting any pieco to be counterfeit, may be broken 
 I" such person ; and if it shall appear to bo coun- 
 terfeit, tho person tendering shall bear the loss ; 
 but if it shall be of duo weight, and appear to bo 
 of lawful coin, the person breaking it is to receive 
 it at the rate it was coined for, and any disputo 
 shall bo tinally detcrnviicd by any justice; and 
 tho tellers of the Kxcheiiuer and tho receivers- 
 general of the revenue are to break or dcfoce every 
 |iieeo of counterfeit coil, tendered for payment. 
 (Sec. 13.) 
 
 Any person discovering any counterfeit coin, 
 gold, silver, or copper, or any coining tool, is tu 
 carry the same fortuwith before some justice, and 
 on reasonable cause to suspect any person of 
 counterfeiting, or having such coin, or any tool 
 &c., such justice may cause any place under tho 
 coiitnd of such suspected person to bo Hcarched^ 
 either in 'ho day or night, and if any such coin or 
 tool shall be found, to cause the same to be seized 
 forthwith, and carried before a justice, who is to 
 secure the same for the purpose of being produced 
 in evidence, oiul afterwards of being delivered up 
 to the mint. (Sec. 14.) 
 
 The necessity of the evidence of any officer of 
 tho mint to prove counterfeit coin dispensed with. 
 (Sec. 17.) 
 
 The court may order hard labour or solitary 
 confinement. (Sec, 19.) 
 
 Tho words 'king's coin' include e\\ coin law- 
 fully current in the United Kingdom; and wil- 
 fully having, in any dwelling-house or other 
 building, lodging, apartment, field or other place, 
 open or enclosed, whether belonging to or occu- 
 pied by tho accused or not, and whether for his 
 own us'e or benefit, or for that of another, shall be 
 deemed having in his possession within this Act. 
 (.Sec. 21.) 
 
 Persons acting in the execution of this Act 
 protected in tho usual manner, by requiring notice 
 uf action tbc. and allowing tender of amends kc. 
 (Sec. 22.) 
 
 10. Qmvictions for Coining and Uttering, — In 
 the 7 years ending with 1818, C3 persons were 
 convicted in England and Wales of the offence of 
 counterfeiting the, coin uf the realm, of whom 1 
 was executed. In the next 7 years the convic- 
 tions for coining were reduced to 14, but of these 
 5 were executed. In tho last septennial perio<l, 
 ending with 1832, the convictions were 34, and 
 the executions 7. Tho convictions for issuing 
 forged coins in the first of the above periods were 
 21, in the second 9, and in the third 32. 
 
 T.VnLES REI.ATIVK TO THE CoiNS OF GrKAT 
 
 Ukitain and otiiek Countries. 
 
 No. I. English Coins. — The following table gives 
 an account of the quantity of fine silver coined 
 into 20«. or tho pound sterling ; the quantity of 
 standard silver, of 11 oz. 2 dwts. fine and 11 
 dwts. olloy, contained in 20». or the pound ster- 
 ling in the different reigns from the time of 
 Edward I. to the reign of William lY. A similar 
 account with respect to gold. And an account 
 of tho proportional value of fine gold to tine 
 silver, according to tho number of grains con- 
 tained in the coins. Calculated in grains and 
 1000th parts troy weight. 
 
 
 I 1 
 
 I • 
 
334 
 
 COINS 
 
 ', A', 
 
 ii\' 
 
 
 >■ ■'. I 
 
 .,v 
 
 
 
 Silver 
 
 Uold 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 •i 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 (iraina of Stan- 
 
 Number of 
 
 Gralno of Stan- 
 
 Proportional Value of 
 
 
 Anno Rcgnl 
 
 
 dard Silver, lloz 
 
 Grains of Fine 
 
 dard Uold Vi 
 
 Vine Uold to Fine 
 
 
 Silver in VO 
 
 X dwis. Fini: In 
 
 Oold in iO Shil- 
 
 Carats Fin*, In K 
 
 Silver, a. cording to 
 
 
 
 
 W Shilllnui, or 
 the I'ound Sier. 
 
 lings, urthe 
 
 Shilllnxi, or the 
 
 the Quantity of each 
 .MetaTconuineU in the 
 
 
 
 I'uund sterling. 
 
 Pound Slerlinff, 
 as coined liy tlfc 
 
 Pound Sl.-riing, 
 
 
 
 
 ling, ns coined 
 
 as coined by the 
 
 Coini 
 
 
 
 Mint Indentures 
 
 ty the .Mint 
 IndenlurM 
 
 Mint Indentures 
 
 Mint Indentures 
 
 
 
 
 Kr«. 
 
 gT«. 
 
 gr». 
 
 gn. 
 
 gold to silver 
 
 inr.6 
 
 Conquett 
 
 4,tt95'U00 
 
 .%4UO(XIO 
 
 
 
 mm 
 
 I'^HO 
 
 H Eilward I. 
 
 4.9!t30UO 
 
 5,400-000 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1.141 
 
 IHKiloardlll. 
 
 4,9.;i-333 
 
 .'.,333,1.13 
 
 407-990 
 
 415-080 
 
 1 to 11-091 
 
 1.149 
 
 1.1 Edward III. 
 
 4,4401101 
 
 4,800000 
 
 383-705 
 
 418'.588 
 
 1-11-571 
 
 1.1.56 
 
 30 Kdward III. 
 
 3,«96000 
 
 4,320(100 
 
 .1.58- IW 
 
 3UO-6SS 
 
 1-11-158 
 
 1101 
 
 .1 Henry IV. 
 
 3,996'IPOO 
 
 4,3'<0'000 
 
 358- IM 
 
 mOI'Ht 
 
 1 -11-158 
 
 14,11 
 
 U Henr. V. 
 
 3,310-000 
 
 3,600000 
 
 yfi-Mt 
 
 .151-613 
 
 1 - 10-.T11 
 
 1464 
 
 4 Krtward IV. 
 
 K,fi64-000 
 
 'i,8 80-000 
 
 U.'>TSM 
 
 181-191 
 
 I - 10-331 
 
 I16S 
 
 5 Kdoard IV. 
 
 •J ,651 -000 
 
 '.{,880-000 
 
 ;(3«'750 
 
 160-454 
 
 1 - 11-158 
 
 1470 
 
 4!) Henry VI. 
 
 li,«64-000 
 
 ■J,880<000 
 
 ',<38'750 
 
 160-454 
 
 1 — ll'l.5« 
 
 148'^ 
 
 ii Edward IV. 
 
 ■^,6(i4'00O 
 
 ii,880-0(IO 
 
 i38'750 
 
 160'454 
 
 1-1I1.'.8 
 
 15(19 
 
 1 Henry VIII. 
 
 K,fi6 1-000 
 
 V,8SO-00(l 
 
 M8-750 
 
 160-451 
 
 I-II158 
 
 I5W 
 
 IS Henry VIII. . 
 
 ■^.3fiS-000 
 
 X,5(10-(KJ0 
 
 'il0'14!) 
 
 119-«3 
 
 1 — I1'168 
 
 I.'i4.1 
 
 34 Henry VIII. 
 
 a.OOO'lHX) 
 
 U,l6'i-I6i 
 
 I91'6f;6 
 
 •i09-ll90 
 
 I - 1(1-4.14 
 
 lil.i 
 
 36 Henry VIII. 
 
 i,'ji)o-noQ 
 
 i,m7"i\n 
 
 176(100 
 
 191-000 
 
 1 — 6-818 
 
 1516 
 
 37 Henrv VIII. 
 
 Hon-uoo 
 
 864-864 
 
 lliO'OflO 
 
 174-545 
 
 1 — 5-000 
 
 I. '.4 7 
 
 • I Eilwitd VI. 
 
 HOO-OiK) 
 
 861-864 
 
 160'000 
 
 174-545 
 
 1 _ 5'000 
 
 1549 
 
 3 Edwaril VI. 
 
 Hon-uno 
 
 861-864 
 
 155'S94 
 
 169-411 
 
 1— 5151 
 
 *I.M1 
 
 5 Eilwaid VI. 
 
 400'000 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 l.Ml 
 
 5 Edward VI. 
 
 1,760-000 
 
 t,9m-0i 
 
 160-000 
 
 174545 
 
 1 — 11-000 
 
 155« 
 
 6 Edward VI. 
 
 1,768-000 
 
 1,9II-.151 
 
 1611-000 
 
 1 74-545 
 
 1 — 11-050 
 
 1553 
 
 1 Mary 
 
 1,760-000 
 
 1 .'Jiri-lDt 
 
 159-166 
 
 17.V6.16 
 
 I — 11-057 
 
 1.'.60 
 
 'i Elizabeth 
 
 1,776-000 
 
 1,910-000 
 
 160-000 
 
 17I'5I5 
 
 1-U-lOO 
 
 ICOU 
 
 43 Elizalielh 
 
 1,718'7II9 
 
 l,8,'.8-06. 
 
 I'.7-6lli 
 
 171-940 
 
 1 — lauoi 
 
 1601 
 
 ■i Jamea I. 
 
 1,718-709 
 
 1,858-064 
 
 141-935 
 
 154'838 
 
 1 — 11-109 
 
 IfiS6 
 
 S Charlei I. ! 
 
 1,718-709 
 
 l,8')S-06» 
 
 !'^8'780 
 
 140-487 
 
 I — 13-346 
 
 IMK 
 
 18 Charles II. | 
 
 1.718^09 
 
 1,858 '064 
 
 118'65l 
 
 1»'43* 
 
 I _ 14-485 
 
 1717 
 
 3 (teorice I. 
 
 1,718-7119 
 
 1,858-064 
 
 1 I3'00l 
 
 11.V174 
 
 1 — 15-109 
 
 ilH16 
 
 56 Ueoriie III. 1 
 
 !,614-545 
 
 1,745'454 
 
 113001 
 
 IIS-W^ 
 
 1 - 14187 
 
 • 1551—5 Edward VI.] The i-olnage of debased ^llvcr money in the 5th year of Edward VI. of 3 oz. Hne ought more properly la be 
 considered as tokens. The sum of llU,(XX)f. only was m> coined. (James's EMiay; ch. iv.) 
 
 t 1816—56 Ueorue III.] The (iovernment having taken the coinage of silver into lu own hands, there is at present no fixed price paid to 
 the public by the Mint for standard silver ; and suppoKing thi> Government tc continue the present Mint regulatiui.s, and to keep gold at 
 77>. I0\d. per oz., at the price of silver varies, the relative value of gold to silver will vary la like proportion. 
 
 No. II. English Coitis. — Subjoined is an account 
 of the English silver and gold coins; .showing 
 their value, the neignorage or profit upon the 
 
 coinage, and the price of the pound troy of 
 standard gold and silver, from the Conquest to 
 the present time. 
 
 
 
 Silver 
 
 Gold 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 A.D. 
 
 Anno Regni 
 
 Fineness 
 
 Pound 
 Weight of 
 such Sil- 
 
 Profit 
 
 or 
 
 Equal to 
 the Mint 
 Price for 
 Stand.lrd 
 Silver of 
 
 Fineneu 
 
 Pound 
 
 Profit or 
 
 Equal to 
 the Mint 
 Price for 
 
 
 
 of the Sil- 
 ver in the 
 
 Seignor- 
 
 age on the 
 
 Coinage 
 
 of the 
 Gold in 
 
 Weight of 
 such Gold 
 
 Seignoragc 
 on the 
 
 SUnilard 
 Gold of <n 
 
 
 
 Coins 
 
 
 
 Idwis. 
 
 tlie Coins 
 
 coined Into 
 
 Coinage 
 
 Canu Knr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 line Troy 
 weight 
 
 
 
 
 
 WCi|!ht 
 
 
 OK. dts. 
 
 «. 
 
 d. 
 
 £ 
 
 
 rf. 
 
 £ : i. 
 
 crU. gns. 
 
 M t. d. 
 
 X 
 
 : d. 
 
 £ M. d. 
 
 1066 
 
 Conquest 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M, 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 — . 
 
 
 1180 
 
 8 Edward I. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 3i 
 
 ^ 
 
 mm 
 
 
 _ 
 
 ^_ 
 
 1300 
 
 18 Edward I. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 (1 
 
 1 
 
 ti 
 
 
 — 
 
 mm 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1344 
 
 18 Edward III. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 1. 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 31 
 
 23 3 
 
 
 13 3 4 
 
 
 
 8 4 
 
 11 10 8 
 
 1319 
 
 13 Edward III. 
 
 11 
 
 * 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 118 
 
 13 3 
 
 
 14 
 
 (1 
 
 11 8 
 
 13 3 9 
 
 l.«56 
 
 30 Edward III. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 ft 
 
 I) 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 5 9 
 
 13 3 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 6 8 
 
 14 8 4 
 
 1391 
 
 18 Richard II. 
 
 U 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 5 9 
 
 23 3 
 
 
 15 
 
 II 
 
 5 
 
 14 9 11 
 
 1401 
 
 3 Henry IV. 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 15 9 
 
 23 3 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 14 911 
 
 1411 
 
 9 Hei.ry V. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 10 11 
 
 13 3 
 
 
 16 13 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 16 1 g 
 
 1115 
 
 4 Henry VI. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 10 11 
 
 U 3 
 
 
 16 13 4 
 
 
 
 a 10 
 
 IS 1 II 
 
 1)64 
 
 4 Edward IV. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 I 15 1 
 
 23 3 
 
 
 10 16 S 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 18 5 
 
 1465 
 
 5 FMward IV. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 A 
 
 1 15 1 
 
 13 3 
 23 3 
 
 
 12 10 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 21 1 10 
 
 1470 
 
 49 Henry VI. 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 
 17 
 
 fi 
 
 (1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 17 10 
 
 
 22 10 
 
 u 
 
 13 
 
 11 9 7 
 
 1481 
 
 11 Edward IV. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 18 4 
 
 a 3 
 
 
 21 10 
 
 
 
 7 6 
 
 11 15 
 
 1483 
 
 I Richard III. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 IS 4 
 
 23 3 
 
 
 12 10 
 
 
 
 7 6 
 
 11 15 
 
 1485 
 
 1 Henry VII. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 « 
 
 I 18 4 
 
 13 3 
 
 12 10 
 
 
 
 7 6 
 
 11 15 
 
 15U9 
 
 1 Henry VIII. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 I. 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 18 11 
 
 23 3 
 13 3 
 
 
 11 10 
 
 (1 
 
 2 6 
 
 11 U 
 
 '517 
 
 If Henry VIII. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 "1 
 
 1 I.", 11 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 2 8 
 
 11 U 
 
 1.517 
 
 18 Henry VIII. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 U 
 
 (1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 il 4 (J 
 
 23 3 
 
 ( 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 2 9 
 
 
 1517 
 
 18 Heniy VIII. 
 
 ^. 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 21 a \ 
 
 25 2 6 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 1513 
 
 34 Henry VIII. 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 (1 
 
 « 4 4| 1 13 " 
 2 11 9| 1 -l-i 
 
 IS 16 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 16 K II 1 
 
 1515 
 
 .16 Henry VIII. 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 (1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 (1 
 
 .1(1 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 17 111 II 1 
 
 1546 
 
 37 Henry VIII. 
 1 l<MwardVI. 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 (1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 1 15 6 , 10 
 
 .10 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 17 10 ' 
 
 1.547 
 
 4 
 
 1) 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 15 6 ' 10 
 
 30 
 
 
 10 
 
 31 7 01 
 33 U| 
 
 1549 
 
 3 Edward VI. 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 19 H 
 
 •n 
 
 34 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1551 
 
 5 Kdward VI. 
 
 3 
 
 1) 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 (1 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1551 
 
 5 Kdward VI. 
 
 11 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 (1 
 
 n 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 23 .1J/ 
 'n i 
 
 36 n 
 
 
 __ 
 
 1 
 
 1551 
 
 5 Edward VI. 
 
 .« 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 _. 
 
 1 
 
 15,51 
 
 <; Edward VI. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 2 19 31 ■ 13 .li/ 
 — -it I 
 
 .16 
 
 II 
 
 2 9 
 
 j 
 
 1.551 
 
 6 Edward VI. 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 33 
 
 II 
 
 3 
 
 
 15.53 
 
 IMaiy 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 2 19 6 J ' 13 .11 
 1 18 « 2.1 .11/ 
 — 12 
 
 36 
 
 ,'l 
 
 3 
 
 
 1.560 
 
 1 Elizabeth 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 .16 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 1,560 
 
 1 Elizabeth 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 .13 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 1600 
 
 43 Elizabeth 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 » 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 0! 'Jl 3»/ 
 — 1 11 
 
 36 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 1600 
 
 43 Elizabeth 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 ._ 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 .13 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 1604 
 
 1 James I. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 19 6 Tl 
 
 37 4 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 .1.1 U 
 .19 IK 7 
 
 16'i6 
 
 1 Charles I. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 3 1 IJ 
 
 41 
 
 1 
 
 1 5 
 
 tl666 
 
 18 Charles 11. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 10 '.il 
 
 44 10 
 
 
 
 1717 
 
 3 (ieorge I. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 1 -it 
 
 46 U 6 
 
 
 „ 
 
 
 1816 
 
 .56(ieor,{eIII. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 (I 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 — 11 46 14 1 
 
 
 — 
 
 <6 14 6| 
 
 .No. HI. ,!, 
 gives the numi 
 Scotch which 
 weight of silve 
 
 I 
 
 From 
 1 1117 
 
 1196 
 From 
 1.106 
 
 to 
 1.1-^9 
 I3f;6 
 1.167 
 From 
 1.171 
 to 
 139(1 
 1.193 
 1114 
 
 An 
 
 Ateiat 
 David 
 Wllllai 
 AIl-sot 
 A leian 
 John 11 
 
 Robert 
 
 38 llavl 
 
 39 Davi 
 
 Robert] 
 
 4 Rober 
 19 James 
 
 No. IV. Scotci 
 count of the n 
 pennies Scotch 
 
 1371, Ac. 
 
 1390, «cc. 
 
 1124 
 
 1451 
 
 14.'.6 
 
 1475 
 
 1484 
 
 ■ 488 
 
 1519 
 15,56 
 1.567 
 1579 
 1597 
 16111 
 l(i.13 
 
 No. v.— The .. 
 coined at the Mil 
 
 i year J 
 
 1790 
 
 1791 
 
 1792 
 
 1793 
 
 1794 
 
 1795 
 
 1796 
 
 1797 
 
 17'J8 
 
 1799 
 
 1 8110 
 
 INOI 
 
 IS'll 
 
 1 803 
 
 1804 
 
 1805 
 
 1806 
 
 1807 
 
 1808 
 
 1809 
 
 1810 
 
 I8II 
 
 1812 
 
 1813 
 
 1814 
 
 I8I5 
 
 1816 
 
 1817 
 
 1818 
 
 1819 
 
 1810 
 
 1811 
 
 IS'rt 
 
 ISM 
 
 ■ Nil 
 
 Uii 
 
 1816 
 
 1N17 
 
 l8-,(8 
 
 2,4 
 2, 
 1, 
 
 2,; 
 
 9.1 
 a, I 
 

 \7 
 
 8 
 
 
 U 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 IC 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 (1 
 
 
 It 
 
 U 
 
 
 IH 
 
 ; 
 
 
 10 
 
 u 
 
 i 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 s 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 COINS 
 
 335 
 
 No. III. Scotch Cuini. — The annexed table 
 gives the number of pounds, shillinpjs, and pennies 
 Scotch wliich have been coined out of one pound 
 weight of silver at different times ; with the degree 
 
 of purity of such silver, or its fineness, from tlin 
 year 1107 to the year 1601. (From Cardonncl's 
 NumUmata Scotia:, page 24.) 
 
 Ffom 
 
 111)7 
 
 I29l> 
 
 From 
 
 I.1U6 
 
 to 
 
 I. VIC 
 1.167 
 From 
 1.171 
 
 to 
 l.ltX) 
 1.19.1 
 IIM 
 
 Anno Regnl 
 
 Ateianilcr I. 
 DavUI I. 
 Willlani 
 Alexander II. 
 Alexander III. 
 John Baliol 
 
 ' Robert I. 
 
 38 DaTld II. 
 3» David II. 
 
 Robert II. 
 
 4 Robert III. 
 19 Jamei I. 
 
 
 
 Value of 
 
 
 
 
 the Mone; 
 
 
 Purity 
 
 Alio; 
 
 coined out 
 
 or a Lb. 
 
 W-lKht of 
 
 SlWer 
 
 A.D. 
 
 
 
 
 
 oz. pw. 
 
 02. pw. 
 
 £ 1. d. 
 
 
 
 
 1451 
 
 
 
 
 usn 
 
 n 4 
 
 IS 
 
 1 
 
 1475 
 14N4 
 1488 
 1489 
 I4«9 
 
 11 s 
 
 18 
 
 1 1 
 
 1544 
 
 1456 
 1565 
 
 11 i 
 
 18 
 
 1 .') n 
 
 1567 
 
 11 i 
 
 IS 
 
 1 9 4 
 
 1571 
 1576 
 
 u 2 
 
 18 
 
 1 9 4 
 
 1579 
 1581 
 1597 
 
 11 * 
 
 18 
 
 1 IS 
 
 1601 
 
 11 x 
 
 18 
 
 1 17 6 
 
 
 Anno Regnl 
 
 15 Jamn II. 
 VO jAHief II. 
 
 16 James III. 
 >(4 James III. 
 
 Jamea IV. 
 
 Puril; 
 
 Ijl 
 
 l6 Jamei V. 
 3 Mary 
 
 14 Mary 
 S3 Mary 
 
 1 JnmeH VI. 
 
 5 Jamrl VI. 
 10 Jamei VI. 
 13 James VI. 
 
 15 James VI. 
 31 James VI. 
 35 James VI. 
 
 
 Value of 
 
 
 the Money 
 
 Alloy 
 
 corned out 
 ofaLb. 
 
 
 Weight of 
 SiWer 
 
 
 01. pw. 
 
 £ 1. d. 
 
 I* 
 
 3 4 
 
 n 18 
 
 4 16 
 
 18 
 
 7 4 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 t 
 
 9 IK 
 
 1 
 
 9 li 
 
 1 
 
 13 n 1) 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 16 14 
 
 4 
 
 16 14 
 
 I n 
 
 21i 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 .K) 
 
 1 
 
 3C 
 
 No. IV. Scotch Coins. — The following is an ac- 
 count of the numlier of pounds, shillings, and 
 pennies Scotch which have been coined out of 
 
 one pound weight of gold ; with the degree of 
 their purity, and the proportion that the gold 
 bore to the silver. (Cardonnel, p. 25.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Value of iho 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Coin coined 
 
 Pound of Pur« 
 
 A.D. 
 
 Anno Regnl 
 
 Flneneu 
 
 Alloy 
 
 out of One 
 
 Pound of 
 
 Uold 
 
 Uold weiKhni of 
 Pure tiilvcr 
 
 
 
 ox. dw. gr. 
 11 18 n 
 
 01. dw. sjr. 
 1 % 
 
 Jt : d. 
 
 lbs. or., dw. If. 
 11 1 17 22 
 
 1371, &C. 
 
 Robert II. 
 
 17 12 
 
 139(1, &c. 
 
 Robert II. 
 
 II 18 18 
 
 1 6 
 
 19 4 
 
 11 1 17 22 
 
 1124 
 
 19 James I. • 
 
 11 18 18 
 
 1 6 
 
 22 10 
 
 11 1 17 22 
 
 1451 
 
 15 James II. 
 
 11 18 18 
 
 16 
 
 33 6 
 
 9 8 4 14 
 
 14.'i6 
 
 SO James II. 
 
 11 18 18 
 
 1 6 
 
 SO 
 
 9 8 4 14 
 
 1475 
 
 16 James III. 
 
 11 18 18 
 
 1 6 
 
 78 IS 
 
 in 2 20 
 
 1484 
 
 24 James II I. 
 
 11 18 18 
 
 1 6 
 
 78 14 
 
 10 S 7 9 
 
 1488 
 
 1 James IV. 
 
 11 18 18 
 
 1 6 
 
 78 15 
 
 10 5 7 9 
 
 1529 
 
 16 James V. 
 
 It 18 18 
 
 1 6 
 
 108 
 
 10 4 7 9 
 
 1556 
 
 14 Mary 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 144 
 
 10 4 8 6 
 
 1.167 
 
 10 James VI. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 240 
 
 10 4 8 6 
 
 157« 
 
 13 James VI. 
 
 10 10 
 
 1 10 
 
 210 
 
 11 5 2 20 
 
 15*7 
 
 31 James VI. 
 
 11 
 
 I 
 
 360 
 
 12 
 
 16111 
 
 35JsmesVI. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 4.12 
 
 12 
 
 lfi.13 
 
 9ChKrlesl. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 492 
 
 13 2 7 11 1 
 
 No. V. — The following b an account of the valae of the gold and silver coinD, specifying each, 
 coined at the Mint, each year since 1790 : — 
 
 Year 
 
 Gold coined 
 
 Silver coined j 
 
 Year 
 
 Gold coined 
 
 
 Silver coined 
 
 
 £ «. 
 
 d. 
 
 £ : 
 
 d. 
 
 
 £ $. 
 
 d. 
 
 £ : 
 
 d. 
 
 1790 
 
 2,6(i(),J21 10 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 1829 
 
 2,446,74} 12 
 
 6 
 
 108,2.59 16 
 
 
 
 1791 
 
 2,I56,.%6 17 
 
 6 
 
 .. 
 
 
 1830 
 
 2,387,881 2 
 
 6 
 
 151 16 
 
 
 
 1792 
 
 1,171,463 
 
 
 
 241 17 
 
 6 
 
 1831 
 
 587,949 14 
 
 5 
 
 33,696 5 
 
 8 
 
 1793 
 
 2,747,430 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 1832 
 
 3,730,757 12 
 
 6 
 
 145 4 
 
 
 
 1794 
 
 2^158,^94 12 
 
 6 
 
 .. 
 
 
 18.13 
 
 1,225,269 13 
 
 6 
 
 145 4 
 
 
 
 1795 
 
 493,416 
 
 
 
 293 11 
 
 11 
 
 1834 
 
 66,949 12 
 
 5 
 
 4.12,775 4 
 
 
 
 1796 
 
 461,^80 2 
 
 6 
 
 .. 
 
 
 1835 
 
 1,109,718 8 
 
 10 
 
 146,665 4 
 
 
 
 1797 
 
 2,000,297 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 18.16 
 
 1,787,782 5 
 
 5 
 
 497,719 4 
 
 
 
 1798 
 
 2,967.5(14 15 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 1837 
 
 1,253,088 8 
 
 2 
 
 7.5,385 4 
 
 
 
 1799 
 
 449,961 15 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 1818 
 
 2,855,364 14 
 
 
 
 174,012 
 
 
 
 isoo 
 
 189,937 i 
 
 6 
 
 .. 
 
 
 1839 
 
 501,310 14 
 
 3 
 
 390,651 
 
 
 
 ISOl 
 
 4.50,242 2 
 
 
 
 53 7 
 
 1 
 
 1840 
 
 
 
 207,900 
 
 
 
 1S(I2 
 
 4.17,018 18 
 
 6 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 1811 
 
 378,172 10 
 
 
 
 89,611 4 
 
 
 
 1803 
 
 .M«,444 12 
 
 6 
 
 72 6 
 
 8 
 
 1842 
 
 5,977,051 18 
 
 2 
 
 192,852 
 
 
 
 181)4 
 
 7I8,.196 17 
 
 « 
 
 77 10 
 
 (1 
 
 1843 
 
 6,607,819 10 
 
 
 
 239,580 
 
 
 
 18(15 
 
 5l,6(i8 5 
 
 II 
 
 182 18 
 
 
 
 1844 
 
 3,563,949 7 
 
 6 
 
 610,6.12 
 
 
 
 1806 
 
 405,105 15 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 1845 
 
 4,244,608 10 
 
 6 
 
 647,658 
 
 0. 
 
 1807 
 
 
 
 108 10 
 
 
 
 1816 
 
 4,3.14,911 17 
 
 6 
 
 5,59,548 
 
 
 
 1808 
 
 37 1, 74 i 2 
 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 1817 
 
 5,158,440 
 
 
 
 125,730 
 
 
 
 ; 1809 
 
 298,916 11 
 
 
 
 114 14 
 
 
 
 18 !K 
 
 2,451,999 10 
 
 1 
 
 35,442 
 
 
 
 I 1810 
 
 316,935 13 
 
 6 
 
 120 18 
 
 
 
 1849 
 
 2,177,95S 1 
 
 
 1 19,592 
 
 
 
 I 1811 
 
 312,263 3 
 
 6 
 
 .. 
 
 
 1850 
 
 1,491,836 17 
 
 9 
 
 129,096 
 
 
 
 1 1812 
 
 
 
 52 14 
 
 
 
 1851 
 
 4,400,411 4 
 
 9 
 
 87,868 6 
 
 n 
 
 1813 
 
 519,722 3 
 
 6 
 
 89 18 
 
 
 
 18.52 
 
 8,742,270 12 
 
 11 
 
 189,,596 12 
 
 7 
 
 1814 
 
 
 
 161 4 
 
 
 
 18,53 
 
 11, 952 ,,191 f 
 
 11 
 
 701, .544 14 
 
 3 
 
 1815 
 
 .. 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 1851 
 
 4,152,183 6 
 
 4 
 
 140,480 8 
 
 1 
 
 1816 
 
 
 
 1,«05,2'>1 16 
 
 
 
 185.5 
 
 9,008,663 9 
 
 4 
 
 195,510 19 
 
 6 
 
 1817 
 
 4,27.'>,.137 10 
 
 
 
 2,4.16,297 12 
 
 u 
 
 I85€ 
 
 6,002,114 19 
 
 6 
 
 462,528 
 
 
 
 1818 
 
 2,862,373 10 
 
 
 
 576,279 
 
 
 
 1857 
 
 4,859,860 2 
 
 2 
 
 373,2.10 
 
 
 
 1819 
 
 ,1 .')74 10 
 
 8 
 
 1,267,272 IS 
 
 
 
 18.58 
 
 1,211,023 9 
 
 10 
 
 445,896 
 
 1) 
 
 1820 
 
 919,516 
 
 10 
 
 847,717 4 
 
 
 
 18.59 
 
 2,619,509 15 
 
 6 
 
 647,064 
 
 
 
 1821 
 
 9,520,758 13 
 
 10 
 
 433,686 
 
 
 
 1860 
 
 ,1,151,708 10 
 
 
 
 218,403 7 
 
 
 
 1822 
 
 5,356,787 12 
 
 6 
 
 31,130 7 
 
 1 
 
 l»6t 
 
 8,190,170 9 
 
 
 
 209,481 
 
 
 
 I8t3 
 
 7,59,748 10 
 
 
 
 285,271 16 
 
 
 
 1862 
 
 7,836,413 15 
 
 6 
 
 148,518 11 
 
 10 
 
 1821 
 
 4,065,075 
 
 
 
 282,070 16 
 
 
 
 1863 
 
 6,607,456 5 
 
 4 
 
 161,172 
 
 
 
 1H25 
 
 4,.'>8II,9I9 
 
 
 
 417,5,15 16 
 
 
 
 1864 
 
 9,535.597 17 
 
 6 
 
 535,194 
 
 
 
 I82R 
 
 S,89fi,'i61 7 
 
 6 
 
 608,605 16 
 
 
 
 1865 
 
 2,367,614 4 
 
 1 
 
 501.7.12 
 
 
 
 1S27 
 
 2,512.636 17 
 
 f, 
 
 .13,019 16 
 
 
 
 1866 
 
 4,076,676 14 
 
 6 
 
 493,116 (1 
 
 u 
 
 1828 
 
 1.008,559 2 
 
 « 
 
 16,288 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m'] 
 
 . 
 
 ry :^ 
 
 '.'•I 
 
 /.••"'' 
 
 « 
 
 
 . 
 
 ' 1 
 
 Hm •' 
 
 .. -e 
 
 /•-:H- 
 
 vi: 
 
 IWi(vi^^*;!ili!l(a.WrW/lim»!«)W!(tfiaW» 
 
■:i^ 
 
 836 COINS 
 
 Nos. Vr. and VII. Gold and Silver Coins of 
 different Countries. — The following tables con- 
 tain the assays, weights, and -.jlues of the prin- 
 cipal gold and silver coins of all countries, com- 
 
 puted according to the mint price of gold in 
 England, and from .tssays mode both at Loudon 
 and Paris, which have been found to verify each 
 other. 
 
 VI, Table showing the Legal Weight, Fineness, and Value of the Principal Gold Coins of all Countriei, 
 computed at the English Mint Price of 31. 17s. lO^d. per Ounce of Standard Gold. 
 
 
 AvnmiA 
 
 BlLOIUM 
 
 Uracil 
 
 Dkknakk 
 
 Frah€s 
 
 OnmAinr 
 
 > 4 ducaton piece ( 183.0) 
 
 I ducal|lll48) . . . . 
 
 1 Kmnniust ilucal (isni • 
 1 Souverafn d'or, Lombardo. Venetian Kin^' 
 dam (1817) . . . . 
 
 1 krone . . . . . 
 
 See Francb, and Monetary Cotivention cnn' 
 eluded between SwiTzaHLANnf Kranck. Bbl- 
 fliL-M, and Italy in December IHAT. 
 2(1 milrein niece ( I S57} ID in proportion 
 Frederikid'or(l8.'i3l . . 
 
 100 flrano piece ( 18.'i9) 
 50 „ ., 
 
 (1(130) 
 (1861) 
 (18S9) 
 (1SJ8) 
 
 40 
 W 
 10 
 5 
 
 GUAT Britaiii 
 
 Orrui 
 HoLLAiro 
 
 Italt 
 
 « I' 
 
 ,.»4 
 
 
 '- , ' > ■ 
 
 Jafak 
 Mrxico 
 
 FiRaiA 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Ron 
 
 HUBIA 
 
 South AHimicAii RiruBUca • 
 
 Sfaik 
 
 SwanRN • 
 
 HwiTZaaLAMD 
 
 TCRXIT 
 
 Umitbo Statu (America) 
 
 See Monetary Convention concluded in Decem- 
 ber ISGA between Khanck, Bruhum. Switxrr< 
 LAND, and Italy. [Thbatir«» Commercial.] 
 Baden, ducat (I8S4) . . . 
 
 BaYarIa, ducat ( 1 8.W) ... 
 
 Bruniwick, 11 Wilhelmi d'or piece (1S.06) 
 Hamburg, ducat (IM60) 
 Hanorer, Ueorin d'or piece (18^) 
 
 Krone(l8i9) , . . - 
 
 Hewe Caisel, Wilhelnu d'or vlecc (1840) 
 Meckienburx Schwerin, Pauls d'or piece ( iiilO) 
 Prutsia, Friedrichi d'or ( 184 1 ) 
 
 Knne(1839| . . . . 
 
 Saxonjr, August d'or niece (1842) 
 WUrteniberK, duc.lt(18ll) - 
 5 MYereign piece .... 
 4 „ - . . - 
 
 India ! gold mohur, Company's (1841) 
 
 t. native - - . 
 
 • 20 drachma piece (183,';) . . . 
 
 ■ a gulden piece 1 18'.f6) . . . 
 
 Ducal (1849) . 
 
 SaitUnia, too lire piece (tS33) 
 
 80 „ 4doppie(IS29) 
 80 „ doppia (I8a9) 
 80 „ Regno d Italia II861) . 
 Naples, fi ducati piece, i oncelle (1856) 
 Parma, 80 lire piece (18151 . 
 Tuscany, lecchino (1 8.3f) . . . 
 
 ruspone, 3 zecchini (1836) - 
 Venice, Re|>ublic liefore 1 797 
 
 The coinage of the Kingdom of iTAr.Y since 
 1865; See Monetary Convention concluded in 
 Deceml>er 1865 bt-tween Italy, Fkakcb, Bel. 
 otuM, and Switzhrland. [Trbatibs, Cuh- 
 
 MBRCIAL.] 
 
 Koban ..... 
 
 Onu de oro, doubloon (18M), 1.8, 1*4, I..8, 
 1.16 in proportion . . . 
 
 By Mexican decree of November 81, 1 867, 
 
 certain chani;es are introduced into the stan- 
 dard of money then In uiein the Kt-public based 
 
 on the eiclustve adoption of the decimal system 
 
 of coinage. The dollar is retainnl as the unit uf 
 
 currency, and the gold t^omnge is to consist of 
 
 pieces of the Y.ilue of 8I> dollars, 10 dollars, 5 
 
 dollars, 'i{ dollai% and I dollar respectively. 
 
 Toman ..... 
 
 Dobraoor84,000reis(l7'i5) . 
 
 idobra, or Jolo(l888) 
 
 } dobrJo, or Lislionine, or MoAIa d'ouro (1816) 
 
 iconiaof5/)lr0reisllS6ll) . 
 
 } coiOa d'ouro of 8, Wil reis( 1851) 
 
 10 scudi piece (1850), 9, 8>, I, in proportion - 
 
 {imperial of 5 rubles ( 1 860) . 
 
 Ducat ..... 
 
 Bolivia, see Mrxico. 
 
 Chill, candor of 11) pesos (1859), 1.8, l-S, 1-1^, 
 in proportion, see Mexico ... 
 
 Ecuador, see Maxtco. 
 
 La Plata, see MBxirn. 
 
 New tjranada, see Mrxico. 
 Candor of 10 pesos (IS.VJ), J, (, in proportion 
 
 Peru, see Mbxico. 
 
 Vary much In weight and fineness. 
 
 Onia de oro, doubloon (1794), i,\, {, in pro- 
 portion . . . . . 
 
 Centenof lOOreales(lSfill) • 
 
 4 plasters piece. Issued for the Philippine ' .lands 
 (1H5I) . . . ■ . 
 
 5 piasters piece, in proportion. 
 
 40 reales piece (1861 1, '.iO in proportion 
 Ducat (l)r'i9l - . ' . 
 
 .See Monetarv Convention concluded In De- 
 cember 1865 lietween 8iviti«r:.ani>, Frakcb, 
 
 lTALV,and BbI'III'M. rrRBATI>-t,COH«KHCIAI..| 
 
 ' 1 110 piaalers piece or 'rurklih.irA( 1839) 
 80 „ (1807) 
 
 50 „ (I8.-9) . . . 
 
 80 „ (1839) 
 
 50 dollars piece, California (1851 ) 
 80 „ ( 1 8611), 10, .1,3, 8i, I, in pro- 
 
 portion ..... 
 5 dollan piece (1810) ... 
 
 8t(l76'J) 
 
 Legal Weight 
 
 8 8 
 17 9] 
 
 34 II 
 9 S 
 e 8 
 S 
 3 
 
 II 
 4 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 9 19i 
 
 10 8| 
 
 u 
 
 71 
 
 * I5| 
 
 1 i! 
 
 8 7i 
 
 O 281 
 
 54 3{ 
 
 81 18 
 
 .5 15 
 
 8 191 
 
 Legal Finenew { 
 
 crts- 
 B. 1 
 
 t 
 
 B. I 
 
 B. 1 
 
 3 
 
 W. 
 
 It 
 
 w. 
 
 ■i 
 
 standard 
 
 W. 
 
 8 1 
 
 W. 
 
 
 
 W. 
 
 
 
 W. 
 
 
 
 W. 
 
 
 
 W. 
 
 
 
 W. 
 
 
 
 B. 
 
 I 
 
 B. I 
 
 8i 
 
 W. 
 
 8 
 
 B. I 
 
 8 
 
 W. 
 
 X 
 
 W. 
 W. 
 
 11 
 
 W. 
 
 8 
 
 W. 
 
 11 
 
 W. 
 
 11 
 
 w.o 
 
 B. I 
 
 i 
 
 
 B. I 
 W. I 3 
 W. I 
 W. I 
 B. I 8 
 W.O 1 
 W. O 1 
 W.O I 
 W. I 
 B. 1 3 
 W.O 1 
 B. 8 O 
 B. « O 
 B. 1 3| 
 
 W. 6 I| 
 
 W. I 
 
 a I Oj) 
 
 ttandanf 
 If 
 tt 
 
 M 
 
 w. i| 
 
 standard 
 B. 1 8i 
 
 W. I| 
 
 W.O I| 
 
 W. I O 
 
 W. It 
 
 vr. n 
 
 V/. I 
 B. 1 
 
 W. OMC 
 
 W. I .31 
 
 W. " 01-16 
 
 W. (. 1.16 
 
 W. V 
 
 w. 11 
 
 ttandarif 
 
 Value In Sterling 
 
 £ : d. 
 
 1 17 71 
 
 O 9 41 
 
 9 5| 
 
 1 7 104 
 1 7 3i 
 
 t 4 10] 
 16 3 
 
 19 .31 
 
 19 71 
 
 II 8] 
 
 IS ml 
 
 7 111 
 
 3 III 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 18 
 
 9 
 16 
 
 7- 
 16 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 1 7 
 
 19 
 3 
 
 15 10 
 
 15 lU 
 9 6 
 
 I 3 I 
 3 4 8} 
 
 1 17 
 
 1 19 7J 
 
 3 4 %\ 
 
 I ;J 
 
 16 6 
 
 8 3 
 
 9 3| 
 
 4 * 
 
 1 1 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 6 
 
 101 
 ill-- 
 
 VII. Talle si 
 
 AVSTKIA 
 
 I 
 
 Bruium • 
 
 Beazil • 
 China • 
 Dknhark 
 
 Fhakci 
 
 Gbmuht 
 
 s 
 
 <i«lAT BRrrAIlf . 
 
 ''■■IKECB , 
 ' OLLARD . 
 
 Jamu . 
 'Mrxico . 
 
 I'ORTUOAL 
 
 , RORB 
 
 I '.' "tA . 
 
 Strit AniiiicAK Kaij 
 
 S'AIX 
 
COINS 
 
 337 
 
 VII. Table showing the Legal Weighty Fineneis, and Value of the Principal SUner Coins of all 
 Countries computed at the Rate of bs. 2d, per Ounce of Standard Silver. 
 
 AUSTAU ' 
 
 Bbloium • 
 
 Bkaxil • 
 
 China 
 
 USNHAKK 
 
 Frakci 
 
 Grbat Bjiitaim • 
 
 i 
 
 > 1 - 'tRXCK • 
 OLLAKD • 
 
 Japan 
 Mexico 
 
 roBTiroAi. 
 
 ROMB 
 
 l{ lidlA > 
 
 Sc.ni AmRICAH 
 
 Spaix 
 
 Coliu 
 
 ^Velji'it 
 
 - Maria ThmtU thaler (1 780), Lersnt Ihaln 
 Kiancnlhaler(l797) .... 
 <'onnntiontthaler(181&) . . ■ 
 
 X gulden niece (lKi9) .... 
 VereiniUiales oT It iiulden I1H5H) 
 I KUlden(II*M)- .... 
 
 Zwaniifier, W kreuien (1848) 
 6 kreuur piece (IMX) .... 
 . See Francb atid the Monetary Convention concluded between 
 
 B>i.oit'M, Fhancr, SwiTtaai.AND, and Itai.v in Dec. IH6A. 
 . V milreU piece of ^000 reii (11158), 1 and | in proporUon 
 . Ta«l ...--. 
 . Specleidaler (1846) .... 
 
 a riifidaler piece (I8U|, I, l-t, 14, 1-16, 1.12 In proportion 
 . S franca piece 118.^6) .... 
 « „ (18il .... 
 
 1 „ (18Sli .... 
 
 SO centlmei piece (I8S8) ... 
 
 Hi „ (1847) .... 
 
 «0 „ (I860). 
 
 Accordinic to the Monetary Convention concluded between Faancb, 
 BRi^iuM,SwiT»KLaND, and Italv, the)! ftranca, 1 franc, AOcentimei, 
 ^.'> and m centime plecea are to be iuued only, 83i.lUOO (W. I 1|) flne, 
 and the intriniic value of theae coina will therefore be proportionately 
 re'luccd. 
 . Baden, ^i gulden or i thaler piece (ISiS) . 
 
 i gulden piece ( 1 8.'< I) ... 
 I „ (184*) . 
 
 1 „ (1H60) ■ 
 
 i „ (I860) 
 
 1 vereinMhaler IJ gulden(1861) ' 
 Bavaria, kronenthaler (1816) . ... 
 
 3| gulden piece, see Badui* 
 
 xn. 
 
 dif. 
 
 18 SV 
 18 I 
 
 vereinithaler piece, lee Pauiau. 
 Bruiuwick, i thaler piece, lee Piiuuia. 
 
 1 „ before 18S7, let Pbchu. 
 
 vereinsthaler, after „ „ 
 
 Hamburg, 1 marc ( I85A), |, 1, k In ptopovtloa « 
 
 •chilling (1M7) .... 
 
 Hanover, i thaler piece (IR.U), see Baonv. 
 1 ,. (IHi8|,ieeP«uniA. 
 
 vi'reinsthaler(lH59) „ 14i, 1*11 In ptopoTtion. 
 
 groschen, Ace i'Ri-iaiA. 
 Mecklenburg Schwerin, thaler (1848) ... 
 
 Sulden,ar the>o.called< Neue|StOck ' (1839) 
 _„ . . 44) - 
 
 V vereituthaler piece (1861) 
 thaler (1831) .... 
 vereinithaler (18S9) ... 
 t thaler (1KU8I .... 
 1-6 „ (1849 and 1861) 
 •tk silbergnxchen (ISAX and 1861) 
 afltiergToschen (1819 and 1861) . 
 t „ (18S6 and 18611 '- 
 
 Snony, i thaler piece I1H41 and 186I), aee PmvuiA. 
 thaler, vereinAtlialer, see PauulA. 
 Kpecies thaler |18'^8) ... 
 » thaler (ISBO) .... 
 1.6 „ see Pnt'aalA. 
 
 S neugroschen piece (1860) 
 
 Wttrtembcrg, 3t gulden piece or i thalen (18S!() ice Badix. 
 
 S ,, ... (1841) „ 
 
 t :reimlhaler (1861) see Badu. 
 
 gulden {\HM and 1860) „ 
 
 i gulden (I860) see Baoim. 
 
 '^i.'^wn - - • - • 
 
 A en wn - • - - 
 
 Shilll.'g .... 
 
 Hispence - _ , • 
 
 Fourpence . , . - 
 
 Threepence - - . - 
 
 Florin ..... 
 
 India : i rupee piece ... 
 
 Rupee (Kast India Company's) 
 
 • 4drachmas piece (1K.^.1), 1 , i, | In proportion 
 
 ■ Si gulden piece (1848) - 
 
 gulden (1848), i in proportion 
 
 il4cenU(1848) .... 
 
 10 
 
 . SaTdlnla!'4 liretilece (is'l? and 1842), 9, i, |. i in 
 Naples, scudo of ViO grana (1818), ^ in proportion 
 
 carUno of in grann M837) 
 Tuscany, 10 lire piece (1807) 
 
 francetcone of 10 (laolt (1836) 
 franceschino of 4 paoli in proportion, 
 florlno of 2) panM, 4, i in proportion. 
 See PRANca and the Monetary Convention concluded in Dec. 1864 
 between Italv, SwirxRRi.ANU, (rancb, and BamiuM. 
 . Tehibu ....... 
 
 . Dollar, ), i, I in proportion ..... 
 
 A Aleaican decree of November 28, 1867, directs the silvni' coinage 
 of the Keiiublic to conslKt of the dollar as the unit, and pieces of 24 
 centavns, 10 centavos, and 4 centavo« respectively. 
 . 3 patacaA piece or double crusado (1819) 
 Crusado ... 
 
 4 tosliSes, piece oTAdO reu (1848) 
 
 proportion 
 
 2 ,. 200 ,, (1S44) . 
 
 Tosllo of ino rels ( 1 86 1 ), } in proportion < 
 . ScuilollSIS), I 2,1-4, 1. 10, |.20ln|miiioi 
 
 priiportion 
 . Hulilc (1849), 40, 24, 20, 14, 111, 4 cojierVK in proportion 
 Rbpvblics Thp dollar and its sulKllvisions vary much in weUht and fineness; 
 iirofehsediv they are mostly issued acconlnig to the Spanish monetary 
 laws, iiut few of them possess their noinin.il value. 
 . I'ijster or peso (179.1) ...... 
 
 „ (1840) ...... 
 
 „ (18491, A in proportion . . . . 
 
 Pesetaof4reales(1848). . . . . . 
 
 16 91 
 2.3 13 
 
 M 
 
 23 201 
 
 13 15 
 
 6 19 
 
 6 19 
 
 3 9 
 
 11 21 
 
 ;g 23 
 
 S 21a 
 16} 
 
 14 7 
 
 8 II 
 
 23 20 
 
 23 19" 
 
 1« 7 
 
 11 21 
 
 S 8 
 
 18 I 
 
 S 84 
 
 8 0{ 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 13 10 
 
 7 
 14 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 O 21 
 O 10 
 
 16 1 
 
 17 16 
 
 12 
 
 ? 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 17 16 
 
 S 141 
 17 91 
 
 9 9{ 
 
 8 0] 
 
 3 4l 
 
 I 14] 
 
 17 9| 
 
 ii; 2ii 
 
 16 169 
 
 3 8i 
 
 Legal 
 Fineness 
 
 ozs. dwts. 
 W. I 2 
 W. l.3| 
 W. I 2 
 W. 6 
 W. 6 
 W. 6 
 W. 4 2 
 W. 4 17 
 
 W. O 2 
 H. 141 
 W. O 12 
 W. O 12 
 W. O 6 
 W. 6 
 W. 6 
 W. 6 
 W. O 6 
 W. O 6 
 
 Value in 
 Sterling 
 
 Standaid 
 
 W.O 2 
 
 Standard 
 W. O 6 
 B. 
 B. 
 W. 3 
 W. 3 
 W. 3 
 
 w. 
 
 W. 1 
 W. I 
 
 n. o 
 W.O 
 
 rv. 2i 
 
 W. 61 
 
 W. 6 
 
 W. 2 
 
 W. 2 
 
 W. 2 
 
 W. 2 
 W. 
 
 W. 13| 
 
 W. 1 41 
 
 W. i. 6 
 
 W. 6 
 
 \V. 6 
 
 <. <l. 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 7t 
 
 4 2 
 
 3 111 
 
 2 111 
 
 2 
 
 81 
 
 l| 
 
 W. t 2 
 
 1 
 
 *i 
 
 W. 6 12 
 
 U 
 
 u| 
 
 %V. 2 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 H. 141 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 W. « 
 
 b 
 
 (1 
 
 W.O 6 
 
 6 
 
 (1 
 
 W. 2 2 
 
 3 
 
 <l 
 
 W. 6 
 
 2 
 
 ll{ 
 
 W. 3 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 W. 4 17 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 W. B 12 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 W. 8 9 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 W. g 9 
 
 
 
 u» 
 
 W. 1 « 
 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 W. 3 2 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 W. 7 7 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 W. 8 7 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 •Jill 
 
 3 7 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 ^ 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 151 
 
 4 3 
 4 2| 
 
 lU 
 
 ' . I. '■ • 
 
 ,1 .. 
 
 t; 
 
 ».- 
 
888 
 
 
 ',■ 
 
 U < 
 
 I 
 
 COINS 
 VII. Table showing the Legal Weight i^c, of Silver Grins — continued. 
 
 . 
 
 Coiiu 
 
 I-egal 
 
 Lefal 
 
 Value In 
 
 
 Weluht 
 
 FIninw 
 
 Kurllnii 
 
 
 
 dn. ftn. 
 1 IB 
 
 on> dwu. 
 
 1. if. 
 
 SfAlN (eonlinutU) • 
 
 . Media imetaor^reala (I860) . . . . . 
 Be«l(lSs8) ... - . . . 
 
 W. 6 
 
 .'. 
 
 
 m 
 
 \V. 6 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 . Klkidaler>pFri«i(18lv) - . . . . . 
 
 12 6 
 
 W. 'i 'i 
 
 4 8 
 
 
 Tiksniynt of IHO Sre (18f)0), 1-S, 1.4, 1-10 in Jiroporlion - 
 See Prancb anil Monetary Convention concluded in December 1865 
 
 5 11} 
 
 W. « » 
 
 I 11 
 
 SlVITZBRLAND 
 
 
 
 
 
 between Switzkr[.ami, Itai.v, Fhasck, and Bbi/jium. 
 
 
 
 
 TlIHKKV - 
 
 . m iiiaiters piece 1 184A), 10, i, 'i, 1 In proportion ... 
 . Dollar (IX.'iV) ....... 
 
 IS Hi 
 
 17 4} 
 
 W. 1 «! 
 
 3 7 
 
 IJKirE" Statu 
 
 W. r. 
 
 4 .1 
 
 
 idollar, SO cents |t8'>8) ...... 
 
 8 n 
 
 W. 6 
 
 'i (1 
 
 
 i dollar, SScenta (1861) ...... 
 
 l-10doltar,dlme(lxw)l ...... 
 
 l-itU dollar, (dime (I860) . . . . . 
 
 4 
 
 W. 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 141 
 
 191 
 
 W. 1) 6 
 
 " <; 
 
 
 W. fi 
 
 t\ 
 
 Monetary Convention. — The following is a trans- 
 lation of the Monetary Convention recently con- 
 c'lmlcil between France, Belgium, Italy, and 
 Switxcrland : — 
 
 VreamliU: — His Majesty the King of the Bel- 
 <;iiiiis, his Majesty the Emperor of the French, 
 his Majesty tlic Kinj; of Italy, anil the Swiss 
 (.'onffleratioii, being ctiually desirous of estab- 
 lisliiiig !i more complete harmony between their 
 monetary legislation, to remedy the inconveniences 
 which jiress upon the communications and trans- 
 actions between the inhabitants of their respec- 
 tive states in consequence of the diverse values 
 of their coined moneys, and to contribute by the 
 formation of a Monetary Union to the progress 
 of uniformity in weights, measures, and currency, 
 have resolved to conclude a convention to that 
 ellcct, aud ha"' agreed upon the following arti- 
 cles : — 
 
 Art. 1. Belgium, France, italj', and Switzerland 
 are constituted a Union as resjiccts the weiglits, 
 values, form, and currency of tlieir respective 
 coinages ill gidd and silver. Xo change is made at 
 present in tlie legislation relating to the copper 
 money of each of \he states. 
 
 Art. '!. The high contracting parties engage not 
 to coin, nor allow to be coined, bearing their im- 
 jiressions and designs, any gold moneys in any 
 otlior forms than those of go'ld pieces of 100 francs, 
 60 frs., 21) frs., 10 frs., and 5 frs., fixed as to weight, 
 value, allowance for loss and diameter as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 ! Nature 
 
 of 
 
 pieces 
 
 francs 
 UK) 
 
 a) 
 
 10 
 
 Tliev 
 
 Full weight 
 
 1 ,6 1 '^-DO 
 
 shall 
 
 Allow. 
 
 ancp in ' 
 
 weiKhc at Standard 
 home and 
 
 abroad 
 
 1000th 
 parts 
 
 1 1 
 
 lOOOlh 
 parts 
 
 Allow 
 ancefrom 
 Standard 
 
 lOOOth 
 parts 
 
 milli- 
 metres 
 
 f ^ 
 
 \ Vl 
 
 I '» 
 
 I 17 
 
 receive without distinction into 
 their )mblic treasuries gold pieces coined accord- 
 ing to the foicgoing conditions in one or other 
 of the four states, with the reservation, never- 
 theless, of excluding all coins whose weight shall 
 have been reduced by wear to the extent of i 
 per eem. below the allowances mentioned above, 
 oi- where the stamped impressions shall have 
 buconie elfaccd. 
 
 Art. It. The coiitractiiigtioverninents bind them- 
 selves not to make, nor allow to be made, silver 
 pieces of 5 francs except according to the con- 
 ditions of weight, standard, allowance, and dia- 
 meter fixed as follows : — 
 
 Full welKht .Allowance Full Standard Allowance Diameter 
 W grammes J,^ 9^ _«_ „ millimetre. 
 
 lOUO 
 
 They shall mutually receive the said coined 
 pieces into their piil)lic treasuries, with the right i>f 
 excluding those which shall have lost weight by 
 
 wear to a greater extent than 1 per cent, below 
 the allowance above mentioned, or where the 
 stamped impression shall have become effaced. 
 
 Art. 4. Tlie high contracting parties henceforth 
 shall not manufacture silver pieces of 2 frs., I fr.. 
 50 centimes, and 20 centimes, except according to 
 the conditions of weight, standard, allowance, 
 and diameter as follows : — 
 
 Description 
 
 Full welRht 
 
 Allowance 
 in weight 
 
 Full 
 standard 
 
 Allow, 
 anre 
 
 DlametiT 
 
 francs 
 i 
 
 O'iO 
 n-ia 
 
 Krammes 
 
 'S } 
 
 1 
 
 1 000th 
 parts 
 
 10 1 
 
 lOOOlll 
 parts 
 
 835 
 
 lOOOth 
 parts 
 
 3 
 
 mlllimilresi 
 1 in 
 
 These pieces shall be recast by the Governments 
 that issued th.».i when they shall have become 
 reduced by wear to the extent of 5 per cent, 
 below the above-mentioned allowance, or when 
 their stamjicd impressions shall have become 
 effaced. 
 
 Art 5. The silver pieces of 2 frs., of 1 fr., of 50 
 centimes, and of 20 centimes manufactured otlier- 
 wisc than according to iho various conditions 
 specitied in the foregoing article shall be witli- 
 drawn from circulation before January 1, 1809. 
 This period is extended until January 1, 187«, 
 in respect of pieces of 2 frs. and 1 fr. issued in 
 Switzerland by virtue of the law of Jaiiuarv .'il, 
 18(30. 
 
 Art. 6. Silver pieces manufactured according to 
 the conditions of Art. 4 shall have legal currency 
 among private individuals in the state which has 
 manufactured them to the extent of 50 frs. in a 
 single pajTnent. The state which has issued them 
 shall receive them from its own countrymen with- 
 out any limit of quantity. 
 
 Art. 7. The public treasuries of each of the four 
 countries shall accept silver moneys coined by 
 one or several cf the other contraciiug states iii 
 conformity with Art. 4 to the extent of 100 
 frs. in each single paj-mcnt to such mentioned 
 treasuricv. 
 
 The Governments of Belgium, France, and 
 Kaly shall receive upon the same terms until 
 Januarj' 1, 1878, the Swiss pieces of 2 frs. and | 
 1 fr. issued by virtue of the law of January 
 31, 1860, and Avhieh are assimilated in all respects 
 during the same period to pieces rr.::'.;'.'factured 
 in accordance with the conditions of Art. 4 The 
 reservation in respect of wear mentioned in Art. 4 
 applies in all cases. 
 
 Art. 8. Each of the contracting Governinontjt 
 undertakes to receive back from indiviiiiials or 
 from the public treasuries of the other states the 
 old coinage which it has issued, and to exchange it 
 for an equal value in current coin (gold pieces or 5 
 fr. pieces in silver) upon condition that the .sura 
 presented for exchange shall not be less tlian 100 
 frs. Tliis obligation .shall be prolonged for a 
 period of 2 years from the date of the expiration 
 of the present treaty. 
 
 ^ Art. 9. Has 
 be issued by e 
 populations. 
 
 Art. 10. Th 
 
 stamped upon 
 
 any of the foui 
 
 , Art. 11. Has 
 
 between the sti 
 
 . Art. 12. The 
 
 tioii is reservet 
 
 accept its oblig 
 
 nionetarj- systei 
 
 to gold and sih 
 
 Art. 13. Has 
 
 constitutional h 
 
 io the executior 
 
 Art. 14. The \ 
 
 force until Janu 
 
 tliat date notice 
 
 been given, it slu 
 
 for a further per 
 
 iier for further p 
 
 of notice. 
 
 Art. 15. Relate 
 vcntion made in 
 18(i,5. 
 
 Notes to the Tc 
 trinsic value of 
 above tables ma 
 accuracy, as in s 
 standards are not 
 
 VIII. Gold Coins 
 Principal 
 England, 
 each other 
 
 *«* The publishers of 
 (rumalij appeared. 
 
 ArsmiAl* 
 I Dominions 
 
 Bataria 
 
 Bu». 
 BarKswiCK 
 
 (llLOOM 
 ItkNMAHK 
 
 E.VOLAND 
 
 FSAKCI 
 
 Fa»»Kiro«T OK 
 
 UlXBVA 
 
 (iFSOA 
 
 Hamhi;rq 
 Ianovsr 
 
 holijind 
 SIaita 
 
 MtLAN. 
 
 .N'An.Es 
 
 \ Sourei 
 
 •/ DoubN 
 
 Ducat 
 
 - Carolii 
 Maid 
 Ducat 
 
 * Ducat 
 Fistolt. 
 
 - Pistole 
 Ducat 
 
 . Ducat 
 " Ducat 
 Ducat 
 Christ 
 - (Juine 
 iKUin 
 "». pie 
 Sover. 
 
 ■ Doubl 
 louis 
 poubl 
 Louis 
 Doubl 
 Nnpo 
 New I 
 
 THR M 
 
 - Pistol 
 Pistol 
 
 ■ Sequi 
 ihicatr 
 Orori 
 Ihlcag 
 "old f 
 Douhl 
 KydeJ 
 Ducaf 
 Doubl 
 l.ouis£ 
 Demil 
 
 - Sequif 
 DoiinB 
 40 liff 
 1^ dud 
 2ui 
 3du,| 
 
 K, „T^'''"nlon Assatsl 
 
 «amln«l,heTableiinL 
 «.",; and that all thl 
 (-mliK, pubiishi'd in isl 
 
COINS 
 
 889 
 
 Art. 9. Has reference to the number of coins to 
 be issued by each state according to the reapective 
 populntionsi. 
 
 Art. 10. The date of coinage shall hereafter be 
 stamped upon pieces of gold and silver struck in 
 any of the four states. 
 
 Art. 11. Has reference to mutual communications 
 between the states as to their issue of coins &c. 
 
 Art. 12. The right of acceding to this conven- 
 tion is reserved to any other state which shall 
 accefit its obligations, and which shall adopt the 
 monetary system of the Union iu whatever relates 
 to gold and silver specie. 
 
 Art. 13. Has reference to the application of the 
 constitutional laws in the four states with respect 
 to the execution of this treaty. 
 
 Art. 14. The present convennon shall remain in 
 force until January 1, 1880. If one year prior to 
 tlint date notice to determine it shall not have 
 boon given, it shall remain obligatory in full force 
 for a further period of 15 years, and in like man- 
 ner for further periods of 15 years in the absence 
 of notice. 
 
 Art. 15. Relates to the ratification of this con- 
 vention made in four parts at Paris December 23, 
 1805. 
 
 Notes to the Tables of Foreign Coiiu,— The in- 
 trinsic value of many coins enumerated in the 
 above tables may not be stated with periect 
 accuracy, as in some countries the legal mint 
 standards arc not strictly adhered to; but those to 
 
 whom a knowledge of the exact value of gold and 
 silver coins is more particularly essential are not 
 likely to be misled by it. 
 
 The statements (reports) of the purity of gold 
 and silver coins bv English assayers arc made in 
 comparison with tte ti.xcd English standards, and 
 the comparative difference is called the'it betterwss 
 or worseness, as the case may be. 
 
 Itettemess means better than standard, and is 
 expressed by the letter R ; wuriieiiess means 
 worse than standard, and is cxprcnsod by tlic 
 letter W. Thus for a gold coin, IJ 1. 2 incaiis 
 
 1 carat and 2 carat grains better than standard 
 gold, and conseciuentiy contains 23 carats and 
 
 2 carat grains of pure gold and 2 carat grains of 
 alloy. 
 
 For a silver coin, W 2. 2 means that it is 2 oz. 
 2 dwts, worse than standard silver, and conse- 
 quently contains only oz. of pare silver and 3 
 oz. of alloy. 
 
 The fineness of gold and silver coin in France 
 is expressed in milliimes or thousandth parts : 
 thus a gold or silver coin of ^j^ line means 
 that it contains 950 parts of pure gold or silver 
 and 50 parts of alloy. 
 
 Xos. VIII. and IX. — As they contain much 
 curious and useful information, we reprint the 
 tables of the gold and silver coins of different 
 countries from Dr. Kelly's Cambist, that ap- 
 peared in previous editions of the Commercial 
 ', Dictionary. 
 
 
 .!,« V i .,./ 
 
 ■ 
 
 VIII. Gold Coins of different Countries. — Table containing the Assays, Weights^ and Values of the 
 Principal Gold Coins of all Countries, computed according to the Mint Price of Gold in 
 England, andfrjm Assays made both at London and Paris, which have been found to verify 
 each other,* 
 
 *^* The publishers of Ihit work purchased the right (o publish th: Table from Dr. Kelly, in the second edition of whose Cambist it 
 cTiKinaliy appeaml. 
 
 Coins 
 
 ArsrniAN \ Souveraln .... 
 
 I Dominions *! Double ducat .... 
 Ducat Kreinnitz, or Hur<nirian 
 Bataria - Carolin . - - 
 
 Max d'Or, or Maximilian ... 
 Ducat - . . . . 
 
 Bern- - Ducat (double &c. in proportion) 
 
 Pisiole ..... 
 Uhinswick - Pistole (double in proportion) 
 
 Ducat ..... 
 (.OI.O0N K - I>ucat - - . - . 
 
 UkNXARK • Ducat current .... 
 Ducat specie . - - . 
 
 Christian d'Or . - - . 
 
 EsuLAND - <iuinea - - . . - 
 
 I KUinea - . - . . 
 
 71. piece - - - - - 
 
 Sovereitm . - . - 
 
 FlA^Cl - Double Louis (coined before nSG) . 
 
 I Ix)uiA - . - - - 
 
 ' Double I^uis (coined since 178G) 
 
 I Louis ..... 
 
 I Doulile Napoleon, or piece of 40 francs 
 
 Napoleon, or piece of UO francs 
 New Ix}uis (double &c.) the same as the Napoleon. 
 Frankvort on thr Mainr Ducat .... 
 Ubsha - Pistolu, old - . - . 
 
 I'istole, new .... 
 
 TiRNOA - Hequin - - - - _ 
 
 tiAHHuiin . Ducat (double in proportion) 
 MA^yvKR - (iforge d'or - - . _ 
 
 Ducat . - - - . 
 
 Gold florin (double in proportion) - 
 HoLUND - I>oubIe ryder . . - _ 
 
 1 Kyder . - - . - 
 
 Ducat - - . . . 
 
 Malta ■ Double Louis - . . • 
 
 Ixiuisi ..... 
 Demi Louis .... 
 
 I Milan- - Sequin ..... 
 
 Dojipia or pistole .... 
 I 40 lire piece of 1 SOS 
 
 Naples ■ ti ducat piece of 1783 ... 
 
 I i u>icat piere. or sequin, of 176'^ 
 
 3duv'at piece, or oncetta, of 1818 . 
 
 Assaj 
 
 _ 
 
 Weight 
 
 "1 
 
 Standard 
 Weight 
 
 Contents 
 in Vure 
 Gold 
 
 Value hi 
 Sterling , 
 
 lar. gr 
 
 dwt. Hr. 
 
 dwt. ijr. m. 
 
 fJ-G 
 
 <. d 
 
 W. 01 
 
 3 14 
 
 3 13 15 
 
 13 lii'n 
 
 u. 1 -4 
 
 4 Vi 
 
 4 20 5 
 
 106-4 
 
 '5 9 97 
 
 U. 1 3 
 
 6 Sj 
 
 2 111 3 
 
 53'3 
 
 9 5-91 
 
 W. S K 
 
 5 5 10 
 
 115' 
 
 20 4-23 
 
 W. 3 S 
 
 
 4 4 
 
 3 14 
 
 77- 
 
 13 7-44 
 
 B. I U 
 
 
 i .'.1 
 
 2 l» 11 
 
 52-8 
 
 9 412 
 
 U. 1 1 
 
 
 1 5!3 
 
 2 2 1 
 
 45-9 
 
 8 1-4S 
 
 W.O 1 
 
 
 4 'il 
 
 4 1» 
 
 105-5 
 
 18 7-S6 
 
 W. I 
 
 
 4 till 
 
 4 I'J 5 
 
 11 15- 7 
 
 IS 8-48 
 
 B. 1 
 
 
 !i .'.} 
 
 2 H 9 
 
 51-8 
 
 9 2- 
 
 B. 1 •/ 
 
 a sj 
 
 2 9 3 
 
 52-6 
 
 9 3-70 
 
 W. 3i 
 
 « 
 
 1 81 19 
 
 42-2 
 
 7 5-(i2 
 
 B. 1 -i 
 
 » 5| 
 
 2 9 S 
 
 52-li 
 
 9 3-70 
 
 W.O 1 
 
 4 1 
 
 4 5 IB 
 
 93-3 
 
 16 6-11 
 
 Standard 
 
 S 9» 
 a 16j 
 
 5 9 10 
 
 118-r 
 
 21 0- 
 
 Standard 
 
 2 Ifi 15 
 
 59-3 
 
 10 6- 
 
 Standard 
 
 1 I'J 
 
 1 IB 
 
 39-6 
 
 7 0- 
 
 Standard 
 
 .'. 31 
 
 5 3 5 
 
 11,11 
 
 20 (1- 
 
 W. 'i 
 
 10 11 
 
 10 5 6 
 
 224-9 
 
 39 961 
 
 W.O K 
 
 .S 51 
 
 A 2 '.'J 
 
 112-4 
 
 10 10-71 
 
 W.O U 
 
 9 20 
 
 9 1.'. 19 
 
 212-6 
 
 37 7-53 
 
 W.O 1 
 
 4 22 
 
 4 19 19 
 
 lUO-3 
 
 18 9-75 
 
 W.O 1 
 
 8 7 
 
 S 3 
 
 17U- 
 
 31 S-.16 
 
 W.O ij 
 
 4 34 
 
 4 1 10 
 
 89-7 
 
 15 10-5 
 
 B. 1 2J 
 
 2 .', 
 
 
 2 9 14 
 
 52-9 
 
 9 4--I 
 
 W.O r 
 
 4 7 
 
 
 4 4 IS 
 
 92-5 
 
 lli 4- 15 
 
 W. 
 
 
 3 l.'i 
 2 5 
 
 
 3 15 4 
 
 (ill- 
 
 14 1-U 
 
 B. 1 3 
 
 
 
 2 10 6 
 
 63-4 
 
 ■> 5-11 
 
 B I a 
 
 
 2 5 
 
 
 2 9 14 
 
 52-9 
 
 9 4-.-5 
 
 W. 1 
 
 
 4 C 
 
 
 4 5 3 
 
 92'(i 
 
 16 4-Cli 
 
 B. 1 3 
 
 
 S i 
 
 1 
 
 2 10 3 
 
 43-3 
 
 9 5-19 
 
 ' W. 3 ( 
 
 
 2 2 
 
 I 18 6 
 
 39- 
 
 6 1083 
 
 Standartt 
 
 12 21 
 
 12 21 
 
 283-2 
 
 50 llii 
 
 1 Standard 
 
 6 S 
 
 6 9 
 
 140-2 
 
 24 9-75 
 
 B. I iJ 
 
 2 51 
 
 2 9 12 
 
 52-8 
 
 9 4-13 
 
 W. 1 3} 
 
 10 16 
 
 9 18 IH 
 
 215-3 
 
 38 1-25 
 
 W. I 3 
 
 6 S 
 
 4 21 16 
 
 108- 
 
 19 1-37 
 
 W. 1 lij 
 
 2 16 
 
 2 U 3 
 
 54-5 
 
 9 7-75 
 
 B. 1 3 
 
 2 5} 
 
 2 10 
 
 ,13-2 
 
 9 4-98 
 
 W.O 1 
 
 4 l{ 
 
 4 8 
 
 SS-4 
 
 15 7-74 
 
 W.O IJ 
 
 8 8 
 
 8 4 
 
 179-? 
 
 31 U-fil 
 
 ; w.osf 
 
 5 IR 
 
 5 12 IS 
 
 121 "J 
 
 21 6-S9 
 
 W. 1 4 
 
 1 201 
 
 1 16 6 
 
 37-4 
 
 6 7-12 
 
 B. 1 ; 
 
 I 
 
 2 10 
 
 I 
 
 2 15 1 
 
 58-1 
 
 10 3-40 
 
 * The London Assays in this Table were made by Robert Bingley, Ksq. F.R.S., the King's Assay Master of the Mint, and those at Paris 
 b; Pierre KrM^ric HonneviU«, Essayer du ( 'ummerce, as published in his elaborate work on the Coins of all .Nations. 
 
 Sjiecimens of all the foreign coins broiiuht to London for commercial pur|K)St>% have been Kupplietl for th s Table from the IluUion Oflire, 
 Itsnk of England, by order n' the Bank Directors, and have been Rclwieil by John Humble, >..sq. , the chief clerk of that otiice. who ai.Mi 
 eumined the Tables in their progress. It may likewise be added, that the Mint llcjiorts of these conmiercial coins are chietly from uveniKe 
 assavii; and that all the coaputations have been corufully verified by ditlercnt caiculatorii._lNote by Dr. Kelly to second edition of Ibi: 
 (.jmliij(,publihhvdinl82l.} 
 
 z2 
 
 t . 
 
 /I 
 
RAKnunA 
 
 1 SiXOKl 
 
 Smsw - 
 
 1 swiTxmt.*'"' - 
 I Tbevm 
 
 I Tl'tCAKT 
 
 UnITKO STATllt 
 I VBNlfll 
 I WIHTBJIBIM - 
 
 Eau Iwiurt 
 
 "'•"" ,79T - - • I 
 
 S^WJnc*^ j't8S ,i-*c. in p-r^'on) 
 
 ' Sequin I) in P'oi"''. rrgl (I «•<:. In proportion) 
 
 ■ S. of lil.H™;j*»„,.fcc. in proportion) - 
 
 niA rruuiao 01 ♦i"' "*• _ ■ 
 
 S£iTAlo^"?h^.>inco,.n>«.17.«. 
 . Ducat of lUt ■ . - ■ 
 
 Frederick (MnjW«f'~J^,. 
 Reauin (coined ilnce >70uj 
 
 . Duc«rfl796 • . . - 
 
 I»..r«t of 176' • . - - 
 
 Gold ruble of 17S6 ... 
 
 l)lltoofl7S9 - 
 Gold w>ltln of 1777 
 
 &;^:'ai«i : : : 
 
 •s-isfigL- ■- '■ - 
 
 Aupittu.of 1754 ; 
 
 Angu.tu.rfl7H« . . - 
 
 . Ounceof 1751 •., . ■ t.,^. 
 
 5?'trj:?rf'l77 "(double ma rinRle in proportion) 
 
 fe.'^lddoU«.or.ln.emoflSOl - 
 ?S5"eof'.b.H.l«tlc Republic oflSOO -^ 
 
 iSJJln fondudi ofComUnUnople ot_l773 - 
 l^uinfonducl ofi.SJ _ 
 
 rSlKlerllltlS • . . - 
 
 Sequin fonducll - . . - 
 
 Yermeebe*lek - 
 
 I" 
 Bei 
 
 ZecchinootKquln ^Etruria- 
 
 Carolln - " . - " 
 
 gral (double «.d-i ducal In pro,.ortlon) 
 
 Mohurofl770 ,1 ,„ proportion) - 
 
 Mohut.idltlollWlL . 
 Rupee, Bombajl »'JI, 
 RSpeeofMadtasCimm 
 Pairoda, itar 
 
 9 5-71 
 
 1 
 
 .13 0-7« 
 
 1 
 
 16 7'6l 
 
 1 
 
 50 l-OI 
 
 1 
 
 yt 5-50 
 
 1 
 
 17 O-.W 
 
 1 
 
 S9 !•:» 
 
 1 
 
 19 «-4i 1 
 
 7 4-77 
 
 ' 
 
 .^ tA ftom S46 V- ru" P"'? '" 
 -i.S4do..,87c«.U^Jl%'|.edlnth«n. _ _ . .__ . 
 
 -ind hince. as *e eagle ».n.;:M,-^-^ ^^ .«. k,„ ,o.. .. 
 
 IX. Sat)er CbtM0/d.fferm .^^^^^^^^^^^^ j 
 
 t'nncival Stiver Loins oj u» „ ^ JHtn«». . ; T 
 
 ■!lSi^efro«''«*J^^l^!!!^!l!!!— f^ . . ICon.«n..| value ml 
 
 I AuixaiA 
 
 ■ *:-■ 
 
 *cS.',^SVo"7!rUt«rpie« -. 
 '„'aK:"op"«-kreut«r piece -, 
 
 : RilSlf. of l«00«'»'"r""*' ■ '.^^ca 
 
 .^sl«^.^^v.re-■''»«'^"■"''"'^''"" 
 
 Pieoeof in batten 
 
 .Pleceof4Bt, 3te.- 
 
 .Rlidollar.Coiiwo'w 
 
 iriidollar „„Vj Ane.ofl'6k - 
 IiulJen,orpleceofl.hne.oi 
 
 Gulden, common, on -b» 
 
 Gulden, ditto, of 1. as 
 
 Gulden, ditto, oi i.^j ,..., 
 »p.lden.oi piece ofj. of 1764 
 
 Miulaler, specie, of I. J» - 
 
 Ekolan* 
 
 F«Aiica 
 
 F«ANK>OaT.* 
 
 Gbniva 
 
 Okmoa * 
 IlAMBuao 
 
 Habovb* 
 
 Hbsu Cauu 
 
 II0M.AHD 
 
 LUBBO . 
 
 Lucca - 
 Malta 
 
 MlLAH ■ 
 
 MODBNA 
 
 NArLia 
 
 Nbthbrlamdi 
 
 'Parma 
 Poland 
 
 FonTUUAL 
 
 Htaaoiiar, ^y^"-t - 
 
 FORTITOlIBaK Co* 
 1.0MIU 
 
 • Crown 
 Halfrr 
 Khlllini 
 super. 
 4)rnwn 
 Half CI 
 hhilllni 
 Sixt>en 
 > I'iece f 
 Piece c 
 Franc 
 Demi*! 
 
 - rataf{< 
 FitHe 
 
 - Sm'SA 
 
 - Hixdol 
 Doiilili 
 
 porti 
 Pit'L-e . 
 Piece* 
 
 - Klxilo! 
 Florin 
 A ttoxU 
 }. or V 
 Flotin 
 
 • Hixilo 
 Florin 
 Thnl**! 
 K( u. < 
 Hon g 
 
 - Ducat 
 Piece 
 KUdo 
 ArlKdi 
 Florin 
 \'i Htl 
 Florin 
 Kixdo 
 
 - Klxdo 
 Doubl 
 M.irk 
 
 • ^^■udo 
 Itirbo 
 
 - Ouncf 
 2 Tar 
 
 • ^^•lulo 
 Lira, 
 Ltrati 
 Siudc 
 Pieie 
 
 > Scudt 
 Sciitl< 
 Scudt 
 
 ■ Ducal 
 Piwe 
 Ditto 
 Ditto 
 Ditto 
 
 . (Kiwi 
 .') Stii 
 Florii 
 A flori 
 
 - Uuca 
 Ditto 
 Piece 
 
 - Hixdi 
 Ditto, 
 I luni 
 
 - New 
 Ditto 
 Dkio 
 Do/e 
 Teste 
 New 
 Seis' 
 TtM( 
 Trefc 
 Halt 
 
 Plecf 
 Ditto 
 Ditto 
 
 • By one of the articlei 
 .naile either in Pru«ian 
 eiaclly ofthiK value; hu 
 nominally reckoneil to be 
 
 'Ihelermlil ic«l»lenfi 
 minie«l or valueti in W u 
 Janl.theTalueof thi* n" 
 rniliW obtained ; att reck 
 tlorins of Austria, and ;\)s 
 
 • In order, therefore, t< 
 ttiin was enteretl into on 
 •JinitUi be adoiitfd for the 
 fnnii the mark's weiKht o 
 
 'Uavarta, WlrteinlierB 
 or ()re|iaiin({ to do thi^ sai 
 of rommerce of thin free 
 ^Ullll«tutschcr WHhrunnl 
 Meisn. Johnson and C>u 
 which the value, at 6l>il> 
 for lO/.bterlinK. 
 
 • 1 have l«en thus parti 
 viih Frankfort was inaih 
 tiatimis, but more panic 
 euUlenfuM. This i* n jki 
 Iwve been only IIS Horin 
 ei.t<tlnl Kj jHT rent. ; n 
 nnd with nearW curreKim 
 TiUt, Biq.t AtUhor nf * 'i 
 
 VaJkf t{S:le. « l'^ l^^^f^'^ H^Utdn (pi^C of 
 
COINS 
 IX. Silver Coins of different Countries — continued. 
 
 341 
 
 Coini 
 
 Assay 
 
 Welxht 
 
 Standard 
 Welijlil 
 
 ContenU 
 in Pure 
 
 Silver 
 
 Value in 
 SterlinK 
 
 
 
 oi.dwt. 
 
 dwt. sr. 
 
 dwt. f{r. mi. 
 
 (mins 
 
 479-7 
 
 «. 
 
 d. 
 
 Emolam* 
 
 • Crown (aid) ..... 
 
 Standard 
 
 19 HJ 
 
 9 i(;l 
 
 19 H 10 
 
 5 
 
 u- 
 
 
 Half crown ..... 
 
 Standard 
 
 9 16 ."> 
 
 al4'8 
 
 X 
 
 «• 
 
 
 Khllllnn ...... 
 
 Standard 
 
 3 ill 
 
 3 VI 
 
 85-9 
 
 I 
 
 0- 
 
 
 Siipn-.t-e ..... 
 
 Standard 
 
 1 nvt 
 
 18 4{ 
 
 1 !ta 10 
 
 4a-9 
 
 
 
 6- 
 
 
 <'ri>wn (nrt») ..... 
 
 Standard 
 
 18 4 7 
 
 4U.T6 
 
 4 
 
 H-3B 
 
 
 Haircrown ..... 
 
 Standard 
 
 9 t 
 
 9 H 4 
 
 ai)l'8 
 
 X 
 
 4-18 
 
 
 Khilllnn ... ... 
 
 Standard 
 
 3 l.iJ 
 1 19] 
 16 1 
 
 3 1.5 6 
 
 80-7 
 
 1) 
 
 11 -a? 
 
 
 H)x|)«nce ..... 
 
 Standard 
 
 1 19 14 
 
 MV 
 
 
 
 4-63 
 
 FaAHci 
 
 . Viece of ft fVanct ..... 
 
 H.I) 7 
 
 1.'. It 4 
 
 341-9 
 
 • 
 
 0-16 
 
 
 Pine of « fVuK> .... 
 
 W.O 7 
 
 6 11 
 
 6 6 <i 
 
 l,-!8-8 
 
 1 
 
 7 -.18 
 
 
 Franc ...... 
 
 W. 7 
 
 3 .^J 
 1 15 
 
 3 3 1 
 
 eu-4 
 
 
 
 9-li9 
 
 
 Demt.fVuic • . . . 
 
 W.U 8) 
 
 4 13 6 
 
 34-7 
 
 
 
 4-81 
 
 FliANKroitT.* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ubnbva 
 
 - Palanon ...... 
 
 W.I 
 
 17 9 
 
 15 11 R 
 
 351- 
 
 4 
 
 1-03 
 
 
 PI«ieori.'.iooiofl79l . . . . 
 
 W.U 6 
 
 •i u 
 
 1 15 1 
 
 36-1 
 
 II 
 
 5 04 
 
 (ImoA . 
 
 - See Sardinia. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IlAHBUU 
 
 ■ Riidollar, iiiecle ..... 
 Uoulile mark, or 32 KhllllnR piece (tingle In pro- 
 
 W. 10 
 
 18 IS 
 
 17 ai la 
 
 397-5 
 
 4 
 
 7-49 
 
 
 porilon) ..... 
 
 W.« 3 
 
 11 18 
 
 9 11 8 
 
 »in-3 
 
 2 
 
 4-36 
 
 
 Piece of Hichllilngt .... 
 
 W.3 li 
 
 3 8J 
 
 a R 4 
 
 .VI- 1 
 
 
 
 6-99 
 
 
 Piereor4lchiliin|l«. (See Art. HAMauKl.) - 
 
 W. 4 6 
 
 ■i K 
 
 1 6 la 
 
 a8-3 
 
 
 
 3-95 
 
 llAKOTSm 
 
 • Kiiilollar, Conililullm 
 
 W.U '.) 
 
 IH 19 
 
 18 Oil 
 
 4111 1-3 
 
 4 
 
 7-89 
 
 
 Florin, of piece of 1. tine .... 
 
 A llnrin , or piece of &. ditto . 
 
 1, or piece of 6 ^wMTKinachen, ditto ... 
 
 II. 16 
 
 8 10 
 
 9 II) 
 
 aiio-3 
 
 a 
 
 3-9li 
 
 
 II. IS 
 
 4 4 
 
 4 114 
 
 99-a 
 
 1 
 
 1-85 
 
 
 H. 16 
 
 •i 1 
 
 a 4 10 
 
 48-6 
 
 
 
 67S 
 
 
 Flotln^or pieceof 1, IhlH . - . . 
 - Kixdollnr, Convetittoa .... 
 
 W. -i 1 
 
 11 0] 
 18 l' 
 
 8 «3 IS 
 
 199-6 
 
 a 
 
 .3-87 
 
 Huu Cahu 
 
 W. 1 6 
 
 15 aa 6 
 
 353- 
 
 4 
 
 1-.19 
 
 
 Florin, or piece of j| In proportion) 
 Tliaier of i7K9 .' ' ' ."^ , 
 
 W. I 6 
 
 9 
 
 7 a3 3 
 
 176-8 
 
 a 
 
 068 
 
 
 W. 1) lOJ 
 
 la 7 
 
 11 17 5 
 
 a59-7 
 
 3 
 
 0-/6 
 
 
 Ecu, (.'onwndun |18IA) .... 
 
 W. 1 6 
 
 17 M 
 
 1.'. ai a 
 
 3193 
 
 4 
 
 0-77 
 
 
 lion (pros ..... 
 
 W. 6 14 
 
 1 4 
 
 Oil 5 
 
 10-3 
 
 
 
 1-43 
 
 IIOLIADD 
 
 ' liucatoon ..... 
 
 11. II 3 
 
 W Ti 
 
 «1 4 15 
 
 471-6 
 
 5 
 
 .5-85 
 
 
 Piece of .tflotint - . - _ . 
 
 W.O !! 
 
 21) 7 
 
 ao a la 
 
 416-4 
 
 5 
 
 a-.13 
 
 
 Hiidoilar (theaiu) Tarin) 
 
 \V. 16 
 
 18 6 
 
 111 au 8 
 
 .175-9 
 
 4 
 
 4-99 
 
 
 t riidollar . . . . . 
 
 W. 16 
 
 9 
 
 8 8 8 
 
 185-4 
 
 a 
 
 1-88 
 
 
 Florin or ipiiUler (tin proportion) - 
 
 W.O 4 
 
 fi 18 
 
 K 14 It 
 
 146-8 
 
 1 
 
 8-49 
 
 
 fi Stiver piece . . . - . 
 Florin of BataTia ..... 
 
 W. Ifi 
 
 W.O .'. 
 
 4 1'^ 
 
 4 3 18 
 
 9a- 1 
 
 1 
 
 O-'JO 
 
 
 6 13 
 
 6 9a 
 
 .111-6 
 
 1 
 
 7-77 
 
 
 Kiidoilar. or J<) itiTCT piei» 
 
 W.O S 
 
 17 
 
 16 13 18 
 
 .167-9 
 
 4 
 
 3-17 
 
 LUBBC • 
 
 - l<lidoiiar,it>ecie • . 
 Double mark ..... 
 
 W. 13 
 
 18 8 
 
 17 15 la 
 
 .191-9 
 
 4 
 
 6-7a 
 
 
 W '2 3 
 
 11 18 
 
 9 11 8 
 
 aio-3 
 
 a 
 
 4-36 
 
 
 M.lrk ...... 
 
 W 'i 3 
 
 i '41 
 
 4 17 14 
 
 105-1 
 
 1 
 
 a-67 
 
 Lt-CCA - 
 
 - Scudo ...... 
 
 W.O 3 
 
 17 
 
 16 18 10 
 
 .178-3 
 
 4 
 
 3-98 
 
 
 IV<rbone ...... 
 
 W. 3 3 
 
 1 sol 
 
 19 l) 
 
 1 7 II 
 
 a9-3 
 
 
 
 4 09 
 
 Malta 
 
 - < >uui.'e of .10 tart of Einmannel Pinto 
 
 W.'i i 
 
 15 4 14 
 
 3.17-4 
 
 3 
 
 11-11 
 
 
 'i Tarl piece ..... 
 
 W. t 19 
 
 1 •/ 
 
 19 a 
 
 17-7 
 
 
 
 2-11 
 
 Miun • 
 
 • Miido of 6 lire (i In proportion) 
 
 W.O 7 
 
 14 ai)j 
 
 14 9 to 
 
 319-6 
 
 3 
 
 8-6a 
 
 
 I'ira, new ...... 
 
 U.4 10 
 
 4 
 
 a 9 
 
 5a-8 
 
 
 
 7-37 
 
 
 Lira, old ...... 
 
 W.O 3 
 
 •i II) 
 
 a 9 4 
 
 .V.i-9 
 
 
 
 7-38 
 
 
 Srudo of the Cisalpine Reput)lic 
 
 Pine of 311 iioldio/ ditto . . . . 
 
 W.O 7 
 
 14 al) 
 
 14 10 4 
 
 sao-a 
 
 3 
 
 8-71 
 
 
 W. 2 IH 
 
 4 7 
 
 3 11 8 
 
 77-a 
 
 
 
 10-78 
 
 MODIMA 
 
 . Scudoof l.'i lire, I'M (double &c. in proportion) 
 
 M-. 14 
 
 18 li\ 
 
 17 8 9 
 
 3S5-a 
 
 4 
 
 5-78 
 
 
 SciidoofSilre.of 178« . - . 
 
 W 3 
 
 5 19 
 
 5 17 a 
 
 iaii-8 
 
 1 
 
 .5-70 
 
 
 Scudaefl7U6 . . . . . 
 
 W..T 3 
 
 18 1] 
 
 ia aa la 
 
 aH7- 1 
 
 3 
 
 4-13 
 
 Naplu 
 
 . Diicdt, new (& in proportion) . . . 
 Pineof IltCarliniof I'Ul . 
 
 W. I 
 
 14 1.'. 
 
 13 7 8 
 
 a95-4 
 
 3 
 
 4-24 
 
 
 W. 1 
 
 17 I-. 
 
 16 18 
 
 .%56- 
 
 4 
 
 1-71 
 
 
 l)iiloofl7»6 . . . . . 
 
 W. I « 
 
 17 10! 
 17 181 
 
 15 aa la 
 
 353-9 
 
 4 
 
 1-4.' 
 
 
 Ditto of iSO.5 (J in proportion) 
 
 Dittoof IllCarlini |lltl*l| . . . . 
 
 W. 1 5i 
 
 15 a3 18 
 
 355-a 
 
 4 
 
 l-(i() 
 
 
 w. 1 a 
 
 14 18 
 
 13 7 
 
 a95-i 
 
 3 
 
 5-ai) 
 
 NmmLAMiM 
 
 . t'town (l&c. in proportion) . . . 
 
 W. 1 1 
 
 19 
 
 17 19 4 
 
 39.)-a 
 
 4 
 
 7-18 ' 
 
 
 .^ Stiver piece . . 
 
 Florin onsie . . . . . 
 
 W.« 3 
 
 3 4 
 
 1 9 18 
 
 31-3 
 
 
 
 4-37 
 
 
 W.lt 71 
 W. 1 .')J 
 
 « ■ii 
 
 II 16 6 
 
 148-1 
 
 1 
 
 s-7a 
 
 
 A tlorin (wlttt divisions in proportion) 
 . llucat of 1784 - - 
 
 .■i II 
 
 3 9 a 
 
 75- 
 
 
 
 111-16 
 
 ■Parma 
 
 W.O 9 
 
 ir> 11 
 
 15 18 18 
 
 350-6 
 
 4 
 
 0-95 
 
 
 Ditto of 1796 (tin proportion) ... 
 
 W.O 5.J 
 
 16 1-4 
 
 Hi a 18 
 
 3,57-9 
 
 4 
 
 1-!I7 
 
 
 Piece of 3 lire ..... 
 
 W. 1 4 
 
 4 14 
 
 4 a a 
 
 911-7 
 
 1 
 
 0-66 
 
 Poland 
 
 - Iliidoilar, old ..... 
 
 W. 1 V 
 
 18 1 
 
 16 6 
 
 .lt;o-« 
 
 4 
 
 a-.i8 
 
 
 Dillo, new (1794) . .... 
 
 W. 'i 17 
 
 l.'i 101 
 
 11 II 6 
 
 a5i-3 
 
 a 
 
 ll-.-.l 
 
 
 1 liinn, or inilden ..... 
 
 W. 4 !i 
 
 6 
 
 3 18 16 
 
 84- 
 
 
 
 ii-7a 
 
 FORTUOAL 
 
 . New crasado (I69U) .... 
 
 W.O 4 
 
 11 
 
 10 19 
 
 2.-.9-a 
 
 a 
 
 9-10 
 
 
 Mtla(l7IS) ..... 
 
 \V. 1) m 
 
 9 N 
 
 9 1 
 
 »iM)-a 
 
 a 
 
 3-95 
 
 
 Ditto (17!).')) ..... 
 
 W.O 7 
 
 9 9 
 
 9 1 IS 
 
 -.illl'6 
 
 a 
 
 4-15 
 
 
 Dow vintems, or piece of 840 reca ( 1 799) 
 
 \V. 7 
 
 4 16 
 
 4 la 10 
 
 ltiO-4 
 
 1 
 
 a-iil 
 
 
 Te^toon(l799) ..... 
 
 W.O 7 
 
 i OJ 
 
 1 aa 18 
 
 4.-.- 1 
 
 
 
 6 -(16 
 
 
 New cruMdo ( ISO!)) .... 
 
 W.O 4 
 
 9 3 
 
 8 a3 
 
 I9s-a 
 
 a 
 
 4-67 
 
 
 Svis viotems, or pieceof 12U rees (lliU'2) 
 
 W. 9 
 
 « 4i 
 
 a a 8 
 
 46-6 
 
 
 
 e-.V) 
 
 
 TiMoon(18Ut4) ..... 
 Trm vintems, C-. piece of 60 reel (180'2) 
 
 W. 9 
 
 2 
 
 1 aa 
 
 4a 5 
 
 
 
 5-U3 
 
 
 W. 9 
 
 1 ti 
 
 1 1 4 
 
 ai-3 
 
 
 
 3-a5 
 
 
 Hail tKitoon (18J«) .... 
 
 W.U 9 
 
 •J OT 
 
 aa 
 
 au-i 
 
 
 
 2-84 
 
 1 roRTroi.-BsB C 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LONIM 
 
 • PlecenfS macutes, of Portuguese Africa 
 
 ■W.O 9 
 
 7 1* 
 
 7 4 14 
 
 159-8 
 
 1 
 
 10-31 
 
 
 Ditto of 'i ditto ..... 
 
 W. 9 
 
 4 13 
 
 5 7 la 
 
 118- 
 
 
 
 4-47 
 
 
 Ditto of 1 ditto ..... 
 
 W. 9 
 
 3 IB 
 
 3 la 8 
 
 78-1 
 
 I 
 
 10-90 
 
 * By oneofthearticlMflfthe ZnlWeretn, or Customs-Union of Germanv^it was stiptilated that the settlements tor the iluties should be 
 .naile either in Prussian dollars or in (lorins, at the rate of 7 titirins for 4 rruitsian dollars. ThiTe were, however, no florins in existence 
 eiaril; of this value; hut as the nearest appro-iih to it was a valuation called the *2l KuldenAiss. or florin-i'out, these Zullverein florins were 
 nominally reckonetl to be in this rate, thouKh the ditlvrence aniouiiis (c more than '2 per leiit. 
 
 ■ I he term 1% KutdenfuMi implies that the mark weight of tine silvtr is rated at 'ii gulden or florins. It was formed ly ffivinfc to the coins 
 minteil or valuetl in ^0 ttuldenfuhs an increohed value of one-liTth, as rating the W kreutzer piece at '.*4 kreutiers. At » Od. per ounce stan- 
 tlsnl. the value tif ihii mark of fine silver m worth 10«, 7.^. ^tt-rling, from which the value of the different (iet.-.an monetarv tnteKers is 
 rratliW obtained ; as reckoninu *.j7| mark* banco or 51 marks current of Hamburg, li dollars of I'ru .ia, Xl^ florins of South Germany, %0 
 tlurinsof .\ustria, and »1ho (id lire Ausiriacheof l^mbardy, to Iteof this amount. 
 
 * In order, therefore, to prevent the In-^s or inconvenience which would attend their adhering to this mode of valuation, a money conven- 
 licm VM entereil into on Auuust t5, iH17, amont; the States fnnninK the Union, by which it was afcreed upon that a new basis of valuation 
 vhnttld In- adopted fnr their cuius, under the term of SUddeutscher WtthruuK, or South German valuation, at the rate of *U^ gulden or florins 
 from the mark's weixht of fine silver. 
 
 ' llAvaria, U'irtenilwrtr. Baden, and Saxony have since issued tlieir coins at this rate, and the other States of the Confederation are doinf; 
 or lirepaiinK to do tbi- same. .'IninnK them Frankfort, in IHII), beuan the mintage uf coins of this value; and by a regulation of the Chamber 
 ofi'omraerce of this free city, all the rates of ex('lian|>e, as well as the values of bullion andforei;ni coins, were ordered to be expressed in this 
 .*>Ud()i-ut«cher U'tthruuKfrum the IwKinninK of this present year (lN4.'t). One of these new and very exactly-mintetl florins was assayed by 
 Meurs. slohnson and Cmk, of llntton tiarden, who reported it to be, full weiKbt, (i dwis. \\i\ grains, worse t> dwts., ^old under U grains ; froni 
 which the value, at 6tid. per ounce standard, is vtry exactly I'Jjti. sterling, making the pai of excliange with London litU| florins In S. D. W* 
 for lOf.bterling. 
 
 * 1 hate l«en thus particular in these explanations, partly because several persons imaffine that the late alteration in the rate of exchange 
 vith Frankfort was made in compliance with the wishes, or to suit the convenience, of one or more of our leading houses in exchange nego- 
 (iuinni, but more particul.irlv because it is tnaintainetl by many that the valuation of this rate is nut merely nominally, but really, in V4 
 Gulilcnfuu. This is .1 )K)int or tio small im)tortnnce to the commercial world, for had ■*. Iteen so, the p,-ir of exchange with London would 
 hnw Ixen only I IH florins for )U/. sterhng, and the difl'erence twtween this and the t ^ent price of si^jht hills on Frankfort would have 
 ei.t«(leil KJ |»er rent. ; a variation whu-h every practical cam)><st well knows cuuld no. exist, except und*tr very exttaortlinary circumstances, 
 xnd with nearly cuTresimnding ditlerences in the other rates of exchange: n«rUherof which causes is now iu oi>eraUon.*—i Lcff(rq/*H'i//iam 
 Tatt, Btq., AtUhor qf * The Cambist,' to Iht Tima.) 
 
 .' I- "■ 
 
 I 
 
 ■]• 
 
 
 I ; ■ 
 fi:!... 
 
 !\ 
 
 >i •• 
 
 - \ 
 
 s '• 
 
 ■.ri 
 
342 
 
 ic 
 
 COINS 
 IX. Silver Cobts of different Coun<rte«— continued. 
 
 Colnt 
 
 AtMy 
 
 Pm'MlA 
 
 Iloits 
 
 HuuiA 
 
 Saxpinia 
 Saionv 
 
 SiCIIA* - 
 
 Spain - 
 
 SwBnRN 
 SwlTZFRLANIl 
 
 TURKHV 
 
 TUSCANV 
 
 Unit«d Statu 
 
 V'ENicn 
 
 WlHTKMIIERa 
 
 East Inuirs 
 
 - * Rlxdollar. P^u^«ian currency (^ In proportiotil 
 Riidollarf Coni'f'ilit>n .... 
 Florin, or jilet-e of i( . « - • 
 Florin of hilvftlii . . • - . 
 DritU'l, fir inet'c ofH Kooti KroKhc" ... 
 l'let*e of ti uroschf n . . - - 
 
 - Scudo, or iTown (foinid Hlncc 17M) 
 
 Me/zo ifudo, or half-crown ... 
 
 Talonc(17H5) ..... 
 PaolollTHA) ..... 
 
 Grouo, or half paolo (I7S.^I ... 
 
 Hcmloof the lloman ltc|iublic |179'.l) 
 
 - Roubleof l*eter ll-e (ire.it .... 
 Diltoof Catherine I. (1 7'iA) 
 
 DiltooriVler II.(I7'<7| . ■ ■ ■ 
 
 Pino of Anne 1 17.141 .... 
 
 Ditto of t:iliabcth( I'M) .... 
 Dilloof Peter III. (Iili'^l - 
 DIILiof I'dtherlne II. (I7>n) 
 
 Uitloof Alelander .... 
 
 N.B. It wa» ordered by a iik.ise, dated July I, \Hy), 
 chat thlt coin should be the stamlard of value in Kiiuia. 
 It is diTided i.lto ItHl copecks ; and the other silver 
 coins are of the value of 75, rif), 'if), and Id coji«-kB 
 each. This same ukase enacts that I silver rouble 
 shall henceforth lie equal to 7>\ old pa)M>r roubles. I 
 
 . Since IHlfi the money of Sardinia has been Identical | 
 with that of France. The scudu of Uenc..=6 U. M 
 cents. 
 
 . Riidollar, Convention (^ and 1 In proportion) . | 
 
 I'iece of Ifi groschen of Ijellisic - . * i 
 
 Rixdoltar current of Saxe (TOtna . . - 
 
 1.6 thaUr of 181)1 - 
 
 Ditto of l«im . • . - • I 
 
 Dlttoof Jerome Ronaparte of ISoM • - . i 
 
 . Scmlo (^ in priipiirtion) - . - - I 
 
 Piece ot ingrains. - - - - 1 
 
 - t Dollar, of Lite coinafie .... 
 Halfdoll.ir, illtto ..... 
 Mexican iifi rta (1771) .... 
 Real of .M.Mran lilate (177')) 
 
 Peceta provincial of 'i reals of new plate (iTi .^) 
 Real of new iilate( 17113) - . - . 
 
 . Rlxdollardifi'i) . - . - . 
 
 Ditto of late coiinifce .... 
 
 - Kcu of II) hatzen of Lucerne (1796) • 
 
 Halfditto ..... 
 
 Florin^ or piece of 10 schillitiKs of Lucerne (171).l) 
 Kcu of 41) b.itzen of the Helvetic Republic, ITJH (J in 
 proimrtion) . . . . - 
 
 Ecu of 4 franken ..... 
 
 - tPia<lreof Selimof ISnl .... 
 Piaslreof Crim Tanary (I77S) 
 
 Piastre of Tunis (17»:) .... 
 Piastre (ISISl ..... 
 > Pleceof It) p.io:i of the kingdom of Etruria(l80l) 
 Scudo Pisa of ditto .... 
 
 Piece of 10 lire ditto .... 
 
 Lira ...-.- 
 Since 1S5." the weights and values of the American 
 silver coins have been as follows, \U.i — 
 
 DolLirof 10 dimes, weight 41 'i)gr. stall 
 
 Halfditto .5 „ im 
 
 Huarlerditlo 'i) „ 96 
 
 line 10 cents .18-10 
 
 N.B. The half and quarter dollars not lieing of full 
 weiitht, are merely a subsidiary curiency, and are legal 
 tender to the extent of only live dollars. 
 . Piece of K lire, or a I kreutiers ( 1 8U1I) . . | 
 
 Ditto, moneta provinciale - * - - j 
 
 Ditto of ii lire, 1801! (i and i in proportion) . 
 . Kixdollar, specie - * • 
 
 Copfatuck 
 
 • Rupee sicca, tolned by the East India Company at 
 
 Calcutta ..... 
 
 Company's or standard .... 
 
 Calcutw(lsi8l .... 
 
 Uamb.>y, new.or Surat (18IS) - 
 
 Panam, Cananore . . - . - 
 
 Rombay,old ..... 
 
 Pondicherry ..... 
 
 Ditto, flouble ..... 
 
 (iulden of the Kutcli East India Company (IS'iO) - 
 
 nx. dwt. 
 W. * !, 
 W. I .T 
 W. » 
 W. K 
 W. .T 
 W. 'i 
 W.O 
 W. 
 W.O 
 W. H 
 W.O 
 W.O 
 
 w a 
 
 W. X 
 
 w. n 
 
 W. I 
 W. 1 
 
 w. » 
 w. » 
 
 Weight 
 
 W. 16 
 
 W. I s 
 W. -4 t 
 W. 4 41 
 W. 4 1 1 
 W. 4 II) 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 •i 
 N 
 
 k 
 ■ 
 
 W. 
 W. I 
 W. I 
 
 W.O 
 W.O 
 W.O 
 W.O 
 
 w I aj 
 
 W. I 9J 
 
 w. n 
 
 W. 141 
 W. U .') 
 W. I !i 
 W. 1 4 
 
 W.O 6 
 
 W.O 7 
 W. .'. 6 
 W. 1.1 
 W. 6 .'.J 
 W. .', 14 
 W. I) 4 
 W.O 'i 
 H. o 7 
 11. 7 I 
 
 dwt gr. 
 
 14 KA 
 
 15 I 
 II « 
 
 9 II 
 S 8S 
 
 3 14 
 17 1 
 
 a lu 
 
 4 K 
 I 17. 
 
 n tin 
 
 17 I 
 in I 
 
 17 II, 
 IH Sl 
 
 Ifi 144 
 
 16 IV 
 I.) 10 
 1,'i lit 
 
 13 lie 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 94 
 
 IH 
 
 1 
 
 .T 
 
 II 
 
 ,1 
 
 54 
 
 .1 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 a 
 
 Ul 
 
 17 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 IH 
 
 4 
 
 Tl 
 
 •i 
 
 3| 
 
 3 
 
 IS 
 
 
 VI 
 
 18 
 
 W 
 
 
 17 
 
 ll 
 
 II 
 
 9 
 
 SO 
 
 4 
 
 fi 
 
 18 2.1 
 
 IK S.l 
 
 5 6 
 10 5 
 10 
 
 6 61 
 17 llj 
 17 I'i 
 ■ii 6 
 
 ■d 8 
 
 8tandard 
 Weight 
 
 Contents 
 
 In Pure 
 
 Silver 
 
 grains 
 
 dwt. gr, ml. 
 
 II U n 
 
 252-6 
 
 Ifi 4 It 
 
 3VJ' 
 
 S Vt H 
 
 I9N'I 
 
 7 16 
 
 I70'3 
 
 .1 SO 4 
 
 85-3 
 
 i 19 n 
 
 62-3 
 
 IK 17 1.1 
 
 .171-5 
 
 8 S 16 
 
 1857 
 
 4 V3 4 
 
 110-3 
 
 1 16 4 
 
 37-2 
 
 V<l 
 
 185 
 
 16 IS IS 
 
 .168' 1 
 
 14 1 H 
 
 3121 
 
 1.1 V.1 
 
 .1099 
 
 1.1 K3 4 
 
 310- 
 
 14 6 16 
 
 317-2 
 
 14 11 16 
 
 .121-8 
 
 It I'i 
 
 277-5 
 
 It 10 6 
 
 27.5-9 
 
 IX lit lit 
 
 2;8'I 
 
 16 3 4 
 
 358-2 
 
 7 It 16 
 
 1691 
 
 114 2 
 
 2I8'I 
 
 t 19 
 
 45 3 
 
 1 21 8 
 
 if I 
 
 1 2.1 6 
 
 43-7 
 
 15 16 6 
 
 348-2 
 
 4 7 2 
 
 117-5 
 
 16 17 
 
 3;u-9 
 
 8 H 10 
 
 185-4 
 
 4 3 16 
 
 92-3 
 
 2 1 20 
 
 46-1 
 
 3 6 
 
 TJt 
 
 1 15 
 
 ,16-1 
 
 17 III 10 
 
 .195-5 
 
 17 12 
 
 388-4 
 
 IS 13 14 
 
 412-3 
 
 S ItO 12 
 
 196-7 
 
 4 S It 
 
 96-8 
 
 IS 10 11 
 
 409-5 
 
 IS 8 12 
 
 407-6 
 
 4 7 8 
 
 9.')- 7 
 
 4 2 4 
 
 911-9 
 
 4 8 6 
 
 96-5 
 
 3 1 4 
 
 67-7 
 
 17 5 IS 
 
 .1S2 9 
 
 17 S 4 
 
 38.'i-0 
 
 26 1 12 
 
 578-7 
 
 2 9 16 
 
 .53-4 
 
 .dard sllver=l<. 3-7.'»I. sterling. 
 '^1. I-S7<l. „ 
 1/. 0-9.V. „ 
 Ul. 6-46d. „ 
 
 w. s t\ 
 
 W. 8 3 
 
 W. 8 4 
 
 W. I 3 
 
 W. 4 2 
 
 II. 13 
 Standard 
 Standard 
 W.O 111 
 W. iJ 
 B. 1.1 
 H. 5J 
 W.O 3 
 W.O 71 
 
 5 191 
 
 5 l.lj 
 
 5 (i| 
 
 18 1 
 
 4 I6i 
 
 7 llj 
 
 I 11] 
 
 6 fi 
 
 1 12 2 
 
 1 II H 
 
 1 8 19 
 16 14 2 
 
 2 16 12 
 
 7 2t 
 
 8 
 7 1" 4 
 1 II 10 
 1 13 16 
 1 I 2 
 I IS 2 
 e 16 6 
 
 33-4 
 
 .l-i-8 
 
 .10-5 
 
 3.'>9-l 
 
 59-8 
 
 175-8 
 
 16.'.- 
 
 175-9 
 
 164-7 
 32 9 
 35- 
 22-8 
 .19- 
 
 148-4 
 
 Value in 
 Surling 
 
 f. if. 
 
 2 11-27 
 
 4 2-13 
 
 2 3-70 
 
 I 11-78 
 
 11-91 
 
 O 8-69 
 
 3-87 
 1-93 
 3-40 
 4-19 
 2-.^8 
 3-40 
 7-58 
 7"i7 
 7-28 
 8-J9 
 8-93 
 2-74 
 2-.M 
 2-83 
 
 4 2-111 
 I 11-61 
 10-61 
 6-32 
 
 O 
 O 
 O 
 4 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 2 
 I 
 
 
 lOiis 
 O 5-01 
 4 --il 
 r,-iH 
 9-57 
 3' Hi 
 1-51 
 
 5-87 
 «1() 
 0-62 
 4-10 
 .1-79 
 1-8H 
 ()-H8 
 6-13 
 
 9-18 
 9-18 
 1-,10 
 0-6'J 
 1-17 
 9-45 
 5-46 
 5-76 
 8-80 
 ■•45 
 
 4-66 
 4-58 
 4-W 
 2 11 
 8-3,5 
 
 (1-51 
 11-11 
 
 0-,'j6 
 11-111 
 4-5 
 4'8« 
 3-18 
 .■i-ll 
 8-7J 
 
 * The Prussian coins having been flebased at different perio<ls, vary In their reports, 
 f This is the coin which is universally circulated under the name of the Spanish dollar. 
 j For an account of the new Turkish coins, see CoNsrANTiNopi.E. 
 
 The sterling value of the foreign coins, in the foregoing tables, ha_s been computed from the assays as follows : — I^t it be required to assi^ 
 the value, in sterling, of a French double Louis d'or coined since 1786, the assay master's reiwrt lieing as follows:— * Weight, 9 dwts.-.!0^rs.; 
 assay, W. l.^grs.,' that is, car. l\grs. worse than the Kiigltsh standard. ^Ve prm-eed us under : — 
 
 From it car. gr. the Hneness of English sundard g„ldl Then- remains 21 cor. 2-5 gr. 
 
 Take car. IJgr. / '" 
 
 Then, as 22 car. : SI car. 2-1 grs. : : 9 dwts. 20 grs. : 9 dwts. 16 grs., the standard gold contained In the Ixiuls d'or j and hence, as 1 oi. : 
 3/. I7<. 10)<t. ::9dwls. 16 grs. : 1/. ITj. 'iif., the value of the Louis in sterling money, and su for any of the other coin*. 
 
 Ancient Coins. — We subjoin, for the conveni- 
 ence of such of our readers as may at any time 
 have occasion to consult T.-orks in wliich refer- 
 ence i» made to ancient coins, the following 
 tables of those that were principally current 
 among the Jews, ( Jreeks, and Hoinaiis. They are 
 taken from the cs.sny of the Ucv. Kobert IIus- 
 sey, M.A., sometime Professor of Kcclesiastical 
 History in the University of Oxford. ''"••" 
 
 This 
 
 author is the latest and best authority on the 
 subject : — 
 
 Jlehreto Money, 
 
 (Jerah 
 
 Rela 
 
 Bci-a . 
 
 2 ; Shekel . 
 Vill 1 t,0 I.Vlneh . 
 l>,iH)o 3,00(1 IjMI iKIktr, 
 
 £ ». rf. jri. 
 1 ■:ii: 
 - 7 3-36 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 . 1 Sfli 
 . 2 7 1'49 
 
 1,21 let 
 
 •iti) 
 
 . 7 Ifi 19 -8 
 
 60,000 
 
 12.0011 
 
 Talent 396 4 10 
 
 _. ^"le "land, 
 t-halcus of copp, 
 
 16 IXl~< 
 
 -?-''- Liii r~s 
 
 48_ 24 -J^ 
 
 JHone 
 
 
 I'Cptoi 
 2l!epl 
 
 ■%'"''»n,Neanda 
 * Obolus . 
 
 2 Obolua . 
 
 4 t 
 
 Diobc 
 
 12 ~~6" 
 
 t__-H 12 
 lilii) 600 
 
 M 
 
 .1" 
 6 
 
 "300" 
 
 Tal 
 
 Jloman 
 
 Quadrana . 
 Jtlj"rleni 
 _«_ L'i. Ji' 
 
 Terunc 
 
 us 
 
 . 
 
 '.' 1 Setnbella. 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 8' 
 
 Libella 
 
 ^4~| 
 
 .12 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 64 
 
 16 
 
 N 1 
 
 lV4nt'narii=iAul 
 2') I)i'narii=Aurf 
 
 'i'he Jaitl 
 
 Romanl 
 
 Sextula - 
 _ yjJ^i'Ulrans - 
 '4 I Trims 
 
 AiireuJ 
 Alilltj J 
 
 COIR. A. .pel 
 tlic husk of cocoJ 
 111 water, the dry! 
 'ibres is separatJ 
 into yam, and irJ 
 rfecmed by some! 
 lue goodness off 
 t'le liiainents, nl 
 yellow colour. I 
 The following! 
 
rm 
 
 COINS 
 Greek Coitu. 
 
 343 
 
 A 
 
 Chali 
 H 
 4 
 
 iilc Si 
 
 US of C( 
 
 indard 
 Obolu 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 flbolui 
 
 Obolui 
 
 •i 
 
 IMoboliu 
 % 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 '"h~ 
 
 
 HI 
 
 U 
 16 
 
 <i 
 
 4 
 
 Trioliolufi ...... 
 
 3'i 
 
 N 
 
 >( 
 
 Telralioliu .... 
 
 It 
 
 1t4 
 
 lY 
 
 6 
 
 U 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 ■i 
 4 
 
 IJ 
 
 Dr.^ hma 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 t 
 
 Dldrachma 
 
 
 X4 
 
 600 
 
 It 
 
 N 
 
 fi 
 
 4 
 
 t 
 
 Telradruhma 
 
 3IH) 
 18, out)" 
 
 VIM) 
 U,6(X» 
 
 ISO 
 
 luo 
 
 ■ io 
 3,n<Ni 
 
 a 1 Mini 
 
 _3B,l)01t_ 
 
 »,UUU 
 
 6,000 
 
 l„'i<KI 1 60 
 
 f. </. on. 
 
 I) -SIM 
 
 lliU^ 
 
 II n-vi 
 
 1 IfS 
 
 3 I 
 
 4 3'S 
 
 G !i 
 
 !) 3 
 
 1 7 » 
 3 3 
 
 I 3 
 
 I Talent 
 
 '^13 16 
 
 Monet/ mentioned in the Gospels, 
 
 r\n. 
 I^Vton or mite =0'<ll 
 
 U Leptasl quailrana or farthinff— 0*188 
 
 I British India, uccoriliiif:; to tlic Report on India* 
 \Pruductn in the official Ciitaloguo of tho (ireat 
 Exhibition of 1802 :— 
 
 Greek Coins, 
 
 ■1 
 
 Inelan HtandanI 
 Obolus . 
 Otiolus . 
 
 Vi_ 
 
 lilKl" 
 
 DIoboIuA . 
 
 H l J^lobolut . 
 3 'i Drachma 
 
 6 
 
 WelKht Value 
 
 InnraiiM £ i. d. qn. 
 
 R I 0'.'j83 
 
 16 
 
 32 
 
 48 
 
 86 1 
 
 I'ICG 
 11-33 
 
 6 'i-5 
 1 3 
 
 t niilrachma I'JX « 3 X 
 
 600 300 I WO UK) I 5() | Mlna 9C(K) i 10 4 
 
 Talent=60 MlnK=:33W. I9<. 
 
 Roman Money up to Augustus. 
 Copper, 
 
 itxtulJi 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . . 
 
 -0 
 
 •3iil6 
 
 It 
 
 Quadrani . . - > 
 
 - 
 
 .5.-1 l«i 
 
 
 It 
 
 Trienj ... 
 
 - 
 
 •7083 
 
 ;-, 
 
 z 
 
 H 
 
 Semluts 
 
 - 
 
 l-06« 
 
 ii 
 
 4 
 
 ■ 3 ■ 
 
 •i 
 
 At 
 
 - 
 
 21!i3 
 
 ri' 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 Du 
 
 pondiui ■ 
 
 . 1 
 
 V,- 
 
 i VI 
 
 16 
 
 \i 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 « 
 
 Swtetllui 
 
 - Ii 
 
 &■ 
 
 1 <* 
 
 34 
 
 81 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 It Qulnariui 
 
 - 4 
 
 !• 
 
 1 'J(i 
 
 61 
 
 48 
 
 3!i 
 
 16 
 
 H 
 
 4 H 1 Denar 
 
 ius 8 
 
 2- 
 
 
 Silver, 
 
 
 Teranc 
 
 UB . _ - . 
 
 . 
 
 qrs. 
 •.'..11M 
 
 y 
 
 i Semhella. ... 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 10C25 
 
 4 
 
 t 
 
 Libclla . 
 
 21« 
 
 lli 
 
 64' 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 4 1 Sesterl 
 
 ua • 
 Quinariua * 
 
 - 2 
 
 - 4 
 
 - 8 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 '' 1 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 4 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 Denarius 
 
 2 
 
 Gold. 
 
 £ I. d. 
 
 ll!j nt'narii=i Aureus - - .08 lOV 
 
 i't I)enarii=Aureu5 - - . 17 Hj 
 
 Millenun:monim=hestenlum - - 8 17 1 
 
 The last was ouljr a money of account. 
 
 Roman Money after Augustus. 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 41 
 
 JJuad 
 ■i 
 2 
 
 _4 
 
 16 
 32 
 
 rans - 
 Trlin 
 
 14 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 Semi 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 32 
 
 «is 
 As - 
 
 d. T.<. 
 •3125 
 •46«75 
 -625 
 ^9375 
 1-874 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 8" 
 16' 
 
 Du 
 2 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 Hmdius - 
 Sestertius 
 2 Quinarlus • 
 4 "2 1 Sestertius 
 
 3-74 
 
 12 
 
 1 3-5 
 
 S4 
 
 48 
 
 3 3 
 
 7 2 
 
 
 
 .*ur 
 
 MU 
 
 eus=2.' 
 t; numi 
 
 Den 
 
 noru 
 
 aiil 
 n 
 
 £ t. d. nn. 
 
 =0 15 7 2 
 =7 IG 3 
 
 
 COIK. A species of yarn manufactured out oft 
 the husk of cocoa nuts. The busies being steeped 
 in water, the dry dusty substance mixed with the 
 libres is separated. These are afterwards spun 
 into yarn, and manufactured into cordage that is 
 deemed by some superior to that made of hemp. 
 The goodness of coir depends on the luieness of 
 the filaments, and on their being of a bright 
 yellow colour. 
 
 The following ore the expoita of coir from 
 
 Year 
 
 Ouanlilj 
 
 Value 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 1N50-1 
 
 3,51)3 
 
 2l,6lt 
 
 1K5I-2 
 
 2,472 
 
 11,61)9 
 
 1852-3 
 
 2,907 
 
 17,5(8) 
 
 1853-4 
 
 4,213 
 
 25,6 1 1 
 
 1854-5 
 
 3,606 
 
 27,1158 
 
 1155-6 
 
 2,393 
 
 2»,!)l<l 
 
 185(1-7 
 
 3,703 
 
 25,K'^H 
 
 I857-H 
 
 4,287 
 
 .13,181 
 
 lH5S-a 
 
 4,575 
 
 3(i,435 
 
 lS59-r,l) 
 
 1,825 
 
 41, '^Ol 
 
 1860-1 
 
 5.N52 
 
 57,2.SI 
 
 Coir cables are much u.sed in merchant vessels, 
 tho coir rope having been employed in India 
 for ages. The rojie is so light that it Hoats 
 on the water ; and according to Dr. (Jilclirist 
 a coir haw.ier ought to bo kept in every vessel, 
 since if a small boat is attached to it, niul let 
 down when a man falls overboard, it gives liim 
 greater facilities for saving life than any other 
 -.v.eans. Fresh Avater is said to rot coir, uiui the 
 rope snaps easily in frosty weather. Coir ropes 
 are therefore unsuitable for low latitudes. The 
 rope, however, in sea water and high latitudes is 
 actually strengthened and rendered more clastic by 
 exposure. Nothing, we are informed, can equal 
 the ease with which a .ship rides at anchor whose 
 cables are of coir. 
 
 Coir is used in England to a very large extent 
 for matting and coarse brushes. 
 
 A cocoa nut sawn in two acro.ss the grain of the 
 coir forms an excellent implement for polishing 
 wood. (Ure's Dictionary.) 
 
 About 2,500,000 lbs. weight of coir are annually 
 exported from Ceylon, principally to Calcutta and 
 other ports in the East Indies. It is also preiiared 
 in the Maldive Islands, and many other places ; 
 and is very extensively used throughout the East. 
 ( Hertolacci's Ceylon; Bell's Commerce of Bengal; 
 &c.) 
 
 In 18GG we imported, chiefly from India and 
 Ceylon, 10,820 cwts. of coir (fibre), valued at 
 18,309/., and 12,317 cwts. of cordage and cables of 
 coir, valued at 20.()07/. 
 
 COLLISION (Fr, abordage), in a general sense, 
 is the act of any two or more bodies coming fon^ibly 
 together ; but in commercial navigatioint means 
 the shock of two ships coming into sudden and 
 violent contact at sea, by which one or both may 
 be more or less injured. 
 
 From the great increase of navigation, the risk 
 of accidents by collision at sea has been i)ropor- 
 tionally augmented; and it is, therefore, of 
 much importance, 1, to adopt such measures as 
 may be most likely to prevent their occurrence ; 
 and 2, to determine by whom a loss, when it does 
 occur, should be bonie. 
 
 In regard to the first and most essential of these 
 objects, it is effected in part, at least, by whatever 
 contributes to the general improvement and 
 security of navigation. At common law, every 
 master of a ship is bound to keep a proper watcli 
 
 I • 
 
 
 > ■ 
 
'I 
 
 i:-l 
 
 ,i'i 
 
 i-v 
 
 COLLISION ^^^ ^^ ^^ j^ prevent llicso 
 
 ^'' , Uv in rhanncU muoh/requentejl gt fonvardgn Ue_ -^ 
 
 at «n, "1^*'^'"* Liremyi>n'cauiion to avoid Uj,hi« St"^""" ^'"1*\'^''''" »«. hell liK»'t» ver- 
 
 bv .hippixK. ""' 1, 'uh otho vessels. Rut this .^j '•,„„„ 2 l,riK».t wutc '^?; T^%o a» to .lis- 
 cominsmto contact w,hot ^^^^ ^ i.f, UalW .^ y^^j^j;,;,,,, ,, tbc.r ^ Je l^K^U, ^_ j,^^„ „,- 
 
 t'>--')jr,^r:ft:iKw their own_u^^£;^-^ 5. HaiUn« .h.,. vn..;« w-^^ ^a,. 
 
 wholly I" '"^'— ,-„;,h « view to ine eecurinK of.l ""t?"' 
 
 tlu, confusion that woW^n ^^ '''*'»* ^i:^ Ar. 6. HaiUnR ^h.pH "'" P' ^^'.^'Xam nUips 
 
 '^'rcrtrU.Ses^ndr^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 S^re'^ t ti. ^"XVi «t"» « .V'^'-.fJ £SK:£X .^J^I; -S^^^^ ve...i. 
 gliips are P""^'"*^' ,?^, number ami deacnption of hcmi B Whenever, as m the cane 01 ,^^^_ 
 
 „,adc durint? ^^^f • ^^f,; u«l at night, and other ^rt^^.i weather, the green ""^^^^.^ac.k, on 
 
 the lights t° ^^^^0 i r'r"""y^}''"'*» FnTeff « «''«•»' '^'''- '«'I? flfvei, ready for iu- 
 
 partuularH. >" ;?»" ^ • and though not m ita«" " . ,p,,,cctive 8.dc» of the ^''.'^ Unroach of or 
 'unted a rule ot t'"" »«^ .;" ^^h its instructions the r l^.^jj-^,, and >;»ia\l. " ' >\^P^, respective 
 Taw. masters ""^ ^^^j f „f"?,nscamanlike condu U s ant e. ^^^^^^^^ ^^ f.'''"^;^ prevent collision, in 
 .vcrehcld t"**" e"^'y^ ,„ responsible f"' ^1". too ^^^^i^nt tunc to prev«n ^ ^ ^^,^^j ^„ 
 
 and the "^n^'l-St^s similar to those c "- »^f« ^„„„„ as to make them most > ^^^^ 
 r"";'rtrTrS ruV'have -"«« ^««" ^ oJ that U.e green «« j^ f "U J^ot J^^^^^^^^^ m.. 
 trtUKil HI tne 1 Ti»' } exist iig statute law "1 1 j^, j^jj light on loo , ig i^hts more 
 
 d„t«V ""f!": K« „r°a™'"« •"'' ""'S toi" »?»..*»' '» "."S, ta »"n, tat .r . 
 Wo.BtoB . ^'^;JS. wWl»" ••' '!"',ri™ JhKlul.il, «l.«.o ; ™ S' ,tel.uil,a,vUto 
 
 ?,^"«Si..'»f'snL'^s"...s»? j'*s;su"S£b.«"«-»i''"''*'-' 
 
m 
 
 COLLISION 
 
 346 
 
 the port Ride shnU keep out of the vrny of the ship 
 vith the wind on thu Htarlxmnl Hide; except in 
 the case in which the ship with the wind on the 
 |)ort Mido is cloHe hauled and the other sliip free, in 
 which case the latter sliip xhall ke 'i out of the 
 wav ; but if they have the wind on tiic snmo Hide, 
 or if one of them \\nn tlic wind aft, tlic nhip which 
 ii to windward xhall keep out of the way of tlic 
 iihip which in to leeward. 
 
 Art. 13. If two nhipH under steam are meeting 
 end on or nearly end on ho m to involve rink of 
 collinion, thu lielmH of both nhall be put to port, ho 
 tliatcach mav piiHH on the port side of the other. 
 
 Art. 14. If two HhipH under Hteum arc croHHin^ 
 Ko as to involve rink 'jf collinion, th,' ship which 
 liiui the other on her own Hturboaril Nide hIibU keep 
 out of the way of the other. 
 
 Art. lo. If' two HhipH, one of which in a Hailing; 
 ship, and the other a Hteain Hhip, are proceeding 
 ill such directions as to involve rink of coUinion, 
 the Htcam Hhip shall keep out of the way of the 
 sailing Hhip. 
 
 Art. 10. Every steam nhip, when approachinR 
 another ship so as to involve risk of collision, Hlinll 
 HJucken her speed, or, if neccHsarj*, stop and re- 
 verse ; and every steam Hhip shall, when in a fog, 
 ),'i) at a moderate speed. 
 
 Art. 17. Kvery vessel overtaking any other 
 vessel shall keep out of tiie way of the said last- 
 mentioned vessel. 
 
 Art. 1«. Where by the above rules one of two 
 ships is to keep out of the way, the other shall 
 keep her course, subject to the qualilicatioiis coii- 
 tiiiiied in the following article. 
 
 iVrt. ID. In obeying and construing these n.les, 
 clue regard must be had to all dangers of navi- 
 );atioii; and due regard must also lie had to any 
 special circumstances which may exist in any par- 
 ticular case rendering a departure from the above 
 rules necessary in order to avoid immediate danger. 
 Art. 20. Nothing in these rules shall exonerate 
 any ship, or the owner, or master, or crew thereof, 
 from the consequences of any neglect to carry 
 lights or signals, or of any neglect to keep a proper 
 look-out, or of tlic neglect of any precaution which 
 may be rei(uired by *lie ordinary practice of sea- 
 men, or by the special circumstances of the case. 
 
 It may", however, be proper to state that neither 
 these nor any rules of the sort arc to be regarded as 
 iiiHexible, or to be followed at all hazards. The 
 
 circnmsfanoe, without any blame being ascribable 
 to either party, it woiilil appear to be eqiiitnliln 
 that it Hhoiild be Ijome by the sufferer. Ami Ibis 
 principle having lM>en embodied in the Itiiriian 
 law, was Hiil)sequentlv iiigrnrti'd into that of 
 Kngland. (Mershall On Imurnni-r, ch. xii., H. '.'.) 
 Hut other authorities, to wlioin the greatest 
 defercnro is due, contend that the loss arising 
 from accidental collisions, however it may alVect 
 tli(! parties, shoulil be e(|Mally divided between 
 them; and this, in fact, is tlu' ruin tollnwed in 
 most maritime states. (fM/onm/Hcc of ItiXl. lib. 
 iii. lit. xii. art. 10, with the observations of Valiii.) 
 It also is the rule sanctioned by the law of 
 I'.nglaiid in cases where both parties are to blame, 
 but where the blame cannot lie discriiiiin.'ited. 
 Those cases in which the blame is clearly ascri- 
 bttble to either party present no dillii'ulty. 
 
 The leading docirincs of the law of Ijigland 
 with regard to cidlisions havt- been clearly and 
 succinctly stated by Lord Stowell. ' In the lirst 
 place,' savs his h>rdsbip, ' a cidlisioii may ha| pen 
 without blame being imputable to either parly, 
 as when the loss is occasioned by a storm or any 
 other vis major. In that case the iiii-ifortinie 
 must be borne by the party on whom it hap|ieiis 
 to light; the other not being responsible to him 
 in any degree. Secoiully, a misfortune of this 
 kind may arise where both parties art! to blame, 
 where there has been a want of duo diligence or of 
 skill <iii both sides; in such a case the rule of law 
 is, that the loss must l>e n)iportioiied bctw,.'n 
 them, as having been occasio.ied by the fault of 
 both of them. Thirdly, it may happen by thr 
 misconduct of the suffering jtarty only ; ami then 
 the rule is, that the sufferer must bear his own 
 burden. Lastly, it may have been the fault of 
 the ship which ran the other down, and in this 
 case the innocent party would be entitled to an 
 entire comjiensatioii from the other.' (2 Dodsons 
 Admiralty lieiMrts, Hit.) 
 
 Wc may add that the rule of the cipial division 
 of the damage where both vessels an' to blame 
 has been, since Lord Stowell's time, fully recog- 
 nised and tinally established by a decision of tlie 
 House of Lords on an ajipeal from Scotland. 
 
 Various authorities have spoken disparagingly 
 of the rule now referred to, and have called it a 
 judicium ruHlicurum. And it would, no doubt, bo 
 vcrv desirable in cases of collision where both 
 
 afety of the ship is the paramount consideration, parties are to blame, that the neglect or culpability 
 
 and 110 master is jiistitled in abiding by a rule 
 when by doing so he plainly incurs danger. A. 
 may be in his proper course, but if by pursuing 
 it lie will run a great risk of coming into collision 
 with II., who is upon a wrong course, he is bound 
 to alter his course so as to avoid a collision. The 
 fact of one master being ignorant, careless, or in 
 fault, is no reason why another should not use 
 every means in his power to i)rovide for ihe 
 safety of his ship, and consequently of the lives 
 and property entrusted to his care. 
 
 The conditions under which cases of collision 
 take place differ extremely. Thus— 1, it may be 
 merely accidental, or be occasioned by circum- 
 otances beyond the power of control, as by the 
 violence of the wind or waves dashing or impelling 
 the ships together, without blame being imputable 
 tu either party ; or 2, it may be owing to the cul- 
 pable negligence or misconduct of one party ; or 
 !), both parties may be to blame. In adjudicating 
 upon losses growing out of collisions that ha\<j 
 taken place under such different circumstances, 
 the conclusions must also be very different. 
 
 With respect to the first class of cases there is 
 little apparent difficulty : wherever a loss is oc- 
 casioned by a fitorm, a fog, or other accidental 
 
 of each should bo accurately determined, and the 
 damages assessed accordingly. Hut from the f)l)- 
 scurity in which such cases an; almost always in- 
 volved, and the conflicting testimony brought for- 
 ward by the different parties, the ditiiciiliies in the 
 way of this being done are usually quite insuper- 
 able ; and it is l>ettcr to adopt a rule which, 
 though perhaps less ecpiitablc in principle, is 
 fairer in its application than any other that could 
 be adopted. Of its expediency there can, indeed, 
 be no reasonable doubt. The observations of 
 Valin are, in this respect, quite conclusive. 'Cetoit,' 
 savs he, ' lo moyen le plus propre Ji rendre les eapi- 
 taines ou maitres des navires extremement atten- 
 tifs h e'viter tout abordage, surtout ei ux des bnti- 
 mens foibles et plus susceptibles d'etre inconinio- 
 des par Ic moindre choc, en Icur rendant tcujoiirs 
 pre'sent la craint?' Ic supporter la nioitie dii dom- 
 inagc qu'ils en pourroient recevoir. Et si Ton dit 
 qu'il aiiroit e'tc plus simple et plus court de laisser 
 pour le compte particulicr d'un chacun le dommage 
 qu'il auroit rc^u, comme proveiiant d'un ens furtuit; 
 la reponse est qu'alors les cnpitnines des gros na- 
 vires n'aiiroient pluscraintde hcurterlcs bntimens 
 d'line beaucoup moindre force que le lours : rien 
 done de plus juste que la contribution par moitie.' 
 
 1 1.' "f!- 
 
 .il 
 
 ■M'^r: 
 
un 
 
 COLOCVNTiriS 
 
 1/ ; 
 
 l-v 
 
 1 ■.':-l.' 
 
 •*-.r 
 
 (Citinmrntitlre iiir l" Onlnnnance th \CM\, ii. I7'J, 
 
 C.I. i7rt;.> 
 
 III a|>|><irtioiiiii(; tlic ilnmn^c in caxcR where both 
 |>iirtii'H liiivc Ix't'ii ill I'uiilt, the (|iic8tioii occurH 
 whither thu <liiniii^u (hiiii- to thn car^o nhall be 
 tnUi'ii into nccotint or left out in tlio cHtimnte 
 on which the ikiipiirtionmcnt iH to bo niiiilc. ThiH 
 knotty point linH been ditfercntly ih'i'iilcd in dif- 
 Icrcnt conntrii'M. Ihit l)ic rule whicii liinits liic 
 liaiiilily of owiiits to tliv value of the xhip anil 
 I'rcif^ht applit'^ to eaw9 of dnninKe by colliHion. 
 [OwNKHs. J For further olwcrvntions on thin 
 rnriuiis iiiul iniportnnt Hnl>jcct, in ndditiou to Viilin 
 and the olhc-r aiitlioritii'H already referred to, the 
 rtader mnv t'oiiHiilt the chapter on Collision nddeil 
 liv tlie lute Mr. .lustice Shee to bin edition of Lord 
 'I'cnterilen'H worli On the lAiwof Shi/ifihig, and the 
 chapter on the name Buhjeot in Maude and r<d- 
 lock'x Tri'iitite on thf Liiw of Mtrchant Shippinij, 
 
 Aiimlirr of Collisiims at Sea. — A »tatement IniH 
 been prepared by Mr. John A. Itiicker, underwriter, 
 f;iviii^ a chi.ifiitication of the niiinlier of colli^ioiiH 
 at s( a, reported in Lloyd's ListM durinfj the live 
 years from IMl.'i to 1«1!» inclusive. It thence ap- 
 pear!* that the annual numbers were (JOU, iiM, ti'.t'.t, 
 ti;l.'), and r)().j ; ho that there waH a decrease in lH4i», 
 notwithstanding; the increased tralHc of that year. 
 The total colliHion.s of the five years amounted to 
 .'t.DtJ t, 0( these, 279 were cases iii which a vessel 
 was sunk, run down, or alandonetl ; INK 'ere 
 cases in which there was serious damape ; CiHO in 
 which the damage, althouf;!' less, was still consi- 
 derable; and L'.tlO in which it was only slight. 
 The avera(;e of steamers in contact with steamers 
 dnriti;; each year is about 11 ; of steamers in con- 
 tact with SI iling vessels about 37; of sailing ves- 
 sels in contu t with steamers !J<! ; and of sailing 
 vessels in contact with sailing vessels 533. 
 [ Wreck. J 
 
 COLOCVNTIIIS, COLOQUINTIDA, or HIT- 
 TKU CL'CIJMUKK (Ger. Kolooninten, colo((uinten 
 apfel; Uuteh, bitter-appelen ; 1' r. colo(|nintes ; Ital. 
 coloipiintida; Span, coloquintidas; Arab. and I'ers. 
 Ilunzil). The produce of an annual plant (Citcu- 
 mis cnlocuntim, Linn. ; Xat. Order Cucurhititceic) 
 growing ui Turkey, Nubia, India, and other places, 
 much resembling the cucumber in herbage. When 
 ripe, the fruit is peeled and the pulp is dried in a 
 stove, and in this state is brought to England. 
 It is inodorous, light, spongy, white or yellowish- 
 white, and intensely bitter in taste. It is an 
 exceedingly powerful drastic cathartic. When it 
 is larger than a St. Michael's orange, and lias black 
 acute pointed ends, it is not good. (British F/iar- 
 rnaro/wcia, 1H(>7; Ainslie's Materia Imtica.) 
 
 CULONIKS— COLt^NY^ TliADK. Cohnie* 
 are establishments founded on foreign countries 
 by individuals who either voluntarily emigrate 
 from, or are forcibly sent abroad by, their mother 
 country. The colony trade, is the trade carried on 
 between colonies and their jiarent states. 
 
 I. KSTABI.ISHMKNT OF COLONIES. 
 
 Inki.uesce of the Mo.NoroLY op the 
 
 Colony Tkadk. 
 Magnitude, Population, Trade etc. 
 
 of Bii'TisH Gii.oNiES. — Disposal of 
 
 Land in the Colonies etc. 
 Regulations unueu which the Colony 
 
 Trade is conducted. 
 Foreign Colonies. 
 
 n. 
 
 in. 
 
 IV. 
 V. 
 
 I. Establishment of Colonies. 
 
 1. Greek Colonies. — Various motives have, in 
 different countries oiid ages, led to the formation 
 of colonics, Seneca has given, in a few words, u 
 very clear and accurate statement of the different 
 
 COLONIKS— COLONY TR ADR 
 
 ! mot i vcs th at i ndiieed t he ancients to futiiid colonicn : 
 I ' NecoinnibiiM eiulem causa relio-'uendi ipiaTeiKli- 
 ' i)ue palnam fuit. Alios excidia urbiuin suaruin, 
 bostilibus armis elapsos, in alieiia, H|)oliatos siiis, 
 expulunint : Alien domestica seditio «ubmovil : 
 Alios nirnia supertlueiitis populi frcmientia, ad 
 exonerandas vires, emisit: Alios peslilentia, nut 
 freqiicns terrarum hiatus, aut aliipia intoleranda 
 iiifelicis soli ejeeeruni : t^uosdam fertilis one, et 
 ill majus laudatie, fama corru|iit : Alios alia causa 
 excivit domibussuis.' (Cunml. ml llehiam, c. (!.) 
 The (jlreek c(donie8 of antiipiity seem to havi^ 
 been chietly founded by citizens whom tlie 
 violence and fury of eoulending factions forced in 
 leave their native land; but they were some- 
 times formed for the imqiose of relieving the 
 mother country of a redundant population, and 
 sometimes also for the purjiose of extending the 
 sphere of commercial iransaetions, or of providing 
 for thi'ir security. The relations between tlit; 
 mother country aiul the cohmy depended, in a 
 greot measure, on the motives which led to tln! 
 establishment of the latter. When a c(douy was 
 founded by fugitives forcibly expelled from their 
 ancient homes ; or when it was founded, as was 
 frc(|ucntly the case, by bodies of voluntary 
 emigrants, who received no assistance from, and 
 were in no respect controlled by, the jiarent state. 
 it was from the lirst independent; and even in 
 those rarer cases in which the emigration was 
 conducted under the superintendence of the parent 
 city, and when the coloiiv was protected by her 
 power and intlucnce, the Jependenco was, mostly, 
 far from being absolute and complete. The great 
 bulk of the (Ireck colonies were really independ- 
 ent states ; and though they commonlv regarded 
 the land of their forefathers w' lilial respect, 
 though they yielded to its ci' the place of 
 
 distinction at public games a ions sulcui- 
 
 iiities, and were exjiccted to em in time 
 
 of war, they did so as allies only, on fair ami 
 equal terms, and never as subjects. Owing to the 
 freedom of their institutions, and their snperiorily 
 in the arts of civilised life to the native inhabitants 
 of the countries among whom they were generally 
 placed, these colonies rose, in a comparatively 
 short period, to a high pitch of opulence and re- 
 finement; and many among them, as Miletus and 
 Kphesus in Asia Minor, Syracuse and Agrigeiitum 
 in Sicily, and Tarentum and Locri in Italy, m>t 
 only e<|ualled, but greatly surpassed, their mother 
 cities in wealth and jiower. 
 
 2. lioman Colonies. — The Roman colonies were, 
 for the most [lart, founded by and under the au- 
 thority of government ; being intended to ser\'c 
 both as outlets for poor and discontented eitizcn:<, 
 and as military stations, or garrisons, to secure 
 the subjection of the conquored provinces over 
 which they were scattered. The most intiniatc 
 political union was always maintained between 
 them and the mother city. Their internal go- 
 vernment was modelled on that of Rome ; and, 
 while their sujierior oflicers were mostly sent from 
 the capital, they were made to contribute their 
 full quota of troops and taxes, to assist in carrying 
 on the contests in which the Republic was almost 
 constantly engaged. 
 
 3. Spanish Colonies, — The early colonics of most 
 modern nations were fourded by private adven- 
 turers, influenced either by the hope of gain, or 
 by a desire to escape from religious persecution, 
 without any wish to relijvc the mother country 
 of a surplus population or to bridle subjugated 
 provinces. On their first institution, therefore, 
 the modem colonies approached, though with some 
 essential variations, more nearly to the (Jrccian 
 than the Roman model ; but the period of their 
 
frcoilom wnH of vorv Imiitccl duration. 'I'licy were 
 
 very soon niilijficlcil to lawn mid n'Kidiitioiis Irnmcd 
 
 in tlie nn'tropidiii, and calcnlutt'tl, uh uir. to lir 
 
 siippoMt'd, rather to proniotu itH illtl'^l'^tts than 
 
 ilioHp of tho colony. At n Homewhat hitcr |)<ricii| 
 
 the rnndntion of cutoniiil pHlabliithincnt.s was 
 
 .iHforly iiatronincd by nio^t Kur ncan nc)v»'rnint'ntH, 
 
 I'l ihi! view of cxfendinic commfri'e, and of rnrich- 
 
 in;; the mother country hy Kecurin^ In licr tlic 
 
 (xcUmivc poHHosKion of th>' inarkt't of diHtant 
 
 ciwitricH; and where, from tho thinness of the 
 
 COLONICS -COLONY TRADE 347 
 
 elcH, sneh as (lax, hemp, and wine, which they 
 were not pcrrnitted to cultivate; at the s.-une tir.ie 
 that the crown reserveil to itndf the nionop.dy of 
 salt, tobacco, j;nnpowdcr, and »onie other lesH im- 
 po.tant articles. 'I'lie ah'avula, and other oppri's- 
 Kive imposts, which haii proved deNlructivo of in- 
 dnstry in old Spain, were rifjoronsly levied as well 
 on the exports as on the imports of the cohniieM. 
 No sitnatum of power or emidnnu'nt conld lie tilled 
 except hy a native of old .Spain. The Catholie 
 religion was established, to tho exclusion of every 
 other; and bishops, tithes, and the liuinisition 
 
 ■ . « » , 
 
 nlmtiniiml population, or their inferiority in the j , . . 
 
 jirtMif civilised lih the colonists were enulilctl to i l'oll(iwe<l in its train : while, in order still better 
 ania-1 fortunes with comiiarative raiiidity. to consolidate and 8trenj,'then the foundations of 
 
 The Spaniards who tirst re^orted to' /.mcrieo I this monstrous despotism, the pivcriunent endea- 
 after its discovery had no intention of settliiifC in ! voured to make tho cidonists iiisensiblo of their 
 the country or of colonisiuj; it. The i<lea that | degradation by ]iro!..'ribinK every species of in- 
 fold and silver alone constituted wealth was then striu-tion, and watchfully opposiuf; the introduc- 
 iniiversally prevalent; an<l the bold ami enter- | tion and projrress of ali nsetul knowledt^e! 
 liri>in(,' companions and followers of (.'cdiimhus, i I nder such eireumstaiices wo cannot he sur- 
 instiad of en},'aKin(; in industrious undertukinKs, prised ihot the Continental colonists, anions wluim 
 which they neither understood nor relished, sou^iit the monopoly itystein was maintained in its (;reat- 
 oiily to enrich themselves by plun<lerin); the feeble est purity, should have languished for above two 
 and" defenceless natives of the pdd aiul silver in | centuries in a state of sIujik'"'' 'i'"*-'t'^'''y- Though 
 their posHCSKion, and of the abundance of which ; surnunuled by all the means of pniducinn wealth, 
 the most pXHUf-erattd accounts were immediately they were not K<''ii-'''"lly wcii'lby. (»|ipression 
 spread throughout Europe. When new ndvcn- rendered thein ii dolent, ami went far to deprive 
 lurers arrived on an unknown coast, their siu;jle them not only of the power, but also of the wish, 
 enrpiiry was, whether it ahouniled in nM. If it to emcr),'e from poverty. 'I'he progress of the 
 (lid, they remaine.l, for some time at least, in tho - colonists who occupied' tho West India islancls 
 country; if not, they immediately set sail for some Avas not quite so .slow. It is certain, however, 
 ether quarter. Aiiri rahiih HUisariiltum llhiiaiunil that down to the. middle of last century Spain 
 
 ilifvrtit is the exjircssive statement of a contem 
 jiorary writer (I'etrus JIartvrus, in the Xoeus Orliii 
 (if 'irynieus, p. 511). Tlie sh)w progress of tho 
 Spanish colonics, after their lirat discovery, nniat 
 liriucipally be ascribed to this cause. The t;old 
 and silver accunndated by the natives were very 
 fdon exhausted ; and the skill and energy of the 
 successive swarms of adventurers, who c('intiiuied 
 to pour into the country, were principally directed 
 to the unproductive ami f;enerally ruiimus trade 
 (pf minin},'. The few larf;e fortnno.s that were 
 made in this way. like the large prizes in a lottery, 
 iiitlnmed tho eui)i(lity of the multitude, nnd gave 
 an appearance of credibility to tho fabulous ac- 
 counts of the exces.sive prodiuitiveness of the mines, 
 After the gambling spirit which had exclusively 
 actuated the early adventurers had begun to sulj- 
 ;-i(le, the colonists gradually betook themselves to 
 a^'ricultnral and c<mimercial pursuits ; and the 
 v«Kt variety of valuable productions with which 
 Jlexico and the other Spanish colonies abouiul, 
 the extreme richnes.s of the Roil, and their advan- 
 tageous situation, would, had they been only toler- 
 iilily well governed, have occasioned their rn|)i(l 
 increase in wealth and civilisation. Hut a blind 
 mid intolerant despotism jiaralysed their energies, 
 and fettered and retarded their progres.s. All the 
 abuses and defects of the government of old Spain 
 were transferred to, and multiplied in, the colonics. 
 The whole property of those viust region.s was con- 
 -siilcred as vested in the crown of Spain ; and every 
 law or regulation, whether of a local or general 
 nature, aft'ccting their government, emanated from 
 the Council of the Indies, in which it was siip- 
 jmsed the king was always jiresent. We cannot 
 ftiip to deseribie the sort of regulations to which 
 the colonists were subjected with any degree of 
 miiuitencss ; hut we ma\' notice a few of them, to 
 furnish the means of judging of their general spirit 
 and probable eftcct. It was, for example, made a 
 C(ii)ital offence to carry on any intercourse with 
 foreigners; and tho inhabitants of the different 
 colonies were even forbidden any intercourse with 
 each other, unless under the strictest and most 
 vexatious regulations. There were several arti- 
 
 reaped no greater advantage from the pos.session 
 of ("uha, llis|)aniola, and I'orto Uico than luig- 
 land or France from the smallest of its dependen- 
 cies. Ill proof of this we may mention that the 
 noble ' ' 111(1 of Cuba, which eonhl without ditH- 
 culty ipply oil Kiiro|)e with sugar, did not in 
 IT.'itJ produce a sutHcient quantity even for tho 
 consumption of old Spain. Hut the c(mibined in- 
 lluenco of an arbitrary and intolerant government 
 and of a degrading superstition could not balance 
 the means of improvement which the fertility of 
 the soil, and tho command thence arising over 
 most of the necessaries and many of tho conveni- 
 ences of life, gave to the colonists. Owing also 
 to the total incojiacity of old Spain to furnish her 
 Transatlontic provinces with a sutticient supply of 
 the articles she had forced them to import from 
 Kurope, and the consequent extension of the coii- 
 trabaiul trade carried on with thcin by the other 
 Kuropean n.itions, she had been compelled gradu- 
 ally to relax the severitj' of her commercial mo- 
 nopoly. A new impulse was thus given to the 
 spirit of industry. The colonists began to be more 
 sensible of the natural advantages of their situa- 
 tion, and less inclined to submit to the blind and 
 bigoted policy of (he Spanish court. In 17K1 a 
 rebelluin broke out in IVru, in consequence of an 
 attempt made by the (iovernment to establish a 
 new monop(dy in that province, which threatened 
 to end in the total dissolution of the connection 
 between Spain and South America, and was not 
 quelled without great dirticulty and much blood- 
 shed. Hut tho spirit of liberty, when once excited, 
 could not be suppressed, ft continued to gain 
 ground progrcs.sivcly, until the commencement of 
 the late contest between France and Spain intor- 
 ruptal the communication with the mother coun- 
 try, and gave the coloni.sts an opportunity of jiro- 
 cluiming that independence which, after a length- 
 ened and bloody struggle, they happily succeeded 
 in achieving. 
 
 4. British Colonies. — Tuc English, who, like all 
 the other nations of Europe, had been impressed 
 with mingled feelings of admiration and envy by 
 the extent and importance of the acquisitions 
 
 ir, 
 
 . .'Ii 
 

 m'^. 
 
 
 .1 
 
 348 COLONIES— COLONY 
 
 made by the Spaniards in the New World, speedily 
 entcrcd'with enthusiasm and ardour into the career 
 of discovery. Owing, however, to the bull which 
 Ferdinand and Isabella uad obtained from the 
 Pope, conveying to them the ample donation of 
 all tiic countries inhabited by infidels that the 
 Spaniards had discovered, or might discover, the 
 Englisli, to avoid encroaching on the dominions 
 of tlieir rivals, directed their efforts farther to the 
 north. Several attempts to found colonies on the 
 coast of America were made in the reign of Eliza- 
 beth by Sir Hum|)hrov CJilbert, Sir Richard Gren- 
 villc. Sir Walter Uaicigh, and others. But in 
 consequence of their ignorance of the country, the 
 ('.cficiency of their supplies of provisions, the loss 
 of time in fruitless searches after gold, and the 
 various ditiiculties incid'^nt to the first settlement 
 of a. colony, none of thes- uctempts proved suc- 
 cessful: and it was not until 1GU7 that a small 
 body of adventurers founded the frst permanent 
 establishment of the English in America, at James 
 Town in Virginia. Letters patent were granted 
 in l(i09 by King James to the principal |)crsons, 
 resident in London, by whom the expense attend- 
 ing tlie formation of the colony was to be defrayed, 
 incorporating them into a company, and estab- 
 lishing a council in I'Ingland for the direction of 
 ■•heir proceedings, tlie members of which were to 
 be chosen by, and removable at the pleasure of, 
 tlie majority of the partners of the company; per- 
 mitting whatever was necessary for the support 
 and sustenance of tlie colony for the tirst seven 
 years to be exported free of duty ; declaring that 
 tlie colonists and their daseendnnts were to be 
 secured in all the rights and privileges of English- 
 men, the same as if they had remained at home, 
 or been bom in England ; and reserving only, as 
 the stipulated price of these concessions, and ir 
 imitation of the policy of the Spaniards, one fifth 
 part of the pold and 'silver ore to bo found in "the 
 colonies, which was to be paid to his Majesty and 
 his successors in all time to come. In virtue of 
 tlicse powers, the company issued in 1021 a chorter 
 or ordinance, which gave a legal and permanent 
 form to the constitution of the colony. By this 
 charter the supreme legislative authority was 
 lodged, partly in the governor, who held the place 
 of tlie sovereign, partly in a council of state named 
 by the company, and partly in a general council 
 or assembly composed of the representatives t)f 'the 
 people, in which were vested powers and privileges 
 similar to those of the House of Commons. It was 
 not long, however, before the king and the com- 
 pany (luarrclled. The latter were in conseiiuence 
 dive.-ited of all their rights, partly by open violence 
 and partly under colour of law, without compen- 
 sation, after having expended upwards of ir)0,O00/. 
 ill founding the colony ; and a governor and coun- 
 cil of state appointed by the king succeeded to 
 the powers of those appointed by the committee. 
 (Kobortson's History of America, book ix. pa:^Biln; 
 Jellerson's Notes on Virgin'ui, p. 179.) 
 
 The founders of the colony in Virginia had been 
 actuated solely by the hojies of gain ; but the 
 colonies that weic soon after established in New 
 England were chiefly planted by men who fled 
 from religious and political persecution. The 
 form of jjovemment in the New England colonies, 
 though at first modified a good deal by the 
 peculiar religious opinions entertained by the 
 colonists, was in its leading principles essentially 
 free. For a considerable period the colonists 
 elected their own governers, coined money, and 
 exercised most of the rights of sovereignty ; while 
 the English, wholly engrossed with the contest 
 between freedom and prerogative at home, had 
 110 leisure to attend to their proceedings. Subsc- 
 
 TRA-DE 
 
 quently to the Restoration, however, the govern- 
 ments of most of the New England states were 
 established nearly on the same footing as t!iat of 
 Virginia ; which, indeed, became the favourite 
 model, not only for the constitution of the colonies 
 established on the Continent, with the exception 
 of the proprietarj' governments of Pennsylvania 
 and Marvl&nd, but also for those that were esta- 
 blished in the West India islands. But under 
 every vicissitude of government and fortune the 
 New England colonists were distinguished by tho 
 same ardent and enthusiastic love of liberty that 
 had tirst induced them to quit their native land. 
 I'.very thing relating to the internal regulation 
 and Administration of the different colonies was 
 determined, in the colonial assemblies, by repre- 
 sentatives freely chosen by the settlers. The 
 personal liberty of the citizens was well secured 
 and vigilantly protected. And, if we except the 
 restraints on' tlieir commerce, the monopoly of 
 which was jealously guarded by the mother coun- 
 try', tho inhabitants of Virginia, Pennsylvania, 
 and New England enjoyed nearly the same degree 
 of freedom, when colonists of England, that tlicy 
 now enjoy as citizens of the jiowerful republic of 
 North America. Their jirogress in wealth and 
 population was in consequence quite unprecedented 
 in the history of the world. The white popula- 
 tion of the colonies had increased in 177C, at the 
 commencement of the revolutionary war, to above 
 2,000,000, and the value of the exports from Great 
 Jiritain to them amounted to about 1,300,000/, a- 
 year ! 
 
 It is not difficult to discover the causes of the 
 unexampled prosperity and rapid growth of our 
 North American colonies, and generally of all 
 colonies placed under similar circumstances. The 
 North American colonists carried with them a 
 knowledge oCthe arts and sciences practised by a 
 civilised and polished people. They had been 
 trained from their infancy to habits of industry 
 and subordination. They were practically ac- 
 quainted with the best and wisest form of civil 
 polity that had been established in Europe; and 
 they were placed in a situation that enabled thcui, 
 without difficulty, to remedy its defects, and to 
 try every institution by the test of utility. But 
 the thinness of the aboriginal population, and the 
 consequent facility of obtaining inexhaustible 
 supplies of fertile and unoccupied land, must 
 certainly be placed at the head of all the causes j 
 which have promoted the rapid increase of wcaltli i 
 and population in the United States, ar.d in nil 
 the other colonies both of North and Snuth 
 America. On the first foundation of a colony, 
 and for long after, each colonist gets an iii^iple 
 supply of land of the best (juality; and liaviug no 
 rent, and scarcely anj' taxes, to pay, his industry 
 necessarily becomes exceedingly productive, and 
 he has every means, and every motive, to amass j 
 capital. In consequence he is eager to collect 
 labourers from all quarters, and is both willing 
 and able to reward them with high wages. But 1 
 these high wages afford the means of acciimula-l 
 tion, and, joined to the plenty and chea|)!icss oft 
 the land, speedily change the morp induMtriousI 
 labourers into ]>roprictor8, and enable tlicin, iiij 
 their turn, to become tlie employers of fresh 
 labourers ; so that everj' class participates in thd 
 general improvement, and capital and populatiiii| 
 advance with a ra|)idity hardly conceivable in ol(^ 
 settled and fully peopled countries. 
 
 It has been frequently said that the establish 
 ment of our American and West India colonie| 
 was a device of the supporters of the exclusive ( 
 mercantile system — that they founded tliciu in th 
 view of raisii.g up a vast agricultural popuJatiud 
 
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 rol.ONir.s COLONY THAKK 
 
 3»i) 
 
 whi'«P rnnimprrr 'hmiM Ih> rniifinol oiitiri'ly tn iiii I 
 I'xrhmitrr iif ilirir raw |iri><linl« (nr our iiinimfnc- I 
 tun'*! K"""'"' I lii'ri' f, lioHTvrr. n • triilli in llifw | 
 ^••••rtioiiK. Unflir < iiiitrnry, ttir r)inrlir'< i.'ri«iit)><l I 
 i,. ilif fouixicro iif ttir x'ltl.i (Mit III VirK'iiiin cli«- | 
 tia. tU rm/utirrr thr ■■7.»iii/ji Iti <i;rry i>n ii iltrril i 
 inlrramrtr utth fitrruin ttiilrt. NiT Wt Tf IhrV i 
 
 >|,.w ti' avnil ilnin«rlvi-i nf tliit (xTin\«iiin ; f>>r < 
 lli.\ hml. •<• r.irlv ai li'-'O, r-itiililixliKl IhImiihi) ] 
 wsnli'Mi-t in Mi'^lltl'iir;; «i\il Klii«litii>; >li.iU'rt 
 Jill' .■Imrrini, l-'^ik l\. Il l"!' ; aH'l t lir «iili'«'- 
 ipunt |ir<><niliti^'« iif tiM- Uriii-li (toviriiiiifiit, 
 <ti'|.nviin: tlii-in 'if tint Crif.liini ..f <-.iniiii< reo, wrfi' 
 till' diiff cnu»o <if OiiM" ili'piitct wlii' li hrnkc out 
 111 l'>7t>. Ml nn i>|Mii ri'iK'iIloii of 111111(10114 niii| 
 
 thr<'4t)'nit.); itn|xirt. (lIoturtwiirH .fmrriMi, J). 
 
 W, I li wa* not until tin- i-tiloiiMl!) Iin<l •iir 
 iii.>iiiit«"«l llio il.rtitulli>'i .111:1 liiirtl'ln|i» lin iilrnt to 
 tlnir fir«f I'Klatili'htiKi'.t. nil. I lm<l t••^;un to in- 
 irrAAO mi'olly iii wi-nltli. that llinr ii.ninnTri- 
 li'.ani'' lUi oliii'»t of iiii|><>rtanr< , niul tlint ri>;ul« 
 lioii« »<r< finiiml in \\\<' vi<w I'f P'^tnitini; it.» 
 fri^-.|i'ni.»ni| of r>'nili'riiij;il |«< iili»rly ailvaiiliuriiiu'' 
 t.. till- niollii-r loiintry. Itii' Art of Iti/m, imkm.I 
 I'V llic npulilirjui I'ftrlinuK'iit, Ui<l tli<- lir«t f'<iiii 
 (iations of ttir niunnpolv >iy«ti'ni, \>\ lonlinin^; llw 
 riij-ort «ni|i x)H)rt trmlf of the iiilonii 1 ixriu'lvcly 
 
 llrifnh or <<olony I'liill «tii|>". Hut tln' f«inou« 
 NavitaHoii Alt of It'.t'.'i iT.' t luw. II. r. li) wrnt 
 iiii:. h further. It fnml'Hl ll1.1t crrtaui ■•i^vili.-l 
 «rti<li>.'«. thr in-luif of tin- rolonin, ami •iii>i' will 
 kli"»Il in iiiintiirn'- I'V llu' njlliti- of rnHmrrtitril 
 nrtirlc!*, •houM ml Ix- cxiMirlc.! dinxily from the 
 iol..iii.i( to any f"nij.'n (ouiilry, I'Ut tlmt liny 
 ► lioulil lir!«l 1>«> .'X'lit lo Hni.iin. anil tliiri' uiilaili'ti 
 (ihif woril« of ihf Ai I «r»-. Iu«{ u/mm tht «Aorr', 
 Uioni' tiny ("iilii Im' forwanhil to thrir liluil 
 <ii-!«liii«tioii. .Siiijar, tnolai-'o«, ^cin^crr, fuslii-, lo 
 I'arco. i-ollon, anil iiiilit;o »ir»' orn;in«ll\ viiunuT 
 atrtl . Mini ihi' li-tt wat »ulw»^llu■ntlv iiilari;ii| I'V 
 flu aiMttion of rtitTi-«', lii.lm aiil «kili'<, iron, c«'ni, 
 liiinl" r lie. In ITIl'J llu- nioiio|>oIy -ixati'in wni 
 fo far P'Uxiil that loii,-^". wi-rv (•■miitlnl to U- 
 carru-il ilinvlly from lli' llniuli planlnlioiii to any 
 (mrt or plan- •'■ulliwaril ol ( ';i|»- KiiiiiUrp' ; l.iit itu' 
 toii'lilion!(un>li rwliiilillii-> wiilulp'iu-twx^ Krniil>-<l 
 n>!iiiiiu<<l »o «lru t .ml nunitroti.'i down t,p l«ii;t, 
 ^»liin thrv wm a (i'»*\ ilial !«iiii|ililiril, \* u< mi- 
 •li-r il in a (Treat dixr"" nujialory ( Kilwarld'* 
 M'rjrf tmJiri. Vol. ii. |i I'.J, 1.1. lXl\i); ami with 
 tliiH i'xif|i||oii, till- o|)|>riivciTr ami vpxatioui rv- 
 ntnrliont on llu-ir ilir>-«-l t'X|«irt4(ioii to fi^rfiiCii 
 «H.>intri«!i Ht'ri' maiiiiaiiiril on iii<>!>i of tin- oilur 
 rnumrriifn/ 1 oinmuilltli-a of BIIV ini|»>rtaiicf down 
 Im a Uio |»>no<l. 
 
 Kill Ih-.iiIi-i roni|iillin^: llu-i-ol-iii^tt lo w// tlx'ir 
 |Mtlii.»" i-X' luMvtly 111 i(u Kn»:li»h iiiarki-l.«, it 
 «.«- in'Xt ihoiiK'hl a.lvnaMi to olih^c llinn in fruy 
 oU' Il forfii;n artiilf bk ihry niit;lil <il.iii«l in nerd 
 if iiilir»-ly from Ihf iii<r' haul i ami iiiaimlii<lurcr« 
 of I'.n^laiiil. Kor iIiih |.iiq».«r it *«.i.< maiii'd, in 
 I '■•••.I, iliat ■iioi-.imini»lil\ o| tli«';<rowth,iir>i<luilion, 
 or iiiatiura<-lur<- of I uroi.i- nhall !»• uii|Mirt<il into 
 Ihi- HmihIi |il.inlatioi!» Iml muli ni> .ir>' ladiii ami 
 jput oil Ukinl in Kn^l.iml. \\ al"-» or IWrwii k u|i<>n- 
 Twiiil. sn-l in Kii|.;l|sli luiilt »lii(i|iiii;;, ttluTrof Ih. 
 •mi'tiT ami thn-«- lotirtln of 'In- rrrw arr Kii^ImIi.' 
 Till ori'miilili- t'> tlii>i "lalutf, whiili rtlc< tiiallv 
 4\'iiiM«i| tl"' o.<loni«it4 from cvrrv markrt for 
 i ui..j«an |ir<«luf<- ixi r| I ihal ol Iji^taiid, ai^i^^iH 
 ill' lU'tivr for ihi4 r< ^Irii'lioii lo In- • tlio main 
 taiiiiiit; a (jfa'i"' '■orP->|><>ni|iii««- .iii<l kin-lii.!*-. !•<■ 
 t«fii thr «utij<'.-t-i ni hoiiif iin>l iIiom- m iho plin 
 l;ili"ii- ; kifiiiii^ till' •■0I0111C1 III a tinm'rili|«'iidi-iiri< 
 on till' niotiiir lounlry; luiikiii^' llinn yi-l mon- 
 l<ntliiial to II, III III.' fiirlh.r . ini'loym.'iit ami 
 iutriiiif of Kiigli<>h .'>lllI■|>lll^, ami tin. \iiit of 
 
 I'liu'li-li ninniifnitiirfi .in'li'oiiini<Hlltir» ; n-niliilni; 
 III)' iiaviK'ulioii to mill from tliciii nmri' Mifo ami 
 I lipa|> : mill niiikin:^ tlii.« kin^'iloin a •l:i|i|.', ipit 
 onl\ of ihi' .■oniniiHlitirt of Ih.' iilniilalion", Imt nl-o 
 
 fifth imiiio>liliri of ollii'r roiinlriii ami |i|.i'rH 
 
 for thrir «u|>|ily ; ll hriiur fill' ui«^;r of oth.'r 
 n.ilion.4 to kf*'!' their |il.intntioti trad.' ixilmiv. ly 
 
 to llu'ms|'lvr«.' 
 
 It »i»i al".' a l.julini; [iriniMi'If in tin' "v^ii'in of 
 
 ■ iiloni.il )i<iliry.niliijil.'d a^ v ill l>y l.tij^dainlii'i liy thu 
 olIiiT r,iiro|M'an iialii'iiK, III dHoouru^r all iitli'iii[it<i 
 to iiiiiniil'iu'liiri' Kinli artiili^ in tlw roloiiit"! nn 
 I'ould hi' |iriividf<l for them In tlu' nioilirr < oiinlry 
 llir hi'lory of our mlonial tx .fini it full of rtloriH 
 of tliiH •ort ; and su r.««riitial w a* tliH (irtiii i|i!i> 
 liii'iiii'd to till' idi'a of a colony, Iliat l.i rd ( lial- 
 hiiin did not hc^itali' to ili'i-Iarr, in Iuh |ila.'.' 111 
 l';irli:iiniiil. that • Ih.' llrili-.h n loiil'ti i| N.rtli 
 Annri.ii had no i;|i.lir to mtiiiufutnrr n-m 11 lunl 
 tor II Kiruthtx !' ( I'.ilw ,irdi 4 H'rtt liuliet, v.il. li. 
 p. .'i^it'i.) .Villi whrii >ui h were the . na. tiii'iiti 
 made hy the l.ii;i'«laiun\ and imli the aMiwul 
 4entinient» of 11 threat parluiimiilary lead.-r and a 
 friend 111 the io|. lilies, we need not li' tiirpriKed at 
 a i|i'< iaralMii of the tir«il Lord .^llellilld, h ho did 
 ii'i mop-, indeed, than expre<,H the opinion of alini-l 
 all the iii.'ri hant'< and imlitieiant of lii< time, w h> 11 
 he allinne.l that 'TIIK u.Nl.r unr of Amtrina 
 loloHUf >ir ll'rtl Initul tl!>inilt li TIIK. MUSi i|-i il V 
 • tt tfirir i-i>iuumyi/ii>n, 11114/ the citrriuijt nj' thtir /mt- 
 
 •lui, : • 
 
 II. iMirfsir TK Tin: Mdmopihy ok iiir. 
 
 ColnNV iHAltK.. 
 
 I. ll 14 notneeo^-iary toenler iiitoany loiiijtluii.'.l 
 
 i|i4.pii.'«itioiM with re»peil 111 tlii.4 jiiirt 1 1 our iiili). • t. 
 
 I'hi' ruh'« liy wtiiih we are to form mir iiidi,'iiniit, 
 
 . tij»ia It are unfolded in the artii !•• ("Mmi !;■ k. 
 
 lierr 11 in niirtiiuiil lo otiwrve, in the lip>t pl.ue, 
 
 that, thoiiijh 11 oould U- 4|iowii lhal r.sirietioii-. in 
 
 ihe eoliiiiy irad.' were really »dvant.ii;eou.4 to the 
 
 mother ..niiitrx-, that k iini i iioutjh to prove that 
 
 they should W adopted. In dealing; with a lol'Hiy, 
 
 we are not il.'aliiif; with a furiitrn country, hut 
 
 \ with an iiite;;ral i^art of i>ur own empire. .\iid 
 
 hence, in order to •how that rvlriiiioii.-i on the 
 
 ' eol.iiiy tradi' are iidvaiiLVeous, it miiit nut iiiereiy 
 
 ' Im- 4h.i»ii that III. y are Uiietlcial to the liiolluT 
 
 j .-ouniry, Imt it iiiu-«t fiirtlu r l«e ^liowii that tin y 
 
 I an- tn'iielicial, or, at uU events not injuriou.i, to the 
 
 Colony. Thi' advaiita^je of one part of the empiri' 
 
 1.4 not t.i be juirch:».>ied hy the deprt'vtion of ■..■nie 
 
 other part. Ihe duty of (lovernineiil is lo proin..te 
 
 • the pro«inrity ntid to iiiaintaiii the eipial ri^hn 
 
 j kiid privilej;.-4 of all; Hot lo enrich one cla>.'' or 
 
 one province at the i\pen!i«' of othelN. 
 I riili priiniple i.4 decl-IVe of the whole (|l!e4tliin. 
 ttwiiij; to the identity of laiijiuiu,''', niaiinem. and 
 ' plijcimi, the nierchaiil.4 of the muthir couniry 
 1111141 alw,ix-4 haxe very jjreat advanlaj;e.4 in Ih.- 
 Colon'. m.irlMt.'i; ami if the coiiimo.titie.4 which 
 tliev ha\e lo 4<ll Im' ahoiii a-''^uilahle for tlicii, 
 ' and a4 low priie.l, an th.we of other*, iioiie elno 
 will he Lni|H>rled into them ; hut if they Im' ii.'I, it 
 wouhl plainly Im- to the injury of the colony In 
 .■iimjxl her 111 hiiy from the imHher country what 
 •he nii^hl prociin- clnap<r from others. It «ill 
 iiiiiii.slialilv If 4.en that imh forced salcouiild he 
 of no real adv intake to the mother c. iintry ; Imt 
 wheiher that were so or not, its mi.schievoas ij;- 
 lluiine ii|>oi'. the colony i.s r.ianife''t. Were .la- 
 
 ■ iiaica, tor example. ohlii.'ed to nuport any arlnl.' 
 Iroui Iv.iiiid whi.li co.si her li'o.niin/. a \ .'ar 
 niife ih 0: -111' could pro.'iire a similar artulc hT 
 elsewlure, «li<' woiiM manifestly lose this amount ; 
 iliid th'iu>;h it Were Irui' lhal ev.ry shilling of this 
 • iiiii louiid Us way as extni /iriijit into the poc'kcia 
 
wo 
 
 r<>I.ONIhi*-roLONY TllAKK 
 
 "( lh# iBMrhunt* or nuiniifaa-tiirrr* i>( Kn«;lan<l. 
 that wxiM l« i).i Mi(K<-iriil juolitiralii>n of llw- 
 |inlirr of tuc)i a •%«i<'n>. T\w |W>>«<^'iii>n >\\n- \i\ a 
 (piVrnimm) t" il« ouliirtt* i\>»» imt <lr|>rnti ■•n Ihr 
 canine iln:rr«-^ •>( Uiitu<lr aiiil l<>ii|ritiiilr miilrr 
 wliii h tloy h«}'i<ii \o livr. It wimiI<I tii-t *» morr 
 gUniiKly unjuni to lay |«iuiiar hurirn* on \hr 
 T^Mhian* for llir ivakr ..f Mi>t<llr~M>x than it i* to 
 U« tfM-m >>« Jamah-a f.>T the nakr < f l'n«;lat>ti. 
 
 In j»Hnl of fart, h<iwr\rr. tlio mi'ii<>j»-ly of the 
 r>.l.>ny tra>ir i« if no rr-al \i*t . \y»\ the rrvrr**-, to 
 thr m"thrr r^mntry. If. a* ha* •'■•n altr» ly "\t 
 Mt\<A. Uir ran nip)'lt hrr r»>li>m»tji with m«HU a> 
 <-bfa|>ly a^ thr> ran h<- nijif Itol I'V othrr», 'he ml) 
 havr no i^>in|>r*ttor* in thru matlkrt» . aiiil i( »hr 
 rannol <)» this thr m«no)M>ly i* rrally h<<*tilr to 
 l)«r >tii«p«t*. Karh i-ountry ha« fc^mr natural or 
 arinnrr-'l • a|>ahilitirA that rnaMr Iwr to .^rry on 
 rrrtain hra«<'l>c» of u>ilu»try itjorr nih ant^t^r^tikly 
 tlvjui any <mr rlK. Hut tlM> t*< I of a o>untry 
 lirinj; lialJr to \^ uiuUraottl in thr tnatirt« of hrr 
 («il<4iK« »)iir«>r>-nrlii*ii'r]y that, inatrail of haxui^ 
 •ny Mi|<m>>nl> . »hr lat<»ar> ui«<lrr a diKaih antaitT. 
 ai> o-nii«arr«l with Mhcr*. in the {«v<l>t4'ti>>(i of ihr 
 t«>ni]iar arlirlfn in lirtnanil in thrm. Aii<l ItriKv. 
 in |«^•«»<^^n^ a (orv««1 marirt in tbo f^'l.>nir» for 
 article* that «p «h<«iM n<'l otbrrotw lip alJr :» 
 i]i<]>i«r of, «r nsally nigngv a |«irtjoii of thr ra]>ilal 
 anil U>*<ur '^f thr cxiuntry in a lr»» ••tvanta^'i'U* 
 channel than that into which it woul.t uaiuralty 
 ha«r tlooroi. W't imprr-M ii|«in it an artiluial <li- 
 rrrtK'n. anil with.Jra* it frx'tn thi*^' tfcutt aiiil 
 rr-ally Iar«r6r^ tuMm-wM<« in whii h it vouUI havr 
 \ttrt\ rtr|4ovi-»l. In tnfmigr it m iM'inrdtc^ thr 
 rs:t.|«nr« ni whKh ilr(irn>U only on thr ronlinti- 
 inry i4 (fiftr-mtyf r*^\ntli>>ti%, an<t Ml «hnh »» 
 ant- nurf iao * " ! hj 1«*ti^nrr».. 
 
 r.t-eti wflt- il r.tJc^tU-tl that ihr {•mm-<oi' n ■ f an 
 r>utlrt jn th* ojonict for f:<»i(U that r>Hii.l iji>< 
 othrrwiM* («< (]i»{ii>M«t of Da* a.1 ailrantakT. it ir 
 i4»r that can r\M in thrnty ■<r.lj I'rat-tttally it 
 ran nevtt br rr*li«<<«L Thr intrrfal* <^ thr t»Jo. 
 itikU. and ihr ilrsirnty and Jrvir** of thr »muj;- 
 j;l»t. arr U«n much for I Utt/'tu h<'U»r ri-+;MUti'-ti*. 
 (1i«ia|< {^•xl* TXfff fall i4 making tJmr way 
 iJin<u#:ii rv»ry oimiaclr. All thr tyrannical law* 
 at>d fimtrda'^'ttnt of ( >1<1 S|iain ijut not htihirr hri 
 rioJoiiiM fr\i«n l«tni£ );lut««l with j>rx'hiliilr.S ex m 
 nv»iitit«i anti «r may br aMur\<<i that the 
 moisriii a ootm*<st<if a{>)«~ar> in tht t»rM raj*!'!'- 
 of i>u}>)<lrin^ thr ( «iia<liAn* and |<n'|'lr of Jamaica 
 with oi.tt.mti, »i«.!lr!!»*, Kar!«iarr Ac- clwai^r 
 titan wr cui Mit<|il) them, that m->tnriil will thry 
 <-ra»* tA. In- our CU»1.»mrr». All tb* rr* rtiUP o(!jc»T», 
 
 «j»t all thf (^hii** of Kn^lan<l, Mt<t«iun^ ihrtn tnW 
 rnsplovrnl (cm that puryuar, WitiU l<r unalJr i>< 
 aii-n tht* navull. 
 
 Ilir ix<naH{u«non» of tb* Amrr»«n war •h"«l<l 
 hatrc lo>! to i>>i:r»>lrr v)]uni<>a« ihan thovr that arr 
 »ti4l cuTffnt a> to thr »alur of thr nK<n"i>-l« <.f thr 
 c.4i<iy lra<lc. lla* ihr imlr|iifr»il«»c«> tJ thr I iiUnl 
 }*iaif» l»tm in any rt-*{«*t injurvuu* U> u» / S» 
 far fn<a thi>. U i> crrtain liial it b*% rrnUiuiMlni 
 matrriatly to ow ailt antaifr. \Vr ha>r hrrn ir- 
 Ijerr.) fr,<ai tlw r\|M-nM- and irv>uWr of j.'ovrttuni; 
 r»tro»ivp oHintrtn at a ami di»tan<* frx>«ii >.>ia 
 ith<'tf\ at thr Munr tuii< that wr havr itdiluiuinl 
 it' r«a|> all thr a<l«aiiiJi^« that wr |irr^i<Hiily 
 ^rr«|*>l fr-tn our iiit«-r.>Hir*r with tlinn. It u 
 vi»inn«rvt-' iinairt'"' 'hat »rc»<ulil liavr »u<«r«>l«-l 
 (ithrttn |>r<-\ fitting thrtn fr«(tt t«ta)>li«hiii^ luanu- 
 facion<-» at honjr. or fr-m it«j«ininj; jr'-Iuct* 
 fr-Bi al>ri«<l. It»»l any t^ir iM-rn aMr to uinhrcrll 
 tt». (hir iiidiitMinil uf thr Amrrtijui tuaii.<( <l»- 
 |««4*, at ihu wi-tnrm, .41 tin »«ry wiiitr |>nn> iplr 
 — (hr ia»tij}jaraiivr ihrai'iuio'i of imr j;"«j«1* — <ti 
 whuh It >l<pj>rti<i»^l «<h«i w* ha<t • jjvverriof in 
 
 _ Male. So loiid a* wc prriM-fTe thia i,i. 
 vanlat^T. wr prMrrvr thr only tnran* hy *hirh th. 
 nxHtoiMily of any itidaiit niarkri ,ai («• maiiitaii)i>,: 
 and thr only nxan* hr whicl: Mich inoni>tpi.|v u 
 rrnilrrrti of thr lrA«t *<K anta^tr. 
 
 IWin^ lntrt;ral j*rt« of the rni|Mr<, thr xn.\,. 
 with thr colonic* >hoiil<|. a« far a» rin-uni.;a,„,, 
 will icrmii.lx- <~on.luctMl on thr fioting of«,,^,, 
 \tm trailr. The rtatr „( thr rrrmur rr<]iiirr^ tlm 
 niixlrrair dutir* thmild If laid »n aiKar. r>i(T<. 
 anil nini. whrn im|>ortrt| into (irc«t |!ntain .c 
 Irrland . liit thr duli>-» on cotton, mroa. iiiilni.«i 
 iithrr i^iUmial |jro<luct> muclit Im> rr|i«aln| «it|,. ui 
 injury to Ihr rrvrnur, and with advanta^-r |., , ;; 
 parlint, Infortunairl^ . h^^wrtrr, thr •»«um «. 
 |iur>unl down to alalr|«>n'«l »a» in ni.~t rr»|,,'. 
 thr rrvir«c of what it 'houlil havr iMrti. |tv 
 rx<'ludtn){ thr roloiiial* fMni thr chra|>r<i nnr 
 krt* for thrir f.«"l aixl liiinl>rr, wr artilKui'i 
 rai»r<l Ihr f«««i of ihrir j>ft«lm'v ; and lluii. to (*,i 
 terl thmi ln>ni thr con*r<|iirncr« of •uoh »h..r 
 M4;hlt'<l jMilicy, Wr fi*\i- Ihrni a mono(>>lv of t!.. 
 Ilnli»h marirt! It i« thu< that cnr unju»t an: 
 vici<Hi» rr^tnlati"!! i» •nr> to ^ivc Inrth to i<hir', 
 and that iIxmw wh< d< jiart fnmi tound i^inri)'-' 
 hatr no^htiii: Irft hut to rlltlraToiir to U.ltlir u\' 
 <4i< alnurditt hy another, it m tiinr, nurrjy.itu: 
 an rn<! wrrr put to < vrry vr«tij{r €.f p., ruinnii* » 
 •yttrm. It I* a« much for thr intrrmi a« it it t):r 
 limty of Koicland to rrniot r all rmtnctioiK fh^i. 
 the r<d(ioi*t«, not nwrnttal for thr >akr ui rrvrnu- . 
 fur thk« I* tlir only turan* l>y whii h khr caii yr 
 tide fi>r th«ir rral jinniKri'ty, hy turning ilw.r 
 indu>tr> into th<M*d<'|«rtnirnt« for ihr |.^«<vu'.^•.. 
 of whhh thry arr naturallv fitt«<l. and rid lirrv'r 
 of th<wr ii>o«i<>{»>lir« that iurm the brarmt ritt; 
 ujion hrr Induotry . 
 
 Wr ...ulil Hot, howrvrr anxiij«««, rxrlmlr maiu 
 fa•'lllrl^! anictrm, and mk li (m<-i^i (fiKiaU t« v 
 \»lual>i« «ilh<'Ut iM-in^; xrrv Inilky. from "ur Wo'. 
 India HiUiiil*. pf»TiiVr«i thry wttr .>lTrrnlchra|>< r* v 
 olhrr'>. Itut Mikii I* n>-t thr raw with luniNr, 
 |«<nMi>i<m> Ac Tliry aif t««> bulky to U- r*«i,) 
 'H'u^wlr I . ainl may Iw, an>l ind<-rTl »rr»-. \m 
 uiurti ratwtl III |<ri<r by rrtlru li<>ii> on their u:i 
 l«iriatton. For maiiy \tar« all dtnvt inl<Tcnur><. 
 iH^toTn ••«i W'-«« liiilia •■•'l.4iir» and Iht I niio! 
 >t/U(^ »a» inlrrdi«-tr«l , and, in <xiii»«ju<'mr, t,V 
 I lanirr* w-rr ^>^n|^«'llr^l nlhrr to jiupply tliiin 
 xht^ with lunilM'f, >l«vr« &.. Iiy a di»lant vio»,;i- 
 I'ritn fanada. or, wht<h na« br (ar th* ii>o: 
 o<inm<»n |<ra>lM-«-, fntn Ihr Cnitni .Statr-sttin'Ui'. 
 ihf ctrt~>iitou* and rxin ti«t«r tlianurl of ."m. rii'«a> 
 and uthrr iirutral ulaiuU ! In |ia|irr* laid by liv 
 \Vr»l India nMr>hani« and plantrr* M ^ l: ■ 
 ll.ratr of t ..lumoni (No. I'.Hi, .S-Mi.in ltkir,tir> 
 rAtitiialrtl thr incnaM^l ri|irnM-thry lhu« iiicun>l 
 on lunitwr, »ta%r«, tlour, Uiintflr*, ti»h K<: at ! ■ 
 1*1 irnt, of ihr cIiIUf \ alur oj thrar artulrt. "T i- 
 |<C,.'M«y. ayrar. And tl will l« ibMTvt-l that :.- 
 |iart iff ttut *utu w«it int*- thr |«<krt* of any Hm 
 >*h iiicnUaiit — It «rnt « holly to indtinnif) Itn 
 Vlnrniau* aiKl othcr» for hrin^ «J)ll({rd t" \>tv.-^ 
 tlrtir {rf..hiil» Muntl aliout by St. Ihoina* iu«tr».l 
 ■ f dirnrt frum thr .Malra. 
 
 Ihu •\»ii:m jtriw oui ,( ihr .Vmrncaii •" 
 but It u'«lor to Mr. I'llt to »la!r that it rr.TiT. ; 
 iio i.mnt«nan«-«- fr>Jta him. l>n thr imntrarj , !)■ 
 iiiiroduiVMl a Ull. Ill 17»»a, for rT»i>iin; tht l<r'« 
 iKial inirrii'urM' that r»uti<i |>rr<iou»ly !«• lii' 
 war. brtwr^ii ihn Inilril .Matr* and lb»' W <'■ 
 India i*Uiid». Ilul U'liij; t.j»jjii*rd by a }«iwi'r).i 
 (larty in I'aiiianirnt, and by thr »hipo»ii<t» »; • 
 t ana<U w»rrvlt«n!», hr wa» obli^ol nluriantlx ■ 
 • ilhdraw thr bill. Ihr follow m^' rrinalW* ol Mr. 
 lliian I.d»arl» on lhi» wibjrxt. wrilt4m in K"-'*. 
 ate tvu isitrrrtftUt; lo br utotllt.'U '■— 
 
roLONIi:S— COLON V TKADF. 3.'.1 
 
 • I'him' «yi> he, ' i« not it hu«nr<< nf wllithnr** I thr ini>ii<>l<i>l\ wcrr introiliicoil liv Mr. i:<iliin<<nM 
 
 (.r fait ion ; nor (liUr nianv i.f iIkwm- qiir«:iiin'< , (allirwuril'i Lord L'i|"iii). I ln-<r iiir«'<iirt < wrro 
 
 wliii'li An* lUily mo\ri| in I'nrliaint'iil iiicrrly to fartliiT rillnwcd up l>> .Mr. lliiskMooii in \hj:,, hv 
 
 .i.itMir aii't (wriili'x •Mivi'mini-nt ) laii it l>r iti«- thr Art ti (ic.i, IV. r. lit; mid twiv lii< tiinc hy 
 
 inivnl 1>) avntr. It will o'lnr (iirw;ird nu'niii and thr;i,V I Win. I\'. r. .V.i, niid iiiorr rri-intly !>% tliV 
 
 ak;.iin, and liaiint adiiiiiii.<lrntion in a llioiiaaiid .'i .1 •! Vi< i. c. I'.i, uhirli r.iini- into o|>.'rntioii in tlir 
 
 hidi'iMiit fliaiir*, until a nion- lilMnil |i>di<-y hIiaII \\>-t lndic<i on April .'>. I^U, 't'tii'<w Ai-i^ rr 
 
 l.iki' plan-; f>«r no lolly ran (m-KiMv cxcnMl ilx' piiiird wviTal of tin- prolii|iition-< that f<irini'rly 
 
 II •tioii that aii> moft«ijrf« piiniiird 1>> tinat llritain r\i»trd atrainit the iniporiatioii o| I'crlnin .'irlirlt-s 
 
 »il! |»rpv«-nl ihi' .Vnirrican i<lali-'< fri'in having, inlo llir \Vi"<t Ilitliaii ndoniiv* tiid tin- Maiiriliiii, 
 
 i.mc limn or olbt-r, a i-oniinrnial lalin i>iir«- with 
 . lir \\ r«t liidinn tirriton«-« on llinr .'wii timK. 
 \\ nil a ch.'iin ol cortut ••{ 'Ji** of latitiidr. [•■••i-««in#; 
 tin- ti!H"<t liarlonr* for tin- purjHwi'' in tlo- wi>rld, all 
 Imiik "' near the oii^iir KdoiiiC't and llo' inxk t 
 
 •n<l tliry aNo rilln r rr|i«nlid or very niiitirially 
 ntliici-d thr iiiitii'4 that wcri" pri'vioimly laid on 
 ot(i»r<. K 'r I'xaniph', till' Imrnd ••f .Vno riraii or 
 otlu-r f' rfi_-n llnur. that d"Wii lo l-t ! pai.l n duty 
 of .'>*.. Iin« Kiiii-r Ixi'ii iin|M>rti'<l on piiyiii;; in sonii- 
 
 Kiiro|w, with a «-i>uiitry iiUitindint; in rvfrylhini; ra.««'« a iniu li h.wrr duty. Mi.<t otlirr diitii'* on 
 
 tlio i'>l»nil> havi* otvaxion for, and whiili thc\ <tiii 
 ..lil.iiii no »\)irr>' dju"— all tlii-»o riri-umtlaiirr* iir- 
 II oaniv and naturally Ictd to a omimiri iai iiitiT 
 i-ourip Utwi-4'ti our udnnd^ aiiil thr I iiitnl .statii. 
 li X* trui' Mi< may nun our mi^ar >'olMiiii>«, and 
 iMip«rlvrs al.vi, in tiir a'trinpl to pr^vi-ut it ; but it 
 t« an cxiM-rmii'iit nhn'h tiiNl and ii.iluro Ium' 
 imrlxd out ft' ii«i>oi'iMi' to ituci-ri'd. I'lic i>ri«« lit 
 r< itrainiiiK oviiloiii i.< lorluddinK lurii to li<d]> cat li 
 nilior; men wIhv l>y thi'ir nrrifwiiir^, tlicir i liinali'. 
 and thiir pr<Mliu'ti«n<<, an' fitanduiK' in pi-qictiial 
 i\i'<''l of inulual ajoii'taiirc, and aldi- to MU|.ply il.' 
 . Ihtt. H'rit IniluK l'r<'l4<f to ■.'lid itl ) 
 
 W !■ alio tli"ii^hi lit to int< tili< I ihi> \V<•.'^t In- j of 
 .loiiiM fnitn thr ntiiiiHk'. ir, an il ii tivhnii-ally | tti 
 
 artirlri ol I"ihh| have !)• «n ndin'i'd in llir >ainr pro- 
 portion ; ninl n«'i', wimkI, and hinihi'r, artirlcs of 
 ^n-nl iiii|)i'rlnii' •' in thr ndoiiird, wliiili |ornnrly 
 paid hii;h diiln -<, may now )ii> iin|M>rti'd duly trrr. 
 (><•«• /H«^I \\ f hrlii'Vr, iliiU'i'd, that it would In- 
 «ounil iMiliry torarry *till farther ihitliU'ral Mwtt'ni, 
 hy entirely repi'.ilin;; th< dulii"* on tlour. tali, nii'.if, 
 and all oilur artirlet of prokidon, .luiiiaiia and 
 our othi r Wi'si Indian to|iiiiii-H niny le viewed as 
 unuii'iiie »ii,;ar, ruin, niid r.iffee niaiiiilaetorie^, 
 whirh, tlioii^'h !(itu.ite'l at adiilaine from I Midland, 
 Uloim to l'.ii,;li.ihiiieii, and art- earned on hy 
 Kii^li'h eapital. Kiit to pn>ni>4e the proKpenty 
 any nuiiufuitun' without injury to nthen, 
 n' are no nirnii' at i-iu r ■♦o oli\ ioui .ind efTietual 
 
 tirtiii'*!. the i7<f_v'";' of nujjnnt. Thi.'* ti one of the ! a* to ^jive tlioHo engaged in it the nieaiM of larrv- 
 f • n inanufaetiire.t that nii^ht he ad\anta^roui)ly \ in^ it on with the leait outlay, and to keep the 
 Ml up in the i»lftniN. I he proee.** add< eoiisider- \ duties on it» prodiue at low a- po-wihU'. And. how 
 aldv to the >alui- of Mi^ar ; and it ini>(ht l>e ear niueh toever «i' may fail in tlo' last of thi-sc iir- 
 rie<i on in the Imildiiitrs and hy thf hainK that i'i'-M.iry roiulilioii'i. we have now hut little to 
 ari' riwpiirMl to l«)il the eane or to prrpar'' the raw reproaeh our^'lvet with in r«-;;ar'l lo the former. 
 «T iiiUM.°ovaito ttu^ar. ln<itrAil, Imwi vir, "f hein^; It wto' Utter, inrhapi. that tin- dutiei nii nece.*- 
 allowwl to n'tine their .iui(an mi the '■\»<i. ami Mries inn«irtiil inlolhi' roloiiie'<ihi.iild In- fi'iwaliil; 
 «lirr»' it michi hi' done for a thirl part of the , hut if lhe\ are to he retained, thuto' im|»>-"il hy 
 ex|«'nse that \* n'i(uinil in Kii(;lnnd. ihr planter^ tin- late .Vrt are at nuHlirate a-t ran well Im- 
 weri- proliihited Iroiii •iiKa^riiiK in thi» hraiii h of . de.«iri'd. 
 
 iiidu/>trv, and oldi^ed to «>x|M>rt all ihrtr su^ari. Foniierly, thoujjh Amerieaii Jind otlirr rorei;;n 
 eiihi r raw or onu-heil, to Kn^land. Nuihin*; etmld tlour i-oiil,| not lir imiHirlid from a fonii;ii eouiilry 
 exeetil tlie oppn-«"ivem'i!« of xueh a re»oil«tioii •,{ into the NVe«t India lilaiidi without payin^a duty 
 
 and wlutt i.i iiioiit Mii^-ular, it ha.-< not liei-n enforeed, 
 like ino»t ret;iilalioii.'«iif the >>ort. in onier to hoUli'r 
 uj' anv of the lindiii^; interr»t.'» of the eoiintry, 
 hut merely to pve afaititou* emplo\ meiit to a 
 vrrv pinall rlun.'' — thai of ihi- MU,'ur reliin tk, who'W' 
 luitiiml miidi nee ix in ihi' \\\'*l Indie.i. The 
 
 Jilanters and nii-rehant.i e>tiniate<l (in IM;li>) the 
 ow rim.«H-<l hv thi-> pre|«.<irroui ri'i^ulation at 
 
 ■f .'i*. a ham I, il mi^hl Im- imiHirled I'rie i.f duty 
 into taiiada and our other [lot-eo^ioin on the eoii- 
 tuieiit of .\. .Vinerii-a, an.! U' theme r\|H)rtii| in 
 ilntiih -ihifM to the i'laiidi fnc of duty. In eon- 
 fieipniiee of thii retjiilalioii a lar;je pro|>ortion of 
 the lloiir, himUr, and other artielet reipiirt- I for 
 the supply of Ihe i.nland.'*, instead of Ixiii^ .'•hl|<|M'd 
 direct for them fn>ni New Orli'aiii, italtiiiiore, and 
 
 7f>,i'i>><>/. a year, hut lhi!< prvdiihition hait at leii(;tU other .Vnuriian p-'rt-i, wa.i oriit in the lirst iii'-lanri' 
 hii II " ilhiirawii. I to Canada, wlien.-c it wnn eoiiveyed in Itriti.th 
 
 The dutillnlion of ii)ilrits front Kiifcnr. that u.«eil ^ uliipi in it< linal de-tinalion. So that th>' in- 
 
 to Ih- only ix-eiuioiiuliy. i* now alwayn allowtsl. 
 The diitle.'< haviiif; U-en adju.iled so »< (o ^ive im 
 advantaite to the planlen onr the grower* ol 
 Ivarliv, or to the latter over the former, the dis- 
 lilli r-t have Ihiii iKTiiiitird to dixtil iiidiKi'riniin 
 ntt Iv from iiui;ar, iiiola«»e», or ^rain. It uai thf 
 hifiiii-vi of tiiiverntneiit to lake rare that ihe 
 
 llueiiii' of the duty was not so murli to raise a 
 ri'vrtiue, or lo oiMii a market for the Hour, pro- 
 vi'^ioiis. and luiiiht r if I anada. ,-i.s to make the 
 Hour and other ini-<'?Ksnnes .supplied to the eolo- 
 nii(l<i hy the liiiled .State.s ho larried, at a heavy 
 expense, a roundalHiut voya:;eof some ".'.imh' mile.* 
 and traiishippe<l. that emplcynii iit mit;ht W luuiid 
 
 dullest .sliiiuld 1x1 M> arran^tsl a.s to ^ixe no unfair ! for a few thousand tons of llriiish and eolonial 
 ail\ nnlo^e tu oiiv |wuty oM-r another ; hut, having lihlppint; ! Itiil this preixwienius system is happilv 
 ili'ue this. It cMuld. with propriety, do imlhin^ at an end. Anieru-iiii tlour is mow ( I .">•>•■«) rhari.'ed 
 aiorr. 'I'll prohihil di.itilLtlioii from nu;;ar. that a with a duty of '.'.i eeiits |M'r loo Ihs. in (an.ida; 
 fon-id market may heopene.! for j;raiii , or distil and. unlependeiills nf this, the duties on foreijin 
 latiou frxitn ^rain, that u foreed m.irket ina\ he artieleK directly iin|>orted lul'i the eoloiiit*:* are tiMi 
 o|Hiiol fur Du^ar ; an- iiili rfi retueii with the free , low to ijivt any eneoum^eiiient to their indirect 
 • iom ..f industry, tor whieh no ^jimnI rea.son hn.s ' eoiiveyamt'. 
 
 In en, ii.ir. We Isliive. eaii Ih« a,s»i);ned. It was. however, mit a little siiii;iilar, that while 
 
 J. Hrliuultm uj i/ir .l/oMoisVy. -Ititt tho(ij;h the fu'in-rial l.e^-islatiiru had iliiis endeavoiireil, hy 
 iwmielhiiit; still remains to lie done, it i.« not to Ih' : re|H'atiiii; and lowering; the duties ,in most arli- 
 denied that (^reat pro^n-ss ha.s lie« n made towards j ele.s of foreign prodie e, to pro\ ide for the future 
 the adoptiiiii of a Miiind nynteiu of eoluiii.il policy | priMperuy o| the colonies, the I.)'^islaiure of Ja- 
 aiiiie I »■.'•.', when measures fur tliu rila-xatiou of , luaica shuuU have palled an .Vi I itu|H>>iiii^' heavy 
 
mm 
 
 <liitH>« on iht Mmr anirlMi. 
 
 COI.ONIK."* ('t»I.«»NY TIJAUK 
 
 I.iirkilr, Ihiit im | wik-I)' of im IrM ihiin 4,tAA.:WtV. • rr«r' lUit t 
 l«>hiic A«-t cxpirr.) ..II lv-<vinlw>r ;il. |f«*.«. •ml | mii> . iwrtmpn. !«• miiiI, tli«i, h*.! »\\r |>>rt< Utn 
 *»«»vrnimriil nioM i>n<|'<Tlv ilirrri«v| the «t.'»-rnii«r j ■>(■<■ n i" iKr (rro im|t<ir1«li"n nf I'uliaii anil ..||„. 
 I.I rrfuv l>i» »^»M'nt •IkxiM iI I* iili<tn|>(<^l !•. I"r<'i(n< *•>«;•'*. Ihr pni-r of the laltrr woukl liii\. 
 rinrw ii. .'f !.• pr.|»i^ »iiy •imiUr im A*un . i l«>rn rmixsl ; ni\,\ ••.. |iri4>al.|y, ii «ikiI<I ; ih..iij;' 
 < I'aH. r.ittrr, N.i. i'.ii, !M>»», lM;t/t ! omM.lrrinjt !>>«• va»l rxu-iil aii<l pr^liK-iirrnn. • 
 
 F..f a Irn»r«l>^n«1 (MTi-ol ci>ncr»«»oo WM m- I thr *irl.| fn.m whi.-li •ut;«r inav n.iw Im> liri.ii,;! • 
 tiriiv fH tlir Liiriidr; ai.l wliilr «r hail all IhiI wr ,|.kiI.( wlirthrr tlii« rfTrri w.nilil havp t<>rn Xc 
 rmai><'ii<«lri| Ihr trailr i.( ttir r»li>nH*«. an.l all.iwnl , artiaiUr.. Iltit •ii|>tanin^ that tlir ■ipriiing of , - - 
 
 \—T\» ha<l rai«ct| the |in<f off.prrigii m^far fr 
 
 • I., (till llip MivinK wmil.l h.i 
 
 in \<'\ |4> Ihr Munr Ifvrl with Ih.iar •■n lln<.- 
 n.liinial •itcar. I'rotMil.ly, iintml, «r harr i;. : ,, 
 III lhi« <*»r. fnun OOP i^lri-mp to ancthiT. 
 <i'nu<lrnnt; lli<< liittUuIliPa umlrr «liirh thr \ v, 
 ti»h r<>l<<iii>|j> arr |iiai>r<l ifvn the «aiit of mi[,| ,., 
 "( rt.nn.ulfc.ry laU'ur, it may !»• .L.tihlMl «h»i:- 
 thrv wrrp n-.i riiiiilmj tua naoonablc .lucnnui:^: 
 
 itrm in tiiP national ri|^ii.litiirr far m.>rr 
 than I* Krtirrallr »u|ify«o.|. Ni.t i4ily htv ■ 
 l»p|i "ubjoctrtl til >\\M nniinatin^ ittitim im (.jtc" 
 artiHr*, lliat NmiUr arti< If-* fri>m thr f»l.ti-i 
 
 Ihrm ii'rr*<<rt to all thr iitarkrt* <>( thr «Mrl.l, 
 
 o.!iMim) i-uf <lcman.| f..» n.lonial |'n"liicr nrlu- ■.'<i«. '.'«/, t.. ',/ .'a. |»r 
 
 »i«rly t» Itirir mAikrlA. S> l<4i|;. inili^nl, a* thr am<ni!i',(«| t<> A. '.'4<>. '.''•<>/ *>•. a vrar ' [Hi oak. 
 
 o.lxtiitt* •rrp f.i«m|wll<vl to lake all that thry i WV arr, h>.«rvpr. kUiI t.. mt thai tin* |. rn>»r. 
 
 waiiint fr.«n w», it wa« hut {»ir that w »h<«ilil l* , n.»ui iiy«u<m ha« l<rrn al«i)<l>.i)r<l, Ki»m«i, .1 „•,• 
 
 cmprllol t<> takr thr i>ui;ar aiul .thrr artu Ip» in n<'« ailinilltNl, with.mt rrt;ani in iia nn^'in. 
 
 mlh «hi. h iIh-v ci>uM •mj.jJv u« rs<-Iu<ivrlr I |>a\ mn>l i.f r.tUHHiaMr <lutip«. whi>-h wrrr rr<lii . 
 
 from Ihrtn. Hut haMivj; lilwr»l»»l thrm from thia 
 
 • •(•li«;ai><4i At'l prrmittf.*) thrm tw rr^i.n to «hai- 
 rvrr markrta tlirr th'Hit;ht m'<*t a.lvant«^-r<.fi«, 
 Iherr wa« nrillicr ju»t4o* m* ni-lu-y in n^iliiiiiiitf; 
 t»i i^^itinr thr iMfklr tA Ihr I'nitnl Kiiitr<ii>m t" 
 lltrir niarkHA. lhiK.<.f all (■•uhlr raix*, i« that in 
 
 • hirh n-cii.ntciiy »..ul.| Krm t" W m.«t ilr«iral>lr. 
 
 If It l>r n^bt. M no (totiht It Is thai tli'- plajit<r> \u^ liuty in thnr favour. 
 <.f .lamaira kh.iul.l. if Umv At^ta u m.-i (..r ihrir i Thr rstr»or>linary prrfrrmro khnwn to mloivt 
 ir.trmt, !><' ail'-wni to draw mipitif* . ( tlour. |>r<. •i>|^*r «a^ .<n iKr wh.tr, |>r< lialilv l)*<i> •')>:.•. 
 »i«Ki«>«. ainl manufactur-oil p««l« fp.m Niw Or ii.KtaMr thati Ihal »h..wn |.. nilouiai linilwr , t!.. 
 Iran* .-r IUltin><<<r. .^n what i^rtrnrr i« the llnttth Ultrf havtnc tv<-ii. f.T a liiitcthniMl |>rn<«l. 1.: 
 manu(artiir>'r >* m»-n hant to I* (jrvpiilrtl (r»ni miitnl int.. our markrtii at a n<'miiial>iutv(.f u )•■ 
 im|*ctini; mi^^ fri4ii lUo, liic llataiinah, ur i.ui.l. whilr IUttt>- an.l other fori'ii^i li'rolH-r m- 
 lUlavu .' •uhiort*^! I., a .iuly of j.'.«. t»-» |,>a.|! Iti IX.".! h. « 
 
 ilavtnt; <1onr »•■ tnurh to aU'UiJi pn-hilitiwm «'\i r. the iliil»r« on f..mjfii iiml«-r wrrv m'.arfii ■ 
 «.o ..no w.lr. wr »m> IxmiKl to ,\ • a* murh f<.r , 7*. •«/. jirr Ioa.|. au<t in Iw^i all thr timhrr .tii!:'- 
 th«ir aU lil><4i •«! thr other. Iia>'in({ ilr{in»r«l . wrrr rrnrah-.!, thr colonir« aii.t forri^n ohuii.'i.- 
 Ihr tnrrchaiit* ami tnartiifadurrn i.f thr I nitnl haviti«f iMvn |ml on Ihr lanir Irvrl in \>»'A. 
 kinj;vl<4n >4 the m<.noj»i!y <.f Ihr r<<l<4ir markH. i Thrrji|irt>*« uf thr rtiloni..'* u. al*o, a vrry hcjv. 
 »r t>"ulJ n<M. mlhiiul \ioUlini; rvrrr |>rim:|Jr i4 
 f»^M»lri..-y ajiJ Juitirr, rrfuM- Ui <t«-pnvr Ihr oi4«> | 
 ni»t.* <4 Uir m<Hio(>.lv of ihr ltnli»h markets. ' 
 \ni\*t^\ Wyt at.t««t an.l in<Kt r'-ml.ru* <1< (cnil<r» of 
 Ihr f«>U»iiy *y»lf m have AilmilIni that o»r |i«rt <.f n)i«;ht rr\yi\ tl»r m<4)o|«>ly i«f our tnarkrt/>, l«j( •' 
 it c<MiUl ii<< if »4ii«).cir»l »r)J<|«m<lrnily of the havp to tWray a very larjfr turn ki ac«imi-.'. 
 r<-*l, that II It >.^ a |imir. antl inuct riihrr »tAii'l .r thrir military an<l naval r%|Mti<hlurT'. Ibrr* >r 
 fall l"j;Tthfr. ' I h» tlnti»h ilomin.ons' mi\ • ii.. m<ai» hy »hi<-h to r>tjmatr thr pnviw ain .:. 
 |>.ril >hrrt>rl<l. ' iirr n« mmt)> rmlitini h< lAr marlult of ihla r\I«rn»r : hul it l\ nntwithntanitmi;, A: 
 \^ tkt Hrtt\iJk II rrf /m/io .la Itn hitlfrtirt rnlttlitl , .iaiittv i»nam thai ('«ua4a anil llir ulaii'li II '•'■■• 
 In rAo«r r.1 titt fiirmtft . ami tikt»*rtr iKiil M.ua.y«i^|r ; Wml liulir«c<.«t ua annually. In military tu.! tm J 
 at ^tim up. If Wll I IIK rill IIILilRkT Anal KlilTI ' (.UtlaVlL, upwanta f4 a mt/tum i$ml a Kai/ >» tuu 
 jii.T 1<« ..riiJI All Till. RhlTUil n.Hjia T>< H>- : /«nw», r«rliiane <»f the rvvenur <>.ll«-tnl m thr:: 
 I'.i K.w tiAva •.I'ljAKa.' ((Marrrti/kMM ihi Ik* l\<m- I and if to ihi* hravy rxpriikr Im- ailiW.<t tbr tv- 
 atrrir of (Jl> .'laacrvaua .S6«<rji, p. ','KK. 1 liiatmurh, | atKlilional Mim* thrir iirf<'tU-« CvMl* ilurinf war :' 
 unlr*>!, aa Ihr w»-!l lafin*; and |*>»(»^ly of the , driKor aide of a fairly drmvn up odoniai Ui.L- 
 {•rcfilr •■{ t^tr I :>iir<l kiotsditin t* i>f in<x.m|>arAhlv 
 inofv in>|>flanor tfuui liial i<f the >Ve«( Indian 
 rtductaij.. «ver V ari;unM'iit liiAt iuka Iwrti >4 thai 
 mav U- l4\.u^-iii (<>r«ar<l l» *ii«v ihr tm|.vti<-y of 
 Ihr rrMiKamta <4t thr tra<lr <.f the latitr afif.lini 
 « ith tenfold ifjtc* to tltuar Uid on the tnadr U tbr 
 (ormrf. 
 
 JK tmf*»lnl tmtu Ikr t'mittl Aiajnlcx"-— It a{>f«-aT* 1 Amrru^ 'Ihry funiith hut frw, if any, atn ' 
 (f»'m the (4Hrtal pctuma cmmi in the I'arl. I'ajwr i whiib •• mi^-ht i»«4 ini|a>rt aa i (iraply. orthr*!-' 
 \o. '.'■.•».. .'w^wi, l»»iii. tiuil dunn^; thr Ihrr* yean \ from rlaa-wlirrv ; ati.l if tar »aii| thai ihrif w\'-\i 
 eodini: with IM'i. 3,M<VKr.»i rwl» auttar were ' ti<»n e-^«t* uf dir»^-ll> ainl indirntly ibr Kirt. : 
 ■i.nuAliy rKaii>r<i ft* h<«jr cunauni|>(ii'n i« the ' ■j,w«».<ii»i.i<. ayear, we are (if")' f"'>l*«l^' ^ 
 I itn«! kiiM;dom, axxl 11 fanl»r»aj'|««i», (r>*n the ' aluiuld t» within rath«-r than l>ry>«»il the "'^*- 
 •*me rttum, that while ilw a\«rat:«' !*»'* "f I'l- : •*»"«»<•. if n..| all, <if otir'We.t India f..|.>nii'» »rr 
 ti»h mu«x<vado *it(rar ditnn^ thai iirrn«l wa* i the aame, or lu-arty lh<' a«m-' prtwlicanimt. -^ 
 Hit. W'krf. l»r rwl., tl>eBvrT«^-e iirufof lUaiil Ku^'ar ■ on llw whule, it would a|.f>4'ar to In- |.fi>h»J>le t. i 
 wa« oiuy /"i*. 'iii. |«r rwt. Ilrncr It folkiwa that • we aiuAjld ^aui, rather ihan hor. hy |iCovi.l:..'. 
 hif\ Ihe'lheti |*»>l.ilai*rt-y duly '4 t^.ti. |«-r «wt, «n p uiuicT judu loua n-irulati<m*, f»« thr i«d«J'ei..^<"'-' 
 f .rrvn au^'ar he<>o rndwml Xu thr ftan>r level (J'tt.) uf uut I ranaallaiiltc dominion*, 
 aa that <« llrtuah <-<>lu«ual a«v«f, we mi*;ht have I In enlerlatiutH; ihia •i.iiiioti wr art* n<<l Mor" '* 
 |.«n hattf'd the ajim* twp{dy <A auj^-arf-r .•<•« 'id. \*.t \ ' If, a.aid I/.|il .sheltitM, ' wi have »»l |*tri-ti»'"l 
 rwt. Iliat tx«i ua -11*. l"^«f . whwh, <m ihe avt rmjjr j "ur e»|«-rief».e aiilU.lrnllv dear, let u« deiiv » 
 •{uantitv r>4i>ume<l duni'n' the tJirre yrai* rrji rr"! IrsMwi .( wiailom from iiir mi»h*tum-» •■'^ '""* 
 to, wiKtid h*vt l(t«o s lt.<tAi »a«u>|{ ui ihw tuiglc ! ualtuiki, w ht", like ua, jHinuol U:- i.talit'^m *« 
 
 w.'uld all«jn to a \'-ry forniMlahle maipalud'. a: 
 <>nr which we a|>|>reluuil omld not cjuilj '■' 
 li«ianor-.L 
 
 With thr rKcr^tlion i>f ihe otillrt which IJ.' 
 affurd lo emi^Tatila iwluch. however, la t"< ■ 
 KTral aa Ihal alT<.rletl hv the rnilrd .Matra , 
 w.«jld Im- dllKcult U. H**l('y the |irt-uliar a<lval)ta«f' 
 whirh we drn»r m«i .nir .«d..uir» ilJ Sr 
 
roLONlFX-roLoNY TIJAKK 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 r..r(ik'M ron(|iir4t iin<l ili«lJint ooliiiii^atinii, iiriil 
 
 »l|... Ml tht fllll, filllll'l llll'IIlMlVfH ll"H |««|HlIiill«, 
 
 I |.iili'nt. nO'l iKiwtrliil. Ily tin- wi»r .if I7.I'.*, wlihh 
 iimv )>«• truly c.illr.l nti Aiixriraii mnlrnt, hi- id 
 
 • iirrr.! « iltlil of ii|.w»rl« <•( :I1,'««i,ih«'/. ; liy tl>'' 
 ««r i>f IT.Vi w«' iiiiMirn-"! « furthrr ili'lil i^f 
 7l,>Ht,(>«m/. : anil t'V tin- war if iIh' n-vnlt »<• 
 h»»i »<|i|i-.ll..l».lli tlicw.lditMirarly |imi.ihmi,ihx(/. 
 imrr' Aiiil tliii« we h«vi' >'Xiii'tii|iM| a f«r \nTgrt 
 miMi in ilrfrriiliii;; ami n-lainiiii; i>iir roliini"'!* than 
 ilir valiH' <if all tin' nifn-hnii<liM' wt> havr rvt-r 
 vnf tliitn. Ni Cfcjri'jiiniis li«< t'lir iiii|n.lii-v Ix-rn 
 III n'ariin; ••"Icnmts fur iln' naki' of tlirir i ii« 
 Inm'' I On tKt Ciimmrrr* of thr .Imrrutm StuUt, 
 
 \Vp h"H<> it will not he «up|Mi«M><l, fnun anyihinK 
 n<'w "lattil. thai we cuiKiiIrr iho f"un.lati<'ii I'f 
 rolmiial «">tal>li«hn\i'iii.« n«, jjrnrrally »|H'alniic. 
 iiii'XiH'difni. \Vf iMiliTtain iin muh i'|>iiui>ii. \Vi' 
 dci in't ('li|»>«-t I" tlic •••iiahlinhmi'iit nf <-i>li>iiii>.% 
 iiriviilnl ihoyU' plan-"! iiia'lvantni;i'<«iM'itiiatn>n», 
 lilt wt- lio olijivt !•> till' iraninirlH ilint lia\o Ix-ni 
 laiil "II tlnir iiii)ii«try, llii- lulrrfiTi-iKT oxcrm-M'.l 
 I'v till' niiitli«'rr..iintn<-» in tlu-ir ilnnnjitir i-nniiTn«, 
 mill ihr attiMJipin In >;iivcni oiiil ii.<'ri'«' ilirni iiHi-r 
 ihi'v have nttaiii<-<l {•> niatiirily. K\crv iniliviiliial 
 ^h.lulll liavi>fuil lilwrty lol.'avc hi.' nalivcri.iiiilry ; 
 nil I .Kriniiin!! vcrv fr<"<|urtillv m-rurwhrn (iovcni 
 ii.iiiti may ailvanla;;f<'ii«l\ iiitcrfin- l<i «'tll<' cnii 
 i;nni,» in fort'licn rmiiilrii'^, ainlwhon thr s^mnilrtl 
 l"liiv ilii't.iti'i till' jir'iiirii'ty of tlu'ir •u|.|'<irtiiik; 
 aivl |ir>it(i-lini; iht-tn uiilil tlirv aro in a hitualiiti 
 ti- ii!i|>|M>rt an<l pruti'd thrmwivi'*. Thrrc lan Im' 
 tin iiui'Ktinn tiinl l'.iirii)i«> lia« Ix-m |>rHli){i<'ii!ily 
 I'fniiitoil Ivy till' «i'h>ni»«iu>n of Aimrira. Thr 
 tdloiiiitM Ciirrijtl th«' art*, the »<n*iirc». the lan 
 Ktiai;f, aiil thi" rclif;iiin nf tin- ni««t nviliMil rmn- 
 iniiiiitii-<t i.f till' (M.l Wiirlil t.i rvijiiins of \a»t 
 •Atent ami jftrat natural iVrtiliiy. mvii|>ii'il ">nly 
 l)V a fiwr nii«i'ral)l<' *nvac<'». The rni|«in> of 
 iiviliMlioii han III oin'<)'<|ii<'iii-r U't'ii ininiraj>iir>tl>ly 
 fxtrmlfil , ami whilo the i'X|i<Ti<'ni«> alTuriUil l-v 
 till' riiir aii'l firr>^ri-«i of niiniiiiiiiilK.^ plai-iil umlt'r 
 iiii'li iiiivi'l rin umstano'i lia< »frv<'il to •■lix-nlati* 
 mill i-«tAliliili many iiio^t ini|>iirlant anil fiinita- 
 int nial |>riiu ipl<'4 in L;i>\i'rnnii nt anil U>;i<Ution, 
 l.iini{* tiaa Imcii I'lirv h<-<l l>\ tlii' va.»t variety of 
 lit w |>r<>.|ii>'lit Atni'rti'a hiw affi nlcl to utiniiilatr 
 till' iiivriitivi- jHiwir* of i;i'iiiu.4, aiul to rowanl thu 
 I'aiirnt haiKl of iiiiliKirv. 
 
 Itiit wliatfvrr may linvi' Ih>.ii thf aiivantai;!"* 
 liiiluTto ilrnvi'il fMiii tlu' i'oluiii«aii-'n of AiU'Tira. 
 tliiy arc tritliiij; t-oitipan>'l to what tiny »ouM 
 hi»M> Imn hail the Kiiro|naii iMiMri'M U-rt tin- 
 ii'l.ini^l^ at liU'rty in :ivail tlii-mii'lvi'ji of all thi' 
 ailv.'intai^oi of their ^itiialioM, ainI avoiili'ilcnrutu 
 U'rin^; tlii-mM'lvi'<i with tlu' Koviriirai-iit of I'xtiii 
 civi- ii-rrit<irii-!i ;i,iiim) mih-. ilLitaiii. Fortunatrly, 
 hiiwi-Mr, a iii'W «T:i li.'ii Ixxun — A'urnj <tn7ur«»i 
 nan'itur ifr</...' I'lii- iiuino|iolv <.f thi- traih' of 
 Amcru'a ■• ilciilruyi'il. ami hrr in<li-|>('nih'iu'i' 
 «iliii'Vi-.|. j>om t'anaita to Ca\f Horn, fVfr\' |»>rt 
 it naily lo rivi'ivr ailviiiturt'ri from Kitro|it- ; ninl 
 !i !k.uiuI1<'.h?i liilil has, in (•oii'«'i|'.irni'i', l«-vn o{M'iii-tl 
 It ;1.,- ri>< •■pluiii of our iur|itii!i |ii>|>iilatioii, ami f>>r 
 ilif H'K.inlamfiii «iii[i!oviiii>ni of l.iiro|K>an arl-^ 
 « ai.ital. ami (.kill. I hr fiw r«.-maiii» o( the ol.l 
 •■"loiiial nynlriii \shii-h ^tilU'xiiit laiwioi •.,• ,.f Km^ 
 iliimeinn. Tlu-ir miM'hii-\oti« o()«'niti<ni im no loiijjrr 
 
 • liiulitliil. aiiil ihfy will (li4ap|ifarut'i-ontiiiif m tin- 
 kiiowlwtfjf of ^uuiul I'otutuvrt-ial phiicipU-a u laotv 
 iriMicrully ililfiisiMl. 
 
 Till' lol.iniaati.in of' Auttralia will nl-m coinriluiti' 
 111 no on 1 1 nary ili'>;Tf.' to ixtcml th, IiIcmiuj;* ..f 
 
 • uiliMiioti; and then- .an Ix' no ihrnbl that ihii 
 n< wly ili?M-ovi'rvil |«.rii.iii of tin- nloU-, thi- iiaiivi- 
 iiihaUtaiilii of whith were still Ifwcr in nuiuU-r 
 
 I aiiil morr harhannK tl>".n lho«f of AtnoriiM, in ilr»- 
 
 ' lini'il, at Mo Mrv ri'nioii- (irriml, tn I"- tlo- wiif of 
 
 i ll'iiirnhiiiv; '•omniiiiiitird : ami whilo tln-y (iri-^i rvi- 
 
 1 thr lan^iiafcr iiiiil lilrrntiiri'. it ji to Ix' hii|ii'i| that 
 
 thry may alwi |>iir<iii> thr miM, liU'ral, and lohraiit 
 
 (•olicy, of thi' illii'trioin |M'o|ili' from whom it 
 
 •hoiii.l rvi-r Ik' ihi'ir proudcn bout to h»vc ilc- 
 
 itri'lldi'd. 
 
 .'1. .S'/.irrry. — Sini'O till" IHlMii'atioM of tllo (i'Ht 
 ivlitioii of thiA Work a va«l ohiin^;o ha'i Uth if- 
 fi'iird ill the i-onditinn of «H'ifiv in our Wruf 
 India i-ol.inii'* and iho Mauritius, \<y tho .ilH.litior 
 of "laviry, iimli-r tlu' provimnni of ih'' Art :t 4 4 
 Win. IV. r. 7;l. | .Si,.\v» i ,»nii Si.avk I'i! mik. J 
 In Iho MH'ond i-dition of thit work, piili|i<hi'd 
 niHiti aftrr the Ai'l for thr alMilition of xlaMry had 
 Imi'm pavH'd, mill U'lori' it.« proviiioiiH had Uiii 
 farrii'd into I'lh.-t, wo vinliinil to ii|»'i.iilatr a.i 
 followa on it.« pri.lial'li' r>'»iilt« ; — 
 
 ' Noihiin; tint vajfii tijivtiiri'* can, of ronrsf, 
 
 ho indiil^'i'il III nn to ihc fiilurc workintj nf thn 
 Uli'A.'iiirr Ml iho Cohinii'S. Wi- iMdicVr, howrvrr, 
 that thoM' who havi' rontindid flint it will not U- 
 prodiu'liM- of any fallitu; olT iii Iho induiirv if tlii> 
 lilai'k» will ho f iiiiid to iiavo takin a viry orrom .in 
 viow of thr niallor. Kiold l;il«)iir in iho \Vi -t 
 linlirt ha« hitliirl.i Uin alwa) i a«!»<H i.itod with 
 • lavory and doi^racLilinii. an. I hooii I'lifor-i'l hy tlio 
 livtli. Iho fair iiiforonoo, ooii««'ipiontly, i'i, that 
 when tho f. ttorn aro itriirk off tho slnvo. .•jnd ho i-i 
 lofl to follnw hM own inclinatioii'i. ho will Im- 
 dr.^irouM if oH.'apin»: t'rnm what ho i .iiiiiot f;nl to 
 I'oiiAi.lor an i;;nomiiii.>ii'* i«'.-ii]vation. No.'o.««itv, 
 no doulit, will provont liun from lio.'oiniii^; ;il- 
 top'thor indolont ; hut tho olTc<-t will in thii, a< in 
 other in»taMi.'<, Ui proix.rli. mod to il» oaiKo ; and 
 nc»T»ity in tho Wo<t imin"* m mtv dilToront (roin 
 nooo«.<ity in l,uro[«'. .M.oi artirloa that aro horo 
 do«'nii'<l ilidi.«(>«'li«lt.lo w.'iild thori" t« iionitivo iii- 
 oumlir.»iiio-«; an. I tho»o o^-ontial to 5ub«i.iton.o may 
 ho pru'iiri'd with l.'«4, oirtainly, than half tho la- 
 hour hithorto oxaot.'d from tho iilavi"<. .\t 'i>mo 
 fiitiirf [M'rtixl.pirhapswhon ihororollr.tii.nof thoir 
 dotfT.vtati.'ii h.tt l»-i;u(i to I'aih', and a ta.«to f.ir oon 
 vonionco* nii.l i;rnlili.'ation'» hai i.- • 'i iiiir.i.liiood 
 amon>;<t ihoin tln'v mav hooonio nmro iinlujitrioin; 
 hilt lliLi li a di'.iaiu and a %Try iiiioortain proipi-of. 
 U'o thori'f.iro l.n.k, at tint, for a very i-onii.loraMo 
 doiliiio ill tho imlu'try of tho ulavo^, aii.l ii pr.>- 
 |.-'rlioiial falling ..iT .u tho i'X|i<irt.< I'r. in iho 
 irlaiiiK' 
 
 It will ho •i.on, from tho nliinM ci^on in a 
 
 ' <tit>«f)ui'nt (.art of ilui artu'Io, that thoio aiitioipa- 
 
 Uoin havr U'oii nioro than rooli^'il. and Ih.tt tluro 
 
 ' han boon a iiio<t oxtraordiiiarv fallin*; oiV m tho 
 
 I im)«rti from tho«o oolinioi. NVo oonfi"«.<, aNo, that 
 
 t»o aro a >;i»«l doal ni.>ro .t«'optii-al thJin formrrly in 
 
 , our antii.i|.atiiiii< ■ f iluir futiin' moroa-o. Iii.lii-iry, 
 
 I whon larrn'il "ii l.v froo laUxirirs i< pro-kTutcd 
 
 I only a.4 a nuaiiit hv whiili thoy may ,n.-ipiiro an 
 
 I ado.piato %ii(iplv !•{ ni'oo->«ario.s and fonvonii'uoos ; 
 
 ! and it K all liul ooiiiradu'torv and abiurd to mip- 
 
 I |«>!to that a ixipiilaiioii ^«lth Ii w want", otiiipyiiik; 
 
 ' a Si'il of i^Txiit natural fortility, Kni^ uiidor a 
 
 ' huriiiiii: «uii whirh iiiitit.'i for oxortioii, shouM 
 
 I volunlanlv oiitciik'"' m >«'\oro, and, to thoiii, uiolo,!( 
 
 lalmur. Wo U'liovo, iiidi-od, that it will ho found 
 
 ; wholU' impovoblo, oxoi'pt uiidir poouliar iirciim- 
 
 iitaiiit'*, to oarrv on ihoiulturo of ■iu>;ar on iii pr<>- 
 
 •iriit plan, in tropual countrio:', by tho a^oiiov ..f 
 
 j rtiillf/ Ifio lalK.urom. llayti, I'oniurly tho niojit 
 
 , iiii(ioriaiil ami pri^lii.-tivo of all llio *u^;ar lolonii'^, 
 
 dmi lilt now prodiii'o a hiiik'Io owl "f <u^ar. 
 
 Moxiio I'I al"o litsi rolajwiiii; into iho iiio^t ilopl,.r- 
 
 itldo l>arb.iri!im i <ir>»;rii/iAn'ii/ />i.7. art. ■ Moxi.i.'i; 
 
 and ox|ion.'nco »«< lui t.i «liow that >.imo ^ort of 
 
 aiinlilicil ulavorv, iir, whirh ii tho same thiii^, o," 
 
 A A 
 
 
mm. 
 
 \ 
 
 ramp«iU"r>' l*)«Htr. i> inili>prti*«i>lr Ik i)m> mi4-«<«>«*- I • miioiiI) «it<t i-<<«ivrnii-nl (wi'Miit^ fiir lh4>»l<«iirr«tr 
 fill nn«M-.-iilh<n »( ii>'lM»lrv m l^>|.<,•l oiiiiitrir*. wlmli it i« dim i->iMn.|. Ihil Ih'-iu-h »t\rr>'. th* 
 it w !•■ till* lh«l lltr < «l^l<i^lln•n iiu rp«M> xf ^ i'lim«tr m Ur )^•m Unit; uiilimllhv nr <li»a«'rr«-«(i)r 
 |ir»<liio< 111 J««« »• !■• it »»«nlH.l . •ti-l, Im'W nnu-ti , I (>«• * r«lliri i» tCFi-rmilv rlmr will lirmiiiK . 41 I 
 »•<* wr or mii> IT) I 111 »w«iiiv( t)ir %lii«<'rt -'f ih<' ' tlx lalx-ur <>( Mrtiiian* ai tli< ir out <t<«ir ptnil >> 
 I nilnl '»t»li«. ibrfr raniittl. «» aitpnliriKl, Iw .1 I nx^nl* i< rurrly <>it*fxHii|<<<| fur iimnT (t«v« m luo. 
 I. -ul.t il>»l i(» c»»«lrnri . I»'W ■•l-tf« it<>iial>l<- ►•■rrrr | rr«»«.m. t In thr l>rraVini{ u|><>l thr lor m il,^ i»tt,, 
 in nt»i.> iv*!*^!*, \» in>^«««n t.>ihi- a<hanl«in^'ii< , rn.l ••( April i.r thr lwi,'iiinm|{ i.f Mav Ih-' ivtirri 
 <'tilii\ai:<Mi of llw JvmiUk ru Mal«>*. Il i« lh<- «am<' | >•( vri;r»ali>'ii alnxxt immnluili'lv n!»um<i thfr k- 
 ■r. I iilia ant) Itraiil. \\ rrr ihrtr i>ta«r>« rmaiiri In il v,aii<l dnin: "ii !)»■ tiim w>a«<tn mth * niiilur 
 |<al»^l. mav il n.>l !♦ fairly (irr-uinirit thai th.'v ] lli.^t i« a«l>'iii»tiiiit' I" a *trant^r 1 h» (nifh-v,; 
 «"itUI i;railiiall\. aiiil ii- t «rrv ftl<>«U. Mnk into | l4in|<rraturp in l^iwrr I anada varitni fr»in .n. ;, 
 till' M«l<' .1 Mi*»i<>> an<t lla^ti ? an<l llial inMra>l l<*/ >4 Kaltrnihril . Imt llir punir of ihf atn . 
 €f an r\tfn»UT riilliirr i-i •u.-ar anil .ilhrr »rl»<-lr« ' •jihtf aJ»«t«-« Ow .i^^'rpMivr hoal iliil i« (. |; .. 
 lor (.'fTiini •trtnanit, tin* Uilk of the |«i)i<itali>>n m"«l •■"initrir* •lirrr ihr mrrriirj ran^-^ »o li;;f 
 
 anl the wralhrt u. «n th» wh<>l#, <i(iri<intlT pjn 
 Mn( 
 
 Ihat jan .'f the j'r"\ inr- ..( < Nitari", .rlUf 
 or Ufa! I ajia<ta. "tin li i<trrt< lim (t^'tn IaKi- >im << 
 an>l th*> nvrrn Irnit anil S vrm «•••l«!l^| t., ijti<> 
 llnr><i an<l ili'' M. < iair Hnrr. ainl x-tithixrii 
 I^kr Knc. atvl |>art of |^k<- 1 hitano, han « %.■•.'. , 
 «"\tra>'r<linar» frrtihu. i'a|Hili(<< of l-rtnluiim; l'.\ 1 
 ruknt I r\>{»» of ohral, an. I rvrrr »ort of j;ra»ti. 1) > 
 
 •ul.l In ^ti>ftnl if lhr» (Ulf'licil l>M<mi«-UF* »>ltJi 
 tSt.iM ii<^<i-*»arT (<t thru Mil»«i«lm.> ' Wc m«>il 
 1, ■•». ihrrr!<n. n<'ntlrT thai iho )>r\'t<.<-tii f,.r »\»\f 
 rn<ar)<-i|>4ti -Il tiimii)! ha«rtna<tr l>u( laiiU |»rr» H 'tl'*' 
 ajn'Mii; ihr A>ii(rM-«n«, llrajiliaii*. aivl ('iil>a!<^ 
 W luihi f Ihr W f»t IniUa r<.JoiPir-« < < a*r (11 iii.«lin>- 
 aii^jar an<l t>>ti<in w a maiur of <-xor<«ivrlv lull' 
 ini(» ilaj»rr !<■ ihr ^»«i|4<' <>f Xnlatn . I«il il i« a 
 
 inatUf •■< thr «<Ty Um iini»i'rlan<T |o (hr whilr , „ . . 
 
 |ir']'l<> of ihr >»uthrm Mal*-«of Amrnra.ol itratil, ! rliniaK.' •ay« Mr. Ifc«nhrtt». laic •iir\ «■!■'» (jfrrf,! 
 •ih) of I ul>a . a»<l Ih'Hifc'h lh<» I nilr-l Matr* lia»<' «l l^iwci I anaila, ' »• ••• |»arliiularl_v •aWir tK 
 
 ••••), »b4N) •U\'ry. ih» t»'> laiti «tll l«- ma<->i ;.« 
 (■Umr if liiry ik« no! rX.Tcif rxtttmr <-aiit)'«i in 
 l«Xi>la{ini: ufxiii thl«tn'«t <l<'lirat< mailrr. |'< il>a|x 
 iJm l««l<r j«.ltcy will \tf for ihrni tra.liially to 
 r(la\ il«- tjjt^-iiri pf (wrvitiMlr, ant) |o rn>lra*<>iir 
 l<> iroi'toTP lh» rhanMtrr an-l oiu'ilum of ifw 
 ►lav«-«i, ».. a* loftt th*-in lh<' l>r'ii<r forrmani ijiaivn. 
 wliM-h m»v, t ml»a'>l>, in liic rrnl («• forrir-l ii|n>n 
 Ihifn . IxH they MvouM carifiilly f"*-!.!-!* all r».»>i 
 1* |irH-i{iiialr rap««un •. 
 
 Ill ^lAdKITfl'R, I'on I.ATIOSI. Tb*I>I1 TTi. r>V 
 1MK Itmrioll ('<>l<>!(l|Jl. 
 
 \'c>i«iih>lan<iini; Ihr 1 ••• of the ruilnl .*»tat<>», 
 the *>"l'i«KTi < ( Iffxal llr^lasn. r«'lu«i«-«' i»f liulu, 
 «>«<-« f»l in iiuin)<«*r. «-\i«n'. aii<i ralwe thow of 
 
 thai <j»»«l«'mir ilt«rai>c!« rith»* am>*it,' nvn r '*:i 
 ar»* aliTKwl «ntir«lr iinktwmn. It* iiit)*fif» - 
 Ihr frriiiilv ..f Ihr ••>il !• tn"n> tciiTaUy |»f ■* 
 iihlr than it i> in l^'vrr I anaila. ami i* mpi*-..: 
 to \r ri'nir''ni«l I" Vftirlali"*! in a ni'i h «i;«'-, r 
 <Wvr»r. ITi"- winlrr* arr Uiortrr. an>l n.'l almn 
 marknl with •urh n».'<.ur ,i« in ihr la'.irr. tV 
 ituration i4 fn«it i« al«a> * afromjianiivl »ii). t 
 liiK- rlrar ikr an-l a ilr»- a«tn'«|>hrm'. Hh- nmni 
 ofiri\a, an<l thr r»-»mnj>ti<fi of a^nrtilttinil l».'.«jr« 
 lakt^ pUf. fn'in »ix wrrk* lo Iwo month* itiUt 
 than III Ihr iirii;hf«>iifhi»>i| of IJii«>tir<. Tlw »iir 
 mef hr«l» rB»»lT pirrail l<> rsr«>.«. an<l ihi- «iio!^i!i« 
 ar«> tidtallv »rrv fnrnillv to llw> hanf»*«, mi 
 fa\<njralilr for aromnt; all Ihr Ulr cTo)»«,' Il j- 
 rlM-ltr » Tf^m^mftktnU Ikfrrtptum of t'nrnhia. ^, 
 V,».».| the Kf-UM'! "n tlw »horf« of \,%it imtn-^ 
 rvrry (•♦hef <»«untr»-. l*t»'M.Hi»ly. Mulpn.1, lo thr j aixt I^ikr Krw. a> far wr.f ai ihr jiinclioo •< ih*- 
 
 Itrrakldii: i*il irf Ihf latr r.«til»^!», llu> cohinial 
 rti«iniuK«vi Ktf >|«in far «"\or*4«^! 10 utrnt aiiil 
 lirit-»»lani^' Ihmi" ' f anr i*hrr (»«»«. lUit lul*. 
 I'lrflo liif i«, aiMl thr I1iiii|<it>n»- Ulati'in an> now all 
 thai rcniain to hi^ Ihrtr. iiulrnNl, arr \rrv lain 
 ah!"- j»»'«ri«»«<i». tiiiju;;!) liifTior to tb<»<- t<f Kuj{ 
 lan<S 
 
 lliamr* with ih<> M. I lair Ijikr, U U:<1 ■«! a 
 to«R«lii)»*. uiil |>arlly witl<>l; Imi ih' (■oj*ib- 
 tUHi i» ilill vt>ry lliin. lo tl»r |».i«h >■( tlw r:»tf 
 ThanH-*, »i"Ug thr l<aiik« of thr M, fUif. »!!•! i!»» 
 *hfi(v« <•( Ijikf llun«ii. funil In ihr nvir Wrn. 
 aiiil ihrtn-x- to ihr n\rt that umv> lake •N'i|V'«"\' 
 will l*kr ilaron, i» a l»>unin«i» rsimt <ilf>MWrr 
 
 I. .Vor<A /|«*T»or»« ('.Jrmtft.~la N'ofth Amwra I that i» aiiniwt mtirrh uniTnipinl. Hif intrn-* 
 
 of thi' •|ui>Tp ha« hithrrto lw»ii xtry imj<rr(»<i' 
 r«|a.«»-l . tiK.unh thr l«nka of thr >»t, ( Uir »t).l lif 
 •h<ii» .'I l^kr llunxi affonl tlw !>»«»< »iia»i<c« 
 
 »«■ j».««r*» th* Jifrrtii»nr» ci • Hitarjo 'fortnrflv |"|! 
 
 1*1 <* Wimt *'«>iaiU(, QurtiM' iforrnrrly l>'*r« uf 
 
 ).»»! t anaiUs, Nova Smrtui. arol Xrw ilrtmniKk — 
 
 nu<^ t»K A'-t t<f I**;; -thr IkimnKin .f I'ana'ta . ' . ff .wttUnirni.. 1 fir ».|| i* in manv (.U«hi(!^ 
 
 Nmf .«n.S!«n4 with Trinor K<i«arxr» Klait<l. aixS UTrat'-v^i frrtililr, thr f>«rr ami lah< trt u » 3 
 
 |!h It .k^«ni<lrtK»r*. all ^m thr rMt mlr of ihi' North ! n»h. ami rtrrj x am t> « f th- l*^ Uhi**« » ! ^^al 
 
 Amfrn-ano.mlinrrtt. aissl llrituii t <ilunil>»«. itwlud 
 
 |j»^ \ »i>oprtir*T'» Itlati !.«» li»r Wr»t, 1 hr mttialtil) 
 aiij lK««in<ianr» uf tii«* jifuviH.n* will l«f more 
 raulT lr«niMi fruBi thr Ii>ii4>r«-<i'4i 0/ llir nrxiin- 
 (aaD>in^ unaji than ibrr «««»lil l«« ffna any df- 
 M-nctixi. Iltr »hor«« <«f Nova hix4ia and Nrw 
 Itriiotwick arr «a*iiri| by ihr AllantU' < iiraua ; and 
 tb» lioWr m rr M. Iji^irmor. hy •.!» ooiniiiuiu<-a 
 tio4) wtlh Ihr „Tti«i AitK'ri''a>'i lakrti. nrivr» lot ana>U 
 ail thr lirnrDt* t<i a rooj cxtriiKjtr Inlatid rutvi 
 (;«tt«ir.. and fonn» a natural outlrt f<>r hrr Miqdut 
 |ir<«lar«' •» »rll a» (or iIk- »iiq.lu» t**«liirr rjf thai 
 t.art Iff Ihr t'rulr>l Matrt whi'h u wathnl l>y thr 
 iakra. I hrrv » e\rr\ varniy in thr w>ti anil 
 rhmair <.f the»e rrtfirti'. In Ix'Wrr ( atia<la thr 
 •iutrt It very ttrttni ; thr cuKatr of llir cuMintry 
 t* rjrvrrr<l »tih Www for rjrariv half ilw rrar. 
 
 in thr ^rratnt prt-fumoti. 
 
 Ihr wioirr* in tlw j.r^iviiM-iw uf N">* !*^* 
 lYiM^-r F l«ard . Mand. and Xr» Hnin**!"-* n» 
 morr •rpvrir tiiaii in l'|<f<rr I'anailn, ai'd <lif' "^ 
 a K'-hI lU-al infr«t«-.l with iog* "Mxl Biist- *«; 
 ilirtr iifosiiniiy t" 1-Jnfhin.l, and thnr lutrvniif 
 •ituatioci for thr luhtnK Im6iiw»*. gi*e ihrei > -'• 
 Mdrratilr aalvaiila*;' •■ 
 
 Ihr |irovin.-r «.( Ilfiii»h t'olrtinhia <v.mr'«'i 
 thr territory IvUljj l>rtw«ii»o Ihr lUwkv .Moiii.'i" > 
 and tlw I'aittti-. Ilw avrratfv lirradth i-f lh» " 
 Mtor> u .'>• niil«-»; ita lrri»tth <>f •-<>*»< '"'•■ '" **": 
 It iiH-iuart Vanomvrr'» Uland (»mo- Ihr Ai t« 
 IHo;, «, wrll u i^txtrrti ( harlolle'i hland it- 
 
 I niil li».>« Hntuih t .dumlna f.wird t*'^ ''« 
 th< irrnt.ify of thr llniUm'. lUv l.«>pBnv ii»« 
 U.-rniw |.-«.-.%r«l l.v thi»r»rttiiMi«yir:tvUi|! thr^.n- 
 
 Vt*t>\ thr lj(-ictm-!n« I'f l»rr*tiil-r In thr mkidk- j itrtrton an . x.huur rt^ht i>< tr»li' la »hr ^ 
 of A|inllh»huL«irwiic*u(ru«in»n;r,auda9wra* j but m ihia year a great dt»ouv«rr> of ffA- *» 
 
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 •He ' iLytSh 
 
 \tSl\ 
 
 f, 
 
 .'./., 
 
 i'-wliaV)eii 
 
 \ 
 
 /iyui.pn i-ittuxtf 
 
 " ^'^., Vi:' ■ ^» '^'"-"^ ''•*'• ;^ku</u..-, 
 
 LJf ■'^■1 - f ' ' ^^^'v- //*^ ivx'^"''*'* '-""'"'''"■ 
 
 \floy»ii 
 
 •'/■"A 
 
 Ttti 
 
 ././ 
 
 IIMI 
 
 L «.-- 
 
 V 
 
 vn 
 
 'l.t' 
 
 s<J 
 
 I sii- 
 
 
 ' ,1 ■s^; .v-.> J 
 
 ,0*'- 
 
 Vvv: 
 
 /lUni 
 
 i^;;^/' 
 
 'T-/' 
 
 
 
 -/i.-irdP'-""'"""* '" 
 
 I 
 
 ■ I— ITT :r:d 
 
 :ij:;iUuli- \S'«-st 7!o Irotii 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 j'l'i >i-t siuii\itiv 
 
 yj tit ,Stutals' 
 
 „|, ' '' ^^a|)oAun<■ 
 
 ' ,:-Ar- '%'„,., ...trr 
 AMaMrli,-<,l 
 
 "S •Massiiclmspts 
 
 m 
 
 lj!5-''-^iSi^' 
 
 .JuLWlf 
 
 ji.<ilflui/<- 
 
 C.CcJ<l 
 
 
 a 
 
 BSmSl POSSESSfOlS 
 
 i?aiZ>V(.7v.r ContpUteii n«»mm>«mmh 
 English MiJpK 
 
 ' 'i nnn|?fr '" 
 
 Tl Lons^iUidi' West 7 O fi-oiu Grceiiwiili 6iy 
 
 '48" 
 
 
I.) 1,11^ 
 
 & y^ TV 
 
 
 
 
 ^^: % H'^K^XX 
 
 
 «0iB< 
 
 /'Hrllrllslr 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 
 >. Johns 
 
 Jolinsl 
 
 Ligor.3|achoi8B>C? I 4-- p;„„yJ7 
 
 'itteH.f J: ^O.v 
 
 "Vj_/i i-v Y" iv^ltrtlrly" 
 
 \;> 
 
 41 
 
 NJ), 
 
 ftp A 
 
 [^T AHorsf I 
 
 « 
 
 
 w«H- 4^^;^5';'e§/^p^v^'- 
 
 J'MrDv. , 
 Twr,i "i 
 
 V.yrt mi I*!, 
 
 Rf, 
 
 l-SKa: 
 BAY 
 
 ^, 
 
 1 *• 
 
 y A W^ /^ • "SC In.txiuiR'^ BAY or 
 
 i/-|/«.-H'f;prf;4. ^„ ''<' ' 7--^: f'J^ ho^•'l »'J 
 
 / .«5 T^ 
 
 r- Tr-:;/^j^-c Jp^ "till r? r ^->'^- *«^*""&i' W/^'^'^- 
 
 r 
 
 4.'. 
 
 c^* l^"',..^ 
 
 
 »» 
 
 6D 
 
 M 
 
 ,')») 
 
 
 
 'iQaiTiiir- 
 
 MirjacKian^ 
 
 ':»> 
 
 pim 
 do 
 
 -njnimirr 
 
 6l4 
 
 P^tt:;!! 
 
 --■m- |n-r-rir -r— iir- ^■jmcrr- _Ii^ 
 
 4i 
 
 VI 
 
 62 
 
 «.l 
 
 i:„.,r.,>:;l I;' X.II.M V'mv Sir' l-l,...i„.yh' 
 
i« 
 
 mailc here ; and aa a 
 ^(■ekcr.s took place, il 
 Id protect life and pn 
 iiicnt. T!io tradinj? 
 Ciinpnny was rcvokt 
 umlcr '21 & 22 Vict, c 
 inini ■ll),(!0() to 50,000 
 natives. 
 
 Xenr British Colun 
 irn bciundary, is Van 
 (xiri'inc length of 275 
 Iniiii 10 to .30 miles. 
 |i,irt. The area is c 
 l."),Olll) scpiarc miles, 
 erected hito a Britisli 
 i> touiid hero, it is 
 :,'r(at si;;nilicanec as 
 vers Island is monn 
 rmeliinf,' lli,000 feet, 
 the climate, thouf;h 
 iliat of southern Kng 
 limiurablv with it. 
 l.si;,) 1«,(}00, of whi 
 liiilians. 
 
 i, A'ortli-west Aine, 
 to the above, wo posse 
 tury, .1 tract of vast e: 
 hospitable climate, ai 
 as Imntiiij; tcrounds. 
 i-laiuls of Xewfouiidl 
 latter being a depeni 
 ihcir sell is barren, a 
 |ii;'u'y; so that they 
 lisliiiV' stations. 
 
 Tliol'ollowiag table 
 I'lrnihir, exhibits the 
 (iilfireiit Xorth Ameri 
 
 1 >' ■" 
 
 Col on j^ 
 
 I ■ math 
 
 .\>w ifrunswick 
 
 I'l.iu'u Ktlwards Island 
 
 NeMfoiindlanil 
 
 N.nM Si'uti,! anil Cape IJrt.'tor 
 
 liiilE-h Coluiiibi;! iinil V'ancoi 
 
 ili-niuul.i - 
 
 (If t]io inhabitants c 
 Kwfr tliiiP- o18,o(Ij V 
 t'oriiiin^^ what is calk 
 lii ['jiiRT Canada, on i 
 tion is ahnost wholly < 
 
 Xiimbir of Epigram 
 \\n\\A\ Colonies in No 
 
 Vi-jr 
 
 Inijividu.'ils 
 S,71I 
 
 Vi-a 
 
 IVii 
 
 l«l( 
 
 |V!ri 
 
 I'^.SIS 
 
 lft4 
 
 1«7 
 
 la.tiis 
 
 t»l' 
 
 IviS 
 
 vt,m\ 
 
 INI, 
 
 Wl'.l 
 
 1.1,3(17 
 
 l«4 
 
 IVi'i 
 
 .->l),,'i74 
 
 181, 
 
 l.V.l 
 
 5S,IV,7 
 
 l»)f 
 
 nil 
 
 6i;,.1.TJ 
 
 ISIJ 
 
 ira 
 
 i^S.SOH 
 
 ISI* 
 
 ■1 
 
 4ii,{i(;ip 
 
 IS1< 
 
 ISj'j 
 
 li.,i73 
 
 Itl.'jl 
 
 IS.Hi 
 
 Mmn 
 
 IS.^I 
 
 im; 
 
 'iy.ssi 
 
 IS.'ii 
 
 j 1H,H 
 
 ■l,-.77 
 
 1S5,1 
 
 H,B 
 
 Vt,i\iH 
 
 l»,'.1 
 
 Total en^igration r 
 
 |0f these the great m 
 f>r Upper {,'anada. ( 
 pom the United Kingi 
 hfonmiHon for Em 
 4 kirJ of 'Colonial L 
 hissioners' was ap|)oi 
 pmmissioncrs, whose 
 B*tnietions from the 
 'cloiiioa, and their prai 
 Ncr three heads, viz. 
 PC superintendence i 
 
 t^.ja^i^,. 
 
•' •; K ■ '■ 
 
 COLONIES— COLONY TRADE 
 
 mailc hero; and as a larpc immigrntion of gold- 
 -itkcrH took plnee, it became necessary, in order 
 1(1 protect life and property, to establish a (lovcrn- 
 iiitMit. T!io tradinj^ license of the Hudson's IJay 
 
 3:) 5 
 
 Company was revoked, and a colony cstablislicc 
 iiniltT "il it 22 Vict. c. 9!(. Kstimated population 
 irdui lO.CUO to 50,000, of whom all but t<,3G0 wore 
 natives. 
 
 N'enr British Columbia, and lyinp; off its south- 
 ern boundary, is Vancouver's Island. It has an 
 ixtrenie length of 27j miles, and a breadth varjing 
 Irum 10 to JO miles. Its capital is Victoria, a free 
 |i(irt. The area is estimated roughly at about 
 I.VillH sipiarc miles. Vancouvcr'.s Island was 
 erected into a Hritish colony in ISoO ; and as coal 
 i? lound here, it is probably destined to be of 
 u'rcit si^nilicanec as a trading station. Vancou- 
 ver's Island is moiuitainous, the highest points 
 naeliing 1(!,000 feet. The soil i.s fertile, and 
 the climate, though of the same character with 
 limt of southeni ICngland, nevertheless contrasts 
 uvdurably with it. Estimated population in 
 IsC.) l«,6lK), of wliich 10,000 were aboriginal 
 liiili.ins. 
 
 ■J. Xorth-west American Cohniiis, — In addition 
 I,, ilio above, we possess the Hudson's Hay Terri- 
 :nrv, a tract of vast extent, but situated in an iii- 
 iii.^pitalile climate, and worth very little except 
 a- Imiitiiig grounds. We also possess the large 
 -biiils <if Newfoundland and Cape JJreton, the 
 iaiter luing a dependency of Nova Scotia ; but 
 ihcir sdil is barren, and the climate severe and 
 Im;-'-v; su ^''1'' '^fy ""> valuable principally as 
 n-liiiii; st.itions. 
 
 Thotollowing table, taken from the Colonisation 
 rmii/nr, exhibits the estimated population of the 
 liillVreiit North American colonies in 1807: — 
 
 Colony 
 
 1 Population 
 
 - 1 ,1,090,9,16 
 
 aus.osi 
 
 91,11.1 
 
 1.1<i,i>ii(l 
 
 .HW.TKI 
 
 IA,Mt 
 
 Il.t.il 
 
 .New Hrunswick 
 
 IVne KtlwardVi Island 
 
 Nt«toiimil.inii 
 
 N.ivi Siuli.i ;iri(l C.^yc Hrt'tnn 
 
 liriihh l!olumlii;i and V'ancouvci's I 
 
 ittrrnud.! - 
 
 (If tlio inhabit.int.s of Lower Canada in 1811 no 
 irwir thai! 518,ot>5 were of French extraction, 
 ftniiini; what is called the Nation Caiuidienne. 
 hi rpjuT Canada, on the other hand, the popula- 
 iun is ahnost wholly of British origin. 
 
 Siimhvr of Emigrants, — There emigrated to the 
 liriti.'h Colonics in North America in 
 
 Vf.ir 
 
 Individu:ils 
 
 S,71I 
 
 Year 
 
 Individuals 
 
 Viar 
 
 185.^ 
 
 Intlividual.^ 
 
 WVt 
 
 1H40 
 
 3V,-J9.1 
 
 17,96li 
 
 \yLi't 
 
 I'^.SIS 
 
 1H4I 
 
 ,18,l(il 
 
 IS.'ili 
 
 16,378 
 
 ivj; 
 
 i',t,i;is 
 
 IHItt 
 
 54,l'^3 , 
 
 1,S.')7 
 
 ■JI.IKII 
 
 MS 
 
 l'i,(iSI 
 
 1X1.1 
 
 •i3,ilH 
 
 I8,'.8 
 
 9,7111 
 
 i?i;!< 
 
 13,3(17 
 
 IR4I 
 
 •it.'tU 1 
 
 I8.'>9 
 
 6,6M) 
 
 b,-!! 
 
 .->(i,.'.;4 
 
 I8l.'j 
 
 .11,811.1 1 
 
 1860 
 
 9,786 
 
 K-.l 
 
 .')H,(1(,7 
 
 1HI6 
 
 43,139 ! 
 
 1S61 
 
 r^,7n7 
 
 hJi 
 
 (>(;,3.Tj 
 
 1.SI7 
 
 1II9,6S0 
 
 186-^ 
 
 ir,.:<-ii 
 
 h.l3 
 
 IJS.SdH 
 
 184S 
 
 .11,(16.') ; 
 
 1863 
 
 I8,(IS.1 
 
 ■•1 
 
 4ii,(ii:ii 
 
 1H49 
 
 41,367 
 
 1S6I 
 
 Vl.Vil 
 
 IS.T) 
 
 1.'),.'.73 
 
 IS.'jII 
 
 3'.i,9i:l 
 
 18li.'> 
 
 17,'^11 
 
 is.-ii; 
 
 .Ili'JjO 
 
 1851 
 
 VlfiKt 
 
 186fi 
 
 
 im; 
 
 VS.SSl 
 
 M^bt 
 
 3ii,S7fi 
 
 1867 
 
 1, '.,,')< 13 
 
 IS.'iS 
 
 4,'.77 
 
 1«53 
 
 31,6^3 
 
 
 
 , \\y> 
 
 Vi,fM 
 
 IS.'il 
 
 43,761 ' 
 
 
 
 Total emigration of the 43 ycora, 1,3U1,5'^3, 
 
 Of these the great majority hav(! been dc lined 
 tr Uppcr^ C.inada. (I'or "the total emigration 
 '■om the United Kingdom, .sec l*.\s.si:xoi;n.s.) 
 hformiitioH for Emigrants. — In January 1840, 
 iWarJoi'Cidoiiial Land and Kmigration Com- 
 pijsioncrs' was appointed. It, consists of three 
 loiimiissioncrs, whose proceedings are guided by 
 Nnictions from the Secretary of .State lor tlu! 
 Woiiies, and their practical duties niny be divided 
 Wcr three heads, viz. the sale of colonial lands ; 
 |e superintendence and promotion of emigra- 
 
 tion; and tlie diffusion of information in re.s'pect 
 of the colonies. 
 
 1. The function.'! of the commissioners under 
 the lirst head do not extend to the Xortli AnKiieaii 
 colonies. The Crown having placed the revenue 
 derived from the sale ai' their waste lands at the 
 dis|)o.sal of the local I.egislatiiies, these lands are, 
 of course, disposed of l)y the authorities on the 
 spot. 
 
 2. The board endeavours, in as far as jiossiblo, 
 to protect )ioor cmigrtiits from imposition, aiul 
 from the cll'ects of improviileiil anaiigemtaits on 
 their parts, and takes care that the provisions of 
 the I'asseiiger.s' Acts arc duly carried out and en- 
 forced. 
 
 :!. The board publishes from time to time such 
 authentic information as thej' may receive on 
 matters connected with the settlement of waste 
 lands in tlie colonies, the jirices of the principal 
 articles of colonial pniduce, the w.tges of labour, 
 and such other matters as may appear to bo useful 
 to persons who propose to settle in tlie colonies. 
 Tlicy likewise aiiswi r all applications from indi- 
 viduals, and afford them, as far as may be in their 
 power, such infurniation as may lie adapted to 
 their (larticiilar cases. The otlice of the commis- 
 sioners is at No. X, I'ark Street, Westminster. — 
 Assistant-Secretary, I!, li. Cooper,- Ksip 
 
 Xo pecuniary assistance is alVonled by Coveni- 
 nieiit to p.irties desirous of proceeding to the N'ortli 
 American colonics; and emigrants after their ar- 
 rival no longer receive grants of land, that being 
 now wholly disposed of iu'thc way stated below. 
 
 But though (loveriimcut makes no gifts at the 
 public exjieiLse to emigrants to North America, it 
 maintains agents at the princip.al colonial ports, 
 whose business is to protect emigrants from impo- 
 sition upon their lirst landing, to acquaint them 
 with the demand for labour iii different districts, 
 to point out the most advantageous routes, and to 
 ftirnish them with useful advice upon the objects 
 which they have had in view in emigrating, Vvith- 
 out making any charge fur the same. I'crsons 
 newly arrived should not umit to consu'.f tlie.se 
 agents. ,and should avoid detention in the ports, 
 where they are exposed to all kinds of imposition, 
 and pretences for keeping them at taverns till any 
 money they may possess has been expended. 
 
 We .subjoin a Table, extracted from the Cohni- 
 xution Circidar of the Kmigration Commission- 
 ers, issued in 1.S(;h, showing the cost of a passage 
 to the dillcrent colonies. (Sec p. iJ.iG.) 
 
 The conveyance of emigrants or liassengers to 
 part>' ' ut of Kiirope is now (18l!,S) regulated bv 
 the Pas.scngers' Acts of 18",j and 18li3, the 18 & 11) 
 Viet. c. Ill), and 2t! & 27 Vict. c. 51, of which a 
 full abstract is given under the art. I'asskn(.ki!.s. 
 The following Order in Council has been issued 
 under the authority of the latter Act. 
 
 Ahstruct of Order in Coinnil (Jan. 7, l.SCl) for 
 jiroinotiiiy Oriler and llc.dth Ac. in. rassnnjir 
 Ships to any of her Majesty's Fossessions abroad. 
 
 1, Every i)assenger to rise at 7 A.ir., unless 
 otherwise permitted by the surgeon; or, if no sur- 
 geon, by the master. 
 
 2. Ureakfast from 8 to 9 A..M., dinner at 1 r.M., 
 supper at G r.M. 
 
 'A. The pa.,seiigcr.s to be in their beds at 10 p.m., 
 except under pennission of the surgeon, or if no 
 surgeon, of the master. 
 
 4. Fires to be lighted by the pa.'isongers' cook 
 at 7 A.M., and kept alight by him till 7 i-.si.; then 
 to be exthiguished, unless 'otherwise directed by 
 the master, or retiuired for the use of the sick. 
 
 5. The ui;ister to determine the order in wliich. 
 
 A A 2 
 

 356 
 
 COLONIES— COLONY TRADE 
 
 h i- 
 
 'M 
 
 Cost of Passages in Sailing Vessels from some if the Principal Ports of 
 
 British Cutoiiics and the UniUd States. 
 
 United Kingdom tn the 
 
 
 
 
 Cabin 
 
 Intermedial* 
 
 
 Slma^ 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 Coiit, including 
 ProvUions 
 
 Co«, with 
 ProvibMiiu 
 
 ro«t, 
 
 without 
 
 Provuiunf 
 
 Cmi, •llh full 
 
 I'roVLMUttfc 
 
 (ml, 
 wilh.>ur 
 
 >»J"iid Ilw 
 
 '■nal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Allowanrp 
 
 From To 
 
 From To 
 
 Krom To 
 
 From 
 
 T« 
 
 Fiom T,, 
 
 
 
 
 £ i. £ $, 
 
 £ t. £4. 
 
 £ e 
 
 £ 1. 
 
 £ t. 
 
 ' e 
 
 
 
 London - • 
 
 
 \t» V(» 
 
 8 II 12 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 1) 
 
 
 
 
 Liverpool . 
 
 
 \:i \r, IS IH 
 
 .. 
 
 
 5 
 
 *. 
 
 . 
 
 ' 
 
 
 QlFRBC • 
 
 Plyniouth 
 
 
 10 
 
 • • 1. 
 
 
 4 r 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ,_ 
 
 
 Ports in the Clyde - 
 
 
 13 I.T • 
 
 ' ' „•■ 
 
 
 5 5 
 
 .fc. 
 
 .. I 
 
 ] 
 
 
 I^ndonderry 
 
 
 10 
 
 4 10 n 
 
 
 4 
 
 *>' 
 
 
 ^ i 
 
 
 Cork 
 
 
 13 ir. 
 
 ,, ,. 
 
 
 5 
 
 T « 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 London - • 
 
 
 \b n 
 
 u 111 n 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 . ! 
 
 Nbw BniNawicx •, 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 Port* in the (Myde - 
 
 
 10 
 13 13* 
 
 ;: :: 
 
 
 « 
 « fi 
 
 ... 
 
 ; ;; • 
 
 
 
 Londonderry 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 17 
 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 "SiwrocttniAHD ■ lialway 
 
 
 an" '.\ 
 
 
 
 (1 fi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 London 
 
 
 L'. (» 
 
 9 10 ., 
 
 » 
 
 
 1 ..- „ 
 
 
 IlALirix. - 4 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 
 10 II 
 
 • ■ 
 
 .. 
 
 .'> 1) 
 
 ., 
 
 
 
 
 Porta In the Clvde - 
 
 
 13 13 « 
 
 
 
 6 fi 
 
 ,, 
 
 i'. z 
 
 
 British Cot i'Mhu 
 
 ' Southampton (via Panama] 
 Liverpool - 
 
 
 73 't (about) 
 70 II 
 
 5.1 15 
 
 41) 
 
 
 3» 1^ 
 
 •• 
 
 — .. 
 
 
 Vakcuuvkh Islaud 
 
 London 
 
 
 .V^ lit 
 
 3f. 15 
 
 
 26 i> 
 
 
 ••■ It 
 
 
 ' London 
 
 
 10 i:. 
 
 to.. 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 ♦ i 
 
 
 LlverjMwl • 
 
 
 lA i;. « I 
 
 » 
 
 
 4 4 
 
 
 
 
 Southampton 
 
 
 «n 0» 26 
 
 12 U 
 
 
 8 8 
 
 ,. 
 
 •• 
 
 Nbw York 
 
 Portit in the Clyde 
 
 
 13 0* 
 
 7 0.. 
 
 
 4 15 
 
 
 •• 
 
 
 I<ondonderry 
 
 
 10 1) 
 
 4 14 10 n 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 >■ 
 
 
 Cork 
 
 
 1.1 l.')» 2'^ 0« 
 
 
 
 3 111 
 
 fi"6 
 
 
 
 (iaiway 
 
 
 10 o n 
 
 is" '.'. 
 
 
 6 11 
 
 
 
 Nbw Ori.pans 
 
 < "ork 
 
 
 2.'/' V. 
 
 6"l» '.'. 
 
 
 5 5 
 
 
 .. 
 
 rHii.APitr PHiA - Londonderry 
 
 
 10 •> 
 
 4 la 
 
 — 
 
 4"0 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 ' London 
 
 
 W M 41 » 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 _ 
 
 .. 
 
 
 10 ;. 
 
 Writ Indiks 
 
 LlviTpooI • 
 Southampton 
 I'orJsin tlie Clyde - 
 
 
 2'» "■* 3M 0* 
 33 44 
 
 Si" II 
 
 — 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 
 ^0 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 ., 
 
 
 ' London 
 
 
 35 6i» 
 
 20 2.'. 
 
 12 
 
 is" 
 
 • • 
 
 Capb kv Goon 
 HurK\ Natai. 
 
 Liver|)ool 
 Plymouth - 
 
 
 4'/'o* '.'. 
 
 ,in"l)* II 
 
 
 21" 
 
 .■W)"n 
 
 
 Suuthampton 
 
 Pons in the Clyde - 
 
 
 47 .-I* .IT t- 
 
 .-51 lo 38 10 
 
 
 23 
 
 28 
 
 '.'. " ' 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 .- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' Ix}ndoi) 
 
 
 fit) :-0 
 
 
 
 15" 
 
 is" 
 
 
 
 Liver|K)ol - 
 
 
 fi3 
 
 .. 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ., 
 
 .. 
 
 Malritiii 
 
 Southampton 
 
 
 8,'. • 
 
 m fi 
 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 
 Plymouth - 
 
 
 fi3 «* 
 
 45 0» .. 
 
 II II 31 10 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 London 
 
 . 
 
 75 100 (\ 
 
 .. i .. .. 1 18 
 
 80 
 
 
 Cbvion 
 
 LiVfTJJOol 
 
 
 
 •• ■- 1 . .. 
 
 
 
 
 Southampton 
 
 
 hV'o* '.i 
 
 5l> .. .. .. 1 .. 
 
 
 
 
 London 
 
 
 fio mt 'U 
 
 26 .. 18 
 
 20" 
 
 
 IIONH KUNQ 
 
 Liver|iool - 
 
 
 yo i\* 
 
 .. .. 
 
 ., 
 
 
 
 
 Southampton 
 
 
 1'20 • 
 
 65 n .. .. .. 
 
 
 
 .. .. 
 
 
 Ix)ndon 
 
 
 4'^ m (1 
 
 IS so 1 .. 
 
 14" 
 
 18" 
 
 .. ,, 
 
 
 Liveriiooj 
 
 I 
 
 50 
 
 *I .. 
 
 
 18 II 
 
 
 
 SVDNBY - - ^ I'lym^uth - 
 
 
 42 MO 
 
 Ifi II 20 
 
 
 16 
 
 is" 
 
 
 1 Southampton 
 „ t Torn in the Clvde . 
 Qumen»i.a>d - I c^^J^ 
 
 J^ondon 
 
 
 IVO • 
 
 75 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 35 
 
 18 .. 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 r?" n 
 
 
 
 VI 80 0« 
 
 Ib'o !ii"o 
 
 
 14 
 
 m 
 
 
 1 I.iveriiool 
 
 
 45 
 
 25 U .. 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 Victoria . i.atb 1 I'lymouth - 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 15 ,, 
 
 Pout I'll i.'xip -] Southampton 
 
 
 i2o"o« !! 
 
 75" II 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 _ *■ Ports in uie Clvde • 
 
 
 30 
 
 .. 
 
 
 14" 
 
 
 
 Tasmania - London 
 
 
 42 80 0' 
 
 K n .. 
 
 
 14 
 
 l(i"n 
 
 
 ^^lTa^"*"/'^ '""*-'} '^"'**"» • 
 
 
 42 80 
 
 *» 25 
 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( I^ondon 
 Sol-tii AruTBAMA ^Liverpool - 
 
 
 42 80 
 
 l< 25 
 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 21 U 
 
 .. 18 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 ( I'lymouth - 
 
 
 \'i 80 
 
 16 « 2,0 n 
 
 .. [ 19 
 
 20 II 
 
 
 , London 
 
 
 42 80 
 
 22 28 U 
 
 .. 1 16 
 
 20 U 
 
 
 Liverpool . 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 ., 
 
 .. 
 
 
 NbwZiajam) - J Plymouth • 
 
 
 42**0 80**0 
 
 .-.2 
 
 
 26 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 Ports in the Clyde - 
 
 
 35 
 
 .• 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 ^ Cork 
 
 
 45 ,'.0 
 
 2» 
 
 .. 
 
 15 
 
 ir"o 
 
 
 Caufoknia - London 
 
 
 fiO 81) 
 
 3.> 40 
 
 .. 
 
 31) 
 
 
 ;; . 
 
 ■ 
 
 FaHI.AM) latANDS 
 
 Southampton 
 
 London 
 
 
 90 0* .. 
 40 60 
 
 fill 
 
 an •\ 25 
 
 
 40 
 15 
 
 18" 1) ' 
 
 ;: J 
 
 
 
 Chtir^fs fur Chililren — The general practice in charKins for children is, to compotte them according to tlie Pauengen' Act. rit., t.r. 
 from 1 tn 12 ve.irs (if nye, half the price of adults; under 1, no charge. 
 Caiitwn — KinigrantN to New Urunswick, Prince Edward Island, or .N'ova Scotia iluMid not proceed thither by way of Queliec. 
 
 * By Steamer, 
 
 each p.isspnppr or family of passengers .shall he en- 1 11. nutj«t of the sweepers to he to clean ilii' 
 litleil til iho use of the fires. Thecuuli to taliccare I ders, hospitals, round houses, and watt'r-cli~' 
 that this order is preserved. j imnip water into the cisterns or taulii li' 'I 
 
 C. On each passenger declt .3 safety lamps to ! supply of tlw wator-cloBets. to sweep .licinsl 
 be lit at du.sit, and kept burning .all night, and ' after every ninil .ind to dr\', holystone. aii! 
 such further number as shall allow 1 to be them after lireakta.st. 
 placed at each of the hatchways used by the pas- 1 
 sengers. | 
 
 7. No naked light between deck or in the hold 
 to be allowed at any time or on any account. 
 
 8. The passengers, when dressed, to roll up 
 their beds, to sweep the decks (including the i^pace ] Hi. The beds to be well .shaken anil flinvi 'I 
 under the bottom of the berths), and to throw the deck, and tlie bottom boartls, if not fi.\lurt'sii^| 
 dirt overboard. 
 
 9. IJreakfast not to commence till this is done. 
 
 10. The sweepers for the day to bo taken in ro- 
 tation from the males above 14, in the proportion 
 of 6 for every 100 passengers. 
 
 12. Hut the ooeii|)ant of each lierth to ny'-^m 
 his own berth i.s well bruslM'd out; and >ci>t 
 women are to keep their own cc>Hipaitni('iit'.tii| 
 in ships wlicre a separate compartment in all 
 to thtm. 
 
 removed, and dry-scrubbed and taken omleit' 
 least twice a week. 
 
 14. Two (lays in the week to he appoinw^l 
 the master as washing days, but no clotte ' 
 any account to be washed or dried between ii«f 
 
 i. 
 
COLONIES— COLONY TRADE 
 
 V-cll -' ' 
 
 t0 5">t 
 
 ttnif 
 
 .n^■■.•^ 
 
 i,\ m-^ 
 
 
 ,i«t« 
 
 clotti« ' 
 ItTfeeui 
 
 15. The coppers and cnokiiif; vosacls to l)e 
 ck'ancil every <loy, and tlic cisterns kipt lilled 
 witli water. 
 
 It). The scuttles and stern (virts, if any, to be 
 kept open (weather permitting) from 7 a.m. to 10 
 I'.M., mid the hatches at all liours. 
 
 17. On Sunday the passengers to bo mustered 
 at W A.M., when they will be expected to np- 
 ptar in clean and decent apparel. The day to 1)0 
 (ibscrvcd as religiously as circuiustances will 
 admit. 
 
 iH. Xo spirits or gunpowder to lie tal^en on 
 luiard by any [tfissenger. Any that may Ije dis- 
 cdvercd'to be talien into tlie custody of the mas- 
 iiT till the expiration of tlie voyage. 
 
 111. Xo loose liay or straw to be allowed below. 
 
 20. Xi) smoliing to be allowed between decks. 
 
 21. All immoral or indecent acts or conduct, iin- 
 iiruiKTlibi-rtiesor familiarities with the female |)as- 
 Ben;;eis, blasphemous, <d)seene, or indecent lan- 
 fai^e, or language tending to a breach of the 
 ]ie«cf. swearing, gambling, drunkenness, lighting, 
 clLsdWerly, riotous, iiuarrelsonie, or insnbordinalc 
 cunclui't, and also all deposits of tilth or olVensive 
 acts of uiuleanlinesa in the between decks, are 
 strictly prohibited. 
 
 il. Virc-arms, swords, and other offeusivo wea- 
 |«ms, as -lion as the passengers emSjark, to be 
 liluftd in the custody of the master. 
 
 ■j:'i. So sailors to remain on the passenger deck 
 aniniis the passengers except on duty. 
 
 21. No pa.ssengcr to go to the ship's conk-liouso 
 withiiut Biiecial i)emussion from the nnister. nor to 
 remain in the forecastle among the sailors on aaiy 
 accduiit. 
 
 licsides the sea voyage from ICngland, p<»rsonK 
 proceeding; to Cau.nda should be provided with the 
 nie.insnf paying for the joiiruey which they may 
 have til ni.ik'c after their arrival at Quebec. The 
 co<t ol their journey must, of course, dei)end ufK'ii 
 the situation of the place where the individuau 
 may lind employment, or where he may have pn - 
 viuusly lormeil a wish to settle. The Emigration 
 Commissioiiers have (I8()*<) published the follow- 
 ing Hints to KmigraulM to the North jVmerican 
 Colonics ;— 
 
 Hints to E.micr,vnts to Buitisii Xoutii 
 Amekica, 
 
 Cmitiun to keep Contract Tickets. — Emigrants 
 to every IJritish colony ought to kee|) their con- 
 I trait tickets, as otherwise, if the ship is prevented 
 liy any accident from reaching her destination, or if 
 I the passengers, for any (jthcr reason, are not landed 
 I at tiic place named in the tickets, the}- may have 
 jadilHculty in obtaining a return of their ])assage 
 j money, to which, in that case, they would by law 
 ibe entitled. 
 
 Caution to provide meaim fur subsistence und trans- 
 lMr( after iirrirol. — Many emigrants having lat- 
 flerly been found n> rely on public funds for their 
 distance in the colonies, iliey are hereby warned 
 (hat they have no claim of right on such funds, 
 Ijndtbat they should provide themselves with siif- 
 peient niiaiis of their own for their subsistence and 
 V'nvoyaneii into the interior from the port where 
 ■hey li\nd. 
 
 I» t'anada a (.'olonial Law expressly prohiliil.<) 
 Mill from the Emigrant Tax I' und, excepling 
 leiwesof bickncss ou the part of deslilulc cnii 
 [rants. 
 
 7'(Ki/s,-It is not generally considered desirable 
 m agricultural labourers should lake out imple- 
 pnts of husbandry, as thesis i iin be easily procured 
 H the colonies; bi.t artisans are recommended to 
 je such Inula as they may jiosscss, if not verv 
 li'div. 
 
 367 
 
 Time to arrive in North America, — The best 
 period is early in May, so as to b(! in time to take 
 advantage of the spring and summer work, and to 
 get settled before the winter sets in. 
 
 Average Length of Passage. 
 
 dav« 
 .1). 
 
 ToOuel«c - 
 
 Frliice Edward I&land(ta}) 
 
 .Nova Srotia • • - i^l 
 
 New Itrutiswlrk • - . 3(i 
 llrltisl) Culumhia, in a tailing khip 
 
 round Caiw Horn - • I'lO 
 
 viji f anama - • 60 
 
 liy the Passengers' Act, provisions and water 
 are, however, required to be laid in for the first 
 4 colonies for 70 days, and in winter time for 80 
 davs ; and for liritish Columbia for 182 days. 
 
 The water of the river St. Lawrence is stated to 
 have a strong tendency to produce bowel com- 
 plaints in strangers. It should at lirst, therefore, 
 be drunk as s))aringly as possible. Emigrants 
 should also avoid exposure to the great heat of 
 the sun by day, and the dews anil noxious vapours 
 hy night. 
 
 Mainteimnce on arrival S(C. — Passengers are en- 
 titled by the Imperial Passengers' Act to be main- 
 taiiiied on board in the same manner as during the 
 l)as!«ige for 48 hours after arrival, unless within 
 that time the ship should C|uit the port in the pro- 
 secution of her voyage. As regards those bound 
 to Quebec, the ^'anadian Passengers' Act, lb & 16 
 Vict. c. «lj [l'<o2], imposes a. penalty on the 
 master who compels passengers to leave before the 
 expiration of 48 hours (except in cases where 
 the vessel iias a mail contract), and provides 
 that they .-.hall be landed free of expense, and be- 
 tween in the morning and 4 in the afternoon. 
 
 ADVIC'Ii TO EmiOKAXTS AIIUIVINO IN CaNADA. 
 
 All emigrants who wish to know the (Ustance to 
 any part of the province, the way to get there, 
 what it costs, and the best places to lind Avork, 
 hould ask the Oovemment Emigration OHicer 
 (who will board the whip they arrive in), or else 
 go to the Emigration Oliice, Old Custom House 
 Buildings, Quebec. Those arriving by steamer 
 will land at Point Levi, where there is also a 
 (ioveniinent Olhcc. Emigrants should not listen 
 to the opinions or advice of persons hanging about 
 the iihices of landing, whose business it is to make 
 prolit out of tliem. Many young females and un- 
 |)rotected persons have been deceived and suffered 
 from acting on such advice. For tlie better pro- 
 tection and convenience of emigrants desiring to 
 wash their clothes and obtain information as to their 
 future jounu'v, temporary accommodation has been 
 provided at the Government Emigration Wharf, 
 tiiiebec, v.here they will bv, allowed to remain for 
 a period not exceeding 48 hours. Emigrants who 
 go out to join friends or relations already settled 
 in the country should go at once to theirdestina- 
 tioii. Earni labourers will get plenty of work in 
 the farming districts. The chief agent will not 
 assist any one who loses his lime by staying in 
 the city, unless detained by sickness or other good, 
 reason. Any otl'iir of work had better be at once ac- 
 cepted, even if the wages are not as much as the 
 emigrant thought Ihey would be, because, until 
 III gels into the w.nys of the country, lie is not of 
 inuili use lo lhefarmer,and hasagrea't deal to learn. 
 Tne salne advice must be given to clerks, shop- 
 men ic, who are very little wanted i/i (Janada, 
 and have but a |ioiir chance of emi' 'yment, and 
 also to niechnnlrS. 
 
 Any eoniphiinls of bad ireiilinent on the passage 
 iMil siiiiuld be fiiaile, iijioo fuinfwff, to the Chief 
 J'.inigralioii Agt/ll, w//// wiH HI IdiN: Hltciid to 
 them. 
 
 t 
 
 « 
 
"Tlf- 
 
 358 
 
 I 
 
 Ciiiition. —"Scwh- nrrivcd iinmifimiits arc fro- 
 (pit'iitly tcniplcil iiy tlie pMmi.sc nf liigli wiigcs 
 held (lilt, by (if,'clits from tlm United .Stales In 
 leave Canada for the StntcH. These promises 
 Hliniild not be entertained Avilhout miicii caution 
 and en(|uiry. 
 
 Tlie I'rovincial I'asseiif^er Art, 2") Vict. e. H. pro- 
 vides tliat no person without n license shall in- 
 fluenee passcn;,a'rs in favour of any particular 
 steam-boat, railroai', or tavern. Tavern-keepers 
 are re(iuired to liave posted in some ronsjiifuous 
 |ilace a list of prices to be chnrffed fi>r board, lodg- 
 ing itc, and they are not allowed to have any 
 lien upon the clt'ects of a passenger for board and 
 lodging beyond five dollars— about one pound 
 .sterling. 
 
 Ijiiigrants arriving at (Juebec, holding through 
 tickets for their inland transport, and desiring to 
 obtain information, may delay their journey for 
 that purpose, as the railway or steamboat company 
 to whom they arc addressed will take charge of 
 their luggage luitil they are rcadj' to proceed. 
 
 Cvltiiiial Tn.x on Eiiiii/raiits, 
 
 Canada. — I5y a Ortonial Law of ■Juno .10, 
 18.')H, the capitation tax is .O.s. currency, payable 
 by the master, for every passenger over the age 
 of 1 year; and no part of the tax is remitted on 
 emigrants going on to the United States. ]f 
 embarked, however, without the sanction of her 
 Majesty's Govei-nnioiit. ascertained by a certi- 
 ficate from :mi oiKccr of customs at the port of 
 embarkation, tlic i.(X is "v. Cx/. currency for every 
 passenger. 
 
 Xciv.^ Scotia. — The Kmigrant Tax Act of 
 ]8.')0 was repealed by an Act (No. it) passed 
 Ajiril l.s. IS.il'i. No tax is, tliereturc, now p.ivable 
 in respect of emigrants arriving in this colony. 
 
 Ni;\v ]!i:t'N.swuK. — The tax iin|i(ised on emi- 
 grants was for many years ,").«. per head ; it was 
 then reduced to '2s. (If/. ; and in IHiil it was 
 cntirelv abolished bv the Colonial Act, 21 Vict, 
 f. 1. 
 
 ruiNci; Kl)WAi;i> Isi.an'd. — Tlic tax now levied 
 iir.der a C(donial Act, passed M.iy a. l,s,")l. is ]"_'.«. 
 currency (equal to about 10s. sterling) on each 
 • migrant iia-seiiger arriving in the ccjIoiiv be- 
 tween the 1st of April and the 1st of Octolnr, 
 but no p.aymeiit is required for children under 
 18 months old. The tax is increased to IHs. 
 currency if the emigrants arrive after the 1st 
 of October. The master of the ship has to 
 pay an additional tax if the ves.sel is put into 
 (piarantinr. 
 
 In all of the colonies the tax is made payable 
 by the master of the .ship. 
 
 NiiWFOCNMi.AND. — No emigrants' tax in this 
 colony. 
 
 Pirsiimd Kffert.i e.rpiiii)r J'niiit Duiy. — l!y a Ca- 
 nadian Act (8 it 11 Vict. c. 31), 'wearing apparel 
 in actual use. and otlier |)ersoiial etl'ects not mer- 
 chandise, implements and tools i.l trade of handi- 
 craftsmen use.l in the occupation or employment 
 of persons coming into the province for the pur- 
 pose of actually settling therein,' are exempt from 
 customs' duties. A similar provision is in force 
 in New Urunswick. 
 
 Expanse, of erectiiuj a log hut. — The cost of a 
 log hut, such as settlers usually erect, may be 
 .stated at from .0/. to aliout )•_'/.; but when the 
 chief part of the work is performed by the emi- 
 gran'. him.-elf, the cost is much less. These huts, 
 if properly constructed, arc very warm and com- 
 fortable. 
 
 Va.ncouver Isr.ANii. — Tlie expense of erecting 
 a suitable dwelling for an agricultural labourer 
 may be csliraated at from 2i>l, to ;Ki/, 
 
 COLONIES— COLONY TRADE 
 
 The rent of n town lodging for mechanics and 
 labourers is about ll.v. jier week. 
 
 ISkitisii Coi.UMiilA. — The costof sueli a build- 
 iiig varies according to the rate of wages in the 
 difi'erent parts of the colony; but a good hiii can 
 he built and fitted up by the immigrant at a cost 
 of 10/. or 15/. 
 
 Value of the Engliah Coins in Canada. 
 
 I wvereiftn, sterllnK 
 1 crown • 
 
 )crnwn - 
 i.hlllini; 
 
 llillfat 
 Currency 
 
 •I'l 
 1,11 
 
 In Upper Canada the English sixpence is gene- 
 rally called in retail dealings 'one York shilliiij;' 
 or a shilling ; emigrants often believe one shilling 
 sterling or currency is meant. 
 
 Emigrants shoiihl bring their moncj- in gold, 
 silver, or good Hills of Exchange. Bank notes 
 are liable to heovy discounts. 
 
 Route for Kmiijrantii to Canada. — Emigrant 
 intondiiig' to settle in Canada will find it in 
 all rcspect.s more advantageous to proceed |jy 
 Quebec. 
 
 As there is often competition among the steam- 
 boat and railway companies at (Quebec and the I'dr- 
 warding comp.inies at Montreal, emigrants slioiiLl 
 cxercisi' caution before agreeing for their passiifjc, 
 and should avoid those persons who crowd ,)ii 
 board ships and steam boats, offering tliei. .servict 
 to get pas.sages Ac. 
 
 Emigrants for Upper Cana<la should ikjI paib.' 
 at 'Quebec or Blontreal, but proceed at mice i.!i 
 their journey. If, however, tliey require aiivi ' 
 direction, they .sliould apply oiili/ In the (liivm 
 niciit Agents, who will furnish gratuitously all n- 
 quisite information. 
 
 3. Wext India Colouivs. — In thoWcst Iiidipiiwe 
 jiosscss .lamaica, Harlmdoes, .St. Lucia, Aniii;iii 
 (irenadn, Trinidad, and some other islands, exili; 
 sive of Oemerara and IJerbice in South Anicrici 
 .lamaica, by far the l.ugcst of our insular |ki?s(s- 
 sions, is alxmt I'iO mile; in length, and 10 in iiif;i! 
 breadlli. coiitaiiii'ig about 2,800,0(10 acres, of wji:- 
 from 1.100,000 to 1,200,000 are supposed to It m 
 culli\ation. lieing situate within the 'i'ropii ii 
 Cancer, the heat in the West Indies is iiiteibe.l/i 
 is mnderai 'd by the sea breeze which blows re;;! 
 larly during the greater part of the day. 11:. 
 rains make the only distinction of seasons. Thiv 
 sometimes fall with prodigious impetuosity, t;ivii;; 
 birih lo inniimcrable torrents, and laying all the 
 low couniry under water; the trees are grccii Iho 
 whole year round : they have no snow, no I'r. i. 
 and but rarely some hail. The climate is very 
 humid ; iron rusts and corrodes in a very slhri 
 time; and it is this, ])erliaps, that renders lii.' 
 West Indies so uiil'riendly to l^uropcaii cnnsliiii- 
 ti<iiis, and iiroduces those malignant fevers that 
 are so very fatal. The vegetable producticiiis .ire 
 numerous and valuable; but the sugar cant ;inJ 
 Ibecoll'ec plant are incomparably more important 
 than the others, and constitute, the natural riclioj 
 of the islands. 
 
 The ^V'est Indies arc occasionally ass.ailoil ly 
 the most dreadful hurricanes, which destroy in a 
 moment the hopes and lalx.iirs of the planler?. 
 and devastate entire islands. Whole tieWs 'I' 
 sugar canes are sometimes Kirii up by the roi.t-. 
 houses are either thrown down or unroofed, .i"' 
 even the he.ivy copper boilers and stills in i'"' 
 works have, in numerous instances, been wcnchc! 
 from the ground and battered to pieces. Tlicraiii 
 pours down in toncnts, sweeping before it every- 
 
 ilu'iig that 
 
 caii>ed by HI 
 
 jiri«liic(. a vei 
 
 /iiniine; and 
 
 the severity ( 
 
 Iieeii ninteriri 
 
 pan of (he ai 
 
 frein the L'li 
 
 DoMiiiiicn ns i 
 
 liy a comraitd 
 
 l.'i.OOO negroe: 
 
 17«0 and the 
 
 occasioned by 
 
 importation fn 
 
 Wnl IndicH, V 
 
 •'aniaica «aa 
 
 iiiid continued 
 
 l<).),"i. wlien it 
 
 i:ii;;lisli. Alth 
 
 lliaii a ceiitur\ 
 
 f>|>.iiii, such wa 
 
 colonial system 
 
 •liiiTed it,"cont, 
 
 tlii'se wen^ imm 
 
 the many viilna 
 
 after produced ii: 
 
 altiKCtlier imkiio 
 
 such a snppjy oi, 
 
 for the consiimji 
 
 .Spanish .<ettlers,' 
 
 Kossed nunc of the 
 
 .nc(|uaintP(! even v 
 
 'vliicli. in civilised 
 
 (oifsciin)fortand( 
 
 Jiolisheil l)v social 
 
 «/iic,ilion;"l)iit pa> 
 
 triior.enCcclded b,-. 
 
 'J'hoyliad Ijeeii f,,) 
 
 .irro^siie deg,..„erac 
 
 Hiort time have ex 
 
 '"i''li.vi;iiiii,^,yj(;|j 
 
 I I'liir slaves.' (I 
 
 '»[. cil.) ^ 
 
 .'•"raconsidcralj) 
 
 t.llllCil 
 
 «(.fO 
 
 session 
 
 1.-2 th 
 
 n.oiiii J 
 
 t" 7KIIII0 
 
 (■"I'oa, Jddes, 
 
 .•oi.l t\ 
 
 <" exports 
 -heads. 
 
 MS t| 
 
 "i»i.aii(l(;.,vi; I 
 " "' V'l'.v iiijurioi ' 
 
 fn 
 
 ''>' "lii.v, indeJ 
 
 ■"111 11:. (.|!;.,.(,s 
 
 as 
 ('iwctnicii 
 
 I'll to III,. 
 
 'I'li'onRti.Mi „f f,',', 
 Very 1 
 <v,is viviti; 
 
 iiirtfiil to tliel 
 
 fvaslatj,,,, 
 
 'Ireailliil 
 
 '0' a i)i(| 
 
 occ.isio] 
 
 111 t 
 
 I7« 
 
 '.iiniiic 
 
 an 
 
 l"^ "unnediatelv 
 
 v.istai 
 "liicl; Ii 
 thv 
 
 1 new :vra of 
 
 '"'•fst. n, 
 
 JHiki 
 
 onii 
 '• out ill |1 
 
 .years almnst 
 
 ■""I'l'lyo/'lj 
 
 000 lie 
 
 I!!":,"": '■""'""■nth 
 
 "n that 
 
 to r 
 
 siil'plv 
 'iiiil .-i' 
 ill 111.. 
 
 'f'-cne fr, 
 
 Ills 
 
 ■-Pcft w;i 
 
 In- ,., 
 (■■t'-'iseqiieiic risel 
 """•r islands 
 
 nal 
 
 '■•Mi'iisioii of eiiK 
 
 s Its iiij 
 
 ■t" a\-erage of 
 ''■'"hiced oidv 
 
 iiiid 
 
 "' ,'f'" a,i,ri8('l' 
 
 ■ '■l.'i.Oiio a-- 
 
 Tlie, 
 
 "-year I 
 
 iipj 
 
 ^"•leriseofpril 
 
COLONIKH— COLONY TRADE 
 
 369 
 
 lliiiiR thnt comps in its wny. TiiP (li'striirtiou 
 cau>"il liv ^*ll^ll droadl'iil Hcourfrcs Hcldoni (ails to 
 nriiiliic'P fi very ^rcat srarrif y, nnti not iiiil'rc(|Ufiitly 
 I'aniiin': nn'l "■<• nro. j^rievcd t(i liave to add, tiiat 
 tlie severity nf tlic diatrcss has im several oceasioiis 
 liccn materially af,';,'''"^'""''' '>>' '* rcl'iisal on the 
 i)iiri of the authorities to allow ini|iortatioii direct 
 fnmi the I'niied States. This was the case at 
 Ddiniiiicn n» late as 1S17. It is stated in a report 
 hv a coininittee of the Assernhly of .liininica, that 
 l!j,(ii)() negroes perished between the latter end of 
 ]78l) and the bepnninf,' of 17H7, through famine 
 (icciii'ioned hv hurricanes and the prohibition of 
 importation Irom the United States, (Kdwarda'fl 
 U'i'st Inditu, vol. ii. p. 515.) 
 
 Jamaica was discovered by Columbus in ll!>4, 
 
 aiiil ciiiitimied in possession of the Spaniards till 
 
 IC.V'i, when it was wrested from them by the 
 
 Kn;;iish. .Vlthoii(,'h it had thus been for more 
 
 liian a century and a half under the jiower of 
 
 fiiiain, such was the cleadeuinj^ influence of her 
 
 cdliniial svsteni, that it did not, when wc eon- 
 
 iimTt'il it,' contain 1,500 white inhabitant.', and 
 
 tliesi' wcrc^ iniinerscd in sloth and poverty. Of 
 
 till' niiinv viduable articles which Jamaica soon 
 
 after |ir(«lu(cd in such profusion, many were then 
 
 aUcm'tiiir unknown; and of those that were known 
 
 such a supply only was cultivated as was required 
 
 for the consumption of the inhabitants. 'The 
 
 iSiiauisli settlers,' says Mr. liryan Kdwards, 'pos- 
 
 Msseil none of the elc^^ancies of life ; nor were they 
 
 a('(|\iiinit('(l even with many of those },'ratilieations 
 
 wliicli. in civilised states, are considered necessary 
 
 to its comfort and convenience. They were neither 
 
 iiolislicd by social intercourse, nor improved by 
 
 education; but ))assed their days in jrloomy lan- 
 
 ^'uor. enfeebled Iiy sloth, and depressed by (loverty. 
 
 Tliey luiil been for many years in a state of pro- 
 
 L'rc-sivc (U'i;i'iieracy, ami would probably in a 
 
 short tinic have exjiialed the f;uilt of their aiues- 
 
 tors hv falliuj,' victims themselves to the vengeance 
 
 if llK-ir slaves.' {Hist. West Indies, vol. i. p. 297, 
 
 S<\». Pll.) 
 
 I'nr a cniisiderable number of years after we ob- 
 taincil possession of Jamaica, the chief exports 
 were eocua, hides, and indif;-o. Even so late as 
 177i tlie exports of sii;;ar amounted to only 
 ll.nnii l.dirsheads. In 177-t they bad increased 
 to 7f<,<iiiii iioix^heads of siijrar, '2t'>,00il puncheons of 
 rum. and 0..") 17 bags of colVee. TIio American war 
 was very injurious to the West India settlements ; 
 and tlicy may, iiuleed, be said to be still sntVeviuf; 
 fnmi its elVect.s, as the in<lependence <d' Anurica 
 Icdtotlio eiiactuient of those restrictions on the 
 ini|MinRti(in of food, lumber fn\ that wero so 
 very Imrtlnl to the planters. In 17S0 Jamaica 
 was visited by a most destructive hurricane, the 
 devaslatiiiii occasioned by which pro(tu<'e(l a 
 dreadful famine; and other lun'ricanes fcdlowed 
 in tlie inimcdiatelv succeeding years. Hut in 
 17)<7 a new a'ra of uniirovement began. The de- 
 vastalioii ..f St. Domingo by the negro insurrection 
 HJiicl; br(di(^ out in 171)2 lirst diminished, and in a 
 lew years almost entirely annihilated, the annual 
 supiilyof 115,000 hogslicads of sugar which France 
 and tile ('iiutinent had jireviously been accustomed 
 to rcieive from that island. 'I'liis diminution of 
 supply, by causing a greatly incre.ised demand for, 
 and a coi\sei|ueia rise in the price of, sugar raised 
 in llie (iilier islands, occasioned an extraordinary 
 i.Ktension of cultivation. So powerful in this 
 respect was its inlluence, that Jamaica, which, 
 :it an aver.ige of tlie (> years preceding 17',t0, 
 liad produced onlv 83,000 hogsheads, exiiorted, 
 in lnoi and 18(t'2. "upwards of 280,300 hogsheads, 
 e;-l-l:V"Hin-year! 
 
 The .same rise of price wliieh operated so power- 
 
 fuUv in .laiuaii'n. occasioned a situilar though less 
 rapid extension of cultivation in our other islands, 
 ntiil in Cuba. I'orto l.'ico, am! tlie t'oreign colonleH 
 generally. The v.icuum caused by the cessation 
 (d the supplies from St. Domingo being thus more 
 than tilled up, a reaction eomniciiced. The price 
 of sugar rapidlv declined; and, notwithstanding a 
 forced market was for a while ojiened to il by siilj- 
 stitnting it for malt in tliedistiUer\-, prices did not 
 attain to their former elevation. On the opening 
 of the t'ontiiiental )iorts, in 18i;t ami IHI I, they, 
 indeeil, rose, for a short tiine. to nn extravagant 
 height; but they very soon fell, involving in mill 
 many of the specul.'itors upon an advance, rrices, 
 however, continued at a pretty high level down 
 to 1818 ; but thiy sustained a material fall in the 
 course of the lullowing year, and were compara- 
 tively hiw from that jicriod down to ixifo. when 
 the extraordinarv' falling off in the supplies of 
 sugar consequent on the measures connected with 
 the emancipation of the slaves, again occasioned a 
 consideruble rise of yt'xn'. Hut, as already seen, 
 this high jirice was entirely factitious, being wholly 
 causecl by our excluding for<igu sugar from our 
 market. Xow that the sug.u of Hrnzil, Cuba, mid 
 Java is admitted on paying roasonaldo duties, 
 prices are comparatividv h>w. And froni the ex- 
 traordinary facility with which sugar juay bo 
 raised in the countries referred to and elsewhere, 
 we have no idea, provided they adopt no rash or 
 ill-advised measure in relation to sliives, that 
 its price in their markets would be likely to sus- 
 tain any material or permanent increase, even 
 though the demand for it were doubled or more. 
 The imports of sugar from onv West Indian cido- 
 nies, which aniountcil to I.KKijHOi) cwts. in IKtl, 
 sunk, in I8tl,to 2.151,217 cwts. ! In iHiiO they 
 amounted to J. 177,017 do. 
 
 The devastation of St. Domingo gave tlu' sainc 
 powerful stiniiihis to tiie growth of eoll'ec in the 
 other West Indian cidoiiiis that it did lo the 
 growth of sugar: ami owing to the extraordinary 
 increase in the demand for coflee in this and other 
 European countries, the supply weiu on increasing 
 till it was checked by th'; inlluence of the nieasure.'i 
 r(daling to slavery. In 1752, for example, only 
 (lO.iKM) lbs. id' colfee were exported from Jamaica; 
 ill 1775 the export amounted to <1 lO.dOO lbs.; in 
 1707 it bad increased to 7,',K!I,t)2I lbs,; .nid in 
 lf<.')2, when it had aitained its ina.xiniiim, llio ex- 
 ports to !)nglaiid only aniuinited to l'J.105,i)l);!llis. 
 Such, however, a'ld .so rapid has beesi their subse- 
 qui nt decline, that in 185S the exports to I'.ngland 
 from Jamaica amounted to only 2,0Ul,(J071bs., and 
 in l.-iiii; tod,l:!2,2221bs. 
 
 Wi- liavi! already .seen that when Jamaica was 
 taken fro.n the Spaniards, it only contained 1,500 
 white inhabitants. In 1(173 the popul.-itioii 
 amounted to 7.71)8 whites and (>.5iU slaves. It 
 would have been well fur the island had the races 
 continued to preserve this relation to each other; 
 but, unfortunately, the black iiopulation has in- 
 cre'ased more than 15 times as rapidly as the 
 white; the latter having only increased Iroin 7.7li8 
 to l,>,81(i, while the former has increased from 
 !),501 to about IMt),.'J7l, exclusive of persons of co- 
 lour, numbering 81,704. 
 
 The real value of the exports to Jamaica 
 amounted in I8GC to 721,'171/., toeing about ^ 
 of the exports to the West Indian ccdonies. It 
 was formerly much more; but then .1 large portion 
 of the articles ,ser.t to Jamaica, and some of tho 
 other colonies, were only sent there as to an 
 entrepot; being subsequently exported to the 
 Spanish main. During the .ascendancy of the 
 Spanish ilomitiion in Mexico and South America, 
 tills trade, which was then contraband, was car- 
 
 'riiiW ,i: *_ 
 
»■ 
 
 360 
 
 rieil on to n prcat oxtcnt. 
 
 COLONIES— COLONY TRADR 
 
 • I 
 
 I'-' «•• 
 
 r 
 
 
 \ 
 
 I' 
 
 i->' ■■ 
 
 It i.s now much fallen 
 oflT, and i.s principally carried on I'rum 8t. 'I'liuMiu!) 
 and llondnra^, 
 
 liarbadocs was the rarlieiit of our pniwpsiiiiinfi in 
 the West Indies, It is the most easterly i.f the 
 Carihheu Islandi) ; liridKe Town, the capital, heini; 
 in lonj,'. !'>'.>° 41' W, Harliadoes is by far the best 
 cidtivated of all the \Vet<t Iiiriian islands. It 
 contains about 105,000 acres, having (in l><lil) a 
 population of about 1C,()00 uhitcs, 15,000 people 
 of colour, and 120,000 blacks. Of late vears it 
 has exported from 500,000 to 750,000 cwta. of 
 hu^'ar, liarbadocs had attained the acme of its 
 jirosperity in the latter part of the seventeenth 
 century, when the white population is said to 
 have amounted to about 50,000, thou)(h this is 
 ]irobalily nn cxaf^Kcration. ihit it is only as 
 compared with itself that it can be considered as 
 having fallen off; for, compared with the other 
 West Indian islands, its superiority is manifiKtt. 
 It raises nearly as nuich food aa is adequate for 
 its supplv. 
 
 The islands next in importance arc St, Vincent, 
 Greiuula, Trinidad, Antigua &c. It is unnecessary 
 to enter iiilo any special details with respect to 
 them ; I heir population uiid trade being exhibited 
 in the annexed tables. 
 
 During the late war wo took from the Dutch 
 the settlements of Denierara, Berbice, and Essc- 
 quiho, in (iuiana, wliich were delinitively ceded to 
 us in IHll, The soil of these settlements is natu- 
 rally very rich; and they have, in this resiiect, a 
 decided advantage over most of the West Indian 
 islands. For a time their prosperity seemed 
 to be on the decline. The export of cotfee 
 became scanty; that of cotton fell to nothing. 
 Other countries were more favourably situated 
 both as regarded labour and natural capacity for 
 these products, Hut to compensate these, the sup- 
 ply of sugar increased enormously, and the cultiv.v 
 tion of the cane, aided by the imi)ortation of coolie 
 labour, became very successful. During the year 
 18GG the value of the exportsof liritish (lUiana to 
 the United King<lom amounted to 1,089,811/., of 
 ■which sugar, in quantity 1,23:>,720 cwt., was worth 
 1,320.760/. and rum, 3,ti94,171 gallons, was worth 
 280,354/. 
 
 Exclusive of the above, we possess the settle- 
 ment of ISelizc on the Day of Honduras. This is 
 of importance, as affording a means of obtaining 
 abundant supplies of mahogany; but it is of more 
 importance as an entrepot for the supply of (iuatc- 
 raala and Central America with Kiiglish maiuifac- 
 tured gooils. 
 
 The exports from tliis country to our Wo.it In- 
 dian colonies consist of coarse cottons, linens, 
 checks, hats, and other articles of negro clothing ; 
 iron and steel, wrought and unwrought; leather, in- 
 cluding saddlery and liamess ; gla.ss; beer and ale ; 
 soap and candles; stationery; hardware and earth- 
 enware; staves, hoops, coal, lime, paint, lead; Irish 
 provisions, herrings, and other salt lish; along with 
 furniture, wine, beer, medicines, and, indeed, al- 
 most ever}' article which a great manufacturing 
 country can supply to one situated in a tropical 
 climate, which has verj' few mechanics and hardly 
 any manufactures. Since the opening of the ports 
 on the Spanish main to ships from England, the 
 exports to the West Indies have decreased both in 
 ([uantity and value ; this decrease being, however, 
 more than balanced by the increased shipments 
 to Mexico, Columbia ic. The value of our total 
 exports to the British West Indies and Guiana 
 amounted in 1805 to 3,000,584/., and in 180G to 
 2,003,070/., while in 1807 tlie exports of British 
 produce alone to the seme colonies were valued at 
 2,330,900/, 
 
 Mtinry. — What used to he called West In.llri 
 currency was an imaginary nioiu'y, ami h.i 1 a .iif- 
 fercnt value in dilferent colonies. The \alue it 
 bore, 08 compared with sterling money, was sun- 
 poseil to represent the corri'spoinlmg value of tlie 
 coins in circulation in the ilitlcrent islands at llu, 
 time the pro|)nrtion was fixed : these coins bring 
 for the most part mutilated and otherwise worn 
 and defaced, currency was in all ca.ses less vahialiU' 
 than sterling, Tlic I'ollnwing are the old values (if 
 100/. sterling, and of a dollar, in the currencies of 
 the different islands : — 
 
 
 Rirtl. Purr. 
 
 I^» , Turr. 
 
 .Tflmaica - • 
 
 • V»\l.= nil/. 
 
 1 = (.«. "it. 
 
 lUrladnn . 
 
 . lill«.= 13,',/. 
 
 \=l,t.\l. 
 
 Windward Ii!iinits («*ic«it 
 
 
 
 Ilarlinilo,.,) 
 
 . ino/.= I-.'./. 
 
 l=»f. -.,/. 
 
 I.evward l»l.inj« 
 
 . 1011/.= t/UO/. 
 
 Iss <J«, ihl. 
 
 But latterly these currencies have been in great 
 measure superseded bv the introduction of storliii:j 
 monej', current at the same rates &a in Englaiiil, 
 and of the Spanish dollar. 
 
 By an order in council of Alarch 23, 182."), Britisli 
 silver money was made legal tender throughmii all 
 British colonial po.ssessions, at the same iioniinal 
 value as in England ; and bills for the same am 
 given on the Treasury of London, of 100/. eaclL 
 bill for 103/. such silver money. By this nnJiT, 
 also, the value of the Spanish dollar was li.xcil at 
 4.1. ill. British silver money throughout all tlij 
 colonics where it is current; but this value was 
 farther reduced (m .September 21, 1838, to U. M, 
 The value of the doubloon was then, also, Ibccit 
 at 04.1. 
 
 4. AuntraUan Colonies. — This group of coloiiios, 
 though founded in a very distant part uf the 
 world, and at a ci)mi)arafively recent epoch, will. 
 jirobably, at no very distant period, siir))ass iIk; 
 others in magnitude and importance. Tlie coun- 
 tries in which they are situated, including tlis 
 great Australian continent, formerly called Niw 
 Holland, with Van Diemen's Land or Tasmania, 
 New Zealand &c., are of vast extent, ami (lilfcr 
 in many respects from each other. The results uf 
 recent explorations seem to show that this ^,'rcat 
 division of the globe has no great rivers, or, at lia.«t, 
 none that reach the sea. Indeed it seems, speak- 
 ing generally, to he a law in this new world, iliat 
 rivers are largest near their source ; and that ihov 
 gradually diminish as they proceed, and most com- 
 monly dwindle into insignificance, or lose them- 
 selves in marshes, before they reach the occnn. 
 
 In consequence, perhaps, of this singular con- 
 stitution of its river system, it is found that in 
 Australia the best land is not at the mouths, Uit 
 towards the sources, of tlie rivers. There are, ni) 
 doubt, exceptions to this rule ; but it apixjars tn 
 hold in the greater number of instances. Gene- 
 rally, also, the extent of fine land appears to be 
 comparatively limited; and in so far .is the con- 
 tinental portion of the country has been explored, 
 it appears to be much better adapted for pa.sturajj'e 
 than for tillage. 
 
 Gold Deimsits. — But the land, the pasturairf, 
 the sheep, the copper and other ordinary niinerak 
 which are found in abundance in various pans of 
 Australia, have all been rendered, for the pri'sent 
 at least, of no importance compared with the pild 
 deposits with which the continent is so laruely 
 endowed. These, which were discovered so late 
 as 1851, are of extraordinary richness. They 
 equalled or exceeded in productiveness not only the 
 gold fields of Califoniia, but every thing of which 
 any idea could previously have been entertained. 
 Australia, in consequence, became an object of 
 earnest and universal attention. An almost un- 
 paralleled amount of emigration was directed to her 
 
 .Ir-rount of 
 Im/iortt 
 iHi/rr-n, 
 
 I Caknln rniffl 1 
 
 . . *i"i 
 
 AiHtfna 
 lUrtttilnn 
 I llimiiriicA , 
 I (IrvnaiU 
 Jamaica 
 I MontHrrat . 
 I Niivit 
 SI. ChrlilimhM 
 H. I.ui-U 
 >t. >'lncmt - 
 Tnthlipi 
 
 Tori.ila 
 
 TriiiHlad 
 
 Hthitmu • 
 
 H«rniudii 
 I llviniTva 
 I UcrMit 
 
 Total 
 
 . MoKMI 
 
 Anilfrua 
 
 H«rli.u|{ift > 
 
 I)ominif-a 
 
 'mnaili 
 I ./fliiLiKa 
 I .Miintwrrat > 
 
 ! Si. I'hrhlophiT 
 I M. l.iirU . 
 I SI. Vincvnl . 
 
 loliiffo 
 I Tortiil.i 
 I Trinidad 
 
 a^Amu 
 ' IWiiiiiiiai 
 I Itemerwj 
 I UcrblCd 
 
 Total 
 
 Kl;il 
 
 I l>i)fiitnica 
 I l»ri-n«da 
 ■'^lll.llr.i 
 A("nhfrnt - 
 I .New, 
 
 ; Ji. I hrittoiiher 
 
 •''I. I.iirl.i 
 I y. Viiicnil . 
 
 I Jnrlola 
 
 '''rinldad 
 
 ! aihani.ii 
 
 H*rniuda, 
 
 j iivnierara 
 
 I Hvrliice 
 
 Total 
 
 I J'i'icu.l 
 
 "arbadgBi . 
 I i^ominica 
 
 •/rniada 
 
 •'aniaica 
 
 Monuvmt - 
 I Neri, 
 
 ?;• <;iiriilopher 
 ",'• 'ucia 
 i ,,,'■, Vincent . 
 I loliaOT 
 I i'"^"'-! 
 J'inidad . 
 iMilamaa 
 I n*rmudai . 
 IJroiwara . 
 I Berbice 
 
 Total 
 
 i_,. Cocoa. 
 
 jnliKui 
 Mfliailoa . 
 aofninica 
 '■miaila 
 •lanjaica 
 ! ''onlatTrat . 
 
 I ;,'■ l''iri>lopl,„ 
 , J.'- > incenl . 
 
 I lnliai». 
 
 i ^nliajfo 
 Tortnla 
 
 1 i"Miro 
 I roriola 
 , ,f">"dad 
 
 '"llama. 
 
 (■wmudaa 
 , *inwara 
 
 L-T«?HroMMlwanj^J 
 
 \tT: "•-■>• Popul. 
 *-th gigantic strides 
 
 &'he prices, an 
 "»*'l people. [Pre,' 
 
COLONIES— COLOXY TRADK 
 
 nr.i 
 
 imnt nf the Quanlitir$ and Computeil Real Viihint of Siii/dr, Miiln^tti't, Rum. Coffee, nntl Coi-ihi 
 Jmptirteil iu/'i the United Kingdom from the H'eat /niliis iiiut Vritish tluiaiiu during inch of the 
 under-mentioned 6 Vean, ending with l«(iO, 
 
 CatairiM rnim which Impoitad 
 
 Diuntllitt 
 
 1 
 
 r'.rnpiil«Nl RvftI I'niUtfS 
 
 
 1H6K 
 
 rwt. 
 
 1»«4 
 
 .-•1. 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1 1862 
 
 1 e 
 
 181.1 
 £ 
 
 1861 
 
 186'. 
 
 18l.li 
 
 SVOAII. 
 
 ewt. 
 
 cwl. 
 
 rwt. 
 
 £ 
 
 A- 
 
 £ 
 
 AM\VI* 
 
 'ti*,m 
 
 1111*561) 
 
 52,6.50 
 
 1 10.69 '. 
 
 211.6(17 
 
 289,156 
 
 2 17, .Til 
 
 66.191 
 
 111,12. 
 
 216,902 
 
 
 7IM,«.i 
 
 «l9,9ti9 
 
 339.706 
 
 664,761 
 
 710,115 
 
 791,111. 
 
 693,;21 
 
 7.16.111 
 
 736,71 S 
 
 786.71» 
 
 Humliilca 
 
 l>l,\U 
 
 .VI,.5«H 
 
 40,6.111 
 
 51,991 
 
 .14.7.12 
 
 62,716 
 
 52,621 
 
 .14.761 
 
 62,8111 
 
 51,S6 1 
 
 (ImiKla 
 
 »H,'/I(I 
 
 90,lltl 
 
 85,181 
 
 71.516 
 
 81. .191 
 
 62.681 
 
 H3,.1.1'i 
 
 I13.8«i> 
 
 8l,6;n 
 
 82,S07 
 
 Jani'ttca • . . 
 
 M.Vil'' 
 
 5 14. .55 4 
 
 4'l,.5vl 124.3115 
 
 570,208 
 
 619.269 
 
 549,051 
 
 6I'<I,166 
 
 469,.111 
 
 4811,871 
 
 Montivrrat - . • 
 
 .'.,n: 
 
 B,'i4J 
 
 7,W; "...KMi 
 
 19,386 
 
 1,687 
 
 6,981 
 
 9,879 
 
 8,94 1 
 
 18,7611 
 
 N«vi. 
 
 ,V.,7M 
 
 .Vl,4»l 
 
 16, 149; -"».71» 
 
 35,951 
 
 19,1.13 
 
 40,629 
 
 211,167 
 
 32.0111 
 
 .15,61.6 
 
 HI. l'hrUto|ih»r • • 
 
 iHli.ll .1 
 
 ltllll,9lil 
 
 911.89" 
 
 2ir1.79« 
 
 222,998 
 
 21 > 7, 961 
 
 211,969 
 
 131.188 
 
 227,601 
 
 228,141 
 
 M. I.ucU 
 
 97.-«i7 
 
 95,711 
 
 »'.,82l 
 
 99,471 
 
 121.992 
 
 1116.111 
 
 I01,.VI7 
 
 117.466 
 
 lll'.l,3r,2 
 
 121,210 
 
 f«r. Vincent - • • 
 
 uh.-im \^r,,rt^ 
 
 121,146 
 
 121,622 
 
 170,679 
 
 1.19,117 
 
 145,1 '.II 
 
 170.386 
 
 11M,01I6 
 
 1711,1.111 
 
 rolnit" . • . 
 
 u,ya ii^i, *\\vi 
 
 19,719 
 
 79,478 
 
 80,6111 
 
 .12,102 
 
 61,581 
 
 55,231 
 
 79,991 
 
 TorL.la 
 
 !,;4n .. 1 
 
 
 2.(126 
 
 
 .. 
 
 . . 
 
 . , 
 
 Triiutlad - - • 
 
 M;,4ii u-\,Wf ^Vi.uti 
 
 558, r 8I°4'.9II 
 
 738,222 
 
 60»'„K/7 
 
 929;)29 
 
 600,422 
 
 770.640 
 
 ll«luma« ... 
 
 670 1, 1 
 
 4:i| 
 
 735 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 151 
 
 *, 
 
 llerrilildu • ■ - 
 
 ,1A|| 
 
 3 
 
 I.IISI.I I 
 
 
 429 
 
 4 
 
 1,159 
 
 I 
 
 Detiirrara 
 
 87.-<,M9 8S9,(W; 
 
 9'i5,n9l 
 
 l,o.v.,.i7:, 1,101.711 
 
 9s".S28 1.1176,261 
 
 1.. TO '1.519 
 
 1,1. -.9.126 
 
 1,182.161)1 
 
 Total 
 
 AIor.AMit. 
 
 I.1l),4i» 'C.u.w 
 
 S9,.TH 
 
 97,7.18 
 3,M9.il8l« 
 
 129.IH|i| 
 
 l.ilo.s.-.i 
 
 IK. ,'1(10 
 l.2')7.9.lH 
 
 112, '.i? 
 3,911,62" 
 
 * 
 
 141, '.1,6 
 l.'.lll.ull 
 
 1118,022 1H,'2II0 
 3,'l25,923|4,,'rf)7,183 
 
 .W5,I«8 3^1(V,JJI< 
 cwt. cwt. 
 
 .1,261,478 
 
 cwt. 
 
 cwl. 
 
 cwl. 
 
 t 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Antlftua 
 
 ei.r.li ,'.i.«i<» 
 
 16,709 
 
 43Ji51 
 
 57,121 
 
 31.')«2 
 
 S8,llll 
 
 10.728 
 
 26,1151 
 17,1119 
 
 31,991 
 
 lk<tU.uU>es . • • 
 
 SH,l)Vl^ au,66.'j 
 
 24,594 
 
 27,7.18 
 
 14.219 
 
 18,914 
 
 10.817 
 
 16,199 
 
 7.678 
 
 IloriiniJ'.i - . - 
 
 3,174 
 
 3,.197 
 
 4,454 
 
 8,179 
 
 6.147 
 
 1.662 
 
 1,771 
 
 ■" .032 
 
 4,679 
 
 2.9IW 
 
 tiniiiUli - • • 
 
 (i.17 
 
 157 
 
 1,012 
 
 861 
 
 17!) 
 
 301 
 
 80 
 
 702 
 
 519 
 
 313 
 
 Jaiii-uca ... 
 
 t)*'i 
 
 C3H 
 
 472 
 
 111 
 
 171 
 
 274 
 
 32.V 
 
 312 
 
 57 
 
 95 
 
 Montwrrat ... 
 
 69S 
 
 y.KI 
 
 1,721 
 
 698 
 
 421 
 
 .161 
 
 487 
 
 1.1.19 
 
 4'* 
 
 234 
 
 NfVH . - • 
 
 6.11 
 
 4. 3 VI 
 
 4.218 
 
 2,629 
 
 1.262 
 
 318 
 
 2,285 
 
 2.934 
 
 1,690 
 
 673 
 
 St. ('hri..toptifr 
 
 ii,tVi\ I.V>'I9 
 
 9.3 IH 
 
 33,121 
 
 15,1.16 
 
 12,213 
 
 6,988 
 
 6.115 
 
 «0,»67 
 
 8J91 
 
 M. LtirU - . - 
 
 .l.fiiJI i.lHH 
 
 3,868 
 
 4,131 
 
 1,.188 
 
 1,823 
 
 2,862 
 
 2.781 
 
 2,491 
 
 718 
 
 SI. Vinix-nt - 
 
 3,WI 4,6111 
 
 4.916 
 
 7.141 
 
 10,872 
 
 1,681 
 
 2,419 
 
 3,18; 
 
 4,611 
 
 6,1109 
 
 Tohauo 
 
 1,717 UIK 
 
 4.209 
 
 3.466 
 
 2,816 
 
 867 
 
 506 
 
 2.699 
 
 2,1 11 
 
 1,6-23 
 
 TortoU , - . 
 TriniciaJ - . - 
 
 77",4H'J (l!(>S-i 
 
 92,219 
 
 74,701 
 
 .kV,943 
 
 MfifL'-: 
 
 45.212 
 
 61,415 
 
 4V,filI 
 
 2'7',3S5 
 
 lWriiiU(U» 
 
 l)emtfTar.i ... 
 
 l,.V^I 1,1M 
 
 
 62 
 
 • • 
 
 TJX 
 
 556 
 
 •• 
 
 
 •• 
 
 D.t'H J,.ir.'2 
 
 29.5 '.2 
 
 2'l".225 
 
 30,-18 
 
 5,057 
 
 3,066 
 
 ji),317 
 
 rr,78i 
 
 18,288 
 
 BalMci 
 
 Total 
 
 Ron. 
 
 3,;6H Tf, 
 
 711 
 198,078 
 
 1 .270 
 237,395 
 
 852 
 I9;.>22 
 
 1,918 
 116,286 
 
 381 
 
 585 
 t.12.9'72 
 
 6.',9 
 140,813 
 
 457| 
 _hi6.793| 
 
 105.910 
 
 Gallons (includinit overprtiof,) 
 
 ■ 
 £ 
 
 iC 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Anliinn • • " 
 
 lofi.inn 
 
 85,189 
 
 9,3'I0 
 
 6i,li60| 4t,9»7 
 
 8,007 
 
 6,166 
 
 79.'. 
 
 5,373 
 
 3,465 
 
 llarl»ilu« - 
 
 S3, 19-. 
 
 15,(140 
 
 4,1.52 
 
 8.2721 19,095 
 
 3,817 
 
 1.1.16 
 
 32!' 
 
 751 
 
 1,469 
 
 Duininica - - • 
 
 Sa.SHl 
 
 43,970 
 
 29,978 
 
 49.6261 45,068 
 
 .1,870 
 
 3,205 
 
 2.381 
 
 4,291 
 
 3.408; 
 
 (irrnada 
 
 S7,97il 
 
 88,W5 
 
 49,315 
 
 82,11» 91,517 
 
 4,269 
 
 6,181 
 
 3.916 
 
 7,035 
 
 6,890 
 
 .Tamaira ... 
 
 2,209,1111 
 
 1,878,044 1,48(1,908 
 
 1,773,659 2,1 K.1,9t,4 
 
 239.380 
 
 186JOO 
 
 168.276 
 
 210,365 
 
 271,731 
 
 ■Mcmlwrm • 
 
 ,. 
 
 >. t. 
 
 • . 1 . . 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 '■ 
 
 .N>»N , - - 
 
 .'..0*1 
 
 15 
 
 .126] ■iftU 
 
 ".175 
 
 
 1 
 
 45 
 
 222 
 
 SI. I hriitopher 
 
 137,7.1V 
 
 84,477 «3,6'M 
 
 92,5181 59,2,"i2 
 
 10,278 
 
 ii',267 
 
 M.14 
 
 7,891 
 
 4,113l 
 
 Si. I.uci.i . 
 
 •t.r<>n 
 
 5,85(5 WI5 
 
 ll.mili 4,980 
 
 226 
 
 437 
 
 m 
 
 1 .027 
 
 3831 
 
 SI. Vincent . - - 
 
 2'«,.'kM 
 
 175,41.9 1«0,30.1 
 
 ^Hfi,^')8 196,75(1 
 
 17.1811 
 
 11,223 
 
 9,811 
 
 11,920 
 
 ll,8IWl 
 9.0O4: 
 
 Toliajo 
 
 131,917 
 
 ll8,M6i 6!1,879 
 
 91,149' 118,619 
 
 9,627 
 
 8,587 
 
 5,01 1 
 
 7,909 
 
 Tralola 
 
 
 • . 1 *• 
 
 . • *• 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 , 
 
 ,, 
 
 • • i 
 
 TrinUail 
 
 »sV,99S 
 
 !iC5,'(97 62,0811 
 
 95,607 96,136 
 
 20,979 
 
 19,596 
 
 4,901 
 
 .S,451 
 
 7,229 
 
 ILihaiiiai ... 
 
 11,4.13 
 
 5,34B 
 
 46,039 6 
 
 814 
 
 401 
 
 
 3,924 
 
 ,, 
 
 H«rmuflas - . - 
 
 
 1 
 
 .. 1 .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 Hvmrrara 
 
 3,8I4.3H3 
 
 3,178,5«l) 2,81«,929 
 
 .1,-02,946 3,397,671 
 
 S.10',869 
 
 238Ji23 
 
 227,937 
 
 28i',901 
 
 263.131 
 
 lierUce 
 
 Toul 
 
 ('orrai. 
 
 ii,HiH,(i4n 
 
 lil6,.1HI 274.473 
 6,190,6.12 4,931,850 
 
 .K11,1K6 •i96,5i«i 
 
 22,712 
 
 18,681 
 .109,506 
 
 22,080 
 
 26,039 
 
 23.220 
 
 6,104,4.11 
 
 6,167,40; 
 lbs. 
 
 592,259 
 
 4 4 7, .169 
 
 _':•_■. 922 
 £ 
 
 609,555 
 £ 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Ibi. 
 
 llM. 
 
 11.S. 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Anliini-^ 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ., 
 
 
 
 . , 
 
 
 
 
 
 HatliailaeH ■ 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 ' * 
 
 ,^ 
 
 ,, 
 
 Dominica - . - 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 
 ** 
 
 II 
 
 
 (ircnada ... 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 ., 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ]* 
 
 
 , , 
 
 Jamaica ... 
 .Montterrat ... 
 Xtiii 
 
 ^fi\\^^i 
 
 6.4H4/21^ ie.16A6irj 
 
 3,425 Jll 
 
 4,432,222; 
 
 r/u,R7-i 
 
 192,049 
 
 79,313 
 
 lli),887 
 
 144.787 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 •* 
 
 
 •• 
 
 
 ** 
 
 sr.Chriilophct 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 
 SI. I.iicia . 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 3,561 
 
 
 
 
 
 "ll8 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^-_ 
 
 Sr, Vincent . 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 , , 
 
 
 
 [[ 
 
 
 Tal«)(0 
 Toniila 
 
 ;; 
 
 ;; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *•• 
 
 
 Triniil.4il ... 
 
 
 ■ ■ ■■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [[ 
 
 ]| 
 
 Hah.ima4 ... 
 
 3i(',089 
 
 72, 
 
 .193,101 
 
 6V,8n 
 
 V,l-3 
 
 3 
 
 " 
 
 l".i",555 
 
 V,963 
 
 BcTintliiai ... 
 n*nnfrara ... 
 
 
 61 161 
 
 288,677 
 
 221 
 
 '• 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 9,138 
 
 7 
 
 Beibice 
 
 Total 
 
 Cocoa. 
 
 AnltKua 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 '.'. 
 
 :: 
 
 122,047 
 
 £ 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 ., 
 
 3,543,5631 
 
 5.481„145 2.46fl,.1.1S 
 
 4,.Kl7.092 4,494,287 
 
 192,0.14 
 
 79,436 
 
 ~r39,8S0 
 
 146,7.17 
 £ 
 
 llH. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. lbs. 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Uaibailoea . 
 
 \\ 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *• 
 
 
 Dominica 
 
 9il",089 
 
 55,583 9il,(i3H 
 
 6'l'.902' 4o',lS7 
 
 2,161 
 
 V,236 
 
 2,2117 
 
 1,132 
 
 V,102 
 
 liTFnaila ... 
 Jamaica 
 
 1,378,925 
 
 1,137,005 883,331 
 
 1,191,698 
 
 1,411,901 
 
 34,932 
 
 21,321 
 
 22,292 
 
 30,003 
 
 45,767 
 
 .Montsvrrat . 
 
 *■ 
 
 \\ 
 
 * ' 
 
 ." 
 
 ** 
 
 " 
 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 .Vfvii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f^l. I'hridopher 
 
 " 
 
 
 1* 
 
 
 *' 
 
 " 
 
 *• 
 
 
 
 
 M. I.ucia 
 
 f'l. Vincent ... 
 
 15l",706 
 
 183,177 li4,9,V. 
 
 166,969 
 
 140,462 
 
 3,782 
 
 4',I00 
 
 3,541 
 
 3,145 
 
 3,919 
 
 i Tobajo 
 1 Tortola 
 
 •• 
 
 '.'. '.'. 
 
 •• 
 
 " 
 
 :: 
 
 
 .. 
 
 •* 
 
 ,, 
 
 Tiinidad 
 ' Bahamas . . - 
 
 ii,93!),69a 4,369,518 •.i,7f.9,549 
 
 3,210,163 3,619,081 
 
 59,438 
 
 12;.',281 
 
 85,020 
 
 109,662 
 
 137',340 
 
 -lermudaa 
 
 '.'. '.'. \ '.'. 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 lemtrara 
 
 1 
 
 
 ** 
 
 " 
 
 
 *• 
 
 
 
 D«liice 
 Total from ihe attove colonipn 
 
 >* >> 1 
 
 ,, 
 
 '.'. 
 
 130,313 
 
 ■"153.9381 
 
 
 ~144,642 
 
 ~l88,i48 
 
 4,551,41'^ 5,745,i».1 3,907,454 
 
 4,642,032 
 
 5,11l,l,.14 
 
 113,1.13 
 
 i shores. Her population anil her trade increaaod ' A License Duty of 30s. a month, charged on all 
 ! w:th gigantic strides ; and her gold influenced the individuals who engaged in the search for gold, wa.s 
 
 wnges, the prices, and the industry of every civi- 
 I liitHil people. [PiiBcious Metals.] 
 
 much, and we think justly, objected to. We ob- 
 served hi a previous edition of this work, ' that 
 

 ^. 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 !.l 
 
 11.25 
 
 m. 12.5 
 
 150 
 
 ■16 
 
 2f Bi " 
 
 1(0 
 
 us 
 
 Ml 
 
 1^ 12.2 
 
 - ll 
 
 1.4 11.6 
 
 ■** 
 
 
 ? 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 s. 
 
 '^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 
 l\ 
 
 \ 
 
 ;\ 
 
 
 
 "4'^ 
 

 k 
 

 362 
 
 COLONIES— COLONY TKADE 
 
 Ki 
 
 ilH 
 
 Iff-; - 
 
 ^ I 
 
 ir 
 
 license duties arc essentially unfair, except when 
 lliey arc iiropdrtioncd to the extent of business 
 earrieil on by those who pay them. Hut the busi- 
 lu'ss of the fjiihl dif^fjers is, to all intents a:ul pur- 
 jioscs, a lottery. So that while the tax presses 
 with greatest severity on the great bulk of those 
 at the "diggings," it is hardly felt by the few who 
 carry off the great prizes. The better plan would 
 be to maliC the license duty next to nominal, and 
 to impose a moderate customs' duty on gold when 
 exported. The tax would then cease to be felt ns 
 a burden by individuals, while it would yield quite 
 as great a revenue to Government.' And we arc 
 glud to have to state that this course has been 
 nearly ado|)tpd. A duty of 2.1. M. jicr oz. laid 
 0:1 gold when exported was in 18G7 reduced in 
 Victoria toO(/, per oz., and the exjjort became free 
 in that colony on .Ian. 1, IHCM; and though the 
 license duty has not been wholly repealed, it has 
 been reduced to the moder.tte charge of from 5s. to 
 2U.S-. a-year. 
 
 It were idle to indulge in speculations in regard 
 to the period when the exhaustion of the Austra- 
 lian gold fields maybe expectc.l; there are no 
 data on which to hai:ard even a conjecture on such 
 a subject. Hut whethct- the supplies from them 
 be destined to be of long or short duration, they 
 have already been, and, no doubt, will continue to 
 be, of great advantage. Wc do not mean by this 
 to say, or insinuate, that the good resulting from 
 the influx of gold from Australia and California 
 has been unaccompanied by ai.y drawbacks. The 
 gambling and dissipation to which it has given 
 rise arc obvious. Yet these, though consiilera- 
 ble, are but a trilling deduction Irom its many 
 advantages; from the powerful stimiUus it has 
 given to industry and civilisation, from the 
 new chiuinels it has opened to commerce, aiul 
 from its greatly ameliorating the condition of the 
 labouring classes in this and most other countries. 
 
 The northern portion of Australia, including, 
 ]}erhaps, about a third part of the entire continent, 
 lie.'-' between the tropics ; the other portion of the 
 continent, with the adjacent islands of Van Die- 
 men's Land and New Zealand, being in the south 
 temperate zone. The climate of the diftcrcnt |iarts 
 of the continent must therefore, it is obvious, 
 iliffor very widely. Wc, however, know but little 
 of tlie climate of intertroiucal Australia, except 
 that it is within the range of tlie Indian monsoon; 
 that the temperature along the coast is rapidly 
 raised by a wind from the south, which has been 
 supposed to afford .•> strong presumption of the 
 existence of sandy deserts in the interior; and that 
 the air is so vcryiuoist that during the season of 
 the dry monsoon iron articles are with the utmost 
 diilicu'lty preserved from nisting. 
 
 It is commonly said that the climate of extra- 
 troiiical Australia, and esi)ecially of New South 
 Wales, assimilates closely to that of Southern 
 Italy. I5ut this statement must be taken with 
 conb'iderable limitation ; for, 1st, the atmosphere 
 is very decidedly denser; 2nd, the extremes of 
 temi)erature are infinitely greater; 3rd, the ave- 
 rage heat is rather less; and 4tli, the temperature 
 appears to decline more rapidly by increase of 
 elevation. The grand defect in the climate of 
 extra-tropical Australia appears to consist in the 
 periodical recurrence of wet and dry seasons. 
 .Sometimes hardly a single drop of run falls for 
 an entire ^-ear or more; and though, happily, 
 <lews are lu such seasons peculiarly abundant, 
 they form no adequate substitute for rain. Dur- 
 ing" long-continued droughts crojis of all kinds are 
 destroyed ; and herbage, except in a few favoured 
 ejMits, suft'ers severely. 
 
 Hence, as already stated, all the eastern jiarts 
 
 of extra-tropical Australia, and perhaps also the 
 souiliern, would seem to be much better fitted for 
 pasturage than for husbandry. The droughts arc 
 exceedingly injurious to the latter, and they would 
 necessarily involve any large population that de- 
 pended principally on the indigenous products of 
 the soil in extreme privations. Certainly no 
 country seems to be better fitted for grazing, or 
 rather for the growtli of sheep and wool. A dr;- 
 climatc is especially suitable to the latter ; anil 
 though the pastures be far from luxuriant, 
 their boundless extent compensates for everv 
 other deficiency. Sheep are not native to tln' 
 country, a small flock of 2!) head having been 
 introduced for the first time by tlic original 
 Knglish settlers in 1788. For a while, however, 
 their value was not appreciated; but the import- 
 ance of sheep farming and its suitableness to the 
 country having been demonstrated by Jolin 
 M'Arthur, Ksq. (to whom the colony is under tlio 
 greatest obligations), it has since increased with 
 unprecedented rapidity. In proof of this, it is 
 only necessary to mention that while the import 
 of wo(d from Australia amounted, in 1822, to only 
 152,880 lbs., it had increased in' 1825 to 411.(io'(l 
 lbs., in lis30 to 899,750 lbs., and in 180C to the 
 enonnous amount of 11.3,772,091 lbs, 
 
 Tasmania, or Van Dienicn's Land, being loss 
 subject to droughts than New South Wales, lnis. 
 baudry is carried on in it to a greater extent. iind 
 with more advantage ; but there also sheep-farm- 
 ing is the principal and, perhaps, the most nd- 
 vant.igeous employment, [Van Dikmen's Laxd.] 
 
 New Zealand, which has only been resorted to 
 by regular colonists since 1810, is better fitted for 
 agriculture than either Austr.iliaor A'an Dienicn's 
 Land, and its climate is more like that of l'ji^;land. 
 The ground in it is, however, rather diiliciilt to 
 clear; the natives are iilso uiucli more forniidalilc; 
 and it is not so suitable for sheep-farming, tliciuj;li 
 its rich mines have latterly made it very attractive, 
 [Auckland.] 
 
 The first of the Australian c(donies, that 111 
 New South W^aios, founded so late as 1788, and 
 that in Van Dicmen's Land, founded in 1808, 
 were originally intended to serve as penal settle 
 mcnts; and great numbers of convicts have been 
 carried to them. These colonies had also, not- 
 withstanding their distance, become, even before 
 file discoverv of the gold fields, a favourite resurt 
 of free settlers, consisting partly of vtduntarv 
 emigrants, and partly of emigrants carried unl at 
 the public expense ; and since their discoverv tlie 
 emigration to Australia from this country, Chinii, 
 California &c., has been quite unpreci'dented. 
 Tlie facility with which supplies of coin|iiils(ir>- 
 labour were obtainecl tended at first to recdncilo 
 the free colonies to the abuses of the conviet svs- 
 tem, but they gradually became such as to (iiitisimi 
 the greatest diss.atisf action in New South Wale*; 
 and since 1843 no fresh convicts have been sent tn 
 it. They still, however, continued to be sent 1" 
 Van Diemen's Land, but it also has ceased to he 
 a receptacle for them. No convicts have eviT 
 been sent to the important and flourishing sit- 
 tlement of So.ith Australia, founded in IMl 
 [Aijei.aidk], nor to New Zealand, The settlc- 
 ineiits in the latter liave recently made a M|tiil 
 |)rogress, and it i)roinises, .'it no very remote 
 l)eriod, to bo a peculiarly thriving colony. 
 
 I'assagi:. — The cost of a ]iassagc to the Austn- 
 liau colonies, incK'ding provisions, is for the 
 
 Cabin, from 4i;. to Sd/. 
 Interrneiii it*',froin I'i/. to '^S/. 
 laltvra^e, ' 'oin 14/. tu *.£()/. 
 
 The average length of the voyage is nbontfoiir 
 months ; and at whatever season of the year it 
 
 may be 
 licitii vei 
 ( licrefort 
 cluthin"' 
 
 L'liannrI Isl, 
 I (iiljrali.ir - 
 
 S.-.ilI.-i 
 
 Ionian istt's. 
 I l.v.l. 
 
 j \orlh Aintrt. 
 
 I I)l'li/1! 
 
 I «'<M Inilia Js, 
 f Australia - 
 Iiriri»h liulia 
 j Si;i(;ai)ore - 
 f t fj Ion 
 I .Alaurjlius • 
 I (.'apt'of(;o,>(i He 
 rc'sfvsions on ill 
 I l'os,)s,ioiis on tilt 
 I Sierra Iaxik 
 \ Otiitr IWesMons 
 fTolal of British IV 
 
 J'upiliatioil.— 
 
 Colonies is as fo 
 
 t'olonifa 
 
 •J'e» So,„,nvai„ | 
 yi'-eiKiand 
 \ Kloria 
 Suiiili.lintralia 
 HntiTii Australia 
 i asiiiaiiia 
 iVf* Zeaianil . 
 Tota 
 
 Emi<imti<m.- 
 "fii^iividiialst.. 
 ^i'lgiloiii to th( 
 <l"ivu to lS(i7, i 
 
 4. Disposal of i 
 
 foil as to the best ^ 
 
 :«!P'c<nandsincoll 
 
 , ""» IS one of coJ 
 
 I '-I'"' "1 old settkl 
 
 K', for the mi 
 
 possession bringinj 
 
 '!«" and inta 
 
 P'taltli, colonists, J 
 
h 
 
 is 
 rt, 
 Iv 
 00 
 he 
 
 CfS 
 
 us- 
 auel 
 nn- 
 
 aa- 
 
 .•n.l 
 
 ■a t" 
 
 dfov 
 
 iicn's 
 
 laiiil. 
 
 lit to 
 
 Mi-: 
 
 >m\t!li 
 
 ctivc. 
 
 AustKi- 
 ItUc 
 
 kboiit fiW 
 lie vciit It 
 
 COLONIES— COLONY TEADH 363 
 
 iiiav bo made, tho passpnfrprshnvt'ti) pass tliroiiuli 'I'lio iiriccs (if caljiii niid iiitornicdiate passages 
 
 liclli very hot and very cold weatlier, ami shoiikl. to New Zealand are aliotit the saincas to tlicAiis- 
 
 llierefore, be prejiared aci^ordingly with .suitable tralian colonies ; but a steerage jiassage h ratlier 
 
 dotliin-. " higher. 
 
 Account of the Declared or Itml Value of the. Exports of British Produce and Mnniif'avtures from the 
 United Kiiifldnm to each British CuUmij and Pcssesaion durinp each if the i'ears cndir.ij with 
 l%7, and the Imports from each CoU>iiy ilnrimj the same time. 
 
 llRlTIMI FudtlR9810N!i : 
 
 ( h.inin'l Island* 
 
 (iibr;iliar - - - 
 
 \:.llta - - - 
 
 loni.in Isles, reilcU lo Greece June 
 
 bol. 
 North American Color.;,;* 
 
 \Vi~l liiilia Islands ami (iuiana 
 
 Australia - 
 
 Blilish India 
 
 Siiigaiwre - 
 
 fevlon 
 
 Mauritius • 
 
 Cipu of C'wd Hop' a"'l HalsX 
 
 I'o'st'vsions on the (iold Coast 
 
 I'os-c-siions on lite Iliver (ianibia 
 
 Siena l^eooi-' 
 
 OtiKT Vossessions 
 
 Total of Dritish Possessions - 
 
 1!^ 
 
 isiw 
 
 isfi.- 
 
 iiiU'orls 
 Kxiioris 
 Iin|iorts 
 ExjiuTts 
 Imports 
 
 iKx|K>rts 
 1, ) Imports 
 
 \ KxiKiris 
 
 ( IlIljlOTtS 
 
 \hx)"»(rts 
 I Iin|><)rl>i 
 
 ' iKxporls 
 
 , I Imports 
 1 K\|iur(i 
 
 , f liiipiirls 
 \KxJ)orts 
 I Imports 
 \ Exports 
 j Jtii<K)rls 
 
 ' t KxpoTls 
 7 Imports 
 ^ Kx ports 
 Imports 
 Kx|H)rts 
 Imports 
 I Kxpt)rts 
 I Imports 
 
 ■ \Kxports 
 f Imports 
 
 * I Hxports 
 f Imports 
 \ "xports 
 I Im|H)ris 
 
 ■ I Kxports 
 Imports 
 Kxports 
 
 •{ 
 
 £ 
 
 r.i,'>,«oi 
 
 U'JB.sr.'j 
 
 l,ll4,li'J!< 
 UD.Sl'J 
 517,'llll 
 
 M7,l.->l) 
 
 S,I!)'J,.TJ3 
 
 ■1,7K1,.V,1 
 
 •2U!),7lli 
 
 lIK.'illl 
 
 fi,aS.'i,M-i7 
 
 .•),.i.Ti,fiv;i 
 
 7,ll)l),SiJ'J 
 li.S17,.->« 
 
 r,i,i.t.i,v>i 
 l.'...-.iii,eiii 
 
 i,r>7.'>,Sl.T 
 
 l.ii'.M.ini 
 
 'i,\*h,ilVl 
 
 (j(i7,ai,'i 
 »ti7,7H 
 
 l,il7,K,',l 
 
 2,(l.">4,5(:s 
 
 U1,S.-,H 
 
 IIO.M'J 
 
 ■I.O.iKi 
 
 ycl,7.1ll 
 
 'J7,ti!l'^ 
 
 I'JIl.tiS'^ 
 
 V5,l.'>7 
 
 1.-I,'i(i4 
 
 'llS.l'iS,').';!)" 
 
 "1 l,«s,;3i; 
 
 £ 
 
 «),l.-i) 
 1,171, 1'.l 
 
 l.'iS.'ili.T 
 
 7'M,17!) 
 
 I!('J,S7I) 
 
 ■l.'jN.dol 
 
 K,l(i'i.(il5 
 
 5,.'>wll,'J.Ti 
 
 i'J7,S7.1 
 
 17.'),4-.1 
 
 «,(ill."i,«.-,S 
 
 4,'il,'),.1li.1 
 
 7,i(ii),6(;(i 
 
 l.1,KI4,'2lll 
 48,1.11,7411 
 
 WI,SI7,4II',) 
 l,S.1ll,.'.i'^ 
 l,')l(i,4al 
 .1,<i'Jl),4'i.'. 
 1,14(1,1X3 
 
 x.wa.'ilQ 
 
 ,01'J,.TiU 
 
 l,'J19,»il.1 
 
 1,6W,.TI') 
 
 K'.l.'i.SS 
 
 l(ll,.)l).1 
 
 37,'ri'i 
 
 l(Pl,S7l) 
 
 RI.IKIIi 
 
 22'l,ilin 
 
 .Vi,3f;i 
 
 1 117 ,."(!(► 
 
 V3,3'jT,vi~p' 
 
 .'i3,111.7M 
 
 ISGI 
 
 18GG 
 
 £ 
 
 S3(i,4S.'i 
 
 l,wi.s,4riS 
 
 1I7,(IV.» 
 
 1,.1.33,(«S 
 
 I'JK.IIM 
 
 S7I),S(II) 
 
 1S,S7I) 
 
 fi,S.V),73il 
 
 6,W»,(il(i 
 
 .">7'i,'ii3 
 
 ll,n73,14S 
 4,(ill,SI'J 
 
 lii,ir)D„33-z 
 
 1 'l,'l'iC,,-iiH 
 
 »l,7.'i3,H(il 
 li.U6!),S.3S 
 
 3,17.1,S'^tl 
 
 8S3,(ll(i 
 
 \,M'J,-f,\) 
 
 li74,'J(ll 
 
 1,97.'.,S73 
 
 ■.i,.WM01 
 
 1'JI(,8(IG 
 
 131,1 I'i 
 
 4l,7'^l) 
 
 4.'.,1U(; 
 
 .", I ,Kli() 
 
 1SII.I1I3 
 
 W,4.')(l 
 
 !l!l,.')7 1 
 
 ail,s(i'i,.'i(i'r 
 .',3,'J4'i,.'i51 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 4I4,3«I 
 
 4-(i,7iin 
 
 Hy'^,(»3(» 
 
 (i3S,-ivU 
 
 1 \\l,Tt\i 
 
 1U.!,I|17 
 
 l,'2l(P,(i-li 
 
 l,Vr.),74i 
 
 (>3,!I'J3 
 
 ll-.,(i.3S 
 
 72(1,1117 
 
 747,811! 
 
 C,.-i'iO,17S 
 
 f,,S(i7.'>63 
 
 .'j,7ai,i'Js 
 
 7,7(W,I31 
 
 7,l'.ill,.VJ4 
 
 fi,.17,'i,7'll 
 
 3,111 lfi,.',S4 
 
 a,9fi3,(;70 
 
 lil4,'j.',(i 
 
 V39,79-. 
 
 li^,'^4il 
 
 ii),'in,ii3 
 
 1.1.'>,II3() 
 
 II,4i1,'^f.S 
 
 M,IC(.,1i5 
 
 ll,(l'iri,7"9 
 
 37,3'J.'.,l.')'.i 
 
 .10,91)1,997 
 
 18,S33,1'J1 
 
 Wl,(i7 1,319 
 
 i.l.V.,'l31 
 
 1 ,(;il9,sr>3 
 
 l,'illF,r.'J-.! 
 
 'i,(14a..'>31 
 
 3,70;,717 
 
 3,2.'i(i,W() 
 
 7is.:i73 
 
 l.la'l 7114 
 
 773,<l(IS 
 
 '.J8'J,273 
 
 l,,W7,ni7 
 
 !!,l(i9,l.'/J 
 
 l,'^lfi,'2l)l) 
 
 l,.3.1ll,'il8 
 
 61. -.,111'^ 
 
 .'j83,1I)3 
 
 2,41.'., 185 
 
 2,7I9,3'^3 
 
 I,7i8,li() 
 
 1,41,11,1113 
 
 i'J.'),filn 
 
 3S8,5(lll 
 
 I'JS.I'.'J 
 
 .301, 18(5 
 
 ,"n,s.',-2 
 
 4'^,r.I.'i 
 
 (>I,(U2 
 
 7,'.,917 
 
 't'.'ii' 
 
 8'^(;i7 
 
 liil.Sll) 
 
 V39,-^87 
 
 6S,.'-,!I9 
 
 37, '^91 
 
 l»l,'i73 
 
 I19,(i8l 
 
 7'i,Slll,7'J7 
 
 Tl,wr,,lti 
 
 6l,OI6,7.-,4 
 
 .')7,lli7..'>'i(i 
 
 18S7 
 
 £ 
 
 4I11,IIS3 
 
 47 1, 'is 1 
 
 >u.-m 
 
 81,171 
 
 498,9119 
 f>,8ii7,v8l 
 .'.,S.-,3,.','i3 
 .'",877, lai 
 
 '.i,33(,,9()(l 
 
 181 1,(1 1 (> 
 
 llS,ii7fi 
 
 12,89(l,'i(.(l 
 
 9,(1-7, n7 
 
 »,489,314 
 
 21,84l,(;iU 
 
 1,43,'>,839 
 
 2,ll(lS,fill) 
 
 3;t'ii,r,\i 
 
 774,7.M 
 183,373 
 
 2,1811/117 
 
 889,812 
 
 37(1,871 
 
 2,741,28,1 
 
 1,S9.T,.VJ2 
 
 2911,9.33 
 
 329,072 
 
 .3(i,li,'iS 
 
 7,-i,Sl)7 
 
 72,11(13 
 
 22I1„31I9 
 
 lllS.llfiti 
 
 m,MO 
 
 6iijS3Vl-4 
 19,880,2111 
 
 Population. — The. population of the Australian 
 
 colonies is aa follows : — j 
 
 CutouiL-s 
 
 Vec- 
 
 .Males 
 
 Females 
 
 'rotal 
 
 
 18(1.'. 
 
 227,19fi 
 
 184,192 
 
 411 ,388 
 
 
 18e.'i 
 
 .'.,-,,297 
 
 31,478 
 
 87,77.^ 
 
 
 l,S(i7 
 
 31.9, 1C3 
 
 2Sl,ii|l 
 
 (;.'.3,7I4 
 
 
 I8I1G 
 
 88,272 
 
 MI,88I 
 
 1(19,1. '.3 
 
 
 18(17 
 
 13,9.34 
 
 7,779 
 
 21,713 
 
 
 1807 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 98,4.'.4 
 
 Ntw Zealand . 
 
 IbCa 
 
 148,213 
 
 9i.(;.'i9 
 
 2.39,874 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 1,(182,101 
 
 Emiiiration. — We subjoin a return of the imniber 
 of ii'.dividiials that have emigrated from the United 
 Kingdom to the Australian colonics from 18l*u 
 ilowu to lb6", both inclusive : — 
 
 Year 
 
 EmigranH 
 
 Wi'i 
 
 4S.'. 
 
 \\l(. 
 
 903 
 
 \\n 
 
 71.'. 
 
 18'.;s 
 
 i,0.-.(i 
 
 18i9 
 
 2,0 l(i 
 
 18,10 
 
 1,242 
 
 ls.-| 
 
 l,,'.l.l 
 
 1 S.12 
 
 3,7.13 
 
 18,-3 
 
 4,093 
 
 1831 
 
 2,818) 
 
 IVIj 
 
 l,S(jl) 
 
 is.-.'i 
 
 3,124 
 
 l,s37 
 
 5,0,'.4 
 
 is,->s 
 
 14,021 
 
 lS,-.9 
 
 Ii78(i 
 
 181(1 
 
 1,^,8,10 
 
 1811 
 
 32,62.1 
 
 1S12 
 
 8„'.3I 
 
 1S43 
 
 .1,178 
 
 1841 
 
 2,2.'9 
 
 1S45 
 
 830 
 
 18ir, 
 
 2,347 
 
 1817 
 
 4,UI» 
 
 Year 
 
 1848 
 1K4U 
 1851) 
 1851 
 1852 
 18,',3 
 1851 
 18,',5 
 1856 
 1857 
 W(,'.8 
 IS'.'J 
 1860 
 1861 
 181.2 
 1863 
 18(1 
 1865 
 1866 
 1867 
 
 Total 
 
 Eini(;ranls 
 
 23,901 
 32,191 
 1(.,(137 
 21,5,-,2 
 87,424 
 61,101 
 S3,2.-7 
 52, .1119 
 41, ,'.8 4 
 61,248 
 39,29,'. 
 31,013 
 21 ,,102 
 2.1,738 
 41,843 
 50,051 
 40.912 
 .37 ,'^83 
 21,097 
 14,466 
 
 816,049 
 
 4, Disposal of Land in the Colonies.— TUc f|Ue.s- 
 tion as to the best method of dis[)osing of the unoc- 
 ciii)i«l lands in colonies planted in unsettled coun- 
 trie.8 is one of considerable nicety and dilHculty. 
 Land in old settled and fully occupied couiitric. 
 being, for the most part, very valuable, and its 
 possession bringin;^ along with it great considera- 
 tion and intluence, and frequently also great 
 I wealth, colonists are very apt, wherever they liavc 
 
 the opportunity, to apjiropriate a much larger 
 extent of land than they have the niean.s of culti- 
 vating, or of turning to any useful account. Not 
 only, however, are sattlers disposed to act in this 
 way, but speculators, who have no thought of 
 '"migrating, and persons having intluence with 
 (iovernment, endeavour to obtain large tracts of 
 land, in the view of holding them till, in conse- 
 quence of the increase of population in the vicinity, 
 they acquire a considerable value. It has been 
 usual also to reserve large tracts for ccclesi.istical 
 and other imblic purpo.se.s. And these extensive 
 tracts of unoeeupietl and reserved lands being 
 interposed between the settled parts of a colony, 
 rentier it in all eases more ditlicult, and sometimes 
 all but impossible, to form roads and other means 
 of conimunieation ; so that the settlers are, thus 
 fretpiently cut oti' from a market for their iirodueo, 
 and arc less able to combine for municipal or such 
 like jiurposes, and for the establishment of seliools 
 and churches, and the undertaking of such public 
 works as require co-operation. 
 
 'i"he improvident manner in which large tracts of 
 lantl have been granted in Canada, and the great ex- 
 tent of the clergy and other reserves in th.at colony, 
 have materially retarded its jirospcrity ; and the 
 same circumstances have had a similar operation in 
 our other North American possessions, in Western 
 Aiislialia, and idsewhere. Hut there arc various 
 w.iys in which an abuse of this sort might be i)re- 
 vciited. One of the most obvious of these is to 
 impose such a moderate iirice on the land as 
 might, without cripphug the means of the settlers, 
 hinder them from seeking unduly to extend their 
 possessions; and making all the land held by 
 individuals, whether occupied or not, contributo 
 according to its extent to the eoiistruction of roads 
 and other public works. I'crliaps, however, the 
 better plan would be to ajiportitin the land accord- 
 ing to the available capital of the settlers, it being 
 stipulated that no individual should obtahi above 
 
 ■ ,i 1 f 
 
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 304 
 
 COLONIES— COLONY TKADE 
 
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 ft certain number of acres; and that it should 
 revert back to the public inilcss certain improve- 
 ments wereetrcctcd upon it within aspccilicd time 
 after the grant was made. 
 
 Jlut, not satisfied with attempting to prevent 
 abuses like those noticed above, we were lately 
 told that all the difficulties incident to cohmisation 
 originated in the too great dispersion of tlio colo- 
 nists, and that to obviate them, anil 'j insure to 
 all new colonies the acmd of prosperity, we had 
 merely to compel tlie colonists to keep close toge- 
 ther by exacting a higli price for the surround- 
 ing waste or unoccuiiied land — in otlier words, by 
 making the colony as like an old settled country 
 as possible ! And this precious nostrum was 
 trumpeted forth as a great discovery. It is obvious, 
 however, that if, on the one hand, the price set on 
 waste land were inconsiderable, it woidd not 
 (without a limitation of (quantity) prevent the 
 purchase of large tracts of land on speculation, and 
 the entailing on the colony all the disadvantages 
 that have resulted from the making of injudicious 
 grants ; and if, on the other hand, the price de- 
 manded for the land were high, it would go far to 
 oppose an insuperable obstacle to the progress of 
 the colony, at least if it were to be founded by 
 voluntary emigrants, ftich men do not leave their 
 native country to expose themselves to the incon- 
 veniences and hardships attending the establish- 
 ment of new settlements in the wilderness. This, 
 if it be done at al', must be done in time to come, 
 as in time past, by individuals in straitened 
 circum.stancc . and anxious to improve their for- 
 tunes. Hut to exact a high or considerable price 
 for land from such persons would, by sweeping 
 away the whole or a consitlerablc jiortion of tlicir 
 capital, deprive them of tlie meins of clearing and 
 cultivating the land, and proportionally retard 
 tlieir ]irogress and that of the colonj'. The plan 
 of letting lands by line is admitted by every one 
 who knows anything of agriculture to be one of 
 the worst that can be devised ; an<l this colonisa- 
 tion project was bottomed on the same principle, 
 and has been quite as pernicious. 
 
 It is said that, in consequence of the exacting of 
 a price for the land, and the concentration of the 
 colonists, their employments, being more combined 
 and divided, will be prosecuted with a great deal 
 nior» success than at present. All this, however, 
 protfcds on the false and exploded nssumpti<in 
 thit the colonists are not, like other individuals, 
 the best judges of what is for their own advantage. 
 Adam .Smith says truly, that it is the highest 
 impertinence for kings and ministers to attem))t 
 to direct private pe()|)le how they should employ 
 their capitals. Uut it is, if possible, a still greater 
 impertinence to attempt to direct them where 
 they shall employ them. A regard to their own 
 interest will draw people sutHciently together. 
 And to enact rcgulatior.s in the view of concen- 
 trating them still more, is in every respect as 
 contradictory and absurd as it would be to set 
 about increasing the public wealth by regidating 
 the sort of employments to be carried on, antl the 
 countries with which, and the commodities in 
 which, to deal. 
 
 Of late years the English Government has dis- 
 posed of all ungranted colonial lands by sale ; and 
 though we incline to think, as ahready stated, that 
 the preferable plan would be to distribute them 
 according to the capital or means of the settlers, 
 still if the price at which land is sold be reason- 
 able, the quantity that may be held by individuals 
 be limited, and the lot.s put up to sale be of sizes 
 united to the means of the various classes of pur- 
 cha.sers, we do not know that the plan is open to 
 any very good objection. But the price charged 
 
 for land in most of our colonies, and especially in 
 Australia, where the minimum (except in Western 
 Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand) is 20.«. an 
 acre, is much too higli, and has led to the most 
 mischievous results. At the same time we must 
 bear in mind the distinction between founding 
 a colony with a view principallv to the -.ntcresls 
 of the coloniat.s, and founding it not oidy with a 
 view to their interests, but in an especial degree 
 for the relief of the mother country. For it is 
 not to be denied that the i)lan of exacting a 
 pretty high (but not an oppressive) price for co- 
 lonial lands, and applj'iiig that price to dcfmv 
 the cost of carrying out emigrants, may (how 
 injurious soever to voluntary emigrants) be made 
 to assist in relieving tlie mother country of those 
 who might othcr»/iae have had to be supported at 
 the public exprn.se. Ina.smuch, too, as an extra- 
 ordinary quantity of labour is thus supplied to the 
 colony, the injury done to the capitalists by making 
 land artilicially dear is, in some degree at least, 
 compensated by its making labour artificiallv 
 cheap. The emigration to tlie Australian colonies 
 in the 4 years ending with 1847 was mainly a 
 conseijuence of the principle now stated, a very 
 large proportion of the emigrants having bocii 
 cuvricd out at the public expense. Hut it is 
 to be borne in mind, that when the revenue de- 
 rived from the sale of land in the Ausiraliaa 
 colonies was at its maximum, its price was onlv 
 l'2s. an acre. After it had been raised to '2i).«., the 
 sales, down to tho a^ra of the gold discoveries, 
 were comparatively tritling. 
 
 It would obviou.sly be the extreme of folly for 
 an agriculturist intending to emigrate who lias a 
 little, but not a great deal of ca[)ital, to tliink ot' 
 cst.nbli.shing himself in a colony where a high 
 price is set upon land. At all events, he must 
 not expect in such a colonj' to bccomo a 
 landowner, or to be independent, but must make 
 up his mind to be a hired labourer; wherea.s, iliie 
 emigrate to a colony where land is sold at alim- 
 price, or given away on condition of certain im- 
 lirovements being effected upon it within a given 
 time, he may at once acquire an estate, anil 
 exchange the condition of a hired servant foi that 
 of landowner. 
 
 Seeing that the Americans sell the best lamlj 
 in the valley of the Mississippi at about a doHaraii 
 acre, it was not easy to discover the principle on 
 whicli we proceeded for many years to e.xact 
 Gs. lit. an acre for the worst land in Ui^'ier (Jan.idu. 
 If this regulation were meant to divert tlie current 
 of voluntary emigration from Canada to the 
 United States, nothing could be found to say 
 against it ; but otherwise it was alike contradic- 
 tory and absurd. At present (18t)«) in Canada 
 West tho minimum price per acre is '.'s. hi, and 
 the maximum 4s, "Id. sterling, while in Canada 
 Kast the prices range from lOrf. to 2s. Uc/, Xotwith- 
 standing the facilities of getting out to (iuehec in 
 timbek ships, the direct emigration to the Uiiitod 
 States greatly exceeds that to Ilritisli North 
 America, the emigrants to the former being also 
 of a superior description and having a greater 
 command of capital. And there can be no doubt 
 that the United States are in no inconsiderable 
 degree indebted for this influx of comparatively 
 valuable immigrants to the fact of the public lands 
 having for many years been sold at a less price 
 than ours. ' It is population alone which ira|)arH 
 value to land ; and a more eft'ectual motliud could 
 not be devised for preventing an hiHnx of in- 
 liabitants into Upper C' nada, and drawini; awav 
 many of those already settled, than (Jovi rninont 
 adhering to the present prices of land.' _(!)«« 
 Shireira valuable Agricultural 2'our through A'orlh 
 
COLONIES— COLONY TRADE 
 
 365 
 
 America, p. 365.) Hut since Canada hna been in 
 LToat measure self-governed, tlio price of land has 
 been reduced, as already explained. 
 
 Seq'ilations for the Sale and Maiiaqement of the 
 public Lands, approved by his J'^j.-cellencif the 
 Governor General in Council, and dated January 
 13, 1B59. 
 
 1. That the lands in townships which have 
 already been delineated, or fhall hereafter be 
 ilelincatcd on survey by the exterior lines only, 
 may be offered for sale on block on the following 
 terms, viz. : — 
 
 2. That the price shall be one half-dollar per 
 acre, payable at the time of sale. 
 
 3. That the purchaser shall cause the lands to be 
 8ur\'eyed at his own expense into lots comprising 
 cither 100 or 20O acres of land in each lot ; and 
 on the north shore of Lake Huron into quarter 
 sections of 100 acres each, except in spots where 
 the coiiliguration of the township may render such 
 exaot quantities impracticable, and then as near 
 to those allotments as possible. 
 
 4. That such survej- shall be made by a duly 
 licensed provincial land surveyor, approved of by 
 thn Commissioner of Crown Lands, and acting 
 under his instructions, who shall make his return 
 witli Held notes «S:c. in the usual metliod ob- 
 served by surveyors, to be also approved of by the 
 Department. 
 
 5. That one-third of the quantity of land in the 
 township shall bo settled upon within two years 
 from the time of sale; one-third more settled upon 
 witliin the following five years — that is, seven 
 vc.irs from the time of sale ; and the residue 
 within the further period of thn years — or ten 
 vMfj from the date of sale; the settlement re- 
 quired being that there shall be at least one bona 
 tide settler in authorised occupation for every 
 •200 acres of land; all land not so settled at the 
 expiration of ten years from the time of sale to 
 bcciime forfeited and revert to the Crown abso- 
 lutely, except such portions thereof as shall be 
 itiuuil unlit for settlement, or such portions as are 
 of a very inferior quality, and by reason thereof 
 have remained unoccupied, in respect to which the 
 Governor in Council may, u'lon application, dis- 
 pense with the forfeiture, and cause the same to 
 be ;i nvcyed to the original purchaser or his 
 assij,Tice. 
 
 C. A contract or sale to be made with the pur- 
 chaser from the Crown subject to the foregoing 
 and following conditions ; but patents for fhe laud 
 to issue only to the occupants of the lots purchased 
 deriving claim under the vendee of the Crown, or 
 to the assignees claiming under such purchasers 
 and occupants who shall have complied with the 
 conditions of settlement hcreinafier mentioned, 
 upon a certilicate or other eviiience that they have 
 paid such vendee or his assignee, or complied 
 with the contract with him, for or in regard to 
 such particular lot; and upon evidence that the 
 jiarty applying, or some one uiuler whom he 
 tlaims, has been a resident on the same lot for at 
 least two years continuously, and that upon the 
 same (not exceeding 200 acres) at least 10 acres 
 for each 100 acres have been cleared and rendered 
 tit for cultivation and crop, and have been actually 
 under crop, and that a habitable house, in dimen- 
 sions at least 10 by 20 feet, is erected thereon, 
 and upon payment of the sum of 4 dols. as patent 
 fees, to cover expenses &c. 'i'ho nature and 
 description of proof above referred to to be settled 
 and prescribed by the Commissioner of Crown 
 Lands. 
 
 7. AH lands which shall under the foregoing 
 conditions revert to the Crown shall be exposed 
 
 to sale at public auction at such times and places, 
 and on such upset price, as the Commissioner of 
 Crown I.amls shall fix. 
 
 8. That in townships which have been surveyed 
 and laid out into lots, and where lands are now 
 offered for sale at 4». per acre, or where no lands 
 have as yet been offered for sale, and in townships 
 under suVve/ or yet to be surveyed in lots, lands to 
 bo sold imder the following regulations, to wit :— 
 
 '.». That lands be sold for cash at Hh\ per acre, 
 and on time upon the following terms — viz. 1 dol. 
 per acre ; one-fifth to be paid at the time of the 
 sale, and the remaining four-fifths in four equal 
 annual instalments, with interest on the purchase- 
 money unpaid. 
 
 10. That when the lands in a township have 
 remained open for sale for one year after public 
 notice thereof, the lands unsold at the expiration 
 of that period shall, at a time to be fixed, and after 
 reasonable notice given by the Conmiissioner of 
 Crown Lands, be offered for sale by public auction 
 at the upset price lixed for their sale as above, or 
 at such other upset price as imder special circum- 
 stances may be named by the Commissioner of 
 Crown Lands ; and that such public sales of all 
 lands which shall remain unsold in the mean time 
 shall take place semi-annually, at times to be 
 named therefor by the Commissioner of Crown 
 Lands, until the whole of the lands in the town- 
 ship shall have been disposed of; the lands re- 
 maining unsold after any such public sale to 
 continue open for private sale at the said upset 
 price imtil the period of one week next before 
 the time at which the next public sale shall take 
 place. 
 
 11. That all lots of land which shall have been 
 offered as ' Free (Jrants,' and shall not have been 
 located and occupied at the expiration of one year 
 from the time the same shall have been so offered, 
 shall no longer remain as ' Free (Jrants,' but shall 
 be open for private sale, or shall be exposed to 
 public sale by auction as part of the lands in the 
 township in which the same are situate, and upon 
 the same terms as other lands therein. 
 
 12. That all lands (except those now exempt) 
 shall be subject to settlement duties, and no patent 
 in any case (even though the land be paid for in 
 full at the time of purchase) shall issue for any 
 such land to any person who shall not by himself, 
 or the person or persons under whom he claims, 
 have taken possession of such land within six 
 months from the time of sale, and shall from that 
 time continuously have been a bona fide occupant 
 of, and resident on the land for at least two years, 
 and have cleared and /cndered fit for cultivation 
 and crop, and had under crop within four years at 
 farthest from the time of sale of the land, a quan- 
 tity thereof in the proportion of at least 10 acres to 
 every 100 acres, and have erected thereon a house 
 habitable, and of the dimensions at least of IG by 
 20 feet. 
 
 13. That all other lands not embraced in the 
 foregoing category be exposed to sale by public 
 auction annually, or, in the discretion of the Com- 
 missioner of Crown Lands, half-yearly, for cash, 
 at such times and places and at such upset prices 
 as tho Commissioner of Crown Lands shall fix. 
 
 14. That the lands known as 'Clergy Rcser\-es' 
 be sold on the same terras and in the same manner 
 as other public lands in the townships in which 
 they respectively lie. 
 
 15. That prompt payment in all cases be .nadc 
 of the essence of the contract, and any default to 
 be on pain of forfeiture of all previous payments 
 and of all right in the lands. 
 
 IG. That in tho cases of sales already made 
 payment of arrears be required, and that public 
 
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3G6 
 
 COLONIES— COLONY TRADE 
 
 h! 
 
 
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 iioti'^o be given in the ' Oflicial Gazette.' and 
 tliroii^Ii tlic usunl chiinncls, that unlc!i.s such 
 arrears bo paid witliin 12 nmntlis from tlic Ist of 
 .laiiiiary, IMjlf, the hmd in respect of which default 
 shall cuntinuu will be resumed bv the Crown and 
 resold, and that in re/^ard to all purchase moneys 
 and interest hereafter to I'all due, prompt payment 
 will be exacted. 
 
 Squatters, 
 
 1 7. That the system of recognising unauthorised 
 occu])ation ofland, commonly known as 'squatting,' 
 be discontinued, subject to tlie following provisions, 
 viz. : — 
 
 That public and general notice be given by the 
 Crown Lands Department, that no claim to pre- 
 emption by reason of such occupation will be en- 
 tertained after the 1st day of September next ; 
 and that no claim to such pre-emption not now 
 in a state to be admitted can be made good by 
 any act of the party liereafter ; and that therefore from 10». to 20». sterling per acre, 
 
 that they wish to obtain land in New Brunswick 
 for actual settlement, and name an agent in the 
 jirovince to select it, such agent, on his name 
 being reported by the emigration officer to the 
 Colonial Government, will be authorised to select 
 iu)t exceeding 100 acres for each of the applicants 
 and the land will be reserved for them for one year. 
 Prince Kdirard Inland. — With the oxceptidu 
 of between 2,000 and 3,000 acre i, the whole of tlie 
 Crown lands in this colony were alienated in one 
 day. Ihit by Colonial Acts of 1853, l(i Vict. c. 1«, 
 and of l«i"<", 20 Vict. c. 20, the local Government 
 is authorised to repurchase from proprietors tlieir 
 misold lands and to resell them to the i)rcsi>in 
 tenants or otherwise. S0,000 acres were thus rn- 
 liureliased in 18.51. Tliese may now be obtained 
 at the Land Office at from 4*. to 8.1. sterling por 
 acre, according to locality and fjualitv. Abont 
 .'!5,000 acres of these lands remained undisposed uf 
 in 18()f>, for wliich the late proprietors demandoil 
 
 
 his labour will be thrown away. 
 
 That the prices above tixed for lands shall 
 apply to Upper Canada only. 
 
 Tlie prices of lands in Lower Canada shall be 
 regulated by Orders in Council from time to time. 
 Xova Scutia. — The |niblic lands are hcLC also 
 sohl at a fixed price, of Is. !l(/. .sterling per arre, 
 payable at once. The smallest regular farm lot 
 contains 100 acres. Any less quantity of land 
 may be had, but the cost would be the same as 
 for 100 acres, viz. HI. los., the minimum sum for 
 which a deed of grant is issued. 
 
 Xetc lintnsificli. — There are two modes of selling 
 Crown lands in this province, and it is optional 
 whether the intending settler shall pay for his 
 land in money or in labour. It maj- he purchased 
 at the auction s.iles in each county on the first 
 Tucsd.ay of every month, at the upset price of 3s. 
 currency (2s. G(/. sterling) per acre, with an ad- 
 dition of 2k/. sterling for the survey of the same. 
 If tlic money be paid down at these sales, tiiere is 
 ii discount of 20 per cent. Thus those disposed to 
 pay become the possessors of 100 acres of land for 
 12/. 10s. currency or 10/. 6s. sterling. Another 
 mode is by paying one quarter down, and the re- 
 mainder by three annual iiistiilmcnts. 
 
 In all cases, however, where IJritish subjects 
 of 18 years of age and upwards desire to be- 
 come settlers, they are entitled to 100 acres of 
 land wherever they may choose the same, for 
 3s. currency (2s. (!f/. sterling) per acic, without 
 competition at auction ; and may either p.ay for it 
 in money, to be expended on the road, or work 
 out the worth of the money in labour, at an esti- 
 mated rate, and under the direction of Com- 
 missioners appointed for the purpose, and will be 
 allowed live yc.irs to complete the payment. The 
 sons of emigrants, 18 years of age and upwards, 
 can each secure a lot of 100 acres adjoining the lot 
 held by the father; they are not required to reside 
 on the lot, but will be required to pay the money 
 value of tlio land in labour on the roads at the 
 rate of 2s. G</. sterling per acre, with a period of 
 b years to complete tlie same. 
 
 In all cases of sales by auction or othenvise 
 grants under tlie great seal of the province are 
 issued, conveying the land to the purchaser and his 
 licirs and assigns for ever, as soon as may be after 
 l>aynient; but in all cases where Crown lands are 
 Bold without competition, either for money or 
 labour on the road, no grant will be issued until 
 the iiarty, in addition to payment, has resided one 
 year on the land, and cleared and cultivated at 
 least 5 acres. 
 
 If not less than six persons apply to any of the 
 emigration otliccrs in the United Kingdom, stating 
 
 Most of the Crown lands (i. e. those not re- 
 purchased under the Act of 1857) have been sold. 
 There is, however, a small number of town lots for 
 sale in I'rincetown. These lots are chiefly sou;,'ht 
 for at present os qualitications for electors of 
 members to serve in the General Assembly ; but 
 may become valuable hereafter, being situated in 
 front of one of the best harbours in this island, 
 from which the fisheries might be prosecuted. 
 
 Newfoundland. — J$y a Colonial law Crown lands 
 arc to be S(dd by auction, at an upset price to be 
 fixed by the Governor at not less than 2s. per 
 acre. Laiul exposed to auction more than once 
 may afterwards be sold, without further com- 
 petition, at the last upset price, 
 
 British Columbia. — That part of British terri- 
 tory on the north-west coast of Noitli America, 
 previously known as New Caledonia, was, bv an 
 Act passed August 2, 1858 (21 & 22 Vict. 
 f. !)!>), erecteil into a colony, under the name 
 of ' British Columbia.' It is bounded on tlu' 
 south by the frontier of the United States (i.e. 
 the 49th degree of north latitude), on the east 
 by the main chain of the Rocky Mountains, on 
 the north by Simpson's River and the rinluv 
 branch of the T'eace River, and on the west by 
 the I'acific Ocean. It includes (iuecn Charlotte's 
 Island and all other adjacent islands ; and V.in- 
 couver Island, by the 29 & 30 Vict. c. 07, has been 
 incorporated with British Columbia. 
 
 Kxtent of Cohmy,- British Columbia possesses, 
 exclusive of Vancouver Island, an extent of about 
 500 miles of sea coast, stretching from tlic point 
 where the 49th parallel of latitude first strikts 
 the sea coast to the line of the Russian jiossessions 
 in I'ortland Canal. 
 
 The area of the colony, including (iuecn 
 Charlotte's Island, is computed by Mr. Arrow- 
 smith to contain about 200,000 square miles. 
 
 The disposal of the |)ublic landsiu thisciiloiiy is 
 now regulated by Ordinances No. 27 of ItiGJ.aad 
 No. 13 of 1801!. 
 
 Ordinance No. 27 of 1805 makes a diU'erenco 
 in the mode of dealing with surveyed and wmir- 
 vei/ed country lands: the former can only be ac- 
 quired by purchase at auction, or if not sold at 
 auction, by private contract, at the upset price 
 fi.xcd in the Ordinance, viz. 4s. 2d. an aero. 
 The latter m.ay be acquired by what is tcnneil 
 ' pre-emption.' Under this system any persnn 
 may take possession of any unsurveyed, uiioccupiwl, 
 and unreserved country land, not exceeding W' 
 acres, and not being the site or proposed site of a 
 town, or auriferous or argentiferous lands, or an 
 Indian reserve, provided he first obtains a license 
 for the purpose from the magistrate of the district. 
 
■N, 
 
 l(Juccii 
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 B'orcnoc 
 1 iiiisiir- 
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 It \)W( 
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 Icupieil. 
 
 lite of !> 
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 Within seven day 
 
 (ir (if H,«. i,/., fli,! 
 
 ,itiil;,'ninM n • recur 
 
 .ill |iri't'iiJ{jH claiiii.s 
 
 liiiviTmucrit (iiirvc 
 
 '(iru .Tiiiiti'il,' 111 
 
 (ir(i('licsliall 'i;iv« 
 
 ni.'wislr.'ilt' (iCtlic di 
 
 iiMilc iicrmiinciit ii 
 
 valiiL'df lii.v, ail acre 
 
 il ihirc liji.i liccii 11 
 
 l.niil, III piiri'liase it 
 
 iiii|iliir may also |i 
 
 II"! cxiceiiiii;; IKII ai 
 
 IJiymi'iit ilimii nf 2.«, 
 
 msinini,' '.'\. ]</, u> U 
 
 nycil. J'r. vision is 
 
 claims, nnd ihr rii,'lii 
 
 I'riti.-h siilijccis, aiii 
 
 liAve takoii llif oatli 
 
 hnveiiul lakeiKliat o, 
 
 [■ri'-i'in|ii jand.'i. 
 
 Xfw iiriivisiiiD.s arc 
 
 latiiifr the mode in wl\ 
 
 water fir irrifiatioii an 
 
 anil fur cnnWiiif; tlie ( 
 
 to ftraiit [wu^tiiral lease 
 
 or]iiirrha.si'ri;aii(l toisi 
 
 The Unliiiaiice lixes ii 
 
 jiastural li,'i<es that ma 
 
 thi'in subject, witlioiit 
 
 iif roser\-p. and of pre- 
 
 niiy [lersiiii iluriiii; the ( 
 
 "I'lifiiWjirojicrly stotli 
 
 tiiesli/ioii'/iary inagistri 
 
 ^yiiip.'iJth sect ion lli 
 
 ™ rmiviii^r anil publ 
 
 .Uiif-ivs iMPVoiMineiit 
 
 [lanially ircu f;raiit,s of 
 
 men; I'l' imiiiiKration, .sii 
 
 rc>ln,ti(iiis, and iirivilet 
 
 vi-aMi\ ^ 
 
 The (iovcriior, howei 
 Mt to -rant pastoral leas 
 *i;«'" years, and „„t to i 
 (I reneiv.al. Xtither is 
 
 ;Taiits under the j.-iih sect 
 ™™ii>tanecs, anil Mid, 
 "' 'I'f Secretary of .State 
 rf!ulations previously ai 
 
 "le Ordinance of ISfi-. 
 
 »e.Vl;JofJ8(!(;.,v|,'i 
 
 '''■'"wdn:,r incorporate 
 
 -*.s shall be entitled t, 
 
 '"'■ ■'/"x'lal ivritteii pernii 
 
 ?;;: '^" '»"-' pro-cilipte 
 
 ance may Le i/,cl.u 
 
 ■""'■)■ cimss np to it al 
 
 [S7'"'vobeonlailo 
 
 ! ;jtf'c requirements of t 
 
 ,L''."''""w M«„/._t;, J 
 
 I '^"-formsoneeolo 
 l^* '""lie aws of each' 
 J ,, , ; <' 'tnvise provided 
 
 will • '■""'•'"I" 
 
 Ian 
 
C0LONIE8— COLONY TRADE 
 
 Within seven iliiys nfier, niul on piiymciit, of 
 I,, (if sj. I'/m •I'" innK''<'r'i'« rocords tlin clnini, 
 
 367 
 
 WhoM til 
 luiiil tllllX 
 
 . I Tiiii'* .1 ' rii'ord I'tTtiliciito, wliicli is a bar to 
 
 ''M',,'j,,'viiiiiHolaiiii.'<to tliesame liinil. 
 
 ,;„;,r,iin(nt Mn-vcycxto.i.l.s I,, the 
 
 ji, ,^,,,tf(l,' llie cimmant, liis lii'irs or (ItvinocH, 
 
 ''/•,|'in.sliiill 'livvi? obtained from tlio slipoiidiary 
 
 " , ,|,(„io (if the (liMlrift a (■crtilicato that hi' 1ms 
 
 raicU' iiiTmaiiont im|irov(mu'iits tlicrcon to the 
 
 viluo I'f 1"»- »" "'•''■'') '"" ""^'K'"*) hocomeM entitled, 
 
 .' iiiif,, ii„s hcen a eontinuons oeenpation of the 
 
 1,„„1, i„ nurcliase it at U. iit. per acre. A pre- 
 
 'iiiiliir iiiiiv also pre-empt an ailditional traet 
 
 'ii',i cxcwiliiif; "^" '"■"''* "' ••""''K'xais land, upon 
 
 I'unitiit '1""" "'-*• '''• "" '"''^^'' 'L'aviiiK the re- 
 
 ■•iniii" ->■• '"'• '" ''^' 1'"''^ when the land is M\ir- 
 
 v'lvoii,'' I'rivision is fiade I'or the ease of disputed 
 
 chims,mul the rif,'ht to pre-empt is C(m(incd to 
 
 llnti^li sml'l'il^. »'"' '" tl'"*"' aliens who may 
 
 have wU'u' the '>"'•' "' allejjianee. Aliens who 
 
 have nut mkcii that oath can purchuse, buteannot 
 
 ,,„,.,.m|it buds. 
 
 New iinivisions nro also introduced for repu- 
 latiiii; tlie mode in which the ri(,'ht to appropriate 
 water fir iiriualion and other jmrposcs is rctpiired, 
 ami fur enabling! the Governor, in his iliseretion, 
 to "taut iiii'loral leases to Imna tide prc-eniptors 
 (,rmiti lasers; and to issue timber-cutting; licenses. 
 lilt Onlinaneo lixes no limit to the term of the 
 i,asli'ta\lta>es that may be (granted, but it makes 
 tivm bu\))m. without "compensation, to the right 
 ii{ ro>(no. ami of pre-emption and purcliasc by 
 anv |HT>iiii ilurint; the tenn, and to the condition 
 iil'kiii^Iintcrly stocked within six months, as 
 tliosii|"iili:irv aiagistrate may direct. 
 
 l!v ilif:,jtli" section the Governor is empowered, 
 on riftiviii}; and publishing the assent of her 
 Mair.tv's (liivciMUiunt thereto, to make free or 
 iatii.iliy free f;rarits of laiul for the cncouragc- 
 nifat if immigration, subject to such jmn-isions, 
 rcitriitions, and privileges as he may think ad- 
 vi-alJo. 
 
 The Governor, however, lias been instructed 
 Mt to ;'rant pastoral leases for a longer term than 
 ..mil vears, and nut to insert in them any right 
 (1 renewal, Neither is lie to make any free 
 ;7ants uniler the ')M\ section except uiuler special 
 cinunist.inces, and with the previous api)roval 
 lit the Scerctary of State, or in virtue of general 
 rejulations previously approved by the Secretary 
 I'f State, 
 
 The Ordinance of 18fi.^ was amended by Ordi- 
 nance Xo. l;J of lf<(il'). which provides that neither 
 
 Afsri!AI.I.\N C'<)I."N!K.S ANI> TASMANIA, 
 
 llv the Imperial Acts 1,S i li) Vict. c. M 
 (.Iidy Id. Wm), the Land Sides Acts, ,'> it <> 
 Vict e. .".(J. and !) k 10 Vicl. c. KM, are re;K'ale(!, 
 and the Oown in Western Australia ami the local 
 Legislatures in the other Australiiui ciilonies ,ire 
 left at liberty to alter the land regiiliiiiniis which 
 existed at the time of the passing of the tirst- 
 mentioned Ac'. W fi l',> Viet, c. of,. 
 
 New South 'iVales, Victoria, Queensland, South 
 Australia, 'i'asinania, and Western Australia have 
 accordinirly passed laws to regulate the disposal 
 of their public lands. 
 
 N'liw South Wai.i;s. 
 
 The disposal of the jmblic lands in this colony 
 is now regulated by two Acts, Nos. 1 A- ".' of 
 2.') Vict, IHtil, The' lir^-t enacts that all Crown 
 lands shall be sold either by way of couilitional 
 sale without competition or by auction. 
 
 Cldsnijinilioii of ImikIh. — Oown lands are di- 
 yidcd into four classes, vi/.. : — ' town lamls,' being 
 those in or set apart as a site for any city, town, 
 or village ; ' sidjurban lands ' (dcclareci in the 
 ' (ia/ette ' tobesuch) ; ' tirst-classsettleddistricts,' 
 and ' second-( lasa settled districts.' 
 
 Aiicthn.— 'lnvin lands an,t suburban lands 
 without improvements aro to be sold by public 
 auction only, at iipset jirices of not less than HI. 
 per acre for the former and L*/. for the latter; tho 
 upset price of other Crown lands intended to bo 
 sohl witluait cimditions of residence and imi)rovc- 
 ment is not to be less than 1/. per !icrc. If no sale 
 is etleeted at the first auction the lands may again 
 be put up lo auction, and, with the exception of 
 town and suburban lands, may in the inleriin^be 
 |)nrchased at the npset price, if not previously 
 witlidrawn from nale bv the (iovcrnment. (Sees. 
 •j;i, -il, -lo.) 
 
 Mode of Payment. — One-fourth of the purchase 
 money is to be paid at the time of s.ale, and the 
 remainder within three months. (See. 'Jt!.) 
 
 CmuUtinnal Sale. — I?y the plan of 'conditional 
 sale' any one may, on certain notified days, make 
 to the land agent of the district a '"-ritten appli- 
 cation for tnc conditional purchase of not less 
 than 40, nor more than ii'JO acres, accompanied by 
 a deposit of one-fourth of the purcliase money, at 
 the rate of I/, an acre. He will then be declared 
 the conditional purchaser, unless there be more 
 than one apidication for the s;ime land or any 
 
 liartered n:ir incorporated companies nor abori- ])art of it, in which case the successful candidate 
 
 ,'iiies shall be entitled t(i iire-empt land without 
 
 ilie special written permission of the Governor; 
 
 anil that land pre-empted before the date of the 
 
 Onlinance m.iy be included when the General 
 
 Survey comssiip to it, although its boundaries 
 
 may imt have been laid out in .strict accorilance 
 
 with the requirements of the Land Ordinance of 
 
 im;:i, 
 
 Vmmtver /s/nnrf,— Under the 29 & 30 Vict. 
 
 . f'l it now forms one colony with I$ritish Colum- 
 
 lia, liut the laws of each are to remain in force 
 
 niili>s othenvise provided by Lawful autlun-ity. 
 
 It lias an extreme length of '-'75 miles, and a 
 
 1 kadth varyiiij; from -10 to 50 miles. The dis- 
 
 1 P".'al of the public lands in this colony is now 
 
 tcciilatcd by a proclamation datctl Seiitember (>, 
 
 l"!!-.'. directing all land for sale, whether town, 
 
 'uljiitUiii, or othcnvise, to be put up to auction, at 
 
 J 111 upset price not to exceed, for countrj' lanil, 
 
 1 1'. ■-'(/. per acre. If not sold at auction, it may be 
 
 Ulterwanls putchasetl by private contract iit the 
 
 1 upset prioe, and country land forfeited for noii- 
 
 I Iiynitiit of instalments to be sold by auction at 
 
 I upset price of 4s. 2(/. 
 
 is to be detcmiinetl by lot. The lands to be se- 
 lected under this .system must, however, not be 
 town or suburban lands, nor within a proclaimed 
 gold lield, imless uiioccu|)i<'d for gold n\ining pur- 
 poses, and must not be within certain distiinces of 
 towns or villiiges, varying from lU to 2 miles, 
 according to the population of the place, nor re- 
 served for town sites or other public purjioses. 
 (Sees. 13 and 14.) 
 
 At the expiration of three years .tnd three months 
 the purchaser has the option of paying the balance 
 of the purchase money, and receiving a conveyaiu'o 
 hi fee, or of deferring the payment indefinitely by 
 paying interest at the rate of 5 per cent, per 
 annum on the amount, within three months after 
 January 1 in each year. The purchaser, however, 
 must in cither case prove to the satisfaction of the 
 Minister of rublic J,ands that he has made im- 
 provements to tho extent and vr.lue re(i aired by 
 the Act, that he has bona tide rcsiiled continuously 
 cither by himself or his alienees on the land, and 
 that he has not alienated it until after at least 
 one j-ear's bona fiile residence thereon. 
 
 There arc some other minor provisioiu for 
 
"-T — ' — ~m 
 
 < ./ 
 
 ' I 
 
 I i r • I 
 
 J =■ I 
 
 ;!i:r ' 
 
 ■n 
 
 368 
 
 rITt'ctintr conditional pi.rclmsp, under milliIl^; ron- 
 
 dilionx (otlicr llinn j;ci|il niinini;), when tli" price is 
 
 to lie 'lOn. iin nerc, niid (or determiniiif; viiliies nn<l 
 
 mntttrs in dispute by apprnixemcnt nnd iirbiira- 
 
 tion. 
 
 Under the I.nnd Actn of isr.l no privilefjes nre 
 now f,'nuiteil in tlie necpiisition of land to navul 
 ami military settlers. 
 
 QuF.KNsr.AND. 
 
 The land prantint; system of Queensland is now 
 rcpilated by an Act ))assed by the Colonial Legis- 
 lature in September IHHO, -.'t Viet. No. irj, entitlcil 
 'An Aet to provide for the Alienation of Crown 
 Laii(U : ' and bv the ' AKrieultural Ueserves Act, 
 18(13,' 27 Viet. SJo. 2;i; .nnd Iho ' Leasinfj Act of 
 IHdt;,' passed (X't. 11, 18(;i!, which repeals 29 Vict. 
 No. 21, and provides that Crown lands situate be- 
 yond two miles of any town and remainhij; unsold 
 after beinj; oll'ercd at auction, arc open to lca.se 
 for eight years at not less tlian 2s. M. per acre 
 rent. Atler ciuht jiaymcnts the land is to be 
 granted to the leasee in fee simple. 
 
 The main principle of the Act, 24 Vict. No. 15, 
 is the same as tliat in the repealed Imperial Jjind 
 Sales Act, viz.: tiiat Crown lands are to be s(dd 
 by auction at not leas than 1/. an acre, but tluit 
 lands once put up to auction and not sold may be 
 sohl l)y private contract, with prompt payment 
 in both cases. The novelty in the Act is a pro- 
 vision for what are called A(?ricultural Ueserves, 
 in which the lands are not subject to auction, but 
 may be bought or leased on special conditions. 
 
 (X.B. A new Land Act, 'Tiie Crown Lands 
 Alienation Act of 18G8,' has been passed by the 
 Colonial Legislature, but has not yet oflicially 
 reached the home authorities. Under it from 40 
 to C40 acres of agricultural land cati be bought at 
 19s. an acre, payable in ten annual instalments of 
 l.<i. 6i/. i)er acre; but to entitle the i)urchaser to a 
 deed of grant he must prove that he has resided 
 not less than two years, and expended not less 
 than io.s. an acre on the land.) 
 
 Tlie following is a:: uustract of the Act 24 Vict. 
 No. 15 :— 
 
 Puhlii- Reserves. — The Governor, with the ad- 
 vice of the Executive Council, may proclaim laiuls 
 as reserves for town or village sites, and may 
 malie grants for public jiurpo.ses spccilied in the 
 ' Unoccupied Crown Lands Occupation Act ' of 
 18UU, or sanctioned by the Legislature. (.Sees. 3 
 nnd 4.) 
 
 MMimtm Price. — No land is to be sold for less 
 than 1/. an acre, nor until it has been surveyed 
 and mapped. (Sec. 5.) 
 
 Auetiun. — All Crown lands must be offered for 
 sale by jiublic auction, duly notified in the Go- 
 vernment (iazctte, not less than one or more than 
 three months before the auction. (.Sec. G.) 
 
 Classljicatiun of ],unds. — The lands art to be 
 divided into three classes — town, suburban, and 
 country lots. Town lots are those within the 
 actualboundarics of towns. Suburban lots are to 
 comprise all lands (except such as the Government 
 may lliink lit to exclude) within two miles from 
 tlie" nearest boundary of any town. Country lots 
 are to comprise all other lands, and the Governor 
 in Council ni.iy, from time to time, fix the up- 
 W't price of any lot not lower than 1/. per acre. 
 (Sec. 7.) 
 
 Sales by Private Contract. — Lands which have 
 been offered for sale at auction, and not sold, may 
 aftens-ards be sold by jirivate cc>ntract at the upset 
 price; but such lands may be withdrawn from 
 private sale and again offered for sale by auction. 
 (Sec. 8.) 
 
 Payment of Purchase Money, — In thf; case of 
 
 COLONIE.S— COLONY TRADE 
 
 sales by private contract the whole of tho nnrrlwuK. 
 money nnist lie paid down at the time nf pun liit«,. 
 In the case of auction, a deposit niu^t Iw ui.kI,. Tr 
 
 (In, li.ilf (h(w prcmii 
 (■ ■iimcii (Icsm'iitions i 
 
 not less than one-tenth of the pun liaso nii.iiiv 
 
 the remainder must bo paid witliin one nidiith ' r 
 
 the deposit will be forfeited. (Sec. 'J,, ' ' 
 
 Annriilliirai Reserrrs.—* The, Selectors' Ri.l,„f 
 Act' (2!t Vict. No. 21) enables the (iovernor i 
 Council to remit fotfeitiires (if the condihi.ti nf 
 residence has been complied with) of land >v\ivM 
 uniler the Agricultural Itoserves Act of :%\ 
 The (Jovcrnorin Council is also empowvn'd i.! 
 proclaim and set apart from time to time wimi iri' 
 called ' Auriculliiriil Iliserres,' the l.uids in Hiji, |, 
 are to be sold, not by auction, but at a tixcd |iri,v 
 of 20.*. per acre. Such reser\'c8 are to cu'itni'i 
 available land, open to selection, at no time !,.<< 
 than 50,000 acres, upon shores of tlic priiicirni 
 bays or navigable waters ; and also 2,,100 acres in 
 be available for selection within 7 miles (,{\\\ 
 towns containing inhabitants exceeding ;ii() j|, 
 number. The (Jovcrnor in Council may, luiwcvcr 
 by i)roclamation withdraw and deal" with suoii 
 lands as country lands. 
 
 Conilitinns of Purchase.— Any person wisliini;!,! 
 occupy land within an 'agricultural reserve' hum 
 pay ni advance to the land agent for the (li<trict 
 20s. an acre for the lots he may wish tosoleot- 
 and twelve months thereafter, upon hi» niakni;-,! 
 declaration, and producing in .sniport thcrnif 
 satisfactory evidence that he has resided upi.n tlw 
 land for a period of six months, and cnltivatid 
 one tenth tliereof, he will become entitled tn a 
 deed of grant of the land. 
 
 Leases nf Agricultural Reserves.— Ovinm nf 
 farms within ^agricultural reserves' niav obtain 
 lea-ses for five years of contiguous unocoupioil land 
 not exceeding three times the extent of ijjo pur- 
 chased land ill the farm, nor in the whole :):'i) 
 acres (including the farm), at a rent of f«l. p'r 
 acre, payable annually in advance, with a ri-lit «!' 
 l)re-einption during the currency of the Ica.p. 
 Default of ao days in payment of rent, or failure 
 within 18 months to fence off the land, makes 
 void the lease. No lease must be liclil In- an 
 agent, or pledged as security for moiie>- h nl." 
 
 SizcSf-c, of Farms. — Farms wiiliin litjriciiltiiral 
 reserves must be selected in one or in conterniin"iij 
 lots, and must not be less than 18 nor moretliaii 
 320 acres in all in the same reserve. 
 
 Commomige. — All unenclosed lands in any such 
 reserve arc to be subject to the rights of coninii.n- j 
 age of land purchasers, and of the residents iiiaiiy 1 
 adjacent townships. 
 
 Sale nf Improved Lands. — Land within the J 
 boundaries of any township or village on whidij 
 improvements may have been made may be sulill 
 to the owners without corai)etition, if ap'plioaiii)ii| 
 he made within twelve months of the p.issin;; i fl 
 the Act as regards existing towns or village-, ut\ 
 within twelve months after the proclamatinn nfj 
 any new town or village. 
 
 Closing of Roads. — Sections Ki and I'proviilaj 
 for the closing anil alienation of iinneces.sary roads 
 nnd the sale of the land without competition t(j 
 the holders of the adjacent lauds, 
 
 Military and Naval Settlers.— VrnVof^ef 
 Military and Naval Sctth^rs abolislied in Uucdu 
 land by Colonial Act, 28 Vict, No. 17 (IHiM). 
 
 Bounty on Cotton. — To encourage the growili 
 cotton, the Governor in Council may issue lanj 
 orders during the three years next after the pasl 
 ing of the Act to the extent of 10/., and durinl 
 the two following years to the extent of '^l■ I'i 
 every bale weighing 300 lbs. of good clean Set 
 island cotton, not damsged or discolo!"-ed, lW 
 in the colony, and exported to Gaai Ilritar 
 
 JFUI.IIV >UilM.I ti>..i. Jiuvu ut 
 
 ixcepl/'rei't'rant.s nnd grii 
 
 \;i!l l)C li)MJiil the prijicipli 
 
 ynce (liul Dot hi'hirc stirvc 
 
 liiral (li.-iri;l»— (if auction 
 
 (ii'liriDiptpayiiii'iits, andpi 
 
 -anil I'lsfitlimcnt duties. 
 
 fur ciiaimiina};e, for meetiui 
 
 cf inJujtries jecking devch 
 
 mill furdicitini; monopoly, 
 
 lauil fii' lic/'iirposes of spei 
 
 ininiiiTJlieO l)v the fixed y, 
 
 iJiif-lnirtiiifliic land revein 
 
 nemmlin^Avi repeals 
 
 fwniin/'artU, of ilie first 
 
 iamlUuii:, hoth inciu- 
 
 aiJJwiscvlions. It also r 
 
 iio:iiJ'ann/„amlthe(;8tl 
 
 l!.*imites other provision, 
 
 aiMrnluftjolliofumeadim 
 
 itaiiwi IS to be co-cxteiisiv 
 
 jracipal Act. 
 
 lieien- feature in this law 
 w I* oliiaiued of land ins 
 
 J,™ii„ra|puri)osc3,aswellaj 
 M[«ttiMi pur|)osen, 
 
 Ilie priiicipal Act of lSG-> i 
 
 1- »li'.h regidate the mode 
 WMntheagricnltimil areas r 
 
 l™K,«iherp,«vi.,i„„,o„"U 
 i7?«an abstract of it "]cad 
 
 , '"fpcaliall former Jaws 
 
 pwpttfeGohl Fields Act No 
 «a,idro«i.,ati„n^'^J^ 
 
 I *^Jii I CH'tatcd or forfeited] 
 
 r-*"t(1ltof re,'f''"'^'"'.^''"l< 
 
 
(In, klf (hMC prcmiunio are to bo uiwi, .•'',. h 
 iraoiidcsiTiptionsoC cotton. (Scr "| V 
 
 ,';!'f!.'f -™^»-^v ™„nK 
 
 I not 
 
 iiipiiiiy, 
 
 "■I •-• — - I — .■••» «n 
 
 r.mraiin (Icsoriptions oCcottoi 
 
 .l/;//m;//-«/i//.«.— 'I'liuGoviTnor ill «'.Tm.',' i 
 - . . c..xa., ,liMg .IK, arros t„ „ 'J ' ,*, Z "'"• 
 ,v, at m». an acre, lan.ls (.,r'^ ' ' "^^ "" '"" 
 
 , o,i:ortlm„fi,rc»^lorKol.|. (S c™? ''''^- T/VMUMal /i-;-;-,,™ " ^ 
 
 ,„„T™-r A, /«,/-lt' /f^i/«/„,,- .„.,._TI, /::. ""^ P"r|.(.s,.,i Ni„.,.i. ■ ■ ''^' '^''■■""c'.l for oiiv ,„ 
 
 . ,;,„,nrii i. at...,ori...i to „.akc .m 'a^i^r";;;; ''"^ ""•' -Mu^^ t. '"I.^';^ '"' -"!)<^^'t Tr*^,,: 
 
 ,,n'arryin,Mmt the Act, wl,i.|/riJ 'i„t ;{' ' l'''"!'-^ 
 !« W before the Coloi.ial I'arlium", ' " '" 
 
 'M'',"/ t„„..ir ,„„ ,„s,.,| .;'J;"7 'TO voi.f,.,',,,,'.^ 
 '^i,,.AMn,ml licen.o.. „ J ;,?:.:' ''^'''•) 
 
 Vll'Tultl.V. 
 
 
 «IJ,c ImU that have bee., tried i.. any colo, .T' "'■^''''■"t «ele Z^ ; ''"-'''f- ' '"■ '-'-i. ola 
 
 |«. ,„ not More siirvey) overcxTtn i, ,'1^ ' """"""•^ '"ay however be ^^ iV" '"'"'" '" "'ese 
 ainl 4.tr.:t4-o «uft.o„ over other diVtrict ',"*''', «''<• "'c (Jover,. " in r '' 'T '^^■''■■'^f'-'''- or 
 ,„ |,r.iDi|.l|mine..t,s and |.ayme.it.s bv i. wflin. 7" '""•' ""•-■"• or abolish m"„f ^"'"'cil may at o, J 
 -and o,*tlcme..t duties, 'it co..t;?„s ^J io, ' "' ''^■''"•^'"^%'e See t'i^rr"" ' ■•""' ''"" 4 i^ 
 f«rc>,mn.unase,/;.rmeetii.A' the eases oHiL-'r'''"'"'''''"') i'* re-,triel.^ . • ''" *-'"•"« "'' fiir.ners' 
 
 »„d f.;rdiot,n« ...onopoly, and the aeon's.^ on?) „ -^ '1" ^ '•^'""^^s to na t . al li 
 ^' Act repeals «omi,ni, ,,»■ c..,..,.. ^''<' «Oth section nf ...„ ._. 
 
 .....„.„.„ „ua-, provisions for those re.w.nT,. i" r '"'^ tne run or anv n,.r V ,"'^™''*'' 
 
 =J«ur.,lua. other u..,ei.d.,.cnts in he lau ^l'* ''"f '' P^<'cla.me5 a con "^ " ^""'' ^"-^ «oi,. 
 
 .I«™,. ,0 be co-extensive Mit . hat oV ,'"'',"' '""'" ihe . resent r„"'V'"' ""'cnvi.o dealt 
 
 |«ipalAc(, •"" t'lnt ol the Instead of an I' ^^ '"^'""c law ^""^ 
 
 rii'iwfeatiirein thislawis tl.-f i P'ock actnallv f..,i *'Ti"'"" "^ ''nretoforo <,.. n 
 
 -fe oMainod of Jan.,^ tll^}''^ '-?- may o„ the nu.nSrt'c'u ", "7/ " '-'' '^ "^ ."'pS 
 
 («Lec^,or L'.. fo, oac^, h ,*::;?„'^'""»^'-.«'rS 
 
 I «soi' three acres fnr „ * 
 r^^*'naya]^™;:™''otexc.edi.,^ 
 
 ■ ~ ;"^"^^''s-»uch a. Me "'1'^''". ^■■^'■">"> "--^o" 
 i«t3 lor inns, ^.tun. 
 
 I'c reinainder of I s nn i », /^' ''■^''"««'- ■ -l 
 
 * ( 
 
V'.T^!^ I 
 
 370 
 
 COLONIES— COLONY TRADE 
 
 ■;»,,■ 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 v.- '] : . 
 
 >.- " 
 
 '•'.'if . .»'i; 
 
 jM{i,,. 
 
 Act, No. 117, may within 12 months be surren- 
 dered, and licenses in exchange obtained u.-iler the 
 preaert Act. (Sec. 103.) 
 
 Licensees are prohi'Mted from cultiva'.ing their 
 runs for purposes of sale or barter; but tlicy may 
 make improvements on them, and d\g for stone, and 
 take timber for domestic uses : and if the run be 
 not within au agiicuUural area, the licensee is 
 entitled to compcn^-atiou if that part of the run is 
 taken from him on which he may have made a 
 substantial fence or permanent reservoir of water, 
 provided he had previously obtained permission to 
 effect the improvement nnd liad it duly registered. 
 A deduction, however, is to be made of one-tenth 
 of the value for each year he may have liad the 
 use of the improvement (sec. 110), Compciisation 
 (not exceeding 500/ ) is also to be granted to the 
 occupiers of new runs for the loss of buildings and 
 yards, or they may be alK'ved instead to purchase, 
 •at 1/. per acre, 320 acres of the land on which the 
 improvements stand (sec. 111). 
 
 Lastly, no occupier of land for pastoral purposes 
 is to be lutitled to any compensation by reason of 
 the Act being repealed or altered (sec. 121). 
 
 The privilege of public officers and 1: 'Iders of 
 'miners' rights' prospecting for gold to depasture 
 their cattle on Crown lands is preserved (sees. 78, 
 79). 
 
 Part C relates to trespasses and penalties. 
 
 Assisted Passages. — Tliere remains one impor- 
 tant prorision which immediately affects the poorer 
 classes of this country. By the 3Hth section one- 
 fourtli of the nett revenue received in each year 
 after 1862 from the sale or lew 'ing of land, or for 
 licenses for the use th'ireo/, is to be appro- 
 priated to the purposes of immigration under re- 
 gulations to be made by the Governor in Council, 
 and submittal to both houses of the Colonial Par- 
 liament. The immigrants, during the first nine 
 months of each year, are to be selected from 
 England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, in propor- 
 tion to the population of those divisions respectively 
 of the United Kingdom according to the last 
 census. 
 
 Act of 18C5. — The following extracts from a 
 memorandum draw.i up by Jlr. J. M. (irant, tlie 
 Minister of Oown Lands an<l Survej', dated Mel- 
 bourne, October 23, 1805, will sliow such of tiie 
 leading features of the amending Act of 1865 as 
 are likely to interest intending emigrants from 
 this country : — 
 
 ' Under the amending Land Act of 1805 the 
 occupation of land for agricultural purposes, except 
 when obtained under certificate, is in the first 
 instance acquired by lease, the fee sunple being 
 jjurchaseable under certain conditions at the rate 
 of 1<'. per acre; and until sucli purclmse is effected, 
 a rent of 2*. per acre per annum, equivalent to 10 
 jier cent, on tlie upset price of the land, is exacted. 
 This tenure under rent may be continued for seven 
 years, but at tbe expiry of that period purchase is 
 compulsory at the rate ot 1/. per acre, should the 
 tenrint desire to secure his improvements, otherwise 
 tliev Ijccomc forfeited to the State. 
 
 Tiie cdiulitions of lease are as follow — 
 
 1. The lease cannot be assigned during a period 
 of tliroe years from tlio commencement of the term, 
 nor at any time until cortai.. improvements have 
 bec!i ((lectcd Uy tlie tenant. 
 
 2. Iraprov'juicnts to the value of 1/. per acre in 
 the area lcl»s<.'dniustbe etl'ectedby the lessee within 
 two ye.irs from the comnienceinent of the lease. 
 
 .'!. "Wlicn the above iniiirovements have been 
 made, the lessee may, at the expiry of three years, 
 require liis leasehold to beexposed to auction witli 
 tlie vahie of his improvements added to the upset 
 [^ice of 1/. i)er acre; and the amount of such valua- 
 
 I tion will be paid by the_ purchaser to the lesspc 
 should the latter lie outbid at the auction. 
 
 4. If, however, Ihe lessee reside three years lui 
 the land leased, and effect the stipulated imprdvc. 
 ments, he will at the termination of that |ieriiNllio 
 entitled to demand and obtain a grant of liia ||.„^(.J 
 hohl in fee simple on payment of 1/. per acre. 
 
 As a peculiar feature of this Act, it is in i,,, 
 noted that the interest of the lessee cannot I).- 
 taken under execution, nor <loes it pws to the 
 official assignee of his estate, should lie !k! so m. 
 fortunate as to become insolvent ; in faot, d,,, 
 lessee cannot be disturbed in his occupation till tlu' 
 cxpirj' of the three years idlowed for tlie conii))f- 
 tion of his improvements. 
 
 Tlie restrictions and limitations of tiie area of 
 land tliat may be leased by any one individuiil 
 under the amending Land Act remain as set forth 
 in the Land Act of 1802, the extent being limitej 
 to 640 acres in any one year. 
 
 Although the ten lu'illion agricultui-al area of 
 the Land Act 1862 included the lands iiitriiisicalli- 
 most valuable and suitable for agricultural settlr- 
 ment, wliich is vouched for by the fact that tli.> 
 pastoral occupation of that area )iieldcd to the 
 State ' 07,000/. per annnm, wliile the twenty rail- 
 lion of acres under pastoral occupation bey uul the 
 limits of the ten million agricultural area' yielded 
 only 119,000/.; the range of selection now"in the 
 power of intending agriculturists is limitc! onlr 
 by the discretion of the Department of Lands and 
 Survey in selecting the position of agricuhural 
 areas, which may be surveyed throughout tlic en- 
 tire colony. 
 
 For bringing the amending Land j.ct of ISiw 
 into operation, 29 land offices have been isfablishiij 
 throughout the colony; 188 agricultural aras 
 liave been proclaimed open for selection, emhraciii; 
 an aggregate area of 3,251.292 acre.-, of ivhidi 
 1.070,739 have been selected oy 6. '20 certiiiiate- 
 holders and lessees. 5.M.410" <iere» have IjtMi 
 withurawn from selection chiefly on the piysnnicd 
 auriferous character of the country ; and l.O.JI.w.'i 
 remained, Oct. 23, 1805, open for selection 'lyttc 
 first applicant at tiie several land offices where tlie.-c 
 areas were proclaimed ope?i foi selection. 
 
 Lithographic plans of each area have been pre- 
 pared on a scale of 1 J incli to one mile ; showini; 
 the acreage, the numbering and bnundarj-lim-nf 
 the several allotments into which the area ba> ten 
 subdivided, tlie roads surveyed, and the uatiiral 
 features of the country. 
 
 The surveys of 450,000 acres are now in tlic 
 office, the lithographic [dans of Avhich arc lioiii? 
 rn idly prepareti, with a view to tlie proclamaiiun 
 of iUit extent of land in agricultural areas wiiliiii 
 a few weeks. Hy the 10th sect, of tiie .-let in't 
 less than 4,000,000 acres are to be open ibrselfcnon 
 or purchase within 3 months after the passin:; «f I 
 tlic Act, and at least 2,000.000 aretobccoustaiiil,!' 
 kept open in the proclaimed areas. 
 
 In c.der to provide additional faoiHtiei fur lie] 
 acquisition of land and for the settlcniem nf A' 
 population, tlio Hoard of Land and Works is ei 
 ))owcred to allow lessees to subdivide their 
 mcnts into two or more portions, and to OTii] 
 separate leases for such purposes to persons mnv 
 by the ori„'inal applicant. Under this provisii 
 the attendance of one person nt a land elliio'ui 
 fices to secure land for himself and others A 
 he may wish to liave as neighbours; nndmcinM 
 of the same family are thus enabled ',' ol'"' 
 farms ailjoining each other. 
 
 Ill order to discourage the emp'oymcnt "fag™ 
 tlic Hoard of Land and Works is cm|)oivered 
 disallow applications tor land at tny liraemtl 
 thirty days from the dute of their receipt. 
 
 Tlic provisior 
 
 i-aiid Act of 186 
 
 ill;: Act, which, 
 
 effc'i'tii.'d manage 
 
 praditiire of the ; 
 
 Jii e/ficting local 
 
 The ceiiditions 
 
 ivaatc lauds by th 
 
 to December 3] 
 
 Ih.' Land Act 18Gi 
 
 A(.<, the rental to] 
 
 the frown lands i 
 
 laud and U'orks, n 
 
 niriit Gazette of D 
 
 runs then in occupal 
 
 Auction.— hy the 
 
 Alt, all Crown lands 
 
 except those in agric 
 
 Torseleclion (see, JO) 
 
 ly auction, at an up 
 
 Miili higher upset prii 
 
 ditions and reservation 
 may direct, 
 
 Q«ui%ofCountr'>Z 
 «P to Oct, 
 
 l«OciBba», ij6^ '"I- 
 T 
 
 Siimmiy 0/ Bates per ^ 
 T^ands in 
 
 South Aud 
 
 Act; '"•^wUowin, 
 
 Wtobealienataltr""'!^ 
 Act. """■'"«' except bj 
 
 i'»S;r!Sr"-«''^'<''J 
 
 h»^Kvi"„r^""'^«j 
 
 ^^Sdltr^^-E-X-cept pi 
 
 Cff, '■ "'-— L0WC6 j 
 
 r«"intrvJo(,T '. " '"'■spJ 
 L '•'• Sate b,j P ■ 
 
 ,jr'''<lraw?f ''"«'*'««'. 
 ,•'■'*'''« cor2;'^««»l« 
 
Qmiitit^of Countn, La'uh purchased m 
 ^P to October n,mb: 
 
 StlecUonundtrLamllicl l«6i ' "*™ - 
 
 Seieclion under arnendinu'ranJt * . - 
 
 uio.iobaia,is« '""''".'* •^"of isca up 
 
 Total 
 
 Victoria 
 
 . Acr« 
 
 79S,i!4K 
 
 S,«»'^« r^fe;i;J'^'= S-"^"^ - Council 
 "nder the j\,.f „ '^^"'•i'^t'ons made hi- r 
 
 South Australia. 
 Tiie Waste Lands Acf fnr »).;„ i 
 
 
 ;cuf. ine loUowing IS Ml abstract orVi?:^r^ "'"'"" "ffectfiie anrl .1 .•"••'•*"" "^ make le- 
 
 I Act 
 
 NWint,r^~b,l ^""'*'-La„ds to 
 
 I *'8. Rfse^PrL. T ' ""''- country, I f„ ,,7 ^"° 'srepeM?(l.an<lno„„r,"""""' '""^'^■- << of 
 
 r'^^v^aT '' "'''''"^'■°^«"'^'»«vW Leases Acf'^l^^.^^vear. entitled' 
 
 iiy ail Act, K„. ic „f icfir. n 
 
 /• i 
 
 ■> r 
 
 i 
 
T-V» ■ f 
 
 ? ..„. 
 
 COLONIES— COLONY TEADE 
 
 nm 
 
 If,,-. 
 
 ;■■{.■ .' ■ ! 
 V Pi' 
 
 (liilfis, may surrender their lands and get fresh 
 leartos by fjivinf; notice to tlie Ooinniissioner of 
 Crown Lands and Inimi);;rntiou within six months 
 of the date of the Act. Tiie renewed U'm".- in these 
 cases will n'vo an addition of Jt, G, or 10 years, 
 according lo the schedule in which the tenant 
 is placed. Leasees under the renewed leases 
 are not to he entitled to any further renewal, 
 or to compensation for impnvcments save those 
 (if a permanent character ; and waste lands, 
 which have not hitherto been held under pas- 
 toral lease, may in future bu leased for a term 
 not exceeding 2.) years; and on the cxpirati(ui 
 of the term, the lands and all the iirprovc- 
 nicnts thereon arc to revert absolutely to the 
 Crown. 
 
 r.y an Act, No. 20, passed on the same day 
 (March 10, J86G), the (iovernor in Council may, 
 wilhi' four months of the p.assing of the Act, 
 rcMiit a portion of the rent, or rent and assessment, 
 due from the pastoral lessees who are named in the 
 three schedules attached to the Act. 
 
 Tlie following table sliows the quantity of 
 Crown lands sold and paid for williin South Aus- 
 tralia duriuy each year from the iirst sales: — 
 
 Ytiir 
 
 Acrw 
 
 Purchase Money received 
 in tlie Colony 
 
 
 
 £ t. il. 
 
 1S.17 
 1S.1S 
 
 .'.r„ii 
 n,!i7'4 
 
 1,1,.')66 4 
 
 Is.-.'J 
 
 l!iii,.')0'j 
 
 IVLM.', 
 
 I Ml) 
 
 »,H(i 
 
 a,ll« 
 
 1X41 
 
 7,.ni 
 
 7,.1.11 i 
 
 ISli 
 
 17,iinij 
 
 17,011 10 
 
 IIS 1.1 
 
 .'.'JS 
 
 (ill 11 
 
 IK 14 
 
 S.ViH 
 
 .'i.'.lifi 1.1 
 
 1845 
 
 4'.l,fi.'i8 
 
 5'i,'Jl)> 8 II 
 
 IS III 
 
 ^^,ns•^ 
 
 7r.,S74 8 
 
 1817 
 
 s-.mr, 
 
 3.'),liS IS 
 
 18 IS 
 
 •iH.'JH 
 
 .11,4;fi 1.1 
 
 1849 
 
 .'il,'P,'i7 
 
 .'iS,',77 17 
 
 1840 
 
 (i-i.u^r 
 
 Hn,:,h7 14 
 
 IK.'il 
 
 Sl.OUii 
 
 S7,VI'i 14 
 
 ISVi 
 
 S,'),.-6'2 
 
 97 ,".',9 S 
 
 IS.'i.l 
 
 SI 1, !(>>,'. 
 
 'iUi)..T.i4 6 
 
 1814 
 
 iiia.sis 
 
 .17fi,r24 8 
 
 ISM 
 
 1711,7.10 
 
 S.IS.Sfil 11 11 
 
 IS.'.G 
 
 IS7,W1 
 
 21,',,Vfiil .1 
 
 IS.',7 
 
 nH,otr,\ 
 
 vil.Vi'ii) IS 
 
 IS.')S 
 
 l.'iS.OI,'. 
 
 197,8^0 If) 
 
 ISM 
 
 lSS,llli', 
 
 !(ll,'i71 11 
 
 ISM) 
 
 Vi9.Mr> 
 
 l.'i7,',2'.i (1 
 
 IStil 
 
 UTfiMi 
 
 189,.1!il 7 
 
 IM-i 
 
 IJU.'JIO 
 
 14S,(i9.5 8 3 
 
 IHB.I 
 
 I CO, 197 
 
 1SK,4H7 « 
 
 I SIM 
 
 2^4, 19.1 
 
 W.'iA'J'i & 
 
 I HI'. 
 
 .1l6,.'iS'. 
 
 .')I0,.'»40 .1 
 
 ISM 
 Total - 
 
 •.iIl,4V!l2 
 
 .Ti'^,l-.i9 18 
 
 3,41U,4IU 
 
 4,427,529 8 .1 
 
 .^-y.^-'^ 
 
 ^Vl•:^sTKI:^• Australia. 
 
 ]5y the Government Land Regulations, dated 
 Perth, August 20, 18ti4, and which are printed 
 in extcnso at page 201 of the Emigration Com- 
 missioners' Annual Report for 1805, the Crown 
 lands are to be divided into four separate classes — 
 town, suburban, country, and mineral. Country 
 lands arc to be sold at a fixed price of 10s. 
 an acre, and in lots of not less tlian 40 acres. 
 Smaller lots to be charged an additional price. 
 Town and suburban lots arc to be fjold by auc- 
 tion. The size and upset price to be lixed by the 
 (iovernor. 
 
 < )Me-tenth of the purchase money has to be paid 
 at the time of sale, and the rest within 1 calendar 
 nioiitli. The lands are to be surveyed and mapiicd 
 previous to the sale by auction, and all auctions 
 jire to be advertised within 3 calendar months of 
 the intended sale. 
 
 MiNF.nAr, Lands. 
 
 The regulations respecting minei. ' 'ands arc 
 contained in a proclamation of the Governor, 
 dated January 17, !«0o, oif which the following arc 
 till' leading features. 
 
 3Iincral Jmhi/o are to be sold in lots of not less 
 
 than 80 nor more than IGO acre.' catHi, at the fixed 
 price, of ;!/. iier acre, payable in ;{ eipial instal- 
 ments ; the first at th' time of application, and 1 
 in each of the 2 following years. 
 
 The following Table shows tlie .Sale of Crown 
 Lands in Western Australia, from 1800 to Imi'; 
 inclusive : — ' 
 
 D.ite 
 
 18.'.7 
 IS.iiR 
 18.69 
 186U 
 18fil 
 ISfi'i 
 
 Acics 
 
 a,4.56 
 !(,713 
 •3,368 
 V^i 
 18,193 
 13,151 
 11,951 
 
 Date 
 
 18fi3 
 lSli4 
 18GS 
 18fi6 
 1867 
 
 Total 
 
 5,.17,-i 
 6,1011 
 7,.WI 
 «,»li,1 
 1.1,9.17 
 
 9.1,«ln 
 
 Tasmania. 
 
 The 
 
 following is an abstract of the priii- 
 cipal .\ct of 1803, and of the Amending Act of 
 1807 : — 
 
 Sec. 2. Bescives.— The Governor in Council 
 may make reserves for roads, military defence or 
 for any jiurpose of i)ublic safety, coiivenionoc. 
 health, or enjoyment. The deed' of xmvcv.ince 
 must specify the purpose of reservation, ami" tli.it 
 the land shall be forfeited if appropriateil to 
 any other imrpose. Sixty days' public notice 
 must be given before any such" reserves cau lie 
 made. 
 
 Sec. il. Reser\-e3 for roads or internal commu- 
 nications, if not used, to be revoked by Governor's 
 proclamation. 
 
 Sec. 4. Itegulat'wns. — The Governor in Cum- 
 cil may from time to time make land resiiLi- 
 tions not inconsistent ivith the provisions of the 
 Act. 
 
 Sees. .I, ti, & 7. Cnmmissioner of Croirn Lmh, 
 — Tlie Surveyor General to be" the 'Comir.i-- 
 sioner of Crown Lands,' to act under the I'i- 
 reclion of tlie Governor in Council, who m,qy 
 also ap|)oiiit a Deputy Commissioner of Crmra 
 Lands. 
 
 Sees. 8, n, & 80, Classification of Lamk- 
 Waste lands— i. e. anj' lands which "are or may 
 become vested in the Crown, and arc not dciiicittil 
 to some public use — to be divided into tlirec 
 classes : — 
 
 1. Town lands, i. c. those within the limits of 
 any present or future town or villnso. or 
 within live miles of the boundaric of Unban 
 Town or Launceston. 
 
 2. Agricultural ].,ands, i. e. those witliin lirait< 
 proclaimed by the Governor in Council a< 
 ' Agricultural Districts,' or those wliicli tke 
 Commissioner may notify for sale as .Agri- 
 cultural Lands. 
 
 3. I'asforal Lands, i. e. lands not eompri-fi in I 
 the first class, and not being ivithir .i!,Tii'ul- 1 
 tural districts, which the Comraii-inner ( 
 deems unsuitable for cultivation. 
 
 Sees. 15 & 10. Lowest Upset I'rlc.:— The Cm- 
 missioiier from time to time, subject lo (iovoraor't J 
 approval, to fix upset i)rice, which is not to In' 
 lower than that fixed by the Act, plus the oi.<t of I 
 survey and the deed of grant. XolaudtobesoIJI 
 below the advertised upset jirice. 
 
 Sees. 1, 12, & 14. ylwc^/wi.— Town Ian* ii'l 
 Ilobart Town and LaunccstDn. and other nm 
 lands of the Crown, may bo sold by auctioii afttij 
 being surveyed and majiped, and niiticeof saii;3iii|f 
 particulars "^of lands published within three ani^ 
 not less than one mouth of .s.ile. 
 
 Sec. l;!. Size of Lots.— lor agricultural laiMi 
 the lot is not to exceed 320, and forpa.storall3i«l| 
 liHQ acre.s. 
 
 Sees. 17 it 18. Saks hii Privale CMtt"et- 
 Town lands other than tlioiu iuHobart 'loiraaii( 
 
 Liimceston, an 
 
 un.<i)l(l at aiictio 
 
 M liy private i 
 
 tir.-t applicant ■ 
 
 •mil before the 1, 
 
 iinles.'i there be ; 
 
 sme lot, ivlien it 
 
 .Sees. il(, 20, 2 
 
 Any person in,iy, ( 
 
 fcicct from iiiiocci 
 
 or lands reserved f 
 
 ('lia,«e by private 
 
 I/, per iicre, ,'J20 a 
 
 l"is of not less t\u 
 
 of «hat are terme 
 
 is l!i.«, an acre, and 
 
 than illo .acres. (; 
 
 ill contravention of 
 
 feiteJ. The land tl 
 
 rules to be prescribe 
 
 lots, and must be sn; 
 
 .''ecs. 'i7 to 3,1. />,, 
 
 Turclasers ni.iy ^q^.Q^ 
 
 en credit, or for proni 
 
 ono-liftli down .-ind fl 
 
 at,mates,ilethe wh 
 cboifn, iihethcf the n 
 privalc contract, one'- 
 added by \w „f pj.^. 
 
 .ifc'grffc'aiesiimistobe 
 hviinniLilkstalments 
 inpa™ent„f,,avinst 
 Wistoliefiutripag, 
 
 "tiie(.v,>r,;„ei,i.stalmei 
 'Mst" "» '1.1V fixe, 
 aepom and all ),rcrm 
 
 V'<^ fb.v auction 
 .i.:.nce due. If ..old "o 
 
 ;"'',imi deposit, the e 
 " 'i'«i.il purchaser. J,, 
 
 !'!'^';™- time, audi, 
 
 !^™.» to e proportion 
 
 ;2:,SJ-'" on credit 
 
 **Ml/.p„f'''« annual I 
 
 tec? '='.'.' 
 
 fonireiif ^'"""a.Vs or tf 
 
 •»SSS7^^«Co,j 
 
 ■'""Pi^du hi "v- pastoral 
 ,""*'s than Sony ""■• '^'^1 
 
 *^"«ia KnT ''*»'«' p1 
 
 ?™^'' -otfce ri,""" " "'ol 
 '■•vernor in r„ ^'"=" with f 
 
 h"«i;fj[--hej 
 
COLONIES— COLONY TRADE 
 
 373 
 
 Tminccston, and nKriciiltiiral and pastora 
 unroW at auction, to he advertised in Ciaze 
 
 storal lands 
 !a/.ette and 
 "'n jjyprivntc contract at the upset ) price, to the 
 tir-t iiliplicant witliin one year after auction, 
 ™lbi;fiiro the lands arc again put up to auction, 
 nlcss there be sinuiltaneous ni>plications for the 
 Li p lot, when it is to be again put up to auction. 
 ' Scos. I'.i, 20, 21, 22, 2,'i, & 2G. FUcd I'rUe.- 
 \nv niTPOa may, on paying tlie expense of survey, 
 Kloft from unoccupied land not being town lands 
 (,r lamb reserved for sale, or under lease, and pur- 
 I'hbe bv private contract at the fixed price of 
 1/ iipr iiore. .'i20 acres in one or more adjoining 
 l„a iif not less than 40 acres each. In tjic case 
 ,1' ffliat are termed 'unsettled lands' tlie (price 
 ■ j^ij (,n acre, aud the size of the lot not greater 
 than W'l acres. (.Sec. 70.) Any land obtained 
 ill contravention of this restriction is to be for- 
 feited. The land tlius selected to be subject to all 
 nilojto be prescribed as to form or figure of such 
 lots, ni«l must be surveyed before grant issued. 
 
 Sees. 27 to 'Ai. Payment of Pnrchtise Monci/. — 
 rurcliasers may elect at time of purchase to buy 
 on creiiit. or for prompt payment (i. e. at auctions 
 ono-lil'tlulown and the residue witiiin one month; 
 at rivatc sale the whole down). Where ci edit is 
 cliojcn, whether tlic purchase be at auction or by 
 private contract, one-fifth of the price is to bo 
 added l)v way of premium, and one-fifth of the 
 rurLTPgaic sum is to be paid down, and the residue 
 l)v annual instalments of one-tentli. On failure 
 in raraicnt if any instalment within GO days, the 
 land ij to be put iip again to sale by auction ; and 
 ifthcovenlue instalment is not paid 14 days pre- 
 vious to the day fixed for the sale, then the 
 deposit and all previous instalments are to bo 
 forfeited, anil the land is to revert to the Crown 
 to be sold by auction for not less than the 
 biilancc due. If sold for more than the balance 
 due aud deposit, the excess to be paid to tlic 
 0ri2iu.1l purchaser. Instalments may be paid 
 off at any time, aud in th.'-.t case the credit pre- 
 mium is to be proportionately reduced. No land 
 is to be sold on credit where the price is less 
 tlisn l.i/. 
 
 Sees. 3C & 37. Transfer.— tio purchaser can 
 transfer bis laud without the written consent of 
 the Commissioner, until the whole i)urcliasc money 
 is paid; but it will pass to his devisee, or in case 
 of intestacy to his personal representative, i. e. 
 executor or administrator. 
 
 Sees. 41 to 49. //fosM.— The Commissioner 
 
 must advertise, from time to time, lands for leases 
 
 i:ot exceeding 14 years, fixing the rent acording 
 
 to the best estimate he is able to form ; provided 
 
 that if the land has been previously let or occupied 
 
 under a depasturing license within one year prior 
 
 10 such notice, the annual rent is not to be less 
 
 than 1/. per 100 ceres ; but if the land has not 
 
 I been so occupied, then the annual rent is not to 
 
 i be less than Ifls. per 100 acres. 
 
 Ruikai/s §-c.— The Governor in Council may 
 
 M lands for railways or tramways at a peppcr- 
 
 1 com rent. 
 
 Pastoral Leases.— The Commissioner may, with- 
 I wt advertisement, lease for any term not exceed- 
 ing 10 years, and at an annual rent of not less 
 j ttai 1/. per 100 acres, pastoral lands not previously 
 I Mcupied within a year. The lots arc to contain 
 I lot less than 500 nor more than 2,500 acres. The 
 1 tent of every lease is to be payable half yearly in 
 l«ilvance,and the lease is to bc'detorminable if 'the 
 liait is not paid within a month, also upon a six 
 Iwths' notice given with the consent of the 
 lUemor in Council if the knd is required for 
 l«lc. In this latter case tlie lessee is to be entitled 
 l» compensation (to be fixed by valuation) for 
 
 permanent improvements. If the land be not sold, 
 the lessee is to have the option of continuing liis 
 lease. 
 
 The Amending Act, No. 4 (I8('i7), provides 
 (sees, ii to 7) for the proclamation .and leasinir of 
 agricultural arc.is, for securing their occupation 
 by the lessee or some member of his family, and 
 for raising money by debentures for the construc- 
 tion of roads and bridges within them. It makes 
 provision (sees. 10 to 18) for the lease of lands for 
 mining purposes. It extends (sec. Ut) the pro- 
 visions of the Act of 1803, which appropriates one- 
 fourth of the nett receipts from the sale or le.'ise of 
 laud to the construction of roads ; (sec. 20) and 
 of other public works also. It fixes (sec. 21) the 
 lowest upset price of land at 20». an acre, subji ct 
 to a reduction with approval of the (Jovernor 
 in Council to not less than 10s. an acre if the 
 land is not sold within three months of the auc- 
 tion. It also makes (sec. 20) provision for the 
 leasing of Crown reserves, and (sec. 2(!) for the 
 f,rant of land to municipalities for numicipal 
 purposes. 
 
 The Act No. 27 of 1867 was passed with re- 
 ference to a contemplated immigration of luiro- 
 peans from India, and authorises the (Governor to 
 resarve for three years an area not exceeding 
 60,000 acres at Castra in the county of Devon, and 
 allows a remission of purchase- money to n.iy 
 persons who may arrive as cx|)ectod. Wlien .'),0(i0 
 acres h.ive been selected the Governor is to 
 expend a sum not exceeding 10,?. an acre, to bo 
 raised by debentures, in constructing roads and 
 bridges in the tract so selected. 
 
 New Zealand. 
 
 This colony is divided into nine province?, with 
 a separate Government in each. There is also a 
 General Government over the whole. In the live 
 provinces of Nelson, Marlborough, Canterbury, 
 Otago, aud Southland (formerly part of Otago, 
 but now created a new provii.ce), the Crown has 
 extinguished by purchase the native title over all 
 the lands. In the other four provinces, which arc 
 situated in the Northern Island, viz. Auckland, 
 Wellington, Taranaki (formerly New Plymouth), 
 and Hawke's Day, this result has only been par- 
 tially effected, and the native title still exists 
 over large tracts. 
 
 An Act (26 Vict. No. 42) has been passed by the 
 General Assembly, enabling natives to sell their 
 lands to private individuals. Previously they 
 were prohibited from alienating theii lands, ex- 
 cept to the Cro\vn. 
 
 The minagement of the Crown lands throughout 
 the col .ny has, by the Imperial Act l."» iSr l(i 
 Vict. c. 72, granting the colony a Constitution, 
 been vested in the (Jencral Assembly. Tlu 
 General Assembly, in its session of 18.')8, atcot.l- 
 ingly passed an Act, No. 75, to regulate the disposal 
 and administration of the waste lands of the Crown 
 in New Zealand. This Act (called ' The Waste 
 Lands Act, 1858 ') gives validity to all regulations 
 for the disposal of the waste lands of the Crown 
 previously in force in the different provinces, ex- 
 cept so far as they itiav be inconsistent with the 
 Act. 
 
 The following are two of the principal pro- 
 visions of this Act : — 
 
 Not more than 320 acres shall be put up to sale 
 by auction in one lot, and the upset price shall in 
 no case be less than 6s. an acre. After the 1st of 
 August 18G0, no land shall be sold upon credit 
 except what may be lawfully set apart for special 
 settlement by expected immigrants. Priority of 
 choice for the same piece of land shall, in no cose, 
 be decided by lot, but by auction, at which onlj 
 
 
 I.! 
 

 374 
 
 COLONIES- COLONY TRADE 
 
 
 '}H . 
 
 I ; 
 
 
 f f; 
 
 the applicants for the lot phall bo allowed to bid. 
 This provision not to extend to applications heard 
 before the Waste Lands Itonrd at Canterbury. 
 (Sec. 1.) 
 
 The Governor in Council may, upon the repre- 
 sentation of the superintendent and council of any 
 province, augment the price at which the Crown 
 lands in that province shall be offered for sale. 
 (Sec. 2.) 
 
 Wkst Indiks. 
 Crown lands and forests may under Act No. 14 
 of 18(!1 be sold by auction at an upset price of not 
 Icjs than 1/. per acre. 
 
 Antigtui ami Dominica,— The. smallest lot 
 sold is 40 acres, except in certain localities for 
 villages. 
 
 British Gniarta, — The disposal of Crown lands 
 is now regidated by Act No. 14 of 1861, which 
 saves the rip^hta of the owners of plantations 
 who, under the old rcfpilatioiis of their High 
 Mightinesses the States of Holland, are en- 
 titled to second or other deptlis of 250 acres 
 as soon as two-thirds of the first grant are '.n 
 cultivation. 
 
 It is not the practice in British Guiana to open 
 on survey any lands for settlement until after 
 application has been made to the Government for 
 some particular tract. 
 
 Trinidad. — The price of Crown land is 2A per 
 acre. All limitations as to the number of acres 
 have fallen into desuetude. Lagoon or swampy 
 land is sold at a lower rate, and building lots are 
 higher, depending on competition, 
 
 Bahamas. — The mode of sale is by auction, but 
 the (iovornor is from time to time to name the 
 upset price, which is never to Ix; loss than Gs. per 
 acre. Land once exposed to auction may, in the 
 discretion of the Governor, be aftcnvards sold 
 by private contract, at not less than the upset price 
 of such land. The ordinary size of the lots in the 
 Bahamas is to be 20 acres, but lots of 5 acres may, 
 if thought expedient, be disposed of. 
 
 Jamaica. — There are no regulations in force in 
 this island for the disposal of public lauds, pasture 
 licenses t&c. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 
 The conditions and regulations relative to the 
 disposal of Crown lands in this colonj' are contained 
 in Acts No. 2 of 1800, No. 19 of 1864, and Nos. 4 
 and 12 of 1867 ; and in future all waste and unap- 
 propriated Crown lands will be sold subject to an 
 annual quit rent on each lot, and at a rcser\-ed 
 price suflicient to defray the costs of inspection, 
 ercctiou of beacons, survey, and title dee<l. 
 
 Natal. — I. The unappropriated Crown lands in 
 this colony ore sold m freehold, and by public 
 auction only. 
 
 2. Unless it is otherwise notified, the upset price 
 ■will be As, per acre, but the Governor f^r the time 
 being will have the power to fix such • .gher upset 
 price as the locality or other circumstances may 
 rcnfler expedient, of which due notice will always 
 be publicly given. I^nds uot sold at auction 
 may at any time within three years aftcr^vards 
 be "purchased by private contract at the upset 
 price. 
 
 Mauuitius. 
 The Crown lands, with the exception of portions 
 reser\'ed for special purposes, shall be sold in per- 
 petuity or ieased at the discretion of the Governor, 
 but may not be alienated from the Crown by free 
 grants. 
 
 Ceylon. 
 Crown lands are sold by auction at an upset price 
 fixed by the Governor, o't not less than 1/. per acre. 
 They must be previously surveyed bj- the Govern- 
 ment and duly advertised. 
 
 HoNO KOKO. 
 
 The Crown lands are disposed of only on Icasf, 
 by public auction for a premium or lionus at a 
 fixed rental. 
 
 Labuan. 
 
 The method here is similar to that in Hoii" Ron" 
 
 Summary of Modes of Sale, and Prices, m n,^ 
 Principal Land- Selling Colonies. 
 
 Cutony 
 
 North Amkrican 
 
 Cor^oifiiu :_ 
 Canada (WrI) - 
 
 Canada (East) 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 New Hrun^wlck 
 
 Prince Edward Is- 
 land. 
 Newfoundland 
 
 British Columbia 
 
 VancouTcr Island • 
 
 Al'STRAf.lAN C(l(.0- 
 
 New Soutti Wales 
 
 Queensland 
 
 South Australia 
 Victoria - 
 
 Western Australia 
 
 Mode of Hale 
 
 Fripe II 
 
 Tasmania 
 
 New ZenIand(Crown 
 tantts). 
 
 Falkland* 
 
 Sierra Leone 
 
 Bahamas 
 
 Turli-s Island and 
 
 CaicoM. 
 Britiih (iuiana 
 Trinidail - 
 Other West India 
 
 Colonies. 
 Honduras 
 
 Cape of Good Hope 
 
 Natal - 
 
 Mauritius 
 Cejlon 
 
 Hong Kong 
 
 Labuan - 
 
 Filed iirlce for a 
 whole township, 
 and for lots in 
 townships. till 
 public notice of 
 auction ; after- 
 wards, and for all 
 other lands, auc- 
 tion. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Fixnl price 
 Auction and filed 
 
 price for actual 
 
 setUement. 
 
 Auction - 
 
 Auction. Lands 
 not sold after se- 
 cond auction may 
 be iKjuKht at the 
 ul»set price. 
 
 Auction. After- 
 wanls upset price 
 to tie fixed price.. 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Auction. Country 
 lands not sold at 
 auction may after- 
 wards lie bought 
 at the upset price. 
 
 Ditto . . 
 
 Ditto 
 
 1. Hy selection at 
 Bxeil price. 
 
 2. By auction 
 
 Filed price for agri- 
 cultural lands. 
 
 Auction for town, 
 suburban, and 
 mineral. 
 
 Auction and private 
 sales at U. per 
 acre. 
 
 Auction, Ibr town 
 and suburban 
 lands. Filed price 
 Kenerally for 
 country lands. 
 
 Auctiim. Country 
 lands not sold at 
 auctionmavafter- 
 warda he Bought 
 at the upset price. 
 
 DitlQ - . 
 
 Ditto 
 Ditto 
 
 Fiietl price 
 Auction - 
 Ditto 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Auction, subject to 
 
 a quit-rent. 
 Auction - 
 
 Ditto 
 Ditto 
 
 Auction. Only leases 
 granted. 
 
 Auction. leases for 
 9!)9 years. Filed 
 rent and hiilillnip 
 on the premium 
 for the lea.se. 
 
 For a whole t„w„,hi,, 
 
 Yj M. CUtTHlCV, U. 
 
 Irf. blerlinft. 
 Frar lots in lownihip, : 
 
 •;••, °"' '^u'renci, 
 
 I Id. NteTlinK. ' ' 
 For all other l»,,i, 
 
 upset price j..(u,. ; 
 
 reiiry, 4«. ii. „„. 
 
 lintf. 
 1«. & Zi. ditto, X. 
 
 cordini(toiitu,tioii, 
 
 iUd. tu «. 6u. utr. 
 
 ling. 1 
 
 U. U<7. sterllnj. | 
 '^. hd. sttrljnc uiiiw 
 
 piice, with aip„| 
 
 cent, discuunt for 
 
 ready money. ' 
 !>: t</ ao»., acrardiin 
 
 to sllualiun. 
 Upset price, J,, c,,. 
 
 rency, l». w. i\a. 
 
 ling. 
 
 I'pset price for countn 
 laud,, u, y. If 
 town lots ICIi In 13« 
 feet) upset |iri.fM. 
 
 Upset price U. tl. 
 
 Upset price if. il«. 
 Imi:. 
 
 Ditto,in'A(!liciitanll 
 Heservw ' rt-ltfwl I 
 without comyetition. 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 W. Ixils leased for 7 
 years at v<. an am. 
 
 Upset price net \ea 
 than \l. sn acn;, 
 Prompt paymeit. i 
 
 lOr. 
 
 Upset price for toin I 
 and subuttisn, to bt I 
 tiled by (iorenior, j 
 for mineral Ismii, < 
 tOi. I 
 
 Upset price to lie liittl 
 by tJoTemmait, \m i 
 not lower tlian llii. ^ 
 an acre. 
 
 Fixed price in 1 pro- 1 
 vince:! lOl. In \tx 
 remaininff it itaa 
 61. to 4II>. I 
 
 Upset price, it. Mff. I 
 ling- 
 
 Ditto, U. ii. 
 Ulllo, liu. 
 Ditto, 4i. 
 
 10 dollar). 
 Upset prii-e, 2/. 
 Upset price, I'. 
 
 Minimum upwtpritf, 
 
 No tixed upset pnc(. 
 
 Upset price, <<■ ««• 
 
 llnK- 
 Nofliedupsat"". 
 Upset price, to leliiM 
 
 by (loremor, kl 
 
 not to lie iBi llui 
 
 .5». ilerlinl. 
 The lowest HMO rwi- 
 
 si for taiWv, »< 
 
 (limi.loU lii'.l" 
 
 acre. HlulmliU". 
 
 hitherto, I*'- 
 Upset annual rwiul" 
 
 Marint lot'. !!"»• 
 
 rally IW J"'' P" 
 
 sere- 
 land unsold «l aK- 
 
 tion «< piirchai'l" 
 
 at upset p'iif • 
 
COLONIES— COLONY TRADE 
 
 375 
 
 Tnkk of Colonial Public Lands Alienated and Itemaining for Alienation at the Date of the Last 
 
 Returns. 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 .Amount 
 Alienated 
 
 Kstlmated Atnutint 
 
 Eslimatetl Amr'unt 
 
 Surreyed and open 
 for Sctlleincnt 
 
 acres 
 
 
 (•■jlony 
 
 rem.ilnini( for 
 Alienation 
 
 available for 
 Settlement 
 
 Date of Return 
 
 S„«i» Am""'*" CiiiONlM. 
 
 acres 
 
 acres 
 
 acre* 
 
 
 
 21,1SH,.1I« 
 rj,l)89,1j7 
 
 s(!,n8,ins 
 
 ll.^,.1l.1,tl3 
 
 ..* 
 
 J 10,000,000 
 
 ne<ember.11, IS65 
 
 Prii;*h Coliimhia 
 \,. I)nim«ic« 
 
 These partii-uliin cannot be jriven with any ace 
 
 uracy 
 
 
 7,non,noi) 
 
 >i,nwf)no 
 
 8,l.()0,00ll 
 
 iMjnnn 
 
 isr.r, 
 
 t,\or,fivt 
 
 3,641,1111 
 
 .^)0,0(K) 
 
 85,000 
 
 ISdIi 
 
 8i.i,5»:i 
 
 1,207,4.18 
 
 356,676 
 
 777,43s 
 
 18611 
 
 •Al.Vi 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 l,9j.5 
 
 1S51 
 
 
 hay 43^10 
 
 Say ».100,000 
 None 
 
 Not known 
 
 _ 
 
 1866 
 
 All 
 
 None 
 
 None 
 
 1811 
 
 A,!T»AllAI»l-Vo!«I«. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S„So.ithWal» 
 
 KiTueP'ortrhllirp) 
 
 riiminij 
 
 Wriem Australia - - 
 
 9,ll2.(Vmf 
 
 1S9,.M4,I72 
 
 1«9,.'.1 1,172 
 
 See remarkst 
 
 nriemlier31, ISCG 
 
 .')M0,0.1I 
 
 AlioTe.lH 1,0110,000 
 
 No accurate return 
 
 isr,5 
 
 9,M1,.VJC| 
 
 46,282,.il3 
 
 3?,9U5,.',64 
 
 5,SOO,000 
 
 June .10, 1867 
 
 .■i,7.'8,!19ll 
 
 1.1,069,1)114 
 
 Not known 
 
 302,191 
 
 1N67 
 
 1,12.1,116 
 
 624,449,8!)0| 
 
 »» 
 
 None 
 
 December 31,1867 
 
 wrA.iHr.l.a («clu.lTe of 
 Nonbtinunriiorj) - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,211,170 
 
 2tI,<J29.8.'.8 
 Varies as the Go. 
 
 " 
 
 31i,960 
 
 December 31, IS65 
 
 
 
 Temment make 
 
 48,000,000 In 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 2,709,475 
 
 from time to 
 
 Middle Island, 
 
 ! 
 
 IS60 
 
 NeiZal""! • 
 
 time lnr«e pur- 
 
 and 6,000,000 in 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 chases from the 
 natives J 
 
 Northern Island 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 Wbt I.10IB. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 .Umiiri 
 lUb»m» 
 
 Not staled 
 
 Not known 
 
 Not knnnm 
 
 Not known 
 
 1859 
 
 *f 
 
 1,853,522 
 
 Not stated 
 
 Not stated 
 
 1849 
 
 l«.iidl!l«l»li: 
 AnlMHU • 
 
 ^_ 
 
 Not known 
 
 Not known 
 
 No survey 
 
 1852 
 
 (Unknown, but 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 
 Dominio • 
 
 I the ()uantitv is 
 I larRe 
 
 a'i'i 
 
 } •• 
 
 •■ 
 
 .. - 
 
 IS -.2 
 
 Sl.fhretovte'i 
 MonliMia • 
 
 None 
 
 None 
 
 None 
 
 ;; 
 
 Nnis 
 
 Tortols 
 
 AII(lV,20n) 
 
 Noite 
 
 None 
 
 None 
 
 1852 
 
 
 No return 
 
 No return 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 tolailon • 
 Ciwula ■ 
 
 All 
 
 None 
 
 None 
 
 None 
 
 18.52 
 
 74,5.1« 
 
 2,01 K) 
 
 None 
 
 .. 
 
 185* 
 
 Si. I'incOTt • 
 Tokajo • 
 Si. f.ufiJ - " 
 
 Sly .57,nnn 
 
 Say 2,.';on 
 
 Nine 
 
 ** 
 
 1852 
 
 Not known 
 
 Not known 
 
 Not known 
 
 None 
 
 18.52 
 
 TrilrJ*! 
 
 2.17. Hfil) 
 
 H8.'.,(>;0 
 
 
 
 18.58 
 
 Riiliililioiliia^ 
 Honilorn 
 
 Sav 2,OOU,000 
 No return 
 
 Say 45,l)tiO,000 
 No retunt 
 
 S.lY 45i6oO,000 
 No return 
 
 None 
 
 1858 
 
 Turt'i Wand anJ Caitw 
 
 f» 
 
 •• 
 
 " 
 
 
 •• 
 
 1 Othm Cowmm. 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 r»peo((joodHope 
 .Viul . - - 
 
 ,16,2fi'.,S7» 
 
 61,0.17,122** 
 
 . *• 
 
 ..** 
 
 1865 
 
 7,(r.ii,.s:il 
 
 4,469,109 
 
 3,219,109 
 
 ..H 
 
 1852 
 
 
 Not stateil 
 
 Not slated 
 
 Uncertain 
 
 Not stated 
 
 1841 
 
 ■Sirrrn I.6one • * 
 
 No return 
 
 No return 
 
 No return 
 
 .. 
 
 
 (!f4(ll'oa>t - ' 
 
 None 
 
 Uncertain 
 
 Uncertain 
 
 None 
 
 1852 
 
 Si. Helena 
 
 No return 
 
 No return 
 
 No return 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Ct^!i)n 
 
 SSl.OK? 
 
 Not known 
 
 Not known 
 
 Not known 
 
 1860 
 
 .Miuritiui 
 
 No return 
 
 No return 
 
 No return U 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 Hfrij Konj{ - - - 
 lahuin . . - 
 
 780 
 772 
 
 20,228 
 
 21 ,000 
 
 '• 
 
 1867 
 18.52 
 
 Auckland IslaniU 
 
 No return 
 
 No return 
 
 No return 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 hitland Iilands 
 
 yiH),oi)0§5 
 
 3,1)110.0001111 
 None 
 
 
 
 ]8.>2 
 
 H'UcoUid • 
 
 None 
 
 None 
 
 None 
 
 18.52 
 
 (iibraltar ■ • - 
 
 
 *, 
 
 „ 
 
 n 
 
 1852 
 
 .Valia. 
 
 No nlum 
 
 No return 1 No return 
 
 
 
 'Thelotalsn^cfrpperranadn, within the watershed of the St. I^lwrenie and the Lakes, is 77,606,150 acres, and of Lower Canad.^ 
 l,ll,(ii(,«lW; total area of Canaila, 212,1109,2.50. ... . ,, ». „,.„,,. . .„,„ 
 
 t Indude. l,'i9'i,36S acres, sold conditionally. The colony of Queensland harmg been separated from New houth Wale, m the year 1859, 
 the area so i.iken has been deducted ir compiling this statement. ... . . ... .... 
 
 •; Theuraiinu leases eitend over 2-3ds OTlhe colony. It is only partially surveyed. Numerous portions of surTeyed land are a»allable for 
 immrtliale ijutchase. . _. 
 
 ( Tlie estimated area of Victn.'a is about .55,600,000 acres, or 86,875 squvt mdes. 
 
 I Within the limits ot Western Australia, ojien to selection. 
 
 ^ Roundaries of Kritish Gui.ina still undefined. ... , ...... 
 
 <• The wcondi'olumn Includes Moan places,' missionary Institutions, common.i«es, land Ions since »ur»eyed, the Kat lllver Settlement, 
 •nnlois rtogti.karrM (desert) /iiada slic. ; and is )(iven only approiimately from the estimated area of the colony, 117,303,000 acres. The 
 3ri and llhroluniiia cannot, therefote, be filleil In till after a general survey. 
 
 ^' Abo!it;01olsinditteTentpartsof thecolony, varvinRfrom 15,000to 2,000 acres. 
 
 ;: No limit can lie placed on the amount of land that can be made available for sale in Kowloon, or In Victoria, by reclamation from the sea. 
 
 |l Oranled or leased. 
 
 II Much of the land Is mountainous. 
 
 Rights of Commonage and Leasfis of Pas- \ 
 TURK Lands in Australia. 
 
 iVcw South fFafei.— The following is the sub- 
 I stance of the principal provisions of the Grown 
 
 Lands Ocaipation Act, No. 2 of 25 Vict., 1861. 
 
 For the purposes of the Act the Crown Lands arc 
 Niviilcdjnto three classes; viz. 'First-class Set- 
 1 tied Districts,' ' Second-class Settled Districts,' and 
 
 'Unsettled Districts.' It repeals the Acts ofl 
 
 Council, 11 Vict. No. Gl and 16 Vict. No. 29, and 
 I toe Orders in Council and Regulations issued 
 hnder the Imiicrial Act, 9 and 10 Vict. c. 104, 
 I sating all rights already acquired under them, i 
 lit empowers the Governor, with the advice of the I 
 lUecutive Council, to proclaim anj- part of the ' 
 
 unsettled districts to be within the Second-clas.i 
 Settled Districts,' but so as not to affect existing 
 leases. (Sec. 3.) 
 
 It prohibits the rcnowal of exi.sting leases, ex- 
 cept under the provisions of the Act, and enables 
 the Government to withdraw from any runs lands 
 required for town or village sites, for internal 
 communications, or for any public purpose what- 
 ever. (Sees. 4 & 0.) 
 
 It then provides that Crown lands not comprised 
 within ' old runs ' (that is, runs under leases or 
 licenses granted or contracteu to be granted before 
 February 22, 1858, in the second-class settled or 
 unsettled districts) or not comprised within certain 
 distances of towns or villages, and not being pub- 
 lic reserves, may be leascil, subject to the provi- 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 ■ f. 
 
 ■ 
 
•I 
 
 
 I i» 
 
 376 
 
 sioiis of the r.olil Fields Act (20 Vict., Xo. 20) 
 and withdiit competition, for pnHtornl purposes, for 
 1 year if in the lirst-class wttled districts — and 
 for •> years if within the second-class settled dis- 
 tricts or the unseltled districts — or if rcqnired for 
 ferries, bridRCs, whar^•es, mnchiuerv for saw-mills 
 &c. — and for 14 yearsif for mineral purposes other 
 than pold mining. (Sec. 10.) 
 
 Leases of runs in the (irst-class settled districts 
 arc to contain not less than 1 square mile, and 
 arc all to expire on December 31, with the ripht, 
 however, of renewal annuallj-, by payment of a 
 rent for the ensuiuf,' year, at the rate of 2/. per 
 square mile, or such liighcr rate as tiie lessees 
 may be paying, subject nevertheless to the right 
 of the Government to withdraw the lands for sale 
 or for any public purpose The holders of land in 
 fee simple may also acquire, without competition, 
 at the rent of 21. per square mile, leases of adjoin- 
 ing l.ind to the extent of three times their pur- 
 chased land. Competitors for the same tract of 
 land are to have it divided between them by ar- 
 bitration. Crown lands not previously under 
 lease, or subject to a pre-emptive right of lease, are 
 to be sold by auction after 1 month's notice 
 of sale in the '(iazettc,' at an upset price of 
 1/. per square mile, or ctf 10s. if half the cur- 
 rent year should have expired, and the whole 
 of the purcliase money is to be pai<i at the 
 time of sale. If not sold at auction, the land 
 may be afterwards purchased by private contract 
 at the upset price ; but the sale by the Govern- 
 ment of any portion of the land undir lease is to 
 cancel so much of the lease as relates to the 
 land sold and to 3 times the adjoining area. 
 (Sees. 2 & 12.) 
 
 With regard to lands in the ' Second-class Set- 
 tled Districts' or in the Unsettled Districts.' the 
 Governor, with the advice of the Executive Coun- 
 cil, may grant leases, subject to the following 
 conditions: — 1. Existing leases of runs may be 
 converted into leases for 5 years under the Act, 
 by payment, w^ithin 2 months of the ' Gazette ' 
 notice, of a rent to be determined by appraisement 
 of the fair annual value (exclusive of improve- 
 ments) «f the lands for pastoral purj^oses; and on 
 such conversion the runs cease to be liable to as- 
 sessment under the Act 22 Vict. No. 17. 2. Leases 
 of 'old nins' may, on their expiration, be in 
 like manner converted into leases for 5 years. ,S. 
 After the first year the rent is to be payable on 
 December 31, with a line of 8 per cent, if in arrcar 
 not more than 3 months, and of 10 per cent, if 
 mf>re than 3 months ; and if in arrcar G months 
 the lease to be forfeited. 4. These leases are not 
 to confer any right to purchase pre-emption. 5. 
 The Crown may resume without compensation 
 (except a return of a proportionate part of the 
 rent) any of the lands under lease required for 
 town or village sites, or for any public purpose 
 whatever; but the lessee has then the option of 
 surrendering the lease if he thinks fit, and ob- 
 taining a re-fund of the full balance of the rent. 
 (Sec. 13.) 
 
 The additional regulations, dated April 28, 18C5, 
 provide more effectually for the appraisement of 
 the fair annual value of runs prior to their conver- 
 sion into leases for 5 years under the Act, more 
 particularly as to the mode of making the ap- 
 praisements, which are required to be determined 
 m open Court at a place proclaimed for the pur- 
 pose, upon due enquiry and consideration of any 
 evidence submitted to the appraisers, and taking 
 into account every natural advantage? or clement 
 of value possessed by a rim (exclusive of im- 
 provements), whether made available by the 
 lessee or not. 
 
 COLONIES— COLONY TRADE 
 
 Forfeited leases are disposed of by auction 
 (Sec. 17.) * 
 
 ICacli run is put up at a minimum ii]mt rental 
 and the lease sold to the person whoniay oiVerih ! 
 highest premium for the purchase thereof 'JIu'. 
 purchaser is required to pay down at tli,. time ,.{ 
 sale a deposit equivalent to 25 percent.of tlic pVo- 
 mium, if any offered, for the lease, toicetherwiili 
 the upset rent for the year, and the bal'anci- of ii,,, 
 purchase money must be paid iuto the Trca.«iir\- 
 within three months of the dav of sale, nr in .|e. 
 fault the sale becomes void, an(J the nraonntniiiij 
 by way of deposit arc forfeited. Kims ofwlii,.!, 
 the leases may remain unsold after liavintj l«f'i 
 twice offered for sale at auction mav be nhtaincil 
 on application at the rent at which thevwere Lw 
 offered. 
 
 The Governor, with the advice of the Exccutiv.' 
 Council, may proclaim pastoral districts in tlie 
 ' second-class settled ' or in the ' unsettled ills. 
 triets,' to be open for the formation of runs. Tli^ 
 area of these runs not, in ordinary cases, to exceed 
 25 square miles, unless that extent be insufficient 
 in average seasons to depasture 4,000 slieoporHiiO 
 cattle. In such case the area may be enlarijcd to 
 not exceeding 100 square miles." The runs are 
 to be tendered for in a form prescribed for tlie 
 purpose, and, in case of competition, 'eased to the 
 highest tenderer. If the run be not stocked with 
 not less than 200 head of cattle or 1,000 shorn 
 within C months, or where water is to be rirovi. 
 ded by artificial means within 18 months, the ran 
 •s to be forfeited, and may then be leased hv auc- 
 tion. A receipt from the Colonial Treiisurer 
 showing the deposit of 25 per cent, of the rent 
 offered, must accompany each tender; and the 
 money is to be retained or returned accordin;M^ 
 the tender is accepted or rejected. I'cndiiif,An- 
 praiscmcnt of the fair annual value of land m 
 I)astoral purposes, runs may be held from year h> 
 year subject to a rent of 10/. per annum,' and to 
 assessment under the Act 27 Vict. No, 17 is ,■ 
 14.) _ ^ ■ 
 
 If a lessee by artificial means increases toaecr- 
 tain extent the permanent depasturing capacitvof 
 the land, he will be entitled to an extension of'his 
 lease to 10 years, (Sec. 15.) 
 
 The owners in fee simple of l.inds within the 
 unsettled and second-class settled districts hive 
 the same right of pre-emptive leases of adjoining 
 Crown lands as are granted to fee simple proprie- 
 tors of lands in the first-class settled districts ; 
 and, as in the case of lands in those districts, a sale 
 cancels a lease as regards the land sold and three 
 times the adjoining area. (Sees. 16 & 18.) 
 
 A limited right of depasturing stock, travelling 
 over_ leased lands, and also the right to duly au- 
 thorised persons to cut timber or to search for 
 minerals, are reserved. (Sees. 19 <fe 21.) 
 
 Mining Leases. — The Government may pant 
 mining leases (except for gold), not cxccdhnj 
 320 acres for coal, nor exceeding 80 acres for other 
 minerals, for a period not exceeding 14 years, with 
 the right of renewal for another 14 years, subject 
 to a rent of 5». per acre, payable aiinually in aJ- 
 Tance ; and to the condition of expending at the j 
 rate of 5/. per acre on the land within the first 3 i 
 years. The lessee may determine the lease on 
 giving 3 mouths' notice, but is not entitled to any i 
 refund of the rent. To renew the lease, the 
 lessee must give notice in writing to the Govern- 
 ment during the 13th year ; and the fine to be paid 
 on renewal is to be determined by appraisement, 
 but is in no case to be less than 2/. 10>. per acre. 
 (Sec. 22.) 
 
 There are certain other minor and formal pj"- 
 visions in tlie Act, including those for regulaiuij; 
 
 -!• , 
 
COLONIES— COLONY TRADE 
 
 377 
 
 .■,,(, jnpnintmpnt and dutips of .^pIlraisol■^^ ami 
 iriiitnitors ; ^"^ "'" fiTfRoi'if; nljstract embraces 
 •lit l,',i4in!; l<'iit'""cs of tlic nipcsurc. 
 jimUr Licenses nro. prantpd aiiiuially, tcrmi- 
 ,,iii„on licecmbrr 31, on pnymcnt of a fee, for 
 ratliiil' !"i^' '''"•' of timlu'r or bark (!/., for cutting 
 l0\ iidoil or bark only 2/., ami for quarrying 
 ;U.iic iVo. 1/. 
 
 South Austhama. 
 
 j)fwft«ring Jietfulations. — The bolder of any 
 „;i,ij,.,/laml within any hundred luit lieinj; wilh- 
 ij tliP li'iits of a District Council is entitled. 
 Mikitlic )iroclamation of April 2, IHO'2, should 
 there he sullicicnt commonage available, to a dc- 
 mm? license over the unappropriated waste 
 finds of the Crown within such hundred, for two 
 k.iil oluTCit cattle or twelve head of small cattle, 
 loreverv live acres of purchased land. 
 
 Tlic liccn«^ must be applied for to the Comniis- 
 sioners of Crown Lands, not later than 1st June in 
 ojchvear, and has a currency of 12 months from 
 Ut.liilv in each year. The fee payabh; is 4s. for 
 tviK lieiul «' gnat cattle, or six head of small 
 
 Ctittle. 
 Kesulations if District Councils arc subordinate 
 
 Vi-toral leases are also gmntcd, for M years, 
 ot lands out of hundreds. 
 
 'Jy an Act, No. 2U, of 22 Vict. (1858), Cro\.-n 
 lands for pasturage arc to be divided into two 
 
 cla«es. tlie lowest of which is to be assessed at 
 
 100 sheep per square mile, and the highest at 2.")0 
 
 sheep, liiii by an Act, No. 20, of 24 & 25 Vict. 
 
 (1661), this division of land into classes and the 
 fixed st.uidard of grazing capability are done 
 awavniih, and all land leased for pasture is in 
 future 111 be assessed according to its grazing 
 eapabiiiiies and situation, lly a later Act, No. 
 •.':'. of 1SIJ2, the wa.ste lands are divided, for pur- 
 poses of a.ssessment, into three classes, with cer- 
 tain boundaries: 1st class paying assessment 
 according to valuation under I'ormer Act ; 2nd 
 class paying one-half such assessment, and ex- 
 mpted from it for 7 instead of 4 years ; 3rd class 
 exempted altogether until Parliament shall other- 
 irise direct. 
 
 By an Act, No. 13, of 1803, the asscs.sment on 
 pastoral lanils may bo reduced by the Governor 
 witli tbc consent of the Executive Council on the 
 report of the v.iluator of runs, if application for the 
 purpose be made within 12 calendar months of 
 the publication of the assessment. 
 
 Under Act 20 of 1858 leases arc renewable, on 
 expiry of first term of 14 years, for a further 
 perio('lof fivcyears at avalualion; and Act No. 8 
 ct 1864 provides that the value of useful and sub- 
 stantial improvements effected by lessees shall be 
 i allowed to them by a reduction in the amount of 
 I rent payable under v<-^\x valuation. 
 
 7'im6fr licenses are granted annually, terminable 
 I on 31st December, on payment of a fee of 5/. 
 I Half-yearly licenses arc issued on payment of a 
 I fee of 3/. ; quarterly licenses to remove timber 2/. 
 
 Pasture licenses are also granted in Western 
 I .Australia, Quecasland, and New Zealand. 
 I Considering that it may, speaking generally, bo 
 jlaiddownthatinNew South Wales from 3 to4 acres 
 I sretequircd to depasture a single sheep, it is obvious 
 I that the plan of selling such land at a minimum 
 jpricc of 12s. or 20s. an acre would effectually prc- 
 I vent itsbeing bought for pastoral purposes; and, in 
 Ipomt of fact, incomparably the greater number 
 lot the sheep belonging to the colony are depas- 
 Itocd on what has been called the squatting si/siem. 
 |A capitalist intending to become a wool grower 
 Ifomcrly took out an annual license, for which he 
 
 paid 10/., authorising him to dcpn.sture a run, or 
 tract of lam!, of no definite niiigiiitudc, but usually 
 varying iiisi/c from 3.11(1(1 or 4,000 to perhaps 
 2iJ,U00 or 30,000 acres, uitder the important proviso 
 (which, however, has not been enfon-ed) that he 
 should p.iy in addition an aiuiual rent of \)l. for 
 every head of sheep and of 37. fur every head of 
 cattlti depa-stured on the rim. This system h.iviiig 
 been .icted upon for a lengthened jieriod, the runs 
 began to be regtirdcd as a sort of quasi proiierty ; 
 and those in preferable situ.ttions were disposed of 
 by one holder to another for considerable sums. 
 In the end, however, (iovernment was forced to 
 interfere with this system; and the Act 9 it 10 
 Vict. c. 104 empowered the authorities to eject 
 persons unlawfully occupying waste lands, provided 
 they had not held thorn witliout interruption fur 
 21 years prcvioii.sly to the pissing of the Act. If 
 they had done this, their title was secured. From 
 the jiassingof thLs Act, anew and complicated sys- 
 tem has been adopted for the disposal of waste lands. 
 Under its operation vast tracts have been let, of what 
 were at the time unsettled districts, for 14 years 
 with a right of pre-emption, without copipetition, 
 at 1/. jier acre. But, in the mean time, portions 
 of the land so disposed of, being found to contain 
 deposits of gold, have suddenly become of the 
 greatest value ; while other and far more exten- 
 sive portions in the vicinity of the ' diggings' ar(! 
 urgently recpiircd for agricultural purposes. Under 
 such circumstances we need not be surprised that 
 the question in regard to the lands held, or alleged 
 to be held, uiuler 14 years' leases with a right of 
 pre-emption shoidd have become of equal import- 
 ance and difficulty. Owing to the want of surveys 
 an<l defined boundaries, few of the occupiers of 
 waste lands have obtained leases ; and while, on 
 the one hand, they insist on the fullilment of their 
 contracts, they arc opposed, on the other, by the 
 great bulk of the population, who justly object to 
 the waste of the public property, and to the all 
 but irreparable injurj- that would be done to the 
 colony by handing over to a few individuals a vast 
 extent of what is now become very valuable land. 
 The idea that the leases, if granted, would be 
 effectual, is, in the present state of the colony, 
 quite preposterous. It is, in truth, all but contra- 
 dictory to suppose that in a country like Aiistrali.i, 
 with a population increasing hi numbers and wealth 
 with unparalleled rapidity, millions of acres of 
 the best situated lands should be engrossed, at 
 a mere nominal rent, by a handful of individuals. 
 If a system of this sort be not put an end to by 
 the interference of Government, it will, no doubt, 
 be forcibly suppressed by the coloni.sts themselves. 
 It is too Hagrant an absurdity to be tolerated, and 
 the better way would be to come, while it is yet 
 time, to some sort of compromise ; that is, to give 
 some compensation to the lessees for claims which 
 were conceded to them in ignorance, ami which 
 they cannot, in the existing state of things, main- 
 tain or make good. 
 
 Gvid Fields and 31invrs' Rights. — Uesidcs their 
 great pastoral and agricultural capabilities, the 
 Australian colonics possess vast mineral resources. 
 South Australia has already become noted for her 
 copper mines, and New South Wales and Vietori.i 
 (late Port Phillip) and New Zealand for their gold 
 fields. 
 
 By law all mines of gold tmd all ^o'd in its 
 natiiral place of deposit, whether on the lands of 
 the Crown or of private individuals, belong by pre- 
 rogative to the Crown; and whoever takes away 
 gold metal or ore containing gold, or digs for or 
 disturbs the soil on the waste lands of the Crown 
 in search of gold metal or ore, without having been 
 lirst didy authorised so to do, is liable to be pro- 
 
 
 i,i.,!>!;^:Lv 
 
378 
 
 COLONIES— COLONY TRADE 
 
 scciitoil iKith rriminnlly nml civilly, ami the gold Acts Imvc l>oc>n pnsspd by thn loonl I,om^|nti 
 may l)c scizi'd by the Crown, | regulating the right to dig for gold, and iiiiij( J^' 
 
 In .South Australia, however, the Crown haa i a duty on its export. ' ''"^ 
 
 given up its right to minerals. The following ntatemcnt, laid on the coun ■'! 
 
 In Tasmania no gold regulations have been ' tabic at Sydney May 22, 1845), shows thi' eriir 
 issued, as no prolitable gold (ields have yet been | mous extent to which the Bquatting svstctii 7t' 
 diseovered. | which the leasing system is an off-slioot)'haa iJi'li 
 
 In New South Wales, Victoria, and New Zealand carried : — 
 
 
 i\- 
 
 .|--^- 
 
 13: ■' 
 
 i^'?'^ ■ 
 
 i 
 
 
 When Im Ihun tri.ntn acrei lir« held by «ch penon - 
 
 Nut above .'jO.ikhi . . . . 
 
 1llij,iio<) . . . . 
 
 l.'iO.IHK) . . - . 
 
 !Ii>ii,(jin) . . . . 
 
 »AO,0')l) . . . . 
 
 3011,11011 . . . . 
 
 4<)<l,lll)l) . . . . 
 
 4.vi,n(i() . . . . 
 
 fi.'iD.lKIII . . . - 
 
 S.'iO.IKX) . . . . 
 
 Number nf 
 
 Penoiiii hfilUing 
 
 l.lrenften 
 
 Number of 
 Llrente* 
 
 3Ionej paiil 
 for Ijii'etues 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 3.19 
 
 347 
 
 3,470 
 
 1S3 
 
 mo 
 
 I.HIIO 
 
 ua 
 
 l(<% 
 
 Ifiilt 
 
 33 
 
 fii 
 
 am 
 
 16 
 
 31 
 
 310 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 160 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 II 
 
 110 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 * 1 
 
 .') 
 
 AO 
 
 •i 
 
 i 
 
 M 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 AKO 
 
 H'ii} 
 
 M.WM) 
 
 Und held, In Acre, ' 
 
 ••.W9„V)4 
 J..T.>|/)|| 
 
 T.Ul.ui; 
 
 3,liW,li|i) 
 
 l,n'ji,f,.is 
 
 l,n<i4,Vll 
 
 I.ii;9,i..i] 
 
 IH\S(»I 
 
 * Eleven |>en<ins holding l,6;o,IOIt ecree In a colon; under an Infallible i|iecllic for prevenllnR the occumulallon of land inlhehiiuuj 
 few IndividiiaU I "wai | 
 
 From June 1, 1855, to December 31, m:> the i 
 number of miners' rights issued was 451,0(W.' 
 
 Bunness Licenses are issued at tlie 'follilffim; 
 rates, entitling the holders to occupy and cam' m 
 business on the g(dd tields on such portions nf the 
 Crown lands, not exceeding one niiartor of an 
 acre, as may be prescribed by the Lo 
 Board : — 
 
 vidiial: 
 
 Nkw South Wales. 
 
 A Colonial Act, 30 Viet. No. 8, ' The Gold Fields 
 Art of 186(>,' empowers the Governor to proclaim 
 Crown lands to be gold fields, and to grant 
 'miners' rights' at a fee of 10s. between January 
 1 and .Tune HO, and 5.«. after that date, subject to 
 certain regulations to be prescribed by the Go- 
 vernor ill Council. All miners' rights are to ter- 
 minate on December 31 in each year. (Sees. 3, 
 4, & 5.) 
 
 The Governor in Council may also grant ' Bus'- 
 ness Licenses,' which must terminate on December 
 31 in each year, the fee for which is 1/. if granted 
 between January 1 and June 30, and 10». if 
 granted after June 30. (Sec. 6.) 
 
 Leases of auriferous lands may bo obtained in 
 accordance with the laws in force for the time 
 being. The rent is to be fixed by the Governor 
 in Council. (.Sec. 7.) 
 
 The escort of gold from the principal gold fields 
 is undertfllicn by Government, at a charge of 8d. 
 per ounce. 
 
 The duty on gold exported from New South 
 Wales, whether by sea or land, is now fixed at 
 2». M. the troy oz., but the cu.stomH duty is not to 
 be leviable on gold which has paid dutv at the 
 Mint. 
 
 Queensland. 
 
 Four gold fields have been already discovered 
 and proclaimed in this colony, viz. at Clermont 
 (on the Peak Downs), at Talgai (on the Darling 
 Downs), near the town of Gladstone (Port Curtis), 
 and near the town of KocUampton, 
 
 ViCTORLV. 
 
 Under the 'Mining Statute, ISC'),' 29 Vict. 
 No. 2!n (passed November 28, 1865), « Miners' 
 Itights ' arc issued for any number of years not 
 exceeding 1."), at the rate of Us. for every year, 
 (.'onsolidated 'Miners' Rights' are issued for the 
 like period on the application of the manager, or 
 any trustee or trustees of any company of persons 
 ■who shall have agreed to work in partnership any 
 claims registered under the Act, on payment of a 
 sum at the prescribed rate, multiplied by the num- 
 ber of ' miners' rights ' which the same is to repre- 
 sent. 
 
 The ' miners' rights ' entitle the holders to take 
 possession for gold mining purposes, and for 
 residence, of so much of the Crown lands as may 
 be prescribed by the bye-laws of the Local Mining 
 Board of the district within which the land is 
 situated. 
 
 Local Milling I 
 
 For iix mnnlhii - 
 Kor twelve monthi 
 
 X 1. I 
 ■I V, II 
 5 U 
 
 Lenses of aurif trims Inmls are granted midertlie 
 provisions of the ' Mining Statute, 1865,' for anvl 
 term not exceeding 15 years. ' I 
 
 iJent.— The rent fixetl is at 1/. per acre icrl 
 annum. ' I 
 
 The total number of auriferous leases grantedl 
 down to December 31, 1866, was 3,098 for jOi)ij( 
 acres. ' I 
 
 The Export Duty on Gold during 18G7 toW.! 
 pel ounce troy, and on January 1, 1868. the esT 
 port of gold became duty free. I 
 
 The Gold Fields of Victoria are divided intosiil 
 principal districts. These are again dividcil intol 
 mining divisions or sub-districts, as occasion ma J 
 require, and are each placed under the supenwnf 
 of a warden. There is also a mining surveyor M 
 registrar for each division or suMivisioii. Ihi 
 districts now embrace the total area of thcdilonj, 
 save a small portion in the immediate vicinitv J 
 the city of Melbourne. ' r 
 
 This Table is taken as regards New South WiL 
 from the annual Statistical Register of the coIodJ 
 and as regards Victoria from official Colouial ref 
 ports : — ' 
 
 
 New South Wales 
 
 Victoria 1 
 
 Year 
 
 Quantity 
 exported 
 
 Value 
 
 Quantity 
 eiporled 
 
 ValDt 
 
 
 oz. 
 
 
 e 
 
 ISSl 
 
 \u,\in 
 
 468A16 
 
 I4J,I37 
 
 tw,"; 
 
 IS.^« 
 
 96;i,S73 
 
 .3,600,174 
 
 1,9«H,4W 
 
 ««.;!( 
 
 ISl.T 
 
 54S,OM 
 
 1,7»1,I71 
 
 •t.w.va 
 
 *M» 
 
 1g.M 
 
 ■^17,910 
 
 773,a.'9 
 
 •t.ui.m 
 
 sitaa 
 
 ISiA 
 
 64,3S4 
 
 «09,»iO 
 
 S,7ilAT5 
 
 I0,>8,l« 
 
 1S56 
 
 48,163 
 
 138,(107 
 
 S,9M,'JJl 
 
 I1,9(MS 
 
 1S57 
 
 llV-.,5li4 
 
 983,810 
 
 S,7M,4M 
 
 lo/wrai 
 
 IS.'iS 
 
 »i4,907 
 
 99 i, 960 
 
 ViSXii 
 
 10,101,01 
 
 18.^9 
 
 4.3A,!)U.'> 
 
 1,698,078 
 
 a,SI(0,9JI) 
 
 %\niis 
 
 ISfiO 
 
 4S.3,01!i 
 
 I,87li,049 
 
 V,128,466 
 
 »,«!,» 
 
 ISUl 
 
 W»;fl^ 
 
 1,890,908 
 
 1,978,801 
 
 ;,9iV] 
 
 ISfii 
 
 699,»BB 
 
 S,71S,037 
 
 \fiMM'i 
 
 6,WM» 
 
 1SK3 
 
 60.'.,7'J!i 
 
 S,3fi 1,949 
 
 xfiflfm 
 
 e.wii 
 
 ISfil 
 
 7'^ 1,1(97 
 
 l!,911,G71 
 
 lMt,,U1 
 
 (i,!06,O 
 
 IHIi/i 
 
 CS'i,5SI 
 
 li,(il7,B'>8 
 
 l,5^6,-.-.7 
 
 6,rt«iSI 
 
 iNfifi 
 
 ■!*'i,'lM 
 
 ii,9»4,891 
 
 1,IW>,397 
 
 Mfl.>l 
 
 1S67 
 
 4Cl,77i 
 
 1,170,16.5 
 
 1,43.1,6117 
 
 .\iJI« 
 
 Total 
 
 7,»iiS,7UI 
 
 30,185,374. 
 
 33,49li,7l3 
 
 ISi,JM,08 
 
:! -;».; 
 
/Atfhhm: I^ttntmttn A- Co. 
 
 Bdw^WeU 
 
'^nr 
 
 
 I- 
 
 I 
 
 y 1 1 
 
 r;.;,^ ; ■ • 
 
 fii fach of 
 
 li.mrdM uro cni 
 I'l t)i(i (liNtricf 
 .ilIiiiM mill I), 
 f.lll'll of tlio,, 
 
 i"iir .if whom 
 riilntimi, 
 
 Kmli (lidfric 
 
 OneoC the UtilfT 
 
 t') «it a.t cfiiof j 
 
 fill' qiiaiaJtv 
 
 N'i» S)utli \V 
 
 f.lilli'd; l)iit |||i>| 
 ;iNil ratinintcil V 
 S>ii(h W'nli-H III 
 
 Mll'llt of lli.xcoviT 
 
 I'll' •'Ntnlili.slii 
 jiivouiif (i)r (|„, ,| 
 
 li'.y) and I «;•)(!. 
 
 Tile liilliiiviii^ I 
 Miineil in \'i<,.tor 
 jfiiM lii'Ids in jNji 
 
 Li, 
 
 IWItnl nuirtci r«,|, 
 ««llini. ,.„" 
 
 ««. -111. South.- ite 
 
 fiiild fields exist 
 riiiM()fAiicli|,i,„|'' 
 repilatinn,' ffold Hold' 
 
 •lilt (\<w. (;« A- ,;., ■ 
 Iwilii^fcafiires the 
 
 nie qiiaiifity niid 
 .\tif Zealniid from 
 IWr, were ns follow' 
 
 the 
 
 |f«<l««or(;„i,iKlelu.i„ 
 I rtovuice of 
 
 tKtland . 
 
 ■VllWJ 
 
 V*rli«rmi([h 
 CwiCTbur* 
 Ouxo 
 
 iMitlnd. 
 ToHl . 
 
 %«._rhearpaof 
 H^;lwi calculate,! at' 
 I te-(l as follows :_ 
 
 'I'atiiipu '* 
 
 .VoiofTJii •• 
 
 Can/ 
 
 I . ^'7""*^V<''"/*.— Mini 
 
 ,^gularcdl,ythe<«„ld. 
 
 J*). L'ndcr these law 
 ■ "'f not Ijcen very , 
 pappomted,onef,;real 
 
l».«nli. urn ••nip()w..rr(| f,, nmkc I v.. " ■' '" "" 
 
 ^■'"•'' .""^ '"•^•' '""inl.-. c„„«i„, • r J 'I'"'-''- 
 lour ..I whom roiire from ..,■,. hi ' ""''"''•■rM. 
 
 t. J 1 .. ci;ic.r,i„,iKo „f II,! r°,,,' '• "iT"i"i"i 
 
 S.u.h \V-«I..H „,u| Vietorl L' /"T "' '^^""' N.-,v 
 iHiiit at .Sv<|ii('v will 
 
 .''•"'■ '''."'"vinff tabic Hl>o*. „ ,"''"":'."■« "'•■'••on.in.u.,1 "'"'•,?""'."""«»■ «"'! 
 
 ,'■-".„„.,„,„„.. .„„„ -^ ^^"'":'^""' r,V/«W«, .^,.30, 1807. 
 
 HallarM IHntrk't 
 
 ' lilliitniilnv. 
 
 '••Pliiirn. 
 Waldoii. 
 
 N;!'"! Aiulrew, 
 Kyiftiin. 
 UlUf nil. .Vcrih. 
 
 MnorUirough. 
 A »(H.-a, ' 
 
 I'muillj. 
 Ji'- Amniid .\, 
 •■••• Amiuil s. 
 
 J*Mr»l. 
 
 |H.nah«n7ni«ri..,.l „^h,„„„ — 
 
 [<«nilhur«t. 
 "ra'h.ole ami 
 HnranKi .S.,uih. 
 H.iMn„aNo„l I 
 IMliiinfp. 
 Wajwaxl. 
 
 Ilemhworih, 
 
 },'" J«"'liuiiah. 
 JIuikliiml. 
 
 ilUlitffi, 
 
 •'anileKon. 
 
 Samly (>«•►. 
 
 VVo«| . p„„„. 
 n'lj Kl»»r. 
 
 I^nila .Mll;a. 
 
 I '*l|'l» land I)|„. 
 
 •Vl'diell Rl.er. 
 < ronk„| 111,,, 
 • 'frlcho. 
 
 Uinn,!!,', r»,k. 
 sitliiKi-r'i (>»•» 
 KuvMjii', (;r„j_ 
 
 /"111 . ~ ^'-"'l- .11 MIA 
 
 1*., .ere a.. foIlow.L ''•''' '" ^^P'^mher 30, j of Stato\"a"t ^ .'^iS^.-P-'-j. t." H,« Cuj^ 
 I r been f„nnil in tZirJ?, T'"""''''^ <>f ;:()l.l lin„ 
 
 sit n the districts of Fraser p" "' ""*" "'"deiK). 
 
 ! Nf Iwin . 
 ' Mwll>orouf[h 
 I'inifrburt 
 
 I NwUiland ■ 
 ' Total 
 
 Couteau and S , "'^ """''" «^ 
 
 discovered in that nor [1 A ' •',""?""'■ <"" '«<!' 
 known a., the < JJi/^ "• ?'/''•', ^-''''''''Wa I.'iver 
 52^, North latitude. ' '^'"K '^e'^^'ccn oio a„d 
 
 ^ %'.,-TIie area of tlio nro.i„^ . ^ I "" ^'''"i"«»c""xo ^jrM„'"'i'"II^ """^ '•oiitainc.l ii, 
 
 ,ia< !;«.,■ cdcdatcl a L>i Sn ^^'^ K"''' fields N>""oe to amend an l^n.^ 'W'-'an O.l - 
 ktal as follows :_ * millions of acres, distri- Laws,' """ '^"•"^olidatc the Gold Mining 
 
 Tamki ■^i.i,:.,, . L, ™'"|"ff leases mav Up ,,,„«. i ■ 
 
 Commissioner for miniW,?"""^ ''^'. ♦'■" <'»J'I 
 >nent of a deposit of 2" "^ T'T °"'-'''' °" l'«v- 
 assipncl or iub-Jet, a d i, L""? ''"''"' «'""-'t f'o 
 ["r a longer ttnn than 10 vl'' "]• ^'V'^' »" ^• 
 than :— "" ^" > O", or lor a larger area 
 
 Jua|«k. gold titld 
 
 I)iiii%iaii *■ 
 
 IVatilipu '* 
 
 -Voliom.ii " 
 
 llount Ida " 
 
 Canada. 
 
 I ti'.passedJunc 'JO is -Z ^'"«-'' Act,' 27 & 2« Vict 
 ■4. Under thU'LUsTf '''i'?^ ^'^ V'*''- « i*' 
 
 |M-lmvcb(.cne.stabTish^ ' *^n'' '"'"'"& divi- 
 4' other ' St Si, Mn « '«»'.'"'"'' ' ^^^h^-^Hfere • 
 i-'enot I'eenverpie ?^''S?'' ^"^ *'»'''« 
 
 I ".>• appoint officer- a, {vo'; K»^'cn«>r 
 
 hwointed, one firShSvisir'"" '"'^•^ 
 
 I«b?r,il'^^!"^'-^'^"''««8- 
 ,^f^ffS=S^-"«'n'e„gth 
 Uo. worked and abandoned 11 ™i 
 
 .-^Sa-rSSf length. 
 
 ^^•-n^SS.''''T.fe^™T^^SedatXew 
 '«''', aniount nglo'^-;^ "■' '^o''' >vas imposed 'a 
 
 as«aved at the Goven.me.rffi^"-' 6"''! ^^'hid. is 
 1«. 6c/. per oz. •^"""C't office is charged only 
 
 •1 
 
380 
 
 COLONIES— COLONY TEADE 
 
 
 
 m- 
 
 
 I Si 
 
 \U I 
 
 
 Tilt table 01 
 a brief _9jiaco a 
 respecting our 
 
 \ 
 
 The discover 
 trict of Sooke, 
 prove ao additi 
 more ospedallv 
 liviiigatthemir 
 
 IV. IJegula' 
 
 These are em 
 tioii Acts, the 1( 
 c, ;i(i, -20 & 21 Vi 
 and arc as folk 
 referring to sug 
 subsequent colon 
 Absolute Proh 
 ponder, ammunit 
 cept from the I) 
 possession, and ba 
 absolutely prohibi 
 cither by sea or 
 into the British 
 Mauritius, 
 
 Sugar (not bein, 
 
 Kingdom) and m( 
 
 rum, such sugar, 
 
 produce or manufat 
 
 within the limits 
 
 charter (except as 1 
 
 of fcireifm produce o 
 
 JiiWtcd to be imporl 
 
 British possessions 
 
 America or in the 
 
 /icmiuda islands no 
 
 ritius except to be w« 
 
 and may also by her 
 
 prohibited to be imi 
 
 liorrauda islands ; &\ 
 
 ported or brought \x\ 
 
 Hims in America or t] 
 
 tlic same shall be for 
 
 It shalJ be lawful to i 
 
 sessions in the Westi 
 
 and into the Mauriti] 
 
 duce of any British 
 
 , "f the East India C4 
 
 "le importation of $1 
 
 any foreign countrv-.r 
 MMo which foreign sJ 
 ""ported, lias been i 
 such sugar or rum sL 
 m,werof the imporJ 
 I;r«perotHcerofcustoil 
 "t hand of the prorf 
 I K- same shall have i 
 ] 'lie name of the distl 
 ™w.is produced, tf 
 J-'lMWh thereof, as tl 
 I ami denomination of r 
 lf». ami the name! 
 I fff laden, and of tlil 
 ^f„^"ff"'"'ffthesamf 
 |«fnim shall likewise r 
 IfNucodacertiticate 
 I collector or assist! 
 |M.-toms revenue of thl 
 rs" and rum were , 
 I* «as the produce; 
 riwation into such 
 
 ■pra. or sugar and rurJ 
 J""SMsion into u-iiiejJ 
 
 h^ legally irnj.. l 
 |0*rslmlls-ub8cribJ 
 
 ': I 
 
COLONIES— COLONY TRADE 
 
 381 
 
 Tiie table on the preceding pO},c embodies within 
 a brief space a good deal of important information 
 rcsnectint; our colonies in all parts of tlio woi'ld. 
 
 Vancouver Isiand. 
 The diacovery in 18C4 of a gold field in the dis- 
 trict of Sooke, within 18 miles of Victoria, will 
 prove an additional inducement to immigration, 
 more espedallv when it is known that the cost of 
 living at the mmcs scarcely exceeds that in Victoria. 
 
 IV. Regulations under which Coi.osy 
 Trade is conducted. 
 
 These are embodied in the Customs Consolida- 
 tion \cts, the IG & 17 Vict. c. 107, 18 <t 19 Vict. 
 c, %, 20 & 21 Vict. 0. 62, and 25 & 20 Vict. c. C8, 
 anil arc as follows ; though some, such as tho'-c 
 referring to sugar, are virtually superseded by 
 subsequent colonial tariflfs [Tariffs], viz. — 
 
 Absolute Prohibitions, Heatrictinns Sfc. — Gun- 
 powder, ammunition, arms, or utensils of war, ex- 
 cept from the United Kingdom or any British 
 possession, and base or counterfeit coin, arc hereby 
 absolutely prohibited to be imported or brought, 
 fither by sea or inland carria'je or navigation, 
 into the Uritish possessions in America and the 
 Mauritius. 
 
 Sugar (not being refined in bond in the United 
 Kingiloni) and molasses until July 5, J 854, and 
 ram such sugar, molasses, and rum being the 
 pro<iu':c or manufacture of any British possession 
 within the limits of the East India Company's 
 charter (except as hereinafter provided), or being 
 of foreign produce or manufacture, are hereby pro- 
 hibited to be imported or brought into any of the 
 British possessions in the continent of South 
 America or in the West Indies (the Bahama or 
 iicrmuila islands not included), or into the Mau- 
 ritius except to be warehoused for exportation only, 
 and may also by her Majesty's ord?r in council be 
 prohibited to be imported into the Bahama and 
 Itcrrauda islands ; and if any goods shall be im- 
 ported or brought into any of the Uritish posses- 
 i-iuns in America or the Mauritius contrary hereto, 
 tlic same shall be forfeited : provided always, that 
 it shall be lawful to import into any British pos- 
 sessions in the West Indies and South America, 
 and into the Blauritius, any suear or rum the pro- 
 duce of any British possession • rithin the limits 
 of the East India Company's oharler into which 
 the Importation of sugar or rum the produce of 
 any foreign country, or of an/ British possession 
 into which foreign sugar or mm may be legally 
 imported, lias been prohibited; provided that no 
 such sugar or rum shall be so ent»red unless the 
 j master of the importing ship phall deliver to the 
 proper officer of customs a certificate of origin under 
 tlic hand of the proper officer at the place where 
 ilio same shall have been taken on board, stating 
 tlic name of the district in which such sugar or 
 I ram was produced, the quantity and quality or 
 strength thereof, as the case mty be, the number 
 I and denomination of the packages containing the 
 I same, and the name of the ship in which they 
 I Mere laden, and of the master thereof, and of the 
 I (liKccr giving the same ; the shipper of such sugar 
 j or nun shall likewise certify that there had been 
 I produced a certificate under the hand and seal of 
 Ithe collector or assistant collector of the land or 
 Icustoms revenue of the district within which such 
 Ifiigar and rum were produced, that such sugar or 
 Iniunvas the produce of such district, and that the 
 limportation into such district of foreign sugar and 
 Iwra, or sugar and rum the growth of any British 
 V?5ession into which any foreign sugar or rum 
 pn be legally imported, is prohibited, and the 
 taastcr shall subscribe a declaration that such cer- 
 
 tificate was received by him at the place where 
 the goods were taken on board, and that they are 
 the goods therein mentioned. — 10 & 17 Vict. c. 
 107. (Sec. 150.) 
 
 The Islands in the Bay of Honduras called the 
 Bay Islands shall be deemed and taken to be ex- 
 cepted or excluded from the operation of Section 
 150 of the 'Customs Consolidation Act, 1853,' to 
 the same extent as the Bahamas or Bermuda 
 Islands are thercbv excepted or excluded.— 18 & 
 19 Vict. c. 06 s. 17. 
 
 Foreign Reprints of Books under Copyright pro- 
 hibited.— Any books wherein the copyright shall 
 be subsisting, first composed or written or printed 
 in the United Kingdom, and printed or reprinted 
 in any other countrj', f.hall be and are hereby ab- 
 solutely prohibited to bo imported into the British 
 possessions abroad : pro id -d always, that no such 
 books shall be prohibited ' o be imported as afore- 
 said unless the proprietor )f such copyright, or his 
 agent, shall have given notice in writing to the 
 Commissioners of Customs that such copyright 
 subsists, and in such notice shall have stated when 
 the copyright will expire ; and the said commis- 
 sioners shall cause to be mad<. and to be publicly 
 exposed at the several ports in the British posses- 
 sions abroad, from time to time, printed lists of 
 books respecting which such notice shall have 
 been duly given, and all books imported contrary 
 thereto shall be forfeited ; but nothing herein con- 
 tained shall be taken to prevent her Majesty from 
 exercising the powers vested in her by the 10 & 11 
 Vict. c. 95, to suspend in certain cases such pro- 
 hibition.— 10 & 17 Vict. c. 107. (Sec. 160.) 
 
 Foreign Manufactures with British Marks. — If 
 any articles of foreign manufacture, and any pack- 
 ages of such articles, bearing any names, brands, 
 or marks being or purporting to be the names, 
 brands, or marks of manufacturers resident in the 
 United Kingdom, be imported into any of the 
 British possessions abroad, the same shall be for- 
 feited. (Sec. 161.) [Coi'YRiGiiT.] 
 
 Sugar §T., though British, deemed Foreign in 
 cetiain Cases, — All sugar and molasses, until .July 
 5, 1854, and rum (although the same may be of 
 Itritish plantations^, exported from any "of the 
 British possessions ni America into which the like 
 goods of foreign production can be legally imported, 
 shall, upon subsequent importation from thence 
 into anj' of the British possessions in America or 
 the Mauritius into which such goods being of 
 foreign production cannot be legally imported, or 
 into the United Kingdom, be deemed to be of 
 foreign production, and shall be liable on such 
 importation respectively to the same duties or the 
 same forfeitures as articles of the like description 
 being of foreign production would be liable to, 
 unless the same shall have been duly warehoused, 
 and exported from the warehousj direct to such 
 other British possession, or to the United Kingdom 
 as the case may be. (Sec. 162.) 
 
 Coasting Trade of the British Possessions. — No 
 goods or passengers shall be carried from one part 
 of any British possession in Asia, Africa, or 
 America to another part of the same possession, 
 except in British ships. (Sec. 163.) 
 
 Ship and Cargo to be reported on Arrival. — The 
 master of every ship arrivmg in any of the British 
 possessions in America or the Channel Islands, 
 whether laden or in ballast, shall come directly, 
 and before bulk be broken, to the custom-house 
 for the port or district where he arrives, and 
 there make a report in writing to the projier offi- 
 cer of customs, in the same form and manner as 
 hereinbefore provided on the arrival of any ship in 
 the United Kingdom [Ijipoutation & E.vi'Orta- 
 Tios] so far as the same uuiy be applicable ; and 
 
 1 ' 
 
 f if V 
 
 '.I - 1 
 
I 
 
 382 
 
 COLONIES— COLONY TRADE 
 
 m- 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 if any floods be unladen from any ship before siidi 
 repdrt be made, or if the master fail to make siicli 
 re|Hirt, or iinke an untrue report, or do not truly 
 answer the (picstions demanded of him, lie shall 
 forfeit tlie sum of 50/, ; and if any goods be not 
 rejiorted, Hueh gowls slinll be forfuiteil. (Sec. 164.) 
 Entrif oiitwanh of Ship or Cnrpo. — The muHtcr 
 of every ohip bound from any liritisii possessions 
 abroad, except the territories subject to the Go- 
 vernmo!it of the presidencies of Jtengal, Madras, 
 and Hombay, shall deliver to the projier officer of 
 customs an entry outwards -.mder his haad of such 
 ship, and also subscribe and deliver to such officer 
 a content of the cargo of such ship, if any, or state 
 that she is in ballast, as the case may be, and 
 answer such questions concerning the ship, cargo, 
 if any, and voyage, as shall be (icmandcd of him, 
 in the same manner, as nearly as may be, as is 
 prescribed to be observed on the entrv and depar- 
 ture of cny ship from the United Ringdom, and 
 thereupon the proper officer shall give to the mas- 
 ter a certificate of the clearance of such ship for 
 her intended voyage ; and if the ship shall depart 
 without such clearance, or if the master shall 
 deliver a false content, or .shall not truly answer 
 the cpiestions demanded of him, he shall forfeit 
 the sum of 60/. (Sec. Itio.) 
 
 Entry of Goods Inwards and Outu^ards. — Any 
 person entering goods shall deliver to the proper 
 officer a bill of entry thereof, containing the name 
 of the ship and of the master, and of the place to 
 or from which bound, and the particulars of the 
 quality and (I'lantity of the goods, and the packages 
 containing the same, stating whether such goods 
 be the produce of the British possessions in 
 America or not, and the proper officer shall there- 
 upon grant his warrant for the lading or unlading 
 of such goods. (Sec. 16t).) 
 
 Entry of Goods to he laden or unladeh Sfc. — No 
 goods shall be laden or water-borne to be laden on 
 board any ship, or unhu'cn from any ship, in any 
 of the British possessions in America or in the 
 Channel Islands, until due entrj' be made of such 
 goods, and warrant granted for the lading or un- 
 lading of the same ; and no goods shall be so laden 
 or water-borne or so unladen in the said Channel 
 Islands, except at some place at which an officer 
 of tlie customs is appointed to attend the lading 
 and unlading of goods, or at some place for which 
 a sufferance shall be granted by the proper officer 
 of customs for the lading and unlading of such 
 goods, and in the presence or with the permission 
 of such officer ; but the Commissioners of Customs 
 may make such regulations for the carrj'ing coast- 
 wise of any goods, or for the removing of any goods 
 for shipment in the said islands, as to them shall 
 api)ear expedient ; and all goods laden, water-borne, 
 or unladen contrary hereto, or to any regulations 
 to be so made, shall be forfeited. (Sec. ItiT.) 
 
 Goods not stated to he Produce of British Posses- 
 sion to he deemed of foreign Prinluctlon. — No goods 
 shall be stated in such certilicate of clearance of 
 any ship from any British possessions to be the 
 jiioriuce of such possession, unless such goods 
 shall have been so expressed in the entry outwards 
 of the same ; and all goods not expressly stated in 
 Buch certificate of clearance to be the produce of 
 such possession shall, at the place of importation 
 in any other Fuch possession, or in the United 
 Kingdom, be deemed to be of foreign jiroductiou. 
 (Sec. 1U8.) 
 
 If no Officer of Gtstoms resident at the Port of 
 Shipinentifc. — Where there is no ollicer of customs, 
 the principal officer in the civil service of her 
 Majesty, or his representative, shall be ilecmed to 
 be the proper officer for the j)erfonnaiice of all such 
 duties with respect to such goods as are hereby re- 
 
 quired to be i)crformo(l by the collector or other 
 officer of customs. (Sec. lG!t.) 
 
 y^KPS in Ctiiutda on American BiMits. — The same 
 toimage duties shall be paid upon all ships or bdats 
 of the United States of America importing anv 
 goods into cither of the provinces of Up|)or or 
 Lower Canada ab are or may be for the tim'; iH'inir 
 payable in the United States of America on Itritisfl 
 vessels or boats entering the harbours of the Siati; 
 from whence such goods shall have been imported 
 (Sec. 173.) 
 
 Certain Produce of the State of Maine to Ik 
 treated as Produce of New Brunswick. — 'flic 
 treaty concluded between her Majesty and the 
 United States of Americo, Au;'ust 5, 1842, stipu- 
 lates that all the produce of the forast in log8,luiii. 
 ber, timber, timber boards, staves, or shingles, or of 
 agriculture, not being manufactured, ^rown on anv 
 of those parts of the State of Maine watered 
 by the river St. .Tohn or by its tributaries, of 
 which fact reasonable evidence shall, if re(|uire(l 
 be produced, shall have free access into and tliroufjli 
 the said river and its said tributaries, having tliejr 
 source within the State of Maine, to and from the 
 seaport at the mouth of the river St. John, and to 
 and round the ..alls of the s.iid river, either by boats, 
 rafts, or other conveyance, aiul that witliin the 
 province of New Brunswick the said produce shall 
 be dealt with as if it >vcrc the produce of the said 
 province ; and it being the intention of the hijjh 
 crntracting parties to the said treaty tliat tlic afore- 
 said produce should be dealt with as if it were the 
 produce of the province of New Brunswick, the 
 produce in the said recited treaty and hercuibefure 
 described shall, so far as r>.gards all laws relating 
 to duties, navigation, anu customs in force in tlie 
 United Kingdom or in any of her Mojcsty's do- 
 minions, be deemed and taken to be and be dealt 
 with as the produce of the province of New lirmis- 
 wick ; provided, that in all coses in w^hich declara- 
 tions and certificates of production or origin aiij 
 certificates of clearance would be required in ri'- 
 spect of such produce if it were the produce of Ncn- 
 Brunswick, similar declarations and certificates 
 shall be required in respect of such produce, and 
 shall state the same to be the produce of those 
 parts of the State of Maiae which are watered Ijv 
 the river St, John or by \is tributaries. (Sec. 174J 
 Neufoundland Fishing Certi/ieates in lieu of Clear- 
 anceduring Fishing Season. — Whenever a sliipsl.all 
 be cleared out from any port in Newi'oundhiud ur 
 in any other part of her Majesty's dominions k 
 the fisheries on the banks or coasts of Newfoiuul- 
 land or Labrador or the dependencies thereof, witlt- 
 out having on board an article of traffic (except 
 only such provisions, nets, tackle, and other thina 
 as are usually employed in aad about the saij 
 fishery, and for the conduct ami carrying on of tl;e 
 same;, the master oiway such ship shall be eirtiileil 
 to demand from tlie prinjipal officer of customs at 
 such port a certiiicate under his hand tliat suili 
 ship hath been specially cleared out fur the Xcw- 
 foundland fishery, and such certificate shall l* in 
 force for the fishing season for ti.e year in ivlikli 
 the san-.e may be granted, and no longer; and iipoii 
 the first arrival in any jjort in the said coloiiv oi 
 Newfoundland or its dependencies of any sliip 
 having on board any such certificateas afbri'saiil 
 a report thereof shall be made by the niastcr "f 
 such ship to the principal officer of customs at 
 such port ; and every ship having such certilicati 
 which has been so reported, and being actually en- 
 gaged in the said ifshorv, or in carrying coastni* 
 to be landed or put on boanl any ship eiij,'auiJ i" 
 the said fishery, any fish, oil, salt, provisious, or 
 other necessaries for the use and purjjoscs thereof. 
 shall be exempt from all obligation to makcaii 
 
 entry at or obtai 
 
 house at Newfou 
 
 fnitn any of the p 
 
 or its (lependenci 
 
 fishing si'ason for 
 
 tell granted ; am 
 
 anceat the end of 
 
 of such ports, the 
 
 up the l)cforemen( 
 
 officer of the custoi 
 
 iliat in cas'j any 
 
 (lurinf: the time tt 
 
 iaiil fishery any g( 
 
 other than fish, sea 
 
 provisions, and oth 
 
 or ii.«iia]ly employe 
 
 shall forfeit the sai 
 
 thenceforth become 
 
 fiicli and the same 
 
 tions as ships in S' 
 
 (Sec. 175.) '' 
 
 Cerlijicate of Pro, 
 
 More any spirits oi 
 
 attach to the disti 
 
 ex[Kirtation in any J 
 
 or in the island ot M 
 
 of si'ch pns.se8sion oi 
 
 privtor of the estati 
 
 produciil, or his ku 
 
 sipi a (Waration in 
 
 officer of customs at 
 
 hcfore one of her Mai 
 
 resWinc in or near th< 
 
 ."iti/ated, declaring th 
 
 (hiee of such estate, ai 
 
 forth (fie name of the 
 
 nnd fjuanfitv of the ->•« 
 
 tming the"same, wi'tl 
 
 thereon, and the mm 
 
 (bnrge at the place oi 
 
 »nt; and if any justice 
 
 afiiresaidshaUsubsciib 
 
 purporting to be such 
 
 poison puiporting torn, 
 
 appear before him, and 
 "' ""e same, such just 
 aforesaid shall forfeit p-" 
 ''.esum of 50/.; and 
 ^%.ng such goods sh, 
 lio proper officer of 
 a-'lM-bscribe a dcclari 
 goods which ar« to be 
 '"'rv are the same as a 
 mentioned declaration 
 ;.P "'Which such 7 
 to ore clearance, make 
 tffore the proper offi 
 goods shippi,! by Mrt' 
 f'^; -« are ment one. 
 "M-mentioned declarai 
 i^onfelgeandbehef. 
 ;A«r of customs shall s 
 ''f««rtifi.ateornro,| 
 
 land Jw; *'" possess; 
 
 r «1 '"""^ and the 
 »ntisd possess on in Am 
 
 ^^yit«/eo/>JA 
 
 (Seel 
 
 uctii 
 
 °fe as any benefit attaci 
 
COLONIES— COLONY TEADE 
 
 383 
 
 oftlie 
 iitittei 
 oms al 
 at suA 
 Ncv.- 
 U'iii 
 wliicli 
 ul «!«'". 
 ilouy "1 
 >y *ip 
 
 aster "f 
 onw 8' 
 rtitoK 
 lallyen- 
 lasiw* 
 rittil in 
 ,6ionJ,o'l 
 thftwf' 
 make w I 
 
 (■ntrv at or obtain nny clearance from any custom 
 lioiiio at Newfoundland, upon arrival or departure 
 (r(im nny "f the ports or iiarbours of the said colony 
 iir its (U'poiidencies, during the continuance of the 
 ti-liing season for which such certificate may have 
 bttu f;rantcd ; and previously to obtaining a clear- 
 ance at the end of such season for any voyage at any 
 of such ports, the master of such ship shall deliver 
 im tho tx!forementioncd certificate to the principal 
 olficcr of the customs of such port •.provided always, 
 that in cas'j any such ship shall have on board 
 ilurinp the time the same may be engage 1 in the 
 ^liil fishery any goodj or merchandise whatsoever 
 jilicrthan fish, seals, oil made offish or seals, salt, 
 provisions, and other things, being the produce of 
 lit iiauiUiy employed in the said fishery, such ship 
 shall forfeit the said fishing ccrtif-ratc, and shall 
 thenceforth become and be subject ami liable to all 
 such and the same rules, restrictions, and regula- 
 tiiins as ships in general are subject or liable to. 
 
 iSec. 175.) . . 
 
 Cerlijicate of Productumfor Sugar or Spirits. — 
 Before any spirits or sugar, so long as any benefit 
 attach to the distinction, shall be shipped for 
 exportation in any Hritish possession in America, 
 or la the island of Mauritius, as being the produce 
 of svch possession or of the said island, the pro- 
 prietor of the estate on which such goods were 
 proiluceil, or his known agent, shall make and 
 sipi a declaration in writing before the proper 
 (itSccr of customs at the port of exportation, or 
 before one of her Majcstv's justices of the peace 
 rcsi(hnt; in or near the placvj where such estate is 
 situated, declaring that such goods are the pro- 
 duce of such estate, and such declaration shall set 
 forth the name of the estate, and the description 
 and quantity of the ";(»ods, and the packages con- 
 taining the' same, with the marks and numbers 
 thereon, and the name of the person to whose 
 charge at the place of shipment they are to be 
 sent •, and if any justice of the peace or other officer 
 aforesaid shall 'subsciibe his name to any writing 
 purporting to be such a declaration, unless the 
 person purporting to make the same shall actually 
 appear before him, and shall declare to the truth 
 of the same, such justice of the peace or officer 
 aforesaid shall forfeit and pay for any such offence 
 ti e sum of 50/. ; and the person entering and 
 shipping such goods shall deliver such declaration 
 to the proper ofticer of customs, and shall make 
 and >ubscribc a declaration before him that the 
 goods which are to be shipped by virtue of such 
 1 entry are the same as are mentioned in such first- 
 mentioned declaration ; and the master of the 
 1 ship in which such goods shall bo laden shall, 
 before clearance, make and subscribe a declaration 
 before the proper officer of customs, that the 
 goods shipped by virtue of such entry are the 
 |.'ame as are mentioneu and intended in such 
 1 lirst-mentioned declaration, to the best of his 
 I lmowle<lgc and belief; anvl thereupon the proper 
 I officer of customs shall sign and give to the nias- 
 Iter acertilijatc of production, stating that proof 
 ibas been made in manner required by law that 
 leuch f;oo<ls (describing the same) are the produce 
 lof such British possession or of the said island, 
 kml setting mrth in such certificate the name of 
 Ithe exporter and of the exporting ship, and of the 
 paster thereof, and the destination of the goods ; 
 widif any spirits or sugir be importe'l into any 
 pritish possession in America as being the produce 
 pf some other such possession or of the said island, 
 pithout such certificate of production, the oame 
 Jhall be forfeited. (Sec. 176.) 
 
 Certificate of Production on re-exportntion from 
 Port.T Co/ony. — Before any sugar or S{iirits, so 
 Ng M any benefit attach to the distinction, shall 
 
 be shipped for exportation in any British posses- 
 sion in America as being the produce of some 
 other such possession, the person eX|)orting tlic 
 same shall in tlie entrj- outwards state the place 
 of production, and refer to the entry inwards and 
 landing of such goods, and shall niake ai'd sub- 
 scribe a declaration before the proper officer of 
 customs to the identity of the same ; r.nd there- 
 upon, if such goods shall have been duly imported 
 with a certificate of production witliin 12 nioiitbs 
 prior to the shipping for exportation, the proper 
 officer of customs shall sign and give to the mas- 
 ter a certificate of production founded upon and 
 referring to the certificate of production under 
 which such goods had been so imported, and con- 
 taining the like particulars, togetlier with the date 
 of such importation. (Sec. 177.) • 
 
 Certijictite of Production of East India Sugar. — 
 The shipper of any sugar the produce of'^some 
 British possession Within tlie limits of the East 
 India Company's charter, about to be exported 
 from any place in such possession, may go before 
 the chief officer of customs at such place, or, if 
 there be no sucli officer, before the principal officer 
 of such place, or t)ie judge or commercial resident 
 of the district, and make and sign a declaration 
 before him that such sugar was really and bond 
 flde the produce of such British possession, to the 
 best of his knowledge and belief; and such officer, 
 judge, or resident is hereby required to grant a 
 certificate thereof, stating therein the name of the 
 ship in which the sugar is to be exported, and the 
 destination of the same. (Sec. 178.) 
 
 Certificate of Production of Wine, — The shipper 
 of any wine, the produce of any British posses- 
 sion abroad, which is to be exported from thence, 
 may go before the chief officer of customs, and 
 make and sign a declaration before him that such 
 wine was really and bona fide the produce of such 
 British possessions; and such officer is hereby 
 required to grant a certificate thereof, stating 
 therein the name of the ship in which the wine 
 is to be exported, and the destination of the same. 
 (Sec. 179.) 
 
 Certificate of Production of Goods in Guernsey Sec 
 — Any person who is about to export from the 
 Channel Islands to the United I". .gdom or to any 
 of the British possessions in America or the Mau- 
 ritius any goods of the growth or produce of any 
 of those islands, or any goods manufactured from 
 materi Is v/hich were the growth or produce 
 thereof^ of the United Kingdom, or of materials 
 duty free in the United Kingdom, or whereupon 
 the duty has been there paid, and not drawn b.ick, 
 may go before any magistrate of such islands, and 
 make and sign before him a declaration that such 
 goods, describing the same, are of such growth or 
 produce, or of such manufacture, and such magis- 
 trate sliall administer and sign such declaration ; 
 and thereupon the governor, lieutenant-governor, 
 or commander-in-chief of the island from which 
 the goods arc to be exported shall, upon the 
 delivery to him of such declaration, grant a certi- 
 ficate under his hand of the proof contained in 
 such declaration, stating the ship 'n which, and the 
 port to which, the goods are to be exported ; ami 
 such certificate shall be the proper documc it to be 
 produced at such port in proof that the goods men- 
 tioned therein arc of the gro'vth, produce, or manu- 
 facture of such island respectively. (Sec. 180.) 
 
 Officers mag board Ships. — The officer of cus- 
 toms may go on board any ship in any port in any 
 British possession in America, and rummage aii''. 
 search such ship for prohibited goods, and if 
 tliert be any goods on board prohibited to be im- 
 ported into such possession they shall be forfeited. 
 (Sec. 181.) 
 
 3 
 
 , I 
 
 'i 
 
 
 »; V 
 
ihi^Aiii-^in 
 
 381 
 
 COLONIES— COLONY TEADE 
 
 
 
 f.. 
 
 li-r 
 
 |i' ': 
 
 i I J 
 
 f ! 
 
 .- AVi I 
 
 Seized, gooih, if unclaimed Jhr a Month, to he 
 condemned, and dealt with accordingly. — All ves- 
 sels, boats, goods, and other tl.ings which shall 
 have been or shall hereafter be seized aa for- 
 feited in or near any of the British possessions 
 abroad, under this or ony Act relatuig to the cus- 
 toms, shall be deemed and taken to be condemned, 
 and may be dealt with in the manner directed by 
 law in respect to vessels, boats, goods, and other 
 tilings seized and condemned for breach of any 
 such Act, unless the i)erson from whom such ves- 
 sels, boats, goods, u..'.l other things shall have 
 been seized, or the owner of them, or some person 
 authorised by him, shall, within one month from 
 tlie day of seizing the same, give notice in writing 
 to the person or persons seizing the same, or to 
 the chief officer of customs at the nearest port, 
 that he claims the vessel, boat, goods, or other 
 things, or intends to claim them. (Sec. 182.) 
 
 Penalties and Forfeitures, how to be recovered in 
 British Possessions abroad. — Whenever ony pe- 
 nalty or forfeiture shall have been incurred in any 
 of the British possessions abroad, under this or any 
 other Act relating to the customs, such penalty 
 or forfeiture shall and may be sued for, prosecated, 
 recovered, and disposed of in the Court of Record 
 or of Vice-Admiralty having jurisdiction in any 
 British posse'^sion where the same may have been 
 incurred or forfeited ; but in case theic shall be no 
 such court at such British possession, such penalty 
 or forfeiture shall and may be sued for, prosecuted, 
 recovered, and disposed of in the Court of Record 
 or of Vice-Admiralty having jurisdiction in some 
 British possession near to that where such penalty 
 or forfeiture may have been incurred; and all 
 sucli penalties and forfeitures shall be deemed 
 to be sterling money of Ureat Britain, and paid 
 accordingly, (Sec. 183.) 
 
 Application of Penalties. — All penalties and 
 forfeitures recovered in the Channel Islands or in 
 any of the British possessions abroad under this 
 or any Act relating to the customs shall be paid 
 into the hands of the collector, comptroller, or 
 other prop"r officer of the port or place where the 
 same shall have been recovered, and shall bo di- 
 vided, paid, and applied as follows ; (that is to say,) 
 after deducting the charges of prosecution from 
 the produce thereof, J of the nett produce shall be 
 paid to or for the use of her Majesty, J to the 
 governor or commander-in-chief of the colony 
 or plantation, and the other J to tl.o seizor, 
 informer, and prosecutor ; excepting such penal- 
 tics and forfeitures as are from seizures made at 
 sea by the commanders or officers of her Blajesty's 
 shipsof war duly authorised to make seizures, one 
 moiety of which, first deducting the charges of 
 prosecution from the gross produce, shall be paid 
 as aforesaid to and for the use of her Majesty, 
 and the other moiety to the seizor, informer, and 
 proseciitor, subject nevertheless to such distribu- 
 tion of the produce of the seizures so made at sea, 
 as well with regard to the moiety hereinbefore 
 granted to her Majesty as with regard to the 
 other moiety given to the seizor, informer, or 
 prosecutor, as her Majesty shall think fit to direct 
 by order in council or by proclamation, (Sec. 184.) 
 Bail may be givenfor Seizures. — If any goods or 
 any ship or vessel shall be sei.-ed as forfeited iin- 
 (ki- this or any Act relating to the customs, and 
 detained in any of the British poshcssions in 
 America, the judge or judges of any court liaving 
 jurisdiction to trj' and determine such seizures 
 "may, with tiio consent of the chief officer of cus- 
 toiiis, order the delivery tliercof, on security by 
 Ijoiid, with two sufficient sureties, to be first ap- 
 proved by Kuch officer, to answer double '.lie 
 value of the same in case of condemnation ; and 
 
 such bond shall be taken to the use of her Majoatv 
 ill the name of the oflicer of customs in whose 
 custody the goods or the ship or vessel may be 
 lodged, and such bond shall be delivered and hept 
 in tile custody of the officer ; and in case the goods 
 or the ship or vessel shall be condeinHcd, tfie 
 value thereof shall be paid into the hands of such 
 collector oi' officer, who shall thereupon cancel such 
 bond. (Sec, 185.) 
 
 Suits to be commenced in Name of Officers. Xo 
 
 suit shall be commenced for the recovery of anj- 
 penalty or forfeiture in the Channel Islands, or in 
 any of the British possessions abroad, under this or 
 any Act relating to the customs, except in the 
 name of such c itficcr of the customs or iiaN-v, or 
 otiier person en\ployed as hereinbefore mentione ! 
 or of her Majesty's advocate or attorney-general 
 for the place where such suit shall be commenced' 
 and if a question shall arise whether any person is 
 an officer of the customs or navy, or sucii other 
 (lerson as aforesaid, viv4 voce evidence may he 
 given of such fact, and shall bo deemed legal and 
 sufficient evidence. (Sec. 186.) 
 
 Limitation of Apjieals. — No appeal shall be 
 prosecuted from any decree or sentence of anv 
 of her Majesty's courts in America touching any 
 penalty or forfeiture imposed by this or any Act 
 relating to the customs, unless the inhibition sliall 
 be applied for and decreed within 12 months 
 from the time when such decree or sentence was 
 pronounced, (Sec. 187.) 
 
 Security to abide an Appeal from Vice-Ad- 
 miralty.— li any proceedings shall have been or 
 shall hereafter be instituted in any court of Vice- 
 Admiralty or any other competent court in any of 
 her Majesty's possessions abroad agoinst anv 
 ship, vessel, boat, goods, or effects for the recovorv 
 of any penalty or forfeiture under this or any Act 
 relating to the customs, the execution of any sen- 
 tence or decree restoring tach ship, vessel, boat, 
 goods, or effects to the claimant thereof, which 
 shall be pronounced by the said Vice-Admiralty 
 Court in which such proceedings shall have beeii 
 had, shall not be suspended by reason of any 
 appeal which shall be prayed a,^d allowed from 
 such sentence ; provided that the party or parties 
 appellate shall give sufK-'ient security, to be ap- 
 proved of by the court, to render and deli-er tlic 
 ship, vessel, boat, goods, jr effects concemin;; 
 which such sentence or decree shall be pronouncoil, 
 or the full value thereof, to be ascertained cither 
 by agreement between the parties, or, in case the 
 said parties cannot ogree, then by appraisement 
 under the authority of the said court, to the ap- 
 pellant or ap|)cllants, in case the sentence or decree 
 so appealed from shall be reversed, and such sliip, 
 vessel, boat, goods, or effects be ultimately con- 
 demned. (Sec. 188.) 
 
 Persims authorised to seize under 5 Geo. IV. 
 c. 11.') to hare Benefit of this Act. — All persons au- 
 thorised to make seizures under the Act;') Geo, IV. 
 c. 113 shall, in making and prosecuting any such 
 seizures, have the benefit of all tlie provisinni 
 granted to jiersons authorised to make seizures 
 under this Act ; and all penalties and forfeitures 
 created by the said Act, whether pecuniary or 
 specific, shall (except in cases specially provided 
 for by the said Act) go and belong to such persons 
 as arc thereby authorised to make seizures, in such 
 shares, and shall and may be sued for and pmse- 
 cuted, tried, recovered, distributed, and appiieJ, 
 in such and the like manner, and by the .snme 
 ways and means, and subject to the same rules 
 and directions, as any penalties and forfeitures in- 
 curred in Grea' Britain and in the British posses- 
 sions in Am.rica respectively now go and hcKm? 
 to, and ma/ be sued, prosecuted, tried, recovered, 
 
 ind (listri'mted 
 
 tlic said possess 
 
 lUt. (Sec. 189. 
 
 Colonial Lawg 
 
 ro«/.— All laws, 
 
 iliis time or whi 
 
 If endeavoured 
 
 I'Mcticc, in anv 
 
 .America, wliicirn 
 
 All. (>r to any ^\, 
 
 ir.niu and naviga 
 
 nine to the saii 
 
 null and void to j 
 
 ever. (Sec. 190.) 
 
 Trade with the 
 
 |i,i-scnKcrs shall b 
 
 iatii ilie United 
 
 Mands, nor sliall i 
 
 |«irtfd or carried I 
 
 liic .<aid islands, noi 
 
 '^■fiirried from any 
 
 iilier i]f them, norfi 
 
 i>lanils to another 
 
 liriiijh ships ; and i 
 
 bruuijht, imported, c 
 
 ei.jitrary hereto, a.'l f 
 
 aii'l die master of th 
 
 -I iiruutiht, importot 
 
 luFlVit tiie sura of 10( 
 
 Nf tobacco, cigars, 
 
 into the Channel Isla 
 
 oueofthcsaidislandi 
 
 ouepartofany of the 
 
 ofilicsamc,niiies3in! 
 
 % tons, except froi 
 
 slii/)s oi'iiot Jess than i 
 
 iradioi' from thence to 
 
 p.iflvai,'os each contaii 
 
 ?ouiid.snettweighfofsi 
 
 wunlcjs theprovisio 
 
 Jte sort of goods ina^ 
 
 the Lnited Kingdom "J 
 
 ((jtiaccn, ci,'aw, or sni 
 
 fm\ or carried, shii)! 
 
 mreto, or which shall f 
 
 Mvehccnon board an J 
 
 ;oa?iie of the coasts 4 
 
 kedier n-ith the slii,! 
 
 c, :i(ls. 18. 'I 
 
 JvM'';fromandtot\ 
 V SU Jons and Casis f 
 '''•^;opt rum of the J 
 ^•"PortedintooreJ 
 Wamlsoranyof tlie,«^ 
 o'lf to any other of thj 
 ;as.w,sefromanvor 
 ■'".v one of the said il 
 
 ;J^.iianofthe ff 
 ^'.ird , or m anv cask , 
 
 ;;^'".v gallons atlh'^ 
 l*"ed, exnorted r.^mJ 
 
 ;--''oJtoS 0! 
 
 contrary Lereto,slf 
 ''" '0 those islands! 
 
COLONIES— COLONY TRADE 
 
 38.5 
 
 rules 
 ■covcteJi 
 
 inA (listribntcd respectively in (Jrcat liritnin or in 
 (tic «aicl possessions, under and by virtue of this 
 ,Ut, (Sec. ISO.) 
 
 Colonial Laws repugnant to Acts of Parliament 
 roil/.— All laws, byelaws, usn);e», or customs at 
 ihis time or which liercal'ter shall be in ]ira<.'tlce, 
 ,,r oiulcavoured or pretended to bo in force or 
 iractice, in .iny of the IJritisli jiosscssions ii> 
 Amerioa, whichare in anywise repugnant to this 
 Alt. iir to any Act relating to the customs or to 
 ttndo and navigation, so far as the samo shall 
 ribitc to the said possessions, are and shall he 
 mill and void to all intents and purpo.scs whatso- 
 enr. (Sec. 190.) 
 
 Trade with the Channel Islands. — No goods or 
 
 iia-senKffs shall be brought, imported, or carried 
 
 iitii ihc United Kingdom from the Channel 
 
 l-laml?, nor shall any parsengcrs or goods bo »;k- 
 
 in'ttiil or carried from the United Kingd(mi to 
 
 lilt fniil islands, nor shall any goods or passengers 
 
 i.fiirricil from any one of tliesaid islands to any 
 
 i,;hir »f them, nor from one part of any of the saiil 
 
 i<laniU to another part of the same, except in 
 
 liriibl' ship^ ; """1 J' "ly goods or passengers he 
 
 briju;lit, imported, exported, or carried coastwise 
 
 c utrary hereto, a?l such goods shall be forfeited, 
 
 an4 die master of the ship in which the same are 
 
 -I uruUiilit, imported, exported, or carried shall 
 
 i,jrlvii tlic Slim of 100/. (Sec. I'Jl.) 
 
 No tiibacco, cigars, or snutF shall be imported 
 into tlie Channel Islands, nor be carried from any 
 one of the said islands to another of them, or from 
 cue jatt iif any of the said islands to another part 
 of tlic samc,uiiiesa in ships of not less burden than 
 iiftv tons, except from tlic United Kingdom in 
 i\u])f ol'iiot less than forty tons burden regularly 
 l-adiug from thence to those islands, nor unless in 
 packages each containing not loss than eighty 
 iiiuiKisiiett weight of sucli tobacco, cigars, or snuli", 
 ilorunleo3 the provisions in and under which the 
 jke sort of gnods may be legally importL'd into 
 the Uniteil Kingdom iirc com|)lied with; and all 
 tiikcco, ci,'ars, or snu If imported into the said 
 bland or tarried, shipped, or removed contrary 
 hereto, or which shall be found or discovered to 
 have been on board any ship or boat within one 
 ioapie of the coasts thereof, shall bo forfeited, 
 toL'Cther with the ship or boat. — 18 it I'J Vict. 
 c.:H!s. 18. 
 
 Spirii'i from and to the Channel Islands in Ships 
 (][ 50 Tons and Casks of '_'tl Gallons. — No spirits 
 lexiept rum of the British I'lantations) shall 
 bo imported into or exported from the Channel 
 Llandsor any of them, or be removed from any 
 one to any other of the said islands, or be carried 
 coastwise from any one part to any other i)art 
 III any one of the said islands, or shall be shipped 
 ill order to be so removed or carried in any ship 
 o:!ur liiaii of the burden of lifty tons or up- 
 ivsrds. or in any cask or other vessel capable of 
 ii'iii.iiniiig liquids not being of the size or content 
 1 : twenty gallons ut the least ; and all spirits im- 
 |>orted, exported, removed, carried, siiipped, or 
 ; water-borne to be so shipped, removed, or car- 
 I rii'il. contrary hereto, shall be forfeited, together 
 jwith the ship, and any boat importing, exporting, 
 rcniDving, or carrj'ing the same : provided always, 
 that nothing herein contained shall extend to any 
 [fiiintj imported in any such ship in glass bottles 
 jiis part of the cargo, nor to any spirits being 
 litally intended for tlie consumption of the seamen 
 land passengers of such ship during their voyage, 
 jiind net being more in quantity than is necessary 
 ■ that purpose, nor to any warehoused goods 
 K|iirtea from the United Kingdom in ships of 
 M less tbiin forty tons burden, being regular 
 pdcrs to those islands, nor to any boat of less 
 
 burden than ten tons for having on board at aiiy 
 onc time any foreign spirits of the quantity of ten 
 gaUons or under, such boat having a license from 
 the projier olliccr of customs at either of the 
 islands of Guern.sey or Jersey fur the purpose of 
 being employed in carrying commodities for the 
 supply of the island of Sark, which license such 
 ot'icer is hereby required to grant withr)ut fee or 
 reward ; but if any such boat shall have on board 
 at any one time any greater (|uantity of spirits 
 than ten gallons, imless in casks or i)ackage3 of 
 the size and content of twenty gallons at the least, 
 so 'h s|)irits and boat shall be forfeited. — 20 it 21 
 Vict. c. 1)2 8. 19, modilied by 23 it 2'1 Vict. c. 129 
 8. .4. 
 
 ^Vhp^. any of the Lerms mentioned in sec. 357 of 
 'The Customs Consolidation Act, 185.S.' are used 
 in this or any oUer Act relating to the customs, 
 the terms so used shall have the same interpreta- 
 tion and meaning as are given to them in the said 
 sect'on ; and the term ' Iiritish-[}»\h ships ' shall be 
 deemed to mean and include any ship built in iter 
 Majesty's dominions. — 20 & 21 Vict. c. 92 s. 20. 
 
 Whereas doubts have arisen whether the several 
 .sections of ' The Custonis Consolidation Act, 1853,' 
 other than those containing particular provisions 
 relating thereto, .is also 'The Supplemental Cus- 
 toms Consolidation Act, l.%5,' arc applicable to 
 the British possessions abroad : be it enacted, that 
 the said recited Acts and the several clauses 
 therein and in this Act contained shall and the 
 same are hereby declared to extend to and be of 
 full force and effect in the several British posses- 
 sions abroad, except where otiierwisc expressly 
 provided for by the said Acts, or limited by ex- 
 press reference to the United Kingdom or the 
 Channel Islands, and except also as to any such 
 possession as shall by local Act or ordinance have 
 jiroviiled, or may hereafter, with the sanction and 
 approbation of her Majesty and her successors, 
 make entire provision for the management and 
 regulation of the Customs trade and navigation of 
 .■my such jjossession. or make in like manner ex- 
 press provisions in lieu or variation of any of the 
 clauses of the said Act for the pur^^osc3 of such 
 possession.— 20 & 21 Vict. c. G2 s. 1,.. 
 
 jilulta deemed to be in Europe. — The island of 
 Malta and its dependencies shall be deemed to be 
 in Europe. (Sec. 194.) 
 
 Connection of the Planter and Home Merchant. 
 Mode of traiusactini) Business in Knyland. — The 
 mode of transacting West India business is as fol- 
 lows : A sugar planter forms a connection with 
 a mercantile house in London, Bristol, Liverpool, 
 or Glasgow; stipulates for an advance of money 
 on their part; grants them a mortgage on his 
 estate; and binds himself to send tliem aimnally 
 his crop, allowing them the full rate of mercantile 
 commissions. These commissions are 2^ per cent, 
 on the amount of sugar sold, and of plantation 
 stores sent out; along with 4 per cei t. on all insur- 
 ances effected. JJuring the war, when prices 
 were high, tiie amount of these commissions was 
 largo : but, like other liigh charges, the result 
 has, in nine cases out of ten, been to the injury of 
 those who received them ; they led the merchants 
 to undertake too much, and to make too large ad- 
 vances to the planters, for the sake of obtaining 
 their business. At that time it was usual to allow 
 a permanent loan at the rate of ;3,00i)/. for the as- 
 sured consignment of 100 hogsheads of sugar ; but 
 that ratio was very often exceeded by the planter, 
 tho 3,000/. becoming 4,000/., 5,000/., 6,000/., •.ud, 
 in very many cases, still more, in consequer.ee of 
 unforeseen wants and too sanguine caIculatiou» on 
 his part. 
 Persons resident in tho West Indies are almost 
 CC 
 
 ,■•■ '.'l 
 
 !i;,;,,M ■ 
 
 ..;wa*^gt.^iMXgssaia!::L'.;LT:;ji':».:c'-grigi^ 
 
y ■ 'I 
 
 T 
 
 «i^'*s>tiitft?y 
 
 ^'1 
 
 386 
 
 COLONIES— COLONY TRADE 
 
 3- 
 
 1 : 
 
 h .1- 
 
 in 'i 
 
 , ;J i 
 
 1|*: 
 
 Ill 
 
 lr\. 
 
 ,^'^■1 
 
 always bare of capital, and for obvious reasons. 
 A climate of suck cxtrctne heat, and a state of 
 society possessing so few attractions to persons of 
 education, offer no inducement to men of sub- 
 stance in Europe to fjo tliitlicr. Those wlio do 
 go must trust to their personal exertion and the 
 support of others ; and when, after a continued 
 residence in the West Indies, they have made 
 some progress in acquiring a competency, and 
 liave become accustomed to tlio climate, they 
 hardl.v ever consider themselves as settled there 
 for life ; their wish and hope is, to carry their ac- 
 quisitions so far as to l)c enabled to jiass the 
 remainder of their days comfortably at homo. 
 The readiest means, in the view of the planter, for 
 accomplisliing this, used to be tlie extension of his 
 undertakings ; which he coidd do only by borrow- 
 ing money. Hence a continual demand on his 
 mercantile correspondents at home for fresh ad- 
 vances ; the consuming effect of heavy commis- 
 sions, and of the interest on borrowed money, 
 being overlooked in his anient speculations. But 
 when prices fell, as they l^ive done of late years, 
 to a comparatively low level, the planters found 
 themselves embarrassed with debts contracted 
 under a different state of things, which in but few 
 instances they coulJ expect to discharge • hence 
 their ruin, and hence also the ruin of n any of 
 the merchants and mortgagees connected with the 
 planters. 
 
 For a number of years theAVest India trade has 
 been extremely depressed; and it is, perhaps, 
 impossible to point out any means of effectual 
 relief. The planters need not build expectations 
 on such doubtful, or rather improbable, events as 
 the stoppage of distillation from malt, or an insur- 
 rection or emancipation of the negroes i:i rival 
 countries, such as Cuba or ISrazil. Of a bounty on 
 exportation it is idle to speak ; so that their only 
 rational ground of hojjc seems to he. in the intro- 
 duction of improved processes, and a reduction 
 in the cost of producing s.igar and other staples. 
 The sale of West India articles takes place 
 through the medium Oi' iiroduce brokers, who in 
 London reside chiefly in Mincing Lane and Tower 
 Street. Samples of sugar and rum are on show in 
 their respective sale rooms during four days of the 
 week, viz. Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and 
 Friday, from H to 1 o'clock; during which time 
 the sugar refiners, wholesale grocers, and other 
 dealers in produce, call in, observe the state of the 
 market, and buy what they require. The term of 
 credit is short ; only 1 month for coffee and rum, 
 and '1 inontlis for sugar. Coffee is generally sold 
 l)y public auction, sugar and rum by private con- 
 tract. The brokers' commission is usually i i)er 
 cent, on the amount ; but in the case of coffee, as 
 they guarantees the buyers, their charge amounts 
 to 1 per cent. The brokers have no correspondence 
 or connection ivith the planters; they are cm- 
 ployed by the merchants ; and their sales, though 
 • jr large amounts, being very simple, a brokerage 
 house of consequence generally does the business 
 of anumberof meroliants. Neither merchant nor 
 broker see, or arc in the least under the necessity 
 of seeing, the bulky packages containing the diffe- 
 rent articles of jiroduco of which tliey effect the 
 sales : all is done by sample ; the packages r<;maining 
 in the bonded warehouse from the time of laiuling 
 till they are sold; aft>.' which they pass to the 
 premises of the refiner, wholesale grocer, or who- 
 ever may be the purchaser. 
 
 The allowances made to the buyer in respect of 
 wciglit consist, first of the tare, which is the exact 
 weight of the cask ; and, in the second plac of a 
 fixed allowance of i) lbs. per cask in the case of coffee, 
 called trett, and of 2 lbs, per cask on sugar, under 
 
 tlie name of draft. (Soc Account Sale» of botli 
 
 art. UOOKKEKPINO.) ' 
 
 The shipping tores from England to the plm- 
 tations is also a very simple transaction. West 
 India merchants in London, Liverpool, or Bristi,; 
 receive from the j)lantcrs, in the autumn of oiii;ii 
 vear, a list of the articles required for the respect- 
 ive estates: these lists they divide, arrange, and 
 distribute among different wholesale dealers in the 
 course of September and October, with instruo- 
 tions to get them ready to ship in a few weeks, 
 November and December are the chief months for 
 the despatch of outward-bound West Indiamcn. as 
 the |)lantation stores ought, properly, to arrivt 
 about the end of December, or in the course uf 
 January. That is a season of activity, and gene- 
 rally of health, in the West Indies ; the compara- 
 tively cool months of November and l)eeeml)er 
 having cleared the air, and the produce of the fieijs 
 having become ripe and ready to carry. Crop 
 time lasts from January to the end of July, after 
 which the heavy rains put a stop to field work in 
 the islands. Demerara, being so near the Line 
 experiences less difference in the seasons, and it i, 
 customary there to contmuc making sugar all the 
 year round. 
 
 The arrivals of West Indiamenin England with 
 homc.ard cargoes begin in April and continue 
 till October ; after which, with the exception of 
 occasional vessels from Demerara and Bcrbice, 
 they cease till the succeeding April. This corre- 
 sponds with the time of carrying and loading the 
 crops ; for it would be quite unad visable, on the score 
 of health as well as of the interruptions to wuik 
 from the heavy rains, to attempt loading vcs-els 
 in the sugar islands during the autumnal month'. 
 The uidoading of West Indiamcn in Londim 
 usually takes place at the West India Docks; .nnj 
 did so uniformly from the autumn of 1802, when 
 the docks were first opened, till August ftfi'i 
 when the dock monopoly expired. Cargoes are 
 discharged very speedily, the time seldom cxcoo I- 
 ing 3 days. The dock dues have been materialli 
 reiluced of late years ; and the whole exhibits a 
 striking example of the advantage attendant op. 
 transr.cting a mass of business on one spot— an 
 advantage which can bo enjoyed only in peat 
 sea-ports, such as London, Liverpool, or Amster- 
 dam. [Ducks.] 
 
 The rates of freight during the war were, or. 
 sugar from 7s. to 8x. per cwt., and on coffee frnm 
 10s. to lis.; whereas they now amount, the 
 former from Is. Crf. to '2s. Crf.'and the latter from 
 '.>s. to 3s. tW. ; the shipowners, from the improve- 
 ments that have been effected, being better paiJ 
 now than formerly. 
 
 Setccdon of Sites for Coloniiil Establishments 
 Xothing can be more unwise than the plan, if s) 
 we may c.ill it, hitherto followed in the sclectinn 
 of places at which to found colonics. Ttie captain 
 of a ship, without any knowledge whatever of tliC| 
 nature of soils or the capacities of a country in^ 
 an .agricultural point of view, falLi in after aii 
 cruise witl; a river or bay, abounding with li 
 and fresh water, and surrounded with land tlial 
 lou/is fertile and is covered with hcrba^'o. 11( 
 forthwith reports all these circumstance^, 
 embellished, to the Admiralty, strongly reconi' 
 mending the situation as an admirable c 
 which to fjund a colony ; and, in nine casMOi 
 often, this is all the information that is reaoirii 
 in taking a step of .such infinite importance! >j 
 wonder, therefore, that many fine schemes ot' cr 
 loni.sation should have ended only in loss and Ji 
 appointment, and that situations which the 
 lonists were taught to look upon as a species 
 panidisc have proved to be anything but wlial ihi 
 
 (fere represented 
 
 I'V (Captain Cook 
 
 world, had to be 
 
 iierc sent out fc 
 
 stead of being fa^ 
 
 .-andy swamp, j, 
 
 attempt would ha^ 
 
 ill so pestilential 
 
 iMoe if the prope 
 
 made ? The color 
 
 duced as another ii 
 
 tiire conlidence in 
 
 rialh' without the 
 
 timatc of the vario 
 
 heaitemicd to in fo 
 
 U'e ilierefore ho 
 
 this .lystcm— a gyg 
 
 ilcirree injurious 'to 
 
 iit'hiv criminal toi 
 
 coloDuts. I'he fom 
 
 Med upon in its tr 
 
 national enterprise 
 
 «iiirustcd to presum'n 
 
 k maturely weighed 
 
 iiocifti with it careful, 
 
 IM situation in which 
 
 f'Nony should be mi 
 
 thmsie, soil, and capa 
 
 ntel.v enquired into 1 
 
 ployed for the purpose 
 
 Milt and the public w 
 
 able grounds uj)od whic 
 
 m-roald have mu 
 
 .iwppohitments which 
 
 f*.ed the exaggerate, 
 
 whom the important 
 
 Minffsituationsfor col, 
 
 Ad£u.de; Cape To 
 
 ^OSG; JfELBOUR.VE: 
 
 '■"lim, CoLo.viAL • '• ■ 
 
 V. FoiiEIGNJ 
 
 .^^/x"'is/iCo/oHies~s\ 
 Sfvions, previous to If. 
 
 ^;"tosoftbe United S. 
 ^""\ '? not, at presen 
 f"""l in the whole C 
 
 ■''"I ">;i>ortance. Li'the 
 
 I. 
 
 presenl 
 
 , — ie Ain< 
 
 '.'•frJ'cr colonial poss^ 
 
 k Tl! 'v " ''"^ '■'•"fern 
 hnd"of'c ,. '" ^^«t J> 
 
 ■''■■^"t£t';f/'-'=.''ttra,l 
 
 li,is 
 
 ceased 
 
 ^ndopend, 
 "' yeat ml 
 
COLONIES— COLONY TRADE 
 
 387 
 
 vfcrc represented. Botany Hay, though ilcscrihcil 
 i,v Captain Cook as one of the Ihiest jilnces in the 
 world, had to be abandonci by the colonists that 
 were sent out to it ; as the country round it, in- 
 stoail of being favourable for cultivation, is a mere 
 ,.;imiy swamp. Is it possible to suppose that any 
 aiteiiipt would have been made to establish a colony 
 ;„ io pestilential a climate as that of Sierra 
 Uone if the proper enquiries had been previously 
 maile? The colony on Swan Kivcr may be ad- 
 duced as another instance of misplaced or prema- 
 ture conlidenco in the reports of those who wore 
 Kiilly without the means of forming a correct cs- 
 limatc of the various circumstances necessary to 
 l,c attended to in forming a colony. 
 
 We ilierefore hope that an end may be put to 
 
 tlii3 system — a system which is in no common 
 
 (ifirrcc injurious to the public interests, and is 
 
 liiihly criminal towards those who embark as 
 
 colonists. The founding of a colony should be 
 
 looked upon in its true point of view — as a great 
 
 Mtional enterprise. It is not an adventure to be 
 
 entrusted to presumptuous ignorance, but should 
 
 be maturely weighed, and every circumstance con- 
 
 ncctoil with it carefully investigated. Above all, 
 
 the situation in which it is proposed to found the 
 
 ci.iiiny should be minutely surveyed; and its 
 
 tliiMtc, soil, and capacities of production dclibe- 
 
 ntely enquired into by competent persons cm- 
 
 plovcJ for the purpose. Were this done, Govem- 
 
 nteiit and the public would have the best attain- 
 
 aUf jroiuids upon which to proceed ; and neither 
 
 Ijarty wuld have much reason to fear those 
 
 (Ikippointments which have hitherto so often 
 
 foUoiicd the exaggerated representations of those 
 
 to whom the important and difficult task of bc- 
 
 lectini; situations for colonies has been delegated. 
 
 [Adelaide; Cape Town; Columbo; Hono 
 
 Ko\0! Melbourne; Pout Louis; Qukhec; 
 
 Takiffs, Colonial ; Ac] 
 
 V. Foreign Colonies. 
 
 1, Spanish Colonies. — Spain, whose colonial pos- 
 sf-<iiiiis, previous to 1810, extended from the 
 iriiiilicrscfthe United States to the .Straits of Ma- 
 ^illau. is not, at present, possessed of a foot of 
 froimd in the whole American continent. Still, 
 hiiwi vcr, her cidonial possessions are of great value 
 and importance. In the West Indies, she is mis- 
 in ■< of Cuba and Porto Kico ; the former by far 
 largest and liiiest of the West Indian Islands, 
 and the latter also a very valuable possession. In 
 tlicKast, Spain is mistress of the Philippine Islands. 
 ivliioh, Tere they in the hands of an enterprising 
 ppiiple, would speedily become of very great coni- 
 ineroial importance. [Havannaii ; Manilla ; 
 I I'uP.To Rico.] 
 
 ", Dutch Colonics. — Java is the jirincipal Dutch 
 
 I colonial possession, and it is one of which it is not 
 
 lea=y to exaggerate the value and importauoc. 
 
 • [IIatwia.] In the East the Dutch also possess 
 
 I iiie Moluccas, lieiicoolen on the coast of Sumatra, 
 
 iMacassav, .iiid the eastern coast of Celebes, lianda 
 
 lie. They iiave several forts on the Gold Coast 
 
 liii;Urica; in the West Indies they possess the 
 
 lislands of Ciirrt(;ao and St. Eustatius, Saba, and 
 
 ■lart of St. Martin ; and on the continent of South 
 
 lAniirica they are masters of Dutch Suriui'ij. 
 
 lCurai;ao and St. Eustatius are naturally barren. 
 
 |iit ihey have been both highly i'. iprovcd. From 
 
 It'Kingvcry conveniently situated for niaintain- 
 
 ; a contraband traffic with the Caracas and 
 
 per districts in Soutli America, Curasao was for- 
 
 Titrly a place of great trade, particularly during 
 
 [M; but since the independence of South America, 
 
 'las ceased in great measure to be an en- 
 
 trepot ; the goods destined for the continent being 
 now, for the most part, forwarded direct to tlie 
 places of their destination. 
 
 That district of Surinam ceded to the IJritish 
 in 1814, comprishig the settlements of Dcmcrara, 
 Herbico, and Essequiho, formed the most valual>Ic 
 portion of Surinam, or Dutch Guiana. The dis- 
 trict which still belongs to the Dutch lies to the 
 south of Berbice. It contains aliout 38,000 square 
 miles, and a population of about f):!,000. The 
 value of tiie exports of sugar from this colonv in 
 1801 was estimated at 2,054,480 florins, and iu 1802 
 at 2,752,083 llorins. 
 
 3, French Colonics. — Previously to the negro in- 
 surrection that broke out in 1792, St. Domingo 
 was by far the most valuable colony in the West 
 Indies. But this disastrous event, having first <lo- 
 vastated the island, terminated in the cstahlish- 
 ment of the independent black republic of llayti. 
 [Pout au Prince.] Having also sold Louisiana 
 to the Americans, and ceded tlie Mauritius to tiio 
 English, without making any new acquisition, 
 the colonial dominions of Franco (for Algeria can- 
 not bo reckoned amongst them) are, at this mo- 
 ment, of very limited extent. The most impor- 
 tant are Martini(iue and Guadaloupe in the West 
 Indies, the former with (in 1801!) a population of 
 135,353, and the latter of 138,380. The exports 
 of these islands were in 1803 as follows:— 
 
 ArtU'Iei 
 
 kilns. 
 
 IMartiniqiie 
 
 (juaitalouiie 
 
 HtUinion 
 
 Sugar 
 
 30,115,1)^0 
 
 3l,.'iSS,r,l 1 
 
 4 l,liS7, ,-).'.; 
 
 Molasses 
 
 Utrei 
 
 5,!ISl,3i,', 
 
 i,sii,7m 
 
 •l,',i'Ji,.->sil 
 
 Illlni 
 
 ,, 
 
 3,8«7,'Ji5 
 
 !i,7fi7,OS» 
 
 3,M'Mlil 
 
 lolli-i. 
 
 kilos 
 
 !iii8,N17 
 
 l,'i'j;,177 
 
 iC.'i.iiT'i 
 
 I.olton 
 
 .. 
 
 4,907 
 
 13,33ii 
 
 l.l'-'ll 
 
 Cocoa 
 
 ,, 
 
 17T,SIt> 
 
 lUi.SST 
 
 v.riiKi 
 
 Toliacco 
 
 ^j 
 
 l.'iOO 
 
 .'■Jl'. 
 
 iVJMinl 
 
 Vanilla 
 
 ., 
 
 
 ,173 
 
 n.im 
 
 The emancipation of the slaves was injurious to 
 these islands ; but the deficiency of labour thence 
 arising has been, in part at least, supplied by im- 
 migrants. The other French colonies consist of 
 the small islands of Marie-Galante and Doseadn, 
 in the West Indies; Cayenne, in South America ; 
 Senegal and Gorce, in Africa: the Isle do Ucuiiiun 
 (Isle do Bourbon), in the Eastern Ocean, the ex- 
 ports of which are given in the tabic above ; St. 
 Marie, in Madagascar; and Pondicherry and Chaii- 
 dernagore, witli a Nciy small surrounding terri- 
 tory, in the East Indies. 
 
 Oi' these the Isle dc IJeunion is the most i,iipf>r- 
 tant, and the exports from it have lattcrl'- in- 
 creased very rajjidly. At an average of 18 1!) and 
 1850, for example, she only sent to Franco 
 18,081,530 kilogrammes a-year of sugar whcicns, 
 in 1803, she sent thither no fewer than (i9,141,C()3 
 kilogrammes. This extraordinary increase has 
 been wlndly owing to the imjjortation of labounrs 
 from ludia, Africa, and Madagascar, and to the 
 extensive employment of guano as manure. 
 
 4. Danish Colonies. — In the West Indies, these 
 consist of the islands of St. Croix, St. Thomas, and 
 St. John, having together, in 1800, a population 
 of 38,130. St. Croix contains about 100 square 
 miles, and is fertile and well cultivated. Tlie 
 principal productions were at one time sugar, rum, 
 and colTee. The exports formerly aniouiitpd to 
 about 25,000,000 lbs. a-year, but the cultivation 
 of sugar has been .ibandoned in consequence of the 
 emancipation of the slaves in 1847. St. Thomas, 
 which has about 15,500 inhabitants, has long been, 
 and though latterly much fallen off, still continues 
 to bo, one of the principal emporiums in the West 
 In(i'"s. It owes this distinction partly to its con- 
 veniont situation as a packet station, partly to its 
 spacious and safe harbour at St. Tiiomas, on the 
 south side of the island, .ind partly and princii'ally 
 to the moderation of the imiiort duties, which vary 
 c c 2 
 
 ,',« 1 
 
 ■| i' 
 
 4 
 
 

 388 
 
 COLUMHA 
 
 *•* 
 
 
 t 
 
 .h- 
 
 H'M^. 
 
 t.L.. ■ 
 
 '^■i.f 
 
 
 -■>^::" I 
 
 IN. 
 
 from 1 to l\ per cent, St. Tlioiiin.t Im?, in consc- 
 •luiiicp, become as it were u (icpot Cor tlic supply 
 of ilie ncinhboiiritifj islands ; fjoods Ix'in;^ sent to 
 it to be wiirehonscii till opportunity oilers for con- 
 veyini; tliem to their liniil destination. In tliu 
 Cimmtlar licport for 1 l^lit! it i.s stated that this branch 
 of trade is liliely now to decline trr.idiinlly, as mer- 
 ehanta &c.in the nei^'hhourin^; islands are making 
 direct importations from the United Kingdom. 
 'I'he fjreat artiehs of importation are manufactured 
 !,'oods, principally from England, but partly also 
 from other eoinitries of Europe, with provisions, 
 lumber *c. from the United States. 
 
 The value of our exports to the 3 islands now 
 referred to. ■", bciii)^ for St. Thomas, amonntcd in 
 ISlIti to 7(!.').r)-J I/., of wliich cottims made .!(it,;il7/., 
 linens i;!(i,!)H-.7.,eo.il itc. .'^il,9;tl/., and iron W,i]o()l. 
 'I'he DaiU's have, however (18G8), sold these islands 
 to the United States. 
 
 In India the Dimes formerlj' possessed Tran- 
 quebar, near iMadras; and Seraniporc, near Cal- 
 cutta; hut these they sold, in 1845, to the Knst 
 India Compiuiy, 
 
 .'), SiiTi/ish 'Cdhiihi. — The Swedes possess one 
 colony — the small island of St. li.artliolomew, in 
 the U'est Indies. It is only about 25 .square miles 
 in extent, but is very Icrtile. It has no .springs, nor 
 fresh water of anv sort, e.\cept such ns is supplied 
 bv the rain. Population between «,()0() and !»,000. 
 "(X)LUMr.A or (;.VI,UM1J.V liOOT (Dutch, 
 Columbo wortel ; Fr. racino de Cohunbo ; (Icr. Co- 
 lombo-wnr/el ; Ital. radicc di Colombo ; Port, raiz 
 (li (,'olumbn ; Sjian. raiz di (.'olumba; Jlosamb. 
 kalumb). The root of the ])l.int of tliat name : 
 the tVcu/i/.s ;)h/hi«/h.'( of DccandoUe ; Nat. Order, 
 Menkpcrmucfu: It is not cultivated, but grows 
 wild in the forests between Ibo and the Zambesi, 
 and being dug up by the natives, is exported by 
 the Portuguese. It is brought to ns dry, in trans- 
 verse .sections from i to A in. thick, from 1 Uiih in. 
 diameter, li.irk wrinkled and thick, of a brownish 
 colour without, and ii briglitisli yellow within ; 
 pith spongy, yellowish, and slightly striped ; 
 when fresli," its smell is rather aromatic ; it is 
 disagreeably bitter, and slightly pungent to the 
 taste, somewhat resemlding mustard that has 
 been too long kept. Choose the largest ]iieces, 
 fresh, of a good colour, as free from worms as 
 possible, rejecting that which is small and broken. 
 It is used in tlfe mjitcria mediea, and is a valuable 
 tonic. Freight IG cwt. to a ton. A decoction 
 when cold is blackened by the .solution of iodine. 
 {I'haniiitcnjmid of the Medical Cutincil, ed. lytiT.) 
 
 C( )M;MI1( ) or COLOiMHO. The modem capi- 
 tal of C'evlon, on the S.W. coast of the i.sland ; kit. 
 (1° 5(>' G'' N., long. 7'.l° •!!»' 48" K. It is defended 
 by a very strong tort nearly surrounded by the sea, 
 in which is a lighthouse '.'7 feet high. Population 
 of the town and fort, in 181).'), |)erhnps 0(.',0I)(). 
 The houses, generally <iiily 1 storey high, are of 
 stone, clay, and lime; and the town li.as more of a 
 Kuropean appearance tliaii any other in India. 
 The inliiiliilants arc jirincipally Cingalese. The 
 temper.'ituie is remarkable for its equality; and 
 though very humid, the climate may, on the whole, 
 be esteemed salubrious and tem])erate. There is 
 no harbour at Columbo for large vessels, but only 
 an ojien roadstead. A projecting rock, on which "2 
 batteries are erected, affords shelter to a small 
 semicircular bay on the north side of the fort, 
 having a wooden quay to facilitate the loading 
 mid unloading of boats. The depth of water is not 
 sidRcient to allow sloops or large dhonie.s to come 
 alongside the quay; those exceeding 100 tons bur- 
 den lying at about a cable's length from it. A 
 bar of sand, on some parts of which the water is 
 pot more than 7 feet deep, extends from the pro- 1 
 
 COLUMBO 
 
 Jeeting rock across this bay. The channel where 
 it may bo crossed by the larger class of sliips \^ 
 liable'to shift; and it is only in the fine weiither 
 of the safe season that they venture within the 
 bar. The outer road nllbrds secure anchorage fur 
 half the year, from the beginning of October ti. 
 the end of Man'i, during the prevalence of tlii; 
 • N.K. monsoon, when tho wind blows olVihe lanii; 
 during tho other, or S.W. monsoon, when the wind 
 blows from the sen on shore, the road is very far 
 from safe ; and the ships that frequent it are sijinp. 
 times obliged to slip their cables and stand out 
 to sea. (Milbnrn's Orient. Coinm,; Hainiltun's 
 Onzelteer ; itc.) 
 
 As respects its harliour, Columbo is, therefore, 
 very inferior to Trincomalee, the harbour of wliiell 
 is accessible at all times, and one of the liost in 
 India, and it is also inferior to the harlinur ei' 
 Point de Cialle. The country in the vicinity of 
 Columlxj has. no doubt, an extensive internal 
 navigation ; but as the cinnamon plantations near 
 the town have lost much of their former import- 
 ance, and as tho central provinces adapted to tha 
 growth of coffee, now the great staple of the isl.iml, 
 may be as easily reached from the other harljoiirs 
 as from Columbo, tho decline of tho connnorcial 
 preimnderance of tho latter is far from unlikely. 
 
 Moneys. — The rix dollar=lji. (irf. has bccnnic 
 obsolete, and the currency now consists of silvor 
 rupees == 2»., in which, or in dollars =4». 2rf,, ac- 
 counts !ire kept. 
 
 The Hank of Cet/Um, noticed in the last edition 
 of this work, is extinct. There arc, however, ir. 
 Columbo, a branch of the Oriental IJank Cor|>era- 
 tion, he.ad-oflice London ; and a branch of tlie ilir- 
 cantile Bank of India, London, and China, hoad- 
 olfico Bombay, 
 
 Weiyhtx, Measures S^e. — The weights are dividod 
 into ounces, pounds Ac, and are tho same as in 
 (Jreat Britain. The candy or baharsfiOU Ik 
 avoirdupois, or 4(i I lbs. Dutch troy weight. Tiic 
 principal dry measures are seers or'parrults. The 
 former is a perfect cylinder, of the depth and dia- 
 meter under-mentioned : — 
 
 4 '.Vi iticlies 
 
 (Hameler 
 4-.li inchw 
 
 The parrah is a perfect cube, its external dimen- 
 sions being every way 11"57 inches. 
 
 The liipiid measure consists of g.illon*, and | 
 their multiple and sub-multiples. 150 giiilon3= 
 1 leaguer or logger. 
 
 The bale of cinnamon consists of 02Jlbs. veryl 
 nearly-. 
 
 Native Dry Measures. 
 
 rut ('hundoos= I seer 
 
 4 i-5 MS?rs 
 '^ 1 -*^ I'uuriiies 
 'i liiiiri-als 
 
 5 |>arr.ihii 
 
 1> ,1-S aiiiuiiains 
 
 = 1 c'oomie 
 ^1 iiiiircal 
 = I piirrnli 
 = 1 amunam 
 = 1 lost 
 
 The I'nglisli bushel is eqii.il to 3 1 soors or 1 
 parrah and 10 seers. 
 
 Ciylon Native Land Measure.— S lalia' = lfw| 
 nie, 10 cooniies= I poyla, 4 jieyl!\s = l amimani, 
 
 Among tho natives "the value of land is lixwl bj 
 the ((uantity of seed required to sow it, coiii]iiiter 
 •as the amunam and its sub-divisions: thus a 
 amunam of fertile soil will measure, in regard I] 
 produce, .sometimes twice as much as the sai 
 number of square /eet of inferior soil. 
 
 The great articles of export from Ceylon J 
 coffee, cocoa-nut oil, arcca nut.i, cinnamon, plufl 
 bago, coir, arrack, tobacco, pearls, cliank.s &(■ TIj 
 island is peculiarly suitable for the culture of c 
 fee, the growth of which has rapidly incroij 
 since the rcduct.'on, in 1835, of the duty on oof 
 from Ceylon to tho same level as that oncoq 
 from the" West Indies, the imports into the I'mtj 
 
 ! ^ 
 
 ! i 
 
COLOMBO 
 
 , [.- 
 
 ■ ,A 'J 
 
 '•■!" «;■;-. 
 
 1i t • ■. . 
 
 /^M.Vtin j.urujmiut^ .t c'<». 
 
 
 ! I.! i.l 
 
 ■Ai 
 
Kin„'iliiiii from CVvlmi 
 kill only l,«7(),l-i;i III 
 aiiiuiiiili'il t(t H1,Jl'n,;17(J 
 ^nvliiib-.'l,i")a7,0«:.'ll),i. 
 suiii|ili(iii,iin(l thn Hiippl 
 III' ail iiuk'liiiiU! iiiL'iL'ii.' 
 init uil, «iir, uiid nira 
 iiitrciuMiJ ; ami it will I 
 sa.mdN liow tlie growtt 
 was rwdictcd by tlui di 
 Tliototnl valtio of our in 
 
 »;),:'-JJ..>l-V. 
 
 Siiiliiill l^ircclw/is ttm 
 i,f Columbo, by Jam 
 AlkHilant. 
 
 The ((last of Ceylon ii 
 
 i iHit visible from seiiwi 
 
 AWut 1 mile to the iii 
 
 Jliitwul, tlicro are some 
 
 1 ):tiitrally seen when o.\ 
 
 I Wore the li^^hthouse oi 
 
 _«d liiiulmark for Colm 
 
 I naward lliey appear eo 
 
 jtlic .■urrmiiiiliiij,' cocoa-r 
 
 Itnpc rutlicr thiuly plaiil 
 
 [coast citiier north or s( 
 
 1 similar mark to this. 
 
 Tlierc are sonic i.solntc 
 Icountry, and the liitfh 
 |ehai|j coiie called Adam 
 llo L). S. didtant 4<i n 
 pliovt ilic level of the s 
 lias Kdi .ten nt a distai 
 K.uinii-uon it is genei 
 
 I soiiiciimes through 
 
 II in the S.W. monsoc 
 ;|ilKrc' which prevails 
 A bri-ht fixed llj,'lit 
 
 pm tho chick tower, a s 
 
 ; iliat is situated in 
 
 ktitude 0° jC la" N. an. 
 
 Ilielyht is elevated 133 
 
 fci, and may be seen in e 
 
 |c<ip 18 to 20 miles. 
 
 1 Iho only (longer in a\ 
 
 P'ln the southward is th 
 
 pocks with only (! feet 
 
 krt whicli hears" from t 
 
 pil is distant off shore 
 
 Jaiijrer is clearly i 
 
 |on>oon by a constant 1 
 
 .'the N.i;. mtnsoon w: 
 
 [) bank ; it is thi-ii j-,ru 
 
 itlioms water when in tl 
 
 jtkreareS fathoms eh 
 
 |mon; ]imdent course w 
 
 e >i)ore within U mile 
 
 "in'lit lo hear to the ea 
 
 Island in for the shippi; 
 
 I sained by steering clo 
 
 ^e. The approach fro 
 
 at. auil also from the 
 
 liion of a ledge of ro( 
 
 m to the northward 
 
 p is only about J mil 
 
 ► "f the usual track of 
 
 ftliyofnoteas adangi 
 
 f exds bound to Colun 
 
 |:i; 1 ^ • I I ^B''K'Mstwardof78o,ai 
 
 ^[| "f Ceylon a strong 
 T' . and the wind freqi 
 PltheGulf ofWanaar 
 Ithcnlt to fetch the por 
 Voast for oO miles sc 
 ''ached with safety tc 
 
C0LUMI50 
 
 389 
 
 Kin^'iloiii from Coylon in the former year having 
 Ih.(u oiilv l,«70,ll.'l ll)n., wbcrcuii in IHtWi they 
 aiiiuiiniid ti> «1,»-.'H,;I7U lb8., vulueil at 2,7lf.',;l.'j-.'/., 
 ^J\ \\ liich •il,r)37,0«-' ll),i. Wore cntcrcil for hoiiif ccm- 
 ,;ini|ili<>ii,un(l tliR HU|i|ilyaptivar!< to bcsuscepliblu 
 ,il' ;iii iiuK'liuitt) iiicR'uw. I'liu uxiportu of cdcou- 
 ,.,it nil, t'i)ir, uml arracli mi>,'lit iilso bu f;f*-'"'ly 
 iiicriiiMil; iukI it will bo HOfii in tlio articlu CiN- 
 SA.MiiN bow tli« Kfowth of tbat ini|iortuut ntuplu 
 \,,\> astrictcd by tbi! <liity laid oil its exportation. 
 ihe tdtal value of our imports from Ceylon in 1WG7 
 v,!u;V.'-^J..>l-''. 
 
 Siiiliml Directions tiiiit liemar/is on the Port 
 „f Cohml/u, by Jamva Voniuxn, Jimj,, Jlanter 
 Alkntlunt. 
 
 'Iho itiast of Ceylon about Colunibo is low, nnil 
 iKt visible from seaward more llian 10 miles. 
 Ali"Ut I nille to tbc liortbward of tlio fort, near 
 Miilwul, there are some lofty iir trees, wliieli are 
 1 L'tiKTally seen when approacbin;^ from seaward 
 1 Ufore the lifihtbousc or lings talV. Tbey atVord a 
 ahI Lmdmark for Columbo, ns when viewed from 
 I ";ta«ard tliey appear considerably elevated above 
 lilic lurrmuidinK cocoa-nut trees, and seeui as one 
 jtupe ralhcr tbiuly planted. Xo other part of tlie 
 Icoajt eitlier north or south of Culumbo all'ords a 
 1 timilar mark to this. 
 
 Tlierc are some isolated hills nt a distance in the 
 
 Icuumry, and the high mountain having on it a 
 
 l8!\aii] iviie called Adam's I'eak bears from Colum- 
 
 lUi LI S. distant •t(i miles. It rises 7,l-'0 feet 
 
 InWt tlic level of the sea, and in clear weather 
 
 has Ittii ^(.'cn at a distance of 30 leagues. In tbc 
 
 \.i:.niiiii!oou it is generally seen in tbc morning, 
 
 Ud siiiiiftimcs throughout the day, but is rarely 
 
 |((ii in tlie S.W. monsoon thrcugli the humid at- 
 
 iJicrc which prevails in that season, 
 
 A bri,;'ht fixed light is exhibited every night 
 
 m ilic cluck tower, astpiare grey looking build- 
 
 lliat is situated in the centre of the fort, in 
 
 kiitiuie 0° 5G' 13" N. and longitude 79° M' 13" E. 
 
 Ihe li;;lit is elevated 133 feet above the level of tlie 
 
 lti.aiidniay be seen in clear weather from a ship's 
 
 pp 18 to 20 miles. 
 
 I'Lc only danger in approaching the roadstead 
 
 BUI the southward is the Druidieu Sailor, a ledge 
 
 (rucks with only t> feet water over the shallowed 
 
 Brt which hears from the light tower H. 70° \V. 
 
 liJ is ilisiaiit off shore 800 yards, or say i mile. 
 
 Ills danjier is clearly defined during the S.W. 
 
 |on«uon by u constant break of the sea, but dur- 
 
 ; tlie X.K. inttisoon with smooth water there is 
 
 D break; it is tUtii prudent not to come under i) 
 
 Itluims water when in the vicinity of these rocks, 
 
 I there are 8 fathoms close outsicle of them j but 
 
 lorii prudent course would be not to ajjproach 
 
 shore within Ih mile until the light tower is 
 
 |iiu;'ht to hear to the eastward of E. by N., then 
 
 Island in lor the shipping, as no advantage can 
 
 Sahiiil by steering close to these rocks at any 
 
 The approach from the westward is quite 
 
 IT. and also from the northward with the cx- 
 
 (in of a ledge of rocks that stretches along 
 
 : to the northward from Mutwal; but this 
 
 1 is only about \ mile off shore, and so much 
 
 N the usual track of shipping that it is scarce 
 
 Tihy of note as a danger. 
 
 ^s^'ds bound to Columbo during the S.AV. mon- 
 
 Vi from south of the Equator should not cross 
 
 pihe eastward of 78°, ns between 3° north and the 
 
 Ft of Coylon a strong current sets to the east- 
 
 H and the wind frequently hangs from west 
 
 ^Ulie Gulf of Munaar is entered, thus making 
 
 Dicult to fetch the port if not well to windward. 
 
 f cuast for 30 miles south of Columbo may be 
 
 cached with safety to u distance of 2 miles. 
 
 Tbc roadstend of Columbo, although exposed to 
 the S.\V. inimsoon, is a safe one for vessels well 
 found in ground tackle ; vessels generally ridu out 
 the monsoon at single anchor with a long scope of 
 chain. A gale of wind mav occur about the 
 changes of the monsoon in llie months of May, 
 •lune, and November, and even as late as Ueceni- 
 Iht; though a gale of wind in the latter month is 
 very rare, ami several years sometimes pass away 
 without any beyond a still" monsoon breeze. 
 
 These gales are seldom violent, and it is only 
 during them that ciiaualties occur to the shipping. 
 ( iidy .") vessels have been wrecked within the last 
 32 years. 
 
 Communicatidu between the shore and shipping 
 is seldom interrupted, although there are occasional 
 spills of sqiudly weather and high sea during the 
 S.W. nionsijon, which make the passage over tbn 
 bar diflicult and dangerous, especially for small 
 boats. 
 
 A vessel may anchor anywhere in the outer 
 roads with the llagsiatf bearing from 8. 5° E. to 
 S. lii)° K, iu from oi to OJ fathoms water, and dis- 
 tant off the north bastion of tlie fort from J to 1 
 mile. The best nnchorago js with the flagstaff 
 bearing about S. 30° E. in H fathoms water. Vi's- 
 scls arriving during the S.W. monsoon, or about 
 the changes of the monsoon, should not anchor 
 nearer the north bastion of the fort than i mile, 
 or bring the rocky point at Mutwal (which is 
 about li mile to the northward of the fort) to bear 
 to the northward of N.E. 4 E. ; and they are re- 
 commended to ride with not less than 80 fathoms 
 cable to the hawse, and to have all the shackles 
 looked to and the small pins well secured before 
 coming to an anchor. The constant pitching mo- 
 tion which vessels arc subjected to causes the 
 cables at some distance from the hawse to beat and 
 chafe on the ground, and the shackle pins frequently 
 work out, if not well secured. The small pins 
 should be of iron with large heads, and the other 
 ends well clinched over a ring : if not clinched, they 
 invariably loosen, and work out. 
 
 The inHer road or harbour is mostly occupied 
 by the native coasting vessels : it is considerably 
 sheltered from the S.W. monsoon by the nortli 
 bastion of the fort and bar, and affords good and 
 safe anchorage for vessels drawing not over 11 
 feet. The bar is a shifting sand-bank extending 
 from the north basfiim in a line with Mutwal 
 I'oint for about IJ cable length, on which there is 
 from 7 to 12 feet water beyond it, and inside of it 
 there is 3^ fathoms. Strangers should not enter 
 the inner roads without a pilot. As the sea some- 
 times breaks on the bar during the S.W. monsoon, 
 and several lives have been lost by boats being 
 swamped, strangers should not use their own boats 
 in landing, but employ one of the outrigger canoes, 
 which are always available, until they become ac- 
 quainted with the passage over it. 
 
 The ballast ground during the S.W. monsoon 
 is in 15 fathoms water with the flag staff bearing 
 about E., and during the N.E. monsoon in the 
 same depth of water with the flag staff about 
 E.S.E., where ves.iels may discharge their ballast 
 overboard. 
 
 The current of Columbo, and in the Gulf of 
 Slanaar, is subject to considerable variation, par- 
 ticularly about the changes of the monsoon, when 
 it is the strongest; but generally speaking it sets 
 with the monsoon, and is never so strong as to in- 
 convenience shipping making the roads. The 
 greatest difference between high and low water 
 recorded at Columbo is not more than 2 feet 10 
 inches. In the S.W. monsoon, when the mean 
 level of the ocean is the lowest, the difference be- 
 tween high and low water is from 6 to 15 inches. 
 
 K 
 
 , I 
 
 > ',-^9 
 
 ■■■ 
 
 *."!' ' ' 
 
 
 1 ■" 
 
 \ 4 
 
 f ■ ■ 
 
 *-; 
 
 ■ * 
 
 , * ' V r' . ' 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ■ > ! 
 
 '?«ea»W^ll»BM5WS!S5wsw<»*- ■• 
 
n9o 
 
 COLUMIJO 
 
 ■ 4 
 
 . •*' 
 
 ;i 
 
 
 mi 
 
 I) 
 
 
 .', r -V 
 
 I 
 
 On tliosp (lays wlion (lio difTi'mn'o Ix'twoni lii;;li 
 mill low wntiT ix nut nmri- lliiiii ti inrhcx, tho riH<- 
 mill lull liiis lii'cii oiKtcrveil to tnko place 4 tiiiic'i 
 witliiii '.'1 lidiirK. 
 
 Customs Duties 1808. 
 Imjiort Duties, 
 
 
 
 
 Ilut; 
 
 Armn .mil iimnuiiiitlon t 
 
 
 £ 
 
 < 
 
 if 
 
 ^uii'. ,iiul ntli'« • 
 
 . pn.h 
 
 II 
 
 A 
 
 II 
 
 pitlolt ... 
 
 • iwr iMilr 
 
 II 
 
 A 
 
 II 
 
 uiiii)hiwili'r > - « 
 
 ^|H»| .... 
 
 - |wrfh. 
 . iwrcwt. 
 
 II 
 
 
 II 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 li 
 
 lUi'iiti, liuttpr, (lii-iko, itnil h*unt - 
 
 • » 
 
 1) 
 
 li 
 
 II 
 
 H' (■> 'inil |H»rk 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 •t 
 
 » 
 
 lli'i-r, .ilf. (111(1 |>orirr, ami alt i>ttt«r ni.'\U 
 
 
 
 
 liquori ill wowl 
 
 • per Rallon 
 
 l> 
 
 II 
 
 .1 
 
 <litt<> (lltio In Imttlvf 
 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 >Vh iltifil or KiilU-«U anil Hn« and 
 
 •kin-.; 
 
 
 
 
 ilif iTiMtuifuf cnfaturmUTrnK In lh« wa • iiercwt. 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 Kl..ur (*ht'ut) - 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 ■i 
 
 II 
 
 Hn|>. .... 
 
 ■ 
 
 u 
 
 (i 
 
 II 
 
 J.iHti*'ry or pilm Hin(ar, nol rqual In quality 
 
 
 
 
 (.» ttntwii ur iiuim-iiv.kIo itMUdt 
 
 * t» 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 Walt - - , • 
 
 - IMT liuahel 
 
 u 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 Meiali : 
 
 
 
 
 
 |ir(i.>H nhPcU . > 
 
 • ftercwt. 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 «'<ip)KT khvulhlnK and naiU 
 
 
 11 
 
 (i 
 
 II 
 
 Iruii— bar 
 
 • |ier tun 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 II 
 
 CfiiniitatKl 
 
 
 II 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 ffalvani!4Ml 
 noop 
 
 
 1 
 
 III 
 
 II 
 
 
 ll 
 
 III 
 
 II 
 
 Via 
 
 
 II 
 
 .'i 
 
 II 
 
 rail ■ 
 
 
 II 
 
 s 
 
 II 
 
 shei't 
 
 
 (1 
 
 111 
 
 II 
 
 le«(l. shwt 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 tiwlier iiud lim- 
 
 
 II 
 
 IS 
 
 II 
 
 MfV\ .... 
 
 
 II 
 
 IH 
 
 n 
 
 Oiiiuiit - - - - 
 
 - pw'i'h. 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 ij 
 
 I'iKl.ly . - - - 
 
 - |i«r liiithi'1 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 .1 
 
 Pliili, rosiin, orlnr 
 
 - iitT harrt-l 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 u 
 
 Kill', utuat, KTmn, pt'^^t^ bu.tui, and otlicr 
 
 
 
 
 ^rain (eirept tiaiUtvJ - 
 
 - iKjr luishel 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 Kalt .... 
 
 • |Hrr L'WI. 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 Srthitetre 
 
 ,, 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 Spirit* ami ronli.i!* 
 
 . iHT gallon 
 
 II 
 
 .'l 
 
 
 
 hUKar rt'tirinl amUdiuly . 
 
 • |R*r cwi. 
 
 1) 
 
 .'l 
 
 II 
 
 uiiriMiiiil • 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 •i 
 
 (i 
 
 Tpi . . - . 
 
 • |ier lb. 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 li 
 
 Tobario ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 iiiaiiuf.irturfd ■ 
 
 - per cwt. 
 
 I 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 uniiinniif:iL-tun-d 
 
 • ,, 
 
 II 
 
 II) 
 
 II 
 
 citfafi anil snutr 
 
 - IHT lb. 
 
 II 
 
 u 
 
 H 
 
 Wine in wokI - 
 
 • JMT KlUoil 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 r. 
 
 in iKtiiIrt . - - 
 
 It 
 
 II 
 
 » 
 
 (i 
 
 (jno«ls, warts, aitd inerrlianili^c, not 
 
 itherwisp rh.irceil 
 
 
 
 
 M itii duly or protilhitt il.andnot fon 
 
 pristHi iitthf liiliji' 
 
 
 
 
 of exfinption-. luriinaflfr si't lurth, 
 
 lor i-f.ij iwl. of 
 
 
 
 
 tlu' ^aluu tliiTfut' In iliLH niarkft 
 
 • 
 
 ,'» 
 
 u 
 
 II 
 
 Table of Exemptions, 
 
 Books and m.ip^ printed ; i ijlion, coin, |H'arU, .md 
 prt-ciiius htnnf't ; cud, ('nki.aiid |t.ittiit fui'l ; rocoa- 
 nut oil; ciilttt.'; (-u>T yarn, rupt', twine, and strands; 
 copiwrah ; cotton won! ; cowries and other »hi-tts ; fruit, 
 not in any way preserved; ground nui.s, Rintirly scett, 
 and liohtfid; ^r<r^e'4, niuli-i, ait^es, and all other live 
 ttork i ice; machinery; all ile^criptionit of marine, 
 locomotive, stationary, and iKirtahle iiteani engines, 
 th«-ir huilern ami ^ear, uliule or inpartit; machinery 
 adapted lo wintlmilU ; every description nf machinery 
 for lifting; f(itcmK> and cnnduciinft water for the niami- 
 fai'ture of i«uf,'at ; hydraulic anil ticicw presses ; craiu-s, 
 Crah wlnche-., and screw jackn; pulpern, peelers, and 
 winnowlnK niachiiieii, whole -r in parlH ; tile, brick, 
 and pipe making machines; .{i ting and lithouraptiic 
 pre««e<t; every deM-rlptiim '-' li re, cotton, carding, 
 weaving, and f pinning i<>r-. ''it h; Nasmytli'ii ham- 
 rners ; lathes; punchh .'., drll 'iig, vliearlng, planing, 
 tawing, and 6crew makm^: n uchii)e<t ; manures; pa* 
 pt-r; pep|>er, black ; reghr-'nal ciothingi nei»»arie», 
 and accoutrements, tn>pori<^l for thence of Her Mn- 
 Je!ity'« land and sea forces; M*etU intended fur nuricul- 
 tural and horticultural purposf<<, tncludint; plants; 
 Hpecimen^ illustrative ofnatural hUt^jry j taitkiUron) ; 
 whale oil - • - . - > free 
 
 Export Duties, — Duties of customs payable on 
 goods, wares, aiul merchainlisc, bein^ the *o^owth, 
 produce, or manufacture of the island of Ceylon, 
 exported to parts beyond seas. 
 
 Articles, 
 
 - per cwt. 
 thebaleof lUOlb^. nett 
 
 - per cwt. 
 
 Arcca nuts 
 Cinnamon 
 Coffee - 
 
 (?oir yam, fibre, rope, and Junk 
 Cnpperah, or cocoanut kt-riielH - - t. 
 
 Oil, cocoanut • • - - ., 
 
 Suirar • - - - „ 
 
 Toliacco, unmanufactiiroil - - „ 
 
 All other giKMis, warco, ami merchandiiie, not otlu rwi'.c 
 «harged with «lut\ nor comprised In the table of ei- 
 emptiont, for every luu/. of the value thereof in this 
 market - . . . . . 
 
 Rate 
 
 £ 
 
 ofdntT 
 
 t. tl. 
 
 I 
 
 2 o 
 
 1 11 
 n ^ 
 
 a r. 
 
 7i 
 
 I) (> 
 
 2 10 
 
 Exemptions, 
 
 Books and mnpn i>Tinted ; bullion, pearls, precious (itoneH 
 (unset) \ horHPs, mulet, assen. and all nthcr live stock ; 
 ahells, cowiit s, clianks; i»eedi and plants ; tijieciinens 
 lllu:>trative of natural history - • - free 
 
 J'tnt />/*.,■*. — Tho tonnage tir bunion of rvorv 
 Itritish Hhip ti» Ut the timnn^e net furth in the kt- 
 titlrate of n*Ki'*try ofHueh Hhip; the tonnn^;*' i.f ;i|[ 
 other shipH to beeuloiilaled in the san^e niannir.-iH 
 that of MritiHli ve^HeN, 
 
 Pthtngv Jiiiteit, — The pilotage rates cliarf;o(l i.n 
 all 8quare-riKK*'*l vcisels at the ports of tialli-, 
 Columbf), and Trineomah'e were, according to tlic 
 Cfijhn liliw HtH^k t>f lH*i5, as tollow : — 
 
 Culinnt}Of {{\m, 
 
 Trincomalee, 
 
 
 
 III. 
 
 k Hay 
 
 ItttllT 
 
 IUlbi>ii 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 1, i/. 
 
 Ji I, , 
 
 of r>iin Ion* nnd iitiwArilH . 
 
 
 - i 
 
 II II 
 
 i II I 
 
 IIHI „ unilnriiHI 
 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 III II 
 
 .1 11 , 
 
 Vll'l „ „ IIKI 
 
 
 . 1 
 
 1 II 
 
 ' '/ 1 
 
 m VI HI 
 
 
 . 1) 
 
 III li 
 
 1 1 II 
 
 „ iiiii 
 
 
 • u 
 
 U II 
 
 I) li 11 
 
 Oalli 
 
 • 
 
 
 * 1. 
 
 ll. 
 
 VciMit ofliOi) tofif and iijiwai 
 
 ill 
 
 
 . 3 II 
 
 11 
 
 mil „ uiiilcT cim 
 
 
 . i .'i 
 
 II 
 
 >IKI .. M 
 
 4' III 
 
 
 . 1 III 
 
 li 
 
 imi „ 
 
 71 m 
 
 
 - 1 'i 
 
 II 
 
 
 IIN> 
 
 
 . or. 
 
 II 
 
 Fort Dues. 
 
 Kntry Inwarda, with cargo - • per ton 
 
 In ballast - 
 
 t'tearance outwarda, with cnrffo . per ton 
 
 In balla»t - - free 
 
 And in no c&se to eireed, either at the time of entry 
 
 inwardn or clearance outwards • • 
 
 frc- 
 'i 
 
 Composition for Port JJues, 
 
 £ i. . 
 VesneU conveying gooiU Intween one port and another 
 wlthiti the island arc allowed to cumjtound tor |Hirt 
 dues for li monllu ... pvr ton u I j 
 
 Account of the Quantities of Coffee, Cintinmnn, ami 
 Cocoanut O/V, the .Vrodmt of the Islanti, exportcl 
 from Ceylon daring the folhudng Yearn, 
 
 Vrtrt 
 
 CoITm 
 
 Cinnamon 
 
 Cocolnulllil 1 
 
 (J.inuarv 'j) 
 
 cwl. 
 
 Ihi. 
 
 In,!!,! 
 
 \«Vl 
 
 ■1I,S(13 
 
 .'i9ii,,W9 
 
 IH4I 
 
 fit, SI 111 
 
 389,373 
 
 «,vi« : 
 
 ISI'i 
 
 811, ',MI 
 
 317,919 
 
 3'/l,!l«« 
 
 1H4.T 
 
 iMi.Hiri 
 
 1»I,I4.^ 
 
 47.S967 
 
 1811 
 
 |J1,8I7 
 
 <i6a,70l 
 
 W,,taf, 1 
 
 ISl.'. 
 
 ^^:',^ir,^ 
 
 1.057,811 
 
 41,\,V)I 
 
 IMC 
 
 I78,ti03 
 
 408,V1I 
 
 m,m : 
 
 \H\1 
 
 173,H!l'i 
 
 4(I1,I1.',B 
 
 12,1,'JII 
 
 ISIS 
 
 'iWXH 
 
 447,369J 
 
 my\ 
 
 1SI9 
 
 280,010 
 
 491, 687 j 
 
 f ,iil,w; 
 I unil H ci.li 
 
 IS in 
 
 373,503 
 
 733,7811 
 
 m,'.n ' 
 
 IK.'il 
 
 1(78,173 
 
 611,8,-,7 
 
 407,WI 
 
 18M 
 
 3IU,9.'j7 
 
 '01,191 
 
 4I.1.6W 1 
 
 IS,').- 
 
 37'^,379 
 
 ■1«7,CB61 
 
 r 7)!l,ii'H 
 I >nil 1 ci'tl 
 
 i,ii",'i;i 
 
 IK')! 
 
 3j8,97I 
 
 9.-.B,2sll 
 
 I»V. 
 
 4U7,(i'^l 
 
 784,i84j 
 
 l,f>J'J,IU 
 
 (31 ll«.) 
 
 
 
 
 1 S.'i ■. 
 
 .W)fi..')10 
 
 730,6110 
 
 m,:n ' 
 
 lHJIi 
 
 440,819 
 
 8;7,.i47 
 
 l,o,iw»i; ' 
 
 IS '.7 
 
 rMfiM 
 
 "87,9,'>9 
 
 cwt. 
 lHi« ' 
 
 IH.VS 
 
 .'.41,li35 
 
 7,011,741 
 
 6«,(lii| 
 
 IS.'ill 
 
 (189,998 
 
 S79,3B1 
 
 OlflX 
 
 ISIill 
 
 fi37.ll9 
 
 67 '1,1,'),') 
 
 w,6i* ; 
 
 iSlil 
 
 li,')n.317 
 
 8l,'.,ai8 
 
 «3,uiii; ; 
 
 ISii'i 
 
 fillA,7ll9 
 
 87.'.. 17,') 
 
 lli,INI 
 
 IKIi.-! 
 
 8i8,58.'. 
 
 734,1138 
 
 l.v;,o;i i 
 
 1S(,1 
 
 671,863 
 
 77«,67,') 
 
 iKii,;6i 
 nii. ' 
 
 lsi;-> 
 
 927,410 
 
 S')ll,975 
 
 i,i;ii,;si ■ 
 
 ISIlli 
 
 897,B'M 
 
 8911,184 
 
 1,IH2.^5'' 
 
 7. IM pr 
 
 \ I'll iiii 
 
 m.l 
 
 9. fJii III. 
 
 'iii«l( 
 
 III. On .in 
 
 li«f»ll 
 
 II. rin.'ili, 
 
 l<, I III Irllt.! 
 
 M. (Ill 111,. I, 
 
 or aliin 
 
 1 1. On ilrl.i. 
 
 .. AtoUr 
 
 ". Iln,,l|,|, 
 
 11). Ilii,,„,| 
 
 I'. (InMiiilin 
 
 .ilh.-r *»< 
 
 lfiini(.-r I 
 
 ll. On uln III 
 
 /'. 
 
 \"ffr9, rice, %u 
 '•''If union 
 IVcrjfiMHl. . 
 ' "(t'lfi «ireirrd 
 
 riw 
 ';."rrni»„r|,„, 
 » iii», .jiinu, b, 
 
 Uipif 
 
 .ill iH 
 
 AcroHutnfth 
 *''f"l Jrtic 
 ( 'ijlon littrii 
 
 ^trticj 
 
 -^reraniiti 
 
 * iiitumiia 
 
 ('•"■•anufii 
 j '■'■"«•, jiliintiiiiori 
 I . itativi- . 
 \ toir roj* 
 urn 
 
 f'opfrrah 
 
 General Rates of Agency, Commission^ anJGodm 
 Jienf agreed upon by the Chamber of Cotnmrtt 
 of Ceylon, on April *29, May ITi, and Jam li 
 183U ; and reviaed August o, 1818. 
 
 I. On all balm and shipments - - - ■ ' 
 
 H'ith the Jbllorvinff exeeptiatu : 
 On retums made with the priK-eeds of good*, on whi^li 
 
 commUsion \*a% l»een previou&ly charged • ' -i 
 
 On treasure, bullion, and bank ii)>ares - ■ ■ ' . 
 
 On all proi>erty witlidrawn, shipoid.nr dt-Iiverrd toorl^r • :) 
 V. On guaranteeing »ales, bilb, bonds, crntracii, or <i-'' 
 engagements • . . . . * 
 
 .1. On tthips' dhbur^emenU - - - * 
 
 4. On advertising for freight and paK<iengpri(, on the amou"' 
 of freight or pauajje money, whether ilie iaiii;!*^" 
 through the agent's nand'« or not 
 .^. On etfeciing insurar.ce or wriiina orders, for iniiiruiff 
 ti. On settling lu^se*, partial aniT general, and rdurni c: 
 premium . - - • • * 
 
 J "lunniej 
 I f'!*i>h,tnt% - 
 /'H'jtronelli 
 ( < "cftinmi . 
 
 i'hIT"" ■ 
 
 l>'''"-,irr,irl 
 
 1 7?.^i, '""'"""■ »™il 
 
 I Tiinljer 
 /^-«^uimM„„c,, 
 
 Total 
 ff^ari/iom: If,,/,. A 
 
 for PTerr hull, ,„■,„, 1 
 Onedo/ci, 
 
 "*"^^«,or,bo,m;« 
 
 0(hnrfr,o,i,nyt 
 
 mi:''' '" "^ «"! 
 
 I'ouWc tlwsc rate! 
 
 "t'l under the nr 
 '}' Ordinance iTi 
 f'^'i or removed^' 
 
 '"fapenoi of 7,i,„ 
 I SM, ,t ,s cnacteUl 
 
OOLUMHO 
 
 .101 
 
 |l,i)V',Wl' 
 c»t- 
 11!."! 
 
 W,«'l 
 
 ll',.ii.l 
 
 is;;:; 
 
 iii;".;; 
 
 l,ori.'>^' 
 
 In,; JuM'.il 
 
 ft!.* I 
 
 Tilii;l> 
 
 10 M.I" 
 , 01 ''- 
 
 , the »«'»" 
 lid irt""" . )| 
 
 IVr r. 
 
 On iill»iiilln^ lli« lUlUMy of rinilrm I «i»>il<, nr rpi'tivlnii 
 iMtl ilrMviTtrtf |iriff<tttf coiiiinl^^lttii* i>t' winv^, rulllt', .iiiit 
 mrTfh inillw • " .' - ' 
 
 Oil 111* >"'«! •'"" "^ "" ''•''" "' """' ''•'• "' *" "■'""in' "< 
 
 (III- mitl.tn ilf lh« ■««•"'. •■' 'I'tl'W ll»tl>% OM Whuh to lOIIU 
 
 ,iil,.l.iii "f ' I"-' '<•■«••'►" "K"''''!'' .■ , 
 On iHk.'lnK ri'iiiiM incr«. or on |iiiT. Iiwlng, wllInK, or 
 
 iinliiliiilliin I'll'of .ti-liinj» - • 
 
 On ".llnllncc I'rilulK ln» iril or outwaril . 
 
 On !••"►'< "''■'"'''I'""""' • ."■.■. 
 
 On llif tiinnin..|neiil "t nHIM.ai tliculnM, wlmlnlMralori, 
 
 On it«lti*i wh<*n A prorri^ At \$km or urbllrnlinn U n«cv«*ur'< 
 
 Anil If rtfnTprpd In •iirh rnrnn* 
 On .tU <Uhr« collr. ltd t>r «■• urrtl - 
 On«rinll>'lCl""-'''"'''l";""'>'''''''l"'M I' 
 On lnnillnL', riparlnil, and d»ll«prliit( ^\tn.iif ttom iWawtn or 
 
 „lh.r »e«*'h, wlu'll «lHi¥« l.OiHi/. . - - 
 
 |f„nili-r l,'""i/- . . . . . 
 
 /fii/c ii/' (tudoiiH Hint jirr Jlonlh, 
 
 .'nffrt, rlcf , >"«". I""' "nllli-tw 
 ('inniimon ■ - " 
 
 I'lci • K.i*"l« ■ 
 fotliin •i-rtweU 
 
 r.w • . - 
 
 rinrTo|»"r|unk • 
 Wim, i|ilru«, ift, oil «c. 
 Wliin 
 
 prrhaK 
 
 • par ImI* 
 ptr hale nr niw 
 
 • |H'r IiiiIm 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 f) 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 • jK-r cwi. 
 |>er Itfiitfupr or pipe 
 
 Riiunh BO"*l<. ''"^^ '*** •■n'''*'*'""''"' In rrftti-t pi-T .')(»( iibi. iWt 'i O 
 .Vll iitlitr aril' l*!t in pruiHjrtiun to Ihu alMHt. 
 
 iccDimt of the Quantities and Vnhit's of the Pri/i- 
 viiutl ArticleH prtMluced in and e.r/Mrted from 
 Cnjlon ditrimj 1H<)5. 
 
 .IrtlclM 
 
 
 Quiniltln 
 
 ei.iiifi 
 
 H-ill,'J-.T 
 l,H!ll),1|l 
 
 Valu* 
 
 Art<-« ira« • 
 
 ( innamiin 
 I'll, i-anuu 
 
 r«l. 
 
 lU. 
 II. 1. 
 
 4fl.1l(l'i 
 
 4i,'il!) 
 
 fl,v.lli 
 
 ClIIw, vlnnlMi"" 
 
 n.uivt' ■ * 
 
 iwt. 
 
 6'.I'.,M1 
 
 1, «;?',() I'i 
 
 „ 
 
 ■i^^'KM 
 
 '1 (1)1,111 1 
 
 Coir T«i* 
 ' varn * * 
 
 ,, 
 
 10,191 
 
 1V,1'JI 
 
 ,, 
 
 6I>,!KI9 
 
 '^l,Mii| 
 
 fn|>|*rall 
 
 Collon, m.inuf-KturMl • 
 
 I piit-e* 
 
 ILUW 
 1.1l,flli9 
 
 7,1 U9 
 } I3;,nfl'( 
 
 twUt - 
 
 |icki(«. 
 
 1,1 iHf! 
 
 f,'i,r.ll7 
 
 wool - 
 
 iwt. 
 
 ■ ,10s 
 
 .1,1 a? 
 
 rowrffs ih«ll<, and 
 
 
 
 
 i-h.inki 
 
 
 __ 
 
 H,.1Sfl 
 
 fjiinniri • • 
 
 pckg«. 
 
 6,.'in« 
 
 (ss.vt 
 
 K:t|h.ml« - 
 
 no. 
 
 W71 
 
 T,v\n 
 
 (III, iilronelli 
 
 01. 
 
 %r<\,mi 
 
 !),H.'..T 
 
 Coco-inul* ' 
 
 cwl. 
 
 01, .'B.! 
 
 l'ill,«7H 
 
 IMuititidKii - 
 
 cwt. 
 
 in, 11 1 
 
 1.1,1'il 
 
 RtfP 
 
 bndirli 
 
 nn,iNiii 
 
 .TJ,i||K) 
 
 ?.|iirit*— .irr.lrk - 
 
 Hattuns 
 
 •lOi,'M% 
 
 17,363 
 
 Sfonen, i>rtciuu«, and I 
 M.11I4 J 
 Timber 
 
 |ick|5J. 
 
 •a 
 
 3,fillG 
 3 Mil 
 
 T'.lnico, unniauufac. 
 
 rwt. 
 
 21,111 
 
 •^4.(1»S 
 
 Sfccle 
 
 piklf.. 
 
 CUl 
 
 ¥M,»fi 
 
 Total - 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 3,.Mi.'i,l.'i7 
 
 Warehouse Rates for all Ooot/s bonded in ani/ 
 Qiteen^s WarehouHe, iv-r w.+w 
 
 //. 
 For fT(Tir butt, viiH'. nri'uncheon - - - ," 
 
 Half ['ilH-orht'tTHbcail • - - • -ji 
 
 H-irrel <ir qu-irier Cl-k - - - -1 
 
 Ci.k.irki'ijof'imalUT »i/o - - - - "l 
 
 Six (lojfn laseiif wine, spirits, ot other liqueursi - 'i 
 
 Tlirwddii'ii ft ».»»»» • ' 
 
 Onedo/tn >* •» •* » • "i 
 
 Crate, rcisk, or caie of hardwniv, rarthenware, or iron* 
 
 inimgrrv - . • • - - .■> 
 
 IVilenf Imli.m cloth - • - - .1 
 
 Halfb.ile . - - • - - M 
 
 Bale, c*»e, or box measuring CO cuh'c feet or npwnnU - 1 
 
 40 ,, and undrr fiO 7> 
 
 SO M M -10 V 
 
 10 ., » yo I 
 
 Other small bnxe^ or packages i>J 
 
 lUaof rice, Mi^ar, or colli**: • - • \ 
 
 lull of hea^y jcooUs, niL-taU, tlinU-r \c. • - l» 
 
 Othnr goods not enumerated, of the like weight 
 or bulk, to be charged in proportion to these 
 rates. 
 
 Double these rates -will be charged on all goods 
 
 LuuU'd under the provisions ttf the 2l3t clause of 
 
 the Ordinance No. 18 of 1852, which may n*)t be 
 
 entered or removed within 7 days. Goods left on 
 
 j the quay, half of the above rates. 
 
 Goods may be lodged in tlie Queen's warehouse 
 I for a period of 7 days free of charge, when, if not 
 1 entered and removed for consumption, or bonded, 
 I they will be liable to the rates above mentioned. 
 1 Warehouse Stowage, — By the Customs' Act, No, 
 ". 18(51, it is enacted that all goods placed in the 
 I customs warehouses by any person shall be stowed 
 
 in Hurh part.H or di\ i.Mutm of the warelnmse, and in 
 Buch nwiinuT. ah the rullccturof CuihiniH hUaW di- 
 ri'cl ; and if the stowage Ih< broken, the goodn "-hall 
 \m npiled l»y the [>erson breaking hucIi Mtowage. 
 
 UtHiiln I.tinded and Warehoused til the Haten Jixed 
 
 l>if ihv I'hiiifh'nr of Ctmiiinrer, 
 
 Miitl« nnil pini'i »( wtnv nr brvr 
 
 HmIi-s bi>i.>hi'.uU, iind r4<»iM ahnvw th« »it* of .1 
 
 t\f1. VfitW . - • • , 
 
 Hall I'lilfs, Imrri'li, ami raiirt atiov* I dill, ami nni 
 
 miirt- than ^ lUn. .... 
 KrK*. I dill, f.ihvn nr p»rli^nrt of liki' »iie or 
 
 k'-»H . • • ■ • 
 
 IVii kii(r«'4 of I t'ln iind not ri< ntlirtK 1| Um b^ 
 
 wvinht«ir iiif'»uriMH*n» 
 l*Ni:k<tt(i*^ uiulvr I Ion I'V wvlulit or iiiva*tir«tTii.>nt 
 Ml l.iU, \>vr I. .11 .... 
 
 Iliiir«hrnit iiavfs I.I |i.irkii, iH-r 100 bundlcft 
 I'uiK'litf'iri „ ,f ,, 
 
 Klr» nr ^iitf.ir, yvv I'll) \i,\u* or rulitin-t - 
 Whr.ir. pvr HNMuum - - ._ 
 
 Mai'tiinL-ry b> *pit l il niirc*-iiit'nt. 
 Dfinblt* i)w nixivf r.iti'A whtti th(> pankaK)** iinftorletl are l(M lh'\n 
 
 (i tti nuriilHT. 
 H|it'i'tf will lit' l,in>le»l by .'i|[rt'>'nifnt with Ibc in.nn({rr. 
 S|ifi-tnl nKr*^nii'nti I' in Ik> inaite wllh lUv imxumvt for IntdlnK ol 
 to.il, k'r >l'i> ai)il ttiiiU-r ( .irK'H'ii. 
 
 Shippintf and Lnndiiuj Chartjen of the (%iryo liiHit 
 and Wharf Improvement ComjHtnif, 
 
 *. 
 
 if. 
 
 CMh 1 
 
 II 
 
 •> " 
 
 'J 
 
 .. II 
 
 Ii 
 
 ., u 
 
 3 
 
 .. .1 
 
 II 
 
 „ l> 
 
 "1 
 
 .. 3 
 
 II 
 
 .. II 
 
 
 .. 'it 
 
 1! 
 
 „ 11 
 
 II 
 
 ,. 11 
 
 U 
 
 iif 1^ cwt. (and ill |iro)H>Tti'iii tiir 
 
 .(. 
 
 lill l,ii-« of loir.i 
 
 InrKir) . .■.."". . I'i Ii 
 
 lHc.i.k«..fiiiir.i-.rl i; rwt. mh • - 1 i II 
 
 till iMlr^nfrinniiniiiiol'llill Mk. r.ich - • IV K 
 
 .111 hiw-h.nd. ol oil . . - . 1; Ii 
 
 Ill'illM-toroil ■ •. • - . \i n 
 
 I 'ill \m\r\ of pluinhaffo - • - • I i B 
 
 Koi* yarn, hnrnii \c. in prnjmrtion. 
 
 JLiltOftt, I3i. Ill/, pfr lu.ul ol'.dxiut 7 toil.. 
 
 An Account i>f the Viiluex of the Principal Articles 
 
 Imfmrtcil into Ceylon in the I'eiirs Wio-H, 
 
 rriiH'iiial ArllrliiH 
 
 T'uU and rnke • 
 t^uttiin iiiiiiluracturM 
 
 tWIhl • 
 
 wiml 
 Cutlery anil hardware 
 I'lirry kliiDii 
 
 KiOi. K.dlrd and driiil - 
 liraln : paddy • 
 riro 
 
 (tram - 
 Ifatierdanhery and liiillincry 
 l.ivu utot'k : neat ealtlu • 
 I'oonac - 
 
 .'^(leclu and liullion 
 Total 
 
 11163 
 
 £ 
 
 vn,:'i9 
 
 7(11 1, II IH 
 
 6II,I.'I3 
 
 N,1,S7I1 
 
 66 ,.147 
 
 M.filfl 
 
 llll.'IO.I 
 
 11i(,74V 
 
 1,314,716 
 
 3»,«)l 
 
 66,'i63 
 
 46,6S3 
 
 7-_',714 
 
 1,84V.'I74 
 
 .1,4.13,WI7 
 
 \*Alue 
 
 IS6I 
 
 £ 
 
 ll.i.lini 
 
 'JII7,'^71 
 
 !I3,H.11 
 
 •.i.1..'i.1K 
 
 7II,6I>I 
 
 .3M,7U1 
 
 7.1,/ 19 
 
 1UV>.1I 
 
 I.IH.I.UIU 
 
 .T1,43l 
 
 .l.l.'il)-. 
 
 'i3,,'.U'l 
 
 fil.Siiy 
 
 l,77l,(l..3 
 
 S,. 1^6,961 
 
 IK63 
 
 £ 
 
 Ui;,.'i6n 
 
 .1 11,01 i 
 
 VU,31 1 
 
 4,731 
 
 •^4 ..167 
 
 47,l»9 
 
 66,1171 
 
 1I)/,3I1 
 
 l,15.-..l'i4 
 
 .1«.71fi 
 
 .16,1,10 
 
 1I.',7N.'> 
 
 74,166 
 
 1JM,667 
 
 .1,0«,i7'J 
 
 Trade anil Xavigntion of Columl/ofor the Year 18G0. 
 
 Knlernl 
 Cleared 
 
 \ i-s-eU 
 .I.'.' 10 
 3,.101 
 
 Tom 
 .'i81,3»1 
 6'JU,0'i'.< 
 
 Imports 
 Total value (inrluding .siK-cie) Xl,961,'i|>l 
 
 K«1ior1it 
 
 je,-i,)Sii,iJ3 
 
 Spi^eie linporietl 
 eiporteil 
 
 jt;t,113,S77 
 .'illi.Wli 
 
 Tile followiiif; taUo.s Xo.s. I.. II., ami lit., show 
 tlio prof^rcss of Ceylon in iiopiilatioii, ajfriculturo, 
 revenue, trade, and shipping from liJoS down- 
 wards : — 
 
 I. Population, Estimated A'umhcr of Acres under 
 Cultivation, Revenue, and lixpenditiire of' Ccijlon 
 from 185,5-180t;. 
 
 
 
 K«liMiatei! 
 
 
 
 
 
 nuinlier of 
 
 
 Kilien. 
 
 diture 
 
 Year 
 
 Population of 
 
 .Vires 
 
 Uevenue 
 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 umier 
 
 
 
 
 cultivation 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 1S1', 
 
 1,6.>.1,'I60 
 
 766,717 
 
 476,V73 
 
 iir,.6in 
 
 is .6 
 
 l,6y;,.1ih 
 
 771,170 
 
 ii '4,174 
 
 4,17.137 
 
 18,17 
 
 l,7'i7,U6l 
 
 7.16,1126 
 
 ,178,1128 
 
 ,1.1,1,8111 
 
 1818 
 
 l,719.5'/8 
 
 716,Oi6 
 
 611,961 
 
 ,19l„113 
 
 I8.1i| 
 
 I,7«l,'i71i 
 
 81,1,640 
 
 747,11.17 
 
 698,268 
 
 1H6I) 
 
 1,876.167 
 
 927,181 
 
 767, IIH) 
 
 711.1,110 
 
 1H61 
 
 I,919,4s7 
 
 810,1.13 
 
 711,997 
 
 G3-.,21ll 
 
 1862 
 
 2,1I7U,,SS1 
 
 1,.167,974 
 
 7.1'l,131 
 
 626,6.14 
 
 IH63 
 
 a,34'^,<i'IS 
 
 1 ,,17,1,3.17 
 
 9,12,7 90 
 
 7.1S,I51 
 
 1864 
 
 a,0,il,109 
 
 l,i8l 1,078 
 
 867,728 
 
 843,292 
 
 186.1 
 
 V,01'.l,7'/S 
 
 1,6,11, 963 
 
 978,192 
 
 838, 1 93 
 
 1!>66 
 
 2,088,027 
 
 1,597,008 
 
 96v,h;3 
 
 917,669 
 
 Scale of Freight. — The ton ia reckoned n.s follows: 
 Arrack as per agreement, 210 or 250 gallons ; cin- 
 
 I t 
 
 
 ■'■''I 
 
 
 ■•■'■■ ^••^■''1 
 
.■ ■<• 
 
 ^mmmmmm 
 
 392 
 
 COLl;MnO 
 
 COMMERCE 
 
 r' 
 
 • » < 
 
 
 I .•*:" 
 
 1^ 
 
 If i '- 
 
 r-f 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 • fc' 
 
 
 t 
 
 Vv 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 ..' -^'-d 
 
 ft 
 
 •i'; ,, 
 
 - fM ' if. 
 
 naninn. 800 Uis. : cncoii-iiiit oil. I7c\vt. ; oofloc in sapau wood, 20 cwt.; lioriiH and pepper, lOcwt.; 
 ba^.i, 1(^ cwt. ; ditto in casks, Hi cwt. ; coir and car- j nu'asnrcmcnt goods, 50 cubic feet ; plumbagu, :!(j 
 danicni;), 12 cwt. ; cotton, 50 cubic Cect ; ebony and ; cwt. 
 
 11. 
 
 Tutal Tonnage of Shipping which entered into and chared from the Ports of Ceylon in the fulluiciiig 
 
 Years, 
 
 Yc.ir 
 
 _ From and to 
 Unitul Kin|{tl<<rn 
 
 From and to 
 other Cutinirics 
 
 TotiU 
 
 llrilish belonRint; to 
 
 Fon-lgn 
 
 I'^nilcd Kinjfdom 
 
 The ('oliink'H 
 
 
 tl,!!-* 
 
 tons 
 
 tons 
 
 ton*; 
 
 lonA 
 
 tons 
 
 IS.-.'. 
 
 CI, I'.r^ 
 
 ShS.SOO 
 
 CM.iH'i 
 
 yd 1 ,.-,!(0 
 
 .Tll.l.'.n 
 
 41, Hi 
 
 ls'.(i 
 
 l,l,"SS 
 
 (11'J.HS.-( 
 
 (;si,{i7i 
 
 i7ll..-,liil 
 
 .1lil,S'i7 
 
 4,',,l,-,l 
 
 IS.-, 7 
 
 li>.-^,;.is 
 
 77'2,S'.'.'. 
 
 S7(i,.',(;.i 
 
 'l/I.IH.', 
 
 .■(S,'i,ti71 
 
 ti',,7Nf( , 
 
 Is -IS 
 
 li!i.i;i;'i 
 
 7'.li',,isil 
 
 '.Mfi.l 1!) 
 
 'IliS.IM.-i 
 
 .-il,!), 1 '.'!) 
 
 7s,.',;-> 
 
 IS-,!) 
 
 7'i, ■,'».'» 
 
 7nl,Kn!) 
 
 IMLM-l 
 
 .17.-.'! -,7 
 
 S.-!',..',/;! 
 
 7I,S71 
 
 ISIill 
 
 l(ll,ll;I 
 
 liWI.itH 
 
 T.W.il'J 
 
 C'TiMii 
 
 .I.C.iiS.l 
 
 (il.iSl 
 
 IS-.l 
 
 7.-',,sfi(; 
 
 7(i.1,-,v, 
 
 S.17.V'.'l 
 
 .■^fil.Htl) 
 
 .191, li.'. 
 
 7s,l.-.r, 
 
 iS:'i 
 
 '.I.'.'IU 
 
 7'.l(l,liSI 
 
 HSt,<J'.fi 
 
 4(;i.'i'.r. 
 
 .11, 1 ,',♦,(, 
 
 (i.'..ni 
 
 1 Kll.-. 
 
 fi-:l,7t 
 
 •JVt.iili 
 
 I,(IHS„1I 1 
 
 .'>I7,I.'.S 
 
 4ii.-',.<r>L> 
 
 I4H.I17 
 
 ISlil 
 
 I";i.S'!l 
 
 aiid, :'>l] 
 
 J,l)7(P,.1!|-. 
 
 .'.1.1.1 ',.1 
 
 1-i7,'.rili 
 
 lv!i,.iiii 
 
 IS,;-, 
 
 la^.sc,' 
 
 l.ll'i7.'J'.IS 
 
 I,l.',(P.SIO 
 
 6().'),.'>7.5 
 
 4I!),II4I 
 
 Vit'i;t 
 
 ISUli 
 
 ll,'),l.')li 
 
 I.Ocill.SC!) 
 
 l.lSi,.1.'.'l 
 
 S7»,.',7ll 
 
 4J1,.1,'j2 
 
 M'J„-,'j7 
 
 Iir. Imports and Exports from Ceylon in the Years 1855-00. 
 
 Year 
 
 Iinport.H t 
 
 
 Kxpurts 
 
 ] 
 
 
 
 Total ( 
 
 To till- United 
 
 To olhiT 
 
 Total 
 
 
 Kingdom 
 
 I'ounlrit's 
 
 Kui;;itoin 
 
 (.ouiitries 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 X" 
 
 IS'.'i 
 
 4IS,I'I.'. 
 
 i.!i.i'i,i-.'ir> 
 
 ^..ISS.IOI 
 
 l,ni.i,(i7t 
 
 !)-,!l.7ni 
 
 1,971,777 
 
 is.-ifi 
 
 ,'i.',',!l.-,l 
 
 ii.l7li.li1l 
 
 •.'.7ll,^ii'' 
 
 S7i.l7'J 
 
 7!ll, 1.1.1 
 
 I,'iti.1,lil*i 
 
 Is.'i7 
 
 (i.1 1 ..-,iis 
 
 •j,i:.->,'.!'iii 
 
 .i.iiir,.i;i;i 
 
 l,14S,,;i4 
 
 i.M'j.siri 
 
 V.',SS,lf,il 
 
 I«5S 
 
 NtiS.O'K 
 
 •.,,-i;(i.7M'i 
 
 .1.4I1,SVI 
 
 l.l-.;!),','.i 
 
 l.l'.W.'.'.IS 
 
 •.i..1VS.7'.il 
 
 IS,'.) 
 
 <ns,i'M 
 
 •.',",.T,.!l'lil 
 
 .1,l74.1->7 
 
 l.l.1l,S-^l) 
 
 l,IISiJ,!I.Ti 
 
 'tyVH.^-lt 
 
 isni) 
 
 I,cil.->,"-,i 
 
 V,.MiS,lS7 
 
 .i,.'i.',i,'r.!i 
 
 I,(i.1»,!l!l4 
 
 yii,.w> 
 
 J,.V,ll,,W(i 
 
 ■ Slit 
 
 sill. lilt 
 
 •i,H\>.'0'i 
 
 .-.,i;(ii.7.'iii 
 
 l,7il.7IIP 
 
 i);l.4(;7 
 
 i!,7llll,'i7il 
 
 isr.'i 
 
 s.1ii.,ii9 
 
 .1,4ll.;.^WI 
 
 4,'iI,1,l.TI 
 
 1.711.1..',71 
 
 7!«),.^4(i 
 
 '^.<94.Ull 
 
 1SH1 
 
 l.tll l,!l'l', 
 
 4.rji,si 1 
 
 .',.1.1.1, SI Hi 
 
 1^.1117 ,.',7S 
 
 I,l79.li.'>« 
 
 .1,.'iS7,'^3» 
 
 |SI,| 
 
 l.liil.'iS? 
 
 .i,s;.-,,.i77 
 
 ,%,','^l.,!lM 
 
 ■.!.Ml.-,,V^fi 
 
 i,ii9i:,U4'^ 
 
 .l.llVtfH 
 
 I Sf-,,'( 
 
 |||il.'.'.-,.-> 
 
 4,I17,'.'VI 
 
 b.ni't.i'.'i 
 
 
 l.ll.'l,llll 
 
 .1,.',li.'>,l,')7 
 
 isi;(i 
 
 l..iV'i,r,sf> 
 
 .1,',7il,.">71 
 
 4.<liil,ili)ll 
 
 '.(.is.'i.i'.'i: 
 
 l,-,'l)l,1Wi 
 
 .1,5,SC,4',J 
 
 Extent, Population, lieremie &■(•. of Ciylon. — Tlic 
 area of ('cylii'.i and its ilcpenilcnl i.-<lci.s is csti- 
 inatctl at L'),/ilO smiarc miles. Its population. at> 
 cordinf; to .i census taken in l.silJO, aniountoil to 
 •J.088,0l'7, of whom about 17,515 were wliites. 
 'I'lic ])opulation ha.^ increased very largely since 
 the Inst census. 
 
 The revenue of 1800 was about 902,87.1/. That 
 of 1805 was lt78,102/. {Blue Hook for 1807.) 
 
 Pulillc Debt. — The public debt of the colony in 
 1805 amounted to '150,000/. raised on debentures 
 bearing per cent. Of this, the sum of 100,000/.. 
 which is payaiilc on November 1.5, 1808, is the 
 balance raised for the purpose of paying the debt 
 due by the Ceylon Government to the railway 
 company, and the sum of 350,000/. is a part of 
 1.000,090/. proposed to be raised on debentures 
 under ordinances of 1802 and 1804. 40 miles of 
 the Ceylon Kaihvay were open for general tradic 
 on Nov. 1, 180(), and on Aug. 1, 1807, it was opened 
 for passengers to Kandy. The Electric 'J'elcgraph 
 established in the island is worked profitably. 
 
 COMMANDITE (Paiit.vkusiiip.s en). [Com- 
 
 PAXIKS.] 
 
 CO.AIJIERCI' (from rommvtatio merciiim). As 
 its name iiniiorts, commerce is simply the exchange 
 of commodities for commodities. 
 
 I. Origin of Com.meiice. — Mkkc.vntii.e 
 Classes. 
 II. Home Tkade. 
 
 III. Fokeig.v Tkade. 
 
 IV. Kestkictio.vs on Commeuce. 
 
 I. Origin of Commerce. — Mercantile 
 
 Ci asses. 
 (1.) The Origin of Commerce is coeval with the 
 first dawn of civilisation. The moment that 
 individuals ceascl to supply themselves directly 
 with the various articles and accommodations 
 they made use of, that moment must a commercial 
 intercourse have begun to grow up amongst thoni. 
 For it is only by e.xchanging that portion of the 
 
 produce raised by ourselves that exceeds our mm 
 lonsumfifion, for portions of the surplus proJino 
 raised by othcr.s, that the ilivisionof cniplovmcni.s 
 c.'Ui bo inlroiluced, or that diHercnt individuals 
 can apply tliemseives in preference to dilVcrciit 
 pursuits. 
 
 Xot tinly. however, does commerce enable the 
 inliabit,ints of the same village or piirish to com- 
 bine their separate cUbrts to accomplish some 
 common object, but it also enables those of ilif- 
 feront provinces andkiiigiloms toapplvtliem.'^lvcs 
 in an especial in.imier to those callings for tlie 
 I successful prosecution of which the district orcoim- 
 I try wliich thev occupy gives them some ptculi.ir 
 i advantage. '1 Iiis territorial division of lahuiir hiis 
 c(,iitributed more, perhaps, than anything cl.>c to 
 ' increase the wealth and accelerate the civilisatiim 
 of in.'inkind. Were it not for this, wc should be 
 destitute of a vast number of the necessaries 
 comforts, aiul enjoyments which we now p(is.<ess; 
 ] while the price of the few that woidil rciiiiiiii 
 I would, in most instances, be very greatly iii- 
 crea.sed. But whatever advantages niav lie do- 
 I rived— and it is hardly possible to exaggcr,nte 
 ' either their magnitude tjr importance— fmin avail- 
 ing ourselves of the peculiar capacities "f [^rmliu- 
 i tion enjoyed bj' others, arc wholly to be asciiboJ 
 to commerce .is their real source and origin. 
 
 Wc do not mean to say anything in this article | 
 with respect to the practical details co.nnecteil ivi:h 
 tlie different departments of commerce. Tlie-i- will I 
 be found under the various titles to which thyl 
 refer. Our object, at present, is mcrelv to flimrf 
 the nature anil inllucncc of commerce in general,! 
 and the restrictions that have sometimes bconl 
 imposed upon it. Wc shall begin by eudeavoiir-r 
 ing, first of all, to give some account of the iiaturaj 
 of tlio services performed by the individuals ln| 
 whom commercial undertakings are usually earrii'ilT 
 on. In the second place, we shall consider t!i 
 influence of the home traile, or of the intorcouM 
 subsisting amongst individuals of (he same ('i'Mi| 
 trj'. In the third place, we shall consider liij 
 
 influence o{ for 
 
 iiliich subsists i 
 
 I'iflercnt coimtri 
 
 liincus.'icd, wo s) 
 
 Jiiis been termed 
 
 principles invoh- 
 
 ililfiTciit times in 
 
 :roverninent and t 
 
 (:'.) Mercantile 
 
 iif different produc 
 
 tliemseives, thev 
 
 deal of time, antie 
 
 Here tliero no mei 
 
 his crop would b( 
 
 .•wk /or customers 
 
 nearly as nossi()Ie ij 
 
 the deoiaiids of thi 
 
 10 buy it ; and aftc 
 
 iie.vt be obliged to s 
 
 jierh.ips, remote pJa 
 
 ivaatcd to get in its 
 
 aposed to a world t 
 
 lis attention would I 
 
 the labours of l.js fg 
 
 iiiii?.s, tiie work of „ 
 
 (mploi-ment, would h 
 
 icrruptions, and man 
 
 .ire iuccftssfuljy cari 
 
 coiuitr/ H-ould not be 
 
 Tlie estaWislinient o 
 
 cffectii,illy obviates tin 
 
 asetofilealers erect w-i 
 
 parchaie and sale o' j 
 
 I'jiiovvery producer, i 
 
 ■/ seeAin? customers 
 
 Areiemayat alltir 
 mm, as he rc(mi,-e, 
 ^Ddfoeri^ies to his pro 
 «nnoa of merchants jfi 
 jn/«ii|ifcd motion to tl 
 I »«« the class of (ra 
 ¥nioi industry Z 
 
 - erless ditficultis t" 
 * m. e.xclia„ges wo 
 
 «»"',>■ to endeavour To 
 
 ' f'- had occasion for • 
 
 feim back into prima^J 
 
 ™ce;fhedirisions ifJabo 
 
 ^d the desire to rise rth 
 
 Mditionivoidddeclne ,' 
 
 «<lifliculttogra t-:' 
 
 Ji«tain,,,nagemcMtccuJdh 
 
 *''»dton,a„„f,etuetl 
 Itieironnsioos? A.,^ , 
 
 |M,:nbour.s bv n,.-,„ " 
 
 F&Si^^r^ 
 
 fcedwuhalmof*''''"''^ 
 |fenieS,lXT'P 
 
 » w retail dealers tL 
 ;-pra,ctsofanai"[, 
 
 tec Tir'' ^ 
 
 ■i I. 
 
* > 
 
 COMMERCE 
 
 influi'iice of foreign trade, or of that intercourse ' 
 which subsists amongst iuilividaals bclonKiiif? to 
 ('ifl'ercnt countrios. Alter tliesc t()()ics liave been 
 (iiscusscd, we shall offer a few remarks on what 
 \vii been termed the restrictive system, or oii the 
 iirinciplcs involved in the regulations enacted at 
 llifl'orcnt times in this and other countries for tlic 
 'overnment and direction of commerce, 
 ' (2.) Mercantile Classes. — V.'hile the cxi-hango 
 iif (UlTcrcnt products is carried on I)}- the producers 
 tlicmsclvcs, they must tmavoidably lose a great 
 deal of time, and experience ma iiy inconveniences. 
 Were there no merchants, a farmer wishing to sell 
 Ills crop would be obliged, in the first place, to 
 seek lor customers, and to dispose of his corn as 
 iieaiU'as possible in such quaniitics as might suit 
 the domaiids of the various individuals hiclined 
 lobuvit; and after getting its price, he would 
 next be obliged to send to 10 or 20 ditlerent and, 
 lerh.ips, remote places, for the commodities he 
 wanted to get in its stead. So that, besides being 
 ixposedto a world of trouble and inconvenience, 
 i is attention would be continually diverted from 
 the labours of l.is farm. Under such a state of 
 ihinps, the work of production, in every different 
 iiuplojincnt, would be meeting with perpetual in- 
 terruptions, and many_ branches of industry that 
 are lucccssfully carried on in a commercial 
 coiintr; would not be undertaken. 
 The establishment of a distinct mercantile class 
 (fctually obviates these inconveniences. When 
 niclolilcalers erect warehouses and shops for the 
 fiiitec and sale of all descriptions of commo- 
 ilities, every producer, relieved from the necessity 
 ■ f seekin? customers, and knowing beforehand 
 Are k' may at all times be supplied with such 
 fiwductj as he requires, devotes h's whole time 
 and eDir|,'ie3 to his proper business. The iiiter- 
 veniiou of merchants gives a continuous and un- 
 interrupted motion to the plough and the loom. 
 Were the class of traders annihilated, all the 
 springs of industry would be paralysed. The 
 nmbtrlcss dillicidties that would then occur in 
 i-ffectini; exchanges would lead each particuLir 
 fimilv to endeavour to produce all the articles 
 1 tlifv had occasion for : society woidd thus be 
 throivn back into primaeval barbarism and igno- 
 ! isnce;thcdivisions of labour would be relinquislied; 
 .ind the desire to rise in the world and improve our 
 (Mdition would decline, according as it bcciune 
 more difficult to gratify. What sort of agricul- 
 tural management ccultl be expected from farmers 
 rto had to manufacture their own wool, and make 
 their own shoos V And what sort of manutacturors 
 I would those be who were every now and then 
 leWiOTlto leave the shuttle for the plough, or the 
 1 needle for the anvil? A society without that 
 l&iiiiction of employments and professions re- 
 nul'rom the division of labour, that is, without 
 \mimrce, would be totally destitute of arts or 
 linccs of any sort. It is by the assistance each 
 liidividua! renders to and receives from his 
 Iteishbours, by evcrj' one applying himself in 
 ll»aerence to some peculiar tusk, and combining, 
 likouEh prubably without intending it, his efforts 
 liiili those of others, that civilised man becomes 
 |ii;iiil to the most gigantic efforts, and appears 
 ladoffed with almost omnipotent power. 
 1 The mercantile class has generally been divided 
 itotwo suborilinatc classes — the wholesale dealers 
 'he retail dealers. The former purchase the 
 ii'ius products of art and industry in the places 
 lure they are jjroduccd, or are least A-aluablc, 
 Icarrj- thcra to those where they ar. more 
 puhic, nr where they are more in demand ; and 
 (latter, having purchased the commodities of 
 <«liolmle dialers, or the producers, collect 
 
 them in shops, and sell them in such quantities 
 and at such times as m.ty best suit the public dc- 
 niiind. These classes of <lcalers are alike useful ; 
 and the separation that has been effected botwceu 
 their employments is one of the most advantageous 
 divisu)ns of labour. The operations of the whole- 
 sale merchant are analogous to those of the miner. 
 Neither the one nor the other makes any change on 
 the bodies which he carries from place to place. 
 All the difference between them consists in this — 
 tliat the miner carries them from below grouiul to 
 the surface of the earth, while the merchant 
 carries them from one point to another on its sur- 
 face. Hence it follows that the value given to 
 commodities by tlie operations of the wholesale 
 merchant may frequently exceed that given to 
 them bj' the producers. The labour or expense 
 required to dig a quantity of coal from tlie mine 
 does not exceed what is required for its convey- 
 ance from Xewcastle to London ; and it is a I'ar 
 more diflicult and costly atl'air to fetch a piece of 
 timber from Canada to England than to cut down 
 the tree. In this respect there is no dillerence 
 between commerce and agriculture and manufac- 
 tures. The latter give utility to matter by bo- 
 stowing on it such a shape as may best fit it for 
 ministering to our wants and comforts ; imd the 
 former gives additional i-tility to the products of 
 the agriculturist aiul manufacturer by bringing 
 them from where they are of comparatively little 
 use, or are in excess, to where they are of compa- 
 ratively great use, or arc deficient. 
 
 If the wholesale merchant were himself to retail 
 the goods he has brought from different places, he 
 would require a proportional increase of capital ; 
 and it would be impossible for liim to give that 
 exclusive attention to any department of his 
 business which is indispensable to its being 
 carried on in the best manner. It is for the 
 interest of each dealer, as of each workman, to con- 
 line himself to some one business. By this means 
 each trade is better understood, better cultivated, 
 and carried on in the cheapest possible manner. 
 Hut whether carried on by a separate class of in- 
 dividuals or not, it is obvious that the retailing of 
 commodities is indispensable. It is not enough 
 that a cargo of tea should be imported from ChiLui, 
 or a cargo of sugar from Jamaica. Most individuals 
 have some dcmaiul for these articles; but there is 
 not, perhaps, a single pri'-ate person, even in Lon- 
 don, requiring so large a sujiply for his own con- 
 sumption. It is clear, therefore, that they must 
 be retailed; that is, they must be sold in siu'h 
 quantities and at such times as may be most suit- 
 able for all classes of consumers. And since it is ad- 
 mitted, on iUl hands, that this necessary business 
 will be best conducted by a class of traders dis- 
 tinct from the wholesale dealers, it is impossible 
 to doubt that their employment is equally con- 
 ducive as that of the others to the public interest, 
 or that it tends equally to augment national 
 wealth and comfort. 
 
 II. Home Trade. 
 
 The observations .already made serve to show the 
 influence of the home trade in allowing individuals 
 to confine their attention to some one employment, 
 and to prosecute it without interniption. But it 
 is not in this respect only that the establishment 
 of the home trade is advantageous. It is so in a 
 still greater degree by its allowing the inhabitants 
 of the different districts of the empire to turn their 
 labour into those channels in which it will be most 
 protliictive. The different soils, diflerent minerals, 
 and different climates of different districts lit them 
 for being appropriated, in preference, to certain 
 
 ■( V- 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 -a 
 
 i,;i. 
 
 
 i , 
 
^BEl.^ 
 
 u^ikiim 
 
 Wb(B..'*sa*sii« 
 
 »■ 
 
 394 
 
 C03IMERCE 
 
 I ■ . 
 
 A- 
 
 ¥■ I 
 
 
 I' 
 
 lif ,! 
 
 1' . 
 
 'f* '■ 
 
 i^^ '; 
 
 
 ii 
 
 ■ t: 
 
 •^'.^.i 
 
 species of industrj-. A district like Lancasliirp, 
 ■where coal is abiiiidnnt, wliich has an oasj ac(H>ss 
 to the ocean, and a considerable command of in- 
 ternal navigation, is the natural seat of manufac- 
 tures. Wheat and other species of );rain are the 
 natural products of rich arable soils ; and cattle, 
 after being reared in mountainous districts, are 
 most advantageously fattened in meadows and 
 low grounds. Hence it follows that the inhabit- 
 ants of different districts, by conlining themselves 
 to those branches of industry for the successfid 
 prosecution of which they have some peculiar ca- 
 pability, and excliangiufj their surplus produce for 
 that of others, will obtam an incomparably larger 
 supply of all sorts of useful and desirable products 
 than tlicy could do were they to apply themselves 
 indiscriminately to every different business. Tlie 
 territorial division of labour is, if possible, even 
 more advantageous than its division among indi- 
 viduals. A person may be ■what is commonly 
 called Jack of all trades; and though it is next to 
 certain thathcwll not beivell acquainted with any 
 one of them, ho may nevertheless make some sort 
 of rude efforts in them all.' IJut it is not possible 
 to apply the same soils or the same minerals to 
 every different purpose. Hence it is that the 
 inhabitants of the richest and most extensive 
 countrj', provided it were divided into small dis- 
 tricts without any intercourse with each other or 
 with foreigners, could not, how well soever labour 
 might be clivided among themselves, be otlierivise 
 than poor and miserable. Some of them might 
 have a superabundance of corn, at the same time 
 that they were wholly destitute of wine, coal, and 
 iron; while others niiglit liave the largest supplies 
 of the latter articles, with but very little grain. 
 But in commercial countries no such anomalies 
 can exist. Opulence and comfort are there uni- 
 versally diffused. The labours of the mercantile 
 classes enable the inhabitants of each district to 
 apply tiicraselves jirincipally to those employments 
 that are naturally best suited to them.' Tiiis 
 superadding of the division of labour among dif- 
 ferent provinces to its division among dilferent 
 individuals renders the productive powers of 
 industry immeasurably greater; and augments 
 the mass of necessaries, conveniences, and enjoy- 
 ments in a degree that could not previously have 
 been conceive(l possible, and which cannot be ex- 
 ceeded exci'pt by the introduction of foreign 
 commerce. 
 
 ' With the benefit of commerce,' saj-s an eloquent 
 and philosophical writer, 'or a ready exchange of 
 commodities, everv individual is enabled to avail 
 liiniself, to the utmost, of the peculiar advantage 
 of his place ; to work on the peculiar materials 
 ■\Tith which nature h.xs furnished him ; to humour 
 his genius or disposition, and betake himself to 
 the task in which he is peculiarly qualiilt J to suc- 
 ceed. The inhabitant of the mountain may betake 
 himself to the culture of his woods and the mnini- 
 lacture of his timber; the owner of pasture lamls 
 may betake himself to the care of his herds; the 
 owner of the clay-pit to the manufacture < " his 
 potterv; and the husbandman to the culture of 
 his fields, or the rearing of his cattle. And any 
 one commodity, however it may form but a small 
 part in the accommodations of human life, may, 
 under the facility of commerce, find a market ni 
 whicli it may be cxchangcil for what will ])rocurc 
 any other part or the whole ; so that the owner of 
 the clay-pit, or the industrious pott t, witliout 
 producing any one article immediately tit to sujiply 
 ills own necessities, may obtain possession of ail 
 that he wants. And commerce, in whicli it ap- 
 pears that commodities are merely exchanged and 
 nothing produced, is nevertheless iu its effects 
 
 very productive, because it ministers a facility 
 and an encouragement to every artist hi niultj"- 
 plying the productions of his own art; thus addiii" 
 greatly to t'le mass of wealth in the world in boiiiL' 
 the occasiont hat much is produ-ed.' (Ferguson's 
 PrinciplcH of Moral Science, vol. ii. p. 424.) 
 
 The roads and canals that intersect a count rv. 
 and open an easy communication l)etween its ri'- 
 motest extremities, render the greatest ser>-ice id 
 internal commerce, and also to agriculture anil 
 manufactures. A diminution of the expense of 
 carriage has, in fact, the same effect as a diminu- 
 tion of the direct cost of production. If tlio coals 
 brought into a city sell at 20s. a ton, of wliicli the 
 carriage amounts to a half, or 10s., it is plain that 
 in the event of an improved commimication, puch 
 as a more level or direct road, a railway, or a canal, 
 being opened for th(! conveyance of the coals, ami 
 that thejr can, by its means, be imported for half 
 the previous expense, their price will imniodiatelv 
 fall to l.'),«. tt ton; just as it would have done hail 
 the expense of extracting them from the mine 
 been reduced a half. 
 
 Everyone acquainted with the merest elements 
 of political science is aware that employments are 
 more and more subdivided, that more powerful 
 machinery is introduced, and the productive powirs 
 of labour increased, according as larger masses nf 
 the population congregate tog(<ber. Inaproat 
 to^vn like London, Glasgow, n. . : >cheste,-, the 
 same number of hands v i'' yv: .nuch more 
 
 work than in a small village, where each indi- 
 vidual has to perform several operations, and \\\me 
 the scale of eraplovment is not sufliciently lar^^e 
 to admit of the introduction of extensive ami 
 complicated machinery. But the great towns 
 with which England is studded could not cxi-t 
 without our improved means of communicatioii. 
 These, however, enable their inhabitants to supply 
 themselves witli the bulky products of the s"!l 
 and of the mines almost as cheaply as if they livoj 
 in country villages ; securing to them all the ad- 
 vantages of concentration, with but few of its in- 
 conveniences. Boads and canals are thus produc- 
 tive of a double benefit ; for while, by atlbrduii,' 
 comparatively cheap raw materials to "the manu- 
 facturers, they give them the means of perfectinj; 
 the divisions of labour, and of supiilying propor- 
 tionall}' cheap manufactured goods; the laiicr 
 are conveyed by their means, and at an extrcrady 
 small expense, to the remotest parts of the cf 'n. 
 The direct advantages which they confer 
 culture are not less important. Withoi. . 
 would not be possible to carry to a dista' 
 cient supplies of lime, marl, sliells, and •. thi 
 and heavy articles necessary to give lHXHria:.c. 
 the crops of rich soils, and to render those that i 
 poor productive. Good roads and canals, therclure,, 
 by furnishing the agricidturists with cheap anjj 
 abundant supplies of ma'njre, reduce, at one ami 
 the same time, the cost of producing the nm* 
 saries of life, and the cost of bringing iheni ii 
 market. 
 
 In other respects, the advantages resulting frci 
 improved communications are probably even niur( 
 striking. They give the same common interest t( 
 every different part of the most widely extendi 
 empire ; and put down, or rather ])i ivcnt, anyai' 
 tempt at monopoly on the part of the iMorsol 
 particular distric's, by bringing them into cor 
 petition with thos of all the other'., .Nothing 
 a state enjoying grt.'t facilities of ciirimunicaiioj 
 is separate and unconnected. All is mutual, reii 
 proc il, and dependent. Every man nnturnllygci 
 into the precise situation that he is best litli 
 to till; and each, co-operating vitli every m 
 else, contributes to the utmost of his poivc; 
 
 extend the limii 
 [Roads.] 
 
 Siicli being tl 
 
 ailvantages deriv 
 
 vioiisly the duty , 
 
 proper encourage 
 
 fnuiul, however o 
 
 duty is rather ne" 
 
 sists le,ss in the'^ 
 
 the removal of ol 
 
 meats in matters ( 
 
 have (lone toolittl 
 
 100 much. It will 
 
 encouragement wli 
 
 producers of certai 
 
 cncc to others hns 
 
 disadvantage. Jn 
 
 ic observe that thr 
 
 dcnt.inil enligh^ .ic 
 
 Justrv will equally 
 
 ,in(l will be especiail 
 
 (■roiy thing that n: 
 
 freedom of commerce 
 
 tnengnffMndifferen 
 
 lions, whatever bo th 
 
 to prevent the circula 
 part of the empire tc 
 
 IM of labour, noccssai 
 oftniploym.'nfsand t 
 cmnl.iiioii, and must 
 amount of produce.' 
 prompts to open roads 
 cmal-. should lead ev( 
 
 swiuie book 
 
 overj- re 
 
 rats or fetters the opei 
 * te disposal of cat 
 t/icfmdom of internal 
 inierruptedbyimpassal 
 "[ l'.^;, oppressive tolls 
 'lie effect is equally por, 
 
 Ite common law and 
 ingland are decidedly 1 
 
 .licfrTanfing of powers 
 individuals to furnish 
 Atie.s. Lord Coke dis 
 lopolies conceminir 
 
 "•lartor, and divers othc) 
 f pood commentaries 
 ^«X).Andheaffin 
 
 (-"Dimercium jure gent 
 " non in monopoliu 
 
 tra 
 
 ini 
 um, 
 
 •■ m 
 
 lufstum convertonch. 
 ! ""«7>.iI.lsinhibero, 
 ""f. notwithsfandin 
 cannon .nml statute lav 
 .' 'he Ireedom of indu 
 tTOnw.asl,yifsprero?« 
 «th any law to the "^ 
 ■"w-opolies, became ft.^ 
 •I'^ers and was acted 
 
 ^'"''nng.hearbitar 
 f house of Tudor, i" 
 
 , :»«> fo much dis.sati 
 W'zabethas the mult n 
 ""•"•ithstanding he'^S 
 ^';"«-n, flnd the Ccnirt 
 ff'^-nn'-e became at I 
 K'w rise to ilip f' _ '*^'' 
 
 , 31 1, " "? '■^•"'lOUS SI 
 
 ' -? ,'*;!''«'' all m 
 
 """ect thegreafpst 
 
iT- • y 
 
 COMMERCE 
 
 395 
 
 fxtcml the limits of protluctioii and civilisation. 
 ■Roads.] 
 
 " Sucli being the nature and vast extent of the 
 ailvantagcs derived from the home trade, it is ob- 
 viously the <luty of the Lcj:,islature to give it every 
 iiroppr encouragement and protection. It will be 
 found, however, on a little consideration, that this 
 ilutv is rather negative than positive ; that it con- 
 jijt's less in the framing of regulations than in 
 ihc removal of obstacles. The error of govern- 
 ments in matters of trade has not been that they 
 have (lone too little, but that they have attompt(!d 
 100 much. It will be afterwards show.i that tlie 
 ,iicour.igcmcnt whicli has been afforded to tlic 
 iiroilucers of certain species of articles in prefer 
 dice to others has uniformly been productive of 
 ilisailvantage. In the mean time it is sufficient 
 i(. observe that the encouragement which a pru- 
 iliiit ami rnlighf- .led government bestows on in- 
 iliistry will equally extend to all its branches; 
 and will be especially directed to the removal of 
 even' thing that may in any respect fetter the 
 freedom of commerce, and the power of individuals 
 to engas" in different employments. All rejjula- 
 tions whatever be their object, that operate either 
 t,i prevent the circulation of commodities from one 
 part of the empire to another, or the free circuln- 
 tMuif labour, necessarily tend to check the division 
 ofemi'loym.'nts and the spirit of competition and 
 fjiolaiion, and must, in consequence, lessen the 
 amwnt of produce. The same principle that 
 pMifts to open roads, to construct bridges and 
 canal-, should lead every people to erase from tho 
 siaiate book everj- regulation which either pro- 
 TcnfMir fetters the operations of the merchant, and 
 the IM disposal of capital and labour. WTiethcr 
 the freedom of internal commerce and industry be 
 iiitemipted by impassable mountains and swamps, 
 or bv oppressive tolls or restrictive regulations, 
 the effect is equally pernicious. 
 
 The common law and the ancient statute law of 
 England are decidedly hostile to monopolies, or to 
 the granting of powers to any particular class of 
 individuals to furnish the market with comrao- 
 diticJ. Lord Coke distinctly slates * that all mo- 
 ncpolies concerning trade and traffic are against 
 the liberty asd {Vecd'im granted bj' the Grcnt 
 thartcr, and divers othci Acts of Padiament whicli 
 are good commentaries upon that charter.' ("-' 
 Inst. 63.) And he affirms, in another place, thtit 
 'Cnmmcrcium jure gentium commune esse debet, 
 ft non in monopolium ct privatum paululorum 
 qucstum convcrtendnm. Iniquum est aliis pcr- 
 initterc, aliis inhiborc mercaturam.' 
 
 But, notwithstanding this concurrence of the 
 fonimon and statute law of the country in favour 
 if the freedom of industry, the notion that the 
 Crown was liy its prerogative entitled to dispense 
 with any law to the contrarj-, and to establish 
 monopolies, became fashionable among the court 
 laivj-ers. and was acted upon to a very great ex- 
 tent during the arbitrary reigns of the princes of 
 the house of Tudor. I?ew things, indeed, occa- 
 sioned so much dissatisfaction in the reign of 
 Elizabeth as the multiplication of monopolies ; and 
 iiciwithstanding the opposition maao by the 
 I Cnmn, and the Court party in Parliament, the 
 I pievancc became at length so intolerable as to 
 j Rive rise to the fnmous statute of 1624 (21 Jas. I. 
 .. 3), by wliich all monopolies, grants, letters 
 I patent, and licenses, for the sole buying, selling, 
 and making of goods and manufactures, not given 
 ty an act of the Legislature, are declared to be 
 I 'altogether contrary to the laws of this realm, void, 
 I and of none effect.' This statute has been pro- 
 I ductive of the greatest advantage ; and has, pcr- 
 '"P, contributed moio than any other to tho 
 
 development of industry, and the accumulation of 
 wealth. With lh(i exception of the monopoly of 
 printing liiblcs, luul the restraints imposed by the. 
 cliartcrs of liodios legally inciirporated, the freedom 
 of internal industry has ever since been vigilantly 
 protected ; full scope has been given to the prin- 
 ciple of competition ; the whole kingdom has been 
 subjected to the same equal law ; no obstacles 
 have been tlirown in the way of the freest trans- 
 fer of commodities from one country or place to 
 another; the home trade has been perfectly unfet- 
 tered ; and though the public have not been sup- 
 plied with commodities at so low a price as they 
 might have obt.iincd tliem for, had there been ni> 
 restrictions on foreign conunerce, they have ob- 
 tained them at the lowest price that wouhl suffice 
 to pay the home prodiiccm the cost of producing 
 and bringing them to market. It is to this freedom 
 that the comparatively llimrishiiig state of industry 
 in Great Britain is mainlv to be ascribed. 
 
 III. FOHEIGN' TltADK. 
 
 What the home trade is to the different pro- 
 vinces of the same country, foreign trade is to all 
 tho countries of the world. Particular countries 
 produce only particular commodities, and, were it 
 not for foreign commerce, would be entirely des- 
 titute of all but such as are imligenoua to their 
 own soil. It is difficult for those who have not 
 reflected on the subject to imagine what a vast 
 deduction would be madcjhot only from the com- 
 forts, but even from the necessaries, of every 
 commercial people, were its intercourse with 
 strangers put "n ciu' to. It is not, perhaps, too 
 much to say that in Groat I5rit;iiii we owe to our 
 intercourse with others a full half or more of all 
 that wc enjoy. We are not only indebted to it 
 for the cotton and silk manufactures, and for sup- 
 plies of wine, tea, coffee, sugar, the precious 
 metals itc, but we are also indebted to it for 
 most of the fruits and vegetables that wo now- 
 cultivate. At the same time, too, that foreign 
 commerce supplies us with an immense variety of 
 most important articles, of which wc must other- 
 wise have been wholly ignorant, it enables us to 
 employ our industry in the mode in which it is sure 
 to bo most productive, and reduces tho price of al- 
 most every article. Wo do not misemploy our labour 
 in raising sugar from the beet-root, in cultivating 
 tobacco, or in foiciug vines ; but we employ our- 
 selves in those departments of manufacturing 
 industry in which our command of coal, of capital, 
 and of improved machinery gives us an advantage ; 
 and obtain the articles produced more cheaply by 
 foreigners, in exchange for the surplus produce of 
 those branches in which we have a superiority 
 over them. A commercial nation like England 
 avails herself of all the peculi.ir facilities of pro- 
 duction given by Providence to different countries. 
 To produce chiret here is jierhaps impossible ; and 
 at all events it could not bo accomplished unless 
 at more than lUO times the expense required for 
 its production in France. We do not, however, 
 deny ourselves the gratification derivable fron. its 
 use ; and to t)btaiii it, we have only to send to France, 
 or to some country to which France is indebted, 
 some articles in the production of which we have 
 an advantage, and we get claret in exchange at 
 the price which it takes to raise it under the most 
 lavourable circumstances. Onecou.itry has pecu- 
 liar capacities for raising corn, but is at the samo 
 time destitute of wine, silk, and tea ; another, 
 again, has peculi.ir facilities ibr raising the latter, 
 but is destitute of the former; and it is impossible 
 to point out a single couutr- which is abundantly 
 supplied with any considerable variety of commo- 
 
 \ \ 
 
 IVM 
 
 '■\ 
 
 :■ ■• 5 J I ■,-! 
 
 ( • 
 
 ¥ 
 
 i.;.ki 
 

 .:. .■ ;i-* 
 
 396 
 
 COMMERCE 
 
 :^.-l\ 
 
 L.'- ■;■■■ 
 
 
 .^' 
 
 
 • I- , •■ 
 
 '■:'} -f "] 
 
 
 (litics of domestic growth. ' i\on omnisfert omnia 
 tellus.' Providence, by fiiv'm^ to cac-li particular 
 nation something which the otliers want, has evi- 
 dently intended that they should be mutually de- 
 pendent upon one another. And it is not diitioult 
 to see that, caetcriu paribus, those must be the richest 
 and most abundantly supplied with every sort of 
 useful and des'^able accommodation who cultivate 
 the arts of peace with the greatest success, and 
 deal with all the world on fair and liberal jjrinciplcs. 
 
 ' The commerce of one country with another is, 
 in fact,' to use the words of an able and profound 
 writer, ' merely an extension of that division of 
 labour by which so many benefits are conferred 
 upon the human race. As the same country is 
 rendered the richer by the trade of one province 
 V. irh another ; as its labour becomes thus infinitely 
 more divided and more productive than it could 
 otherwise have been ; anil as the mutual supply to 
 each other of all the accommodations which one 
 province has, and another '\uants, multiplies the 
 accommodations of the whole, and the country 
 becomes thus in a wonderful degree more opulent 
 and happy; the same beautiful train of conse- 
 quences is observable in the world at large — that 
 great eranire of which the different kingdoms and 
 tribes of k , may be regarded as the provinces. 
 In this magnificent errpire, to", one province is 
 favourable to the production of one species of ac- 
 commodation, and another province to another; 
 by their mutual intercourse they are enabled to 
 sort and distribute thcilr labour as most peculiarly 
 suits the genius of each particular spot. The 
 labour of the human race thus becomes much 
 more iiroductive, and every species of accommo- 
 dation is alfordcd in much greater abundance. 
 The same number of labourers, whose efforts might 
 have been cxpemlcd in producing a very insigni- 
 ticant quantity of home-made luxuries, may thus, 
 in Great Britain, produce a quantity of articles for 
 exportation, accommodated to the wants of other 
 ]ilaccs, and peculiarly suited to the genius of 
 Eritain to furnish, which will purchase for her an 
 accumulation of the luxuries of every quarter of 
 the globe. There is not a great or i)roi)ortion of 
 her i)(.pulation employed in administering to her 
 luxuries in conseiiuencc of her commerce; there 
 is probably a good deal less ; but their labour is 
 infinitely more prouuctive : the piirtion of commo- 
 dities which the people of Great Britain acquire 
 by means of the same labdur is vastly greater.' 
 (Mill's Onnmcrce Defended, p. 'M.) 
 
 What lias been already stated is sufTu'icnt to 
 expose the utter fallacy of the opinion that has 
 sometimes been maintained, that whatever one 
 nation may gain by her foreign commerce must 
 be lost by soiiin one else. It is singular, imlecd, 
 how such a notion shouh' ever have originated. 
 Commerce is not directly productive, uor is the 
 good derived from it to be estimated by its imme- 
 diate effects. What commercial nations give is 
 uniformly the fair equivalent of what they get. 
 In their dealings they do not prey upon each 
 other, but are benefited alike. The advantage of 
 commerce consists in its enabling labour to be 
 divided, and giving each people the power of siip- 
 plying theinbelves with the various articles lor 
 which they have a demand, at the lowest price 
 required for their production in those countries 
 and [daces where they arc raised with the greatest 
 facility. We import wine from Portugal, and 
 cotton from America, sending in exchange cloih 
 and other species of manufactured goods. By 
 this means we obtain tvvo very important articles, 
 which it would be all but impossible to produce at 
 home, and which we could not, certainly, produc", 
 exccptat an infinitely greater cost. But our gain 
 
 is no loss to the forcisjncrs. They derive prccisrlv 
 the same sort of advantage from tlio transactioii 
 that we vlo. We have very superior fiicihti?.s fi,r 
 manufacturing, and they get from us cloth, hunl- 
 ware, and other important articles, at the price at 
 which they can lie produced in this country, ami 
 consequently for far less than their direct ino- 
 (luction would have cost them. The benclit.s re- 
 sulting from .in intercourse of this sort are plainly 
 mutual and reciprocal. Commerce gives no ii4- 
 vantage to any one people over any other iiCdiJc; 
 but it increases the wealth and cnjoynionts of «// 
 in a degree that could not previously have beta 
 conceived possible. 
 
 But the intlucncc of foreign commerce in mulii- 
 plying and cheapening conveniences and nijdv- 
 mciits, vast as it most certainly is, is perliaiis 
 inferior to its indirect intlucncc — that is, td its 
 influence on industry, by adding imineasuralilv to 
 the mass of desirable articles, by ins|)iriiig "new 
 tastes, and stimulating enterprise and inventi<iii 
 by bringing each people into competition wiih 
 foreigners, and making them acquaii ted with 
 their arts and institutions 
 
 The ajMilhy and languor that e.xist in a rude 
 state of society have been universally rcinarktcl. 
 But thcst uniformly give place to activity and 
 cr.terprise, according as man is rendered familiar 
 with new objects, and is inspired with a desire to 
 obtain them. An individual might, with caiii- 
 paratively little exertion, furnish himself with an 
 abundant supply of the commodities essential to 
 his subsistence ; and if he had no desire to obtain 
 others, or if that desire, however strong, could imt 
 be gratified, it would be folly to suppose tliat he 
 should be laborious, inventive, or enterprising'. 
 But, when once excited, the wants and desires of 
 man become altogether illimitable ; and to cxciie 
 them, no more is necessary than to bring i^w 
 products and new modes of enjoyment witi.- 
 in Lis reach. Now, the sure way to do tliis 
 is to give every facility to the most extciisivfi 
 intercourse with foreigners. The murkets of a 
 coininercial nation being filled with the various 
 commodities of every country and every climate, 
 the motives and gratifications which stiiiiulato 
 and reward the efforts of the industrious are pro- 
 portionally augmented. The husbimdniau and 
 manufacturer exert themselves ^o increase tlnir 
 supiilies of raw and manufactured produce, that 
 they may excliango the surplus for the jirodudj 
 imported from abroad ; and the merchant, lind- 
 iug fv ready demand lor such produces, '3 proiiijitci 
 to import a greater variety, to find out clica|itr| 
 markets, and thus constantly to afford new iiitin-| 
 ti vts to the vanity and ambition, and consequcnlly 
 to the enterprise and industry, of his custoimr*. 
 The whole powers of the mind and the bodyaroj 
 thus called into action : and the jjoocion for foroi^aij 
 commodities — a p.-ission which hab sojicaincs been 
 ignorantly censured — becomes one of the niusl 
 ciHcicnt causes of wealth and civilisation. 
 
 Not only, however, does foreign coinmcrcc ex- 
 cite industry, distribute the gifts of nature, nn( 
 enable them to be turned to the best account, bul 
 it also distributes the gifts of science and of art 
 and gives to each particular country the means o| 
 profiting by the inventions and discoveries 
 others as much as by tliose of her own ciiizcM 
 The ingenious machine invented by Mr. 'Wliitnc; 
 of the United States, for separating cotton ivw 
 from the i)od, by reduciinr the cost of the rai 
 material of one of our principal manufactures, lis 
 been quite as advantageous to us as to his o«J 
 countrymen ; and the discoveries and inventior 
 of Watt, Arkwright, and Wedg^vood, hyrediuin 
 the cost of the articles we send abroad, have w 
 
 ao.n:. u|ion tneir indi 
 
 "|;nottobo doubted 
 
 »i"i)e best .secured bv 
 
 =t peace, 'a commel-, 
 
 •'"' ""^fory or brand: 
 
 |;reventanothernatioii 
 
 totrious than vou are- 
 
 mmvs they will sell \ 
 
 vMr customers will for< 
 
 tl«. .i'hiswillhappo 
 
 '7;™ 'vith fleets, an.l'PJ 
 
 vfcr may J„y ^ 
 
 ,>"«s.«fid or nusuccftssf,. 
 ;;"ie eternal law of Pr" 
 ?™*, p. 41, 3rd ed.) 
 
 ■llr. Hume has bcautifu] 
 'M.d salutary influon^" 
 
 J" enterprise resulti,^'; 
 "no commerce and thn 
 irethenkeptinpe/X^ 
 
 2tlwrew.nd,tlieoccur 
 *H.rleas„rcswhichS 
 J'' nnnd acquires new 
 •■»f".and faculties, 'n 
 
 :anSJiii?td 
 
 « "en destroy the ;e,i 
 
 mrisaffreeablebutwheJ 
 ' '.wruits the spirit 'V.I 
 
 I •"'.*fadv.-,„4eof ,-J 
 
 p^«-p"ni5i^rs:, 
 ?:;r-,,^vecnn„ort^^'l 
 
 ;? '"IPiovcinents m ' o\f 
 h"'''g.iora,.ceis"^,^;l 
 
 f'^KSSe^V^I 
 ?™ricl,cdwith I-"""" 
 
 ""outudcjorhvewithi 
 
COMMERCE 
 
 397 
 
 awl 
 
 WOll 
 
 ji ailvantaspous to our forciftn customora ns to ' in that distant manner which h peculiar toiffnor- 
 i.iir-clves. Coramercc has caused the hlessiiigs of ! ant and barbarous nations. Thoy tlock into cities ; 
 ivilisation to be universally diffused, and the ' love to receive and couimunicato knowledge ; to 
 
 show their wit o. their breeding; their taste iu 
 conversation or living, in clothes or furniture. 
 Curiosity allures the wise, vanity the foolish, and 
 pleasure both. Particular clubs and societies are 
 every where formed ; both sexes meet in an easy 
 and sociable m'lnner ; and the tempers of men, 03 
 well as their behaviour, rcline apace. iSo that 
 beside tlie improvements thoy receive from know- 
 ledge, and the lil)eral arts, it i'j impossible but 
 they must feel an increase of humanity from the 
 very habit of conversing together, and contributing 
 to each other's pleasure and entertainment. Thus in- 
 iliisliy, hiuwleilye, and liumaniti/ are linked together 
 by au indissoluble chain ; and are found, from ex- 
 perience as well as reason, to be peculiar to the 
 more polished, and what arc commonly denomin- 
 ated the more luxurious ages.' {Essay of liejine- 
 meiit in the Arts.) 
 
 Most commercial treatises, and most books on 
 political economy, contain lengthened state- 
 ments as to the comparative advantages derived 
 from the home antl foreign trade. But these 
 statements are almost always bottome<l on the 
 most cn'oneous j)rinciplcs. The quantity and 
 value of the commodities which the inhabitants 
 of an extensive countrj' exchange with each other, 
 is far greater than the quantity and value of those 
 they exchange with foreigners ; but this is not, as 
 is commonly supposed, enough to show that the 
 home trade is proportionally more advantageous. 
 Commerce, it must be borne in mind, is not a direct 
 but an indirect source of wealth. The mere ex- 
 change of commodities adds nothing to the riches 
 of society. The intluenco of commerce on wealth 
 consists in its allowing employments to be sepa- 
 rated and prosecuted without interruption. It 
 gives the means of pushing the divisions of labour 
 to the furthest extent, and supplies mankind 
 with an infinitely greater quantity of necessaries 
 and accommodations of all sorts than could have 
 been produced, had individuals and nations been 
 forced to depend upon their own comparatively 
 feeble efforts for the supply of their wants. And 
 hence, in estimating the comparative advan- 
 tagcousness of the home and foreign trades, the 
 real (luestions to bo decided arc, which of them 
 contributes most to the divisiim of labour? and 
 which of them gives the greatest stimulus to in- 
 vention and industry i* These questions do not, 
 perhaps, admit of any very satisfactory answer. 
 The truth is, that both home trade and foreign 
 trade are most prolific sources of wealth. Witliout 
 the lormer, no division of labour could be esta- 
 blished, and man would for ever remain in a 
 barbarous state. Ilcnce, perhaps, we may say 
 tluit it is the most indispensable ; but the length 
 to which it coidd carry any particuhu' country in 
 the career of civilisation would be limited indeed. 
 Had lireat Britain been cut olVfrom all intercourse 
 with strangers, there is no reason for thinking 
 that we should have been at this day advancetl 
 bevond the point to which our ancestors had at- 
 tained during the Heptarchy ! It is to the pro- 
 ducts and the arts derived from others, and to the 
 emulation inspired by their competition and ex- 
 ample, that we are mainly indebted for the extra- 
 ordinary jirogress we have already made, as well 
 as I'or that wo are yet destined to make. 
 
 Adam Smith, though he has satisfactorily dc- 
 monstrfitcd the inii)olicy of all restrictions on the 
 freedom of commerce, has, notwithstanding, en- 
 deavoured to show that it is more for the public 
 advantage that capital should be employed in the 
 home trade thou iu foreign trade, ou the ground 
 
 in lyui'es of knowledge and science to he conveyed 
 
 i.iliP remotest comers. Its luimatiising intluenco 
 
 ,., ill this respect, most inq^ortant ; while, by 
 
 milking each country depend for tlic means of 
 
 ■u'lplying a considerable portion of its wants on 
 
 ilie assistance of others, it has dono more than 
 
 jnv thing else to remove a host of the most balc- 
 
 ijl' prcjmlices, and to ma' ; mankind regard 
 
 ,aih Klhist as friends anil urothers, and not as 
 
 fiKraies. The dread, once so prevalent, of the 
 
 ■irojjrpss of other nations in wealth and civilisa- 
 
 tinii is now universally admitted to be as absurd 
 
 ji it is illiberal. While every people ought 
 
 always to bo (ircpared to resist and avenge any 
 
 aiiaJl. upon their independence or flieir honour, 
 
 ii is not to bo doubted that their real prosperity 
 
 nW be best secured by their endeavouring to live 
 
 at wace. ' A commercial war, whether crowned 
 
 niili victory or branded with defeat, can never 
 
 prevent another nation from becoming more in- 
 
 dujtrioiis than you are ; and if they are more in- 
 
 ii'i*irioua they will sell cheaper; and couiiequcntly 
 
 vour customers will forsake j'our shop and go to 
 
 tliars. This will happen though you covered the 
 
 (.can with fleets, and the land with armies. The 
 
 iilJier may lay waste; the privateer, whether 
 
 smwssfHl or uiisuccessfi'l, will make poor ; but it 
 
 i< ihe eternal law of Providence that " flin hand of 
 
 liii diligent can alone make rich."' (Tucker's Four 
 
 rriif(s,p. 41, 3rded.) 
 
 Mr, Hume has beautifully illustrated the power- 
 
 t'lilai.il salutary influence of that spirit of industry 
 
 inil enterprise resulting from the eager prosecu- 
 
 ij.n of commerce and the arts. 'Men,' says he, 
 
 'arc then kept in pcrpetu.il occupatioii, and enjoy. 
 
 Si their reward, the occupation itself, as well as 
 
 th'M pleasures which are the fruits of t iicir labour. 
 
 Itt mind acquires new vigour; enlarges hx 
 
 j.jwors and faculties ; and, by an assiduity in 
 
 tiiiicrt industry, both satisfies its nat ural appetites. 
 
 £iij prevents the growth of unnf^tural ones, which 
 
 iHumnniy spring up when Jioudshed with ease 
 
 a\ idleness. Banish those, arts from society, 
 
 y.u deprive men both of action and of pleasure ; 
 
 anJ. leaving nothing but indolence in their place, 
 
 you even destroy the relish of indolence, which 
 
 ntvtr is agreeable but when it succeeds to labour, 
 
 lad recruits the spirits, exhausted by too mucli 
 
 ifflieation and fatigue. 
 
 'Aiioihcr advantage of industry and of refine- 
 
 BMiis iu the nieclianical arts is, that they coni- 
 
 K nly produce some refinements in the liberal; 
 
 tfcan»'.eone be carried to jierfecfiou without 
 
 iViB^' accompanied in some degree with the other. 
 
 iPut same age which produces great ])liilosophers 
 
 jiiil inJiticinns, renowned generals and poetn, 
 
 pally aliounils with skilful weavers and ship- 
 
 iiters. We cannot reasonably expect that a 
 
 ceot' woollen cloth will be wrought to perfection 
 
 a nation wlii<'li is ignorant of astronomy, or 
 
 feetliics arc neglected. The spirit of the age 
 
 Ittts all tlic arts ; and the minds of men, being 
 
 « roused fiom thei." lothargj-, and put into a 
 
 Hitation, turn tlicnsclves on all sides, and 
 
 improvements into every art and science. 
 
 liiid ignorance is tot.iUy banished ; and men 
 
 'iytlie privilege of rational creatures, to tliiiik 
 
 'tlias to act, to cultivate the pleasures of the 
 
 as well as those of the body. 
 [Ilicmure these refined arts advance, the more 
 aUc do men become ; nor is it possible that, 
 enrielicd with science, and possessed of a 
 of conversation, they should be contented to 
 '"in solitude, or live with their fellow-citizens 
 
 ; ' ■;■ t. ■ ;■""■ : ■ 
 
nn 
 
 398 
 
 COMMERCE 
 
 l'.f 
 
 r:^. 
 
 H 
 
 I n- 
 
 h ''\ 
 
 .:i 
 
 
 P 
 
 that the oapitnls employptl in the former aro more 
 i'rc<)u<'ntlj' returned, and that they set a preater 
 quantity (if labour in motion than those emphiyed 
 in the latter. 15iit we have elsewhere endeavoured 
 to show that the rate of jtrotit which different 
 businesses yield is the only test of their respec- 
 tive ad"antaf;eousness. {Principles of Politiciil 
 J'Jconomi/, 3rd ed. pp. 1C5-1HI.) Now, it is quite 
 evident that capital will not be eniploved in fo- 
 reifcn trade unless it yield as much prolit as <!oul(l 
 be made by emploving it at home. Xo merchant 
 sends a ship to China, if it be in his power to 
 realise a larger prolit by sentlinp her to Dublin or 
 Newcastle; nor would any one i iild a shii) 
 unless he expected that the capital so laid out 
 would be as productive os if it were employed in 
 nn;rieultuie or manufactures. The more or less 
 rapid returu of capital is a matter of very little 
 importance. If the averaf;c rate of prolit be 10 
 per cent., an indivulual who turns ovcrhis capital 
 10 times a-year will make one per cent, of prolit 
 each time ; whereas if he turns it only once a- 
 year, he will get the whole 10 per cent, at once. 
 Competition reduces the rate of nett prolit to about 
 the sauio level in all businesses; and wo may he 
 quite certain that those who employ themselves 
 in the departments in which capital is most 
 rapidly returned do not, at an average, gain more 
 than those who employ themselves in the depart- 
 ments in which the returns are most distant. No 
 one is a foreign merchant because he would rather 
 deal ^vith foreigners than with his own country- 
 men, but because he believes he will be able to 
 employ his capital more advantageously in foreign 
 trade than in any other business ; and while he 
 does this, ho is following that employment which 
 is most beneficial for the public as well as for 
 himself. 
 
 rV. Kestkictioss on Cojimeuce, 
 
 The statements already made, by explaining 
 the nature and princii)les of commercial transac- 
 tions, are sulKcient to evince the inexpediency of 
 subjecting them to .any species of restraint. It is 
 obvious, indeed, that restrictions arc founded on 
 false principles. When individuals arc left to 
 jjursue their own interest in their own waj", they 
 naturolly resort to those branches of industry 
 which thoy reckon most advantageous for them- 
 selves ; and as we have just seen, these arc the very 
 branches in which it is most for the public interest 
 that they should be employed. Unless, therefore, 
 it could be shown that a Government can judge 
 better as to what sort of transactions arc prolita- 
 ble or othenvise than private individuals, its re- 
 gulations <'annot bo of the smallest use, and may 
 be exceedingly injurious. Hut any such preten- 
 sion on the part of Government would be univer- 
 sally scouted. It is imdeniably certain that a re- 
 gard to our own interest is, if not an unerring guide 
 to direct us in such matters, at least incompara- 
 bly better than any other. If the trade with a 
 particular country or in a particular commodity 
 1)0 a losing one, or merely a less prolitable one 
 than others, it is quite as unnecessary to pass an 
 Act to prevent it from being carried on, as it 
 would be to interfere to prevent individuals from 
 selling their lab'- ir or Ihcir commodities below the 
 market price. It aiipears, therefore, that all re- 
 gulations alfeciing the freedom of commerce, or of 
 any branch of imlustry, are cither useless or per- 
 nicious. They aro useless, when they are intended 
 to protect the interest of individuals by preventing 
 them from engaging in disadvantageous busi- 
 nesses ; and pernicious, when they prevent them 
 from engaging in those that are advantageous. 
 
 The self-interest of the parties concerned is tlia 
 only safe principle to go by in such matters. 
 When the act.s of the Legislature aro in unison 
 with it, there is nothing to object to in them snvo 
 only that they might as \ 'ell not exist; but m-Iu'ii- 
 ever they arc inconsistent wth it — that is, 
 whenever they tend to divert capital and industry 
 into channels into which individuals, if left to 
 their own discretion, would not have carried thcni 
 — they are decidedly injurious. 
 
 No one denies that it is iiossiblo to confer, by 
 means of a restrictive regulation, an advanta^teon 
 a greater or less number of individuals. Tlii«, 
 however, is no proof that it is advantageous in a 
 public point of view ; and it is by its intluence in 
 this respect that wc arc to decide concerning it. 
 If the exclusion of an article imported from abroail 
 in order to encourage its manufacture at home, 
 raise its price in the home market, that circum- 
 stance ■will, for a while at least, be advantiigcous 
 to those engaged in its production. But is it not 
 clear that all that is thus gained by them is lost 
 by those who purdiase the. article'? To su])|nisp, 
 indeed, that the exclusion of commodities thatarc 
 comparatively cheap, to make rcom for those that 
 are comparatively dear, can be a means of onrich- 
 ing a country, is equivalent to supposing that a 
 people's wealth might bo increased by destroying' 
 their most powerful machines, and throwing their 
 best soils out of cultivation. 
 
 But it is contended, that though this might be 
 tlie ca.«e in the instance of commodities produce 1 
 at home, it is materially different when the cirai- 
 raodity excluded came to us from abroad. It is 
 said, that in this case the exclusion of forcipi 
 produce increases the demand for thtit produceil 
 at home, and consequently contributes to increase 
 the demand for labour ; so that the rise of price it 
 occasions is, in this way, more than balanced by 
 the other advantages which it brings along with 
 it. But the fact is, that though the demand fur 
 one species of produce may be increased by a prti- 
 hibition of importation, the demand for soiiieotlur 
 species is sure to be at the ."ame time equally di- 
 minished. There is no jugglery in comuierco. 
 Whether it be carried on between individuals vi 
 the same country, or of different coinitrie.', it i* 
 in all cases bottomed on a fair principle of reei- 
 procity. Those who will not buy need not cxpto: 
 to soil, and conversely. It is impossible to e.^iK'tt 
 without making a corresponding importatioi;. 
 We get nothing from the foreigner gratuitoudy; 
 and hence, when we prevent the importation of 
 produce from abroad, we prevent, by the very 
 same act, the exportation of an equal amount nf 
 British produce. All that the exclusion of foreign 
 commodities ever effects is the substitutioi'. "t 
 one sort of demand for another. It has been said 
 that ' when we drink Loer and porter wo coii.-uicf 
 the produce of English industry, whercasvhfn«c 
 drink port or claret wc consume the produce il 
 the industry of the I'ortuguese and rrincli, totte 
 obvious advantage of the latter, and the pro- 
 judice of our countrymen! ' But, how pr.railo.\- 
 ical sooi-er the assertion may at lirst sight .ippMr. 
 there is not at bottom any real distinction beiww'i 
 the two ca.ses. What is it that induces foreignerJ 
 to supply us with port and claret 'i Tlie answorw 
 obvious :— We eitlier send directly to Port ujjal ami 
 France an equicalcnt in British produce, orive.'cnJ 
 such equiviileut, i u the first place to South America 
 for bullion and then send that bullion to tlie con- 
 tinent to pay for the wine. And liciiee it is ^^ 
 clear as the sun at noon-day, that the EnglislmiM 
 who drinks only French wine, who eats only hwii 
 made of Polish wheat, and who wears onlv !?ax"' 
 cloth, gives, by occasioning the exportation of a 
 
 eorrcspondin 
 
 leather, or ot 
 
 to the indust: 
 
 give were lie 
 
 jiroduced ft h 
 
 a quantity of 
 
 of the .^aniB t 
 
 consume the 
 
 for the wine, c 
 
 so far as the ei 
 
 corned, bo alto, 
 
 It is absolut( 
 
 to encourage ir 
 
 porta I ion from ; 
 
 promote it bv i 
 
 for hats. )V''e c 
 
 we may supply 
 
 not be produc"c( 
 
 labour to produ( 
 
 produce the cqu 
 
 Iti.<, if any thin 
 
 and absurdity to 
 
 (h'strj- by prohit 
 
 Such prohibition 
 
 sure to force capit 
 
 fliannels, and can 
 
 demand for one sj 
 
 as it extends the ] 
 
 It is but seldoa 
 
 importation from , 
 
 stitute one sort of 
 
 usual effect ij boi 
 
 capital and (o inci 
 
 A countn- rarely 
 
 abroad that mav be 
 
 111 (he vast major 
 
 bought of the forcifi 
 
 ''"ccd at home wii 
 
 "'capital. Suppoi 
 
 Wh of any coram 
 prohibited, and that 
 fannot be rai.sod in 
 
 .and this is actually t 
 '"Stances in which . 
 prohibition has the J 
 "'.tnecommoditv al 
 ««ted. they had bj 
 
 »'"'f 200,000/. or 5o1 
 fen the case, what tl 
 f no into the cofTersl 
 '■avc aflbrdcd the mf 
 ""'ount of other tax} 
 «ory system, the! 
 'J an increased diffld 
 advantage to ai,rl 
 gaining any thin,/ b J 
 5- a dead ^osfl 
 
 "'i> be productive of J 
 ,'"»« producers of Thl 
 i^'^*"t'al,houever fV,1 
 
 ^""""'faoturerJbvct 
 
 ',0 f,f"teds,,cha| 
 ""9 trausferenctf 
 
COjVBIEECE 
 
 399 
 
 Itiieco"- 
 1 it i' s^ 
 tlislifflS" 
 
 I v Sax"" 
 Itiuii o( » 
 
 correspondinft amount of British cotton, lianlwnTe, 
 leather, or other proiUicc, tlie samcencourngeinoiit 
 to the imhistry of his countrymen ihat he would 
 give were he to consume notiiing not immediately 
 liroduccd nt home. A quantity of port wine and 
 a quantity of Hirmingham poods are respectively 
 of the same value ; so that whether wc directly 
 consume tlio hardware, or, having exclmnfred it 
 for the wine, consume the latter, must plainly, in 
 so far as the employment of British labour is cou- 
 ccrneil, be altogether indifl'eront. 
 
 It is absolutely nugatory, therefore, to attempt 
 to Liicouragc industry at home by restraining im- 
 portation from abroad. Wo might as well try to 
 iromoteitbv interdicting the exchange of shoes 
 fur hats. Wc only resort to foreign markets, that 
 we may supply ourselves with articles that c.in- 
 not be produced at home, or that retiuire more 
 laliour to produce them here than is reciuired to 
 viroduco the equivalent exported to pay for them. 
 It is if any thing can be, an obvious contradiction 
 and absurdity to attempt to promote wealth or in- 
 di'str^' by prohibiting an intercourse of this sort. 
 Such" prohibition, even when least injurious, is 
 sure to force capital and labour into less productive 
 channels, and cannot fail to diminish the foreign 
 demand for one species of produce quite as much 
 as it extends the home demand for another. 
 
 It is but seldom, however, that a restriction on 
 importation from abroad does no more than sub- 
 stitute one sort of employment for another. Its 
 usual effect is both to alter the distribution of 
 capital anil to increase the price of commodities. 
 A comtTY rarely imports any commodity from 
 abroad that may he as cheaply produced at home. 
 In tlie vast majority of instances, the articles 
 bought of the foreigner could not be directly pro- 
 duced at home without a much greater outlay 
 of capital. Suppose that we import 1,000,000/. 
 worth of any commodity, that its importation is 
 prohibited, and that the same quantity of produce 
 cannot be raised in this country for less than 
 1,200,000/. or 1,600,000/.: in a case of this sort— 
 and this is actually the case in 99 out of every 100 
 instances in which prohibitions are enacted — the 
 prohibition has the same cfl'ect on the consumers 
 of the commodity as if, supposing it not to have 
 existed, thev had been burdened with a peculiar 
 tax of 200,000/. or 500,000/. a-year. But, had such 
 been the case, what the consumers lost would have 
 gone into the coffers of the treasury, and would 
 have aflbrdcd the means of repealing an equal 
 amount of other taxed ; whereas, under the pro- 
 liibitory system, the high price, being occasioned 
 by an increased difficulty of production, is of ':.o 
 advantage to any one. So that, instead of 
 gaining any tiling by such a measure, the public 
 incurs- a dead loss of 200,000/. or 500,000/, 
 a-ycar. 
 
 We have said that a prohibition of importation 
 
 I ra.iy be productive of immediate advantage to the 
 
 I lionic producers of the i)rohibited article. It is 
 
 (sscutial, however, to remark that this advantage 
 
 oannot continue for any cousidorable time, and 
 
 tliat \tmitst be followed by a period of distress. 
 
 nVeretlie importation of foreign silks put an end 
 
 to, that circumstance, by narrowing the supply of 
 
 jsll; goods, and raising their prices, wouldj no 
 
 IJoubt, be, in the first instance, advantar^cous to 
 
 JAe manufacturers, by elevating their profits above 
 
 [tW ccmmou level. " But the consequence would 
 
 l|«\ that those already engaged in the trade would 
 
 liumcdiately set about extending their concerns ; 
 
 JM the same time that not a few of those engaged 
 
 111 other employments would enter a business 
 
 n\t\\ presented such a favourable prospect : nor 
 
 WulJ this transference of capital to the silk 
 
 manufacture be stopped till such an increased 
 supply of silks had been brought to market as to 
 occasion a glut. This reasoning is not founded 
 upon hypothesis, but upon Mie widest experience. 
 When a business is earned im under the protection 
 of a restriction on importation, it is limited by the 
 extent of the homo mark^\ id is -ncapable of 
 further extension. It is, in consequence, particu- 
 larly subject to that tluctunlion which is the bane 
 of industry. If, owing to a change of fashion, or 
 any other cause, the demand he increased, then, as 
 no supplies can be brought from abroad, prices 
 suddenly rise, and the nianufucturc is rapidly ex- 
 tended, until a reaction takes place, and prices 
 sink below their usual level ; and if the demand 
 decline, then, as there is no outlet abroad for the 
 superfluous goods, their price is ruinously de- 
 pressed, and the producers are involved in inex- 
 tricable diHiculties. The businesses deepest en- 
 trenched behind ramparts of prohibitions and re- 
 strictions, such as the silk trade previously to 
 1826, the West Indie, trade, and agricultitfe since 
 1815, have undergone the most extraordinary 
 vicissitudes, and have been at once more hazard- 
 ous and less profitable than the busine.s.se8 carried 
 on under a system of fait and free competition. 
 
 A prohibition against buying in the cheapest 
 markets is really, also, a prohibition against selling 
 in the tlcarcst markets. There is no test of high 
 or low price except the quantity of otter produce 
 for which an article exchanges. " Suppose that, by 
 sending a certain quantity of cottons or hardware 
 to Brczil, we might get in exchange 160 hhds. of 
 sugar, and that the same quantity, if sent to 
 Jamaica, weald only fetch 100 hhds., is it not ob- 
 vious that by preventing the importation of the 
 former, we force our goods to be sold for two-thirds 
 of the price they would otherwise have brought? 
 To suppose that a system productive of nich re- 
 sults can be ameans of increasing wealth is to t'lp- 
 pose what is evidently absurd. It is certainly t.-ue 
 that a restrictive regulation, which has been long 
 acted upon, and under which a large amount of 
 capital is employed, should not be rashly or ca- 
 priciously repealed. Every change in the public 
 economy of a great nation ought to be gone about 
 cautiously and gradually. Adequate time should 
 be given to those who carry on businesses that 
 have been protected, either to withdraw from them 
 altogether, or to prepare to withstand the fair com- 
 petition of foreigners. But this is aU that such 
 persons can j'lstly claim. To persevere in an er- 
 roneous and oppressive system merely because its 
 abandonment might be productive of inconvenience 
 to individuals, would be a procceduig inconsistent 
 with every object for which society is formed, and 
 subversive of all improvement. 
 
 It may, perhaps, be supposed that in the event 
 of commodities being iniportr-' from abroad, after 
 tlie abolition of " protecting regulation, thai 
 were previously produced at home, the workmen 
 and those engaged in their production would be 
 thrown upon the pari.sh. Such, however, is not 
 the case. We may, by giving freedom to com- 
 merce, change the specks of labour in demand, 
 but it is not possible that we should thereby change 
 its qtuintity. If, inconsequence of the abolition of 
 restrictions, our imports were increased 4,000,000/. 
 or 5,000,000/., our exports, it is certain, must be 
 augmented to the s.ame extent ; so that what- 
 ever dirairMtion of the demand for labour might 
 be exper diced in certain departments would 
 be balanced by a corresponding increase in 
 others. 
 
 The pressure of taxation has often been alleged 
 as an excuse for restrictions on commerce ; but it 
 is not more valid than the rest. Taxation may 
 
 1 H' 
 
 
 i ■ ■ ! ' . 
 
 i.«':j -: ...' * 
 
 ) ■ .' '-! A. 
 
 ' 4 
 
 :.J 
 
 ..'! f 
 
-1-V 
 
 I 
 
 ll • ' i' 
 
 t/'' }^' 
 
 
 :■■' 1 
 
 'I ■ t 
 
 
 
 COMMERCE , t ^^„f,f^ i„ 
 
 Ann 1 „r fls it 1 nation at the cxpenRC of other , ^^^ ^^^ 
 
 riavv and oven o.vr^^^^^^^^^^^ll^^.^^^^^ Hu..ian. or a„v 
 
 ««!^'n«'\«/?!.l':„nosc-toput a total Stop to com^ I ^^^ ^^^,. tins mtei^^^;«« J^^ ^^p^^^ ^^.,^„ ,,„,,j 
 
 iudepcndcncc aOvmc^^^^^.^^,^_^^^ ^^^ eojnme.vco h 
 luciv^^. — , ,..[„ i,ni,u3ii.«"" -- , _(• nroniotc It uy i"j " t;, , solitarv and uusoaal 
 
 ean bo cxpor ed 1 ';«^„.,|ti,„, for t»>« '^'^J' °M »^uc indepcndcaco ot g «oma ^^ productive of 
 duties on *»'^.'"^" ,T.' r tiling'. Several of "''^^'ILavaRc; it is not »« '"fP v'rho most llourishini; 
 revenue i. .yute anoth^; t ^ ^^^^ ««)>J«f „^J luJg;{h, but of weakness ["^P^,,,,, elevutio;, 
 commodities "«X,r the duties on ^''-■"\." f, states^t the moment of t^^^^^^^^ 
 taxation; ""'„ Se b"""'!''-""'' -'n'.u i u 'vhen'they ^vcre elo.e v •^o""'-, ^•^^ideu chain.!, of 
 conlined withm pro % ^^ ^^^^^ ^„y m;unouM j,^, civilised ^^"[^f ^^^^ ."i^, ,vcre, accordin,' 
 ,Uoy arc n«t «o J^^ ^,,„,ion smugglmt; ""'l ^^ecessful eommerml enterpns , . ^,^ ^^^^^ ^ , 
 influence over tiaac^^^^g^l to ^^ doctrine, in tuc mo ^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 ,vould «i«« ^° *^fn\avo„r of this statemen a U P ,,^^6 of iml^^^^^^ ^^^ ,^^^ 
 
 n'" ""f "fn iV to S «'« 1'"°"' '"'J ml '°i"> """°'"- 'Jifoiter kilo anil bW «»? 
 
 mercUuts of all the ^""J';^^ ,,f „iwavs be equal 
 
 --^Sd S:= continue to .end ^^^^^ U^^^^^ 
 ■ ^°---..snej.r.nt«nde^^^^ 
 
 '^'^^^''T.lTm^'^'^^ '=^S,J^n%?rt sits Sio expressed their c^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 pu ssance mn 9 par i^^ ^^^.j^_ H^""^, ^f foute every protecUve »• S'-'^'^^,, tontirming, as J 
 
 memo, ct n'» ^"^ ^^ ,i,,^ eux; mais ««"« ^ute ^-^^^ ^"•^,fif science hv the approval 1 
 
 doute de la f 'f ^;„_„ ig gavoir.ils sont punis ics the conclusions o scienci,. h| 
 
 d'ignorancc, ^ont, sans 1° «a ^ ^^^.^.^ ^,^^^ ^^.t ^ U^, ^^ informed and mo.* 
 
 premiers, n-t pa me raisoi^^q^ wld, had a powe 
 
 IM. 
 
 „lus desavantageux. v"- iVV Those were so veiy «--^'"-,^ ^jia 
 
COMMERCE 
 
 4U1 
 
 Pi'"' 
 
 Vnil while this change has been productivo of 
 Yirf advantage to this coiiiitry, it has weakened 
 the prejudices of others, nud made them enter, to 
 Miiue extent at least, oa the sumo culightcued 
 course of policy. 
 
 The petition now referred to ia too important to 
 \^ (iinitted in a work of this sort. It was written 
 liv tlio late Thomas Tooke, Kstj., author of the 
 v'aluiible work on Prices, and is as follows : — 
 
 'Tu the Honourable tho Commons, &c. The 
 Pttitioii (if the Merchants of the City of London, 
 ■ Showeth, 
 
 • i'liat foreign commerce is cminuntly conducive 
 til the wealth and prosperity of a country, by 
 (iialiliii),' it to iniport the commodities for the 
 irmluction of which the soil, climate, capital, and 
 liiiustry of other countries are best calculated, 
 am' t(i export, in payment, those articles for which 
 its iwn situation is better adapted. 
 
 ■liat freedom from restraint is calculated to 
 cive the utmost extension t<> foreign trade, and 
 the bc,«t direction to tho capital and industry of 
 the country. 
 'That the maxim of buying in the cheapest 
 icaikct, and selhng in the deorest, which regulates 
 every •nerchant in his individual dealings, is 
 strictly applicable as the best rule for tho trade 
 c( the whole nation, 
 
 'That a policy founded on these principles 
 KiuU render the commerce of the world an 
 inietchaiiiio of rautnal advantages, and tliffuse an 
 mcm-e of wealth and enjoyments among the 
 iiihabiuiits of each state, 
 
 'That, unfortunately, a policy the very reverse 
 of tliii im been and is more or less adopted and 
 acted upon by the Government of this and every 
 otter wuntry ; each trying to exclude tho pro- 
 ductions of other countries, with the specious and 
 well-meant design of encouraging its own i)ro- 
 duttions; thus inllicting on the bulk of its 
 (objects, who are consumers, the necessity of 
 iilmiitting to privations in tho quantity or quality 
 of commodities ; and thus rendering what ought 
 to he the source of mutual benefit and of harmony 
 unon;' stales, a constantlj' recuniiig occasion of 
 jealousy and hostility. 
 'That the prevailing prejudices in favour of the 
 protective or restrictive system may be traced to 
 the erroneous supposition that every importation 
 vf foreign commodities occasions a diminution or 
 fauragement of our o^^^l productions to the 
 wie extent: whereas it may bo clearly shown, 
 that ahhough the particular description of pro- 
 duction which could not stand against unrestrained 
 ^tumgn competition would be discouraged, vet, as 
 iHounportation could be continued for any length 
 W tune without a corresponding exportation, 
 [feet or indirect, there would be an cncouragc- 
 ifflt,for the purpose of that exportation, of some 
 'ierproduction to which our situation might be 
 itier suited; thus affording at least an equal, 
 ■1 probably a greater, and certainly a. more 
 nfivial, employment to our own capital and 
 w. 
 
 ' That of die uumerous protective and prohibi- 
 •y duties of our commercial code, it may be 
 I'd that, while all operate as a very lieavv 
 1 on the community at large, very few are of 
 <! ultmiate benefit to the classes in whose favour 
 T we originally instituted, and none to the 
 "It of the loss occasioned bv them to other 
 ses. 
 
 That among the other evils of tho restrictive 
 .iwtective system, not the least is, that the arti- 
 '"Protection of one branch of industry or source 
 Ptwuction against foreign competition is set up 
 'pound of daim by other branches for similar 
 
 protection ; so that if the reasoning upon which 
 these restrictive or prohibitory regulations are 
 founded were foUowccl out consistently, it would 
 not stop short of excluding us from'all foreign 
 commerce whatsoever. And the same train of ar- 
 gument, which, with corresponding iirohibitions 
 and protective duties, should exclude us from 
 foreign trade, might bo brought forward to justify 
 the re-enactment of restrictions upon the inter- 
 change of productions (unconnected Avith public 
 revenue) among the kingdoms composing tho 
 union, or among tho counties of the same king- 
 dom. 
 
 'That an investigation of tho efTccts of tho re- 
 strictivo system at this time is jieculiarly called 
 for, as it ma}", in the opinion of your petitioners, 
 lead to a strong ])rcsumption that the distioss 
 which now so goncrally prevails is considerably 
 aggravated by that system, and that some relief 
 may bo obtained by the earliest pracMcable re- 
 moval of such of the restraints as may bo shown 
 to bo most injurious to the capital and industry of 
 the community, and to be attended with no com- 
 pensating lienetit to the public revenue. 
 
 'That u declaration agahist the anti-commercial 
 principles of our restrictive system is of tho more 
 importance at tho present juncture, inasmuch as, 
 in several instances of recent occurrence, tho mer- 
 chants and manufacturers of foreign countries have 
 assailed their respective Governments with appli- 
 cations for further protective or prohibitory diuies 
 via regulations, urging the example and authority 
 of this country, against which they are almost ex- 
 clusively directed, as a sanction for the policy of 
 such measures. And certainly, if the reasoning 
 upon which our restrictions have been defended is 
 worth any thing, it will apply in behalf of the re- 
 gulations offoreign states' against us. They insist 
 upon our superiority in capital and machinery, as 
 we do upon their comparative exemption from tax- 
 ation, and with equal foundation. 
 
 ' That nothing would tend more to counteract 
 tho commercial hostility of foreign states than tho 
 adoption of a more enlightened ond more concilia- 
 tory policy on tho part of this country. 
 
 ' That although, as a matter of mere diplomacy, 
 it may sometimes answer to hold tho removal of 
 particulorprohibitions, or high duties, as depending 
 upon corresponding concessions by other states in 
 our favour, it does not follow that wo should 
 maintain our restrictions in cases where the desired 
 concessions on their part cannot bo obtained. 
 Our restrictions would not be the less prejudicial 
 to our own capital and industry because other 
 Governments persisted in preserving impolitic re- 
 gulations, 
 
 ' That, upon the whole, the most liberal would 
 prove to be the most politic course on such occa- 
 sions. 
 
 'That independent of tho direct benefit to be 
 derived by this country on every occasion of such 
 concession or relaxation, a great incidental object 
 would be gained, by the recognition of a sound 
 pr'moiplc or standard, to which all subsequent ar- 
 rangements might be referred ; and by tho salutary 
 influence which a promulgation of such just view.", 
 by the Legislature and by the nation at large, could 
 not fail to have on the policy of other states. 
 
 ' That in thus declaring, as your, petitioners do, 
 their conviction of the impolicy and injustice of the 
 restrictive system, and in desiring'every practicable 
 relaxation of it, they have in view only such parts 
 of it as arc not connected, or are onlv subordi- 
 iiately so, with the public revenue. As long as 
 tho necessity for the present amount of revenuj 
 subsists, your petitioners cannot expect so import- 
 ant a branch of it as the customs to be given up 
 DD 
 
 '1 t 
 
 .: : • : ^ {■ * ' ■!■'.■: 
 
 m?w^'-'" - 
 

 
 f 'i 
 
 x.- 
 
 :^->i»-*liW"j^.r''*»w*-— ■ 
 
 •102 
 
 COMPAMKS 
 
 iKir to 1)0 iiiatiririlly irnniiiMtu'd, iinli'-'s fmitic suh- 
 Btiliitc Ifit iilijciiiiiM.ilili' lie -iiiKp'stcd. Iliit it U 
 iiiidiimt ivi'rii rrslrictirr irpiiliitioii of trittlr not rs- 
 m iitiiit tn Ihf riri'iiiif, aijitiiiiit nil iliilim wirili/ prn- 
 tfrtirr fhiin I'liich/n rompttitiDii. nnil niinim'l tlir i r- 
 iVHs iif' mirli iliitli'H an iiiv pitrlli/ for llir i>iiri>itnr nf 
 ri-n-iiiif mill piirllii t'lir Hint nf iinitntinn, t\int the 
 jiFMyt r of the prcsi'iit )i('tiliiiii is ros[M'ct fully ^^lll>- 
 niittiil to ill'' wisildin nf I'lirllampiit. 
 
 ' Miiy it thi'ii'l'oi-o,' itc. 
 
 Fill- iin accuiiii; it" the dnrtrinfM with iTspcpt to 
 the hiiliiiiv lit' liiiili; and the importation and cx- 
 poilaiioii of the pri'i'ioiis iiu'tals, mco Mai.am'i: of 
 'I'liMii:, anil I'^xciiVNOi:, 
 
 l''or an ai'connt of the articles imported into and 
 exported froni Great Ilritain, see I.mi'okts ani» 
 
 K.\l'(i[!TS. 
 
 fX).MI'AXII'.S. Tn fonimerrn or the Arts, n 
 eoiiipany is a number of persons associated fortlie 
 purpose of carrvin;; on some eoininercial or indus- 
 trious inidertaiiin^;. When there are only a few 
 individuals associated, it is most eoinmonly called 
 a lu/iiiitiirri/; the term company heint; usually 
 apjilied til lar;;e associations, like the Kast India 
 Company, the liaidi of Kn^dand. the Hallway 
 (,'oni|)anies Ac., who coniluet their operations by 
 means of aj^euts actinfj under the orders of aboard 
 of directors. 
 
 ( 'ompanies liavo p;enernlly been divided into two 
 preat classes- -exclusive or joint-stock eompanies, 
 and open and rci^ulated eompanic s. 
 
 1. E.rchiKivr iir Joint- Stock Compnitieg. — By nn 
 institution of this sort is meant a company having 
 a certain amount of capital, divided into a ffreater 
 or .smaller number of transferable shares, managed 
 for the enmmon advantaRC of the shareludders by 
 n body of dircctor-s chosen by and responsible to 
 them. After the stock of a company of tins sort 
 has been subscribed, no one can enter it without 
 previously purchasing ono or more shares belonir- 
 inj; to some of the existinjj members. The part- 
 ners do nothing; individually; all their resolutions 
 are taken in common, and are carried into eflVct 
 by the directors and those whom they employ. 
 
 Accordin}^ to the common law of Knfjland, all 
 the partners in a joint-stock company are jointly 
 and individually liable, to the whole extent of 
 their fortunes, for the debts of the company. 
 They may make arranfrements amongst them- 
 .selves, limiting their obligations with respect to 
 each other; but unless estnblislied by an author- 
 ity competent to set aside the general rule, they 
 arc all indetinitely responsible to the public. 
 Parliament sometimes limits the responsibility of 
 the shareholders in joint-stock companies es- 
 tablished by statute, tg the amount of the shares 
 they respectively hold; and the (> Geo. IV. c. 9(j 
 empowers the Crown to grant charters of incor- 
 jioration by which the members of corporate l)odies 
 are made im ' dually liable, to such extent, and 
 fubject to such regulations and restrictions, as may 
 be <l('cmed expedient. Hence charters are now 
 freriuently granted for the ])urpose merely of en- 
 abling com|ianics to sue and be, sued in courts of 
 law, under the names of some of their oflicc-bearcrs, 
 without in any respect limiting the responsibility 
 of the shareholders to the public. This limitation 
 cannot be implied in a charter any more than in 
 an .\ct of Parliament, and is held not to exist un- 
 I'^ss it ho distinctly set forth. 
 
 Ill a private copartnery, no partner, without 
 thj consent of the company, can transfer his share 
 to another person, or introduce a now member 
 into the company. Each member, however, may, 
 upon proper warning, withdraw from the copart- 
 nery, antl demand payment from them of his share 
 of the common stock. In a Joint-stock company, 
 
 I lit ion of joint-stock companies was formaiiv vcir 
 incd by the 7 A H Viit.'c.'lln 
 
 ■IT 
 
 ( on the contrary, no member can demand paymi'iu 
 of his share from the I'mniiany; but each iiiiinl,. 
 iiiav, without their consciu, transfer his sh.ir,. |,, 
 another piTson, and thereby introduce n ,^,.^y 
 iiii'inbiT. The value of a shari' in a jolnt-iiihij ;, 
 always the price which it will bring in tlienmrk'i 
 aii'l this may be cither greater or less, in mi,. .,p,' 
 portion, than the sum wliicii its owner Mmn] 
 credited for ui theitock of the company.' (IVami, 
 of Xiitloiiii, J). ;(l).'t.) 
 
 The law in regard to the formation and const 
 liition of ioint-stoc' 
 principally dcterni 
 
 the 7 & K Vict. c. Ill having be ii passed nt il 
 same lime to facilitate their dissolutimi and ivinilin . 
 up. These Acts and others were repealed l.v 
 the 2.1 A 20 Vict. c. 89 (except sec. 17 ,,i' 7 
 and 8 Viet. c. 1!.'), and part of sec. 12 of 20 & :'| 
 Vict. e. lit), which is now (WiH) i\u> goyin,. 
 iiig statute in regard to these companies Tlu' 
 powers given to ditlereiit associations, tlionyli in 
 some respects the same, difler widely in nilnr., 
 according to the sjiccial purposes forwliich tin .' 
 are organised. Hut it would be idle to altem|i I'l 
 specify in this |ilace the peculiar rules ami ri'(;ii- 
 laliiiiis alTecting these institutions. Full JnrT- 
 ination rcs])eeliiig most nuestions connected wiifi 
 the constitution and working of joint-stock C'ln- 
 panics may, however, be found in Tlirin.-'i 
 treatise on tlie law relating to these associali'iiii 
 and to it we beg to refer the reader. 
 
 2. Utiliti/ of Joint-Stock Comjmnics. — Whcnc 
 the ca))ital reipiircd to carrj' on any iinilertnkiii:; 
 exceeds what may bo furnished by an inilivi'lnl. 
 it is indispensable, in order to the proseciitii'ii "i' 
 the, undertaking, that an as.sociatioii .shoiiM 1,. 
 formed. In all those cases, too, in wliiili [\y 
 chances of success are doubtful, or wliir" ,1 
 lengthened period must necessarily elapse hiilrc 
 an undertaking can be completed," an iiiilivi'liinl. 
 though re.ady enough to contribute a small sum ii 
 connection with others, would, generally apcakiii.-.l 
 be very little inclined, even if he had "the nitar 
 to encounter the whole responsibility of such «, 
 tcrprises. Hence the necessity and ndvanta;'':' ' 
 companies or asso'^i.ations. It is to them tliiit « 
 are indebted for tl ise canals and railway') 
 which every part of the country is intcrjccltil. f 
 the formation of so many noble docks anil w 
 houses, for the institution nf our principal Kiel 
 and insurance oflices, and formany other osi.ibli 
 mcnts of great public utility carried on liy ti 
 combined capital and energies of large bodies aiij 
 individuals. 
 
 '•i. Briviches of Industry for the prosecution 
 which Joint- Stock Companies may he aikantn^nn 
 establixheil. — In order to ensure a rational pni 
 of success to a company, the undertaking si 
 admit of being carried on according to a ri'pil 
 sy.stcmatic plan. The reason of this is sufticieni 
 obvious. The business of a great association mi 
 be conducted by factors or agents; and unless it| 
 of such a nature as to admit of their duties W 
 clearly pointed out and defined, the associati 
 would cease to have any cft'cctual control 
 them, and would be, in "great nieasurr, at tl 
 mercy. An individual wlio manages his own 
 fairs reaps all the advantage derivabl.T frcni 
 perior skill, industry, and economy; but 
 agents, and even directors, of joint-stock 
 panies, labour, in most cases, entirely or pril 
 pally for the advantage of others; and car' 
 therefore, however conscientious, have the 
 powerful motives to act with energy, ijniai 
 and economy. ' Like,' says Adam .Smith, 
 stewards of a rich man, tlun- are apt to cor 
 attention to small matters as" not for theirmr 
 
 hi'ri"iir, ami vrr 
 
 liriLHutioii /ri)ni U\ 
 
 mi, tllere/i)re, III 
 
 III tlin iii.'iria^rp„„,| 
 
 [my: ft III,,, ,1 
 
 ili.'V siiOi'r (r„rn 1) 
 
 /i'.-.'^lie,<s and extra 
 
 laller ."laviii^' i,i „ 
 
 alv.iiK'i.' tlu'ir own 
 
 niiployprs. ;K.„ce 
 
 I'juies W llli.s,; |)l,.,in, 
 
 M a nearly iinilonn 
 r,iil»ay, iiisiiranco, < 
 tli"-c h/iosc bii.siues 
 
 i/uidllo any regulai 
 aiiiiOsbe left t., ,j, 
 llic-c eni|iloye(l. j\ 
 p'lici', tradifig ui,o„ 
 !iii,;rcl,i,s,s. N„t ono 
 
 touillijtaiidfhecom,,, 
 ih'T ciiiiiul siib/ect tli 
 au'l sell i,,nirno(liti,.,s i 
 iilniiial res/)oi,sil,iJii, 
 ■[M'l; mi iho ubi,.; 
 LViibclvof into every i 
 Biem.ni.siic/,(.omimnv 
 "lai It )i,,s obtained h\ 
 
 l*;i;ni;roieo(ed from con 
 •^nJ n-en with fl,es( 
 ce:b'iice. j.rof„.,i„„ „, 
 fr-ffl iho .naii.i^rt.„„.,;t 
 ^w,<.ihatih,«c thath 
 
 ^e?>-t.i,lnmtageou.sh, 
 n"l'lw, able to ke,,, 
 
 'l<m u the article i'-iv 
 .'tofocialion lost bvi 
 '■""'(K'on fcr f,,o „i,, -, 
 
 / "J'Vt would Ion,, ' 
 
 Ik ('111- iH „no market • 
 
 '''itfi to watch 
 
 to: 
 
 til 
 
 OfJol commodities:' ' 
 J"^ent the qua„,it' 
 
 to 
 
 niinou.s 
 error.' /,ir.."'.'^' "'"i 
 
 'J!;;""" f freedom 
 ""«we/carofariv/.l 
 
 '''^mMancofl'''^tcdia 
 
 "V^'aWislicdn tlfs' 
 "' fflini/!,? in \ ■ '-""1 
 
 f'vJ'thra^Jettrl 
 """"'pJainlvi,; ^"'Jf 
 
 ^- -f 
 
COMrANIIiS 
 
 4113 
 
 MBe.'. tliat lliiwc tlmt have had the i 
 iheawt adviuitaKCoiis brnnches of cdi 
 
 l,„ii lur, mill vrr,- easily j,'ivo Ihtnuclvos a i\U- 
 ,,ji,iitii)ii I'Min having it. N('i,'lij{i'iiri! ami prcfii- 
 ,,,iii, tlitTi'tdic, iniiMl always | cvail iiinri! <ir li"<» 
 ",, ilm iimiiaK''""'"' "' ''"' all'airs nf micli a cuiii- 
 naiiv.' •' "''"' ""' iiiilri'<iiieiilly liapin'iis that 
 il„.v siilViT iVdin Iht! liail I'aitli as well as tlui tant- 
 lj,..'nrs^ ni''l <^^"''*^'"(~''""'" "' ''"''■' >^''fvaiits; the 
 iter haviiif? ii> many iiistaiii'cs ciiiloavcmriil to 
 iivaiiM tliiir own iiittTcsts at the fxptiisf ol' tin ir 
 Miiiil"Vors. lli'iK'c tho <4itrori'iit siu'i'o-.s i>( vnm- 
 , jiiirt'wlidselmsiiifssmay he imhhIuuU'cI acionliiif; 
 '.lURiirly uuifurm sysdiii — siieh as ijoek, canal, 
 riilivav, iiisuraiirc, ami Imnkin^ i'inn|iaiiii's— ami 
 .|i,,.o wlinso hiisiiioss (liios not admit iil' bcin;; rv- 
 
 l„ I ti, any roKular |ilaii, and where niueh tniisl 
 
 ihiujsbe left M tho sajjaeily and enleriiri^c of 
 
 ti,n.t omplciycd. All jmrely coniinercial eimi- 
 
 .jiiios trailiiit; upon a joint-stcek, lielipM>; to tlu' 
 
 'ill, r l■lil^s, Not one of I hem has ever been able 
 
 JinillistanJ the competition of private adventurer.-; 
 
 ih.v ramwl siibjcet the agents they cmiiloy to bny 
 
 jiiiisilU.iniiiiodities in distant countries to any 
 
 flTaiual responsibility; and from this circuni- 
 
 lamv, and tho abuses that usually insinuate 
 
 ihiiibdvpf into every department of their mana^e- 
 
 iniiii, 11(1 Biieh company has ever succeeded, unless 
 
 „ln,i It lias obtained some exclusive privile,i,'e, or 
 
 Ijfin protected from conii)elition. 
 
 And even with these advanta^jes, such is the 
 
 jecki'iict', jirofusion, ami peculation inseparable 
 
 (Mil tho inaiianeineiit of j;reat commercial com- 
 
 ■ ■ ' ' ' ' nioiiiipoly of 
 
 lommerce have 
 
 ^clvWen able to keep out of debt. It will bo 
 
 sli(i«iiuthe article East India Comi'any, that 
 
 that Mociat ion lost by its tnule; and that, had 
 
 it Bit been fur the aid derived from tho revenues 
 
 odmlia, it would louK since have ceased to exist. 
 
 loliuyia one market; to sell with prolit in an- 
 
 lotlicr; to watch over the )ierpotually occurring 
 
 wialioiis in the prices, and in the supply and dc- 
 
 ItanJur commodities; to suit with dexterity and 
 
 IjBilgnieiit the quantity and (piality of goods to 
 
 1 the Mntfl of each market ; ami to conduct each 
 
 I (^ration in the best and cheapest manner; re- 
 
 I quirtj a (logrco of unremitting vigilancu ami at- 
 
 Itaitidn which it would be visionary to expect 
 
 llrum the directors or servants of a great joint- 
 
 Liick association. Ilcnco it has hap|.ened, oyer 
 
 lind over again, that branches of commerce which 
 
 Ipcvhl ruinous to companies have become ex- 
 
 ItttJin^'ly iirolitiible when carried on by indi- 
 
 |nilual$. 
 
 The spirit of monopolists,' to borrow the just 
 
 ndt'orcibli' language of (iibbon, 'is luirrow, lazy, 
 
 lnliopprc^sive. The work is more costlj^ and li'ss 
 
 niaclivc than that of independent artists ; and 
 
 |ke new iinprovements so eagerly grasped by the 
 
 mpetilion of freedom are admitted with slow 
 
 'sullen reluctance in those proud corporations, 
 
 iiivethc fear of a rival, and below the confession 
 
 f'ffi error,' (Memoirs of his own Life, Miscel- 
 
 : Works, i. p. 49, ed. 1814.) 
 Instated in the first edition of this work that 
 ^cirtunistanccs now mentioned opposed all but 
 BwaUc obstacles to the success of the com- 
 nits established in this cuiml ry for the prosecu- 
 tut'ininir.^ in America. 'This business does 
 Hjilmitof Deiiig reduced to a regular routine 
 Tun. Much must always depend on tho skill 
 ^probity of the agents employed at the mines ; 
 ^ it must plainly be very ditlicult, if not quite 
 " aiUe, for directors resident in London to 
 ! any effectual surveillance over the pro- 
 gs of those who arc at so great a distance. 
 kit is not at all likely that those establish- 
 Kswill ever be so productive to the undertakers 
 
 as if Ihey had been managed by the parlies tlo in 
 selves.' And every on.' Unow's that llir hi-lorv 
 of the undertakings has more than verilicd tbr 
 truth ol'ijiese slatenu'Uts. 
 
 The AbU' .Morellet has ^iven in a tract iiuU- 
 lished in I7t!',( (/'.'.rtimiii ile In Itjmiixv </c M. A'., 
 pp. ;i,')-;>«) a list of b't Jiiilit-sldrk e(,nipanies, for 
 the jir.i-i I iiiioii of various branches of ImcigJi 
 trade, esliiblished in dill'erent parts of I'.nrope sid)- 
 se(|uenlly to lOOO, every one of which haci faileil, 
 though most of them bad exclusive privileges. 
 Most of those that have been established sinen 
 the pubheation of Morcllet's tract havo ha<l a 
 similar fate. 
 
 lint notwithstanding both principle and pxne- 
 rience concur in .sliowiiig how very ill tltted a 
 large association is tor tho purpose of prisceuting 
 coininereial undertakings, tlicrc are cases in which 
 they camiot be |)rosecuted except by associations* 
 of this sort, and when it may bo expedient to 
 grant lliem certain [Hculiar privile-es. When, 
 owing either to the disinclination or inability of 
 (iovernnwnt to allbrd protection to those engaged 
 in any particular deiiartmont of trade, they are 
 oblige<l to provide lor their own defence and 
 seeurily, it is obviously necessary tluit they 
 should hav(! power to oxehule such individiuils 
 as may refuse to submit to the nic.'isures, ,r to 
 bear their duo share of the exipcnse, required for 
 the coiunion protection of idl, Ihe Kussnm Col'- 
 pany, tla^ Mast India Company, the Levant or 
 Turkey Company, an<l most ot tho other great 
 trading companies wliieli have existed in this 
 country, seem principally to have, grown out of 
 a real or supposed necoss'ty of this sort. It was 
 not beli(^ved that any safe or advantageous in- 
 tercourse could bo carried on with barbarous 
 countries without the aid of ships of war, factories, 
 interpreters &c. ; and as (Jovernment was not 
 always able or willing to atl'ord this assistance, the 
 traders were formed into companies or associations, 
 and vested wit h sucli i)ecnliar privileges as appeared 
 to bo necessary for enabling them to prosecute tho 
 trade witliout any extrinsic supnort. 'When,' 
 Sciys Smith, ' a company i)f merchants undertake, 
 at their own risk and expense, to establish a iieiv 
 trade with some rcmr)t(' and barbarous nation, it 
 may not be unri'asoiiable to incoqiorate theiu into 
 a joint-stock company, and to grant them, in ease 
 ol success, a monopoly of tho trade for a certain 
 number of years. It is the easiest and most 
 natural way in wl.ich the state can recompense 
 them for hazarding a dangerous and expensive 
 experiment, of which the public is afterwards to 
 reap the benefit. A temportiry monopoly of this 
 kind may ho vindicated iqion the same principles 
 upon which a like monopoly of a new nuu'hine is 
 granted to its inventor, and' that of a new book to 
 its author, lint upon tho expiration of the term, 
 tho nionoiwly ought certainly to doterinine; the 
 forts and garrisons, if it was found necessary to 
 establish any, to bo taken into tho hands of lio- 
 vcrnment, their value to be i)aid to the company, 
 and the trade to be hiid open to all the subjects of 
 the state.' ( /Fm/C/i ifAativiis, p. :)3i).) 
 
 It may bo doubt- I, however, whether it bo 
 really necessary, even in .such a case as thai 
 now mentioned, to establish a joint-stock vumpnnii 
 with peculiar iirivileges, and whether tho samo 
 thing might not be more advantageously etl'ected 
 by tlie establishment of an open or regulated 
 company. 
 
 4. Open or Regulated Companies, — The affairs 
 of such companies or iissociations are managed by 
 directors appointed by the members. They do 
 not, however, possess a common or joint stock. 
 Each iiidividuiil pays a line upon eutenug into the. 
 
 D I) 2 
 
 i 
 
 t • • 
 
 :U- ,-l-"-'. 
 
 I il 
 
• •■.ji 
 
 . t 
 
 ■, ■ 1 
 
 V • 
 
 ! K-. 
 
 
 U' • 
 
 . nn.\ ninut commonly ni> "'"."' , ti,e ncccimt *'' 'l.'^'", , ,, nctoil \ii»>n when ciinai* 
 
 Willi""' .i'..,.,.(itr!4 t«» 111 *"* '* __. 1... I .ilimmt, tUtUliIiJ-, * ■•', . . .. .1.,. ,.„»r niiw Hiiif- 
 
 
 ,„^v« h.M.n nm,n 1.1>H» I a„„i„i.hmK i» any 
 nostra, >v'i«"" ;. y« ' .,c' „,„l,.rtnUi..n.. I'm- 
 
 ^,a.ly. however, thoUU^ > ^_^ i,«.ir, ^vl„.„ 
 
 '" •'■'",il uL'^ri c" mpVnie., po«er j,..ri„.li,.ally 
 it instimteR 'J"^" ,^ ,;,• ^.\ulr^^e, or t" piiroliiKi' 
 
 31, .tones, maijuajncnu..-^^ 
 
 .,f Huel, con,,m.,u.s t' "^ ^^^'^'^,„,„ ,l,c line, or sum 
 
 ntlheir own nsU. ~" V " „ ...ifuliUeil connmn> , ^ - , . , ^..^.n t'omi-i"'— -. i 
 
 ?,„ 'ae on aamis^on '"'.'.yf ,>;'•', ..a.n.l.ers to it '"«'.^"'\;^."'"„te* of eh.ir^e, or to ,.u, 
 
 "" iWZw thill there is nmongsl othi r in vftst numbers \' "'^.^;„„„bU. I'ro.pecl .,1 th.ir 
 
 exists. [H'-ss.A OoMfAN v.] ^vhcn application c.M.s,aora.c. latent. ^^ ^_ ,,, p^,.,,,^ 
 
 '^t'<W.7,,(i.>«.'/-t'o'"/«"»^^^^^^ resardeil, nt every pou, 
 
 is maae to Parliament, tor an ^^"j ,,, company ^\ "\"^\"' ' • • \i,cv were mere indivi. hw Is 
 
 i^!-<i.^!;^i^rS;rii:^^;:r"->-^'^:"^^^ 
 
 ., ' I 
 
 I' 
 
 lastinp injury '""y^'^^^^, ^i rpi.rati a company for 
 be hi^Wy cxP"*'"^^ ^r,," water into a city, but 
 the purpose of bringing ^vater ' ._^ ^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 supposing there >^-'''<= ' ,j' ji,;^ company has f " -"•. =„ gaid that the estamis........" -• , ; . 
 
 Ue water, -\'V^;S^^ tt,'CiWid.n\\s, or ^oi^^ ^\^^^^^ to ^ oi^ ;a3e^.;j 
 
 „„,a„s, but ab«_^^ hm di they Blionld "ot be mig; ments^ a ^^^^^^^ -?^T±^^,i,,r^.^ 
 maximum be>ona > the rates charged bj tnc . t- ^j jg) certain clar 
 
 n-"'^:^.!. i"r,""f 'more Uian sutHcient to pay the tlv. artic ^, 
 
 ;:;;r;^r;.f u.e aqu^ si"- -w fic^s t^s 
 
 be allowed to reduce them tiU. ^^^^,,,^^„g ^o do 
 ,nuch; and, in th« fl^^^^'^bove paying the divi- 
 
 the construct on ana -auu.^^^^^^ 
 
COMPANIES 
 
 405 
 
 Anil thprc ciin be no gnoA ohjection, in tho ovi'iit 
 i.fiU'onipiiiiy boinj^ ori^niiinoil I'nr niiy niich olijcct, 
 i,>fm txi'ii. a rlmrtcr, if they r<'i|iiirt> ir, liiniiiiiK 
 ,l„. ri'^|i<insiliility of lli<t pnrtiirrM to tlu< iiinixini 
 ,1'ilu'ir sliiiri'^. Hut tin- ijiiiMlioii now iH'I'orc us 
 itt'f nut I'oiu'om this cIiik!! of cnni|iiuiii's, but linn 
 platiiiii to otliors of ii totally ilin'cn'iit ili's<Tii)tion, 
 iliatiii. lo pnttncrHliipH for carry iTij; on Homo branoli 
 i,t ili'|>nrtinont of <ianufu('lnriii)r or n^rioultiirnl 
 jiJuJirv, or of dome ,*ic or fnrci;;n Iradi'. In tlir.so 
 (xv* 1^»! co'*^ ^f arlielcK, ilii; conditions under 
 wliidi tlii'v nn>Hup|dird, I lie t'Xtfnt of tliodimand, 
 jnl a tliiiusnnd otlicr circuinstanccs, nrci [lorpot- 
 „^llvi')ian(;in(;, so that tliuir production and sain 
 fuii'iot Ih- conducti'il on a routine Hyxtem, but 
 tfiiiire the most vigilant nltention to vary and 
 ;i,l,.ia nieasuri's suited to enierneneies as they 
 m'. Now tho ipu'stion is, will such partnerships 
 I,. more prudently and Kkilfiillv managed liy those 
 •ihi-so all is responsible for llieir |iroeeedin>{s, or by 
 i{„wwbiisc responsibility is limited to some part 
 :*rlinps a small one) of their fortune, ami to 
 nlMii.censequenlly, their suceess or failure is a 
 natuT of comparative iuditVerencu V Sueli a ques- 
 l;„ii evidently admits but of one answer, which is 
 tiHiilivioiis to ref^uiro beinR stated. ]t is true, no 
 lioiibt, tl.iit notwithstanding the heavy responsi- 
 bility under which the partners in ordinary asao- 
 riiiioiu or partnerships now act, they loo often 
 ili<lil,iv an inexeusablo dcfjree of foolhardiness. 
 Itaii;' parties will do this when every Ihint; that 
 t)i(v Imve is staked on the result, what would 
 ihtv nut do if they could limit their liabilities and 
 .peiiilatc, or it may be, gamble on n ({rent scale 
 liihout anv fear of the result ? It was all but 
 ctilain, nnJ our experience in 18CG has proved, 
 that, under such circumstances, reckless siiecu- 
 liiiun and bankruptcy would bo increased in an 
 Hi-annlinary defrree ; and that the numbers and 
 the intensity of those mercantile convulsions 
 Tkicli arc productive of so much misery would be 
 Itm- largely augmented. 
 lint we have been assured that such would not 
 ilic case, inasmuch as the capital of all so- 
 mi en commandite is publicly iiolitied! lint 
 lewke leave to say that such notification merely 
 rates to deceive and mislead tho public. Sup- 
 a purtiiership begins business with a capital 
 id lo amount to 10,000/. or 100,000/., what 
 nrity have wo that such capital hos been 
 )Da tide |iaid in and will be really available V 
 snpiHisin},' that we have such security, it can 
 ipiibcalle only to tho outset of the enterprise. 
 » year or a couple of years the capital may be 
 iliy dissipated. What is to hinder tho i)art- 
 '.iftlieybe so disposed, from conspirinj^ to 
 ie among themselves some 10 or 20 per cent. 
 it, when, perhaps, they have not made six- 
 ^'t And vet the association may, from the 
 mnce of the public with respect to its real 
 ition, continue lo enjoy the same degree of 
 lit that it did at the be^nning. 
 is true, no doubt, that it is customary, where 
 iJMwith limited liability are established, 
 I be^Hpihlbit the partners or coimnandilaires from 
 livi^Bn; any share in their management, which the 
 eil. ^B'tsts exclusively in the manager or girant. 
 tie policy of such prohibition, were it mode 
 ■"il, is very questionable. This, however, is 
 ^ou into which we need not enter; for 
 |Wy knows that the prohibition is good for 
 ":, unless it be to make that be done in a 
 wd underhand manner which would other- 
 ke June publicly and openly. And it can 
 lyJii this without, in so far, corrupting the 
 "' ami weakening their sense of honour and 
 'rectitude. 
 
 Let it not bo tnpposM that it ia possible in 
 obviate these abuses of partnerships m ioihihuhiI- 
 ile by obliKing them to publish an annual lialance 
 sheet. .Such a return would he worse lliaii 
 useless. Kvi'ii if a partnership intendeil to inakii 
 an honest return, it would fre(|ii('iiily make oiui 
 that was false, from ils inability to i:alciilate the 
 di'lits owing lo it at their just valio' ; and if it 
 wished lo dress up a return, to make a riekely 
 or liankru|it <'oncern appear to lii> ilonrisldng and 
 wealthy, it would have ei-ery means anil facility 
 for doing so. The fri.iid might or might not bo 
 eventually detcelcd ; but if it were, it would not 
 be till it had served its purpose, and enabled a 
 concrn, destitute alike oleharaeter and stock, to 
 enter into speculations that could hardly fail to 
 ruin many unsuspecting parlies. 
 
 A system of Ibis sort enables a man to escape 
 from that responsibility which naturally atlachcs 
 to all his actions, and is the grand security for 
 their being fair and honniirabli'. It tempts him 
 to engage in desperate adventures, of wliiidi, if 
 sneeessfiil, he reaps all tho advantage, and uf 
 whieli, if unsuccessful, he eludes mcst jiart of tho 
 loss. It is not easy to see bow such a system can 
 bo productive of any good result. ^Something, 
 perhaps, might be found In say in its favour if in- 
 dividuals were with ditliculty found to engage in 
 partnerships accompanied with the usual risks. 
 Kut there is no such ditHcultv. On the contrary, 
 every outlet, whatever may be the hiuard attend- 
 ing It, thill |ien!» any field for tho employment of 
 capital ^^ II the prospect of even a moderato 
 return is iuiinotliately tilled up. Why, then, shouhl 
 we offer sueh parties a bonus V Why relieve them of 
 their natural res|ionsibility to make thein engage 
 in pursuits into which they are ready and willing 
 to engage without any extraordinary stimulus? 
 
 but it is said that it is unjust to interfere to hin- 
 der A, 11, and C from engoging in a partnership 
 with limited liabililv; that the terms on which 
 the partnership is to be conducted being declared, 
 everybody is put on his guard ; and that there 
 can be nu more risk in dealing with it than with 
 any other association. Kut in cases of this sort 
 justice is identical with public or general utility, 
 and not with any abstract or imagined right. 
 Society is founded on tho principle that every 
 man and set of men shall be responsible, in tho 
 widest sense of the term, for bis or their proceed- 
 ings. And this ])riiiciple should be enforced in all 
 cases, unless when it can be clearly shown that 
 the public interests would be promoted by its 
 suspension, lint we deny that this has been or 
 can be shown by the advocates for the general 
 introduction of partnerships en commandite ; for 
 we have seen, Ist, that in all ordinary cases sueh 
 partnerships are wholly unnecessary ; and, 2nd, 
 that, when organised, they unavoidably occasion 
 a vast increase of fraud and of reckless speculation. 
 There was consequently no ground for their intro- 
 duction ; but, on the contrary, now that they have 
 been introduced, there are sutlicicnt grounds why 
 they should be suppressed forthwith. 
 
 It is sometimes said that by making the manager 
 or gerant act under an unlimited responsibility, we 
 should secure tho advantages of both systems, that 
 is, of unlimited liability, and of th.'^ new system of 
 limited liability introduced bv the 19 <fe 20 Vict, 
 c. 47 and subsequent Acts. But it is plain that it 
 would do nothing of the sort. If the security of 
 the {lubliu Ls tu be augmented by making the 
 manager indefinitely responsible, that security 
 would, it is obvious, be still further augmented 
 by extending the same indefinite responsibility 
 tu all the members of the association. Under the 
 proposed plan the giraiit may be a man uf straw. 
 
 
 ;. '» • •• 
 
 •: ' - 'J"^ 
 
 
 I'] 
 
 [\-M 
 
:rf\*Sa»v« 
 
 m 
 
 f 
 
 I: 
 
 I I 
 
 I 
 
 CO^IPANIKS 
 
 ■iO^ , ' ilhilitv is ll'at whenever 
 
 because Uc '\TJ;:v £ clcpt^e.l «P«n for !;«;rry- 
 S out the secret «^J«*=.*„,f,vU 'it is impossible 
 
 ohts leaders. Uo ^^•'''' ,? "".'wi h bis partner, to 
 ?o imU^rlumfromcombuU'jJ^^ ,^^^j, then 
 
 dcfrauel the pnbUc. Ij^'^l^ to be discovered ? 
 
 property? „, associations constitutca 
 
 » In deaUns w.tb b-T^^ J^^ liability, pcoi' ? * us t , 
 „ntheprnioi\'lcofunlnuuiu reputation lor 
 
 fbdLe tbo. '-t„ro the presumed wealth, of 
 .kill andintetiruy, ""^^ °f 7uch parties have a 
 one or more ot the P'^T"'-' \y,„„ „t Hie same time 
 
 CO h^ted as the other. ^^^itelycxtetidcd 
 
 COMPASS 
 
 ~m,inicated to the rest 
 .-hieh they BtiU enioy c:ommvmica^^^^^^ 
 
 .,f the citizens. At "^ ti„„,, considered as 
 for s..me time a^er, cori^or ^^^^^^^ . ^^^^ 
 political bodies were proto^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ .j,^ 
 Is no hmger the ;"^^i;/l'nimunities, tlicy .tend 
 VoC^ thai Ir'eV competition vhich is so 
 advantageous. - ■n„,..,» „„ thr Cn,,,. 
 
 'Y\^o iVillnwin 
 
 all doubt, tha vh c taj „,,rtuctive ol;x y ^r-a 
 
 ruinous exi^'-' -; - ^ yishment oi "■"•"^-'-^.^t 
 all doubt, that the 5''\'^'"' ^uctive ol very grt^.ii 
 tt commandite ^'^^^''^^ ffbv asin:?le couu er- 
 dsadvantagesnnaccompamed -^ 
 
 .ailing -!^v«„j^=L,i",,,,rv..) .^., 
 
 of the companies P5°^";"SiSions exist m this 
 
 other functionaries ^^''^^^ . tons partly to enhance 
 of these trades or c^H?"/* °>^« ,^^ ,,,1,. to provide 
 tbc value of their V^^'flf'^^^^^^l] for -themselves, 
 a resource, in case "^ "^'j^^/^V enacting by-laws 
 
 -^;;;2i::'tr^sS'^""'S:T;:n:d'r.i^ 
 
 'tS san ""time set about ^oj" ' - J^^^tuno might 
 
 of apprenticeships, the ;^^„,^ ^^ ^arry on an> 
 
 Cine^Sy^ fe^i::St lia^ 
 p Irate, and the varmu. je^uUt.^^^^^ ^^^ ^,^^^j 
 
 ^"^^^'-:!riSerb:i^iUu;. the a^ 
 
 drawn up oy All^^YJ^j before Congress in IS .., 
 to the Treasury, and la a ^^^^^^^.^^ ^ ^^^ 
 
 sets the 8uPf»"'"„'"fi'd"strv in a very striking 
 unrestricted frc«do.^i' i'jTavs he, ' has, per ,a„. 
 point of view. ^"^^'"rv 'respect the general im- 
 morc Pr«'«»*/l"\]n ,ed States than the a>BCiicc 
 provement of the U ^ ^ restriction and immu- 
 of those systems of '"^'•"'"V c^urc the state of 
 polv ^vhicb rt'"ltrie, 1^^ laws exist hero. 
 ^o.\ety in other counre^^^ ^^_^ ^^^ ^ ^^^ 
 
 directly or indirec 1> >^'^^^,J,,g any citizen Ir™ 
 
 occupation "r pb^cc.or ^.^^^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 any branch he may; at ^^^^^^^^ j,,, ,,„ 
 
 pursue. "'I'^^try is^ 1 ^^^^,^ commerce, and 
 
 'unfettered; ever^se.^c^^^^^ ^^^.^^^ ^,^^^^1^^ ^ 
 
 profession, and ma"" ,.f„„tar apprenUcahi,. 
 
 V„ all. "■'•''""".'■'"^'"""•'irelfcc the improvement of 
 admission, or i<ce»*e ^ to the imprr.yemcm 
 
 America h.is "o* been con, ^ 
 
 of her agrtculture, ana .viUlcrness; tat 
 
 settlement of ne^v state ^^^ ^^^^.^ ^^^,^, ^^, ,„ 
 bcr citi'^ens have extc ^^ ^^^ , ^^.^^^ 
 every part of the ^»;"^°^ ^^ranches for wind, a 
 
 I'l*^'" T had^^e^'»« been considered e..,,- 
 
 monopoly naa ",>-' 
 
 tiallv necessary. - -.:..i-, .r,™. 
 
 ially "ccessar>. Cv1"P<"^''"' '"^"'^^ • " 
 
 There is 'i^. f^r.'litVercnt civic companies 
 ,any; a bst «; the di.kre^^^^^^^^^^^ .^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 ,iM- 
 
 longing to the "^^ ration, and varinu. otl.or 
 jSSil'^S/reSct to several of the.,. 
 
 .:ompass;l>an j-«^^,^;,_ agiya de nm* 
 demer; Ital. ^usso a^ ^ Kuss. komiwss k* 
 Port. c"'"P"«^" , '« J'^lt'S COMl'ASS An n.- 
 bclniii) or >'^^J^^S^„f a needle and ear.l, y 
 strument compose ot^ ,^^j_ .„,« n« . 
 
 ,vhich the ships oiirsc towards t< 
 
 -^;'};;;t;mni<m opinion i.that^tl.-P^:;- 
 
 invented ''y ,1;^^^;;' ^U, verv near tj;. U^; 
 famous ropiibhc ' -; ''",.ktur v. !'''• H"*-^"* , 
 ' i,,,. of ilie hmrteeuili ew ^^ ^^,^^^,,,,„. 
 
 b'ls no claim to be """";■ ,„„„ writers* 
 r:^J^ges have hee^^/^S^v Vetore ^ 
 flourished more tl'-".> V^^' j^^ ,,ben toucy M 
 wbichthep.dar.tyon^p;^,„„t. N«u| 
 the magnet is ' ^me > P ^^^ ^^^y ten ^j 
 however, had th s 1 M 1^ ,^ tbei.nn«H:', 
 covered, but also its "IH "';;', to the lour:«wl 
 negation, long '^'^^ S. liavc been .["f^ 
 c^itury. ^¥^[:i::i7^m«e,..,«nnol|l 
 (Macphcrsons ^f"''7'„';%eem fully to tf*;^l 
 keess t.V^''«/'-*'J,Sr doubts "-^ycx.t^ 
 this fact, hit ^ °^'^talfcetthei.nssai-''.'>^>W| 
 
 -^>-lt,^'snanS: muinuary, Uou A> 
 
 ., lem;uieo^^. ,-— ..... but withhi the last | 
 
 verv great helgll^ it ^^f J;^^ corporations still 
 the" lievclution : and thon ^\., 1^^ ^^^. ^ „ 
 exist in this country, thevliav.^^^^ _ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 were the few political 
 
•■•)-* J 
 
 ^■' \ 
 
, ...■Ijp'-- 
 
 • • • f<> 
 
 I. 
 
 
 . J . 
 
 u:\- 
 
 H. 
 
 [■I -r-" 
 
 Iji; 
 
 ■ .'* , I 
 
 X 
 
 jrivm friiin a 
 
 (/>(■ Coil tempi 
 
 |ii.ioc Liilly sa 
 
 thomaffnotiiai 
 
 jii^r natiiram ■ 
 
 (acta a mu^not 
 
 thor's acqiminti 
 
 .1111 1 the followi 
 
 ' as the nautica 
 
 navigation ' (si( 
 
 ill .'■■iia navi>atio 
 
 lis oeiiijj used bi 
 
 Tliere nrc no m' 
 
 "Iiicii tlie needle 
 
 nia'lo use of. It 
 
 (SCO the aiithoi 
 
 Azimi, Dhsertali 
 
 tliatit was usual 
 
 i;ta straiv, on tlio 
 
 I a|)main' contend: 
 
 l"r the card and tl 
 
 IfiiiiiiS the need. 
 
 ;'iven lo the cotnr 
 
 vorv larife portion 
 
 hi JJmrtation, tlu 
 
 iiioiis,isl)y„onieai 
 
 It IS di/h'cult to c( 
 
 coiiid have availed tl 
 Idit, however this m 
 tliat Gioia had con 
 Mruction of the com 
 tans hai-ing been the 
 w.liows.n-ithcx-c 
 
 .''.•'■.'■'ifm..in(lsubse(iii 
 ".^WitiKor. * 
 
 I'ii' statements whi 
 wriianliiireifard to i 
 
 -•oflipasshaveheoutre^ 
 ''•'■» ffreal; aurhr 
 immmhk to M-urrn, 
 .'«™. (Capnian,-, „ 
 ^Mir, ivhoisanvtlii, 
 
 f«/)iov rere i^ fJ 
 
 ^^,^S«;b..thadtiSf 
 '""'»'? vessels, the / j 
 
 ,'"i,"'c.vmn.Jd, L al 
 
 llUlllCatcd it (n Vl ' 
 
 '*'^ "f (hat if - 'f 
 Nm to !i '" '•'''••'""1 
 
 »nic,„-,K''l"'<-'Put..il 
 
 !-i-^, 
 
 <'/iH(*'( i<-"»»7fh<i/tj' .t ( '<?. 
 
C' 
 
 H 
 » 
 
 IS 
 
 COMPASS 
 
 <flvpn frmn a work of thn fiunoiis Rnymoiut Lully 
 'Jlk Coiitempliitinne) published in 1272. In one 
 iiiace LiiUy says, 'as tho needle when touched hy 
 the magnot naturally tums to the north ' (sicut acus 
 iifr naturam vertitur ad septeiitrionem duui sit 
 facta a magnete). This in conclusive as to tho au- 
 thor's acquaintance with the polarity of the needle ; 
 ami the following passage from the same work — 
 • a^i tho nautical needle directs mariners in their 
 navii;ation ' (sicut acus nautica dirigit marinarios 
 in fua iiavigatione, &c.) is no less conclusive as to 
 its being used by sailors in regulating their course. 
 'fliere are no nicans of ascertaining the mode in 
 which the needle Kaymond Lully liad in view was 
 niailc 113B of. It has been sullicicutly established 
 lite the authorities already referred to, and 
 \ziini, Dissertatwn stir rOritjine ile la linunsole) 
 that it was usual to float tho needle, by means 
 ,if a straw, on the surface of a basin of water ; and 
 lapraany contends that we arc indebted to Gioia 
 fur the card and the method now followed of sus- 
 i.iii(iiiig the needle — improveracnts which have 
 ^nven To the compass all its convenience, and a 
 urv large portion of its utility. I!ut this part of 
 ][K Dissertation, though equally learned and iiige- 
 nious.ishy "o means so satisfactory as tiie other. 
 It IS difficult to conceive how mariners at sea 
 couU have availed themselves of a floating needle ; 
 lilt, however this may be, it seems most probable 
 that Gioia had considerably improved the con- 
 btruction of the compass ; and that, the Amalli- 
 tam haring been the first to introduce it to general 
 use. lie was, with excusable partiality, rojircsented 
 111- them, .ind subsequently regarded by others, as 
 its inventor. 
 
 Tlie sMtcmcnts which have fomctimes been put 
 
 forw.iril ill regard to il.:' niit;(,uity of the Chinese 
 
 lomp.iss have been treated with very little respect 
 
 liv some groat authorities, and arc much too 
 
 qiifsiioiialile to warrant any stress being laid on 
 
 them. (Capmany, )). 7(> &q.) The learned iMr. 
 
 Kirjtir, who is any thing but inclined 'o underrate 
 
 the ol)li;,'atioiis we arc under to the Araos, admits 
 
 tliat they wore ignorant of the compass. (Ma- 
 
 lo'iutmim Unveiled, kc. ii. 223.) 'riic Chinese 
 
 kve never ken in the habit of making distant 
 
 voiMges ; but had the needle been ub(u1 in tlieir 
 
 trailing vcs.sels, the Indians, witli whom they 
 
 carae in cciiitact, would no doubt have eager'ij' 
 
 ■nailed themselves of so valuable an invention; 
 
 iind they would, in all probability, have toiu- 
 
 I niuiiicalcd it to tlie Arab.s; but there is no 
 
 I evidence to slmw that the eompa.ss was used Iiy 
 
 jthc Indian,; previously to the vovage of l)e tJama. 
 
 jazinii, De hi Butismk, pp. "118—122.) And 
 
 Itlierc arc no godd grounds for thinking that 
 
 Ithc Arabs bad any kiimvledgo of the instru- 
 
 Itient, or that it was ever used Ijy them, till 
 
 I jflcr the period when thoy might have learned it 
 
 Iftuin the Venetians, the Amallitaiis, and other 
 
 lr.urupi.iu traders. T'he notion that we are in- 
 
 iMtod to them for the compass appears, indeed, 
 
 ■to have little to recommend it, except that it 
 
 Ikc.'ini to become known when tlie Saracens be- 
 
 ■« powerl'nl in the Alcditorranean. .Still this 
 
 p too weak a ground on which to found a 
 
 flaim. And though it be impossible to speak 
 
 Wn perfect conlidence on such a sulyect, the 
 
 w cotidnsion ,sooms to be that the coni]iass 
 
 - a European invention ; that it w.ts discovered 
 
 othelJthor 13th century, and brought into use 
 
 ' sMie Hi' the countries bordorhig on tho iMcili- 
 
 tttincan. 
 
 I The reader will not consider these details ontof 
 Pwinawork on commerce, which the compass 
 Mime so much to extend. ' its discovcrv,' to 
 prrow the langmigo of Jlr. ]Macnbcrso!i, "' has 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE 
 
 407 
 
 gi.o.i birtli to a new aira in the history of coni- 
 me .'ce and navigation, 'i iie former it has extended 
 to every .shore of the globe, and increased and 
 multiplied its operations and beneflcial efl'ects in 
 a degree which was not conceivable by those who 
 lived in the earlier ages. The latter it has ren- 
 dered expeditious, and comparatively safe, by 
 enabling the navigator to launch out upon the 
 ocean free from the danger of rocks and shoals. 
 Iiy the use of this noble instrument the whole 
 world has become one vast commercial common- 
 wealth, the mo.st distant iuhabitaiUs of the 
 earth arc brought together for their mutual 
 advantage, ancient preiudiccs are obliterated, 
 and mankind are civilised and enlightened.' 
 (Vol. i. p. ;j(i(!.) 
 
 COJIPOSrnON', in Commerce, commonly im- 
 plies the dividei-.d or sum paid by an insolvent 
 debtor to his creditors, and accepted by them in 
 payment for thoir debts. [LiAXKUUrxcv; In- 
 
 SOUVKNCY AND lUNKUUrTCY.] 
 
 CONEY WOOL (Ger. kaninchcnwoUe ; Dutch, 
 konynhair; Fr. poi! de lapin ; Ital. pelo dicaniglio; 
 Span, concjuna). The I'lir of rabbit,s. This article 
 is extensively used in the hat maimfacture ; and 
 besides the large suiiplies raised at home, a 
 great deal is imported. The imports in 18GG 
 amounted to 34,715 lbs., valued at ll,7y4/. These 
 arc exclusive of 8 U,'J34 coney ekins, furs, and pelts 
 imported in the same vear. 
 
 CONFECTIOXEUY (Lat. bellaria; Fr. bon- 
 bons ; Ital. conlittura ; Span, confitura ; Germ, con- 
 fcct). Sweetmeats. In ISGGwc imported l,i;t."),C8l 
 lbs. of foreign confectionery, valued at 42,588/., of 
 which 231,019 lbs. were entered for home con- 
 sumption, while we exported 1,850,91)2 lbs. of 
 British and 950,100 lbs. of foreign confectionery; 
 the whole being valued at 118,400/. Australia 
 was our chief market. For an account of the 
 confectionery of the ancients wc refer the reader 
 toApicius; and as an authority on the SMCotmeats 
 of the old English we would cite Warner's Anti- 
 quitafes CnliiKiiia; 
 
 CONS'I VNTINOPLE (Turk. STA.iinotiT.). A 
 famous city of South-eastern Europe, formerly tho 
 metropolis of the Eastern, as it still is of the 
 Turkish empire, on a triangular ])oint of land, on 
 the I'.uropean side of the Sea of Jlarmara (I'ro- 
 jiontis), at the point where it unites with the 
 l!o,spt>rus, or channel lea ling to the Black Se.1, 
 lat. 41° 0' 12" K., long. 28° 59' 2" E. Topidation 
 variously estimated at from 050,000 to 1,075,000, 
 but believed, by tho best authorities, to i)e about 
 750.000. The situation of this renowned city is, 
 in a commercial jwint of view, one of the liuest 
 iniaginabh'. Standing on the narrow straits 
 uniting the Mediterranean and Enxine Seas, she 
 jit once commands, and is the entrepot for, the 
 commerce between them. The harbour is most 
 excellent. It consists of an extensive inlet, or 
 arm of tho sea, .stretching along the north-east 
 side of the city, which it divides from the sidnirbs 
 of Galata and I'era, It has suflicient depth of 
 water to float the largest shijis, and can ac- 
 commodate more than 1,000 sail. The strong current 
 that sets through tho Bosporus into the Sea of 
 .Marmara strikes against Seraglio I'oint (see 
 plant ; a part of the water, being in consequence 
 i'orced into the harbour, runs along its .south- 
 western side hi the direction marked by the 
 arrows — (see plan), till, arriving at its extremity, 
 it escapes Iiy the onpositc side. In the middle 
 tho water is still. On leaving the port, it is 
 necessary to keep well over to the northern side; 
 for otherwise tho ship might be taken by tho 
 current, and driven on Seraglio Point. It may bo 
 worth while, however, to remark, that notwith- 
 
 y< i 
 
 
 ■h Vr'- 
 
 
■TfVW 
 
 T 
 
 iU 
 
 mm 
 
 Kltatf^ltimaUX .:^M- CI 
 
 
 *''. 
 
 II 
 
 
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 )'. ■' 
 
 In 
 
 m 
 
 w 
 
 I i 
 
 
 x:. 
 
 ■1". ■ 
 
 408 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE 
 
 Btnndinf]; this inconvenience, tlio ctirront has been 
 of sifnirtl sen-ice to the city by scourinf; the 
 hnrboiir, and cnrryiiij; away the iiltli and ballast 
 by which it must othonvisc have been long (*incc 
 ciiokcd up. The distance across from !>eraj^lio 
 J'oint to tlie opposite suburb of Scutari, on the 
 Asiatic coast, in rather more than an Kn^lish 
 mile. Within less than + mile of the latter 
 is ft rocky islet, upon which is a tower and 
 lighthouse, known by the name of the Tower 
 of Lennder. Foreigners reside in Galata, I'era, 
 and the suburbs on the eastern side of the harbour ; 
 and it is tlierc, consequently, tliat the principal 
 trade of the place is carried' on. The quays are 
 good, and ships lie <lose alongside. 
 
 The Hosponis. or chnniicl of Constantinople, 
 nms in a N.K. by N. direction about 15 miles, 
 varj'ing in breadth from 1\ to J mile. It is 
 swept by a rapid current, whicli it requires a 
 brisk pale to stem, and has throughout a great 
 depth of water. The Hellespont, or strait of the 
 Dardanelles, leading from the Archipelago to the 
 Sea of Marmara, is about 13 leagues in length. 
 Its direction is nearly H.E. Where narrowest, 
 it is little more than a milo across. It also is 
 swept by a strong current, and has deep water 
 throughout. 
 
 The accompiinying plan of part of Constantinople 
 and its port is copied, without reduction, from 
 the bcantifid plan of the city and Hosporus, 
 drawn and engraved by M. MerzotV Itobert of 
 Munich, and published by Mr. V.'yld of this 
 city. 
 
 Nothing win be more imposing than the ap- 
 pearance of the city when seen from the sea, but 
 on landing the illusion vanishes. The streets are 
 narrow, dark, ill-paved, ,ind irregular. Owing to 
 the want of any (jfll'ctive system of police, and of 
 the most ordinary attention to cleanliness, they are 
 extremely (iltliy ; and are infested with henls of 
 dogs and .also with rats, which perform the functions 
 of scavengers. The houses ate mostly built of 
 wood, and fires are very frequent. Most of these 
 happen designedly; the burning of a few hun- 
 dred houses being deemed the readiest and 
 most ctlV'ctual means of making the (Jovemment 
 aware of the public dissatisfaction, and of pro- 
 curing a change of ministers, or a redress of 
 grievances ! 
 
 Money and Banks. — Owing to successive degra- 
 dations, the value of the Turkish coin has IJeon 
 so much reduced that the piastre, once worth about 
 4»., has fallen as low as ^rf. (See Mr. Secretary 
 of Embassy fiarron's Report of lHi',7 on Turkish 
 Finance.) Ihit the pernicious consequences of 
 this continued tampering with the standard of 
 value were at last discerned by tlie Turkish autho- 
 rities, and an attempt has l)een made to arrest the 
 evil. In this view the old coins were called in 
 and replaced by new ones, issued in 1844, cillod 
 Medjidii, from the late Sidtan's n.".me. The de- 
 signations and values of these coins are given in 
 the following table: — 
 
 Neic Money of Sultan Abdtd Medjid. 
 
 
 Value 
 
 Weight 
 
 Value 
 
 Coins 
 
 in 
 
 In 
 
 Puritj in 
 
 
 ri.i.-.tre5 
 
 firammcs 
 
 1 f rancs 
 
 Uolil : The Juslik, .-Sarra Juslik 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 (yellow ui»:v) or piece of 
 
 KM) 
 
 T-2ir. 
 
 •!)IB 22-.')0 
 
 The Ellilik, or piece of 
 
 .10 
 
 ^•6I1H 
 
 •'J16 11 v.') 
 
 Piece of lUuiastres - 
 Tiere of ^ iiiiblrM - 
 
 10 
 
 mn 
 
 •9IB 
 
 2-8.1 
 
 6 
 
 UMl 
 
 •ilKl 
 
 112 
 
 SIlTPT : The M«IJi>li«, or piece 
 
 
 
 
 
 of . •" . "^ . 
 
 
 
 2»n.'j'. 
 
 ■s.in 
 
 4M5. 
 
 The Onlik, or piece of 
 
 111 
 
 laiU.'i 
 
 •H.TO 
 
 2-27( 
 
 The Hechlik 
 
 .', 
 
 fi'01,1 
 
 ■8,10 
 
 l-MN 
 
 TheJekllik 
 
 i 
 
 «-4(l5 
 
 •xa) 
 
 0.11.1 
 
 Copper : Tlie Bech paras 
 The Hlr para 
 
 H paras 
 1 |»ara 
 
 .'i-.ifi* 
 
 1M)7I 
 
 — 
 
 0-(l2; 
 0-()0.1 
 
 Unluckily, however, the supply of new coins 
 amounting to only about 200,000,000 of piastre/ 
 was quite inadequate to fill the place of the ohl 
 coins, and they either circulated at an agio in 
 their favour, or were exported. To obviate Hk, 
 inconveniences of this state of things, raimea or 
 paper notes, were issued. And to maintain the 
 latter in circulation, and the piastre at a stntioiiar\- 
 value (l(»8 piastres to the 1/. sterling), the lian'u 
 of Constantinople was founded in 181H. |j|,f 
 having failed to accomplish the objects for whidi 
 she was intended, and incurred a heavy los.i, .«ho 
 was wound up in 1853, and the Ottoma:i Ij^nk 
 established in her stead. The functions of ty 
 latter are in part political, and in part comnioroial 
 bhe has a capital of 200,000,000 piastres, in shnni 
 of 2,000 each; and is bound to withdraw from 
 circulation old coins of the value of 4!)7.noo/ioo 
 and to replace them by new coins ; to receive sndi 
 caimcs as bear interest (132.000.000) atpir;anil 
 to receive those which do not bear interest 
 (45,000,000) at par, to the amount of J in the 
 payments made to her. In return for the«c 
 services she is chartered for 30 years, and i,? to 
 receive an annual pension of 30,000,000, with a 
 bonus of 30,000,000 at the expiration of rhe 
 charter. In add'.tion to the functions now i. 
 tied she transacts all sorta of ordinary baiikiii' 
 busines.s. (.See the excellent and instructive wort 
 of Ubicini, Lettres sur la Turquie, i. pp. 312— S')i 
 2nd ed.) 
 
 It would be hazardous to speculate on the 
 fu 'Te of the Ottoman Bank. Much, of cnnr." 
 must depend on the regular payment of the 
 pension of 30,000,000 ; and that, we should tl'iiiL 
 was not a little uncertain. 
 
 Besides the new moneys, the old coins of 
 former sultans, and also foreign coins, con- 
 tinue in circulation. But all large payments are 
 made by the kitze, or purse of gold", of 30,i>i) 
 piastres, and the his, or purse of silver, of .xh; 
 ditto. It may be worth while to mention thit 
 Ottoman coins are not marked with the efli:r 
 of the sovereign, but merely with his cypher, 
 touphru. 
 
 Weights and Measures. — The commercial 
 weights are — 17(Jdrams=l rottolo; 2-272 rottoli 
 = I oke ; G okes= 1 batman ; 7 J batmans = 1 quhital 
 or cantaro= 124-457 (124 J very nearly) lbs, .r.Mir- 
 dupoi3 = 50-437 kilogrammes = ll(!-5-27 lbs. of Ham- 
 burg. The quintal of cotton is 45okes=U'7'21t8, 
 avoirdupois. 
 
 The pik, or pike, is of IWo sorts, the prcia 
 and the less. The greater, called hiMi .r 
 arschim, used in the measurement of .silks acJ 
 woollens, is very near 28 inches (27-11). Ui 
 lesser, called endese, used in the mea.suriiij,' tf 
 cottons, carpets, A-c. = 27 inches. Ilenoo Ii') 
 long piks = 77-498 Knglish yards, and 100 stffi 
 piks = 75'154 do. But in ordinary commeriiil 
 allaii-s, the pik is estimated at j of an Englii 
 yard. 
 
 Com is measured Dy the kisioz or Moa^OMj 
 of a Winchester bushel; 8 J lcisloz=l quaiier. 
 The_/br<i?i=4 ki.loz. 
 
 Oil and other liquids are soM by the aim (ti 
 meter— I gallon 3 pints English wine mcvuii 
 The alma of oil should weigh 8 okes. (N'eltes- 
 brecher and Dr. Kelly.) 
 
 The Port Charges on account of English »| 
 sels in the harbours of the Ottoman empire » 
 fixed by treaty at 300 aspers, neither more 
 less. 
 
 Trade S^r. — Owing to the vicious institulfc 
 of the Turks, and the disorganised state of 
 empire, the trade of Constantino|)lo is vn.f 
 from being so extensive as might be siipi 
 
 fi-om its situa 
 
 consist of con 
 
 pally from tht 
 
 and yarn, iron, 
 
 cutlery, watchc 
 
 jiiture, iudigo, 
 
 iither Eiiro|)can 
 
 imported from A 
 
 (ities of Ifrnzil 
 
 imported, partic 
 
 ix)ttom». Sugar 
 
 liut principally i 
 
 piirl." coiisi.st of 
 
 the must iinpori 
 
 .\nfrola gouts' hi 
 
 iiojd, opium, galJ 
 
 articles, liut tin 
 
 less than the imj 
 
 to l'onstantino|)le 
 
 rctiini cargoes at 
 
 at timyraa. Salon 
 
 impiently procun 
 
 far the largest pi 
 
 city, and of the 
 
 haiuls of Greek m 
 
 rior M], in<lustr 
 
 ivitli whom they h 
 
 (ii;tancwl their Kn^ 
 
 pi'i.n ci]m|)ctitors ( 
 
 .Vrraenians only h 
 
 the competition of 
 
 rep)tiatcd by Jew 
 
 rich. 
 
 /fn-e formed an es 
 ftantiDopk from the 
 its port is visited, it 
 fffcatcr than it reall 
 circumstance of almos" 
 l/iclfcditen-ancan to i 
 iador to the former, ca, 
 I tiiiics discharge and ( 
 f ci'tws. Wq subjoin 
 
 \.inAccnuntnf the i\' 
 ^""■nyn Shipa that 
 J'om, Conatmitinnpl 
 '■•mntries to which ■ 
 "•"i Tonnage of thos, 
 
 ^tem Navigation.^ 
 
 Mncste, Odessa, f 
 "^ places, and its coj 
 JfP'fo, has in coni 
 '■"»"=''• The steamel 
 
CONSTANTINOPLE 
 
 409 
 
 from its situation and population. The imports 
 consist of com, timber, tallow, and furs, princi- 
 piillv from the Black Sea; and of cotton stuffs 
 'iiKlvarii, iron, coal, tin, tin plates, woollens, silk.^, 
 iutlerv, watches and jewellery, pai>pr, f;\utis, fur- 
 niture, indigo, cochineal ic. from J-jigland and 
 iithcr EurdtH'an countries. Corn and cott'ce are 
 imported from Alexandria; hut considerable quan- 
 lilios of lirazil and West India coffee are also 
 impurt"') particularly in British and American 
 Iwltoma. SiiRar is partly imported from the East, 
 liut prineiiially from the West Indies. The ex- 
 iKitls consist of silk from Brussa, which is much 
 the most important article, carpets, hides, wodI, 
 \n"()la (louts' hair, yellow berries, copi)er, box- 
 wood, opium, gaUs, leeches, specie, and a few other 
 articies. Hut the exports arc always very much 
 lo<j tli.in the imports ; and ships carrs-ing goods 
 toConstantinoide either return in ballast, or get 
 ri'tuni cargoes at the ports on the Black Sea, or 
 at Smvma, Salonica ic, on which places they 
 I'tcmicntly procure bills at Constantmople. By 
 far tlic largest proportion of the trade of this 
 citv, .ind of the Levant generally, is in tlie 
 haiicls of Greek merchants, who by their supe- 
 rior skill, industry, and knowledge of those 
 vith whom they have to deal, have completely 
 (iitanctil their English, French, and other Euro- 
 iii':.n ciiraiictitors (denominated Franks). The 
 Vmienians only have been able to withstand 
 the comiietition of the Greeks. Bargains are 
 "ci'otiaitJ by Jew brokers, some of whom arc 
 
 If we formed an estimate of the trade of Con- 
 stantinopic 'rem the number of vessels by which 
 its port is visited, it would appear to bo much 
 (.Tcaicr than it really is. This arises from the 
 circumstance of almos't all the vessels passing from 
 I the .Mwliterranean to the Black Sea, and from the 
 latter to the former, calling here, where they some- 
 tunes (liscliarge and take on board part of their 
 Ciiijjiiti. Wc subjoin 
 
 An Accmint of the Number and Tonnage of the 
 Foreign Shipii that entered at, and cleared out 
 from, ComUmtinople, in 18G4, specif i/inrf the 
 Cmmtrles to u-hich the;/ belonged, and the Number 
 and Tonnage of those belonging to each. 
 
 Flass 
 
 Kmeml 
 
 Ckarwl 
 
 Slii|« 
 
 Tons 
 
 Ships 
 
 Tons 
 
 Britivh 
 
 !,n)7 
 
 571,SU 
 
 I,.'i9l 
 
 ,'<f;4,419 
 
 liviian 
 
 ■Jit 
 
 40,10.1 
 
 251 
 
 4l,H4>i 
 
 American • 
 
 'J 
 
 5,911 
 
 8 
 
 5,.'i58 
 
 Auurian 
 
 i.riiii 
 
 472,949 
 
 1,S97 
 
 471,882 
 
 Idtian 
 
 •ii 
 
 9,l-.7 
 
 27 
 
 9,117 
 
 UinUh 
 
 'I 
 
 Si.T 
 
 2 
 
 841 
 
 )ohh 
 
 4t 
 
 7,7.11 
 
 41 
 
 7,241 
 
 Fmicli 
 
 .Vi; 
 
 212,fi75 
 
 .5.'.2 
 
 aio.Ms 
 
 Imk 
 
 4,6»S 
 
 7d.-.,K48 
 
 4,5!ill 
 
 750,111 
 
 Hanoverian - 
 
 4'i 
 
 .Ir^fifi 
 
 51 
 
 1,fll5 
 
 Hamealic - 
 
 7 
 
 1,AI4 
 
 fi 
 
 I, .111 
 
 Jtnisaltin - 
 
 S 
 
 4.11) 
 
 2 
 
 4.1(1 
 
 Itiiian 
 
 S,VS9 
 
 611,110 
 
 2,11)1'. 
 
 i62,.1.')0 
 
 JlecklenburK 
 
 •/')» 
 
 !,\,^(,r. 
 
 259 
 
 .51, .51.9 
 
 NofwFKian . 
 
 1S9 
 
 S3,'iSS 
 
 189 
 
 i1,586 
 
 SwtdUh 
 
 S 
 
 851 
 
 .'i 
 
 8,'.4 
 
 OMtnUrnl) . 
 
 iH 
 
 1,8X2 
 
 2S 
 
 1 ,Sli2 
 
 rniS'ian 
 
 179 
 
 51,195 
 
 181 
 
 5<,0B7 
 
 Ru^uan 
 
 727 
 
 S.-SM7 
 
 711 
 
 252,395 
 
 fotiuiweM • 
 
 •>. 
 
 .'.2H 
 
 
 
 — . 
 
 Irtish 
 
 la/ioi 
 
 fi35,ill2 
 
 .1,312 
 
 572,709 
 
 MoMaTian 1 
 Wallacliiaii J 
 
 IfiU 
 
 1.1,220 
 
 159 
 
 1.1,132 
 
 SrtTian - 
 
 4 
 
 48 1 
 
 .5 
 
 821 
 
 Simian . 
 
 844 
 
 14,878 
 
 257 
 
 lfi,043 
 
 Lhher countries 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 Total . 
 
 2.'i,Ol>9 
 
 .1,788,422 
 
 2.-r,J70 
 
 :i .644,811 
 
 V^imm Navigation. — Constantinople is now 
 Viied by steamers from London, Liverpool, Mar- 
 ■tlts, Trieste, Odessa, the Danube, Smyrna, and 
 
 pier places, and its commerce, as well as that of 
 empire, has in consequence been materially 
 
 jomoted. The steamers bclongiag to the Llot/'d 
 
 Austriaco at Trieste, and the Danube Steam Com- 
 pany, are said to reflect great credit on these asso- 
 ciations. 
 
 Commercial Policy of the Turks. — It is singular 
 that as respects commerce, the policy of the Turk- 
 ish (iovemment, whether originating in design or 
 carelessness, is entit'ud to the highest praise. ' No 
 restrictions,' says Mr. Thornton, ' are laid on com- 
 merce, except in the instance of a general prohibi- 
 tion of exporting the article.i nece.-'sary for the 
 support of human life to foreign countries, especi- 
 ally fi'om the capital, where alone it is rigorously 
 enforced; and this impolitic restraint will no doubt 
 be removed when the Turkish Government shall 
 become sensible that what is intended as the means 
 of securing abundance is in fact the sole cau.se of 
 that scarcity which is sometimes experienced. 
 With this one exception, commerce is perfectly 
 free and unfettered. Every article of foreign or 
 domestic growth or manufacture is conveyed into 
 every port, and over every province, without any 
 interference on the part of the magistrates, after 
 payment of the duties. On this subject I speak 
 from actual experience, and may appeal to every 
 foreign or native merchant in Turkey for it' 
 general truth.' (Present State of Turkey, vol. i. 
 p. 82.) 
 
 The duties on importation are extremely mode- 
 rate, being only 5 per cent., viz. 3 per cent, on 
 goods when landed, and 2 per cent, on their being 
 admitted to consumption. But the duties on ex- 
 ports of native produce amount to 12 per cent., 
 whereof 9 per cent, is paid when the goods arrive 
 at the port whence they are to be exported, and 3 
 per cent, on their being shipped. This 3 per cent, 
 is not unfrequently represented as being the entire 
 duty on exports. (L'bicini sur la Turquie, i. 281.) 
 It is needless to dwell on the impolicy of a general 
 exi)ort duty of tliis amount ; and the better plan 
 would be to raise the duty on imports to 10 or 12 
 per cent., and to reduce "the duty on exports to 
 the 3 per cent, paid on embarkation. But despite 
 the 12 per cent, charged on exports, Turkey is en- 
 titled, in all that relates to trade, to read a lesson to 
 most European i)owcrs, and thb she did in a verj- 
 able manner, in an official paper published in 
 the Monittur Ottoman, in September 1832. We 
 extract a few paragraphs from this interesting 
 document. 
 
 ' (iood sense, tolerance, and hospitality have 
 long ago done for the Ottoman empire what the 
 other states of Europe are endeavouring to efl'cct 
 by more or less happy political combinations. 
 Since the throne of tlie sultans has been ele- 
 vated at Constantinople, commercial prohibi- 
 tions h.ivc been unknown; they opened all the 
 ports of their empire to the commerce, to the 
 manufactures, to the territorial produce of the 
 Occident, or to say bettor of tha whole world. 
 Liberty of commerce has reigned here without 
 limits, as large, as extended as it was ])ossiblc 
 to be. 
 
 ' Here every object of exchange is admitted, 
 and ciraulates without meeting ony obstacle other 
 than the payment of an inlinitcly small portion of 
 the value to the Custom-house. The chimera of 
 a balance of trade never entered into heads sen- 
 bible enough not to dream of calculating whether 
 there was most prolit in buying or selling. Thu.s 
 the markets of Turkey, supplied from all countries, 
 refusing no objects which mercantile spirit puts 
 into circulation, and imposing no charge on the 
 vessels that transport them, are selilom or never 
 the scenes of those disordered movements occa- 
 sioned by the sudden deticiency of such or .such 
 merchandise, which, exorbitantly raising prices, 
 are the scourges of the lower orders, by unsct- 
 
 I a 
 
 li -?vv- 
 
 1^^^ 
 
"yiwroKw* .„.._.., 
 
 
 •*' ' .; 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 > : 
 
 !:• -^ 
 
 I*.. 
 
 410 
 
 CONSTANTINUPLE 
 
 thus their liabits. niul by iiiflictinp imvatiuiis, 
 KriJiu the syhteni of restrictiims ami pruliibi- 
 ti(iH!< ari.-ie those (Icvouriiif; liilps niul ebbs wliich 
 sweep uway in a day the hihoiir of years, and con- 
 vert comineree into a career of iihirnis and |ier- 
 petual dangirs. In Turkey, wlierc this Hystem 
 (loea not exist, these divastrous cticctii arc un- 
 known. 
 
 'Tlio extreme moderation of the duties is the 
 complement of this ri'fjinio of commercial liberty ; 
 and in no portion of the globe arc the officers 
 charged with the collection, of more coididing fa- 
 cility for the valuations, and of so decidedly con- 
 ciliatory a spirit in every transa ;tion regarding 
 commerce. 
 
 ' Away with the supposition that these facilities 
 granted to strangers are concessions extorted from 
 weakness ! The dates of the contracts termed Ca- 
 pitulations, which establish the rights actually 
 enjoyed by foreign merchants, recall periods at 
 which the Mussulman power was altogether pre- 
 ilominaut in Kurope. The first cajiitulation which 
 France obtained was in 1535, from Soliman the 
 Canonist (the Jlagnilicent). The dispositions of 
 these contracts have becomo antiquated, the fun- 
 damental principles remain. Thus, itOl) years ago 
 the suli.uis, by an act of mur.ilicence and of reason, 
 anticipated the most ardent desires of civilised 
 luir jpe, and proclaimed unlimited freedom of com- 
 merce.' 
 
 Did the policy of Turkey in other respects har- 
 monise with this, she would be one of the most 
 
 in wliicli I'icv have been long held, by the expul- 
 sion (,f their barbarian task-masters from Kurdpi., 
 the beautiful provinces in which the latter liavo 
 been so long jicrmitteil to encamp will again li(.. 
 C(unc the favourite seats of industry and civilisa- 
 tion. Hut the degradation in wliich the native 
 inhabitants arc involved would have been slill 
 more complete but for the freedom of commerce 
 they have always enjoyed. This has tenctej tu 
 keep alive the seeds of industry, and to Cdimlor- 
 vail to some small extent the destructive indutnce 
 of oppression and insecurity. Had their jutoi- 
 course with foreigners been either prohibitid nf 
 iilaced under oiipressivo restrictions, the barliar- 
 ism of Turkey would have been completed, ainl 
 it is diflicult to suppose that there could have 
 becui anything like wealth or industry iu the 
 empire. 
 
 Trade, of Turhfij with England. — The trade lic- 
 twccn tliis country and Turkey is of consi>'xTablc 
 value and importance, though not so nuieh sd as 
 is generally supposed. Many of the ships for the 
 Danube, Odessa, Trebizond (cargoes in transit to 
 Persia), and other ports on the Black Sea, dear 
 out for Constantinople ; so that the exiMirts to 
 Turkey appear to bo a good deal larger ilian 
 they are in reality. Cotton stufi's and twi>t 
 are by far the largest articles of export; anil 
 next arc woollens, iron and steel, coals, rcfmoii 
 sugar, hardware and cutler}-, machuiery, cartlion- 
 ware &c. jMost of the Turkish establislimciitj 
 for the manufacture of cottons, except lluise 
 
 civilised and powerful of nations, instead of being I which use ICnglish yarn, liavo been given uf 
 
 cue of the most abject and degraded. Unforlu | 
 nately, however, this is very far from being the | 
 ca.se. 1 vranny and insecurity universally prevail. 
 'The cultivator of the soil,' says one of her eulo- 
 gists, *is ever a helpless prey to injustice and oji- 
 liression. The Govenniuiit agents have to sutler 
 in their turn from the cruelty and rapacity of 
 which they themselves have been guilty ; and the 
 manufacturer has to bear his fidl share of the 
 common insecurity; be is (ixed to the spot, and 
 cannot esca])C the grasp of the local gover- 
 nor. The raw material monopolised by a bey 
 or ayan m.iy be forced upon liini at a higher 
 ]iriee than he could purchase it himself, and i)er- 
 haps of inferior (|uality; tines may be imposed 
 upon him, he may be taken for forced labour, 
 or troops may bo quartered on his workshop.' 
 (Urquhart On Turkey and its Resources, page 
 139.) 
 
 8ome vigorous eflTorts have been made of late 
 years (especially since the .accession of Sultan 
 Abdul Azi/,> by the Turkish Government to re- 
 form .abuses, but with little or no practical etl'ect. 
 There is. in truth, neither public virtue nor jirin- 
 ciplc in the country to second these ell'orts. Cor- 
 ruption of every kind is almost as prevalent as ever; 
 anil the Kayas continue to be exposed to every 
 sort of oppression. Though railways have been |iro- 
 jected, Coustantinoide is not yet (1WJ8) coiuieeted 
 by railway with the rest of Ivurope ; and agricul- 
 ture is everywhere in the most abject condition. 
 Indeed, vast tracts of the most fertile (and of <dd 
 the most flourishing) districts of Asia Minor are 
 wholly wa.stc and unoccniiied ; and the evil, in- 
 stead of diininisning, is continually increasing. 
 (For an account of Turkish agriculture, manufac- 
 tures itc, see Ubicini, Leitrex snr la Tunj'iie, i. 
 pp. 355-438. Though written with a strong bias 
 in favour of the Turks, this is incomparably the 
 best of the late works on Turkey.) The greater 
 density of population in luiropean Turkey, and 
 whatever industry is found in it, arc iUic. to the 
 energies of the Christian poiiulntiou. And when 
 the latter have been emanciijatcd from the slavery 
 
 Hut the great consumption of Turkey "oiisws 
 of homi- made fabrics, and hitherto these liavc 
 not been much interfered with. The larger 
 supplies of the stutls we send out are what aro 
 (•ailed plain goods ; and if our cojir.sor fabrb 
 should begin generally to supersede those made 
 by the Turkish peasantry, it is not easy to sav 
 to what degree the demand for them might lie 
 extended. 
 
 Of the luiropean states. Austria and Switzorlaiil 
 have been our most formidable rivals in the sii|j|)1v 
 of Turkey with cottons. Their stufl's were, in jc- 
 veral respects, well titted for the Eastern markets: 
 but owing to the difficulty they lay uiulcr if 
 getting returns, and the continued and r.ipiil re- 
 diictiou iu the price of Knglish cottons, we havo 
 gained a decided advant.ige over them, and jre 
 now nearly in the exclusive iiossessiim of the mar- 
 ket. Cheapness is everywhere t he grand (lesiilora- 
 tuin. Though our muslins and chintzes l>e inferior 
 in lineness to those of the East, and onr redilyciai 
 colour iu great esteem in Turkey, I'ersia Ae.l l)c| 
 inferior iu brilliancy, tlu^sa defects are more tliaB] 
 balanced by the greater cheapness of our ^ 
 and from Smyrna t(» Canton, from Mailra> ii 
 Samarcand, wo are everywhere supplaiitiuir t!ii 
 native fabrics, and laying the fouiulationi if • 
 connnerce that will be emineutly bcuoliciui toal 
 jiarties. 
 
 Our commerce with Turkey has been cnn.-iJerj 
 ably facililatcd by the abolition of the dulii 
 silks .and oil, and the redueliou of tlioso on rijl 
 and currants. Xothing. however, wouM c"il 
 tribute so much to its extension as the cstabli?h 
 mcnt of order and tranquility througlmut t! 
 count r)-. Ihit this, we fear, is beyond thcnWi^ 
 of the Ottoman tiovemment. The abuses wlii. 
 have reduced the empire to its i»resent state of Jj 
 gradation seem to be inherent iu the stnictnre 
 Turkish society, and to be in harmony with tl 
 habits and |)rcjudices of the iieople. And it -a( 
 be the ease, that reform, which is so much t 
 wished for. must conic from without, and noil 
 within. We subjoin — 
 
 .',1 Armunt of i) 
 Mnniifm-turt 
 ihv A Years < 
 
 '^'ilcllia 
 
 il1i.ui-l ,in,l liaheril.1,1,, 
 "i|-.<""ler,. »„,!,. „,„ 
 iji rf, wrought and ui 
 I .11.111 >.im ^ " Ml 
 
 L lijii.,iiiltr«l liy (lie, 
 
 (irihrawArGai.d'poi^'',': 
 i.i.ii'iai)utailiirt.» 
 iI.inUdrw and nitlerv i 
 
 lf.«,«rouKhlnndii„w,, 
 UT.ni, eiucred 6) ihe ^^^ 
 
 I ,r k . "' ""lue 
 
 IMjrhinKo-andiniliwork 
 
 i,<r«riu . . "'" 
 
 >tm. refined 
 f l.n, unM'niuglit 
 
 llrtlim, entered by the , 
 
 lijrhtrarticl.-s . "' "''' 
 T.i 
 
 I 
 
 ktivjikm from Tun 
 riiMial and other A„ic,, 
 
 :Urt ^ antni.ils and 
 I f.t ii'M whale/ins J 
 
 Ti''-«f Indian corn 
 "'- kinds „f 
 
 otAer 
 
 Jfrjil nurs.im.Tji 
 / Miiiiii . 
 M'.i- 
 
 I ';«, ir.«apanlh 
 .'lajiierrixit . 
 I W. olir- 
 l'ii.W(ilii,,otro;,i.s 
 
 I fait mil other m.Koriai 
 i^l.rmikin(t|,a,„.r 
 
 I NJ.^imnny . 
 
 |.**l:lhi and linseed ." 
 , mdtt . 
 
 ■*'.lira» 
 
 <l"'"'' '"Ill's ..rhu.l,; 
 
 I T '*!' 
 ™«o,L,.n,a„u,- , ■ 
 
 »«>lorli;,r,p„„. 
 T,.|.,| 
 
 huslifl 
 cwts 
 
 tun 
 Ills 
 
 tons 
 
 CU't,. 
 
 Ills 
 c'.iis. 
 nu. 
 »• 
 
 U.S. 
 
 tuns 
 
 Ills. 
 
 tcins 
 value 
 
 the 
 
 c.vtraet from , 
 E,;'P->''-^-y narron, 
 l»"""omng statement ,!f 
 
 IV.j 
 
 is-s 
 ]ji«;i 
 
 titiitraie 
 Total . 
 
 Hate 
 
 of 
 
 lnii-ri„t 
 
 '' "'1' to give 
 
 <(ates 
 "'U'thiiiJ 
 
CONSTANTINOPLE 
 
 411 
 
 III ,•((•(■(«/«< o/' //ic Qitnntitii'S and Viihicx of the principal ArtivUn of Ihilisli ami Irish Proilacc anil 
 Jliiniifacture vxpurted frniii the United Kiiiyduin to Turkey, ej: Moldavia anil Watlachia, in each uf 
 the il Years ending with IBGG. 
 
 Principal and other Artii-k'A 
 
 Quantitiei | Ili-ilareil Real Value 
 
 iHlit 
 
 ISC'. 
 
 ixcii 
 
 18C1 
 
 1H63 
 
 IS(1>1 
 
 \tii.arel ani* hiiUenl.uIiery - • ■ value 
 i.vii., cinders «n'l '"Ihi • - - lon» 
 iji. er, wrouuhl and unwruu^ht - - twts. 
 i-.,it>.» *jni - . - . 11)4. 
 i.uju.'.tnlereilby theviird - - yardu 
 ill v.iluf - - . value 
 K,rihra»areomliiorcclaln . - - ., 
 (, i„rianutiutilrf» - " - „ 
 iiji.lwdrw ami cutlery, nncnumL-lateil - cwta. 
 ir I,, wrought and unwrouitht • - ton* 
 
 1 ■Ji>, enured b> the jiird- - • yards 
 at value - - value 
 1 Michinet)- »■"! ""I'*"'k - 
 
 ,,«.m . - - ■ - Killons 
 lHi,3r.retinitl ... - cuts. 
 
 l.n,oii»TouBlit • - - ■ V 
 ' iil.t(t« . . - - value 
 : u wlViu, entered by the »ard - - v,ird» 
 at v.ilue - - value 
 
 \,!olhetanick'5 - - - - „ 
 
 i-i<,»M 
 
 'i8,74» 
 
 .1,.'il.'i,7.1.1 
 
 IIS,1'J.-.,HX) 
 
 r.i,115 
 
 I'VP.'.'i 
 
 l,>i77,''»4 
 
 :,,yn 
 
 2,«30,5«5 
 
 li4,7.'.2 
 
 '.4,iir,'j 
 (;,sr..i,.i!P,i 
 
 1.1i,()5S,lt,6 
 
 "s.'ii; 
 
 i,'.,i«jii 
 
 «,.iif,.-.'j» 
 
 i-^,(i(>(i 
 
 .I.Sli'J 
 
 1?N,'M1 
 
 l(),.1(i,1 
 
 S,5S.'i,(l7.'> 
 
 I (i 1,681,'^ IN 
 
 s,nii9 
 11,11'j 
 
 l,(il.1,'J,'>3 
 
 ~i,'iio 
 
 I.MiH 
 ."),.JS6 
 
 2,l(;(i,U9l 
 
 £ 
 
 Vi,:m\ 
 
 l.'i(i,!IHiJ 
 
 6)7,4.1 1 
 
 3,l)"JCP,S'ili 
 
 IU,(II3 
 
 ;'j,iii.'» 
 
 IU,«V) 
 .Vl,«70 
 Il!),Wi'J 
 6l,.1.1(i 
 'IM't 
 4(;,.V)« 
 VU,i)l8 
 11, .1.1 1 
 
 as,.i,'i5i 
 
 'J,13G 
 193, M'l 
 
 e 
 ni;,ii.', 
 
 7.1,.1'Jl 
 
 7.'i,'.i.'.i; 
 
 .'>77,.'>.'>'J 
 3,.1Ci,717 
 
 ii,ia7 
 
 I4,(il7 
 lll,.'i43 
 M,31(l 
 l.TJ,l« 
 Hi.Nfil 
 
 .^,>ll!) 
 
 U(1,()N4 
 
 1!,3.10 
 
 1((,.'.H1 
 
 18,8.'il 
 
 1 1 ,003 
 
 13r,,V3U 
 
 H.-IM 
 
 W9,-(ll 
 
 4,9111,731 
 
 £ 
 
 I(ll,«2 
 
 .'■il,.H73 
 
 ll'I'i.KII 
 
 3,S,-.1„'il'4 
 
 V7,().'.(l 
 
 11,(111 
 
 lO.SS'i 
 
 3l,.',lc^ 
 
 l'^l,7(l'i 
 
 (lfi,4a3 
 
 :.'',i.-.7 
 
 .13,1111 
 
 1(i,ii.',fi 
 
 11, «3 
 
 133,1,VJ 
 
 Wim 
 
 l'iS.-49 
 
 1 Total 
 
 — ' 
 
 — 
 
 .'),39.'..9S; 
 
 ! i,i«( "/' </it' Qiinntiiies and Computed 1'ahies of the Principal Articles imported into the United 
 Kimidiiin from Turkei/, ex Moldavia and iV^allachm, daring each of the o Years ending with IWIJO. 
 
 1 
 
 
 iiuanlilies 
 
 Coinputed Heal Value 1 
 
 
 18^..' 
 
 1M13 
 
 ISOI 
 
 180.0 1 1800 
 
 1802 { 1803 
 
 1804 
 
 ISOj 
 
 18(10 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ X \ £ 
 
 £ 
 
 l.trb;u-lIow - t 
 
 wt*. 
 
 1,201 
 
 1,(191 
 
 993 
 
 1.0.')9 
 
 2,918 
 
 2.993 4,075 
 
 3,4U4 
 
 9,')13 
 
 lO.OSO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 ; " u ti:fiit whalehns) 
 
 tons 
 
 1,311 
 
 1, 7 IS 
 
 2,100 
 
 2.14.') 
 
 1,030 
 
 1 0,900 9.002 
 
 12,719 
 
 12,470 
 
 .1.199 
 
 ^^ 
 
 3,'zij; 
 
 .1,(18S 
 
 .').N7V 
 
 0,1 111) 
 
 3,9(10 
 
 1 3.;. 1.10, 38,900 
 
 59,089 
 
 44,253 
 
 27,21(1 
 
 wU. 
 
 l,14'i,llM 
 
 •i-T.in 
 
 3-.',.33i 
 
 380,142 
 
 3H7.2.)2 
 
 1 .'iO:,s,Vj; 121,3.'2 
 
 lli.l'fO 
 
 103,820 
 
 199,104 
 
 ji 
 
 U'.i0,.')3v 
 
 1,USI,1GI 
 
 9S1/>'.1(1 
 
 2,022,038 
 
 1,1(18,39.'. 
 
 1 323,2011 .■'ltl,0.',8 
 
 .104,314 
 
 634,729 
 
 .189,4.19 
 
 iTiii-of Indian corn 
 Wiier kinds of 
 
 M 
 
 l,6U6,»jl 
 
 4,»;o,.»9 
 
 3,0>.O..08.j 
 
 3.1.')7,1U7 
 
 1.707,164 
 
 539.079 ',..09.214 
 
 I. 148.130 
 
 987.539 
 
 l,5UO.!32 
 
 
 (Not CO 
 
 mputed.1 
 
 40,21.'. 
 
 81.703 
 
 (3,772 
 
 1,010 8,.1.'i9 
 
 15,929 
 
 2.5,407 
 
 27,193 
 
 
 
 'l~, A 
 
 IV.ISO 
 
 19,130 
 
 32.400 
 
 7.108 
 
 18,7871 112,373! 
 
 191,280 
 
 161.081 
 
 42,313 
 
 ■ i'rjil nu:>. small - bushuU 
 
 3,931 
 
 19,1191 
 
 0,6.1,'i 
 
 12.23.) 
 
 l'/,.)2(l 
 
 2,271: 8,47 r 
 
 3,8'ai 
 
 6,740 
 
 10,0.13 
 
 
 WtS. 
 
 b,'ii 
 
 4,1101 
 
 2,112 
 
 
 9^111 
 
 ; 7,082. 0,'i58i 
 
 3,')0S 
 
 5 
 
 12,891 
 
 
 
 ,',(); 
 
 3011 
 
 lot 
 
 1.070 
 
 1.831 
 
 2,489; 1,8041 
 
 79.', 
 
 8,593 
 
 12,516 
 
 |liiim.tr.i3acanlh 
 
 
 3S/ 
 
 131 
 
 b'l 
 
 10-; 1.11 
 
 4,101 1 1,370 
 
 479 
 
 819 
 
 1.2'29 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 l,Vil'. 
 
 4,S10 
 
 1,11.^ 
 
 3,GJll 6-3 
 
 2,0(10 11,397 
 
 3.12i 
 
 8,3.'.2 
 
 U191 
 
 
 tuns 
 
 491 
 
 132 
 
 271 
 
 — 1 1 2.') 
 
 27,4').) 7,200 
 
 15,134 _ 
 
 0.531 
 
 
 llis. 
 
 l.li.: 
 
 b-.T, 
 
 Kill 
 
 080i 1,21011 14,002' 0.007; 
 
 13,242! 10,4-27 
 
 18,393 
 
 
 
 2»*,')(l( 
 
 34,277 
 
 13,78."< 
 
 59,1,')0 20,000 
 
 1 22,743 
 
 31,108 
 
 ll.'i28 
 
 42.014 
 
 10.011 
 
 ] iui-i and other niiiterial 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tons 
 
 1.- 
 
 032 
 
 42S 
 
 100 S27 
 
 112 
 
 11,000; 
 
 0..')9I 
 
 2,109 
 
 7,088 
 
 1 R,i*m - - cwt-t. 
 
 
 8,4 VI 
 
 4,(i'.iS 
 
 1,289 _ 
 
 . _ 
 
 11,692 
 
 7.311 
 
 1,418 
 
 
 >itd; tlax and linseed • 
 
 IIk. 
 
 3,)0' 
 
 2„1.)1 
 
 1,04.1 
 
 1.833 2,167 
 
 i 3,570' 2,411 
 
 I.'.IO 
 
 2.750 
 
 3,795 
 
 <lls. 
 
 11 
 
 1,011 
 
 2.122 
 
 49 0,331 
 
 49' 4,8'23 
 
 0,138 
 
 110 
 
 19,082 
 
 miilet • ■ cw(s. 
 
 1S,.'.9' 
 
 311,7 l.S 
 
 _ 
 
 lS2,'t;i) S2.3I.') ' ,1,820 0,1.10 
 
 — 
 
 43,923 
 
 14,828 
 
 
 llts. 
 
 'ill'.',9a 
 
 17."i,2.14 
 
 188.428 
 
 S3,S8il: 31,007^ 13<,II8 1.12,878 
 
 10-.310 
 
 88,011 
 
 .3(1.918 
 
 
 3,-'H^ 
 
 2.1T6 
 
 2,88.') 
 
 l,770j 1,053 1 4!».880, 21,309; 
 
 30,104 
 
 39,168 
 
 27.1(18 
 
 
 no. 
 
 I9S,9U1 
 
 2IV,684 
 
 I.',2,2.'i0 
 
 8-.03l| 97,718 1 11.9S7I 15,1.14 
 
 7,013 
 
 4,282 
 
 4,8<6 
 
 UU*)! .. 
 
 
 112,.'.1( 
 
 170,294 
 
 172,C.'.7 
 
 122.'.lr> 237 ,.'..10 1 11,2.'>I 17,029 
 
 12,919 
 
 9,732 
 
 18,873 
 
 U.S. 
 
 93.), 1 1 i 
 
 1,152.(1(14 
 
 1,0.84,711 
 
 1,218.U.')1 4,290.0441. 2.').-9ii 32,.'i30 
 
 29,0.'iO 
 
 2S,(l.Vl 
 
 84,145 
 
 
 tnns 
 
 I7( 
 
 77(1 
 
 19'i 
 
 ((11 9.12' 2,70.'. 10,9.12 
 
 2,870 
 
 10,108 
 
 17.170 
 
 Wodorhiir, ROAts* 
 
 ll«. 
 
 3,0C7,8rv 
 
 1,901.271 
 
 3,1.'..'..lll 
 
 4,0.-.2,3.17'4.IO9,O'l9j 510,9.191 285,943 
 
 474,079 
 
 72O.940 
 
 711,535 
 
 iheejj and lainhi' 
 
 
 •i,ibi,m> 
 
 3,Jli;.29J 
 
 4,11U,2W 
 
 3,2.10,499 1.722,078 93.312, 150.771 
 
 190,900 
 
 132,221 
 
 67.319 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 tons 
 
 10l,flO> 
 
 1.'> 1,781 
 
 1.200,221 
 
 418,890 600.141 i I,74l' 'I fir:, 
 
 27,031 
 
 9,072 
 
 8.948 
 
 AJuiherartick'S - v 
 T.'til 
 
 alue 
 
 — 
 
 -^- 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 .10,39^ ,19,0.19 
 2,l(iO,'f82 2,S42,7.')8 
 
 02.'<«9 411,152 
 
 75,391 
 
 — 
 
 - — 
 
 2.961.2;:( 3.149,000 
 
 3,379,181 
 
 We extract from 
 
 tlio Report of jNlr. Secro- i tlio Capital, tho Anmui'i CI 
 
 iart;o ttc. of the Xa- 
 
 tin- of Kmbassv Harron, of February 11, 1807, tional Fuiulcd Debt of 
 
 rurkey for the vcar 
 
 ih( following statement of the Component l*art?j, 18G7-G8 : — 
 
 
 I.oin 
 
 Kale 
 
 of 
 
 Inlfft-st 
 
 Hate 
 
 of 
 I^ue 
 
 Nominal Capital 
 
 
 Annual Ch.irKe 
 
 Inscribed 
 
 Ucdermed redeJIiid 
 
 IntL-rest 
 
 Aniortila- 
 tiun. 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 jE 
 
 *• 
 
 iVii 
 
 (1 
 
 sn 
 
 3,01111,11(10 
 
 ,19.'), 100 
 
 2,0U4.COO 
 
 l.')3,0.-)l 
 
 .',(1,9.')0 
 
 210,004 
 
 w,:, 
 
 4 
 
 i(c4 
 
 ,S.'> in ViS) 
 6(lin'.Vj; 
 ll'^i 1 
 
 '),U( 1(1.(1(10 
 
 391,900 
 
 4,(ii'&,iua 
 
 ISO.JOl 
 
 08.400 
 
 248,0(14 
 
 is-.s 
 
 : 1 
 
 S.OllO.DOO 
 
 419,000 
 
 4,580,109 
 
 270,312 
 
 79,700 
 
 330,012 
 
 hMl 
 
 '.',(1.17.'>20 
 
 141,1(10 
 
 1,890,120 
 
 1II.KI7 
 
 23.900 
 
 138,717 
 
 \Vji 
 
 t] 
 
 6,^ 1 
 
 8,11110,00(1 
 
 (112,900 
 
 7,387,100 
 
 431,'JM) 
 
 205.700 
 
 639.9SC 
 
 lU 
 
 r. 
 
 
 0,00(1,0(10 
 
 217,00(1 
 
 .'.,0»3,0(10 
 
 3.-.0.-1 1 
 
 149,0110 
 
 479,314 
 
 S^iv,, 
 
 h 
 
 OS 
 
 2.(lO0,(.(10 
 
 K(1,.^)00 
 
 1,913,11(1 
 
 111,-.10 
 
 50,,')00 
 
 101.710 
 
 ISf,'i 
 Ijtntrale 
 
 G 
 
 61 
 
 0,000,000 
 
 73,000 
 
 5,927.000 
 
 318,747 
 
 157,500 
 
 .'.00,247 
 
 _ 
 
 .')(1 
 
 30,303,0.10 
 
 _ 
 
 34.54.'J.1.')0 
 
 1,7«7.270 
 
 315, 
 
 51 
 
 04 
 
 2.072,7'24 
 
 Total - 
 
 
 - 
 
 73,4(10,81 
 
 
 
 2.440, KHI 
 
 (.'1.142, 
 
 i70 
 
 3,07ll.v3S 
 
 _1,137, 
 
 _4, 
 
 807,342 1 
 
 lliut llr. 
 I' tint to 
 
 Kiirron 
 give I 
 
 states sijrnifio.intly in paKcl bahuice .<:hect of the Ottoman Treasury is au iiu- 
 inytliiiis like a trustworthy | po.ssibility. 
 
 I 
 
 ! * 
 
 ". I '■ 
 
 , .1 , ,, '4 I 
 
 V ( '- v^ 1 ' i 
 
 '^s, 4; I.' , %*■:'[ 
 
 - ..i 
 
■'••I 
 
 •l I 
 
 l.f .^-.JfW.VWII**! •*.. 
 
 412 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE 
 
 ' ir 
 
 i\ 
 
 r 
 
 I . ' 
 
 
 %. 
 
 ^'■^ i 
 
 
 Reijuhit'iont of the Port of ConsUintinnple. — 1. 
 Hucli Hliips as urrivG and anchor at an iniprcpor 
 plai'o, on beinj^ ailvised by their respectivi! har- 
 bour-masters to heave anchDr, or lr)o.icn their 
 eabU's, and proi;ecd to another ancliora;{e, will 
 be bound to wci^fh, and move in tlio space ot' •') 
 hours. 
 
 '.', it, 4. Such as remain nfter the expiration of 
 the allotted time will have to pay 1 pilil nieilji- 
 ilii) for every day they remain, counting I'roni tiic 
 first. 
 
 T). The captains of such ships os require to tlirow 
 n planl< ladder on shore in order to discharge coids 
 or anything; else, or to receive a cargo from tlic 
 shore, will bellow great care to see that sucli |)lunlv 
 ladder is well fastened at both its ends, on board 
 their ship as well as on shore. 
 
 6. Kuch captains as take their ships through the 
 Uridgc of Kurakcny without procuring a 'I'eskere 
 from the Liman Odassy will have to pay the pen- 
 alty of 10 gold mcdjidit's. 
 
 7. As the authorities of the bridge will be jirc- 
 8cnt with(uit fail whenever it opens for the purpose 
 of admitting or letting ouLfliips, siicli captains as 
 do not exhibit to those authorities their Teskeres 
 of admission or exit will have to pay the penalty 
 of IJ g(dd medjidies. 
 
 H. All steam tugs or steamers carrying passen- 
 gers either into the (iolden Horn or in the l!os- 
 porus are forbiddru to move from 1 hour after 
 sunset up to ^ hour before sunrise. 
 
 U. Such OS disregard this regulation will have 
 to pay the penalty of "JO gold medjidies ; and 
 moreover, should they, whilst thus disregarding 
 this regulation, damage any other ship, or a lighter, 
 or boat, or anything else, they will have to give 
 compensation for that damage according to its 
 evaluation. In any case instituted for the re- 
 covery of damages done whilst running after 
 hours, no plea of maniruvrc or rule will be ad- 
 mitted. The hour of the occurrence alone will 
 be considered. 
 
 10. Ships boimd for the lilack Sea on coming to 
 the Kavak of Anatoli Avill send their boat for the 
 special puqiose of exhibiting to the authorities 
 their lirman and lighthouse ticket. The ship will 
 halt OS long as is necessary ; such captuius as do 
 not observe this rule will have to pay i! gold med- 
 jidies as tine. Likewise all ships going through 
 the Dardaiu lies will have to show their lighthouse 
 ticket in the same way that they show their other 
 papers. Such as do not will have to pay the above 
 line. 
 
 11. Such ships OS arrive laden with gimpowder 
 exceeding 15 okcs, after having anchored at the 
 place pointed out by the harbour-masters, will have 
 to rc] ort to the Custom-house the quantity of gun- 
 p()w<ler on board, and they will have to hoist on 
 their foremast a red signal in order that they may 
 be known. Tliej' will lly this signal until the dis- 
 charge of the gunpowder or their departure for some 
 othc r place. !;?uch as do not observe this rule will 
 have to pay 10 piastres for every oke of gunpow- 
 der they have on board, and sutler contlscation 
 of their gunpowder. This rule will be observed 
 in all ports. 
 
 Quarantine. — Vessels arriving in Turkish ports 
 from foriiign i)ort8 are bound to produce a bill 
 of health from the authorities of the last port 
 of departure. No consular bills of health arc 
 recognised. Any irregularity connected with 
 bills of health is vi-itcd with a fine amount- 
 ing to 10/. 1G». on steamers, and 0/. on sailing 
 vessels. 
 
 Vessels bound to Constantinople must take 
 prati(|uc either at Tchanak-Kalessi (town of the 
 Darilanelles) or at Gallipoli, ai;'l again on their 
 
 CONSUL 
 
 arrival at Constantinople or at HuyukdeVc'. 
 Vessels proceeding from one Turkish port to an- 
 other must bo provided with a Turkish bill of 
 health. 
 
 Vessels arriving from the Black Sea arc hiiuiiil 
 to take prati(|ue at Kovak or Iluynkderii under 
 the same penalty us mentioned above. 
 
 The following is the quarantine turiff:— 
 
 1. Liceiue Fees, 
 
 
 Slilpi t kilo, lo i,nno . 
 
 1,101 „ 3,W)") - 
 3,0<ll ,, ,5.I>IHI . 
 .V>IU .1 7,0(10 - 
 7,1101 „ In.iHN) ■ 
 111,001 „ i'^,(iuu - 
 abuve Uils amnunt 
 
 
 plMlres Tiia 
 
 - 'i 1 
 
 • (i .1 
 
 - 10 ■, 
 
 - I* li 
 
 • l.i H 
 
 • "^'1 10 
 
 • 'it \i 
 
 2. Examination 
 
 / 'ces. 
 
 
 1 kilo, to :i,n()(i 
 
 .1,001 ,. N.IHIO 
 H.IJIIl „ 1ll,(HNI 
 lU,om „ nnd above . 
 
 ■ 
 
 I'iutm 
 
 • i 
 
 ■ I'i 
 
 • ID 
 
 3. Fees from Ships in 
 
 Quarantine. 
 
 1 kilo, to 1 ,000 i>»r ilay 
 1,001 „ .I.UIK) 
 
 .I.IHII „ ,^,O00 ,, 
 
 ft.mi „ 7,oiio „ 
 
 7,1101 „ 10,(HH „ 
 
 10,1/01 ,, i'.',i)oo „ 
 aboTe ,, 
 
 ' 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 • Iri 
 
 - l.i 
 
 • *1 
 
 - ii 
 
 ■ ,1ll 
 . 3i 
 
 4. Fees from TravcUeis, 
 
 
 Kat-h gartle de nante, bwidei his food, pt-r d.-iy 
 LodEitii; fur dUinfifctanu „ 
 
 - m 
 
 . 4U 
 
 5. Disinfecting Goods. 
 
 
 Bales ftom 1 oke to 20, each . 
 
 41 „ HO „ - 
 
 SI ,. IWi „ . 
 
 IVI and upwards ,, - 
 
 Animals, Inrj^e ,, . 
 
 Mll.lll „ • 
 
 poultry ,, • 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 • 2 
 
 - ,1 
 < 
 
 • t 
 
 ■ Wipani 
 > 1 pm 
 
 All ships arriving at Constantinople are lialilotii 
 the 2nd of these charges. Captains of vessels are 
 liable to the charges. All ships except of war, 
 whether Turkish or foreign, are liablt> to the con- 
 dition of quarantine, and tiic fees payable. 
 
 Harbour and other Dues at Constantino])k. 
 
 prn. I 
 
 ;s (ij 
 ttA 
 
 Anrhor.iKP duel - . ■ . _ 
 
 Health utiice fee - ... . 
 
 Firman f.« {"''«"'"''"' "'■•'"•^Sm 
 
 I illfditerranean - - . 
 
 Kavak fi-e if bnund to tilat-k Si*a . 
 TurkUh hill ot health (if buuiid to a Turkish port): 
 
 For nail uut vfhMrIi • - . - . 
 
 litr'auierA • - * ... 
 
 Lldht dues for tesseU arriving from the :\leil)lerran(>:in aril 
 
 diM'harKlng or receiving; carj^o at Constantinople, ,ind vite 
 
 ver^,it, per ton ..... 
 
 Liijht due* for vessels bound frnin the Meililerranean tollic 
 
 111 tck .Sea in ballast, and vice versii, per tiiu 
 Muht dui^ for vesseU bound from (Jonalantinople to the HUck 
 
 Kea. and vice versa ..... 
 
 The above light rates are applied to ve.v(l| 
 under «00 tons burden ; beyond that size } I 
 above rates arc charged. 
 
 These dues are levied both on entrance an! 
 clearance of a ship. 
 
 There are no pilotage regulations at ConaUiilj 
 nople. 
 
 Exchange. — 110 piastres = l/. ; .'. piastre='2j(/.| 
 
 We are indebted for these |)articiilars to privjf 
 information, kindly afTorded by Mr. Logic, h| 
 Majesty's Consul-General, Constantinople. 
 
 CONSUL. In Commerce, an otiicer appointj 
 by competent au'.' ority to reside in foreign cuJ 
 tries, in the view of facilitating ami extending J 
 commerce carried on between the subjects of if 
 country which appoints him, and those of \ 
 country or place in which he is to reside. 
 
 Origin and ApjMtntment of Consuls.— Iht ''1 
 of consul appears to have originated in 
 about t!"" middle of the I'itli century. 
 lifter this, the French and other Christian natij 
 
 tniling to tlio 
 ii'"'''.*' t" appoint 
 
 "y tilt 
 
 irc'iuciitetl 
 
 (vir the interest 
 ami determine su 
 crauicrcial a(rair.s 
 pitice Was gi.nj 
 in.s and in tha i 
 MlJi-lied n/J over 
 l)mt,h-H (;ens,scc 
 lintinh cons,i])j ,v 
 
 (rmrii.upon thoret 
 ivnip.iiiic.s, or of ,j 
 
 irolo with 
 
 " Partii 
 
 itfvarc now direct 
 nitlioiit requiru,„ 
 111 'Ugh it, of course 
 
 made. ' 
 
 Tlie right of Bcndin 
 OTiiiries depenils eit 
 Mvmiion. Uc 
 a 'lincrcnt states j, 
 
 Biensivc jurisdiction 
 f'iii;»hicli appoints t 
 jmKiiction is not ,|ig, 
 
 w«-ecn the state ami 
 
 «vn,:: the consul, i/ 
 
 k-W 1,1 inland luv 
 
 ■fcelinish Governmei 
 
 -nil >Hier powera ™r 
 
 o,t.msuls. Turkey 
 
 to ttii remark. Ji,, J; 
 
 mm several neculi 
 
 i.r.y,ciMt treaties, fl„j, 
 
 "HMAutlanelleL „ I 
 
 i« aodagreeii upon-, 
 ' ^iatif there iLpen 
 
 J::'!l'''r'^'!r shall l^. 
 
 <\^-'«on thereof, ,,^^l^^ 
 '"'"''»'W. according 
 
 lie judge or otlm- "'' 
 »«[ 4 therein!" ^'"^■''^ 
 
 *[«««ircrect";;i 
 
 *.!•% shall not hear, 
 •if ambassador, consn? 
 
 ^^ sl'a" be heard nt 
 toivliere else "' 
 
 tailtS""""™"'"! 
 
 K'orseLin'^i'^^CPo^ 
 
 -.■■;;;-;..t'.ey shall- 
 
 ay ha 
 Jied ii 
 ""■(■red up to th,. r' "V-'-'" 
 
 *^,t"berZvL°f.«'"i 
 
 dcJivc 
 
 Klislij 
 
 
 m 
 en I 
 
 'eriii^T 
 ) sh ■ 
 
 "■fKisfered by 
 
 l^y^.t^''^ 
 
CONSUL 
 
 413 
 
 ■nswui 
 
 Ippoint 
 
 luliuf 
 Its of 
 te of 
 
 trndini; to the Lcvnnt bcRan to stipulate for 
 jlurty to up()oint coiisulu to reside in llic ports 
 irci|uciilcil oy tlifir sliips, that tlioy might wutcli 
 ivir tliu interests of their subjects, and judf;e 
 jj,l determine such ditt'urcnces with respect to 
 ininereiitl affairs as arose amongst them. The 
 fnfwe was giadunlly extended to other eoun- 
 iiiis and in tlie Kith century was generally cs- 
 uUi^hed all over Kuropc. (Martens, Precis da 
 l)„iit (ten GeM, sec. 117.) 
 
 llriti.ih consuls were formerly appointed hy the 
 tri'wn, ujion the recommendation of groat trading 
 ouiiuiiii'") or of the merchants engaged in the 
 i[],|i' uitli n particular country or place; but 
 iLiv are now directly appointed by Uovernment, 
 milii'iit requiring any such recommendation, 
 ilu'iKh it) of course, ia always attended to when 
 
 Tbc! right of Bonding consuls to reside in foreign 
 countries depends either upon a tacit or express 
 convention. Hence their powers differ very widely 
 iaJillVrent states. In some tlicy exercise a very 
 Biensivc jurisdiction over the subjects of the 
 cite wliich appoints tlicni ; but the extent of this 
 iniiidictioa is not discretionarj', and must, in all 
 a*, lie regulated oitlier by an express convention 
 Utwtn the state appointing and the state re- 
 win,:: the consul, or b)' custom. Consuls esta- 
 kii-W in England have no judicial power; and 
 tie liritisli Government has rarely stipulated 
 Ki itlier powers for mucli judicial authority 
 foifccoiisuls. Turkey, however, is an exception 
 to ill- remarlj. English consuls enjoy in that 
 countrv several peculiar privileges conferred 
 !)V ancient treaties, and confirmed ijy that signed 
 ai lie Dardanelles in IHO'J. It is' there stipu- 
 lated and agreed upon — 
 
 'That if there happen any suit, or other differ- 
 mcc or dispute, among the J^nglish themselves, 
 tktdecmn thereof shall be left to their oicn amhas- 
 mtiinw wnstil, according to their custom, without 
 the ju(l(;e or other governors, our slaves, inter- 
 medilling tliercin. 
 
 'That if an Eiiglishrann, or other subject of 
 that nation, sliall be involved in any lawsuit, or 
 dlhcr affair connected with law (with a Turk), 
 the judge shall not hear nor decide thereon until 
 the ambassador, consul, or interpreter shall be 
 pre-ent; anil all suits exceeding the value of 4,000 
 a5[iers siiali be heard at the Jiublimc I'ortc, and 
 nowhere else. 
 
 'That the consuls appointed by the English am- 
 bassadors m our sacred dominions, for the protec- 
 tion of their merchants, shall never, under any pre- 
 tence, be imprisoned, nor their houses sealed up, 
 not themselves sent away ; but all suits or difl'er- 
 eices in which they may bo involved shall be rc- 
 presouted to our Sublime Porte, where their am- 
 ilasjador will answer for them. 
 
 'That in case any Englishman or other person 
 
 |. 'ijcct to that nation, or navigating under its 
 
 * .ohould happen to die in our sacred dominions, 
 
 irliseal and oilier ollicers shall not, upon pretence 
 
 its not being known to wiiom the "roperty be- 
 
 igs, interpose any opposition or violence, by 
 
 iting or seizing tiic eft'ccts that may be found at 
 
 i deatli, but tliey shall be dolivt.-od up to such 
 
 iglisliman, whoever he may be, to wiioni the de- 
 
 i*d may have left them by his will; and should 
 
 have died intestate, then the property shall bo 
 
 livercd up to the English consul, or his reprc- 
 
 itative who may be then present ; and in case 
 
 «e be no consul or consular representative, 
 
 ')■ sliall be registered bj' the judge, in order to 
 
 delivering up the whole thereof whenever 
 
 'V ship stiall be sent by the ambassador to 
 
 live Uiem.' 
 
 Conformably to these capitulation!*, and the by- 
 laws of tlie Levant Comj)aiiy, Nos, 31), 40, and 41, 
 the consuls were authorised to administer justice 
 in all cases of contention amongst Uritish subjects 
 within the Turkish dominions; and tlicy wee fur- 
 tlier authorised to send to England, in safe custodv, 
 any Kritish subject resident iii Turkey wiio sh ;)uld 
 decline their jurisdiction, or appeal from thein to 
 the courts of tlie Grand Higiiior or of any other po- 
 tentate. And the Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 3.1 h. 4 (slightly 
 modified by the (i A 7 Viet. c. !)■!), for the abolition 
 of the Levant Company, expressly provides for the 
 continuance to the consuls appointed by his Ma- 
 jesty of the same rights and duties of jurisdiction 
 over Uritish subjects in Turkey that vere enjoyed 
 by the consuls a|>pointed by tne conipany. 
 
 At i)roscnt, therefore, consuls in Turkey enjoy 
 extensive judicial powers; but owing to the free- 
 dom of Turkish commerce, and the simplicity of 
 the regulations under which it is carried on, 
 their other funct-ons, with the exception of fur- 
 nishing statistical details, are not very onerous. 
 Mr. Urquhart, whose opinion as to all that respects 
 Turkey isdoservedlyof considerable weight, scorns 
 to thiiik that the judicial powers enjoyed by the 
 European consuls in that country have been pro- 
 ductive of much mischief. Still, however, wo 
 doubt whether they could bo- entirely dispensed 
 with in a country so peculiarly situated. Hut 
 there can bo no doubt that it is highly necessary 
 that the greatest care should be taken in the 
 selection of the individuals to whom such powers 
 are intrusted, 
 
 Otiier States have occasionally given to consuls 
 similar powers to those conceded to them in Tur- 
 key. Thus, in the treaty between Sweden and 
 tlio United States of America, ratified July '24, 
 181^, it is stipulated that the consuls appointed 
 by (hither Government to reside within the do- 
 minions of the other, or their substitutes, 'shall, 
 as such, have the right of acting as judges or 
 arbiters in all cases of difterei.''es which may arise 
 between the captains and crows oi" the vessels of 
 the nation whoso all'airs are intrusted to their care. 
 The respective Governments shall have no right to 
 interfere in these sorts of ati'airs, except in tho 
 case of tho conduct of the crews disturbing public 
 order and tranquillity- in the country in which the 
 vessel may happen to be, or in wliich the consul 
 of the place may be obliged to call for the inter- 
 vention and support of the executive power in 
 order to cause his decision to be respected ; it 
 being, however, well understood that this sort of 
 judgment or arbitration cannot deprive the con- 
 tending parties of their rights of appealing on 
 their return to the judicial authorities of their 
 country,' 
 
 Duties of Consuls. — The duties of a consul, even 
 in the confined sense in which they arc commonly 
 understood, are important and muitifarious. It is 
 his business to be always on the spot, to watch 
 over tho commercial interests of tho subjects of 
 the state whoso servant he is ; to bo ready to 
 assist them with advice on all doubtful occasions ; 
 to see that the conditions in commercial treaties 
 are properly observed ; that those be is appointed 
 to protect are subjected to no unnecessary or un- 
 justifiable deni.-tnds in conducting their business; 
 to represent their grievances to tho authorities at 
 the place where they reside, or to the ambassador 
 of tlie sovereign appointing him at the court on 
 which the consulship depends, or to the Govem- 
 nieiit at homo ; in a word, to exert himself to 
 render the condition of the subjects of the country 
 employing him, within the limits of his consulship, 
 as comfortable, and their transactions as advan- 
 tageous and secure, as possible. 
 
 i ••■:- ' . 
 
 1 I 
 
 -V * 
 
 ];^5fc,/L:;.-l 
 
w) 
 
 CONSUT. 
 
 ♦ .; 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 .,.,,0 fo"'■^vin^ynonM.• ..1. l^^^^^l.^ „^,^,.., „.„„ 
 
 .aiiini for u. "'">;'''",,,„.„.«.. uM.n.y t .. 
 
 , ,„ke l.ii»^''lt ""»'":'^^ '„■,),.■ rmiulry wl..;r«' ' " 
 
 court .ma tlu' •""^'^'^" -V U .'as. ui.oi> x^^Y ,■ 
 re i.les, so as to c-mv.rM ^Y H l,^ ,„,,t. .,, 
 
 tl"' "».n.o..l.on " >' , ,;\,H.o»r >'.V tlm sl»i.s I 
 
 t.nlTor «P^";" ' • \ ,1 all lU. mu..u'.,.^-l or- 
 
 li„anccs n.u linvs. ,.^,„„ i,„„u or im - 
 
 ^ It is alsolusa « > o 1 r '' ^i,„,ri,,iioii ^vlt .111 
 HiUou Briti.). -''^';r ^,; .:r^^r injury .ullVr.. .^ 
 his jurisdiction. ."/'''. i,is coiiivlaiiH >'> "" ; 
 not ol.tai.u-a. »■.'^ '' i ;te rosiaiil' at, the court 
 
 r'sa.ichtiu.co...iasiii -,;■•, J,,,, ^..„.,, ., a„. 
 
 h" is to address \"--f . '', " his .-.nplaiut lu-, uoi 
 f in .in imp-"'"*"* """'•, ,i,. ui'niorialto l.is 
 
 Majesty's secretary ot sl.,tc. ^ 
 -^\vUeni,.uHor.ag^;;;;'SAiUSn^ 
 
 ""I iu case .-'•-; -'Xmlr, mul oraer hnn t., 
 l.rinK lJ'-'''«:'""\ Out m;aia if he refuse, lie 
 j,,ve ii""»""=^"",ro . V I iuH aiction of the n.a^ s- 
 Voslsns him to the iwl n ,„„•,,„,, ., never- 
 
 ,Uelea to l"\ve hcej;-- - ^i,:^reiR-., itisU.cn 
 dominion or junsaut on ot> ^,i,„„ce o the 
 
 the duty of the ''""r /',',,'; '^ re.,."iro. the release 
 ,a«se for Ins ^'l^ K"; ' ,-J, by.the ma^.s- 
 „f the parties, it act.uuui . i ,h.u broii^^ht 
 
 racy of tl"' 1''-'V"h;" ^ 1 luUciai ,roceeaii«s 
 hefoVo them, f"'.V/'^\,;' ee.sc; and he may de- 
 a.miust them tl'\"'^''" ''^..^ ,f the country, civil 
 i^Tand the «-"\"' , -.tu ^ secure a,.d V^t the 
 and military, t" '•:,,;" ,„h British sh.,. as he 
 accused parties ' > "' \^^ ,„ay he O'^'^^rt'^ 
 Hhall t'""lv"^' '';,S .dl.v their proper judne^. 
 (ircat Britain, ;>.'"^.* 'i,i„„. the ma(;istrates ot 
 . ir, contrary to ^^^^^V^^,,^ to try the ottenco, 
 thccountrypers>tm roa ^ ^^^^^^ ^^_^„^,„ ^ a 
 
 the consul ^'"l"l'\,',i ', inister at the court ot 
 jnemorial to the B t.sh mm .^ ,„ ,,,,« 
 
 that country, ''"''*,, if it be a sea ollei.cc. 
 
 answer, the <=""f' ^ ^'" •' Xdmiralty at London, 
 apply to tl.o Boa.^ ol Adu^^ .^.^^^^_^^.^^ 
 
 stitinR the ^-'f/.,' '■',;,';;, department ^v.ll h 
 the secretary t}^' ^^^'° f ^ ,',. who ^vill cause the 
 the matter before the .i^' V ^.^ijont in Kn;,- 
 
 \mbSsador of the tore.« si. c r^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 rnd,to write to >\^,^X,' ;byt'^"^''''^■T" 
 ordors tnay im'«.«'\' V^ ? ,,"„'^cce.lim;s against the 
 mcnt that all J"'\"^"*\„f ' uat he l'« '^'^T'^- 
 
 ^•f£=dthednt,alsoofalJ;a^-fl- 
 all distressed British nanne, t ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ;„ „ 
 
 . „t,,niisdiibiir-<ement-i,\\liiih 
 
 UeeparoK.dar«.rount.l.H^^ 
 
 h,. is to traosiuit V ari> ,^ „..Mvlnnw 
 
 „,.,NavyOlhcc, c . .>.|^^^ ,,, ,,y 
 
 of the i''^'-''/'/;' 11 «.-•.<■• It ^- '■-'■) " " 
 
 enact. iient. ^" ; ' ,„ all poor British miI 
 
 '''^-'•'^rr::.'r".o.ue directed t,,,.,.. 
 
 i'«'^.^^''^''V'fl„ k.^s I'ackcthoat, orsh,. ,..■ 
 
 I war, re.imrmt; Ihu.i 
 
 I I Si.AMKN. 1 norniit a British moiv liimi 
 
 .■IMu' consul li* not t" , ,,^i,,,„ .vil'.ml Ifn 
 ■hip to leave the porw'^'^^^ 
 
 l'''^^l"':'"''''n. o nvcsaliMiedalljustd,M,,,u..l. 
 ,or and crew ""■" ' " -^ ,n,„se he ou-ht lo ..■. 
 u,,on them; ;"""",",, V-'irrisoned tow... .r du- 
 the ^^overnn,- s pas • ^ „,crchai.l or la,l„r ... 
 buriiouuisur s ; »"'' ^^ ' i,,,„,,i ^ill make hii.H.lf 
 
 r.,spo..s.ble. '"J j„ aai.u an.l rec.v.r all 
 
 ''V^::,:;.. Tu. mch..rs.hclo„-,ni«toBr.n-h 
 
 wrecks cab . s, .ml ,^,,^„^,,„ „r „thcr i.;.rs,.us 
 
 slups. loun.l " ; .'^ " ' ,-^,„^.,.. a..d to co.mu.micatu .a 
 
 t" !'">' ','"■ "? the Ms ■ Soanl. 
 
 report thereol o N «A ^^^ ,^.^ ^, ,,,^,^. 
 
 ■ l^oconsuls in yc^^ (ir. tieo. 111. c ',.-. -. 
 aro.byespress en. Y^^^ ,,,^„,^ •„, ,,,„ ,„,„ 
 .,) en>powcred ' ' " „ ,i,,., ,„a,uur as if th.y 
 
 r..spe.:lin|A-.'l"";"' ." i,.%,,,,ral towns or pliLvs 
 xv,re m.vj;islrates o lu_ • j^ j^ ,,,^„ ,,., 
 
 where th.y '■'■^l'':;V:,tT,,,tteml, if re.,ucst..,l, .11 
 a„wn that .- ^;;'' ;;;,,l; ,y i.a.u.erned h.tw.n 
 arbitrations wP^',3;,l ,„, „,i,,uor^ lp«. 
 
 ,„asters ot » .'"^ ' .' J. ^^here he resides.' (t Imiy 
 inhabit.mtsoltlu-^pliccw ^^^^_^,|_ _^__j |,_, 
 
 :i.^Zl.u..hoJie.t,.ejvnm.^^^ 
 
 Any in'hvi- 11 . ^^ , .„t,^ orof an..thcr,n,:,v 
 .t,.te by which e ■ ^^^,^ ^^,. ^^„^„,_ ,„„,,,„, ,, 
 
 state appoinlm;; V'.'i.p noculi.ir unties of aofl- 
 Much, h..wev.r, ot t''^ ^,^^^^^^^^^^ „r tluM,.- 
 
 snl "'"^talways dopH J.m ^^ ^^,„ 
 
 torcourso with the e ""tr> f ^..-nisl, co.v 
 
 and of the "{^^""-^ ^e 1 w th copies of allA.i^ 
 .Huls.ire vo-ularly «''! ''';„, ,, ,urnnli.r,-i:.v 
 rclathii; to tr.ide '"'; .'^'^ " , ... „„.l with Hk 
 
 ,r..de -"I'l'"'^^'''"',, " ,7 ; 1 eounlri.>s, aiulm.i-. 
 treaties >"' ^^■^'''l 'Tr t, , lucL accor.lin-lv. Unv 
 
 ^^:;::^'frth::S""^^^^^ 
 
 '^r?;?:^ boar in mind that it is Jis^F^^^^^ 
 
 ,„,; to protect ami promo^^J^j-^^ J 
 
 tradin- interests ot t real Uiu ^.^^.^^^^ ^^^„,^ 
 
 and i.roper »f f ^' " ; ^^^'aou ; .n,.d whiM h. 'V 
 
 laws and rof!"!" ';;"^ "\'l^^e .f Groat Brit:.in,l.c 
 M.pportii.K the.lawfid t»a ic j,,;^.,^, „,h 
 
 will t..ke special ""/"."^' X. sp-'ci'ie'l'"''''"' 
 respect to the ^P"'^^^^ "tate m whid. ho ro- 
 as well on the p.T.rt ol tuc sia .j.^,^ ,,i 
 
 ^ides as of th^^^-XSa loiiil^ects a^ain-t 
 that he may '^»» ' ", ,^,„crcc to tW .lotrim-.. I 
 carrvins oii an '>''7':''''l^ ,.tion (.f theliimauil 
 
 „„„., -vlKi. "'""I "i:"V '",, iSoS.' I— "«l 
 
 _,-i.A; 
 
CONHITL 
 
 ■nr. 
 
 nrilintili:; n* llliuli :l.s |)r»>ti!ili' (lir siilijci'lM of 
 ',. two (•(iiiiilrir^ ii|>ciii nil iHiintM «>t' cliil'iriiicM' 
 iili imiy I'lill iiiidrr liis <:i>Lcni«iiiic<'. In (lic- 
 it of any iill<'ni|it Ix'iii^ niiiile to injiiri' llritisli 
 .I'll, clllicr in (Iwir prrndii-i nr propcrlyt li'' 
 ;i iipliiilil llii'ir rif^hlliil inffTcsts, niidtlio |irivi- 
 , itsi-i'iiroil ti) tliiin liy treaty, by dun n'prcscii- 
 , lull ill tliif |irii|>('r iiHicinl quarliT. lI'Mvill, at 
 , 'iimo lime, hiM'ari'f'iil to coinliict liinist'll' witli 
 : i!nc's.4 nnd moderation in .Ul lii.s Irnnsai'tioiH 
 ;|illiR |iiililic nnthorilii'M, and he will not upon 
 ,,v aw'onnt nrf;c claims, on hclmlC of his Majcsly's 
 , :,vti, to which tlii^y aro not justly and fairly 
 , 'Jill, If redress eaiinot bu ohtained from llie 
 iliiilininistration, or il'llir rnattorof coniplalnl 
 !, r,"t within their jnrisdiction, tliii ronsul will 
 plv to liii Maiesty'H eonsiil-f,'cnernl, or to lin 
 •i|ii.'.|v'a niiiiister, if there ho no ooiisnl-treneral 
 iilif ioimtry wheruin he. resides, in order that lii^ 
 iivmake a ropr«'sentation to the higher anthori- 
 ',;,<, iir Hike such other ste|)s in the case as he may 
 •Vnli proper ; and tliueonsiil will pay strielatten- 
 w.t'itlio iiistrnctions wliieh ho may receive from 
 •tmiiiislor or eonsul-Rcneral.' 
 }',M>lumi'iitii <'f (^ii'iiiilx. I'rohihition nf Trnillnii 
 yt.-Tlin emolunients of our consuls wore, until 
 !:.;■»(« years, prineipally derived fr<m\ certain 
 irtv ifpondinn on the tonnaf^o, leniclli of the 
 V')\v:t< i'C. of the Ifrilish sliips cnterinK and 
 cluiiii.' iiiit of the limits of their considships. 
 Br.tfc modo of remuncr.itinK them was inate- 
 riii liinped by the Act of li (Jeo. IV. c. 87. Tlio 
 l'w<;ilile under this Act (see, pout) arc in- 
 ciin-iM:ililo; but tlie detieiency has been, partly 
 .It lo,i--t, compensated by saliirics alhiwcd by 
 (icveriinKnt. 
 
 \l prespiit Hriti.sU consuls are in ft.^rr.c in- 
 
 <l,inoi's pfrmitted to carry on trade, while in 
 
 uthcrs llitv arc interdicted from havinfj anythinf; 
 
 to do Willi it. The jirinciplc on wliieli the dis- 
 
 •inrtiimis made does not seem very obvious. Hut 
 
 iltliisilislinction must be kept up, the preferable 
 
 ibn would seem to 1m? to interdict all consuls res i- 
 
 Jentat thcijrcat ports, and those resident at other 
 
 [lorts, principally in the character of political 
 
 1 occnts, from trading; and ti permit it to others. 
 
 Till! public (lilt ips of the foniior are either quite 
 
 I suilicicnt wholly to engross their attention, or 
 
 they arc nf such a kind as would make it very inc.K- 
 
 t<Jitiit fur those employed in them to booccn^'ed 
 
 in mcrciiitile pursuits ; in the case of the smaller 
 
 I iI.i<sofport.i, but little frequented by ISritish ships, 
 
 I an'l whero the consuls have no peculiar political 
 
 Ifunclions to discharge, there is a loss urgent 
 
 I ncceisiiy for prohihiting them from carrying on 
 
 Ibu'incsj on their own account. At the same time, 
 
 Iji'iKCvcr, wi> are .'learly of opinion that it would 
 
 lia nU cases lie better not to allow consuls to en- 
 
 Ijsse. cither directly or indirectlv, in any sort of 
 
 liiiilustrinus uiiilprtaking. The main end and pur- 
 
 bi'Sof their institutioii is the facilitating of com- 
 
 tsercc v.ith the nation in which they reside; and 
 
 I furtherance of such object they ought on all 
 
 iccasions to comumnicato tho fullest and earliest 
 
 ifnrmation in their power touching commercial 
 
 teattcr>i,not only tc the Govomraent that appoints 
 
 |b™, but to such of its subjects as may ajiply for 
 
 pir ailvice and assistance. Ihit, however ad- 
 
 inta<;cous publicity may be to others, it may in 
 
 prious ways be extremely hostile to the interests 
 
 (the consul considered in his capacity of a mcr- 
 
 pnt; and when his own advantage and his 
 
 plic duty are set in opposition, it requires little 
 
 pacity to discover which will liave the ascend- 
 
 Hence tho fair presumption is, that a 
 
 ping consul will rather endeavour to profit by 
 
 * peculiar information his situation mav enable 
 
 biiii to ililiiiii tli.ill to coiiimllilieali it to others. 
 Mis intere-ls as a nierehiint must l're(|uently 
 ;iUo, evcTi when such is iiid irally the ease, appear 
 to be ill oppiiKiiion to thii'^e of the parlies for 
 whoso behiM f ho is said to be appoillti'd ; and 
 undev siieh 'ireiinistaiiees his priMieding-i, how- 
 ever fair, will always be liuble to the suspicion of 
 partiality. It is material also to observe that 
 ineicanlil''. consuls lidioiir under peculiar disad- 
 vaniagi'S in the obtaining <if information. If a 
 consul, not engaged in business, make a proper 
 application to a public; fiiiiitionary or no ichaiit 
 for inforination as to any siibjeet with wide h lliey 
 iii.ay bo ac'(|uaiiiteil, he will, in most instances, 
 liarn all that ilieyknow; but it is obvious on 
 general principles, and we havn been nssurecl of 
 the Cut by some of the most intelligent ollieprs of 
 tho el iss, th.'it if a Iriidiiig consul make the same 
 aiiplieation, th(( ehniiees are IK to I he will either 
 learn iiolhiiig, or U'dhing that is not false or 'nis- 
 leading. 'I'lie eiicpiiries of thi! former excite no 
 jealousy, those <d" Ihi! latter invariably do. Thi; 
 former is known to bo actuated only by a feeling 
 of liberal curiosity, or by a wish properly to dis- 
 cliargo his public; diiiies; but tho latter, being 
 eng.igeil in business, j;(:ts credit only for s< llisli 
 and interested motives, and is believed to bi; 
 seeking the information merely that he may turn 
 it to ids own account. A incrcanliln consul is, 
 therefore, uniformly I ho olijcct of the suspicions 
 of all parties, both of his eountry.Tien and of tho 
 foreigners .imoiigst whom ho resides. Instead id" 
 being, as ho ought to be, an indopendent ))iiblii; 
 funidionary, ho necessarily gets entangled in tli<; 
 cabals and intrigues of I'losc whoso differences it 
 is his province to conciliate, lie is tempted also 
 to engage in smuggling advenlcres, contrary to 
 his duty, and highly injurious to ti;o character of 
 his nation. Ami though he should be proof 
 against temptations of this sort, he is, like all 
 other individuals, subject to misfortune and bank- 
 ruptcy ; and may, in Ibis way, bring discredit 
 and eniliarrassiiKint on the Government that ap- 
 jioints him. These reasons seem to be far morn 
 than suflicient to vindicate tho policy of inter- 
 dicting consuls from trading. Hut were it other- 
 wise, it is enough to decide the (piestion to state, 
 that if they li<; iiiado properly to perform the func- 
 tions of their olliee, it will occupy every inoiiient. 
 of their time. To the argument in favour of tiie 
 existing system derived from economical con-.i- 
 der.-itions we do not attach the smallest weight. 
 To attempt to save a few thousand pounds by 
 allowing an important class of public functionaries 
 to engage in avocations inconsistent with their 
 duty, and destructive of their utility, wiadd be 
 something tho very reverse of economy. 
 
 Cost of the Ksttiblishment. Improviiiiinfs made in 
 it. — Wo had occasion, in the lonncr edition of this 
 work, to coiT.plain of the cost and iiiadecpiacy of 
 our consular establishinent. But its expense has 
 since been very much, and, in some instances 
 perhaps, too much, reduced; at the same time 
 that measure- havi^ been taken for increasing the 
 duties of the consuls by making them furnish 
 details as to the trade, manufactures, duties, 
 prices &c. of the districts in which their consul- 
 ships are situated. Hitherto this important 
 department of what ought to be the peculiar 
 duty of a consul has been most strangely neg- 
 lected; but if it bo ]iropcrly attended to, it will 
 occupy a largo portion of the consul's time, and 
 will be afield for the display of superior talents. 
 Some of the answers miide by the consuls to the. 
 Circular Queries prepared for the former edition 
 of this work were drawn up with great care and 
 intelligence, and rcHectcd much crcilit ou their 
 
.i* 
 
 ;..ii 
 
 v*' 
 
 ud r 
 
 I 
 
 
 CONSUL iiiToane, or diminWi 
 
 «« ,1 many certainly of a 1 from ♦'.^/^'I.S'or -nlury' .« ooc«.U.u may re- 
 
 tljo 8«»»'''=''""7«utrK'iciarcnuinerutior. forth M^^ ^^^^^^^j ^„j consul* ho " k J ■ 
 
 ,„eh as to affo I a "«' ; ^j,^^„,t„, fa"., mr ^;',\ -,^..11 bo actually ^^■«'' ;;,^i\;,\. X «n.l .l.scl.ur.u., 
 
 tho 0<'»«'-<i( ^»". . 1 pnniiincs:- nf of li a i.nncil>al "•^'■7"""^_„,ui leave of aliscnoe 
 
 reference to Htatstica^ ^^ ^_j^^ Secrc ary "M ,^i^ ,l„„«„l K''"^'^n\ ? Vhe mav b.' >.o aiM»..nt,.|. 
 
 siliSiiis gssssfes 
 
 arrivalatl.isre.ul n c afic^^^^ the com.n..- '^^^ ^^^ ^ /^.'^.-^^LmeWy ,.«"'• C»«.-;. 
 
 without pavmont oi a j- a j ^''"''v „ "t^ „boli* all or an; 
 
 ^«X to transn.it.an annual Btac^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ 'SSU'S^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^"^"- rtnt&ariesandchargesofcoiwuw 
 
 Y-ithrcspecttothesaiari ^^^^ provision .^/i, 
 
 ,,,rcspecttotn^^^^„^ the P-?^- rgSC^^S^^^ 
 
 and due pr"Vis ons for ^^J^ ^^ ^j^ Ae Lvice tLn shaU be sanctioned^^^^^^ 
 fore enacted, tnai i ,j j, the advice ^ c«>"'i«'}',^r\^ „„ v to his Majtsty A 
 
 Majesty, by an>;o« e(„« ^»,„t to all or any of the sueh.o^^^ become liable to W to ^'^,^i„g 
 '^^^''^ILTTor consuls appo^^^el by h.s l ^^ ^^ BterinRBvi^^^sh money, ^^^ 
 
 
 of his privy counou, ... ^^j^t^ -.Zna of sum of sterling B"t»*'ifX&forly«1 
 
 bis Majesty shall seem mt , 
 
• 1 
 
 CONSUL 
 
 417 
 
 jjv bo rccoviTiMl; ariil slinll nmrrrivir upmi a' in siicli hU odlrn for llio spncp of 10 yonr.i niiil 
 ,,,.iiil coiivirtioti for miv mii'Ii oII'i'mcc I'mfiit mirli ' mure, it ^Imll lie lawful lor his Majrsly, \>y any 
 
 1 iHrc, mill for cvor nftrr hccoini' iiLr.'i|inlili' of j micli onlrr in coiincil n^ iiforc-niil, to);riiiit to liiin 
 
 ,,fvin;,' liii MiijcNty in tlir .saiiu' oi' tin- like capii- 
 ;,,. (S'l-. •>.) 
 fiililf of AVin to he txhihilril at Cimloin-liniifri, 
 
 \].riiiti'il copy of tlid t.ilili' of fi'i'H ailowi'd liy 
 ■ , Alt, or wliiiti may lie naiirtioiifiioralloMcil liy 
 ,jv 'I'lii' fi) la' tnailo in )MirMiaiuo of tliis Art liy 
 l,. Miiji'^lv in t'oimcil, shall he cxhihilnl in ncoii- 
 ,; ■..n[^ iiiantior, for thi' in |Milion of all iitTMoiix, 
 
 •V' I'li^toin lioiisr ill till' |iiirt of Loii'loii, ami in 
 J iliiT ('iistoin-hoiiM's in llic Mjvrral |iortM anil 
 I; at* <i( tlio I'nilnl Kini^iloMi of (iirat tiritaiii 
 irllrclaiiil ; and piirilcil coiiiivs thinof >hall, liy 
 ;:,, , Ui'i'tiir or oihir iliiif ollircr of cnHtonis in 
 jl. .luh piirti mill harlionrs, lio dilivrriil ^ra- 
 ijiiu.lv, ami witliimt fee or rowanl, to ovtrv 
 a.ii,- if any visscl olcarin;,' out of any sncli 
 
 t.n lit Imtbour, unil dcmniiding ii cojiy ilitTcnt". 
 
 TjIJ/ (if Fi'i'K li> lie exhih'iliil nt CiiiisiiIh' Oj/lfis. 
 -Ai'i'lV uf 'l"i sclieiliilo or table of fi'cs to Hum 
 tpMit Act aniioxed, or which may 1m' I'stalili.ihid 
 itlwthiiriscd liy any such order in rouncil, shall 
 Ubin; up and cxhihited in a conspicnims plnci' 
 ii til' liiililii; ollirrs of all consuls (general or 
 kkI- appiiinti'd by lli^ .Majesty, in tlic for ij;ii 
 pV'towhidi they may be so a|i| ointcd, for the 
 ULVti'iiof all iiersons interested tiiercin; and 
 auvciMilgencrnl or oonsnl omit tin;; or neglect inj; 
 tokri. any such copy of tin; schedules in sncli 
 hisp;' ..• oliicc, or reiiisin),' to permit the same 
 Iolri;.r>oted liy any person interested therein, 
 jhil'l rvrry such oiVeiiee forfeit and pay a sum 
 pf |i'mi-!i *lerlinh' money not exeecdinfr one half 
 ikaiiK'Uiit of the salary of sncli person for 1 year, 
 tfi l(" tliiiii the li'tli pan of such annual salary, 
 St ik ilijcrition of tlie cimrt in which such 
 ftnalty niEV be lecovered. (Sec. 7.) _ 
 
 Siiferimi'mnlioii. — 'And whereas it is expedient 
 iLit liis .Miiji'sty slinnUl be enabled to f;rant to the 
 iiid I'liiwils licncral and eonsnls, a|i|iointcd as 
 itrcMiid, alliiwauc '3 in the nature of superannu- 
 ilim i>r nwanl fur meritorious publie services:' 
 ill iifurtliiT enacted, that all the regulations eoii- 
 llaiml in .'ii) Cen. HI. c. 117, 11 (leo. IV. c. 1 l;l. 
 (ito, IV. e. nil, respectin;; .superannuation 
 lliiowanccs, arc hereby extended to the said consuls 
 [tncral and consuls, ao far as such re;;uIations 
 k' a; plied to the cases of such several persons 
 ■pdtivi'lv, as fully to all intents and jinrposes 
 if ilk' fame were "reiieated and enacted in this 
 IwditAct. (Sec. 8.) This is modilied by the 
 lupcrannnatiiin Act of •! &. •'> \Vm. IV. c. •_'!. 
 Miiimimn during \Vtir.—\{ it shall at any 
 K hii|iiicii that by reason of any war which 
 ijy lunaftcr arise between bis Majesty and any 
 ni^'n, or forei};n state or power, within the 
 jniiiiii'ns of wliiiin any such consul ^^encral or 
 ii-ul sliall be appointed to re-idc, he shall be 
 Kwiittil from residinjr, and shall in fact cease 
 roiilo, at the place to which he may lie so 
 [Jioiiitcil, it shall bo lawful ibr his Majesty, by 
 aorilcr to be issued by the advice of his privy 
 incil, to grant to any such coiuiul general or 
 who may have served bis Majesty in that 
 pcily for any period not less than 3 years, nor 
 ntlian lOyoars next prccedin;:; the commeiicc- 
 it I'f any such war, a special allowance not 
 (cwdiiii; the jiroporlion of their respective 
 irit> to which such consuls general and consuls 
 111 be entitled under the provisions of the said 
 rf 3 tico, IV., in case the period of their 
 [yeai)^M*ftivc service had exceed, u !() years and had 
 Isalaiy^B'woedcil 15 years : provided that in case any 
 Ih ptn^^ consul general or consul shall have served 
 
 icdule. 
 orbyi 
 lings" 
 ijcstyi 
 leding' 
 
 such a proporlinii of his salary, which by the 
 uniil Act is anihorisi it to be granted, as a Hiiprr- 
 nimiiation allowance, ai'eoriliii;^ to the several 
 periods of service excecdin;? 10 years, in the naiil 
 Act. (Ii (ieo. IV. c. H7 s. 1».) 
 
 Tiililfn iif l'ii:% iillditiil to III' Ill/tin III) CoHHiih 
 (liiiiiiil mill C'Diniih, niiliMtitiili'il III/ Onlirit in 
 Ciiiiiicil of Miiif I, l«,"i."), iinil Jiilii L'7, IHCi.l, for 
 llioae omKiiiliit to llif .let of ti O'lO, / V, c, M?, 
 
 r.MiT I. 
 
 /•Vi'.i to III- liiloii lit n.iyiic/ (;/' i:iiiltir» in which the 
 C'uH.iiil'H iiili'iiionilioit in i<<iiiirtit III/ I.iiif, 
 
 i i. .1. 
 
 tor fTi.T» iliTl.ir.idon iii.-ul.- ti«ritri' Ihr r.iti.iil In Kiirins II, 
 
 1. K, n. Il.jiiiil l.hlllii' Sihiillllvt.i ihi- .Mrri'liaill SW.\,. 
 
 \»nn Act Is'il, with .t wvvi to Ihf ri'ul.lry, tr.ui.f.'r'.. iiiitl 
 
 tr.in.niiulutl of klii|i*, iiiti'lFnti In hhipi, ur inortif.i^i'A on 
 ^fthlpA ...... 
 
 Ft>r fu.li.r.init n iDrinnrnntluin of chiinKf tif miiittr uiMtii 
 
 tlif (tltili. .11. Ill r»-.;l.try .... 
 
 K'lr urmilii.tf n )iri>\i«iiiii.il i-i<rliai'iil<* ol' rt'ifUtry Htili To 
 ^ lo lie est lusivf fit' Ils-^ on (Iff'.irntlnnt) 
 Fur recorilinitunioritt'iKuol'ii Nhlpur >li<irv» in a >.\'\\i nuiile 
 
 uiiilcr (I (entlii-aiv of inortffatff 
 For n-roriiini; the lr.iiwtVrot .1 mortiriffr of.! ftluiior oIlifl-y 
 
 In Jl Hhip MKuIr undiT a rvrtltl ul« ol'mortuu'i; • 
 For n.corillii« lliH ilLi'tiiirtfe of a ntorm.ii^i' of .1 .hip or 
 ^nh;irfH ni .1 .liiii in.iilf unilvr a rfrtiliriite of innt.r 'u'« - 
 For fviTv itali'ofii \lilp or sliRrt^H in a sliip niatU' Ifvlori? the 
 
 tMii.nl iniilur a <'i-rtiii(-.iti- of unit' 
 For In.pts-tion of the ri-ul.ti'r lnMik of trans irii.tn^ in ■hiiin 
 For i-vi-r> «fanian fntfaKt-il U'lori- Ihc ciii-iil 
 For i'Verv iitti'ration ui iignenu-nt^ with .wanu-n hi.ute 
 
 k'fore the ron.iil ..... 
 For every .eaiiian tltwhargeil or left iKhiiul v.itli the 
 
 eon.ulS •ynnt tloti - - . . , 
 
 For every ile»eri)on r.-rtilii-tlli; the cuiiKil 
 For atte.thiK a .eiioaii'^ ulll .... 
 For exaniioallon of provt.loni or water, tu lie paid liy the 
 
 parly wild pnntH to t.e in lief mlt ... 
 For every sai^.i^elmnd made in pur.iianceof 17 .Ii IH \*ii l. 
 
 e. till, .ee. I^'^, lu lie paid l.y the inaater ur oHntr ol the 
 
 property salvinl - . . . - 'i 
 
 tin di.liiirM.inenls In retpert of dUtreuetl leamen, a cont- 
 
 inlinion of - - . . . ■i\ per cent. 
 
 r.usT ir. 
 
 fV('.i| to he tithen in rfx/iivt of' nmttera m jrhiek the 
 CoiiHiirs iiilir/ioniHon in to In: i/ifcit mill/ when 
 reijiiiitiilii/ the /in i lies iiileivsleil. 
 
 ith jertifKtl copy if rtipiired 
 
 (1 
 
 .'1 
 
 
 
 1) 
 
 •t 
 
 II 
 
 n 
 
 III 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 III 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 tl 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 G 
 
 II 
 II 
 
 
 
 III 
 t 
 
 II 
 It 
 
 
 
 •i 
 
 
 
 
 
 (I 
 u 
 
 •i 
 •i 
 
 t 
 
 
 II 
 II 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 £ 
 
 For noUng n i>tnti-*t 
 
 Kor tirdcr of survey 
 
 (•Vir e»li ntliUK n iirotput <»r stirvt-y „ > 1 o 
 
 ,\nil il it fxret^iU i'Xi wi.riU, for every Addltlnnnl 100 wortU O *J 
 
 I'nr preparhiK ami atte-stiiu liditomrv uv artii lr.it iun Umd 1 
 
 For aItt*^till({ iKitlcinry ur .irl>itr.iiiuit btuul iiol |irf(>ariHl by 
 
 consul - - - - - 5 
 
 F(»r aiteiul.iuce out o)'ri»n-ul ir oilioe at a nhipwrtrk, or for 
 the |iuri>otie nf asslsttnc ii i»!.i]i tii Hi'.trcs'., nr of saviiiif 
 wn-clie»l fifHxU or i»r'.iiiLr!y, u\er anil above travilllUf; 
 ei|HtnM.'s per ilifin . - - . . I I 
 
 For attfiidinn valii.ulnn of Kf>o»U if undrr i'lo/. in vftbit* - I) 10 
 For Bltt'iiilinK valuallnii of fjiK^I'i if '^iHt/. anti npwarili itt 
 value, for f\t'ry tUy'H nitinitaiiie tlurliiK whu-h it-.u valua- 
 tion (oiitinufH • • • • - 1 1 
 For attt-ndiiij; liatc uf u(xhLs if the jiurrha'ic tiiunuy ii urulcr 
 
 V'M/. . . . - 1 I 
 
 F'lr ariftuUn:; the i.n1e of uooils if the iiuri'hasi' niom-v i-< 
 ViHi/. (ir upwariLt, fur every da) during wliich ilit; wdu 
 coiitlniii-.i - ■ • - . - 'i 'Z 
 
 (^ertili. a*t' nf due landing of rooJi exported fiom the 
 
 Tnittd Kinirdom - - • - - () !( 
 
 Hill oflifidili* . - - . . K) 
 
 \'ist: of p.is-.iM)rt - - - • - 5i 
 
 ( hit-ninu' of will of a Hriti>h sulijfct not lieinR a si-amnn - I 1 
 Afanam-nifMt of projitTly 
 
 n 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 Ii 
 
 11 
 
 u 
 
 X 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 if a ilritl>)i suljcct not be in i; a 
 seam in (tvinif iiitfit.ile, tl coniinitsinn ol - •2\ per cent. 
 
 lU'^i^lralipll of dt>cujiii-nts or other niattt-n • - i) '2 (. 
 
 And iiexc*eedini; I MO uord'<, for every additional KK) words <t ti 
 For every certititd copy of a tlocuinent not hifure men- 
 tioned ... - . . 
 .\nd if it exceetls 1(H) words, for evi-ryadditionil 100 words 
 Fur nihninihterin;; an o.itli ur declaration, including attes- 
 tation of .4ii;nature if re<iuireii ... 
 For iiittstin^ a sinnaiure .... 
 For annexini; ilie wal of office and si^ature to any docu. 
 inent not mentioned in or othtrwiM.* providetl for by thii 
 taiile - - . - . - _ 
 Note I. — No fee i.* to he taken for the custody of or endorsi'inent on 
 (■hip-t'articlenand papers depositiil \t'ith the consul inpur&uanceof tlic 
 Metchant ShijipinK Act I.S.»1, sec, U70. 
 
 A«'/f v.— Where any fee i« tixiti by the foregoinK tables for any par- 
 ticular act or transaction, no atldiiional fee is to be demanded for ^iK- 
 nature, attestation, or annexing seal of olltce. 
 
 Note .1.— The above fees, if not naid in En^lUh money, are to Iw 
 calculated at the current rate of excnange. 
 
 * Aholiiihed, so far as regards the Ottoman dominion<i, by Order in 
 Council of July Ul, 1S(»3, and the followlflt; fees sub^titute<i in lieu 
 thereof:—* In respect of e%ery British Bhip on each occiuion of hoi 
 enterlnt; or clearing at any jwrt in the Ottoman dominions viz. on 
 hiT entry inwards '0*., and on her clearance outwards tincludinK a 
 bill of health if required) 6«.* 
 
 EE 
 
 r 
 
 : :.s. II 
 
I t 
 
 418 
 
 CONTKABAXD 
 
 
 
 :♦- ( 
 
 N ^ -i 
 
 ir- 
 
 V 
 
 I 
 
 J'or an ncrmnit of tlio duties dcvolvinf; on o\ir 
 ('(■iistils umlcr till' ^Mcnlianl, Sliippint,' Act, 8cc 
 Iimtructioiis to Consuls ))r('i)iir<'(l liy llio lionrcl of 
 Trado and approved liy tne Sccictarv of Stale for 
 Koroipn Affairs, IKoo, ami Siijiplfinnitnry Instnic- 
 
 tillHS, IWClW. 
 
 Vi >NTl!A15AXr). Ir Commerce, a commodity 
 proliiltited to be exported or imported, boiiylit or 
 sold. 
 
 CoNTKAnANn is also a term apidieil to desig- 
 nate that class of eonimodities wliieli neutrals a>'" 
 mil allowed to carry during; war to a bclli,L;erent 
 ]i(iMer. [Nkutuality. I 
 
 CONVOY. In Xavif^ation, the term applied to 
 desii^nate a ship or ships of war, appointed by 
 (iovemniciit, or by the conmiaiider-iu-chief on a 
 jiartieiilar station, to escort or protect the mer- 
 chaiiL ships proceeding to certain ports. Omvoys 
 arc mostly ai>pointeil durinf; war; but they are 
 sometimes also appointed during ]ieace, for the 
 se('urity of ships navif^atiiif; seas infested with 
 liirates. 
 
 Individuals have not always be( n left to tliem- 
 selves lo Jiiduc as to the expediency of sailing 
 with or without convo\. 'J'hc (iovennnenls of 
 most maritime stales have thouj^ht proper, when 
 they were eiif,'at;ed in hostilities, to obli^co their 
 subjects to jilaco (lieniselves under an escort of 
 this sort, tliat the eiu'uiy might not be enriched 
 by their ca|iture. Ads "to this elVecl were passed 
 ill this country during the American war and the 
 lale T'ciK h war. The last of tlieso Acts (I:! (ieo. 
 I II. c. 57) enacled that it should not be lawful 
 for any sliii) belonging lo any of liis Majesty's 
 suliiecls (except as tlicrein ]>rovidcd) to depart 
 from any pnrt or jilace whativer unless under 
 such convoy as sliould be aiipointcd for that pur- 
 ]i( se. 'i'he master was required to use his utmost 
 endeavours lo contioue with ihe convoy during 
 the wliidc voyage, or such part thereof as it shoiihl 
 lie directed to accompany his ship; and not to 
 separate therelVum without leave of the com- 
 mander, under very luavy pecuniary penalties. 
 And in case of any ship de|iarliiig willioiit convoy 
 contrary lo the Act. or wilfully separating tliere- 
 from, ail insurances un the ship, cargo, or freight, 
 beldiiging til the master, or to any other per-^on 
 directing or pirivy to sncli ihpi'.rture or separa- 
 lioii, were rendereil null and void. The customs 
 ollieers were direited nut to allow any ship that 
 ought to sail with convoy to clear out from .any 
 place in the I'niled Kingdom for foreign parts 
 without requiring from the master bond with one 
 surely, with conililion that the ship sliouM not 
 de|iart without convoy, nor aftenvards desert or 
 Avilfiilly separate from it. The ri'gulations of this 
 Act did not extend to shiiis not requiring to be 
 registered, nor to those licensed to sail without 
 ciiiivoy, nor (o those engaged in tlie coasting trade, 
 nor to those belonging lo the I'^ast India (joni- 
 ]ianv &c. 
 
 It is ver}' common, during periods of war, to 
 make saithiij nr ilcfHtrtiii;/ irith vonvoji a condition 
 ill policies of insurance. This, like other warrant- 
 ies in a policy, must bcs/nV/Ay iicrformed. And if 
 a ship, w.arn'iitcd to sail with convoy, sail without 
 it, th(! policy becomes void, whether this be im- 
 imlable to any negligence on the part of the in- 
 suivd, or the refusal of (iovernment to appoint a 
 convoy. 
 
 There are five things essential to sailing with 
 convoy : y'v/.. first, it must be with a regular con- 
 voy, under an officer appointed by <ii)vonmient; 
 sitoiulh/, it must be from the place of rendezvous 
 ajipointed by (iovernment ; t/ilnl/i/, it must he a 
 convoy for the voyage; /ImrM/y, the master of 
 the ship must have sailing instructions from the 
 
 COPAL 
 
 commandinp officer of the convoy ; and ./;'/>/„',/, ilin 
 ship must depart and continue with the coiivin 
 till the end of the voyage unless separated hV 
 necessity. 
 
 Willi respect to the third of these condilicinsw,. 
 ni.ay observe that a warranty to sail with cunvnv 
 generally means a convoy ,/()r //»• roy/m/i!; nml i'l 
 is not necessary to add the words ' for llie V(ivn;;c 
 to make it so. Xcitlier will the adding of" tirps,. 
 words in sonii' instances make the oniissiun ,,t 
 I hem, in any ease, the ground of a dillVrent iiiu- 
 striiction. A warranty to sail with coiivny duos 
 not, however, uniformly mean a convoy that is („ 
 accompany the ship insured the entire way frnni 
 the port of depi.rture to her port of dcstinnti,,,, 
 but su(di convoy as (ir)vemmenl may think lit ;i, 
 ajipoint as a Hullicient jirofection for sliip^ goin ■ 
 the voyage insured, whether it be for the whole lir 
 only a part of the voyage. 
 
 .Sailing instructions, referred to in the fmirili 
 condition, arc written or printed directinns deli. 
 vercd by the commanding officrr of the c'lnviv 
 to the several masters of the ships under his cir. 
 that they may imderstand and answer .-iirnii:-, 
 and know the place of rcnde7,vous appoiruiil i .r 
 the licet in c.ise of dispersion by slonn, or liv.in 
 enemy &c. These sailing insirnctions aiv ,„ 
 very indispensable, that no vessel can have ilr 
 full protection and benelit of convoy witlmni 
 them : hence, when, through the negligeiiof rf 
 the master, they arc not obtained, the ship i- n , 
 said to have sailed with convoy; ami a iv,irr,',ntv 
 in a policy of insurance to that efl'cet is held ^ 
 to be comiilied with. If, however, the inastor ii 
 all in his power to obtain sailing instriictioiis In; 
 is prevented from obtaining them by anviiwi; r-l 
 able obstacle, as the Ijadness of the weatlipr: urit] 
 they be refused by the commanderof ihecmivi- 
 the warranlv in the poliuj- is held to be compiit 
 with. 
 
 I"or further information as to convoy. scoAIiImI 
 On the. Lair nf Shippin;/, jiart iii. cli. iii. : Mai~li,ill 
 Oil Iiisiirtiiiri; book i. eh. ix. sec. 5; and llio.V 
 13 (Ieo. HI. c. 57 <tc. 
 
 COPAIVA. [Balsam.! 
 
 COPAL, improperly called (iiim Cnpal 
 valuable and singular kindof rosin, that iiatiinll] 
 exiuh^s from dillerent Large trees, and is iiiir«irii 
 pai fly from America, and partly from tin: l!;i 
 Indies. The best copal is hard and hriltlo. 
 rounded luuqis of a moderate size, easily rciliicili 
 lo a fine powder, of a light lemon yellow ool'iii 
 beautifully transparent, but oflen, like an, 
 containing parts of insects and other small cxtn 
 neous bodies in its substance. Ifsspecilici'nril 
 varies from l-Ol") to l-i;!!t. It has ncitlnril 
 solubility in water common to gums, iinr tl 
 scdubility in alcohol coninmn to resins, at lia-t 
 any considerable degree. It may be dissnlvn! 
 digestion in drying linseed oil, and ollior vilali 
 menstrua. This scdution forms a heaiiliridtni 
 jiarent varnish, whiidi. wdieii propiTly a;: 
 and slowly dried, is very hard and verydiir; 
 ('<ipal varnish was first discovered in I'raiuv.a 
 was long known by the name of vernis iiKirIk 
 is apjilied to suufl-boxes. teadioards, am 
 utensils. It preserves and gives lustre to pai 
 ings; and contributes lo restore tlic diw 
 colours fif old pictures, by filling up I'rai'k-.i 
 remlering the surface capable of rctlocliii:: li| 
 more uniformly. Copal is liable toljeeoiifoun^ 
 with yiim itiiiiiii'; when the latter is very clear 
 good, lint it is of import.ancc to ilislin? 
 between them, as the amme, though valuable 
 varnish, is much less so than the tiiiost copal; 
 varnish with the former being darker col™ 
 and not so hard. Besides the external apf 
 
 ofcacJi, which is pi 
 tlio .soiiibilify ill III 
 l!io aiiinu? beiiirr 
 •iliilo llie copal is | 
 .il-o lirittle betwe<.i 
 -iHoiis in the moiit; 
 IMiuniiri/ ; &c\ 
 (ium cojial U iUxf, 
 I'.At'rio.i, a few milj?, 
 "I'/aiiziliar ; an infei 
 i-land. Tile supply 
 iM.i. and the ,,r,„'(„ 
 Diilolonce of fli,, „f, 
 
 '»""-!'"' -^^I'l'I'Iy th, 
 Ai*<l ft ''1 tile (|,V„ 
 n.-iiliMff (111 tlie coast." 
 v« .Uimmf for Iwi) "n 
 (vfiort from Zanzibar 
 vjliiod ai ;f7, !(;(;/. ^^ 
 mM, equal to ahou 
 
 'IJ!."l™ig the dry sea. 
 LiiiifiJ in the wet. 
 
 In mi] the imiiorfs < 
 c»tA.valHed at ,S7,L'r,o 
 i!:fi'lnlij)|.ino islands 
 Mtlfmeiits, and Portiir' 
 .•lalfaimtlie Philip,,i7i 
 c«.; tliat from otiier ^ 
 flctet comes from jj„;, 
 I en, 
 
 lOPLVHAGEX. 'ih 
 
 iko Least of the ishind 
 Ml "fiteUalfic called th 
 
 MCfMSof ISO'O, J,-,,r, ,;,'., 
 
 .■ ,■ '' IS a weJI-biiil 
 
 ?%'iiito Copenhagen tl 
 w-n tlie Stubbc',, J!,, 
 
 "»e<hree Crowns batter 
 l^^m^. Frouuhethr 
 
 Nho 4 fathoms deep. 
 
 'feMni^aiinn rather dZ',1 
 
 '^""" •"•■"<";•. pilot on'' 
 
 '"f "'le, she niav lie 
 
 '"^■■"•lic.|i ho w-ilj •!,/'' 
 
 '**'''''^ f-'vn Ce^!„ ' 
 
 """!>• Ves.scls in 1 
 '■?iJt.tlie.,n,,v. TJiu n„i 
 '""i ami safe " "' 
 
 •'%-.Vccomifs 
 
 inul 
 
 are ke 
 
 lout /.v. J,/, 
 
 '^■"""'"ll^ ,s.i,, St 
 
 '""', ' ■ new „r jii ,\ 
 
 .1 • 1 lie par ol 
 
 '■'" funds = 1 ■• "" 
 
 hel 
 
 „. ,, ^i-'poiind ; 
 
 ''"Mb.s,= l 1(11 II ' 
 
 .■,i>=I IioJjk'.i,i 
 
 gmea,rc,_, ,^ i 
 *-' tomie or tf^n- i? 
 
.111 I 
 
 ik 
 nut I 
 t<i\ 
 Il'i 
 JTIIVI 
 
 !r All 
 ■..hm 
 
 .\l[n'tj 
 
 '■'" 
 
 npfe'l 
 \l,l..tlj 
 
 litl!'. II 
 
 111 (NUl 
 
 Ithi r il 
 liwr tl 
 |tl»t 
 )olv 
 It v'Wi 
 Ifiilmi 
 
 r il', . 
 
 Iniiirtiii' 
 
 laii'l ">' 
 
 i to I'll 
 
 kill;: >'l 
 [oiifooi' 
 
 cloa' 
 IliitiiKi 
 liliwWi 
 
 copal ; 
 colni 
 
 I apt' 
 
 COPENHAGEX 
 
 „ffa<;li. wliidi is prcltydistini'i to a prncliscd ( yo, 
 
 • il,. gullibility in nlcoliol furiiislips u uhcI'iiI test— 
 
 ■ ii,. iiniiiu' bciiiK iciulily soliilili! iu tliis tluid, 
 
 liilo iIh' t-'opiil is Imnlly nil'i'i-tod by it ; coiial is 
 
 ,|„i liiittlc l)(.'twoim the teeth, whereas aniino 
 
 LitiiH in tiic moiitl., (Kees's Ci/clojMfilia; Urc's 
 
 IMiuncrir- A'C.) 
 
 tium copal is diif; from tlic cartli on the const 
 
 f Afrii'a, a few miles inland, opposite tlie island 
 
 . /.aiizihar ; an inferior sort is also found on the 
 
 liniil. II"' supply is supposed to be inexhaust- 
 
 1,1,.. anil the prodiielion only limited by the 
 
 :,,4„l,.nie of the negroes, who will merely di)^ up 
 
 inuiKli to supply their (hiily wants. It is piir- 
 
 iliiiMil fi •'! the "dif;j;ers by'lhe Indian Hanians 
 
 n-UiiiH"" 'be eoast. Cidonel I'elly in his Rcpnrt 
 
 ,„ .ViisiviMor IXlJtl, published in l.SOU, states the 
 
 ,x|«irt friiin Zanzibar to amount to 87"),H7,"> Ihs.. 
 
 nliii'il at .'iT.lOl')/. It is usually sold by the 
 
 f(ira:/iiA, eipial to about I..") lbs. avoirdnpois. That 
 
 ■jai; iliiriiif,' the dry season is inferior to that ob- 
 
 uini'iliatlie wet. 
 
 In isiii! tlie imports of gum copal were 12,911 
 
 piiv valued at Al^'lMI. The chief sourees are 
 
 itf I'liilippinc Islands, Sierra Leone, the Straits 
 
 ^ttlraieiits, and Portugal. The average (iriee of 
 
 Mialfrtiin the riiilippincs is only U. Vis. lil. per 
 
 (Kt.; that from other sources is about 3/. IDs. 
 
 [liflicst comes from ISonibay, and is worth hi, the 
 
 l.OrENHAGEN'. The capital of Denmark, on 
 ikL coast of the island of Zealand, in the chan- 
 nel i.fite Haltic called the Sound ; lat. o.j° 11' 1" 
 N,lic.r2° 35' '!<)" E. Poiiulation, according 
 wMJUsof 1«C0, ir),"),M3; estimated in 1800 at 
 iilVX*), It is a well-built, handsome city. In 
 "aiii; into Copenhagen, the cinirse is lietwcon the 
 kv"n tlio Stubbcn Hank to tlie left, and the 
 Im.'vi.ntlie Middle-grounds, and tliose in adv.anei' 
 il'lic three Crowns batteries on the right. W.S.W. 
 liViYni|iass. I'romthe three frowns to tlie mads 
 Bftturse v S.S.VV. The water in the channel is 
 jlimijto 4 fathoms deep; but it is narrow, and 
 llitMvigatioii rather ditficult. Tlicre is no obK- 
 itiii to lake a pilot on bo.ird; but if a vessel 
 I'll tut one. she may heave to abreast of the 
 tarn-, ivlieii he will 'ionic to her. Vessels not 
 iMiiiiii,' to eonio Into harbour bring up in the 
 4L-, at from ^ to A mile from shore, in about I 
 iilMiiNthe town bearing S.S.W. In the liar- 
 iir.uiiliin the boom, the water is from 17 to l.S 
 t tap. Vessels in harbour load and unload 
 a.'-iJi'thc ipiay. The anchorage in thit roads 
 ;»«1 and sale. 
 
 .'/«;/•— Accounts are kept in rixdoUars of 
 
 iir i)C skilliiigs; the rixdollar being for- 
 
 ilyworth .ihoul Is. Id. sterling, lint in ISl,'! 
 
 kw monetary system was lulopted, according 
 
 ihicli til new or RUjxlinnlt dollar is worth 
 
 SJi/.. lieiiig half the value of the old specie 
 
 lilir. anil j of the old current dollar. The 
 
 tdty generally used in coinmercial transactions 
 
 money. The p(ir of exchange, estimated 
 
 tlie liigsl,aiik dollar, woidil be 8 dollars 7'0 
 
 ip per pound sterling. 
 Kjftfs ic Mensiirts. — The ccminiercial weights 
 l'ipouiiil3 = l lispound; 'Jit lis|)ounds= 1 ship- 
 ' 10nlb?.= llO^ lbs. avoirdupois .-1,! I lbs. 
 =1"1 \y. of Amsterdam ■■= 103 of Hamburg. 
 Kliipiiil measures are, 1 ankers-- 1 ahni or 
 \\ ahm = 1 hogshead ; 2 hogsheads = 1 
 ;2pipes = l quarter. Theanker=10 (very 
 ij) Eniilish wine gallons, \fiiilir of w ine — 
 Hti; ami lOU pots=2Ji]j wine gallons. 
 " Jt)' measures are, l viertcls= I schelTel ; H 
 S:ls=l tiinilc or ton; 12 tons=l Iast-I7i 
 eslet bushels. The last of oil, butter, lier- 
 
 ■119 
 
 rings, and other oily substances should weigh 221 
 lbs. nett. 
 
 The measure of length is the llhiiielaiiil foot = 
 12^ inches very iiearlv. The Danish tll = 2 feel ; 
 lOi) ells = (;sij Kiiglis I'yards. 
 
 The following comparative tabli' of Danish and 
 English Weights and JMeasuiesis given in a Hi/iiiit 
 of ,Iaii. 2.'(, j.siis, by Mr. Straeluy, our t'hargo 
 d'AlVaires at Copenhagen :— 
 
 Ditnish. 
 
 I*(iim(l 
 
 
 K 11(1 Hall. 
 
 I'lO'J'i lli>. avoinliiii 
 
 (,)>inl 1 1. 100 lb.) 
 
 
 IIMlll) „ 
 
 Ilrr ll-IIHKl III.) 
 
 
 ll-oi)ll ,, 
 
 I'liihUT (100 Ills.) 
 
 
 llll'^.'il^ „ 
 
 'i'linito :— 
 
 
 
 (II 1 (irn 
 
 
 .-■•SJ70llU^lll•l.. 
 
 ll.vr 
 
 
 'JS-:ilS!lK.ilUin.. 
 
 Ituiur • 
 
 
 '.!li;-Ul;'.llli». avoirdui 
 
 I'oal 
 
 
 ■eil77.'iliiishi;U. 
 
 I'.it - 
 
 
 tl-/]'Hi K.(llonk. 
 
 \'ii.rlil 
 
 
 iron 
 
 .\U.nl,-lll 
 
 
 oiiSiii v.irJ. 
 
 FihIU'ikiI) 
 
 
 l-0.i'.i7 Iwt. 
 
 Ciiliikloil 
 
 
 I'O'J IS cubic ftci. 
 
 ComiiuTrflirit 
 
 
 '■! lon<. 
 
 KiK^a.ilcr^ti ninrkn 
 
 —'M't skillingi 
 
 •is. .-.</. 
 
 A new law has just (1808) pa.s.sed the Itigsdag 
 enacting that iu future the French 'gramme' 
 system of weights shall bo used by the Danish 
 inedieal facullv and veterinary doctors in pre- 
 scribing medicines, and likewise by apothecario.? 
 ill retailing drugs for medical purposes. 
 
 Tnidc of Ciiiiviihaijeii. — This is not very consi- 
 derable ; nor is it rapidly im'rcasing — a result 
 mainly of the lau^ war, and the consecpieiit dimi- 
 mitioii of the territory and resources of Denmark. 
 Ijul it is to be hoped that tiiC stationary state of 
 her trade may not last long. The improveiiieiit 
 of iigiiciiltnre, occasioned in jiart by Mie forma- 
 tion of railways, but far more by the reiieal of our 
 corn laws and of llie prohibition against importing 
 live slock, liy insuring to the Danes a convenient 
 and advantageous market for all sorts of produce, 
 has been ami should continue to be nearly as 
 advantageous to them as to ouiselves. Timber, 
 pitch, and tar are chielly imported from Sweden 
 and Norway: flax, hemp, masts, sail-clolli, and 
 corilagc from Iiiis>ia; simar chielly from the West 
 Indies and Soiilli .Vmerica ; colfee and tobacco 
 from Aiiieiii'a: wines and brandy from Fr.ince ; 
 coal, iron and machinery, cotton-twist, tea, hard- 
 ware and earthenware, .-ire the princiiial articles 
 of direct importation t'roin I'.iigland. Dfcoal. we 
 sent to Denmark (principally to Copenbagen), in 
 180i;, 5211, .■)!>.") Ions, and of irim about 2il,iMiii ditto. 
 Owing to the ciroiicoiis policy of the Danish 
 (iovcrninent, which has atleiiipted. at a great 
 public In.s.s, to raise anil bolster up maiuil'actnres, 
 the direct imports of woollens and cottons are 
 inconsiderable. These articles are not, however, 
 probibitrd. Down to l8ll ihey were admitted 
 on condition of their being staniiied and put up to 
 auction by the cnslom-honse, which.. ifter retaining 
 .'ill per cent, of the gross produce of the .sale, Jiaid 
 ovi r the surplus to the importer. In I he above 
 year, the duty, in imitaliou of the (ierniau 
 jilan, w.as ordered lo be assessed, partly according 
 to the description of the goods and iiarlly accord- 
 ing to their weight ; so that the existing duty 
 varies on cotton goods, from 3/. l."iv. to 22/. lOx. 
 per 100 lbs. Danish (eipial to 110 lb.s. Engli.sh); 
 on liner woollens, from 3/. 1,'w. to hi. lO.',-. 8(/. 
 per liiolbs, Danish; and on while silks, l.s. lii/. per 
 11). Ihit, tlioiigli advanlageous in some respects, 
 this change was nii.schievous in others ; for while it 
 facilitated the collection of the dulies, and reduced 
 thosi^ on the liner description.s, it added materially 
 to those on the coar.ser and mo.st es.sential fabrics. 
 Hence we neeil not be sur|)rised that there is aii 
 extensive illicit importation of those articles by 
 the Elbe and llolstcin frontier. The exports coii- 
 
 E E 2 
 
 'i 
 
420 
 
 COPENHAGEN 
 
 r ,.►<■ 
 
 .'r ' 
 
 i 
 
 11 ■ I: ■ 
 
 sist iniiK'ipnlly nf tlic prodiirc of flic soil, as corn, 
 rnpr-scocl, ImlliT and rhci'sp. beef and iiorlt, Imrscs 
 and cattle, wool, hides and skins, bones, coni-liraiiily 
 itc. At lui avcrat;c of the Jl years endini; with 
 ISiill-T the nniiiial exports of corn (exclusive of 
 meal and Hour) from Denmark were — wheat, 
 •11(1,517 barrels (2 '^ of wlii(di are ei|iiiil to 1 hup. 
 (ir.) : rye, 110,r.l7 barrels; barley. 1,.TJM,,')C>1 do.: 
 and o'lis, O.'ili.Kill <lo. In 18(ii> we imjiorleil from 
 Denmark .")()i"i.'_':)("i ewts. wheat. 37,11)2 do. wheat- 
 floiir. l,llCi,.'!7(I do. barley, ;it)t).HM8 do. oats, and 
 ;!,'),(;7.s do. peas and beans. [ Cou\ Laws.] 
 
 Ciislom.i Tdiiff. — In 1838 new vahiatioiis were 
 fixed, as well as more moderate and more iiniforin 
 
 rates of entry. In IS 14, 18 17, 18,">I, and 1853, tlm 
 Tariir of 18:18 was revised, and in I8(;:i n ,^^,.y 
 Customs Law passed, which, completed liy the 
 enactments of 18('il and 18().'), is ihe exjsiin,, 
 legislation. The Tarilf is still comidicatiil. i,!,, 
 all export and transit dues have ceased, aiul iiiii«t 
 of the rates of entry are moderate. .Since l,s|', 
 with lowi r duties llio Customs rovemiu li.n in, 
 creaseil 170 per cent. Another step in a.|v:incc 
 has been niaile by the admission of foreij^'ii .-hins 
 to the coastiiii^ traile of Iceland itc. 
 
 In the ollicial year 18ti('>-7 the, import iliiii.., i,, 
 Denmark ainounted to ."),ll(i,(IOl) rix dnliary i,f 
 which CopciihaLjcii contributed ;(,ooO,()()o. 
 
 i<-roiinl of' tin: Qiiiiiililles uml Com/iiilcil I'dluis of the Principal Articles imported Into llic l'nilul\ 
 Kingdom from Denmark in the 5 Years 18(J2-(i. 
 
 I'rincip.il .ind uilit-i; ArtklL'S 
 
 AnitiL-ils: oxen and biilln • 
 COW" ami i-.ilvi-s 
 »he<-)> ■iiKl liltnlia 
 swiiu' and liogi 
 llillaes 
 
 Bacnn .... 
 liones of anini.iU and (i>li ( 
 
 Oiianlitit's 
 
 I isr.l I 
 
 Computed Ui-al Values 
 
 3CI 
 1 
 
 •il' 
 
 3, 
 
 ,■5 
 
 (I'Xi'i'l't wlialt'liii'.l 
 ]liillfr 
 Cum ; wheat 
 
 liarley 
 
 oats 
 
 Itf.is atid I>ean-i 
 
 otlier kinds ot'i 
 anil ^r.iin - 
 
 wilt at llour - 
 Fish .... 
 Hams 
 
 Hides, not tanned 
 Oil : train or lilulilier 
 
 spermact'ti 
 Oil seed rake 
 roric, salted 
 ScetLs, rape 
 
 tare* 
 Skins, sell 
 Tallon- 
 Whaletins - 
 >Vi)Ol, sheep and lanilv 
 WiKjIlen raps, torn iiji, 
 
 he useil as wool 
 All other ariiiles 
 
 Total 
 
 I 
 
 .ml 
 i 
 
 1,190 1,111 
 
 . .in.'isi II, '■.It; 
 
 llfi,C."J .17-Mii.T 
 
 i,lir,,Mii :i,i;ii.iMi I 
 
 riis.'.is i.iii.O'is 
 
 li,.'jS7 .".i.llT 
 
 (Not Computed) | 
 
 •2,17'i iO.'i: 
 
 •l/iil 
 
 (17 
 
 1,-iVI 
 
 (is 
 'i,noi 
 
 l,l)7li 
 
 2,S'i,1 
 i.ec. 
 
 17, •.II' 
 
 It 
 
 ,f,33,174 I,' 
 ,',os,5'JS I,: 
 
 .. I 
 
 (i,J 
 4 
 
 111 
 
 IS'i 
 
 •J .01 1 
 
 .•.ir 
 
 V,'li7 
 
 1 
 
 7'^7 
 
 "471 
 
 1,0 J.I 
 
 'i,nis 
 
 r,!,-r\ 
 7iT.ii:'i 
 ,'.'S3,'.i::i 
 (ii'.i."i;'i 
 
 &7,l»ti'» 
 
 i(;,r,',!'^ 
 
 W.i7'l 
 1.1,7117 
 
 ri 1 
 
 11, .'.lis 
 
 'J, I Ills 
 'J7.v.'.li 
 
 .-.1 1,1 
 
 S.Mll 
 
 n.'„'.v'.l 
 
 I8K6 
 
 7,n!ii 
 i,(ii.ii;i 
 li,'>3i , 
 .if,i 1 
 
 701 
 3'i,51l|' 
 
 'i7,.io-,! 
 
 1111.^7"! 
 
 !l,.'is'i 
 1,7 "iS 
 i!,7Sl 
 1,'Jlll 
 4,'J(S 
 
 13,103 
 '.',S 10 
 
 r, 
 41,733 'i,'J2'),'.ni 
 
 17,904 i.in.iis i,i:n,'ii'^ 
 
 .-•J,33t 
 
 (1,7311 
 
 .-7,l'l'.' 
 
 ,'),3:.i 
 
 'J II 
 
 .'ill 
 3,.'i7:i 
 
 1S,7(19 
 
 ■l,M'' 
 
 l,iiy 
 
 I'J.ii'ir, 
 
 .'.III 
 
 11(1 
 
 ->ll,,')iii 
 
 I 1,11(1,37(1 
 .; 3'.iii,sss 
 3.'),(17S 
 
 l'i,S71 
 4.'>.4I7 
 
 S,'.'K.-, 
 
 ■A-.,3'il 
 (ill 
 
 V,ori7 
 
 .30,770 
 l.'idl 
 
 I3,i;.i 
 
 311(1 
 
 ^,'jni,3w 
 I ,s(;.),9'io 
 
 IS6'J 
 
 1863 
 £ 
 
 1S6I 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 6,54'. 
 
 17 
 
 167 
 
 .. 
 
 357 
 
 16 
 
 ■' 
 
 i 
 
 1,218 
 
 V,1.V', 
 
 l„'i9S 
 
 2,,'.28 
 
 !«7 
 
 •J 
 
 2,9.1 1 
 
 7, SSI 
 
 r>,v<; 
 
 11,263 
 
 I.'i6.3l!) 
 
 210,0 -.4 
 
 ,3,1l,8,'.2 
 
 mS.'.'I'J 
 
 lS2.l,T,i 
 
 323,SliS 
 
 41tl,7;i7 
 
 I70.4I11 
 
 1111,(101 
 
 '.!'JH,7'.,'> 
 
 4S3,.'.I7 
 
 2I3,.3»6 
 
 6,i6l 
 
 12,17,1 
 
 22,372 
 
 1,423 
 
 421 
 
 i.SOh 
 
 1,733 
 
 7,612 
 
 14,6S7 
 
 3,(12'l 
 
 7,i;il 
 
 11, -191 
 
 20(1 
 
 6(1 
 
 637 
 
 2,(iSS 
 
 9,3,'.'.) 
 
 31,911 
 
 S.'.Kl 
 
 1I,,'.3S 
 
 3,6IS 
 
 30,3 1 1 
 
 23, IIS 
 
 ,35,7R'l 
 
 li,3l(l 
 
 7,00(1 
 
 22,019 
 
 ,30,713 
 
 4 1 ,(102 
 
 .'.,1'.9 
 
 4, .'.(11 
 
 4,2'.7 
 
 4,171 
 
 2SI 
 
 2,762 
 
 19S 
 
 39,11s 
 
 517 
 
 10,410 
 
 210 
 
 1 16 
 
 ., 
 
 80,717 
 
 89,391 
 
 119,7 IS 
 
 25.112 
 
 2 1,1, S3 
 
 31,531 
 
 26,091 
 
 89,221 
 
 ,'.2,512 
 
 .1.34,171 
 
 l,t>23,X9J 
 
 1,7^8.203 
 
 ISf.S 
 
 r^iKi 
 
 3f..',41l, 
 2SI,.',.U 
 •IKMIll 
 
 3(1 ;,4s: 
 l,".,l)i(l 
 
 2:.,72 
 17,1(11. 
 I7.1(l,-. 
 43.72.i 
 IV.II.'il 
 
 2J.W1I 
 
 .'Alio 
 
 li,ll, 
 
 2,.'.-r, 
 
 l,HI(i 
 
 1 ,22(1 
 
 2.f.Sll 
 
 121i,7iO 
 
 Acioiml of the (^iKiiililiix ami Derhiml I'aliii.f (f Ihe Principal Articles of the Prmliire and Mm 
 factitre of the United Klnijdom exported to Denmark in the o Years 18()l-6. 
 
 1 Principal and otIuT .VrliL-lcs 
 
 
 
 (Quantities 
 
 
 1 Declared Heal Vjlues 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ISfil 
 
 1S65 
 
 1866 
 
 j 1861 
 £ 
 
 1 1865 
 
 1 W.i\ 
 
 1 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 Alkali, soda 
 
 ewls. 
 
 41,153 
 
 9S.740 
 
 71,087 
 
 13,567 
 
 37,SI7 
 
 iVM 
 
 
 1 Ap|.arel and liaherdadiery 
 
 v.liue 
 
 
 
 
 19,812 
 
 1 10,0119 
 
 :,v.i 
 
 
 1 Cement .... 
 
 CWts, 
 
 (l.-,7."19 
 
 SI,6SI) 
 
 77,110 
 
 8.526 
 
 9,713 
 
 s,.,<: 
 
 
 Coats, I'iiiders. an<l mini 
 
 tons 
 
 4Ss,9IS 
 
 51.V'.13 
 
 010,200 
 
 202,S65 
 
 242,731 
 
 V:\:i,t 
 
 
 Copper, \,roii;;lit and uiiHroufilit 
 
 CWts. 
 
 (I'll 
 
 2,071 
 
 2.9SI 
 
 3,491 
 
 9,5(12 
 
 I.MI.l 
 
 
 Cotton \ irn 
 
 Ills. 
 
 5J6,3..3 
 
 1,'S2,0|0 
 
 l,K72,23i 
 
 55,,'.61 
 
 110,993 
 
 r7,.«ii 
 
 
 1 Cottons, entered hv the v,ird - 
 
 vards 
 
 3,I7.-.,3CS 
 
 4,2Si,62l 
 
 5,23,3,632 
 
 93,576 
 
 103,610 
 
 v.K.'i:, 
 
 
 at valu'f 
 
 value 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 10,668 
 
 1 1,287 
 
 AlH 
 
 
 K.irthenw.ir.' and ponelaln - 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 9,617 
 
 18,101 
 
 i«.i« 
 
 
 Fi'h. Inrr lies ... 
 
 harls. 
 
 40,375 
 
 50,929 
 
 26,009 
 
 57, ,307 
 
 65.572 
 
 ,ii,-ii 
 
 
 Hardw,ires ,iiul eutlerv. unenumeratetl 
 
 CWts. 
 
 4,7(l'l 
 
 4,617 
 
 5,yii0 
 
 21,191 
 
 22,18(1 
 
 '.''.,!« 
 
 
 Iron, urontht ,ind uiiwrouttlit 
 
 tons 
 
 IS.I.ll 
 
 3o,S(12 
 
 21,S75 
 
 170,010 
 
 2II,S99 
 
 I7«;i 
 
 
 ,Tute nianut ntures - 
 
 yards 
 
 601,1,-9 
 
 4J1.925 
 
 51,1,063 
 
 I2,I5S 
 
 9,179 
 
 i.i.y.: 
 
 
 I.ea<l and shot 
 
 tons 
 
 I7S 
 
 213 
 
 97 
 
 I 3,95. 
 
 4„16l 
 
 i,!.ii 
 
 
 White 
 
 rwls. 
 
 2,215 
 
 2,122 
 
 2,'.ilS 
 
 2,S99 
 
 3.,'.38 
 
 3,5:3 
 
 
 1 Linen yarn 
 
 Ihs, 
 
 65I,M.2 
 
 66 ...im 
 
 477,(115 
 
 44,173 
 
 40,270 
 
 ,v;,(:s 
 
 
 [ I.iiiena, entered hv the yard . 
 
 varils 
 
 1,7,".(.,9I2 
 
 1,117,142 
 
 1,(I96,V',1 
 
 69,832 
 
 46,0'l| 
 
 !*,;« 
 
 
 at value 
 
 value 
 
 
 
 
 1 12,671 
 
 13,(117 
 
 n.-n^H 
 
 .Machinery : steam engines . 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 1 l(l,.'.4.1 
 
 t5,'l]l 
 
 'ii.i'i ^H 
 
 all other -oris . 
 
 
 
 
 
 9.473 
 
 16,SJI 
 
 iV.'iH 
 
 Tainters' rnlours (not otherwisel 
 tiescribed) • • i 
 
 
 
 •• 
 
 .. 
 
 ! 2,247 
 
 2,S63 
 
 ini^l 
 
 Salt . . . . 
 
 tons 
 
 11,619 
 
 9,7.-0 
 
 13,9,13 
 
 ' 6,1. '.n 
 
 5,02 
 
 'y- ^H 
 
 Tin plates . - . - 
 
 v,l ui- 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 4,944 
 
 4,(1.'<' 
 
 .r'.i>(^H 
 
 \VoulIeii ,ind wor-tid varn 
 
 Ills. 
 
 31,771 
 
 30,9,37 
 
 ,-.S,229 
 
 5,676 
 
 5,116 
 
 «.!il^B 
 
 M'oollen-, enteretl h\ the yard 
 
 yards 
 
 1,437,631 
 
 1,098,(19.. 
 
 898,160 
 
 207,16(1 
 
 uis,;(,s 
 
 ,s:.ii7^H 
 
 at vdue 
 
 value 
 
 .. 
 
 
 ., 
 
 5,1^5 
 
 C.'.H 
 
 Vii^m- 
 
 AM other articks . - • 
 
 »» 
 
 ,, 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 89,118 
 l,l.'.2,7il7 
 
 9.'.,2.',9 
 1 (.1.1.12 
 
 Ti'.lll^H 
 
 Total 
 
 ..!..: 
 
 I.I"t<u| 
 
 ■ 
 
 Stnleinent of the ^ 
 of Copenliuyen 
 
 siilinir shi|.s 
 «inieri 
 lolal 
 
 The .ihove %ures 
 ■.mi^ti that only 
 
 ;iir;i.!C.-', 
 
 Ihfniimber of Br 
 I.:; ihc port of Copt 
 
 iiiStUiitaiii liadiht 
 
 Mii^'ii trade at this 
 
 Tie Danish I'arlia 
 
 tut I.in.s wliich cam 
 
 i>C. lh\Q relates ti 
 
 aJllict|ih'iJilicalioiis 
 
 •sil aiiiler Danish c 
 
 caiiTwliicli tliey nioi 
 
 n.'riiijn ports. Tlnj 
 
 i.iJiiriiiient of tonna 
 
 (luiir.McrcIiant .Shiji 
 
 fcmity to tlic method 
 
 e(.D-*|iiciit ease to tli 
 
 rff.:incliarj,res ttc. ' 
 
 attlwMiiie weight an 
 
 ttpL-tfr ton, i. e. 1 00 
 
 Dani-h ciiliic feet = l 
 
 tk iliip .ivailable for 
 
 ilettni]i]if.l on exacflv f 
 
 diJi'/.tfiliii tile ineasiirei 
 
 it Miim- (KS(;«) pro 
 
 M'A vessels from r( 
 
 ;*ri.<. in such wise that 
 
 a\ii i.f registry (nieasi 
 
 faoie v,ili(lity as similar 
 
 in 
 
 reii 
 
 foi 
 
 |i!ii« will l,e paid in ]),; 
 lt(.iin,if;e tlenoted tlic. 
 
 |(ff(', Crowe's /ffy;„;-/,V 
 
 I i'utt Cliurffi-s.—Tbo 
 Jfort are .is (oll„ws :— Jh 
 IlKT eoiiiiuercial last (5 ■'( 
 J'iiscliart,'0(l, In no ca's" 
 Ini'To tim the actual 
 J*'.">; .111(1 alluwance is 
 I'l-iciB lor ship's use, an 
 If'im, iii.iciiincry itc 
 H«skillinq;s (brh,arboti 
 |cullwofgoofl9dischar 
 
 ■^skillingspcrcomnien 
 
 iliMK.iir ftir expert, bu 
 ri*l!,iosinthcroad" 
 
 It'.'killinK.sporcomni, 
 I'tr (lues, m ships wl 
 
 .''i;"i.-iffc is eliar-cd Ci 
 pe (.'iinwiy as follow.s, 
 
 11 i.i ;; 
 
 Id „ 
 
 I IS vo ; 
 
 .NMl.— The nveraKc annual value of the foreign and colonial iiro<tuce exported from this countrv to Denmark in the 3 yean etidin^vil 
 1 166 wa« 290,882/. 
 
 Commercial Marine. — The Danish merchant i with 8,812 ton.s, and 4,2.13 horse-power. Ol'ilj 
 marine, in 1807, consisted of 3,730 ships, of a I .above, !»88 vessels of -lO.OlO tons, inclmling 
 burden of 172,402 tons, of which 82 were steamers, I the steam llect, belonged to Copciiliagcu 
 
 '[»''li indiules i 
 '■Vlits St.- 
 
 oil cliar^^e 
 I'or a lon.r 
 ,;•; i'nhts, mark.s, an, 
 '1 coast and waters f 
 Wl Crowe s;f ,.;,„,, f„ 
 'l""h, n,„U,in,,.-.'ny,. \ 
 '«• MLibhshed in l^iyl 
 
COPENIIAGEX 
 
 421 
 
 (jiliirtiH^ i)f the Shi]>)>hi<i tliiii cleared in ami out 
 of Cofienluitien in tlic Djjicial Year 18GG-7. 
 
 
 Cleareil in 
 
 Clearitl out 
 
 
 Ship* 
 
 Tons 
 
 Nlll|>t 
 
 Tuna 
 
 Tol.ll 
 
 7,B(l(i 
 •^,774 
 
 10,-8 r 
 
 .il7,7ro; 
 um.fii 1 
 4/l,.iii) 
 
 7,H)t 
 li),;7ii' 
 
 7.'i,(iSS 
 K.'.,|W.'^ 
 
 Vu 
 
 ("opi'iilinscn, with brnndics nt Odciispc and Flons- 
 biir^;. It issues notes (if KMt, Till, ■.'•!, nii;l 5 rix- 
 dollar-s, payiiblc in specie on ik'iiiaiid, and transacts 
 all sorts o!' !).iiiliiiit,' Imsinoss. In 1H5(! a piivato 
 joint-Mock bank was ostablisiied, with a capital of 
 ■.',(>()(V)00 rix dollars. It is to tlio credit of the 
 Danisli merchants that they passed tliroiii;li tlie 
 crises of isr>7 and 18G(j v.ith comparatively few 
 failures of any importance. 
 
 i'lilonial Tniilc. — Iiitlie West Indies, the Danes 
 pos.-cs.s still (Auf^iist 18U><) tli(! islands of St. Croix, 
 .St. Thomas, aiul St. John, which, tbonfjli small, 
 are fertile ami well cultivated. Ihit a treaty for 
 .selling; these islands to the United States of 
 Amcica has been concluded, anil only now (see 
 Timen, July "23, 18ti8) wails fur ratification at the 
 next iKocting of Conj;rcss. 
 
 St. riiomaa h.is been selected as a mail packet 
 station for the West India mails. It owes this 
 distinction to its jiort, whidi is one of tlie best in 
 the rcKioii, being landlocked, easy of eijress and 
 ingress, and at oiico central to tiie West Indies 
 and near Kurope. In tlie year IMCitJ. G-'H IJritish 
 vessels visited .St. Thomas, tlie tonnage being 
 lun.'.l.'itt. Besides these, ships of war and mail 
 packets, the latter to the amount of 25,000 tons 
 annually, visit tliis harbonf. It hiis one draw- 
 back, that it is not very health)*. 
 
 The port charges at St. Tliomas arc as follows: 
 Vcs.sels in ballast ■\ dols. 8 cents per 100 tons 
 register. Those bringing and taking cargo pay 
 o7 dols. \'l cents ))cr 100 tons register. Tliose 
 bringing only coals for the steam packet com- 
 lianies or merchants' account, and leaving in bal- 
 last, pay 3-' dols. Gl cents per 100 tons register. 
 Vessels with entire cargoes of coals for the Hoyal 
 jNIail Steam Packet Company arc by Koyal 
 grant and charterparty free of )iort charges. Xo 
 diarges are levied on vessels arriving in distress. 
 There is a fixed fee on all vessels in ballast or loaded, 
 called the ' fort pass,' of 8l> cents for schooners, 1 
 dol. 28 cents for brigs ; 2 dols. oG cents for barcpies 
 or sbips. The import duties are \\ per cent, on 
 the invoice value of importation, coals being ad- 
 mitted duty free. 
 
 Lighters williout men are from 3 to 5 dols., 
 labour 1 dol. 2.') cents (lerdiem; water for shipping 
 1 to 2 cents per 'J gallons from water boats, free 
 alongside of vessel. Stone ballast, 75 cents to 1 
 dol. per ton of 2,2 Kt lbs. Ihitish weigiit, free along- 
 side of vessel. Pilotage not compulsory, but vessels 
 signalling for a pilot pay liy draught of water, 10 
 dols. for IG feet. In 18GG the cargoes from Great 
 Itritain to St. Thomas were wortli 2,70V,401 dols., 
 Iiesides coals to the value of 22 1,1)85 dols., eipial 
 to GiMl.dDO/. The consumption of coal is very con- 
 iderable, having amounted in the vear 1800 to 
 ',10,251 ti' IS. A tloating dock is in process of 
 construction, and will bo capaide of taking up ves- 
 sels of 3,tHi() tons burden. (Jlr. Consul James's 
 Reim-t, l.Ht;7.) 
 
 Since 18;!.!, when the restrictions on the colonial 
 trade were abolished, St. Croix has sometimes 
 sent considerable ipiantilies of sugar to the liiited 
 States; but latterly these liave decreased, and 
 the pioduce is now mostly brought to Denmark. 
 j The entire imports of sugar, the foreign as well as 
 \ colonial, into Copenhagen amounted in I8()G to 
 j 32,3l;!,'100 lbs.— about !»0 per cent, of the whole 
 I Danish imiiorts. The ini|)orts of coft'ec into Co- 
 S'liioh incliulcs nil charges for landing iiilot Ac. I |ieiiliagen are considerable : in 18GG they amounted 
 |/,i(//i(,sAc.— For a long and most valuable list ' to 13,250,100 lbs. About three-fourths of the 
 I new lights, marks, and buoys placed on the trade with the West Indies is engrossed by Copen- 
 |ini>li cuast and waters in 1807, see Mr. Vice- liagcn, and the rest by Flensburg. The settlc- 
 fii'iil Crowe's Ut'port for that year. ineiits of Tranquebar and Serani|iore in tl'.e Mast 
 
 lllmh, Bniikiiip.—Thv National l?ank of Don- i Iniiies were sold, in 1845, to the East India Coiu- 
 liik, ('jtablished in 1818, has its head office in paiiy. 
 
 Tilt above figures do not include the nimiorons 
 fuamers that only call for coaling or other 
 
 • jtJiOSC-l. 
 
 Ihe number of ISritish vessels that entered and 
 
 l,;;ilicport of Coiienhiigcn during that year was 
 
 ;-iiliips, of a total tonnage of 18 1, 570 tons : thus 
 
 i;,' at lirilain had the most important share of the 
 
 Mti;;n trade at this jiort. 
 
 llic Danish Parliament has passed two impor- 
 
 tiit l.i«s which came into operation in October 
 
 l>i;;, One relates tu the registration of vessels, 
 
 fflltliciiiialidcations which will enable them to 
 
 iiil anikT Danish colours, and the conditions 
 
 ffliirwliicli they may maintain their nationality 
 
 iafirii.^n ports. The second, relating to the acl- 
 
 Ks-urVnicnt of tonnage, is in ell'cct the adoption 
 
 (I wir Merchant Shipping Act, and so gives uni- 
 
 (iitiiiitv to the method of ship measurements, and 
 
 fD-tjiicnt ease to the reckoning and payment 
 
 (.fi. It charges &c. Thus, the tonnage is' taken 
 
 juli, same weight anil capacity as the English 
 
 itcktii ton, i. e. 100 English cubic feet = OI"5',) 
 
 Ii'jiii-1\ cubic feet=l register ton; the parts of 
 
 ttie sViv available for mercantile purposes being 
 
 iliuniiiiic'l nil exactly the same ]irinciplc< as those 
 
 aJi«riiii the measurement of Ih'itish ships. 
 
 li !• mnv (1808) proposed at once to exemjit 
 
 BriiL-lj Ttssels from re-measurement in Danish 
 
 ]«i5. in such wise that in future British ccrtili- 
 
 caiei if resistry (measure bills) will have the 
 
 fame v.iliiUty as similar Danish documents; and 
 
 tewiUlit' paidin Danish ports according to the 
 
 li'im,ifc ilcnoted therein. (Mr. Vice- Consul A. 
 
 lie ('. Crowe's Hcjmrtu for 18GG and 18G7.) 
 
 I'lirt Qiiirgcs. — The charges on shipping at this 
 fortarcasliillows;— 48 skillings (about Is. Ihd.) 
 [let commircial last (5,200 lbs.) of goods actually 
 ilis<.har!;t'(l. In no case can dues be levied on 
 nmri.' tiian the actual registered tonnage, of the 
 sliip; and allowance is made for coals and ]iro- 
 !vi<iiiiis for ship's use, and deductions for cngine- 
 IriKini. macliinery itc. 
 40 skillinijs tor harbour dues on each commer- 
 :ial last of goods discharged. 
 8 skillings per commercial last on goods loaded 
 iiharlimir for export, but double that sum wlieii 
 ilie ship lies in the roads. 
 IC skillings per commercial last for bulwark or 
 ier ilins, on ships which i <.lv put in for coal- 
 iij.'. 
 iliiiago is charged from tb inner roads to 
 it lairwiiy as follows, accordii to the ship's 
 Irauglit :— " 
 
 Vlolflfwj 
 
 H n „ 
 11 i;, „ 
 :i, „ 
 i: 11 „ 
 19 w „ 
 
 Suninifr 
 
 Wliitir 
 
 KiKSiU.l. skil. 
 
 7 lo 
 H 11 
 7s 
 11 \i, 
 11 ,'i() 
 
 KiKvlol. i.kll. 
 7 .'.1 
 '.t ,".'i 
 
 11 III 
 
 12 !».1 
 
 u ;.'> 
 
 IB S'l 
 
 'i 
 
 I. 
 
 . . I 
 
. ♦•' 
 
 f^^a/wat^ ■■ 
 
 4-22 
 
 roPEXHAGEN 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
 I,.. 
 
 Lll 
 
 If: 
 
 ij 
 
 I 
 
 ! ■ .'; 
 
 Tlio Ir.ido to India and China, formerly n tnono- 
 jioly in till- liands of a joint-stock companj-. was 
 <)]pcni>cl to till" public in IS 10. Several vessels 
 have sinec licen titted out for the trade ; l)nt it is 
 (loulilful, from the want of produce suitalile for 
 the I^asicrn markets, whether it can ever attain to 
 any considcrahh' importance. 
 
 Crtdil. — (i(iods iuii)ortod into CoponlmKon are 
 commonly sold on credit; o months is tlu^ term 
 f^enerally allowed on most sorts of ^oods. and in a 
 few instances t! months. The discount for ready 
 money is 1 percent, llankruptcy is of rare occur- 
 reiu'c, 
 
 Ciiiiiminsiim on purchases is generally 2 percent., 
 and on sales 3 per cent., including 1 per cent. </d 
 ercf/i'rc. 
 
 Jii!iiirnncf. — Jfarine assurance is ell'ected. on 
 lilicral terms, bv a company established in ITlil. 
 A i;ood many risks arc, however, insured at Amster- 
 dam and llamburfr. 
 
 Quecnlnji, S/ii/)'s Stores S\-c. — Copenhagen has 
 frood Imililin.^j-yards, and is in all resjiects an 
 eliiiililc place for the repair of small ships, and for 
 supplyiiif^ provisions. 
 
 Jtipairs. — The ivant of 3 dry dock suitable for 
 repairing vessels of larfie tonnage has been much 
 felt ill Copenhagin, for hitherto this class of ves- 
 sels has been for<'eil to go over to Sweden or else- 
 where to have tlK'ir reiiairs etVeeted, with loss to 
 the iiort and great inconvenience to shipowners. 
 It has now, however, been decided to give up 
 the old (iovernment Dock at Christianshaven : 
 ,ind it is in-ojiosed to spend 2lf<,0(IO ri.K-dollars 
 to turn it into a suitable slip for commercial 
 vessels. 
 
 (icncriil Rvmarhs. — As already stated, thel)ani.-h 
 (oiveniment > verted itself for a lengthened period 
 to bolster 11]) a manufacluring interest by laying 
 oppressive duties on most species of inanufactureil 
 articles. JOven under the most favourable circmn- 
 stances, such conduct, though it may lienelit a 
 few individuals, is sure to be iiroductive of great 
 national loss. But in the ease of Deinnark, the 
 circumstances were such as to render the restrictive 
 system peculiarly injurious. All, or nearly all, 
 liie branches of industry carried on in the king- 
 dom were subject to the govermnent of guiUls or 
 corporations; no person could engage in any line 
 of liusiness uiilil he was authorised liy its peculiar 
 guild; and as the sanction of this body was rarely 
 obtained without .a considerable sai^rilice, the real 
 ell'ecl of the system was to fetter competition and 
 improvement, and to perpetuale monopoly and 
 routine. Ihen the Danish writers aeknowleilge 
 that such was the iiilluencc of the late regula- 
 tions. ' Xos ouvriers." say they, ' sont chcrs. 
 travaillent hntement. et souvent nial et sansgoi'it ; 
 leur education est ni'gligee. On ne les lurme 
 point a ]>cnser, et Tapprenti suit maehinalement j 
 ce (pi'il voit faire an maitre.' (Cat lean, 'i'dliltnii • 
 ilis Ktiit^ Diinnis, tome ii. p. 2110.) A\il]iiu the 
 last few years this system has lieeii (piite changed. 
 Industry has bi ,11 emancipated from nianv trou- 
 blesotne regulations and moderate chilies have 
 been substituted fov iirohibitions. Sliil, however 
 favourably siluatci in other res|iects, it would be 
 idle to expeel that a country without waterfalls 
 and without coal, slioidd be able to nianufailure 
 cottons, woollens iVc. at so cheap a rate as thi'V 
 may be imported from others enjoying greater 
 natural I'aiililies for their product ion. The stajile 
 business <if Denmark, her agri<'idtnral and rur.il 
 economy, has been most materially imiiroved of 
 late yi'ais ; and. as .already seen, her exiiorts of 
 raw produce are now ofgroat value and inii)ortance. 
 (We are indebteci lor much of the valuable infcu- 
 malicjii in this article to the Ui/iort lor l.sOiS of 
 
 COPPER 
 
 Mr. Stracliey, our Charge d'alTaires, and those of 
 Mr. Vice-Consul Crowe for \HCu and ISCS.) 
 
 COI'PKU (Ger. kuitfer; Dutch, kopcr; Dan. 
 kobber; Swed. kopper: Pr. ciiivrc; Ital. ranii •' 
 Span, cobre; Port, cobre; IJiiss. mjed, krasnoi 
 mjed; Pol. miedz; Lat. cuprum; Arab, nell.^«s: 
 Sans, tamra). A well-known metal, .so called fronl 
 its having been first discovered, or at least wrniii'ln 
 to any extent, in the island of Cyprus. It is li)' , 
 fme red colour, aiul has a great ileal of brilliaiuv 
 Its taste is styptic and nauseous; and the liamU 
 when rubbed for some time on it, acquire a pecu- 
 liar and disagreeable odour. It is harder thiiii 
 silver ; its specifics gravity varies according to '\u 
 state, being, when quite ])ure, near i)M)(io. \u 
 malleability is great; it may be Immnu'red out 
 into leaves .so thin as to be bhiwn about hv tlic 
 slightest breeze. Its ductility is also considernblv. 
 Its tenacity is so great, that a copper wire il'OTs .i 
 an inch in diameter is capable of supporting, 'f02"Jii 
 lbs. avoirdupois without breaking. Its liabilitv 
 to oxidation fnmi exposure to air or damp is ];'< 
 greatest defect. The rust with which it is then 
 covered is known by the name of verdigris, aiul is 
 one of the most active poisons. (Thomson's 
 Chrmhtnj.) 
 
 If we except gold and silver, copper scorns lu 
 have been more early known thaii anv utkr 
 metal. In the lirst ages of the world, before tli. 
 method of working iron was discovered, copper 
 was the principal ingredient in all domestic utin- 
 sils, and instnniiruts of war. Even nnw ii i> 
 applied to so many purposes as to rank next, in 
 point of utility, to iron. 
 
 Alloi/f of Copper are numerous and (if grra: 
 value. Those ol tin are of most importance, Tin 
 athlcd to copper makes it more fusible, les;. (iulj,. 
 to rust, or to be corroded by the air, and othw 
 common substances harder, denser, and niirf 
 sonorous. In these respects the alloy li.a.s a rw! 
 advantage over unmixed copper: but this is in 
 many cases more than connterbidanced by ilii 
 great brittleness which even a moderate portin 
 of tin imparts; and which is a singular circiini- 
 stance. considering that both metals are stpiivatclv 
 very malleable. 
 
 (.'opper alloyed with fnun 1 to jicr cent, ol'lin 
 is rendered harder than before; its colour is yel- 
 low, with a ca>t of red, aiul its fracture granular: 
 it has consiiU'rable malleability. This appear- ti 
 li.'ive been the usual composition of nianvdl'tli' 
 iincient edgi:d tools and weapocs. hofiire llic 
 inethod of working iron was brought to pcrlkliiin, 
 The \hAkh? of the GreeUs, and |>erh:ips ihcifs.f 
 the Pouiims, was uolbing else. Kven lheir('0|i]w 
 coins conlain a mixture of tin. TIk aiu'ionl^ liiJ 
 not, ill fact, possess (as li;is been often eoiitonilci!. 
 ;iiiy peculiar process for hardening copper, cxiii: 
 by adding to it a small quantity of tin. Anallov 
 in which the tin is from ()-l to ^ of (he wiiolf 
 hanl, brittle, but still a little' iiialleable, fl'><| 
 grained, and yellowish white. When the tiii ii| 
 as niucli as j of the mass, it is entirely britilf 
 and continues so in every liigl^eri ropertien. 11 
 yellowni'ss of the alloy is not culircly lust lillllii 
 tin amounts to ()•;{ of the whole. 
 
 Copper (or .somelinies cojiper will, a liitlozini" 
 alloyed with as much tin as will make lVem:iN 
 O-l to ^ of the whole, forms an alloy, ivliicli 
 priiiciiKiUy employed tor bells, brass eaiinon.breni 
 statues, ;ind various other purposes. Ilenrtii 
 called l)nmzt\ or bdl mcttil; and is cxcpIIhi'I 
 lilted for the uses to which it is applied, by 
 h;irdness. density, sonorousness, and f'nsiliili!] 
 I'or iMiiiioii, a lower proportion of liiiisteiiniMi 
 used. According to Dr. Watson, tlie iiietai « 
 ployed iit \Voolwicli consists of 100 parts ul'ofli 
 
 ,111(1 from H tci 
 
 little inalleabil 
 
 it iiiJiiId ho w 
 
 jlliiy liciiig mi 
 
 ;;ive a louder re 
 
 alley for bell nii 
 
 liii: SI line nrtj.s 
 
 aiitiniiiiiy, and .s 
 
 iiliieli add to th 
 
 [liii.i, .Mktal; 
 
 When, in an i 
 
 nift.il ;imounts tc 
 
 a beaulifiil couij) 
 
 sUel, :iii(l suscepi 
 
 «ell .nilapted for t 
 
 I'lirpiises, iuid is 
 
 liciile.i the above 
 
 a Utile arsenic, zin 
 
 ,in alloy similar to 
 
 (liiiirriirs, is of gr 
 
 '.' I'liny, who !:n\ 
 
 riTs were reckoned", 
 
 ei'piT mixed (sfa,, 
 
 lib. xxxiii. s. .'I.) 
 
 Fdf 'lit' allovs I 
 .irticles iJK.iss, i'l.vj 
 aimislri/- JJccss C 
 imilj-'isiii/.i, voj. iy" 
 U'ilisli Co/i/Hf Trt 
 *u:(vp|,cniiines,in 
 Ac.,bii!p.uticuJarlv 
 1'")-' 1" l'"re, tlie Coj. 
 OT"ii,hi uitli much s 
 ''-''"''■•'■' ""7 prod 
 '""■"-."•»■ of jiiii-ei 
 
 , ,... .""ccoi 
 (r^'.-Kito irro th 
 •■'"'"'">. In iros 
 "'"'•■•■"uliiil.siio-a,,,^ 
 
 Aimmloftlu' QuantH 
 
 /'■'urwtrii - 
 
 """feet wse from hI^,* 
 » ''^'"i " fell f/om of 
 
 j^jo;..^.toiiw£;^ 
 i.i-i.i lulls- J' ,,•,■„* o.>^,, r 
 
 -'■'-' (0,1s. JJanse ■ 
 lnoinseq,„,,„,eof(,,,,| 
 
 tresis-;;' 
 
 r"*'£:;;i »' 
 
 *»ai- for the 
 f !">cs, tlR, 
 f- inipoHs ,n 
 F*-^ (If i|„. 
 '■' iMlaile 
 
 ileill 
 
 "I' •'^heathif 
 
 >'>;|iorls col 
 
 ''inihiisll 
 
 ' 'oriiisli 
 
 f lip 
 
 bcM. 
 
 , ""' nicival 
 ■"• "lo falJinir 
 
 .:i7';/'w..,-cop, 
 
 ihliil 
 
COPPER 
 
 423 
 
 ,^„il from 8 to 12 of tin; lu'iicc it retains scmie (;(l(i,77il/. In 17(1K the fiunoiis mines in tlie I'lirys 
 little malleability, and, tlierefi)i-c, is tiiuf,'her tlnni 1 nioniitains. near Amlwch, in An^le^ea, were dis- 
 jt wdiiM be witli n lar^cer jiortion u( tin. This | covered. The supplies of ore furnished by (hem 
 ■illnv lieinR more sonorous than iroii, brass snns wore for a longtime abundant bevond all precedent; 
 i-ivo a louder report than ir..n jiiim. A common but for many years past the product iveness of the 
 ^lldV lor bell metal is Hi) parts of co|)per and 20 of j mines has been declininir, and lluy are now almost 
 [ji,:' siiuie artists adil to these hi;;redients zinc, | exhausted. In IHtii; the mines iif Anj;le9ea, and 
 
 antimony, and silver, in small proportions; all of other parts of Wales, (lid 
 
 «iii(li add to the sonorousness of the compound. 
 1 llH.i. Mi-TAIm r.iioNZK.l 
 
 W'lion, in an alloy of cojiper .ind tin, the Inttcr 
 niital Minounis to about \ of the mass, the result is 
 
 not furnish ti.")l) tons of 
 coiUK'r. Those of Devonshire yielded 2,2 IK tons ; 
 the ijnaidity produced in the other parts of Ijinlain,! 
 boiiig fpiite inconsiderable. The Irish mines pro- 
 duced in l«(i(i above 1,:!;!.') tons. Those of .Scotland 
 never were jiroductivc, and have been almost en- 
 tirelv abandoned. Owinir to the want of coal in 
 
 iiitil'iil compound, very hard, of the colour of 
 Mnl, and susceptible of a very lino polish. It is 
 
 mil ailapted for the .cllectioii of linlit for ojitical Cornwall, the ores arc not smelteil (m the sjiot, but 
 
 ,,i„l„,,os, and is tlicrefore called iqieciilum vielul. arc all sent to Swansea ; it beini; foimd cheaper to 
 
 11,-iai.- the above ingredients, it._ usually contains carry the ores to the coal than the contrary. 
 
 a little arsenic, zinc, or silver. Tlie application of We subjoin an account, compiled by JNIr. Kobert 
 
 an alloy similar to the above, to the construction , Hunt of the Mining Itecord Ollicc, oirwliieh every 
 
 (Imirrors, is of great antiiiuity, being mentioned dependence may be placed, of the quantities anil 
 
 1 , IMiiiv. who says that fornu'rly the best inir- values of the copper ore and copper imxluced in 
 
 liirs were reckoned .hose of Itruiulusium, of tin and the United Kingdom in 181JIJ : — 
 
 cimer iiii'«'d {slamio et are mintis). (Hist. Aal, _ 
 
 ■ "' ' '.So. of 
 
 lib. xxxni 
 
 FiT 'lie 
 
 articles I'll! 
 
 CVmis/ri/ 
 
 alloys of copper with zmc, sec the 
 ASS, i'lxciimxK. See also Thomson's 
 Kees's Cyclopivdia ; Dr. Watson's Clie- 
 
 jMini 
 
 Hirel F-isdi/n, vol. iv. ; Jtc. 
 
 JJ'i(is/i Co/ipi'r Trade. — Great IJritain has vari- 
 (iu<cw ermines, in Cornwall, Devonshire. Wales 
 icliuti'articularly in the lirst. Though known 
 li.ii.' W'to, the ('iirnish copper mines wcr<^ not 
 vmM with much .spirit till last century. From 
 i;2i;i" \'i'> tbey produced at an averageabout 7W 
 tell? a-viar of pure copper. During the ten years | 
 fnni irAlto 1775 they i)roduced at an average | 
 •j/JO i"!i>. Ill 1"9^ '•"' produce exceeded i>,()w) j 
 tons; and in l>^iiO amounted to (i,.551i tons, worth 
 
 KuKlaiul iiiul A\'ule.s 
 Irt'lanil - 
 
 Totnl 
 
 Ions 
 
 i li.t'..(ilO 
 I n.-(;s 
 
 17.T 1 IWI,.17S 
 
 Cipinr 
 
 tons 
 '.I.SIS I 
 J ,.1.- •. 
 
 lij.'jr. 
 
 \'aiiie 
 of Ore 
 
 (■,61, i« 
 
 ^'alue of 
 CopiMnr 
 
 .C 
 '.110,7,11 
 117.151 
 
 Production of Copper for 5 Years ending 18(jG, 
 
 lS(i.T 
 I SCI 
 ISfi,', 
 
 is(i(; 
 
 No. of I 
 .Mines 
 
 'Ui 
 
 ao.i 
 
 173 
 
 tons 
 
 KlO.'JI? 
 <J14,I>0I 
 lilS.'illS 
 1S0..17S 
 
 Copiicr 
 
 \'aluo of 
 Ore 
 
 \'alno of 
 loi.iiir 
 
 tont) 
 1 l,SI3 
 Il,il7 
 l.->,."Oi 
 ll.fcss 
 11,1.'..-, 
 
 £ 
 
 i,'j;(.,77.'> 
 
 l,l(iii,',M 
 
 1,1.V.,471 
 
 !l'i7,!l.-S 
 
 ■.'ill.llS 
 
 l.^'l.-.,'.'!! 
 
 l.lO'l.t.OS 
 1 ,."i,'.o.ll!l!l 
 I,l5l,(>(il 
 1,0111, IC.S 
 
 Anjiiiit of the Quantities and Values of the different JJescriptions of Copper exported from the United 
 Kingdom duriny each of the 3 Years ending with 18(!G, 
 
 losQls.cake^, anil slabs 
 
 \Vr '^:ht : sliifts. nails, l>ars, roik 
 
 Mii-J or vtllow int-tal 
 
 li^htrsiru - - - • 
 
 
 Quantities 
 
 
 
 Values 
 
 
 isni 
 
 IKOi 
 
 isuo 
 
 IStil 
 
 ISli,-, 1 
 
 INGC 
 
 <!Wt. 
 
 401,411 
 1 ,s.'>,s(i.', 
 V7,:iiii 
 
 CWI. 
 
 lii,.-,S(; 
 
 I'Jll.Olll 
 
 •i\,\m 
 
 rwt. 
 
 Iiii,:>r,i 
 
 ■i 11,770 
 
 l'.ll,i!l.'i 
 
 I.1.0.-.7 
 
 £ 
 
 i!,iio,r.7ii 
 
 SOI,7C.l 
 
 i!ir,,i IS 1 
 
 l.lMM.Iil j 
 M'i.CIO 1 
 
 £ 
 
 .'),1S,0.-rl 
 
 1,171.7.-J 
 
 771,!l1li 
 
 S7.SI(t 
 
 During 18C.') the price of copper in the London ' wrought nearly l,Oml years. For a long time it 
 
 lllezint'l 
 
 1 wliiA « 
 
 ■oii.to""] 
 
 lloncciil 
 
 |xcdl«'l 
 
 loil.l>yl 
 
 liiisil*! 
 
 loiniii*! 
 
 Inelal 4 
 
 market rose from SO/., at which it .stood in Se| 
 
 lemWr. to 110/., per ton, the value in November. 
 
 In Ifi'O it fell from IdO/.. at which it stood on 
 
 JaDiiary 1, to HO/, on August 1. The chief exports 
 
 liiilH;i) were, to liritisli India D.IUD tons, France 
 
 hjSMiins, Kgyiit 2,270 tons, Ibdland 2,047 tons, 
 
 I Italy •.Vrj:! tolls, Ilanse Towns l,ir)tS tons. 
 
 InoiiiiHcquence of the larger supjilies of cojipcr 
 |tku<i'liiaineil, Kiigland, instead of being, as f'or- 
 
 was extremely productive, yielding. Inwards the 
 beginnhig of tin; seventeenth centurv, an annual 
 produce of about S,iiOO,iillO llis. of pure metal ; but 
 it has since greatly declined; .ind it is most |iro- 
 bable that at no distant period it ^vill be wholly 
 abandoned. (Thomson's Travels in Nu-f</in, p. 
 221.) Tlieiv are copiior mines in other jiarts of 
 .Sweden; liul the entire export of copper from that 
 counlrv did not in IMiO exceed 2,100 tons, of a 
 
 Inirtlv, ili'in'iiiloiU on loreigners for the greater part , (piality inferior to that of Fngl;ind. The prodiici 
 li' lii-r Mipi'lies of this valutible metal, became,, 
 |j«vi.uslyto I7',i:!, one of llie principal marUets 
 
 r tile >iipiily of others ; and notwithstanding 
 |tb vastly iiicivascd demand for co)iper duriiig 
 tfe war tor the sheathing of ships and other 
 |piin<i-e<, the exports continued to increase and 
 llkr iiiil'iirts to iliiiiinish : the greater produc- 
 Itiviih-s iif tlie Cornish mines has sulliced not 
 ft'yl'i lialaiii'o the increased demiuid, but also to 
 
 liio Mil for the falling olf in the supplies from 
 
 iii^lvsia. 
 
 the copper mines of lliissia has been estimated 
 at 2011,0110 poods, or 4,001 tons (Kng.) ii-year. 
 (Tegolioi'ski. ]-'oi-r( .1 I'rodiii'tins ile ht /?(/,sso', i. 
 oon.) The copper mines of .lapan are said to be 
 among the richest in the v.orld. Tlu' Dutch .•iiid 
 Chinese exiiort considerable (piautities of llieir 
 |iroduce, which is spread all over the Fast, and is 
 regularly nuoted in the price currents of Cantnn, 
 Calcutta, and Singapore. It is unil'oriiily met 
 with in tiie sliapi' of bars or ingots ; and when the 
 eopjier of South America is worth in the Canton 
 market from 15 to 10 dollars per piciiUthat of Japan 
 
 i'lniim Cdji/x r. — Copper ores arc abundant in 
 ('"I'll, l;ii>..ia, .bipan. Australia, I'liili, Cuba, is worth from IM to 20 per ditto. Copper the pro- 
 Mvia ie, Xear Kalilnn, in the ivrovince of j duce of the I'er-ian mines is imported into ISombay 
 flil'-.'arlia. in Sweden, is the ci4(4)rated copper and Calcutta iVioii lliishiiv and liiissorah. 
 ! et' the same name, sniiposed to have been t lint, in a cemuKTcial point of view, the copiicr 
 
 ,f, i.1J:. 
 

 wSm 
 
 42t 
 
 COlTERAirs 
 
 I,- 
 
 \i\- 
 
 m 
 
 ^■■, 
 
 *;^|:r:. V ■ 
 
 i^' 
 ','«^' 
 
 
 mines of Chili, Culm, Spain, anil Au>triiliii nro, 
 afttn* thnsp cif Kn,:;l,incl. by Cur llie most imiiortant. 
 The working <if the niinos nf Culi.i. whicli li:icl boon 
 aban(lono<l tor a lenytlionoil |>oriii.l, has boon rc- 
 snnicd supooH>fiilly. I.nr^oiiiiaiilitio-i botli nl' Chi- 
 lian and Cuban ore arc brou^'lit to Swanso-i to bo 
 .smrltoil. 
 
 The imports of onppor ore anil repulim, in 18CC, 
 were pnncii'ally dorivod as follows, viz.: — 
 
 Swi-dpn 
 \or»:iy 
 Kr.im-i'' 
 VnrlviK.il 
 Spnln • 
 It.ilv 
 I ulia - 
 United Smtili 
 }*i'ni 
 nohvi.i - 
 riiiii ■ 
 Sotith Afric.l 
 Auitrnlia 
 Uthi-r p.irtii 
 
 (Ire 
 
 IllKUlUI 
 
 tciu 
 
 tOIH 
 
 1 .1. ' 1 
 i,r.5'> 
 
 - 
 
 s.i;;(i 
 
 i.Ti'j 
 
 I.I.IS 
 
 ■lll.SV'J 
 
 K,-. 1 
 
 Ufi'i 
 
 Total 
 
 The \n'H'e of ore rose from .'t^ per ton to 17/, 15*. 7il., that I'f 
 reyiilus Ironi ."i."/. IDs. Stt. to D'jI. 's. ^(/. 
 
 There was a very extraordinnry iiiereas." in the 
 supplies of copper from .\ustralia diiriiif; llio I or 
 6 years prececliiiL;' the iliseovery of the pild tiolds. 
 The proihicoof the I'urra Ihirra mine, for cxainplo, 
 ivliieli in IMO was tyi.V.iA tons ore, liad swollod in 
 IS.'iO to IS.O'.'i tons. ]!iit since tlicn some of the 
 mines have been abandoned, and tlie progress of the 
 others clieekod, so that, as seen aliove, the aj^ain 
 increasing iniporls from .Anstniliii anioniited in 
 l.'^GG to only 17,:ill tons. Foroiirn copper imported 
 into tills country, ami the cojipor obtainecl from 
 the smell inif of foioi{;n ore. Avere, previously to 
 ]81l', wlioUy. or almost ■wholly. re-ox|)orlod ; the 
 duty on thocop|ior ore when it was taken or smelted 
 for home u>o bcin^- so very heavy as to make it be 
 alto,:j;ellier exjiorted in an uinvrouiiht state. But 
 in lisl'i the duty on oop)>(r ores and unwronght 
 copper was very materially rochieetl ; and it was 
 wholly repeakil in 18.");>. lleiice the great increase 
 in tlio imports of ore for smelting, anil the applica- 
 tion of the copper theucc derived iiidill'crently to 
 home use or exiiortation. 
 
 Copi)er is in extensive demand all over India, 
 being largely used in the dockyards, in the manu- 
 facture of cooking utensils, in alloying spelter and 
 tin ite. The funeral of every Hindoo brings an 
 accession to the demand, according to his station; 
 the relatives of the doeeasetl giving a brass cup 
 to every Mrahmin ire-ent at the ceremony : so that 
 h, 10, ,")ll, 10(r, ],(IOO. and sometimes more than Hi 
 times this last number, are dispensed upon such 
 occasions, (lioll's Coiiiiurrce of Jifiii/nl.) 
 
 C01'ri:i!.VIIS. The kernels of the cocoa nut. 
 f Cocoa Nuts. J 
 
 C01'1'J:1!.\S. a term employed l)y the older 
 chemists, and popularly as synonymous with vitriol. 
 There arc three sorts of copperas : the (jnin, or 
 sulphate of iron ; the i/»c, or sulph.'ite oi' copper ; 
 a;i(l the wliitc, or sulphate of zinc. Of these, the 
 lirst is the most important. 
 
 Sulphate of iron is distinguished in common by 
 a variety of mimes, as Ularlial vitriol, English 
 vitri(d ic. When pure, it possesses considerable 
 transiiarency, and has a tine bright, though not very 
 ileej), gra*s-green colour, aiut.-i nauseous astringent 
 taste, accompanied with a kind of sweetness. Its 
 iipecilie gravity is I'Kil, It imiformly reddens 
 the vegetable blues. This salt was well known 
 to the ancients ; and is mentioned l)y I'liny {Hist. 
 Nat. lilj. xxxiv. sec. 12) muler the names "of jHiVy, 
 sonj, and cakhantum. It is not made in the direct 
 wa)', because it can be obttiined at less charge 
 from the decomposition of pyrites on a large scale 
 
 COPYItlGIIT 
 
 in the neighbourhood of collieries. It exists in 
 two states; one containing oxiile of iron, witii ii-'^ 
 of oxygen, which is of a pale green, not aliindl'v 
 g.iUic acid, tind giving a white precipiiate with 
 prussi.ite of potass. The other, in which ll,e inn 
 is combined with (I'JIO of oxygi'u, is rod, not crvs- 
 t.allisable, and gives a black precipitate witlij;:i'|ii,. 
 acid, and a blue with iinissiate of poiass. in (|,(J 
 common sulphate, these two arc often uiixoil in 
 various proportions. 
 
 .Sulphati\ of iron is of great importance in the 
 arts, It is a iirinci|)al ingredient in dyeing ; in ihc 
 laanufactnre of ink. and of prussiau blue : it is.ils., 
 used in tanning, ]iaintiiig, inodicine tie, ■'>iilnlni- 
 rie acid, or oil of vitriol, was alwjiysniaiuil'iirtnrcd 
 from sulphate of iron. Now only one kind is 
 produced in this way, viz. the fumiiig acid, orncid 
 of Xonihausen. 
 
 .Sulphate of copper, or hhie vitriol, cninir.nnlv 
 calleil lioman or Cyprian vitriid, is a crystalline s.il't 
 of an elegant sapphire blue cidour, hard, cnnipact 
 and semitransparent ; when perfectly cryst.'illisod' 
 of a tlattish, rhomhohlal, decahedral li'gnro; its' 
 tasto is exlroiuely nauseous, styptic, and acrid; its 
 specilic gravity is 2"l It l;!. It is used f)i- various 
 purposes in the arts, and also in medicine. 
 
 Sulphate of zinc or ii'hite vitriol is found native in 
 the mines of Goslar and other places. Suineiimrj 
 it is met with in transparent pieces, but more 
 commonly in white etlloresceiiccs. These are dis- 
 solved in Avater, and crystallised into largo irre- 
 gular masses, somewhat resembling lino stt'ir 
 having a sweetish, nauseous, styptic t.asto. Its 
 specilic gravity, when crystallise'd, is l-iUl"; wlicn 
 in the state in which it commonly occurs in cora- 
 niercc, it is 1'3275. Sulphate of "zinc is iircp.iKii 
 in the largo way from some varieties ul' tlio 
 native sulpliuret. Tlie ore is roasted, wpitod widi 
 water, and exposed to the air. The sulplmr attmcn 
 oxygen, and is converted into sulphuric acid; and 
 the metal, being at the same time (Kidisod, com- 
 bines with the acid. After some time tlie sulphate 
 is extracted by solution in water; and the solii- 
 tioii being evaporated to dryness, the mass u run 
 into moulds. Thus, the white vitriol of lhe>hi]n 
 generally contains a small portion of iron. .ii.J 
 oflen of copper and leail. (liritisli r/mrniacnpam, 
 1X1)7; Ijvwiii'a M<tteiiii Mi i/ica; I're's /Jicliomtri/; 
 l;ei\s's Ci/rlo/)iiili(t ; Thonisou'ti C'/iiwIstn/: &t] 
 
 COl'KOLITKS. Organic renniins discovcrcJ 
 ill the upper green s.and. They were lirst oniii- 
 niented on by I'rofessor Ilenslow and Dr. liiiok- 
 land. They are of great value .as maiinre-i, in con- 
 seipience td' the iihosphates ■whitdi thiy contain, 
 The deposit is so Considerable in sn.no (larlj of 
 ('ambridgeshire, that a sum otpial in v;dno to tie 
 fee simple of the laml has been paid lor the privi- 
 lege of digging them, the person renting the right 
 stipulating to restore the surface. 
 
 QmintUks anil Valiics of Coprolitcs roiscii in tk 
 I'viirs 18G0, IStil. 
 
 ('ainliriil(;e' 
 
 lli-rttoril 
 
 Sv.liolk 
 
 }i 
 
 S(il 
 
 Tons 
 .10,001) 
 
 COl'YI.'KillT. Copiiriijld ill lionh. I liooKS.1 1 
 Co/ii/rii/lit ill JJiiiiiiiix iiiid Ulii.iiail Cuiii/iosiliuv 
 — This form of copyright rests on o A' I Wui, H.! 
 c. I'), and ,') ife A'ict. c. -15. The ri^rhi iiiav kl 
 assigned, but must he in writing. Thnassigii-I 
 ment need not be attested, though liirincrly, it j 
 seems, two witnesses wore necessary to the iustm- 1 
 ment. 
 
 Copyright in Enyravings. — The earliest Act ml 
 I'avour of these works of art was tbatef (i Geo.II.r 
 e. 13. The Act is called Hogarth's Act. lot tiial 
 artist obtained it for his own protection. Ttel 
 
 [rUfclinn of the A 
 
 ursoii complaiiii,!^ 
 
 ..•n nhich lie ]iu,i 
 
 li lias also been rii 
 
 k-wo Keating tin 
 
 AiH was not to p 
 
 .rivers, but to vest 
 
 llic Act H (;o„_ J J 
 
 '■>; I'.v 17 (Jeo. 1 
 
 1.12. An a.ssignee 
 
 liraey. I'hotograpii 
 
 prjiifi, mill indeed , 
 
 irwses for nmllip 
 
 '■"»'«r. "f painiii 
 
 LTiplK had no cop\-, 
 
 i"|'vri;,'ht in sculpt 
 
 >'"'".in.c. 71, an, 
 
 the latent Act beiin • ( 
 
 Mill, tliimgh these ■., 
 
 twe are 111) decisions 
 
 Cflirii/lil ill JMsl,/,,: 
 
 rmviu-iitxa niaintaiiiet 
 iViit.e. (1,^; l;j it J 4 
 '.:»: n it 2.5 Viet. 
 atf|fH|poioi| by it 7 
 f. 1"1; and 21 Ife 22 A' 
 Till- law lielines the , 
 llii; material is nietjil f, 
 I'liabtolhree \-c;irs,\v 
 
 l» if Wllieh 'i(, J;,^f,, 
 
 infltls. 
 
 .Tlii'H'iis must lie r 
 sjrnol ly a particular 
 ifoi(A-f,f piracy bvri 
 '" .'('/., reeoverablo b"v 
 
 fwta;:., provided that tl 
 MwoeilKiO/. : an a^^t 
 ■iDtlM iiijuncti.m in e..„i 
 'IcMs a registrar of, 
 IMS („r reK-istration ha 
 -W'lo 'lrade,wl.o,n,,^ 
 '« "fe I'aidiament, mjili' 
 
 niles and regulations will 
 np-tratioii n„d the ,,,,rf • 
 
 ]!«mi tdlooting registry 
 
 '• t'l, designs may be 
 
 ;■'" very trilling, f,;;,,,, 
 
 ■ra rear ironi its regi.st, 
 
 ^fnl't III 7)-a,k-M„ 
 
 '' *•': "'0 worknia 
 
 j'lirers ,s ^■o,■y ,,„eien 
 
 ''.".!"V"''"liers'a„,|' 
 
 '"""■^taneeintexlil'f.b, 
 
 b^^'^iiths"&, 
 
 tfr,"f J ' '^'"'w of \m 
 X;''."d<obewor(hres 
 ■ CI, m,,„„y(i,^ and! 
 
 '^''oealnian.ifucture,'" 
 
 ra 
 
 111 
 
 I'l 
 
Vi «• ^ 
 
 COPYRIGHT 
 
 42S 
 
 • ritpclion of tho Act wns rulpfl not to oxtcml to n 
 
 ,,r.iiii fiimiiliiiiiinj; ot'|iiriicy of ii ilrnwiiij^ or dc- 
 
 .jiwhii'h he liiul merely procuretl to l)i' iiiMile. 
 
 Iibhiilso lieeii ruled liy Chief Jiistiec IJlo niiil 
 
 Js.iiio Kentiiif; that the olijcct of this ami ^'imil,■lr 
 
 \,i^ was not to )iroteet tlio rcimtnlion of en- 
 
 -iver:', Imt to vest n commercial property ir. Iliem. 
 
 Ik' Act H (leo. II. was extciulcii l)y 7 (ieo. III. 
 
 I iS; by 17 <!eo. III. c. o7; and l') & 1(1 Viet. 
 
 (At An a.ssif;nee may maintain an action for 
 
 liraiv, riiotoKrapliic copies of an enf;ravinj,' are 
 
 jiraafS ni"' ""''''■'' "" meclinnical and scientilic 
 
 iroocfi'L'a for nniltiplyinic engravings. Autliors, 
 
 liimivcr, of painlinf;s, drawings, and plioli)- 
 
 ijijilis Imd no copy riglit prior to July '.'D, IsC,-.'. 
 
 i iprislit i" sculplure has its hcgiiming in 
 
 ;„>(;tii, lll.c. 71, amended l)y a I (^eo. III. c. .Itl; 
 
 •Jif lati"<t Act lieini: that of 13 it 14 Vict. c. Idl. 
 
 Mill. tliiiiiKh these provisions liavc been made, 
 
 liuri' art' no decisions on the .snliject. 
 
 l\,l,iin(ilit ill Dfsiijna. — The right in designs for 
 
 i,n»imi"f i^ nniintained hv 5 it (> Viet. c. 1(M);(> it 
 
 ;Yiit.c. I'.'); i;! it It Vict. e. 101; -Jl it •.'■_> Vict. 
 
 f, ■;"; '.'l it '2.J Vict. c. 7i!. Tluise for utiliti/ 
 
 arc vr..liolcd hv f) it 7 Vict. e. do; 13 it 11 A'ict. 
 
 (.liil; !in(|--'l "it 22 Vict. c. 70. 
 
 Ilii law ilefines the duration of the right, when 
 
 lilt nutoriul is metal, to live years, in oilier nia- 
 
 umlMKtliree years, with some exceptions, in the 
 
 if.se ii( which it lasts from two years to nine 
 
 iii'iii'.li*. 
 
 Tllel^^i;,'n3 must be registered, and may ho, .'is- 
 fifrmUy 11 ])articiilar form. The Act provides 
 ll•lllftiil■^ fir piracy by penalties varying from 3it/. 
 In ,ilV.. recoverable by action or siiniinary pro- 
 c(*%r, provided thai the aggregate penalty does 
 colMKoil 100/. : an action for damages uldo lies, 
 and an injunction in conity. 
 
 There is a registrar of tisefiil designs, and direc- 
 tims I'ur registration Inive been issued by the 
 iltianldf Triulc, who may, after laying the same 
 Kl'iirc ravliament, make, alter, or revoke the 
 rales .iiulri'ijiilat ions with respect to the mode of 
 npistratiiiii anil the particulars to be furnished by 
 jicrioiis cflci'ting registration. I!y 13 it 14 Vict. 
 I', li'4, ilpsigiis may be provisionally registered, 
 fir a very irillhig fee, which secures the cojjyright 
 :t a roar from its registry. 
 
 Ci)l)\)T\ijht in Tniilv-Mdrka. — The nsc of marks 
 
 til ilcnoti' llio workmaiLship of certain niaim- 
 
 f.ii'tureis is very ancient, for the discoveries at 
 
 Ilerciilaneuni have sujiplied examples of the 
 
 fraetiiv in linkers' and other shops. In niodern 
 
 I livilisatiiMi similar marks have been adopted, as 
 
 I'lr instance in textile fabrics — though the earliest 
 
 ixtiiiit arc tliiise of pa])er. Very soon after the 
 
 iiivemiun uf paper from the pul|) of linen rags, 
 
 I ".itomiarks were introduced into the fabric, such 
 
 ii'.-ipi.s serving, no doubt, to denote the manufac- 
 
 ji n- from which the paper was issued. Since this 
 
 llime llifiinicess has become general, and the trade- 
 
 j^a^klla^ licconie a recogni.scd part of the system 
 
 jtf trade, hy which a guarantee is given to the 
 
 Ifiiriliaser. and a legitiniale protection allbrdcd to 
 
 Itkimiiiulactiircr. Xor is the trade-mark system 
 
 Inlativc to the individual only, bo be producer or 
 
 JMsiinier, Imt it all'ects the commerce of the 
 
 Iwmlrv; for it has been often found that fraiidu- 
 
 l«t imitations of goods in demand have not only 
 
 KHdibly injnred the honest dealer, but have 
 
 I many occasions ilestrovcd some branches of 
 
 mnnicrcc aluigcthor. Thus, for example, a 
 
 wiilent consignment of nxea from Shetlield to 
 
 Pe U 0,-tern Stales of America, when the articles 
 
 fw found to he worthless, coni|detelv put a stop 
 
 Vsiich importations, and developed" in place of 
 
 m a local mauufacture. 
 
 The mischievous eflbcts of pennitting an \in- 
 chcckcd iinitalion of trade-marks were oficn coiii- 
 minled on by chambers of eommerce in mannfac- 
 luriiig towns. At last the attention of IIh^ Legis- 
 lature was elfectually called to llie practice, and 
 during the session of 18lil two bills were inlro- 
 iluced into the House of Coiniiioiis — the Mer- 
 chandise JIarks Itill, by ^Ir. Miluer (lilison (theu 
 President of Ihe Itoaiilof I'radi), and the I'radcs- 
 Marks liill, by .Messrs. Itoebiuk and Ilaiilicld. 
 Afler lliese bills had both been referred to ii -elect 
 coininillee, Ihe former, with certain modilicalions, 
 was accepted. 'I'he Act contains 2t! sections. 
 
 1. The delinition and construction of words. 
 The word person to include individu.als, companies, 
 tnid bodies corpor.ite; mark, any name, signature, 
 Word, letter, device, emblem, figure, sign, i "al, 
 stamp, diagram, label, ticket, or other mark of 
 any other description ; and trade-mark to include 
 any such symbol lawfully used to denote luiy 
 chattel, or in Scotland any article of trade, manu- 
 facture, or merchandise; aiul the -word mis- 
 demeanor to include crime and oll'ence in Scot- 
 land. 
 
 The trade-mark must be lawfully n.sed. It has 
 been held that the use of the word 'patent' when 
 Ihe lulicle is not patented takej the article out of 
 the protection of the court. 
 
 2. Torging a trade-mark is a misdemeanor. 
 
 3. Ap|)lyiiig a forged or counterfeit trade-mark 
 a misdemeanor, or a genuine mark ite. lo a coun- 
 terfeited article. 
 
 4. renallies after December 31, lS('i3, to be 
 equal in value to Ihe article sold, uilL a further 
 line of not more than .')/. or less than I0,«. 
 
 ."). Alterations and additions lo trade-marks 
 with intent to defraud treated a.s I'orging and 
 counterfeiting. 
 
 (i. rer.sons selling articles having false trade- 
 marks are bound to give information as to tho 
 [ilace at which they were procured. Penalty on 
 refusal o/. 
 
 7. l''alse indication of qimiitili/ with intent to 
 defraud. Same penalties as in Sec. 1. This sec- 
 tion docs not prevent a iierson being indicted also, 
 if ho has committed an oll'ence |iunisliablel)y law 
 as it at present stands, 
 
 H. Same penalties on sellers of false quantities. 
 
 y. I'rovision that it shall not be construcu 
 as an oll'cnce under the Act if a person .r,;plios to 
 any chattel a word generally used to indicate 
 such chattel or ariicle to be of some particular 
 class or descriiition of manufacture oidy (as for 
 instance lirussels carpet, ]\leclilin lace t\c.), where 
 the goods have a name which, though not strictly 
 accurate, is one of reputation. 
 
 10. The trade-mark and forged mark to be de- 
 .scribed in the indictment. 
 
 11. Conviction not to all'ect any right or civil 
 remedy. 
 
 12. Attempt to defraud any jiarticidar person 
 need not be alleged or ])roved in the indictment, 
 
 13. rer.sons aiding or abetting lo be guilty, 
 
 II, I'unisbment of misdemeanors under the Act 
 may be imprisoinnent with or without hard labour 
 for not more than two years, or line., or both, or 
 imprisonment lilltheline, if any, be paid or satisfied, 
 l,"), I'rocess for recovering penalties, 
 in, .Summary proceedings before justices under 
 11 it 12 Vict. c. 43. 
 
 17. In actions, penalties to be accounted for as 
 other moneys iiayable to the Crown, and plain- 
 tiffs to recover full costs of suit. 
 
 18. Limilaiiou of actions. 
 
 19. After Dec. 31, 18C3, the vender of an article 
 •with a trade-mark to be deemed to contract that 
 the mark is genuine. 
 
SJia t* *' — '"!: 
 
 m 
 
 iV.. 
 
 ■•A 
 
 !-' »•' 
 
 *■.! 
 
 1^' 
 
 
 ■ ■ ■! 
 
 COPYRIttWT 
 
 CORAL 
 
 lit kilo. 
 
 1. .1. i <. J. 
 
 II '.Mo » II 111 
 
 1 111 II J t 
 
 1 li 11 ■! 
 
 ■I 1 U 
 •l 11 S 
 
 uot K-ivi' -wy ^'^•""^y : hv Tlii'i has Ih'.^i ri- 
 
 ^^"■*^ -rf 'i'-^ , ,m tint there is a radical difftrencc ,^^. .,e t»;--;-J, ^sa.;;^. 
 
 iiiiiiiiil^ 
 
 £nS: . l5"t\t i. in such case, that , iuthe vrovi«;. ^ 
 
 ■a.-.narks is "'-^.^"t^tch, icoraalcu; Tr. 
 COHAL (<i^"\ '^^"^^ Vi 'anil I'ort- c.-ral; Itu.s. 
 rovail; Ital. coralc N a >; »« i^.^cl ; .revs. 
 
 •180,000/. pnnnnorsons iiithoiiroviiioei'M 
 
 Genoa gam ^'^''^yrhg craft vvoduccs ;i rov.im. 
 or sollin« coral, and this c a j ^^^ ,^^^ 
 
 Arab. l'^'^?\.^"f,i- o-yoOOU/. <icuoa cxporis u. - ■ ^j „,j 
 ,vhia. «..- ','«„"'";, ,.,».mml. Iil»«k ?"' '; li -n ™ 1, ilav... ,....\ndi..4 
 
 the vroviacf ot Oran ^^^ .^^ ^j,, M^.n j 
 
 „u, ..v^.. -- , „ orii-' •• " „ I The mimber "t boats uib b ywcmic '1 
 
 ,vliieh is very vare ; - u , >-u ^^^^^^ common. I" ^ Various sorts are mpot' , ,^| 
 
 anotlur, a"d e%eu_in ui^^ ^^^ ^.^^^^ intervals.. Ihc 
 
 CORD. 
 
 , li iiil linttiiii'i .ind hi'iids. 
 i,i..ilv iiiiiMiirai'turi'il into 
 |,],.|' Varies iViiin-'o ilnl.-i. I 
 .niinf,'tiii|iialily. 'I'lii' liiii 
 ;;,i,.tii :i,;i(iii iliil.i. prr pici 
 ■ 111 ciinil al~iii iibliiins a 
 I;,,, ii^e (if false rural b 
 ijii-iileralile: th<'y are mail 
 jiixi-il willi red eiiliiiii-iii 
 j.'iim'iif li" •'"'' anil ,i;inn. 
 J], i«T eattv. (Dr. Wil 
 
 ■ih.'l.) 
 Ihf manner of ti.shiii^' oc 
 
 (v;rv where. That \vlii' 
 
 ;rai'ti*il in the iMeiliterr; 
 
 ;(,r s mrn n'o in a Ima 
 
 ],r.<iriftiir ; the, .•astrr ihm 
 
 alitiif niiu'liiiie whieli In 
 
 f.rallVtim the boltoni iif 
 
 ir.rktlic lioat. and hel|i to 
 
 i.,niii|»i.<<'il of l^^o beams i 
 
 »i;hliails li.\ed tii them t 
 
 i(.iu- i' fastened a iinai 
 
 ;....lvrouiul, and inlermi 
 
 nrfiiii.'. In this eoniliti 
 
 iijiiiiiiii ilie sea ; and wi 
 
 ,;;,n;lv ciitwineil in the 
 
 tail lip ttitii a rope, >\ 
 
 tWrii.t'i llie depth, and \ 
 
 ^W.-l!:ill' a dozen boats 
 
 hifii 111 break, the lisheri 
 
 Uiwl'-l. Jiefore the fi 
 
 aan'iitlie jiriee of the i 
 
 otihfy.nTy is divided, at 
 
 iiilolji.irt.': ; of which tin 
 
 oi*r ;'. ami the utlier 
 
 Ijtii Ik1iiiii,'s til the eom] 
 
 kl-liiri-. itc, (Ainslie's. 
 
 Ci'Micm of Ueiiijnl; I'm 
 Uknt) 
 
 I'liIllUriH (tier, tanwi. 
 Fr. niaiiu'iivres, cordage ; 
 jam. iiivilaje). A term nsi 
 kifiuiii' ir ropes, how nniel 
 Jffriibizc, but e.spceially th 
 |(f.-!ii|». Tin: ti'rni cord i: 
 'L-iiit'm>li eiinlaf^e of smal 
 tircunilVi'i'iii'i' ; rojii; t.i di? 
 :ri|iliiiiisiirciirilaj;X'; and c 
 ir^.v-l "fall, iir the cordatri 
 pf.«lii|is. 
 
 ('urila;;c may be made of 
 latiria!..— iit'i>very thinj,', i 
 Ifsilili', ami inoderalely t 
 llitoui'variiiiis deseriptioi 
 K-J, ami >ilk; U'atliern t 
 »i|ii'it has heen nm-itly 
 a/ ami llax. iiartinilarl; 
 SBiqiaris uf thi,' |-',asl. cii'i 
 'f tlio eui'iia nut, is e: 
 iiiiilai'luri! uf till' lar-x^r d 
 If'iii: Ai'. 1 
 
 Till' liivvt oiinlaf^e is thai 
 
 'li-"f ihelii'si matrrial ai 
 
 N'T. It must neither 
 
 "« twistuil. IIijpis eon 
 
 ii>airiiriliiii,r to their lliii 
 
 libns uf lu'iii|i used ill i 
 
 [f'ltln'ir liMi-th by twi.sti 
 
 ™k llie liis.s i.i j;i"eater. 
 
 Mil's are smiietinies ma 
 
 M|iropi'rlynianiifactiire 
 
 •iiwvi'i- iiuii'li better t 
 
 r'l'ati'il. Chains arc 
 
 'tiiiiii!il fur various il 
 
 '^ tvtry buily kuuws tlui 
 
CORDAGE 
 
 ■ i;il biittoii'i ftiid lii';i(l-<. Till' inferior Jviiiil is 
 ,il\ iii:iiiuliictinvil liitociiriind liiij^or i-iiif,'s. It.s 
 
 I;,. viirifs iViiin ■.'n iIciIh. to luii ilols. per piciil, iic- 
 ,.;in;;toi|iialiiy. 'I'hi' liiirr Mirt.sraiij;!' iVom 1,,">0() 
 .,Im:;,:1(HI du'ls. per pieul. Fine red Jledlterrii- 
 . Ill ('.Jtal alsii iililaiiis a i^mid ni.'U'Nei in llliiiia. 
 ,!*<■ Ill' false eural lieads in Cliiiia is very 
 ,.: liTiilile: tliey are made from resiiieiis mailers 
 ivil «illi I'eil ('(ildinin^ dyes MiiTouiidini; ii 
 ; r.iif li" f"'l "'"' ,^'11111. 'I'lie price is alidiil 10 
 
 ■ ;, |i,r eatly. (Hr, Williams's Cliimsc Giiiilv, 
 
 ''lii'.a.) 
 
 The manner of lisliiui: eciral is nearly tlu^ sanu; 
 
 ,, 'I where. That whieli is must ennnncinly 
 
 [iii-al in llu! IMedilerranean is as I'ullnws : — 
 
 ;,r I men ^,'0 in a Imat, cinnnianded liy the 
 
 ijoriiliir; the .'aster throws his nel, if we may so 
 
 alillif miU'liine which he uses to tear \\\t the 
 
 orjllioni the liottom of the sea; and the rest 
 
 T,rtilu: Imal, ami help lo draw in the net. This 
 
 i.,iim]io.<wl of I"') lieams of wood tied erosswise, 
 
 ii!lili:iils lixed to llu'ui to sinU them: to Ihesf 
 
 t«iii< is fastened a (piaiitily of hemp, twisted 
 
 ilv rouml, and interminnled with some loose 
 
 jdliiL'. I" tl''** eonilitioii \\w. maehinc is lei 
 
 liiOTiniii the sea ; and whuii llie eoral is pretty 
 
 •ircl^' entwined in tlie lu^mp ami nets, they 
 
 lilliwinip «ilh a rope, which they unwind ac- 
 
 I oriiiu til the 'lepth, and which it, sometimes re- 
 
 ,m. half a dozen boats to ilraw. If this rope 
 
 IsiWi I'l break, the lishermt'ii run the hazard of 
 
 IUin:l-l. liefore the lishers ^'o lo sea, ihcy 
 
 1 ajwittlie )irieo of the eoral; and the produce 
 
 ct'ihiHicry is divided, at the end of the season, 
 
 iiil»lji:irts ; of which the proprietor has -1,1110 
 
 I ii-riT :'. anil the other (> im'U 1 each; llie 
 
 I ISili 1< I 'ii^'s to the eompMiiy for payiiieut of 
 
 Ikl-liirc. Ac. (Ainslie's J/(//(//(( Iin/iid ; llees's 
 
 I fif,'ij»ii/iii : Kiici/clopai/iu .Ml ln>/)i)lititii(t; Jiell's 
 
 jfoJMim' of lieiii/iil; I'runaudaie, Cuiniiicrcc ile 
 
 OHlUArdl (Cier. tauwerk; Dutch, touwwerk ; 
 iFr. niaiiaiivres, cofdaj^e : Ital. caolaino ; tSpan. 
 IjiHi, oinlaje). A term used to denote all maimer 
 jl'inhi- irrupes, how ninch soever they m.-iy ilif- 
 |kiii;izc. Imt (Specially those used in the lijifiiii;^ 
 |(f Jii|i;. The term cord is usually emphiyed lo 
 L>iiii;'iii4ioir(lai,'e of small size, that is, of small 
 IciKuiiil'iTriii'i' ; my"', to ilistiiii;'uish the lari;er de- 
 li:ri|iliiiii>ii|'ciirila;;e; ami nililc, lo distinguish the 
 h(<.<\ iifall, iirthe ciirilai;e used in the anchoring 
 ^f.«lii|.j. 
 
 I Ciirihye may he made of ;iii inlinite variety of 
 burials— uf every I hint,', in fact, whieli isslender, 
 Ifsililo, and niodcralely teiiaeimis. such as the 
 pliri-cl'viiriiiiis deseriplions of veuctahles; hair, 
 ami silk; leathern llion.LCs, wire iVe. In 
 larnjii' it has been mostly formed of the lilires of 
 Vai.aiiil llax. ]iartiriilarly the former. Ihil in 
 nqiarisiif ilu; Kasl. coir, or the lihres of the 
 tsiii' the cueiia nut, is extensively uscn in the 
 mul'ai'ture uf llie largvr descriptions of cordai^e. 
 L'"n; ,Vi'. ] 
 llu lii'st eiinla,i;e is that, of course, -whieli is 
 iki'l'iheljisi material and in the most ;ip|iroved 
 fi'iikr. It must neither lie loo much nor too 
 t'x twisieil. Hopes consist of more or fewer 
 iiisairiiriliii;^' to their ihiekiiess. At an averaj^e 
 fiiWi's (,|'li,.|ii|, used iu makiu^r ropes lose nhimt 
 .ulnar Ipuijili by twistui.^; but in the ease of 
 pics llii' liiss is greater. 
 
 I'"1«'s are soinetinies niiido of iron wire; and 
 Icii |irii|nTly niaiuifaetured they have, been found 
 I answii- iiuicli better than mij,dit have been 
 Mjiatoil. (.'Iiains arc now also frcijjiently 
 fiititutrtl for various deseriplions of ropes ; 
 
 CORK 
 
 427 
 
 J tVtl 
 
 ry body knows that bempeu cables have 
 
 boon all but wholly mipersedcd by iron chaiiiH. 
 
 [Caiims.] 
 
 The use of foreipiconlane in Kiifjlish ships wns 
 formerly prohibited except under peculiar cir- 
 euinstances, but this |iriiliiliilion has l;itterly been 
 repealed; and onr ship-owinrs and shipdiuildcrs 
 may now use either native or fciriij;n cordage, 
 whichever they prefer. In IMliil. 1 l;i,-J-_'2 cwt. of 
 corila;.'e, valued at ir-^V'J!!/., were exported from 
 the United Kingdom, chiully to Australia and 
 Krilish North America. 
 
 According to Professor llobinsoii, if you square 
 the eircnml'erence of a rope in inches, I- the pro- 
 duct will be the number of tons weight, which it 
 will bear. Very little depeiidenee can, however, 
 be placed on n rule i.f this sort ; for the strength 
 of a rope w ill depend as much on the material 
 of which it is made, and on its make, as on its 
 circnmfcrenee. (Kees's Cychpwilia; I'tiiny Ci/clit- 
 /xiiliii ; iVe.) 
 
 ('I tin A.\l)i;i! (Kr. coriandrc ; Ger. koriander; 
 Ilal. curiaiidro; Span, cilantro). The fruit of the 
 Ciirianili um salicHin,SlXt. OnWr Ajiiufciv. It is 
 ail anmial plant, a native of Italy; but is culti- 
 vated in Itritain and many other countries. The 
 seed w hen dried is nearly as large as white pepper, 
 is yellowish-brown, ami has an agreeable aromatii! 
 odour and ll.ivour. Coriander seeds are used in 
 medicine and confectionary. (/Iritmlt J'lianna- 
 vojiniu, lK(i7.) 
 
 COlUv (C;er. kork; Dutch, kork, knrk, vlothont; 
 I'V. liege; Ital. siighero, siivero; Sfian. corcho; 
 Tort, cortica (de Sovreiro) ; Uu.ss. korkowoe 
 dorewo; I.at. subcr). The thick and spongy bark 
 of a species of oak (Qucrciis Siilier, Linn.), abun- 
 dant in dry monnlainous districts in the south of 
 France, and in S|iain, i'ortngal, Italy, and Jlar- 
 bary. The tree grows to the height of I'M feet or 
 more, has a striking resomblaiice to the Qiiercus 
 Itf.v, or evergreen oak, and attains to a great age. 
 After arriving at a certain slate of maturity, it 
 periodically sheds its bark; but this valuable pro- 
 duct is found to be of a much better (luality wdicn 
 it is artilicially removed from the tree, which may 
 be ell'ecled without any injury to the latter. After 
 a tree has attained to the age of from 'Jti to 30 
 year.s, it may be barked; and the operation may 
 be subseipieiitly repeated once every i'l or 10 years, 
 the (piality of the cork iiii[)roviiig with the in- 
 creasing age of the tree. T'lie hark is taken offiu 
 July and August; and trees that are regularly 
 stripped are said to live for l."iO years or more, 
 lieckniann (vol. ii. ji. 11,"), laig. ed.) says that 
 ' when the tree is 1 j years idd it may be barked, 
 and this can be done successively for 8 years.' 
 This erroneous siatemeiit having been copied into 
 the article 't!ork' iu Uees"s l'i/rlii/)u</iii. has thence 
 been Iransplatcd to a niultitnde of other works. 
 (I'oiret, Jlist. I'hilosoplwiiic dis I'ltiutes, toiii. vii. 
 ■llVt.) 
 
 Cork is light, porous, readily compressible, and 
 wonderfully elastic. It may be cut into any sort 
 of ligure, and, notwithst.inding its iiorosity, is 
 nearly imiiervioiis to any common liipior. These 
 ipi.'ilitiesmake it superior to all other substances for 
 stoppers for bottles, in the nianufaeture of which 
 it is principally made use of. It is alsoemployed 
 as buoys to lloat nets, in the construction of life- 
 boats, the making of watci-in-oof shoes, and in 
 various other ways. It was imported into Eng- 
 land in order to lie used as lloats lo nets, as 
 early as the beginning of the fourteenth century, 
 liefore being inannfactured into stoppers, the 
 cork is charred on each side: this makes it 
 contract, lessens its porosity, and consequently 
 lits it the better for cutting otV all communica- 
 tion between the external :iir and the liquid 
 
 ■| 
 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 'I 
 
»" 
 
 ■- -f. 
 
 It '■ 
 
 CORN' LAWS AND CORN TUADE 
 
 4':8 
 
 ,, »^v<iv i«,,l..i(n. l>i\rniu<, anil 
 
 CORK ,. , ,. (luWoK l'''!"'^''''^, • li i aiimial inanu- 
 
 s,nn^u i.i-k is m«ac of cawino.1 J -- ' 1'. ,!^'":^:;:i:: •,.:";>-. . .-. 
 
 to '^0,1)00 »'aU'H, ot tiom - , 
 ' ''"^' ';'""^ "il . rilv^uU ..r AU;n".T' and 
 
 i„ the bottle. . 
 
 
 ■"'i''^-;"'"''>:;.\l.^,r.':tin.i'."tni". 
 
 ■llic 
 
 '.1 11 1 A-o 
 
 '^i^ico. a^r "' !:^in"'of cSa-ulu^mll 'i^i 1 
 
 .■VI . J 
 
 ,,„rk was "t";>'^''V' ,i " on Jorks vea,\.v n>aa,. an. 
 ,l„.cultivatu.uo U- fK r ^^ ^_^.|,^ ^^ ^ ,f"f vtic'." l-^i^ very "'^'\ 'rUl l>i've voinainn\ omv 
 
 h liiiw!' 
 
 ■Uiljr <i I , i.-,„,,,/„m. 
 
 
 Kuss. cliljeb; 1 ol- f^>" > ■ or ear, and um .1 
 lants separated In m, Oil sp ^,^._,5au..kv ; 
 
 ^vlucb the trade IS K'f^'^J^^^ jj t this » 
 
 Von .-isof Ibc b.i, est mil' ^^„^^„, it ucce - 
 
 .eriod. .vith respeet to tUe ^ have been .0 
 
 and, if r«««'^^'=L*°tU rdcpwtnieut of commercial 
 
 ouKbt to pervade tUib acpa 
 
 legislation. 
 
 Tl ruiNcivi.KS Ol' ri"- 
 111". Hunisii Cou. r..U''-- 
 IV. l-uiu-.iciN CoiiN Ir.A'"- 
 
 , in.rou,CM. SKK.CU u. xu. Cou. ..- 
 Vera ions time the rei^atij>.-th. OH- ^ 
 
 tuc corn trade ^v'^'" P""" ,,,i. lint ib'«i 
 
 n-omole abvm.lanoe •'';;'" J' „„, ad.-rte'l ''I 
 
 \,c puri.ose Nvas 1;"" " .' ^' ^^ost l>art. admrtK 
 
 ...lplishin,,t^d>;';!-^-?^^,,,^^^^ 
 
 1 opposite etlect. ^\'"\ ' if „otliint,' »'""''' '." "J 
 
 I r^udi to increase her ^"r.Pl'^/,,^',, e7,l,at do .«< 
 Exportation; '^",'1.,'ry.'-': /" .^^ to l,c a <! 
 export, its l'^"^'!'^>Vtl to prevent tl.c=»!f3 
 mJasure, and calculated to P^\„„ emcr?*| 
 
 from being 'I'n"";:;'^^!. ! o are the con.l»4 
 
 wlow its natural level. V .IVmselvcs u;"* ^A 
 
 Umt immediately «"f-:e«f ,*Stv extenrive H 
 
 subject ; and it rcimr^ '^ P^" *>„„,i a tal«;J 
 
 nerience, an attention to «f ' „ perceive i « 
 
 ?ca.oninj; upon ,^"=^;, ^OP ; ^ aitoged'^ «»»" 
 fallacv. Thcse.liowevcroNCfca o 
 
 wliin the reffuhitions 
 li('j.'aii tl) 1)1' iiilrii(liio( 
 (iihia- fdiintrie.i. 'I'liey 
 witli "lial .vciv siipiii 
 (vnnniiii sense; ami ll 
 ;i< l:ir;,'e a supply iif ill 
 [,i"ibk', its exporlali' 
 Ijiililfii, (ir Curliidilen \ 
 ;il,i.vi' vcTiain limits. 
 
 flu' piiiici|ilc >>( absi 
 
 jiiivi- lii'iii steadily a. 
 
 tuil'nknee of the peri 
 
 t'l.nqnest 111 the year ] 
 
 VI.; but at the last-i 
 
 wii- passed, aiithorisiiii 
 
 wliwirvcr tlie lidine p 
 
 |ii|aal ill ainoimt u( 
 
 YP-<v\]{ nniiiev) ]ier qii 
 
 ii.ono price liid imt c 
 
 liiMiliniial lieiielit was i 
 
 ii.'iii'ultiire liv proliiljii 
 
 liim' priee exceeded I 
 
 (111-.1. lint tlie tluet 
 
 |iri;vcnlwl tlii'se reM-ul 
 
 i;:tn full illiet, ami, ii 
 
 (iMt measure iiKiperal 
 
 In addllieii to the i 
 
 til 11, it has been coini 
 
 itliin|it til iuereasc tli 
 
 liv almitliiiK its iiiire 
 
 alirmiil, but by lioldii 
 
 eiiiira;;iiiii 111 to the in 
 
 iiiil, liuivi\er, been ini 
 
 ])iiri]i,;'ilirri(l(l years ii 
 
 ('i'iii|iic.i. ini|iiirtation ' 
 
 it »,i> mIiIihii (11- ne\ 
 
 miiiis; and (hiriii,:; the 
 
 liib. fur the most part, 
 
 rt'stricliiiiis. 
 
 liC'-iik's attempting tl 
 
 ixpiirlatuin, mir aiiee: 
 
 lluin by pniseribiiiK th' 
 
 ilraliTs, This niii.st us 
 
 I'i'kcd iiiimi with siisp 
 
 .'i^'ricnllnrists concliidei 
 
 tii<til their produce at 
 
 [ Minicrs, were the com 
 
 iiliilo the consumers co 
 
 llio dealers were mad 
 
 a-oril.ed the dearths th; 
 
 (iitircly to the practices 
 
 I liiiyiii;,' lip ciirii and wil 
 
 Tlie-o niiliuiis, which 
 
 (lo:icc of inllueiie.e, le 
 
 jiariii'iilarly in the ri 
 
 hvhieli the iiveilom of I 
 
 Ifiilii-ely suppressed. '1 
 
 llh.- lillyill;,' i,r it ill 0,10 
 
 lita.ain in aiKither, was 
 
 lali!.' by iinprisiiiiiiieiit 
 
 |me was alliiwed to ear 
 
 'JlliiTwithinil aliceiis 
 
 rliich was eiiiiiiiled liy 
 
 Ilic iiuarler sessiuns. " 
 
 S'liiiiieree eaiuo In bo bi 
 
 l"licy "''these restraint 
 
 pure (ihviens. TIica- w 
 
 jV,i\- and in lOiy tl 
 
 related til he legal so 
 
 tood IHs. per (mart 
 
 [ft which, as Adam !Siui 
 
 F'li all its iinperfectioi 
 
 leiit^v than any other 
 
 T 1'73 the last rcmnai 
 
 Itnts rostrainiii.: the 
 
 m dealers was cnti 
 
 fgrossing (if corn ha 
 
CORN LAWS AM) COKN TRADK 
 
 420 
 
 wlicti the ri'Kiiliitiiins ndt'otlii;; llic oorn triuli' 
 lii'Mti til III' iiitnuliii'cd into (iri';it llritiiiii iiikI 
 ullnv I'liiinlrii'.". 'I I icy win' iVjiiind in .nrorilaiui' 
 villi "liiit .verc .HH|i|iOsril In lir llii> ilii'tnlcs ol' 
 ,,iiiininii .sciiHo; iiriil tluir nlijicl, liiiii;; tii |iriiriirc 
 ii* iarp' II '•iiplily III' llii' iirinii: mi'issiirv nl' lilr iis 
 Td-i-ibli.', Ua cNipMiliilinii wiis cltliir liiliilly fur- 
 
 ^iiii'o liflil til bo. III! iitlVnrp nt common Inw; niul, 
 ".I Into us l«i)ii, n colli dialer was t'Diivlitcil ol" 
 llils iinaiiinary crinic 1I« wns nut, liHWcvcr, 
 lii'iiii^lit ii|i fill- juil^: luiil ; ami it is not very likely 
 thai any wiinilnr cii-. will ever ajjaiii occupy tlio 
 alleiilioti of the ciiiirt-i, 
 
 'I'lie Acts if 1 i:!i; and MGH, n'Kiilntint,' the 
 juliliii, or (oiliiilileii when tile lininc |irici! was I jiriees when exportation was allowed and when 
 iilidve lei'tain liinils. importation was to cease, coiiiiiiiii'il, nominally at 
 
 riie piiiieipli' ol' alisoliili" pvoliiliilion seems to least, in I'oice till l.'ii'.', when the prices at which 
 
 li;iv.,' lii'iii Steadily 
 
 lurhMleiii: 
 
 t'nniiiii'-t 
 
 VI ■ 
 
 iii'lcd upon, as liir as the 
 
 of the perioil would admit, from ihn 
 
 I the year 1 l.'lti, in the rei;;n of Henry 
 
 mt at the last-mentioned ]iir!od an Act 
 
 |i'l''i 
 
 S l.A«^ 
 
 ,-osi»cl t'l 
 nti'U'V'l tj 
 UU 111""-" 
 ,1,10.1 w| 
 
 I. iuiiti'' 
 rt^ ,■(.«.« 
 
 lirfViT.ii"" 
 iliiit iV>«\ 
 J n imi'W 
 
 tllC : 
 
 (..uiorii*'? 
 
 »•« »'.".'" '„ 
 1 a liali'' 
 
 ..v^.'pivO 1"^* 
 
 \\;i- |iasseil, aiithnnsnif; the expirtation ot wheat 
 
 wlicuivcr the lionii! i rice did not exioed llx. xd. 
 
 'jal in amount of pure silver to iL'.i. lit:|(/. 
 
 ,f(Sont iiKiiiey) jier quarter, and barley when the 
 
 iume price liid not exceed !t.i. 1./. In 1 ji'.it an 
 
 iiiMiliniiill henelit was inteniled In be conferred on 
 
 ,n.'rii.'ulliire by prohibiting;; importation niilil the 
 
 li.nw iiricfi exceeded that at which exporlalioii 
 
 lui.il. lint the llnctiialin,:^ policy of the tinio 
 
 (ifvinlcil lliesc rennlatioiis from beinj; carried 
 
 i,'.' lull (Hi ct. and, indeed, lemlered them in ii 
 
 pi;u measure iunperalive. 
 
 In aililitiiiii to the restraints laid on exporta- 
 liin, it has been common in ninsl cnniilries to 
 ■mirai.t til increase tlu^ supjiiy of corn, not only 
 liv ailuiitliiiK its unrestrained importation from 
 jiiirnaii. but by holdni;^ out exlraoniinary en- 
 cuiinvimiiit to the importers. 'I'his |iiilicy has 
 nut, iurtttvir, been much followed in Kn^laml. 
 During' ihv.'iUll years immediately poslerior to the 
 (■i'iii|iii-l. importation was snbslanlially free; but 
 it «;!' Milium or never proiuoted by arlilicial 
 imaiis; ami dnrin,;; the last century and a half il 
 lia,-, I'lir the most part, been sulijectcd to bcver,' 
 re>lrioliiiiis. 
 
 liC'-iiKs attempt in;; to lower prices by prohibit in;j 
 vxi'iirlatinii, our anccslors alleiiipled to lower 
 lliiiu liy pniscribiug the trade carried on by corn 
 ilcaliTs, Tills most nseful class of persons were 
 lii'kiil iipiin with suspicion by every one. The 
 .■frioiillinists concluded that they would be able 
 ti' jill their produce at higher prices to the con- 
 Minicrs, were the corn dealers out of the way: 
 while the coiisuiners concluded that the prolits of 
 ilio ilcalers were niaile at their ex|iense; and 
 a-iriheil the dearths that were then very prevalent 
 Hilircly tu the iiractices of the dealers, or to their 
 Imyin;; up corn niiil wilhlioldin^- it from niarUet. 
 llu-.-e niitiiins, which have still a considerable 
 ilciiec of iiiliiieiu:e, Icil to various cnarlmenls, 
 laiiiiMilarly in the rei;;n of ICilward VI., by 
 which tile fricilom of ihe internal corn trade was 
 mlirily suppres-;ed. The fii'imssin;! of corn, or 
 I'liyin^'iif it in one market withintent to sell 
 11 I ain ill auoiher, was made an oll'eiui' piiiii>h- 
 [iililc liy impri.-oiiinent and the pillory; and no 
 111' wai allowed to carry corn from one part to 
 lulliiT withoiil a license, the privilege of ^rantiiiK 
 hii'h was I'onliiled by a statute of Elizabeth to 
 lie i|iiai'tiT sessions, lint as the jirinciples of 
 liiiiimerro came to he better nnderstood, the. im- 
 licy of these restraints frradnally ^rew nioreand 
 lore iibviiiiis. Thoy were considerably nioditicd 
 !ii-l; and in Uili;( the, enf;rossin{,' of corn was 
 Waiwl to be legal so Ion:; as the price did not 
 ml lUs. per (piarter (10 Ch. II. c. 7); an 
 ft which, as Ailam Smith has justly o'lserved, has 
 iihallits imperfections dono more to promote 
 toit^v than any other law in Ihe statute book. 
 1h3 tilt last remnant of the hijislalwc ciiiict- 
 itnts rcstrainiii.: the freedom of the internal 
 m dealers wa> entirely repealed. Hut the 
 igtossiiij,' of corn has, notwithstanding, bccu 
 
 exporlalioii ini^ht take place were extended lo 
 li(,«. for wheal and (Li. «</. for barley, lint a new 
 ](rinciple — that of inlllll^ill,'4■ dulies on exportation 
 — was soon alter introilniid ; and in l.'i71 it was 
 enacted that wheat mi^ht be exporled, paying a 
 duty of L'.i. per quarter, and barley and otlnr ;;rain 
 a duly of l.«. Alt., whenever the boiiie price of 
 wheal iliil not exceed ■jo.'i. per qiiarli r, and barley 
 and malt I'J.s. At the Kestoralioii the limit at 
 which exporlatiou niiH;lii take place w.'is very 
 much exleiidi'd; but as the duly on exporlatiou 
 
 ' was, at the same tinie, so very lii^h as to be 
 
 \ almost proliibiliiry, the extension was of liiile or 
 no service to thea^riculliiri-ls. This view of ihe 
 
 I matter seems to have been speeilily taken by the 
 Legislature; for in Kill.'! Ihe high diilies on ex- 
 
 I portatiini were laken oil', and an ad valorem duty 
 imposed in their slead, at the same lime that the 
 limit of exportation was extiinled. In ItiTO a 
 still more deciiled step was taken in favour of 
 
 I ngrii.'iiltnre; an Act lieing linn passed whicli 
 extended the ixporlalioii price to oii.s. Ad. per 
 
 ' qiiarliT for wlieal, .-11111 other grain in proporliim, 
 
 ! iinpo.-^ing at the same time prohibitory ilulirs on 
 Ihe importation of wheat till the price rose to 
 oo.v. b/., and a duty of W.s. belwcen that price and 
 
 ' M).s. lint the real etl'ects of this Act were not so 
 great as might have been anlii ipaled. The ex- 
 tension of Ihe limit of exporlalioii was rendered 
 comparalively imgatorv in cmiseipience if the 
 
 , coiitiniiance of the ilnlies on exportation caused 
 by the necessities of the Cniwii; while Ihe want 
 of any proper method for ihe delerinination of 
 prices went far to nullify the prohibition of im- 
 portation. 
 
 At the accession of William IIL a now system 
 was adopted. T'lie interests of agriculture were 
 then looked upon as of p.'iramonnt importance; 
 and to promote tlicin, not only were the duties on 
 exportation totally abolished, but it was encouraged 
 by the grant of a Ikhiii'i/ of .'is. on every quarter of 
 wheat exported, while llie jirice continued at or 
 below iM.t. ; of •_'.<. lif/. on everv quarter of barley 
 or malt, while their respective prices did not 
 exceed '2\s. ; and of '.is. i'ld. on every quarter of rye, 
 when its price did not exceed 32s. (1 Win. it- 
 Mary c. 12.) A bounty of •_'•>-. M. ]ior quarter was 
 siibseqnently given upon the exporlalioii of oats 
 andoalmeal, when the price of the former did not 
 exceed 1 js. per quarter. Importation continued to 
 be regulated by the Act of ItiTO. 
 
 Much diversity of opinion has been entertained 
 with respect to the policy of the boniily. That il 
 was inlended to raise the jirice of corn is clear, 
 from the words of the statute, which states 'that 
 the exportation of corn and grain into foreign 
 ])arls, irlirn tlw price tliircnf in at a low rate in this 
 ItiiKjitwii, hath been a great advantage not only to 
 llie owners of land, but to the trade of the kingdom 
 in general; Iherefure,' A-e. Jiut admitting this to 
 have been its object it has been contended that 
 the low ]irices which prevailed during the tirsu 
 half of last century show that its real ctl'ect -wa.s 
 preLisely the reverse; and that, by extending 
 tillage, it contributed to reduce prices. It will be 
 aftenvards shown that this coulil not really be the 
 case ; and the fall of prices may be sufficiently 
 
^HMM 
 
 t.. 
 
 V 
 
 430 CO UN' LAWS AX 
 
 nt'CKiititnl for liy lln- irniirnvod xdito <if ntcrii'iil- 
 tiii'i', llif ^nnliiiil ('(iiitiili-latioii nr I'liniH, tlic 
 (liiiiitiiitioii of »li('i'{i llll^•l>llllllry Xc, i'niiil>iiiivl 
 with till' sliiw iiici'i'n^i' nr' tin- )»>|iiiliitiiiii, Iti 
 piiiiit lit' raci, Inn, |iriiit li^il l)r;^iiii tn k'^''' **">' 
 .111 ycni's iM't'iiri' tlir Ipnimty win jjrnnttMl ; ainl the 
 t'iill was cinially jjri'at in Kmiicc, wIuti', in>li.i.l 
 of t'X|Mii'lalii>ii lii'iii:; (iicmiriLCril l>y a boiiiily, it 
 was almiwt irilinly iiniliiliili'il : iiml in lUD-^t 
 other riintiiii'iilal .-tati"<. (Knr prools of what is 
 now statcil, M'c the artich' ■Corn Laws ' in the iii'w 
 cilition of llio /:'iiii/r. Hril.) 
 
 I'ht.' Tahh's ainii'xcil to this article Hhow that, 
 with soiiKi few rxci'|ition.>i, tlicre was, diirin:; the 
 lirst fit! years of hist century, ii hir^e export of 
 enrii from r,iij;hiiiil. In IT.'iO the wheat ex|ioit(il 
 anioiinteii to '.lIT.fMiO ijiiarters; niui the total lioiin- 
 ties paiil ihiriii;; the 10 years frmn I7'li» to I7.'<l 
 naclicil ilic sum of l,ol."),ilt)(l/, lint the rapiil in- 
 crease of population MihsiMinently to I7f>0, anil 
 particularly alter the I'cacc of I'aris, in I7ti.'i, wl'.eii 
 the commcire anil niaiiiifaetiircs of the country 
 were cxteiiileil in an nnpreeeilenlecl iliniie, f;ra<lii- 
 ally reiliiceil this excels (,f exportation, ami oeca 
 sio'nally, imleeil, ineliiuil the liahuicc tlu' other 
 wav. This Icil to several suspensions of the re- 
 strictions on nnporlation: anil nt length, in 1771), 
 a new Act was Iranieil, by which furi'i^^n w heat 
 was alloweil to lie iniporteil on iiayiiii; a. noniinal 
 duty of ('»/. whenever t<in home price' was at or 
 aho'vc iHs. per quarter, and the bounty and exporta- 
 tion were together to cease when tlie ]iricu was 
 nt or above I l.v. 'I'lie bounty amounted to .'i.v. on 
 every i|njirter of wheat; •-'.•(. (»/. on every rpiarter 
 of barley ; H.i. ti</. on every quarter of rye ; and -«. (!</. 
 on every (juartcr of oats. 'Ibis statute also per- 
 mitted the importation of corn al any price, duty 
 free, in order to be .'iLjain exported, provided it 
 were in the mean time lodtjed under the joint locks 
 oftlie kin^' and the imporlcr. 
 
 The prices when ex|iortation was to cense by 
 this Act seem to have been lixed too low ; and, as 
 Adam Smith h;is ob^irved, there appears a f;oiiil 
 deal of impropriety in iiroliibitin;^ exportation al- 
 together the moment it attained the limit when 
 the bounty i,'ivcii to force it was withdrawn ; yet, 
 with all these defects, the Act of l77o was a ma- 
 terial improvement on the former system, iind 
 nuf,'ht not to have been .'dtercd unless to ;;ivc 
 greater freedom to the trade. 
 
 The idea that this law must, when enacted, 
 have been injurious to the aj^riciilturists, seems 
 altogether iliiisory ; the permissicin to import 
 foreign grain, when I lie home price rose to a 
 moderate height, certainly prevented tlieir rea- 
 lising exorbitant jirolits in denr years, at the 
 expense of the other classes; and prevented tm 
 unnatural proportion of the cajiital of the country 
 from being turned towards .•igricnliiire. Hut as 
 the limit at which iuiport.ition at a nomin.il duty 
 was allowed was lixed a good deal above the aver- 
 ago price of the reign of (ieorge 11., it cannot be ! 
 maintained that it had any tendency to reduce | 
 previous jirices, which is the only thing that could ' 
 iiavc discouraged agricultures : and, in fact, no ! 
 such reduction took place, \ 
 
 It is indeed true that but for this Act we should \ 
 not have imported so much foreign grain in the 
 interval between 177;! and 171)1. This importa- 
 liuii, however, was not a consequence of the decline 
 of agriculture ; for it is admitted that every branch 
 of rural economy was more imiirovcd in that period 
 than in the whole of the preceding century; but 
 .•irosc entirely from a still more rapid increase of 
 the inamifacturiug population, aiul hence of the 
 eliective dcmnnd lor corn. 
 
 JJy referring to the Tables nnncxcd to this 
 
 I) COIIN TRADE 
 
 article, it will bn neen that in 17*'i the Imlarr.. 
 on the Hide ot' whent imported amounted to \x,'i\:, 
 quarters; nnd in I77;i. 1771, and 177o, nil yiir> 
 of great prosperity, the balaiiie was verv iiim !i 
 iiiere.iscd. Hut the loss uf a great part' of nir 
 lolnnial possessions, the stagnation of eoiniaer.r, 
 and ililliciilly of obtaining einplnyineiit. oci asi.iin l 
 by the .\inerican war, 'limiMished the eon-imi,, 
 lion ; and this, ciaiihiiied with miii^iially prmln. 
 live harvests, icmlireil the bal.inct! lii;;li mi \\y 
 side of exportation in 177M, 17711, and 17hii. (h 
 17h;( and 17HI the crops were unusually ililjeiiiu, 
 ami considerable importations took place; Imi In 
 17m."i. \~M, and I7h7 the exports again exi'iiili,| 
 the iniporls; and it was not till 17«"<. win n th,. 
 cipiiniry had fully recovered tVoin the ell'eet Mif III, 
 Aimriiau war, and when manufacturing iinprim- 
 inenls were carried on with extraordinary >|iirii. 
 that the imports permmienlly overbal.nii iil th 
 exports. 
 
 The growing wealth nnd commercinl prnsperitr 
 of the country had thus, bv increasing the |mi|iii'. 
 lalioii and enabling individiiaN to consiiaie luMi 
 tioiial qiianlities of fuod, caused ilie home sii|.[ilv 
 of corn to fall somewhal short of the deiii;iii.|: \m: 
 it must not therefore be conclinled that a:;riiMilliir 
 had not at the s.ime time been very grcitly imli.- 
 rated. 'The .average annual produce if wIm.ii' 
 says .Mr. Comber, "at the begimiing of tlie rrj-i 
 of '(Ieorge 1 1 1.(1 7iiO). was about .'!,H(M»,OiMi,|,i;irl,r . 
 of which about :ilMl,IHIO had been sent mit n|' i!i. 
 kingdom, leaving about .'!,.'iimi.ii(io for Iimhii: ori|. 
 sumption. In l77o the produce of wliint m. 
 stated in the House of Commons to be l.iiiiii.im. 
 
 quarters, of wliieh the whole, and above In''. 
 
 imported, wire ciinsiimed in the kiiigilniii. l;i 
 I7!M> the consumption was stated by I, r,I 
 llawkesbury to be .'((Hl.dllO quarters per iiiiuil:. 
 or (1,0(10,11(10 quarters annually, of wliicli al"H 
 180,000 were imported; showing an iiup.i-.I 
 produce in about ■_'(! years of I,kl'ii,()iiu ijii.irir-. 
 It is evideni, therelorc, not only that no ilefale- 
 lion of produce had taken place in ciiiisci|UiW' 
 of the ces.-alion of exportation, as has lici;! t-.i 
 lightly assuimd from the occasional mci—il} : 
 impnrt.'ilion, but that it had increased wiili ih' 
 aiigmeiitatiou of our cnninierce ;ind nianiif.ii'tiin-,' 
 (Comber On XnliDiinl Snishli iin\ y. Isii.) 
 
 These estimates are, no doubt, very limsc .ml 
 uiisatisfactorv; but the fact of a great iinn.isi: 
 )irodiice havnig taken placid is uni{iii'-ii<in.iiM. 
 In a report by a committee of the I louse uf On;- 
 mons on the state of the irdslc liniils. ilrawii ii|ii:i 
 17'.>7, the, number of .\cts passed fur eiu'lu^ii::. 
 and the number of acres enclosed, in the I'lillmvi;;; 
 reigns, are thus stated: — 
 
 No. i.f .Itlt .\o.of.\;ro 
 lit tlif rdf^ii ut'OiHfii .\niie 
 
 lit.,irm' ] 
 (ii-orue II. 
 (iL'(>ri;L' 111. Id 17 
 
 I.Ci 
 lli i;.'-l 
 
 •Vii\ .111."" 
 
 \,'}yi ■j,vii,i.'; 
 
 It deserves jiartii'iilar notice, thai fnnii I"' 
 to 171)1. hot Ii inclusive, the period dii.'ini;' wl" :i 
 the greater number of these improveiueuls «ik 
 etrected, there Wiis no rise of prices. 
 
 'I'he landholders, however, could imt Init o:i- 
 siller the liberty of importation graiitiil liv ''■' 
 Act of 177o as injurious to their iiilrivst-. iii".- 
 much as it |iri'vented ]irices Ir.im risini,' ivitli th( 
 increased demand. A claiiioer, tlii'nl'uri', w [ 
 raised against that law; and in additimi lut!:;' 
 interested feeling, a dread of becoiiiiiig luiliitu* | 
 deiiendent on foreign supplies operated on many. 
 and produced a prettv general acquiescence idIB' 
 Act of 171.11. liy this Act the price when ini|'i; I 
 tatioii could take jilace from aliroail .ii tliu '"d 
 duty of (>(/. was raised to ul.s-. ; under . Ik "-I 
 above i)<is. a middle duty of ;.'». M.\ auJ uii:.: 
 
 lit 
 
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE 
 
 481 
 
 1 liiiliiw-"'!' 
 l\ oil 111"'?' 
 
 oiicciii'"' 
 llieii ""I"'' 
 tho t* 
 ■)\i. «■■' 
 
 ,in<. ft proliil)iiinK <liity of 21». M, wijf oxi(,'iliIi'. ! 
 Hid liciiinty ciiiiiiiiufil ns liot'orr, mid (>x|iiirtaii<m 
 HJtliMut Ixmiity was nllowrd to •Ifl.i, It wiih nlwi 
 iiKiiit'il llmt lori'iK" whcdt miKlit \h- importcil, 
 Miirrd imiliT tlic kiiin'n lock, nii<l ii(,'niii >'X|)ortc<l 
 MT(< of duty ; but if (told for home ('oii?oini|ilion, it 
 iiii'iimc iii'ibl" to « wnrfhoiiHC duly of 'ti. Vul. in 
 „lilition to tho ordinary duties payoljii- ftt thr 
 
 iliic of Sllll'. 
 
 In K'.'T the Hank of Kiifjlnnd olitainnl an cx- 
 
 iiiiitioii froni payin;; in .spcciti; and thu oonsi!- 
 
 iiui'iit fiirihty of ol)lainill^; disrounts and k'''''"K 
 
 '(Hdiininiid of cnpital, wliich this nicasuru occa- 
 
 >iiiniil, K'lvii "I frt'ili stiinuhis to nKrioultiirc, the 
 
 • rticacy of wliich was most powerfully assisted liy 
 
 the si-ariity and liiK'i prices of lH(i() and IHoi. 
 
 lnasiiiiii-'l>)"l"'"'C'^'*'''i "•* ""* Pfifes of 18(M would 
 
 lint allow tlie cultivation of tho poor soils, which 
 
 liadlx'tn brnken up in tho dear years, to lio con- 
 
 liiuu'il, a new com law was loudly culled for by the 
 
 umiiTs.and passed in IHdI. This law iinpo>eil a 
 
 ,,r»liiliitory duty of -M». '.hi. per ipiarter on nil 
 
 wheat im|)i)rted" when the homo prieo was iit or 
 
 |„lijw (yj. ; iietwreii <!;(.». and (ills, a middle duty 
 
 lit '.'.«. •"/• W'l'* P"i<l, "ud above fiU.v. a nominal duty 
 
 i,f C(/. The iiriou at which the bounty wasallowed 
 
 .11 cx|iortatiiin was extended to Ma., and export- 
 
 iiiion without bounty to 54». Hy the Act of 17!)1 
 
 liw maritime counties of r'ngland wore divided 
 
 into \'i ilistriets, importation and exportation 
 
 liciiiR ti'pila'ed by th(^ particular prices of each; 
 
 l,ut liy the Act of IHOl they were regulated, in 
 
 r.n;!ianil,liv llie aijijiiijiili: iirernije of the niaritiniu 
 
 iHsiricIs and in Scotland by the a^jftrof^ato 
 
 avi rage of the 4 nuuitimo districts into which it 
 
 was (liviilc'd. The averages were taken 4 times n- 
 
 viar, sothat the ports coidd not be open or shut 
 
 iiir !i's.< than it months. This manner of nscer- 
 
 laiiihi;; prices was, however, inoditicd in the fol- 
 
 Iwiiit; session ; it beiniii then lixed that iniiiorta- 
 
 [imi, Ijiitli ill Kii(,dand and .Scotland, should be 
 
 f.ailatiil by the avera(;c price of thu 12 maritime 
 
 ilistrict-i of Kntrland. 
 
 In iwi.') the crop was very ccmsidcrably deficient, 
 anil the avevaf^u price of that year was about 'J2». 
 inrqiiartor aboTc the price at which importation 
 u,i.- alhiwod by the Act of lHOl. As tlii^ dcjirecia- 
 tiai i)f paper compared with bullion was nt that 
 liiiii: only four jier cent,, the hifjh price tif that 
 viar must have been principally owin;^ to tlu! now 
 !;!«• jiroveutini; iiniiortation from abroad till the 
 Imme price w as liif;li, and then fettering mercantile 
 'peiations, and to the formidable obstacles which 
 ilic war threw in the way of importation. In 
 l""il, W)', and ) H()«, the depreciation of paper 
 ivas nearly 3 per cent. ; and the price of wheat in 
 tli(i«c years being generally from Gtl.». to 7i).i., the 
 imimrtatioiis were but small. Several impolitic 
 rc-traints had lieeu for a long time im|U)sed on 
 il:r free iinporlation and exportation of corn 
 Ituveen Great Itritnin and Ireland, but they were 
 |niuilly abulislied in IHOG ; and the Act o"f that 
 lar (IG (ieo. III. c. 'J"), establishing a free trade 
 111 com between the two great divisions of the cm- 
 was not only a wise and proper measure in 
 it-ilf.but lias powerlully contributed to promote the 
 (ni ral advantage. From autumn 1808, to spring 
 "11. the depreciation of the currency was iin- 
 iiallv great ; and several crops in that interval 
 ini; likewise delicicnt, the price of corn, influenced 
 both causes, rose to a surprising height. At 
 at time no vessel could be laden in any con- 
 iicntal port for ICngland without purchasing a 
 ' nse, ami the freight and insurance were at least 
 t times as high as during peace. But the de- 
 ;nictinn of Napolenii's anti-commercial S3'Htcm, 
 ' the autimin of 1813, having increased the 
 
 faeilitb's of iinportallon, a largo quantity of corn 
 was poured iiiio the kingdom; anil in 1811 its 
 htilliiin price fell below the pricuut which iinporla- 
 tion was allowed. 
 
 Ilefore this fall of |-. ico, a rommitteo <d' the 
 iIous<Mif ('oiiinions bad been appoinlrd to <'iii|uiro 
 into thn stale of ibr laws alTeeti ig the corn trade, 
 and recommended in llieir Keiiorl (diiled May 11, 
 1813) II very gri'at inereioe o( the prices at which 
 oxportalioii was allowable, ami wbin impoitalioii 
 free of duty might take place. This neoinmend- 
 atioii was not, however, adopted by I lie House; but 
 the fact of its having been niaile when ibe lioino 
 price was at least ll'.'.i. per nuarler displayed n 
 surprising solii'ltiiihi to exclude foreigners from all 
 coinpetilion with the home growers. 
 
 The wish to lessen the depeiidoiice of the coun- 
 try oil foreign supplies formeil the scde o^leiisiblc 
 motive by which tiio committee of 1813 had been 
 actnaled in proposing an nlleratioii in the Act of 
 I8l)t. Hut alter the tall of price in nntiimn 1813, 
 and ill till' early part of 181 I, it boeanie obvious, 
 on comparing our previous prices with ihose of thn 
 coiitiiieiil. that without an alteration of Ibe law in 
 ipicslion this dependence would be a good deal iii- 
 en'iised ; that a considerable extent of HUeli poor 
 lands as had been brought into cultivation during 
 the high prices wcuild be again thrown into pas- 
 turage; and that rents woiibl bo lowered. These 
 consequences alurmed the landlords and oeeiipiers ; 
 and in the early part of the stasion of 18| I a series 
 of resolutions were voted hy the House of Com- 
 mons, declaring that it .was expedient to repeal 
 the bounty, to permit the free exportation of corn 
 whatever might be the himie price, and to impose 
 a graduated scale of duties on the importation of 
 foreign corn. Thus, foreign wheat imported when 
 the home jn-ice was at or under (U.i. was to pay a 
 duty of 21s.; when at or under (I.'w. n duty of J3,«.; 
 and 80 on till the home jirice should reach 8(),«., 
 ■when the duty was reduced to !.«., at which sum 
 it became stationary. Corn iin))ortcd from Canada, 
 orfrom theother l!ritishc(donies in North Aintrica, 
 was to pay J the duties on other corn. As soou 
 as these resolutions had been agreed to, Iwo bills 
 founded on them — one for regulating the import- 
 ation of foreign com, and another for tho repeal of 
 the bounty, anil for iiermitting unrestricted ex- 
 portation — were introduced. Verj- little attention 
 was paid to the last of these bills; but the one im- 
 |)osiiig fresh duties on importation encountered a 
 very keen opposition. Tlic manufacturers, and 
 every class not directly supported by agriculture, 
 stigmatised it as an nnjustillable attempt artiiici- 
 ally to keep up the price of food, and to secure ex- 
 cessive rents and large profits to the landludders 
 and farmers at the oxpen.sc of the consumers, 
 Jlectlngs were very generally hold, anil resolu- 
 tions entered into strongly expressive of this senti- 
 nieiit , and dwelling on the fatal consequences which, 
 it was aflirmcd, a continuance of the high jirices 
 woulil have on manufactures and commerce, 'i'his 
 determined opposition, coupled with the indecision 
 of ministers, and perha]).s, too, with an cxpectatiou 
 on the jiart of some of the liindhohlers that prices 
 would rise without any legislative interference, 
 caused the miscarriage of this bill. The other bill, 
 repealing the bounty, and allowing an unlimited 
 freedom of exportation, was passed into a law. 
 
 Committees had been appointed in 1814, by both 
 Houses of Parliaineiit, to examine evidence and 
 report on tho state of the corn trade ; and, in con- 
 sequence, a number of the most eminent agricul- 
 turists wore examined. The witnesses wore unani- 
 mous in this only : that the protecting prices in 
 the Act of 1804 were insuflicient to enable the far- 
 mers to make good the engagements into which 
 
 &:.^. 
 
^v . 
 
 i . 
 
 ■r. 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 
 \ 
 
 m 
 
 COEN LAWS A5D CORN TRADE ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 LUiv-1 i^ „i,nuld cxcectl i^.'-''-; "'4 ,. f ji,ev sorts of uram. 
 
 thcv ima subscquentl ;^: !^^^^^^^^^^^^ I^'^T:^*; f aJ thou lo..li.., ,hc 
 
 t ?ou\t\viUiononlie nt no ^^^^^ ,^^ ji ^t l-'M j,„„,e pri>-c vosc *> ^J^.^ that limit luul tl.c 
 
 ;:U^ uJ average pno'. ^ th ^_^_ ^^ , ^^ advanced t^ ■-•'K^ ^ ^^' ;„ro,,.', his M;'j« J 
 
 mlartor;vy«^ peas, and bu _^^^ n)n>'''-^f l^''. ,va.aullu.ri.>nll' •^^^'^^'^ ,^,,\i,.ti.s as the ordonJ 
 
 St, -Ills. ; and oalp - ^- ,a,uatioMS in N' r I ^,,^ ,,nym(;nl ot bUt ^^^^^^^ |^^,j^^^^,_ ^^,j 
 
 em-n from any ol ."?„ "ex ' pt ^vlu•u the avcra.. ^^^^^^^^ f^,, ,„ m. ;^ '^^ „., ,,r„,,s of oatM.J 
 
 them siea. '-■ at •'"""' ,^, lUesc exv'!"'^'"",, \... 1 „ dntvol .>.>.'"'• l'*-,'..,l.„,t,„\ under this 
 
 ,viu be afi> nvaj;';; • ■ 
 
 A^'::sr;;;m.c.uate|vra.-.^^i;>;^-;^,,,.i^^ 
 ke a^: ntt:: -^j-:^! -r:.-^ 
 
 ^ «istc),>ce tl>an »i;>;M ^ p^eeshad -'"^^^^M ^eious co..-'i;'e"^?; ''"^^^slors oblai.ioit an , 
 S;oin.ea_to c.n..n.re^;.u;>; „.d U- re.ort^^U.n - stnUin.W evince t>., 
 
 virices anacons«.iuent ai^fes^ , ,,.^ ,i^^ 
 
 1 .•.....,.,1 t\ie 
 
 ,1- I'arliament. .triUinf'iy evince tkl 
 
 Nothing' eouh\ mo e .i ^ ,^.,., j,„„j 
 
 vernn.ent luu .>" " ^''^e ,vdek vetVvr.. lo 
 rarv Acts and >^ """ ^,;' h- ,i,„ at;ricuhun.t>U^; 
 „.;vei.itellh.e,>tV-;rtu.no^^b^^^;:^^^„^^ ,„e| 
 
 ^>tl-^'>V:;n^r^l'ducethcaaya.'.- 
 
 ^''l'.^"i:!;f^l^elnselves.at.slK. 
 
 U. Mdo.^•cl^va^ ;■■■■;■-;;; .,jl,„,i„^ year. 
 1815, at Nvl'"^>' ." '' U,e IblloNvint; soms. v./-. - 1 ,.... ,,.vn-t: part.cn . „ ,,„„„, 
 
 .-. limit ion. *■'-' 
 
 
 jKT qvuirtcr 
 
 I,lin.stei-s .iKivinf^ arucn ^^, ^.^,^^,, „„„,, < 
 Mr. Cannin^'.moNcd as^u' ^^^^ ^,^^,.^,,,1 
 
 onndation of a "^ \^"i, ,! , .'.d^ht ahva^J 
 .otheellect tK? ;'^'*: ,,,i„, ,o l,e «rohJ 
 .,„ ',Ml,ti-ee ot '\"'>',"\vs be adm.ss.bk toll 
 knu duat it «»'";; ;Vaymc.nt of .cevtuin J 
 , „•,„-,! - - ...- 1 r,".. 1 consmnidioti ^yf.J'^\.*- wheat, it w'W i 
 
 J ,'" vc«. i""i '•;••;",!: : ; r,.o.. ;<n.,___ ^ .j.i^u, in tlio mst""^*;. >; ' j^ at or above 1 
 
 iurl^y. bearer l",!. . ^ 1 „ Vhell tllC lunUC VUCC a^ ^^^^ „f 
 
 of 17s. per ^i"f ,,;';: u„,ries, during }}^^^'^^-J^ ation Avas to bo 2»., >^.^^' . -^^ at win* ' 
 ■lotted from forei.Lin c .^^^ it the puci. ,^^^^^ ^.^ ^n. ^'^^ ' ^ was to take 
 
 .nLihs after the "!'«"'" V per Uvmrter, andol 12s. be ^^^. j^_ ^,,, H"; ,.f[ i,,. fc-cd at 
 
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE 
 
 433 
 
 troasinK !>}• Is. Gd. for cvoey 1». wlicii tlin. price | 
 
 (,11 liclow that limit. The limit at which tlic , 
 
 (.iiistiiiit duty of Is. per (|iinrtcr wns to tiil^ft plai'C 
 
 ill tho casfi iif onts was ori;,'inally fixed at 2Sn.; | 
 
 'ut it was siihsecpirntly raisc<l to 3.').i., tlic (Uily 
 
 ifrca^injr at tho rate of Is. por quarter for every 
 
 •liillinR tliat tlic price fell below that limit. The 
 
 iiiiv oil colonial wheat was fixed at (»/. per (piar- 
 
 tr wliou the home i)rice was above ti.')s, ; and 
 
 wiien the iiricc was uniler that sum the duty was 
 
 ,,iii>liiiit at .'is.; the duties on other descriplions of 
 
 aliinial fjraiii were similar. These resolutions 
 
 vcre .nuri'P'' *" '•>' " hn'f^o majority; and a bill 
 
 • muled on them was subsequently carried throuv,'h 
 
 ■i, lliiiise of Commons. Owinfj, however, to tl'.a 
 
 itaniri' "'" '"'n's^t'-fS ^*''''-'i U^k place in the in- 
 
 I'rini. several peers, orij^inally favourable to the 
 
 iiil, and some, even, who assisted in its prepar- 
 
 itiiin. saw reason to become amongst its most vio- 
 
 iniiippii'ients; and a clause moved by the Duke 
 
 'Wellington, interdicting all importation of 
 
 ;,riii;n com until the home price exceeded OCs., 
 
 ttvmj,' been carried in the Lords, ministers gave 
 
 1. tlie bill, justly eonsiilering that such a clause 
 
 nMHtiri'ly subversive of its principle. 
 
 Aiifwsct of resolutions with resjiect to the corn 
 
 tn'.owcre brought forward in 1^'J>< by Mr. tJbarlcs 
 
 iGnnt (afterwards Lord (ilenelg). Tiiey were 
 
 liflinikd on the same principles as those which 
 
 ,\ lifcn rejected during tho previous session. 
 
 i! till' duty was not ni.idc to vary equidly, as iii 
 
 unuing's resolutions, with every equal va- 
 
 tiiiii ol' jiricc; it being 2',is. Hd. when the home 
 
 ivas (lis. the Imjicrial quarter, Itis. Hd. when 
 
 wasliOs., and is. only when it was at or above 
 
 .\rtir a good deal of debate, Mr. (irant's re- 
 
 iiilion> were carried, and embodied in the Act 
 
 IV. c. CO. 
 
 T!ic cri>iis having been dedcient in 1)^'!0 and 
 
 f*. tliCTi! was a large impfirtation of corn in 
 
 years, its average price being at the same 
 
 s:ibout Ci.'is. per (piarter. Ihit tlie crops fmni 
 
 II to 18I')G having been more than usually alnin- 
 
 importation almost wbcdly ceiiscd, and the 
 
 uf wheat sunk in 1><.').J to lil's. U/. per quarter. 
 
 j.'lf>s than it had been in any previous year 
 
 \"(; In conseipieiu:c of this succession of 
 
 limcsts and low prices, the corn laws ceased 
 
 iiwliilc to attract any considerable portion of 
 
 ;iiUic attention, and an inijiression began to 
 
 jiiimd that the improvement of agricnllurc 
 
 very r.ipid, that, despite the increase of 
 
 iti™, and the existence of the corn laws, 
 
 feswonld fall to about the level o( those of 
 
 Ifvntincnt. Ihit tho cycle of favourable sea- 
 
 ihviiii; terminated in 1837, the crops of that 
 
 if suececding ,') years were considerably ile- 
 
 ; sii mnch so that prices rose in I)s:i0 to 
 
 !.!« quarter, the im|)ortationsinthat aiid the 
 
 >m<f years being .also very large. This in- 
 
 n tlw price of com, combined with the de- 
 
 I state (if tho commerce of the country, 
 
 tins in the pecuniary revnlsion in the United 
 
 ami other causes, again attracted a groat 
 
 attention to the corn laws; and the opjtres- 
 
 i.iiitude and injurious operation of the du- 
 
 very strcjiigly animadverted upon at pub- 
 
 iiii:;s in the inaniifacturiiig towns .and else- 
 
 Aii association, denominated the Anti- 
 
 bv League, originally ftumded in Lanea- 
 
 whioh subsequently extended its rami- 
 
 •t'lmost parts of the country, was set on 
 
 lilt express purpose of keeping iq) an in- 
 
 i.itation against tho corn laws, which, in 
 
 ■f nf these concurring circumstances, 
 
 liW with greater bitlenitss than ever. 
 
 f'tiaiiccc;' the subject at length forced it 
 
 on thoattenlion oftioverniuent, and in 1811 minis- 
 ters, actuated partly bv a sense of the n.ischiev- 
 ous induenc.i of the .sliding scale, and partly also 
 by a wish to strengthen their declining i)opularity, 
 bronglit forward a plan for remodelling the corn 
 laws, by repealing tlie sliding scale and imposing 
 in its steail a constant duty of Ss. per quarter on 
 vlicat, and in proportion on other grain. IJut, 
 laving no majority in I'arliament, ministers were 
 obilgc'l to resort to a ilissohilion ; an.! their pro- 
 posal having, notwilhslandiiig its moder.'ition, ex- 
 cited the greatest apprcbi'iisions among the agri- 
 culturists, without being very warmly siippurted 
 by the other classes, a new I'arliament was re- 
 turned, which gave a decided majority to the op- 
 position. It was, nevertheless, felt on all hands to 
 be neci'ssaiy to make some considerable change is 
 the existing law, tind in IK 12 a measure was in- 
 troduced ill that view by Sir Ilobert I'eel, which 
 was subsequently passed into a law, 6 Vict, 2nd 
 se.ss. c. 11. 
 
 Unfortunately, however, this measure, like that 
 by which it was preceded, was bottomed on tho 
 princi|d.' ;f making the duties vary with the vari- 
 ations in tiio price of corn; and though the duties 
 were decidedly less oppressive than those imposed 
 by tin' !) (leo. IV', c. tin, still they were in no onli- 
 iiary degree objectionable, as welj from their too 
 great magnitude as from their aiUiing to the natu- 
 ral insecurity of the corn trade, and increasing 
 the chances and severity of tlnctnations. It is 
 not, therefore, to be wondered at that the now 
 measure gave but little sati^fai'tion. Instead of 
 being abated, the agitation and clamour against 
 the corn laws continued progressively to gain 
 strength; and the conviction began at tho saino 
 time gradually to extend itscl'' among many of 
 those iiy whom these laws hail hitherto been sup- 
 ported, tliat farther niodilications would have to 
 be made in tliem, and that they might be made 
 without indicting any very serioo.s injury upon 
 agriculture. 
 
 This convietioM was greatly strcngtheneil b^" 
 the result of the important changes mado h\ t^ir 
 K(d)ert I'eel in the taritf in IK 12, and move especi- 
 ally by those which had r> fcrence to the import- 
 ation of live cattle and fresh provisions. These 
 had previously been pridiibitcd ; but the minister 
 proposed that this prohiliition sliould be re[iealed, 
 and that their ini)iortation should 1)0 permitted 
 uu::. r reasonable duties, 'i'his proposal, when 
 lirst brought forward, excited the greatest ajipre- 
 bensions among the farmers and graziers, and was 
 fdUowed by an immediate fall in tiie price of cattle. 
 Ilajipily, however, the measure was carried, and it; 
 was speedily discovered that there was no such 
 difference l)etween the prices of cattle of t!io same 
 (luality here and in the adjacent parts of the con- 
 tinent as had been supposed; and that the fear.9 
 entertained by the agriculturist soft he ajiprcacdiing 
 ruin (d' the businesses of breeding and grazing 
 were altogether visidiiarv and nnt'onnded, Tho 
 experience alforded by llie reduction .and subse- 
 quent abolition of the dutv on wool was exactly 
 similar. Instead (d' being mjund, the interests'of 
 tho Itritish sheep farmers have been most materi- 
 ally ]iromoie<l by these measures; the demand for 
 home-grown wool having been rendered compara- 
 tively steady, and its price considerably increased 
 by the powerful stimulus which the (diango in the 
 duty on foreign wool giive to the woollen inai\ufac- 
 ture. 
 
 In tho following year, that is, in IK 1,1, a mea?uro 
 was adopted which made a wide breach in the 
 corn laws. In IKI'2 the Legislature of Canada 
 passed a law impo--ing a duty of 3s. per quart 'r on 
 all wlnat imported into the province, viulcss from 
 V V 
 
 i( ■« ^k 
 
mmm 
 
 y * 
 
 f 
 
 •J.': 
 
 I' 
 
 434 
 
 COi;X LAWS ANI» CCIJX TKAUK 
 
 ihc L'liitoil Kiiij;il(iin, s-tiiliiin in tlu' prcainblc to 
 this Act tliiit it was pii-isi'il iii lln^ cxpcclatinii 
 and lu'licf that a ciirrcsfiondin;^ rcdiictioii would be 
 mado ill the (hitics ou wheat ami wheat-dour im- 
 ported into the United Kiiifrdoni Ironi Canaila. 
 And conL/niialily to lliis aiiliri])ation. the Act (J & 
 7 Viet. e. '_".!, iia.-ised in tlie course ol' ISl.'i, reduced 
 the(hity on wlicat imported fidin Canada to l.s. |ur 
 ([uarter, and proportionally nn wheat-flour. This 
 Act nut with much opposition from a part of the, 
 a-^riciiltnral interest in t Ids country, wiio contended 
 tliiU it would lead to the introduction of unlimited 
 supplies of corn from the United States at a duly 
 of only Is. jier (piarter, or. nllowinj;' for smujjffliii^, 
 fit ]ierliaps only A that amount. Hut experiiiice 
 showed that these anticipations were not likely 
 to be realised; for, thoup;h tho imports from 
 Canada were materially increased, the obsla<'le.s 
 in the way ol the importation of corn from the 
 United States into Canada, and the (lanj;er and 
 expense of the voyaRo I'roni Montreal or t>U''hee 
 to iMi^'land, must nere?sarily have iireveiited the 
 impdrlaliou lhniuL;li this channel IVom ever he- 
 comiii;; of much importance. Still, howe\er, the 
 measure was in so far an abaHdonuu'nt of the <'orn 
 lav.-s; and if we were j.isMlied in admiliio^c the' 
 priidiiee of the United States to oiir markets in 
 this indirect way, it was not (■;isy to discover salis- 
 faetnry ;^rounds on which tu exclude the produce 
 of other sillies. 
 
 The success uf the measures ado|iteil in M|-J 
 cnconraf;e<l Sir IJobert I'eel to attempt still more 
 consideralile changes in lf<l.'), when he totally 
 ahnlished t!ie customs duties on . n fewer tiian -ll-'o 
 diO'erciiI articles, some of wliich were of very eoii- 
 siderable im])(jrlanee. The measures then adup'ed 
 were etpiivalent, in fact, to the vi tual '.b.'indoii- 
 inent of the protective system; and under such cir- 
 cumstances it could not, he expected that the corn 
 laws, ou which so serious ;in inrnad had bein jiiade 
 by the Canada Act, wnuld \k able to maintain tlieir 
 place on tin latnte book for iiny very leiiglheiied 
 period. 
 
 They mif^ht, however, have beeu eontiuucd for 
 some time loni,'ei', had not the imsatisfactorv corn 
 harvest, and tlie failure of the potato c;'op of IS'l.'i, 
 made it nccessar\ to adojit measures for avertini^ 
 tho anticipated dilv'ii'ncy in the supplies of food. 
 Under the critical circumstances in which the jio- 
 jnilatiun was the n believed to be placed, the tem- 
 porary sns|iensioii of 'the corn laws could hardly 
 have been avoided : but if once siis]]eiid( d, tluir iv- 
 eir.ielment would have been .ail but ■mpossili'.-. .and 
 it ivas better by at once |irovidiii,i;- tor their repeal 
 to inako an end of ilic system, and i>f the dissaiis- 
 faeiion and a,:;itation to which if had L;'iven birtl;, 
 flian to endeavour to continue ii, in any modilied 
 sliapi Such was the view of the matter taken 
 by Sir l.'obe.l Pe d. and ho fortunately su eee led. 
 despite dillicultie- that none el-e could have over- 
 come, in c.inyin^;' the Act it 10 \'ict. e. '22. for 
 the imiiK iliate nioditieafidii of the enrii laws, and 
 for their fotal repeal at the end of .'i years, or on 
 February 1, l.S!!'. (:-i cyio.sV.} 
 
 II. ria.NCiri.ics or Tin-; Coi'.x Laws. 
 
 L J.iti null Cum Trtiih: — It is needle 
 
 to take 
 
 np the' re.'ider's lime liy endeavoiu-iii;;- to prove by 
 
 .irguinei 
 
 X the adv.'inta'ro of .allowin;;- the free i 
 
 vevance of corn fn.m one 
 
 .rovmco to auotlier. 
 
 I' very one sees that this is indispensable, not only 
 to the equal distribution of Ihe supplies of fund 
 over the country, but lo en.abh- tiie inhabitants of 
 sf litted for the raisiriu' 
 ■p ite. to addict ihein- 
 ssary occupations lud 
 
 tl 
 
 lo-e dislrie's that are 
 
 and fatteiiin;; of e.'lttle, slid 
 selves to these or other nee( 
 
 ilirectly connected with the iiroduction of corn. 
 We shall, Iheiefore, confine the few remarks we 
 have 111 make on this subject to the cousideratinn 
 of the influence of the speculations of the CDm 
 inerch.ants in buying up corn in anticipation of mu 
 advance. Their proeeedinp;s in this respeci, tlieu^h. 
 of the greatest public utility, have been ihe prin- 
 cipal causes of that odium to which tliey havt In ,.|i 
 lonf; exposed. 
 
 Were tho harvests alw.ays equally ;irndui;tive, 
 nothing would be piined liy storiiiij up .-ii|i|iliis 
 of corn; and .all that would be necessary woiil,; 1,. 
 to distribiile the crop eipially tlirciii;;lioiit tin 
 country and tliroiiehout tho year. lUit such i 
 not the order of nature. The variations in ;i|.. 
 apfjregato produce of a country in difrorcut m ■, 
 sons, though not perhajis so great as are com- 
 monly suppo'fd, are still very considerable; awx 
 experieuce has shown that two or three um.iiialh- 
 lu-\uriant harvests seldom take place in succu. ion; 
 or that when they do, they are iiivarialdy ful'iuwev 
 by (hose that are dcllcient. The speeiJatori in 
 corn anticipate thi:: result. Whenever jiriecs l,o-in 
 to give way in consequence of an uiiusu.'illy luxu- 
 riant harvest, speculation is at work. Tlie ni ..r 
 opulent farmers withhold cither tue whole i,:- .i 
 part of their jiroduce from rnaiki^t ; and the nierr 
 opii'e'it dealers piirch;;s\'lai-gely of thecorn Iron-!,; 
 lo ni'irket and store it up in expectation of i fi;- 
 tc"e advance. And thus, without iiitcudiu;; t.> 
 liromote any one's interest but their own, sikcu- 
 lafors in corn beco'i'.' tho benefactors el \\w 
 public. They provide a reserve stock aMiii-; ' 
 those years of scarcity wdiicli arc sure at iiu ili-- 
 taiil ]icriod to recur; while, by witlidrawin.; a 
 p,iv';,,ii of the redundant supjily from imiiiedi.ito 
 coi iiojif ion, prices are prevented IVoe; fallin:;s.i 
 low as to be injurious to the tanners, or ,at lo.n>: 
 are inaiidained at a lii^hei level than tlioy wouli 
 otherwise have reached ; jirovideiit liaiiits ;ir- 
 maintained anioniist the iieopli;: and thanvasi. 
 and extrav.agancc^ arc checked whicl. always wkt- 
 phue in iilintifiil years, but Avhicli woiiiJ li| 
 carried to a much ureater extent it flic ivlulf 
 produce of an abundant crop were to be eoiiMimnl 
 within the season. 
 
 It is, however, in scarce years thai: flio sfniii- 
 latioiis of thecorn merchants arc priacipally aj- 
 vaiitageous. l-^veii in the riehesl, coiinliiLs,a viryl 
 laruc proportion of Ihe individuals eii^'a},'oil in ll.oj 
 business of agriculture are coinparativeh \v<'u\ 
 and are totally witho'it the means of witliiieMiii;' 
 their produce tVom market In order to t]wiiLu9| 
 u[Mjn any future advance, in eonseiiueiii'i' t!i^ 
 markets are always most abundantly sii]|ili« 
 with prie'iice iinincdialely after harvest; aiil id 
 countries where the merchants cni,'agud in tlij 
 corn trade are not possessed of large capitals. ( 
 where their proceedings are fettered and rcstriiti 
 there is then, almost invariably, a heavy I'all i 
 prices. Ihit as tho vast nnijority of the |iCO]il| 
 iiiiy their food in small i|iiaiifitie'>, or from li.iv i 
 day, as tliej- want it, their eonsnmp;i(iii is nio; 
 sarily o.xtcnded or ooiifraeted i.ecordin;;' i" i 
 price at the time. Their views do net cxiiiil I 
 the future; thev have no ineims (f jml.iij 
 
 efhi 
 
 the cr 
 
 op 
 
 no 
 is or is not ( 
 
 lelleieilt. Til 
 
 ive, as tlie pjirase i 
 
 from hand lo inou 
 
 til. ad 
 
 re'salislied if, in the mean time, tlioy obtal 
 abundant supplies at a cheap rate. Diit ill 
 obvious, that were there nothing to conti'"' 
 
 uinteract this improviiier 
 
 the coiisequoi 
 
 i>nld vcrvoften be fatal in the cxtiviiic. 
 rropofoiie harvest must supjiort the popnl.itj 
 
 till the crop of the other 
 
 Vest has boon t;.itlit 
 
 111: and if that crop should be detieieii'— il| 
 ii'stanee, it should only be adcpiate to ntlonU 
 
 >M as mil rate of 
 
 V lllellllls' provi' 
 
 .'iM. unless tho i.i 
 
 Mfifliarvesr as to 
 
 nc/o. ilie wiioh, 1 
 
 111 -t 'IreaiJfiil /;„„ 
 
 vii.iii.dy to H;i> j,j 
 
 ■.umiuo the .•iccon 
 
 ikr gr.iiii i„ j^-, 
 
 llrdHded and .Sir 
 
 ...'lUiid.iiit jiroofs oft 
 
 ir.n stated. Jn d 
 
 .'.iriBLTj were genei 
 
 •fiililiolding their c 
 
 ■'''■ "•■••'ie of a crn' 
 
 :i!nii.,<t improvidence 
 
 ■iuujition of grain. ' 
 
 !•■■' years in \\hu^ ,^ , 
 
 iX|ienenco(l iinincdiai 
 
 Jwliidi there was an 
 
 latMij of price oxcee 
 c,.:i lion- form a,, ,•,;,, 
 
 "i'.'O^Mtt being -i or ' 
 
 Jiiya^iiiSeptciuherai 
 '" '■■ I" tlie iiieriiaso of 
 .'iMMrmers.and (i^aie 
 .'■"•'■"lieralioiisof tjjg 
 
 «-:^UT the dealers, w 
 ^v>riiicansofin/;,rm, 
 »rl.;i.,re,aJstaicoftho 
 ;^ .vrn,^ inid ,he ],a,.v 
 
 r- ■:'■■■'-' ''c price of , 
 «'s.'..ind bid atra;,,„^ 
 »'i/ci die far,i,er.s"an' 
 "t-iVciifo of tliis Hso 
 
 '■rfehifespeciaJJvthe 
 mmm, of corn, "/iiui 
 sTMer ffououiv, a,„, fg 
 
 T '•■'''""' f""suiin,(i(, 
 *'m;ne,lia,elyp„,';;; 
 
 Cr:',""^'''arci,^' 
 
 «'3.* 'nntrlv i\ 
 "aptiuii as" ill se 
 
 ve.ir ; 
 le case. 
 
 aiid 
 ill I 
 
 I'ni viflio'i 
 
 '«■ .llte;,reti,, 
 
 .indfostileni 
 
 at resi 
 
 ciun 
 ;r..vi,|, 
 
 fit 
 
 t IS Hot 
 
 CO. (lie 
 "■■irii lis of 
 •i,i.';iiiisl it. 
 
 easy t.i 
 
 « fni Ilk rcli, 
 
 ■;;•■"■'■ ""t disposed 
 
 'SOUS of jl 
 
 *'>■ delieiei 
 
 oiirce tl 
 
 spcciii,-, 
 
 our clai 
 
 ■■^"Ppose I 
 lilts sin 
 
 lie; 
 pidiasoil to 
 
 IS be 
 
 "liiia.nt 
 
 en ,s; 
 , to br 
 market until 
 
 iii, 
 
 jMreal; 
 
 il- Ollfii 
 
 I'nce, ami, Haft), 
 
 Vl'lv 
 
 '■■"iiiid i; 
 
 ""IllllUt iif 
 
 •Ullcll 
 
 II 
 
 'lit 
 
 i'.raMe 
 'f is liaiil, 
 
 ."■ '1'i.V .siicli 1 
 Mpital re( 
 
 ■iiitily „f 
 
 ''':'}■ tstoiisiv 
 
 '"II as tliev 
 
 • n-iide 
 
 SlW. Ill 
 
 fro ar 
 111 it to 
 
 e coiiiitr 
 
 r 111! 
 can iv.i 
 
 y 111 
 
 " '" '« I'eriiied 
 
 " iiilinitelv (J 
 iiabi 
 
 «W I 
 
 Tiiie 
 
 r«'. Ala 
 ■•■'■niiill hoi 
 
 It, It 
 
 e ;iiiy i 
 •■iliKuigslI 
 
 •oiild 
 
 Hot 
 
 .-'-' l'i'o|)orih)i 
 
 liiiiii 
 
 Iter 
 
 ■»ffl.-faiicos, „,, 
 ' ft'ciirred 
 
 rs of 
 
 aro I 
 
 'ilseqiiciitj 
 
 ■oniare 
 )wi-liciila 
 soon as 
 
 "11 till 
 
 .'0011 as 
 
 I'l-icc 
 
 ' are ( 
 
 ir ha;i,/s. 
 
 aiixn 
 s rise 
 
 "I'iK'cs be 
 
 I'Ofiod. 
 
 'lllld wl 
 
 •^iiifodec 
 
 "f iiiilil 
 
 ceas 
 I" reta 
 
 I n| 
 
 I lie. j; 
 
CO]{N LAWS AND CORN TRADH 
 
 1155 
 
 lI^Uill 
 
 rati5 of consumption, a supply of 9 or ' in Mir impul'ir cry ;i,i;iiiii-t such pc r.-^on*, every ono 
 
 nmtlis' provisions instead of 12 — it is plain 
 ■i,,it. iiii't'"^ 1 lie prico were .so raised iumicdiately 
 ■j'trrlwrvcHt as to eiiforco oconouiy, iind |put, as it 
 Mi'io. the "liolc, nation on short allowance, the 
 „i:,t ilrcadlid ianiiiio would he experienced pre- 
 viiiii>lv to the ensiiinj; harvest. Those who 
 
 wlio talics a dispassionate view of the mailer will 
 perceive, that, inasnimh as tlieir miscalcidatioii 
 must, under tlie circunistatiees supposed, he ex- 
 cee<lint,dy injurious to t'teinselves. we have the 
 best sec'urity a^jaiiist its .lein^^ carried to such an 
 extent as to he productive of any material injury 
 
 flic accounvs of the l)rices of wlieat and I or even incdnvcnicuce to tho|)uhlic. it sliould also 
 
 tliiT j,'rain in England, cidlccted by IJisliop 
 
 [Iritui'ud and Sir F. M. I'Men, will meet witli 
 
 iiumlaal proofs of the accuracy of what has now 
 
 ,11 ~t:itcil. In those remote |)erioJs when thc^ 
 
 „wvh were p'uorally williout the means of 
 
 nihlioUlint; their crops from market, and wlien 
 
 !,, trildc of a corn dealer was proserihecl, the 
 
 ;iiiii>t improvidence was exhihiied in the con- 
 
 .imiiition of j;rain. Tluire wen- then, indeed, very 
 
 ', .iwiirs in which a considerable scarcity was not 
 
 txjicrionced immediately before harvest, and many 
 
 a which there was an absolute famine. The tluc- 
 
 tuitiona of i)rice exceeded every thin^ of w hich wc 
 
 („a now form an idea; the jirice of wlieat and 
 
 lArjrrainheinj,' i or 5 times as lii},'li in June and 
 
 Ja'ivaiiii Scpteiuber and Octolier. ThaidvS, how- 
 
 (Vi.r. v< the incniaso of capital in the haiuls of the 
 
 lir.i farmers and dealers, and to the freedom i;iven 
 
 kiiuperulionsof the c(irti merchants, wo are no 
 
 jMt exposed to such ruiiKuis vicissitudes. 
 
 WVniM-T the dealers, who, in consequence id' I heir 
 
 ?r,r."rmcans of in formation, are better ac(|nain ted 
 
 w.l.Ao real stateof the crops than any ollu'r class 
 
 cl'tiriK liiul the harvest likely to be delieient, 
 
 tlifvrie the price of tlie corn they have ware- 
 
 lifiiis,!. and hid against each oilier I'or the corn 
 
 riiili the farmers are brinpng to market. In 
 
 ai!L>tti'aeticc of this rise of prices, all ranks and 
 
 idm. but especially the lower, -who ar(! the i;rcat 
 
 coii.-umcrs of corn, tind it indispensable tn usi; 
 
 j.T(atcr iviiueiny, and to clieck all inipro\ident 
 
 ml waatct'iil consumption. Every class beinu; 
 
 ;Iin3 imuittlialely put upon short allowance, the 
 
 ;fc-iuv of tlie scarcity is distributed ctpially 
 
 •iMi.'liout the year ; and insteail of indul^ciiiL;', as 
 
 iva- f nr,crly the case, in tlie same scale of coii- 
 
 M;'ji|)tiun as' in seasons of pleiily, until the supply 
 
 koanif altciii'ther delieient, and then beiii;;' ex- 
 
 l*-ttl vithiiut re.-ource to the attacks of famine 
 
 .raJpstilonco. the speculations of the corn mer - 
 
 (ham* tt-ani us of our danger, and compel ns to 
 
 jr.ivii.; aj;aiust it. 
 
 it is not easy to suppose that these proccedin.n's 
 
 itthccora iiKTchants should ever be injurious to 
 
 itc [iiblio. It has been .'^aid that in scarce years 
 
 ihcyato ivit disiKised to bring the corn they have 
 
 prdiascil to market until it has attained an ex- 
 
 ^:tiitaai iirice.aud that the pressure of the scarcity 
 
 I L-ikb (iftt'ii very much aggravated; but there is 
 
 attalpTuuml lor any such stalenieut. The im- 
 
 I M-vamoimt ef capital required to store up any 
 
 I (iS'i'ltralile (luantily of corn, and the waste to 
 
 I'Hc'.iit is liable, render most holders dispi'sed to 
 
 jsasjjouii as they can realise a fair jiroiit. In 
 
 I tvirj- ixtuisivo country in which the corn trade 
 
 hitcr. iIkto are inlinilely loo many ]iersoiis en- 
 
 Ijtid ill it to enable any sort of eomliinalion or 
 
 |M(titto lie formed amongst them; and though 
 
 "'trei'irmei.l, it could not be inainiained for an 
 
 iKffit, .V lar^re proportion of the farmers and 
 
 l''itMiiall holders of com are always instraiteiied 
 
 |«^Ia^tallce<. more particularly if a scarce year 
 
 1^ ii"t oi'ciirivd so soon as they expected; anil 
 
 Iteare omscqiieiitly anxious to relieve theni- 
 
 lilw.as i-oou as prices rise, of a iiortlon of the 
 
 ktm their Inuids. Occasionally, indeed, iii- 
 
 l^fiul; aro fiiuid who retain their stocks for 
 
 '•"!';; a iicrind, or until a reaction ial.es jdae' ■, 
 
 pii'os begin to decline. Uiit instead f joining 
 
 be borne in mind tliat it is rarely, if ever, posdble 
 to determine beforeliand when a scarcity is to 
 abate in con -eipienee of new supplies lieiii;; brought 
 to market ; .'ind had it continued a liltle longer, 
 there would have been no miscahailation on tlie 
 Jiart of the bidders. At all events, it is plain 
 that by declining to bring their corn to marki'l. 
 they ])re^erved a resource on whic'i, in the even! 
 <d' the harvest being longer delayii than usual, or 
 of any niifavonrable contingency takiii.;- jdace, llie 
 |mblic cotiM have fallen back; so that, instead of 
 <lcserving abuse, these speculators are most jii-lly 
 entitled to every fair encouragement and ]iiolee 
 tion. A country in which there is no coiisider.ibli' 
 stock of grain in the barn-yards of the farmers, or 
 in the wari'hoiisesof the merchants, is in the most 
 perilous situation that can ea-ilybo iniagine<l,aiid 
 ni.ay be exposed to the severest privations, or even 
 famine. IJut so long as the ^iagacily, the mis- 
 calculation, or th(^ avarice of merchants and 
 <lealers retain a Murk vf grain in the warehou-^es, 
 this last exiremily cannot take place. By re- 
 fusing to s(dl it till it has reaclic'd a very liigli 
 price, they \iut an elT'eclual stop to all sorts of 
 waste, antl husband for the public those supplies 
 wliiidi they conhi not have go frugally htisbiiiidod 
 for themselves. 
 
 \\'o have already remarked that the la~t vemnant 
 id' the shackles imposed bystalute on the freedom 
 of the internal corn dealer was abolished in 177:'.. 
 It is true that engrossing, forestalling, and re- 
 grating [ENiiltossiNf; itc. ] are still held to be 
 tdfences at coininou law: but there is very little 
 probability of any one being in future made to 
 answer for such ideal olVences. 
 
 -. J'J.r/ici-tiiliim til Ihnign Cotiiilrtes. — The fal- 
 lacy of the notion so long entertained, that the 
 prevention of exportation was the surest method 
 of increasing plenty at home, is obvious to every 
 one who has rellected upon such subjecls. The 
 m.irkels of no country can ever be sieadily and 
 )deiilifully sui>plieil with corn unless her mer- 
 idiants have powi'r to export the surplus su)q)lies 
 with which they niay be occasionally furni.--hed. 
 AVheu a country without the means of exporting 
 grows nearly her iiwn average supjilies of corn, an 
 abundant crop, by causing :i };re:!t overloading of 
 the nuu'ket and a heavy fall of ]irice, is as injurioin 
 to the farmer as a scarcity. It may be thought, 
 perhajis. that the greater cpiatitily of produce in 
 abundant seasons will compensate for its lower 
 |irice: but this is nol the case, 't is nniforinly 
 found that variations in the ipiantiiy of corn exert 
 a inuch grealir intluenee over prices than equal 
 variations in the (piantity of .almost any thing 
 else olViTcd for sale, ileiiig the principal necessary 
 of life, when the supjdy of Corn happens to be less 
 than oniinary the ma-^s of the people make very 
 ureal, tliou'x'.i unavailing, exertions, by diminish- 
 ing their iMiisiiniption of other and less indis]iens- 
 able article-;, to obtain tlieir accustomed supplies 
 of this jiriine necessary; so that its yirice rises 
 much more than in proportion to the. deticieiicy. 
 On the other hand, when the supply is nnusually 
 largi', the c.pnsumption is not projiortion.ally ex- 
 tended. Ill ordinary years the bulk of (he popu- 
 lation is about adequately fed ; and though the 
 consumption of all cla—cs be somcwhit greater in 
 unusuallv plentiful rears, the extension is uonsL- 
 ' II-.' 
 
 \: i 
 
 L 
 
 ijwimmmiim.wMi ■ 
 
 MMMUHIIII 
 
430 
 
 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE 
 
 TV 
 
 \ 
 
 ii.. 
 
 t 
 
 (Icrablc only amonj? the lowest classes, and in the 
 li-iliiif.' of iiorsps. lieiifc it is that tho increast'd 
 supply at niarket, in .such years. i.',w-i principally 
 t'l cause a f;liit, andoonstMiufiilly a niinous decline 
 I'l' prices. These statements arc (Corroborated by 
 tlic widest experi<nce. Whenever there is an in- 
 ability to export, from whatever cause it may arise, 
 an unusually luxuriant cro)) is uniforndy ac- 
 companied by a very heavy fall of ])rice, and 
 s<'VCfe agricullural distress; and when two or 
 t'licc .such crops hajipen to follow in succession, 
 t.ie ruin of a large proportion of the farmers is 
 completed. 
 
 Jf the mischiefs resulting from the ivant of power 
 to export stopped hero, tlu'v might, though very 
 ureal, be borne ; but they do not stop here. It is 
 idle to suppose that a system ruinous tc the |)ro- 
 ilucers can i)e otherwise to tlie consumers. A glut 
 of the market, occasioned by luxuriant harvests 
 and tlie want of power to export, cannot beofloui;- 
 continuance ; for, while it ciputinuis, it can hardly 
 fail, by distressing all classes of farmers and 
 causing the ruin of many, to give a clieck to ever}' 
 species of a;;riiidtnral inijiroveuK'nt, and to lessen 
 the extent ol laud in I ill.ige. Wlien, therefore, m\ 
 unfavourable scison recurs, tlie reaction is, for the 
 most part, appalling. The supply, being lessened, 
 not oidy by tlie baibiess of the season, but al.so by 
 a diminution of the ipiantily of land in crop, falls 
 \ ery far below an average : and a severe scarcity, 
 if not an absolute famine, is most conimoid_\- ix 
 pi ricnced. It is therefore clear, that if a country 
 wduld ri'iuler herself secure .against famine and in- 
 jurious tlurtnations of |)rice, .-be must give every 
 l)ossil)le facility to exportation in years of unusual 
 plenty. If she act upon a dill'erent system — if her 
 policy make exportation in such years inipractica- 
 blt: or very dillicult — she will infallibly rc'der the 
 bounty i>f I'lovidcncc tin nijury to lier agricidtu- 
 risls ; and two cjr three .abund.nnt harvests in stic- 
 ce.-sion will be the forerunners of scarcity and 
 famine. 
 
 .'). linuntii on tin: IC.vpurttition of Corn. — In 
 (ircat llrilain, as already observed, we have not 
 cruly been allowed to export for a long series of 
 years, but from the llevolutiou down to 181;") a 
 bounty Mai given on exportation whenever the 
 home prices were depre.-sed below certain limits. 
 'I'liis jioliey, however, erred as much on the one 
 hand as a restriction on exinirtation errs on the 
 otlier. Jt cau.-es, it is true, an extension of the 
 denii'ud for corn : but this greater dem.and is not 
 caused by natural, but by artilieial means; 't is 
 iioi a conseipU'iice of any redly iucreaseil de- 
 mand on the |iari of the foreigner, but of our 
 liirnishing line exporters of corn witli a honiis, 
 \\\ order that tlity may s(dl it alifoad below its 
 natural ]irice! i'o sup]iosp ili;\(, a proceeiling 
 ol this sort can be a iiiddic advaidagc is cipdva- 
 leut to Bupposiug th.it a shoiikeepcr may get 
 ricl! by selling his goods below what they co.>t. I 
 
 [lioU.NTV.] 
 
 ■I. ImporUtt'lon fifit I'oiTir/ii Comi/'iis. — If ji 
 Country \\ere, like I'oland or l;u.-,-i;i, unifonnlv in 
 the habit of exporting i.'"rn to other countries, a 
 n .•(iii;i;oii on iuijjorlation won! I be cf no material 
 eoMscipienee : bec/nise, though su.li restriction did 
 Hot exist, loi foreign corn would be imported 
 unless its ports \verc so situated as to serve for an 
 t.itrepol. A restriction on importation is sen.iibly 
 felt oidy when it is enlbrcd in a coun'^y which, 
 owing to the greater density rif its popuIali"n, the 
 limi'ed extent of its fertile land, or any other 
 cause, would either occasicnally or uniformly im- 
 p<irt. It is funiliar to the observation of every 
 one, that a total failure of the crops is a calamity 
 ihit but rarely occiua iu an extensive kingdom ; 
 
 that the weather which is nnfavourablc to one 
 description of soil is generally favourable to snnio 
 other description; anil that, except in anomalnm 
 cases, the total jiroduic is not very dilferent. lint 
 what is thus generally true of single eouutrios, is 
 always true of tlu; world at large. Jlislorv fur- 
 nishes no single instance of a universal scarcitv 
 but it is uniformly found that when the crops iila 
 particular country are umi. ,ially delicicnt, thev 
 are proportionally abundant in some other (|iiart(r. 
 It is clear, however, that a prohibition of import- 
 ation excludes the country which enacts it I'rum 
 profiting by this beneficent arrangement. .She is 
 thrown entirely on her own resources. Lindcrthc 
 circumstances supposed, she has nothing to irnst 
 to for relief but the reserves in her r.arehnusos' 
 a...l ::!;:,i.ld these be iiuidequafe to meet the exi- 
 gency of the crisis, there arc apparently no moam 
 by which she can escape experiencing .all thccviU 
 of scarcity, or, it may be. of famine. A cnuntrv 
 deprived of the power to import is unable to siiii- 
 ply the deliciencies of her harvests by the surplus 
 prodiu'c of other countries ; so that her inh.abii.nnts 
 may starve amidst surrounding ])lenty. and suffer 
 the extreme, of scarcity when, but "for the re- 
 strictions on importation, they might eiiiov tho 
 greatest abinidaiice. If the prohibition "be iii.t 
 absolute, but conditional — if, instead of .alisolutilv 
 excluding foreign corn from the home markets, it 
 be merely loaded with a duty, the degree in which 
 such duty will operate to increase the scarcitv .mj 
 dearth will depend on its magnitude. If tlieilutv 
 be Constant and moderate, it may nor have ,iiiv 
 very considerable effect in discouraging iiupurta- 
 tion ; but if it be fluctuating and heavy, it will, bv 
 falsifying flic speculations of the merchant.^, an'l 
 making a corresponding addition to the price :■( 
 the corn imported, be proportionally iiijuriou-. 
 In whatever degree foreign corn luay be ex- 
 cluded in years of deficient crops, to "the fame 
 extent must prices be art ilieially raised, ami the 
 [iressure of the scarcity rendered bo much tlic 
 more severe. 
 
 Such woulil be the disastrous influence of a 
 restriction on importation in a country which, 
 were fheie no such obstruction in the way, woiili 
 soraetiio,. . imiiortand .sometimes export. Ilutib 
 operation would be iufinilnly more injurious in J 
 country which, under a free .system, wouhl uni- 
 formly imjiort a jiortion of her supplies. The 
 restriction in this case has a twofohl ojiorati-n. 
 Ily preventing importation from abroail. anill'mc- 
 ing the poi)ulation to de|ieud for subsistence ^n 
 corn raised at home, it comjiels recourse to foni- 
 parativcly inferior soils; and thus, by iiicreajiiu 
 the cost of |irodueing com above its cost iimlhtr 
 
 Countries, adds proportionally to its averaf,'e jiriec. 
 The causes of tluct nation arc, in this way, iiicrc.is'i I 
 in a geometrical proportion; for, while the ]ire- 
 vention of importation cxjioses the iiupiilaiinn it I 
 the jircssiire of want wheneverf he harvest happoni j 
 to be less productive than usual, it is sure, at the j 
 same time, by raising average jiiiees, tn liiuJcrl 
 exportation in a year of unusual pliety. uiiiililiel 
 home jirices fall ruinously low. It is ulivioui,! 
 therefore, that a restriction of this sort iiiii^t l«l 
 alternately' destructive of the interests ut' tlnl 
 consumers and protlncers. It injures the I'ipnnfrl 
 by making them |)ay. at an .average, an artiiicially| 
 increased jirice ' '• *'■ 
 them to sc^reit;, ai d : 
 crop preve* ,ii;j'icnt; 
 
 by de)(ns;i!g t'l iv, 
 years of unuso'ii ■ 
 hu- iiarkec v.Mh > 
 s lein, would l'..'!> ■ 
 sale abroad. 
 
 ir food, and by cspi'-iy 
 !.,i ic vbeneve'r the lioinel 
 ii /.iures the litterl 
 to cx|Kirt ir.J 
 overioadiu;;] 
 ,1 (Icr .1 free 
 .dvaiitaifwiul 
 
 of tilo |.ie'" 
 leniy. ..nd ■ 
 :ihl' c( -' U'lii, 
 
 in ,'t ' i I. !ui 
 
 The principle 
 
 inipessitiility ,,/• 
 
 prices iiy means 
 
 the same time t 
 
 may Ir.icc ()ie <,. 
 
 iiimI distress e\i 
 
 [I'.'ce. 'I'iio real 
 
 "IS to keep up ( 
 
 'i'l'irfiT ; but to f 
 
 lihiM/loiilv (hat 
 
 ivheii jirice.s xy,.,.f 
 
 ni.irkets slioulj , 
 
 ;r<"Jiimlat hoiiio 
 
 irinciple alread\- 
 
 ■-.''"iiM in ordiiiari 
 
 [i'piilatioii. it ,„|'| 
 
 Mr, lieiii(,refl,;,ii 
 
 rtfii. ill siidi u ,.;, 
 
 tlie iiiarhei, if, f.-in 
 
 ■r.era-o prices b,.;,, 
 
 ""''«-(■ "f the Mirr 
 
 niinuiis (leprc.s.si,,,, 
 
 (itii.ni.iii of (his ,.,; 
 
 "»'"-' l«irilv to t|„ 
 inriiilh.'id'ies in (|,, 
 |»i'wiatiiiii of (|„. ,. 
 M:i.VT(linary eie\-..|( 
 
 !■'■''■'■'"-■'' a sliiniilii,s 
 IN I»:' .111,1 1,S);;,„„ 
 I'l'-' Aiel. SI,,. I, i,^i 
 ':'" i""i> h-M been. 
 ""l-'-'ii-ii /rom abr 
 "\V 'ini-i have o.ra.. 
 ';";.•'•■. '' i^ tlie exei 
 ';.""'>'-ii c'orn (),,.,( 
 
 *;'^;^..flhcagrieuh 
 l^^chiMoi. that ha., 
 
 '"""•o'liiiiry. in.s^ar, 
 
 ,.""•;'"•", ""■•ivoural 
 
 "'■"'■'' "l'"! of prices 
 
 T""- ^""".vbc me, 
 
 ;,>late.l, that tbe" 
 
 f-f^y;"<ld not i,,.,,,! 
 '"'.-> "'Ids liroiieb, 
 
 ''""■"liiad i„„.„ . .''i 
 
 iiad kvn ^, 
 to aVi-ij-,n.' . 
 
 Ueeu eon\-l 
 ?eaeraliyred„J 
 
 ,™;'iie operation ,j,- „,f 
 
 Jiisriiieiif 
 
 "f JM(i 
 
 "■•■I'' inilortuii; 
 
 ™'»"iist.i„. i , ; ;: .'°f 
 
 ™*|iicnco of tiip ' 
 
 i-si IT c;^n,fr •■'""'"? 
 
 tked '•'"'' 'l^^'niafiiT 
 f'"J«« tie „•'■ "■ "■'^''" 
 
 -kisiJ^K, /"""-'^^^verl 
 
 ^r!.,it£^""^".i"r 
 "'i^iuu,,! r: P"" "'4 
 
 N ti '^" '"■''' fo the if 
 Me :'^r^« '>f til 
 
 I sunk 
 
 prices to 1 
 
 ■X: • 
 
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE 
 
 4:57 
 
 The iirinciplc lliiis Ijriofly oxpliiiucil sliows tlifi 
 ini|)"SsiLiilily iif pcriiiiiiiciitly ki'c|iiiif; ii|i tlioiionio 
 iirici':* iiv iiivan-i «( restrict inns dii iii:pintiiti(in, at 
 
 the Hiimi' time thiil it ,'illi)rc.i.s a clue liy wliicli \\c 
 ,i,;iv ir.ico tlie causes of iiinst part of tlie ajjtrioul- 
 
 fell, in Octi.ber, ls_>2, so low as nSs. ](/., the 
 average price (if that year liein^; only 1 Is. 7(L 
 
 It is thus ileuionstralily eerlain tliat the recur- 
 rence of periods of dislre-is, similar lo those which 
 have heen experienced by the at;riculturists of 
 tunil distress experienced in this country since the j tliis country since llu' peace, cannot he warded oil' 
 iirtite. ilio real olije<'t of llie corn law of IHlo I by restricting or prohiliitinj; importation. A free. 
 was to keep up tlie jirice of com at about MOs. jier corn trade is the only sy-tem that can L;ivo them 
 (iiwrter; but to succeed in this, it was indis|iens- i that security against llnctuations that is so indis- 
 aUoiiot only that fi>reif;u com >liould be excluded pcnsable. 'I'lie increas<Ml iniportalioii that neces- 
 sarily takes place, under a free system, as snoii .'is 
 any considerable deficiency in the crops is appre- 
 hended, prevents prices from risiiifjto .an oppressive 
 'leif^ht ; while, on the other hand, when llie crop.-. 
 ire unusually luxuriant, a ready outlet is found 
 for the surplus in foreitin countries, without it< 
 occasionini; iiny very heavy fall. To expect to 
 combine steadiness of prices with restrictions on 
 importation is to expect to recoiicilo wha"^ is 
 s bein;; coiisiderablv above the level \ contradictorv and absurd. The hi-'ber the limit 
 
 iiiild be excluded 
 ivliiii prices were under this limit, but that the ! 
 lu.irkfts should never be overloaded with corn | 
 lir.'Jucul at home : for it is clear, accordini; to tiie i 
 Kiticiple iilready explaineil, that if the supply j 
 J„,,ul'! in ordinary years be suliicicMt to feed the , 
 ;i.jiuiatiiiii. it must, in tin muiscilly jibmid.'inl ' 
 vrar, lie more than sullicient for that purptjse ; and | 
 vheii. in such a case, the surplu.s is thrown U]ion 
 '!if markcl, it caniKJt fail, in the event of our ' 
 
 k\Hiri; 
 
 (!iho-ect the surrounding countries, to cause a 
 ruinous ilopression. Now, this was the precise 
 (itiiatiiiii iif this country al tlio end of the war. 
 iiwinir p:inly to the .Vet of InOI, but far more to 
 liii riilli.iil'ies in (he way of importation, and the 
 
 impinaii"!! Iron) abroad, that tlie first Inxiiriaiit 
 cfi.ji mii-i liave occasioned a ruinous decline of 
 priio-. it is tlic exclusion, not llie inlrodnction. 
 I't'iuriimi corn lliat ha^ caused the occasional 
 liiflri.-.- cf llie agriculturists since bSlo; for it is 
 this ixilu-ioii that has forced up the price of corn 
 iiiilii.-ruiintry. in scarce and average years, to an 
 iimiaiinal level, and that, consecpieiitly. renders , 
 (XjiUitalioii in favourable seasons inipos>ible with- , 
 (lit .•mil a fall of prices as is most disastrous to the 
 
 at wbieli the importation of foreign corn into ii 
 country like Mngland is fixed, the greater is the 
 oscillation of jirices. If wo wouM secure for oiir- 
 sehcs tibundanee. and avoid tluctualion. we must, 
 renounce all atti'm|its at exclusion, and be ready 
 wireoialiou of the currency, prices altained to an ! to deal in corn, as we ought to be in every thing 
 ix-iii'iilinary elevation from l.SdO to l.ill, and ; else, on fair tind liberal princi|>les. 
 ;,,■.. Mich a r-tiiiiulil.5 to agriculture, (hat we grew, i That the restrielions imposed ou (he foreign corn 
 iuls'.iaiid ISl:;. sullicient com for our own sup- , trade down to It^lb should not have been produc- 
 |ilv, .\ii'l. such being the case, it is clear, though I tive of more disastrous consefpieiiccs than those 
 ,ir V"rt> bad been- hermetically sealed against that have actually resulted from them, is jiarlly 
 
 iiiid principally to be ascribed to (he unparalleled 
 improvement of (illage in (ireat l!ri(ain during 
 (hat period, and partly also (o (he gretit inerease 
 (bat has (akeii i>laee in the imports from Ireland. 
 Previously (o \x*ii\, when a , .rfeedy free corn 
 trade between (ireat liritain and Ireland was for 
 (he (irst (iiiu' es(abli,^hed. (he yearly imjiorts did 
 not amount to 'Iuii.imii) nnarters. whereas in l.stKi 
 (hey amound'd to I ..")J ','"" ! ""'I anyone who has 
 
 ever been in Ireland, or is tiware of (be wretchecl 
 
 laniitr. It may be mentioned, in proof of what is ! slate of i(s agriculture, .nid of (be fer()li(y of (he 
 iw >ta(C(l. (hat (he average jirice of wheat in : soil, must be sati>(ied (liat a slight improvement 
 KniilamlaiuUVales ill 1«M was7l,s. 1(/. ]ier(piarter, I Would occasion a great increase in the iniporls 
 .ml ill 18b"i i( liad fallen to (ij.v. 7(/. Ihit ;is (hese j from that counlry ; and it is not improbalile 
 pii'cs Would not indemnify the occupiers of the l that ihe check (hat has been given to the per- 
 I'onst liinds brought under tillage during (he i nicious practice of splitting farms, to the potato 
 |irivi"iis high prices, they were gradually relin- | culture, and consecpiently to the increase of ii 
 qui-liiu^' their cultivation. A considerable port ion , pauper population, may cveiKually lead to ma(e- 
 vf lluiii liail been couver(ed into ]ias(ure ; rcii(s rial imiirovemen(s. Hence it is by 1,0 means im- 
 probable., seeing the fall that has already taken 
 place, that tli". rap'd spread of improvement ;it 
 lu ."C; and the growing imports from Ireland, 
 may, at no distant jicriod, reduce our prices to 
 the level of those of the CoiKineiit, and even ren- 
 der lis an occasi<jnally exporting country. These, 
 however, are contingent and uncertain resulls: 
 aaJ as roieigii corn was now exchuleci, and large ! and snpposing them to be ultimately realised, (lie 
 (racis of baillaud had been thrown out of cultiva- I corn laws, had (hey been in.aiiitained on their old 
 lion, (ho .supply was so much diminished that, | fooling, would, in (ho mean time, have been pro- 
 "viWithstaiKliiig the increase in (he value of ductive of great inconvenience, and wouhl have 
 mwioy, prices ru.se in 1817, [lartly, no doubt, in materially aggravated the misery inseparable from 
 consoi|iitnt'e of the b.id harvest of the previous bad luirvests. 
 
 vear to %s. lb/.; and in 1818 (o 8ti.s-. 3d. These j Nothing but (he great importance of tlic subject 
 liigh prioesliail their natural efl'ect. They revived could excuse us for dwelling so long on what is so 
 (fe droophig s|iiri(s of the farmers, who iiragined very phiin. To facilitate )irodnc(ion, and to make 
 (lia( llic Corn Law was, at length, beginning to commodities cheaper and more easily obtained, 
 pioduoc the ell'cets anticipalcil from i(, and dial I are the grand niolives which stinuilale the inven- 
 'j''^, ?<;l<lni days of 1812, when wheat sold for live powers, and which lead to (he discovery ami 
 
 improvemeni of machines and processes for saving 
 labour and diminishing cost : and it is |ilain that 
 no system of commercial legislation deserves to be 
 supported which does not conspire to iiroinote 
 the same obje.ts ; but a restriction on the iniport- 
 
 - „., .- , J, a( ion of corn into a country like Ijigland, which 
 
 pourable seasons and the inipossibilily of e.x- has made a gn^at comparalive advance in jiopula- 
 Tttalioii, siiidi prices to such a degree, that they | tiiai and manul'acttiring industry, is ditimetrically 
 
 hi Ixcu generally reduced, and wages had begun 
 to (lirliut;; hut the Legi.slaturo having laid addi- 
 tional restrictions on (he importation of fo'oign 
 com. the (iper.".rain of this natunil principle of .ad- 
 jiistnient was imrortunaie'.y coiinleraeteil, and (be 
 price lit 1M() ru.se to 78,s'. 0(/. This rise was, how- 
 i ivcr.iii.siitlicieiit to occasion anyuewimpruveniciK ; 
 
 |1-|)«. 0(/. per (juar(er, were about to return ! lint 
 |(ntj piuspcrity carried in its bo.som (he seeds of 
 ilurc iiiiseliief. The increased jirices necessarilv 
 |«ca.sii)ued a fresh extension of tillage; capital 
 ra*a-aiii applied to the improvcment'of the soil; 
 I'M (his increase of tillage, conspiring with 
 
 II 
 
 -SjN' 
 
'_"'"T^_*'?S^!HIMI 
 
 4:!8 
 
 I 
 
 ) 
 
 h 
 
 opposed to llipsf ]ir"mcipl(";, Tlift dcn-'ity i>l' our 
 |i()piil,'iiioii is Mirli, tliat llip oxi'liisioii of (uii'iu'ii 
 '•oiii li.'is olilij^cil lis to resort t<p soils of icsf iVrtiiii y 
 lli:iii tlio-o tli.'K. lire iiinirr ciillivnlioii in Ihc Mir 
 roiiiuliii;^ coMMlrirs; iiiiii, in coiiscpicnci', our 
 .•iviT.'inc (iriciM lire poinp.ir.-.livdy lnL;li. 'I'lic im- 
 policy ol' tliis coiiiliii't is obvious. If we coulil. 
 I)y l.'iyiii;;- oiil l.dlio/. on llio iii.'iniil'iiotiin' ot' 
 <-oiloii.s or iKinlv.iri'. ]iro(lnc(! ;i i|ii:iJitity ol' tlifsc 
 Mriiili'S that Would I'Nilian;,'!' I'or odO iiuartcrs of 
 Aniciiran or I'olisli wliraf, : ami if the same sinii, 
 ■ivi'i'c it cxpciidcd ill (Miliivalion in tlli^ foimlry, 
 Mould iii:i prodnco more than 'Kii) (piiirtcrs : tlio 
 pii'vciilioii of imjiorlaluin occasions :in ob\ ions 
 sacrilirc of 101) out of every olM) quart crs consniiied 
 in tlic J'.nipiro: or, which is the ^^anie ihinL,', it <in- 
 easi(.ns an arliticial advance of 'JO per cetil. in the 
 price of corn. We do not moan to say that this 
 .stat<'ment oxadly represents the aiiionnl (.f injury 
 that was iiitliclcd hy tlic late corn htws: bur. /i! 
 all f->-cii|s, it clearly illustrates the [>rinci]des 
 which they einhodied. lint lhoni;h |ilainly in- 
 jurious to the jpidilic, it niaV .seem, at lir^l si^lit. 
 as if this system weri' advantageous to the, land- 
 lords. 'I'he advanta.'re is. however, mc^rely appa- 
 rent: at botloin there is no real dilVerenri' between 
 the interests ot the landlcrds .-iiid those of the rest 
 of th<> coinninnily. It would heridir'nloiis. indeed, 
 to ima;;ino for a moment thai tlu; landlori!-; could 
 be benelitcd by a system in which those .jiictu- 
 •itions of prices, so snliversivo of all ap;ricinltur.il 
 |irosperily, were inherent : hut llioiii;h those eouirti 
 liave boon jrot rid of, the rosull would have he»T. 
 the PatiiP. 'I'ho prosperity of ajjricnlturfi i^n«i 
 always depend upon, and he determined by, Uif 
 l)rospcrity of other branches of industry: and any 
 system \s hicli. lilce the corn laws. i> injurious to the 
 i.iller, cmmot but be injurious to the former. Jbi- 
 sie;id of beiu^- inibli(dy advanlaijcous, lii;,di prii-"s 
 ;:re in every case disiinclly ;iui| coinplcli ly tin- rv- 
 versc. The smaller the sacrilice. for which any 
 coiiinindity can bo olitaiued. s,, niiicli the hett<'r. 
 When the labour rerpiircd to jiroduce, or rlie j 
 moiK-y rcfpiiri'd to purchase, a snllicicnt supply of 
 corn is diminished, it is as clear as the sun at | 
 noon-day thai more labour or ivion y must renuir'; 
 to produce or purchase the other necessaries, con- ! 
 veniences. and amusements of liuniau life, ano 
 that the sum of national wealth and comforts 
 must bo jiroporlionally annnieuted. 'J'hose who 
 suppose that a rise of pre-es c;in ever be a means 
 of improviu:; llu^ condition of a country initjht, 
 with eipial reason, sniipcse lliat it would he im- 
 proved l-.y thiowiiif;- its best soils out of cnltivalion, 
 and destroying' its most l)owerl'ul machines. 'I'lie 
 opinions of such ])ersoiis are not, only opposed to 
 the plainest and best established principles, but 
 ihey are opposed to the obvious innclnsions ot 
 common scii.-e, and the universal cNperience of 
 maiihind. 
 
 It would, however, be unjust not to mention 
 that there has alw.iys been :i lariceaiid respectable 
 party anion;;-! the landloril.s. opposed to all re- 
 strictions viu the tnide in corn, and who hav(^ iini- 
 tbrnily thoimht tli.at llioir interests, bein;; ideiiti- 
 licd with tlio-.e ol the iiublic. would be best pro- 
 moted by the .abolition of restriclioiis on imjiort- 
 atioii. A jirotest e.\]iressive of this o]iiui<iu, siib- 
 seribcd by 10 peers, was entered on the .Journals 
 of the )l(jii-<> of I,ords. a^^aiiist the i-orn law of 
 1815. It is said to h;i\o beei; written by tlii' lale 
 Lord (irenville, distinguished as an enli,:j;lilened 
 advocate of aound commercial princiijles. Jts 
 rea.soning is so char and .satishictory, that we 
 arc suri! we sluill (gratify our readers, as will as 
 stren^;thin the statciutnts previously made, by 
 laving it before them. 
 
 (•0]?N' LAWS AND CORN TRADl 
 
 ' Tfinmtitloit. — I. 
 |irinci"de to .all nev 
 thiiili ;t certain thai | 
 moled bv leaviir^ iilK 
 
 cause we are adver-o ir, 
 'r.iintKon common .•. \\\. 
 I.lii- prosperity is Im~,( .,r,. 
 
 ntrolled the free curFen't I r 
 national industry ; and we .vish ratlicr. bv woli 
 considered steps, to brin^ back our comnifTiinl 
 !e;;isla(iiin to tin strai^'ht an.) simple line of T,i<.' 
 iloiii than to increase the deviation br suhjeciiinr.- 
 aildilioiial Jiiid extensivi' brai."h.'s of the ijiilvljo 
 interest Id fresii svitemg of artilicial anil injnriorj, 
 restrictions. 
 
 Ml. liecaiisc wf think that thp ar»>at praciic:. 
 rnle, of leavuiL; ;jlJ commerce urafomwiwi a].|ilii.. 
 niiirf piriiliui'li/, aii-l on siill stronty-- :.T"'iuiii- i,i 
 jnslici' as well as ["Jii-y, to the I'om ,rai!i. tliaii i, 
 any other. Irrosi'Tible indeed niHNi: i» ibat :ii'- 
 cessily whidi couUi, in I'tir Jiid2:mi"'.u. anthori.si' 
 the I.,e;^islatiire U> t.iinivr with tin- u , n, ncei.; 
 the I'coplc, and to JTiipeiM thi' frcf' jjii.; ri.asc i,i 
 that .'irlicle on ifhicli ilepeni'ls the oxisimoe r.f .>., 
 Iar:ie a portion of the roinraiuiiity. 
 
 '111. Kecaiise wp think Ituuf tlie experaatinns,, 
 ultimate beuclit from this mi'-^snn. nre to'- jkIci! on 
 a delusive rhiMiri-, \\\'. eamuor. persu.ide (mrsolTis 
 that thi.s law will ever conit-ribnte to (jioil!;, 
 lileury. <'lieapn*>s:=. or steadines- .f price. .»fi-i Ini 
 as it o}itnii.<-s ;«t all. its efl'ocls iiiiufi he the njm.'i;; 
 ofthes<'. Mimntpi>/i/ is till' parrni nf'snircifi/.d! c •] 
 »/,'.■.'.■. mil! lit' irutrprtiiiiilii. To cut olf aiiv V.i 
 source* of .xrapply can only tend in lesJc! 
 abundancn::to eifwe aj;ainst oursi-lvos the chcnr 
 market for any commodity nmst onhanoc 
 jirice ,it which we purchase it; and to <'iiiiiiii|. : 
 con.'+miiier of com J.o rhe produce of his o.vn ci;;: 
 try iw to refuse t,«« owselvcs the beuelit of iln 
 provision which I'rovulei-ce it.self has mailf |., 
 <>iiualisiniq to man iln rariations of cliniateiiinl, 
 seasons. 
 
 •W. lint whatever may be the fiiiiiro I'ni;- 
 ■^nonces .'■f this law at siune dislnnt and iinrert,:i, 
 •"■iiod,we' see with pain that these hopes iini.^d 
 purchased at the expense of a fjreat aiiil pv ■-.■::■ 
 evil. To comiiel the coiisnui*>r to purclia- 
 dearer at liome than it mi;;iii be iiiiportci ir n 
 .■ibroad is the imnu-diale practif^I c'flect of ; 
 law. In this way alone can ii epi-rate. Ii^i'- 
 sr—t protection, its promised extension of a/n- 
 ei;.;-iir.-. must result (if at all) from the pn'ii,- 
 whfh it creates by keejiini^ up "be price ni ('r 
 to ail artiliciftl level. These fu:nre lieiioliis .-r 
 the roiiserptcnces ex)ieetPd, but. a- we ■"nn- 
 il'-ntly lielieve. errB>iieoiisly pxiiected. frnm iv:':: 
 a liouiKy to the grower of corn by a t.ix !•' i 
 on its ooiisuiiier. 
 
 •V. I'ecaii.se we think the ado|jt'.on ef anvf.r- 
 man**nt l.-iw for such a jnirpose re(|iiirerl the liil!"! 
 and ns'ist laborious invcstif^atioti. \or woiii 
 have U-en .'^iitlieienl for our satisl'aclieii. onuM 
 li,'i\»- Ix-en oonvinceil lU' the ;;eiioral pnlioTWr 
 lia/.ardo(i« experiment. A still further onqiiir 
 would have been necessary to persuade us rliai ;! 
 present moment i.s tit for irs adojition. hi m 
 an ciiipiiry we must havi> had the means nfsiii 
 fyiii.i? onr.Hilves what iis iminedi.-in- opr-mti.iiim 
 be, as coiiiuetcd with the various and i"''" 
 circiiiustamMs of publii^ ditiiculty .•iiu! -' 
 with which the country is surrounded : «i!. 
 state of our circulation and currency, of nura. 
 culture and manufactures, of our inlcm.il a 
 I'-tfrnal commerce, and above all «itli tb* (^ 
 diliimi and reward of the industrious and Wwiii 
 classes of our community. 
 
 •On all these particulars, as they respfrt 'i 
 (pie-lion, we think that I'arltiunent \» ilta' 
 wholly uninformci I ; on all we see re.isoii l"rll 
 iiiinost anxiety ami alarm from the optwi 
 lliis law. 
 
 'Ll,<lly. I!p(,, 
 
 rrinci|i/e"and ,„ 
 ;ii>siiliicicnt /iiiii 
 rht evidence be 
 kt as it i.s, appi 
 toiiiipjiort lliop, 
 i< tliO standard c 
 moilc liy which 
 M iin all these ; 
 iiir feeiit iront 
 cmr-p, and, a.s wc 
 i|iieni.i's.' 
 .\ltfniprs li.iyg 
 niato liie pecnni.nr 
 "iiiiiiperi.'ition em' 
 cwmiiT. TJii.s, „„ 
 'pfitlowhicL it is 
 rateito. Ihitsiipr 
 inniwlly produf,,,! 
 i^araoiint to :,n,m 
 I'iilcJ Id its price b 
 :.' a tax on poni ,, 
 ;iiciivemc-oriwoii ; 
 l'^ at ;i». per nua 
 :.'"".iiiin/. So i,4.a 
 ■'••'■""■■^iinied hv r 
 elt''!. iu .se,.d. f'lin 
 "B '<■ ili.in a half, pp, 
 IT-liiri'il U hfoii^'ht I 
 rial 111 tliis hv,)of| 
 («05,itwiirc„j,„ 
 Mfla.'S'snotciirra.rp 
 
 ■':':"'• i 'i-year, e\c 
 
 "";''"' '■"tl«''|liences 
 P'kw. or r,iO,()i)i)/ 
 «•: :n\<\ tlii.s j.., „u ^\\ 
 ;:",' '" 'lave {jaipiied |, 
 '''»!"■'' pri<'e receive, 
 f"'"'.i'i of the prod,,,.,. ^ 
 w- no more ,h..,„ ,i„ 
 «|w.il.lmlJalio,ir j/, 
 ,"' ■■'''. ""lercapnaii.sf, 
 ';■ "i'^ ^v-icn,, „.,.,.; 
 ™i-'iuiomni,.|j|v „(. I, 
 t'';"'^"''"tna.i,(|,„L 
 " '""'an'b- certain 
 
 lb 
 ;"^^^T Miin to !,uv,, ],: 
 
 "Wn^-'v-iei, pri," 
 
 ■■ Ihtivi, 
 ''lUKablv 
 
 lie rest,.;,. I 
 on Inipni 
 
 '" lialancc 
 
 tl.i,*.«e' 
 
 's, eitiier \ 
 
 \A 
 
 on ' 
 ■nd ed. 
 
 =^ric,i)t„ri„;">- "^•■^'^ 
 
 i>i 
 
 ,.,, wer 
 tl; , /■"■'"tise on Ti 
 r'""'''^ -''mod. „„ 
 ' '" fl diitv 
 
 ?r»r!^- 
 
 . ■• " UK ; 
 
 ,.-'"'>'eDcces.,aryoflil 
 " ^'^ '■•'■■'Ily In,,. ■ 
 
 'fti'iii, 
 
 "ii'i ,ir,. 
 ii'Miiiti 
 
 1* CM y I 
 
 iniriis, 
 
 Nlirr 
 
 I'liiiiliri 
 
 , 'S to th,. ,,, 
 •t "IIS he 
 
 , i-'-'ll ,1(1 
 '" 'I'is predic 
 '^',""f qiiilefre 
 ',,'""■' »cre (I, 
 
 „„ "''■" ""'"fC 
 """■■' '"-<i iitdir 
 
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRAD I', 
 
 439 
 
 •Lazily. I'fcaiifp, if wo coiilil niiprovi' of the 
 'rini'ipli'i""' |)iir|)os(> (if this l;iw, we lliiiik tliiit 
 , -iillicii'llt fouiidatiiili liiislircii laiil for ils clctnils. 
 [Ill ovidince bi'foro us, uMsatisfiiclDiv ainl iiiipcr- 
 vot as it is scotim tons ralluT lo disiiruvc lliaii 
 ■,isiip]iiirt llu; ])ro])ricty iti' llic hi,i;'h price ailfiplcil 
 i- ihcslaiuiarcl (if importalidii, ami the fallaciiius 
 inolc liy wliicli that price is to lip artccrlniiiccl. 
 telon all thiso gnniiuls wo arc aiixinn-; id rccunl 
 ,i:r dissent fniiii n moasiire xi f-recipilate in its 
 ^„jrw(>, and, as wo fear, so iiijiirinus in its ((Hisc- 
 
 ,illcll(.t'S.' 
 
 Mtompts havo Romctimos lieen made tn e:<ti- 
 iiothc pecuniary luirdon wliicli the re-itiietidiis 
 iuipnriation enlailedin ordinary yoars ii)ion llie 
 cnratr^'. This, iindoulitedly, is a siilijoct with le- 
 :-f(tlo\vliicb it is not possible to obtain any accii- 
 nteiliita. Hut siipposiii<?the total (|naiitity of curn 
 mnanllv proiinred in (ireat liriiain and Inland 
 :,.;imiiiiut lo .'(1 1,(1(1(1.(100 (|iiartcrs, every shillin- 
 l,i,l(il 111 its price by the corn laws was eijuivaliiu 
 t'l atax "11 ooni of .'lOUO.OOO/. ; and estimatinir 
 Acaveratrc ris*' on all .sorts of frrain previously to 
 H''i at ;is. per quarter, the total rise would bo 
 ;,5iK).00(V. So j^oat a ipiantity of corn is, how- 
 ever, (.'unsnnii.'d by fho af;riculluri-ls thems(^lvcs, 
 iM'toi in seed. tli(! keep of horses itc., that not 
 mutetlwm a half, perhaps, of the whole i[uanlity 
 mJuccil is hfoiiKht lo market. W we are nearly 
 litta in this bypothesis, and in the jirevious 
 (SlimatCi.it will follow th;it the restrictions cu.-t 
 •.herla.'S'snot en,Lrai,'cd in auTiculturc uoleas than 
 ,i.'jij.i»»i a-year, exclusive of their oth('r per- 
 niciiiiis ciinse(|ueneos. Of ibis sum a Jiftli, 
 profcaijiv. (ir 7r)i),(M»0/., w(!nt to the K-indlord.s .as 
 rent; aiul this is nil that the ai;ri(?ulturists ea,n be 
 •ill tn have i;aii'ied liy the system, lor the ad- 
 (liticinal iirice received iiv the farmer on ihat 
 [.irii'i'liif tlie prodiii'o whe-li is exclusive of rent 
 w iiii iiicro than the ordinary return lirr his 
 oa|wal ,111(1 labour. His iin^lits, indeed, liit« those 
 lif all other capualists, instead of heino; incr«a*(cd 
 !•(• this 5v-ieni, were diniiiiished by it; ;«iiil 
 iiioii(;li. iiiitiuiially at least, il somewhat iiicrea--l 
 tlkrcuts (if the landlords, it is. notwithst.'uidin.:. 
 .iliumlantly certain that it was .anything bin, 
 adv.inla^'ooiis to them. It would rc(|uire a far 
 lar},'cr sum to have balanced the injury which 
 iliiitiiations (if price occasioiieil to Ibeir tenants, 
 and the iiaiiiaf;e done lo their estates by over- 
 cmppiii^' when prices were hi:-;h, than all they 
 derived from the restrictions. 
 
 J. Duties on Jmpuitutioii. — A duty may be 
 ptinitably imposed on imported corn, for two 
 i'lijtct<;"tliat is, either for the sake of revenue, or 
 t" lialaiicc any excess of taxes laid on the 
 a.'riculturists over those laid on the other 
 classes. {Tii-aHseon Ta.mthm by the author of 
 I this work; '.*nd ed. pp. IW-.'O;!.)' With respect, 
 I iiuiveviT, t'l a duty imposed for ibe sake of 
 ■ivciiiii', it may be doubted whether corn be ;i 
 [ frottcr sulijeet for taxation. At all events, a duty 
 "i>ueh an object should lie exceedingly moderate. 
 j It .vould be most incxpi^iient to attempt to add 
 jli'L-ely to the revenue by laying heiivy duties on 
 I the iirimo necessary of life. 
 
 If it be really true that iiffriculturo is more 
 jbavily taxed than any olhcr liraudi of industry, 
 Itlii agriculturists are dititled to demand that il 
 Idiity be laid on fureif^n com Aviien inipoilcil 
 IcwrosiumJing to the crccss of burileiiH atVeelliig 
 |tl«m. It has hi en doubted, however, whether 
 II" .itc ill this predicament. lint iliougli the 
 liu>liim be not quite free from diliiculty, it would 
 It* easy to >liiiw, were this a. pruper place for such 
 Ittiliiiries, that oiviiiK to ihe various local iiiid 
 ptiur diivct and indirect bunlciis laid on llie 
 
 land, those nccupy'ii;; il are reaily subjeolnl to 
 heavier t.-ixes th;iu any oibiT class. It is dillic ilt, 
 or latJKr. iierliaps, impo'-siblc, to oslimate v.ilh 
 ai'v d('i;ree of precision what the c.rctsH of t.ixes 
 laid on the a;;Ticultiirisls beyoU'l those l:\il on 
 luanuf.ictnnri and nicnb.itits may amoiiiil to: biii 
 we li.'ive elsewhere sliown, ibal if we estiin.'ite it a; 
 inakiii;.; an addition of .'•.•(. or (i.i. to the (|iiarter of 
 wheat, we sli.-ill probably be beyond the mark. 
 ('I'lriiUsc 1)11 'I'li.niliiiii, iibi supra.) 
 
 When a duly is laid on the import at ion of l'ore:;;ii 
 corn, for the eipiitabh^ purpose of ooKiUcrvallin'j; 
 the peculiar duties laid on the corn r.'MMMl at 
 liome,an tijiiivulint t/niiclidr/i should be allowed on 
 its exportation. ' In allowiiie- ihii drawback, we 
 .are merely retuniiii;^' to the farmer a tax which he 
 has already paid, and which he must have, to 
 )il,ic(i him in .a fair stale of competition in the 
 forci'^n market, not only with the foreiu'ti pro- 
 ducer, but. with his own couiilryiiuii who are 
 produciii;.; other eomniodiiios. It is e-scutially 
 dill' rent from a boimty on exportation, in lb,' 
 ^en.-" ii; which th(^ word bounty is usually imdcr- 
 sfooil ; for by a boiinl v is j;-encrally meant .a ta.x 
 levied oil the |ieople for the jiurpo.se of rendering.; 
 corn unnaturally cheap to the forei;,'ii coiisunier; 
 wherea.s what I projiose is. to sell our corn at the 
 pfice at which we can really all'ord to produce it. and 
 no't to add to its price a tax which .-hall indiic(! 
 the forei(;n»'r rather topnndiase it from some other 
 conntrv, .inrf deprive us of a. trade which, under v. 
 system of ftM competition, w(; mi,i,dit have 
 selected.' (h'ieardo On I'rotictlon to ^t(/iirulturc, 
 p. .">;!.) 
 
 A duty acconinaiiied with a drawback, as now 
 stated, wii'ild not only, under tlie circumstances 
 supposed, have liceu an eipiitablc arran^'emeat. 
 hut il Would have been hif;hly 'or the ,a(lvantai;'e 
 of the t'arrner-. withouf being injurious to any one 
 ('ls(\ The radical defec. as alrady shown, of the 
 j .xystem followvd from l-"'iri downto bsli'i, in so 
 ! far, jit least, as respected .■igriculture, was, that it 
 forced up prices in ye.irs v. ben the harvest was 
 dclieient, while ir left the market to be elmted 
 when it was abundaut. iJi.t while a eonstaiit 
 I duty of 0.1. woidd have sta urcd to the home 
 erowcrs all the increase of jirice which the regard 
 ! (hie to the interests of others should allow them 
 to reali.'^e in a liad year, the drawliack of j.<.. by 
 enabling them to ex|iott in ;in unu.-ually |denlit'id 
 year, would have [ireveutcd the niarkeis from 
 lieing overloaded, and prices from falling to the 
 ruiiidus extent that they have occasionally done. 
 Such apian would have rendered tin* businr -cs 
 of the dealers in and growers of corn comparatively 
 secure, and would, therefore, have provided for 
 the continued jn'ospority of both. It is surpri-ing 
 the agriculluri.sts did not take this view oi' the 
 matter. If they were really entitled to a duty ou 
 foreign corn on account of their being more 
 heavilv taxed than the other classes of their fellow- 
 ciii,'.eii> (and they had no tide to it on any other 
 ground), th(>y were also entitled to a corresiioi ding 
 drawback. And it admits of demonstration, that 
 ihiir interests, a, well as those of theeoinmuniiy, 
 would have been better promoted by such a 
 duly and drawback than they over could have 
 been by an}' .system of mere duties, how high 
 soever they might be carried. 
 
 in. DuiTisn CdBN Tn.vDK. 
 
 I. QiKiiiliiy nf Corn iMusiimed in (Ircnl Jliilnin. — 
 Attempts have Foinetiinc.s bee- ..lade to estimate 
 the (luanlity tj) I'titli 'Tii.-ed m a country from 
 I alcdlnlioiis" founded on l/tc »nimber of acres in 
 (Jllage, and on llie i^criige pfifiiwn jier acre; but 
 
•AMMMaaakiuaB 
 
 I 
 
 
 410 CORN LAWS AND CORN' TRADE 
 
 it 19 plain that no porfectly accurafc account can I the coiisnmcrs of onrli kiml of prain, tlio qunntitv 
 ever Ijo framcil of the extent of land undor ciiiti- 1 consumcJ by each indiviilnal, nn.l hence the 
 ~ " "' i-.-ii. .1 :..../■ X. whole consumed hy man, to be as follows: — 
 
 Vfttion. It is |)irpetual!y chanf,'inf; from year to 
 year; and the amount of produce varies not only 
 with the dilliTcnecs of season", hut also witli every 
 im|)r(ivenu'Mt of a;;riiiilturo. This metliod, there- 
 fore, is noivranly rosorlidto, andtliegrowlhofeorn 
 is f^enerally estimated from the cniinumjilkm. The 
 conclusions dedncecl fnim this criterion must 
 indeed be subject to error, as well from varialions 
 in the consumption occasioned liy variations in 
 the price of corn as from the varying; extent to 
 ivhich other food is use<l. liut snpposiu;;' the 
 prices of corn to be reduced to an averat^o, if the 
 consuni|>tion of a considerable number of jiersons, 
 of all ranks and order's, and of all af^es and sexes, 
 were accurately determined, we should bi,' able, 
 siupposing the census of the population to be nearly 
 correct, to make a pretty close approximation to 
 tlio total consumption of the country. .Mr. 
 Charles Smith, the well-informed and int( lliijent 
 auth(]r of the 'J'racts on the Corn Tiade, made 
 nuiny curioii" investigations with a view to 
 discover tlie mean annual consumption of corn: 
 and reducing' it to tlir stantlunlnf wheat, ho found 
 it to bo at llio rate of about ti quarter fur each 
 individual, youni; and old. This estimate has 
 been conlirmed by a variety of pubsoqutut re- 
 Fcarches: and anuinj; others, Ijv (luiniries made 
 duriu',' the .scarcity of 171I.J and 17D('i, by the 
 inaj;isirates of Sull'olk, in l.l dilfc reut parishes, in 
 tlie view of asccrtaini:is the avera;^e consumption 
 of eacli family, whic'h tliey found to correspond 
 very closely -with Mr. Smith's estimate. It is 
 also worthy of remark, that ^I. I'aucti.n, the 
 inti'lli^enl autluir of tlie Metrnhy'f, estimates the 
 mean annual average consumption, in France, 
 ■when reduced to the standard of wlieat. at about 
 10 bushels for eacli individual ; and as the French 
 
 K-.tim iif'l I'o)tn- 
 
 Intioii «f Kncl.-illil 
 
 aiitl Waki 
 
 A vcMffn Ton- 
 hllll)|if)nn of 
 iMi'li IVrtuit 
 
 .1,7'»n,0fin (-nimunier!! of wlieat, nt 1 qu-nrter e.n'li 
 7TJ,"ilii „ \mW\, .11 11 
 
 SSS.'liItt ,, TVi', 
 
 C'il.iiOO „ oai«, 
 
 .11 I < 
 M '4 
 
 r.m.nmid 
 I'V .Mm, 
 
 l.'Mi.,lJj 
 
 Con^umeil bv m.in 
 In ndflilion to thU, ;Mr. Siiiltli c^liniiiU'il the wlu'it il 
 
 (Hlfil, miide Into >.tArcli Sec. • - . '.tn,(ini) 
 
 11 irlHV usfil in nMlliiii; &c. • - - . 5,4|;[iiik, 
 
 Hv.'for lu.mAc. ..... ;i|^,„i,| 
 
 ll.itft fur luirM-a 5fc. - • . . . 2,1f)l,'iii( 
 
 Total of lu)in<> roniuiiiption . r3,'ri'..s ,ii 
 
 .Villi I'XfL-ss 1)1' ex|>(i[t^ over iniportt ^^.^i^ 
 
 ll.^c.l ifi 
 
 .Villi nonl (one-tenth) . . I,.l!j,'„lt7 
 
 Tol il p-nwth of all kiiiiU of Ktain in I^ngland .ind Walcf 
 
 in \-,i;:i ...... r,,.ii9,5j| 
 
 This estimate, it will bo observed, diir< net 
 incbiile either Scotland or Ireland: and i.iiir 
 eiupiiries have rendered it jirobable tliat Mr, 
 Sniiih nndcrraled the population of Kn£,'!an(l ami 
 AVales by nearly 1,000,000. The most, emini'iit 
 aKrieultiirists seem also to be of opinion that iho 
 allowance for Feed ouyht to be stated as high as 
 a ."tt.r//i or a sevenlh. 
 
 ]\Ir. Chalmers, availiuR himself of the inrurnia- 
 tion respectinf^ tlie numbers of the penjjle fiimi.<lift| 
 under the Po|iiilation Act of 1800, estimated ilw 
 total consiinipiion of the diffi'rent kinds of craiii 
 in (ireat Uritain at tliat epoch at 27,]Hb.%»n 
 r|rs., whereof wheat constiliiled 7.076,1 00 ijrs. flic 
 cmiis of 1800 and 1801 beiiiR uiiiisiially dctioiint. 
 the importation in these years was proportionally 
 preat; but excliidiiij; tliesc scarcities, the total 
 average e.tcess of all sorts of grain imported fr'm 
 Ireland anil foreign countries into Great liritaiii 
 over the exports had previously amounted toaljmit 
 1,000,000 (jrs.. which, deducted from 27,185,30e, 
 leaves 26,185,300, to which if we add one .s/.rrt 3.1 
 
 cons me more bread and less animal fnod than 
 
 the Fnglish, this estimate affords a strong ]iroof j seed, we shall have 30,.') 10,;') I G qrs. as the avenge 
 
 of the correctness of that of Mr, Smith. ! growth of Great ISritain in 1800. 
 
 Having taken the )iopiilatiiin of Kiiglaiid and! According to Dr. Colquhoun, the coii.-;iimpt:on. 
 Wales in I'tJj at 0,000,1)00, Mr. Smith reckoned! of corn iu Great Britain and Ireland in Isll 
 
 Spefii's of Grain 
 
 Kslimatpd 
 
 .A VL-raife of the 
 
 I'ojmlation of 
 
 (ireat lirit.iln 
 
 niul Ireland 
 
 K.icli 
 
 l*rrMin 
 
 averaged 
 
 Wheat 
 ItarUy 
 (lals 
 live 
 
 Beans and peas 
 
 T.inl 
 
 fjuartiTB 
 
 ronsiimi-d 
 by .Man 
 
 i|uartpr4 
 i|,Ociii,0(iO 
 1,S7'|,000 
 (;,7')0,iK«) 
 B'i'j.OOO 
 
 i«,7'>n,ooo 
 
 Consuimtl by 
 Anliimls 
 
 UstHl in «err 
 oiij Spiriii 
 
 quartern 
 
 vio.nn.i 
 lO,'^o.t,rH)ii 
 
 qu trtera 
 
 4,250.000 
 
 ll.S'^'I.MIMi 
 
 ■\,'4.'tii,iH»i 
 
 Uwil In ta- 
 
 riou« .M.inU' 
 
 fact urea 
 
 Inartem 
 70,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 Tol.il I 
 Quaiteri I 
 
 O.lTn.nix 
 
 f,,V..'..itu) 
 
 IC.'iWV"! 
 
 f.S'j,li(»i 
 
 HM.OIQ 
 
 T>,l1IO,i«10' 
 
 .amounted in idwut 35,000,000 quarters. We 
 give his esliiiiate. 
 
 liut though this estimate be compiled ■with 
 greater care and is entitled to more <cdindeii(!e 
 than must of those put forth by its author, it is in 
 some re-^pecls extremely inaccurate. There can, 
 for example, be no manner of doubt that the con- 
 sumption of oats is iiuderraled by at least 2,250,000 
 quarters, or by h quarter in the quantity assigned 
 to each of the '1.500,000 individuals Dr. Colquhoun 
 supposed were fed on them. And besides under- 
 rating the consumption of oats. Dr. Cidquhoun h.as 
 made no allowance for seed, though it be nnnece.s- 
 sary to say that the expenditure of corn as seed is 
 as indispensable, and its consumption as eflectual, 
 as if it were employed in the feeding of men or 
 of horses. Adding, therefore, to the 37,250,000 
 quarters which Ctdquhoun's estimate should have 
 amoiitired to, ^ for seed, we have on his data 
 43,4.'>8.0(iO quarters fur tlie tofjil consumption of 
 corn in the United Kingdom in 1811. 
 
 I Hut instead of a population of ] 0,000.000, wiiic'i 
 
 I is assumed as the basis of the above estimate, the 
 
 i United Kingdom Jiad, in 1861, a population of 
 
 I above 29,000,000. If, therefore, the e-;tim,itc of 
 
 I Dr. Colquhoun were accurate, a'ld the con- 1 
 
 I sumption, as compared with the pop'ilation, wcro i 
 
 I about the same as in ISM, it should now amount j 
 
 ' to above 78,000,000 quarters. But during ll:e 
 
 last 30 years the proportion of wheat used as fooii I 
 
 has been materially incjeased ; and at pre.wit the j 
 
 consumers of b.irley certainly amount to nothin;;! 
 
 like 1,500,000 indivldnals; probably to not morel 
 
 than 500,000. The consumption of oats h.r«.il-'| 
 
 increased very materially, partly and prindpaili'l 
 
 from the great increase m the number of horsc^anJI 
 
 tbeir better keep, and partly .also from the in-i 
 
 crease of population in Ireland ; hut it is abun-l 
 
 dantly certain that the expcnditur.> of oomoiiiliel 
 
 lower animals, and in breweries, distilleries icil 
 
 does not now amount to anything like twice liiej 
 
 quantity at which it was estimaieilby Coli)uhoiiii.I 
 
 .krirultural S/a/, 
 
 ( i-'.viiig opinidii o 
 
 •I'lrhaps we inav hi 
 
 ii.|v,inuiges („ /;,. 1 1 
 
 -.\.riailtiiral Stmi-, 
 
 uiift'erated. 'Ihc ,. 
 
 (tops may ho le,iri,c 
 
 lot It is (ho nior,,.: 
 
 iit the prodiiffi „( 
 
 b'K-n with aiiviliiii 
 
 HT nil it he tlir.xsJip, 
 
 Ik it were o(|i,.i-„.j.,, 
 
 a.Boii..eed in Sepip,, 
 
 n< iMV) 2.000,000 n 
 
 lie lir-t ellict of (b|. 
 
 t.'r,ii-ethe|iiice of ,,1 
 
 iriivliere is i|,o „,,j, 
 
 '•'••""•""■W i* 1'he r 
 'iiit^^il.'.oeiiriiy t„ (i,( 
 I r-riT-: fur, tlion-l, 
 ',:i-'f!'«arc re(|iiire,i to 
 toii;r.licc.iiMi.,t k,i„„ 
 Di-kdnlered by J{ (' 
 
 m;.,morj.]!orennd'nb; 
 iMMn all respects pro 
 fT(;.t.v,rnrn(rcli;iii(.s-,,rj 
 ir.:eJ;:vnl a^n^U (l,r„„,. 
 ir*.™i report on the ma 
 KeM-oa to .,,,,, relieud 
 
 I ""^[™fipaJs purchase 
 «eKMiehsini,,Ici.,us a 
 
 Jptiilurialijrniatiun lo th 
 
 IfJi-''*^^"""'"'^' but 
 ItaeKjvery/ooJj,), „r,„ 
 
 ■'«io.iaaIs(.i(,,„p„t, ' 
 
 l"".^"f.inyauf],„ri,v. 
 
 J^:;v.|ho„|,„vo,vas'wn 
 
 It,; ;■',"'"'■''"'' "'<■ ';■"■ 
 til'!'";' "'"■''• '""I < 
 
 P-,;"">"ltHedf,„-en,„ 
 fef'^C'l-eertaini,,;; 
 
 c ;;;;,:i'''''"'''.w'ro,iue,,i 
 ''^'■'■"«'"'a„y„,,,;;-;;^ 
 
 gMlird 
 r''""'ai|)Ola.„' 
 
 f>ll.:„ji, - 
 
 Fiiii^'iKin^ik™ 
 
 ^ofal Xum/„\ 
 
 ""'•''tJUIriia.-,," 
 ^'I'lland,, 
 
CORN LAWS AND CORN TR \DE lU 
 
 [iiri'iiltiirnl Statl.ilirH. — In a turtnor pditioii the cmcp, tlio nftcinpt In itdiirp flio nrronfcc to (|iiiin- 
 
 ;,'.,viii;4 (ipiniiiii of tlicsi; utiitL-li^^ was stated :, tilicd of corn wniiM Iji^ aii aiilluni'tical talliu'v. 
 
 ■I'irliiips wc may Ih^ cxiiiscil for addiiif;- lliat tin- ] lint, an snccrs.sive a'iniial arcoimts arc'nivcii, tlicro 
 
 ilvnnia^'os to lie dcrivrd from what an: callcil : is an influence of ^onu! iiiiporlaiico, in thu coin- 
 
 \.rirultiiral Statistic!)" liave liccn lidiciiloiisly i parison bc'twctn tlif aiiiomit of cnrri s-nwn an<l in 
 
 ,vi.i;.ialiil. 'flic extent of laixi midcr ililVcrcnt j tlu! ([uantities imparled for cotismiiplion, wliicli 
 
 iiiny lie learned with tuleialilc precision ; j will enable persons lo arrive at an e-timate iif the 
 
 avcni?;e ainiuat delieii iicy in the supply of limne- 
 },'rfi\vn corn. Wo do not liiiiiU that a;;ri(iihnral 
 statistics will enahle tanners and corn dealers to 
 dclcrmino future prii. s. hut they v.ill he i.f sinie 
 aid to such a result, ami will I'eitainly sapply the 
 public with some iiifonnalion as to the nieasiiro of 
 its dependence on the growth of foreign coiin- 
 lirt ofl'cct of this announcement woiiM be j tries. 
 !ini:ttlie (iiicc of wheat in every foreign purt;! The largest im)iorts of foreign corn and meal 
 jc,l whore is the gain to set olT against thi.s i hitherto introduced into this country were tlmse 
 ,lta,lvMtagc ? The, retiirn would give no ad- ' of 180'.', when 7i»,0Hr,'J2iS <w is., equal to more 
 JitionaUcciirity to the specnlalioiis of the im- ! than 27,000,(1(1(1 (|iiarlers, were imported. t)fthis 
 uvm: fur, though A knows that ■J,('**'*>"00 | ipiantity a very .small amount was re-exported. 
 (j'jjrtws are reipiirc^d to uiako up the staled dc- j The ^^hea^ and Hour jilouu amounted to more 
 toy, lie cannot know how much has been or than ll,.0oo,OO() (piarters. In the seven years 
 iBTli (inlcrcil by !!,(', 1), and his lO.OOO other j IXaO-lMtl.j inclusive, the tnlal entries of Ibri i-ii 
 
 he existing sys- wheat and lloiir amouiilcd to ,'>l,7.">i •,'-".'•> 'piar- 
 
 At present the ters, giving an average of 7,.">',Il',S1I!) ipiartcrs 
 habit of sending as the anniunt of wheat .and Hour needed for 
 
 [,i>' it is the merest hallucination to imagine i 
 ;hat llic produce of any harvest can ever be 
 '^i,.vn with anyihiiig approxim.itiiig to accu- 
 ij'vlill it he thrashed out. ."supposing, however, ^ 
 liititwerc otherwise, and that it was ollicially 
 anwi-ocd in September that the wheat crop i 
 n; -av) 2.0110,000 nuarters under an average:! 
 "' ■' • '' '' ■ announcement woiiM be i 
 
 i OTwlldTii hcrj and abroad. T 
 
 I lini'i. in (ill respects preferable. 
 
 1 pot fi.ni merchants arc in the 
 
 itte'fanl apents through the country toexaminc 
 
 ir.lc anil report on the stale of the crops. If they 
 
 1 steiias'ii 10 apiirchend nu nnusnal dcliciency, 
 
 I ttowicipals purchase accordingly. Hut tlu.'y 
 
 I aiK. '.'I'll simpletons as to coiiiniuuicate their 
 
 l[«iiiutirformntion to the public. That might 
 
 jk ,1 v;tv goiuriiUs, but it would at the same 
 
 Itime kivcry foolish proceeding. And yet this 
 
 ((Vinjuminlion of information useful to the fo- 
 
 |rB.'cer IV 'iild he the lirst tiiid jirincipal result of 
 
 iMclidcialstalements as to the state of the crops 
 
 |t- »(;o ','f any authority.' 
 
 :(P ihe above was written the Government 
 >i:i;i collected the facts, both as regards the 
 Hwiit.'t'livft ,-Pik and the cultivation of the 
 fcii The v.ilue of the statistic's, lu.wever, which 
 be !<e(i -iipplied for corn and green croiw must 
 I* (■xa^.'geratcd or inisunderstood. It is 
 rifi;l that iKi certain infcrcihc can be obtained 
 eimiio i|iiniilily produced, however e.\act may 
 Ittiicrecktiiiing of the acres under tillage; and in 
 'saUcaec ol'.wv materials for the former infer- 
 
 tile inhabitants of (ireat Ihilain and Ireland. 
 as estimated for the .seven years in f|Ucstioii. 
 During the seven years ending with the year 
 ifiiH, the average annua) coiisuinpiinii of fn- 
 reign grain was 'l.oiiO.^Ol quarters. During the 
 seven years 'iidiiig with the ye;ir l.^,")0, the 
 average animal consumption was ;i,07;>,0,'i;> quar- 
 ters. These facts are of the highest signilicance, 
 showing as they do the increasing dependence of 
 this country on foreign supplies of wheat and 
 Hour, and indicating what on an iuerage estimate 
 is the general demand of this counlry en the 
 breadstulfs of Ibr'ign regiiuis — .a dem.'iiid which 
 has more than doubled (luring the s] ;iee of tour- 
 teen years only. 
 
 lieiiirns as to the acro.ige under corn and other 
 crop.s have been made from Irebind and Scotland 
 tor Sumo years past, but no such return was ob- 
 tainable from ICngliind ;ind ^Val^;s till \^iW. In 
 this year, however, such au account was published 
 by the Hoard of Trade. The most important 
 tacts of this return are printed below. 
 
 ot I 
 cor.- 1 
 were 
 
 Ik- 1 
 
 f.Kid 
 
 nt tlif I 
 
 more I 
 
 eipailvl 
 
 till' ■."-[ 
 abiiii-l 
 (ill the! 
 jes A-t'.i! 
 ice ihej 
 luliw"''! 
 
 Total Xiiiiihcr nf Acrr.i rnii/vf L'aili Ucicrijitinn of Corn Crop, 18GG 
 
 p.MUrd 
 if.rliica; Britaj 
 nimd 
 JtJuintllj'aiiJi; 
 
 'Tl"nii(,i ivinc 
 
 Wheat 
 
 3,1(11,111 
 
 I1.1.8(i'J 
 
 1111,101 
 
 .•i,.i»5,5'jr 
 
 300,171 
 H,075 
 
 2,702 
 
 U'.iq^ 
 
 3,(ifl7,(i.V'' 
 
 llnrli'V IK 
 lliar 
 
 l,S77,1i-7 
 14B..Ti1 
 '^15.019 
 
 ■i,i^l,yi'J 
 
 15V,777 
 7,7 30 
 
 111 
 
 532 
 
 (J.ilS 
 
 1,,VM,9'I0 
 
 •.'51,S'J1 
 
 I.OOI.CM 
 
 l,6i»-,lilS 
 11,010 
 
 2S8 
 ■12S 
 
 2,39S.lS.-i I 4.1f.!),.'!17 
 
 Ik>anft 
 
 50,570 
 2,l5i 
 
 _7,0J5 
 (■0.077 
 
 l'J'2,5NB 
 
 3,»31 
 
 2S,5:,7 
 
 12.175 
 .-.i'J 
 
 15 
 
 43 
 
 Pens 
 
 311, SOU 
 3.010 
 
 3,nis 
 
 ""JO, 10 1 
 
 Ti.lal of 
 I'orii l-'rops 
 
 7,100,170 
 521,071 
 
 !i,!S;,rKr 
 
 2,C.II'i 
 iir, 
 
 210 i .V23.1(iO 
 
 2,173, (-.3 
 27,2(ii; 
 
 3,112 
 
 2.011 
 
 fl.lO.ViCir 
 
 Total Xiirnhfr of Acres under F.iuh Description 
 
 of Green Crop, ISCifi. 
 
 
 DiTirions 
 
 I'ot.Uoes 
 
 311.151 
 44,2(IB 
 143,120 
 
 ■l'}\lii^ 
 
 1,050,419 
 4, .302 
 
 l,.3(;s 
 
 677 
 
 Turnips anil 
 hwtdes 
 
 1 1 
 Mangold farrots 
 
 r.llili.ii;e. 
 Kohl lUl.i, 
 and Kapt.' 
 
 \'cti'hes, 
 
 I-iicerne, 
 
 anil any 
 
 olher (^rop, 
 
 except 
 
 Clover or 
 
 lirass 
 
 Total or 
 (ireen Crops 
 
 i ■ . 
 ^TGreit llriiaiii 
 
 l,C0O,70r, 
 
 62,412 
 
 47S,9'JO 
 
 2.142.13S 
 
 25I,0S1 
 
 3,H(;i 
 
 852 
 
 258,797 
 
 15,59H 
 295 
 910 
 
 Kl.SIMI 
 
 159,539 
 1.329 
 5,075 
 
 105,913 
 
 408,933 
 27,li(i'J 
 .33,9'.iS 
 
 470.on<) 
 
 2,750,008 
 1.-9,265 
 003,i57 
 
 3.552,5.-0 
 
 i 
 
 Mm . ■. " ■ 
 
 tlUlMfli: 
 
 ^n-fi Sec, . I 
 
 317,121 
 
 7,210 
 
 1,K12 
 217 
 
 20,21S 
 55 
 
 701 
 
 2IR 
 
 279,987 
 
 3,;si 
 
 22(i 
 
 1,013 
 
 V02 
 22,061 
 
 50,352 
 69 
 
 40,200 
 310 
 
 l.'iS 
 1,521 
 
 1,182,091 
 12,208 
 
 *5,853 
 2,9.38 
 
 jW'niW KinjJom 
 
 1,555,609 
 
 2,4f.«,')fil 
 
 '216,610 
 
 5,2.1S9 
 
 '.,1155.02(1 
 
412 
 
 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADL 
 
 Total Xunihcr of' Acm unili'r llopa, Hare Fiilhm; unit Grata, 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 ','> 
 
 %. 
 
 i 
 
 I)l>i<ion< 
 
 llo,„ 
 11 
 
 Kntclanil 
 Walii . 
 
 Hcotl.lnd 
 
 
 
 'ror:il for (in- It Hrttaiii - 
 
 .■.«,fl7H 
 
 Iril.iml 
 l-k'iil'.M.in 
 
 (hntuicl l.^lanil^ : 
 
 iiucrn^py ftc. 
 
 II II 
 
 'I'ninl r.ir I'nli^il Kiiiiiclom 
 
 - 1 
 
 .')(i,,'i;H 
 
 ll.irr r.lll.iw, 
 uni-rii|i|icil Ar.ibl«^ 
 l^jinil 
 
 7lin,979 
 lli'J,H?H 
 
 '1111,'n; 
 
 ll,V'7 
 
 a,.vw 
 
 .■»7'i 
 
 , , I *_.i 'iVrtnnnpnt Pnalure, 
 
 1 l,..ir iiml Arti. , >|„„.|„« or lira.*, 
 11. ul n,„l .,1 H-r I „„,,„„*.,„ „,,/„ ..^.,. 
 Cir«.M.iin.Ur ((„„(,„ lu.li,. .,i II, II 
 I'dkiurei) 
 
 ruuilixi 
 
 v,rii;,iii7 
 i,iii,ii'> 
 
 1, nun, Via 
 
 »,'''■'■ 
 ___ HH,, 
 
 K.U'JH.II'^? 
 l,V'.7,7il 
 
 __W.1,i'(ilI 
 
 !l,7(i'i 
 
 T"t.<l Viimlin.i 
 
 K|ji.l,„f(,, 
 Um» Falluw, i,| 
 <Jrau 
 
 'i.v»l,(,;i 
 
 _ 1.1.')V!m| 
 
 ■'■'.Jiiliv,:"" 
 
 * 'i'hi- rt'lunn cf tin- .uriMBU uniliT * PiTiniiipiit l*.\sliirt.'* In llrtMI JtrltAlii ninl In Iri'liltul .irpnol rnmpar.ililis iii ilitt l*iJffurc<ati'rj I 
 in (ircut llrituin anil iiulwled in llt-Unii. Total* cniitli-U in i>l:iri-A niarlii'il thus I*} iuniiui, thfrcfdrr, buglvt-n. 
 
 Per-centage Proportions of each kind of Cum Crop In Ti'litl of Com Crops, 
 
 DlvUldM 
 
 Whrat 
 
 1 Itartry or 
 Ihir 
 
 Oats 
 
 Ilji- 
 
 Meant 
 
 IVa» 
 
 Totil u 
 roriiCr:^ 
 
 (Vir": : : : 
 
 Siollmd - ■ . . 
 Tola! for tJrtMt Kritani 
 
 Irelanil . . 1 . 
 
 I>li'olMan 
 
 *.'hanni-l J^tlandt: 
 
 Jvr*ej . . . - 
 
 Gui-rnsey Ac. 
 Toiiil fur l*nititl KiPRtlom 
 
 ■Vi'7 
 
 W 1 
 
 ■il)-,1 
 
 IHM 
 
 7.1'.'. 
 •29-7 
 
 7H-I 
 •|l)-| 
 
 'l-i 
 
 •no 
 
 •7 
 Vi 
 
 fi'7 
 •7 
 
 ■t"i 
 
 •0 
 
 ■•I 
 
 IIVl 
 li-l 
 
 Id 
 
 •IB- 1 
 
 ins 
 
 41-S 
 
 VII 
 
 70 
 in- 1 
 
 n-.'i 
 
 aii-i 
 
 ■ill") 
 
 •7 
 
 A' 7 
 
 .Tl 
 
 1 |i(,~ 
 
 ■1-1 
 
 •li 
 
 •B 
 
 11 
 • •7 
 
 ■1 
 •I 
 
 ^■^ 
 
 4-l 
 
 ■<'S 
 
 1'. 
 Iiy 
 
 n 
 iiii 
 
 Pir-ccntage Pn\ 
 
 mrtions of 
 
 Totatoes 
 
 etuh liiiiil if (JriTi! Crop to Tolti 
 
 / (</' (hi I'll Criipx. 
 
 Tflii,( 
 Gritnii^, 
 
 lii 
 V > 
 Ir.i 
 
 Divilioni 
 
 Kriilnnd . . - - 
 Walij .... 
 hcutliinil - . . - 
 Total for (;rcit Hrlta;n 
 
 Ireland .... 
 
 Ulpof.Man 
 
 Channel Islands : 
 
 Jcr>oy - - - - 
 
 OuiTnsPw .Sec. - 
 Total tor I'niti^l Ktncilnin - 
 
 Turnl|is niiil 
 >«iili.» 
 
 .ManKo!.! 
 
 •I 
 
 I 
 
 Carrrts 
 
 Catibaue, 
 Kohl 
 Halii, 
 
 and Itape 
 
 Wlrhes, 
 Lucrme. anil 
 
 any other 
 
 Crot.N, fir^.pi 
 
 Clover or 
 
 tirau 
 
 11 -.-s 
 .11-S 
 
 •2 in 
 
 .'.S'2 
 IIS 
 
 ;fi 
 •i 
 
 ■VS 
 
 I'll 
 •s 
 
 11") 
 
 l:i-i 
 
 VI 
 
 .'.IS 
 liiM 
 
 1 I'D 
 
 71)!) 
 
 WP 
 
 1 i»-.l 
 
 ■il-1 
 O'J-1 
 
 .-I-.', 
 s-l 
 
 7-.T 
 11 
 
 i.v- 
 
 ■'i 
 1-1 
 
 ri'9 
 li-'i 
 
 1-7 
 
 .Tl 
 
 •li 
 
 ati 
 
 li'j 
 
 11 
 |i>i 
 
 1:M 
 1"! 
 Il>~ 
 
 .Til-l 
 
 JS'S 1 
 
 /rli 
 
 If wc aj-sumc tlic .icroaKr uf each kiml tiC /^rain 
 to be an average nf tliu anKniiit aiiiiiially uihIct 
 ciillivalion, and take ,'iO IiusIh'Is an at'ro as llie 
 avorago prudticc <it' -ivlicah tlii! ammiiit of wlioat 
 proilucoJ annually in llio United Kiiigdoiii will 
 reaeh nearly ll,0"0,0O(l ([iiarlcrs. Takin;;- again 
 barley ami oats at 10 biisluls to the acre, the 
 produce of these two kinils of grain will lie about 
 34,O0ii,U0O. l!ye, bean.", and peas, reckoned al .'JO 
 bu.shels, will iirodiicc about ;!,1.'*0,000 cpiartrrs ; 
 and the total piuduce .'jI. 18(1,000 (piarlers of dif- 
 ferent kind.s of corn. It may be okscrved that the 
 Author in previous cilculatinns, b.nseil chieliy 
 upon hypntlietieal ]ircmi,-('H, csliniatcd tlu' total 
 aiiinial averag(! growth of the IJnitid Kingdom 
 at about ,"iO,0(l(),000 quarters, an amount wliitdi 
 pretty closely agrees with the estimate taken from 
 the returns elaborated by the IJoard of Trade. 
 
 Hipuliitiuiis untler jrliith tlic Corn Tnuli: if tin; 
 I'nittd Kiiiijdom icas conducted pririoiisli/ to I.'^lti. 
 — These regulations were (inbudied in the Aet 
 h Vict. '1 sess. c. 14, some clauses of which still 
 contiuui' in force (sec /««/). This Act imposed a 
 scile of duties on wheat and other descriptions of 
 com when imported frtmi a foreign country, which 
 varied inversely according to their iirices, being 
 greatest when prices were lowest, and least when 
 Iirices were liighest. (See a Table of the duties 
 in the former editions of this work.) 
 
 From the extreme dilliculty of furmiiig any- 
 thing lik(! correct conclusions in ngard to the 
 ,stat(! of the crops at any giicn period in an ix- 
 leiisivo country, anil still more of estimating the 
 
 I supply and probable price of corn at amfutjRi 
 1 liiriod, though but a lillle reninte, llic li.s ;; 
 lending till' corn Iradt' is jirovi'rbially jtiil 
 ruder such circuni.-taiices. if (iuvernraeiitiiiirt.f 
 I fere at all, it should cerlainly bii to lessen sril 
 1 liazards; and. at all events, it "should lakoospciiiil 
 care to do nothing lo increase thein. Ilence.ifil 
 duty be imposeti on iinporlatioii, it .•hoiildltl 
 constant, so that ils inlliieiice may iilw.r.j !tl 
 estimated beforehand ; for if the amount of Iwl 
 depend on accidental circunislanccs, or una:;! 
 thing .«o lluctnaling and incapable of iirciiir 
 estimation as the prices in tlit! liomi; uiarke!. 
 must neccssarilj', by incrt\'isiiig the liazarilifill 
 speculations in corn, tend to augment tliwiif 
 equalities in its supply anil price that flioulAijI 
 as far as possible.be diminished. To^li">riM| 
 direct influence of such duties, it maysufc: 
 mention that if, under the above law, ii iiiiril.j: 
 had coniniissioued a quantity of wheat «1h5;-: 
 home price was between CmI.i. amlG5.<. porqiin-'j 
 he would, in the event of the prit^e fuUiiiu' !•' 
 before the imjiortation tool: place, have Iwt ;•, ;-f| 
 (|uarterby the transaction, viz. Is-, pcrquariii ,' 
 the fall of price, and bs. per quarter by an iiicR«(| 
 of duty. 
 
 It may, perhap-:, be said that if, on tin '"I 
 hand, the late scale of duties w.xs injurious toilif 
 inerchaut when prices were falling, and when ii 
 portalion was conseiiuently eitlur unnoie>.-.irT I 
 of less advantage, it was, on the oilier tfflij 
 equally adviJitageous to him wli';n priet* \ 
 rising, andwlien the public interests requircdiai 
 
 import.ition .■ .'on 
 
 ill the view of t 
 
 nil.', r nri' alway .s 
 
 n fair profit : an 
 
 •■i;;il«isiiig tlir tr; 
 
 \ liUiich .111 ext 
 
 orcisc Ills iinporl 
 
 |iii.4il)lf Id devise 
 
 tlie loj'ics iiicuri-e' 
 
 |iy inaMng n prt 
 
 lii'iilils 111' Midi as w 
 
 lliint'. perliaps, mi;; 
 
 \ lint the ■■fyslein Wf 
 
 ivi'il<d 1111 qiiilc opr 
 
 ■ ■ ' III iliiniiii-h ri 
 
 ,.;oi 1 1 I he los.4 
 
 liil. ami lip llie proi 
 
 siiei'iilalii'U I 
 
 riicre ar.' oilier c 
 
 i!ii- pernicious operf 
 
 •till more striking f 
 
 tiiiu.ina' of nnDivo 
 
 liarvfjt, and a di'liri 
 
 ri-c. and the duty fa 
 
 low fnppose that II 
 
 ili.'il tlicanlicipalioii 
 
 :.i.d nlijirvc wlial, i 
 
 till iipcratiuii of tlio I 
 
 priecj ininiidiately ^ 
 
 |■on^eiHll■mincrea-eol 
 
 rfirn wareliniiscfl in 
 
 L'vot)' conlit'uous fore 
 
 liTi'onsampti'iii. and 
 
 , Uf! IViilino diitv, 
 
 (■/i;llil> di,-iribute (hn 
 
 ifie /«."l i-timate the_'\ 
 
 ami necessities of the 
 
 1 1' a sliding-f cale ^-oo, 
 
 sidrrali.iiis. Iloidos , 
 
 Ir.nk ittompt^inerch 
 
 tnlioldliack, ill the e 
 
 enter their cuni at a 
 
 Ilie ether hand, a fa 
 
 jin.irkit, as already .see 
 j ruinously iiopress'od 1 
 if to escape the iiien , 
 liiately iiijiiriiMis to i 
 |.i;.'ricidtnfali-lasses; 
 (nmis on the former, 
 wiihhold tlicii- corn 
 plains • , a niiiioii.l 
 
 ji.ltt'1-. I lll;ikill;,r(l| 
 
 JMiketwIiicliisalro;, 
 |lw prices of \H->\ ji 
 and IKJ.'i, were, im d 
 [lhpe.w.ssof thefure 
 [ansinirontiif iliooiir 
 •'^'I'Wthatiiiirport^,- 
 pether III' native nr 
 Iftniished ivlieii necev. 
 Iiwssity: anel when 
 
 |lar;'epp,pnrtii,„f,ft||e 
 |an'Mpati,„i„c,, f,|,,|r, 
 pas ni. ninm for con 
 fnenihinn; l,a,| („ |,e 
 l^-f';d starts. W. 
 Uisliel M „ heat from t 
 but 0111- ;.; ices havin-i 
 Rwnsi,:; me.re raoiilh 
 
 NiandCoralltlieceir, 
 pi"? expected, no 
 r';'«':ii:K such s,„ 
 "•'S aiiel prices ro: 
 njl>p our i^ro.ence in i 
 l« every one, except t 
 r^voonh,a„dstock.s 
 r' 1 comiuoree coiulii 
 
COnX LAWS AND COTJN TRADK 
 
 443 
 
 III lip cnniurnnrcl: Imt Iho pricos i lio cniricil "ii !)>• nil iiilori'linnsi' (ir;»i)0(I't rurciirn, 
 
 impnriati"" 'i' 
 
 III il.ovi<'"' ' ' '"'• , , ,,, . , 
 
 •.'.rnf ■•il"".^^ ""'''' "■''•'' fiip[i'>'<i^ will yirl 
 
 ''"f!,ir invidt: "iiiiil il' tlirv ri-f, II. n ri«c ^^ ' 
 
 iniiTli:\ril when In^ f,'ivos nii 
 M 
 
 Mi;'V0MUK 
 
 |,ri.iiH"i'' 
 
 llir lr;i(l> iVcc or the iliiiy coii^Im , 
 sHcTi all I'xtra prnlit, iis will make liini m- 
 ;.,f,ii(' liii imports to till! ulinost. If it w.to 
 ' \jlil,, til (Uviso II ''vslrin tliiit hlioiilil irniiiiij^li 
 ihe'lt'--f* iiicurroil III ii'il'iivoiiralili' spcrulniioiis 
 innMnS i proportional lU'iliU'tioii fr'ni the 
 ucli n" were nil i-iiinllyMiiootttriri, -oiuc- 
 ihiiiL'. iKrli.il'-'. 1"^-''" '"' *"Uiiil fo Ray in ils liivonr. 
 lliit till' sysliiu wr afli'ii iipoii (pf laii? yt-nrK pro- 
 orikil (111 qiii'i' opriosito principle! : its otl'cct was 
 !',,! til iliiiiiiii-'i risks, but, to iiunviM' tlifiii : it 
 ■|(.i|1,i|Ik' Ios< rwultinj; t'roni an imsiicd ss- 
 li,'| „,„l to the profit r<-iilliiij; Ir n ^ successful 
 
 iiifoulaiii'iil 
 
 rtim' iir.' iiiIht cnnsidcratioiis tlial scr>'0 to sot 
 ,V iicmicious operation of n lluctuatiii-<lii'y in n 
 «iillninrc strikiii!,' point of view. Slimild a con- 
 liuuancc "f lUifavouniMn woatlicr occur before 
 lurvft. mill .1 (li lieiciit crop be anlii'ipatc'l, priro 
 ri^p, andtiioiliity ''■ill'* '" "'■•''f to uolbiiiK. Hnl 
 ,„„' finmose that the weather beciines tine, and 
 ,1,1,1 till, nnlieipatious of a slinrl crop are dispelled, 
 ■ 111 i.tijiivc wli!i(, under such cinMiuislances, is 
 'i,u- iiporatimi of the slidinp;-scalo. In such a cas<' 
 Miiti iiiiniiiliately (;ivc way, and, to avoid llu' 
 ,,,n.c«imiii incroa-cof duty, every bii-lud of forei^.'-ii 
 torn warclioiiscrt in the country, and, indeed, in 
 I'vm' ciintiOTiiii*' I'oreii,'!! port, is forlliwilh eiileri d 
 inro'iiiwimpii'iii. .ind thrown upon .a falliuK inar- 
 kctl Willi no duty, or witli a lixccl duly, mer- 
 cliaiit- ili-iribiite the supply of corn accdriliiij; In 
 liie lifi fslimate tliey can torni of the real wants 
 aiulmcosjilies of the iieoplc. But tlu^ operiilioii 
 1 1 a fli'liiin-i't'alc S'"'^ '"ar to exclude sucli con- 
 >iil,rali'iiis. Ro.-ides (loiiblin;;' the lia/ards (.f the 
 irailo, it icmpls merchants, when prices are lisini;'. 
 LilKijiiliack, in tlie expectation of beinj;- able lu 
 fnUrtlnir ceni at a reduced duty; and wlicii, on 
 tliiMitluT hand, a fall of prices is anlicipalnl. llic 
 iiiarkit, as already seen, is overloaded, .md prin's 
 rainniislv (loprcssed by the supplies forced upon 
 it loowiipo the increase of duty ! It is thus alter- 
 nalcly iiiiiiriinis to the inanufactuviiif; and the 
 aL'riciiltnrnl classes; ontailiiii,' I ho, sever' st, ])riva- 
 liiiiH nil die former, by making tho iniporlers 
 iviilihfiKl tlicir cerii from market till tlu' priii' 
 atlaiii- 'I a niiiioiisly lii^h level; and on the 
 lattiv. Ii> iicikiiij; the "sami^ parties throw it on a 
 lu.ukt't wliich is already depressed. Tho extreme 
 Imv prices of bs-.'l and lS-.'2, and of Is:!:!, l.s:il. 
 ami 18;),"i, wore, no doubt, in part occasioned by 
 thofxccss of the foreipi entries for consumplinn 
 ariMit' out of the circumstances now mentioned. 
 
 Xowtliat (iiir ports ari^ constantly open, sujiplies, 
 :ivhfthov of native or of foreifjn fjmwlli, arc only 
 [fiiniisliiil when necessary, and ar' limited by the 
 liBtus-ity : and when prices are, hnv, or fallini^, a 
 tee prnjinvtion of the imports nu warchmised in 
 an'i'ipaiion of a future rise. Hut formerly there 
 raa-. nil iimm for consideration or oombinaticn; 
 'pviniiiin;; had to he done on tho moment, and 
 lliyf ..il starts. "NVfi miRlit not liaAT brouj;ht a 
 uslic! '■( wheat from the Haltic for a year or two ; 
 lut fHir 1 ices havinij risen, and the duty hnvinj, 
 rallciisri;; more rapidly, wo had an iiistant.iueou> 
 bland fill all the eorn that could be had ! Not 
 ins; expected, no provision could bo made 
 lor iiHctiiig such sudden and capricious de- 
 lanils niul iiricos rose to such a dof,'rcc .is to 
 lako our |>rc-^ence in the, foreign markets hateful 
 lo(vory one, except the few who mii;lit happen 
 iiliavf on hand stocks of corn. It is plain, too. 
 :liat a commerce conducted iii this wav could noi 
 
 as il would have bicii I .id the port>i been coii- 
 siaiilly iipen. \Vc had a d' maud one year for per- 
 haps ten limes tin' iiiiaiuiiy of Toli.,!! corn th.'it 
 we reipiireil another year; but the I'oles coubl 
 not reciprocate by lakiiii; olVcorrcpondint,' ipian- 
 tiiiesof ourciilloiis, woollens, and h.irdwarc I'n- 
 derordiimry circumsianccs an increase oiiuiporls is 
 always accompanied by a corresiiondiii^' increaso 
 orexpnri"; but, to briii;^ ibis aboiil, thi! increase 
 nuHt II 'ler be Middcu iior excessive ; tor. if so, 
 tile rhaii - are li n to one that tbo forei;,'n demaiul 
 bir our products w ill not ini'reasc to an Mjiial ex- 
 teiil, ( orii is the |irincipal means which ihe 
 I'oles and Kii-'siaiw have of paying bir l'n;;lisli 
 ^roods; and, .i^ we freipiently shut it wholly out, 
 their imiiorts 'roni Knf,'lan(l wire unavoidably 
 bi low even the avi ratre .iinount of their rxporls; 
 So that \\hi:i we have had an oxiraoriiinary 
 demand lor corn, the i;realer part of the oxee-s 
 had to U.' paid for in bidlion; and, instead of 
 bciii;.; Iiilii'llted b)- ils occurrence, our coininerciiil 
 and nianiifaitiiriiiK iiili rests were deipl\ injured. 
 
 Hut il is unni ci~sarv to dwellon wh.ii is so will 
 Kiiov.n. J''ortuinlcly wedid not rcciuiro to import 
 any foreii,'ii corn in I.'^.!.") and \X'M>; for no one, 
 cither in the Hank of iMij^land or out of if, ac, 
 (piaiiited with the circninstanccs, can doubt that, 
 had it liecn then necessary lo make tho -anicpay- 
 iiK Ills for foreifin corn wo bad to ni.dvc in IS.'io and 
 IX.'il. and in l.s;?,s .md is;);), the Hank must have 
 stopped paymoni : and a shock would have been 
 f;ivcu to the credit and financial inlcrests (d'tlii! 
 country from which they would not easily have 
 recovered. The severe pressure on flic money 
 market in |s;;'.lr;iaiiily originated in tho same cir- 
 cumstances; ami lliaf prcs.suro was ]iroductivc of 
 far fiiealcr lo'sand inconvenicuce lo the ai;rieul- 
 tiirisls than any aihaiitasc they gained by the 
 rise of prill ill that y ar. 
 
 It must not, however, be supposed, from any- 
 thing; now said. Ilial we moan to stale or insinuatn 
 that it is possible, by iniy conlriv.aiice, or b\ thd 
 utmost possible de_L;reo of friedom, to avert all 
 
 Ihictuatioiis ill the .-.upplyand prii fcorii. ^ ly 
 
 such ide.i would be ;ilike cliimcriral and ah i..'il. 
 Variation.^ of thoharvesls. in so rich and populous 
 a country as (ireat Uritain, must ahv.iys, and 
 nnderany circumstances, have a powerful iiilliienco 
 over prices, not only hero, but al>o in those fo- 
 reign markets whence we ari^ in the habit of draw- 
 ing a portion of our supplies, lint it adniils of 
 demonstration, that importation witliout any, or 
 with constant duties, is tho best means by which 
 to mitigate thcindui iico of variations of harvests, 
 and to secure the greatest steadiness of firice. 
 Under the existing .system. Iho merchants of this 
 and other countries arc able to form iheir plans 
 without the fear of their being overturned by 
 ftccideiital or contingent circumst.inccs : and the 
 fact that we every now and then reqiiiic a large 
 supply of foreign corn makes capitalists, here and 
 elsewhere, warehouse, in abundant years, largo 
 su,iplieg, in anticipation of the demand wdien Ji 
 delicicncy occurs. The merchant has now to deal 
 only witli real wants and necessities; and these 
 it is comparatively easy lo provide against. 
 
 liesides its inischii>vous operation in other 
 respects, tho late corn law was highly inimical to 
 the public interests from the convcnieni handle 
 which it afliirdcd for all sorts of agitation, misre- 
 presenlation, and abuse. Its deleterious influence 
 was i^uatly exaggerated; and it .seemed to be 
 supposed thai its repeal would bo n sovereign pa- 
 nacea for all sorts of grievances. Ihit though, for 
 the reasons previously stated, the new system has 
 giMMi lis grcaler steadiness of prices, and has, in 
 

 '^^ V .v.^. 
 
 ** ^m^^^ 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 .% 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 "^ 112.8 
 
 no 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 IL25 i u 
 
 6" 
 
 1.6 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WtST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4 S03 
 
 k 
 
 #^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 :\ 
 
 \ 
 
 "<b 
 
 V 
 
 
 6^ 
 
 "^-^ 
 

 I 
 
 s 
 
- -.r nVi'iij^B iililirtii 
 
 wsamamm 
 
 444 
 
 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE 
 
 \y r •■ 
 
 conscqucnco. lipcn of mui'li piil)lic ailvautnijc, its 
 influence in tlii' reduction of prices lias not been so 
 ffreat as lias lieen expected, both by the agricul- 
 tnrists and by the other classes. The extraordin- 
 arily favcmrable seasons and productive harvests 
 that iirevailed, both in Kuro|)c mid iVme-iea. in 
 1818 and 181',t, led to an unusually larjjo importa- 
 tion, and consequently, also, to a considerable fall 
 of prices. But this fall not havini; been by any 
 means so great as inif;ht have been anticijiated 
 from the nianiiitude of the imports, shows that the 
 greater ptjrtion, at least, of the latter had been re- 
 quired to meet the increased demand of the country. 
 In 1852 the jiricc of vheat amounted to 4().v. !)(/. per 
 quarter ; ,ind we inclhie to think that this will 
 prove to be about I lie lowest poiiit in the descending; 
 scale, and thattb • probability is that prices will 
 be Considerably iiiulier. There nuist, no doubt, 
 be in all cases inucli uncertainty in prosiieetive es- 
 timrites of prices. Wo are still, however, disposed 
 to abide by our tormer conclusion, that the pro- 
 bable future average price of wheat in this country, 
 under the new system, may bo estimated at about 
 ■iSs. or 50.S-. per ipiarter; and if so, agriculture will 
 not be afleiiled by tlie c'lange. 
 
 Should it liirii out dilfeieiitly, and should there 
 be at any time so very abundant a season in 
 this country and in the north of Europe as to 
 threaten such a fall of pnces as might give a 
 serious shock to the in.liistry of the husbandman, 
 the crisis ni:iy be averted or mitigated by some 
 temporary exiicdient. lUit it is not very ]irob;ible 
 that it will 1)0 lU'ccssary to interpose in this way. 
 Insteail of being unfavourable to thi^ .agriculturists, 
 they have already gained, and the chances arc that 
 they will coiuinuo to gain, by the new system ; 
 they have greater capital, skill, and industry than 
 those of any other country ; and being aware that 
 they must now nholly relv on them to preervc 
 their p!;ice in society, and not on f'listom-house 
 regulations and parliamentary majorities, the con- 
 tinued improvement of agriculturo may be con- 
 lidently expected : and, apart from this powerl"iil 
 stimulus, tlie existing system has the further ad- 
 vantage that it gives the agriculturists increased 
 security, and identities their interests in oiiinion, 
 as well as in fact, with those of the public. 
 
 At the same time we are ready to admit that, 
 had it been practicable, wc should have preferred 
 seeing this great question settled by the adoption 
 of a measure for opening the ports, under a lixcd 
 duty of 5s. or 7s. per quarter on wheat, accompanied 
 with a corresponding drawback. Wa make this 
 statement on general grounds, and without ;iiiy 
 refereucG to the iieciiliar burdens that afl'ect the 
 .igricnlturists, though these should neither be for- 
 gotten nor overlooked. It would be easy to show 
 that in scarce years a duty of this amount would 
 fall wholly on the foreigner, without affecting 
 prices or narrowing importation; while, ii. years 
 of unusual plenty, the drawback would facilitate 
 exportation, and would, consequei.tly, tend to 
 hinder prices from falling so loiv as to injure the 
 farmer and obstruct improveuient. And in a mat- 
 ter of such immense importance it is the part of a 
 wise Goveniment to be cautioiwhow they take any 
 stop, of the consequences of which they are not 
 fully assured, or which may expose any great in- 
 terest to serious vicissitudes. But, even if our 
 limits permittcu, it would be to little purpose to 
 insist on these or aiiv similar considerations. The 
 jiertinacity with which the .agriculturists opposed 
 every ap|)roach to a more liberal system roused a 
 spirit which wcjiiM not bo satisfied with anything 
 hhort of a comiilete abandonment of restrictions. 
 The time for c(nnpromisc and arrangement being 
 allowed to go by, Government had to deal with an 
 
 unreasoning necessity : ' Cum ventre hum.-ino tilii 
 negotium est, nee rationem patitur, nee ii'(|uii,it(. 
 mitigatiir, nee nlla prcco ilectitur popnlus,' 
 (.Seneca, f/c 2?rci', J'i'to, c. 18.) What was practi'. 
 able became of more conseciiience than what wu 
 either Just or proper. And even had it been »*. 
 sible ti) effect an arrangement of the qiKMidn j,, 
 the way now .stated, the pernicious trade of .-nrji;,, 
 tion would most likely have continued tu tl(iiin>li 
 the object and inlhieiicc of the duty would liavo 
 been misrepresented; and neither landlords nnr 
 farmers would have felt an)' conlidenco iii ili,. 
 pennanerce of the new arrangements, (.miif 
 
 these circumstances, their unconilitioiial repeal wa, 
 if not really, at all events jiractically. tlie best, ,,; 
 r.athcr the only safe course that could bu ailoiii,,; 
 in dealing with the com laws. 
 
 Diitit) jiiii/alile (luwH to b'eb. 1, 18111. nu(kr llir 
 Act !t iS- 1" yi't. r. •>-2.—Oii all corn, griiiii. nif.,,;, 
 and flour imnorted into the United Kiiigdum ir 
 the Isle of .Man from parts beyond the sias aiiil 
 entered for homo consumption, xit. — 
 
 7/' imported from cnnj Foreign Counin 
 Wheat. 
 
 Whenever the avenpe price of wheat, made up and 
 
 pul)Ii>lud ri the m.unifr rriniirt'd l)y l,iw, shall tic 
 
 ui'flr. l^«. tluMhllv shall be - . . \t\ n 
 
 •ISj. and under 'I'.ls. . - « • fl i) 
 
 lllj. „ .'!"'• • - - - it'll 
 
 .Mij. ,, .Mj. . . . 7 
 
 .'■!«. „ :>'U. - - ■ . fi () 
 
 !>is. „ .'».ij. - . . . :, (I 
 
 j3i. antl upwards - - . . 4 n 
 
 Barley, Bear, or Biyg. 
 
 ■I 'I 
 .1 r 
 
 Mnicnevcr the avomge price of barley, mad? up ami 
 luiiilislii-tl ill the manner reijuirt'd by law, shall be 
 under ^iQa. the duty shall be 
 
 2*>r. and under '^7*. - 
 
 'i~a. ,, VSj. - . _ . 
 
 ■iS^. „ y^M. .... 
 
 •l\U. .. .1"». - 
 
 .111*. „ 'IJ, - - . . 
 
 ril.t. niul upward, .... 
 
 Oats. 
 
 V.lu'never the averace price of nats, made up and pub- 
 I". hid in the manner rc^iuired by law, shall be uiid,r 
 IH«. thcdutvshall be 
 
 1S«. and under l"i. .... 
 l!l». „ '^11.,. 
 
 'iOs. „ '^Ij. .... 
 
 •IXn. ,, Tia. .... 
 
 ^iis. and upw.ards - . . . 
 
 Bye, l'eas<i unci Beam: 
 
 Fur every quarter .1 duty wpial in amount 10 llie dun 
 p.tyabie on a <iiiartv-r of bu. ley. 
 
 Wheat Meal ami Fhmr. 
 
 For every barrel U'inn 10*^ lbs. a diitv equal in aintjiuit 
 to the duty payable on ..Hj (gallons of ..-hvat. 
 
 Barley 3Ieal. 
 
 For pvcrv quantity of 217^ lbs. a dutyetiiial in .iniuunl 
 to the duty p.ayable on a tjuarter of Ijarley. 
 
 Oatmeal and Groats. 
 
 For every- quantity of 18l( lb«. a duty etjual in amount 
 to tlie duty p.iyable U])on a quarter of oats. 
 
 Bye Meal and Flour. 
 
 For every b-lrrel lieinff lOf, Ibi. a ihity equal in amount 
 to the duty payable ujion 40 gallons' of rye. 
 
 Pea Meal and Bean M:al. 
 
 For every quantity of V"'J 11 s. a duty «iuai in amount 
 to the duty pjiyabie on a qviartet of |>euse and tteans. 
 
 If the Produce of, and imported fi om, tiny Britii \ 
 Possession out of Fnroije, 
 
 Wheat, barley , hear or blRg, oatk, rye, pease, and lieans, 1. </. 
 
 the duty shall be, per iir. - - - .11 
 
 Wheat meal, barley meul, oatmeal, rye meal,ve.i meal, 
 
 and bean meal, the duly shail '>e, per ewt. • . 4^ 
 
 But the above duties ceased on Febriiarr 1, 
 181'J ; and on, from, and ..fterthe said Fcbruai)' 1. 1 
 
 1819, tlicfollov 
 l.lMlj tlmrgc 
 viz.— 
 
 I'jinn all wlieat, bai 
 Irf-ans, per qr. 
 
 jtnil sc in proportio 
 
 rjton all wheat tne< 
 meal ami Hour, pi 
 
 ,1ikI •() in t'riiiniriiu 
 
 lii(inlatiims ui 
 United Kiiigdoi, 
 finbdilied in th( 
 iV 28 Vict, c. 1 
 atract ; — 
 
 (,'!aiisc 4 of til 
 av(ra!,'e |)ricc,s (i 
 aiToriling to 5 iJ 
 ami the duties i 
 ilifreby. 
 
 t'laiis(> 5 rcpea! 
 i: II wliicli proh 
 L'liitcil Kingdom 
 luni griiiiiiil. 
 
 At prc-ciu (18(i 
 iif3(/. iKTcwt. is in 
 raifof i.«,j)crqi:art 
 I* w|iiivalciit to til 
 Wo jiilijoiii an a 
 •I i ii \'ict. 2 ses: 
 in the: 8 & y Vict 
 fiiri'c, 
 
 I'eiiuhitiims to be i 
 
 'tii^ liritisli Possessii 
 
 f,"iin, niial, or floii 
 
 IJriti-Ji |j'iS<c,«sion oi 
 
 any Midi jwsession 
 
 ' or thijftt thereof 
 
 lic/iirfi)iocullnctoro 
 
 .It 1)10 /lort of shipm 
 
 ■liffilVins- tlic quanti 
 
 i,Tjiii. meal, dr /|,)„r, 
 
 imilucc oi' some Jtrit 
 
 ii' bi' iiaiiieil in sucj 
 
 "ivmrdr proprietor 01 
 
 fr"m the collector o 
 
 i"'>i"iiis of (be .said i 
 
 ■iftniitiire, of the qua 
 
 lidiir so declared to 1 
 
 f«ni. A'raiii, mca], or 11 
 
 l«««rpl,-icciii tiioU 
 K'uliifc of .iiu- liritj,. 
 
 |tlieiii,ister„fthcshii 
 I pr'i'liioe and ileiiver to 
 I'tiiccrof cusfoiiisof ( 
 JaiMiacopyof sucliv 
 I ™o ami .accurate copy 
 l&ctilleoforandotl/e;- 
 I "« port of shipment b 
 imau together with th 
 Jaiiicullector, or other 
 I'l'i™'")'"'' corns, 
 I w MIC 1 master sh.ill* 
 
 IW're the collector or 
 J'^'lic phice of inm, 
 
 l;;;";".'.batthesev?rS 
 I ■"■'■■ ur Hour on board" 
 
 I *fvati„„ and ce 
 
 |,"^'",»'!3-«Jmixture 
 l*'*™ shall in any snel 
 |:™P".v>nakeay,idi" 
 |'«^"vhich any such 
 
 r^; '!"• produce, 6r res, 
 h.c^m grain JeS^^' 
 
 If'' and become liM 
 
 in; 
 
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE 
 
 41'. 
 
 liii/ linli* I 
 
 4i 
 
 ibruatvl 
 Icbniary li I 
 
 1810, the following duties were (dowTito Scplpiiibor 
 1 iJiOl) charged on com entered for cuiisuiniilioii, 
 
 viz- ,. „•. 
 
 Ll„„ ,11 .licMl, barley, bear or bl(,-g, o.iw, rje, pea, ■, and ^ ^^ 
 
 i- nallwhrit.ni-al „nd Ib.ur, barley mw, oatmeal, rve 
 
 Tj ami Hour, liea meal, anil iKiaii meal, liercwt. ■ 1; 
 \n'l •» in i.roporlloii for a lesj iiuantltv. 
 
 liKliilatlims under tvhich the Corn Trails of the 
 CnitKl Kiidjiloin is now condm-ted. — Tliosii arc 
 ..mboclicd iu tlio Acts 9 & 10 Vict. c. '.'2, and 27 
 > •»« Vict. c. 18, of which we subjoin an ab- 
 
 "' Clause 4 of the 9 & 10 Vict. c. 22 enacts that 
 (ivtr.T'c prices arc to continue to be made up 
 acco'rdini,' to 5 it C Vict. 2 scss. c. 14 {see htlow), 
 1,11,1 the (liitiea under this Act to be regulated 
 
 Clause 5 repeals that part ,;l' tlie 5 & G Vict. 
 !■ 11 wiixh prohibits the importation into tlie 
 L'uitiil Kingdom for consumption lliere of any 
 (■urn LT'Juml. 
 
 At present (1808), under 27 Vict. c. 18, a duty 
 ,if 'Ml. licr cwt. is imposed on corn in lieu of the old 
 jj,,,j(ls.|)erqr.arter. The former sum is taken to 
 1.0 inuivalciit to the latter. 
 
 \Vc suliiuiii an abstract of those parts of the 
 ,-, i, C Vict. 2 sess. c. 14 which arc referred to 
 in tlic S & 9 Vict. c. 94, and which are yet in 
 
 Ruliiklms to be observed on shijipiiiij Cm from 
 
 (111,; irilis'i Possession out of Europe. — No corn, 
 
 . -.'lin, raoalor flour sliall be shipped from any 
 
 Ilritisli possession out of Europe as the produce of 
 
 ,i,iv Midi jwsi'ssion unti'l the owner or proprietor 
 
 i.r slii|ipir lliereof have made and subscribed, 
 
 li(f(.re ilic cullector or other chief officer of customs 
 
 at tlip port of shipment, a declaration in writing, 
 
 s|i{oil'vins the quantity of each sort of such corn, 
 
 craiii. meal, nr flour, and that the sanw; was the 
 
 liroilucc (if some Britisli possession cut of ICuropc 
 
 10 be Mincil iu such declaration, nor until such 
 
 (iwner or proprietor or sliippcr shall have obtained 
 
 t'r.ra tlic cdllector or other chief officer of the 
 
 ti:stMins of the said port a certificate, under his 
 
 ■ipiature, of the quantity of corn, grain, meal, or 
 
 ilour so declared to be shipped ; and before any 
 
 funi. ;;rain, meal, or Hour sliall be entered at any 
 
 |.irt ur place in the United Kingdom as being the 
 
 jirnUice of any British possession out of luirope, 
 
 llio master of the ship importing the same .shall 
 
 proiluce and deliver to the collector or other chief 
 
 o&er of customs of the port or place of import- 
 
 atinii a ciipy of such declaration, certified to be a 
 
 true and accurate copy thereof iiinlcr the hand of 
 
 ilie ciillector and other chief officer of customs at 
 
 the port of shipment before whom the same was 
 
 |ii),iik. toj,'cthcrwith the certificate, signed by the 
 
 ^,li^l collector, or other chief ofiicer of customs, of 
 
 tliiM|uantity of com so declared to be shipped; 
 
 anUiich master shall also make and subscribe, 
 
 ktire the collector or otlicr chief officer of customs 
 
 .'it ilic place of importation, a declaration in 
 
 iiritiii:; iliat the several quantities of corn, grain, 
 
 fKiil. or (lour on board such ship, and proposed to 
 
 ' e eiittrod under the authority of such declaration, 
 
 are the same that are mentioned and referred to in 
 
 jilie ileol.aration and certilicatc produced by him, 
 
 riteit ,iny .idmixture or addition; and "if any 
 
 teuii shall in any such declaration wilfully and 
 
 k'irruptly make any false statement respceliiig the 
 
 I'lacc ut which any such corn, grain, meal, or tloiir 
 
 m the produce, or respecting the iilentHy of any 
 
 '^ich cum, grain, meal, or flour, such person shall 
 
 .licit and become liable to ptiy to Iier Majesty 
 
 jtlie sum of 100/., aud the corn, grain, meal, or flour 
 
 wch person belonging on board any such ship 
 
 .shall also be forfeited ; and such forfeiture may be 
 sued for, recovered, and applied in the same man- 
 ner in all respects as niiy forfeiture mcurred under 
 and bv virtue of the siiiel Act 4 4 Wii. IV, c. 
 iiH. (!Scc. 5.) 
 
 Acennnts of Corn imported Sec, to he published 
 monthhj. — The Commissioners of Custom-' shall 
 once ill each month publish in the London (iarette 
 an account ot the total quantity of each sort of 
 com, grain, meal, and flour respectively imported 
 into the United Kingdom, and also an account of 
 the. total quantity of each sort of corn, grain, meal, 
 and flour upon whicli duties of importation, have 
 been paid in the United Kingdom during the 
 month next jireccding, and of the several rates of 
 duty which shall from time to time during such 
 month have been payable upon each sort of com, 
 grain, me.il, and flour respectively, with an account 
 of the total quantity of each sort of corn, grain, 
 meal, and flour remaining in warehouse at the 
 end of such next preceding month. (Sec. 7.) 
 
 iSectiim 8 enacts that if any foreign state sub- 
 ject British vessels, goods Ac. to any higher duties 
 or charges than are levied on the vessels of other 
 countries &c., her Majesty m,ay prohibit the im- 
 portation of corn from sucli state. 
 
 Section 9 enacts that weekly returns of pur- 
 chases and sales of corn shall be made in the places 
 named in the schedule annexed to the Act. 
 
 Section 10 gives her Majest}' power of appoint- 
 ing a comptroller of corn returns. 
 
 Section 1 1 enacts that the comptroller shall ex- 
 ecute his office in person, but that a tieputy may 
 bo appointed to act in certain cases. 
 
 Sections 12 and 13 authorise the Lord Mayor 
 and aldermen to appoint an inspector of corn re- 
 turns for the city of London, under the same con- 
 ditions as the general comptroller. 
 
 Section 14 authorises the chancellors of the Uni- 
 versities of Oxford and Cambridge to appoint and 
 remove inspectors of corn returns for the said city 
 and town. 
 
 Section 15 enacts that no person dealing in corn, 
 flour, or malt be appointed inS|,ector or deputy- 
 inspector of corn returns for the cities of London 
 or (Oxford, or town of Cambridge. 
 
 Section IG enacts that the appointments of 
 inspectors for London, Oxford, and Cambridge 
 be enrolled. 
 
 JJeulers in Corn in arid near London to deliver in 
 a Declaration to the Lord Mayor ^c. — I'jVery per- 
 son carrying on trade or business in the city of 
 London, or within 5 miles from the Koyal Exchange 
 in the said city, as .a corn factor, or" as an agent 
 employed in the sale of British corn, and every 
 person who shall sell any British corn within the 
 Corn Exchange in Mark Lane in the said city, or 
 within any other building or place wliich is or 
 may hereafter be used within the city of London, or 
 witliin 5 miles from the l{oyal Exchange in the 
 said citj', for such and the like purposes for which 
 the said Corn Exchange in Mark Lane hath been 
 and is iiscil, shall, before he or they (shall carry on 
 such trade or business, or sell any com in manner 
 aforesaid, make and deliver to the Lord Mayor, or 
 one of the aldermen of the city of London, a de- 
 claration in the following words ; (that is to say,) 
 "■l A.B. do declare that the returns to be by me 
 made, conformably to an Act passed in the fifth 
 year of the reign of her Majesty CJuecn Victoria, 
 intituled [ here set forth the title of this Act~\, of the 
 quantities and prices of British corn which hence- 
 forth shall be by or for me sold or delivered, shall, 
 to the best li "my knowledge and belief, contain 
 the whole quantity, and no more, of the corn bona 
 fide sold and delivered by or for me within the 
 periods to which such returns respectively shall 
 
 
V ' 1 
 
 '~-ll*?31Si99MHt« 
 
 U.^. 
 
 
 1 1/ •' 
 
 '' u^ 
 
 44G 
 
 CORN LAWS AND COEN TRADE 
 
 rcfor, witli the pricos of >iicli cnni, and tlie names 
 of I lie buyers rrsiioclivi'ly. iiiid of llic persons for 
 wlioni sncli corn shall liavi' hton sohl hy nic 
 rospccliv'ly, and to the hp^t of my judfiincnt tlic 
 suid return shall in all respects he conformable to 
 the provisions of the said Act.' 
 
 Which deelaration shall he in writinj;, and shall 
 be siibserilxMl by the poison so making the same: 
 and the Lord Mavor or i'.Idcrman aforesaid of the. 
 city of l^ondon for the time beinfj shall, and is 
 hereby rcpiired to deliver a ccrtilici''e thereof, 
 under his hand, to the inspector of corn returns 
 for the city of Loudon, to be by him refjislen'd in 
 a book to lie provided and kept for that purpose. 
 (See. 17.) 
 
 Dvalirs ill Corn to iiiii/tc Ihtiiiii.i to Corn In- 
 Kpcvtor.--E\vty com factor and other pc'ison as 
 aforesaid who is hereinbefore reipiired to make, 
 and who shall have made, such declaration as 
 aforesaiil, .shall, and he or she is hereby retpiired 
 to return or cause to be returned, on Wednesday 
 in each and every week, to the inspector of corn 
 returns for the city of London, an .iccount in writ- 
 inp:. .--ii^ned with his or her own name, or the name 
 of his or her aj^ent dulv authorised in that behalf, 
 of the cptantities of each sort of IJritish corn by 
 him or her sold during; the week cndini^ on and 
 including the next precedinc: Tuesday, with the 
 prices thereof, and the amount of every parcel, 
 with the total quantity and value if c.ich sort of 
 corn, and by what measiire or weight the .same 
 was sold, .and the names of the buyers thereof, and 
 of the persons for and on b(dialf of whom such 
 corn was sold ; and it shall be lawful for any such 
 in.spector of i 'rn returns to deliver to any person 
 making or tendering any such returns a notice in 
 writing rcciuiring 'iin or liei to declare and set 
 forth therein whore and by whom and in what 
 manner any .such JJritish corn was delivered to 
 the purchaser or i)urcha.scrs tncreof: and every 
 person to whom any .such notice shall be .so deli- 
 vered .shall, and he or she is hereby refiuircd to 
 comply therewith, and to declare and sot forth in 
 such his or her return, or in a separate state- 
 ment in writing, the several particuhirs aforesaid. 
 (Sec. 18.) 
 
 Sec. I'.l enacts that the then comptroller, deputy- 
 comptroller, and inspectors of corn returns I'or 
 London. Oxford, and Cambridge continue in ollice, 
 and that the apijointments of the other in- 
 spectors of returns should cease on the 21tli day of 
 June next after the passing of this Act. 
 
 Sec. -0 en.icts that in cities and towns, other 
 than London, Oxford, and Cambridge!, officers of 
 excise are to act as corn inspectors, and attend at 
 places appointed. 
 
 Sec. 21 enacts that the Commissioners of Excise 
 shall make known the place to be appointed for 
 delivering returns of corn purchased. 
 
 See. 2"J authorises the Commissioners of Trea- 
 sury t.j contimie. if they think lit, the then 
 inspectors of corn relur;i.> in their ollices. 
 
 Dm'liTS ill (Jiiru in Cities and 'J'oini.i to imilri l)i- 
 ciiralioii. — Every person who sh.all di'til in liritish 
 corn at or within any city or town named in the 
 prelixeil list of towns, excepting the city of Lon- 
 don, or who shall at or within any such city or 
 town engage in or carry on ilie trade or business 
 of a corn factor, miller, malister, brewer, or dis- 
 tiller, or who shall be the owner or pn)])rict(ir, or 
 part owner or pmiirictcjr, of any stage coaches, 
 waggons, carts, or other carriages carrying goods 
 or jiiissengers for hire to and from .any such city 
 or town, and each and every person who, as a 
 merchant, c1c"a, agent or otherwise, shall purchase 
 at any such city or town any liritish corn Ibr sale, 
 or for the sale of meal, Hour, malt, or bread made 
 
 I'lir]., 
 
 or t < he maile thereof, shall, before he or she s|..|i 
 so deal in Ihitish com at any such city or touV 
 or shall engage in or carry on any such trid,. ,,^ 
 business as iifofesaid, or shall purchase anv Hiiii 
 com for any such puqiose a.s aforesaiil. at or with] 
 any such city or town, make and deliver a t\,x\i. 
 ration in the following words; (that is to .-.iv i 
 
 ' 1 A. li. do declare that the retiinis to i,,' |, 
 me n)ade, conformably to the Act ]Y.\^i.v(\ ;„ ,j 
 liftli year of the reign of her JIajesty Queiii Vj, 
 toria. intituled [//ere set forth iln'lilii: of il,ig ,),., 
 of the (piantities and Jjiices of lirilisireoni wlii, 
 henceforward shall by or for me be bought, slml 
 to tlie best of my knowledge and bcliri; cfmi,!,;, 
 the wlnde quantity, !uul no more, of the liriiiii 
 Com bona tide bought for or by nic ^rithin ili! 
 periods to which such returns respectivolviliil 
 refer, with the prices of such cinn and tlic'iiaiii, 
 of the sellers respectively, and to the host, i,i' hh- 
 Judgment the said returns shall in all re«p(vt<i' 
 conformable to the provisions of the said Act ' 
 
 Which declaration shall be in writinic. an(l>liai] 
 be subscribed with the lirnd of tlurpor.-nii ' 
 making the same, and shall by him or her, nrl, 
 his or her agent, he delivered to the in.ivnr 
 chief magistrate, or to some justice of tlie i«,ii 
 fin- such city or town, or for tlie county, ridiiy, 
 division in which the same is situate, wli " 
 hereby required to deliver a certilicate thereof ti 
 the, ollicer of excise acting .as iusjiector df f„ 
 returns for such city or town as aforos.iiil, „ 
 such continuing inspector of corn returns ibai; 
 said for such city or towii (as the ease inavl 
 to be by such oiKcer or inspector registered in 
 book to be provided and kept for that 
 (.Sec. 23.) 
 
 Sec. 21 authorises the inspectors of cent mm 
 to require the above declaration iioni cnni lial 
 
 Corn Dciilirn to niiike lietiirns in IFritinrj !'• /| 
 n/nctori of the Cum boiiijht hy them, — All per- 
 who are hereinbefore required to make .iiuhi; 
 shall have made such declaration a.s .ilW 
 shall, and they are hereby leqiured, on ihf ij 
 market day which shall be holden in cacli 
 every week within each and every city (r ii 
 named in the said schedide hereunto aimiy 
 except the city of London, at or within «iii 
 they sh.all respectively deal in corn, er en.';!;.; 
 or carry on any such trade or business a< alu 
 said, or purchase .any corn for .'iiiy such iitirf. 
 as aforesaid, to return or cause to'he returiitdl 
 the ollicer of excise acting as inspect(jr of 
 returns fur such city or town, at tlic j>lace appoiiil 
 for receiving such rclnrns, or to the "loitim" 
 inspector of corn returns for sui'h city or lnwii, 
 to th.; insi)ector of corn returns for tlir tin 
 Oxford, or the town of (Jambridge (_as tlio 
 m.ay be), .an account in writing, signed iviih 
 names respectively, of the amount of eaili 
 every ])avcel of each respective sort of lirili! 
 so by them respectively bought (hniiy tlii 
 eiuling on and including the il.ty next pre 
 such lirst market day as aforesaid, with ilit 
 thcrco'', and by what weight or niiasurc ihf 
 was so bought by them, with the naniis ef 
 sellers of each of the said ]iarcel3 r(<pcoii)] 
 with the names of the persoi , or per.soBs. if 
 <ither than the person making such rotiirii, f^ 
 on account of whom the same was so bmi.'hti 
 sold ; and it shall be lawful for any ollioriilo: 
 acting as inspector of corn rotiiriis, oriiuvccd 
 ing inspector of com returns as aforesaiil, todi 
 to iiuy person malting or tendering aiiysud 
 turn a notice iu writing requiring liiiiur' 
 declare and set forth where and by wlKinai 
 what manner any such British corn was d' 
 to.hira or her; and every person to ffWra 
 
 ;:i(li i.otice slial] b 
 
 ill is tiereb_\- requi 
 
 I divlare and .set / 
 
 .'in a, separate stal 
 
 Mriiailars afores/iid, 
 
 hspcetorn to etite, 
 
 IPUir.—'ihi; iiispt 
 
 ,;;r"tbniidon, (he ci 
 
 iimdriilgp, ami ever 
 
 ia'jii'clur of corn rel 
 
 fiiiC' and towns albi 
 
 ini[*ct(ir of corn ret 
 
 raifsor towns as afo; 
 
 j;iyontor in a buik 
 
 I'lhiirlhat purpose' 
 
 -mililies and j]ricc.s c 
 
 mil pirseiis respective 
 
 iwriiirof corn retun 
 
 t#in cininieraled in i 
 
 eii'li aiiil evvry week n 
 
 I m mmm an aecoun 
 
 i:J prices of tlie severa 
 
 in liii" oily of London. , 
 
 tiioii lie shall bo or act 
 
 tifrdiini.ssomadotojii, 
 
 •imiiij shall be from tii 
 
 '^•■lly the said com 
 
 |JDi[i;f.<aiil returns sha] 
 
 mprollcr liy the in.spec 
 
 (iin! Limdou on Frida 
 
 ltter..Kctive inspectors 
 
 [cm-Mitebrdand thetoi 
 
 riiicrfreciircotJicersofc- 
 
 Irfoimrtiiirns, and by ti 
 
 i.^/ffl.'v of corn return 
 
 |f'W'.«Jto\i7is iU'oresaid 
 
 i/wme first market (lav lI 
 
 WKiiianysucli city or t 
 
 ' onacts that i„sp 
 
 ttr:bi,niililH.vhave,.sr 
 '-.'"j'ting them have 
 
 \^^'r,.,c J'rices to he „ 
 
 ^V /'o/'.-The .averagJ 
 "■t'.vnhich (he ratC'oJ 
 ^"■'■^M'^'^regn!,';,':,"^ 
 :fi""" on TJuirsdav in' 
 
 ';■"" ^''uni.s ..ball on " ' 
 ■'•Irom such returns . 
 'I'migtheweekiu.vtl 
 
 k. .idil together tJir ,,,„ 
 -';niishoornrcv-p,.,.,i,.r 
 .^ "Im-ebeensohl, nl 
 «^l"'e.<.-,ime,.ha!lthe;oir 
 , '"•' s!'"'l di^-ilIo th, 
 ';,'."-l'''';'ive!v l,v the 
 
 i '^H.f each-sort of i,i| 
 'fc Slim produced the- 1 
 *"'likema,ine,J I 
 
 .„ ■■'Kn'rocediiio.,!,. ' 
 
 *"'<'^"^y,ivcns; 
 
 lie 
 
 U] 
 
 .'ulal 
 
 ,fjj^.;|ftrregate „,.oraJ 
 
 corn resiiectil 
 
 .,"!«""il;iscerf,.i„i I 
 
 'aiibhiiiVs-niMl 1, 1 
 
 Elisli.ill ' ' ''"^ sill 
 
 •i- l.i! cause such a^.„. J 
 
 ''^I'^'i in ti,„ „,:^[| 
 
 ;^ such aggregate 
 
CORN' LAWS AND CORN TRADi: 
 
 5,(11 i.otice shall be so dcliveroil shall, rnitl ho (ir 
 (bo b ht''<'''y rPQiiii'cil to romply therewith, and 
 1 Jcdaro aud set forth in suih his or her return, 
 rin a separate statement in writing, the several 
 '^riiculai-3 aforesaid. (,Sec. -'5.) 
 
 Itisiiii'l'"'" '" "I'fii' lii'tiinis iiiitilc to t/iiiii ill a 
 
 ^jyr, — T!ie inspector of corn retnrns for tlio 
 
 .jivdi hmulon, the eity of Oxford, and tlic town of 
 
 I inibnil^e, and every ollieer of excise actin;,' as 
 
 ji(i«?otiir lit corn returns for the several other 
 
 (iiti ami towns aforesaid, and every continuing 
 
 i'wctiir of corn returns for any of such otlier 
 
 fi'ificr towns as aforesaid, shall duly and regu- 
 
 'jilv enter in a hi ok, lo he by him provided and 
 
 t,.'t fi>r that purpose, the several aeeounts of the 
 
 iiliiies and prices of corn relumed to him by 
 
 I i'mhiK-rsens respectively as aforesaid; and every 
 
 iji'icctiir of corn retnrns for any of the cities and 
 
 pn; tiuinierated in the saul schedule shall in 
 
 jj;li 311,1 every week return to the eomptridler of 
 
 Linretuf"'' "" !l<''^<Hnit of the weekly (luaulilies 
 
 Hiirricos of the several sorts of llritish corn sold 
 
 inthecitvef London, or in the city or town for 
 
 uli.'a lie shall be or act as inspector, aecordini;- to 
 
 lififtiimi'soniade to him as aforesaid, and in such 
 
 •'utm as fliall l"^' from tinu' to lime i/rescribcd anil 
 
 fetiilliv the said coniptndler "f corn returns; 
 
 udtlicsaiil returns shall be so made to the said 
 
 CJiuKtMlcr by the inspector of com returns for the 
 
 tiiv it Lmilon on Friday in each week, and by 
 
 lli.i;-;t('tive inspectors of corn returns for the 
 
 -itvciOxtord and the town of Cambridge, and by 
 
 tli''ti;';.uvo ofiiecrs of excise acting as inspectors 
 
 loiciiniii^iirns, aiul by the respective continuing 
 
 Mfi :• of corn returns for the several other 
 
 i;iti Jill towns iilbresaid, witldn three days next 
 
 ieriiiolirst market day holden in each and every 
 
 ■tekiiiany such city or town. (.Sec. 20.) 
 
 Sfi'. '.'7 onacts that inspectors .shall not include 
 
 iliini- until they have ascertained thai the prr- 
 
 lakiiii; tliera have taken the decl.aration 
 
 .uirtd. 
 
 Anruije Prices to he made vp and jiuhlinhed 
 
 llir/i'.— The averatje ]>rices of .all Ilrilisli 
 
 ffl. by wliioli ihe rate and amount of the said 
 
 ifosh.all be retaliated, shall be made up and 
 
 ■uifii on Tluirsilay in e.ich week, in manner 
 
 lik'iviiig ; (that is to say.) the said cotnptroller 
 
 la returns shall on such 'i'hursday in each 
 
 , from .'iuch returns as shall be reeeivv'u by 
 
 iliiriij; the week next preeediu};, emlin^c on 
 
 indmlin^' the Saturday in .such preceding; 
 
 ;fk. iulil to!,'etlier tin' total (pianliiies of each 
 
 rflirilish corn reipeelively appearini; by such 
 
 liirastobave been sold, and the total pri(■e^ for 
 
 ikli the ."ame shall tliercliy T]ipear to have been 
 
 mill shall divide thr auiomit of such total 
 
 k\i rw]Tc!ively by the anniunt of such total 
 
 IsnthieMjf each sort of Hritish corn respectively, 
 
 iltk'suni iiriiil.uceil thereby shall be added to 
 
 ttins ill like manner. produceil ir. (he ."i weeks 
 
 iiliately ]irei'cdin;;- the same, and llie amount 
 
 Wi sums .Ml added shall be divided by <!, iui,! 
 
 .imtlnTcby -iven shall lie deenu'd and l.aken 
 
 il'. tlui afTixreiiiate averajje price of each such 
 
 of l)nti:<h corn resjieetively, for the purpose 
 
 :ulaliiii,' and ascerlainin^ the rale and amount 
 
 aiiUhilies; and the said comiitroller of corn 
 
 sbiiU cause such ai;f;'reifatc weekly aveniges 
 
 epublislieil in the next succeeding' (_;a/,ette. 
 
 ;k:ill on 'I'liursday in each week transmit a 
 
 fate of such ,agf;rcjj;ate average jiriccs of each 
 
 of liritish Corn lo the collector or other chief 
 
 |i'"f tlu' iMi-toms at each of the .several ])orls 
 
 l nited Ki:ij;doni, and to the said fuuction- 
 
 |ii !bi' |ii,i-i of l)oui;las in the Isle of i^Iau ; and 
 
 I'ilt aud anioiuit of the duties to be paid under 
 
 the provisions of this Act sh.ill from time to time 
 be rei^nlated and i;overned at each of the ports of 
 the United Kini,'dom by the afCf^renate aver.a.i;e 
 prices of liritisb corn .at the time ot' the entry for 
 homo consumption ol any <orn, ):crain, meal, or 
 Hour chargeable with any such duly, as such ag- 
 f;re,i;ate averaj^o (irices shall appearand be staled 
 in the last of such certilicates received by the col- 
 lector or other chief officer of customs at .such port. 
 (.Sec. 28.) 
 
 How Q'laiitities of Com ar,- to he computed. — In 
 the returns to l)e made as aforesaid lo the eom|i- 
 tndler o'' corn returns, and in tho ])ublications 
 to be made from time to time in the London 
 (jazctte, and in the certilicate to be transmitted by 
 the said comptroller of corn returns to collectors 
 or other chief officers of customs, the quantities 
 (d" each s<irt of liritish corn respectively shall be 
 comiintcd and set tbrth by, accordiup. and with 
 reference to the imperial standard gaUon, ;is tlie 
 same is declared and established by the Act 
 5 (ieo. IV. c. 71, amendeil or altered bv tho A(^t 
 Geo. IV. c. ]-_', and by the Act 5 & li Wm. IV. 
 c. (;:). (Sec. ■-'!).) 
 
 [^itlil mijliciciit ^'timher of Returns are made, 
 Complrolhr maij use the present Averiq/es, — Until 
 a suffici(^nt number of weekly returns hav(> been 
 received by the said comptroller of corn retums 
 inider this Act to atl'ord such a^u;s''cKate avera;;i! 
 jirices of British com as aforesaid, I he weekly aver- 
 age prices of liritish corn published by him innue- 
 diately before the passing of this Act shall be used 
 and referred to in making such calculations as 
 aforesaid, in such maimer as if the same had been 
 made up and taken imder this Act. (.Sec. Ilii.) 
 
 IVhat sliidl he deemed Jiritish Corn. — All I'orn 
 or grain the produce of the United Kingdom shall 
 be deemed and taken to be liritish com for the 
 imrjioses of this Act. (Sec. ill.) 
 
 Am/ Corn Heliirns heUei'ed fraudulent mui/ he 
 omitted ill the Computation. — If the said coini)troller 
 of corn retnrns shall at any time sec cause to 
 believe that any return made lo any insjiector of 
 corn returns is fraudulent or untrue, the said comp- 
 troller is hereby reiinired, with all convenient ex- 
 pedition, to lay bchire the Lords of the Committee 
 of I'rivy Coinu:il (for Trade) a statement of the 
 grounds of such his belief; and if u|)on consider- 
 aiion of any such statement the said Lords of said 
 Committee shall direct the comptroller to omit any 
 such return in the computation cf such aiig;ogate 
 weekly average iirice, then and hi that case, but 
 not olherv.ise, the said comptroller of corn returns 
 shall be authorised to omit such relurn in the 
 comiuitatiou of '^uch aggregate weekly average 
 price. (See. ;!2.) 
 
 Sec. o'o <'nacts that corn dealers having m.ide 
 the declaration previous to this Act shall tran^- 
 nnt returns, ami comply with the rides hereby 
 recpiired. 
 
 Ciiiiijilrolh'r to issue directions rcspectiinj the In- 
 spection of Boo/is of Inspectors. — The comptroller 
 of corn returns is hereby authorised from lime to 
 time, in pursuance of any iiistriietions which ho 
 shall receive in that behalf from the Lords of the 
 (Jommittee of I'rivy Council (for Trade), lo issue 
 to the inspectors of corn returns for the city of 
 London, Ihe city of Oxford, and the town of Cam- 
 bridge respectively, any general or special direc- 
 tions respeciing the inspection by any [lerson or 
 (lersons of the books so directed .as aforesaid to be 
 kept by such uispeclor of com returns; and no 
 such inspectors for the city <if London, the city of 
 Oxford, or the town of Cambridge shall permit or 
 sillier any ]ierson to inspect any such book, or to 
 peruse or transcribe any entry therein, except itr 
 coiupliaucc with some such general or special dU 
 
 Mi..:i.^rJ- 
 
I! -J ^ 
 
 i» 
 
 i '.i ■ 
 
 '' \u 
 
 ?':■•! :..- 
 
 448 
 
 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE 
 
 fvr: 
 
 t V.-;- ■ 
 
 rcctions from the said comptroller of corn rctunis. 
 (Sec. 31.) 
 
 Copi/ of last Return to he. afflvvd on Market I'liicc 
 on eiicti Marhet Day. — TIks insprctor of corn re- 
 turns for every city or town other than the city of 
 London shall and is herchy required, on each and 
 every market day, to put up or cause to be put up 
 in the market plaee of tlie city or town for whicli 
 he shall act as iMs|icctor, or if there shall he no 
 market place, then in some other conspicuous place 
 therein near tr) where the corn market is usually 
 held, a copy of the last return made by him to the 
 comptroller of corn returns, omitting the names of 
 the parties wlio may have sold and bouf^ht the 
 said corn ; and every such odicer or inspector shall 
 also again put up such account on the market day 
 immediately foUowiuj; that on which it shall first 
 have been put up, in case the same shall from ac- 
 cident or any other cause have been removed, and 
 shall take due care that the same shall remain up 
 for public inspection until a new account for the 
 cnsuinft week shall have been prepared and set up. 
 (Sec. 35.) 
 
 Sees. 3(!, 37, 38 relate to the payment of comp- 
 trtJlers and inspectors. 
 
 Sec. 39 imposes a penally on corn dealers who 
 do not make declarations or returns. 
 
 Sec. 40 relates to the recovery and application 
 of penalties. 
 
 Sees. 41, 42 relate to the penalties to bo imposed 
 on witnesses for non-attendance, and tlic punish- 
 ment to bo inflicted on those wlio make false re- 
 turns. 
 
 Sec. 43 declares that the Act shall not aHect 
 the practice of measuring or privileges of the cily 
 of London. 
 
 Substitution of WIteat Flour or Jiincuit for 
 bonded Wheat.— Oiiv readers are, no doubt, gene- 
 rally aware that of late years efforts were occa- 
 sionally made in t!ie House of Commons to get a 
 law enacted authorising the delivery of bonded 
 wheat from the warehouse, on the substitution in 
 its stead of a proportional quantity of wheat ilour 
 or biscuit. But this proposal encountered the hos- 
 tility of the more zc.ilous partisans of the corn 
 laws, principally on the alleged ground that it 
 would open a door to fraud, and lead to the clan- 
 destine introduction of large quantities of foreign 
 wheat. In the course, however, of 1842, the pro- 
 ject was again introduced by iMr. Gladstone, and. 
 liavingbeen su|)ported by Government, was passed 
 into a law, 5 & 6 Vict. c. 92. It enabled millers, 
 bakers, and others in this country to take advan- 
 tage of such openings in the homo and foreign 
 markets as may ofTer for the manufacture and sale 
 of flour and biscuit, and to make snch changes in 
 the nature of their stocks as may be thought most 
 advantageous. There do not seem to ha any very 
 good grounds for thinking that it afforded any 
 considerable fiicilities for the commission of fraud 
 b}* the introductiim of wheat without a counter- 
 vailing deposit of flour; but supposing it did, no 
 one was injured bj' such intrc Uiction. We sub- 
 join an abstrcct of the Act now referred to. 
 
 Warehouseit Wheat to he delivereil Diitij free 
 upon substituting an equivalent Quantity of Wheat 
 Flour or Tiiscuit. — Whereas it will be of advantage 
 to the trade and commerce of the country that 
 wheat may bo delivered duty-free from the ware- 
 house or from the vessel, upon the deposit in the 
 warehouse, or due exportation therefrom, of an 
 equivalent quantity of wheat flour and biscuit : 
 b(i it therefore enacted, that it shall be lawfid for 
 file principal olHccr of customs having charge of 
 any wareliouse in which wheat may be ware- 
 housed without payment of duty upon the first 
 entry thereof, to deliver any quantity thereof 
 
 duty-free upon there being deposited in ware- 
 liouse in lieu thereof line wheat flour or biscuit a 
 miller: — ' ° 
 
 For every 90 lbs. of kiln-dried wheat, ur f„f 
 every 100 lbs. of wheat not being kilii-drii-,|, „„[ 
 less than 78 lbs. of fine wheat flour, or l;^ lb, ,,{ 
 captain's biscuit, or 80 lbs. of biscuit cf tlio »taii'- 
 dard of the biscuit .sujiplied to her Majesty's liuvv 
 or 118 lbs. of common ship's biscuit ■ and v, j,,' 
 proportion for any less quantity tliaii W, ii,s. f,,- 
 kiln-dried wheat, or 100 lbs. of" wheat nut kila- 
 dried ; such llo'T or biscuit having been manu. 
 fac'tured in the United Kingdom, or such li.jur 
 having been duly imported and the duty theroon 
 having been paid. (Sec. L) 
 
 See. 2 enacts that fine wheat flour and biscuit 
 may be deposited in warehouse, and cciiiiiiate 
 of such deposit granted, to entitle the liolilpi 
 to an e(iuivalcnt quantity of wareliousoil wljeal 
 duty-free any time Avithin six weeks of the dati 
 thereof. 
 
 See. 3 enacts that persons making deposits <) 
 flour and biscuit be entitled to have C(|uivalfiii 
 quantities of wheat entered duty-free from thi 
 vessel. 
 
 Sec. 4 orders that three days' notice in writini 
 be given to tile collector of the quantity uf wlic, 
 required to be delivered from the warokuuso am 
 of the day of delivery. 
 
 Sec. 5 orders that no wheat shall lie delivcn 
 duty-free until the substituted article lias bei 
 deposited and the certificate duly exaniinod. 
 
 Sec. G enacts that substituted flour anil bi 
 c.iit shall be subject to the warehousing laws, bi 
 shall not be taken out for home consumption, 
 
 The relative values of wheat, barley, and o; 
 are found to subsist with slight ' variaiioi 
 through a long period of j-ears. Thus duriiigti 
 L3th and 14th centuries the prices of bariuv", 
 oats, wheat being taken at 100, are rcprtJcnti 
 by the numbers 73'14 and 42-Oj respectively. 
 the ten years ending with 1804, the same nural 
 being taken for wheat, the relative quantities 
 70 and 45'9.5. 
 
 In the following tables of the price of wli 
 itc., the first table gives the jirices of wlicit 
 the ancient Winchester bushel, as found in 
 work of Jlr. Itogers On Agrieulture and Price. 
 EnijlamI, between lluO and 1400. 
 
 He second table ci 
 
 I I'v ilie Winchester b 
 
 He lirst portion, fi-oni 
 
 I Mia from tJio O.xfort 
 
 ;, Account of Mr; />;.;, 
 tained l,y tl,^ j^ 
 
 I. Prices of JV/ieat per Winchcsto' Bushelt 
 
 16; 
 IB; 
 167 
 
 icr 
 \r,7, 
 la:; 
 
 IBSI 
 
 'as'i 
 lr,H3 
 lr,H4 
 um:, 
 lr,sii 
 
 IfiS? 
 
 IIIHH 
 1688 
 l«)il 
 Ififll 
 ifiiii; 
 
 ( <i!l.7 
 IG'.II 
 
 1';m 
 I (i')r, 
 
 I«97 
 
 IBM 
 
 lfi!ll) 
 
 I 7(tO 
 
 1701 
 1 70.^ 
 170,3 
 1701 
 
 Vt'iir 
 
 Pric, 
 
 Year 
 
 I'rici 
 
 Year 
 
 I'cice 
 
 Vrar 
 
 ; ■■' 
 
 
 <. d 
 
 
 .. d 
 
 
 
 I. (/. 
 
 
 
 12'.9 
 
 i V 
 
 : iM,! 
 
 6 » 
 
 1.131 
 
 7 11: 
 
 1.1C6 
 
 
 l-idU 
 
 4 <J 
 
 I'^'lfi 
 
 4 9 
 
 1.112 
 
 4 « 
 
 111,7 
 
 
 IWl 
 
 4 .-, 
 
 1297 
 
 5 V 
 
 1.1.11 
 
 4 2 
 
 1.161 
 
 
 VWi 
 
 a 1 
 
 1V9S 
 
 r, u 
 
 13,14 
 
 4 
 
 136:1 
 
 
 1 'ji;.i 
 
 .1 11 
 
 1 l'^99 
 
 B e 
 
 1.1.1.5 
 
 3 1 
 
 1170 
 
 
 lOTI 
 
 4 4 
 
 l.-iOO 
 
 4 9 
 
 I.I.IB 
 
 4 11 
 
 1.171 
 
 
 IW.', 
 
 3 3 
 
 noi 
 
 4 llj 
 
 1.117 
 
 3 7 
 
 11W 
 
 
 1V66 
 
 4 5 
 
 l.-O'^ 
 
 1.11S 
 
 14 
 
 1.173 
 
 
 iWl 
 
 4 .', 
 
 1.10.1 
 
 4 1 
 
 1.119 
 
 i,i;t 
 
 
 IVit 
 
 .'. .-. 
 
 1.1111 
 
 5 <.i 
 
 1110 
 
 1% 
 
 1171 
 
 7 
 
 r^'.o 
 
 ,'. 
 
 1.10,5 
 
 4 10 
 
 Mil 
 
 1176 
 
 
 1J7I) 
 
 B 4 
 B 10 
 
 1,106 
 
 3 11 
 
 1112 
 
 4 n 
 
 1177 
 
 
 \m 
 
 1.107 
 
 .', r 
 
 1113 
 
 ■'< Ti 
 
 I3:s 
 
 
 ViTi 
 
 B 1 
 .1 ,'i 
 
 I.10S 
 
 B 11 
 
 Mil 
 
 3 li 
 
 13;9 
 
 
 l-i7X 
 
 l.l(Jf) 
 
 7 9 
 
 l.-l,'> 
 
 3 Oj 
 
 l.-vl 
 
 
 Vill 
 
 B II 
 
 Mil) 
 
 7 
 
 11 IB 
 
 B mi 
 
 l.^Sl 
 
 
 l'J7'. 
 
 .'. A 
 
 nil 
 
 4 .-, 
 
 1.117 
 
 6 n 
 
 1,™ 
 
 
 n-;<i 
 
 fc 'it 
 
 1.11'^ 
 
 4 11 
 
 MI,S 
 
 4 ; 
 
 lis-, 
 
 
 [•i77 
 
 5 1 
 
 1 MM 
 
 .'. B 
 
 1319 
 
 5 .'? 
 
 MSI 
 
 
 r^7s 
 
 4 -l; 
 r, 1 
 
 1.11 1 
 
 S 4 
 
 11.V) 
 
 8 1 
 
 lis,! 
 
 
 r.!7'.( 
 
 Ml,'. 
 
 1 I 1^1 
 
 M,'>l 
 
 IH •.' 
 
 Msii 
 
 
 laso 
 
 4 11 
 
 1.110 
 
 '■' l>i 
 
 11'.2 
 
 7 2 
 
 l,1S7 
 
 
 I'^tl 
 
 fi 
 
 MI7 
 
 S .1 
 
 11,13 
 
 4 2 
 
 VM 
 
 
 liS'i 
 
 .'I 11 
 
 1.118 
 
 4 B} 
 
 M.'il 
 
 5 :i 
 
 11MI 
 
 
 I'Jh.T 
 
 fi II 
 
 1119 
 
 r, 9j 
 fi .'. 
 
 MV'j 
 
 ,i V 
 
 1,-!«1 
 
 
 lliM 
 
 4 11 
 
 l.TiO 
 
 M.Vi 
 
 B 
 
 l,-i')l 
 
 
 IW. 
 
 Mil 
 
 U 73 
 
 
 11.'i7 
 
 6 101 
 3 bJ 
 
 im 
 
 
 linr, 
 
 4 9 
 
 l-'i-l 
 
 8 li: 
 7 .'. 
 
 
 13,'.8 
 
 I. VII 
 
 
 lasr 
 
 1! loj 
 
 1.1 i.1 
 
 
 13,',0 
 
 5 11 
 
 i.'iii 
 
 
 r^ss 
 
 .1 0| 
 
 1121 
 
 7 4 
 
 
 MfiO 
 
 B 3,( 
 
 l-.M 
 
 
 IW.) 
 
 4 3 
 
 l.li.'i 
 
 
 1.1B1 
 
 .', 4* 
 
 i.igii 
 
 
 IMO 
 
 fi .'. 
 
 Mvfi 
 
 3 7 
 
 
 13112 
 
 7 6 
 
 13117 
 
 
 ]Wl 
 
 .'> 7; 
 
 M'.i7 
 
 3 11 
 
 l.lfil 
 
 8 B 
 
 119S 
 
 
 IT>1 
 
 .'i 4 
 
 l.T^S 
 
 B S 
 
 MBI 
 
 7 61 
 
 6 OJ 
 
 1J'J9 ! 
 
 
 im-1 
 
 S .1 
 
 M'29 
 
 6 n 
 
 1363 
 
 1 100 
 
 
 ViJl 
 
 9 1 
 
 13.10 
 
 7 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 If™ *i' Ifi 
 
 f-'-iariu^^:'"'>e account 1 
 
 te^s^?;;' "';'"•''■« con 
 
 I '/ >y/ieal and ;| 
 
 IVisI 
 
 . ,™Onrn I'orn 
 WmllhelJKi,,;.^ 
 
 F'""'E'l'«ls) ■ 
 
 uff ■""I'liivla 
 
 88,'),.', 
 '^.9'.I,S,J 
 '.33l.„!| 
 3,H.',,1( 
 
 BBo,.',. 
 
 «.'''i;i','';ii 
 
 'iM.',l 
 I3l,3ll 
 
 l9l,2gl 
 
 I '.n72,9B| 
 i«l!W.73i 
 
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE 419 
 
 ■jlij gccond table contains the price of wheat | the last portion from the audit books of Eton; 
 
 I u itif Wiiioliostcr buahol fr , l.')W2 to ISiO. 
 
 1!, lirst portinn, from ir;8'2 to iGiri inclusive, is 
 
 I m,a I'roui the Oxford llcgister of Com Prices, 
 
 the Windsor bushel of nine gallons in the orif;inal 
 being reiluccd to that of Winchester, containinij 
 eight. 
 
 I !• Jicnw"' of ihe. Prices of Mlddlini) or Mealing Wheat per Quarter, at Wmihor Market, as oncer 
 \ taiiied hy the Audit-boohs of KtoH CoUeije, reiliicvil tti Win 
 
 inchestcr Hushels of 8 Gallons, 
 
 ski] 
 
 9 SI 
 
 ''I 
 
 1 IT.'« oflT,:5r. 
 
 Vi-ar 
 
 IVltCH 
 
 ollllvears '"" 1 
 
 I'rlces 
 
 Average 
 ul' 111 >clirj 
 
 Year 
 
 Priiiii 
 
 AvernKe 
 of 111 >uai'h 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : £ 1. ii. . e. t. d. 
 
 
 X a. ./. 
 
 £ I. d. 
 
 
 £ I. ll. 
 
 X I. </. 
 
 
 £ t. >/. 
 
 £ f. ll. 
 
 II IS -i 
 
 Kill 
 
 1 13 ^^ 
 
 
 170'. 
 
 I (i 8 
 
 2 2 11 
 
 1766 
 
 2 3 IJ 
 
 1 
 
 II 17 'I 
 
 
 nil.-, 
 
 1 IS -,^ 
 
 
 17llli 
 
 I 3 \\ 
 
 
 1767 
 
 2 17 4 
 
 
 i II 1'" "4 
 .l 1 I'i 
 
 
 Ifrir, 
 
 ■4 'i S 
 
 
 1707 
 
 1 .'. 4 
 
 
 1768 
 
 2 13 Ml 
 
 
 
 11117 
 
 3 r, r.' 
 3 1.', c* 
 3 11 Ij 
 3 S ij 
 3 .', '4 
 
 
 17IIS 
 
 1 16 lllj 
 
 
 1769 
 
 2 II 7 
 
 
 1 IV 
 
 
 li;is 
 
 
 17119 
 
 3 9 !lj 
 
 
 17711 
 
 2 3 fij 
 
 
 1 7 10 
 
 
 ii^i'i 
 
 1 17111 1 
 
 3 9 4 
 
 
 1771 
 
 2 10 8 
 
 
 \ 11 •i.h 
 
 
 KI.VI 
 
 
 1711 
 
 2 S U 
 
 
 1772 
 
 2 18 8 
 
 
 19 '■ 
 
 
 iMi 
 
 
 1712 
 
 2 1 2| 
 
 
 1773 
 
 2 19 1 
 2 15 1 
 2 11 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 3 1 
 
 
 \rr,i 
 
 •t 4 II 
 
 
 1713 
 
 2 .') 4 
 
 
 1771 
 
 
 ll -l 
 
 
 Ki.VI 
 
 1 11 i:; 
 1 3 If 
 
 
 1714 
 
 2 1 9 
 
 
 1775 
 
 i 11 33 
 
 II ir> 7 
 
 
 l(;.'>i 
 
 
 !7I.'> 
 
 1 18 2^ 
 
 2 4 2i 
 
 1776 
 
 2 2 8 
 
 
 { IS 4t 
 
 
 I'i.V, 
 
 1 •) 74 
 
 1 IS n 
 
 •I 17 !ll 
 
 2 11 73 
 
 171fi 
 
 2 2 S 
 
 
 1777 
 
 2 8 ]lij 
 
 
 ' 1 VI " 
 
 
 lii.Mi 
 
 
 1717 
 
 2 7! 
 1 14 6 
 
 
 1778 
 
 2 4 li 
 
 
 1 1 IS '> 
 
 
 15.'i7 
 
 
 1718 
 
 
 1779 
 
 1 16 IJ 
 
 
 V fi .T 
 
 
 IMS 
 
 
 1719 
 
 1 II 1 
 
 
 17811 
 
 2 3 11 
 
 
 ! '] i>; w\ 
 
 
 Ifi.VJ 
 
 •i IS S 
 
 
 17211 
 
 1 12 1(1 
 
 
 17SI 
 
 2 12 .1} 
 
 
 1 I 17 11 
 
 
 icmi 
 
 •I 1(1 VJ 
 
 1 1 i 
 
 
 . 1721 
 
 1 13 4 
 
 
 1782 
 
 2 13 91 
 
 
 I .T si 
 
 
 inni 
 
 
 , 1722 
 
 1 12 
 
 
 1783 
 
 2 14 2 J 
 2 13 !lj 
 
 
 1 1 !1 I'l 
 
 
 UWi 
 
 
 1 1723 
 
 1 III lllj 
 1 12 lllj 
 
 
 17S4 
 
 
 ' 1 r, s 
 
 
 16C3 
 
 ■i 111 S 
 
 
 1724 
 
 
 17s5 
 
 2 8 IP* 
 
 2 7 SI 
 
 < -i 
 
 
 IWI 
 
 1 Ki II 
 
 
 1 72.'. 
 
 2 3 1 
 
 1 i.o 4; 
 
 1786 
 
 2 2 2; 
 2 5 9j 
 
 
 i r, s' 
 
 
 llir,,'! 
 
 'i 3 1. J 
 
 ■. in .'.J 
 
 172fi 
 
 2 KlJ 
 
 
 1787 
 
 
 ' 1 4 ■">■ 
 
 
 1 nr.r, 
 
 1 I'i (1 
 
 
 1727 
 
 1 17 4 
 
 
 1788 
 
 2 9 4 
 
 
 1 1 li 111 
 
 
 ififi? 
 
 1 1'^ 11 
 
 
 1728 
 
 2 S .'. 
 
 
 1789 
 
 2 16 1; 
 
 
 ; 1 ■'' ' 
 
 
 IfiliH 
 
 1 1.'. I.J 
 
 
 1729 
 
 2 1 7 
 
 
 1790 
 
 2 16 Ij 
 
 
 11 'J 1' 
 
 
 Ifif.'i 
 
 1 l'.l .'. 
 
 
 17.30 
 
 1 12 ,'. 
 1 9 2I 
 
 
 1791 
 
 2 9 4 
 
 
 'i 1 ■' 
 
 
 lf!7ll 
 
 1 17 (1) 
 
 
 1731 
 
 
 1792* 
 
 2 13 
 
 
 ! J 4 
 
 
 I'wl 
 
 1 17 4 
 
 
 1732 
 
 1 3 8i 
 
 
 1793 
 
 2 15 8 
 
 
 .11 7 3 
 
 
 Jlw'i 
 
 1 Ifi ,'.j 
 ■i 1 .'.J 
 
 
 1733 
 
 1 1 2' 
 1 14 d 
 1 18 2 
 
 
 1794 
 
 2 14 II 
 
 
 ! 1 10 .". 
 
 
 Ili73 
 
 
 1734 
 
 
 1795 
 
 4 1 n- 
 
 2 14 3; 
 
 ' ' 1 ll) '1 
 
 
 1671 
 
 3 1 04 
 
 ■i 17 .'.; 
 
 
 173.'. 
 
 1 15 2 
 
 1796 
 
 4 II 2 
 
 
 - 1 19 '^ 
 
 
 lf.7.0 
 
 2 n 112 
 
 1736 
 
 I 1.'. Ill 
 
 
 1797 
 
 3 2 
 
 
 t 1 rj 1 
 
 
 167fi 
 
 1 13 'j1 
 
 
 1737 
 
 1 13 9 
 
 
 I79S 
 
 2 14 
 
 
 \\\ 1 
 
 
 1(177 
 
 1 17 4 
 
 
 1738 
 
 1 11 6; 
 
 
 1799 
 
 3 15 8 
 
 
 • lull 
 
 
 lfi7S 
 
 ■i \2 5J 
 
 
 17.39 
 
 I 14 2 
 
 
 IKiil) 
 
 6 7 IP 
 
 
 • 1 I'l s 
 
 
 107!) 
 
 ■J 13 4 
 
 
 1740 
 
 2 i 1 
 
 
 I8III 
 
 li 8 6 
 
 
 ; 1 i; .'■? 
 
 
 Ilisn 
 
 ■i (1 
 
 
 1711 
 
 2 I i 
 
 
 ISII2 
 
 3 7 2 
 
 
 . 1 I'l 111 
 
 
 16S1 
 
 -I I 5j 
 
 
 1712 
 
 1 10 2 
 
 
 IS113 
 
 3 II II 
 
 
 . 1 fi I) 
 
 : 1 '■ t'J 
 t 7 1 
 
 
 K.Si 
 
 1 19 If 
 
 1 l.o (:5 
 1 la I! 
 ■J 1 .'.J 
 
 
 1743 
 
 1 2 1 
 
 
 ISII4 
 
 3 9 6 
 
 
 
 lfiS3 
 
 
 1714 
 
 1 i 1 
 
 
 1811.'. 
 
 4 8 
 
 4 1 2.i 
 
 
 ir.s4 
 
 
 174.'. 
 
 1 4 .'.i 
 
 1 12 1 
 
 LSI 11, 
 
 4 3 II 
 
 
 ■ ' 1 .'. 7.1 
 
 
 1 (1S5 
 
 2 I 11 
 
 ! 174B 
 
 1 14 S 
 
 ISII7 
 
 3 18 11 
 
 
 1 1 IS ''! 
 
 
 lOKi; 
 
 1 Id t: 
 1 2 4i 
 
 
 1 1717 
 
 1 III !!« 
 
 l| IMIS 
 
 3 19 2 
 
 
 ;-. I'i 1 * 
 
 
 lfiS7 
 
 
 174.S 
 
 1 12 loj 
 
 
 I8I19 
 
 5 6 IP 
 
 
 ' 1 19 5 
 
 
 IIISS 
 
 2 111} 
 
 
 l,-49 
 
 1 12 lllj 
 1 8 10* 
 
 
 IMll 
 
 5 12 
 
 
 • 1 111 li 
 
 
 I6S3 
 
 1 (i 8 
 
 
 17iO 
 
 
 Isll 
 
 5 8 
 
 
 ■- 1 .-. .''.! 
 
 
 1(1911 
 
 1 10 92 
 
 
 j 17.'.1 
 
 1 14 2; 
 
 
 1812 
 
 6 8 
 
 
 :. Ill s 
 
 
 lfi!ll 
 
 1 10 2.' 
 
 
 1 17.'.2 
 
 1 17 ■,'' 
 1 19 S.J 
 
 
 181.! 
 
 6 
 
 
 i fi 'i\ 
 
 
 \r,m 
 
 2 1 .'.; 
 
 3 II U 
 
 2 Ifi in 
 
 
 1 17.''3 
 
 
 1811 
 
 4 5 II 
 
 
 ■■ i \t 'i 
 
 
 1119.1 
 
 
 1 17.'.4 
 
 1 111 9i 
 
 
 181', 
 
 3 Ifi IP 
 
 4 17 C 
 
 
 
 IfilM 
 
 17''.1 
 
 1 111 1 
 
 1 1 1) 
 
 1SI6 
 
 4 2 
 
 
 
 1 1.!!.') 
 
 2 7 1 
 
 1 19 CJ 17.'ifi 
 
 2 1 j 
 
 ' 
 
 I8I7 
 
 5 16 II 
 
 
 i'l 'i .1 ." 
 
 
 1 lilKl 
 
 3 3 ij 
 
 17.')7 
 
 2 13 4^ 
 
 
 1818 
 
 4 IS 
 
 
 (■; ■! ■! 1 
 
 
 1(»7 
 
 2 13 4 
 
 I 17.'iS 
 
 2 4 .',J 
 
 
 1819 
 
 3 IS 
 
 
 !•'• 1 .-. 10 
 
 
 ir.'.is 
 
 3 1) 9 
 
 
 17M 
 
 1 1'. 3 
 
 
 IS211 
 
 3 16 
 
 
 S" •! .■. .I.J 
 '.•' i 7 ij 
 
 
 1(199 
 
 2 Ifi lllj 
 1 1.1 fi* 
 
 
 Kfill 
 
 1 12 .'.; 
 
 1 6 9j 
 
 
 1821 
 
 3 11 
 
 
 
 I7IIII 
 
 
 17«1 
 
 
 1822 
 
 2 13 
 
 
 -1 1 I'l 7 
 
 
 17111 
 
 1 13 .', 
 1 6 25 
 
 
 1762 
 
 1 14 S 
 
 
 1823 
 
 2 17 IP 
 
 
 '0 1 16 'i 
 
 
 1 71)2 
 
 
 17(13 
 
 1 16 1? 
 
 2 1 .'.] 
 
 
 1824 
 
 3 12 
 
 
 M I 11 .H 
 
 
 17113 
 
 I 12 
 
 
 1761 
 
 
 IS 25 
 
 1 4 11 
 
 3 18 8; 
 
 H 1 U 9i 
 
 
 1701 
 
 2 1 4 
 
 
 1765 
 
 2 8 <l 
 
 1 19 31 
 
 1826 
 
 3 13 
 
 
 :l- J 3.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iFrciii this \car Inclusive tlie account at Kton College has been kept according to the bustiel of 8 galloas, under the iirovisions of the 
 i:lte.IIl. c. 3US. 82. 
 
 sF.Unacconnt of prices commenced in l.TOS: i I'Men have collected 3vith great indu.stry almost 
 iKiiracy uf the returns in the first j-cai's can- ' all the exi.sting information respecting the state 
 Ihwtvcr, be so implicitly relied on as those I of prices in England during the last si.v ':undrtd 
 i above. liislioj) Fleetwood and Sir ¥. J\[. I years. 
 
 [(|iiiiii(((iV,s 1)^" Wheat and Wheat Meal and Flour Imported into the United Kingdom in the Seven 
 
 Years endinij with Iwtjo. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Annual [ 
 
 Countries 
 
 18.',9 
 
 1S60 
 
 1861 
 
 1862 
 
 1S63 
 
 ISOt 
 
 1S65 
 
 Iniftorts 
 
 during 7 
 
 years 
 
 
 out-.* 
 
 C»t8. 
 
 cwts. 
 
 rwts. 
 
 cwts. 
 
 cwts. 
 
 cwts. 
 
 cwts. 1 
 
 fc.Vmhtml'orls- 
 
 KS5,.'i69 
 
 yfi7,801 
 
 7(li.144 
 
 674,141 
 
 675,312 
 
 1,317,451 
 
 814,155 
 
 8.52,739 
 
 >«ittii'm Ports . 
 
 2,9'.I,S85 
 
 4,692,170 
 
 3,S.-.6,039 
 
 5,0Sl..34S 
 
 3,SI,3,6V2 
 
 3,811,956 
 
 7,219,831 
 
 4,49s, I'i2 . 
 
 rtindtheDuthifs 
 
 1,. 331. 891 
 
 1,182,2S0 
 
 1,014,126 
 
 641., -,52 
 
 .'.92,921 
 
 1,1118,767 
 
 952,490 
 
 96*1,8911 
 
 t • 
 
 3,345,3111 
 
 4,991,236 
 
 4 ,162,573 
 
 6,2SS,535 
 
 4,423,9112 
 
 4,977,27 1 
 
 5,486,718 
 
 4,8.53,652 
 
 T«ns . 
 
 66n,.')3l 
 
 1,1196,686 
 
 1,277,477 
 
 1,01111,253 
 
 699,161 
 
 907, S69 
 
 795,811 
 
 919,684 
 
 "!lolheri,ans) - 
 
 555,6S9 
 
 816,897 
 
 578,61 1 
 
 411,457 
 
 397,533 
 
 684,986 
 
 677,082 
 
 581,893 1 
 
 1 • - 
 
 8,124,978 
 
 4,.'.S3,412 
 
 1,. 359,882 
 
 l,96l,S.-,5 
 
 1,857,1113 
 
 2,851,421 
 
 6,058,9112 
 
 3,828,691 1 
 
 • - . 
 
 lll,l.'.2 
 
 548,421 
 
 1,297,257 
 
 316, 8S2 
 
 11,393 
 
 1,980 
 
 133,8.55 
 
 .331,463 1 
 
 imil MolJavIa 
 
 131,317 
 
 422,068 
 
 591,191 
 
 474,976 
 
 132,526 
 
 127,908 
 
 188,013 
 
 295,475 1 
 
 >4«nimoni, not otherwise 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W ■ 
 
 191,291 
 
 2Sa,,'.96 
 
 411,277 
 
 l,2SI,.'.9e 
 
 SS2,99S 
 
 35.^,0.S6 
 
 386,142 
 
 528,568 
 
 . 
 
 1,631, .36 
 
 858,575 
 
 1,474,480 
 
 3,3111,5;, 
 
 2,322,636 
 
 367 i'-2 
 
 1(1,063 
 
 1,423,193 
 
 '**i'i .\mCTica - 
 
 I7ii,s'a 
 
 1,3111,652 
 
 3,.3«7,919 
 
 i, 118,6'iS 
 
 .3,I'18,IS7 
 
 1,831,897 
 
 528,456 
 
 2,223,809 
 
 *ut.i . 
 
 430,5111 
 
 9,31.5,125 
 
 15,6111,472 
 
 21,765,087 
 
 11,869,179 
 
 10,077,431 
 
 1,498,.',79 
 
 lo,usn,gii 
 
 Hatiies 
 
 1,072,969 
 21,497,734 
 
 768,0111 
 31,841,926 
 
 1,610,627 
 .37,616.705 
 
 1,7119,961 
 50,042,391 
 
 561,116 
 30,887,892 
 
 472,709 
 28,837,203 
 
 1 ,1133,389 
 
 1,0.36,968 
 .32,371,058 
 
 Jolll 
 
 25,813,.'.52 
 
 * 1 cwt. of wheat llour=ll cwt. of wheat in lirain. 
 
 GG 
 
 t' t::. 
 
^^mmmmifi 
 
 450 
 
 CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE 
 
 TV, Account nf tlie Avern'i I'rifes of Brllh i If/irnt, linihy, niitl Ont.% per Iiii/irrinf Qnnrlir „ 
 KiKjIaiid uiiil lyalc'H siiicc 177."), an anci'rtiiinftt hij tlif Uici-ivir of Cora Jtitniim, 
 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 r 
 I 
 
 11 
 
 !•' • 
 
 
 i- : : ': 
 
 1 77 J 
 177(i 
 1777 
 177S 
 I77'l 
 l7Sit 
 1-»1 
 17S'J 
 17N1 
 17111 
 iTS.'i 
 
 i7Hi; 
 
 1-S7 
 17SH 
 17Sfl 
 17'i() 
 17UI 
 
 i;!ia 
 
 I7M 
 1794 
 1 7!l.'i 
 
 I7'ir. 
 
 I7!I7 
 17^IS 
 17!W 
 I NOD 
 18(11 
 mn-i 
 180.1 
 IMIt 
 1 80. 1 
 1801! 
 1S07 
 181 IS 
 l«l)'J 
 1811) 
 1811 
 
 isri 
 181.1 
 1811 
 ISl.'. 
 18IB 
 1817 
 181S 
 1819 
 IS'^i.l 
 IS'il 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Barle; 
 
 OaU 
 
 Yeart 
 
 ^Vheat 
 
 Halt} 
 £ >. d. 
 
 0>l> 
 
 £ i. d. 
 
 £ ,. d. 
 
 £ t. d. 
 
 
 X 1. d. 
 
 « •. ,1. 
 
 U » 10 
 
 1 ft 9 
 
 17 (1 
 
 IS 22 
 
 2 4 7 
 
 1 1 10 
 
 II 18 1 
 
 1 V) 1 
 
 I 9 
 
 I) l.'i .'I 
 
 1823 
 
 2 13 4 
 
 1 11 B 
 
 I 2 11 
 
 ^^ ft 11 
 
 1 I 1 
 
 1ft 1 
 
 1824 
 
 3 3 11 
 
 1 IB 4 
 
 1 1 :'i 
 
 •z ,1 .-. 
 
 1 3 4 
 
 1,', 7 
 
 18.','. 
 
 3 8 ft 
 
 2 O II 
 
 1 3 , 
 
 1 It H 
 
 1 I 
 
 11 ,', 
 
 182ft 
 
 2 18 8 
 
 1 11 4 
 
 1 (. s 
 
 1 ifi •> 
 
 17 B 
 
 13 2 
 
 1827 
 
 2 18 ft 
 
 1 17 7 
 
 1 S -i 
 
 'i fi II 
 
 17 8 
 
 Oil 1 
 
 1828 
 
 3 .'. 
 
 1 12 10 
 
 1 2 I, 
 
 'i a .- 
 
 1 5 -i 
 
 1'. 7 
 
 1829 
 
 3 6 3 
 
 1 12 ft 
 
 1 2 'J 
 
 X 11 .-. 
 
 1 11 3 
 
 1 .'. 
 
 18.10 
 
 3 4 3 
 
 1 12 7 
 
 1 1 ■, 
 
 tt 10 1 
 
 1 8 8 
 
 IS III 
 
 1S3I 
 
 3 B 4 
 
 1 IS 
 
 I •, i 
 
 ■i .1 1 
 
 1 4 9 
 
 17 8 
 
 1832 
 
 2 18 8 
 
 1 13 I 
 
 1 M ' 
 
 '.2 
 
 I ;, 1 
 
 II IS ft 
 
 1 833 
 
 i 12 II 
 
 1 7 ft 
 
 » 11 j 
 
 •J V! .'. 
 
 1 3 4 
 
 17 2 
 
 is-.i 
 
 a 6 2 
 
 1 9 
 
 1 <l 11 
 
 •2 6 1 
 
 1 'i H 
 
 IB 1 
 
 18.3'. 
 
 ! 19 4 
 
 1 9 11 
 
 1 •■ ., 
 
 'i li y 
 
 1 3 i; 
 
 IB ft 
 
 l8.-,fi 
 
 2 H fi 
 
 1 12 10 
 
 1 ." 1 
 
 V 11 •! 
 
 1 6 3 
 
 n 19 .1 
 
 1837 
 
 2 H lo 
 
 1 10 I 
 
 I 1 1 
 
 '^8 7 
 
 1 6 10 
 
 IS 1 
 
 1838 
 
 3 4 7 
 
 1 11 5 
 
 1 2 ', 
 
 i .1 II 
 
 
 1ft 9 
 
 1839 
 
 3 10 8 
 
 1 19 fi 
 
 1 .'i 11 
 
 •i '.) 3 
 
 1 It I 
 
 1 B 
 
 1810 
 
 3 B 4 
 
 I 16 .1 
 
 1 5 ■, 
 
 2 Vi 1 
 
 1 11 9 
 
 1 1 3 
 
 1841 
 
 3 4 4 
 
 1 12 10 
 
 1 2 .5 
 
 ,-. 1.') i 
 
 1 17 5 
 
 1 4 ,'. 
 
 1812 
 
 2 17 3 
 
 1 7 ft 
 
 n la - 
 
 .1 18 7 
 
 1 1.1 4 
 
 1 1 III 
 
 1813 
 
 2 10 1 
 
 1 9 ft 
 
 IH 1 
 
 ■.2 1.1 ') 
 
 1 7 'i 
 
 1ft 3 
 
 ISII 
 
 2 113 
 
 1 13 8 
 
 1 II ; 
 
 '2 11 10 
 
 I 9 
 
 19 .'• 
 
 ISI.O 
 
 2 10 III 
 
 1 11 8 
 
 I 'i 1] 
 
 .1 11 
 
 1 IB 2 
 
 I 7 fi 
 
 I8IB 
 
 2 14 » 
 
 1 12 8 
 
 1 1 > 
 
 ,') 11 1(1 
 
 •i 19 10 
 
 1 19 4 
 
 1817 
 
 3 9 9 
 
 2 4 2 
 
 1 8 s 
 
 .'> l!l fi 
 
 3 8 fi 
 
 1 17 
 
 IH48 
 
 2 10 fi 
 
 111 fi 
 
 1 II >; 
 
 1 '1 111 
 
 1 13 4 
 
 1 II 4 
 
 IS 19 
 
 2 4 3 
 
 1 7 9 
 
 n 17 i; 
 
 '.J 18 1(1 
 
 1 .1 4 
 
 1 1 B 
 
 IS.'X) 
 
 2 3 
 
 1 3 S 
 
 II II) ; 
 
 .1 'i .1 
 
 1 II II 
 
 1 4 3 
 
 18.11 
 
 I 18 6 
 
 1 4 9 
 
 II Is r 
 
 4 !) <l . 
 
 2 4ft 
 
 1 8 4 
 
 IS')2 
 
 2 9 
 
 I 8 ft 
 
 II I'l 1 
 
 .1 1!) 1 
 
 1 18 H 
 
 1 7 7 
 
 1 S.'i3 
 
 2 13 3 
 
 1 13 'H 
 
 1 1 1} 
 
 3 l.-i I 
 
 1 19 4 
 
 1 S 4 
 
 18-.1 
 
 3 12 .'. 
 
 1 IB 
 
 1 7 11 
 
 4 1 1 
 
 — 
 
 1 13 4 
 
 18.'>.'> 
 
 3 14 8} 
 
 1 14 9 
 
 1 7 ^ 
 
 4 17 1 
 
 2 7 
 
 1 11 r, 
 
 IS.1B 
 
 3 9 2 
 
 2 1 1 
 
 1 .'. : 
 
 .'. 6 .', 
 
 'i 8 1 
 
 I 8 7 
 
 1S,'.7 
 
 2 Ifi 4 
 
 2 2 1 
 
 1 '. 1 
 
 4 1.') 3 
 
 ■I 2 3 
 
 1 7 7 
 
 IS'iH 
 
 2 4 2 
 
 1 14 8 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 ft ft ft 
 
 3 B 9 
 
 2 I ft 
 
 1 is.'io 
 
 2 3 9 
 
 1 13 ft 
 
 I ■. ' 
 
 .'i 9 :> 
 
 2 IS ft 
 
 1 IS fi 
 
 ; isfio 
 
 2 13 3 
 
 1 IB 7 
 
 1 1 '. 
 
 3 11 4 
 
 1 17 4 
 
 1 .'. 8 
 
 ISfil 
 
 2 1.1 4 
 
 1 IB 1 
 
 1 .". ■. 
 
 3 .', 7 
 
 1 1(1 3 
 
 1 3 7 
 
 ISft2 
 
 2 1.1 .1 
 
 1 1,1 1 
 
 1 'i : 
 
 3 IS ft 
 
 1 13 11 
 
 1 7 2 
 
 18B3 
 
 2 4 » 
 
 1 13 11 
 
 1 I •• 
 
 1 1ft 11 
 
 2 9 I 
 
 1 12 .1 
 
 ISB4 
 
 2 2 
 
 19 11 
 
 1 II ' 
 
 4 ft 3 
 
 2 13 ID 
 
 1 12 A 
 
 I8fi.'. 
 
 2 1 111 
 
 1 9 9 
 
 1 1 1» 
 
 3 M ft 
 
 2 .'. 9 
 
 1 8 2 
 
 ISfifi 
 
 2 11 
 
 1 17 a 
 
 1 1 ; 
 
 3 7 111 
 
 1 13 10 
 
 1 4 2 
 
 1SB7 
 
 3 4 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 ■i IB 1 
 
 1 B 
 
 19 B 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 N.n.— The 
 
 Imi.erial tiitshel cnntniiis 2218- 1 92 cuhic imhts 
 
 the WlnchesttT bushel aiSO-ia cubic 
 
 inches, the former bciri,...»l 
 
 1-32 iiart latBir than the lattir. [Ulsmiii : ^^'KluHr^ am. Mkasurw.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 v. Account of the Quantities of Grain, Flour, 
 
 Meitl, 
 
 and Mall 
 
 of Irish G 
 
 rowth, unnnallii iimnlim 
 
 
 info Great Britain from Ireland, from 1814 to 18(50, botk inclusive. 
 
 
 Vi-ar 
 
 \V*he.it and 
 ^\'ht'at Flour 
 
 Bark't, 
 
 inclmliiitf 
 
 Bear or Iticff 
 
 Oats ami 
 Oatinial 
 
 Rye 
 
 Peas 
 
 Ik'aas 
 
 .Halt 
 
 j Toi:J 1 
 
 1814 
 
 qrj. 
 
 22.1,478 
 
 1^:^79 
 
 qr«, 
 ,1111,010 
 
 ,r». 
 
 qrs. 
 460 
 
 5,731 
 
 qrs. 
 
 Hl^'ti! 1 
 
 181.1 
 
 189,514 
 
 27,108 
 
 597,1.17 
 
 207 
 
 425 
 
 6,371 
 
 
 
 Si\,\^i 1 
 
 181ft 
 
 121,i;3l 
 
 62,251 
 
 ftS3,71 I 
 
 43 
 
 239 
 
 5,981 
 
 _ 
 
 ij7i,vi 1 
 
 1817 
 
 .15,181 
 
 2(i,7ft6 
 
 611,117 
 
 •— • 
 
 12 
 
 2,275 
 
 
 
 1 Ij9'.,^S1 H 
 
 1818 
 
 105,179 
 
 25,3S7 
 
 1 ,(if;9„is,-. 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 4,768 
 
 _ 
 
 i.^'ii,"j H 
 
 1819 
 
 1,13,8.10 
 
 211,111 
 
 7S'i,ftl3 
 
 2 
 
 
 3,901 
 
 — 
 
 '.«;,H ■ 
 
 1820 
 
 4113,4(17 
 
 87,(195 
 
 91ft,2,-.l 
 
 131 
 
 139 
 
 8,396 
 
 
 
 \M\:n H 
 
 1821 
 
 .1B<1,7II0 
 
 K2,8S1 
 
 1,162,219 
 
 .1.10 
 
 2,174 
 
 4.9.19 
 
 — 
 
 i,i»,;ii ■ 
 
 1822 
 
 4ft3,illlt 
 
 22,.132 
 
 51,9,237 
 
 353 
 
 728 
 
 7,235 
 
 — 
 
 :,o(,vM ■ 
 
 IS23 
 
 4(lil,(lftS 19,274 
 
 1,102,187 
 
 198 
 
 5Sfi 
 
 5,510 
 
 
 
 i,;i>.i^ ■ 
 
 1824 
 
 3,1B,.184 41,699 
 
 1 ,225,0S5 
 
 112 
 
 75ft 
 
 5,791 
 
 1,171 
 
 i,e:'i.'.») ■ 
 
 182.1 
 
 3'lfi,IHS 151, «B 
 
 I,ft29,S5B 
 
 220 
 
 1,431 
 
 11. .1.15 
 
 10,826 
 
 t.K.'M ■ 
 
 I82B 
 
 31I,.S51 ft4,8S5 
 
 1,. 11 13,731 
 
 77 
 
 1,1.12 
 
 7,1911 
 
 i,2ll3 
 
 l,l>:'Vil H 
 
 1827 
 
 4115,2.1.1 67,791 
 
 1,313,267 
 
 25ft 
 
 1,2S2 
 
 111,1137 
 
 ,172 
 
 li'.^M^I H 
 
 182S 
 
 Mi,Mi 81,201 
 
 2,1175,631 
 
 1,121 
 
 4,826 
 
 7,068 
 
 8.13 
 
 iM^i* ■ 
 
 1829 
 
 519,1117 97,14(1 
 
 1 ,673,628 
 
 568 
 
 4,435 
 
 10,445 
 
 2,011 
 
 2.:xi;,iii ■ 
 
 1S.10 
 
 .129,717 189,715 
 
 1,471,252 
 
 414 
 
 2,520 
 
 19,0.11 
 
 2,820 
 
 !,'JI.'v'il ■ 
 
 1831 
 
 557,198 185,109 
 
 l,l,.15,7lll 
 
 515 
 
 4,142 
 
 15,(129 
 
 lo.sss 
 
 >,<3<l,l<l ■ 
 
 18.12 
 
 79(1,293 123,ft.".9 
 
 2,051,867 
 
 291 
 
 1,915 
 
 14,530 
 
 8,229 
 
 2,V'",7i; ■ 
 
 I S33 
 
 814,211 llll,7fi7 
 
 1,762„120 
 
 166 
 
 2,616 
 
 19,111 
 
 7,1117 
 
 2,7.r,iii ■ 
 
 1831 
 
 779,.1U5 217,8,15 
 
 l,769,.'ill3 
 
 983 
 
 2,17fi 
 
 1S,77I 
 
 ,1,Sfi5 
 
 V-'* ■ 
 
 183.1 
 
 6ftl,77B 
 
 1,16,242 
 
 1,822,767 
 
 611 
 
 3,447 
 
 21,215 
 
 10,.157 
 
 xcy* ■ 
 
 18.1B 
 
 598,757 
 
 1 84,1. IB 
 
 2,132,1,18 
 
 483 
 
 2,920 
 
 17,601 
 
 22,214 
 
 :,»'».::.> ■ 
 
 1837 
 
 .134,1115 
 
 1S7,173 
 
 2,274,675 
 
 1,016 
 
 60 
 
 25,i,.10 
 
 4,174 
 
 3,iVV.:-J ^B 
 
 1S3K 
 
 5I2/.83 
 
 156.4(i7 
 
 2,742,807 
 
 628 
 
 5,232 
 
 21,581 
 
 .1,(1(11 
 
 '"I ^H 
 
 18.19 
 
 21-^,331 ftl,67ft 
 
 1,901,9.13 
 
 2,131 
 
 1,484 
 
 11 All 
 
 2,Sfil 
 
 ttWA ^B 
 
 1S40 
 
 174,439 95,954 
 
 2,037,8.31 
 
 122 
 
 1,4113 
 
 14,573 
 
 3,4.16 
 
 w.;Ai ■ 
 
 ISII 
 
 218,708 75,5ftS 
 
 2,539,180 
 
 172 
 
 855 
 
 15,9117 
 
 4,9.11 
 
 tfKfi ^H 
 
 1842 
 
 2111,998 ,10,297 
 
 2,261,435 
 
 76 
 
 1,151 
 
 19,831 
 
 3.046 
 
 t,'>'^xA ^M 
 
 1813 
 
 413,4(i6 i 11(1,449 
 
 2,648,11.12 
 
 371 
 
 1,192 
 
 24,329 
 
 S,CI1 
 
 .','.'"'',11: ^H 
 
 1814 
 
 410,152 
 
 90,656 
 
 2,242,.108 
 
 261 
 
 1,1191 
 
 18,.180 
 
 8,1.13 
 
 2,v''i.r 1 ^H 
 
 181.1 
 
 779,113 
 
 93,(195 
 
 2,3.53,985 
 
 165 
 
 1,144 
 
 12,745 
 
 11,144 
 
 Mv..f< ^B 
 
 184B 
 
 39.-1,462 
 
 92,851 
 
 1,311,592 
 
 — 
 
 2,i27 
 
 11,668 
 
 11,129 
 
 l,t:S)il^H 
 
 1817 
 
 184,021 
 
 47,527 
 
 703,165 
 
 1,498 
 
 4,659 
 
 22.361 
 
 5,!I56 
 
 <*>>,» ^H 
 
 1818 
 
 .101,873 
 
 79,885 
 
 l,.146,.168 
 
 15 
 
 2,572 
 
 12,314 
 
 6,.ir.5 
 
 1.95I.«^H 
 
 1819 
 
 231,6^:0 
 
 46,4(HI 
 
 1,123,469 
 
 414 
 
 3,369 
 
 22,450 
 
 5,181 
 
 l,l!Vi«^H 
 
 18.10 
 
 17«,56S 
 
 40,779 
 
 1,075,.188 
 
 360 
 
 4,360 
 
 21,551 
 
 8,425 
 
 1,1:7,111 ^H 
 
 18.11 
 
 95,1 Ifi 
 
 44,479 
 
 1,I4I,97B 
 
 — 
 
 3,781 
 
 25,002 
 
 6,111 
 
 ni<.M^H 
 
 1852 
 
 i0,'i66 
 
 107,115 
 
 1,6,10,313 
 
 — 
 
 3,318 
 
 27,661 
 
 8,-41 
 
 i,sj!,i;:^H 
 
 1853 
 
 74,197 
 
 124,922 
 
 1,, 142,579 
 
 600 
 
 2,0S9 
 
 22,095 
 
 11,9118 
 
 i,;7M''^H 
 
 1851 
 
 1.18,159 
 
 81,2.19 
 
 1,818,169 
 
 360 
 
 1,987 
 
 23,157 
 
 9,182 
 
 >,l>7i,i3^H 
 
 1S55 
 
 171,0.10 
 
 58,628 
 
 1,96 4,6,15 
 
 540 
 
 1.7.14 
 
 24,618 
 
 4,(151 
 
 !,»«,^<^H 
 
 I8.1B 
 
 19fi,763 
 
 74,020 
 
 1,901,.155 
 
 709 
 
 1.307 
 
 28,586 
 
 5.k21 
 
 i,iit;<> ^H 
 
 18.17 
 
 183 ,,13 1 
 
 
 1,724,4.18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i,w,:ii^H 
 
 1S.18 
 
 163,623 
 
 
 
 1,510,794 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 i,70i,in^H 
 
 1859 
 
 1.13,976 
 
 64,978 
 
 1,256.636 
 
 180 
 
 1,018 
 
 26,904 
 
 4.980 
 
 1M>^^H 
 
 
 cwts. 
 
 cwts. 
 
 cwts. 
 
 cwU. 
 
 cwts. 
 
 cwts. 
 
 cwts. 
 
 . ,'"!^^H 
 
 ISfiO 
 
 374,486 
 
 225,351 
 
 4,975,203 
 
 1 ,989 
 
 934 
 
 54,493 
 
 11,1(11 
 
 .seiS't^^B 
 
 18fil 
 
 475,983 
 
 166,090 
 
 4,9fill,10fi 
 
 1,481 
 
 1,491 
 
 108,000 
 
 12,167 
 
 
 1862 
 
 349,143 
 
 24(l„1il9 
 
 .1,831,227 
 
 -,- 
 
 587 
 
 101,267 
 
 9,971 
 
 1 8(13 
 
 284,213 
 
 274,067 
 
 3,847,681 
 
 85 
 
 fi,685 
 
 106,436 
 
 111,076 
 
 4rVx',''l^^H 
 
 ISft4 
 
 156,377 i 
 
 1.10,211 
 
 5,925,120 
 
 
 
 3,277 
 
 147,27fi 
 
 11,171 
 
 6^':i7,l:!^^H 
 
 18ft5 
 
 189,063 
 
 221,160 
 
 4,.1.17,I23 
 
 296 
 
 1,496 
 
 101,691 
 
 11,7.16 
 
 18fiG 
 
 169,974 190,846 I 
 
 4,863,894 
 
 7,286 
 
 3,943 
 
 9(i/)SB 
 
 8.301 
 
 VI. Acroiiiit 
 Meal. „ 
 Conmm 
 
 Year 
 
 Imp 
 
 ism 
 Kill 
 
 win 
 
 l.VIl 
 
 m.i 
 i-i 
 
 ismi 
 
 l$(4 
 .'S«,5 
 11(6 
 
 , '!'■ 
 1,2:<3 
 
 1,127 
 
 512, 
 
 311, 
 
 .191, 
 
 837, 
 
 2(I8,( 
 
 363,; 
 
 41,1 
 
 .191,.^ 
 
 1.4.19,9 
 
 188,7 
 
 131,6 
 
 310,11 
 
 621,71 
 
 19i,b: 
 
 209,6: 
 1,961,03 
 1,593,8',', 
 472,2(1. 
 5,85,12, 
 129,611 
 4.1,11.1 
 1.1,746 
 82,667 
 381,603 
 576,888 
 ,TI|,.^(I5 
 741,111 
 1,66.1,111 
 1,661,847 
 2.30.1,975 
 447,10« 
 2'l7,,1fii 
 176,322 
 66,905 
 241,742 
 159,912 
 '..171,958 
 ■'.875,427 
 2,432,766 
 l',77(l,647 
 •'.OIO,.i69 
 I,"6I,'I42 
 
 1,1! 1, 957 
 
 W4I,|42 
 
 <.l':4,757 
 
 3,"S2,•^^| 
 
 4,8.1.5,.2SO 
 
 •1,8,1(1. 2(i3 
 
 3,1,10,412 
 
 ■•.161,602 
 
 'i.'i1,5,S60 
 
 4.173,081 
 
 3..1SI,7,S6 
 
 5.«6I,621 
 
 5.687,767 
 
 5,2l'i,ll43 
 
 ",788,291 
 .9,2'.i(l.l67 
 '2,171,917 
 
 7,579,617 
 
 rwls, 
 
 «".7( 19,105 
 
 24,867,431 
 
 28,128,609 
 
 I* If. An Account of I- 
 Veeifyin;/ the Q 
 iSSofrom each 
 
 (.ouniries 
 
 U'he 
 
 "olstein I 
 
 |J'«H«kurs,Sc|,„, 
 
 fcW"^yo,dav,-aj 
 
 t°'WSuie, 
 finrocco . 
 
 m 
 wiiih 
 
 , »pani 
 
 lI*' • 
 
 ■wtponH) 
 I ""-wieml 
 
 'North 
 
 108,1 
 5,4261 
 
 649,1 
 476,r 
 
 2,266,1 
 '■23,J 
 
 ■'■82,1 
 .187,1 
 I88,| 
 
 M83,J 
 
 lTl,| 
 
 in7,.^| 
 
 290,' 
 
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE 
 
 4.il 
 
 1 ; 
 
 on. 
 Sll,« 
 
 Vil,l« 
 «",'«5 
 «■■■,« 
 
 i,»ii,:m 
 
 '.».;,w 
 
 i,ui:« I 
 
 1,S!S,-1S 
 ■„06J;iS) I 
 
 l.JiMi! 
 
 l,5il.'V) I 
 
 ■;,«"■■■ ■ 
 
 1,1, •:..!: 
 
 A""'.-" I 
 •:,;1' ■■J I 
 
 YI, Account of till- Qiiiiiitlllin nf Forciyn anil Culimiiil IVIiiiit iiiid IVhiiit Flour, nurlri/ iinif litii/a/ 
 Meal, anil Oats and Oatmeal Imixirlcil into tlie Unitril Kini/uom, lii-r ipartal, anil ritainiil J'lir 
 Cim.HUni/itiun in each Year from IMOII, in Imperial Quartern, itown to IMlKi, 
 
 •/,V'l,!l 
 
 ''■^ 
 
 1,1)1* 
 1,W 
 131'..^i 
 i;si:.;:. 
 
 5 ^"^^ 
 (IB- 
 
 liii]iorts 
 
 5,(li.^l 
 
 ison 
 
 IflUI 
 ISIU 
 
 IM.I 
 
 1-1 1,', 
 isiifi 
 1*1" 
 
 IMA 
 
 l»ll'l 
 
 IM" 
 Ml 
 
 1115 
 
 M'l 
 
 iiin 
 1M7 
 IHH 
 111') 
 
 ISiil 
 lv;l 
 IV.'i 
 hd 
 Ml 
 ISj'i 
 ISili 
 WC, 
 1 1>21 
 
 ' b.'J 
 I 1V<1 
 l«-.l 
 I IkW 
 is:.3 
 lk,li 
 M'. 
 
 l».-f, 
 Hi; 
 ii'i 
 
 ISW 
 
 jtm 
 I'll 
 ni« 
 w.i 
 
 ISII 
 
 i«ij 
 isic 
 hi; 
 
 ISIS 
 IMD 
 
 isvi 
 
 ISM 
 lS5i 
 IW 
 IS5I 
 
 IttJ 
 
 ISiB 
 
 m; 
 
 ISVI 
 
 iww 
 
 IWl 
 
 hi,i 
 wt 
 
 !« 
 ISM 
 
 nrS' 
 l,SK.1,4(!6 
 
 l,iv7,ira> 
 
 ,'ilV,->7l 
 31 ),WI.'i 
 .TII,Vli4 
 N.17,'ilS 
 'iim.dsi 
 3r).i,.Viii 
 
 4l,'lll) 
 ,T.M,.',ll 
 1,4.11),'J77 
 l>»S,7?ifi 
 13l,Ki:i 
 .II'I.ISI 
 
 6'^^,■:m 
 l!<l,r,.Ti 
 aoD.r.'..'. 
 
 l,(l(it,O.T 
 
 l/)l).1,H'.'ll 
 
 SSi.lV,') 
 
 lil!i,r,i'j 
 
 4.^,113 
 l.',,716 
 
 S'i,6(17 
 
 .IS I ,i;o3 
 
 .'i7ri,Sit8 
 
 ,ini,a)5 
 741,111 
 
 i,iir..i,3ii 
 
 l,lifil,«l7 
 
 '.i,.TI).1,97.'i 
 
 447.1U1J 
 
 5W7,,'>B.'i 
 17(;,3aa 
 fiti.'JDS 
 
 ill, 74 a 
 
 ,'.,VJ,'J12 
 1„171,W« 
 S,»7.'>,4'^" 
 
 'l",»M^ 
 
 .■i,0ll),'i'i9 
 
 i.iir,i,!i4'j 
 
 lr17'J,W2 
 1,1U,!)')7 
 2,.14l,l4'i 
 4,|(;4,7.'>7 
 
 ifm,-i7i I 
 
 4,«.1.'),'iSll 
 
 5,.1.10,41'J 
 4,lC4,CO'i 
 6,J.1.%,HCU 
 4,173,OS'- 
 3,,1S1,7SG 
 
 i,;«\,rM 
 
 t,V>i,'Ci'' 
 5,687,767 
 5,219,1143 
 7,7M,S'J1 
 ■),!2n,167 
 H,171,M7 
 7,.'i7!t,fil7 
 
 rwts. 
 87,7»ll,ln5 
 !4,S67,431 
 S8,1'J8,60',1 
 
 Wheat ^Vc. 
 
 I RetalnnI 
 Ke.E.,K,r., 'l^i'^^^ \ 
 Ciinsum|itlon' 
 
 an. 
 1,490 
 
 qr«. 
 
 7, 'AM 
 
 
 
 13I,I«'J 
 
 _ 
 
 .'.l,l()i 
 
 
 
 31,'.HII 
 
 _ 
 
 S6,,'..',y 
 
 
 
 H.'l.'ili 
 
 
 
 .',..'.83 
 
 _ 
 
 1.'..'»I3 
 
 _ 
 
 •.(,7.17 
 
 _ 
 
 fii.'.PSl 
 
 
 
 71,31.0 
 
 
 
 w;iM 
 
 — 
 
 •i^,^n^ 
 
 6'r.,osfi 
 
 ,'.(i„ir,i 
 
 lUs.lS-J 
 
 l;),ii7-^ 
 
 a'i.'.,w3 
 
 44,(NM) 
 
 l,0.'.3,9ri 
 
 17,liU3 
 
 1 ,i.or.,i8» 
 
 ^i^t,^^^ 
 
 l'^l,8'.S 
 
 S7,«iii 
 
 31,'^7'> 
 
 193,210 
 
 9 
 
 14S,V'>I 
 
 ■i 
 
 119,7.1.'> 
 
 l'i,188 
 
 .',4,0.'.l 
 
 l(i,li9'^ 
 
 33,091 
 
 .'.•^7,1 107 
 
 I4,'^2.'> 
 
 31(i,r,.lH 
 
 48,UDIi 
 
 .'.76,707 
 
 71,174 
 
 811,947 
 
 7W,377 
 
 1,.361,310 
 
 .34,fl9S 
 
 I,70'i,l37 
 
 03,073 
 
 l,l93,'i',li 
 
 ti88,l'JII 
 
 37.'.,789 
 
 9.3,7(i7 
 
 83,711 
 
 1.59.19!) 
 
 B4A'>'i 
 
 Wi.'Ur. 
 
 '.i7,.'.« 
 
 'J.').',,II37 
 
 3I),U96 
 
 ,3(1S,19'^ 
 
 '.i44,08« 
 
 lifi.ll)', 
 
 1,8.11, l.',3 
 
 .-.H,.SUI) 
 
 ■2,6SI„T.1I) 
 
 83,.', 17 
 
 ■^,.1^9.73l 
 
 L'7,.'J.'>'^ 
 
 V,I.I9,T0J 
 
 66,-.t61 
 
 !i,ll77.,-.ni) 
 
 69,.',fiO 
 
 9S7,'.i87 
 
 7(;,fi99 
 
 1,0'J1,681 
 
 m,Wi 
 
 313,^4.1 
 
 l.l.'j.lU 
 
 2,943.9'i6 
 
 Wi.-m 
 
 4,61'Mll 
 
 10,9(17 
 
 '2,193,7,',.', 
 
 — 
 
 .'.,.'.'i'i,.'.-J4 
 
 — 
 
 4,M.'.,S.',I 
 
 ^ 
 
 5,27.1,677 
 
 „ 
 
 4,1.3.',,376 
 
 IS.5,S56 
 
 6,111,997 
 
 Wl,!il\ 
 
 4,370,S.V.i 
 
 77,113 
 
 3,40(i,977 
 
 l»',,'^9'i 
 
 .',,6II,»>0 
 
 97,913 
 
 4,.101,7S2 
 
 10,996 
 
 ,',,676,770 
 
 I. '.,906 
 
 .',,2.-4,521 
 
 8,0.'.S 
 
 7,780,396 
 
 .5M,9S1 
 
 8,87."^, 107 
 
 9,318 
 
 12,US,6.'.f. 
 
 35,.',or, 
 
 7,5.30,820 
 
 cwts. 
 
 cwts. 
 
 80,r.as 
 
 27,.',81,00- 
 
 48,196 
 
 21,819,2,-.8 
 
 6',,178 
 
 28,06.1,131 
 
 
 Barley &c. 
 
 
 
 Oai» Uc. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Het.ilneil 
 
 
 
 lUl.llniJ 
 
 Imiiorli 
 
 Hs.Elports 
 
 f»,T Home 
 
 Imports 
 
 Rf-Ki|.nrls 
 
 6ir li>>iii«> 
 
 
 
 Cunsuiiiptiun 
 
 qn. 
 
 qrs. 
 
 CiinstMnptli.n 
 
 qr*. 
 1,^,1,0.^5 
 
 qn. 
 
 qri. 
 
 qrs. 
 
 
 
 51.1,1.13 
 
 200 
 
 
 111,012 
 
 ~ 4 
 
 — 
 
 583,279 
 
 ',(N, 
 
 __ 
 
 8,1.16 
 
 1,111 
 
 . 
 
 242,090 
 
 2,9117 
 
 
 
 1,103 
 
 335 
 
 _ 
 
 251,912 
 
 l,;i9 
 
 _ 
 
 9,072 
 
 80 
 
 _ 
 
 .'.181,319 
 
 4,220 
 
 __ 
 
 27,611 
 
 2,688 
 
 — 
 
 274,156 
 
 
 _ 
 
 2,058 
 
 370 
 
 _ 
 
 183,219 
 
 ~7l.O 
 
 „ 
 
 2.V6S 
 
 3 
 
 __ 
 
 425,909 
 
 __ 
 
 _ 
 
 4, .105 
 
 211 
 
 
 
 34,.-'12 
 
 I.IIS 
 
 
 
 13,166 
 
 1,061 
 
 — 
 
 296,315 
 
 1 13 
 
 __ 
 
 17,708 
 
 3,6 1 I 
 
 _ 
 
 115,708 
 
 6.11 
 
 
 
 40,121 
 
 23,491 
 
 _ 
 
 11,696 
 
 2,18(7 
 
 _ 
 
 39,88 1 
 
 28,942 
 
 
 
 14,719 
 
 5,259 
 
 _ 
 
 19,709 
 
 
 
 
 60,140 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 29,380 
 
 8~)2n 
 
 26,681 
 
 24S,l/.',() 
 
 926 
 
 218,035 
 
 2,031 
 
 1,1,13 
 
 2,118 
 
 120,475 
 
 119 
 
 117, '.33 
 
 14,865 
 
 59 
 
 14,918 
 
 75,277 
 
 1,731 
 
 76,295 
 
 1.13,861 
 
 3,902 
 
 1.13,8r,7 
 
 483,0.S6 
 
 560 
 
 479,192 
 
 696,250 
 
 11 
 
 696,2.'.0 
 
 9S7,109 
 
 .16 
 
 99I,.'.(I0 
 
 ■ 373,197 
 
 3,201 
 
 365,063 
 
 .',85,072 
 
 2,111 
 
 
 28,671 
 
 5,251 
 
 ^ 
 
 (.81,779 
 
 3,951 
 
 727I1I5 
 
 13/,1« 
 
 8,617 
 
 _ 
 
 101,317 
 
 11,627 
 
 48 
 
 19,018 
 
 5,421 
 
 23 
 
 55,802 
 
 11,889 
 
 531 
 
 11 
 
 5,17.5 
 
 9 
 
 27,631 
 
 13,131 
 
 165 
 
 26 ..'.(n; 
 
 2,5.',8 
 
 39,406 
 
 488,021 
 
 11,211 
 
 619,8-.0 
 
 42', .882 
 
 4,117 
 
 271, .18 1 
 
 206,181 
 
 i2,oi)(; 
 
 1,737 
 
 278,079 
 
 4,676 
 
 332,6 1 1 
 
 1,125,210 
 
 9,103 
 
 1,1811,222 
 
 207,9611 
 
 18,814 
 
 239,672 
 
 1.741,206 
 
 1 ,229 
 
 1,852,155 
 
 166,263 
 
 4,117 
 
 217,515 
 
 164,578 
 
 6,922 
 
 1 1,171 
 
 277,109 
 
 1(V103 
 
 20.1,114 
 
 510,083 
 
 5S,(.91 
 
 193,666 
 
 1.18,6,'.0 
 
 1,285 
 
 .'.2,10S 
 
 506,089 
 
 26,32- 
 
 9"0,32l 
 
 376,513 
 
 642 
 
 .',23,.1Ut 
 
 622,761 
 
 5,62 1 
 
 3.15,850 
 
 95,839 
 
 7,822 
 
 72,674 
 
 28,973 
 
 83,879 
 
 3,055 
 
 85,221 
 
 3,210 
 
 1,225 
 
 23,389 
 
 19,514 
 
 966 
 
 8S,.',62 
 
 9,865 
 
 11,037 
 
 175,026 
 
 13,492 
 
 55,432 
 
 67,796 
 
 44,11,5 
 
 136,690 
 
 113,187 
 
 31 1,9 1 5 
 
 175,232 
 
 83,483 
 
 18,219 
 
 110,00.5 
 
 131,466 
 
 56,53(i 
 
 96,894 
 
 »7,;93 
 
 10,607 
 
 47,185 
 
 418,884 
 
 49,126 
 
 .13 .(,367 
 
 2,203 
 
 19,817 
 
 8,192 
 
 55,513 
 
 .',6,145 
 
 11,007 
 
 .V9,406 
 
 621 
 
 589,063 
 
 670,513 
 
 40,40', 
 
 S,'..',,81l 
 
 625,138 
 
 4,379 
 
 613,081 
 
 546,263 
 
 .-6.978 
 
 .'.1)9,129 
 
 UM,f<V> 
 
 2,115 
 
 220,918 
 
 1.10,268 
 
 21, .391 
 
 27,175 
 
 73,.135 
 
 13,7.',5 
 
 49„'.21 
 
 313,106 
 
 .55,161 
 
 29.3,313 
 
 179,280 
 
 4,445 
 
 223,209 
 
 87,877 
 
 42,107 
 
 41,140 
 
 1,019,145 
 
 1,012 
 
 l,0.|„-,22 
 
 302,116 
 
 25,271 
 
 261,198 
 
 368,351 
 
 23,.120 
 
 297,653 
 
 592,109 
 
 29,251 
 
 .'.84,318 
 
 374,869 
 
 5,6 IS 
 
 402,312 
 
 796,143 
 
 17,591 
 
 772,956 
 
 776,122 
 
 1S^7 
 
 7S2.686 
 
 1,742,512 
 
 9,587 
 
 1,788,121 
 
 1,054,293 
 
 3 
 
 888,925 
 
 97l,2.',3 
 
 7,822 
 
 872,5'" 
 
 1,381/175 
 
 « 
 
 1,541,888 
 
 1,292,707 
 
 _ 
 
 1,375.583 
 
 1,0.15,935 
 
 -. 
 
 1,023,907 
 
 1,1.'|8,290 
 
 __ 
 
 l,l.',3,279 
 
 829..'i74 
 
 — 
 
 826,390 
 
 1,200,136 
 
 _ 
 
 1,1 93 ,.'.66 
 
 62.'.,602 
 
 _ 
 
 621,062 
 
 989,578 
 
 
 
 982,278 
 
 H24,0H3 
 
 -n 
 
 821,0.'.3 
 
 1,028,9.13 
 
 16,773 
 
 1,012,160 
 
 552.994 
 
 4,016 
 
 518,918 
 
 1,015,219 
 
 7,402 
 
 1,007,837 
 
 3I9,.105 
 
 — 
 
 3'>2,0;o 
 
 1,014,002 
 
 
 1,014,475 
 
 731,461 
 
 — 
 
 7.15,941 
 
 1,148,877 
 
 
 
 1,158,819 
 
 1,701,471 
 
 — 
 
 1,720,516 
 
 1,71",.142 
 
 _ 
 
 1,732,017 
 
 1,661,412 
 
 — 
 
 l,661,ON6 
 
 l,8i;,23S 
 
 
 
 1,817,582 
 
 1,727,889 
 
 — 
 
 1,676,590 
 
 1,677.641 
 
 — 
 
 1,651,950 
 
 2,112,861 
 
 ~~ 
 
 2,lll,6.'6 
 
 2. .107. 164. 
 
 — 
 
 2,30li,074 
 
 l,40<l,llll 
 
 — 
 
 1,100 ,.151 
 
 1,891,883 
 
 — 
 
 l,S90,(;(i5 
 
 1,851,911 
 
 — 
 
 l,85l,8,',9 
 
 1,612,222 
 
 — 
 
 l,6ici,;;70 
 
 2,067,396 
 
 — 
 
 2,01.1,801 
 
 2,362,593 
 
 — 
 
 2,3'..1,l.90 
 
 cwts. 
 
 
 cwts. 
 
 cwts. 
 
 
 cwts. 
 
 4,921,364 
 
 — 
 
 4,899,888 
 
 5,503,1 14 
 
 
 
 5,532,262 
 
 7,818,198 
 
 — 
 
 7,818,011 
 
 7,-'15,553 
 
 — 
 
 7,712, r.i 
 
 8,431,095 
 
 — 
 
 8,1.11.016 
 
 8,904,281 
 
 — 
 
 8, 88', .(165 
 
 S\\, An Account of the Quantities of IFlieat and Wheat-flour, Barley, Oats, Beans, Peas, and Jfaize, 
 specifying the Countries from ichicli they were hrouyht, the Quantities (in Cwts.) imported during 
 I8G0 /com each Country, and the Average Price per Cwt. of each. 
 
 i 
 
 I'iunlries Wheat 
 
 u 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Alcul 
 
 fl 
 
 Barlej 
 
 h 
 
 Oats 
 
 h 
 
 Peas 
 
 h 
 
 Dean!) 
 
 k 
 
 Maize 
 
 ^1. 
 
 
 
 > A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cwt. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 
 'A 
 
 
 <" 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 <i 
 
 
 < 
 
 cwt. 
 
 I. d. 
 
 
 cwt. 
 
 f. d. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 1. d. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 a, «/. ewe. 
 
 1. d. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 J. d. 
 
 RlLU . 
 
 8,100,241 
 
 8 8J 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 862,187 
 
 5 6 
 
 1, 96.- ,379 7 6A 51,062 8 3 
 .1,090,65417 l}| _ 1 — 
 l,071,.',38;6 loj; 32,081 8 OJ 
 
 __ 
 
 — 
 
 i.i'JVJ?: 
 
 6 M 
 
 ''»dtn • 
 
 _ 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 ■ 174,744 
 
 7 ""I 
 6 lU 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Ikumwk . 
 
 617,057 
 
 8 9i 
 
 37,203 
 
 1'^ 9 
 
 1,550,492 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 Xorw,ij . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 121,838 7 U 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SthlMiS llolsteln 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Laucnburg 
 
 108,761 
 
 8 6J 
 10 3j 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ „ 
 
 
 
 21. ''02 
 
 8 9 
 
 „ 
 
 _ 
 
 Prassia 
 
 5,426,.J09 
 
 66,267 
 
 l.T 2 
 
 770,369 
 
 7 7 
 
 65,693 7 6.y 34 1,891 3 2i 
 3'«,i;037 Oj! _ ; — 
 
 26,.101 
 
 8 8* 
 
 -, 
 
 — 
 
 Hmotit - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 93,789 
 
 8 Ot 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Metllinburg Schwe- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 rin 
 
 649,771 
 
 10 b 
 
 , . 
 
 .« 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 __ ^ __ ' 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 HMtars - 
 
 476,839 
 
 U 1 
 
 217,'20« 
 
 \'i 10 
 
 399,840 
 
 7 6 
 
 .50,708 7 0: : 24,173 8 1 
 
 r20,3n8 
 
 8 4-1 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 W:and . 
 
 — . 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 30,959 7 loi 
 
 7'25,831 7 _ 1 — 
 
 86,691 
 
 8 IJ 
 
 8 a] 
 
 „ 
 
 _ 
 
 Fnnce . 
 
 2,266,471 
 
 9 4J 
 
 .',058,287 
 
 13 74 
 
 1,583,472 
 
 7 4* 
 
 71,190 7 1 
 
 '— 1 ~* 
 
 200,447 
 
 71,995 
 
 6 24 
 
 fun . 
 
 l'23,3l,l 
 
 9 10 
 
 
 
 -_ 
 
 ,^ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 — ^ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 AU'Uan Ttrritories 
 
 .'i82,071 
 
 8 IH 
 8 5 
 7 63 
 
 26,895 
 
 12 iOi 
 
 _■ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 35,117 
 
 5 11! 
 
 6 3 
 6 4i 
 
 luikM rrnl)PT 
 
 387,0(il 
 
 
 
 2,087,405 
 
 5 HJ 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 _ _ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 3,178.451 
 
 WlKhii.'t .Moldavia 
 
 188,013 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 2,51,827 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — — 
 
 
 
 _. 
 
 514,9.50 
 
 "iMia ■ 
 
 — 
 
 
 __ 
 
 _ 
 
 107,0'25 
 
 5 -r 
 
 __ 
 
 .„ 
 
 _ __ 
 
 49,090 
 
 H V 
 
 
 
 "ittd StalB 
 
 1,183,689 
 
 9 n 
 
 262,874 
 
 12 Z\ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 30,oy3 7 114 
 
 
 .. 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 „ ■ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 _ — 
 
 149,2788 <Hi 
 
 41,581 
 
 ^n 
 
 Willi North 
 
 144,861 
 
 9 4i 
 
 20,001 
 
 13 4 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 - 1 - 
 
 - - 
 
 
 - 
 
 1,761,623 
 
 ■America 
 
 107,316 
 
 9 0! 
 9 2J 
 
 181,489 
 
 12 9} 
 
 13 25 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 161,723 7 4l'2S2.093 8 OJ 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 302,177 
 
 6 5! 
 
 ttwpam 
 
 290.497 
 
 2i,j»»,iTi 
 
 32,566 
 3,932,788 
 
 40,136 
 
 6 34 
 
 125.534 
 
 6 \\i\ 21,1!*'^ 8 OJ I7.'>,.'il6 
 
 "J."* 
 
 171 
 
 'i.^i 
 
 Toul . 
 «^iportHl and 
 
 7,860,344 
 
 
 7,771,691 
 
 - 785,588 — 
 
 962,989 
 
 7,13'J,9I3 
 
 "ir«iured 
 
 153,302 
 
 — 
 
 49,389 
 
 — 
 
 42,397 
 
 _ 
 
 60,866 
 
 - 3,29f. - 
 
 _^_ 
 
 — 
 
 52,689 
 7,087,251 
 
 — 
 
 
 20,935,839' 
 
 3,883,399 
 
 - 7,817,947 
 
 — 
 
 7,710,828 
 
 — 
 
 782,292 
 
 _ 
 
 oo2 
 
• rfKur^Efi^^ 
 
 / 
 
 V'; t 
 
 ■•*•; 
 
 If 
 
 |i iW 
 
 ■.:vj- 
 
 I,. 
 
 X.. 
 
 COIIN LAWS A>-D CORN TRADE .,.„,,,,,,„,.. 
 
 'r....)E Uut it H '" *'? "^ „i i,v the Bcart-ily ami I.ikH 
 
 '*■ ' .^ ^..:„ l.na bill 
 
 
 c'mHlitiB..lMm>orta 
 ^^•hel\t in ""'^ 
 
 most I'f" '^" f i„„,„rts in tin«. ' ' ^-^ ^^ie. Hut Uvo 1'!"^';^ /'\,j ,„,p„ aul>iict to any 
 r"'" Ha.^ c ascertain the cost o Um>U.^^ ^ I^'ltlC s 'n'*^ countries .kMuv 
 coute, it is ol '">l'"ft»";„^ \„Hl the expense ol 'ts emi duturbinj; >"""« "^ ;, „f ,.,„, have <:i. (,y,.l 
 ^Leat iu tl'')V,'X; utrv. , ,. ..-ohiu 1 anf.ic draws. ''•'„«^£r',rauciuiUi.v duriu, tl. 
 im,,ortat onu'to ''^';t,,,.a(cctea -v Mr.-T^H^^^^^ ^^^ '^"^r";'Taml though .luriu- mmuo .1 
 
 Ivccovd.nn "^, X .■"'""•'^ "»'' ^':[!. of vhe/t list -10 or oO years a^m ^^ i,„j„ nan.ns w. 
 l,i^ Heiiort on tlit ^^'J' ,,.|iiiuirv l'"*^^' "' \\„t ihnac vcars we '"»^*' ' ,„,i,t „wav a sui^le Imslul 
 a: Sr//. ../; ^^"';;r,;. d w-'l.l -uVunt to about Ijcsc y^^_ hi others brought aw>.y^^ , ^^^^^ 
 at l)ant/.ie free tm W • ^^ ^^^jj^,,,, .._ ^_^ ^^^^,, . ,„ that th. av b ^^^ ^^^^, , ,,, 
 
 40s. i.cr -luartcr, roadc i n ^^^^^ ^t ted below j^^ ^^ ^^^ „^ „, j,^„ 
 
 '. ..nrrectlv re?"^^'^ . ^ v^..nrt is ratlier undtr a 
 
 r„...«.-a.w^.;^.„„^,, e n.. .»>-*- -'1 n li nSs^us^heu the export 
 
 Yiat 
 
 1«11 
 
 1S.11 
 
 is.i.-. 
 
 1S5« 
 ihM 
 
 ISM 
 1»3'» 
 iSlI) 
 1811 
 Avenge of 11 \ 
 Y.MS "VT" ( 
 
 I lllKliestp'ices 
 ' \iti quarttt 
 
 no Kl 
 
 4.'. -i 
 
 ^rruuni nf the Ordinary 
 
 Cost »< """.1 111,1 iivriiu"'" - 
 
 ^t,«oun..u.bo«uo.i.. ,,0. pet quartet for 
 
 Vow if to thiB we add ' ■?; °;. ."il-t^h.to !• ngla".!, 
 
 t^-S--;;^j:;;r::f«triSt^^jU:.iS 
 
 including tfnot unposing Mr.Jacobsc.. .^^ 
 
 London, free of dut), , ,.,. the cost of 
 
 'l"?rhas no doubt, beenaile^cd;g2ove esti- 
 
 i! „t^u Dantzic is »^"'=^''^ \ ' e s I'ttie ..r no 
 
 nddcd an allowance w^ ^^f.yjai it is «"' H 
 "'tareweUconvni^t.es.Un^^^^ 
 
 Oiu hiindrnl i|uarleri Hne high 
 
 im \ieT nuiiner 
 -minil due., fii/. Jwr iiudrler 
 fmiihi, ,11 prewnl. ■'«• Irf., but, 
 In.unmc l'i«- (iJ. IHir cent., but 
 
 Mroce anil due< e< ihlp, lit. HJ, 
 lM^l»tr and tanditiK, *.hl. . 
 (itliiary rem and rtrc iiisuranre ( 
 Ijminitaiid irirninliiK, same jwi 
 v!!rt'i metaiie ifx granary, 'it. )h 
 Ik iiirinn Irum Kranarjr, .Id. . 
 I .imniuMon or factorage on Hale, 
 IM cml<»i 1 per cent, (on ii«.) 
 
 .lecmnt of the Ordinary 
 
 unilred (liiarten, Rupimsed < 
 ;re<itit at 'It. l»i. per quarter, an 
 
 ^p hundred ( 
 
 ifdiht at '"■ ""■ r»^' 'luBiiei, nil 
 ■■MiKf ei ship &f. . .'»*. per l,xst 
 i :gMrt.iHf and landing, yw. perq 
 li>uranitf on yn^l., inclnUing inn 
 ■rir.irj rt-nl and insurance tijr oi 
 I dmioH -ind trimming, about 
 IMnmriu from granarv, M. |Mrr f 
 M,U|[t .Vc, n K'anarj, vi. per li 
 lommitsion on sale, \i. yer quarti 
 : I^cintrie, 1 per cent, on, suppo 
 
 N.I!. — Loss on remeOi 
 Krciylit and insurance 
 
 iMhiKcan be more (lerfet 
 
 jiiiilie >ii prevalent in 1 
 
 IHirtnic cheapness of ct 
 
 llnilh k ttiiit no considcrai 
 
 Ik'iitrivcJfroni her witho 
 
 liiiiluihfr pi'ovinccs from i 
 
 Irtin'om is tlieiice convey 
 
 |iiiiiftl 10 the navigation ot 
 
 itntfuiictrtain sujjply of 
 
 loninjuiiiciitiuii is sonietin 
 
 bilit is always very tedii 
 
 InKiiiifthis, we may men 
 
 ISi*. ivLcii wheat sold in ] 
 
 luriir, it was selling in \ 
 
 pm market of (iallicia, f 
 
 miumiii!; to 'J(!s. Ut/., beii 
 
 k ami risk of conveya 
 
 Baiitzic! It is, in fact, qui 
 
 K any large supplies si 
 
 lantzic, were the shipping 
 
 v. !ii|iposing that we C( 
 
 lipcnnsiiicrable supplies f 
 
 Ivioiis it could not be so 
 
 flit, for les3 than 45s. or i 
 
 Jarter. 
 
 litis (lilficiilt to draw any 
 praH he safe to place lii 
 iplies of corn that ma 
 pic and Prussia gent 
 b are constantly open u 
 jJacoh states that the 
 [years ending with 18 
 ptt of wheat and rye 
 pis surplus may, he 1 
 ias the nearest "appro, 
 ke.'iisting materials, t 
 Ki of the produce of I 
 Imnption of the inhabit 
 ■an' circumstances occ 
 ration.' {Report, p. 49 
 PI there can be no d 
 fly underrated the capal 
 P coiiiitries traversed 
 [ic. And while our p 
 
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE 
 
 453 
 
 Ateount of the Ordiiiary Charges on 100 Quarlera of Wheat tmpnrteil fium JJantzic for Sale on 
 
 Con»ignment in London, in May, 1M41. 
 
 Onrhnnilrt^l i)uar|prs Ane hif(h miKcd whftt, weighing about 61 Ibt. per buthtl, wouM cmt 
 iiij. iitT (luiirlrr ..---.-•. 
 
 ttfiilht nU"**^"'' '*•''''■•''"''""■" ■*^'"''*'""^'I*"**" '*• '''^* • • - - 
 
 Lujjn'ce Pi*. Gii. JKir cent., bul on an avfrage'^ilf. • < • £'l ft n 
 
 UU),"-''*- ....... U^7 li 
 
 ,1,1,™ iwl ilue» et «hlp,f)«. SJ. per tm quarters . . . . . 
 
 I hiitJiK «n'l laniliiig, ',).(. - • - - - 
 
 liniLin T«n' *'"* ''^*-' "nuranre fur Ihrtw wei!ki» nt n. per oni: liuiulrtMl qunrters per week 
 
 IjtninB and trinwnlriK, tame iwricxi -.....- 
 
 vvi'imeia^i'f* Kraiiary, 'i«. }ter tenquareeri -•-... 
 
 I»i.tnni! trom Kranary, M. . - 
 
 , ,„„,„.ioniirfaitor«i{eonfiale. I». .K'niuarler . .... 
 
 I. J. 
 
 'i(H) 
 
 <. d. 
 
 (I 
 
 •i in 
 
 I) 
 
 
 •it lu 
 
 u 
 
 
 ■J li 
 
 n 
 
 
 .1 li 
 
 H 
 
 
 ,1 1'. 
 
 <l 
 
 
 1) IS 
 
 II 
 
 
 II 1 
 
 r> 
 
 
 1 II 
 
 II 
 
 
 1 A 
 
 u 
 
 
 » U 
 
 II 
 
 
 •i M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Immt of the Ordinary Charges on 100 Quarters of Wheat shipped from Dantzic on Consignment, 
 
 landed in London Auq. 18G8. 
 
 i^f liundwl quarters, hU)i|>o$c(1 I'rMt at I>ant-/ic, free on board, 50r. 
 
 ,„.ht aril. W- pefMil*l"ler, anU 10 per tent. .... 
 
 ll«iS»">l'IP''"^-!-'"l;.T'"-'" .---•- 
 
 liwiMi-andlanding, M. perquarti-r - . . - 
 
 burince on 3lH>f., inrludinit InmKinarv profit, at ^5t. per cent. ; polli')* .,J. per ct'iu. 
 i.tininri-iil and insurance fur one wet'k . . . . - 
 
 immi|.imltrimniin((, about ...... 
 
 lUi.miiKfMn «'■'"">■>■■'''• l'"n>'"'ff ..... 
 
 MiUK.VciiK'anars, Vj.lier last ..... 
 
 louiiiiMon on sale, li.iwr quarter . ..... 
 
 i^jirfnt, 1 percenl.on, juppoae, C0«. ..... 
 
 £ 1. d. 
 
 I'i 10 
 'i 10 
 .1 1.^ 
 6 .5 
 .'> 
 U 
 1 
 1 
 5 
 3 
 
 
 O 
 II 
 
 9 
 .') o 
 1 fi 
 .•> 
 
 o o 
 o 
 
 Tulal cost to importer if s^ild in bond 
 ImuK.nary profit 
 
 Would produce, at f^^», 7</. per quarter 
 
 _j;i_li .1 
 
 aM W .-. 
 
 ■iH ;i_.i 
 
 "31.T 1 6" 
 3 lit IH 4 
 
 .Hubi-i-. I 
 
 tlic i'»\ 
 
 lot Cl'lJ 
 
 ,\to 
 
 ctins '" 
 itolii, «' 
 icatil'tW, 
 
 to the I'! 
 l'orci??>,'-'«, 
 
 18G8,fte 
 
 of iinf«' 
 otfclia= 
 
 fiit vti'W' 
 is not 
 itatcnitw-' 
 tied w 8»!' 
 
 N.II. — I'Osn on remeasuiinit not ronsideretl, 
 
 Frei^lu and insurance are taken in this statement at an c 
 
 DotliBfcan 1)0 more nerfccth' unfouiulcd tlmn the 
 
 ttttJso iirovalcnt in this country as to the 
 
 Hirenic ilifapiiess of corn in Dant/ic, The 
 
 inilli i.s tliiit no considerable quantity of com can 
 
 kiierivcdlroiu her without resorting to (inllicia 
 
 mil other piiivinccs from 500 to 700 miles inland. 
 
 [Ttin'om is tlionec conveyed to the city in boats 
 
 Wto the navigation i)f tlic rivers ; l)iit, owing 
 
 iBikmiccrtain sujiply of water in the latter, the 
 
 lonmunicatioii is sometimes entirely broken otf, 
 
 lit is always very tedious and expensive. In 
 
 ii.olofthis, wc may mention that, in Xovembcr 
 
 B^.wlifii wlieat so'ld in Dantzic for 41s. Of/, per 
 
 iiriir. it was selling in Lemberg, the princiiwl 
 
 ra market of Gallii;ia, for 15.t. ; the difterencc, 
 
 untiiii; to '2(is. (id., being the iiicasuro of the 
 
 anil risk of conveyance from Lemberg to 
 
 tozicl It is, in fact, quite nugatory to suppose 
 
 It any large supplies should be furnished by 
 
 hntzioj were the shipping price under 30s. or 40s. 
 
 It, 5\i|iposing that we could in ordinary years 
 
 ip considerable supplies for 34s., still it is pretty 
 
 ivious it could not be sold in London, with a 
 
 lit, for less than 45s. or 47s., or perhaps 48s. per 
 
 irter. 
 
 litis difficult to draw any conclusions on which 
 
 wM be safe to place much reliance as to tlie 
 
 iplies of corn that may be obtained from 
 
 itzic and Prussia gi^ncrally, now that our 
 
 :s are constantly open under a nominal duty. 
 
 Jacob states that the lengtiicncd period of 
 
 years ending with 1825 gives an 'animal 
 
 lit of wheat and rye of 279,794 quarters.' 
 
 this surplus may, "he tiiinks, be ' fairly con- 
 
 ' as the nearest approach that can be made, 
 
 existing materials, to what is the usual 
 
 i of the produce of bread com above the 
 
 nmption of the inhabitants, when no extra- 
 
 inat)' circumstances occur to excite or check 
 
 ivaiinn.' (Report, p. 49.) 
 
 I there can be no doubt that Mr. Jacob 
 
 lyunderrated the capabilities of improvement 
 
 countries traversed by the Vistula, the 
 
 ic. And while our ports are open with a 
 
 verage, being sometimes higher and soinetlmeii lower. 
 
 iluty of I.V., we may, suppo.sing "ur average prices 
 not to fall below l.'w. or 55s. jier quarter, safely 
 reckon upon getting from Dantzic an annual 
 supply of from 250,000 to .'350,000 quarter.i. It 
 sliiiuld, however, be observed tiiat Mr. Meek, who 
 visited the north of Kuioiie in the latter iiart of 
 1841 and early in 1842, concurs with Mr. Jacob in 
 thinking it improbiible that anv conisiderablo 
 increase of exportatimi would talio jdace from 
 Dantzic under anv nnHlilication of our com laws. 
 {Pari. Paper Xo." 7, !^oss. 1842, p. 31.) It was 
 ditlicult to believe that such .-ihould be the case. 
 Down to a comparatively late period, owing to the 
 iluctuating and capricious nature of our demand, 
 it proved of little advantage to the Polish oulti- 
 vator.s ; nor was much corn raised in the expecta- 
 tion of its finding its way to England, Now that 
 our pcrts are always open, it is quite a different 
 matter. The supidj- of our markets has become an 
 object of importance to the Polish agriculturists, 
 who are endeavouring to extend and improve their 
 tillage, and the means of bringing corn to market. 
 At the same time it is right to observe that the 
 stimulus given to Polish agriculture, and to the till- 
 age of foreign countries generally, by the change in 
 our corn laws, must wholly dejiend on the extent 
 of ourdemand; and if itshould, in ordinary seasons, 
 be more limited than is commonly supposed, it will 
 have proportionally less influence. We subjoin au 
 
 Account exhibiting the Quantities of the different 
 Varieties of Com and the Quantities of Flour 
 shipped from Dantzic during each of the 7 Years 
 ending icith 1840, icith the Prices of Wheat in 
 Dantzic during the same Period. 
 
 Ve.iri 
 
 Wheat j live Barley 
 
 Oats 
 
 Flour 
 
 .\veraKe I*rice 
 ol tVheat 
 
 
 qrs. ' qrs. ' qrs. 
 71,01.1 lil.SllI 3ifi 
 
 qrs. 
 
 bhrrels 
 
 £ .. <1. 
 
 is:ii 
 
 1 ,5i2 
 
 33,S«.1 
 
 1 7 li 
 
 1S.T> 
 
 4.'i,l'i'.) 1.1,860 95 
 
 'i>,S9» 
 
 !i»,39a 
 
 I 3 S 
 
 IS.IG 
 
 12i,0.')3 70,si5i: 7,317 
 
 1,'m 
 
 iS,S9l 
 
 1 8 U 
 
 1»J7 
 
 311,601 109,'JH') •^,r•b^ 
 
 S.OS.'i 
 
 (17,61'i 
 
 1 U 82 
 ii 4 ij 
 
 1S3H 
 
 4.'.S,410 31, '290 V)0<P 
 
 1,-i06 
 
 7S,'274 
 
 IS." 9 
 
 419,0.').'! I.->1,W3 6.'),919 
 
 8,379 
 
 4'i,»l 
 
 i li .'> 
 
 1840 
 
 4!lo,:;6 I31,«S0 37,0.'i4 
 
 i!,7.->5 
 
 'i 1,809 
 
 t 10 IDJ 
 
 Total 
 
 1,934,079 518,195 Il7,i97 
 
 31,749 
 
 334,092 
 
 1 i; 10^ 
 
- -■•S'g AM l 
 
 ^^iP 
 
 COUX LAWS AND CORN TRADK 
 
 '.I 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■ i ^■ 
 
 it 
 'J 
 
 
 lioro for I Hi. 
 i-, llHTcfurr, 
 lo iliaw iiiiv 
 parnt 
 
 iiiaki^ till' 
 quality, 
 rlu.' 
 I'aN 
 
 451 
 
 For nn nrooniit i>( tlic shlpniriits Ac. nf wlifnt 
 (VdiM Daiit/ic ill IHtili, scr Dant/k;. 
 
 (iuiililii iij' Hiiiilzic ft'liiiit.—'\'\n' i>ri( (' (if wlirnt 
 ill Maiit/.ic is ii-iiall\ alMUil 7». pen pia iter aluivu its 
 avcraf^c price in ifaiiilMirj,', and atimit '_'.«. almvc 
 till' aviraj;!' nf Ain.-ttiilaiii. This (lilVcriiicc is 
 cntinly invini,' to tlir sii]ii'rior qiialil\- of tlic 
 Datititic' wheat, Thoiii^h small (grained, ami not 
 so heavy as several other Borts, it is leniarliahly 
 tliin-skiiiiied, anil yielils the liiiest lloiir. .Sotiie 
 of the hest while, or, ;is it is technically teniiril, 
 Miijih inixeil' Danl/.ic wlieat, .'s superior to the 
 
 very hest Kiijilish; but the i|iinntity of this sort ! jirice in her inarkei, may 
 is scanty, ami the average quality of all that ' general measure of the priii 
 is exported from Daiitzie is hclieved to ap- 
 proach verv nearly to the aveni>;e quality of 
 Kn;;lisli wiieat. Allowing for its superior qua- 
 lity, it will he found that whi'at is. sp>.ikinn 
 fjenerally. always cheaper in Dantzic than in 
 any of tlic Continental iiorts nearer to London. 
 The stock of wheat in Da-itzii; was only •1,.')(i() 
 I'riissian lasts on January 1, IHiiT. 'i'liere are 
 very few- seasons, ini|eeil, in which Pantzic 
 ■wheat is not larj^elv imported into Amsterdam; |irovi(led he could 
 and it fieipiently also linds its way into Ham- in so convenient 
 biirjr. Hut it is quite impossihic that such 
 fliiould he the case, unless, lakilif; quality and 
 other modifying; circumstances into account, 
 it were really cheaper than the native and other 
 Avheats met willi in these marUcls. When there 
 is any coiisiilerahle importntion into Kn^land, it 
 is of cviTv-day occurrence for merchants to 
 order Dantzic wheat in preference to that of 
 llolsteiii, or of the Lower Klhe, tlioufjli tlie 
 latter ini^ht IVcqueiitly be put into wart'hoiise 
 
 ler quarter less than the former! It 
 
 qiiile indi^piiisahle, in altiiiqitin , 
 
 iiifereiiies in riyard to the cnj'. 
 
 irices of corn in dill'erelit c(mntriiv<, i„ 
 
 requisite allnwanees for dilVeienie< nf 
 
 I'liless this be done, whatevr con. 
 
 usions may he come to can hard'y fail of lii.jn , 
 
 mil misleading;; and when tJiev hap, in til 
 
 be ri^'ht, they can only be so tlirou>;fi the inerisi 
 
 accident. 
 
 Dantzic heinfj by far the K^'Cfi'sf port for tli,. 
 exportation of wheat in the north of Kurniu', ii, 
 
 be assiinied ih lii,. 
 in the other sliiiipin,' 
 ports. At all events, it is certain that wlim 
 Dantzic is exporting, wheat cannot Ih' sliliihiii, 
 taking' qualitv into account, at a cheapir rati' 
 from any oilier place. Tlie importer iiivarialilv 
 resorts to what he believes to he, all thiiij;, oiii- 
 siilered, the clii'apest market ; and it is u inniM- 
 diction and ai> absurdity to sujiposo that hi> 
 should burden himself with a comparativelv liyh 
 freij,'lit and other char;;es for wheat in lianizu'. 
 buy an equally j^i.ihI ,nrti,l 
 a jiort as Ilainhuri; at ih, 
 same or a lower price. If, therefore, we art 
 right in estiinatiii!,' the lowest price at whuk 
 wheat may be protitahly imported from Daiit/ic 
 free of duty, in ordinary years, at ahuiit Ij., ,r 
 •IS.v., we may be assured that this is ilie \,i\.;.\ 
 imiiortation price. The ;,'rcatcr clieapm:,.s of th* 
 imports tVoin other places is apparent onU, an! 
 is uniformly countervailed by a correspiiniliii;'ii. 
 feriority ol' quality. | Dantzic; Komosiiu,: 
 i'c] We subjoin an 
 
 Ac'diiiit iiftlie Quantilif.i. in Civt.i.,i>f the iliff'rrciit VnriilieH iif Corn iiiijioitid into thr. Unitifd KlkiikiX 
 J'loiu I'rn.isid in nun of the ■> Yeain vmling u-ilh IHlltl. 
 
 ISO'^ 
 
 Wheat - 
 
 ll.irk^ - 
 
 O.ils 
 
 llyi- 
 
 IViiii nnit ItiMi 
 
 lllhur kiiiilM 
 
 Whe-it (luur 
 
 f' corn anil ip-ain 
 
 fi,'zS,'.,4:il 
 
 KS'i.ll'jIi 
 
 16.1,141 
 
 4,.1S.1 
 
 «1I,3IM 
 
 (Not i-oinimti-il) 
 'i,ln^ I ni,7'^i 
 
 mot 
 
 i,'.m 
 
 rm 
 
 71 ii; 
 
 'III 
 
 131 
 
 77!l 
 
 .ik; 
 
 lltl 
 
 6.'.l 
 
 IIV 
 
 IV 
 
 .-!ll 
 
 .■.1 
 
 .',',7 
 
 nnssiaii Corn Tniile. — Kussia exports large i islandr, especially the latter, has, within tlioli-tl| 
 quantities of wheat, rye, oats, ami meal. The <ir "JO years, been much increas^il, anil lhiM|ui;it 
 wheat of tlie northern |iroviiices is of various | of tlie grain greatly improved. Coiisiilerabkqii;]!] 
 
 qualities ; but the greater portion is snnll-grained, 
 
 coarse, brown, and badly dressed. The hard, or 
 
 Kubaiika, is the best; "it keeps well, and is in 
 
 considerable demand for mixing with other wheats 
 
 that are old or stale. IJussian oats arc thin ; but 
 
 being dried ill the straw, they weigh better than 
 
 could be expectcil from their'appearance. and are i but large quantities arc now shipped fivpiiil 
 
 reckoned wholesome food. Our imports from j anil otlicr ports in the islands. In lf^li(!ll• 
 
 titles of wheat, barle.v, and other grain, as wt'ld 
 of butter, clieese, beef &c., are exported IM 
 Schleswig and llidstein. 15ut, as already fffif^ 
 the wheat of the latter is inferior; for, llmUj'l 
 looks plump, it is coarse and damp. Kiel 
 formerly the chief Danish port for sliippiju'on 
 
 ported from Denmark 5(I0,L'.')(! cwts. 
 l,llt;,:57(i ewts. of barley, olMuSf^M c«ls. iful 
 with considerable quantities of peas and ]ifa-nia 
 and beans and hean-meal. The quaiilitifj i 
 values of the entire corn. Hour, beans &c.exjwili 
 from Denmark and the Duchies, in 1M5, wie| 
 follows : — 
 
 Kiissia in IHIJO amounted to .•JTl.tilt.! quarters 
 wheat, ,'tl(;,H2;( do. oats, and ll.dtIO do. rye. l!ut 
 though this was far ab >ve the then average im- 
 portation, it has since been greatly exceeded, 
 principally in consequence of the extraordinary 
 increase of the exports from thesouthern provinces. 
 Ill IHtiO, for example, we imported )<.0;>7.r.i|» 
 cwts, of wheat from Russia, exclusive of Hi.').;is7 
 cwts. of meal and flour. In 1H(>;) we imported 
 7,'210.«:i I cwts. from Russian ports on the lllack Sea. 
 During IStJi) we received from all parts of the 
 empire .'J,ltli»,.>10 cwts. of oats, and lUO.lol 
 cwts. of barley. (The reader will find notices 
 of the North Russian corn trade under the articles 
 Aiu.'iiANCiKL, I'-jTKUsnuiu;, and Riija. For an 
 account of the corn trade of the RIack Sea, sec 
 
 post, and the articles Galacz, Odessa, and the north of Europe, but is not, as formerl.v, a 
 T\.i)ASnoo.) i •<"■ largo quantities of cnrii, as these arc iin 
 
 Dunisk Corn Trade. — The export of wheat from ' hither chiefly by the Klhe and the Ilcrliii " 
 Denmark Proper, that is, from Jutland and the for immediate shipment. The exports ui »i 
 
 frum Hnmhiirg ;i 
 ^v.i^ ending wjt] 
 'fill' price of ivliei 
 Ii"in //aiiihiirg i 
 if|Tii'i'iialt<jgetl 
 il:r Ilojsri.jn and 
 r,il;;. met ivitl, in 
 Hlii.K iVoin the ( 
 IMniiiiaii wlieni i 
 rivir to Hamburg; 
 
 Amintdfthe Qua 
 Iliiiisr Toiciis 
 mlinij with im 
 
 I Artii-li 
 
 Ittal - 7 
 
 I ll'lrj 
 
 I I'm. inil heann 
 .'-l«liml,<,frr.,nnn,|. 
 I WtmniMl .mil Hour 
 
 Diili/i Com Tritih-,. 
 
 I.|"t lor foreign corn 
 ll' Mind there. O,,; 
 jnini[.|ioiiis.siip|,liL.,j I 
 ithai (hi i irices in itari 
 Ion iLov' at which , 
 jDttizic. Kiel, f|„fn| 
 Ipor' "if corn tra,|, 
 IC'jniluctal iijuler a Ji 
 Ikwir, a .slidii,^, j.^.j 
 lv<r-(lv,iu„r(|iii;r t„ jjj 
 ffriii-. 11 1,, ailiij)ii.||. 'I 
 ™ >'■. ivhen the j,o 
 f;i«mi,o here as well 
 
 ^W«4 and (1,0 i,n, 
 '"•l*r quarter on \ 
 
 » lie, liW. 
 
 on V 
 l«r qiiartc; 
 
 »nf wi eats, it „-„: 
 
 «!e should be reviJ 
 
 i"-«" "litralion Jiavi ' 
 
 hfeftitoi 
 
 '•('vernniei 
 
 Nithasheenperpe? 
 F,'.;c.ir.s ending wi,i 
 
 fetr'V-re,t.C 
 P."''*s. ■W.,oais j».v 
 ft'/.reri,„,,,,„„,t • 
 
 relioii-int. fc-reign co 
 a.e.a„,l,h,,4relK: 
 
 Zv^' "l' fi"""titie 
 
 I^''-<»"othc(AiteJ} 
 V«">mdmgu-ithlws, 
 
 I sea 
 
 ISO; 
 
 
 Articles 
 
 OtiaiitUy 
 
 Valm 
 
 Whe^it • 
 
 CWtli. 
 
 8'J'),l.'.'J 
 
 f,-so,»i 
 
 Ilarliy . 
 
 
 l,'>lS,4!lt 
 
 5ll,»«' 
 
 Oai» 
 
 
 I.OItt.Vll) 
 
 i":* 
 
 I'ca^ and licaiis 
 
 „ 
 
 .V..lli9 
 
 ijjm 
 
 ^\'llc.lt r.our 
 
 " 
 
 4J,r.i(i 
 
 i,,;ii,i;i 
 
 -^'■lyj 3u;.il 
 
 Corn Trade of the EIhe ^c— After DaiJ 
 Ifamburg is one of the grcn.jst com niiirketf 
 
 ff" "«19, to 20 fr* 
 ■.''■ --'') published il 
 
CORN LAWS AND CORN TKAPR 
 
 4S5 
 
 nl 
 
 llu' 
 in 
 Wk 
 lin'.; 
 rlicii 
 
 tat.i 
 iiiLly 
 , I'liii- 
 mlia- 
 at tie 
 
 I- ir«ii 
 
 jnuic, 
 att'u'V; 
 lit tlf 
 wo \m 
 wlikk I 
 Daiit'-ic 
 
 ;.S"l'tll«| 
 
 iii\y, aiil I 
 iulini;iii-l 
 .(■.siiti;!-;! 
 
 / i{ill<i(ioi&| 
 
 frim HftmbiirK nnmiintoil, nt mi aviTiip' of tlu! 1 1 
 ^, jr-ondiiu; "''I' IMll.ii) ".'lOiHTI (/liirtois ii-yonr. 
 
 'i| ,. pri it' wliciit, ns (ilrciiily s'atcd, is froMiiciitly 
 
 l,..iiiIlaiiiliiirK |lii"i ill j'li'itzi 
 
 ,,f),rH'oifalt< 
 
 „|i, ini't witli ill >;rc.(t aliiiiKliiiuM' in llanilnirj?. 
 tvliiat t'mm tli(i ['\'\ht IClbr !:■ nf a licllcr unality. 
 lihriniim wheat is «ccasi(iii»lly fonvanli'il hv the 
 ,ivvrto ilunibiirj;; but the heavy eliarKos atteiul- 
 
 liiit this liiwiK'ss 
 ctluT ascrihahle tn "ic iiifirinrity dI' 
 iiin mill llaiiiiver wheats, wliiili arc ^('iir- 
 
 iii^ its iviiiveyaiiiT from I'm^iie iirevoiii its lieinj^ 
 
 ' sent down, exeepl wlieii tlie price is eorTiparatively 
 
 lii(;h. Ill 1HI!I tlicshipniciitsof .vlieat from Ham- 
 
 ljiir^,'aiiioiiiitcilto-.'Ht;,'.'(i!l(piarters,ofwliicli ".''.'IvStil 
 
 I were fur I'.iikImhI. 'I'lic supply for export in 
 
 I \Hi\t\ was .'lO,!!-.'.") la^ts or ;i:ll,riiio" cpiarters, and in 
 
 IHi;; it was \:\.Hl'j lasts or 47.'1.7'J7 ipiarters; the 
 
 pric, jier last liciiiK. in l(<iiti, I'l'.' Ilamhiir^,' dollars 
 
 of ;i marks cur. ; and in 18G7, 212'^ dols. We 
 
 Hulijoiii an 
 
 {ccoiinl iif tlir Qiiitiitilirx of Iflifnf inid iithfr I'liriitir.i iif Cani unit Whfiit Fltmr iiiipnrliil J'nim the 
 Iliiimi' Toinm ( prinripulli/ J'rom JJamhury) into the tlnitcd Kiiujdoin tluriny mch of thf i> I'viira 
 tnilimi with 18G0. 
 
 ArtUlw 
 
 xwt ^m^ 
 
 ism 
 
 mil/* 
 
 iKbb 
 
 Ht»« - - • - cwu. 
 
 Bilk) • " ; ; " 
 
 ,H!„ undi of cr.rn and (train . . „ 
 j «k,.linMl anil tl'«r . - „ 
 
 (i70.0,1H 
 ,17.1,S1I 
 
 irit.'jH.; 
 7MI7 
 
 2.'.6,97i 
 
 .ii(;,.T«) 
 bl'^.ina 
 I.l,ii7.', 
 liil.sii; 
 (Notrcmniuliill 
 .11)(1,'<17 
 
 4»t,'ll)7 
 
 .iii.rui 
 
 107 .i'l 1 
 .1.10,770 
 
 4Hii,ni.'i 
 
 1!»7 .'■!'» 
 7K.VH'i 
 llll,77li 
 
 1,4 m 
 
 a47,7!)i, 
 
 K7S,'ll'i 
 7 17. ''71 
 l^t^,T^■'t 
 
 .ii;,oii 
 
 J),ilcli Corn Tniilr. — Amsterdam is, an important hectolitre, etpiivaliMit to 4,'w. 7il. the imperial 
 
 quarter. The hectolitre is equal to '2'7512 im- 
 perial bushels, and the quarter to 2'82 hectolitres. 
 
 ler!iUo(if.'.!| 
 
 I IJllUII l.("» ' ,11-,-. — .,.-..0., ...,,1................. 
 
 Iilcwit I'lT l'orcif,'ii corn, every variety of which may 
 
 [be fiWiil tlicre. Only a small part of its coii- 
 
 liumitidii is supplied by corn of native growth ; ho 
 
 llto tht iirices in it are for the most part dependent 
 
 Ice iliii!.; at which corn may '^e bniuf.'ht from 
 
 IDaiiuio. Kiel, llamburf;, and other shippiiij; 
 
 ltior<. Till' L'orii trade of Holland was formerly 
 
 Icumluctol under a low lixed duty. In 1H;!.J, 
 
 iowd. :i sliding scale of duties, varyiiiK iu- 
 
 fc(r*lv:iaordiiiK to the lluetuations of the home 
 
 lprio(,\ »iia adopted. This scale continued in force 
 
 I I>|.i. when the jiotato rot, which made its 
 
 fc|Mariin:o liorc as well as in Ireland, occasioned 
 
 itM-A :uid the imposition of tixed duties of 
 
 ■).,■«/. [icr ((iiarter on wheat. Is. It/, per quarter 
 
 Inm-. !»(/. piT quarter on barley, and 'Ml. jier 
 
 ioarii( nil eats. It was provided, in 1M~, that 
 
 fc-iale .should be revised in 1H50-.")I. And its 
 
 Ktical uperntion having been found to be highly 
 
 jjtiifadiiry, (uivcrumcnt introduced u bill by 
 
 ■hichit lias been perpetuated. At an average of 
 
 lie 3 ycur.s ending with 1850 the prices in the 
 
 |(tlirlaiuls were, wheat 3(is. Ih/., rye '2'is. Idi/., 
 
 iky \Ss, id., oats 12.1. IM,, and buck-wheat 
 
 r. '.'(/. per imp. ((uartcr, 
 
 iR.'Uirilam is a very advantageous port for 
 
 utliuibini,' foicigii corn, being conveniently 
 
 ^ualtil. ami the warehouse-rent low, not execed- 
 
 [ M. or '.'.ir/. per quarter jicr month. We 
 
 i'.'iii an 
 
 ml <;/■ the QiKintilics of Wheat and of the 
 M'ltr Vdriclifsof Com imported from the Xetlier- 
 
 Janits into the United Kingdom in each if the 5 
 
 Kmri ending with 18GC. 
 
 Average Price per lleetoli're of Wheat in France 
 in each Year from IHOO to 18,'jll, both inelusire. 
 
 Year 
 
 two 
 
 al M 
 
 IWII 
 
 11 .Tl 
 
 )Hlt'i 
 
 •it ir, 
 
 iHin 
 
 IS Kl 
 
 :Km 
 
 Ul IH 
 
 ISO.', 
 
 W 19 
 
 isiii; 
 
 •^0 IH 
 
 IN117 
 
 1 K (lO 
 
 IHIIH 
 
 IC (i7 
 
 IHll'J 
 
 1.'. IS 
 
 ISIO 
 
 l!t (11 
 
 ISII 
 
 lifi 1.1 
 
 Ul'i 
 
 .-.1 ni 
 
 ISII 
 
 •li .-.s 
 
 ISll 
 
 17 .'.0 
 
 INI.'J 
 
 I'.i .'..1 
 
 iHir, 
 
 ■/.S .11 
 
 1S17 
 
 .-.0 ir, 
 
 IHIS 
 
 •a o.'i 
 
 IKIU 
 
 IS 4'^ 
 
 IK'^I) 
 
 I'.) 1.1 
 
 JH'Jl 
 
 17 .SI) 
 
 ISi't 
 
 1,') S!) 
 
 1 S'J.1 
 
 17 •••Z 
 
 IHVl 
 
 \i\ :,-i 
 
 tSi,'. 
 
 \:> 71 
 
 • 
 
 Year 
 
 fr. Ct. 
 
 
 lH'ili 
 
 II SI 
 
 
 in'n 
 
 IS .11 
 
 j 
 
 U/N 
 
 U-i 111 
 
 1 
 
 i«'^:( 
 
 ■4i 5!) 
 
 
 1S-,II 
 
 ■.tl 17 
 
 
 1S,11 
 
 ti ll'.l 
 
 
 mvi 
 
 ■ii .13 
 
 
 IHV1 
 
 ir, 11 
 
 
 IH.M 
 
 11 n 
 
 
 1S.1.', 
 
 II Sll 
 
 
 iH.lli 
 
 111 .17 
 
 
 l:(1- 
 
 17 17 
 
 
 is.ia 
 
 1') .11 
 
 
 )S.-,:I 
 
 •i'i VI 
 
 
 IMO 
 
 'il !IS 
 
 1 
 
 ISIl 
 
 IS .11 
 
 
 IHi-i 
 
 I'.I (l.'l 
 
 
 ISM 
 
 V> 17 
 
 
 ISII 
 
 I'.l III 
 
 
 ISI.'i 
 
 IS 'J.I 
 
 
 ISII! 
 
 1.1 Nil 
 
 
 IKI, 
 
 ii'J .IS 
 
 
 ISIS 
 
 111 .1(1 
 
 
 ISIU 
 
 l.-i 2'> 
 
 
 ISM 
 
 14 ■ili 
 
 I 186'2 
 
 1863 
 
 cwl.s. rwts. 
 S.l'J.I li.Oll'i 
 46,1S'.I S.1,6.1(i 
 4'Jii,ll'J I .1.U,(iCS 
 iiO,4.17 1 SU.yti 
 
 1864 
 
 cwts. 
 
 1I,.1I1 
 
 1.1,1711 
 
 VUS,ll'i 
 
 .14,17!) 
 
 18(i.'i 
 
 CWtS. 
 
 .111,7 ei 
 7'J 1,1171 
 
 'J'.i,7(iO 
 
 rwK. 
 
 Wi.'iVi 
 
 .1'.lt,7os 
 
 lAftct Dani 
 lorn nia't«>f 
 l,mierly.»i» 
 \$e aic H 
 1 licrl'm VJ 
 
 kpOltS 1)1 »1 
 
 Ireic/i Com Trade. — It appears, from the 
 
 kmt< fiivcn bv Gamier in the last edition of 
 
 Itmilation of the Wealth of Natio7is, that the 
 
 It'tthe hedolitre of wheat in the market of 
 
 sanwuntcil, at an average of the 19 years 
 
 jngwiih 1x19, to 20 fr. 5.'} cents. And C'.iaptal, 
 
 valualilc work Sur V Industrie Franfaise 
 
 !• i. p. 22f;) published in 1819, estimated the 
 
 averaije price of wheat throughout 
 
 fee at 18 fr. the hectolitre. But it is seen 
 
 He subjoined table that the price of wheat 
 
 I'Mco, at an average of the half century 
 
 ■ '1 1800, amounted to 20 fr. 20 cents, the 
 
 Avunii^t' prii-c of the t-titire p«riad, Uf) francl '.^0 cenu. iIil' licctolitre. 
 
 Owing to the delicient harvest of 1811!, jirioes 
 were occasionally higher in France than in 
 England; and considerable quantities of wheat 
 were taken out of bond in Lo; don and other 
 Ih-itish ports for shipment to France. The various 
 expenses attending the importation of a quarter 
 of French wheat into liOiulon and its delivery to 
 the millers may bo taken, at a medium, at about 
 7.S'. per quarter. France had formerly but little 
 surplus produce to dispose of; .so that it would 
 h.ave been impossible for us to import any eon- 
 sider.able quantity of French corn without occa- 
 sioning a great advance of pri e; but, as will bo 
 immediately seen, a decided change has taken 
 place in this re.spect of late years, and, when the 
 liarvests are abundant, France has latterly sent us 
 large supplies. 
 
 The mean of the different estimates framed by 
 Vanban, Qiiesnav, Kxpilly, Lavoisier, and Arthur 
 Young, gives (!"l,r)19,(i72" .septiers, or i!2,81l).0()0 
 quarters, as ilie total average gr iwtli of the 
 ililferent kinds of grain in Franco. (Pciicliet, 
 Statistique FJIenientaire, p. 290.) We, hcwevei, 
 took occasion formerly to observe {yt'pp. to 
 FJm-ijc. lirit. art. ' Corn Liiws ' ] that ihere could 
 not be a doubt tluit this eslimate wi;s a groat 
 de.il too low; an.l the more caret 1 1 investigations 
 of late French statisticians fully confirm this 
 
 \ 
 
 iu:L'.U. 
 
: I 
 
 ■'Y' 
 
 466 
 
 CORN LAV.'S AND CORX TRADE 
 
 l\ '■■ 
 
 i 
 
 ": ¥ 
 
 |1: 
 
 'I 'I . 
 
 roinark. The nnnunl produon of tlio harvest of 
 France was estimafiMl in 18i;), froir. returns 
 obtained under official authority, at (i9,.').')H,()00 
 hectolitres of wheat, and I l-.',i»:)«,000 hectolitres 
 of ether sorts of fjrain; niakin;; in all 182,517,(100 
 hectolitres, or C2,710,0{)() imperial (piarters. Of 
 this quantity it was sup|)Osed that about Hi per 
 cent, was consumed us seed,' 19 per cent, in the 
 feeding of differciit. species of animals, and 2 jwr 
 cent, in distilleries and browerie.-'. 
 
 The reader will not fail to observe that, ac- 
 cording to this statement, the consumption of, 
 corn ill PVance, which had in 18G2 a jKipulation 
 of about 37,3K2,2'2.j, is not more thdn rcpial to 
 that oftlie Uiiitc<l Kingdom, the population of 
 wliich may be taken at 2'.),()00,000. And we liave 
 no doubt that such is the fact ; for, thougli the 
 consumption of corn in France materially exceeds 
 iti proportional consuirntion i;i Ireland, it is far 
 below the proportional consumiitiou of (ireat 
 Britain. Tlic corn expended in this country in tlie 
 keep of liorses and in distilleries would, of itself, 
 suffice to feed a third part of the people of France. 
 
 The foreign corn tra>le of France was formerly 
 regulated by a law which forbade o'-portation, 
 except when the home prices were bei'W certain 
 
 per 100 kilogrammes ; barley, oats, rjc, buckwheat 
 and maize being free. 
 
 Account of the (Quantities of Wheat ami Whent 
 Fhur rea/icclirclj/ iinfiorteil from Frnnce ,'. /„ 
 the United Kinffdom during each of the 'M', j'fy;.^ 
 ending with 18GG. 
 
 18.11 
 
 isn 
 
 1S.11 
 IK.I.'i 
 IS.IB 
 IS,17 
 1H.1S 
 1»,19 
 IHIO 
 l.SII 
 ISl-i 
 1X4.1 
 1H1I 
 lttl.5 
 
 ifiin 
 
 1HI7 
 ISIS 
 181!) 
 
 WlK-at 
 
 Wheat 
 Klour 
 
 Ctrl. 
 !l,186 
 
 Year 
 
 Wheat 
 
 lo1,07S 
 
 18.511 
 
 qrs. 
 
 5').'.,1',i 
 
 4:(i 
 
 ^ 
 
 18 -.1 
 
 f in.i(»] 
 
 fm 
 
 
 IS.W 
 
 •t07 7M 
 
 _ 
 
 .. 
 
 18 '.3 
 
 UT.'^.l.'i 
 
 — 
 
 yi 
 
 18.51 
 
 141,(I7H 
 
 — 
 
 14 
 
 IS.M 
 
 26,1.59 
 
 Tin 
 
 SSI 
 
 1856 
 
 
 M.vn 
 
 !iK,7l9 
 
 18.57 
 
 37,I7S 
 
 i-n.m-i 
 
 ll.VnH 
 
 18.58 
 
 Sl«,'i5l 
 
 4S,35ll 
 
 1,070 
 
 18,',9 
 
 l,n96,f.72 
 
 147,'.)(i(i 
 
 161,(171 
 
 1S60 
 
 i.5'/,60i 
 
 469,707 
 
 161,690 
 
 IS6I 
 
 180,9111 
 
 .1,1 m 
 
 4S 
 
 ISC'i 
 
 Sil,S35 
 
 4I,S71 
 
 1.1 
 
 1863 
 
 34,1131 
 
 .Ti,I?1 
 
 H,S66 
 
 
 rwt. 
 
 71,fil'> 
 
 ;..').'.s 
 
 1864 
 
 .587.10.5 
 
 141.al.1 
 
 IWP.Vl'^ 
 
 1865 
 
 S.Wi.S73 
 
 lilfi V^l 
 
 36V,iiK 
 
 1866 
 
 3,473,131) 
 
 451,131 
 
 1 IHI6,2.'>S 
 
 
 
 Klour 
 
 c»l. 
 
 «.'>i.;,ai 
 Jlii,:«,i 
 
 U.I9f, 
 
 '•It.. II 
 .ii7,ir. ' 
 
 '."51,111.-1 
 4611.;:-, . 
 7!«i. ■ 
 
 i,">c;,«i 
 
 l.ilH.Sj.l 
 3,6lO,.V», 
 
 The increase in the interval between 18|s,in,| 
 18GG of the imports of wheat and flour, but niote 
 especially tlie latter, is fjuite unprecedented. I; 
 limits, and which restrained and absolutely for- was occasioned, at first, in part at least, by the 
 bade importation except when they were above superior quality of French tionr; for, how jiiijuLir 
 certain o.fier limits. The prices regulating i,u-| soever it may appear, the business of griiKlir. 
 portation and exportation differed iu the different i corn wa3 then better understood and in a more | 
 districts into which the kingdom was divided. Lat- ! advanced state in France than in Kngland. fkii 
 ttrly, however, importation w;is nt all times allowed ' may, perhajis, be accounted for by the mill-stii"^ 
 under graduated duties, whidi, like those recently] of La Brio, wliich are in common use in Kraw, 
 existing in this country, becimc prohibitory when being better suited to their work than those cna' 
 the prices sank to a certai i level. Tlie frontier inioiily emploj-ed in England, and b" the preare; f 
 departments were divided into ■! separate districts, ; hi'.rdncss of the French wh'^af, and the greater 
 the prices in each district gciverning the duties on | care taken in the sorting of the flour into vaiijiu I 
 importation into it, so that it sometimes happened qualities. Latterly, however, very great improre- 
 that corn warehonsod in a particular port, where it i ments have been effected in the English milk I 
 was not admissible except under a high duty, was I Hut by far the greater p---tof the extracriliturr I 
 
 carried to anotlier port in another district, and 
 admitted at a low duty. An official announce- 
 ment was usually issued on the last day of each 
 
 increa ie in the im[iorts ,if French wlieat and ili« I 
 iu the period referred to is, no doubt, to in I 
 ascribed to the very low prices that then rulel n 
 
 month, of what the duties were to be in each i France. And the regular succession in tl. 
 
 district during the succeeding month. But the 
 law was sonietira js suspcndeel for longer or shorter 
 periods. At jjrtsent (1808) the French import 
 duty on wheat till December 31 next is 50 cents. 
 
 country for many years pa?t of cycles of,iorjl 
 years of scarcity and abundance is a vc.tI 
 striking phenomeiion. in proof of this, we Ij^iil 
 subjoin the following 
 
 Account, compiled from Official Documents, of the Excess of the Im/mrts over the Exports, amloftkl 
 Erports over the Imports, of Wheat into ami from France, and of its Price per HKtulitri,ii\ 
 Periods of Scai'citi/ and Abundance, from 181G to 185G inclusive.* 
 
 6 years of scarcity ( 1 S 1 6.1! 1 ) 
 6 „ ahuml.ince(isv'i.'.i7) 
 5 „ sciri-ity (l8'2S.3'i) 
 5 „ abundance (18.1.1-37) 
 !> „ niMliuni (ls.1S-4a) 
 4 „ sc.ircily (1SI3-47) 
 .5 „ ahunilance(IH4N-.52) 
 
 •1 ,, scarcity (1853-56) 
 
 41 years 
 
 Kxi-ess ofltniiorti 
 
 Kxccssof Kxjiorts 
 
 AT£r.TwPrw 
 
 over KxportA 
 
 over Imporu 
 
 I>er llectcJiW 
 
 heel. 
 
 hect. 
 
 fr. a. 
 
 6,'^48,UOO 
 
 
 SI t! 
 
 — 
 
 1,250,000 
 
 IJ 05 
 
 3,528,000 
 
 - 
 
 ti II 
 
 _ 
 
 915,000 
 
 IS W 
 
 l,i'.iii,iion 
 
 _ 
 
 21) SS 
 
 18,696,000 
 
 
 
 M 7- 
 
 _ 
 
 16,'.i57,000 
 
 15 r. 
 
 l!n,'.il)7,0()0 
 
 — 
 
 !7 M 
 
 55,S(I5,01H) 
 
 18,432,000 
 
 - 
 
 * From the Revut CommereiaU uf .Messrs. Coiininck of Havre for 1858 : a valuable and Iruttworthy publication. 
 
 Hence, in these 41 years, here have been 
 imported 55,805,000 hectolitres, and exported 
 18,432,000 ; leaving an excess of imports of 
 07,373,000 hectolitres. 
 
 Inasmuch, however, as the imports are made 
 when prices are high, and the exports whcr they 
 arc low, the excess of the value of the former over 
 that of the latter is greater than in proportion to 
 the difference of their quantities, and is estimated, 
 for the above period, at l.lt;n,()00,000 frs. And 
 this deficit in the amount of the harvests will not 
 certainly be filled up by clinging to the worst 
 parts of the protective system, that is, by allowing 
 
 importation, and preventing or fettering cxpin 
 tion, and such like expedients. litit it ivilUi 
 speedily got rid of when a really free trad* if 
 corn is established, and the agriculturists pomiicJ 
 to buy tlieir tools and implements wlK>rever ikf 
 find them cheapest and of the best qiial:^ 
 No doubt, also, a modification of tlic ciisd 
 law of succession would be very desirable; kif 
 addition to the stimulus which it gives to>t| 
 division, the obstructions which it throws intl 
 way of the consolidation of proprtics .mJ ' 
 increase of farms make it a formidable baniHlj 
 the progress of agriculture. 
 
 .\ceording t 
 
 llic bakers in n 
 
 .ire L.iiiiid to ] 
 
 (ii'iir ;>i|iinl to 
 
 c"ii.<iini()tion. 
 
 im Act (if this 
 
 it v.'Il either f 
 
 intii .1 mere iiisl 
 
 S/mnm/i Corn 
 
 I'nitn .Spain was 
 
 .svere.st peimltit 
 
 norebolli allow 
 
 l^ii Ibis (irivi 
 
 iliflioiis Ifrutos) 
 
 i.' now, ill ■/•lot, 1], 
 
 (xiiiibei.fcarria^ 
 
 ili..«fa-porls,,in,| 
 
 h'inevor, to die 
 
 |iriiin>ally situnti 
 
 c'trtme b.ndncss 
 
 carriage to the coa 
 
 tlif e.xports are i 
 
 mrrow I'lnits: fl) 
 
 trnpeiitly gives ri 
 
 'Ift'lirit-esin marke 
 
 "iily a fell- league 
 
 '.'.-tfni widely exi 
 
 0' niniiinioatioii ;,„ 
 
 >frarilv given to tii 
 
 111 no long (imp, j, 
 
 pp""!"? countries 
 
 I.wn. Lironiadiira, 
 
 l"lllP..il||lh ..iQd e;is 
 
 iinf.-f (vm eoiin(rie< 
 "Mrfi'tcivicid imnieii 
 tae lisiiirbeil state o] 
 ('/ .1 market for their 
 ■•^"'tMieatnncuJtiv 
 lutiiralfertiliiv, that 
 '*ffnptbose fields i 
 
 lliPim|,„rt., ofwhe 
 Mntn-fmm .Si.ai,, 
 
 ('""'iliavebecn— 
 
 ___AnWa^^ I 18,, 
 
 J MTi™ 
 |J2!«iml™djio^j/|j^^^^^^ 
 
 ,. <■'<'"• Trade of Odts 
 
 . "-"'■:urope. 5„;.l' 
 F 'le c(im sent from 
 h'"ce of KiuTsor 
 
 J«fflp.initively J„V|/,, ' 
 
 ivf I '^"'ive\-inLr 
 '; "''Mceonlvfarn.^ 
 "''. .'^■'«- the ,n' 
 
 iintot^ecfs these , 
 r-1 w a most ;m„„A 
 h.iM.ilt.ekii,'!';; 
 
 Ir:;.'^- h catat 
 
 corn breii 
 
 ia cai 
 
 ftion of (h 
 '""Wed to 'it 
 
 ply do 
 
 ^'JP'"lsaImo 
 
 *'«:' Odessa,-, '' 
 4.^"'". and frl 
 
 J Jfa 
 
 
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE 
 
 457 
 
 \d'ording to a law passcfl in Novomlipr IftoS, 
 ill,. bakcrH in nil the t)riiicipnl to^vns of the empire 
 :iri' 1,11111(1 to keep on haiiil a stock of ),'rniii or 
 lliiir ?<|iiftl to three nicitlis of their ordinary 
 ivnsuniptioii. Hut it is not to be supposed that 
 an Alt iif tliii' sort should bo really carried out : 
 it vil' filher full into desuctui'o, or degenerate 
 into ,1 more instrument of abuse. 
 
 Sixini-v/i ('<"■« Trade. — The exportation of eom 
 
 I'rimi Spain was formerly prohibited under the 
 
 svcTOst pennltioH. Hut m 1S20 grain and flour 
 
 ivorcb'itli allowed to be freely exported ; and in 
 
 iyj;t this privilege was extended to all pro- 
 
 iliic'tidiis ifriitos) the growth of the soil. Tlierc 
 
 in now, Ml fact, no obstacle whatever, except the 
 
 (■x|»nsc (if carriage, to the conveyance of corn to 
 
 111,, si.a-]i()rts, and thence to the foreigner. Owing, 
 
 hi.ivpvcr, to the corn-growing provinces being 
 
 i,rincip.illy situated in the interior, and to the 
 
 ( -ircnie li.-.dncss of the roads, which renders 
 
 rarriairo t" the coast bo- Dxpensive and ditHcult, 
 
 the cxpiirts are rcduc, ■ within comparatively 
 
 narrow I'lnits: the sat.io difficulty of carriaf^e 
 
 triiii'ontlv gives risj to very great diflereiiccs in 
 
 til,, pri(.'cs in markets, m all parts of the country, 
 
 i.nlv a few leagues dis'wt. Were the railway 
 
 >v-tem widely extended, ai.d other met'iis of 
 
 c'araumiontioii improved, and anything like 
 
 -diiritv u'iven to the husbandman, Spain would, 
 
 in no loni; time, become one of the ])riiicipal 
 
 t-qicrtin? countries of Europe. Old Castillo. 
 
 l.wn, V.-UTinadura, and that jiart of Andalusia 
 
 loiliPMiiitli .ind east of Seville, are among the 
 
 linc-t oim countries of Europe, and might be 
 
 m;i(li' til yield immense supplies. I?ut owing to 
 
 t!ip li^lurbed state of the country, and the want 
 
 (if ,1 market f(ir their produce, they can hardly bo 
 
 sail to he at ell cultivated. And yet such is their 
 
 I iiitiiralfertilily, that in good seasons the peasants 
 
 i,;ilv rfap those Holds nearest to the villages ', 
 
 flic impurts of wheat and wheat-flour into this 
 Iciiniry from Spain in the 5 years ending with 
 |lN'ii)liavt been — 
 
 ■tnitla 1 nm 
 
 isr,.-; 
 
 ISGI 
 cwt, 
 
 la.'i 
 
 ISf,-, j ISl^fi 
 
 cwt. 
 
 Wlinl . . <l 
 UViiaiMl anil flour 2,'.3,49S 
 
 cwt. 
 
 4 
 
 9,111 
 
 cwt. 
 12.-. ,.-,61 
 
 i'»t. 
 V3.i,iy5 
 
 Com Truth of Odessa. — Odessa, on the Black 
 
 Ijifa, is one of the princijial corn shipping ports of 
 
 iiiutliem llurope. Inasmuch, however, as but little 
 
 bf the c(iri> s(^ut from Odessa is raised in the 
 
 ktovincc of Kherson in her neighbourhood, the 
 
 Kports (Icpond in great degree on the price ; a 
 
 Tmnparatively high price being necessary to ])ay 
 
 Itii" (Kist of conveying corn from Podolia and 
 
 pif. whence only large supplies can be derived, 
 
 Ki the port. The mvigation of tho Dnieper, 
 
 kliich intersects these ])rovinces, and would other- 
 
 pc be a most Imimrtant channel of coinmuni- 
 
 Vion, is i.nhiL'kily interrupted in the lower part 
 
 I its course by cataracts, so that a very large 
 
 fcttion of the corn brc'ight at present to "Odessa 
 
 Iconvcyed to it in carts drawn by oxen ; and 
 
 le supply (le jciuls almost as much on the number 
 
 1 tattle th.'-.t may be cniployel for this purpose 
 
 Mn the productiveness of the harvests. A 
 
 frtion also, though ')ut a small one, of the 
 
 pplics fur Odessa is brought by coasters from 
 
 i M nf Azof, and from some of the smaller 
 
 Its (in the Black Sea. 
 
 IThc following table shows the extraordinary 
 
 TMse that took place in 18.34-49 in :',c supplies 
 
 I com biouKht to Odessa. The exports in 1H47 
 
 Nnte.1 to 2,()li;,C7'2 quarters, being, we be- 
 
 f'f, the largest quantitv of wheat ever shipped 
 
 ■•single season from a single port. 
 
 1'. appears from an official stntei*'.(^nt published 
 inOdes.sa, that "ho totalquantity of wheat broughi; 
 to ti'ic town in the undermentioned vcars was — 
 
 Year 
 
 Cheti.* 
 
 BOl.non 
 
 Year 
 
 ChM<. 
 
 Y»r 
 
 181 1 
 
 Cheu. 
 
 1S.11 
 
 I<(40 
 
 6S(>,iino 
 
 I,!im,9.in 
 
 IS.Ti 
 
 .17S,7iH) 
 
 ISIl 
 
 Tm.M'i 
 
 ISIC 
 
 2,11!I,.1S', 
 
 IS.lf, 
 
 RTS,7(«) 
 
 IS42 
 
 «n.i,i'j2 
 
 1X17 
 
 2,77,'i,s:i7 
 
 IH.I? 
 
 !I')(1,I9« 
 
 IS 1.1 
 
 l.l:n,-M'. 
 
 IKH 
 
 !i,0.!l,n!)7 
 
 IS.VS 
 
 I,y4l,(Hl(l 
 
 1S44 
 
 I,.113,.10() 
 
 llll'J 
 
 1,714,741 
 
 IS.VJ 
 
 l.l.Vl.tKHl 
 
 
 
 
 
 * A ctietwert Ii about A'S bushels. 
 
 During the three years ending with 1840, the 
 average price of the best Odessa wheat, wliich, 
 however, is inferior to English, was ^\s. {\d. on 
 the spot ; and the better samples only are fitted 
 for distant voyages, and for our markets. The 
 crops for \H(Stt were generalh' bad and poor. Owing 
 to the length and tediousness of the voyage 
 from Odessa, and the ri.sk of tiic grain heating 
 on the passage, the charges attending its im- 
 portation, including insurance &c., amount to 
 i'riim 14s. to 15s. per quarter. It is plain, therefore, 
 that tl.e Odcs.sa wheat brought to England during 
 the above three years must, speaking generally, 
 have cost the importer about hOs. \nx quarter, 
 exclusive of profit; and, su|)poeing ;he price of the 
 best wlieat inl)(lessa to be reduced under a system 
 of free intercourse to from 2.")s. to !5(ls. per quarter 
 (its price in 1S4'.)), it could not be sold in Luiidon 
 for less than from 40,«. to Abs. per quarter. And 
 though in 1853 the imports of wheat from 
 Sinithcm Russia amounted to 818,930 quart, rs, 
 they are usually much less. In 1857 they were 
 only 4(19,409 quarters. Constantin.)plc, (Jenoa, 
 Marseilles, and other Blediterranean ports are the 
 great m.irkets for the ivheat of the Ulack Sea. 
 
 The shipments of grain, other than wheat, from 
 Odessa, are generally inconsiderable. In 1847, 
 240,390 (piartt^rs of rye were e.xport(vl. Indian 
 corn is raised in IJessarabia, but not in quantities 
 to admit of any great ex]iortati(m. 
 
 Erom Taganrog alst, the shipments of grain arc 
 very considerable, as is ajiparent from the follow- 
 ing extract from a table given in ^Ir. Consul 
 Carruthcrs' li'jmrt for 1.HG)!, which shows the 
 exports of the 5 j-cars ending with 18G0 : — 
 
 Wheal 
 Rve • 
 H.'irley 
 Oats . 
 
 IWi 
 
 qrs. 
 I,().'>S,!)r.2 
 m,7fil 
 ll.^,llil 
 
 qis. 
 
 I,01'l,"i7 ' 
 
 'J.-..1,'i!l.'> 
 
 1,.'.,',4 
 
 .'1,15.1 
 
 1.1,421 
 
 qrs. 
 U6 1 ,.1Sfi 
 4,7.11 
 I6,21S 
 1.1,'.52 
 
 qrs. 
 l.ls.l.SSS 
 9I,>P.'.2 
 7n„1ll 
 
 ;,'),.'jss 
 
 For farther details a» to the corn trade of 
 Southern Russia, and of the countries on the 
 Lower Danube, seethe articles G.vi.acz; Odes.sa; 
 Tao.vjjhoo. 
 
 Roth soft and hard wheat are exported from 
 Odessa; but the former, which is by far the 
 mo.st abundant, is only brought to England. 
 Dcsjiite the preference given to English wheat 
 in this countrj', in tlio ^Mediterranean Odessa 
 wheat is more esteemed, and fetches a higher price. 
 
 The hard wheat brought from the Rlack Sea 
 comes principally from Taganrog, It is a very 
 fine species of f;rain, being 'ull 10 per cent, 
 hetivier than IJritish wheat, with not more than 
 half the bran : latterly, however, ' ghirka ' or soft 
 wheat has been exported both to France and this 
 country, the price per quarter, free on boa:d, 
 being "from 3;]s. to 34s. 9rf. The hard wheat is 
 used in Italy for making maccaronl and vermicelli, 
 and things t.f that sort ; very little of it has found 
 its i\ ay to England. 
 
 The" voyage from Odessa to Britain is of 
 uncertain "duration, but generally very long. _ It 
 is essential to the impoi-tation of the wheat in a 
 
 :.ri 
 
 % 1 
 
 ■! 
 
 ,, I 
 
 t 
 
IV r .< 
 
 Hi 
 'i 
 
 1 ' .1 : '■ 
 
 COK. L.VWS a™_COKN TB..B 
 
 CORN LAWS AND ^°^^ .,^^^h„, lesscmnR the risk of .!««««« 
 
 Chx't" •" tu'"'"" 
 
 £ I. d- 
 
 7S 11 fi 
 
 I Innuinnce ; . - • 
 
 I I'olicj iluty 
 
 OraliHcation . ,n. • ' 
 
 il9 
 
 . 1 " 
 
 1 10 I) 
 
 11 10 
 •il 4 4 
 .'.1 9 ,•* 
 
 II 17 I'l 
 IS S '^ 
 ■•* 'J_L- 
 4 " 
 
 ~£l'Jf< 
 
 .,^. T- Or iwr quarler 
 
 « „„ .Uc vo,a.e ma, Lo e.nnaU-d a. 1.. per ..ua,._« -J 
 
 lii:i;rSa^-^-«---''"'"- _. :z 
 
 111 II 
 
 ' u I'i n 
 
 An-l'""'"""" "i, London all.. IW'H"' ^ 
 
 And thu laciutau. — ^ exportcd froiu UlC Lll 
 
 OrleanB, aiul other ports^, ^^\^a37ttey had lio,,-, 
 verv large, t^o"BVJnkcrcasing. In a few i«- 
 for -some, years '^-*^j£i^"''q4ntitic. of oi.r. 
 stances, m.lecd, ^onBiacrai h ^ ^^ ^,^^ 
 
 and flour have ]^een sent ^ g,, ,.,, 
 
 United States. \\°f'^ ' imported into the 
 bushels of ff^'S".'"^" ch 7'J2,RT5 bushels were 
 
 jiiteit 
 States, and umNarcis 01 , important article 
 
 IJiiitcd states into lh"^:,f ;\., considerable suppU 
 
 der 'li)s 9"" ^' *'• >'"""'" '.j^j^. iiigher than 
 ^\.P'id^- T£^^^^^^^ r l^ri'^'sS^iiH^'^l^^f *?''^'S" ^»^|^;^^ioiT^i;^i;els were 
 
 ' \\'heat 
 
 { 
 
 'r°l!;;;«l'i^&.NorthAmcr,ca 
 
 1 Total 
 
 '••"V:;;:l'a;3'iSshNor,hAn,«ic; 
 
 British West ln."« 
 llraiil 
 
 Total 
 [ ■'•"Sna^^""*'5'°'"-h North An^erica 
 
 i Total 
 
 {'T°?SSk^:^rSNorlh-A.n.rica 
 
 i . - 
 
 j Total 
 
 f '^'' Si" »"•' «"">'' North America 
 ■'I United Kinitilom- 
 
 "-au^ams ] ^^^^X^X^^^oju^^ .^-J- rrlTationallybcexrcctcaj 
 
 pjkij ill the Union. In 
 
 &r-i: 
 
Vii'lo more tlinn a nominnl price, the iiu'arinblc 
 
 irutice is, after cleariiiir and lircaUinj; iij) a piece 
 
 I land, to subject, it to a course of continuous 
 
 .T-iiiiinfr; 
 
 and wlien it is exliausted, to resort to 
 
 „ii„. iiilier tract of new ffrounil, leavin<; that 
 «hi,li li:is been abandoned to recover itself by tbo 
 ,. ,,|' tlie r/s iiietlirutriv mitiini: ! Hut in those 
 (if tlie Kastern or Atbuilic States that have 
 Inn" settled, and are fully occupie 
 
 luTll 
 
 fully occupied, this 
 
 vniir'ii'H system can no lonf^er be; advantageously 
 
 I'llirtvi'il; and there, consequently, a better system 
 
 ,,, ., rr; iiUnro has been introduced ; and a rota- 
 
 li„inif iTiips, and the niamiring of land, arc prac- 
 
 j„,j jonietimes with more and sometimea with 
 
 ,,,. jueccss. Still, it is certain that even in the 
 
 U-t fiirnied districts afiricnlture is in a backward 
 
 J,,., mill, except where the land is naturally of 
 
 n\rv suiierior (luality, the produce is scanty in- 
 
 j,,l. i'(inii>''red with what is obtained in this 
 
 .luiiirv. In illustration uf what is now stated we 
 
 l(" iiisubjoin an 
 
 ittvmit of '''<' Average Produce per Acre of the 
 I'lri; Cropa ill the Stiite of New York, as jmli 
 (jjftj,/ ;« a Report by ll'i 
 
 'ijcielii.' '" Coiitrant ifith what is lielieved to bi 
 111 I'roliiee of similar Crops in this Country, 
 
 ,K-al 
 tick 
 
 been 
 bofii 
 
 K ill- 
 
 oiiri 
 ;o the 
 •n.K' ' 
 ito tlie I 
 s weK ! 
 ;atc « 
 mcea 
 ,tes n\ I 
 ,tc vtiy 
 
 , (i?iJ llll 
 
 V.il« 
 
 
 rroiluie 
 
 lit.'.. 
 
 - liuslifii per .icru 
 
 itrNi!:*fr()m this statement that tbo returns per 
 |tm;ira!«iit twice as great in this country as in 
 IJieiv lUrk. '.vliich has some of the best corn grow- 
 jiiitlie Union. In Ohio, which is supposed 
 lo'l* tk mo-t productive of all the States, the 
 Kail* are similar, the procUicc of ^vheat and barley 
 I ii lifiii;,' respectively I.'i^ and 2t bushels per 
 Icf. It i? true, no doubt, that these returns may 
 i incroasod ; but this eaii only bo done by the 
 iipli'vnunt of greater capital and skill ir. the 
 bitiirpof the land, 
 ftv 
 
 COEN LAWS AND COKN TKADR 459 
 
 that continent. The statements it embodies with 
 regard to slavery have slied a new and powerful 
 light on all that relates to that momentous and 
 dilHcult subject.) 
 
 In the course of 20 years from this date (1 SOU) tho 
 pol)ulati(in of tbo L'nion will most likely amount 
 to (u- exceed (iO.dOO.IlOU ; and what with this enor- 
 mous increase in the demand tor corn, and the 
 unwise treatment to which the land is subjected, 
 the fears so generally entertained in regard to the 
 injury to be inflicted on the agriculture of Europe, 
 and esi)ecially on that of Kngland, by the impor- 
 tation of American corn, have, perhaps, no good 
 foundation. The imfiortations of maize or Inaian 
 corn from America have decidedly increased, that 
 fo' ]8('>G nearly reaching 7,0(J(i,OUO of cwts. ; tbo 
 only other important s<purce of supply being 
 luiropean Turkey, which furnished over 4,500,000 
 cwts. in the same year. The presumption is that 
 it will rarely be imported in large quantities 
 for f<pod except wbe i the potato is dclicient, or to 
 supply those who liave no rioans of obtaining 
 the higher-priced varieties ;.( corn, but a great 
 demand has arisen for it to be used in distilleries. 
 State Atfricultural and there seems a i)rol)ability of a growing in- 
 crease in the use of Indian corn-for that fmrpose. 
 In no other country can Indian corn be produced 
 at less cost or with greater certainty than in the 
 United States, and there is a far greater pro- 
 bability of a rapid increase in the importations of 
 that grain to this country than of any other kind 
 of corn. Chicago on Lake jMichigan, from its 
 ready means of communicating with tiie Mis- 
 sissippi and St. Lawrence, has naturally become 
 the great storehouse of the western or corn-pro- 
 ducing States of the Uni(m. It contains luige 
 warehouses capable of holding milli ins of bushels 
 of grain, and its extraordinary advance in popu- 
 lation is worthv of remark. In 1810 it had but 
 4,8,");! inhabitan'ts ; in 18(10, 109,2t)0 ; and now 
 (18G8) their nnmlier inav bo estimated at from 
 140,000 to i.vyioo. 
 
 All sorts of Hour, whether ma lo of wheat, rye, 
 Indian corn itc, exporte 1 from tlic United States, 
 
 New York 
 
 England 
 
 And in (he mean time the ! 
 
 d farmers and those of the other Atlantic 1 must prcvlouslv bcsubmitted to the inspection of 
 ■ive to withstand the competition of i olHeers appointed for that purpose. The law fur- 
 ther directs that the barrels in which it is shipped 
 
 liHrii'i'.'liliuiirs in the newly-formed States on 
 
 l( Mi-isippi and Missouri, where the best land 
 
 ■uliintcil to the scourging treatment already 
 
 It'fm'l ti). But in these States, though the 
 
 IbJ te cheap, the produce per aero is, in most 
 
 ^(■•. very small. In Michigan, for example, it 
 
 pear-, from a return published by the State Lc- 
 
 pturcin l»4'.l,that the average iiroduce of wheat 
 
 I acre &\ not exceed lOl bushels, being less 
 
 1 'J Imsliols per acre when seed is ileducted ! 
 
 I »*U further appear from the best attain- 
 
 9K* 
 
 kpoctol] 
 1 couii"'1 
 Irica.V'j 
 
 .shall be of certain dimensions, and that each barrel 
 shall contain lOG lbs. of Hour, and each half barrel 
 118 lbs. The insi)ect(pr, having ascertained that 
 the barrels correspond with tbi^ regulations as to 
 size, weiglits Ac, decides as to the quality of the 
 Hour, and brands it accordingly. Flour for homo 
 consumption is not subjected to inspection. The 
 inspection must take place at the time and 
 lihice of exportation, inider a penalty of o dols. 
 per barrel Persons altering or counterfeiting 
 If iiifi)miati(iii (III the subject, that if we take marks or brands forfeit 100 dols,; and persons 
 ffwluce of the new States generally at 15 putting fresh flour into barrels already marked 
 10 Imslicls per imperial acre, "c shall not be or branded, or ottering adulterated wheaten 
 liii but beyond the mark. And though it flour for s.ale, forfeit in either case 5 dols. for 
 \w (liliicuit and, perhaps, impossible, to an- i each barrel. Every barrel of wheaten flour im- 
 ' Be with any degree of conlidence what ' ported is deemed "c-.nivalent to 38^ gallons of 
 
 wheat, and, nnder the old law, was charged with 
 a corresponding duty. 
 
 The usual jiricc of wheat in Canada, when there 
 is a demand for the English market, is about 30s, 
 per quarter ; and adding to this 10s. per cpiarter 
 for the expenses of carriage and warehousuig, 
 it will make its price in Liverpool, when delivered 
 to the consimicr, 40,s'. ; and being spring wheat, 
 it is not so valuable by 5». per quarter as English 
 wheat. 
 
 IMr. Kcuss (p. 1 20) gives the following pro forml 
 account of tlie expense of importing a cargo of 
 5,000 bushels of wheat from »ew York, supposing 
 it to cost 1 dol. 12 cents per bushel: — 
 
 the ultimate result of this infertility, 
 
 iiwliat degree it may be defeated or niodi- 
 
 lly future discoveries and imi)rovemcuts, we 
 
 lin tilt mean tin(e, disposed to concur with 
 
 |JJiibton in thinking that the wheat-pro- 
 
 liJl«j\vers uf the Uidtcd States have been 
 
 P exajii^erated ; but we doubt whether it be 
 
 file til (!xaggerate their capacities for |)ro- 
 
 P; Iiiiliaii ciini. i^Notes on North America, 
 
 f .'(urn/, Enmumical, anil Social, i, 172, ii. 
 
 |b.; See also Mr, IJussell's work on North 
 
 f^a.ik Ai/riciilture and Climate, pp, 1)2, 123, 
 
 |l*i ic. The latter is the most nuportant 
 
 I'JluaUe wurk that has hitherto appeared on 
 
 I i 
 
 i 
 
 UM 
 
 i; 
 
 tntuMwitw^* 
 
'I 
 
 !• 1- .. 
 
 ('K' 
 
 \ . 
 
 
 I \Viiinowinn. niea5Uri"ll|_ _ . 
 
 19 10 
 
 SGS'OO 
 'S,B6S-I)0 
 
 Commlulon, 6 iwent. 
 
 I fiilOl-H) 
 E„..an„o.nO,«rcen,.pBoVs 
 
 lUqt! 
 
 £ 
 
 I)o ill)- froi" ""••"' ' - 
 
 (luaraniii;, 1 " j 
 Inierfst, ' " 
 
 I In Ixmiliinl .^vim h»lct measure. 'I""' 
 
 1 •"'"!•.«« 'r-.-"! ■"'"'"'" ?"■"" ■ 1' ''^"^-"-^i 
 
 ;',«"uarter i.. l'""'! J — 
 
 1 '" '"■ ' ______ ^'-'-'-' ' , , f„n details with respect to the ,.ros;re«. 
 
 ' -—— ^ „ \Vc farther nml I'l" . *^ ,1,0 npicc the rise of rent, and 
 
 T^- ., from the above n<--^->^'^' f ^"^'^[Z^xZ of npicuUure ^>";-;-;'i;S ion of tiie .-.rronoy 
 ^"'".T' WiS sat sfactorily <=of "'^^\ [" ^'^ «« ' the iniU.encc "' .^w r«»rf S'""«"™' -^rc,,,,,,. 
 
 '^"*-' '^ral^cX^ai mpt«vements in«^^ ,,^,„a- T.at. S°^i;'"';,,i' Malay, Uapn.). A 
 
 at which a«r'"';", -i-he price of ^vheat m i-"^ Uapasa; Hm- " "' ' cnvelopinR the spcis 
 
 ccssfally carried o>.. ine , ^^ cmlmg ^^ t^^ , ^" ^.,,, of vc'i^V'"^!" '^^ r;,,^, or cotton shrul.,of 
 
 S w"VrS-"8-:;''-C^^" -^^^^^ £::fr'>S varieties. It is.« 
 
 1820, >Na9i'o ^,^p te„ • "^npi-tivclv whu'h thc-x ar^ . tropical region* i.(| 
 
 its averaf^'c prices ^^ ^jy^i^ ^^^rc re i^ctise ,uv^nam>M> "W' ,,^|,^^. j^ 1,^, ,,^,„, 
 
 live years ^ '"Sojper cp.arter. ^'^ ,> \^; "' ;, 1 '^sia, Af"ca, """J ,f ""^^.c a most imp.nnnt 
 
 ^'^•, ^^'Sw tto remcn.lous fall of f^-^'^^^Z \ transplant*-''- ?'\^ • ,f ;„ ur'oi.thorn part, of the 
 ^"tl^^tauding ns^U ^^ improvcnient ha* al ^^ ,^^ .o,": t.vat on in U^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ .,^ , 
 
 liat Irtous'ii- ""'» ■™." 
 
 
 ?. „;.'* ,11' 30 i 
 
 The laaniifncfurc of c 
 
 ji, llimlostnii from the 1 
 pkIoIiis mentions (iji. ] 
 jrf wild trees that p 
 ,i)|«Tior to that of shei 
 ,ifj.<j themselves in clt 
 ;,r .tatemeiits are made 
 10), Arriim (Tmlir. c. xv 
 ,-,j.i, lint thi)iij;h certai 
 j< evident tiiat theauthoi 
 JO very di tinct ideas eiti 
 iinllor its mannfacttire. 
 i,.imij:; worth mentionii 
 iiiitury. The plant wa 
 iniir southern Enrope bef< 
 thirici'iitli century, and t 
 tr-r instanco fur the ma 
 (iiijiloyment for textile fa 
 ji cmicemcd, of not mucli 
 ,5-,.'fth. 
 
 ' 1. Rise and Progress 
 
 \lmifiidure. — Tlie rapid 
 
 Bij/iiiiuile of the cotton 
 
 Briiain are, beyond all qi 
 
 rtlinary plienomciia in t 
 
 I Our command of the tin 
 
 I icrtiil our attention to tl 
 
 isil paved the way for tlia 
 
 Milm;: since attained; 1 
 
 I li;. ftiiton inanufactnre, wi 
 
 liiiiiik's fur its proset'iilii 
 
 Iwiihthe };r?!itest dillicnll 
 
 ln> iroduccd at an inini 
 
 \in\fr. and in Ilindostar 
 
 ljuai< had arrived at sncl 
 
 |([.|iiimiii(,' and weaving, 
 
 oliacy of tlieir (inost cl 
 
 Idilie gossamer, and seeinc 
 
 Itoiice. Such, however, 1 
 
 Iff the stupendous discovc 
 
 JHir.'raves, Arkwriglit, ( 
 
 li'ji lithors, that wo have o 
 
 Iniiifs-that neither the 
 
 Isliiriii Hindustan, nor tl 
 
 kill iialivcs had attained, 
 
 Viikand the oon]|ietiti(iii i 
 
 \>m\. anil ivlio, after carr 
 
 lemaiiufactnred, carry bat 
 
 ttii- is the greatest triunipli 
 
 fcj what perhaps is nii 
 
 6[<rinrity is not the late r 
 
 hcfi'sjive discoveries aiitl ii 
 
 jsn-. it has been accomp 
 
 itari. Little inoro than a 
 
 the Jiritisli cutlon 
 
 Is infancy; and it now form; 
 
 Imeil on in the conntrv, 
 
 |ff"iis licdd for the acciiii; 
 
 est of millions upon mill 
 
 |«ds upon tliousands 
 
 1 ami genius by wliii 
 
 Itilts have been achieved 
 
 D iuurccs of our power : 
 
 Ine Common degree to rai 
 
 Tie high_ and consjiien 
 
 pfi'S Xor is it too m 
 
 p ami energy derived fi 
 
 p poiverfidiy assisted 
 
 Nythrougli'thc treme 
 
 ►mtioiiary France, at th 
 
 liriallv contributes to tli 
 
 lueable, without dilHcult 
 
 1 woiiiil have crushed 011 
 
 Pesupixirtedby anvoth( 
 
 ^e precise period when t 
 
 W»mi into England is 11 
 
 Ipruhable that it was sor 
 
COTTON 
 
 461 
 
 \>y itil 
 
 ICllil' 
 
 l\y f"ii< 
 [iHiatayj 
 
 is con 
 
 al kiiiili, 
 l\ bm 
 I liv 
 
 >iitat col 
 
 Icr it c; 
 
 The inanufacture of cotton has boon onrricil on 
 
 ,, lliniliista" f^f™ "'<' vemotost anticiuilr. llc- 
 
 ''.|,tiis iTH'iitions (iii. l()(!) that in India tiiori! 
 
 „, will! trees that produce a sort of woid 
 
 ,i,'„riur to that of slieop, and tliat tlio natives 
 
 ",',, thomsi'lves in ch>th made of it. Sinii- 
 
 ,f -latrtneiitH arc made by Strabo (lib. xv. sec. 
 
 1^ Arrian {Indic. c. xvi.), and Mela (lib. iii. c. 
 
 ■ ; , liiit thouj^h certainly referrin^f to cotton, it 
 
 ,' 'yjiUnt that the authors of these statements bad 
 
 rivorv (li tinct ideas either in regard to the \\ou\ 
 
 "...Ifiir its manufacture. The latter obtained no 
 
 • .liui: wiirtli mentioning in Europe till last 
 
 ',,,i,,rv. The plant was, it ajipears, introduced 
 
 :„i,i siiuthorn Kurope before the conclusion of tlie 
 
 rtirifi'iitli century, and the wool was used in the 
 
 tr-t instance! for the mumifacture of paper. Its 
 
 (iiiTilovimnt for textile fabrics is, as far as ICiirope 
 
 ;! cmiconied, of not much more than a century's 
 
 ' 1 Kise and Progress) of the British Cotton 
 \ljiiiif\ictiin: — The rapid growth and prodigious 
 n.j 'iiitudc of the cotton manufacture of (ireat 
 imin are, beyond all question, the most extra- 
 (rlhiarv iilicnomena in the history of industry. 
 Out coiiiniand of the finest wool naturaliv at- 
 (rjuiiiiur attention to the woollen manufacture, 
 s'ldfavc'd the way for that superiority in it which 
 «l'iiu' since attained; but when we undertook 
 If, ,oit(in manufacture, we had comparatively few 
 iiiilitio-i fur its prosecution, and had to struggle 
 wi;!iilie f,T>!itest dillicullies. Tlie raw material 
 ,;i. iiruiluctd at an immense distance from our 
 ,j,tfi; anil in Ilindostan and China the inha- 
 litjiiis li'i'l arrived at such iiorlcction in the arts 
 (f .|iimiiiig and weaving, that the lightness and 
 ilicu'vof tlicir (inest cloths emulated tlie web 
 (I ihc gossamer, and seemed to set competition at 
 (tiiiice, Such, however, has been the intluenco 
 (I ilie stupendous discoveries and inventions of 
 Bir.TMVcs, Arkwright, Cronii)ton, Carlwright, 
 It i^tliors, that wo have overcome all these dilH- 
 |„,ii(.j_that neither the extreme cheapness of 
 uriii Ilindostan, nor the excellence to which 
 lilt unlives had attained, has enabled them to 
 ii'i-iiiul the comiictitiiin of those who buy their 
 iiMi. ami who, after carrying it 5,1)00 miles to 
 niaimfactureil, carry back the goods to them. 
 j. is tlic fjroatest triumph of mechanical genius ; 
 1 wliat perhaiis is most extraordinary, our 
 xrinrity is not the late result of a long series of 
 wivt' discoveries and inventions: on the con- 
 ir\-, it has been accomplished in a very few 
 m Little more than u century has elapsed 
 the liritish cotton manufacture was in 
 infancy; and it now forms the principal business 
 niel on in the country, ntlbrdiiig an advan- 
 p-iii licld fur the accumulation and eiiiploy- 
 M of inillidiis upon millions of capital, and of 
 i>aiiils upon thousands of WMrknion ! The 
 J and genius by which these astonishing 
 luiis have been achieved have been one of tlie 
 iuurces of our power : they have contributed 
 [tocuramon degree to raise the liritish nalion 
 e high and conspicuous place she now 
 i J X(ir is it too mueli to say that the 
 ilihand energy derived from tbe cotton niaiiii- 
 Jt piiwcrl'iiUy assisted in carrying us trium- 
 ily through the tremendous struggle with 
 imionary France, at the same time that it 
 Krially contributes to that strength by which 
 [Kable, without ditliculty, to sustain burdens 
 it'iiild have crushed our fathers, and coulil 
 ik' iupiKirted by any other people. 
 precise period when the manufacture was 
 uccil into England is not known ; but it is 
 jitubable that it was some time in the early 
 
 11 1 
 I'SI 
 liil 
 
 part of the 17th century. The first authentic 
 mention of it is made by Lewis Uoherts, in his 
 Treasure of 7Vh/?iV, published in 1G41, where it 
 is stated: 'The town of Manchester, in Lan- 
 cashire, must be also herein remembered, and 
 worthily for their encouragement commended, who 
 buy the yarne of the Irish in great (piantity, and 
 weaving it, retiirne the same again into Ireland to 
 sell. Neither doth their industry rest here; for 
 they l)uy cotton wool in London that conies lirst 
 from Cyprus and Smyrna, and at home worke the 
 same, and perfect it into fustians, vermillions, 
 dimities, and other such stuflcs, and then return it 
 to London, where the same is vented and sohl, and 
 not seldom sent into foreign ))arts, who have means, 
 at far easier termcs, to provide themselves of the 
 said lirst materials.' (Orig. cd. p. J-i-'.) It is true, 
 indeed, that mention is frequently made by ))re- 
 vious writers, and in Acts of tiie Legislature passed 
 at a much earlier period, of ' Manclicster cottons,' 
 'cotton velvets,' 'fustians ' &c. ; but it is certain 
 that these articles were wliolli/ commaed of wool, 
 and had most probably been denominated cottons 
 from their having been prepared in imitation of 
 some of the cotton fabrics imported from India and 
 Italy. In an Act of .'> & « Edw. VI. (looi), 
 entitled ' For the true making of wooi.i.kn cloth,' 
 it is onlered, ' 'J'Imt all cottons called Manchester, 
 Lancashire, and Cheshire cottons, full wrought 
 for sale, shall be in length ' itc. This proves 
 iiicontestably that what were then called cottons 
 were made wholly of wool. 
 
 F'rom the lirst introduction of the cotton manu- 
 facture into (ireat Britain down to 1773, the 
 weft or transverse threads of tlio web, only, were 
 of cotton ; the warji, or hmgiludinal threads, con- 
 sisting wholly of linen yarn, principally imported 
 fnim (lermany and Ireland. In the lirst stage of 
 the manufacture tht? weavers, dispersed in cottages 
 throughout the country, furnished themselves as 
 well as they could with the warp and we<V for 
 their webs, and carried them to market when they 
 were linished : but about 17(50 a new system was 
 introduced. The JMancliester merchants began 
 about that time to send agents into the country, 
 who employed weavers, whom they sujiplied with 
 foreign or Irish linen yarn for warp, and with raw 
 cotton, which being carded and spun, by means of 
 a common spindle or distalf, in the weaver's own 
 family, was then used for weft. A system of do- 
 mestic maiuifacturo was thus established; tho 
 junior branches of the family being employed in 
 the carding and spinning of the cotton, while its 
 head was employed in weaving the linen and 
 cotton 3'arn into cloth. This system, by relieving 
 the weaver from the necessity of providing himself 
 with linen yarn for warp and raw cotton for weft, 
 and of seeking customers for his cloth when 
 linished, and enabling him to |)rosccute his em- 
 ployment with greater regularity, was an obvious 
 ini\irovement on the system that had been pre- 
 viously followed; but it is at the same time clear 
 that tiie imiiossibility of making any considerable 
 division among the difl'erent branches of a manu- 
 facture so conducted, or of iirosecuting them on a 
 large scale, .added to the interruption given to tho 
 proper business ol the weavers by the necessity of 
 attending to the cultivation of the patches of 
 ground which they generally occupied, opposed 
 invincible obstacles to its progress, so long as it 
 was conducted in this mode. 
 
 It appears from tho Custom House returns that 
 the total quantily of cotton wool annually im- 
 ported into Great Britain at an average of thojire 
 vears ending with 1705 amounted to only 1,170,881 
 lbs. The accounts of the imports of cotton from 
 1705 to 1770 have bceu imperfectly preserved; 
 
 1 
 
 ' 'i: 
 
 II 
 
 kl\X\ 
 
 M\ 
 
462 
 
 COTTON 
 
 m- 
 
 in. 
 
 M 
 
 € 
 
 ' ■' ' ' • t; It 
 
 but until tlio Inst Imlf-dozcn yenM of that pprind 
 tho iiiaiiiilactiirc iiuTi'ascd very .-iDwly.andwnsof 
 very tritliiij; nniimnt. Dr. I'orcival, (if Jlanclics- 
 tcr, who had the best iiicana of hcinff accurately 
 iiiforincd on the Huhjcct, stales that the entire 
 vaUie of the cotton n-oods nianufaeliired in (ireat 
 Britain, at tlie accession of (ieor;;(' III. in 17(10, 
 was estimated to amount tr) only JiKt.ooo/. a-ye/ir, 
 and tlie number of persons (employed was ([uite in- 
 considerable ; but iii 17()7 James Ilarfjreaves, n 
 carpenter of IJlaeUbnrii in l.amashire, invented 
 tlu! spiiiiiiii;/ jiiiiii/. At lirst this admirable ma- 
 chine enabl»<l sirti'en to tliirti/ Jireads to be spun 
 with the same facility as one ; and it was sub- 
 sequently brouftbt to sucli iterfection, that a little 
 girl was able to -vork no fewer than from eiyhty to 
 one hiiiiilriil itml tweiiitj sjiindles. 
 
 The jenny was applicable only to the spinuinj; 
 of cotton for weft, btinj; uTiablc to give to the yarn 
 that degree of iirmiicss and hardness which is re- 
 quired for the longitudinal threads or warp; but 
 this deficiency was soon after supplied by the in- 
 troduction (if the spiniiitKj-fiame — that wonderful 
 jiiece of machinery which spins a vast number of 
 threads of any degree of lineness and hardness, 
 leaving to man merely to.feed the madiine with 
 cotton, and to join the threads when they happen 
 to break. It is not ditficiilt to understand the 
 princi]ile on which this machine is constructed, 
 and the mode of its operation. It consists of two 
 pairs of rollers, turned by means of maehinery. 
 The lower roller of each pair is furrowed or tinted 
 longitudinally, and the upper one is covered with 
 leather, to make them take a hold of the cotton, 
 ir there were only one jiair of rollers, it is clear 
 that a carding of cotton passed between them 
 would be drawn forward by the revolution of the 
 rollers, bill it would tnerely undergo a certain de- 
 gree of Compression Irom their action. Xo sooner, 
 however, has the carding, or rovhiij as it is tech- 
 nically termed, begun to pass through the first 
 pair of rollers, than it is received by the second 
 pair, which are made to revolve witli (as the case 
 may be) .'5, 4, or .0 times the velocity of the first 
 pair, liy this admirable contrivance the roving 
 IS drawn out into a thread of the <lesired degree 
 of tenuity ; a twist being given tfi it by tlie adap- 
 tation of the siiindle and tiy of the comnioii tlax- 
 wheel to the niachiiicry. Arkwright gave his 
 machine the name of ' water-frame.' 
 
 Such is the principle on which Sir IHchard 
 Arkwright construclcd his famous spinning-frame. 
 It is obvious th.at it is radically and completely 
 dift'erenl from the previous methods of spinning, 
 either by the common hand-wheel or distatf, or by 
 the jenny, which is only a inodilication of the com- 
 mon wheel. Siiinning by rollers was an entirely 
 original idea ; and it is dillicnlt which to admire 
 most — the [irofound and furtimate sagacity which 
 led to HO great a discovery, or the consummate 
 skill and address by which it was so speedily jier- 
 fccted and reduced to practice. 
 
 The (piestion as to the merit of Arkwright as 
 an original discoverer is still undecided, Kcceiitly, 
 however, it has been ascertained that a patent 
 for spinning by rollers, revolving with diH'erent 
 degrees of velocity, was taken out by ^Messrs, 
 Wyatt and I'aul, so early as i73H. (Uis- 
 tory of the Cotton Manufdctiire, by Edward 
 Baines, Esq.) But it does not appear that the in- 
 ventors had been able to give eft'ect to their happy 
 idea, and all traces of the invention seem to have 
 been lost. The statements in the case printed by 
 Sir Richard Arkwright and his partners in 17H2 
 show that he was aware of the attempts made in 
 the reign of George II. to spin by machinery; but 
 there is no evideuce to prove that he was ac- 
 
 quainted with the principle on which tlipsest. 
 tempts had been made, or that he had seen Ih,. 
 patent referred to, The probability seem. i„ i,, 
 that he had. Ibit admitting this tube the,:i-/ 
 it detracts very litlle (roin the substantial merits 
 of .Sir Richard .Vrkwright. If the idea of siiin- 
 iiing by rollers did not sjiring up spipiitanooibl. 
 ill his mind, he was, at all events, (he lir-t Mh' 
 made it available in practice, and sIh.woiI linn ;; 
 might be rtndered a most prolific source i,r \\i.;i|i]| 
 
 Since the dissolution of Sir IJichard.\rlvn v :,i\ 
 patent, in I7H,'), the progress of di-cuverv auHin. 
 proveinent in every department of the niaiuii;i(iii 
 has been most rapid. The miilv-jtnioj—^in calli || 
 from its being a compound of the Jeiinv ainl il|.i 
 s|iiniiing-frame — invented by IMr. ('riiiiiiii(,ii 
 and the power-loom, invented by the llev, .Mr 
 Cartwright, are maeliines that have hail the u'n-' 
 powerful inlliiencc over the maimfacturo; aii.l i 
 ciiiisequence of their introdnetioii, anil of jimu, 
 nierable other inventions and iniprovenionts tli( 
 prices of cotton cloth and yarn have gmie oii'iin) 
 gressively diminishing. But as the iloniaiul i' 
 cottons has been, owuig to their cxtrannliiiai 
 cheapness, exteiuled in a still greater ili[;rn', ; 
 value of the goods produced, and the mimliir 
 persons employed in the manufacture, areiiuwi 
 cidedly greater than at any previous pirin 
 
 2. imports of Cotton Wool. Coiintrks whvmi\ 
 is imported. Prices, Duties §'c. — The follnwii 
 Tables have been [lartly taken from ojlicial 
 ments, and p.arlly from the accounts of nierolini 
 of great experience. We believe they mav 
 relied on as approaching as near to accnrary'a: 
 is possible to attain to in such mutters. 
 
 Cotton Wonl JinjHirted into, Exported from, i 
 Entered for Consumption in tlie Uulh'd Kiimli 
 from 1820 to 1811, sltded in llis. 
 
 having been shin 
 
 wMc begi;i,ii„,, 
 rherewnotlii,,,,,- 
 
 m »■'■"' its Hubsc 
 ,Ti,wthoftlie,„a„, 
 
 •'"■"««' of the 
 II ml irto 
 to IKIO. 
 
 In, 
 ami /, 
 
 i:i..>„ 170,5 '■'■"I'-.tm 
 - ; ,'•«<■• ''.71 
 
 ;r.r.,r,i^ 
 ,,-i'"i.r;«/ 
 
 'i.JSii.im.il 
 ^f™'.wi 
 
 
 «ii 
 
 American cottn,-, , l. 
 [.furaliyAnown by the i 
 
 Vrar 
 
 (lu.intity 
 
 Qiiantiiv 
 
 Qiiamity }> 
 
 linjiurU'il 
 lbs. 
 
 ^xpurtiAt 
 llx. 
 
 tur Coii'.um 
 
 
 llK. 
 
 IS20 
 
 I.'.l,(i7'i.fi.-.l 
 
 fi,liVl,l),-S 
 
 l.'ii,s:;i,. 
 
 IS'^1 
 
 i.ij,.'..ii;,ii2i) 
 
 M,.'.h;), ei7 
 
 I.lr,MI,i 
 
 isaj 
 
 ll^S.-,7.tlM 
 
 IS.'JI.:,77« 
 
 ll.'i.l;-.! 
 
 IS'i.l 
 
 1!M,1(I'J,.'.0,1 
 
 M,^\H,l:■^ 
 
 l.S'.„-,|,,:r 
 
 IS7» 
 
 119,.1sll,l'2a 
 
 ir>,rj'j,.'.ir> 
 
 mW<: 
 
 Wf> 
 
 viH,ni>:<:!'j] 
 
 1.S,I101,I|,'..'5 
 
 i;";, '■;'., ^ 
 
 Miid 
 
 I77,WI7,liil 
 
 iii,iri,!iii) 
 
 Ili'/.SV'.i 
 
 IS'^7 
 
 ^^T^,l\^,w^.) 
 
 I,s,l.-|,l7ii 
 
 '^I'l.Mll.l 
 
 IS'iS 
 
 ■.l'27,7Wl,lil'.i 
 
 17,.i'.l6,7;i> 
 
 •ii«,"s;,r 
 
 IS-^'J 
 
 •ii'4,7m,in 
 
 ,1ll,'.i>9,11.5 
 
 •.:iii,"'j:,i 
 
 ISII) 
 
 2B.l,ll(ll,I.Vi 
 
 S,.'i.->l,ll7fi 
 
 •ie,%6\-i 
 
 is.-.i 
 
 !iss,i;7i,s.'.,T 
 
 \i'4,MiH,:)rjr, 
 
 II7.1,»l!i, 
 
 l^:>-> 
 
 •iHi;,Hyi,.yii 
 
 1S,I127,UII) 
 
 'iM,U\, 
 
 1S.1.-. 
 
 .in.-.,(]'.(;,s,i7 
 
 17,.-.li.1,'.Si 
 
 •i9\IM, 
 
 1S.11 
 
 3'i6,S7.'., r.!.') 
 
 '2i,u;i,iiii,T 
 
 mi.iy,, 
 
 IS.-..'. 
 
 .■fi.-.,7i«,ijri.i 
 
 .•!i,77!l.7.-l 
 
 ,T«fi.io;, 
 
 is.ifi 
 
 4Ur,,'Ji!>,lli7 
 
 .->1,7.TJ,7M 
 
 .IM.GM, 
 
 IS.17 
 
 H)7 .•tHfiilH^ 
 
 .-■j,7-.!-.',or.i 
 
 .ISS.OJ 
 
 IK.-.S 
 
 .■.07,S.'.I),.',77 
 
 .■ii.hii.h;!) 
 
 I.Vi.n'f. 
 
 Is.-.'J 
 
 ,1Si),.1>J(i,i.'i'.l 
 
 .-.S,7.T»,'A1< 
 
 .V.'i.'V'ii 
 
 ISIII 
 
 iU'J.lsS.OlO 
 
 3S,(J7.l,aa'J 
 
 .W»,lll 
 
 ISII 
 
 IS7,y9'.i,.155 
 
 — 
 
 l.",IW 
 
 .■"•""Mai- I ;,,? 
 
 cotton, M'h 
 
 \mlmo (irc«[^y''. 
 
 ^'"■tarohn.1, Georgia, a 
 
 I'"" ■V'r.';/>% f/>e On, 
 
 r«B 
 
 Cotton Wool Imported into, ami /'7.iywrtii/J 
 the Uiiiteil Kinydum, from lSjo-ti7, slat 
 cwts. 
 
 l'""c<l S,„,,, 
 "'■lllieric.i 
 
 ■.".H^f.sin 
 
 M'i,fi.50,'4|g 
 
 ;.'«I..W9Ki) 
 
 ('•'".■'.IH,(l,'j|) 
 
 iJy'r'S.wi 
 i'''.C.1l),.',,i f 
 
 iJlVUlMMB 
 ' '•••?"ll..'.28 
 
 «•-,?!•'«' 
 
 ,o,..U ,ii„,. 
 
 ';;,■•"■'-. isi) 
 
 IS.'.l 
 IS'. I 
 l.v'..'. 
 I.s.'.fi 
 
 IS,'.7 
 1 S.'iS 
 IS.')!) 
 IS(il) 
 
 Quiintlty 
 finpiirtttl 
 
 cwts. 
 7,9!).1,.'.6n 
 7,W^,(i|- 
 
 9,lll,Sl'i 
 
 s,n.'J4,n^^ 
 
 9,2.V.,1<)H 
 10,9I6,.-..1I 
 I2,ll9,ll9(i 
 
 Quantity 
 Kx{.orteu ! 
 
 cwts. 
 
 l,.Tifl,,il.5 
 l.lllM'ill I 
 l,110,l.-.0 
 l,30!).47'.i I 
 l,l77,n'2.') I 
 1,.1.V.,SIHI I 
 
 i,.'.r..-.,77« ! 
 
 isr.i. 
 i«(ii 
 I hi;.-; 
 isci 
 
 1S»|.5 
 ISGIi 
 1867 
 
 I Ouantily 
 tiiiiwiteil I 
 
 cwts. < 
 li,-JJ.1,n7S: 
 
 I ).ii;.s,.i-i3 
 
 i m!^ 
 
 I N,;.-ii,ui'i 
 
 1 U. 'J,-.,Mlj 
 I 11,27-J,C51 
 
 sim 
 
 «■' '■or in-.n,- vear. 
 
 the 
 imH 
 
 Vreviously to 1 790 North America iliil 
 ply us with a single pound weiji'ht of raij 
 A little had, indeed, been raised in som| 
 Southern States, for domestic use, bcfurcl 
 vtdutionary war, but the (piantity was qiiitf 
 siderilble. In 17!>1 it began, for the lirst j 
 be exported ; the trilling quantity of ISDJ 
 
 "previously to ,Z, "."}''■ I 
 "•'^"■pcrcwt. Bui 
 
 ■'■'m\- 
 
COTTON 
 
 4G3 
 
 having been shipped in the course of that year, 
 3^,1 i;j8,328 lbs. in 179-.'. Such was Uie late' and 
 iicbic bcpinninK of the American cotton trade. , 
 There is nolliing in the liistory of industry to com- 
 irc with its subsequent incrca.so unless it be the 
 tuwth of the manufucturc in thi.s country. 
 
 li,o««< of the Iiiiftorts and Exports of Cotton 
 It'iinl Irto unit from Great Britain, from l()97 
 
 Ye.ir 
 
 lin)ior(» 
 
 KxportA 
 lbs. 
 
 Year 
 
 Importii 
 lb«. 
 
 Kx|K)its 
 
 " 
 
 Ihi. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 wr, 
 
 \,<.r,t,,Xt'.t 
 
 _ 
 
 1791 
 
 !it,.1.'i8,.')(i7 
 
 1..1 19,9.10 
 
 i;"i 
 
 l,'JS,'.,H(iS 
 
 
 
 I7!l.'> 
 
 V6,401,.1I0 
 
 1,19.1,7.17 
 
 );inpto ir(>.> 
 
 
 
 1 790 
 
 .1i,l'J(i,1.'.7 
 
 (19l,9fi'J 
 
 ,\Trr.wt*) 
 
 1,I7II,S8I 
 
 — 
 
 1797 
 
 a.i,i.'i4,.i7i 
 
 609,0,',S 
 
 IIIO 
 
 7i.'i,niis 
 
 — 
 
 1798 
 
 .11,880,04 1 
 
 fiOI,1.19 
 
 ITill 
 
 l,'.l7a,SI).') 
 
 _ 
 
 1799 
 
 4.1..179,li78 
 
 841.671 
 
 i;.Ti 
 
 \M!;i'i 
 
 .. 
 
 1800 
 
 .Vi,010,7.1i 
 
 4,4lfi,>ilO 
 
 i;ii 
 
 l,(il'.,n.ii 
 
 — 
 
 1801 
 
 .^6.li0l,.10,'. 
 
 l,86o,87» 
 
 IHl 
 
 a,'J7(i,IM0 
 
 _ 1 
 
 180'i 
 
 60,11,'i,6iiO 
 
 .1,7.10,180 
 
 i;m 
 
 .->,87(',.19a 
 
 _ 
 
 180.1 
 
 .1.1,8 1 'i,W 1 
 
 l,.'i6l,0.'..1 
 
 i;;iw 1775 
 
 
 
 I8(M 
 
 ni,867,.V.i9 
 
 .'i01,l71 
 
 1 VuT.icel 
 
 1,76I,.'.S9 
 
 — 
 
 180.1 
 
 i9,fisv,lor, 
 
 801, '24.1 
 
 i;;«iii l"H.'> 
 
 
 
 IJ'15 
 
 .'>8,17(;,'i81 
 
 6.'il,Sti7 
 
 ''\'T 
 
 i^,7f.r.,f,i.i 
 
 _ 
 
 1807 
 
 74,9a/,,10(; 
 
 2,17fi,'iS1 
 
 .'i,HIS,77S 
 
 9(!,7SS 
 
 1808 l-,,60.',,98'^ 
 
 1,611,867 
 
 \'^i 
 
 lI,>l'ii,ll,T.) 
 
 i'i\Xi9 
 
 1809 9'.!,SU,V8i 
 
 4,1.'il,lo.'i 
 
 \-M 
 
 9,7.Vi.(;(i.1 
 
 177,(i26 
 
 ISlll 1M,4S8,9.1,'| 
 
 8,787,109 
 
 i:*i 
 
 IHS'i.dS." 
 
 1(01,8 l.'i 
 
 1811 
 
 91,.',76,.'i.1.') 
 
 1,^66,867 
 
 i;s'i 
 
 III,40II,3SI 
 
 407,196 
 
 ISltj 
 
 fi.1,liS,'i,9.16 
 
 l,44U,9I'.i 
 
 nsfi 
 
 i'J,l7.'',(Vn 
 
 .I'i.l.l.VI 
 
 181.1 
 
 50,966,01)0 
 
 — 
 
 i:«7 
 
 l,07.1,.1«l 
 
 1814 
 
 00,060,'219 
 
 6,28'i,417 
 
 i;hh 
 
 '^(),iti7,i;r, 
 
 S.'i.l.Mli 
 
 181.^ 
 
 99,.10fi,.H.1 
 
 6,78ll,-,9'^ 
 
 i:s9 
 
 ,Ti,.')7li.(lW 
 
 1!U7,S.17 
 
 ISlfi 
 
 9.1,9J0,0,'i.'i 
 
 7,10.'i,ll.11 
 
 i;w 
 
 .11,417,(10.'! 
 
 8t4,l.'i4 
 
 1817 
 
 li4,91!i,968 
 
 8,l.'i.'i,41'J 
 
 i;ai 
 
 ■i»,7ll6,67.^ 
 
 .16,1,4 4i 
 
 JJIS 177,M'2.158 
 
 15,l.'i9,4.'i1 
 
 \;n 
 
 11,007,197 
 
 I,4S,'j,1H,'i 
 
 'S19ill9,739,S'.iil 
 
 16,6'2'^,969 
 
 i;w 
 
 r),010,9'.J9 
 
 1,1 71, .'106 
 
 1 
 
 
 American cotton, which is of two kind.s, is 
 I jterally Ivnown by the names of sea-island and 
 lipianrf. The lirst, whii'li is the linest cotton im- 
 lyneil into Great Britain, grows on the small 
 1 dv islands iind along the low sandy shores of 
 
 Hih Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. It is long 
 
 in the staple, of an even, silky texture, and is o.isily 
 .separated from the seed, riiliickily, it can bo 
 raised only in certain siliiatinns; so that its tpian- 
 tity is limited, and has not, in fact, been increased 
 since 1H().5. Tlic uplaiul, of which the supply 
 may be considered as unlimited, though of vary- 
 ing qualities, is all short-stapled ; and its separation 
 from the seed is so very dillicult, tlint if it be done 
 by the hand, the cotton is liardly wortli the 
 labour. Thi.s, however, was Die only way in which 
 it could be made available fur home use, or ex- 
 portation, previously to ITIK!; and had aiivonc 
 then ventured to predict tliat l(l,lM)il,(io() ifis. of 
 upland cotton would ever be exported, he would 
 have been looked uiwu as a visionary dreamer. 
 l!ut the genius of Kli Whitney did for llie|)laiiterrt 
 of the Southern States what thegeuius of A rkwright 
 and Watt did for the mannfactii.ers of Kngland. 
 lie invented a niachi.iv by which tlic wool of the 
 upland cotton is se])arate(i from tlie seed with the 
 greatest facility and expi'dition, and by so doing 
 laid the foundation of a new and most important 
 branch of indu.stry, and doubled the wealth and 
 means of employment of liis countrymen ! (Pit- 
 kin's Stallslics of the United Staiis, p. lOit, cd. 
 1835.) Whitney's inventicm came into operation 
 in 179.T; and in 1791, 1,601,700 lbs. and m 179.3, 
 .5,276,,')00 Ib.s. of cotton were exported. And so 
 I itonishiug has been it.s growth in the interval, 
 tiiat the exports of cotton from the United States 
 in 1858 amounted to the prodigious aggregate of 
 1,118,621,012 lbs. ! of which only 12,101,058 lbs. 
 were Sea-Island. The value of this vast quantity 
 is estimated in the otlicial accounts at 1:51,380,661 
 dols. ! being nearly half the entire exports 
 (293,758,279 dols.) of the United States during 
 the same vear. 
 
 ■iS.llll 
 
 rl.i/ 
 
 |J;nii»( apei-ifiilnri the Quantities of Cotton Wool Imported from different Countries into the United 
 Kiiujdom during the 21 iears ending irith 1860, and the Total Quantities Imported. 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y»n 
 
 Tnllnl Slates 
 of America 
 
 Brazil 
 
 The 
 :\fet1iti'rranean, 
 including Kgijil 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Brillsh 
 
 Possessions in tlie 
 
 Kast Indies 
 
 llrilisli Wwt 
 
 Inilies anil 
 
 Hrltish 
 
 Guiana 
 
 Other parts 
 
 All parts 
 
 
 Ihs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Ihs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1^!.' 
 
 .'i74,7.18,,'i2n 
 
 lS,fi7.M2.1 
 
 9,674,070 
 
 65,709,729 
 
 1,260,411 
 
 3,1.15,224 
 
 631,1 93,1 10 
 
 :>u 
 
 ,'il7,'ilS,61!'.! 
 
 '^1,081,714 
 
 12,106,327 
 
 88,6.19,776 
 
 1,707,194 
 
 5,054,041 
 
 610,11 l,.10l 
 
 iM'i 
 
 6'^6,«.'i(),4 1 a 
 
 i!O,l.',7,0.11 
 
 14,614,699 
 
 58,437,126 
 
 1,391,117 
 
 725,316 
 
 721, '179,9.13 
 
 i<i( 
 
 401,919,19.1 
 
 14,740,1 .!! 
 
 14,278,447 
 
 34,510.143 
 
 l,20l,S,'i7 
 
 1,140,113 
 
 407,8.50,271 
 
 i<i; 
 
 .-r,l,.M9,'i91 
 
 I9,900,!IM 
 
 4,814,208 
 
 83,934,014 
 
 793,9.13 
 
 598,587 
 
 474,707,615 
 
 I'h 
 
 HIO.l! 17,488 
 
 19,971,178 
 
 7,231,861 
 
 84,101,901 
 
 640,137 
 
 827,0.16 
 
 713,020,161 
 
 l>19 
 
 6:.t,.6ll4,0.',l) 
 
 .10,7.18,1.13 
 
 17,369,813 
 
 70,818,515 
 
 944,.-07 
 
 1,074,104 
 
 755,I69,0I2 
 
 !*•«) 
 
 49.1,l.'i1,ll'.i 
 
 .10,'i9!l,98'2 
 
 18,931,114 
 
 118,872,712 
 
 228,913 
 
 2,090,698 
 
 663,576.861 
 
 i«l 
 
 69fi,6.18,96'i 
 
 19..1.19,104 
 
 16,9.'iO,525 
 
 122,020,970 
 
 410,529 
 
 1 ,377,6.53 
 
 757,379,749 
 
 IV,i 
 
 -65,6.10,.')4 1 
 
 20,500,144 
 
 48,0.18,0 III 
 
 81,922,432 
 
 701,096 
 
 3,960,992 
 
 929,782,448 
 
 KM 
 
 6.^S,4.'il,79B 
 
 'H,\'M\fiiH 
 
 28.353,57.'i 
 
 181,818,160 
 
 .3.'.0,128 
 
 2,084,102 
 
 895,278,749 
 
 M 
 
 7a2,l.'il,101 
 
 19,70.1,000 
 
 23..'iO3,0O3 
 
 1 10,836,0<I9 
 
 409,110 
 
 1,730,081 
 
 887,3.15,901 
 
 Ivi) 
 
 681,6'i9,42l 
 
 ■.il,577,9.'i'2 
 
 3VJ01,l'i3 
 
 145,179,216 
 
 468,452 
 
 6,992,755 
 
 S91,751,il,12 
 
 W, 
 
 780,010,016 
 
 Vl,8.10,70l 
 
 34,616,848 
 
 180,496,624 
 
 462,781 
 
 6,439,328 
 
 1,023,880,304 
 
 k; 
 
 6il,7.'iS,Ot8 
 
 li9,910,s.Ti 
 
 24,882,141 
 
 2.'iO,.1.18,lll 
 
 1,443,508 
 
 7,986,160 
 
 9li9,31 8,896 
 
 w 
 
 811,'i.17,77fi 
 
 18,017,872 
 
 38,232,120 
 
 132,722,576 
 
 ,107,808 
 
 11,148,0.12 
 
 1,034,312,176 
 
 ■fin 
 
 961,707,'ifil 
 
 22,178,900 
 
 .18,100,096 
 
 192,310,880 
 
 592,250 
 
 10,767,120 
 
 1,225,989,072 
 
 Ml 
 
 l,ll,'i,S90,/illS 
 
 17,'«6,Stll 
 
 44,036,608 
 
 201,141,168 
 
 401,800 
 
 8,.103,080 
 
 1,.190,938,7.'j2 
 
 Wl 
 
 819,.'iOO,."28 
 
 17,290,.11R 
 
 41,479,200 
 
 309,010,418 
 
 485,530 
 
 9,022,914 
 
 1,2.56,984,736 
 
 m 
 
 1.1,V.!l,'i'2l 
 
 23,1.19,1818 
 
 65,238,321) 
 
 392,0.'i4,.'i28 
 
 722,736 
 
 17,022,656 
 
 .523,973,296 
 
 .'■t 
 
 6,.".9 1,080 
 
 22,001,108 
 
 107,3.18,914 
 
 434,420,784 
 
 2,556,818 
 
 13,008,.576 
 
 669,583,261 
 
 >i 
 
 14.118,(101 
 
 3S,017,.'i04 
 
 147,089,188 
 
 .'.Ofl,.')27,392 
 
 1,22.1,204 
 
 16,.'i81,010 
 
 893,304,721) 
 
 >i 
 
 l.Vi,S.TJ,ISO 
 
 6.'i,10.1,l.'i2 
 
 201,019,981 
 
 415,917,600 
 
 2,050,190 
 
 26,757,690 
 
 977,978,288 
 
 'm 
 
 .'i'.iil,il.',7,41il 
 
 68,522,490 
 
 128,754.080 
 
 611,218,.184 
 
 .•1,6»0,3.')2 
 
 44,777,181 
 
 1,377,129,936 
 
 I ■■ 
 
 |?1 1 
 
 riiivi 
 
 [(lUltl 
 
 first! 
 
 [1801 
 
 liwa.« for iiimy years the practice to levi- a 
 Nn cotton wool when imported. The policy 
 |itcli a (hily is, however, very questionable; 
 iil ij indispensable that, if imposed at all, it 
 •llbekept at a low rate. I'"or a number of' 
 Bprevioiisly to 1831 it amounted (on foreign 
 J to l! per cent, ad valorem ; but, in order to ' 
 iiiii, in part at least, for the loss of revenue 
 f. by the repeal of the duty on iirinted cottons i 
 Wo], it was raised in that year to o.s. UW. per ! 
 1 Such a duty would have materially af- ] 
 *lilie imports of the inferior species of cotton 
 lie price of coarse goods ; .and being, in j 
 PlMcc, justly objected to, it was reduced 
 Kto 2s, Hi/, per cwt. Hut the imposition of I 
 
 any duty on the raw material of so important a 
 manufacture being deemed objectionable, it was 
 finallv abolished in 1815. It had previously pro- 
 duced between 600,000/. anil 700,000/. a-year. 
 
 The subjoined tabic shows in a very striking 
 manner the progress of the manufacture in this 
 country, and the fall in the price of cotton wool. 
 The manufacture declined in 1847, but that was 
 wholly owing to the decrease in the supplies of 
 raw cotton from the United States in 1810-<t7, 
 and the consequent rise in its price. The decline 
 during the Civil War was still more remarkable. 
 
 Wc arc glad to find that under 31 & 32 Vict, 
 c. 33 (1808) provision is made for tlio collec- 
 tion and periodical publication by the Board of 
 
464 
 
 COTTON 
 
 •t.. 
 
 I . 
 
 ;(. • 
 
 ;;[■ 
 
 
 r 
 
 -y 
 
 ■■ ft iv 
 
 Statement of the Imiiorta into, the Krportu from, and of 
 
 in, Great Britain, in dijf'erent Yearn, from IM'Ji) to 1800, both inclmive. 
 
 of the Consumption, Prire» Sc<\ of Cotton /J',,,,/ 
 
 ATcraxc Weekly Comutnpllan 
 
 .1.71.1 
 
 ISM 
 
 IU5 
 
 IMO 
 
 184} 
 7.'M3 
 
 I8S0 
 4,150 
 
 1854 
 7,809 
 
 1858 
 6,415 
 
 DIM 
 
 i;|il.iml 
 
 !i,%St 
 
 5,S!)6 
 
 5,316 
 
 
 Orlians and Alabama • 
 
 ■t.Ml 
 
 4,7.^6 
 
 7,H»,1 
 
 M,»5» 
 
 17,169 
 
 15,788 
 
 21,919 
 
 2I.IO-2 
 
 1?,9I» 
 
 Sea Island • . • 
 
 .lliil 
 «,A1,', 
 
 Iftll 
 ll),li'6lt 
 
 .1.M 
 "14,117.1 
 
 .VJi 
 19,59< 
 
 .TP'i 
 
 f,m 
 
 .'..',0 
 30,278 
 
 615 
 
 Tolal United 8lale« 
 
 ai.mil 
 
 m,;m 
 
 3I,4.52~ 
 
 
 lira/it 
 
 'J,.V)2 
 
 3,611'/ 
 
 a,1.19 
 
 1,444 
 
 V,I9'/ 
 
 .1,310 
 
 2,198 
 
 2,102 
 
 5.M1 
 •1,f>M 
 
 i7,;.iit 
 
 l,!H); 
 
 K(iypt ... 
 
 Hill 
 
 .'KIH 
 
 416 
 
 541) 
 
 1.1 16< 
 
 1,54-2 
 
 2,.159 
 
 1,729 
 
 Ka^t India 
 
 1,1196 
 
 911) 
 
 l,n«'i 
 
 i.'lV 
 
 1,888 
 
 3..184 
 
 4,183 
 
 6,210 
 
 Ueinerara, Weal India &c. 
 
 !>n 
 
 ■<hl 
 
 ti\ 
 
 ■m\ 
 
 .1.11 
 
 I'd 
 
 184 
 
 •11 H 
 
 Ti.tal . 
 
 ii,.^ir" 
 
 in,>ii>'/ 
 
 i»,.iiii 
 
 '/I,llfl3 
 
 MaVr 
 
 •i'J.Vti 
 
 40,111,1 
 
 4l,su 
 
 l'Ul.5 
 
 rarkat-eH annually rnnslnned - 
 
 509,600 
 
 83-.<,100 
 
 954, 1U« 
 
 t,'/51,.1U() 
 
 I,.')?!,!!)© 
 
 l,511,.',00 
 
 2,101,IK)0 
 
 7,171,500 
 
 •1,l(f9,ll20 
 
 Avera«t' wclutit of paikatfeK con- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iumeil, in llm. 
 
 «78 
 
 •i'M 
 
 333 
 
 367 
 
 .185 
 
 388 
 
 .199 
 
 417 
 
 SIC 
 
 Weekly cuiuun)|ition in package*, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nveraf{e 117 Ibii* 
 
 9,7»S 
 
 11,.1ll 
 
 14,996 
 
 1(1,175 
 
 27,955 
 
 27,099 
 
 38,658 
 
 41,817 
 
 12,41)11 
 
 AvrraKe weight of pack:igei im- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ported, in U«. 
 
 S70 
 
 .'no 
 
 .131 
 
 .165 
 
 386 
 
 391! 
 
 196 
 
 lio 
 
 •IC; 
 
 i.i.-;6,.'*,i 
 
 Packages fX|>orliil 
 
 7»,NU0 
 
 3.1,4IKI 
 
 10J,SUO 
 
 119,71)0 
 
 ULVM 
 
 271,800 
 
 316,900 
 
 348,-U() 
 
 Dm. wflglit aiHUially imported 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in niillluns r.nd tciiths 
 
 •ilfi 
 
 Ml-'i 
 
 56 1-7 
 
 583-4 
 
 716-3 
 
 685'G 
 
 901-1 
 
 1 ,025-5 
 
 I,.1i6") 
 
 IJ>s. weli;h( I'onsuini d in millions 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and lenlhs - 
 
 166-8 
 
 iil7-6 
 
 318-1 
 
 45S'9 
 
 606-6 
 
 58S'2 
 
 839-1 
 
 905'('. 
 
 DL7 
 
 Lb». weJKht in ports, Ilec. IM, in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 miilinns and tenilu - 
 
 lOT-O 
 
 91-4 
 
 73-3 
 
 161(9 
 
 400-8 
 
 194-1 
 
 177-4 
 
 1.52-1 
 
 »»)■, 
 
 Mm. weitfllt In (ire.u llrltain, in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mitlioiu and lenttis - 
 
 115-5 
 
 118-8 
 
 89-6 
 
 il07-0 
 
 453-5 
 
 S11'6 
 
 208-9 
 
 IS9 9 
 
 (5-1 
 
 Ayerage price per lb. of Uplands 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in Liverpool 
 
 \\r,d. 
 
 6'9i/. 
 
 tOi<i. 
 
 6</. 
 
 4-375J. 
 
 •\.l. 
 
 SJil. 
 
 (■[J. 
 
 l',U. 
 
 Average price per 111. of I'cniams 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in l.lrerpoot 
 
 15-1,1. 
 
 8i<l. 
 
 I41i<. 
 
 9Jrf. 
 
 C-.-75</. 
 
 ■y. 
 
 7il. 
 
 HIJ. 
 
 WW. ; 
 
 Averaue price per lb. of Surats 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in I.IVITlKtlll 
 
 K-!),/. 
 
 •M. 7Jrf. 
 
 4-6'i5,/. 
 
 .v. 
 
 hU. 
 
 3II.I. 
 
 1»f/. 
 
 1V,(. ' 
 
 N.B. — .Messrs. Holt and Co. e^ttntate the average weight of the pack.ii-es lni|>orted in 1S5H at 426 lbs. iier bait Kptand 1 ' > iIm tM 
 and Alabama; .1.1II lbs. Sea Island ; ISI lbs. llra/il l .155 lbs. EB>pliaii ; IsHIn. Kast Indian ; and 180 lbs. West Indian. lii ISM ar™,," 
 
 to -Messrs. Kllison and Ilavwoosi, llie average weight of bales Has a* follows: - " - ' "" 
 
 310 lbs 
 
 ^Vmerican.llllhs.; Ilr.wil,17nbs.: EKv,it,'l9iiTi;i'"?°''l'"- 
 West India, m> lbs. ; Sural, .183 lbs. ; -Madras, TOO lbs. ; Ilennal, 298 lbs. i China and Japan, 326 Ibi. ' '"'''■' 
 
 Traile of .stntistics as to the f|imiitity of cotton 
 iiiipiirted into tlio IJiiitcil KiiiKiloin, ami the 
 ([uaiitity rciiiovi-(l hy si>a or land from anil to, 
 and held in stock at the several ports. 
 
 An Account of the Quanlity of Cotton Exported 
 from the United Slates m each Year from 1H21 
 to 1801 (l/oth inrlii.sice) and in 1800-7; showing 
 its Average I'rice per lb,, and its Cross Value, 
 
 Year 
 
 Exports 
 
 Average Trice 
 per lb. 
 
 Tolal Value 
 
 
 r». 
 
 cents 
 
 dols. 
 
 1821 
 
 121,891,105 
 
 16-2 
 
 20,1.57,181 
 
 1S22 
 
 lll,ii7,'.,IM5 
 
 16-6 
 
 2l,ll.15,0.',8 
 
 ISi.l 
 
 17.",7-'3,'2;0 
 
 11-8 
 
 2ll,445„520 
 
 IS-M 
 
 1 l;,169,li63 
 
 15-4 
 
 21,917,101 
 
 lNli5 
 
 17(p.ll9,'J07 
 
 2'l-9 
 
 .16,8l6,(i49 
 
 txtr. 
 
 'ilil„5.15,115 
 
 12' 2 
 
 25,1125,21 1 
 
 1827 
 
 '^94,110,1 15 
 
 10 
 
 '/9,159,515 
 
 ISiS 
 
 2l0,.'.<Jll,4li1 
 
 10-7 
 
 2'i,187,2-/9 
 
 lHi9 
 
 '.(III, 8.17, 186 
 
 10 
 
 '/6,575,311 
 
 1 S.10 
 
 2118.1.59,1(1/ 
 
 9-9 
 
 '/9 ,67 1,883 
 
 1831 
 
 276,'J7!I,T8I 
 
 9-1 
 
 25,'/S9,l92 
 
 18.-2 
 
 .1'/2,'/15,l22 
 
 9-8 
 
 11,724,6s2 
 
 18.1.1 
 
 1'-!4,l Un,(;c>1 
 
 111 
 
 .16,191, !(••, 
 
 1811 
 
 .181,717,1)117 
 
 12-8 
 
 19,118,:i)2 
 
 18.15 
 
 387,358,992 
 
 lfi-8 
 
 61,961, .K12 
 
 18.16 
 
 4'i3,61I,.107 
 
 16-8 
 
 71,-/84,924 
 
 1817 
 
 411,211,5.17 
 
 11-2 
 
 6.1,240,102 
 
 18.-8 
 
 595,',I52,267 
 
 10-3 
 
 61,556,811 
 
 I«.-9 
 
 111,-.2I,212 
 
 14-8 
 
 61,'2.18,982 
 
 1810 
 
 7l1,91l,0(il 
 
 8-5 
 
 61,870,307 
 
 1811 
 
 .'|.11I,'/I14,I1I0 
 
 10-2 
 
 .54,.1.-.e.111 
 
 1HI2 
 
 .5M,7i;.017 
 
 81 
 
 47,.V)1,461 
 
 1813 
 
 7!)'(,'(97,106 
 
 6-2 
 
 49,119,81 iii 
 
 1S4I 
 
 (161,i;.13,l.',5 
 
 8-1 
 
 .54,06.1,501 
 
 1815 
 
 S72,IH15,9!)B 
 
 .5-92 
 
 51,7.19,613 
 
 1816 
 
 .547,558,1155 
 
 7-81 
 
 42,767,311 
 
 1SI7 
 
 5-27,219,9.58 
 
 10-.14 
 
 .'■1,415,848 
 
 1S48 
 
 814,274,111 
 
 7-613 
 
 61,998.291 
 
 1849 
 
 1,1 12(1 ,6ll2,2li9 
 
 16-4 
 
 66.196,1)67 
 
 18.50 
 
 fi.15,381,6111 
 
 11-1 
 
 71,')8I,616 
 
 1851 
 
 927,217,089 
 
 12- 11 
 
 112,1l.'),117 
 
 1852 
 
 1,I191,'2,1I1,6.19 
 
 8-05 
 
 87,96.5,732 
 
 IS53 
 
 l,lll,570,,170 
 
 9-85 
 
 109,456,401 
 
 1S5I 
 
 987,8.13,106 
 
 a-47 
 
 91,596,2'/!) 
 
 1S55 
 
 1,18)8,421,601 
 
 8-74 
 
 88,143,814 
 
 1856 
 
 1,151,411,701 
 
 9-49 
 
 12S,18'/,351 
 
 1857 
 
 1,018,282,175 
 
 12-55 
 
 131,57,5,859 
 
 185S 
 
 I,1I8,6'(1,0I2 
 
 11-70 
 
 131, .186 .661 
 
 1859 
 
 1,.186.46S,.',.56 
 
 12-72 
 
 161,4,11,9/3 
 
 186:i 
 
 1,767,686,.118 
 
 10-85 
 
 191,8116,555 
 
 1861 
 
 .107,516,099 
 
 11-07 
 
 .14,1151,183 
 
 1866-7 
 
 686,660,814 
 
 27 
 
 18.5,398,419 
 
 pcricnro and mannal .skill of the ivork-peiiiilo. ih,. 
 
 priiportion of line to coarse yarn.s anil faliricsniii;lt 
 
 i have hcoii expected to make u corrcspondinir j„! 
 
 , crease, ivlicreas it was, on the contrary, i-crv 
 
 j KrPatly diminished. Diiriii(,'tlic periml ri'li'irdi;, 
 
 I the coiisiiinption of cotton increased ncarlv/mr- 
 
 fold; but tlie quantity of line yarn proihici-d i\ t 
 
 I of varn above sixty hanks to the pound), insu'a! 
 
 I of keeping pace with the increased consumiitiiin,,-' 
 
 j cotton, really niuUirwent a iio.-silive iiml by i,„ 
 
 j means incon.-iiderable reduction. Tor a nmiiliprof 
 
 years no new eslahlisliments for tlie prciilui-tioiii'' 
 
 I line yarns were formetl ; but in JIaiichc>.tir al.iic 
 
 ! about L'O mills tliat h,id been employed diititv 
 
 I or entirely in fine spinning,' were given' up. nr *. 
 
 voted to the jiroductioii of coarse yarns. Tosmiie 
 
 extent, no tloubt, the diminution of prii(hiccari>iii' 
 
 from this cause was countervailed by an incrfi-i 
 
 in the speed of the machinerj- at work : but af; r 
 
 making all reasonable allowances on tliiit .scow. 
 
 there can be no doubt that the total produce i-i' 
 
 tine yarn was materially decreased. Thi^, m- 
 
 elusion is strengthened by the falling otf wliicl 
 
 took place in tiie iin|iorts of Sea Island cottim, 
 
 wiiicli is used almost exclusively in the produoik I 
 
 of very fine yarn. ' 
 
 Account of the Produce of the Cotton CrojisD/tk I 
 United States in the undermentioned Years' J'm 
 1827-8, downwards. 
 
 .3. Proportion of Coarse to Fine Goods. — During 
 the 20 years ending with 1816 the cotton manu- 
 facture underwent a singular cliange in respect of 
 the average fineness of its products. As succes- 
 sive improvements were made in the construction 
 and mauagemeut of machinery, and iii the ex- 
 
 Year 
 
 Tolal Crop 
 
 Yea, 
 
 Tolal Crop j 
 
 Year Tolal Cnf 
 
 
 bales 
 
 
 bales i 
 
 lulB 
 
 1827-28 
 
 712,11110 
 
 1SI4-I5 
 
 •/,.191,,',li1 
 
 1866-.'i7 !,W,'iH 
 
 18.10-11 
 
 1,0.18,818 
 
 1815-16 
 
 2,100,,'),17 
 
 l,S.'.7-58 ,-!,ir,l»i 
 
 1811-.15 
 
 1,254.128 
 
 1846-47 
 
 1,778,651 
 
 1859-611 l,rfC 
 
 181,5-16 
 
 l,,1(;o,725 
 
 1817-18 
 
 2,317,6,^1 
 
 186(1-61 i .l.'-'V-; 
 
 18,16-37 
 
 1,822,9,10 
 
 1818-49 
 
 2,728, 'i96 
 
 •IS6i-C-(i i.v','"! 
 
 1817-38 
 
 1,801,197 
 
 1S1!),50 
 
 2,090,711.'; 
 
 >1«6'/-<11 l,;«>uii) 
 
 18.18 -.19 
 
 1,160,,512 
 
 ls.'il)-5l 
 
 2,155,257 
 
 •186,1-61 
 
 /.(if.i'i 
 
 18.19-10 
 
 2,177,8.15 
 
 1851-52 
 
 3,015,0/9 
 
 •18114-65 
 
 S.I/ '1 
 
 1810-11 
 
 1,611,!)15 
 
 1852-51 
 
 1,262,882 
 
 1865- (16 
 
 ■•,\i\,a 
 
 1S4I-I2 
 
 1,68.1,571 
 
 1 853-44 
 
 2,9.10,ll-/7 
 
 1800-67 
 
 l,aii,!n 
 
 
 2,.178,875 
 
 1854-.'.5 
 
 2,847,,191 
 
 
 
 1,843-41 
 
 2,0,K),409 
 
 1855-56 
 
 3,5'/7,S15 
 
 
 Estimates. 
 
 This change in the average fiiioiie.'is fifcolinl 
 fabrics could not be ascribed to foreign ciirapeii-| 
 tioii. for fine spinning is precisely that branch /■ 
 the trade in which English cotton-spiniien iii«i| 
 
 I xi'd (heir rivj 
 
 I ifi-i;,'!! I'oiirilri. 
 
 iliidiii;,' ciiar.so 
 
 .siiiiiciinies atfn 
 
 iliaiifTOH of (as 
 
 "|.i-rate ili.sailv/ 
 
 lactiiriiig piir,siii 
 
 iind |ii'oc-C('di-d ti 
 
 ■II aci'iiuiilcil /III 
 
 ilial |iiiwcrfiil iiji 
 
 -|it'ratiuii, othen 
 
 cutlld not liave bi 
 
 imxm of iJie yi, 
 
 liV nil means dbi 
 
 rliat llie redoetioi 
 
 iiriop III' , silk, and s 
 
 i.iiiKs wliii'lj have 
 
 li "IIS nf ivur^fed fj 
 
 .I'-lc iiilliii'ii(-e in 
 
 ■-"tli'ii,-;. Till- mail 
 
 I" loiiiid ill till! gr^., 
 
 ill llie price of ra 
 
 m&ni; wiili IHIG, 
 
 (-lieapiics.s of stout 
 
 liiij conclu.sioii has 1 
 
 cumitaiicoj under w 
 
 >iiice )»lli. Tlie SI 
 
 iii.JO vi-cre at once dc 
 
 pricrtl. Tlie cost of 
 
 tain aimpara lively Jj 
 
 fCi(Utntly ro.se in j ji 
 
 li'io. iiic spinners c 
 
 J cifccii, partly by c-eas 
 
 I cuapcst labric',-', and pi 
 
 Jllio/ineiicMof their vi 
 
 J"li.it,ij)e-\tuut (lievc 
 
 la rise ()/■ prices. Jt'js 
 
 Jv.iDci'ofi,/, per pound 
 
 Ifpecdily amlinvariabl 
 
 ■3 Jiaiiijiii the avera" 
 
 |t/ipyanip,Tp,)i„„i_ 1 
 
 " -I. i'alue of the Britl 
 
 t^iflmnt periods. Am,\ 
 
 mrersom emphi/ed in i 
 
 iWetol)cablctof„rma 
 
 *filic present valueoft 
 
 r tlie number of pcrsoi J 
 
 |ep.i.r(meiit.,;batthedaf 
 
 |re("iiiidedbi-ingnece.T 
 
 T^'sioleioarrivcatanvl 
 
 MpUoivever, the foil,",/ 
 
 k;very,videoftl,eraai 
 
 J " m .Mr. Keiine ll 
 
 r'"w,inapapcrpJ 
 
 fe'-^.i-'-^timatedl 
 
 im,iiio; the aid the/ 
 J"« a-Y()iia] lo i|,c rJ 
 r7"l'^Tof..pindlLl 
 f- Ki'iiiicily f„r,|,er 
 r;"'.vam,-uini,a||y,| 
 K"'«<|uantityofco' 
 
 KiU for the year J 
 
 .jJ'PMinK ei,i„,..„„| ;, J 
 pofSi)"""---"---.! 
 
 te cotton manul 
 P'}- Since 1817. MrJ 
 
COTTON 
 
 4G5 
 
 ]MW-f 
 Mil 
 
 ' • 
 
 •olalW 
 
 
 
 
 lilti 
 
 ''7 
 
 !,«•«■'■' 
 
 58 
 
 ,i,ir>S;i 
 
 CO 
 
 1, 1 •>'■'■ 
 
 61 
 
 ,-,,■ ■',■■■ 
 
 .6'i 
 
 1 *■"■'■ 
 
 J".3 
 
 1,'"'.'" 
 
 -61 
 
 1 ;)i»t,'''' 
 
 
 Icps of cotwl 
 
 Lt ta'if'' " 
 tpiniwn m^^l 
 
 v'fl tlioir rivftls abroad ; nml tho tarlfls of moBt 
 
 I rii"" I'liiiiitrics nro frainccl in tlic view of ox- 
 
 liiJni" conr.si! rutliiT than liiif fal)ric,s. It was 
 
 ..(iinclinii''^ ullriliutcd to nm; of tlio-'C capricious 
 
 hanL'Oi of taste and fa^liion which friM|iuiilly 
 
 iMrate diwidvantancously on particular nianu- 
 
 'iiuriiit; iiur.-uits; l)ut it was tiHi loni^ in opcraliou. 
 
 Ill liroLTcili d loo );ra<iually and uiiifornilv, to be 
 
 .'i acomiitcd lor ; and it is abnndanlly certain 
 
 ill it iidwerfiil natural causes must havu been in 
 
 Ir.itioii, otherwise 8o extensive an alteration 
 
 ,l,il,liint have been brought about in the average 
 
 lu'ssof the yarn produced. These causes are 
 
 mentis obvious; but we incline to think 
 
 >i It ihc reduction which has taken place in the 
 
 irioo iil'silli. "'"' "''" "'ofo the prodi;,'io»s iinprove- 
 
 [niit, which have been made in various de.-crip- 
 
 ipiiscl' worsted fabrics, have had no inconsider- 
 
 .'„ iiillihiice in lesseiiinn the demand for line 
 
 ■Btlous. Til'' main cause, however, will, im doubt, 
 
 1„ kiml ill the (jreat redu'jiioii which took placi! 
 
 ill tlio I'rii'c of raw eollon durini; the 10 years 
 
 imliii" with 1810, ond the conse(|nent greater 
 
 clieaimcss of stout and serviceable fabrics. And 
 
 till- conclusion has been fully verified by tho eir- 
 
 cumslamci under wliioh the trade lias been placed 
 
 since ISICi. I'hc supplies of cotton in 1817 and 
 
 l((.jOmri' at ouce dclicieiit in quantity and high- 
 
 ,,iit.d. The cost of the lieavic fabrics, which eon- 
 
 ' taincuinpar.alively large (luantities of cotton, coii- 
 
 sctiueiitly rosit in .i nearly corresponding propor- 
 
 liiiD, iiiesfiiiniers endeavoured to obviate these 
 
 i cil'ects. larily by ceasing to produce some of the 
 
 cnarseit fabrlcs,"and partly by generally increasing 
 
 tbelineiii'M'jftbeir yarn ; and it is astonishing to 
 
 what an extent they are thus able to countervail 
 
 lameofliriccs. It is found, in (act, that an ad- 
 
 IviDcvcf li/. |>pr pound in the price of the material 
 
 Ifpwdily anil invariably causes an increase of 2 or 
 
 |3 haiilis ill the average produce and fiueucss of 
 
 |iiicyam|ii'riiound. 
 
 4. i'alue of the British Cotton Manufacture at 
 lifrrent periods. Amount of Capital and yumlier 
 b/Tcrsmis emphi/ed in it. — It would be very desir- 
 able tobc able to form a tolerably accurate estimate 
 bf llic present value of the cotton manufacture, and 
 If the number of persons employed in its dift'erent 
 lepartments; but the data on which such estimates 
 Jre I'nundcd bi ing necessarily very loose, it is im- 
 sible to arrive at anything like precision. I'er- 
 apj, however, the following calculations may not 
 ; very wide of the mark. 
 
 In 1817 Mr. Kennedy, a well-informed maiiu- 
 
 kcturer, in a paper published in the Manchester 
 
 transactions, estimated the number of person" em- 
 
 Icyeil in tlie spiuninc/ of cotton in Great Jiritain 
 
 ;il0,7ljj; the aid they derived from steam en- 
 
 (iics as equal to the power of 20,708 horses ; and 
 
 |c number of spindles in motion at 0,0 15,8:3.'!. 
 
 Kiinicily furl her estimated the number of 
 
 kuk'i of yam annually produced at ;>,087, 500,000, 
 
 Id the iiu.iulity of coal consumed in their pro- 
 
 ction at OUO, 179 tons. We subjoin Mr, Kennedy's 
 
 ^lenient for the year 1817 : — 
 
 I rottnn convtrted into yam in the 
 Initnl Kingdom - 
 
 ilk. . . . . 
 
 1 lbs. 
 
 BtitToftam protUicMl ... 99,u;m,.')O0 
 
 hbfioflidnks, lakinR the avcr.ise at 40 iht lb. . 3,iJ87,5U(l,0;lll 
 
 ktwr of f.)ii)(Ut.s employed, eaib stiinuic Ikmiik 
 
 ■i[«i«l to produce '^ hank's pur day, at3UU working 
 
 fcunihtjear .... 6,015,83.1 
 
 pbn of iKTSonl employed in spinninff, supposing 
 
 khloproiluce I'ii) hanks tier (lay . - 110,7li.1 
 
 TtI»*erem|>lo\ed, equal in number to • 'i0,7tis 
 
 f. of coal Ktimaled to produce I liank of No. 40 ; and 1 30 lbs. of 
 
 K pet day eiiual to 1 horse power. 
 
 put the cotton manufacture has increased im- 
 isely since 1817. Mr. Uuskissou stated in his 
 
 place in the House of Comraon.s, in March 1821, 
 that the total value of the cotton goods mid yarn 
 then aiinii.'illy manufaclureil in (Ireat lir'itaiii 
 aniounled to ;i,t,500,000/. sterling! Jhit there can 
 Ik- no manner of doubt that this estimate was 
 greatly overrated ; and we do not think we slmuld 
 be warranted in estimating the wlmle aniiual 
 value of the iiroducts in fpiestimi in 18,')7 and 
 ls:iH at much more than 52,000,0(10/. nerliiig. If, 
 iiuleed, We took the increase in the import -< of tho 
 raw material as any test of the inciease in the 
 value of liic maimfaclure, we should estimate it a 
 great deal higher, lint the improvements that 
 have been made in the dillerent processi s, and tho 
 fall inthc normal price of raw cotton — forihe prices 
 produceil by the coitoii famine must, while we are 
 taking a geiu ral view, be held to be ipiite exce|)- 
 tional — have hail so powerful un iiillueiicc in re- 
 ducing the price of the goods brought to market, 
 that, uol withstanding the increase of their quan- 
 tity, it is probable that their total value h;is in- 
 creased but little for ft considerable time pa>l. It 
 would appi from the annexed table ( 1 V.) that tho 
 value of the lotal exports of cotton mauiir.ictuies 
 and yarn amounted in 1807 to 70,8 l;i,0'.i2/. 
 
 Value in 18.^8. — In the last edition we ollercd tho 
 following .statement : The average aniuial ijuan- 
 tity of cotton wool imiiorted, after ileducling the 
 exports, m.iy be taken at about 850,0(10,000 lbs. 
 weight. It is su])posed that of this quantity about 
 100.000,000 lbs. are used in n raw or half-manu- 
 factured slate, leaving a balance of 750,000,000 
 lbs, for the purposes of manufacturing, the cost 
 of which may be taken, at an average, at Orf, 
 per lb. Deducting, therefore, from the total 
 value of the manufactured goods, or 52,000,000/,, 
 the value of tho raw material, amounting to 
 about 18,750,000/., there remains 33,250,000/.; 
 which, of course, forms the fund wlience the 
 wages of the person.s em|iloyed in tho various 
 departments of the manufacture, the prolits of 
 the capitalists, the sums required to repair the 
 wear and tear of buildings, machinery &c., the 
 expense of coals, oil, flour for dressing Ac. must 
 all be derived. If, then, we had any means 
 of ascertaining how this fund is distributed, we 
 should be able, by taking the average of wages 
 and prolits, to form a pretty accurate estimate of 
 the number of labourers and the quantity of capi- 
 tal employed. But here, unfortunately, we have 
 only probabilities and analogies to guide us. It 
 may, however, bo confidently assumed, in the first 
 place, that in consetiuenco of the extcn.sivc em- 
 ployment of highly valuable machinery in all the 
 departments of the cotton manufacture, the pro- 
 portion which the profits of capital, ami the sum 
 to be set a.sidc to replace its wear anil tear, boar 
 to the whole value of the manufacture, must be 
 much larger than in almost any other department 
 of imlustry. Wa have heard this proportion vari- 
 ou.sly estimated, at from J to § of the total value 
 of the manufactured goods, exclusive of the raw 
 material ; and as the weight of authority seems to 
 be pretty much divided on the subject, we shall 
 take an intermediate proportion. Assuming, 
 therefore, that the profits of the cajntal employed 
 in the cotton manufacture, the wages of superia- 
 tcndcnce &c., the sum required to replace the wear 
 and tear of machinery, buildings Ac, and to fur- 
 nish tlour, coals &c., ainoimt together to J the value 
 of the manufactured goods, exclusive of the raw 
 material, or to 10,025,000/., a sum of 10,025,000/. 
 will remain as the wages of the spinners, weavers, 
 bleachers &c. engaged in the manufacture; and 
 taking, inasmuch as a large proportion of women, 
 and children under 18 years of age, are employed, 
 tho average rate of wages at only 32/. a-year, wo 
 U U 
 
 l^-iji^S ■•ii.-h 
 

 COTTON io,r,2r.,0t»n/.; but tlioro nr. 
 
 slmll Imvo <^'\ If number of 1"T><oi.|s 'b.'^jyl , ,., i.av ".' '"'.'"''r W^r UiorHurc in.\„., 
 inanuluoturi'. however, f wc siippoxca i n lowaiio' l«>r tu< ^^-i 
 
 '■"^"'^■^■'^C ,^^iX-.r.' &c. It -^ '';'\ f ^,, luiry has co.,v.no.d ^ ^ ' ; V„'b.,ru.. in um.l.U,:., 
 niim-rs, "'"^ ''■*''," .Hion may am.nint >' ; ' J ^,,„, i the >"'»fk; ""^* V f/- ,. j^,,,. ,,„tt,m lmsv;.>tiv 
 
 taUui« it^ at ,; 'uUviavial to avtra;;!' ..')/. > "jM i,u.ri.aaca «">ce . 1*^'\'\ f.!!! in its pru-c.aii,! in lli, , 
 ^.ftj^es of oach ";' "XVc.! in ti.e various ca, au m , t'onsulerai, • ' | ,j.,,^, ,, ,^,,„, 
 
 coi.suml.t.ou in ^^^ j^,,^,iuit wiU, tlicrdort, ^^^^^ export..! ami reta .^ ^^ ^^^_ ,^^^^^^^ ,_ „^, • 
 
 \)'irri'i^ '* '^ ' iw. iiniiriv c"ii '-^ 'I _ I i* .. 1... ,,.<-. n.,, .ij 
 
 a» umlor :— ^^ £ 
 
 i'i.Oll".""" j 
 
 
 
 lO.GW.UOO 
 3,000,0011 
 
 Cai.ital .-."I'loS'-l ;l,,<mo..t ol«»l<;.^^ ,„„, i.aml-looms, 
 
 k:mcxpor.c..l ana mail- ;;—{,,,,,,,;„„„,, 
 „,ay be ncarlv coru.c , ^^ j.^^, ,^,,_,^^ „ ,^ 
 
 tbat tb.' ^'»''^;, g^;'„ a more costly Iku, il.^ 
 of a supcM-ior l.jru,,a ^^^^^^^_^ tu.r.fore .0 ;J 
 
 soiit abroa.l. *J'i j csliiuatinK lli 1* 
 
 aisposca to bcbc '^ t';» „f „,, i,„ii 
 
 ,oiit (18.>«) ):"'"';, Lr-' 000,000/. a-yo:>r, «in| 
 
 cotton "'•""';';;;;,'• ?' tl,c vabic of tliu* i 
 
 loaves i:''""''"""^;;!, not commit any vJ 
 
 sumed at bomo, >^c sMi ji.ig .^tiunrnM,] 
 
 Lerious error; '^^^""'^ ^^u others put forth] 
 
 Vr"' ?%S i stHkingly c.-incestl,o . 
 
 the same ""''J*^" , '\ manufacture. Mr. fczlj 
 
 ana b"P-/t';"'° ' X cstiinatea (in a » 
 
 Ul-1'-. " ^^? fl5itishA.sociaticminlH.M 
 
 Lena >'^''^'^^;,,J'%Ks consumea at^ Wo 
 
 vabie of the « o""" ^^ti,„ value of tlic i.4 
 
 .,.1.000,000/., niakng "'C c ^ ^^,„^ jj^,_ 
 
 r -o 1100 000/., supposing the in- 1 .y.-fvoQ ayo/., niakin!,' '^"^."'..Vo a,;,",/ But, 
 ^"-- i^''" n^ il;! STtlle wages ol super^ i:^;^ 03,000,000/. <'J G'^J'"^ '' ,„£,;,, 
 tcvest of ^^^f^ 'Z,n^^t to 10 per '■^;; '^^ ^^,, aefere.iec cbu^ ^^i^Sgi" ^^as a gr... 
 
 intenaencc '•^^., to a which being a hIu 11 ^o aoubt tbat tins m 
 
 vieia a sum '.'f '^'.^^.^''^j s i^ c, leaves ^,^^>'^^^ "ggeratioii. ^ ^ .„^„i„, ^f Messrs, Hi 
 
 ta£?l£iq^^jE£^«Ssr^^ 
 
 tlSSj-^B SSSa-^^^^ - t^C SI of th^ a. ^ 
 
 |:SS SX^- , of wa..s, accoraing to 1 countries. 
 
 «^X .....gate amount of .a.c , ,,,,^,/..«»/-/«W«l/ Countn.fr^4 
 
 .;■ . nf Raw Cotton .-oii^'onrd m tlw J I 
 
 I Estimate of the QuunlU,cs oj ^^ ^^,, ,nclus^cc^ -T^^^TT'^^^^jl 
 
 Oroal Uritaln - ,, if^nJ, anil 
 KuHsia, Herman), """_" 
 
 lleluiuni 
 France 
 Siciin ," . .„ -„ .he Adrl 
 
 atic "r v,.rfli \inerica 
 
 Tmal 
 
 IS'iO 
 
 1853 
 
 l33,nnn,n()ol 
 n'i.oiHi.ei'ol 
 
 '.i'J. 000,000 
 
 V('t,oi)i»,onO 
 41,000,000 
 
 1S56 
 
 II"- „ 
 
 <n ),OUO,000 
 
 •i.'icomi.noa 'mi 
 aii.oo".*" i'';i 
 
 4»,000,ilOO ■"■ 
 
 ii». I 
 
 731,000,000^ 
 
 is.'i.ooo.nnn 
 jcji 000,000 
 
 i'i,000,000 
 
 IK5I 
 
 II"- „1 
 780,000,000 
 
 I90,o(m,ooo. 
 'ioi.ooe.ooo 
 
 43,000,000 
 
 18W 
 
 835,000,0*0 
 
 IH.OOO.Ofl* 
 
 1<|11,00»,01'» 
 
 4'j,000,0«»' 
 
 .SesMeaiJerranean ..c. ^^^ll^K^Hlill^iM^ ^ ^^^^ ^,„,M, 
 
 than it appears to navi- 
 
 ibiiiiiptioii of cotto; 
 Jl. CoHniimpl 
 
 lN4(i.J 
 
 'firrit llhuiii 
 
 K.itoCKurc'pe . 
 Toul 
 I 
 
 I liaurcr, orsuppi) ; 
 ; Amerlta 
 
 Until . 
 iH,.|Iiull,l,Vr. ■ 
 
 KutliKJU die. ■ 
 I Ejcpl kc. 
 Tuial 
 
 Yiihic ill I80C-7. J 
 
 wl, the ivell-knoivii CO 
 lave made, for the year 
 :al™lalioii.-( as tlio valu 
 Kaul'jcturc. 'I'Jip.sc cviJi 
 MiW certain eleim-nt 
 
 I £ llii! fol((]ii iiii|)()rt(.(|. 
 
 I lil ll'c yarn and jiioce gi 
 
 III. .//I Kalimute of'thc 1 
 Hiilnin, irit/i the I 
 I'rojitsjur the lea 
 
 J fiflfnrrjiMimed . n' 
 
 I I" •"" in spinning " j, 
 
 Vm pmluci'il . _ jj: 
 
 WEi.'nn! iny.irn . .^ 
 
 ■ fa.,l»f)!.««ls„ipp.ircl,'l„.. ." ji 
 
 ni'i"?"""''^""'"'"!"'''" / 
 
 TwiJ produced 
 Jr»fl.rBlTalnr,.f,i,n.e,porte,l 
 
 lEiteiwI value of home coni 
 n Kmpiion.Vc. 
 
 Jla<lulue„r„«,js,,r,„|„^.pJ 
 
 ■fwoffollon cuniumeil 
 
 ■bl in «aKe> ami other eil 
 
 I r«alfip,'iiu;ture - 
 Jm,t(if,,,i„,ere.tofc.lpimi i 
 
 S7 
 
 .-70 
 7,7; 
 
 lABwaiioc bcin- made for 
 |-S clu di-en Ac. dcncndei 
 
 ■fbvrilmllic various (lf.„a 
 >fMiire, and in (i,o poiVs, 
 piim-aiid Iniildinffs ren 
 Iwlnnii..!,, on the above 
 Jill from l,()0(),0oo to ].2( 
 
 !;'';■ P^'r,]y „,'„! 5, 
 [»;f;Mlieex(raoi-(li„,Vrv, 
 >™lin(luals; but in,i-„ 
 
 Ifimiy of property .-nurf 
 P five conlideiiec And ,,„£ 
 lr,'».''".*"''""s undertaliin, 
 |lMu.,«„ of intelligence V 
 ■cam on any work to „rc 
 
 I uito then- .service, an It, 
 Itovc capacities ,',f J,/ 
 
 |Wul,lbewli.dlvirr„ora, 
 
 Kuhattbe'UCo 
 r*i lea Held for the emn] 
 >^*l'a^l.ad on then" 
 
 l^oiWa.bire':;!: 
 P- iMcthecottonmannfae 
 I i ?.''''". '""'^t.striki,; 
 
 piatcil to contain i>7,2-l 
 
COTTON 
 
 Aiiiip.xpd k n tahlo sfntinc th OTTON 
 
 rmMimption : 
 I flml llrluin 
 
 Ffajui* - 
 
 Rulot'Kurojw 
 : Toul 
 
 ^^- ^oxo'imiitlon of Votlnn in tr ' 'n"n i« 
 
 IWI..O' 
 
 U.'ilM.l, 
 
 ' 1.7! 1.11(10 
 
 I 1.1|,(»il) 
 
 I .■^'P.illlil 
 
 J.I.I.IIDII 
 
 J(.V,Ti;il()i, 
 
 .liv,(i(«) 
 
 VI 1,(11 lu 
 
 _.>''V.ii(«i ii,,',:,,,, i 
 
 Viiliic ill 1800-7. Mf.«av<. T?ii- 
 
 w,^4, ihe «c.lI-kno„n co on L,'."'''''" ""'' ^'''.v- 
 
 I elation, a. fl.o liZ oC t'hS^M !""'■"'"" 
 
 .fcraUy certain ..o.u.fu'u'ri. ■''■■' '"■'■''"' "I'"" 
 
 'i..1INlI(J0() ' ■'i',^ "•"I'll 
 
 i'*(ii.(i.-, 
 
 lU. 
 
 B'^'l.''! 1(1,(111(1 
 
 "'''.■lllll.dlN) 
 
 — .'■"•'.IlKVIH) 
 
 i.»7i,(«)|i,|)u„ 
 
 .i.'is.dn,, „o„ 
 ■^'.''iiii.,,,,,, 
 Ii.ii)(i,.iiii) 
 
 ■'!''.''IHV1I(I) 
 lN.1,,l(l(l,iiiirl I 
 
 '.l'7 .,"l)<),lllTl" 
 
 ixirlion of ,vjistr fn ►„ 
 
 '" ••"•rno at a vervdt o c "-• .''." '^ '""''■•"" 
 1"-^ '■' "mi.un.cturo can ''''"''■'■'' ''' '^"""n, the 
 tlJo l.oinc f<.n.s»mpti^,u '"''^''yc "^-car.s roprwtat 
 
 lII../« Kmliiuite lift/,,, Jf^,,;,./i( f j~ 
 
 !'■''' ! isco i"~~;.,7r — i 
 
 ,^ 1 I il''' Ulii I ivr-""l~~ 
 
 fmairoiwirim! . mr r-i'- ' llw. IT —-_'''' J«M I 1«<;V "i , 
 
 U.'»»msi.imiinK • ?n!f^?'"""l.n70."winilo'lnn'"?',-. M„. „ L- ij" "SCO 
 
 t...™,l,„vnrn . ' ':''"''^-""" ""WiiariSl T<S^ ^""«.' •''■^^^^^ rNliffl-'^ • ^-'il'iVlS,;,,] ,„,,,L, '5'- 
 
 l/-'»»msi.imiinK • ?n!f^?'""" 1.070 MI nilo'lnn'"?',-. M„. „ L- ij" "»«( 
 
 £i.iirt»l in jnni 
 
 TtliJ produced 
 
 |kt»,|«HtBo«ls, apiiarel .Vi-. 
 
 ■ fli'i'Ieil • 
 
 misinmi value of Iiome coiil 
 
 
 ».'^.'-"o' »,^„,oooi „^,^j .T~r^'T"i''^'=^^^^i^^^^ 
 M::::rr'"- i^^zm^~-^^^p-i-^^.J:Z:^ ^d :;""■""' ----! 
 
 lad iTolit* . ' I t'*' I 
 
 LiLlinaLJLllMno r,.ir.',,mJ ,o .r 
 
 fclf:li".lievari,:Ka"L^".^:!^?,-^-»y 
 
 ffc^O- and Iniildi is °"' ;c it' '"^"''' ^^'- '"■ 
 I/:' from i;,)00,0O0 to 1 i'^or/o'!"^'''^' '\'''^''^'- 
 |in*l)tf(l pi.rtlv „,'„i • ^""^''^ of wciiKh wo 
 Vf'Mlic'^^xraorZnr""-'''^'"-^'' "" "''•"adv 
 >"«'-<'"»!'; C"'i:?:S-;;'-'' ^«'-.t cif I 
 Ijeciiniv of property amr/wn i ""I'".' •'''■''"' ^o 
 
 p five cim(ili,.„V"I,'^" ,,J;"'°'" •;[ '";'"«"•>' ■ 
 
 luitotheirseryice •?„,' , ^''.'i'.^' P"»-er of 
 (tans of Lanc'i^l /"'',"V''"" "'' ""^ <li'- 
 
 |l:-i Mo 70,;iy.5: that of \r- "'i"' '"■'•'■"•l from 
 
 e-^traordInarv, .-in.l L^i ' '''^fn'ool is nio«f 
 P^offro.ssofo^e'^?' „.",'« '."■■'h'''"'' '">'v hy '^^ 
 , L'^Tpool i.s not propeiVv ' . '" ^'^ L'"it.d .sfato.I^ 
 ! -^^ot .,n mannfactn'ro 'I ;,?"«. "^ ^''^^ ■^«"ts of ,),J 
 I '""'"ly iiulehfed to it fr,t '"' '"""■'"'■^'aMilii '. 
 I '" '"T Krowtli. S J s ;, j ' ""Ifr^'i't'l^'-I rapidifv- 
 cotton 'li.strict-tho por ?,f ''"'• '''"Pori,,,,, If ;l 
 ^^•'tfo",- and the y'r , t^' "'"'"f ' all fh, , ,^ 
 
 •^"Sascd in the nannL "'*'"'■'' "^^''^ persons 
 
 ^W'l'tnes. Sl,elws,ther£e hL ''"'■^'^'' '« '"'"■r 
 trade, and i.s no\v in fl.'.f ' '"'^'^"'"oaplaeeof vast 
 I^ondon. In 170V, '" ^''-''^espect, superior even t!. 
 
 "^'" ^-an be obVained hf"^' ^? "■'« ^'''^t acco ,nS 
 
 amounted to only Srin'" o'lr*? 1 ^•^-•' " >' 
 
 II H 2 '^ ""^^'^cJ 
 
 * 
 I 
 
408 
 
 1'^ 
 
 .if- 
 
 ::• 
 
 ir 
 
 I 
 
 COTTON , ,,„,,„ ,.„„,,,,„, 
 
 tlii'Mi 111 t(tru;;t!i' ^^^^ .^ (■.inH"tilor'< in ctliir 
 
 „(lvimti»M;''>"'M','>''' I'^.plK.u Milli.-iHit to Knuf 
 .lis.ri.'.H. ^v-.ul'l "V^ p,V ■v.n .•xUtn..v. Ihoy 
 lluir conliin"'!, l'_'i'';_ //J^ ^ ,^,,„.,, ,v.r.' ;onnrrlv 
 
 l„i,l in.r.as.Ml ti. . ' • ;ii.l.H(.l. 
 
 .i\ to ii.'i"''- ■ ,,.>iuri Willi' ... - ,, , nnil ostraiiriiiiiiii^ 1 '•"" '" 
 
 ■,;vr;:.-».7;.n ■. » i;^ ';;;,;„'; ,',■*'».;..-. »;, '":;;:;;;tr;ri .»..= ".*i-«i ii». 
 
 ai 
 
 ,n„st maiiMla.ii'r'''' tl. 
 
 ^MUi-it.'^ tV "'''.';"''!;^Uar m''vl''r.i.;'n"''-'"''-. .„ •„,v»>irl.oxi4>'.liM l.u 
 
 liiiiilaiia W.'l'^"' ' .^;. j^i,„„.l,('M(T iHin;^ Hi.' 
 siluiittil III ,'''"",'„„i,, ''I'hr riinaiiiinn I'aiti.rk- 
 ,,,,,,rupor>..oli .yt . ' • ,iu.W.>t KuiiiiBU 
 
 ,v..rc.i'"'''''l;".\,':;''' ,,,,,. rl.vsl.iro. 
 YorUsl.iro, rli'' '1' f' ' •'" , f, wlii.li at tlio ofwli 
 
 ■n.c ti.x. v;v':';;' h . m.'^tiv r,-tn,t;.,i.„ 
 
 r..lVrrKl K; ""' .' ^ m nnd K.nfrow, an,! that . 
 t,„...,n.nt..;V' '' ' X", „, Antrim. Hut «hiV 
 lr,.|aiul (wl.ia. '^ '"""'^'^,,„.s bcru very f,'rnily 
 llic l>i'-^''lV-%.''', ',, I ithas hen nearly staiiniKhv 
 
 ■•" «'":"!V".':. "'::\ ; 1 !Tc.nM.rM. footing. 
 
 nanu!a,.urc.sU,.M,i.a^. -;;■,., ■,,,,,,,, 
 
 .„ ,„,ul. ..n ail .'1 ' "[ , ,,„,„\,r !,.■ tl.- ^roat s.at 
 f,,r (.xanii.U', ^l'""'' T , ,r il.c l.ar 'ware, Urail- 
 
 t„nl of tl..' «..r.l."l. "'"';. .r...sw.r can be K'v" 
 
 We aiM'-'u-'i' ;'';:;: I \;ri...iiu.>tai ..ri.. 
 
 ;^u;r:;:ie.i;.:.i.an.;;;^vi;;n.;::;-;e^-re.vrrea 
 
 „,,,,r,eial.le.Mro..n.. ..'>', I j,, „„,, t„>v.js 
 toha,M'en.'at,,l;.;.ar> tal ^^^ ^,^^^^^^j ,^, ,„, 
 
 „„d t'ha. "'^"[.'''Vr"' ,' , i.ni.rove.l V'"^-^-^ 
 peculiarly well 1' ".il ;,"[,,,„, vcl tl.eir early 
 of later tiui.'^, tl.e.y '"V';„ luale'l '•" •lixt''"''' 
 s ,,,..rioritv. ll'i'l tl.'V I'^'V" r'.'l';.'.. ..Ible. tl.eir 
 
 '" _ . ...,..■ t ^— I \ V.iku-'it . yllim 
 
 Ytar 
 
 
 (JiiAntill<'< 
 
 Dri'lnrrcl 
 
 Tciliil nedart I 
 
 V.iku-'if.yiiim I 
 
 Manuf.i.lure., L 
 
 I wi.t, aiul Vunl 
 
 (jnantltli.t 
 
 ,arili 
 
 'i.'iii,'i''li.''t 
 •^l,(i,l'J''.'-'i", 
 
 r,ii4.i'''.''''t 
 :,(ii,si.;,i.'ii 
 .11 1, r.-' 1.1" 
 
 SM.li l'.'>'l^ 
 
 .^o;,i'i.ii.''"'i 
 .-r,'.,t'i-^t ' 
 S6:i.v^s,ini 
 
 4(li,'i.7il'"i 
 
 4i.,'.:«.>'J:i 
 4,,i,.->s,;,.3u3 
 .ihi,iil..,vn 
 4'JI.,."'Vi ,"'..'' 
 ',-i.'i.7.>'.'"''' 
 
 w..'...'.,;"' 
 f,.i: ,';'".'■!' 
 .',-.i,r>;.-,ii''.i 
 
 (i'JII.IITT.I'i';' 
 -,T1,4,MI,1« 
 
 ;'lii,i;31,'J'J' 
 
 -;^l,(|t»>.,HO'.» 
 .|'lS,h.(l,'-'l''' 
 
 I i,.il,i.sr,,ii^'J 
 '',iri,.'..ii.l''ii 
 
 ,,.Wl..TM.,«'f1. 
 
 1 :,37, .''>''. 11',' 
 ,:i.-,H,i»'^').> 
 
 l..'>1.1,lbl.7S'' 
 ,,Vil,i'.f.,'.|!4 
 
 1 •,.I1,-,'.11,I.>'J 
 
 1 C'l'^.Ml'l.lW 
 
 r'i:.7,7r.i,i!'!-^ 
 .V,n:i.'.,'i 7 ..'">'' 
 
 ; .i7'.,'i;".7si. 
 i,.-.'ii,i-i/.';!i; 
 
 .J,Mii,.'.l.'',l''' 
 .; TTIl.ilS.l''? 
 ■/',(,-, I Vi,lHl7 
 
 i.i.si.TJ.,''"'' 
 
 1 7S1,'.'S!'.-.'*I 
 •/.111. '.,'2:^7 .KM 
 
 •7'i7'>.'i'"'.l-^*' 
 
 li'.KiMi.il';;;"'- 
 
 l.l.'ill'j.ll'"' 
 
 l.l.l'Ji,'!"' 
 ll^.h'-'^.'.l'' 
 l.i,..lHll.'.ll 
 
 11.11 . 
 
 II,-.:. -.,1.1" 
 
 ri.^'i"."!,, 
 
 li/.li..''l7 
 ll.ll'l,7.'- 
 
 i^ii;',,'>i 
 
 ll.'.llll.l'^ll 
 I'Z.I'.I,"'" 
 
 l.,U7,W'J 
 l,',,lsl.l^' 
 17..H.1,1I'7 
 
 r^7i7,'ivj 
 
 1.',,.',.'...-." 
 
 li;,.-.7»,n'' 
 
 lli,5iii.'«'> 
 U,',IS.'.,Hll) 
 l'J,KS7,'"() 
 I.'i.llis.llil 
 
 i;,i.i'i,i>0 
 
 IS.ilCT.HIIS 
 
 ir,,;iii,fi."i'^ 
 lii,'iii;,iu.i 
 ' l.'>,7lii,'*>7 
 1S,7'J4,'J''* 
 
 !(l),i."ill,13> 
 
 •i'i,n\9,'i"'i 
 'ii.o.s.l.'it 
 •^:i,'.i'l,'Ji" 
 ■i.i.isl.Sii'i 
 7l,,liS,477 
 •2S,.Vil, ''.'■'■• 
 
 2S 7K(;,tiiti 
 
 .T^ll4'i,l" 
 H7,li.1s,.'i3S 
 4(l,31i~i.3l'^ 
 S7,l'il.l'Hj 
 
 'is,.'if;'i,4fi'> 
 
 37,ti.'!3,6.1'> 
 4.V'17.171 
 41,Klill,'.i-TI 
 .■.7.'.lll".,'ill" 
 
 .',3,ir.'i>-' 
 
 SI,.ViC,3l''J 
 •ifi,.'i'.i.'i.l<i'* 
 
 3:1 t,n'..iH) 
 ,-,i,i.ll,'>iil 
 4i.l7'.l,l'l.l 
 4l,s71, 71 
 .',il,.'iil.'i,7.'>l 
 (■.l,ll.,'-!''l 
 f,.,li4-.,31i 
 
 (i.^.sd.ll'i 
 ,'.,i.(.7,l''" 
 ,ll,li7li,llll 
 7li,47S,4<iK 
 K\-ill.l'.l'* 
 its.ltil.ii.ii 
 liin,iv.,ir.s 
 lli,'vii,ii"; 
 
 lH,'l,I.SI.,ll'2 
 
 iii,,i7ii,'i'i:i 
 
 l-,7,4l.l..s',iJ 
 
 ii».-.'ii,i7n 
 
 l.-S,.'..li.llT'J 
 l.-,'i,14l,Hli.', 
 ltll.h'.t"'.7')l> 
 l'ili,i7(l,7ll 
 
 n-i,s.-ii,lii'i 
 ,3i,:^7.i,:^iin 
 
 i:il,.'.S7,.'.77 
 l-2',),.1S,'i,'.l'il 
 1V'J,I!«I,''I'7 
 ll7,l'i».10t 
 ir,'i,4'.)3,')US 
 |K1,.!I\S05 
 17f„H2l,3r.H 
 5ilK),lllfi,'Jll'i 
 1'1','Wf. ,•>.:> 
 I.i7,r'4.1,ti.'i'> 
 177,SIH,55.1 
 •l.1,'ii.'.,N^"l 
 
 7i,.iMK,ati4 
 
 7,'i,li77,.')a 
 
 l.-,S,K()l,.'iS» 
 IbM,.".'!!!.'.'^" 
 
 £ 
 
 'i,so,'>,sr>i. 
 
 '/,«!I7,.VJI) 
 K,lli.'.,'jV7 
 
 .•;,i:^'.,.vpi'. 
 
 .-.,'/(lll,7TI 
 .1,4'Jl,»H 
 :...'.l.'>,.'i7H 
 
 3..'iii'>.4n.'i 
 n.'i7ii,»7i 
 4,13:1,7.1 
 
 3,'l7'.,ill'-) 
 .\,Tn,l!''> 
 4,TIM,0'il 
 
 ,'.,.:n,iii'> 
 
 ', 7cl('i,'iH'J 
 ti,l'ill,1l.8 
 (.,!! •..'»,'.( .'i 
 7,1.11,M-,9 
 l.,K'.»,l«t 
 7,lill,:,0S 
 TMCifiM 
 7,771,101 
 
 7,i'ji,'ni 
 r.,;isi,.'.«i 
 (;,'M..-,,'i.Vi 
 7,Sv^,"l^ 
 ri,'i:i7,'J^i) 
 .',,'j'rt,i.M 
 
 h,7l)l,l>'"J 
 f,,3»:i,7Ul 
 
 (i,r.:n.ii'''i 
 (i,i,.'ii,r,:i.'i 
 
 C.Sll.'l.O'iS 
 
 (•.,rai,ri3ii 
 7,'iiiii,:i'.i5 
 
 H,(ViS,37.'> 
 S,7(I0,^^'J 
 
 u,'>;'-t,i7'J 
 
 .|,l,W,ll'i 
 
 ;),k;ii,k7.o 
 ;i,-i'i;,7iu 
 n,'iii'i,«ii' 
 8, 1 165, 12s 
 •j,ii»3,i:>a 
 
 Id,-.',. ,111'.! 
 )3,(i>'-'i,i''i7 
 ,,|,»7ll,.'>t.'2 
 
 3i,;'i', 
 .ii.;ii, . 
 3i.;t».u| 
 
 ri'.i.iKi.i.'l 
 4:,,i»ii,'' 
 
 4S,«i1!l 
 
 .'i-i.m-i.'l 
 
 'i (< llio rnilimidfry 1 
 
 IV ilu'ii Ni'rit lo „j,j,| 
 
 n H-; ""■ (H'lHiiiitrv, 
 
 rinli. It is Hot ,.a!<v 
 
 i.Tsr.-ullinKtotli,. (Vi 
 
 11; ilii< <'iii|,|,,_viii..nt. 
 
 11.1 \ivl.s lire rciiini,,,! Ii 
 
 v ,k!i[iI find (lri.,NM.,|, , 
 
 ■" liiir.Teiii articles, 
 
 ■ ■'I' are uxported to 
 
 < J.'M'lll, 
 
 ... Kj/Hirtu of C„tt,i„ ( 
 
 ;vi',j «•/.— i»,,(vii (,, I 
 
 ■ ""11 C'""li, or ratliiT 1 
 ; ilk (if .■■illoir, was ^o 
 
 r y hiinlly at(rae(cr| fl„ 
 
 ■ I'lirinniincr-inl wriit.r.. 
 :Mi«i.r \rl>\vi-lf;lit lj,.^r,i 
 n:'(>r;itiiiii.tliee\|ioi.t,.i i,^., 
 niiidiiy. At dj,. ,.„„i,ih' 
 , iilurv lliey wcrr nearly 
 M'i'»llen\ the iirodiicc 
 
 c;:.i!ii(}ii'Iiire of I lie ,.,,[, 
 
 '\]'uri III' woollen Kood.H 
 
 ■;:jli|y>inee iKdii, t||„t ,„ 
 
 U- iiin-eii>eil no miieli i, 
 
 j'jiit tlirrr linie.s Hie ann 
 
 c ii-titiitf^ indeed, above 
 
 liMlfxports'if tlio (Jnitcl 
 
 Xi'tliiiif,' can sot in a c 
 
 I wMolhciiitoni.sliiii^' /all ( 
 
 |ltt|TirtMifeottoii Ko.idsHii 
 
 'iiirix|mrl.s of wovo (Mjttoii 
 
 ■iMino yards their , 
 
 IttiK'.Oiio/.; whereas in iH( 
 
 IWirics hail increased to -j ," 
 
 Itlfirileclarfd value to .'jj-'i, 
 
 lllfrcfiirp, that while the cx'i 
 
 lirenMr..tlinMlOtimes;isL'r 
 
 |3'; HTmit.-dieir value lia 
 
 Tlti-'iil iilioiit l;i-2 to ii7-U 1 
 
 km. llcniT, supposii.fr lot 
 
 |R*tia«.W, in INL'O, joo v(i 
 
 trlmleniere than I3s. lU/. 
 
 Uhif cxtninrdinarv rodnet 
 
 ►i-moro >trilun:,' Leforo Ih, 
 
 m:|"||;'I.' about partly bi 
 
 ■• liikiMi jiliiee ill the price 
 Ini'ilui tin: famine beiii/' a 
 [■lull, iKirtly by the public 
 fur 111 coarser Cabrios, ai 
 fslly by tliL' wonderful imij 
 ► 'i..imifiicture. In couse(ii 
 pi;' nreuiiist.inccs, cottoi 
 iMji. ih,i( there is hardly ai 
 r^ to he unable to suppiv 
 ►Minly with them. Tlii 
 r fi ••"'.'I"' to the cor 
 ,"' "le leniale part of t 
 
 f-y "I this, but also of , 
 rf«"i"ltoaii extent i„ 
 f ■ *I'on r'""da are not o 
 » .'■ the |,eo,,le of this coi 
 F t^' countries where no 
 r ever heen seen. J„ the 
 |»s "I common cotton dot 
 t accounts of .Speke and L 
 
 Fy, ill which values a 
 
 tfoi-Wfartherbeborncin 
 ¥^ in the price of its prod 
 T'ed extension of the m; 
 
 Cll'f V?^''''^! and 
 r'liat, notwuhstandiiur t 
 
 f^^e^vages nor profits of 
 rf s liave been dimi„i; 
 
 ''f'l'ave been prodigiously 
 
 cetjmy 
 
COTTON 
 
 400 
 
 ,« 
 
 ■.,101 
 
 S,5<* I 
 
 .,» 
 
 i,S,M 
 M,«« 
 
 ,-n 
 ,!i;i 
 
 ,(15,W 
 l\9,Vil 
 
 Ml,'!" 
 
 ;,i'>i] 
 .11",' 
 
 i,ii;vt 
 ro.-'i-'i''' 
 
 ,,|lip rmliriiidory t" be cxmitrd, nnd llicy 
 
 iliiii Ni'iil to n^iiilM, who ilislrilmli' llictii 
 
 u^ till' |H':i-aiitry, wlioari' |i.'ii>l by llir piiri' 
 
 ,li. It is not iii,.v 111 cxil^'KiTiitr till' iid\;i;i 
 
 _, .11 <iilliiiK to till' l('iii,'ili> part III' till' |iii|iiiliilliiii 
 
 ;ii ilii-i i'm|iliiyiiirnl. Alirr lulu ' riiiori'iilrriil, 
 
 , «,|,s lire riliiiiird to (ilaNK'ow, wlicri' tlicy nrc 
 
 i,hiil and dri'->ci|, and Hoiiit'liiiir.i iiiadi' ii|i 
 
 • ,,,iilti'riiil iirtiido.'H. A larj,'!' |inp|iiirliiiii oi'tlio 
 
 „il, art! ux|H)rted tj tlir I'liitiil Slates and 
 
 .llMilll. 
 
 .1, /.'j/wr/n (if CiiHim (IiuhIh mnl i'uni, lull nf 
 
 I'liiA'- — Mown to IT.'Ml till' ('\| orliitioii of 
 
 ;i,-ii 1,'iiiids, or rnllii'r of (^oihIm coiisi.stiii;^ (itir- 
 
 ,llv 1 r i''iltiiii, wa^* so very iiu'on.^idcraldi' that 
 
 \'li;irilly attrartid the least altciithm from any 
 
 I ,iir iiiiimii'ri'ial wriiiTs. ihit after the inveii 
 
 I,. 1 1 Arkwi'inht hi'Ljaii to eoine into ;;eiieral 
 
 ,Mlii'ii.'h('e\|port-, inerea'-ed wilh iiii; ■ecoilelili'd 
 
 tiiiiliiv. At the I'oiniiieiU'enieiil of I he |iri'M'iit 
 
 riiturv tliey were nearly as Iiu'lTi' as the ex|iorts 
 
 ,! »,,iilliiis, the proihiee of the old and staple 
 
 riciifacture of tlio eountry. Ihit though ihe 
 
 ,v«jrt iif woollen k'kkIi has iiiere;ised imi-i- 
 
 ,i,ralilv /iiu'c IHdii, that of cotton gooils and yarn 
 
 ti- increased no nnieh more that it was in I.Sf'.ii 
 
 jl.ut llirei' limes the amount of the other; and 
 
 fii-titutos. indeed, abovo one-third part of the 
 
 I :al exports of I ho United Kin-doni. 
 
 Si'tliinj; eaii sot in a oloarer li.Lcht than this 
 
 uV.hIu' '■"("■li^hing fall that has talun phue in 
 
 ttcirii'i' i>f cotton goods Hince IM'.'O. In that year 
 
 ml ix|i(irt.s of wove colton fabries ainoiinted to 
 
 i'.i.iiMi.lKiO yards, their deelared value being 
 
 l,l,;ii',i,iiiiii/. ; whereas in IMOti the exiiorls of wove 
 
 y.no- Imil iiiereased to •J,.')7i"),ri!l,><,l;)S yards, and 
 
 tiwiloclaroil value to .■)7,',Mi;i,".'(K)/. ! ft appears, 
 
 itiinfiTo, that while the exports of wovo cottons 
 
 Btnuri'thaii 10 times as great — have.„ .ncreased 
 
 il«ci'lit. — their value has only iiiereasod in tie 
 
 itkHit'MKiiit U"i to r)7"0, that is, ahmil '.i'M per 
 
 iDt. Hence, suiiposiiig lUU yards calico to have 
 
 .'I l:i<. '.'(/. in IWiiti, 2J0 yards inuy now bo had 
 
 rliiilenmre than Ps. (!(/. 
 
 lliis extraordinary reduction — ■which, however, 
 
 more striking before the cotton famine -has 
 
 nirmi^'lit alioiit iiarlly by the heavy fall that 
 
 tak™ jilace in the price of cotton wool (the 
 
 ■rinliiftlie I'ainiiic being abnormal and excep- 
 
 uli,Ii!irtly by the |)iiblic taste sotting nuire in 
 
 ur of eiiarser fabrics, and partly and |)riu- 
 
 [lUy by the wonderful iinproveiiients made in 
 
 manufactiiro. In couseiiuonco of those con- 
 
 vm'f oireiinistanccs, cotton goods are now so 
 
 tliat there is hardly an individual »o very 
 
 r.i^lohe unable to stiiiply himself or herself 
 
 aiiiantly witli tliein. Tliislias improved tlie 
 
 anil .idded to the comtbrt of tlio great 
 
 'f tlie female part of the iioimlation, mil 
 
 ily of this, but also of other countries, in 
 
 teirnd to an extent not easily to be iina- 
 
 ; cotton goods are not only readily procur- 
 
 by the ])e(iple of this country, but are ox- 
 
 ' to countries whore no I'hiropoaii had till 
 
 ly ever been seen. In the interior of Africa, 
 
 is of common cotton cloth form, according 
 
 accounts of Speke anil Livingstone, a kiii(l 
 
 ency, in which values are expressed, and 
 
 flts made. 
 
 skoulil farther be borne in mind that it is to 
 in the price of its products that the un- 
 Itnicd extension of the nninufacture in this 
 is to be ascribed ; and it is satisfactory 
 'ftliat, notwithstanding the fall of prices, 
 it ilic wages nor protits of those engaged in 
 Mess have been diminished, while their 
 :ts have been prodigiously augmented. 
 
 W Arroiiiit of Ihf ()/)irliil I'liliif of llif Collon 
 MiniiifiiiliiiiH I i/i<iitr,l, in i/iif'iiiiil I't lira, f mm 
 Gnul Jiiiliiiii, (hull hi;!," I,i\i'.>7. 
 
 V..r 
 
 Oil), ml Valui, 
 
 \.ar 
 
 Oil), -III \'nltit 
 
 fir Ki|H(ru 
 
 ur KiiKirIa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 4 
 
 ni'iT 
 
 A.ill.'V 
 
 iT^r, 
 
 OlA.nlB 
 
 Kill 
 
 u^.|••^ 
 
 I7H7 
 
 l.llll.l'l? 
 
 Kill 
 
 .'i.i.'ii 
 
 I.HK 
 
 I,/V^,'<|ll 
 
 l'l'> 
 
 lii.-iim 
 
 KH'J 
 
 l,m,M7 
 
 i;:i(i 
 
 l.^,.Vil 
 
 K'lii 
 
 \,|.l,^,^r,<^ 
 
 l;il 
 
 'iil,7il« 
 
 I7'll 
 
 I.HT'S.ilti! 
 
 K'll 
 
 -l^.ijitd 
 
 IT'l'i 
 
 7,llil,Vilt 
 
 i;.,i 
 
 'JIN' .TM 
 
 17'l.1 
 
 1. 7.11, KIP? 
 
 171,1 
 
 lilK.IIH 
 
 K'll 
 
 'i,.r«i.ii77 
 
 I7l,<i 
 
 »?ll,7'>li 
 
 I7'J^ 
 
 ii,i.r,,.w 
 
 KKO 
 
 ,\V),1 11,11 
 
 I7'jii 
 
 .t,iU.ii'<i| 
 
 I7»-. 
 
 111 1,7 HI 
 
 I7IIT 
 
 1(,.M«I.A(,H 
 
 The following table (VI."), coinpihd froni tho 
 reluriisof llie l;.i;iril of 'rr.iile, shows Ihe dislri- 
 
 biiti f l!rili«li iiittiiM niMiinfaetiires over the 
 
 woilil, the total ipi.-iiilily of -neb iiiaiiiifaetnris 
 nekoned when po-«ili|e liy the yard. a. id tlie 
 total value of all entton gonil-., iinhiding twist 
 and yarn. The niijiiitily, lhiiii;,di iiol inaliri- 
 .illy dill'ereiit troiii lliat stated in the pneediiig 
 edilion of Ibis work, is largely iiiiToased in 
 value, owing to the tm' a time gVeiitly enh.ineiil 
 pr'ii' of tlie r.iw material. This is' still niori! 
 inanifist in the case of cotton twist and >arn, 
 the i|iiaiility of which was I. '!.><. sil|.,'i.",H lb"s. in 
 liSili;, as coiiipared wilh IHI.riil.'i.Nll.) llis. in 
 I Mod, wliile the value of the lirst-naniod ipian- 
 tity is reliinied at l:i,llM."),ri'J7/., though the 
 greater niiioiiiit of l.'s.jl! is reckoned at 7,!».si,s,57,")/. 
 only. 
 
 Such being Ihe vast extent and importance of 
 ihr cotton nianufacturo, the probiiliility of our 
 preserving our .'i-.ceiiilei)cy in it becomes a very 
 interesting topic of einiuiry. Ifiit it is obvious 
 that a great deal of conjecture must nlways 
 insinuate itself into our reasonings wilh lespeet to 
 the future state of ;iny braiiih of inannfaclurinjj 
 industry. They ar^' all liable to be atVecled iiy so 
 iiiany contingent and nnforesooii eiicumstanct^s, 
 tli.it it is impossi-ble to iirodicate, wilh anything 
 like certainty, what may be their condition a 
 few years hence. It is not to be denied that a 
 business which depends in so gn'at a degree on 
 foreign doni.'ind, and wliieh may, coiiseipicnily, be 
 niatorially inlliiencod, not only h)' foreign h'gis- 
 latiou and foreign discoveries niid inventions, but 
 also by the nuitations of fashion at home and 
 abroad, is in rather a perilous situation; iind that 
 those do|)endoiit on it must necessarily be exposed 
 to the most trying vicissitudes. These, no doubt, 
 are natural to all businesses of this description, 
 and may not bo of a kind to shake the stability of 
 the maniifaclure. or to ond.inger our superiority 
 in it, provided they do not disturb tranipiillity 
 al home, lint when a vast number of persons 
 (U'pond on a luaiuifacture, the privations to which 
 many of them are not unfretpiently exposed, and 
 the efforts that arc made to inllame their pre- 
 judices by representing their sufferinga (which in 
 nine out of ten instances spring from accidental 
 or uncontrollable causes) as the result of vicious 
 legislation, tlie tyranny or sellishncss of their 
 masters, and bad institutions, may easily lead 
 them to commit outrages. And if that feeling of 
 .security which has led to tho investment of such 
 immense sums in mills and machinery should 
 once be seriously impaired, the fall of the manu- 
 facture might be even more rapid tb.an its rise. 
 Anything that tends to keep alive and encourage 
 disaffection and agitation is the bane of every 
 country, but especially of one so deeply engaged 
 in manufactures as this ; and ■\vhile, therefore, it is 
 the bounden iluiy of Government to endeavour, 
 by modifying or suppressing prohibitions, and 
 
 ) 'I 
 
 mf 
 
 'mmm 
 
»«*#»#»«■'" 
 
 i-' 
 
 'i- 
 
 1. H 
 
 i'.- . 
 
 ^^4 . 
 
 1'"' 
 
 r-v-. 
 
 
 V, A ^.■"-' •»■ "!• *"Tv:;i A-!",*.. *' re's/ "» 
 
 . '■"' -: i-„.:;.:f V.,.. 1 is "•■ b=^u:^k=^-T-' 
 
 Sweitcfn • _ . 
 
 Norway, - 
 
 Diiiimrk - 
 
 llainbii'f - . . 
 
 lliilhinil - 
 
 llilKiuiil - 
 
 \U\i: >ar<linum M.w> 
 
 Tuiciin-- - ., 
 
 Nanli'S ml >•>="> 
 
 ..ilri.itii: Torts 
 Austria.. Tirritoriw 
 
 line e • 
 lo..iim Wamls 
 
 W;lu".. Africa (lur.."Sn) 
 
 Jiiya.i 
 C'ulia . " 
 I'orto Ilico - 
 Curaijoa 
 St. I'horna-s 
 
 U..itfa states, > •'^'|;n ji„o 
 
 i'acilic Tort 
 
 JSAtuerica : : 
 
 Mew IJranad.i 
 Venexwtla - 
 Peru 
 
 t^hill 
 
 Brazil - . - 
 
 \V^iL i^onftacratiou - 
 
 iiii.taUar - 
 
 ^'""* ^ f,!ia. Britisli 
 
 Maviritius - ,,,,„,i,n? a"il *'''"'''^ 
 Britishl..a.a-.l>;-jy 
 
 Straits SetllMW"* "_ 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 Hong W^B 
 
 «!^!'%t,a^S«ri.i^«"'""^ 
 
 liiiiisli W. Ill""' _ . • 
 
 Jlondviras • 
 Other i-ountrics 
 Total 
 
 ,,.,fi'>,r>i.r) 
 
 ./,,,'..1,7lii 
 
 Ki.l.Wi.'i"'! 
 
 l,l,.l:IT,'Tt;| 
 '^,i.li7.'JT.>! 
 •^,ylfi,;!lSl 
 
 •J191.-.,M0 
 V,fi71,'J7l 
 
 X,1I.V1'/| 
 n,IH13,«)S 
 •^,OllS,.T-''i 
 5,'j:^fi,31l'i 
 6,7ll,'^S'ii 
 7,V.Vi,'Jl7i 
 71,'J.')0,1'^S; 
 
 i'i,i:i(i,iy'J 
 
 I'^Vie.'i'.iDi 
 
 «,6M,lliO 
 
 r,r.r.'.i,'-i(»i| 
 
 is.ss.o.Mnl 
 
 U/'fii.''*;! 
 so,.wj.;.'', 
 
 ,',,.-,ti:i,wj| 
 
 :i,w7,issi 
 
 l.S'K.lilil 
 
 .r>,l.')0,ll.:! 
 niii.ss.i 
 ■ji.'..iiii, 
 
 l,C„11,lPi, 
 ■i'i,l"l'.l,S''!ti 
 
 7,'.f.:>,iii''Jl 
 iy,ii7i,ii'*7i 
 
 5-2,060,Sr.3 
 ,'),'.llli,tl71 
 l.-,,ll'jl,77i 
 
 u,:^»'J.'''^'. 
 9(i:".i'J' 
 
 1,'.I<J7.'J1« 
 ,',l.'i-,6S5 
 ...nl-.-ilUi 
 
 q'J14,01lM 
 
 ■iis,.i37,'ii'.|; 
 
 SI 77-:,9B'f 
 11.17-1.!.''' 
 
 iii,i;r.i,i''i^ 
 
 H.SlBil^l" 
 
 . ! 
 
 r.,7'is.i£ll 
 
 L_: : — ^^^-ir;;;;;iit.ra,ie. ^c. mi.ca «oo.s .^^^:^^a^^,:= 4, «. ;.. 
 
 OroiS total - 
 
 favour. Oar^n^astcr-. 
 
 t\i( public .^^ciiarc ,i:.scoura(:e »»« .V'" „.,.. with all the principles. . . thoiiroe^^' 
 
 cause '<^ -Si^^Yferc should eu'ieavo" , "^- ^^m 
 
 tho Ion" I'll") *" " •.„ . , 1 
 
 UBtry,audprospcn^ influence ol «^;;; -;:-U elsewhere; t- -;-,!,„ ^ 
 
 But, abstracting 1 "J" ;^ 1 struggles • . ' ,„j ;« earned to a" f f "' 1 j ft ,m iiitow);' 
 
 tJLtheyhavealreadymatk^^^^ 
 
 ,vill not only «"" '%^i^'"uardly fail to loud to:;^ 1 
 alrcatlyin «^''. ^ f ^^^" o,, establisl.mciib : 
 
COTTON 
 
 471 
 
 55,»i 
 
 i; ,»'>■! 
 
 US,/J 
 M.iJS 
 
 i.v'M 
 
 1,111 Ji' 
 iis,m6 :',";■ 
 
 .it lir>t, be fiifticit'iilly liirge to I'uaUlc the division , tliat procurable from K(,'y|)t and some othrreoun- 
 liliiiiployimiits to bo cnrritMl to nny cousidorable ' tricH. It could noi of course bo exported that iIiohc 
 txiriit, at the same time that ixpi-rtness in | who were purehasers iX raw material shoiiUl take 
 niiiiiipulation and in the details of llw various | into acei, nut the ciintiiij;eney which few observers 
 
 cs, can only be attained by slow decrees, failed to jiredict would at no remote period ensue 
 
 It appears, therefore, reasonable to itomlude that — the occurrence, namely, of an attempted disrup- 
 
 - ' ■ ■■'■ ' *'" tion between tie Northern and Southern States 
 
 of the American Union. Hut tlie manufacturers 
 always looked anxiously at the course of American 
 politics, and welconied anj' promised supply of 
 cotton from other countries. The urj^ent deuiaiul 
 for tlie arti('le did produce the ell'ect of developing 
 rdliiliitions will be clfectual to prevent, the total j the cxporla of the libre from new hjcalities. Thus 
 
 Muh new bcKiiiiiers, liaviii;; to withstand the 
 iMUipt'liticu of those who have already arrived at 
 (, verv liif,di degree of perfection in the art, must 
 1h' imniiiiiately driven out of every niarUet (([ually 
 a,v(->il)le to lioth parties; and that nothing but 
 ibf aid derived t'rom restrictive regulations and 
 
 ilistniciion of their cstablisliments in the countries 
 where they are set up. 
 
 ■I'lic cotton mamit'acturo of this country .las 
 
 lalilv passed, as our readers arc well aw iie, 
 
 tliiuiiL,'!! a period of great depression. It is 
 
 iiiiiliaMe, iiiilei d, that at the outbreak of the civil 
 
 wiir 111 the I'liited States both spinners and 
 
 weavers were (^ver-stocked, and that had this event 
 
 nut (jceiiirtd, tliere wouhl have been some stag- 
 
 iiatiim ill ilie trade, due to over prodnclion, and 
 
 tiiat, llierelore, the severity of the pressure was 
 
 lint iVli no liilly by the emp'oyers as it was by 
 
 (In. liiliiiimrs. "on "whom the calamity fell with 
 
 ivunhiit' wiight. It is sutlicieut to jioint to one of 
 
 tin; prvteiling tables in which the deliciency of 
 
 AiiKTiean cotton is to be recoguined. The imports 
 
 iit' ilie raw ir.aterial, which had been nearly- 
 
 l'.>,"iiiii.iH)ii cwts. in ISGO, fell to little more than 
 
 .l,.',(iii.mii) cwts. in ltSU2, the period in which the 
 
 cuitnii laniiiie. as it was naturally and strikingly 
 
 eallici. was inilicting its heaviest miseries on those 
 
 Willi were wiu'aged in the manufacture. 
 
 fliiMsiiDt the place in which to coinmcnt on 
 
 till eireimistaiices which attended this calamity. 
 
 It is sullioieiit to observe that the patience of the 
 
 iilnrativcj. and the courage with which they bore 
 
 tli(i>c siillerings, which were du,^ to causes over 
 
 i whkli tliey had no control, were acknowledged by 
 
 all. flic "iiiaiiufacturers and hi'.idowners in the 
 
 (listriet aitcd with energy in ihe crisis. The 
 
 iiatiou came forward also to aid the sullering, and 
 
 I );rcat sums were gathered throughout the kingdom. 
 
 I 'f lie |iniple lif tiie United States, too, and of our 
 
 eoliinies, ;;avc their contributions to lighten the 
 
 I Laneashiie distress. The subscriptions amounted 
 
 I tiMiearly 1,000,000/, 
 
 The losses consequent on the cotton famine 
 Iwere thus estimated bv Dr. Watts of JIanchestcr, 
 liii Ills work on the Facts of the Cotton Fatniiie : — 
 
 £ 
 
 . 2s,.'>(pii,or.ii 
 
 - .I.I.OllU.DIM) 
 
 . 3,:ioo,i:iiii 
 
 . 1,1'i'i .iillO 
 
 Kmiilovi rs" lf)S>t'S, .1 vears at y.'tJO.OOO/. • 
 lViirkiic.|.le'« do. Ill 1 l,li(HI,IUIll(. 
 Sho|ikt" llvr^' li't. on waiits iit 111 per cun*.. • 
 Do. on half cmvlojt'r^' l'r'*'it:* ... 
 Total loss ral 7i years ... 
 
 Mes.irs. Kllison and Haywood, in their Cotton 
 
 Ciretihir for January 180li, set ilown the money 
 
 SI'S at from (;,'),00l)",000/. to 70,0UO,00O/. 
 
 flic scarcity may be estimated again by the 
 
 ILseiuthe price of the raw luaterial. Egyptian 
 
 Btldii. valued at ;>/. lo.s. G(/. percwt. in IHliO, rose 
 
 ')l--7. o.*. ;J</. in IHGl; that of the United States 
 
 m-\ il. 0.«. id. to Idl. Us.; Brazilian from 
 
 |l. 12.<. Iii(/. to 12/. 18,v. ](/.; and that of British 
 
 "ill from 1/. 17.S. to 8/. 'J.i. As is always the 
 
 bo when a serious exaltation of yiriccs ensues 
 
 Ibim .scarcity, the greatest rise is found in that 
 
 hicli was cheapest before the dearth. 
 
 hViJe-.sprcad and alarming as the distress was 
 
 nieh ensued on the cotton famine, the result 
 
 yet not entirely without its benefits. The 
 
 anufacturers had been forced to depend on one 
 
 felon fur the supply of the raw material. The 
 
 pi'lc protliiccd in this region was, witli the ex- 
 
 Ttion of .Sea Island, of no better quality thiin 
 
 China, Japan, and Mexico appear among the 
 countries which contributed to the supjily after 
 the dearth comme'iced. A great i.npetns was 
 given to exports from Kcypt, the Mediterranean, 
 the British West a .d East Indies, though of 
 course these enlarged iniports from certain places 
 were I'ar from tilling up llie deficiency. 
 
 There is no plant perhaps which has a wider 
 geographical range than cotton. It can be grown 
 in the trojiics as a perennial, and it can be culti- 
 vated as an annual over an area as far north as 
 I he basin of the jMediterrai.''an. rraetically the 
 lit Id for its produce is boundless. The cultiva- 
 tion of the plant, though requiring some care in 
 ils early growth, is by no means toilsome, the 
 chief demand for labour arising when thccro]) has 
 to be gathered, and the-vvool has to be cleansed 
 from the .seeds which it envelops. But notwith- 
 standing the width of the area of iiroduclion, 
 competition against the American producer, in the 
 jieriod preceding the war, though it was anxiously 
 desired was all but hopeless, and the deficiency 
 could not be supplied to any satLsfactorj' extent 
 when the dearth in ^Vmcrica first occurred. 
 
 The absence of any ready respimsc to the urgent 
 demand for cotton during this crisis was Ihe elfect 
 of several causes. In the first place, the intlu- 
 ential classes in this and some other European 
 countries miscalculated the future of the civil war 
 in America. It was predicted that the war would 
 bo .speedily ended, and that the suspension of 
 supi'ly must be of very short duration; it being 
 assumed erroneously that the Southern States 
 possessed large stores of cotton, and that these 
 would be poured into the market when their 
 independence was established. There can be no 
 doubt that this checkeil the disiiositiim to engage 
 iii the cotton culture. Again, among the in- 
 habitants of those countries in which cotton can 
 bo grown, the necessary capital for production 
 on so large a scale is wanting. These countries 
 are poor, or misgoverned, or barbarous — geuorally 
 atl'ected by all these untoward conditions. Cotton 
 might be produced in almost unlimited quantities 
 in Turkey and Asia Minor ; but these regions 
 are cursed by a (iovernment which has made 
 the fairest part of Ihe earth sterile and unpro- 
 ductive. Still it will be seen that even under 
 these adverse circumstances a great impulse was 
 given to produition in Egypt and India. 
 
 The Lancashire spinners for a long time had 
 devoted theirattention to thematter, and the Cotton 
 Supply Association especially had (hme its besL 
 to t'urther the ends of its establishment. It col- 
 lected .samples, employed agents, and welcomed in- 
 telligence of every kind, as far as lay in its power. 
 I'rospcctsofthe Cotton Mitniif'acturc, — The events 
 of the five years previous to 180t> have been a 
 serious trial of the powers possessed by this 
 branch of British industry. Nothing coulil have 
 tested its vigour, its elasticity, its continuance 
 more cITectually. It is not too imich to say that it 
 has passed through the trial with much less injury 
 than could have been anticipated. The marketa 
 
 I 
 
»■' 
 
 \[ r. 
 
 COTTON ^(-ovipl-.ou of Koods \.o,.u ,,t 
 
 turcA article, we n* ^^ ^^^^^^ progress ■ 
 
 Americans, ^^e'l" I 
 
 (Ti.wilier of Commprce, ci 
 3,,niorial to Coii^tcss prot( 
 ,;,cottiiii, which is oaloitlat( 
 •,ri'ent. on its ^ross value. 
 ;B is called for ou the groii 
 „r;.roj:iivoiic.ss, its discotira; 
 ,j»ura.i,'(,'mcnt of forci;^'ii pn 
 iiiisdctriment to thu ship 
 Bilin!,' interests, and an ol 
 tiikm 0*' land and the om|)l 
 Liltle as wc ha\-i' to fea 
 livoslill less to fear from 
 I [fliiiun. America has sonK 
 jisi in the greater cheapnes 
 tii Switzerland and Saxor 
 it centre of iCurope, can or 
 1 8r.wcott(/n by a distant I 
 Jlamburij, Marseilles, and 
 lij k't authority f,)r aflin 
 Itiitfli may i>o convoyed at 
 liljrli'.-ton to JIanchester, th 
 Isirlam. or Ifamburf; to S\v 
 |)ii;zirland is altoj^cthor d 
 liiii slit' does is done by wati 
 Ijilto be nearly exhausted. 
 Iiii k wondered at that the 
 Ifcilil have biiccceded in i 
 luttes. and some of (lios 
 llisi*, ■. ith certain specie! 
 TtlV ilioulcl expoit hosiery ; 
 6,i- they can manufactui 
 jfir cottages; but it is i 
 fev-hould ever be able to 
 
COTTON 
 
 i73 
 
 fliwilier of Commerce, embodies (pp. 22-3) a 
 
 j,Moriiil to Coiifjircsa protestiiiK nf;!iinst the tax 
 
 ^5 cotton, whicli is caloiilutoil (Oec. \M7) to be 20 
 
 yrivnt. oil its gross value. The abolition of the 
 
 ,j5ij calleil for on tlie groini'ls of its injustice, its 
 
 ,,.itrt<i*'encHS, its discouragement of native and 
 
 ,5(0iirag<-'nicnt of tbreign productions, and liccausc 
 
 jiijiidctriment to the Hbipi-ing, commercial, and 
 
 ■niling interests, and an obstruction to the culti- 
 
 (iikm of land and the employment of labour. 
 
 Little as wc have to fear frum American, wc 
 
 jjvfjtill less to fear from Swiss or Saxmi coni- 
 
 jiiition. America has some advantage over I'.ng- 
 
 ^1 in the greater cheapness o'. the raw material; 
 
 [i; Switzerland and Saxoin, situated almost in 
 
 ieccntro of Kurope. can only draw their supplies 
 
 1 1; raw cotton by a distant land carriage, by way 
 
 illimibiirg. Marseilles, and (icnoa ; and Wi. have 
 
 l^ iHjt authority f'r aflirniing that a bale of 
 
 f;;„ii may he eonveycd at a less expense from 
 
 |iijrli-Co;i to Manchester, than from (ienoa, Ain- 
 
 lisrlani. or Hamburg to Switzerland or Saxony. 
 
 (litzirland is altogether destitute of coal: all 
 
 liii; -la' does is done by water-power, and that is 
 
 liiiio bo nearly exhausted. It is not, however, 
 
 If !t wondered at that the Swiss and Saxons 
 
 have biiccceded in supplying their own 
 
 luikct- 
 
 faeturcd goods will di'iiinish. We do not, how- 
 ever, imagine there is much in this. Our power- 
 looms are superior to those of any other country; 
 and there is not, in fact, with the exception of tlic 
 (lyes, a single particular coiiiiocted with the cotton 
 manufacture in which we have not a manifest 
 superiority over the Swiss, Saxons, French, I'rus- 
 sians, and every continental natiun. Certainly, 
 however, wc arc inferior to some of them in the 
 brilliancy and durability of their dyes; and this 
 circumstance has occasioned a considerable de- 
 mand for German and Swiss printed cottons in 
 many parts of the East, wlieio vivid colours are 
 held in the highest estimation. Jhit even there 
 the greater cheapness of our goods is proving an 
 overmatch for the greater brilliancy of those of 
 our rivals. 
 
 Mr. Fane, Secretary of the Dritisli Embassy at 
 Paris, in his lii-port So. 1 of IWOT gives the fol- 
 lowing table, showing the value of the exports 
 of French cotton manufactures in the U years 
 IHJU-U :— 
 
 Francs Fr.inr-H 
 
 is.vi . . nr.'iO'i.ono i isi;2 . . M,:^iio,*in 
 
 im;ii - . i;o,(:i«),ooi) isii-> - - ss.'jiio.ijoo 
 
 iscii - . 511,100,001) I i-iGi - - '.ri, 700,000 
 
 Thus, the cotton exports of France during the 
 year 1 Stl 1 amounted to le.ss than 4,000,000/. in value. 
 Those of any other country were .absolutely trivial. 
 Jlany countries of course import cottoji yarn which 
 is used for home mani-.faeturo, and there is some 
 , Eastern trade possessed by Russia; but the total 
 ttagcs; but it is idle to suppose that , amount of foreign cotton stuffs competing with 
 
 iCltlWl 
 
 i«v\A 
 
 anil some of those immediately con- 
 
 ■113*. ' ith certain species of yarn; o. that 
 
 ■>lioul(l export hosiery and sucli other arti- 
 
 sa- they eaii manuf.ictiiro on !i small .scale, 
 
 itiiifircol ,_, , 
 
 lioukl ever be able to do much more than 
 
 Itwii* str.tcd before a committee (.f the Ilon.sc of 
 jimiinsiu lS;i3 that the French cotton manufac- 
 bl increased, between 1H12 and bSiC, in tlie 
 ,i,|':jlo per cent., while in England its iucrea.se 
 jwilyiTll percent. This statement was, we 
 pvr.aocurate as far as it went ; and yet it was 
 isently calculated, though, no doubt, without 
 .'fo' intended, to mi.slead. In 1H12, and for 
 [ vcnrs previously, it was hardly possible to 
 [.iii cotton wool iiito France, and its (jrice was 
 e.Kci'Ssive. When, therefore, the nianu- 
 miers not wool after the return of jieace .it iiii 
 krv price, it was impo.ssible, seeing that ] 
 Kn' cottons arc excluded from F'rance, but] 
 ftk'iiianr.faetin-e should increase with extra 
 
 ml 
 
 \\m 
 
 B>l<| 
 
 ■.v<.'> 
 
 si')',! 
 
 appall 
 ttel 
 th .\''l 
 
 t'lon cnj 
 : ctawl 
 lin. Ijl 
 'rom tn 
 hetead^ 
 latUcts 
 higt * 
 
 Villi?' 
 taw ml 
 tlic C' 
 
 ofMcxi 
 Mom 
 
 csvfill 
 
 ;UVC «" 
 
 ,a-boar 
 
 liriti.sh produce is finite unimportant. Again, in 
 sunnier climates, more brilliant colours can be 
 imparted to cotton cloth ; but the great clement 
 in production is cheapness in the fabric, and .as yet 
 tlie industry of this country, to judge from results, 
 is practically without a rival. 
 
 On the whole, therefore, wo see no reason to 
 think that the British cotton manufacture has 
 reached, much less passed, its zenith. But it 
 can hardly be necessary to observe, considering 
 the v.ast importance of the t;ade, that while, 
 on the one hand, nothing should be left undone 
 that may serve to strengthen its foundations 
 and to promote its iirosperity, on the other 
 nothing should bo attempted that r.ijiy, by 
 possibility, have an opposite etVect. The ibsist- 
 eueo of more than a million of people is not to be 
 in- rapidity, until the home demand w.-is endangered on slight grounds. The abuses even 
 
 Bvwcll supplied. An advance of this sort 
 
 Ivno ]iiM()f of the capacity of any country 
 
 ^t(*iitc tlie manufacluro with advant.ige, or 
 
 sfwt cottons without the aid vf a bounty. 
 
 ili«iiianufaclure gone on increasing in the 
 
 ratio down to the present time, the circum- 
 
 mislit have justly excite.l attention; Imt 
 
 ib< not been the case. No doubt it has made 
 
 siJtrable progress in the interval ; but not so 
 
 as mii^lit li.ivc been cxpcjtcd, seeing the 
 
 K of wealth and |)opiilat;in in France, 
 
 (ins also the peculiar facilities which the 
 
 enjoy for smuggling cotton stulls and 
 
 pK.liibitcd products across the Pyrenees 
 
 ISfiiii, where they are taken oil" in largo 
 
 fe. The truth "i.s, that until the French 
 
 iinfnt reduces or repeals the duties on 
 
 iron and otner articles indispensable 
 
 clieap cHnstruction of cotton factories, it 
 
 jile to suppose that the French should 
 
 lablc competitors in the production of 
 
 ?ipposcd by .some that the competition 
 te to fear from the tlontincnt does not 
 liomucli in the spinning as in the weaving 
 \ nnd that the probability is that our e.x- 
 Ijiniwill increase, and our exports of mano- 
 
 if such a business must be cautiously dealt with, 
 lest, in er.adicati g them, wc shake or disorder the 
 whole fabric. No doulit the state of children om- 
 phiyed in the cotton factories called fairly for 
 legislative interference ; an>' we believe that the 
 regulations that have been cn.'icted, carried out, 
 as they have been, under the superintendence of 
 the inspectors, have been productive of much good, 
 
 7. Sr.VTUTlUlV KlCC.Ul.ATrONS IN ItF.fi.VRD TO TlIK 
 
 EMfi.oY.Mi;Nr OF CniT.DitisN is Factouif..s. 
 
 Xo statutory restrictions respecting the employ- 
 ment of children in the mills and factories of the 
 United Kingdom existed until 1802, when the -42 
 Cieo. III. was passed for the preservation of the 
 health and morals of apprenticea and others em- 
 |)loyed in cotton and other Victories, and directing 
 the' local magistrates to report whether the fac- 
 tories were conducted according to law, and to 
 adopt .such s.anitary regulations as they might 
 think fit. This Act was followed, in 1810, by the 
 Act generally called Sir Kobert Peel's Act, im- 
 poi;ing various regulations on the employment of 
 children in cotton mills. 
 
 Both of these Acts were repealed in 1831 by 
 the 1 &■ 2 Wni, IV. c. 39, commonly called Sir 
 
 m 
 
mm 
 
 
 474 
 
 COTTON 
 
 v., 
 
 .^^ 
 
 
 I.. 
 
 i.lr 
 
 :,S, 
 
 
 John Ilolilionsc's Arl. wliich proviiU d that in 
 cotton Ciiotorics, to wliich it iilono rclutid, no child 
 coulil loffnlly be cniployod till it liail attained the 
 nRC of 'J years; that no person under 18 years 
 should he" permitted to remain in the fac- 
 tories more than 12 hours in one day ; and that 
 on Saturdays they should only be employed in the 
 faetorica for 9 hours. 
 
 Sir .lohn llohhouse's Aet was repealed in 18,'i:i 
 by the 3 A- 1 Wm. IV. e. 10.3; and this last-men- 
 tioned statute, with the 7 it H A'i. t. e. lo. the 
 10 it II Vict. e. 20 (comuionlv called the Ten ilours 
 Act), I.T it 11 Viet. c. 51, 10 it 17 Vict. ■ . 101, 111 
 it 20 Viet. c. S;1, oinu't the following (irovisions 
 relative to persons . mployeil in all processes inci- 
 dent to the manufacture of cotton, wool, hair, silk, 
 llax. hemp, Jnle. or tow, separately or mixed to- 
 fjetlier, or mixed with any other material, or any 
 fabric made thereof, with the exception of factories 
 used solely for ihi' manul'acturo of lace, hats, or 
 ]iaper, or solely for bleaching, dyeing, printing, or 
 calendering. 
 
 1. That no person inider IS years of age shall 
 he allowed to work in the night, i.e. from h pa.-t 
 S in the evening to h past ."> in tlu^ morning, nor 
 on Saturday for any i)nrposc after A past 1 in the 
 afternoon, the hours to hh regulated by a public 
 clock, specilicd in a notice put up. in each factory. 
 
 2. That no child under « years of age shall be 
 emi)loyed, ami that no child lietween 8 and I.'i 
 years old shall b(^ employed more than i! hours 
 and liO minutes in any (jue day, unless the diuner- 
 timo of the young persons frmn Vi t ) 18 years old 
 in the factory shall begin at 1 o'clock ; in which 
 case the children beginning to work in the morn- 
 ing may work for 7 hours ; but any child above 1 1 
 years of age cm])loyed solely in the winding and 
 throwing of silk in.ny work for 10 hours a day. 
 Ami any occupier of a fact.iry restricting the la- 
 bour of young persons between I.'i and 18 years 
 old to lohours a day. may, on certain conditinns, 
 employ any child 10 hours on ;! alternate days of 
 every week, proviiled that such child shall not be 
 employed in any manner in the same or any other 
 factory on 2 successive days. 
 
 3. That no child under II! years of age shall 
 work in the night for any purpose. 
 
 4. That every child \inder lit years of age must 
 have a surgical certilicate of .ige, and must attend 
 some school on b days of every week for certain 
 specified periods, and obtain a weekly certificate 
 of attendance from the schoidmaster, which m.ay 
 be annidled by the inspector on account of the un- 
 fitness of the schoolmaster. 
 
 .5. That no young person of the age of Vi, and 
 under the age of 18, shall be alloweil to work for 
 more than 10 hours in any one day, nor more than 
 58 hours in any one week. 
 
 G. That every young person tuuler 10 years of 
 age must have a .surgical certilicate of age. 
 
 7. That in> female above the ago of 18 years 
 shall be employed in any factory save for the same 
 time and in the same manner as young persons 
 in factori(!s, i.e. for 10 hours in the day and b^ 
 hours in the week, ami under the above con- 
 ditions as to night work, certificates of age not, 
 however, being necessary for females above 18 
 years of age. 
 
 8. I hat in factories in which any part of the 
 machinery is moved by water, and time lost by 
 stoppages from want of w rter or too much water, 
 children or young persons may, under certain con- 
 ditions, be employed one hour additional, except 
 on Saturday ; n.nd" that when from the same causes 
 any part of the manufacturing machinery driven 
 by the water-wheel has been during any jiart of a 
 (lay stopped, tliu yoiuig pcr.sona who \ould have 
 
 COWIIAGE 
 
 been employed at su'h maeliinerj- mav uikIi. 
 certain conditions recover such lost tinu- (luri,.', 
 the night following the .said day, unless the •>■£{ 
 day be Saturday. 
 
 '.). That the inspector of the distr'ct, oiie(,ftli,. 
 four in.ipectors appointed tuider the .\(ts, ^W\ 
 have p(.wtr to ap])oint a sufiicient mnnhi r i,|' ^',.1 
 tifying surgeons to examine the chiMrcn aiiil 
 young persons, -uid to give cerlifiivites (,r ,|„i, ,^ 
 children and young persons under Id yvnu (.? ,.|.,|! 
 accordir.g to certain forms and direetioin, i,!",. 
 which certificate may bo annulled by tlw iii.-in,! 
 tors or sub-insiiectors apjiointed undCr llic Aii< 
 provided they believe the real age of tin- prr.^i,! 
 mentioned in the certificates to be less thai, iljatl 
 mentioned iu them, or provided the. certilViii 
 surgeon of the district deems such pcrsims in |, 
 of deficient 'lealth or strength at the time wlici 
 the certificates are annidled. 
 
 10. That n )t less than IJ hour shall be iiii,,,, 
 eve-y day for incds to every young |iors(iii, t., 
 taken between }, past 7 a.m. and \ past 7 I'.ji. ,«.. 
 1 hour at least before il i-.ji. ; and that iiiii'liili 
 or young person shall bo employed niori' ili.'i 
 hours before 1 v.m. without an interval fi.r nu 
 time of at least ISO minutes, and that all llic viim 
 jicrsons shall have the meal-times at tlu'ja 
 period of the day. 
 
 11. That all children and young persons >lii 
 have not 'ewer than 8 half-holidays in the vcir 
 of such half-holidays between JIarcli IT) iiinii 
 tober 1, and that ;io child or young persmi -In 
 bi' allowed to work in any factory mi Chri-tn; 
 IJay or Good Friday in iMigland or Jrcl.iiiil.: 
 in Scotland on any day the whole of wlijdi i. 
 apart by the Ch'irch of Scotland fur the obxTvai 
 of the .sacramental fast in the parish in wliifli 
 factory is situated. 
 
 liy 2 1 it 2.j A'ict . lace manufactories wore liro; 
 under the Factory Acts, but youths ni.iy be , 
 ployed in lace factories between 1 a.m. anil lilp, 
 Iirovided the youth be not e .iployod more lit 
 hours a day. 
 
 liy 27 it 28 Vict, the Factory Acts we-c cxte 
 to persons engaged in fustian ( uttiiij,', man 
 tnring cartridges, and paper staining, alsu ii 
 engaged in the manufacture of eartlioniv.itf 
 cept bricks, and tiles not bcii"^ orname:it.il t 
 lucifer matches, and percussion caps. 
 
 The Factories Act F.xtension Act of 
 ;?0 it 111 Vict. c. lOli, apjdies almost cxcliii 
 to those factories unc^-inectcd with the 
 faeture of cotton. 
 
 The Factory Acts embody other rogiihti^ 
 spccting the appointment of inspectors to^ciir; 
 these provisions &c. ; but these, thntiph of in 
 ance to the parties interested, by whom tlicvm| 
 carefully attended to, being of little public i^ 
 ance, need not be inserted in this place. 
 
 COTTON SEKD OIL CAKE. Considi 
 rpiantities of oil cake from cotton seeds are 
 
 V i.'ic .-liin, .in,| 
 (.lii;-li/s Mittiriu 
 
 ioi\'i;i/.;,s ((;„ 
 
 I r:-, (■.■iiiris, /)0U|i;es 
 
 liii- /iiidids;. 'fj 
 
 ;-3.ill iin' valve fi,i 
 
 : ';:• -Maldives, Jfo. 
 
 li l..i<tcni ArcJiipi 
 
 fi-i- I'l .iVfrica. J,' 
 
 I i\-:i 11-0(1 .-IS a ciirn 
 
 |iii.Uricii, and thj cc 
 
 .•:.;ii-iliochi,.focc,„ 
 
 il'vMxhk iho i.s/;,„. 
 
 He nominal cxcln, 
 
 |.v,!iii.;r,;i(eof (;.j,;, 
 
 iBXr. iJiis rupee jg 
 
 Ilir.-iii,;'lo cmvrv is „'.o 
 
 li'iliiiif,'. Ill Siani tliev 
 
 ■viIk IS /iir higher— /t 
 ■Hioiirse tJieso rates 
 
 l«!:;eco,vn-ships„se,,, 
 ■p^ilv, so (hat occasioi 
 fcwj-,ra,lo,nto„^,,„,^ 
 
 fc.;;TOfs)ia.s become a 
 Ieu iinjdirlancp. j„ (^ 
 
 pJ. valued at U rjoi/ 
 
 ra;.ixi)KKiiij.«Xr i 
 
 P^ 'iie (riiit of ,, ,„„ 
 
 '-lOTsot LinniDu.. t; 
 
 , 'lie size of cu,"ran 
 
 /"'li'hcnt parts of .Sci 
 
 ^r^;t,ey were once re 
 '0Mrthernp..rt,„f''^; 
 
 .''•i«been drained an 
 «'-"d a shar^"S' 
 
 .^'■«»outi, M-aJes. j'' 
 ^» valued at I," 
 
 ally imported into this country, the .substan 
 ing used, like other kinds of "oil cake, for n 
 cattle. In the year 18()(), 10,528 tonswej 
 ported, chiefly from IJelgiuni, the avcra!;| 
 being a little less than 5/. the 'on. In ilii 
 year 03.957 tons of cotton seeus were iinf 
 the value being about 7/. 1.'!.?. the bm. [ 
 C0A\M1A(JK or COWITCII (lliii. kiwaij 
 l)oisilgr<.>ter; Cer. kuh kriltze). The fruit j 
 of a perennial climbing (ilant {Dolirlm pM 
 Linn.). It is a native of luilia, as well as f 
 ral other Eastern countries, aiicl of Amcrici 
 pod is about 4 or .") inches long, a liltlc f 
 and contains from 3 to 5 oval and ll,atti-J 
 the outside is thickly covered with short,! 
 brown hairs, which, if incautiously toiiclif 
 
 »'«■ manufactured at r 
 _ ■»'H according oM 
 
 »' process ft 'a'E™«">' 
 mmt^' ...v-ports o, 
 
 mz 
 
 il?^^. TARTAR, fl 
 
 rp'-''b7on";tr 
 
 'fassip-,,0 i,:_/ ""0 indi 
 
 « party wl)ole,u 
 
 -( .. 
 
COWEIES 
 
 raci 
 
 hill 
 . y.\ 
 
 Am 
 
 li'jii 
 mil 
 yiiuiil 
 ' im 
 
 is-li 
 
 liidil 
 III -111 
 ,iti>lni 
 anil, a 
 
 Iclli-I 
 
 iM'rvai 
 vliifli ( 
 
 ,-clitoa| 
 \v be 
 idlrtPl 
 lire M 
 
 tt of 
 
 (cxctei 
 
 the 
 
 ^ilati' 
 
 k tO-CMl 
 
 Ihofii 
 [tlieyral 
 ubli'c ii 
 tc. 
 
 IConMili 
 Ills av« 
 kubstffl 
 le,totl( 
 Ions wci 
 
 IntW 
 Icre imi 
 |n. 
 
 . kivva< 
 L fruit 
 trlins Jii 
 Trcll a* 
 
 , liitlc 
 J thtti-l 
 li short. 
 I' touch' 
 
 . ihi' .'liiii, and occasion intolerable itching. 
 \;,.li,''s MiiU'rhi Iiidica.) 
 
 iii\\'i;ii)S ((ler. kauris; Dtitoh, kauris; Fr. 
 
 ,.. luuri-!, Iiougcs; Ifal. cori, porcellanc ; Span. 
 
 .;.. /.iiiilms). The shi'U til' the Ci/pnm immclti, 
 
 -ill iiii'valve found abundantly on the shores 
 
 ". ;i, Maldives, liorneo, and the various i.-dets of 
 
 .i, l„i-ti'i'n Arehipolai^o, as also on the eastern 
 
 ,j.i, lit' Africa. I''or many ages this .i^hell has 
 
 Vj "-oil as a currency in piirts of llindostan 
 
 „1 \lVaii, and tlio cowry lishery was and perhaps 
 
 ,.ili. the chief occupation of most of the natives 
 
 jl.iiiiliabit the islands where it is found. 
 
 [to nominal excliange of the cowry in BeiiRal 
 
 ;^j( (lie rate of lilO to the anna, or ;i,8R) to the 
 
 1,(1., This rupee is wortli 2i'2'Jil. .sterling, and 
 
 ili-iu-lo cinvry is worth about ■.'G-10,U()Oihs of a 
 
 •i'-ibiii!;. I" •'^i'"" 'hey arc still cheaper. But their 
 
 vol i-'ur higher — at least ten times — in Africa. 
 
 i/ciurjo the.-^B rates arc variable, and the delay 
 
 iijui oowrv ships used in India lo raise the price 
 
 j;Iv, so' that occasion was taken to turn the 
 
 ffirvirailo into a gambling transaction. 
 
 jiiatho abiilitiiin of the slave trade the supply 
 
 n'liwrii'sliM become a matter of comparatively 
 
 importance. In IWiJo, 7,780 cwts. were im- 
 
 *l. valued at 14,001/. 
 
 aiANIJtHltlES or KED WIIORTLEBER- 
 
 Tlie fruit of a mci..;s plant, the Vacciniitm 
 
 n'rasof Linnicus. The berries arc globular, 
 
 It the .-ize of currants ; are found in mossy 
 
 ifiinililli'icnt parts of Scotland, but not in great 
 
 ikfj: they were once common in Lincolnshire 
 
 ihe northern parts of Norlblk ; but snicc the 
 
 have hocu drained and cultivated, they tire 
 
 iv met with. Cranberries have a peculiar 
 
 (k:ind a sharp, acid, agreeable taste; they 
 
 el^ilv preserved, and are extcnsivelj' used in 
 
 iin' tarts. They are very abundant in North 
 
 sriiM iiml in the northern parts of Ku.ssia; the 
 
 KtbiiiiL,' of a superior qualitj-. It is said that 
 
 vorv line ones have recently been brought 
 
 New South Wales. In IStin^ 33,433 gallons 
 
 impoitud, valued at 1,7()-J/. 
 
 BPE (I'r. crepe; (ier. Hohr, krausflohr; Ital. 
 
 dlla.soplillo; I;uss. flior; Span, crespon). A 
 
 It transparent stulV, in manner of gauze, made 
 
 iiv!ilk gummed and twisted on the mill and 
 
 ■jiiwitliout crossing. It is principally used in 
 
 ini;. Crape was originally niainifactured in 
 
 ;Da; but that made ni this country is now" 
 
 ed superior t> any made in Italy. The 
 
 ifacture is said to have been introduced into 
 
 le.by one Jacques Dupuis, at or about the 
 
 ufthc seventeenth century. French crapes 
 
 ifiy manufactured at Lyons, and arc of two 
 
 kfalleil, according to M. Bezon (DictUmiiatre 
 
 ms), mpe au 1 /me. China crape, as its name 
 
 5. was originally manufactured in China, 
 
 be process fur a long time baflled all attempts 
 
 itation. The secret was, however, at last 
 
 ttcil by M. Dugas. In 1801 France ex- 
 
 J.clC kilogrammes of French manufactured 
 
 The British exports of crape seem to be 
 
 iitant. 
 
 .VM OF TARTAR. [Argal.] 
 
 DIT. The terra ubcd to express tnc trust or 
 
 ince placed by one individiud in another, 
 
 Ic assigns him money, or other property in 
 
 or without slipulatmg for its immediate 
 
 II. The party who lends is said to give 
 
 aid the party who borrows to obtain credit. 
 
 in and Natitrc of Credit. — In tho earlier 
 
 tl society, credit is in a great measure iin- 
 
 This arises partly from the circumstance 
 
 little capital being then accumulated, and 
 
 ta Government not having the means, or 
 
 CREDIT •i7.-> 
 
 not being sufflcicntly careful, to enforce tliat 
 pinictual attention to eiigagcments so indispensa- 
 ble to the existence of coniiilence and credit. But 
 as society advances, capital is gradually accumu- 
 lated, and the observance of contracts is enforced 
 by public authority. Credit iben begins to grow 
 up. On the one hand, those individuals wlio liavo 
 more capital than they can conveniently employ, 
 or who are desirous of withdrawing front business, 
 are d- ipo^ed to lend, or to tranyfir, a p.irt or the 
 whole of their c.'ipilal to oihi rs, on condition of 
 their obt.iining a cirlain s.ipidatid preuiium or 
 interest for its Use, and what they consider sulU- 
 cient secuiily for its repayment ; aiul, on the 
 other hand, there arc always individuals to be 
 met with, disposed to borrow, partly (and among 
 merchants princip.ally) in order to extend their 
 business beyor.d the limits to wliich they can 
 carry it by means of their own cajjital, or to pur- 
 chase commodities on speculation, and partly to 
 defray debts already contracted. These dilferent 
 classes of individuals mutually accommodate each 
 other. Thoso desirous of being relieved from the 
 fatigues of business lind it very convenient to lend 
 their capital to others, while such as are anxious 
 to enlarge their businesses olitain the means of 
 prosecuting them to a greater extent. 
 
 It is plain that to whatever extent the power 
 of the borrower of a quantity of produce or a sum 
 of money, to extend his business, nniy be incrcsed, 
 thatof the lender mu.st be eiputUy diminished. The 
 same portion of capital cannot be employed by 
 two individuals at the same time. If A transfer 
 his capital to B, he necessarily, by so doing, dc- 
 jivives himself of a power or capacity of production 
 which B acquires. It is most probable, indeed, 
 that this capital will be more productively em- 
 ployed in tho hiinds of B than of A ; for the fact 
 of A having lent it shows that he either h.ad no 
 means of employing it advantageously, or was 
 disinclined to take the trouble ; while the fact of 
 B having borrowed it shows that ho conceives ho 
 can advant.ageouslv employ it, or that In caii in- 
 vest it so .is to make it yield an interest to the 
 lender, and a profit to himself. It is obvious, 
 however, that except in so far as credit contributes, 
 in the way now mentioned, to bring capital into 
 the possession of those who, it may be fairly nrc- 
 sumed, will employ it most benelicially, it con- 
 duces nothing to the increa.so of wealth. 
 
 The most common method of making a loan is 
 by selling commodities on credit, or on condition 
 that they shall be paid for at some future period. 
 The price is increased proportionally to the length 
 of credit given ; and if any doubt be entertained 
 with respect to the punctuality or solvency of the 
 buyer, a further sum is added to the price, in ordr»- 
 to cover the risi: that the seller or li nder run- of 
 not receiving payment, or of not receiving it at 
 the stipulated period. This is the usual method of 
 transacting where capital is abundant, and coii- 
 lldence general ; and there can be no manner of 
 doubt that the amount of property lent in (Jrcat 
 Britain, the Netherlands, and most other commer- 
 cial countries, in tliis way, is infinitely greater 
 than all that is lent in every other waj'. 
 
 When produce is sold in the w .ay now described, 
 it is usual for the buyers to give their bills to the 
 sellers for tho price, payable at the period when the 
 credit is to expire ; and it is in the elTects con.sc- 
 quent on the negotiation of such bills that much 
 of that magical influence that has sometimes been 
 ascribed to credit is believed to consist. Suppose, 
 to illustrate this, that a paper-maker, A, sells to a, 
 printer, B, a quantity of paper, and that ho gets 
 ills bill for the sum, payable at 12 months .liter 
 date : B could not have entered into the transac- 
 
 .1 
 
 . i-* ' 
 
 :-'H 4 
 
mmSB 
 
 sss 
 
 476 
 
 CKKUIT 
 
 {■.. 
 
 
 J' 
 
 ■I 
 
 
 A'. 
 
 »v ■.; 
 
 lUKlcrtakiiif;^, than to tli.it wliicli is ^jiveii ij 
 rii;;a^'i'il, and who cniplny ii . 
 
 iiwIivnliialH iii't 
 
 advances nKuh' to tlicni in siipportint; tlii'ni>chi' 
 and their Dunilies. In neither ease is en.'ilit 
 advanla;,'e nidess it, he f;ranled with du,. .ij,. | 
 eriminalion, and witli reference to the eli.iradrr 
 conditiipii, and prosiiects ol' those receiving,' it, i,! 
 this country, liowever, lliesi' consideraiimis Iluv 
 been in a f,Teat measure hist si^lit ot', in il,,,! 
 Urantin^' of credit \>y sliopkeepers ami trailcsiiiwi 
 of all descriptions. Owinf; to the coniiieiiticm i,f| 
 
 tion had he been oblif^ed to pay ready money ; 
 but A. nolHith.stanchnf; he has occasion lor the 
 money, is enabled, by the I'acilily of ne^'otiatinj,' 
 <ir discoinitinf; bills, to n'lvv. the requisite! credit 
 without, disalilinjj himself fnun prosecutini; his 
 business. In a case like this, both parties arc 
 Baid to bo supported by credit; an<l us cases of 
 this sort are e.\eeedin;ily connnon, it is contended 
 that half the business of the country is carried on 
 by its means. All, houcver, tliat such statements 
 really amount to is, that a larjje proixirliou of 
 
 those cuKafjed in inilustrious nmlerlakin^ts do not j such persons, their extreme eafjeme-s in f(rnr, 
 employ their own capital, but that of others. In customers, and the p'nend indolence of o|juliiit 
 the ease in ijuestion, the printer employs the persons, which disinclines them to salislV even- 
 capital of the papi'r-niakcr, and the latter employs small debt when it is contracted, the system (if»li 
 that of the banker or broker who discounted the in^- \ipon credit has become ahno>( miivirsil. I'lv, 
 bill. This person hail most I'.kely the amount in I amonj^ us think of paying; ready mmiey I'lir an 
 spare casli lyint; beside him, which he mi.y;ht not I tliin;^ ; .seven tenths of the connnunily ,'ne in tli 
 well know how to invest; but the individual 1 constant practice of anticipalinj; llnir iiic iiic 
 into whose hands it has now come will imme- t and there is hardly one so iKUiknipt i:i cliarani 
 diately apply it to useful purposes, or to the pur- ' and fortmie as to be nrudile to lind ^nicers,l)akirj 
 chase of the materials, or the payment of the hulcliers, tailors Ac. ready to furnish liim 
 wajjes of the workmen employt'd in his establish- j credit with supplies of the articles in wliidi liu 
 ment. It is next to certain, therefore, that the ! respectively deal. We look upon this fai'illiv 
 transju'tion will have been advantaf^eous. Hut j obtainiuf; accommodations as a very j^rral iv 
 still it is essential to bc.'ir in mind that it will They are not, in one case out of five, of aiivn 
 luive been so, not because credit is of il.self a advanta;;e 'o the parlies rcceiviiif; ihun, Vliil 
 means of production, or because it can give birth they are jiroductive of very )ieriiiei(ius re 
 to capital not already in existence; but because, The system ten)pts very many, and s'lmeiimi 
 through its agency, capital finds its way into those | even the most considerate individuals, tn iinln 
 channels in which it has the best chance of being 
 prolitalily employed. 
 
 The real advantage derived from the use of bills 
 nnd baidi notes as money consists, as has beet' 
 already shown, in their substituting so cheap a 
 medium of exchange as paper, in the place of one .so 
 expensive as gold, and in the facilities which they 
 give to the transacting of commercial affairs. If 
 a banker lend A a note for 11)0/. or 1,000/., the 
 latter will be able to obtain ;ni eciuivalent jiortion 
 of the land or produce of the country in exchange 
 for it ; but (bat land or i)roduce was already in fortunate if the\' recover from two-tliinls tillii 
 
 in ex]ienses beyond their means ; and tliiis 
 comes the most fruitful .source of bankruptev, il 
 solvency, and bad faith. To guarantee lheiii\lv| 
 from the extraordinary risk to which saili 
 ceedings expose them, tradesmen are olilipiij 
 .idvancct the price of their goods to a most oxu 
 tant height; so that those who are able, niiil«l 
 really mean, to paj' the debts tliey contract, a 
 in fact, (j'jliged to pay those of the Imsts of J 
 solvents and .swindlers maintained hv ihe presi 
 .-ystem. Many tr.idesmen consider tlicciiHlve 
 
 existence. The issue of the note did not give it 
 birth. It was previou.sly in some one's possession ; 
 and it will deiiend wholly on the circumstance of 
 A's em])loyiiig it more or less advantageously 
 than it was ]>rcviously employctl, whether the 
 transaction will, in a, public point of view, be pro- 
 iifable or not. On analysing an .- ca.se of this 
 kind, we shall invariably find that all that the 
 highest degree of credit or coiilidence can do is 
 merely to change the distribution of capital — to 
 transfer it from one class to another. These 
 . transfers are occasionally, too, productive of in- 
 jurious results, by bringing capital into the hands of 
 spcmllhrifts : this, however, is not, except in the 
 case of the credit given by shopkeepers, a very 
 common eB'ect : and there can be no doubt that 
 the vast majoritj- of regular loans are decidedly 
 benelicial. 
 
 Abuses of the jircscnt Credit System in Great 
 Britaiii. Means of obviatiny them. — The previous 
 observations refer rather to the credit given to in- 
 dividuals engaged in business, who mean to em 
 
 fourths of the sums standing iu their buuL<,atl 
 distance of several years. 
 
 The extraordinary extent to which tli'^ cij 
 practice is carried may be learned frmii ilie 
 quiries of the rarliamentary Committee on SJ 
 Debts. It appears from them, that hatttrs. s^ 
 makers Ac. in the metroi)olis have ofton ■ 
 and upwards on their books in debts boluwl 
 and thaty/i'c sixths of their Loa/t ildits are { 
 that sum ! A large jiroportioii of tluse dditsl 
 irr-'coverable ; but owing to the artilioiaitnlial 
 ment of prices, those that are good ,■■.:.■ -iilliif 
 to indemnify the traders for the hiss of ikba^ 
 
 It is not easy, we think, to imagine anys 
 better litted to generate iniprovideiiecaiiilfij 
 The vast majority of those who become iiiseii 
 or are imprisoned for debt, consist of liil'oa 
 artisans, half-pay oflicers, clerks in inibiici 
 other olliees, annuitants A'c. — persons ivlioJ 
 prudent shopkeeper would ever allow l( gclj 
 manently into his debt. The tollowiiii; 
 exhibits some of the elTects resulting fninl 
 
 ploy the capital which they borrow in hidustrious \ system: — 
 
 Nurtiber of Persons committed for Debt to the several Prisons of the Metropolis in the YmrMii 
 
 the Sums for whieli they were committed. 
 
 QueenN IJench I'lison 
 Fletl I'rison 
 
 Star>halsert Prison ... 
 WhiteiTO.^ Slreet l'ri^^ln 
 Hur>>L-mt)nueT i.aiiL t'riion - 
 lolal 
 
 Fur Sums 
 a'.Kivt \uvl. 
 
 For Sums 
 
 lietwf-fii 
 
 50/. and 100/. 
 
 50/. aiul ao/. 1 '■"•l"'^'"- 
 
 Total 
 
 ' InCu 
 
 Jaiiul 
 
 It 
 
 V. 
 1S.1 
 
 Ti 
 W 
 
 a.'. 
 
 UG ISO 
 
 M Vi 
 
 U'J 70 
 
 .'>T0 1,')/U 
 
 l'i7 I H6 
 
 4611) 
 laiij 
 Klli) 
 
 j,5.-.: 
 
 .l.'iU 
 
 3 
 
 KJI 
 
 4111 
 
 SIS 1 »,,TI7 1 .1.9711 ' '■ 
 
 IiiiDiis.queiiceofn 
 
 [i.-wiiiieiit (il, ,|,.|,f 
 
 ■JU :'.» \'iet. c. J;).( 
 
 ini|iri-oiii.d ha.s l),.,.„ 
 
 iw.corlainly, ti,„t^,j 
 
 • I'l" ■■'" ''lid to silt 
 ^.•ifin that sent |,;)^)() 
 1 : iM'l.-- miller •Jtif'l 
 'Mii-imiale (liat ..r,.',,- 
 ;« lo III,. l,.,),„|,ri„, 
 
 '■•■■,•.''"'.'''■■* "fits,,' 
 ''i';'-i'ii.'"i<liscrimi„,,| 
 I -..'-u w(,„m it i.nco 
 ' »r- e( idloticss ,„„| 
 'i.vi;Mliisiri„„.s,,||,| ,,^,, 
 :DiavM(.rasioii;i|/y |„, ^^j. 
 HviiMliea(l\aii(;i^r,.j, „j. 
 
 iMitlieeiiorniijii.s evils ( 
 ■ u d.ieet of the high( 
 
 |u.-.«v believe, w„„i,,, 
 "•"<i'!g iVoni credii, 
 
 |i:i]iU|'n-oii for debt ri 
 'Mas .si,,(,.,i i„- ^\ 
 
 \!A'myi'.>,iH->7)th,iti, 
 
 ].'V"'iM-..oiis werearreste 
 
 |'ia«i«i,etoil,ep„r(io< 
 
 fe«v.M 00,001)/. and 9 
 
 lteir;.ir,.),olis and (wo ad,\ 
 
 |WJM« lo arrest were ffra 
 
 r.;!'?';^^ ;vere exeaite 
 
 ■*!"'. "'■" "1 this sin 
 
 'liniitsno fewer than 
 
 nv. Id, heir liberty, on, 
 
 fc»:i.lio,itaiiy/„.,^yt,„ 
 
 . \iH might Lord 
 
 i'"">ti^<' permission to 
 
 *""."" .'"'"'wanit,/ t,„ 
 
 ""■pMKniul that tJ 
 
 "*'"""l.l ..ot be atte 
 
 P-iMce.stotlieeoiinfrv 
 
 ""W table, wlii, 
 i^^oiiimiKcd to 
 
 pilM LV. 
 
 . , , . , , ^W- each, 
 
 ;■'"'"' '•■'"■'"".•rest and 
 ^».n.iaterial d,,,re/ "' 
 
 -^^"7- What!;,; -r 
 
 • ■^'•'■nproce.so„tof 
 
 ■ ""■ '.'^'r-'gate anio", 
 ")) classes, the 
 •l,"<„,0d,iy4C 
 
 P :: ^ 
 
 ■'■'iJuH'nic, 
 
 1*11111 
 
CREDIT 
 
 477 
 
 n ' 
 
 . ll,:iv I 
 
 ■ i:i!i< 
 
 Ibli 
 
 liirnnsriiui'iicc of altoralions in the law of ini- 
 
 , [;.,ii[iH'iit I'd. (U'l)t. suih as 2'.' it '2',i '/ict. c. ^7, 
 
 '.,14 -.'.'i \'ii't. c. llil iS:i\, till! iiiiniber of iicrsi.ns 
 
 initri-iui'd luw Ipci:ii fjrcally reduced. It was 
 
 iinic. certainly, that .sonielliiiiK elfeetiial was tloiie 
 
 .,[111 iin end to sueli tlaj;rant almses — to a 
 
 ((.tern llml «<'"t '■'■'-!' porsons to it sinnle |nisoii 
 
 flit? under '-'!)/. ! Wo do not mean to say 
 
 „i Ultimate that i:redit may not frecpiently lie 
 
 ,^(.'1 til tlie laliiiiirin;; classes with tli(! best 
 
 %v: liut it is of its al)use that wc complain — 
 
 ,ji;.lK'iiii! indiscriminately f;rantcd tocvery one ; 
 
 , iijise wlmm it encoiirafjes to continue in a 
 
 , ji of idleness and prollij,'aev, as well as to 
 
 imliistrioiis and deservin;^ persons to w hom 
 
 .(yasionally he of the ^featcst service. To 
 
 , ;r, the advantafjes of credit to the public, free 
 
 •■J till Liiormnus evils that result from itsalxise, 
 
 111 nlijcit of the highest importaiu^e; and fesv 
 
 ,«o believe, would do so nuicli to secure it 
 
 ,', ;:ikip.|,' iVoni creditors tlui powm- to arrest 
 
 ■,;,;;!j'ri-un for debt. [Hanki;ui'TCY.] 
 
 1; k;is stateil in the liuusc of Commons 
 
 [Aiuarv r.', I^-T) that in the space of 2,J years 
 
 ;.iM!ti iiiifoiis were arrested in and about London, 
 
 xini\>e to the ])artics, it mav be. estimated, 
 
 ;tiOTi 11 1.0(1,0011/. and '2(KM)l)i)/;! In lH-.'7, in 
 
 ilituti'iHilis and two adjoininf; counties, 'Jlt.rdo 
 
 i»aK.t' lu arrest were grnntcd, and 11,317 bail- 
 
 Ma-scs were executed. Hence it maybe 
 
 M llial in this single year, within the 
 
 T[ limits, no fewer than 12,000 persons were 
 
 mU'f their liberty, on the mere allegation of 
 
 -,«itlii)ut any ;»•<«;/' that they owed them a 
 
 x'. Well ill ight" Lord Kldou say that ' Mt 
 
 itimstinu permission to commit acts of greater 
 
 m ami inhumanity than are to he met with 
 
 'a ilself, and that tiic redress of such a 
 
 iiot «iiii'Ul not be attended with auy fatal 
 
 ■iiitiK'cs til the country.' 
 
 t l.>',lou ill}: table, which shows that 1,078 
 
 t- Wire ciinimitted to llorsomoiiger Lane 
 
 ;D. in 1.SI-', for debts, amounting in all to 
 
 'l^-Di. U'l.s. ii^tl., being at an average no 
 
 iftilijii .7. ;!.f. i*\(l. each, [irovcs that the dis- 
 
 s.>«'[iiili lia.l previously taken place with 
 
 '.iilic law of arrest and imprisonment had 
 
 anv material degree, lessened its misehie- 
 
 •wiinun. Whatever else might bo dear in 
 
 ;y. the fact that thousands of people were 
 
 iiiJy iiuprisened for such miserable trifles 
 
 iiat iiorsonal liberty was at all events 
 
 ilaily dicap. 
 
 » tli.iwiii},' is a return from Ilorsonionger 
 
 Will' tile mmihcr of debtors committed to 
 
 Ipil.iiii iiriice-s out of courts of request, 
 
 tin viar tailing January 1, 1H13 ; stating 
 
 ittly the aijgregate amount of debts and 
 
 iDKim;, ill classes, the number conlined 
 
 li'l'jstliaii 111 (lays, for 10 days and less 
 
 »'•>. 7». and 100 days; and stating also 
 
 »ani piiiil nut (if the county or other rates 
 
 J'iBsiiiliiiaiice and support of such prisoiieri;, 
 
 ' "iirly as possible. 
 
 [[i<m| 
 
 Im 
 
 I jnxiltwi iinhtf jear 
 
 yiiEi.unlofilelpts . - - 
 
 costs 
 
 «rijfi,ini lolmthan lOdiiji . 
 U 111 ami ,, .10 
 ."II „ m 
 
 i'l „ 70 
 
 :ii „ lou 
 
 111" days anil mure 
 
 ?_Pl 0111 of ihc toimijr rale for tlie 
 
 ""■ t mi >uii|K)rt of .uch iirlsoners, 
 
 I '"tarn . . . . 
 
 I •gmmi, shar, „f n„„sc, „f ,hc. moI 
 I ""?»><' »fflcM!,li«lding, fuel, water. 
 
 1,073 
 
 £ 
 
 f. 
 
 J. 
 
 •i.:^^il 
 
 Hi 
 
 ii; 
 
 61H 
 
 VI 
 
 11 
 
 
 IM 
 
 
 
 un 
 
 
 
 (ill 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 1.'. 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 — 
 
 £ 
 
 «. 
 
 J. 
 
 •ix 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 r,06 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
 We defy anyone to sliow that tiie law of arrest 
 and imprisonment has a single good eoii.soqueiico 
 In be plaeetl as a set-otT against the evils of which 
 il is i>roiluetivo. 'rradesnien de|iend, as is clearly 
 evinced by the above statements, ii|iiiii the des- 
 iMitical power which it puts in their hands, to get 
 them out of scrapes ; and believe that the fear of 
 being subjected to arrest will stimulate even tlio 
 most suspicious portion of their debtors to make 
 payment of their accounts. Tlie records of our 
 prisons, and of our insolvent and other courts, 
 show how miserably tliesc (expectations are disap- 
 pointed. We bidieve, indeed, that we are war- 
 ranted in allirining that the more respectable 
 classes of shopkeepers and tradesmen are now 
 generally satislied that tlie system rwiuireil some 
 very material modilications. The law of arrest 
 and imprisonment i.s, in fad. ailvaiitageous to none 
 but knaves and swindlers, and the hiwest class of 
 attorneys, who freiiuently buy up small aceouuts 
 and bills, that they may bring actions upon them, 
 and enrich themselves at the expen.se of the poor, 
 by the magnitude of their charges. Such oppres- 
 sive proceedings are a disgrace to a civilised 
 country. Were the law in question repealed, 
 credit would be granted to those only-wlio de- 
 served it; for, generally speaking, tradesmen, sup- 
 posing they liad nothing to trust to but their own 
 discretion, would not deal, except for ready money, 
 with those of wlio.se character and situation they 
 were not perfectly iiifomiod; and the ditliculty 
 under which all idle and improvident persons 
 would thus be placed of obtaining loans wouhl do 
 much to wean them from their vicious courses, 
 and to render them iudiistrious and honest. 
 ' Those,' says Dr. Johnson, ' who have made the 
 laws, have apparently considered that every deti- 
 cieiioy of payment is the crime of the debtor. IJut 
 the trutli i.s, that the creditor always shares the 
 act, and often more than shares thii guilt, of im- 
 proper tru.st. It seldom happens that any man 
 imprisons another but for debts which he siift'ercd 
 to be eontmcted in hope of advantage to himself, 
 and for bargains in which he proportioned his 
 prolit to his own opinion of the hazard ; and there 
 is no reason why one should punish another for a 
 contract in which both concurred.' 
 
 The power of taking goods in execution for 
 debts is also one that reipiires to bo materially 
 moditiod. It seems to us quite clear that some 
 limits sliould be set to this iiower: and that such 
 articles as are indispensable either to the sub- 
 sistence or the business of any poor man ought to 
 be excmjited from execution, and, perhaps, distress. 
 The ]ircsont jiractice. by stripping its victims of 
 the means of support and ouipbiyment, drives 
 them to desiiair, and is protliictive only of crimes 
 and disorders. 
 
 A petition against imprisonment for small debts, 
 subscribed by manyof the most eminent merehant.<<, 
 manufaeturcrs, bankers &c. of the city of (ilasgow, 
 was iire.sented to the House of Commons in 1M33. 
 It contains so brief, and at the same time so for- 
 cible an exposition of the evils resulting from tho 
 .system, that wc shall take the liberty of laying it 
 before our readers. 
 
 ' Your petitioners have been long and .'^eriouslj' 
 impressed with the belief that very great evils 
 have arisen and do arise from the imprisonment 
 of debtors in Scotland, especially for small sums. 
 
 ' The petitioners will not here question tho 
 policy of the existing laws which authorise tho 
 imprisonment of uebtors for considerable sums, 
 nor do they intend to object to the creditor re- 
 taining the fullest power over the property and 
 effects of his debtor; but they arc humbV of 
 opinion that, iu so far as these laws give creditors 
 
 
 'i\ 
 
 "-'I.;* 
 
 ■OMiP 
 

 478 
 
 CREDIT 
 
 I" 
 
 ■'■1 ■ 
 
 5 |v. .'i 
 
 • ' 
 
 
 «^ ' ;. 
 
 1 . ■ ' 
 
 'i. 
 
 
 .f 
 
 ■ ■ ^K 
 
 
 JV- 
 
 ■ i. 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 •f 
 
 tlir power to imprison debtors for small Mims. such 
 ns for 8/. iind imdt-r, thoy are not onl)' injiirioiiH 
 to tlio public, and ruinous to the ilcblor, but even 
 liurlful to the creditor himself. 
 
 ' It would be a waste of time to dwell upon the 
 hardship of subjectiuf,' debtors to imprisonment 
 for small debts, contracted soraetimca certainly 
 under circumstances of real distress, but more fre- 
 (piently from the improper use of credit, with 
 which "they arc too readily supplied. The creditor 
 takes care' that his prolit shall be commensurate 
 with his risk ; and the debtor is induced to i)ur- 
 chaso freely, and at any price, that which he is 
 not immediately called upon to pay : the creditor 
 coolly and cruelly calculates upon the power 
 which the law has k'"'''"''''! him over the person of 
 liis debtor if he fail to discharge his debt to him, 
 while the debtor forf,'eta that, by the credit so 
 imprudently all'orded him, he is |)reparinn the way 
 for his own ruin, and that of all who have any 
 dependence upon him. 
 
 'The total number of debtors imjjrisoncd in the 
 fjaol of (ilasf^ow alone, for debts of 8/. and under, 
 wa.s in the year 1830, 353 ; in 1831, 419; and in 
 1832, 437; "while the whole, number of incarcera- 
 tions in that Kaol for sums of every description 
 were, in the year 1830, 657 ; in 1831,"G30 ; and in 
 183'J, GOG ; the iiroportion of smnsof 8/. and under 
 being nearly § of the whole on the average of 
 these 3 years. 
 
 * To remedy these evils, your petitioners humbly 
 submit that liieans should be adoptcti tor the repeal 
 of the laws at i)rcsent in force, in so far as they 
 sanction the recovery of small debts by imprison- 
 ment; reserving their effect in every other re- 
 spect ; the result of which would be, thatcreditfor 
 small sums would be greatly limited, if not en- 
 tirely extinguished, and the poorer classes ren- 
 dered more provident ; and by purchasing with 
 money at a cheaper rate what they now buy at 
 .in extravagant price, they would be enabled to 
 procure fur themselves additional comforts, from 
 the more economical em[)loyment of their small 
 incomes. 
 
 ' May it therefore please your Honourable House 
 to take this matter into your consideration, and 
 to adopt such means as you in your wisdom shall 
 see proper, to prevent the incarceration of debtors 
 for sums under SI., and thereby remoTC or greatly 
 mitigate the evils of improvidence on the part 
 of the debtor, and of oppression on the part of the 
 creditor, ^vhich necessarily arise under the present 
 system.' 
 
 So reasonable a proposal, supported by such 
 conclusive statements, could not fail to make a 
 deep impression ; and a bill was soon after intro- 
 duced, and passed into a law (stat. 6 & 7 Wm. IV. 
 c. 70), taking away the power of imprisonment in 
 Scotland for debts under 8/. Os. Hd. over and above 
 interest and expenses, except in cases of fraud. 
 This bill is admitted to have been eminently benc- 
 licial ; and it is to be hoped that the advantages 
 of which it has been prod\ictive may lead to the 
 extension and general a|)plication of its principle. 
 
 Propriety of placinr/ all small Debts beyond the 
 Pale of tlie Law. — The taking away the power of 
 .arrest and imprisonment, except in the case of 
 fraudulent bankruptcy, would certainly be a ma- 
 terial improvement upon the existing system. 
 But we are satislied that it does not go far enough ; 
 and that by far the most desirable and beneficial 
 reform that could be effected in this department 
 would be to take away all action for debts under a 
 given sum, as 50/. or 100/. The only exception to 
 this rule should be in the case of claims for wages, 
 or labour done under executory contracts. To 
 prevent the measure from being defeated, no 
 
 action should be granted on bills under ,io/. „f 
 l(l()/„ except upon those drawn by or upon regular 
 bankers. This would be a radical change eertainlv. 
 but we are fully satisfied that it would he hijjh'k' 
 advantageous to every class of the ciminiunitv, 
 and most of all to labourers, retail dealers aii.i 
 small tradesmeti. It would protect the Innn.r 
 from oppression, at the same time that it won] | 
 tend powerfully to Kmder them more )iruvii|(.|i| 
 and considerate ; it would teach the latter in ix- 
 crcise that discretion in the granting nf crcilj; 
 which is indispensable ; and it woidd be piibljij, 
 beneficial, by strengthening the moral prin(i|,i( 
 and making the contraction of debts inr miii:, 
 sums, without the means of payhig them, at oiii 
 difficult and disgraceful. 
 
 We agree entirely in opinion with thon' w!i 
 think tliat it is to no purpose to attempt i 
 remedy the defects now pointed out, by nniltiplv 
 ing courts and other devices for facilitating ti; 
 speedy recovery of small debts. This is bc,Ti. 
 ning at the wrong end; or rather it is attomiKin; 
 to obviate the influence of one abuse by instiiui- 
 ing another. No wise statesman will e\cr bi' casili 
 persuaded to fill the country with petty lnoalcourt-; 
 tor these, when not absolutely nec(>ssary. are th* 
 merest nui.sances imaginable; and be Wd'ulcl, at all 
 events, exert himself, in the first instance. i« « 
 away, in so far as possible, with the ciroumstainr. 
 that' make individuals resort to them. liut it l< 
 certain that yJ- of the cases in coimty cmiris on.:- 
 n.'itc in questions as to simple contract debts under 
 50/.; and were such debts placed, as tlioy ought in 
 be, beyond the pale of the law, the courts wuull 
 be wholly unnecessary. Our object oiij^Iit nut li 
 be to provide means for enforcing the payment f 
 trilling debts, but to prevent their ronlmtiox 
 We believe, indeed, that, instead of lesscniiiir. ih« 
 multiplicati(m of district courts will materially 
 aggravate, all the evils of the present creilitsyi- 
 tem. The belief that they may readily enCrce 
 their claims by resorting to them will miikc si'f- 
 keepers and tradesmen still more disposed than i; 
 present to give credit, while the unprincipled, 
 inconsiderate, and the necessitous will ti^m^ 
 grasp at this increased facility. What there i; 
 caution amongst our retail dealers is in no jnw| 
 siderable degree owing to the want of those p«ti; 
 tribunals so many arc anxious to have univtrsill; 
 established, 'i'he more they are increased, the 
 will caution prevail. But instead of diminushini 
 this virtue, for such it really is, it cannot beti 
 much increased. Nothing will ever deter th( 
 who ought not to obtain credit from taking 
 while in their power ; but those who give it mi] 
 be made to exercise greater discretion ; they nii) 
 be made to know that it is a private transactii 
 between themselves and those to whom tl 
 grant it ; and that in the case of petty debt: 
 have only their own sagacity to look to. m 
 transactions not being cognisable by law. 
 measure of the sort here proposed would not. 
 .some appear to imagine, annihilate credit. 
 would, no doubt, annihilate that spuriou.^. Mi 
 criminating species of credit that is as rm 
 granted to the spendthrift and prodigal .i> tn U 
 frugal and industrious individual; buttotlie-! 
 extent that it deprived the former of the nicanij 
 obt aining accommodation, it would extend tbowj 
 the latter. Nothing short of this, nothing but 
 placing all small debts beyond the pale (if the 
 will ever fully impress tradesmen with a con' 
 tion of the vast advantoges that would resuiij 
 themselves from their withdrawing their 
 fidence from courts and prisons, and preveni 
 everyone from getting upon their books of i™| 
 situation and cirourastances they are not 
 
 anarc : nor will 
 to eradicate fd, 
 
 pr nr credit m 
 
 ren.lcr it a pulij'j 
 
 Our „f t/„, „., 
 
 M-lein i" the sdi 
 
 ili"U>aiiils f;f i„ 
 
 n'i'iii tlie iinproi 
 
 '■ri-inally led Jni 
 
 line llic .■iliiip.s (,, 
 
 Ofv ilnrr neithei 
 
 ,: "ds (lO'cred (<, (j 
 
 l':: ./iilin.siin hnn 
 
 "■i''i' I'Wrs iiiorc III 
 
 t'liribr (lis credito 
 
 '.''lit, M'l ir.se (iti(i < 
 
 ■"'■'i l;';;lier pri,',. „ 
 
 i"i'ri-licd livcimii 
 
 ''li''lrni'(l iij t)w con 
 
 'Ut-wbi,|i, „.|,|„„^ 
 
 i"i'''i';''l I'll his li,,,.„ 
 
 "lai'iiiiii ijpiiii s .mil 
 
 ]■«< Milistantial eoer 
 
 'ill' tradesman „.„|,j 
 
 lirit iiist/iikv, upon |, 
 
 i:w.vtide,s ppon |,i„j 
 
 mth any unless he f, 
 
 in.' liis pnvments • « 
 
 ™Jit w,';s of import, 
 
 * |'li.'m.'c of „h(,,i, 
 
 lii-cliar.ii/Praii(lre|,i, 
 a «-«i.ff/.e sort nmv 
 
 )''"; ^^' '«'ei> ikmon 
 .I«-';J' W'-a.-i(),u>d its 
 infliii." i-impared 
 
 ii'mjiiffofpetivd 
 '"■|.v..ap,„nphjef 
 
 V^'- 'fhecom,,,, 
 «".';/'> or vessel 'p 
 «'l be navigated e> 
 ;<« Bri&h subjects , 
 
 ™ ' ' sea a eer(;,i„ , 
 
 l' 'wn nba«do„e,r' 
 *MwTr*^ ^'ritish 
 
 l; be j„,.xed tjg ' 
 , "," '5 no Jonrrer ne^, 
 ^''Ppreiifiec.^ The 
 J &'"'"«' '"'^ 
 
 ," -"HiCA.VTlf I- Ar . 
 
 Rf*iSS 
 
 ™*' perilous circumi 
 
 »M3 have been kn 
 'Jloliicca and „- 
 
 ^ " •ne'licine. n 'f 
 >''<''M,.sfeacril 
 
 (''«• ivuliebpj 
 "beba 
 
 ■'i; Si 
 
 'p'iiofVr-"'^" 
 
 
r" 
 
 CRKW 
 
 aware: nor will nnytliin^' rise he nhlo comiilptely 
 \a iriiilii'"!'' tli<' llji)^rant nlmscs inlirrciit in Ihi^ 
 lit credit sysinn, nmi ^hicli hiivrt ^joiio fur In 
 nnU'r it ii piililie iiui.saiK'f. 
 
 (iiip (if th(! worst oniisciiuciicps of tlic prcsotit 
 sv-icin i^ tlio snrt nf thruMum in wliirli ii l%i(|p.s 
 ihi'iiNiiiils of liil)ouri'rH iiiid oilier iinlividiiiil-^, 
 «li( 111 till' improper fiiuilities for olitaiiiinj; credit 
 „rrinullv led into di lit, Siieii persons diire not 
 liiivo the shops to wliieli tliey owe aeeoiiiils; niiil 
 thi'V dar^' neither olijeet to the ipiality of the 
 iiiils ollVred to them, nor to the prices (diar<,a'd. 
 pr. Jiiliii'*"" ''"" truly ohserved. that 'he that 
 ,ooi' owes more than lie can pay, is often ohliLTed 
 l.plirilic hi'' creditor to palieiice liy increasinj; his 
 I'M. W'orsiMind worse coiiiinodilies at a hij^her 
 ami lii;;lii'r price are forceil upon him : he is iin- 
 
 ■ uviri-lii'd hy compulsive tiaflic; and at lastover- 
 liliiliiiiil in the coninioii rei'eptacles of misery by 
 ,1,1,(4 which, without his own consent, wore acen- 
 luiiliitoil iiii his head.' I!y taUiiif; away all rii;ht 
 
 ■ liuliiin upon s .lall dehts. this system of invisihle 
 lilt Mihstaiitial coercion would he put an end to. 
 Th traiiesiiian would take care who (;ot, in the 
 liK iii-t.iiice, upon his hooks; and instead offorc- 
 1, 'articles upon him, would cease to furnisii him 
 wiihimv unless ho found ho was rtj^nlar in mak- 
 ing, liis'imyments ; while the customer to whom 
 cttilit wr.s of importance would know that his 
 iiilv rliM 'e of ol)taiiiinf; it would depend upon 
 hi-cliiiraiier and reputation for punctuality. The 
 aWwif the sort now alluded to, that grew out of 
 vte lia* lieen donomiiiated the truck system, 
 iu>tlv wfasioned its abolition ; but these wore 
 "triliiii: ciim]iarcd with those that orif,'inate in 
 thf WiiyinK of petty debts within the (lale of the 
 laiv. Of' a pamphlet, entitled Credit I'ernichus, 
 poili-licd in IH'JIf: and Trt'atiae on the PoliceSc<'- >'/ 
 it .Vf(m;)()/is, hv the Author of the Cabinet Law- 
 Ver.n>.lM-13-l.) 
 
 t'KKW. The company of sailors belonfjing to 
 
 jnv ship or vessel. Formerly no liritish shi]) 
 
 m\\ be iiavii;ated except by a crew J of which 
 
 niTc British subjects, besides the master ; and 
 
 itren- >lii|i of 80 tons burden and upwards had to 
 
 Iffliry til foa a certain intmber of apprentices in 
 
 inrHirtion to her tonnage. Hut these regulations 
 
 ivc liccn abandoned. [Navigation Laws.] 
 
 10 crews »{ British ships may now consist 
 
 holly of Knftlishmen, or wholly of foreigners, or 
 
 Ikey mny be mixed together in any pro|)ortion ; 
 
 it is no longer necessary to carry to sea a 
 
 linglo apprentice. The duties and rights of . a- 
 
 n arc explained under the articles Skamen 
 
 i Mkccantit-i; l^f.MtiNi'. Act in this work. 
 
 l«idy oliodioiice to the lawful orders of their su- 
 
 w, aliility to discharge their duties, and alac- 
 
 ity in their performance, at all times and imder 
 
 most perilous circumstances, are the distin- 
 
 li'hin; characteristics of good seamen. 
 
 CW/roX OIL. The expressed oil from the 
 
 iiif tlic Croton tiglium, a small tree growing 
 
 Hiniioslan, Ceylon, and the Moluccas, and be- 
 
 sinitothe Natur.il Order Kuphorbiacew. The 
 
 lie plant contains an acrid, purgative principle. 
 
 Mils have been known in ICurope from the 
 
 in;; of the 17th century, under the name of 
 
 Mitcca and grana tii/lia. Unlike most 
 
 ifixedoils, croton oil is soluble in alcohol. It 
 
 |««i in medicine. It is slightly viscid; colour 
 
 h yellow, taste acrid, odour faintly nausc- 
 
 iPliarmacopaia of the Mer/iral Council.) 
 
 [LBEBS (Ger. kubeben ; Fr. cubfebes ; Ital. 
 
 crURANTS 
 
 470 
 
 I are »«' "l 
 
 pi; Span, ciibebas; Kuss. kubebil; Arab. 
 NW; Javan. kumunkus; llin. cubab-chinie). 
 JNuce of a plant, the Piper cuheba of Lin- 
 ^iMd, under the Natural System, a species of 
 
 Pifwriiiiti: It, is cultivated in ,Iava, and grown also 
 in Penally and other pans of I lie i'^ast Indies. Spe- 
 cimens of cubebs fnitn Ceyloii were shown ill the 
 Kxhibition of IHll.'. It is a small unrijie fruit, 
 dried like a pep])er-corn, but somewhat longer. 
 ('nliel)S have a hot, imngenl, aromatic, slighlly 
 bitter t.aste, and a characteristic odour. They 
 should be chosen large, fri^sli, sound, and tlu^ 
 heaviest that can bo procured. When cubolis 
 have been kept long, especially in powder, they 
 lo.-.(i u portion of their volatile oil. on w lii(di, it ap- 
 pears, their medicinal proiierlies depend. They 
 are said to be adulterated with (luiiiea i.;rains and 
 pimento. A duty on their importation, after 
 being rodiiced iii IHl'i from (!(/. to Id. per lb., was 
 repealed in 1«1.'). Of -'•.'•.',0;tl lbs. of cubebs im- 
 ported into the United Kingdom in 18lt)i, tS',),7'2l 
 lbs. came from llidland, i.e. was the produce, of 
 the Dutch Kast India cobinies; I'iH.aOHb.s. from 
 the Straits Settlements, and I.SKJlhs. from other 
 localities. Tlie iirice varied from !!/. lO.^. -Id, to 
 •1/. 1.1. 10(/. percwt. (I'hannacoitu'ia of the Medical 
 Council.) 
 
 (Jl ;CU.M liKI!. A tropical plant, of which there 
 are many varieties, largely cultivated in hothouses 
 in I'lii^laud. 
 
 CL'DllKAK. A purple or violet coloured pow- 
 der used in dyeing yiolet, puri)le, and crimson, 
 jirepared from a .species of lichou (Leranora tar- 
 liirea),or crustaceons moss, growing commonly on 
 limestone rocks in Sweden, Scotland, the north of 
 Kngland A-c. About K!0 tons of this lichen arc 
 annually exported from Sweden. It commonly 
 sells in the port of London for about iOl, |)er ton ; 
 but to jirepare it for u.se, it must be vva.shcd and 
 dried ; and by these operations the weight is com- 
 monly diminished a lialf, and the price, in ell'ect, 
 doubled. Though jiossessing gre;it lieaut\' and 
 lustre at first, the colours obtained from cudbear 
 are so fugitive that they ought never to be em- 
 ployed but in aid of some otlior more permanent 
 dye, to which they may give body and vivacity. 
 In this country it is chiefly used to give strength 
 and brilliancy to the blues dyed with indigo, and 
 to produce a saving in that article ; it is also used 
 as a ground for madder reds, which commonly in- 
 cline too much to yellow, and arc made ros;/ by 
 this addition. The name cudbear was given to 
 this powder by Dr. Cuthbert Oordou, who, having 
 obtained a patent for the preparation, chose in 
 this way to connect it with his own name. (I5an- 
 croft, Philosophy of Permanent Coionrs, vol. i. jip. 
 30(l-.SOl.) 
 
 CUMMIN SEKD ((Jer. kumin ; Fr. cumin; 
 It.'d. comino, cuinino; Span, comino ; Arab, ke- 
 niun). The seeds of an annual plant (Ciiniiniiim 
 Cyminum, Linn.), a native of Egypt, but exten- 
 sively cultivated ill Sicily and ]\Ialta. They have 
 a strong, peculiar, heavy odour, and a warm, bitter- 
 ish, disagreeable taste. This seed, which formed 
 a favourite ingredient in the cookery of our fore- 
 fathers, has been supplanted by more agreeable 
 condiments. It was cmploj'cd in medicine, is still 
 used in farriery, and is reported to enter into the 
 composition of artificial food for cattle. 
 
 CUUHANTS (Fr. raisins do Corinthe ; (Jer. ko- 
 rinthen ; Ital. uve passe di Corinto ; Lat. passuhe 
 Coriuthi.icic ; Kuss. korinka, opoek ; Span, pasas 
 do Corinto). A small .species of grape, largely 
 cultivated in Zante, Cephalonia, and Ithaca, of 
 which islands they form the staple produce ; and 
 in the Morea, in the vicinity of Patras. The 
 plant is delicate ; and as (! or 7 years must elapse, 
 after a plantation has been formed, before it begins 
 to produ'ie, its cultivation requires a considerable 
 outlay of capital. The crop is particularly liable 
 to injury from rains in harvest, and is altogether 
 
 I 'If 
 
 *5:.i!,^ l:V' •■ -'. 
 
*■' 
 
 n ■ 
 
 ,v - 
 
 .fit.. 
 
 ■t n . 
 
 * ■ 
 
 480 
 
 crURAN'TS 
 
 i„ this '•"""*'>',•",., .ulii.rlv rnvri' a\.l.' t ' ' 
 ,,„l tl.<ml.oy..n.Ul r '. ^^_^ . .,,„,„ ,., IS- 
 with tho cxorliitaiii '"'>.' „.,m r.Mlii.'c'-l n ''•'"• 
 
 wai such fts ....^"> I •'\.' j.„,i.n^; w>"' >^ .-; 
 
 .• n n.lici.-us riMluction ot a i ^ V^^.j^,, incroa^mt! 1 
 larKost (luautiiy I'-i^'"- 
 
 CUSTOM=^ 
 
 . ,.,1 ,. the aitiialtar. wlioii 
 
 ..UUrr,.arty.sa..^a.;l^l; , ,^., ^.,,„.. u»„. 
 
 10 iMf '•'"'•. ,w>r>;r 'nu' hou^c or ollicc wliMf 
 
 t';i;sr()M n<»l ^ ;• , ,.,f iniporlatinn ..r .v 
 
 o.n..n."\ilu'^ af ;:;;'V„i,„,|,„m>r.us,nr.lr,.vvl.a.'U 
 
 mval.l'' or ''■'- , .jrrV.civo-l; auaul>.Tr.4,nH 
 ;„c-n„rtaHouari'l>ai'l'>rt 
 
 uri. cl.-ari'.l out .*'•• , ro.'0.'.\-mn« iv.'-sary 
 
 ,,,„„mo,r.tus, sec tU*. 
 
 l,-,x,.o»TA-n;>N. ..,(.„„,„„ lluu^(^ H la bin- 
 
 iiilaiul to\'>"*- ,. ,•„. ..IvarL'cJ "1"'" <'iam>""l'- 
 
 ",!;i:;Kt.i":;-" .«..— 
 
 a .■(.untvy. t,, i.^yo cxiste.l in every 
 
 Customs tin' "■''/'-' "!,.,,,, \tluMiians laid ata^nf 
 
 .•o"""^--»'r:':i- ■ •- 
 
 ''""""^'" tluT i.u'reiiaiMis.' inni'TtHil 
 
 Jw;h.//.< "'"' ^''■" 
 
 
 I'cr cwl- 
 ofdulj 
 
 fr.m,rovvi^:"-'«;;;^ •£ Attica. ;nu.,"-< -I 
 
 into, and '■>^V" "■"•') 'a verv a.uient ami .mJ 
 
 ' ">"^'" '"'l'"'';' . I'o d li" rovenuo. Tl.e rule* a} 
 
 ..ortant ^art ol ' <■ >;^: ^,1 ,voro tl...rt>.atu« :4 
 
 Ci.HTo informs "■•* tl mi ^ •„, ,,,, „„,J 
 
 l^.nt.d rrou> .!>.■ V'f; .',^^, ;^al (;overnmen.,.^ 
 
 -, ,,or LTut. Lud.r It^^ ,,, ,,u\e(\ as mucli on ij 
 
 '"""""' ". ."" f; i, ' as on Utc real es.^enno j 
 
 I ,,,,,rico (d tU; 1' ;; ,„„,,,imcs diun.u,liea, 1 4 
 tl'« *" ''"•• ^ '^I'r .1 ten to.l, a,ul wore mmli u 
 
 er .rs tl.ey >v.'re as "K • 1,-, » i^nd vrev.o..-lvl 
 l'%:v.stomsdutK;scxsl^'^^;^^ 
 tl.c Con-iuost. . !'"> .'^fl, 'mcnioriaily or cu-td 
 
 „,ross tl.c l'n'>7-'i^'^^7^,a other articesot, ml 
 Uiut^dom, mul "»/'f S'^j.,! cxi.orted troni «tl 
 
 fro.u tolls and la"^. ^^^^ ^ 1,,^ soractil 
 
 now duties, ^vas tl t 1 r j.„„e. he 
 
 reveiu.cofa..yn.ate ■^^^'" i^l ^,,^ ^.^o, ,0^ 
 "ere,at.ir.t ,«^,Uenex,v^<J 
 
 To United KinRion' 
 Amitica 
 ilit Contincm 
 
 Fol Orders 
 
 Told 
 
 :;;m.cuai>ou..;""'^',;rtothe(i 
 
 - """^ '','f duties iB made on account of 
 
 o • ,)onn.lat;c 1>«'1 •=""^" aor 5 V" '='^"'" J 
 at he rate of Is. a pound, or ^ 1 „^,odeJ 
 
 "came, in ^^^l^^ff^ffU ^hc ;H 
 ad valorem duty ot o v ...iiuam U' '*'''l 
 g anted in the rc.g. o^^^^ ^^^^^ „„ ,jJ 
 
CUSTOMa 
 
 (Trentiie on Taxation, by 
 iutliiT iif tliiit work, 'Jti'l fil. p. 'J.'t I.) 
 ILc viirioiiH ciistDiiis duties wiTc ciillcctoil, fcir 
 
 4M 
 
 ^rtoil fommodities. 
 
 iO«-i;'i 
 
 CH-Wl 
 
 I' Mil 
 
 lOt 
 
 ml 
 
 I ikiil 
 
 .. lb'' , 
 
 lie cuM 
 I'be «1' 
 o\, «' 
 t«\, 
 by »' 
 mill. i»l 
 rjiiii ly 
 
 re. 'if 
 
 )l " ' 
 
 ,. iir4 time, ill a lioiik (if riitcM iiiil>li..<lu'il in tlii' 
 ,,;_ii,it' Cliiirlos II.; anew li'iok of rntcH Itciiij; 
 j_„ii |inl)lishi'(l ill tliu ri'inn of (ii'i)r^;n I. Iliil, 
 ,v ,11-ivi; III' tlio (liitlos ciilcrt!!! in thc^i' twolicioks, 
 iiviniirc liiul liccn iiii|iiiHi'c| nt (IllTcrunt liiiics; 
 . .11 tUr act'iiiniiliitiiiii iif llin iliitii'.><, uiiil the 
 , jj, ,1.(1 rc^;iilnliiiiis to ttliii'h tlicv ixavv rio', 
 ,.r |ir(iiim'tivc of tlir j^n^ati'st ciiiimrriissiiiciit. 
 I , ,vil w"'* int-'rcnMcil by tlif careli'ss r.iaiiiicr in 
 i.i.liiiiw ilutii'i wcrr atlclrd to llui old; a pcr- 
 , :i:;i licinn soMii'tiiiirs aiMcd to tlin orij^iiial tax ; 
 
 I ;. ;ii ntluT tiiiii's tliccDliiinodity was I'stiiiiatcil 
 viiicwslaiiilardof bulk, wciKlit, number, orvaliii', 
 
 I I li;ir};('ilwitli an additional impost, without any 
 KituKf to tli(! iliitios formerly imposed. The toii- 
 i-iMi .irisinn from these Honreen was still further 
 la.iiu'iitfd by the spceial appropriation of each of 
 fcilutie", and iheconseipient iiecexsity of u sepa- 
 a;i cak'ulatioii for each. The inlrieacy niid eon- 
 [^•■A\ inseparable from siieli a state of thing's 
 •,t vfj a serious injury to commeree, and led to 
 ksny frmicls and abuses. 
 
 lit Customs Consolidation Act, inlrodnced by 
 Slt.l'ittin 17t<7, did much to remedy these in- 
 cnvoimiu'es. The method adopteil was, to abolish 
 ili«esi>link' 'bities on all articles, and to siibsti- 
 titfin ik'ir stead one siiij;le duty on each article, 
 sjuivaknt to the anjjref^ate of the variouH duties 
 tudikh it hud previously been loaded. A more 
 ilk anil uniform system was, at the same time, 
 itonluinl into the business of the Custom House. 
 Jiiit iilteratioiis were productive of the best ef- 
 Ikit the many chanjjes in the customs duties 
 14 r(j;iilations which took place diiriiif; the 
 tkmd struggle terminated in IKl.O having 
 iiimtriKhii'eil a urcat deal of complexity into 
 uiisiiicss of the Custom House, a new coii- 
 laiiiin was cfl'ected in 1825, The numerous 
 itiiiMa-kiiiit; to the customs, amounting, in- 
 ;' parts of statutes, to about •l.'JO, wore re- 
 ikJ ami compressed into some half dozen sta- 
 ll'* if,! reiisonable bulk, and drawn up with a 
 iintmlalilc degree of perspicuity. 
 Ik numerous reforms etlccted by Sir Kobert 
 Mcaiioiicd further changes ; and these, and 
 various reforms cfl'ected by Mr. (Iladstone, 
 ic it nt'ccsiiary again to consolidate the customs 
 '. This was accomidi.shcd by the Customs 
 Walioii Act of ISJIi, the 10 it 1 7 Vict. c. 1(I7. 
 ■Litiiti', which was (Irawn up under the di- 
 '.i'lU'lthcl.ite .lames Wilson, Ksq., Secretary to 
 Ircaiury, is at once brief, comprcheiisi^'c, and 
 iiatai Id be level to the compreheiisior. of those 
 art|uaiiit('(l with such matters. This, though 
 iwl by various siibseiiucnt Acts and es- 
 iy tlie Customs Consolidation Act of 23 & 21 
 i. Ill), cwiipiises the whole law respecting 
 nilHirtation, exportation, warehousing, smug- 
 e ic. of goods, with the regulations to be ob- 
 Min the coasting and cidoiiial trades &c. 
 lu'wevcr, is only a part of its merit; for, 
 B cundeiising and simidifying the various 
 'Oi' laws, it introduced some most important 
 ■«iiKnts. It, for instance, made an eud, in 
 it least as the customs is concerned, of the 
 tt'gulatiou which, by exempting the Crown 
 '1' p.iymeut of costs, obliged .\ puny in a 
 'ill the commissioners, even wb.en successful, 
 y liis own expenses. It also relieved all 
 W2i.ll, on the allegation of their not having 
 I'roper duty, from seizure on the importer 
 '"s; the amount claimed by the customs 
 'I'inl should be ciiipiired into and properly 
 ivhcii, if the customs were found to have 
 
 ;ai>l «", 
 ail v: 
 
 Ike 
 
 vlastk" 
 
 rtbcnw 
 
 'eiit'i'- 
 
 kt"''" 
 
 on ml 
 
 made an ovcrchnrRe, a rorrpspondinp jian, of 
 the sum deposited should be returned to the 
 merchant, with interest at the rate of .1 per cent., 
 and the expenses of suit. The Act further i)ro- 
 vided that an importer who eonsiilered himself ag- 
 grieved bv a decision of the Hoard of Ciislonm 
 might, if ill' chose, have the case eii'piired into in 
 open court before a commissioner, where he might 
 meet the ollici'r making the accusation face to lace, 
 and Icarii by examination and otherwise the nature 
 of the evidence by which it was supported, and the. 
 real facts of the ea.se. The conimissioner who 
 conducts an enquiry of this sort reports the evi- 
 dence so t.'dien to the Hoard, who may. thereupon, 
 conlirm or inodify their decision ; it being op- 
 tional with the merchant either to alitdi! by it or 
 to carry the case before a competent tribunal. 
 .Villi in the event of the duty or penalty claimed 
 being inidiT IDO/., or of the case being of a sim|du 
 kiiiil, it may lie tried before magistrates, county 
 courts, and other inferior tribunals, so that the 
 public will no longer be debarred from asserting 
 their rights liy the heavy expense a/ tending trials 
 in the J';xeliequer Court and at the assizes. Thi! 
 most important jiortions of this statute are given 
 under the various heads to which it refers 
 
 ("('(lASTINi; TitAKI! ; CuI.ONIKS A\I> Col.DNY 
 
 Tkadi':; I.mi'oktation ami ExfoitTATioN ; 
 S.Mt:c!(ii.iN(i ; itc] ; but every merchant will 
 do well to supply himself with the statute, and 
 to make its provisions the subject of careful 
 study. 
 
 Customs duties, like all duties on particular 
 commodities, though advanced in the first instances 
 by the merchant, are ultimately jiaid by those by 
 whom they arc consumed. When a Governnii'nt 
 lays a duty on the foreign commodities which 
 enter its ports, the dutj- falls entirely on such of 
 its own subjects as purcha.sc these commodities; 
 for the foreigners would cease supplying its mar- 
 kets with them if they did not got the full price 
 of the commodities exclusive of the tax; and for 
 the same reason, when a Ciovornment lays a duty 
 on the commodities which its subjects arc about to 
 export, the duty does not fall on them, but on the 
 foreigners by whom tlioy arc bought. If, therefore, 
 it were possible for a country to raise a sufHcicnt 
 reveimc by laying duties on exported commodities, 
 such revenue would bo wholly derived from others, 
 and it would be totally relieved frimi the burden 
 of taxation except in so far as duties might be 
 imposed by foreigners on the goods it imports 
 from them. Care, however, must betaken, in im- 
 posing duties on exportation, not to lay them on 
 commodities that may be produced at the same, or 
 nearly the same, cost by foreigners ; for the etl'ect 
 of the duty would then be to make the market be 
 .supplied by others, and to put an entire stop to 
 their exportation. ]5ut in the cviiit of a country 
 |)iisscssing any decided natural or acquired .•ui- 
 vantage in the production of any sort of coni- 
 niodities, a duty on their exportation would seem 
 to bo the most uncxce])tioiiable of all taxes. 
 If the Chinese cho.se to act on this principle, and 
 had the power, they might derive a considerable 
 revenue froni a duty on exported teas, which 
 would fall entirely on the English and other 
 foreigners who buy them. The coal and tin, and 
 perli.'ips also some of the manufactured goods 
 pniiluced in this country, seem to be in this 
 predicament. 
 
 The reveniie derived from the customs duties in 
 l.'J'JO, in the reign of Klizaboth, anionnted to no 
 more than ,')0,l)00/. In 1013 it had incroa.-icd to 
 llS,07r)/. ; of which no loss than 101t,o72/. were 
 collected in London, In ItiGO, at the Hcstoration, 
 the customs produced 421,582/. ; and at the Ite- 
 
 /.' ;. 
 
 vl* :• 
 
 I >> 
 
 aUv^- iM\\i 
 
 ....^Asam^ ^ 
 
.^.o-.- 
 
 hi 
 
 ill: 
 
 4,.107,000/.; m '"'•;,;„ . ...uliti IH.-.! '»»";"'.„ I,.- olV...r. , ,. ., ^^vitiR ben roi-atclly 
 
 to •J(),(I1K,7'» W. »'»•"'•' , ,. , 1 ,,,,i,,..|.'.l to I'.v ^■','"""^, ' ,r Kiimi>«'<' ill IT'.'Ti ua, 
 
 o-m;7,IW/. !«• »'''• ,u-,i_iH.'..'i oustomH 'l'''' M ^ ,iv i,v tl.r »>\"'" ' ' ' Jr l^*!"-! ''V "'" ^ ' 
 
 .lo,(mo/. ix'r '>"""'";, rt„a from wliUh tli. ,* 
 
 natcd patent, auU me u i 
 
 biijincw; the nccDiints 
 inJ ntiirnn «f nil kin 
 [i>,|{i.'{'il : anil vnriDiH i 
 fiwMi^'lii il ; tlie wlioln 
 niciU ri'inddcllcd, mid 
 loniMiirii' (if tli(! foiinii 
 'In Iri'l.'ind tht< luind 
 ,llilic|iMrln ill tlifyi'i 
 the *iiliirir.< and cliar){t>i 
 nimliff iiiid f'Xpenmi a 
 iniMM; mid witliiii th 
 t«iilhirils ol' lli(! ullii'cr 
 Inland lmv(i Ijcom di 
 luvinrf luM'ti, ill 1818, 
 ui iiiinii 111 rciliK'tioii in 
 l,.n rlTi'Clcd to lliu 
 uu.iiint liaviiij; hcvii, in 
 
 iii,:wi/. (io;f;il3/. of t 
 
 ruliii'cil bctwi'rii tlie yo, 
 ail i'S[«'mlitiiro of 2Mu 
 mre iii'iirly oqiiul, in 
 ail IW!, noHvithHtaiii 
 ii,( cross Cliimiiol duti 
 jl'i.iiiKj/, |K.'r annum, t 
 
 'inliuence is no Ion 
 
 aiiil in many cases n 
 
 carri'J, and in which tl 
 
 j mtnt mi;;hl have been 
 
 I Wn at iii'cc ubnndoiied 
 
 I to anaivcments by wlii 
 
 very iiitelli(;cnt and lu 
 
 ivbuK i4iv4 had been a 
 J n'miireJ available with i 
 I puUic. 
 
 I 'IW .in order from t 
 Jsurv/ul' i'Vbniory 20, If 
 Iciimiiji-sioiicru, and of o 
 |pr(i.>|)ft'iivi'ly reduced, ii 
 |tfvi-o llic wliolo cstabli." 
 Ihiit vikv, with a view 
 Iduciion.' 
 
 . Vrfah and Jmproveme, 
 fUment,— The above ai 
 
 1 rclleot credit alike c 
 m Dmni of Customs. 
 jrilh-tandinj,', been less e 
 M c.\i'Ci,ied. .Some yi 
 lai extensive frauds had 
 »rt ot' Londcm, for a ler 
 ptry of .*ilks, kIovcs, ai 
 f idcj, through the com 
 fcr>, The origin, no 
 lost similar frauds, may 
 Itanoy of the then exisi 
 |n>oi|uent temptation wl 
 Tu^^Kling on the part of 
 rruptiim of the othccrs. 
 I at tlin same time, abut 
 Ivtliiii;; like an cflicicut 
 ■n exercised by the co 
 Jtrior oiliecrs, these frau 
 Ji«l oil so lonfc, or to 
 praissioncrs could not b 
 pu common maf,Tiitudc \ 
 |fy of goods in the Th 
 i asMircd them that su 
 Ivndentiy of this, tlu 
 •Wished to the convictii 
 |«'i by comparing the . 
 ptli custom-house of tl 
 f« ic. from France 1 
 lies of the same in our i 
 las the duty of the coi 
 ■extraordinary discrei)ai 
 |c<bately entered into a 
 |nS"i, anil not to have 
 
 ■fcl 
 
CUSTOMS 
 
 488 
 
 Iv 
 
 n\ 1 
 ,i\t I 
 \.' 
 w\ I 
 
 m I 
 
 ant I 
 iIkjc I 
 
 i [ittl 
 
 0, '''111 
 
 y iitlurl 
 [loai ffll 
 iiii't iliel 
 
 lysteniB 
 
 |ccn linii" 
 
 ^c», est*' 
 tit; anOy' 
 
 ici alt""'', 
 Itiotlyetf' 
 
 Ic vca' '''. 
 „l forms"'' 
 llie Di'' 
 
 |),i.iiic«i the acrniintg kept in the ilifTi'reiit ofllcr.s, 
 ,11,1 ritiiriii iif all kind.H, rcviwil, Himplil'u'il, itiui 
 j„lii,c(l; ami viiriiiiis miiinr roj^iilaiiniis of ilftuil 
 f.iii''li<l"''i "'" wl'i'l" mucliincry of llii' drpiirt- 
 „,^.iit ri>in<>il('llt!cl, and ndii()ti'(l to thu tradu niid 
 (onimiT''' (iflliHCOiinlry. 
 
 ■ In Inliiiid th(> nunibir of ofHoi-M employed ut 
 
 jlltlii' |i"fl'* '" the year eiidid Jan..'), IMIIO, and 
 
 thr Milarii'-' and clmr);eH, did nut nuich except the 
 
 pumlipf and expennn nt the port of Dnblin aloni; 
 
 ijlKlH: and within the npace of 11 j-eam nearly 
 
 iMiitliini'i III' thit ullii'cr!* eniplnyed at the |)iirt.H in 
 
 Ittliiiiil liiive been diMcunlinned ; tlio nn ulicr 
 
 lijviii;' 1"'|". '" •**"*> l.^'iri; in IH'Jl). 511, and 
 
 an iiimiul rcdnction in Milaries and eliarges has 
 
 1k,ii ill'ivtcd to the extent of 17.'l,72l/. ; the 
 
 m.mHli:ivinK been, In 181H, •JS.'i.ll.U; in 1K21), 
 
 lli;yl/. (iu;l.''13/. of that ainonnt having been 
 
 tuliiail lii'twein the yenrB IH'.M and IM'.'H), npon 
 
 ,3 tx|»'nilituro of 2«.i,ll")/. ; and the receipts 
 
 »(rp lu'iiriv eq\ml, in 1«'.'7, to thoHC of IHIH 
 
 aJ li'W, notwithHtandinj^ the total repeal (if 
 
 ii,( CM** Clinnnel duties, ainonntinj; to about 
 
 ii\it»)l. wr annum, .tubscc^nent to the latter 
 
 'Inliucncc is no longer alloweu to prevail; 
 anl in many case.i which have recently oo 
 cjti il, and in which the patronaf,'0 of Oovern- 
 mmt mi^'lit have been fairly exercised, it ban 
 \yten at "I'l'c abandoned in order to give way 
 lo atran;:i'imiit8 by which the services of houio 
 vm mt(lli(;cnt and highly respectable oflTicers, 
 uliii* i4i'-i liad been abolished, could bo af,'ain 
 ri'nditeJ available with a material saving; to the 
 
 pulllu'. 
 
 'Ilv .111 order from the Lords of the Trea- 
 
 jun,"()f K'brimrj' 20, 1H30, the salaries of the 
 
 comiiiiv'ioiicru, and of other oflleers, have been 
 
 prospttiivi'ly reduced, aiul directions given to 
 
 Irfvi* llio wluile establishment in the spirit of 
 
 ;it criltr, with a view to every possible re- 
 
 iduclimi.' 
 
 brftch and Improvement of' the Ctatoins Eiita- 
 
 i/«/i«ifn(.— I'he above are great improvements, 
 
 I.I rdli'ct credit alike on tlic Government and 
 
 ii iiuani of Customs. 15ut the latter has, nut- 
 
 ilh-taiiilinj,', been less efficient ihanmijjht have 
 
 II oxi'LcU'd. .Some years ago it was found 
 
 t extensive frauds had been carried on in the 
 
 irt of LmuldD, for a lengthened j)eriod, in the 
 
 try of silks, gloves, and other liiglUy taxed 
 
 ii'ltj, through the connivance of the customs 
 
 iicr.N The origin, no doubt, of these, as of 
 
 lost similar frauds, may be traced to the exor- 
 
 Itaiuy (if the then existing duties, and to llic 
 
 in*iiu'nt temptation which they held out to 
 
 ujcliiif; on the part of the importers and the 
 
 uiiiioii of the oilicers. Hut, admitting tliis, it 
 
 at tlio same time, abundantly clear that had 
 
 lytliiii;; like an eflicicnt su|)ervision and chock 
 
 exercised by the commissioners and their 
 
 nor oilicers, these frauds could not have been 
 
 ii'il nil so long, or to such an extent. The 
 
 missioners could not but be aware that frauds 
 
 lu common magnitude were taking place in the 
 
 Jy of goods in the Thames. Private parties 
 
 ' assured them that such was the case ; and, 
 
 jtliciKlcntly of this, the fact must liave been 
 
 Mished to the conviction of eve-y reasonable 
 
 111 by comparing the accounts given by the 
 
 ith custom-house of the exportation of silks, 
 
 es Ac. from France for England, with the 
 
 ies of the same in our customs returns. And 
 
 as the duty of the commissioners, on seeing 
 
 extraordinary discrepancy, to have themselves 
 
 itiliatcly entered into a searching cnriuiry into 
 
 ityin, and not to have devolved thai dutv on 
 
 others, or waited till the frauds were iliscovi n'd 
 by I he confessions of some of tho.-o eng:'geil iii 
 carrying them on. 
 
 W <• hope it will not be suppcised, frnm anything 
 now slated, lliat we have any wi-li In exh inialc 
 the guilt of the cilllcers who parliripato in llm 
 pliiiiilcr of lh(! revenue; bill, Imw iiiiirh and how 
 deMrveilly smvcr we may lilaim^ linen, wv need 
 not be surprised, considiTing their situation ill 
 life, the sniallness of their salaries, and th« 
 careli'Msness of tluir superior*, that they should 
 soineiiiiies yield lo the powerful temptations to 
 wliieli I hey are exposed. 
 
 In iM.'il the Commissioners of (Jiistoins were so 
 ill-advised as lo institute numerous aetions, somn 
 of llieiii of u very paltry t'escriptinn, against two 
 of t!i(> pi'iiici[ial Loudon Poek Companies. We 
 meiilioned in a former edition of this work 
 that these actions, (}vv\\ if tlu! Conimissionern 
 were successful, woiihl most probably do little 
 more than establish some irregularity or neglect 
 of duly on the part of the Dock ('onipanies, wliosti 
 interests, in as far as the collection of the revenue 
 is concerned, ari', in effect, identical with those of 
 the (ioveriiment. The result has more than 
 justilied these anticipations. The proceedings* 
 against the Companies, which were of a most 
 vexatious, costly, and oppressive character, termi- 
 nated in their substantial ampiittiU. The irregu- 
 larities ffor chey amounted to nothing more) of 
 which they were convicted were venial in the 
 extreme, and, in truth, ipiito unworthy of public 
 not ii'c. 
 
 This, however, is a case in which good was 
 educed out of evil. The extraordinary proceedings 
 nowrefeireil to, coupled with the delays and other 
 annoyances experienced by merchants in transact- 
 ing business with the Customs, rendered that de- 
 partment extremely unpopular. A very general 
 demand was in eonseipienco made for an eiVectual 
 reform of tlie practices followed in the Custom 
 House, and for a reconstruction of the Hoard. The 
 subiect was carefully investigated by a committee 
 of the I louse of Commons ; and the most important 
 object, or the simplilication of the business con- 
 ducted by the Customs, and the placing it on a inoro 
 eipiilablc footing, was in great measure ell'ected by 
 the Consolidation Act to which wc have already 
 referred. The Hoard was not indeed amended ; but 
 there are fewer Commissioners now than formerly, 
 So that the responsibility attaching to eai^h is in- 
 creased, though the general opinion seems to be 
 that thej- are still too numerous. It is believed 
 that in future, when new Commissioners are ap- 
 pointed, they will be selected, more frefiuently 
 than hitherto, from among tho officers of the es- 
 tablishment, and the mercantile body; and this, 
 notwillistanding the contrary opiniim of the 
 Commissioners, would probably be an improve- 
 ment. 
 
 It is possible that smuggling is still carried on 
 to some extent, and if so, that the articles of 
 tobacco and spirits arc the chief objects of this 
 illicit trade. Hut wc are persuaded that the 
 practice is declining, and tiiat it is looked on 
 as dishonest and disreputable by almost all 
 classes of the community, not only to break the 
 revenue laws, but to deal with tuose who do so. 
 lSmucioi-incj.] 
 
 For Tariil" of the United Kingdom, see Tariff, 
 
 The following table gives an account of the 
 Customs duties received on various dutj--paying 
 articles in the year 18G5. Since this time, how- 
 ever, the duties on pepper and timber have been 
 repealed, and that on tea has been reduced. The 
 duties also on wines in bottle have been equalised 
 to those on wine in wood. 
 II 2 
 
 t ■ ■ ; ■ 
 
 . , t '■'! ' , 1 
 
 1 
 
 i! 
 
.. ;•-' 
 
 *';ii' 
 
 a: 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 
 . ■t' I 
 
 
 CUSTOMS 
 Customs Revenue, 18C5. 
 
 '. ■ I 
 
 I Almoml iiaste 
 Arrow rtKil 
 Bier, M""' 
 
 ' Sl'TUl'P 
 
 nml Ale • 
 
 1 iliwHll »nd l"ead - 
 
 Cards, lilii)'"« ; 
 
 1 l-a-!.a»» v;<«i" . 
 
 CMcor„H-^ : 
 
 1 rhloTaf.»rm 
 
 1 coroa. raw „„,.„.' 
 
 ' ra»>'- <" 'V , li. 
 
 1 Colli* 
 
 1 CoUwlion - 
 
 1 Com'''"' ■''^ 
 I CoiilVclionary 
 
 I Corn, Wheat • 
 
 (tils - 
 
 K\e - 
 
 Vea* 
 
 llcans 2 
 
 nuruSat, bear and 
 
 jffl Wheat - 
 Barley 
 Hats 
 Rvc 
 Maiie 
 Buckwheat 
 Unemimeralcd - 
 I'otalo Hour - 
 
 vJuUs.drirf cherries 
 
 ' Currant* - 
 
 Pigs, dried - 
 
 calie 
 
 Plums, French ■ 
 
 dried 
 
 in bunai - 
 Prunes • 
 
 Maccaronl and Ver- 
 
 niicelli • 
 Flatc, Sdre- 
 Gol(» 
 Malt - ; 
 
 Manna croup 
 Marmalade 
 Vickies in vineRar - 
 Kice meal - ^ 
 
 1 KatiO 
 Semolina - 
 Ships on reB'Strallon 
 
 as British 
 Spices, ginger vte- 
 ' srrvwl - „ 
 I P«i'!'"*„ " I callons 
 I Spirits, Uum^ '^ 
 
 Spirits. Brandj 
 ' Geneva 
 
 Unenumeraliil 
 Rweelened.pel 
 turned 
 tJnenuineialeil 
 SuiZ'ir, relined _ 
 
 "ijnrelined. wh.te 
 
 YriSf "muscovado 
 
 and lirown d, '>"' 
 Not e<iual to hrown 
 
 Not'v^ual «»'>"''"• 
 
 muscovado 
 Suaar cane Juice - 
 S",",,,,. or vegeial.le 
 juice - 
 
 Molasses - 
 
 Sugar scrapings 
 
 Siar'S>„ • " 
 
 Gum of - 
 
 Succade* • ' 
 Tapioca 
 
 Totacco, 'unmanu- 
 faciureil - 
 Manufactured : 
 
 Snutr 
 
 Cavemli^n 
 Other sons 
 
 vSh. alcoholic - 
 
 Wine, red - ; 
 
 white „" 
 
 Wood*: Hewn. Fir 
 
 t)aK 
 Masts, spars, polca 
 Unenumerawl - 
 Sawn or spll^Mi^r 
 
 Uncnumeraled • 
 Staves - 
 ].-irewood 
 
 Hoop* ; ; 
 
 lathwood 
 
 Teak ■ , 
 (ireenheartdo. 
 
 Treenails 
 Furniture wootls. 
 
 Box - 
 Cedar - 
 Kbony 
 Mahoisanj- 
 Kose - 
 ■\Valnut 
 I.iisnum vitic 
 Mnpio 
 S.atin - , 
 UncnumerateU 
 
 Hallons 
 
 \ Ueduced. 
 
 ^Hir"^^-^^- . Abolished. „j g,,ail be grantol m 
 
 mf..rmatwn- ^^^ S3 „f the depart „sation f^V^f */"',, ainwancc .rcoi 
 
 ,f ci,Htorns offKcrs. ^„, ' i„,„„eBt or f P^^^U bo^ b. cuforcoJ in 
 
 
 -.?' 
 
 authority, "'•;';"'; f^, the managcmcBi aim -' , ^^ OJ^Vcrs/i.r sucn o- r; . ; • , 
 
 ^ t^'^'.r'lon She «micc of the Customs «haU be by o^^^ ^^^^ ^^ .^%irat anv?"^^'' ^"'"i 
 expressly charged tUercon, «■ 
 
 f,ir such purpose, shall! 
 particular place so rcqi 
 niissions, ilepiitations, 
 to any officers of the Ci 
 jntnccinont of this Act 
 the same bad been gri 
 
 J(i Account, showing t 
 i'nilal Kiiiydom f, 
 of Collection on tile 
 
 \ Ye» 
 
 Gross K 
 
 
 £ 
 
 1 mo: 
 
 I. '.,01(1 
 
 1W8 
 
 14, .'.S4 
 
 IW19 16,911 
 
 iKiii in,ssn 
 
 isil iMin 
 
 i»ia ifi,ii.i(). 
 
 i«i,i iB.ava, 
 
 HM I7,()«, 
 
 H15 I6,6W.1, 
 
 l«)6 1 14,01.1. 
 
 1»I7 
 
 lfl.S(i(i, 
 
 mix 
 
 I. '..9 IB, 
 
 IS19 
 
 14,7.14,. 
 
 IWII 
 
 u,um,. 
 
 ll'il 
 
 14,789,7 
 
 mi 
 
 14,.1SI,7 
 
 1W.1 
 
 lS,i(M,S 
 
 i««i 
 
 1.^491,1 
 
 ISW 
 
 1«I,.1(I7,6 
 
 l«!« 
 
 mfin-i.g 
 
 Hl7 
 
 21,(109.(1 
 
 IS'H 20,fi(W,7 
 
 l.S'/9 S0,.')7I,« 
 
 lOI SI, (mi 5 
 
 Wl 
 
 rt,(;i,'.,9 
 
 111! 
 
 I9,(;si,,') 
 
 it! 
 
 l«,.'i7.'.,l> 
 
 Ml 
 
 ai,iin,9v 
 
 Ki 
 
 «,I4S,8! 
 
 jiS 
 
 2.1,959,0.1 
 
 K'; 
 
 »2,9n7,(il 
 
 IV'* 
 
 23,SI0,«S 
 
 W9 
 ISM 
 
 !i.1,.50«,f,), 
 S."I,«i.57,9l 
 
 nil 
 
 2.1,«VI,I,'I 
 
 >m 
 
 22,771,.11 
 
 IM 
 
 22,«.'.0,l(l 
 
 ISII 
 
 24,V!77,47 
 
 hii 
 
 21i,()07,^7 
 
 ISIIi 
 
 42.611,70. 
 
 I»I7 
 
 ■■(1,SS4,01I 
 
 IMS 
 
 l!2,7N.'i,9U 
 
 ISI'J 
 
 22,18.1,9,'il 
 
 IS.VI 
 
 42,194. MVI 
 
 ISJI 
 
 »2,17.1,66'^ 
 
 ]SH 
 
 22,.112,',I4 
 
 I.ViJ 
 
 '.'2,737,281 
 
 Vnn eii(Iln([ 
 
 
 Jljrchjl 
 
 
 ISu 
 
 !2.»4.5,1IS 
 
 li>6 
 
 2.1,481,818 
 
 hJ7 
 
 ».1,9.'i9,.';'.'8 
 
 Ih5t 
 
 'i.1,(i0.1,770 
 
 IW9 
 
 24,.17«,IB9 
 
 ISliO 
 
 21,789,79.1 
 
 l)«61 
 
 2.V'I6,S';1 
 
 ISflK 
 
 2.1,M7,7.-2 
 
 hCt 
 
 24„1,19,08.1 
 
 lS6t 
 
 2.Vi69,lm 
 
 j;« l!.1.llil4,7(i'' 
 
 *' !i2,8>l4,9l(0 
 
 _™___ 2,1.67ll..^!).1 
 
 man/ Account, showing 
 
 Bmtol, and the (http 
 
 femAerai, 1861-C7. 
 
 i'oiU 
 
 1 ISOl 
 
 £ 
 
 Bdon ■ 
 
 m . 
 
 in Ports 
 
 • ll,90-.,V,.'i 
 
 .■!,.isii,9:7 
 
 l,.1.1fi,'.','i.1 
 
 1* Port! 
 kPoii. 
 
 ',"".'',9.19 
 ■-',C-7,l.'i8 
 'i,'^8l.(,71 
 
 Tolal . 
 
 _'-'3,(;i7,.'.I3' 
 
 mration on Admission 1 
 plio shall be appointed t(i 
 J "1 the Customs, under t 
 if ""! Commissioners ( 
 " ' Jsion thereto make t 
 
 J. 5. do declare that 
 |»i m the execution, to t 
 ^■™lpoivor,of the trui 
 
 « and inspeciion In tin 
 
CUSTOMS 
 
 48.5 
 
 for Mtcli purpose, shall be deemed to be done at the 
 ' licilar place so required by law ; and all com- 
 nis-ions, (k'putationa, and appointments j^ranted 
 10 anv otficcrs of the Customs in force at the com- 
 mencement of this Act shall continue in force as if 
 ilic same had been granted under the authority 
 
 of this Act, and all bonds or other securities which 
 shall have bcin given by or for anj' such oflicers 
 and their respective sureties for good conduct or 
 othcMvise shall remain in full force. (Sec. 2.) 
 
 Clause 3rd enacts that any officer taking fee or 
 reward not authorised by law shall be dismissed. 
 
 Jii Account, nhnwing the Annual Gross lieceipt and Nett Produce of Uie Customs Revenue of 
 (Jnili'd Kini/domfrom 1807 to 1807, trith the Charges of Collection thereon, ond the Rate per Ci 
 of Collection on the Gross Receipt and Nett Produce respectively. 
 
 the 
 Cent. 
 
 
 -" 1 
 
 
 Ni !l Proctui (■, 
 
 Charrfi>« of 
 <'ollection 
 
 lUts <wr Cent 
 
 of Collei-tton 
 
 v.» 1 
 
 GroM Rtcclpt 
 
 after IJfiUiclivg 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 l>lawb,ick» A:c. 
 
 On (Jn».H Recdpl 
 
 On Nell Produce 
 
 1 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ t. d. 
 
 £ ». ./. 
 
 
 l.'i,n'ji,7-i 
 
 12,7«),.373 
 
 1,n20„i41 
 
 6 15 3 
 
 8 5 
 
 l4,.'iH4,niii 
 
 t'l,H'J7,TM 
 
 1,093.718 
 
 7 10 
 
 8 9 7 
 
 16,9ll,nii9 
 
 14,7M,»i70 
 
 1.2,30,277 
 
 7 5 3 
 
 H 7 2 
 
 mil) 
 
 lfi,SSf,,fi.'>.'. 
 
 11,-'s;,t7l 
 
 1,3 J 1,233 
 
 7 16 4 
 
 9 1 9 
 
 ISU 
 
 i.'.,iin,i5S 
 
 I3,1.T>,I.74 
 
 l,lll3,lf>3 
 
 9 5 9 
 
 10 13 8 
 
 IHI'2 
 
 ir.,(i.Ti),7.w 
 
 14,3'>l.771 
 
 l,4ii;,i;o(i 
 
 » 2 6 
 
 10 3 10 
 
 III.1 
 
 isii 
 
 \e.'jvi,H9i 
 
 14,477.989 
 
 I,(i25,',l3 
 
 9 12 1 
 
 II 17 
 
 I7,0M,'^'.,1 
 
 l.'i.OJ.I.Wl 
 
 1,I!4I,11T 
 
 9 12 9 
 
 10 18 5 
 
 1H15 
 
 I6,(ii.1,!l71 
 
 I4,.V)0,.390 
 
 1,1189,010 
 
 10 3 2 
 
 11 15 9 
 
 ISIIi 
 INIS 
 
 M.ni.l.'ilS 
 
 ll,«91,.W3 
 
 1,729,874 
 
 12 6 4 
 
 11 10 11 
 
 JA,«(l(i,fi7.T 
 
 1.3.74.'>,987 
 
 1„'i9fi.l59 
 
 10 1 2 
 
 11 12 3 
 
 I.'i,9lf;,770 
 
 I3,i;VH,SSl 
 
 l,li9B,718 
 
 10 12 9 
 
 12 9 II 
 
 IH19 
 
 H,7.14,.Wli 
 
 H!,79ll,«73 
 
 1,699,095 
 
 10 19 6 
 
 13 5 8 
 
 IHll) 
 
 u.nm.au 
 
 ll,Ufi9,.TJ0 
 
 1,591.713 
 
 10 9 10 
 
 13 6 
 
 in'^i 
 
 l4,7S9,70i 
 
 li,l,5*.r>it 
 
 1,594,825 
 
 10 1 
 
 12 12 1 
 
 )<i'^2 
 
 1I,.1SI,711 
 
 U,'ri:^,i'iO 
 
 1,517,187 
 
 10 15 2 
 
 11 19 6 
 
 1 iit^n 
 
 15,5(H,S69 
 
 13,9M;,I.^4 
 
 1/1(17,779 
 
 10 2 3 
 
 11 4 6 
 
 ! Is^l 
 
 1.1,491,1*9 
 
 I3,!ir,i,mx 
 
 1,462,096 
 
 9 8 9 
 
 10 15 9 
 
 IS'i^ 
 
 •ii),Mlfi'>3 
 
 18,91.'>,'^'>S 
 
 1,. 50 1,703 
 
 7 7 9 
 
 7 18 10 
 
 \Ktti 
 
 WfiS'i.'JUi 
 
 19,'.(ii,973 
 
 1,537,108 
 
 7 9 4 
 
 7 17 2 
 
 IHJ 
 
 2I,(«P9,I>53 
 
 1 9,"39,3I(3 
 
 1,190,170 
 
 7 I 10 
 
 7 9 6 
 
 IVfS 
 
 W.miS,?!! 
 
 19,117, 18t 
 
 I,4,M,U09 
 
 7 1 1 
 
 7 9 9 
 
 ]vt9 
 
 SO,i71,H.17 
 
 19,S9H,3Vfi 
 
 1,375,575 
 
 6 13 9 
 
 7 2 6 
 
 i!i:>i) 
 
 al,0H4,i» 
 
 I»,.'.«,ll)l 
 
 1,29.5,189 
 
 6 2 10 
 
 « 12 8 
 
 ivM 
 
 I9,(il,'),940 
 
 18,2li7,(t74 
 
 1,.-.17,8.'ll 
 
 6 14 2 
 
 7 4 3 
 
 lilt 
 
 19,(;H1,.'i74 
 
 18,1B7,8SI 
 
 l,.37B,.-65 
 
 fi 19 10 
 
 7 9 1 
 
 It! 
 
 18,.')7.'>,1NS 
 
 17,809,353 
 
 1,. 386,261 
 
 7 9 .3 
 
 7 15 8 
 
 
 101 
 
 al,llK,920 
 
 S», 108,-03 
 
 I,.138,923 
 
 6 6 9 
 
 6 13 2 
 
 
 i*ji 
 
 S3,14S,S99 
 
 22,14(1,018 
 
 1,. 1.56,725 
 
 5 17 2 
 
 6 2 6 
 
 
 ivV 
 
 W,»59JI37 
 
 M,04.'.,668 
 
 1,311, Ol- 
 
 5 9 6 
 
 S 13 10 
 
 
 K'l 
 
 !ili.9n7,616 
 
 !i2,0(i.1,119 
 
 1,291,818 
 
 5 13 (1 
 
 5 17 4 
 
 
 iv'^ 
 
 23,il(),SSl 
 
 «!( ,365,340 
 
 l„1ll'l,807 
 
 5 12 1 
 
 A 1(1 4 
 
 
 M) 
 
 !i.-!,S(m,(iSl 
 
 S3,184,08i! 
 
 1,290,072 
 
 5 9 9 
 
 5 11 4 
 
 
 ISO 
 
 s.i.'W,9n 
 
 •i.3,3ll,S13 
 
 l,286,.-i,'.3 
 
 5 8 9 
 
 5 10 3 
 
 
 1M1 
 
 M,8iil,l!l6 
 
 83,51.' ,.375 
 
 1 ,266,5 19 
 
 5 6 4 
 
 ft 7 9 
 
 isii 
 
 wa,77I,31.'. 
 
 •^a,.5M,5l3 
 
 1,2.54.590 
 
 5 10 2 
 
 .5 11 5 
 
 iti] 
 
 Sli,8.'.(),lfi9 
 
 Sl{ji47,'<;0() 
 )iO07,.34H 
 
 1,251,136 
 
 5 9" 
 
 .5 10 9 
 
 IMt 
 
 ■^I,'J77,477 
 
 1,264,996 
 
 5 4 2 
 
 ft 4 11 
 
 hii 
 
 V!a,lH)7r17S 
 
 !il,7n5,197 
 
 1,279,914 
 
 5 16 4 
 
 A IS 
 
 iSH) 
 
 l'^,6l 1,7118 
 
 av,«8,317 
 
 1,261,273 
 
 5 11 10 
 
 ft 13 6 
 
 hi7 
 
 il,8tl,lllO 
 
 ai,055.B6'4 
 
 l.,30l,173 
 
 4 19 6 
 
 6 ft 
 
 ISIS 
 
 !i!(.78/>,9ri 
 
 S'2,593,977 
 
 1,312,709 
 
 5 13 3 
 
 5 16 2 
 
 l*it'J 
 
 •i!;i,l(»,9,'ili 
 
 Vi.MSMi 
 
 1,. 101, 727 
 
 5 15 9 
 
 5 16 11 
 
 isv) 
 
 »,194,14'i 
 
 ■.i'J,019,7Sl 
 
 1 ,283,805 
 
 5 15 S 
 
 .5 16 7 
 
 1»S1 
 
 »5i,17.1,66'^ 
 
 2^,197,075 
 
 1,290,7.56 
 
 5 15 4 
 
 5 16 4 
 
 \Ml 
 
 K»,.11V,'.14 
 
 M, 1.37,120 
 
 1, '.•68, 122 
 
 S 13 H 
 
 All 7 
 
 W3 
 
 !i2,737,lW4 
 
 «,515,9I3 
 
 l„102,7Sl 
 
 5 It 7 
 
 ft 15 9 
 
 Ynnmcling 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jlwch 51 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bij 
 
 SS,«I.5,II8 
 
 2!,991,(i7.? 
 
 1,256,1.1.5 
 
 S 12 11 
 
 5 14 3 
 
 l»i« 
 
 !i.1,481,S18 
 
 23,213,797 
 
 1,315,1.50 
 
 5 12 
 
 A 13 3 
 
 1<J" 
 
 K,1,9,W,.'i'-'8 
 
 23,188, l.lli 
 
 1,107,551 
 
 4 12 5 
 
 4 14 8 
 
 ISH 
 
 a3,.i(l3,770 
 
 23,275,743 
 
 813,757 
 
 3 11 6 
 
 .3 12 6 
 
 lSi9 
 
 »4,376,169 
 
 23,998 ..ISO 
 
 S3S,203 
 
 3 H 9 
 
 3 9 10 
 
 \m 
 
 iil,7S9,795 
 
 24 ,.39 1,08 4 
 
 H23,2S4 
 
 3 6 ,5 
 
 3 7 6 
 
 M[ 
 
 S3,'il6,S':l 
 
 23,278,250 
 
 769,1.63 
 
 3 ft S 
 
 3 6 1 
 
 \Ki 
 
 a.V'.i7,7;2 
 
 23,692,955 
 
 7.13,208 
 
 S 1 3 
 
 3 1 11 
 
 h:< 
 
 1(4,3.19,083 
 
 21,11.18,893 
 
 726,517 
 
 2 19 H 
 
 3 5 
 
 IS«I 
 
 V3,,'ifi9,l(ll 
 
 23,23 l,.-.5fi 
 
 741,791 
 
 3 2 11 
 
 3 3 10 
 
 iset 
 
 !i3,llil4,7()'i 
 
 22,775,fi«'J 
 
 759,207 
 
 3 6 
 
 3 6 8 
 
 \m 
 
 a2,s94,9m 
 
 22,07fi,l,'i7 
 
 772,888 
 
 3 9 4 
 
 .3 10 
 
 
 I m 
 
 il3.67ll,S93 
 
 23,I07.3.'>0 
 
 781,1.53 
 
 3 6 3 
 
 3 7 
 
 mnary Account, showing the Amount of Revenue Collected hg the Customs in London, Liverpool, 
 Bristol, and the Outports of England, Scotland, and Ireland respectively in the Years ended 
 
 December 31, 1861-67. 
 
 
 £ 
 
 aim . 
 
 11,005,5.55 
 
 <tl<»l 
 
 3,380,9:7 
 
 tt4 ■ 
 
 1,3.16,2.53 
 
 HtPnm 
 
 i,o75,939 
 
 itk Forts 
 
 2,677,158 
 
 kPoiu 
 
 2,281,671 
 
 Total ■ 
 
 23,657,513 
 
 23,993,546 
 
 1S63 
 
 £ 
 
 11,974,397 
 3,1.13,101 
 1,1.V1,.',99 
 2,128,962 
 3,017.974 
 2,151, 599 
 
 23,A88,'932 
 
 1864 
 
 1S65 
 
 £ 
 
 11,491,112 
 2,893,415 
 1,103,IK«) 
 2,1,16,202 
 2,826,827 
 2,047,325 
 
 22,498,211 
 
 £ 
 
 10,942,913 
 
 2,797,511 
 
 1,106,211 
 
 2,193,8.59 
 
 2,709,175 
 
 _2,0ll,(i0.1_ 
 
 21,799,972 
 
 1867 
 
 £ 
 
 10,819,711 
 3,040,501 
 1,110,387 
 2,162,161 
 3,129,964 
 _2,121,5.59_ 
 22 ,684, 283 
 
 Kf/orad'on on Admission to Office. — Every pcr- 
 Vlio shall be appointed to any oflice or employ- 
 Jtin the Custon.s, under the control and ilirec- 
 I of th(! Commissioners of Customs, shall on 
 ill .«ion thereto make the following declara- 
 
 l.l.B. do declare that I will be tnio and 
 ■ol in the execution, to the best of my k!-....tv- 
 1 ami priw(;r, of the trust committed to my 
 Hand inspcciion in tlie service of her Ma- 
 
 jesty's Customs ; and that I will not require, take, 
 or receive any fee, pcrqoi.site, gratuity, or reward, 
 whether pecuniary or of any sort or description 
 whatever, either directly or indirectly, for imy 
 service, act, duty, matter, or thing done or per- 
 formed or to be done or )ierfomied in the execu- 
 tion or discliarge of any of the duties of my oiUce 
 or employment, on any account whatever, other 
 than inj' salary and what is or shall be allowed 
 mo by law, or by any special order of the Com- 
 
 I 
 
 • 1 
 
 ■:,l . ■ 
 
 
 -I'-'f' I. .;-!'• 
 
 
 .. ;>'- '■■•!..!, 
 
 
 ■* H-> , ' ^i'-. 
 
 
 ,. ■ •:■'. '..'^ *-\'-. 
 
 1 .. 
 
 ■'■ • *l^ ♦- ' -'."'Li. 
 
 •.. M 
 
 T'wmm 
 
 _^.-.-- -WSBS^J' 
 
CYPBESS 
 
 It ■ 
 
 1 
 
 atLhw%-» -'=\^*^;;oSa" o'Tan'i It ^iTJ^^yl U^n^.^r attacked by wo J 
 
 ^.;,.Vp,1 to be kept as such by F^'"" ,^^i j,e cpccies ot timiKr. ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ j 
 
 "ffar. regards ^Scotland, Buchdajs^^ .^^^r'^' Hence he Mheuians, when dc.iJ 
 
 ^ -JoA to be so kept by authority ottuc« durabihty. Hence u.e ^^^^^^^ ^^j ^^g 
 
 7dlv and also such days "^ » 'a" ha^ « ''^^ ^^ ,eservo the "".^closed in cypress coS^ 
 
 acuub " , ,, . compelled to serve m >■ „ States oj Amenv , cv; rP'S trees tons 
 
 ^'^ n^(o Xeof inspector general ot «ni i,camference at "le gr" . ^|^.^ ^ 
 
 ^"f ™ts was estabUed in 1696. J^^^^, I that of the regular^a ft ot ^ ^^ ^^^^^ 
 *"' w of the trade and nav'S^tl""; "/l^fshed by rises, from 6 to W teet, ^^^ ^^_^^ ^^ ^ 
 
f. _ ), 
 
 .!^- &■' 
 
 ' ■* m 
 
 4 
 
 '\ 
 
 l\- 
 
Ih -Jp 
 
 h 
 
 ft "t 
 
 I K 
 
 
 ■ ') ■ 
 
 
 ■ 4 
 
 
 •^1 
 
 
 •' '1 
 
 k -^ 
 
 
 ; . 
 
 
 ■,» 
 
 ■■ '"' . 
 
 
 "•i 
 
 
 r-' 
 
 4 
 
 
 dama(;ed 
 
 the Customs, ffoi 
 
 rccvivi'il lioiiie in 
 
 drill the bunded ' 
 
 It is enacted h^ 
 
 BO claim for any 
 
 of any f,"«"ls imp 
 
 .'liali lie ulldwcd 
 
 claim be made or 
 
 am! ill Piieh I'orni n 
 
 (jfl'ibionis slnill (I 
 
 Hie satisfaction oft 
 
 their officers thai 
 
 Jtcrsuch Koodslij 
 
 flii|', and before th 
 
 Kingdom ; and all 
 
 and HTock liroiigl 
 
 Kiiii:il')iii, and all i 
 
 I'niieil Kin/,'dom, t 
 
 the same duties as 
 
 portatioii into tiie s 
 
 doTn aro subject to, 
 
 satkfaoiiwi 'of the C 
 
 such pj.iils arc tliegi 
 
 cf any cnuiitry or 
 
 same may be ciitit 
 
 than tile fiirei/fn di 
 
 auDP, if liable to di 
 
 nicmiiiropectofsij 
 
 sustained by such jj 
 
 dtrelicf, jctsain, fi„t 
 
 Mall lie assessed by 
 
 competent thereto, 
 
 m-'ii'iitrs of Custon 
 
 .tf"lliTof the pnrt ill 
 
 •fflpurled orhroujrht 
 
 (loiilit as to the ainoii 
 
 call iipdii i,vo iiijidj 
 
 "leijoods, and cert I 
 
 judfrmmt, tlie same i| 
 
 [damaKe, whereupon [ 
 
 Jinny make an ahal 
 
 im duty oripnallv \ 
 
 f wivatice shall be 'A 
 
 mnis, DUX vomical 
 
 Wrnts, corn, grain, .., 
 
 cocoa, oran^res, tea, 
 
 rants, raisins, wine. 
 
 WJIAR. Akinij 
 
 ifntine exuding sporl 
 
 Mf,'enoustomostof| 
 
 »s produce diflereii 
 
 lesiKiiated accordinJ 
 
 *nec. 'One is c J 
 
 >' JJamr-selu in Ja4 
 
 £™.yMin;andanol 
 
 «H or white resinl 
 
 "'-■i prodnce the . 
 
 I»f t'tj', and general 
 
 MKini; incisions. If 
 
 »'' '8 either found! 
 
 ad the trees. As| 
 M-side, or on the 
 'li'ently floated ,v 
 •^s as drift. It gi 
 V and ChinJ 
 ,7ch we apply dH 
 '«l«"ora3 of ships' 
 
 'tden Lafu/nuinf »t ('-i>. 
 
■l* 
 
 DAMAGED GOODS 
 
 DANTZIC 
 
 487 
 
 D 
 
 DAMACiED goods. In the InnRuago of 
 l),e ( ubtoms, ^nod.s, HubJKct to diiticH, that have 
 tcciivi'il nomc injury either in the voyage homo 
 or in the bonded wurehounes. 
 
 It is euacted by the IG it 17 Vict. c. 107 that 
 to ilaim fiir any abatement of duty in respect 
 ,.f anv gciods imported into the United Kingdom 
 -liall iie alliiwed on accoun., jf damage unless such 
 claim b(^ made on the first e.xamiiiatic.u tliereof, 
 aiiiliii fuch form and manner as the Comi.iissioners 
 otl'ustoms shall direct, nor unless it he p'oved to 
 thesatisfai'tion of the Commissioners of Customs or 
 tkir (ifliccrs that such damage wna sustained 
 jt(t such goods had been shipped in '.lie importing 
 fliik niul before the landing thereof in the Unitecl 
 Kinjdom; and all goods derelict, jetsam, ilotsam, 
 aniAvreck brought or coming into th(! United 
 Kiiiiltl')!", and all droits of admiraltv sold in the 
 I'niteil Kingdom, shall at all times Ije subif","t to 
 thci-iirac duties as goods of the like kind on im- 
 portation into the same part of the United King- 
 dom ate subject to, imlcss it shall be shown to the 
 salisfattiiiii of the Commissioners of Customs that 
 sucln;ooi\sarc the growth, produce, or manufacture 
 of any cduntry or place by virtue whereof tlie 
 saiiio'iiiay l)c entitled to be admitted at less 
 than till lureign dn'.y, or duty free, or that the 
 saiDP, il'liable to duty, are entitled to an abate- 
 I meiit iiircspc'cl of such damage ; aiul the damage 
 sustaiiiod by such goods, whether so importc<l or 
 derelict, jetsam, flotsam, or wreck as aforesaid. 
 fhallltc assessed by the officers of the Customs, if 
 Icoaipetcnt thereto, but if not, or if the Com- 
 I nis-ioutrs of Customs, or the collector or comp- 
 j tfilkr of the port into -which tlin same shall be 
 limiiurtc'd or brought as aforesaid, shall entertain 
 I doubt as to the amount of such damage, t'jev may 
 I call upon two inditferent merchants to examine 
 Jtlic ),'0(xls, and certify to what extent, in their 
 Ijuilgmcut, the same are lessened in value by such 
 |<Iamaj,'e, whereupon the ofl'cers of the customs 
 Imay make an abatement not exceeding f of 
 Ithe duty originally chargeable thereon ; but no 
 Isllowance shall be made for damage on cocculus 
 lindicus, DUX vomica, rice, guinea grains, lemons, 
 lipirits, corn, grain, meal and tlour, opium, sugar, 
 ■cocoa, oranges, tea, coffee, pepper, tobacco, cur- 
 jiants, raisins, wine, and figs. (Sec. 76.) 
 
 D.WIAK. A kind of indurated pitch or tur- 
 pentine exuding spontaneously from various trees 
 iiidi:;enous to most of the Indian islands. Different 
 Irccs produce different species of rosin, which are 
 joesisnatcd according to their colour and con- 
 fetence. 'One is called Damur-hatu in Malay, 
 fcr Du»uir-sc/o in Javanese, which means hard or 
 pony resin ; and another in common use, Damar- 
 futtk, or white resin, which is softer. Tiie trees 
 P'ch prochice the damar yield it in amazing 
 fcuantity, and generally without the necessity of 
 Win!,' incisions. It exudes through the bark ; 
 N is eithjr found adhering to the trunk or 
 tranches in lar^e lumps, or in masses on the ground 
 lader the trees. As these often grow near the 
 |ea-side, or on the banks of rivers, the damar is 
 re^iuently floated away, and collected in distant 
 laces as drift. It s exported in large quantities 
 ' Bengal and Chin.i, and is used for the purposes 
 "^'^•^li we apply pitch, but principally in paying 
 pe bottoms of ships By a previous arrangement 
 
 almost any quantity may Iw procured at Borneo, 
 at the low rat(! of i dollar per picul.' (Oawfurd, 
 East. Arcliif). \ ol. i. p. 455 ; vol. iii. p. 420.) 
 
 DAMASK ((Jer. damasten tafelzeug; Dutch, 
 damaskwerk; Fr. vcnisp, damns; Ital. tela 
 damaschina; Span, tela adama-scada; Russ. 
 Kamts(JiatnUU salHtki). A species of table linen. 
 
 [LiNICN. 
 
 l)AN(iKHOUS f JOODS. By so;:. .12!) Merchant 
 Shipping Act, 17 & 1« Vict. c. 104, it is enacted 
 that no person shall be entitled to carry in any 
 ship, or to require the master or owner of any ship 
 to carry therein, any .iqua fortis, oil of vitriol, 
 gunpowder, or any other goods which, in the 
 judgment of the master or owner, shall be of a 
 dangerous nature, and provides that notice shall 
 be given of the character of such goods under a 
 penalty not exceeding 100/. (Stevens On Stowaye, 
 Itifi seq.) 
 
 DANTZIC. One of the principal emporiums 
 of the north of ICurope, in West Prussia, lat. 5 1° 
 20' 4M" N., long. 18° HH' K. -Population, according 
 to census of 1804, 90,'j;54. [tiKit.MANV.] It is 
 situated on the left or western bank of the Vistula, 
 about 4 miles from its embouchure. The harbour, 
 Neufahrwasser, at the mouth of the river, is de- 
 fended on eaidi side by pretty strong forts. The 
 town is traversed by the small river Motlau, whicli 
 has been rendered navigable for vessels drawing 
 8 or 9 feet water. 
 
 Roads, Port §•<•. — The road or bay of Dantzio 
 is covered on the west side by a long, narrow, low, 
 sandy tongue of land, extending from Restrhoit 
 Point (on which is a light-house), in lat. 54° .O04', 
 long. 8° 23' 15", upwards of 20 miles in an east 
 by south direction, having the small town of 
 Ilecia, or Heel, near its termiimtion. A light- 
 house, elevated 123 feet (Eng.) above the level 
 of the sea, has been erected within about 4 mile 
 of the extremity of this point. The flashes of the 
 light, which is a revolving one, succeed each other 
 every J minute. Dantzic lies about S. A W. 
 from the Heel ; its port being distant about 4 
 leagues. There is good anchorage in the roads for 
 ships of any burden ; but they are exposed, ex- 
 cept immediately under the Heel, to the north 
 and north-easterly winds. There are harbour 
 lights at the entrance to the port. All ships 
 entering the Vistula must heave to about a mile 
 off the port, and take a pilot on board ; and pilots 
 must always be employed in moving shii)s in the 
 harbour, or in going up and down t.io river. 
 I The usual depth of water at the moath of the 
 river is from 12 to 13 feet (Eng.) ; in the harbour, 
 from 12 to 14 feet; at thccontluencoof theMotlau 
 I with the Vistula, from 9 to OJ feet ; and in town, 
 ' from 8 to 9 feet. Moles have been erected on both 
 sides of the entrance to the harbour : that on the 
 eastern side, which is most exposed, is constructed 
 of granite ; the other is partly of store and partly 
 of timber. 
 
 Trade of Dantzic. — Next to Petersburg and 
 Stettin, Dantzic is the most important commercial 
 city in the north of Europe, 'The average annual 
 value (1802-65) of its exports is 3;003,400/., and 
 of its imports 808,174/. It owes its distinction 
 in this respect to its situation ; the Vistula, with 
 its important tributaries the Bug, Narew <&&, 
 giving it the command of a great internal navi- 
 
 ■I 
 
 
 -■< ['■ I. 
 
"n ■ .♦• 
 
 •f. . 
 
 1 
 
 » 
 
 L ■ 
 
 •;■ 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 ■ i- ■ 
 •.ii >.■ 
 
 
 ^' ,: 
 
 ml 
 
 I 
 
 tl I 
 
 s , 
 
 A'-r-l 
 
 ft- 
 
 488 
 
 DANTZIC 
 
 gation, and rendering it the entrepot where the 
 Riirphi.s products of We.st I'russin, I'olaiid as far tin 
 lliiii;;iiry, and part of ]..ithiiania, arc exchanged 
 for those imported from the foreigner. The ex- 
 ports of wheat from Uantzic are generally greater 
 than from ary other port, Odessa excepted, There 
 are fonr .sorts of wheat distinguished here; viz. 
 white, high-mixed, mired, and rcrf, according as the 
 white or red predominates. The quality of l)antzic 
 wheat is for the most jiart excellent; for, though 
 small in the seed, and not so heavy as many other 
 sort.", it is remarkahly thin skinned, and yields the 
 lincst Hour. The white Polish whea'' 'xported 
 here is the best in the Ualtic. Kyc is also very 
 superior, being both clean and heavy : the exports 
 are considerable. The exports of barley and oats 
 are comparatively inconsiderable, and the cpialities 
 but indifferent. Very iinc white peas are exported. 
 Next to grain, timber is the most important ar- 
 ticle of export from Dantzic, but latterly the 
 supply has been diminishmg, and the quality i.s 
 said not to be so good qs formerly. (Meek.) 
 The principal supply of lir timber, masts A-c. 
 is brought by the river Narew, which, witli 
 it.s branclics, rises in Old Prussia and Lithuania, 
 and falls into the Bug near the confluence of the 
 latter with the Vistula. Oak jdanks, staves &c. arc 
 brought doivn from the higher parts of the A'istula, 
 and the tributary streams of Duuajetz, Wieprez 
 i&c. Salted pork, weed ashes, linseed and rajieseed, 
 mats, bones, zinc, spruce beer, feathers ic. arc 
 also exported. 
 
 The following is an account of the shipments of 
 grain from Dantzic in 186G : — 
 
 To 
 
 Wheat Kye Ilarley 
 
 t)au . Teas Total 
 
 The tJnited KiriKdoni - 
 iWlKium - . - 
 France - - - 
 Holland . 
 
 JItpnin.irk - • 
 Sweden and Norway - 
 Uerinau Ports • 
 
 lastA ! lasts '' lasts 
 
 47,«.J S.1l),6,7.11 
 
 l.fi.l _ _ 
 
 79.1 _ 1 I'l 
 
 3,491 77i 3fi 
 
 'i'. OSli' 11.1 
 
 10.') 7,140 4fi4 
 
 149 ■l.mX .Ifi.'i 
 
 last!, lastH l.i<tl!t 
 677 4,W4 m,Ui^ 
 
 — 1 — S.l.'i 
 
 — H.'i .I.CS'J 
 
 — 99 1,1. Ki 
 
 — .1llll( 8,IMI9 
 416' 411 .1,S,'4 
 
 Total - 
 
 5.1,U19 ll,lii!i 7,751 
 
 l.i'9.1 '■,N18 78,100 
 
 Oil Seeds. — These are chiefly rape. Of these wore 
 exported to t!ic United Kin^ijdoiu in 1805 427 
 lasts, to I^elp;ium 500, to Denmark '6i\ to France 
 205, to lluUand 122, to Prussian ports 381, to 
 Sweden 90. Total 1,758 lasts, vahied at 425,400 
 thalers. In 1H(»4 the value was l,o.-)2,400thalers. 
 Considerable quantities of oil arc also exported. 
 
 Timber. — The following is the quantity of tim- 
 ber exported from Dantzic in 1805 : — 
 
 , Pieces of fuU-sizcd squnre fir) 
 I „ >iii;tll->i/ed square tit j 
 I Fir deck deals 
 
 Mastts, ii;)ara, bou'^liritt 
 
 Ijathwood - - faUioms 
 
 Oak planks 
 
 Piei-(*'i of oak crooks 
 
 (.)uk plank:** Ut brack 
 ,, '•Jnd brack 
 
 ■^Ict'iiers and sleejter loi;s 
 
 Schofks of oak stavt's 
 
 Other quantities 
 
 Total - - 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Value 
 
 
 Thalen 
 
 !i.^3,OB7 
 
 1,910,200 
 
 339,.',l.1 
 
 .■ifi^.SOl) 
 
 Kfili 
 
 43..ii'n 
 
 3,fil3 
 
 r;5,ouu 
 
 Sf.ll.l 
 
 147, l"0 
 
 5^,1 HIS 
 
 390,1100 
 
 -,r,!>fi 
 
 7'.i.fil«l 
 
 ir,,9ifi 
 
 99,liui) 
 
 1,I11,9V2 
 
 889,6110 
 
 '.17,141 
 
 4.W,0ll0 
 
 — 
 
 1. '1,100 
 
 — 
 
 I,6S8,000 
 
 351,485 
 
 7'^,401 
 11,99S 
 1 •i.Mi 
 
 1 17366 
 
 Slatemcnt shmuing the Destination of Shipments 
 of Timber from Dantzic in 18GG, 
 
 Fir timber - pieces 
 .•<inall timber - „ 
 Ma.tA and spari „ 
 Deck deals and de<ih „ 
 Sli.t>iH-rs,o.ikundtir „ 
 l.alhwood - f.ithoin? 
 Treenails - tcluK-ks 
 Oak timber &c. pieces 
 Oak plank • „ 
 SlaTU - - ichoekt 
 
 To (Germany 
 and North 
 of Europe 
 
 To Franre, 
 Holland, 
 
 and 
 Belgium 
 
 To the 
 
 Unlleil 
 
 Kinf{dom 
 
 13,199 
 VI9 
 
 ii;'2 
 
 91,144 
 93,sli1 
 
 H 
 
 •iu- 
 7,17.'; 
 
 7,.M4 
 »,78B 
 
 29,7.')« 
 
 7,013 
 
 4, .111 
 
 llK.Vil 
 
 illl.SS'J 
 
 9 
 
 Wi 
 
 16,')S« 
 
 1,743 
 
 4,114 
 
 im,VJ9 
 
 IB,'A19 
 
 106 
 
 -1,966 
 
 4'.fO,(lH7 
 
 •J,IK)9 
 
 4,,'>10 
 
 <i4,4l4 
 
 3«,4S!! 
 
 '7,671 
 
 'I'ho following is the value of the principal 
 articles exported : — 
 
 
 .Xver.iRe value 
 
 
 
 
 of 3 >ears 
 
 ISO 
 
 Wti 
 
 
 1861-3 
 
 
 ThalCTi 
 
 
 •llialers 
 
 Thalirs 
 
 Vnieal 
 
 13,'.9V,-).-.S 
 
 8,.13'.i,4l«) 
 
 i'.''i:,*Hfl 
 
 Other tirain ■ 
 
 5.n(i9,37» 
 
 1,837,370 
 
 
 Oilseeds 
 
 6 "J,.T>I 
 
 l,.1.V.i,4(M) 
 
 4.'\1.,J 
 *,6Hs,ll<l 
 
 Timlitr (all kinds) 
 
 S,ISII,l)00 
 
 3,.'i4.',,0OO 
 
 Oil (in ctiiks] ' 
 
 9'S,30O 
 
 im.mi 
 
 
 OiliMke 
 
 'i1,l'l7 
 
 39,')93 
 
 
 H..n.'» 
 
 VI, .1.13 
 
 VO,l>llO 
 
 l'likle<l Pork 
 
 'J.'i.llOO 
 
 1«,0II0 
 
 Sfi.lHKl 1 
 l.V),(Mri) 
 
 Sprm-e lleer - 
 
 .'■,'i,S 10 
 
 6.'>,.VlO 
 
 All other articles 
 
 '.'Oit.dilO 
 
 204,'^ 10 
 
 91,.^ 
 
 ''Oi35v,100 
 
 Total 
 
 7.')...l.i,iill0 
 
 I6,ii9i.0fir, 
 
 The exports to the United Kingdom in 1865 
 were valued at : — 
 
 <>ra{n 
 Timber 
 Other articles - 
 Total 
 
 4 
 - 1,640,000 
 loivmii 
 .'i^Min 
 
 • '',io/,IMI 
 
 The principal imports are coah from t!ie Xorth i 
 Briti.sh ports, metals, fish (chieflj' herrings) from 
 Norway, drujjs, dye stuffs, and hides. 'I'he tola! 
 value is reckoned in 186G at C,0'?G,G21 thalers, 1 
 wliich with the imports represents a trade of I 
 3,093,918/. [ 
 
 The annual imports from the United Kinsilnm 1 
 were, on an average of 18G1-3, 410,00U/, ; in 1861 j 
 367,000/. ; in 18C5, 501,000/. '| 
 
 The merchants of Dantzic are hut little givail 
 to speculation ; and the value of the imports into I 
 the city seldom exceeds half the value of thej 
 exports. 
 
 In addition to the Koj-al or Government Bank,! 
 mentioned in a subsequent part of this article, a| 
 private joinc-stock bank was established in Kl, 
 
 Shipping.— The average number and tonnnKc oil 
 arrivals during the 7 years 1853-9 wa.'* litiWiO 
 185,000 lasts bunion ; during the 5 rears 18iJ04j 
 2,728, of 281,229 la.sts burden. In ISW there were 
 3,200, of 327,184 lasts, which departed from M 
 port. (Some large and fine ships are built aa 
 Dantzic. Steamers from Hull and London arrivJ 
 here almost every week, and steamers arc iio\vt| 
 be found in all the navigable parts of the Visluli 
 
 The number and tonnage of the vessels thai 
 arrived at Dantzic in 1800, according to thei| 
 nationality, were as follows : — 
 
 Under what 
 Flag 
 
 llriUsh 
 (terman 
 Danish 
 
 Swedish and 
 Norwegian - 
 Dutch 
 French 
 Belgian 
 Russian 
 Unileil Stales 
 Total - 
 
 Number of \'es.sels 
 
 
 Tontiage 
 
 2:13 
 5.'.3 
 
 9'i 
 
 109 
 
 3 
 
 l,l«7 
 
 114 
 
 4(HI 
 
 68 
 
 89 
 
 8 
 
 ~3 
 I 
 
 .148 
 
 1,043 
 
 !i8l 
 
 163 
 
 luH 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 lasts 
 31,li76 
 70,811 
 
 1,804 
 
 4,7.13 
 9,083 
 
 m 
 
 lasu 1 
 '^4,l>7S i 
 .M,9«l i 
 
 I 
 
 4,9« I 
 
 5,H.1 
 
 90S 
 
 xa 
 
 9IU 
 
 tuti I 
 
 .i;,i.t<| 
 
 IXJt 
 
 1,0.16 -^,063 I ll8,49.UIIVil3 iWif 
 
 During the three years 18C1-3 the Briti| 
 shipping had been 22*5 per cent, but durinjtl 
 Danish war it rose to 35 per cent. The value J 
 the cargoes bound for ports of the United KiiigdJ 
 was estimated at the sum of 2,050,000/., the wh^ 
 alone being 1,500,000/, 
 
 Freights in 1805. — Coals : per keel from Nej 
 castle to Dantzic, to be delivered in town, C/.j 
 71. 10s. Wheat, per quarter of 500 lbs. weight: 
 London, 2s. to 4s. 6d. ; to Liverpool and Irelai 
 3s. 3rf. to 5s. ; to the east coast of England il 
 Scotland, Is. 6rf. to 4s. Grf. ; to the coal ports iM 
 to 3s. 9d. Timber, per load of fir or oak of| 
 cubic feet: to London, 16s. 6d. to 195. 61/.; 
 
 Lonilon and Irelan 
 
 .•;. itlnnd, 13s. to 2- 
 
 )>. M. 
 riic freights were 
 
 iDMif)' per last (!•<)( 
 I>pcr Vistula and i 
 fri'iii the Lower Vi.< 
 ^.nt up the river ' 
 I'nissian centner to 1 
 Vi.-iiila, and from 15, 
 
 Men on Pilotage ant 
 
 Dulles 
 
 WlotaKp Duties. 
 !WIdnwm« I, ft. »„„•,„_ 
 
 8 
 ,. , Mice Pavsport Taie. 
 
 -"'-.-..; ionr;«i, 
 
 ''»< „ 4110 " " 
 "IwTe 4/ifl (j,„, " _ »i 
 
 .Vwifj/.-AccGunts us, 
 ,^f"."f'!'''^'"s, guilders 
 
 l"':.;s=l,C20pfennings. 
 
 .irfi'ftandtlierixdollu 
 I -^^svstera was,hoi 
 
 f,ofthcrru.,siai;tro 
 ™^' of September 
 
 rue Cologne mark (o 
 |r:> " .the weight \t 
 Ifcviaii mint in wcigl.in 
 j!,'"*'ss of the CO is' 
 w.*, by carats or ], 
 "t- 'or this purpose i 
 *arenoivkepti„thc' 
 
 Jlle*-s,verm,5„eys„ 
 f'f Mar pieces; but sn 
 K of former coinag,"" 
 
 '*«vsstrictIycoincidewr 
 
 in 
 
 eoins are 
 .^d half pieces. 
 
 FreJ 
 Tliel 
 
 ry. 00 grams of fine nJ, 
 
 ^'l loihi _ , . 
 leounl'^- °J 
 
 ':ii'ou„,i,- !»J 
 
 ■" pounds =i|„" J 
 
 ■ oftn 
 
 rnibur^f. 
 
 m,lar'""''""'= 11 regis,! 
 i«quan«. — 11" '^.11 )■ 
 
 "'Urn,., 
 
 juiner 
 
 "Ian) 
 
 *« mori{in 
 
 ""'mill 
 
 « liquid 
 
 = 4'2<)0(i4 I 
 = l'41'.ililil 
 = »'63ofa| 
 = /60scher 
 14«J ,1 
 
 measures are, fori 
 
 J>Ml.er.= ,'«,^ 
 
 Pfir(.a...ure wl.i ~ V'^'f 
 
 "=391 it' 
 
 ffallons. 
 
« w 
 
 ],fl,lon and Ireland, 17». to 22.'». ; cast coast and 
 S'liliiml, 13s, to 21».; to the coal ports, Us, to 
 
 Ki'. ti''- 
 
 The freielits were from 30». to fifi*. in English 
 ,50ii('y per '"•''' (1*96*''' t-ns avoirdupois) from the 
 
 rthl 
 om I 
 otal 
 Icrs, I 
 i. of 
 
 dom I 
 1864,1 
 
 given I 
 3 into I 
 )f tliel 
 
 li>l.cr 
 
 Vistula and its tributaries, and 21». to >51». 
 
 f:,.m the Lower Vistula. The freifjht for i^oods 
 !]r,t up the river varied from 12.1. to 18.t. per 
 I'nissinn centner to places situated on the Lower 
 Vi-tiila, and from 16», to 30 j. to Warsaw. 
 
 Dulits an Pilotage and Police Passports at Dantzic, 
 
 Dutlei 
 
 PilittaKP Dution. 
 ViiKl JiiwinK l> ft. water and under 
 7 ,1 It 
 
 S •. ■• 
 
 U >• •• 
 
 lU „ 
 
 VdlM Pa«pott Taxes. 
 
 VmI uf 't'i losu, ''HI toiu and under 
 .VI „ UK) „ „ 
 
 lim „ viHi „ „ 
 tn ,. I'll) ,> ■• 
 
 «bore AM l««l« - 
 
 Frusiian and 
 lirivilejictl 
 
 Ih. til. 
 I \f> 
 K I,'. 
 
 3 U 
 .T 1.5 
 
 4 U 
 
 1 10 
 I 17 
 1 2S 
 
 a 7 
 .1 s 
 
 Foreign 
 Fiauii not 
 prlvUtijfed 
 
 Ih 
 
 •i I) 
 
 .'f 
 
 .1 1,-. 
 
 4 n 
 
 4 
 
 1 2/1 
 
 '^ 
 
 •I .'• 
 
 .T .■> 
 
 4 I.) 
 
 sll. vt. 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 It I ?.*■ 
 
 |c BritiJ 
 Tlurin?" 
 ■c value I 
 1 Kiiig^ 
 Itlie^hl 
 
 from ^"1 
 l)vrn,OI.| 
 |vci;;M' 
 jiii Itelal 
 Iglaiii I 
 
 oak of I 
 Led.; 
 
 i/wifj/,— Accounts used formerly to be wholly 
 
 I itpt in (julilens, guilders, or florins of 30 groschen. 
 
 Tlcri.\clollur = 3 florins = 90 groschen = 270 scliil- 
 
 li's = 1,C20 pfennings. The florin or guilder -. 9t/. 
 
 lsdiD),',and the ri.xdollur = 2». 3(/. 
 
 Anew system was, however, introduced into nil 
 
 lints of the Prussian dominions, conformablv to 
 
 likiiecrecs of September 30, 1821, and of June 
 
 Iti'itiS. 
 
 Be Cologne m.irk (containing 3,609 Eng. 
 
 ii-) is the weight at present used in the 
 
 nvian mint in weighing the precious metals. 
 
 fineness of the coins is not determined, as 
 
 ■liously, by carats or loths, but the mark is 
 
 -fel for tliis purpose into 288 grains. Ac- 
 
 au are now kept in the public offices in tlialers 
 
 t Mlars (li.), silver groschen, and pfennings ; 1 
 
 J.=30 sil.gr. = 12 pf. 
 
 1 Hie only silver moneys now coined arc dollars 
 IJ dollar pieces; but smaller coins are in cir- 
 Won, of former coinages. 
 
 I He Prassian silver coins have \ of alloy ; and 
 
 ithemark is coined into 14 dollars, each should 
 
 Slain iST'GS Eng. grains pure silver, and be 
 
 jinh about 2s. lUrf. sterling; but the assays do 
 
 (always strictly coincide with the mint valuation. 
 
 iTl.c gold coins are Frederick d'ors double, 
 
 fjle, and half pieces. The mark of 288 grains, 
 
 Bg 260 grains of fine gold, is coined into 3,5 
 
 '.il'or^. The Fred, d'or is worth from 5 dol. 
 
 liil.sr.to5 dol. 22 sil. gi-., according to the 
 
 Biml. 
 
 IjTfijJls and Measures. — The commercial 
 #15 arc— 
 
 3'i lothi = 1 ounce. 
 16 outu-es = I txiund. 
 1'*^ |>flunds = 1 li^t>ound. 
 VO pminiU = 1 snmil stone, 
 rvi jiuunds = 1 large stone 
 
 |!i.=tcntneri ,1reiuner»=l shippound (3.10 lbs.); 100 lb«. of 
 Bu-lnS'^ Ibi. avoir(luvoU= 16-86 kiloi;. = 'Jl'7 ll». of Am- 
 ■B=*i6lh«.ofHamliurB. 
 
 ^loftiVmtaU =l-96S1ton. 
 
 il oT shipping last = I A register ton, 
 i«lal = ifii a.">ll7 11)5. avoirduiwls. 
 
 uw cental 
 milquaner 
 "WlFniwan) 
 Thui mor^tn 
 
 = 5-i9c)lH schen'els. 
 
 = I'Aly bushel. 
 
 = O'GS of an Knglish acre. 
 
 __ (fio schefiels of hniwrted grain. 
 
 ~" I5t>i )f of eiporttd „ 
 
 I measures are, for beer — 
 
 5 quarts =: 1 anker, 
 
 4 ankers = I ahm. 
 
 l^ahm = I lihd. 
 
 !t hiMls. = 1 lK)lh. 
 
 ■i li..lh = 1 fuder. 
 
 •t fuder =1 last = 630'4 Eng. wine gallons. 
 
 pie treasure, whicli is less than beer measure, 
 n=39| Eng, gallons. The pipe =2 ahma. 
 
 DANTZIC 489 
 
 The last of corn = .')■} maltnrs = GO scheffcls = 210 
 viertels = 9t'i0 mctzen ; and weighs l.tisO lbs, 
 Dantzic weight in rye. The .schetrel = '.")17 of a 
 hectolitre = 1 -.5.52 Winchester bushel. Ilencc the 
 last of ()0 scbeffels = ll quarters 3 bu.ihels ; tho 
 last of 5()J 8chcffels=10 quarters 7 bushels. 
 
 The Dantzic f(iot=ll-3 Kng. incl. or 100 
 Dantzic fcet = 91-lli Kng. feet. Tlie cU is 2 feet 
 Dantzic measure. The Uhiiielnnd o- Prussian 
 f(M)t = '3138 French metres, tir 12-I!.')(J Kng. inches; 
 hence 100 Pnissian = 102'« F.ng. feet. The Prus- 
 sian or Berlin ell has 2.5 J Pru.ssian inches = 2(!'2o6 
 Eng. ditto. 100 llerlin ells = 72-93 Eng. yards; 
 and ;37-142 Uerlin ell3=100 Eng, yards", 14J 
 Prussian miles are equal to 15 geograiihical 
 miles. 
 
 Oak planks, deals, and pipe staves arc .sold by 
 the schock of GO pieces ; wheat, rye Ac. are sold 
 by the last of SGJ scheftVls. (Kelly's Cambist; 
 Nelkenbrccher, Manuel Universel.) 
 
 Com Trade of Dantzic. — Tho reader will find 
 under the head Corn Laws and Couk Trade 
 a pretty full account of the Polish corn trade; 
 but tho importance of the subject will excuse 
 our giving a few additional details. Grain is 
 almost wholly brought to Dantzi'c by water, in 
 flat-bottomed boats suited to the navigation of 
 the Vistula, Bug &c. Mr. Consul (Jilwon esti- 
 mated the exptT.sc of the conveyance of wheat 
 and rye hither, including tlie duty at Thorn and 
 the charges of turning on the river till put into 
 the granary, as follows : — 
 
 per imp. qr. 
 ' f. d, 4. d. 
 
 From the upper provinces on tl e Bug, a distance of 
 
 from ;ilU to .'lOil miles ■ - ■ . 9 2 to 7 10 
 
 From the provinces of (Cracow. Hatidomir, and Lublin, 
 
 .').5i) to .1,10 miles - - - . 6 B .^ 4 
 
 From Warsaw and its neighbourhood, about V 10 miles 4 H 3 11 
 From Wlactaweck and its neigtibourhood, about 1 10 
 
 mile.1 -.••.. 
 Frum tirandeniz, a distance of about 70 miles, no duty 
 
 at Thorn, and when not turned on the river 
 
 N. B. — The.se are the ordinary charges ; but they 
 are higher when there is any unusual demand for 
 exportation. 
 
 The Bug ha.s many windings, and its navigation, 
 which is tedious and uncertain, can only be at- 
 tempted in the spring, when the water is high. 
 It is the same, though in a less degree, with some 
 of the rivers that fall into the Vistula before it 
 reaches Warsaw ; and towards Cracow the Vistula 
 itself is frequently unnavigable, especially in dry 
 seasons, except in spring, and after the mid- 
 summer rains, when the snow melts on the Car- 
 pathian mountains. Tho navigation of the 
 Polish rives in some seasons is more than usu- 
 ally bc.i. The com from the upper provinces 
 does rot reach Dantzic till from 2 to 4 months 
 later than usual, and is burdened with a very 
 heavy additional expense. In fact, the supplies 
 of grain at Dantzic depend quite as muc^ on the 
 abundance of water in the rive'-s, or on their easy 
 na\'igation in summer, as on tne goodness of the 
 harvests. 
 
 'There are,' says Mr. Jacob, 'two modes of 
 conveying wheat to Dantzic by tlie Vistula. That 
 which grows near the lower parts of the river, 
 comprehending Polish Russia, and part of the 
 province of Plock, and of Masovia, in the kingdom 
 of Poland, which is generally of an inferior quality, 
 i" conveyed in covered boats, with shifting boards 
 that protect the cargo from the rain, but not from 
 pilfering. These vcs'ols are long, draw about 
 15 inches water, and oring about 150 quarters of 
 wheat. They are not, however, so well calculated 
 for tho upper parts of the river. From Cracow, 
 where the Vistula first becomes navigable, to below 
 the junction of the Bug \vith that stream, the 
 wheat is mostly conveyed to Dantzic in open 
 
 4 2 
 
 10 
 
 1 ;* « 
 
 
 
nt 
 
 #•< 
 
 DA31TZ1C nerform the operation throw 
 
 
 tlirouBii"'^ """-., „j ends ' I V^'' ""n,„Mpd i';«rop^^ the iouo«i"B 
 
 is kept from t^ «;;^^"*„"^^ these " -<:o?f f "^^ Danteic :- , „. „„riity in ordinary .ea- , 
 
 similar plan. The waw^^^^^^^, receive « ^ ^P**^ < Whe.t of T'^^Mm Poland and deiiv.rd 
 
 „„d imperfectly caulKc ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^ t ^2 sons cannot be broufiht J°™ f^/'' .tcr, and that 
 
 out at tbc e^ mia 8 ^^^^ ^^^y, /'""*/"!«' at Dantzic at less thar 35s. pe i ^^^ 
 
 . Vessels of tl 8 aescPn^ly get agroum^ ^^ •^^P^'^'?!."- ! very large ac«»- 
 
 inches water, and yet tny ^4^ "^ Sets. Some time since a very J, ,^^1 
 in descemhng the nve^ «f ^^^^'^K" ,, „, U?ion of grain had m the cour^ m 
 
 
 i' 1 ' 
 
 fmmmwmmm 
 
 
 ,re than an »«? ^V " r;„i„g, and, when that is « »- — ^^^^ Russian temu ry • -.^ ; ^ i 
 .«cted by this I'lnd of '=mcmg,^^^ ^^„^.y „„d Ulerc expressed here, as f^^ljtt^, A 
 thrown aside, IS found nt° ^^ .'^-f J rmpct"^°" ^ Odessa and Amenea^^^. I 
 
 .Ti.e vcss/l3"«7„f their original cost, ihe ^"'"P^^aterial reduction of the ^^ ^^„j^J 
 usually sell for ab«"^«Xm on foot. Snd. The party making the .^^1 
 
 ^^^^ l^.^irex.i:S^i^ fhe ,un, and frequenXl^; 
 
 ;i;read abroad, exposeu^."^,-^.^^ j^ ^''y ^''^1 1 tCtTe ' c"ould purchase th^'^Jt^erThes*! 
 
 turned over, till any slight m ^^ ^^^^ ^^jg^ „« v.eU *^^^^^^^ ^^ ^g,, per quarter ^ 
 
 imbibed is d"f • J X^^ of wheat on^he <^^XJ^,,, ^ere X^^aving M 
 
 as during the nign, .^ ^^^^ ^^^ f a ste^P i^ j ^^^^ts ft«f .^''i^^P and other M 
 
 shorcaretlirownTOB^ j„noff, anaare vj' f„£jely made to "aij » itwas* 
 
 roof of a bouse, that ^e ram m.y^^^^ S'Srtil^ She M^terranean; and f ^^^to H 
 
 covered with a bnen cloth ^ ^^^^ D'^"*^'^ Sveral cargoes hadj)een sh.PF" 
 
 a long t me after the wh«i.^ ^^^ warehouses. ^J^^'^gsing^ne o t\'^°«*i''^L paid to * 
 
 before it 13 fit to be place ^^^ ,'^iTv to Dantzic to state what Rnce^''f„„# 
 
 « The -warehouses W"„' j^t generally J^^*^^' ,oprietor or farmer m ^°ir, port 
 
 A«riti>i\ for stormg corn. Pfi)'_'l„„, The. floors 1 landed i;roprii-_ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^g,e ,t was b ^| 
 
 "?*P^:" ,r= 3 of which t 
 
 
 
 the com. It ^ usuauj 
 
DANTZIC 
 
 491 
 
 rrinciplft very recontly ; that under such circiim- 
 siaiii'i'si it would n')t be rit,'lit to take k^s than 35*. 
 n'r (|iinrtcr aa the price at wliicli wheat, wiicn 
 (lure was a fair average crop, could be delivered 
 jt Daiitzic, from which, deducting 1 '2». per mmrter 
 fir the exiK'iise of biinjjiiig it from the olacu of 
 .-ruwlh to Dantzic, iiicliiding waste, which is 
 wncriilly very considerable, cost of the boats, 
 which arc broken up and sold for a trille coni- 
 r,,ri'il witli their originnl cost (amounting, |x!rliapfl, 
 to 100 (ir oOO thalers, whereas tliov arc only sold for 
 abimt 40)i the expense of the peasants and other 
 iifwn* navigating them for avoyage, sometimes of 
 ;)(ir I months, and returning back to i'olandon foot, 
 Ihore would be left iJ3». per quarter as the price 
 paiil to the proprietor at the place of growth j out 
 of wliich he had to bear the expense of cultivation, 
 tinav tlic interest and redyem the capital of any 
 BiortJ;a!,'c wliich might exist, the residue? being 
 nhat would remain for rent an<l interest of capital 
 I i,ubarkc(l in the soil. He added that this was 
 i ctnerally considered as an average estimate of the 
 exi«incs ; but that they would vary a little, 
 (Icpei'.dcnt upon the distance, cither greater or 
 I less, from which tlie com was brought. A con- 
 Ifiditaljlc quantity of bones are exiwrted from 
 I Dantzic to Great "llritain, many of which are col- 
 Iktidand sent down from Cracow. Complaint 
 Iwasiimdc to the Consul by the merchant chiefly 
 Itmployed in this trade, that a heavy transit duty 
 |«f is.' per cwt, had recently been levied for the 
 Inominal purpose of repaving the turnpike road, 
 |that it was a heavy tax in proportion to the value, 
 lid that a representation from England was alone 
 aeccssarj' to obtain its repeal.' 
 
 'Ofthe timber and staves shipped at Dantzic, 
 fcearly the whole comes from Kussian Poland. 
 Prussian timber is becoming scarce ; and even 
 lat from the Russian territory, that is of good 
 |)uality, is much reduced, and has of lato not been 
 ogood as formerly. This is owing, jirincipally, 
 omost of the good timber that could be con- 
 veniently got afloat having been felled. There is, 
 t is said, but little of good quality now to be had 
 |rithout going much farther back from the ship- 
 ' j places, which the discouragement given by 
 he present timber duties prevents. It will hence 
 obvious that whenever any alteration takes 
 llace cither in the com trade or timber duties, 
 Russia will be much more beneflted than Prussia, 
 B far as relates to the export of com and timber 
 m Dantzic' 
 
 J Timbtr Trade, Brack. — Fir timber is usually 
 rought down in its natural state, and is squared 
 ktologj, or sawn into planks, in winter, when the 
 ibourcrs cannot be othenvise employed. The 
 hives shipped here are carefully assorted, and are 
 ickoncd superior to those of America. 
 iThe expenses of the water conveyance of 
 pared timber, mcluding duty at Thorn, are — 
 
 iFnmUieBuft . 
 
 WWprei (above Warsaw) 
 Viitula (above „ 
 
 Per piece. 
 
 <. d. I. it. 
 
 from about A to A 9 
 
 „ 4 6 4 4 
 
 „ 3 -.t 4 
 
 ing higher when the demand is unusually 
 
 pat, or when hands are scarce. 
 At Dantzic, as well as at Petersburg, Riga, 
 J several other Baltic ports, swom inspectors 
 i^kn) are appointed by authority to ex- 
 
 ►ine certain articles uitended for exportation, 
 
 W to classify them accoru;ng to their qualities. 
 
 ►yes and timber of all sorts, with the exception 
 fine wood, are subjected to the brack. Prime 
 T^ity is branded Krohn or Crown; second 
 ility, Brack ; and the third or lowest quality, 
 "Kkt Brack, All unmerchantable artides are 
 
 rejected by the brnckcrs, and arc not allowed to be 
 exported. 
 
 Tlie gauge for crown pipe staves, which the 
 brncker has always in his hand, is 4^ inches 
 broad, I J thick, and Gl inches in length, which 
 they must be at least ; but I hey are expected to be 
 larger in every respect. 
 
 Pipe staves arc from (H to 08 inches long ; 0, 5, 
 and I J at least, broad ; uiul from IJ to 3 iuclics 
 thick. 
 
 Urnndy staves arc at least 51 to 58 inches long, 
 as thick and broad as pipe staves. 
 
 llogslicnd staves are 42 to 45 inches long, as 
 thick and broad as pipe staves, all English 
 measure. 
 
 The quality is ascertained by marks, to dis- 
 tinguish each sort, as follows : — 
 
 Crown pipe staTw, stninpeil at the end, K. 
 brack, In the mldif 
 
 npeil at 
 lililli', I. 
 bracks brack. 11. 
 lluKhhead crown, al the enil, f) K. 
 brack, in ttie mlildle, 1. 
 bracktt brack. II. 
 llraiidy hoj^hcaU crown, at the end, II K. 
 brack, in the middle, '/i. 
 brackb brack, '/iy".. 
 
 Oak planks arc assorted in the same manner. 
 Crown jdank is marked in tlie middle, C. Brack, 
 in the end and middle, U. Bracks brack, B B. 
 
 To distinguish IJ from 2, and 2^ from 3 inches, 
 the 1 J arc marked with I, and 2,i >i . 
 
 At the end, in rough strokes, with coloured 
 paint, brack is yellow 1; bracks brack, white II ; 
 Crown, red III. 
 
 Ashes are subjected to the brack. The cf.lcined 
 are opened and the crust taken off; others are not 
 examined unless there be any suspicion of their 
 (juality, or the staves of the hogshead be sup- 
 posed to be too thick. Every cask of jiot- 
 ashcs is opened. 
 
 SlIiri'iNJ ClIAUOES AND DUTIES. 
 
 Charges upon, the Shipment of 1,000 Quarters of ' 
 Com at Dantzic in hnglish Money. 
 
 Metage in lO'anary 
 
 IHIivery - - . 
 
 I'ortcrajie down 
 
 Meterh' fee - 
 
 Town dues - - . 
 
 LiKhlerage - . - 
 
 Expeiuei to the roads - 
 
 Exclusive of commlsikion, 2 per cent. 
 
 The above are the charges if bought and shii>- 
 ped from the granarj' ; but if bought and ware- 
 housed previously to shipping, the following ad- 
 ditional charges are incurred : — 
 
 Metagefrom Craft. 
 Porterage up, meters' fees, and town dues are 
 
 £ I. 
 
 d. 
 
 ■ .'. 
 
 
 
 - 1 4 
 
 fi 
 
 . 9 
 
 
 
 - 'J 
 
 l> 
 
 - .1 15 
 
 
 
 . 10 
 
 
 
 - i 10 
 
 
 
 £33 9 
 
 6 
 
 the same. 
 
 (Jriinary rent - 
 Labourers 
 
 Additional. 
 
 Tumlntt 
 
 Exclusive of insurance 
 
 . .V.I 
 
 - 6 > per last of 10} quarten per month. 
 
 - 7i I 
 against fire. 
 
 Cliarges on the shipment of — 
 
 Pearl ashes 
 Weed ashes - 
 Fir limber 
 On Deck deals) 
 Short deals > - 
 Deal ends ) 
 l.athwood 
 Clapboards 
 Oak plank I 
 Oakenda f 
 Slaves 
 
 Black or spruce beer 
 Feathers - - - 
 
 R. 1. gr. 
 
 about 1(1 per shlppound of 330 lbs. 
 
 II li 
 10 
 
 barrel 
 load. 
 
 do. 
 
 'iH load. 
 
 1 
 
 •i 
 
 I ID 
 
 13 II) 
 
 U H 
 
 X 
 
 fathom. 
 
 schock of 60 pieces. 
 
 load. 
 
 mille pipe, 
 last of 11 ken. 
 100 lbs. 
 
 N. B. — ^The Prassian pound is about 3 J per cent 
 heavier than the English pound. The exyienses 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 'i }- ■:/'. '■>' 
 
 
 ■ 1 
 
.»• 
 
 402 DANTZIC 
 
 of dcnditifc jjodiIh down nrn tnkcn nt nlmiit nn aviT- ] ncl«vt« wlint ho lins to do, 
 
 i: 
 
 i < 
 
 
 .,v»'; 
 
 «.« »r. 
 
 itr 
 
 hh m 
 
 H 
 
 II r, 
 
 H 
 
 1) 
 
 
 ^ t(i 
 
 
 11 in 
 
 
 l« V(l 
 
 
 7 » 
 
 
 10 71 
 
 
 1 II 
 
 
 t n 
 
 n 
 
 S 'i 
 
 II 
 
 IB VII 
 
 n 
 
 Ir 
 
 nue rale; liiit if the wlmlc nr tho urcali-r part of 
 tlio carRo WITH loaded in thft Fnirwatcr or roadn, 
 llic rxiiciisi's would bo ftoniowliat nioro. 
 
 Port Cliitrjifn. — Tlio cliarKes on a Hhip of 'JOO 
 lasts, or about 300 tons bunion, ore — 
 
 llnrhour mnnpy - , - 
 
 Dtiio lit ttniil (sAjr In Frnl. trorti rvi'ko»«tl at 't r., In 
 
 which ihl^t must \tr |ial(l) . • • 
 
 Rirrr tiKiney . - . . . 
 
 l'oninn»rfi»l ronlrilmtlon ... 
 
 Ktpnlillon esiwii*-' . - - • 
 
 I'llplii'n'ii aliuwitiu-f* »'.;. mwn^M on ^hnru 
 TritrkinK lhi> ithiM into the liarliuur l KalrwatfT) 
 llallatt inniiay f*^- . . > . 
 
 Hilol to lti« butlimt whnrf 
 
 Illlto mnvltiK the khi|i lit Knirwatpr • • 
 
 rnllri* |ia«^)iort . . ■ • 
 
 ('leanitK ilii! trcKHvl In atiil out . - . 
 
 Makinu fl. i\t, fiil. ttirilng, al (ha nrhanna of 
 
 6 r. 'iS>. gT. .... i;s 17 4 
 
 Tlio oliarfjos on the ships of nil countries having 
 rooiprooily troatios witli Prussia (whioli is gonor- 
 ally the onso) arc tho samo, only Dantzic captains 
 receive no allowance for shore expenses, ISivor 
 or stream money is only paid by vessels that brin;; 
 Roods to town, or load in tho Jlotlan (above tho 
 bh)ckhou-o) : if a ship remain in the Fairwater or 
 Vistula, the rivor monoy is levied on the craft 
 carrvin^ tho piotis, and (alls on tho latter. 
 
 >fr. (Junsul White, in his Heport for 18(!(!, -jivos 
 reason to hope that the Dantzic harbour dues will 
 be forthwith redncctl, 
 
 Dantzic is a favourable place for ships careonin;; 
 and repairing,', and for obtainin<r supplies of ail 
 sorts oi"soa stores at a reasonable rate. 
 
 There boloiiKod to the port, January I, IH(!7, 
 13 steamers and l.'U) sailin;^ vessels, measuring in 
 all ;W,.'5i")7 I'russian lasts. Most of them are cni- 
 jiloyed in foreign trade. The port has no fishery, 
 and no coasting trade worth mentioning. Tho 
 wages of Daiitzii; seamen vary from 'Mx. to 32». 
 per man per month. 
 
 Custom Iliiiisf Iteguhiliim^. — Tho shipmaster 
 must, within '.'l hours after arrival in port, make 
 a declaration of the cargo on board, and of the 
 ship's provisions, and he incurs a severe penalty 
 if the deolarati^'ii do not prove correct. The ship's 
 hatches (if goods are on board) are scaled on arri- 
 val, and nn additional declaration is accepted before 
 they arc unsealed; but no Inter declaration sup- 
 plementary or explanatory of the (irst, and no 
 submitting the goods to investigation by tho offi- 
 cers, is received or allowed. If the shipmaster be 
 unable to make a complete declaration on arrival, 
 a Custom House oflicer is jiut on board, who re- 
 mains until the ship is unhmded, at an expense to 
 her of about -'». per day and night. The cargo 
 can only be discharged in presence of a customs 
 otHi'cr. 
 
 'I'he shipmaster, and not the receiver of the 
 goods, is made responsible if the contents of the 
 packages do not correspond with his declaration ; 
 and he is on'" exonerated from this by solemnly 
 averring, on leaking the declaration, that the con- 
 tents are unknown to him. An evident mistake 
 or oversight is treated as rigorously as an inten- 
 tional fraud. 
 
 On commencing to haii, the shipmaster receives 
 a blank loading list, in which he must daily note 
 the articles he takes on boartl, or he is liable to 
 line ; but this regulation is not very rigidly en- 
 forced. On clearing out, this list is compared with 
 ♦he goods entered by the vessel, when tho sea pass- 
 pi, -t is given. 
 
 'iallast can be discharged only at stated places, 
 on pain of the shipmaster being fined. 
 
 It is material, however, to observe that tho 
 whole Custom llouse business of the shipmaster 
 is conducted by Custom llouse brokers, so that he 
 i» never at a loss, being informed by the one he 
 
 Altorationn ari! frp. 
 ipieiitly Minde in the Custom lliiuse rogiilntiniH. 
 
 The' shipmaster receives, on arrival, frmn tlii? 
 pilot commodore, o eopy of the harbour regiilaliim!!. 
 Ill his own langungi!, with instructions bow to act 
 as to ballast, 
 
 ty<irehnuiilnft. — Such goods as pay a higlior iluiy 
 than J a ilollar jier centner (abnut l.v. .■|i,/, i;„ 
 nboiit li;) lbs. Kiiglish) may lie placed jn d,,, 
 king's stores (nowhere else), niid remain ilur,. 
 for 'i years without payment of ilufy. Xo nllmv. 
 anco IS made for waste or damage in these store*. 
 Other giiotls, not capable of iH'Ing chnn;,'ei|, nuv 
 be placed in private stores, under tho kin^;'* Imii'. 
 but not elsewhere, without permission. .Nn nut 
 is charged for goods in the king's stores iluiin,' 
 the first ;J months; afterwards about I J(/. imnithlv 
 rent is charged for the first, niiil about ;W. nmntlilv 
 for the second year, per centucr of about \\\i Ibi, 
 Knglish. 
 
 In private warehouses, the monthly rent fnr ID 
 quarters of wheat or other grain is fnim about :IJV. 
 to "ifl., or more, oecordiiig as warehouse rnom i< 
 abundant or othcr>vise. Other goods ilu n^it 
 usually pay by the piece, but part of a store ii 
 hired "for them, anil tho rent generally comes 
 somewhat higher in proportion. 
 
 The cost of rent anil turning grain is from l.i,2rf, 
 to !». ()(/, monthly, for 10 rpinrtcrs, according i.i 
 the seosoii of the year and other eirciimstaiufs; 
 but more when granary room is scarce, and vnfn 
 high. 
 
 Danliing EstabU»hment». — There is nnno sucb 
 hero, excepting a branch of the Koyal nr (iiivm- 
 ment Hank of IJerlin. This was foimilod partlv 
 in the view of receiving deposits of mnncy umkr 
 litigation in tho courts of the province; mmirvi 
 the property of minors and charitable institiiiioik 
 the former until disposable or placed on fooiJ 
 security ; and moneys belonging to iinllvidimNn"; 
 merchants, and at times also those of tlic Intw. 
 Interest is paid on such deposits as follows : viz,- 
 
 .t Iter cent, on lums twIonKltit; to mlnon. 
 
 7| ,, „ chnritalile In^titutloni, churrho. 
 
 anil Kumft ilepoaiteU hy the courts of Jtutlce^ ami 'I per ctsL a I 
 
 all other de|i(thlll. 
 
 The principal is do landabic at pleasure, unlfsi I 
 otherwise stipulated. The bank makes advanoa [ 
 on grain and some other kiniLs of goods at Jpfr 
 cent, interest; discounts bills with 3 signituw I 
 not having more than 2 months to run, at ti pa I 
 cent., and sometimes, when money is plentiful, at i [ 
 lower rate. It also makes atlvanccs at 4 percent. [ 
 on deposits of Freilerick d'ors and certain fortit'i I 
 moneys; and it occasionally buys bills fi)raceiwi| 
 of, anil sells bills on, the IJerlin 'iJank. It does r.oe I 
 issue notes. The amount of its capital is Ml 
 fixed ; but Government guarantees its tran?,ictioM | 
 It is relieved from the payment of postapfal 
 money, and it is not required to use the mje^t 
 (ixedbv law on bills for its deposit transactinn),! 
 but only those of 10 s. gr, (about 11^;/.); 'M"! 
 individuals must use stamps for such bills of oil 
 gr. for every 400 r. of not longer date llian 3 vmMM 
 and for every '200 r. of longer date. I 
 
 On negotiable bills, however, the bank niiisti 
 use the stamps fixed by law, sav of 5 s. rt- (■'''''"'I 
 b^J.) for sums of uO dols. to 400 dok, and .it i«I 
 same rate for everj- additional sum between Wl 
 dols. and 400 dols. I 
 
 Bills from and on foreign places, negotialw"! 
 Dantzic, are not subject to the stamp duty. 
 
 Tho affairs of the bank are not made pi 
 Ileing a Government concern, there are "" '".•.''j 
 (lends. It is not supposed to be vci)' pi»n»!*'l 
 although enjoying tho advantages of exerapn«l 
 from postage of moneys, and paying less s'*"?! 
 
 duty. It is t 
 
 U.'e iif tlio i 
 
 birniH-er. 
 
 Crnlit, Uroi 
 jicMi'il /riiiii al 
 nnly fiirii lo 
 fM (nt nisli, |j 
 iTrdit. nr liingi 
 I'.iyiiiinis ivht! 
 out., lint it, vai 
 irnlljerHiHe. 
 
 .Any |KT.siiii b 
 any line of ijo 
 lr:in.>ai,'t biisine: 
 ft'l'T; but brol, 
 illlieror|iiirati( 
 iriemy »(' (||„ 
 
 maifistnnT of til 
 i'lic iHiiiil rati' 
 
 ^ |itr cent, on v 
 
 '' " i 
 
 •lib fmm I lu t inT re" 
 
 The corn fncto 
 .•terlniK) per l.xst 
 friiin :iie bincr, ai 
 
 Tlic rales'of brtj 
 
 ''••■F.lwarljli, v,j,/. 
 J •• I » ^•■i,(. 
 
 , ' ■' I .. 4-V 
 
 |,rm,fcf„rl,l||,„„ I),.', 
 
 i l»i ri-nl. on moiit-v, ..i,, 
 li»nlhi, fritni llie i„;„„ 
 
 llwinillffromilioU.,,,!,. 
 
 l"«.U.Ui||,f,„.,„„ 
 
 ■I" "It- on llie a,.|.,.,i 
 
 'ff ?'■",'"'""> '>°'ne,„ 
 
 ''°f';»'"'"l«>ri,li„„ 
 
 ,";'■. ".'l'»i'lli> the R-li 
 
I'l 
 
 DANTZIC 
 
 (liitv. It i" t""*' '"'Wi'vrr, timt the diroct nilvan- 
 ^.|-;.'iif till' IdHiT Ktaiii|) duty !.•< liijoj-cd by the 
 
 Criilil. Ilio/tiriiiif Ar.— vi'ry . w hikkIm iiri' rmi- 
 ,i,'ni(l rriiiii nliroail fur suli', lorsucli riiiisij,Nim(Uts 
 rirclv turn to L;i">d lU'CDiiiit, liii|i(irl.'4 arc M'lduiii 
 „,M fur lasli, but p'O'TuHy "t '> -> n'"'' •' ni'mtbs' 
 criilil. iir liiiiK''''. "'" di>o()iinl. allciwed for ch.iIi 
 iivminl-', wUcii sold mi lime, is usually (! |icr 
 iTi'ii., lull it varies awordiiij; an money is i)k'iitifiil 
 ,rtalii'r\visi'. 
 
 Auv iHTsiiii bciiit; a Imrnlicr iif tlio town (which 
 aiiv Iiiic of tfood character iiiav become) may 
 tt;iiiMii;t liiiHiiie;: as a coriuiiissuiii merchant, or 
 faiiMt; bill brokers must he chosen by the elders 
 ,'llli,. ('or|ior«lion of Merchants, approved by the 
 nn'piicy of the piiiviiice, and sworn in by the 
 liia>;istiai'V of the town. 
 ■flie usual rates of commission arc — 
 
 .1 ,« «nt. «n «.«»1 .rlk|l« | ,.,„„,j. 
 
 'i ,' jjimhI* InilMTti'il 
 
 iit!i rruni 1 Id 'i l^'f fvuu on itu. fur det crettfreor guarantee of di-hli. 
 
 The corn factor receives r. 1-7 (about 'In. M. 
 XtrliiiK) lier last (of (10 schonels) of all Kf"'" 
 (ri.iii '.111: buyer, and 1 per cent, from the .icller. 
 
 ibe rates (if brokera^^c arc — 
 
 Hi 1, p. Inearljl ll. VW.) (wr HO/. 
 
 ! .. I .. ■•■■'''■• """■■ 
 
 1 iVr mille for I'ill* on Herlin. Wiirnnw. nml I'nrln. 
 
 \\ti rrnl. im nioni'^^ |>llrr<l at tnttfrtit. I'ur a (wriod not li'U ttia ' (i 
 
 DATES 
 
 493 
 
 Ic bank n^ 
 
 bctwi.'tnll 
 
 Jncgotiat'l'' 
 
 |p dtttV' 
 
 imade 
 
 are »", 
 
 d..t| 
 
 k-er)'pT»fi'tl 
 Lf c.'cenip'**! 
 
 , less stOfl 
 
 llfV' 
 
 * Lniti*. from the imfrower, and 
 
 1 wT mi'>lf frtim the lynilcr. 
 
 UvTTTi'.ifUiuallvfor Kliurt illiicountfl. from liotli partie*. 
 
 1 |«i >tni. on til*! actual or the roniputeil amount of tran: li'tionii 
 
 in (lultiii funtis from Inith |inrticH. 
 lj*T.rri. inuilly l.otnetimt-H more or lew) for nieri'tiandise. 
 
 (lEiTjinforetlwrtatiou, tlie lirolii'ra»(P i» riii*nlly li\eil at I |)rr 
 rri , 'u l« )>»i(l l>> theM:Ui'rf the tju>er rvfundlii^ tu liiiii ^a. t^r. )kt 
 li.t>y»|)Cl)eirtU. 
 
 Ilur;;hprs, being merchants, may net as brokers, 
 
 nitliout direct authority, in tlic pnrchnse from, and 
 
 salt 111' KOixl^ to, I'oles, receiving;- I per cent, on 
 
 1 p*ls lKiU(;lit, and 1 to "2 per cent, on goods sold, 
 
 j aaiirdin;; tu eircum stances. 
 
 Biinhriipti'ica arc not of frequent occurrence 
 I hen-. Their most iirevaleiit sources nt present 
 an sinculations in ^fi''"- Ihmkrupts cannot 
 (ikaiii a iliscliarnc except by private composition, 
 I witliout which they always remain responsible to 
 I each individual creditor, who can attneh them at 
 liuiy time, if he can show that they possess 
 |pro|*rty. nliliimjjh their alTairs have been settled 
 jiiy jiiilioial authority. This, and the tedionsness 
 Idf Hltlcmcnts in court, make both debtor auil 
 IcrcJitur dosirmis of settUni; by composition; and 
 IhtiKc few iuMilvents arc made bankrupt by their 
 Ijllairj lifiufj brought into court. It is to be 
 Iclnmeil that creditors, having claims by bills in 
 Ifuroe, must by law be paid to the full, before those 
 Iwili only bonk claims receive anything; but 'o 
 ' the tariliness of the court, bill creditors 
 f ire j;dicTally agree to let book creditors receive 
 pll as much in coin]iONitiou as they themselves 
 It is, however, dillicult to arrange a com- 
 );ilion, its each creditor can make his own 
 Icrras; and Ihoso who hold out generally get 
 niirc'. at loast jirivately, than the ostensible rate 
 l''-"m|iositi(in olVercd by the debtor. 
 llaiirivalc compo.iition eamiot be cITected. and 
 iiiMilyent i.-; regidarly made bankrupt bv his 
 |tar< Iw^; put into court, the law jireseribes 
 N, if ii small portion of the creditors will not 
 kftia the dividend with which the greater ]ior- 
 |nure salisticil. the latter can renuire the former 
 pMKcnt, or become responsible for the estate 
 riilucin!; as much linally ; but so many objections 
 fiy be made, that this compulsive 'measure is 
 fn- *lduin resorted to. A private composition 
 however, generally preferred by all parties, 
 
 more particularly by the ileblor, as being the only 
 means by which be can become entirely free, uiul 
 gi^t a getieral discharge. 
 
 Honest bankrupts, w hose alVairs are broiighl into 
 court, may be freed from personal arrest by faith- 
 fully delivering up all their pro|KTly. Dishonest 
 ones, upon conviction, are punished by being sent 
 to the llouse of Corni'lioii ; but they often esc-ape 
 punishment, from the too great laxity in e'lfor^ing 
 the laws in criminal matters. 
 
 The creditors of a bankrupt estate liMught into 
 court rank inider H ttilt'ercnt classes, each prior 
 class etijoying a precedency of claim over those 
 following, to the full amount. The 2 most eon- 
 sideralde classes, in general, are the flih and "tli, 
 the tornu'r Udng that of the bill, the latter that of 
 (be book, creditors. 
 
 TiireH {^r. — T'he duties are in general payable on 
 the gross weight ; a lixed allowance being made, 
 in luuiiv cases, according to the packages ; in 
 others tiiere is no allowance. The tarilV specifies 
 the particular ivgulations on this point. The tare 
 on goods in single sacks is I lbs. per centner (about 
 ll;l lbs. Knglisb), it being left to thiMiptionof thu 
 receiver to have the nett weight ascertained. 
 
 In trade there are lixed rates of tare only on the 
 following gootis ; viz. — 
 
 rot.tKlif4, ft yvr rent., when *olil hy a merth.uit. 
 l))fH(KMl, KTuund, K to 11 )it-r liali;. 
 
 Cuironla It m-r I'uiil. - . - in wliule but.«. 
 
 IK „ . . . J,l.,. 
 
 „ IS „ • • ■ }ai>a|ilu. 
 
 Fii:-* and raUlns 10 „ • - - ..iilis. 
 
 lllivrull 111 i> - • - nho:>'and)Uutt>. 
 
 „ l8lnW „ . . • J and J. 
 
 „ Hi ■, • - - inlie-.. 
 
 S.'«-d oil : latterly the tare Im aiu-ertainetl. 
 l't'|i|ier, Kuulinh, in doutile haK^, 7 lli^. 
 
 ., I>ani^h, in hnKs and mats, 11 lh«. 
 Orance and lenini) l>eel, ti (ler rent., or tare airertained. 
 Hici- from Kn^Unu or llamliurif. the tare as un the rasks, h 
 
 'i IIh. per ea.sk on that from Kfitfland, and in |<rn|>ortion to the 
 
 s,ei)iht on (hat from llaniliurff. lliniish xhould uive lli iiei i-ei.t. 
 
 tare, hut the huvers are In (general not halistied with tlii.s. 
 Tallow, lll|>er lent., or nett tare. 
 Tea, D.mlAh hottea, 7K Itts. If in linen and mntx. 
 
 „ VI Ihs. in chetls ahove UK) llis. 
 
 „ VV! lliH. In chests of ahuut >IU Ibi. 
 
 Most frequently the tare in atcertainvd. 
 Vitriol, 1(1 per cent. 
 
 Haw HUitar, 1'^ to Iti per cent, nci-ordin^ to the si/e of the cliests. 
 Canditsl suKar, tare hy invoice, addiiii; in that |iToiK)rlioii for the 
 
 dillerence In the weiKht, usu.ills heavier. 
 Syrup, In whole casks, lo per cent. 
 
 „ In A lo, and harrels, \'t )ier cent. 
 On the sale of Imports, 1 )ier cent, on the nt it weight (called KOoU 
 
 weight) is uliowcti in favour of the buyer. 
 
 Insurance. — There are no insurance companies 
 nor private insurers here ; but tbert' iin^ agents of 
 insurance cimipanics in Hamburg for ships, and of 
 those of London and other places for houses luiil 
 lives. 
 
 Wages of common Lahoureis in Dantzic vary 
 from !>(/. ti) llrf. a day, and tlios(^ of carpenters, 
 masons ttc, from Is, C(/. to 'J.s. Wages in all tin; 
 largi^ rrussian towns are higher than in the. 
 small towns of the country, from the jirice t)f tlour, 
 bread, and butchers' meat being higher in them. 
 This is occasioned partly by the latter being sub- 
 ject to octrois or excise tluties on entering the 
 great towns, from Avhicli tiie country districts and 
 smaller towns are exempted. The king receives ^ 
 of these duties, and the towns the other >f. This 
 burden is a great obstacle to the free intercourse 
 of the country. 
 
 (We have tlerived these details from different 
 sources, but priiici: •^lly from Consular lieturns, 
 and intbrniation supplied by the Prussian Govern- 
 ment.) 
 
 DAT'ES (Gcr. datteln; Vr. dattes; Ital. d.ittcri ; 
 Span, datiles). The fruit of the jialm tree (Plucniv 
 (/uclyl'fcra, l.inn.). This tree is abundant in Kgypt, 
 liarliary, Arabia, Persia, and the atljacent countries, 
 particularly on the coulincs of the desert, and 
 wherever there is suflicient moisture. It is a tall, 
 majestic tree; and repeated references are made 
 to it iu the sacred writings (Ecclus. xiv. 14), and 
 
 ' t. 
 
 •J .M.- * •■■•: 
 
 
 , 1 
 
 I •( 
 
 ,.^-.- .;■-•■-.! '■:<.J1| 
 
J. 
 
 I'- 
 
 4 
 
 H- 
 
 ) 
 
 1 . 
 
 X 
 
 494 PATRfl 
 
 in tlic Koran. Molmmmcd, in one of his snyinK-i, 
 bpautifiilly conipnri-H tlic upright ami Rcncriuii) 
 man to tho pnlni tree : 'lie stniiiU rrcct hctori- hid 
 Lorilj in liii ovrrj' action lu' follows tlio impiilso 
 received from iiliovo, nnd IiIm whole liie is devoted 
 to the welfare of his fellow-crentures.' Hut the 
 veneration in which the palm tree is hold in the 
 East is to he uscrilied more to its utility than to 
 its heauty. hates form the principal pnrt of the 
 Bubsistence of the iidialiitiuils of ninny parts of 
 Aralita and llarhary, and Ihev are held in the 
 hlKhe^t estimation wheri'vcr tliey arc met with. 
 •They arc,' nays Iturckhardt, ' bv fur the most 
 CHHcntial article of fooil for the lower classes of 
 Medina J their harvest is expected with an nnich 
 anxiety, and atlendeil with as nuich K'''"'"'''' 
 rejoicinf;, r.f the vintage in the south of Kurope; 
 anil if the crop fails, which often hap|)cns,ns those 
 trees are seldom known to produce abundantly 
 for 3 or ■! successive' years, or is eaten u\t by the 
 locusts, universal j;looni overspri'nds tho popula- 
 tion, as if a I'amino were apprehended,' {Triweh 
 in Anihia, vol. ii, p. 21 I.) 
 
 There is an endless variety of date!). Generally, 
 however, they may be ile.scribed as being some- 
 what in the shape of ati aeom, but usually larger, 
 consisting of a thick, lleshy sub>tnnce, including 
 and freely separating from an oblong stone or 
 kernel, having a furrow on the one Ride. Their 
 taste i.s agreeably hwcet, accompa' icd with a 
 slight astringiiicv. The new fruit is called by the 
 Arabs ruteb, When the datcH arc allowed to 
 remain on the tree till they are quite ripe, and 
 have become soft and of a high red colour, they 
 arc formed into a hard solid paste or cake called 
 ailj >ue. This is formed by pressing the ripe dates 
 forciMy into large baskets, each containing about 
 2 cwt. 'In this state,' says liurckhardt, 'the 
 Bedouins export the adjouc : in the market it is 
 cut out of the basket, and sold by the pound. It 
 forms part of the dnilv food of all classes of peo- 
 ple ; in travelling it is dissolved in water, and 
 thus affords a sweet and refreshing drink. During 
 the nionsoim, the ships from the Persian tiulf 
 bring adjouc from llussorah to Djidda for sale 
 in small baskets weighing about 10 lbs. each : 
 this kind is preferred to every other. .Ships 
 bound from Arabia for India take with them a 
 considerable quantity of adjouc, which is readily 
 disposed of amongst the Blohamnicdans of Ilindo- 
 8t(m.' {Trawls in Arabia, vol. i. ]). «7.) 
 
 The Arabians and Egyptians use tho leaves of 
 the tree in the preparation of bags and baskets ; 
 the boughs, the outer and inner bark of tho trunk, 
 and the fleshy substance at the root of the leaves, 
 where they spring from the trunk, have all their 
 resf)ectivc uses ; and besides this, the kernels of 
 the fruit, notwithstanding their hardness, arc used 
 as food for cattle ; they arc soaked for two days in 
 water, when they become softened, and are given 
 to camels, cows, and sheep, instead of barley : they 
 are said to bo much more nutritive than that grain. 
 There are shops at Medina in which nothing else is 
 sold but date keriK'ls ; and the beggars arc con- 
 tinually employed in all the main streets in pick- 
 ing up those that arc thrown away, (Burckhurdt, 
 vol. ii. p. '212.) 
 
 In IfeCG, 37,*<33 cwts. were imported, the largest 
 portion coming from Turkey. But the quality of 
 these was inferior, they being worth only IGs. Hil. 
 per cwt., while those exported from Gibraltar and 
 Malta were worth 2/. Hs, or more. In stow.igc, 
 the Bengal, Jladras, and Bombay ton is 20 cwt, 
 wet, IC cwt. drj'. 
 
 All the refinements of Arabian cookery are ex- 
 hausted in the preparation of dates ; .and the Arabs 
 say that a good housewife will daily supply her 
 
 '■niitly 
 
 DEBENTURE 
 
 lonl ff>r n month with a dish of daten dilV 
 dressed, 
 
 I'alm trees arc raiwd by iihoots; ami l)r. shini- 
 mentions that they arrive at their vigour in alwiiii 
 30 years, and continue ho 70 years oflirwunii, 
 Ix'ariiig yearly If) or 20 dusters of dates, each i,t' 
 them weighing 1.0 or 20 IM.: after this period thcv 
 begin to decline, (Truvtit in the Lcnmt, n II' 
 Ito. od.) ^ ' 
 
 The best daten imported into Great llr't«in jfn 
 said to come from Tunis, but they are ln(l^t ,,im. 
 nKmly brought from Smyrna and Alexamirii 
 They should be chosen large, softish, not nnich 
 wrinkled, of a reddish yellow colour on the unu\M 
 with a whitisli membrane betwixt the lii ,|j |,„|| 
 tho Htono, Those that are dry ond ImrJ ^ru i,f 
 litth- value. 
 
 DKAI) rUPUGHT, A technical term nnnjip,! 
 to certain kinds of heavy merchandise snippniaj 
 cargo. If more cargo might have been pmnfriv 
 shipped on board a vessel than was actually im't 
 on board, the ithipowncr is entitled to a verjjct 
 for ilrailf'reiyht. (Nichul v. FAliii, July 2, \Ki\ I 
 
 DKAI'.S or DEAL BOARDS tier, (ii,|f„. 
 Dutuh, deelen; Dan. dicier; Swcd. tiljcjr; Kr, 
 planches minces ; Ital, tavole, piani r Kuas.dnrjiii.' 
 I'ol, tarcice), A thin kind of fir plaiiks, nimll 
 used in carpentry ; they are formed by «awin|,'thi! 
 trunk of a tree into longitudinal 'divisions, „( 
 greater or less thickness, according to tiie pi ■ », 
 they are intended to serve. They are iuiiiurttj 
 from Dautzic, Petersburg, Narva, and raanyutha 
 ports in the Baltic, and from North America; h: 
 those from Christiania, the capital of Nomviv, art 
 the best, and bring the highest price. Tlit'v an 
 distinguishable from those produced in tlu'ouii- 
 tiguous provinces of N ny: their supcrioritv 
 has been said to depen ' ^ipally on their btr 
 more perfectly sawed ', really dcpcndj d 
 
 the greater care witl the sap-wooi! Mi 
 
 other defective portions of the timber art rm 
 away, and on the quality of the timber. [Timber.]' 
 
 A Biissian standard deal is 12 feet long, 11 
 inches wide, and Ii inch thick; 400feetof IJindi 
 plank make a load. 
 
 A Christiania standard deal is 1 1 feet 
 inches wide, and IJ inch thick. 
 
 There is another standard of Xonvav dcali at{ 
 Drain, 10 feet long, 9 inches wide, and IJ ini 
 thick. [Ciini.sTl.\NlA.] 
 
 DKBKXTUUK. A term u.scd at the Cu-toi 
 house to signify the certijimte suljscribcil k 
 customs oflicers, and given to the exporterofp 
 on which a drawback is allowed, bearing that 
 exporter has complied with the required rcja 
 tioiis, and that he is entitled to such drawback, 
 
 It is enacted by the 10 & 17 Vict. c. lo: 
 the person entitled to any drawback on anv 
 duly ex|)orted, or his agent authorised by liimfil 
 that i)iirpose, shall make and subscribe a dcti 
 tion upon the debenture that the goods nientioji 
 therein have been actually exported, and have 
 been relanded, and are not intended to be rclandi 
 in any part of the United Kingdom, and that 
 person at tho time of entry and shipping wi< 
 continued to be entitled to the drawback lliei 
 and the name of such person .shall be stated ia 
 debenture, which shall then be delivered to a 
 person or his agent, and the receipt of such pei 
 on the debenture, countersigned by the hnlto] 
 such debenture, if tUe same sluill have been ii 
 ferrcd in the mean time, shall bo tliedischar;*! 
 such drawback whe-i paid, (Sec. 131.) 
 
 No debenture for any drawback allowed o; 
 the exportation of any goods shall be paiJ 
 the expiration of 2 years ironi thcdatcof the; 
 ment of such goods. (Sec. 132,) 
 
 l.%}\ 
 
 Fnr thmo 
 
 rfl«iiiig to 
 
 i'U'0l(T,»TI( 
 
 A ftnmit ill 
 
 t/ic draivh/iek 
 
 cf :'*. dV/, w/ie 
 
 M; and of A 
 
 fur (lelH<iitu 
 
 UKCIMAL 
 
 DKib'T or 
 
 porzellan; Dii( 
 
 /ltii8r<e sficcit 
 
 lure! at Delft, < 
 
 u<id ill this coil 
 
 WMVHl{A(, 
 
 an alloHuiiec m/i 
 
 »lii|i by the frvi 
 
 k^fcr (hail tho j 
 
 It i« iHuaJJy slijn 
 
 n' lading that a 
 
 mm)! or work 
 
 Wfiving or disci 
 
 lfii;'liier may det, 
 
 ciliril time, or as h 
 
 luminhperi/ieni \ 
 
 pintnietofaffrei/T), 
 
 winany days shall 
 tfctiviiiff the cargo 
 
 tuii?,,«iichIimitatio 
 
 Hi,iulation on tho i 
 
 vewi shall ill no ( 
 
 liai if detained he 
 
 ! Tii'Mdscvcninca 
 
 JmN6yaiivf.u,it, 
 
 (uHiMhle, \{, for ( 
 
 |iirai;tothecro\i'ded 
 I'm' I'lau is aJIowr 
 IfitT I, due; and it [ 
 Itourrape, that it arc 
 |<wiwnitheunla.vfi 
 
 fevM. Uem 
 
 iirrage 
 
 f»f a (May occasioned 
 
 'loiip, or the hostile 
 "t: nor is it claimS 
 
 ;'■""«' bv the mal 
 ''««'. 'J'heclain 
 '""Mheshipisclea 
 ' ""'"ffh she shoul 
 ■'.'"r tempestuous I 
 "'III! Law, vol ii; ,J 
 
 .ff^-VAKlij.S, A Voa 
 mmt to have heeii 
 te various p^d 
 
 ™6; iiiiss. aim J 
 ""f'H'-"d.hirn) 1 
 1 fcnoirn from the nl 
 
 i" f «e-nt ;in 
 
 "ra. Java, Austral! 
 
 J' J he Indian dia^ 
 Y--'' ffnorallv 1 
 .Jj-^in-lodecaho^J 
 
 7"' the diamond 
 
 2^»'t«brillia„e; 
 
 "iM. Its power lioi, 
 
 '^PoiverthatNeJ 
 
 H:r„fr''"^'''>'( 
 
DECIMAL SYSTKM 
 Fur thMO nnd tho other clniisos in the Act 
 
 ffUlillK '" llt'ljtlltUf*""! "i'" iMrollTATK'K ANI> 
 I'xrilltTATIO!*. 
 
 V itiiiiip ''"'y '" '"'"' "" •'•'hpntiircH of 1«. wlion 
 thpiirawliftck to Iw rcccivod <1(M'h not fxcccd !'•/.; 
 ,f'» ti(/. wlii'ii it cxcc'cdit 10/. nnd diH'H not oxct'cd 
 50/ ■ and i>( •>'• whenever it exceeds Ml. 
 
 kiir ili'lieiituw in Knilwaj'M, noe lUll-WAYS. 
 
 1)KI'1MAI< .SYSTEM. [Coins; Wkioiits 
 
 AXI) Ml ASIMIKS.] 
 
 .,|.|,1.1' or DKI'F ((Icr. fayence, unachtcs 
 
 MKi'lliin; Diitih, >'elf» porcel yn ; Kr. faienro). 
 
 A c(iar»i' Hiici'icH of I >rcelttin origiiinlly ninnufac- 
 
 luro.1 III "''"'• whence its name. It is now .arcly 
 
 u<„l ill this country. ..„•.• 
 
 l)KML'liUA(JK, In Commercial Navigation, 
 
 jliinvttiicc made to the master or owners of n 
 
 ,1,,,', liv the freiKhter, for dctnininK hw In ^)ort 
 
 1 ',,,f 'ihaii the period agreed upon for \ixn saihiiK. 
 
 l|i< iisimlly stipulated in charterpartics and bills 
 
 of Imlii!),' that a certain number of days, called 
 
 luniiiiiK »f working days, shall be allowed for 
 
 KCfiviiig or discharging tho cargo, nnd that the 
 
 fwchiir may detain the vessel for n further sjie- 
 
 ciittl time, or na long as he pleases, on poymcnt of 
 
 J, „„„h ptr tliem for such over-time. When the 
 
 cnnirart of affreightment expressly stipidates thot 
 
 s„iiianv (lavs sholl be allowed for discharging or 
 
 rfaiviiii; the cargo, and so many more fur ovcr- 
 
 tir juch limitation is intcrpteted as an express 
 
 iiniilaiion on the part of the freighter, that tho 
 
 T(L:l«haU in no event be detained h)ngcr, and 
 
 thai if iletainod he will be liable for demurrage. 
 
 XtiiUds even in cases where the delay is not occa- 
 
 (iim-l by auv fault on tho freighter's part, but is 
 
 iiKvitabk if, for example, a ship be detained, 
 
 mi to the crowded state of the port, for a longer 
 
 fae i!mn is allowed by tho contract, dcmur- 
 
 m i> tine ; and it is no defence to an action for 
 
 denurriige, tlint it arose from port regulations, or 
 
 (Vtn from the unlawful acts of the Custom-house 
 
 A«.T>. Demurrage is not, however, claimable 
 
 loraiklav occasioned by tho hostile detention of 
 
 hip, or the hostile occupation of the intended 
 
 lit; nor is it claimable for any delay wilfully 
 
 sicned bv the master, or owners, or crew of 
 
 ic vessel. 'I'hc claim for demurrage ceases as 
 
 m as the ship is cleared out nnd ready for Bail- 
 
 E, thoURh slie should bo detained by adverse 
 
 ittls or tempestuous weather. (Chitty's Com- 
 
 'miilljiw, vol. iii. pp. 420-131.) 
 
 DEX.VIUUS. A Roman coin, estimated by Dr. 
 
 uiluiot to have been worth TJrf. ; but its value 
 
 ItKil at various periods. 
 
 DEMKli. A small French coin, of which there 
 iri' p.' to a sol. 
 
 DIAMOND (Ger. Dutch, Dan. and Fr.diamnnt ; 
 
 ed. liemnnt, diamaiit ; Itnl. Span, and I'ort. 
 
 laiitc ; Kuss. almas ; Pol. dyamant ; Lat. 
 
 mils; Hind. hira). A precious stone which has 
 
 in known from the remotest ages. It has been 
 
 mil in different parts of India, and in Borneo, 
 
 laira. Java, Australia, the Ural Mountains, 
 
 innally in North America, but especially in 
 
 ;il. The Indian diamond, according to Mr. 
 
 iiiiiiel. is generally found in octahedral, the 
 
 iliaii in dodccahcdral crj'stals. The specilic 
 
 ivity of the diamond is about 3"5. The dia- 
 
 iiwes its brilliancy to its capabilitj- of rcfract- 
 
 lislit its power ficing, in comparison with 
 
 imnnKlass, as 2-487 to 1'525. It was from this 
 
 ictive power that Newton concluded that the 
 
 nd wag combustible. Apart from its value 
 
 parjioses of ornament, it has an important one 
 
 Ihe art of glass cutting, for it is tho only sub- 
 
 ■ which will cut this material. But to effect 
 
 iiriiij>(', the stouc must have an angle which 
 
 DIAMOND 
 
 495 
 
 Is naturally nruto. The glaziers' slont i. as theso 
 are called, are worth, nceordiiig to Mr. Kinaiuicl, 
 1(1/. the earat. 
 
 The diamond mines of India have boen nearly 
 exhausted. I >ialnondsa^! found in small i|uaiililie!l 
 in Sumbhiilpore, where the trade of diamond wash- 
 ing is hereditnrv in certain families. Hut tho 
 lustre of the Indian diamond is higher than that 
 of Ilrazil, and the old diamonds are more valualilo 
 than those of late discovery. Brazilian diamonds 
 come from various localities in that country, 
 and chielly in alluvial soil, but sometimes in a 
 conglomerate, found in the tops of the highest 
 mountains in Iho diam'ind-producing district. 
 The trade in the Brarilian diamonds ilatcs (nun 
 about the middle of the eighteenth century. Tho 
 (luanlity produced is very large. Mr. Knmnuel, 
 though ho slates that the yield is decreasing, 
 reckons the annual ])rmhiee at 2 10,000 carats, and 
 assigns it a value ot 1,000,000/. sterling. 
 
 The labour of searching for diamonds is de- 
 scribed with great liveliness by the gentleman 
 whose work has been referred to. On an average 
 of 10,000 stones, there will not be one of eighteen 
 carats found. The largest diamond ever found in 
 the Brazils is tho Star of the South, which, when 
 .•oiigh, weighed 254 carats. 
 
 lenU of Diitmmnla. Cutting, ^c, — To asccitain 
 whether any specimen is a true diamimd or not, a 
 flue tile maybe used, and if the surface of tho 
 stone bo the least abraded or scratched by itH 
 action, it is not n diamond. The difl'erence will 
 also appear upon close examination without this 
 instrument; tho rays of light easily pass through 
 other gems, Imt in the diamond they arc refracted 
 to the surf e, which occasions its superior bril- 
 liancy. 
 
 On account of the extreme hardness of tho 
 diamond, tho art of cutting and polishing it was 
 for a long time unknown in Europe ; but in 145(j 
 a young man of the name of Louis Bcrghcn, a 
 native of Bruges, is said to have constructed a 
 polishing wheel for the purpose, which was fed 
 with diamond powder instead of cunnulum, which 
 the Chinese and Hindoos had been long accus- 
 tomed to employ. Bcrghcn was led to this dis- 
 covery by observing the action produced by 
 rubbing two rough diamonds together. 
 
 Diamonds are cut into various shapes. Those 
 enumerated by Mr. Emanuel aro the double 
 cut brilliant, the single cut brilliant, the tabic 
 diamond, the rose, nnd the brilliolcttc or briolet. 
 
 Commercial Value of Diaimmds. — ' The value of 
 a rough diamond is calculated at half its weight, 
 as it IS thought likely to lose half in cutting, and 
 tho cost of cutting is reckoned at l.'is. the carat. 
 The value depends on the colour, size, and form 
 of the crystals, and, for stones under two carats in 
 weight, ranges from 2/. 10s. to 5/. per carat. 
 Great caution is necessary in purchasmg rough 
 iliamonds. 
 
 'The valuation of polished diamonds is taken 
 in the trade from the tables made by Jeffries in 
 1750, which are based on the assumption that a 
 diamond increases in value in proportion to its 
 weight, in the ratio of the square of its weight, 
 i.e. supposing the value of a one-carat stone bo 8/,, 
 one of two carats will be worth 2x2x8= 32/., this 
 calculation being continued up to stones of 100 
 carats.' These tables, however, do not represent 
 present values. The proiluction c' the gem hag 
 diminished, nnd the number of wearers has in- 
 creased, so that the price during tho last twenty 
 years has risen enormously on all stones below 
 five carats ill weight. For obvious reasons, it is 
 impossible to give any estimate of stones above 
 live carats. 
 
 yM\: \ 
 
496 
 
 DIAPER 
 
 ■1. 
 % 
 
 >l -il 
 
 H 
 
 li f ' 
 
 fil; 
 
 If''- 
 IIP 
 
 ,1 
 
 "I 
 
 ' ' . If 
 
 ■ ■•'..". 
 
 ■When dinmonds arc of any decided colour, aa 
 blue, red, green, tliey often fetch enormous prices. 
 Such stones c.-ist. Mr. Hope had one of 44^ 
 carats, of it bright sapphire blue. In the Kussinn 
 treasury there is a brilliant red diamond, weigh- 
 ing 10 carats. There is a green diamond at 
 Dresden, which once belongcil to Augustus the 
 Strong, king of Poland, which weighs 48^ carats. 
 A green diamond weighing live grains, which, if 
 white, would have been worth no more thon 28/., 
 has been !<oM for 'ii20l. Tliise coloured diamonds 
 arc called fancy stones. Jlr. Emanuel has given 
 . three comparative tables of the price of diamonds, 
 one of which is his own calculation of the value to 
 be at present assigned to perfectly white and pure 
 brilliants, and which rnngi's from siones weighing 
 J a carat an ■ -orth .")/. 10s. to those of 6 carats, 
 which he values at 320/. ; another table is that of 
 Jeft'rics, composed in 1750, where the range is 
 from 3 gr.iins worth (!/., to 5 carats worth 200/. ; 
 while a third is that of a Venetian merchiait, who 
 reckoned their values in the year 100(i. In this 
 table a 3-grain brilliant is valued at 15/. 3», 4</., 
 and one of 5 carats at 34G/. 13s. 4rl. It apnears 
 that the last-named table is a record of actual 
 sales. (Sec for further particulars Emanuel's 
 Diamonds and Precious Stones.) 
 
 Diamonds mav be landed without report, entrj', 
 or warrant. (3 & 4 VVm. IV. c. 62 s. 2.) 
 
 The carat grain used in weighing diamonds is 
 different from the troy grain, 5 diamond grains 
 being only equal to 4 troy grains. 
 
 DlAl'EK ((ier. drcU; Dutch, drel; Fr. iinge 
 ouvre; Ital. tela tessuta a opcre; Span, manteles 
 alemauiscas; Huss. salfetotsschnoe). A sort of tine 
 flowered linen, commonly used for table-cloths, 
 napkhiH itc, originally manufacturcl at Ypres, 
 whence its name ; brought to the highest per- 
 fection in tlie maiuifuctories in the north of 
 Ireland, in Germany, and Scotland. 
 
 DICE (Ger. wiirfel; Dutch, taurlingcii; Fr. 
 des (a joiicr); Ital. dadi; Span, dados; K'-.ss. 
 kosti). Cubical pieces of bone or ivory, niurked 
 with dots on each of their sides from 1 to 0, 
 nccoriling to the number of the face. 
 
 The regulations as to the manufacture and 
 sale of di(-c are tlie same as those with respect to 
 Cakds. Every pair of dice is to pay a duty of 21s. 
 All pieces of ivory, bono, or other matter uscil in 
 any game, having letters, figures, .spots, or other 
 marks cicnoting any cliance, marked tliercon, to 
 be adjudged dice; and if more than G chances arc 
 signilied on anv one piece, then such piece to be 
 chargeil with tlic full duty of a pair of dice. (1) 
 Geo. IV. c. 18.) 
 
 In 18(!5 oulv C- pair paid tlic dutv. 
 
 DIMITV (Fr. basin ; Ital. do"bletto ; Span, 
 diniite). A species of cross-barred stuiV entirely 
 composed of cotton, similar in fabric to fustian. 
 It was originally manufactured ia Sicily, its name 
 being of (ircek origin. 
 
 DISCOUNT. An allowance paid on account of 
 the iniiuediato advance of a sum of money not 
 due t'll some future period. It is usiiallv said to 
 be of two kinds — viz. discount of lulls, and 
 discount of goods ; but they are esseutially the 
 same. 
 
 When a bill of exchange is presented .it a 
 banker's for discount, it is the practice to calculate 
 the simple interest for the time the bill has to run, 
 including the daj's of grace, which interest is 
 called the discount ; and tliis being deducted from 
 the amount of tlic bill, the balance is paid over to 
 the iireseiiter of the bill. This is the method 
 followed by the Hank of England, tlie London and 
 provincial bankers, and by commercial men in 
 general. But it is, uotwithstaiuling, inaccurate. 
 
 on correct! 
 
 DIVI DIVI 
 
 The true discount of any sum for any given time 
 is such a sum as will in that time amount to tlip 
 interest of the sum to be discounted. Thus if 
 interest be ./iw per cent., the proper discount' ti 
 be received for the immediate advance of lOfj/ 
 due 12 months hence is not 5/., hut 4/. 15j. 21,/.' 
 for this sum will, at the end of the year, nni(mm I 
 to 5/., which is what the 100/. would have pr.. 
 duceil. Those, therefore, who employ their moiiw 1 
 in discounting, make somewhat nioie tlian tlic I 
 ordinary rate of interest upon it; for a wrs. 
 discounting 100/. due at the end of a vear I 
 advanc's, supposing interest to be hi. per cent I 
 only ito/. ; .so that, as this 95/. produces lOn/. ail 
 the iieriod in (piestion, the interest received iiajl 
 really been 6/. 6s. iid. per cent. 
 
 The rule for calculating discount 
 princiijles is as follows : — 
 
 As the amount of 100/. for the given rate andtimej 
 
 Is to the given sum or debt; 
 
 So is 100/. to the present worth, or 
 
 So is the interest of 100/. for the given time 
 
 To the discount of the given sum. 
 
 Mr. Smart has calculated, on this ptinciple 
 table of the discount of 1/. for any iiiimbir' 
 days, at 2, 2 J, 3, 3 J &c. to 10 por cent., to 
 decimal places. Hut the simple interest of tL 
 sum being the only thing looked for in practici 
 such tables arc hardly ever referred to. 
 
 Hills in the highest credit are discounted on tl 
 lowest terms; the discount increasing accfinii 
 to the suspicions entertained of the punctuality 
 solvency of the jiarties sub.feri'jin:; tlie bil 
 During the continental war, the rate of iiiteri 
 or, which is the same thing, of di.scount, 
 comparatively high ; for some time aftcni 
 it was seldom above 4, and often as low as 3 
 even 2J per cent. 
 
 During the ten years 185(1-1805 the avei 
 rate of discount was 4 J per cent. 
 
 Discount on merchandise takes place wl 
 after making a purchase of goons .it a lixe'lti 
 of credit, the buyer liiids means to maw 
 payment before the expiration of that u 
 receiving from the seller a discount or allonai 
 which is commonly a good deal above the ca 
 rate of interest. The discount on good.^; varii 
 course, according to the interest of ni^ 
 During the late war, the loans to tinverei 
 ■ere ho large, and the facility of inve.stinj; rai 
 was such, that the discount on goods was < lli 
 high as 5 per cent, for C, and 10 per cenl. ft 
 months. Now, however, tho discount 0:1 
 has fallen, with the fall in the rate of inttn 
 7 or 7^ iier cent, for 12 months; belii|^ 
 double the current interest arising from ft 
 property, or the di.scount of good mercantile 
 
 Long credits and discounts upon (,'oiiiij 
 for a lengthened period, been usual in IJi 
 This arose from a variety of causes, but priiioi 
 perliaps, from the magnitude of our export? 
 United States, l{ns.sia, and other countries 
 there is a great demand tor capital; but in] 
 ever causes it originated, it 'las lattcrlji 
 carried to what seems to l)e an injurioii'i 
 [CitKUiT.] In France and ( icnnany, tlio 
 i'actnrers, in general bare of c;i|iital, areolJi 
 stipulate with the merchants for short cro(li| 
 Holland, the wsw/e of tlic exporting morili; 
 been to pay either in ready money, or at 
 a date as to put dLscountiug out of tlii'(|i 
 the manufacturer setting at once the hv 
 on his goods, 
 
 DIVI DIVI. The coramciTialnameor 
 of the Cicsa/jwiiii coriaria, a Icguininoii 
 found in low, marshy situations in the noi 
 
 of .South Americ 
 ami Venezuela, ai 
 In.fa. It U use 
 bNt cliicrty /bi- (I 
 im ■> to 3 inches 
 mi nlieii iu ,,e,fg^ 
 
 Jtn'muinsafeivsm 
 ?.rtwii i., „ ,^.j,j,|^ 
 
 fiiur, easily puiy^ 
 
 met akin and the 
 
 111 contains « ]„, 
 
 ■f.>rts in ,8«f an*; 
 
 .'':"' '5 f- per ton 
 i.™orted into Live 
 
 ."'!',^'V1 IS U.,o,J I 
 
 fraiiiple wiiich it c 
 
 I Mmwent qualities as; 
 l""f Pr^ent used 
 .•«'i..«;Jiichi. scar, 
 
 Iff l'i;;l. price of th 
 .manning it accc 
 ':"t. ,0 the Jeath 
 HVarance. (Privet. 
 
 >l»cred.torsoutof 
 «f"n„uaJ intc^^ ' 
 
 -.aaduther public f J 
 
 fM;;thest,;;ets'a;-e 
 ■f ^0 . the houses hitri 
 
 ^..^^t-ofniadrS 
 • '"e supnlv of ,., 
 
 /.v indifferent \s,LT/ 
 
 L^l-y^.- but laS 
 
 Hifbymeansofjlf 
 His difficult, anZr 
 
 w«s possess Jarie canil 
 ^li as from 150,000/ ?1 
 ^•^'•^'htfromAfocy 
 
 p™.< made m p„oi, • - 
 
 Wteia„G,,Vri.r^l 
 /^.^ considerable n/J 
 
 aiidM«ssouah,o„ti,e7 
 
 ''"""K'"ic,'ir°J 
 
 .'^""s, dresses and oJ 
 
 "Pediti^'^'i'fted 
 '">'«i-eand,ifl .'^ <^«"> 
 
of .South Americn, principally in ,Vp,r r,„ ^ 
 aii.l Venezuela, and in 8ompn..rtuf.r """"''« 
 I»lie.«. It i. '„se,l both C dvdn' nf /l" ^V""' 
 b.,. .hicHy for tho latter pSo"*' r *""""«' 
 !m ■> to 3 inches in length^ jT.'nh • ''t P°'' '' 
 .>„l«ho,. in perfection is of a rU h. ' '''''■I'"''' 
 li«,niui.is a feu- small seeds h^.ffh T" "•'"'"•• 
 Mti"" is a resinous matter of a?' ^k:'"'""''''' 
 U,r, easily pulverise-irwhich it, h''?'-^'*'""'^ 
 I ™ief skill and the husk that Jm ^T'"" "'« 
 ml contains a large „na,u1v„f"f' *"> «''«•'- 
 Sports in mo a„7ountdto^2G9 .""'"■ '^'^' 
 il..,it 13/. 5.,. per ton. Uv far mT„ *"""' *"""'' 
 biOTorted into Liverpool. ^''■'"•"" P""'"" 
 
 I liivi Divi is used by dvors nof f,.- .i 
 ,pri»iplo;vhich it c^nt-afn ;"but ?oMtT'";'""^ 
 ,mi;mt qualities as a mordant Forth - n "'''"*'' 
 I ill. at present used to soiiip «vf / ■ ** P"''f "'*« 
 L«l,. which i scarce and L^r"'. Y'''*""> "'' 
 Mnthigh price of ^he article ' ""'' ^"'''' "'« 
 
 ^amnce. (/'nWfe ,V„LS «nd Wealthy 
 
 ■ DIVIDEND. The name^veTto f h 
 -le to creditors out of the ?st^ „ .^^i"? PY""-'"* 
 Ue annual interest payable unonfh^'"'-"P' •• 
 kand other public funds -tifh^r ^^^, ""''""al 
 
 Lways^and^therjoTnt^ock^n!!!'^^^^ 
 fwiDDA. A town if ,u!,bTa n h "i^'T" 
 Wi'l miles from Mecca, of which hVlf '^"'' 
 *R,mlat. 21° 21)' xY., lonrr a90 ir f-'H"-'"" 
 Idkilt; tlie streets are , mavrd h /'• '•' ''^ 
 I airy; the houses high and .1^"' '"P""""." 
 >..^t part, of madrepol-es and f '"''•^*'' ''"' 
 k The supply of wa er i, 1 "' """■""' I 
 Syindifferel, .^ SmalTyessel „ °*''' T*^ ""* 
 fte quays; but largo Te'S !TTv '''!''''' ^ 
 hk the roads, about 2 udloL^i "^'-'S^*^*' *" 
 f*S by means of 1 ghler ' t5 ^«'"'« ""'' 
 [rt is difficult, and should not h ^''^I'"""' '" 
 H a pilot. D idda is an 1. i"* ""ornptcd 
 Um importaCe. I? tlfoT^'^'t"'^^''' 
 >i is centred the greater part of tl^"'"'''^' '" ' 
 h India, Kgypt andXbi:^"jrnv 01- i^^' 
 ■tots possess lartre canitnl.. » -^ ' "^ 
 
 k«broushtfroi Mocha Md«fv ^''^ ''"''o 
 
 f« is the most considerable ill •' "•";'" '" 
 
 ^' tlio most hazardous Th"* ' ?"■''"' "'^° 
 
 JJIIvmadeiucash Th ^''^ '"eturns are 
 
 JpersiaiGuf is safer tSann'^" ""i'^ I"*!'* 
 
 ^ of in^ Arabia; ZT.T .'^'^''''''"J'' "« 
 |kc' Africans recevelndSn './"'"!:" '""^ 
 r""arkets, dresses and^^ ^""^^ BmtaUo , 
 ^^J«os ( V- kh are ir"™f°'' ^"^ "'«ir 
 
 fta the whole HedSoV H^f 7* •'"'-^' 
 hAmt entirely vlonnn 7 r°'-^' ^^""'' "^^ 
 
 l^Business is transacted It i ••?/'"'.'" 
 
 fe?^j^-'?""'Ka: 
 
 l.f^m^ come from ;f/r'"/"'""'''"'«°. 
 
 (•^nistl,rored'.irs''tr*' '" ""'''' 
 |'*>1 of mereauti o 1.,. ■ "'"".'-fcrs, and 
 I "trcmtue business is transacted, 
 
 DOCKS 
 Pi'dda is at present nnr? i i ^^^ 
 
 "f '■< in nji.lda;the eoC, 'rr1;J T T' f^""*^'" v 
 m 'ch improved and extSl"' '*''''^'' '""' ^^'^'^ 
 tlie comparative sccuritv a w. "'.'-■''"sequence of 
 ^y the pacha. (VVe hive i*^'"^' ."'''•'' ''"'onx. 
 
 from the different work" oflj?"";' ^'""^ ''<''">'* 
 Jarlvfrom his 7V„i,l ,.,/ ,'?""-tkhardt, particu- 
 
 't IS o()v louslv no rTfi. xf * '^'"' *'> receive • U,,t 
 "■•if ..ally Sap^ d :.e '"r" ""' ?''>'. "...ic^l 
 e..c ose, or protect. "' ^""'' **-*«', to cover 
 
 i-'ocks are of two anr(= 
 
 are *;e„erally coaled '::^th"" '> ^^''' '">'''<3 
 
 ate., Shi,,3 are admitted t^T'l '" '"">'" ^he 
 
 tc gates being shut l w! "* ''.'*'''' ^^ater; and 
 
 """at, A dry dock 'i, 'erLTf •"'l'.' '^'"'«tantly 
 
 repairing.orexamina im, f K^ *•"■ *''« l>uilding 
 
 repaired or exam" I „ " I ,''*'P''' '^''"^^Lips to be 
 
 :*«tcr; and the wa eithor^;'."*''^ '"'" '" "^ '.S 
 
 .as done much to facil tato ' . "''"" ''f'"" docks 
 t.on. A large vessel n«?i? "', P'-omote naviga- 
 .."t be allowed to coteCtZ'"''-" '''^'"«'«''. -"^""d 
 I f'u beach, without 8usf« n- ^ ground, or to lie on 
 and ,)erhaps be ng des o v'?^ considerable in n,t" 
 cl;«s of vessels a?e aptT be"'!'' ^^'•^ii "'« «n.«I^r 
 ''Vise hurt, if thev are lit drt '*,'"•'''' """l "th^-r- 
 be very soft. Hence whin ?^' ""'^^'^ "'e fe'ronnd 
 loaded or unloaded%£Se^r''''^'<''-^''»^^t''^^ 
 sii'hciently deen f ho ,.. i " •-"".''' "r qua- is not 
 •'..ring a p^aSX?SS oTri''-^'?'--«' on 
 eccssary, in order to keor. th! " '".'"^ '' '^''inff 
 ^.e should leave the slS, ,1,; M "'' 5""*' ^^at 
 
 such a '/i.stancn.to'-\ r^'t£t 't; ">' '"^ '" 
 aJwa^s be a sufficient denVh J *'"^''''' "J Kht 
 heads; but this can onlv be ^ "* .^^"t".- at tfeir 
 ations, and it re(,n,W H,„I ?.^ '" P^'^ul'ar situ- 
 jshouldbcfrequen'trdL"^* *S:'^'.''P''' Po«ition 
 to<.', 11 ipr.ssible properly- to • ^' ""» most cases, 
 sl.il)s hwdino- or min'.' P™**"^' t'.e cargoes of 
 beach^ from ao^leat^.'XlSi-'^ys, or ^nX 
 struction of wet docks on h .'."^>' *'' 'be con- 
 pertypillaged from shit w"se'M/''."'V'^^' ""^ P'"' 
 a->-r, thoughthis isKSr;^!^',?^"^^ 
 
 I. Docks o.v th„ Thamfs 
 
 4 ?/r f^"!l>«rine Docks, 
 i. V ictona Docks 
 
 London Port Dues Oh 
 
 ^'"PPixffSrco/Lndon, ' "" ^'^"""•*- 
 «oi;thamptox Dock*. s..,„ 
 
 LIVKRPOOL AND Him-', '"^"^O *C. 
 
 ,^ „ SiuPrixG^^," ^""^'--'HKAD Docks, 
 
 VI GK.AX a,S dS i:r 
 
 Vrrr -r. ^sru^ Docks Ac 
 KK 
 
 ti. 
 
 ir. 
 
 HI. 
 
 
'I ! 
 
 DOCK^ f^rimootted goods are on thel 
 
 ' , DOCKS o. Tn« THA-;;, obvious %-i,i^bt^ea«ls oW«;^-cJ,,5 
 
 498 
 
 ^l^'^Tl ooened BO early *« |,f J^o^Vd ""f „f Ual^ogany.^l/SOtonB^^ warehouses ii 
 ^avcbeen «P«"^jigi„g from the cro ,„eTchant- "» Scoupied by the a ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 inconvenience ansiB^^ wh«'».^f the insufficient j a^ ^t^«t 295 ««^9, ^^^^ .eventioa ol 
 the tiver at the p to atiwe, tne a ^^^autions ave adopted J 
 
 into lii^il?rini%ad beenlongfj^^ v^as the W^^of ^Wch' 
 
 •^ 1, fTese ■'"'"':. _Thc West inuia pxtenaivejy »''",., -n accutnuiaieu thaiges.al 
 
 ^„,t i„d.« D^^fc-'-^^o be the ^^^^^"tsfomed W'^fi"' then dimmg^«*/^; houS> of ( 
 the first, and ^^^^ing estabtahme« .^„ J„lestton of a co^^^^iwe still moie co« 
 
 \V«, ?„^*oTLondon,„ Their «oujx parU- «"fe6,, and , having been s ^^^^ ^e^^^ 
 
 ^tld'to F^bmary 1^2 Tl^S^'^^^^?t Mi^^^ '^"' ^1 
 
 been fo"^^„" The Export Uock, g70 baiiJ ^j^gr. iner ^ ^jj 
 
 vatas m l;»B'!L.-,te North »'?"f;„aSctor8«4nS'°?"ioat tbo lMS?f JfSu • »■*" 
 
 '» riiL;Slor>ir>rSrt So* ..jI'^^^^^^^ 
 
 - - ;S,;S» Dock. «»S,-i,Tl8J5«*l,„;tol' » m we» ."-,;^,*E..l 
 tides, the 'YP^Ji^oiewiU contain, wi nation 
 
 the reception 01 b 
 
 *»; 
 
 fl 
 
 ^-X/ ? 
 
 li-xclusive "' ,," J Tndia Docks, '''%*' ,1 
 \ warehouse anu ° , j 
 
 united Co'nP»«y',,td in a ^^<^^^Z^ 
 
 
i^*'jW'' ■■'■f ■"'■ 
 
 ■fe 
 
 '^^^ 
 
 lluuil'll-' 
 
 I • 
 
 :a 
 
 
 ■ -•' 4 \ 
 
 1 ,*!> I 
 
hihhithM hy ttinjitmui X.<'''Aa^rnifstfr /ii>tv. 
 

 I , 
 
 491 
 
 1 
 
 ufil 
 tto\ 
 onl 
 tor: 
 liv 
 
 ino 
 ihc 
 me 
 «« 
 an: 
 vu 
 in 
 
 
 fl 
 
 been in a RTcnt dod 
 the rnilways referi 
 (if samples in the 
 ,>*till, however, the 
 a little heavier on d 
 (,f Ibis Company thl 
 up the river; but, onl 
 the East India or V^ 
 fidcrable extent of 
 navijtation, that ml 
 bound for the Londo| 
 
 RULKS AKD ReGUI 
 
 A)fD Rates to 
 TUE East and \\| 
 
 The docks and woij 
 East India Import at 
 called the Eastern Dol 
 and Export Docks, aii 
 house Basins, called t>| 
 (formerly the City Ca 
 
 Uapilatiorsfor ShippiL 
 Pilitli, and other pet 
 Ships, Vessels, Ligit 
 Mug in, and going i 
 Mia Docks, pursuai 
 
 Tk Company's Moor 
 river, within 200 yards 
 Blackball, and that in 
 within 150 yards of the 
 South Dock, are reserve 
 vessels entering into, or 
 I out of, the docks. 
 
 Pilots must not attcn 
 I the buoys, if other ships 
 I gp, but bring them to 
 I cession on the outside, 
 I pssly ordered by the do( 
 I m-ide the tier for tlie con 
 
 I Vessels about to En 
 Doc 
 
 _ Sijiwd.— A blue flag wi 
 
 leitrance the whole time 
 
 IgiidockiiiK; at high-watci 
 
 litruck, after which no pil( 
 
 liii, unless directed so to d( 
 
 1 Prtparing Skips for Adi 
 
 \ lost in gettmg the ai 
 
 i Howed, sails furled, 
 
 n, guns unloaded, gun 
 
 I All ships are required tc 
 
 pidsand strike top-galli 
 
 beiijib and mizen boomi 
 
 p. martingales, and all 
 
 W the vards well topped 
 
 p dock-mas.' ei. 
 
 |Mro/J:/mi».''on.— T 
 
 m\ the Dock Acts, ful 
 
 V*™?, unmooring, mo' 
 
 fifs. vessels, or craft w 
 
 i and will direct t 
 
 % in the order in ' 
 
 T vessel shall attemi 
 
 pinO' to the direction 
 
 -(T, the owner, and th( 
 
 am charge, must be I 
 
 races, 
 
 «/.-Thc sliip m 
 MiaJ sufficient warps 
 "«oy the dock-master. 
 *n ifithin the piers, 
 1 on board wlicn r 
 » the vessel through 
 "K hauled ahead by h( 
 
 *■ 
 
 ij. 
 
,\ 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 409 
 
 hfcn in a RTC«t degree obviated by the opening of 
 tho railways referreil to, and by tbo exhibition 
 f wroplcs in the Company's upper warehouses. 
 ^,-,11 however, the charpe on account of cartage is 
 ' iiiJie heavier on goods warehoused at tlie doclis 
 f this Company than on those warehoused farther 
 " ([,g river; but, on the other hand, ships entering 
 the East India or West India Docl(8 avoid a con- 
 siderable extent of troublesome, if not dangerous 
 naviiration, that must be undertaken by those 
 bound for the London and St. Katharine Docks. 
 
 Riles asi> Regulations to be obskrved, 
 
 AKD Rates to be paid, by Shipping iji 
 
 TUE East and West India Docks. 
 
 The docks and works of this Company are the 
 
 East India Import and Export Docks and Basin, 
 
 called the Eastern Docks ; the West India Import 
 
 and Export Docks, and the Blackwall and Limc- 
 
 bou«e Hasina, called the Western Docks ; and that 
 
 (fotmerly the City Canal) called the South Dock. 
 
 Jttqulatiorsfor Shipping to he observed by Masters, 
 'tU», and other persons having the charge of 
 Ships, Vessels, Lighters, or Craft coming into, 
 Img in, and going out of, the East and West 
 Ifdk Docks, pursuant to Act 2 Wtn. IV. c. 62. 
 
 Tlie Company's Moorings. — The moorings in the 
 rivet within 200 yards of each of the entrances at 
 BlatUiJl, and that into Limehouse Basin, and 
 within 150 yards of the Limehouse entrance of the 
 South Dock, are reserved for the exclusive use of 
 vessels eat«ring into, or which have recently come 
 out of, the docks. 
 
 i Pilots must not attempt to place ships inside 
 
 the buoys, if other ships have previously brought 
 
 Up, but bring them to their berths in due suc- 
 
 I cession on the outside, unless they shall be ex- 
 
 „f ordered by the dock-master to take a berth 
 lloiiile the tier for the convenience of docking. 
 
 1 Vessels about to Enter and Leave the 
 Docks. 
 
 Sijpk— A blue flag will be kept flying at each 
 
 Itntiaiice the whole time proper for docking and 
 
 lundockiiig; at high- water mark the flag will be 
 
 litnick, attcr which no pilot must sheer his vessel 
 
 111, unless directed so to do by the dock-master. 
 
 Fnpar'mg Ships for Admission. — Xo time should 
 
 1« lost in getting the anchors properly secured 
 
 ud flowed, sails furled, quarter boats lowered 
 
 bn, guns unloaded, gunpowder put out. 
 
 I All ships are required to send down top-gallant 
 
 ttk and strike top-gallant masts, and to have 
 
 ^(iijib and mizen booms rigged close in, bom- 
 
 ' ^martingales, and all outriggers unshipped, 
 
 todlhc vards wcU topped up whenever ordered by 
 
 be dock-mas. ei. 
 
 ]OtitTof Aimii.'on, — The dock-masters have, 
 
 pdtr the Dock Acts, full powers to direct the 
 
 Vonn?! unmooring, moving, or removing, all 
 
 pp. vessels, or craft within the Company's 
 
 . and will direct the docking of vessels 
 
 illy in the order in which they arrive ; but 
 
 lity vessel shall attempt to gain admittance 
 
 r>tiK to the directions given by the dock- 
 
 per.the owner, and the master, pilot, or other 
 
 Tsm in charge, must be responsible for all con- 
 
 ijwtes. 
 
 Jlftrinj,— The ship must be ready to send 
 Tind sufficient warps to each pierj! when di- 
 Wby the dock-master. 
 
 iJw within tlie piers, proper ropes will be 
 *i on board wlicn requisite to guide and 
 'the vessel through the lock ; the vessel 
 «"!« hauled ahead by her own warps, and they 
 
 ore on no account to be cast off unless ordered by 
 the dock-master. 
 
 Every pilot must bring his boat into the Basin, 
 or South Dock, as it is a most essential part of hi;* 
 duty to moor the ship. 
 
 Vessels about to Leave the Docks. — Exjwrt vca- 
 scls should be hauled down in suflicient time to be 
 at the river lucks, at Blackwall, at low water, to 
 prevent inconvenience during the time that other 
 vessels are requiring admission, which must have 
 the preference. 
 
 Vessels can only be let out after hiph water 
 upon the special request of the otlicers in charge 
 ot them. 
 
 Ships going into the river must use their own 
 ropes, as they are out of the dock-master's charge 
 when clear of the outer gates. 
 
 Ships' Boats. — The Comp-.ny take no charge of 
 ships' boats, and nre not responsible for them : it 
 therefore rests with the owner of the ship to tako 
 such measures as will ensure their safety. 
 
 Discharging. — Two true copies of the manifest 
 of the cargo must be delivered into the general 
 office, at the Dock House, in Billiter Square, within 
 twelve hours after every vessel shall enter the 
 docks, or after the cargo siinll have been reported 
 at the Custom House, whichever shall first happen. 
 Penolty for refusal or neglect, any sum not exceed- 
 ing 5/. (2 Wm. IV. c. 62 s. 84.) 
 
 No ships can be allowed to break bulk until 
 their cargoes are duly entered. 
 
 All baggage or presents should be sent as 
 promptly as possible to the Baggage Warehouse, 
 where an authority from the master for the deli- 
 very thereof must be lodged. 
 
 Packages of bullion or specie (whether cargo or 
 private property) must be delivered by the cap- 
 tain, under his own responsibilitv. 
 
 The delivery of goods overside will u!"'* rest 
 with the master, and he must take such steps as 
 he may think necessary to protect his owners in 
 respect to their freight. 
 
 Eastern and Western Import and Export 
 Docks, the Basins, and South Dock. 
 
 All vessels entering or lying in these docks and 
 basins continue in charge of the masters and 
 owners. 
 
 It is the duty of the pilots, or officers and crews, 
 to transport their respective vessels, except other- 
 wise provided for by the table of rates, under tbcir 
 own responsibility, to or from the river, and to or 
 from any part of the docks or basins, as directed 
 by the dock-master. 
 
 Light ships, on entering from the river, must be 
 provided with sufficient hands to dock and trans- 
 port them, and should move in due time into the 
 dock ; other\visc they will be removed by the dock- 
 master, and the owners charged with the cxpci.oe. 
 
 Ships taking in cargoes will be moored at the 
 quays in due rotation. Light ships not taking in 
 goods must be moored in either of the docks or 
 basins, as the dock-master may judge convenient. 
 
 While ships are lying at or moving to or from 
 the quay, all outriggers should be got in and made 
 snug ; and sails arc by no means to be loose while 
 so moving, or after daylight. 
 
 No ship must be removed from her berth with- 
 out notice being given to the dock-master, and 
 his assent as to the time of removal being ob- 
 tained. 
 
 Craft must be fastened to the ships from which 
 they are receiving, or to which they may be 
 delivering goods. 
 
 Convenient receptacles on the quays are pro- 
 vided, wherein all dust, ashes, and other refuse mat* 
 K K 2 
 
 I i 
 
 ■u 
 
 
 , I 
 
 >.-. .1 
 
 T , 
 
 ■>:''. 
 
 
 ul 
 

 H 
 
 
 
 It ■ J. 
 
 ;i: 
 
 500 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 terf* nro to be dopoHitod, nml which Ahall bo clonrptl 
 by the poison appuintiil by the Company, ami by 
 no one olso, 
 
 N(i vt'RHt'l can bo pomiittcd to take in ballnftt 
 after (laylifjlit, or bcfortt (iaybroak. 
 
 ShipH* provinionH or stnrfH cannot bo pennittotl 
 to pnsH the Kates without an order fiigned by the 
 ownet^ or an otlicer of tl»e .sliip. 
 
 Neitlicr cnulkin^ nor plumborn' work can bo 
 allowed Mithout smrial in-Tniission, to be obtained 
 from the I'rinoipal of INilioo. 
 
 tire and Cam/ft'. — S|H'<'ijd licenses will l)eRrnnt- 
 ed to u.se tire and candle in all the docks and 
 ImninH, on application tothe Principal of the iNdice, 
 made by the niaHter or owner of llie vessel, speci- 
 Ivinff the namen and capacity of the |K*r.sonH in 
 charge of the nhip, and eiiKaptur to t>c responsible 
 for their attention to tiie re^nbitions. 
 
 Every such license will express the place in 
 whicii lire may be kept, ami the circumstances 
 under whii'h it may be used : upon the ^*liKll^est 
 infringement of the conditions, the penally prtv 
 Bcribed by law n-ill be rigidly enforced. 
 
 Ojtenimj and Shutting the Gates, — The gates 
 will be opened at (J o'clock in the. morning, nnd 
 shut at H o'chtck in the evening, from March I to 
 November 10; and from November 11 to the last 
 day of February, o|wnod at 7 *n the morning, and 
 Hhut at 7 in the evening. 
 
 Captains and chief mates may be furnished with 
 tickets up(m applying at tlie Police Oflice. at the 
 Eastern or Western Import Dock, which will en- 
 title them to admission till 9 o'clock p.m., but 
 no person whatever can be oUowed to go out after 
 the hour lor closing the gates. 
 
 Hours of Attendance, — The hours of attendance 
 are, from March 1 to October 31 inclusive, eiffht in 
 the morning to four in the afternoon : from No- 
 vember 1 to the last day of February, inclusive, 
 nine in the morning to four in the afternoon ; and 
 there is to be no intermission of business during 
 these hours. 
 
 No holidays are kept, except Sundays, Christ- 
 mas Day, (iood Friday, Fast Days appointed bv 
 Koyal Proclamation, and the King's or Queen s 
 Birth Dags. 
 
 ToNNAij K Katks. 
 
 Sailing i^esscls Inwards Discharged hg the 
 
 Company, 
 
 For dockinfft moorinut nnit reinuvitiK wiitiiti the dotkii and t>&sln<i. 
 unloiid[it({ ttit: cir^o, and the uai; of thf dui-ks fur four wivkii from 
 the final uischarKe,* — vi/. 
 
 Vvt ton register. 
 «. (/. 
 Lndi>n with Hiiirnr, otherwise thnn finer-mentioneil, or other 
 ^tHxl^ )>ai'kfd in t>ale>. bau:!, ha.skets, ^erotiN, caskst caies, 
 chfHt.4, or Hlinilar packiiijL's (except oil direct from the 
 ti^hiTie^i (allnvv, or a)thtr>), metal in pict, barn, rodn, plates, 
 or liliDiUr plfi-t-N, woitd in hillett^ surh a'i d>e woodsf . 1 G 
 
 And in ttdditiuiii ftir every toad or ton 4)f lilue ^um 
 vrotxl, and the tike ; or oil in iron tanks . • 6 
 
 Ladfn wiih rhests of au^ar, 'i iwt. and upwardn, i»clnilinf{ 
 
 ihiit'i euonernge 
 J.aden entirely, or i« pnrf, with hotheads, and tJerren of 
 suuar or niolaA»e^ from tlie Weat lndieH> inctudijig ship's 
 coxjn-raur • - . - - - 2 fi 
 
 Laden uith mahogany, cedar, or other furniture Mood, in 
 
 \oils or pianks - - - - - 2 6 
 
 I,aden entirety with hemp or goods In Inilk, or oil direct 
 
 from the tistieries - . • - • 1 9 
 
 And in addition for every ton of oil in tanks • - (► ti 
 
 Jjiden entirely willi tallnw • - . - 1 3 
 
 Laden with mixed (.-aruoeM, tallow, a:»he>f or f;ootls In bulk— 
 
 For evi-ry ton of hemp - - - 2 
 
 For every ton of ullow or nbhet . . -13 
 
 Fur every ton in bulk, except KU^iio - • - 1 9 
 
 Th*t total number of tuiu chargetl not to exceed the 
 reffiiiter tonnage. 
 
 t-idt-n with wooti, the (rrowth of the North of Kurnjie, 
 or th** North * meticHn ( olonles, viz. : — 
 EiHirelu uith deals, stave-., lath, or fire- wood • • 1 ^ 
 
 Entirritf, or in jwr/, with timlier - - • 1 !» 
 
 And In addition, for every load of hardwood or masts • €* 
 For every load of pine or fir Umber > . - 3 
 
 * When the di.srharfce by tlie Company of any vessel In postponed 
 by denire uf the owners, six wfeks only are allowed free of rent. 
 
 \ The expense of labour incurret'l, and of materials broken or 
 Injured, in the disrharve of rutrh or fjambier, and other packages 
 vbcn they adher*? together, will be charged in addition. 
 
 V*f ton rvKfan. 
 
 Laden with MmtNrr f^m Africa, or thv Kail Inriiei, or lUf 
 limber carKoe* -.In 
 
 .\nd, In M(lititlcn,fnr every loud dl«<'hiirit*d over \lili> . | n 
 
 Lailen with timber and ipir* fVuin Vaiu'ouver Ulaiid, or 
 timllar carKoet - • -.19 
 
 l.adrn with guano • > - - I !^ 
 
 JVgrff.-VeMeli which diw-harife the whole or sreater »4rt of ihtir 
 rnrKiNf« Into lighten will Iw lultjrct to »urh ratei for dlMhanttiK u 
 nhiili Iw agre«d ui>on beiweeti the ahip-uwncr or inoitfr aiul t.)t> 
 l*ompany. 
 
 Sailing Veaselt Inwards Discharged hy Uie'n 
 own Creu'tt, 
 
 For the um of the dorki* for »ny period not excctdlng four wcthi 
 from the date of enirojicu ;— 
 
 Per ttm reipmr. 
 
 Arriving fVom any port or pUre not olherwiw iiperl5e«l . u 'j' 
 Arriving from any tMirt in the Unllttl Kingdom or Kuro- 
 |H>an iKirt nutklile thw llHliii-, between (h« North I'aue 
 and I'khanl t • • - - . o 
 
 Delivering part of ■ car^o, and not remaining beyond onv 
 week, iwr ton dfelivered - * '06 
 
 Exceptions, 
 
 .Sloo|» ami craft coastwise, with bricks, and ve%v t wirh 
 broken granite, or paving ttunea, tm/ remainitm bfyoiul uiu 
 week - - . _ . 
 
 CullierA entering to awiiii the sale of their carguci, mtt rr. 
 maitiinn ttej/otul tn-o tvetkt - ■ • . 
 
 Other vexseU than colliers, coastwise, on lnii<lnig uootli 
 in the dmkt etfual toone-ihird of their regi^tt■^ ronnaKp, 
 to \nt exempted from payment of the tonnage laie, biu 
 rent to cummencv uier ciu clebr day from the litul 
 landing of the good:.. 
 
 VeMels ) ntlrely corn-laden, di..chiirgn1 in the itocki, in 
 i. of tonnage rate, not remaining bejucid two weeks— 
 
 IV - loH rrglitrr. 
 
 J. 
 
 If under AO tons register 
 
 If .'.nand 
 
 , IIM( 
 
 iml „ 
 
 „ 1,11 
 
 l.',» „ 
 
 , V<N> 
 
 ViK) „ 
 
 ,. to 
 
 »■■'" .. 
 
 „ MH* 
 
 3ii() „ 
 
 „ .-.S(l 
 
 .T.«l „ 
 
 , 4I»I 
 
 4IHI „ 
 
 „ l.'K) 
 
 4iO ., 
 
 M <'>UI) 
 
 1 1 
 1 11 (i 
 
 and *U. ^ia. for every addlllouaJ jO ton« register ur letf. 
 
 If com Tewels quit withmt Mnlnatting, rent to commrtice ifter o 
 clear daft from the date of entrance. 
 
 VekM>U two-thirds laden with com will be chnrRed the i.fuill 
 tonnage rales on the other part of their cai^oes, in pro|Mrtioii lo ih«irl 
 reuister tonnage. I 
 
 If veueU lo which the above exreptions aii^ily loail oulwanb, itKyI 
 ..dl be charged ihtt uituAt rate of Uii. )ier ton register. 
 
 Sailing Vessels Outwards^ or Light Vessels^ otha 
 than Steam Vessels, 
 
 Per ton reffoi 
 
 Kntering to load or lay up, not having diichanied their 
 import cargovs in ihe docks— 
 
 The use of ihi> dock> for any iteriod not exceeding Jimr 
 rr.'rA;« from the date of entering I > • -0 
 
 Vessels Entering to Load from the Import Wan 
 houses or from Vessels Discharging Overside, 
 
 Per t'>n on ih) 
 f-Toso Mtfif!htihii'|i 
 
 For the use of the docks for one week— 
 
 If from lni|Kjri warehou*»*9 ... 
 Do. vessel* overside . - - 
 
 The number of tun • charged not to exceed the register tonna^ 
 
 Exceptions, 
 
 Ve&ieU under 100 tons register coining in to loidcomordMj 
 timber, and like wood goods, whollyfnmi the Company's w.->reh(f 
 yards, or itond— free. Kent to commence after one week. 
 
 Steam Vessels, 
 
 Per Ion r 
 
 Kntertng to lav up. or to repair or tit their machinery- 
 Kor the ul* of the docks for any period not excwdin;: 
 
 four rt'ceki ftrom the date of entering - 
 Entering to load or discharge caigo, tbn same dock rates a» 
 
 sailing TesseLs. 
 
 * The expeme of mooring, unmooring, and rcniovinR U I 
 clwtat. *^ ,^, , , / 
 
 t If such vessels load outwards. 5d. p.r ton addiiional 1 
 charged. . 1 
 
 i 1 lie expense of moorhig, unmooiing, and removing u| 
 eluded. ■ 
 
 Charpfx for (^ 
 ipping j 
 
 A/i, 
 
 rf#«M under two 
 N« lonv jn,| „^ 
 
 Abotf n^t umn, J,, 
 ■»(«»M|.nioni,«,„ 
 -*t«« l»„„, , 
 
 -*l«»eihlnyion.; 
 
 K«".Merw„k fj 
 
 like . 
 />itfo for pUte«,ihif 
 
 i iim*ud upwartijt. 
 
 VmiU KHterin 
 for rtmaiiiing „ 
 
 
 ".T^J^^Iu.ti,,^ 
 
Ckirg,, r«r Gettiun Q,,, , ^. I>C 
 
 ^^^-^'^^'^-«A^'S:,J^. or 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 JOl 
 
 rin« imdrr Iwo Ion. Mrh '"''' '"n' 
 
 -llwr irii iiini 
 
 .lbg<» Ivnii. 
 
 ™.ll ". "" ""• <«'«».lli,i, 7;;:,""" - 
 
 \>U . ' . '""'•"■ funn.N, r,||n,|..„ . • »ll fl 
 
 ( l.«. ud u|...„,,. •-' "n.. on ,4|„, Jj *;"'"' ,'« .l/n». .„ 
 
 *lrtm Thivl. """ " 
 
 .|i;inj rr.,t-J« 
 V»uo m„„„ (*,„„,! „„„■ 
 
 |l<M*'f"llr.lMOIlli«|;,,^^' 
 
 Dock JiKur, 
 
 ' *' Ion re irt,(„. 
 »• rf. 
 'I 6 
 I 
 
 , I'on. /~ — ' '"• 
 
 '"'•'la IVKi I * '. rf. I 
 
 "'«! IIHKI » 1.1 O ' '• rf. 
 
 - "nd., a,;; f , <> 7 « ; i<> '. 
 
 TJio prices „..,, , - -^-_ I "40 
 
 each alwirart 
 
 •cniii rn^rIl| • 
 
 »"<^« i{KNr. v.f ^'.''* /""' C/.«r,., „.. r "" 
 
 i> . 
 
 '■" ">" f«<ll»lcr. 
 
 MMm v„«:|, |,|„^. „„„„,• 
 
 fli,nrr, . - .' ' "P«Wng, or fining ,„^_ 
 
 For ilie more e.\DGdiHn..o ,. . 
 f l'»i«l in cJoari,^^ i'^le* S-'-s'xtanco ,Jy 
 
 *Alif;l.ter.s, or crafLUsC ^"'1"'^ «f sI'ipT 
 
 fifflfanv to cause tn 1 """ ''^ lawful f,,r .1 ' 
 
 '««fc^ "f /it a , ' 0° r^" ""nploycl a " .£, " 
 
 I w*MWecl,a,™ Cih' Pewons, and toZ.k ^ 
 
 •l»(<'mpa.iy'8 moveablo m, r •■~^®''- ''^O Slioiil,! 
 
 l''«Wila„ii„„,^V . - , - • !«rlon 
 
 I '"wofiieiw" *'^"'"'(f«l. " >. 
 
 .1 fi 
 
 20 
 
 I, *'er assistance is r ■ 
 
 /V"'T»"f'woha„d. 
 
 
 -..lofiiie ■ ■ .or: h,„ . 1 r 
 
 ■""'<'* ««f/ /^A "'""f'li'mjK,. """III).. &/. 
 
 f'e Ciistnn, 1, ^'"' '■'■■'•Pectiv,. , '"^'''■''"ii.s <;,, 
 porteTr""™ """««' «« «S ,;r'^"".'«"f^ at 
 
 ^'""iniJar atf .• "'""""'"n by the 
 
 V'« Srit?S ?r"?' P««s anvS"'ft "« f''« 
 
 ''winced bvn " "•^"''ipnerfn ;V. , ,*'" '»'''ch 
 
 ''-jementr " ^•'"""''■'« "n^cj^ ^^ Jg' i; ..«t 
 
 ^vervbillnfi i- "^ *^"a"i of i„. 
 
 i v^anance with t ,1 m^f •<"''" l»-'"'uco,|, w,,;,^ 
 
 ! «'ffnee, tlie (VmJ^ """"'p»t, as to thl ■ ■ "'"<' "t 
 
 fho captain o?ofK^"^''' ""•"" WII be H 
 
 R'&'ir"-?"i»,d 
 
 ' er lun. 
 rf. 
 - 
 - 10 
 
 Porters.of all imoria • *"'""' •" "le orde 
 
 M<«lffe the onJer inr'" ?'^»"'«r Sics m"'' ""» 
 I Wits will hoZ '"•'"••se'l to that nffi !' ^'""y "'"st 
 ' ^^" raercha^r'**' according '""''' "n" >var- 
 
 , 'he ordinar^V. "^^'verable bv «,. *'"' ««re of 
 wood /e?/ilf^""«of businesL"""'' but in 
 
 "tber articles .i."'P°"ed in l». t T'" the 
 hy cheques 'o?"rK'^"'S f" cu.st"m a' "1"^. ■'»"""' 
 
 i^^'!'"f'»- Mastina or n- 
 
«.» 
 
 any nrticlc wnrohounpil 
 
 • . f 
 
 ( t 'J 
 
 '■' . ' 
 
 m 
 
 ■.t"'* 
 
 in paokaK<''<. <>r for the 
 wliiilo qiiniitity nt'a bulk, am iin|Kirt('(l, or for any 
 nlliitiiioiit of such bulk, ou payment of tlu; PxpcuHi! 
 of .Hppnratiu); it into di.stiiict and currexpondinK 
 jiarcrlH. 
 
 That thu courxc of buKiiiPHS may lie fully umtcr- 
 Ntood, thu attiMilion of iniportcrrt and purchuscr!) 
 of product' is particularly rutiucNtcd to the folluw- 
 injj nicmoraiula; — 
 
 NVarranisl'or Koodn which are usually sold with- 
 out liittint; will lie made out for hucIi ipiatititics 
 ax have; been found ^cniTuUy convenient to thu 
 inijiorters. 
 
 For jjooiIh which aro lottod, made merchant- 
 able il'c., the warrants will be made out an 
 Koon as the operations are performed. When 
 directions from tlie inipoiter are reijuircd, no- 
 tice will bo given on the landing accounts, or 
 otherwise. 
 
 The first warrants or cheques will be issued to 
 the ordtr of thu importers or their assigns (iiro- 
 vided there is no stop upon thu goods lor freight 
 or oi'icrwise), upon payment of the prime rates 
 or landing charges. 
 
 Such payments must include all charges in- 
 curred to the time of passing the order or issuing 
 thu warrants or chc<|ues, excepting rent ; charges 
 accruing subsequently, and the rent, must be paid 
 l)y the holders of thu warrants bel'ore ikdivery of 
 thu goods. The proprietors .if goods may, how- 
 ever, dear the rent and incidental charges to any 
 desired date, anil havo new warriuits or cheques 
 acconlingly. 
 
 Weight or gauge Tiotos, corresponding to the 
 warrants, will be fumishcd, when required, at thu 
 charge of twopence each. 
 
 Thu landing and consolidatcil rates arc re- 
 ceived at the Dock House; rent and extra 
 charges by the receivers at the docks, at thu 
 Clearing Ollice at Fentdiurch Street warehouse, 
 and at the Uilliter Street and .Jewry Street 
 warehouses, in whichever place the goods may 
 be lodged. 
 
 When the assignment or removal of na't of the 
 goods only is intended, the warrants • r cheques 
 should be divided at the Dock House ',•. London, 
 as hereafter provided. U the quantity to be 
 assigned must be weighed or measured, to sepa- 
 rate it from the bulk, the division cannot be made 
 until the whole quantity has been reweighed or 
 re-measured. 
 
 If the delivery of the whole of the con- 
 tents is directed, and the goods are not re- 
 moved within two days, a, new warrant or 
 cheque for the remainder of the parcel must be 
 taken out. 
 
 When the holders of warrants or cheques aro 
 desirous of assigning part of their contents, with- 
 out delivcrv, rewcighmg, rehousing &c., new do- 
 cuments will be given in exchange, on lodging 
 the originals, duly indorsed. The indorsement 
 should si)ecinlly direct the manner in which the 
 contents arc to be divided, and state the names of 
 the parties inwhosefavourthewarrantsor cheques 
 are to be issued, in the following form : ' I'leime to 
 divide the within ;' or, when part is to be deliveri'd : 
 ' Deliver to Bearer [state how many packages], 
 and grant new one for [state how 
 
 many packages] in favour of 
 
 one for,' §-c. 
 
 \Varrants may be exchanged or divided, without 
 assigning the goods, when desired by the holder, 
 at the same rate of charge. 
 
 Original warrants will be granted free of 
 charge, beyond that of the stamp; but for other 
 warrants the charge will be as follows, with the 
 stamp in addition : — 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 For each warrant- 
 
 1 ur 'i I'ackAK*'^ or quanililas' • . |* 
 
 .1 f>r 4 ), • ■ • J 
 
 A lo 7 „ ■ . . , 
 
 H III III „ ■ . , I 
 
 II lo I'l ,, - . , t, 
 
 \l< In W „ • . . ,; 
 
 Ml lu '/.'■ „ - • . • 
 
 ■in In .^1 „ . • . II 
 
 M In .I'l „ ■ ■ . » 
 
 M. Ill III „ ... |., 
 
 II In I'l „ • . .11 
 
 I'i nnil upwnnU ., • • . li 
 
 lintKlK In liitlli, )«rtnn - . . j 
 
 Kur t'Vtrv iiviv i tivi)ue umntnl • . -^ 
 
 If, from the nature of the contract betwcpn thi> 
 seller and buyer, reweighing &e. may be inoi- 
 sary, new warrants, if desired, will bi^ iMMiiil nu 
 depoHiting the warrants, indorsed with illmtioiH 
 to that etVeel, eontaining the landing wcijjhts ainl 
 reweiglits, as soon as the operations are cmniilotiM. 
 
 Wliuii any alterations, nuch as rc|ia('kiii;; ic[ 
 are to be made (except when preparutury tn im- 
 mediate ilelivery). the warrants must be IihIhhI, 
 and others, representing the goods cnrrectlv, {.(mil 
 in the same manner. 
 
 In the case of casks of liquids unecl to li'.l up 
 others, the warrant must lie lodged, and the prn- 
 prietor may either have a new warrant fur tli.> 
 remainder, or it may be delivered (if not rcnuJrMl 
 to be used again in the saine way) to liis order. 
 
 The warrants mu.st likewi.se be lodged, onj;lviiij 
 orders to vat ; but if immediate shipment it not 
 intended, new warrants will be issued as soon aj 
 the casks are refilled. 
 
 In the four last-mentioned ca.sc8, the ehargci k 
 performing the operations include the e.xpemeoi' 
 the new warrants. 
 
 When warrants or cheques are loit or Diislaiil, 
 the Company reipiire that they should be adver- 
 tised in tlie Public Li-dyrr, the paper contaiiiinj 
 the advertisement, and an engagement tn in- 
 demnify the Company by bond or otherwise t" lo 
 enclosed with the application fordtiiilicatcs. fie 
 new documents will not be issued (unlcm ik 
 original shall be fnind and delivered up) uniil 
 seven clear days shall have elapsed from the date 
 of notice by advertiserarnt. Upon notice of lie 
 hiss, the goods will be stopped, and the orisinil 
 document can on no account be acted upon unto 
 first presented at the Secretary's Office, 
 
 Irregularities in the indorsements lesson ike 
 security of the proprietors of goods, and reiidertle 
 documents incomplete as authorities. Tli" inten- 
 tion of the holders is therefore particularly calW 
 to that point, to prevent the impcdimcntii iiliiol 
 must othcr>vise arise to the regular des|)atch ■:' 
 business ; but they must not attempt to rcniwe 
 such impediments by indorsing any warrant, urit, 
 or cheque, without due authority. 
 
 Forms on which persons may bo auttioriscl » 
 sign for others may be obtained in the (iouerii 
 OfHcc at the Dock House ; and as no signature I* 
 that of the party named on the warrant, doliv.n- 
 order, or cheque can be acted upon, when goKb an , 
 made deliverable to order, persons so ai'thoriseJ 
 should adhere to the following form :— 
 
 ' For (Name or Jim). 
 (Signature of the permn uutlmiivd'- 
 
 J)e/)oslt Accounts.— To facilitate passing nrJ'f* 
 and paying the charges due upon goods, the!.* 
 pany will open dejiosit accounts, upon r<q!Wt 
 from the merchants, with such deposits ns ij'? 
 think proper : wlion the balance is rcduccil bA'' 
 ten pounds, a further deposit must be ninde. tea 
 pounds being the smallest sum which can be re- 
 ceived at a time. 
 
 Parties having deposit accounts with thctem- 
 pany mu.st transmit a note of adviceon thepni^:' 
 form with each deposit, and it will be necessuy 
 
 Tht !l,iiw in ihne T.iIiImI 
 i<'"><lt.vlhi.Com|i.inj;P 
 mJluiure o|itr.itiiiiis, |,| 
 
 C«ki, under 5 cwl. 
 
 AloB, In uounis . I 
 
 'n chBtt, cMkj, or hi 
 
 "^I'a marin.i_ i 
 
 [" pms-packHl bales 1 
 "> M)I!, noi iireij-pacl 
 
DOCKS 
 
 ihji llicy »linul(l inTnrijilily stain on their onlrr 
 otuarrniitM whom thu churt^cN arc to he imiilhy, 
 
 •Chnrffcn to the (date) to our nrroimt,' 
 
 (>i>,'imliir('.) 
 Ht '('hurj;i's to liii paul by tho bolilur, 
 
 {S'ufnaiure.) 
 
 \W opening Huch accountM, tho biiMiticsM of iiiit- 
 ckiii'' with tht! ( 'ompiiiiv, particularly whtTi'^oo'ln 
 jp upon rent, iM much locilitatcil, Thi! |irn|i(T 
 IrrnK anil paiM bookii may l>e ubluincd ou a|i|i!i- 
 laiiiiii ut the Dock KnuHe. 
 
 Onlem fur K.rtrn Wt/rh, — The ('hiirjjcs for rc- 
 laiilii;.', I'F prc|iurinK for exportutimi, anil all 
 y,.A Jiiit roinpriHcd in thcHi; tablet), will bit lixcil 
 
 MS 
 
 will Ih' clmrKi'd, ill ndilitinii for ' Shipping,' oiii'- 
 thiril llii^ ' Delivery liy W'ntir ' ralr. 
 
 'I'hrce working day* (I'Xrrpi in case* uprrially 
 providi'd lor in the tabic of rutp-t) from llir limit 
 wcii^hiii^, Knu){iiiK, or oxaniinalion of cadi murk 
 of ^ihiiIh laiidcil under a diity-paid entry, or liillot 
 NiKJit, will lie allowed to the proprietor to reinovi' 
 Niich ^ood.H fniiii the (piay ; a like perio<l will bu 
 allowed in other canes, provided notice in wrilin^ 
 of Niieh intended removal Au\\\ be ^'ivcn prior 
 to the wi'iKliin^', ^'aiiK>nK, or cxaminatiun ; but 
 in the abionce of notice, the ^'oods will lie iniinc- 
 diately homed or piled, and cliarj,'ed uci'oriliiij;ly, 
 'I'liu consolidated ratu is cliar|;;ed upon I ho r.utt 
 weight, and includes (except where othenvisu 
 fpi'i'ially provided) landiiiK or reeeivinj; by land, 
 frill time to time, with rcfcfcncfl to the cost of | wharfage, housing;, and weij,'hinj; or piUh'inK at 
 Lil.jiir anil materiaU. No mch work, however, j landing' ; ordinary cm ijierin^ or nieiidin^' for Iioum- 
 aiiliciliine but by tho order of the pmprictoritof i in^ ; Miniplin^;; furiii.Mliint; landing wei^dils or 
 ill. i:iiikK or parties duly ifuthnriHed by them. | pm^c aircountH ; slren(,'tli of spirilH, as axccrtained 
 Till' ilmr(,'es under this held must bo paid by , by Ihe (Juslonis ; ccrlilieates of ilama{;e ; rent for 
 thp|Mrtio.spvlnK tho order, or clearing; llief{<>"d.t. twelve weeks I'rnni the date of the importing' shiii 
 i'limU iirrfHirtil fur Shipment, — When ^'hhIs are breaking bulk, or lirst landing from craft ; weigli- 
 iimiireil for shipment, and are not taken away J int; for actual delivery, and delivery by land or 
 wiiliiii tliu lixed number of days, they will bo water. This rate is charged on all goods to which 
 
 it is atlixed, uiilesH notice bo given by the im- 
 porters, previous to the final weighing or gauging, 
 of their desire tu have lhem|iluced under tliu laud- 
 ing rate. 
 
 The ninimgcment rate is charged on tho gross 
 weight, and applies only to cinnamon, cochineal, 
 indigo, lac ilye, seed lac, shellac, stick lac, Kast 
 India and China silk, ami tea. 
 
 Kent in all cases is chargeable on the gross 
 weight, and commences on the day of tho im- 
 porting ship breaking bulk, or from the first date 
 of landing Iroin craft. 
 
 In the case of goods being unpilcd, or broken 
 out for any operation, and siibseipientiv replied or 
 iriit;hing or gauging at landing, and furnishing j ndioused, tho charge for linpiling, wlien not in- 
 laniling weights, talcj or gauge accounts, ami i eluded in the rate for nuch operation, is the saino 
 ftmigth of spirits, as ascertained by the Customs, as rcpiling. 
 ljuo£ taken away by water from the lauding scale | Warrants and Tninsfem (sec preceding page). 
 
 Tabh of Ratei and Charges on Goods, 
 
 Thf n.ilfs in thr^ Tiililet nre chaTK«able on aU (innil.i im|ioTli'il or reci^ived into thii l>cck« on .init after 1R6^, the date of tlie llook 
 li^unl bv ihv ('omfiany ; and from that date, on all (iuutl* which maj li-inalu in the Wartliouws or on the Ui^ajrs, a« for ai reffardi rent 
 anillulure oiwralions, liut tht; are not retrospective. 
 
 cliarKdl rcpiling or rehousing, and any ailditional 
 rent which moy have accrueil. 
 
 The time allowed to elapse before refilling or 
 ri'hiiu>iii(; is as follows : Alahogany and other 
 raeMiircd wood, four clear working days ; dye- 
 wiiwls, seven clear working days; and all otlier 
 gowls, three clear working days. When the export 
 Te*s(l Ws in the docks, the time will be extended 
 tu the date of her departure. 
 
 Krphmtinn of the Tabic of Rates and Charges 
 vH Gmli Imrii'rds, — The binding rate is charged 
 iipin the gross weight, and includes landing, or ro- 
 (living by hind, wharfage and housing, or piling 
 I'll the quay, or loading from tho laiuling scale ; 
 
 (ioah Iniparted 
 
 UndinK 
 Hate 
 
 Re- 
 
 wiigh- 
 InK 
 
 Krpil. 
 
 InKor 
 
 He. 
 
 housing 
 
 Delivery 
 bjr Lami 
 
 Delivery 
 
 hy 
 WatiT 
 
 
 Kent 
 
 Per 
 Week 
 
 Quantitiei &c. 
 
 
 [ler 
 
 J. d. 
 
 .. d. 
 
 <. (/. 
 
 M. 
 
 d. 
 
 t. d. 
 
 t. d. 
 
 |ier 
 
 Arid. liFtarlr .... 
 
 Ion 
 
 A 
 
 1 H 
 
 1 H 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 :> (1 
 
 o 4 
 
 
 AlUii, Scolcli . 
 
 
 .1 
 
 1 S 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 3 1) 
 
 3 
 
 
 Allans rufll .... 
 
 cwt. 
 
 4 
 
 ti 
 
 11 
 
 U 
 
 •i 
 
 6 
 
 1 U 
 
 ton 
 
 Almond*, ifcks, i cwt. and ni'Vrards, or 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wro'ii .... 
 
 ton 
 
 4 
 
 1 n 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 
 
 r, 
 
 4 6 
 
 n 4 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 casks, 3 cwt. S qn. and under 
 
 A cwt. 
 barrel, t cwt. 3 qrs. and I 
 
 Cilks, under icvrt. - 
 
 cwt. 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 !! 
 
 b 
 
 2 
 
 C 
 
 1) 1 
 01 
 
 under ^ cwt. 'i i|rs. 
 half-bitrrel, 1 cwt. 'i qrs. and 
 . under U cwt. 'i qrs. 
 quarter-barret, under 1 cwt. 
 
 •t .jr.. 
 inil boies 
 100 hair-boiet 
 
 Boi«, or ,1 boies 
 
 •* 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 6 
 
 'i 
 .' 3 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bale, 3 cwt. and upwartis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 bale, 1 cwt. 2 qrs. and under 
 
 SWI, In cases or bales 
 
 » 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 3 cwt. 
 bale, under 1 cwt. y qrs. 
 
 Aim, initourds 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u t 
 
 cau, 3 cwt. and under 4 cwt. 
 
 ton 
 
 6 n 
 
 It R 
 
 •i 8 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 ^ !! }o 74 
 
 
 In chesu, calks, or ban 
 
 „ 
 
 .t (1 
 
 i a 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 K 
 
 
 Aw. . r . . 
 
 
 .1 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 
 
 C 
 
 3 6 3 
 
 
 Aha marina— 
 
 •* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In preti.packe<l bales 
 In bags, not pre^s-packeil 
 
 
 .1 n 
 
 I « 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 3 4 
 
 
 „ 
 
 S 
 
 1 H 
 
 1 S 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 5 1) 6 
 
 
 AnchoTies 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f« fi 
 
 inobarrela 
 
 cwt. 
 
 4J 
 
 i 
 
 -i 
 
 u 
 
 t\ 
 
 41 il 3. 
 
 100 kex> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In o\ 
 
 cask under IJcwt. 
 
 barrel 
 
 tierce 
 
 Anf^icaroot .... 
 
 Ion 
 
 !, 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 8 
 
 •i 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 .') n }o <i 
 
 Annatto, casks or caws . 
 
 
 7 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 3 
 7 i 7 
 
 hofphead 
 
 AnisMd-as Seed Medicinal. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 >>i»r . . . . 
 
 cwt. 
 
 4) 
 
 IJ 
 
 1.1 
 
 
 
 1) 
 
 41 ; 
 
 oin 
 
 ton 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 f I 
 
 ■;f 
 
 - !-, 
 
 * ■ ■ * 
 
 
 14- !--.,.:d 
 
 dbi^iA. ,4 
 
 :i;t 
 
;••*-, 
 
 604 
 
 -Ir'*.' 
 
 I- ■••;•■■ 
 
 rj. 
 
 
 DOCKS 
 Table of Rates ^c. — continued. 
 
 (toatla Imported 
 
 
 per 
 
 ton 
 
 Antimony • . • . 
 
 C)r# - 
 
 If looH, fllDnK and weighlnifat dellfec 
 or rehouiliiKi '^*< |wr tun. 
 
 Argol - 
 
 Arrowroot . • • • 
 
 Or a connotidaletl rale of ?0#. ptT ton nett 
 
 In ioakst or .Vlf. pvr ton nett hi tink, 
 
 boKfs, or chests* 
 
 ArtCTiir .... 
 
 Akht-ii, fiom America - - • 
 
 Russia . . > 
 
 Hlack Kca > - - 
 
 Asphaltur . /jUKh : 
 
 Xoo^e nr in casks - . - 
 
 FlIlitiK ard wrfKhinff loose at rehousiDit 
 
 or deUvry» It, \tet ton. 
 Medii:in»l . - > ■ 
 
 BamtaKe -Consolidated rate : 
 
 Examined on the qu.ij : packaf^ not 
 eiceedinft l/i metier square^ or '2tt lbs. 
 veight, KToss package 
 Under ^i cwt. . - . 
 
 'i cwt. and upwnrdx • • - 
 
 Examined within the warehouse: pa..k< 
 AK^ not e^f-eedinf; \h inches square, 
 OT 28 llM. weight* ^.toM package * • 
 Alnve 'J8 llis. and under 1 twt. 
 1 cwt. and undfr t cwt. 
 *i cwt. and upwards - . - 
 
 BaNam* in Jars, bottl<j» or canisters, single 
 or in cake* .... 
 
 In casks ... 
 
 CtHipei'ii attenfiance at landing and de 
 livery is a separate chat^e. 
 
 Canad:! - . - 
 
 Barilla 
 
 Filling and weighing at delivL'ry or re< 
 hou^in^t Vf. per ton> 
 Bark, oak ur tanners': 
 
 Ixing, loose • 
 
 Not o*herwiseratetl « 
 
 Filling and weighing at delivery or re< 
 houhing, Vi. |>er lun. 
 
 Qutftcitrun, in cai\A • 
 
 In rases about 1 cwt. '^ qrs. • 
 
 •Fesuit!*' or Peruvian - 
 
 Kleuiheria or Ciucarilla 
 Ba^ketl : 
 
 Faro atwut 1 cwt. , • - - bundle 
 
 Beef and pork - - - 
 
 Hate 
 
 Beer, spruce 
 
 lier(-e 
 barrel 
 tub, kit, or half barrel 
 
 keg 
 firkin 
 barrel 
 
 ton 
 
 cwt. 
 ton 
 
 Itetriuii, juniper, yellow, or bay • 
 Bonen, liK>!fe 
 
 In caskk or bags 
 Books 
 
 Borax, rough or refined 
 Brimstone, unrefined - 
 
 Filling and weighing at deliver? or re- 
 homing, U4. per ton. 
 
 Roll or retinetl, in packages - 
 Bristles ... 
 
 Brooms, American : 
 
 'i cwt. and under 
 
 Above 'i rut. and not exceeding ,3 cwi 
 
 Above 3 cwt. and not exceeding .*> cwi 
 
 Above A cwt. and not exceeding 7 cwt, 
 !i qrs. . . - . „ 
 
 In bundles, with long handles, 13 each bundle 
 Buiile^i .... ton 
 
 Bullion ... cask or ra^e 
 
 *, . - • small package 
 
 Cable.: 
 
 Iron chain, excla^lve of weighing 
 
 Hemp, exceeding R inches girth 
 
 Coir. Xi inches girth and upwards 
 Can)|il)or • . . . 
 
 Cane juice. See Molasiet. 
 Canen: 
 
 Common rattan ... 
 
 Or a consolidated rale of 9«. )»er 1000, 
 including counting for average t 
 
 Split rattans ... 
 
 Kattaith, ground, Urge 
 
 Partridge, large ... 
 
 BambfK), larue ... 
 
 Malacca, large . . ■ 
 
 Jumbo, large ... 
 
 And other r>nrt« not enumerated, being of 
 the dianiiier of three-quarters of an 
 Inch and nbove. 
 
 Or a consolidated rate, including count* 
 ing fur avi-rage, |»er lUlX), (if. bJL : 
 
 RattAHf , ground, small 
 
 Partridge, small 
 
 Whangves 
 
 Cuoliiic - . • 
 
 ton 
 
 cwt. 
 
 lonu 
 
 cwt. 
 '0(M)1 
 KHN) 
 KKMI 
 KKMJ 
 I'lOO 
 
 10001 
 
 10(H>( 
 KHtn/"; 
 
 loou^ 
 
 «. rf. 
 
 4 1) 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 7 6 
 
 1 li 
 
 6 
 
 I) 6 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 4 (1 
 
 s n 
 
 fi 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 4) 
 
 6 
 
 U 41 
 
 (1 S 
 
 li 
 
 11 V 
 
 II s 
 
 4 
 
 4 « 
 
 .-> 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 3 
 
 A 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 1 li 
 
 li 
 
 a 
 
 4 n 
 
 I B 
 
 1 u 
 
 .') n 
 
 HI I) 
 
 1^ li 
 
 4i 
 
 \ 
 
 4.J 
 
 'I C 
 
 t b 
 
 1 * 
 
 I 8 
 
 4i 
 
 2 
 
 n « 
 
 1 3 
 
 II « 
 I 8 
 
 I O 
 
 1 
 
 II 3 
 U 3 
 
 4 
 
 t 
 
 % 
 
 U 
 
 U 1 
 
 I 3 
 
 I 8 
 
 3 4 
 
 4 V 
 U it 
 
 Kn>ii 
 
 Int^or 
 
 K<i- 
 
 houiInK 
 
 <. d. 
 
 I N 
 I il 
 
 1 8 
 
 2 6 
 
 DeliTcrv 
 by Lanil 
 
 41 
 (I « 
 
 n s 
 
 1 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 D 
 
 I 
 
 II !i 
 II 3 
 3 
 
 n li 
 
 n I 
 
 II 111 
 
 II 1 
 
 I) 
 
 I H 
 
 I K 
 
 1 U 
 
 4 
 
 1 8 
 1 2 
 
 1 3 
 8 
 
 3 4 
 
 4 2 
 2 
 
 5 
 i 
 
 4. d. 
 
 2 n 
 I c 
 
 1 8 
 
 2 6 
 
 ii 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 8 
 
 I n 
 
 2 
 
 n 3 
 
 O 3 
 
 4 
 
 O 2 
 
 II 1 
 
 n It 
 
 I 
 
 II nA 
 
 1 
 
 n 3 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 8 
 I 2 
 
 O 9 
 
 01 
 
 1 8 
 
 3 4 
 
 3 4 
 
 1 2 
 
 U 2 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 1 (I 
 
 Dellrar; 
 Water 
 
 I. d. 
 
 A !• 
 3 6 
 
 i 
 
 7 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 II 
 
 3 n 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 n fi 
 
 3 U 
 
 Kent 
 
 Ptr 
 Wrek 
 
 I. d. 
 
 a 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 6 
 7 
 
 I) 4 
 
 QuuitlUn «ic. 
 
 (on. In cukt I 
 
 100 bagjorMiMundwSc.t. ] 
 
 JOOIinKtor cMMJcwLanil 
 under 4 cwl.eacli 
 
 IIJ |„«k 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 0) 
 
 U o] 
 
 U l] 
 
 n oi 
 
 6 
 5 U 
 
 3 
 
 n 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 n 
 
 fi 
 
 K 
 O 4) 
 
 A 
 3 
 
 2 3 
 2 
 A 
 
 A 
 10 O 
 12 fi 
 
 U 6 
 
 1 3 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 ro 111 
 
 I 
 
 II IJ 
 
 l> 2 
 
 2J 
 
 3 
 
 n 1 
 
 1.J 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 O H 
 4 
 
 n 4 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 3 
 
 O 
 
 
 3 
 2 
 (I 
 1 
 O II) 
 
 Oj 
 
 I 
 
 IJ 
 
 2 
 
 M 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 4 
 A 
 10 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 fli 
 
 fli 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 jar, bottle, or ranisliT 
 fdse of A canisurs or under 
 fi „ and „ 10 
 1" i| 
 
 20 „ „ 3I)| 
 
 cask under 2 twt. i 
 
 2 cwt. and under ^ cwt. 
 •5 i» 5 .. 
 
 case 
 \ Ion 
 
 ■ 100 
 
 hale or box, 2 cwl. and uakr 
 cliest 
 
 loose 
 in casks 
 
 ..„, iTerajinu KIbi. I* 
 lOOinUundn 
 110,atenjtn|IMo"'l* 
 
 00, a.enjinnCSlo.lJIb'- 
 lier ll«l , 
 -), avers([lni!.WIl»-'«i 
 |iwardi per l(Xl { 
 
 tooo, 
 
 in 
 
 1000, 
 
 V 
 
 1000 
 
 lit 
 
 100(1 
 
 Gc 
 
 Cirss: 
 Uodiead 
 Bamboo, small 
 Bamboo TwJ|f* 
 Draffon • 
 v\nd other sons nr 
 
 the diameter of J< 
 
 of sn inch. 
 Or a rcnM)lif]at«J 
 
 inif for average, | 
 
 I 
 Canlhirides ■ 
 
 Caoutchouc. Ste Indi, 
 Capers 
 IaiinituplO||auge,i 
 
 I'anUmonu 
 
 Can»". 71 and under I 
 
 under 7(1 Miuare vardj 
 
 ('inawarwed-a« Seed 
 
 Cawi3, Liffiiea and huib 
 
 Or a conMplitlated ral 
 
 nett. 
 FlMula 
 Charcoal, anJmal . 
 
 ChBtnuu. Stf \ut9h 
 China root 
 
 China ware or porcelain : 
 
 alioTe 5(1 ami not eicee 
 
 41 'and not exceed 
 
 y> and not exceer 
 
 tldand not exceed 
 
 8 and not exceed 
 
 t and under 8 fei 
 
 undtrtfert 
 
 Cinnrmon. Sit ManaBom 
 
 CilTun.iniaJt • 
 
 Coiprr^ attindance am 
 JJUft In addition. 
 
 I r/JTrr^', *'" •''"'•'•adei 
 I Iwi*. .tmerjran : 
 uidfr i leri nibe . 
 ;Jft.Mdanderlnft. cu 
 ";'■ •• lift. „ 
 I '"'• II 2Uft 
 Clock .Mo.menli: " 
 
 md.r 1 cwt. i ,|r,. . 
 Ic.l.Sqn. ar„|,in,l„ J 
 
 !c»t. and under 3 cwt. 
 
 J Clom 
 
 * ■ '■"iMliil.i'fd rale 
 
 •'• n«t ,„ riMU an 
 
 II ™?'l"'^^""«tinb 
 
 |j2f'- *7ManaKeme,., 
 
 J (■,«!,. 2' "-.f""'' nett. 
 Ijfiwuiuilndlcm 
 
 Incail...'?"'^°""''i''"lei 
 
 l««iui;;id."^=i'ies. 
 
 |f*"''.|«nie„' 
 ■ 'womljoroot 
 
 |fi.°i;t:""«.'^-i»rio„i"«i 
 
 l^''""''«.>'««ce«l|„ 
 !&?"«'-» S,«ii:ed/ci, 
 
 "'"""?<^i'e'".,7L'l"-' 
 . in idiiSi!« " •" charie 
 
 Iw,, S?' '>». maire, . 
 
 I ,!«";, SAc'*"' •"">•» 
 
 I •'"dine, 7harf*^V 
 
 I "f 1 per quarter, ; ji. ' 
 
 Jsing, 
 
\- 
 
 DOCKS 
 Table of Rate$ ^c— continued. 
 
 605 
 
 Goods ImportMl 
 
 - 
 
 
 lUmboo, Mnall 
 
 BamliooTwIgt • - [ 
 
 An'Ki'n wrti not emimtralfd, lielnnof 
 
 0,°V?o™o'lij.trfr.te,includln« count. 
 1,3, for .»«•««. l"" lOOO' *•• •t^- 
 
 CinlhtTidn • " * * 
 
 ' Caoulchouc. S« India Bubbor. 
 
 Cipw • ■ ■ ' 
 
 ! U)inRuploRaUB(,a«T)»«lcch»rge. 
 
 ' cinUmoml • " " " 
 
 ' c«n»i'. ;" «"* ""■'*' "" "■""* '""*' 
 ' unikr ill "]"«™ .'""!'„ ,. , ", 
 : r,nV.«K«l-i« !m-«1 Mflicinal. 
 
 (Ir a coiiM>lUlaled rate 1». M. I>«r cwt. 
 
 IIUICI 
 KHU) 
 10(1(1 
 1U(K) 
 
 c»t. 
 
 bale 
 bnllut 
 
 cwt. 
 
 Landinc 
 Kate 
 
 cwt. 
 ton 
 
 r.wl. 
 case 
 
 box 
 
 nttl. 
 Fixuli • 
 Chitcoali inimal 
 Ihatmiu. S« Nut* 
 
 "■r/J5rnnof.t^in..nf...c,.Ue 
 40«nd not eiceedlnR M f>tt cube 
 30 and nnt exceeding 10 feel cube 
 aland not eiceedlnft 30 feet cube 
 * and not eaceedlng aO feet culie 
 t and under » feet cube 
 unii«4f«t • „' 
 
 Clnnjmm. S« Managomcnt Rates. 
 CUM, in alt • • • hogshMd 
 
 fMipei'i allrndance and lajing up to 
 
 ifiue* in addition. 
 PrMn-rd. Sk Sui-cades. 
 Clncl'. .tmftican: 
 unikt .'i f«t cube • - - case 
 
 3fi. jndander lOft. cube . - >■ 
 
 10 ft. „ I'lf'- .. • - .. 
 
 1,1 fi. „ KUft. „ ■ - .. 
 
 Clock Motements : 
 undn 1 cwi. J qrs. • „ - - ■• 
 
 Icwl. 3(lts- a^d nnder 4 cwt. - it 
 
 icit. and under 5 cwt, - - »• 
 
 Clow - ■ • - ""• 
 
 Or a conwlicl.iied rale of It. pi-r 
 cwt. nett in chrtU and casks, and 
 li. .U. pet cwt. nett in bags, sacks, or 
 mitt, 
 kochiscal. S« M.inaKeniei'l liates. 
 Cocoa • - . - - "'■ 
 
 ()r » consolidated rate. 
 In cavki, 10|d. per cwt. nett. 
 In l>Ht< ^d. per cwt. nett. 
 focoi nuls • • " 
 
 CocculUi Indlcus 
 C«litlsofH*mpor Fl-ix 
 If .old from landing scale— 
 To Importer 
 Bujfr 
 Cc<l« . - 
 
 Or a Consolidated Mate : 
 In caik! and caw's, llljd. per cwt. nett. 
 In bain, Kd. p«i cwt. nett . 
 In bap bulked, SH. per cwt. nett. 
 In ban not bulked, lijd. lier cwt. nett. 
 ICoir,unwrouRht,pr ■^s-p.^ckld • - ton 
 
 not pTfti lar k«l, .< packaKes - - „ 
 
 Rope, under fi Inches girth - - „ 
 
 Yun, in packages - - - „ 
 
 „ in dolU, loose - " - I, 
 
 r«bt(,s. See Cables. 
 Ifolnquinlida . • • • cwt. 
 
 I Criours, pa nteta' ■ • • ton 
 
 Irolomteroot • - - cwt. 
 
 ICcppft and copper nails . • - ton 
 
 ICojflwore . . - - „ 
 
 I If lome, filling and weighing at delirery 
 I orithouMng, U. per tun. 
 ICaqnilinnti .... llHIO 
 ICordijt, hempen, not exceeding 8 inches 
 1 pnh . - - ton 
 
 ICorUndrTucd-as Seed Medicinal. 
 ICotk ... -I, 
 
 When not taken away direct firom the 
 lindinj scale will be charged deliver)- 
 in iddillun as per rate*. 
 ^ki, manufactured . ■ - cwt. 
 
 JjPain, and iced, tii. : 
 
 , ballej, rye, maiie, and other 
 **>»! KTain, |ieas, horse or pigeon 
 beans Urei Jic. - - - ,. 
 
 Landing, vhArfage, housing and de- 
 liTe'inft, per quarter, yd. 
 EstlindU oil seeds: 
 undin(t, wharfage, housing, and de- 
 liiennj, per quarter, ;jd. . 
 
 100 
 
 cwt. 
 
 ton 
 
 ton .^f. 
 
 ton If. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 Re- 
 weigh, 
 inic 
 
 <. d. 
 
 ii 
 •i 
 
 f; 
 
 3 U 
 
 II .1 
 II li 
 
 1 6 
 O 4i 
 
 a 
 
 r. .1 
 
 .'> 
 
 7 B 
 
 10| 
 
 6 S 
 
 .1 
 
 .'. II 
 
 4 O 
 
 I n 
 
 5 U 
 7 
 
 -i 
 
 1 x 
 
 li 
 
 Repil- 
 Ing or 
 
 houbing 
 
 !] 
 
 n 'i 
 ■i 
 
 •I I 
 
 I H 
 
 S 6 
 
 S\ 
 
 'i .1 
 
 1) 
 
 1 K 
 I 8 
 
 1 K 
 t 4 
 
 4 
 
 <. d. 
 
 Dellwrj 
 by Land 
 
 I. d. 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 U 51 
 
 4 
 
 1 U 
 
 li 
 
 21 
 
 II 12 
 ■i 
 
 •i 1 
 
 1 H 
 
 ■i 6 
 
 'i 5* 
 
 1 H 
 
 1 8 
 
 2 4 
 
 Uelieer; 
 Water 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 II 4J 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 1 2 
 
 li 
 
 2 I) 
 
 I (i 
 
 I 6 
 
 I 11 
 
 I O 
 
 I 11 
 
 6 
 U 4 
 
 U 
 
 II .T 
 
 II 4 
 
 5 
 
 ^ 
 
 (I 4 
 
 U b 
 
 2) 
 
 G 
 II 2 
 .1 U 
 
 1 6 
 
 2 
 i I 
 
 1 8 
 
 2 6 
 
 .1J 
 
 2 H 
 
 li 
 
 1 8 
 1 8 
 
 n 4 
 
 1 8 
 
 2 4 
 
 Rent 
 
 I'er 
 Week 
 
 «. if. 
 
 (0 ^ 
 
 Jo 4 
 1 < 
 
 \\0 6 
 
 (0 A 
 
 n fi ,{0 n 
 
 2 II 
 
 I n 
 
 n n 
 
 3 6 
 4) 
 
 I 6 
 1 U 
 
 n 4i 
 
 II II 
 
 I 
 
 1 3 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 1 ti 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 1 6 
 
 (I « 
 4 
 
 ."5 
 
 .'> O 
 
 li X 
 
 .'< II 
 
 7 6 
 
 I O.J 
 
 (i 8 
 
 4\ 
 
 A O 
 
 5 O 
 
 I 
 
 .'> 
 
 
 4 
 U 2 
 
 10 
 
 OJ 
 3 
 
 74 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 Quantiliea &c. 
 
 case or caxk under 4 cwt. 
 case or cask 4 and under 8 
 
 cwt. 
 caae or cask K cwt. and up* 
 
 wards. 
 
 butt 
 
 I luncheon 
 logsbend 
 barrel 
 
 chest 
 
 tun, in bags 
 
 II 1 
 
 U 1 
 
 1 
 
 11 1) 
 
 I.I 
 
 6 
 
 C 
 
 3 
 II 7J 
 6 
 
 II 6 
 
 , 
 
 lo 4 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 li 
 It 71 
 2 
 2 
 
 01 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 9 
 
 4 3 
 
 J 10 
 
 I 
 
 . ■« -l 
 
 ,„„ (To take effect on and 
 "" \ftom Febru«y I, 1859. 
 
 
 r^Vlieatt ne, mntxe, 
 I and other heavj 
 J utain (except bar- 
 j l»*y), i>eai, Iiofms or 
 1 vii(eoii brans, tares - 
 
 Bar ley. 
 
 Eatt India oit seedi. 
 
 S ail 
 l>2 
 
 ' . I 
 
 
 '..I 
 
 : i 
 
''•■■riji 
 
 fi06 
 
 •■. ^f- 
 
 '/■:'. 
 
 M-':- 
 
 
 ''■ . ' 
 
 I, |< ■ ! 
 
 h m'r 
 
 X: 
 
 DOCKS 
 Table of Bates &fc. — continued. 
 
 Goods Imported 
 
 Com: p«r 
 
 Oats nnd other llKht Rrtln, landinfft 
 wharfage, houhinff, and uelirerinji. 
 
 per quarter, Ntf. 
 
 trunl 
 ton 
 
 Working nut and dellrering Into craft : 
 4 )aiii and malt - • 'iid. per qr. 
 
 Other K^Ain • « 3a. ,• 
 
 Cotton piece Koods, East India • • bale 
 
 boxorcaic 
 iinK 
 Cotton woolf Ka«t India, press-packed 
 not press-packed 
 Cotton seed : 
 
 in casks . . - - 
 
 in liaKs or loose, If weighed at lamlinft • 
 Filling and weighing; loose, at rehoubing 
 
 or dvlivetj, 2«. per ton. 
 If metered, as hgiit K^ain. 
 Cowries . . - - 
 
 Cream of Tartar 
 
 Oystal, rough - . - - 
 
 Cut>elM - - - - 
 
 Culiic nitre - - . - 
 
 Cummin sctfd— as Seed Me«.liclnal. 
 Currants : 
 
 ■i3 cwt. and upwards - . - 
 
 1 'i anil under '^5 cwt. - 
 ;> » lA „ - - , 
 
 5 M 9 ,. - 
 
 'J cwt. 'i qrs. and under 5 cwt> 
 under 2 cwt. u qrs. 
 ., 1 cwt. t qrs. 
 1 cwt. U qrs. ana under Scwt. 2 qrs, 
 
 cwt. 
 ton 
 
 butt 
 
 - pfpe 
 
 - cnrotel 
 
 - barrel 
 
 - i do. 
 score cases 
 
 case 
 
 about (iOllM. - • score twXL'S 
 
 Cutch. Hee Terra Japonica. 
 Dates: 
 
 undur 1 cwt. - - cask or case 
 
 1 cvf t. nnd under 'J cwt. - „ 
 
 '2 ,. » .T I. • » 
 
 ■T ,. .* .'> » 
 
 .'» >. „ 7 „ - „ 
 
 7 „ „ U ,. 
 
 b^tts or skins - - - cwt. 
 
 baskets . - - - ton 
 
 Diamonds, plate, pearN, jowels, precious 
 
 stones, and other valuable articles ac- 
 cording to size and value. 
 Diridivi - • - - „ 
 
 Filling and weighing, '.'i. per ton on 
 rehousing or delivery. 
 Dragons* blood - • - - cwt. 
 
 Drugs: not otherwise cnuinernled - ,, 
 
 Kau de Colognu, and |>erfumc<l spirits, in 
 
 bottles not exceeding 2 gillti each : 
 ■Lli) and under K(MI bottles - - cise 
 
 aOO „ 4'»0 „ - • ,* 
 
 under *^0(> ,, - - „ 
 
 Elephants' teeth &c. Am Ivory. 
 
 (jrinders . . - - ton 
 
 Emery stone. See Stone. 
 Essencfs, and perfumed spirits, tn Inrs, tins, 
 
 or large t>ottles : under 6ti lbs* ' case 
 
 Afi lbs. and under Kl Ihs. 
 
 81 n». „ 
 
 ll-jllis. 
 
 11-^ lbs. „ 
 
 lliS lbs. 
 
 ir>8 ibi. 
 
 2'2I Ills. 
 
 'J-J.\ \ba. „ 
 
 ■ibi Ills. 
 
 •iM Ills. „ 
 
 a»l) lbs. 
 
 mil iiii. „ 
 
 .-IIS lbs. 
 
 30K Ibl. „ 
 
 33li lbs. 
 
 Feathers, l>e<l - 
 
 - 
 
 Ostrich 
 
 Vulture : 
 balls or casks, 5 cwt. St under 74 cwt. 
 « .. 5 „ 
 
 under 'i cwt. 
 small bags under ,')(> lbs. 
 Fenugret'lt seed. See Seed, Medicinal. 
 Fibre, not oiherwiie ratetl : 
 liales, press or box pncketl 
 
 Iiackaxes not press packed 
 ooso . . - . 
 
 Figs: 
 
 chest, 3 qrs. to I cwt. 1 qr. 
 
 icheit, about .'ifi lbs. 
 chest, about 'iS lbs. 
 rums . - - - 
 
 k and i drums - - - 
 
 I or I IG dnuns 
 skeleton cases, containing boxes or 
 
 drums, under 'i cwt. 
 S cwt. and under t rwt. 2 qrs, 
 i cwt, '/ qrs. and under ^ cwt. 2 qrs. ■ 
 Fiih, preserved : t>oxcs containing tins, 
 under 56 lbs. ... 
 
 fi6 lbs. and under 84 lbs. 
 84 lbs. and upwards - 
 Flax . - . - - 
 
 If sold from landing scale: 
 to importer 
 to buyer 
 
 - package 
 
 Flour, including delivery bv land or water 
 Weighing on delivery, irre<iuired : 
 ItfTper barrel, chest, or sat-k. 
 9d. per 4 barrel, or A chest. 
 Weighing on board for transhipment : 
 2i, per ton. 
 Fruit. SH the Species;of Fruit. 
 
 cwi, 
 ton 
 
 ton 3s. M. 
 If. r»i. 
 
 [^andlnff 
 Kate 
 
 ne- 
 
 wrlKh- 
 iiiK 
 
 p 
 
 h 
 
 a. If. 
 
 a. d. 
 
 
 1 .1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■* 
 
 
 1) 9 
 
 
 
 3 II 
 
 \"-t 
 
 
 a » 
 
 •l 6 
 
 
 4 n 
 
 1 6 
 
 
 .■i 9 
 
 i 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 S 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 K 
 
 
 .') 
 
 I H 
 
 
 II 4) 
 
 n -l 
 
 
 r, 4 
 
 1 II 
 
 
 4 6 
 
 1 fi 
 
 
 ;; fi 
 
 1 I) 
 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 
 I .1 
 
 fi 
 
 
 (1 71 
 
 II 3 
 
 
 (1 !) 
 
 1) -l 
 
 
 4 3 
 
 10 
 
 
 r. 
 
 !i 
 
 
 t \\ 
 
 « 
 
 
 .0 
 
 -i 
 
 
 1) 71 
 
 1) 3 
 
 
 nio 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 .1 
 
 G 
 
 
 1 n 
 
 I) « 
 
 
 1 u 
 
 (1 8 
 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 B 
 
 I B 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 6 
 
 
 4) 
 
 'i 
 
 
 e 
 
 ."i 
 
 
 1 fi 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ,^ 
 
 
 6 
 
 .. 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 8 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 1 U 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 1 V 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 1 li 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 1 9 
 
 
 
 •I II 
 
 
 
 'I (i 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 .1 3 
 
 
 
 4 U 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 3J 
 
 
 n 61 
 
 
 
 I') o( 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■i B 
 
 II) 
 
 
 1 6 
 
 () B 
 
 
 6 
 
 'i 
 
 
 4 fi 
 
 1 S 
 
 
 i; 
 
 y 1) 
 
 
 8 
 
 'I u 
 
 
 4 .3 
 
 1 4 
 
 
 •I li 
 
 U 10 
 
 
 1 6 
 
 G 
 
 
 1 .1 
 
 :, 
 
 
 1 II 
 
 4 
 
 
 !) 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 n I 
 
 
 1 3 
 
 .1 
 
 
 (1 .T 
 
 1 
 
 
 (1 4 
 
 II 'I 
 
 
 II 41 
 
 II u 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 8 
 
 
 4 9 
 
 
 
 Re. , 
 
 pilhiBor "eli.erj 
 
 K4.I. b, Land 
 
 hoiuinic 
 
 f. i. 
 
 I R 
 
 I 8 
 
 1 8 
 
 'I 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 fi 
 
 I II 
 O 9 
 
 II B 
 3 
 O 'i 
 ll> 
 II !i 
 II 8 
 
 DeliTen 
 WatO 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 10 
 6 
 -l 
 
 I 8 
 
 •I 
 
 •i 6 
 
 1 4 
 
 U lU 
 
 6 
 
 !> 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 li 
 
 a 
 
 1 8 
 
 a. i. 
 
 3 6 
 
 I G 
 I 3 
 
 I R 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 8 
 
 'I 
 
 1 8 
 
 t a 
 
 II 8 
 
 U B 
 
 4 
 
 % 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 II -i 
 U 9 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 O fi 
 
 8 
 
 (I 4 
 
 ■I 6 
 
 3 
 4 
 .'i 
 
 1 
 10 
 I) 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 S 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 S 
 
 11) 
 
 6 
 
 fi 
 
 B 
 
 4 
 
 U b 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 l> 2 
 
 1 8 
 
 S 6 
 7 B 
 
 4 C 
 
 3 9 
 
 .'i 
 4 
 .'l 
 
 4 
 
 2 6 
 
 •I O 
 
 I 3 
 71 
 ,'> 
 .'> 
 
 II G 
 •i B 
 
 1 U 
 
 I G 
 
 I 9 
 
 II 3 
 6 
 
 U G 
 9 
 
 1 G 
 1 
 6 
 
 3 
 3 9 
 
 lOi 
 
 3 
 
 2 6 
 
 I 6 
 
 G 
 
 4 fi 
 
 6 O 
 
 7 G 
 
 5 
 4 U 
 
 1 
 
 I 3 
 
 1 6 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 fi 
 
 4 6 
 
 Rmt 
 
 Per 
 (Vaek 
 
 a. d. 
 
 It 
 
 o l{ 
 
 I 
 
 !> 
 
 (I G 
 
 }0 3» 
 
 O 3 
 
 U G 
 
 (I 7 
 
 0] 
 
 U 3 
 
 O 6 
 4 
 
 U 
 
 O 
 O 
 (I 
 2 G' 
 
 01 
 
 1 8 
 
 '% 
 
 
 
 (I 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 II 01 
 
 -,\ 
 
 t 
 
 3 
 
 nj 
 u iii 
 
 Oi 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 41 
 
 II 41 
 
 fo r 
 
 lo 11 
 
 10 2 
 
 Id 3 
 
 jo 2 
 
 lo 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 U Ul 
 
 4 
 
 ,'> 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 1} 
 
 II 2 
 
 2 
 
 0] 
 
 0, 
 
 II 
 
 
 2J 
 
 Quantlilfi&c. 
 
 fperlOOnuarlers.notir-liil 
 \lng InauAince from lirf. 
 
 100 
 
 bagorb.Ieunderttvt; 
 bBK 1) and under iewu 
 basS aad under Set 
 baie3andundeT3efU 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 Hood, 
 
 1 1 fnmimre : 
 
 45fi.antl under G.5 ft 
 
 % : y^ 
 
 under jn. rub.. 
 
 11 Gilai^al 
 
 J IJi,.! . 
 
 I'Ju'lfr. &. Terra Jaw 
 
 Ij IITSII.IU root 
 K (iia(tr 
 
 , . Or a ronsolld 
 In luf! and jiockcti, Urf 
 M India ; in taso,, 1,' 
 Hrtt India; in cjuks j 
 ■en, including larini. 
 FMerred. Am i^ie 
 
 ■ tiiwfliirroot . . 
 
 ■ oiUiCommoD window 
 
 ■ iiui'luir, or beards. s„\ 
 
 lUuila 
 
 J Urifonwlidaledllaieof 
 
 ■on« in paclra^ea und'er ,', , 
 I,. , ™ls, •'' cvn. and u 
 ■Omminuti, in shell 
 
 Fung and «.«Khin(( at i 
 
 ■Iimnd nut kenids 
 
 IllUA' 
 
 Kyiwpaini . ' ""• 
 I* ™^oiherwi,e rated, I< 
 
 I KutW . 
 
 fciiniFttiiia . 
 
 iiT iiw, ox, or cow 
 
 ^*lfllhora:,,aclaBe'oflo.i; 
 
 fclO dozen and'not eac-; 
 
 I ™"''':""'^''.'"»tex«, 
 twerwt . I " 
 
 r-f,!!!!!;.- . 
 
 Mliom landing scale- " 
 
 l^ao^rd!s^^«< 
 
 M"»lM,|ir»s.|«cked 
 J !'"'press-|iacked| 
 
 ; '"to, landed in bundles or f 
 N'"eford,liJ'eT"K' '"'"«. 1 
 
 ^lMlouM„r ''"'""'•■»k'>f 
 !?"■>? (looser 1 
 
 'i;.'«S,'~"-°-'"«i^d„„r| 
 
 """I'wlnoose") 
 
 iJ^Jnotncfedingjijii,- 
 
 ^1 III. . 
 
 ■ " 6 cwt. 
 
 ' "'*'""«. or rewelgli 
 
DOCKS 
 Table of Rates S^c, — continued. 
 
 607 
 
 Goods Imported 
 
 '"Jl'ft. ml under M ft. cube - cue or paekine 
 /, ,, 4'. „ „ 
 
 i, „ « .. 
 
 ; ,1 '* " »• 
 
 nnd« S ft. cuu- ■ - i 
 
 tilmiil ■ 1 ' * 
 
 Oraltr. SM Terra Japonlca. 
 
 ijjiiilfflte . - - - 
 
 irtiiijuroot - - - " 
 
 '""^ Or a ConMlldaecd Rale !— ' 
 
 In t}ifs and pocketi, i>rf. per cwt. nett. 
 
 )i.tlndia: in ca»ps, U. per cwt. nett. 
 
 Vint India: in coskif If. id, «er cwt, 
 
 r.rtl, including larlnR. 
 
 preieired. A'« Succades. 
 
 ijinvdit: root - * ■ 
 
 |l,«u>,connroon window - 
 
 (rtwj'iuir, ortiearda. Aet Wool. 
 
 lliuin. i'«Com. 
 
 uiiComolidaled Rale of '2j. UJ. per cwt, 
 
 (JTiivthina - - - 
 
 bnw in pacl^afC" ""''";"=""• , 
 ' casks, 'i cwt. and upwards 
 
 (irwnilnuts, inslicll • 
 
 'i.ini; and wtiKhing at rehousing or 
 
 ddiien, ii. per Ion. 
 GiMUid nut lienifla - - - 
 
 (imj and wciuhinK loose at rchousinK 
 ailtli«i),l<. iierton. 
 
 ini, nol olherwiiC rated, loose, or in 
 ViUjt! . - - - 
 
 Ruiiw . - - - 
 
 cwt. 
 ton 
 
 cwt. 
 
 ton 
 
 cwt. 
 
 cwt, 
 ton 
 
 cwt, 
 nett, 
 cwt. 
 ton 
 
 cwl, 
 ton 
 
 kotuiffcha - 
 
 iiit hew, ox, or cow 
 
 «,i«l»jmt jiackaReof 10 doicn and 
 I Mai • .- " , . , " 
 
 IjlottlOdojcn and not exceeding Ij 
 
 I Aloit 15 doMn and not exceeding 80 
 
 MlBl • • " ■ t» 
 
 wetoot - - - " cwt 
 
 jtiiliiliic • - • - ton 
 
 p«!il from landing scale : 
 
 Tu importer .'i. t»d. per ton, 
 - Tol.ii>cf li. [ler ton. 
 
 I hii\>eir\, box, or prtfts-packcd - »» 
 
 Ifioiafrom landing scale : 
 lolmi'.irter Tii. \»er Ion. 
 lolmjtr li. j«r ton. 
 l-iJinilia, l>nss-l>acked - - it 
 
 not press-packed I . . ^^ 
 
 in fiackages / 
 
 lOinicr Japan. Sm China Grass, 
 libvetulted, landed loose or In bundles, 
 ItdrrtuirinKto be tied up, a consoii- 
 llirimeof '«». per IINI, including 
 IWM.wharfane, housing, taring, tjing 
 lit tith, and cord, and weighing ior 
 
 TtiillTT. 
 
 >, Bid, lanjed in bundles or loose, 
 M rt^irinn tying up, a consohdated 
 Kini 1/1. iJ. per 10", Including Lind- 
 liK, vharfaj^e, housing, taring, and 
 ^Bjhmi; for delivery. 
 It, dillo, in buniilts imported from 
 bW Bay and Cape of (iood Ho]te. 
 Vinuement rate, comprising landiiif), 
 ptJmac, hcusinK, or piling on quay, 
 uimiupeii, shaking out salt, assorting 
 flwiei's directions, taring, weighing 
 K nni^e, relying into bundles, and 
 tt^jiVoir from the importer to the 
 fce.iili.M. per liXlhidcs or skins on 
 It lotil out-turn. 
 
 t, ■» tailed, from South America, 
 didaltd rate, romjirisiiig landing, 
 ufK(e,titiusintf, tarinu, tying tip in 
 1^ of t hides each, cord, and 
 !ii;nc from impovtet to the buyers 
 plwhidM, ni.ca. 
 
 ttW, dry (loose) - - 100 
 
 INcto-.heTwiseenaimcraled : dry or dry 
 1 ulltdlloosel . - - .» 
 
 j Wei salted (loosed • • ,» 
 
 from South America „ 
 
 I iBhindte . - 100 hides 
 
 I", or buffalo : wet sailed (loose) • 10" 
 IflMllHl, withsh^rt homii • - „ 
 
 ih^,* not enumerated : dry or dry 
 "tlwhe): averaging more than U'i 
 |tKh . ■ . ■ „ 
 
 b. uid not exceeding ^2 lb. - „ 
 
 |ll>-lndunderl'^ lb. * • ,, 
 
 ■ nil.. . . . „ 
 
 MiniitT 4 c*t. - - bale 
 
 G cwt. " • „ 
 
 Landing 
 Kau 
 
 «, d. 
 
 H 
 S 
 4) 
 
 3 
 i 
 
 4t 
 S 
 
 3 9 
 U 6 
 
 6 
 
 S U 
 
 i 
 
 4i 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 1 II 
 O .1 
 
 4 6 
 
 3 O 
 
 4 6 
 
 9 .T 
 B 9 
 4 li 
 3 tl 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 He- 
 weigh- 
 Ing 
 
 a, if. 
 
 •• 
 
 1 iP 
 
 2 
 
 1 8 
 -i 
 
 H 
 
 1 8 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 1 8 
 1 V 
 1 6 
 
 1 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 if 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 8 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 2 O 
 
 1 2 
 
 2 
 
 i 6 
 
 2 1 
 4 2 
 2 10 
 2 1 
 4 2 
 
 a a 
 
 Repil- 
 Ing or 
 Re- 
 housing 
 
 a. d. 
 
 U 
 
 1 8 
 
 2 
 
 1 8 
 2 
 
 U 
 
 1 8 
 
 3 
 
 1} 
 
 1 8 
 I 2 
 1 G 
 
 1 3 
 U G 
 
 2 
 
 2 U 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 8 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 li 
 
 2 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 2 
 
 2 
 
 Delivery 
 by Land 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 1 
 4 2 
 2 in 
 2 I 
 
 4 2 
 
 5 6 
 
 n 2 
 2 
 (* 2 
 
 IJ 
 
 1 8 
 
 3 
 
 It 
 
 1 8 
 I 2 
 I G 
 
 1 .t 
 1 U 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 O li 
 
 2 U 
 
 1 2 
 
 i 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 I 
 
 4 2 
 
 2 111 
 
 2 I 
 
 4 2 
 
 5 B 
 
 Deliver; 
 
 hj 
 Water 
 
 r, 
 
 .'< 
 41 
 
 41 
 
 5 O 
 
 4} 
 
 i I) 
 
 3 B 
 
 4 B 
 
 3 9 
 1 6 
 
 fi 
 
 G 
 G 
 41 
 
 G 
 
 5 
 n 6 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 41 
 4 
 
 3 G 
 
 4 
 
 7 6 
 
 6 3 
 12 fi 
 
 Rent 
 
 Per 
 Week 
 
 s. d. 
 
 4 
 O 3 
 " 2 
 lA 
 I 
 lU 
 10 
 
 10 
 O III 
 O 6 
 
 in 
 
 G 
 
 01 
 
 fi 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 II 4 
 
 II G 
 
 U 1 
 
 n u 
 
 2 
 
 III 01 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 u 
 
 (1 2 
 
 I) 10 
 
 5 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
 Quantities &c. 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 10 
 II 6 
 fi 
 ID 
 2 
 
 111 
 II 8 
 
 i; 
 
 I) 4 
 1 
 2 
 
 per 
 
 ton, casks, or cases 
 
 ton, bags 
 
 ton 
 
 bale, case, or box under .' 
 
 cwt. 
 bale 3 and under .'i cwt. 
 Imle 5 cwt. and under 7 cwl. 
 cwt, loose 
 
 !P 
 
 4 ;■ 
 
 fc«ii!Mii»chai(!eaWc to the Importer is to be charged at the rale of J of iliclamllng rate, but this rule U not to apply to anj other 
 
 T",«r 10 any weighing, or reweigning, under any other circumstances. 
 
 >i' I' 
 
 ; ifc!.;^,i;^te. 
 
.■■ .';;« 
 
 508 
 
 '- ''l 
 
 ' ! ' i 
 
 a; I 
 
 ■' . I 
 
 
 i( ,ti^: •;. 
 
 
 .?.■• 
 
 k;* 
 
 .1 
 
 i 
 
 DOCKS 
 Table of Hatei jrc. — continued. 
 
 (jooda ImjKirted 
 
 (MhtT hides* in b«l«t : l>er 
 
 6 cwf. iiDilunder 10 cwt* • • tale 
 
 lOcwU t, l^rwt. - - ,f 
 
 lAcwt. M !f(>cwl, - - It 
 
 ItOcwt. „ KS c»l. • • i> 
 
 U cwl. „ ^0 cwt. - • „ 
 in caiiki, laniling rale and rait the same 
 an tn baltft. 
 
 LoAh ■ - • - bale or cliect 
 
 Hide cultlnKi : 
 
 Tannerk' waste or clli>|iln({Sf in bates - ton 
 
 cwt. 
 
 Hone; t in Jati or cases - 
 
 In keKS . • > - 
 
 In liarrels . . • • 
 
 In larite casks 
 Coo|ier*s altendince In addition* on 
 crude or wild hone;. 
 Hoofs - . - - • 
 
 Hops - . . - - 
 
 Hontii* Ox* Cow, or Hiiiriilo ; 
 
 l.oose* including cuuiitin ^ at landing - 
 In (jurkaites ... 
 
 TiiM and plaies* loofie 
 
 In |)iicka4;i's ... 
 
 Hart, Stag* or Deer, loose* Including 
 
 counting at laiiUinK 
 
 In |iackA^*» ... 
 
 Rharinfcs and waste ... 
 
 Indian com : crushed - - * 
 
 India rubber : 
 
 In blocks, or in packages containing 
 bottles .... 
 Loow, in bottles or sniatl iiieces 
 JiMlifto* East India. Set Management 
 Hales. 
 Not Kast India 
 
 Or a Consolidated Kale of It. Cil. |>cr 
 cwt. nett. 
 Ipecacuanha • . . 
 
 Iron, bar, rod* or pig : 
 
 Consolidated rate, comprisinn InndinR. 
 
 wharfaKe, surting, and weiithiiiK at 
 
 landing, and delivering, !n. |ier tun - 
 
 Lighterage* if done hy Company, U. bd* 
 
 per ton. 
 Old, other than scrap 
 Scrap .... 
 
 Manufactures or packaK^'S nut other- 
 wisedi^'ibed, or sheet 
 Isln^Iasa .... 
 
 iTory . . . . - 
 
 Scrap .... 
 
 Jalap- .... 
 
 •Tunk or old roue . . - 
 
 .Jute* prcss'packetl ... 
 Kitlool, or black titire . . - 
 
 Lac dye. Sft Management Kates. 
 Lacquered ware : 
 
 abore M ft. and not excd. tiH ft. cube . 
 40 fl. ,. .'lOft. 
 
 .1(1 ft. „ ■lOft. 
 
 voir. „ .VI ft. 
 
 hft. „ VUft. 
 
 4 ft. and under 8 ft. . 
 under 4 ft.- 
 Lard . . . . - 
 
 Lead . . • - . 
 
 OrearuUold- 
 
 Black .... 
 
 l,eathert Foreign (tanned) 
 LeilKms. A'reOianges. 
 
 chest 
 liox 
 Ion 
 
 Ike Juice 
 
 1(10 gallons 
 
 Laying up to gang**, and cooper's nt- 
 tentlance at lnn<ling and delivery , form 
 a separate charge. 
 Linen. Kussia • . . - 
 
 half bale* containing 10 pieces or 
 boarded bale 
 
 bale 
 
 Crash 
 
 Sail cloth ... 
 
 in mats, containing S pie<-es 
 Amerhan Hilot Duck Cloth : 
 
 bale, 2 cwt. and undel 4 cwt. 
 „ under V .:wt. 
 
 «|uarler-luiie 
 
 bale 
 
 half.hale 
 
 quarter- liale 
 
 bolt or roll 
 
 each 
 
 Liquorli^ root • 
 
 Paste or block ... 
 
 .Tuice, stick, or extract of 
 Lychees, under .'((i lbs. ... 
 
 66 ills, and under 1 rwu 
 Macaroni, tire Vermicelli. 
 Mace. . . . . 
 
 Or a consolidated rate of ii. Gd. per cwt. 
 nett. 
 Madder .... 
 
 Koots . . • . 
 
 Manganese ore ... 
 
 Filling and weighing on delivery or re. 
 housing, U. per Ion. 
 Manna .... 
 
 Marble : 
 
 Manufactured* sculptured works of art* 
 
 and slaba : 
 Charged according lo the site and value. 
 
 liox 
 ca*e 
 
 ton 
 
 cwt. 
 
 ton 
 
 I.anding 
 Hate 
 
 1 6 
 
 .1 fl 
 
 a II 
 
 u G 
 
 4) 
 
 o jl 
 
 U 3 
 
 o .•» 
 
 U 3 
 
 II 6 
 
 (I 41 
 
 (I fi 
 
 U 4) 
 
 U .1 
 6 U 
 
 (I 41 
 
 u a 
 
 u 
 fi 
 
 .- 4 
 
 a 
 
 .', 
 
 (I y 
 
 (I KI.J 
 
 (I 6 
 
 6 
 
 3 6 
 
 .1 
 
 7 6 
 
 6 
 U 
 (i 
 C 
 U 
 U 
 6 
 U 
 .1 
 5 U 
 
 1 n 
 
 1 
 
 3 4J 
 
 (I 4 
 5 
 
 Re. 
 
 weigh, 
 ing 
 
 l| 
 
 2 
 U 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 I H 
 
 II lU 
 I u 
 1 3 
 1 8 
 
 4i 
 3 
 
 4} 
 
 3 4 
 
 1 8 
 
 2 6 
 
 4 
 
 ij 
 
 1 x 
 
 U 3i 
 
 Repil. 
 
 'it" 
 housing 
 
 f. d. 
 
 I u 
 
 I 4 
 
 I 6 
 
 V ') 
 
 X 6 
 
 I 2 
 
 1 8 
 
 K 
 
 U 
 
 I 
 
 O lA 
 l| 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 (1 
 
 t 
 
 II 
 
 •i 
 
 II 
 
 H 
 
 (1 
 
 »♦ 
 
 u 
 
 •i 
 
 u 
 
 K 
 
 11 
 
 •' 
 
 U I 
 
 1 H 
 
 8 
 U 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 •^1 
 
 U 
 
 3 
 
 1 It 
 I U 
 H 6 
 
 I 8 
 U lU 
 I 
 I 3 
 
 1 8 
 
 4] 
 
 3 
 
 M 
 
 4i 
 
 II 3 
 
 U %\ 
 
 (I Ul 
 
 U 1 
 
 4! 
 
 U )l\ 
 
 3 4 
 
 1 8 
 t 6 
 
 4 
 
 1 U 
 
 l{ 
 
 1 « 
 
 .-.J 
 
 Delivery 
 by Land 
 
 8 
 
 \i 
 
 a II 
 
 if 
 
 n sj 
 
 u t 
 
 (I n 
 
 n 
 U 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 I -i 
 
 I H 
 
 I 8 
 
 U 3) 
 
 O 31 
 
 U -i 
 
 3 
 •i (I 
 
 1 U 
 
 t b 
 
 III 
 
 1 
 I 3 
 1 8 
 
 *i 
 
 ■il 
 
 U 1 
 
 n 
 
 31 
 
 Uellvery 
 
 by 
 Waltr 
 
 n 4) 
 
 u 41 
 
 I) li 
 
 II 6 
 
 H 
 
 U 6 
 
 7J 
 
 II U 
 
 6 
 9 
 
 g 
 
 •) 
 
 3 4 
 
 i II 
 
 4 
 Olllt 
 UlllI 
 U 6 
 
 I -4 
 
 1) 91 
 
 75 
 
 1 -A 
 
 1 U 
 
 I 14 3 41 
 O li (I 41 
 
 3 6 
 
 10] 
 
 Kent 
 
 Per 
 Week 
 
 fi 
 
 II II) 
 
 1) (11 
 
 OKI 
 OKI 
 (I 4 
 U 5 
 
 01 
 U 1 
 
 I 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 U U 
 
 !i 
 
 II 10 
 
 1 
 
 u 111 
 
 
 tl lljl 
 
 ■ 3 
 
 3 
 
 (> 
 
 (0 .'I 
 H 3 
 
 lo -I 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 -t 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 % 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 fl 
 
 [d 1(1 
 
 fi 
 
 1(1 
 
 01 
 
 1 
 
 0| 
 
 c 
 ■\ 
 .1 
 
 Quanlilies &> , 
 
 Per 
 
 cwl. in cases 
 
 .iar 
 
 keg 
 
 barrel 
 
 ton 
 
 ton 
 
 |KK ket or bale, under J i«i. 
 
 From dau of bnikim lu 
 
 bale, alioul 3 cwt. 
 11 est. 
 
 Kiincheon 
 oftshead 
 barrel 
 
 lOlllKillsorrolli 
 KHI tiia(s VL |>ittei) 
 
 Ifo^e 
 
 ill jiackages 
 
 chest or csik 
 
 .UarMct 
 Huujjh, in casej 
 
 \ Ions and und 
 abort! I lon^ am 
 shore 111 tons 
 .Wals, liass 
 
 ;"'■?"• •"•"•"itl- at 
 llrlado— a.i Jiugar 
 
 .MiflaMnaiid lane jui 
 "TaronwlKl.itMlr^ 
 
 «.K,, Hi.k or J. tian. 
 
 .llwlier.o'iiearl shell,. 
 
 IxMM 
 
 II ill i«i-ksgi-i . 
 J Munjrri, it) bales 
 
 In Sndles or hags 
 .Mu.i,alin.lriiincnt.i 
 
 " stmnti'ifeetaiidnoi 
 .. lifett 
 
 nlifiTUnd under 
 
 I .'liralelaai 
 
 [.U'trh. .VfrUum. 
 I .Nail, . 
 I Natron 
 
 filiinj and weighing' 
 I.Niilmrsi _»i".|ie 
 
 l''aicn«lidalcdrale" 
 I nrit. 
 
 |.V"t.,llarie|ona,Braiil.[ 
 • >pani.li, and walnuu 
 I un'irt 
 J abor,ii„J„„,5,j^ 
 
 ■ .>mlomiu . 
 
 |Uil : * 
 
 tsitor, in casfs 
 
 „,. In casks 
 
 Olirr.injars— 
 t"|«j,irs 
 
 (min-.onjari 
 
 ...ud"^'".- : 
 
 fslni and cocoa nut,' In 
 
 {"X:?a;:.Xr™t.., 
 
 J £;£;*'!""''''"« a, 
 
 Py .'"'-* Tom, : 
 ■ 'teiliw.ij . • 
 
 t'«K. .i^rJunj. - 
 
 I, " "l -" • 
 B]'"l<'Paclagf, " 
 
 "so "J lemon, 
 
 |,"flo.CT»a,„. 
 fir'"".'"* J«». - , 
 Kio""''"'" needing 
 
 P"a»eed I 
 
 Rail 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 Pf"™ craft wh u "/quaj 
 
DOCKS 
 Tabic of Ratei $fc. — continued. 
 
 rj09 
 
 riolK 
 
 lca>k 
 
 
 
 
 [.anding 
 Hate 
 
 He- 
 
 welKh. 
 
 Repll- 
 
 housing 
 
 Dellnrr 
 bjLina 
 
 Dcllnr; 
 
 by 
 Water 
 
 Kent 
 
 1 
 
 (!«xl» ImiKWled 
 
 I'er 
 Week 
 
 ^antkiea Stc. 
 
 ■ Kwijh.incMW - • - '»'• 
 
 «. 
 
 II 
 
 ■f. 
 u 
 
 I. d. 
 
 f. <;. 
 
 U 
 
 d. 
 
 2 
 
 I. d. 
 
 II • 
 
 >. d. 
 2 
 
 |ier 
 
 
 Delivered Into 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c,"a?;!',ttn «'h"nr"»> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of2.Si!alni,or ihlPPlnK 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 3 
 
 12 cubic firt 
 
 
 
 4 loni and uniler - ,.• ,„ • ">" 
 iliore 1 Iim« and not ciceedind 10 inn* „ 
 abore U( tons - • • tt 
 
 >. d. 
 
 3 II 
 
 4. 
 
 4 
 
 (f. 
 fi 
 
 10 
 
 •ia 
 1 
 
 II 
 (1 
 
 »1 
 
 '•'■ 
 
 ■* 
 
 o" 
 
 'fil 
 
 «""8J 
 
 3 
 11 3 
 6 
 
 .'. 
 III II 
 
 ih 
 
 fi 
 II 
 
 Mals,l.a« - „- ■ - 100 
 
 lUU bundles 
 
 
 M.jlsi'fW*^"^'"** ''*"• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \lula»i^aiHli'!»ne.)""'e • • ton 
 
 ■ ||,,ronM>iidalnlrateof9».p«lon nctt. 
 
 \I,M, R<« k of l> eland • - - .. 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 8 
 
 \ 
 
 8 
 
 3 4 
 
 4i 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 2 6 
 
 i 6 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 7 6 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 MmlKio'peail .Iwllj : 
 
 iMt ■ • • - .-. 
 
 IiiimkagM- ■ - - .. 
 Mnnjirt, in bata - • - '«'• 
 
 In HjndiM or bag" • • • •! 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 u 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 G 
 
 •i 3 
 1 K 
 U 
 
 u ui 
 
 « 3 
 
 1 H 
 
 14 
 u n) 
 
 2 
 2 
 II 
 
 
 3 
 it 
 
 6 9 
 fi 9 
 II 41 
 
 -1 
 
 u oj 
 
 ton 
 
 
 Mu'lral inilrinntnt* : ,. ,„ _ 
 
 ■ .bote 3.'i fret and not e»c.«rting fiO fiTt caie 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 ,, 
 
 .. 
 
 1 
 
 fi 
 
 4 6 
 
 n 4 
 
 
 
 , ISfett II M fifl 
 
 .1 
 
 II 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 <l 
 
 II 3 
 
 
 
 1 I'.ftet and under - - - box 
 
 1 
 
 ft 
 
 
 .. 
 
 II 
 
 6 
 
 1 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Islitilolaai - - - - ton 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 l"8 
 
 1 H 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 I.Mirrh. .-«(iuni. 
 
 1 Sill, . . - - - cwt. 
 1 Nition . - • - ton 
 r r.lliniandwelRhlng looae on delivery 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
 n 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 n nj 
 
 barrel or big 
 
 
 3 
 
 u 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 3 U 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 orrthouiingii". iwrton. 
 
 IXulmKi . - - - cwt. 
 
 1 Dia.cnaliaalcdraleof 1». M.percwl, 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 !i 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 oto 
 
 ton - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iNub.llanelona.nraiil, chestnut!, filU'Tls, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ' S|>aiii>h, and walnuts : U bushels and 
 
 1 aWii ud not eiceedinn 4 bushels : bagoruuk 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 inn h.iir< 
 
 
 I) 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 
 o"i4 
 
 II 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 imi bags or sacks 
 
 
 ■ NutVonlia . . - - cwt. 
 
 
 
 o'lj 
 
 
 
 >i 
 
 4) 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 
 ■ La*»,inca!<'S • • - .i 
 
 ■ in casks ... ton 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 fi 
 
 i 
 
 •i u 
 
 n 2 
 2 u 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 fi 
 6 U 
 
 }o 8 
 
 Ion 
 
 
 ■ Olite.injars — 
 
 ■ bruej-tfi - • . cwt, 
 H Common jars * * * ii 
 H Half jars •"'*,, 
 
 ■ sijad . . half chest of 30 flasks 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 s 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 
 2 
 
 fi 
 
 6 
 
 ) each 
 
 
 
 (1 
 
 fi 
 fi 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 .-. 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 U 8 
 H 
 
 11 3 
 II 2 
 
 1 :: 
 
 
 U 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 C 
 
 2t 
 
 score i chou 
 
 
 H film and cocoa nut, in casks not ex- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ trriinK jil cwl. each - Ion 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 1 .1 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 9 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 ■ In iiTRe tasks above ."0 cwt, - - „ 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 1 6 
 
 I fi 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 4 6 
 
 l0 4 
 
 
 
 ■ In unks,r)1)cwt. and under - - i. 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 fi 
 
 1 
 
 fi 
 
 4 6 
 
 
 
 ■ .\boie.>Ucwt. • 11 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 ^1 >eiil, in dui>)iersi canisters, 'nd like 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^B |ia(ka{;es • • - - cwt. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 0} 
 
 
 
 ■ PeiTunarv52 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ Im|ierial Gallons 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 01 Ire 1 J**^ 
 "'««', fou'n'd. 
 
 New- 
 found- 
 land 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^H Undine, vhju-fuRe, lay. 
 
 1 land 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^H ing u,> tu f;aut;e, anil 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^H cuii«f'i attendance al 
 
 ^B lindin^^';. 
 
 I. ■/. «• rf. 
 
 a. if. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i t; 'i U; 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^H Sfirchin){and filling up 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^H liourdeT) 
 
 in 10 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^H iMiiip h; land from 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^H iluaf,'aThou!tin|{- 
 
 1 fi, 1 6 IS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^H DiHiTtn tiy lanil from 
 
 1 . -i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H mil . . • . 
 
 1 6, 1 6 1 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^H Dtliierj by water fruiii 
 
 , ' , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^H Tiultorquay 
 
 4 6 3 .10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^■* Kent per wefk • ■ 6 4 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^K a ronsolJdatiHl rate of '«• per tiin on New- 
 ^^Bdlind oil ; InrludinK delivery from the quay and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^■morth'i. rtint from the dale of ship'ft re|Kirt, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^Kiirit^exreptioopeTinKa If not delivered viihin 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^■month, the U!>ual delivery rates will attach. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^■mW ... - ton 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 6 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 ^BTot«. SffJunk. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^Brb, about IV KalloDS ^-barrel 
 ^^Ki 11 f! II - |-barrel 
 
 n 
 
 4 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 
 1) 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 3 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 11 3 
 
 llj 
 
 II ii! 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 (I 
 
 llj 
 
 2J 
 
 
 
 ^^ninut 'i quaru, h'lnall keg - score 
 
 1 
 
 ii 
 
 .. 
 
 • , 
 
 II 
 
 U 
 
 I fi 
 
 (1 2 
 
 
 
 ^^Bvintja^ • - *> 
 
 
 
 !) 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 II 9 
 
 II 1 
 
 
 
 ^^Bn large packages, - per 100 Kallona 
 
 •i 
 
 1 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 u 
 
 9 
 
 2 1 
 
 a 3 
 
 tierce 
 
 ' 
 
 ^^■^Muk u|i In cau^e in addition. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 barrel, 30 gallons 
 
 
 ^^■or.t, about V huttiels • box 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 ^^WboTe :t bu&hels 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 ^^■om .... 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 0"2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 fi 
 
 I 
 
 chest, under 3 cwt. 
 
 
 ^^Viget ind lemons - chest 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 II fi 
 
 II 1 
 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 (1 
 
 4 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 IJ 
 
 II 4 
 
 II ni 
 
 
 
 ^^^K 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 l{ 
 
 
 
 ^^Bnzf flover water : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^K*^ fontaininK \ax%» 5 eallonii and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^Hnndtr .... ca.se 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 II II 
 
 
 
 ^^^Biurt .'land not exceeding lOgnltons - 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 ^^■tx'^elO l^Kaltons - 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^^■Kl .... 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 n s 
 
 2 
 
 II 
 
 2 
 
 II 6 
 
 1 3 
 
 ton 
 
 
 ^^V!3«eed ... -tun 
 
 (i 
 
 fi 
 
 s le 
 
 2 2 
 
 2 
 
 » 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 ^Mnnt 
 
 - 
 
 11 
 
 i 
 
 U 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 Jo chnrtre made for rent if cleared fVom the quay within 14 darsfVom final landlnft; but after that period the oil delivered from the 
 •ill k juhjeci to a weekly quay rent until the expiration of one calendar month from the commencement of the shlp'h cliKharKe, or first 
 T[|«n cral\, when the charae for housing will attach on the qu.mlity remaininsi with rent from the day of the shtp'a breaking bulk, oi 
 ><iiDR from crafty and any idditional coopering neceuary will be performed and charged for at the usual rates. 
 
r 
 
 610 
 
 ( ' ,. 
 
 
 w. 
 
 \K'i' ^•' 
 
 
 
 DOCKS 
 Table of Rate* ^c— continued. 
 
 Goods Imported 
 
 per 
 
 ton 
 
 quart* » 
 tci 
 
 • bundl* 
 *f 
 
 rate 
 
 ton 
 
 cwt. 
 
 Oxide of zinc 
 Paildv, i* bulk ■ 
 
 In bag! 
 I'ailB, American t 
 
 In bundle* containing 6 each 
 ., I!i ., 
 
 About I cwt. 1 qn. • 
 Palm kernels - 
 Falinetto thatch 
 
 ra[»CT • -••-,» 
 
 Kice— a3 Lacquered Ware. 
 
 Pegs, cloihci , . - - barrel 
 
 About 4 rwt. - • CAM 
 
 BuMM containing 6 groM each - tcore boxes 
 
 Packages containing 6 boxes, each 
 
 6 griM • . • package 
 
 Ditto, 4 boxes, each G grots • - i* 
 
 Ditto, 3 It *i 6 ,> - * M 
 
 Shoe .... barrel 
 
 In caiiCM containing bags, about 2 cwt. 
 
 3 qrs. . . . • case 
 
 Ditto, about A cwt. 2 <[rs. - - i* 
 
 Fellitor; root ... - cwt. 
 
 Fepiicr - - - - Ion 
 
 Or a Consolidated Rate t 
 In bags, 8f . 6d. per ton nett. 
 Incases, li)«. „ „ 
 Long or Cajenne ... cwt. 
 
 Piassava - - • - ton 
 
 Pickles ... iozen bottles 
 
 In casks .... gallon 
 Laying up to gauge it a separate charge. 
 
 Pill boxes— OS Toys. 
 
 Pimento .... cwt. 
 
 Or a Consolidated lUte including bulking : 
 In casks, 1«. \d, per cwt. ne(t> 
 In bags. It. I, „ 
 
 Pink root .... owl. 
 
 Plums, Portugal : 
 
 Boxes, in canvas packages • - dozen 
 
 In cases containing boxet or cartoons, 
 
 1 cwt. gross and under - - case 
 
 Above 1 cwt. gross and not exceeding 
 
 *Z cwt. - • - - |» 
 
 Above t cwt. grots and not exceeding 
 3 cwt. - - - • „ 
 
 Pomegranate peel ... cwt. 
 
 Presents— Consolidated Hate : 
 
 Examined on the quay : packages of 
 small value, and not exce^ing 15 in. t, d. 
 square, or ^ lbs. gross weitfht . pkg. fi 
 Above ditto and under 1 cwt. - „ 10 
 1 cwt* and under V cwt. - „ 1 fi 
 
 8 cwt. and upwards • ,» 3 U 
 
 Examined within the warehouse : pack- 
 ages of small value, and not exceeding 
 I.^ inches square, oi Ui lbs. gross «. J. 
 weight ... package 1 <i 
 Above ditto and under 1 cwt. ■ „ U 6 
 
 1 cwi. and under 2 cwt. - t* ♦ ** 
 
 2 cwt. and upwards - • tt 5 
 Preserves. Ste Succades. 
 Prunes or French plums : 
 
 7 cwt* and upwards • 
 5 >, under 7 cwt. 
 * I, »» ** i» 
 
 •i „ 
 
 hhd. or pun. 
 
 - barrel 
 
 - i-barrel 
 , 'barrel 
 i-barret 
 
 chest 
 A -chest, score 
 
 Sa " 
 
 Under 1 cwt. 
 
 About I, • - 
 
 5(i lbs. 
 •J8 lbs. 
 Cane* containing boxes or cartoons^ 
 Pli .ns from I'ortuffai. 
 Pumice stone. See Stone. 
 QuiclisilTer . - - 
 
 Radix contrajervic 
 
 senekK - - • 
 
 Rags, in bales - - - 
 
 Raisins: 
 
 12 to M uwl. - - - butt 
 
 9 and under 1*2 cwt. . > • ])ii>e 
 
 6 ,, 9 „ - - • carotei 
 
 '2 cwt. 'i qrs. and under 5 cwt. - barrel 
 
 1 cwt. 'i qrs. and under i cwt. S qrs. • J-bnrrel 
 Under I cwt. 'i qrs. - i - - 
 IX'ni.-i and Vitlenciai boxes 
 
 iand J-boxes 
 'rails or b»slcets 
 A and j-frails or baskets 
 MalsKa> boxes 
 4 and ^-buxes 
 nmrma, cases, 1 cwt. 
 .^6 lbs. 
 ■28 lbs. 
 i*mms 
 
 i and i-drums 
 Skeleton cases containing boxes 
 
 drums : 
 Under "2 cwt. - • 
 
 2 cwt. and under 2 cwt. 2 qrs. 
 '2 cwt. i qrs. and under ? cwt. t qrs. 
 In hags . . > • ton 
 
 Rlutaniaroot - ^ - ■ ' cwt. 
 
 bottle 
 
 case 
 
 cwt. 
 
 ,» 
 
 ton 
 
 ^'barrel, score 
 score 
 
 Landing 
 Rate 
 
 f. <l. 
 
 i 
 
 3 9 
 As 
 
 3 i 
 
 « 
 
 U 4 
 
 9 
 
 .1 9 
 
 U li 
 
 6 
 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 II 
 U 
 
 9 
 
 1 3 
 O 3 
 3 4 
 
 n 4 
 
 4 
 
 O <2l 
 
 U 0] 
 
 6 
 
 Re. 
 
 weigh, 
 ing 
 
 a. d. 
 1 8 
 
 1 3 
 
 Hear; 
 
 1 3 
 
 I 3 
 
 it 
 
 1( 
 
 1 8 
 
 2 
 
 1 8 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 74 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 '•• 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 
 
 7i 
 
 !, 
 
 3 
 
 .1J 
 
 4 3 
 
 2 li 
 
 2 
 
 K 
 
 6 
 
 fi 
 
 3 6 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 7i 
 
 .'. 
 
 4 3 
 
 •2 14 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 fi 
 
 10 
 
 1 H* 
 
 1 .1} 
 
 4 s' 
 
 2 14 
 
 1 3 
 
 ■tli 
 
 9 
 
 1 II 
 
 1 3 
 
 4 .t 
 
 U 6 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 U 84 
 
 I 
 
 II 9 
 fi 
 24 
 l( 
 (I Id 
 H 
 .1 
 
 n 
 
 II 3 
 
 fij 
 
 I.} 
 10 
 
 O N 
 
 .1 
 
 O Rj 
 
 O 5 
 
 I 3 
 U 2 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 1 8 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 U 2 
 
 U 84 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 3 
 
 I 
 (I '.I 
 fi 
 1) 2) 
 li 
 
 II III 
 8 
 ,'. 
 II fi 
 3 
 fij 
 II fi? 
 
 n 10 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 .5 
 
 1 .') 
 3 
 
 Ddlrer; 
 by Land 
 
 a. <l. 
 2 U 
 
 1 3 
 
 I 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 3 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 O 2 
 
 6 
 
 1 3 
 
 4 
 
 O 3 
 
 O 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 1 8 
 
 02 
 
 0) 
 3 galls. 
 
 2 
 
 Dellrer; 
 Water 
 
 1 
 
 O 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 6 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 II III 
 
 O U 
 
 I II 
 
 !l 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 fi 
 
 1 8 
 3 
 
 a. d. 
 
 i 
 
 3 9 
 
 3 
 U 6 
 
 1 O 
 3 9 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 I K 
 44 
 3 4 
 
 n fi 
 
 .'• o 
 
 O 2t 
 
 ul 
 
 6 
 
 lUnt 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 U 6 
 
 1 fi 
 
 1 O 
 
 74 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 O 34 
 
 4 3 
 
 « U 
 
 3 
 
 O 6 
 
 O 9 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 Par 
 Week 
 
 1 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 fi 
 
 b 
 
 9 
 
 ?1 
 
 a. 4. 
 
 3 
 2 
 I 
 U 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 fi 
 O 10 
 
 e 6 
 
 10 
 
 04 
 2 
 2 1 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 oil) 
 6 
 
 o 04 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 O Oj 
 
 0] 
 fi 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 1 
 li 
 
 Oi 
 
 o 04 
 
 OI 
 
 l| 
 
 04 
 
 1 8 
 
 04 
 
 2 
 10 
 10 4 
 (U S 
 
 4 
 
 O 3 
 
 O 2 
 
 0} 
 
 Hi 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 2 B 
 
 1 3 
 I 
 1 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 O 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 U 0) 
 
 QuantiUas &e. 
 
 hogfthtad 
 
 tierce 
 
 barrel or Kroa 
 
 ton, loose 
 ton, packages 
 ton 
 
 100 bom 
 
 ton 
 
 dozen bottles 
 
 pipe, puicheon, w bnit 
 
 noRshesd 
 
 4-nhd., barrel, or t.ciik 1 
 
 4-barrel or half.qMn<Tai 
 
 i-banelorkeg 
 
 ton 
 
 ton 
 
 100 bora 
 
 1(10 
 
 case 
 
 ton _ 
 
 toniinbalnipms-isdsl 
 
 ton,inbala,not|X~' 
 
 I Rhubarb 
 
 A roniolidatcd 
 cludiriM also SI 
 rrpsiring, in 
 dtiwn, rewelg 
 of '■'■ per Che 
 and 3). 6d. pel 
 
 I RIct . 
 
 Or s coniolidate)! 
 in i-siki . 
 I I' waj,'! 
 
 IRo|i,olil. 6'nJuiil 
 I Rotin, unrelined 
 I Hap (not Eui J„,|j, 
 ' I" and under 70 u 
 , Indfr to ditto 
 R«m. Sir Kparale u 
 \ fwflower 
 
 Or a coniolldated 1 
 , ton nett. 
 
 Isilfnin 
 
 jSsiolndMgoflour 
 I Siiiprtre 
 
 Jtta.Wsck. S»Tln( 
 SinlmB, In cases con 
 ' Ivib; 
 
 j'»*iconnininR 100 • 
 ifwij from date of i 
 '•>! .iibln three < 
 nnil MsminaUon of 
 To (he Iraporter 
 Toihebujer,ifdelire 
 
 IWimj bj land T 
 I Sinipitill] . " 
 
 Oiiraraolidatedraieof 
 |SjmK SwlVood. 
 Birt«reot,iri|ackagK 
 ■ S;WS« Alva, Marina 
 
 In ffcis f,r casM T 
 ^tej|,„« otherwise r 
 
 ' tot '"' ■V""«^eni I 
 «K"'""« """I'lewiJ 
 .'{'"^"""^J feet cube 
 
 Km jnd coral sp^^cin;™, 
 (•wni few cube . 
 Ij "^"»*" 1.1 feet cu 
 
 b. :; 71? •• 
 
 JJF; »or«, warehoused'; 
 
 I'.'n'nJtipwards. 
 ■ iiWff ^ cwt. 
 
 J,. i1««. 
 
 rfloatanJunj^jo 
 
 Jfar°"»"»n(not JjJ 
 l««;hj»s„dCl,in,-. s„,lj 
 Wuiifictured .- 
 
 ■lldrr I c«|. 
 
 ■''■(•andunclera,.wi 
 Kj^'n J upwards. 
 
 T "I- XHl upward, . 
 ■^ " ondfr 1; cut 
 
 i"*'"ic»(." ^ " 
 
 f-'i'findHp. 
 
 "■?«(^:sr'''--, 
 
DOCKS 
 Table of Ratt$ ^c. — continued. 
 
 511 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 Undinn 
 Hau 
 
 R<- 
 
 weigh- 
 in* 
 
 Kepii- 
 housing 
 
 DeiUerj 
 by Land 
 
 OtUrtiy 
 
 I'J 
 
 Water 
 
 H«il 
 
 Oooib Impoittd 
 
 Per 
 Week 
 
 Qulnlities tic. 
 
 '"'".'^nwlld.Md lawm Eut fndU! In" 
 
 ES. 
 
 a. *. 
 
 OlOi 
 
 .. rf.. 
 H 
 
 «. d. 
 34 
 
 •. d. 
 
 31 
 
 1. J. 
 
 Uilli 
 
 : if. 
 U 10 
 
 pet 
 ton 
 
 nMrlng, lewrinK, reHlllng, naillnK 
 K 4w.l«hln«, «a film, .w.,. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rf SI. pw chMt I cwl. uid up»ud>, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;id},rM.I«chBliiiidnlc.t. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 RW- 
 
 ton 
 
 3 4 
 
 1 » 
 
 1 8 
 
 I 8 
 
 3 4 
 
 fO 4 
 lo 3 
 
 ttm in caaki 
 
 ton In bags 
 
 0, , coii«>lW»t«« r»l« . . 
 
 "' ,,,^. , • » < «• 6(1. ton neft 
 
 Itoin, unretintd • - - ton 
 
 i e 
 
 10 
 
 010 
 
 10 
 
 It 6 
 
 in 6 
 
 l» 
 
 ton loose 
 100 barrels 
 
 UndrtWdlllo - • h»lf-b»le 
 
 1 K 
 I 
 
 ,, 
 
 ;• 
 
 n 6 
 
 U 4 
 
 1 fi 
 I U 
 
 3 
 It 
 
 
 Ram. Semparale table. 
 '^"StTcoMoliaated rate of la.'. M. pc^ 
 
 ton 
 
 4 
 
 1 8 
 
 I 8 
 
 1 8 
 
 5 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ion netl. 
 SalfiM . - - • 
 
 SnoinaMgoflo"' 
 
 cwt. 
 
 « 
 
 g 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 •i 
 
 2 
 
 bale or cue 
 
 ton 
 
 5 
 4 
 
 i 6 
 1 » 
 
 a 6 
 
 i 8 
 
 •i 6 
 1 8 
 
 5 
 4 
 
 ro 3 
 
 to 4 
 3 
 
 ton In bags 
 
 Ion in cheats, boxes, or caaka 
 
 slSXSck. S«TlnO,.. " " 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 glri^B, In ias« conlalnln* imall tin 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'rlll^cwuinlw 100 »-Una ■>» «00 1-tlns 
 Kwld from date of landlnl, and laken 
 „„ wiihln three dajn from date of 
 liMl MiminaUon of each mark— 
 
 case 
 
 4i 
 
 14 
 
 1) 
 
 1) 
 
 4i 
 
 01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 il. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?.£S«'tfd.U'^b,i^d T 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 water „ 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aflfid»al>o»ei>eriod- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 Houiimi . - ■ .. 
 
 li 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ Witnjbjland • ., 
 
 \l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ water 
 
 4? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 "i5?SloUdaledrateof8«..W.percwt. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 4 
 
 1 3 
 
 01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hsiiiitk .'wWooil. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B Birtmroot.in (lackiiKcs 
 
 *f 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 ro 2 
 
 10 1 
 
 cataoreiak 
 barrel 
 
 ^|j!camm(nT 
 
 ,t 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 01 
 
 .Inim 
 
 ■ s«4|m!.' S« Alva Marina. 
 
 ■ iR^clom, liicemf, and other agrlcul- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ nnl: 
 
 ■ Inbip . - - - 
 ^H Id cukt r>T citMM . > - 
 H .Mslicinal, not otherwise rated 
 
 ton 
 f* 
 t. 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 !> 1) 
 
 1 3 
 1 6 
 •I 6 
 
 1 3 
 1 fi 
 i 6 
 
 I 3 
 1 fi 
 X 6 
 
 3 9 
 
 4 6 
 7 B 
 
 }0 31 
 
 6 
 
 
 ^H (ilnlra ■ - - - 
 
 cwt. 
 
 6 
 
 it 
 
 X 
 
 li 
 
 6 
 
 01 
 
 
 ^■fiddlac. >^i Management Rates. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^■mmIuu 
 
 
 B 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 }u» 
 
 
 II 
 
 3 
 
 It 
 
 l| 
 
 1) 
 
 4i 
 
 71 
 
 ^K^ micMnw and Kwing machine 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^H abiHU: 
 
 ^B I'aiR II) fKt culie - - ■ 
 
 ca.se 
 
 9 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 0| 
 
 
 ^H lilinluiidtrl.'> feel cube 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 • • 
 
 .. 
 
 II 4 
 
 1 
 
 U 1 
 
 
 ^H n '^0 
 
 II 
 
 1 6 
 
 ■ • 
 
 .. 
 
 6 
 
 1 6 
 
 11 
 
 
 ^■mIk. !>« Mananement Rates. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^Hhellt,tull mouth, conch, cola, clam and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^H Tine and coral sp'.-cimens: 
 
 ton 
 
 5 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 S 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^H I'nJfi 5 feet ciilie - 
 
 case 
 
 B 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 n 'i 
 
 fi 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^M Jk.andimderl.'ifeetcube 
 
 ,1 
 
 9 
 
 .> 
 
 .. 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 ? 4 
 
 
 ^B i> w 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 1) 
 
 
 , . 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 
 ^H M .in 
 
 ,, 
 
 I 6 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 fi 
 
 1 B 
 
 21 
 
 
 ^^1 S) dl) 
 
 II 
 
 'i » 
 
 ., 
 
 
 II 8 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 ^H so cu 
 
 
 2 6 
 
 ., 
 
 ,, 
 
 U 10 
 
 2 fi 
 
 31 
 
 
 ^■.Cl 70 
 
 „ 
 
 .1 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 U 
 
 3 II 
 
 4 
 
 
 ^■blpt' stores, warehoused, consolidated 
 
 « if. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^■tcvL and upwards - cwt. 
 
 r 6 
 
 ,. 
 
 ,, 
 
 .. 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^■I'ndeitot. ■ packaKC 
 
 I (1 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 ., 
 
 
 U) 
 
 u u| 
 
 
 ^^m 
 
 G 
 
 .• 
 
 .. 
 
 ., 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 ^^H Liquidi, cask, VO gallons and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^H up<aids • ■ gallon 
 
 1 
 
 .. 
 
 ,. 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 .. 
 
 S 
 
 tun 
 
 ^^■Cms deniijohns, jugs ^c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^H indtT 10 fiallons - ■ package 
 
 1 
 
 .■ 
 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 • • 
 
 01 
 
 
 ^^■ligailQtu and UDder 20 gallons „ 
 
 1 6 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 ., 
 
 .. 
 
 
 0| 
 
 
 ^^^^Hm . . • 
 
 ton 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3"n 
 
 II i! 
 
 
 ^^K, n> 01 thrown (not East India or) 
 
 cwt. 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 (0 2 
 
 lo 14 
 
 bale, 8 cwt. and ur vards 
 bale, under 2 cwt.° 
 
 ^^■Eaillndlaand China. See Management 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^H Rales. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^■Muiufactured : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^■I'ndn 1 cwt. - small bale 
 
 or case 
 
 I 
 
 11 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 }n u 
 
 
 ^^^■l ctt. and under 'J cwt. bale 
 
 ,1 
 
 1 n 
 
 6 
 
 1) 6 
 
 (1 (i 
 
 1 u 
 
 
 ^^^■fi CYt. and upwards • 
 
 cwt. 
 
 1 I) 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 1 II 
 
 II 1 
 
 
 ^^^HJI'ueor chaysuni 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^Hlcft and upwards • - > 
 
 bale 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 (1 
 
 n M 
 
 
 ^^^B under'* cwt. 
 
 „ 
 
 •i B 
 
 II 111 
 
 II 10 
 
 II III 
 
 2 6 
 
 II 1 
 
 
 ^^B .. „ 4 „ 
 
 „ 
 
 I B 
 
 11 B 
 
 6 
 
 II 6 
 
 1 B 
 
 II 1 
 
 
 ^^H. 1 „ 'i n 
 
 ^^ 
 
 (1 11 
 
 (1 3 
 
 II 3 
 
 3 
 
 n 9 
 
 1)4 
 
 
 ^Halxlcin. 
 
 ,, 
 
 II 6 
 
 U 2 
 
 (1 -J 
 
 2 
 
 « 
 
 (I of 
 
 
 ^^■i.c^:fandklp: 
 ^^HciLind under K cut. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 n r, 
 
 (I C 
 
 n B 
 
 1 i; 
 
 11 
 
 
 ^^H 
 
 
 O 9 
 
 4 
 
 II i 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 (I 1 
 
 
 ^^BnliTicit, 
 
 , 
 
 II fi 
 
 .1 
 
 3 
 
 1! ," 
 
 It 9 
 
 u lu 
 
 
 ^^^Bll' vtt sailed, loose 
 
 luo 
 
 i .T 
 
 1 (Ii 
 (1 Hi 
 
 I Hi 
 
 II »} 
 
 I 11.) 
 
 s( 
 
 3 Ii 
 
 II 4 
 
 \ 
 
 ^^^K dn.ordrv salted, loose • 
 
 „ 
 
 !! (1 
 
 2 9 
 
 II 4 
 
 (.i,„ 
 
 ^^Hip, >n altrd, loose 
 
 „ 
 
 ■1 fi 
 
 •i 1 
 
 ■i 1 
 
 •i 1 
 
 6 3 
 
 6 
 
 >120 
 
 ^^^1 dr},ordr7salted, loose - 
 
 ,, 
 
 3 II 
 
 1 .'. 
 
 1 .'i 
 
 1 .1 
 
 4 2 
 
 .ij 
 
 ] 
 
 ^^^H .Muitadore, dr; salted, loose 
 
 dozen 
 
 II U 
 
 <l 1 
 
 II 1 
 
 1 
 
 II 3 
 
 n 111 
 
 
 ^^^Vf imall Russia • -lOO&kius, 
 
 bundle 
 
 9 
 
 U 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 U l\ 
 
 
 ^^^VtT or e.k, in packagei-as Furs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^B loose • 
 
 ICT 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 1 n 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^^^Vt hogshead 
 
 U 
 
 8 
 
 n 8 
 
 II 8 
 
 2 (I 
 
 II fi 
 
 
 ^^^ -puncheon 
 
 or pipe 
 
 1 « 
 
 U 
 
 a 
 
 U 6 
 
 i 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 V..- 
 
 ■ i,t.!-'i 
 
 ,.1 
 
DOCKS 
 
 61'^ 
 
 ".^^'•t 
 
 . Ilerre 
 
 JJl" 'l?" Si,«P .n.> 00... ^„j _ ^„„. „ ul. 
 
 KiaotUinl. ; . • <^^^^ 
 
 ** ■ ' laTKC bundle 
 
 
 Seal 
 
 T.'ianaumlcT iw 
 KlKlundumtet L^JJ 
 
 OIK) .. f||„ 
 
 ■""' " 400 
 
 lUniLru'-ajW- 
 lill aiid un.l«r IW 
 
 w ■• So : : 
 
 loo*e " ■ - • 
 
 Snake rnol V . 
 
 Soda - 
 
 UnatrOBOl*' 
 
 I SponB' 
 
 „„,„intf, ami '^«"J'l'„ .jjulon 
 
 1 s,,sr''JsAr^r'' »'"''.'• ■ 
 
 'mow, burr - . - „, „'. 
 
 iSamr«ctaWn«cnd.n«r,orr. 
 
 I.Uhonravhic 
 
 Pumice - ■ ^ - 
 
 in cas^* * 
 I Turkey or !ione« 
 Straw n,anufacture.lt 
 
 '" Umlerlcw'. _ 
 
 I Budundcr ic«l. _ 
 
 " " 4 " - 
 5cw.."anduv«ard. • 
 
 l^rrw"."a"nnl-r'^c«.. ; ! 
 
 I 3 e«t. anil ui>war;l» - 
 Cases alwe m 'us. 
 
 ton loose 
 
 caso, liale, or caik.mteij 
 cwl.Kqrh. r 
 
 case, bale, or ci>k, let ( 
 qtJ. anil upwatJ. I 
 
 tonml)al»iV"»l«'"'* 
 
 From date of bitalii'sM 
 
 In rasks, »>««•""'*"' 
 
 k 
 
 !& 
 
 In raws. V" '" 
 
 In lm*keta ., j upwards, V« 
 
 In cliesw, s '•'"'• 
 ton nett " , ^e, ton ne« - 
 
 UuotU Im} 
 
 I jndjr 
 
 I'uiajih 
 «um«h 
 Minn. Sff Jiiff. 
 
 Killin:: .iml wei^fhlni; Iooac 
 or rt'lKiiisin^,' '4s. pfrr ion 
 
 if Mill rr.<in the lamliiiff ic 
 
 To (he irn{H>rU'r 
 
 To the lHi>fr 
 IXIiTtTv by water from qi 
 
 In ikins 
 
 Mr(lltiTr.ineant Cnpe, or A 
 Tack^ffM under j cwt., u 
 Timarindj, ilry 
 TreserTeii • 
 
 l'i)ii)ollil.iteil Rate — 
 l'n>\et V!t tbii. groH • 
 11 i|js, and uiiult !tR IIih. f;n 
 ^0 It)^ irrou and upwartLti r 
 
 conialnlnu 1 cwt. nett 
 contJininf{ 1 cwt. nett and u 
 wanli 
 Tutnen' waste. See Hide Cut 
 
 Tipioc,; I 
 
 Te». ■*« Min.iBement lUtcs. 
 Ttnii.il>""ita 
 Mcntia - 
 Verde • 
 
 t'mbra or Pnrtolanl 
 U'njhinK I'ozzotani on boa 
 loa. 
 Tin . 
 Off 
 
 Wfii'mi on board fi>r fran 
 per tun, W. 
 I Tinol 
 Itonpjf.uiherthsn Kelndfcr: 
 
 ■ .Icit. 
 Ildcirt. . 
 
 Iflcin.ljalii, t)askets« or bui 
 loaf 
 
 iTortoii^helt - . . 
 
 ■Tof.in Ulnnot uress-packcd > 
 
 ■ PriMpacked 
 
 Loose - . . 
 
 '1 * • 
 
 mil 
 
 Psnrfr.i: 
 
 1 Ofi.onsoliilateil rate of Hd. i 
 
 1 neit. 
 
 tti:i» 
 
 ■lirflH 
 
 I f::.;ni:and weishiitgon delire 
 I hcuiirg, 'li. [tur ton. 
 
 ■Mtlioti . . . 
 
 ^ruy«, prpservftl-ns Fish. 
 
 ICiwur-der I cwt. • 
 
 ■ Cwlcwi.andundt-r3c\vt. . 
 
 |3cit snJupwards ■ 
 
 ICyi Mtmdance, and Jayinjt 
 ■ Wi«» in addition. '"J"'* 
 
 lit- VfNuts. 
 
 ^lnliMril.i„l,asketsorca^ei 
 
 ^!J and vegetable of all kind 
 
 librae . 
 
 IIL. . . 
 
 ItGiirKiurfd 
 ^djm.andfumiture. Snp. 
 
 Ii*«»pwlanilh' 
 
DOCKS 
 Table of liatei ^t.— continued. 
 
 flit 
 
 (mmi.U Imiiortvd 
 
 *"*?' 1. . 
 
 ■ ' I'olajh . • • 
 
 sunn. ■'•■" •'"."',;„ 
 
 ^'ff'ri!;"''"'! "''Khlni! U'O'^on dellTerj, 
 o^Il■hlPll^lnKl•'■'^•l''"""• 
 
 T»i'(i#i i" ^■■"'^' .r , ~ 
 
 If will fy.'in '•« l»n'li"II "a""- 
 
 To Ihi' linimrur • 
 
 Totlwlmy*"' «" * . * 
 
 p,liTir« lij ««"■' f""" I""'- V" loni 
 
 ■'■■^''' 
 iJn'lliiTntienn, fa)*, or Amrrlfnn i 
 I'likajM under j cwl-. or block! - 
 
 Timltlndl, ilry 
 
 rn«t»«i ■ , „ ■ 
 
 (■„n«llil.il«l I"'" — 
 ' ;,ll,,.an.liniaft5(ill.<.RroM „ 
 10 lln. p<»< ""'' "l""""" ""' 
 tonlMnini! I <:"'■ ""< , " 
 toniaininBlcBt. nettamlup. 
 
 I" 
 
 cwl. 
 ton 
 
 cwl. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 I I) 
 I 
 
 cwl. 
 
 ?tfr} "«»'••"• 
 
 r lour I ■ 
 
 , I T„. Sn MinaBemtnl lUtM. 
 Iini J.il'""''-'* . - . 
 
 Mcnna - - - • 
 
 V«ile • „ : , " 
 Imtoor roiiiilnni • 
 (VtinhinK I'oKcilaiii on boaril 1<. pur 
 
 ■I too. 
 
 [Tin . 
 
 Wiit'injon IjjanI for lr.in»hl|m)cnl, 
 
 I Ttnnl . - - - 
 
 ll»H»f."*" 'h»" llelndccr : 
 3iit • 
 
 lBlc«l. ■ ,• , ■„ 
 li tj fi, lalM, taskelj, or bundlM 
 
 Um ■ ■ 
 
 lTo^tai^^f^ - - - ■ 
 
 ■ToT.inbalMnoturess-packed - 
 
 • Prrtipackeu - - - 
 
 Loose - 
 
 lierco 
 
 ciuk 
 
 dozen 
 
 cwl. 
 Ion 
 
 - inrue cuse or vat 
 inlddliuK case or vat 
 small cuseur vat 
 cwl. 
 
 IirrH c . - _ ^ ■ 
 
 I on consolidated rate of M. pir cwl. 
 
 Mil. 
 
 ■•!"« 
 
 ■UrT.n 
 
 ■lio^:s 
 
 ,.;n; mil weialilijg on delivery or 
 ^o^M^f;, 'it. ftr Ion. 
 
 ton 
 
 re- 
 
 t;ws 
 
 *uUrt,v^werve^l— .TS Fish. 
 
 .mictai ■ 
 
 iCiKunder I cwl. • 
 I Cm I t*l. and under 3 cwl. - 
 
 IScit indupwaids • 
 
 case or cinister 
 
 Ion 
 cwt. 
 
 ca&e 
 cwt. 
 
 100 Kalis. 
 
 I(a^'s Mtmdance, and laying up to 
 ^ liun in addition. 
 MU V* Nuts. 
 I, mmetal, in baskets or ca^eB 1 'i bottles 
 
 t,'tt-',indTegcubIeorall kinds 
 
 hfor Uoomi 
 
 leGficiuml • . 
 
 iSti^. N«j). 516. 
 *m', and furniture. Sttp.iH, 
 
 liilrftporlamliV 
 
 Ion 
 
 cwt. 
 
 ton 
 
 ■ no hund'l'es 
 
 loose, l,IJ<l(l 
 
 hale 
 
 » bale 
 
 } bale 
 
 i of a bale 
 
 100 
 
 I.An(linu 
 Kate. 
 
 «. d. 
 
 II ,t 
 
 .1 !) 
 
 S U 
 
 3 U 
 
 4 6 
 
 I in 
 
 1 2 
 
 .1} 
 
 4 
 
 I II 
 
 i CI 
 
 .1 
 
 .1 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 II -It 
 
 I 
 
 li 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 U 
 
 7 6 
 
 4 (i 
 
 .•i O 
 
 ■^ 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 (> 
 4 
 
 1 6 
 
 s o 
 
 •i 4 
 
 9 
 
 U U 
 
 3 
 
 '2 1 
 
 n 
 
 11 3 
 
 putuidi 
 
 (I 6 
 
 7 6 
 
 7 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 I in) 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 « 
 
 1 6 
 
 41 
 
 4\ 
 6 
 
 6 
 10) 
 
 He. !''l"'- 
 •'•'K''- |?e. 
 '"*» hoUiiuK 
 
 f. .(. 
 
 I R 
 
 ■t n 
 
 II '{ 
 
 1) 
 
 I H 
 
 1 H 
 
 I S 
 
 1 -i 
 
 1 I 
 
 1 s 
 
 I 8 
 
 ! 
 
 II Ik 
 
 II 111 
 
 II 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 U 
 
 I S 
 lU 
 
 n 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 •i 6 
 t 6 
 
 1| 
 
 1) 
 i 
 
 I. d. 
 
 V .\* 
 
 1 II 
 
 1 r. 
 
 I H 
 t 6 
 U 'l 
 
 1) 
 
 I 4 
 
 1 It 
 
 1 8 
 
 2 
 
 U 
 
 OJ 
 
 n I 
 
 3 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 S 
 10 
 
 n 3 
 
 3 
 
 I A 
 
 3 
 t 6 
 K ft 
 
 1 
 1 
 74 
 4 
 3 
 « 
 6 
 
 IJ 
 
 u 
 
 i 
 
 t 2 
 3i 3) 
 
 I 'I 
 
 I 3 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 H 
 
 1 S 
 
 1 i 
 
 I t 
 
 I 8 
 
 I 
 
 n 1) 
 
 11 3 
 
 1 6 
 
 i; 
 
 1 8 
 10 
 
 n 3 
 
 U 3 
 
 OJ 
 1 
 
 1) 
 
 3 6 
 7 6 
 
 u e 
 
 ll 
 
 n 4i 
 
 II 1) 
 
 4 fi 
 
 1 c 
 
 Vi 
 
 (I ,3 
 
 5 II 
 
 n a 
 
 7 fi 
 
 7 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 un 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 fi 
 
 
 li 
 
 <i 
 
 4| 
 
 6 
 n 6 
 
 10} 
 
 •0 3 
 
 r> 
 
 I) 6 
 
 «i 
 
 fi) iij 
 
 5.0 6 
 
 « 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 n 1 
 
 lit 
 
 U 111 
 
 01 
 
 ■Jo 1 
 
 In I 
 
 n r. 
 II III 
 
 3 
 
 ij 
 
 6 
 10 
 
 o oi 
 
 !1 
 
 i; 
 I 
 
 4 
 S 
 3 
 4 
 3 
 
 1' 
 
 (U 
 '/ 
 
 /o oi 
 
 Throe work InffdnTsfVom the 
 1,1^1 i\hy of wt'tKnintf nt tbe 
 I'liulin^ scale ari> nllinwd 
 to clif.ir Tnllow from tin* 
 (limyi ; no rttit will (n* 
 cliartted fur th tt (wrUxli if 
 lo clearitl : when nnt %» 
 rlfnml, rent will bf 
 chiirtctii froii) ihf il.ile (if 
 tho Vf^urra breaking hulk. 
 
 l>arrel 
 ton, in lN)t{s 
 
 case 
 
 miiall box iiniler 38 Il«. 
 cwt. in casks 
 
 ton 
 
 box under AG Ihs. 
 fn>e 'i(i Ilx, and ntulir "2 rw I. 
 case y and under * cwt. 
 ca&e 1 (i cwt. 
 
 ra&c ti cwt. and uiiwsirdii 
 
 Imncheon 
 lounhead. tlercOf or barrel 
 quarter-ca^k 
 
 I 
 
 
 .-< 
 
 hale, under 55 Itts. 
 
 bale, 6ti lbs. and under 1 cwt 
 
 Ktrs. 
 bale, I cwt. 2 qrs. and under 
 
 3 cwt. ^i qrs. 
 bale, 3 cwt. 2 qrs. and undei 
 
 Scwi. 
 bale, b cwl. and under 7 cwt, 
 
 tmt. 
 bale 
 
 bale, under 2 cwt. 
 bale, t cwt. and upwards 
 lAle, under 'i cwl. 
 bale, t cwt. and upivardi 
 ca.se 
 
 ' f ■ 
 
 LL 
 
 

 ' ;';• 
 
 ' •■ U 
 
 ■■:■♦■■ 
 
 'M 
 
 
 i: 
 
 X. 
 
 ;j J:^- 
 
 •m^i:! 
 
 n* 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 Table ofRatcn ffc, — continued. 
 
 Conftnlldatffl rale comprUinff 
 |an(ttnif,wl)nrfime, hnunln^i, 
 anil l§ wtfk^' ri-iit from 
 (Idte of Tt^si'l )ire;ik)ritf 
 tiulk ; liiniUnR wriKbiitort- 
 fjin.il warranto, riTiit'untt'S 
 of iUinaf{v, or survey aflt-r 
 landlntt ; iiitfndln^ at laiiil- 
 Ing. taTlngr lottiiiKi aani- 
 )ilinf{t unuiliiiK for bhow, 
 khowing, filllti(( in» iiu-nd- 
 init, rfwvfffhtng and ret>it> 
 Inn, pt^' bale 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 (1 
 
 1) 
 
 .1 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 t 
 
 u 
 
 !> 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 x 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 t'mlrt 
 
 qrs. III. 
 
 ^ n 
 
 (I 
 
 •^ o 
 
 O II 
 
 <'nlunlal, 
 L'aptf, (Jnat, 
 
 npanlah, 
 
 North and 
 
 hotifh 
 
 AnifrH'B 
 
 Tu'ki-jr. 
 and l<f Tuiit 
 
 
 Tlnrhnrj 
 
 itnd 
 iMurucco 
 
 Ruula 
 
 German 
 
 n 
 
 
 n 
 
 .. 
 
 1) 
 
 i"b 
 
 |>*'r rwt 
 (Tou 
 
 Ooodi Imported 
 
 Londing ,,jji',. 
 
 lute i„; 
 
 Y>nif hfiiiMii 
 Zinc. SMSpeltn. 
 
 r" 
 loll 
 
 I II H I 
 
 I ') 
 
 1 .1 
 
 I I, 
 
 P" f»l. I 
 
 IK 
 
 Rrpil- 
 
 iliior l|)fllTfrj 
 lu'- by Land 
 housing 
 
 a II 
 
 2 11 
 
 Dcliveijf 
 
 •'J 
 H'ntur 
 
 3 U 
 
 Rent 
 
 Fcr 
 WMk 
 
 Quanttln Ac. 
 
 PCT 
 
 yjnJitmwnl i a 
 
 liiipcirii-r,' H, 
 
 iff llllliil ilo, 
 
 tt'lr.ll 
 
 II llMl 
 
 lli'll, IHTMCul 
 
 I.lndinir : rotiiprjtl 
 
 fuml,lil„K |,„ 
 
 milu-ni, V ,.^, 
 
 nhiivu 
 
 ,, nl,o,f 
 
 yl.mmemvnl i ,„„,, 
 
 ••■Wlil.'lf, «iri 
 
 Imnn, r,ii,l,i^,' 
 
 iloMii, houjtjri^, 
 
 «»prl,ikiT», rtw, 
 
 (ncliBl.. ^,,.„,| 
 
 Kill, |i.r wei k, |,„ ,„ 
 
 Hi-ietntiing 
 
 llrliil...' 
 
 Hrii, iistllK or 
 
 I»iitm li/ iaiiil ^ 
 lljler 
 
 |KT 
 
 i{a<e« nn Dyers' and Furniture Wood. 
 
 (iowl 
 
 Imported 
 
 
 I'nnsoli- 
 llatetl 
 lUte 
 
 .. ,1. 
 
 L-indinR 
 Rale 
 
 Re. ' "'P"- 
 
 ';:'«"• 1 '"ft- 
 
 '"'» housing 
 
 Delivery 
 l^iid 
 
 Dell vet J 
 
 by 
 
 Water 
 
 Rent 
 
 Rent per Wf»k ,f,„ , 
 
 lirsljeir !■,„„,, 1,, 
 
 Ve!.cl Lrtdkinc k.i 
 
 
 
 . Vtt 
 
 ,. <;. 
 
 .. 1. 
 
 .. </. 
 
 ., rf. 
 
 .. <l. 
 
 1. il. 
 
 
 Itarwnml 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 BoxwinmI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hrazil, Lirse 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C'HinwiHHl - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rCH-US-WOWl - 
 
 Kiionj 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ton 
 
 r, r, 
 
 4 6 
 
 1 li 
 
 I 14 
 
 1 ii 
 
 3 44 
 
 I 
 
 f niarlt Ehon, f^ .^ 
 ]hljtln,li«,('„c,„«i;. 
 
 M)(num-\'itii! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (,ind I,ig„ui,|.v,u.j; " 
 
 l.O)(W00tt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nitarnifun, large 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Uua.viia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hanileis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 If uniler cover 
 
 
 - ion 
 
 7 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 IJ 
 
 
 Itraziletlu 
 
 
 -) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ]lrazit-wi>o(l, Kniall 
 Nicamuu 1. NHHili 
 
 
 
 •ton 
 
 8 
 
 ,', fi 
 
 1 li 
 
 1 44 
 
 1 1\ 
 
 4 IJ 
 
 2 
 
 
 Sapan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Samial' . 
 
 
 
 ton 
 
 8 
 
 5 C 
 
 1 4J 
 
 1 .ii 
 
 I 4J 
 
 4 U 
 
 3 
 
 
 Sassafras 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jaccaraiiila - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JMatioKaiiy - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rosewood 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. i). 
 
 U 1 
 
 Satin 
 Tulip 
 Zebra 
 
 
 
 ton 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 1 3 
 
 I 3 
 
 1 3 
 
 3 9 
 
 ,4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bird's Eye Maple 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cedar and other lumltlirc wood 
 
 •. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Spec 
 
 Ml Ota 
 
 rges. 
 
 
 
 
 
 llummnginR mahogany and other furniture wood - - - . per ton I (/ 
 
 iJelivtTitif; into decke<l vessels, additional • - - - -,,06 
 
 The rates on other descriptions of wooil arc- publiaht'd in a separate table. 
 
 Mnnagement Bates. — Those rates arc charged 
 upon the gross T\-eight ; and when the goods arc to 
 ha placed upon the landing rate, notice miist be 
 i^iven previous to the landing. 
 
 Cinnamon. 
 Rates. 
 
 Bale Averaging 
 100 lbs. K">Ks. 
 
 Landinir: comprisinR landinR, wharfafff, weighing. 
 fiirnisliing landing weiKhts, and delivery fVoni the 
 qu.iy at the docks — 
 From deylon - - - . 
 
 From ."Malabar - - - - - 
 
 Landing and tiousing : comprising landing, wharfage, 
 weighing, housing, fumi&hing landing weights, 
 hnuiting and delivery— 
 From Ceylon - . - . - 
 
 From M.ilabar - - - - - 
 
 Mannuement : comprising landing, wharfage, weighing, 
 rif)u<.in(.'. unpa- king, tarini;, sorting, bnisliing, re- 
 ]).icking, altending show and sale, reweighing, piling 
 awav, furnishing warrants, and deliv«Ty - 
 A*'>f«.— An addition il charge will Iw made for chests su))- 
 pliiHl to contain th<- small and refuse; also, if imported m 
 cases, a charge fur gunny and rope supplied, 
 Kent, ptT week • - - - 
 
 
 
 Cochineal. 
 
 lUtea. Percr.d 
 
 L'tuling: t■omnri^ing landing, wharfatM', weiKhmf ad 
 
 furnishing landing weight*., and loading or housing • jl 
 
 Management:* comprising landing, wharfage, liousin,:, 
 
 weighing, strippin,' taring, garbling, kaiiiplinn, irf«h- 
 
 ing to and from the garbler, mending, and [ap^M^ 
 
 plied for garblings, overtakers and in suljslituuon i 
 
 original b.igs damaged • - - • ]l 
 
 lU-nt, per week • ■ • - • ''I 
 
 Kewetghmg - - - - . 
 
 Hcpilitig or rehotising 
 
 Delivery, by land • . . . 
 
 water • - - . 
 
 * Under this rate, the importer has the option, ar thefJM^ 
 
 the maniigement rate, of commuting tbedelirerv thar^« fc'lj 
 
 water, including weighing at actual dtliTery,o[i pavunntofi 
 
 cwt. gross on Uic wliole of a mark or entire fiarcL'l. 
 
 Indigo, 
 
 Kati-s. 
 
 l.andini; : c in prising landing, wharfage, veighinc i:r}<ii J 
 and dt-'ivery from the quay at the docks • ' I 
 Landing .i.nd tiouslng: comprising landing, whaifj^d J 
 
 weigh 
 
 using: 
 lijf gross, housing and delivery 
 
 Ujiimni-nt: riitni.risf,, 
 -'^hmg .tripping' 
 
 ';r'"*r. refilling, ,,,7,: 
 jf«.^foroverr;kerX'; 
 
 'n chMts . 
 I o in b^ , 
 
 Kfat,r'r««k 
 
 J ^•ff.ihrx - 
 
 J%r.'«rrfhou»|ntf' 
 "•ili-r 
 
 5 
 
 lUdin:: roi„,,ri,,-„^ i,'','/'' 
 
 '-'-ta.-iLail.ljJi^";';,;'; 
 
 IJIk, per l'aci.i;,e 
 
 J:»S-«mi \mwm,i: ,.„„„„I 
 toiiK or IfA-,.,.., J 
 
 >t>nmT.s,.vc;v.sJ 
 f'Lan,li„ii lintc in J 
 
 I l> ship's ,,;,,,, 
 l^f^n;,' rate Willi, J 
 I' . Customs, and e f 
 J 1' ahovc, a fnr.i. 1 
 
 r on payment of 
 
Jmligo — continued. 
 
 DOCKS 
 Tnhk nf Rtilet ^'c, — continued. 
 
 fllj 
 
 SAe/fac— eon tiiiucd. 
 
 Hntm. 
 Vinatn""*"* ■ ■l»P"»' '•'•'»■' •" K«h!i worked nml Hlio«n fi>r 
 ..ilr, n.inliriitmis Cfrj orfrattnii tnrldt-nlAl tht-ri to, 
 .niiuriiTi' Hr>l ••niiiliM If iiraerml lufurii ihe ilii'<l> 
 innalliJ ilown, nml ililiirrj- 
 W'limi r.ilx^l 
 \\ hni nut r.ii»nl - 
 ||,iil,prt>"«^ .... 
 
 groM. 
 
 1/ 
 
 III 
 
 
 
 Imc Dye, 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 II 
 
 n 
 
 1) 
 
 .1 
 
 II 
 
 t 
 
 I) 
 
 't 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 .1 
 
 lUlri. 
 
 limlinn: riimp'I'li'K l"n'li"il. wlinrfmf. wflxhlnn, anil 
 furnl^lilKH I't'idlDK wi-ltftiM, nml lo«t(llnt[ ur tlouiin{( — 
 Per vl'«lt '' ''Wl- ■^"'' "'""*' - - . 
 
 BtnivB 'i cwt. lo I cwl. - - - 
 
 nlmft ItrwI. tnlicwt, 
 Miniffnw"'' lomiirUlnir Innilhiu, whnrfiide, lioinlnH, 
 «,i,jliliil(. •irl|ipinn, niH-MiiiK. norlinit, laiiipling, 
 unnR, riii.liiiti n>|>'>"i"l<' ril itlng, rrnuiiiu, nallliix 
 iluwii, hi>»|ilitK, and- tiutrklntf, |>rfiviillnK (.hesls for 
 uifrl.lkiT<i rtweiKllliiK, lolliiiK. lind pili"!! awa) — 
 InchnI-. iHTi'in. «roMi .... 
 R.111, |»r «" k, liCT I"" K""" .... 
 Hr'fidh'i'K 1 |KT chwl, 7 cwl. and uniler . 
 V^v\'U'i \ „ iiltnvf i cwl. I«> I rwl. 
 
 hrh>U«lll)|Or I ^, Uliovc I cwl. to (i cwl. 
 
 I*ii«r> I'J l»ml J .,.11 
 
 ., .-ihovu 'icwi. lo Irwt. 
 
 1. Iiliovf Icwt. lo Gcwi. 
 
 Seeillac atul Sticklac, 
 
 lUlM. !*eT cwt. grou. 
 
 Iimlinir: ooniiirWiiu l.iiidln|!, Mlmrfaije, wdnluni,', 
 
 aiJ I'otnixtiinit UinilliiK wriKlUs, and loadin^j or ». </. 
 M.ini: . ■ - - , • ** 74 
 
 Mmut-iiifnl • rmnl'rlshiK lanillni;, whart.igp, HiousinK, 
 •oilhinii, sltl|i|ilnK. olHnInu, llarllnn Into liulk, 
 .hiuriiig if r«qui.lie, samphnK. larinn, ir|>niriii|t, ti'- 
 „™e. rnillinu. nailhiK down, lirovidlii^ linii^ or 
 j„i,forovi.riak«.Ts, ruwi'lifliinn, lolliiiKi and iiillng 
 
 In cliBIs - - ■ • - I 9 
 
 In bags " • - • - 1 .*> 
 
 I |imt.r"««li 
 
 1 Hxwllini; - - 
 
 I KL'tTi, lij land 
 water 
 
 ptr ton prDss 
 
 S/iW/«<-. 
 
 Il:ite«. Tcrcwt. fitos-,. 
 
 ludin" fomi'f'"!"*' l-"*"'!'"*!* wliarlanc weiKbinR and i. (/. 
 
 farLhhin^'laiHliiiKweiKhiA, ami loading' or hou%lii« - U 7i 
 
 H«l«. Per cwt. 
 
 MflinRcnKni : cnin|iri«tntf liindini{, wlmrMfre, hoitolniCi 
 wciKhliitf, Mrlppinic. npcnlrm. konintc l«><Jii iliiy, Man- 
 ini{ Intri bulb, shivi>rint( if ri<|uio<i«. •..iin^iiiK. ta? Idk, 
 rivMiiu. rtf|MlrtnK. retarint[» rvHlliiiK, nailii)|t down, 
 prtividiufct ( liiMi for uvertaktn, ri!Wfttil)inj{, loulni(> 
 and I'lhni: iiw.ty— 
 
 III rht^tl > • • 
 
 In bii^t . • ■ 
 
 Ri-nt, |MT mivik 
 
 HewfiKliitiK • . . . 
 
 HeiiillitK i)r ri?hnii«lii|; 
 DtUt^ry, li>hind 
 
 Eant India and China Siik: Raio and Thrown, 
 
 
 
 f. 
 
 •1. 
 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 nn 
 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 .1 
 
 loti 
 
 grou 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 ■i 
 
 
 . 
 
 II 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 •i 
 
 „>.: 
 
 I.anclh 
 uh.irfaKCi 
 laiuling 
 from tlu! . 
 
 .V.i«f. 
 
 coniini^inf; landtni;, 
 wfiiitilnK. fItrnlfthInK 
 
 vtiHht^, and delivery 
 
 iiav at thf iloi-ki 
 
 r Ihr >llk U not i U.,ire<l 
 
 from the luia^ the luirne day 
 it U landtil. it will lif houmil 
 for >t'rurilj-, and the landing 
 and lioiikinii rale will attach. 
 I.andiMK ami honiiiiij : conipri^ini; 
 l.nidint;, wh.irf.iKe. wei({liinit. fnr- 
 ni<.hin|{ landiii); weiKlil», houBin^'. 
 anil delirery ... 
 iYo/« — Sampling or inspection, 
 or taring fur ciiiIouih, may 
 >nke pliH'e on nilk luhject to 
 this rale, 1)11 payment of the 
 re^tHviivecharKinj liut should 
 any fiirthtr operations In- re- 
 quired, the inanaK«inent rate 
 will attach. 
 Manni;enient : comprising landing 
 anil wh.irf.i^e. or receivini; hy 
 I. mil, liitu.iiitt, weighing, and fur. 
 niching landing weights, stripping, 
 taring, new liagu anil rep.icLing, 
 including tmpiling and repiling, 
 lir^t inspection, or liist sampling, 
 l.> ini|u>rU'r or hisaL'ent, ii.arkitig, 
 leweighing, and delivery . , 
 
 H«nttper week . . . t 
 
 Uale 
 
 I.VH:,. 
 aniluii. 
 der '^iiU 
 111, grofls. 
 
 >. i/. 
 
 IIM 111. 
 
 gross and 
 
 under 
 
 i. 'ill 111. 
 
 .Vbove 
 Hllh. and 
 under Hit 
 III. gross. 
 
 1. d.. 
 
 Tea. 
 
 Raiw, per l'ack.THe 
 
 Lrtiirc ami lioilsiilg: comprising 
 
 yil'iV. «liail:ll!c, housing, scp.l- 
 
 lnMum!ocliiiIis.weighlnjt,t.aring, 
 
 Ifai.him; laniiing welghu, ex- 
 
 lir.inin); ;iml turning out and in 
 
 ItoJiiiMP, mending, laying down 
 
 libi im\ilt inspectiiin, tolling, 
 
 i:i';ilii«n, placing In delivery 
 
 : .yiu'Wlivery liy land 
 
 JinJrtnent: lociprising the same 
 
 ptntjor.i as tlie landing and 
 
 §i .».■!;.• rate ; also laying down 
 
 fu.yic sail', allemi ince whilst 
 
 1 Jiow, extra w.lrehouse-room, 
 
 kd m rther uiierations conse. 
 
 ertliitnon . 
 
 ismeek • - ■ 
 
 1 0il lb. 
 
 and under 
 
 '^IKIIb. 
 
 gross 
 
 ,/. 
 
 loOlb. i 
 and under 
 ICO lb. 
 gross 
 
 I. d. 
 
 2 1 
 
 Klllb. 
 
 and under 
 
 1.111 lb. 
 
 gross 
 
 BO lb. 
 
 and under 
 
 mi lb. 
 
 gross 
 
 451b 
 
 and under 
 
 oil lb. 
 
 gross 
 
 .1.5 lb. 
 
 and under 
 
 'l.'i lb. 
 
 gross 
 
 J. 
 
 7 
 l)J 
 
 "J 
 
 5 
 "1 
 
 .1 
 
 "5 
 
 1.'. lb. 
 and under 
 
 ,Vi lb. 
 gro-s 
 
 il. 
 
 U 
 
 in 
 (I m 
 
 L'ndcr 
 I. Mb. 
 
 gross 
 
 "1 
 
 l«ei«hini: "^ , 
 
 ■ orlwu""- • 
 Ifaec, houi-i. 
 ■nvUnl!, •"'" 
 
 ■ and 1"P "'\ 
 ■subsliU""" - 
 
 Illll.K OF ILVTI-.S AND Cll.MlGK.S ON WlNKS 
 
 ■SI) SriuiTs IN Casks otuku than Ku.m. i 
 
 ( iMiulimj Rate incliidn.s landinfc, ivbarfago, 
 
 .'n|ilrt(,'aiii,'i', and gaufifinfi.w.'itcliiiii;, Cooper's 
 )iimv iit laiiiliiii^ and whilo on the iiuay ; ac- 
 
 lion,"'*"'!',! 
 
 iva<»i'""1 
 ■iarccl. 
 
 LueigW* 
 
 from the vault hi lieu of that for delivery from the 
 quay. 
 
 The Jfousliiij and Cuoperiiiij Rate includes lious- 
 
 m^ awX cooperiiif;, cooper's attendance at housing, 
 
 .■uid superiuteiidcucn hi the vault,'*, for the first 
 
 cigliteeu months, rei;aiii;iug, and sampling at 
 
 • it laiuliiii; gauges, warrants, if required, | delivery; and is applicable to all wines and spirits 
 
 siliuf spirits, as ascertained 1)} the Customs, not cleared from tlie quay. Goods chargeable 
 
 ifci s;iiiii)lcs. Wines and spirits will be al- with this rate are subject to rent from the ilate of 
 
 to Miiaiii ou the ([uay, subject to a weekly the ship's brealiing bulk, or first landing from 
 
 ! it one ciilciular month from the comraciice-j craft, and to cooper's superintendence after eighteen 
 
 of tlio ship's disch.arge, or lir.st landing from months. 
 
 iftor the expiration of wliich tlie housuig ; llaeking. — When racking is necessary, forty- 
 
 wpcring rate will become chargeable. ciglit hours' notice will be given to the proprietor, 
 
 ', -When wines or sjiirita have been cleared ! with the option of sending his own casks. No 
 
 |tlic Customs, and delivery orders have been i ch.irgc will be made when the casks arc racked 
 
 with the Company within the calendar ' for preservation in the vault, within twelvemonths 
 
 lu aliove, a further period, not exceeding 1 from the date of the ship breaking bulk ; those 
 
 a day.< will be allowed for clearing from ' for exportation or coastwise excepted. 
 
 sy, on payment of the charge for delivery i Tasting can be permitted only under the pro- 
 
 L l2 
 
 . I 
 
 'iii 
 
 'V 
 
 i 
 
 ' t 
 
 ^Vi .3. k,'i. 
 
*•• 
 
 ,"*• 
 
 I 
 
 
 DOCKS .. ^i,,,.oe, —The housiiiK' and cooi«r. 
 
 ?r V and at the rates « > c.Uu. m t _^^^_ .^. 
 
 p.,;,..^ in casks '"'^'l'^,:: X rt dT.ciencicB in mea- I 
 cuLMb'os <" ''« yr"l'"' 1 one «all..n per cii«U for 
 
 al,U' for dcficiciicii'^ a"^' K ,n„teriuU; "or lor 
 \)root. 
 
 Size» of iVine and Spirit CaJii. 
 
 Full riml«nn 
 III aiiil uiiilii V<><<<1*- 
 . W 11 '} •« 
 . M .. <^ •■ 
 
 . *^ .. ,'''• ■• 
 
 . I'iS •»! uiiwMiU. 
 
 . , in and under 'iO (;aUi. 
 
 Ilalf.i"*""""'" . -t,) „ .V. „ 
 
 Du.itt"''""'' * . ^^ i> ''•} M 
 
 'fl,lril-.a.li . 4,1 „ Wi „ 
 
 lliit{s\tca(l . lir> M ifMI ,1 
 
 U„:jjralile " . Kill „ I'Jl M 
 
 l'Hi»i III""' "' V""\ . lil and uiiwarili. 
 
 \Vl^«•• . 
 
 Hn\f .!» ""''■»•'' ■ 
 Ouarls' 1 »•» 
 Thlid '•»>' 
 
 ;,',*.. oilmtl 
 L-|i.l«iiUl« 
 
 m,^sa,ul Spirits oth.rtha,.R;^ 
 
 1 If.hl,.p«l.'"''>';™';?';.andMAr.ala - 
 '■'"l^^e^k.l,^^-^ T. «^R *>" «»"""* "" I ^ • »h«r, bu.u. light i '^l™"'' '"'• '""^' 
 
 '" . "l.'ciiat^"! according .0 .l-ociM nna„g.m»ul, 
 
 n'lilfltwl r.it* for tioti 
 
 ilmWT, |l«-I 1I11/1.11 
 
 Hri r lu I'uiiinti'iik'e tlirre < 
 
 Ijtmlimi Uate 
 ; iiiirinc, liousiiij,', < 
 I r water, ori;;iiial \\ 
 ..ii'l strcM/fih.s, n, 
 -iirvoviiif,' Hu.l fur,, 
 l.'imi iiiif infemlnl 
 liiird /iiur clear djy 
 rarivl (iir rcin.iv/il. 
 !ramlii|itiipii(, if ,„„ 
 iliiirilflM (rum Uiat 
 
 Vi-I'l llKld.s i„ tJio 
 (iit.irliire, pn\-iii^r rn 
 
 lii'iit is c/iiir^'cai,!, 
 IriMkiii;,' liiilli. or />,„„ 
 
 Coimlklatvil Ji„t^ 
 
 Conperage i 
 
 Trimmlnj, Including wood ho 
 
 Dnt.c; ■ 
 
 hUMnnJ luminif 
 
 BniM Dili for ioo|„r|nir " 
 
 m...,.nd|a,|,,g„p^,„„. 
 iii»;V"iinfajinH. 
 
 ftttc;i flllla* 
 «*!:< . 
 
 I(lli(lii»fiiimihclwi 
 
 rr,r """"" '■■"«°"<' 
 
 ■ nimingfjik, 
 ■fwijiiitihehtadi. 
 
 M Ifo) hnupi * 
 
 rhlmn 
 lircnifleaii . 
 
 'ln.i»lNeca,k.,„,her,|«„, 
 
 
 \ eiainin»>>»n - _ . ' , i ' 
 
 E.a,nma.iun and coopering -^^ ^^^^^^^^ .^„,„„ „,. .cccndj - 
 
 ~;:::r::cro...:™-cnno..n.c..a.«.n.^^^ 
 
 \ down - • • 
 
 t De\lrerj by land 
 
 tDeliverjbj"""^ 
 
 •I 
 
 MIX" 
 
 rT».lnVw. V" "^.'•'r.irwKK day. from final e«mlna.ion. 
 t Chargeable after ..xUcar ^ „e tobe consider«la. p, 
 
 ■g?ce'edi°nV.''^'j "»' e«c«dinK H-„ills_each ;! °jS'.»T«i!^| 
 
 n "- " " 
 
 .., ., Vatting Otarges. 
 
 endi new case 3s. 3(?. j 
 
 per 100 gal 
 
 ^'Vra9^m,dE:ctraCk 
 
 '''''"'™'«°'>J,«i.h,i„i 
 t . . "iihoui vial 
 
 N:iin.„drf;i„„, hhd-.ban 
 EV™'«li"S<ire_«allon, .' 
 
 Illb^T! 
 
 P^linn.compleiJ 
 r«lindrp„„''i;™;'''« bung only 
 
 l'-™-"'iorcu..i„-,.„ 
 
< 
 
 U 11' 
 
 I 3 1 
 
 : ; 
 
 « 
 
 6 
 
 u » 
 
 » 
 
 1) « 
 
 6 , 
 
 010 ; 
 
 »i 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 'lall 1,1,11 
 
 jCT'"'""""i'ip« 
 
 iiit'irdirp, pnviiiffroiit/H iVi, , ''•'"'■ «t iter 
 
 lre,.kin,-l,ulk..7.fn„„ ™ "< <l..tr of ,)„";,,. 
 
 Trri ~ T"" :"" ^""^ "'^^ '^- ^-. 
 
 Mrtpr, 
 I J'u„..l«fi „;•,■, I '"..U. / Third. iQ-rier'^^^-^^ri:!' 
 , I / ""■• ) I I C'Mki 111) (;,,!._ I 
 
 Trinmlnf, Includinii wool i,« 
 
 huiij|«ii,liun,i„„ 
 
 J, Dan.' fan»d8 . * - 
 
 ll hirtlmm ihc |«', 
 
 ■ S<.T(miiri tin. ,,,„], - 
 
 I H(iu« " '"""tl lampiing on 
 
 ■ TiiM..mi|ore,eaihUiiie .' 
 
 ■ mtiniiraik, 
 
 ■ ''■njiiriluhnj,. 
 
 ■ wiihwjji 
 
 l.Vitkfai, 
 
 Full ronien,, 
 
 «'l«nd ""''•■' »','«allon. 
 
 .11) ,. •• ■"• „ 
 
 f ;: J ■• 
 
 -•1 , •• ,"'• . 
 
 I? " '• ," .. 
 
 ^» and up^Lrd,.""' " 
 
 f^?^^^s^^im 
 
 I r — 
 
 iwr cask 
 
 Pw cask 
 
 ''""'"''«°nd,,|,h„,„ _ 
 uilhoul vial 
 
 *'"" ; ■" : '■"PUn.or'i.hd. 
 
 ^ each 
 
 It*,',, 
 
 P«lin(!,comp|efJ - - 
 
 P«'"ndrf„"S;'''«''ungo'iilv 
 
 I ''"'''■""'Mcuding.in 
 
 ^fn Hoop,, 
 I'tT houp 
 
 jjarf?&'.'"'«'^»"". and under, 
 Ouartercast I 
 
 '.it3Hili«i™i, 
 
 '*""' i~iw" 
 
 <) a 
 
 are hansferred fn 1. '"■'" ^O"''™ Dock f' o '"'^ 
 
 .•« :l 
 
 1. 
 
 '*:i 
 
 ! !>:i- 
 
 fi * 
 
 ' i^ji 
 
li'iv,' 
 
 m 
 
 518 , -^,.^c were Ibc next ui"!''- 
 
 9 7.om/..» />"'•*■•'••- ''\ff^ot in tbe Thame;;. 
 1 ■ „( tliW sort ;-et on "['V'.-c, (i,.„ru,e in 
 
 «.l Situated in the |Km.h..>oi^;;;^^^^^^^ 
 
 V th wine, branily, <«'';^.\ V^,.p. -jo acres, ^^>'l • 
 ;, ok ha. a water '^J'"' ° ,,; "' Hu() feet in lenjjtli 
 
 and the water area ot U c ^j,,^,._ ,,.!». 
 
 P vcrsalH.nt 7 aeres Ihe i ,j^ j ,, ,„ 
 
 1 ^s between tlie =\b.A-e 'ml ^ ,.^.,,,,u.m o 
 
 tohaeeo^ sluys. 1>'«;,,^^ .^Uaceo wurehon e |i 
 
 ^^^docks -«« j;^';;:^^ Se brandy, tol,acco 
 houses, and IS bunt, .= . 
 
 Tlve ConM';'"> ^ "^"-'n! „, ,,„,.k amounted n 1 • 
 
 . Irnliold prop. H% ^^"'1 ,. i,::ist ^nutlllleU. -"^ 
 Iteam P'V^l^';^;;^ d or risk of boat coj^ .^^^^ 
 
 s:!;:c;Se*::tue;u---"s^ 
 
 i,^,^hc t:ronn(l oeeuv ed hy "^ l„.avv item ot 
 ^futer. ■lUete a.i. - ^ 
 
 DOCKS ,f,.,„n tberivcrislHOfwt 
 
 basin. Tiu.bH.kkadn^fj;-,|^^^.,,,.Hhats|,„« 
 lonK, ami l'' l'\: ; \ons ,„„icnmay pass n, amlm.t 
 nf uDwards ot tioo lo" „, that oulwavd-bomul 
 
 3 1 nrs before >''«^-;[;^V.'v f ^'«^^""« '''^'='^"^" 
 shins have tlie oinV"'""''^ ,ic Ships of ..l.waivl- 
 Ueflu-e.he tidcbe«u.s toaee,l..^_^^^^ 1_^^^ ^^^^^^^^ 
 
 of l.OOlt tons register ..^ ^^^ ^^j^,, dc-kecl mvl 
 without diliicultx. )• -^^.j,!! ,j^ hy day-au ail. 
 undoeked !'>' ,V';",Vthls establishment. A ckar 
 vantage l^"^'^"^ ' !, ,,';.,n 30.> feet m wultlus ;,: 
 rhannel ot not it. s ^^^^^ ^.^.^^^.^^ ,|,.,,^,„,_ 
 
 all times kept in '", „,,„i ,^t low water at, tl„ 
 ■22 feet water m. a ^,^^^^^„,^.,_ 'Hk. war,- 
 
 pvineipal bnoy f '"^ ,, very lar^e s.alc ; u: 
 
 Uses a.u\ van t» arc u ^^^ ^^^^,,j ,„ ,„^.^. „„ 
 
 ,„oro so than .'"^ n'M' ^^^ ,,.areboMses are y., 
 
 the extent ol ^^•""' ,- ,,,^ ^ul owiii^' to tk,i 
 
 ^ntrive.l and ^-^^^ ^,mn wbi, i, wl.ati- 
 
 hoinn built partU "! I ."ti„.\,thet doeU^ i> iran. 
 
 called the quay ^^;;'^.^ ;,-, ed^c, e"oels are Ium.; 
 acted), 'lose to .uNa ^^^^ ^,^^^^,_ ,,.„i t ,;, 
 
 ,lirect from *''« ''\' ' i ,hem on (piaj^s; sotiiaui; 
 ,„ij,. '>ec«;sary tolan^^^^ ^._^^^^ atid labour ,. ■.• 
 *his way a saN lOn 
 
 i'i=ctc'l- . y,p observed by vessels ibii; 
 
 The rcRulations to i)e ^^^^.^.^^ ^^ „^,,^^, .^. | 
 
 the St. K^t''""! V ml W.St India and 1.. 
 forced iu the Ka>t, ml .^^^^^^^ 
 
 Docks, to which .^y-'" J ,,,, .,re suuat«l::| 
 1. '/■/,« ' '^•'''"'\''^''" ,m tbc north side of v 
 
 ,ho I'laistow M»'-f V^'i^,^"h. East an>l iV. 
 
 ■Vhames, im'"",'''^^; .\,X'nse a half-tide to,r. 
 India Docks. ^ I ^i^-; , , f 7.1 a.'res, an(' a p<m-.L 
 Ul acr('s.a.. im't'r t'';^';t,„aed ^„ ;„„,,,.,„ 
 (1-2 acres) ol the '■•"''";,.. ■I'hedei.tlu.f* 
 Lstenilaudsc.ftbet^o' P;^^-^„ ^^. ^^^^ ^ ■ . I 
 
 ,.,jnos from 21 tect ' l'^,^ ,,3 ;, at Bow i:.«.| 
 
 The eutranec *7>" *! !,/,!j^"i„ h-u^th, i^ f. 
 
 l,v means ot a J"f . •;-,; (th. 'niere arc G ;.! 
 .l<'ptb,and80leetmv^_JU. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 on':, of which are txtuu^^^^^^^^ ^^_^ ^,^^ ,. 
 arc also several lar^t^. i,^,.i„gauarca.Hie 
 „f the dock, oncot ^V [ '! ^ the stora.t;e.,ft.«| 
 :f,loorin«,isapproi^;J^J^°if,„,,,ah,in,..!^.1 
 Th.re are also sl'"\;';^\'^. jUc ..ntirc huna.i.-£l 
 
 .,f lim.tidO tons ol ^"•^"^.'c^n.doni.itlu-. 
 
 in this article b(Mnt;"o^^J^,.,„„,feM-.:. 
 
 A branch ot tin '-""«' ,,,^i ,,,is .an 1. ' 
 
 brought into the ;f ^, jf ,i,c NunU-\V>*tn,^ 
 
 vovedby »«""'".,i,' t'chant;e of carruucsJ 
 otlier vailwavs, w tbout U a j,^^^^ ^ I 
 
 the ship's side t< .»"> 1 " comprises ator| 
 
 ■nu', Victoria l>ock csmte '^^^^ktoGil 
 
 acres of land,extcnd g b^m ^^^^ 
 
 l^'acb,.ad.sta«ceotn .ul> ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^ ,,., ^1 
 
 ,0 contmue the ' y,'| jo the eastward .■.3| 
 Ihvongb .100 acres f 1^'^ ^ ^'^^ ^^,, ,vatot tio:J 
 l.rcsent dock, and -o cmp ,^^ .„,i.,i„g ..J 
 !.„ each side o J^^^'^^^^ for shippins » | 
 kinds of «=^^'"'"'" ,\veho«ses, prcnusc.l. >:*■ 
 sucb as dry docks, w_ai .^^^^^^ ,,^,4 « 
 
 s' companies '^^; oraviiii;' Ut«s ij 
 
 coustrncted !'>' <1>'^,,^^'^ ,' „f tl.c cl-»« ^ 
 
 In-aviiit;- blocks on .m c { ,,.j^„i,c p*l 
 
 tvhicb ships are /'"'''> i^^uullow ,va!«j 
 
 intoons, tloated ^^^'^^^^ A"'""?""13 
 IhereexannnedandiM^aire^^^^^,^^^^^^ J 
 
 j,,^es uf this 1'^="' '^'^?„,.ii,„atoncc,andtW 
 
 ^-^\^^»^V'Sr Slei,,^,vesor.H 
 
 tieability of these I p,,i,v tot 1*-=«81 
 
 ddpping ^"thou I' ; '^^;'^^,. ^^-^ „a,eol m 
 
 the rivi.r, a"'l."r;^\":,vmnauv w.rMwner>^ 
 " 'I'he Victoria l)o.dvC rap .,,,_^,„^, ^ 
 
 Steelyard ware u.,^^'^l>ie«^ 
 
 
DOCKS 
 
 519 
 
 l\eve 
 
 llic Slated"* 
 ,uwt, «»"* 
 
 illlCO. 
 
 niv 
 
 connecled with the Ulackv--all l.'aihviiy. cdiniiiuiii- 
 c^io hv riihvav with nil parts uf the Uiii.u:<lnin. 
 ' 'iiii'(\iiiiiiaiiy -vvas crpatcd liy Act of i'arliaiiii'iit 
 • \sv liv tills and siihsc((iifnt Acts it is au- 
 Itri-cii to raise a share caiiital of l,-J(i(i,iHin/., and 
 liorrow ;'.lilM)lHI/., inakiii:;- its total |io«crs ul' 
 ni.in- moucv l.r)li'J,UtM)/. 
 
 ' ihc iiiidortakinK was leased to Mcssv^. IVto, 
 llott' and Brassey for 21 years fnjiii .laiiuary 
 !S0J tliey paving; as rent r> per eeiit. on all eajiital 
 „,, tn 70(U)U'l>/.. »"<! '■' l'^-''" ''''"'• "" "" '"■>>">'' 
 tint urn milt ; also •.'.(HIO/. per aninnn for the ex- 
 „(',i,ri of the Company's olliees and nianaf;v.oent, 
 with luilf the iirolits ivhieli may arise from the 
 «Mikiii;;-of the iinderlakin;; after payment of rent. 
 'flic lessees were honnd to lodj^e seeiirily ti tlir 
 ixtc'it of li>0,W)IU. for the iierformaneo of the 
 p'rovisions of the lease; hut. as already (!X|dained, 
 Ih,. Yietoria Docks have been transferred to the 
 miiiiafiement of the. London and St. Katharine 
 DookC'empany. 
 
 vivNoiMs or Till-: KofTiNi: oi- runi.ic lUisi- 
 
 ^ >l RS, WITH AN .\r.STH.U:l' OF rilK I'lllNCIl'AI. I 
 l;it,UI.AT10N.S AI'l'I.irAIll.K TO GudDS IX TllK 
 
 |,nNi)OX, St. Katiiari.ni:, axd Victoiua 
 Docks, 
 
 liiUi! of IniliiiR must ho produced before fronds 
 
 , Ul !«■ ilclivered to jiarties daimini,' ihe same, in 
 
 ,;11 t'aM^ where siieh ^^'ods are entered l)y the 
 
 ('Miis'imy for want of entry by thcmorehant; as 
 
 (iIm.w'.iiii seeds have been landed from jdaecs to 
 
 tlicia>tivaril of the Capo of Good Hope, with the 
 
 itioii ef Van Dicniorrs Land and Xew Snnlli 
 
 [■\\•ill,^ Thev will also be required for t,Mods 
 
 from the Wcs't Indies or United States of Amoriea, 
 
 rlitii entered hv parties other than thcconsi[;'iu'es. 
 
 'artiailar attoiition is necessary to the regnlarily 
 
 )f iho cmlorseinents of bills of lading:, as the 
 
 impany".s ollieers cannot pass .any bill on which 
 
 lio autl'iority from the shipper to the holder is 
 
 It iloiliiood'hy a complete and accurate chain vt' 
 
 ilorseiuent. 
 
 liven- bill of ladin.n'shouhl hospcrialli/ endorsed, 
 
 a? tridoarly desij^iiate the party to whose order 
 
 IK ("iitents are to he delivered. 
 
 In all c.ises of informality in bills of ladiiif;, 
 
 mnvant of endorsement Ac, or of their beini;- 
 
 1st. ajiplieation must be made to the secretary by 
 
 (tiir. statiii;; the eireumstances, and ciichmiKjanji 
 
 icnmiils u-liirii will show the tith: tn titi' r/ODth. 
 
 very such case the applicant must eiif^a^'o to 
 
 Idemiiity the Comp.iny, by bondor uthcrwise, .as 
 
 (c Court may direct. 
 
 jOnltrs for transferor delivery, unless the jrood.s 
 
 to be delivered from the landing scale, cannot 
 
 [accepted until the ijoods have hviii hiiiilitl. 
 
 he p.iyment nf the landin;; nites, whenever 
 
 !rtaiiieil, nu the whole of each mark or jiarcel 
 
 .(.'omls, will he re(piire<l previously to the 
 
 •I'cr er issue of warrant.s, or delivery of any 
 
 llicrcef. Charfres upon j;-oods must be jiaid, 
 
 IcairlHl to a deposit aci'ount, previous to an 
 
 frfiir transfer beinj,' received by the (,'ompiiny. 
 
 Mers fur delivery ear.uol bo acted upon unless 
 
 Jul liy the jiarty in whoso name the floods 
 
 |tl in the Coiii|)any's hooks, or by a person duly 
 
 li|n<eil ill writiiif;, under the hand of the 
 
 tipal, til sign Ihem; and should any inter- 
 
 Itimi, erasure, or alteration have been made 
 
 II iTclrr, it can only be accepted with the 
 
 iir initials of the party set against such 
 
 ition. 
 
 icn i;oods lodfjed in the custody of (ho 
 laiiy h.ivo 'lepii stopjied for freight, the jiro- 
 iriii.iy liherale them by makiiif; a deiiosit of 
 "luiiiit claimed with the Coniiiauy, according 
 
 to ihi' provisions of the 'Morcliant Shipping Acta 
 Amendment Act,' 18()2. 
 
 Wiinatilf mill I'laimfvis. — Warrants for goods 
 ill general are issued, on written ap|diiation at 
 the dock, in favour of such person as the party in 
 rthose name they stand in the ( 'ompany's books 
 may liirecl. The lirst arc issued free of expense, 
 except for the stamp, as roipiircd bylaw; on all 
 siibseipienl warrimts and transfers the charges are 
 as follows (stamp in aihlition) : — 
 
 For each warrant or transfer containing — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 tU 
 
 l(.r yp 
 
 ickagcs 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 (I 
 
 1 
 
 .1 .. 1 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 1) 
 
 2 
 
 .'. t(» 7 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 n 
 
 3 
 
 >i „ ]M 
 
 „ 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 11 ., l'» 
 
 ,, 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I(i ,, ','!) 
 
 ,, 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 () 
 
 ii; 
 
 '-il „ V.'. 
 
 ,, 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 Vti „ "(1 
 
 „ 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 
 n 
 
 K 
 
 Til ,, Tui 
 
 ^j 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 !) 
 
 .-.ti „ ID 
 
 ,, 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 n 
 
 in 
 
 11 „ l'> 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 n 
 
 11 
 
 ir> :iiul 11) 
 
 w-iriU 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 (in.KUin 
 
 iiilk, jit'r ton 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 For evt ry 
 
 IIL>W I'lu 
 
 (ue 
 
 ifranlitl 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 '1 !.. jontonts of one •rnn-iiiit may bo divided into 
 others tor smaller quantities, ut the will uf the 
 holiUr, 
 
 Goods for which the Company's warrants have 
 been issued are not subject lodctenlion for freight 
 or landing-charges. The warrant also supersedes 
 a eertitieate of transfer, is iircferable iii jioiiit of 
 security, and a saving in expense. It is the only 
 document issued by llio Company entitled to be 
 Considered a legal symbol of the goods therein 
 described, and is transferable, by nil eudorse- 
 nient, without being produced at the dock (dfice, 
 thus obviating the trouble and expense of transfers; 
 but transfers may nevertheless be effected in the 
 books of the Company by the luddor of a waiTant, 
 if ilcsired, on its lodgment at th.'dock. 
 
 No wairaiit will bo issued until the rates on the 
 goods arc ]iaid. nor until the ^top for freight (if 
 tiny) has been removed, or a deliosit oi(ual to tlu: 
 amount chiinud on ticcuunt of such slop uuado 
 with the ( 'oinpany. 
 
 !\IiTeh;nits' orders for delivery i>r transfer m.ay 
 be cxcliaiige<l for warrants at the dork otlice, on 
 written instructions being ])reviously lodged. 
 
 If, from the nature of the contract between the 
 .seller and buyer, ro-woighiiig Ac. may be neces- 
 sary, new warranls, if desiroil. will be issued, on 
 depositing the wiirranls, endorsed with directions 
 to Ihat eH'oct, conlainiiig the hiinling-wcights and 
 re-weights, as soon as the opcralions are com- 
 pleted. 
 
 When any alterations, such as re-packing itc, 
 are to bo made (except when prc]iaratory to im- 
 mediate deliver)'), the warrants nnist be lodgeil, 
 ;ind others, representing the goods correctly, 
 issued '11 the same manner. 
 
 Ill the event of warranls l.'oing lost, thoy must 
 be advertised in such publi(^ nc\vs|)aper as may be 
 diroeU'd by Ihe Coin|)aiiy, and 7 days olajise sul.sc- 
 (pioully to the tidvertisement, and the ('omjiany be 
 iudoninilied, before anj- ilelivery can bo ell'ected; 
 but wdienover the delivery of the goods is pressing, 
 the parties may obtain it immidiatoly, upon 
 depositing ihe estimated value. Under no cir- 
 cumstances will duplicate warrants be issued. 
 
 Weight notes, at usual charge, are issued, on 
 ;iutliority in writing of the owner of the goods, at 
 tiiiy time on or before the day of ]ironipt, entitling 
 the hnhirr to inspect .'ind sample the goods. 
 
 Aiithoriti/ ill Sijin Orilirs. — Proprietors of goods 
 desiring to authorise their clerks to sign orders on 
 their behalf must lodge an instruction in writing 
 to that olfecl with the Company. Prirted forms 
 for that piirp.ise may be ol)tainc(!. 
 
 Jhdkci s possessing general authorities iii writing 
 
 I' 
 
 ' A 
 
I ] 
 
 1 ! 
 
 ^'^'^^^^ ,,,„ puavs or loading tlicrofrom; 
 
 r..)0 . 1- nr ilriiw 1 or vilmg "" "f: nVcounts of landin- wti-lil^ 
 
 ,^ „,. provided for in tUc *''^;''^^i„ation by lUc rovoim.., 
 
 proscntiuK "t *^ ' ,' ' ,e .rol.ds. AVhcn ^^^";'" '^ „ dutv-pfii'l entry or b'^"' ^;^^ , ^,<„i, f^o^ the 
 
 ''"'" *^ C"C ; d u m^>-'- °f f ^?f Ti a o ?o tl>o l'Vl'T'"oV.od'vm be allowed in other oa«. 
 
 "^^^■'l be «t "'■'- '"« ""'""-/"ac bSfor qnay Al|kei«;t" 'ritins of s«ch in.ondel 
 
 must be *=;" V^^" , ,^rc roiiuirod, 7''/' ,>erv. inovidcd 'O™*^^^ ''•,,.„„ prior to tlio wci-lim?, 
 
 subsciiuP'^'^ ^'"V';„u,«t 1)0 paid l)etorcdelucr>- ' ; simU be.K'^e" 1' • „,,. pi,s«icc o( 
 
 i, not done tbc '^^^f\^ ^^ako an >n™f 'f^^ 1 ;„,. informality "'/t Consent ..f tl Compunv, 
 prevent dela} ovi ul ^^^.^.^^.^ '-" ' ;i,od tbmr request («-it'\*^^ "^^ in ad.litlon to wceklv 
 
 "'^Carul^^laShi ac::;vius cannot bo lurn.sbcd j ;^^,^,,:i ,viu be ^jjf ^Sl^'^^l^^ed f.-m U. o. 
 
 -tiuhey arc a.lj;.^.o;l. 
 
 ■Z:.l^^ -"-' '^'^ ^''""'" 1 ^"->'^" .;t !:^.:;!f ^"removed IVolntl.,., 
 
 f;^::i.4,.o,,«K-irt?dn::?^'^^iie^-''^^ 
 
 „u^c acconnts, with tne ^—•■■;,,,„„, of th. \ ^J J^ ; ' -^ t„e lirst b.nding i^^^^;^ J 
 • „t^ specilied tb-on^ ;;^,, ,a>^ arK^ , ^ 0'-"'"^' -u Xdo,Su goods Ulri 
 
 .kdivcry ^^'••'Kbt 01 . ^ropnotor,^ '", LVhcs Ubat rate applies ."'{'1, the iinal wcii^liin^: 
 
 7? / ii^ clliltCO'l '111 'I 
 
 lU'COUMis ■■■■V , . ,,, , ('.u'illtatC i-">= ■•■"■■I - , . ..; 
 
 The Doek ^'«n»-^ - anced hy >"'t«ra. ^^-^;,,,,ik, or from tl>c m^ ■»:^n«ck'.« 
 land,>vharfage,>ve'o'""oOrb = 
 
 yotc— The followi 
 tar. -ulphiir, spirits o 
 • iTiileiim— and siiel 
 (,iiirt>3 will not allow 
 i>i..'k^, are warehouse 
 li..cks. 
 
 Me. 
 
 I he hours fur tli 
 ,m— 
 
 from Mnrcli 1 to C 
 4 uVlock r.Ji, 
 
 liu 
 
 Gwfds Impo 
 
 Including filling into bags a 
 
Y 
 i'. 
 I". 
 \.-t 
 
 rd 
 
 the 
 
 «s. 
 
 .lie! 
 
 lin:, 
 
 :c o( ' 
 
 ;d 01 ! 
 
 M-, 
 fd W 
 I "t !>■' I 
 piuiy, 
 iveetty | 
 e luK. I 
 
 reakiii; 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 >((,tc.— The foll(i\vinj;goii(ls— guano, rc.^iii, pilcli, 
 , I,,' sulphur, apu-its of and other turpentine, niul 
 
 821 
 
 .,nilcum — ami such others as tlie iiiMurauce 
 ;i;,o;-, will not allow to he stored in the Upper 
 jilk* are wnrthoused exclusively at the Victoria 
 
 ll.iU 
 
 ■Ihe hours 
 
 Memoranda, 
 
 for the transaction 
 
 of business 
 
 Ir.iin "ularch 1 to October 31, 8 o'clock a.m. to 
 4 iK'lock I'.Ji. 
 
 From N()veinl)er 1 to last day of February, 
 y o'clock A.M. to 4 o'clock I'.M. 
 
 Ilegisters of ships inwards, for the use of 
 merchants and others, in w ich arc alpliabeiically 
 arranj;ed the names of vessels, where from, and 
 where stationed, and which also contain the 
 particulars of .ships loadinff, arc placeil at the 
 .Superintendent's Olliie, London Docks; Loui^ 
 lloom. .St. Katharine Dock House; Superinlcnd- 
 cnt's OHice, Victoria Docks. 
 
 Visitors on Sundays or public holidayj are 
 admitted only under special circumstances." 
 
 Bates OH ceita 
 
 in Guilds slu 
 
 ■ed exc 
 
 lusiceli/ at the Victoria Doc/is. 
 
 
 
 
 Landing 
 llale 
 
 Be. 
 
 lif- 
 
 IMlvcn 
 
 Kent 
 
 1 
 
 GoikIs Importid 
 
 
 w.-1bI< 
 iiiK 
 
 He- 
 
 hoit&inK 
 
 hy Lanil 
 
 1,, 
 Water 
 
 1. d. 
 
 Per 
 
 Quantities 5cf. 
 
 — 
 
 yet 
 
 1. d. 
 
 I. d. 
 
 t. d. 
 
 f. </. 
 
 1. d. 
 
 ], r 
 
 
 1 '"'InduJinB filllnR Into liiRS and scwii.B uii 
 1 ivch • ■ " * * 
 
 ton 
 
 .1 n 
 1! 6 
 
 n fi 
 
 U 111 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 
 1 fi 
 OIU 
 
 2 3 
 •d 6 
 
 n oj 
 3 1) 
 
 r3 II 
 1(1 .1 
 
 1 1 00 liarrek 
 ton, in tierces 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 'i 6 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 •i 
 
 
 
 
 .T 9 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 9 
 
 4 6 
 
 11 fi 
 
 ton 
 
 
 ! '.jl;i*iur, unreiinetl 
 
 b.-irril 
 
 .1 (P 
 1) 3 
 
 1 1! 
 1 
 
 1 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 'i 
 1 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 II 'i 
 
 3 
 
 (3 1) 
 \3 fi 
 
 11 U 
 
 1 100 haneU 
 100 tierces 
 
 
 1 Turpmline, rouRh 
 
 ton 
 
 t fi 
 fi 
 
 10 
 
 1 6 
 
 10 
 
 1 G 
 
 10 
 
 1 G 
 
 i fi 
 2 fi 
 
 
 1 Irdudinn cnoiier's supcnntcmlence at 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t landint(dntldi'liTery. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 per ton 
 or tun 
 d. 
 
 
 ■jffi 
 
 il on 1 
 , tea. 0'^ 
 
 ill! 
 
 t\\c itni»f^ 
 c from crt 
 
 loitiii!: 
 
 sliii*"''.' 
 .ndit-W""! 
 
 0! 0«»=i 
 
 
 lav?' 
 Inj.ilo.' 
 
 VViliiip, 
 Toiirtaii' 
 
 Petroleum, 
 
 llwiiw.'lis'l'i'Bi'. Iwii'iiR. a^>l cooper's nllendance at land- 
 
 i ml,ijaou<in|! and !,.implinB at landing 
 pUiihii; Ti;»>iBi"l!iitl.imlin(; . . - - 
 
 1V,1«.-.<11 liiiJiiii; 1.111 ronndl - . . " 
 r ' (.MaterLrls in addition.) 
 
 |ii(hia:in>l himiiii; (on quaniiiy done) 
 fflt. t*t wceil - • " 
 
 rliiBi l>v iantl from quay or warehouse • 
 :iuil;witerfiuiiiqu.iy or warehouse - 
 
 Thcrati's arc applicable to goods brought in by 
 liilcnrria^'e. 
 
 Wh.irfa'ic and shipping includes rent for three 
 (except on liuUion, specie, jewellery, plate, 
 ftSic.) friim Ihc date of reception, and during 
 le fcriwl the vessel into which the goods are 
 (ippiu is ill the course of lo.ading— any intcr- 
 itae rent being chargeable. 
 iGoiili transrcrreil from ship to ship will be 
 [jcct to rent from the exjiiration of the three 
 ';s almve niculioned until the date of cU arancc 
 thcvtssil into which the goods arc ultimately 
 ivcrcil ; such cliarge for reii t, luid for any I rucking 
 stiming that may be necessary, to be paid at 
 lime of Iodising the transfer order. 
 ooJsiiitcniicil fur exportation, but received in 
 oronkrcil to be housed, will be subject to 
 atra charge fir housing and unhonsiiig, with 
 Iron) the date of reociition, until cleared for 
 Vessel into which they are sliipped. 
 later-bornc goods lauiled at the request of the 
 liidor, or fur the examination of the searchers, 
 be sulijcct to the charges of lauding and 
 fage, wliarfago and ])ortcrago. 
 ivisioiis and stores for the use of the ship's 
 my (not being bonded or drnwbai'lc gootls) 
 lot be subject to the charge for -wharfage or 
 iRe. 
 
 t Dock Company take no cognisance of, nor 
 
 'ley be rcs|n)nsiljlc for, goods received into or 
 
 irgoil from a vessel in the docks by lighter. 
 
 Ooiiipiuiy do not undertake to lower goods 
 
 ic hold of a vessel. 
 
 ions in charge of goods sent to the docks for 
 lent must come provided with regular 
 iR notes, specifying their mark, qu.ality, and 
 itioii; also the name of the ship, master, 
 irt the goods are intended for ; and when for 
 than one vessel, a separate note must be 
 
 sent for each. These notes are to be delivered to 
 the export foreman at the respective dejiartmcnts. 
 
 The duty of clearing goods devolves on the 
 proprietors or shippers, who are responsible for .all 
 consequences arising from their not being duly 
 cleared. 
 
 When goods cannot be shipped, either from 
 want of room in the vessel, any informality in the 
 document, or other cause, the order o*' the I'arty 
 in whose name the goods have been recei\ed will 
 be necessary before they can be otherwise dis- 
 posed of. 
 
 Accounts of charges on goods for shipment will 
 be m.ade out at the respective departments where 
 the vessels are lo.iding, and must be paid before 
 the goods are put on board. 
 
 The master or mate ol' each vessel will be re- 
 quired to give a receipt to the Dock Company's 
 ollicerfor all g.iuds delivered to his vessel by the 
 Dock Company. 
 
 l\egisters of vessels loading outwards, .and where 
 stationed, are placed at the Superintendent's 
 Ollice, London Docks; Long l!oom, St. Katharine 
 Docks; Superintendent's Ollice, Victoria Docks. 
 
 'J'lie rate for landing, wharfage, .shipping, 
 housing, unhou.-ing, is, in each case, one half the 
 charge inserted in the column for wharfage and 
 porterage, unless otherwise stated, and is charged 
 on the gross weight of the package, except wlieii 
 it is otherwise spccilicd. 
 
 Tablk ok Katks and Ciiai:gi:.s on Wines 
 
 AND Sl'UtlTS (OTIUCr. THAN lic.v) I,ANDKI> 
 
 IN THE London and St. Katuauink Docics. 
 
 Wines and spirits (rum and British spirits 
 excepted) landed in the docks will be chargeable 
 with the following rates:— 
 
 The Landimj Rate, which includes Landing, 
 wharfage, laying up to gauge and gauging, accounts 
 of landing gauges and of strengths of spirits, tirst 
 samples on the qu.ay, warrants if required (but 
 not the stamp upon the same), watching, cooper'.s 
 attend.ancc at landing whilst remaining on the 
 quay, and at delivery by land or water from tho 
 ijuay. 
 
 Wines and spirits will be .allowed to rem.ain on 
 the quay, subject to a weekly rent, for one 
 
 -^li 
 
H 
 
 *,i 
 
 DOCKS ^_ j^t a later iienod it 
 
 calendar moulU f'^^^^^' ,S« ♦^'o.r. «""' fi ; .u-ed for tl^o aca.«n^-^'\„,ii isOT th., i. 
 
 '■''I'; .. v\-lu.u wines > 
 
 calemmr u'u..... - J ji^ijr uu... V. • , .^^^^ ....•- j^ ^^,^9 not nmu »-'■ ""• .^ 
 
 ,Wi.'^ '^l^'=l''''^oV"vl cb tlH' I'ousint; a«dcooi.crn,b l^^^^^^.^^ \'^^^,f.t of thcConui>ercial U.,.k ..ul ;,.: 
 the exi) ration oiwnicu .„.,.,U received Hie title "'". ,. panv was ostaWiskJ. 
 
 ratAvUl become -^'^f^^t. have been cleaml .c ^^^^^^ j^i Do ^ J. >^up ^. J^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^,^ 
 "\;.l-._VYben ^""^V,." delivery orders for t u. u j^iniy„,, w, re at i na . ^^^^^^^^^ j,^^^,^ 
 
 will the Customs ,^^;^\,i,ituc Company, ^t ;«JR ^„,^ ^^^ey "'.'^^^f.^j e"" t;rt ot London. Sin. 
 
 I mrc bave liecii lo'^S^''^^ , ;' a furllicr period, not a , ,^,,i„nKmK to tuc , ^^^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 r calendar monlb "^,^,^^^^>'^,u be aU"^ved r ^ y o aenaisition-v''; ^, ,i,led tlic Surrey 
 
 rate wi" i"--'-"'"" .,„',, ^nints navi; "^ — - , ,jjg uonin"-'.'-— j .j^at time umm: i- u,-- 
 
 '''\;.l-._VYben ^""^V,." delivery orders for t u. u j^iniy„,, w, re at i na . ^^^^^^^^^ j,^^^,^ 
 
 will the Customs ,^^;^\,i,i tuc Company, ^t ;«JR ^„,^ ^^^ey "'.'^^^f.^j e"" t;rt of London. Sin. 
 
 Tiie coopering v"'''' ' adivery, wiU bo P" ' ^ articles m t^o"",, 'r-ties lUit by mi A- 
 laiuUn., ^t^,Z Se reiivxO^ fn^^^ ;;-^,uier l-Jy ---'^;,.,:,niieCo,i,,. 
 l-onno.'., ""\"*^,,'^;'"nir>vi-v. and wiU be char, | ^_^^^^^.^^ ^^tuc a of landing and watdiouMi 
 proprietors to ^1>° Xr -\'e^''''«'^- lU-ible to acquired the T \ \^?^ Cnstoms, nearly every ■ 
 
 U the rates l'""'"^;.' , ,,;<k/ IMc^J'W^'':'}^^':'^^ if Sanctioned by ^''""'^l^^,. tl,c uutliuiity ol i 
 '^ ,„. rf„.,« iiniHKi (.oil/"-'"-' r..,.„ (1i(> nuay, anil " ■. ,,f (.-oods. Lii">' , .,,„ „.u,, „ .v 
 
 !. 15 \iet.C.-l.>) uii; v.'iu,iM,i. 
 
 ,„o.i, ""l"*^;'"^';:;";';;^; and wm bc ^»"'-- i;A„ainedin 1«H^\;:' :^jtandinga..d warclumM«;. 
 proprietors to ^r^^'^.^Ki.A. . . ., , ^, ,„ I acquired the prjv.l !^^ "c,, toms, nearly every ^. 
 
 at the rates l'""'"^;.' , ,,;<k/ IMc^J'W^'':'}^^':'^^ if Sanctioned by ^''""'^l^^,. tl,c uutliurity ol it:. 
 The Ilousixgnnd (,<" ' ;'i fr.,m the yi^y- ;'" J scriution of S0'"'«- ,)i,""uased the adjoining 1.1-: 
 .vines and ^l'i-{f jt r vbnisly HouBed by ^ sm^ ^^^^ Conjpaivy^ ' ^^ J^ ^^,,,,„ ,,^1 al.ra.i :. 
 alsotosiiebapbm^bci cooperin^^ Uon^ ' -; L^^^j^try Uoc'.^^, ;"^' ' „, Uicm as wtr. rer,„,r 
 
 of ilic propnetor-mun ^^^^^^.^ ^nd co !« s in„,rovcments up ' ,,^ .^ of Um^ 
 
 rooiier'satter dance ?'^, " ,„ montlis, re-ga"gii.'t.. ^" , i, creasins ^'''T\L ships bv whiolii'. !■ 
 
 and sampling a^de •vei> ^ "f „r, Tr^ft, 1 fre(incntcd. l^l^ V'^"vvc of tlie Surrey Dock,^. 
 
 tins rate "^-^^ 'f {".'Ji^/or fir^t lamUn^ from era^^^ „f about 3oo m., 
 
 not be liable to any aw anv port or -lace ^ ^^^ „,, ,v.cl • Ib^ ^^.j^ith, bas at ncai. >• 
 
 te'iui«»t „v will not be resp">ff i^^,, \„t uf 1,»00 tons resist 
 
 Tlie Company ^^lll ;•.>. imported in casu. i ,1,;, docU. ., „,, ,1,0 docks, commiiicM 
 
 cicncies on wines or sj. t^ imp ^,^^_^ iOm'f^ '-^' A raibvay, lai'l round 1 c ^^ ,^^^^^^ ,, 
 Se of oak. "^>;- ^Scr^ble fV>r ^-^'^^^J^ ^ith the various r^^ ^^^ ,„n.,« .* 
 
 ''^'^^C 'on ttoc contained m ^1^1^,,,,,! allbrdin,_ewy^.<a^^^^y^,^, ^,,^^, ^,u 
 
 oiaae o. """'-• answcrauie '".' •- , casks wnn u'^ , "w facility lor ii^^- "••-■■-- 
 
 overpwf; ^'"\wc ^-outained ni "^^"j,^^, ,,« alTording °y-'>i^ber, and other ^'wkM.^ 
 
 V.,',torilY establisUeU uy 
 Sijand delivery. 
 
 , ■ ;, ihc Dcwminations 0} C«.s«.^ 
 ConUnts by ^-huj^^ Z.nnincl. 
 
 Wines. 
 
 ■ " iiV ind under 'i'' 
 Ca.is,*efu..conu.nube,ns,lo-<1., .5 
 
 •>■> " (■,(") 
 
 mrits 
 
 \™! a.iaui.«ards 
 
 l,n\l V-c^'^ I 
 nviartcr-ia'.lt 
 iViril-cr.^li 
 ll,lB^l"■Ml 
 . ,,il«°f''"" 
 
 lR„m excepted)- 
 
 ^ ,..,15. 
 
 )„lf,,v.cahk 
 
 .mat'«' '■"*' 
 
 tliirdiask 
 
 hocslicail 
 
 un!>iz«-'ai»'C 
 
 ","»., b">t. or !'""• 
 
 unsiit^abie 
 
 have large ^^'^'^V'. "'"o V2(1.000 ,lMart(;r^oic« 
 for the storage of abo% 1- „„ ,i«bt 
 
 '^-,^'™^n^wtd ofthnbe..lif M 
 5?far:diSi0,000piecesoiMaa=. 
 
 nd hbitum. yi,i,meut is in a vi.y ciK 
 
 .riuul'^Se^^Sit to the manage. 
 
 ' 1J,,-VT OS SllllT*! 
 
 l>i'rirtl AND 1\1'-M "■ J 
 
 weeks " ■wm-k 
 
 . 7 «> ?/,« Fic'o'-'" Docks. 
 Wimis i^'ored at ttie -.le,,. per « 
 
 KSail'^O.'"-^ 
 Ouartrrcask - 
 (Ictavt 
 
 ileii- l>er «eck. 
 'i 
 1 
 
 ^'■-'^^*''' „ Wot.tsvara.«e#| 
 
 The foregoing '^^ \ ' "uen out for ror*-] 
 jj.her charges, and flak': ^^^,,^^„., ,te| 
 
 'VtbeL^ab::^^--^-^'"""^ 
 liSandundocUing. 
 
 , ,„ ,,,,__I., addition to the 
 feritiah empire- " 
 
 After 3 vrwk'- .rr ,„,,, 
 
 '"'-' Vockin0^ndUnOocki.J. 
 
 - "~'" f) ,p- tlari-K. ' ;■' , , ■as,*"'"'*'' .1 
 
 „^,..,mJI^ ' 
 
 Ihiihiiiij dill/ i 
 
 vriPr 1 wivk. pi-r wt-ck 
 tiidtr '^"i' «"w rt'^iistcr 
 ■ ith u*e of the Dork* fu 
 It'ier I week, J»er week 
 l/a-ii Willi lirifks, liruki-n j 
 K.irtlicuie ot'lhu DiKks ( 
 Ifcpr 1 «rek. I'l-r "■^'■k 
 W-^r'.i (!i-«li.irL:iii« (hi-ir ( n 
 -uvf Hoclfi. whollv foi 
 ll„„fi.r I »iTk - 
 .llitr I wifk.pir Mtrk 
 
 Vfvsfl.-i wliolly con 
 ,T,liii:; tdiiiiag-e rales, 
 ami unduckiiig as folli 
 
 ■'ndtfr IU0(on4rt'((is(er 
 livi iou> and iiiiilf 
 'ill" 
 
 •i:'ll ,< 
 
 ,Vifl „ 
 
 .till ,. 
 
 4IIII ,1 
 
 't.VI 
 
 [ j3.i I euinea for every .ultlilioiir 
 Kent i II i!l"'i- ^'I'ssi-I^ (10 foin 
 ife:ilrancel|«'r»efk, iH-rli 
 
 If ,-ucli vessels leave 
 iin;, hilt to conmieiu'i 
 lAilo (if oiilranoe, in : 
 |(lockiiig and iiiidockinj;; 
 
 N.li. Vi'.-.-els laden 
 arc nut inehidet 
 
 kalt'^ 
 
 I Ve»»:- i.i'lt'n with mixed r 
 ^>t<iH'rlion^te tonnap- or il 
 lUm un iUch vessels after ."> 
 
 Vossds loading ouiw 
 Kou>h-f.\Cf.ipteii, -will 
 111' nil'- lii'foi'c iiiciilii 
 rf tmi register if 
 iJeii. liA per ton on tL 
 
 PSIMM vts>tis rnininc in to lie 
 
 m |>t!ri(Hl nut ( jfeftlini; ^ 
 
 I Afiet 1 weeks, jier tow per wi 
 
 llil Mies on Steam ves.sel3 wi 
 
 lonnitf per register, 
 
 iTIif foregoing rates d 
 [miwriii^', uiiinooriug, 
 
 DisciiAKGlNo i;. 
 
 ffSH ' la'len with wooii, fn 
 .\i.ieiic.in Colonies 
 .W. in .iiliiiiion for ever 
 
 i)t]iitcti vine 
 Koreverv load of iir tiinlt 
 lliddi witli iinilier from Afi 
 •^'■f like carciies 
 .\i:d in addition for every 
 
 IIj.Jnwitli maho^^.iny or otl 
 riilanks. 
 
 limiill BU.mo, roltoll se 
 ■■:.inl.ulk 
 ■'iitliiee 
 ■I mlirdjvrith tallow • 
 _- :i!i Willi iiiixi-d ciiruoe., ti 
 I (!i>i;I>inhult : 
 
 Kortverytonoflipinpor 
 «i of tallow or 
 
 I " of other (loc: 
 
 paen entirely witli goiMls 
 J piflKl in bales, li.ias, bask 
 B other timilar ]i.U'knyes (eae 
 Jcmlini;,', cs»t.|,anJmelali 
 I^uniilarjiieces 
 
 vosbds have not 
 jtarnin;;, or if tlici 
 pioii or weiijlit, 
 gtd. 
 
 S.itvcyini! slii|is, for slows 
 I ii-tiitiiate 
 I f liar/t- lor water supiiiicd 
 
 pi'ci'.— It is the dii: 
 |c to stio that a sa 
 J IT ever a vcs.scl, a 
 ¥ ivlieiievor it is ni 
 Icrilieiiiooi'iiijri^as 
 |for the safety and s 
 pfn' Infvnnaiion. 
 
, very t''n 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 Jkiikinij (inil I'liiliii /liiiij — c.'iitiiiiicil. 
 
 .,„»Vc<M-I *■ ll. 
 
 ;.,J, 1 «i-.k, pnr vnvt ■ ■ . .01 
 
 I ittr '^"t' t""'' n-f,'istir, l.inilini* jjootls in tlie Dockb, 
 iilliu.fofllu'D.Tk.for 1 w«k . . - - 
 
 lfi„l wii-k.lwrMi'ik - - - - I) 1 
 
 1 1,11 mill iTirks, lirokfii Rranin-, nr |i.ivniK Moncs : 
 JvttheU'fofltiL' !l'«l"'<"' 1 »«-k - - - II .1 
 
 t'ftpr 1 w«:k, I'tT wn-k - - - - 1 
 
 V ' (li-i li.iri;iii« tlu'ir t aru'oi's In Ihe Kt.ind, Uiissla, nr 
 .i.nTl'n'-'S.wMlyfoi iheC.iiial— uiih iIk- inuof llif 
 IKk.lor I »i.i'k - - - - - I'm! 
 
 .Kttr I ««ki l'" "'''« ■ • ■ - ti I 
 
 Viisfls wluilly corn liulcn, in lieu of the i)ro- 
 viiiii ' l"i"i'',"'' f''*''-'"' ^^■'" ^"' L'li;ir;;f(l for docUing 
 ''l umloolciiig' -M follows :— 
 
 ,' 2:1 
 
 ll wati'r' 
 
 .C 1. ,1. 
 
 I 1 o 
 
 •i -i II 
 
 .1 s 
 
 I I II 
 
 '■ndlT HlOIOI""'SI'''" 
 
 lO'i ton^ aiul uiuU-r VOO tons rt';;ister 
 •iW „ "'"I 
 
 :ii«i „ Till ., - •'> .'• (I 
 
 Till ,. mil .f - ti fi u 
 
 iiiil „ I'l" .. - 7 7 
 
 4,V) ., 'ill" .. -"SO 
 
 I iijuinfafi" ""'■■'"''''''""'■'' ■'" '"""' '"' '''*'• 
 
 I *^;! J „ ,i„,\ . 1-/SW-U (to i-oiiiiin-iu'f atier 1 1 ttaysfroni date 
 
 tttaltiiice) IKT »«k, pi-r ton ri-Ki»n.T ■ 
 
 «. ll. 
 II 1 
 
 eicefitoi 1 {I 
 
 CM*! ' , 
 
 ^iViVUTMI'' 
 
 litin'w; *'1, 
 tlic *' 
 
 rtfk ■ 
 
 ,u(li vessels leave the liock without, unloail- 
 liii", Mit to cunimcnco ariiT one cli'ar day from 
 ld;Ue iif cntrauop, in aililition to the charge of 
 licking anil umliH'kiiig. 
 
 N.l!. Ve?-el>i laileu with llour, scctls, or oil 
 arc not inehuled in the lasv-nicntioiieti 
 raiij, 
 
 i.uU'ii with mixed ciirKot>s will be char^'cd thi- 
 -, fiionite limnafif or dot-kase ratt's. .?. J. 
 
 Ktiu'oiiiU.-h vewfls .il'tLT ." wti-k>, iit-r Wfik - -01 
 
 Vis-cl' loailiiiK oiitwarils, excepting those prc- 
 Lu>lvrxcrilifeil, will lie ehargcil, in addition to 
 L Mil'- before ini'iilioped, the ontwaril rale of 
 p. |,rti)n register if fully latlcn ; or if partly 
 
 idm.W. per ton on the quantily of goods taken 
 
 ktn-i. ve^stl* crtiiiiiic in to lie np, oi to fit inacliinery, fur ,i. (/. 
 T i-i}Kriml nut (Ttccilint; I wi-k . - - - ll :> 
 
 I Afier t w«:ks, JH-T lou i"T wi-ik, il.'to • - - II 1 
 
 kllti^e^i'ti SUMin vi'NSt-la v\.\ In- ih..rf;cd on the K'o^^ 
 loiinitr iHT rtfiister. 
 
 ItIiv fiircgoiiig rates do not imliiile the expense 
 Imwriiiu-, unmooriug, and removing. 
 
 llStllAllGING KaTKS ox StlU'riNG. 
 
 Per ton refjiitur 
 kilt'. lj'k*n \fiih woul, from f^uroiie or the North a. -/. 
 Ai.itricinColiinit'B - - - - 1 .1 
 
 .\iiit in aiUiiiion for every load of liard wood, ina^t<» 
 iir I'ilch vine .... lij. 
 Kori'Ttry loadof lir liinlier or liaik . - .V. 
 
 |lu!.n witli iiinlier from Africa or the Kast Indies, or 
 
 :: e like cart;iivs . - - . • '1 Ti 
 
 And in addition for everv load dix harped over. 
 iUl-i ■ - " - • . Ij. 
 
 iJnMiih maho^^my or other tiirnittire.wood in lo(;s 
 ipriilinks- . - . . - 1 y 
 
 liii^miih ptiano, cotton seed, huliilmr, hemp, flax, or 
 rjwliinl.ulk ■ . . - - 1 tl 
 
 lilliice . . - - . II !i 
 
 '.t-n eiiiirtly with tallow - . - . (» 
 
 villi mixed carf^oei, tallow, lieinp, llax, a^hes, or 
 .^in liulk : I. it. 
 
 fortvery ton of hemp or flax - - I .1 
 
 „ of tallow or ashes - . (1 fi 
 
 „ of other jtoinK in litdk ~ - 1 
 
 Liltn entirely with (^ootls not previously mentioned, 
 iikwl in bales, bans, haskets, c.isKs, eases, ehesis, or 
 llwriimilar packages (eaeh paekajte or piece not ex. 
 Icettliiitt .'i cwt.), and metal in pigs, liars, rods, iilates,or 
 ^limiUr pieces . . . - . 9 
 
 \ocKm<}- 
 
 11 w ' I 
 
 E&i 
 
 vessels have not jiropcr convenience for 
 jtarning, or if their cargoes are of extra 
 fcikioii ur weight, additional rates will be 
 
 KtU. 
 
 I Siirvt.\ini; ships, for stowage sVe , and ftirnhhinf; a. 
 1 rt-nitnate . - . - 'i\ 
 
 I (har^i-forwatcrsuppiied toships,iier lOtlgals. . 1 
 
 llici',— It is the duty tif the .ship's ollieer in 
 |c to SCO that a sate gangway is made on 
 
 »r over a ves.sel, and that it "is properly re- 
 kl whenever it is necessary to shift the .sanie 
 Vr the moorings, as the ship's oliicer is respon- 
 
 for the safety and security of the gangway. 
 Incra/ Information. — Vessels and craft are 
 
 docUed iind uiidoeUcil, liefurc and after hi;j 
 arcoriling to circuinstaiicos. Dtliveries frmii the 
 wari'hoiises ami yarils of the Company, liy hind or 
 waler, eomineiieed before four o'ldock, and capable 
 of being eoiiipleted before, half-past four, will be 
 proceeded Avitli, if desirotl. 
 
 (i. Mill IVoll JJnck.— The Mill Wall Dock Com- 
 pany have ill) published list of charges fur ships or 
 fjoods ; but if any person wish to bring into this 
 dock either ships or goods, lln^ inaiiag r is iciidy to 
 make favourable arraiigeinents for iraii^.Kling any 
 business, which can be tlone at the Dock House 
 Itailway place elost to the Terminus of the IJIaek- 
 wall liailway, Feiielmrcli Street. 
 
 Ill lH('i,'i a Company »;is incorporated for con- 
 structing docks, warehou.ses Ac. in the jiarisli 
 of Hattersea, and its powers wore e.xtciiilcd by 
 Parliament in IXM and IHGi). 
 
 7. IjOiuhn Port Dins ; Charges on ticcoiiiit of' 
 Litjiils, I'ilotuiji: iSc. in the Thiimr.s ; Slii/ij>i7U/ic(: of' 
 Loniton. — It is highly dcsiralile that e.xiurt iiilot.", 
 brilli.'int lights, and iviiy other means that it is 
 possible to devise, should bo ntl'onU'd to rentier 
 navigation safe and cx[ieditiim.s. Jiiit to secure 
 these advantages, it is indispensable that the 
 charges on their account should bo moilerate. If 
 they be otherwise, navigators are not unlrcquentir 
 tempted to re.sort to what an; less expensive, 
 though less secure, channels. This ])rini'iple has 
 iitit, liowevef obvious, been always kept Millicieutly 
 ill view either in this or in other countries. Dur- 
 ing the latter years of the war, and down to l.sj.j, 
 the charges on account of tlocks, lights, pilotagt! 
 iii'c. on ships ill the 'i'h.-imes, and most other 
 lirilish ports, were exceedingly heavy, and would, 
 no doubt, hail they been luaiMlained, have mate- 
 rially injured our coiiimeree. Instead, also, of 
 encouraging the resort of loreign ships to our 
 ports, a contrary iiolicy was ado|i' ■■' ; the charges 
 laitl on lliein being usually about ilonble tlio.se 
 laid on Ilrili.-sh ships. This regulation was in- 
 tended to promote the employment of the latter; 
 but. as it led to nprisals in other i^ountries, its 
 real inlliieiice is believed to have betMi quite tlif- 
 fcreiil ; while, by tlriving .-nsay foreigners, il in- 
 jured the trade of the countiy, and prevented our 
 ports from becoming, what they are so well lilted 
 to be, the emporiums of the world. \Vc are glad, 
 however, to have to state that the cireumstaiiees 
 now alluded to have been materially, or rather 
 wholly, ehangeil. In iKlo the various dock monopo- 
 lies expired: iind a very great reduction ha.s since 
 been inatle in the charges on account of the docks, 
 which, as already seen, are now very moderate 
 indeetl. 
 
 Ex.''isive fif the dock iliities, certain port or 
 tonnaije duties were imposed on ships freipicnthig 
 the port of London, by the Acts 31) Geo III. e. tiy, 
 'l;J (ieo. III. c. l'_'l iS:c. partly to pay the harbour- 
 masters, provide mooring chains i!ic., and pai'tly 
 to create a fund for the ini|irovement of the port, 
 and in particuhir for defraying the cost of making 
 a navigable canal acros.s the Isle of Dogs. l!ut 
 this canal having been sohl for l'_'o,iil)0/. to 
 the West India Dotk Company, under the U) 
 (Jeo. IV. c. loO, and the sums advanced by the 
 public for the improvement of the port having 
 lieen repaiil, it was judiciously resolvetl to reduce 
 the jiort duties to the hiwest rates eapiible of de- 
 fraying the necessary expenses. This was elTected 
 by the l A ."• Win. IV. c. o'2, which imposes the 
 following tonnage duties on vessels in the port : — 
 
 per ton. 
 d. 
 1st Class.— For every stnp or otln'r vessel trailing coastwise 
 Ik'tweeii the port .if London or i.iiy ](ort or place in Great 
 Mritain, Ireland, tl-.e Orkneys, Shetlaiiil, or the Western I.landH 
 of Sco..,.n(l, there shall he paid for every voyaye in and otit of 
 Uie said port - - - • - - J 
 
C'Jl 
 
 r.. 
 
 DOCKS 
 pertofi. I'linmos nl)ov(> and bdmv Lmnlon ririjm „» f,. 
 
 tinil _.«' _. 1 ..1.. A 1 .■ '^ ' "f 
 
 • 1 
 
 ns (iravrsciid i.iily. Any V(—t>l ftUt'iiii"- iiin.ir, 
 
 or oiitwanl.s in 'iiUiiHt. 
 
 lisiaiicc of riOiiiion from (lio<,ii 
 trirjiti' imvit,'ali()ii at tlic niur 
 liarms i>n lu-i-oiiiit of h'^U;^ ,, 
 inly bi-C(>iii|iaraiivilv lien 
 
 Owiiit; to tl 
 and tilt' ratlior 
 «'l' I 111' riviT, til 
 pilolaici^ must 
 
 UdA Cla»«."For cfcry ihip Ac rnlcrinjf inwArih or cirarinif 
 
 nntwarils frnin r>r (o lU-nnrtTk, Norwnv, or Lnirljinil fun !lit< 
 
 i>U!(>of (he North t\t|if), or frdni f loliitflti, llaitiliiir^. Ilrciitrit, 
 
 or.invothrr (lart of (ierin jij hoitltriinj on or uimt iIil- tji-r- 
 
 Munlr Orian, or from or to II'iII.ithI, or nny oilier of the 
 
 I'liilfil riovinceH, or Hrahant, j\ntwi*rp, Klanilt-r'. or any 
 
 othiT p.irt of till* Nolhorlands. or from or lo Fran-f Iwilhln 
 
 ?Mi ml), (nu'riia-'v, .ler^ov, AIitiTni-y, S.irk, or llif I, If of .Man, 
 
 thi-re Nhall bf p.iiil for t-rorjr \i". a* alaivo 
 3ril t "l.t-.*. — l-'or evfry ithl)i »Vi"' fnii-rinit Inwartln or fU-arton 
 
 otilwarilH from or tt; l.aplanillheyontl tho North I'ai"'), I''ln. 
 
 1.111(1, lliisma (tttthniit or withm thf Ualtn* Set), I.iwonia, 
 
 t'nurlani), I*olanil, I'ms^la, Swt^tli'o, or any othtr loninrv or 
 
 |il.u-i> within till- UaltiL- Sta, Iht^rtf ithall bv paid for i'vl'tv & 
 
 a> .iIhivi' -..-.- 
 4th t'la^n — For rrerr ship iVr. cntprlnc hiw.inlt or rb'arbin 
 
 nntMr.irit.i from or It Kranrc {bflw.i-n U^hant ami ^pain), 
 
 I'ortimal, Sp.iiii lt»'itlioiit thir Mmlitcrranfan), or any .if tbo 
 
 A/oriM, .Madeira, or t'an.nry lOaniN, or any of the Uniti-d 
 
 Mati-s of Anifric 1, or of tin' Hrili^h , nlonliit or prtivincrs in 
 
 .North .Vinerlca or Murid i, Ihrre fchall he p.ild fur cvtTy \c. 
 
 tin ahore • - - • ■ - i 
 
 5th t'lasi.^For criTV ship fir- rnlerine Inwanls or rtrarltiff 
 
 outward> fiom or to OriH'nIand, (iiliriiitar, Franro, or Sp.iin 
 
 (within thr IMctlltiTran^'an), or any rountry, iKlaiii]. port, or 
 
 )ilare wiitiin or li'inh-rini; on or ni'ar the Ali^lin'rr.ini'.in or 
 
 .\dri.itii' >t'a, or friHii tlie \\*i'%t Iiulies, Louisiana. Me\i<-o, 
 
 Sontli .Ainerira, Africa, Ki\it India. China, or any otlier 
 
 Ciinntry, i%land, }iort, orplaci* within or liorderln|{ on or mar 
 
 thi' I'aVili.' Orcan, or from iinv other I'liiiniry, isl.intl, ]iort, or 
 
 ])Iare whattoi'VtT. to the aotitfiwartt of '^'j'^ of iioith laliliulc, 
 
 there shall lie p.iiil \c. as above - - - - % 
 
 Exemptions. — Ships of war, and pUip^i tho )iro- 
 porty of her ftrnjcsty or any of tho lioyal Family. 
 Any vcs.sid coimiii; to ornoiiif; coastwise iV.>m the 
 port of London, or to any part of (iroat lirilain. 
 
 nnloss such vessel sjiall exceed 'ITi tons. Any particularly in the artii"> pilnliifrt'. 
 vessel bringintj corn coa.stwise, the principal part , Tlw loll.iwini; statcini»™it hIiows tlin- nature an^ 
 of \vho.so cargo shall consist of corn. Any lisliini,' amount ol' the \ ariou.s cliairi;o.s that lan at jiroer 
 smacks, lobster ami oyster boats, or vessels for | flStiM; incurretl by vcs.'M»i« in the ptmt trf Uji 
 passcnij;ers. Any vessel or crcft navigating the | lion ;— 
 
 'Micy have, howv vur. been vf-ry in.'iicriallv r 
 (liici'd (if lato years. 'I'lic char^te.s mi iccoh'ik 
 thf lifihts under tho m.-iiiagcnicnit of tti« irinr 
 House have been dimiiiisheil, in almr>-it fy„- 
 instance, as much a.s a lialf. and sdmctirin's,.,, 
 iiiore, Hinre IHJ.i. [Lkiht iioil.SKs. ) TSu jira, 
 tire of impiisin;; (li.scriuiinatinf; lii^lit dues „. 
 fiTci;;!! V('s^••ls no lonicer exists, for ttm taiia 
 liilola;;e, sec I'll.oTAtii:. 
 
 The oplire-i\(- and triiul)l'>'- irnio i-har;;p^ it; ||,, 
 port of Loniii'n, imposed on .iUi-ti ^jimids unijcrtli, 
 names of ],iickaLCO. scavajrc jjr, fl'At'mr,, 
 were put an end to in IX,'!,'!. .vv; iir»'scnt. ilii-rf 
 fore, wo belii've we aro warraiiu.u in alfiniiui- 
 that, considering; its distant-e Iti-Min the sea \\'. 
 pidilic charges on shmipinir in tlUi" |«iit nf Lo],,!,. 
 are (piit(^ ;is reanonalii'i- as in any niijior pinri nftli, 
 empire, or of the wnrllit. Hut wn atie iiai'liiu.,! („ 
 think that further redii'-^iinns may hiuM be cllkieii, 
 
 Ri-Ijordng at Cm 
 
 ! !. 
 
 91 I 
 
 •mi 
 
 Account of Chiirgca that were Paiil on « Ship of iilmnt 'ISfl TiHtm {from Cliino) Knierinrj and Jtmatii^, 
 the Port of Itonilon, IakIcu liotli ' i/y.*. vveriithinii liiimri ^'^mdurtcil trith strict Kionomti. mt ti- 
 cliiitniij nni/ (Vmri/e on nccnunt of /■..rlraorrlmoii/ Dcxfiittrli tir Superior AcEoinmodntion- jmllla 
 would he J'aiil hi/ a S/iiji of 1,(10U 'J'oiis midvr thu like CircniwUanises, 
 
 Uopordnn at Ctn(om-hntise -..._. 
 
 'foiniiiie duty, ^J. pt-r ton, and entry, 5i. • 
 
 riiot.ii;t', IJ U't't, liown'; to (tr.ivcM'od Jens \ if towed l>y .itv.-im 
 
 iirate^ind to l.onilon „' . . . 
 
 piittint; pilot on lio.inl in Ilowns, and pit(i(a|;e fnun II»unKenes.s - 
 ^Vatermiin .iKsi.,tiim with boats tVr. --.-_. 
 Towa[;if from ."Mouse to Grayesend -.-*.. 
 
 Trinity liKbts dues, '.ij,/. per toiuplus \d. per too, and {'j';- ','* ^ ''^*'''ii'm1',"^' 
 Rjnnsffate dues, *,d. per ton - - • ...... 
 
 IJoi.k due^. '.i(/. per ton: discharging tea, 9(i. per ton . , . . 
 
 Outward 
 
 Kntering ship out at Custom liouse - - - - . . 
 
 Toona^e dutv, ^(/. per ton, and entrv, .'if. ..... 
 
 Trinity lights dues, SJ./. per Ion, plus {,(. pi'r ton, and j'];; ';f^\ "" '""',1,';'," '""' 
 
 llam'.pite duo-;, {|</. per (on .----.. 
 
 I'llotii^c, I^oiulon to Downs, l'> fcft .,.-., 
 I.aiulini; pilot .---.... 
 
 I'nwnue (lU'peinliiiK on (li,'it;inrt) ..._.. 
 
 Clfarini,' out .111(1 vicliiallini: ImII ...... 
 
 Sit-VLiioit, 1j, 1(/. per ton, (.tktiton board - - . - • 
 
 MiHi. — 'I'hi' chnrcP for (nnnace entry is uMinlly ^i. 
 
 J)ii. k rt-m afu*r 4 weeks, from date ot entrnnrc if the raTRo -* discttnr^^ liv crew, and from final dateof diAliiirKeiftherirfi* 
 
 iliM harmil liy the lAKk runipanv, hi. per re^isur ton pw week. 
 I)o.:k rate:i, tonnane rate, S)d. per rfnt>Ier ton. 
 
 DihcharKitif; LMrno, yd. per ri'nisier ton. 
 
 (\o cliari{(> made fir rxress «boTe ro^isier tonnage.) 
 Dover diiM are l^tl. per ton, but only on verhels \indei ."oii tons ti«si&tpr ; ami the |{.amsinklc dues, under ."drt imis I (tf. per 'o:^ 
 Li;jht^.— Should thi^" veiiiel call at SoutliantploM, an I'Xtra chirK>' i« made of ^t/. per ton; if at I'lyinuuih, {d. uw (im. TlWfJ 
 also a cliarm' .»n ea ch sh i p Tary ititf from U- to \ *t. aicordi nn to rfae tonnage, inward* onlv. 
 
 1 IS" I'on Ship 
 
 iimiiT,, . 
 
 
 
 £ : ,1. 
 
 f 1. ,.. 
 
 .1 .■? II 
 
 
 1 l.'i II 
 
 ' ; 1, 
 
 'J 6 II 
 
 ('.ill ft. 117 IS 
 
 
 ; i; i 
 
 .T \'l 
 
 ■1 11 i; 
 
 1 HI II 
 
 
 1 (as i»er ofjreement) 
 
 (as |ier .uimn."' 
 
 } C S '.1 
 
 1.1 1 i 
 
 II I.''. II 
 
 I 1' 
 
 ^r, II 11 
 
 
 tili 1'.! ') 
 
 V!-. ^ 
 
 
 
 1 1 II 
 1 V, ') 
 
 1 1 
 
 6 8 V 
 
 13 (11 
 
 l.'i l> 
 
 Ml .1 
 
 1 11 4 II 
 
 CJIlftl'/il IS 1' 
 
 (as per aurec-neiBtl 
 ' .1 i II 
 
 Lis (it'r aitrertrc 
 (111. 
 .'i i " 
 
 •m II 
 
 .'.4 .1 ( 
 
 1 40 K u 
 
 »ll 11 > 
 
 V 
 
 Arriralf anil Clearances Coastwise of Sailing and Steam T'es.iils at the Port of Lcndun in 18K. 
 
 I 
 
 Bailing 
 
 ArrivMls - 
 Clearance'. 
 Tola! 
 
 Vessels 
 ll.SI.'. 
 4,.1S4 
 
 Tims 
 
 l.li'i.TKl 
 
 .VJI I.lll'^ 
 
 I,5«,'1OT 
 
 Steam 
 
 
 Tulal 
 
 Yrm-lt 
 
 4,»iiii 
 I.JiM 
 
 Ton. 
 
 l,R9.'.,r,i.1 
 
 7*1,1146 
 
 :jW7 
 
 Tuni 
 
 r,o.ii,:« 
 
 l.KV'! 
 
 .■.,«<).^ 
 
 8,li«S,fi7l 
 
 11,612 
 
 i,ni,vi 
 
 Amount of Shipping Sec. belonging to the Port of 28,24.S tons, were ros|^ctiveiy under .51 im*! 
 London. — According to'tho otiicial accounts, there j^ister. I'herc then also b li'iiffcd to the i-on 'S j 
 beliiiifiod to this port on December .'!!, 18C(i, 2.5.58 steam vessels, of the burden of ;t».5,,i91 tons, hf 
 sailinf; vessels; of these, 1,7)8, of theaK.ifrcftate bur- | 1811) the f^ross customs duty collected in the [iw 
 denof8M,90C tons, were rc.;pectivcly above. 'iD tons I of London amounted to 7j71!),4(13/, ; in 1*3-' c I 
 register, while 810, of the ftg<jrcgato burden of i amounted to 9,4;1 1,851/.; and iu 1858 itluiiti 
 
DOCKS 
 
 520 
 
 .,,.,1 t(i 1I,IC."),988/. ! while in ISCiO, nohvitli- 
 
 '^yinliii" "-nat ridiictions and ri'iiiiioiion.s of diillcs, 
 
 d.rivvriuu' aiii.M,Ml>',l to \U,bM,mVM. I'-XivpliMK 
 
 ■ New Vcrk and Mviiiionl, so vast nil amoiiiil ol 
 
 Ihini-inj; and cnin.n.ro.; was novor previously 
 
 ;. , ,.,,i,tralfd in an\- sni^lti port. I-ondoii may l)c 
 
 nilv sniJ to lie iiiiirnsi oiOis Urmriim ciiiponuin. 
 
 Jl:iy iicr prnspcrily !«■ an lastiii- as it is gmit ! 
 
 Chuiwi' (>» <' r<%tt/ "/■.''< 10 Tons Ihiitstir, tnkriiiii 
 
 Ik I'l'rt uf I.i'iiiliin in linlliist, and leaving in 
 
 tame tiatc, Ulny hi Dock a FortnnjIU. 
 
 Si 
 
 Rrporllng al Cuitoni-llou.e - -^ ^ ^^■ 
 
 fPoMlH I" til '""■'•'"' • ti l(i Ul 
 
 |l'„lli.i)t I'll"! <m IM..W Im- I 
 
 I'iliiUlir. J iluilcnil I'lli'lnC'i""" """Ki-'-. ,,. 
 
 »<llll-i iir.» 10 ilie II""'"'! - ■' '• 
 
 I ( Gr.ivttend lo Lomluii • 'i 111 
 
 KX"h>ti.o..r.i..o..jj.i.cTton : : 
 
 t".*" I«'"l!'"'""'"''- 
 
 I n L. liix <)il 1 pr Inn. \'ii Inrii Diick, Ii/. vn Inn 
 
 I 'Y.riS; s;,lr" I "m,mT.iAl m,\ r..n.l,m Dm-k, 
 
 JJ |i,V,OT|„r»ii'k,llfti>inMorlhof buroiiui and 
 
 vZiaxf (^milonl"n.J«n., m.«,M.i».l 
 
 113. ll.^n.lln^. 1.1 "t.o. liiT .iKriMllflll/ 
 
 l,...iliMl"«""'."'""'.j 
 
 CWnnKM . - - - • 
 
 l'> H 
 
 1 I (I 
 
 •) IS X 
 ^jIqI^ gtOijt-ct to reduction of :^ if tow«l b^ stMm. 
 
 X' t. (/. 
 I 1 II 
 
 1^ IS I) 
 
 I in II 
 !.'■ H 
 
 IB 1 S" 
 
 J 
 
 .linniiit iif Ihr (^nniititlin of ihr. Principal Article* 
 Jinjiurliil into l.iiniUiH in l><t;tj. 
 
 Aniin:ils, hvln){ r 
 
 IKi'ii, l>ulN,.iii<l M>». . 
 
 Slir<'|i .mil l.iiiil.i 
 ll'iiirs niL-i'iit wh.ili-llns) . 
 
 lOClM . 
 
 tdtU 
 
 lh<. 
 
 lolU-i 
 
 , 
 
 ijorn . 
 
 Wh.nt 
 
 
 It.irle- 
 
 
 ll.its 
 
 
 lliMns 
 
 
 liiiliiin 
 
 ihirtmlor Il.illnsl. (Fi*i i*"i'd 
 
 Cmimon imV-; lUlivcral in Iho rlv.T 
 ilochs 
 
 lltsiviiw Uilul » il'' l"'" 
 I willitmt I'ort 
 
 ; Trimmins UalLisI (ii. 1"t aKr.i-mont). 
 
 llMhaniini lull.isl (accordhiK lo ilmcnptiort of 
 fciltoll. . 
 
 IVt Ion 
 
 $. 
 
 ''. 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 ■2 
 
 I.I 
 
 V 
 
 '1 
 
 n 
 
 .-, 
 
 
 
 •■'J 
 
 The foUiiwiiiK tatnilav statements will survi; to 
 illustrate the profxross of the foreign tnute and 
 :;avigatioil ot huudou : — 
 
 .111 Afcouni I if the Xmn^'er mid Tuniuii/r uf Pcv.w/s 
 inliritiij llif I'ort of i.,m(liin fmin t'ori-njn FurtK, 
 leitli Clirijiii'sundin Jial/iist, dhtingiiinhiMr) hrtiveen 
 liritisli uiitt i'oreiijn Ships, in the undermrmtiiuned 
 i'mrs.fnm 17U0 to IHOd inclusive. 
 
 Yran 
 
 ilrllith 
 
 Foreign 
 
 
 bhim 
 
 tons 
 
 tliitn 
 
 tonit 
 
 Kim 
 
 K.TJ 
 
 80,1110 
 
 4!'li 
 
 76,!19.5 
 
 Will 
 
 1,198 
 
 i0.s,(i;.3 
 
 184 
 
 r.i;,i40 
 
 i;mi 
 
 t,ir>* 
 
 4.".1,MII) 
 
 1.1 Hi 
 
 1 19,21 1.5 
 
 IT'il 
 
 ■;,1M 
 
 41<l,.-|7l 
 
 1,«B 
 
 1 19,053 
 
 l:'r^ 
 
 V.lM 
 
 4.il,lSS 
 
 1,186 
 
 1.52,243 
 
 l;:'.-i 
 
 ■.•,,-.18 
 
 47»,1U> 
 
 1,193 
 
 177,1119 
 
 War. 
 
 
 
 
 
 lMI-1' 
 
 No Ueturns 
 
 
 
 1,223,857 
 
 hM 
 
 .i,r..-.i 
 
 f.-.,'i,^-9 
 
 8.56 
 
 122,019 
 
 Iv/', 
 
 s,;m!i 
 
 ;,i:i,.'.s.'j 
 
 1,743 
 
 .1(12,122 
 
 ISS) 
 
 3,11111 
 
 74I,V'^0 
 
 1 ,Wi 
 
 207,518) 
 
 IM'i 
 
 .i,;sii 
 
 7 lll,'^5.'i 
 
 1,(1.57 
 
 188,893 
 
 uriii 
 
 3,H4.'i 
 
 77^,1146 
 
 1,46.5 
 
 V.5.5,875 
 
 m: 
 
 4.117!! 
 
 Hi\,im 
 
 1,517 
 
 2411,1.15 
 
 hM 
 
 <,.-C6 
 
 8 i.l.'JM 
 
 1,7<7 
 
 2-'7,902 
 
 l>M 
 
 4.s8n 
 
 9S8,»li7 
 
 V,.5;.5 
 
 .157,161 
 
 1<4,. 
 
 l,.ilT 
 
 9.11.6(111 
 
 •i,mt 
 
 .-..51,4.56 
 
 ISIl 
 
 4,612 
 
 9'J9,';.i9 
 
 1 ,999 
 
 .117,608 
 
 181'i 
 
 4,767 
 
 I,0I1V,4.53 
 
 1,640 
 
 281,468 
 
 1«1,1 
 
 4,,'.S'J 
 
 l,01i'i,.S.'.0 
 
 1,6.33 
 
 29.5, '21 
 
 ISIl 
 
 4,741 
 
 1,0118,463 
 
 a, 144 
 
 3.53,316 
 
 Mi 
 
 i,ln 
 
 l,lll'J,.387 
 
 V,439 
 
 .193,101 
 
 IMG 
 
 Win 
 
 1,134,646 
 
 «,483 
 
 191,531 
 
 m; 
 
 C,'i7l 
 
 l,1.3fi,'IS6 
 
 3,1.12 
 
 491,791 
 
 Uh 
 
 C.IH'J 
 
 1,387,060 
 
 3,078 
 
 432,111 
 
 ISI'I 
 
 r.,9v.T 
 
 1.44.'i,319 
 
 3.047 
 
 445,211.5 
 
 ISJI 
 
 C.l'J'J 
 
 1, "6,714 
 
 .1,41.5 
 
 .528,231 
 
 HSl 
 
 6„i93 
 
 1,44", .353 
 
 3,748 
 
 720,969 
 
 US J 
 
 (.,!« 
 
 l..".N».7U 
 
 3,958 
 
 770,416 
 
 isa 
 
 r.,v(;i 
 
 I,5V1,219 
 
 5,.5(Pli 
 
 1,1169,89 4 
 
 HJI 
 
 6,151 
 
 1,654,J34 
 
 4,71,2 
 
 1,1113,589 
 
 
 .'.,745 
 
 I,5i8,l97 
 
 4,025 
 3,758 
 
 892,089 
 
 llvi6 
 
 C,16« 
 
 I,6'I9,4V3 
 
 91.5,860 
 
 185; 
 
 6,570 
 
 1,808,851 
 
 ,189 
 
 1,015,253 
 
 
 6,1101 
 
 1,888,M[ 
 
 ,168 
 
 1,07.1,048 
 
 
 6,368 
 
 l,777,'.ill.5 
 
 ,101 
 
 1,059,791 
 
 
 6,3WI 
 
 l,8'.>8,9ll 
 
 4.857 
 
 l,15»,|im 
 
 
 6,615 
 
 1 ,98fi,58,i 
 
 ,2U 
 
 1,180.5.47 
 
 
 7,113 
 
 S,l.5V.fi6l 
 
 ,54 
 
 1.1UI.4III 
 
 IW 
 
 7,104 
 
 t,V87.57ll 
 
 ,si 
 
 1,15,1,111!) 
 
 \K{ 
 
 T.O'll 
 
 1I,V!16,I13 
 
 .11 
 
 1.061,16a 
 
 
 ;ji3 
 
 •iAm.ra 
 
 4,29 
 
 1,10.1.411 
 1,071,2.19 
 
 
 ),90l 
 
 «,76.3,4»9 
 
 (Ull!i 
 
 twt. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 lolU 
 
 CWt' 
 
 tUII!t 
 
 ■firn nr inu/r • 
 
 \V h( Mt nit-.il iiiiit it.itir 
 ('(itton, r,iw 
 r.itinn inaniit'.u-riiriH 
 |)>('s ami ilMlitg .-luttii *. 
 rorhineul 
 I mUu<* 
 
 Miililrr mill rn<i(l(ler roui (in- 
 (-liicliMf{ imiiijwtl 
 Flax: l>rt■.^H•<l 111 iiiuiri'v^cfl 
 Tow or ii)<lill,i4(f'il.u 
 Fruits 1 Curr.-uits 
 
 I.fiM<ii|i« and uran^t'S 
 Haisiiu 
 (lunno • . ■ . 
 
 I limp .... 
 Jiitf aiul (.rhcr vf^et.il.lp miIi. 
 staiicM ol ttic naiiiru ul'iiii- 
 (Irt'sM'd Ih'iii|) 
 lliilct, untaniitd ; ilrv 
 
 Wft 
 
 tanntft, la\v(*<l, ciirricil, "r 
 
 tl^l■^^cd (ficipl Hllntl. llMl-) 
 
 11.\hoRany 
 
 Metals ; (*!i.pin r ore .iml n'Riilus 
 
 Copi'tT, iitiwtuiij;hl anil 
 
 jtnrt wnuiulu - 
 Iioii in b.irs, uiiwruiigli' ■ 
 Spi-ltiT, iiiiwrouKlit i.iul 
 
 roltttl 
 Tin, iinwrfuinlit 
 Oil; Train, blubliL-r, and s[>crninri'ti 
 I'nlifi 
 
 ('iH-»a-nut - . . 
 
 Olive 
 
 Si>eil<.»4',ofall kinds 
 ^^iUttrti cal(*< - • Inns 
 
 rruvinioiiii: Fiacon and t)aiii-> ■ cwt. 
 
 ]t«M>r, .sfiitL-d - - „ 
 
 W^k. >lu. - . ,, 
 
 llurt.r - . „ 
 
 (Ihi-t-iu - „ 
 I-'kcs - (;rca( liundreils 
 
 l.ird . - twt. 
 llapi, and otluT iiia,tfri,iK, fui 
 
 inakniK pamT - • tons 
 
 Rice, iii»t ill irie husk - • cwt. 
 
 Sii((in'lrr and i uluc nitre - - ,, 
 
 yettis ; ('lover - . ,, 
 
 riax-.w*(i and liiiM'cd - qrs. 
 
 Ua{*eMHitl . ,f 
 
 Silk, raw - . - lb*. 
 
 thrown - . . ,, 
 Silk niamitarturef, of Kuropc : 
 
 Itroad slulf* - • • ,. 
 
 Kild.ims - - i> 
 Siik niantifacturf-. ot' India : 
 
 llandannas, coralis, chopi-is, 
 Tushore cluths, rumaU, and 
 
 latt'atit'A - - - pieces 
 
 Spices : I'eppiT - - - l|i». 
 
 I'iiiifnto - - rwl. 
 
 Spirit^ : Kuin - • _ - gallons 
 
 Itrandy - ~ . ,, 
 
 <ieiiev.i - • „ 
 Snp.ir, unrefined : 
 
 iMjiiid To white clnyed - • cwt. 
 Not tqtid) t4> white, but x}i\\ia.l (o 
 
 brown I Lived - - „ 
 
 Not mnal l«' brown claywl ; 
 
 Kipial to l-rown nmsrovndo - „ 
 
 Nut e<pial (o brown niiui'ovadn ,i 
 
 Total ot'Migar, unrelintd ,, 
 
 Sugar, refined, and sii^ar candy 
 
 
 „ 
 
 I.«,S71 
 
 luulasMfs • 
 
 . 
 
 ,, 
 
 'jT.flH 
 
 Tallow - 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 756,852 
 
 Tea 
 
 - 
 
 lbs. 
 
 l.ie,774,261 
 
 'J'obacf : 
 
 
 
 
 Sicrnujed • • 
 
 . 
 
 „ 
 
 10,710,517 
 
 rnslennned • 
 
 , 
 
 ,, 
 
 21,11.1,435 
 
 Alanufuetured, cigars and .sn 
 
 df 
 
 " 
 
 1,888,705 
 
 Wine : 
 
 
 U.d - 
 
 
 gallons 
 
 4,864,918 
 
 Ubile 
 
 
 tt 
 
 5,598,217 
 
 Total uf wine - 
 
 - 
 
 »t 
 
 10,463,135 
 
 \V(km1 and llnilKr : 
 
 
 
 
 Not i><iwn orxpllli or otherwise 
 
 
 
 dri>Awl, t'xieiit jiewn 
 DiaU, t>atlL'n.s, l>ourd!> Str. sa 
 
 
 loads 
 
 246,099 
 
 All 
 
 
 
 or split 
 
 
 
 i9.1,9IO 
 
 Slaves 
 
 
 
 31,102 
 
 \\'ool, sheep and lambs* - 
 
 
 iii'«. 
 
 1.51,796,249 
 
 nip.ic.t and tlaina • 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 3,210 
 
 U'wiHen tnanilfac(ure& 
 
 
 v.ilue 
 
 £768,160 
 
 11 2, inn 
 
 4.58,19(1 
 
 7, I'll 
 
 5.1161.(196 
 
 117,(181,713 
 
 4,1ii|,i2« 
 
 l,lhl,H2 
 
 5,981). 11,2 
 
 -'65,.147 
 
 2.18.111 
 
 I,49II,'I52 
 
 .529,618 
 
 811,7.10 
 
 jCi.1ll,22U 
 
 17,9.5.» 
 
 i8,700 
 
 1,944 
 
 7.679 
 
 670 
 
 179,053 
 
 825,392 
 
 250,858 
 
 4I,2A7 
 
 939,060 
 2111,(172 
 274,18(i 
 
 1,808,882 
 28,951 
 10,055 
 
 C,813 
 
 18,269 
 
 1 2,8.58 
 
 Ill.'.,.118 
 
 3.54.1 
 
 1411,1162 
 
 108 ,.172 
 
 .5,249 
 
 4,121 
 
 31,132 
 
 2l'i;,l5l 
 
 48.222 
 
 85,673 
 
 .186.(156 
 
 255,189 
 
 650,419 
 
 21,281 
 
 14,088 
 997,269 
 129,768 
 
 8.1,762 
 271,964 
 3117,510 
 .-.1(l,.167 
 
 39,04C 
 
 789,9.19 
 141,805 
 
 36,7.52 
 11,72.1,628 
 
 19,1190 
 5, IT. 1,1 60 
 3,2111,781 
 
 .59,210 
 
 Tlic value of the iniporls into (Iip port of London 
 in ordinan' years coii.siderably exctudu double the 
 value of the cxjiorts. 
 
f 
 
 • t 
 
 \ 
 
 DOCKS . iL.cd u-i(/i Cirmctnndn 
 
 ForelK" 
 
 l^l>t S«» »"* ^" 
 
 i Not«»r. ■ 
 
 I lierin"','' • 
 Holland - 
 
 1 riini'i"' 
 llourU)n 
 
 .\/.iw ■ 
 
 
 1 ^^^'S^^-^'^: 
 
 r.anarit'7 , i,„i\i 
 
 1 K«\" ■ 
 
 C>.,.a ana Knu.i«. W-. 
 cJn«a"amlSo«.h-'nAme 
 
 1 KonRi-. 
 
 Cochin l^li.na 
 
 Borneo • 
 1 i*i;>ni 
 
 •L"''ifu-l'lanrt*, - : 
 
 I Clmnnel Ulan^, -_ 
 I (iibra\iar - . 
 
 1 Malta anA'AtrUi 
 ' KastlniVii' 
 
 1 West l";"r,^nd. ' 
 
 r,infn yam - 
 IJnm imnufaclurw ! 
 Piecr li™«l< • - 
 
 Ttiri'.Hl, la|in anil 
 small wari"» 
 MjchlniTjandmillnotk 
 
 ' Itoiii I'Ik. I«r, lioll, 
 wiri" ami ^n^t 
 
 riilratil • 
 
 ol nil other 
 kiniN 
 S!«i, unwreiuxht 
 (j.il'tr.ilmo 
 
 I'lin wroiluht 
 and wriiuK'ht 
 
 Tin, unwrouwlit 
 filatt's - 
 
 nii,tM\i _ • i_ 
 
 II. SOUTIIAMPTO 
 
 Soiitli.imiiton. nt tl 
 [ (111 tlie v.. sitli' el' Hie 
 [ .Smtliainptoii Water 
 hvii,'l.f, If-t. 50° &;j'6 
 |borf;,'ardeil as one o: 
 Ipulis. It is situated 
 Itaucc) W.S.NV. from ] 
 
 [Ihom lioins pcrlbrnic 
 Vr(<torii Kaihvay in 
 
 imi'inii Water ali'orils 
 
 ^^___ ■ ~i (luanliii<»___|_..-°^^ I " ... 1 i V'^\ 
 
 Alkali : sWa 
 
 ,,i,.,CR0O<\s - „ 
 
 Hosierj anil 
 wares 
 
 8,S'i3.;Vill 
 
 sewii'-i 
 
 14,051 ,ril3 
 
 nil''' 
 
 l,77O.0»3 
 Vl!l.''«« 
 
 •itn.ii" 
 
 i.TM.i--. 
 
 ti'i,ia4 
 
 i;s,07fi 
 
 I,«l!.l'^» 
 35B,0l 
 
 Drug, and 'hctnlcalV'o 
 
 II lain 
 
 "•'^^"^IlleV^tltnilllt'^i 
 lla.>«;"l;';'f„>,;i cutlery, 
 llanlwarcs ami i 
 
 of all «"■'' ■ 
 %^'a;n«i.-«rot,Rht- 
 "" .it..iiS"' , 
 
 ,, W.onRM"'"'"--^'" . 
 '1 hamM<_J" . 
 
 value 
 
 liarkaRCS I 
 barrels 
 value 
 
 cwls. I 
 value 
 
 S0,910 
 M.ICO 
 
 'il.OS; 
 
Artlclw 
 
 I.intny.in' 
 
 Linen 111 
 
 inufacturet l 
 
 and 
 
 Pi«e«i>ixl« • 
 
 Thrr.vl, 111'" 
 
 im>ll wan-i - 
 
 M»clilnir>«nJ'"lll«"'« 
 
 "Kl;' ,.!«. I"'. I"l'. 
 wire »i'<l <•»-< 
 r.illrit.iil 
 ol nil ulher 
 klml- 
 Sini, unwrmiKh' 
 
 I'lirl wrimirhl 
 anil wri)u«ht 
 I/td 
 
 Tin, unwrouBliI 
 jilatfa • 
 nil.Knl _ •_ ■- 
 
 Ibi. 
 yarili 
 
 1»0CKS 
 Expnrt$fiom London, 186C — continued. 
 
 QuinlUif« i Vilue 
 
 527 
 
 toni 
 cwu. 
 
 icallnns 
 
 7,fiJS,09t 
 ll,GS3,t37 
 
 H.'i,c):r 
 
 1.4 V. 
 
 2l».fill) 
 I'J.I'II 
 
 1 07 ,(1.14 
 4,IO!t,l4<J 
 
 S'J'i.fiOO 
 
 S4,.in 
 
 fl78,r,'l7 
 
 6K'J,VI'.'> 
 
 l,4;K,Sf.l) 
 
 .|ll,.1l..'5 
 
 ll7,i-.3 
 
 1,105,^12 
 4.1ll,.',,S7 
 l.Vi.i.Vt 
 
 lai.HvH 
 
 6Afi,IP.'..-! 
 
 11. Southampton Docks, Siiii'i-ino Ac 
 
 Soutliiimptiin, at tho cml)oiichurn of tlic Itchcn, 
 
 Inntho 1" pi'U' i>l' tlic liirKC inlet of tlio soa ciUcd 
 
 Ututlmiiil.ton Wiiter, opposite to flie Islo of 
 
 SS.50O &■}' 6.J" N., Ions. 1° '.M W., may 
 
 lbere"arde(l an one of tlic outporls «.l the metro- 
 
 iclis" It is situated iiiiout 7(1 miles (dmn^t dis- 
 
 ancc) W.S.W. frtmi London, the journey betwocn 
 
 iwm hcinii perlbrnied by nieuns of tlie Soutli- 
 
 I (-lirii 
 
 
 , L'lii'"' ^''*f1 
 
 Vm Ixins perlornied Dy 
 
 liaihvay ill from '^ to 1! Iiours. .Sontli- 
 ,„„ Water ali'ords piitrancoat all times of tide, 
 nonirc ancliora;,'e in all iveatliers to any niiin- 
 Ti.l the liirnesf nuTeliaiit sliip-i, lieinf; completely 
 itfctfil from the sons that would otherwisi^ lie 
 irowii ill bv south-easterly f^alen by the Isle nf 
 iirht. ill natural lireakwatur. Ships resort i^^' 
 Ihi-pcrt. or ancliorinf; in Spitlie.ad Koads, nr in 
 10 cluniicl between tlu! Islo of Wight and Uio 
 iiihmd, mav ),'et to so.n, in almost every wind, 
 jiromparativc faeilitv. Hence it ia usual (or 
 hiMiii I.oiiiloii bound fur tiie Mediterranean, 
 liia. ihi' West Indies, or Anicrici, to touch at 
 IHiiisite to Southampton Water, to take 
 luanl pa-srii:;prs, who thus avoid the lonstii- 
 il ami (liilitult iiavi^'ation round by the Fore- 
 > ami Boachy Head, wliilc at the same time 
 arc nil Imt I'ortain of being immediately .ible 
 irii;i(! Ml their voyaj;e ; and hence, also, 
 illiamiiloii i< tlic stiitiiin of the mail steamers 
 Alixaiulri.n, Imlia, Cape of (iood Hope, New 
 laml ami Australia by Panama, the West 
 [(■s Ac I-atrerly. tun, "the great natural ad- 
 iiui< (if its Miiuiliou have been, and are in 
 C'iiu.-c of beiiit;, most materially improved. 
 I'Liimcl fif tl'ie Icehcn has been deepened; 
 (l";'k? cimiiceted with it liavo been con- 
 ;'i| (ill n lari^e scale, and with every suitable 
 mmi'itidii, liy the Dock Company iiicor- 
 1 in ISjii. 
 
 iliicks are cxca\.ited on a tongue of land 
 i-iii!,' .iboui 17.5 acres, close to t!ie terminus 
 ^iiiitli-We^tcrii Railway. The lirst consists 
 I'll (lock or ba>in containing 10 acres water 
 h has a (le]ith of 18 feet at low water 
 tho avcratre rise of the tide being ':' feet; 
 
 Palntcrt' coloun • 
 
 Paper (trxc-i-))t iMtiKiiijri) 
 
 Salt . 
 
 Silk, thrown, anil >am - 
 
 niunufartiiriN 
 Spirit.. Ilrilisli ami Itlth 
 Hii)(ar, rrllncil 
 Wotil, iilit-t-|i nnil Ltiiil's' 
 \V<Hilli-n and wurstt'd 
 
 J.lrn 
 U onllfn mnnufarlur.-H j 
 t'lotha iil'all kiiiiU - 
 Worsted unit iiiixud 
 
 ■tutrs 
 FliillntflK, Ciiriiuts t\<<. • 
 llunivrv Hiiil utiier 
 IJiiodi 
 All (ither artlrlea 
 
 Total declared reul value 
 
 value 
 
 IWI.. 
 
 tiin* 
 
 Ills. 
 
 valtiu 
 
 (jalloii, 
 
 CMtH. 
 
 lb.. 
 
 QuanllUet 
 
 iv.-i.is.i 
 
 1.^,411 
 !llli,141 
 
 307 .in'! 
 
 in.inH 
 
 .■l,4(.'i,i.!)7 
 
 HI 7, WO 
 
 .1,.'j(.7,ll77 
 
 4 1.0 1. -1,4 1, '> 
 
 .50 tons, for the shifting of boilers or other heavy 
 machinery, for masting ships tie. 
 
 Attached to tho w(;t (bu-ks arc three largo 
 graving or dry docks of the Ibllowing dimensions, 
 viz. : — 
 
 
 K.istcrn 
 
 .Mlddlf 
 
 ; Western 
 
 Feet 
 
 Fret 
 
 Feet 
 
 I-i'iiKih from Rntw to licid - 
 
 .VIS 
 
 mi 
 
 .-■4« 
 
 1.4-iiKtli on blocks - 
 Wiifih 'it (jati s 
 
 4'^:. 
 
 ^i^^ 
 
 34.1 
 
 Hll 
 
 .'il 
 
 Cfi; 
 
 l}e)itli of uali-r over Llockt. 
 
 
 
 
 at ordinary spriiif^ 
 
 2.'. 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 Niv,,. . 
 
 •n 
 
 II) 
 
 l<i 
 
 Large .ships of from 1,000 tons in the Bmallost 
 lip to i"i,0tiO tons in the hirgi'st of these docks can 
 be docked and undoekcd with ii facility unknown 
 in most other ports. 
 
 Four Htcam engines .are cmiiloycd in pumping 
 out the water from these graving dock.s, the en- 
 giiurs each raising 120 tons of water (ler niinutc. 
 
 'J'iilfs at Stiithiimpto)!. — There is a double high 
 wafer at this piort, the knowledge of which is most 
 iniporlani- to tlie mariner. The lirst high water 
 at the t'liU and change of the moon is at ibli.SOm., 
 the second liigli water at 12h. 4."im., and lowwater 
 at Ih. The rise at .springs is 18 feet, and at neaps 
 .S feet. To ships using the graving ducks this 
 doubli,' tide is very ndvantagcoics, as tlie water 
 remains nearly stationary for 2 hours; thus, with- 
 (Hit risk, allowing vessels to come out of dock, and 
 others to eiiler, without losing a tide. 
 
 This dmible high water is probably caused by 
 the tide at Spithead ; for as loiii;- as it runs strong 
 to the westward, the water is kept up at iSouth- 
 aniptou, and there is no fall of consequence until 
 the tide begins to slack at Sjiithead; but when the 
 t ide makes to the eastward at that point, the water 
 fulls rapidly at (South.am|)ton. 
 
 After low water tne tide ri.scs pretty steadily for 
 7 hours, giving tiioy/>ii< or proper high water; it 
 then ebbs for an hour about 9 inches, at the entl 
 of which time it again commences to ri.se, and in 
 about 1 J h. reaches its former levi 1, and Homotimcs 
 higher : this is called the secoihf higli water. 
 
 ilio following are the charges at the Drv 
 Docks:— 
 
 y-freiitaue extends to 3,:i00 leel, ami it is jf„,,,,, ,„ f,^ ClMrged for every Ship or Vessel on 
 
 3«,1W 
 
 si.ffli 
 
 by extensive bonded warehouses 
 kslu'dii, and cellars. 
 
 I second or close dock {the first of a scries 
 
 Jed to comprise three others of still larger 
 
 pons) euntains a water area of 10 acres, 
 
 I .ivevago permanent depth of 'J8 leot water, 
 
 
 tin: Gross Tonnage, 
 
 For each working day (not exceeding Kin tons), 1/. 
 
 (lor every 5u tons above 100 tons), 2*. 
 Tlie d.iy {'i I liour^) tc end at noon, and c.ich fractional part of a 
 d'lv to 111' chari^ed as oik- day. 
 
 It lies exclusively with the Dock Company to 
 rroumled, like the open doc.'c, by bonded I determine into which of the three docks a vessel 
 es, shed^, vaults, and numerous (Tanes. j shall be taken ; and, with a view to the general 
 , on lines from tho adjacent railway j accommodation of all parties requiring the use of 
 run to and from the quays, alongside j the dry docks, it is ortlcrcd that no ship be allowed 
 (; ships are berthed. In the open dock ; to remain longer than fourteen days in either of 
 powerful sheers, tested to the weight of the dry docks, unless under special agreement. 
 

 I- 
 
 •!. 
 
 DOCKS ^. ,^iuV)c nUov.ed to enter the .Ir, 
 
 - of Hta,c. su-^ -,,_ c>.a«t;»v:r ::^, 
 
 iM.u Si 'I' I"" 
 
 1,11(111 
 
 l,'.in , 
 •i.lui'l 
 ,, ,Mi'» 
 S,l»'" 
 
 »,.'■»" 
 
 4,1 11 til 
 4,.'iiM 
 5,litlO 
 
 £ 
 
 !.'• 
 W 
 
 V' 
 41) 
 .'ill 
 fill 
 711 
 HO 
 i.H) 
 tlHI 
 
 ... , nu.l »''\'''V;'o ;-^;,;:,,,,,i NVarxvick. 1 y .!. 
 
 C>.aat-linc "f ' Uril'l't"" *^"' ""'' " 
 
 '•^'l y « a it i« '»•>«.«>;{ ;';^,;i[u tho nnvn o,.l 
 ,,y nu-aus of a ^oml ; ;;';^,. ,„,„„„ ,„.,h„, l,n„ 
 
 1 tiucnt conucdca lo a. • ,,• ,,„t,„r i..tn; 
 '"M _V„ '-.v.il ..f tl'c V'l'h'-^-' ' .„ t\,. miUl v:ii • 
 
 scrvi<'*'i a"" i lir ukI » Kiuii ; """ " 
 
 ^"'I'^^oda.^o^U.Ji'to ...u«mui.lH."- ^ v^^^u o«.w.;,a..,^^^^,,„,„ | 
 
 be cnnife^'' ^ _ 
 
 Vessels In»litil» 
 
 Vessel, not ha.njK fj^S o.^^-^J^ 
 
 Use of the 
 
 1*1 f.on. aa<e 
 
 l.\llTt> >0 '".»' 
 
 oulwi>r"s. 
 
 "ted KinKd. n„ *^„,, ,h„i, . e- 1 1 
 Jcrs.'. ''""„, 'Kuropian \ioil« 
 
 
 
 '""'"■■'''■ , *• 7'<.n.».«f "■'"■'•'"'"'•■"I 
 
 , , in part of SUB" '" "°«'': 
 
 
 UaUic I 
 llaltic I 
 
 Tons 
 
 8,;i07 
 
 \ Wallscliis 
 Molilalia • 
 
 KKVd. foreign 
 
 AnH'tii:-' 
 
 ' Chaiintl"' . 
 Noil'h Amen" • 
 
 \vi-t '"<*'" ■ 
 
 Kasl Indies 
 
 Co<«ti"f ■ 
 ' Tc.tal 
 
 •C« i}'"!'„-7of oii;«i-. f ':f !,'; of 'bones. Jkali. »"-! 
 Ca,«oes.consUtin. «« ^-|i^, ^^, „,;,,. „„d 
 
 «'^"i-S^l£;"^,a«ocd:inUUets 1 o| 
 Blue Ruro «ocd, "Ud'delive'r'd - „ ,,, .hen 
 
 *■*.• J ,v,»r«e Uliolt excess 
 
,( ill 
 
 »\\l M'W^ 
 
 irt "f 
 
 Am"'" ■, 
 
 l.t»< 
 
 oiation ' 
 too «■■ 
 I ions. 
 
 tloni' 
 
 in?^' 
 
 lev 
 
 ety 
 
 I- w*' 
 
 
SMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 I/.. 
 
 %9 
 
 e 
 
 (/. 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 ^ B^ 12.2 
 
 
 lit 
 
 I 
 
 2.0 
 
 NJl 
 
 
 1.25 
 
 II-14 
 
 J4 
 
 
 •4 
 
 6" 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 v^ 
 
 ■i'^.^ 
 
 
 '^•V 
 '» 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 ■<^'V^ 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 873-4503 
 
.>4 
 
 
 %o 
 
 L<P 
 

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 DOCIvS 
 
 ll. LlVKRl-OOL AM, B.RKEXnKAI, DoCKS 
 
 Siiiprj.\o die. ^i'ch.s, 
 
 [llio rapid rise of the port of livcrnool fr. ;, 
 Irscnt conscquonoo, thoutrh no dnnhf • •'" "' 
 fingJil.cthntoftheto"v„Ztto ,S'P?"r 
 k incrfasc of maniifactiires ami n„n S'":P''«>sh- 
 lonsive di.strict of whkh U ITp """" " "'« 
 Jrium, is also, in part, o vL to the ^uWi'f '' ?- 
 ive been given to navigation anrli""'* "">* 
 
 irance to the cstuarv of tli.. Ar«„ • ^"° 
 f lonoumbcred >nth sl^nd-btks a, rrh!f f """'I 
 f n. c,l by a bar, which, howevc haTntT^ 
 Iter .^pniip: tides, where deepest 11 ft *" i"''' 
 I as the tide rises 21 ft. at neap and ,7/"' 
 V- ,uK there is water for ^^'la^a? sh 'n^? 
 i channck, too, being well indira/p^ i v P*' 
 I'cs a,ul liRht-ships,^and martc? Sth^h'^'"- 
 
 Uj^s^nhoLSzis^e 
 
 flit ihi> land around beinff low shin, !„ ,t 
 irareexposed to risk from games' of w^ J "'? 
 [obraic tin,, inconvenience ami Lf '••.""'' 
 J.rJi*li«gand unloading the doi,. '^^''""'e 
 IfnicfeJ, which const t^ute the J^L'"''f ^'''"' 
 Itom The ''econdwet doc^fXfe"/ 
 |irc«asconstructedhere under an Ac /« I' '^ 
 p) passed in 1709, and anotLr .. T,^?"^' 
 I"n- after, since ^hich n3„.^°"' ''?" « 
 
 ll to more than 239 acres ami tl.T""."'.''' 
 h toniore than 19 acres The n,„' *"^ *'!^ 
 Jeno^ou, extentof abo ; ?G m?lKl^"'=5 "* 
 |«a,natotallengthatbotS^^fTi%^;;j 
 
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 * take into accou.U the r^- '"^fng"", which, 
 Iwtion, will Kn A *'f "^"^''^^ attending 
 ** of'moder, !£ iST' '"^*'''' «^««^ 
 Ickne..^, and 40 feeUn heir*?f """^"l " ^'''^^ 
 r»; all the more mo,ii,f' ^'T ^^^ '"""n- 
 ISootch graniTe Emv nr/'"V''"'?S '■«««d 
 
 |vent.h^acc«n.„lSL7orSb"thr,"'r 
 F' ise of stpnm Hr«j • "* "'c docks 
 
 E^o^enforcdbvvtte'r''""'^^' «"'! 
 I to maintain good order T'^"'^ "'^ •^«f«l'- 
 ffpredation. ^ ''™"' ^'nd Prevent lire 
 
 If/ to^h^1S-^f-'e'^ on property be- 
 
 M solelvfor the i> •"'^ *''^'''''' ^^•'"'-•h 
 i"e this res ,h ,t ^f'"",' '^ *''« P'-l'lic. 
 I*", of whom 24' .r>'"-'' ,<=o"si«t3'of 2S 
 
 I'leastlO/. each a L^'l"", ^f P««i^s >vho 
 |f™«lvespay 25/eac,;7'^ -'.'^f' ""^ '^■''» 
 
 t >!'« Jlereov, that U '' h^ ">« conserva- 
 Kirahv ,,;„' 17' 's, by the First Lord of 
 
 F^^'»"i'tK?eaw-*''''''' ^"°'>' « 
 
 I ^nici towmissioner of Woods 
 
 ai'd Forests for »,p ♦• , . ^29 
 
 «H 1,;<61 docL I'tVpaTer':""'^;.'^''"'' ^""e '" 
 '.eyonyhave a voLeTth!!' '^^ ^^'^''^^ ; and 
 Ihe dock allairs. (Haines's /• "'^'""."■'"ration of 
 '»•) Wlienevcr there is nti^'""?"'"' '» i^^'J, D. 
 revenue after provide f"'^ considerable surp , , 
 e Hwerest of n,oneXrrow7d"f '■''P''"''' «"'l 
 otW '''T°^'h« dick rates *^' \' "Pplied to 
 other warehouses do not h ^ ''c honding and 
 lo"ff to the dock estate but nTr"' K«"craliv be- 
 Private property. Most .• .. ' ^"' ""= n"'«t"part 
 'nedrnte vicinitrof the Zn \*''» "re in tho'i,,.' 
 considerable distance -ami '^ ''''' ^°"'« «ro at „ 
 respect the same ar^n^ ''"" " "ot in tltia 
 
 caseMhesamesrurt'Sn'S^^ in U'S 
 
 n the Liverpool as "in the I n^?'"'1''''P'"«''"'on, 
 t"o warehouses beinrr 1? -i V"'"^"" docks, wliern 
 ffoods arc loado5""«^M' " ""?? "le dock- uLvs* 
 possible facilitv, am are i k'"' '"'^ "'o ffrSt 
 ^■'C"t protection iutin^n •"'"'"'"">' ""d^'r e?K- 
 '■""^rly been a gre„t L" ^''-^P^-^t there has 
 "iimerous and deft,^?.V "'P.''"^e'"''"f- For the 
 fl^ok place in' ptr^'^^^^^tf ^vhieh ZJrfy 
 ">c adoption of certain ^^"^''''""•''cs liave led to 
 "■anagement, wldch have T'" /"'''« f""- 'her 
 Uiat no tire of any conZ, ^"""l^ «" eflectual 
 several years, ami the T'"*'? h«s occurred for 
 «" goods lodged 1 warer"""" °^ insurance 
 cordmg to the establiXH I '"i' ^on^ucted ac! 
 reduced from 35.,. per «' 'f ^'"•''"■' ^'^^ been 
 per cent, on certi/ied wareh'J"' """"'". 'o 4." 
 management, and to 3,^^ "'^^ "'"'«' Private 
 warehouses *' ^''- P" cent, oil dock 
 
 ^i-Je onSitrSr r"^''"-- «" either 
 tan. from ^00,000 lo 400 000 "'^r"""^'' '<> con 
 
 In 186t;, 12,622 vessels whh^T"^" '""ff^-in. 
 tons, entered Livernoo' i "'""''«" of4,749..128 
 pompleted at Uidston ' A "''" °>'servatory wl, 
 '» 1805 by the \Vea^?orN'"? '"'•"' '^""'menced 
 was completed in igJ ^."^'S"""" Company 
 tin'shed in 1807. ''^' •'^'^« "ew docks were 
 
 «nd';a;,;,T„V:raf^''^^^^^ ^^ «22i li„ea, feet 
 which is 3,.^17iket.S'^^' th« combined length of 
 
 c.dan:um'LVi:Z're^^«^"f ."^r'" "" the Iler- 
 "se on March 16, 1866 ''""l''«t<"' and opened for 
 
 Partf s, ;?„SLt iTeft ^/-f'-"- to private 
 
 ^-3-s.of the aQ ^-« 0-n b„iu "round the' 
 ^Vappmg Dock 4c. All th^'^y ^ock, x\ew 
 open sheds for the tot ^^ ^'^^ Vm-i haZ 
 alongside the si i>VS"7 1^.P°^t cff goods 
 "lagniticent structures Tnd'.'^'r'' are really 
 are also upon some of tl^cfook'? "' *'"'^<^' ^^<^^^ 
 Princes Dock, Nelson d7,p1- t ''!"'^'«' as in the 
 transit sheds,' of one storev ^.^'"'' "'« termed 
 and perfectly secured fnf'' ^".''stantially built 
 discharged with i^""f .'?.'' ships ^canf 
 
 Sfncr-'^ '« ^'"MSpei^Sajett^f 
 thif TslKf g1fK„f">-rn London 
 
 fected hv other nartief./' '"'roduced, it is Jf 
 the !> &-10 Vict^:. ' ^'9";j.??'-a P'"" intro'duc | t 
 answer extremely veil ' T ' ^ ^'"^ ^"^^n found to 
 tlio master in his behalf Ttnl,?","^ the sl^ip, or 
 as the labour to accomn hsh H? '''t^''*' *=«"■«"; and 
 av.ariety of circunSnces such-''''''>'P^"''^«» 
 of the cargo, tlie niagnitu'do . If ^^'' "ature 
 proximity to the auav T. \,''^ "'« ^^ip. her 
 Kulatcd accordingir^'ht 'n"";-'^'""-^'^ ^s re- 
 «iHpowner or master to make" a''° '? ,'""'• t''« 
 make a special agrec- 
 
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 of-''«^""^r „ rhlna. of similar extent, for S .j.,,, 
 
 rates to whicli tnt •^'"Y,,, ,,.(. .roneral c^rRo "i"" -h ■ -i.,,c ..ci'ompain "sa r-' k', » 
 
 years at a «">"'^f '^Ite'^t n after tliey l.,ul ua 
 into their ,.roHent «|«te/ „i „„j,ora,inn ..li.- 
 pnrchaaea b\ u" ■ I 
 
 I'lu-lert in tl.c <V;^;^^ T'-^t,„onlinary. tl«c t« f 
 
 lAverpool has not, r^'l^n "'^. ,,;^,iK-nrv\;il. 
 ,,aHb^enre,.reHened 1^^^^^^ ,; „, J 
 
 „..ta= c. n, rallv about ^.. f '• V" '»" \ .,!^!'', ,t 
 Slone ballast. cosltaBK'"'' • „ , ..^.1. " ,„„ >,i,c »Wl''« 
 
 "lis. .»,.«.« >. -iKf s:;« astj »!'^'awr»| 
 
 nor ton. mercliants ; bwt sn^ » ,^^^ magnitude of h«if 
 
 greatly i"f«»Sf^, StcVl situated in the coun' B"^^^^^ ^^,„ i^Hcr in^J'^^^^d Tft^^^^ 
 
 to8.2.W, nao, ,^., j^ increase aiipe-y* ' docics portation ol ^^"'^'J \" Unn«estioml| 
 
 18GI t« "l''^;^-,tlv iu consequence "Vrarflv in Tgroat amount of shW"S-U ^ ,,„J 
 
 U 2 gigantic wetdoj^^ ,g ""7' Jin^ le >a tment of i"'ff.' ^ cm«l 
 
 K^^^lS'S-tSSs a graving docUs, .Uh a 1 gre. | 
 
 rfU.S 
 
 
 
 .V Or 
 
 
 
 t.Viti. 
 
 i «,719 
 
 ■10,613 f 
 
 lie . 
 Ida . 
 
 28,; ro 
 
 n.ite i 
 
 Enih\- 
 
 ~ 
 
 — 
 
 rien . 
 
 2,mr, 
 
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 [ports 
 
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 111,102 
 
 21.707 IS 
 
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 • 
 
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 ~ 
 
 •10 . 
 
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 11,830 
 
 _W86^ 
 
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■DOCKS i;U 
 
 the other founders ami improvcrH (if the cotton this sort, not so much on account of tlic crt'dit 
 manufnrturo, has hccn, though not >'o direct, quite which it rtlUn'ts on tho onrirprisin'r iiur- 
 « powerful ill the docks iind warehouses of Kivcr- chuntM liy wliom tlic trade has Immii eslaMI-lud, 
 mil as in the rnillt of Manchester. Liverpool also ' ns hecausi; it will, if nnythin^ cm, intniduie 
 [,j. i„ts Inrjce ((uantitics of iron from tho mininfj civilisaticin among the blacks, and iinpre-s llnin 
 !lJtricts(ifStart'ord.thircandVVales,of earthenware I with a just sense <if the advunta^'S of iiKUi.^iry 
 iriim the retteries, and of coal from the adjoining and connneree. 
 
 „.il diitricts. j Liverpixil is the Rfcatcst jmi-t. not in the 
 
 Voiir-lifths of the trade between tho United United KiiiKdimi only, hut in the world, I'.n- the 
 Kin.'d(im and tho United States centres in Liver- I shipment of cmi^jrants. The nuinliers of nni- 
 ,„„l" and she has a larj;o share of the trade with prants from Liverpool duruig the three \c,iis 
 kiut'li America and the West Indies, She also j l«0ii-C7 were 1-Jl,liili, l'.'a,lll, mid ll.'"),7i)7, 
 iarricj on a considerable trade with tho Kast|out of totals applicable to the United Kin;;- 
 liuliejand China, thou>,'h in this department she : dom, for the same years, of 20i),«(ll, •J04,t<KL', and 
 
 , ,„ ..1 ....1 ,,,r,.ro M.i _ , s-ent to the I iiited 
 
 is surpassed hv London. Indeed, the ships and V.n>,'JbS. The great majority w 
 products of Liverpool arc to he found in every 1 States. 
 
 tho IB '( I 
 
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 lentyMll.! 
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 ndctato ;»l 
 
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 ^- t;i\iwl:;isl 
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 X awv,s ■ 
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 the Vmle- 
 ibout >*,"" 
 auriVu ot 
 ready ?««•• 
 f„r the c'K 
 her Vti'r 
 
 (.rt ia every part of tho worlil acccHsiblc to 
 Imircliantmen. 
 
 In licr earlier days Liverpool took an active 
 Irart in privateering, and was also largely con- 
 ILtod with the slave trade from the Bight of 
 iiafra. But tho estimate formed of that trade 
 viously to lt<07 was very different from what 
 snow; and Liverpool has made tho best re- 
 iration possible for the part she took in it ; for 
 Ihc citalilislicd in its stead, and has followed up 
 riih zeal and perseverance, the trade in palm- 
 till it lias become of the first importance. 
 proof ff this statement it is enough to say 
 latin 1860 no fewer than 785,751 cwt. of palm- 
 1 nurth 1,579,3«5/., were imported from the 
 [est ciast of Africa into the United Kingdom; 
 ii that of these, 476,374 cwt. were imported 
 lto Liverpool. We are glad to have an 
 iportuniiv of mentioning a circumstance of 
 
 The principal imports into Liverpool in the 
 year 18G0 re as follow :— 
 
 ArtlciCT 
 Corort « 
 <;iilli« - 
 
 <'iirn aiul meal • 
 rmton 
 
 T.diiii'it niid ilrcssnl hlUn 
 I'aiiii oil 
 
 I'rovisiona, [t^noti.] 
 llio- - . . 
 
 Sali)M>tro 
 r.|,,»r 
 
 S)>3riiH - . . 
 
 Sn«.ir - 
 
 Vvn ... 
 ToUacco 
 
 W'iiiH ... 
 
 
 Quantlliea 
 
 III]. 
 
 «,«wt,.TJ5 
 
 ,, 
 
 !I,1HI,K'^'< 
 
 cwt. 
 
 'J.SIW.wa 
 
 ,, 
 
 li.ais.iiss 
 
 lln. 
 
 l,l'J7.US 
 
 cwt. 
 
 47li,.Vl 
 
 ,, 
 
 i,(W,!io:^ 
 
 „ 
 
 l,'il7,.1l!> 
 
 „ 
 
 ri,5f,,s'j» 
 
 'llii. 
 
 S,7Sl,!i|.1 
 
 galluna 
 
 V,.')S7,S7t 
 
 i«t. 
 
 s.ixii.'i.'ia 
 
 Iba. 
 
 ii,7|-,fil7 
 
 ,. 
 
 l!),(i.'.,-,SH 
 
 Ralion^ 
 
 I,.i(i'i,-,1S 
 
 lbs. 
 
 i»,i(IS,U7 
 
 The c.vport of cattle, sheep, and swine from 
 Ireland to (Jroat liritain, the estimated value of 
 which, in IHtiC, was 8,193,018/. (see Tliom's Al- 
 manack for 18t)8), is carried on to a great extent 
 through the port of Liverpool. 
 
 mtitits of Principal Duty-paying Articles Imported in Warehouse on December 31, 1865; 
 Rtcmed into and Delivered from Warehouse in 180(i ; and liemaining in Warehouse on 
 Member 31, 1806, at the Fort of Liverpool. 
 
 on ' 
 
 ;\Otl' 
 
 Ainaty. 
 t\ic caiwl 
 
 .-ct 
 
 bed i 
 
 tlv- 
 
 iiidustiy '11 
 naiidyini^ 
 
 Ktudeof^"^ 
 ItlancWi- 
 
 [strict 
 ncccs.- 
 
 otUw 
 atily ; 
 
 ,4rUtlM 
 
 In AN'ari'honse 
 
 Received in 
 
 Deliyerett from 
 
 
 Dec. .Tl, IhUJ 
 
 Warehouse, 1 Sfir, 
 
 Warehouse, 1866 
 
 Dec. .11, 1K(,6 
 
 
 lis. 
 
 ■in 1,2 '.7 
 
 ■-'.Sl'l.lll 
 
 2,870,148 
 
 140,250 
 
 
 II 
 
 l,4(.i;,C)l(l 
 
 10, .'."s,;ni 
 
 ■J,I.2(I.K19 
 
 2,08.-,S05 
 
 
 cwt. 
 
 1S,'>,77S 
 
 Ti'i.I'M 
 
 291,1.75 
 
 119,591 
 
 
 n 
 
 2 1 ,77'i 
 
 (;7,.".-'s 
 
 71.7115 
 
 17,195 
 
 . 
 
 ■ gallona 
 
 1,7'J4,.M4 
 
 1,790,-iS.') 
 
 1,72.-., 1.14 
 
 1,861,996 
 
 
 ff 
 
 69,').I.'>1 
 
 SII.'i.ISS 
 
 59n,vs.'i 
 
 l,ll(»l,65t 
 
 
 ff 
 
 4.1,.')(i.T 
 
 7'^,.'>'J7 
 
 74,I2B 
 
 41,961 
 
 
 ett. 
 
 44,»ll 
 
 44,:<.'ii) 
 
 r.9,^39 
 
 18,772 
 
 ni, equal to while c\isei 
 brown ,. 
 
 II 
 
 11,|I«5 
 
 M.'Jla 
 
 27,2.17 
 
 10,761) 
 
 
 ),M,19li 
 
 «.\7in 
 
 .m8,7.')8 
 
 90,229 
 
 rot fqu.it to brown clayed - 
 
 ff 
 
 .514,KH4 
 
 It'JR.Kt'J 
 
 682,.110 
 
 429,11,1 
 
 nrttqual to muscovado - 
 
 
 44^,0(1.1 
 
 8,^5,177 
 
 71l,ii46 
 
 58,5,',:,4 
 
 ft 
 
 1.11,408 
 
 ,171,1(i.5 
 
 4fiO,M1 
 
 45,620 
 
 
 Ibt. 
 
 2,'Jt;il,ll4S 
 
 6,.131,B'Jfl 
 
 B,.M2.lr,6 
 
 2f759,2Hl 
 
 
 
 H,7\iVfir, 
 
 13,18.1,710 
 
 21,512,64,1 
 
 X9,4(ili, 7.1.1 
 
 manufactured 
 
 
 ils.l.Kil 
 
 Sli'l.'.'O.I 
 
 1,111,225 
 
 741,412 
 
 k(\e het^w«': 
 
 the poi 
 
 it ci 
 
 iputo'l 
 louM n 
 
 trade 
 Dec 
 
 bntftgc 
 
 ot m 
 
 ni\di» 
 hftttoil 
 
 ! vast preponderance of Liverpool in the | taken from the comprehensive and valuable 
 1 trade will be obvious from an exami- tables published by Jlessrs. George Holt and Co., 
 of the following statement, which is I cotton brokers : — 
 
 Imports of Cotton Wool into Liverpool in Packages, 1866. 
 
 aart 
 
 fotttej 
 
 Jan. Feb. jMar. 
 
 QbesVrtf'^ 
 parts 
 
 CIBJI 
 
 left'. 
 
 Puqiw 
 
 ;StlOl»l 
 
 Ol- 
 Xlli. ! 4«,719 
 
 40,613 
 
 have 
 nortiincc 
 
 am 
 
 tall 
 
 Ue . '^8,770: 18,946 
 pnih.tc 
 
 the V»\' , 
 
 60,189 
 53,035 
 
 uuty 
 
 |,f ma"' 
 
 ,u(ac!i 
 
 2,!M 9,3S1 18,149 
 
 ■i,7.11l 10,251 4,218 
 
 Jlliom 5S,1S6^ 42,516 ^ 51,656 
 
 lsu\n' 
 
 Tian"' 
 
 facliiK>'' 
 
 . 111,102 121,707 
 
 cren^*-" 
 
 inil 
 
 IS7f847 
 
 au-l '' ' ■ 
 
 fttivc i; 
 
 eve 
 
 nd disc"^' 
 
 
 kitou, 
 
 Cavt«ni 
 
 iTottu. 
 
 S;,709l .15,619 
 
 r'll,fil7| 20,119 
 
 ■ 67,726 .10,t)S1 1U3,.57 
 
 , • - 40 — 
 
 11,830' 5,986 
 Ipitt 
 
 62,0.15 
 
 r,;,32i 
 
 4,712 
 
 April 
 
 .14,71 1 
 34,219 
 
 4,847 
 
 7,667 
 
 49,677 
 
 May I June 
 
 L 
 
 65,9I9| 46,913 
 24,500 42,929 
 
 July 
 
 46,576 
 12f51U 
 
 lS,.':-65 18,517 6,815 
 
 5,SH.i; 5,062 7,7.57 
 
 64,287 I6f578' 3,924 
 
 131,121|179,I56;r29,999 S7,5S2 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 57f263; 58,111' 34,«39 29,491 
 
 .15,5711 6,2.'iO 4,170 5,4.SO 
 
 146,255 202,147 129,901 185,405 
 
 — I - i 3,951 2,1 
 
 20,7 07' 6,813 7.387 8,009 
 • S»,011 218,154'.48n,492',190,nl7'452,S10 309,753 2S»,14 
 
 Aug. 
 
 8,1fil 
 9,366 
 
 3,nos 
 
 16,716 
 
 37f23I 
 
 Sept. 
 
 14,011 
 2,518 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 7,310! 
 3,530 
 
 18,035 
 .1,150 
 
 895 2,670 
 25,0112 15,1US 
 
 43,356 23,913 
 
 13,423 
 
 3,158 
 
 r,9.')6 22,9S0 
 8,li7!l 6,706 7,016 
 t79,.5,16'17»,l.MI 153,8.10 
 
 23,9^5 
 4,5,170 
 
 21,nS6 
 
 17,104 
 
 50,70 
 
 1,91. 
 
 4,Sl 
 
 5,027 
 
 26,505 
 
 Total In 
 
 1866 
 
 .185,780 
 2.16,66 
 
 86,691 
 
 5i,l63 
 
 -9I,S35 
 
 52,926 1,150,131 
 
 I 
 
 9,679' 401,865 
 
 2'',72i> 2i)0,ns.1 
 
 2u,ljj 1,511,67.' 
 
 - j 12,99.- 
 
 3.038 90,274 
 
 117.818.1,109,020' 
 
 Total in 
 
 1865 
 
 211,780 
 27,145 
 
 10,63. 
 35,.-v.s 
 17.1,8.11 
 
 4.'i9,-(,;i 
 
 331,l'i;s 
 
 4 1 1 ,32>. 
 
 1.0'.l',,Ml 
 
 12.1,171 
 
 113,.-.2S 
 
 2,5.19,70S 
 
 \'A> 
 
 ■ , f 
 - . ' «' 
 
 

 •*» ' 
 
 ■ i 
 
 r 
 
 
 ' .' ■ I 
 
 I 
 
 632 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 V 
 
 e 
 
 i 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 .■« »■ »< r »e ?t 3 1- 5 r y -if r ;g •* lO 
 "H ^. ^i ^ »• ^. '^. •'k -. 1 ■'.-.' : *■. -•'■ ^. 
 
 — ic— aj — WIN"*-*—*'-'- - ■"* ' 
 
 I. I - ^ rt T* X I- ■- — I*. « X 5> « — TI 
 9« W ^ $ ^ £$< V* **>*•■ S Tl »< M M 
 
 l-. >« 5 <7> *■■ tc s o '-. s 'j • ' — '• o 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 ^ J-. rj , «) r-. >-. I , -• «. r; .-• x 7< i • 
 
 ^o — rf-aiffiK, ^;^l^^^|«l^l■-^^^■.c^ 
 
 •Tffiot-wic'"— n ni-»^ Til",'*"" 
 — « ji — ac.^ j*-j,-!ij V- - - r, - 
 
 rt I - 15 n 'J ■1 — K - ij — — >* rt I- — 
 
 S -f ■•' Z ■^ *^ Oi X t^ ?r^ — -1 y /■^" — 
 
 o r< t^ 5 - 
 
 o s'nsfoTo) cToc aoi 31 ac ci ss 3^ uo 
 
 to •T) »« or 9) ?< 
 
 •.?>- J-tO Nl- . 
 
 ^ •€ ?! *^ .'^ ".I '"• "" ^ 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 3 
 
 1* 
 
 r^-»to — tocn-ru^— .* 71 — ffv ?'n 
 — *4|.4r^n34?iMl':n^^..-:^;/: 
 
 1. 
 
 £ ?• uc X c »■ r. ■?■ ~ 3-. ^ 1- ?. « 
 
 1 
 
 4) 
 9 
 
 ^ t^ oe w » X K r- n * 1^ 'J i* - 3i 3 
 
 i-i-o-^— t-t;in — i-.r r. — -^if^ 
 
 w %s. = -." '=■■ V £ i^ '■ .- .. ■;■ 5 i" = 
 
 . h: 3 •*• =^ •* rf: ■- -r >•.••/■,. -i r I . - 
 
 -s,,=:,xc.lc = i = -J ?;■.: ;;=: r.!; S 
 
 
 -«?,e;«",/^(ci..crcir — ^i':«*,c(0 
 
 It is extremely (linteiiU, or r.ither, wp j1i„ii'| 
 nay, (|uii.oini|)os!<il)lc, to form any eorroct entinn . 
 of tliu total amount of tlio trade' of I,ivcrpiiol. | 
 IMIiti the real or dcclari'il valiieof tlieproducpajii 
 manufaotiireA of tlic United KinKdmn ex|»irt.i 
 from the port to foreign partH ainnunini 1, 
 t<7,180,4'J7/,, as seen in tht following Htatcniciji, 
 
 Acmuntnfthe Qiiantitlen ami Vnliiet of tlir I'n,. 
 
 cipiil Articles of liritish anil Irish I'ruilure >;.. 
 
 jHirteil from lAverpaol in ISdti, wilh th, I'fj 
 
 Value of the Kxports, and the AinoHntiifCutU: 
 
 Duty collected at the Port in the name Ymr, 
 
 Arllctn 
 
 Quantities 
 
 1 V.|„ 
 
 Alkii'i! foda . rwl«. 
 
 1,397,'; 18 
 
 •I3,«M 
 
 Apparft - - vHlue 
 
 ^ 
 
 bjl,- j 
 
 .\rriis nml ainmiinltlnii i 
 
 
 
 ) Ire ariiiH (»inall) • no, 
 
 M,Wl 
 
 lni,!-,l 
 
 (tiin)>owilet • \W. 
 
 3,1,13,9li-. 
 
 liter and ale . harrd* 
 
 iiia,y7u 
 
 Sll»,W 
 
 lluiiM - • irwt*. 
 
 3<,i)l« 
 
 I'iimlte*, ^rfarinv - lit-.. 
 
 4fi'l,l4.'> 
 
 
 V,o \U, timlen, and culm loiu 
 
 7'i!),.'(:.i 
 
 4.>.,.v 
 
 tlottun yarn - lb». 
 
 47,60l,6;« 
 
 «.I31,I0 
 
 Coiion inaniifactures: 
 
 
 l'it'cr4{o«*()ii - jiards 
 
 I,C95,47.7,C16 
 
 57/)l;,;fi 
 
 IIu'.itTv and imall 
 
 
 
 ware* . - Taluc 
 
 _ 
 
 l,31!,.II 
 
 Ptii^'i and chemical 
 
 
 priMllUM'i - ■ »» 
 
 EarttienwAie and 
 
 — 
 
 liw,l;: 
 
 Fish, hcrrlriRt - barn-U 
 
 i»a.it% 
 
 l,i;i,r 
 
 ^,'i6l 
 
 
 <ila« of all kinds - value 
 
 
 
 HHli«rdiitht>r]r and 
 
 
 
 niiUin.r* - „ 
 
 
 8,llj,:ii 
 
 Jl.iid<vart'« and cut- 
 
 
 
 krv, nl'all Miria ■ „ 
 I.raiher, tanned* un> 
 
 _ 
 
 l,l9tU.( 
 
 
 
 wnuiKht - ' cwti. 
 
 6,079 
 
 »■,'•> 
 
 Leather, vrrniii{l)t - value 
 
 
 !:);i:! 
 
 iaddlt-rjr and 
 
 
 
 harntnts • „ 
 T.lnen yarn - ibi. 
 
 __ 
 
 vi^ 1 
 
 ll,7'i»,.59l 
 
 Kll,'.' 1 
 
 L\n>'\\ miniufacturesi 
 
 
 
 IMece ifthHli - yards 
 
 183,402,811 
 
 ii;,'.u 1 
 
 1 hrt-aiU, i:i|»eS| and 
 
 
 
 ftinall wares • value 
 
 .. 
 
 ;i<,) 1 
 
 Mn> hineryaudmillwork „ 
 
 - 
 
 I.Sll.t. I 
 
 Iron; pitr,bAr,1»nlr, 
 
 
 
 wire, and (.ast torn 
 
 SI9,«W 
 
 1,<<I.11 1 
 
 ra.ln.3d „ 
 
 71,1179 
 
 ^i"..'' ■ 
 
 of .ill other kindi „ 
 
 l."l),1l'li 
 
 I.Vi'- 1 
 
 Siefl, uiiwrouffht - „ 
 
 ai,V9.I 
 
 '1 .' ■ 
 
 i.iij'piT, unwrouftht cwt*. 
 
 vc,3ia 
 
 iv^' H 
 
 jiart wrouKht 
 
 
 
 and wrought „ 
 
 I35,.'>19 
 
 r,-\r m 
 
 r«ad . . torn 
 
 .^,Vlil 
 
 ir.i' ■ 
 
 'Ini, iinwrought - cwts. 
 
 ii7,i'.n 
 
 1:1.'.: ■ 
 
 |i)atei - „ 
 
 1 ,2 ■ •.,1.1.1 
 
 W ■ 
 
 Oil, seed - -Rillon^ 
 
 1,91)7,1(10 
 
 .iiu< ■ 
 
 I'.iiuifrN* colours . value 
 
 .. 
 
 II, : ■ 
 
 f'aper (except hanR. 
 
 
 
 iiiK*) - - cwts. 
 
 49,.1«7 
 
 ni H 
 
 Salt - . t»n4 
 
 430,1; IS 
 
 
 Silk, thrown, and yarn ths. 
 
 8.'..C2.5 
 
 ;l''' ^M 
 
 inanufai-tHrcs • value 
 
 
 .M,u ^1 
 
 Spirits, tirituh a.id 
 
 
 
 Irish . * gallons 
 
 2'l'i,770 
 
 
 KiiL'ar, refmrd • cwts. 
 
 '17,217 
 
 II'.V ■ 
 
 \\ oul, sheep and lamb.' Ibi. 
 
 I»5,.W1 
 
 "'H 
 
 \\ ou.len and woriittxl 
 
 
 
 y\\\\ - . ,, 
 
 191,97S 
 
 i'^H 
 
 A\onlIt'n mannfartures; 
 
 
 
 d'lthsofall UiiiU yards 
 
 21,929,180 
 
 5,'.1<.>H 
 
 WofMlod and mixed 
 
 
 
 htiHU - - „ 
 
 112,%1,'i,'0 
 
 V''':| 
 
 flannels, carpeli flic. „ 
 
 13,27.1,ili 
 
 IMM ^H 
 
 ll'isiery and uther 
 
 
 
 t^y^'^U • - value 
 
 _ 
 
 
 Ail t)th»T .inidet - „ 
 
 — 
 
 4.!>l».|H 
 
 Total - 
 
 _ 
 
 
 Cu<>toms received 
 
 _ t 
 
 'i.»:.''!^H 
 
 The mercantile marine of LivorpncI is: 
 only to that of New York. There l)clnn?l:l 
 port on Dccemljcr 31, ISOfi, 2.1)08 sliip*,^!' 
 ■J.'jdO were sailing vei^sels of the a'.'tjwiti'''' 
 of l.;!-.'(;,.'U7 tons, and 429 Bteaincni ol'tbi 
 gate burden of 205,004 tons. 
 
 The gross customs revenue of U'^ 
 amounted in 1800 to 2,807,001/., ivliilf^l 
 London, in the same year, amoiiiiicilioli 
 Hut it would be an error to suppose; tli.it-'' 
 of tlie metropolis exceeded that of Jj>'?* 
 thin proportion. Cotton wool, ami olliff'l 
 teriala for in.inufactiires, on which no (liii."'T 
 form tiio principal part of the foreiiii i"?'J 
 Liverpool ; whereas Loudon importscompi" 
 
 li 
 
 i 
 
 pn 
 
 Nhii. 
 
 JUtir 
 
 ■ Konjf 
 f";*! Colonic 
 
 tjN'::;*'"Coiouej 
 
 '^ litanii," 
 
 '"'■■'I'lanfiael 
 
 i". "^"vc, abol 
 -' 'n 'he Irish f 
 
 r ",''<'. of thee J 
 

 t\\n\\\\ 
 . c«'una',' 
 •piiol. 1.1 
 ()(\uroanl 
 
 lounlnl ii 
 
 if t/ir /'m- 
 'ruiliiir i'.:- 
 ith tht Hi I 
 (of C'luUi 
 xe Yen'. 
 
 \ Vtlui 
 
 t>:,i,',.; 
 
 im,w 
 n.:\' 
 
 .vi),wi 
 m,. ■ 
 \;,'" 
 
 4-«),.5: 
 
 37,51i;sl 
 1,!IIS,.« 
 
 i,iji,r 
 
 179 
 ,Hil 
 
 6,il(» I 
 l.lii.*' 
 
 9,61l« 
 
 i,"i." 
 
 ^i".;' 
 
 1,1)79 
 O.'.l'l. 
 
 •'?f 
 
 IJ,31S 
 
 1«'' 
 
 
 «v 
 
 l'..M9 
 
 «s- 
 
 IT/.l^ 
 
 
 ■■•■'"v 
 
 '•,'l.'ff 
 
 1I7,11«> 1 
 
 )ll- 
 
 49,W7 
 
 III 
 
 30.r.-.s 
 
 
 h.'.,Cl» 
 
 !■,.,» 
 
 — 
 
 
 in'i,770 
 
 
 MT,'il7 
 
 1 «.-. 
 
 lhO,'''Jl 
 
 
 
 
 191,0:* 
 
 
 9i9,llW 
 
 '^: 
 
 .nr,3,'i''' 
 
 i,if* 
 
 ,i;.\5u 
 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 few (if tlicse nri iclo", h" tf"''"" ''f'l'K principnlly in 
 nriidf!< (if <lir>'ct cniisumpliiiii, us Hiipir, ton, ooir-'P, 
 »iii(-t ill-.. <"> "'■i'^^'' tliiti".'* iin^ paid. Tliii cir- 
 ,iiiii»l..m'i' iiiriiunts for iIip coinpiirntivcly liir^'c 
 ,i,ii,„iiit <if tliL- c'ustiiniH rcvciuK! rucoivcd in tli(! 
 latur. Tlicro cannot, indeed, be any doubt that 
 
 633 
 
 tiip fiir('i>fn trade of I.ivorpnol is now coni-idcr- 
 iilily uri'i'tor than tlint of l.onilun. Her «'XporlM 
 of ihi! produce of llie llnitt'd Kingdom, an uliradv 
 Hccn, amonnti'd in IHIDJ to M7,-|Hti,l!l7/., wlicrias 
 tlio exports from London durin{,' the same your 
 amounted to only 41,449,797/. 
 
 nint of the Numhrr and Tonnm/e of liritisfi anil Foreii/n Slilpn that riearrd out with Cari/nes and 
 in liatltiat fivm the I'ort of Liverjiool in 18(i!!, Hj<eciJ'i/iiii/ the Vuuntriea for which thvy sailed, and the 
 
 .IffOH'l 
 
 in .. 
 
 Number tor eacli 
 
 Counlrlei lo wlilil. ai>|.«l«U 
 
 V 
 
 1 1 Koroi!" 
 
 lluuli: 
 IWU.- Turn • , • 
 Wl.iir s.« »i"l Arclir OrMn 
 
 HKtk >M»'"1'«* "''*""' 
 >«fden: , „ , , 
 
 IVcl. wllhlnlhellAlllc- 
 l'Mli wllliout 111" llnllio 
 N..r«iy • * ' 
 
 llrtimark . - • 
 
 Iteiind • • " 
 
 ...hlr-vild lliiWiln "nil l.«utiiburK 
 li.ftranj • * " 
 
 Hdlind 
 Ji..\- 
 lu«ium . . . 
 
 irince: . ,, ,, 
 
 |-«tti »iihoul lh» MfdilcmnMn 
 I'lim «liliiii the McUlletrantin - 
 MiiMjciuiU • , . • 
 
 Td'tus^i' 
 t'oniiRil VroftT 
 
 Awm - • - 
 
 himln : 
 
 T I'orH »lihiiul lilt Meililert«ne«n 
 Torn "llhin iht MnJllerraiwan - 
 I I'hllippine l,l«nil« 
 Jlilj . . - - 
 
 t«l«ISum - 
 »imr:in'i>fTilori« 
 
 Iloiiianliluidl - 
 
 ■ urkrv w • ' 
 
 T Waliachli uul Mol J»ll 
 
 I CTrii . - . • 
 
 Ik'llltiljii • 
 
 Vjit . . . - 
 
 ■urorro . ■ - 
 
 Bitttd SIMM of A mnlra 1 
 lAllantlc Pom, Northrm 
 I Southern 
 
 ■Pifitic Porh • 
 ^UAnd Forrtitn Wot InUieA 
 pitial ind Souihern America 
 
 rific Iilindi . 
 
 khla. 
 
 bill . . 
 
 Btroutof Arrica " • 
 
 Jitmi Ctaxt of Afrii-a, Forelipl 
 
 ■M,«l«iOUk 
 
 Briliih FoueuloTu. 
 ^nel lilandi • 
 
 ralur 
 paaiMKiotfl. 
 
 ■•Mittii in Africa 
 
 palian Colonin 
 
 h Amf rican Coloniw 
 llnOiet . . 
 
 1 lilanda 
 
 With CatKoM 
 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 N 
 I 
 
 I.'. 
 
 S7 
 t 
 
 b'J 
 
 21.1 
 3 
 1 
 
 71 
 
 4 
 
 37 
 13 
 
 '76 
 
 'ii 
 
 I 
 
 70 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 9«! 
 9 
 
 39fl 
 116 
 
 19 
 1\.'9 
 6.'>l) 
 
 10 
 
 "s 
 
 1 
 t 
 I 
 I 
 
 V,l9t> 
 
 31 
 V9 
 19 
 
 337 
 14 
 66 
 »3 
 
 337 
 
 Ii9 
 1 
 
 9!l.'!i 
 
 rona 
 
 11,614 
 
 H'.l7 
 
 i,ii; 
 
 1,646 
 
 ,V.II 
 
 V7.1 
 
 1,761 
 
 III! 
 
 7,111 
 
 !li),ri» 
 
 H7.'> 
 
 S 1,359 
 
 94,713 
 
 73,1 
 U9 
 
 S3,S99 
 6li9 
 
 9,7.16 
 lt,3'iH 
 
 &H|4'ilt 
 
 SM99 
 1119 
 IK6 
 
 61,V07 
 
 4na 
 
 31 N I 
 
 76.1 
 
 97 ,7 .T. 
 
 1.387 
 
 3R7,8M 
 
 llll,K6l 
 
 in.Ulll 
 
 76,060 
 
 S«,33a 
 
 7,3S4 
 
 i,'«i'i 
 
 i.l.Hi 
 UII9 
 'M7 
 
 36,138 
 n5(l9,866 
 
 918 
 
 7,814 
 
 1J..M1 
 
 6,1M 
 
 348,773 
 
 111,794 
 
 8X,6V3 
 
 i|.'*,73a 
 
 it4ll..'!43 
 
 44,605 
 
 S93 
 
 79li,633 
 1,306,499 
 
 Brlllah 
 In UalLut 
 
 y.ui Ton. 
 
 I,48r. 
 
 5jl 
 
 4.-.9 
 
 141 
 
 1,889 
 1,9S3 
 
 l«4 
 
 391 
 
 7H7 
 1,19.'. 
 
 21 
 
 U,2.34 
 
 692 
 1,667 
 
 21,108 
 448 
 
 26,924 
 ,39,i,S9 
 
 Total 
 
 Ven. 
 
 a«lt 
 
 I 
 
 9 
 
 ft 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 16 
 
 47 
 
 ■i 
 
 61 
 
 214 
 3 
 1 
 
 79 
 23 
 
 38 
 14 
 
 '7'6 
 
 27 
 I 
 I 
 70 
 2 
 1 
 I 
 100 
 9 
 
 .398 
 146 
 
 19 
 1.30 
 4.31 
 
 10 
 
 "s 
 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 I 
 
 2,'/ 13 
 
 9 
 
 .32 
 
 29 
 
 19 
 
 3.39 
 
 14 
 
 66 
 
 23 
 
 361 
 
 131 
 
 1 
 
 IfitA 
 
 3,M7" 
 
 13,100 
 1, .'■.') I 
 1,.'47 
 
 .'.70 
 I ,f.8li 
 
 .'.21 
 
 273 
 1,761 
 
 III! 
 
 7,6'>3 
 
 2.'i,2.-.8 
 
 874 
 2.3,244 
 
 91,864 
 7.33 
 189 
 
 24,188 
 2,672 
 
 9,880 
 2,719 
 
 48.'422 
 
 »6).3'l..l 
 189 
 186 
 
 61,2"7 
 462 
 .300 
 764 
 
 99.384 
 
 1,38; 
 
 487,884 
 
 104.861 
 
 10,901 
 
 76,817 
 
 2^8,427 
 
 7,384 
 
 ii<12 
 
 .342 
 
 1,682 
 
 909 
 
 237 
 
 .36,1.39 
 
 IA'2,100 
 
 2.31.3,6.38 
 
 
 
 Korrlgn 
 
 
 
 With rarnon 
 
 In Ballaat 
 
 Total 1 
 
 93 
 
 Tom 
 
 a<la 
 
 Tont 
 
 Vr.. 
 
 wla 
 
 04 
 
 Tona 
 
 19,173 
 
 1 
 
 212 
 
 19,383 
 
 3 
 
 .33 S 
 
 .. 
 
 
 3 
 
 .3.3 H 
 
 " 
 
 3,144 
 
 1 
 
 641 
 
 12 
 
 3,789 
 
 3 
 
 1,007 
 
 7 
 
 3,.327 
 
 10 
 
 4,331 
 
 4 
 
 1.837 
 
 1 
 
 379 
 
 4 
 
 2,216 
 
 31 
 
 6,026 
 
 9 
 
 3,498 
 
 40 
 
 9,421 
 
 62 
 
 6,606 
 
 3 
 
 1,611 
 
 64 
 
 8,217 
 
 It 
 
 1,310 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 II 
 
 1,310 
 
 46 
 1 
 
 1.3,697 
 
 273 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 46 
 
 1 
 
 13,6'17 
 273 
 
 10 
 
 2,639 
 
 10 
 
 6,790 
 
 20 
 
 9,1.19 
 
 21 
 
 4.207 
 
 .. 
 
 , , 
 
 21 
 
 4,207 
 
 <• 
 
 2,711 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 6 
 
 2,714 
 
 19 
 
 3.461 
 
 
 • • 
 
 19 
 
 3,364 
 
 131 
 
 I 
 
 18,186 
 224 
 
 - 6 
 
 1,4.36 
 
 137 
 
 1 
 
 19.722 
 
 22.3 
 
 86 
 
 6,199 
 
 1 
 
 316 
 
 27 
 
 6.314 
 
 2 
 
 31.2 
 
 2 
 
 2-^1 
 
 4 
 
 483 
 
 44 
 
 20,310 
 
 8 
 
 2,421 
 
 43 
 
 22.731 
 
 40 
 
 19.329 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 40 
 
 l!l,32» 
 
 4 
 
 <,360 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 4 
 
 2,4r,o 
 
 41 
 
 1 
 
 17,789 
 213 
 
 •• 
 
 
 44 
 
 17,7"'" 
 213 
 
 4 
 
 I, ,328 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 4 
 
 1,428 
 
 1 
 
 302 
 
 •• 
 
 
 1 
 
 .302 
 
 12 
 
 2,816 
 
 .. 
 
 
 u 
 
 2,816 
 
 t 
 
 324 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 324 
 
 9 
 
 4,036 
 
 ' 
 
 160 
 
 10 
 
 4,196 
 
 204 
 
 211,700 
 
 
 
 204 
 
 211,700 
 
 81 
 
 63,.343 
 
 3 
 
 3,187 
 
 81 
 
 66,340 
 
 3 
 
 2,381 
 
 .. 
 
 
 3 
 
 2,381 
 
 1.33 
 
 4S,.374 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 1.33 
 
 4«,37l 
 
 104 
 "l 
 
 30,209 
 327 
 
 2 
 
 472 
 
 107 
 "1 
 
 30,681 
 ■327 
 
 t 
 
 740 
 
 •"• 
 
 
 2 
 
 740 
 
 1,209 
 
 450,220 
 
 i!> 
 
 24,974 
 
 1,264 
 
 .374,191 
 
 "4 
 
 "823 
 
 .. 
 
 "4 
 
 '823 
 
 21 
 
 7,227 
 
 ., 
 
 .. 
 
 21 
 
 7,227 
 
 2 
 
 »45 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 244 
 
 22 
 
 16,209 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 22 
 
 16,209 
 
 3 
 
 2,602 
 
 
 .. 
 
 3 
 
 2,602 
 
 1 
 
 1,063 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 
 
 l,oii3 
 
 3 
 
 1,.33« 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 3 
 
 1,334 
 
 21 
 
 8,877 
 
 4 
 
 2,124 
 
 24 
 
 1I,<H)I 
 
 14 
 
 4,468 
 
 1 
 
 434 
 
 16 
 
 4,102 
 
 92 
 
 42,9.38 
 
 .3 
 
 2,648 
 
 97 
 
 4.3,616 
 
 1,301 
 
 .393.178 
 
 60 
 
 27.632 
 
 1,361 
 
 620.810 
 
 % 
 
 If Liverpool 1''^ 
 I rj.,,pre licVm:'; 
 
 Lteamcrsotti''' 
 
 tvcnue of J^ 
 17,0011-, «>*-J 
 
 ntttUand Clearance* Coastwise of Sailing and Steam Vessels at the Port of Liverpool in 1866. 
 
 
 BailinK Vcuell 
 
 Steam Veiaela 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 Vcflell 
 
 Tona 
 
 VciieU 1 Tons 
 
 Vnitla 
 
 7.462 
 8.047 
 
 Torn 
 
 u . . 
 
 «••••■ 
 
 3,786 
 4,418 
 
 .336,449 
 333,889 
 
 3,776 1 1,287,826 
 3,6.39 1 1,164,028 
 
 l,624,'f84 
 1,497,917 
 
 I Totil . 
 
 8,201 
 
 670,348 
 
 7,414 2,451,844 
 
 14,619 
 
 3,122,202 
 
 he above, about half are supposed to be 
 i in the Irish trade. 
 
 I 0/ Packets. — Few things have conduced 
 I the proj;rcss of the trade of Liverpool, and 
 r add, of the empire, than the establishment 
 giilar communication by means of packet 
 
 ships between this great emporium and other Bri- 
 tish and foreign ports. These sail to almost all 
 parts of the world. Besides no fewer than 5 great 
 lines of steam packets which maintain a regular 
 intercourse with New York and Boston, in the 
 United States, and Halifax, Nora Scotia, Quebec, 
 
 
 1;^ mi 
 
 
 i, 
 
■;(.. - 
 
 
 'for. h..wevcr, u.-.l .'".a tluir own ..U ., 
 ' '"'Stive.. .fn..-N.,r{hA.,.ri.m^ 
 
 nKS".:;-:,..,.. . -;»;;' sr:;..' }'";;* ■i.,-."-'- 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 n.uul..rlvl" U:at ...... , NO „„,„„., varv, ot 
 
 l.iit ii. LTiiuiul tl.i'.v ....i> 1 « " ^, f„f tlie -^.ol. 
 !; . ;!'„^,,o 1... ....'. ''\''Vl .(' 'r^;.•lolla^.t■:.x 
 
 !•"'"'.:.?■;. h.-.ri.^<" l.'"'*f"S H/a.t!""'>^ -••"'' "'"iN?.:: , .' I l'.M..rally of llM, MM,,:. 
 , . 1 i;..a iirovi^io..s Ac, ^"*- " , ,,. *,.» but I"""' I ^f '"' „„,i t,„„iaL'C iWts iunouct-ul 
 
 natt of the Ualti'* ^ , .— — , iHarlour I 
 
 
 All vessels ""^'"^ f Vlff^mn or for the mos 
 port are to pay ^^H^^jfH for whkh they oha U 
 distant port or P f ^/^°V^g°ftom any parts in hal- 
 
 1-sr.uo*™ »<" " "' " """""' 
 
 cleirance. , Entrance of the Ri^^^J^^'';. 
 
 ^!!Sids' tlS ?4ut the foUowmg rates are 
 
 nS^;;elssamnBt.or^mUv^^ 
 „ort or place hetween »""«»" f Great Britain, and 
 
 'S^7lSS^ftrio'':^-^ror. Liverpool to any 
 All vessels sailing to or 
 
 1 „„ i«>twccn Duncan's Bay HaiJ 
 
 ton. , .,•„« tn or from LivcrpodeJ 
 
 All vessels Bailing to ^r»^ ^.„y j 
 
 lope 
 
 per ton. ... ffom sunriseMJ 
 
 N.B,— In the day tim^i "" ,y ; ,i,it(,l 
 
 H 
 
DOCKS 
 
 53.> 
 
 », thfi' 
 VmiTi I 
 cni..\\'>- 
 ic U:\ 
 mi'l I'.it- 
 
 , mA lii- 
 
 lawin ;'.*, 
 Ill u'Vliuiin 
 illi tif v- 
 r.r, ar^ '.■n- 
 ; \»>rt I'tn 
 ;iniitf. 1"' 
 ^.xof <•>'.< tin'. I 
 I ilio I'lriu-t, I 
 (lit Iho V,,.*' I 
 llic iiA.- i 
 
 10 Cliannfl i 
 .|iuokrts II 1 
 [)al)Un,\VjM-| 
 ; ^s\iiW '.'.:. 
 Jilt* w'uli ' 
 in inliVnMi;;| 
 alYotils I'mK; 
 
 n:\i cntcrinril 
 lie v'"^ "' ^''*l 
 
 ^i^j iiinoutwsl 
 
 umhiDoih Cvit»uUdiitiim Art, 1H,"|H ^v, 
 ^Vlun 111')' ''•''">' "'"'" '"'^'' I''"'.'' '" '"""""- '"■ 
 
 I III' Ixiiird liiiiy 
 
 1111(1 IllllStfIS 
 
 fm|pl<>y i«'r«i)ii« fur 
 iC vcHM'ls iiro to nn- 
 
 ,li.,h:irnill>!, 
 tint I'di'l*"'**'* 
 
 .,.'( ill "">'' "'"'* ''■*' '■'''"'■'"'; '''■'''*' ""^' stowing; 
 
 wiv. IVimltyoiiili'laull, :>l. 
 
 v'.i,tir-> (if voMcl'' lo iilicy (lircclidiH tif dot k 
 
 ill ri'lalicii In llic miiiiiiiii' (if CDiniiif; in or 
 
 (lilt (if ilmlv, iiriil mil I'lclV'T iiiiy (ibslriiclidii 
 
 l,|l.■llill^' (ir Hliiittiiij;()f Kiiltn. IViialty, '.Ml/. 
 
 Iiorviii to (ipoii or hliiil, or nttciiipt to oiicii 
 
 ildck fjiitc, Nluicr, or clew: |K'imlly, 
 
 S.iriiny Nwiiin-briilK": penalty. '-'<»/. 
 
 >liip Id onltT or ix' williiii any dock under 
 
 , iti.'i r- 
 
 ..'iii, 
 
 V' liic 
 
 ,r •lull, any 
 
 r./. 
 
 » >| 
 
 n 
 
 U 
 
 11 
 
 a„d southern^ 
 ,aHt of ltd* 
 
 from U«t?j,' 
 
 tliinlte^nr. 
 [reUua,ottte. 
 
 of tlieCapeu 
 of Cape "•"' ' 
 
 Uoto,! 
 
 land ftoin 
 
 atdof* 
 ^vlrdofCapeH 
 
 leasts' 
 
 , froin 
 
 SUTltiS*; 
 
 Its 
 
 Til.W.in 
 
 head: 
 
 nv 
 
 and'" 
 day. 
 
 ;toP' 
 
 l-vcasci 
 
 ot 
 
 iteveut' 
 
 .;„!. Penally, in . 
 
 Mii>ti'f'* oi' vessels 111 tlie vviT, near to dock 
 (uiriiiiw- to remove Hnmo when ri'ipiiivd l.y dock 
 .iii.j.r^ IVnalty, 10/.; and the e.xpenso of re- 
 i„„viil liv tlic lioa'rd to be also paid liy siieli niaster.s. 
 
 j|'ii,ti'rs ami owners of vessels to Uny the di- 
 ,, iii,ii< ef. anil to oH'cr no olistriiction to, doek 
 ,tii,,i- as to llic moorint;, uiiniooriiiK, inoviiif,', or 
 r.iii..\iii\' any vessel from one pnrt of any dock 
 ,, ,ii,,il",.r jiiirt, or to any other dock; or in the 
 r. mliilint; llw position, liiadiiiK, and discharKinj,' 
 1 1'. mil vessels, and the (piay space to ho occupied 
 1,1 -ii.li vessels. IVnally, 10/.; and all expenses 
 iiiiiirml bv (lock ollicers in cnrryiiiK out this 
 eiuitimuit'to be also paid by such masters or 
 
 Diaii (jfficcrs may employ riKKcrs ic. for 
 i(,rkin^' vessels in and out "-f dock, nt the expense 
 if ihc masters or owners. 
 Tlielioard, in exercise of their authority to run 
 iilij dry fur repair A-c, may remove vessels nt 
 fxpciisc of the owners. 
 
 All vessels in doek to be Kept so loaded or bal- 
 iied ns to be safely removed. Penalty, 60/. 
 riiserviceable vessels encumbering the docks 
 ;iv be I- ilil by the board at the end of four 
 loiitli!. (Sec. iiH.) Hoard may also remove 
 recks in dock or elsewhere at the owner's ex- 
 n-o, and Ptll same to recover cxjienses. 
 Nil ve.isel to lie brought into dock, or alongside 
 do. contrary to any order of dock ofticers. 
 lultr, 20/. 
 
 Xo vessel to l)c brought in any entrance, basin, 
 iWk, when the signal is hoisted that the dock 
 lull. Penalty, 20/. 
 I'liialty on muster for giving to dock officers 
 
 rejiiirt as to draught of water, 100/. 
 [Ko liallast, rubbish, dust, ashes, shingle, stone, 
 • refuse, or things, to be thrown into any 
 k. Penalty, 50/. 
 
 .0 ballast, stone, shingle, cinders, ashes, linie- 
 ', (lung, rnbbish, dust, or refuse of anj- kind 
 e laid upon any quay or pier -within three 
 lis from margin of the dock or river, and if so 
 to be removed within twenty-four hours. 
 lalty, 5/. ; and there is an additional penalty 
 ' for cverj- further day the same shall remain 
 imoved. 
 
 asters of vessels loading or discharging ballast, 
 
 , shingle, coals, cinders, ashes, limestones, 
 
 , tile.", dung, rubbish, dust, or any other 
 
 matter or thing, to use for such purpose a 
 
 s. cloth, or wooden shoot, to the satistaction 
 
 dock master. Penalty, 5Z. 
 
 y goods (except timber, as to which there 
 
 ilher tegtdations) permitted to remain on any 
 
 Of pier beyond 4 o'clock p.m. of the second 
 
 icxt after landing or depositing thereon, will 
 
 a iiuay rent of 5», per hour, and which 
 
 t is doubled in the event of goods being 
 
 ' to remain over the third day, subject to 
 
 certain powers of lh(> board to mliignlo the same. 
 And in addilioii Ihcrcln, if pcrinllled to rciii.iiii 
 Ihirciiii, Ml as, in ihc iii<l.,.iiciil nf ihc harliniir 
 master, dnclv niaslcr, or tialllc manager, Id lie an 
 
 dbslriictlmi to bi|.,iiic<s, lb iiiigiice will incur a 
 
 penally of .'i/., and the linard or llieir dlliteis may 
 warehouse aiul sell the giiuils. 
 
 Vessels dauiai;iiig anv of the works of the board 
 may be detained until liamage paid IVir or deposit 
 made. 
 
 Penally fur dfTcriiig bribes to dink ofllccrs and 
 oil llie 1,'ilier fur reccivir.; (lie s.tiue, '.'(I/, each. 
 (N.ll. — If either df the parties giving or accept iiig 
 such bribes .shall, bclure pnicceiliii^s are ciiin- 
 mciiced, give iiifdriiialiiiii and discuvcry df such 
 oll'ence, he will be excused from the pcnallv.) 
 
 No persdii lo assaull, resist, idisiriict, (ir luipedi! 
 any dock ollicer in iIk! cxccnlidu df his duly, or 
 disobey his lawful orilcr.s, or use abusive ordtVeii- 
 sivc languai;e, or aid or incite d,iu-r.i to do so. 
 IVnalty, 10/. 
 
 No ballast, ashes, or other bulky substance, 
 or riibliish, to be thrown into the river, or any 
 (if the sea channels, or fioin any pier or ipiay. 
 Penalty, 10/. 
 
 If any ve.s.sel .shall load or discharge any portion 
 df her cargo, without the previous consent of the 
 board, in any pnrt of the river north df an imagi- 
 nary straight lino from Pock l-'crry .Slip lo the 
 ■southern basin of Harrington Dock, the niaslcr or 
 owner of such vessel will be liable to pay In the 
 board d(,uble tonnage and dock rates; and if 
 such vessel shall afterwards enter the dock.s she 
 will be further liable to the usual tonnage and 
 other rates. 
 
 Persons wilfully or carelessly injuring any 
 lightship, beacon, or buoy, landmark, lifeboat- 
 house, or lifeboat, will incur a iienalty of 20/., and 
 be moreover retpiired to make giiod lilt! damage. 
 
 No vessel to be made fast to buoys other than 
 mooring buoys. Penalty, 20/. 
 
 Timber alone to lie placed on land exclusively 
 appropriated for timber. Penalty, .li. per hour. 
 
 No timber to bo discharged into docks without 
 consent of harbour master: [lenally, 10/. And if 
 so discharged by consent, and not removed within 
 21 hours aitenvnrds, there is a further penalty of 
 5s. per hour. 
 
 ()wners of timber permitting the same to re- 
 main on the quays or timber despot beyond the 
 time prescribed by the bye-laws after the same 
 has been passed by the Customs oniccrs, will 
 incur a quay rent of 5.1. per hour, and lOo. per 
 hour, respectively as above mentioned with re- 
 spect to other goods left unduly on the quays. 
 Note. — The time now allowed is prescribed by 
 bye-law No. 97. 
 
 The board are authorised to sell any timber un- 
 lawfully laiil on any quay or other jilace, or which 
 may remain bevond the time within which the 
 same is re<iuired to be removed. 
 
 As t ) the use of fires and lights on board ships 
 in the docks, the following (lenalties arc also im- 
 posed, viz. : — 
 
 For using a fire or light on board any vessel in 
 any dock or basin not set apart or appointed by 
 the board for that purpose, 100/. 
 
 For using a tire or light on board any vessel in 
 a dock or basin set apart or appointed by the 
 board for that purpose, but in a manner not au- 
 thorised by the bye-laws, 20/. 
 
 For disobedience to any order given by an 
 officer of the board, or by any police constable or 
 watchman, for extinguishing any fire or light used 
 in contravention of the bye-laws, or for obstructing 
 an officer in boarding or searching any vessel for 
 fires and lights, 10/. 
 
 i^» 
 

 i-'i 
 
 C38 
 
 DOCKf> 
 
 \: ■ '■ 
 
 ! ■ ;■ •*' 
 
 i 
 
 , 'i 
 
 ■ 4 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 '. i 
 
 For smoking tobacco or other substance within 
 any shed, warehouse, or doclv, or on any jjicr, or 
 on hoiiril a vessel in any dock, 5/. 
 
 No aqua-fortis, oil of vitriol, or other goods of 
 dangerous (lunlity, to be placed on any quay un- 
 less distinctly marked as such outside the package, 
 and witliout giving notice to the dock ofKcers. 
 Pc-mliy, 20/, And if such goods arc not removed 
 both from the quays an.i vessels within two hours 
 after notice from "the dock pfliters, thei'c is a fur- 
 tlier penalty of 20/. for cverj- hour sucli goods &c. 
 remain. And if not so removed, the board may 
 remove tliem at the cost of the owner. * ud sucli 
 goods must be watohcd from one hour before sun- 
 set to one hour after sunrise by the owners of 
 such goods or tlie master of the vessel : penalty, 
 III., and the board may watch the same at tlio 
 owner's ;xpense. 
 
 Mo persons to bring gunpowder I:ito any dock 
 or into vessels lying therein ; and no masters of 
 vessels havirg gunpowder on board to sutler sucli 
 vessels to be brought or lie within the buoys 
 moored off the docks, or within 300 yards of any 
 dock or pier. Penalty, l^O/. 
 
 Tlic board arc empowered to approiiriato two 
 places on thel. estate, on each side of the river, at 
 which gunpowder may be landed ; and the places 
 at present allowed bv this Act, and by the bye- 
 laws for the regulation of gunpowder under the 
 Act 0.' 18G5, for shipping or discharging gunpow- 
 der, are — tlie slip at the north side of the entrance 
 of Toxteth Dock ; one berth on the south side of the 
 Harrington Tiasin; the Pier Head, outside of the 
 Egerton Dock in Toxtetli Park ; the Magazines 
 landing place at Hromborough, and tlic Ferry blip 
 at Tranincre ; and by the 8th bye-law for the regu- 
 lation of gunpowder, quantities not exceeding 25 
 lbs. in weight may be embarked from the north 
 end of the Prince's Landing Stage on notice being 
 previously given to the stage nastcr. 
 
 Her Majesty's ships are exempt from the above 
 prohibitions as to gunpowder, but any person 
 claiming such exemption without being entitled 
 to it will incur a penalty of 10/. 
 
 Persons falsely claiming to be liable to harbour 
 rates only, will incur a penalty of 50/. 
 
 Masters or owners of vessels neglecting or re- 
 fusing to pay harbour rates will incur double 
 rates and a penalty of 20Z. in respect of each re- 
 fusal. 
 
 Persons not making a true report as to a ship's 
 destination on paj-ment of rates will incur a 
 penalty of 10/. 
 
 blasters or owners of vessels entering and de- 
 parting in ballast, not leaving the collector's cer- 
 tificate with the dock master, will incur double 
 rates and a penalty of 20/. 
 
 Masters of vessels refusing to produce books 
 (tc, or giving false answers to the collector of 
 rates on goods, will incur a penalty of 10/. 
 
 Masters or owners of vessels and goods evading 
 or neglecting payment of dock rates will incur 
 double rates and a penalty of 20/. in each case. 
 
 Masters or owners of importing vwsels not 
 signing and leaving at the dock office, within 
 fourteen <lays after discharge, a full and accurate 
 list of all goods imported, stating the quantities 
 and distinguishing the uett weight and contents 
 of such goods (accoriling to the bills of lading), 
 or the names of the persons actually paying tiie 
 freight for the same ; and the owner, charterer, 
 consignee, broker, or agent of every exporting 
 vessel not preparing a full and accurate list of 
 all goods so exported by such vessel from the 
 bills of lading and freight list thereof, and not 
 signing and leaving at the dock office within 
 fourl <;en days after clearance a correct transcript 
 
 of 
 to 
 m 
 
 I'iy 
 It 
 
 of such list, distinguiishing therein the nanioi 
 the several shipjiers of such goods, acconlin.. 
 tlie bills of lading, will incur a penally of:;.!? 
 each ( "sp. 
 
 Tl;e penalties under Sees, 201 and %2 ai 
 equally to principals and clerks or servants. ' 
 
 Masters of vessels giving false answers to („, 
 officers as to the dimensions or t'-aiiglit of wji,, 
 of vessels going into the graving dock, or, 4|, 
 any act therein by which the draught of ,|.Jij 
 vessels shall be increased while in the "r.ivi'- 
 dock, will iiicur a penalty of 10/, and be liiife (J 
 all damages to the board consequent tlioroimnn 
 
 Masters of vessels to be answorable fur itj 
 acts of their crev/ or persons employed about uci 
 vessels, but may recover from such persons w. 
 nallics incurred by their default. 
 
 Persons cutting or defacing any mnorinj r^.y 
 or chain, or injuring any buoy, buov-ropo '„', 
 cable belonging to any lost anchor, will ii,,,', j 
 penalt>- of 10/, and be required to pay the aniJuat 
 of damage. 
 
 Pilotage Uulf.s axd Ri:gui,atioxs. 
 
 Any person acting as a pilot in the portcf 
 Liverpool, without a license, to forfeit 20/. 
 
 Pilots refusing to conduct ships, or assist sib 
 in distress, to forfeit 10/. anu lose their lioeiise. 
 
 No coasting vessel, inward or outward bound if 
 the burden of 100 tons or upwards (unhsssliil» 
 in ballast), is to refuse a pilot, as the master I: 
 owner 4c. must pay the full pilotage if oik i 
 ottered. Novesse'. is deemed a coaster unlesjj 
 has been 6 months in that trade, or ssitel t.t 
 Liverpool on a coasting voyage. 
 
 Masters of vessels forcibly taking pilots berci 
 the limits of the port shall pay aforftitnoid- 
 ceeding 20/., nor less than hi. 
 
 Pilots misbehaving to have their license i-l 
 called; and if they act aftcnvards, to be M-:j\ 
 the same penalties as if they were not pilots, 
 
 That the master or commander of i-riyski;!! 
 vessel inward-bound to the port of lliverr'jil 
 which shall be liable to pay pilotage, shat j 
 coming within the pilots' stations, dispiava 
 keep flying the usual signa' for a pilot tors 
 on board, and every master or comraandfr i»| 
 shall omit so to do shall forfeit and pay aii;-i 
 not exceeding 6/. 
 
 Masters of vessels inward or outward-boimi 
 fusing to take the first pilot who offers, » 
 liable to full pilotage. 
 
 Rewards for pilots assisting ships in dijtrsl 
 be settled by the pilot committee. 
 
 Compensation to be made to pilots forii 
 vessels out of port which ha\e been I'orcd 
 to be fixed by the committee. 
 
 Every master to give the pilot a tnie» 
 of the draught of his ship, and pilot authorial 
 admeasure. 
 
 No pilot to be allowed to lay a vessel Jjii 
 without a written order from the master oioi 
 penalty 5/. 
 
 Every master sending a pilot to take d 
 a vessel exceeding that for which he is lii 
 excepting in cases of necessity, shall be " 
 sum not exceeding 5/, 
 
 Second-claus pilots are limited ., v( 
 exceeding 500 tons, and 16 feet draught of 
 
 Third-class pilots, formerly 12 feet, are' 
 to pilot vessels not exceeding 250 tons Kpsn 
 12 feet draught of water. 
 
 In consequence of a practice now toopni 
 it appears that persons not licensed, but re|' 
 ing themselves as such, are in the habit d 
 charge of vessels as pilots : it is earnestly 
 mended that masters of vessels demaml of"! 
 
 M Rates to he p 
 
 LMrpmlfroin 
 Omtieise from 
 Mkmy, Sark. 
 I ^"lonki, I'lanta 
 
 'irti'cla 
 
 "PorWvluK^pjpj^^ 
 
 • '" « do/, c 
 
 J'M.Sea ■ 
 '''^""•'.Pliniaiioj 
 
 PjJ'«wwdb<mB"|„''' 
 hralifa,! 
 
 «?;'!;;: ft"""!) bo,,| 
 
 - u\ 
 
 looM 
 
linn 10 
 -'il, in 
 
 ! apviy 
 s. 
 
 tn cVA 
 of watiT 
 or iWui:; 
 ; (if jwii 
 1 Kfavi-j; 
 J Vialiit to 
 :rc\iV'in. 
 \c flit >lit 
 aboul 'ttA 
 jMSons (lO- 
 
 oorini; V'/. 
 oy-iiiff, III 
 will iiii'f.t 1 
 ,' Uic amuuni | 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 •ons 10 rcprpscnfing thcmsclvps as pilots to take 
 
 fhifC (if vessels, to pro(liic(\ their license, which 
 
 inilvin force 12 moiilhs from the (la»c of such 
 
 537 
 
 I tlw \iort 
 ;it 201. 
 at assist sUj! 
 icit license, 
 .wardtani)! 
 (unbss sk '.» 
 I the tnastH i; 
 otagc xim'i 
 astet unless J. 
 e,ots8iWlr«| 
 
 ng pilots bey a 1 
 aforft:itn'ji* 
 
 thcit license J-l 
 l9, to be liaV,i;il 
 
 When it blows so stronf; as to prevent the pilots 
 tanlinR a vessel with their smnll boat, the vessel 
 shoulii l)C steered with the wiiul on the quarter, 
 the vards lirnced by, when the larRu boat sheers 
 un.l('r the lee ([uarter, and the pilot jumps ou 
 
 I SMions of the Filot-huaU. -The boat having 
 I the turn tu" board displays a largo red and white 
 tlj" at the mast-head by day, and exhibits lights 
 ■in aicorduncc with art. « of the Merchaat Shipping 
 lArooiKlincnt Actof 18U2. _ „„. t 
 1 The two western boats cruise off Point I.yr.as, 
 Lr'io the northward mid eastward of it as wind 
 Ld weather may permit, and as far to the wcst- 
 (raril as tlie JliJdle Mouse, and to the eastward 
 intil rriestholm Island bears S.S.W. by compass. 
 The third western boat cruises to the east- 
 mi of Point Lynas, to board any vessels that 
 lav pass the lirst and second boats, but not 
 .rtlier eastward than the v est end of Great 
 
 liead bears S.S.W. by compass. 
 ...B fourth western boat cruises an far west as 
 i eastern limit of the third boat, and eastward 
 ITalarROch Chimney (on the west end of the 
 ir-land) hears .S.S.W. bv compass. 
 The fiftli, or lirst Iloylnke boat, cruises to the 
 wwaid.so as to be within 5 miles of the North- 
 kt Lightship. 
 
 The sixth, or second Iloylakc boat, to take 
 pilots fr m vessels outward-bound, and to supply 
 pilots to all vessels to the i-astward of a line t'rotii 
 the Point of Ayr to the Hell lieacun of the Horse 
 Channel. 
 
 The seventh boat follows outward-bound ve.«- 
 sels, to receive their pilots, and bring them to 
 Liverpool. 
 
 N.H. The pilot committee recommend to the 
 merchants <tc. that when a pilot conducts a ship 
 or vessel into the port to their satisfaction, tlic 
 same pilot be employed to take the said vessel out 
 again ; but if he should be absent on duty, th.-it 
 one belonging to the same boat be employed. 
 
 The Liverpool Pi'ota' Committee. — This board, 
 com|x)scd of some of *h( first shipowners of the 
 port, formerly acted undc a special Act of Parliii- 
 mcnt, but since Januarv 1859 they are under the 
 Consolidated Mersey l)ocks and" Harbour Act; 
 and their proceedings are submitted weekly, for 
 roiilirmation, to the general board of the Jlerscy 
 Docks and Harbour. 
 
 Liverpool Life Boats. — Th». dock trustees havfi 
 established 5 life-boat stations, viz. at Liverpool, 
 on Waterloo pierhead, 2 boats; Magazines, '2 boats; 
 Hoylake, 2 boats (Iloylake 1 boat, Hilbre Island, 
 1 boat) ; Point of Air, 2 boats ; Formby, I boat. 
 The crows of the Liverpool aiul Magazines boats 
 consist of a master and 10 men each ; the boats on 
 the other stations h.ive a uiiistcr and 12 men. 
 The entire establishment is well conducted ami 
 elKcicut. 
 
 1 not pilot , 
 of rry !hi;«l 
 
 Icr 
 
 ,ort of Uwri'«i.| 
 ipiloti 
 
 ftKC, 
 
 shiL* 
 
 jr a 
 It col 
 
 display ! 
 piloi 
 
 itl»t2 
 
 inimandet 
 
 WA 
 
 |l ami pay 
 
 I outward-taK 
 ^vho ofiMs,t«^ 
 
 J ships 
 Itce. 
 1 to pilots 
 
 in di>«»l 
 
 ibeen 
 
 forced Is 
 
 Ipilot 
 Id pi' 
 
 a truest 
 .lot attthow 
 
 lay 
 
 av 
 
 ■cssel »?■ 
 
 tile master o"" 
 
 Lot to take c] 
 
 which he «>«, 
 Ity, shall been* 
 
 RmiteA 
 
 .ves» 
 
 tteet 
 
 draught 
 
 ,ivl2fe«'.»''. 
 
 • 25010113 
 
 v^\ 
 
 lice now 
 
 toOpK" 
 
 dcmsBil* 
 
 I in 
 
 the 
 
 itisW 
 Isels 
 
 ti Bata to be paid on the 
 
 Principal Goods, Wares, and Merchandise Imported into the Port of 
 
 literjmlfrom Foreign Countries, or liritish Colonies, Plantations, or Sett 
 Omticise from Ports or Places in the United Kingdom, including the Islands < 
 
 lements; or brought 
 
 >f Jersey, Guernsey, 
 
 AUemey, Sarh, and Man; or Exported from the said Port to Foreign Countries 
 
 and British 
 
 Colonics, Plantations, or Settlements, {Extracted from Table in use 18U8.) 
 
 
 
 
 Article* 
 
 Kau"Hou.n, 
 
 IVIlrerj 
 lute 
 
 <. rf. 
 
 ArUclei 
 
 Quay 
 
 I>,^iivcry 
 
 Hate 
 
 Landing 
 
 and 
 Housing 
 
 Hate 
 
 DellTcry 
 Kate 
 
 1 T" 
 
 lud toner ; bull, piiw, or minchton 
 1^ nofiMlieati 
 
 •. d. 
 
 : d. 
 
 Cheese, foreiim— per 
 
 : d. 
 
 I. d. 
 
 a. d. 
 
 n i 
 
 U 7 
 
 & 
 
 Tuminff each lime lit/, per ton. 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 .•» 
 
 WeinhiiiK at re.housing or tlclivery. 
 
 
 
 
 1 barrel 
 
 II t 
 
 .1 
 
 2 
 
 'Jd. jier ton. 
 
 
 
 
 1 > harri'l 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 in lulls or c.vses - - ton 
 
 •i 1 
 
 2 6 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 kilderkin, or i-liarrcl 
 
 1 
 
 l| 
 
 1 
 
 Cocoa ami colfet.' : 
 
 
 
 
 m bolta, B 10 U iloi. ^»^^ orlierce 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 'i 
 
 in casks, cases, scrons, or fimriU ,, 
 
 2 n 
 
 2 fi 
 
 3 4 
 
 ■ :< 10 fi ilo2. ca« ot barrel 
 
 ' I 
 
 i 
 
 (1 1 
 
 Inh.iKs . ■ - „ 
 
 1 9 
 
 2 3 
 
 3 U 
 
 ■ uixltr 3 duz. package 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 Co(i|ier, in sheets, hiRols, slabs. 
 
 
 
 
 ■ho . ■ .Ion 
 
 1 
 
 1 i 
 
 7 
 
 or )iii:s • - • ,p 
 
 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 7 
 
 ■bids or tinall packages - „ 
 
 •i 1 
 
 •i 6 
 
 1 .-» 
 
 nails and sheithinK • • „ 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 5 
 
 lu 
 
 ■i hothead 
 
 4 
 
 fi 
 
 3 
 
 ore, iK-iritlM, renuius, or {.jriies. 
 
 
 
 
 ■ ,<crce 
 
 2 
 
 .1 
 
 2 
 
 loiiie . - ■ ,. 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 6 
 
 9 
 
 ■ boi, baiket or barrel 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Corkwood - - - „ 
 
 1 9 
 
 2 I 
 
 I 2 
 
 B; Amerinn - ) 
 
 
 
 
 Colton jarn or thread - • „ 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 6 
 
 I 3 
 
 H liuviDn •> Ijn 
 
 1 
 
 1 i 
 
 7 
 
 Kanhenware- - - crate 
 
 1 U 
 
 1 fi 
 
 1 II 
 
 ■ Blii't Sea . 
 
 
 
 
 Klai, loose, Russia . - Ion 
 
 1 K 
 
 2 3 
 
 1 
 
 K in |>a> kaKeft or l«le« ,, 
 
 1 .1 
 
 I fi 
 
 g 
 
 ail other - • *, 
 
 2 6 
 
 3 6 
 
 2 
 
 HIOOK- 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 10 
 
 UIO 
 
 Orain, tli. : 
 
 
 
 
 ^■ik, unnvrs'. ulantalion. 
 
 
 
 
 wheat, barlej, rye, oats. In- 
 
 
 
 
 ^H • f. 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 1 fi 
 
 liian corn, iieus, iH-nnH, or 
 tares, iiaddy, linsecU, and 
 
 
 
 
 ^■djioik tierce 
 
 a» 
 
 It 
 
 .1 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 'H 
 
 l{ 
 
 seed in bulk ■ . „ 
 
 1 
 
 1 3 
 
 n in 
 
 H, lulii kit, or i harrel 
 
 u »' 
 
 >' 
 
 1 
 
 Guano, In b.i|{« - - „ 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 ^Binrlovpisli net, and re|iackinK, 
 
 
 
 
 in hulk 
 
 1 
 
 1 C 
 
 9 
 
 ^^b tin rf or Ijarret • )«.(>(/. 
 
 
 
 
 liutta percha. In pscka^et - „ 
 
 2 II 
 
 4 2 
 
 2 1 
 
 ^■L half-birrel - li, Otl. 
 
 
 
 
 Hardware - lar^e case, licrcc, or cask 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 n 2 
 
 ^Di,or |[Tound bones, loone 
 
 
 
 
 box or barrel 
 
 2 
 
 U 3 
 
 l> 2 
 
 ^■ut . ■ -ton 
 
 1 s 
 
 1 s 
 
 9 
 
 small case 
 
 > 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 ^Kohriil 
 
 1 
 
 1 4 
 
 H 
 
 Ilidei, skins, furs, and pells, in cask. 
 
 
 
 
 ^Mcuki or bags 
 
 1 
 
 1 « 
 
 7 
 
 boi, bale, or other packaKe : 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^bOM • - 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 9 
 
 1 
 
 under 1 cwt. - package 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 n 1 
 
 ^^vnea^h, or eround bones. 
 ^Hand weiKhniK at re.housing 
 
 
 
 
 » „ • - .. 
 
 II 4 
 
 II fi 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 4 „ - - „ 
 
 e 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 ^■lini] . . 6J. iier Ion 
 
 
 
 
 o „ - • „ 
 
 II 7 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 ^M 
 
 
 
 
 ID •, • • ■> 
 
 U 9 
 
 I '' 
 
 1, 
 
 ^Butudlliliiplnl- <.t<l. 
 
 
 
 
 ahore 10 „ - • „ 
 
 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 Indigo, in serons - - ton 
 
 2 6 
 
 3 4 
 
 2 1 
 
 ^■^ • ■ .ton 
 
 1 
 
 1 « 
 
 7 
 
 iweepinKs, big under 1 cwt. each 
 
 .. 
 
 ., 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 •* 
 
 1 6 
 
 9 
 
 J cwt. and .-iliove 1, 
 
 ,. 
 
 .. 
 
 1 
 
 ^^ftnil vv));hinR at re bousing 
 
 
 
 
 Iron, in liars, rods, iron knees for 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ve,T,j;,j. tier Ion. 
 
 
 
 
 ships, or sheet Iron • Ion 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 5 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 poll - • • ., 
 
 1 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 ^^■we,, or baskeU 
 
 \ 
 
 1 i 
 
 7 
 
 ore • • • 1, 
 
 t a 
 
 1 B 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 ahot, old iron, or plj - ,, 
 
 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 7 
 
 ^^HkoTlari:e casks 
 
 1 t 
 
 1 6 
 
 9 
 
 pyrites, loose - - „ 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 fi 
 
 9 
 
 ^■VUnii a lb. each 
 
 19 8 1 
 
 1 
 
 In packagn . - >, 
 
 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 7 
 
 ^^B * firlin 
 
 0] 1 1 
 
 n.t 
 
 wire • - - „ 
 
 1 (i 
 
 2 1 
 
 1 3 
 
 ^^H srore kem, or i flrklni 
 
 » 
 
 1 
 
 U G 
 
 liory - • • 1, 
 
 3 10 
 
 711 
 
 4 2 
 
 ^^■k on delivery, 7rf, per score 
 
 
 
 
 l.nc dye and lac lake ■ • „ 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 11 
 
 1 S 
 
 ^^■l-liikios, or ke|{s. 
 
 
 
 
 Lard, in b.nrrelsor laricecaski „ 
 
 1 2 
 
 t 5 
 
 9 
 
 ^^^^r * 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 in kfgs about 4.', lbs. each „ 
 
 1 9 
 
 2 1 
 
 1 U 
 
 ^^Beilii. not in tubs or 
 
 
 
 
 In bladilen . -.10 bluddera 
 
 n 3 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 ^^^1 • - 
 
 « 
 
 i i 
 
 1 il 
 
 Lead • • .ton 
 
 1 
 
 I * 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 ',' «. 
 
 ■,;il<.: 
 
ir-- 
 
 538 
 
 f *■ 
 
 •i: 
 
 f 
 
 !!•■■ 
 
 ,?u. . 
 
 hhi 
 
 ^" ■' f 
 
 ! ^ 
 
 DOCKS 
 Dock Bates §*c. — continued. 
 
 Articlei 
 
 Leni) ore, loose ■ - ton 
 
 I.e.iIhcT, foreign, tome, bale*), or casM i. 
 
 Irjth (tanned) under 1 ';wt< • bale 
 
 1 and under '.' cwt. • „ 
 
 V itnd under 1 cwt, - „ 
 
 stniiU or mid. crate - tTate 
 
 UxTf^i; crate - . „ 
 
 Af.ictiinerv, in coses or iiackaiicf tun 
 
 Midder - - - ., 
 
 roots - . f, 
 
 not press-])ack(i - „ 
 
 ground . - n 
 
 ^lotavses, cane julce» and melado i, 
 
 Oil: olive, in lart'ej.irs 
 
 roinmon jars 
 
 Jai ■ 
 
 „.:} 
 
 |ar> atioiit I fcal, 
 cases contaiii-ii^ ~0 
 quart botile^i • ca^c 
 palm and palm nut unu eartlt ton 
 Opium - - • .» 
 
 ^uick^Iiver, in bottles - trattlc 
 
 ca-.e 
 Rire, in packapes • • tun 
 
 when not weighed, per im- 
 porter's order - - m 
 Ruin - - puncheim 
 hogshead 
 
 Saltpetre 
 Seeds uf all descriptions, unless 
 gpecially provided fur, in baj;:!. 
 when weighed 
 when nut wei^Iivd, ptr im> 
 porter's order • 
 Silk, raw or thrown (not East 
 I-ulia or ("hina) 
 
 tttn 
 
 Quay 
 
 anil 
 
 Deliver] 
 lUtv 
 
 Housing 
 lUtu 
 
 •. d. 
 
 : J. 
 
 1 'i 
 
 1 (i 
 
 1 G 
 
 •i 
 
 'i 
 
 -i 
 
 n 2 
 
 3 
 
 II 4 
 
 n 4 
 
 1) A 
 
 n 
 
 () 7 
 
 a 
 
 1 R 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 I 1) 
 
 1 fi 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 <J 
 
 1 U 
 
 1 i 
 
 I 
 
 1 r, 
 
 SlU 
 
 11 7 
 
 7 I 
 
 lit 1 
 
 n K 
 
 1 
 
 1 (1 
 
 1 3 
 
 2 11 
 
 4 -i 
 
 (1 1 
 
 II X 
 
 1) 3 
 
 5 
 
 1 u 
 
 1 c 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 I 4 
 
 !i 
 
 N 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 
 
 I 3 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 4 2 
 
 .') 10 
 
 Dtllterj 
 Uatu 
 
 U !l 
 
 I I) 
 I 
 
 II 1 
 'i 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 U 
 
 7 
 
 » 
 
 1 
 U 7 
 "J 
 
 4 2 
 
 5 10 
 
 3 
 9 
 
 8 
 8 
 •i 1 
 
 per 
 
 Silver orCf bailor cases - ton 
 
 looae « ■ ,t 
 
 Soap • - - (• 
 
 Sponge - • - .1 
 
 Sreel . • - „ 
 
 SuKar, in cases - - n 
 
 boxi's ami casks - „ 
 
 ba:>kets, inati, anil bags „ 
 
 Tallow, In cask.-, or ca'cs - ,, 
 
 skins and blocks - „ 
 
 Tapioca . . . „ 
 
 'I'ar - ^.barrfl or barrtl 
 
 jach 
 
 . In packages under M} Iba 
 
 .'ii lbs. and under 45 lbs. - „ 
 
 4.') „ (i I „ . „ 
 
 fill „ 811 „ - ., 
 
 W) „ 1-0 „ - „ 
 
 l.l'l lb*<. and upwards - „ 
 
 Tob'icco, In Idids. - • e&»-h 
 
 tierces - - - „ 
 
 bales, barT( ts, rases, serons, 
 
 kegs, drums, and similar 
 
 packat:es, und?r 1 cwt, - f, 
 
 1 and under '2 cwt. - - „ 
 
 2 „ 4 „ • • „ 
 » „ U ,. - 
 
 Tow, in bales - - ton 
 
 Walnuts . - . quarter 
 
 \V'iiu' uid spirits, excejtrum, iiuncheon 
 
 liogsliead 
 
 barrel or ibird 
 
 Jcisk 
 
 i-quarter cask 
 
 Wood, large - * - Ion 
 
 small - -I, 
 
 Zino - - - »» 
 
 Qua, |'""«l;ii|i 
 llatc "l"'"-,, II, 
 
 I I. i. 
 
 1 II 
 
 I 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 f, 
 
 •i U 
 1 
 .')-lM. 
 5.|0</, 
 
 Oj 
 
 II) 
 
 Ui 
 
 11} 
 
 1 'i 
 c 
 
 0? 
 1 
 
 () u 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 oin 
 
 lU 
 6 
 4 
 
 ; iJiii 
 
 J < 
 
 I « : 
 
 'l|g 
 
 1 « 
 
 010 
 
 '111) 
 
 sill) 
 
 I 
 3 
 
 1 I, j 
 I III 
 
 1 I II (3 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 1 6 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 j 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 2 
 fi 
 
 « i 1 
 
 I 
 
 11 
 Oil 
 
 3 
 
 1 n 
 
 1 S . ; 
 10 0! 
 Ill II 
 I .1 OS 
 10 .) i 
 
 in 1 i 
 
 ? , I 
 
 1 'J «t 
 3 ( « 
 
 ; I 
 
 N.B. Hooks containinff a complete list of the 
 articles charged with dock rates may be had at 
 the docks for a mere trifle. 
 
 In comjiiling this article we have derived con- 
 siderable assistance from the elaborate work of 
 Mr. Thomas Baincs, entitled A Histori/ of the Com- 
 merce and Town of Liverpool, published in 1852 ; 
 and from Liverpool i7i 1859, a smaller but very- 
 useful work of the same author. But we have 
 been indebted for the most valuable part of our 
 information to communications oblipingly sent us 
 by some of the most intelligent merchants belong- 
 ing to the town, 
 
 IV. Bristoi, Dock.s, Siiippino, etc. 
 
 The city and seaport of Bristol is situated (lat. 
 61° 27' N., long. 2° 35' W.) on the river Avon, at 
 about CJ miles above its junction with the Severn, 
 or upper part of the Bristol Channel. 
 
 The great range of tide peculiar to this locality 
 enables some of the largest class of sailing vessels 
 to come up the river to the town. Formerlv ves- 
 sels took the ground at low water; but to obviate 
 the risk and damage frequently arising from this 
 cause, an undertaking was projected and carried 
 out by a private company between 1804 and 18U9, 
 by which about 3 miles of the then tidal river 
 riinning through the city was converted into a 
 floating harbour, a new channel for the tide being 
 cut to the south of the town. The harbour or 
 dock thus formed comprises about 55 acres of 
 water space available for large vessels, while the 
 total area floated and kept at one level is about 
 13C acres. 
 
 The area of watershed supplying this large float 
 by the river Avon and its tributaries is upwards 
 of 800 square miles. These docks are provided with 
 two lalf tide basins for the temporary accommo- 
 dation of vessels entering or leaving the port, viz. 
 Cumberland Basin with an area of about 4 acres 
 and entrance locks 54 feet and 45 feet wide, and 
 Bathurst Basin with an area of about 2 acres and 
 entrances 36 feet wide : there is also a single lock 
 for barges und small craft bound inland. 
 
 The public quays occupy a length of about 
 2,0U0 yards, while' the total length of frontage 
 
 available in that part of the harbour appmrmui 
 to masted ships is about 7,000 yank Tlie h| 
 shed accommodation on the public quaysliailjai 
 been much in-reased, and a svstcni oi' to 
 sheds for bonded goods provided, whict n 
 facilitates the unloading of customable gt^Ai. 
 
 Ship building has alv/ays been carried on • 
 fair extent in the port, and there arescveiji» 
 venient graving docks, heaving-up slip ic, 
 repairs. 
 
 I The docks of Bristol have been since M 
 property of the city, the corporation of il 
 with a view to giving increased acccamo 
 to larger steamers and to improve the nari 
 ill tlie river, have obtained an Act of Pari 
 giving them power to provide larger and 
 entrance locks at Cumberland Basin,aiiJl 
 move some of the most objectionable \m 
 bends in the river. There are also raiinn 
 course of construction down both the rijlii 
 left banks of the river, terminating at Uratit: 
 or landing stages at the roadstead at Kiojiit 
 
 A private company has also obtained an lit 
 the construction of a new dock near tiie ' 
 mouth. 
 
 Bristol early possesned and continues lo 
 large share of the trade with tlie Wm 
 Among her foreign imports the most iiii 
 are sugar, timber, grain of all .sorts, lioar, 
 hemp, hides, oils, tallow, tea. tubacco, dn 
 brandy, wine, rum &c. 
 
 The exports consist principally of — , 
 of the various manufactures of tlie oily. Mi- 
 refincd sugar, brass and copper articles,!! 
 glass, earthenware &c., with iron, salt,Ml 
 culm the produce of the neighboiirhcfd' 
 cotton, linen, and woollen goods. BrL*i ■ 
 on an extensive and growiug trade with L 
 from which she imports com, butter, bacon,, 
 toes, cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, salmon fci 
 sends in return tea, raw and refined sugir. 
 wrought iron, tin plates, copper, glass ~ 
 leather &c. 
 
 The imports coastwise consist mostl.r 
 tin, coal, salt, agricultural produce andfor 
 duce brought from other ports under bornl 
 
 The e: 
 
 |iri"/iico 
 .■iiiil the 
 .sir.'ini am 
 
 .111(1 |''I,S.S('/ 
 .W'l lllls Jo, 
 
 lUi p.irt II 
 liristdl II 
 till- cHip'rc 
 U >ti',ini iri 
 ::n by ijip 
 I niifj in iji 
 iiiijort.Mce i 
 j (iiTii rhiedv 
 ,-ri-,s iiiij, ill 
 
 I yew fiidiiijr 
 
 I iW (if Liver 
 hi IM 111, 
 ;.;i.;iiiii/._a ^^i 
 I i.jJ advanced i 
 li:: f-li; while 
 |ii!ii.'iiiiie(lto9Ii 
 _ ■'■(i-':',OJr/, 
 |liri.-tol hi 180G 
 llic chief causes ( 
 FDrthfsconiparfii 
 |fs«s of local I 
 
 F iavhi 
 
 /I he property of I 
 F ^""ipaiiy to thi 
 pm'iitmtlieCol 
 
 Klierate.sship.,1 
 
 JN'lIs.nou-pavoi 
 [Wnoivpavji,^// 
 
 r:„*»»fjb have bl 
 :por 
 Hytl 
 
 ^^^"ic^^?-^^ 
 
 -Inicl 
 
 lot ; 
 
 *<«ddu,; 
 
^1 Hat,, ^m MrMlCimllMllNCatK.lUurlllUfonvovancPnC 
 
 r i'- 
 
 aiulini 
 
 ~— 
 
 f 1 
 
 ind 
 
 D(:.m 
 
 'J I 
 
 ' 1 
 
 Hat, 
 
 lUi 
 
 rf 
 
 1. t. 
 
 1 1. I 
 
 J ' 
 
 1 -l 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 11 
 
 '> ') 
 
 ■i 
 
 •i 6 
 
 'iU 
 
 r, 
 
 3 4 
 
 ! ', 
 
 
 
 1 i 
 
 ' 
 
 1 
 
 1 '.1 
 
 1 '111 
 
 (1 
 
 1 C 
 
 u 5 
 
 'i 
 
 1 'J 
 
 iVi'l 
 
 3 
 
 1 f, 
 
 lilil 
 
 6 
 
 1 9 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 3 6 
 
 1 ' ; 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6J. 
 
 
 
 1 III 
 
 1 '"1 
 
 1 1 
 
 OJ. 
 
 I 
 
 »3 
 
 1 
 
 "J 
 
 n 1 
 
 ' '1 !t 
 
 !i2 
 
 ] 
 
 II ;I 
 
 (1 i 
 
 " 1- 
 
 a 
 
 1 6 
 
 i S 
 
 C 
 
 9 
 
 i" 
 
 nj 
 
 1 
 
 1, "'{ 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 fl « 
 
 'i 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 •1} 
 
 
 
 1 t 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 f 
 
 11) 
 
 u 
 
 1 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 . 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 01 
 
 u i 
 
 4 
 
 01 
 
 ■) 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 '' 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 01 
 
 ii 
 
 3 
 
 1 1 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 2.0: 
 
 |irc"li 
 ■■mi 
 
 Docks 
 
 The exports arc chicd y foreicB nn,l „, i • , , 
 luce (c.>,,eciall.v Kroc.rics, «piS?s, a,fd tS "^ '^^ '•'"«« «>« "a.Ie-„f tho . , ^'''^ 
 
 m euumuinu;iUmx lor (lie cnvovanco ,■(•..;,,. i ^ "•"'^''' ''»""A' (lie iLt t. '"''•■"■npanviM- Tables 
 i*.«,^er. t. Ireland wa.ostabii.,;:dMs-:^^^'':'^f"''V'« ^^^ffi^r^;! i^' , !!L '^ '^yo 'Lo trade" 
 
 - .«.>,., ,„ [,]Q p,j A fi. ,', ""UlVIl UV till" n,.,. ., ^. ^■'•'•HV in- 
 
 t'l Ireland was ostablislicd in J8- /;','''"'''''•'' M.fferod i,, i'^^"' ''V°, "'" fade „{ 
 . .re. increa. o. tbe tnid* ^^f^j '>' ^''^ ^i-trou. civil'C^';^;^^^ -|-^;;«s 
 
 IjV 
 
 r>,„ ijuueti ^tates. 
 
 Dues on Sini-P.Nc; fnt. i.,v 
 
 J51-.1.S10L. ' •'""''' "P 
 
 Jioii Dues. 
 
 -010 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 nii'llias c.,1 Pa.irreat ,„erease of tiio trade 41,' 
 
 llrisK.l liad tlie lionoiir of beiW the firsf nnrf • 
 llucnipirolo establish a reiridir r, „!?"'" 
 
 iv.aMn,hthe('ni,edN^;S Tr";;:tf'"" 
 
 ..'.bytho (;n..at Western Steam SI hi ,',•'" 
 fni.cJ in im. 'J'lie decline in f ,n -i' '^' '"-'■■- 
 inil^ortaucc „f liristol as a ra I u, ' . ''''''"''/^^ 
 .. .hictb. nianifeted l^'^&S^^ i:: 
 I -rj'-s Willi that of J.iverpool. *" ' '^"' 
 
 I ilieav.Ta-e fijstom.s duties of Bristol fnr n, -I 
 
 yeii^ ending ivith 1'57 amountt. o i?Jl>fcf/ 
 
 tlu>- of Liverpool for the .same per od to^l'^.v ' 
 In ir,sl the customs of Uristol I..,! ^■"^*''- 
 
 .•ai.!lfl|)/.-a «reat increase; b nt those of I K- "" '? 
 IbUJvauecd in the same vear to Tl8 (18? '■"°° 
 I in ivli;, while the customs' d„ti„ Jt'tlp ""^ 
 lainuuiited to919,M9/., those of hnI«Ho, ^"™" i 
 It. M:>:',0J7/. i'he cus cms d ?!,, n"'?"?''''' 
 ItetolinlMC amounted to Lm 18?/ ' n''' "^1 
 Ithccliief causes that have been con monii, ^"' "^ 
 |or this ooniparati V3 sloivnesT 7 Sir iffi 
 boess of local taxation, the town Yn,! i. ,,"' 
 L(.lwvin.'been much heavier than th ^'"''<""- 
 f tlKt or ,1a" larger ports The 'o can t "^ "^^ 
 f doubt ,00 much 'stress ha.been a'i JZon "t'h*^' 
 lircumstauco in accountinL' for thn .1 ^ ^^^^ 
 fce,.o,-,l,e trade of this port Th " elTn"" P'"'.! 
 lie rapid ri.c of Liverpool, Glasgow ami ■'' "W r^V'"'' ■ r"™«-"'>«ve.onsbur-cie„ >; » ^ « 
 
 ^rdniarygrowthof the cotton r..!".?5°.«-^- 1 «o ,„„.._.. Pe,,„,.g. 
 
 I. .1 ._'""e"fenoif«-t, " 
 
 7 
 OIIJ 
 
 to 
 
 1 I 
 
 I^g")"". and under inn ,„„, 
 I An " '''0 „ 
 
 aim ■• ami ., 
 
 "" andupwarclf" •• 
 
 10 
 1.5 
 
 .TO 
 
 40 
 
 ^','7!"ff bcen'niitigS by var u S'J''''' V^^!" ^'"P^ '"'^ otK L^^^^- P".vablo on and 
 '"' '''"ce 1«35, has at lengtl, been ,^m h 'T' Bank .?'7, """ '^•'"^k of Bristol '^v f ^'^ ""-i^al 
 
 ' l-iud the charges on shinninn. T n . ^ "''- ovS''' ^^e-'eliff Backs rh„ f ' *'.'""' Augustine's 
 '™.'»r:<able for their li.od'S^i " ^"''"' '"'^ b^lfl""' ?«'i<^d 'l^e Merchan^ts'f'lo'V'^*^ P''''^'" of 
 
 ^•^ 'mportant refbr,., took place „ 184« . flZ^' "'^i '^'= " ^^ Avon and 1 '"'« ^'"^'^' 'he 
 ?"1 Act 11 A l2Vin^Pn ™'".;?-^*'"nJer|floatin^r j,a,^„„^ wit'iin H. " •r"''^ 1'°^ of the 
 
 Bn«toI, or any or either^ sLh ^laS .-°"'">' <"• 
 
 For erprv «i,j.. _., ^ ' 
 
 [WalAct 11 r 2\Yct rjV .•1^'""^«- 
 H 'l.e property of tie docks Sm u'lt /""" 
 M <.oiiipaiiv to the citiVo.,T . "'^ wraer 
 
 H-tinth^l^trn'^^o-unen^'"**^''"--^ 
 
 ,P' hn of d ck d^^es no J nn •'' P'4.'* ^^ ""d 
 
 iMnoivpav J/. Lrt•;°"^' '"■''<; t,'''''* Paid 8rf. 
 * '>* obsrve thafali :i "^ " " of import- 
 •■' -twards h'ave bfen fhoflv ^^ ^""T ''^^ I 
 ,«^K«ar,Ise.xportsXl rr "''ohshed ; so .» ,k 
 ^ Report. k"tLsol, ^i"""^ "n abso- P^" °"'" '«-'"»«'" m ,„„, 
 "> these and other reductions 
 
 Fore l^'aces : — 
 
 AllcoasHnBT«srf«fr„™ 
 
 . (1. 
 
 
 
 Articles 
 
 ^«!l!^*£»^...rf ,Wo Me Port ofBrUto, 
 
 '■^,f°"fanJ under" 
 ,„ 'Ot» tons 
 
 100 tons Hndaliove 
 
 Anchor&ge 
 
 9 
 - I 6 
 
 Mooraffe 
 d. 
 
 "1 per (on 
 
 N pork r 2 
 
 f''™'uhti,"amid„;; 
 
 t '! 
 
 ! 
 ♦ '1 
 
 if 
 
 
 m 
 
 <y 
 
 £l. 
 
.. "» 
 
 040 
 
 2 
 
 . •) 
 
 ■ *J 
 
 ■ 'i-l 
 
 -'■ H 
 
 ,v:. 
 
 I 
 
 DOCKS 
 J)ue.i on Goofls Sfc. — continued. 
 
 Article* 
 
 Dock huce 
 
 Wharfage 
 
 Town 
 
 Dm 
 
 
 ». rf. 
 
 
 «. W. 
 
 <• i 
 
 Hutier -....•- 
 
 
 ton 
 
 U 6 
 
 
 llrim-.tone .... 
 
 
 
 Ion 9 
 
 Inn 
 
 II 6 
 
 
 
 ('Aoiilrhnuc .... 
 
 
 
 cwt. n t 
 
 Ion 
 
 ti 
 
 
 
 Churcoal • - ' - 
 
 
 
 lun 1 
 
 Ion 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Cliefse . - • • . 
 
 
 
 
 Ion 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 ( hlcnrv - • , - . 
 
 
 
 ton " 1 3 
 
 ton 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Citler ..... 
 
 
 
 tun 1 II 
 
 lun 
 
 II 6 
 
 
 
 (^nrn.i and coffee • - - - 
 
 
 
 ton 1 6 
 
 ton 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 Coroi and nut» . 
 
 
 
 KKI U 1 
 
 KHI 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 rodtiih ..... 
 
 
 
 ton II 9 
 
 ton 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Cujipcr .... 
 
 
 
 ton 1 N 
 
 ton 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 ore 
 
 
 
 ton U 6 
 
 Ion 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Corn : llarle;, lie.>ns, Indian com. peas 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 quarter 
 
 OJ 
 
 imhu.h 
 
 t n 
 
 oata - . r 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 quarter 
 
 II 111 
 11 ij 
 
 li'l) l.n.h 
 
 ') ) 
 
 Wheat - . - 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 quarter 
 
 lUO l,u,||, 
 
 1 u 
 
 Cork ..... 
 
 
 
 ton 1 G 
 
 tjn 
 
 11 i 
 
 
 Cotton • a . - • 
 
 
 ■{ 
 
 bate or 1 1, . 
 IHK ket ] " ^ 
 
 ton 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 Crentn of inrtar . . - 
 
 
 
 Ion 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 liivld »i . - - 
 
 
 
 Ion 1 
 
 ton 
 
 II fi 
 
 
 
 Kartl>«: Hid 
 
 
 
 'un U C 
 
 ton 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 rttrpleand ftiller's 
 
 
 
 
 ton 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 i:iey>hant»* iwth - . . 
 
 
 
 cwt. "or 
 
 Inn 
 
 II fi 
 
 
 
 ' Karma - . - - 
 
 
 
 ton 1 1) 
 
 Ion 
 
 II fi 
 
 
 
 Flax .... 
 
 
 
 toil 1 S 
 
 Ion 
 
 II 6 
 
 
 
 Flour .... 
 
 
 
 { 
 
 sack 
 barrel 
 
 U 11. 1 
 II OX } 
 
 Ion 
 
 1 1 
 
 I\fral of all torti of prnin 
 
 
 
 
 barrel 
 
 l4 ' 
 
 Ion 
 
 0) 
 
 Fruit: Almonds, plums and |jr«ne.i 
 Currants, Aiifi, and r ilstns • 
 
 
 
 cwt. " 1 
 
 ton 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 
 cwf. II 1 
 
 ton 
 
 6 
 
 ton 
 
 CIS 
 
 Nuts .' . 
 
 
 
 buslicl U 1 
 
 K bu-h. 
 
 1 
 
 
 OtAnnKi And Icir.oni 
 
 
 '{ 
 
 orb,;,}"' { 
 
 cheat 
 box 
 
 II Hi 
 n tij 
 
 client 
 box 
 
 li i 
 
 (Jambier 
 
 
 
 toil 10 
 
 ton 
 
 0* 
 
 
 fj I.J 
 
 lirca-e (not lard or Ullov) 
 
 
 
 Ion 1 (1 
 
 tun 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 <;uano • > . - 
 
 
 
 ton <l K 
 
 tun 
 
 3 
 
 ten 
 
 1; 
 
 Itniufa grain* ... 
 
 
 
 cwt. U 4^ 
 
 ton 
 
 U 6 
 
 
 (tnmt .... 
 
 
 
 cwt. li 
 
 ton 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Gyii&um ... 
 
 
 
 Ion u e 
 
 ton 
 
 •> 6 
 
 
 
 Stone - 
 
 
 
 ton ,t 
 
 Ion 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Hair .... 
 
 
 
 '.wt. 1] 
 
 ton 
 
 II h 
 
 
 
 H«inp ..... 
 
 
 
 Ion 1 fi 
 
 ton 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Ilid«: Dry - . - 
 
 
 
 cwt. » 
 
 ton 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 Wet .... 
 
 
 
 cwt. 1 
 
 Ion 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Glue pieces 
 
 
 
 cwt. 1 
 
 Ion 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 HooTi of cattle ... 
 
 
 
 Inn V 
 
 ton 
 
 d 3 
 
 
 
 Ifoins .... 
 
 
 
 cwt. II 1| 
 
 Ion 
 
 n 6 
 
 
 
 Ice . 
 
 
 
 Ion U 4 
 
 Ion 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Indigo .... 
 
 
 
 cwt. I> 6 
 
 Ion 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Iron .... 
 
 
 
 Ion 9 
 
 ton 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 Old .... 
 
 
 
 Ion 6 
 
 ton 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Jule ..... 
 
 
 
 Ion 1 
 
 Ion 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 Lard .... 
 
 
 
 ton 1 
 
 ton 
 
 6 
 
 ton ]i H 
 
 Lemon and lime juice 
 
 
 
 pi|ie 1 
 
 ton 
 
 (i 
 
 
 
 Lead .... 
 
 
 
 toil 1 U 
 
 Ion 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Ore .... 
 
 
 
 ton S 
 
 lun 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 I.ll?!BrKe .... 
 
 
 
 Ion I 
 
 Ion 
 
 U 6 
 
 
 
 Madder .... 
 
 
 
 ion 1 6 
 
 ton 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 Mantranese ... 
 
 
 
 ton 9 
 
 Ion 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 Marble .... 
 
 
 
 Ion 9 
 
 ton 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 Matt . . . - 
 
 
 
 IVO X 
 
 Via 
 
 i< 1 
 
 
 
 Melal : old 
 
 
 
 Ion 1 
 
 ton 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Molasiieii 
 
 
 
 Ion 6 
 
 ton 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Myrulialamr ... 
 
 
 
 ton 10 
 
 ton 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Ochre .... 
 
 
 
 ton 6 
 
 Ion 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Oranffp, lemon, and citron peel 
 OU : Fish 
 
 
 
 cwt. U V 
 
 to. 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 tun I 3 
 
 on 
 
 6 
 
 toa II 
 
 
 HlubUur 
 
 
 
 lun 9 
 
 Ion 
 
 a 
 
 ton II 
 
 
 Nut - . . 
 
 
 
 Ion 1 fi 
 
 Ion 
 
 6 
 
 ton 11 
 
 
 Olive 
 
 
 
 lun 1 r. 
 
 Ion 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 I'alm 
 
 
 
 Ion 1 .. 
 
 Ion 
 
 6 
 
 ton llj 
 
 
 Ha|>e and all othel leed oil - 
 
 
 
 ton 16 
 
 ton 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Salad 
 
 
 : j 
 
 chestor^n i' 
 
 Ion 
 
 6 
 
 in II 
 
 
 Oil rake 
 
 
 
 ion :, 
 
 ton 
 
 n « 
 
 1 
 
 
 Oil nuu .... 
 
 
 
 Ion 1 6 
 
 Ion 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 Onioin .... 
 
 
 
 bushel Oi 
 
 bushel 
 
 0^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 Orchilla- ... 
 
 
 
 Ion * 
 
 tun 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 Oren: unenumerated 
 
 
 
 ton 3 
 
 ton 
 
 (1 1! 
 
 1 
 
 
 Plaster of Paris .... 
 
 
 
 Ion 6 
 
 Ion 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 Pepiier and I'iinento 
 
 
 
 KKI lbs. I 
 
 ton 
 
 n fi 
 
 1 
 
 
 Piassava. ... 
 
 
 
 Ion 1 
 
 ton 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 Pitch and Tar ... 
 
 
 
 Urrel 1 
 
 barrel 
 
 OJ 
 
 1 
 
 
 Rosin ... 
 
 
 
 Hi cwt. U 1 
 
 Ion 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 Tur|>enlint 
 
 
 
 barrel 1 
 
 Ion 
 
 n 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 Put and Pearl ashes 
 
 
 
 lun 1 6 
 
 ton 
 
 n A 
 
 1 
 
 
 Pumice stone ... 
 
 
 
 ton 9 
 
 Ion 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 IlaKS and junk ... 
 
 
 
 Ion C 
 
 ton 
 
 3 
 
 M "I 
 
 
 Itlcc ..... 
 
 
 
 ., 
 
 ton 
 
 6 
 
 
 Saf;o ..... 
 
 
 
 ton 1 
 
 ton 
 
 fi 
 
 H 
 
 
 Salliietre . . • ^ 
 Sand and stone ... 
 
 
 
 ton I 
 
 ton 
 
 6 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 
 
 ton 3 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 Stone ; Freestone and vavinjr (unwrooght) * 
 Paving (wrougnt) grind millf ware 
 
 
 
 ton n 
 
 ton 
 
 fl 3 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 ton OS 
 
 ton 
 
 6 
 
 H 
 
 
 Hurr .... 
 
 
 
 ton 3 
 
 l!«l 
 
 8 
 
 ^M 
 
 
 Kagg or whet 
 
 
 
 ton 3 
 
 l,UOO 
 
 1 
 
 ^M 
 
 
 Starch ..... 
 
 
 
 ton 1 6 
 
 ton 
 
 ri 6 
 
 ^M 
 
 
 Setds: Canary .... 
 
 
 
 quarter 1 
 
 M bush. 
 
 II 1 
 
 ^M 
 
 
 Flax and Hemp . 
 
 
 
 quarter 1 
 
 quarter 
 
 14 
 
 ^M 
 
 
 Linteed - 
 
 
 
 quarter I 
 
 quarter 
 
 ni 
 ui 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 Ka|ie and all other oil wed . 
 
 
 
 quartet 1 
 
 quarter 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 Carraway, clover, graia, garden, m 
 
 illet teed 
 
 ,ud all 
 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 seed I old by weight 
 
 
 
 cwt. 1| 
 
 Ion 
 
 6 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 Shellac .... 
 
 
 
 Ion 1 
 
 ton 
 
 G 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 Skint: Calfskins and kipl, nnr 
 
 
 
 ton 1 U 
 
 ton 
 
 6 
 
 ^^1 
 
 
 
 
 cwt. a 
 
 Ion 
 
 fi 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 Wet . 
 
 
 
 cwt. 1 
 
 ton 
 
 6 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 Kid, lamb, and teal 
 
 
 
 IIK> U V 
 
 lun 
 
 6 
 
 d^H 
 
 
 Spirltel Utandy ... 
 
 
 
 pun. 1 6 
 
 pipe 
 
 3 
 
 ^ i^^l 
 
 
 <iin .... 
 
 
 
 pun. 1 6 
 
 pipe 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Cases (of 12 bottles) 
 
 
 
 •loien 1 
 
 doien 
 
 oi 
 
 doffi J^H 
 
 
 Hum ... 
 
 
 
 pun. 1 
 
 pun. 
 
 3 
 
 poo. ^^H 
 
 
 Npirits of turpentine 
 
 
 
 ton 1 6 
 
 ton 
 
 G 
 
 ^^H 
 
 
 Soda and nitrate of loda - 
 
 
 
 Ion I 
 
 lun 
 
 6 
 
 ^^M 
 
 
 Sbumac . . - - 
 
 
 
 Ion 1 
 
 ton 
 
 6 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 |Si«ir 
 
 r,t"'"ii.eii 
 
ton 
 
 \) 
 
 Ion 
 
 0) 
 
 ton 
 
 Oil 
 
 clieit 
 bol 
 
 u 
 
 DOCKS 
 Dues OH Goods §-c. — continued. 
 
 £41 
 
 «n I>im 
 
 ■ __ 
 
 i. t- 
 
 1"^ 
 
 \ 
 
 ■ smir • 
 
 
 H R»t ImlU - 
 
 \ 
 
 §■ 
 
 
 ^B Hionni • 
 
 ^H .M.111UU • 
 
 
 ^■kobuu: I'nroinu 
 
 Altldw 
 
 JlanufjcluBil ' ' ' I 
 
 rjirmnle 
 
 falonM • * * . 
 
 [krctwi ««1 tar" I . . . 
 
 iin. . • ■ • • ■ { 
 
 IKe woo*U ■ , ■ 
 
 luien., Iwanli, and eniu - 
 
 fcoin6f«rtlol6fe«t 
 6 fM and under 
 I)nl, and d«k plmWi 
 
 HihiiwKlindtirewood - - • 
 
 llan .inJ "». r«flm - 
 
 3 jr., ii fM"»'llI ""• *"«"• 
 
 und«r «i ("*' l»"lf - 
 Sinn, I' Inch thick .md abof e 
 
 under li Inch -hlik • - j 
 
 eiceedlnu .M) liiChe* • • I 
 
 not eirewlInK .111 lnch.>« • - - 
 
 Tlmlei fir, Wrch, elm «ni! aUl, Incladlng mull, oak, 
 
 ui,k,.«iiui»llo«i. and all timlwr not before enu. 
 
 metatri . . . - - 
 
 dhoop. . . - • " 
 
 Dock Dui't 
 
 ton 
 ton 
 
 ton 
 ton 
 ton 
 
 100 Ibl. t 
 
 ton 1 6 
 
 ton 
 
 cwt. 
 
 ton 
 
 I S 
 
 3 
 
 1 O 
 
 ton 
 ton 
 
 quartfT 1 
 
 tun I 6 
 
 d »en 1 
 
 ton I 
 
 tun 1 
 
 U:) 1 u 
 
 HI 
 
 f.ithom 
 
 ir) 
 
 IW> 
 
 I»i 
 
 Via 
 
 lito 
 
 120 
 
 t 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 I 6 
 9 
 4 \ 
 
 I J 
 
 load n % 
 
 l,U,0 II 6 
 
 ton 2 
 
 ton 1 II 
 
 Wha>faK< 
 
 hhd. 
 
 lierct 
 
 bhi. 
 
 6liaK< 
 
 liaikil 
 
 case 
 
 liAiiket 
 
 bos 
 
 It bate 
 
 ton 
 
 ton 
 
 ton 
 
 hhd. 
 
 tierce 
 
 tun 
 
 ton 
 
 ton 
 
 ton 
 
 quarter 
 
 lun 
 
 pipe 
 
 dozen 
 
 tun 
 
 ton 
 
 IM 
 
 no 
 
 I'M 
 
 I'^O 
 
 IV) 
 
 bihom 
 
 UO 
 
 1111 
 
 ViO 
 
 1,000 
 
 a. tl. 
 
 V 
 
 I) 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 II (l| 
 
 a 
 
 n lu 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 Q 6 
 
 6 
 
 load n S 
 
 1,11110 U 4 
 
 ton n 6 
 
 ton I) fi 
 
 n 6 
 
 (I t 
 
 I) 1 
 
 O 6 
 
 6 
 
 II fi 
 
 II 6 
 
 II 0) 
 
 I, 
 
 3 
 
 ni 
 
 n c 
 
 u 6 
 
 1) ^ 
 
 I) n 
 
 .■» 
 
 (I 3 
 
 o 3 
 
 o 1 
 Gin 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 Town Dura 
 
 hhd. 
 lun 
 
 n 8 
 8 
 
 Irn 1 
 
 chcit n 4 
 
 half do. II 'i 
 
 quar. do. u 1 
 
 pipe 
 
 doyen 
 load 
 
 ai dealt 
 
 V'll I 
 
 VM II 
 
 no 
 
 II ll\ 
 4$ 
 
 41 
 
 ijB/l iliiM mi i»»artk«.— All (loodi not particiilarlj rated to pay tl" •am* ai goodt of the like Talue, deicriptlon, or |ackage. 
 JVra dtu.-Ail (SoodJ not partlcularlj rated one penn j per one hundred torn. 
 
 ; ■ f^} •;! 
 
 i 
 
 Oi 
 6 
 t 
 6 
 (> 
 
 Id 6 
 lo R 
 
 lo I 
 In 6 
 
 « I, 
 
 (4 
 
 «t 
 I ui 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 » i 
 fi 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 %% 
 
 
 ■e following is an account of the various port 
 fcther charges which would be incurred by a 
 ]of 500 tons bringing a cargo to Bristol; the 
 iducs being talten at the highest rate : — 
 
 (tfromlundjIoKlne'c.id - 
 Inni Kinnfoad lo Uaalu . 
 AisKianl pilot • ^ , ■ „. 
 J mm at it. Sd. tKh, l**. M.i 
 
 and boat 34. - 
 HareQ muter • 
 
 £ <■ d. 
 
 - 7 7 (I 
 
 - I 10 
 • 10 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 . 
 
 ItuBfrom Kingroad to Basin .'.J. per ton 
 >lj accoidini! to the port of lo.idinK) 
 |e 5#.. moorane Id. per ton, 4 1 a. So. 
 Ufa tllr., quay warden's fees .'>f • - 
 [i, Ii. pet t.in 
 » nearer iwria only M. per tonl. 
 leltinph from I'ili to the Commercial 
 I, ii. to 61. per mcua^. 
 
 10 12 
 lU S 
 
 I of the Dock Dues on Tonnage and Cooda 
 'mttil during each of the following Years 
 1 April 30. 
 
 I Tonnage Hates Ralet on Goods 
 
 £ ». if. 
 
 l;,'JM 13 9 
 
 l«,5,ili .1 S 
 
 I9,S'H i 111 
 
 IS,ill.< 7 
 
 tll,IIM 6 i 
 
 ♦W,m 6 6 
 
 it.UHH 1 lU 
 
 1«,;94 8 6 
 
 I'i.oi: s 
 
 lV,S8i 17 6 
 
 li,l«l'i I 
 
 ■.J.ili'i 10 U 
 
 U.IW 13 « 
 
 11,1117 ill 
 
 |',:b,t 3 II 
 
 |!i,Kio a 
 
 19,3'JS i.t 4 
 
 '«,;*) II 7 
 wmn 16 11 
 
 211,1611 7 « 
 
 i;.'ji.5 4 10 
 
 IS,6U I 
 
 ■,fi9l I'i 
 
 !) 
 
 7.6,U 16 
 
 10 
 
 MU t 
 
 .■i 
 
 9,ill» IS 
 
 111 
 
 8.659 IS 
 
 •1 
 
 9.i.V1 19 
 
 i 
 
 8,yiiJ 1 
 
 y 
 
 9,8711 Vi 
 
 6 
 
 8,917 17 
 
 11 
 
 7,411 17 
 
 8 
 
 <l,i4i IS 
 
 7 
 
 8,4:^3 8 
 
 4 
 
 8,113 16 
 
 A 
 
 iii,'J6l 18 
 
 1 
 
 Il,nv9 16 
 
 4 
 
 11.9:9 17 
 
 11 
 
 IW,1I73 9 
 
 6 
 
 li.U.'.S 17 
 
 •i 
 
 lU,.'j.-.3 19 
 
 11 
 
 111.187 ill 
 
 4 
 
 8,i;i7 11 
 
 1 
 
 »,5i6 5 
 
 6 
 
 £ 
 
 '.','i,6n() 
 '.16,181 
 
 iiH,in« 
 
 ■iS,78» 
 li9.CSS 
 '.18,699 
 '.(11.993 
 Tififii 
 '.ill,!l9.5 
 •ill,'l6r, 
 24,113 
 '.il,44C 
 ill,891 
 
 •.i;,3i'2 
 
 '.(8,793 
 .3(1,819 
 31,41W 
 3.'),679 
 .1n,.-ifii) 
 311,348 
 yr,,7<Ti 
 211,168 
 
 «. d. 
 
 r, B 
 
 II o 
 
 8 3 
 
 ii 10 
 
 1 4 
 
 S H 
 
 3 7 
 
 1 II 
 
 tt II 
 
 1.', ? 
 
 I'J II 
 
 4 10 
 
 8 9 
 
 16 10 
 
 4 
 
 1.5 II 
 
 6 6 
 
 [ dues in the hst six months of the vear ending 
 
 I, were at tlie letiiir..il rales. 
 
 1 of (lues on iunn:i);e and Rooils took ciret-t June 1, 
 i at 6,yuo/. per ai;nuiii, on the ret:eipu of the vear 
 MSCI, 
 
 Pilotage, 
 
 For every Licensed Pilot who navigates a Ship or 
 Vessel. 
 
 From Lundy to Kingroad. 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ : 
 
 It 80 and under inn tons 
 
 
 
 .3 3 
 
 lllO , 
 
 200 „ 
 
 
 
 4 4 
 
 SIK) , 
 
 , .3110 „ 
 
 
 
 4 .i) 
 
 .31 '0 , 
 
 , .liOO „ 
 
 
 
 « K 
 
 .'.no , 
 
 600 „ 
 
 
 
 7 7 
 
 6110 
 
 800 „ 
 
 
 
 M » 
 
 Hull 
 
 lOUO „ 
 
 
 
 9 'J 
 
 1000 ton« and upwards • 
 
 
 
 10 10 
 
 
 FromC(imte<a£iisfrM<{ 
 
 
 
 £ t. 
 
 If 80 and under 100 tmi 
 
 
 
 •I 'X 
 
 ino „ lino „ 
 
 
 
 ■i U 
 
 wn 
 
 r.00 „ 
 
 
 
 3 10 
 
 30<l 
 
 500 . 
 
 
 
 4 4 
 
 .',(10 
 
 600 „ 
 
 
 
 4 is 
 
 600 
 
 81)0 „ 
 
 
 
 5 yi 
 
 SUO 
 
 lOOiJ .. 
 
 
 
 <i ft 
 
 1000 tons and upwards 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 From Mimieail lo Ki»gnad. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 1. 
 
 if SO and under 100 tons 
 
 • 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1111) 
 
 ■iOO „ 
 
 . 
 
 
 1 S 
 
 iiOO 
 
 , .31H) ,, 
 
 
 
 1 l.i 
 
 318) 
 
 .'00 „ 
 
 
 
 » -i 
 
 .■sno 
 
 , 6(81 „ 
 
 . 
 
 
 2 » 
 
 600 
 
 Mil) „ 
 
 . 
 
 
 2 16 
 
 8111) 
 
 10110 „ 
 
 • 
 
 
 3 3 
 
 1000 tons 
 
 and upwards 
 
 - 
 
 
 3 10 
 
 
 Fnm Ike Hvlmet lo Kutgnad. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 a. d. 
 
 If 80 and t 
 
 inder 100 tons 
 
 
 - a 
 
 10 6 
 
 100 
 
 v«t „ 
 
 
 . 
 
 14 II 
 
 '.iOO 
 
 3011 „ 
 
 
 - 
 
 17 
 
 3110 
 
 .Mil) „ 
 
 
 • 1 
 
 I II 
 
 5IH) 
 
 6.10 „ 
 
 
 • 1 
 
 4 G 
 
 ClH) 
 
 , sni) „ 
 
 
 - I 
 
 8 II 
 
 RDO 
 
 inuo „ 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 11 fi 
 
 lOUO tons 
 
 and upwards 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 lo 
 
 iJeftvren PorlUheadf Kin^road. Ilungiwdt Uroad I'i//, and CumLtr* 
 iaiid tlaain or UathurH Datin. 
 
 £ •■ d. 
 If under 80 tons 
 
 80 and under IOO tons 
 100 „ 200 „ 
 
 200 „ 301) „ 
 
 300 „ .ino „ 
 
 sno „ 600 „ 
 600 „ Kill) „ 
 
 81)0 „ 1000 „ 
 
 1000 toiu and upwards 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 l.'i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ft 
 
 1' 
 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 10 
 
 1) 
 
 
 1 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 2 
 
 '1 
 
 (1 
 
 
 • 2 
 
 6 
 
 u 
 
 '' ■•■;f! 
 
 -. ' 1 r ■ r 
 
 if' 
 
 : , * * / 
 
 
 ■in'.,: 
 
 , ' ■'•', * '' 
 
 ■; ,: •:>: ) ' ,. 
 
 ■U, 
 
 ' ■ *■■■'; '-■■ 
 
 \\:fi 
 
 '. i' ■"■'' 't.-v 
 
 ! ' ;■•• ; 
 
 
 
 :. ' ••,:^i 
 
.■ ::<•', 
 
 m 
 
 .'.*•» 
 
 I 
 
 If I 
 
 
 -f -uTI 
 
 jilt 
 
 hi. t- 
 
 ., ! 
 
 ^"i^'i! 
 
 642 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 Account nf the N'ltmber of Ships and their Ton- 
 naffe, diatitiguishing heticeen British ami Foreign, 
 which have Entered Inwards at liristol with 
 Cargoes (^exclusive of Coasters) during each of 
 the following Years ending Jan, 5 and Dec, 31. 
 
 Year 
 
 Endlnil 
 
 BrilUh 
 
 F 
 
 oreldn 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J.iii. i. 
 
 ihim 
 
 tnnt 
 
 ihlpi 
 1.5 
 
 lom 
 
 ihlpt 
 
 tons 
 
 IHI4 
 
 .11.'. 
 
 7S,131 
 
 4,178 
 
 .110 
 
 83,609 
 
 ISl.'i 
 
 .11'! 
 
 Viim 
 
 5fi 
 
 9,182 
 
 402 
 
 81,91 1 
 
 islli 
 
 3>,(l 
 
 Wt.'iM 
 
 69 
 
 11,151 
 
 429 
 
 96,191 
 
 IS 17 
 
 .1.11 
 
 KU/iOS 
 
 41 
 
 7,!l<ll 
 
 372 
 
 97,106 
 
 IMIi 
 
 ■lUi 
 
 »U,CI8 
 
 46 
 
 7,928 
 
 451 
 
 101,516 
 
 l!tl!) 
 
 ■I'^.l 
 
 l(is,7.'in 
 
 118 
 
 15,590 
 
 511 
 
 111,311) 
 
 iH'iO 
 
 ■i;7 
 
 Ill7,'.fi8 
 
 169 
 
 11,414 
 
 616 
 
 129,992 
 
 1H51 
 
 '(81 
 
 99,131 
 
 V6» 
 
 38,11)8 
 
 718 
 
 137,612 
 
 IN.'.i 
 
 4.11 
 
 «(i,7 1 J 
 
 231 
 
 41,S68 
 
 665 
 
 l.-.9,.'i81 
 
 IS,',-! 
 
 •IV1 
 
 9il,fi75 
 
 108 
 
 41,064 
 
 631 
 
 131,739 
 
 1S4I 
 
 4,12 
 
 ».'),'^iil 
 
 311 
 
 7S,9.13 
 
 776 
 
 171,131 
 
 ISSi 
 
 4111 
 
 109,715 
 
 105 
 
 ,'iO,l.01 
 
 645 
 
 160,406 
 
 Enilinir 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dec. 31. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ISM 
 
 400 
 
 87,«OS 
 
 170 
 
 41,511 
 
 570 
 
 129,016 
 
 IS.'jfi 
 
 439 
 
 IIK,i:70 
 
 -.11 
 
 65,381) 
 
 670 
 
 171.040 
 
 1S.J7 
 
 4i)fi 
 
 98,975 
 
 ISI 
 
 S6,787 
 
 690 
 
 185,762 
 
 :s')8 
 
 4.'>li 
 
 lci,'i,37a 
 
 394 
 
 9.1,747 
 
 816 
 
 199,119 
 
 !S,9 
 
 437 
 
 1(14,«15 
 
 ,153 
 
 97,974 
 
 790 
 
 102,610 
 
 isno 
 
 5IJS 
 
 r.i7,95!) 
 
 391) 
 
 105,712 
 
 896 
 
 1.13.681 
 
 isni 
 
 .^17 
 
 131,113 
 
 356 
 
 131,9>'.8 
 
 873 
 
 166,081 
 
 \Hu'l 
 
 519 
 
 136,660 
 
 437 
 
 110,1S9 
 
 956 
 
 166,'.i5.-| 
 
 ISfi.l 
 
 518 
 
 110,9.15 
 
 439 
 
 105,317 
 
 975 
 
 146,182 
 
 ISGI 
 
 '.H 
 
 lW6,6itl 
 
 372 
 
 105,352 
 
 SC6 
 
 131,976 
 
 Account of the Number nf Coasting Vessels and 
 their Tonnage, distinguishing those employed 
 between Great Britain and Ireland from other 
 Coasters, which have Entered Inwards at Bristol 
 during the following i'ears. 
 
 Year 
 
 Kndinff 
 Jon. 5, 
 IS 1 1 
 IS45 
 IN16 
 1S17 
 1818 
 1819 
 ls.',() 
 1S51 
 IS.'il 
 1853 
 IS.'.l 
 1S35 
 
 Ending 
 Doc. 31. 
 
 1S.')5 
 IS.'.fi 
 1857 
 185S 
 lS.i9 
 1S60 
 1801 
 !862 
 1863 
 1864 
 
 Bt'twecn (irt-nt 
 l]rit,-iin and Ireland 
 
 Other Coasters 
 
 thi|»s 
 
 tont 
 
 491) 
 
 85,978 
 
 .517 
 
 S 8,668 
 
 708 
 
 103,793 
 
 460 
 
 87,651 
 
 101 
 
 85,147 
 
 111 
 
 92,558 
 
 438 
 
 95,156 
 
 388 
 
 86,457 
 
 339 
 
 75,754 
 
 351 
 
 71,115 
 
 412 
 
 84,114 
 
 172 
 
 99,399 
 
 4.57 
 
 91,691 
 
 483 
 
 96,.'i69 
 
 5,i9 
 
 108,802 
 
 614 
 
 118,000 
 
 611 
 
 110,062 
 
 055 
 
 130,519 
 
 019 
 
 137,713 
 
 S14 
 
 101,137 
 
 S19 
 
 142,631 
 
 (.17 
 
 141,317 
 
 Kh ips 
 5,3.16 
 6,ia9 
 5,.131 
 5,868 
 5,881 
 (1.163 
 6,176 
 6,061 
 
 5I4O6 
 4,48(1 
 4,510 
 
 4,753 
 4,616 
 4,416 
 5,135 
 5,974 
 0,194 
 6,094 
 0,483 
 6,070 
 6,034 
 
 tonn 
 284,517 
 3».S,3U 
 1!)0,514 
 311,022 
 .10.'i,782 
 317,511 
 333,.593 
 318,510 
 31.1,722 
 303,601 
 267,2,59 
 195,219 
 
 305,896 
 277,114 
 257,377 
 .101,018 
 351,318 
 .14.1,1.17 
 
 5.i.';,.i6i 
 
 360,129 
 351,880 
 .15.1,117 
 
 ships 
 
 5,S'^6 
 6,776 
 6,011 
 6,334 
 6,285 
 6,671 
 6,014 
 6,149 
 0,093 
 5,758 
 4,902 
 4,982 
 
 5,110 
 5,11a 
 5,005 
 5,749 
 6,615 
 6,819 
 6,713 
 7,007 
 6,595 
 6 651 
 
 Ions 
 ,170,195 
 476,979 
 .19 ,31 7 
 3'j8,673 
 39(J,919 
 410,069 
 418,719 
 414,997 
 389,176 
 .177,717 
 .151, .173 
 394,618 
 
 400,587 
 ,173,6s3 
 .106,179 
 412,048 
 477,110 
 473,606 
 47,1,074 
 461,466 
 491,511 
 491,454 
 
 Declared Value of the Exports of British and 
 Irish Produce and Manufactures, with the 
 Customs Duties at tlir Port of Bristol, during 
 each of the J allowing lears. 
 
 Year 
 
 Exports 
 
 Dulin 
 
 Endini; 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jar.. 5. 
 
 £ 
 
 «. 
 
 d. 
 
 £ 
 
 1.S1I 
 
 188,528 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 990,750 
 
 IS 15 
 
 176,148 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 1,00; ,8.12 
 
 1816 
 
 150,883 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 919,119 
 
 1S47 
 
 I6I,5.'.9 
 
 4 
 
 R 
 
 911,314 
 
 1818 
 
 107,481 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 1,004,789 
 
 1819 
 
 147,014 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 1,036,733 
 
 18,50 
 
 221,961 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 1,011,319 
 
 1851 
 
 962,186 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 I,05I,S91 
 
 1852 
 
 275,599 
 
 
 
 b 
 
 1,100,695 
 
 I.S.53 
 
 ,107,710 
 
 U 
 
 U 
 
 1,010,250 
 
 1851 
 
 059,745 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,194,066 
 
 1855 
 
 632,674 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,288,387 
 
 KndinK 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dec. 31. 
 
 
 
 
 
 IS55 
 
 .183,173 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,111,162 
 
 IS',6 
 
 460,8.13 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ,102,9.10 
 
 IH',7 
 
 fi,-.6,Sll 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 1,"1 1,0.15 
 
 1S.5H 
 
 421,512 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,19,',,5.59 
 
 1859 
 
 3.17,267 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,183,519 
 
 isr.o 
 
 361,842 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 1,119,111 
 
 ISOl 
 
 10.1,! 98 
 
 1) 
 
 
 
 I,3.-.6,253 
 
 1 Sdl 
 
 213,542 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,317,177 
 
 1S63 
 
 21.5,960 
 
 1) 
 
 
 
 1,1.50,598 
 
 1S6I 
 
 lOl.'IIO 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.103,000 
 
 V. Hull Docks, SiiirpiNo 4c. 
 
 
 
 
 Cc 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 M^ 
 
 ^!^ 
 
 9 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 bi; 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 W,l 
 
 Tlipro nro five docks in ITiill, dccupjint'. 
 their basins, a wnter area of 4'J\ acres, Viz. ;. 
 
 Opened for Itu^iness 
 Viar 
 Old lira 1; • 1778 
 
 llumlier Pock - ISO') 
 
 .Iliniiion Dock - 1819 
 
 H,,iUviy Duik - ISI6 
 
 Victoria Dock • 1850 
 
 A tinil)cr pond r)f 9 acres was coMtniciet 
 18,53. A considerable (juanlity iil'sliippin-i, 
 accommodated witliin that part of tin; riwr] 
 tliat con.stitute» the old liarhour, wliioh uuy 
 computed at 10 .icroa of tidal water. Them 
 round tlio docks arc Bpacious, and are tmi) 
 surrounded with ■warehouses and dwil vji 
 Hull is the principal cntrepi')t of the Baltic t'id 
 trade on tlie east coast of (ireat I5rilain,,TOdri 
 as the third port in the kin^'dom, the vnlnttif 
 exports heiiifi inferior only to tlio.se from l.iva 
 and London; although, from tlie circiinistaiici 
 lier staple articles of import hein;,' subject to 
 duties or altORcther free, her ciistdiiis rcvtnu 
 smaller than that of less important port.s. Ij i 
 her experts amounted to l(i,730,711/,, aj 
 customs revenue to 3;i9,'l()3/. 
 
 The following tables e.xliibit tlie prinoifil 
 tares and progress of the trade of Hull dan:' 
 undermentioned years ending with 18iJ7:_' 
 
 Year 
 
 1843 
 1844 
 
 1815 
 1816 
 1817 
 18 IS 
 1849 
 1850 
 1851 
 1852 
 18.53 
 1851 
 1855 
 1856 
 lsi7 
 18,58 
 1859 
 1860 
 1861 
 1862 
 1863 
 1864 
 1865 
 1866 
 1S67 
 
 ™ - Amount i ,. . , 
 
 Tonnnwof „fi)„,,k '. „ ^ »lue «f .toJ 
 
 ShippiiiK (ex. i)u,ij., i Ilnti.li Pro- i i iJ 
 
 Kiver Craft) ^^^^^ duce uporlnl , fid 
 
 6,'i3,309 
 
 761,788 
 
 710,0,18 
 
 779,985 
 
 833,039 
 
 813,908 
 
 790,831 
 
 811,710 
 
 817,994 
 
 799,866 
 
 888,0.56 
 
 850,229 
 
 782,411 
 
 1,076,787 
 
 1,083,037 
 
 1,086,697 
 
 1,138,189 
 
 1,215,203 
 
 1/)7I,9.17 
 
 1,014,137 
 
 1,058,107 
 
 1,106,196 
 
 1,2(2,763 
 
 1,313,819 
 
 1,330,202 
 
 £ 
 
 30,115 
 
 38,934 
 
 36,915 
 
 37,990 
 
 39,681 
 
 38,925 
 
 38,1-91 
 
 .19,069 
 
 3S,1(,.-, 
 
 34,961 
 
 30,1 in 
 
 31,9.101 
 
 18,110/' 
 
 40,2131 
 
 40,478 
 
 40,815 
 
 43,891 
 
 40,857 
 
 12,114 
 
 .16,193 
 
 35,532 
 
 37,067 
 
 4.- ,085 
 
 45,351 
 
 41,101 
 
 £ I ll 
 
 10,131,118 »ij" 
 
 IO,'fl;,.167 I Mil 
 10,7U8,.1,1S 
 
 lo,,>;j,h;ii 
 9,5.11,911 j a^ 
 8,lHi,!l5!) ar 
 
 9,711,111 I : 
 
 10„16li,flU j j 
 10,,"0S,i()l 3 
 
 9,913,111 I 3 
 FromlOorl 
 
 12 to 1.5 { 
 
 milliom I 
 
 1J,78.!,»13 
 
 12,981),5ii7 
 11,3,W,787 
 1.1,9SU,1M 
 II, '116,170 j tU 
 13,,5,i6,V51 I ml 
 16,(I,V^,.1M Kf 
 17,'ilt.m I 
 16,730,iU I 
 
 St 
 
 Tonnage of Steam Vessels (exchmrt ofi 
 Steamers) frequenting the Pert ofUiij' 
 Year 1838 down to 18G7. 
 
 Y'ear 
 
 1838 
 18.19 
 1810 
 1811 
 I84£ 
 1813 
 1814 
 1815 
 1846 
 1817 
 1848 
 1S19 
 1850 
 1851 
 18,52 
 18.53 
 ),S54 
 1855 
 1850 
 1857 
 1858 
 ,S',9 
 ISf.o 
 1861 
 18G2 
 1863 
 1864 
 1865 
 1806 
 1867 
 
 Tonnnee of I „, , 
 
 Steam vlissels eT v? l. I Ul 
 
 on Foreign I St«"' 1<^}',J '"■ 
 
 38,515 
 
 48,568 
 
 42,929 
 
 46,745 
 
 60,711 
 
 58,083 
 
 68,218 
 
 07,760 
 
 85,105 
 
 l()'i,7S4 
 
 9H,0.',« 
 
 113,057 
 
 181,131 
 
 200,808 
 
 193,658 
 
 181,<J13 
 
 207,435 
 
 241,111 
 
 369,.')09 
 
 415,193 
 
 4'24,28l 
 
 .186,113 
 
 4.18,'.i08 
 
 443,180 
 
 411,178 
 
 441,1.13 
 
 471,111 
 
 £11,917 
 
 621, IK) 
 
 630,911 
 
 137„1fil 
 114,911 
 131,903 
 r«,71S 
 111,115 
 116,801 
 1.10,11'^ 
 MVJ07 
 115,1111 
 131,210 
 123,970 
 108,5,16 
 11 '1,751 
 
 lon.ic" 
 
 111,V 
 
 ll'^,C.1a 
 9(1,971 
 97,'J17 
 110,161 
 15'»,').11 
 1(11,(00 
 155,81* 
 1I1.',,I1U 
 111,615 
 11S,(M 
 129,71i 
 11(1,(110 
 11l,'tf6 
 116,566 
 1I1,7S3 
 
I '"^ 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 ^>43 
 
 ^nj^,— There belonpjed 1 o the port on 
 ■vl, 1867, 610 Bailing voanels, whereof 341 
 IJWrefjatc burden of 13,161 tons did not, 
 Vnli of the ttggrcjjffttc burden of 30.027 tons 
 [txceetl OO tons each. At the same date there 
 tbeiiniJtil to the port l07Htcamers, -whereof M 
 jte aggrepftte burden of 248 tons did not, and 
 ft the (i^cjrcgato burden of 42,822 tons did, 
 ji 51) torirt each. 
 
 jcfullowing are the Dock and Harbour Dues 
 ible to the Hull Dock Company f(»r every 
 kotvesst-'l trading between the port of Kings- 
 M-HuU and the undermentioned porta and 
 
 Per rq(f*tered ton 
 I <. (/. 
 
 LprntothpnorthwHrdof Varmotith,in Norfolk, or any 
 
 'Jroi^iewithward of Ihc Holy Isliuid : 
 nih of ihe alHive ratci as a|)|ities to Tetncj Haven, 
 W^ in.i Hedoii - - - abol isbed 
 
 »Bijn,wbT - • " .-0 1 
 
 Ebn ports compriseil within the above !imi!* - '2 
 
 ^vTioTp.a't.'Mwren the North Forelanil and BhcU 
 fcinthetast si<le of Knulaml, pxreiit as Hhove - 3 
 
 |o;!.rti«ii or place in Ureal Itiitatii, not hefore de- 
 fcii*l - ■ " - - 5 
 
 Iwrt OT p ace in Denmark, Sweden, or Norwav, bolow 
 IviuT, or anj port nr place in (iemiany. llolland, 
 ^len, Fnnce to the easiwanl of Uabaiit, Iruland, 
 tu!in!liof(iuernsf! and.UTsey - - -06 
 
 ■ portorp.aee m the Hahic aeiis, and all other ports 
 lBlic«,.l).ve the Sound • - • , ^ ' ^^ 
 
 Iwinj orwrtor place in Ku rope, to the westward of 
 lluni.witlioui the Straits of (iihraltar - - 1 
 
 p pan oT itlace in the West Indies, North or South 
 bwrifi, Africa, Oreniland, or atiy plare to tho east- 
 tfdofthe.Wih Cape of Norway. All places within 
 EstTUUof (iihraltnr, and all i&lands and plare^ In the 
 faiioibesouttiwardof (^ape St. Vincent, not hereln- 
 feenimHl - - , ,; . " ,. r, 
 
 nor phce in the East IndtM, Australia, all 
 idii;ac>-m the Tacitjc Oci-an, the North and 
 
 k.ik D.^:.. iifiiic (tin flruat Nnnthprti itfaan. thf* 
 
 1 4i 
 
 unaiSMliiaC'-in ine i ai.inc kmi-hm, luc iiuiiii uim 
 Eith Piciiic iKeans, the (ireat Southern Ocean, the 
 TdiinOct.iii,Jnd all other jilaces in Africa, Asia, or 
 ^Kriatatt)fe.ulwanl nf (lie Cape ut'Gixitl Hope, and 
 ■tlwwBtiMrJofCape Hum . _ . 
 
 . 1 4) 
 
 Depth of Water. — The access to tho (locks is 
 either from the river Hull or from the river llum- 
 bcr. The lock from the If umber into the Victoria 
 Dock is cnpabli! of ndmittiiij;; nt sprinj^' title vessels 
 (Irawing 28 feet, and nt neiip tides '22 feet, Tho 
 width t)f entrance is GO feet. 
 
 The Water Bailiff dues hitherto payable to the 
 corporation of Hull, on certain goods imported and 
 exportetl, were all permanently abolished on 
 March 21, 1853. 
 
 Dues payable to the Corpoiiatiox ok Hull. 
 
 On Vessels entering Inwards and Outieards. 
 
 Anchorage. — Alien vessels under 100 tons bur- 
 den, U. Cc/.; 100 and under 200 tons, 2s. ; 200 and 
 upwards, os, 
 
 Jettage. — Under 100 tons, 13s. C\d.; if loads out 
 more, 'is. V>d.\ 100 and under 200 tons, 17x.; if 
 loads out more, 5s.; 200 tons and upwards, 1/. ; if 
 loads out more, 7s. 
 
 Hostage. — For each pound sterling of the freight 
 inwarils, 2d. ; and among the otlicers, per ship, 3s. 
 
 Ballast. — For each ton taken outwards, 2d, 
 
 Freemen are exempt, from anchorage, but free- 
 men as well OS non-freemen pay jettage. Tho 
 charge for jettage is not made unless with gooils 
 landed or taken in at Hull, or within the har- 
 bour. 
 
 Hritiah ships pay no hostage, and nothing for 
 ballast. 
 
 Ir even- foreign ship or vessel (belonging to a 
 
 nolin reciprocity with Great Britain) 
 
 l to or going with merchandise from any of 
 
 love-namcd ports or places, double the rates, 
 
 ige, or duties before-mentioned, unless the 
 
 lihips belong to British owners. 
 
 ffi. One-half of the foregoing rates will be 
 
 IteJ under the following circumstances, upon 
 
 pion in writing being made to the directors, 
 
 hw they are satisfied that each case is bona 
 
 1 such as calls for a mitigation thereof, 
 
 lYesscls taking refuge during winter, or in 
 If ifiir, in tlie port, and entering any of the 
 land basins of the Company, and not loading 
 ]cliari,'ing any part of their cargo other than 
 
 Jessels not bound to Hull, but which may 
 PC the port in distress, leaky or requiring re- 
 land enter into any of the docks' or basins, 
 |ve not taken on board any additional cargo 
 Ttiwii stores), or discharged any portion of 
 ^argo withm the said docks or basms. 
 s driven into port by stress of weather, or 
 my, are not liable to rates or duties unless 
 ^ake use of the docks or basins. 
 
 rent on vessels, payable only after 10 
 i' occupancy of the dock, ^rf. per registered 
 tweek. 
 
 prfasje rates fixed at a scale, being at an 
 e about 40 per cent, below the rates levied 
 Idocksin London, are charged onl}- on su; h 
 1m actually pass over the dock quays eitlitr 
 r or outwards ; and such r//es are payablo 
 win respect of the same goods, if in their 
 Estate. No charge accrues on goods put 
 |e into craft, unless for labour actually per- 
 ; and all work un board ship or upon the 
 Bay be performed either by the Company or 
 rchants, as the latter may elect. No charge 
 pe for river craft or lighters using the 
 
 
 An- 
 chorage 
 
 .fett.iKe 
 
 
 In 
 
 Out 
 
 
 .. d. 
 
 f. d. 
 
 ». d. 
 
 British Tcswll under 4.1 tons burden 
 
 1 
 
 1 fi 
 
 1 
 
 40 and not 4.'> 
 
 1 
 
 •i 
 
 1 
 
 4.5 „ 50 
 
 1 6 
 
 •i 
 
 1 6 
 
 50 „ 100 
 
 1 6 
 
 2 6 
 
 •i a 
 
 ICO „ 150 
 
 2 
 
 3 6 
 
 3 6 
 
 150 „ 21)0 
 
 'i 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 
 
 SOO „ S.'il) 
 
 'i 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 J50 „ .-iOO 
 
 i fi 
 
 6 
 
 6 n 
 
 300 and upwards 
 
 ■2 6 
 
 6 
 
 fi 6 
 
 Dues payabtf, to the CoupoKAxiosf of 
 Trinity House. 
 
 Rates of Sea Pilotage for Ships and Vessels be- 
 longing to Subjects of Great Britain. 
 
 
 Summer 
 
 Winter 
 
 
 Rate, 
 
 Rat'., 
 
 
 March 31 to 
 
 Sept. .10 to 
 
 
 Sept. 30 
 
 March 31 
 
 
 £ .. d. 
 
 ^ I. el. 
 
 From Homber to Downs 
 
 10 
 
 u 12 « 
 
 Nore 
 
 8 C 
 
 10 6 
 
 Yarmouth - 
 
 3 
 
 6 6 
 
 Bridlin|!loi< - 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Stockton - J 
 
 
 
 Sunderland - 3 
 
 7 
 
 6b 
 
 Shields - 1 
 
 
 
 Leith 
 
 8 
 
 10 6 
 
 Ships and vessels belonging to aliens to pay 
 2s. 6d. per foot in addition to the above rate. 
 
 Ships and vessels drawing less than 10 feet 
 water to pay for 10 feet. 
 
 Buoyage. — British vessels under 20 tons, 2.s.; 20 
 tons and under 30, 2s. Gd.; and 6rf. additional for 
 every 10 tons. Foreign vessels under G5 tons, 
 lis.; 65 tons and under 135,14s.; 135 tons and 
 under 170. 17s.; 170 tons .ind under 180, 1/.; and 
 Is. additional for every 10 tons. 
 
 Primage Rates. — The old primage rates of 3d. 
 per ton weight or measurement of 40 cubic feet, 
 paj ..ble to the Trinity Ilinise at Hull, upon all 
 goods imported and exported, have been reduced 
 to 2d. per ton, with the exception of the following 
 articles ; viz. coal, coke, cotton, chalkstonc, and 
 salt, the primage upon which is now only Id. per 
 ton. 
 
 r . • 
 
 
 
 
»• . 
 
 .15; 
 
 ' if 
 
 ! )\ 
 
 .■J 
 
 ■•.'■I 
 
 
 \i- . ^'1 
 
 ■'r- /^r. 
 
 .1 
 
 -I \ 
 
 "I I 
 
 ,% 
 
 544 OOCKS 
 
 DUKS FAYABLK TO TUB PlLOT CoMMISSIONKIlS 
 
 AT Hull. 
 Sand ballast It. 2(^.pcr ton, stone ballast I: 1U</. 
 <lo. 
 
 Itiilet of River Pilotagt at Hull. 
 
 From or to 
 
 'J h» riUfinre M IM where 
 th« Norlli Nvin of IMm- 
 liiiRton War* wetl-soull)- 
 »'P^I( 10 thii norlhwnrd of 
 Kilii.i'« Niirth i:iill'. 
 
 Thi* (llKtarirv at R(-n whero 
 KHnifa Nnnh ('lill'li<f.m 
 went-north-we^t lo the 
 «ior(hwaril of lie New 
 H.iml Itudjr or the V\oalmn 
 Ll|tht VeucI *l the eii- 
 fraiue of tha Hitlt 
 llurnlter. 
 
 The iaitl nt-w Sand Iluoy 
 nil tlie l-li>atinK LiKht 
 Vi'mi*-! at llie entrance of 
 the lltver llunilier, to the 
 ra.|>*aril of the ixilnt 
 whi're the Spiiiti MiKh 
 Lighthouke tjeari north. 
 e<ul> 
 
 The Spurn Illith t.lRhl- 
 hoUi« hearing nurth>east. 
 
 Th* Ifawte Roiuli, the 
 huoy of the liurcome or 
 ttriiiinliv Uoadft. 
 
 Whiteboolh Kuaila. 
 
 To or from 
 
 IIa^vke UoatU or Urjniiby 
 
 ItoHlllI • 
 
 WhilrhiMjIh H'lailt • 
 
 The ixirt of Klng>ton*upon • 
 
 Hull - 
 H.iwke HoaiU or Grhn^by 
 
 Ko.uU • ■ 
 
 \Vhiti'l*o4)th Haidf 
 The iKirt of KinK»ton uitotu 
 
 Hull - 
 
 Haoki- Roaila or Grlmibjr 
 
 Koadi ■ 
 Whilelmoih HoaiU 
 The part of KliiK>lon.ll|K>n- 
 
 Hull ■ 
 Outwardflf with cargo 
 
 in ballajtt * 
 
 Hawke Hoaili or (irlniib; 
 
 lloadi . 
 WhllvlKMith RnaiU 
 '1 he iHirl of Klnpton-upon. 
 
 Hull - 
 Whltrbmtth Uondl 
 TlieiMiTtof KlninloH'Upon- 
 
 Hull - 
 The iioTt of Klnnton-unon* 
 
 Hull . 
 
 I'er 
 Kiiol 
 
 «, d. 
 
 4 
 
 Berthage, 
 
 VmkU drawinic 13 ft. water and upwardi 
 
 10 
 
 under 10 U. water 
 
 and not exceeding 13 ft. 
 
 For Detention on hoard Ve.iseln performing Qua- 
 rantine, 
 
 a. 
 \'i*«<.i-l<i havinft Ilrilish ivK^ler'it or the owneri subjects of the 
 
 'Jiie.'n "f tircMt Hritain, ptT ilii'in - - . .5 
 
 V. ^seU lieloHKinK to alleni>» iwr diem • - - . 7 
 
 I^xclusivi. of the dntr on wtiii-h the vessel shall enter into quarantine, 
 and of the da> of her releajc iherefroin. 
 
 For Attendance on hoard Vessels at Anchor in any 
 of the Roadsteads of the Humher, 
 
 For every day of VI hr-iirn' attrndanui*, per diem - . 5*. 
 
 Part of A day's atttndance same as fur a wlioleday. 
 
 Masters of vessels from foreign ])ort.s who have 
 passed nii examination by the UuU Marine lioard 
 are not re<iuired to employ pilots; and vcs.sels 
 ooastwi.se are under no restriction whatever to 
 engn{;e pilot?. 
 
 The steam tugs are the property of private par- 
 ties, who charge rates according to jigrcement. 
 
 lite commerce of Hull depends principuUy on 
 ier advantageous situation, and the judicijus ar- 
 rangements of her extensive docks. She is the 
 principal emporium of the large and fertile counties 
 on the estuary of the llumLer, and of those tra- 
 versed by the numerous and important rivers, in- 
 cluding the Trent, Don, Oiise &c., that have their 
 evnboiichure in it. The natural facilities for in- 
 ternal communication tlius enjoyed by Hull have 
 been greatly extended by artilicial means. She 
 is now united partly by rivers and canals, and olso 
 by a chain of railways, with Manchester, Liverpool, 
 Sheffield, Lced.o, Itriidford, and the manufacturing 
 districts on the west; London, and the southern 
 part.s of England; the Midland Districts; and 
 Bridlington, Scarbro' &c. on the cast. A railway 
 has also been con.structcd between Hull and the 
 agricultural district of Holderncss. She has be- 
 oome not merely the principal port for the East 
 and West IJidlng.i of Yorkshire, but also for a con- 
 siderable portion of the trade carried on between 
 Lancashire and the northern parts of Europe, 
 Indeed, much of the Haltic trade that once pro- 
 ceeded by the circuitous route of the English 
 
 Channel or north about to Liverpool, now jif t; 
 short at Hidl, and llnds its way bv the mort ct- 
 tain and expeditious accommodation i,f the rail- 
 ways across the country, A regular anil wrv ui'. 
 qucnt intercourse (witli Hamburg olmnst dnilvii! 
 kept up by steam packets with Ilamhnr),', li„iu., 
 
 dam, Antwerp, Amsterdam, (iottcnburg,St.l'fters 
 burg, and other continental ports ; ami with l^,,,! 
 don, Lcith, Aberdeen, Newcastle, and other iliw- 
 ing ports. The great articles of export arc roit,n 
 stulfs and twist; woollen goods and woollen varii> 
 iron and hardware; linens and linen vam' 
 earthenware ; machinery and inillwnrk ; cai, 
 salt, and more recently raw cotton brought fr„m 
 Liverpool and Manchester, principally lor shm- 
 mcnt to Petersburg and the north of E'urope. 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Declared Valiin ,( 
 the Princijml Articles the Produce of the L'niU 
 Kingdom Exported from Hull in ISOti. 
 
 I Qilantiliei 
 
 Alkali : loda . 
 
 A pparel 
 
 ArmN and ammunition : 
 
 Fire-arm^ (imall) 
 
 (iun|iowilfr . 
 Ileer and ale . 
 Ilutler 
 
 Candles, stearlne 
 CoaU, t-mdeii, and culm 
 t^ottoii yarn 
 Cotton nmnuftctures : 
 
 FIcce ({otHls > 
 
 Hosiery and small wari'S 
 Truus and chemical products 
 K irlhenware and porcelain pai 
 Kith, herrliiffs - 
 Cl.iuul' all kinds 
 llabertlashery and millinery 
 Hardware* and cutlery, 
 
 of all aorta . 
 leather I 
 
 Tanned, unwrounht > 
 
 Wronxht . . 
 
 Saddlery and hameu • 
 I.lnen yarn 
 linen manufacturer t 
 
 Piece floods . 
 
 Thread, tajics and small 
 wares 
 Machinery and nilllwork 
 Metals: 
 
 Iran: piK, bar, bolt, 
 wire, and cast 
 railroad 
 ofaliotherkinds 
 
 Slral, unwrouL'ht • 
 
 Coin'er, unwrouftht . 
 
 parlwrouKhl, 
 
 and wrouirlit 
 
 I«ad 
 
 Tin, unwrought 
 plates . 
 Oil, sn-i 
 Painter!,' colours 
 Faiier <cxce]>t hnnginKs) 
 
 Hall 
 
 811k, thrown, and yarn - 
 
 manufactures 
 SpiriLs, British and Irish 
 Hupir, retined - 
 V\'ool, sheeii and lambs' 
 Woollen and worsietl yam 
 Woollen manufactures i 
 
 Cloths of all kinds 
 
 M'orsted and mixi d stufTs 
 
 Flannels, car]ii-ti &c. 
 
 llo^ery and other goods 
 Ail other articles 
 Total 
 
 Vslu. 
 
 CWIII. 
 
 A \m 
 
 I.Kt 
 
 value 
 
 
 no, 
 llrt. 
 
 1,779 
 
 \;m 
 
 barrel! 
 
 1G.A1) 
 
 i\,v-. 
 
 cwts. 
 
 \tl 
 
 tji 
 
 Itlt. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 toni 
 
 1"1,(H7 
 
 9^,i;o 
 
 \h%. 
 
 44,I3\III6 
 
 ifKXi 
 
 jardi 
 
 05,951,369 
 
 i.K«.j;9 
 
 valiM 
 
 — 
 
 H'l.tH 
 
 * *, 
 
 
 «,:;» 
 
 l>ack«. 
 
 Cll.l 
 
 i',';i 
 
 barrels 
 
 M6 
 
 tn 
 
 value 
 
 
 V>.v, 
 
 ** 
 
 — 
 
 Wi.M 
 
 »» 
 
 - 
 
 «7S,»I 
 
 cwtt. 
 
 989 
 
 «,5!1 
 
 value 
 
 — 
 
 1'1,'til 
 
 ,, 
 
 — 
 
 l.-fl 
 
 lbs. 
 
 C. 169,9-3 
 
 iii,\;i 
 
 janU 
 
 4.M5,(>(,1 
 
 «i,i;: 
 
 value 
 
 _ 
 
 >nin 
 
 *> 
 
 — 
 
 I,»I7*3 
 
 loni 
 
 2'!,tTr 
 
 .11!,!fl 
 
 tf 
 
 7,'J'li) 
 
 m% 
 
 
 •n,:m 
 
 4l'Vi!t 
 
 „ 
 
 .'>,il.1S 
 
 iKii; 
 
 cwts. 
 
 li,9'K) 
 
 ll,7W 
 
 „ 
 
 19,8«! 
 
 m,m 
 
 tons 
 
 1 ,.'111 
 
 »'i,(!l 
 
 cwu. 
 
 Wi 
 
 i.')i 
 
 
 11,1,10 
 
 |f,ir.| 
 
 gallons 
 
 8,057,301 
 
 Xi.*\ 
 
 value 
 
 
 >;,i!i 
 
 cwts. 
 
 ~(l"3 
 
 r,iu 
 
 tons 
 
 10,936 
 
 «,irs 
 
 lbs. 
 
 13C,465 
 
 IIWIS 
 
 value 
 
 
 mo 
 
 gdlluns 
 
 7,278 
 
 m 
 
 cwts. 
 
 i-lh 
 
 OT 
 
 Jbk 
 
 ^Mt.eii 
 
 SOI.Ml 
 
 *i 
 
 14,071,bei 
 
 S,10i,<ll 
 
 yards 
 
 T,ni9,1,17 
 
 l«:,tJ) 
 
 J, 
 
 19,757,911) 
 
 i,j;5.wi 
 
 ,, 
 
 474,081 
 
 «!,;"3 
 
 value 
 
 
 .11,(11 
 
 H 
 
 — 
 
 6«U<(i_ 
 
 The staple imports are timber, deals, pain, anj 
 seeds, sheep's wool, tallow, hemp, flax, hide?, ito 
 in bars, green fruit, bone-s madder, bark, tiir 
 tine, cattle, sugar &c. The rise of Goole a4 
 Grimsby has not affected the commerce of IluUj 
 nil to the extent anticipated, and her supcrif 
 facilities for trade and navigation wiK always ( 
 sure her a decided superiority over the othorpoi 
 of the Humber. Hull used to be very largely^ 
 gaged in the Northern whale fisherj', having hij 
 in 1818 and 1819, as many as C4 ships cngageir 
 the trade. Subsequentlv, however, it rapidlyj 
 clined, and from 1836 to IS-lo only 1 ship J 
 sent out ! but it has since partially revived, thoj 
 the business is one of extreme baz.ird; 
 
 ft is ffenerall 
 
 )(i,H.tes 0/1 the 
 
 ^'aiiis. The f 
 
 a;;aiii on the i 
 
 ajpliable to li 
 
 ■ liliiig vessels c 
 
 i! (he port. J 
 
 il"ck rate.i and f 
 
 afforded for th 
 
 piod.i, and the i 
 
 interior of the 
 
 oiuntries, have g 
 
 iIh' trade of (he 
 
 ni.mitained and i 
 
 tli'iiilil happily hi 
 
 It \i hflievtfd lj 
 
 t Mvii and the wcW 
 
 !■ iiiiich promofei 
 
 rnin their present 
 
 i.iiJrr trust for the 
 
 I«il and Hristol ; , 
 
 U- accomplished w 
 
 are indcbteil tiir thi 
 
 infiirniaiion (o the 
 
 Mcretarj- 'o the doc 
 
 Account of l/ie Qiiai, 
 hiurled into It 
 
 , Anil 
 
 ' .^nitnalt, liTjng; oxen, liul 
 Ir . >liee|iantl 
 
 U'tlfy . 
 Ml, . 
 pi . 
 
 I Jndiin com or m.iize 
 I »liMl meal and Hour 
 
 rjji:ilm.f(]orundre\tnl 
 I HworMdillaoffljx 
 
 Fntift; Ifraotiiand oranues 
 i ncmji . f 
 
 [ HidA, UDtSfljieil ; drr ■ 
 
 ""iwi, la.ed, rnrried 
 
 (eimi Ruuian hide, 
 
 I cine . *^"l 
 
 'ai,J?'!'''°f'"'tods 
 iOiliKdcikei . 
 
 \f"'im: bmnKdhm, 
 wf, ulted 
 [w» ,. 
 lutifr 
 fbme 
 to 
 
 ,c_i . ''"> 
 
 "«"i:fliiwil and linseed 
 91^1, nv 
 
 ifirotn . 
 
 ■*Pria:ruin , 
 
 friniJ, 
 
 , liiwta 
 
 1 !•{», iimiinni 
 
 I !Tj._!'''"'^'""''"'««rcand. 
 i«u<ci,iimm«l '""""J 
 
 raitmrned . 
 
 |lr., '»"."''»^""«l,ci«an 
 
 |ll'«<lij»lllmliB. 
 
 . 'HitepiaSia^,,, 
 
 ^''' Grwt Gr,j, 
 
 n 
 
■:r.- 
 
 ^llHlll.I iiappuy DC preserved. ''" ",' '"« reipn of Kdw/ir,i iir '. '"' 
 
 Itisbdiovcl l.y many that the trade of ♦!,„ T-nP" "'' <-'"'«'■«• OwinVhml'''''' ' 
 
 <,™ nnd the wrll-Mng of its inhabitants L, , ""'"*^ "P "^ ''■'< hnVl o ur ; rfT' '" - 
 
 ,. ,„uch promote.! by ,,urcha«ing TZ dock C"'"'*' '"-K-i'ioaS ' ," ft',;'/':""'^ "''" '^"■n - 
 
 •f,.m their present proprietors, and n acintr them , ^ constructed; but beinLr nnVl •.", ""''' ''nrboiir 
 
 mkr trust or he benefit of the to«-.,, as"^ r ^""' r"*"- i' was no protl .Ajto «r 'iV'^'^" ""'>' «' '"f?!' 
 
 and 1 risto ; and this, wo are assured nZ 1"' r^" ''•^P««'«'l i^ M^fo" "'« "'Ivanfa^res 
 
 U' accomp 
 
 unu,„. ..>, u„,c,i ui me town, as at Liver fli„V ' """ "'" Prodnetive of nil V • "' '""" 
 1 1 r.9to ; and this, wo are assured, mirrhf ,. ,'"•' "-^Pccted. Hut in is il " "''^'an'SKos 
 ,pl.,hcd with but little dittieult ' S wl "'^"^*^«'^ •■e'vli.ub.mr. 
 
 ire indcbiecl /or the greater part of the f„L ^ *" Py"' commenced • and in ol?- • """"'"' iho tide 
 infonation to the obliging Lindness of febl"' t^'''^' «"■««•>>• «a mmFe 'u'ln'"" "■' ''« '''i"ff 
 scretan- 'o the docks.) "'" ""'c important railways. terminus of two 
 
 Jmporteii into Hull during the Year 18Gt[ 
 
 Articles 
 
 Animal*, liTing; oxen, hulls, ami cows 
 tlivep and Jamtw 
 
 Com; wheal - 
 W.tj ■ 
 
 mt • > . 
 
 neani • 
 
 /ndijncomor m.ilzp 
 vhui meal and tluur 
 Flix : lim^nl or undressed 
 I loworcodillaof flax 
 
 I Fniiii : lemoDi and oranKea . ' 
 
 j Hemjp . . . ' 
 
 I Hidtt, unUnned ; tlrr ■ 
 wet - 
 taiWhi, (awed, rurriet], or drt>u«l 
 (eicf|.i Huisian hides) - ^^^ 
 Oil : train, blubber, and spermaceti 
 
 oliie 
 , (Md oil, of all kinds 
 OilirtdcakB ..." 
 Piomau : bjcon and hams 
 hetf, lalted 
 
 luiifr 
 
 'be«e . . ' 
 
 fW 
 iui 
 S«aj:(!aikol and linseed 
 
 I Ilirotn . 
 
 ,Swili:rum . . ^ 
 
 bmHj . * 
 
 Stifir, unrffined 
 
 I rtfinrt], and sugar candy .' 
 jT(itjeM,itemmftt - '' , 
 
 uMitmmed - 
 i ffi,, '™jf»c'"«fd. cigan and wuttl 
 
 W'MdiniJtimlwr: 
 
 [j;;.b..i«., board, 4c, .aw„'o„p,i,: 
 
 ,. ..Iiwilnilll.ima 
 L'^wmmafafiu rp. 
 
 \«01-\tiatJs'L'bot"y.?er:' -"'f-ctnd in 
 nt the high-water marSn of a fl^l Y ''"'"^' I"'"'*''' 
 consemientlv accessil.lo ^^ . shore, an.lbeinir 
 it is o^very-liSSi^^'-V ^^wards high wa^ 
 
 of tSe'nr a "i'^^iS H-"'- "t the entrance 
 
 Act of 1845, been pro ectcdVmtl ^•""''' ""''" the 
 >" advance of the old ?iH^''" ?"""''« fstuarv 
 
 «^n?e time and cncloSgt3o'7ei''r,'"^ «' "h"! 
 ihe new works comn,;» ''"^^ "f land. 
 
 .of 25 acres in ex e^S Tw' "•'^'' "^ "P^'-'^s 
 having in front a ti^'J . •*'^° entrance locks 
 latter,''formed by t«^^"L "'i" "^ ^'^ «"es. The 
 feet in length, i3%' ^viS dl'viS^r "'^''"' ^'"O^' 
 masonn-. n has a dent of o >?'''"ff qu^s of 
 «P"ng8, and of 12* foot a 1.! '''' "' ^°'^ ^^"'e'' 
 r-seof ticlcattheUmer boinr'T'" "^"P^' tl'f 
 the latter about 12™? T 5. ""i?.'" ^^> «"" at 
 and egress afforded by this bas^„^'"'"-'' "/ '"K'ess 
 fill to steamers, whicfi as thnf '^f^'Peciallv use- 
 sengcrs or light merehnnV "^""''>'eonveVpas- 
 e;Ueradock.''HerTt£ in'V'' "°' "-eT-ire to 
 P'e« at all times of the hde """"' '''""^'i-le the 
 
 from thXsSrii^-rti^si^ ^«^^' ^^ -^-d 
 
 furnished with double sets „f "I"'"^" masonry, 
 flood tides, the larger of wL?'"' ^°' '^^'^ »nd 
 peeml agreement wfh the Govl'""'''""«'' (hy 
 .the largest class of wa" stonm/ '^'"*'"'> 'o admit 
 'ng dimensions, viz~l7^ nV' '^ °f the follow- 
 300 feet; bread hfr^m^l if.'* '"''^''«en the gates 
 of water'on sfl^at Tow wl'" :'"'•' '^ ^'''' fth 
 depth of water on sill In. " ^P""S tide, 7 feet- 
 depth of water on 8 il VtT-\'''""'^''P«des, lol' 
 2fl_i; depth of water in ,n/^'';*'2*'"- ^P^ng ti?-' 
 tides, 22i feet. At half ti! n'.^' ^'^^ '^«ter neap 
 
 ^ , ^^' ^"^^^ ««»'SDv Docks Ac. 
 I«v^aLl''''™5l' and seaport, in the ""'tIII.''''''^"?.""* "de 20 to'sVfiw'" ''"*''' ""'J 
 
 l:s^* w;";'rharb„urofr f ^""'^i* •: 
 
 ■'•"^eru Barked by theT!Ul^„L^"^'«"ee to 
 
 , The w:ate7area of ^r^' Tl '«pidity •^' 
 already stated, to tijwa^ds of?, i"'^ 'l^^^^f «> as 
 
 H, 
 
 ff • 
 
 i-' 
 
 -i.,;;. 
 
MO 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 > '} 
 
 
 1' .* 
 
 ''%1 
 
 u 
 
 -I 
 
 '\'''l\ 
 
 (look Ih I'iIUmI willi frcHh wiitcr— ft circiimstnnoo oi' 
 fiinsidcriililo Hdvaiilii;,'!' to stfiimiT^. WImrfs or 
 (|iiays oxtriiil (III IkiHi sidrs of the docks, ii|iwiirdi 
 of :l,(iOO fict, in l<'iif{lli. 'I'lu'y iiri> Irnvursrd liy 
 riiilwayH, mo tlial Iraiiin may Im' at once loadcil 
 from llir Kliip". and tlic 1,'ooiN forwarded to their 
 tU'-ilination. 'I'lu' covcrcil»licdsandl)oiiiliii;,' ware 
 UoiiscH, willi 8iiital)lc jetties, cranes, and otliiT ina- 
 diiucry, crecltid close, to lliu (luayn, aru extensive 
 njid eonvonici'^, 
 
 There is al' n ll.sli crnft dock of nbont t! acres, 
 sitnated on t...! east side of the new dock. It is 
 «() feet loni; hy I't) feet wiile, with u depth of water 
 on the sill nt IukIi water sprinj,' tides of l.'i feet, 
 luid has a linilxT wharf KM) feet lon^; and ;t.'> feet 
 \vu\i'. partly roofed, with icc-hoiiscs, euriiif; cstn- 
 blishnients &c. adjoiniti);. 
 
 From the ))ro.\iinity of Grimsby to the month 
 til" the llnnilHT, both sjiilin^j and steam vessels can 
 net to Hi'a from it with the (greatest facility. It 
 would seem, indeed, to be W(dl litted, not only for 
 acointnorcial port, but also for a station fortiovern- 
 moiit steamers ftiiil other shins of war in the event 
 of our beinj; cnKiH^cd in hostilities with any of the 
 Northern Powers. (Jrini.sby is lilO miles from 
 Itotterdam, with which it has rcjxular stenm eom- 
 uiunicalion, and 'J'2() miloH from Antwerp. 
 
 In connection with the wet dock, a nraviiij; dock 
 for the repair of ships was oprne I in iHM. It Inis 
 an entrance of 70 feet wide, and nn ftvera>;c depth 
 of 1'.> to '.'O feet on the sill. It is further inteiuleil 
 to open n channel of connnunication between the 
 old and the new dock, which will add greatly to 
 the utilitv and value of the former. 
 
 lint, af'ter nil, the value of Grimsby as a cimi- 
 nicrcial jwrt will ])rineipally depend on its facili- 
 ties of communication with the interior. And 
 these arc of the most extensive description. A 
 direct branch of the (Jreat Northern Kaihvay, from 
 Peterborough, jiassing through Boston and the 
 cast ])nrts of Lincoln, and thus opening a rich 
 (igricultural country, brings (Jrimsbv within lAl 
 miles distance, or 4 or 5 hours' travelling, of Lon- 
 dtm. The lino of the Manchester, Shefflehl, and 
 Lincolnshire Railway Company, who ore the pro- 
 prietors of the works nt (Jrimsby, unites it with 
 Alanchcstor (di»tancc 117 miles) and Shellicld. 
 It intersects in its course two trunk lines to 
 the North, viz. the Midland and the Great 
 Northern. 
 
 Tlie agricultural district of Lincolnshire and the 
 Midland couutica, the manufacturing and mineral 
 districts of Lancashire and Yorkshire, and the nui- 
 tro|)olis, are thus brought into direct and easy 
 communication with a port that ofl'ers especial ad- 
 rantages for the trade with Holland, the Illbe, 
 and the llaltic; and which is, indeed, extremely 
 ■well situated for traflic, whether cast, north, or 
 south. 
 
 The number of vessels entered at this port 
 duruig 18GG are as under : — 
 
 Inward* from Foreign Torts 
 Uutwardi ... 
 
 No. Tonnage 
 I.OIfi !iM,V71 
 
 Coalting, 
 
 Inwards - 
 Outwards • 
 
 1'22 
 
 3(ili 
 
 7,fi8I 
 48.8C5 
 
 Amount of Customs' duties received nt (Jrimsby 
 in 1806, 15,709/. ; value of exports from the port 
 in 1866, 8,205,807/. 
 
 The following table shows the rates and duties 
 charged by the Manchester, Shctiield, and Lin- 
 colnshire Railway Company, at the Grimsby 
 Docks, on vessels trading between the port of 
 Grimsby and any of the after-mentioned places, 
 and on vessels entering the docks for shelter or 
 rc[iairs : — 
 
 •■I >'iiMiiMKlMiiithcil.i<'k>lii l.nli»,i i.il«.Ui,||,., 
 ncil iNiviiiB mndr 111.. Iii-I |>rl'n^llll^ ,,„ ' 
 
 for i'vt'r» ti.«wl Ir.idlni lioiwivn llw Purl lY lUiin.li, .,1,. 
 tltii, piirt or filiirr lit Ih'nni.irb, Hwrtl«n, or \iirw.tY, t„.i„^ 
 KMiK iir, or 111 limn my. lltilltiul, l^lniiiUri, i-'r.,!], vt„,| 
 r iviwiiiil ul' L'.tt.itil hiltind, Ilia I«l.iit<lt iif fiuvruM', „.,• 
 •'••'■.'y .... |.. r ri-«i,n.i,,li ,1 
 
 ritr I'vt-rv vmitfj triidinu tirfw,-i>n tlit* I'ori i>f lirliii,!,, .,,,1 
 ati> (Mirl iir i,liu-i» 111 (fie ll.iliK Scih, Hiid all odii-r lioni „, 
 Jil ii-ei ii'.MiHB 111,* Souilil, i.r (ir(wi.,'n (tii< \Mti |i.irt .ind „ , 
 
 isl.iiid or (ilivi* or |Hirt iif Kiirii|N- to (Im wi^iw.4ril nfl , 
 
 mIiIkmii (nil H(ral(« iir(ii)ir4ll.ir • (wr ri.ifl.tcrr.n. „ 
 
 Kiir vvcry feaiurl UAilinK lttftuii«.ii t1i» l'or( iiTlirlni,!.! n .1 
 any |nirl orjil-ice In Ihf Wf^l liiitirn, Ni.r(h .imi n, , ,| 
 AiiieriiJii, Alrirn, Orpvnliiml, or Any iiUri' i.i ihc i'»,n,j,i 
 of (hi- .V.irlh (ail.- of .Mnrw.ly, ,ill y\iun »llliiii ||,h M,,,,' 
 tif lill<r.il(ar, nnd all ManiU and (iLirtM in i)ii< imvi.k i„ i),.. 
 Miiiiliw;iTit III ('a|Mi H(. VliK-i'itt, niil lH-t'.ii.» itanii 1-, 
 ri'ul.li ml (III) ' - - > . ' 
 
 IhH-k rfiit If not cli.trtti'il nn vi>>«i>U tridllnu i« almyr ,..,1 
 iiiilil llii-y liarv lit^t'ii In nninilH hi tiw iloi k : (lie rur 1, 
 (li#ii III. |ifr (oil per inimOi. 
 
 Kiir rviry »r»M'' 
 
 (such vl'sM'l nil, INI, ma iiiniir iiu' lii-i (irit eillntf 
 Iriiin (lie A.iid I'ort "f (iriiiishv, i>iii| )i.iM ilut, iip,,,,,!,, ,, 
 iip-in Iiir ilf)iir(iiri* fniin (In- s.ii.l ili.ikH, .mil u,a !*.',» 
 rr(tiil;iil]r i-ni|iliiyi-il In did Ir.uto of (In- »alil puil), f.,, (,„" 
 (nn (hi' nuni of - - • - . I) I 
 
 Kiir f.irli mull vvKM-l whirti iihati rrni.tin inure (li.in li iirrki 
 (111' fiirtlii-r rhiirKi' piT (un per wivk of . . ' ,. 
 
 Fur I'Vtfry vefM'l I'Sivcdlnit .''O (on* Imrilcii, enti'rinit (I^Mit 
 iliii'ks (iir rtip.ilrai «liL'l(rr f>i>in ^(oriiiii, or I'l.nii su, ..n,.., 
 ai'riili'nlat i-mmt' - . • Kf i^-i ■) • 
 
 Fi'r i-Ti-ry KUi'h vcswl, If remnlntiiK niort'tlinn M'vvndj,. tic 
 further nuiii per Inn per ytfvk of .'_.,. 
 
 Fur ivery vi'hit'l iiii( eiL'cidhiK .'lO dm* tiurilin, mi rmi-nni 
 llie>al>l iliirki, (hxinniif • ■ . , ,, 
 
 Fur iMrh >iirh vcsM.'l reniainiiiK in lli,' ilink* ninie ilim' 
 (wriitV't'iiiir liiMir,, (he furlhi'r sum pir (mi pi r nivh ut . 1 ;., 
 
 The following are the rales and (|iiti(-ifli.ir;'.,i 
 at the Grimsby Docks on the car;;ii('s ni' i-t|it'i|. 
 vessels, and vessels navigating the lliimlof. ujj 
 rivers or canals communicating thcrMviib:- 
 
 Iniraiiji , 
 
 Wool, lliii-ks. fliiel 
 y irii, .mil dried (e 
 
 '(• 
 
 >«l'-i((>!i, (iUii, Iron, and bark 
 Mine ■ 
 
 Ciiali, slack, riniler*, ruliii, 1 
 L-llari-u.-il. or hrii-kii 
 
 pir Mm 
 - per cil.tldruti I 
 iKT lun 
 
 TimlHT, wood, deaUi 
 ten»Ati'. 
 
 pi. ink, li.-i(. 
 
 f, 
 
 « 
 
 f) ) 
 
 3 
 
 ( 
 
 |Rr iiu.irter 
 jier Ion 
 
 I II 
 I 
 
 (irorerles 
 
 (ir.tii), ve(ehi>«,and lendN 
 
 llutiij, riitnpoft, manure (un- 
 
 liarknl) - - per;on I ,'i il III 
 
 Dry (ii.irkiil) - „ It f, tn§ 
 
 Oooils not (lefore sjieriluil 
 
 * If shippisl from railway waKdon-t, fhv. 
 
 N.ll.- Veswls maklntf use of (lit- (Jrun^liy DockiarfM.*^* 
 L'oriwratiun dues of .uiy kind. 
 
 Rules to be eharijeil on the Reiihkral Tm 
 
 For 
 
 1 (lie day 
 
 Two 1' 
 
 Three 
 
 Four 
 
 Five 
 
 Nil 
 
 Seven 
 
 Kiuht 
 
 Nine 
 
 Ten 
 
 Klevcii 
 
 Twelve 
 
 Tliirleen 
 
 Fourteen 
 
 
 
 •lndfjri. 
 
 
 IIM Umi 
 
 >l«u 
 
 
 £ 1. 
 
 1/. 
 
 ti. t 
 
 
 •i -i 
 
 n 
 
 1) 1 
 
 
 ■t K 
 
 II 
 
 11 1 
 
 
 3 m 
 
 
 
 iJH 
 
 
 4 4 
 
 II 
 
 Oil 
 
 
 4 18 
 
 n 
 
 II II 
 
 
 .5 12 
 
 ri 
 
 iMi 
 
 
 fi B 
 
 
 
 01< 
 
 
 7 
 
 II 
 
 1 i 
 
 
 7 U 
 
 (1 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 8 8 
 
 II 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 'J a 
 
 (1 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 » 16 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 ID 10 
 
 n 
 
 IB 
 
 
 11 4 
 
 
 
 lit 
 
 r. Eve 
 
 l«nt;Wirorfci„s(p,/' 
 
 , , ■"'•i "flpnce. ' 
 
 »*nein the a ^ ^ 
 Wpriivcil 
 
 m New 
 
 c.\si 
 
 A special agreement will be made k t 
 re(|uiring to remain more than fourteen Jil 
 
 In addition to the nlmvc rale jior il3.>li<[ 
 pation of the dock, every vessel will k c 
 for immping, use of horizontal shores, pM 
 and smithy, viz. : — 
 
 Vessels not excecdinir AOO (ons 
 700 „ 
 
 l.oon „ 
 exceeding I.UUO „ 
 
 Rules and Regulations. 
 
 1. To ensure to all parties as far3sp«| 
 use of the dock in the order of prioriii'. i| 
 kept by the llarbonr Master, in *" 
 
 I'.tie'Vol;. Hrovj 
 ■•' * '^ '■"inuajj,, 
 
 Bett 
 
 9uair 
 
 '^-^-sr^S 
 
Inwaidt 
 
 ihji. 
 
 
 
 1 I 
 
 1 i 
 
 ^ (If, 
 
 1 n s 
 |0! 
 
 
 ; 3 
 t 
 
 .1 •• 
 
 W..J 
 •i 
 
 1 11 
 
 I 
 
 Ik 
 
 ; 1 
 
 ! 
 
 1 ;, 
 
 II r, 
 
 n 
 III 
 
 
 .Inilfjin 
 
 ■la 
 
 priCTtM 
 
 A 
 
 Mm 
 
 ^m-^ 
 
 
 d. 
 
 "TT 
 
 
 
 d i 
 
 
 
 11 1 
 
 
 
 II l« 
 
 
 
 oil 
 
 [1 
 
 nil 
 
 
 
 mi 
 
 
 
 on 
 
 
 
 I ■.' 
 
 n 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 1 4 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 IIS 
 
 n 
 
 11! 
 
 .W I 
 
 .11 ( 
 
 (IJ 
 
 4 
 
 "■;. "• the o,„|„„ „; ,, „ - '"."'V »'•«••' In the 
 
 Vfr w ""= ^^''^''C'"- Master, hvith 22 snn„. f™' "'"' coke shim- • 
 
 Wf. J^EWCASTLE Docks &r vessels c„ni'^ l'"'*^^" the laitest Z/'^" •«" •"'"'"cs 
 
 p.>.r itnojmprovemenf aT; To ,""''"0". s™in, fibre hr>mA * V, "-"""^es cana 
 
 Pe '-Norlhuffiberland Do 1 ' , ' ^®^2,' how- Steam 7;,v^'nf' '"""^^^ «'"! genera 
 
 1^« railed 'Ihyholo'olth'^ constructed vided 1^ differ .1?^ ""^' ^^ydrauHc cran;;" """"'■^'^ 
 
 H ami «-aa opeiled on «^°!;''' f'^'^ »f SheerwTea '{!?"' ?^ '^« dock! ""'' ""'' i''^' 
 
 I? t-'^vrS-?? "-^ --.MO...O. 
 
 BJ»V -eCnol o?T^; «nd ""ore 
 ' '^^- ihe number of 
 
 ion 
 
 . i 
 
 :■ ■] 
 
 I ,t r 
 
 1 i 
 
 < I 
 
 _ I 
 
648 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 
 ';^ ^ 
 
 i. 
 
 i;. ■ ■ 
 
 V 1 
 
 
 Jtaniit, 
 
 Antt 
 In Acit« 
 
 Dipih • 
 ;kl II. W. 
 
 o H, r. 
 
 4 Waui 
 Al I.. W. 
 
 WMIh 
 
 111 
 
 IWI 
 
 IM 
 
 lUm fwr Imi 
 J, 
 
 lll>h watrriit III liar nn full .uiil ■ l»nK> • '^h. IVIm. 
 nrJlii«»v iii.rlii|(lU».iriiil'i - • • llll. Din. 
 
 .NmI. - - • lin. 4ln. 
 
 'I he il.ilum l> l.'iO. WIow a nolili cul In llie S. W. inmir of iIm 
 Low l.tght \i . 
 
 /,i/i< <>/ lliiti'M, Tiilln, anil Diim, 
 
 Innarit Ch:lr^i'. 
 
 For every kliip villi n rnrnn frimi anv fwirt In thp rnlli-d 
 KiiiKtlitm, the l«Jv of .Miin, iir In the Uliiniln nf IhiiTn^vjr 
 mill Avr^i - • ' " ' '* 
 
 For ifvi-ry ^Iilp wilh n r;irKo fnim anr |i<irt or |.liWe In 
 Kiirrt|ir, lM'lwe»?n IMiiinl iimt lliu Saiu In Nurw.ijr, In- 
 rluillnj llifiic.rli In llii' ll.illii ••II • • - 4 
 
 Fu- tf cry llilp Willi n ciiiK'i frimi any iitlier imrl or liliii-c - (i 
 
 Oii/n''(r</ r/KiTi^fi. 
 
 Fnr cvrry iililp rlpiriiiK fur ftny ixirt In Ihr ITnltnl Kinuilnin, 
 
 lliH l»lf of Sl.in.thi. White Si-a, or any (Mirl l«'U«r».|i lliu 
 
 N'lirth 1 apif and lliliriihiir, Incluiliiitf ihtf llallic, and for 
 
 till* llrilMi |)«>.«n«toiiii ill .North Ainrrlci - • U 
 
 For 1 Ytry uhlii i h arinn for any olhar port or plan linn tbom 
 
 •iwciliwl - , • - " • - ■! 
 
 Fur evi*ry »llip i iil^rinir or iisinn lh*» do* kn for th^ s-Ar and 
 etciuftivtf purpiiicof dtflivtfrinK'ir unloadmK lmUa»t,Kravt:l. 
 or aand - - • * • IJ 
 
 For every »hlp entiTlnif and liM%lii|{ the docks without de. 
 liveringor toadin){ a L'.ir^ii - • • - U 
 
 For tlie nhovc rntcs niiy .iliip mny romniii in tlio 
 (liickH for iinv tiint; not cxfcodinn •! wccUh, niiil 
 nflor tlic expiration ol' that time n t'lirthor .-iiiiii of 
 \ii. per ton per week .tliall be payable in re.spcet 
 of .such ves.-ifi. 
 
 For keels, lif;h(er.-i, or other river oraft, not i 
 exceeding iO tons burden, enteriiif? and Icaviiif; 
 the (locks for the purpose of londinf; or diHchargiii^r 
 minerals or morchandise, Is. each way, 
 
 Diten, Ratva. or Tolls on Timber, Goods, or Mer- 
 vliiiiulise Transfrrreil to or j'iDin Ve»»rl» or 
 Uiver CniJ't in the Doclis, 
 
 K.ite^. 
 </. 
 For erefY Io(i of timlier. of wh.ilerer de«rription, each lo.id 
 rontaitiinK tifty cubic fe«l, rect-lveil or delirereil ttoin any 
 veuel . - • • " ,_ " "^ 
 
 For ererv ton weiithl of gno<N or merrhandiw, of every other 
 
 deacriptiiin, received or tleiiveretl from any vmnbI - 1 
 
 Or, at the oplion of the (Company, for every ton inea«tirement 
 of KUrh koinU and nieii-h.indiMf, ejcti kuch ton inea^ureinent 
 containing forlv ruble feet * • • - tj 
 
 .\iui for every p.-ti ka^e or parrel of Roods I.'^s than a ton either of 
 wi'i^iit or ineaaureiiu-nt, the aaiiie sunl iif U payabU' in retjiect of a 
 ton. 
 
 VVLeu the quays or jetties arc used for loading 
 
 or iinloadiiij,', the above i.ue^, rntea, urtiilla art 
 exni-ti'd, but whurfaKe and other rhiiri,'<'ii 
 pnynblo, and information ni to the nnmo tniiv 
 iibiainrd on appliculion to the ('ii||ii>t,,r gt | 
 dork oflloe, or to the Compniiy'ii gtHMln mana' 
 Newra.Htle. '^ 
 
 The following arn payable wholli.T thr^ aniin 
 Im tran.sferred to and from vet^cN or r-rnfl in i 
 tlockn, or loaded or unlouileil at the i|iinv<, win, 
 or jetties: — 
 
 llain fn Ivci. 
 <. J. 
 
 • 1 ll 
 - I II 
 
 11 I. 
 
 linnet 
 
 tlKen, COW4, and btilli • 
 
 I'liiile*, iniil(.^t and a^Mi 
 ('alve« and deer 
 Lainliv, khvep, ftonf«, and pltfi 
 
 II , 
 
 The hif^hest tide ever known in theTvne Pvl 
 wa.s 274 'i'<'<' "" !''« <l<'ck silli. Tlie rUe U !i, 
 qiieiKly f., ;.'.-), 'ioj, '.'(I, niid '.'(JJ. The mu 
 height of N;riiiK tide.s i.i '.'J,J fict im the -ill*, i 
 no lime is there le.is than -'o feet in thi'ilnckafi' 
 the Rates are clo.sed, or less than H feet oiii«ii|c n, 
 dork. The nunib.r of vessels wliiili entircl th. 
 port of .South Shielils alone, in IHfif,, wai I'.i'iwiiii 
 a tonnage of 1 l«,H.-,i>, „f wliieh (i; were'sliM 
 vessels with a tuunoge of ,'J I,'.i7y. 
 
 IX. Caiidiff Docks Ac. 
 
 Cardiff, situated on the river Talf, iiml havinji 
 iKtJl a population of ;|-.','.I.">1, lias,iuciiii«f,|i„.nfti(( 
 hs coiiiiection by rail and canal with .Mnilrr 
 'J'ydvil and the chief niiiiiiii; di^triiln i.f.Niil 
 U'ales, risen to very coihsiderable imporlaiw, 
 'I'his has been much enhanced by the nrciinm* 
 ilation it oilers in the l)iu:ks eoii.striialC(l,iiri.i| 
 expense by the late Marrpiis of Ihitc. 
 
 The Tuff Hivrr is navigable for small vessflii!) 
 to near the South Wales IJailwuy. 
 
 Glamorgan Canal. — The approach to!lii<fmi! 
 is by the river Tall". A\'idtli of gates of .Va U 
 27 feet; length of Sea Ixick 103 feet; diflli/ 
 water on sill of inner gates 1,'» feet; iongiUi 
 canal for loading oiid discharging vessel* il 
 feet; average width 100 feet; deiithofwaw 
 canal 13 to <J feet. 
 
 Pknaiitii Dock. 
 Hasin, 400 ft. x 330 ft. ; lock, 270ft Ion;: wj 
 2,000 X 370 ft. ; water, 3.rH ft. hi^'li tide, aniiij'f 
 lowest, being t ft. more water than lit I 
 Dock, and 7 ft. more than Went Bute M\ 
 gates CO ft. wide. 
 
 Bute Docks. 
 
 I.al. 51° 27' W N. i long. ^^ 10' W W. ; llich Water, full and change, G h. 37 ra. 
 
 I ■ 
 
 I 
 
 We«t IVx-k 
 
 Kait Dock 
 
 
 I SHI (\f Se<t Gatti. lltiKlit at sj""!"*!". '^^f'- 
 
 H\ In. : lu'tKht at neaiis 18 ft. 7i in. 
 I WidthtifSeaiiateM.iSd. 
 \ lUmin. l,enKtliiT*"ft. ; width. 5^10. 
 Lock. lAiitfth betwevn gates, ibZ ft. ; width* 
 
 .Ti ft. 
 Dock. Length, 4,000 ft. ; tvidth, 200 ft. j 
 
 depth of water from 1.1 to IlJft. 
 The lUiths in the 19 ami 13 ft. water com- 
 iiine the latest improve merits in the i^hip- 
 jthiK of coal, by vrliifh !.'»(> ton* may l>e 
 ■hipped i>er hour from each staith. 
 \\y the Kteam ballast rranes on the ea&lern 
 ftide, 40 tons per hour may he discharged , 
 by each crane. . 
 
 The iraflh' to and from this dock U u-nt over 
 the rati' Vale Hailwav. l 
 
 Silt qfSea Gntet, Heiffht at n\tTini!<i, M ft. 
 f.kin.', heiiihtat neatN, 'U ft. 7h in. 
 
 Sfa Gatet. Wldtti» .'..^ft. 
 
 Sta Lock. LenKtl) (»eiween Kate«, *Z'IQ fl. j 
 width, ^ibix. 
 
 Batin. liPnuth, 580 ft. ; width, ^JO ft. 
 
 Inner Lock. Lenirth between BAtes, iiOU ft. ; 
 width, 47 ft. 
 
 Dock. I^nicth. ^..TOO ft. ; width, mirtheni 
 portion. fjUO ft.; touthem jwrtioni 300 ft.; 
 «le|>lh <if water, Ub ft, 
 
 Tlie staiths atturd the meanit of shlnplnff 
 roal brouftht by the Rhjmney ana Tatt* i 
 Vale narrow KaiiKe tmei, and by the I 
 Houth Wales bio^d fjauK'? railway. The 
 heiKht of the fltaithn will admit of the 
 largest rrMvli lying under and talcinff in 
 c.irgn. Afcani are ]>rovidetl for puttiiiK 
 ' slitlening' into Tes&eU tor disrharKini; ' 
 balintt, and for putting coal on board 
 without breakiiup. 
 
 Tidal Dock 
 
 Average depth of n-afer. Atiprflftiiil 
 >4pn.; at ne^i|'*t 1'''^' 71i"- , .1 
 
 BaHait and uttu'r mairrial aredn^^-"!"! 
 hy craneb on the wuth Mdr. I 
 
 The coal i« shipped at the tii]ih<«3t| 
 north lide, which coniiiiunif»i( «>■ 
 the Khjmney and Iviuth Hlo»-| 
 ways. I 
 
 The doi-k charge on Hl!ingoTiittB»| 
 tels i» }(i. )>«r register ion. ' 
 
 Remarks, — The anrhorage off Penarth Head is 
 excellent. The Curtlitt' and Penarth Flats and 
 East and West Mud are composed of a thick 
 stratum of soft alluvial clay and mud, on which 
 the largest vessels loaded lie aground with perfect 
 
 safety. Penarth Head, beinp about 200ft.» 
 high water mark, not only aft'urds perfect^ 
 from the boisterous west wind, but ?^^^^Jj 
 most desirable as a place of shelter and and 
 for the large and valuable vessels which r 
 
,, , „ Stoam-tiiR« aru in attondnnce at cvi-ry 
 ,1. i'hirc urn nU<> utoanuTi I'lvi'iK ln'twcpii 
 ,1„!:.. ,l,«kH aM tiM' i».rM of l.iv,ri».ol Cork, 
 \Vi,ii.hflvin, lliinilwmi, llriMul Ac Hv tlio 
 Hvmncv Kailw'"' '»""' '''" >''''"l"'rt. MxTHa- 
 ' :„v Bi'i.l llfiTliinl l!;iiliv:iy, tli.ro is ii dir.rt ati.l 
 mt'iIi"'!! ii'irrow nwKi- (•oiiiimiiiiciition lictwi't'ii 
 itrlifl'. U>'1""> ItirmiM.K'''"."'. *.;!.'"'*'«'.''- ''.'^''.''.l'"."'' 
 Mwilionr. iiml tli<! 
 
 ibtoml i^WA''! 
 
 irtli. I'liu Hiiiitli \Viil<'H 
 alVorilK ciiniiiiiitiioutiiiii 
 
 I'm!?! li»ip"f' murSlillonl Haven, L'urinarllKii, 
 ^,;„i,,;i. Nimli, Newport, Clicpi'tow, Ulouce.'^tir, 
 
 ^'iliri'>'tl''"f C'ar.lilT U llio •Mitlrt for tlio larjji' 
 nl iiml tnamirarturid iirodiirti ol' tlic! central 
 of ilin i^"""' \Vales .Mineral Field, in 
 .lull lire till! Vliiduiis distriet^i iif Mertliyr, 
 Khvmiuv, mid Aberdare, with wliicdi thin jmrt is 
 ,,„Wcti'l liy tlic I'ldV and Kli.vniiiey Uuilways, 
 ma Glaniuri,'an Canal. 
 
 Talk of Towage Ituten in the Bute Doclit. 
 
 DOCKS ft»0 
 
 Aililitiimiil Ruti'M. — For tlio u<ip of liar^m, if ro- 
 i|uired, '!(/. per ton on the i|iiaiility disoliari;ed. 
 
 For disehar^iiii; linUast \>y night, :i</, per ton un 
 the ipiantity so disehnrned. 
 
 For trinnnin^; halliist to within 15 I'l. of any 
 hatehway from whieh the halliist is lo he di^- 
 ehar^ed, '2it. \n-r ton; or tlu! caiitain can uinpl ly 
 his crew for tliis pnrposo. 
 
 Applieation for har^es, ni^ht work, rtiid Iriin- 
 inin^; u( ballant, tu bo uiadu ut thu llalliiMt Olltce. 
 
 nv.i 
 |j.tii"ii 
 
 "" SlMuamlumltrlmion. 
 
 |i<> 
 :l»i 
 Ji«i 
 
 'iHI 
 
 ;>« 
 
 l,n<i 
 i.im 
 
 l.ii'i 
 
 iiliO 
 3111) 
 AlDI 
 
 ;iMi 
 
 ■JIH) 
 1,1X11) 
 I. Hill 
 1,111111 
 t,. II II I 
 |,|l»l 
 l/.IMl 
 
 £ 
 
 II 'I 
 
 II .1 
 
 (1 f> 
 
 II ; 
 
 n ID 
 
 II \-t 
 
 !,'> 
 
 1 n 
 I i 
 
 I .'. 
 
 I 7 
 
 I to 
 
 1 \-i 
 
 ■I. 
 
 ^ 
 •i 
 
 .MiJlj il'himrj tJdlilon*! lim lorn or porilon ilierfof. 
 
 Tlie owners of the docks will not be responsihlo 
 |f(,r any Janiage occurring to vessels while in tow 
 
 Itiylhi'ir.-tramor, 
 
 Tuhlt of Tomuii/e Rates oit Shipping. 
 
 FirH Clatt. per renluer ton 
 
 I DnllliliimK.ilHm, or i-llwr vmiIi ••nletinn fironi or d«- 
 finmnU ;n, vwl ill Ihi' I'lilwl liliiKilolll, U\e or 
 >Iiii,Jhhj,Uu«u.ij, Aldcrney, aiid Saili, uiidir IIJO 
 ton»reiti.Uf . . - • • 
 
 liiuon, ,nj umter JIlO torn renlslFr 
 
 iixi loni t^uiittr and u(iward« (mffpl iteam »e»«l») • 
 
 Ultim iMtli ilKJ loin iculiler anil u|iwardl 
 
 - Sttond Clint, 
 
 I On til uilinf, (turn, or oilur vt^kieU entering rrom or (le- 
 pultr( '.r inj i-ort in Eurbpv, l»«tw een the North Cape 
 iwHai*F;[ii,lme . . . - 
 
 r»iril C/jM. 
 
 ■On all utiipi:, iieim, or otlier ?es*ei4 enlrrinff from or 
 
 n dr]tinJD| fur an; otiitr port in Kurope anil the Medi- 
 
 Fmrth Chill. 
 Vll!ui:inc, I'eaniiOr r.tlirr vt-»ftelt intrrinK from or di'- 
 I mUjilorillutlicr furei|{n porta wllalsoevvr • 
 
 FiflJl Clan. 
 
 lull *;in|i, irram, or oilier ve*>frU which do not enliT 
 
 T tliin thf sun of an; (l<K'k or batin, hut wliicti eltlx r 
 
 I CiKhiTite or rfceiTe piiuenKers or t;o<idi upuii or fruiii 
 
 I K^! pitr, laniliii,; iiUc.-, or jttly . - - 3 
 
 Sixth Clan. 
 ^ 1^' uilini:, itpam,or oilier vt»Kit u»ing th«i tidal harljour 
 l/ll.t uiiilttutm . . . . • 01 
 
 i^if^r, ueiim, or nther resact, btdnR of lea* than 'JIKI 
 
 ■ toniirmurttnentiihall remain w; Mn any doc It or Ikimii 
 
 ■ w a i^riixl limiter than 10 djya ; or lieiiiK of *J0O tonn 
 land '.<M than 4Mi|i)n\meaiurtment for a lunfier iK-riod 
 ■Hun II dill ; or Iwlrg of Hal tona nieaaulement or uii. 
 ■eirdi for a pniod lonRer Ituin )il dayi, then for the 
 UbixI ilnrinK which the rewl remaina Iwjond tho«e 
 
 ■JtKli imwiiteij the further ratei rollowinu, that ii 
 
 '1 ihe lint wftk or an; part thereof . - I 
 
 iwund „ „ . - ti 
 
 I nr fin; w^'ek or part of a neck bcvond the second 
 
 ' »iik ■ . . - - - 2 
 
 VI for the Discharge, Removal, and Deposit of 
 Ballast, 
 
 W Tonnace of v,«.l, from wlilch 
 dxBallauUdiKharged 
 
 lUles per Ton on the 
 quantity of tialiaat 
 
 BlOfiloni 
 
 [mi under 200 tona 
 
 ! 1. vi „ 
 
 n 600 „ 
 
 II WO „ 
 .1 1,1100 „ 
 1 ud iip«ardi 
 
 1. d. 
 6 
 g 
 U 9 
 
 n to 
 
 11 
 
 1 It 
 1 1 
 
 X. Oi.Asoow DocKM, .Siiii'i'iNG \e. 
 
 • ilasuow, the oomtnenlal capital of Seotland, 
 on both sides thu Clyde, hit. (Observatory) .'i,!^ 
 !>l"6-l" N.,lon(;.l° 17' W. (population, l«(il, iiielnd- 
 inn Mibnrhs, i I(i,;i9')), is iiiih lited for her iiresrnl 
 Krcatiiess tu her advaiitii;;eiiiis situation on a tint) 
 river, ill one of the riiluit roal and iniiieral ilii- 
 triels of the empire. Originally iho Clyde was 
 iniieli encnnibcreil by fords and shallows, iind bir 
 a lenntheiied jierioil it served rather to cxrite anil 
 disappoint expectation than to confer any real 
 cominorcial advantuKoon the city. In Kidl', after 
 several other sehenies had failed, the iiiiij;istn ten 
 of (ilas;{ow [.urchaseil Iho ground on which I'ort 
 (ilasf;ow (hi miles lower down thu river) now 
 stands, wlurc they formed a harbour and a nravin({ 
 iloek, the lirst work of i'» kind in Siotland. For 
 a lonsideiable perioil tlio intereinnso bctweiii 
 (■lasgow and its newly aciinired port was pritni- 
 pally carried on by land carriaf;e; but from lliti.t 
 attempts were every now and then made to deepen 
 the river. In 1(1H8 a ipiay was formed at ihft 
 Ifroomielaw; but even so late as 1775 no vessel 
 drawing (i ft. water could n aeh Olas^ow oxeeiit 
 at spring tides. At length a plan, )iroposeil ni 
 170'j by ^Ir. tiolbnrn, engineer, of Che^er, tor 
 ileepcnmg the river to 7 It, at neap tides, was 
 adopted, and since then, by the continued uso 
 of numerous dredging maehines, a depth of 
 from 1« to 21 ft. water at neaps has been 
 obtained. In iMtll, of -It; vessels over l.(MM) 
 tons, 13, that drew more than 'JO ft. water, 
 came safely to thu lirooinielaw, while one of th" 
 largest steam vessels afloat, the Persia, of 3,(iii0 
 tons burden, w"s launched in 1H55 into the river 
 about one mile below (ilasgow, and came up to 
 the harbour to receive its machinery. Thn river 
 for 7 miles below the city is very much widened, 
 and forms nearly a straight lino ; the sloping; 
 banks, formed of whipstono, being constructed in 
 imitation of ashlar. The accommodation for ship- 
 ping at the Uroomielaw, or liiiibour, is now alio 
 very greatly extended. The quays extend upwards 
 of 'iA miles in length, varying from IJO to 'Jiiu 
 yards in width, and are amply furnished willi 
 sheds for goods, cranes, and other appliances for 
 working a first-rate harbour. The ipiay has the 
 important advantage of being directly connected, 
 by meanij of the General Terminus Line, with thu 
 various railways that centre in the city. Thu 
 Parliamentary trustees for managing the river 
 have also acquired ground north of the harbour, 
 on which they have power to construct docks. 
 
 That part of the Clyde which lies between 
 Glasgow Bridge and tlio mouth of the river Kelvin 
 forms the harbour of Glasgow. The area of its 
 water space is P24 acres, of which 70 are occupied 
 by shipping. The total length of quays on both 
 sidcsof the harbour in 1807 was 4,577 yard', bnt8;5() 
 lineal yanis of quay space must bo added for the 
 wet dock at VViudmillcroft on the south side of 
 the harbour. 
 
 Vessels of 21 ft. draught of water can lie along- 
 side the quays ; and as dredging opcr.itions are 
 continually carried on, vessels of greater draught 
 
 
 yj 
 
■• », 
 
 6S0 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 t-: 
 
 3i' 
 
 'M 
 
 .:r!' 
 
 1^' ■ * 
 
 will, ill a short time, Lave no difticulty in entering 
 the harbour. About 600,000 cubic yards of mate- 
 rial are annually removed from tlie bed of the 
 river. 
 
 The government of the harbour is vested in 25 
 ' Tru.stces of the Clyde Navi^'ation,' who are 
 elected jointly by the Town Council, the ship- 
 o-\vner.s and harbour ratepayers, the Chamber of 
 Commerce, and tlic mcrcbant.s' and trades' houses. 
 Their jurisdiction extends as far down the Clyde 
 as Newark Castle at Port-Glasjrow, and they have 
 powers under the 'Clvde Navigation Consohdation 
 Act 1858 ' (21 & 22 Vict. c. 10!l) for making bye- 
 laws, regulations A'c. The Executive consists of 
 a general manager, a treasurer, and 4 assistants ; 
 harbour-master, and 9 deputies; engineer and 5 
 assistants ; tonnage collector, weigher.^, a super- 
 intendent, 2 inspectors, 3 Serjeants, and 37 officers 
 of police. 
 
 The revenue of the harbour for the year — 
 
 
 £ 
 
 $. 
 
 il. 
 
 18C3 waj 
 
 llS.IIM 
 
 7 
 
 Ill 
 
 1864 „ 
 
 Hl,.1Sil 
 
 1.1 
 
 tf 
 
 1865 „ 
 
 - 11(1,587 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 1866 „ 
 
 125,787 
 
 III 
 
 II 
 
 1867 „ 
 
 Klfi'n 
 
 'i 
 
 6 
 
 and the ordinary annual expenditure, including 
 dredging, is about 42,000Z. (-12,104/. 12s. in the 
 year ended June 30, 1867). 
 
 The total number of arrivals of sailing and Mmm 
 vessels from home and foreign ports in tlie year 
 
 1861 wai 4,801 sailing, ll,«81 tieam 
 {HR'i „ 4,')7.1 „ ll.Vili „ 
 1863 „ 4,6Vll ,, 10,5'i5 „ 
 1861 „ 4,.WJ „ !),UG2 „ 
 
 Total 
 I6,MH-, 
 
 i-.,v;i 
 
 l'.,17.', 
 
 ii,.-.-;i 
 
 In 1866 there belonged to Glasgow .WC huIw: 
 vessels of 2,j;!,073 tons, and 271 steam \Cf*(U (" 
 99,280 tons. 
 
 The number of steam vessels actually ciiipLiv,,! 
 at and trading from the river Clyde diiriag tin- 
 summer of 1865 was — 
 
 
 
 dross '^«'»- 
 
 Nonii- 
 
 
 No. of 
 Vessel* 
 
 How Emiilojed 
 
 Ton- 
 nagn 
 
 ter 
 
 Ton- 
 nage 
 
 np.l 
 Ilor,e 
 Power 
 
 H.IH 
 
 S8 
 
 To roast towns on 
 
 
 
 
 ft. ft. in. 
 
 
 Krilhof Cljile . 
 
 4,S.'.2 
 
 2.421 
 
 !,'!S3 
 
 .1 10 1 3 
 
 15 
 
 Scotch ports • 
 
 3,419 
 
 2,113-. 
 
 1,610 
 
 Ii „ 1: II 
 
 19 
 
 Irish „ - 
 
 8,-93 
 
 6,1116 
 
 2,870 
 
 111,, Ij'i 
 
 7 
 
 Kiigllsh „ - 
 
 3,667 
 
 2,673 
 
 Hi) 
 
 lu „ i: II 
 
 16 
 
 France anil the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mediterranean 
 
 -,6,'.S 
 
 5,931 
 
 890 
 
 li,. ij.j 
 
 8 
 
 New York and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Quebec 
 
 11,175 
 
 8,9(7 
 
 9S0 
 
 Vi „ it il 
 
 93 
 
 Passenger steamers 
 
 3S,!I(1I 
 
 2'S,113 
 
 9,.M.1 
 
 ^ 
 
 31 
 
 Tug steamers 
 
 2,479 
 
 729 
 
 1,275 
 
 .'i., 8il) 
 
 124 
 
 Total steamers . '41,413 28,812 
 
 10.818 
 
 - 
 
 The rise auA_fall of tide at the harbour of Gk- 
 gow at spring tides is 10 ft, ; at neap tides ktL 
 
 
 Dimensions of Dry 
 
 Docks. 
 
 
 Name and place of Hr; Dock 
 
 Length 
 within 
 Gates 
 
 Width at 
 Kntrance 
 
 Depth of 
 
 Water Sj.ring. 
 
 tides 
 
 Chu|* j 
 
 Tod ami Mac (iregor's, ftlasgow 
 Mac .Alltlan's, Uumliartoii 
 R. Steele and Co.t (iroenock 
 Caird and Co.,(Jreennck 
 Greenock Old Town Dock 
 
 New „ ... 
 Port Glasgow Dry Dock, on blocks 
 
 inside g.itcs 
 
 Tonland Shipping Comi-any, Troon, on blocks - 
 
 ft. 
 
 .'.00 
 .301) 
 .361 
 .TOO 
 ■i\a 
 360 
 211) 
 235 
 27S 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ,56 II 
 41 
 47 « 
 45 II 
 .30 II 
 38 II 
 .32 11 
 
 37 6 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 15 II 
 13 
 
 16 II 
 15 II 
 13 
 13 1) 
 10 
 
 neap 8 1) 
 1 12 6 
 1„ 10 6 
 
 3(i. per ton on gross tomisge for dwrr 
 and undocking. This includes puTr-j 
 out and use of shores but n"(in«i'.:T^, 
 Arf. |wr ton pt- r tide fur lirst 1 1 tit'i^i:: 
 id. per ton iwr tide fur next 18 liila .i 
 longer time as per agrecniiint. 
 
 The patent slips at Glasgow and on the Clyde 
 OH which vessels are drawn up (at 3rf. per ton, 
 with J</, per ton per tide while they are on for 
 repairs) are as follows : — 
 
 slip tons 
 Barclar, Curie, and Co., Gla.sgow - 1 for 5'Kl 
 
 . 1 „ 800 
 Alex. Stephen and Sons, Glasgow " 1 „ 1,000 
 Tod ami lie. Gregor, I'artlck - - 1 „ building for 1,000 
 Henderson, i;<.ull.orn, and i;o., Ilenfrew 1 „ 1,000 
 Scott, Mac Gill, and Co., liowliiig .1,, 500 
 
 • 1 » 100 
 Denny and Rankin, Dumbarton - 1 „ 200 
 11. Steele and Co., Greenock . -1„ .300 
 Harr and Shearer, Ardrossaii - • I „ 500 
 Andrew Mc. Lea, Kothesay . . 1 „ 20U 
 Total i I patent slips 
 
 The following table shows the number of vessels 
 built and launched on the Clyde in the years 1863 
 and 1864, and the number upon the stocks on 
 December 31, 1864 :— 
 
 Description of Vessels 
 
 Launched 
 in 1863 
 
 Launched 
 in 1864 
 
 On stocks 
 
 December 31 
 
 1864 
 
 Sailing ships, iron • 
 
 wood • 
 
 compoiite 
 
 Total sailing ships 
 
 Steam ships, wood - 
 
 Iron . 
 
 composite 
 
 Total steam ihips 
 
 Grand total - 
 
 no. 
 
 31 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 tonnage 
 
 26,Tte 
 
 5,875 
 
 3,820 
 
 no. 
 50 
 
 e 
 
 6 
 
 tonnage 
 
 39,074 
 
 3,i.-.l) 
 
 5,223 
 
 no. 
 
 37 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 tonnage 
 13,84Ti 
 1,080 
 9,.->27 
 
 49 
 
 iTg 
 
 2 
 
 36,457 
 
 62 1 il.btl 
 
 S4 
 
 24,253 
 
 85,843 
 1 ,711(1 
 
 1 1 .'.OD 
 
 178 129,887 
 
 1 1 591 
 
 83 
 5 
 
 76'j3l 
 4,970 
 
 121 
 170 
 
 87,513 
 
 180 130,978 
 
 88 
 142 
 
 81,704 
 
 IM.OUO 1242 1178,505 
 
 105,957 
 
 The number of 
 was 177. 
 
 Harbour Dues. 
 of entering, or us 
 harbour : — 
 
 1. On all ves 
 
 ves 
 
 — R 
 
 ing 
 
 sels, 
 
 sels bu 
 
 ates on 
 or depa 
 
 excep 
 
 ildin 
 
 ves 
 rtinj 
 
 t a 
 
 g on]V] 
 
 sels, on 
 J from 
 
 i afteri 
 
 ay] 
 
 eac 
 
 the 
 
 men 
 
 , 1865, 
 
 h time 
 river or 
 
 tioncd. 
 
 arriving at or departing from tlic harlwiir, frm : 
 to any place in the United Kingilom of Graj 
 Britaii\ and Ireland, per register ton, IW. iiiiririij 
 l^f/. outwards. 
 
 2. On all steam-vessi ■:■■.: ving at or iipk\ 
 from the harbour, from i any place wiikisi 
 line drawn from east to wc, c across the CliMnJii 
 Pladda, jier register ton, jrf. inwards, ^(/.outtiinSj 
 
 3. On all vessels arriving at or denaitin:i»i 
 the harbour, from or to any placo out of tlie In 
 Kingdom of Great Britjuu and Irdaml, piTK 
 ter ton, 4rf. inwards. Ad. outwards. 
 
 4. On all vessels that shall remain in the li/j 
 hour over and above the first 24 lawful te 
 register ton, per iveek, Id. 
 
 5. On all vessels entering or departincfe 
 any of the wet docks or tidal basin.*, nhen «< 
 structed, in addition to the harbour r;itc!,f«' 
 gister ton, 6rf. inwards, Gd. outwards. 
 
 6. On all vessels that shall remain in s",:] 
 the wet docks or basins over and above thti 
 24 lawful days, per register ton per weelc,M 
 
 7. On all vessels entering or using the " 
 not liable for the above rates, and nut ti 
 with cargo liable for rates under .schedule 
 per register ton, %d. Provided tliat the li'ti 
 tioncd charge shall not extend to anyvc--(lii 
 goods in which are exempted froir rates bf 
 Act. 
 
 8. On all vessels entering or using the W 
 
 Vps,«« 
 turning 
 imn an\ 
 Mil not 
 trip, niii/i 
 
 river Cly 
 
 flwt fiort'ii 
 
 ilie liniit.s 
 
 •Miy n( the 
 
 tlier %\u\ll 
 
 I r any oft) 
 
 the tnistcps 
 
 limits of till 
 
 IT discharge 
 
 the .said lin 
 
 than may bi 
 
 .',iaie. 
 
 liutci 
 
 Eath hof^head i 
 
 ^afhlofinfhe,,]. 
 
 wtr,» nnhin:an¥ ;. 
 
 "fn-h«iule(J/) 
 
 Billo other t/ml/er 
 
 marble 
 
 ««<lin/!ljc»t 
 
 }Vei.'hing dii 
 
 *;prKT>.orinino 
 
 folleotor or other 
 
 <"<"■ asceriaininir 
 
 ifeCm h\- tlie 
 
 ,'.';'!! foods be fonni 
 
 '' ei)iiaJ to, or cti 
 
 "•ea/ng duties- „i 
 
 .^J'wff'iing duties 
 
 I "Affiled on tlie ap- 
 
 basin at Bowling, having previou: 
 
 sly beaj 
 
 gularly trading on the river, per register WHJ 
 
 week, Jt/. , J 
 
 9. On all other vessels entering or iiM? | 
 
 said basin, per register ton per weel;, M 
 
 ^o'" for the usee 
 
 '■ '■"Phnlsor,!.,,., 
 
 J. for",?'''' ■"'"'«! 
 '• 'I'Dma. for, 
 
 „jf;^W""i;«.ao„earlJ 
 
 Rates] 
 
 ''r„l'"»n''.'»fBaterJ 
 ""tour or (locks 1 
 
 B« rales sliali nd 
 H'l«actuaUys"3 
 
 ^'^''onaShipX 
 
 F?""»!hip ; 
 
 [;'«'i"Sdo 
 |["°»"»dilJTO 
 
 ™'"(!iliip • 
 
' ■:;■ 
 
 . 1! ■) ; 
 
 Itnain * 
 
 Aetel 
 
 lawful da;-! 
 
 Ibasm- 
 
 ,j, ffkt *•! 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 Vc3"els proceeding oniply fi>r a carijo, or ro- 
 tiiminc niipt\- liaviiiff (lisclmrRcd n caruo to or 
 from am- lilac'c bcvond tlio limits of tiic •larbour, 
 -hnli not 1)C liable to pay any ratca for the empty 
 irip, unilcr Article 7. 
 
 VosmIh passing to or from any place on tlio 
 riviTCivdc above Ilutchoson B'ridfjp, tiirougli 
 ihat portion of the river which is embraced within 
 ihc liniiirf of the harbo\ii, shall not be liable for 
 ,nv of the rates specified in this 3chedule unless 
 tlicv shall use anv of the said docks or tidal basins 
 „r anv of tlic quays or other works constnictcd by 
 the trustees on the banks of the river, within the 
 limits of tlic harbour, or nnless they shall take in 
 „r aischarpe their cargo or any part thereof within 
 tlic 'iaid limits, or shall remain therein longer 
 than may be ncccssarj- for passing through the 
 Mine. 
 
 Jldlesfor use of Ordinary Cranes, 
 
 Fiih hoesheiul "f "'(!»'' »"■' hi'is". "<" "cewlinK 1 S cwt. 
 ^ from I'i to lA „ 
 
 from IS to '/o ,, 
 Rich ton of hemp 
 
 Iteringo^,]*! 
 
 fiftl 
 
 rs rajKlhlr of Vit'ttiKj Ten 
 
 lidfi'S for the Use of Criin 
 
 Tons anil vpwanls, /mltinp in or taking out of 
 ]'i:i.iels old or new Maehinerij. 
 
 For each hoi-t, not rxrewling 1 ton . 
 
 cxi:ee(tin(j 1 tun and not excuedinf; 'i tons 
 
 •i 
 3 
 4 
 A 
 6 
 8 
 10 
 IS 
 lA 
 SO 
 SA 
 SO 
 SA 
 40 
 4A 
 50 
 
 ,1 
 4 , 
 
 r, 
 
 t , 
 
 ID 
 Vl 
 lA 
 •10 
 
 ,T) 
 35 
 40 
 4-| 
 
 £ t. 
 
 I) 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 I) ."i 
 
 111 
 
 l.'> 
 
 1 
 1 10 
 'I 
 .■5 
 .'. 
 7 10 
 
 III 
 
 Vi 10 
 IS o 
 17 10 
 
 VO 
 
 'ij I) 
 
 All necessary use of the crane, from the liftinif 
 of a piece of machinery oft" its carriage until stowed 
 or adjusted in tlic vessel, or from tlie lifting of a 
 piece of machinerj- from the vessel until placed on. 
 Its carriage, shall be included in one hoist. 
 
 Putting on board machinery, engines and boilers, 
 including fitting up when the vessel is new and 
 lifted out for tlic first time, per horse p'jwcr of 
 engine as per contract, 2s. Qid. ; or per ton, 3s. 
 
 Taking out boilers and machinery for repairs, 
 ficr horse power of engipc, as per contract, 2s. ; or 
 per ton, 2x, (!(/. 
 
 Putting on board boilers and machinery after 
 being repaired, including fitting up, per horse 
 power of engine as per contract. Is. (!</.; or per 
 ton, 2s. 
 
 Putting in or taking out boilers, per horse 
 
 or per ton, 
 
 I)ili,.mahoi:aiij mid other llmher rated in the first column 
 of>iMule(!l|Bt'i». [lerton 
 Dilto other timlier . . . - 
 
 marlite . . - - 
 
 Rates for Weighing. 
 
 Eitli "«, wwiton. 0' """er carriage load or weigh ni.t 
 " exceeding 1*2 cwt, 
 
 ^Veislling duties to be paid by the owners, 
 AinMr?.or importers of goods, if required by the 
 collector or other officer appointed by the trustees 
 
 for ascertaining the rates, provided the weight , power of engine, as per contract, Is 
 ipccilicd by the owner, shipper, or importer of ; 3s, 
 tiie goods be found less than the real weight; but | The above rates to be charged per horse power 
 1 if equal to, or greater than, the real weight, the j of engine, or per ton, in the option of the trustees. 
 weishing duties are not to be exigible. | General repairs or jobbing, not included in the 
 
 Wcishins duties for coals to be paid only when above, to be charged at the rate per day of 5/. 5s. 
 
 In addition to the rates for cranes, specified in 
 this .schedule, Grf. per hour to be paid for wages 
 to eranemen attending while the crane is being 
 worked. 
 
 Ballast. — The Clyde trustees remove ballast 
 from vessels on either side the harbour, at a rate 
 not exceeding Is. per ton, and supply clean stone 
 ballast at Is. per ton. 
 
 The river Clyde is divided into three stages, 
 and the following are the Tonnage Dues exigible 
 upon each, viz. : — 
 
 The first stage extends from Hutcheson's Kridgc 
 to the Old Ferry at Renfrew, being about 600 
 
 I weighed on the application of the owner or shipper. 
 Bata for the vse of Planks, Stages, and Rhones. 
 
 f. d. 
 
 1. For vlsnls or slaves for loading or discharging vesst-.s : 
 
 tor Mth f .nil or itage, jier vri-ek - - .10 
 
 S. FonhooM: for each w.igi!onofcoalloadcdthcre«llh 1 
 
 Out shillinj titti on each cargo for removing the rhone to and flrom 
 
 ItheTtMcl. 
 
 Rates for me of Water, 
 
 For the jup)>It of water to vessels entering and using the 
 
 hvbour or docks 
 
 . i. 
 per puncheon 8 
 
 But rates shall not be leviable unless water 
 
 hhall be actually supplied to vessels. 
 
 %rij'.s on a Ship of 500 Tons Register arriving at Glasgow with Cotton, and clearing out laden with 
 
 Iron. 
 
 
 Kates 
 
 Foreign 
 
 Coasting 
 
 In with Cotton. 
 
 
 £ : 
 
 d. 
 
 £ 1. d. 
 
 HarNmr dues on shin ...-.- 
 
 Tonnajte dues on .Vlfl tons cotton . - - - • 
 
 U. F. and ltd. C. 
 
 H 6 
 
 8 
 
 3 'i 6 
 
 St. F. and 1«. 6d. C. 
 
 .10 
 
 
 
 •i'i 10 
 
 l-umpers' rhai^-es for unloading cargo . . . - 
 «onhernli|jliu- . " . . 
 
 Prf. per ton 
 I 4-I6 and M. per 50 tons 
 
 7 10 
 3 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■ame 
 
 
 ;i!(leli«hts .... 
 
 Id, per ton 
 
 •i 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 10 
 
 roTiniihip ....... 
 
 M. per ton 
 
 IS 15 
 
 
 
 same 
 
 'ilotlngilo. ..... . - 
 
 'i*. per It. (wate.) 
 
 I 10 
 
 
 
 same 
 
 luktmdttlins ...... 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 same 
 
 litlarging and remoting ballast, «aj 100 tons 
 
 If. per ton 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 same 
 
 N'oTt-Ves^eli of more than 15 feet water ai« charged, in towing 
 
 S3 U 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 Hviloltaj, aj drawing ISfeet. 
 
 
 
 
 
 . ^ Out with Fig Iron. 
 
 ™it dues on ihl|) . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 4<J. F. and Ud. C. 
 
 8 6 
 
 8 
 
 3 2 6 
 
 "iMfe dues on 700 tons pig iron- .... 
 
 UJ. F. and 9rf. C. 
 
 26 5 
 
 
 
 same 
 
 ■iin»r>' chaiges for loBdini! do. . . - . ■ 
 
 Nrf. tier ton 
 4 4.16 & 61. per 50 tons 
 
 a.-, 6 
 
 8 
 
 same 
 
 "iKraligliiJ. . '' 
 
 9 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 !<«liKV.i ....... 
 
 Itf. per ton 
 
 H 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 10 
 
 W'ogihip .... 
 
 M.lierton 
 Si. pern, (wa.er) 
 
 IS 15 
 
 
 
 same 
 
 Wngdn. ....... 
 
 1 10 
 
 
 
 same 
 
 lull anj narts ...... 
 
 ,, 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 same 
 
 Wljiug ship \tUh water . ... 
 
 •• 
 
 VI 
 
 
 
 aame 
 
 
 90 14 
 
 1 
 
 Non.-Hbar or rod Iron, the charges would be as follows : 
 
 
 
 
 
 mil»e dues on TOO tons at li. CJ. F. andC.,51/. 10». 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?pfti charge! loadinit ditto at 10.1. F. and C, 89(. 3f . 4rf. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
562 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 yards to tlic cast of tlic present forfv, and tlic 
 Ilue.s oil ({oorts carried or conveyed iliercon are 
 two-thirds of the tonnage dues exigible by the 
 trustees. 
 
 'flic second stage extends from tlio Old Ferry 
 at Kcnfrew to the moutli of Dahniiir Hum ; and 
 the dues exigible tlicreon are one-sixth of the 
 tonnage dues ; and 
 
 The third stage extends from Dalmuir Hum to 
 Xewark Castle; and tlic duos exigible thereon 
 arc one-sixth part of the tonnage dues. 
 
 Charges for Lightu from the Clyde, 
 
 AmcFlca anil West Iniliex Iiv North. 
 'JI.'i4.U. ■ . -1 I. li. and);./. jicT. Ml Inns If from a port 
 
 vouth ofC.i|>t' Coil. 
 9/. 'a. '(/. - > 4 6-16 anil ililto it' from a port nortt-. uf 
 
 Cape (-'ud. 
 Bv Koiltli. 
 •iM.lit. \0d. - - 10 2-16and6if. per M tons. 
 
 The charge for unloading and taking in a cargo 
 is per agreement with licensed lumpers or porters 
 who ply on the quay for Lire. There are no lixed 
 rates, but the following charges may be considered 
 pretty near the mark : unloading cotton about Cil. 
 per ton, and for taking in iron 9(/. per ton. Tlie 
 other items of charge of- a public kind aftecting 
 the .ship are, towing up and down the river, planks 
 and .itagcs for discharging and loading the cargoes, 
 supplying the ship with water and the removal of 
 ballast if any on hoard, and ships loaded with 
 cotton usually have ballast. 
 
 Entrance to the liiver. — As a guide to mariners, 
 it maybe mentioned that vessel.-; of 19 ft. drauglit 
 of water can arrive at the harbour of Glasgow, 
 and that vessels drawing 17 ft. arc considered 
 regular traders. "Vessels drawing 15 to IG ft. may 
 always arrive and depart without touching the 
 bottom. At the entrance to the river vessels are 
 placed under the charge of ]iilots acquainted with 
 the channel, which is well marked with beacons 
 and buoys. A ship on reacliing the mouth of the 
 river at Newark had best commence ascending as 
 soon after half-flood as possible. There arc no 
 particular usages connected with the harbour of 
 Glasgow beyond those adopted in most other 
 rivers and harbours. Lights are permitted iu tlie 
 harliour frorr; 6 a. m. to 10 r. m. 
 
 Glasgow may be said to be cosmopolitan in her 
 commerce and manufactures, uniting withii. her- 
 self the businesses and trades of 'ihnost every 
 other town and city in the United Kingdom. 
 Hence it follows that while one branch of manu- 
 facture or trade may be dull, anotiier may be 
 prosperous ; and accordingly Glasgjw seldom feels 
 any of those general depressions which so fre- 
 quently occur in places "hicli have onlj* one or 
 two branches of manufacture or commerce. The 
 great industrial occupations of Glasgow are its 
 cotton spinning and weaving ; its collieries and 
 iron manufactures; its iron ship building and 
 machine making ; and its chei"ical, porcelain and 
 glass manufactures. According to Dr. Strang, the 
 consumption of raw cotton iu Glasgow in 1854 
 was above 1,900 bales ))er week, of from 430 to 
 440 lbs. each ; and the number of jwwer looms de- 
 pendent on Glasgow • . as from 26,000 to 27,000, 
 producing daily about 700,000 yards cloth. In 
 the west of Scotland, of which Glasgow is the 
 central mart, there were, in 18(50, 6,275,000 tons 
 of coals drawn from the pits, of which 1,036,541 
 tons were shipped, exclusive of the quantities sent 
 beyond the boundaries by railway's, leaving the 
 larger proportion for the conversion of iron and 
 the manufacturing consumption and domestic use of 
 the Glasgow liiotrict. Of the produce of pig iron in 
 the counties of Lanark and Ayr (1806), 139,408 tons 
 were shipped from Glasgow alone direct to foreign 
 
 countries, exclusive of the quantities sent awavbr 
 railwny.i. During t'le same year there were cxiinriiii 
 from (ilasgow 49,488 tons of railroad nnd 12,;,;; 
 tons of other kinds of malleable iron. Tlie value >if 
 the whole coal and iron businesses to the (iistri,i 
 in 1854 was reckoned at about 4,872,000/., of whidi 
 1,973,000/. was paid in wages to 33,900 persons .\, 
 to iron ship building and marine engine nuikiit-i n 
 mavbe stated that m 1864, 242 vessels wercma'lv 
 including both steam and sailing, having a:: n-.' 
 gregate tonnage of 178,506, for which also niarim 
 engines were made or had been made. In 1j<i;;) 
 there were launched 150 iron vesscia of ll-2,i;ii.; 
 tons. Of these, 31 were iron sailing vcfselj .f 
 20,762 tons, and 67 iron screw stcaniirs of .Ji.iw 
 tons, and 38 paddle steamers of 26,117 tonsirl 
 onJIay 1, 186.5, there were building Hi vessels ni 
 all kinds. The chemical products of Gks(,'i,\v are 
 multifarious^ consisting of sulphuric, muriatif, ni- 
 tric and acetic acids and their various salt.s; blcacli- 
 ing |)owder, soda, soap, cudbear, biclironiato ii 
 potash, sugar of lead, iodine, salts of ammonia, 
 alum, jirussiate of potash, naphtha, pitch, oil, ani- 
 mal charcoal, bone tar, cream of tartar ic. do. 
 The works of St. Kollox, situated in the iiorth-ci<t 
 quarter of ('lasgov . constitute perhaps thclarptt 
 chemical eslililiflii II ■ in the world. Thcycovtr 
 about 12 ac:t •«.)!' li^n, employ above l.OuOmfi:, 
 consuming annually about 20,000 tons (jf comuM 
 salt, and 80,000 tons of coal, and jiroiluciiiji' 
 soda, bleaching powder, sulphuric "oid, .soap'ir. 
 about 25,000 tons: 81,163 cwta. of soda were h- 
 ported from ( Jlasgow to foreign parts in 1866. Ti.; 
 lofty chimneys of St. Kollox are among thcciiri- 
 sities of the citj-, one of them being 4.")() feet hid 
 60 feet diameter at the base, and 14 ft. at 1 1 
 Tliero are eight large potteries engaged in u 
 manufacture oftll kinds of china,porcclain,Parin 
 and other ware, 4 flint glass manufactories, anJ li 
 bottle houses. The total produce of the busint^ 
 which employs 2,000 people, may bo fairly e* 
 mated at 120,000/., while the quantity e.t'portsi 
 in 1866 from Glasgow'amounted to 17,107 packa» 
 Tlie value of the exported produce of the fe; 
 glass manufactories of Glasgow in 1866 raj 
 90.109/. The bottle houses produce about 15 , 
 millions of bottles, newly half of which are ex- 
 ported from the Clyde. In the manufacwre J | 
 tobacco pip<!s 600 persons n t.ii(d>>ycd, whowri 
 up about 2,740 tons of ck; •.:•' ulio daily niaai- 
 facture, finish, and pack r.,-: .'Cigross pif« I 
 The rapid progress whit i th".^ i iut' 'alpursiiB 
 have made in Glasgow may be "hi- . ittribiiifi 
 to the demand which the for ,, (radecftl«| 
 Clyde has created for bulkj' freight. 
 
 Accounts of the Customs Duties collected at Gjit \ 
 gow, and of the Number and Tonmge ef * j 
 Ships belonging to the Port, in the uWfra*j 
 tioned Years. 
 
 Years 
 
 Duties 
 
 179S 
 1KI)6 
 
 isia 
 
 ISVO 
 18.10 
 1S((I 
 850 
 . v^'J 
 I. 'iS 
 1866 
 lv,7 
 
 £ 
 
 IM 
 
 1 ,M7 
 
 8,3UC 
 
 11,000 
 
 59,013 
 
 468,974 
 
 6in,S6S 
 
 80S,35'j 
 
 785,2'l.1 
 
 80l,l'i3 
 
 l,ni«,2»9 
 
 No. ofSlu|Mi Turnip 
 
 .'.'J 
 85 
 i.13 
 3i\ 
 507 
 CIO 
 815 
 807 
 
 ;i,>;i 
 ji<,<iJ 
 
 3ft«l 
 3.1i,JJI 
 
 Nearly half the customs paid in ScolliwJ'"! 
 collected at Greenock. ..I 
 
 Glasgow now ranks as the 4th «XP<'"'°J?,I 
 in the empire, being in this respect surpafS!^ ,| 
 by Liverpool, London, and Hull. 
 
 Acrmint of 
 Principal 
 
 /lire of fi 
 (jlusguw i, 
 
 .1 
 
 fV;?!"eoft;.ee. 
 
 rf^'njiloni irore 
 
 . amouiKod to^ 
 
 Vt"' I'fogressi 
 r^'un-HiUrc 
 
 ■WalM 
 
 ",119 
 
 I Fin 
 
 ,?S,M| 
 II', -r. J 
 
 is.%i;o 
 
 '^«CJ,)^ 
 
 Popiilafi 
 
 ing b, 
 
 F »r-VD£E DoJ 
 
 l,, '''I long. 90 1 
 ^ '«J'-house.,, I 
 
! ^* "■ 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 5.') 3 
 
 Acmint of the QuantiUes and Valuer of the 
 PrindpiU Anicles, the Prorluce r.nd Mamitac- 
 ture of the Unital Kingdom, Ktj)orted from 
 Glusgow 111 18t3G. 
 
 Articles 
 
 1 
 
 Quantities 
 
 Value 
 
 \rmi and ammunition: 
 ' Kirfannsisniall)- 
 
 )\kt md ale 
 
 rwt.i. 
 
 vilue 
 
 1 
 
 no. \ 
 
 IliS. 
 
 Sl,163 
 
 R.sn 
 
 lV9,olH 
 
 £ 
 43,n« 
 97,712 
 
 3,90(i 
 .1,1118 
 
 bar. 
 
 CWlS. 
 
 
 199,121 
 23,(i7S 
 
 Buttrt • . ■ 
 ttBlLCiniier*, ami culm 
 Cotion y<im - 
 Cotitumimifictures: 
 
 lIu.iiTv antlitnall ware* 
 
 111.. 1 
 
 ions 
 lbs. 
 
 yards 
 
 9,10S 
 
 s;i,iii9 
 
 7, '.36,3,17 
 1.0S,OI1,311 
 
 387 
 
 .'.I.'IM 
 
 827,531 
 
 3,909.0,10 
 
 Value 
 
 _ 
 
 279,117 
 
 IWinantl .hemical |>r<Kiuttl 
 KinhnwBi* and porcelain • 
 
 1 riliuofuUkiiid* • 
 
 tin>k. 
 
 liar. 
 
 value 
 
 17,1117 
 
 i,.';to 
 
 •Jli.KOO 
 8'>,M)(i 
 
 BO, 109 
 2S7,129 
 
 i Hil«rdaiherr ami mlllinpry - 
 
 i» 
 
 — 
 
 5 HArd*a:rtand cuiKtv,oI all 
 
 B leather, tanned, unwrought 
 1 wtoucht - 
 
 
 _ 
 
 27,721 
 
 rn'n. 
 value 
 
 3'jn 
 
 3,11,1 
 :o,S15 
 
 1 wTciittht MiUllery 
 
 
 
 B,o!1 
 11,799 
 
 1 anil hamt-^A 
 
 1 linen nm • 
 
 "lis. 
 
 lU9,5ri9 
 
 1 Line!) tnanufjclure% : 
 1 IVennodi 
 
 Yards 
 
 3(1,."!J6,S2,T 
 
 1,011,501 
 
 ■ Thtfsd, ttiwi, mill small 
 1 virei • 
 
 value 
 
 _ 
 
 3n.77B 
 
 ■ M^c^iIlt^J and miilwiirli 
 
 ft 
 
 — 
 
 2 1,1,008 
 
 ■Meiii^: 
 
 
 
 
 ■ Im-vk, bar, l>o!t, wire, 
 
 tons 
 
 no, ins 
 
 6,12,01.1 
 
 ^1 Iioii'T'ii mail • ' 
 
 
 ■1U,ISH 
 
 212.161 
 
 H c-f all cthr kinds 
 
 ,, 
 
 12,7.17 
 
 260,188 
 
 ^B Steel, v.n«rouulil • 
 
 CWtS. 
 
 38 
 
 1 ,109 
 
 ^B Cui'v^t'^'"*^'^'^"'^* 
 
 „ 
 
 806 
 
 3,771 
 
 ^B ]iin oT-uKht, nnil 
 
 ^H KTtiU^tlt 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 f.,l,'.3 
 
 27,152 
 
 ^B Levi and ih(4 • 
 
 tons 
 
 iin 
 
 4.fi7.1 
 
 ^H 'i'm.Lnvrou^lit - 
 
 cwts. 
 
 Ml'i 
 
 2,189 
 
 ^^E 
 
 ,, 
 
 O.fiHi 
 
 14,171 
 
 ^n1,»«il • 
 
 ffals. 
 
 9,1,! 18 
 
 I(i,4,11 
 
 ^Biitif«r>'ro]o'in • 
 
 val ue 
 
 — 
 
 20,i;90 
 
 ^^k|>tT (tsceiit hangin{;<,) 
 
 (■WIS. 
 
 2'J,Bt8 
 
 81,'',ft3 
 
 ^^klt 
 
 Ions 
 
 I.VJU 
 
 1,031 
 
 ^^Blk, thr<>vn, nnd pm 
 
 llis. 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 ^^1 nnniiriritiTei' . 
 
 value 
 
 T 
 
 19,614 
 
 ^^bi-ib. Itriti'h and Iri'<h 
 
 u-als. 
 
 5r,9,77fi 
 
 71,198 
 
 ^Ktir, refined 
 
 cwts. 
 
 .1,311 
 
 5,697 
 
 ^^■ou, shtq) and laml's' 
 
 Lis. 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 ^^■ool'Mi :ind wonted >:tm 
 
 
 i3,70I 
 
 6,515 
 
 ^^Boolirn minufft:iurck : 
 
 
 
 
 ^■[luth..ofa1lkindi 
 
 >ards 
 
 .M'l.iin 
 
 100,6,15 
 
 ^^W (Tttpd ar.d miietl sIuITa 
 
 
 4,1.^9.1nO 
 
 220,1.11 
 
 ^^Vlanr.* S, c.^rpes kc. 
 
 • „ 
 
 8li(i,4V6 
 
 69,8,12 
 
 ^^^HiMcn an<l uthtr goodi 
 
 value 
 
 ^ 
 
 54,895 
 
 ^^B other an.rlet . 
 
 alue * 
 
 — 
 
 6t(;,2l6 
 
 ^^1 Tota. *<claml real v 
 
 1 — 
 
 9,807,235 
 
 he value of t'.'e exports of the produce of the 
 ^'(1 Kingdom ivora Greenock (luring the same 
 amounted to 543,221/. Those from Port 
 hjow .ire comparatively inconpiderable. 
 j)i//(i(ion.— If the foregoing figures give some 
 lof the rapid advance of Glasgow as a com- 
 tal and manufacturing city, the following 
 1 of its progressive population during the 
 W century will render this more apparent : — 
 
 f Ton""?' "•' 1 
 L (he u«*'»* 
 
 .Males I Fciiialei 
 
 Total 
 
 ",119 
 ?,",;2t 
 l.W,313 
 lixVJl 
 
 im^ 
 
 <.'■■' 
 
 6M>I 
 
 TS.tl.ll 
 lo8,;(l2 
 117,169 
 18,1,270 
 
 81,769 
 110,160 
 147.043 
 202,426 
 2H0,6II2 
 317,1101 
 
 Total 
 
 InraviUie 
 
 each 
 
 Census 
 
 26,1.9! 
 36,563 
 55,383 
 78,256 
 66,319 
 
 Increase 
 per Cent. 
 
 31-865 
 
 .1311 
 
 .17-66 
 
 .18-22 
 
 23-62 
 
 verj" limited commerce. Only ono ."small jiicr 
 cxi.slcd. Hut in the ye.ir rotVrrcd to, an .\tt was 
 olilaiiifd for scpar-itiiig the liaruour from the othur 
 branches of the burgh rcvonup, for constructing 
 an entirely new harbour on a scale cmnmcnsurate 
 with the growing importance of the place, and for 
 investing the management in a board of coni- 
 ini.ssioner.s. Additional Act.s were sbtaiued in 
 18.30, 1836, 18-J3, and ISoC ; and the result is that 
 Dundee has now four wet docks, having an area 
 in all of 33J acres, and a tide harbour of 4 J aires, 
 the breadth of the entrances to which is fnnii 
 40 ft. to 60 ft. There is also a splendid graving 
 dock, having a 40 ft. entrance. A crane, reaching 
 28 ft. from the face of the (juay wall on which it \^ 
 placed, and capable of raising 30 tons, is erected ar, 
 Karl Grey dock, so that every facility is afforded 
 for taking out and putting in the boilers &c. of ilic 
 largest stca.i ves.sels. There is al.so a Jlorton 
 slip attached to the tide harbour, on which three 
 vessels may be placed at once. The vessels are 
 hauled up by a steam-engine of 16 liorse power; 
 a ship of 800 toivs may bo placed on the slip ; 
 one of the Dundee steamers, the Perth, weighing, 
 without her boilers, 5% tons, has been repaired 
 on it. 
 
 The quays are wide and spacious, alTordiiig 
 berthage for above 65 vessels; and there arc 
 extensive and convenient carpenters" and other 
 yards for .^hip buihliiig. The accommoilatioii 
 fur the building and repairing of ve.-sels is not 
 surpassed in any port of the kingdom. 
 
 The expenditure on these great works down to 
 Ma}' 1868 was as follows : — 
 
 £ I. il. 
 
 TntaUiiiendltureto May IS6S . - 1,151,010 9 4i 
 
 Total shote dues &c. collected to £ t. d. 
 
 May 186S , . - 9,11,i71 17 3i 
 
 Amount of debt at May 1S6S - 1 97,7.15 12 I 
 
 Tital income to .May 1868 ■ ■ 1,153,010 9 4) 
 
 The shore dues in 17G5 yielded 126/.; 1775, 
 140/. 5.*.; 1785, 400/.: 1795; 965/.; 1805,1,272/. 
 10*.; 181-4, 1,701/. 10*. Sd.; 1857-8, 20,592/.; and 
 in 1867-8, 25,692/. 
 
 The customs revenue in the undermentioned 
 years has been : — 
 
 kU. 
 
 Pl the population of GlaSt^'ow ex. suburbs 
 »,8C4, having been nearly quadrupled in 
 
 V. DisDEE Docks, Smrriso Ac. 
 pee, on the north side of the Frith of Tav, 
 T28 N.,long. 2° 57' 30" \V., 9 miles west 
 ^itonncs8 Point (on which there are two 
 s liKht-houses, with fij:ed light-s), has 
 JMh extraordinary rapidity since the 
 i81o, and IS now become the principal 
 ne lintish linen manufacture, and has a 
 pensive trade, Down to 1815 the har- 
 on a humble scale, and adapted to a 
 
 Years 
 
 £ 
 
 Years 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 1792 
 
 - 6,311 
 
 IS.Hi 
 
 
 
 . 56,678 
 
 1S.13 
 
 - 48,617 
 
 18.17 
 
 
 
 - 511,084 
 
 1837 
 
 - 76,150 
 
 18.18 
 
 
 
 . ,13,3',l2 
 
 1810 
 
 . 63,346 
 
 1865 
 
 
 
 . 80,221 
 
 lhl5 
 
 - 40,325 
 
 1866 
 
 
 
 - 76,728 
 
 18.111 
 
 - 65,183 
 
 181.7 
 
 
 
 - 85,408 
 
 1853 
 
 • 57,S9l 
 
 1868 (.1 
 
 Inrc 
 
 i31) 
 
 - 82,812 
 
 The amount of custom duties docs not, however, 
 afford anything like a true criterion of the extent 
 of the trade of the port, as flax, hemp, and jute, the 
 chief articles of import from foreign countries, aro 
 not subject to any duty. The greater part of the 
 sugar used in Dundee' being cither relincd or of 
 ihe sort called crushed lump, which is partially 
 refined, there is scarcely any revenue derived from 
 sugar, there being no refineries here, and no direct 
 imiwrtation of raw sugar. When there was a 
 duty on foreign com, a considerable sum was 
 received at this port ; but now that the duty is 
 jnly 3(/. per cwt.. the sum received from that 
 source is very small. 
 
 Statement' of the Number of Vessels and their 
 Tonnage which Entered the Harbour in 1868. 
 
 Deictiiition 
 
 Number 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 22,1.19 
 82,3'Jl 
 
 191,027 
 ,33,067 
 27,1.16 
 
 359,>0C 
 
 From Fore'Bn, belonging to Dundee 
 not belonKing to Dundee 
 
 Coasting, belonging to Dundee • 
 not lielonging to Dundee 
 
 .n the river Tay trade . 
 
 74 
 
 .191 
 1,014 
 
 392 
 1,115 
 
 Total .... 
 
 3,016 
 
 The docks are acco-nmodated with four sheds, 
 having 31,400 sq. ft. yf floor, and nine cranes. 
 The Pilotage of tie River Tag and Harbour of 
 
 n. 
 
 
 i1 
 
 .■1 
 
 •M 
 
 ► ■ ■ i 
 
 

 I ; " 
 
 ; ."' II 
 
 '♦ ' 'ii 
 
 ■; I 
 
 I West tWe h«rl».i.r 
 Ca.npet.lnwn l'"^* 
 Vlcioril 1>««,- 
 (It.ivlni!"!"'' 
 
 PntOTt sliv* - , p 
 
 S-VVidll-of.nlraT>ce_K.«j^ 
 
 These titles are an aTeiagj if 
 Tr'". of lock. 10ntl.bel«Ut.he gales. 
 
 T^^„,i„.aocka.a,.— P« iTTullweekly.thcrearorcgulaTsailinfCjhl!. 
 
 Sis and Beaten oi^-^^ ,,, Harbour 
 t..e port, ^^^^.^ „., 
 
 waril of tiie • rui"v _ . - 
 
 rBc.w;e„.heE,ua.o,anatheT,o,- 
 
 .'^K''J2J. .l>e TTopic of cancer anrt .he 
 
 ^f,rnTht""al.sofGn.r.U-„ -,, ,^ 
 5 To or from anvt"" N„tS.iy.aml to or 
 north of B"<"'"'"'"M",i^ira or Tencriflc 
 IT^ the A«r«^ MaU.r^^.^^o ^^ 
 
 l^^t'n tre'Tr'opio of Cancer _a..l .-o 
 Straits of Gibraltar " „„ „,e coast of 
 
 6? To or from any !•«' °"„d uronthe.in 
 rSr;S5:Sr/C'o'.h .hc.e por,s, anC 
 Slj,SSlntheBaU^L, -,,„p „„t,ards to 
 7? Ar all "^fl'flSl ,n '^"""^ "" '" •■ - 
 
 ra.«. that coal foi^exvort^, ,^„ , ■ ,, 
 I?;?^{^'Sr^e1nrij/oarda..h0U».- 
 
 Ulands, and O'Vneys - ,i„e, or 
 
 manure onlj.f'om a"J l'"''^'^^*' t"ivc.r Tay, 
 
 S-Lr^^-^^^^fr-nU-ort-lnGrea; 
 J.;; Ail steam "Si* e„°u" erVd In No. J;. 
 
 »';r'?lni ;yeng"« »"'» •»'" '"?"'"= ' "- 
 ,,!'"A^ri'eam.v.s;el. employed in. he^K. 
 
 "Tav.carryinRPff"a7ir"dn'K f'°'" "I'; 
 -llljS'^clllryulSli-cngors.oanypart 
 
 within the precincts " ,„|5 g„ods and 
 
 ending May 31, 1868. 
 
 9 sailing vessels oHes^. «n'^ former being 
 
 tons; the aggr<;^ateb,«^^^^^^ tl.ere then also 
 
 287, and of thela"«r a^'ft^^mcrB, ^gate bur- 
 
 Sft^rrl^BSer! to London and 
 
 -,. Leith Docks, SHiHisofc^ 
 1 LeitloviuchmaybccaUedthcpo^;; 
 
 acres of water ^oo^- ,^V nimodaWl 
 180G and 1817, are fo' *»« ^ „'° the ^% 
 vessels otdmanly frequent g^^j ^^^ J 
 
 hSar UiS\^SX Ur-,'a^J 
 
 ntse docks have cost XS^-SSJ 
 to the harbour drying at «^^,^ „e,g,j 
 
 'have also been upended mtu ^J 
 old,an.Uheformat.ouofanewP^^^^ 
 
 consisting pa^^y «f .^"/Vcry W ^1 
 ,vood i-^termixed >s of ;^^^^^^ 
 
 vo'oT i^eUxed is ^-^J-JM 
 the new, or ^vestem pie , jn ^^^ ^ji 
 
 to the other, « f '"i^f extr rni'J'' '"^ '3 
 landing stage near ts «^ j^^ ie««;j| 
 , The object «\ ?arrymfe ou ity>^| 
 a harbour, which, at tucirt 
 
•,,IV) 
 
 !,« 
 l\ 
 
 li*. 
 
 Quail* 
 
 li"- 
 
 )3 
 
 i»."; 
 
 '3 , 
 
 bontaiv. ^ 
 
 of ttcs«. tP,, 
 
 tecommoJ'** 
 
 ogravinS'*' 
 
 " «atet,W] 
 
 „t«r sufficient to enable vessels to come to the 
 
 S*e«tall times of the tide But this 
 
 obi ?H9 not been fully attained; and though it 
 
 ha "«^ should have been inclined to refiar.l the 
 
 , Uv upon it as little better than thrown away. 
 
 'trull, is that the docks and new harbour at 
 
 ,1 are entirely misplaced. Instead of being 
 
 where thcv are, the docks should have been con- 
 
 Z. tcil at ■'' nitv or Granton, about J or 1 mile 
 
 ; ™tfroni Leith, being, however, nearer to it than 
 
 he extremity of the new pier. And a deep water 
 
 harbour, accessible at aU times, haying been 
 
 Z„lv constructed at Granton, the outlay on the 
 
 KWionofthe piers at Leith seems not a little 
 
 I ""'The harbour at Granton has been formed by the 
 iDuke of Bucclengh. A pier, constructed in the 
 Lo«t approved manner, projects into the sea about 
 
 II TdO ft It is shaped like a T with its head to the 
 Vorth and has harbours and landing places on 
 
 icth sido. It has been open for so.ne years ; but 
 
 liitherto it has been principally resorted to by 
 
 The Duke has also constructed a 
 
 ircakwatcr, which adds much to the security of 
 
 The cnnimercc of Leith is very considerable, and 
 
 is b«eii slowlv but steadily improving. It carries 
 
 I a liiritcd trade with Australia, the East and 
 
 Jest ladies, the Mediterranean, Canada, and the 
 
 Initcil States; but its chief foreign t-ade is with 
 
 loUand and the north of Europe. The principal 
 
 Viclcs of export consist of linen manufactures 
 
 kd linen van, brought from Fifeshire and Dun- 
 
 !; cottons and cotton yam from Lanarkshire ; 
 
 1 from the latter ; with woollens and worsteds, 
 
 J, salt-lisii, ale, spirits &c.; and as the port 
 
 [now connected hy branches with the leading 
 
 fffav lines that centre in Edinburgh, a coiisider- 
 
 ; extension of its trade may be anticipated. 
 
 ) leading articles of import consist of corn and 
 
 Ibet; flax and hemp; hides, guano, and pro- 
 
 Bns; sugar and other colonial products ; wool, 
 
 le, spirits, dye i tuffs &c. With regard to its 
 
 jiesiic trade, thfro are companies which have 
 
 leU trading with London ; and other companies 
 
 i vessels trading with Hull, Newcastle, Livcr- 
 
 Grecnock, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Montrose, 
 
 ;, Orkney, Shetland, Dundee, Stirling &c. 
 
 I communication with London is kept up by 
 
 I class steamers that sail twice a week during 
 
 ptirc year; but more vessels sail in summer 
 
 kin winter. There is also a communication 
 
 Icam with Newcastle and Bull twice a week ; 
 
 1 Stirling tvicc a day ; the opposite coast of 
 
 pcveral times a day ; and a regular communi- 
 
 n with everj' important place on the east of 
 
 ^nd,from Leiwick in Shetland, and Kirkwall 
 
 ney, to Berwick-upon-Tweed. The steamers 
 
 lome from Leith and some from Granton. 
 
 [formerly sent 8 or 10 vessels to the Green- 
 
 Vhale fishery, but such has been the decline 
 
 ibusiness that she no longer sends a single 
 
 DOCKS 555 
 
 Dock Rates on Vessels, ^-c. — continued. 
 
 Ai> Ti-'9i<'!^«ntlrflT liMfltfil with ro.ili, eithrr Tor wholesnli] i, it, 
 or rt-tail, and wliich arc vicludtU t'runi tlit docks— Iruiii 
 ^lorts III Kngland • - . . . fi 
 
 Ditto front |iorts in Scotland • - . .04 
 
 All itcarn Yeswis from I'orlH In llii> rirlli (if Fnrtti, a4 fir 
 ai Amirutlier on the north, anil Nnrih Itcrwicii on 
 the Aoutli, carrjiinft l)as^enKtT4 and tliL-ir Iu({^a^'e ex- 
 clusively - - - - . . OJ 
 
 t\'ote.—On all vcs*cls arrivini; ligl't, or in lirilln^t to load 
 coals, stones, coiton, t>in iron, or street in.iiHiie, the 
 ch.irffe reduced, durin({ the|)le;i!iuruof theCoininltsion, to I) 1 
 
 The harbour revenue of Leith in the vcar ended 
 Whit,sunday 186-i was 44,080/. 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Values of the 
 Principal Articles, the Produce and Mann fi'cturc 
 of the United Kingdom, Exported from Leith In 
 1866. 
 
 ,tws»3 
 
 I low 
 
 lintli««'" 
 ncwpi"; 
 and partly 
 
 ktreti"f>.'*itf»| 
 uttlicpif«,^J 
 Itextt*';'* ' 
 
 xk Rates on Vessels, per Register Ton. 
 
 ^'Is tern Asia or Africa to the east of the Cape 
 "ope, Induiling the Cape, or from South 
 
 Ij M IndiM, West Coaii of Africa, Cape "de Verde 
 
 JK.oHireenlainl and Davis' Straits fisheries - ' 
 
 Whir straits of Glbrslur, or from N. America 
 
 nlilands 
 
 L"ti",l '*7"'«;. Dmmark, Holsleln, Hamburst', 
 ■n, Holliiid, and Flanders, that Is, without the 
 kand no farther >outh than Dunkirk 
 «lbdo'?' 1''"'" '"'' '"'""' "*" """ "'°"' 
 
 hhrfr-'!rv.''",5\''^""' ™^ Ejemouth,includin|J 
 K, ,"''• ""*'«" C wal and the River Cljdc 
 Mwn as (jreenock - - . 
 
 Articlii 
 
 Quantitii's 
 21.689 
 
 Values 1 
 
 Alknli, soda - • cwts. 
 
 £ 
 
 10,572 
 
 Apparel - - value 
 
 
 1,673 
 
 (Gunpowder - ■ Ihs. 
 
 18,500 
 
 460 
 
 Deer and ale . - bris. 
 
 a.ys.T 
 
 I.-.,977 
 
 Candles, nitarine - llw. 
 
 ai.swfi 
 
 1 1 ,(M)I) 
 
 Coals, cinders, culm • tons 
 
 71,l7(i 
 
 7'J,777 
 
 Cuttunyam - - lbs. 
 
 165.'J.TI 
 
 lli,57i 
 
 Cotton manuractures: 
 
 
 
 piece • - yards 
 
 *i,292,26l 
 
 64,273 
 
 Hosiery - value 
 
 ,, 
 
 4,315 
 
 Dniffs and chemicals - „ 
 
 ,, 
 
 3I,')57 
 
 £arthcnware flic. • pki;.s. 
 
 988 
 
 5,S9B 
 
 Fish : herriiig!i • brls. 
 
 11,V69 
 
 16,902 
 
 (jlass ■ . Talue 
 
 
 4,781 
 
 Haberdashery - „ 
 
 ,, 
 
 6,395 
 
 Hardwares and cutlery „ 
 
 
 6,098 
 
 Leather, tanned • cwls. 
 
 *'S80 
 
 620 
 
 vrrouKht • value 
 
 
 377 
 
 Saddlery . - ,. 
 Lineiiyam - . lbs. 
 Manufactures: piece • yards 
 
 ,, 
 
 20 
 
 6.477,901 
 
 417,498 
 
 7.23ie,047 
 
 242,62 1 
 
 Threatl &c. - - value 
 
 
 1,530 
 
 Miichinery - - »» 
 
 ,, 
 
 133,518 
 
 MetaU: iron, pi/;, cast. 
 
 
 
 bars, iKilts 9ic. . tons 
 
 oi.M': 
 
 299,682 
 
 Hailrnad • „ 
 
 in 
 
 1,612 
 
 Other kinds - „ 
 
 l,I0!j 
 
 15.I5S 
 
 Copper* unwrouKht - cwts. 
 
 sio 
 
 2,765 
 
 wrou({ht - „ 
 
 73 
 
 483 
 
 I^ead and shot . tons 
 
 3.1 
 
 690 
 
 'l"in plates - „ 
 
 107 
 
 210 
 
 Oil, seed . . gins. 
 
 3,188 
 
 695 
 
 Painter's colours - value 
 
 
 6,089 
 
 Paper, not hant^uKS - cwta. 
 aSalt- - - Ions 
 
 "'89S 
 13 
 
 1,334 
 26 
 
 Silk manufactures • value 
 
 
 295 
 
 Spirits - . gins. 
 
 i'M07 
 
 1,100 
 
 Sucar, refined - cwts. 
 
 fi 
 
 7 
 
 Wool - - lbs. 
 
 566,351 
 
 25,267 
 
 Woollen yarn - „ 
 
 SSS.SSS 
 
 48,305 
 
 Manufarturetl cloth • yards 
 
 s,;t.',l 
 
 1,1 1!5 
 
 Wor&teds • - i» 
 
 7,l.-'i 
 
 1,229 
 
 Flannels and carpets - „ 
 
 18,205 
 
 4,192 
 
 llosieiy - , value 
 
 ,, 
 
 685 
 
 Other articles - „ 
 
 
 420.612 
 
 Total . value 
 
 1 
 
 The customs dutv on goods imported during 
 1867 amounted to 607,264/. 
 
 There belonged to Leith on January 1, 1867, 84 
 sailing vessels of 50 tons and upwards, and 58 of 
 less than 60 tons, the aggreg-\te burden of the 
 former being 22,479 tons, and of the latter 1,798 
 tons, exclusive of 52 large and 21 small steamers, 
 having a joint tonnage of 20,859 tons. 
 
 Rates of Pilotage for Leith Harbour, as fixed by 
 the Commissioners, and approved by the Trinity 
 House and Board of Trade. 
 
 For n vessel drawing not more than 7 feet of water 
 Above 7 and not above 8 feet 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 '.2 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 <■ 
 
 d. 
 
 ft 
 
 Ill 
 
 8 
 
 II 
 
 •> 
 
 U 
 
 11 
 
 H 
 
 13 
 
 <) 
 
 16 
 
 (1 
 
 19 
 
 ti 
 
 And for every foot or part if s foot above 13, an additional charge of 
 If. M. 
 
 Extra Attendance, — For each 24 hours' extra 
 attendance on board, when requested by the 
 master, to the master-pilot 2s. and to each of the 
 boatmen Is. 
 
 PUot Boats and Crews. 
 
 t. 
 
 For vessels fVom foreiffn ports, under 70 tons - -4 
 
 Ditto from ditto, of 70 and not exceeding 1 20 - - 5 
 
 Ditto IVom ditto, exceeding 1 20 and not exceeding 250 - li 
 
 Ditto fVom ditto, excecdhig 250 tons • . - 9 
 
 Coasting vessels of any size which require ta 
 take a pilot boat, or employ such, to be charged 
 
 ■Sil 
 
 i 
 
 ■ K 
 
 . 
 
 is ■■ 
 
 
660 
 
 DOCKS 
 
 ' ( 
 
 I : 
 
 •i>l 
 
 only in. 6</. for attetnlancc of boat and men, be- 
 sides tlic pilotage. 
 
 The rates of pilota^'o itc. oiitAvanls arc one- 
 half of those iiiwurda. 
 
 Where a vessel takes a steam tiiR, cither i-i or 
 out, the pilutago and charges for pilot Ijur.ts and 
 crews sliall be one third less tliau the rates ab(jvu 
 speciticil. 
 
 In 18C6 Granton, formerly a creek in the port of 
 Leith, was made on independent port. 
 
 XIII. CoiiK Dociis. 
 
 There are no wet \ cks in Cork, but at the city, 
 situate on the river Lee, 10 m les from the mouth 
 of the harbour, there are excellent quays, giving; a 
 frontage of 13,580 ft., to which vessels drawing 10 
 ft. of water can approach. There are large bonded 
 warehouses and good storeage, with facilities for 
 landing goods <Jic. Vessels of larger tonnage dis- 
 charge at West Passage, 7 miles down the river, 
 and 3 miles from the harbour's mouth, where there 
 is an average depth of water of 38 ft. 
 
 The harbour affords safe anchorage in all 
 weather for the largest merchant ships. It is a 
 port of call for the American mail steamers, and 
 for vessels arriving from the Jlcditerranean &c. 
 for orders. 
 
 The port enjoys a large coasting trade between 
 London, Liverpool, Bristol, and Glasgow in goods 
 under bond; exporting corn, butter, cattle, whisky, 
 and fish. The foreign imports consist of grain, 
 wine, sugar, brandy, and wood. 
 
 The only port charges that ships are liable to 
 are the harbour dues on tonnage and goods landed. 
 
 There are 4 graving docks here — 2 at Cork, 1 
 at West Passage, and 1 at Monkstown Ferry, 
 where there is large accommodation, for the repair 
 of ships. 
 
 Revenue of the Fort for the 5 Years ended 
 March 31. 
 
 Year 
 
 1861 
 
 186.~< 
 1K6I 
 1S6J 
 
 £ 
 
 '.«9,.-6l 
 »'.I.S,I67 
 3m,r<sj 
 no i. in 7 
 297,511 
 
 The exports from Cork in the year 18CG 
 amounted in value to 110,703/. The principal 
 article was butter. The customs collected in 18C7 
 amounted to 319,783/. There belongt 1 to Cork in 
 1866 180 sailing vessels of a burden of 50 tons 
 and under, giving a total tonnage of 4,497 ; over 
 60 tons 177, tonnage 26,497; steam vessels 39, 
 tonnage 7,289. 
 
 DOG (Kr. chien; Ger. hund; Ital. cane; Lat. 
 canis familiaris). Of this quadruped, emphatically 
 styled ' the friend and companion of man,' there 
 is a vast number of varieties. But to attempt to 
 give any description of an animal so well known 
 would be quite out of place in a work of this kind ; 
 and we mention it for the purpose principally of 
 laying the following accounts before our readers, 
 with a remark or two with respect to Asiatic 
 dogs. 
 
 Cuvier, the great Fiench naturalist, says, ' The 
 dog is the most complete, the most remarkable, 
 <md the most useful conquest ever made by man : 
 every species has become our property; each 
 individual is altogether devoted to his master, 
 assumes his manners, knows and defends his 
 goods, and remains attached to him until death; 
 and all this proceeds neither from want nor 
 constraint, but solely from true gratitude and 
 real friendship. The swiftness, the strength, and 
 the scent of the dog have created for ma.\ a 
 powerful ally against other animals, and were 
 perhaps, necessary to the establishment of society. 
 
 DOLLAR 
 
 lie is the only animal which has fullowcJ na, 
 through every region of the enrtli,' 
 
 It 18 singular, however, that neither Cuviir.ii 
 any one o' those by whom bin statoiiipnts im.! 
 been copinl, should have mentioned thai i, ' 
 account is applicable only to Europe. All Mi- 
 kiimtnedan nations regard the dog ns impure, nJ 
 will not touch it without an ablution. The'a" 
 is also the case with the lliudoos. Jrom i'. 
 Hellespont to the coutincs of Cocliin-Chiiia d- , 
 are uiiappro|iriated, and have up mastir. 'H;"v 
 prowl about the towns and villages ; aiid thmi 'i 
 they are naturally more familiar, tliey arc in r, 
 respect more domesticated, than tlie carrion crni,, 
 kites, vultures &c. which assist them iu :«. 
 forming the functions of scavengers. In dtx 
 and Coc'ain-China the dog is cntcii as IW»I; ia 
 tlesh being, with the exception of that of the li- 
 the most common in their markets. "" 
 
 The changes in the law effected by 30 v;,;, 
 c. 6 were, tirst, a reduction of the {Inty for Ui', 
 dog from l?f. to 5h.\ secondly, ilic abolition iilii 
 exemption of dogs used in teniliii;,' or drivii:' 
 cattle or sheep; and, thirdly, the coliectiiwrfitJ 
 duty by means of a license for each dog, ia4f 
 the management of the olHcera of excise! iiia] i 
 of an assessment made by the persons a|i|)oiiiit ; !r 
 the district commissioners of taxes for each pani 
 
 The effect of these chaiipes may be seca ikh 
 the following statement of the 
 
 Number of Dogs charged to Assessed Taxtink j 
 Year ended April 5, 18G6, together ttitkiiil 
 Amount tf Duty charged. 
 
 
 Number charf;cd 
 to Assessed Tales 
 
 
 Enfiland 
 Scotland 
 
 J.'iS.lTJ 
 .16,.1(i5 
 
 i 
 
 Jii,9i: 
 11,"' 
 
 Cireat Britain 
 
 .■iUI,».17 1 U.-: 
 
 dumber of Excise Dog Licenses granted «ftw J 
 April 1 and November lo, 1867, or abMi^ 
 months, and Amount of Duty chargtd. 
 
 Enf;)amt 
 bcuiUnd 
 
 Ureat Britain 
 
 Number of 
 Licenses granted 
 
 Am.*:* 
 Dnl.'ttrai • 
 
 721,.'>10 
 96,160 
 
 
 8l7,9rO 
 
 Wl.lr: 
 
 The unnecessary multiplication of dug!. C-l 
 ticularly in large cities, is a very (;rcat wiiiiiwi 
 coming, as they often do, into the po.i.«ij 
 those who are without the means of prorilii ' 
 them, they are frequently left to Hautlertoj 
 the streets; and from ill usage, want ui'fe'ia^ 
 of proper attention, are apt, during Hva 
 to bei,ome rabid. In several places the ux 
 has attained to a formidable height; atJj 
 singular, considering the nuniemus fwlr 
 currences that have taken place, that no k1 
 should sooner have been made to liaveit iWT 
 has grown to its present excess, parilytaij 
 many exemptions having been granted fMj 
 duty, and partly from a want of care in il"' 
 lection. The number of the fomier hai no'lj 
 lessened ; and besides more rigidly enforoij!! 
 latter, it would be proper to enact that iHj 
 found wandering in the streets without « 
 should be impounded. , 
 
 DOLLAR (Ger. thaler; Dan.flndS»e4" 
 No unit of monetary value has a widorttW 
 than this. It is used in Xorthtm Gerniay 
 Scandinavian Kingdoms, China and the ' 
 Archipelago, and in the Northern c*™ 
 America, It is ra()idly beconung * •■ 
 
 *'• nirr 
 
 .Aiiioricj, 
 
 \ccoti.l 
 
 ('iiiiitrien) 
 
 'I si/rcr. 
 
 'Iu at ab( 
 
 '""■ a Con 
 
 rallies at ,h 
 
 supply silv( 
 
 1 id various 
 
 'iri' nation o 
 
 rnrding to Jl 
 
 I'ri-'iimtcd. 
 
 Ihc foJJoM 
 'Mlars currei 
 M lates :-- 
 
 I .V'licin 
 
 I |mr,i| Amnhi 
 J I'anlh 
 1 Hrrn-ni 
 
 I.'InlimkursSih.e 
 l.'TuiiSerilmieiiu 
 
 IV.I,rM«|,. 
 ISnl-h 
 l.\„.,,.l„ . 
 
 Ifmi. 
 
 I , I'hc foIJoiring 
 *''| currency .-^ 
 D.v the G'crmai 
 fj' '^■ih in Aui 
 Hanover, Wurtcn 
 f fnnan States, an 
 
 I 'Mienllon, ihaJer 
 KnmBiDiaJer . 
 KramiDialer . 
 I iVatire noliar . 
 
 ji'«;'«liler . 
 I '"fldjltr 
 
 |l>i>!;t 
 
 (PBO) 
 
 r"<'«'<'(!lp,Me„H 
 PPTitsialn . *'• 
 
 Polar 
 
 (poo) 
 
 •'fjr . t^MTKl 
 
 "mhitr 
 
 Wu, 
 
 M 
 
 i :■! 
 
DOLLAR 
 
 tl'. currency in the cnloniea of Britisli Vnrn 
 Aiiioncj, and frrcnt part of South Amcricn 
 
 AcconJinff to Mr, Yates (Current Coins of All 
 (nintnes) the dollar orjpinaiiv contained nn i,,^ 
 
 .lu at about he beginnmff of the B\xi.PoJ^. 'It 
 
 ,,.n;cw\sch,ic,!;w;rp ,.4X^^^^^ 
 
 dnosat Joachimsth^l in Hohemi^' co rra.Su'o 
 y silver coma weiffhinff an oz. to f l.n .?""' *° 
 
 m.nu,»..,o«c,.m,8inai m Uohemia, contractcl fo 
 .'.iWly silver coma weiffhing an oz.tofho iWo? 
 and various German princes. It waa from „ '^ • 
 i,r,.,.;.(;nn „r *».„ _._- T. ■ ."' '2^8 Tom an ab- 
 
 m vanous uerman princes. It waa frnm „ ' ""' 
 
 l.r.vi.tionof the name JoachimsThaW tha "o" 
 
 ;;;g;c.^to Mr. Yates, the name thaJcS^tC; 
 
 ihc followinfr are the wiirrhta of fli» o 
 
 U;».™t in various co^„^r^'^rS 
 
 J Maicm 
 
 I ' eninl Xmer'ui 
 
 I I'ani.h 
 
 I itrfiren 
 
 I .Vf-ilmhunrSchwerin 
 
 I Nirajii Seititmieiibi 
 
 Ithiim . . 
 
 I Kew dranada • 
 
 I ^rani Ji 
 
 Tj-usslan 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Hem, * 
 Frnnkrort 
 •Vurtemberu 
 ituslTJa . 
 
 l/niieil Siaie, . 
 
 Rralnt, 
 
 ••JiU-i 
 (in-.'. 
 
 (ir-.i 
 
 • lil'U.i 
 
 - Sfl-M 
 
 - 18>a 
 
 • 18-5 
 
 • IS'5 
 ■ IS-4 
 
 I>nAWj].\CK 
 
 pK^^t^-a jv^ "-^ '« 
 
 I^RAWUACK • f '^'^'s »». ] 
 
 f'«^ify the remitting o?'Zl'"P'"r"'"ce to 
 dntics previouslv paid on '^ ' " ^""^'^ of the 
 bcin^r exported. ■ ' "" * commodity „„ its 
 
 a f"«t'V"''«ffectelrbrtax^°t '° ''"' ''""blin. 
 sold m the foreign market mfM*" ''''«^Po»od and 
 f had not been taxed at ' I '''f ''•??''*«••'"'' as f 
 from a bountv-that tho iL^ • ^' ''"fers in thiJ 
 ^y to be sold abSd fl? SThnn"!"''^ " '=°'"™"- 
 ^' oreas „ drawback enablca t ?„ ,"' "lV"-«' «ost, 
 »t Its natural cost nrn^i ■ ° ''° «o''l exactlv 
 ^^„?^"-'', <do not o^cSf^fi "l^^"""? Smith 
 
 '. t 
 
 haaobaened <dol. ^™"'.l«'cks, as 
 greater mmJtitvTil".^?^!?" '^^ exnorTatiorof ;' 
 
 "'i have been 
 
 N"SftSst,J!:?S.V"^'''V^'^-- 
 toovcr! WUrtemberft Badel, 19 0^;.^^"'^' 
 I^an State, and rf^Sn'-the Ma^L :'!!''' 
 
 SlhjIfrpireeiiBiuilK, . ,. ,/. 
 
 llliiitr piece . . ; - 
 
 . hroiienthafer . . * • 
 
 I Convfflllons thaler 
 
 ■i V.J 
 
 - •) 2 
 
 • < 7 
 
 - 4 -i 
 
 • 1 7} 
 
 • ■< rj 
 
 • 4 8 
 
 • " ••4 
 - 2 4 
 • 4 4J 
 
 - 4 3 
 
 ■ 4 6 
 
 r.l 
 (> 6 
 
 - 4 4« 
 
 KmwnlhaJa . _ !!*»"»._ 
 
 I Krcnenlhaler . Jl*""!^. 
 
 |.Vili«Mar . _C">w-_ 
 
 , ■'■wrevlaler . '_'"'•»* «k. 
 
 I JtiiJKlalcr , _" " - 
 
 IHoSailpKoi . M«»ico. 
 
 flwIesdalCT . ^'''"ivjr. 
 
 iollarlpao) . _ Smin, 
 
 ■iJjlH.riksmjui 
 
 |»:iir . . """■«'• Statkj. 
 
 "■tmhaler . ^''''""•mmio. 
 
 P;tfS«fn; Dutch, dons; 
 
 fitlCoftteind 'T.™' ''■'"' 
 l^»ck is the mast v»r S''- ^''a' of the 
 
 l.ff'r their KtrS'?: ^\''<^ birds 
 
 I '''a'aquantityof if! i"* '' " ^o very 
 
 I' at found inthenest ism„°f *^® ^"^est 
 I! '"" doimi- if i. 11 .'* most valued, and 
 
 greater quan^i^ • o" go„T h"n^' '^""l "" o. a 
 
 exported had no duty be^n " '*'"'''' '"'^■•= ^een 
 not tend to turn towLs an, ""I"?'"'- They do 
 jnent a greater share of the°L'^?'t''ll'"' «"?%- 
 ti'in would go to thaVrm ,'"*"' "'^ the country 
 accord, but only to hinder t&.'"t *"■ '^^ o^ 
 a"ay any part'^of that shitn ^'>'?om driving 
 ments. Thev tenri «„*. ^'^ 'o other cmDlov 
 which natur^l/'Sta"bt rr'r "«" ^ nT; 
 :7"°"^«'!'Plo.vments of the aocTefv''K "^^ "" '^e 
 It from being overturiiwi v.. *i? ^'y- •*"' to hinder 
 
 ^ri-nddi^.M,p-^-the^„^; 
 
 wou^d'^be' rmpot'ibln" '^?'*"» "f drawbacks it 
 enjoyedsome"P?'S;,i^7 ««3 when a eount^' 
 to export any comS " tt ' "' "^ P'-o'h.ctio^ 
 taxed at home than abroad" hT T"'' '"'ayily' 
 obviates this difficulty and 'H",' "-^^ ^'rawback 
 export commodities i^kS n? i,**'"" '"<=.«'ants fo 
 duties, and to sell them ' 'l.f ' i"""?* '^''i' heavy 
 the same terms as those A l^Ti^" market on 
 where they are not taxed •''''' ''"'"" •^""•itries 
 
 I" this case they pay „« duti« ''"^k"^- «-^Po«atioZ 
 
 e^ce.?* fo,-" a «„i , "''^e , and m such caap« tho 
 
 ^■'-■dbesocSred""'^ '' '"^' ""«»"'! aJd 
 
 ^he Act 16 4 17 Vict e in? i, . 
 clauses .n relation to fiwbaJka'if ''"' ^""°^"ng 
 
 any\Jr'ga;/d^-T?!,f »"■•>? avowed upon 
 Person intending to claim f'h"?" "nlesslhc 
 g'ven due notice to the "™eern'f^ '^''^"^"'^ have 
 produced to ti. searcher at , hi *?'*'"'• «"" ''ave 
 such goods, a proper document ^T"" f '''taring 
 the oflicer of exciL n^„. "? * ""der the hand of 
 such goods; andl 33 "'«i'-cript?o"' o"f 
 respond with the nnrf.v. ^i ^^ 'ound to cor- 
 tained in such doc^um nf ^L^'^.^^^ f°oda col 
 
 Shan tranamlt t'he sal'^ ^l^^^^^^ 
 
 stores which shal be «f if 'J"" ^irawback or as 
 
 of the drawback claimed "ml nn''"" \''' «"«'»» 
 
 entered shall be forfeited and h'""'' ^""''s «» 
 
 caused such coods ♦« fi ^ " the person who 
 
 «"m of 200/.f orlreWe the 'a";^! «hal(forfeit'l{:: 
 
 rewe the amount of drawback 
 
 .t 
 
 ■Ml 
 
 ,),:! 
 
 ■ / v<^ •■- 
 
 >■] &^f'' ■-■■-. 
 
 
 :a. 
 
M'-:^W\ 
 
 ■4, 
 
 i-1 
 
 ;'C r'W 
 
 t. ^ 
 
 * 1 
 
 ■•; 3 
 
 many l.""- "- j„iv relanueu ui "--t; ,,;«cfrs-), U<e r wny. "'"--,. q Co/ours, i. imiMwii 
 
 shin, and any person oy ' ^^ ^^ ""'H.'^P ;7,' Account of . «"e >^ ^„ r.n™,r/«/ into 
 
 *"' '„.,.s,.chEood8 shall ua\cu ^^^^j ^^^^^ ^ gf 
 
 shin, and any person oy ' ^^ ^^ ""'H.'^P ;7,' Recount o/ . «"e >^^ i,„„or(«i i"to "i( f' 
 
 or means such goodB Bh^lja^^^ ^^^ ^^i aul, „„d Dy^jJ'LtJ7the 3 Fear, e»d«, 
 rcl uded, landed, ^'^ .*;^S, sball forfei a Buni ^,.„^dow dur 
 
 1866. 
 
 Barvtood - 
 
 llraxll-w«M _ ^, 
 
 Cochineal • 
 
 FustU- - . c 
 
 (ialls 
 
 (l.irancme - 
 
 ImllBO " I 
 
 I.acUje • 
 
 Kf and madder 
 
 N'^ragua-wood - 
 Shumac -J ,,.» 
 ^t"mb.e„«"^Cu.ch 
 
 I Turmeric - 
 
 I Valonia 
 
 lona 1 
 
 
 
 KsS»St£. » - •' -' 
 
 i£ i 
 
EARNEST 
 
 EARTH£NWAI{iJ 
 
 559 
 
 E 
 
 1S65 i 
 
 ■i 
 
 2,M7 1 
 
 u 
 
 V,7(l 
 
 i« 
 
 'ili.'jM 
 
 :-:a 
 
 11,1m ; 
 
 ifl 
 
 15,W 
 
 \:» 
 
 33,s;i 1 
 
 Wl 
 
 66,W6 1 
 
 :(j 
 
 11,CTJ 
 
 lU 
 
 Vi,W 
 
 M 
 
 w;;.'ii 
 
 W 
 
 312 
 
 
 1-,(HS 
 
 Bl 
 
 i:.,TM 
 
 lij 
 
 l,Vli 
 
 U 
 
 i'j,;iii 
 
 Si 
 
 EARVEST. In Commcrciol Lnu- *lin „ 
 advanced by tlif l„„er „C .,„„|, i" "' ,„,T ;^"'n 
 
 Ifnacici by the ITtti section of tin fnm L. ^^ '^ 
 
 Itlie sale rV «nv koo,!.;, wares m„lir",""^'. '""^ 
 
 |llo«dtobe ,.ood, except rhcbuC 8, 'iitf^" ''^' 
 lar. of thc.,M„.l,, so s.Id.'an.l actuKSl'7^^ 
 lanio, or ^ive .so>netl,i,i-f iu earnTstX,? It 
 lar;Min, or in part pavmcnt or flio* „ ""^^ 
 
 Us 10 what ainniiiits to Hiifli,.io„f 
 kstone lays it doini, that ' i " riylrt ol^'tf' 
 fccp u paid down, f it is hut n .^Z,'^ "' "'<* 
 fcionofthegoodsS-sdeliClvCv ■:;? »'• "">- 
 lis bnding,' To constitute can e7 hrH"''' 
 |st be given as a token of rlf « 1- " """I? 
 Itract. Jd,1 it should brexLeshTt'tn","^ '!'' 
 
 S«ten-, as ft is sot iiftZd ""'''-™.'")' 
 r sort of household utcnsU mn^ comprises 
 mtd in the fire. It, m„„ f^*""" ''^ clay 
 
 ''l^ -'"I»d increase of tt ,. °. ''V"'""«trated bv 
 ;'c/« where the po ter'e^ .T''h''°" '" *''" '''- 
 
 Josiah Wedswood ^L °'^«f'^'.'' |o the late M 
 
 A^mus enabled him Vomak"'"'''''"''^ """ invent o 
 d'scoveries in the a^ „" "?"">; »""«t import ,t 
 
 ;];'7««':"l.in brinffi5,.?"tv'^'?-^*'''^ '^'"''% 
 jno pnncpal sen? „f Ik '"^cntuins into ...i 
 
 N in the flrr Its "«' ?'''''•' ' - 
 W' of very consideribl^" "'^"""■^ i«. in 
 ■Provcment thrhave bp,'"'''',"''.""'''! and 
 »i-* of last cS 'vT"'"'''"'^'«"'c« 
 f"iiy to its exlen^^o7 ^"^ /""'"'^"'"l 
 
 r^'^^-'^^^'cSnJisss 
 
 ^fc!S^n^?^-''»o<^served. 
 P' in its grad „ Tinn,-^ '"■"'''"« *» con- 
 f »Mhat of car bonw'^ '''''"<="' find ox- 
 
 ^eautifuJaSTorSiP''"''^"'"^ 
 l"?uswiththc eomfortf« T' ""*' ««' in 
 
 K as well their mosf 15 ^'*.'""'^' and 
 t f the respect vc Ztn^^'^PJ^"''' "^om^ 
 h' '^""Positionsl ire /. ^at which 
 P»fantiquitv an! nr^i '^•^'las studied 
 r- more' eS t'^n ""''' '^^"'" *hem 
 |rtiehthevZeten« ^''a" '''^ 
 
 1 1*'" provided LZr^^^'i"'- ^'^« 
 T'^suitevervstaion f ^'^adations of 
 r- It is to' be seen in*"" ''"= hiffl">«t , 
 r. *" every house Thn '^^-'L^"""'"'. 
 
 Kriea.^C?parof A *•'"'' ^^°'« 
 ^ Muntrics of Eurone ?1 ^"'•' ""'' in 
 
 F'''l')-its cheapnesfh' f P^"^.^^"" «"«! 
 f »eans of our nnL j i*''" ''^oufrht 
 h '"''stanee onV-r, '•""sekeepers. 
 h''»^i«due:dCif ^va^e, 
 
 f 'fMted skill of suph V • ''""°"« 
 I ■»« 01 such various degrees, 
 
 '^ that it did not at'tff /"= «'^»c'al „pini..a- 
 lhey,lla».eof E(r,,.„ l'"' "-'nie exceed 20,())j(, 
 f'y Jfr. Wedffwood T. ""^ I'-'ttories, was bn r 
 carried on at^Kiem in "i"""'""'"" »>", bS 
 sereral centuries "' '" ''"= "ame district, for 
 
 hav;i'S'.c^\^„'S Staffordshire is intersected 
 manufacture. rL e,avT ''^^^ P^ffrcss of tl o 
 Devonshire, and «bts "Lm Ke„^'^*''^''''« a"J 
 ny water carria-e to tllnTi ^'"' are conveyed 
 
 state the exact ratio tL ' " ""' possible to 
 sorts feartheni are said ri:' °'' ^''« '""'-cnt 
 Sn&' '^"^ iast ?0 yea« ^'Z' '^"'i" -'^ pcr 
 lalle,, m the same proportff'hn^"^''" ^"ve ,,ot 
 tnat a workman can nVVv, ' ''"' ^''c are assured 
 
 pntfour timertCquantrtvi;" ''YM-o'S 
 >Vcsubjoman Huantity- he did in iroo. 
 
 ynite^dt:tra^rrrrU^r^i;^^ 
 
 very striking pointT^w' ''^''T'-r^inl 
 ^'- '^'^ have beea 
 
 'i 
 
 y t. • ' 
 
 :U 
 
EAST IN'PIA COMl'ANY 
 
 
 i.'^l 
 
 
 r 
 
 in '': 
 
 •1' 
 
 Tulu.. of .l-V '-i;:f ;,V ' ^, value of '»"-,.'S' 
 I. Sj i.«tiniftU'' '"'" 1 1 ot lilt' iiiitt'"^ 
 
 ^ V on...>.nt to «»»•"'-•'" '''',vV„rc.oHtor, Derby. 
 
 ,1 " ,..r ,.arts '.!• ih-. ^''X',?; tl.oVl.oU., vaU.e 
 
 ,,f ihi' iiinnHtrtctiir<_ ' i. tti.nos is aiiom 
 
 t„su.:..um of ,oUl at - l^^^^ j,,,„ „„« u- 
 
 1,200/. tt-wcck, ana oJ 
 
 ^^to export trade in oa^^--t::;J^!-' 
 „„,V brr.wn Ht.mo, >varo .•or. m-l* J „f ,,,,, year., 
 
 Tn-dai... l.a. r""''? tlel ""■"*^ '" >*^'':" " 
 
 -Sr!M'rr:s.ti%--s;r&i^^^ 
 
 rhcir'clmer.M«l .^onccn... ,,,•,.,, ,crm not 
 
 FAST Isi>if.S ■» iT'^'Slv «.taorstoo.l to 
 
 vcr;i^ ,vell aofi..o.l, b"* B^'fy^'^rf, ,., ti.o. cast and 
 
 1 Kew Holland. U""* " '•,,i,in the limits 
 
 "' tliei-" _ (IIisTORICAI, 
 
 Company 
 
 II. 
 
 HI. 
 
 East India 
 
 Skv.tcik'f)- Socikty in, 
 
 EAST l''"';f,.,,^f.J,;' K on ENoi-isi. <^..^ous, 
 
 TKADK, Co,.ON.SATION,l''^Y.>l-...,AT...N, 
 EAST I^"""t-0.-<^i K'-Vt^NUK &C. OF 
 
 Bkitish) 
 
 1 1 . Hint ll.e Vope l.ad a n«lit to i»»u.' .,! ■, 
 t,,,„ do,.l.t t .at .. I ^ _^^_^j ^^ ^_,^ , , _^ ^ 
 
 ,uu,i,a..diiw.^; ;;;,,,,.,,,, ,,,rt,,,,,,.,,,,, 
 
 to ..(..■y It. ' ' ' . , ii„w,<,l t.i iir...r,ui. ii,' 
 '"""1"7*: .' ,,-Lan l."^v..r; m.d itw,Hnn,,;l, , 
 
 „„y O lier I.. '1 „ ,,, „„, l,,^i„„i„^. nf,l,. w. 
 
 '•'\'^"'l'7h 1 .d I'd i-rutal l.i«..tr> ol Pl,uMl 
 kin.lle.l lU ' ,^, ,,i 1 ti.oir tla^' <m il. 
 
 ''"!l-,"" ^"'ii-e ■ to comidy with thfl in]u,,aior,, 
 
 • Mw. '....oN hn". '""' '" "'■"'"' "T'' i"'" 
 '"„• • n iMt with the I'ort.inii.-.', m\ .iW- 
 
 ,,i.e.itly «ilii "' ^ ^J.p,„^ ,„ i,„ve lucti the ;«• 
 ,,al ea,.BC that 1« /"^ | ^'^ „,• n.nrv Vlll. „:i 
 E.lw.inl VI., md t'° u 1 ^^_ ,^^^^^^ 
 
 Eli/.alK!tl., '/';?,, n.sa^;e-.l.a.....ls from wW 
 
 cxeludn.^' tlK^m. i» i.^pc', l,„ll bt 
 
 l''""'^;rb of a,>V "tVeot h. thi. country,, I 
 cnsed to bi o a > j j ,o„ rcsulvdwl 
 
 v." ;'"[;« st^frm dLetly e,.tc,inK .„.. .1 
 l'ortiiKU< »L 1 J J lufratiKH 
 
 advantaseoiis j'rancii oi ^^ ^.^.^^^ 
 
 first i'-"K''^''" "" \.,e v..yaj;.' "f the fanwu: 
 
 "1''■''•^VrX^•onrW«tld"^;rH.tlyto* 
 
 ^'■^•'r'of aN^l c..tevpri.e, a,.d.or«,l 
 
 "1""^ w ,♦ tor ncduaiiited with the ne«ly5« 
 
 ^'"f to l£ "t the voya,.. of thoce!^ 
 riLito to in...... ^y^" ;•„ ,,,„ i„„„ ^ 
 
 <J 
 
 ?■ 
 
 X EAST iKmA Company (IIisTomcA. 
 
 . 'rrofliicrortngiicscto 
 
 The pcrscverinR ."^^^II''^!: ,Xng roun.l Africa, 
 ,uiovc^route..oln.-,^^ And it . my 
 
 fo he wealth of I"'l'«' ."fit i.ad raised the 
 ^hi h the commerce J. th • "«„^i .^y, the 
 V (snicians and l\«V!n'c« and which it was 
 Venetians in ti^e midd e «KC^^'^,,,e, ,,, , uter 
 then ?ccn to confci « ' /"^ monopolise it for 
 
 Eld have b«'"?';\f,,;a been turned into 
 * onriv a century after It 11. a j,,,^ ^l.e 
 
 ...annel »cce^?f "^^ J^ S of most Europea. 
 ,rojudices by ^vlnch t e l^°l.;^„,„th century, and 
 states wore actuated in tlK.s>N 
 he peculiar circumstanc "der w ^,,,,^. .,,. the 
 
 i:S^^:Si«-^'%^SeS:"S"^^ 
 
 "Si i« ^'"^ T '^"rnroscutX-ir discoveries 
 [he lV.rtuguese bepn o Pr-ccu^ ^ ^^. ^^^ ,^^ 
 
 alons the coast ot ^ "ca, '' ^'^ '^\,^Uisive ri?ht to 
 t a"bull, securing tot c^^^^^ 
 and possession of ^^^ ^°" 't^cj had discovered, or 
 vhieh the I'ortugucse either ^^^^ ^„ ^i, 
 
 Ini.ht discover, to t»^c smith oi,^ latitude; and 
 ^cst coast of Africa, •" ^' ;,J^„;^ an<l at the same 
 The I'ontiff, •l^rTTnowcr immediately issued a 
 tnne to extend, his power, »m^^^^ ^^ ^ j,,„cccd- 
 
 nut i.i« o'.'.'h' ■■■ 
 Thorn.. Civendisj, was j^;;«^J>-;i 
 the mos >"'P"V""';,. ,i,on fitted out at fcul 
 
 expense, »";""'>,,'",, aim Ocr.111, wfaia 
 preatcr part of the »" '"J ^.f^,,,. ,Mml 
 i-hilippinc Ishinds, »"^; 7;,^^' ,>f,»,„„^ 
 
 •""^^Tuissrh^^ 
 
 7'''''una dVra prosperous navigat.oM 
 i^ngland, n.r a p 1 „„ti,i„g c« 
 
 tomher l.^««. J 't P,,^ ',, li,U with. 
 so mt'cli to in-inr ^^^^,^ ^ , ^^ 
 
 U, embark m inc » |,^i j,^ 
 
 that were ^'^^ J^*^ its V 
 Spaniards. A toiu'r, p^^^j 
 
 oirrack, capturd by j^ , ."^ ; y„ 
 
 '"'j=;iK'^X«.S.^s'i:yti^iH: 
 
 cupiditv ol tlie n c ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^,^.., 
 
 cargo, at the same u ;„„ ^.,« 
 
 board gave speu ic 1 j 
 
 trailie i" which she hml been ^.^._ J 
 
 trailic in wmc.. =■'■;■ ..jic ^ainc »« 
 „o,eimp.u.a.iteaptrc^oMU^^_ 
 
 made m l.Jf''-^..-^Jv'nltpr Knleii'li.an'l''""' 
 Eastlndiesby !^.r^^ a «; «^'^ ;„ ,ke: 
 
 .^ith the larg«t of i tuc \^„^^<rM: 
 Bhipof l,«OOtoisbrc^^ca ^^^^. 
 
 3G brass cannon «";^» ;„,, she ^vas ik 
 carried her >"to Wartmou n. , 
 
 -S^SsiSllg^^^^^^^^ 
 
 iiJ^S^JSSoe^^-"- 
 
 commerce. . ami other f 
 
 In consequence of these ^^ I .^^ 
 
 causcs,an association was ^^^l„j^ 
 
 1.599 for P'^os«'="""" '',eOuoo.if»r>'l 
 adventurers applied 0^1^^^;^ ,„ 
 
hcfm tnm (horn, from .•nrrvinir <.n nnv. COItfP.A NY 
 
 indio htynwl iliu Capo „t' (j«„, ,","> "P''^"'" "f I -x. ,,. i,j . sr«p,j.„ . /5«l 
 
 (h,n very Koncrally |,..,k,.cl t on «, '■"r" ^''"' ""M o vi/l !!'"* T' "'•> ^-"'■'V»'"« 
 
 I..I lit.le ,lillln,|-.y i„ ol,,ai, 7; ,::''' 'l' '"»'" ••"'Hi». "' , ' ! ll^. 'l' '"'^'"»^'. < •- 1 7, L"; • "'" 
 
 M,rcha,.rs of J..n,|„„ fra.li„ri ,"'' Kl'^'l'l'-'y »l,ln ,,r • !,/, ' ' l'''^' •■" "«ll.i ho • . ' .''^•"' '■'- 
 
 \U .Urcct-r. ,verc nor„\„ate7h^ h^'S'^r'') hon.-fforth I of ]" iT, "' •^'""f- wf.ic , r"^/^" 
 rofferwas civeii lo th« <',..„''"": '=''.""•''; Ma(io„ i,. ., .""'f "I"'" "•) the ori,,-,.-:.. ".V ."""* 
 
 luJ lidle ililllniltv ill oliiaiiiiii - fl,.,;. ■ 
 
 ■•.. iiiru) 'I' 
 
 i.r.iiii 
 
 I 'I 
 
 lixiK 
 
 I ail' 
 I 
 
 h 
 
 Ivonii. "..., ..Ill' I. .1.1, iiini SUCH ot 
 
 |M!hn'ini(,'lit think litlo appoint. ThnvT""""'" I '""v i<.. 
 
 >n.i; .0 oxp„rt all sort., «f «oo,l te Td,,;'' ''"' ""^^ '"M r-H ir,'''';! '". ''^"'"Po. " w l' .*;,' 
 vcars; and to export foreign coin or r^ ^ ""' ""'•■tilitrwidV, I ■''"''"' '" ""movent J- ,1, '• 
 ' Amount of ■MUHuy n.„Z.. .V",?.^ I'l'll'-'n tl„. o|,i„„ ' V^"' •' rvmly niarkr. ,„. .'^^"' "1 "['■'<■ 
 
 .hams ./];n,fr;„ ;;;;:,i;^'^;:-'j';'»'i;-.y aM„ ;^;:;;;:,';-';;'-^ at i,«r 
 
 ii^r,. l'l"e(ir.stRovcTO..r (Thomas .Cv.l?n\''''M '«''''■"'''"& a fa',./! """"'K"t "thcrs. ,|,„,-; 
 
 *|.iity-frovor!. r. and in futuro to elect thT " 'ton.hav. *"' "* ^'«1"». "U lliu aoiuiai. ' • 
 
 von,.rmid,lirnior.s,nnd»ncd,otlu.ro/lln'r'''^'''- '" '"fal.lishtn,, r . • «^'l""'tioa „, 
 
 «!h.y.niKlitthinkiitt,,appoi„t Th''^''^-''''"'''rH c.rMvioii,?^^^^^^^^ fndia, tho L'....- , 
 
 p.worcl 10 make h, .|a«s- to i ■ li,./, ^- V" ""'- '^n ci, .Y, '^'""nplc^ of tho l', rV, '■"«''"'' 
 
 ^enii nwu in acconiaricd with thn i\ "" I ""-' coiintrv for „;^ '""'"""""' JToods colln,.., V 
 
 kian,i; to export all sort., «f «ood te 71;'' ''"' ""^ 'n-lr-H ;';,?,"";! '". ''^"'"Po. " w l' . 
 ir years; and to export foreign coin or r^ ^ ""' ""'•■tilitrwidV, I ■''"''"' '" ""movent J- ,1, '• ' 
 ilio amount of yo,( 00/. n-ycar uuZ ^" '"'" f'"' ■'•liip.s S , /''.'"'^ '""''ket on tho aV^' '''^ 
 
 pn lure uoii(fiMi to import, within « . /. 
 Kerllio completion (,f every vov„ ." ""'^'"' I 
 
 bcoiiuhat tliey had exported " „ i '' •'"■ 
 ^'ntoerwas limited to a period onf '""'"" ' 
 Hh .nnd under the conditiC ?h„ ' fX'"'' ' I 
 
 H«;as not the ease! EitCnn'r ^''''l''- "'inior ^"^"'''> "'"' "«auirir,g to rSrH"^ 
 Je!tcalljac(lthreat3of tlT/itl^ I °°'''"ff '''e ThcVh m ^ b "-"'tonal do- 
 
 fcarracfc of Son f„! %"*'='' vessel, a with „n^ .u . *'"« condition w«a „ * ""P*"."^ 
 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 
. ) 
 
 W •' i 
 
 V 
 
 EAST INW'^ 
 
 X v.;.. «»• ;;rr;;,;:i;;..,n.v » 
 
 •;;^ ;S.m...K-;.f-'-;;J:H::\ .o other con..- 
 
 ,i„us of "« " ,.^,,„ttftti<m of P"!'\, '" ' . If wo 
 ,ic.l on by. tho M ^ „,• auri''"!*' 'f •, ,„„„i- 
 
 tho cMul ^'t.'^^,;^^" „,■ bis n<^*u.nH. (i'"'" 
 P1''''\'*''L:"' , V .''«', C'^- '"■'••'•^ , „t hts boon called 
 
 '" ^ /ntH in it* f^ivour, or by tUo c^ imports 
 
 ,)nymcnt8 m" . ^„orts over tbni"' '' ' 
 
 rn\trANY 
 
 , „t. on tb- MaUbiir on&.t, k •' 
 
 nnlivox, ;v<r.' 7\ ,,•„,„ (i,.\f. M U. r.„i. v 
 
 „rriv.Ml fr;."> ",'%..' ''^' '''*'"''' -■'" "" ' 
 ,v..r.- b"">''''',"" ; sill iUw won. thm ».• ^ 
 ,!»• bank- ''''''',. ^,v<'.l .U.wn tb. nv.Ttn.H>, 
 ,,,nbark.'.l, a.i'l "^ "l'^^,,, ,l,..,,a«l.«i to diff.w 
 un.lrla, whr"''' ^^j^ .^ ^^ t,,p ,„■,,., -f U'..-!- ' 
 
 oun-i'lTablp, " r' I ,^ I ,,j. n,on.rli-i-." 
 ,„oacU ''P^'™'''"Xn or nmtrol. linn .... 
 jcct to no «;>" ^ , :V„binn and In.lian i,r..f..,. 
 
 was incroa!;.'! a bun;^^_ ^.j_ ,._ .,.,). ,,„tiho„,x 
 transit (/"»'• {' ,• ,,,(,t this is to be reRarWi^ I 
 be littlc.or no ^'""^JJ/i^n. There arc gm«iKT.u.!. 
 a,l,etoric.alcxaRK.Ta''{;"^^ ,,„,kv sort, of l*t.r.:| 
 f.,r tbinknit? that i^.^^^ „,i(.,.«. ' bi.Uam., rm:, j! L 
 
 nrotbJCta, SI"'" " ,bosc nrincniallyniailfwl 
 
 ;toncsA•e.,^vbK•li^^ r« ^ „ ,h„, „, J 
 
 of at liome, '^'"'.; ,,,, Vnv, lie comwlfrul 
 
 'political "^'''Vtaia to b 'vort« on th/M.!..] 
 
 'most parts of '"}'^..;:p\, al a.>oeiMycl,^;4 
 
 '"r'tban^hcvcouW be conveyed to them hy < J 
 
 ''^^-/b^'TSr^ntlSuo^^^^^^^^^^ 
 cmuedby l'''''^^'"' -_,^ navigation, and toi^ 
 .lest-iscd cornmcrce^ ana n _u^^^^^^^ ^^ . 
 
 especially "^ Cbr.st an ^^^^ ^^^^^^^,^ ^^^ _^ J 
 
 the commotin ^^ iieceswrily vetysuf 
 
 tion of such iiscovery of the route ^'il 
 
 enhanced ; » ^as, eonsPI"'"'^}'' "';''' 
 
 CapGofOoo.. ;■„ bv putting an w.dv' 
 
 tnost ••n|P'""J"f^,\ t'^'ih-, lurk, and y\m.t 
 
 monopoly wyojea ^.^^^ ^.^^^ ,om-Aixl 
 
 it it»troduc<'^^. f"\, ; ^,^„-,^„ trade, and ati 
 
 competition into t ^^^ obtain <up4 
 
 tiie western rmrist i.^^^^l^ ^j. ^^^, ,, J 
 
 Indian produc s tor ^ ^^^^^ j, j 
 
 nreviouHly 'T'^V,, ,bo nuantity of W^ 
 
 I 10-21, cstinaat.^ "^^^Xro/o, and tkj 
 
 modit ies »";P f «'L'" and in India. .. i'H 
 
 when bought m Aitpi i 
 
 the East India t^otnpanj ---">ey j^gnt incr- 
 
 ral of the Pre^*""",;^,!' in consccpience, led t o ac 
 'o commerce, and were, m pensive view 8^ 
 
 '"'"^•^ TweTSmXly tna'de th-r way mto 
 '•il^^HouscS Commons-, and m g the b.^ ^^^ 
 
 [.iiUion ^[«'« »;^SJCl to private traders to 
 
 lM),m)0m..c.sM'>|j;, 4,,. . 
 
 :i.',0,UOO indW^' "' ' .ilk, »t Vi» 
 1,000 OOJV"''"""''" ' 
 
 ii^^Tii;:SunrAow.- .1 
 
 l'i0.01K)m«»."'",,4,, 
 
 1,000.000 »«•■*.»"*'■ 
 
 Which bein.dgctcd;r7 the 1^ 
 
 balance of '•'53.54^„:.^^J- ^ .Mun«te«1 
 
 the statements f^^^l^, tbe diffe«'J 
 thataUowance 13 maae ^^^^^ 
 
 the freight </»"?, aawig^vMci','''! 
 would indicate the saving ^^ «- 
 
 the route by t]i« ?X above-mcn'.c^^I 
 in the Pt'^haseof th« £ ta^i 
 
 i^£%TT.''il!origiiled«^[ 
 
EAST IXDIA COMPANY 
 
 trnit, whirh in very KiiKf, it TPprinU'd in Pur 
 
 f)();j 
 
 . ic.wM 
 
 o( ".Trail 
 Ik r'^ 
 
 tio'iouf ■^ 
 
 B an «<••■', 
 iinA Mm<'^ 
 (,j pome A"" 
 
 
 
 I "V 
 
 ' Ac S3*,* 
 . 1./. 
 
 i East 
 
 I Ac 
 
 AnAs»W 
 .■Man 
 
 ctVie 
 aivl 
 
 r \?Wcl 
 
 G"' 
 
 bov 
 turn 
 
 p.IflCl 
 
 ' '"in u,p Ham*' fmMi'-n'i"" (p. .17) Mr. >riiii infofmi 
 
 timt |■rmIlthpl).■^;illIliM^'>.t■tlu■(;(>lllpally'Hlrall<^ 
 
 loJulv l.;:>0, th.T »••"'■•""'' "'J "I'ip^tn I'l.lm; of 
 
 n,'uli.c'n>v..rii out l.yl..ii;r sorV,.,, i„ I.i.lia. .' 
 
 1,1,1 iKMii lost ill can'cmn«, <> Ii.hI ' " I'wt liy iln- 
 
 ' jl^„l ihi' sen, mill I'.' iiud Ix-in ciipiurnl liy llio 
 
 liutih Mr. iV III fiirthi'r HtntiM tliiil. llio rxpurtn 
 
 I'iii niiK'O tilt fririimlidii lit" thu Comimiiy hml 
 
 „iintiil tci HlM,:trii/. ; llmt tlio produco l)roiiKlit 
 
 .,,11 liiili.i hml nist :i.)(i,'.'HH/., mill lm<l proiluccd 
 
 ,1. the cnormmii imm of l,'.»ll,t)l)((/.; tliut tlic 
 
 ' ,1^ with thi' Oiiti li liad occnsioncd a Iclsh of 
 
 JuiKK/ ; iind tliat tlic Mock of tlu! Company, in 
 
 hiin Kcxxli in India iVc. amountcil to .lOO.OOi)/. 
 
 The himiilitv of tlic Diiti'h, to which Mr. Miin 
 
 h,, hem nllmli'd, wan Ion;; a vi'ry I'orinidablo ol)- 
 
 .iiclc tn the Cotnpany'.s .siicct'sn. Tho Dutch 
 
 "tiirlv fmlPiivniiroil to obtain iho excUi.xivo po.ssi's- 
 
 .iiin'oftht! .ipi™ "■•■>Ji'> »'"' "■'''■'' ""•■ "' "J' »crupu- 
 
 L, w to the means by wliich they ntti'in^ited 
 
 tn efftct this their favourite object. Thu I'.ni;- 
 
 li,l, on their part, naturally f.xcrtcd themselves 
 
 10 Jbiain a share of ho valuable a commerce ; and 
 
 ■n neither party was disposed to abandon its views 
 
 an. rifPtcnsions, tiic most violent aniraostlies grew 
 
 unbotwMii thcin. In this state of things it would 
 
 b'. riJicul"u« to suppose that unju.ttiliablo acts, 
 
 wttt mil ommittcd by the one party as well oa 
 
 the ctWr; thouRh tho worst act of tho iMij^lish 
 
 anntari venial when compared with tho conduct 
 
 „( the Itiiifh in the mius.iaere at Amboyna in 
 
 162:'. While, however, the Dutch ('ompanv was 
 
 vijoroujlv supported by the Government at home, 
 
 ithe Himlish Company met with no clHcicnt assist- 
 
 jinc Inun the feeble and vacillating policy of 
 
 lames and Charles. The Dutch cither despised 
 
 hfir tenionnrniiees, or defeated them by nn aj)- 
 
 Btent ooniiJiaMcc ; so that no real reparation was 
 
 itaintJ i"r tho outrnKes they liad comniitti^d. 
 
 urin;' th<' livil war Inilian airairs were iieccs- 
 
 Jy Wt,<ij;ht (if; ami the Dutch continued, un- 
 
 th.' iiH'i lulaiicy of tho republican p.irty had 
 
 n (^talilishcd." to reii,'n triumpliant iu the 
 
 ist. where tho Englisii commerce was nearly 
 
 inihilatnl. 
 
 but.iiiiUvithstantliiif; their depressed condition, 
 
 Ounpaiiy's servants in India laid the founda- 
 
 ;, ihirinu'the period in question, of the settle- 
 
 iij at Madras and in Bengal. Perniid.sion to 
 
 Id Fort St. George was obtained from tho na- 
 
 autliiiritic3 in 104U. In 1G58 Madras was 
 
 to the station of a presidency. In 1C45 
 
 Company began to establLsh factories in I5en- 
 
 theprincipaldf which was at Ilooghly. These 
 
 Mor a lengthened period, subordiuato to tho 
 
 lidency at Madras. 
 
 iO fooncr, however, had the civil wars tcmii- 
 1 than the arms and councils of Cromwell re- 
 ed the situation of our ntl'airs in India. Tho 
 »hich broke ont between tho Long Parlia- 
 and the Dutch in 1052 was eminently in- 
 to the latter. In the treaty of peace, con- 
 in 16.54, it was stipulated "that iiidemniti- 
 should he made by the Dutch for the los.ses 
 ijaties sustained by the Engli.sh merchants 
 :tors in India. The '27th article bears ' that 
 ', the States-General of the United Pro- 
 4all lake care that justice be done upon 
 "■o were partakers or accomplices in the 
 of the English at Amboyna, as the re- 
 w England is plea-sed to term that fact, 
 W wiy ot them be living.' A commission 
 the same time appointed, conformably to 
 it article ot the treaty, to enquire into the 
 
 tout* 
 
 ai«' 
 
 ^Sete«« 
 lndi^ ■ 
 
 :\ithe 
 
 ,odttf 
 
 ■nlioi 
 
 m 
 
 editio'i ^ 
 
 reeiproeal claims which the fiul>je''ts of tho cmi- 
 traeting parties bad iipnii each other fur I'M^e* 
 sti.stiiliied in India, llra/il ilc. ; and, upon thrir 
 deciiiiin, the Dutch paid lliu miiii of h.<,ii(m)/. to 
 the l''.a-<r Inilia Cumpany, and ll.iil.O/. in the heirs 
 or executors of the sutTerera at Amlfoyini. (Ilriico's 
 .Inmih, vol. 1. p. dN!*.) 
 
 'I'll' tli.irtrr under which the I'.ast Iiiiliii Coni- 
 iiuiiy prosecuted llii ir rxelusive trade to India, 
 being merely a grant tVnm the (!iinvn, and not 
 rntitied by any Act (jf I'arliatnenI, \wis iiiidcrsl(j,,il 
 by ihe nier> bants to be at an end when (!harles |. 
 was deposed. I'liey were coiiliriiied lij this vii \v 
 of thu m.'tller I'rotu Ihe eiicuiustaiiei' nf Charles 
 having liiinself granted, in lli:t.'i, a charter to Sir 
 Ni'illiain ('(jiirleii and others, authorising them to 
 trade with t'.iosi purts u( India with which the. 
 Company had not establislieil any regular inter- 
 course. Till! reasons alleged in jiisiillciiion ol 
 this measure, by the (Jniwn, were, that • the I'.ast, 
 India (Niinpaiiy had negleeled ti> establish forlilied 
 factories, or seats ot trade, to w'dch the Kiiin's 
 subjects eoulil resort with safety: that they had 
 consulted their own interests onlv, without any 
 icgai'd to the King's revcnuo; ;ind in general 
 that they had broken the condition un which their 
 charter and exclusive privileges had been granted 
 to them.' (IJym. t'udvra, vol. x.\. n. Mti.) 
 
 Courton's a.ssociation, for tho foundation of which 
 such .satisfactory reasims had been assigned, con- 
 tinued to trade with India during tho remainder 
 of Charles's reign ; and no sooner had the arms of 
 the Con iiinwealth forced the Dutch to desist from 
 their d ,ir(«lations, and to make reparation for the 
 injurii's they had intlictedon the English in liulia, 
 than private adventurers engaged iu great numbers 
 iu the Indian trade, and curried it on with a 2.eal. 
 economy, and success that monopoly can never 
 exucct to rival. It is stated iu a little work, en- 
 titled Britiinnia Lwigiienn, published in 1C80, the 
 author of w hich has evidently been a well-informed 
 and intelligent person, that during the years 10515, 
 K;.')-!, IC.")."), and IGuU, when tho trade to India wa.s 
 open, the private troders imported East India com- 
 modities in .such largo quantities, ami sold them 
 at such reduced price*, that they not only fully 
 supplied tho liritish markets, but had oven conic 
 into successful competitiun with tho Dutch in the 
 market of Amsterdam, ' and very much sunk tho 
 actions (shares) of tho Dutch East India Coin- 
 pan^-.' (P. 132.) This circumstance naturally 
 excited tho greatest apprehensions on the part of 
 the Dutch Company; lor, besides the danger that 
 thoy now ran of being deprived, by the active 
 competition of the English merchant.s, of a (miu- 
 siderablo part of the trade which they had pre- 
 viously enjoyed, they could hardly expect that, if 
 the trade were thrown open in England, the mo- 
 nopoly would bo allowed to continue iu Holland. 
 A striking proof of what is now stated is to be 
 found in a letter in the third volume of Thurlow's 
 Stale I'tipcr.i, dated iit tho Hague, January 15, 
 1051, where it is said that ' the merchants of 
 Amsterdam have advice that the Lord Protector 
 intends to dissolve the East India Company ot 
 London, and to declare tlio navigation and com- 
 merce of thu East Indies free and open; which 
 doth cause great jealousy at Amsterdam, an a thimj 
 that will verymuch prfjudice ttu East India Com- 
 pany in Holland.' 
 
 Feeling that it was impossible to contend with 
 tho private adventurers under a system of fair 
 competition, the moment the treaty with the Dutch 
 had been concluded the Company began to solicit 
 a renewal of their charter; but in tMs they were 
 not only opposed by tho free traders, but by a part 
 of themselves. To understand bow this happened,. 
 oo2 
 
 I'i 
 
 4 
 
A-\ 
 
 i 
 
 h-. 
 
 . ,^\ 
 
 •.f 
 
 ■■■ . v 
 
 ■^;;v 
 
 ';-.(: 
 
 EAST INDIA COMPA ,„„ .„„9C(\bycoutcslMimo;iKtl.c 
 
 fin I - . *«„', «s80- 1 fusion and dison c" »^ -^ Company okfiiKHl 
 
 ^ , nor to mention that < "ov.rten s a»80 ,^ ^^ . but ml w .^^_^^ ^^ j^^^^^^^ 
 
 it may be proper [°'^f\vhich ^ ''«fiSUv«y^»'r*'^^f,?rrtu as apart o(,„, 
 
 <=■«'*'"".• ,' fl Sn in 1048, to fotmd ^f^J^^^^l Charles II. ««SUw^fe, Catharine of Portugal; 
 noticed, l>f i^SJ.^ Madasascar.J^he ^^m^l „„. e ^^ the Company,. 
 
 Assudo, an 'V*"". -, „foiect, applied to tneo.u it was now inu"c ^^ ahciiatiii;. k .,, 
 
 pany, alarmed at th.-proj^^^ Urried into efjc^ a ^^.^.^^ „f 'l!'',' vcr c'^"p^^"'=^ '''''"'^="'- 
 Sf state to prevent Its ^ entering on the question | persons whatever, cxl j ,,„,,Uo«Jt, 
 
 and the counc^, ^^.^commended them to fo^™ , y '^j t^e B^^XVcTpossession-, but it ^vas «,- 
 ofeitherpartysnghtsr 1 ff^^^^^^ 
 
 a union, ^^•«Vas for a considerable t>"^«-^S joined that their law^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ 
 
 B^t the union ;v«^«./«; » ^^.i^^n the U" «^^^^'f X and ' as near a^ ""?.!^|,y,vere authorised to L,. 
 
 nominal than real, a ^^^^^ ''i'l''''r„„rtcn'9 tice of Kngl^n'^: .;,fbv force of arms; and ife 
 
 allowed to e^^y^J^^ay he might con^";%^°,'* forme.l, . ""^^U^Sment at Pondicberry. 
 shipping in ^7J';^°'^^J' \Petition of -4,''V«"'"5, « ) foundation of thc« seme ei.ieflvmcm.* 
 
 for his own f ^fi^G Bmce's Annals, vol. i. p. 61»0 ^^^ ^^^g ,,,gn of Charier lu ^.^ ^^^ 
 
 November 17, If'^e , Wuc ^^^ ^'^'^S to in the Company » 'L^^fthe tea trade, 'ihefe 
 
 This P'-»P°f ?V ^always founded the" elmm to » ^^^^ c<.mmencemcnt^ the t ^^^ .^ ^^^^^^ 
 The Company had aiwa^ ^^^ ^j.ged gpu"^ ''' „otice of tea m t^e ^"KJir agent at Banto 
 a monppo\y of h^^^^f ^,i„tai.i ^^ t'ks tSs wa U despatch, ad W J *% « e^ ^j^?^^ ^^ . ^^^ 
 its being necessarv and that as this wa ^^^^ j^^ary 24, l^'^^ ' j j^t,,,^,„^^^ 
 
 and s^'Pl^VnvIr^ment, it could only ^«,5°"?,it[j to send home 100 lbs. oi tc , ^^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 notdonebyGoveminen ^ ^^^ ^'"Sha''^ («ruce's ^"""Z'- ^ °V'- P.^,,, tea trade-atim 
 
 aCompany. But.b^io f theymigh^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 re\r£on'?J~£er^^^^^ 
 
 --=fe?SlSr^9S^^£i^^^^ 
 lationB,mhisowu>Nay ^^Hion- H- and James II. tiieMJ^^ 
 
 *="' Hondld the operations of the private I ^^ftim^ published an a,xibg)f« 
 
 tian '•^^'?"'"i'l3 of exporting 'V^'""°f " izinS m^^^ *S'''"'r ' ;, tS it appeais^ 
 
 and scndmg *» j^"fXg to India without t^e'' L ^^^35 to 36 «\"PtLt^?ecn England anlli 
 
 not f"»y ««°^'rt„der3, or inter opcrs ^^^foMri, lead, tin, cloth and sUn.^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 the Company 8 terutoncs ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^i'l^odal Sir Josiah seems t" ^ave J .^ountottlel 
 
 that, by a,^'"^ ^Irnosed ^ «"''*'\' '^^^ .? '^ ed the formation «« » JfJ ;„ i686,inlP 
 Parliament was mterpos^ ^.j^^ j^ t_ expeditum fittea ou' 
 
 then waged with the i^u«. , 
 
 M' 
 
Child, hnvme <ueu diirinff the coii«o ««• .u 
 transaction.,, «as succecdej in "he S;,.?.! "''■"' 
 ^.tnent of the Company's affal^^rCKX" 
 
 EAST INDIA COMPANY 
 coiirsp of »!. . 
 
 Vaiix. On the appointmcrt of "tTin "inVI "■^^o'"' 
 Jo8i«h Child, to whom he o,,e,lhis ^1^1 "' *^"' 
 r-:hortc.l him to act ,vith Xour ami t?'™'"^' 
 whatever instructions he might recdvefm" i™""''' 
 into immediate effect. Mr Vanv .!.','"'"'' 
 :u,.«er, that he shonld cndoavonr "^o 2Z'^-^'" 
 .elf with integrity and iustico nmiVi.^^u'" ^"'"- 
 ,„akc ti,. lawf of'his coit^iheruKf^"• "'•'"''' 
 ,l„ct. SirJosiah Child's a^veMo this w "''• ' 
 
 (spocted his orders were to ho his r„ln, „„ , ''? 
 
 11,0 laws of EngJan,!, whicli were a hcan n/' ""' 
 
 HI. , compiled by a few ignorant coS "'"tie" 
 
 imn who hardly knew how to make l"^ ?'" f" 
 
 pd government of their own nrivn7„ r m-""* 
 „„„!, !,>== f„, .1 . .."""private familina 
 
 Iffotl 
 Imiic' 
 
 f ofe who had ohf aine 'm.^''"^""'"'"^ ««' "P bv 
 "'eir striigrfe with .i , . "«'»' charter ,1, rin 
 
 dound tn fl.„J. .•'' ".""-'' they bel ev,.,i , r.^l' 
 
 I, WHO naraiy knew how to make laws for'f'ir; 1 1' ^^^ "'"O'lopol'v whi^h'^ '■*'^'': "^r' »^'isl''tn'ii 
 iRii commerce.' (Hamilton's /V,,^'^ "'^ ""'' ' ''"*' i'"''J'"''nce, became on,.„ii.. ..r' ' "^ ] 
 
 k.reiRn commerce.' "(hS^;"^:,^^""'^^ ""'l' 
 ''^e £<«</;«/(«, vol. i. p. 232) ^«'o««f ,y 
 
 During the latter part of the reiLm «<• m , 
 11, and tLat of his su'eeessor, the „u^"er of S'l^'f 
 Jdventurers, or interlopers, in thn r!, .■ P"* «te 
 fcreased in an unnstial defiee Vi.; «^ "-"de, 
 [igoronsly exerted themselves' in !i„V''"P'"'-^ 
 hat tky conceived to be thei? r^hts ""? u"*" 
 liistion with respect to the validity of .i.'n ^'"^ 
 Infenedonthem by their charter^; 'be powers 
 lougbt to issue by^a S.tZZZl'^'':^'l 
 leir instance against Mr. Thom,.., J j **" ""^ 
 bingtothcEast Indies wiC their .^'' '""^ 
 Vgment was given in favour of the r?.^„ *"'";'' 
 k. But this decision was ascribed fP""^ '" 
 fcenoe.- and instead of aUaving ont s "'";"P' 
 *ease the clamour against them' -il ^^'^^'^ '» 
 fceConventionParll'amentgaveth2co"'^''T 
 Vnts hopes of a snceesfful ssu?^P:?-^> 
 Jrt ; and had they been unite,, thevVi^T 
 *alilv have succeeded. Their nn.-..-^ """''' 
 lever, divided-part bein.r ^"r f. °°' ^*'«'<'' 
 Iopen,andpart^or theVmationT/'^F ""^ 
 Vyon a more liberal fooUni rf . ""^ 
 JBfoiraed into a bodv and „„^-*' ?''^ ^''tter 
 kle asain^t'S'S;, -^^- "nison, 
 P'nbvthcm. The proceed Lin .^''•" 
 [on this occasion are^ amonffT/."'' '""'^ 
 >cefd in the history of KoL J " T""^ 
 Fpcn and «nbl..shin^g .orruntio^w^'- ^^^ 
 |kv all parties. ' It was fn f ^"^ P''««- 
 
 hioon 0,- other a'CfrnSlt^'f'''''''^ 
 |!'«/ (Modern, UniverTniJrTVi 
 W') Government apnears o.. fi •^'. ^°'- 
 |e been favourable to thp'n "'^ '^''«'^e^ 
 Ijjined a fresh charter fit, r''n°-''' ""^^ 
 [Bf.in tlie following yea™ the r™?'" '" 
 lylaKlopcn bva voteof tl,„ H '""'*' ^''"s 
 [te all thesubec's of Vn ?"'^,f ^^o"'- 
 Isht to trade tfthe iL^"? ".'''^ '">" «" 
 \^. Act of Paiem -' mX""'*^" 
 n 'his footing till ]C98 Th " *=""- 
 .« in which Goim^.,,f^ pecuniary 
 
 h^'l.hemtoZrt'o.ZV'''^"'"- 
 
 k«f 2,000,000/., fo/^iiJh IhL^T^ry 
 
 !■ interest. The r^J?^ tiiey oiIere( 8 
 .atwas at the Time . ""i "" "^^^'t of 
 |. "ho had prcvionVJT "'"associated 
 
 ^2,oooA.or:t7;^eeK"'^^r- 
 
 X funned into in^ ' "" condition 
 JVhile this' pLeet ::,"!"' ««l„.sive 
 h "f free trade lp.f '" %'itation, 
 h^^lvcs to slow that Tn?' Z'^'^' '^''t 
 
 <"und „„ mciroH-n in(h"v;,i,.o1 .•'■:"^'>-" would re 
 ic, III conscduenre 1 fll'"' '"terest. The nnh 
 •joth parties oMf n^"" •^l"""^' 'li«g.isted with 
 probable that he 1 w r ''''" ""^ '"""«' ce t 
 Z^' <I.e greatest rve^o7rn^^^*-""'"^ked 'upon 
 n« "rally more exasperated' i """"/.' •''^'' "^ "« are 
 
 ^'"^S:t Z£ "■lili^.of .he rival associa- 
 .Perce.ving that such comh. ."'^>' T'" "ot longfn 
 '" their ruin ; rndtLT'l","'' ''""W ""falliblv end 
 destroy the otht'^SJ Tr:"^ ^'^bSu^ 
 step m and proci^re the d;=f ^ /'*''' ^■'"''e might 
 consequence thevhJoi "'^^ol^t'on of both r„ 
 
 Sv'" V^^'i'-in'radia^r!^ --"iiled" 
 
 «iIs£HS^Stef; -r 
 
 ft 8 P«r cent., mad" the tL„T" '""''« °^' 2.000,Soo ' 
 the public 3,200 000/ ."?""" ''"e to them hv 
 
 of tbe grandsons of Aim?ni^ « grant, from one 
 \ate traders ho.i ' "^''."cen them anil n,„ ■ 
 
 '.5s:srsr?S'zif5,-i£ 
 
 (oreigu competition "off '^ ^"° '"sh to exrh.ril 
 Jdia goodsffb ;, latrf "'■?' '"auuf^cSed 
 "f England; that the eS "'"''""'"d ^r those 
 .hcen reduced to the crWf "'.anufacturers 1^1 
 
 *"i<-li a price as left fh'm "Commodities af 
 
 """'I>"s of their workmen . "? .'"'"f'^ '^ "'at great 
 •""PJoynient, „„d,tro? iTuha?l"r" '^^ "' 
 
 '' ^^«f ^""I'an goods 
 
 ■!1 
 i1 
 
 H 
 
 .1 
 
 ' \ 
 
 "til' 
 
^6 
 
 EAST INDIA COMPANY 
 
 ■■•. .■•*■• 
 
 "■■*', i 
 
 it • 
 
 If 
 
 .♦•• 
 
 flw 
 
 .' l\ 
 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
 
 \v 
 
 I :. 
 
 were not bought by British pootls, but by gold 
 and silver, the exportation of which had caused 
 t)ie general iinpovcrisbnient of the kingdom ! The 
 merchants and others interested in the India trade 
 couhl not, as had previously happened to tlicni in 
 the controversy with respect to the exportation of 
 bullion, meet theso statements without attacking 
 the principles on which they rested, and maintain- 
 ing, in opposition to them, that it was for the 
 advantage of every people to buv the products 
 they wanted in the cheapest market. Ihis just 
 and sound principle was, in consequence, enforced 
 in several petitions presented to Parliament by 
 the importers of Indian goods; and it was also en- 
 forced in several able pid)licutions that appeared 
 at tlie time. 15ut these arguments, how unanswer- 
 able sojver they may now appear, had then but 
 little influence; and in 1701 an Act was passed, 
 prohibiting tlie importation of Indian manufac- 
 tured goods for home consumption. 
 
 For f.onie years after the re-establishment of the 
 Companj-, it continucil. to prosecute its efforts to 
 consolidate and extend its commerce. But the 
 unsetllcd state of the Mogul empire, coupled with 
 the determination of the Company to establish 
 factories in every convenient situation, exposed 
 their affairs to peipetual vicissitudes. In 1715 it 
 was resolvetl to send an embassy to Delhi, to 
 .solicit from Furucksur, an unworthy descendant of 
 Aurengzebc, an extension and confirmation of the 
 Company's territory and privileges. Address, ac- 
 cident, and the proper application of presents 
 conspiied to insure the success of the embassy. 
 The grants or patents solicited by the Company 
 ■wcio issued in 1717. They were m all 34. The 
 substance of the privileges they conferred was, 
 that English vessels wrecked on the coasts of the 
 empire should be exempt from plunder ; that the 
 annual payment of a stipulated sum to the Govern • 
 ment of Surat should free the English trade at 
 that port from all duties and exactions; that 
 tliose villages contiguous to Madras formerly 
 granted and afterwards refused by the Government 
 of Arcot should be restored to the Company ; that 
 the island of Diu, near the port of Masulipatam, 
 should belong to the Company, paying for it a 
 fixed rent ; that in Bengal, all persons, whether 
 European or native, indebted or accountable to 
 the Company, should bo delivered up to the pre- 
 sidency on liemand ; that goods of exjiort or 
 import, beloiiging to the English, might, under a 
 diisti/cli or passport frjra the president of Calcutta, 
 be convoyed duty free through the Bengal pro- 
 vinces ; and that the English should bo at liberty 
 to purchas-e the lordship of 37 towns contiguous to 
 Calcutta, and in fact comnianduig both banks of 
 the river for 1 miles south of that city, ((irant's 
 S/ictch of the Ilistori/ of Ihc Kust Ind'ui Company. 
 p. 128.)- 
 
 The important privileges thus granted were 
 long reg,.rdcd as constituting the great charter of 
 the English in India. Some of them, however, 
 were not fully conceded, but >vcre withhold or 
 modified by the influence of the emperor's lieu- 
 tenants, or soubahdars. 
 
 In 1717 the Company found themselves in 
 danger from a new competitor. In the course of 
 that year some .ships appeared in India, fitted out 
 by private adventurers from Ostend. Their suc- 
 cess encouraged others to engage in the same 
 line, and in 1722 the adventurers were formed 
 into a Company under a charter from his Imperial 
 -Majesty. The" Dutch and English Companies, 
 who had so long been hostile to each other, at 
 once laid aside their animosities, ami joined 
 heartily in an attempt to crush their new com- 
 petitors. Itumoiistrauces being found ineffectual. 
 
 force was resorted to; and the vessels of 
 Ostend Company were captured, under the i 
 frivolous pretences, in the open sons and on 
 coasts of Brazil. The British and Dutch Go\ 
 ments abetted the selfish spirit of hostility 
 played by their respective Companies; nii'l 
 Emperor was, in the end, glad to purclinjc 
 support of Great Britain and Holland to tlid' 
 matic Sanction, by the sacrifice of the Compai 
 Ostend. 
 
 Though the Company's trade had increase 
 was still inconsiderable; and it is vervdiilji 
 indeed, when one examines the neco'unu i 
 have from time to time been published of 
 Company's mercantile affairs, to imagine lio«- 
 idea ever came to be entertained that their c- 
 merce was of any considerable, much less pi 
 mount, importance. At an average of the 
 years ending with 1724, the total value of 
 British manufactures and other products annus 
 exported to Indinamounted toonlv 92,410/, 12i, 
 The average value of the bulUon annua 
 exi)orted during the same period amounicd 
 518,102/. lis. ; making the total annual avew 
 exports 617,513/. 3*. lOt/.— a truly pitiful sa 
 when we consider the wealth, iwpulatiou. a 
 industry, of the countries between wliich t 
 Company's commerce was carried on, and afc 
 ing by its smalluess a strong presumptive |jr3 
 of the e/lect of the monopoly in preventiii" li 
 ^o.vth of the trade. " ° 
 
 In 1730, though there were 3 years still una 
 pired of the Company's charter, a vigorou.s efti 
 was made by the merchants of London, Mifl 
 and Liverpool to prevent its renewal. Itliai 
 been said that the gains of the Companv.y 
 they been exactly known, would not have c»iti^ 
 any very envious feelings on the part ot il 
 merchants ; but, being concealed, they were ea 
 aggerated; and the boasts of the Compauyiif 
 the importance of their trade contributed to'spre 
 the belief that their profits were enormoui, i 
 consequently stimulated the exertions of i 
 opponents. Supposing, however, that 
 state of the case had been known, there was s 
 enough to justify the utmost exertions en thffi 
 of the merchants ; for the limited profits nsiiej 
 the Company, notwithstanding their monopJ 
 were entirely owing to the misconduct of tli 
 agents, which thej' had vainly endcavourrfj 
 re-strain, and to the waste iiiseparahle from >■ 
 unwieldy establishments. r 
 
 The merchants on this occasion followiJJ 
 example that had been set by the pctiiioneBj 
 free trade in lo56. They ofl'ercd, in the lirstflr 
 to advance the 3,200,0(i0/. lent by the Ccmpj 
 to the public, on more favourable terms; m 
 the second place, thej' proposed (luitthej 
 scribers to this loan should be forracii lo| 
 regulated Company, for opening the iraJe, 
 the most favourable circuinstanoes, tu aii tlj 
 of iheir countrymen. 
 
 It was not intended that the Compaiiys 
 trade upon a joiut stock, and in their m 
 capacity, but that every individual who p| 
 should trade in the way of private advej 
 The Company were to have the dm] 
 erecting and maintainiiijj; the forts and esUJ 
 ments abroad ; and for this, ami for other e 
 attending what was called the enlaiyemel 
 preservation of the trade, it was pro|iosd 
 thsy should receive a duty of 1 per cent, uj 
 exports to India, and of 5 per cent, w 
 imports from it. For ensuring obediencei 
 and other regulations, it was to be onaclj 
 no one should trade to India without hetnl 
 the Company ; and it was prop" 1 tliat ^f 
 
 I 1 
 
EAST INLIA COMPANY 
 
 3 years notice, sliould be granted aa the 
 
 Z'liion of their peculiar privilege. 
 
 k appears from this,' says Mr. Mill, ' that tho 
 
 I „.|,it.u was proposed to be answered by incor- 
 
 Ifalins such a Company was the preservation 
 
 „1 erection of the forts, buildings, and otLcr 
 
 ?' 1 establishments required for the trade of 
 
 jliia, Tlii3 Company promised to supply that 
 
 Land which has always been held forth as 
 
 " uiiar to the India trade, as tho grand exigency 
 
 Virdi ilistiaguishing tho traffic with India from 
 
 li other branches of trade, rendered monopoly 
 
 ' Jvmtawous in that peculiar case, bow much 
 
 ,vtr it miijht be injurious in others. While it 
 
 ^milled for" this real or pretended want, it left 
 
 ihe trade open to all the advantages of private 
 
 merprUe, private vigUance, private skiU, and 
 
 I irivate eoonomy— the virtues by which mdi- 
 
 n'uals thrive and nations prosper; and it gave 
 
 I •inmposed Company an interest in tho careful 
 
 'ihar'e of its duly by making its profits increase 
 
 1 «act proportion with the increase of the trade, 
 
 in/of course, with the facilities and accommo- 
 
 iaiioii bv which the trade was promoted. 
 
 •Tlitee iietitions were presented to the House of 
 
 mions in behalf of the proposed Company, bv 
 
 i mtrcliants of Lonilon, Bristol, and Liverpool. 
 
 It m urged that the proposed Company would, 
 
 BMui the competition of which it would be 
 
 ^„ii\o, cause a great extension of the trade ; 
 
 Jit would produce a larger exportation of our 
 
 prodoceandmanufactures in India, and reduce 
 
 ic irice 01 all Indian commodities to the people 
 
 home; that new channels of traffic would bo 
 
 ned iiiAsia and America as v cU as in Europe ; 
 
 t lie duties of customs and excise would be 
 
 licd; and that the •'^nsto and extravagance 
 
 Ibytlie monopoly would be cntirelyavoided.' 
 
 s India, vol. iii. p. 37.) 
 
 _ t these arguments did not prevail. The 
 
 imnam- magnitied the importance of their trad", 
 
 id contended tliat it would be unwi. « to risk 
 
 aciages already realised for the sake of those 
 
 .1 were prospective and contingent. They 
 
 that, if the trade to India were thrown 
 
 i.tliepriccuf goods in India would bo so much 
 
 ' by tho competition of different traders, 
 
 price ill England so much diminished, 
 
 the freedom of the trade would certainly end 
 
 lemin of all who had been foolish enough to 
 
 dure in it. To enlarge on the fallacy of 
 
 iiatements would be worse than superfluous. 
 
 obvious that nothing whatever could have 
 
 riike(l,aiid that a great deal would have been 
 
 ' by opening the trade in the way that was 
 
 And if it were really true that the 
 
 le to India ought to be subjected to a monopoly, 
 
 tlie traders by their competition should ruin 
 
 other, it would follow that the trade to 
 
 la-and not that only, but every brancli 
 
 ot^ the foreign and home trade of tlie emjiiro 
 
 " be surrendered to exclusive Companies. 
 
 isuch as tlic Company's arguments were, they 
 
 ' satisfactory to Parliament. They, however, 
 
 ited to reduce the interest on the debt due 
 
 m by the public from 5 to 4 per cent., and 
 
 itaed a sum of 200,000/. for the public ser- 
 
 Isti^^l ^n these conditions it was agreed to extend 
 
 Mlusive privileges to Lady-day 17CC, with 
 
 tomary addition of 3 years' notice. 
 
 !b|iut 15 years from this period tlie Com- 
 
 ifiairs went on without any very prominent 
 
 But notwithstanding the increased im- 
 
 Muf tea, the consumption of which now 
 
 rapiillv to extend, their trade continued to 
 
 iparativcly insigniiicaiit. At an average of 
 
 years ending with 1741, the value of the 
 
 Uvitisi: goods and prodi.cls of all sorts, exported 
 by the Company to India and China, amounted 
 to only lj7,'J4i/. 4s. 7rf. a-year! During the 
 7 years ending with 1748 they amounted to onlv 
 188,170/. 16s. 'UJ. When it, is borne in mind 
 that these exports included the military stores of 
 all sorts forwarded to the Company's settlements 
 in India and at St. Helena, the amount of which 
 was at all times very considerable, it does api)ear 
 exceedingly doubtful wiiethcr the Company really 
 exported, during the entire period from i7oO to 
 1748, 150,000/. worth of ISritish produce as ii 
 legitimate mercantile adventure! Their tradf, 
 such as it was, was entirely carried on by ship- 
 ments of bullion ; and even its annual average ex- 
 port, during the 7 years ending with 1748, 
 only amounted to 548,711/. 19s. 2f/. It would 
 seem, indeed, tbii- the Company had derived 
 no percept-ble advantage from the important 
 concessions obtained from tho Mogul emperor in 
 1717. But the true conclusion is, not that these 
 concessions were of little value, but that the dead- 
 ening influence of monopoly had so paralysed the 
 Company, that they were unable to turnthem to 
 account; and that, though without competitors, 
 and with opulent kingdoms for t"heir custoincrs, 
 their commerce was hardly greater than that car- 
 ried on by some single merchants. 
 
 In 1732 the Comjiany were obliged to reduce 
 their dividend from 8 to 7 per cent., at which rate 
 it continued till 1744. 
 
 The opposition the Company had experienced 
 from the merchants when the question as to the 
 renewal of their charter was agitated in 1730 
 made them very desirous to obtain the next 
 renewal in as quiet a manner as possible. They 
 therefore proposed, in 1743, when 23 years of their 
 charter were yet unexpired, to lend 1,000,000/. to 
 Government, at 3 per cent., provided their exclu- 
 sive privileges were extended to 1780, with the 
 usual notice ; and, as none were expecting such 
 an application, or prepared to oppose it, the con- 
 sent of Government was obtained without diflicultj'. 
 
 But the 1 riod was now come whjn the mer- 
 cantile character of the East India Company — if, 
 indeed, it could with propriety bo at any time 
 said to belong to them — was to be eclipsed Ijy 
 their achievements as a military power, and the 
 magnitude of their conquests. For about two 
 centuries after the Europcaa powers began their 
 intercourse with India, the Mogul princes were 
 regarded as amongst the most opulent and power- 
 ful of monarchs. Though of a foreign lineage — 
 being descended from the famous Tamerlane, or 
 Timor Beg, who overran India in 1400 — and oi a 
 different religion from the great body of their 
 subjects, their dominion was lirmly established in 
 every part of their extensive empire. The ad- 
 ministration of the different provinces was com- 
 mitted to officers, denominated soubahdars, or 
 nabobs, intrusted with powers, in their respective 
 governments, similar to those enjoyed by the 
 Roman proctors. So long as the emperors retained 
 any considerable portion of the vigour and bravery 
 of their hardy ancestors, the dillerent parts of tlio 
 government were held in duo subordination, and 
 the soubalidars yielded a ready obedience to tlie 
 orders fropi Delhi. But the emperors were grad- 
 ually debauched by the apparently prosperoiis 
 condition of their affairs. Instead of being edu- 
 cated in the council or the camp, the heirs of 
 almost unbounded pow^r were brought uj) in the 
 slothful luxury of tlic seraglio ; ignorant of public 
 affairs; benumbed bj'iiuloleiico ; depraved by tho 
 tlatter}- of women, of eunuchs, and of slaves ; their 
 minds contracted with their enjoyments; their 
 inclinations were vilified by their habits; and 
 
 I 
 
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 £68 
 
 E4ST INDIA COMPANY 
 
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 their government prrcw as vicious, as corrupt, and 
 aH worthless as tlieinsclvcs. Wlicn tlic famous 
 Kouli Khan, the usurper of the rcrsinn throuc, 
 invaded India, the clfeminate successor of Tamer- 
 lane and AurenRzebe was too imprcparcd to oppose, 
 and too dastardly to think of aven>;ing, the attacl<. 
 This was the signal for the dismemberment of the 
 monarchy. No sooner had the invader witiidrawn 
 than thc'soubahdars either openly threw otV their 
 allegiance to the emperor, or paid only a species 
 <if nominal or mock deference to his orders. The 
 indc^pendence of the soubahdars was very soon 
 followed by wars amongst themselves ; and, being 
 well aware of the superiority of European troops 
 mid tactics, they anxiously courted the alliance 
 jiiid support of the French and English East India 
 ('ompanics. These bodies, having espoused dif- 
 ferent sides, according as their interests or pre- 
 juilices dictated, began very soon to turn tho 
 ipiarrcls of the soubahdars to their own account. 
 1 nstead of being contented, as hitherto, with the 
 possession of factories and trading towns, they 
 a.xpired to the dominion of provinces ; and the 
 struggle soon came to be, not which of the native 
 ]irince9 should prevail, but whether the English 
 or the French should become the umpires of India. 
 But these transactions arc altogether foreign to 
 the subject of this work ; nor could any intelligible 
 account of them be given without entering into 
 limgthened statements. We shall only, therefore, 
 observe that the affairs of the French were ably 
 conducted by La liourdonnais, Dupleix, and L:.My, 
 nlHcers of distinguished merit, and not less cele- 
 brated for their great actions than for the base in- 
 gratitude of which they were the victims. But 
 though victory seemed at first to incline to tlie 
 French and their allies, the English aB'airs were 
 effectually retrieved by the extraordinary talents 
 and address of a single individual. Colonel (after- 
 wards Lord) Clivc was equally brave, cautious, 
 and enterprising; not scrupulous in tho use of 
 means ; fertile in expedients ; endowed with won- 
 derful sagacity and resolution ; and capable of 
 turning even the most apparently adverse circum- 
 stances to advantage. Having succeeded in hum- 
 bling the French power in the vicinity of Madras, 
 Clive landed at Calcutta in 1757, in order to chas- 
 tise tho soubahdar, Surajah ul Dowlah, who had 
 a short while before attacked the English factory 
 nt that place, and inhumanly shut up 14G Eng- 
 lishmen m a prison, where, owing to the exces- 
 sive heat and want of water, 123 perished in a 
 single night. Clive had only 700 European troops 
 and 1,400 Sepoys with him when he landed ; but 
 with these, and 570 sailors furnished by the fleet, 
 he did not hesitate to attack the immense army 
 ciimmandcd by the soubahdar, and totally defeated 
 him in the famous battle of Plassey. This victory 
 threw the whole provinces of Bengal, Bahar, and 
 Orissa into our bands, and they were finally con- 
 firmed to us by the treaty negotiated in 1705. 
 
 Opinion has been long divided as to the policy 
 of our military operations in India ; and it has 
 been strenuously contended that we should never 
 have extended our conquests beyond the limits of 
 Bengal. The Legislature seems to have taken this 
 view of the matter ; the House of Commons having 
 resolved, in 1782, ' that to pursue schemes of con- 
 quest and extent of dominion in India are measures 
 repugnant to the wish, the honour, and the policy 
 of this nation.' But others have argued, and ap- 
 parently on pretty good grounds, that, having 
 gone thus far, we were compelled to advance. 
 The native powers, trembling at the incn ase of 
 British dominion, endeavoured, when too late, to 
 make head against the growing evil. In this view 
 they entered into combinations and wars against 
 
 the English ; and the latter having Icon unii'onnij 
 victorious, thtir empire necessarily went on i 
 creasing, till all the native powers Lave been i»ai. 
 lowed up in its vast extent. 
 
 The magnitude of the acquisitions mad. bt 
 Lord Clive nowerfully excited the attention 4t. 
 British iiublic. Tlieir value was prodifiiou-lv ( j 
 aggeratcd ; and it was generally admitted tlia; ij. 
 Company had no legal claim to enjoy, durini;t;! 
 whole period of their charter, all the advanu 1 
 resulting from conquests to which the flee ts at' 
 armies of the state had largely contribuieA Ij 
 1707 t'le subject was taken up by the House (' 
 Commons ; and a committee was appointeil t. \\. 
 vestigate the whole circumstances of the case, an,' 
 to calculate the entire expenditure incurre'l U 
 the public on the Company's account. Durii- 
 the agitation of this matter the rifjht of the G^eI 
 pany to 'he new conquests was totnlly denied ir 
 several members. In the end, however, the oafi. 
 tion was compromised by the Company aiiwini 
 to pay 400,000/. a-year lor 2 years ; and in iii 
 this agreement, including the yearly payment, wj; 
 further extendei iw 5 years more. 'XheC* 
 pany at the sai le time increased tlieir dividai 
 which hal been fixed by the former recmeEU: 
 10, to 12i per cent. 
 
 But the Company's anticipation.s of incit»i 
 revenue proved entirely visionary. The npifc 
 of their conquests in India, the distance of lne» i 
 trolling authority at home, and the abuse- iiiffi 
 Government of the native princes, to whom tit | 
 Company had succeeded, conspired to feai 
 stroug spirit of peculation among their servuii, | 
 Abuses of every sort were multiplied to afrijlnil I 
 extent. The English, having obtained, ormier 
 enforced, an exemption from those heavy twt 
 duties to which the native traders were fttiiw. 
 engrossed the whole internal trade of the CMti-, 
 They even went so far as to decide what (]naiir I 
 of goods each manufacturer should deliver, ix I 
 what he should receive for them. It is duetoii I 
 directors to say that they exerted themselve s I 
 repress these abuses ; but their resolutions »s | 
 neither carried into effect by their servaiitiiil 
 India, nor sanctioned by the proprietors atkocl 
 so that the abuses, instead of bcinp reprej.* I 
 went on acquiring fresh strength and viralga | 
 Tlie resources of the country were rapillri*! 
 paired; and while many of the Company's semu I 
 returned to Europe with immense fortunes, tJ I 
 Company itself was involved in debt anddiivl 
 ties ; and so far from being able to pay the it»| 
 lated sum of 400,000/. a-year to Government, ml 
 compelled to apply in 17*72 to the Trcasarriitil 
 loan ! I 
 
 In this crisis of their affairs GovemmettJl 
 terposed, and a considerable change was iDiifiil 
 the constitution of the Company. The divilafl 
 was restricted to C per cent, till the sm^I 
 1,400,000/,, advanced to them by the publiciWI 
 be paid. It was further enacted that thecoiiii«| 
 directors should be elected for 4 years, 6 imuI« I 
 annually, but none to hold their scats fur i»l 
 than 4 years at a time ; that nopcrsonffastcv*! 
 at the courts of proprietors who had nol|»l 
 sessed his stock for 12 months; andthiti»| 
 amount of stock required to qualify fori*! 
 shoidd be increased from 500/. to 1,000/. Thejii»l 
 diction of the Mayor's Court at Calcutta ir*|l 
 future confined to small mercantile cases ;ii«»| 
 lieu of it, a new court was appointed, tsmmi 
 of a chief justice and 3 principal judges app'wl 
 by the Crown. A superiority was »'*?"' 'I 
 Bengal over the other presidencies. Mr. ««•■ 
 Hastings being named in tho Act as wwwi 
 general of India. The governor-general '*»| 
 
I ■«,' 
 
 EAST INDIA COMPANY 
 
 569 
 
 rillors, ami judRos were proliibitcd from having 
 nnv conccni whatever in trade ; and no person 
 r/iilinc in the Company's settlements was allowed 
 ;„" take more than 12 per cent, per ar.num for 
 money Though strenuously opposed, these 
 measures were carried by a large majority. 
 \t this period (1773) the total number of pro- 
 'tors of East India stock, with their quali- 
 as tliev stood in the Company's book, 
 
 11™'. 
 liiiMtions 
 
 Ivcrc as follows :— 
 
 I Eniili.hni", poMBtlni! ffiOOI. ttock an.1 
 
 1 Fom"m, poiirBins l.non/. .lock and 
 «ard» 
 
 uimardi 
 
 Total 
 
 and 
 and 
 
 Pro' 
 prle- 
 
 Stock 
 
 £ I. d. 
 
 4H7!l,OIS,3SS 19 II 
 
 890,910 17 
 
 634,464 1 
 I 
 9S SO.'i JB 
 
 3Si 
 
 IV tbe #1 
 
 GovernmtS*! 
 
 large yi^'fy 
 Ivf The dmai; 
 VtiU the s««j| 
 
 Id that the 
 L years, 6 1 
 '.oAt scats fcif 
 ^ person wasW'* 
 Uvho had no'l* 
 
 to 1,000'. w 
 ftt Calcutta « I 
 -tile cases ;i»^M 
 „,^ointed,«» 
 Ul judges*,, 
 
 ■Kt'V*' 
 
 Icmoi-gc" 
 
 I Xotwithstanding the vast extension of the Com- 
 
 lanv's territories, their trade continued to be 
 
 bparently insignificant. During the 3 years 
 
 iding with 1773 the value of the entire exports 
 
 lintish produce and manufactures, inc'uding 
 
 ilitar>' stores, sent out by the Company to India 
 
 idCh'ina, amounted to 1,469,411?,, being at the 
 
 lie of 489,803/. a-year ; the annual exports of 
 
 lion during the same period being only 84,933/. ! 
 
 ring the same 3 years 23 ships sailed annually 
 
 India. The triith, indeed, seems to be, that, 
 
 for the increased consumption of tea in Great 
 
 itain, the Company would have entirely ceased 
 
 Icarry on any branch of trade with the East, 
 
 that the monopoly would have excluded us 
 
 ffectiially from the markets of India and China 
 
 the trade had reverted to its ancient channels, 
 
 the route by the Cape of Good Hope been re- 
 
 luislied. 
 
 781 the exclusive privilpg:^ of the Com- 
 
 Ij- were extended to 1791, with 3 years' notice ; 
 
 dividend on the Company's stock was fixed at 
 
 ir cent. ; three fourths of their surplus revenues, 
 
 paving the diridend and the sum of 400,000/. 
 
 ibletolioveniment, was to be applied to the 
 
 ic service, and the remaining fourth to the 
 
 ipanj-'s own use. 
 
 1780 the value of British produce and manu- 
 ircs exported by the Company to India and 
 la amounted to only 380,152/.; the bullion ex- 
 ' during the same 3-car was 15,014/. The 
 value of the exports during the same year 
 12,G48,C10/. ; showing that the East India 
 foraied only one thirttj-second part of the 
 foreign trade of the empire. 
 le admmistration of Mr. Hastings was one 
 nued scene of war, negotiation, and intrigue. 
 state of the country, instead of being im- 
 becamc worse; so much so, that in a 
 minute by Marquis Cornwallis, dated 
 iber 18, 1789, it is distinctly stated '//m/ 
 ndfaH of the Company's territory is noio a 
 ■ for wild beasts.' Some abuses in the con- 
 it their servants were, indeed, rectified ; but, 
 Standing, the nett revenue of Bengal, 
 i,andOnssa, which in 1772 had amounted 
 l'A,-6G/., declined in 1785 to 2,072,963/. 
 ixnaustion of the countrj', and Mie er.penses 
 d in the war with Hyder Ally and France, 
 lithe Company in fresh ditliculties ; and 
 TOalile to meet them, they were obliged in 
 ""present a petition to Parliament, setting 
 eit inability to pay the stipulated sum of 
 '.a year to the public, and praving to be 
 
 "om that payment and to be",supp()rted 
 
 ;efiilt«>^^f""'f 000,000/. " 
 
 All parties seemed now to be convinced that 
 some further changes in the constitution of the 
 Company had become indispensable. In this 
 crisis ftfr. Fox brought forward his famous India 
 Bill, the grand object of which was to abolish the 
 courts of directors ind proprietors, and to vest the 
 government of India in the hands of seven com- 
 missioners appointed by Parliament. The coalition 
 between Lord North "and Mr. Fox having ren- 
 dered the ministry exceedingly unpopular, advan- 
 tage was taken of the circumstance to raise an 
 extraordinary clamour against the bill. The East 
 India Company stigmatised it as an invasion of 
 their chartered rights; though it is ob\'ious that, 
 from their inability to carry into effect the stipu- 
 lations under which those rights were conceded to 
 them, they necessarily reverted to the public ; and 
 it was as open to Parliament to legislate upon 
 them as upon any other question. The political 
 opponents of theGovcrnment represented the pro- 
 posal for vesting the nomination of commi.ss loners 
 in the Legislature as a daring invasion of the pre- 
 rogative of the Crown, and an insidious attempt 
 of the minister to render himself all-powerful b_' 
 adding the patronage of India to that already in 
 his possession. The bill was, however, carried 
 through the House of Commons ; but, in conse- 
 quence of the ferment it had excited, and the 
 avowed opposition of his Majesty, it was thrown 
 out in the House of Lords. This event proved 
 fatal to the Coalition ministry. A new one was 
 formed, with Mr. Pitt at its head ; and Parliament 
 being soon after dissolved, the r. »w minister ac- 
 quired a decisive majority in both Houses. When 
 thus secure of Parliamentary support, Mr. Pitt 
 brought f()r^vard his India Bill, which was suc- 
 cessfully carried through all its stages. By this 
 bill a Board of Control was erected, consisting of 
 six members of the privy council, who were ' to 
 check, superintend, and control all acts, operations, 
 and concerns which in anywise relate to thQ civil 
 or military government or revenues of the terri- 
 tories and possessions of the East India Company.' 
 All communications to or from India, touching 
 any of the above matters, were to be submitted to 
 this Board ; the directors being ordered to yield 
 obedience to its commands, and to alter or amend 
 all instructions sent to India as directud by it. A 
 secret committee of three directors was formed, 
 with which the Board of Control might transact 
 any business it did not choose to submit to the 
 court of directors. Persons returning from India 
 were to be obliged, under very severe penalties, 
 to declare the amount of their fortunes ; and 
 a tribunal was appointed for the trial of all in- 
 dividuals accused of misconduct in India, con- 
 sisting of a judge from each of the Courts ot 
 King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer ; 5 
 members of the House of Lords, and 7 members 
 of the House of Commons ; the last being chosen 
 by lot at the commencement of each session. 
 The superintendence of all commercial matters 
 continued, as formerly, in the hands of the 
 directors. 
 
 During the administration of Marquis Corn- 
 wallis, who succeeded Mr. Hastings, Tippoo Saib, 
 the son of Hyder Ally, was stripped of nearly half 
 his dominions ; the Company's territorial revenue 
 was, in consequence, greatly increased ; at the 
 same time that the permanent settlement was car- 
 ried into effect in ISengal, and other important 
 changes accomplished. Opinion has been long 
 divided as to the influence of these changes. On 
 the whole, however, we arc inclined to think that 
 they have been decidedly advantageous. Lord 
 Cornwallis was, beyond all question, a sincere 
 friend to the people of India, and laboured earn- 
 
 u 
 
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 ii 
 
B.VST IIJDIA COMPANY 
 
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 „ppeB »» C""";'' Sua «o»U l»>ol>cc« 
 
 *'^ '^"^tf Vov y -r made ^.r 0P« £ 
 species ot pr."^" nrivate iivUviduals. ^i 
 
 real, ami did not P/°""i„,ua Company, dat^'i 
 
 %„ers published by ^"f',""c of to a considerable 
 
 iMirouean markets- j. ^ jndia Com- 
 
 pany Id to tbe ''^v'.lut.on ^ . ^otwithBtandrng 
 [is "ovcrnracnt m 1<84. « ^ Control, Us 
 
 that never »'*^ .""fja^crs. The proccedini-s tha 
 cination of *■"«' ira ^^^^^^ .^ j-.^^ 
 
 took place at the re^^Jlo o^ Lord (W 
 
 affor.t a Htrikin^' «»™ j^^^ the ^.ar^vith Tip,K„ 
 ^vallis \"^\\^^rt„urppedhim of half Vm .lora,„. 
 ; Saib, ^,Vf r^erJel J Hcttlemcnt, from «hich ., 
 ions ; tlie rnwtu^i ^^^^ ^ ^^ A,ns^\M: 
 many benefits were Lj^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^,^_^_^^^^y, 
 
 been ^^"P^/ ^eV increased, in eonsequm. .t 
 receipts had dcwi ' j ^^,,(1 subsidic, ,>„m 
 accessions to tncir t ^^^^^ „f ,,;„;,, t^iui,,,,, 
 
 native princes &c^v'eh 1 ^^^^ ci.lculato.l «ouH 
 sterling a-year, v^hicn ^^^^^ ^^.^^. ^^ 
 
 afford a future e had been dcducte.V,tl,-24ii.i»>il. 
 Bcription of charge iiaciu MclviUei, thai 
 
 ^'- -^^ToTtle BoMd of Control, a vaU.d h« 
 President of t''^ "O" ^a to give the most 
 
 of these ^''^°"^^^„tadon of the Company's atfm 
 flattering ^f «'f Se no question 'as to the 
 
 1 There «°f ^' I'^.S i""""^^ "' '*'"' *^?K* 
 permanent ""^.h!. assured the House that thf 
 V'^rrhSeS fS^-lth the«roat.tca«: 
 estimates had "^^S' " _.g„ssious were iu a Hat« ii I 
 
 that the Company BP~n .^ i,,,,,,,,,,,, 
 prosperity tdl then u .^^.^^^^^ ,^^^ , 
 
 abuses. r^'^'J^^e departments of the (iovemiDml 
 f elves into «>me uepar period witt I 
 
 had been ''"'"f ^henlXVas to pour bcr *l 
 length «"?::f„^;Kapo England! . l'arliM«l 
 treasures mto the l^P ^^^ a„.icipation=..L^| 
 
 participated m t^f'^vg charter itwai«s«i4 
 " the Act prolonging the char ^ 
 
 1. That 50O,O0OZ. f-^^f ". jnc the Cmtairl 
 should ^e set aside for reducing A 
 
 debt in India to 2.000.WJ- ^^ exchequoJ 
 year should be P*f*uL service asPaihimal 
 •appropriated f^T.^X 3 When the »i* 
 should tb«»»^,'''J?.°o 000:000/, andthetadtt, 
 should be reduced t^ J^" ' t of the suiplM^ 
 
 to l,500,000i., »»i2Svidends,a;ithe*J 
 be applied to augment the a ^^^^^-^ 
 
 l-'nameof theCommissioners ^^^^ ^1 
 be accumulated a«y' ,sV^y^M 
 
 amounted to If, W" ^^ ,,„jeto bes?4 
 that sum, tbe dmdends np ^^ ^^^^ ^^^.j^^, ^,^T 
 to make up the dmaen .^ ^^ ^ .„^| 
 
 the Company to 10 p« « ^ ^^.^^^ 
 funds appropnated to tnatp 1 | 
 
 doficient &c. anticipations vas mf' 
 
 .iiVi Starrs. 
 
 floating debt in 1^^ Mr. Duiidas icpie^ 
 money was f^Uen upon. ^^^^,,„„y*| 
 that as al^ ^^P^'Hlie Compa-'y'scomoJ 
 sequence of the war, i"'- ^ ^^^^^ y0m 
 been greatly increased, ami tna ^^j 
 
 Sit^l bad become 1.1.*^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 their transactions, in con 1^^^^ . 
 
 scntation, leave ^^as ^nw ^^^ ^, ^ 
 
 two mUlioiisto t^*^^„t*=^^' these shaicssfl 
 20,000 "ew shares; but at , „^^„„^J 
 
 rate of 1V3/. ^aci-. the{ P" uion^^ 
 1797 the Conipany --ed„ad ^^^^.^^^ 
 
 extent of l,4:n,0W'- ' jj^^^^rfo 
 
 this, Mr.Dundas ^t. tediu^ ^^„,, 
 
 in 1805-6, the »"tish ein ^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Wellesley, ^^'^>'="V.\^u empire 
 
 in 1805-6, the ""^'^^/tofserinsaPt''"^ 
 
 mented by.tbe conquest ^^.^^ ,^ , 
 
 iwboletemtone o^2P^^,ehie^**« 
 large tracts by uw "i" 
 
1 w 
 
 • 1 
 
 EAST INDIA COMPANY 
 
 «71 
 
 n Ihi the aucipnt scat of the MoruI empire, and 
 ■ ,', iitlicr iiiiportnnt ocqiiisitionH ; so timt the 
 '""'in wliicli had umo.mtcd to 8,050,000/. in 
 nr WHincreasca to l.'vlOS.OOO/. in 1«05. But the 
 '';'' ,sofL'ovurnni(!iit, and tlie niterr.-t ol the 
 U,t iiicrcasctl in a still greater |)r.)p(>rti..n than 
 V "n.venuo, iKiviiiK amounted in l«0i) to 
 -,-M)00/., icavin- a delicit of 2,'.'09,000/. In 
 Ulowinif year the n-vcnuo fell oflT nearly 
 while the expenses continued nearly 
 
 Ith' 
 
 ions vAi 1 
 Company s* 
 
 . Ill >'*'! 
 f.niottW o! " 
 device » « 
 DuiidaiKpi^ 
 (icsttoyMy 
 
 laiiv's 
 
 lat'tlicit ml 
 
 at f»i *5 " 
 
 iviencc of ' 
 
 tlio.Cora 
 
 mpany* 
 
 lesc 
 
 shaW 
 
 m 
 
 jUioualwi* 
 Botwlte»«; 
 
 (it tte - 
 aiiil'f 
 
 lire in 
 
 Iscriti'^'r" 
 
 vchiefei " 
 
 Imto' 
 
 ibeci 
 
 ,nOO/., 
 
 : ,,aoe- and there was, at an average, a con- 
 I'ttJtxeess of cxiicnditure, ineluding coninicr- 
 jl .harccs, and a eortraction of fresh debt, down 
 
 \"„t«-ithstandinf; the vast additions made to 
 ,i.;r territories, the Company's eommcree with 
 ,'ir, continued to l>c very inconsiderable. Uur- 
 
 th^ 5 years ending with 1811, the exports to 
 jii bv the Company, exclusive of those made 
 
 ifwunt of individuals in their sliips, were as 
 ifcr;— 
 
 / Venr £ 
 
 '■ . WlMC' I 1SII> - • '."li'.Sl'' 
 
 ■ ; . 'ji'jImi mil - - i,033,sit; 
 
 .", * . Mir., 153 I 
 
 lio exports •)>■ the private trade, and the priel- 
 litde, that is, the commanders and officers of 
 Company's ship.", during tlie above-mentioned 
 r were about as large. During the 5 years 
 m wi* 1807-^ the annual average imports 
 India \iv British private traders, only 
 luntcd to 3i|'>, !9t!/. ( P»pers, published by the 
 India Company in 181:5, 4to. p. 56.) 
 le Conifanv's exports included the value of 
 iiiilit.it5' .'itori'.s sent from Great Britain to In- 
 Tlie ships employed in the trade to India 
 China du.ing the same 5 years varied .rom 
 53, and their burden from 36,071 to 45,342 
 
 Ibt some years before tlie terminatitm of the 
 Ipanv's charter in 1813, the conviction bad 
 1 gainins ground among all classes that the 
 ktothe East was capable of being very greatly 
 ^ded; and that it was soMy owing to the 
 I of enterjmse and competition, occasioned 
 n being subjected to a monopoly, that it was 
 Ibed witliin sucli narrow limits. Very great 
 3 were, consequently, made by the manufac- 
 ; and commercial interests to have the mo- 
 ysct aside, and the trade to the East thrown 
 I' Tlic Company vigorously resisted these prc- 
 K, and had interest enough to procure a pro- 
 ton of the privilege of carrying on an exclii- 
 tailctoChina to April 10, 1831, witli 3 years' 
 |; the Government of India being continued 
 r hands for the same period. Fortunately, 
 kr, the trade to India was opened, under cer- 
 Jondiiious, to the public. The jirincipal of 
 Iconditions were, that ]>rivatc individuals 
 " trade, directly only, with the presiden- 
 I Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay, and the 
 tPeuang; tlmt the vessels fitted out by 
 Jioidd nut be under ;>.")0 tons burden ; and 
 Ky should abstain, unless permitted by the 
 ■ ur the Board of Control, from engaging 
 rrying trade of India, or in the trad(! bc- 
 dia and China. And yet, despite these 
 images, such is the energy of individual 
 Ise as compared with monopoly, that the 
 [traders gained an almost immediate as- 
 r over the Kast India Company, and in a 
 [Kit tune mure than trebled our trade with 
 
 t Report of the committee of the House of 
 p the foreign trade of the country, printed 
 1»!21, it is stated that 'the greatlv in- 
 tauraption of liritisli goods in the'East 
 > commencement of the free trade cannot 
 
 be accounted for by the dcniund of European resi- 
 dents, the number of whom does not materiallv 
 vary; and it appears to h.-ive been much the 
 greatest in articles calculated I'dr the general use 
 of the natives. That of the coticiii manufactures 
 of thif; rnuntry uIimk' is stated, sime Hie first open- 
 ing <;i the trade, to have beeli aii;;incntcd from 
 Juar to _/i>fi-fold I it is now (1868) migniented 
 many hundreds of times]. The value of the 
 merchandise exported from (Jreat Britain to 
 India, wliieh amounted in 1811 to 870,177/., 
 amounted in 18 It) to 3,052,741/. [this is the 
 amount of the Company's exports onlv, and the 
 sum is not quite accurate. Post | ; and although 
 the market appears then to have been so far over- 
 stocked as to oc!casion a diminution of nearly J in 
 the exports of the following year, that diminution 
 appears to ha\ e taken place more in the articles 
 intended for the consumption of Europeans thr.n 
 of natives ; and the trade is now stated to tlie 
 coniniittee by the best informed persons to b(! 
 reviving. When the amount of jtopulation, and 
 the extent of the country over which the con- 
 sumption of these articles is spread, are considered, 
 it is obvious that any facility which can, consist- 
 ently with the political interests and security of 
 the Company's dominions, be given to the jirivate 
 trader for the di.'jtribution of his exports, by in- 
 creasing the number of ports at which he may 
 have the option of touching in pursuit of a mar- 
 ket, cannot fail to promote a more ready and ex- 
 tensive demand.' 
 
 Besides the restraints imposed by the Act of 
 1813 on the proceedings of the free traders (these 
 restraints were a good deal modified by the 3 Geo, 
 IV. c. 80, passed in jmrsuance of the recommend- 
 atior of tlie committee quoted above), they fre- 
 O'lently experienced very great loss and inconve- 
 nience from the commercial specidations of the 
 East India Company. The latter had commercial 
 residents, with largo cstablishinents of servants, 
 some of them intended for coercive purposes, sta- 
 tioned in all the considerable towns; and the 
 Marquis VVellcsley has statetl ' that the intima- 
 tion of a wish from the Company's resident is al- 
 Avays received as u command by the native manu- 
 facturers and producers.' The truth is, that it 
 was not in the nature of things that the Com- 
 pany's jnirchases could be fairly made : the na- 
 tives could not deal with tueir servants as they 
 would have dealt with private individuals ; and it 
 would bo absurd to suppose th.it agents authorised 
 to buy on account of (iovernmcnt, and to draw on 
 the jjublic treasury for .lie means of payment, 
 should generally eviiiuc tlie prudence .ind "discre- 
 tion of individuals directly responsible iu their 
 own private fortunes for their transactions. The 
 interference of sucli persons would, under any cir- 
 cumstances, have rendered the East India trade 
 peculiarly hazardous. But their intluence in this 
 respect was materially aggravated by the irregu- 
 larity of their appearances. No individual, not 
 belonging to the court of directors, couUl foresee 
 whether the Company's agents would be in the 
 market at all ; or, if there, to what extent they 
 would either purchase or sell. 80 capricious were 
 their proceedings, that in some years they laid 
 out 700,000/. on indigo, while in others they did 
 not lay out a single shilling; and so with other 
 things. A fluctuating demand of this sort neces- 
 sarily occasioned great and sudden variations of 
 price, and was injurious alike to the producers 
 and the private merchants. 
 
 And besides being injurious to the private trader, 
 and to the public generally, both in India and 
 I'^ngland, this trade was of no advantage to the 
 East India Company. How, indeed, could 
 
 % 
 
 
%■■■: 
 
 
 f ,, 
 
 /••ll 
 
 ..•If 
 
 672 
 
 it lie ollicnvise? 
 
 # 
 
 '! l\ 
 
 PI-. :.- ;-' 
 
 r :<' 
 
 ii 
 
 t 
 
 ■ ) 
 
 (, 
 
 i; 
 . ill 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 A Company tliiit maiiitainpil 
 nriiiios niid rctailcil tea, that carried n 8\vuril in 
 one liand and a ledger in tlic other, waH a contra- 
 illctiipn; and, iiadshc traded witli succchs, would 
 linve been a prodijjy. It was inino.sHil)le for her 
 to )>ay that attention to details which ia indispena- 
 ahle to the carrying on of commerce with advan- 
 tiifie. Slic may have fjained Bonietliin^ by the 
 monopoly of tlio tea traile, thou){h even tliat ia 
 i|iieHtioiiablc; but it ia admitted on all handa that 
 hhe lost heavily Ity her trade to India. When, there- 
 fore, the question as to the renewal of the char- 
 ter came to be discussed in ]«.'!-' anil 1H;J3, Ihe 
 Company had no reasonable oljjection to urge 
 ngainat their being deprived of the privilege of 
 trading. And the Act iJ it 4 Wm. IV. c. 86, for 
 continuing the cliartcr till 1851, terminated the 
 Ciimimny's commercial character, by enacting 
 that the Company's trade to China was to cease 
 on April 22, 1834, and that the Company was, as 
 soon as possible after that date, to dispose of their 
 stocks on hand and close their com'nercial busi- 
 ness ; and the wonderful increase that has since 
 taken place in the trade with the Kast is the 
 best i)roof of t\ic sagacity and soundness of the 
 opinions of those by whose eflbrta the incubus of 
 monopoly was rcmovetl. 
 
 From this period down to 1858, when the Com- 
 pany was, as a governing bodj-, linally abolished, 
 its t'nnctions were wholly political, and the direct- 
 ors were, in truth, little more than a council to 
 assist and advise the President of (he Hoard of 
 Control. During the period now alluded to (from 
 1834 to 1858) some most important events have 
 taken place in India. I'hc Itritish Kmpire has 
 been increased bv the acquisition in 1845 of the 
 territorj- of ScinJe, at the mouths of the Indus; 
 in 184it of the extensive and fertile country of the 
 Punjab (Five Kivers), in N.W, India, between the 
 ISutlcj and the Indus ; and in 1852 of Pegu and 
 Marlaban in Burmah. Being occupied by com- 
 ])aratively brave and hard\' races, the subjugation 
 of Scindc and the Punjab was not cfl'ccted with- 
 out much difficulty, and after the occurrence of 
 several well-fought battles. 
 
 The period referred to is also distinguished by 
 the ill-advised invasion of Aflghaniatan in 1839. 
 This unprovoked aggression led to the greatest 
 reverse that has ever hap|)cned to the Knglish in 
 India. But the disastrous retreat from Caubul 
 liaviug been avenged, and tlio prestige of our arms 
 restored, we finally withdrew from the country in 
 1842. And it is to be hoped that we may never 
 again, unless from the most urgent necessity, at- 
 tempt to extend our empire in that quarter beyond 
 its present limits. 
 
 A conviction had been for a lengthened period 
 gaining ground, that the Company's intervention 
 in the Government of India had become inexjie- 
 ilient, and that it should be directly administered 
 by the Crown. In 1853 a step was taken in this di- 
 rection by the Act IG & 17 Vict. c. 1)5, which re- 
 duced the number of directors from 24 to 18, part 
 of which were to be nominated by the Crown, and 
 made other changes. It is not easy to say how 
 long this inodiiied sj'stcra might have gone on, 
 had it not been for the outbreak of the gigantic 
 mutiny of 1857. It would be foreign to our object 
 to introduce details with resijcct to the origin of 
 this ijisurrection, its progress and suppression. 
 Those are known to all our readers. Here it is 
 sufficient to mention that the incipient prejudice 
 against the Company having been strengthened, 
 tiiough without much reason, by the disasters in 
 India, advantage was taken of their occurrence to 
 introduce a bill into Parliament for transferring 
 its government from the Company to the Cro<vn, 
 
 EAST INDIA COMPANY 
 
 which soon after 
 
 .1 , -'■''"» 
 
 rVuRUst 2, 18,58) bwanfti, 
 Act -Jl 4 22 Vict. c. 106. Thus hi, ^Z^ 
 altera prolonged existence of alxiut 2,JH vnir, 'i 
 Kast India Company, the most cclehrateil i? ! 
 stock association of which history lim t,ri. !'" 
 any account. (It still exists in ninue f,,''^"' 
 routine matters; but it ia prohalili' ' 
 torn, magni nominia umbra, will spci 
 Its commercial had long k'cn sunk m ii,iiiil»j„ I 
 and political cliaracter. It had aiilijii(ra,fj „j,^ ' 
 the most extensive cmuires in the work' iji | 
 though ita policy has been in maiivrcpM,;;' 
 very questionable description, it is"oniiil„||, ,i 
 high praise of having vigoruuslv cxcrtciliivk'l 
 restrain abuses on the part of its servanis i,,™ 
 tect the vaat population withni its dominion' Lj 
 provide for their wU-being. ^ 
 
 The government of India is now vtsN nnH, 
 the 21 & 22 Vict. c. lOG, in a Secrctarvrfsl 
 assisted by a council of 15 nuinljcrs': j,!,;, 
 latter were nominated by her Mnicstv.and-kt 
 the Kast India Company. On viicaiicin liai 
 place among the former, their successor* are 1,1, 
 nominated by the Crown; and v.icaiicie< aaw 
 the Company 'a nominees are to he lilld « j, 
 election by the council. MeniLcrs h, i; ,(,{, 
 situations during good h(?haviour,roccivoaii!iff 
 of 1,200/. a-year, and a retiring pension of>,(^ 
 year. The majority of the council arc to Kia 
 of ])ersons who have either served orreiW-ij 
 India for 10 years. They are not allowed a g 
 in Parliament. 
 
 II. Fast Indies (Stati; of Sucitnal 
 fiitowisG Dkmand kou Exgi.isii(,,%I 
 
 TUADE, Coi-ONlSATIoy, ETC.). 
 1. Distinction of Castes in India, ]m:xm 
 of the Representations as to the M(ihitu,l<!,\ 
 inialterahly attached to ancient Customs mldt- 
 tires. — We have taken occasion, in tlie prettaj 
 sketch of the historj- of the Kast India loni;», 
 repeatedly to notice the small exteiiioi'tlietil 
 carried on by .ts agency. It was mm 
 however, that this was to be ascribed ncitii 
 deadening ii-..lucnce of monopoly, but toihia* 
 liar state of the people of India. A mtukl 
 long been prevalent iu this quarter of the lii 
 that the Hindoos are a race unsusceptible of cj« 
 or improvement of any sort: that cveninii 
 brought up to the profession of his faite«| 
 can engage in none else ; and tliat. 
 to the simplicity and inialtcrablciicss rf 
 habits, they never can bo consuniir-, at ta 
 any considerable extent, (if forci/ja ciiduk 
 ' \V'hat is now in India lias always \m 
 and is likclj' still to continue.' ' (EifciWI 
 Disquisition, p. 202.) The llindooj of tii 
 •ire said to be the same as the llinitaiiofiii 
 of Alexander the Croat, Tlie description rfi 
 given by Arrian has been quoted as appltaii 
 their actual situation. It is allirnioii iht ' 
 have neither improved nor refrofiianii ■»! 
 are referred to India as to a country .an; 
 institutions and manners th&t prevaileil 
 years ago may still be found in tlieii p 
 purify ! The President do Giguet lays it 
 distinctly, in his learned and invaluable wi 
 the Origin of Laws, Arts, audSciettcuAhm'' 
 ' every trade is confined to a particular a* 
 can b-. ixerciscd only by those nho-c pireisi 
 fcssed it.' ( Origin of Laws ic„ lin,;'- "* 
 iii. p. 24.) Dr. Kobcrtsoii say.s that ' (fc * 
 cverg Hindoo is umdterabliijised; kiiiliiti1>' 
 revocable ; and the walk nfli/c is mritd eil J' 
 which he must never deviuti:' {Disp'i^' 
 India, p. 1 99.) The same opinions are aa* 
 bv later authorities. Dr. Tennant says liU'" 
 
 'bet 
 
 *' respects lad 
 
 lof castes. J„'' 
 
 ,7 ^^ Jatiu 
 IM-te'o mixj 
 P'^eofan,; 
 
 M 
 
EAST INDIA COMPANY 
 
 . Indian community h divitlcil into 4 Rrrat ' woman of a superior cln»r», or in ( 
 
 I'ci' ami iwi' i^^'*'^'' '"*'''"''""''' '"''*'''^''" '■''^'''' "'^ "'" ^''""■''"•"'' ^'""'i '•' we ml 
 •"walls of M'Pnnition, wliicli uro ini|>a>Babin hy : ininibcr timt must imvti sprung; (n 
 
 lain walls of M'pttnit 
 
 A73 
 
 the ittver»» o.dt-r 
 iild to tllV.iO tlio 
 .. I'roui intcrmixturu 
 r mirtst viriuu nml most conM|iicuou» merit.' , in tliu dim-t onlcr of (lio ilas.seM, and tlie hosts 
 "M kilbv Mr. IJickiirds, p. U.) Thisunalieralple [ furtlier nrisiiiK from tlicconlinufd intcrmixturo of 
 I 'invurinilivitlualshnitl'eenroptatedlyasftumi'il | the mixed tribes unionist themselves, w nhall not 
 ■ tlio'ilospatches and otlioiHl papers put forth by j cert.iinly he disposed to dissent from Mr. (,"ole- 
 il" ' Fast Iiiiliii ^^'""'P""y> "'"^ '""* 'J''^'" •■'"'''''■feir brooke's eonclusion,' that the Hubdivisioiis iftbe>e 
 ' I n ail ocvasioMS by them and their servants as j c!ns>es have further multiplied distiiielioi s to au 
 rudftliat the depressed and miserable eonditiou ernUtss variety,' 
 ot'lhc natives is n)t owing to misKovcrnmcnt, or Mr, Colehrooko ha.s given the followin;; distinel, 
 " ,i^j „(,i,,i,t of the burdens laid upon them ; and | an<l accurate account of the professions and em 
 aiit is in vain to think of materially improviuK j ployincnts of the. several classes at the presen 
 
 1 of the natives 
 [to 
 
 lthtit"coiidition7or of making them' aeqmiintcd 
 ,ith new arts, or Kiving them new habits, so lon^; 
 u .ho institution of castes, and the prejudu'es to 
 »liicli it liiu givLii rise, preserve their ascendancy 
 
 "IJirnntwithslnnding the universal currency 
 bhicli till' opinions now referred to have obtained, 
 1 the high autlioritv by which tliey are siip- 
 loncd thcv are, in all the most essential respects, 
 itircl'v without fouiulation ! The books and 
 Its of the Hin.loos themselves, and the minute 
 „1 cartful observations that Lave recently been 
 ,1c on Imliuii societv, have shown that the 
 itludKC ascribed to the institution of castes by 
 . imiitnts, and by the more early modern 
 Aillfrs has been prodigiously exnggerated. In 
 lirst part of his work on India, Mr. Itickanls 
 i\)lishf(l,iiartly b) x-eferences to the authorita- 
 etoksuf il.c "Hindoos, and partly by his own 
 lervatinn?, and those of Mr, Colebrooke, Dr. 
 iber, and uiher high authorities, that the vast 
 iirilv of the Hindoo population may, and in 
 doitnwein all corts of employments. It 
 been further shown that there is nothing in 
 structure of Indian society to oppose any 
 JUS obstacle to the introduction of new arts, or 
 sjjread of improvement ; and that the causes 
 ie poverty and misery of the people must 
 sought fo"r in other circumstances than the 
 Itution of castes, and the nature of Hindoo 
 jition. 
 
 ic early division of tlie popidation into the 4 
 ' classes of priests (Brahmins), soldiers fCsha- 
 ), husbandmen and artificers (Vaisyas), an<l 
 (Sudias), was maintained only for a very 
 period. The Hindoo traditions record that 
 ;ial intermixture of these classes took place 
 vet)' remote epoch; and the mixed brood 
 arising were divided into a vast variety of 
 ibes,or castes, to whom, speaking generally, 
 iplovments arc forbidden. 
 le employments,' says Mr, Bickards, ' al- 
 to these mixed and impure castes may be 
 :o be every description of handicraft and 
 ition for which tlic wants of human society 
 mated a demand. Though many seem to 
 leir names from their ortlinary trade or 
 lion, and some have duties assigned them 
 and disgusting for any others to perform, 
 im the direst necessity, yet no employ- 
 generally speaking, is forbidden to the 
 and impure tribes, excepting three of the 
 ■"I duties of the sacerdot*'. class; viz. 
 the Vedas, officiating at a sacrifice, and 
 presents from a pure-handed giver; 
 ree are exclusively BraSminical.' 
 ilebrookc, who is acknowledged on all 
 be one of the very highest authorities as 
 t respects Indian affairs, has a paper in 
 volume of the Asiatic Researches, on the 
 [Of castes. In this paper Mr. Colebrooke 
 nt the Jatinuda, a Hindoo work, enu- 
 forty-two mixed classes springing from 
 tcoutse of a man of iniierior class with a 
 
 lit 
 lay. It forms a curious comnientary on the 
 ' irrevocable destiny ' of Dr. Uoberlsoii, and tin; 
 ' impassable walls ' of Dr. Tennant. 
 
 ' A lirahman, unable to subsist by bis duties, 
 may live by the duty of a soldier :'if he eanimt 
 get a subsistence bv either of these employments, 
 he may apply to tillage and attendance on cattle, 
 or gain a competence by traltic, avoiding certain 
 commodities. A Cshatnja in distress may subsist 
 by all these incms ; but he must not have recourse 
 to the highest functions. In seasons of distress u 
 further latitude is given. The practice of medi- 
 cine and other learned professions, painting and 
 other arts, work for wages, menial service, alms, 
 and usur)', are among the modes of subsistence 
 allowed both to the Brahman and Cshatnja. A 
 Vuisya, unable to subsist by his own duties, may 
 descend to tlie servile acts of a Sudra; and a 
 Suilra, not tinding em[)loyment by waiting on 
 men of the higher classes, may subsist by handi- 
 crafts; principally fidlowing those mechanical 
 operations, as joinery anil masonry, and practical 
 arts, as painting and writing, by which he may 
 serve men of superior classes; and although a 
 man of a lower class is in general restricted from 
 the acts of a higher class, the Sudra is expressly 
 permitted to become a trader or a husbandman. 
 
 ' Besides the particidar occupation assigned to 
 each of the mixed classes, they have the alter- 
 native of following tha, profession which regu- 
 larly belongs to the class ti>,ri which they derive 
 their origin on the mother's siile : those at least 
 have such an optiou who are born in the direct 
 order of the classes. Tlie mixed classes are also 
 f)ermitted to subsist by any of the duties of a Sudra ; 
 that is, by menial service, by hatidicrajfs, by com- 
 merce, and agriculture. Hence it appears that 
 
 ALMOST KVKUV OCCUl'ATIOX, TUOUOII Iti;GU- 
 LAKLY IT BE THE I'KOFESSION OF A PAUTI- 
 CULAIl CLASS, IS OPEN TO MUST OTHER 
 
 classes; and that the limitations, far from being 
 rigorous, do in fact reserve only the peculiar pro- 
 fcssiim of the lirahman, which consists iu teaching 
 the Veda, and ofKciating at rcli;;iou3 ceremonies.' 
 ' We have thus,' says Mr. Kickards, by whom 
 this passage has been quoted, ' tne highest exist- 
 ing authority for rejecting the doctrine of the 
 whole Hindoo community '• being divided into four 
 castes," and of their peculiar prerogatives being 
 guarded inviolate by " impassable widls of separa- 
 tion," It is also clear that the intermixture of 
 castes had taken place, to an indefinite extent, at 
 the time when the Dherma Sastra was comixised, 
 which Sir William Jones computes to be about 
 880 years B.C. ; for the mixed classes are specified 
 iu this work, and it also refers in many places to 
 past times, and to events which a course of time 
 only could have brought about. The origin of the 
 intermixture is therefore lost in the remotest and 
 obscurest antiquity ; and having been carried on 
 through a long course of ages, a heterogeneoua 
 mass is everywhere presented to us, in these 
 latter times, without a single example, in any 
 particular state, or kingdom, or separate portion 
 
 ■;l 
 
 1|?i 
 
. M. 
 
 371 
 
 1:AST INDIA COMPANY 
 
 !■■, 
 
 " .'1 
 
 •.'•'^■' ■■■•■il 
 
 V . *. 
 
 ( ■ t > 
 
 ■*■■ ^ v 
 
 Ji ' 
 f ' 
 
 I 
 
 . '! 
 
 ■!L 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■A V ■ 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 of tlio Hindoo <'iinmiiiiiily, of that qiin<lni|i|(" 
 <ltvi-i<iii i)f enstri wliii'li liiis lircii ho coiillilcntly 
 insistril iipiiii. 
 
 ' I liavt! niv'i'lf I'u (■nrpcntcr'i of livo or hIx 
 dinVrpiit castes, ami in main (lillcri'iil hricklnyrrs, 
 pmplovcil oil till' Tianic liiiildiii^c. Tlio «ni!ic 
 flivcrsity of castes may be oliservod nmoiig tin; 
 crnftsiiien in doekyanU, and allotlier^trcat works; 
 nnd those wlio have resided lor niiy time in the 
 principal coinmercial citicM of India must be 
 scnsihip that every iiiercnsiiiti; demand for labour, 
 in nil its difloreiit brnnches and varieties of obi 
 and new arts, has been speeililv and elTe<tnally 
 Kiipplled, in spite of the treinen(fons institulioji of 
 cnstes, which we nni tauirbt to believer forms so 
 iinpasnable im obsiniclioii to the advancement of 
 liidiuii industry.' 
 
 2. Orowimj fhnmiul for KmjUnh Gix)(h. — It i.s 
 ditticult to Huppose that the directors of the K.ast 
 India Company should not have been early aware 
 of the fallacy of the opinions as to tho tixedness of 
 Indian habits. Ho far, however, as we knoAV, they 
 (lid not, in this instance, evince any acquaintance 
 with the discovericH of their servants. On tlii^ 
 contrary', in all the discussions that took place 
 with respect to the opening of tho trade in INll, 
 tlie Company invariably contendcil that no in- 
 crease of irado to India could bo expected. In a. 
 letter of the chairman and deputy chairman to tho 
 liight Honourable li'obert Dundas, dated .lamiary 
 lit, Ihdl), it is stated that !"•" small demand for 
 forei,L;n coniniodilies in India 'results from the 
 nature of the Indian people, their climate ami 
 their usages. 'I'hu articles of first necessity their 
 own country furnislies more abundantly and more 
 cheaply than it is p<issiblc for Europe to supply 
 them. Tho labour of the Rieat body of the com- 
 mon people only eiial)les them to subsist on rice, 
 and to wear a sll;;ht coverinf; of cotton cloth: 
 the}', therefore, cuii piirclKisc vuiic nf llie siijwr- 
 JliiUies «•<! o(f'fr tlicm. 'I'ho comparatively i'vw in 
 bettor circumstances, restricted, like tlie rest, bv 
 numerous religious and civil ciisl<iiiis, of which all 
 arc remarkably tenacious, tind lew of our commo- 
 dities to their taste; and heir climate, so dis- 
 similar to ours, renders many of them unsuitable 
 to their use ; so that a commerc(! between them 
 and us cannot proceed far upon tho principle of 
 supplying mutual wants. 1 1 once, except woollens, 
 in tt very limited degree, for mantles in tho cold 
 season, and mctalr:, on a scale also very limited, 
 to be worked up by their own artisans for the few 
 utensils they need, hardly any of our staple com- 
 modities iind a vent among tho Indians; the 
 other exports which Europe sends to India being 
 chiefly consumed by the European jiopulation 
 there,' and some of the descendants of the early 
 I'ortugucsc settlers ; all of whom, taken col- 
 lectively, form La small body in view to any 
 question of national commerce.' (Papers published 
 by auiliurity of the Eiut India C'om/iuni/, 1813, 
 p. 21.) 
 
 The volume from which we have made this ex- 
 tract contiiins a variety of passages to the same 
 effect. 8o confident, indeed, were tho Company 
 that they had carried the trade to India to the ut- 
 most extent of which it was ca[)able, that it was 
 expressly stated, in resolutions passed in a general 
 court held at the India House on .January 2G, 
 1813, 'that no large or sudden addition can be 
 made to the amount of British exports to India 
 or China; ' that tho Company had suffered a loss 
 in attempting to extend this branch of their trade ; 
 that the ■warehouses at homo were glutted with 
 Indian commodities for which thero was no de- 
 mand ; and thot to open the outports to tho trade 
 would be no other than ' a ruinous transfer of it 
 
 ' «■»■■ 
 
 into new channel I, to the destniction of ij,,^, 
 and costly establishments, and the \t^gmn■'': 
 many thousands of indiiHlrious inilivi.junl.' ' 
 
 lau'kily, howe\er, these li pre-iemntii.|i< ,. 
 unable to prevent the openin,; "I' (lii^ if^|,. 
 the result has sulllciently deiiioiHtralcd ii,,,;,^' 
 lacy. The enterprise mi'd exiriion nf iM(liij,|j^:, 
 have vastly increased our ex|Hiiii* tn Irulja— i.il; ' 
 very country which th«! {'cmipaiiy li,i,| ,„ , ' 
 dently pronounceil was, and wuM nw,., 
 continue! to \te, incapable o| nffimlin^' .mi i,. 
 ditional outlet for our |)ccul,.'»r prciiliirtr! 
 
 The commercial accounts for |s|:>,iiiil |i!;« 
 unfortunately destroyed liy ibctiroiil IlioCui.rn. 
 liouse. The triide to India was opimilc,!! ,i,^" 
 1(1, Isll; and in tliat year the (Icclartil ir ! 
 value of tho products exported from (ircat |ir;,j," 
 to tho countries ea>t.ward oi the CapiM.fi,!," 
 Hope, excepting China, by the Kast Inilijr.j. 
 panv, was S-J(>,058/., nnd by the priviui c, ,. 
 I,0IM;!-.'/. In 1817 the Conipanv-.s (..x|,^t 
 .'eclined to '!.'t8,;!S'.'/., while those' of th.' [nii; 
 l;aders had increased to 2,7.'jO,,'i:);!/. ; .iiidin |«;. 
 the former liri sunk to only inHjilOl/., mi;;,. ,i 
 latter ha<l iiicrease<l to ;{,!)70,n7'J/. lipini;ni iftU 
 double the total exports to India, a.t well I; i 
 Company as by jirivate traders, ia ISil! > 
 then the market has continued pr()),'r,-.ir,li 
 increase. At an average of the •; vcir- • 
 with 1810, tho decl.ired value of l'lio.> •, 
 Mrilish goods amounted to no less thr.nii:, 
 a-year; the declared value of th(w \: r. 
 1819 being 0,80;t,271/. 1- 1851, pmU'-. 
 late outbreak, the export; to India [iM- . 
 the sum of l(),025,9fl9/. 
 
 The Company stated, and no dniibt tri, 
 they lost a very large sum in attempt ' 
 tend the demand for Uritish wiHillins .- 1 
 and China, which, notwitlistandiii 
 very limited. I!ut in their efforts to i'«;Ji| 
 sale of woollens, they seem *'i have ontir*:>I 
 gotten that we had attainei; to f,'rc,il .v: 
 HI th(! maniilacturo of cotton siulFs, ito »;^ 
 priiicijially made use of as clothing; in lii»i- 
 aiid that, notwithstanding the ubcapm- :-Ja 
 in India, the advantage we derived (wn! 
 pcrior raachinery niiglit enable «s td offroci 
 stuffs to the natives at a lower price (tail 
 could atl'ord to mannfactiire them for. .\o«a 
 however, had the trade been optucd i" p 
 adventurers than this cliaimel nf cm ri^rr 
 exjilored ; and the result lias been, thjt,: 
 of bringing cottons from India to Knisi 
 former )ias become one of tlie best andimla 
 sire markets for the cottons of the liiller, 
 tion, indeed, whether, in the whole liiitonoi* 
 merco, onotber equally striking c.xarapietaj 
 produced of tho powerful iiitlHCiiceofi'('ni[*:if 
 in opening new and almost boundless liflilii'Jl 
 successful prosecution of commercial entirrrjT 
 
 In 1814, the first year of the free tr.iaeio'i' 
 the exports of cotton amounted to817,('']r 
 of which only about 17(VJ0l) yards, nij«^ 
 17,778/., -were exported by the C'ompaBv. 
 progress of the trade has since been sucb.W 
 18(!G wc exported to India oUfiM'H 
 cotton stuffs, and 19,819,41)0 Ihs. t«i<liMj 
 ex. hosiery, lace, and small wares, 'J'JI^^^ 
 declared value of tho whole being l-*i^'3,3ra| 
 
 The demand for several other articlBOt 
 manufactures has increased with (treat nf 
 
 l:iil 
 :.!:[i'il 
 
 Notwithstanding all that has been miJ«'< 
 immuiabilitv of Hindoo liabiM, the t.iClBl 
 bo denied that a taste for Europcnii ftim 
 customs is rapidly sprcadin;; ''•';i''^""'^ 
 and tho fair presumption is, that it nill i;^ 
 to gain ground according as educative I 
 
 W'imviit m any 
 ''¥'■ M nn assi 
 ;''"'« made b 
 "I' manners ari 
 111.1 i- tlii)se in I 
 
 '""'IW^WScivcs' 
 
 '"'"W t" their „■ 
 ""■''"''■"( as oiiH 
 *-'Mf.-iinris. 
 '}' ^'e iii/erior u 
 •""«■ Wlwro t 
 "•''!■'■ '" iffricult 
 '""'■^f'f common 
 
 •'tl"lll(TS(o,)d„C 
 
 >i>siil in 
 ntries, 
 
 "Id the . 
 
 r^'iefoi.njj 
 '« follows."^"'*' 
 
lUfTuscil. anil m the iiiKivp.s 1)0,.,)^ 
 i|ri:iintr| wilh our Iiwkmiki; artn 
 
 riiituthmtidty „n)r. llrUrr'»stn(v 
 h- rallril III (iiic^fi,,,,. an.l Dm 
 
 '••'AST iNDr^v COAri-vvv 
 
 f'"f''«l lartJicr info 1. -"'T't 
 
 "•1.<!M is in 1' i "•""'llf llllfii ,,c I . '" lllr 
 
 '""•'— ''"^ . " '\tlH- i;r,,,t ,„„rf. 
 
 ...,- .n ,11 r-rnu ,,,irts „C |,i, .;,„„ ~, '.'■ / ■ - l.a.„an., , ' "" ^ <" the p,„„N , ' J;^, "!"' '•!' 
 
 lK.ilMol...hnrorrol„>ralio„of >»C7iL "'''''''''•■'■■<•*' is V " •''■''^'■"' I'wn, ,f L • '" ''" 
 
 .•h,n.i.,'cai,io„P.Hs „r „„, „i;,.,;^, ZbitTL!" ;"'-''••''»•'""' .,nL''v'^ '"■ "" ••' inr''- "'""• 
 
 ".•>N„i, Hirli „),„i„ J havo conv. 'r::'' "'^""''■^ "h ; ' 'k ,","• r'""""">«" S-. ''"''".'•:''''" ^ilk 
 ili.it l.,il/- tlu'ir in.,.i r,.nlnrk,,b^. ,.T ' '•■'""'■^' m"" .siuv.rs iv ^^ , har.|,v„r,. su'''''^ '''''■< on,, • 
 
 m^rk. le ..lia,,.^^ »"-l will. ,.;Zr 'l ^^'iV "rtory ^'i ^ J^'''^'" '-rn ;,.,nc^^t. ^^'"P'.ul, 
 
 nmirk,iible ..|,«n;,'o.. and will, ,.roS„Wv /' '"''•7' "^'''rv oV ,i« r "■'"^''"'n' rnnov j i '"■■ ,-^'"l"'"l. 
 
 ■tho ..„«,. feeling .show., itself rm' .1 ^T" "'•ders wri f.^^ '', "", ^''" «» ail kinds of h "^''" ^^^^ m < 
 |gro« i,« „,.;.,Kvr„f ca.s c ' r Vn ' • • '^"?,"=ia% in a ccl ■hr^'^ 'f'''" *" ■ "t 'alien ^"7'«'«^o, crockor • 
 
 ■wpli' IS nn assert on which ri„„ " cvilised to hnln -^ '"'^'v. no ^„Zls °^ Jou(lp„„r 
 
 l«.' to («„a.lo by anv v Im h^i ^IT" -'^'-^ «"P- As tV';;"'"''*"'^-' "( Vo" i^^^u^^ ^-"^ known 
 ■iif-r mannrrs are at'lea^t %, nlil ' ''"'' *''«'" •• capaoiA ''^ «''arActor of V^' ■^''; • 
 Musa.^tho.seinihowpJ^'^ "■'"*f""''c"urJm.^^^^^ ••'"'I even nnxionl. . • ^''"''""S tUoir 
 
 lisllllssi- 
 
 I l-WHitul fabrics a.s7ur own ?Y-'''.f'''''''"'=WtTuo Zf M^ «"t /s mf^ '"^' «'^"'' thorn 
 
 difoiit pieces „i>XnV,i"''/'"'*'"'''lfriins "'? "'^ J«us f^hri.st.'^ /y^, "??""» of tho cn4t o , 
 
 :^i^'-'«.wSifri»4-" theS^^!^::£-^i had&^ .. "' 
 
 
 f Vo H ^;r'^; "nd 23 rirl,' k'"' <=°"tai"in- 
 
 ^'01. 11. n ;jn,, ^ —J girJs , eanh fif oc . ., 'f? 
 
 il>^'hen'at^rV/-«'en^ , , -' ^^'« > -ch of 25 or .Si 
 
 articles and for ,„'"''"Calc.U a 
 
 r:^ the nati'^^-^i^alen^ I ^ ^^ -^ ^0.) _ - «"■» . each of 25 or .ii? 
 
 r''»'--»--......is»s£igfg|| 
 
070 
 
 EAST INDIA COMPANY 
 
 l-'i 
 
 •I' ":■ 
 
 IL 
 
 !i 
 
 in whirli, bcniilpR a grammationl knowlodKc of thn 
 IlimlouHtancu laii^iinKc, ax wt'll an IVritiuti and 
 Aniliii", ihe Hciiicir Ixiyu could piiHS a j;oo<l cx- 
 niiiiiintion in KiikIixIi ^rumninr, in llnmo'H IILttory 
 ul' Kiu^luiid, Joyi'e's Scivnlitic I tialD^ucH, tlin uii» 
 of tliu k'uIx'^i "lid till' |iriiid|)ul fucu uiid moral 
 iircct'pts of lliu (jospi'l; most, of tlitni writiiijf 
 licuutifnlly in thu iVr^iun, and very tolurably in 
 tlio Kn^IiDli cliaructtT, and I'xcullin); muxt boyx I 
 have met with in the a<'i'nrui-v and reudiiicss of 
 their arithmetic' (Vol. ii. p. MH.) 
 
 'The diflerciit nution.s which I have seen in 
 India (for it in a urcat mi.slalic to supiioHc that all 
 India is peopled by a cin^'le race, or that there i* 
 not as ({reat a ilisparity Ix'tween the inhabitantH 
 of (Juzerat, l!enj;al, the Dooab, and the Deccan, 
 both in lunguaKu, manners, and physiognomy, 
 as between any four naiions in Kiiropc) have, of 
 course, in a preatcr or less degree, the vices which 
 must bo expected to attend on arbitrary govern- 
 ment, a dcmorali.sinf^ and absurd religion, and (in 
 all the independent ^tale.s, and in some of the 
 districts which are'partially subject to the British) 
 a laxity of lau-, and an almost universal prevalence 
 of intestine feuds and habits of plunder. The 
 general character, however, has much which Is ex- 
 tremely pleasing to me : they are brave, courteous, 
 intelligent, and most eager after knowledge and 
 improvement, with a remarkable talent for the 
 sciences of geometry, astronomy ic, as well as 
 for the arts of painting and sculpture. In all 
 these points they have had great ditliculties to 
 struggle with, both from the want of models, 
 instruments, and elementary instriicllon ; the in- 
 disposition, or rather the horror entertained, till 
 lately, by many among their European masters, 
 for giving them* instruction of any kmd ; and now 
 from the real ditticulty which exists of translating 
 works of science into languages which have no 
 correspondmg terms.' (Vol. ii. p. 409.) 
 
 Even if our space permitted, it would be un- 
 necessary to add to these extracts. The facts 
 and circumstances 'ow mentioned must, we 
 think, satisfy every i .c that there is nothing in 
 the nature of Indi&i. society, in the institution 
 of castes as at present existmg, or in the habits 
 and customs of the natives, to hinder them from 
 advancing in the career of civilisation, commerce, 
 and wealth. ' It may safely be asserted,' says 
 Mr. Hamilton, ' that with so vast an extent of 
 fertile soil, peopled by so many millions of 
 tractable and industrious inhabitants, Ilindostan 
 is capable of supplying the whole world with any 
 species of tropical merchandise ; the production, 
 in fact, being only limited by the demand.' 
 
 3. Trade with India. — We hod occasion to 
 animadvert, in former editions of this work, on 
 the difHcultiea imdcr which the trade with India 
 then laboured in consequence of the duties on 
 sugar, rum, and other Indian products being very 
 much higher than those laid on the same articles 
 when imported from the colonies in the West 
 Indies. It is needless, however, to enlarge on the 
 manifest inexpediency of such policy, or to enter 
 into any lengthened arguments to prove that 
 Governments are bound to treat all who are 
 subject to their authority with the same equal and 
 impartial justice. The discriminating duties now 
 referred to have been all abolished, and the pro- 
 ducts of India and of our other dependencies come 
 into the home market on the same equal terms. 
 The beneficial inlluence of this wise and liberal 
 policy has been strikingly evinced in the increased 
 imports of sugar, cotton, indigo, rice, wool &c., 
 from India. These imports have been so very 
 great, that despite the vast increase in the ship- 
 ments of cotton stuffs and yarn, iron, machinery, 
 
 woollens, and other articles of Britiih pM 
 India, the value of the imports from hu 
 exceeded the value of the rxp>rti to ll 
 tini^nt; and hence the heavy (Irain of la 
 the Kast. This drain, no doubt, hm al. 
 almost always, existed ; but the late ixtnn 
 excess of the imports over the exports [ 
 |)ortionally increased itj magnitude. 
 
 Indigo grows luxuriantly frr)tn tho Eni 
 the 30th degree of lat.; but in Imlia ttl 
 pnMluced in Bengal and Daliar, ktwopn 
 and 27° N., and long. H4° and U(/3 K, : 
 where eUe the product is inl'erior. The 
 produce of all the Bengal provincci i 
 estimated at about 00,000,000 lU., pr,j,|„ 
 about l,2ii0,000 acres r)f cultivated l.in: 
 planters, at on overage, farming hIkjiu tji 
 each. The prime coat of the article to the r 
 has been estimated at 1,700,(X)0/.; theLiw 
 on which, including risk and cliarjfcs to tl 
 of exportation, amounts to 40 per cent. 
 export by sea of indigcj from liritlsh M 
 however, fallen in value from 2,09:j,.l7^/, j, 
 to 1,800,141/. in lH(i6. The production of 
 India is confined to Bengal, and the pr 
 though lorgc, is of inferior quality. 
 
 Opium has been, for many years past, m 
 is, an article of great and rapidly incn 
 export to China, the Malay Islaml.f, andelw 
 The exports, chicHy to Cbma, were valued ii 
 at 11,122,746/. This vast importation into! 
 not being balanced by any corresponding ej[ 
 tion of ordinary merchandise is the oau.* v 
 largo exports of bullion from it to Indii. 
 poppy may be said to take the place io Is 
 agriculture that the vine and olive 000151 
 that of Southern Eiiro[ii'. Its(,'ronthwiiii 
 British territories has been confined M 
 Bohar, the Benares districts, and the pwi 
 Jlalwoh, where it is extensively cultivaKi; 
 yields o large revenue to GoviTiimcnt, 1 
 
 The principal export of cotton was funteti 
 China; but the export to Great Uritaiiiii 
 become very consideralilc, having amciii 
 84,101,961 lbs. in 181H, and to no im\ 
 614,578,384 lbs. in l«Gfl. This impon 
 amounts to nearly one half in quantity, mi 
 nigh a third in value, of our whole aniiii 
 sumption of cotton wool ! 
 
 Notwithstanding the vast, and nil butunliii 
 capacities of British India for the prcluca 
 sugar, its total export in 1838 amounted wl 
 more than two-thirds of the c.'^poro rfi 
 from the Mauritius ! This miserable reil! 
 wholly, or almost wholly, ascribable I 
 inferior quality of East Indian sugari, 
 to the very rude and imperfect meiW 
 which they M'cre prepared. No doubt itwiJii 
 also, ascribable to the circunistance 
 Indian sugars having been burdened, freti 
 to 1836, with a duty of Ss. per cwt. otj 
 above the duty charged o'l West India » 
 But in the course of that year licngol ju.111 
 put on the same footing, in respect of liia 
 those of the West Indian colonies; andi 
 years a great improvement has been efM 
 the manufacture of Eost Indian sugars,* 
 of which are now about equal to the besirfj 
 from Jamaica and Demcrara. In 1*^ 
 imports from the British East Indies a 
 342,760 cwts. 
 
 The abolition of the discriminating i 
 favour of Bengal sugars, being founded o"! 
 and equity, it has since been extendedBr 
 of British India, and to Ccyloa ^"t^"' 
 as already observed, could be more mM 
 consistent with sound principle ttanw I 
 
♦ >? ' I 
 
 -'•■ rir""","- . ';i.v i. "c^Ki ;:;,'' J,': '!"J ' ',,;:;"'''''• ^lU ",;;;'"^'"ii'-noo „^ 
 
 '•■ l^ia-.ly i,„,,„rr,.,i ,., i . , / ^' ""^'"t'.T„, J,t I ,'/';.''''''•'•'-''<'.. of rni "'" '"""i..,|,, ',,'.':" 
 
 wa,ui; b.t^n,„.,;;i';J- ';-- .r„w„ iiiei: ,s^^ 
 
 Ui«M. V™»<in, ;;.a,; ;f-''-; I 'aS"^;:!'?"'"''-'-"? 
 
 JSnii.l) Hhnit; ami it ,.,„,m ,, . , v. 'nfcrior td i l.,..' "' '" vccv l,ir„„ '*"/' 'lies. 'ii„, ,. '"*> 
 
 then 
 
 IK'O 
 INBI 
 
 ISM 
 IW8 
 
 K'port. 
 
 In .an ,vool into Kni.n / .''jy., '''^'.''"''''"•'i 
 
 ['■'!'« (/" not annoir t ' /, ''-V""'*^ fr""! 
 ['«"'..<i,.tdi3covo',5' li^, Xfl, ,'*''" """• 
 
 ■ ""iiT (1,1 not annoar f„ i. "-"V'Tts Jro„i iJ,.., ', 
 p-miin. .i,„i „.i.::,. "/'- ""'<■'• cxnorts «--,..m-; h -~L- 
 
 ^'"''«, in enl''T' ^''•'"'■elutp""''. ^'""'""7 
 
 ■ ■ ■- ..VIII ^iMsam Aro •:' — '-- 'luui i aurii ' ._ * 
 
 4,007 607 
 
 
 '■'i"cipal„do.l„r^,Hc|« 
 
 """■munlrion; 
 
 Her . 
 J* 
 fmti 
 
 S^'siilunwrouch, 
 fell.an,^''"" 
 
 !'&'■"«''"« - 
 •oloun ( 
 
 xIpaniK,!, 
 
 '«' "n»roujht ; 
 
 Tnial . 
 
 ■'Sfi.l.Ti 
 ,''Si.77l 
 
 IO,a7!).,)7} 
 96,21 J I 
 
 ,l«l.«6 
 '••••■'i.iOO 
 
 •t;,(;()7 
 
 46.681 
 IS«,877 
 
 !<S6,;(;5 
 9S,0I4 
 
 ,><'.r<i(i 
 
 i>ll.7S') 
 
 4 '•.'•1.1 
 
 1.77,(l,',i 
 
 I'l.n-.B 
 
 , H'5,S^7 
 1.4SV,',|3 
 
 «l.!),',.5 
 iS,(j.l4 
 
 I5I,S.',,T 
 
 ',MP,,S(I1 
 .KP.OSifi 
 •■'7.IV8 
 
 lll,fi.|0 
 »77,I.',« 
 313,364 
 
 46,S«6 
 43,»gj 
 74,744 
 
 «'i,«63 
 3»,B7I 
 I0,76S 
 .44,SK1 
 S03,068 
 "1,707 
 
 669,6.5 
 
 88,809 
 
 •1.%767 
 47,!fii 
 S4,C0I 
 
 ««,M0 
 
 '2,206 
 
 '«,778 
 
 .44,674 
 
 4Sn,9S7 
 
 81, .199 
 r?S-"7 
 
 18,«»0,4I3 
 
 .is 
 
 f 
 
 n\ ii 
 
 . ; 
 
t'TiUBi; T !*f » W5»**; . ' 
 
 
 ■|| 
 
 
 I ^ 
 
 lloral • [ - ■ 
 
 Caoutchouc 
 
 Carilanioms ' . - 
 
 1 Clove* - ■ . , : 
 
 lS!:rco-,r'op..t«ino.ands.r.mU.aml 
 
 ' yam ~ . ■ 
 
 Com- W>«« 
 Cntlon, raw - 
 
 Cotton i.iBCo goods •■ 
 
 Cutch * - " 
 
 Fruit; Dates 
 
 (iails - . • - 
 
 <iin|!<''. , ," 
 Gum, Anlrnl 
 
 Aratiic 
 
 I.Ticclye - , - 
 
 I ^JriSing oil therefrom 
 
 Oil. •'»*"" '. '. - ■ 
 
 Cocoa-ntit 
 
 Twin or'blubber - 
 
 Olilianf" - \ 
 
 Pepper 
 
 Vetroleum - ^. 
 
 '^■"■•CBt'.ori"''^!''"^'' : 
 
 Safllower 
 Uel'm^ns^aanainax -. 
 1 seeus j,„5,„ii 
 
 Voppy 
 
 Rape . 
 
 Uneiuimeratcil, 
 oil therefront 
 
 Sentia " . - " 
 
 Silk, raw - . - " 
 
 Waste - . Corahs, choppas, 
 
 ^■Cdannas^andTu^orecas- 
 
 |s^'n,.goat.un,lre^^ d. - 
 
 Sheep, tanned or tawed 
 
 Spirits: Rum "_ 
 
 l«"«"'Sni1ndcamiy -_ : 
 
 Tallow - . - • 
 
 Ter " . 
 
 I Teeth, elephant* - 
 Turmeric - 
 Wax. hci'S - 
 
 ^ICt shi'S'andlamb.- "_ 
 
 1 All other articlvs_^^^^^ 
 
 TiTufnU to India. — 
 Erportation of the Frec^ms^ JW^ .,. 
 
 Theresa a vast T^'^tion of the c ^^^^.^^ ^^^ 
 
 lis Turkey ^^ 4\^f;„ t^ito'ries, into ^vlnch 
 
 China, aiul f^f^ ^V imported fro^J.tV^- 
 bulUon has '^'^^"^rinS intercourse of th^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^"ortation of these tnetaU that h^^ . P 
 
 rreXJ^rom the ^tatemej^t of^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 aurumnonoportcre,cumsse_po .^^ ^^^ l. 
 
 nrconsulc Rr'^'lThVptS on.vas repeate(Uy 
 Flacco, cap. 28). ''''df;,?^ u tie effect, by the l^m- 
 
 P^-^"^.^- ,.w— ine cold and s;llf)°i J hostile 
 
 ._., eol^ectsat50oui,y=^=^-;.^| 
 
 Xrabia at double tlu^t sum ^ ^^^ ^,, 
 drain thus ^arly coinmcn«^j,, ^^ ^, . 
 intensity, has ^°^"X,,,, time.. ^1 
 ruption, do^vn t°^fEast India CobP>«?»I 
 establishment of the Las^ i ,„,^,4| 
 Kold and silver have "/i™'' . ,„ ,he EBj* 
 ^nd safest articles «f ,f P°' f .hee «;^, 
 Wte the. vast quag ";^t,,^J 
 
 , poured into India, they apv ,^,, „j4| 
 in greater «quest than eve ^^^^^ 
 
 cent countries ;it'«^^f;P„«d ta,otbe«| 
 nations in exchange lor lux 
 
IM,.; 
 
 15, n 
 1I,>J1 
 
 MM\ ' I 
 
 n/o 
 
 15^)' 
 X.iU I I 
 
 !,m ' ' 
 
 6,!:l : 
 Sl.til 
 W,M' 
 
 «.«! 
 
 i,;(i;,!i) 1 
 
 5,W0 
 
 -,'.18 
 49,S79 
 
 130,;J9 
 5,lfiit 
 30,m.'> 
 'iS,3M 
 ll,»Oi 
 !«,6'23 
 
 l,061,S'i6 
 S.H.MI 
 34,nl 
 3lW,»'(2 
 
 2,250,89S 
 
 s;;<: 1 
 
 Mil 
 
 4,5'« 
 
 s* 
 
 !I7,SII1 
 
 
 196,759 
 
 
 131 
 
 •^1 
 
 ss.or. 
 
 0\ 
 
 n,s« 
 
 
 •iO(.,fiSl 
 
 
 1S1,157 
 
 )IS: 
 
 63,HI 
 
 M 
 
 4,771 
 l«'i,107 
 
 ;M 
 
 ,",1,3'.« 
 
 
 411,S')2 I Sji 
 15,311 I »l 
 
 S3 1 
 
 '•■•"i i fill 
 339,S17 ■'3 
 
 li9,«fi 
 16,96« 
 
 at 
 Mil 15 ! „Si| 
 
 nl.«i) l'^;l 
 
 811,9*1 
 MS.ll! 
 -|'3'7,395,1M 
 
 alrf* ' 
 
 
 4,000,000 by tbo Levant, „„ 
 the Jiu Man frontier. And thoi 
 ni/y believed by Jntcr authorities 
 mate was beyond the raarlt, still t 
 
 qiience of the decrease in the .s .ppl"f of Y.T'" *'''''' '^""t n ."n?;-/''""^'' '"'"■"'I; and m ' , "• 
 iliim Anierca subsenucntlv fn. tuc!o . °""""i I prices nor„?L. '"""-''> 'hero is i,V, • "• '''^^"'/"to 
 
 |ii"ti..n. This abnomal statP n/?i ■ "PPosito ' I.vdia.v J? ur w . x 
 
 K.i,iue for «„y ve^ ie^nVtl^te"/ Si: ^"jj,';- pj!'- fo.lo,w;7; il^^ tt'^ :';?^'?--'- 
 
 ' " Lailway.s and TelcgraJL 7- ''""'"'^^^ "^ Julian 
 '# of Railwam oven fnr 1\.,.n:. . . 
 
 f|Sa;LrL"^};nc/ open on 
 |a 77 miles. *' ' ^''°'n Ferozepore 
 
 ^^^' .'S -" "0. «. ^S ? 3r '•»-, m ,„a „„ „;7;,r«„ r.^ 
 
 PP2 
 
 200 
 4U0 
 
 400 
 
 soa 
 
•■^:■ 
 
 :-d\ 
 
 ' I 
 
 1 
 
 »'; . *! 
 
 
 VAST ll^DlA COMPAN . .^ -„ji other Eastern coumhj 
 
 ^^ , rcr.ia, Turkey m Ae-tt, "J^^^^^^^j,^ „„d ^ «m .i 
 
 - an »ny^^^'^'*^uvnv^ prevailed in these counm.-. 
 curity havt ^"^ "j^^,^' i^ conswiucnce bccna^cnr 
 
 ?r'41r-.fo-'"'"*^'''™ r„,^•«-ltis nutted to the o^rtht^st.^^^,^.,^. op^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 """ . ,., nrni.. of B""'"" '" n, nucd and have "^vailed thems*. j^,,y^^^ ^^^ , 
 
 ra./.sfs of the /;"'.„• the hing-continucci ^^^j ons of tnar ^^^^ masters; a.H i, 
 
 difficult t.. "<-f' .\i.n\o India. ^^ >vo"ld se' m, , .^ a^-»"r"L"rd8 so deposited will «ev,t', 
 
 ,,eavy drain of ^^J'^^^^u- o^s-ing to »!« '^J^^^i^l „,any of V^^t /he practice has undoubtedlvl« 
 
 ho^vevcr.to be rn'^f^,, Vfo the ^ou" '> »^\^U,,oughttol.sh ,th^^ 
 
 ..ircumstanccP. ^'''••' \,i,is statement ma> ', ! prjnc pal cauhc ot ui>- d 8C0vcr\-(.f( - 
 
 no mines of '^['""'l^nv^t. It '« ""Tvl but Uhe East. C*"^ ^^^f .^vLbXl BiW^^^^^^^ 
 
 sure ■ 
 
fh.)UKhthorenrpsiiehqunntitie3continuallvcominn.i 
 into u, and none froiu.- out.' (On the Govenwent ' 
 (tj llmdiistan, p. 10.) "'«tnt 
 
 Tlio comparative security that was Intelv m 
 atlVPS in most narta nf T„,i:. •' 
 
 EAST INDIA COMPANY 
 
 ,iny,M uy tiie nativM m most parts of In.lia mnv 
 have none sornethiiiff (o lessen this habit • l.^r 
 ■ sow.ky diffused ami so deeply root" ,' ca' 
 ^ ca.,ly or speedily moditiod: and tho'" 
 
 dlK' 
 
 .h.. ill.^..l exactions of their rulers were Z& 
 an. partmUyput down in the countries d'rectlv 
 umer th. Co.npnny's government, there af ^ 
 Uu, io am many other parts of India, prc^"o^^ v 
 tn ti,c late insurrec.mn, agreat deal of dlS 
 .on, an,l robbery, since tl,„t nnf. '„'' 
 
 oppression, an,, rouucry. since tl,nt nnforhi' 
 iutbrcak, insecurity and disorders of a so fs 
 immeasurably increased. nn.I i.n,.„ "' °"^ 
 
 rate oiuorfaK, insecurity and disorders of all soriV 
 hsvi. immeasurably increased, and h-ivo !., 
 
 ,.ionallys.imuIatedtheprac,;eeofhoJ;;i'n,rK 
 
 reWliion raging in China has had similar "effects 
 
 land «e have teen assured bv those nhn <• ^"'^'-'^^ ' 
 
 pcricioo and observation, are^ X, mlifeirf '•'■ 
 
 Ian .pinion on such a subject, that it ma hn^ T"' 
 
 Irat. 1, estimated that in-'india an" Sa^'S; 
 
 ■thc iialt-dozcn rears endin.r ,,.;.}, is-"' """"fT 
 
 fcottesthan 10(1000,000/. st^'erW ha, i." '"'" "'' 
 
 yml to the earth. ^ ""^ ''«=en con- 
 
 I ihc circiiiiistances thus hn'nA.. « i- 
 
 Ui,lore,l as the leading ea'2 oTtu! "l?''! '"^ 
 
 Wmiial drain of bullion to?he last Ot.f ^-"^ 
 distances, already adverted to rlnnnn r ''" ^"■- 
 fculiar state of the trade beUveenFn'T °? "^^ 
 lurope Rcnerallv and the Las C ^ '"'* ""'' 
 
 tytftlie Im,x>rts and Exports nf T,. 
 U>a,^fim India during eacTof Z^i'v"'' 
 mding with 18C5-6. ^ ^ -^ ear* 
 
 f 
 
 l,«3.'!,0?3 
 2,116,16,5 
 i!,(W,l67 
 MIO.IOI 
 •■'.IllO.SVU 
 1,U''.,M1 
 l.;»6,v.53 
 l,11l,3.M 
 
 Mi.i.vaa 
 
 <.;3l,67'i 
 ■",73';, 172 
 
 i.iirj.j'ji 
 
 ■I.VI 11,51)3 
 
 ■\>liJ,SI)9 
 .''.HW.ll.'iU 
 6.M1„177 
 '■»71,3.JO 
 ,'■ ^ViS 
 I. "l,v»8 
 H,ll3,6 
 li.MM 
 "f.lK.li: 
 lli,S.!fi,9( 
 
 i".';:7!o; 
 li,'x'i,3;r 
 
 '•'".■•DI.'JC? 
 ^V.ISl.ilo 
 
 ,, . «.W7,JU1 
 t'lccssofimporu . 
 
 .£ 
 
 191,741 
 lOH.IO'l 
 
 '•"i.i.an 
 
 3IO,fi.5.i 
 •TIlVioi! 
 ■'■I',5a.7 
 
 ')1.1,(J76 
 
 lil.',7!)7 
 
 746/176 
 
 1,1116,840 
 
 ;l.%S7o 
 
 ii.wa,7i.i 
 
 U7l,i>4,( 
 'i41,vs9 
 . 918,089 
 '."5.\V30 
 ;. I«S,M6 
 l.M7,l.35 
 , 'W1,I77 
 
 »13,.-90 
 «: 1,936 
 
 , 8r.'.,IB6 
 
 1.111,199 
 
 , 'i«l,196 
 
 1.1 11,110 
 
 ; .270,435 
 
 '•111,775 
 
 i,lCi,3ii 
 
 £ 
 '.C98.2S2 
 
 1.772,23.1 
 2.299,445 
 2,663,014 
 1,171,711 
 ■.■1I9,767 
 l..'526,259 
 ■}.227,49.5 
 4,1118.602 
 2,64.',,532 
 1.679.931 
 2,226,052 
 , ■'<7.,353 
 1.664,760 
 '-.•25,563 
 270,520 
 I ■■'2,9-0 
 .'.776,147 
 3..WS,6fi0 
 ,„ 761,223 
 0.700,111 
 1.1.160,271 
 1.5,002,021 
 2,155,095 
 15,181,797 
 S,5(,0,57S 
 l4,27M,7si 
 '9,.397,827 
 21,624,105 
 ,>';.91«.577 
 __2ill9J!,949 
 
 227,I5.J,0J7 
 .1)98,500 
 
 [ar fortheycars 1T2-G " "'"''' ""^ '" 
 H'^ for cotton. The fn^t'^^"™^'' "f 
 ';'»!h»pre,siden,iesof Hn''',"T''''o'' 
 S 'V. including Brit sh R,,? "Pi' ^'"''"s, 
 
 ^^^o' 17,642,443/. per anni^'*^'^'- ^^^S 
 
 •!";'>'sdvesi„ India"' nLr'"''?''"^ '^«t«- 
 •™""g or holdin" 1^/"'!,, Pi'^t'^'iilarly of 
 
 the llraril'l^^r-Hho natives 1^!^ 
 
 I ."^oi'fflit up bv Ku onnn '^""','^ '^""''i '« eagerly 
 
 est the la'ttoo XiT^ca t,""; "•'""•\''>' '^'^ '"'^''^ 
 
 and released from any etrw^i T' ""^ '^'"■'"'•v. 
 
 |';"<Vid the prejudices ;rfr"';! ^""'^o'. ^'louid 
 »"-"i ed with t1,cm. No, • bnu '■"' '!"<' f-'" ''"'- 
 be the general opinion of 'h ,"■''''■' " ■^'-■'""■■' '» 
 with India, that bu ,,io ^]lT ^''^^ "o.iuainted 
 ■ended from these cirrino"^'"' '^ '-^ "^« «PPre- 
 •:>.ropeans estabSed h k af'-'^f' "'•■*' »''« few 
 
 Jiave contributed verv n -.tnW, r''*-'" '''""'^rs *c. 
 
 "?ent ; and that theS "'"•'■ 'l' ''■' ""prove- 
 
 ^"ff i* population an" Xi-"" '"''"" '''' '^^ 
 'ne.it n, the eonntrv, "re 1 on.''?.'"'""'"^ ^ettle- 
 n.e.ws of spreading UnowiiX '!" "'"^' ''''eH' 
 sciences, and of ,vide ,!,,"„ '^'' °* o'" ""s and 
 I foundations of our a eendnn^ strengthening the 
 ' eed, that the duration of n,;' ^' '' ""'^''""X in- 
 'lepcnd on a yoryZZtu^l f'""*''""' ^"'lia must 
 root, as it were n thl m^""'''' ""'ess we take 
 portion of the p'pu?atn I?''.?"'! » eo'isWciable 
 "es of kindred, and of r "^'.^e'led to us bv the 
 
 pathies. In tC'rSe"e^r"sh"''^^''^.^ ''■'" y'- 
 Koman in preference to th/?°"'^ imitate the 
 Athenian poicv Inn f ^ Lacedemonian or 
 wo observe'd ;?at, rkii:?7j''"r .'>f t'"-^ work 
 lalion in India, the low ^.f'/"' '''"'">' ^^ P<'PU- 
 
 eCtheelimate,'and other simiL''"^"'' ''"^ ''^^"^ 
 seemed very doubtful vhehlr.>"''""?''*""ee.'', it 
 come the resort of L ■ "^ ^*'oul'l ever be- 
 
 i^ngli;sh settLrs.'aUeaTof'ri'*"'^^'' "-"n^er of 
 ''e sufficient, wi bin a^f,- rfn ' ^numberas would 
 nn:>'thing lik'e a piwe^iC " "f I'' "f-""'."^' '« f»™ 
 and we have now to state hat?h!"^'''^'"''='■est! 
 have been more tlmn rea fs ', ? '■'?"eipation9 
 the restraints on the settWn ' Tl ""*' "'ough 
 India have been practica k""^ J^"eli«hn,en in 
 very fGVf have availefl h, "^ "f *" ''n'' since I834 
 Tiicrc may, no" dtbt, tWh^ °'".'!' P""'Se' 
 to anticipate such a re .it hn „ ''" '''"« ^"^"^o" 
 " India in time to come-'an7.^''f '' emigration 
 It may be carried ;. '"'"'.an'' to whiiteverT-xtent 
 tageo-iis. . Weliecd" r^fi'*' ""'■ '"^^'^ advan! 
 William Bentinck, 'use ' ^T?^""'' «"''< Lord 
 to prove that it would be i"-fin!?nr'^;' ^'e^^m^nt 
 for India to borrow lamnf J • '"^'^ advantageous 
 from England. T he S,!? ""f ^^^ know7edge 
 clared the truth- if, .f^''''"'*' has e.xpres.sJvde 
 implied in thSivttsan7"'''r''^'"^''^ h.xs bet 
 
 ^i-a^s^3p'i^t rs.s 
 
 /''uropean.s, mingii„,^^„P^«^'^f ' the e.>[ample Jf 
 '" 'he course ot' t lieir nro . '^' ''''^' 'ho natives 
 ilemonstrating, bv daiK"'"'!'' ""'' Practicallv 
 !'"t»re ami the'^-^i^eSMie n •''""^ '^''''^"ee, Z 
 }"Culcate,andof theplia \vr?eori'''^^r^« ''^'-^'^e to 
 It seems to be alimTln'^'"'' have adopted 
 P?ndcntly of their 4",fl.'''!"'"^;P''"'n. that, „de- 
 '•'t.V in tills wa virn "",^'.f'"= "--"i^e c, nimu- 
 
 a.lvantageswil/resu fl "m' ""('"rtant naUo" a 
 ableb ,3%f„j;res^uh^^^^^^^ 
 
 settled 1,1 the counirv To n,^n /•'''''• '''•''^'^'-^"''ants 
 the superiority whicli hniL^ ^""" "' ''^ to deny 
 ,f ^-"lia ; it is^to d ubt vhftb'e?'* "i? '^' '^^'^'^^ 
 lia.H any effect on natin, „"^' "ational charactei 
 ffood governmeiu k To" .r?^"'' «freng,h, and 
 penis and difficult es of 0°' T 'y^' ^^ a! the 
 as nothing communkv on ,''r''"" ' '>*« to ho?d 
 n crest between the^vL-nS^' f "'™ent, and 
 
 
 1 ('I ; 
 
: 11. 
 
 J--.. .• 
 
 li\ 
 
 I 4 
 
 [I 
 
 n 
 
 EAST 
 
 682 , „ „„nr.lc CO for notliinfi 
 
 turcrs that the 1-W« of a pcoplc Ro^ ^^_ 
 
 •"creating a ™«^f ^^^ "hich creates capital, 
 nn.l capital, and the ^l'^^^^^^ of commod.t o«^ 
 arc of no «vnil "i tie pro" j ,„ n,cnt of iRn 
 Tn order to facilitate tno i iiL^ish capital in 
 
 laud revenue >y "'«„'S^^^ revenue redeemed. 
 sumcqualmAahieioi" 
 
 INDIES 
 
 ""..„! native states are Hyderabail or 
 The pnn«'P,''\'^'ng Nepaul, Scindia, Holkar, 
 
 iiic i""V" ■»; „,;„:nn9 Nepaui, ncinQiB, noiK 
 
 Mysore, «SP^°eXte« "«' ^°' '^"^ T"'' ^'n' "T 
 core, &c. int . ^^torics, and Kcnerallvail. 
 
 rounded ^^Y ™"rdance with the advice ot th. 
 
 ministered in »cco™ • j^ ^^ ,i,eir imikc- 
 
 British af •'^'iSXVught that their tmir. 
 
 tivecourts. ««' J jj^tjau dominions would 1* 
 
 absorption »«*» ,\^^ " this would most likely 1. 
 
 desirable; hut "loh i^j„ot faQto occa^-n 
 
 beneficial in tn®/^'"''-^ ^c annexation of Oudtln 
 
 I!""'!' nXousie,notwith3tandinK its governnK,,.. 
 
 Lord t>"l''°"„r ' osiblc description, la bclievedw 
 
 r'^r^n^'S&UeolthetenMi* 
 
 sum equal m ^ u.»v 
 
 HI. EAST I«n'f ' Jf RKVENUK, ETC. . 
 
 1 Trienf. Population, fc. oj ^ 
 I, Extent, I .^jji^doxlan. ^. aUtin- 
 
 .u, rtof Area and Population ofl'^f'^' j^^^ve 
 ^^S«f ^W.A ,SS Eefui S-ed from 
 
 |- British In^'l'-^Val of Wl" 
 
 in l™""l;„,„nor of Bengal - 
 Lieutenant- o.crn ^^ j^^,,^- 
 LienteiiantOovtru" 
 
 West '''"''""'^M of ru.ii»t. 
 {;'H^Ti■o"mm"S"r of Brit.U 
 
 CoH'S'ofM^SandSind 
 (lovernor of wmmj ^ 
 
 a^'Si^S« of central 
 
 TcrirrBrui*"*-"'-"- 
 
 Native States. 
 
 ^^.^^^l India ; ; 
 
 Madras • 
 
 ""■•■"^-.a, of Native States 
 I Voreisn Native States- 
 
 i^ru '^"■■■"- „/„n,s;i,lc rtcscnpiion, la mmm 
 ,vas of the >vo"^^S cause of the late j«* 
 bave been a prominci ^^^ annexation i^l, 
 
 and it »« F'^" *?he i.tatesman, whidnvasl*! 
 
 „f tiinh distineuisncii '" ',„„„,i;!,.»,i ,vi 
 
 navi- uv^".-- I , , ^ijjt tiic anneximui , 
 
 and it »« F'^" *?he i.tatesman, whidnvastob,! 
 of that distmgmshctl . < ^^^; „ii,te,l l,y.l„ 
 
 "n'^.rt'Srfutttie's bothin this co*:. 
 
 total number 01 ui ^.^noo were in the amy as 
 
 ,vas 31,000 O^'j^f.^'tue'civil officers of Cou.- : 
 officers antlpriNates,"^ ^^^^^ ,,^,„ j , 
 
 ment of all "JSmrrincrs who resided lata 
 free merchants and mari ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^, 
 
 under covenant, about D ^, ^^^^.^^ ^.^ 
 
 pract tioner '» "^^^^''i.ting of Idventum. ri. 
 
 remaining ,^''7,..*^" Ives out in vinous c«f«; 
 
 had smuggled themse^;o,,e mentioned nodeiA 
 ties. Since the date ano ^^^^^ ,. , 
 
 reports have been publisncu ^^^ ^^^^^ 
 reason to believe ^^^,f ^^^^ 
 of 1857 the total numMT)^^^^ 
 Iliudostan exceeded l.jOOO^^^,^^^^^^^,^^^^^ 
 
 the removal of the rest ^^^^^^^^ ^.^„, few « 
 having, as already sc, ^ ^^^^^^^,,|^,„i 
 previous number. J»ow V ■ 
 
 Ltimated at about IJO^OOth^^ 
 
 The army requuea It rcaimr: lal 
 
 extensive pi^ovince , ami 'o^ ,;(„ ,vA 
 under due Buborthnation, as ^^^^^ . ,^^ ^^J 
 
 contingent native troops. 
 
 ■' ' ll v.il.e Commissioned 
 
 inBrXAlM 
 
 Naiiie Commissioned 
 
 and Non-.ommissioned 
 
 Offlceis and^Ien_ 
 
 Toi.ll 
 
 I'tesideni ics 
 
 4.'J,1S« 
 
 i.'),.'-)S:5 
 
 14jU'J6 
 
 li.iiis 
 
 "67,96:1 
 
 01,619 
 
 «'J,S75 
 Jll,'i7l_ 
 
 4S,790 
 4fi,ti9.'5 
 
 "il8,:ii5 
 
 43,402 
 
 411,517 
 
 116,973 
 
 106,W3 
 C5,IW 
 54jM7_ 
 
 ■2«,6'i» 
 
 ^^:^:=^i=^^^^^^""^^^ . , ...a bvnnyforcedle^^-cc 
 
 l»";^'"SSer°^::d 
 
 Viiniali 
 Madras - 
 Hombay - 
 1 Toliil l_ 
 
 r the Orders O.V „:„tlna'»1 
 
 ,^,.i.y«yj«'f'S«SS5.j 
 
 of the regular army 1 
 ln"gooddealofconaicti«g-'J'» 
 
'»■ 
 
 
u 
 
 '*■' 'I 
 
 More i 
 tm. n. 
 
 file (ll';rl 
 IIDIIC COI, 
 t/lC Cllfll 
 
 am/ r/ic / 
 
 ifrrants. /,(,,,, 
 
 
 
 
 *• i- 
 
 
 :|. 
 
 
 
 I'uiiilarj- 
 
 in.lia 
 
I > means improbablo tiintV n ) ' "^""«'s (mlv o|, ' / • '^''S'e over the e ,. ^, '"'"est, on a 
 I "'1'.^ will, i,| „,e end, have t'o f'^^' '".''''''= ^-^^ t ' p '' *" ^"^^ «"b Tste , e ^I '?''• '^''"-'i'- 
 
 iSM.ci : ■'ou.-.b,. 
 
 
 
 plolducsAc.) I 
 ('luiitary 
 
h': • 
 
 1 
 
 -, -A ' : 
 
 i„„ "••"■"«";%£ .mil-..-., l»''«f„*i'iS,,to! 
 
 ^ iiir,vG3 '" — ^ r « 
 
 Aiiiiiiinl (if the I'k 
 
 
 Halt 
 
 Oiiluni 
 
 
 Mi"' :, . - 
 
 •^'"■"V'^ 'f of cl^le^'i"" amU.....lncurml , 
 
 iS3S"---'>"" 
 
 Misrell'""'""'' ■ ■ " . 
 
 Inlttct uv"" '>^"' . - ___ 
 
 hue be.u .tU lah'cr n ^^ ^^^^^ , ,„nHs 
 1 mUa, exclusive «',.; L,,,,,,/.; an.l the In! n> 
 — "'r'^ *" ':'^- ,.S 'v'be Mue rebeUiou has 
 
 ,muin. Uie ^^'l^' ''! '^"I. (Fcr an account ol tl'^ 
 
 .Inaia,BrmsNMn0.o^/JgOf.g:=^ 
 
 t„ i^Tomoto tuc 111 , An li' 
 
 i„ .alt, with i"">V^"^'',l,f the m-e«t.st,'.M 
 Revenue to (iovemm'n'^^^ 
 
 the UKUistiy ot ' V ; or<.imiml)eiii,i 
 l,y the (iovcrnnieut a^o. u ^ ^:A 
 
 ;^-!\£; r t:r:Uous not to a..| 
 
 aUention of everyone. 
 
 luu\ revenue M=tem oi xj rh<,ra,'> of l'": ^''''"'' '.i 
 
 ^«"""' "''■'„. d Years from lH3o-J0 w . ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^,„, j^ 
 
 Vw. 
 
 
 •mlBl 
 
 .\|.til ,VI 
 
 
 « 
 
 Mill 
 
 i»," 
 
 mil 
 
 .ii!! 
 
 lilt 
 
 .iii.fi 
 
 mn 
 
 .T*,7 
 
 mil 
 
 411,1 
 
 IHW 
 
 1 1 ,VI 
 
 mis 
 
 <I,1U 
 
 iHi; 
 
 11,1s 
 
 mil 
 
 •l.'..'(l 
 
 HI') 
 
 <",IA 
 
 H'll) 
 
 .Vl.0,1 
 
 l«i 
 
 .'<i.ni 
 
 IU> 
 
 .M,KI 
 
 H'.l 
 
 .'.^.Jl.l 
 
 h'll 
 
 ■l'J,7t.' 
 
 H'.'i 
 
 ,'.l,li|' 
 
 l»W 
 
 .M.IIX 
 
 j«; 
 
 .V.,.5I(J 
 
 HiH 
 
 '■< 1,701 
 
 mi 
 
 fiK.IMy 
 
 tmi 
 
 7l,a(i!» 
 
 I16I 
 
 7l,mi, 
 
 bfiv 1 
 
 7a, I IK, 
 
 IHCl 
 
 7v,fi.',*i, 
 
 IlKll 1 
 
 iv;-p 
 
 IW 
 
 7<,a(i7, 
 
 7V,.M<, 
 71, 1.17,- 
 
 IcmtoftliePullie 
 
EAST INDIES 
 
 AmiiunI !>/ the Public Dtbt of Britith Intlin, liiiitinffuishinr; flint ritised in l.'/iijlaiul, in 
 lull real piiiti, iin the M\lh .Ifiril u/iach 1 •./;•, 
 
 r.85 
 
 7/l thr Aliiiu:)il (if 
 
 Li to «*' 
 
 I,, .iv.o 
 
 i*;."*''' 
 
 mixl 
 Afril.VI 
 
 In India 
 
 In Bngland 
 
 Total 
 
 IVhl 
 
 Inltrttt 
 
 Dtljl 
 
 lntrrt«t 
 
 IPi'M 
 
 liil,'ii-^l 1 
 
 f 
 
 t 
 
 iT 
 
 X 
 
 Jt 
 
 X 
 
 
 ^■(,;.'Mi.B07 
 
 1 ..M.i.n.id 
 
 l,7.1l,.1iii) 
 
 .M,»H1 
 
 .1I,I-I,<I'I7 
 
 l,'i"\77H 
 
 
 .ii.iHr.i/r 
 
 l.(HV,IH!l 
 
 I.T.II.KIIP 
 
 .M„T<,1 
 
 ■1 .•"■'.>'-, 
 
 
 Mlt 
 
 jii,t;;i),i;.i 
 
 i,7.i;,"'ii 
 
 l,7'.|,.1iiil 
 
 «1,.17.1 
 
 .ii.lm.ir.i 
 
 i,;'ts,ip„. 
 
 1*11 
 
 .IK,; II, .110 
 
 l,HII,ll,.1 
 
 1,7.1|,.1(MP 
 
 K't.lM; 
 
 |ip,i;)i,(ilii 
 
 |,'IMl>,||'f 
 
 l^ll 
 
 40,ll'l,l.',l 
 
 l,!Mt(l,7iM) 
 
 l,;31,1l») 
 
 .■>!I,.'Vp.1 
 
 41,>tNl,IM 
 
 I,'pA'>,Vi.1 
 
 IHI.S 
 
 4l,iil.1,l,')l) 
 
 l,<.ili,7:>i 
 
 V.'/'W, 
 
 fil,.TTJ 
 
 i.i.''iiv.r'rf) 
 
 
 I!lt6 
 
 4l,'i!(7,il!l 
 
 MKrJ.II.'i 
 
 y,'j'»'',f;iH) 
 
 f.'I.K71 
 
 ■|1,N'II,SI'I 
 
 ■-■.IMI„-l'i 
 
 iHi; 
 
 Hil^l.''*' 
 
 V,ll(,ll'.1 
 
 y.v'i'f.fifHi 
 
 7",(P1IP 
 
 |fi.hHI.-^V'> 
 
 
 
 I.'i.'r.r.i.i.l 
 
 »,l»l,.Mi1 
 
 v,;!i'i.i.c«i 
 
 III. ',•(•. I 
 
 IN,7.17,'<l.1 
 
 
 Itl'l 
 
 47,l,'i|,ipis 
 
 »,VII,llll 
 
 .V.'!I,.V>|| 
 
 l.MI,-.l.'P 
 
 .'.|,1I.M',.|S 
 
 V,.Til,'»|,( 
 
 IHM) 
 
 .vi,nv.,vijt 
 
 V,.1H'i,VI(i 
 
 .'.i'iM,.',(«» 
 
 I7,1,-V.1 
 
 .•,.1,J.1l,7(i1 
 
 V,.'i',H,'l 'P 
 
 l>'>l 
 
 ,'.l,iyi,si.'i 
 
 »,ll.1,i7(i 
 
 .1,S')'J..'illll 
 
 lll,'P7ll 
 
 .'.■.,1H!I,.1I.-. 
 
 
 l<V( 
 
 .M,vr.,i'i.-i 
 
 V.I.II.'pCKP 
 
 .1,H'**I,.MKI 
 
 t'H.KTi 
 
 .Vi.lll,(i!l.1 
 
 V,'i'-7,'u'^ 
 
 HM 
 
 !,t^^{^.l<^.ll 
 
 K,I7'I,I.1,1 
 
 .1.'l'ill,VI'i 
 
 II 7, -111!! 
 
 .'.li,V.1,1,I.NIi 
 
 v,.','p(,,(ir* 
 
 >'l 
 
 4%:i:'lMli 
 
 
 3,'iiip,'.!ia 
 
 lU.IPl-^ 
 
 '.1,ti1.1,|liH 
 
 y.vpp7,MH'p 
 
 
 .11, M ...vs 
 
 V,".1,'.,'ll ', 
 
 ^,ul^,''*ti 
 
 l.'i.1,.'>l-t 
 
 .'>'., '..11,1 VIP 
 
 •.',iii'i,i.ii 
 
 
 .VI.ntH.'t'.fi 
 
 'i.lKM.IMI 
 
 ^,^|\\^\■| 
 
 l.'iy,iii(i 
 
 .'i7,'l l,V>'l 
 
 V, . 1.1V, li VII 
 
 i<h 
 
 y.,'<ii. ,!,■<■£ 
 
 ■i:iu<,:,'iii 
 
 7^,^lt■,,^^^ 
 
 1 'i.i, 1!) 1 
 
 .'.'», I*, 1, •»'.!» 
 
 V,*'l'i.llHI 
 
 il-; 
 
 ut.im.'int 
 
 », l!lis(,7'i 
 
 h,7t,<p,|pHl 
 
 I.VI,II,I, 
 
 li'i,l7.1,IHI 
 
 V.V, .,S1S 
 
 
 Ki.lll-, 11,11 
 
 »,7.1tl.C'^1 
 
 l'i,pPHy,il77 
 
 .i;»,7.i'i 
 
 M,l71,.lnH 
 
 .MII,->l.V 
 
 hMl 
 
 7l,W>.liiii 
 
 XXtWil 
 
 V'i,l.1H,t'lll) 
 
 7i;ii,si,i 
 
 *jH,in:,it.ip 
 
 .".SS'l.liPI 
 
 
 7l,'Mll,ii'(l 
 
 .■l,/.1»,llll 
 
 v'J,:p7i.,iiipii 
 
 l,lilil,;.n 
 
 lcil,N77.iisl 
 
 J,. ".1,117 
 
 hh:( 
 
 7'i,IIH,ll.'i!) 
 
 .1,I.1I,K!I7 
 
 .Vi,lP'l'i,.TI»P 
 
 l,.|Vf.,IPilH 
 
 |II7,.'>II,I'.') 
 
 1, Ml. 'III'. 
 
 l«il 
 
 7W.i.,n'i 
 
 .-..l.'iM.si) 
 
 11,S.T',illlP 
 
 l,|Hli,fllll 
 
 llil,l'C.,7.1.'« 
 
 
 b"t 
 
 7<,Vlir,M') 
 
 ,1,(l'l.1,rlll 
 
 Vl;..1l",ii«l 
 
 l,.1TV,Vl'l 
 
 •IS,'ilS,l I'l 
 
 1,11, ,.Hli| 
 
 iv.^ 
 
 7V,.V,M.V, 
 
 .•',»iii,v(;i 
 
 »iMv.,l"l> 
 
 I,«I,IVI 
 
 !lH,l77,.1.'p.1 
 
 ^,^s■i,M^ 
 
 IMJl 
 
 ;i,i.i7.';M .i,.nr,(;.'>i | 
 
 '^'>,<>lti,.lfllp 
 
 l,Vlil,7fi.') 
 
 !I»,.1S,1,« '. 1 
 
 i.'i;; 111. 
 
 mat of the J'uLlit Registered Debt of India it» it stood on 3Iarch 31, 18G7, am/ t/ie Bute of Interest 
 
 borne by the same. 
 
 Regtileml Debt 
 
 Ainour^t or Debt 
 
 Jlnto of Intciest 
 
 Annipnl Amount 
 oflnleriHt 
 
 1 
 
 
 £ 
 
 4: 
 
 k>liiindlWni;nl: 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ Um 
 
 
 MW.TH 
 
 6 per cent. 
 
 21, ft 1.1 
 
 ■ V^^u. 
 
 
 ln,liii,'i,l.10 
 
 5i |.iT nnl. 
 
 .■.M..'.S-i 
 
 ■ Ihtlo. 
 
 
 VIP,S7.'. ,11.1:1 
 
 .1 per fi-pil. 
 
 I, II 11,7 ',2 
 
 ■ ihitpi- ... 
 
 
 ,171. VIII 
 
 4^ per cent. 
 
 iii.ni'. 
 
 ■ iMt,. . 
 
 
 .1l,VliM,!J.S(» 
 
 4 p( r cent. 
 
 l,'JiiM.1^l 
 
 ■ Jtittii. 
 
 
 SU.Pllll 
 
 ?i\ \>*fT rent. 
 
 2,H.10 
 
 ■ I^in trmfeTTwl from FoTt .Marll>orotiKh 
 
 76,1 
 
 10 perci'Pil. 
 
 7C 
 
 ■ Trewurj nmci 
 
 
 1,.'.1I,IHI) 
 
 6, .'., 1. npHi .1J percent. 
 
 49,Ii;H 
 
 ■ Trfiiun ki\s • 
 
 
 !i,'.iin 
 
 .1 nnil 21 pie per cent, per diem 
 
 451 
 
 H Ianuioti .viount of the Myion; Pvinccs 
 
 
 ^IP'.,MIHI 
 
 4 ptT relit. 
 
 16,7111) 
 
 H 1 ml, nmluil \c. luiidi 
 
 
 2. •■■.Mill 
 
 1) iiiitl 4* Iter i-ent, 
 H, 1, nnd :I2 ii^T cent. 
 
 lit," '1 
 
 ■ M'MiviUneous itr|H)>lu . 
 
 
 I-p1,47'J 
 
 li.'JlP.I 
 
 ■ Total 
 
 
 (.7,V!)'J,H,19 
 
 — 
 
 .1,117,9111 
 
 H^'rri':i«un nnttl 
 
 
 ii.i'.n 
 
 .1 tier cent. 
 
 .17H 
 
 H IVlav luperiinnunilon fimil 
 
 
 11,177 
 
 41 ptT lent. 
 
 50.1 
 l.OSl 
 
 H 
 
 •.'V,7'<7 
 
 ^■nnlhonnrn: 
 
 
 Bl'olict «u|>fr.^nnuation fuiul 
 
 
 ifi.on 
 
 4( per rent. 
 
 761 
 
 Hi.ih IliiriTiah 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^Bliii>urv iiotfTi 
 
 
 K.MO 
 
 .1 inT ci'nt. 
 
 .Til 
 
 ^BFu.k-c lupt-rannunilon fund 
 
 
 11,51.1- 
 
 4 1 pt*r cent. 
 
 r.iis 
 
 ^m 
 
 V.I,VII1 
 
 UI2 
 
 ^Hl i"d ^\'eM IW r.ir 
 
 
 ^^": f s'-i«Taiinuatlon funtl 
 
 
 3,OT1 
 
 44 per cent. 
 
 114 
 
 ^Hth-\( i-tiTii IVofinces : 
 
 
 
 ^■lN.:,int-<ithile)H)MU - 
 
 
 W,nno 
 
 4 per cent. 
 
 KIKI 
 
 ^^Htri-iin ii.im 
 
 
 41 65(1 
 
 6 |ier i-eiit. 
 
 V,(IS2 
 
 ^Bc .a vtptraimu.illon fund 
 
 . 
 
 51,S2I 
 
 44 per cent. 
 .1 prT cent. 
 
 1,567 
 
 ^H 
 
 116,171 
 
 l,t4U 
 
 ^^Bni'iiM nntpt 
 
 ii,9nn 
 
 74.1 
 
 ^^Mliu- tjiH-rannuation fiind 
 
 * 
 
 •.ill,IIV7 
 
 4J per cent, 
 8 tier cent. 
 
 '.nil 
 1.616 
 
 1,2.12 
 
 ^H Total 
 
 .1I,'JV7 
 
 ^^Bm 
 
 1.1,400 
 
 ^^B>iu* 
 
 
 X.IIMI 
 
 li Iter cent. 
 
 tsi 
 
 ^^^V'-iHiiIitlTT. .ind mwliral fnnrU 
 
 
 l,tn(i,iHi 
 
 It, .1, ami 4J per rent. 
 
 60,I|M1 
 
 ^^^■wtlluK^UKllfjimltt . 
 
 
 15V,VI.1 
 
 1., .'1, and 4 per cent. 
 
 11,172 
 
 ^^Vtur; mivi 
 
 - 
 
 .■)7'.M.1V 
 
 5 and 4 per cent. 
 
 2.1,175 
 
 ^^m 
 
 
 I.Slil.^TU 
 
 — 
 
 112,266 
 
 ^^Bi? ml 
 
 
 
 ^^B> tnn'jitv 1 inillan navT) 
 
 ^^B'i«lenl, milirarv. anil nthw «m-«t<.o r...i.U 
 
 } 2,016,721 
 
 8, 6, .1, 41, and 1 per cent. 
 
 U't,I5.1 
 
 ^^^■K(,laiiKiiis(lpi)iKli« 
 
 . 
 
 4I.1,.'.71 
 
 6, .1, 4, .nnil .1^ ]>eT ci-nt. 
 
 18,571 
 
 ^^^■t-Ulv roti4 
 
 
 »,7'.l) 
 
 5, 4, ami .12 Jier cent. 
 
 4.16 
 
 '^^B<turt lulls 
 
 
 '210 
 
 .1 pie iHT cent, per diem 
 
 12 
 
 iiri,iS2 
 
 .^^1 
 
 2,171,2.12 
 
 f72,.'.2B,H1.1* 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 ;e.i,ii:i,i7.'> 
 
 |j*^*"'(;<iif lite book, lur lS6.'t. 66 hH?e lieen t-iken an tlie b-nti^ of thene fiptures ; difVeremes will a|tpear on a comparison with the 
 ac','^'.''*'''sin which the amounts were ito5tedfVom!iepar.\te debt statemcpilp, .ind not from the books, tiie hook* for 1S65.66 not 
 
 pvcr much these accounts of the financial 
 5 "I (lur K.tstiTn empire raaybentvari.ince 
 
 ^ MtiKKcratfd ii'.c.iu entertained rcBpeclinp; 
 
 r'Hyii liir;;p proportion of Iho pco[)le of 
 ' as liy fiif i ".(.fj^ it ,vill excite no sur- 
 
 I' ic miiid iif Mvoiip who has ever reflected 
 
 ("1 1'ci, It i* tiup indeed to the directors to 
 
 state, that while in power, tliough tlieyoccasion.ally 
 actctl oil emiiiemis pniiciples, they alway.s e.xorted 
 themselves to eiifdicu eciPiioiuy in every branch of 
 their expenditure, and to impose and collecl. their 
 revenues in the best and cheapei^t manner. 15ut 
 though they succeeded in repre.s.'fing many abu.scs, 
 it woulil be idle to suppose that they should 
 
 /Mi-'.^-j" 
 
KAST INDIES 
 
 586 
 
 ... ! 
 
 l/< 
 
 , V If 
 
 V AST 1 i^ i'* **^ 
 
 / .. „. »,„/;„ Company* Slork I}'i,i\ 
 
 lUlMia In In*^ 
 
 ■liil.ll 
 
 
 I 1,1111"' 
 
 liml"4-n!l '•■'"■""• 
 
 IKIiT ' lili'ilS'''^- 
 
 1l7»l '« ■ uni iiiH 
 • 1 1 111 O*'*'*''* . 
 
 f \'M 13» I" l><''i<"'. 13,T10cv.<, 
 
 .«. ^':s^:^:iP '»-"^"™ ":"t ""■'• 
 
 .t 1>- "!'»«'!l'^il'^„rl.l with 
 
 „,ufH; Lftt. ova). I'.CK^ (Met .? 
 nccordiiin to _th<! A\\\m\ 
 
 only to «-■•""•"",„:, aulU(.rity^'•^ >'" .nlnitUvhicUnret'st.Mnt(la. - ^_ . 
 
 I form an "• •.",■";.„, ,,f view. Tin; '^'t:^ "f I'l 
 shouM ">«"^'f . ,m-o.inlml.itecl ''V /' .i,.„Lras..n, "">\V''''^';,"' „ 'e , Va^t iiuantai,, ; 
 
 " «"^£;an»^;»rrb«.a„ »c.,-.i te;sx:!s r», ,oS«.. j 
 
 revcuuc i 
 
 ^Vr'^rim.S 7m. Ari;^ wither*.. 
 1" I""- !? '^( non those brought fr. = J 
 
 taste. *'r/»'i«») is foo^'^J'^r ^ 'Vlie centre hp'"". '"'' T,,'rtiun ol' the entire suiiiily.M 
 r.,rmcr. Caliniet-nialurs^n^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^.^^ 
 
 udalion, the ''"'^''", ' -.^j^-ilv frmu tlic I/v>:-1 
 
 """•^'^'n;XSey»Ia""'''' Iti-^J 
 now supplic'l elULuy 1'^ . |. J 
 
 nus, adhe-ivc mass, "V i,),.,vi,m' .4 -"f. 
 ". '^r.'"., ..In in rcctilicl :M» 
 
 the am.c»^»"'^« ?^;^'*"'Nt i, anativeof almost all 
 
 i.iit statinant pools. *'V- ,l,.i>\v in Holland anrt 
 t emclv abundant P'';^;^"^'^^ ."pptopriatcd .n 
 
I Pnid 
 
 Inlnnt 
 
 
 ,710 c«'. 
 valuol SI 
 
 s (liffct 'a 
 c ilill'ttm 
 ic ly;* I 
 [isfiioil.irjl 
 i|Kiitaiiii n 
 
 I lit JildVCS 
 
 tc all) 'S- 
 part of i> 
 \\ r«iur,y 
 |uantititi 'i 
 the oiiuiiw 
 jcjiiles Uiy I 
 ntiiieni, 
 IS 1111 ice :• ! 
 Fraiicf, e:J 
 mbcrof'ti.I 
 
 id atH;«| 
 
 litto en lUl 
 ,. 'riiiiial 
 as io[*i!ri:l 
 
 lan i^.^' 
 ■, lWl;.'imi'.s 
 ill t'lim-li ' 
 
 ? suii'iy' '^'i 
 
 icyati'iKi'l 
 
 lartsf'fFxd 
 uliTaWi' •■: 
 ggsarcrfti.^ 
 
 er. cclbiiii 
 rcto, res 
 whiolii' ur.il 
 
 I tlic livi".'.; 
 Ha. Iti-t 
 
 is a M'!.. 
 hanUt an: 
 
 oduur, sIk 
 t, (/JrWf 
 
 ,7, i8ij:.) 
 
 ulcrMlbM 
 
 II ISciiiil >•"] 
 cwt.tollit'J 
 
 liiiwbay 1* 
 
 common i» ] 
 introilacw !q 
 
 'he tw '''*1 
 auistoa-tf^ 
 
 trunk i<*n 
 • (rrowth. 16*1 
 
 "I--I 
 
i ' 
 
 •' . 
 
 * , i 
 
 ■« ' • 
 
 .\' . 
 
 Ill' the hcarl-woo( 
 ih.ii "fo'ili, ami 
 i- lit I yollcm isli 
 cliiii'il to rc'il. I 
 ^niriwl, sometin 
 lar.'.T septa. It 
 aii'l »-,-irps much 
 l,.i!li in iciiiitli an 
 Inn i< iKit lialilc 
 .f li.ili< and nail 
 in Sccjtiaml, i-iiai 
 !i,iM rurnitnrc are 
 biii ill |-ji;,'lan(l, Vi 
 cliii-ily used in th 
 l<:\d\DS cases, pi 
 |.r:,i!( (1 to these 
 riliility in water, i 
 sivctbcas piles ai 
 The naves of whee 
 j thnyc (if the lieavy 
 i are made of oali. w 
 j but lilies not Imlil 
 I rail! to bear transj 
 jiar.'o tree. (Tredj. 
 l})p.L'rii-i;(i;j At.) 
 IvLSlNlirU or 
 ilami. on the So 
 Co|)cnli!ii,'cn, lat. ,0(j 
 "I'piilaiiiin .'<,'142 in 
 t!:r castle of Cri 
 
 euumrits i; 
 
 IrilMi Islan.!, . 2,.' 
 I . . . 2,. 
 
 • • • I.; 
 "I • ■ ■ 1 1,1 
 
 Itu^ii 
 iiiii^ Suiei . 
 
 hkli'iilmr;,' - 
 iUvt . . 
 
 t'r\- • -I ; 
 
 flu,'. I ... ] 
 
 ►lll.rd. - . 
 
 iiiarcs - - .'■ 
 
 fatements in t 
 |^17.Hi are talion f 
 
 '; Vm/„ijf lie Ijfiii 
 i(i.3liU); the oth. 
 "mssent by the lir 
 
 sources." Wo h 
 |lii|>|>in- that pa: 
 Vjiiinsh tlieiliffe 
 British consul lirs 
 pniiafjeinisyi. 
 pt'der. Vistula, ii 
 Pnto the Jialiic, 
 Ire built on or nei 
 f Mire of a very 
 PPwt its impiiria 
 [""■iaiiou of IVte 
 [of{;reat extent 
 
 ■i;r com, tinibei 
 iiiseeil, bristles, 
 
 •alariielesof e.\| 
 
 Iprodiiet.s, mam 
 
 >''iC(iali-o.bciii 
 [import. The 1 
 e Sound, are Cop 
 h Swincnmnde, 
 1 19 the principi 
 I' of ivheat), ii 
 
EL8INEUR 
 
 of the hpart-wood of rim is Kfiicrally darkor than 
 llril iifoiik, anil k( n redder brf)Wii. The sap-wmid 
 • ,if I vi'lliiwi^li ""■ hrowiiish wliite. with piires iii- 
 •lincil to reil. It is '" K^''"^"""' pi'rous, ami eross- 
 !r,iimil. sometimes enarse-Kraiiicd, and has no 
 hi-r ?eiit«- It lias a peeuliar odour. It twists 
 .jl,4 Hiirps mueh in drvinj,', and sliriiiUs very nuieii 
 
 687 
 
 entrance to the Baltic by the Sound. All nior- 
 ehant ships passin;,' u, an"d from the Ifaltic were 
 ol)liged, previously to \H')7, to salute Cronliorj,' 
 Castle by hoistiii<^ their ajloiirs when abreast of 
 the same; and no morehant ship was allowed to 
 pass the Sound without ideariii;; out at Illshieur, 
 and paying toll, aecordinjj; to the provisions in 
 the treaties to that cll'eet nef;otialed with J)en- 
 mark by the dilVerent European powers. The 
 first treaty with Knpland havin^j; reference to this 
 
 ,, louse- ; subject is dated in 14,^11. The Sound duties had 
 
 VM tiirniiuri' are lVe(|iiently made of elm wood ; ' their origin in an agrceinent between the King 
 l„i, ji, Kii^dMinl, where the wood is inferior, it is of Dennuuk on the one ))art, and the I'anse 
 ihi, ily u.-ed in the mamifaeturc of collins, casks, ' Towns on the other, by which the former uii- 
 ivukiii!.' cases pun^p", pipes \-c. It is appro- dertook to construct "light-houses, landmarks 
 ,riiit(J to these purposes from its great du- ite. along the Kattegat, and the latter to pav duty 
 rabilit.v ill "i"'^''! "''''■'' "'■;" occasions its exten- for the same. The duties have since been varied 
 sivc u^c as piles and planking for wet foundations. ' at different periods ; but being a serious obslnic- 
 The naves of wheels are frequently made of elm; tion to navigation, and much objected to, Ihev 
 ilin^c of the heavy waggons and drays of London ^ were finally repealed in 1857, on eompeiisatioh 
 arc inaile of oak. which supports a heavier weight, being made to Denmark aeconhiig to tlu' subjoined 
 but (Iocs not hold the spokes so firmly. Kim is treaty. The accompanying (ilan of the Sound 
 said to bear transplanting better than any other is taken from the Admiralty Chart, compiled by 
 lar.'O tree. (Trcilgold's Principles of Cirpviitnj, \ Dtniish authorities. 
 
 fpiiiil-Jti;! iVe.) I Niiviijatiim of the Baltic. — This is exhibited in 
 
 ELSlXKl'li or IIKLSINGOL'. A town of the loUowing account of the number of ships that 
 Zealaml. on the Sound, about 22 miles north of ^ passed (going and returning) the Sound at dif- 
 :«]ienha!,'en, lat. ,0(P2' 17" X., limg. 12<^38' 2" E. j feront periods, previous to the rci)eal of the dues, 
 '.ipiilaiion S,442 in 1801. Adjacent to Klsineur ' from 1777 to 1850, specifying the countries to 
 the caslle of Cronborg, whu li commands the ivhich they belonged : — 
 
 |,,tli in icflirtli and breadth. It is dillicult to work, 
 \m\ \- not^lialile to split, and bears the driving 
 ,,f l»ilt< anil nails better than ;iny other timber. 
 in Si'otiaml. ehairs and other ariieles of 
 
 If 
 bill ill 
 
 V'.iijml**! 
 
 Luurntu^ 
 
 i7"7 
 
 17S0 
 
 17Si 
 
 l-!)0 
 
 1S14 
 
 ISlC 
 
 1S20 
 
 182.'. 
 
 1 K3{J 
 
 18.33 
 
 IS 10 
 
 1S31 
 
 IS.'.B 
 
 tnti^t> l&landi 
 
 J.'i.Vi 
 
 1,701 
 
 2,.Vi7 
 
 .1.771 
 
 2,.11'J 
 
 I.SIH 
 
 3,'.!17 
 
 i.isi; 
 
 4.274 
 
 2,172 
 
 4.071 
 
 4,Stl 
 
 4,772 
 
 Idii.il ■ ' ■ 
 
 ■^,')<i; 
 
 y.o.js 
 
 1,171 
 
 li.oOl) 
 
 .'),')! 
 
 K7S 
 
 S,'j1 
 
 CIO 
 
 l,r.'7 
 
 (134 
 
 017 
 
 2,0(10 
 
 1,908 
 
 «,il.n - . - 
 
 i,;t3 
 
 l.SSO 
 
 •l,\jt\ 
 
 4.10 
 
 2,7.'i't 
 
 l,mi 
 
 1..'<1'J 
 
 1,31^1 
 
 1,1 SS 
 
 'Jill 
 
 1,301 
 
 2,2.1. 
 
 2,338 
 
 )wi)i.rk . . - 
 
 i.ini 
 
 l,.iii 
 
 1,7S7 
 
 I,.'lS(i 
 
 47(i 
 
 7S7 
 
 792 
 
 803 
 
 714 
 
 7.12 
 
 !)74 
 
 1,318 
 
 V.l'il) 
 
 .....i.c • • - 
 
 V,i 
 
 071 
 
 1,3'.S 
 
 :::vi 
 
 l,o.-,.1 
 
 1,011 
 
 l.Vil 
 
 2,391 
 
 2,2.'.3 
 
 1 ,'I.1X 
 
 2,o:iu 
 
 2,i;n4 
 
 2,S3() 
 
 Ull - • - 
 
 17 
 
 ■13 
 
 111 
 
 ft 
 
 4» 
 
 .109 
 
 24J 
 
 13,'j 
 
 4o'i 
 
 02.'. 
 
 Ml 
 
 1,047 
 
 422 
 
 iiitixl Suie» • 
 
 
 
 -0 
 
 41 
 
 .. 
 
 ii;s 
 
 KIU 
 
 230 
 
 l.'>2 
 
 12(i 
 
 14.. 
 
 131 
 
 01 
 
 u-,t ■ . . 
 
 'jl 
 
 
 ■it) 
 
 I'.M 
 
 12 
 
 Hi 
 
 (i3 
 
 72 
 
 IM 
 
 140 
 
 23'J 
 
 2S8 
 
 589 
 
 Pill 
 
 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 32 
 
 22 
 
 'J 
 
 .. 
 
 
 S 
 
 7 
 
 IS 
 
 
 2 
 
 a„.vcr - - - 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oi 
 
 2C3 
 
 4.03 
 
 'ii3 
 
 ca:, 
 
 .-su 
 
 768 
 
 Ofil 
 
 829 
 
 Piwrnl (Austria] ■ 
 
 .'> 
 
 '.">0 
 
 "(10 
 
 "fi 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 2 
 
 
 WtUlC • 
 
 ^31 
 
 174 
 
 IGl 
 
 S48 
 
 
 
 ., 
 
 
 . . 
 
 . , 
 
 
 
 
 lei-klmtiuri; - 
 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 3.si; 
 
 617 
 
 'wi2 
 
 (ifll 
 
 3S3 
 
 'ofi2 
 
 r,077 
 
 'fl9 
 
 IdenlnirL' 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 IS 
 
 •( 
 
 47 
 
 31 
 
 .'.li 
 
 4il 
 
 s> 
 
 22-' 
 
 100 
 
 iu,t . - . 
 
 'is 
 
 S'i 
 
 7M 
 
 S'J 
 
 2S 
 
 4'. 
 
 111 
 
 121 
 
 Sll 
 
 71 
 
 oil 
 
 123 
 
 SI". 
 
 enmi . 
 
 K'i 
 
 llli 
 
 17li 
 
 177 
 
 21- 
 
 HI 
 
 
 3 1 
 
 70 
 
 43 
 
 .'I'J 
 
 .13 
 
 .15 
 
 nit'urg • 
 
 •I't 
 
 ,11 
 
 III 
 
 101 
 
 ."(» 
 
 ,1 
 
 13 
 
 31 
 
 2') 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 77 
 
 8G 
 
 
 ;a 
 
 104 
 
 101 
 
 3.TI 
 
 .. 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rliii;.! . 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 ys 
 
 2S 
 
 42 
 
 4S 
 
 
 'J 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 
 ".10 
 
 >ihi:a - - . 
 
 ■i 
 
 
 ^ib 
 
 'i'i 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 
 ,^ 
 
 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 4 
 
 (It.) ti 
 
 "'^ 
 
 
 
 
 (1 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 nil- . . - 
 
 
 
 
 
 S3 
 
 7!J4 
 
 iJKi 
 
 'mi 
 
 1 .202 
 
 1 1.137 
 
 2,073 
 
 2,'si)l 
 
 3/273 
 
 Krjilai-es - - 
 
 
 '.'. 
 
 
 'iirt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 73 
 
 31 
 
 3li 
 
 'VotaU 
 
 'SiiiiS' 
 
 "m'jI" 
 
 "ioiiiis 
 
 'J,7I2 
 
 S.IKir 
 
 "STstT 
 
 "io.uiiT 
 
 T37iMr 
 
 13,212 
 
 w,'ib;> 
 
 13,662 
 
 19,91'J 
 
 20,fi80 
 
 
 9 «■ 
 
 le statement.^ in this table for the years 1777 
 
 17M.I aro taken from the valuable work en- 
 
 Vmmijf lie Diitx l'mii<;iiis an Nurd tie VKn- 
 
 (i. oOD); the otlier years are taken from the 
 
 US sent by the ISrilish consul at Klsiiieur, .and 
 
 sources. We have seen no tw(.> returns of 
 
 ippinu' that iiass the Sound which (piite 
 
 tiiiin;;h the iliflirences are not very material. 
 
 British consul lUst began to send returns of 
 
 (milage in 18:il. 
 
 MiJcr. Vistula, and other great rivers which ! 
 into the Jiallic, and the many large cities | 
 fcre liiiilt on or near its shores, have made it j 
 peatro of a very extensive commerce. In! 
 sped its importance w.is much increased by | 
 kiii.latioii of Petersburg, the trade of which ! 
 [of f,'reat extent and value. Haw products, ' 
 ill? eorii, timber, hemp and flax, tallow, 
 Ihiiseed, bristles, wool &c„ constitute the 
 I articles of export from the Baltic )iorts; 
 liroilucts, mainifaiitured goods, dry stufls, 
 all, ciial &e. being .amuiig the principal arti- 
 [iiniiort. The Kadiiig ports, setting out 
 6 Sound, are Copenhagen, LUbcck, Wisniar, 
 !, Swincmumie, Dantzie (which, next to 
 [is the principal European port for the 
 It of wheat), Konigsberg, Mcmcl, Kiga, 
 
 I'ctcrsburg, and Sto(:kh(ilni. The United King- 
 dom has by far the largest portion of the foreign 
 trade of the Italtic. T'his is evi '.ent from the fact 
 of the liritish shijis jiassiiig tlio Sound greatly ex- 
 ceeding those of any other country. In 1857 wo 
 imported from the Ifaltie about 1,580,000 qrs. 
 wheat, '.180,000 do. barlev, .ind 1,200,000 do. oats; 
 and in 1800, 1 1.870,5iM)'cwt. of whe.at, 4,314.722 
 cwt. of barley, and 0,172,870 cw't. of oats, exclu- 
 sive of very large quantities of taUow, hemp and 
 llax, timber, linseed, bristles ifcc. 
 
 The harbour iis well as the railway bedding or 
 patent slip, which were tliiishcd in the autumn of 
 1801!, were (says Mr. Hudson, the United Stiites' 
 Consul at Klsineur) 'of the greatest benefit to the 
 town and its shipping. The harbour eimtair.s 
 about 200,000 square feet, with a depth of 18 feet. 
 The docks arc 1,740 feet in length, with plenty of 
 );ood wharfage. T'lie d(!pth at the mouth of the 
 harbour is 18 feet, with a breadth of 128 feet. The 
 patent .slip is an inclined plane of G92 feet in length, 
 being 2(i5 feet above and 427 feet under the water, 
 and a stationary engine raises tho v.'ssel on the 
 bedding. Vessels of 1,000 tons burd i are raised 
 with tho greatest facility, and 2 good-sized vessels 
 can occupy the bedding at the same time. It is 
 well worthy the attcutioa of masters and owners 
 
y 
 
 nv .lone ^vitb .Ic-i t=;j<« 'J.f "* J:;;^:...^..;^ ^vUen the vyiml i, f«h 
 
 B8B 
 
 P.O...:A-'0^'"^-^'"i^'^-V 
 
 .'J_-LJ^^— '^ ' ^^ .,„,, ontho,oncpan-,a.uUhoK, 
 
 Vhcn u pUot >B taken -^^-^,0' i^^^^ 1 "'V'TuSS'of l>nm.rU cn.a. 
 
 p;„c to caro' 
 name as Hi 
 uIh.vc column, v insincur 
 
 liritaint-' 
 litca is-iii^""'" - 
 
 lantl Ac— ^ ty of oii-ifraM'- , 
 
 l.^^,ttolo^Ta'^ ^;-, „,a„y*^ 
 
 .Aatcvcv, evtlior in "n^ ^'orth So :J 
 uvon slui« «.«''"!« S on pas.in; M 
 lalf.o, or ^lf\f;!^\cthcrttov.i»ply'*, 
 
 ti^e Danisli ^^a^tl3 
 
ELSINI/JR 
 
 rm 
 
 11 
 
 v 
 
 11 
 
 ti 
 
 11 
 
 ■•' 
 
 i; 
 
 » 
 
 I'j 
 
 1) 
 
 > Kill;; 
 
 Powra which are not parties to the present | bnni/p or lu'll-mctal ; Imisliwood {hiiissoii) ; bulli.'i 
 
 ,|. 1,.^ i or runts <if tldwers; eiiiliniiini; calainiiU'; iMiiipliur; 
 
 •1 Vol to low upon Buch of the said vessels as : caiitharidi's ; tloor-stdiios (Kirnnii.r) ; niiijis ami 
 
 mi\'(iiicr or ilcpart from Danish piTts, wliethiT ('liarls; casioreum ; asln^s ; potash, soda, and oilier 
 
 •i-V car'o (ir in ballast, and wbether they have i kimls of aslies ; wooden hoops; licini), drosscd or 
 
 r'kvc iKit performed any operation of eoniinerce nndressed ; ehareoal ; teaslcs j wbeilwriijbt's wuik 
 
 (hcrtin. nor iipi'i their oarfjocs, any tax whatever {rharronwKjv) ; lime; rajjs; cement of all kinds ; 
 
 to wliic'li sii''h vessels or their earj^oos ivoiild liavc j wax ; isii ^^lass ; .shells; eorals ; conhii.'e ; ox and 
 
 hon liaWe on account of the ]iassai;e throiij^di the I eow liorns (or horns of blaek caille) as well as 
 
 1111(1 the lielts, and which is abolished by I horn-tips ; cotton; copper; rose-copper ((iarknpher, 
 
 anil not fort;ed or Jireiiared by nd lei a) and lopprrin 
 
 sheets lor coining; waste of grain; grils as I'orap' 
 
 ] for cattle ; bran, straw, chatV, and olber waste (4' 
 
 liga!;c: 
 
 lotlfi 
 
 ntliritMt;-'! 
 
 I of ni^i' 
 lor any 
 1 to vc»' 
 
 'Ait - 
 
 !vcitli i 
 
 Ipassiii 
 licilicif 
 
 lo VC5: 
 
 umlM 
 ntv 
 t Ikltf 
 
 anyp 
 
 liatcvti 
 
 tto'-: 
 iiofly'" 
 ihoy 
 
 bnttVk' 
 
 i to liiw 
 
 di^-- 
 
 arrw; 
 
 temfiii'' 
 
 
 shall 
 
 clutaPH 
 
 SoumI 
 
 the .linulatioiis ot the preceding paragraph ; 
 it i4 well iinilerstiKid that the taxes which s 
 l<,oa!»'lidii'il, and which consecpienlly shall not 
 be Icvifd I'itlicr in the Sound and the Hells or in 
 Dmi-li ports, shall never be reimposed indirectly 
 bv anv auf,'inontatioii, for that purpose, of the 
 Mt and cu.-toms dues now existing, nor by the 
 iiili..(luciion, for that purpose, of fresh dues of 
 navigation or customs ; nor m any other manner 
 ivbatovcr. 
 
 II fho King I'f Denmark engages, moreover, 
 toth'f abuvo-nu'iitioncd high contracting parties— 
 I To iircsorvo and maintain in the best state 
 1 all tk iidits and lighthouses actually existing 
 either at the entrance or in the approaches to his 
 iion?, liarbours. roads, and rivers or canals, or 
 akiUL' Ills coasts, as well as the buoys, beacons, 
 [ami sea-marks actually existing, and serving to 
 I facilitaie navigation in the Kattegat, the Sound, 
 land till! Belts. 
 
 2, To take into most serious consideration, as 
 hetetofiire, in the general interest of navigation, 
 
 ; utilitvor expediency either of changing the 
 isitiim or tbc form of "such light.s, lighthouses, 
 ovs, licaciiiis. and sea-marks, or of increasing 
 Jitniiniljcrtlareof; the whole without charge of 
 • kind upon Ibrciirn vessels. 
 
 3. To.«iiijcrintend, as heretofore, the service of 
 I'.Kn. llic eniplovment 'if which, in the Katlc- 
 
 jat. till Sumiil.aiufthe lielts, .shall at all times bo 
 
 ; tlio opiiun of captains and masters of vessels. 
 
 ^ inidi'r.-tood that the charges for )iilotagc shall 
 
 emnilcrate; that the rate thereof shall be the 
 
 U Danish vcsscds and for foreign vessels ; 
 
 Ituat the charge for pilotage shall be exacted 
 
 those vessels only which shall have voluu- 
 
 nv rinploycd pilots. 
 
 U permit, without any restriction, any jiri- 
 
 Ite iiuliviiliials, Danes or foreigners, to establish 
 
 ■ to st.ition in the Sound and in the Hclts, 
 
 lely and on the same eondition.s whatever na- 
 
 lihvy may belong to, tugs serving cxclusividy 
 
 lowing of vessels which may desire to cm- 
 
 1 ih'-m. 
 
 , l" e.\tenil to all ilie roads or canals which 
 
 him or may liercal'tiT I'oiinect the North Sea 
 
 the Kibe wilh the IJaltie, the exemption 
 
 I dues i(7i/(7i is ut prisviit accorded, on some 
 
 Jio,-e lilies of commuiiicatiun, to the national 
 
 eigii goods enumerated ui the following 
 
 |ario; amadou, not prepared; yellow amber; 
 
 ^_ animals of all kinds ; antimony; live trees 
 
 ' rubs; .slates and slate-pencils; slate for roof- 
 
 Iver in bars and for remelting ; arsenic ; as- 
 
 juni (bitumen Judaicnm or glutinous bitu- 
 
 asafoetida; valonia ; berries or seeds of ju- 
 
 I bruonis and rubbers (unless com|)rised un- 
 
 '1 article 'brushes') ; bamboo, Indian reeds 
 
 \ and other rough reeds not manufactured ; 
 
 spermaceti, and oil of spermaceti ; grain ; 
 
 heat, barley, oats, maize, rye, wheat, vetches ; 
 
 pr the u.sc of aiiothecaries • dye-woods ; wood 
 
 finds ; float-wood, wood to "be used instead 
 
 las floats fur Ashing nets; bole, white and 
 
 1 tcira sigillata; borax, crude or rclined; 
 
 neks; pomulcd brick, or brick powder; 
 
 grain ; elephant's teeth or ivory ; teeth of the wal- 
 rus (the sea-lior.sc or .sea-cow); law m business dn- 
 ciiments ; staves, or stave wood; tortoisi' sli<d! ; 
 patterns of no value; scahdwards for binders, shoe- 
 makers, furbishers, as well as s|ilit twigs; meer- 
 schaum ; packag s, old or used ; casks, cases, 
 trunk.s, dh'sis, bags or saidis, and old wi<dier 
 llasks, empty ; emery; tin, raw, iinwroiiglit. and 
 rasped tin {ctain ii'ijn') ; whalebone, wlialelins, 
 wdiali'bone not split ; Hour or meal iiiiide of grain 
 which is free from transit duty ; feld-par, not piil- 
 Terised ; pig-iron, raw; bar-iron of all kinds 
 (hoop-iron, however, is liable to duty); be.iiis; 
 ligures and statues in plaster; (lowers and tlower- 
 plants; flores cassia! (cassia bud.s) ; hay; dung and 
 artilicial inanuro ; also, for example, iialeiit ma- 
 nures, 7iuir animal &c. (Chile saltpetiH', siilphated 
 ammoniac, and similar gooils are not exemiit, noi- 
 withstanding they may bo intended for manure. 
 Plaster in |iowder is, however, exein|it from tran- 
 sit duty when certified as intended lo bo used 
 only for manure) ; rough ice (natural) ; acorns ; 
 globes; tar and tar-water; seeds, hemp, tlax, 
 ccdza, and other seeds of all kinds, as well as 
 seeds for the use of apothecaries, as, for example, 
 fennel-seed (cai"away and aniseed arc liable to 
 duty) ; clothes and baggage of travellers, house- 
 hold furniture, and implements which have been 
 used, if they are transported in con.sequence of a 
 eliange of residence ; clothes or garments, wliieli 
 I have been worn, transported, according to the 
 judgment of the orticers of customs, as traveller.s' 
 baggage, without its being iieeessary for thi! 
 owner to accompany them ; fresh pot-herbs, as 
 well as whortleberries or bilberrie.", .strawberries, 
 raspberries, gooseberries, red oi "-potted whortle- 
 berries (fiirelles ruii(/c>i ou jmnctiicts) , gri>en g<iose- 
 berries, hips, tVesli graiies, horse-radish, and 
 onions; coal of all kind.s, as widl as coke and 
 cinders; oil of hemp ; oysters ; reed for thatching; 
 wo(d of all kinds; milk; brass, nnwrought (not 
 forged and not jiropared bj' rollers); blubber, 
 liver itc. for making train-oil; bacon; lentils; 
 lees of wine in a dry slate (sediment of wine) ; 
 cork; tlax, dressed or undiessod; ])rinted books 
 with the prints wdiich belong to them, bound or 
 unbound; malt; mang.anese; manna; medals; 
 mctal.s, nnwrought (bronze and other alloys of 
 metals similar to brass), not forged, and not pre- 
 pared by rollers: black lead; ore, not melteil, of 
 all kinds ; minerals, and objects of natural history, 
 such as earths, stones, and ores, plants and fruits, 
 shells, insects, birds, and other animals, stulTed or 
 preserved in spirit of wine for cabinets of natural 
 liistorj' or .scientilic collections; models of all 
 kinds; coin of all kinds; moss for (lacking and 
 stuiling, and colon silvistre; music, manuscript or 
 printed; musk; mothcr-of pearl, rough or in .shells; 
 mats, used; galls; objects of art, such as statues, 
 busts, bas-reliefs ; oimim ; gold in bars, and for 
 remelting ; peeled, shelleil, or hulled barley, and 
 groats made of grain which is free from transit 
 duty ; bones ; osiers, peeled or unpccled ; rope- 
 maker's work, including hemp-webs and Ashing- 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 
 680 , . _ ,,,u .,t ai"PV«>^ •. ^ \; fur- 1 
 
 net.; sua^^^ i^"'? f ^1 -mt cxocvU''"- ^^^^ i-c; 
 
 ^kins, call o'f *".,,,, soiv'fr*' \,l()oiV-»w»'^^ 9' 
 
 , no 176,3-25 nx-aollaR,bl. 
 
 ., total s"m "f ■*"' 
 same, ivtoui' ^^^^1 
 
 ll.inil'iUB • 
 llii""'''-" 
 
 Ril. U.M. 
 
 . llJ,l!■■,^ • 
 i'J.l'l 
 . Jill, IV, 
 
 !:;;,3;«'^'^'=y'*'""'" ' nor otl.cr ankles \--;,;i„acmm.y •--■;;f a>c r^iproau.:^, 
 Xs. 1 that if l^cvoaf or «"^^ ^ t,,vcr, "' "' , -yuc cxocui o oi ^^^^ . ^. , 
 
 '^' if U tiuderstooA that ^ „,a.ncat.o ^^ ,;„„ V i. ^^incd in ^1 «- f ^^ (^^^mmcm « *<■ j 
 
 ^'' Vll rTHo pvcscnt ^<2y^^,uaBi;cJ, , ,J 
 
 
 to pay *" ^ 
 
 :-. , ses 01 1""'"- " , „Vp of tt5"P 1,1.1 
 
EMERALD 
 
 ■ .„„ 1.^,1 Mil lii>:*tiIo (Ictnonstratidii. Hut nn I 
 '1 for thi> iircvfiitiou of iiilercdursi; with 
 ',^i|,''rs*"'r.iTflv answers: that sti.ppiiKo of tradf 
 
 ESPARTO 
 
 £91 
 
 "V-h it is intended to effect is iii Keiioral as iii- 
 
 ■ ' J t.i tluwc bv whom tho rmhart;i) is enacted 
 
 ■ ,„ tli'i-P nt.'''»i"'^^ wiuim It IS levelled. 
 '"l-MKKAl'U (l''f. eiiieraiidc; (Jer. 
 
 l!:ll 
 
 Id *'i 
 ,kVI 
 I c'ovtt 
 , ini'i- 
 
 VtCti K- I 
 
 i Km;'i ' 
 cnl i)i lii I 
 .IV. 
 sh cumu; I 
 
 re l"l('«s-iAl| 
 
 atcd. 
 -,toea\ M.3»| 
 
 ■y iitX^te^l 
 
 ii.t\ttiti!»'''| 
 
 c same wu* 
 
 Is siiona;?'''-" 
 [ctivc Vteii<»| 
 
 liitui" 
 
 of 
 
 fmon":' 
 
 
 HIS t" 
 
 mi'ainst wiuim n- >s leveueii. 
 
 .sniarafcd ; 
 mc'raliii"; '•"'• «niaraKdus ; Span, csnieralda , 
 „. p^ciifc; Aral', zamanit). A prcciims stone 
 "^l-h (-tiniati"ii. It is distinpui.shed I'rom all 
 I'.'ims liv it-- yicculiar cimralil <irci:n lustre, 
 ,,rv'ii?' in intensity fmin the palest possible 
 '. :, i< a full ■'""' ''''''I' i-'"!""''; ''"'" ^vhicli, as 
 "'v hi-'lrul' stated, nothint; can be more beau- 
 I'' I'riil plcaMnf;: 'nuUius C(doris aspcctus jucun- 
 '.('.t It emulates, he continues, if it do not 
 'LL tlic vniUire of the Bprinn; and the eye, 
 ",,. Ltv,! bv llie dazzling k'"T"C o'' tl'fi more bril- 
 1 lim't ■'(■ni.; or we.iried ).,• intense application, is 
 '•,,,.fj,,la,„lftrennllieiied by the rpiiet.enlivenin.u- 
 I nui 'if the emerald. In Winy 's time tho best 
 Iti'iu friim Sevthia. Those met with in modem 
 , lioimt ufleu excee^l the size of a walnut. 
 w,TO iif a mueli lart;crsizc, and perfect, have been 
 Imt ilioy are extremely rare. Nero used 
 (■3- an ove-glass in sur\-eyinB the combats of 
 ' .liiliatiirs. Hitherto it has always been 
 fcunii "vsLilfowl. Spccilic gravity from 2't; to 
 I'liii. IM. Nat. lib. xxxvii. c. 5 ; Tlioni- 
 
 ins Chahlry.) . , . , , • , 
 
 The Kttcn of the emerald 13 snul to be derived 
 
 im oii;anic substances. 
 
 ,The tm«a'.il is found at Muzoin New dranada, 
 
 SamaFtJc I}i-f;otu,in abituminous limestone 
 
 liie mines were let at a rent of 8,00t¥. per 
 
 iiini. liiit the spccidatiou does not seem to have 
 
 troil. It IS also found in mica slate at Hcn- 
 
 ithiil,ii-. .-;.ilzburf:, in .Siberia, and in tho l!ur- 
 
 ciiipi'e near Ava, But the emerald has been 
 
 ,-n frii.n the remotest au-es. It is nirtdy found 
 
 !Cl. Laiieriy it h.as enormously increased in 
 
 .e' Mr. Ijnamicl says that ])crfect emeralds of 
 
 p rieli LT.i^s t;ri'eii are now wort!\ from 20/. 
 
 the carat. The size of the emerald does 
 
 incre.iso its >aliie in the same ratio that it 
 
 that (if the di.amond and ruby. It may be 
 
 that there arc many very line emeralds 
 
 iii;iean and Asiatic treasuries, those wdiieh 
 
 ti. ihi' llus^ian, Saxon, and I'ajial crowns 
 
 -iii.iilady largo and beautiful. In the 
 
 all treasury there is an emerald weisliin.c; 
 
 larats. amllhc Duke of Devonshire has one 
 
 - ill weii;lit. (Emanuel On Diamonds Av.) 
 
 I;Y (1' ■. emeril, emcri : Gcr. .smirsrel ; 
 
 KT^rliii, smerej^io ; Span, esmeril ; Kuss. 
 
 ; I.at. smiris). A miner.d brou_'ht to 
 
 I'nim Xaxiis, Smyrna &.c. It occurs also 
 
 naiiy, Italy, and Siiain. It is always in 
 
 >nia^H's, and mixed with other minerals. 
 
 iiittraiediatc between K'"eyish black and 
 
 grey. Siieelfie p-avity about 4. Lustre 
 
 g and ailaniaiuinr. Emery is cxten- 
 
 ieil in the polishiii;; of hard bodies. Its 
 
 der i-; obtained by trituration. (Thoni- 
 
 lan of the emcrv that is at present used 
 '■■ comes from Asia Minor. In 1847 an 
 geologis*. discovered i deposit of emery 
 lity of Smyrna, and the supplies from 
 very extensive. The quantity, bow- 
 ed from Asia Minor varies greatly from 
 lar. Thus for the live years ending with 
 imports into tlie United Kingdom from 
 ^ have been G,502, 3:i,9ti4, 27,010, a.l.'jO, 
 The price of emery is about 9s. 
 
 > cwts, 
 
 s rwlly a coarse variety of coninJuin. 
 
 It is found ill Cornwall, and latterly it is said to 
 have been discovered in large quantities in Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 When llediterranean wheat is freighted at l.«. 
 per quarter, emery stone is rated at 4s. i<(l. pi r ton 
 of 20 cwt. 
 
 ENGIJOSSING. 'The buying up of corn and 
 other de.'ul victuals, with intent to sell .ii'iii again." 
 (IJlaeUstone, book iv. c. 42.) \\r have slimvii, in 
 another article, how absurd it is to MippoM' that 
 this practice shoiihl b.ive any injiirioiH intlueiiec 
 [ CouN Laws]. Hut. for a Imig lime, most 
 scart.ties that occurred were lillier entirely as- 
 cribed totlie iiiiliieiiee of engrossers and lonslalkrs 
 [FoKKSTM.l.lNii] or, at least, were Mipposed to 
 be materially aggravaud by their proceedings. 
 In consequence, however, of the jirevalence of 
 more just and enlarged views upon suili subjects, 
 the statutes that had been made for the suppression 
 and piinishinent of engrossing, fore.--t;illing itc. 
 were repealed in 1772. Hut notwithstanding this 
 repeal, engrossing continues to be an indictable 
 oli'ence, punishable at common law by lin? and 
 imprisonment; though it is not at all likely, were 
 an attempt made, that any jury would now be 
 fcuind ignorant or prejudiced enough to convict 
 aiiv one on such a cliarge. 
 
 ENTKY, HILL OK. riMPouTATioN.] 
 EKMINH ((ier, hermelin; Fr. hermine, ermine; 
 Uuss. gornostai). A s|)ecies of weasel (Miistela 
 c(iiii/i(l(i, Linn.) abundant in all cold countries, 
 particularly Kiissia, Nonvay, Lapland &c., aiul 
 producing a must valuable species of fur. In 
 summer tho ermine is of a brown colour, and is 
 called the sloitt. It is in winter only that the fur 
 has that beautiful snowy wdiiteness and consistence 
 so much admired. [Fuita.] 
 
 KSI'AUTO, A species of rush — the Stij)a 
 tcniicinsiiiia of bo' 'ists. It is found in the 
 .southern provinces of Spain, and is particularly 
 abundant on all the sterile, uncultivated, and 
 mountainous districts of Valencia ami ;\liircia. 
 Heckmann (Histiinj <;/' Invvnthms, vol. ii. p. 288, 
 Kng. ed.) siip]ioses, ap|iarently with good reason, 
 that the Stijui /riiacisHiimt is the plant described by 
 I'liiiy under tlienamenf Spurtd, who ascribes its 
 application to useful purposes to the Carthaginians. 
 (Hist. Nat. lib. xix. c. 2.) It is still used for the 
 same purposes as in antiquit)', being manufac- 
 tured into cord.age, shoes, matting, baskets, nets, 
 mattresses, sacks «i'C. Cables made of esparto are 
 said to be excellent: being light, tliey float on the 
 surface of tho water, and are not, therefore, so 
 liable as hempen cables to bo cut or injured by a 
 foul bottom. They arc exclusively made use of 
 in the S|iaiiisli navy. Esparto is largely con- 
 sumed in the manufacture of <ilpcrc/(ite:i. These 
 arc light shoes worn b)' tho Valeneian peasantry, 
 having platted soles made cither of esparto or 
 hemp, but principally of tho former. They are 
 extremely cheap and commodious in hot climates; 
 and besides being in extensive demand at home, 
 used to be exported in immense quantities to both 
 Indies: but since the emanciputiou of Sj/anish 
 America this trade has greatly fallen off. The 
 Spanish peasantry have attained to wonderful 
 dexterity in the manufacture of esparto. ' After 
 liaving soaked the rush in water, the women and 
 children, without cither wdieel oi' sidndlo, contrive 
 to twist two threads at the same time. This they 
 do by rubbing them between the palms of their 
 hands, in the same manner as a shoemaker form.s 
 a thread upon his knees, with this difference, that 
 one motion gives the twist to each thread, and at 
 tho same time unites them. To keep the threads 
 asunder, the thumb of the right hand is interposed 
 between them; and when that is wanted for other 
 
 
t 
 
 has come »\';^;^;ye from the ru. • -^" 
 
 EXCHANGE 
 
 , f nil nntii'''' is consuUo' 
 ■n,,. o-mvcicnco oj « i ,j.|^^ _j^,^,^ ^j^_,. ,,^, 
 
 a tvansact>..n 'f^^ ,xtVuf;.u<lu.a .ul„ • 
 
 , ,,,,.c.„tiou V =^^iC U i>«vs ii.,nuuu. 
 
 of ditto, and 1 ;,;^.^ •:' " MtaiHl ...r tl- 'i-'bt 
 
 lliuillu'i' 
 
 "'"',' ■.u;'C..r two, and tte 
 
 and a n"niaj->- "" "■' ' . . 
 
 .\ w 
 
 Milt tte 
 
 ■rii.> 
 
 i'iii 
 'Unit' i'>r 
 L riir. ill 
 
 Valencia L^'^»'^'^'^.^,,.i,tiv also to "tlicr \)-.ri- 
 
 vanou. .HU^i ^„^.^> i^ said e >>«- 1 -^^ ^„ 
 demand for ^.t* V .,^,1 in «»' •^;''^;^ „,akinK 
 
 from the Levant, ii^). „; . Lai. 
 
 At one time it ^M;" " i„ conseiu '-"ce oi 
 
 {irnaUv and "^f """ 'irnow discontinued. _ Us 
 v^^lcni actio.i its -«^;\.J erinary l";':V«'*r^«;„ i, 
 chief emp\ovme\it i> '"^ ^„„>mcrce, tins ^rmj 
 
 •"Z^oncr cities or comi£s Vmvin«^^a';y^^^,.,,, 
 1 7nld rntercoursc tosethe , t '^ „t V"',' 
 
 f^fbviaeh otAier apPj^-f 'J^.l all time, lor 
 
 example,, a covi« Hamburg ; '^^^^^ ,,i,er of 
 
 London >"£,'^\,e a^iout mi ^'l";' ^'^X^ed. 
 
 persona m ^^ ,,„„ . of Tendon h-w •' ' ■,,,\_ an 
 
 Ills; .: 
 Hiilir . 
 l/ill 1- 
 
 ,cl !:. 
 iltaMn, 
 i.tLe 
 
 ';'/"'• 
 i iii;i" 
 •■ ft m 
 ifrni'il 
 lie 
 
 ;. ui 
 sa 
 
 ■;vl: 
 
 •J 
 cnil 
 
 •.•; 
 
 141 
 
 •who receisca p»J'^" 
 
 ,. . and a li""ll«-e >" - ... 
 
 ,,. ,I;L i til" -i.ole .xpeu... All 
 
 lo8« ".';^7;!'iauLrr .U.VM «licrcforii.l.e doi 
 
 A irtll of CM 'ai'^ ;,„,we person r'-^iuni; 
 bo an order •id'tr^';; • ^^^^^, ^^ ^.^.^^i,, ^iih,;. 
 
 a distance, .Uvectm„ ''■'-,„^....- favour tl^' l^' 
 ,U.. the pcrso'^-'^; ,,,,,,,,,, ,^ 
 
 drawn, or bi.-,o del. ^ ^ .^ j,,^,, 
 
 ,here».i«c'--- ]^^^j;'-^;"!j;a. ....0,^ 
 bavep.tssedpr>^ '^;,^^^ „„ die baok. . .. 
 
 ,c /.*>«'"■■•"';■• .,H(.n of inland m» -"f (-^-^l""-' 
 Tiic nt^ot latum m „f ^ireat Uniam 
 
 .,- those ^>^''^''":;' :';"i,^'entirei*. i" 'i^" l'-'' 
 U- .^lan.l on a?""'^;v' ,,j j.i iw- ma..n« alr.^ 
 
 rxiJained. L"'^'"^'- ■,,,.;^. „,,on * dieraretc 
 
 ifiS^^ft'tbetilJ^vmgreiiurUM-. 
 
 ''f''"^''rnoTacrtain'amo,.t.t ;.:..= 
 the enuivalencv ot a ^ ,, 
 
 tcncy of the ""^V" .,,„„, ,„ Vnflkf 
 
 Thus, accordm^ to ^^^^^^^^, ,,,, , 
 
 llritamand l;r.mcc, ^^. „,^. ^.j^ ^f 
 
 -..0 cent., w neb '^ -''^ ^ ^,,, ,xclutn^c l'-' 
 London and 1 J'-- . j i,^ at patwta 
 the two eountncs is -aw i ;, („e 
 
 S negotiated on ^i-^;n^v,,l,,,a.„. 
 
 nio. when a bill I'-f ' ..nnvcrselv. NM":" 
 gMOfr.inl-anH-and. «^^,,,,1,^ 
 
 London buys a b U • r. i a ^^^ ^,, ,,„jv, 
 
 London and agauistl a. s^^^j^^ 
 ^T'5f^^0cS?theexclia..e..n,a,.l 
 
 tor -■> "^- - f 1>iiris , • „ 
 
 and ill favo"-^ "* J "rtuementB cxi-lam «■ 
 The lorei^on K -ta ^^^ ^^^,,^,„,,, 
 
 usuallv meant by tiu ^ a^ceriaiiuni; 
 
 "xaet- determination, ^ ^,^ ,,m^ 
 ;ecise eqiuvalency ot a ^^^^ 
 ourrencv of one c'l^"" ,(, if the aai 
 
 lnebeP'W'^"^;;\ th every vf - 
 aiustneeossanly -^y ,,^,,1, III,-. 
 
 ndutivo values .^ i^^^ countnes «• 
 ianutaUicveuvvhcret ,^,K.| 
 
 lUalforast^atidard.^^;,^ 
 otictha-iintlicoth^.^^^^^^ 
 ,,1-excham'cbet e."t ^^^^^^^ 
 
 taken bUo ace. int- ,, ,„ 1.* 
 
 may take the ca...^tj^^.V,ii- 
 
 both use ^\^^f ,t^Mexico,i*.il«;-, ; 
 lart?elv pr'»'l'i'^^'\ ,? is extcnsiv;!! ';' 
 

 >"«"u> upon anntaer — "uiwn jn nnn Ki ""- " firpatcr ni-n,„- ^^ "'oiiov to I.,., • -^ 
 
 piiiplpliii 
 
 -^ i* »l ;■ H '■'^''"'""<^- whether Mf'!'-P"t ^-Jion ^ ,^' "'-■c^-^ione,! I,v ,?l^'-"^«."ni,o 
 
 ?,. _ '"^^ "isnoct.v.r. ,.*• _" !"- 
 
 f''"'«> «cc.83 or WW ''?'""" '"""f'v I verm.. 7 ''' s"o.i a, ,„ ' "" " "fnuliis 
 
 '"»!»« «il^' _' « "»".•!•, an,l T-:r""i'^n hill if ,, 'l. "' ""mt,r m, ' "''' ''"• 
 
 "I.I rfitint-;.- . 
 
 
 ''>' nily (,v 
 
 i'Tpcn.s / 
 
 
 ■'66* 
 
 w tllo 
 
 '"';Vs a Ij.'il, 
 
 ""-"""i ti;^' nK!''- 
 
 
 [>,v 
 
 -"^^"^z,u:^ 
 
 '"' fXd)a/i.tf, ,.^i.if'"^ '''imui-ti,.,! 
 
 
 l'"Vi>rliim:ill ' 
 
y 
 
 >:XC11AN0E 
 
 hOt 
 
 , it \^ easy to s**"'"- 
 
 ■"■Trf'WnH tl-t fluctuatiouH ... ;^ Ua^-.-U-. 
 
 '' '^ ..i-v tenil*J"*'> ^ • i,.i"i\ilc iKT.i"'- 
 
 ,„vc r. ""'■^•^,^ . ,, '?or .u.y '""f^' 'fllu." '>'"" 
 
 f^'^'-f '"i^ i^^ "• ''tlu"l^.i ''f '''^" 
 V,v tlirti\M.>l- f fins t"',^*^ .,„,,i iirciiin- 
 
 stall' uf '''^'\,.,,.,„i;o from "^ '", wlicthtr oti 
 
 '"-rir-u.aue..v.;cy^;^^ 
 
 an..u..U '• 'I'^JS ; by- the .'^1";; '\, 'bills .... 
 '^ ^'^T -n-HU ccivo, t»<-f>"' ;^^t'Vvobably be 
 Au.sterdam .n '<> orUo.wl . a a j^^^. ^^^.^^ 
 
 'l''-^''''''''''w who aeal ... \'j ;;;," a,>y other 
 of the .."^-^ ;^*Vh.. ileal ... \f^ ^ , a^..i;e^'' 
 way as ..t Ih i^ , ,,„ ,vliere t'"> (. H^y 
 
 '"•""""^''U' U ^vi'«" t|"^>; iV,': ni^. by other 
 .^,,,1 t., pe\l >i L . ^ u„.^ V'V- i,,c of them ... 
 
 tliose '•o.."",'\^ ,' j,T(.at rise w *''Vv 1 •iinie.iC'l <> 
 
 tu.,..: ;■':"'; "^^i,U.e trade be ^v; "1 ^-j,, a,........t 
 
 !"• '*'"'■■'",;. 1, s .Ua>v.. .... '■ f i ^ than .h..se 
 
 ,:c,....i.-y-."'' " , ,„ a f^reat.'. s ,„„vcver, 
 
 by bv.y...^ " [ ,,iu,.R the... ' .^,„,,u i.e 
 al oNve'l b> '"•;„,.,, in i.io^' < oui. ,,vi.>*^"' 
 
 ,^ra^v.. ..po" ^"" , , 1 „ Tesv*^^''^'^'^>' 
 
 cities '• — „i I (/. 'M *''' ',;". ,//k)- s»/'''- 
 
 Bull""."'" 
 Anl«"l' 
 11.1111. ■«'« 
 Alti»i.'» 
 llint/ic 
 
 l.-,iinkf..r< 
 Kr.'i"." . 
 ll,iri<."»» 
 
 M iit.a 
 
 t"iii.t» ' 
 llilliii" 
 (U.iri.."' 
 l.,.„h..rn 
 
 l^.^islC 
 iteiioa 
 
 VU-nnot 
 
 I'aUrni" 
 
 M^.Hi" 
 
 OiKirto 
 Hill ...in.'".' 
 
 I.il.il'n _ - 
 
 New \«>E -"— ^^ ,^ .„pp««d b, 
 
 IVtLTi.lm'.:;'!}"^^ 
 
 """ ' """ . f 1,;\1'. the New Style is utJ i: 
 m the dattnp of b 11^ t ^^.^,^ ^,^^ ^^,,.|,„„, 
 
 j^v.ry country m i- i > 
 
 sorv A'"/.'." h."ve betit ^^ . ^^^ ^.j^, ^ , ., 
 H-l; '^-^ ^^'!=,V.';„127 &2HViot.e/.''..as.*<. 
 ^^ -jr.V.et.e. -ti'""' ^ 
 
 ,','ani.. not oirc'clmn 
 ill 
 Ml •' 
 
 r> 
 ii«i 
 
 SlW! 
 311' 
 10" 
 
 -511 
 
 LOCI 
 \'t»\ \ 
 '■,1»W i 
 ;,,ft(ii. ! 
 4,0(»l 
 
 1 i 1 
 
 .1 , 1 
 
 U li I 
 
 i| 1 
 
 (1 11 : 
 
 ii 1 
 
 '.< I 
 
 Uli 
 
 Vi.lKII. '• •• •''"',1 
 
 4'il(|l) iim\ f;" f ,,;. Viade ii,!"..'.; 
 ■'. ,., ■iiiiims«0 r 
 
 
 If dti..vn .i'"K'^,°,';,°ju.y as on u.. .".•'"i 1 
 
 '".-?..*<i * - . 1 ..... .mi'pilini: ' -■. i 
 
 
 I'l', iinil mit I 
 
 IM 1 „ 
 Fl)|' 
 
 ->■" « 
 ■"* « 
 
 '" i » 
 
 '511 
 
 ,,;''il» 
 
 l.vi'i 
 
 ,1.^1 
 
 ",i»W s 
 
 nil. " 
 
 •:m 
 
 3011 
 
 41111 " 
 
 Will 
 7,'.il 
 1,(1.10 " 
 
 l,.-l.«l "• 
 
 •jjnio " • ••::, 
 
 ^.""" , fir fvcn I,'"""- .'/''■'^ 
 
 lV„„i.lKm^.lm»;^„*;;^„:w,i«^.;__J 
 
 „f iheiW!)ai" — -^ 1 , 
 
 .iiblbybri.kers . !.^^.,,^,,,,,,a,v 
 ,,>,v..l.a..tsa... i'-";^,,,,„(,l,eb.k 
 
 ijiUueiiee; alt ^ 
 
'1- m„.„ „ '"" '""""i'w 
 
 Sa,;'«*"3:!;,£;L'M" » 
 
 !«r,?;{s~:^?*^ : 
 
 |->'M,fjo.irquaiiit.?d with n.n ^ i 
 
 lri:l-.rric can have . ny i',iSht"'?"'"^ ""'■« 
 
 ■fOiMrorthin another aeVor"'-'' '" '^"'e 
 ^'•f''"»?o «( tl,o ,i„'^' "^^^^'l'-.^' 'o the suae 
 
 ^n™^,, «ut i„ condticdn" 1 1 '" -'""'^ ''''"1- 
 
 .\^=«'-l'anf i„ Lo,ul,, .;"■"•'•*'■ Vrcr^rw,]. 
 Nar,,., ,|,.l,t du,." V ;„ ,'^;""i''"' '"ea„. 
 
 ?« '"" 0" Palis . r,„iv,, 'n/ "■ .''••'-^' '" J^'n- 
 
 "■';", .lilU to (ii-£,,,|. 1,-, "' -^'''--^tei-- I'l ,..,• ■ '^■^ I''.'1I'0. nc Qr 
 
 " *'<'" (hon fl, , "i"illir I J/,, 
 
 ' old 
 
 ■^'criiiiif : •'-, /■- 
 
 fl'f'''n'lWcr7i,r i'''^' '''^' «r''it.al,.,l nri 
 
 t>'.u a^ I('i/(nv.s:— 
 J.', slrrlinu - .,"'S''-rlinj. 
 
 '■"nil tl, . r '"■"'•'■ so (In, y. 'f^nt'y o„„.- sis i„ 
 
 QQ : 
 
 t'oin- 
 
I 
 
 fiOO 
 
 HNCirANTiK 
 
 niDii (livisdr, mid tlio ipllnn- terms for ft rDtiimnti 
 tllviiUiiil. 'riu'iii'iliiiaryunlliiiu'tii'al ljuuli.saliiiiiijil 
 Willi cxaiiipli ■) ot'sucli i)|icrati(m-i. | 
 
 I'ln! tWIIdwin^ ai roiiiii of till! maiiiifr in wli'uli I 
 a very lar;,'c: tiaii-iucliim was nctiially condiicti'il 
 liy iiidircci, rriiiiltiiiifics will Millie iiiilly illll^lrall• 
 III!' |)riii(:i|ili'.s wc have bcrii ondiavouririj; to i.x | 
 jilaiii. ' 
 
 liilMDI Spain wan liinind to pay to Traiu'o aj 
 lar^;!' suhsidy ; and, in urdir to ilo lids, tlirrc dis- ■ 
 liiii't nirtlidiis prcMiili'd llninsclvos : — | 
 
 I. To send dollars lo I'aris liy land. 
 
 •-'. To rcinil liills of exclianp^ dircLtly to I'aris. 
 
 :l. To aiithori-ie I'aris to draw din ctly on Spain. 
 
 TIm! lirsl of those niclhods was tried, hnt it was 
 foniid too flaw and cxpcn.sivc ; and t ho second and 
 third plans were (Mjnsideri.'d likely lo turn the ex- 
 ehaii;,'e ai;ainst Spain. The fullowinj? nu thod, hy 
 the indirect or eirinlar exchange, was therefore 
 adopted. I 
 
 A merchant, or hiinquii'r, at I'ari.s, w.ns appfiinted 
 to manage the opiralion, which he thus eon- 
 ductod: — lie idiose London, Amsterdam, ll.arn- 
 linr};, Cadi/. .Madrid, and I'aris as ihe principal 
 nin^'eson w'hic h the operation was to tnrn, anil hu 
 enf;aued torrespondeiits in each of those cities 
 to support tlif' circulation. Mailriil and (,'adi2 
 were the places in .'^paiii whence reniittaiic'eM were 
 to ho made : atid didlars were, of t<'nrae, to he sent 
 to when^ they hore the hif^lie.st price, for which 
 hills were to hi^ procnreii on I'ari.s, or on any other 
 places that inij;ht he deemed more advantaf^eoiis. 
 
 The principle Lein|^ tli'is CHtablishcd, it only re- 
 
 mained 1,, repnlate the extent of thr opcMti,,,, . 
 as not to i>ine loo nineh paper on Spain, an4t 
 Hive the eirenlation as modi fnpporl in n.^.,!,' 
 from real l.usin.'ss. With lids view. I,<,i|,|.,ii , 
 iho-en a.s a place to which the. jicraii.i'n mi l.iV," 
 
 I'hielly directed, as the pri t' dollars i»a"(| .' 
 
 Iii;,di In l''.M;,'land ; a cir unistance wlij,!, f,.||,|,l||, 
 I the proportional exchanije adv.iriia;,'ciiiis |m>|!,.| ! 
 j Tiie hininess was conmieiiei'd at I'd.-j^. \,l|'r 
 ' till! ne;,'otialioii oi' drafts issni'd on lluinln.,-' ' 
 j Amslerilam served to aiHwer the iininciliai". ,'i, 
 inand.s (d' the slate; and orders wor.. trii'isn'r, 
 to these plaei's to draw for tli.> reiinliai-wn,. ,ti,'f' 
 London, Madrid, or Cadiz, m-ordiii^',ii| tlip.„„r!,! 
 of ex. i. in^ce was nio.^t Tivonralile. '|'l,o i,r„,,J. 
 iii-s were all cinduele.l with jnd(;meiit, .ci „' 
 tended with complete siiecess. At the coram, n'v- 
 m.nt of the o[)eration, the course (jf (ixi'haii''.„f 
 Cadi/ <.n London was .'iiji/, ; hut, by ilw^jm 
 adopted Spain !,'ot ■,W\il., or al-ove « p^r cj m 
 the remillanee of doll.irs lo London, dikI ii<i,l,r'. 
 aide adv/inlaijes were also pained hv the cmuij. 
 lion of hilh ihroiifih Ihe several piares nn tiip i ,. 
 linent. (Kelly's Cambisl, vol. ii. p. PW; l)m, ,,-j 
 Klvniiiila of Ctimmeri'; 'Jnd ed. p. 2JS.) 
 
 The following t.Vole .spociiics the v;i!iii- f i!,. 
 moneys of account of Ihe principal \hrn v,h 
 which this country has ex(!hani,'c tran-itiii 
 takiriff silver at i«. per oz., and spicili.s ;il. , '■'. 
 par of exchan;,'e with such places on tim \r-'<^ 
 thesis. Ahstraeted from Tate's Mmlmi Cimim 
 to which the reader is referred for farther ex'irj- 
 tions.) ' ■ ■ 
 
 l't■^pr^bur/; 
 
 llerhii 
 
 rn)ii>nt)aKfn 
 
 Ilaiianiru 
 
 Atiiiterilain 
 
 Antwerii 
 
 I'drl« 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 Vienna 
 
 Venire 
 
 tieno.i 
 
 Leuhnrn 
 
 .'Mailrtd . 
 
 I.l.luill 
 
 New Voric 
 
 Kio Jani'iro 
 
 llavannati 
 
 I no rnpeckA 
 "'' sil. ifroMlieii 
 '.III >killin|{« 
 
 1''> sCllilliDfjf 
 
 I no ccniirnen 
 l"0 ccntlniet 
 inOt'tntiint's 
 'iU {.mid. or flur. 
 '•!> kreutzcrH 
 IllOrriitisiinl 
 I'll) tenliiiiiii 
 lot) ceniiiinii 
 S rt'/ili 
 1,1101) ril« 
 I'Hli'enti 
 l.',(«)rel. 
 luUcciiU 
 
 I routile 
 
 I I'mu. itoll. 
 
 - I Klii.duil. 
 ' 1 in. irk 
 
 - I a»rlii 
 
 - I lliirlii 
 
 - I franc 
 
 - I til.irk 
 • I (lorin 
 
 t lira Aiistrlara 
 1 ltr.i .\uova 
 1 lira Toscana 
 
 . I ilullar ol I'l.ile 
 
 ; I niilri'ii 
 
 : 1 il.ill.ir 
 
 - I inilrt-ia 
 : I dulLir 
 
 = .%■ ikil, itivinu 
 
 - ;•. Ht',1. 
 ^ U. ■tK,). 
 = 1«. .'iW. 
 £- 1«. HJ. 
 = i«. M. 
 ^ IIW. 
 
 = I., -u 
 --- j<.oi.ini/. 
 
 = SIW. 
 =; !li.(. 
 
 - T-iW. 
 ■"". IJi/. 
 
 - 1.. M. 
 
 - Ii. W. 
 =- W... 7,1. 
 
 - l».«.|,V2'iW. 
 
 I'ltofEichlra 
 
 '. rouh. 10 top. = 1 
 
 '. ■Ir.ll. S7 ,. / = 
 
 'liloll. I'l.t. :: 
 
 11 inki. 10) .ch. -. 
 
 II il.UTcenh - 
 
 1 1 II. 'j; ceru :- 
 
 ■-"i fr. J7 rrnu =:, 
 
 1 ! .1.411 suldni = 1 . 
 
 'III. .Hiki. i . 
 
 '."' 11. 'I'i cml. = . . 
 
 ■-'■'11. .'iTcim. = 
 
 .■II Ii. M cent. = : 
 
 I' d.i'l. Vj tvit ^ : 
 
 ■i mil. 'Jsirni =■ 
 
 I dull. »fl ctnli i 
 
 7 mil. 7*7 rni = 
 
 i Jvlt. 11 (-mu = . 
 
 It is easy from this table to calculate the value 
 of any of the above c<dii.s, takinj^ silver .-it b.i. "Jr/., 
 .').«. (ij. |ier oz., or any other price, and thenca to 
 deduce the par of exchange at such rates. The 
 values of tln^ coins in the Tabic of Coins [Coin.s] 
 are estimated on the hyputhesi.s that silver is worth 
 on. '.id. per oz, 
 
 L.\W OF IilI.I.S OF E.XCH.VNGi:. 
 
 The chief loi;.al jirivileses appertaining to bills 
 are, lirst, that thoui;h only a simple contract, yet 
 they arc always presumed to have been oriijfinally 
 ^iven for a K'Jod and valuable consideration ; and, 
 .secondly, they are assi^^nablc to a third person 
 not named in Ihc. bill or party to the contract, 
 i-o as to vest in the assignee a rif;ht of action in 
 his own name; which rii;ht of action no relca.se 
 by the dr.iwer to the acceptor, nor set-otf or cros.s 
 demand due from the former to the latter, can 
 allect. 
 
 All persons, whrther merchants or not, bcin^ 
 let;ally (pialilied to contract, may ho jiarties to u 
 hill. Jiut no action can U- .■supported against a 
 [lerson incapable of binding; himself, on a bill 
 drawn, indorsed, or accepted by such incapacitated 
 ]p('rson : at the same time the bill is good against 
 all other competent parties thereto. 
 
 ISills niay be drawn, accepted, or indorsed by 
 the party's agent or attorney verbally authorised 
 for the purpose. When a person has such autho- 
 rity, he must either write the name of his princi- 
 
 pal, or state in writing that lie (haivniiMij.-fffi 
 thus : ' per procuration, for A ]!.' 
 J Where one of several parlticr.s aivp|itj ,i !:3 
 draw.i on the (irm. for himself and partnfr'.'ra 
 his own name only, siieh aceepiaiuT ItoI.' !. 
 partnership if it concern the trail, , lint ili. s 
 ■ ce()tancc of one of sevend partners on Irfi; 
 1 him.self and [lartners will not himl tlio 
 I it concern the acceptor only in a si'|i,ir.i;t iJ 
 distinct interest, and the holilor of ihc liillra 
 time he becomes so, was aware of 'liat cir: 
 I stance. If, however, he be a bon.i liile hMnii 
 ! a sntlicient considoratiou. and hail no such teC 
 i ledge at the time he lirst hecamo pos.iCj-eJ ,'ni 
 ; bill, no subsequently acqninil liiiowli'il^-e "I'tl 
 misconduct of the jiartuer in giviiii; sudi .'Cf'i'il 
 .will prevent him from rccoverinj,' on sucli 1 
 I against all the partners, 
 ; Altliough no precise form of words is i»p 
 ' to constitute a bill of exeh.anse orpronii."iiii'i«' 
 yet it is necessary that it sliuuld be/wyuS.V"'! 
 events, and not depend on any ientin;'iWv: 
 that it be made for the payindit of ni'.iiH.'i 
 and not for paymeiif of nioiioy and pcnvmi'i 
 some other act, as the delivery of a liorsf. i'l 
 like. 
 
 I If, however, the event on which the p^ii 
 to depend must inevitably happen, it in,! cof 
 portaucc how long the p.iymcnt ni.\v be in' 
 pense ; so a bill is negotiable .ind valid i' '■^ 
 pavablc C weeks after the death of (lie Jn»| 
 
 flf/jrr, Of 
 i„nie„C/l 
 due 11,1 
 '"'■•'I i/f;iii 
 ''■'<>' film, 
 ' ■■ I'lit ih, 
 .-,://;i-i;, 
 
 "le liet'ii) 
 "fioa of ,,((, 
 
 -I'.MI. by ,„ 
 ''I'llMM'l. I 
 
 ' '' 'Ir.nui I// 
 " ' "I eiTfaiii 
 '""I iiiav Uv ,11 
 
 :','"■"■ '(W-i,,; 
 '"■-'•■'' by .siain, 
 '"I'alc, (orHimic 
 '" '■' n.tiiri.,0.^ 
 -'"iiii;', it /< ) 
 ,-""''''11/.' ir.n,.,,.ji 
 
 '""■: '" ""• iiaiid'.< 
 ■■"•"'"ll.v f"umk;i 
 
 '"'all,/, 
 
 '"- nid.,-H.„„,,„ pj 
 'W,-b„fabo„- 
 
 .'"■•"••.■ii„|,.«, i( ,„,^ 
 
 'I ■'■""'"■'""■ /Tope, 
 '''"""in;a/i„„. '^' 
 
 ■'■<-7'to'fr/„ f,;/^ 
 
 I,;: '""""/'".»■ ■■ibii 
 
 111' 
 
 • Ihe di 
 
 
 I'.niv 
 
 '"■Ifi.iii 
 
 ■,'Ml|. 
 
 ■niH II; 
 pniiicii 
 
 'I'/Mlli 
 
 .TibiijM. (j 
 
 ' "■''lerej] 
 '"■ acr,,« 
 
 f" •■! bi'l; 
 
 iili ill 
 
 "»eonv, 
 ■' '"ivy bij/ i 
 
 F':'' ii.i< ;,, 
 
 "c.i not ' 
 
 ""d tile 
 
 n .ii'cc 
 
 ■'MieJied. 
 
 1' .1//! 
 
 <• ni.'ly )„ 
 
 """■^"lufDnP 
 
 "/■ a , 
 
 "" iliat , 
 
 ■''"11/,/, 
 
 iii/i 
 
 .""ll;d 
 
 ■'/iiirJ 
 
 "■ lie 
 
 ";«,(■. 
 
 '" "le hill 
 
 '"iWllo/V 
 
 We.', 
 
 "I I 
 iicli 
 
 P'r IJ: 
 
 ■ '•■"■>• to 
 
 ik. ;; 
 
 e (Ir; 
 
 iii-f. 
 
 ;'re,,< 
 pi,, 
 e 111 
 
 '"I ml 
 
 'elltl 
 
 Ul. 
 P"e,| , 
 
 ' a ("iiiLer's ... 
 
 ► feral t 
 
 f'k 
 
 'l''iy!lhl,: 
 ' ''soiiJie, 
 
 •It a b. 
 
 '■'(le/i 
 
 acrepi,, 
 
 \liive i, 
 
 •auk 
 
 ■th 
 
 ivceis 
 
 'Wll lit: 
 
 'I'lker 
 " U al 
 
 ""t iubl 
 l''i.vni(., 
 
 t do 
 
 KC-'CIKf,/ 
 
 fKitied 
 
 '"I'iifii/ 
 
 lii/l 
 
 ■*f'(,j,, 
 "l'.wis 
 
 fori 
 ""m b, 
 
 we ' 
 
 ■Je iii.i 
 
 "'a III/ 
 
 ' linii 
 
 ""tbian 
 
 aiice. 
 
 Hiail 
 
 e Ol , 
 «bort| 
 
 ;^- 'f'c ti 
 •■"''■(■|)t, 
 
 's ni,-„ic 
 
 "le «-b, 
 
 't Ulli 
 
 en I'f I 
 
 and 
 
.-,!)7 
 
 '•::"=q:;;rrr;;;:;,-i:' -;,',;; -. X";i;£i5-:r', •""'" ■ 
 
 , :'""'•.'" ""''•r-'i.Ml, Mii,.|, ,,,, . '""■'lilii,".'H(ViM.i,. I 
 
 ,3 =^rrL:;rrH^^^^^ 
 
 ' """-•I'V,, ,,,.„„,. 
 
 ctlirl. 
 \[niiilii;li ;i III IS Iiri"4liriiiMl I ' > 
 
 -" -"''«"'''""vi::;,n.j:--iK' 
 
 ■'"HiiilV I.C lllllstcc (III |„ ,|,.f,.„„„ , '""~1(I<TJI 
 
 ^-.'.ill.vM.'lH.te; ;i.H /'..r vl,,,.!;,,."'',' " .'"•'■'' ■"■■I'l. 
 :'iiali',lurmiiiii._)' 
 
 I ■' ibiiri..ii,-i (;..iitm,(, isiu",,:.-;/; •"""^•yifi, 
 .-"""::. it i. /hI.I ,1. „ ., Dill , ?''/"''■' ' 
 
 '''■'"•'■■'■'•''"■"Ml r' ■ il, V-'''^';^ -M 
 
 "•'^""'■'■^""^'"•'■i-vJi^'" s:;;^;;:"^'-"' 
 
 ii'ii"iimi;ili,r|i. ' >"•■"' iJl tliei)r()|,(.r 
 
 •'"■'/''""'■'•'/" '"■//.-An .•i,v,.|,(,,ii,.„ : 
 
 '■' '■•■ I I.' "lI'llMII |/„ .- . • """'"■'•'■|l''"llr(i; I,,;, 
 
 I Mill ,l„ ""- 
 
 ■'"""",;::;!'::";/'"y">""» •'<- a 
 
 l""i iIh' noil- 
 
 pv^■"la■is»|,o,, ai,iii i, ,,, . ;, V 7""////,,/ ..„.. 
 
 l"«iiiiiiin;ivvl,illi;i,.,;i '"■"i»fii ;iru .s,,i,| 
 
 K'''^li'l'K..,i„I ■ nl U, ' • "V^""''" ''"""•<-• <n-,.,i 
 f'^i^HbpiVCi ''"'''■''''''• ''''''•'^'.•omiil^ 
 
 Tl'«l'-''''nl,;,( ';; r ^\-/^'\;li'r^^^^^^ 
 '■'■'■ -i'-i'lil, iCJio inoa,,'"''' •'«''"""«■. 11,,. 
 
 ^" ''\'''^ ''ill i"^'"., T! "•""="""■'• 
 
 .■••'••■'II'™,,,-,,,,, ;, "'!'•• v>«^ 
 
 Jl"«w'. i'"iiui or conditional ac- 
 
 Hl'V''Ue.it abK '"/^ " "'ey arc ao- 
 
 III'.- 1, 1....' . '• '^ ^\ 
 
 '.'•V '""!'■. an, I 
 
 "lial,.\,.i- (,, ., ■;.; •■"■„.. mu 
 
 't ^■'"■■'il^ a „.ol,. t ,!v,' """• '"' ""-' 
 
 "-•-"~»C.\i,C„..(;ontl,o,o 
 
 ■'"I'l.s imiliiii 
 liulilcr, Willi, 
 
 ''••'I'Il' lo p,.|v. --J.... 
 
 ^"<l".'»»'n,f „f /,i/i, __ , . , 
 
 ^^"'™i':sir'»r"-i "S;3^ 
 
 -»" I'llls pavril,!,. , 
 
 ;';''';'i-vanU;::t, :,;.;j''V'''.'''"''''''-'^r-or ,/ 
 
 '^'ii' tlicv .-ii-,, ,,.,,..,, ''S'""' L'oii.s,!,.,-;,,;,,, 
 
 ""■.^■••"•e .liie „iJi ,1 ' '"'^--''r.'iM.l^.r '„■ 
 
 --""■•'lion ,jf(l,t. I .r V ''''"■'■■ "'« '"'I'i.T in 
 
^, 
 
 
 EMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 s "^ Ilia 
 
 iiiiii 
 
 1.4 III 1.6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 I.I 
 
 
 
 
 1.25 
 
 i^ 
 
 6" k. 
 
 
 <? 
 
 / 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 "^X^^^ 
 
 :^-. '^f. 
 
 

 y. 
 
VVCIIANGE 
 
 "'" ;„ i> H-«f'*vour it ;Hi"=i'l;^\',,^'^vmst therein, <.v to ^,,,,^ .^ ^,, ^^; 
 
 : .... l,ill. ,-.„.n,,nt. itisini- Aii"«c.- .;' j,^j^,.r n,,,y i„ ^o„,„i, 
 
 to the, bill- ,„,, nv ili^connt, it is "" 
 
 * In taUins: \M\- to aocoua <« .1k^ i,„,,„,,mcuts 
 
 „(,rtaiit well I" '•^"'""''^ ' ,./ ,i ,,er«"" ^^'"^ '']' 1 u„rv H has ueeii .»:•—. 
 
 oval'entenlenaecuel t K. Mj^ or order ./'';; W^ ;"^J.;;',o c>xnWo.My as 
 
 eo.MUs a bill ^^"'^^^, o the risk of i>.ivuts ^ ^ ^ ;, ,,, a bill ot ex. 
 
 , ill all K- 
 
 -' . .,. nearlv assimilated tn liill-^ l.y o i: 1 
 s,,octs bo "'^''">,^^ ),,,,., .vhieli have b. :u .t,v..l 
 
 " , r u, d as apiilieable to the iommr. In 
 ""l'e;^S^bl.!.n decided, iu case .UM>.,ru. 
 rV"'A.'. ' nnuivoeallv astoren.l.r 
 
 'iiiib; 
 
 l,ovd HMue,o>-.. ....^■■- y ,j or o— .;■■■ 1 ;. .irawn so ciimvoiim., ....to render it muvnam 
 
 •ounts a bill indorsed •! ay ^,,. ^,,,vms '\''" "•. ,,(. a bill of cxebau-c or \:mnw., 
 
 r,,S ,1 * .n.>i'«'"V'{:U';;!n ..n£ 
 
 V^^";""^C?ir^O..>e void, una i„r... 
 utterins > » 'Vecov^ral le before a jusli.,., „f p.:,,,., 
 :^ '" .„ ,l.numd tor a les:- sam 
 
 .V ,,. 
 
 .■ I' 
 
 I * ■. 
 
 !• '• 
 
 > ^ 
 
 
 ;u;'a;;i..n;es or cxeeut,^; J- ->^ „,^i,,ie an 
 
 ; .ionev of a IdU ni any r^^r", „,.esontirent 
 
 t^Z' for non-presentment . . e r^^. ^^^^ ^,^^^. 
 
 sho 1.1 be made at a reasonaldo ^^^ ,„,„stom 
 
 S > tlu. bill is ' "-' ,;'^; ''rc-pavable only ^ylth- 
 
 f anv trade or V^'^'^^.ni nu.st be wUhm 
 
 in particular l.ours, a P^ ^" j;,,,,! acceptance, 
 
 hose boars. H a bil b. s an ^^^^ mcrt.oncd 
 
 Ihc P-entmen shojjdb aU ^^^ I ^^^ ^,^^ ^,,,,,, 
 
 =.- ^.,,.1. niialuied aieii"" .',,•.,,.„(, oos. 
 
 1 ii/., and ii'.c9i;ii'h;ii-i..i 
 •, 1) .,f 8&yv.er. e. 3S.^^nactint!™ilar,. 
 
 ,„;«./ ami v-ts "^ tl.e,.ass.,necthe.anw:,,| 
 ;Ji::;?ionasainst^;^-»-. ^^^, 
 
 ^■"•^"""^i^^r^^luUs-and Umitati«.. u? 
 be drawn, ml 
 
 inpartieuiai "'■■•:,,' , „ onabliea acL^i"' ' .-...(..ion was mtroiiucuvi -.> '■■ 
 
 • hose boars. H a,l^'' /^^ ;\,\jc place mcrtioncd tiKtum^^^^^ conditions an 
 trprescntmerit should beat '^ -^,^1 ^^ V'^'^^^^^ chi^ck^ tnust be arawa u.k 
 
 „" ,l,c pro,.-..;™™' °"; J'& 8 Cm. ill- '■}-' , ,,t > Smh.^v ""i" ""' ■I"'?,"")" ;- 
 
 1 (irawm?, ucceptins, or pavin 
 
 ;;i;;;n. .n Tuesday. ,,„ at^ a ^^^ r'lttibcofcspccialiinportaMetol.a^^ 
 
 llilK however, payalMc aiu ilcmand, ,"^ ,',.;,,„ bills and notes, tliat tie *uj 
 
 .,. ttwv arc alUweil, anu place turned u".- , „,,ed of 
 
 
 
EXCISE 
 
 .miv to (lia (V.',ts oC (i,c aciio "■\'''' ''"''ie lint /.'".""""S li. ir,.) '"'"'f- J'-'^-onoml, I'oli'; ' 
 
 J90 
 
 
 I' V ,. """•■(lendciit (,(■ ti,„ „; ' '"-""I 
 
 I i""-!'^""'' <'«co.mt.sand frcf,„er.|v •'"'"'■ ^ 
 uiMK, and J;m- f.vpensps, xUc ,u • '" "otii,.. 
 ^^cch,u™mi,o,/alio„ is su/iiden. f r'*''* ••'f''''"li'iu' 
 fraclice. .Su|)p„so, Ibrinstance A Iwm'';'' '''"" ""•' 
 
 the a«,,tanco,s boinff i„ VV '""""''' '-'^'^0/ 
 |KrH...:oo,hAa„diJ,ro ieT' "f ^'"''•'' 
 
 '■' ™aWo to meet liis !,,v. . «"''Jcnl^• 
 
 ';=i^ri rSiw-i^j^i-i- 
 ^'-'irclics ,,i.,l • "•• ••'""K'ri.si,,,/ r )■ ' ^''^""'"•o/r.s 
 
 ^i™<.«.;,,lit inav,,, ,, '" '■'■'^°'f f" 1{ Cor !7'"-''""f>-'" fho (• „"'^'*•'»'c time a.sl'n '"" 
 U«i;,„o, paper L 1""" «''••"•« of |,^ '""'-'"I's au,l o , , ' '''^-''-'^'enues ar s nj^' ''-^ 
 
 fc»„i;,„o,, paper, :,e inaT'lwf '""'" ,"'■ ""' 
 plrai, ""V thus become 
 
 liMiuiyliim i/- sueli bilJ b' ^^''^'fy .yiven to 
 l« iiiJ 01. co,-f.-,l„ .^. ^V f" "'e 
 
 ii«il/i;ne|m,vi,le;iti;;);^'P«" t''f aJtli, 
 
 '^'' l-'iper, :ifi ,„„.;,,*"'•'"•« "(• III,. („•(.,.,. ,,-■- ■'■'" Old, 
 
 /"nVin.,1 /*''", '-^'o.ie sav.s tbi r'""''"iff -Mr 
 =«"t"tia,e ?t. ,.'}.'"' 'f« first 
 
If 
 
 If* 1^ 
 
 / -l 
 
 000 EXCISE 
 
 fiflod liy tlio. commissioners anil Justice!'. On the expense. And consijcrinp; thai nil partJM wli 
 contrary, this iiractice has some material advan- ' fancy themselves agf^riesed by the (iccwidn Hfii,! 
 tanes. Whi'n ]iartics are |irostciited in the i;()urt commissioners arc entitled (I Vict, c. '.'o .*, 2l\t t 
 of JCxcheqiier lor oll'cnccs af^ainst the revenue, appeal at a very trilling cost to a li.irdn' of iv' 
 their case is, of course, suliniiiicd to a jury, Itut chwiuer, who rojudges the case, while tllc,^u vl' 
 in this court, as in others, delays Crcquently taUc suppose themselves aggrieved hy aseiitcnco i.f Ji ! 
 place, and the expenses arc always very consider- justices may appeal to the quarter-sessions (7 (■ ii 
 aide; whereas in cases of summary jurisdiction, : (ieo, IV. c. rdj s, K2), there really appears in' i... 
 or Hiose adjudged by the commissioners and more to approve than to objei't to in tlic sniip,,,,' 
 justices, there is little or no delay, and little or no jurisdiction. 
 
 (iuaiiHtir.i of the .icverid Articles suhject to Duties of Excise, Cliarged with Diiti/ ; Exmrttd- md 
 liitiiiitnl for Ilomr Consumption in the United Kinpdoni, in each of the Years' (I'tidcU Mnrvh "\ 
 IKO:), ]K(!I, and IXIJO, with the Kelt Amount of Ikevnuc received for each Article. 
 
 : Quaiilitii.s rii.irjn*il Willi Duty and 
 Fret* of Duty 
 
 riiii'iiry . - rwtit. 
 
 flops . . M)s. 
 
 .Mali! 
 Chdrpwl villi clutv hiisheU 
 I'st'il in tteiT «xi'(»rtL-(l 
 
 (isiiin;ilfil) . „ 
 
 Frecm'dutjf f<)r dis- 
 tilLilidU and en. 
 V(r:ali..ii . „ 
 
 I lalof malt . „ 
 Spirits' 
 Cliaryrtl w ,i iluty palloili 
 Fri'c ofiiiity fur ei. 
 Itortntinii - ,, 
 
 'J'otal of spirils • „ 
 Sugar, home made • cwls. 
 
 186'^-(i.1 18(;.',-ai ! ISGl-fii 
 
 5.7.').T 
 
 •1,117 
 
 11,, ICG 
 
 ii.orii.s.w i7,'j.in,(;7i i8,538,(ii>'j 
 
 4,n02,5SI 
 
 4i,IA7,lll 
 
 M,(iM,74'^'A-,-.,s,lsl 
 
 1D,760,SS2 •iO,-m,Vi'j 2;,235,S« 
 
 ■l,l92,Mn' ■l,i8 0,S-S 4,M\S21 
 ■J4,'i'i.',17'^ i4.Vi|,n(l.ViT,l.»1,6N,1 
 
 l,(»;i 
 
 Quantities Exjiortiid to ForL'-Rn 
 
 Countries un Drawljacic and 
 
 Free of Duly 
 
 1SC2-6.T ■ ! 1S6.--61 
 
 'L-il.'i'lSl _ 
 
 f 2iw,3i;,') 'itr.'jss] !ii'j,7.v,i 
 
 1 1, llC.n.-., 1,3.11,121 1,2 17, 17l/ 
 
 
 212,006 232,323 
 
 1,S12,102 i ,C'J2,V2!) 
 
 i97,7.'i6 i.-7,OnO .'-Cl,8S5 
 
 _^I02,290 l^9,S78 4,4 l.';,S21 
 6,(J0ir,Q46;4,S'^6,s;S 5,010,7011 
 
 (Jiiantitlis Iti'laitici f„r II ,r, 
 Cuiiiiutnption ill tlie liiilv,! 
 KirRil.ni 
 
 lS'i'i-G3 I lsc.-.-(;4 I iv,i. ; 
 
 n^r.e, 
 
 JE7,'iU, 
 
 ."i:',71C,0:,2 46,331,50,8' (;,n:i,;(: 
 
 £l,907,tOs'£5,5l7,53:i'jtl,v(i,v/ 
 3,S 48,.',3!1 4,520,n;,i! (,>;,■(; 
 43 ,.'iii4„'i71 1 60,llji7^l 5|,,rj ;"j 
 
 10,lC-,12ii, I9,(,0|,n5 '.■0/,;v." 
 
 I 
 .e 1 , 1 7S ,2C 1 '£1 , 1 Sfi.OS u- 1 .•,»l.;:.. 
 "l !),lii.3,l2(i i fJfiTi.Vi.'i . w,r>;;,!; 
 
 I 1401 _ I —■ 
 
 The excise duties formerly imposed on salt, ! -sion and approval cf the Tieasiirv, Xo m™'. 
 leather, candles, beer, glass, hops, paper, and , of the House of Commons can he" a coiiinii>-i:v 
 other less important articles, have been repealed, of excise. 
 
 On the other hand, an excise duty on cliicory, Officers of Excise. — Until this year |I>|> '■ 
 equal to the customs duty on cotfeo, has been ■ olhcer of cxci.sc was to vote ir intorftrc at ,ir,r 
 imposed. Ami we doubt whether there be one of | election of a member of I'arlianipiit iimlir t:!] 
 the existing duties which can be fairly objected | of forfeiting &00/. and being reiuloroii incra:? 
 to on principle, or for its injuriously interfering i of ever holding any oflice or pl.icc oi' irujt iie' 
 with the manufacture, or being too high. Whatever her Majesty ; but by ol & o2 Vict. c. 73, i!?| 
 may have been the case formerly, the excise is j disabilities of revenue oflicers to vole at -uJi 
 now fully entitled to the enlogium passed upon : elections are removed. 
 
 it by Arthur Young : — ' Excises are by much the ' No person holding any office of excise is t) :al| 
 fairest, most equal, and least burdensome of all , in any sort of goods subject t'- the excise law;. 
 ta.xes. They are iiaitl voluntarily. Not a shilling i Any person bribing 'or olieriiig to iiribc nj 
 is contributed but in proportion to the free con- oflicer of excise shall forfeit oUU/. ; iiiiil «>:ti 
 sumiition. The Dutch, who have been deservedly | oflicer acccptiiig such bribe, or doiiy. c, niiirajj 
 csteeuMd the wisest nation in Europe in all matters ! at, or permitting any act or thing wliereby wl 
 of taxation, have been enabled to preserve their the provisions of the cxci.se laws m.iy be evsiif 
 industry under burdens of which we have no ex- or broken, shall forfeit 500/. and be (lod.m\i;i 
 perience, find scarcely any conception, principally canable of ever after serving her Jbnjestyini 
 by tlieir having adopted this nioile of taxation.' c ipacity whatever, ]Jut if aiivof tlieiianirfl 
 (Political Arithmetic, part ii. p. 40.) ' nch illegal transactions shall inform agaiiijiil 
 
 The excise duty on sugar was imposed, by the other before any proceedings tliereiiponshalltil 
 Act 3 & 4 Vict. c. 57, on all sugar raised in the i been instituted, he shall ho imlcmnilieJ ,i.'ii 
 CnitcdKingdom,whetherlrombeet-root, potatoes, the penalties and disabilities iniposcil f r >ii 
 or other materials. It is the same as the duty on oflbnces, 
 
 Itritish colonial sugar. Probably, however, the Duties and Powers of Officers,— \( i' to 
 better policy would be to prohibit the limue pro- for any ollicer to enter any biiihiiii;,' ir 
 duction of such articles, inasmuch as it is sure to 
 facilitate smuggling and adulteration. 
 
 The laws with respect to the general manage- 
 ment of the excise were consolidated by the 7 ti 8 
 (ieo. IV. c. 5, from which the following particulars 
 are selected : — 
 
 Commissioners. — Four commissioners were to 
 constitute a board, but the Hoards of Excise, and 
 Stamps and Taxes, were consolidated by the 
 12 & 13 Vict. c. 1. They are to be subject, in 
 all things relating to their peculiar duty, to the 
 orders of the Treasury. They may appoint col- 
 lectors and other subordinate oflicers, and give 
 them such salaries and allowances as the Treasury 
 shall direct; buc they are not allowed to increase 
 the number of inferior oflicers without the permis- 
 
 place, used for carrying on any trailt siiliif, 
 the excise, cither by night or by day ibu; :ij 
 night, in the presence of a constaWe "r [ 
 oflicer), to inspect the same itc; anJ u;w 
 oflicer making oath that he hns c.1llselo^a^ 
 that goods forfeited under tlie E.xasc Xc.-t 
 deposited in any private house or place, f 
 commissioners of excise, or on, jiisiiff "H 
 peace, may grant a warrant to the nffioor loj 
 such house or place (if in the night in tlie I'lJ 
 of a constable) to search for and seize suci loll 
 goods. 
 
 Specimen Books may be left by the a&t 
 the premises of persons subject to the fW'Sj 
 and anyone who shall remove or dffej 
 books shall be liable to a penalty of 20iV, 
 
 liemivin. 
 
 \mW temi 
 
 iliity fo !)(> 
 
 ill f\Kh rem 
 
 \nlui' (if <,i,., 
 
 ill,' i'"iiim;,«,si 
 
 Olstracthn 
 
 "iW"'-e. ni,i;,,s 
 
 "■mill ,,(• („• 
 
 ■;irli ittfcDcf, t 
 I'fcrs vial 
 
 'lire may upp,, 
 
 '■' '''"> "•0|||,„ 
 
 "" "lien so 01 
 
 '■"'■ ,i"'l innv ; 
 
 ■'"-'iws. uinv, 
 
 'I'l'iMl to nsfisi c 
 
 '■' I'ft'ice o/iicer 
 
 "■"IS is'iii};; ii-;,; 
 
 •■"'.^"■'■O-M'cl 
 
 I '•■ '""wd for „„; 
 
 |'»sofi)iepr,mr 
 =rt^'jii,,(i„-i,|, ,,j.^ 
 
 .';' rv: 'ho exncw 
 
 ■ncmliiigs „t (\ 
 
 '''"'cxi'ise;.'!,,- 
 
 l,':-"','"'"ie Courts,, 
 
 "'"'■;,"■-''• '"• i)iiM/ 
 
 . ^-I'l.wlreJa,,,,. 
 ■'■'•'":l'r'""nscom 
 
 /«•"'*«< f„,(„e, 
 '■•"ivo/l 
 
 f''^*(brti,: '"■'■""' 
 
 |i»;,!('' 
 
 
 "'fiS 
 
 Jia 
 
 ■^^.'•<iireei,;'''i"'^' 
 '•'•' 'lis sii.ire 
 
 N, 
 
 •In 
 
 '■"ffent 
 
 Ner ii,,i;,'"^''"' emil 
 
 I ilie 
 
 ■ffe IS I 
 
 IS 
 
 mi„i. -"^yot'c 
 
 , "S'l COP"*, 
 
 ^'"'"(torn, 
 
 f J sell 
 
 "'*»«, ill «"" ""^'■'-J, 
 
 ■.M^i^ 
 
EXCISE 
 
 Remiiviup Gouils to avoiil ilut,, n i .. 
 '<\'vM\-\wa; n,„l ,.v,.,., ....*' "'"'.'' "" 
 
 
 V.'llll'' III -II 
 
 ill 'i''iiiuiii.'j.-iiiiior'j 
 
 ciiicors viiilciidy resistal in nni;,, . 
 ;:„r,. may „p,,i,sc IWrce to force ; ami r.l!!!'-' '"' 
 heir ivoiiiuliiiir, maimn.rr ,' ! .'" "" 
 
 T fuMCe III 
 
 an..„„s ,„■ Goo,:":-;,, / V I IV ;. V '" '"■""^'"- ^1 mi:::" " ,ri!"- """- 
 
 »soflhe proprietors of ,,.!,' "I /''« '•'■"! n Iter (jt ""'^•^■■^ it b. liro,,. ,'? ' , '^^ •:,'">'■•• tlio 
 are liom„i with t'vo m. eties i .f .'""'^ * '■•"''"""fs \ nulLllnt ''i""" I"' '"-•"•"" s al , . "" ' '"""H's 
 
 f- I'l It K n,,..,:.,. ■ .. !^'— Jiy the .Jl (;eo T,r 
 
 liii^iUiifrooilsaretoboconiiJinnoi 
 
 Ivereil in the Courts of Ivxd/o ,„ ." \'i'', ",'"' '■'''■"- 
 
 |coilamUrIrelan.l; provi, V '.^,1'' '-"-''•""'- 
 
 ti:Mi,,hoco,,rtsromnK.,,ce,vit /.'v ''■■^'-'T'- 
 ThcooraiiiKioiiof tlie odcncc ^ '"''' "'^^'^'" 
 
 I JntumiatJuH for tlic nvnrnr',, ^c 
 
 t^«fl.v. in Lo^^n^^.^'^f if against 
 W in- any tlirec or n,„rn ;■ . ' '"'■'"•'' ■•""I ad 
 
 ^, ^ it is cnactoil tii..'''';r - "'° *^' '-w. Hf 
 
 -|". oHoit,o,.k„oui J: .^;::'^; •'"^ «i^aii foi^,*; 
 
 f^'^''! to the contro 0? '^ "" ."">■ >^"'<inos3 .s,.i,. 
 
 -V" ■•^iifli iiulivi,|„.|i, arc also , ir . 
 
 cry hniMin,,. T!..'""" ^''^''.i^al to n,ali„ 
 
 l'Waceo„„t. IIei,""f''*^ business on 
 
 J» Ifttcrofattornr.,.,,, ,1 ° '^ authorised 
 Hi S»od,s , n ," .f '""Vise, to rece ve 
 
 t'?*»««ll ts of*- "•"''^'°'- «"" gene-' 
 
 ' """'"'IW may choose "' '""'*^o»- 
 "/ tuooio to inn)oae. A 
 
 F 
 
 -^^tett^rtii^r-'^-^-'oot-this 
 
 I ir^-WiS'Sl^-J'^e respects nearly 
 >>e.... usual to -vanc^^l-'l^-c^e^of i. 
 
 r 1; 
 
 :i ■i:l| 
 
 H '1 
 

 1 i^ 
 
 V • 
 
 ,;,„vil vosp(iii^*i''"''>' i,„,v i.l.ii-o, iinil mui-i. 
 
 • ";U»">'l^ '" ^^VSuJ^vauc:fthct.o.K 
 a .wcv t.. tlu; rr'^^V^ ""'"'"'''' "l^ >m 
 
 11. hut wlicrt! till) I.li 1 , , (inly 1)11 
 
 '^•count .if a.inU.ov, it •^;/'- '^,^,„ .^eiulceH fulling'. 
 «iblc lor tUc acts i.l U b . u i j,, j^,,,,! Uu. 
 
 ,,r,ictions to thutefffC'i 
 
 1 a course of business. .„,t between 
 
 " Vsale by a actor "f "I'l^i'i n.le lu.Uls even » 
 
 ",,,.. hrinc his acauii at,a"i- " thereon ; but 1 
 
 J^iSiSes-r^^s-ttotueuia- 
 
 " fa factor buy 8"°' V'"/,'o „ d"' t''*^ '^""^" 
 1 ^ here he is accusloinca so | . f„r,nance 
 
 . sued for """-F"*";;"-"", a cbarterparty of 
 
 £ii^-a^-i^aS\£^-^ 
 
 s 2^;snc!p^!^^^^^ 
 
 PACTOR ,.,t that vnrchascr may 
 
 1 lieu I of live >""»'-'>,:,.,, ,„ '.inst the facto 
 
 _ set i.iT '. 
 factor in au-v 
 
 rriKlit to receive it it \t l'*- P^^';, may, in s^i* a 
 is" sufficient 'Vischarge: th« tacto j^^^^^^ 
 
 Le enforce the P^^^ «\\f J,S t^^ tlieprincipal 
 Vannot defend tiinself by a"e^ b ^^^^ amount 
 ^v™"ndebted to h.m m more ^^^^ , ^,al „g 
 
 . Where a factor, said l^oj^jj ^^^^^ principal, 
 ,, a pn^'^T'i^hfsoTnnlinf, the person con- 
 delivers g?o;'V-l has aright to consider h. n- w 
 trading ^vith lY'^^^^'osesf <^^ '^c prmc.pal . m 
 .,11 intents and P""^? .,',„,. nnncar, and mni„ 
 
 ,„ the d.'iiiaiid ol 1'. f ,,.^^,^jj j.,^, 
 
 M..„.baiits euiploN u.„ tl^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ 
 
 •,„iiit n<k ol liib a< ' ;,- iiiilVri'iil imr.hi 
 
 ■'^.,rs to each ''^1' 'j;,'.'^ bales of ;;„„.k;n.h. 
 r..mit toalactorhlh"',;^^,,,^ ,„f, ,„ ,„, i,,,;,,,,^, 
 
 ''''•'''^''■r :'!^; U) nioie.y of tluM.noo ,i.w;.:d 
 ,vbo IS t" l';l>, ,„bs'ei.d; if lll>•lmy..■l,;l^.. 
 the other at '- ' " ' ,,„t. ,,u:U mvvAm. bx. 
 foro 'I'C^'^Tia slnV.M^ 
 
 (l^.awcs, Ll^r.V.''•) ;, ( i,i< UnnwWvi 
 
 A-l"^':"^''":'- .':.l orfraua,il.iittnn>K;:. 
 ne-oliatuig an i i ^ ^^.^ .^^.^^^_ .^^ 
 
 has ■»" .f "?' ,widcd tliata menhaia mI,., i., 
 frrouiid itwasui^ ioweU to bis lactcr. up- 
 
 :;:.,i,si^nod ^■""". ■' , \Cuiue, sbnuU nia'« ;; 
 'sentiu^' tluMU o •<- ;^ ..^t,,, -..y,,,, .,„„, .. 
 compHisat.on 1'^- ^,„^,^ ,, j,,„,,,,i„,,, 
 
 Sl;s'otfic;~sto>vhomthej..el,.c| 
 
 been sold. (jynt lieiiii; mie fit;- | 
 
 ^rreat trust and r^sp n , : j „,| ,„,„i;,,;,, 
 Ueitarebmnu^.b^J^ ;f^,>,„,,,tM,tyrd 
 cnduct themsehes |^ t' / ^,^,^,j tako.hestcK 
 circumsi-cctipn. A 1" ; . ^^i^,,,,,,,,, i,,,;; 
 care of his pr'.n^ll'^V'.^ " Un as to histraiHciil 
 
 on his *'«*"'^l' V' uuV . r .xH.ai.L'C-.l.e-:.-. 
 '""^^ '''""^S i possible from. ho temu: 
 ^"'"^"'r ",t, t e P r;t ami tc.-.r, ,. the or. M- 
 never Irom "'C V-j; ^^,. ,,nn,n„„iUics- mfcu-l 
 receives =;? t° ;^°„,;,,ion for purcbasins 5*:isl 
 ccntion ot a connm . as closely a> ;»l 
 
 should <'"t!'^'?"' ^^™ t. the V»;i:;l 
 tuuible to his .'"? Yie I ve more for tkm «^ 
 
 Ubul of «.'":''«;, ;°,rv bo n^rown on tetol 
 is authorised, t icy m > ^^ j„„j,,,,,| 
 
 but he is bon'id I" '^>/'^,'^, „,is areb.^iJ 
 Ue possibly can ™J;f,ifn^; t.i order, tj 
 
 consent to "^l^n^/^fj-'paiey, ' uudertakeKCil 
 . Whoever,' says Ur-^ «'»> ^j^^^.. j 
 
 man's business makes I'n ^^^^^ | 
 mises to employ UPO";';,!,^ ^^^, ^^ jtMoreri 
 
 and diliKCf«;^f, ',";., tliat tbc bii*ii>c-s«'«, 
 bis own -, lor be 1^ ?^\^7 , ,ectauo.,. -f j 
 niittcdtohim^-A^^^J,!, ;M 
 pvi.mises n" ^'"K "^\o wait, enquire, *f 
 agent is not o^hgcd to ^^ , ,hii,t ,bei 
 about the conn ry, l^^JJ^^ n,V'his ei»*J«J 
 mains a possibility i b«nei , ^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 he exert as "^"'J^^'^Scss in his j*^ 
 as the value o^ ^J,'^ \vould have t ta|l. ^ 
 serves- that is, »? . f ,,is omW"*! 
 
 cient if the same mi^rut 01^.^ ^^^ 
 
 stake-he has ^'^^ "^^^^j thatbynio^i 
 should afterwards t.uou ; i,.^,,;^ 
 
 and longer P^'-f ^^^j f'^ea er achan.^g'- " 
 ,lod the business witli pe-'^ , . 
 
 There seems o be at ^^ ^.^^^^ .j^ 
 statement. It " "ecc^^ „,/ a cominis«*1 
 those who, tn.^fthe mrticularoc»;l 
 their services for * ^^ 1 ,,„ undertake I 
 ^vithout hire, ^tid tho^^j^ ' , regular <tfl 
 course -i/' '''"'"'."^he form« ^^'''''Vi 
 
 .1 
 
FACTOR 
 
 003 
 
 , answi; 
 
 : runik' 
 ire Miai;- 
 [iic-t(ti\r,* 
 <. 'M \> 
 inilivviuii 
 I ilirtvn ml 
 ,•(.•!■ Uil If 
 liiiMt ra,-'. 
 aiMl .v 
 ■y ;iilvai> t'. 
 
 lldwlii',:' i 
 ; tran-i.-..'. 
 
 laul wli" '■'•■ 
 facii't. iiv> 
 lid in;u; . - 
 njiirv'i' '.■■■■ 
 tvansi-:'.'.'..'-' 
 lift jtwcU ii; 
 
 ill;; uiic I i ■'•: 
 
 ;,j(; \V",1" «!.;•!■ 
 
 lud wV'a.r. 
 
 ;os, froKli'-; - 1 
 iiiiiL'c; lio-'- 
 ,mtlieu«:.; 
 ., ,,t" till' "''''■' 
 («\\lic>' in'-' 
 rchasi"!; J-^- 
 as (.•loH'ly a- ; 
 
 to t'llC. 'P" 
 
 •e (or Aem iM^I 
 town on tetol 
 f„r an murii ;^-i 
 •oods aiebjx- 
 t" order, t 
 ftom ttatw 
 nt his ri:t':i| 
 uf tlk »'*'-' 
 
 lUiderliliai^'- 
 
 own;tto'- 
 
 amc «««•"''- 
 
 busiw-J''^" 
 
 ind list »*. 
 
 . in his i«'l?»ra 
 
 WhaveM;1 
 
 ilii' 
 
 1 I ilio latter will l>o justly ronsurnlilo if liny du tin: ond (ifn very Inii;; litter dirertoil lii-i n^jciit 
 "i pNcc'ntr llicir rii^'!i:;i'nicuts cm ai'i'i)iiiit dl' | thus :•< )Iw(Tvc, the priiiiiiiin uii this value is ;iNi) 
 "•I rs wilh that eare anil iiilif,'eiice which a '/ini- ' to lie insured;' but llir aKeni, not notieinj,Mhis 
 ',';,;!„?,.;/./ nltnilivc fathir ofafunu/,/ ' uses in his 
 uniirivateiMiKvnis. It is the^ir duty t.X'xert 
 t'lunwlve- prolan ieiially to the exi-eney ol the 
 hand; and neitlnrto ,lti anylhnig, how 
 iiicver. hv whieh their euiployers may 
 
 altiiir ni 
 
 THl,'i(lauia-e, n(ir omit anylhinj:, however iii- 
 ivi-'idcrahle, wldeh the nature ollho act retpures, 
 i,,,.|,i,,„ ilic liest general rule on the Mihjeet, is, to 
 .,'i',,„Jo a factor or a^ent hound to e\ert that 
 V rii' of care and vi^ihinee whieh may lir iriixoii- 
 
 UllniVirUd nrlilm hj othvrs. At all events it 
 i- drarlie isn'iil to he re^'ulatcd liy his own iio- 
 
 Itii.ii- of tlie -value ofthe husiness.' A man may 
 
 ■y 
 
 t think it 
 
 irlh 
 e.\- 
 has 
 arc^ 
 nhji'<'t ill 
 -lid cii. (I. 
 
 .fhisoMii 
 his dii'y'*" 
 that by n«' 
 
 he migl'tl'^" 
 ■iter ailvaoi*?*' 
 
 todistiii?«f 
 , a coiuBii-*'. 
 ^tticul»t «*; 
 ,,1,0 unilortat' 
 
 ^^ 
 
 IsldW 
 
 on ^1' 
 
 lap*' 
 
 s.that 
 
 1„. lirl husiness of liis own. or 
 att"™liii"tn: Imt he is not, Iherefore, to be 
 Ci,.,.,if"r'"ne-lc(tin-; any similar business he 
 l.TtaKeii lo transact for others. ^ ('I'herc 
 
 iir verv jr'iod eliscrvations on this 
 
 ir Williain.loiK-' A'.w// on Bailiiuni. 
 
 ami ;«'.«'■"'•) ,.^ , ,, 
 
 \ fader who sells a commodity under the price 
 
 i,.'i,',ir(lered m:iy be obliged to mi'.kc ffnA the 
 
 rciiro. uidfss ilie cumwodity he of a pirialialili- 
 
 hire mill not in a condilion liini/ir to be /iijit ; 
 
 lifiie imrcliase ijoods lor anolher at a fixed 
 
 iiid, their price haviiif; afterwards risen, he 
 
 uiuliutlv takes them to himself, and sends them 
 
 ,.Klii;rc'iKf. in order to secure an advantage. 
 
 \\\\\ U- found, by the custom of merchants. 
 
 ,1,W in .l:mia:;cs to his principal. 
 
 An it'tiit iniploye 1 to sell is not allowed to he 
 
 iiirclia-.r, at least not unless ho make kmiwii 
 
 f ii(.' iiitcii'ls to be such and furnish his cm- 
 
 VH- with all the know ledtje he himself posses- 
 
 nr iink'ssthe court, iiercciviii;;- that, th(^ ]iriii- 
 
 1 would l(i,.^c by a resale, think tit on that 
 
 unit to uphold the transaction. So iieith(>r can 
 
 i^'ciit employed to purch.ase be himself the 
 
 KT, unless tliero was a i)laiii iinderstandiii,;; 
 
 ivtt'ii him and the principal. And if an agent 
 
 iM'm]iloyed to purchase, purchase for himself, 
 
 iwill he considered a trustee for his principal. 
 
 litli On Meraintile Liiu; p. Ii4.) 
 
 a factor, in conformity with a merchant's or- 
 
 liuv with his money, or on his <.Tedit, a coin- 
 
 lity'lie i> directed to purchase, and, without 
 
 advice ofthe transaction, sells it again at 
 
 :, ilfipropriating that iirolit to himself, the 
 
 lit may recover it fvoin him, and have him 
 
 'nl fur fraud, 
 
 factor buy, conformably to his instructions, 
 of which he is riiiilml. or which sufl'er .some 
 idable injury, he is dis(diarged, and the loss 
 11 the princiiial. Hut if the goods be stolen 
 ic factor, he will not be so easily discharged; 
 f fact of their Iniving been abstracted by 
 , and not by violem-e. raises a strong pre- 
 iou tliat he had not taken that re.isonable 
 "them which was incumbent uiiun him. If, 
 'cr, he can prove tli.at the goods were lodged 
 ibo of security, and that he had not been 
 lit' positive nc;,digence, nor exercised less 
 iivards them than towards his own projierty, 
 ' not be lielil rcs|ioiisible, even for a thel't 
 itlidjiy his servants. (Jones On Bailments, 
 \\ iti ; Cliitty On Omnnercial Jmw, vol. iii. 
 
 ictor, having money in his hands boloiig- 
 pis principal, neglect to insure a .ship and 
 Jiccording to order, he must, in the event of 
 > miscarrying, make good the damage; and 
 like any cnniposition with the insurers after 
 BO, without orders to that effect, he is an- 
 ! lor the whole insurance. A iirincipal at 
 
 sentence, lligleeli'd In insure the preiiiiiim, and 
 being sued, was ludd lialile for the omission. 
 
 If goods are remitted to a factor, anil he make 
 a false enlry of Ihein at the ('u-toin-housc, or 
 laiiil tlicin without <utry, !iiiil tiny are in cousc- 
 iliieiwo sidzed or forfcilcd. he is bnmid to make 
 good the damage to his principal; liut if the factor 
 make his entry aecnnliMg to invoice or letters id' 
 advice, and, these proving erroiieons, the goods are 
 seized, he is disidiargeil. 
 
 It is now a .settled pidnl that a fai tor h;is a lien 
 on goods consigned to hiru. not only for iiuddenlal 
 charges, but as an item of mutual account for the 
 balance due to hini so long as he remains in pos- 
 session. If h(' be surety in a boinl fir his iirinci- 
 pal, he h;is a lien on llie gooijs sold by him mi 
 aceonnt id' such ]irinciiial, to the ainonnt (d' llu' 
 sum he is bonud for 
 
 It b( ing the general rule of law 'that |irnperly 
 does not change while in tmnsiln,' or in the bands 
 of a carrier, a consignment made Infme the bank- 
 rnptcyofa consignor, but not arriving till nftir, 
 remains the property ofthe consignor, excciit, in- 
 deed, where the dilivery is niadc hy the order and 
 upon the account, of tlu! consignee, and is a coni- 
 pleto ulieiiiitionfrnm the consionor. In the case, 
 therefore, of a cojisignmeiit to a factor, the 
 pro])erty remains the con.signor's, and pusses into 
 the hands of liis a.ssignces. When a factiu- has a 
 lien oil goods, he has a right to the jirice, though 
 rcceiveil after the bankruptcy. 
 
 Where general or iiiiliniited orders are given to 
 a factiu-, he is left to buy and sell on tlie best 
 conditions he can; and if detriment arise to a 
 principal from the proceedings of a factor acting 
 under such authority, he has no redress, unless he 
 can show that ho acted fraudulently or with (/rciss 
 neyVnjenee. 
 
 A factor or broker acting against the interest of 
 his principal cannot even receive his eoinniission. 
 If he, pay inoiiey on account of his |iriiicipal 
 without being authorised, he caiiiiol recover it 
 back. 
 
 All agent cannot delegate his rights to another 
 so as to bind the princip.al, unless expressly au- 
 thorised to nominato a sub-agent. 
 
 (For further int'ormation as to the general 
 powers and liabilities id' factors and agents, .see 
 Beawcs, Le.r 3[erriitoriit, art. 'Factors,' 'Super- 
 cargoes ' Arc; Chilty's Coinnienidl Line, vol. iii. 
 c. I!; Woolrych On Comnierciiil I,iur, jip. ','A7 — 
 ;5'_'!»: .Smith's 3/iTC((H///c Lun; i^i. IDl), ItiO; Ac.) 
 
 [IJl!OKi;i!S.] 
 
 Under till! law with respect to the transactions 
 of factors or tigcnts on third parties that prevailed 
 down to the Act (! (leo. IV. c. ill, it was hild 
 that a factor, as such, had no authority to plei/ye, 
 but only to sell, the goods of his principal; and" it 
 was repeatedly decided that a principal might re- 
 cover hack goods on which a hon.a tide advance of 
 money had been made by a third party, without 
 his being bound to repay such jkU auce, .ind iiot- 
 withst.anding this third party was whidly ignorant 
 that the individual pledging the goods held them 
 as a mere factor or agent. It used also to bo held 
 that bona tide purchasers of goods from factors or 
 .agents not vested w itli the power of sale might be, 
 made liable to pay the jirice of the goods a secom!. 
 time to the real owner. 
 
 The extreme liardshi|) and injurious influence 
 of such reguLitions are obvious. It is the business 
 i>( a principal to satisfv himself as to the conduct 
 and character of the t'.ictor or agent he employs ; 
 and if he make a false estimate of them, it is more 
 
 n 
 
(1(14 
 
 TACTOR 
 
 (■i|iiiliil)l(', Mirrly, that lie slmuKl lie tlio HiiflVror 
 tliiiii iliii-c will) have no niciiiis nf kiiowiiijj any 
 tliiii^ III' llic iiialtiT. 'i'lic iiiiii>ti('i> (if till' law in 
 (|ii(">liiiii, ami the iiijiiry it iliil tu lli<! ciiiiiniirci' <<( 
 llii' I'liinitry, liad l'ri'i|iii'iilly rsrilcil alli'iiliiiii. 
 Mint wirr very alily mI t'urlli hy tlir lalti Luril 
 lavi'i'iiiMiI in his hjh'ci'Ii in llii' llnu-ii' iiI'Liirdi on 
 niovin;; llii' Mcond reading' of tin' liill ril'irrc'd to. 
 ■ 'I'liosi' ol' lljcir I.orilMliiii-* wlm wire aci|iiaintril 
 with coininiTrial liansaiiioiis would knmv that 
 monry was lic'i|ucnlly advanrod on ^oods williont 
 iis ln'in;; iiiissililr lor tin' |iiT,-<on advancing;- tlic 
 inoncy to iiavr any I'nrlliir aciiuaiutarui: wiUi tin- 
 liansarlions lliaii llial iho larlor w.'s iu «<'tnal 
 |ios.-iv-sion of the piiids. Il then lu'canu' a i|ni's- 
 lion, jinllin;; IVanil out. of slew, if llic larlor 
 liicanic a liankrnpl, ;ir in any olhcr way failid to 
 cM'i'uli' Ids cML;;i;,'(Mncnls, wlii'llicr tlif loss slmuld 
 fall on iIk! iiiincipal who li:iil con-i^^md these 
 goods, or on the pUihicv who had ad\aiicrd njoni'V 
 on tlu'in. ll had litcn of laic ruled thai if llu' 
 factor were intrusted only to ilis|ios(! of Ihc pni- 
 pcrly, the loss nuisl fall on the |ilcdf;ie. lie 
 nu'aut to contend 'that this watt contrary to 
 C(|nily, and contrary to auaIof;y — that il was dis- 
 a|i|iroved of l>y liij,di authority, and was contrary 
 to the law in every country of ihe wcirld, cxce|it 
 this, iind Ihe I'niled States <if Anuriea, which hail 
 drawn their law from thisconnlry. It was con- 
 trary to e(iuity, he thought, that llie plcdf^ee, 
 who had advanced his money without any fraud, 
 liut on the bona tide possession of the goods, should 
 suffer. He had placed no conlidenee, but Ihe 
 principal who hail appointed the factor had placeil 
 Confidi iii'c. lie could limit him in his operations 
 as he pleased— he could give him any kind of in- 
 structions — he might ipialify his power— he was 
 bdUTul to lake precautions bel'oit; placing conli- 
 denee; and he was in uU respects ir.ore liable to suf- 
 fer from his faults than Ihe |iledgee. The latter 
 knew nothing of the power of Ihe factor; he saw 
 only the goods, and ailvanced his money on what 
 was a siillicieiit aeetirily for repayment. (Jii every 
 principle of natural eipiity. therefore, the loss 
 ought to fall, not on the phJi/eu, but on tlie prin- 
 cipal. He knew that this view was eomieeled with 
 one very imparlant question — that of possession 
 and title ; but it was not |)ossible for transactions 
 to go on unless Ihe possession was admitted as the 
 title to the goods. 11' this were an inditl'erent 
 question, or a question involving only a few eases, 
 he Would not liave called on their Lord.'hips to 
 legislate on this subject; but all the commercial 
 interests of the country were connected with it. 
 And he might say he believed that two thirds of 
 the whole commerce of the country was carried 
 oil by consigning goods to a factor, and leaving it 
 to his discretion to dispose of them to the greatest 
 advantage, sending them to market when he 
 pleased, and raising money on them when he 
 could not send them to market. Hills of cx- 
 eliange. Exchequer bills, and money bills of every 
 description were subject to this rule. 1( a jiersou 
 consigned Exchequer bills to a second person, 
 and he parted with them, the third party who 
 obtained them was held to have a right to them. 
 Coinincrcial proceedings were of as much import- 
 ance as money proceedings, and he could not sec 
 why they should not receive the same sccurif j'. 
 It might be asked, perhaps, when this was felt to 
 be so great an evil, why it was not altered before; 
 but it seemed to be one of those things which had 
 grown up gradually, and which did much mischief 
 before they became extensively known. The first 
 decision, he believed, which established the law as 
 it now stood was delivered in 1742; and he knew 
 that Lord Chief Justice Uibbs had said be could 
 
 not cxjdaiii tli(! origin of that decisinii 
 posed it might have been ilielated liv « 
 That decision, Ihe Lord ( hief .ln-ti,/. 
 was at variance with the lust inter 
 inerce, and had grown mil of cii 
 
 rould Mill 
 
 II. .„|.. 
 «iiinf Ir,,, I, 
 'iiaiiit.111,,.1 
 
 '-i.Hi.r,,,,,,' 
 
 iiiii'laiiiv. :,., 
 
 111!!.' 
 
 jlM-l- 
 
 regrel, in .l,.,., 
 precedeiils, ||i;|| 
 
 fi'v valiiU 
 '■l'lM,:c, i 
 («r>iiii Hi(/ 
 
 K1 
 
 Uwavi 
 
 e.xplaiM. iM-om Ihe tinii' m' lhi. i'im i, 
 cisioii, the decisions had imt h.in iiinairun, 
 of late years. He did iml doulii |„|i ||i|. „,j,' 
 had decidiMl according lo the !;;«• a- it wa,,..!! 
 lished by these precediMlts; liiit in iliiiuf; il,.„ ,i' 
 had expressed their regret that llie-e |.riri',|,i 
 had iieeii eslalilished. | Here his l.nriMiih ri,i,| , 
 extract frniii opinions delivereil hv lln: 
 < 'hiel',lu>tice Elleiiborough, and ji l.ii,. 
 Le lllanc, ex[)ressing their 
 cases according to ihes 
 had been established.) He iiit'rir,.,| rri.mil,.., 
 iipiiiioiis that lliese judges, ihnngh tli.v li,|i| ; :: 
 themselves obliged to deciile in lliis wav. mi'I".,'; 
 that the law was contrary to llje giMicfiij aiulicv 
 of our laws and to the priiieiplei nf ju-liir. ji', 
 then came lo Ihe lasl coiisiilrratiiiii— ihi. |a«- „|- 
 this country being in this respeit ilitl'iTnii frii:: 
 Ihe law of all other ciiuiilrii's except llic laiv.ii'r;..' 
 I'liiled .States of America. In all ntlKTriMiiiti,. 
 the law was recogniseil to he whai he wishci |, 
 establish it by the bill hefore llicir I,firii.|i:|., 
 When llien^ was no evidence of fraud, it KotW. 
 that the man advancing innney mi i;iiii(|< li,|i|!, 
 a factor shoiilil not sull'er for lii< faults Imt tlj 
 the person who coiitided in ih,. facti.r iiiu^i liti:. 
 sntl'er.-r. This was ;ilso the law in SiMiJanij. II, 
 had nnders.iiod, too. that Ihe evils nfili,. law «■:< 
 li'lt in America, and that means hail inn:,! 
 fur bringing it before the (.'oiigres:i, wiili \:: 
 to assimilate the law of America In the la«"i ;! 
 countries. If the (pieslinii were exaiiiiiii.l !v 
 priiiciiiles of ei|ni;y, by analogy willi uili.r j- 
 by the authority of those who diriijeil in Diirr-r. 
 or by the jiractice of other cimiitrie^, itu «; 
 fotind that Ihe reasons wore rtnini,' in favmir'! 
 bill. It was of great importance in (.■ninnif: 
 tian.sactions that our law should he liko d'j:'ai 
 
 of other countries. It was imt tin- siinriviii 
 
 laws relative to real property— lo mir IhmIj^^^F'MiI 
 if he might so call it; hut when tlio liili 
 founded on eipiily and analogy, hetlmu^'iitiin 
 an additional reason in its favour iliat 
 lated our commercial law to the ('(iminrMiii 
 of other connlrics. I!e did imt liinra'iflrii 
 made himself underslood. or if lie h.'ul •uiiwid 
 explained the object of the hill; Imt ll:c '"'^^^^^-^ 
 was founded in justice, and he Impcil |ii!i:ive!l|^^W'''':ri ;j',.| 
 Lordshijis' consent to it.' The imiili' i:arl(^^B"fw ,inv 
 eluded hy moving the seconil reailiii:,'i'ftlii'i^^^P'"ii 
 
 Nothing can be clearer or nmre ^ati-.ij 
 than the principle laid down hy Lunl IJnij 
 in the above extract from his spttch: kit 
 Act (> Geo. IV. c. !)4, which his Lonl.-liip « 
 (hiced, did not fully carry out his views; t'ornij 
 conlirms bona fide sales, iiiailt; m the i* 
 course of business, in eases in ivbicli tliepuivij 
 had notice that the seller was iiitRlyan : 
 docs not confinn bona liilc. !idv;iiias i 
 goods, or on documents of titletop)uilM«»J 
 same circumstances. To obviatctlii- di.-cre;f 
 to get rid of the litigation to which cirainj 
 guities in the C Geo. IV. c. 94 Imilfriven r 
 to facilitate commerce, the following 
 Vict. c. 39, was passed in 1H42. 
 
 Bonajide Ailvdiices to Ptrmmininmt 
 Possf.ssi'un of Goods or JJucumaits of Tm-\ 
 known to be Agents, protected.— Vrm 2» 
 the passing of this Act, any a,;;ent inmm 
 the possession of goods, or of ''if /'"n 
 title to goods, shall be deemed .iim "'f^^^, . 
 owner of such goods and documents so "^^ "' '»li: „.|,j,jj 
 
 ''!" ''"Ilia;, 
 
 •■ind 
 
 f«'"ract<„r 
 
 tH'W,,,, 
 
 rf^''''/iiiTe,./' " „ 
 
 pec/ 
 
 '> 'V'Wlt („ 
 
 :",wp/ei/g, 
 
 "A'cnt 
 
 mil 
 
 'roni nil,, „ 
 
 0.1 
 'WlOr;' 
 
 •'^iieh 
 
 >''10|i 
 
 ""lice „(■ 
 * «■,/)„„„ ' 
 
 ""nkirhy"' 
 
 ''t'lrjiO: 
 
 fm^""" 
 
 •iiid 
 
 nV't't/if J 
 
 eoiif 
 
 '.'"'''ivsiod i„ 
 
 '•<; «, "-Il III .t(( 
 
 : staiuiw 
 
 'ndia 
 
 "'Hi' In o L™' "I 
 Ifliveri. „.:^"""'ri.se, 
 
 "fr(i'eive 
 'f'' an, 
 He 
 
 • 'nfanii; 
 
 .«£"f"'^rej 
 
 '" !" '« J 
 
 »*»fci>>:ri'^'"'«y 
 
 ■■'"'I'l and 
 
 'w dJ 
 
p'viM-ii)i(li(vt.iniivcniifr.ictorii,.rr . ' 
 
 I ' - „,,; ;,.:.'," ''"^ ""y "liKin.'ii 
 
 i'ACTOU 
 
 fiO.5 
 
 "i-ucht'00,1.. „r .l,M.„n„.„t.s ,H „'•'"''■'"'"■*• 
 
 Mr.'i (v.Mlriirt „r .■i-r.rni..|ir. s|,.,|| |„. ■" '7''"'^'- »"'l 
 ™'U'.««I .ip.in.( ,|i., „„Mer .. 's , r ""'"'« "I"'" 
 
 ,V,'. 1) *- '-^ ""'y •■111 l\f;fut. 
 
 Riim Mr Ihimxilx in A'.-/./. 
 »I"T.> "in' surl, .rm.r,.,,' or n '. '^" /"•'"'■'■''■'/.- 
 
 r:l.'r;'o«.lsr,r„„.n.|,aM,lio or ^'''"' "'' •■"'^■ 
 
 --^".ui,io..,,,ri,y.„;o;'^,5'';;;''"^''ni.i^, 
 
 i-''™''''i'V'"''"'''--'rif' or ;;;''; ''^^^ 
 
 .i,T.vi„iH adv.uico l,v virdi,. of „ , " roN'<'<'t o/' 
 w^mit ina,|<. will, ,si„.|, Z2? '■'"'f''"''' "r 
 I ivl a.'n,wnl, iC l,on,i (i,i,. 'oT, ,1""" ''"'"'•.•ict 
 
 ^na M. ,,re«,,t advance of ,""'''' '"''^■'' " 
 Nwa;- that tlio Jie„ ,u-,n,irU "P' P'-"vi<lofl 
 
 f"l '/.ovate,,; ,|,„ , ; ,'^;^',' ""fe'" «''.''II nof cx- 
 
 tt'HM,o,otiaWoser,,r "^ ," « f" ^vl.id,, 
 
 1 m<i >'xoli„n..,,|. (s,r •' '"" ^'^ '''•''n-erod 
 
 Tf'"^'''m.in;,„,„i,;,:,^,£j' ;'';-.'ry,,.affo; 
 '*:•»"'ii^xcl,a,,,;.''' ball'"! •''■''•'' '"""^• 
 
 R 'wi anvan,,, , 1. "-"^ ■■"ifecdcit debt 
 
 1:"^^' '^"y Wilt mr, ' ; ^ ^"V''"- "or to 
 r'^^ihoownerf ''• t"'!"^ or authority 
 l*anro,van,l e^.I^.n S„j''' f '''^•'. ^o.m tide 
 
 |«rHinsint(.n,,to,ii,^„,' "'c "vnor and all 
 
 I ''7 "f pood',';, "1'''''^"^"'''" 
 r'":w(lin,iry c„u,-se n ■• • "'" <'<'C"mont 
 
 I**'" »f control of l^'f"'«'^« »« proof of 
 
 r"^'toa,,,,,J"'^f^";^.Yr_a,,thori,sin^; 
 
 iT'r ?oo,l3 the' . ' "'' ''o'-'i'ment to 
 r f'""'^'>-«' (oTe7,,';'''''«ented, shall 
 K ?'"". »'■ 'Ms \t^T?'' "'■ title 
 
 '"''""> tlio on„,.r of , 
 
 ;;;;--;n.,f .,,,,,.„,,,,,,,, ;;;;;^o.,,,H or oi„ai,„.,, ,„. 
 
 i:;"] -'iS;:;:';-,;;';:'''-"^.;:;^;:,'::;;„;i 
 
 wmmm 
 
 h"^"^-a;s;'.'>f«nyS, 
 
 """«'! immediately 
 
 ""'^' ' " i.;;./'^' "'""-y or hi/ ",";:>' i'"rmo„t 
 
 "'ken to h , ''", *'f-'^^"ritv, .,),„,, ,'^' '7'''"i»:,re, „, 
 .^H.'I ;'k '"?■"' •■" posse", r !";•"""'' ""'^ 
 
 anv hro'ir. , , / . ' ''•'■'^Poiisihili,.. ,,f ' "' "'tor, 
 
 'il "7'"''' '"■"'"' ''^"""■ss 
 
 •''■'■■^•'^n- of a^.'""''^'"'"ent, depo i" i"" "^ff""d 
 
 'I'-Posit tnti.fr'""'''"'' "^ "m'e ,1; ''f ''™ '-'' tlie 
 me„ts of,?/ ''*'"'■ ''<''Jvcr s, W ' /" '•""si^,, 
 
 Jess than 7 -,.'"; '"■'" ""^ "-v-cecn^^f ', *" "•""•^- 
 , <^ourt ihal 'I "".'"•'■''''"'ncnt, or ''":!: ''"'"«''- 
 assist in mak ni "°'""^''rand iwm.m . ,""'" 
 
 ^" the court shall 
 
 :i! 
 
♦••• 
 
 ..-• k 
 
 
 coo 
 
 VACTOll 
 
 VAlllS AND MARKETS 
 
 . •_ ...n;. 
 
 !• title in <'usc ii" '*'" ' ,i„. niivnii'iit <il ii".v 
 : ..S; ft-r or -.bieo. ;- < - ;;>;,„,, which at 
 
 ifut time, ofsuch conMj>nmcnt, « 1 , ^^ ,,„» 
 • ivry was justly '>""»"' ^'^^.L amount o 
 
 Tn't; incUcte.l for ^f ' "^^",,'^^cc of any .con.- 
 
 CO >So? «V.all r--j;-J^, --uch. ,ooas c. 
 fromhavinb' />'^ '"^ iU?rca as aforcsa.d at any 
 docuracnta of title 1 "Cuv. ,^^,1 sold, .ipoii 
 
 dmc before such goods ^'^ ,,f the lien Hicrcon, or 
 
 xS--^^ "VfheCcuri ief i' respect t-£ 
 restoration of ^^^^ ^''^,'^,V upon paymo'^* or at 
 such lien may exist, anu i ,.j.nuired, ol an> 
 
 Vac ion to such agent, if bj'™ 1. ^^.i^;,,, .^ch 
 Bvm of money for o V'^Xo retain the same 
 aacnt would by hw; be ent tK .,f 
 
 coods or documents, o f X " -ent the said 
 
 &8 a-ainst such.owne., ; >^ ° P,^ ,„ch person 
 owner frSm recovering "''^; ,i„euments mav 
 "v th whom any such g""^'^ j^^^ i.ave any siicli 
 have been pledged, "'?J''^;;' glance or sum of 
 Hen thereon as «f?'^'^J,^''*{,„^;i as the produce of 
 money remaining ^"/'Vrdoducting the amount 
 The sJle of B-S5rsS under such contract^ " 
 of the lien of «"Y;, f „i,vavs, that m case ot tuc 
 n.rrceraenf. provided «^''''-; '. ^j^c owner of the 
 
 Jo have paid such sum f^^ * '^^^^^, the goods sliaU 
 
 before I'i^ ^^^"^"'if ?,' owm-v shall be deemed a 
 not he so redeemed, tbeowiH^^^ ^^ j „ 
 
 creditor ot such ?Kcnt lor tn^ ^^^^j^ ,f ),c 
 
 of agents and other l.Uel'Jf'';^;^ ,,„ain circum- 
 9^ Vict. c. yi; enacts ^''^t "". n.isdemeanor, and 
 Jances they shall be g« 1 y -^ "»,„,„ ,„y person 
 pmishable withpena s« tnd^^ ^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Intrusted as a ^a* h*-"' „, monev or security for its 
 
 ;" other agent -;j^^X "'"^■^''"^ '' ^^t^ls' foi 
 pavmcnt.wilhadireciu . i^, proceeds, lor 
 
 orMelivcr it, or any P*^^\"' '^„ specilied m such 
 mv purpose -.^"j^ff S <1 "-'^i. and coiW 
 
 f ^'Sneml^^^Sil^ctio.i, -r^r Otis 
 
 HC ^and'benelit "n> -f Jg t^m!^ Vbenever 
 \han the person so »"""'" v°r broker, attorne> , 
 
 iv person intrusted as "J^^J;^' Valuable security, 
 
 "orlt;evagent,wiJ.a^y;1^^f«^^ 
 
 or any power of attorney 1 
 
 1 .... „r iiilpfcsi m any vmblii fi.>A ..t 
 
 "! V l,o.lv c.rporate, cou.pai.y, or s.-uiv t r 
 '\:"A,.t^ or for any special i,.r|m.,.,,l,,,; 
 
 !■ .f „r iiurpose for winc" " »■■ "'"'•: 
 ':^-^ aI \ .. ..tiates, transfers, ,.l.'cl(;.'S. nr ,„ ;,„v 
 '"'"' .;, ve H it or its procHls to l.isnw„ „., 
 '"Tomtit -the use or benelit of an>- ,)«;„„ ,„h,: 
 ","■ w' cr-on by whom he was «. intnw,. 
 
 tliau tlie I''-'*" "1,,.,,,,,.^ are exeoiiua.aiia;;. 
 
 ^■''^^'^''^r'clid^en a Restrained frl,,n,h-,,,.:,. 
 parties speuliul are ,_^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^.,_^^^ j,,^ ^^ _^ 
 
 of securities.) BO 'h So with ih.!™,;.. 
 
 t.ansfers f-V^^^ S^'^.y . So .uh pl.t.: 
 '''"SfintriS d to a factoror agent f.rau.: 
 ^'""t ^- nury or valuable s..eontv c,n n... 
 vancc ot "'"" ^„r..,,,r. Clerlts assisluiK fa 1 1 J 
 to consign o'^^l^;'^,^^ ,„„e manner, liu; • ' 
 are P"'"f X "incipal is against tl.e lac,.r..4 
 ,,n,edy "f/ ',^„S Lr bona tide pnr.l.Mr 
 "S'\'"'"^>''^ ' 1 Ts not criuiinally res,,o,iMlil, 
 ^^r^t lient. except he expre.K 
 
 ""v*l.''tlH-" revocation of an agent's power to „. 
 ndV his'prineipal to third parties, .. « 
 
 1. AClOKAi^ by the merchants ar.Jmu 
 
 „„oe ^'^•^■"^''Xcmplov tliem : it isavimq 
 facturers &c. who ci^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^_,^ ^^^_ ,,,,,^^^ 
 
 on the .goods tucjp j.,^^^^^^ ,,,^„J 
 
 tbc r pnncipa^, -^t'^'^ai^Tereut articles. It. :J 
 and a.s It rUus ^ ^^,„.,„l i,, ,i,, ,«| 
 
 '"'• ^ to insure ihe -lebts due to tho.. k. 
 ^''"=^'Vui"raV additional, ot dd erf 
 thcy.sell io an f„,„ li ,. 
 
 •"''r K Jtor ice or commission n al^;. m^xd 
 cent. l'ae'""^,„i,' rate net cask, or etuct 1*4 
 cliargedatacertai ra ep. ^^q 
 
 „.easure,or ^^^i^'^^Z deliver; .E- 1 
 ""•^^•oTKsiu nvTe\l by special a,J 
 
 »^'«'^^'^^"'^'iS.l»"ts.ef...| 
 
 mission. V n=t i.i^torv of eoium'-TO'.t 
 
 "'='"^'=-M"eSrtenceitp"->^- I".»H 
 practical e'^i^l^'''^^ " bbreviation fornianu^ 
 
 FA1USAM>MAKKLI^,.,^^^ ,,,,,„ 
 are very closeU aliieo. ,, 
 
 generally nnders^o^,-^^;,-,,,,^ 
 Market vecnrnng at mou^ , ^^^^ ^^ j 
 are appropriated to the sa ^^ j^^, i 
 
 of goods, the 1' ""S "' ^^ attended by ll 
 
 arc peculiarly servu^tdje'i,, J 
 society, and in rndc »i „,„„d,t,cil 
 
 number of f \>"f ' ^"^^Xdv limited (J 
 ..re tlien either eomparau _^,|| 
 
 t^ little frequented h.^£- J 
 
 alfv, both in the anc en an^^^^^^ , J 
 catedwithreltg^m^g^ l„e,J 
 indeed, they are btiU Uci^ 
 
 .IniounI AtjIfwrC*. 
 
 <. il. 
 
 1. 01 
 
 411 
 
 m 
 
 :« 
 i» 
 'HI 
 
 t'e 
 
 II II 
 II (I I) 
 II II 1) 
 
 n II V 
 
 II II vi 
 
 II (I A 
 
 i> II ,1 
 
 II II II 
 
 II (■ t, 
 
 " 1 II 
 
 H 
 II 
 .1 
 
 li 
 u 
 
 II III II 
 
 II IK « 
 
 II li It 
 
 " 17 n 
 
 I II II 
 
 1 'i I! 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 ((■Il 
 
 I I",'! 
 
 » 111 
 
 3 I'. II 
 
 .1 II II 
 
 n i n 
 
 It III II 
 
 I lusnl I ,11 I J per Cml. 
 
 i t.H.' 
 " II H 
 
 I) II 7 
 
 II lilj 
 
 1 a| 
 
 1 li' 
 
 II i i' 
 
 i 
 
 » si 
 
 .1 (I* 
 
 I) II 
 
 I II a „ 
 
 1'^ (I 
 
 II 1.1 II 
 
 II IS II 
 
 1 I II 
 
 1 4 II 
 I 7 (I 
 I III 
 ■ II 
 1 111 
 •'■ II I) 
 
 : III II 
 
 V II II 
 M 111 fl 
 
 I.' II II 
 i.i 111 (I 
 I) II II 
 
 ,10 II (I 
 
 li II II 
 m II 
 
 "' (I 
 
 I'l'l II 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 II 
 i» 
 
 ^iii 
 til 
 (.« 
 
 Wl 
 Mil 
 ami 
 
 *"[ftastof(l,o,sai„t 
 WflMiiil (ill till, nivict 
 F*irvi„K„„.,,„„,,^ 
 
 I*i;lfiinlie,li,,,„,sai 
 ■^Ff:«l».;e al tl,o „,.o|,i 
 
 r,f ""^". tla. utilit 
 
 t"f^Musvon-m„c 
 "-'t uiudi of tli,>:r , 
 
 Nsmeciftbemare: 
 r"*" sow! number' 
 
 I K far otherwise in 
 
 £f5^ coinparntiVcl 
 
 If ']"■' 'P'''-''''i«l 1 
 fcSf?tog.l 
 
 PJ^'' product,, ,u-„, 
 
 ld^™'"f»mtlip( 
 r''*o..:c.ssucJi,tTa, 
 

 
 
,..,M,1S A"" MA'"^';.''*' 
 
 i,v ,1 Ixmii 11"' ''•" ,. ,,,, .1,,. vi'iii"'^ or N< " 
 
 mmm 
 
 * •, „a I'v.'ii wlKii ini-y "'^f .,,,. rijul owner. 
 
 lunrKii, _ _ ._.. f„;, nrniar 
 
 [llousi-,s. 
 
 ., ,v c Tm PUftit^ <lii»' at all fair 
 
 ll.lll Wlllllll ItMlUli:' 1^ , ',, ^ ^^ ^, ,, ^.^,^ 
 
 ,t Without the COU.C" 
 
 um' s 1 , To every fair or mar- 
 
 <>•■>-' ^^''''"' '"l- "a'Ci. >!.«"'•'-•■ »tu,,vu 
 
 iimii ■«■""'"'""." „,,,i „„r r.'i»iiim<'m:.! Mun <\ 
 
 „.,,.,..U ... ''"'■";;",:,' „,i,trr,», or o,lu.r p.-,, 
 >"■ I!""' ;■'■ ".. L „r .nni.at;o..,.M.l -if any h,u,., 
 '>"'"'^= ' ,u.,il., Man.r.r.;;, ,U>it. cun.vun, ; 
 
 si.aii have i^*';-; '■ ';;';;;;;''i;;o •,u«,i,.es „f .u. 1..^, 
 
 'n.r.i' A.'t^ V f r Vn"hi'>'> a.vl Irclaivl'. .-, -,1 
 \HM ("'"^/,f,''V";vi 'vU-t.. n.aUiuK ^roVMui, f-t 
 "'"^ •'" ';,,;.«« m. which fair. ar... to Uo HI 
 
 he H,...'.m'.l ^:;''"i^," "-n^la...!. liristol lu. ^* 
 
 tV.f K'^^'i^'if, 1 „ March, a.vl I i" h'V>™t". 
 Hi.lcrahlo •'"'''•,'■, "f.-.y f„r ,atll.',hor9CH.:ir.(U.t 
 Kxoter IJ'"^'^"' \''"'' Woyhill fair, ia llau;;.!,^ 
 
 (Oclohor ,")-'"'.' in ,i„, kiiit;a..m. lUnl- 
 ),i shocp o »' >■ ,";^„'"Jca to be of co,.:J(* 
 mew fair, .n /; "f ' ' ', f ;,, ,,^, npvr'>l"«>^'l * 
 importaneo, hut la'^^J^y , ,^,a. like cxhWtoiJ 
 
 n,.ar Norw;.ch October 10,, ^.^^^^^ 1^^^ ^^^^^ , I 
 
 fair for f^'^'f'" ...'J'," of Norfolk, Suffolk fel 
 
 „,,U.rs ""'^ 'S;\°, fatted for .he WJ 
 
 &,., by ^vl> " ' ff „,c met with .n j;reat fci 
 markets, where tlLyar ^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 at^larket larh«J,^>-'^„,,,,«,H 
 
 L'^:''o;:rl'/i''<f';:f-;;^iS-y-^- 
 
 -V;;^Sto*ci::tS-"7>'=,%.S"'£^'^^ 
 
 ^'"l" r nooa. ho,'<ll't '""' '''■'"! eld at every 
 
 atlsiarketllarh«n,-2co..*ra!^^- 
 other vlaccs. JPi^ ;'^;„,ij a,,,i 1 in ii\M 
 
 t,,; owners of fairs '>^ ";"^^; i,,i'c unless ^WfH 
 S on the B^"""^; fpi ,heav.tics thereon. 
 
 markets, see Chitt> v/ 
 c. 0.) 
 
 Wo;Klboro«t;h-h.i., >« -- - ,, i, ^, 
 manufactures, as Uc^sc3,-^^^'/5,,,U,a„,...L 
 stock October far tor . ,^^,^ ,| 
 
 Nottingham ha%e cat.. ,^,j_^ ^^^^,,^_,, , I 
 
 ,,„„cs, cattle 'jl ^^^^,, V.ro, i* the l:>r^'-t J 
 Ilorncastle, in ''"^""^nv thousand IH:«'4 
 fair i.i '1'? ""S; H'udn" it^ con<i..uar,.;;:»i 
 exhibited for bale ' """K ^ „ from ailF"! 
 Lrted to by crowds o^^J",,^^ 
 C.rcat.l5r.tau , by sm ^^___^_,^,^ ,,1 
 
 j.ometi.iK;s even *Xn a very largo hoH A* 
 
 iu Yorkshire, l>a^> n'^^/, ''7„.,. i),m)M 
 
 eularly for Vorljshirc >. tu. ^^ ^^ ^^ J 
 
 .hire, has sevcallYIrL display of ctef I 
 Tl.ere is i-suuH a arfec ,^.^ ^ , j 
 (iloucester Apr^ la r; ; fe^ ,^,^, i, ,,, J 
 
 mencing tl»« /»^,^^ J^ "in Lanca>h;re;tke4 
 20th year at I rcston, ,_^^,^,^,^ ^vj 
 
 held i.i, l«'^^s",i:t Sorou«l...M 
 
 Iber fair of ^''V. rrC ideal of tasmH'')! 
 ' lasts 9 days,and a grc tac. ^^^j^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 done in cattle, cheese ic. > ^^^y^ J 
 //^iv is celebrated lor 11 Bl^^_^„,,, i„ J 
 Falkirk fair, or O^*- -^ ^ .tik a..'i^*J 
 in Scotbnd for '^ f''- " i„tkc"unty^ 
 ' ctober fair »' »alU. « J'^ '^,,,e a„,.UtaJ 
 , is famous for t^'« l,^he.cani^>l^.f 
 
 markets. . 
 \Vc subjoin an 
 
 ,<m'«)i/ of the Xu 
 
 
 I fih.fl., 
 
 Vfiri 
 
 Intm u>l, 
 
 
 u\d un<.t. 
 
 .— - — 
 
 
 
 i;*i 
 
 ei/iM 
 
 i;'ii 
 
 '.i.jir 
 
 l»u 
 
 :ii„lii; 
 
 IWI 
 
 «;,i»ii 
 
 l»rt 
 
 »i,.-.ii 
 
 l*ili 
 
 I7,.1M 
 
 inr 
 
 wyxt 
 
 nu 
 
 «v,;!w 
 
 i*'i 
 
 Tii.'MII 
 
 Kill 
 
 91.1*11 
 
 INII 
 
 lll.fM 
 
 jtit 
 
 «l,i»9 
 
 i>r. 
 
 ;;."'n 
 
 III! 
 
 »>,«HI) 
 
 Hit 
 
 9i,;i;i 
 
 nil! 
 
 7«,tl.1 
 
 Ki; 
 
 7(i..1')'J 
 
 lilt 
 
 Jii.«;? 
 
 W) 
 
 :»,»»< 
 
 i«ifi 
 
 «n,:7« 
 
 Hil 1 
 
 U.IIKI 
 
 :;] i 
 
I wJuBM/Jd '"Mliol.l VtMi I .""rT- 'f"'"'<l I I — 
 
 •7,.vn 
 
 'JJ.mil 
 «o,;7« 
 
 7,7jy 
 •.mil 
 I'l.tiil 
 
 JX.I'HI 
 
 «,>,'( 
 
 !<,-.V7 
 *,4'.7 
 7,V1H 
 7.ll>< 
 9,'l«8 
 S.ifit 
 S.'.ll 
 
 it,nn 
 
 fl.lM 
 
 S.I.K) 
 9,7.M 
 
 «, (H 
 
 •.»S4 
 
 toll,) ,„|,| 
 
 •■"' un«.M 
 
 KMmlo. the fairs of kjf A '^- , '^'''' ""nvl Tlw r. ■ , — •— i-'"'"- -J_ ».i,:.ii 
 
 llio most impor(«nt of tlio ino.lnrn I', i , . "'*'on is li„ in^ . ." '" '""'Plei.iht.r H ■ , """' 
 '«.«Pposi.oN.T„;„sl''-/„g,^'"'^^^^^^ 
 
 '"ticks, 
 
 ■ iii.i. Ill Dt'iuira ro, 071 t]\.-> r!.,i.. i ,"""' frill inm. o * .. " "hkn, hii' Hi«. - ■■■ " 
 
 iw«pposi.oN.T„;„seon '•/nS ,Wn''' "'« "■""S >,? "\ 1' "«>« ''<•'•-.;;;::'","> 
 
 k M vcrv favouralilv sitiinf/,1 7 "'^'■■*'"''''- 1 riv,l,, ,'^''*^"''''In nre ki..,f • >"' ' 
 
 kli the 50.1 an-l tl.o t „.„,', ,""^.'^^!P'^ .'y; canals f kh, IlJ ".' _^;^' '••'".'ffo ,., i.|, i,„„J-JJ'/: i .ho that 
 
 lh:mo, connected b/ca mis ll"'" •"" ^•^'•'•.'"'So iTu'tV'''- '•«''• i «o S 
 
 »p7«en(odon ( ejTMf ^''''•'"''"^ ''»« mTcLi^ '""J?" January j^. {,''•">' "«> held 
 
 Cognisance of and imm«j;„ 1 "'' P"'"Posc ticuJarlv fi^ r ' ^^''^''nel'iias fair, !' V- ""Po««»t. 
 
 , '»"' intending it T '*' '''''0"™^ r&ff""'''*'*^ ^^«"w^le NelU ^ S^'«'' 'nehes. 
 
 «in and Pe,,.? ti':",' "/ ""e fairs 
 ml' ^'»« latter has bo- 
 
 breczin 
 
y 
 
 K AIR^ ^^ ' ' ^^^^''^^^^'^ ■ . , . , eommc-rcc botwrcn tlie V.u-iv, 
 . of Uunuar-mu commerce, wrK .._^^,^,, '■'"!"«; 'VXV-li'"''* i»'«™>''- 
 
 COIIU' UK! 
 
 „l,,l H'-"";'" 'r^lo Vinous, >v..,stc.d.t,>r,s,;.. 
 esaiini-' ;^ " .,,^ u!UiUt'«'ii.> v"rc,-lam. ; 
 
 -,••. , "eKttcnu>\y n"»l«'f ,' . ^.f c;u.cly, <■!'"''" '''.'m- oIIkT tl.an tea, l««v' , 
 
 l"om'\>, A-^";''"''.'JmV raw and '"'" „ \' n;;, U«'""^'' '"'• 'r tr wortb al,>na '2s. iW.vt 
 
 N,,n.Toa l»r tbP ^""'7 ,.,„ Levant -, '^""r „.r' very superior y ■'',;,-,. u,i.,ji„.) .iiVnuturiM^ 
 ;3n^J>^ -f ^'"J^,^"iSvn^n.awro>>S^^ mU,^ vl.„ uu,,,. .•: 
 
 ."'""« "'^''"^;le alum, -^oda ^>;!'!; ^U ; tbe , tea. M a ; ^^,,^, .,f ,u „r,. <^ ..am;.. 
 
 s„. Accounts arc ^^\ . v.H> I' '^- ^'"^ ".„,->. Uia tUrou^li l^^''^" .,,,,,,., Vu\ii ti'tlic same ao-affi I 
 t^,;d..=^»-4'/.y"y";^',il „ brace o 7^;^ ;• 1 Unp. a-ycar. Aa,md n„^^ ^^^ ^..^^ ^,^^ 1 
 
 .V.^n iMwVisli IMC >os. ^.^ , loj ) Kiiudita, "' \»'';'' / V , :,„„„rts in about tlv-wi 
 
 Mae^i"^'^ ^'';f^'*"'Tho >•"''' '»7^""tVtm-Umbks,anathatofMl ,;i„,i,ui,H| 
 
 ,nany of.t>H'"> ("^ \,V ,V.-^■ovt:or-l; ''^^ ^l,)^U)" amounted o->-3w^^^, ^.^..f, „ .,f do K,a ..■' 
 nortaut is l"-'^\, ,\.;,ii.V.c\Voi^a,lat-.'" ^ tbi.i trade VV"^"''V\u,: l(...p\ nup.irtation oUov 
 
 Sv^"v^'S.u>-,^- -^r^^ >■>"; ^!;!h^i:;:tSn^-."-'^-fi-!y^o'Kri' 
 
 y.akanctT, lo^ver doxs 
 
 
 •2,524 >»,»';•; "i.nd "<»«, >*'£,, Uj<IU"'» 
 
 Fairs 
 
 X;«cctUe '^^ ^^^-t with. li>«'/^S?^-i 
 
 tAtati^any^^dtcrc '^^^^ about as man^^.Uoi^^ ^^,. 
 to the above, tUc'x ,voodOvl>|f "".d con- 
 bootlis fonf"4^^^ fair begms m J^^'> ' x „r^ 
 
 tinv.es f"-^^ Vvalue of all sorts of pr'.' ^.^^^j Kv" J. A'*";J " ,.% 
 
 The total ^alueo ^.^ o ^^'^'-ifXe made \iSnVu, b-. K;;;-*^^^ 
 
 roubles: of tias j^^^^.^i ,u i Vnffs '> QSt'.^OO Kroi..ui.Bo»-/J>;,"""' - 
 
 (iootU 
 
 'U';,«?!?^lt^ 
 
 -,,1, iww- 
 
 1,', '>31,l»'l' ! 
 l'i,-.U,IKW i 
 
 ,', I'll,'"' 
 
 4,'ifil'..'fl' ' 
 
 va»i.'«"! i 
 
 S5M,0<lO 
 S»,18'.VlW. 
 
 5i',6»',l«3 
 
 i!,;ii.M| 
 
 5,«".'l<| 
 
 l,9(i,'5| 
 
 • VM 
 
i.nlusraiv ^ 
 
 „i,,r.u)adurcs ,./ the West. Tlio .slu,,^. , ■ l^ 
 'jlltr u von- extensive, ahcu'j aro erected in th. 
 vilia,'. byUuverniDent, v.hich .serve as « ai-el,cms.w 
 lilts, ami cvcrv l.n,,^,, :.. ,.,,„, '^ 
 converted 
 
 iJut by 
 
 inrllic nicivli:iiits, and every Imiise 
 I :;i: I ;i )i:iii )cir tlio reception of straii--ers 1!„7 "f" 
 ( lar the irrealor nunilw of the J;itt"r']Vive nf' 
 
 mdiMiulinf,', to eiieainp ivitli th(>ii- ci niel-c l,'„- 
 
 ic. „i. the siirrouiuliii;;- p)ain. JJhinq,,i .s,',;..,i '■'•!? 
 
 lii.il terms ol commendation of tlio ,-00.1 ...1 
 
 IcV 
 
 I hi.il term: 
 tl.:il [irevaiii'il, in the absence' of" an nl'iin-r' 
 p..lia.ani.,« the niulley population at tbe fair 
 ^to|u., >w.,« Bu/yunc,i>. -'.Ol'; SpencJ ' J 
 mds m tiimiKun litrlteij, ii, JJo . ^.^ -j "•' '' 
 Iliis grrat Ciir, nhich lasts 15 davs nt?.,^, •^ 
 MJ.Iii..lieoUier,ai..,iaS,^f^^;::: 
 iiclyaljcTli,M-vost. JU.t though it bo 1, ™v 
 ,-|ucntc(l by :uari. ^^sm, Italian, an,l Gm'i 
 |«li:iol=, wii, . ausact a gre/it amount of b .i i 
 ^.t i.Mvry:utlo,, tat all, known in li„,.;';. - 
 .■istL.m„a. surprisin^s seeing that we h ■ ve 
 -u;.^M -Vilriaiioi^le and otlier jdaces not ver. 
 Slant ir.in the seat of the fair- •u^^ > t • T 
 >vo..,.p,..ecltha.thesettn;;^iii^3; 
 ■cWenanxicus losend homo the most am 
 ai s with respect to this and other fairs i„,' 
 
 .myd.criUng the products whi'm^i? be I 
 it iidvaai-ccisly boii-ht and sol.l ^V I 
 
 ri5, thermites by ,vhich the7zni It bo ''' 
 
 h-«.k.d. ana -0 forth. EuV t s htport 
 
 -"of,,il,na,3ia the month 5^^^Ctii.f 
 
 *'■"•'" Hindosta-i, in lat 20° JiT' -v ^ I 
 
 ■■ 1',' mile,, nor h-ea/t from n!v. °"?- 
 
 ifroraitsbein-^oneoffh^L' ?^ . ^'"' ^^ 
 
 WD, which is inconsi(Ipr.M ' ^"^''■»• 
 
 |.K.os,attheStSe'Zt"'"'''^^ 
 ."I'M are held to-ethorn/fi ' ^''"""" 
 
 P'»n-', estiiiiatotlnlf -?'■''''<'"' «» 
 K:4areZ^ii£'.fO^^^ 
 
 P™'y. Huteverv tS, , ^ '"'*" 
 V'holv: and tVn f/j ' ^"'"■^^ "-eck- 
 
 M'l <leale /are 1,?'' "■^" 2,000,000 
 ^ '•'■ In I a an^ ;""f'?ff''ted toge her 
 
 *CeS "rrtr,!!^"-"'- 
 
 ;«-*PWus moment for bathfn • ^"^f' 
 
 ' crsian dried fruit. 1 1 '"^ 
 
 "';'>.^ are n.adeiu cot',: >'?;'' ^"'P *'^- •• "'e re- 
 «!'"-'es, and ..,ther trot, ,' "'"P"''^' ""'•^'". s"«ar 
 -•''ants ue^■er men o' he ',ri"'"'; .","^- '^''"= '"«"•- 
 F<'/"l"^'t Iho baigai, Lt" '"V'' ""^^"-Kooils, but 
 J<"."1.-^ "f their Ih.ger, -o'b' 1'"'^'/'"" '""■-'^^'"1 
 «"•"■",.' any infortnaLn ';,'•"' "'l' '\vsf.nders 
 
 , M a.y. a kind -'f p.dl" ^atnl ;?- '''" ''^''■"'■■atta 
 (^f-'^^'l; but all is now • Pn T ''" ''''"'i-' "-oi-e 
 ^H;e.s<at.onofany s° r 'owi,;:?"';"" '"•''"^^' "r 
 taul.ons adopted bv the liri, •";'''"' '" "'c ,,ro- 
 '»<.'«t pe.fect order L resor - V' ^"^''•'•""■ont, the 
 
 (-«lont toouroccupa ion J ,ef "'''■'*' ''"■' ""fc- 
 
 ••.'■■"l.vende,! indiL.rlera , llw'l''^'' "'« '"'r^ 
 
 ["Jonimlio,,, and 11,0 nx iV '''"'"Isbed. (j;-iv„f,. 
 
 "Mfainilt.,;., ^S:^;;;;"-''»ecount of llunlwa; 
 
 ™n"yi"''^i«'--SSe:i':r'''''-"^ 
 
 ;-ed tor ni;asuri„:uin::i,?Kif^''''f -V^et, ehietlv 
 "' ;V-\". .)Vr"'" ■■'"'1 mmc. "' •'"'•''"30, and the 
 
 ''^'^^'^■'•''-•n., ,,lu,men: I al.i, m'« '*''■" ' ^"tch 
 ""i;'3 a fonsiderablo aricde of ' ^^'"'"- P'"'n'»«/ 
 ticularly ti.oso of ihe OS .;. ?, •^^omraerco; p...r- 
 
 I I>?;";<;'Im, aud other pou't - '''?r r- 'T ■•""' «'van, 
 
 "stncb have been held "the b^l''^""^'^ «'' ^'-e 
 
 . om nnt.,,uiiy <l,nv,n^ar |. „ rf ''' estimation 
 
 'vourite decorations for bA Zi '"r? '"'•"i^liod 
 
 "' Ja' ios, the liclmets of wn V "'"' ''^addresses 
 
 si'!endul processions Jji,?;'''';''^', :•''■'<' H'o mn^t 
 
 ^eotland, but no^ in ., ■ ■ ' "'' "" "'c wst of 
 Pr"|table l.ra,,cb' f" S:"^, ''-"f>ors to fo'rm • 
 Hudson's Bav fumki, '" ''"^ iniiabitants 
 
 Pecially for iiE ^'v'T""-'' '^"^ father' OS 
 
 brought.fromWa,a.ic.' ".Sr'asf ^"^ ^"■»" ^ 
 of superior feathers. " '" ^"''ee quantities 
 
 j;"lh,-rsf,rl,ods 
 I'^iricli whiro'- 
 
 ""■or sorts, unenumeralcj 
 
 I'i.iri) 
 ii.srr 
 
 'f forcommercial n ,t^'^'' resorting to 
 P! Mtives of Sa" P?r °"lv. consist 
 
 FIDDLES, or V]OITV^ /r- 
 ffcn; Dutch, 'vicolon,/,^ ^"- ^''""nc", ffei- 
 
 '"onts, too well k.own i"!!' :, ^^"«'<^«1 instru ! 
 'lescrij)tion. The ibil^ / . '-'^. ^"^^ Particular 
 raadein Italy ; 1^0!^.""°';',' ^''"'"'s «ro those 
 'rom the na^.'e of^tf/,^ '^.f 3; called Cremona^' 
 f''™oryrnaaufacturi^^i,°;^^,\:;«<; '^'>' '"^'^ 
 100 gtanoas and more have of ?''•''' I^^'^ction : 
 S'JF/J,^ ,^,«rst rate cSo. a U,',' ;<='!"«"% been 
 Ital dcbi^ sf- ^'T""^ l>"tch, V en- Fr r 
 
 teen), fj.e fruit of ^he'ii^'uee ?'/."'"'^'"' ^^^''^• 
 native of Asia but carlv nfr . '■^''■•«^<:arica),a 
 
 It tlourishes i.i Sev r.'n "'"' ■"'f'' ^"rope 
 I.t^ly, and Northern ^rcaamr' ^ ""'^^' ^^P^" - 
 npeus Its fruiL in the onot, „"^ ■*'''''" ^oraetimes 
 Figs, when lipe, are forTi n ^' '!' "'''' eountry. 
 "vens to presir;e hem 1,^'' '""' ''"'='1 " 
 closely ,n the small chests and LV'" '?'"=''«'' very 
 import them. The bosf c 'm ' tt%' 'P ^''l»c'' w'o 
 
 import them. ' The b~c7t'pnn""r^"^/^ '" ^''l"c'i wo 
 of Kalamata, in the tCa'^r ^^'^ t^"«' 
 
 most luseio,,.,. (Thomson^ Afl.'""' »« »>« the 
 
 -!^fccanb':!p:^tieie 
 
 ^oi;s:ie!^iCe^eru::S^s53^-^ 
 
 ■* 
 
;0G, no fc^^P^,"„ sunpV.oa In-^Tl'^'Vi'aicccond citlietas l"""-," salmon, cort, pilchard, macker 
 •'•?^.T an.' 5f7 l.?A-»^'"' ^"'''' ' , ^^0^ oyster, ^.balo &c. are a.ong .. 
 
 , Jos ( ic'- f"^*^" ■',".„; li 1« f"""^''.\ Tr nrd «oro«gl'« ^»;^^['*S, a continued »> a l,arv« 
 
 \^n or forged ^«;^^'i^^;\ \u«bcr, and other bard b„cU^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 p.,lisU or smootb mci , ^^ ^^^ »"'V,„ AVe same, U.at no time or season -I L 
 
 Laics. , . ,„ ^orn- doe labour m tues. ^ ^^^^^^^ j,j^j ,|,j,3„jj 
 
 F"^- ^^^ Under this designation ^^'^^A,,,, yeare P>;^eJ^JJ^",:„,i„v™on., esi,.cia«v J 
 
 criscd all i'or"* f '^"m<,\c inanutacture oI tne p^iy tho'nse^ ^^^^^ the laltct tni,! 
 
 &^, l'■•'''"^^'^'i«nn irgl>a^"i^*\'*^'''5 .t aU the l^'^P?'"?" some part or of.ier upon rJ 
 
 ^capon^of ^^V'"'- ,nortaKe-, cmph.yn'S "mbc con*'"^'*^^^' 'i''?hose "m Tuch infinite »lioa!«ril 
 :ri,,isiderable unV"^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'''Se ""'"^"^M coasto.-, and the « 'n ^^^ ^^^^^,^ ,^ ^^„^^J 
 
 t mcs, but cn-iceially 'W b „f .mall muUitudcs of line ^,„i,ati„„, not oi,v| 
 
 ofV'^^«"^- nt of tl-e manufacture of sn a ^^ „,„y j„s Ij mo c^ ^^^^^ ^,^; ^, ,„,,i J 
 
 "Ur an account of . ^^ts, Jli""" Ltranpcrs, but to tii^ ^^^.^ , 5J 
 
 arms sec Ure ^ i>"-"" "^ f amongst hem. ' ,^ > ^- f,„ p, ., J 
 
m arryin^' M,mc -J than i,Uo oE ,. f i"""' 
 [,r,Kl„o.ivo of any material a<lvant.4c'» "' r'" 
 ,: noMsonto tlnnk that tho ll%o,Uol'f 
 thccmmmoe ofms, supposing they wen? n . 
 acted up,;n, woul.l have hml a.^' better ,'cce s ' 
 
 ihe iiiiury di/iic to the breeilinf <rr,..,.. ■ . ', 
 per,.nps.;.,e -obviated; hut bo^/.I;;;; 'l"^ ^S' 
 niittee laid much stress on the encron,.|,..,V; , I 
 ,l„.Fronc.hand other forei,.. XZn '„' ^■\:; 
 lilt licence Kivcn to import CorciL'n-caii.rhV , ,i . 
 4c. ,luly free! We confess it^ „,,?,";;?,' '"^l^"' 
 
 I'lsir 
 
 ." ""H way, anri perhais l>v '"■''•^ "^"^ promoted 
 
 - preserving thcPbroo ,? T n?,/" " "^"^^''-'^ 
 
 's to be (lone by IcjriJl.,;- ■ " ^f'" «' 'at mora 
 
 «pnointmem ofinspS f''" ,'""'^''«'-0"ce. Tho 
 
 -tS^;^;;r';!-'''-tt.:;:'bt '^:^i^c' 
 
 «"y useful re ,t An'"-^'"'*' '^''"'out Ion UnV'?! 
 
 miM5iuiiui.viusii()(io,so mat these eirciiii.of " "'* 
 c.,i,lJ have much iullucMce. Our lishermen r "■"'" 
 upon tl,e very shores of the I ay, to™v^"' :^';"" 
 Frenchare said to resort, have a<l4„t ,,,C3 on tho'" 
 .i,lesu(iiiieut, surely, to insure them n «n^ ' • "" 
 I «i.l,o.,t the V„r.ihfe' expuli;^^, , ^, " ;• f"'""/y. 
 mid he accomplished, of their for oi in . *' "'"' 
 
 '- /^ "Who doe; not Zc^iT^JX':: 
 
 Iwnclon at his own door so well as on ^ 
 Ipte 1(10 miles oft; must look for the caoJ •" 
 liiswant of skill or industry „,,,l ji? 1*^^'= '" 
 |.her JO improve himse'lVtl.^n"'" to r.lTi' 
 Val. Ihcproponlion for excluding tXt *e 
 
 Jfke,?n catch . one that eould not be li toned 
 ) lor 1 moment. Such exclusion would m.f 
 
 f of the sli-utest advanta-^e to (I n i ••• 
 
 fchcmicn unlcs it occasioned\ n e in ?he? •''' 
 
 ftheti-h; and we need not say 'h„t if "tT 
 eg, aturemterfere at all in the „,a\ter," si o. H 
 
 iveforusobject the lowering, not the ra sin °" | 
 
 Ices. A cunvcnt.ou for fiyi,,'. the VimtT^J^l,"^ 
 
 kr ami other lisheries on U e coZl of '° 
 
 I Royal Commission which rcnortpd o>, n, 
 N of the United KiniK Sg t '? 
 h;^oste views t.fthoL'of'Sc^'^ 
 
 >notauastcfully destructive mode of fM °'"° 
 Ihcy recommend that unrc trk^tPd fi ""^ '' 
 IgandsclliiiL'fish be n«rmv» P ' jreedom ot 
 % or forci<^„c VV^, "'■'' '" ''"' '^'"'"icr 
 R^tri vn!,?;H„ • "P''!'"'' portions of two 
 Kc-on T™?'r " "''' '" ^^anchcter 
 Jin h of ti^"'/ 1^'"".'-' ')'« marked in- 
 
 l«-«^?7;:;;^ ■. j;^^^^^»jhtj,rst week in January '' ""'^ ^««4-5 
 
 *'*"- vcars iq 
 
 l«rlb. 
 
 '»• 10 u. ej, 
 
 .V. -o id. 
 
 'ill. to 4rf. 
 
 I». Ci/. 
 
 !'''' lo a. 
 •iJ. 
 
 U. lo GA 
 
 •id. 
 U. lo 6rf. 
 
 1». to 1 1. 9rf. 
 '«/. lo HJ, 
 3J. to 6if. 
 
 I<. lid. 
 W. lo ■</. 
 M*'. lo 'Zd, 
 id. lo C</, 
 'id. to Irf. 
 '■«'. to SJ. 
 
 ^•'■}"}:tid. 
 °". lo lorf. 
 .••rf. to 6,;. 
 
 I(U. lo 1, 
 
 3d. 
 JR loM. 
 ic/. lo Cd. 
 . .V. 
 '<'■ to M. 
 
 whoi.«,epHce7;;::;;r;;;;:;;;;;;7^ 
 
 I... , ""^»'* price, about 
 
 tei;^ ^ ______ " uy tUo Keeper of 
 
 h —— — __ iS'JO I 
 
 ffitone 
 l»f|>air 
 each 1 
 
 4«.6rf l„fi,.gj 
 
 ''■fd.to-j,. 
 
 *'• Ca. to .V 
 
 '''■.'oIj.M. 
 
 6rf. to M. 
 
 >»■ M. lo I,, et. 
 
 _ IX: to ».'„, 
 
 i -■, A 
 
I *" 
 
 ■■;'yi.fi»-"j^St-3 
 
 611 
 
 I'LAX (Gcr. 
 
 FLAX 
 
 LC 
 
 f 
 
 
 V .; 
 
 flaclis; Dutch, vlasch ; I'V. lin; 
 itiil. and Span, lino ; Kiiss. !pn, Ion ; Pol. Icn ; 
 Lnt. liinnn). An inipdrtant plant (Liiiitin uaiia- 
 tisaiminn) cultivated fnun the earliest .i^^oa iu 
 Great Britain and many oilier countrii's ; its librcs 
 boiuf; manufactured into thread, and its .'■ei'd 
 crushed I'ur oil. ]!ut in t;oncral we have been in 
 the habit of impiirfini; a large iiriii)or(ion of 
 our supplier. The ]jreniiums given by the 
 Legislature to force the cultivation of llax had 
 little etlect; the fact being, as Jlr. Loudon has 
 stated, that its culture is found lo be, on the 
 whole, less prolilablc than lli;;t of corn. When 
 allowed to ripen its seed, it is one of tlie most 
 severe crops. 
 
 Probably, however, the case may bo difTerent in 
 Ireland, the soil and climate of which appear to 
 be better suited than those of liritain lo the 
 growth of flax. There, at iill events, its cultiva- 
 tion h.is been rapidly extended within the last 
 20 years. This is evinced by the fact that 
 while the land under tlax in Ireland in 18i7 
 amounted to only 58,312 acres, it had increased in 
 1851 to M0,3o6 acres, to 3()1,G93 acres in 18G4, 
 and on an average of the 3 years 18()5-18G7 it 
 amounted to 256,015 acres. This extension has 
 been owing, in some measure, to the exertions 
 of a society for promoting the growth of flax, and 
 it remains to bo seen whether it bo really an ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 Russia supplies by far the largest portion of the 
 flax imported into this countrv, the principal sorts 
 being Petersburg, Narva, lilga, llevel, Pcrnau, 
 Liebau, Memel, and Oberland, Petersburg and 
 Narva flax are nearly of the same quality, the 
 latter being but little inferior to the former. Both 
 soits come to us in bundles of 12, 9, and G heads. 
 The Riga flax seems to deserve the preference of J ports whence it is shipped, it is classilieluoo? 
 
 any imported from the Baltic, It is the growth 
 of the provin es of Marienburg, Uruania, Thieseu- 
 hausen, and Lithuania. 
 
 The best Marienburg is called simply Marien- 
 burg f M), or Marienburg clean ; the second quality, 
 cut (GM); and the third, ristcn drai/baml (llD): of 
 the three other provinces, the first quality bears 
 the name of rakitzer — as Dniania rakitzer (DR), 
 Thiesenhausen rakitzer (TK), and Lithuania rakit- 
 zer (LR). The cut flax of these three provinces 
 is the second quality ; and to the third quality 
 belong the baddub and budstub cut (U and BG), 
 the paternoster (PN), and hnfs three band (UD). 
 Badstub and paternoster are the refuse of the ra- 
 
 kitzer flax, and the three band again Ww t.,t 
 the former sorts, and consequently vcrv orfi"" ' 
 The Kcvcl and Pernau consist (,f .VlatiJh'' 
 cut, risten, Imf.s three band, and three band T;' 
 Liebau and Memel growths are disiiii-ui i' , , ' 
 the denomination of four anA three lani'l'^'-])'- 
 two sorts, as well as the Oberland tlux come ' 
 Konig-sberg, Elbing &c., and arc little istM,,, ' 
 the British markets, 
 
 Flnnders or Dutch flax is well dreisp,! .,. 
 the finest quality. "^esseu.ati, 
 
 Flax is extensively cultivated in F r,„t i 
 late years, some of the Italian \k>tl<, vi'.ilij.. 
 to be supplied from Russia, have been fi;l. 
 plied on lower terms from Alexandria. ' 
 
 The Phormium tcnax, or New Zealand ibv i 
 been said to exceed every other species in stw - 
 of fibre and whiteness; qualities which \i[-^' 
 possess them in the degree stated, miw ma' 
 peculiarly well fitted for being mado iriu rL'.' 
 and cordage. In point of fact, however tlitrel" 
 great diversity of opinion as to its real merit- a,il 
 It fetches at present (18G8) but a low nrb I 
 1831 and 1832 the imports of New Zealanjfel 
 amounted respectively to 15,725 and i' 
 cwts. ; but they fell off in 1835 to 7,8]) crjj 
 and since then only trifling quantities hav^ \2 
 imported. It is alleged that this is a wiJ 
 qucnce of the imperfect preparation of tie i 
 which has hitherto been entirely intnisted tort 
 native women; but without prcsumin - to ^h 
 whether the defects with which it ij'clirj 
 bo inherent in the flax itself, or depend i j 
 preparation, it is abundantly certain that \ 
 le?3 it be furnished of a superior qualitr iiij 
 not suit our markets, "' 
 
 When flax is brought to the principal Etj 
 
 to its qualities, and made up in bundles bvn 
 inspectors {brackers) appointed by Govc.tihI 
 the assortment of that and all other merclml 
 These functionaries are said to perform ths;^ 
 with laudable impartiality and exactnfii) 
 ticket is attached to every bundle of assorteili 
 containing the names of the inspector aiiiiJ 
 the sort of flax, and the period when it wis ^ 
 or inspected. [Hemp,] Good flax slioiill j 
 a fine bright colour, well separated I'romili I 
 codilla, or coarser portion of the plant: ajl 
 long, fine, and strong fibre. In purcliMt-l 
 it is usual to employ agents whoUv devti^ 
 this peculiar business. 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Values of the Flax and Toio, and Codilla of Flax, Imprtd : 
 United Kingdom in 18GG, specifying the Countries from which they were brought, and thi{ 
 and Values brought from each. 
 
 Whence Imported 
 
 Flax dressed 
 
 Value ! 
 
 Fl.ix 
 undressed 
 
 Value 
 
 Fluor 1 f 
 Coilill.i i ' 
 
 
 cwts. 
 
 ^ ; 
 
 cwts. 
 
 £ 
 
 cwH. 
 
 RuHi.i .... 
 
 SB.KI.'i 
 
 92,124 
 
 i,onii,7!il 
 
 2,:«i.,.'!i,'. 
 
 212,613 !! 
 
 I'nissi'-i - . . . 
 
 •i:iV> 
 
 K,!l? 1 
 
 4S,.1S1 
 
 1.11,'.il3 
 
 .l,lll.i 
 
 ILimtiurf; ... 
 
 I,4M 
 
 />,2!H7 
 
 — 
 
 
 am 1 
 
 noUanil .... 
 
 I, Ml 
 
 fi,.1l'i 
 
 M,0S7 
 
 i3;m 1 
 
 s,()is ! 
 
 ilelKiuiil ... 
 
 4,UI9 
 
 lU,U3.'i 
 
 KW.S^.I 
 
 4.1.'i,29-i 
 
 SJ,!« i 
 
 France .... 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 14,<J^II 
 
 .vj.'m i 
 
 3,:« 1 
 
 Uther Paris 
 
 87 
 
 31.T 
 
 .1,MI 
 
 10,166 1 
 
 1,131 ■ 
 
 TotM 
 
 35,467 
 
 132,173 
 
 1,242,024 
 
 3,302,250 
 
 W",in; _i 
 
 Broke: 
 
 Ciimm 
 
 Sinmpt 
 
 limkcn 
 
 src i/wr^'t 
 
 JuA'a th 
 
 (■>hlpi«iiin 
 
 The eha 
 
 ci.irir A), a 
 
 Ciargcs h 
 
 I/i'urani-e, I'it 
 'Uiiijdfr, for li 
 
 rrficlit. Mj'J^^. 
 
 I'Uf Dlltll, .3.- (H-r ( 
 
 f;nJ charm jg p, 
 
 rif.bT.liarce,,., 
 I f*r,lli(itlie uniea« i 
 
 llvmcuni. 77iei„„ 
 lu)m,rnTOI,erofi„ 
 
 I '■."'' *W,r<T (on 
 
 fLl-V-SEED 
 »'ciin:Gcr. (einsa, 
 •frae:Sp.in.Jiiiaza; 
 
 ^llMc;Ru^s.senlm 
 ffie m of fex, 
 
 '• "'iicli ii vieids 
 m cither that ii 
 
 '"'■"'"/"'c Quantli 
 
 In 18GC the price of dressed flax varied from 
 4/, 15s, to 3/. 10s. Id., that of undressed from 
 4/, to 11. 13s, The Russian being il. 15s. Ad., 
 that of codilla and tow was from 'il, 12». 3rf, to 
 2/. 9,», Id. 
 
 The duty on flax, which previously to 1845 
 was only \d, per cwt., was repealed in the 
 course of that year. For an account of the 
 exports of flax and hemp from Russia, sec 
 
 PBTEKSBUKa. 
 
 Charges at Petersburg on 12 IleadFk,^ 
 
 Circa 16 holihins^GS poods=l l( 
 Duty, 540 cop. per bercovits . 
 Quarantine duty, 1 per cent. . 
 Additional duty, 10 per cent. • 
 
 Cnstom-liouse charges, 4 per cent. 
 
 Ileceivinf; and weiKliinf;, 40 cop. per twlibin 
 
 Hracklng, 1 roub. per Ijercuvitz 
 
 Binding, 75 cop. per „ 
 
 l.i^hteraffe and attendance to Cronst-idt, 3 ran. fttfOM 
 
 Mats .... 
 
 Brokerage, 60 cop. per ton . 
 
 rii«i<iiii)>| 
 
 p.rnoe of these - 
 
 L"ffoo7.9,.i,a'.,j 
 
 T" -iwi- of J,/, ,,'i 
 
 ™ te-seed anJ 
 
 ™-'";;,V;%ii«ro 
 
 Wf'laijons; A,| 
 
 F"f' and laoan i, ,1 
 
 I'o Groat Bri'H 
 s as sjl 
 
 ^(Gw.reinesmeJ 
 
 , nifaj of « 1 
 ,.. , "^"B are n, 
 
 ^r"'' purest, fc, 
 m. ami ;. •' " "X" . 
 
 T ''^"•I'acfis 
 
 tivo 
 
 i&'.'iisii 
 
FLvVX-SEED 
 
 i'OOCTfOW 
 
 i;i,.a (l«x i.s bonglit at so much per l^,,'^""'' , 
 
 i:u' clmrfrca oC importation «ro tlie snm,. I 
 
 curly so, as oil I'etersbiirg iliix. ' ''^' 
 
 ...... I 
 
 CCi 
 
 Cliart/cs 
 
 lurc,}:er ion, taklny the price nt iy. 
 
 
 .^lur.ii ilui^ • - . 
 
 Frtrtlil. siy i'lt' M. |iPr ton In full 
 
 (U I (IIH- 
 
 <l 
 
 " .0 (i 
 
 •i 1'-' (, 
 
 " I .s 
 
 I II II 
 
 Brokerage, J per cent, 
 
 OiniraisMon 1.11(1 i..xtra charges, 3 per cent 1?^ sent to the crnMr^"^'.'' <"« 
 
 ,st,inip.siporcoiit. " ' "cent. ,„(„„;,. """'""& "'iHs to be ronvorf„ i 
 
 llrokcraffc on hill.s ^ per cent. H P" cent. ^^■'' "'e fliinlitv nf fi 
 
 i;i,a (lax i.s bonolit at «o n^^ch ^L"!'.?.?: ^'»"- . I -I-.tini 'lie tt.^'Il' ,;-/''•' -« i-" ..i'i"o"„" 
 
 J^ chosen of a bright bnS,;''^;'''"'^. '> ^boi.I," 
 
 „„lM,l,e .ame« on 11! I,en,l «1„, th" i I'l?;,';;;' f.'/"l'"-','nay "■'lly. """ bought fi'om K„.ssia "iml 
 
 V.iue; «h;. I ni.ik.s the insiiranre, ilis,„unt ^^j V" ""'» "" ■"'•SSia and 
 
 |t.!liiMnumliwof iMlibins to the ion. """hnr . 
 
 ,., f. Head Flar. 
 I 4, bol)l)m,=(,.T,,uo<ls=l ton 
 
 [ Fuf.i rhar^M, rer ton . ^ t ion 
 
 FLiX-SEED or LIXSEED (Pr ]i„ „„■ 
 HeliniGer. leinsaat; Dutch, Ivnz.md Jt„1 ?•"" 
 U:S^,n.l,„aza;Port.linhaca;l'i,S^^^^ 
 k»;te.sen,ja onjanoe; Lat. lini sZZ)' 
 If Mta of tlax. It contains a creat dn.i ^; 
 fl. whidi it y olds by expression ,^'nd i ^ ,t? 
 [...i eithor that it may be used in s^S^'l 
 
 O' I _ 
 
 (Ul (IIH- 
 
 l ndmjt char^ps ■ ... - " i 
 
 |iBC«.nt..1.;i»T«nl.(lj<!lnrfjolilnl 9 months' cmlin' ,' " 
 
 • " i I, 
 
 Loss bj- tare, 1 per com. . ,} ,';' « 
 
 n Head Ilax. "J^Z} 
 'f^boU\lU\s=^t',^ in>atU~-1 inn 
 
 Filed (harm at Pttenliurg amount to ~ Kou. rap. 
 
 ■ Ml .-j 
 
 91 i/ 
 
 -■Account, ,f the Quantities and I'/ 
 ^866, specifying the CnZt ■ i^'' ^">9'lom hi 
 Values brought from eaeU. ^^''^ritltles and 
 
 MiTid Linsred . 
 
 I SCI 
 
 ISfia 
 
 > price of these .<.eeds varied in isrr r ^"^-"^^^"^-^^^^^^^i^^ilJiH^L^^ 
 
 [.. . to 3/. 9,. 9rf. per quarter. ^^^^ '^^'"" I :'vhich drains the n„,,e. • 
 
 , " "•■'"'• ""• v^'- tpiarter. 
 iMUuvol \d. per quarter forniorNr : I /,""' ""^ntifi-es of ihn ^T V**'""' """ t'lo Fii-lciet. 
 - "" "«-- - -- -^ ^3e^^ iS^ Xa ?F c^i^S^ -n^ 
 
 r. In order i;^^l;^!^;L--ffti:oSn:::.!!i5«^^ i^'^af 
 
 |lOT!,..U:,JET.SAJI, and LAGAN Tn , 
 rf"f.»» legal wreck, the goods m„? "''''" 
 M ll they continue at sea /ll i ■•'■°"^<= 
 f s ikni by the fore^oin.. unco, ?h ' "f"'" 
 ^appoliations: A^Ia^^is^Xn th^' "^"f" 
 >«e!wminiingonthe .sorfn.A^". .' "^ ^'"'"'s 
 
 "■eluded nongthr^^ "' I«^" a^l Tf 
 of A^ankiu in'^j ^ 'o^ '^^"^ «!' «" Ports of th 'freat'^: 
 mouth of the Min • and T ^^ "'"«« ^on. t| ". 
 mated at GOO.OOO t'ho in ' r^'"''^'''"' i« cs ! 
 miles in circuit. ' ''""' '^''Wg more than 8 
 
 St;^l!21.^<:-t-rvortheMin 
 
 I Fr tuf 'r r'"' ««"""el.nehl ; Dutch C'/"*^' t'«'>' I'ave pas;} rL'" '^'i'^-" ''"tern, til: 
 

 ^ 
 
 ruElGllT 
 
 516 FOOT ^^ ^^^^.^^^^^ j^^ ,„,, ,,,,ich the owners have .usUincd by hi, 
 
 „m "i-i nrarlv ciiiial '" i''-„ '>ii„.i.p cut I'niUiri'. , i :„ i,p hived, and tlitburilcnllierc- 
 t'oochow call i^m' f "arc reckoned mbyu.e'.^i ^^ ^^^ ^^^,^^„ f »\he c mricrpartv, and tl,« m-r- 
 poi.. llx;- !>" ™r,\' ecnt. discount, clean Mcx „„rc.sed .n the c « , ^^^_^^ ^.^^ ^^^^ 
 
 616 
 V 
 
 pl)i^' 
 
 [» n».^3 •• • — 
 
 neanv di"- - , . siyi-oe, cut I Ittilure. . . ^lifcd, and the burden llierc 
 
 loocnow .... V - - reclvoned '"^y^'-^^^i. If an entire M 1' « ' • ,i, ^,,^1 1,,„ ^,.,. 
 
 P"':- Voir ™' per cent, discount, clc "> Mex ^^^ „prc.sed m the c mr , , ^^^_^^ ^.^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 '^"""w per on • I'll.-tB conduct ves^ s rom t.^ | ^^^^^^ j^., ^ nmscU o paj^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^,^ ^_^,^^^^^j , . 
 
 can '^r .> \lols. from WllltC lJ<'l-» ,'" ,,„„..'.. I »„„ Ac. of «'">*!* ^'.,,_ <• s^l, .i.nnmli.lplmli,. 
 
 KuS^m' mu;orl'e.:There «,r.^^f ^-l^n,.,^^ --„7 T^VstUy ^I'M-U. Uut if tl„ 
 y".. "''„,...f :«)() feet 
 
 from >' ■"- r,!) dolH tliencc ton aic. u. .»- , , . jf to furnish a coiiiiinie latuii:;, 
 ,, draui;lit. a"^l \-'" ^^^^'^ at the doe. not bind Umsc ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^._^^^,^^ j,,, ,,, 
 
 uri'akoda mu.hor..«e. / ''^^ 3" i^roS -"'l '^'T'"' rTrof R ood'' acLuy shi,,,>ed. H«l if tl. 
 
 fi-P-- . of Foochow areof tea,of >vlg U^g^l^rSe for frci^U according to .„. 
 
 ,,^^^^S-r -- .;5^KV-!^- ou^ <^t the place of dc.i... 
 
 ^''_,- wu, ,u>ls in viiluc m 1»''J' \"^.i. The delivery 01 ^ j-,t,g [j,,, „„„„ 
 
 ''•nor'tcd n ■ Wl°^^'"« V"""^^ ^^" .,;„ tion is \" «''""'' Xh "Set to Uvi„K ani.... 
 
 exported mtl. _ „ to freiK^'t i »•" Seattle, vvhieh may fro-Uicmly .1... 
 
 »"?'i-. ■ • :o«S Uvhethcr menorcaaus ^^^i^^^^^^j^^^j 
 
 n 
 
 [Siiirs; Sim- 
 
 '^"^'^^'f°,™osUrquenly contracted tobc,.! 
 
 SHli'o- L- ' 1 Freight h '""^™" „gc, or bv the month, 
 
 J4 (jut,!"'- ^ . !„„ pithcr by the whole \ o> »b . 
 
 •NO.] ^ . , T ixr The. buvins or contracting eitm y ^^ ^^ 
 
 ownfs \ii'. 
 ■oya^c lei:; 
 
 
 yOREl"-^""" . -ti.nr hv the wnoie v"j"ta-i - -• - 
 
 subjects began 11 ^^^ consequently rcpca ^^ ^^^^j^ circumst.1 icc* .^^^^^^ 
 
 t^n' '^-"''V ^"'''""'' '" ' ?^^\rinbe SabKr the Le con«ln 
 
 inif'*. ^ „ -1 frcisiht will ui- H"*.' " ■.,,,„ vnv!i"e. nrnviaciimi 
 
 'vovagToffora speeded Um-„„,, ,^^, , the' - " 
 
 'rhe freigbt is m°«„'„f°'^." 1 or bill of fading 
 charterparty [^"'^f^^^'t' „ t le absc"<=« of any 
 ?B,.u OF LA^'^^J-; S subject, it would be due , -^,-;„-,VbiU of \f '"^iK^ b.-i'i^. 
 
 without regard t« ^^^.''"on the other I'and, if cqmv a ^^^^ i,avc not b^^^^^^^ 
 
 T'' o'rCft rJSulatcd to pay » ^^^t SaS dcsti^^^^^^ J 
 
 the merchant nov i" ^ jg the W '"'^' J^onvcvance be not s^,""'^ ' KoatdfotiteH 
 
 ,„„. pet c«^ ^^ « JXe according to |h« m>'^- con CV ^^^ ^„g be t^'ov,^^" "S'there.*^ 
 
 niust be, m 'l'^, fUies shipped and dcll^pJf ' P^^^^ preservation o^ \^«7C^^ wcUf 
 
 |^"i;r;t;absenceof^nexy.e._^ 
 trary, the entire frc ght s ^ ^^^^\ 
 
 SlS^i^f^tJ^ecSn-aecordingtothec*! 
 
 for its conveyance. .^^ ^mmt<i\ 
 
 If a consignee ^ece vc ^ ^^^.^^ .^ .^ . 
 
 th«"?"'\\H^Vl\tf^ight.h.bysuA^^ 
 
Itracttoltet* 1 
 Ig to Ac cot'*" 
 li itisWit* 
 
 [by SUCll W* 
 
 FRHUiHT 
 
 „ 1 1,> tlio nicr>lmiit l>y way of Kcncrul uvcr- 
 "■^^'^'^'V, lvalue of the freight thereof allowed 
 :«!'• """ ' ' ' So if the master be compelled by 
 '" ' Co iell'i port of the carRo for victuals or 
 '"'"'■ -.ho owners must pay to the merchant the 
 ■;;i;»'';;:j;i,"r«ood»W(.MKf have fetched _«< tir 
 
 plitce of 
 
 VHIIIT 
 
 017 
 
 ,ie,tination, an<l therefore are allowed 
 
 the merchant with the money that 
 
 ronl'Tlmve been due if they had been conveyed 
 
 ihiilier, 
 
 l\v\io 13 
 
 only*! 
 
 U arc deteriorated diirinR a voyaRC, 
 , " 'Zlhmt ix entitled to a compensation, i>ro- 
 •"ir, k-terloration ha. proceeded from the 
 f nr noL'lcet of the master or marmers; and ol 
 '' Ih. i^iiotanswcr-ble for the freight, unless 
 '■•""il the coods, except by way of deduction 
 r,rt ic amofrnt of the 'com'pensation. On tho 
 ;!, mml if tlie deterioration has proceeded from 
 :' n '« decay naturallv inherent m the com- 
 " m V self, whether active m every situation, or 
 ' ' ■-onfincment and closeness of a ship, or from 
 Is of the sea, or 
 lust bear the loa 
 > master ami owners 
 
 I ■ .tntract contain anv insurance or warranty 
 their contract loir"^ ^.__ _____ ^^,^^^ ^_^^,.^ ^^_^^^_ 
 
 'l'''':r h caror the act of Uod, the mer- 
 
 Itlitlxarthelossand.paythe freight; for 
 
 t m"?er and owners arc in no fault, nor does 
 
 """"...„. „..„tnin nnv insurance or warranty 
 
 In our West India trade, 
 
 $ is usually 
 
 weight of the casks at the 
 
 itctow««;*M 
 
 lalthoviglitefl 
 ai to fts'l 
 
 I \o to ^ 
 
 t ttewi«nf7 
 IrformoJ. t f-' 
 VboaMfc'*'" 
 ,aui\toi<*"3 
 |tct«arfi wfl* "^ 
 lofttoP"'*"' 
 
 "P'tih trfsugar a-ul '"olasscs is nsually 
 IS bv the weight of. the casks at the 
 
 fjanc Ic's than the weight at the t.mc of 
 te.lLev,t; and. therefore, the loss o freight 
 !«;il bv the leakage necessarily falls upon 
 r owners "of the ship by r le nature of the 
 
 ""wr'rent opinions have been entertained by 
 Vi^in.l'oil.icr, and other great authorities as to 
 nrit me law, with respect to the expediency of 
 Slo"inL' the merchant to abandon his goods for 
 1 t^n the event of their being damaged 
 This question has not been judicially decided 
 i„ this countn-. ' The only point,' says Lord 
 Ttiitcrden, 'intended to be proposed by me as 
 douhtful. is the right to abandon for freight alone 
 tt the port of destination: and in point of 
 ttactice 1 have been informed that this right is 
 licvcr claimed in this country.' {Law of Ship- 
 lini/, part iii. c. 7.) 
 
 i FreiRht bcinR the return made for the convey- 
 Lnceofgoods or passengers to a particular dcsti- 
 lation, no claim arises for its payment in the event 
 (a total loss; and it is laid down by Lord Mans- 
 leld, that 'in case of a total loss with salvage, 
 ^e merchant mav either take the part saved 
 J abandon.' (Abbott, part iii. c. 7.) But after 
 ^e merchant has made his election, he must 
 tide bv it. 
 
 It often happens that a ship is hired by a char- 
 
 larty to sail from one port to another, and thence 
 
 Kk to the first— as, for example, from London to 
 
 jghom, and from Leghorn back to London— at 
 
 [certain sum to be paid for every month or other 
 
 piod of the duration of the employment. Upon 
 
 kh a contract, if the whole be one entire voyage, 
 
 1 the ship sail in safety to Leghorn, and there 
 
 liver the goods of the merchant and take others 
 
 Iboard to be brought to London, but happen to 
 
 llosi m her return thither, nothing is due for 
 
 Ight, although the merchant has had the bcne- 
 
 bf the voyage to Leghorn ; but, if the outward 
 
 fhmeirard voyages be distinct, freight will be 
 
 I for the proportion of the time employed in the 
 
 Vard voyage. ' If,' said Lord Mansfield, in a 
 
 i of this sort, ' there be one entire voyage out and 
 
 Bid the ship be cast away on the homeward 
 
 ge, no freight is due ; no wages are due, bc- 
 
 ethe whole profit is lost; and by express 
 
 Dcut the panics may make the outward and 
 
 bdiiieward voyagi' one. Nothing is niorncommoii 
 than two voyages : trhererer there are two vni/ar/ex 
 atui one is performed, and the ship is lost on the 
 homeward voyage, freight is due for the first.' 
 (K. U. Trin. 'I'erm. Hi Geo. III.) 
 
 It frequently happens that the master or owner 
 fails to complete his contract, cither by not de- 
 livering the whole goods to the . . isigneo or 
 owner, or by delivering them at a place short of 
 Iheir original destination : in these cases if the 
 owner or consignee of the goods derive any benefit 
 from their conveyance, ho is liable to the. jiayment 
 of freight according to the proportion of the voy- 
 age pcrfi>rnied, or pro rata itinerin peracti : and 
 though contracts of this nature be frequently en- 
 tire and indivisible, and the master or owner of tho 
 ship cannot, from their nature, sue thereon, and 
 recover a rateable freight, or pro rata itineris, yet 
 he may do so upon a fresh implied contract, for an 
 much as he deserves to have, unless there be an 
 express clause in the original charterparty or con- 
 tract to the contrary. A fresh implied contract is 
 'nferred from the owner's or consignee's acceptance 
 of the goods. Many ditliculties have, indeed, arisen 
 in deciding as to what shall amount to an accept- 
 ance : it is not, however, necessary actually to re- 
 ceive the goods ; acceptance may be made by the 
 express or implied directions, and with the con- 
 sent, of the owner or consignee of the goods, but 
 not otherwise. 
 
 It sometimes happens iniit the owner of the ship, 
 who is originally entitled to the freight, sells or 
 otherwise disposes of his interest in the ship: 
 where a chartered ship is sold before the voyage, 
 the vendee, and not the vendor or party to whom 
 he afterwards assigns the charterparty, is entitled 
 to the freight. But where a ship has been sold 
 during the voyage, the owner, with whom a 
 covenant to pay freight has been made, is entitled 
 to the freight, "and not the vendee. A mortgagee 
 who does not take possession is not entitled to the 
 freight. 
 
 The time and manner of paying freight arc fre- 
 quently regulated by express stipulations in a 
 charterparty, or other written contract; and when 
 that is the case, they must be respected : but if 
 there be no express stipulation contrary to or in- 
 consistent with the right of lien, the goods remain 
 as a security till the freight is paid; for the 
 master is not bound to deliver them, or any part 
 of them, witliout payment of the freight anil 
 other charges in respect thereof. But the master 
 cannot detain the cargo on board the vessel till 
 these payments be made, as the merchant would, 
 in that case, have no opportunity of examining 
 the condition of the goods. In England, the 
 practice is, when the master is doubtful of pay- 
 ment, to send such goods as are not required to 
 be landed at any particular wharf, to a public 
 wharf, ordering the wharfinger not to part with 
 them till the freight and other charges are paid. 
 No right of lien for freight can exist unless the 
 freight be earned : if the freighter or a stranger 
 prevent the freight from becoming due, the 
 ship owner or master's remedy is by action of 
 damagos. 
 
 (For further information and details with 
 respect to this subject, see the art. Ciiautku- 
 PAUTY in this Dictionary ; Abbott (Lord Tenter- 
 den) On the Imw of Shipping, part iii. c. 7; 
 Chitty's Commercial Law, vol. iii. c. 9 ; Smith's 
 Mercantile Law, 7th cd. p. 295 : Molloy de Jure 
 Maritimo, book ii. c. 4 ; <Sec.) 
 
 FRUIT (Ger. obst, frUchte; Dutch, ooft; Fr. 
 fruit ; Ital. frutta, frutte ; Span, fruta ; Kuss. 
 owoschtsch; Lat. fructum). Tlsis appellation is 
 bestowed by commercial men upon those spccica 
 
^ 
 
 
 cloth depends on .--.--.Ct not much inor^^ the .n.ua,™.o '|^^,„,^,„,„, 
 
 thnnoncfoifii. ,^j,„, ^^^.^, 
 
 adepena.onthj-umm -^;^^ not much rm^e ^^j;.,^^^ the >— ^c ml ...n-mo,! 
 Ct one «fl^"\ 'ath c nctootcnac.ous Ihci ^^^^^^,^^^^^^ '""" * T "«' >' "^"^^ 
 than one fourth, lest t'-^'^^ly acchued, ll>>"^' ^yo,,l,l i.^vc »=«"' ' .' arin.r .liftc.."^ "uo . 
 use. fu^'^'-'^toUi-tHOtUsofthc of turnip barj^^lj^^^ ^,^, „ 
 
 even at prcseniahout 1-A Malcolm. > I • L^^j^rcst; and f *„\ffor,lod U. tho «.-.•„ 
 
 arc an"""">' ""'"'l^llished i" 1809, ?^y» ^^l^- r- U'^W f'" ^'^^'^ftCs rate of inlerost \^.f^^^. 
 Zrm "f '^""It £ " cndeavourmK to asa ^^^ ,,eannt; a lo w r ^^^^_j.,,„ ^j^,,,,,,,, 
 
 took considerable p-»"«", g„jtl,, and hat n ,^,^„^j.,,t to ^"".,;„^,(y i^s payment ■ 
 
 furnished by Su"ey. ^ ^ivcn to ^p_ ^^ advantHKos ai 
 
 ^"vUNUS(PV«';\tc by Government. ^ .,, ,„ ' lint in T ie the disadvanta^io. ;.>•:• 
 
 ,,ubiicf"n^^«'l'^*f wrowinK n,„ney m order ^^ inconsiderable, >vhil<-Jj ^^ to.V.nt; a Ur^o 
 
 ^ The practice ';f)'f5^arex>''="'^'^"'';'i" the parable from ^1'° |^»^''\„^ ^tc of \Mm^M 
 
 defray a part ° , J^^.r^'^ Wi»>«"^^";„b:rrJw^ f, S A "S war, e^pcoiallv ., 
 
 ♦h s country, m "";."'';•" „9 customary to borrow ^^^^ ^"^tuip. • ^xpcmUlutc bedtto ! 
 
 In the bcgmnmg »/ *"« . j^ appropnateti ^^ ^.^^y to ^^^^^i^^^to plain priwirle. I 
 
 l'°»^L^frnn^°n^Urminable a^^^^^^^^^^^^^ J^ _ 
 
 nifvinE tne "^r „ inna time 6ign"'<-" — ' jt mign«' ',' r,' , . „nd had tnai u.;^'; "-■ j 
 
 'V-l 
 
FUNDS 
 
 
it' »• 
 
 820 
 
 FKNDS 
 
 milijcol, Ki'ti tlic! llrd cdUiiiii of llii! 7'realiac ii;i 
 Titxiitinn and tlic t'unilinij Synlem, liy tliu iiutliur 
 of llii.s work, pp, 4<i()— 170.) 
 
 Tliat this iiiipriividcnt nystem nlioiild have boon 
 «o rxtcimivcly octod cm l)v oiir liimnt'o miiiiMtPrjt 
 during the Aincricnn and i' rcnch wars in tlu- more 
 surprising, Ncciiif; that cxpcricnco hiid already 
 drriioHMtratcd thu advanlaK<'H of fiindin); linutrd 
 rapitals at a coinparativi'ly hitjh rate of interest. 
 Alliioii;;h during; the reiKnit of William III, and 
 Anne hmiii were mostly euntraeted at a very hi^li 
 rale of interest, no atlemtit was made to dis^'uisu 
 this fact by assifpiin;,' to the parties lar^o ainotiiits 
 of Htoek bearing a low rate of interest. The btoek 
 <'reated waH the exact amount of the loans, the 
 intercut un it bein^ increased according to the sup- 
 posed insecurity of the(ioverntiicnt,tlio scarcity of 
 floating; capital dc. Now, mark thu consenucncea 
 of this. So early o» 1710 Sir Itobert Walpolc, 
 nvailiu}; himself uf the f;rcater facility with which 
 m<mey was ])rocurod oftcr the Treaty of Utrecht, 
 and of the greater stability of the (Jovcmment, 
 was able, by offcrinft to pay off the creditors, to re- 
 duce the charge un account oi the debt thus created 
 from 1,69H,GU2/. to },'274,M(i/., being a saving of 
 
 '.Vi\,\MI., or about one lillh of the eniin- cliar>o 
 In 1727 a furl her saving of about .'110,1)00/, avoar 
 was elfecled by reducing the interest mi' tie 
 greater |)ortion of the debt from l> tn 1 por cmt 
 and in 17'IU, during the adininistruiinn ci' m/ 
 I'vlham, the interest wits again reduii'd from .j (,, 
 ;j per cent. — a measure which producinl a itufti 
 saving of 5t!.'i,000/, a-ycar. 
 
 Happily the practice of funding In a .'i per conl. 
 stock was not entirely abandonect during the lui<< 
 war. Ill 1HJ2 the total Itritisli and Irinh 5 t„r 
 cent. sto(!k amounted to about 1 50,000,1 iiji)/.; ,1,1,1 
 by oll'ering to pay it oil', a reduction of ifit,.n.o' 
 w.Ts then etVected to the extent of about. l.'JDO.iioii/^ 
 a-year. And since that period further Mvin s 
 have been eflecled by the reduction of tlic iiiicn'-t 
 on the \ and 'IJ per cent, stock. Hut, iiiil'urtii- 
 iiately, by far the greatest proportion of tin: ,|el,t 
 created during the late war, arul that wiih tlic 
 American colonies, was funded in the i perccnu ; 
 and, as already stated, the charge on lliut |j„rii,,n 
 has in cons(!(|uenco been hitherto, and will, mi.s: 
 probably, continue to be, for un iiidctiiiite [miuA, 
 unsusceptible of diminution. 
 
 We subjoin 
 
 II. — A lieturn showlnp the liesuUs of the Operation vnilertaken in lh22, 1821, 182.5, \Kfi, 
 18^4, and 184'l, for lieilucing the IJIiarge on account of the Xational Vibl, and the Ttrmi 
 upon which such Reduction was made; also showing the Annual Interest on the Fundtd 
 Vebt saved thereby. 
 
 .vv f f 
 
 I 
 
 ■4 
 
 V«ir 
 
 UVi 
 
 ■I 
 
 It ■ 
 
 1831- 
 
 IMli 
 
 IBit 
 
 5 fcr renu. rfducwl to 4 
 |HT ccnl». ; »'l. lO.'i/. 4 , 
 per null, for UM. !• 
 )i«r cvnu. I per 3 Gra. 1 V 
 e. U 
 
 Il.ink of IrcUnil Prlil alt 
 5 per ct-nl. rrdiicvU tul 
 4 |>er cent. «t \tax, peri 
 3 Uco. IV. c. '^(i ■) 
 
 .if 
 
 Old 4 jMnr cent*, rvclun 
 to Mk t>?r cenlft. at par 
 6 (i CO. IV. c. II 
 
 jm rcntA. 1797, rulncrdl 
 to .) |icr cents. ; viz., I 
 nS(. Cf . Si/, coiikolidaleil I 
 3 |>er cmtl. rur UHU. !i ] 
 per L-eiiU., 37 Cieo. ill. i 
 c. !»• • -J 
 
 4 pcrrenli. cichaniredfor 
 KKl/. of 3i |>er cenu., or 
 7"/. of S tier cents., tier 
 UUeo. IV. c. 13 
 
 4 per cents. 1826 reduced 
 to 3^ per cents, at par, i 
 per I & i Wm. IV. c. 31 
 
 Bank of Ireland Debli, al^ 
 h and 4 per ci-nt., re-| 
 ducrd to 3* ir" 
 |ier 3 and 4 Vl< 
 and Warrant 
 sury, Januarjr 
 
 !>er cent., I 
 cl c. 1\ f 
 of Trea 
 .10,1841 J 
 
 34 per cents, reduced at 
 
 far to 3i |<er cents, until 
 lctnl,er l», IS-)«, and 
 from that iierlod to be 
 rtdured to St. per cenU., . 
 and not liable to further 
 raducllon until after 
 October 10, 1874, per 7 
 Vkct. c. 4 and i 
 
 Fire per cent. (Navj) Annuities, capital • 
 Amount of Disaents prtid oil' . . ■ 
 
 « 
 
 Ilonus of :>l. per cent, allowed to those who ai- 
 fctiited • . • . . 
 
 Capital I/, pel cent. . . . ■ 
 
 Hank of Ireland Debt, at .*> |ier cent. 
 Same t^apltal, at 4 per cent. 
 
 Four per rent* Annuities - • t^apltal 
 
 Same t'apital, at 34 per cent.. Including fl.M'l.vl.*)/. 
 
 f<ion-nuenti, vested in thet'nniiiilssioners fi>r the 
 
 Reduction of Uie National Debt, per b Geo. IV. 
 
 c. 4i - . . . 
 
 Capital at h per cent. 
 Deduct Diutnts paid olT • 
 
 Capital at 3 |ier cent. • 
 
 4 T«r cent. Annuities, formerly Navy 
 
 cents. • • . 
 
 Amount of Dissents paid olT 
 
 L'aiiii 
 
 Capital 
 
 Which was eichanRed for 190,1 1!),609/., it. 10*. 
 per cent. Annuities . . • . 
 
 46:^,3^8/., 3/. per cent. Annuities 
 
 4 per cent. Annuities created in 18*21, - Capital 
 ISame (.'apital. at 3/. lOf. |ier cent., including 
 4,133,7'fl/. Pissenu, vested in t'ommissloners 
 for the Reduction of the National Debt on ac- 
 count of the Fund for Hanks for Savings 
 
 Debt at 3 per cent. .... 
 
 Debt at 4 per cent. - • 
 
 Same Capital at 3^ per cent. 
 
 New .V. in#. per cent. Annuities - - Capital 
 
 Re<luecd 3/. llle. |>er .rent. Annuities . „ 
 
 .'/ Ilif. percent. Annuitle-, IHIS . „ 
 
 Old 31. 1 Us. i«r cents, and Debentures . „ 
 
 Amount of Dissents and Non.assentspald oir 
 
 Same capital at 3/, 5<. per cent. ... 
 
 Gross Capitals 
 
 £ 
 
 •.(,7'JI,V76 
 14Va7,»li7 
 
 7,481, 3'« 
 1.'>7,I0»,?17 
 
 1,I.V1,81I! 
 I,I.'|.1,8I6 
 
 76,318,180 
 
 76,»«',I80 
 
 I,ni3,fili8 
 41,011 
 
 'J7V.B.',7 
 l,i'lfi,876 
 
 143,(171,091 
 !(,88U,U13 
 
 130,79(1,176 
 
 interest i 
 
 S,S.'>4.I8<i 
 13,469 
 
 10,6n,91 1 
 
 I0,(j«,9ll 
 
 1,616,381 
 
 «,6.'ifl,76S 
 1,630,768 
 
 I,'<7.'2l3,.'il7 
 67.701,606 
 9,9I4,.369 
 14,401,171 
 
 Annu.il AnnujI li 
 
 Inlerekt 
 
 7,4 8 1, -93 
 
 6,111,368 
 
 57,C9? 
 4(,,IJ3 
 
 3,049,927 
 
 t,668,i;*S 
 
 trlrit uinl 
 
 48,012 
 38,9(>a 
 
 6,031,607 
 
 i,!;7,W.1 
 4114,916 
 
 371,191 
 
 ei,6ii 
 
 II.V.H1 
 
 9'2,u;6 
 
 t48,86(),663 
 I03,3J« 
 
 1118,737,311 
 MI8,737,3I1 
 
 8,'06,Sft1 
 8,08I,SI! 
 
 i,ii':Ai : 
 
 »i,iii 
 
 rr.f 
 
 Wi! 
 
 5.1,11) 
 
 jj,«i 
 
 
 n-,_ 
 
 '^''COtlllH 
 
 ""Jiillnu-i, 
 
 111; 
 •*>. \ 
 
 '"■/I 
 
 l«.V) 
 Uli 
 I**! 
 
 u.ir 
 
 1V1J 
 1»39 
 
 1»I0 
 
 l»IJ 
 
 1«(.-1 
 
 IMl 
 
 'Sli 
 
 isie 
 
 1117 
 
 !«H 
 Klj 
 iHid 
 IHJl 
 
 mi 
 
 IS-,, 
 
 •''•"th 31. 
 H.',6 • 
 Uij 
 
 1«.'.9 
 I8«0 
 l»tl 
 
 I1C.I 
 
 1«M 
 1866 
 l^t? 
 l)iC8 
 
 1, 
 
 iii 
 
FUNDS 
 
 fl2l 
 
 1,1;: J);- 
 
 ll.W 
 
 SI,"' 
 
 ■),;» 
 
 ,(j5'' \ . 
 
 ,416 
 
 ,991 
 
 MM 
 
 t,o;6 
 
 :s!,«! 
 
 WIS 
 
 &« 
 
 |«l,8'll fllJ»i 
 J,W«J 
 
 riic fiilliiwiiK «ci-nmit (No. III.) oxliihits thr 
 ,,,,,r,.,,,iiif llip iiatidiiiil ilolit (if Crpiit llritaiii from 
 i'hlVv.i'.utiun to llic prcwnt (imr : — 
 
 III ^Artnunl nfthe I'limiiml ami Annual Char.r 
 „/ (Ac I'uhlic' Debt at diffirent l'<nod$ tince th 
 
 :'\Ti,'l'.mlll.»l"'''''-l'<V«W"11 - 
 
 I ihM.i ii,« •cHi'in "' U"**" '^""' '■; 
 
 I li,l,u«cri'l«l Jorlni! Ihf "!((■> of Ann. 
 
 IVM 11 ih'i'C"'!"" "'"'"'"" '• '," !"i 
 
 Um .«"ri,l»l "lu""* '•'" "'•<" "• 
 
 ttfwp 1. • • ■ ' 
 
 L.i,.».,.c.«lW..enlh.«-.r..lai. of 
 
 l.fotif 11 40,1 lli« lVio« tf r<ru 1,1 
 
 rtj 1 !f«n «n« lh« acrr^llon of 
 I l,f„'n-ll.,»l«"« J"!"' H''"" 
 
 n,i,iini;M • ■ ■ 
 
 ll.H|.«iJullfrc>nl l.Wlol, ,.t 
 
 I), 1.1 at i-niiim»nr«mffll of Amrrican war 
 
 IitW cmmrini Juiin«ll« Ami'tl, an war 
 l»t.i ifttt contluiion of Amcil, an war In 
 IMi - • - " 
 
 Il,bl|.<i,l from i;«f>lo KOI - 
 l)«br at fomiinnctmfn! of Krfnrh war In 
 
 i;'i^ • ■ - 
 
 DtH coniiitltd Ju'in* French war 
 llfll >t th* tonwill.Ulion of the Kn^lish 
 ■lul lilili tiili,_<|uiTi at the toiii- 
 ili*m,nirtlt of 1M7 - 
 EirfN* of ittlii r»iicell«l orer ili-ht ion. 
 ttwtnl fioiu U : to M,iri h .^1,1 Slii • 
 1W,1 on Mmh 51, 1HI,2. anil ih.irje 
 
 Ihftron ilunrnvfrfdiTiK yeiir 
 EntM of (leM ,«it,rllwloffr ileltt con- 
 iMctnlfioniMaRliSI, IMin,, Mari'h 
 .11,1V.; . . . - 
 
 IkN on .>fjrrh M, ]'ir>7, anil cliar|{e 
 thni .,0 (lurliiK prrctdiiif; ji-ar 
 
 l'rtnii|i.il lntrrr«l 
 Kiinili'il anil ami Ma. 
 UnfunilcU niKemtnl 
 
 H.inv.nr,* 
 
 I»,7f,7.»« 
 
 v.i.iim.v.v. 
 
 .i(i,i;.'',i6» 
 
 i(i.3i«.ir,i 
 
 «n,ID?,lV6 
 i.V; ,7 1(1,01 
 
 r^,H^^,■l^s 
 
 ijH,(i/i,(m 
 »i.\4(;«.(i 
 
 ■,H»1.4.1I 
 
 a-.!i,r,(;.i,'(il 
 
 l1,M7,'ll 
 
 y.— Amount n/' lltr Uiifuniltil Drht in ErcheiiMrr 
 Itilli anil llomln, linil of the Annual Cliarije 
 therfon, in llir J'oltowimj 1 tars, viz. : — 
 
 Year, enjlnir f,m 
 A and M an h. II 
 
 ;;T,iD7.<tni 
 
 I,lll7,>lll 
 3,00.1,13.) 
 
 1,360,934 
 
 »,«71,"n') 
 
 ^,||^•l,■,:,r, 
 
 _ 37'.l.111 
 
 4,7n3,',19 
 t,'J(ll,("/< 
 
 9,ri(°,l,MI 
 
 a.3v,.i(.'.i 
 n,|-v,i7'i 
 
 il,»S0,(iH9 
 
 31,591,917 
 
 '26,1GG,701 
 
 1 
 
 ■ifi,l:7,M« 
 
 * llii'f.iriirr [wr'ion of Ihlt airoiint hai hern taken rhii-lly from 
 «,! el.t'Mifale pa|,»r compileil by .Mr. t'hUholin, (onnerly of the 
 Kitl.r<|jirr, ihowii't; the i,ro|;reft% of the Ui'bl lince 1C91. \Var, I'avert, 
 .\.i. lO.Srpl. l,IOS.l 
 
 ( Inlriftt on ilebl mlU'.e<l. 
 
 ; III lS'il,'i,*KH>,ii(H)(.orilieunr<deemr<l publ cUehl wiuranrrMeil, 
 mil 1 ittioiri.ililf annuity uitMiltolrU. Tt.j capitallled v.iltie iif (hi. 
 annuily ihoulil Ihi^riffori be aililetl to t... jirindiial in the lirht i-oluinn. 
 
 IV Account showing the Total Amount of the Un- 
 
 retkthitd Funded I'uhlic Debt of the United 
 Kingdom, and the Annual Charge thereon, in 
 
 the j'nUoicing Yean. 
 
 Vrir cndinf 
 
 Frb. 1, 
 
 1117 
 Jan. y 
 isln 
 
 I Mi 
 
 18.11 
 UK 
 U,W 
 1138 
 l«9 
 1810 
 IHII 
 IHI8 
 IM^ 
 l>,4l 
 1,11.5 
 ISI6 
 1817 
 1818 
 1819 
 I860 
 
 isa 
 
 I8.5S 
 1843 
 
 18-,l 
 18i5 
 Maich 31, 
 1866 
 18J7 
 18)8 
 18.'.9 
 1860 
 1861 
 18r,'i 
 
 1863 
 1864 
 186.5 
 1166 
 1167 
 I8CH 
 
 Annual Charge 
 thereoii 
 
 ■29,811,014 
 
 19,3in,l.',| 
 
 V9,7H'I,',.',H 
 2K,.37»,Wn 
 
 m,is'>,9iio 
 
 ■i7,7«3,4.',l 
 •^H,40.l,.30.i 
 llt,A33,l91 
 SS,.'.ll,7.3't 
 ilH,.5ll.'.„',n3 
 S»,748,79l 
 
 !iH,7lli,4'.S 
 1H,6I19,7IIH 
 
 ii<,54(;,xs« 
 
 >7.H.'9,1M 
 «7,701,s»ll 
 17,656,5y> 
 17,7(l.'i,»">l 
 17,773,190 
 17,7l7,9.3r, 
 
 i7,'.h;,si)» 
 
 17,611,113 
 
 S7A"'".'<"' 
 17,l.3r.,l93 
 17,136,199 
 
 17,370,807 
 17,S(P0,1I1 
 17,177,413 
 17,71 l.SOl 
 l.'.,7.'il,4.'i5 
 V.') ,4 91,. 391 
 l,V',.',fi d'il 
 !5,71S,.33l 
 li,9(l.'>.3vl 
 S.'i,S7.3,7IO 
 l.'i,»76,9.'>l 
 li.SHO.l^i 
 IIMII,.^! 
 
 1 11.10 
 1 113 1 
 IH3< 
 1H33 
 INM 
 111.3'. 
 
 Ivir, 
 
 11137 
 IH.3II 
 IS -9 
 IHIO 
 IKIl 
 Ihll 
 1 1143 
 IHII 
 iltl.1 
 IHIO 
 1HI7 
 IHIS 
 IHI9 
 IS.M) 
 IH'il 
 IH'il 
 IH.'iS 
 IH.5I 
 1H.',1 
 •IH56 
 lh.'.7 
 18',« 
 •|H.',9 
 IHl.ll 
 IHGI 
 IK(il 
 !K(,3 
 IKdl 
 IN(',.1 
 ISifi 
 IH(,7 
 1H(.H 
 
 Lint of HfhrQUcr 
 
 CharKe iif litie e%t 
 
 llllli Uc. 
 
 IHrr Annum 
 
 M 
 
 t 
 
 W,4UO,.8.V> 
 
 noKjrnn 
 
 17,»7l,lf,0 
 
 716,461 
 
 17,I3.3,.1.M) 
 
 6(11,161 
 
 i7.i;h,'k»> 
 
 477,3(1) 
 
 17,!l(l<i,'liH) 
 
 711,196 
 
 1H,MI,.V.(1 
 
 B1(,,I17 
 
 lH,9;ii,l^iill 
 
 f,H8,7lil 
 
 l(i,97(i,(Mii> 
 
 691,1191 
 
 y4.l(4l,3,0 
 
 87l..1(>'f 
 
 1l4,lllfi,ll'i<l 
 
 «l 1,3-0 
 
 l9,'ir,',.ii-,o 
 
 7HH,7'i7 
 
 ll.07l,,3',0 
 
 .1.19.1.10 
 
 IH,3<3,H'i(l 
 
 797,1116 
 
 IH.IHl.lllll 
 
 '-1,6(11 
 
 1H,4IP7,.11«1 
 
 .191.0.1 
 
 IH,IIII,.',III> 
 
 46l.3(,J 
 
 IH,*\MI,1I10 
 
 41/.614 
 
 l8,3i(>,;iio 
 
 419,393 
 
 n,9iri,'jn> 
 
 4.33,3111 
 
 17,7H(,,7IK> 
 
 787,381 
 
 I7,7.'i8,7l«l 
 
 f,o.i,in 
 
 U,7'i<i,M«l 
 
 40'(,790 
 
 17,711.8110 
 
 4113,176 
 
 17.741,'Hnl 
 
 1.19,8.1(1 
 
 IC,OJI,IIHI 
 
 199,113 
 
 13,1.11,1(8) 
 
 601,1(H) 
 
 1H,IHV,7IM) 
 
 870,181 
 
 17,9H9/8iO 
 
 I,()II8,6;0 
 
 1.'>,9I 1,1(81 
 
 981,613 
 
 18,177,400 
 
 968,183 
 
 ir.,l?8..K«l 
 
 437.'<(9 
 
 ir,,(;8<i,i8H) 
 
 4ll'i,1187 
 
 ifi.M;,'j(8i 
 
 6181, <H8I 
 
 16,491,1110 
 
 491.666 
 
 13,l3(i,(ll8l 
 
 417,1811 
 
 1(1,7I1,.118I 
 
 4il9,.1il 
 
 8,187,718) 
 
 .118,8(8) 
 
 -,!)V;,M() 
 
 187,1/1 
 
 7,911,1110 
 
 1.1,1,.1.1B 
 
 • To .March 31. 
 
 
 Tlic above 8tntciTi(!nt (Xo. HI.) shows flint a rn- 
 (luction of Gl,8Kl,;t-ll/, wa.scfl'cctcd in tlicpriiKMpul 
 of the nntionnl ilcbt, and of 6,'l 14,30.1/. in ihc iiii- 
 niinl charge on account thereof, between Febriinry 
 1H17, niul March ;il, lH(i8, The diniiiiiition has 
 been brought about, dcnpitc the loans cd'ccted 
 during the interval, partly by the application of 
 Kurphis revenue to buy up stock, but more by the 
 reduction of the interest on the 4 and 5 per "cent, 
 stoclis cxistiuj^ in 1817, and by that paid on tlio 
 unfunded debt. The total annual savinpr by the 
 reduction of interest on the funded debt between 
 1«2'.', when the first, and 1844, ivhcn the last re- 
 duction was made (that of the 3} per cent, annui- 
 ties, mentioned in former impressions of this 
 worit), has been 3,051,800/.; and, considerable as 
 this is, it would have been three times as great but 
 for the pernicious practice, previously pointed 
 out, of funding large nominal capitals, 
 
 Wc subjoin a brief notice of the dilTcrcnt unre- 
 deemed funds or sfoclts constituting the public 
 debt, as they stood on March 31, 18()8. 
 
 I. FlJNDS BKAItlNO IntERKST AT TwO AND A 
 HALF I'KK CkNT. 
 
 New Annuities at 2i per cent. — This is a stock 
 created in 18,')3, under the IG & 17 Vict. c. '..'3. 
 Previously to the pa.ssing of this Act, the exist- 
 ing stock of the once famous, or rather, per- 
 haps, infamous South Sea (Company, amounted to 
 3,002,784/. For many years previously the Com- 
 pany liad been entirely divested of its commercial 
 character, and the duty of the directors was re- 
 stricted to the transfer of the Company's stock 
 from one purchaser to another, and the payment 
 of the dividends upon it, both of which operations 
 were performed at the South Sea House, and not 
 at the liank. But in 1863, when the price of 
 stocks was unusually high, it was proposed to 
 create a new 2^ per cent, stock ; and in tliis view 
 the proprietors of the South Sea Stock ivcre 
 oflcred for every 100/. of it subscribed into the 
 new 2i per cent, stock, 110/. of the latter, with a 
 guarantee against the interest being reduced for 
 
 1 t 
 ■ H 
 
 ^i 
 
 ■I! 
 

 "•i 
 
 
 1 
 
 .,1 i.'.,l„nufr Bond; and nf tht httnit 
 
 Ki'- i»"l"" "'"* 
 
 Amotint 
 nflnlvr. .<'."!' 
 ilutinnllw »••' 
 
 • £i,aw\m nasacd in I'l'.'. >t ""■* •I":*''"'' 
 
 • 1 » Jimvovcr. ' I'll'- ''y "'! ,, (■ (Iw. rmiiW ill (|in>l"i'l 1* 'li' 
 
 
 
 New:.tV-r"n..An,.ultU.,forn.«llnlH:;n 
 Hnluc..l rn;-^' '•'"';., HIS 
 
 . n.i"i .n 
 
 S>on Marcl; 31, IH «.;-; ;-,£. crcaicd ^'V fouLlb<> convert J "to -^,_^^ , , 
 
 10 vici. ».. "" 
 
 rhenco the name; hcvi-.u ceneral stocK. i . , cents. I'cw, I'V"^ im„iint, jW 
 
 iSterestof 3 per cent jn^^^^^^^^^ took place fojfo P^^ latter alternative. Amount, 
 At the period when the con ^^^^j toKCther «ei^ ^ 433 i-jo/. 
 
 ^.e principal of the fund^ ^^^^ funding of lol-i";^ g^' c 
 amo.""^- tl.^:'f 'flam of loans i" th>. ntoc U 1 ,^^^^,,^ .^ ^yos. 
 
 amonnted toj),!^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Uo3. Amount on March 
 
 additional lo*"* f "^ ,' '^tcd Kin^'lo'". on_M_arcU \l^^_^^^^i^ 
 
 240,746/. 
 
 IV. Ansuitim. _ ^^ 
 
 ^„„„«;c. per 16 ?r. n,^2t'i''i.as 
 
 havin'' been varied, an«i "J This stock is, Irom ►' -^^ ,n 1«»J ,c-\'-'-l ,, ,.„mMi 
 
 ing due at Aif"'^"'^!^ proportionally, .great \ ^^^^'^^^-.J, the Red Sea 1 
 i^^_.rA";t\o£s. Se sUst aifecte. 
 
 iiM'li r I 'lypji 
 ll llir .'iiiri 
 I'lln lllll gl 
 ' 1 ;ir<. Tlii..« 
 Ml jarM iir 
 ; ii.iIjIi' .'iiiii 
 ji'-, April A 
 / v./i /><i/. 
 i iv A'liiiU 1 
 Ir.l.iiul. 'I'll' 
 .'hiill it rnii. 
 :'».V0. Tlici, 
 
 ii ilii' ll.ink « 
 
 iii<"liiti' rill.' |ii 
 
 tlic jil'a.'iuri' ni 
 
 llrit liii, aiiil IV 
 
 :;ulli"riiy nl' I 
 -la*, anil brai 
 ■-'.''• I'i'f il'i'di 
 r.ii.'i.llliotinic. 
 ■• riiiiii'iitnri'm, 
 'laly tran.tai'lii)! 
 lU'Ht ari' princ 
 iiiinvi'iitiiin. > 
 -Mil lini; li.M'lici 
 
 I'V |.lll(lii' .IIJCITI 
 
 ii:;' i!i l'!.\ilii'i{M 
 fl ili. CMI llliiil 
 
 |'.irti.'onj|iaraiivf 
 lie rf'i.'civcil at lli 
 IiaM fur it, iho In 
 ri-k nf lluitualiu 
 iiriiiiiiim nr ili.^ci 
 
 { llOll-lltlllljIiill,,. 
 
 I ill I'iyti, uNilliiive 
 I i'lc .'iiiiNiiiit oiitsl 
 
 |inrfp;.,i at ;' ' ; ,; , 
 I'lT cdii. I'lir ;i 
 N'liTM.f .South Si 
 P" aavi.t ilie .sa„„ 
 
 ft tVlTV lUy/. stoc 
 
 ni.— .■/ii-,,,,,,^ „^ 
 
 I'l fur/i uj l/,e i 
 
 ■■•loill 
 
 PMcrtii. rwiiiced. 
 
 lKrtrt)i.iie,i- . 
 
 Ml -ml 
 |ii4,» iiock 
 
 "^■K atiimiljei 
 
 I'toiuell.illi . 
 
 ^I'an I* imt f^^f_ 
 Wuim ,j |,t imt. 
 
 t;"i'''"'i|*'CHit. 
 
 f»w«|»!r,fni. . 
 JJiHl • |irr m„. . 
 f [•■')l«ce„|. . 
 tVl'.rreiil. . 
 
 [J,'n.i|«Tcme. . 
 
 P'u.t |ifrn„(. 
 »* •■! I I't-r rt'Tit, 
 
 P^-Prices of ih, 
 
 P'fwl.roniols ,„„„!,, 
 
 h &?"';'"""""« 
 
 I 1 wrcent. 
 •'iwrcenl. 
 
 P"i^k,W>peTcn,(." 
 ■' l*rrmi. 
 , ; P" «nt. 
 '"ftudpaiitr.J 
 
„,„l,.r I'>v«ir<nf auo, nor in nny <-n«o ii..t nppmvo.l 
 , ,|„. ;nmtni-"i'ii'<T'<. Aimmll.'i f..r l.rniH mI 
 ;.«M II..1 craiiif'l (or imy l""'"'. ''•■"; ";•'" '•■" 
 I,.,' niimiilii'-' »"' triiii.ili'riil)!.', h'll nut 
 xlmrt's Til"'!' f'lt liritH of ynirt, 
 „. .liimiiiry :< !i"'l •'"'.>' ■'! '""' """•* •""' 
 
 „v,.,.A|,iil.-.«ii;i'»'<"l»'f '"• 
 I'lih l>rbt.— \l '<eiiw iiiiiii.T^^tnry to ciilcr into 
 villi ris|ic('t to the |iiil)li(: il( lit of 
 
 Ill p«rt< i>r 
 
 anv 
 
 ili'iiiil' 
 
 -M.) Oil Mnrrh :tl, IHCiH. tlic Kxdirquor bolldi* 
 oulHtiiniliiu' iiinuiiiiii'cl III '.>,:|(Mi,iMii>/, 
 
 lifliii Stiiih mill liiiliii Himilt lire iilvviiymiuotrcl 
 ill till' li-t (pf ilic priris 111' till- |iulilii- riiii'iJM. I'll.' 
 "loi'U III! wlii.'li till' i;;i^i llllll^l ( 'lilll|llinv tliviilcii 
 wtu i;,(IOO,M(lO/. ; tlio (livi.lrii.l on wliiririiiM ll.cll 
 Iroin i;!t;l, mi iicr.cnt llii' ..ilur >to ks nn- t 
 aiKJ U per cciiii, liiilia lioiids iirr fri'iirriiilv f r 
 KM)/., :,ml„ niKl I Oiiii/. ( ic'li.Minl lii'iir lit prcMMit 1 
 Irilmil. 'Ibc varidiH ili'siTi|)lioiis ol" Nioolt nil unci ,> piT I'ciit. iiilcirsi ri^pcitivi'ly, mid nri' pay- 
 \sSk\\ it I'li'i'-I-'' "'"' •'"''"' I"""""'' '"'" I"!''''''!!'"' i iilil'' Miirrli HI iiiul .S<'|itpniln'r:iii. In Mlliiiu' lln'iii, 
 .i„,vi> Till' iliviili'inlK oil •'"' ''■'■'I' "''■''' ■"■'■ I'"''' •'"' iiiiir. -I dm' down to ilio i\a\- oI' »mIi' i-., »itli tlir 
 jt (lie ll.mk (il Irilaiid ; and, in ordc to an'oin- |iri'iniiiiii, a Idcil to tlic amount; tlio lot^ii In iiif,' 
 
 ' ' ' '' ' ■■' till' xiiin to 1,1' paid liy tlin |iiirclia.*cT. 'I'ln' pniiiiiini, 
 
 wliiili is, roiisi'i|iiciitly, \\w (inly varialilr par' of 
 till' piirc, is iiitiiii iiird liy till' liriiiniHlanci's whirli 
 inlliiiiu'i" tlic prill' of .-tiioitM p'lnrally, tliu iiiinil >r 
 of liiiidi ill circiilaliiiii fiv. 
 
 I ill' price id' ^ilocki i.s inliiionccd liy 11 vnrirly of 
 ciiiiiiiHliiiiri's. \\ liati'Vi'i' It'iids to k1iiiI<i' or to 
 inirca.-i' tlii' pnlilii; coiilidrii'i' in tin" Mtaliiiily of 
 (iorcniiiiriil iciid'i lit tlio miiiio lime to lowir or 
 iiKTcnsi! ilic prici' of .stoclis. 'Ilicy uro al-o nlVi'iliil 
 liy till! Ntali' iif till' ri'vi'iuic ; and. nunc tlnui all. 
 
 mi'^laic llic I'ai'li''' "i'"'' '"■'^' '"' "■""-'>'"'''■• "' 
 
 iJK'hla.uri'of ilic lii.l.icr-i. from Ireland totircat 
 
 llritiin.aiiiilVoni tlic latter to the former. 
 
 /,'ti7ii./«i'- /;//'.< nro liili'* of credit uniicd liy 
 
 ahi.niv el' rnrliaiiiiiit. Tiny arc for various 
 
 aiiil l»iir iiilerest (({cncraily from 1^'. to 
 
 ilicni per H"i/.> accordmi,' to tlie iiHiial 
 
 Tlie advances of llic Itaiili lo (io- 
 
 aiid liio 
 
 ■'ii;! 
 
 . ./. |..i (I 
 
 ,1 ;,; lliL'timc 
 ' r.iiii"iit lire made upon Kxdicipicr Itill 
 
 ilv irunsictiiJiiH helwcen llie lianli and (iovern- 
 
 ',.,1,'t aiv iirinci|iMlly .'arricd on tliroiif:h their 
 
 iiii.fvriitliin. Nelice of tiic time at wliicli out- liy llie facility of ontaiiiin;: NUpplies of dispo-aiili 
 
 lai. iiiik' i^xi'l'i'M'"''' '^'"■'* '"■'''"'"' 1'"''' "'^ '' ^-''^''■" 
 
 !,.-liililii':iilverii*eiiiciii. Ilaniu'r.s prefer invc.it- 
 11'- ill Kxiliccinor liill.i to any mlicr .-.pccics of 
 .r... iv.u lliiiu;;li tlic interest lie for flie most 
 .ait.iiiii|«iriiiivcly low; bccaii.se the ca] !..il may 
 !,,■ ri.'fivcil lit llie Treasury at the rale ori-inally 
 liai'll''Jtil,lli(' lioldcrs beiiij,' cxenipli'd from any 
 ri-k iif llwiiiiilioii, except in the amount of the 
 ili.sciMiiit .It which they may h.ivc 
 
 iiflii,lit till.' I'ills. Exchequer hills were first issued 
 I ill lilyil,auil liiivo liccii immially issued ever since. 
 
 I hu luiimiiit o'.itstaiidiiij,' on >1.4rch ;»1, 18li8, \va.s 
 
 l:/ii,iw/. 
 
 capital, jiiiil the interest which niav he realiseil 
 upon liians to responsihle persons, l-'roin 17;iii till 
 the Ih'liellicm of ITI."!, till! .'I per cents, were never 
 under Mi), niid were ot'iee, in .liine IT.'tT, ns liij,'li 
 as lil7. l)iirin<; the liehdlioii th(y sunk to 
 7tl, hut in 171!l rose af^aiii to 100. In the interval 
 hetween the Tcace of I'aris, in 17<i.'l, and the 
 breaking; out of the .\niericaii 'var. they avcrap'd 
 Iriiiii W to '.10; hill i.iwards the close'nf tlie war 
 they Slink to •")!. In I7'.i-' they were, at one time, 
 as liiy;li as 'J(i. In 171)7 the (irospects of the 
 ' country, owiiifl to the successes of tlio Krcncli, the 
 
 mutiny in the fleet, and other ndverse circiim- 
 lii I^'n) .Vri'/iw/inT niiniU wore issued lipariiiK ! stances, were hy no means favourable; and in 
 iiilcri't lit:'' ;,; cent, lor 10 yiars, mid thereafter (•onscipieuce the (irioe of :i per cents, .sunk, on 
 |ier mit. liir iitt years, or till IH'Jl, to such Soiiteniler •_'(), on the intelli;;('iieo triinspiriiif; of 
 t'jlK'M.f South Sea and .') per cent, stock ns chose an attenipi to iiei^oiiati! with the French repulilie 
 ) a'cciii the .same, a hiaul for 100/. beiiij? given having failed, to 17,1, being the lowest price to 
 lumvity luu/, stock subscribed. (16 iS: 17 Vict, c, which they have hitherto fuUca. 
 
 It. ^•••i'' , 
 |;W Vie''''- 
 
 hll 
 
 ilio-' 
 
 l^rai 
 
 ipt 
 
 COIBf^-' 
 
 iao8. 
 
 w.^'"'':.t^' 
 
 ir. 
 
 ■ Acts 
 
 lion 
 
 jUllllOt! 
 
 of the "^"l 
 
 tars 
 
 
 led"' 
 
 .jicasaiy' 
 
 iOfiW)' 
 
 ■**«*1 
 
 fll.— .Iiiniiiif nf the Highest and Lowest Price, of the Prinripnl Eiiplish anil Forclijn Funds 
 Hi eath tij llie Years endi-iij with \W,u, and of Cinisoh in each of the 6 I'lars ending with 18()7. 
 
 Stock 
 
 Ill 
 
 •i3 
 
 ^ 
 
 IHSI 
 
 18M 
 
 
 ■ SAG 
 
 
 1847 1 
 
 K\<>i.iiii 
 
 Itlithnt 
 
 L.owe«t 
 
 Hlghpni 1 Lowest 
 
 Iliclir-t 
 
 Ixiwest 
 
 IliRheit 1 iKiwe^t 
 
 llilitiMt 
 
 l.OWMt 
 
 'O'KOU 
 
 nil 
 
 !luj 
 
 ■J'.i 
 
 K.'.J 
 
 '.'311 
 
 81' 
 
 Wi Ki 
 
 9-.1 
 
 H(i 
 
 l>i-rcmt. rrtl;iied. 
 
 ini 
 
 ijil 
 
 !l(. 
 
 91 
 
 K.'. 
 
 9' 
 
 87j 
 
 913 
 
 M 
 
 i;:tri-«it, lie*- 
 
 101 
 
 i)'4 
 
 9lli 
 
 «'.* 
 
 !MJ 
 
 si; 
 
 97 
 
 sjl 
 
 91} 
 
 m\ 
 
 ink 'lucli 
 
 n» 
 
 siis 
 
 ■-■•JI) 
 
 9111 
 
 •nn 
 
 '.ill.i 
 
 V'Jll 
 
 W'l 
 
 2i0" 
 
 'mi 
 
 1'jI.« iiKk 
 
 «i 
 
 '^31 
 
 !lll 
 
 •iW 
 
 ■^3il 
 
 TM 
 
 v.ir, 
 
 1(18 
 
 ■sl.\ 
 
 2117 
 
 i>:i{.fi|tiUili» ■ 
 
 ct 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 '1 
 
 4J 
 
 '^1 
 
 3'1-IR 
 
 2 1.1.0 
 
 '4 
 
 .',o..'l 
 
 Hlu Uxidi 
 
 d.ii. p. 
 
 in., f. 
 
 it., p. 
 
 •iPt. a. 
 
 ",. 1.. 
 
 St. 1I. 
 
 •i:it. |i. 1 ivf. d. 
 
 3.. p. 
 
 iJifiucr hilU - 
 
 Vi. p. 
 
 Ill' 11- 
 
 VU. V 
 
 ■it. d. 
 
 Ii7«. p. 
 
 IV.. d. 
 
 'JK. p. lU.lt. 
 
 !•.. p. 
 
 5'J.. d. 
 
 Foimox 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'trim'iperii-m. 
 
 inn 
 
 i""3 
 
 M 
 
 S7 
 
 73 
 
 67* 
 9.1} 
 
 r,5 
 
 994 
 
 81! 
 92$ 
 
 91 
 
 87 
 
 »i'i*n ll|ifrrvnl. 
 
 91i 
 
 93 
 
 SI 
 
 90\ 
 
 99 
 
 UK) 
 
 92 
 
 U:l,in .'njpt rent. • 
 
 1114 
 
 ■J7 
 
 102 
 
 9;) 
 
 1113 
 
 gs| 
 
 1113 
 
 99 
 
 1113 J 
 
 9S 
 
 l-'Ot Aui^iljiiTWnt. 
 
 7-i4 
 
 .')(i 
 
 03) 
 
 IS 
 
 i;ii 
 
 51 
 
 88 
 
 ,'i4 
 
 9r, 
 
 79 
 
 uhlnfi'litTrnit. . 
 
 nil' 
 
 i)'J) 
 
 1113' 
 
 HSJ 
 
 111.5 
 
 99 
 
 106 
 
 10.-1 
 
 littj 
 
 111(1 
 
 I'i I1 ' \>VT t-ent. - 
 
 H5 
 
 S". 
 
 76 
 
 81 
 
 81 
 
 86 
 
 S3 
 
 S8 
 
 SI 
 
 'ih-Jll'ercent. . 
 
 b: 
 
 r./ 
 
 (13| 
 
 .M 
 
 «•■! 
 
 f.n\ 
 
 67 
 
 63 
 
 61: 
 
 6.3J 
 
 lih 1 ii'Titiit. . • 
 
 i.i'jl 
 
 •Ji 
 
 W. 
 
 Sll| 
 
 97 
 
 9(1} 
 89f. 7 Ac. 
 
 991 
 
 93 
 
 lllO 
 
 91 
 
 i"ch fwilrt • > 
 
 lo.'.f.'iic. 
 
 <JS 
 
 W . 
 
 99f. 10c. 
 
 97f. 7.5c. i 90f. 
 
 95f. inc. 87f. .'.Ilr. 1 
 
 fcin'^lhrrcfnl.. 
 
 fjij 
 
 111 
 
 4lJ 
 
 K'i 
 
 ll« 
 
 91 
 
 113 97 
 
 1131 
 
 1114 
 
 it'h.'^l^rMnt. . 
 
 60' 
 
 41 
 
 .33 
 
 4111 
 
 30 
 
 48 3S1 
 ln7J HsJ 
 
 4.31 
 
 393 
 
 'ii*'i r. )<fT cmt. 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 ., 
 
 99 
 
 HlJ 
 
 k.'li (i^rn-nt. 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 .. 
 
 1117 9S 
 
 llOJ 1 9'.^ 
 
 
 1*6 
 !).1i 1 
 
 ! 
 
 I8G.1 
 
 901 
 
 1H64 
 
 1 ms 
 
 186 
 
 ^ 
 
 1866 
 
 I'i07 
 
 »■, . 
 
 921 
 
 931 1 9'21 
 
 nil 1 
 
 86| 
 
 'J04 1 81 
 
 9C| 1 89; 
 
 II.— Prices nf the different Descriptions of British Funds on Wednesday, August 
 
 mkil&k.dir. Spercent. 
 
 "TTrnit. mlucHl annuitirt 
 
 tf ctflt. roniiiU annuities 
 
 ^ iwt cum. annuities 
 
 ■ ilm«iit' 
 
 TTwnl. - . . 
 
 iitlwk, Ifli pet cent. 
 
 .'' lier cent. - 
 
 4 ptr cent, 
 enfai^ pa)itr, 6 pn cent. 
 
 211 
 
 941 
 9li 
 9li 
 
 7i| 
 
 2161 
 
 Hi 
 
 nil' 
 
 lOiJ 
 
 India stock, tnfnced paper, .5\ per cent, 
 debentures .'» jier cent, 
 bonds, 4 per cent. I, IIOO/. - 
 under l,lill»(. 
 B.-inlc stock for account, Sept. 8 . 
 3 per cent, consols f. ir account, Sept. 8 
 India slock for account, Sept. 8 • 
 Exchequer scrip 
 
 Exchequer bills, 1,000/. 2 per cent, 
 son/. „ 
 lUO/. uid 200/. 
 
 19, 1868. 
 . iioi 
 
 '. 91 
 
 so., p. 
 
 20<. p. 
 «U«.p. 
 
624 
 
 FUNDS 
 
 
 ^•>-, 
 
 i ? 
 
 AKTCcmciits for the sale of stock are fjoncrnlly 
 made at the Stock Exchange, -vhich is frequented 
 by a set of middlemen, called jofcfcer*, whose jusi- 
 nesfl is to accommodate the buyers and sellers of 
 Rtock with the exact sums they want, A jobber 
 is generally possessed of consitlerablo property in 
 the funds, 'a;i(i he declares a price at which 1 , 
 will either sell or buy. Tims, ho declares he is 
 ready to buy 3 per cent, consols at 93J, or to sell 
 at 93 j ; so tiiat, in this way, a person willing to 
 buy or sell any sum, however small, has never 
 any difficulty -a fmdinp an individual with whom 
 to "deal. The jobber^ profit is generally A pcr 
 cent., for which he transacts both a sale and a 
 purchase. He frequently confines himself entirely 
 to this sort of business, and enirages in no other 
 description of stock speculation. 
 
 We borrow tin following details from Dr. 
 Hamilton's valuable work on the National 
 Debt :— 
 
 ' A bargain for the sale of stock being agreed 
 on, is carried into cxeciit'on at th3 Transfer 
 Office, at the Bank. For this purpose the seller 
 makes out a note in writing, which contains the 
 name and designation of the seller and pur- 
 chaser, and the sum and description of the Htock 
 to be transferred. He delivers this to the proper 
 clerk, and then fills up a receipt, a printed form 
 of which, with blanks, is obtamed at the office. 
 (The letters of the alphabet are placed round 
 ihe room, and the seller must apply to the 
 clerk who has his station under ihe initial of his 
 name. In oil the offices there are supervising 
 clerks, who join in witnessing the transfer.) The 
 clerk in the mean time examines the seller's ac- 
 counts, and if he find him possessed of the stock 
 proposed to be sold, he makes out the transfer. 
 This is signed in the books by the seller, who 
 delivers the receipt to the clerk ; and upon 
 the purchaser's signing his acceptance in the 
 book, the clerk signs the receipt as witness. 
 It is then delivered to the purchaser upon pay- 
 ment of the money, nnd thus the business is 
 completed. 
 
 'This business is generally tronsacted by brokers, 
 who derive their authority from their employers 
 by powers of attorney. Forms of these are ob- 
 tained at the respective offices. Somu authorise 
 the broker to sell, others to accept a purchase, and 
 others to receive the dividends. Some compre- 
 hend all these objects, and the two last are 
 generally united. Powers of attorney authorising 
 to sell must be deposited in the proper office for 
 examination one day before selling ; a stockholder 
 acting personally, after pp-anting a letter of at- 
 torney, revokes it by implication, 
 
 ' The person in whose name the stock is invested 
 •when the books are shut, previous to the payment 
 of the dividends, receives the dividend for the 
 half year preceding; and, therefore, a purchaser 
 during the currency of the half year has the 
 benefit of the interest un stock he buys, from the 
 last term of payment to the day of transfer. The 
 price of stock, therefore, rises gradually, ceteris 
 ■paribus, from term to term ; and when the divi- 
 dend is paid, it undergoes a fall equal thereto. 
 Thus, the 3 per cent, consols should be higher 
 than the 3 per cent, reduced by ^ per cent, 
 from April C to July 5, and from October 10 
 to January 5 ; and should be as much lower 
 from January 5 to March 6, and from July 5 
 to October 10; and this is nearly the case. 
 Accidental circumstances may occasion a slight 
 deviation, 
 
 'The dividends on the different stocks being 
 payable at different terms, it is in the power 
 of the stockholders to invest their property 
 
 manner oa to draw '.heir 
 
 IBtOmi! 
 
 in such a 
 quarterly, 
 
 ' The 'business of speculoting in tho gu.y. ■ 
 founded on the variation of the price of i i 
 which it probably tends in some measure inT 
 port. It consists in buying or sellinir T''" 
 according to the views entertained, hv thw V 
 engage in this business, of the probability , if i 
 value rising or falling, • '"" 
 
 'This business is partly conducted by noNm. 
 who have property in t.e funds; butanra,,! 
 also prevails, among those who linve nn such n" 
 pcrty, of contracting for tlie sale of stock n 
 future day at a price agreed on. For examnln I 
 may agree to sell B 10,000/. of 3 ,,cr cev?sLt 
 to be transferred in 20 days, for 0,000/. A 'hi. in 
 fact, no such stock; but if the price, on tberf ,. 
 appointed for the transfer, be only 58, he m,. 
 purchase as much as will enable hi'm to fuli;] hi 
 bargain for 6,800/., and thus gain 200/ bv ti, 
 transaction: on the other hand, if the price of ihjt 
 stock should rise to 62, he will lose 200/ Th. 
 business is generally settled without anv'a,.tuji 
 purchase of stock, or transfer; A pnvinir'io ji ,, 
 recei'-ing from him the difrcrencc'bctwofiul;, 
 price of stock on the day of settler^cnt, and the 
 price agreed on. 
 
 ' This practice, which amounts to nothin' cli« 
 than a woger concerning the price of stock,!, not 
 sanctioned by low ; yet it is carried on toajrest 
 extent: and as neitner party can be coranclleil iv 
 law to implement these bargains, their mx .'( 
 honour, and the disgrace attending a breach of 
 contruct, are the principles by which the Imm 
 is supported. In the language of tbe Si.vi 
 Exchange, the bayc is called a Bull, and tk 
 seller a JJear, and the person who nhf-i '. | 
 pay his loss is railed a Lame Duck ; an 
 names of these defaulters arc exhibited in tii 
 Stock Exchange, where they dare not mpai I 
 after words, 
 
 ' These bargains ore usually made for certiii 
 days fixed by a committee of the Stock Excto.-i J 
 called settling days, of which there are about jij I 
 the year; viz. one in each ;f the moniljrfj 
 January, February, April, Jlay, Julv, .Iujk ( 
 October, November; and they are ahrav! « j 
 Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, or Fridav.'^l 
 the days on which th^ commissioners for tlie»f 
 duction of the national debt make purcla«l 
 The settling days in January and Julv arealml 
 the first days of the opening of the liank lioci)| 
 for public transfer, and these days are iiotWii I 
 the Bank when the consols are shut to pre;iii| 
 for the dividend. The price at whicli stockil 
 sold to be transferred on the next settling itl 
 is called the price on account. Sometiraej itl 
 stead of closing the account on the scttlinj irj 
 the stock is carried on to a future day, oik 
 terms as the parties agree on. This is cMi 
 continuation. 
 
 ' All the business, however, whicli is i 
 the stocks/or time is not of a gambling niiini 
 In a place of so extensive commerce as hik 
 opulent merchants, who possess property i«ii 
 funds, ond are unwilling to po't with it, li 
 frequently occasion to ri ise money for i s! 
 time. Their resource in this case is to .«Il|i 
 money, and buy for account ; and i 
 money raised in this manrT costs more i 
 the legal interest, it affords an important i« 
 modation, and it moy be rendered strirtiyll 
 and recoverable.' (Third ed. pp. 314-31'.l 
 
 It would be foreign to the object of ibii » 
 to enter upon any examination of theadvjjoj 
 and disadvantages of the funding systfni,™| 
 we hove elsewhere discussed at cousidetaHelir 
 
 inies ic, 
 
 N/ioc 
 
 Kreooeivith/unl 
 fe:'6UOOOor:;70(f 
 7 "''30,000,000' I 
 ^wJdreallvbel 
 
 W,tutofa//,vho 
 
 '".'■ounvhoicfvol 
 
 F/' overspread" tlf 
 
 •f^'"' -Noton!,.,! 
 iMvasioiioc,^ I 
 
 ^^ on injustice | 
 r,\thm u-huh 1 
 
 fan 
 
 per^'^^-JMouluJ 
 JolalJ 
 
'.II 
 
 I 'Aiober 10,1851, «n,i Januar? 5 ,«^V"'''^' ^*''"' 
 
 hums The large numb (o ;V^'oo';K'^^"«'- 
 ^l lioWers of snins „„t pro luoi, J '„?'' '" ^««5) 
 J <l.iart«Iy dividend is priiiS l. ?f , ''''"^''' 5/. of 
 Itk. circumstances <^!aZSilY "''"'^'^^ *» 
 |t« the banki,,. system of X mnf "^Pcf^-'liar 
 Ithca. can he Jitllc uoubt that L^ nf"'7^"' ' «»'' 
 |en,atcriallydirainished, did tl cbLT"'/'^' "■""Id 
 
 |"d the private ba,,Jcs a/irareas"„M^"ff'''"'' 
 %mt on dej.osits. It is cvidZ f '^ "^« o*" 
 fccnt,, that the n„mbcr of pel„f h" •""'^« 
 |Mt interest,;, the funds is mucH' ii"^"'ff » 
 fiiy represent. The dividend, nnn/if'"' '^an 
 kmy belonging to he Fan '^M "'' ^"""«" 
 hrance companies, the diiTcrenf k " , '•"'^ "^her 
 >■« ic. are^aid upon & ' t±?^ ''•<'«'- 
 |ywwc due to so iianv nVi'nfn •"."''*' «« »f 
 |t«as they are, reailv nai.l'fn m ^?''»'Wui',. 
 
 |iybeca,,se,he.aat-.;''Sttt''/"''i™'"«'^ 
 ■vast number more. It t .^:, '^ trustees for 
 
 |nf.i to pretend, as , ,om!,;T'T^"^^y Quite 
 
 |rrereuce,vitht^n lednrner,^ ' '^'5^' "'»' anx- 
 
 |e -'C0.000 or 270,000 uTivl,^ T""'' "^^ct only 
 
 'dJWuldrealh-bedeVtrLf- ^'' "P"" the divi- 
 
 ^. t"t of „//who depend ';l'°? ^^""-ants are 
 /v our whole svstem of i;^°" ""^m ! 't would 
 ^.-love^read-theTun r,^r«"'' f''-'nk- 
 
 HoninJusticeUSCbS'^iSj 
 
 £ ,. d. 
 
 '& .'' « 
 i-' Id 
 
 fio 1,1 y 
 
 fi' I'i s 
 
 M 
 
 "I .-! i 
 
 6.0 6 s 
 
 es ,0 ,1 
 
 68 I,; s' 
 
 r? " 
 
 Z, .1 >! 
 
 ' ■^ B S 
 7.7 10 I 
 
 Z' '.T 4 
 
 '4 16 « 
 
 7H 3" 4" 
 
 ''■> R « 
 
 M' 10 II 
 
 XI l.T 4 
 
 »' " 
 Ho .7 4 
 
 S7 I S 
 88 1.1 4 
 
 II .? 4" 
 
 M5 1.1 4 
 
 loo fi 2 
 
 « 1« 8 
 ".' .? i' 
 
 ms I,; ,1 
 
 6l ,^ "4 
 M 
 69 i; s 
 Z" M 4 
 '^ " 
 '? ,6 8 
 ?l 1,1 4 
 ij' " 
 i' « 8 
 « U 4 
 80 
 8, 6 g 
 S'^ 1.1 4 
 
 8' 6 8 
 
 Mi ,3 4 
 
 ''S I) , 
 
 H'J 6 9 
 
 9" 13 4 
 
 9a (1 u 
 n.T 6 s 
 
 91 13 4 
 96 I) 
 '■n 6 8 
 
 ,0'i 13 J 
 00 
 
 l"l « 8 
 
 \«i 13 4 
 
 ,'»' l> 
 
 inoi,? I 
 los (I ,, 
 
 ? " 
 ,13 fi o 
 
 in 1.3 J 
 
 5 " 
 
 ."' 6 8 
 
 IS 13 4 
 
 '•'I 6 8 
 \^'i 13 J 
 
 ^^..?4" 
 ]?'< 6 J 
 
 90 8 
 
 91 13 4 
 9} 6 8 
 9.) 
 
 as 13 i 
 
 ,!"< 6 g 
 00 I) 
 
 111 13 4 
 103 fi J 
 lOi ,1 
 
 on ,3 ,',' 
 
 .18 6 8 
 11" 
 III 13 4 
 
 ,'■; " II 
 'It; 13 4 
 
 118 6 ,? 
 
 \'in I, 
 
 1^1 13 .1 
 
 ." n II 
 
 ,?6 13 4 
 
 -','." » 
 
 ■-'i '3 4 
 .., fi ,( 
 
 .3,5 „ 
 
 llfi 13 4 
 
 1.38 6 8 
 
 116 13 4 
 
 IIS 6 H 
 
 '■»>(> 
 
 ?i '•■' 4 
 I... fi , 
 
 F'« for im«s of years" 
 
 -^!^iii-^_jHni 
 
 
 ■Si 
 
 ss 
 

 ■ i 
 
 626 
 
 FUNDS 
 
 ..r.fhd to Dividends §-.-contiaued, 
 
 DBcfipllonofSlock, 186S 
 
 SI. 
 
 101. 
 
 .'.U/. 
 
 ITncr cent. c>.n».lid««V''"">"'"" 
 
 1 Annuities fur '«■"«"?''*" '. 
 India 5 l.« «"'• "°''' 
 •I " ■ 
 
 Totals - 
 
 '■'',, I '21. I'iC 
 
 ' ?! IS .It 
 
 is\ "i «•; 
 
 >*\ '„ 7-2' I'Jl 
 
 1 ^4 '•'''•' ''i'' 
 
 III r.M 4,9'i8! 1l,'27l* 
 
 ''04 " »" 
 
 Not exceeding 
 
 101 if. 
 
 "l 1,537 
 34 
 
 SOOI. 
 
 Kl- 1 ' 
 
 ,„, I Tail 
 
 10001. I'iOlWI.SlKl!!.; 
 
 671 1 '210 I 
 
 l'J5" 
 
 \ Dividend! v-jable Aptil : 
 
 ■X:^' 
 
 Our countrymen arc also k b ^^^^ United ISbiin", 
 
 new South American St»^<^«\^"i,,„, however, *« ^^X, :'„ ^ dition to the debt of thaniv 
 
 Ses of North A«?«JJ.^ffonn«ha;ebeen almost But m addjt^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ several al.a,. 
 
 the anarchv m ^^^fj^^Se consequent ^^•ant of ^ajomy^ j^^^^ contracted po.uliard* : 
 
 constantly involved, ami tliec^^;^^.^^,^ ^^ ^^'^ ^ less or greater amount. In mo> oases ta 
 power, and P-^ob^^^y r^„^e anv adequate pro- U less oifc, ^^^^^^ the execution on 
 
 ,art of their ™lt^^'*°/£ debts, a large arrear Uve^^^^ .^eh as the constmoE 
 
 viaion for the payment ot ';»,';""' been allowed public "°"; =1,,.^.,^ the excavation of dock;. 
 ;iTntere.t lias, ^^^ost instances ^^ its canaU or^^^al^^a^^^ establishnient ,f 
 
 Sl.i< 
 
 !(>;■ 
 
 VM 
 
 :«> 
 
 s,« 1 
 
 t04,557,76'i 
 216,167 ,"86 
 S2!,801,W-i 
 2.16,7J4,U9 
 23S,9n'2,5l'i 
 •245,'il 1.259 
 '251,f.l«.9»-'' 
 •!.366 'lS5,Oi7 
 .j,,Hll,SlKI,013 
 
 wpoiuroadebji-^""""""^" 
 
1 
 1 
 I 
 
 1 hO,T71 I 
 211 
 
 JH 1 
 ll,f.l 
 
 1,15; 
 
 Ml 
 
 Anm'illr.afs: 
 
 
 AMiulK. 
 
 
 doo. ! 
 
 
 (Iff. 
 
 
 »>i 
 
 
 ];»0 
 
 
 i,:)i 
 
 J 
 
 !,«,* 
 
 1 
 
 «V»9 
 
 f 
 
 !,!«* 
 
 5 
 
 wt 
 
 3 
 
 ISkll 
 
 ii;,io 
 
 
 lis 
 
 S15(» 
 
 1W« 
 
 »« 
 
 15 
 
 Vi 
 41 
 
 69 
 67 
 >7t 
 (100 
 WO 
 010 
 
 iSljt 
 
 ir« 
 
 !113 
 
 9!7 
 
 iiii 
 
 ail 
 
 000 
 
 
 
 
 ,76'i 
 ,786 
 ,.')03 
 
 H'-AI 
 
 io,a2 
 ii^e* 
 
 U9 
 ,512 
 ,269 
 
 tfm|.urary only. .'Iio indobtcfl Sta^es ai „ i r*. !>" ^•'"t stock JW ,,''''','''''"" <I<'lem.,l 
 rki,ind nninonfh- llnuri.shinL' •,„,,„. "" l"-"icinal and ; , f ^, /. ' "'<•' other hajf „f T , 
 
 .i.a. they w.iil.l liavo ^n^Zl^'Xl^'^'^:' '^'^f^^'^S'^ S" "'^ '•"■'<'- ii^'^s' ;,' 
 
 ™mep,ayi,cMt la full of their debts nf/i ,V''."='' ""^ tleht ,V,s "p I ""''"' "'« ^^orks f- 
 
 t i-nssiUe moment. Hut this „. „, "'e 'inislu.,! .state the l" 7;" •'''""ed, >ras i„ an , , 
 
 lias not '-.ithccase w=[!:'-;::.^7,-2' !!fl^"M"- Sncinr':^!:" li^ ---c.nll^r^;' Z 
 
 oWi.„.lyn.r,,i.liedtous/brr'i::ft ri"; 
 a .centlcman cinneoted with tlie United Sf,,n 
 
 an oxtremoly well versed in thene matters !!'''' ' 
 ' liie fullowmg S;ate.s of the Uninn <-„-i' i . i 
 i;f>he intoicst'on the whole or a^ t of < h •" 
 .lebls (luriniT the period of deprcSon , *",'" ' 
 : f(;llow.l IH.;;. viz. Michigan, Pen ™ni ' 7'' ' 
 I dmna. Illinois. Marvland, Arkansns Af; " ! ^"■ 
 Louisiana F'.rida, had ic^^^TublTS' ' 
 sylvaina a. rcumed payment of interest a I 
 hs tuniled ilio arrears thereof, whieh Wl „ ' ,' i 
 
 ..... „,>...RMi m Mill 01 tiieir debts at tlio 
 
 earliest jHissiUe moment. Hut this n-,. „.. I """' .state flm i, i 
 
 to,<a,v lias not hocii the ease w'lC ^Jl'^ ''P""" "f adin"";t''''--^ "'■'•« ""--I 
 .1^ will be seen from the Mlomnf^ttl'u^^^^^^^ :'■'!'"''■•' 'or 
 
 oblwiii.'lv luri.i.slied to ,.s C.r n... i±. _'|»fV"'^'»t, canal and (he nrodneo n?f . *" ^'"- ""■""'o of the 
 
 ;'»<ls granted to a d in ts'rn ."'' '*'^"''" ''"'''i'^ 
 the ...lynient, first, of t".elr . T'*'"'"-''"'"' '"""rd 
 thoimlf of the prin'cii '^'I'Tn?"""-';'"'' "'"'■ 'C 
 Ijoh'Is not provide, fnK 1 "*"■''■"' "ftlieir. Stat. 
 '^i>lorablo part of to ? 'if I'"' ^'^f"-- A .'o, 
 
 «"">, the canar a been'!!n''''?""- *'«« •"^^^■" . ■ 
 ;in'l the produce of the 'andsf.t^''''- •, ^'' ^«ve„ ,?, 
 ■rst, to the repavment ol" 1 '" '; ''"'" ^"^ "I'pHed 
 
 i.vcar^ the , state, notwithstandi"g her we^^ '" time be p"vi,,' '''jF'-'^-np bondhol, k^. 
 
 ■tr.ismean enough to oblirre the hoVlnrcf ^' ^'''■th, sales of ]and • hNf ti ^'' ''"" by the canal omi 
 fxc^mse 5 percent. .stSck ,vit^ hn ° '■''='^"''' '" ''o"-8ubscrXVs ^ "'° J^^'^^l'^'-'t "f bcneti to Ti 
 |e overdue interest a 5 h^s ^d of f'''7"''°' "H '''"'' ""cer S, iT '^'^^™"ffemen frl '"^ 
 
 f eshcatthesan,etimrKadL'^TtaT"f tr ^^^^^ '=°"''°'''' ^'^ ""> 
 
 I l;w ecnt on the dividend,? payable on her hm f "J ^^ «™ts in the 100,1^ ""^n" Pe™anent ta^ 
 fc"t« t e portion held by' f^reS^neTs. V,.*;'' ^.j'^'f' """ «n''ctrni"that h^" "' ^""^''^y "• the 
 Pnd li,,9 also resumed payment of Jnf,,, V •^'P^''"tover it niav i... , P'^<"l"ce of thi,s tiv 
 
 wmmmmsm 
 
 ; ii- , 
 
 ,&. 
 
 ■■ Kir 
 
'-m^^n 
 
 If 
 
 
 m 
 
 ^'yV 
 
 ' \ 
 
 n 
 
 ■ (iiP first years of self-Rovemintr.f, if it 
 
 ., punters' DanU, lict 1'"'"'' •„' ;„ the con- 'vcre the '"^^ ''. ',„re— every fri.'iirt of America 
 *^'LJ,ilc£. l»y -^ ''■''''' ^^I'of Tm have boon tl.o 'f ^'^l^l'/en c "tcnte.l "to wait for \mu, 
 "r m^^ St.ite, h.r courts of .w na A,,„,M Y\%\ffrn^xA is committed in vrofo„„,l 
 
 Ml. to taU.. .of:i.i^«"';<; «;,^ ac'r 'his law times ^ l'"'^. ^^X-na, tl.c richest Stale i,ul. 
 
 •?■•»,. als ai^ainst the ^ Ute. "";".' .Ueision peace, ^>. ,|/""„ Vi,c investment of tfie l.rr.wo.l 
 
 f tlu. supreme court of tno ^^^ the mone> » .7;;" -p.^.in,, the ndvantaKO. Itisimw! 
 
 'L WiKa.ion of .lu> ^ f I'.^rbeen repuaiatea. "J', ev" b ;«\l^„^(,,i ^s circumstance. «.,. 
 r nion 15ank bonds, -. ''; ^^ f;, ..eUu.t .mo ..f the " f';,"^ \S' ., parallel, an.i 1.0 cxonsc. 
 
 Ms a very ominous .^ircums-t."' i„„„nK.l.lers, "''y^f' " ' ;, 'ly the loss ol property wbioh yai,r 
 
 , , '. s wl o .leei.le.l in avour of tbej^. ^^^^^..^^^ .^"V' laments : ho lanientsstill more tha,„„- 
 • r:io,havint: '^"'Y'ilkct-w, wasreject.a petmoter^^^^ ^,,^ j^„,^ f i„, ,f ^,„„ 
 
 ; „„P a can.li.latc lor r'3-eH^cii.)>>. ,,p .-,„ on. incnsc po^^ -r • , r„,ical opinions, ami m tl: 
 
 :; r vote of tbo POOPI^- » ;■ , £ from the has K-- .^ S.tions in'lhe ( .1.1 Vo,H 1. 
 
 i?u,ri,H has not provi.le. lot ""„,,,„t\vvc.luce.l enimiesoiiri appeal to hbtory.aiil t, 
 
 Sueii. Hs!un,n.nt^a^b-K«^l>,,,,..„as smj^m 
 
 hv .lebtors of the banks, to ^M>o ' , „„„t oiu u Americans who boast to hiv. 
 
 'Merits «e>h hu.vi"f? then, "I' ",;;,;",• their debts, '/om the fe v. J ^j^,,, „,■ ^.e Old Wotla, l.v. 
 , Mltn into the banks m.l ha .^ ^^^ Pro- 'Xs\Jl"a"ed its crimes. A great nat.o,,,,!,. 
 
 "'T'l-cxas has "^"'f "««\^;,^^' of settling! >\« "„^^Sn'"'ler foot all earthly tyranny, h 
 fuiug by her o^vn >."\- f^^ iv 'rec.,s->i''i"t.' ^'f l,?tvo""a fraud as enormous as ever. 1-" 
 aeh^ott the pnncn e^_ot on y eost _thc bomWh^jUtyo*^^,,,^, ,, ^„^^^ 
 
 ,;7tiuit is, of settUUB Vr 1 T^nninlim'uiider toot all cariu.ynrann>,!ia,s 
 
 '/ 1 V teoL'nisiith' the trmpl'"" enormous as ever .UsRraoM tht 
 
 ■ ■ V ,5/co-^t the bon.l-Unultyo nxi^"" ^ ,j^j^jn;^^,,,„, 
 
 rn:.mnt .hich- th.^ ^'^^^^ Operate a very -ors W.n^ l-n^^^^^^. ^^^. .^ ^^^^^,^_^^^^^^ 
 
 1,.dilors-a princqdc ^^l^"''' ;', ' ^„iy a part of ", ^ " ,,i,i!/cns excite, wherever theymaye, 
 
 ro t reducti.)u of its'maRnit ud^ J>' > ^^-^^^^ ^'"""=Zp .ns that thev bcl.m<,r to a .l.»l nei 
 
 ^r -ndlKd.lers have s.«^^^ Federal t..erec.Je~ 
 
 "000,000 .loUavs paid to ^'^^ ^tcd by ^-^M ^'^'"'1 Europe ; and this mark is tixt-.i hv ikr 
 
 . • s at..d.' , , ,„,,,,ie statement ; b«t 1>— ttee^ea"e to see and proud to roci.. 
 
 "'tIus is not a very "^^'^Ve States ^vhich 1"^' '"r. "^^ Slec^t of serious concern to y.j 
 
 At;,.l,;cnn Illinois, and tlio>e ^''. ,, „ pavment 'It i^.^„" ^ „ „ve losini; a 1 that power utok 
 
 ^, fsucU nelYc'tual Ptovi^ion J-J^^^^J ^.p.pt tif.oner tlf > °«^^^;,V^, „i^ced that yiu ,.n....i 
 
 •"heh debts, have since been m. «« ^ f 'A-V^lltpmf voTl the' aik of human In,.,.. 
 
 Sd&£^-^^ -S^^raS.r= i :viyi.:| , 
 
 .ufior n-. Mi^'i'l^^'in^'- ^^° „n it of repu.liation. spectacle, to st J ^ , •',^.,,0^ „„ contract ri. < 
 
 I iieneration. i our pc""""" "' • ,;„; ^^m; 
 
 an.l vepu.liate.l ''V f \!';\,f Pennsylvania a sum mauK , United Satesarno^ J 
 P«'i^'':!-rtri~"ofso,nep.iblieimi^^ 
 
 ^^';:e;dj^^rio; J^^'p^sjlvl^i a-s^on 1 ma.kin J il^S^^VrSSSj 
 P'^>\ (f-- :^' ;::• 'J^n.rha.meu tUe result 01 war, | a"*^;,- «ii„,i„, table J.v<.^a^£^! ,„■«] 
 
 
 enemies ; if it had n"«en^;y;:'™.„,ent applicatic oi 
 
FUNDS 
 
 Countries 
 
 Kut^fnn Emfilrp 
 "•m^k-ri (annu.iO - 
 \l^TW^y - . , 
 Itrniri.irk- 
 
 Kfuiiui • 
 n'(it*nt>iirp 
 
 1I.U10TW • 
 
 Mriin»wiik (f-r " je.ir>) 
 I Hivarl I (annii.'ilj ' 
 I >hxoiiv iiintial) 
 
 Ui)rtt'jnl<T;:(('.ir.1 
 
 lij'lril ifor i U:\r-i 
 j y. ti-umi Ht■^>t•(.ltlml.ll) 
 
 iiurni Heue(iiiiiiudlJ 
 
 Holi.inii - . 
 I Ui'Igiuin • 
 Knnre ... 
 
 j l'onui{.it - - . , 
 
 Spain diiil BaleuiJc Island; 
 
 >«;Uiridti(l - 
 
 .Auiirid ■ 
 i Inly - . 
 I <lriTce • 
 I Turkev,eni|ilre(»' - 
 
 InimlSuii-sjVeareiitJt':! 
 June, TO) . 
 
 Iln/J - . . 
 I ihiii . - . 
 
 rniie^l KiriiTijor.i . 
 
 (for .accurate iiiforniatiun on (hcdobts ofx-nW^ 
 
 HI^S. J„Comrncrce,theskins\/.& 
 naIscovered,to-thomostl)a^^,^vitIUI c i^^^^^^ 
 
 into a H,rt of leather. Furs moJZ!J^''?^''^ 
 
 Mlk.„d oiliorhat. i,ralbi ten.; 1 "''"'''"'' "<■ 
 
 1 i;^^ o>„,,|ovuK.at iu this way, a ur^'S,f,"'Tr'''"' 
 
 nou- mud, scarcer than fb me i,..j'^' "'""«■'' 
 
 the„,id(ilc.a«e,i or yhmg a ",n^ ^c;1]p 1^" !f "^ 
 I vcr. IS most cslcomc | T t is (?, ' ; ' ''"'^ ^<'''»- 
 land takes tl,c bes Ivo ^ 'h'"'"' ! "'ostglo.ssy, 
 
 Ifmcll ivliic!. adheres to T'l ^^ "°P^'^-'>sant 
 
 Wii Canada. The fur nf f)>n „, ignited States 
 
 p(a dbinuiivc s "c ies of bSr''-"'" "'"* 
 h vast quantities f om m,r ni ^ '^ imported 
 hrica which al u,X P°/''=?,r "» "> North 
 i^ntities of otter .ims"i-,r;y'\^-"'"^"'"''We 
 |pall.v brought (roTLtZrt"Vr "'■'"- 
 
 K!KthlSp^,i:■^'«''^tI^otol. 
 
 l-'i'bjfot, I should divide fhrr ^ '? '"'^« wi 
 |ief 3 classes. '"^ *^"« '«i^e into 2, or 
 
 K; aminSiaLr'""- «'•«*« "^ 
 t" 'r™^«'«ie } ofS'' (".""^'Paily num- 
 
 Jy from each other )„• ''""*'' ^'"O-in? so 
 tl'-c, that to m t per omi, 1"""'-^- ««lour, 
 ► produce of so manvrff '''"'^ ^*'°"W appear 
 I fhese lamb sSa 'Soh" V!=''' "f"'"' 
 V'"''?' and are ev ryC"'"' '" "" P"'« 
 jf^.in particula I ^ consumed; but 
 k^"^»"dr mint Zf'^ P«rt of tll^ 
 tP»lMd,EastPrusi H„n°"'' ^^"'''^ "' 
 fc*-; In Russia aSdSrr-i^T^;'- °''^«°»"«' 
 I™ various other anln,„i '"^'^ climates the 
 
 h «f «tud u'ecS^ ""'y ^ considered 
 r^-ndclass,vou,di^-a,easurofonnpart 
 
 i'UlJ TRADP 
 "ftlicfirst.asitnk,. "-» 
 
 ^'«''it .""./ fash , r bZ",?^*^' [""^vbich ,bn..„.I. 
 
 i ut the demand for the 'b.s '' '"'"'"■'' f'"-"- 
 
 I'at inakin^^ were beaver " ^ 'l'' ''"■'' "^'-l 'i'l' 
 ;: re, nnd rabbit: bu eac.b'o-r ' ""'"'• "'"" ' 
 
 ;;^;}!"' Ameriia'^X ™, '° j^"^f " I---^:^; ' n 
 '''«cront |M.rpo.ses, 1,0 „"';;/ V'° "'"" ''^ "•^'■'1 l-r 
 »'• cut (.sl.on,) as a Sn? / ' '''■''•^"' "-^ ••• l"'ltn 
 f'c '.red and ,ro,«,r. ?/'"■'',['"•! "•"• if well m.ir,?,: 
 
 ■^. lj"<lcnhe3rdaii,II . 1 ■^'""''•"' Purposes. 
 !liosofurs,vlucb,tJm 1 ^'''''fs''""^ 
 
 "■h in oxl,,S„. SS;' ;»;'<"'■ »f m«.l n ?• 
 
 •™rt.™,i,. i„ £ ,■;.;« «ii «i u.o„, „,,„„,;'"; 
 
 ;Y PI'lics recei^■ed. Tlie In h "i^" o*" ^^"'aller 
 
 q'.'fl'-y, an,| coiseq en t M " :'"^ »"'cr. Tl, e 
 }vill dilfer every ?oa""^;/''° P"cc, of n>anv f, -^ 
 ""(.ossiblc to ftaie tbn T"''' '^^ compJete ly 
 Fticlesoffurs.tlc ra<leL- ""P "'' '''e di ffoi-e/u 
 
 Fourseofatwelye'month ,1; ''"■ ^''"'- i" ' e 
 '^".cspaceoflnCh;-''"'^'^^-*^'-''! "'Stances 
 
 ('^S:'K'^fcS'S-3-s ran. very bi,b 
 
 par., vcly yory sc^'ce „m n '■"'" "' '''" '''"csoonV: 
 -, ' The chief supp 03 Vnoi'V'"""'"'' '"ffli price 
 R«-a(partieul.Vth'I -f.«L«r^^^ 
 
 I|»f a (i^ni.d!;?^-;^'-;;"- are recKt;:::n^ 
 Pii-e) and fi-om .Vorth J\.w '' K"'^ °^ ^^^t em- 
 countries product very K.^^^^^^^^ But many other 
 aud tliouffh we il^L '"'I'"''"'! and useful furs- 
 Ameriea..\';;o^e^^„7^f indebted '^ Asia ^ ^• 
 quantity. Africa an 1 A s ..;i-''"'-^ considerallo 
 portance to the fur trnVn '^"^ "'^ of little i, 
 
 .e.V furnish but fe y^ar'tiel; '"''"V'^"'- sit J^tion 
 less. From the former « of' "",'' consiuno stil 
 «k.ns (the most be™ f7of h'^P^''^^"" f^r 
 theo«/^ production of the In,/ ^* ^V<^cks), while 
 tb's, however, is never ,11 ''''" " "'« kangaroo- 
 consumed by leatESrs^n t'' '''"^Scinctty 
 sake of Its pelt. "^'••''scrs and tanners for the 
 
 -ver^lS e™S of ^f '^f^^' 'I-crc arc 
 in variouscountriesdoaL 7"^'' standing, who 
 Among these, the ir,u.£ •'''^""''tof bus ness 
 
 .''■ ■J.il 
 
 ItJ 
 
 
 ;»:■ ;i 
 

 PUR TRADE 
 
 ' — , , » vorv nuniPTi'iis cataviin, if 
 ^vestofMontroal. A ^^'■. ,. . 
 
 
 03" , ,1,0 iirodviCP ot v""^ Uve, »w>y ,;"""■; oIiLnlu' Sup.rid'r. "wlivvc u,.v 
 
 ■iiiurcil ill tlip veninic 
 ,„„.t those WHO i--^,;; ^,^ . ,„,,,,,, ,i„-, ,„,, 
 ,a\,li^hmenls, trmn N^ ^^^ ^^^^ ,.,,.„i, nn.l «V,„, 
 
 they, ut the '«;':: ;^ i,,„i i„ ,l„. ,rail.. W. 
 of the various nrtKKs^J_^ „,• ,„>. UlUsinli,.. 
 ^.l,,,,oyNya;., ou^ j^^ ,,^, „„, „f tl,.. ,»<,>t .ii-tmi 
 
 uees aiul cxi.orts f"^;;;"^P° ,cnUy ^hc "^'""'.^''i ate in'»iX«l"'^^',l*.cren"t materially a,lV„.,t; 
 
 This trade ^vas fir- Ko„troal, and corisistcd ^^ ,,,, Maje. y « c^^^^^ 
 
 .,t'u^ at tii.obec «"*;. J '^^arnts anttnmutu.vi, „,on terms, oitlielan^jF ^^^^'^^ ^.^^ ,J 
 
 "t". r 
 
 tcction required "\S»''>,^(;.ate traders have ex 
 ,,,\*rd hostlitywhuh P"; ,. .^ compniiy'V'f 
 
■ i 
 
 FrSTIAN 
 Til.' fiiM from mir Xorfli .AnipriMn colnni^^ 
 „,:,rly all impor'cl l,y tl„. IIu,lso"s £ ! P ' 
 ym: f.v whmn ilicy ,ire soj.l at p.il.lio s,,i,„ "" 
 
 (lima IS one of flic Ijpst niarlicts for fur, ' " ri 
 l;„v.,.-.Americaii iMir (.'..mpaiiy ,vcrc i.i f I,,, i,;:,,- ',?■ 
 ciminir a ivMisnlcrnhlc quaiitit v of tlip f,,r^ , ' 
 
 1 ill Kaiiibdiatka a,i,| Wiiat «vis sl^l^!^' ■ 
 
 ■ HsflC (Ger. Koll.ho?^, fustiok ; Dutch ^wl 
 iM,t:Ir.liois,|a.inc ,le JJrc.sil; Ital. o.^no' hll , 
 llraMlio; Sp. palo ,loI lirasilaiaril/or The i^ ? 
 01 n^pecie. of n.ulhorry {Man,, tiMulVy 
 in;,n mn<t parts of .Soutli America in tho'l^n-?''; 
 Suio. and tlio IVcst In.Iia Islaniis ' Jt ° h"''"'' 
 and haiid-omu tree: and the timlio^ ♦;, , '"'^° 
 ..,t oilior ,lve-woo<is. britde or nl tee-.","^ 
 .'finicrcl, 1. hard and stronc'. It « v^rt „ I '''^' 
 Hvdy „.c,l as an inRredieut ?„ .he ^efn^. ^^^ f"" 
 loiv, and ,3 largely imported for that pSSsc. ' Of 
 
 ^--'to'l States foWios Au' ;'", ^^"'"' »'• "" 
 !'.' the London mark,, ih n t .'"'''. ''''"*• '"'"•'> 
 
 [•'0 latter bein^'a £ " A r'-'""'"' "' "''' '• o 
 f"'-nier is a sm;,! r ^^ ^'"oncan tree, ,vhil,. ti,, 
 
 P«lly exported from VLt '""'i-''^' ^"" " Prinei- 
 'n the Morea rV • ^"""'" ^•'^'•'"nlsaii.l P ,«: 
 
 '""rdants are u.se | -, verv-^"'''' ^^■^"■" I'roper 
 conveniently stowo L ^ Permanent. Jt ';. 
 
 lonKth without i, iurv Onl ' ° '"'"'''•'' of anv 
 'f t.i,s species of .^^c,^"!^ ■■""■■'» T-mUit - 
 fluctuates considerably ""P^^ted. Its price 
 
 t 
 
 S^Sf^S^^I-lTtf?^- 
 
 |dir..v,thoi,,ii in these r'espects i has latteriv b""" 
 liniioli improved. Pon ^unnowrl f-! „ '""erly been 
 1:^.""" to S0,000. Tifo fade of h r°'"?' *" ''™"» 
 
 Wdon by Gn=ck „ ant^VuT w-t.'-''*'=?^ 
 Ba^tfewvears, various Fim- li, „' i"'/.^"'"n "»« 
 hhavef„rai;i e.stabli h £ k t"' Tho^T"" 
 fc WEJerabJe distance inland CnU ^""^^^ «' 
 Mmlm for becomin"tl e por?o?th.'n"' i*^" 
 mmnt, however, it is 1 it ln%^i 1, ^ I>anube. 
 r-^l'U.ivia; Ibrailaorl] I fl ^^'''''^'^ P"" 
 ^t<n„la„d, lioiff the port Slv«n°"f •^- '""''^ 
 imraerciai importance of^the,„ ;^«""chm. The 
 
 l|k^Da„,,beiueso,lviVomtheTrn'y"A*°''<=«'' 
 lie ill im. Prcvion'l Tf^ / "^"'-Y^^^'lrian- 
 ^'Principaiitl^'ta. d'l:'jP£ "- ^/-'e 
 
 f/i'o restrictions, and was nrin^f^ n ™°?' ^P" 
 t '•'"'!• But all articlorof P""<='P«Jly carried on 
 
 t bo frcolv export deitlr.''" P'°''"'=« ""ly 
 tin? moderate S 'J^L^T l'" "' ^■''""- «" 
 1^'". for tho most nirt 1 "'?' °" '"P'«3 
 ^ The probabU ty'^' i'TP-^^t'^^ly mider- 
 7 1.1,! ,, V'. '""CM. seems to i,„ *i... 
 
 G 
 
 I unequalled by those if 
 
 «iir-.v.tho,Minthesere,n„t.:fV:!'.'."..'^".''t and, countries o„ iS banks 'bl't ""' ""^^ely "o tie 
 
 ■E.rjmit.1 and Inworli —Tir^i i • 
 «'e very producti ^ o^Tn/es 'r''""/ ^^«"«cl.ia 
 of com a,Ki eattie. ^Tho hirf. nV"^ '^'"'"'»' "^"'h 
 irance, Italy, and Pn^^ ,^ ' P'^'ees of corn in 
 gave an extrao^dL. ^ ?"'"' '" ^^^C and 18 U 
 
 trade of GaSa'Sf'"'?"^ '" t'^^ expor^ 
 from both ports in IS47 „ ^''^''-^"Ports of wheat 
 than 57(),9V8 qiarterf «m«"uted to no fewe^ 
 87o,(;oy/.; 'tijo exports of TnH-"' °» ^o"-! 'hf; 
 sameycanvero9'f7 79A .''"'° eorn 'lurinc- th? 
 and amon„. the' othef e^S w' ^'"!' ^'^""^ IsS.? 
 quarters of barley, and 42 Oof) T? ".^°"' 320,000 
 a vanety of inf^ior Vticles Th '^ l"''''^^' ^>th 
 of the exports from the twl, ^-^ '°'»I value 
 2^/'?'" '-"""""ted to the ve^rf ? ''"'""« t^« 
 iSl'^'-';'- -'-^ '''^O"* t: tTirtee"-,^^ 
 
 Tlic pro abU tV ndePd''-""''^'='y ""^'er- 
 Kvthian Xile,> ^T^t no J^ ^a^'^ ^""•^d, 'of 
 
 h.» llrst-rate en porium hI'-"'""' P"'"" 
 PanaandlVallicbirfrl^;.. \.^ rescuing of 
 rf been of £ /X »f ^ 
 
 H that they niTiv never n^'^V'""^ '' " to 
 
 >1" intercourse by mean, ^/'«'*J'«hment of 
 r»Jienna and GalaTand h'"™ ''^''^'^'' 
 I *M, with Constantin'>ni *^""=''' ''^ H'e 
 t'* done a S l„t ""f '^'rebizond, 
 r ""f- to introSuee a l' "?'' 7 " «v«0^ 
 H the vast and fertile h?V "^ ''"P'^^^" 
 R« traversed bv the Kuhi''"^'".'^'''*^*^'^' 
 |f Its course fi,„" ^"pube m the lower 
 
 and "ar'll?i'^i:t,tl'Vt:t"^'^'> - P-t,y hard 
 being ?enerall,t a, ' * J„7 yf " «go, very -^fZy, 
 from its being ke t in n;?« ,'"^ ?" ^''"I'v smel 
 Latterly, however it ^^'1' '^"^ »" the ground 
 and the'finerTar^V 3 „^w «:; T^"" ^P""""" ^ ; 
 (^e>ioa, and Leghorn with n fr \"' ^larseilles 
 oi the price of Odessa whea In ?«ro'" * P" «ent 
 8fi.l40 quarters of Wann.),- ^^^^ ^^'•''"iported 
 wheat, with no fewer E S^/'l"' r ^^"'''avian 
 In later years the r„.„I,.-i ''r'*''I^ do. Indian com 
 
 «hed. l/isoVfl e^pt ^of r^':'^™'^'^' ^^-n^^^^ 
 c vt., and of Indian com fiof Jo'*'"' "^^""^ 141,181 
 V'nces fatten large he dg^V^^^'"'- ^"'^ P™- 
 
 toldavia, which annual ;. en/,' P^^^'^^Jarly 
 the Austrian states rlii "^ ^''•'at numbers to 
 qoantitics, its annual ^^o7 '"?-^ ^ ''"d in larg^ 
 
 "iu mese lew years the 
 
 1ll 
 
 t4' 
 
 4M 
 
»1 
 
 •il 
 
 1% 
 
 
 -,a.-r 
 
 ,Ue barb^- ,^^J^ value of t - -l^^Sy ,».rt. 1 «j=;^»^^ Xe at tUo ™tra,re ... 
 pnrtof ''■%'^?,' •:;„ at present a**''" V' y^,,, Uciwer on tlie sout tnu-y lias l».'ii ;■:! 
 
 ^"'"•^^ ?"«nO m a-vcar, of vhioU ";""■.''';';„: river ; but though' «J^«j^.„„^ ;„ Anou-,,..;.. 
 
 *?r",t'i X; it in -tlun,' to jl^Ut cr 1 ^^^_ 'l^r^tZn -» the bar, i,uo V:..: 
 BidevaWc «\ '»''l\;evc eiviUaation to nUKc ; i^^^^jj Btationca j . . , 
 
 consulcrable proh ,j^g Austnnn .j^^j^ "1"^,^ aI.L mrrcnt is somttimo-vr' 
 
 
 burden. ^ Ho Cntlie shore, varies .rom 10 to ^^ "^''f '*'' rCoN'STAST.N.ii'U. . 
 
 ^^^';;r''ll 'fi^trrai,^ llle^^nrWifi tUtSrC: l^l^? S?vi.- ana ,.- 
 vcar and the direction of '^^' ^ by tlic cur- Ac ^i ^^^^_ ^,.^^ 
 
 lriSoutoftl^d.p 
 
 Turkcv, and paT"y,7ho . 
 4ind9. Butit^youWb^J 
 
 ^1.1 1 
 
O \ 
 
 MoTTing places, and the rates in i««-> 
 
 noted :- '" ^^*''' weru as 
 
 ifrt/cj of Exchanrii: 
 
 ''l;>- l'.ir. 
 
 . ? 1' = I florin 
 
 H /■ ^ ' ni.irr It.ii 
 
 The Gala. I |,i«,tre hn« ^o p.,ra^ ' ""''" 
 
 Vienna 
 
 OALACZ 
 
 f" .'..no I«.J.l ,hov m:;r:,!'i''''' ^•''^>- vrrv nn„.|, 
 
 . ... >.«.«. I |,in,ire n,,. 40 p.,ra». ' 
 
 r,iy,/,/,,-GaIaczaii(nijraila, 400 ,ir„ i 
 "ke. ■Ilokes = Ioantar. ^"" t'raeiitn.s = l 
 
 .l/ra.«tfrfj.-(;.ilaozamlIbraiIa on i 
 k'l.). TI,o kilo of (Mlacz to that"of n '"'""'^n=l 
 
 A« » - ... 
 
 '• roar th,.y nwc fT ,"'.";'• , '" «'"' <-"ur.s,. , ; 
 
 I'acz fo IIollan,i.:i"u ,>,/'"■'"■•' I"t last /r,.,,, 
 J"-i^'^ -alhmS.?t'v:::!l'';''>'V':^ Por..ont. i. 
 
 ?=l"'r.cd, and con" 4 i, "I,'''!'' "■"^^•'"'"*.l. c- 
 
 CMmnt„,oro,.dation,iros^S 
 
 perlormed nrcvioiwl,. f '*tnctiy rn orccd mil. « . 
 
 "otn, but esncciallv I«m . i "* """i'''o,and 'iro 
 sian f i.ii„„ ... , "• . ^"e.varesii ,i<.,.f ... .1 .. ^'' 
 
 *S „ 
 'I „ 
 
 "*»kilojofGaldci 
 Ifi'iokwlinieed . 
 
 - l"lfuml„rvii.„,„, 
 
 - I jiuil of Ru„i., 
 
 ~ ilV,'"'"'""')"- 
 
 - MA luTloMin, 
 
 - «»"clielwi.r|s„f(),w, 
 
 - 1 Inilirrlal ur. 
 ^ i hwiolirre 
 
 .,- -1 ""pi'iialiiri. 
 
 i'Uiil 
 
 -'il 
 
 ■lr«;« 
 
 Toiji 
 
 fci,,„ . "'""°«=-'^i'o«edfrom 
 
 
 f"'^'^^ produced !a?h>dSc^^i'>«vah, 
 
 la' ''»'••'" Piislrc 
 
 71 " 
 
 Kilos_u^, ,hi,i,,„| *• 
 »'"y on kilo, 'J7u''rJ'"'' 
 
 t' kilo "?" l""-'-l"»i.«, (ij paras 6 
 
 l«ra, liT t'"''l""B on kilos U7u @ 
 '^S'?/, "." '•">.""« kilo,- u;o 
 
 """se, i jjirtm,!. 
 
 ''jllxiocca 
 Ptrocca 
 
 r^"'^-'»%.oin:,i,,,,; 
 
 P'"''>"f,iOi;„M, ■ 
 
 Mr'ilair if^ 
 P^'w.iilra !•) 
 
 LIS 
 
 3fS 
 55i 
 
 •Kito.lifi^ii'i^ 
 -I'alaczpia.C" 
 
 »Vhen the crain Jo u- ' 
 
 ;varehouscofthese]ler &''' direct from h.^ 
 
 .-•t 
 
 "':'li 
 
I 
 
 
 r I 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 '•: 
 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 
 G.VLACZ ^^,^^^^^ ^.^^ KuHtohuk on il,. 
 
 'srE;>.s?:rHHES'yK^ ' "•' ' 
 
 * ^, I. ,.r win*; 
 
 in the lV<.r IHti^- 
 
 N»iion»my 
 
 [■ AH"'*""' Xi'.Snt Minmen ; 
 Sleani iiiickf" 
 rnni*'' . " . ■ , 
 
 (irwlt - ■ . • 
 
 Hannverl.in 
 
 1 DuK'h • ; . - 
 
 Ionian 
 
 Italian , - 
 
 I M ■ckltnl'"'!' , , 
 Ji-ulo.Wall.>cl».>n 
 
 ^m■Wl■XlaI^ 
 
 Oldwilxi'K " . - 
 
 I'eruvian • . ■ 
 
 Steam iiackei* ■ 
 
 I SamM - " . - 
 
 1 st-rvian 
 1 Swedish 
 
 Turk'i->' „ ,, ,,; J stalci 
 1 An"""''"'' ^"" 
 Total 
 
 ■ ., ■„, 7 f,r MliUl-.Kin-, ""ii""i"i>"'i iiii 
 ;T ; Iix'l l"»" ^^''"''^ l"t«-nl.:,:„l 
 
 KuMH.t-'./^l" '- jtl..^ llla.k Sou vial.l.M- 
 v.Moh.iH ',',',, ,r,,,i.. of ( iiiliu:/.. 
 
 " .1 v.lii." of til" I'ltimr \iniii;fMm.i''!. 
 
 "'^',"^1;;, nf the. MiiiHftc.-ThPtc iA a p^at 1;^- 
 
 erevancy "\ '"^^ .• [.,,aniuls l.v which ite HvJ, 
 to 'l'^""":''! ten i. to thf- EuKino. (Lin, 
 
 '''''''''\, ^f o^i^s.^ ^ t '.il m,..M..,,, ., Lo M... 
 
 ties allirnum! ^ f*^'; '^t„ ;ui,.,vc,th(«a. ..y 
 
 mouth, nntivi"^ clmnnels of inferior mvfi- 
 
 ''^'^"•'oMWiXtw at least, arc .till nv,r. , .U 
 nnco, of ^^ '"'," V-.tljni, mouth. In antiinitv & 
 
 most Boutiicny ^j nav.Kati»n,anuTU 
 
 suited for the P"n (CeUarius «( .«?'"•) 1 
 
 thence cf '^''^;^ '^'oTo Avondcrcl at, th.;.i=!he| 
 It is not, »"'^\''\,\' ?,rvc.ryKrcatAat,;o..Ud| 
 eourse ol «'' 'rPin",.; cluuinels .,f H.o n ' 
 
 ""!-\ v.^U state; ^ ■ -^; 1-^5, 1 course '^l^^^^^^li^,. dwimels .,f H.o nv.r. It 
 
 V,864 the vessels .ere 3,330, X^'^^^ f^Z^O^^ 
 
 ^^^''^^^' . • 1 Articles Exported from 
 ^'-^'^'^'-'K^I^^i^^^^ 
 
 ' ' (lunntltiM 
 
 -etnsprobaWeUiatn^^^;-;- 
 
 cm channel o^ V ^^Va ami the lake IM«4 
 Carsum, now I ^^J' ,;;„",^,„ieato. with th- ta] 
 
 there frtainly v.as ^ ^^ ,„ ,-,„ 
 
 pointed out Cn Amm , ^^_^ ^^.^ ^^^ 1^ 
 ^nctenne, torn. 1. V. "';^ j.j^Uli, „„„,b,d 
 more to the south than tuc ^^^^ ^ 
 
 which the Oxlium *«"^,"'i,"vetlictetctal 
 
 identified, it would ^^}''^^^,,^,,,, «k j 
 
 the distinction of hemh J • .„ ^f 
 
 latter. This channel «'•%;" ^v„strianOot8 
 
 open, and it is stated that tn ^ 
 
 Xnt has senously ^J «;';'^^ benodJul.* 
 
 niaking ^^ ^.^'^^^ed, t vould be of n-uc j 
 
 if this could l^ f ^^''"' ,,ith Hun^'an- «1| 
 
 portancc to the trade am ^^ ^^^ „,„ I 
 
 countries on the ."PP«' /';..,, naripi«l 
 
 rterially Bljort-''^/S"a^ ,M 
 facilitatniR the tran= t 0^ H ^^^^^^, „,^ 
 
 from the I^»'^^,'?'?'nposc formidable oM 
 the sround is said to oppost 1 
 
 the c<m'truc1.on of a canal_ ^ 
 Navigation of he Danu^'^ .^ ,^, 
 
 which the wn'»crt«^'"Kj^*^fcation bet»«n1 
 much so, that^he commumm, ^^^^^ J 
 
 and Constantinople (Pf ^^j^j ;„^,,,. ft4 
 byTailway)isnowweUmnta^^ 
 
 1 Steam Company, ^P''^'*^ „' Ky ftartm-'l 
 
 latter being m l^^'^much increased smcc itsjnv | 
 
 Its importance has m 
 
 rwt- 
 
 (fallons 
 
 cwt. 
 
 . itumber 
 
 i,r,»r, 
 i.iii-' 
 
 fi,3.'>li 
 8,.')li7 
 
 IS.lllll 
 
 snti.s'i'", 
 8r.,H47 
 
 l,U(i 
 20,'J81 
 ftRS,612 
 
 r,8,i if> 
 i.in.vio 
 
 117,11s 
 
 l,6'iK,91U 
 
 17,771 
 
 101,11s 
 
 •«7 
 
 1S9,.W* 
 
 1 ,'i79 
 
 l.-)C,i79 
 
 cwt. 
 iralui! 
 cwt. ' 
 fialloiw 
 
 Rn,.'i»() 
 
 SSJi.S''* 
 a,l!IO 
 6.351 
 
 131., i«S 
 M,77; 
 
 JE36,6W 
 
 ib'.isi 
 
 271,910 
 49,H'29 
 
OALANOAL 
 
 r, SovmUr) : Vienna t„ iv„|,, ,,„„ , OALLli'orj 
 
 ,r.«,ln,,'hv nulH-av t,. Varna. C'..n.,(an.i;„ ■'"""'''• ^' "ilmc ri^ , ■ , '"■, •^'"'"«', m„r , . 
 
 k.,Hrm,v.r.,MVi,.,,M,u.,.' ,,1 in.,,,,., ,•„ "'''•'■ t^^.u^". •;.'','; ':'''•'' "'MMni..,. / ;' , ? 
 
 !,;;''i'!,« ■''':' W'^> '/I":";'"'.-.,! i„ i.,,, „,„„ ; ; - 'f-.n ti„. si,„r..s or „ V . r',""""'--v Mvvt,- Z 
 
 LHliro M iKiiv (INCH) lir.s, ,,|,„,,. •yv; 
 i;il».iit l.,/.)i Mn.nd pla.',., ||| /|„ri|,J 
 
 Th,' iKni>,';ili,.n .,/■ iLi' Daniil)!- tn-'nton,,, 
 mUumaU'W i„(,.rn,,„..,| /Wr „|„„-,t r,,;" ''" '-^ 
 Irnictii l)rcia'(,\a nn.l (ilailova, |,v rnrl,! ",' 
 
 m.uiii ./Mill,,!,, ,1,1,1 (,l„||,n.„ I... I 
 
 .av.rtiilcatarart.n.ll.Ml (lui ' ficn-af • '' 
 
 M:l,y of HMnarkr, at H,.MM,,MUIh.Hin,,,,, ,,■,,; 
 l;"m,in cinpiiurs Irajan, alivo t„ „i| ,1,, , , "" 
 .-I, I.. .I.riv..| lr„„, tho casvrmv^^l/ "".^ 
 
 •..™ktu..i.i,h.,.aii„,i,,.f^:X^;;;;.o' 
 
 li ft r,i,i,l, (,r toMiii,..,,,,,),. „i, ,,,. .,, 'h"' ",^ 
 
 
 
 :li.MrHrks. It has Imtu propnso,! - "VK-nm 
 
 Jift'uliio* 111 llif nay „C tlu! navi.'aii,,,, h., . 
 
 "lin^r 111. .1.1 l!„„,a„ n.a,,, a. ^'| ,^,Sj'';'"- 
 
 diiiii(lconli-i„„i. t., it. Huf it r r.^^^ ^ ° 
 
 , :l:at ,iit,.in|,t.. t., i,M,,r„vn (li , n, vi i •'''""'' 
 
 .„n..am.os, an; ,.v,.„ u,Wrnbly m ceo ',7" 
 
 b.ti,r way, iin.l„„l,i(.,llv, w.,iii;i I, „, 1 -l ' '"' 
 tiahl... to ounstii„t a inleral canl'l " '\''™'-- 
 
 I «1'W> "'"I'l not „nlv ar„l.l,l,„ .„"..*." l."'""!<n, 
 
 li^ m,.i,it i.sn™r r«3''a';:^°!' ^^■^'«N™/'«^i ?^X'!in.''r'«'"^'i"''- />/ 
 
 
 ^.>"^^ark,jd •;,,/ henr^T" ""'' Nurem- terns h.fn '/"I^P"'' *' '« dra",i off fl- " ''u*'" ^^e 
 P.J«abovejiui£ 'n "''^atKellhcimJme t " "^ "'"■' «"• "kins, wh^h V™"' '^e ci.,- 
 |»«'frbaiBbg^;/.J«d.stance between' /^Icd tf"!° ''^'^ «''°^«/^v^o eV^.^'t^f "'» 
 
 . 1' 
 
 .h, ,1 
 
GALLS 
 
 'I > 
 
 •vtl 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 I I 
 
 ! 
 
 GALLON 
 
 ,ullH,n.swat.v; >ml "•^^^'^^^^ ^,,.,,,,.1 ,.„t .•...'.-• 
 
 V..H..1S of ••"";"''■'• '',,K. ^l>ot -f •>»• '""' • 
 V.U.iu I.Hs tlmu \';;f,, ,,,osl.or.-,m"..r;vi>l 
 
 tlHir l.ea.lH lo tlu- N • V ■ ' ,. „., ,,,„„,. 1 1>. 
 
 nml'^ iixtiru iii Imi > '"','' .:,,,, ti„; lomln is » 
 Sva-'^'- •"-"V'";i;.;;, .' ':^,:.t f...o vanl. 
 ,,,i,-„l rM.U at t|- " '^|',.„ivalHmtfr.m...<. 
 
 7 iwa ^vut'T-, a'" -'^ ", i.,v,m1 liy f..r«W"/^' 
 
 t'Sw:>=' ^HrK'i „H,..,,... 
 
 „^ it would iK- ot J^^."' ^"i^ ., a.,wu III «">"" "f 
 t>.« i-ort, uiul thouj^U 'y"-, ' ",, i, that none nuch 
 
 t 'cUans of tV- «-\ ; ;\ ' 'n aUer <m the 
 really exlHts, nor »'' ^'^'",,,,,^.f inlands Letwcfn 
 
 slan.l! '!■»'«'« ";;.^''l,i land. 'llK'rc U d...p 
 
 Naples, cxcci.m.i,' ^« ""'"fof U snWno, t Htm-, 
 
 loading is n><;"«"I Ga IPol . 'I'K'^ ''«1'""V:' ^'','; -t 
 
 and (;allii...li "» /''^i-, ^ dTlVcrcncc is in the sub- 
 rottoli of clear oil. 1'"- "' 
 
 division : ViZ. _ ,,,s,^„,„,,:n.MgnM.l. 
 
 I Salmaon.-'l'l'"" ^u l'lB".'<",- 
 
 1 SI'*'"' ^",1 ''u = yi I'iunaltl. 
 1 Maloiif (i.> ■'!"' _ 1 Imp. tun. 
 
 -ii,« Pnrt Charlie; of a iridic n«tnr», iwp I'.xM 
 
 h'v. I 1-rt .liar^.- of a private nMur. .„„ 
 
 taV'f nioorii.n;, unnioorini;, di-lmr^m: .,( 
 
 r.'lt and wal.Tui.'ns or iiu.r|.rW..r« ntiM..|. 
 
 r'Ttho N.aiMditan trader^ rn,»'.r,. „o ,;il ■-, ^ , 
 ' .....riiin crowx, 1 H'V iii""r niul mm,- r 
 
 .1 .;, ,,v|i vr^Ml'l-', an(MU:"na.n.. .... I •.,„... 
 
 'Mum-, 
 
 IhJ rliarnfrt for 
 
 tlu. t* ^•••. 
 
 IMIulnH', •'V'"'"l! ' '. *• "• '■ . ' 
 
 iil.„ Jin. ' • ullii"""'"!! • , 
 
 I\1.H>TtnK ...„„(Uiui' • ■ • 1* I 
 
 Inl«lirel;''''"'«: \;u * " " 
 
 i,„d„.ij(i.<u_o'yi;;;;^;', ;, .n ,, ... „„, nw Mm. chat«rt. 
 
 not a ''^v'''\"'' ^,„v i, ,vi.h„ut any >alt jr.. 
 ■ ■' ""' en. 
 
 in J'i 
 
 r, b 
 10 VI ,, 
 
 VI T-l evil 
 
 711 "i)*Tt.ri# 
 4H l.,i „ 
 . no vrtc# 
 
 
 ,.;;';:r;si-.i-i -,'"'.'" ,,,0 «.mo .. 
 
 of Terra di Otranto. ^f vessels loading' 
 
 Gf«er<x/ ii'=";?^*"-oblS to attend at the 
 oil at Gallipoli a e obliged .^^ ^ 
 
 mcasurein. K* of " « ° J.^Xnce from the sli.m"^ . 
 'Phov rrcc' '■^■. or tneir iiut-'i"" ,n,_ 
 
 Bignedb- the "-f^SSluently, a.Urms lor the 
 sort o_f clause. "«' ^°^ t\,c oil and casks. AH 
 quantity and fl"'''^y,"out in Italian. 
 Saisof lading "^..""t rete^burK', the number. 
 In shipments for =''• / J;^'; , ^ of caeli cask are 
 
 ^4- '''^f S m .^lad^nS 'vliieh is signed by 
 endorsed on the urn < > j ^j^j^^ 
 
 the master ami sl.pero" ^^ ^^t,r signs 
 Besides the bills ot "'*'"'' ^rj^fj that a sulh- 
 recelpts in qu'^^^^SIlarb'n supplied to the 
 cient quantity of ^^o«^„ f,,i„ cargo and that he 
 Xwe?s for t»^« «t.S^i« of empty casks for 
 has received a ccrta>«^u"\j^^ ^.^ ^^ ^,^^„,^ ,i,ould 
 
 ^as»-ii^^K:^stating 
 FZt:fcS^'-""'-^f''"^'''^ 
 
 too any other ItaUan port. 
 
 anchovies. 
 
 ',!f,^'k';;;;v;X-inuiin.u..umt) - 
 
 l.aiiili ""il "'' " 
 
 Kowl. • • . . 
 
 Km« - ' . • 
 
 (■hw.li 
 
 Ciiir.i' - , ■ J „m I,, ,nothi«tle.| 
 
 'lea I viTjli.iiI. »"""""'.' > 
 
 iliilt.r(nollol»l>'nt- 
 
 wi,»(K"<H' •■"'""""'; ■ 
 
 UUiuil • . , , I 
 
 lilMcuit must be ordered, ami is inferior. '•-*.. 
 KelSiy Pt"vi'l« this article «t Nai.!e.,.i<.u| 
 
 Water! The supply lor .lM,.pmt; .^> c. «= U 
 ii„„V mid is conveniently jiut »n UiM 
 
 ' .. > I I i>v A^ me 
 
 iVVf il)N A measure of capacity, W 14 
 dr^iiu.pddarticl..c^tain^^^ 
 
 5 Ceo. IV. c.', ^ly ,iud shall M^l 
 
 rt avoSo^s .^ighf of di.tilU-a.J 
 ^ • i,t» in air at the temperature ol «H 
 Fa'lfrenhe t'B hermometer, t ic baromc. : 
 Ijanreniii.ii'o 977.')7.i rube iiiclns ar,Jil 
 
 wine, beer, »"'' fl'" ' ,(.(1 i,v licai^.l "H 
 for dry goods, '«' '"^3 ,„a a.c rtaii»ll»i 
 
 said Imperial '*'»"3'',,Sna 231 cubic W 
 
 and tbe.oUlUiif,'"'" tj ' j^ imperial fsllfl 
 282 cubic mchea. ""'''/,^^„e iii. a»H 
 
 mentioneiUnanj Actol^_^ anJ ^-"'^ J 
 S'lmi^riaJBtandardnieaaure. [«B.# 
 
 Lat. caliB-. Arab. «''f ' "Led bv the J^ 
 
 of a small "^^'^f k 1 c s o* ^*'"1 
 tender shoots of "^ fP'[,^lJa Minor, W 
 toria, Linn.) al^"?^''"" ufl havcana^ 
 &c. Ualls arc inodorous, aiw 
 
 \- 1 
 
|)i((rr m\ inlcnucly aMriiiffotit tnit,. 'ri,. 
 
 ,i,.y ar/.f « Mm-k or, loop oilv'^.., "I;:" '::'";'• 
 
 ''•"'.v niv kii,„vii 
 
 OALVBsrov 
 
 ''>y "'-"'of H„„,i„„ 
 
 fi.ir 
 
 "": "■: v , v" "."■ ""'' "''^'" ''I'l'Mir; ti,,.!,. 
 
 (iirtacPM tiili<rciilarj tli.'v iiro hoiivv l,r >. 
 
 III |>^-immMri'f) lit* tint nfi»*i.... 
 
 Iluf. 
 
 ,,, ' """ "' '"■'» a price. Tli.. I 
 
 ,wn .111.1 l.lncpill.H nrc ^'ntlnTod l«.f,ir,> il.nin-,. 
 
 ,h,..;™yn,lnro.ai,lto„,r.ra„i;u;lrot Si 
 
 mwfii colniiriiri: nmftcr. inini 
 
 l.^n^ urn ,.f .*»....» ! .» . 
 
 l-NKh tlin |,„„, ,„. ;,?,;''■''■''"•" ''"-a.! ii.,,, 
 
 i/n nil" 11 iiiiiiy irfii'fim>. llicv ni-., I. i "'''.*■ "'" Well (r,,!,, n ' 'l'ill'<i'i ol (iiilvcf,,,, 
 
 ,.mn,i.r.v. I,y tli.. uawr. „f ,. U, ", ."2'; "' r"^"^"' '"il . \- . L'"';"''''!'! "f n .list, 
 
 t,vnpiiWr,.,| till ,ii)..,- tlio i„.,„.,t |,„, ,",','"'""• """rir than ,; . Z ' •'"" ''M""".'.,!. tl„. 
 
 ,r,...ni,l,ll,lll,. ,'„ll. „r„ ,.„.l........ ■ .. • . • III"! r«t||,„„,, I,,.,; |,„,,..|,, ,"' "'V '»''"<''• .Hh.mls to I 
 
 "^•! ''"llm,,,.,; ,7,,;; ,|''" '' '.'"^-nf'l'ly «Mrl„ir i„ -, 
 
 i..rr.ii™iiiiriii^;iimriiT. I ''''"'"t. IIiosimvIm, nr.. , 1 Ir"^' *'''"""'l'l Ix'ill" ,.v 
 
 .,all^.ircofKr.vi(,importai.,., i„ thcnrt. I : r"'''"' ''•'»'' 'intlii,, »,.7 .".!! '" "'k-Ii'Ms ami 
 
 veryc.xton.,iv..|y „.,.,1 i,,' ,|v,.i„^, „ „ j^, ",'»■'"*? «"'"llv „„ ,l,„ ^ '''"'• , ' i "t l.nat . aro , ,'' 
 !Vnm.,link.„fulml, tliov f,,ri"o,,'r ''''''."'■ '' "'»t nttinnt t ' ' ' '.'' "'"I'" "'"'"I'l cm , 
 
 .ipikrciionts. TiK.yn,^ti::';,:;:: ^^;;i;-;>'' ^ pi,,„, ri.,:^ r-i^' ;■ '7 -i" .iu,'i;::^ 
 
 B..,|^,lb^'...iten;rtin,no,lifi,iP. '^"l'"'"tl.v 'il^'Mit .(,-, niiloH /r,,! v , ''o'"'-^'' '*''"''-'' -^"-"tWu'' 
 
 I r«i r .„ ..very otl,,.. a,.,l tLy m1!i' 2/ "l,:'i'; ,/''■"• ""'"' """ '^ i" ' ectLrbr''','>' "•'"•'' ""«" 
 r.™ .Vli|i|..., Tri|Hi|,, Snivrna, n i,| ,Sai I ' h 1 ' ''''''"''■' ''mwin,' morn ,^ n?'/" ^^ '''iriK.T..„s 
 m ,1,.. .0,,,™ bank „f the TiKri.s, nY,,, , .,f ^r'"'; '• -?•) «<^vcral vorv c m, - ' k/'^'""'"'^''« VV,l,\ 
 
 ..|«,.™ lylhe best of any; b.,t all | , r ' 'n''''''''"'''° '^'''''"m.ToV ,1'^,"', "'".*""" ''«>. 
 |)!iu.nMliiHlie»urr(mii,liiiL'couiitrvflr.. «,. ii > I """ A'rpnt arti,!,.^ f '"K'nial imvi«atioii 
 
 linkri.r.,Mliiv. Tlio ^alln ,,,,a w,,i/[,! r r ^">' r"''''''' "'"l other ,;, i '^ i"'"*' *^"""". Provision 
 carn.1,! ffro,,, IVrsia I vAr 1 ,''!':"''' "^^ •'""'on from mX',, '"^''■' '['^'^ «"<1 .ski," 'C 
 
 l.;e,i-. .r,!,r to incroa.sc' .heir v^ o 'i*^;'''. ""'; '^^'^'l'"-'^'' ^oo.'J.s l,ZS/.r° a.";' "", ""'' ""'"r "' -t 
 fclMnnr.l.icctcl by the .locncr bl ,n till . '"' "'"' "•"diinerv. n mil '' "FT"'""'''! implcicnt. 
 t< ikH imf«rtc,l to them, an I b'^^ tlu^l i^*' """^ . '''''^ '--a.lo ba^ ' w """^ "''"'• *«'f. '••ml 7c 
 
 '; : l''« ewt. of ffalls Mere im ,/ , • * "'""""to'l to 2,()0-' '.iJv j° '^"^^''^'" co"ntrio3 in I8(W 
 
 Mnitod Ki„.,|o,n. Of tbc o 7 oK'f '"'" "' ^'i- ''oiiiff cot o"n l:^^" •," ''l''"'' "•^"''y H'O wholt 
 
 »-t.ra t-ruiliico was low, the aveCo L,L 'r ''"!;V'"""". and the nlxf i„ • '"'^'* "'« chief article 
 |t wide as ilorivcl from thc^o smirrnfu- "M ''« ''^""winif was h^' '" 'mportanco wool. 
 Uf>:irm. After tbcso came tZ n'o,., '"'?• "'^'"'^^ ^^^t^vccn Jan 1 i2<v"'^'; ?"<=« <>( si ndrv 
 
 PLVESlorn,^^^^^^ 18<;7.) ' 
 
 .^ of the United kt»tn. J Hi 
 
 liu!l;,''"'"":'« 
 
 [i"ll«. Rio, fair ; 
 .;'■". 'ndinn, while 
 ' "ion. ,nh,dlinK - 
 Hmir, extra '' . 
 ;,"'1m. ilry 
 
 '"t.niow . 
 
 "';•.'. farollna '. 
 
 Uetwoo 
 
 litr 11.. 
 
 - fifr ,'.>i lb,. 
 
 |W 111. 
 
 I o; 
 
 I 8 
 
 10 
 
 O KlJ 
 
 / 
 
 h Wore th civil «;V°I1^- 9^°-l!'''ll"W. r'^L'^^^. United State,; [New w'l'"' "' 'l'««° 
 
 r ™«it8 close anil hna K *" S-'"c«"y in- UfClf i.^i-^'^fe'^Swl in the for>,V„ "^-, ^"'•''cl.s, of 
 r'-I^S^Ithatof'Jvi "? **.<"> estimated at 'f J'.^f ^'^^>'»5 tons, cn-aecd in m ' "'"' ''2«''' v^- 
 P-»f^'imat«l b . Ar^ a' '!?^'"?''«en 604,215 *'^ «"l^'«sto„. ' """S'"'' "' "'c coasting, trade 
 
 mmo to i;2() nnnl'"f;£°''S''l i^ames C 
 
 ^^"/a^^;Vl asT'.,,''"'''''''^ '■"r the rX;!!" '" '"''f''^'"*"'' f' 
 
 re- 
 
 ^•' -H 
 
638 
 
 GAMBIR 
 
 . 'ill 
 . iO 
 
 '": n.o 
 
 GARNET 
 
 1 f nn.l Tclaxinii, and the land too fruitful, 
 
 to P",*"* °' I'iad tbo. importafum of sUvm 
 
 i,U0 i«'^';^ "i,ably would, have btcn as rap. 1 
 and most prolmDiy^^^^ «"'"hcrn States of ,1„ 
 
 1 ^^\^.x i" the' prohibition be really cm.,-..s,l. 
 
 cmparaiiv.;,- 
 I absuriitv , . 
 
 v^-vJl 
 
 shipping, ^vith po^^' °ood security in the um of ^^^^^.^ o 
 
 TPnuirinff bond witn >" „„,r„rmancc of duties, , • _ pi; 
 
 I GAMBIR or UAMuir-iv. ^ -"p^fj-^ 
 
 
 tuture ui"!,--;- - tvinqp that SCeui 1-" "- — , 
 
 not so s'»°S"l"^rTEountrv,nodoubt,is,speak- 
 
 ^"gSeT, GARNETS ^.a 
 
earner. The ohcn-ical compo /to, Vn :"<"»'«" Pr'.cH^r^tXrM™?"''""!. ^-^ tiZbr. ^P^^ 
 i. .ilioa and alumina, with protox de of . '^'"'r ' "PP'^^J to itt Ai '",^'"'•"'^,111 i„te'!' '"'» 
 hirer ic c,.ngi,lerab](. <iuantitv. '"^ "'^ '^"". tlie SoJ.o ; i, ig^l' , *^'-- Wur,Ioch'« nnm.fi 1 " "■"•" 
 Tiie terra carbuncle is appficd fn „ and Lc^\rft' " '^a^ adopted hv^f"'"''*'"'.^ at 
 
 ,tevarecutencabochon,i Sin fntf"V' ^*'''°n A'r'at coitnn^^"-','"''^^""-, .V the lii^i ?•'"• ^'"'''P^ 
 aflat or hollo,,- base, and a smooTh^'n '' *"'' '"'''' kinnTofii """' ""'J " » nv c^n,""^' '''' "'"r 
 The Syrian or Oriental g^notf^^TuV"^'- ^^i hZ, fll " '•''^'«' 'h'^atroT a f'^'''' '" "'e 
 S™>,.therapitalofPoffu)i;CuStf"''"'l'^^'''n '-'"J^^^^^ *«• "f ^M lo "^ ""''''« 
 
 Pe^'u. Ceylon, and Brazil. Th" pZ ' T"!" ^"'''"' 1 a'-'-o h, m. w " ° -T"" '""'ns f ° f'"« 'Jerabio 
 Memia anJ Saxony. Good cfflmOn ","^ '" "'"' Am" ! 1, '?""/'"''''''« 'o'v-ns ofthT'"''' "'"^ 
 f..e from spots, and ,,uro, arc ,vo rth n '^ 'r^'«' ««« "ur kfn'.'V'"^"' '^^- '=""ti«ent 
 
 J).cadi. Jiohemiantnmets an. «,«,.i """^" -'is nion. f,> •/ "'^"ted, forita m.,- 1 ,-^ 
 
 i„A..tria than clseEe „ re^?"'''n''''l'more vrryinl^^^^ '"'.<"'"ar softne f cW ''"^"■'*'""' "<' 
 
 wui iiie size oi peas sclJinj,' fo 
 0)1 Diimoni/s, &c. 2nd edition ^ 
 
 I toStrKj,^^ ^r-''-''p''^'' i;i&v^^^ 
 
 U»ed in most large to, JsforT'?"^"^ '^•^- m "c tC." I^^V^f ''^''t from e, al ."^'''^n'''' ^*-' "n 
 U^t. and houses witg gar " ''^'^"'"^ "^'^ "- co t'oag^'^'^'"^' 1^^^^ 
 I Even- one raust have remark-n,! ..... I Oil „° ™ ««• "">«'''/' P"r^ of 
 
 miishin^r "'F «;''«ta.,ces have been ,„„, ■ 
 ^"e of tLr, „/""-' PWpo.seof ill, '1?," :"«ed W 
 
 . rrau;t",.vr;-emarked tl / mZV'''''^' ''■''"''' ^"'^^ 
 
 I >pes of coal, ,vhon ignited L'ivP mi, ''' "'"^t fun.ishfn t I?'' «"'«tances hivn . 
 feoffravvhich btns w,th "r^f^f ''"an- nonco-Hl^'^^^ '•'" "'^'^f' « 
 
 viddiuff a preat quantit,' of it ' ^^ Ir-Hiancy, of tL ': ''^™ ''as ansivxTe i so ,'"""'"'«"• I^ut 
 ktl)r,CIaytor, seen, to £ ,?n ''" ' "' °f S conT/' ''^?''''^'''"<=S^^^^^ ^^°«t 
 
 kb» attempted abont 173., to annh fh"*''' ^'«' «"' I'e c^vif "'^ '""^as A «„ a f ""'™«''- 
 ItliP immn«s „f „r»;B„:.i .-,', i'PP'J thi.s p.is f„ ( ,•.,._ V"- conyiuir ^,r ,,;„„„ tu.. ."" a large scale, 
 
 l»h„ attempted abont 173.i to onn,"'u.*'''= ^^t and fL " ' •"■"°" "^ da 
 
 L ,,ur,»s?s „f artificer iiln°,»:'''l ^''\ '<> K hou^^r''^' '" ^'P^^ througir'th^o 'sr^^^''^^^' 
 
 |xMrimcm,s ,vere npon a vcrr smln ' ^'"^ '''« larjro onH^ ^' *"''' ^'eO' exneusivo ^"^'^'''-^ and 
 
 ■lofnnkr attention „as pai i^'7f" '".''}''• and ligi^tjn ,r'' f![/apital.' Jla'L In' ?''/"'"»'•« a 
 
 Lettohalfacentur^^Kva ] "^^^^r' ^l" ■*'^S)^c" ^S^^^^ ^^-^^-^HrnXn ""^"'' 
 fcticfoace where t', J'""*' ^'«'anco ,Wt„ tZ'^''"""' '" t''eU„ited^K:,^>',"'e Principal 
 
 
 Nima of Companies 
 
 * B and fi J 
 
 •(ami 
 
 " 1*. common 
 
 ''juue TO?"""."", 'o 
 ^June.w"]..^"" fro"' : 
 
 W.chaelmaJ 3V.-!W?I 
 .S.^nj '^'-haci:, 
 
 Town, 4t . 
 4». 3rf. ' 
 
 PrireofOoal 
 
 Pf ' on at tlio 
 
 'aiMt Bate 
 
 •• </. 
 
 I 1 7 7» 
 
 '■x-lurting ffoR. 
 ;-ada.,dCa?. 
 
 li 4i 
 
 17 3 
 
 , I JJivifii-nd I 
 
 "unlrj-, 
 
 P""!"**- 
 
 ""•"tlVllB. 
 
 ■l:Cd. 
 ■U. 6d. 
 
 ■ '. 9d. 
 
 JSO.OOO 
 
 410000 n 
 
 300,000 S 
 
 200,000/. shares. 
 
 '"3,000/. debenture 
 250,000 
 
 arrears •*™'*f'ir ] 
 
 I "l';»>'SiSO,000/.,a„H 
 '"percent. 
 
 17 2 
 
 ■^2.5S5 
 
 Fixed /'•S^O.OOO 
 
 Capital if^iOOO 
 
 t,, , tl^.OOO 
 
 e™"'» 1H,83S 
 
 P ,100,000 T o" 
 Elclusive of il,„ K 
 
 200,000 () 
 
 100,000 
 
 ■1^0,000 
 "*.811 13 3 
 
 CI. on 197.3as/.. y 
 
 I , on .■>49,Oio/. "'• 
 
 10 per cent, per ann. 
 
 5* ■■ 
 5 
 
 10'., and J/. 15, r , 
 arrears "'• •^'• 
 
 10 per cent. 
 H per cent. 
 
 ;*!< 
 
 ::1 
 
 1? 
 
 w, 
 
 "J per cent. 
 
 J. -I 
 
v'^ 
 
 ■ 4 
 
 . I 
 
 . d. 
 
 I nirkenheail - 
 Birmingham 
 
 Dlacttum - 
 
 I Bolton 
 
 I Bradford - 
 Brighton and Hove • 
 B„m°e,Co;porallon" 
 
 rnmhridge - ' 
 
 I antfrburj • 
 I Cardiff " • 
 
 Carlisle 
 I Cheltenham 
 
 DeTonport • 
 
 Exetrr 
 I Hartlepool 
 
 Leed! 
 
 New 
 
 Leicester 
 
 I.Werpool United 
 Matcleslic'd 
 
 S,. in Birkenhead and 
 
 •"cl "u«h"'" i ^'- '"'■ '" 
 other vl'i-f, , ,, 
 
 " with 5 l>et cent. 
 
 S». 9i/. to •»• 
 
 J,, r.,1. in the horoilBh ! 
 ji.e.l.toH.oulofllie 
 
 'boroURh J 
 
 •,, (111., the mailmom 
 "price fi«dbJ the Act 
 
 4f.3<l. „^ 
 3». rill, to '^«. 9d. 
 
 3i. 
 
 but parishes-. 41. ail.. I 
 
 3». ail- 
 
 4, "i., with alKOnnl of 
 
 ' ^'in per cent, to larRe 
 
 consumer! 
 
 I 3». So- . 
 
 ij.M.. maximum, ■UD- 
 
 ' cct to discount on 
 prompt pajment, a> 
 lor scale anneied 
 ' 3f. Id. to 3«. CJ. 
 
 I .-i,. ,^<^..3.!'c<l•>3»•'J''•• 
 and 41. 
 
 n 
 
 M 
 
 Wigan cannel 
 
 Sh.•>rec^pltaU24M'>n 
 Loan .. 40,ajll 
 
 
 Rit<j i>i'r r III. oflfct 
 I)iviilt:;id 
 
 10 yax com. upon oi,'. 
 ca))ital, but onl) 
 abciut 'jyertenuon 
 iifw cav"''l 
 NoilividenfUarepsii"; 
 lir'TBTeiiuii'l whea 
 {irolit^ U'imit 
 9 Her cent, onol'ics- 
 i)it-ii, "i on nt* 
 c^viiil, and \ :ji[) 
 44 \*T''enl. onion 
 
 Ca)lltril 
 
 A shares, lOpeicoit.; ; 
 
 It »harw, '\ vrf , 
 
 cent. 
 10 V'T <'P"t" °" o'i ' 
 
 shares, and (.J )« , 
 
 tcni.onntw 
 lu per cent, 
 
 Itjpci oeni. 
 j 'J,8n(t/. annuil nflt 
 l)rotit 
 
 10 yet cent. 
 I fipcrceiit-ixrirm'n 
 I iU.UCHj/. ai 10 pfl I 
 ' cent-; remaiTjlo It ' 
 8 yer cent. 
 
 9 6i 
 
 June 30 
 
 9 7 
 
 PeccmbeT 31 
 
 Various Voices 
 
 I Value of works July t, 1 
 
 33,000 
 52.000 
 
 ,'i4,60n 
 98.523 
 
 SOT.fiflS 
 '20l,UJ'i 
 
 209,961 
 
 120,000 
 
 10 per cent. 
 (Jpeneni. - 
 
 Ml 
 
 «« Tvne and Gateshead • 
 I Newcastle-upon-Tyne an 
 
 I Northampton - ' 
 
 Nottingham 
 Plymouth and St<mehou« - 
 
 Preston 
 
 I Sheffield United 
 Southampton 
 Staljbrldge- 
 
 Sundcrland- 
 WoWerhampton 
 
 3f. 4J. 
 
 4«- ''''■„j 
 3». to 'it- M. 
 
 21. M. 
 
 l^^^c.^^-=l^'^- 
 
 "■•?,''."6J. and3«. 
 " 4i.Cil. 
 3«. to 41. 
 
 «2i. 9d. and 3*. 
 
 754,9ns 
 
 50,uOO 
 
 52,661 
 34,5001. in loans, subject 
 
 to interest 
 
 57,500 
 
 I York United 
 
 ScoTlAKb' 
 
 pnnilee • 
 Kdinborgh - . 
 
 {iS^':t;;?i.is'S;hu,ba„. 
 
 Glasgow 
 
 IllEI.»>U- 
 
 Belfast 
 
 dude gluten, 'l«ny«^f !^fcV.oridi;, vhich is ob- 
 bones of adult """"''K, and bones of young 
 tainod from tbe car Ulagcs a"*! °j aegrees of 
 
 the manufacture ol geiauut- 
 
 I 'J percent. (m^,'Mt 
 ami J I .-: ctnl. a i 
 the remainJer. 
 
 8MCl.v«ce»^ J 
 6i per ctol. 
 
 C m ctflt. 
 
 10 Mt tiB. «l 
 ICO.OOOI.JoiWI 
 cent, on WA* 
 1 71. .V II. 
 
 10 per «" 'I 
 
 cent, on 3:." 1. 
 10 t*i eel. 
 
 190,000 
 
 126,270 
 
 SI.p«ib2t 
 im.ptin* 
 
 10 p« «nl'il 
 Mwilxi r 
 
 10 I" "til 
 l<rc«i." 
 
 : iiv.iw'!! 
 ^ Mpiui,ii''1 
 
 
 £i 
 
Uit, 
 
 onli 
 EDt.on 
 
 rev*!'-'' 
 
 lnhfli 
 
 t 
 
 1 (A\ cs- 
 on w 
 
 1. onlun < 
 
 . '\ y^ 
 
 \U on c.i 
 
 nt* 
 I cent. 
 
 CT cm'- 
 
 annu-l d«'. 
 
 iiCT COTt. 
 
 ; itmnrin it ■ 
 : cent. 
 
 10 vn ^'^■ 
 per iwt- ^ 
 
 rcwt.ontJ,*J)* 
 le rtniiiT'Jti. 
 
 6\ v«^ '•''^'' 
 
 
 jcrtit.^'Jf 
 ' III \K^ t*™; 
 
 10 Mt «"■ * 
 
 1 c«nt.onV'J^i « 
 
 GENEVA 
 
 CFVI'VA (Dutch, pcnevcr; Fr. gciiifcvrc; 
 cr L'alui, ccnovcr; Ital. acqua lii giiiopro ; 
 Ujunipcriaqua; Span. .afiua do enebro). A 
 ti^rit olitaincd by aistillation from grain, rccti- 
 fiV nUh the addition of jumper berries. 1 lie 
 h cr L'ivf to the spirit tbat peculiar flavcmr 
 7 ivliich it is distinguished, and are also 
 . il t,> render it diuretic. Geneva is a corrup- 
 ,i',„ ,f ^mikre, the French term for tlic junii.or 
 
 "*'?;•' fir the best geneva is made in Holland, 
 «l„'rc its manufacture is carried on to a very great 
 vieni 'I'he distilleries of Schiedam have long 
 ten liimous, and are at present in a very pro- 
 mmi condition. Sciiicdara geneva is ii.ado 
 Luoi "spirit obtained from rye and barley, fla- 
 vour"! vith juniper berries, it becomes milder, 
 M,l'acmurcs, as it gets old, an oily Havoiir 
 ,ii.iikc,l bv the Hollanders: hence nearly the 
 wliiieof the 'Schiedam' is exported, and priiici- 
 raJv to the East Indies. The entire annual 
 ;L,iucc of the distillery in IloUaiu' has been 
 t-tiraatc(l at 2,000,0OU ankers, or 20,000,000 
 line callons, of which about two-thirds are 
 !xi*nttl. (Cloct, Description Giogruphitjue des 
 ''oji Sas, p. 32.) . 
 
 In notWiifT, perhaps, has the destructive effect 
 heavy taxation been so strongly exhibited as 
 1 tlie trade of geneva. It appears from the I'url, 
 Wr N'o. 248, Scss. 182C, that during the ten 
 R endinj with 1786, when the duty on geneva 
 ! aW. 10s. per wine gallon, the average annual 
 isiraiiiion in Great Britain amounted to about 
 ,.o;2galloiy. But in 1786 Mr. Pitt reduced the 
 itics to OS, per gallon ; and the effect of this wise 
 id politic measure was such, that in the next dc- 
 iu:.il period the average imports for home con- 
 iiptionanioantcdto444,891 gallons. From 179C 
 ISOiJ the ilmies fluctuated from 7.i. 6rf. to 14*. ; 
 ' as the taste for geneva had been formed, 
 as the duties on other spirits had been in- 
 .!cd in about the sime proportion, the con- 
 iption went on increasing, having been, at an 
 rage of the 10 years, a8 high as 724,351 gallons 
 far. This was the maximum of consumption. 
 
 GENOA 
 
 641 
 
 Mr. Vansittart soon after began his inauspicious 
 career, and immediately raised tlie duty from 14». 
 to '20.». Hil., the consequence of this increase being, 
 that in the 10 years ending with 1816 the average 
 consumption amounted to only 272,8!I8 gnlloii.^. 
 Since then the duties continuca stationary down 
 to 1816 at 22s. lOr/. the Imperial gallon on an 
 article which might have been bought in bond for 
 3.1. 6t/. or 4». G(/. The duties on rum and 15riti.sh 
 spirits having been aftenvards materially reduced, 
 tlie consumption of geneva went on progressively 
 diminishing, till it amounted, as appears from the 
 subjoined oflicial statement, in 1843, to no more 
 than 13,913 gallons; being only one fj'ty-thiril 
 part of what it amounted to during the 10,ycar.s 
 ending with 1806. The estimated value in'bond 
 for all the geneva imported in 1865 was is. 84(/. 
 per gallon. 
 
 To make any lengthened commentary on such 
 statements would be u.seless. Onr policy, if 
 wu may apply this term to so revolting a display 
 of short-.'^'ghted rapacity, had no other effect than 
 to lessen the public revenue and enjoyment of the 
 peo])lc, to injure our trade with IloUand, and to 
 foster and promote the ruinous and destructive 
 practice of smuggling. The exorbitant duties on 
 geneva, brandy, ani tobacco led to the formation 
 of the coast guard and the'prevcntivc water guard, 
 costing together for many years about 360,000/. 
 per annum ; and yet, notwithstanding this outlay, 
 and notwithstanding theinnumerable penalties ami 
 punishments to which he is exposed, the trade of 
 tlie .smuggler was not put down, but continued, 
 on the contrary, in a peculiarly nourishing con- 
 dition. 
 
 At lengt.., in 184C, Sir Robert Peel did for ge- 
 neva what he did for brandy, that is, he reduced 
 the duty from 22». lOrf. to lbs. per gallon. In 1860 
 a uniform customs duty of 10*. bd. was laid on 
 Foreign spirits, so as to equal in amount the excise 
 duty on iSritish spirits: this wise measure has 
 had the best effect, as will be seen from the sub- 
 joined tabic. 
 
 The regulations as to the importation 4c. of 
 geneva are similar to those affecting Biiaxdy. 
 
 w 
 
 ■^l.ono!,''- 
 10 J« t* 
 
 Araml of the Number of Gallons {Imperial Measure) of Geneva Entered for Home Con- 
 I i"mptm m Great Britain and Ireland, the Hates of Duty on the same, and the entire Xrtt 
 L'ra.'e o/ (Ae Duty, in certain Years since 1826. 
 
 1(1 i«i*^ 
 
 ■ col 
 
 1H^ 
 1 10 t*.'. 
 
 
 il.f"* 
 
 1,11. fun" 
 
 ttr - 
 
 Quanlltln 
 retained for Home Consumption 
 
 Nett Produce of DulT 
 
 Rates of Dulj (ler Imperial (Jallon 
 
 Briuln 1 Ireland 
 
 IJnIled 
 Kini;dum 
 
 Britain 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Unllwl 
 Kingdom 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Ireland 
 
 
 imp. tial. 
 
 ii;.o;!i 
 
 5'J."05 
 
 1».IJJ« 
 
 ll,i03 
 3;rfS8 
 26,lSt 
 
 Imp. Eal. 
 !l,OSl 
 
 i,:9J 
 
 1,69< 
 1,S18 
 
 %m 
 
 S,606 
 1,713 
 
 30,799 
 I9,61» 
 15,4'a 
 
 39,883 
 SS.SOO 
 1!K,M7 
 i7,312 
 117,464 
 
 £ 
 7.'i,M.T 
 i'ifiM 
 
 •o,.-,.™ 
 
 6,34S 
 88,463 
 19,654 
 19,l<i 
 
 £ 
 
 1,HV6 
 I ,,-,91 
 
 1,930 
 
 1,9.'i5 
 '.(,034 
 
 £ 
 
 77,890 
 31,668 
 
 17,739 
 
 30,393 
 
 21,607 
 !il,l«0 
 80,486 
 61,178 
 
 £ f. d. 
 1 8 6 
 
 1 7 10 
 r to March \% 1 ^'. 10 
 tfronl March 18 IS 
 
 U 1.; 
 
 July 17, 1860 lo" S 
 
 £ : d. 
 1 8 6 
 
 1 "? 10 
 I 8 111 
 1.1 
 14 
 
 10 4 
 
 
 0^, 
 
 1 13 Stated" 
 kogtafl>y : 
 
 cot* I 
 
 ate 
 
 van«»-, 
 
 |he iw 
 volt*' 
 
 iport 
 
 ■811.i 
 
 lue 
 
 ofU3t 
 
 ^lOA. A mariUme city of Italy, once the 
 
 of the famous republic of that name, now 
 
 loviace of the kingdom of Italv, at the bot 
 
 I the extensive gulf to which it gives is 
 
 Ithe hght-house being ii; lat. 44° 24' 18" 
 
 •is. so 54' 2.1" E. Population, in 1862, 
 
 (itnoa is one of the linest cities of 
 
 la general the streets are inconve- 
 
 Inarrovr; but some of the principal ones 
 
 ]«tately wide, and consist almost ftntirclv 
 
 ^ l)uildings, and private palaces erected 
 
 r P«"oil of her prosperity. Being built 
 
 fng ground, in the form of an amphi- 
 
 ""e appearance of the town from the sea 
 
 is most magnificent, and justifies the epithet 
 given to her of ia Superba. 
 
 Port. — The harbour is semicircular, the diameter 
 being about 1,000 fathoms. It is artificial, being 
 formed by 2 gigantic moles having opposite di- 
 rections. That on the cast side, called the old mole 
 (molo vecchio), projects from the centre of the city 
 W. by S. It is about 260 fathoms in length, and 
 has a battery near ita mid.^le. The new mole 
 (molo nitovo), on the opposite side of the port, ad- 
 joins the southern extremity of the suburb of St. 
 Pietro d' Arena, projecting about 210 fathoms from 
 the shore in an E.S.E. direction. The heads of the 
 molos bear from each other N.E. by 12., and S.W. 
 T T 
 
 *iii 
 
 I ! 
 
;•. : 'iA 
 
 
 ;.| 
 
 \! 
 
 : i' 
 
 \\ 
 
 ^i 
 
 ^■: 
 
 A 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 !;♦■ ■ 
 
 
 .y ' . 
 
 ' si 
 
 moll-, V.nt ast )i^> ";^^j(\' „ ,|oabt be ni"^^^'^„':' ,, ,vt H'O ^myunt ot tl>e c ^^j^^,^^^^., ^^ t,,, 
 the l'^riM)url'«Sy IV^^^ to vessel. .Sf,- h. eri.is of ^ ^», ,>/J„rverl>>>>M-.»'<' -'";™^-. ''^^ 
 out, otbcTWjse the . U t, ,^,,^^^^ ,, "o a« VnclUv.cUon o an U'^^o^^^^^^^.ii^ ,,, r. and u 
 
 cntcnns tue i water, pavtieuUr^ (.^^^ 
 
 Si-'nSe'tr;:i^^'^fV^,^^^^^ 
 
 >'""'S't''7odnav\..nkin^H>.i«e.., ill 
 f'^rJs\"tlS"a';d other vl:u.s. 
 
 chantmcii ma.> -■- ^^^t the **»"y^- f^^^,, o 
 
 they wist "0'', f"':^,^aio«tll« harbour mlronx 
 
 Bometimcs a-'C^'Y^^t-ut-honse »'?«"!'« f'casion 
 distant 2 ^ or o n^l- ^^,,„„ »„!^?y^Sbasins 
 
 Com •. ^* '^''■" 
 
 s^s;;^{mnuexo„«i. 
 
 of wood 
 Lard - 
 
 Madil'" root - 
 and ,.«'>'»"' 
 
 Ico. Uut «"'^'^^'^:^'cea^ed, and account-- iS^^yiot"- - : l™; Id =oo,»..= 
 
 .tUod of re*o";"f.;^,^' divided into c^uts- ^' « „„, o^. -^^^„„.,, 1^, „^, , , 
 
 w kept in lir« ^^f 'f t,\c nc« coins arc pre"seiv ^ch. .^.„,a -. ,',:, •,,9,| i.ovr, ^' 
 
 Rice, noi... - 
 Seels, (Hovrt 
 S.o„e:^nar»|. in rough _^_^^ 
 
 Wall"" w"'.' , ! . value 
 
 All other articles 
 Total 
 
 tlumis, tu.. • •- ^_^Y . wiut,:, "r .olds 
 
 ^Uetibrecher.) li»- ^,,^,ed betv^e^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 moMato" j ?"?.S ™llon«; "'' *S,?-39-87 »i«l »,«''";.r™'l ll.U-n*I"P1 
 
GENTIAN 
 
 
 2,971) 
 
 
 .1,031 
 
 JntohsV there entered Genoa in ~ 
 
 I i(C,OSci tons 
 
 i 
 
 
 J. -"-na ..ache, Vn^^'siaqZ^O ^^.^^-o^a^ &' ^'^^^^''^ is 
 ■ TT2 *= "^'"'''eDgrrow- 
 
 ..r 4' 
 
 sE 
 
•'*■'(«! 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 ^:-;i :,1 
 
 *•' 
 
 • «■ ' Q 
 
 
 
 ■ • ) 
 
 r .!.„ i.-n<rVHh onil Other foreign Rooda ifeslinf.', 
 J** ... ,,,,iM, it civcs its iia>"<". 1 f""^ X : ,p,,iy, principally tl.r i„'h ille^itimav, 
 
 ,. tnartof the Ptroi,toA>lucUitgi ^^^ ^ ^*'^!' .7 tic contiguous Spanish provinn,. 
 
 •l.wVthc Atlantic nn'l„,?ur clianncl=(, ol t'lc i. b 
 
 '^'^ tVsUuuted on the wcsmde o J -ck>^^^^ ^ tSt' "-i o \rdedarek value of .,,e vari 
 
 tVm or promontory, the f^""'^' ^ southerly so, that i."'" ^^^^^ „„j ,„an„tadure x- 
 
 .^'"tf projecting into il'« . ^''"Vn n\ to J of a Urt.clcH o, V^ar in 1833 nmnunted to .i,lv 
 Icin width. 'Ih^/^^^^'^S lt« nortlicrn fo,^^.,tuey f^ij^.,^^ ^^^^^,t.^;j,,„i, ,,^ 
 
 ' e rock is called l''"';;P'',,S conn««^ it ^v!l>' "[^'i !of vhich 1,700,041/. wth came fr:„ 
 
 Ulo frontlni; the isthmus wmcu L '"- P'' ,'• -'.nA Kincdom and the liritish cul„m,.. 
 
 Suai. , "l"""^^ P"PT ™i side" are so rusf^ed the '^•"•«^.„^,'e S'^ports from the United lu,:;. 
 
 ai^cssible; the cast and sou^^^U^^^^^^^^ ^^^„^.„ upon !>«*"'« ^nl-^^^^ .^ l^,.^ ^^,„ i_,i,,,;4^^^^ 
 
 a.ul precipitous as t«> ^^n let a . ^^^^^ ^^ '^Tu.raltnr is also of immense nnportancc to th. 
 
 CS' the bay, -Ue-X^tcin bHttacl^ed be^r^ m i^<= ^^St^nd soenro station f. ... 
 sea and the town is budt, hat u ^,^,,^scr, """"'"^-ftcshmcnt, repair, and accommodation ,i 
 
 iK' 
 ^1 
 
 ' '''I 
 
 I,' 
 
 i 
 
 being estimated at s wi 
 leatca an ui" -•■---, 3 exclusive o 1 \"", "i:"';,, md. Keals and iiuartw i)il>i!i 
 '^""^T^^uX^^^oiX'^^ "-"^ °MjSanlcu-n\ dollars are the same, ta,.l. 
 il-o^t^^o^ar I „„a beingCmer;=4K,-tSr:^^^^^^ 
 
 fids a convenient station foj fg,„,e, for the rea s ^^^^^ XugW and sold •, and U .h« 
 
 Cnt^ north end o he to.^n^^- is l/mjle vellon 3,,,,, „„ London in effective do'to 
 
 "lOOfeetinto the sea ^thc_^°,7twards about 700 ^ ^^U^^^^^^^^ o« Gibraltar m «: 
 
 and few restrictions, she is a ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^, 
 
 Account of *"«^^^^^j ^y tfte t/^rMtedKinjrdomj;^^ J_: ^ ^^Zm^^L-^] 
 
 .Hf,5 1 1B6. 1 m5 I <»« 
 
 t Heer and ale _ . . 
 
 ; wruuRUt • 
 
 I c..tton »"''■, ,,, ,he yard - 
 K0U0..S, entered by t'«^>^ . 
 
 Hardwares and cull tJ- 
 
 I l.inen > a"\ • , b, ii,e ya"l * 
 Linens entered by ine^y^ 
 
 Silk manufactnie» 
 1 Sunar, refined 
 
 AU oiher arUclej 
 Total 
 
 "9,7481 4.M6| 
 
 W.MG T«.6S0, 
 
 1 1^,7.901. jjii!!«idi 
 
w 
 
 itily 
 mc'h 
 fiuui 
 : ex- 
 
 (ill\v 
 
 IMi. 
 
 jlonit-. 
 1 liin;- 
 
 (■ to Ui 
 of v'ltiv. 
 lean. aM 
 n ("t tV 
 idaliM <i 
 le icvi'iuk' 
 15,ij'jy. ill 
 , gtntially 
 xpemiitui". 
 :cal Bmaia 
 c o( VM*' 
 [ sum cut- 
 
 \lat=4i.W; 
 d at 5 W 
 irtJS "'^* 
 
 lotos ir-"] 
 iitoa catli'' 1. 
 hard AolUly 
 . awl3oite* 
 j Spanisli itu ' 
 
 cffccli« 4''^ I 
 raltat iu £«' I 
 
 Cato,ai"l*'l 
 tliose of iK^'- 
 
 -■] 
 
 IrodMce ©d ^*| 
 11860. 
 
 !ivl 1-51 
 ,52i sill ,1 
 
 STKAIT or GIBRALTAR 
 
 I 
 
 -1 
 
 (fantin MilMi 
 
 _j 
 
 
 ,. ^-rv % 
 
 ,73 : aw 
 
 ai, '' •>»<' 
 
 A « »»« i Ml 
 
 vi iiio "*'''■: 
 
 U ; 
 
 
 
 _1 
 
 
 ^^^/■^/-vljaa/T.^wo* 
 
 »(?o 
 
 2<tO 
 
 too 
 
 2S* 
 
 ' 7 13 ■"* lo 3t 
 
 WO 
 
 300 
 
 »40 
 
 =% 
 
 
 ^, 
 
 4> 
 
 ■fJO 
 
 174 
 
 
 ;1W 
 
 UO 
 
 lit 
 11' 
 
 i'i« 
 
 J 
 
 J^^ittinr, . .U r.jnitn^ it Ci>. 
 
l-:. 
 
 Port Dnen,' 
 ftlicntl llio [Hti 
 It (litmiltar. \\\ 
 
 , i- 
 
 ,N,Il.-Thf fii(tinorooi| 
 
 [fithr mnnaut;. I 
 ,\rA\n Md\Ui>i\ tn rnrl 
 
 lurihvrdutv, whvn t| 
 
 .;uaraniinr, uf 
 F rtftrt lilt'* Kllrndaiil 
 
 Fit (T-Tif vjvli by a he] 
 
 ,,,iir.iiitire - 
 fcr- t^rrT tht'« aitwidJ 
 
 ;n tu|*rinitfndirig thcl 
 
 ijiirinrine - 
 Firirn litl arhrAlii) 
 I Frnttvrndortemviit onl 
 
 (ilLDcrGL'lLI)] 
 
 |{ji:i->.m'(lciiiiniiiin4 
 
 ■M 
 
OILB 
 
 Port Dues. — An Ordpr in P 
 
 vol 
 V'U 
 .1111 
 
 I 
 
 I'/ll 
 IV> 
 
 VI >u 
 V'lil 
 .1(10 
 <l»l 
 
 Kllil 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 \.a - Tl.f mjlno room ofli'.,""'' "''»•"/.' ,' 
 
 .l^illll A.l(liNi<ll tn p,irh (if tl,„ r 
 
 l«nlindm.,,„iH.„ iht..!, „'/*'"'•■'';"« ratn, , 
 1«aranlinf, of . '"'' "' "•"''I I. Ilal,|e ,„ 
 
 'mWtxl . ."^ ■• n^'lh (tunril »,,,„ « 
 
 r»r Itm Till! l, , I,,, I, I, „ " , - ' 
 
 r-imr, |i,|l„f|,p,|,i, . 
 '""'•""''""'■""■""•n « bill of heaJih ; 
 
 : -}: 
 
 
 'i! 
 
 .*•■ 
 
 s;i =1 . 
 
• 4 
 
 
 -V.J 
 
 -a 
 
 .,? 
 
 (i'ht if in flio t.i 
 lii' iiiirii',1 (III it ii 
 rwri'iwiKoxicMt, II 
 fiivmniincr, Alin 
 iii(ii-.< ivorc r.'iiscd i 
 f*fcivt. on lljiit iriii 
 I )*';Min' way, tlliit ( 
 o! !i"pilllllill|l ill t 
 
 jffl.'rii these -nirts 
 jtein li'l'l. iilii II 
 Iwrnt. Tile |]rii^,'r 
 |(/llj(Mi'uties fiin<'c I, 
 
 y»l l.iMcM, till' iiiili 
 
 iwrillliel.ittercjii 
 lifiiiiri. lii'iiiL,' jioiiiii 
 
 '"■ik> Wit Mkhv iv 
 iffj')!- to viirv tlie 
 tiffj-C'i-eil witlmiit 
 fM than iliat \v|| 
 
 vj'i.'racnteil tlie jir 
 >'y tlieir I'liiirc 
 
 I'clnlit.aiiil l/i;il i 
 J/tiifriiii,' llie ()))crati( 
 < rM-cnIiii;,' tlieiii /■ 
 JiiiEI'ruvdiients, aiiil j 
 llfcr;'>))ccttlic(iiifiV.s 
 Itiiiaiiyoni'nciji,,,,-,, 
 puv siiiilit tliat tlio i 
 •wro fiilh- jiijiti 
 lieivn that '»,//«!(• ,y„ 
 \>ernil rariuiifi' iri/i 
 
 t.Aaii Ihix (liilij ,111 
 
 l—I'rica. 
 
 Wt'Ajis 
 
 Iljle i — 
 
 la 
 f 111 
 
 ; hi!) 
 
 iJuiVp.llll/ 
 
 I '^'' I 
 
 I 1S65 
 
 1.- 
 
 ISM 
 
 ISM 
 Mii,') 
 
 a 1 
 
 
 '"'"■« f«t//j 
 
 "''"^•'•. (Obtai; 
 
 &'" 
 390,(82 
 
 Annual aveia^j, 
 
 
l(lulvp.u,| 
 
 I, ""■ ( 
 
 liiuij fi-re/ 
 i IHSi 
 
 
 Qitatjiiiy I 
 '"aniific. I Uiianlli, 
 
 H.lleofDuly 
 
 r Oross I 
 
 iV- '«'• Srf. per cwt . , 
 
 .Vnv 1.5 ijjif, ., 
 
 e 
 
 ToAfavI.',. io,n „ ,. , fl 
 
 «l"ce. 3/ I ■,,',?'■ '•••• W. pcrcwt. ■ f 
 l-erceni' '^'- '«'■ I*' c„.. a„u 5 J ! 
 
 "".117 
 f7,li6l 
 
 ^"nual avpn... "^"""'«I dur ne the •? ... J 
 
 :';''.'».' I 
 
 M,S,W 
 
 "".•17.1 I 
 »\.1!J7 
 
 '' I'w cent. 
 M,174 
 
 I Nctt , 
 laiimuiKof I 
 
 'T"! olhcr 
 
 '»!,'"'■'"' 
 ""owancesl 
 
 7r),S.TO 
 7a.9CO 
 <'6,874 
 
 9fi,7()5 
 fi9,.57S 
 57,()« 
 
 ^i?.497 
 
 ■'•■'.i97 
 6fi,u.|9 
 
 '3.913 
 
 .?.■'"» 
 J ■5,038 
 
 17.l,s.7 
 9.S66 
 
 ".Mo 
 9i!.»7() 
 
 '•".SHI 
 .1.%Bl)| 
 W.S7B 
 
 since 
 
 ln.\98fi 
 J 1 1.109 
 
 «4.9i7 
 70,064 
 
 V'l' 
 
'I 
 
 \ 
 
 It 
 ll 
 
 i 
 
 
 648 
 
 ■# 
 
 •\.' I 
 
 
 
 (From July*, l*!^. '•« ,^"'I|| 
 \ 41. Ui.iuJ/.i«ft«'. ) 
 
 I of iiiiirrt "i.i"i.ii i"i iii"'j! 
 
 rrrom Jul, »."l«'«- "j* 'n?! 
 
 r mi roii.nv.i. t«l ' « ■<" '' ^ 
 
 il.uKlIn (iiMl llnlal.i(..«n 
 
 H.. ri. to ■<• 1*' '■•'■>"'' 
 
 lh,"«Bl'oUl Ih. U.>ll«l WnH- 
 (lum 
 
 fFrom Octohfr 10. l«Vi, Iht 
 
 l\inl »!«»« r>Hli"-'-'l fiuiiilil.H 
 -, ,r;!Arl."""ll<-.t"'«''^ 
 (_ evetj lOU 111"- J 
 
 ;tli 
 
 llwl 
 
 /From t'clol*r l". '*"; 
 \\ loin. l«'-li" '"""*■ 
 
 l„tcwl. 'I 
 
 
 *° 1 ,„ li,'\it» comme".c«'* ",,•, led Willi •^"l""'''''^ 
 
 mens of tins m j^j- ^gter. 1 >'« ^^; ' ., ^ .w'nkrf 
 art IS an cx^ century, .V Xct "^ ^^"^ ^*''*'' 
 
 houses. 
 
 18<h;, 4.,t.. I «^ ,e feet ot M 
 "^''"'lilfiv o tl c U-iitcl States; J J 
 
 fe«t of looking fi'"'f', ?L,nau ^lioct J 
 
 cxvts. of >v n.U.w «?J *:"'^^7i30cwt.J 
 
 cwt.. of colon ^JK»'Vu«^^;^^^ 
 
 20,4n0_cw t^ of ornamcn ^^^^^ ^^ j 
 
 of plain Hint botUM, i,^ ^^^^^ , i 
 
 
 window plnssi 
 
 wnwo>v ,j— ' ^ of pla'"'""*^^ 
 glass, 28.J7^J=>^ of pl»tct!lasM«l 
 
 of silvered g ass, ue. ^^^^^ j 
 
 bottles, and l'-'.]^^^^*^^' ;r,ca, Tl4 
 ftcturedglasvee'mpo ^^,^^J 
 
 of these imports ^^asa^ .j,^;,^ -^ 
 
 coming ^^r J,Sof wine>«"'f 
 enormous impor a lon^^^ peatlyj 
 
 , ,vbich is .I'l^c^J J ani bottle have be^ 
 ' on wine in ^vo»d ana ^^^^^.^^i 
 i Wr. Chance gl^c» 
 
 uiiiiin to thiMn rtrii 
 fMiirti'iniiftlit'(f/iu) 
 
 ir>m. »«'•» , 
 
 i^Miia>um«l , 
 
 villi ., ' 
 
 I lull or l,mMtin« eonai 
 
 II t» I'P^IU. Ill 
 
 H.tliiifnniii'liiynl . 
 
 Dif f Jliiwinjf is rtn 
 jjiwi.rtlic v.! yean « 
 
 fliiii 
 
 w: 
 
 IM 
 
 liiy 
 
 IKI 
 
 t«l 
 »1 
 l»J 
 
 IMI 
 
 IW 
 
 fwn. 
 S»,.«9 
 <t,M< 
 M,li4| 
 M,lll« 
 
 ;»,»ii-i 
 
 H'l.i;; 
 
 !»,ll')'l 
 llii.lM 
 »'.II7.J 
 
 ti.m 
 
 li»i,iio; 
 
 III rill thiH lie Npoii I 
 ^JilJ'lofmjuent t\!ir{ 
 Jlwi ifciiH have vcrv 
 pat Ik last is nhm 
 pMifli preoeda tlij.s 
 m iiicrease took i,/ 
 kml.illlcjrlass. (),, 
 iiiffirelj.Ti fflasawcrci 
 
 lltlKOOf Ifljo'. 
 
 lyl'W (Utr. handscli 
 ii: >m, guantpf, ; jj 
 ^fiJizii). \Vcll.k„„ 
 l"covm„f, ,|,e ,,^, 
 
 R'",' '■•P'liiciillv- aisc 
 I* Ifotlicr used in 
 f » n»t, jirojHTlv HMi 
 
 h^.vi peculiar j-,rocM 
 PWi'. ^on]c sorts of J, 
 
 f«i-hcd, and otfier 
 |.«^t(r but parti,,,,; 
 
 a lur the niaimfact,,, 
 ,'';;'rqimli(y,in,vhie., 
 
 Power and U'oodstc 
 iwJLoaminstorarcth, 
 Prslovc manufacture 
 
 l"*" produced. gi,,, 
 
 * work Lv render],,? 
 I^iidistant, as it i?, 
 
 r«ofasortofh,,i 
 r'f^ Mr^fcquantitip. 
 |„."»">;,".«mand7;i; 
 
 |»l""(.i,ion;;f/e.3'*" 
 rffWted,un2^ 
 
 m Dot D •'■^P'^ncK 
 lo 2,"' wen matcrit 
 
 r luurcrs now fcU f i, 
 
 tesi 
 
or.ovEsi 
 
 
 M "I J 
 
 M.i.r.«lu,.,l . ■" • . JV';' >. ""'Ilril' /'mi.. .'"*"' '''H I'll. iir . '"("'fn 1(111 „»• 
 
 I 1',',".'!'.':. '>""« fl.a 
 
 
 ^^^H 
 
 IM 
 
 :\;i)^^| 
 
 IW 
 
 A.^^H 
 
 IM 
 
 M'^H 
 
 K» 
 
 -«ui^H 
 
 »l 
 
 
 IXI 
 
 M.ir^^l 
 
 in 
 
 ^^H 
 
 IM 
 
 '<in.l^H 
 
 no 
 
 sii.'i^H 
 
 IM 
 
 v,'(,i^H 
 
 IM 
 
 ("i.^^H 
 
 M! 
 
 
 
 •'l",V,)| 
 
 .. 2<M.1i» 
 
 I/I till (liin lie wii, (hnf ,1,^^^ ', ' ''~ 
 
 twicl. pwo,lo this tnl.|p ,""'"■>•• ^i t/ie 
 >« «'l JeglasH. Oil tl,ooth,.r '^-l''""'''' of 
 liteooflM.;. "'"^'•' '" 18C5 «,™e 
 
 |U Muring ,|,e j,,,,,,, "2,'" P" "f <lr<,..SM 
 
 p btiicr used j„ tho , no '-"'""'' si'k 
 
 g'" peculiar process flm^ '"r""' • l^'-t 
 ^W'. iomcsorta of Jca " "'/"'eri it soft 
 
 ^::^. — ,""i""-t«.,t o" ""'■" ix'i,,^, r , L ■''*' '•'■'"''•'•. 
 
 /.tw/j*r 07,,,.,,. , 
 
 :'■ 1 
 
J:i\ 
 
 V:! 
 
 : 
 
 '•I 
 :' i 
 
 In 
 
 t 
 
 ''° „,Ae of ^c>u, cKtcnaM -ore S^l^^^ 
 
 mmmm 
 
 Wmmm 
 
 Wai-'^'''^"'^^^"'"" . ,„,i„oa from this 
 
 „,orc ^V^'"^^^'/c ir [Con;], f^o'l "fin le^^ ''< 
 
 siveiy 
 
 GOTTENBUECr 
 
 .„ «f its convcvniicc to (lottonliur?; nnil 
 ,ho «P^'}''7,\ n' ' « in'rlusivo of tl,o export ,] 
 
 tho ''^P^'}'^ ,,Zrp«.in'rl"sivo of tl-o export (ktv, 
 tlu' «\"PV'"^' ^"";';;„,. a.MUumal. Th. ,u..t .-mi | 
 .,ri> about 1 u pi. , ^.^^^,^^,^_ ,«,rliciilarly ,W., 
 arfu'lc of c^PO"^ j^i^,,, bv Wormokml. Tl;o 
 ,vh\cl» nro, «l^'^i.,t,,,^ ^.a,„l, by ^v^,id. (lott.,,!,.,:, 
 olionin;j; <'i "'^ „.;,i. ^ inVLic porli'm .,f Iho im rut 
 comnuimcatPS ^^» ^ powerful andlicnotin, 
 
 inl'.ucnco mot Y; ^ r..,tteul,>irp, n..- iH 
 twccvi l;t«^^; prtiu fuvtbcr promote tl.. ,,r, 
 complete. ^^ ' ^^^^|^,^_ i^i,p ^.^rnp^ „„ ,,., „„ 
 
 V'P"^>;.ae *vith Englaua, and Eni^li.U i. .....di] 
 
 i.ivo trade i\' ch.nmci-s run once a-wwk licnvo 
 
 y>'i\r; t u) IjV 'I**' tedious route of Liilxci; 
 1 1 ambuvfi. , _(iottcnbHrs uscil. at no u 
 J^'''-'-'!'-'' \'fbc one of tho vtiucipal.oat,.tl 
 
 liornuK """".•^ys ^nd 1«00 Vi-<!i were vory ,■ d 
 baw's. 1" ^^^^^ entirely disappearoil, and IJ 
 and V\ .,,„Hirurd : so tluit (iottenbur;'.rai^ 
 ,„,t I'ltbcrto rUuru^^^^^^ ^^^ consWera* 
 
 (if pX\lOVlHlr.' •"' ' 
 
 V^^ "VEif-"is an account ofttevo.-^l<- 
 
 The folUnsii n ^,,,t^g„b„rn; in tlie live 
 
 arrived at .«"' j.j'q"' Sweden has au cxta 
 
 carrying traiie . 
 
 '^^c'princil.al imports into fiottcnd 
 V ^U,Mi liorrmss, sugar iVi, i--eN 
 
 Uritaiu. , . , ' 
 
 
 ISI.i 
 
 1861 
 ISfiS 
 ISBfl 
 
 bSSI on the -^?;rilXat, -bi* re-n^, 
 
 ^^^'^^■.'^\^&"^'^^': 
 
 Y ?- V ropi'^""on in .^«*'^' *'iic in the river or 
 
 1 iLw A vessel otcni „ ^^ )icr ft 
 
 '''■'■"Mf on board, wliosc duty it is to Stockholm, 
 
 I 'lu'lSGi the mcrcliant marine «a, 
 of 11,223 ayla^tes burden. 
 
 naUCA^-^l', -'^r Va^ounted 
 Golha. SeWtB "Vhe oxJiS cost of iron 
 Gotba..^ 27,447 tons Ib-e c^^o^^^ . ^.^ cent, by 
 
 r.iitha. i"^ «-vp"— ,, otiifiuat cuax "• -- 
 
■■■^ 
 
 5on,ls'> 
 
 l,l>v. 
 
 •m,vi 
 
 i.i3; 1 
 
 •JM.HT'i 
 
 1,9<S 
 
 '2W,560 
 
 1,».^1 
 
 i»S,*l3 
 
 W" 
 
 (c,..porative Statement of the 0,„.. ,:■ ^^^^^^^iVRG 
 
 ^""■'» r — r~—~~~-:lJ^'"P"i Articles of r c.ii 
 
 — —I I8C2 7 ; — —-~-lly ■'"'P">-t for tin ^ ^ 
 
 .>■* ■ - : lir '■>\uv,'\ - '««' I 7:;:;— — -1^^' '"'• •• 
 
 Vjm 
 
 ISM 
 
 I fcjsi li'ilows, viz. :_ "-'' ''^''= J-cars J,ave I 
 
 '.■•.V,..|s,i 
 
 '•;..si!).ii|.^ 
 
 ■'. Il7,f',-,i( 
 
 
 Inn _ 
 
 ILtaJ 
 U;.ic-c-untrie< 
 
 ToMi 
 
 lOil.Ti"' 
 
 1 i.vn 
 
 H 
 
 U'ilt.Mil 
 
 1 UM. 
 
 
 
 1 1.. -"' 
 
 ^^^Hii 
 
 •Z.-.ll.lJ'' 
 
 
 ^^^^^E' 
 
 !_iVi>sS 
 
 !,SU 
 
 B 
 
 • L!/-".''|| ■'.My,!',-,i( 
 
 1 Ortllf'/l) Tl I. ~ .y'I'iMII I 
 
 iS;^S""V"i^i;:f ;; - » 
 
 ilium's-' ^-^"^^lio^^;.^:^! -/.;--!( 
 
 ■stone 'S:f'''""'-''cU„-c.,;,J,^""; ^'""on- aa. 
 
 :aS;ro.!isl, ,C],ip a f, Ifl'l^^'S^^ of all sharp!" ft' " "™ ff"n.l«tonL' " •,, P'^ '''"'h^ 
 
 ■^niixcilraimieqat r;i '■ ""^oadin- dpstino.i 'i ° P'^poses for n-v i '^' ff™'"^''! 
 f"rmor, 2J/.1 r.??"'-''''''^-- ^vould Knffln.u | ;, ^'f P'-">«ipal rt irl^o '"' "'"y ■•"'• 
 
 Tons 
 
 ■"■■"" 
 !-' ■ - . - ll,.l(i„ 
 
 '"•' • - . • IM.-i) 
 
 dillis imn, l!io irrcatcst narf u-n. 
 
 .rnilo,! Ki,ii;,;„ih and the (jiiif ,?«?''''"'''"'' '" I 
 
 »W.-J:xclu..:ivo of other "o-N <"''"■'• 
 ■;W,,lMls. and hatlens from r' '° ."-^''"^'-^ i 
 
 riEnjlmilanillJrilisli Culoniw (^uh/c f> 
 
 i'"l"l ■ - - ■ ^'':'l'-:7[l'n 
 
 'ai,170 
 
 ,!'■'>, vro 
 '•T..:wii 
 
 \^^m \mt m, person is allowed f /?''•- 
 n-JiVavossd 1 siic 1 . ""oivea to hoar,; 
 
 ' "l"'. '"'ving injected tL '"'°' -^ "ft''" 
 ■n'l<ic.n,\, ,r'g,,'/^«"';"^i<cstand 
 
 ■P!""''^'J '0 .M.|.orintcnd hi "'?• ^" 
 
 si.api^; 
 
 ■ •'•s in the iul 
 
 
 ■W;„^.V™^-(ioodl ?vt'''-, 
 
 '«l-"i "i- time, on pIvW i "^ """"'«'' 
 
 ilfMftcr. ^ ' •""' sPw cent. 
 
 «»,0-.<«^.^_The.,sualratonf 
 i-'-pcrcent. Goods n„, °'<=om- 
 
 ■• ™- su?ar at U m„f,th ,wh T"'-^ «"'^' 
 :'"'^»-^''-.-0U.er"^S3;TtVS"J 
 
 «^^^"t ".0 naUona 'tel r'"'' '■^^- 
 w.«liidi advance Jimitn^ic ^'"^ t»"o 
 a', on the socnrii V of^' f^""« °^ "'""cv 
 0.wSon,eofXlKr"'n'lindi;- — ^— ^;!i_l « | ii 
 
 1^', produced fro the vJ„r'^- ^M^>--"lo o" ,.,,^7 «omo purjo.sc" ttT"'"' <''"- 
 
 -«.! 
 
 I 
 
 
* ' 
 
 4 
 
 ; J 
 
 n 
 
 ■if 
 if 
 
 ' f 
 
 4U to ou i^" "• ,, " j^ fk 13 na"^"' V," wish and such crops. - ••" - j \ ,„ 
 
 V^'"''=^llv of a bacUisl. ^r " ' t W hich^^ »'« r TI^'^'^K.^^^^^^ the most w„ 
 
 intcrnaUv <" ». . ticst timber with wl ucn ^^^^ ^op-dress ig is ^ ,; , ^p^, 
 
 vto IS .^;n\sS^cpravitv being 1333.^ ; uicU t can be PP ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 the iru ^ ^jits; the >"" '^, ti,an 1 alo°" >"*' ;„ which cuauo ia extciisivdyl 
 
 n vitreoiw fracture. 
 Jleasant, balsamic 
 
 wanurc). AfAstancc «^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 Atanavcragcitmay^«'^i^,,,,thefu^t,«ro^^^^^^ results, - "'» 
 
 bushel. »"'"r,'rtAli3important substance ^^ as j„„,^ t 
 
 the lirst, by ^yhom th 3 imp jescnbcd at M 1' ..j'o^ooO do., ai- .— ;r, ,-,,044..! 
 
 PMiiliSii 
 
 mmm^m 
 
 The best 13 '■"'"' . , 1 
 
 .onortionofummonui. 
 
 hcGovernmcnts... >-^l ,.,| 
 .olittlo.a^vavcotJhe^<ll 1 
 
 prival 
 
 iilu^iif— ' 
 
I GUANO 
 
 Ifc), MlicT, and Co. of Limn^ 
 
 fctwidollars), (ho s„lo rHttt'.J^ """"c trifle I n,„ . ^'^^ YAQUTT 
 
 fm of nine years ; so that h ""'' fc'"""" f"r v'^'?"""'"^"^ lessen, *h 6o3 
 
 Le article! Tim con/i«n.'^'''° *''eypleasp I .^'"' ^'<^'-uvi„„ p„ "'"Subsequent 
 
 Ltol>ealIo,ve<l ^^1''"^' ''""^vortoo M?"'" ''r H.ro«?„" ^^^rament would w. , , 
 
 fmind of enormous n,?.-'""" "» J«J1 on" .T" ''" "°t k L h%"'«' «i"gffet"e, „h'"'" "'"'er 
 
 |.a.co„,p„rativei;free an,?,"'''" ""■" ho '«? ^''^ "'' «"eh a pC ^'',1"'^ tha^i'^'"-"''''"^ 
 Einowercimportecl in i8."''^'''-pqi.antities^^f,' an arranffemen/ ^^ "^"Ps the bosf *''"''> 
 
 |j.&l)tean,l Sons, of Lon^"^"'" «Wved Li, /.""Waa Gover,?^ ""^ ^uano ij 
 Ffor^cl.ernvianGo^,i^r';rl'V<^t al.it'^^iP-!:--!;^:^"'' «"" i/ 
 
 *4, 
 t ■' . 
 
 If; I 
 
 •smes. jjiit fliese nr.^„ """ 'n the <,; \."' '"o Perm 
 
 tdienenssarvcostof,/ " * ff^atuitouq ., ""^ ^e Afuern • ^, may not 
 
 hvcm.entla;^^'7,:^;«;;''>ycct to t,;:r^"G"?,aff '^^"'"rieT' '°'"' «' «'> ^^^^t a d taneo 
 hnaliiffhdtifvof'-di """^edutvof I. "*"° 'a verv nt>f « . "'stance 
 
 *A». / /■ I 'at>I / lorn r 
 
 . """ I 
 
 I imports „ J8C7 „^'"'' ^<^'^"S 
 P"' 2,10,9,506? '"""""ted tS 
 
 ["""Spain J tl?p , ^'"^ J-ears 
 l»'bei„^5,« -aW of f'-e 
 
 Itiercon 375,302 i'l '•'"^'^»' 
 U'? fflosdy sent ^f^"'"'""- 1 
 
 I ^ecemijer 9 ifti-^ ' betiveen Pro., 
 
 
 ii-iJ 
 
^»'^^%:'from the I.U ycnlc or 9 l=«f„,,,,uil, 
 
 Glial AKABIO 
 
 „„,„,i from fifcs, much ot it i< Cdr.i- 
 
 pa>Vive\y modern^ an ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ , ^^j^ „j. „ ,^..,„,^ 
 
 !l-h,roi»a'lfr^°^' of a superior oms UM.ti.u 
 I where several snM. ^^ .,,,. j,,,^^,,,, „t d,,, „,,. 
 
 bave {!««;\,!^pte<l now Cl«08) comes iiuh. llnU..'. 
 
 
 GuayainiU is situatcil 
 
 has for \1°"S C Like the other Somi, 
 republic o<^^ ,^'f ft 1,^3 i,cen subjcetcd to i,cr,c.„, 
 American states, X 1 .^^^^ ^^^^ ( aayau'"! , :•- 
 
 able coromcrce. 
 
 .11 
 
 ■A" 
 
 1,'if.S 
 3,'J3J 
 
 
 _1,.5S7_'_1.' 
 
 lojir, 
 
 ^'^i^Ss: i^^ij^rii s'nS'Sy Spif i,i,° ir 
 
 properties m ^ ^^ j^g^gg 
 
 spontaneously from .t^nc * «;''.;. ^ ^nd 
 
 i,.,3 commonly » j ^ smcH., >" ..ouu to 
 
 Ste "f f "'A. J'aVay X'^"- ^bi i' '- 
 insipid; .f ^»P^.^y dissolves m J^'f ^J.'^w used in 
 
 . i^Minod conactniont on tlie ti»': 
 some extent ^eclmcd, « i ^^ 
 
 dextrine or artito^ (, ^^^^^^ „.„u.act«K:| 
 standing .^^^^"f^f needed, the imports oi ,- 
 
 wbicli stiffenms l\ationarv. , . , . 
 
 have been nearly Stan ^rab.quc.i 
 
 GUM AV- i^ Ger atabischo gutnmK.U, 
 gemma arabica, Om- ^^^^ ^^ ^,^„ ^1 
 
 ,samagb avabee- ^'^^%,,,,,,;nos.) Tte^l 
 I of Acaeia (Nat. uru ,• j j^eiw lives-vil 
 
 exudes BP^tX aVg s^^^^^^^^^^^^ »'1S 
 It is said that tueia„ ^^^^^,,, -^^.^m 
 
 rem sicWy "ff^.Z f om the Acacia m^ 
 Jv"m is tbat obtained iron ■ 
 
 on the African coast, as ^ ^^^^^ji 
 
 hindostan, ^^'"^^te, or nearly so anJfc'^l 
 
 'rhcjf:f:^,re;; forming the subst^'.^l 
 
 mucilaiic. adliesive, and the lici -1 
 
 This gi'".^^" ''i-V nil in -lobules of ir-sj 
 
 Bun cat^BCs .It ° J;y 'n i, Jl- , pale yoB* j 
 
 inches mdiamcta. i dissolves tr J .1 
 
 inodorous, tasteless, an. ^„j ,,,„.«, I 
 
 Uuth;it^smotoutel^ ^ ^^^jj^^J 
 
 minute "acks- an^'^^njaj-c jabagJ. ^i^J 
 
 to ligypt, "„rco" ,^3 ,vci-bt. 
 
 loses 5 P«,'^<^",Varc unfavontaWeto*.^ 
 ^Vet and foW "? ^^^^ Government i«i»^ 
 
 tbe prices of la te > ^^^^ ,„pital of K..4*! 
 
 Dongola to ^aji «» ',,,»,, ^«gl 
 to Cairo, cos^ts 10s. Pe ^^^j^^ ,he^l 
 
 'S^ofdSndauds«pply,^^ll^. 1 
 Cs, per cantar. I 
 
[ItUC 
 
 , seasons. 
 lUc Acac 
 
 also 
 
 com»'| 
 
 1 tbc 
 
 isa: 
 
 anife 
 sttbsW 
 
 ;«M| 
 
 Uobtttes 
 
 of itai'l 
 
 If ap: 
 
 .a\o y 
 
 elu' 
 
 GUM AKABIC 
 
 ,- - «f«,rflfl/ is the produce of another species 
 of t^ia, Sin E« P't ' Tullach ' or ' Tulc...' U 
 i fuunl in many parts of Afn<-a an. Asm. In 
 hr"'Ttinn dcpcn<lencios, the luUach grows 
 tumfn^ly K'»t of the xNile, lu the provnices of 
 
 Tie entire produce of this species of piirn. 
 Ji'„,"vl.c estimated at 30,000 cautars of 1(;0 
 ih ;■ poiit ill Iki-js manufactured from bark, via 
 ^ "Nile and llic Kcd Se.i, to Cairo, where it is 
 ,,„rht for the European markets at an average 
 „'" nf i,xs- per cantar. W lien pure, gum 
 lltr'xX is of a dark red<lish colour, opaque, and 
 i Vuuiladhcrin- to the brandies of the trees, 
 Um wlmli it exudoa in liard globules, Irom i an 
 iiifh to 3 indies in diameter. 
 
 Uim "cne^al. as will be inferred from its value, 
 i- much inferior in qiwlity to gum arable. 
 
 ■,um '<eno'-al is imported from the west coast 
 (,f \frica cspceially from two kinds of acacia, 
 ,'allcl in 'tlic native lan«;uago vercc/i and ncbiwl. 
 This-ul'^lance is imported, chiefly bv the trench, 
 in Lir-c masses, and generally of a darker colour 
 than irnc num arable. There is generally a slight 
 ,,i,u,mpjsin this kind of gum. Its chief use is 
 in tlio arts, and it is frequently substituted for 
 
 L'uraarabic. . . , ^l i • • 
 
 tium of qnalitv infenor to the above is im- 
 
 Mrteilfroin Indi.i, Australia, and the Cape ;but al 
 
 ic-^c liinds. altlioiigh it appears always obt.ained 
 
 „m vaiious s|icdes of acacia, contain a cer- 
 
 •■n uiiitiiik', called bassorin, which does not 
 
 .soke (uUy in water, or form a homogeneous 
 
 )lution. ,. . , 
 
 At an average of the 3 years ending with 
 
 1:', ilie pum arable entered for consumption 
 
 ,in"intc.l to lS,17f) cwts. a-vear. Previously to 
 
 ;3:', the ilutv on gum arable from a Hritish 
 
 )sscssion was Gs. per cwt., and from other parts 
 
 !i.; hat ilic diitv on it and all other gums was 
 
 in fixed at lis. per ewt. without reg.ard to origin. 
 
 18 !-2 it was furtlicr reduced to Is. per cwt., and 
 
 finallv rpppalcd ■:; 1845. Of 50,112 nwts. of 
 
 'taiiio imported in 18('.G, Egypt supplied 
 
 15 rets., 4,9.19 from ' Austrian territories,' 
 
 the leniaindcr in pmall quantities from 
 
 Ml localities That from Turkey bore the 
 
 icsi price, that of Australia the lowest. 
 
 iXiV. 3,1139 cwts. of gum Senegal were im- 
 
 i, the value being a little above 5/. per cwt., 
 
 the Ixist gum arable was worth 71. Os. 2d. 
 
 aeeomt of Imports in 1866 of such of the 
 ymcipal dums as are known in Commerce. 
 
 GUNPOWDER 
 
 6fi6 
 
 ssoKcs 
 
 great V 
 
 Ifi w 
 
 bag^ 
 
 lo« 
 
 (ict. 
 1 «ev 
 
 auA ^^ ? 
 *t. 
 
 ctw'l 
 
 
 tovei 
 a«A 
 
 , 10.^ 
 
 . aW' 
 
 jjitt. 
 'itJ«*l 
 
 (lums 
 
 C«ti. 
 
 (turns 
 
 Cwls. 
 
 1 . 
 
 :!,n-,f, 
 
 Uracon > blood 
 
 71.1 
 
 m ■ 
 
 1,!11,1 
 
 Kupborbiuin 
 
 V9 
 
 
 IVJll 
 
 (itiW.i 
 
 S.OOS 
 
 : - . 
 
 60.112 
 
 J,ac, setd - 
 
 17 
 
 e - 
 
 4I,1'J8 
 
 l.:\c, slick - 
 
 2,11.1) 
 
 e ■ 
 
 to,:ii:i 
 
 Saml.irtch 
 
 •i,'X<'l 
 
 ■ 
 
 <S,1.M 
 
 Seneiial - 
 
 3,0.-.'J 
 
 
 1,69S 
 
 Tracacanth 
 
 (HIS 
 
 
 V,140 
 
 L'ntTiumerated 
 
 7,'!'J7 
 
 .oKotf«r, 
 
 comi 
 
 i\tl>' 
 
 
 bav« 
 
 been 
 
 aW 
 
 capiW 
 
 Aof^* 
 
 &■% 
 
 D«e| 
 
 Ifa, 
 
 Ifot 
 
 
 ■ caatat' 
 
 •«asi«i 
 
 ,4atCnVi*i 
 
 ttpp^yi 
 
 ^\^>!'.^ 
 
 i quantities of these arc re-exported, to 
 uc in 18GG of 374,783/. 
 
 mins, for the most part, exude sponta- 
 Vfrora trees, thoutth they arc often obtained 
 Bcial wound?, and are not uncommonly, at 
 Tibinod with volatile oil, from which "they 
 ptateil by distillation. They are solid 
 , naturally brittle ; have a certain de- 
 ■ansparcncy, and a colour most commonly 
 to yellow. Their taste is more or less 
 not unlike that of volatile oils ; but 
 > no smell, unless they happen to contain 
 agn body. They are all heavier than 
 "t specific gravity varying from 1-0182 
 
 to lM8r(2. They differ from gums in being inso- 
 luble in water, whether cold or hot ; while llicv 
 are, with a few exceptions, s(dubl(' in alcohol, 
 especially when assisted by beat. When heated, 
 llicy melt; and if the beat be increased, they take 
 lire, burning with a strong y(dlow flame, and 
 emitting a vast quantity of Niiioke. Coininoii 
 ronin .iirnishc.i a very iierfect exani)de of a resin, 
 and it is from tliis substance that the whole genus 
 have derived their name. L'osiii is, ind( ed. fre- 
 quently denominated rosin. The principal resins 
 are Animi, Coi'.m., Ki-i;mi, L.\iii>.\nc.m, Lac, 
 
 JIasTIC, ItoSIN, tSAN'PAItACir, T.^CA.MAIIAC, &C. 
 
 (Thomson's Chemistri/.) 
 
 HI. Gum-resins, a class of vegetable substaiicesi 
 consisting of gum and resin. They dill'er from 
 resins in tills — t'iiat they n(!vcrexii(le spontaneously 
 from the plant, being obtained either by bruising 
 the parts containing them, and cxjiressing tliu 
 juice, which is always in a state of emulsion, gen- 
 erally white, but ."(omctimes of a diileront colour, 
 or bv making incisions in the plant, from wliicli 
 the juice llows. The juice, being exposed to the 
 .action of the sun, is condensed ami inspissated 
 till it forms the gum-rosin of commerce, (ium- 
 resins are usually opaque, or, at least, their trans- 
 jiarency is inferior to that of resins. They aro 
 always solid, and most commonly brittle, anil 
 have sometimes a fatty appearance. When 
 heated, they do not melt as resins do, neither are 
 they so combustible. Heat, however, commonly 
 softens thinn, and causes tbcm to swell. They 
 burn with a flame. They have almost always .i 
 strong smell, which, in several instances, is allia- 
 ceou.s. Their taste, also, is often acrid, and always 
 nuich stronger than that of resins. They are 
 usually heavier than resins. They arc partially 
 soluble in water, but the solution is always opaque, 
 and usu.ally milky. Alcohol partially di.ssolvea 
 them, the solution being trans |iaient. 
 
 The most common gum-resins arc Ai.oes, Am- 
 monia, Kui'iiouniuM, Gai.haxum, Gamuogu, 
 MYitnir, Olibaxum, Sagavknum, Scammonv, 
 &c. (Loudon's Enci/. of Arjriculture : Thomson's 
 Chemistri/ ; British IVmrmacopceia, 18G7.) 
 
 (iUNNY (Hind, tat; Hen. guni). A strong, 
 coarse sackcloth manufactured in Bengal for mak- 
 ing into bags, sacks, and ]iacking generally, answer- 
 ing at once the two purposes for which canvas and 
 bast arc used in Europe. The material from which 
 this article is manufactured is the (Ibre of two 
 plants of the genus Corchorus ; viz. Corchoriis 
 olitnrins and Corchoriis capsularis (licngali, /)«0 ? 
 botli, but particularly the lirst, extensively culti- 
 vated throughout Lower Rengal. Besides a largo 
 domestic consumption of guiiay, the whole rice, 
 paddy, wheat, nulses, sugar, and saltpetre of the 
 countiy, as well as the pepper, coll'oe, and other 
 foreign produce exported from Calcutta, are packed 
 in bags or sacks m.ade of this article. There i.s 
 also a large exportation of manufactured bags, 
 each commonly capable of containing 2 maunds, 
 or about 100 lbs. weight, to other parts of India, 
 North America, Singapore, Pegu lic. 
 
 li^ach gunny bag weighs on an average 2 lbs. 
 Pieces of gunny cloth are usu.ally 30 yards long, 
 and weigh abou 1 6 lbs, each. {An7iual of Scien tijfic 
 Discover;/, 1862.) 
 
 In 1860, gunnies and gunTiy bags v.alned at 
 102,858/. were exported from British India. Of 
 those, by far the largest amount was exported 
 from the presidency of Bengal. [JuTr,.] 
 
 GUNPOWDER (Ger. jiulver, schiesspulver ; 
 Dutch, buskruid; Dan, krudt, pulver; Sw^ed. 
 krut ; Fr. poudre ; Ital. polvere ; Span, and Port, 
 polvora; Kuss. poroch: Pol. proch ; Lat. pulvis 
 pyrius). This well-known inflammable powder 
 
 1(1 y 
 
 ;■ 
 
 ,* 
 
 ! ». 
 
' I 
 
 fiSG 
 
 GUNPOWDER 
 
 iW 
 
 .! ' ! 
 
 • ''I 
 
 X. I 
 
 f I 
 
 t 3 
 
 V ( 
 
 f ; 
 
 f ' 
 
 is iwmposcd of nitre, Riil|pliiir, nnd chnrcnnl, ro- 
 iliici'd to powdor, mid mixed intimately witli 
 encli oilier. The proportions of the ingredients 
 vnry very considerably ; but (fooiX gunpowder 
 mny be composed of tlic following: viz, 71! pnrts 
 of nitre, 15 of elmrcoal, nnd 10 of .sulphur. Those 
 ingredients nro first reduced to a line powder 
 Hcpnratcly, then mixed intimately, nnd formed 
 into A tiiiok paste with wntor. After this has 
 dried n little, it is placed upon a kind of sieve full 
 of holes, through which it is forced. Hy this pro- 
 cess it is diviiled into grains, the size of whiidi 
 (lepcn<l9 upon the size of the holes through which 
 they have been squeezed. The ])owder, when 
 dry, ia put into imrrels, which nro made to turn 
 round on their nxis. Hy this motion the grains of 
 gunpowder rub against each other, their asperities 
 are worn oil", and their surfaces are made smooth. 
 The powder is then said to be glazed. (Thomson's 
 Chemistn/.) 
 
 Dr. Thomson has the following remarks with 
 respect to the introduction of gunpowder into 
 warlike operations : ' The discoverer of this com- 
 pound, and the person wholirst thought of apply- 
 ing it to the purpQses of war, are unknown. It is 
 certain, however, that it was used in the fourteenth 
 century. From certain nrchives quoted by Wieg- 
 leb, It' appears thnt cannons were employed in 
 (icnnany before the year 1372. No traces of it 
 ran be found in any European arthor previously 
 to the thirteenth century, but it seems to have 
 Ticen known to the Chinese long before that period. 
 There is reason to believe thnt cannons were used 
 in the battle of Cressy, which was fought in 13IG. 
 Thev sccra even to have been used three years 
 enrlicr, nt the siege of Algesiras ; but bofo' j this 
 time they must have been known in Germany, as 
 there is a piece of ordnance at Ambcrg, on which 
 is inscribed the year 1303, Koger Bacon, who 
 (lied in 1292, knew the properties of gunpowder ; 
 bnt it docs not follow that he was acquainted with 
 its application tolire-arms.' (Thomson's Chemistrtj.') 
 The proportions of the several constituents of 
 gunpowder vary considerably in different coun- 
 tries. For further particulars as to the introduction 
 of Cannon, see that article. 
 
 The manufacture, keeping, carriage, and sale of 
 Kunpowder are regulated by several statutes. By 
 the Gunpowder Act of 18ti0, 23 &. 24 Vict. c. 139 
 (amended by 24 <fe 25 A'ict, c, 130, and 25 & 2G 
 Vict. c. 98), it is enacted that no person shall use 
 mills or other engines for making gunpowder, or 
 manufacturing the same in any way, except in 
 mills and other places lawfully used at the time 
 of passing the Act, or in places licensed by justices 
 of the peace in manner therein mentioned, under 
 pain of forfeiting the gunpwwder nnd 2». a lb. It 
 is further enacted that no more than 50 lbs. of 
 sporting and Government powder, or materials to 
 lie made into gunpowder, or CO lbs. of any inferior 
 jiowdor, shall be made at any one time under a 
 Kingic pair of mill-stones, or rollers or runners, on 
 jiain of forfeiting all above such qunntities of 50 or 
 tiO lbs., and 2s. for every lb. ; nor shall more than 
 .OO cwts. be dried in any one stove or place nt any 
 one time, under forfeiture of all above that quan- 
 tity and 2». for every lb. thereof. Powder mills 
 erected on Crown lands arc exempted from the 
 above regulations so far as relates to the making 
 of flue foAvling powder. 
 
 No dealer is to keep more than 200 lbs. of pow- 
 der, uor any person not a do.iler more than 60 lbs., 
 in the cities of London or Westminster, or within 
 3 miles of either of them, or within any other city, 
 
 GYPSUM 
 borough, or marKot town, or 1 mile thereof , 
 within 2 miles of the queen's pnlaccn or m ' 
 zincs, or 4 mile of any parish .hurclj m , "" 
 of forfeiture and 2,. per lb.; except i.ut m 
 mills, or to the amount of ;mO \h, f„r ilm „ • 
 collieries, within 200 yards of tlicni. '" 
 
 Not more than 30 barrels arc io'|,o carriod 1 
 any laud carriage, unless in a van sniTial'v,,,'' 
 strncted, and then 40 lbs. ; or unless such earrii' 
 form part of a railway train, nnd then m nj, . „ ' 
 more than 500 barrels by water, unless sroin.' u 
 sea or coastwise: each barrel not to eontaiua^ 
 than 100 lbs. "- 
 
 All vessels, unlessbelonging to the Xavvc,,!!,:,,, 
 into the Thames, are to put on A\un; at'er l,.i ,? 
 Hlackwall, nil the gunpowder tliey have on b-,jr,l 
 exceeding 2o lbs. A'essels outward bonnd „,,„ . 
 to receive on board more than 2.j ll,s „i .,' 
 nowder proviimsly to their arrival at liiacku Jl 
 1 ho (Conservators of the river 'lliames have m 
 thority to appoint scarc'icrs to inspect «l,i," 
 and search for gunpowder. All the (junpo;,,/, 
 found above 2,i lbs., nnd the barrels eoiitainin- 
 It, nnd 2s, for every lli. above that quantilv.ar? 
 forfeited. Any' person obstructiiif; an IA;.: 
 searching for concealed gunpowder is liaiJe 
 to n penalty of 10/. The places of (lp|,i,<ii f,, 
 gunpowder are regulated bv the 51 (jw HI 
 c. 159. 
 
 The importation of gunpowder, arm3 Ac m I 
 at any time be pronibited by proclamation M 
 order in council (IG & 17 Vict. c. 107 s. 15), 
 
 (Junpowderis of considerable imnortanfo inij 
 commercial point of view. This will beeviilcii 
 from the following 
 
 Account of the Gunpowder Exported k 1»a,| 
 specif tjiiig the Countries to which it leai mil 
 and the Quantity and Value of that mt lit 
 each. 
 
 Countries 
 
 Ilalj : Siirdinlan StatM . 
 NapU-s and Sicily - 
 firecce - - . , 
 
 Tunis • • . . 
 
 \yestem Africa (rorclgn) - 
 ■lava . . . . 
 
 ('tiina (excluslf e of Hong Kong) 
 .Tap.in - . . . 
 
 Culia - - . . 
 
 81. Thomns 
 
 New Gr.inada - - . 
 
 Chill . . . . 
 
 Hra>il . - . . 
 
 Urtiifuay - . . 
 
 Argentine ronfederation - 
 Channel Islandi * • . 
 
 Malta . . . . 
 
 Weilern Africa inrilishi . 
 ilritiah PoHsesslons In South Africa - 
 Atauriliiis - • . . 
 
 Britbh India: nomba; and Sinde ■ 
 lten(;al and I'eitu - 
 Singapore and the Straiti Settle- 
 
 irienLs . . . 
 
 Ceylon • ■ . . 
 
 Hong Kong . . . 
 
 Au!itralia . . . 
 
 Hrilisli North America 
 Ilriii>h West India Idandl and 
 
 British Guian.t 
 nritish Honduras 
 Other ('ountrles ■ 
 Total 
 
 Quantities Vjlut 
 
 Ilis. 
 
 1,C.-.'1,:js 
 
 lo.T.iiill 
 
 ."211,11(11 
 
 2,S5ii,til9 
 
 fil.liM 
 
 9l!l,Hi 
 
 I|)I),;.M 
 
 liii,;.Tj 
 
 NiMH.! 
 
 IJI.SSlI 
 1011,19,5 
 
 in:,:!ii 
 
 S19,S0ti 
 
 l,1l,*«l 
 
 IIVM 
 iXfiit 
 
 1,3.19,!HI 
 li;5,197 
 !1V.I,06'J 
 
 J,W0,1SI 
 !>:°,ltt 
 
 nn.si: 
 ii-,;ii 
 
 _4(il,iilj_ 
 
 i;,fion,j:i; 
 
 I 
 
 Sl.vil 
 
 ii,;ii 
 r.'i.i 
 
 Sod i 
 1,1:1 
 
 2!,;ji , 
 /,i:i 
 i,iii 1 
 
 .1,5?! 
 .1,W 
 
 UM I 
 l/:i! I 
 
 l!,:(l f 
 
 i;,'")i 
 
 ^''." L 
 
 ll,S 
 
 'J" '""t the i; 
 
 Plr:.Z"'-''"- 
 
 GYPSUJI or SULPHATE OF I.IM£i.=j 
 in various parts of the Continent, in Dertj 
 and Nottinghamshire, and inNovaScoiia,"! 
 it is largely exported. ';rhen reduced loil 
 dor, nnd formed into a paste with watcrT 
 termed plaster of Paris, and is niiich ilj 
 foniiing casts Ac. It is also uscJ I'orl 
 floors, and has been advaiit.igeously ciiiplo| 
 a manure. 
 
 V'">»A 
 
 'JI hongj 
 
 
 
 
 '^Btii'd 
 
JIABERDASHErvY 
 
 JTACKNEY CAItniAOES 
 
 GUT 
 
 nlUies 
 
 Villi 
 
 
 
 «. 
 'l,7M 
 
 t 
 
 Sl.>"i 
 
 5,11111 
 
 ii;-.i 
 
 Jll.iHl 1 
 
 51,411 
 
 Mil 
 si.ra 
 <,i;i 
 
 !I,V1 
 W.lil 1 
 
 »,W 
 
 l!,:oi I 
 lj,"'i I 
 K^" I 
 
 I",' 
 
 t,ij 
 
 i lij 
 
 
 per. TimnimMi:; t jcnisclvna (« .1 , ""'^> '"e Jf ACk'vri'w, . '• "• 'dialer, 
 
 r f«' ««-/ rtc Value «7 / /■''.""'' M'-w rf„ ' •'=''"<'y coaches worn fir . 
 
 might bo Vu'^, § *''^ niimbor nf „ ,'' ''^on 
 
 h ^''e ffra„tert?"'S «"« "''''erUchto",^?;""^ 
 Acts reflect anvcmiif*' *''"'"o' s.iy fhTi"'" 
 laat (16 A i7-XF™'t on their n„H,„ "^^ ^'""'p 
 
 NlliHanariei'-'T" 
 P 111 U«ij Kong) .' 
 
 filur* 
 
 •"",7-4 
 ■■>«,76» 
 
 I'i.DlW 
 
 r<',73i 
 
 17„179 
 
 I,n;«,>(09 
 
 *7,7B5 
 
 9,SV7 
 
 f • ." " S'^ll 
 
 i,^ . . "."1,1 
 
 It* • : "^■"s 
 
 i&'inilrica ; • 7«,s;(i'3s 
 
 ■ ■ "?,0<I1 
 
 M.-I.W 
 78..'iS7 
 lfi,4l» 
 1W.I74 
 .W.BIB 
 57,0.56 
 
 liv.sni 
 
 199,9M 
 
 1 . ■'•"'7 
 
 '1)4,765 
 AI,SI9 
 3 1, Mi! 
 71,»97 
 
 „V'I,57I 
 
 i>8,882 
 
 . IfiS.S.H 
 
 1,'78,447 
 '<47,a91 
 
 178,886 
 
 879.795 
 
 1«« (1«1 iTv-'""''''' "" Vher „,S: "'■■" t''«o 
 obJoeLa1,,i7rv''- f '■'' pSttih^'i/"? 
 
 inferiority? V h"^ "P' '« 'o oXr ' i '''^'■''•' ''' 
 
 Mil 
 
 r 
 
 ' ti 
 
 i. 
 
 ' i 
 
 1 
 
 ■ i 
 
• Ml 
 
 6r,8 
 
 HACKNEY CAKRIAGKS 
 
 • n 
 
 '■ '>i 
 
 
 distance or time, at tlic option of tlie hirer, cx- 
 |ii'OHsc(l lit the cuuiincncument of tlic hiring;; if not 
 otlu'iwise cx|iri'.sHC(l, the fiirc to ho paid according 
 to distance. (It! A 17 Vict. c. 33, Hchcdulc A.) 
 
 No driver is compcUuble to hire his carriu^o for 
 a tare according,' to time, at any time after 8 in 
 I ho evening;, and before G in the morninf;. 
 
 Agreement witli driver to j)ay more than lefjal 
 faro not binding', and 8um paid beyond tlic fare 
 may be recovered. (1 Si 2 Wm. IV. c. 22 s. -13.) 
 
 Driver not to charge wore than Iho snm agreed 
 on for driving a distance, although Huch distance 
 he exceeded by the driver. (.Sec. -14.) 
 
 If proprietor or driver agree beforehand to take 
 fill' any Job any .sum leas than the proiier fare; 
 pinalty i'or exacting or demanding more than the 
 .sum agreed on, lOs. (Sec. 45.) 
 
 I)rl\cr may deuiaiul a reasonable sum as a dc- 
 piisit, from |)ersons hiring and re(iniring him to 
 wait, over and above the fare to which driver 
 i^ entitled for driving thither. Penalty 40s. if 
 driver ret'iiso to wait, or go away before expi- 
 ration of time lor which deposit shall be sutlicient 
 compensation ; or if driver shall refuse to account 
 for such depo.sit. (Sec. 47.) 
 
 Hirer refusing to pay the faro, or for any 
 damage and compensation for loss of time, may 
 be conimittod to ijrison. (Sec. 41.) 
 
 The immber of ])ersons to be carried by any 
 hackney carriage shall be distinctly marked ni 
 such carriage, as the Commissioner of I'olice shall 
 direct ; and the driver shall, if required by the 
 Ijier, carry by such carriage the number of 
 jierson.s marked thereon, or any less number, 
 (, Hi it 17 Vict. c. 33 s. !>.) 
 
 When carriage is drawn by 2 horses, ^ above the 
 lares hereinafter mentioned is to be paid, (Sche- 
 dule A.) 
 
 Two children under 10 to be counted as 1 adult, 
 whether the hiring be by distance or time. 
 
 Fares by Distance, within a radius of 4 miles 
 from Cliaring Cross. — If hircil when standing on 
 a stand, for any distance not exceeding 1 mile, Is. 
 (,30 4 31 Vict. c. 134 s. 26.) 
 
 Above the nnmbcr of 3 persons carried, Crf. 
 extra for each person. 
 
 And for any distance exceeding 1 mile, for every 
 luile, and for any part of a mile not completed, at 
 the rate of Gc^. 
 
 Above the number of 2 persons carried, Gd. 
 extra for each person for the whole hiring. 
 
 When not standing on a stand, for each mile 
 and for anv part of a mile not completed, at the 
 1 ate of Gd. ' (16 & 17 Vict. c. 127 s. 13, and c. 33.) 
 
 Above the number of 2 persons carried, Gd, 
 extra for each person for the whole hiring. 
 
 One shilling for every mile, or part of a mile, 
 beyond 4 miles (radius) from Charing Cross, if 
 carriage discharged beyond such 4 mile.s. 
 
 Xo driver shall demand or receive any sum by 
 way of back fare for the return of the carriage 
 from the place at which discharged. (16 & 17 
 Vict. c. 33 8. 4.) 
 
 When the driver, to be paid according to dis- 
 tance, shall be required by the hirer to stop for 
 lo minutes, or for any longer time, the driver 
 may demand and receive l further sum (above 
 the fare calculated ai'nording to distance) of Gd. 
 for every 15 minutes completed that ho shall have 
 been so stopped. (Sec. 4.) 
 
 Fares by Time. — One hour, or part of an hour, 
 2s. (Schedule A.) 
 
 For everv 15 minutes, or less, beyond 1 hour, 
 G(/. (Cap."l27 s. 15.) 
 
 Each person above 2, the whole hiring, Gd. 
 extra. (Sec. 14.) 
 
 No driver shall demand or receive anv sam bv 
 
 way of back fare for the return .,f ti 
 from the place at winch dischurgp,! VT' 
 If the driver is rc(iulred t„ ,|riv',, ,^7',;' 
 
 njdesauhour for every n,il«,,t^,'''*' 
 above I radcs, bd. extra. (Cap. x\\, - \ ' 
 
 I,ii</yaf/e.—A rea.soiiable .|uaiititv'of'l , , 
 to be carried in or upon the carrijiV,. ,,■,"*"'"■'"'* ' 
 additional charge, e.xcept m< im,v hi '"""■' 
 ragrnnh. (Cap. 33 s. 10.) ' "''''' '" "^« H- 
 
 When more than 2 person., „re .arrii.,! b i' 
 any hackney carnage, with u,„r. i,,.",., I"'' 
 can be carried inside the carrii.go. a f-:^nf-u, 
 everv package carried outside tin mri ' " 
 be paid. (Schedule A.) ' "•'^' 
 
 General Reijulations, Misconduct ^■(•-Il„u 
 carriage standing in the street unlos ! , T 
 hired, .,0 be deemed plying for l,[;.;t,:;^ 
 obliged to go with any person (Icsir,,,,, ,„• ;"' 
 such carnage: aiu on hearifg comphi,, "„ 
 must produce, evidence of havin}; L,n \Z 
 hired at the time. (1 & •> \v„i \\ ,..,.,,.?.' 
 
 The driver is to drive at not" less' ijian Jl 
 an hour, unless lu ca.ses of iinavoidaljl,. .l.i," 
 when re.iu.red by the hirer to drive slow; ',1 
 IK 17 Vict. c. 33 s. li.) " 
 
 The driver shall (uidcss lie ha^c a rw-i 
 
 excuse, to be allowed by the justico) iln-cV 
 
 place wiihin the Metropolitan police ui..ri,i 
 
 City of London, to which he inav l)e remiiJ 
 
 the hirer, not e.xceeding U miles" frcra the nl 
 where hired. (See. 17.) ' 
 
 The driver shall (unless lie have a rt*- 
 excuse, as above) drive for am- time not ej,' 
 nig 1 hour from the time when hired [i«\ 
 
 The proprietor of everv hacknev c'lrriicf' 
 keep distinctly painted or ninrkeilbotlifiini:, 
 side and outsiile of such carria^^e. as tlntD: 
 sioiierof I'olice shall direct, a table iii'fjrevir 
 may bo legally demanded; and the driw 
 have with him at all times, when |ilvin;;t;r 
 book of fares, in such form as shall be dirwi 
 the Commissioner, ard produce the s,iii» 
 require)', for the information of any ppw 
 o:' intending to hire such carria^'c.' (Seo.i 
 
 I'l lases of disputes as to the" fare mA 
 distance, any table or book si;,'ned bv tit 
 missioner of I'olice shall, on proof of 'such 
 ture, bo conclusive evidence of all the J 
 therein stated to have been nieasurcJIir 
 thority. (Sec. 6.) 
 
 \\\ case of any dispute between the fci 
 driver of a hackney carriage, the hirer n 
 quire the driver to tlrive to the neare-i % 
 litan police court or justice room, ivlitat 
 plaint may be determined by the sitiic; 
 trate without summons ; or if no pohVe 
 justice room be open at the time, tin 
 nearest police station, where the CHiiiji 
 bo entered, and tried by the m,ii,'i-::ffll 
 next sitting. (Sec. 18.) 
 
 Every driver of a h.ickney . ^triage >_ 
 hired, deliver to the hirer a MrJ on irli 
 be printed the number of tLeStau.pO' 
 on such carriage, or .^ucli other ivorJj iti 
 as the Commissioner ul Police may direct \ 
 
 Penalty of 40.?., or 1 month's imprisiiiJ' 
 each oll'cnce against any of the above piJ 
 (Sees. 17, 19.) ' 
 
 AH property left in any hackney car 
 je deposited by the driver at the new 
 station within 24 hours, if not sooner clf* 
 the owner ; such property to be returned u 
 son who shall prove to the ConimtsioMl 
 that the same belonged to him, on pi.ia* 
 expenses incurred, and of such re.i.«» 
 the driver as the Commissioner sli""""^ 
 11.) 
 
 li<r^?'""'"je, 
 r^'and&e ij 
 
 rr^-xtierV 
 f, parts of Fran 
 
 '^m 
 
 
EAIR 
 
 Uriw not wearing hU mctnl licket coiKn! 
 
 ,„u.«lyon liu bremt at all times .liirinir liis rm 
 
 onneiit.or refusing; to produce such ticknf f .J 
 
 .wrtion. or rcdi.siiiL' to r».rmif „ '' "" 
 
 a. 
 j note 
 vriiiii! 
 
 onnem.or reiii.sirijf lo produce such tickof f , 
 ,,*otion, or rcUimi; to permit any person Z 
 
 tiw person usin^or wenriiifr a ticket withr...t 
 
 lianiii; a license in iorco relaliiifj to sncl. tip „1 
 
 Jcrminnff a licket rcsomblinff the lickcfM hVull'l 
 
 tv tlie IVimmissioner o( i'ojiu;, to forfeit 5/ . , 
 
 lickftmnyb,. seized by any constable „r n'e!."";' 
 
 PrSSr"^"" by the CommiJ.,ZZ^ 
 
 W«ralloH-inff another person to act a.s driver 
 
 1 1,1- iJacc, also any person actio- as driver vith 
 
 Hcowit^o, ,,rop„e,or of the carriage, to forS 
 
 p. (.^,27.) 
 Person actiDK unlawfully as driver mav he 
 te. ,nto custody by a constable, and cha^rred 
 
 li-driverollmckncy carriage permit or suffer anv 
 m 10 nJe or bo earned in, upon, or about S 
 
 lajcinlhout express consent ofpeiNon hit „ 
 l;^c;c: penalty 2(1.. (1& 2 Wm. I^!c 22, 50? 
 iPnver suilty of wanton or furious drivlt "r 
 N li"" or damage by carelessness or m^iVu? 
 ibehanour; or drunk durinir his nmr.i^ " 
 
 «aki„guseofin,ulti„gor2,sfeTnteo; 
 lurt or any misbehaviour, to forfeit 3/ .^f 
 imprisoned for 2 months ^'ith or w hi tt h.r? 
 
 >ar,atdiscrc,onofjustiee;andiuCeofsu^h 
 tor daniat'c, justice mav order comnenc„f 
 Kceeiiint. lU/., to be nai,M.v*h„ '^ ^"*'""' 
 . ^covered by him from e Lve/hv''"^'"'"' 
 ^..t.ni^an have been S , '^' ^^^ 
 idmorot liacknev carriairo slmll of„i, . V^ 
 
 a:,x;!*n7i! '■'■•»'''»' 
 
 «'"»,; doivn anv person or S ''""^ 
 
 |any,vil,ul misbehavbi^i sh' i^^' '°"*'''- 
 pn in or upon anv n„)>r *^'""*^ «">' 
 
 h'We &c. mav drive r. P""?^^-'*' ■^^"•i 
 
 Kconsiderablear eloin """"' ^"'*'' 
 P»«tliPm„,i„,J,,,, "'=''' " -ommerce.os- 
 
 ^%land &c., i^s V "' ^\""»J"-'n. 
 
 <™ parts of Fran™ x' ., "'-^'' ^Pa'n, 
 ■■"i neither M *"^- ^ood hair is 
 
 ^ess making its cHnf! ^Jrizzh; 
 .Hthshoulfb .^ if t«? short du: 
 
 I" 1««C, 18,500 lb, nf i' "^'^ 
 
 Ponc.1 into the r.Tn tcj Ki ,'"',""" '""' ^vero im- 
 vnlMoof8,.per]b. "'" ^'"i^^om, at an average 
 
 ^''i-' I'uir of horses is rv, ••'^''' ' ^n'- PolJes) 
 
 ;>«m.f«cture of chair soft'; iV "' ^'' '" '''« 
 the hair or wool of h, ,, ', '^"''"'c'* Ice; whiln 
 
 KT! ^^o ™! o^dT";,- 'r.'"s'- ^•>- p-"ro ii 
 
 l'<'l'ica) IS used as an nr„ ' '' ^^l'""- pohos d., 
 pnerally made ?L„ 2"eh"""f '"'T "'« ''"i a d 
 
 'mcs perfumed. A fit 'f '',";' ''f'"''^''' «"<! «on '- 
 laid upon all persons who 1 ^'\ ^?- ^''- ""Vcar is 
 ''-•rent Btatuto. proh" b U ?.« •'" '""•-P<"^der. jji u 
 with starch or alXster lT!-'''''^'>'"'''»r-powder 
 are prohibited hivin ' ah.bn . ^"".'-Vowilcv makers 
 
 Br r'"^'^ ^i^^Fr^^ 
 
 arc hides and deer horns 1. '."' ''''"-''' <->^|>on.s 
 
 'c last worth fron jTi^,''^'^. • « ""t an.i'tow 
 
 «. Alcock does not snooi ^"'- ^^ tO"- Sir 
 
 -J'-'' 2oVre Brl'tSsI f "»'^->-"-. "f 
 -'2 were British Ti i' 1 • ^^ cl^rcd, of whi, . 
 
 paid the sa.TyeJtrt^Tt.T^P''^' ^'' ^^ol' 
 ports were seaweed siU „',^:\ ^''c chief o,,! 
 cottons, woollens'^J"'';, !'"J *';^'' ! the imports 
 ^h'ortfor ma.) ^ '"«'"■• ^""s»I Go, vert' 
 
 
 1S(!.', 
 Ii66 
 
 Kijiorts 
 
 I":, 75(1 
 
 Iniporls 
 i" 
 
 ',!il3 
 
 IIALIFAA' TJ, ■ ' "■'"^ 
 
 of the same name on /i, ' '^'^aiid oiFthc ct^o 
 
 to the Larbour,^^ lat ^o'in' f"^' "^ ^^o entrance 
 ■gl't, M-hich is /ixcd is 210 f '^'^'- "^° 32'. l"'e 
 .Je -a, and a deSd „! J S art^r "'^ '"-''' 
 ^4-pounders, is ,,„,„, ',,"1 .""j"*^'".^' ^*-'Hi two 
 Jn-'p at regulaV int'^r^als d ,it H° ^'fe'^t-hotrse^ 
 of the dense fogs with whir f v^ ""' continuance 
 very m„eh infSted. (Cot ie/^'/'/"'J'^''''° '-■«««'^« 
 
 the harbour ibr larse sb ns J:' ^^^ course into 
 light isbetweentbe ,t •' i"'^''''' Passing SanihrA 
 Maenab's Isla.^S tiC^l^^'^'^r?- the^rand" 
 »ug from the latter a lilrhf ?. 9" * ^pit project- 
 constructed ; and when hisi"'' ^"^ '^ccntlyTeon 
 
 •ii 
 
 'I hi ■' 
 
 •Si I 
 
 I I 
 
 ■Jl 
 
 I 
 
 ...I'iii'r 
 

 i 
 
 I »'■ '■. ■•' I 
 
 \ i 
 
 ( .«■ 
 
 • '.-^-il- 
 
 fl ■■ 
 
 660 HALIFAX 
 
 tliHti 1 nillo in width. After Rrndimlly niirrow- 
 iii^ to alHiiit \ thnt width, it Muddi'iily cxpnnilii 
 intu A niilj!c .'■licet of water, ciiIIlmI licdlcird llasin, 
 fomplcKily Iniid-lookcd, with dropwator tlirmiKli- 
 imt, and ciipahlcof'npcommodatin;; thn wiiole iiavv 
 iifdrcat llrilaiii. The liarbour iii acpc^sildc nt all 
 timc.M, and in randy impoded hv ioo. There i^ an 
 extensive royal dockyard at iralil'a.x, which dur- 
 ini; war in an important navnl Htulion, beinf,' par- 
 ticularly well caU'ulatud lor the Mheltcr, repair, 
 itiiil oiitlit o( the fleets criii.^inj; on the American 
 coast and in the West Indies. Mr. M'dreuor has 
 scvcfly, and we believe jiintly, censured tlie pro- 
 ject Cor the removal of the dockyard from Ualil'a.x 
 tu ISerinuda. 
 
 Trdilc vVc. ()/■ Hnli/dx anil .Vorn Scntiit. — Hali- 
 fax is the seat of a considerable lishery ; but the 
 Ilritish colonists seem to he, for what reason it is 
 not easy to nay, less enterprisinfj and snccessfid 
 lisliers than the New ICnjiflandcrs. The principal 
 tnid(' of the town and province is with the West 
 Indicfi, (ireat Itritain, and the United States. To 
 the former tlrey export dried and ])ickled fish, 
 lumber, coals, cattle, Hour, butter, oats, pot<itoc8 
 &{.: They export the same articles to the .south- 
 ern ])ortsof the I'nitcd States, and };ypsuin to the 
 eastern ports of Now lluf^land. To Creal; Kritain 
 they send timber, deals ; whale, cod, and seal oil ; 
 furs I've. The prii ':)al exports of tim'.icr are 
 from I'icton on the St. Lawrence. The imports 
 consist principally of colonial produce from tlic 
 West Indies; all .sorts <]f manufactured rooAs 
 from (ireat Kritain; and of (lour, lumber &c. 
 from the United States, [irincipally for ux|)ortatiou 
 to the West Jndie;'. 
 
 In 18"J(J a company was formed for making a 
 canal acro.ss the country from Halifax to the 
 basin of Jlinas, which unites with the bottom of 
 the Hay of Fundy. The navigation is formed, 
 for the most part, by Shiibenacadie lake and river. 
 
 The LPKiolntuM gave IB.OW. fn thl,n,„!„-„. 
 The excavated part of the ca„„l i"",?':""'! 
 
 bott 
 
 ter. 
 
 top, M> tect nt bottom, and admits vc^ 
 ing H feet water. It 
 
 ;a"inl i.t 111) I,,, «.i,l^, , 
 seenn very 
 
 '.Hue 1 4 
 
 Ii:ir 
 
 bidders, but it is of verv c(m),i,|i.r.,M 
 the trade of Halifax, ■h,, ~ 'f ,T"'v- 
 Scotia IJailway in workint; or.leri,, is ";."' 
 miles. '" "'H : 
 
 There are 2 priva- e bankint; corrnniiin, ». n . 
 fax. Accounts are kept in ,!;.„„:[n«^^^^^ 
 
 pence, the same as In Ku^lw .i,l ' 
 
 and measures are also the satne 
 
 About l-.'0 lar^e ';;iuare-rif;ne;ivo„el,,an,i,|, 
 the same number ol large sclio.,tie,x * 7''' 
 smaller croit, belong to Haliinx 
 
 The steam ships cnveyi,,.. ,i',e mail. ,„ n,:,a 
 North America ply between this ,„,« aii.l ■ 
 in the United States and l.ivt'rr,.,,,! \ 
 sent (Sept IHGH) live steamship cum,;,!,,;,, , 
 steamers from the latter, so that ' ,|rr 
 Tue'M.ny and Wednesday, and 1 cud 'il,„r-iJ 
 l'ri..ay,an<l Saturday; ihc port. nClcil 
 being New \ork and lioslo,,. li.il.fi.x "(j J 
 and Montreal. The fare t„ llalifa.^' „, U 
 from Liverpool, including provisioiH ami *teitj 
 tee (but excluding wines and lu,,i„r<\ i, 1 
 18/. to 20/. first class. On iiiriviii' .it'llaj 
 passengers are eonvevcd acrn... I'ho l\a4 
 to Pictou, whence thev are carried liv -■(« 
 to (iueliec and Montreal. A stoam isi, J 
 is also kept up in summer with Huston 
 the value of the total imports into .\ovjjj 
 was 1-1,38 l,Gfi2 dollars, or ■.',«:(;,,•«:'/„ .f , 
 11,530,495 dollars represent tho impi.ri;il 
 Halifax. [Coi.oniks ; TAitim, Cui.oval 
 
 During 18(J5, 6,851 ships, if tlic r ' 
 burden of 92!),y20 tons, entered tho p-t" 
 colony (principally Halifax) from fill t 
 149 of which were from the L'nitcil Kin.v 
 
 Account of the Qnantitics and Values of the Principal Articles Ei-ported from the UuikdM 
 to Xova Scoli'i, and principalli/ to Halifax, in the I'cur^ 1805 and IHiCi, 1 
 
 Aiticlcs 
 
 
 
 Quantities 
 
 \ 
 
 diue 
 
 
 
 I8ti5 
 
 iSGi; 
 
 mi 1 
 
 Appanl nnd habtrdnOiprr 
 
 
 vnlue 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 IC.'jKO ! 
 
 Co|»in.T, wiuu^ht and LiiMruut;lit 
 
 
 cvvts. 
 
 4,12,-S 
 
 4,VS1 
 
 ( »ril.i(;i>niul twuie 
 
 
 ». 
 
 16.1H.1 
 
 K.llli 
 
 
 
 Cutton yarn - 
 
 
 III*. 
 
 1.5I,N»/) 
 
 Vi.-tnn 
 
 
 
 CottiitiSi KiitiTfit liv ilie >aril 
 
 
 yanls 
 
 4,8.14/J6)1 
 
 C,11I,WI 
 
 1.1.1,1.11) 
 
 
 at TAlii.- 
 
 
 viUuo 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dni^ imd clieinic.il prtnltirts - 
 
 
 ■ ft 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 7,.W 
 
 
 K.\rihi'inv«n> .t.til iiortL'lain 
 
 
 II 
 
 ^ 
 
 -.- 
 
 i.i.fij; 
 
 
 Fi-hiiiK t.ii-kle 
 
 
 ,t 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 1S.C5.T 
 
 
 (il.i<(t ni.iniit.itturcA 
 
 
 »* 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 i.WI 
 
 
 Ilardwarts ;.ii<l mUery, unenuini-rnicd 
 
 
 CWti. 
 
 fi.ysi 
 
 1,'iiO 
 
 33,. M 
 
 llai&ofnll Mirts 
 
 
 dox. 
 
 7,^y* 
 
 10,612 
 
 lD,iK3 
 
 Iron, wriiUKht nml unwroiiKlit - 
 
 
 tonn 
 
 y,.vj7 
 
 17,178 
 
 <II,.MIII 1 
 
 l^.tth ■ '•routtht and uiiwrought 
 
 
 falue 
 
 _ 
 
 .„ 
 
 xii.iro 
 
 Lineno, t-^iiered bv ilio yiird 
 
 
 yards 
 
 9»li,C51 
 
 l,0'.ll,llt 
 
 4II,CII| 
 
 M»(-hiner)- and mill wurk 
 
 
 value 
 
 „ 
 
 _ 
 
 9i.UI 
 
 OlI.sLvd 
 
 
 - f^nllimi 
 
 08,001) 
 
 7(1,133 
 
 Wi 
 
 rainicrs* rnlours (not nihorwise descrilwD 
 
 TBtllV 
 
 _ 
 
 ~ 
 
 10,(11 
 
 Vixyvr ut'atl aort:* (including itaiH.'r haauiMfis) 
 
 CWll. 
 
 .1.4tS 
 
 6,67.1 
 
 9.»Si 
 
 S.lt - 
 
 
 ton* 
 
 i3,i71 
 
 S3,1UC 
 
 :,«( 
 
 Silk manuractures 
 
 
 value 
 
 ^ 
 
 — 
 
 S.991 
 
 Soap- . , - 
 
 
 CWU. 
 
 V,S79 
 
 2,S9t 
 
 ?,;6J 
 
 Woollens, entered hr the yanl - 
 
 
 yards 
 
 •i,iil,-4Jt 
 
 !,40O,9lili 1 
 
 i;3,0S3 
 
 at T.due 
 
 
 value 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 9,tM 
 
 All other ar( it Ie« 
 Total 
 
 
 " 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 99.71 i 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 1,061,1V-. 
 
 J 
 
 Total Value of Nova Scotian Imports atid Exports {including Bullion and Specie) frm 4 
 Country in the Years ended September 30, 18G3, 1864, and WCJ. 
 
 Countiia 
 
 ImporH 1 Eipora J 
 
 18C3 
 
 1SC4 
 
 1865 
 
 18C3 
 
 IS6I ij 
 
 Unilisl Kingilom . 
 tirltish ro««i-«slung : 
 
 Wnt IndLin • 
 
 North American 
 United Slatn 
 
 Otlier Countrict - - . 
 Total • 
 
 776,139 
 
 .17,5.56 
 !1.1,.1ii» 
 771,343 
 193,006 
 
 £ 
 1,081,5CS 
 
 88,15.5 
 237,813 
 
 «52,7.S8 
 
 £ 
 1,26.1,198 
 
 1.1.1,111 
 S1S,6.M 
 803,171 
 «93,968 
 
 £ 
 
 .HJ,S7l 
 ,1'll,9!9 
 37.1,9i« 
 1J7,47J 
 
 (i,\iA fl 
 
 S,0«0,'^78 
 
 S,AXU,9t9 
 
 K,87«,3.W 
 
 1,. 1(19,1198 
 
 _KW«.J 
 
In thisniiilcrtaMr,;. 
 Ill in (10 U-vi Willi, si 
 limits veswU ^rm. 
 I vcrv (lUmli. ii;|l|. 
 ilitnlile tolho -liar 
 laidowlilit wrvii'o i ,] 
 PxtiMit (if iho Niii 
 nlet ill IHli.') wa« 'j 
 
 
 ; coirpanic^ nt ila.iJ 
 diiii'Ih, sliillin;;^ anl 
 iml, ;iilil the '.vti^litj 
 no. 
 
 ^'('(Iv'Nselii.aniljlJ 
 liiiDiitrs, Willi sovtrl 
 fax. 
 
 ;; ilic mail.i In liritii 
 tliis ]i(.itt ami 1» . 
 
 l,iviT|iil(il. \l ||j 
 
 nsliiu c"iii|i;iiiii* -.I 
 
 iO tllllt J fl.V. It 
 
 mill 1 each Huirsii 
 1 jiorlH III' (loiiiiiail 
 itoii, lliilll',ix, (;i,> 
 to llnlifax ur Itiji 
 riivisiiMH and stwi( 
 
 and liijiiiT*), i< 1 
 1 lUTiviiu; at llaiil 
 
 across iho IViiiij 
 
 •e carried liy •cm 
 
 A stoara intfrci* 
 
 witli Bost.iii. In I 
 iports into XoviS 
 r i.HTll.Mil 'i 1 
 nt the inipi'riril 
 uiFi's, (;oi.osi.il;| 
 liips, if tlie ii? 
 entered the \».'K 
 ax) from all t 
 lie United Kini;i 
 
 'I-,' 
 
 'roin the UiMi 
 I and l8Ci;. 
 
 . I 
 
 £ 
 
 JI.W'I 
 11, «v 
 irij.i.'ii) 
 if),;i»i 
 ;,.wo 
 ij.wi; 
 ia.f.5:i 
 
 It.iEl 
 35,itt> 
 \u.M 
 9l,.'il») 
 
 jii.iro 
 %v\ 
 
 ]ii,eii 
 ;,«< 
 
 S.W1 
 !,;6T 
 IJ3,063 
 9,699 
 99.7 1J_ 
 l,06l,»':. 
 
 id Speck) frf" ' 
 
 Mid mi- 
 
 6li,l»5 
 
 311,'" 
 IS9,«J 
 
 -U 
 
 
 n;'"t 
 
 
 •1 -'1 
 
 ;' V 
 
*-*.l 
 
 ..1 
 
 Ij 
 
 n 
 
 Mfr-'imln, 
 L'/l/if/', 
 
 I //.(/i/iu-, 
 
 I' It, ri» . 
 
 fc'll»illirii|»f, 
 U.J „,.,,)„ 
 
 uA'f; fi7/u;rTUUi.; X Ct'. 
 
('on, riff • 
 
 «.. «l„,.l . " '""I'll, if 'nil I '"■' """II'IISM 
 
 uiiinir-. onoof (1,0 ff„,„^T :~<iiosi,nl-,. ';"''"'■'••' '■" mi, ,?"•'""'""• 
 
 twiji I 
 
 ■'I s,m 
 
 • VAiu* I 
 
 '^'."ll Vlf,7?.l 
 
 F'".' I. i™-, jiiiiinl fo 111. St,,,,, ,,. ., - ""'"''I'lttil 'II. """"! Ili.'iii ii|i,r|,f 1 ":'V. 
 
 amlN. i'iiiil, liiit f.viliMliii,, ,1,,. '^f- I'll to iii/ililn .1 '" '"< <'iiiiii)V .1 
 
 ■• ~" ''''^ ''™"- '""te:&&liH;^!-S»3T, - 
 
 ""f.rovrm,„„ , " .'"'^ '''''nmih-, i, |„„ il!\'\"' l''«<<'s 
 
 
nc2 
 
 ILVMBUIIO 
 
 r* 
 
 'rX':t 
 
 each, must pny pilotage whether llicy require a 
 |iilot or no; and however well the hignals, li^^hts, 
 hcncons, and buoys may be arranged, the services 
 of an exiicricnced pilot arc very necessary, 
 especially in the case of fofjs or stormy weather. 
 To assist in (getting vessels supplied with this 
 indispensable functionary, a schooner w^as directed, 
 in 1855, to cruise between Heligoland and the 
 mouth of the river, to be in readiness to supply 
 ships with pilots and instructions ; and this |)lan 
 having been found to answer extremely well, a 
 second schooner has since been employed for 
 the same juirpose. Previously to this arrange- 
 ment vessels had to heavc-to by the pilot-galliot, 
 moored near the river's mouth ; and when, owing 
 to the state of the tide or the weather, they 
 could not do this, they had to sail to Cuxhaven 
 and there get a pilot. But the schooners being 
 extremely good sea-boats, and always on the look 
 ont, their employment has greatly reduced the 
 inconveniences that formerly attended the ship- 
 ping of jiilota. 
 
 The Charges on account of Pilotage varj", of 
 course, with the vessel's draught of water, the 
 distance she has been piloted, and sometimes 
 also with the nature of the cargo. They arc in 
 all cases very moderate. The charge for towage 
 is fixed per agreement. 
 
 Down to a late period there were no docks or 
 quays at Hamburg, but they are now in course of 
 construction. At present there is a quay about 
 3,000 feet long, intended cliietly I'or sea-going 
 steamers, in the course of erection; and when 
 completed, there is no doubt tliat further works of 
 the same kind on the Grasbrok will be commenced 
 ■without delay. Vessels moored in the river 
 outside of piles driven into the ground a short 
 distance from shore; and in this situation they 
 were not exposed to any danger unless the piles 
 gave As-aj', which rarely happens. Tliere was a 
 sort of inner harbour formed by an arm of the 
 ]''lbe which runs into the city, where small craft 
 discliargetl their cargoes. Larger vessels loaded 
 and unloaded from their moorings by means of 
 lighters. These carry the goods from and to the 
 warehouses which front the various small arms 
 and channels of the riv(;r, and the canals carried 
 from it into dilForcnt ])arts of the city. The 
 charges on account of lighterage are extremely 
 moderate. lint, whatever inconveniences may 
 have attached to this state of things, either liavc 
 been, or arc on the eve of being, materially 
 abated by the formation of a new harbour, in 
 wliich ships will lie alongside the quays, and 
 their loading and unloading he greatly facilitated. 
 Kibe Jiittics. — The Stade duties on tlie Elbe, 
 against which we protested in former editions of 
 tills work, have been abolished since July 1, 18G1, 
 and the various duties levied on the upper part of 
 the river have been simplilied and reduced since 
 July 1, 18G3. At present all vessels, whether going 
 up or down the river, have to pay toll only at the 
 custom-house of Wittenberg, where they have 
 to stop, at any rate, on account of customs re- 
 vision. The Elbe duties are levied there in three 
 different classes, namely, in the first (normal 
 class) at the rate of It! silver pfennig (300 = 1 
 thaler couranr, or 30 thaler stand.) per toll-centner 
 of 100 lbs. metrical weight; in the second at the 
 rate of 8 silver pfennig; and in the third at the 
 rate of 2 silver pfennig, lielow Wittenberg the 
 trallic on the river is entirely free. Xow that 
 I'russia stands in the place of Hanover and Den- 
 mark in regard to these tolls, it is believed (says 
 Jilt. Consul-Gencral Ward in his liepnrts of Febru- 
 ary 18G7, and May 15, 1808) that a modification, if 
 not an entire abolition of them will soon be elVeclcd. 
 
 Money and Banks. — Money u ,,„. ., i 
 reckoned in Hamburg in raarcs,' of iGt rf? ' ' 
 12 pfennigs ; and is of 2 sorts, banco anii ,„.. | 
 Ihe former consists of the sums in'^cribt,! in .| 
 books of the Hank opposite to the namn . f i I 
 who have deposited specie or bullion m {uC'x 
 or got it transferred to them at the rate,. ^ 
 marcs banco to the Cologne marc of line %;\ 
 The value of the marc L.mco, taking: siivcr a' T 
 per oz., is consequently Is. 5Jrf„ which mak j.-J 
 par of exchange 13 marcs lOJ schill. banoMT'I 
 sterling. 1 here is always a considerable • u ', 
 favour of banco. ■ " 
 
 The state currency was regulated by a !iiw,H 
 year 1856, according to which the Pru<^;saIl^| 
 (GO to 1 kilogramme of tine silver) Jwcameil 
 legal coin. Hut the monetarv unit is hani 
 the marc current, 2^ of which arc equal to j 
 Prussian thaler. Hamburg for a Iodl' tiia 1 
 only issued small coin sufficient to m\,\H 
 local demand. ■ ^ 
 
 1 mure of fine sil»tr ( li ii-il value) = i; m.ir s 1' it', 
 
 inlVTr "'',"""-' •■'"''' u" • -^'»'<Mn\^» 
 
 lOil llainburi; mures banco . = 7/. S/. ■.,/. «(.]■ 
 
 !"<> t. ., courmt - =,'»/. I :j."s,f 
 
 100 IVussiim dollars - - = 1 1/. \u. M. ' 
 
 The weight for gold or silver will be theneii 
 pound from July 1, 18G8. 
 
 In addition to the Giro, or deposit „ 
 Hamburg, whicli was founded so farbacki 
 [Banks], two joint-stock banks were e'li 
 here in 1850. One of these, the Xorthl 
 Bank, has a capital of 20,000.000 a. k 
 1,500,000/., which has been wholly paid i 
 capital of the other, or Union Bank, is m 
 the same as that of the latter, but onlvJ,i^ 
 m. banco, or 300,000/., of it has beea | 
 They discount bills, make advances on g* 
 transact all corts of banking business. 
 
 Pleasures and If^eiglits, — A new repil 
 these was effected by an Act passed ■: 
 18.58. 
 
 There were before in Hamburg 3 dife 
 of pound icfights : — 
 
 1. The bank or silver weight (fond 
 Cologne, ■weight). 
 
 2. The commereir.l weight. 
 
 3. The apothecjiry wciglit. 
 One pound bank, or silver weiglu= 
 
 marc (Cologne) is •.'J3-8u!89 grains, 
 Dutch As. =100 mares = G2-i3J54 I'-i 
 pounds. 
 
 The old relation between the conimeriii 
 and bank weight, by wliich thccoiiiraa 
 was equal to 33-j'l. oz. hank weight, I 
 lirmed by the Act of 1H13. 
 
 1 centner=112 pounds; 1 pounl= 
 oz. = 4 drachms; 1 drachm- Ipl'tnaii' 
 
 lliiirin 
 J come. 
 J vtidit i 
 
 rip a 
 tmci and 
 ttaUt 
 
 J I rem (j,f . 
 
 I'WKrCilaiit, 
 
 ■"'P -Vi'asm 
 ' '- inchct, , 
 '.'■(« Paris 
 
 ' ' ilmh\ 
 
 mrf-ff 
 
 fnwjt'j'-- 
 
 =1'D.1< 
 
 ml ker 
 
 Fiifrs 
 
 mniws. 
 
 the 
 
 bartul 
 
 mall I 
 
 ^"VWkrrel 
 
 oontJ 
 
 ■iHd 
 
 ■Vcu'iire ^r 
 
 I'iJtfc/ast 
 
 fe/i 
 
 qiiartit.J 
 
 urn i.J 
 
 inncommerci.iI lbs.=-.10fpi-iS EnRlishllnno 
 100 „ „ 4S IBiKI kilO|.TMm:l>. 
 
 100 „ „ Si;;oi511is. Vmir.i. 
 
 100 ,, „ 'J6"J.:iUllii. lierouaC* 
 
 1 ' schifTpfiind,' in ciim;iier«'=2( i 
 20 ' liesiifund ' of M lbs. eacli, or i«J| 
 
 1 'schiffpfund' bvlaiid cirriage ' 
 pfund,' each of 10 pVuiul ; is, tiiercli 
 
 A pipe of oil is 820 Ib.s. ; 1 barrel o 
 willow and hoops) is taken ,it, tn 1 
 common hoops at 280 lbs. nett. 
 
 But the inconveniences of siieh 3 ij 
 obvious to require being pointed out J 
 viate them, provision was made in J 
 cUuled in 1856, by the GovcmmentJj 
 Hanover, Brunswick, Bremen fc 
 duction of a uniform aiidfimplcrs;' 
 These, which have since been i>n 
 arc 3-1759 per cent, heavier tliaiilM| 
 
 ["«■ J llni 
 
 ■fl'^S/iio, 
 
 hirroj 
 
 iiarrck 
 
 "i/iiirn- 1^ 
 •'■tolitvf 
 
 hacie; 
 
 cnnta. 
 
 V'b, 
 
 Hiiti 
 
 cubic 
 
 •?.«. 
 
 e.Kl 
 "ifhcs 
 
 
 ■wpurfs " 
 
 \!m 
 
 fOiiiK, 
 
 •m ,1 
 
 'bo ha 
 
 V', (, 
 
 'Mit 
 
 lofci 
 J lie a 
 F,"»Ciili' 
 
 l'lllfyf,r(, 
 
 poatii- 
 
 'llrj 
 
 oiir 
 
 "1 fliJ 
 
 In 
 
 ■fro, 
 
 Ur^ 
 
 m 
 
 irade 
 
 oftfj 
 
 "::^»M^ 
 
 talh 
 
 1/1 1 
 •erical 
 
 •='1 o/f; 
 
 i^^^i.,,i;, 
 
: *^,.;at4ij:-:' 
 
 ■ ii>,«., mi.„,„i, " /[►.v.-.i I ""u Other /■,»„• """'I' ■f/niisp r'/,„ 
 
 !"■« vt'o£"'5r;-*. ,».v ..,o''S?~'',''"">. 
 
 ^r'lintr fom ;•■"■"'■<''' sMwani with „ 
 
 It i, ,1 ;•■ ^1- '"""•nnt (-40* - i^V S"'""""''c-).-Ht 
 ^'? to V ' '"" " m,.v be („ L'-?'^' "-"tio of 
 
 ffamburg, 
 IOj fret in IciiKlh 
 
 {■iilijr 
 
 |i"ihjrri':»ifaMj of com 
 l"('(|uartrnii (vieneij oC liquid 
 ]cotiim»^riiil|,ijtof6,OOOlbi 
 
 Measures, 
 
 — Ql.n.ji f ^*^t''h. 
 
 l'('i|»inrrTi.(vi«le!)oriinuld - I,., 1, '"!'"'»' quart, 
 1 m»m!tu\ I.1JI of 6,000 Ibi. _ 4 ,„„'," "np'-tial ijalio 
 
 i«ij.i'i.i.«iofj,(.oiiibs. . r;;,'""» ""-'Ip" 
 
 Itmij.l . . —■"""» IJurtlcn 
 
 - i tens avoirdu,,,,!, " 
 
 |lWr«ilN.„r .,,-,,,,„ 
 ■ IWiir.rcilianlc wi'iijht 
 
 WeJyhts. 
 
 I cpntiirr . — II,). 
 
 "' ll>s. triij- 
 
 , „ - -'"■'•■"ni„.,r„,'-- 2J to I '""turn 
 
 "US, w o njirts carli-()-9ai--- •'"'^' 
 
 ' ILimbiir? el! (short cDI - o ir„ , 
 .iHnictii.s=2,5.1-07i' I'.ir,\7," '""J"'""^ fcot. 
 ;*=«81Enff.vard3 '""• ^'^'^ "o™- 
 
 — ^" '"iiniviriLr- cip(ii„.(; ""filiated. 
 
 ' ns n-olJ ac, In "„ '^'•, '" case tliev Jonv! '^.'''^'"''^"•^■i v 
 
 II--"- uoi iing. yards ^iii/u- 
 
 iS5 i:nff. inches. ""''"' "'^ P'^ec goods also leavo ?„ ,' ^f '^'/^ 
 
 wa.l/MSKrf.— 1 f|„],,-_-; „ ! There -ir,. „.'■.• ' " '""^ 
 
 pimbu''; 
 
 
 used 
 
 ■ .-,ai() I """» 
 
 "«. avoir 
 .".(/III) 
 .".mil) 
 
 f *i;r;^ '-!-" ii£t I- fi^-'pS^sS.f^^i "^-"^'o,e,„. 
 
 J'^^tiibio inches ' ' '"easiire is 
 
 '''''^"'antm:^lVL ''^^•''''"fn-es 
 
 
 I «'• ^ivo aniniahs with thn 
 
 ' '''''«'« exception of oyster. 
 
604 HAMBURG 
 
 nnd Iccrlios, pfamc and poultrj', fresh fruit, and 
 vnrioii.-i af^riciilturnl productions", 
 
 'J. l'ii9Heni»cr lui,'giif;e, dowries nnd lieritaRPs ; 
 liut ill part under certain conditions and restric- 
 tions. 
 
 Gonds in Transit. — The rate of customs duly 
 upon foroipn goods imported into Ilainburt; 
 (with tlic exception of certain duty-free articles) 
 continues nt \ ])cr cent, currency on banco ail 
 viihrem; but :i nioilitication of tlic former regu- 
 lations toucliinj; the declaration of goods in 
 tniii.silit lias lately been made, according to which 
 iKjl only Hamburg citizens, but foreigners, are 
 enabled to declare goods in Irnnsitu upon payment 
 of a fee of 25 marcs courant on the transaction, 
 and <li'positiiig or giving security to the Govern- 
 meiil for 1,000 marcs l)anco. 
 
 Tlie levy of duties in llamburg is conducted in 
 the sim))lc.st manner, and on the most liberal foot- 
 ing. No vexatious forms clieck the free inter- 
 course or the free course of trade; the entry for 
 duty is merely a declaration of the current value 
 .■It llio time ; transitu articles remaining in wnrc- 
 hciiise for exportation rcipiire ii mere declaration 
 to tliat effect by a burgher or citizen. 
 
 Ill levying duties, no advantage is claimed by 
 llamburg for vessels bearing her own tlag; goods 
 by all vessels, froni whatever quarter of the world, 
 ])ayiiig the same duties. Though she now carries 
 llu: Federal Hag, she, like the other llansc Towns, 
 icinaiiis a free port outside the Customs frontier 
 until she signilies a wish to be admitted to it. 
 lint for this privilege she is obligei. to pay an 
 .•iiinual sum, called an aversum, ecpiivalent to the 
 eiistonis duties that would otherwise have been 
 levied within its territorv. It amounted to710,lG0 
 dullars, or \W,,imi. 
 
 'i lie low rates of duty in Hamburg is a proof of i 
 lior anxious desire to encourage trade with all n.n- 1 double, 4 lbs 
 
 leaves* and tobacco stems,* of the [rrowtl. r l 
 
 United States of America, whale oil •,., i, ""^ 
 
 /N.n.-Tobacco stems* of all \,,h ' ''r' 
 
 cigars, and other manufactured toiinc'ciMm ■.'"'"' 
 cent. ; all other leaf and roll tubaccl,* u" '"' 
 cent. '! I'tr 
 
 Mi per 
 arrack 
 mar 
 
 aii.i 
 
 cent, on wine, I)raii(lv 
 :ck if sold in parcels amou.iti,;,/;;;''. »"" 
 cs banco and upwards. " ''• ' 
 
 for sales 
 
 pw 
 
 "_' per cent, on ditt 
 3,000 marcs banco. 
 
 ♦In auction the selling biol; 
 per cent, and the purchasing broker to 
 witliout regard to the amount 
 
 f and 
 
 un'i,:r 
 
 i^r^i? cntitlcl to H 
 
 'iKTccill.', 
 
 All articles marked (*) pay tliebr<.kpr.vrolx,'„ 
 mentioned, lithe qimntitv 8(,ld Mnum^ TZ 
 marcs banco, or higher; for sinallor 1,,|, ,„■ .', 
 than (.00 niftres banco, and down tn l.Vi ,„;',". i 
 banco, the brokerage is paid, with il,,. Mh^' 
 i, and under U.O marcs Imnco the ,lo„l,ir. j! 
 allowed. All other merchandise pavs IJ ml,., 
 at least for sales not exceeding l,Ol/n,;m.'|,„, 
 
 It IS, however, to be observed, tliat nil aii'mf'i 
 atioiis, in proportiim to the amount s(,l,|. .,r(Mi,„|' ' , 
 stood to be applicable to sale, bv priviilc cntr, ,' 
 only, and not to those by auciimi ; and even ,. 
 to such private sales wliere a broker has .mji.|iv, 
 purchase of a larger qnantitv of geiids aliuv,,!/ 
 said amount of (100 marcs baiic(),'aii(l has afur' 
 wards divided it into smaller lots. I 
 
 Conditions of Sale. Imports.— Ctffcf U ',U mi 
 pound in schill. banco; discount, 1 percent • ■• 
 wciglit is 4 per cent. Tare is as tblloHs ■ vi/ , 
 casks, real weight: on bags of 130 Ihs.or U^ 
 lbs. ; above 130 lbs. and not above ISO 11k, ,;1 i 
 above 180 lbs. and not exceeding L'OO lb- "4 p, 
 On Mocha bales of about 300 lljs,, H Ib^'iiNi 
 lbs., 50 lbs. On IJonrbon single bales, ill,- • ,j 
 
 tioiis: and the more so when we consider the 
 great expense she is put to in keeping up buoys 
 iilong the Lower Kibe, and other necessarj- chargeij 
 for navigating that river; cx])enses which con- 
 siderably exceed the total sum received for duties. 
 Ilie total amount of custimis duties received in 
 l.si!7 at Ilanilnirg was 578,175 marcs courant, or 
 '^'j Jier inille ad viitorem. 
 
 Ciixtiim Hoiini' Jlii/iilutions. — On a vessel's ar- 
 rival at llamburg the broker reports her to the 
 t'listdiii House, gives his guarantee for pay- 
 iihiit (if the duties, delivers her papers, and 
 the vessel is allowed to v iload. On clearing, a 
 manifest of the oiitwanl cargo, together with the 
 cotisiil's certilicate of the regularity of the ship's 
 jiapers. must be jiroduced at the Custom House by 
 the broker, who obtains in return a clearance cer- 
 tilicate, authorising the vessel to go to sea. 
 
 Credit, Ihulifraijc Ac. — Almost all goods are sold 
 for ready money, wiili .an allowance of 1 per cent, 
 tor discount. Sometimes, but not frequently, 
 sales are made at "J or .'i montlis' credit, and in 
 such cases a higher price is obtained tlum for 
 cash. 
 
 lirokers are positively forltidden to act as mer- 
 cliaiits or farturs. They are licensed, and must 
 ciiiifoini to the established regulations. 
 
 Brokeratji! is paid wholly by the .seller, and 
 a:iiouiils to — 
 
 '■ Five sixths per cent, on cotton, cotton-twist, 
 e<ii?o.i, cochineal, copper, hides, indigo, maiiu- 
 laotured goods, nankeens, sugar, and tea. 
 
 ' One per cent, on annotto, camphire, cinnanion, 
 cnvdaiiioms,* cassia,* cloves,* drugs not deiio- 
 niinatod,* deer skins, dyewoods,* ginger,* Jalap,* 
 mace,* nutmegs,* jiepper, pimento, potashes, 
 Peruvian bark, quercitron bark, rice,* saltpetre, 
 isarsaparilla,* shellac,* tamarhids,* tobacco in 
 
 Cotton is sold per lb. in schill. baneo; uiivj; 
 1 iiercent. ; good weight. 1 per cent.; lar 
 bales. West Indian and Xortli American, 1 
 cent.; on .squ.are bales, (J per cent.; on \W\ 
 and Siirat bales, « per cent. ; on linurljon fc 
 an<j Jlanilla serous, (J pei cent. ; en Caractas 
 Guiana small serous, 10 per cent. 
 
 I'^ast India piece goods are snld per pica 
 marcs banco ; discount, 1 per cent 
 
 Flour is sold per 100 lbs. in inarcsciirrcinT, 
 certain agio; discount, I iiercent.; guoJ wl; 
 4 per cent.; t.are, '.*0 lbs. jier liariel. 
 
 Fustic is sold per 100 lbs. in iiiarcj mm 
 agio, 20 per cent. ; discount, 1 per coin.: 
 weight, 1 per cent.: and frequently an allm 
 in weight is made, if the wood is nut vervyii 
 
 Indigo is sold per lb.; discount,! pnrccnt. 
 weight, A per cent. ; tare, if in seron.s iipii, 
 120 lbs., 22 Ib.s. ; in A serons less than l:'i) 
 lbs. ; in chests, real fare. 
 
 Logwood is sold like fustic. 
 
 I'ejiper is sold per 11). in schill. banco: dk 
 
 1 per cent. ; good weight, }, per cent.: tare. 
 single bales of 300 lbs., 3 lb.'.; indoiiWe 
 G lbs. 
 
 (Quercitron bark is sold per 100 lbs. in 
 currency ; agio, 20 perce:it. ; di.<c(Hnit,i|H'r( 
 good weight, 1 jier cent. To deterniiiio liii 
 the American tare is reduced 10 11: 
 weight. 
 
 liice is sold per 100 lbs. in marc.< tewj 
 count, 1 per cent.; good weijiht. 1 licrcaf. 
 real ; and super tare fortierces,4lb-.:l'ir!' 
 
 2 lbs. 
 Hum is sold per 30 quarts ia ri.xdol 
 
 agio uncertain. 
 
 Sugar, raw and clayed, is sold per 1 
 groats J discount, 1 per cent., and soincmi 
 
 
 »'indou-) 
 "'.ire poi 
 
 bliiir.r 
 
 .1 
 
 111, 
 
 "iiinicJ 
 
 *""''<•' "f .11) "1, 
 : !' <^"r(hnff i 
 
 • "leircl 
 "'"^'''-''igofl 
 
 :«nto/7„; 
 
 iie 
 
 -Jt i 
 
 .;,i£-.- 
 
;'" "<'f. Ill all, oxcced r «., 
 
 f:^',""^'fn^- ■ "'' "^'^'"^ "'Hi I tJ,c naw''^;"!!"?! o'"! <Ia.i^ers that attach t„ 
 
 ;:•! 
 
 .A,, ii . f; 
 
G6G 
 
 ]IAMBURG 
 
 
 • ,3 
 
 nil but universal belief that the expense would 
 really exceed twice or three times the estimated 
 Hiim, have hitherto prevented anv steps being 
 taken in the matter. No doubt it is one of vital 
 importance not merely to Hambnrp, but to all 
 Germany, and, in some measure, to the commercial 
 world. In his Reports of Fcbriinrv 18G7 and May 
 1.'),18G8, Mr. Consul-tienernl Ward holds out hope 
 that the evils so long complained of will soon bo ;;or- 
 rccted through the instrumentality of the Kivers 
 Commission. 
 
 The Quarantine liegulaiinns that were formerly 
 enforced at Hamburg were not a little oppressive, 
 but we are glad to have to state that tliey were 
 repealed in 1856, and tliat a new and conipara- 
 tirely liberal code has been enacted in their stead. 
 'I'lie latter directs that no vessels save those from 
 tlic lilack Sea, Tiurkey, and certain specified por- 
 tions of the Mediterranean, or from ports declared 
 by the Senate to be suspected, are to be subjected 
 to quarantine at Cuxhaven ; and those, except 
 imder very suspicious circumstances, arc to be 
 immediately set free. Tlie old charges have also 
 been abolished, and those adopted in their stead 
 are extremely moderate. 
 
 The following information is extracted from 
 Consul-General Ward's very instructive Reports 
 for ISGGand 18G7.:— 
 
 The number of sea-going ships, whether sailing 
 vessels or steamers, which arrived at the port 
 of Hamburg, from all parts of the world, in 
 the year 18GG, was 5,185; their total burden 
 590,007 commercial lasts; and the total number 
 of their crews 61,194 men; while in 18G7, 5,055 
 ships arrived, of a total burden of G3G,0i!7 com- 
 mercial lasts, and with crews in all G3,858 men. 
 
 In the five previous years tlic number of 
 was : — 
 
 nrrivalj 
 
 Year 
 
 ShliK Arrlred 
 
 Burden In 
 
 Commifrdal 
 
 Lmu of .1 Tom 
 
 4HI,vifi 
 .'4.1,7.1.5 1 
 
 ISCl 
 
 1SB3 
 IHfil 
 ISf.i 
 
 S.DS.I 
 bflVi 
 
 Avrrageof thel 
 fivi- yenm . ( 
 
 5,'^OS 
 
 ■•".Oil , 
 
 ^■•■«Cn„ : 
 
 ■il.Jl, 
 
 5I'.«I': 
 
 In 
 
 srcon 
 tbey \ 
 
 The number of ships of every description v\u- 
 
 ' ill ballast; 
 
 while ill 1807 the departures were r..07i shin. J J 
 037,583 commercial lasts burden, ami witii ('■x-. ' 
 men for crews, '''^"- I 
 
 sailed from the port ia the year LSOiJ was .j-'ld ( 
 which a,2M were laden, and 1.950 in balla^f ' 
 their total burden was 592,250 commcrciil iV? 
 
 import I 
 
 IT, Trade and Commerce. 
 
 Imports in 18G6.— The extent of the 
 trade in 1800 cannot yet be ascertaine.iT 
 ofUeial authority, Jud-ing from the ammaM 
 Customs revenue levied upon imports n* the "Jl 
 of Ji per cent, ad valorem (except such imJm 
 as are duty free) . the total imports wouhl bo rSa 
 less in 1866 than m the previous year theCuJ 
 toms havinj? yielded 771,057 marcs courant ii 
 1805, and 740,091 marcs courant; (40.200/. sterling 
 in 1806. On the other hand, the exci.^e dutiesa 
 articles of consumption yielded 141 pjij niar 
 courant more in 1800 than in the previous vejj 
 and it would be premature to infer from the^ii- 
 fallinpf off of the Customs duties a ffcieraldin 
 nution of the trade of the fiort. 
 
 •iccountqf 
 to the J 
 
 Princh 
 
 S'^^ of Kim 
 
 (VBfiho . mined 
 \michouc 
 
 ' Carte . 
 «ton,raw 
 
 nwroufihi 
 
 Ao 
 
 count of the Quantities and Values of the Principal Articles of Domestic Produce Exported (4 
 the tfnited Kinrjdom to the Hanse Towns {about i^-fUhs being for Hambura) in each of the o \m 
 ending with 18(J0. ' 
 
 Alkal>> snda . - . • 
 
 Ajiimrel ami halicrdashery 
 RrasH mail ut act urcs • - - 
 
 Ceinent . . - - 
 
 roals, cinders, nnd culm 
 Copper. wroui;tit and unwrott^ht 
 Cotion yarn - . - 
 
 Cottons^ vntereil by tJiL* yard 
 
 at v,iliie 
 Druffs and chemical product-s - 
 Eanhcnwnre and [lorcelain 
 Fisli, htrrintr* . - . 
 
 Hardware and cutlery, unenunicrated - 
 Hor.seH , . . - 
 
 Iron, uTouRlit and unwrouyht- 
 Lend and shut - - - 
 
 Leather, wrought and unwrought 
 I.inen yarn - - - - 
 
 Linens, entered liy thi- yard 
 
 at value 
 Machinery : steam enjiincs 
 all otiier sorts 
 Mola<wes . . - - 
 
 Oil, st-e*! . . . - 
 
 Painters' colours (not otherwise de- 
 scribed) - . . - 
 Paper of all sorts (including; paper 
 handinu'b) - . - - 
 Silk, yarn . . . - 
 tnrown . - - - 
 manufiirture^ _ . _ 
 Skins, tirilialt and Foreign 
 Tin plates - - - - 
 Wcol, sheep and lainhs' - • 
 \Voollen and worsted yam 
 Woollens, entered by the yard • 
 
 at value 
 All other articles 
 
 Total 
 
 rwts. 
 TaUie 
 cwt '. 
 
 Ions 
 cwts. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 vants 
 
 Quantities 
 
 14S,W5 
 
 V,I7f) 
 "04,510 
 
 67 (i ,590 
 
 V!7,0r)y,8'J7 
 
 b.irreU 
 
 2.-,6,'!l 
 
 cwls. 
 
 ■H,.111 
 
 nn. 
 
 U1.'. 
 
 tons 
 
 CG,.'.(iii 
 
 ,, 
 
 .Ki.i 
 
 value 
 
 
 lb<. 
 
 s.s.so.s;.'. 
 
 y.irds 
 
 8,i'j(,,ice 
 
 value 
 
 •• 
 
 cwts. 
 
 V.sifi 
 
 KaLs. 
 
 l.l'JU.l'J'J 
 
 value 
 
 .. 
 
 cwts. 
 
 3,1S3 
 
 11.S. 
 
 7U,7.',fi 
 
 ,, 
 
 5:.,8'J7 
 
 value 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1, 776,202 
 
 ,, 
 
 IS,99.VJ"5 
 
 vartin 
 
 35,991, 7!J8 
 
 value 
 
 •• 
 
 ISC') 
 
 181,851 
 
 2.')0,S«l 
 
 .1.'),ISI 
 22,3lli,sn7 
 55,G1 1,753 
 
 19,219 
 ■17,7118 
 
 72,1 Ifl 
 
 6.19 
 
 fi,S5cl,Ul 
 1U,010,791 
 
 7,427 
 2,001,56U 
 
 4,571 
 120,G1.| 
 .■>2,7Ul) 
 
 2,rin(i,fii.i 
 
 19,11.1,91 IS 
 34,418,445 
 
 isnn 
 
 4,270 
 58,7.'.7 
 11,851 
 
 l,SS7,fi96 
 l.'>,8.')(i,4IS 
 28,405,103 
 
 Declared Krai Vike 
 
 1864 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 £ 
 
 t 
 
 130.161 
 
 51,611 
 
 79,105 
 
 51 
 
 .. 
 
 l5;,o:i2 
 
 HI.WS 
 
 
 4,'iR7 
 
 14,IIS2 
 
 17,7111 
 
 KJ 
 
 294,226 
 
 40,526 
 
 Xi» 
 
 ■A 
 
 011,314 
 
 2:i9,.')2'J 
 
 260,626 
 
 n\ 
 
 21,217 
 
 108,531 
 
 156,63s 
 
 ifii 
 
 2.',,91.1,-.'59 
 
 1,891,212 
 
 2,.58l,S91 
 
 WJt 
 
 
 825,1117 
 
 1,36»,66< 
 
 1,,W 
 
 *• 
 
 43,7911 
 
 iO.S.'il 
 
 f 
 
 ,. 
 
 55,2.S9 
 
 73.1 :'J9 
 
 •• 
 
 
 61,503 
 
 6l,2i3 
 
 i 
 
 27,497 
 
 30,69.1 
 
 26,780 
 
 3 
 
 34,113 
 
 321,01)1 
 
 3i:o,J. 1) 
 
 h 
 
 692 
 
 81,269 
 
 61,Cfi; 
 
 
 54,011 
 
 4,S,cr.".( 
 
 491.1119 
 
 ,fl 
 
 518 
 
 10,165 
 
 ll,4Gfi 
 
 
 
 50.766 
 
 4'.m;t 
 
 
 5,96x',007 
 
 782,735 
 
 S63,«« 
 
 .1 
 
 8,609,549 
 
 411,615 
 
 429,!61 
 
 .1 
 
 
 174,'j!)9 
 
 2;i,i:i 
 
 1 
 
 
 5S.1SS 
 
 68,il,j 
 
 
 .. 
 
 261,0.111 
 
 iXfiil 
 
 
 1. '1,046 
 
 6,771 
 
 FiMl 
 
 
 l,082,')9O 
 
 172,313 
 
 270,916 
 
 
 17,534 
 
 11,138 
 
 47,567 
 
 60,701 
 
 161,100 
 
 6!),519 
 
 2S.201 
 
 176,158 
 
 2,9S6,;l,13 
 
 2,Uli2,3l9 
 
 .16,3S« 
 
 5.53.960 
 
 1865 
 
 2I,9» 
 1 2,612 
 
 37,- 1 ; I 
 i3i,';5i 
 .«,;.i3 I 
 
 22,111 ' 
 !.VJ,1W 
 .■!,15S,6;S ; 
 3,0I4,!93 
 
 13,118,826 I 15,116,l»ijJ 
 
 ■f»;sm,„„ic). ; 
 
 ■fruno , 
 JW rf.lr.iir 
 
 Iffm '""«<. '"e<l,lc. 
 
 ff 'pm wood 
 fi'-ocjd.n,,! 
 
 IT 
 
 If . 
 
 itner 
 
 fel. 
 
 jmat 
 
 ctitt 
 
 Tom . 
 
 Imports in 1805, 18G6, nnd 18G7.— Adverting to 
 the general trade of the year 1863, for which 
 the official statistics iiave been published, it 
 appears that the imports into Hamburg were 
 greater in quantity than those of any former ; 
 
 years on record, hut tliat their v.iliic v 
 less than that of the import.s in 
 year, owing to tiie tlucliiations in prioej 
 heavy articles. The followini,' is tq 
 statement : — 
 
 r?«»i», 
 
 
 '^otsikrs 
 
 Jerant, 
 'I, .199 , 
 '".11:7 I 
 11,68, / 
 
 ""'kmiii 
 
I Bj land or rifer 
 ' Tolal 
 
 
 In the subjoined table th7Tr^r^^^^^^-L^«i< 
 arconlinff to the parts of tL^-"' '?."■"« """ani^ 
 li« were imported in 1803 •-! '"'''' '"^om whih | 
 
 ''"""'•'<> though A,, 
 
 ired Real Value 
 
 
 
 Bicm 
 Bfvk of glju 
 
 BulIfT 
 
 I far.iamtims 
 , fcdiineal • 
 tea . 
 forSt . 
 
 jjf«t(in,raw 
 
 II '^ 
 
 J fathers, oiirich . 
 
 ■ Gilli 
 Mfiinfr 
 iGuno 
 MGitiaiheilac 
 ■Hmofsiraw 
 
 ■ Hanp.drPiMhiand undressed 
 
 M lanned, uwed Ac • " 
 >JHntTia wood . * - 
 
 ftaic,.l,es«„,i„„u^rfum<,r 
 
 iilrer I ■ - 
 
 1 . ' • 
 
 rb - . 
 
 Wii'Uieliusk 
 
 •iortr . " ■ C^ 
 
 ^ KMmum . " • , 
 
 Anw . , ■ - , 
 
 Ijirorn I ' - i 
 
 '•.fcar . ■ - t(j 
 
 ?r" ■ - " " 
 
 ft!/ier 
 
 foi. . ■ . ^ 
 
 JtMt . ■ - ' 
 
 , mrtfn . ■ - * 
 
 i 'DU.S]u.isll . " - ' 
 
 l Ket . ' - ■" 
 
 racoon . ■ - *' 
 
 »>«? . * - " 
 
 r'-fplanti' . 
 >«nri«nnfactur«l ." 
 
 ™"6aurcd ami cigars 
 
 cwii, 
 
 "ill. 
 
 CW(j(. 
 
 Ills. 
 »» 
 
 20,5,840 
 
 K7,5.',| 
 
 •'.7-l'J 
 
 , J« ■i«6 
 
 tons , 
 
 CH-tj. 
 
 16s. 
 Ills. 
 
 ,7.100 
 •''l«,7S| 
 fj.76a 
 '•5,I6(I 
 <,9IS 
 
 ,«.272 
 
 1.2C0 
 
 ».V7.5 
 
 .. ""> 
 
 .„ '"''9 
 10,809 
 
 59,211 ' 
 
 97,160 
 7,<03 
 
 280,^5? 
 I,ou 
 ^ 7SS 
 
 , •■'.97ij 
 
 2.'5,5,TO 
 3,300 
 
 .,K,200 
 
 ''I.WIO 
 
 6,s,C4o 
 
 .7,«5,1 
 
 '■79B 
 
 .2.11.5 
 
 S,8S4 
 
 2,507 
 
 7,S8S 
 
 J (.68 1 
 
 2o6,Z7B 
 
 ,„ ''■"> 
 12,1/18 
 
 J1,58S 
 
 ,;«.6,-!5 
 
 6lfi,50i 
 
 134,082 
 
 7.SUS 
 
 •'S.6,5.'! 
 
 l.V,fi,ll 
 
 9.71(; 
 
 117,^'^ 
 1. 798 
 1..127 
 
 •15,(1,50 
 ■I.O.'jG 
 
 S.265,(;r9 
 
 Jv,9.ir 
 
 9,U6B 
 
 2,651 
 
 1,0,S7 
 \3li) 
 „ 145 
 9.577 
 
 9,4ao 
 
 rnal . 
 
 105,522 
 
 ,■".100 
 
 ,■'2,85,1 
 
 6I1,.|.S2 
 
 , ,17.012 
 
 '.3|2,M6 
 
 16,MB 
 
 412.113 
 
 'M.570 
 1,7".225 
 18,912 
 70,923 
 29,430 
 
 2.<03,60u 
 
 . ">6.025 
 1.110,382 
 
 35,070 
 800 
 113 
 fl.S3l 
 52,551 
 ■''.031 
 ,49,567 
 39.-.,055 
 , .'■''.800 
 '.47.-!.',i55 
 l»,.307 
 4.".5,nfi| 
 2'i3,357 
 14S,059 
 M7,254 
 10,368 
 S2,601 
 15,183 
 
 1>S16,137 
 
 i'.45d,','.-S? 
 
 157,853 
 
 , 87,822 
 
 ■V56J,8a7 
 
 39,110. I 
 
 26,373 
 
 5,555 
 
 , „''*M02 
 
 4,838,2!).; 
 12,.500 
 6,708 
 ,5.140 
 11.005 
 17.953 
 W.25B 
 ■^'•,426 
 
 ^■^6,3(,T 
 17.117 
 
 ■162,092 
 l».5es 
 68,309 
 18,952 
 30,220 
 .8.990 
 13.827 
 12,212 
 16.105 
 91,621 
 32,791 
 
 
 14,781 
 .■■5.I10 
 2..,816 
 30,218 
 24,926 
 
 ■''.425 
 1,115 
 
 «1,983 
 
 1,100 
 ,6,827 
 
 6.472 
 27,116 
 50,756 
 ,8,1.3,5 
 43,197 
 „3,035 
 25,419 
 5,352 
 18.318 
 23,0Bl 
 
 K?'2'*« 
 16,61 1 
 
 164,772 
 
 1, 3.''.-il 
 
 20,059 
 
 31,811 
 279,0 if 
 
 |, , "B^n to tllc 
 
 Hem "*''7 
 
 i'mlffranls 
 
 25,.i(i,5 
 38,21.1 
 
 " ^*H more tlian 
 
 'ended in 18 ulT,'"'*" Wo tiine ""« '^'■'"""I at 
 
 'Pitiij, becaniu 
 
 'll'^ 
 
 ^ « 
 
 H'^ 
 
 ;.& 
 
HAMBURG 
 
 HAMBURG .^^^ ^^^ .^^^ 
 
 /rom 'ne «""»« -" u com,.utea ii.ai v.iu. ' 
 
 18GC. ■ ^■■- 
 
 I 
 
 A 
 
 
 [ Animal.. «^,»«*S';„ ! 1 ': 
 
 .wltu- anil 1".'1C,,, '.ons, muski''" «ic. 
 
 "San.ir.URlo. of BlM^ -. 
 
 1 lietfi Kilt"! " . - „ . 
 
 frenll - ;,. i...,.„,,i v»lia\cfins) 
 
 „„ne» of animal. nn.llli.hl"^q"'» . 
 
 Hook. . ■„ 1 
 
 llran ami pollanl - 
 
 llrislle. - ' . • 
 
 11""" ; ,.„i, '. 
 
 l!»»-.^n-n.c.urc.of_ ^ 
 
 UK:;::«a.o:vor«iam.»«'»«':""""^? 
 
 1 Coliall. orir ■ . • 
 
 Coin •• «l>','>' 
 |i;irll'y 
 
 oaU " . - 
 
 iii'M ^n.l beans 
 otter kin>K of corn ami iprain - 
 
 wbeatnuMl and Hour -_ 
 
 I Cotton, raw .,„,„, ' ' '. 
 
 Fcalhcr. for lieU. - ; 
 
 U'»'^;;:;;hor«mir;.-«i - : 
 
 low or coiliU.i I't 
 
 l|»iJi,?^w"oM^nanufa..or«of - 
 
 I Ham. ■ „i 
 
 Hide, not tanned - . - 
 
 U!"K..l.or.u-.p..«n'W-"«"['""" : -. 
 
 1 Il'rusi.al in.lrumcnts 
 
 1 Oil, M-cd - " . - ■ 
 
 I Oil-seed oakc 
 
 l'aVr''m'l'"*'*''"" 
 
 Pluml.aBO • ' . - ■ 
 
 1 rolk, salHHl 
 
 fresh ^ 
 
 ro'^'-lir^atell- 
 
 El^ra^foK".-."'-''. f- -^'""«.'"'''' ■- 
 llicelnotinlhehuik 
 
 Ht.sin - . - 
 
 1 Seeds, clover 
 
 ' rape - . - 
 
 tares - * _ - * 
 
 Ul!^;:a:iforsofal,;orU ; : 
 
 1 Pncar, nnrehned - , _ 
 Tobacco, unmanufaclurcu _ 
 
 1 Tovs " - " 
 
 I tlltVamarine 
 
 I All olher artitles - .j.^^^, 
 
 7^o;du;;;;Ku;s;edin;;;:^;;;:^''-''' •''■'=''" •""■ 
 
 Slants, .vliichJ^ounc^^nH ^^^^^ 
 marcs banco (ncarl>W," .j^(j n.arcs banco 
 in January 1««7 to l»,^^ j^ ^f Kov.,_oii 
 
 (18,020,000?.), "-J^ tl;^;^ "'J ou rd to 281,:50-2,no> 
 he'cvcoftbc "I'^'^t^'^^i^eSr And this increase ot 
 marcs banco W7,6hW•^ ^^^^ ^ j,,,,, ,„. 
 biU8 was necessarily acconi ,^,,pj,. .yliicli, 
 
 Treascin tlic r"«.VfX ,o «sk.no!l by the intlux 
 h„^vcver, was «»\^l *" J^/, • a„ pold! Uut the pr. - 
 of Australian ""^^ *-^''7l^" i'deliiiitely carncil on 
 cess of inflation ca""°\^_o^' houses, connected 
 
 prehensions. Tbc Govt^.«^ f ^^ I, 
 ^very ettort to suppo J^^ ;'^J,,i f„ ,,1* 
 suspected hoiises,^ Id c^^^^^^^ 
 
 taincd from tlic -^.r" ,o assist thomiiH!! 
 
 had no real f""'^ ' ' ""t,,^ „„i.to.t csioii:«f 
 tliat had overtrade o « -^i. ,i, .^oy A .M 
 the first to fall ; ""'^^ ",,,,„ „o,Ut evcnol iH 
 in some cases J>««t''o .^^V^ ,ir concoms.iilj 
 houses that had ™»"'f' ^fXut '^^ ^»4 
 greatest priKlc.K|e In aU a ^ ^^^ ^,, ^^^,i 
 
 t.ended Pay-J^X^se al out 50 were .ib....^ 
 monllis. Gt tlioc, a tberslia™,'* 
 
 dcclaretl bankrupts ,ht it ^^^j.^,^, 
 ,,rivate arrangemenls wit t^^ ^, ^ „,^ ^^ 
 the sanction ot a ; [ \ ^^^ „„! kp«-i, ' 
 
 the looses tlicy ^"''^""h ,t the rato •f'l*', 
 almost needless to aMth,U^lio^^^.„^^^| 
 
 which had risen to an tuu 
 
ilAMUVRG 
 
 prlc. s of commoditio!., imrncdintclv fril h. i . 
 tlifif (irdinnry level. ' "^" Mck to 
 
 liut severe n^ tlio rrisia ,.r ic--. 
 
 IHVi 
 
 W.ili 
 
 SO.lfl I 
 
 S»l.'l!l I 
 
 I0.■.^'1 I 
 
 w,m 
 I'M'-: : 
 
 J'',Hi 
 
 l\Mi 
 Oil/,.,; 
 
 9S,'JH I 
 
 im i 
 2*'.3i; I 
 
 IW.Iil I 
 
 J-v-,i 
 
 Mil 
 1V*I! 
 
 9J,si: 
 
 IV'M 
 
 Ji.');.i I 
 Vi.lH 1 
 
 %x 
 
 5,i;j 1 
 in,;;] 1 
 t;,«;t ; 
 
 31,1U 
 
 ;8,M) 1 
 3r,M 
 
 «,«! 
 
 i9/,;5i i 
 s;,i«i I 
 iS,)!; ; 
 
 ',»! 
 H,W i 
 S!,*'! 1 
 
 1«,K I 
 
 iJi,;ti i 
 
 »i 1 
 
 VII I 
 ll«,l!l 
 
 miMi 
 JVtl i 
 
 ;i,ii 
 9t.>;) 
 jui; 
 
 «,m 
 
 i-.nl 
 
 <i;,:ii| 
 
 tlifir 'irdinnrv leve.. 
 
 liut severe n>i tlio rri.si.s of 10-7 
 n,..iiieiit, its edect Ii,.., I.ocn ,„, Jl , V* "' "'« 
 1.... |."t nn end. at le.st /W "a " |o'f''r-"- " 
 ^.vidatijii mid .ivertrmlinrr that nrn'i" ^'"i '*"'l 
 will, .1)1 s„.ind .■ommerciarn r,„ s. TT"^""' 
 
 1 .wn will exert tlieinselvcs t^.p^ ,''''''' '" "'" 
 
 l.inknipteie,- m,-,v ho traeVd to rp.'i ^ "'""^ '*'''"«' 
 
 i" I'vennidi,,:; or i„ c^xpeuditiire, toTl'rs.'.v"''"' 
 iTii.'ilties ' '" '"C .soverost 
 
 l-'^':;ii;re felt 0,1 HioGcrnlnixcH Jo' l^"'' "^ 
 
 ;;.. IMI, r.peei.l|y n.s tho nmno,^^?\ ''■■''!'«''- 
 
 u;..!^' tlie latter l,,|f of 18U7 wr,!, -.rT''"^''''' 
 
 Ue l,..ve der;-.-.d ,ho ...at "al"',;' 'f ""■';."% 
 
 onmiiiiiiiealiuns of eminent mJ.,\ ""'"" "'o 
 aMeand elal.oratc J{r,"Ton^T;:' /"!'' /'-o 
 and present consul at JIamburir '^'''J'^^^0- ^J late 
 
 If will he iisiCiil as well as mfn-^ .■ 
 J!^^ Win, aitielesi,;;^;:!^^:"^'^;;^^" -cord 
 • ur.' lias increased duiiiin. tl,e iZ '>T »- ^^''"n- 
 a.< ivell as iho.so of u-hTeli H,n • '"■ "^ ^'^•■"•■S 
 
 ^j-i-Hc..i.i.di„ti.eti:a,;xK 
 
 bundlfsof I.noO 
 
 - ttntULTS 
 
 quart.'* 
 avcrjgf 
 
 ceiKnt-rs 
 
 i.a-<ks 
 
 I -Wo 
 
 JoaihtmfruiH 
 i»jn«ami«i.in« 
 '■',• tgrajii, aiiiliiul 
 
 Iht , - centners 
 
 f'nin.iclK mic.1l i,r"„|,„.,,-„„: '■"'» 
 
 |t"lnml rale " " ». 
 
 P'te and leather . " I'Hts 
 
 IJ'.lin.lleiic. " I"<-'i'es 
 
 jnl»0!l . , , - centners 
 
 ■illsv . Mekkans.-ili Jlis. 
 
 Pcliamltar .* " centners 
 
 ri. |a:m, coro,i-nut's-r ' '"'■■•<''» 
 
 B^*-'wlSi^vi ■■ 
 
 tt'' '"'lii'uhker wat" '""■ ''■■""■" 
 piiure . • „ 
 
 E'^^'«>';.pictur«4c. : ;; 
 
 |,'««.coane, avenge' of " 
 
 . IIAN.SEATIC LEAGUP 
 
 C'.na, and the i.v.„, . ^'^'^^'^E ggj 
 
 ' . d.laiit.s, of which (!0( too Li" "'!' '•"""•""" 
 
 , ' Jran acconlin.e to ho Vv"' "'" '"«"H> <'f 
 
 '!' H'o Slimmer f sfir" ', "■"?'' more i, J„i - 
 "'"'.yo its depth i, the S'"" "«"■ ^vas 50 St 
 ^ i I'o export trade o^- 1?" '"" '"'"f"- 
 f^«; silk, ,Voo,|. (fi t.li'""^"'*' ™"-^i«'-^ 'diiodv i„ 
 
 !'■■'» half is ropresonto^f l."'^^^'"' "'""'"'t more' 
 f-;;' ..'..s been tra'nshi'Je af S^- l^'"^''' "^ ""' .^ 
 
 ''-'^-^^cdatiia^'fea;--. 
 
 J SB.'. 
 
 1»C« 
 
 ".•I'/r.ii; 
 "'.M9/I7.> 
 
 ■3,.1S7, 
 
 l''J'l"'M of steamers tK-','?'".'''' ''"^vee., 
 
 tr, She is connected in Z"'™ '^ ''^^^< 
 ■ioiidon, Liverno,> V " "'<' ^'«'"e wav 
 
 ff ports, which is narM/ ^ ■""'' "'her 
 t ■•"."' partly by safl n^ '^5"*''' «» l)v 
 
 ^Jipy araountcd in li'. ''P" «■««'•, and ?«l7 
 
 ;7"' 1,007,^00 tads lo'LT t'^'i '« "0 8, ^J : 
 
 ^"^SSf5«^^ 
 
 '''«?, '" the interior '''''' '"^ '« Squired for the 
 
 "1 J«bO, that the ntf.= V" "^ bosses occiim.,t 
 -^il'o tratlo with Ha 'X ^"'"""-''■^al Guido 
 
 tiiw descriptioi,, m'spiaeed m a work of * 
 
.••'i 
 
 C70 
 
 f 
 
 4 
 
 l)('iiin very considcrnlile, anil lieiiij; ulikp intorcstcd 
 ill the repression ol'tliose disorders to wliic-h most 
 pnrts of Europe, niid particularly tlie coast of tiie 
 Jialtic, were n prey in the twelfth, thirtcentli, and 
 fourteenth eentiiriis, they early formed an inti- 
 mate politieal union, i)artly in the viev.' of main- 
 taiiiiiif; a safe intercourse hy hind with each other, 
 ami iiartly for the protection of navigation from 
 tlie attacks of the )iirates, willi which every sea 
 was at that time inl'esled. There is no very dis- 
 tinct evidence as to the; jieriod when tliis alliance 
 was consummated : some ascrihe its orij^in to the 
 year 11C9, others to the year 120(», and others to 
 the year 1211. Hut the mo-t probable opinion 
 siccms to bo that it would j^row up by slow 
 deforces, and be perfected aecordinf^ as the advan- 
 tage dcrivjible from it became more obvious. Such 
 was the origin of the Ilanseatio League, so called 
 from the old Teutonic word liaima, signifyiiif; an 
 association or confederacy. 
 
 Adam of JJremcn, who iloiirishcd in the eleventh 
 century, is the earliest writer who has given any 
 information with respect to the commerce of (ho 
 countries lyiiiij round the liallie; and from the 
 errors in'o which he h;is fallen in describing the 
 northern and easleni shores of that .sea, it is 
 evident they had been very little frequented, aiul 
 not at all known, in liis time. lUit from the 
 bcgiiiniiifjf of the twelfth century the i)rof;re.sH of 
 connnerce and navig.-ition in the North was 
 cxcecdiiii^ly rapid. The countries whicli stretch 
 alonj; the bottom of the I'altic, from llolstein to 
 iiussia, and which had been occui)ied by barbarous 
 tribes of Sclavonic orifjin, were then subjiii^ated 
 by the kings of UcnmarU, the dukes of Saxony, 
 and other princes. The greater i)art of the in- 
 habitants being exterminated, their ))lace was 
 llUed by German colonists, who founded the 
 towns of Stralsiind, Kostock, W'ismar &c. Prussia 
 and Poland were afterwards subjiigati^d by the 
 Christian princes and the Knights of the Teutonic 
 Order. So that, in a comparatively short period, 
 the foundations of civilisation and the arts were 
 laid in countries whose barbarism liad ever re- 
 mained impervious to till! liomaii power. 
 
 The cities that were e.st.nblished along the 
 coast of the ISaltic, and even in the interior of the 
 countries bordering upon it, eagerly joined the 
 Ilanseatio confederation. They were indebted to 
 the merchants of Lilbcck for supplies of the com- 
 modities produced in more civilised countries, and 
 they looked up to them for protection a;rainst the 
 barbarians by whom tln'v were surrounded. The 
 progress of the League was in consequence sin- 
 gularly rapid, I'reviously to the end of the 
 thirteenth century it embraced every consider- 
 able city in all those vast countries extending 
 from Livonia to llolliind, and was a match for the 
 most powerful nior.archs. 
 
 The llanseatic c<inl'ederacy was at its highest 
 degree of power and splendour during the four- 
 teenth .ind lifteenth centuries. It then comprised 
 from CO to 80 cities, which were distributed into 
 4 classes or circles, Liibcck was at the head of 
 the first circle, and had under it U.iinburg, lire- 
 men, Hostock, Wismar lic, Cologne was at the 
 head of the second circle, with 2',l towns under it, 
 Brunswick was at the head of tlie third circle, 
 consisting of 13 towns, Dantzic was at the head 
 of the fourth circle, having under it 8 towns in 
 its vicinity, besiiles sever.'il tliat were more remote. 
 The supreme authority of the League was vested 
 in the deputies of the diflbrent towns assembled 
 in congress. In it the}- discussed all their mea- 
 sures; decided upon the sum that each city should 
 contribute to the common fund, and upon the 
 
 IIANSEATIC LEAGUE 
 
 other powers, as well as those 
 
 that frcqueni" 
 arose between the dilferent memher.i of thn <■ 
 federacy. The place for the meeting of ojiut!" 
 was not lixed, but it was most frecpuMitly hj,] ,' 
 LUbeck, which was coiisiilered as tlie capital !'• 
 the League, and there its archives ww ki • 
 Sometimes, however, congresses were IkM ' ' 
 Hamburg, Cologne, and other towns, Tlipv-/.' 
 once every 3 years, or "ftener if occasion rofu,,r,': 
 The letters of convocation spoeiliod the iiriiir' ' 
 subjects which would most probably he liroii'." 
 under discussion. Any one might be cliosiu f"' 
 deputy; and the congress consisted not ot ,r ,' 
 chants only, but also of clergymen, lawyer., ariw' 
 &c. When the deliberations were con'clud'pj i 
 decrees were formally coinnmnicatwl toV. 
 magistrates of the cities at the litud (f u'. 
 circle, by whom they were siibseciiKiulv ,,„ 
 municatcd to those below them, and ili'i; nvw 
 i vigorous measures were adopted for carrvin- th b 
 into cllect. One of the burgomasters of fiibai 
 presided at the meetings of congress : and ilnnn- 
 the rcee-s the magistrates of that, citvhad il,. 
 sole, or at all events the principal, direciioii of tl- 
 afl'airs of the League, 
 
 liesides the towns already mentioned, thw 
 were others that were deiioininated coiilfdwjtM ,' 
 cities, or allies. The latter neither contribut Jh 
 the common fund of the League, nor sont d?]Biiiti 
 to congress; even the members wltc not all iJ 
 the same footing in respect to privilc;.ios ; anliitl 
 internal commotions by which it was fremtiiv 
 agitated, partly originating in this cause jt;| 
 partly in the discordant interests and Kmllia: 
 pretensions of the ilifferent cities, niatonallvh.i 
 ])aired the power of the confederucv, liutiai 
 spite of these disadvantages, the Lcajfiie succdM!-;! 
 for a lengthened period, not only in control 
 its own refractory members, hut in niakiiii,' itt:| 
 respected and dreaded by others, U proJui. 
 able generals and admiralsj skdful politician,",)::! 
 some of the most cntciprising, succc-sful, c| 
 wealthy merchants of modern times. 
 
 As the power of the confederated citicj iv,ii : 
 creased and consolidated, they became mmiai 
 bilious. Instead of limiting their cllbris to :i 
 mere advancement of eoiumcrco and ibeiro 
 protccti(m, they endeavoured to acquire them'iJ 
 poly of the trade of the North, and to cxwAeii 
 same sort of dominion over the Baltic ikat i; 
 Venetians exercised over the Adriatic. Rri: 
 purpose they succeeded in obtainiiif;, patil;^ 
 return for hians of money and partly by 'n 
 various privileges and immunities I'rom'tlic.Vj! 
 ern sovereigns, which secured to them alniMlll 
 whole foreign connnerce of Scandinavia, Deni 
 Prussia, Poland, IJussia &c. Tliey c.\clii>in 
 carried on the herring lishery of the Soiifij 
 the same time that they endeavoured to ckin 
 
 vesj^li I 
 
 and hinder the navigation of forei(,'ii 
 the llaltic. It should, however, be olisencdiij 
 the immunities they enjo -ccl were nio.-iln4 
 pensablc to the security of their couinew.! 
 consequence of the biirbarism that then prernij 
 and notwithstanding their attempts at wBf 
 there cannot be the shadow of .idoulttliitj 
 progress of civilisaito:! i.'i the North Mfl 
 digiously acceleratet' by the inllueuce aniiiM 
 dancy of the llanseatic cities, Thryrepw' 
 piracy by sea and robbery by laud, «tiii « 
 havebrokcn out again had their power IwdJ 
 thrown before civilisation was fully c-ubisf 
 they accustomed the inhabitants t« the }!k^ 
 and set before them (ho example, of go«J^ 
 ment and subordination; tbeyiutroduc^H 
 them conveniences and enjoymcnta uiiki»«'I 
 
 questions that arose between the confederacy and their ancestors or despised by them, 
 
 -^'"f"'e, tool 
 •cro I, . ''"^''' 
 
 ":»'' (lie 
 
 , . -i 
 
 WCldc,, 
 
 t them «• 
 ,!'"'."ie Lea., 
 
 I^">eni';;-'"™^ 
 
 Loan 
 
i!,™ with a tRstc for Jiicrntiiro «„,i • ^'^^^^ LhAGVK 
 
 M fur tk. people roi.n.l ,(,„ n. if''^"'^,'''' ""^v I (//,-//•/ rf. „„v;^. , 671 
 
 •In or,. ■••«.],«. been ju,t, ^^ (case..! to ,ll, f^ ^'^^'le, «„d uflu:^!^ '^^^^^i^^^^^^ 
 
 ;kc,.m|ii]>lillieirpur|.o.so of ri.,i,|nn, " ,, .J ' ^» 'j"r''ari,sm tlirn » • ^^"'"W-. liowcvor ., .V 
 
 ,:nJ inJuiirioiH pursuits it „" ' ''""'"''-■^c'al nobS/' "'"'"'A' Kiven l.y „,."•' '^ "'" 
 
 tvilie caiiCcdcralion, mul a 'f '*'"'' ^'"'1 n-ndor n ^ •""' entirely succes r """ 
 
 ...l.,4bvit/mc.a„.,becu,^'^l;^;^;.f^''""ri^ 
 
 (I oommiinifat on liofm..-, .i.. V'"" '"-'d routes m,,,).. .-.*', .".'-""'murce. Norw„„,i.V '.' '''«""' 
 
 m^mituturcoitJia Sunth were n,„ ""•:;; "»<' ""•-■er. it r^_^''' I"-0P<'.tv 
 
 promoto .... ,„„„„,^„ 
 i'lt'ir exertions f,, pr„teet 
 
 DiJmii:„ture»oltJia South were n '"■"""•■" ""<' "w er I,, '''T^''^^' prop,,.uI 7o [fV •?■'""- 
 .-J-I villa... wc.rcen.cc.N,,S.. '',"'"'■'■ ■''"»^"-' er ionsV. 'l'"'^'''' '"'"t pr'ubaGlv I k' l7""""« 
 
 'i;„ ;•,;,; : •• • .(l''i"t«aii, ruWeu/z ,/,. /.. . '] *"^^"t-..s of resolutions ,i.n,.„ , 
 
 " . h- the men Innt? fV '^ "»?"'mousl v a..ree.l 
 
 SOS ac,,u,re.l by the Lea-' ,e ',/'^'' r"'"'-'"« any ci[v ,l,i?'".-*>' '"''^^''''/W^e V, 
 
 ;V^.?.'"""^- -'^.n-pmio,;;^'' , ' '!?': '"i'-c re^ul^t"^ , ^?' ''"J ""t act cont^ . /""- 
 
 Iv.i, hardly iavL-ntcl bdbre it u«: I'.'-"'liiifr 
 
 iTIiekiii.^i of Denmark, .Sweden an,? V 
 
 >;rc. l^iuwitlv cn-ajred in h, i rV^ '' ^"^way 
 
 tdmitted. 
 
 "ot act confornm'bh- 
 
 PW'.i-. /actions, iUK (rniil, In., , '"'^ "f Nnvn.„.„ ■ "^- "" -^oi'^vav. 
 
 
 <j 
 
''^ 
 
 contra DcoHotm«;.u>mV-;j;;«:^J,.,^ 
 
 ';:i;i;Vu.siUcviUlu.-;'';;;^-;;i;:r,Uo Tartar., 
 
 ,„„ri..i...wlv oxtoudin- tl.oVwt of town, Wnnpnj 
 
 I mikiiii: tol.rin-tli.'HtMlHpMt.s toAi™,,,,. 
 ''''"\':om Vaa ..•ai.vth.llansnnUtl,..,, 
 
 riit' tailiT w('riMX|, I 
 
 ^;i-.,ost ami l^rcatos.^-^ -i^ ,,,,t uu.ro, l.ut at i aw^^^^ 
 
 lallin- inu. ^'',*'*;;,'j;',[;|ui^"„,alvci it uktc ta.nour> "k>u ,, _ ,,,_.^„ .,„„,,,„„„... ilio 1. 
 
 llmnMoscow" itself.' goon nftor iM on 
 
 lint the Hcoiui^c ot tl ^,;\;;^.^,,avint! cU.coveroa, 
 
 ,bis.H.lebratc.l.-.ty. >»"1''^J^^.^,^„ ,„,„c o the 
 
 iUllll -ii'" [ 
 
 In return lor these eoncessi.ms. tlio b:;' 
 "T'osJS^Jm .he,,ortufl...i.«:.i 
 V '! r{.uul b • in.' sii8pen,lo.l, the tr:.!,. M::: 
 ^:.i;^.a.incon.c.,«ve...a,h.... 
 
 
 '^ '>... r 
 
JfANSEATIO LKAQU].: 
 
 I von early porio,|, one .,f, he fiAtrnm™ •'".'■• "'a t'lo c ,„, • '" I'""' r, l,„t H ''i' '"•'I'mphed 
 Iin,k. nmd on „. ,l,c north of I X '"Vr''^'*'^' « J-^t ,'//". "■T"- hnvi,,^- ;'„''« «""'"'I.T,.t,.,, 
 
 i.ri.'niu.,| in a .sin.rje season r V ""''' ""^ ''Wfl|.v ,. '" P-'^'-Msion of"' ' ''^"•" t<> spo i » 
 
 lau'Mnc orstorehouso o? J.!,1 "" <''""'^'i'<hi„; 
 
 Mill some internic(li,if„ ., ™f''''^'"'oi>r(>-/siH(,.,j''i''* ""-' "'"'«' 
 
 "'r vioini,,, were ^;,i f.?'''". «"'« 
 
 ^ryin;,i,crtr;nram;,i:r„^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 p Mcanif a nlncp of vn„** ■ ."'"^'^^"'l cit c^ I ti,„ <^' I riis.sia l',j V' °' "'o JJa/ii,.. 
 
^. 
 
 071 IIAICHOUR 
 
 lonil, nnd iiiiliiml, nrrrrnpil from the wintlH, ami 
 witliiiut tlio ri'iii'li iil'tlio lido. 
 
 QuiilititH «/ 11 </(">(/ Ihirliiiiir. — 'I'lLcrc ix every 
 variety iiitlio roriii uii(li|iuility "I' liiirlinur'*. Tlic'v 
 axv. eidiur iialiiral nr artiliciiil ; Imt, lidwever 
 I'ornieil, II ){ciij(l Imrhiiur xhiniM have nullicieiit 
 ileplli of watiT t<i ailiiiit lint lar;^i'Ht Mlii|i.i at all 
 tiiiiiH of llu> tide; it nlioidil \h\ easy dI' aecesn, 
 willmiit hr.viiij; tm) wiile an eiitraiiee ; tin' iMitlom 
 hliiiuld Ix! clean and (;""d; and Hliipt kIujuIiI lie 
 aide Id lie eliisn alon^'^ide i|imyit nr |iierH, lliat the 
 expeiisti and incKnvenielK'U of Inadin^ and nnluad- 
 iiiH liy meant <il' linI'l'rH may In avnided, Sliips 
 lyinn' in a liarlioui" that in land hii Ucd, and .^ur- 
 roniided liv hinli jjrnnndH (ir Ijiiililin-n, are atciiice 
 without tlie reach of btorins, llde.H, and currents, 
 and may in most ca-es he easily proteeted from 
 hostile attackn. liar harhonrs are iho.^c that have 
 harM or hanks at their cntraiiees, and do not, 
 therefore, admit of the iuKross or egress of liu'Ufi 
 ships except at hi;;h ualer. These are most com- 
 monly river harhours; iIk- sand and nnnl lirout,dit 
 down hy the Ntr(;am, and driven hack hy the 
 waves, iiaturully forming; a bar or bunk nt their 
 inoiitliH. 
 
 Jkut liriliah Ifitrliours. — flood harbours aro of 
 rsHcntial imporlaiice to :i mariliini^ nation, .md 
 immense sums have been expended in all ciiiii- 
 tries ainhitious of naval or commercial greatness 
 in their improvement and formation, roilsmoiuli, 
 Milford Haven, and the Covo of fork are the 
 liiiest harbours in the Uritisli islands, heinj; sur- 
 passed by very few, if any, in the world. Of 
 these, rortsmou'lh is entitled to the pre-eminence. 
 This admirable harbour is about as wide at, its 
 mouth as th(! Thames at Westminster llrid(,'P, 
 oxpanditiK within into a noble bjisin, almost 
 sullieient to contain the whole navy of (ircat 
 liritain. Its entrance is unohstrucled by any bar 
 or shallow ; audit has, thidu;,dioul, water ade(|uatc 
 to float the larj,'cst men of war at the lowest tides. 
 The anchorage (ground is excellent, and it is 
 entirely free from simkcn rocks, sand-banks, or 
 any similar (;l)structions. The western side of 
 the harbour is formed by the island of I'ortsea; 
 and on its south-western extremity, at the en- 
 trance to the harbour, are situated the town of 
 I'ortsmonth, and its larf;c and important suburb 
 I'ortsea. Hero are docks and other establish- 
 ments for the building, repair, and outfit of ships 
 of war, constructed upon a ver^ large scale, and 
 furnished with every convenience. The forti- 
 lications protecting this great naval depot arc 
 superior, both a* resjiects strenglli and extent, to 
 any other in the kingdom, 'Thus,' to use, the 
 words of Dr. Campbell, 'it appears that Ports- 
 mouth derives from nature all the prerogatives 
 the most fertile wits and most intelligent jiidgoa 
 could devise or desire ; and that these have buen 
 well seconded by art, without consideration of 
 expense, which, in national improvements, is 
 little to bo regarded. Add to all this the 
 striking excellence of its situation, which is such 
 as if Providence had expressly determined it for 
 that use to which we sec it applied — the bridling 
 the power of France, and if 1 may so speak, the 
 l)cculiar residence of Neptune.' {Survey of Great 
 liritain, vol. i. p. JSTO.) 
 
 Portsmouth harbour has the additioii.tl and 
 important advantage of opening into the cele- 
 brated road of Spitliead, between the Hampshire 
 coast and tlio Islo of Wight, forming a safe and 
 convenient riilreat for the largest fleets. 
 
 Alilford Haven deeply iiKlents llio southern 
 part of PembrokesLire. It is of great extent, and 
 lias many subordinate bays, creeks, ami r lads. 
 The water is dceii, and the anchorage ground ex- 
 
 •ellent ; nii.l iK-ing c.impl.itely laiKl-lockecl ih' 
 lie as safely as if thev were in i\,„\ ' I" 
 
 hayLMrikingr..s.n;blanci,„|„t 
 , but IS ol larger .xtPnl ; it L 
 kc It, a narrow enlraiur, l,,i,|:„t{ im„ain,,a, ' 
 asm, allonlmg a hecuru asylum for uny i i,n^'| ' 
 
 1 
 
 ( ork harbour \\i 
 of PortMmoulh 
 lik 
 basi 
 of shipH. 
 
 Plymouth, which, after Portsmcmtli ii ii,,, , , 
 cipal naval d.^pot of Kuglan.l, ha, an ,M„,i , 
 ilouble harbour. I he maiislcnd in I'lv,,, 
 NouncI has within the prcsirit cciitiirv 
 impioveil by the conslriictioii, at a 
 
 IV liaiiks. 
 1 
 on this iiobi 
 
 adv 
 all limes to th 
 eniporium of 
 
 Ktll luu, I. 
 
 ,. , II, . - vast cxiiin.c 
 
 of a stupendous breakwater, more thaa i rim, ,,/ 
 in lenglli. This ariilliial luihvark i.r.'itivi, ,1! 
 ships lying inside frmn llic elV.i is (,f il,,, i ,,, 
 swell thrown into lh(. Sound hy suuli„.,|v'aB;i 
 sonth-casterly winds. • 
 
 l.ond(m stands at the head nf the rivrr norij i 
 
 (Ircat llrilain. Considering llm sliorti,,,, „iil,, 
 
 c.uirse of the Thames, there is, pn.biililv n,, rivr 
 
 that IS navigablM lor large ships to so ^;r, at a ,li.! 
 
 lance from sea, or wlmse inniilh is Icm olnirii,', ' 
 
 ■ . .' ' Loudon is mainly iiMclilol i;,r |,'„ 
 
 unrivalled magniluch! to her I'avouriil,!,. -iiiution 
 
 noble river, which not oiilv pviHlifrji; 
 
 the advantages of an exci-ilciit p„rt, arccAlo Jt 
 
 ' largest ,s|iips, |,i,t rwnJiTs litr ili 
 
 )lie extensive, rich, iin,| u^^ 
 
 counlry comprised in ihc ha.-iii utilii? Thmf. 
 
 The .Mersey, now the first coimmrdil ri', r ji 
 the empire, is more iiiconiiiiodcd bv lautMli. 
 the Thames, and is in all resppds'ii,firir,r.i, 
 channel of navigation, to tlii' biiicr, Sii,; 
 gives to Liverpool very great ailv.mta;,*: 
 the! channels being well huovcd ami iiiirko! 
 largest hliips have litllo ailliciillv in rujji 
 the port, 'iho priiici|ial clianiicls "aro laij 
 ill the map of Liverpool and its enviroiuaiii 
 to the article Docks in this work. 
 
 llristol and Hull nro lioth river ports. Ihrj 
 to the extraordinary rise of the lii 
 llristol Channel, the" foriacr is aaes-liki) 
 largest ships. The, Huinlicr is a pii-Meil 
 peded by banks, but it also is navi^'alilo5.<f«| 
 Hull by large vessels. Tiiu Tyne; admilj v 
 of very considerable burden as far aj. New; 
 Sunderland, at the mouth of tlio UVar, ii 
 principal ship-building port in the I iillfj 
 dom, and has, after Liverpool ami LooJo 
 greatest amount of shipping. 
 
 The shallowness of the Clydii fwra Gi 
 np to Glasgow has been o serious ilraifW 
 the commercial progress of the laitef. 
 sums have been expended in attempt, » 
 the course and to deepen the biMut' lie 
 and they have been so fur sueccssrul tlit 
 drawing 19 uiid even ■JO feet have come up 
 city at liigh wat( r. In i^'ii, 17 vc,"d> 
 17 feet water, ami bS drawiiij,' l(i lot, .irrii 
 (ila.sgow, which is one of i he principal otiii 
 ports in the empire. Now (IMUsi viW 
 1'.) feet water can rca'^li the l!rf<mitlii 
 llio.so drawing 17 I'cet arc oon-iJircJ 
 tr.iders. 
 
 Generally speaking, the harbours na 
 coasts, both of (ircat liritain am! Irel: 
 with the exception of the Thauii.-, vcrj- 
 to those on their south and west ('na-!'. 
 harbours on the shores of Sus-ox, K at. 
 itc, that once .idinitti'd larfii: ship-, aremn 
 
 I'' '.MS l„. 
 
 FJauii 
 
 '"^"' i/iat of 
 "'■"/"i/and. 
 
 '"•"■■ (-"t mo.;' 
 
 'f »';''/. iiio,//, 
 L ' '■"'''. aa.i 
 
 fV^'toiraJ,,. 
 Mf/ur,- •' 
 
 Mf/ur,- 
 ■'■:V, ami 
 
 ""'uard ev,.„ , v } 
 nil-,,)-,... ^''-.'•■ii-d 
 
 ,'0/ 
 
 pletely choked up by .sand, liwi ^aB^ 
 been expended upon the pons c 
 Uostoii, .Suiiderlaiul, Lcith, Dumlw 
 A'c. Dublin harbour beiiif,' iiatiirsllvl) 
 obstructed by a bar, a ne'v liitlwuf ' 
 formed, at a great cxpeii.so, at Kiii:-i 
 out the bar, in deep water. 
 
 ■I'll- 
 
 A'lin.j , 
 
 cvcrv 
 
 ffini 
 
 'lottl 
 
li.ARfior'it 
 
 The cinslniciion of pjom nnd 1...1 
 IcI bv llie iimvisioin of (l„. |.i., J '."".';'' '^'"•ili- 
 
 .\,t, :'( & -Jo Vin. c. .ir>, l.y v»hi..(;r' ,"'!""' 
 .1 tli(*,> ..hipping- c.rivcniwicc.i U iM.rjiiiK.'i"!'"'"'" 
 V...C' Hit.rp.isc. „n,|,.r ocr(,.i,. con-lililuH !''!'.'"'■ 
 
 ■IT'"*. .■MM.imiiCCi I.H licrilliK,.,! , . 
 
 \;'i*c '-■l'Tocr(,.i»con,|i, 'I'; ''■"'■ 
 
 V.HO flltlTI 
 
 ,iulipirr»«ii.|/mrl„iiin nro .■(.rtinV,| nr "•" "' 
 l.v,l>onoanlof7V,.,|.^wlu.„rn„|'o ^^';;;;"''!;''l 
 ';"'"'"' """^""[rana, in (o b„ n.l.Jr....s,,? '' 
 
 K.roitanr, or aprioioj. T|,.. r,u.' i , ' ""'^'''■' 
 (W"l^cr nn,l .\ov..ml,..r, mi,l oL. „m '""",''■' ""' 
 
 fur an n,vou„t „f ,|„. „iii„,,. ' , ,"' ■•"lj.H'<'t. 
 to (lifeoiu ports of (jr-u i ^ '"^^'"iiKitifr ,0 
 
 ,wH, 11,0 cl.ar„. „„ necoun" i'^ '•^,y V'"^ 
 iv arc .=po,»,...l »,i,i,,r ,|u..so artido ' '"'"'"«« 
 
 I«.i.l ilu. principal forcwVu c, nnmn V • Ti''''^'" "'" 
 
 t-.iU,l in (lis work It Z •'. ".' '""■'••""■^ 
 
 i>rtlK.ir ro,p,.,;it ."illcs 'Tr'^'" '""^"" 
 
 |if arc iJrest. T„„io,, ,„„, "I "" "' raei. „f 
 ^t h;« been vcrv ^ro, - in, ",'"'''■• ''''"^^ 
 
 ^-.motion of a |;■i^^i^^ " L "k ' 7"'' ''>' "'« 
 
 ^ Pmi-^^ipal porlH for t ,0 Sn. ■ V''"''' ^"'"^^ 
 
 r^lreiitevous of (ho JiuTl' n" *''°,l'""- 
 >M.,r(l,at of Sweden nn, .1 "';•!'• ''"'"'- 
 Y«i\U\mi. ' "'"' "'« Welder „f 
 
 jchMikniutes (he lioar,! nf r ■ "^'- '^^ ^'^K 
 mkms. ^ ^ a^lmmistration of i,icrs 
 
 |h.\ci (ji Geo. in c inn\ ,. 
 r'yiu provide fur ("hi ..""'"'"^''^ "'« 
 b; «%-^. and p i ° " 0"""P of ),i, 
 I'McnmK Ilicrelo It fu .1,""^ ^T'"-"' «'''l' 
 F'O t" prohibit tho /. "^ auiliorisps tl,,. 
 
 i "•»"<! to point' ho n.'" "'".^ ""«v 
 Fipssliall deposit n P'"'''^'* ^^'^'^re pr/- 
 
 lif'MHbeinfrh",,, .';," l^oard any sj,i, „r 
 
 ■ ■"'■''"'"iifrof an- 1" '"■"'"I'its tho 
 
 P'SIvs .iock-v; r ' ,. ''■'■''■'*'-^ '^ '^-''ips or 
 N'"'«unssi„Sni[;r'!-''^'-'^'^^^i«" 
 
 r^f'T anol,,,,., ^ . ■■••^ f''o su-eopi,,,. 
 
 ^S?^^sS^ epro.::: 
 
 "" all ()„..„•,• '^'c»-enson ostimnV "- "■"''•' 
 
 ""frmciKation n • ^. '''"' » very cxtn. r • '"' 
 '''■ piirtnients of 11,-, ■ "'^T'ainted wii > 
 
 '■on.son„p,„.„ ,, ' "''00s not exceed ■,)! "'^^renfo 
 X .\- i> "'"' J"^'" articles 
 
 J 
 
 
 N 
 
 Hi 
 4 
 
 ^; *H. 
 
676 
 
 IIARPOONER 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 1^ 
 
 u--.c(l 'oy our anccstora, Ims bncn in no ordinnn' 
 degree ndvantaReous. But it is not in this 
 respect only tliat the cheapness and improvcmoiit 
 of liardwaro are essential. Many of the most 
 
 IIAT3 
 
 powerful and indispensahle tools and instnim 
 used by the labourer come under tbia d-j.rin "" 
 and everyone is aware how nnportaiu it i ','i'': 
 they thould be at once cheap and clilcio 
 
 'lit. 
 
 Account of the Real Values of the Varwits Descriptions^ of Iron, Brass and Copper, Ihrduare I 
 Cutlery Sfc, the Produce and Manufactures of llie United Kiuijdum, Exported durinn r„ei 'fv 
 F. Years' ending witli 18GG. " "" "^ "" I 
 
 Princiiial Artlclet 
 
 IRfi'i 
 
 I.SC.I 
 
 ISdl 
 
 I8M 1 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 ■« 
 
 !►. 
 
 Iron: Olil nml Ijrukcn. for re-manu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ficluri' ... 
 
 PS, 1(11 
 
 .'>:.72n 
 
 11,818 
 
 12.'«7 
 
 Tilt nnd jimldUil 
 
 l,ni.\iin 
 
 l,'iS7,'lu8 
 
 1,41V,.W4 
 
 li^O'J.ISl 
 
 lj.ir{cx> f|)trailrond),ant;Ic, bolt. 
 
 
 
 
 
 atnl rmi 
 
 2,51(1,9'^ 1 
 
 'i. '(-.8,014 
 
 2,'i(18,ni9 
 
 '.IM,S17 
 
 nailro.ul. nfalUott^ • 
 
 ■^,ni;,»;7 
 
 3.V7S,.K)1 
 
 3,.1(i.'),(W(l 
 
 ■,'''<ll,.*l,.1 
 7'J'^5Sl 
 
 ffl^rintfi ami arli. kf of cfl^t iron 
 
 .'.7l,lli 
 
 710,.1ll) 
 
 070.111 
 
 Wire anil manufarmre* iii wire - 
 
 .11 l,S'J-> 
 
 4ll'l,l.1!) 
 
 4ifi,r,ii 
 
 47l,iH).', 
 
 Hni))is, slieels. and trailer plates ' 
 
 1..1IS,ll|7 
 
 1.7'il),KSl 
 
 1,771,(1'.'^ 
 
 1,60 -.,'1(14 
 
 Wrnii^hl, of other kinds 
 
 1, '1.17.3 17 
 
 ■.i,lV^,7'.l 
 
 ii,'i.'>7.ini; 
 
 iii^'H.'iin 
 
 Htwl, ingots, bars, and hlieets • 
 
 K1H.U1.1 
 
 !l.1,'.,.'.17 
 
 K90,,-9.'i 
 
 T^t.m 
 
 nra&4 oral] sortit 
 
 201,781 
 
 !ill,^U.■> 
 
 a.ii,ui3 
 
 'ili,3l}'J 
 
 t'opiicr, unwrouKlit ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inuots. cake^, r>r stalts 
 
 497,91) 
 
 1,1SS,71,1 
 
 .'.S6,l 17 
 
 496,1 IS 
 
 ^VrouKlit or partly 'vroiiutit : 
 Sheets, nnils, li irs, riMls Ac. - 
 
 
 
 
 
 l,IIO,'i7< 
 
 l.T'-.C'iS 
 
 «,t 10,17(1 
 
 I.lS(>.4'0 
 
 Mixed or >ellow metal 
 
 Kl'^,1 '.S 
 
 9 .•.,I,'j7 
 
 no 1,701 
 
 HI (1,6 in 
 
 Of other sorts 
 
 'J.I 1,-,' 11 
 
 7i,7:i7 
 
 ir,7,'Wr, 
 
 l.ir.,9!li 
 •'.■1ii6,74 1 
 
 Ilardwnres and eutlery of all sorts 
 
 .1,.11ll,1li 
 
 .1,S11,1 1!) 
 
 4,11.1,707 
 
 'J'in. iinwruUKht 
 
 477,'J13 
 
 .'>I.1,S77 
 
 4»'A147 
 
 49.S,.'i70 
 
 riales .... 
 
 i,-ili,IM' 
 
 IrT 19,671 
 
 l,'J(i1,'^l(i 
 
 lil8l,>l>IH 
 
 Pl.lttd wares .... 
 Total .... 
 
 1II4,.1V< 
 
 lis..'. 1(1 
 
 111,'JSO 
 
 ll'.MVf 
 
 ni,.ViS.|l'S 
 
 •.M,l.'ici,(i7l 
 
 •.(.1,l'il,117 
 
 V'>.0.,i.73'J 
 
 ISK 
 
 l.''l',IIJ 
 S,W.«1 
 
 «V-,Vi 
 
 i.'d.ji: 
 ■"■'Mi 
 
 K^/JI 
 
 i,i:i,-ii 
 
 "I.Vif 
 
 , ''V,'"! 
 
 !,'>■, )! 
 
 lll.")l 
 
 II.: 
 
 For further particulars on the character nnd 
 extent of tlie hardware manufacture, see tlie 
 excellent series of essays in the liiriniiujham 
 and Midland Hardware District. 
 
 IIAKPOONKi:. The man who throws the 
 harpoon in (ishinj; for wliales, J!y 35 Goo. III. 
 c. i>2 s. ,'J 1, no hariiooner, line nianaf^er, or boat 
 stccrcr, hclonsiiiK to any ship or ves.sel fitted out 
 for the (iieeiilaiid or Southern whale fisheries, 
 pliall bo ini|ircssod from the said service, but 
 Hliall be ]>rivilof;ed from beiuf^ iin])ressed so loii'j 
 as he shall belouf^ to, and be cmiiloycd on board, 
 any sliip or vessel whatever in the li.'^horii.-s 
 aforf^aiil. 
 
 This privilege has lost its si;;nificance, as iin- 
 pressiniiit is practically obsolete. 
 
 H.M'S (<}er. hiife; J>utch, hocden ; Fr. 
 chai)eaux; Ital. cappelli; Span, sombreros ; Kiiss. 
 Bcblopii). Coveriiijjs for the head in very general 
 use in (Ireat Britain and many other countries, 
 and known to every body. They are made of 
 very various forms ind sorts of nialcri.il. They 
 may, liowever, be divided into two j,'roat classes, 
 viz. those felted or made of liir, wool, silk &c,, 
 and those niiide of sir.iw; the former beiiiLC 
 principally worn by men, oud the latter by 
 Women. 
 
 1. ll.\T.s (Fici.TKD, Fur, Pii.k &'-.). AVo 
 possess little information as to the importance of 
 iiats, as a distinct br.inch of manufacture, aiiteiior 
 to the r(i:;n of Elizabeth. 
 
 J'l-lted hats are stated to have been worn by the 
 Saxons, but the earliest notice we tind of '/«■(/ i-o- ' 
 hats is in an inventory of the oll'ects of Sir ,)olin 
 Falstoll'e in 1-1;M>. ]'hi'--i Stubos, in bis Ami- 
 toiiiic (if Abuses, published in MjH' nieiilions, 
 aniiin;;st otlutr varieties, ' bever hats of 'JD, lid, and 
 'Id shiUini^s price being fetched from beyond the 
 seas.' In Mibscrjuent reigns, and pariicularly 
 ♦liiriiigllH't.'iininionwcallh.thcinaiuil'acturcof liolh 
 boaver and felted hats must have arrived at sonic 
 iiiiportancf : and not only the finality, but tht; 
 shape of the hat, began to possess an inlliicnci' in 
 dt'iioling the rdigitms or political bias of lIic 
 "I'aivr — a characteristic of this aiiiclc of dress 
 which oldaiiis even at the present day. An iii- 
 ti resting account of li.ats iis worn at dilltrent 
 periods of our history is given in the Arrliddln'jiii, 
 aii'l the details of the manufacture, as it is now 
 
 •carried on, are given iu a work culled Days jk I to about t' '-0,UUO/. 
 
 the Factories (by Jlr. George Dodd), pnnJ 
 111 iHi;!. "^ ' 
 
 Charles VI I. of France wore a hat on li!u,j|i 
 entry into ]{oiien in UV.\ wlii.h i.s l)cli«i'<!i| 
 have been among the (irst iiKiinilactur-JijI 
 kingdom. (Encyctopidic, .irt. ' Clia|(c,;,i.\ '. 
 
 The ftdlowing details with rc.«|ieottotlie'i,'<^ 
 of hats mamiliictured, tlicir value lio., imii 
 by a high practical authonty, prcsi^m; ■ 
 the trade as it existed in 18jii;— 
 
 1, Stuff llats.—'X\\U term is .ipplieJ 1 
 trade only to the best description ..i' haM 
 those brought to the highest perfect!. .; in Lea 
 Since the introduction of 'w.'it(>r|;MMiiii.-.' 
 found unnecessary to use so valiiahic .iniiii 
 as beaver in the foundation or Um'-n^ 
 the best h.ats. Insttvul of it, line ,«caN 
 of English coney wool, red Vini.niaww'u 
 carrotfd coney wool, and a small (jiumti:v 
 Saxony lambs' wool, are omploycil iviiii( 
 advantage. 
 
 'J'he covering, i.e. the ' nappin;:,' of liil 
 qualities is a niixturc of clitck Lcavorwiiif 
 and brown stage beaver, or se.i.sniicil kav»r,| 
 moldy callc'l wnnms. Inl'crior .'^lulFj aa 
 Willi mixtures of stage beaver, nutria, bars] 
 and ninstiuash. 
 
 C»f late years hats have hccii much mid 
 weight. This is priuripally mvin? to lij 
 method tjf ' waterproolin;;,' whii'liis ff((( 
 the bodies of the hats prior to tln'ir Iwiiiiril 
 Tin.-, elastic properties of the gums t 
 this purpose, when dissolved in pure.' 
 wine, give a body to the stiifl's ivliidi ) 
 good di^il of their weigh.', to he dispensed^ 
 
 Xot 20 years previous -o IH-llUiioiiDMl 
 were worked up into 1 ilizon ordiwrj-si^ 
 for gent leinen, 1 ii 18 l.'i from .'i'i to 3-1 oni 
 were rcfpiircd to complete the saaie ( 
 We may remark that the he.ivv (kr ^ 
 lish .spirits of wine mms very iiiiiiri..ii!| 
 nianiii'aclure, as it caused the en,|i!.)ynif] 
 I'erior dissolvents, as naphtha and tM-.-.B!" 
 injure the gums. 
 
 ''I'be m.'iniiracturo of the best lialseml 
 LontUiii nearly l.UOO m.ikcrs and IMsT 
 sides giving eiiipl';vnicnt to nearly 3,rJJ 
 Glouceslei-sliire and D'jrhyshire, ia W« 
 and rulling. The gros.s returns araountej 
 
 and 
 r),f "'■"■•■""'' 
 
 "■"■''reduce,?'' 
 , I '""'■■"■', iwdl 
 
 fuoodhv,;;;" 
 ',; ^"' thou Will 
 
 ■-"■■■■'> and ]yl 
 
5 
 
 IMS 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 l,M;,iii 
 
 S.-7 
 ,5S1 
 
 2,V!S,fli 
 
 7i';,vji 
 
 IJ'V'Wdozen silk hats •innMnTr '"'"""••ed I j^t ■ , .'" "".vu.ice marl,;,,. 
 
 wb of (10,000 dfi7Pn ■ """'atcd 111 is^jy I .• „ ," "'"ctiircoru/'.-t^ "''loiei t L>- ..,./ 
 
n \TS 
 
 1 nn tlio autliority of pwnn3cf.nv(r=r 
 
 1c 
 
 turod is oslimato,! nl .rmo ; on |^ .^ ^,.,, incro(isednntlo=<tl, 
 
 amoiiiit to 
 
 1133 
 
 tl',o'men"Vn London ^''"'''t^ }'l^l 2Ho ;(/. pf r U raw ; I' ' *, ,V, ; 1 cdfonl. and lii.cb. ,>,c i«i. 
 
 ^^ ^eck, and i.i H- '-^"""^ *^'"^' "'f .'l^ ' J l^'c trado, there wor= at a. av.n. 
 
 vc'U. , r,.rrf;es -This branch is now P; ' ,";,,,rc3 hrouRht to ninrket ov.n- day, v 
 
 .,id t . l.e ^vhoUv extuK . ,^^ .^ato.st ";";;; ,^^^", k.^ok and Suffulk the Jailv ,r.^ 
 
 ..ate ationha. ^f^^'^ 1.^ ''uf this cla.. can 
 
 U,s been i"'-^-'"^'; 'hu m iniprorcd appearance 
 
 now be prod.u'd ^^ '? '^ ,Uc conntry, and pM- 
 
 , le.s est. Throutlhout i ^j,^,^. 
 
 Uoiiyiuti.cpj^v.n-,2|i:^Mter.rae^^^^ 
 .oded the use of c o li ^;' ; ,. T1.C mannfac are 
 h, c..nse4nence ;nucW2>;f^^_ ^ ■ — -- - 
 
 is 
 
 pU.ycLi. ' 2,000 scores, to m-M ivM 
 
 ^y;^o1"o::\mcc,nploved,anY.O".^« 
 |n ^j have been cmplnyfln 03. 
 
 '"'hIm^ tl 080 qnantities into b„nnrt. Iml.i^ 
 \he Pl. o^^vbere the n,anu .dure wa= cart.1 
 n T-n-rland, it was supposed there we m ill] 
 (in ni „ "^i . oA ono nersons eivMcoilinil.miii 
 ':::;.;e;;;.;ce nmch Oc^--!? <=-,[ '^;^'- 'employ- l in m g-^iS':j^',e less thin ft™ «.^ 
 c'onlined to tlie P^f "'"'' "^ boys, and '2,000 in ,1«43 there . -^^^^y ^ 500 sewers in Ui 
 en o about :!,5U0 "^^n ami '^ > , ^O.s. to to F,0,000 1'^'^'^" i,^^ been theimpr.voM, 
 women an.l Kivls, the former ^ arnnn. ,._ .j-i.e don ]" V^Q;case of the manufneture. that , 
 
 "a and the latter \\^^^^l%}'\,'- \x.ont 700,000 --Jl ^^^^ „Xetion of each straw plai.erw. 
 
 --■seen above ^-X^£j:^t±A^^^:i^ 
 „, the hat manufacture^ as ^,<i^^rtn,,n, J exceed 20^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ a„,i children. D^j 
 
 '. '00 .000/., employing msdinam ^^1^ ^^^, ^ '^'^"'i^Ss of ll>« voar, vhcn m.t-do.r.cJ 
 •.iont nO,000 P^'^^°^', nl^n-'^t expensive dc- some pcrwd^o .^^^^^ ^^.^^^ ^^^^^ ^^,^j 
 
 Kingdom ; a, \ thons the n. ^^t ^1^^^ T^'Xi^ccrs In Essex and Sulfolkthepr. 
 
 Liption of I'^'tsb^'i^'lhe' eduction ^vhich has JiO^P^f^"^^^^,^ stationary : perhars 3.01. t^r 
 
 ,,een much cxtend^^^^^^^ ^^^,^^,,„^ about . 
 
 t,,kcn place u P e^; ^ ^^d exported fhc 
 
 and tl\e^''"'l"\.;rhi'der than in the forr.er [d 
 imported, "vcrnr ;^-'J^ .'"".,, _ ,^„,^ j^rown persons oi j 
 
 about Us. or -» ,,„:,:„„ und trimnnnsf 
 nunmer employ^" ...^^,^^^^,,1 
 
 colonies in Austra a, ^ - ^ j ^^..^ 
 AVest In;l'e«-- "^,i' "J^^ ,,9 fclt hats, 
 ebiefly from France, .,.„„, 
 
 t;-',t)ll'. . interest 011 capital form 
 
 r^^TaVater extent tWiU^^ 
 
 -, ■'^""^i.vv tro';^ 8- to 16s. Weekly for ^vomen, , , ^^ ^^^^^^,^,^^ ... . 
 
 :^"-f;'^S-str>ablethattheid^ a«^^ 
 
 ^■'^«.- ''^"'^•-^ r^st suKS^ested by the nmk- ludmg .^ ^^^ .^^ branches .^.r. 
 
 and bonnets amounieu ^" -"-" , 
 
 '"^.r irai;::^ is most p-« ^\i;;;\^k: i <^'f^^Sl^:::^^:^% 
 
 of o/ui<i»9 sfra^i's was lirst f 'f «^;?';i,itled to by the trade »" "^^ '^'qJo,, ,,„a .i.ooD.O'iOl.sted 
 If S baskets of osiers and ^vill J , al ^^^^^^.^ ^,, , ^^ between 3 OOO^m ^^^^ ^^.^^^^^ ^„^ ^^ 
 
 v.v.ril iu his Pastorals, as one 01 ^ . , ^er P""'°" '" ^ ^^^x extension 01 tbil 
 
 ^^^&tural PopvdaUon of Ual^ J,^ ,f ^ .^^.S "^-^ -"-': ^^'d 
 
 i,.,M ' were worn by botn hk" ^ havmir at least anxKiy >> ^ , < jcolcmred, andsi 
 
 i 'cs of r.cdmont, ' many then 1 ^n j, ^j^^^ Pl.a't^"^ ^^ °f i^ t « cath^'' ««« fl 
 
 ' vearin. b;."-^Lil^;:!"« ^ ;"""<-..-I« r d ^^r^v' i:;s been imro - H 
 
a Yi\n\ 4 I 
 
 , Ac ]m\- 1 
 I on aviiiKf 
 «'ty ilay . vi ' 
 roii 'v-ie a- 1 
 daily^Mi'Ml 
 mrta «5iAl 
 I about J.ril 
 
 ft'.' ItifWituI 
 ate vra"- nr.-l 
 ictP vw ia i.'.L 
 jircd in it, ''ViiM 
 \v,m t't"ni i'),'"! 
 
 ifaotuicAjltil 
 
 n ftom Ae ad 
 luie, Ik'tjiW 
 
 ins vr***°"l 
 i>mp\oym(iii( ui| 
 chiWrcn. Diri 
 n„Ht-iV''Ot«n 
 
 UUiffoiktheir-'ii 
 
 i\.ov.t ^..^'» ]•;. 
 nccatmnJSM'.f, 
 ■turn 3(1. w3'.'i| 
 Os, vctwt'ii'tj 
 in the {""■!« f« 
 
 rown !'«*"';'*■ 
 canieAftom'"'!' 
 •hi\c tivo same M 
 _ to -Ids. »"'' '" 
 ,f into ac« 
 
 1 ]ilait. 
 
 HATS 
 
 Instoail of 5». 8(/. per lint, and 8s. C(/. 
 
 G79 
 
 ■'Tib for plait. 'I'f ''"'■^' ?!'"*' '''^''•','^?^ to -,«• *''^- P'^f 
 
 cr lb. <i" plait, nnd a gn;it 
 
 111 ('(inscqiu'iicc, f;iven to tin; 
 
 i.liiitini; If' I'i'ts, boys' and chil- 
 
 lioiiu' iiiliiiitlc'd, whioli formerly. 
 
 lb. on li.i''' 
 liini-^ius «•!'• 
 I trailo botli in 
 
 '''"'ttntlir li'i''ii(liitv, were virtually prohibited. 
 r^Ssha^esin^oUen abolished. The im- 
 -n i'm of liai' from I.e^lborii lias, however, nl- 
 
 (iivin? 
 
 ijn.ii.iiii'n "' ";j.u.,p_.,„ pi;ut has become .so reduced 
 
 I?"!:,? tliatiti" nii longer necessary to import 
 ],„ price. tiiM>; J. _. j_^_^^i,,^, t,,„ |,i,,ij_ Indeed, 
 
 . the diniimition in price, Tuscan 
 liuifjcr (irized as it was a few 
 tho lonsumptioii has much de- 
 
 Ithc straw usci 
 jotwiih^taiulin; 
 [plait it^clf i-i 11" 
 
 anil ttimWi 
 
 it was CM' 
 
 itnputi 
 
 iini: 
 
 ,tvaw 1 
 
 100.000 01 \'"- 
 
 The aw 
 asMi'Sf' 
 
 licsw 
 
 kd -i.ooo 
 
 ;Uy«d 
 
 L\ic was" 
 
 utli^*al 
 
 |d cTitoti' 
 causes. 
 
 iion 01 » 
 
 . had anse 
 
 ,ani' 
 results 
 
 l\ lest tne 
 
 
 (Visci 
 Uthcv 
 
 oViuteti. 
 
 before 
 
 fij,,i\v remove 
 Ithc \ilM' " ' 
 
 
 Broii'i" 
 
 .lets 
 v,-a5»'' 
 h"ili«'' 
 
 oat e 
 
 stent 
 
 IS.i-.: 
 
 tilt p«"J' 
 
 nadeofB^«; 
 
 b{ the trai' 
 
 lo,V.««> 
 
 Ins 
 111. so 
 
 he V't' 
 
 :We« 
 
 I'ashii'"' 
 
 iiUd 
 
 iiecomC' 
 Mtothiw 
 
 Ih til'' 
 li/.\Viau 
 
 ,,l,tW' 
 gift bat W 
 
 the 
 
 fa?hioi> 
 
 ,u!atw« 
 
 the 1>0V' 
 |dcscril)«''' 
 
 inn«' 
 
 ot UOfN' 
 
 ,rtJtioa« 
 
 ,„Hc.mpiirc(lwitlitorniei-ye.irs 
 
 "nf ovrla^t .acootmt ot this trade was written, 
 
 varieties of patterns in atraw-plaiting liave 
 
 iJ riblv increased, which with the use of 
 
 „,,J,,,ir"(,ilaitca l)v machinery), woven into 
 
 !h, falifv trimmings, irives a distinctive feature 
 
 die traac conip.ircd with any jircvious epoch. 
 
 ,ou-oof liorse-liair braid has never been supcr- 
 
 ipj'siiicc it'i introduction, about 2G years ago; 
 
 n< niiher "radiialh increased. In 1858 cotton 
 
 'ilininiit'ation of crinoline and chip plaiting) 
 
 1^.1,1 vcrv cxtcnsivclv used by itself, and in 
 
 ibiiiatimi ivith straw iilait, addinp; another new- 
 
 art 10 the trade. Other woven trimming.s of 
 
 L<v manufacture have also been introduced in 
 
 itatiifl of pillow lace or blond, worked with 
 
 ,e-hait,aaii afterwards embroidered with straw, 
 
 id' i'. 
 
 ,utoaHs long the chief seat of tho manufac- 
 Thctt isa tr.adiiioii that the unfortunate 
 r Queen of Scotland, when travelling through 
 jiichv of Lorraine, invited some of the straw- 
 iteis there to introduce the art into Scotland. 
 as not, liowevcr, very successful; uiul it is 
 that sliortiv after the accession of James VI. 
 ledironc of England, he encouraged thorn to 
 ivc to Luton, where the trade has since main- 
 ustlf. In 1843 there were nearly 100 
 13 connected with the manufacture in its 
 iclics established in that town. Straw- 
 ,i;inOriinev has cntindy ceased. 
 this time "(18G0) some mat'rial changes 
 taken place in the manufacture. In the 
 irdshire District (licds, Herts, and Ilueks), 
 icreafinj; demand for str.aw bats, which for a 
 series of years had been a cottage employ- 
 led" to the opening of factories and 
 ms in various ))art9 of the coi'.v.try, in 
 \\w plait is sewn up into h its &c., and 
 many wlio were formerly y/iaitcrs aru now 
 i as sewers. The iinpor ation of straw 
 ni Switzerland, Belgium, .' ml Saxony has 
 irgely increased (mostly ')f the single straw 
 It makcj, These are chielly worked ui) at 
 and an advance has taken place in wages 
 laps about 7 per cent. Men's and boys' 
 :af. or lirazilian hats, are now almost suiier- 
 tht introduction of a much cheaper article, 
 c' Swiss liat.' A material impicveracnt 
 niaiiiifacture and liiii.sli, particularly in 
 Its. has taken place during the last two 
 iviui; eiupUiynient to greater numbers of 
 Madiiues for blocking or (ircssing by steam 
 '"aulie power have been introduced, and 
 be a great improvement upon the old 
 if manu.il labour, a su]icrior and uniform 
 in- obtained hy these )irocesses. The 
 ial Treaty witii France has also opened 
 •kets for our production, while the ship- 
 AiistraUa and New Zealand are very 
 uig employment to great numbers (if 
 ity makers. 
 
 In 1800 the imports of straw nnd other plaiting 
 were .T18,(l,''):2 lbs., valued at l.')l,508/., besides 71H 
 c\vl, of straw or grass for plaiting, worth 5,7M/. 
 Again, tho cxjiorts of straw hats and bonnets were 
 11(1,.'!.S2 dozen, valued at l(')7,l'G4/. : on the other 
 hand we imported ;50I),0().S Ihs. of straw hats or 
 bonnets, chielly French, of tlie value of 1.170,.')80/. 
 Itulian Miimifacture. — In IKO,') tho Tuscan jjlait 
 and hat trade was considered in a prosiicroua con- 
 dition, riaits of dill'crent kinds were in good 
 demand for the several continental and New York 
 markets, and hats of dilfercnt kinds were freely 
 ordered for some continental markets. The re- 
 turn of peace and revival of trade in the United 
 States of America caused a great impr(iv(Mnent in 
 the demand for plait. Neither tho abolition of 
 duties in England, nur the almost abolition of thorn 
 in France, seems to l.avo caused any material ex- 
 tension of business ill these gciods, as Tuscan straw 
 hats and bonnets enter into consimiptiou more as 
 an article (d' fashion than of necessity, and are 
 ruled by tho prevailing taste of the moment, 
 without so much regard to ])rice. Tlie abolition 
 of duties, however, iiermits the introduction of 
 much cheaper goods, which must le.'id to a gradu- 
 ally increasing business. The price of Tuscan 
 straws has continued to vary during kite years, 
 according to tho success of tho crops. The price 
 per English lb. (18Go) ready for plaiting ranged 
 i'rom Is. (j</. to 2s. id. For S(Mne years Tuscan 
 straw has ceased to be sent to the English market, 
 particidarly since the abolition of duties on m.anu- 
 facturcd goods. Signor Mariotti, in his pamphlet 
 on the Tuscan Straw Slanufactu o in 1858, re- 
 ferred to the introduction of men's hats made 
 in imitation of tho Panama hats, but the de- 
 mand was short-lived. The manufacture of hats 
 and jdaits in Tuscany h.is improved during the 
 last seven years, principally in tho dressing and 
 shaping them. Machinery of a new construction 
 has been introduced, which has led to larger quan- 
 tities being (inisheil (dT than could be done solely 
 by hand. In plaits, delicate colours and some 
 improved designs have been secured to the manu- 
 facture. The annual value of the straw trade in 
 Tuscany in 18(15 amounted to about 800,000/. 
 sterling, but a large per contngc of this increase is 
 to be attributed to a considerable advance in the 
 cost priec of goods. Since the revolution of 1859, 
 which consolidated the States of Italj', there has 
 been a pretty fair consumiition of Tuscan straw 
 goods in various ])art3 of the kingdom, while on 
 the otiier lund tliero was a considerable falling 
 off of trade with North America during the civil 
 war in that country. Men's hats at 2d. and 8r/. 
 each have ceaseel to be made in Tuscany since 
 the Au.'crican civil war, as they were almost ox- 
 clusiveiy sent to tho United States; but hats 
 at these prices, made in the mountainous district 
 of Bolog;na, have, since the return of peace, been 
 shipped to America. The straw for these hats is 
 taken from the wheat fields. There are no statistics 
 publisliod in regard to the labouring po]nilation 
 of Tuscany, but we, on good authority, think lliero 
 must be "between 70,000 and 80,000 hands em- 
 ployed in tiic straw industry in one way and an- 
 other. A portion of this number is not constantly 
 employed in the manufacture. Wages fluctuate con- 
 siderably ill the making of plaits, hats, and trim- 
 mings, according to the demands of trade. In 18G5 
 wages, mostly of \vomeii and children, were at a 
 high point : plait makers earning from Ad. to Is. Crf. 
 per day, hat makers from G(/. to Is. 8(/. (the aver- 
 age of tlie latter ni.ny be about lOd.), and trim- 
 ming makers from Gt/, to Is. per day. Men and 
 boys are, however, employed in assorting straw 
 by machinery, and otherwise pre|)aring it for tho 
 
•« * 
 
 680 
 
 HATS 
 
 ,1 
 i. ' 
 
 nianufactiirp. Tlicy cam from 0(/. to Is. 8(7. per 
 (licm; tlicv arc also omploycd in blpacliiiif;, pross- 
 in/r, anil linisliing bats; their oarniiiK^ aio IVom 
 ]0(/. to 2.1. 6d. per day; tlio bulk from Is. Ck/. to 
 '2s., and lb: overt imc (wliicli (ittcii lasts .") or 
 nioiith«) thoy receive one-third extra. Sinrc 
 18.59 the lasliioi". for women and f;irls to wear 
 hats in preference, to bonnets has been constantly 
 oxtcndinjx, and has eonferreil an inmiense advan- 
 tage on the Tuscan straw industry, both as rejjards 
 plaits and hats; and owinf; to the general demiiiid 
 in luirope. Amerira, and Australia, prices have 
 continued to advance since IHi'd. Tuscan plaits 
 bad almost ceased to be nsol for bonnets, a prefer- 
 ence liaviuf; set in for other kinds of plaits of 
 lighter texture. The demand for hats and plaits 
 for men's and boys' wear is more restricted and 
 precarious. The total value of plaits and hats 
 exported from Tuscany since 18n.") (say for nine 
 years) may probably amoinit to from (5,500,000/. 
 to 4,000,000/. sterling, but the export of raw straw 
 since that date has ceased. These exports are 
 estimated to be made from Italy: the inland trade 
 in these goods will no doubt amount to about 
 1,000,000/. more. 
 
 It is stated in ?ignor Jrariolti's pamphlet, that 
 as far back as loll the art of straw plaiting was 
 known in Tuscany ; certain kinds of foreign straws 
 were then also imported ; in 17l!7 there was a duty 
 levied upon them, whieli, however, was repealed 
 by Leopold I. It is shown by a tomb-stone exist- 
 ing in the church of St. Miniato, at Signa, that 
 Domenico Michelacci, a native of l!(dogna, carry- 
 ing on business there in the commencement of tlic 
 eighteenth century, was (he lirst to establish with 
 England the export trade in Leghorn hats. In 
 1718 this same man raised the tirst line straw 
 used in Tuscany. In 17o7 and the following 
 year an annual export business in hats com- 
 menced, and reached from 1.0, 000/. to 25,000/. 
 sterling. The (irst hats for ladies (afterwards so 
 largelv imported into England) were made only 
 in 1813, of the number of 40 rows. In 1818 the 
 hands employed •wvrc estimated iit from ,50,000 to 
 (;0,000, earning from Is. to Is. '.hf. per day. In 
 1822 the exportation to America began; and al- 
 though an increase of bands was the result, tlie 
 earnings rose from l.s-. b/. to ;5s. per day. In 
 1820-7 the trade in ladies' Legborn hats reached 
 its climax, and soon after tiiat the Tuscan plait 
 in 11 .straws was introduced, 
 
 Stvi.1.1 and other ]\[anvftictnrcs. — The Swiss 
 straw trade has greatly (levoloped itself during 
 the last ."lO years : the returns in some of the most 
 favourable seasons cannot have been less than 
 from 200,000/. to .'(00,000/. Woblen (in the Can- 
 ton d'Argovie) is the cen'ral seat i'nr lumn .and all 
 lands of fancy trimmings; Imt within the l.ast 10 
 years white horse-hair braid (of which the Largest 
 manufactory is at Kriens, near Liwerne) has been 
 in great demand. In the I'ribonrg Canton 
 there is also an interesting straw trade carried 
 on, the principal districts being Hulk and Clititcl 
 St.JJenis; but being a similar kind of straw to 
 the liclgian and English, the importations into 
 tb.is co.mtry are trilling, althougli a large amount 
 of business is done witli Paris and Amcricii. 
 
 Chip h.its and plaiting are also produced at 
 Jlodv na. or latiier Caq)l, in its vicinity. Though 
 commoidy called paille de ri'z, it is simply the 
 wood of the 'v'iilow cut into strips for the purpose 
 of being plaited, and is of a most beautiful white. 
 These ' chip ilat.-t ' are chielly .sent to I'.iris, where 
 they are dressed \v a peculiar manner, and ship' •' ! 
 to all parts of the ^vorld. Home arc sb-piiea to | 
 England in their nattiral st.ate, to be st'i, po(i A;id I 
 i-ewn into wliite bonnets, and some also art d; .1 j 
 
 HAVANNAII 
 
 black and other colours. The art, it jj s»' i 
 (irst introduced by .Signor Corston in I'jiij ■' '"^ 
 has been of great advantage to the small 1, „■""'' 
 where it is carried on; but the return/ it' ^ 
 believed, cannot exceed from 15,000/. to 30 L'/ 
 per annum. '"■'• 
 
 Tanania hats have also been imported into W' 
 land. They are made of a species of hkv''.'] 
 grass grown in Central America, iie.irlv '„,';• 
 white, of great tenacity, and verv scn-jcf. ' 
 They make a capital summer wear fnr nivn'V 
 boys. Those imported have, liowover, Lvii m "• 
 re-exported for Australia and (he Conlinont 
 subjoin — 
 
 An Account of the Weight and Yah, ,.f 
 Straw Hats and Plailinp Imjmtcd m l- 
 Sjiceifyimi the Countries whence timj camt 
 the Quantities and Values of those Oromht'i 
 each. ■' ■ 
 
 \V. 
 
 Hats or bonnedi of straw : 
 I'rom Hnmliurj; 
 Kriiiiro 
 '1 u*-' any 
 St. 'i'hoina* - 
 Unitt'd StHiiM 
 New (irBii.uU 
 Kiuailor 
 Utlmr parts 
 Total 
 
 
 1 ,3 10 
 
 . 
 
 Mot 
 
 A 
 
 ■i.MI 
 
 
 1 Mr, 
 
 
 S/W 
 
 . 
 
 ;.U«,UU8 
 
 
 Qunniltiefl 
 
 Via 
 
 ri.iitintr, straw : 
 1 roiii France 
 
 OthiT |jarU 
 Total 
 
 JOI.Mt 
 
 t 
 
 I,' I) 
 
 Other kinds : 
 Kroiii Il.nnt>urt{ 
 Trance 
 Other jiarts 
 
 
 'I'otal 
 
 ar.si!) 
 
 i\',.i~ 
 
 French 3fanvfucturc. — The cliicf seat? rf 
 French manufacture of hats arc Pari', I' 
 Bordeaux. Tarascon, Aix, and Nimis, aij 
 exports of these articles are said tofullici];:il 
 half of all tliat arc made. Tlip valuo ol' !he| 
 hats exported from France in the vo,irl>')t| 
 ceeded 1 0,000,000 francs. These frooJ* ii\r;, 
 principally to the United Kingdom, lira4j 
 the Argentine Confederation. The avcra.-e 
 of French felt hats was lis. in IMfi, inwhii'li 
 ]8'J,8H,s French hats were imported int.itbl'j 
 Kingdom. A few were impurtcd from W 
 and (iermany. 
 
 The importation of straw hats aniilnffini 
 France has enormously increased ?f late 
 In 1857 only 2-l,i'5,'i lbs. of these .irticiosirf 
 ported from that country, and 131,7ii5!l)s. 
 [daiting. The value of these impcrls in li 
 nearly 1,1. '53,000/. sterling. As no iliilv 
 '.ovied on straw hats and plaiting, it siivt 
 to determine how much of the imports are 
 for home consumption. 
 
 (\Ve are indebted for this artifieon Haul 
 to Mr. Ivobert Slater, of Fore Street. \mi 
 
 IIAVANXAII or IIAVA>'\ On tl 
 coast of the noble island of Ciiba,(ifffliiclij 
 capital, the Morro castle being, iicforiiiii; 
 b.ddt, in lat. 23° 8' 15'' N., 1oii,[;.k:"22| 
 Tlio population of the citv anil snbi 
 estimated in 18(51 at 201,500. In ISi 
 sident population amounted to 9l,i':?3: 
 whites. 8,215 free coloured, 15,317 it 
 1.010 coloured slaves, and 2'.',H.lii to 
 The port of Ilavannah is the (inc-: in 
 T:v'ies, or perhaps in the worlii. B' 
 i:j 7r.i;r.( but tlie water is dcpp. m 
 or (ii,otnK!j..n of any sort, and mihi" 
 into 11 '.!!><- i -iiccnt" bay, ca|iablc oi 
 
 .te.-t and (;,o 
 to uhmk. It 
 
 F i'S iTMlit/j fi-u 
 
 */'"»'''<■■', and i 
 ,f'',">'""h att.t 
 
 J*'. iWiici arc 
 
 I ":'' "''fn tlwv 
 r/f^f'-ervviri 
 '*'"'* Wfent of 
 
 ^ .""' most ji, 
 
 ■<.„:;:!f»?% 
 
 fsktii 
 
 ■'/''M(ious/i,; 
 
rt, it 13 said, w,n 
 on in ISij.i, r.n,i 
 ho smallWa'r.tv 
 n'. roturn?, it \< 
 ),000/. to 30,000/. 
 
 iiported into F.r,;- 
 joiea of bleacly | 
 ica, nearly i|iiit.> 
 very servicfiM', 
 ivcar fur nica a>| 
 I'cvcr, bwn nifi-'ir 
 .e Continom. We 
 
 md Valiie <!f ill 
 Imported in '[*• 
 lice they mmt, -, 
 thou bruugk] 
 
 itie* 1 Valje 
 
 17') 
 
 r.o*. 
 
 ,.110 
 
 ,toi 
 
 ,sU 
 
 ,f.sr. 
 
 ,:m_ 
 
 J)08~ 
 
 i,15j,;i'i 
 
 4,«« 
 
 ii,;h_ 
 
 i,i;j,ii) 
 
 
 
 es 
 
 Vict 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 wi;': 
 
 2 
 
 (-,"1) 
 
 T 
 
 my: 
 
 t 
 
 ),m 
 
 7 
 
 K,\ii 
 
 S 
 
 wn 
 
 '» 
 
 iSt.S 
 
 he chief scat? 
 ts are Pari!, b^ 
 and Nimi?, ad 
 paid to fully cqil 
 The value of tkel 
 in the yearWSlI 
 rhe?c cnoilswcrif 
 Kingdom, BraiilJ 
 1. Theaveraitf 
 n 1860, innhii'hl 
 ipprtedintnthelj 
 iportcd from ?' 
 
 hats ami bnstielj 
 icrcascd of late j 
 these jiticlHitq 
 ,udl34,T«flk'1 
 CSC impcTts in W 
 ;. As no (liitv ij 
 iaitin.cit sii'jtll 
 the imports arc 1^ 
 
 is article on 1 
 'ore Street. I/inlj 
 
 fCiiba,ofvli 
 
 ieiiis,a«"«'"'?l 
 
 citv and sukal 
 1,500. InW-1 
 [cdto01J«;' 
 
 ircd, lW<"„j 
 ind 21S30 blal 
 3 the lincit in f 
 licworlil. Th(J 
 
 cr is il«r' ''3 
 tt, anil within r 
 
 V, capable 
 
 ' ■"•""[ '•'^"0 '•■"■?<' •'f-ips; v«.,cls or ^J. ^^-^^^^NNAII 
 (Jniu^lit o( water comin- do.so tn,hl / P''C'>fo,",t | 
 
 .•..e.M,le. TbcM.,rro„na W.'."'i ""^ "Ppo- 
 
 .f t c entn.n.0 of ,),o L.^rbour Z '" "'^^t side 
 11*1, a.H 13 tlio ontire citv f/U -l" ''''".«•' v A -r- 
 apkce of frroat strength, an',1 ^„il^'^''^'' '^ a).,, 
 ' ' " Im „„:,.".V""^'"wn.s have 
 
 ' ctigagQ in it^ 
 
• ll 
 
 
 HAVAT^All 
 
 i, . . „i r,rnducinff? of the sugar plantation- 1 
 B.SerS867''wero sen. ir„m the f.lW,,, 
 
 HhiU. I Moiufi 
 
 iruTi" of the worUl "".'^ " ,,. ■,„,^airod ; and it n I'J 
 ,„, menus clear tiiat ui ,_ 
 
 vculd be seuMbly, "^ ^t -ai, m^^^ ^,^, f,eo 
 15csidc3 slaves, the ju ^,j^^ ,, 
 
 rfor has supplied this want to «?'^. f,eld I" ^,r Jl" '^ teals or 1/. '2». ««lms ).««• 
 
 ^SveSywigesandUeepof^t^^^^^^^^^^^^ rroi.ht •. W„ aa.i ycH 
 
 /.bourer are stated to be 30 d ^^^^^ ^^^.^^^^ ^, 
 the free negro are •'"« ;7;' ,^,c little en-aged 
 •)lOdols. Tiles'-- "'"^^ , , „' lies of labour, and 
 
 the shipping POfts. . . r.„^ f...ba 
 
 Thr. .articles p 
 
 
 WA 
 
 19,081 
 
 '^^^'/, 
 
 (,11,-iJJ 1 
 
 'M,U 
 
 1l,50J 
 
 :i,:'i 
 
 T'i,:ii7 
 
 
 Vi.lK'l 
 
 r.,'0 
 
 m.ifi'j 
 
 '.h 
 
 41,519 
 
 3' 
 
 3>,,'llii 
 
 ]', •• 
 
 TIrIM 
 
 :;." 
 
 413,18; 
 
 1 till 
 
 JO to ![•■*];*!; _2i,jt,,,ul freight; brown aaiiyt;!'!':, 
 free, on board^^f >^^^l^>'„„,lwMtc,8U»Uid=, 
 
 ^••'^''ToKietion of Cui„a; Itscdtint,. 
 able ^^^g-rt^^J^S- with unprec^dculeil nf li- :, 
 f-^TS) there ^-^^^ but 80 plantation, iir 
 to i*"*'."^ ,Li7 iAi«re were T.'.i; and ii 
 
 vtieulariyi" """b— " " 17 ,u,iu\ there w^^" """ ~" ' ' !■ , 
 
 :?• S;: • Jai,hon5-, -"l--lt;t„^f 'Th; trees^ 
 
 ,nper ore, ^o.nd. - »n ^° ^^^^^. .^^^ 2,0C7. of at least 4')..; 
 
 -- ..n-nr of the imcRi iiua.... , - -- of these, there "WtTL u ^^ exportation trom Hi- 
 
 "5' ^hneVVax, hone v,molttS8<*iv.^-J''^,j.j,; trees c*chl \" '^„„Hjg.. i„ "809 it amo« 
 totacco, bees •^NiiA,' . ^ maportant. *. ,.„nnaU -was l,i»U>"" ""Ig,,- tn iR2n \xv\\ 
 
 "'" - -- -r:.^)^ \ 'j^'^'^, ,i^c destruction of tto 
 
 western f^;^ "^^^o'^f o'ser "'"ra'l^"'' V'**! 
 and the ^"^^l^Jl'^f^ion paid to the cuUuteo,ia| 
 ""'% f^'tflcckedt^e further increase onkP 
 Bot only '-^^^P;^'' sea manv oftlumtobe* 
 V^'»n*f'°:^;^'^psofcofieeltomCuba.| 
 
 ' rCre cKport'edfrom tlavannah; wMe.t 
 i"*.- ^ „ .7 c^« ii«. were 8hipi)cd. 
 
 laio-isiii 
 
 In lfi3U - 
 
 1840 - 
 
 1H4S • 
 
 JSiO - 
 
 185,'> - 
 
 IS.'iO - 
 1S64 
 1867 
 
 ; Periods irom .. '^ , ^-^7 Tw^nortation forthai year 50,'33,. 
 
 s i .noW> J 1 , ^ ., total ci.portatw . ^ ^^^^^^^.^^ 
 
 r,H.a',o,-«at 40011- = •^.»^^ u„t,hc destj^e"^" °; "^^ j^^^^^^^^^ ^.j^i 
 
 i77,»w '• =«-'-"'i'S Uvestcrn part ot t-uiM 1- 
 
 •2I17,"8'' " -llio,l».li(>» , i „ tirlCCi 
 
 •AVI,™! " =ii7,o92.ww and the low 111 
 
 ■ia'i.rr.'i 
 
 410,1*1 
 467 ,5.1 '■ 
 746, lU^ 
 965,677 
 B72,'iU'i 
 
 l,rio,6:;.; 
 
 1,168,2!)H 
 • besides Ifi-l*' 
 
 
 =117,092,W'"' 
 Sl70,0.'.7 .61111 
 -ll|-,O.W,lH)n 
 =*J8,.50a.ll<IO 
 =5!)6.WO,HW 
 =349,030,801) 
 
 a=418,«3,"0"' 
 =1I,3,316,U0U \ 
 
 pal CumUries to wlu<Mt.xp°^"^ , 
 
 But the llavannah has ...« cease i'ori\^An...niUiesofthcFnnapalAri 
 
 formerly was, the only port ^^_^ f^„„ Matan- 
 exportation «* /"S^r- "'« J^^^ ^ third part o 
 
 zal now «^"f ^CaniU; and there i« also a 
 
 those from the "^^ ?"^ Cardenas, Trinidad, ht^ 
 
 considerable export ff'™^';'^^ other ports. l>i 
 
 SSed from tl>e Havaunah^ N^ ^^ ^^\ 
 a ' official export from Cuba- ecp^ ^^^^^_ ^^^ ,j^ 
 
 tous, as wc may ^f%°^l eUv or payment, of 
 '>ties exported waW^ 
 
 a.itv the real export may utj^ mount mo1i«« 
 
 t ml' The cotisumption of the i.l«mQJ.^_^^,^,8^;36 
 1:^5,000 tons; n^alun? the tota^^,r^.^ ^^^^ ^^ \ 
 tons Andvastasthi-Muanu > ,^^^j ,je 
 
 aetoitely increased,-!. dBuppl^^^ ^^ 
 
 easily procured; but 'Vp.her iti»oi^ld be niain- 
 
 sfa very were put do^7',^;if^ Uava,.n.-ih, Guiues, 
 
 tiiined at its present k el. t ^^^ tine sugar- 
 
 Matanzas, Cardenas^in^ ^^^ „„^,j to- 
 
 ^Srbv"dl£furof railway, and there are 
 fet^l'ther lines in the island. 
 
 VhoRslieadi 
 
 ( IwKJ 
 
 IhogsheiJ' 
 
 loll' 
 
 f WH-' 
 
 • ilicgiheidl 
 
 I „.tt. 
 
 L oihwVartsotEonpeu.oi.'ihe* 
 
 I Total • 
 
 \x United States 
 
 . liophtiil'l. 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 Cinar^ 
 
 Total - 
 
 SlHlil 
 
 l,.nu'<l Slates 
 Hans'- Towns 
 
 Total ' 
 
 miU^ I. 
 
 Cofl'"* 
 
 several other lines u. .... 
 and 1867 
 
 Yeal 
 
 
 Tons 1 
 
 rue.m 
 
 I 146,HM 
 
 156.3'JS 
 
 ' 160,510 
 
 S.W,12» 
 
 376,635 
 
 3il.l'60 
 I 3-.'',6^'i 
 I S46,636 
 I .530,669 
 
 Honej 
 
 Hum 
 
 1 1 Franc . ', _ " 
 \\ tinilwl KoRO"'" 
 ( Umwl Suvies 
 
 , Total ■ ■ 
 
 J MeKico, South Amnicito 
 
 \ Spain 
 
 Toul • • 
 
 I ( H)Hsm 
 
 1 , Total - 
 
 I 1 llanse Towns 
 ' llclcii"", ■ 
 Unltta SlalK 
 
 _ Sl>ai« 
 
 To(.il • 
 I Snaln 
 
 lieKfl , 
 
 i.ifi. 
 
HhiU. I M„.„. 
 
 Tobacco di/TcTS much in duality |„„ „ ";^^-^^^Ail 
 
 a are (■'^teemed the /IiunV ;„ .1 ''"''''''"^ i «"<! e\i».r(„f , fiST 
 
 :coj Formorly ,ho cnCoaM^T^'^y ''"^^^^^^^ «'•'' both r.„.M, 
 
 u.ii.,1.^ 111111,11 1,, ni),i||(j. I,,,,,, . — ' 
 
 0/ Cuba are c'^teemcd the fiiic-iV in .1 '''''''''"^ i «"<! e\i 
 
 •TonAccoj Formerly tho c./l , r "„ ' \7^W- ' fondinj i„ .o,". „ 
 iliiiiniportmitpla/ifwerernoiiiirwj;. I , ' "'c of| Ifav-iiiMni, I ""' there wnr,. , ■' ' 
 ".."t/bnt sink. 1S21 ilTZm',''V'''T''- ^^^^^^^^^ oTlT'^ ''''""• 
 
 »linllyreliiu,.ii.lied, there bciC n,. ^ ''"■' ''<'«" ^vax.m,?^,""-" "'^c'^-'Ts. Jjl^L ■''""• ■""' 
 
 ^.ridions either on the ^3 o T«" "">• , '"rm imnor ""^^ "•'■'' »'«" lar c v ' ! ';"" ('•"';■'). 
 
 ■"""on •lii;;^/ I {{i;;^' „. , 
 
 UII.1 iiuicr (III rne trron-Mi ». 1 " "". 
 :.r;iolo. The cultivator pafa a dutv w± "[ '^' 
 .V, r, IS to a ffrcftt extent evaded «?■ 1 ""•"• "">v- 
 vjlorcDi upun hi.i crop. I„ <.'',', ''f"" cent, ad , „„ . 
 
 frwlomthu, given to 'tho bu'S'Th"'' "!" ''"^ r 
 
 ""siuoss, tho culture ' ,T'''w<' 
 
 ' -•" culture ; (^ ""•;«<' - ii...7-uC "'^y " ."'u. .-:,.,:,, 
 Countries whence I^ '!'',''''' '^''^ -Po'-t of I/ar , ' "'" ■^•'^" 
 
 ' / Toi.il ■ 'SfiU i ITT^ 1 — _ 
 
 .mmber of vessels which en teroriw 
 I'^^pi ports in 1867 wL Sir ^J'l^^^o^ 
 J 'KludmK steamers, of wlf;,..,' r*?' "^ ^'^-'.^IS 
 |w« British. Frelh at r ''^' °^ ^^^''^S 
 [from 30.. to 50, ^ ' ^^ ^""•'^^ or Queens- 
 
 teSjKSS '•--! Spates ia ke, J 
 
 '^•. J^'^ Spanish mail ,,lnP '■■''""'' ^'^'"*- 
 >cc, an.: the British f tamers run rcfru- 
 
 I W" mines iieir s"..' ' "'"'"'• 
 
 r"l"«. has fallen r,,r 5''^';™'"'. lli,„,,,|, 
 [^'•""^'Ivsent 'j'3,ip;''"'^'^<'f(L 
 
 '"^'^' iMth provJs/o,,^; 
 
 .etr .suppiv/,,^, J ,V;"-^'mit3-, but ,4^'"^^ 
 
 iV,;«Py,_.(,„, ^^j^-^^' T''"/'''"^'« of sugar 
 
 "'III/; tiih 
 
 """'•' "^"»"'"r banking E,"^' 
 
v 
 
 18C6 
 
 1.1 
 
 IV: 
 
 t.:- 
 i 
 
 A,.r«elan.lhM.era«sl>"J 
 
 Ann. ""<'»■""•»? >'''"• • 
 I- ire;irmi (»tnaU) 
 
 AH othrr kind! • . . li 
 
 EArthrnxarc and porcoUm - 
 I ()ia-i "'"""''" V'r'.Mii'rv, uncnumctaica 
 
 MachlncT,. S-^^Sa"?!;;" - , ' 
 
 K-rllic*" " " - " 
 
 j si\lt nwnufacturM - 
 
 •rill platei •„„,.,, v', iiv vard 
 All other atllcU-. ^^^^^ 
 
 lo.rii 
 
 6,5 1'l 
 
 
 1,444,330 
 
 
 ISNf, 
 
 lf.,'.:> I 
 ih.j'..; 
 
 IJ.II", , 
 
 1866 
 
 1SG4 
 
 IHCJ 
 
 IW 
 
 tons 
 
 3S3/1I.1 
 
 ll.7'«l 
 
 1,11'J'J 
 
 15s, 1M 
 
 'JUS 
 
 l(),ll.'>S 
 4.'.t.'J7'' 
 (ill.l'.H 
 
 6,71i 
 37 
 
 lA.nhal.umo,bUumenJudauum 
 
 leilar wood - 
 Coffw! 
 
 Cotton, raw - ^ . 
 
 Viistic ,, ■ 
 Siilii": Hum 
 ^'"'"■KlXl'mK-an.l, ■_ 
 
 Canejin"-' " 
 
 i Tob.ccolm^a-^'-^XandclB^t. 
 
 1 Wood a.>d ■'•■■|;r/,J'Xti7h,;.buiUi.-R 
 
 iA"°">"""%„.a,;«.uo _1 
 
 Spanish """'^J.'/rffito (about 5«.), '^"'^ "^« 
 
 EnnUsb, or 46 k'Y^fJ'i^p^eh clla or mines; HI 
 
 ■vara9=100 "/-"^^ra' I usbols noarly,.or m 
 Imrc cUs. 1 fancRa-^ ■;'"•■ „r spirits = 'l-l 
 " Snanisb. A" a""^^ °lu A bc^bcad of 
 'tnguW -u.e gallon, ueavj^j^^", , , . 
 
 sutTai^LoU' "^^-i' ^^,!'"^ll !,'aHoi>^-. a pipe ot 
 Srii:^=l5'S^-?an^a bale of tobacco 
 
 thcsalcorgoodsisSpcrccm., ^^^^^^ j^^a 
 
 of 2b per cent /J «/;^i J„i.sion of '2i l>er 
 guaranteed, and a f";'?^^'; j*^^, j^ bills or produce 
 cent, for the returns, '^^hetnei u ^,^^^ 
 
 Orpurchasestheconim. lou s2,.l ^^.^^^ ^, ^^. 
 a further 2i, per cent f draw" 1 ^ „ 
 
 cbanse. I^.'^f^^' ",^,r «« the amount tor 
 charged, and U ^"[. '"!".' 1^5 per cent, wlion no 
 .advances of.money the rat*, ^s p ^^^.^^^^^ ^^ 
 other commission IS cbargeaoie eent., ac- 
 
 aone at various rates from \^-JJ^ ,„e rat^ o 1 
 cording to its magnitude i'c^^^ Spanish and 
 the fore gn houses ; tnoso , . , 'i'i,cre is 
 
 So'emeVchants ^^^f ",'=J" ^^ Slisbment of 
 
 no obstacle >vba ever to me ^ ,^.,^^ j^^, 
 
 foreigners as mercliants m 
 
 3,111 
 
 S'il.o.'il 
 
 1 1 ,'V'i4 
 
 fil') 
 
 bfiW 
 
 Ml 
 
 1,»3'J.'J.VJ 
 
 l,«.1 
 
 Sit 
 
 S76,.'>ni 
 
 lSM,4'i7 
 
 C33.4r,r, 
 
 8,6W 
 6 
 
 IfiA'i 
 
 '.tvi 
 
 If^.S!!.! 
 
 23,»lG 
 
 47!) ,036 
 
 3,'JI'» 
 
 Afinr, 
 
 4,.',r,7,'.90 
 
 l()l,.T<i'i 
 
 lll.C'i.'i 
 
 195,' ''7 
 
 ii'i,r.io 
 
 jon.cit 
 
 7(i,'J'9 
 
 1,736 
 
 31,086^ 
 
 "6,3().'),73S 
 
 11, II 'I 
 
 4li.'iW 
 
 1,H7,1H 
 
 7,1S4 
 
 i;.ur, . 
 ■J,79i,'j3l 
 
 7, Ml 
 fi.VO 
 
 Ii3,9S<i 
 9i(,lU 
 
 sal, 'ill i 
 
 _ 80,175 
 
 ".•i.iir>:i,sM 
 
 *i,„f thmc who are naturalised in Spaiw 
 
 f >'V nrr on trml. with the .«..nc n^hu 
 freely carr> on tra - ^^^^ ,..^ ^,^^ 1 
 
 fault of S"cu <:"' ipa „„ ,1,0.,. cnj>yd 
 
 fnroiL'ners arc allo\vea to tsuiu.. 1 
 
 antl pnvileRes en oj.d b v 1 f.^^,,1 
 
 t,y they come from A ^,^^^^ ^^_^^ J 
 mechanics, the on y Oil rnterin? tta 
 regards their re»p»" , , (j,,,! scratitvl 
 ev«y ?tranger ismju r.l^.t^^ J^^^^^^^^ ^J 
 
 following terms •- IJ'V^ ' , ' ,,11 ar.J J 
 Becurityineveryca^eforlic^ 1,3 
 
 of A 1«, arrived from L ni . ^^^ | 
 
 nivsrlf to present Inmifcauea •. 
 
 ment, and to condu.^^ b m Jt "). !^ J 
 
 place thatmay be desi^nat u ^^^^^^ t 
 
 easily obtained, ^"f' ^^^iwrooplcofaj 
 Civen to mechanics, a"<l^' (';/, J,ii„, i^ 
 To settle in the island Ato i 1 
 
 „cccssai7toaw;y/«,,Vliea,.,.l«">d 
 present a ccriilicuo u ^^^_^^^ , j 
 
 'gpeftable cliaractcr, mi^ .cgroc.lH 
 
 iCatliolic religion, ^'f..,' f^- jtc f 
 a roval order of Marca !., K- 
 
 ( 
 
e 
 
 ;a,V.i) 
 
 '. ■/) 
 
 S.-li 
 
 ■ill 
 
 1(1, IV 
 
 i.'Ot: 
 :3.ii; 
 
 J'l.Til 
 
 Ih.W 
 
 M,ri 
 
 CM.'fil 
 
 C3,">' 
 103,113 
 
 tfi'>') 
 
 13.((n 
 
 i,113 
 
 9,SM 
 
 l,IM 
 
 5.1V, 
 
 1,»»1 
 
 'l.'-'li 
 
 3.IKA 
 
 S,H1 
 
 l,»,)l 
 
 »',«( 
 
 .i.kt; 
 
 •lAr.r.r 
 
 1 Keal Val 
 
 
 1H65 
 
 m 
 
 £ 
 
 t 
 
 M.r.w 
 
 y'.ffl 
 
 ii,ii"t 
 
 lUH 
 
 iK.r.f, 
 
 l!l,<(J 
 
 in.in 
 
 ■IMK 
 
 .IM.UH 
 
 <0,W 
 
 7,1M 
 
 (,ni 
 
 ,78i,'j5t 
 
 «.»; 
 
 ),M!^ 
 
 •hi 
 
 1,* 
 
 fi..Vfl 
 
 » 
 
 57W8fi 
 
 ■■O,!!! 
 
 9ll,ir. 
 
 ■;;,;!< 
 
 JUl,'J'Ji 
 
 j'Mrl 
 
 04,ir.-i 
 
 ji.;k 
 
 ^eiicii.v(.,l or tarm- nT '''"'^^'''- Ho co lV''^""'-''''u.so officio ' " '•' «° f'e/ido nt T^'""''"" 
 f« "'11,0 (,.,0,1., L'^!f^ «-^<='>e,| (bo .';•''"'', «• W.p", "'; "■'•"not tC eh' '"' ""^ 
 
 f«r the real p47-fe '^ '''nir pn S ,?f'*''"'«' to s",// ,?"•'•<. «".l (lie "o,"^' .«•' '" 
 
 pi-o-roas tnav ,„ ,'"""" sd/ /Op,. , • ■' or lang 
 "•'^■'A^•>( on n,„i . <-"If'i,i(.s. ^4 'J'^rith /jotl, „. 
 
 -""^ ^''••"•gos aro 
 
 r '" "" ^^"l P"cos. TJie duties . " .^''^ 
 
 ■■ " ^"■'■'li"^U,i.l from other pa,„ 
 
 *:-"'"r couMfri^'^Si^y, •","•''' flour 
 '''«■>• "i Mvour of ,S„an . I ?, '"^'' '''-^crinii- 
 
 '• ■'''">< i-nieri,,,, i„ , 
 
 |^":i-urSai'r''^'>^''o:;i 
 
 i •'""■. rol/cT., su"!m, '';"''•"■'' cro,vn- 
 
 p-Si'SKSiS^ 
 
 '•'iionil.l p„,„. 
 
 "ffy li f i*^""'"' "M,, ,i"" i'"fi 
 
 l.jc"al '''!"'"'-- >"..,,;,''■"•' 'I'"v 
 
 100 
 
 211) , 
 
 7(0 
 
 1,10 
 
 
ft! 
 
 
 
 "^° , .>,„ hour when he dol.vorK . l, U k '-U , , _^^.^,. „,^.,u. » yo y n .^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 «""• '''"'with n V^»'""'^' "''"''\, Sf 't ""»'T''-"'*' "-'.f.^;. '■''^'"•". l'i>l"''. 'V'?'"""' ■''"^" 
 7 o'clock in <>'";V, t ^ ho womout 1 ^ ^^:';,,_ Ucur arc ,';';"^^S, al oM.-rt. ar. mIK-. »„.1;,« 
 
 •rc,n> the n>""'^ ",;,;,»,", a"'l a^am " , '■ ..-.,1 1'^ '>''">^'"' '" \^', .AmcH impottca and somelimcs ox- 
 
 c'"-"' '" ""u, t't^c mai.r 
 
 ■'■ i'^'"':'.'";^ av i'^-otm^-ctcd wiih raixiy 
 
 "^nTt'ubour ha:^ the same peciiluimv .K 
 c-l'^'"'-.^.^":: ,,i .ho fulUkcops up fnc .hm 
 
 ,,,,.r Huoiu.... •• . ,^,,, ,viui>»j "•••■ , , '"•'/•: that of Southiimirti.n. m W.<. 
 
 to the l^t^'^-^Vn S in amount to at ol . 1, I ^,„ t ' > »'• ^^ ;!,■. rspiin^'s roach iT (t T: 
 
 puiac'ct to a 1 nv ^l i" ^ ^..t n.anifos-ted by u .j^, ^y^ ^^^'1" ' ' " ,oulh-wcst tr.i.l ib.ithw ■- 
 
 %X '^"'i';"t'f ^r. Uablo to a duty 'J ^ ., ,,,u.n,' ^/^'Ji^,'^; • , ship- araWu,, il::, . 
 
 vii!il curviliiK-'at jcUwuUI 
 
 ^''""V". „„ nrcii <if about li,7t)0 aort-. ILi 
 ..mtaiiiniK an 'iria ' > j^^. ^ ,,^^ ^^^,, ^j 
 
 Uavliour >vd .t»l^\ ^ • ,,\ ,,„„„, ,1 .wm.tctai 
 
 "'"l"'^"'!''' Tllis alUiel.n.ul-ur«-i| 
 |-t. of water. I'"'*,;.'".',., „.lw,ln „f the ltd 
 
 i::;t:^.d'^.iio:and-v,.ud...c— ^ 
 
 Wit>' '>!« ^;:r;:u -r ut- i^ 2" ^; '-I 
 
 WT'?*';r^4rybothiu«iaiha>uia,,.lu,,J 
 
 the, lar-cst I k, 1 w „, ,„■ .j,. ,r 
 
 Uia,U.ota..mt9 ..;.^_,^^,^^l y,,;,, 
 
 K.ma.K'st (Not ^ ,,ui. a d.1,1.. -I 
 
 ft. '.I m- "t "'.'^ ,, „„,i n; It. 3 n. at i»?-| 
 U inches at sijrun^-^n^^^!^/^^ 
 
 ---;:'!f.'^ ^E '-.islamic. H 
 
 .■ *„,i wiicn iiiii"^--' - ■ .,, ,.,>i\di't the master 
 nearest to "', .^^,. 
 
 rocrcial and «'^°"-J^,,4i,u Cham-el, ma M ,■,. above the, level ut^^',. ^,,, J 
 
 S 1^1, «2,oo.,^o ;i^"^i-fof the ^si!v'':s wbS■n-v>'^r^;?:;^: A''^^^^^^^ 
 co.iS^f,^^k-ir-J?i'dr 
 
 I'rm'do rue. ^*'V ,, „ «„lonial and toKis," '„,,.,,.,, 1 is about a ie,i„» u--;\\. ""'f 
 estimated by weigtit, 
 
 I i 
 
■■■f^n,//tn A-,,.,., 
 
 /~:-A 
 

 ^^«f:.^ 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 
 / 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 m. 
 
 a 
 
 fA 
 
 K 
 
 1.25 
 
 
 2.2 
 
 = II1IJ4 
 
 V] 
 
 V) 
 
 / 
 
 sS^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 '/ 
 
 Hiotogr^hic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 <^q 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-45U3 
 
 ^^S 
 
 fv 
 
 '^^ 
 
 <> 
 
 -'*-.. 
 
 ■<> 
 
 ^i%^^ 
 
 -'^^^'■^fA 
 
 "^ 
 

'^1 
 
 'i ,.* 
 
 
 '-- >*l 
 
 
 3' 
 
 i-l: 
 
 
 . '1 
 
 t 
 
 r 
 
 r ™.^ from Havre! 
 ^.fS^s partly ] 
 
 "m Havre aiiri y J 
 ""?■'«; Co,.N-s: 
 
 * loIloWi; 
 
 ™g is a sJ 
 
HAVEE 
 
 ti87 
 
 TJ^my^ They are separated by the sand- 
 k called L'E3lat, between which and the 
 
 bank 
 
 f„,„ the Bort, and about 3 mile S.S.E. 
 
 from tnC PU'II ^^ ^ „a„oiTifnr? hv tha I 
 
 si 
 . LfZ^ T'es"}iautes de /a i?arfe is the north- 
 "'" iie to the port. The Hoc, or southern 
 " „w'"iie3 between the last-mentioned bank 
 limat of Amfard. In the great road there is 
 ? ' ,; to ->i lathcms water at ebb, and in the 
 }[;,!; from 3 to 3J. Large slups always lie in 
 
 ''"■rhrCbamber of Coramcrcc of Havre have 
 
 information and in- 
 "of vessels frequenting 
 
 r,Bbli.-hcd the fdlowin^ 
 Itnictions for the use 
 
 '''•rivo buovs have been moored in the shallows 
 
 r.uMii under the de>if?nation of the Banc de 
 
 ■.LmiandllautesdelaKaae. 
 
 ■ Tbc-e buov3 arcsimdar m form, but of diffcr- 
 
 ,c! colours, viz.: the tirst to the northward .3 
 
 vV:- the second, white with a black top; the 
 
 ■.hiri is black; the fourth is black witu a white 
 
 ';"p; the lifth is red. ^ , ^ i 
 
 •Vessels must always come to anchor at a dis- 
 
 •Mce of at least five cables' length outside the 
 
 ■ .'(. „f these huovs, wliich they may not pass 
 
 Shout ilau^'cr bcioro one hour and a half prior 
 
 .,'iiHi water, or four hours after ebb; and tliey 
 
 •Lj^i'it all times pass at a distance of five cables' 
 
 iVili fron the black as well as from tlie red 
 
 i'pv.buth tf which are moored on the shallowest 
 
 ™i-i( these banks. Nevertheless ships may at 
 
 aikut^of the tide frequent the north-western 
 
 pasajt, comprised between Cape la Hfeve and 
 
 itet«ii)rthernmost buoys. 
 
 •Ail vK-els using the north-western passage, 
 ^i^dbas-linto the inner roadstead (Petit Eade), 
 Mit -tier fr.r the white buoy, the farthest north, 
 |a:],i!i:rleavinff it a little distance on the star- 
 Lad hand should then stand towarU the second 
 I Kiiittlnov, takiu,:,' care r.svcr to come so close to 
 I lie ihote as altogether to lose sight of the lantern 
 1 01 the non'aemmost lighthouse on Cape la Uevc. 
 "Titii tic light of the north-western pier-head 
 Ibesii by compass S.E., and the lighthouses on 
 riteHt!: bear by compass N.N.E., the ship may 
 Ibebtoajiittoan anchor. 
 
 •teijtitbe five buoys herein described, one of 
 
 Iteier Jinetisions has been moored on the shallows 
 
 loitbeinniTroatlstcad, at about live cablas' length 
 
 [VXW. of the north-west pier-head. Vessels of 
 
 ijbt draught of water coming to an anchor in 
 
 k put of the road should give this buoy an 
 
 "li'oi at least one cable's length.' 
 
 i Mo-tpartof the goods imported into Havre are 
 
 Klited for the internal consumption of France. 
 
 iki CjMiiig irade has increased very largely of 
 
 iKiyuFi, as is proved by the great increase of 
 
 Mivmes, soaps, and other produce imported 
 
 t Paris from Havre, instead of being' sent to 
 
 'cipitalbyland. The coasting vessels transfer 
 
 Nil oarjocs partly to steamers and partly to 
 
 \;e barges, called chulanils, which are towed by 
 
 fiffl'iucsasfaras Rouen, and thence by horses to 
 
 ►■i Ibefureign trade of the port is also very 
 
 KaiiTC. Lines of sailing packets are established 
 
 ^w Havre and New York, New Orleans &c. 
 
 Kjdir intercourse by means of steam packets 
 
 "' ' ,1 irith London, Southampton, and other 
 
 hte bolonsrcd to the port, on December 31, 
 i *n merchant vessels, of the aggregate bur- 
 ;ilU.01.3tons. 
 
 j -Vhiuvs, MVghts, and Measures of Havre 
 '•'M same as thise of the rest of Franco. 
 puix;Coi5is; and Weights AND Mea- 
 
 ■IS, , 
 
 ^^ loUowing is a statement of the number, 
 
 tonnage, and crewa of the vessels that entered and 
 cleared at Havre in 1807 : — 
 
 French vessels entered 
 cleared 
 Jlritibh vessels entered 
 ele.in-tl 
 All other furciKH ve&!>eU entireil 
 c!e.ircil 
 Coast ir.,?' vessels entered 
 cleared 
 
 No. 
 
 Tom 
 
 Crews 1 
 
 UlS 
 
 M!,OM 
 
 17,:il)l 
 
 l'jr< 
 
 '^K7,il(j4 
 
 1S,7.1B 
 
 I ,VS7 
 
 4ll'i,1.1l 
 
 21,H'.!-| 
 
 l.iTi 
 
 SW,.1S2 
 
 21,1,11 
 
 (i'll) 
 
 iO7,,'),'!,0 
 
 «,51'i 
 
 COI 
 
 2.'jS,^1.',9 
 
 8,7'I'J 
 
 2,nss 
 
 211,'I'JS 
 
 17.9:1 
 
 .1,1. -il 
 
 •il'iH'i'J 
 
 l!),17'i 
 
 Harbour Rides. — 1. It is forbidden to have Urc', 
 or lighted candle, or to smoke, on board ships in 
 the harbour. 
 
 Bitter complaints are made against this rule. 
 All cooking has to bo done on shore, and miall 
 sailing vessels, arriving saturated with water, and 
 with the clothes of tlic crew wet, have no place to 
 dry in. The consequence is that the men fpiit 
 their vessels, and betake themselves to low drink- 
 ing shops, to the groat demoralisation of flic 
 ciews, and the nrolit of a vile set of crimps. (Mr. 
 Consul Bernal's Report.) 
 
 2. Vessels coming into and lying in the docks 
 must have the lower and top yards topped up, 
 jibbooms and martingales rigged in, and anchors 
 taken in. The wharf alongside the vessel must 
 be swept every evening. 
 
 0. No gunpowder (whatever may be the qu;in- 
 vity) is allowed to remain on board, and must be 
 deposited in the gunpowder warehouse. 
 
 4. All foreign sailors found away from their ships 
 after 10 o'clock at night from Ap'il 1 to October 1, 
 ard after 9 o'clock from October 1 to April J, 
 shall be conveyed to prison and fined. Sailors 
 are forbidden to wear sheathing knives ashore. 
 
 5. The manifest of the cargo, signed by the 
 captain, must be exhibited to and signed by the 
 custom-house oiricers before being taken ashore. 
 The vessel must be roported at the custom-houso 
 within 24 hours after arrival. 
 
 G. Tobacco, snuff, cigars loose or in boxes, 
 belonging to the captain, officers, and mariners, to 
 bo declared as exactly as possible. All the 
 tobacco, snuff, and cigars, declared or not declared, 
 to be exhibited to the custom-house officers when 
 they come and malco the visit on board. After 
 such exhibition, if any quantity of tobacco and 
 cigars be found on board, it shall be seized, the 
 captain shall be condemned to pay a fine which 
 may bo as high as 000 franca, and the ship shall 
 be confiscated. 
 
 The following table shows the average rates of 
 freight during 1806 : — 
 
 riace 
 
 Steamers 
 
 SaiUni; Vessels j 
 
 
 Frs. per cent. 
 
 Frs. 
 
 London 
 
 '10 and 15 
 
 1 1 per ton. 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 20toS5 „ 15 
 
 1.T 
 
 flamburt; 
 
 62 „ 23 
 
 45 
 
 
 10 to 23 „ 15 
 
 ., 
 
 Alartinique and 
 
 
 
 (iu.ideloupe - 
 
 .. 
 
 20 to 25 and 10 per cent. 
 
 
 
 
 Mauritius - 
 
 
 35 to 10 do. (cul)lo mtfre). 
 
 ll.njti 
 
 
 •lU to .'lO per ton. 
 
 New York 
 
 50 to 12') and 10 
 
 10 to 23 „ 
 
 Hrazil 
 
 
 43 & 10 per ct. (cubic mtlrc i . 
 
 Ituenos Ayres * 
 
 
 45 
 
 rooific 
 
 .. 
 
 52 
 
 Port Cliarges. — Charges on a British Vessel from 
 England or an Englisli Possession, 
 
 PilotaRe in 
 
 Boats of hell* in 
 
 W'eiKhinff anchors 
 ^\'eighin^ chains 
 
 Haulers 
 
 2S fr. for the 1st hundred tons 
 'Za i'r, for iheVnd hTindrtd tons 
 ii," fr. fo( the 3rd hundred tons, and above 
 
 ! J per cent, for the head pilot 
 ■21 fr. outside the banks 
 12 fr. outniile the piera 
 
 'J fv. ill the harbour 
 J, c. 
 
 '2 oO per each cwt. 
 
 U 6U ,, 
 
 and J more if tliere be no buoy rope 
 
 30 i)cr niani besides 1 fr. £0 c. fof the 
 hawsers 
 
 * ■■ .1 
 
 " '\\ 
 

 688 
 
 UAVRE 
 
 
 
 Port Charges — continued. 
 
 Ball.itt un^hipited 
 llallut fthiiijieil - 
 
 DoftrdofHeaUh - 
 
 10 
 
 / f. 
 
 :\ Mt for vacli bridge 
 
 )t til jier lialf m^tre 
 
 1 1 4 i>er !tn!f ni^iie for nantl 
 
 I [i'i |»er half int'tre for (.-lean ballait 
 
 U iiO for a ve!>M-l of .''() loiis nu'nsurt;- \ 
 
 iiient and under V. From 
 
 fl for a Tcst^el of ./i tons measure- 1 Europe 
 
 ni'!nt and aiiove } , 
 
 fur a Teswl from other counl''^ 
 
 TonTii^o dues arc 
 aboliahed 
 
 JLoc.il duetauthnr- 
 isetl on January 
 1. l86.^,toliqul. 
 itate the lor\n of 
 S,()00,(HH) francs 
 laised by the 
 town for the irn- 
 {irov^ineutoftiv 
 
 hirbour andthe 
 docki. 
 
 Prntprt before the 
 
 rourt - 
 AlBrmntlnn before 
 
 the court . 
 Gunpowder shipped 
 
 and unshipped 
 n^nkera^e in 
 Jtrnlcerajie out 
 Hrokeroge on bal- 
 
 List ... 
 
 /. c. 
 
 SO from Hriiiih pMiculoni in Euro-.- , . 
 
 co:il per t<tn "-uiu,!. «|! 
 
 1 10 with oihpr rarco« 
 
 2 25 from other parts with cargo 
 
 b 50 
 
 8 
 
 ''Oper innofjjondslinile'l 
 25 per ton of giwds h!ii|.i.cd 
 
 12per tonof Roodimewuromeiit 
 
 Tlie following table (Xo. I.),oxtracteafromC - 
 sul Brand's Report of 18G7. exhibits the tuima '. ! 
 Havre in the years 18G5-0G :— "" 
 
 French 
 
 Rritith 
 
 All other Foreign 
 
 Coasting 
 
 1 arrived 
 1 cleared 
 (arrived 
 1 cleared 
 (.irnved 
 U'leiretl 
 ) arrived 
 (cleared 
 
 Vessels 
 
 Tom. 
 
 Crew 
 
 «no 
 
 249,131 
 
 14,726 
 
 111 
 
 t'ln.'j'n 
 
 ll.lsii 
 
 ifl-ii 
 
 SS7.70() 
 
 I4,8.')9 
 
 j,im 
 
 liS7,'Jll 
 
 lt,SS9 
 
 il9 
 
 Ufi.iiOJ 
 
 6,3(111 
 
 4.1S 
 
 99,.19l 
 
 5,1,09 
 
 3Xi't 
 
 S.'),',,H37 
 
 20,.'j|(i 
 
 n,:?i.i 
 
 274,315 
 
 21,21.1 
 
 
 1866 
 
 
 \'esM;N 
 
 Tom 
 
 Cm 
 
 8 ',9 
 
 2U4,ni 
 
 HM 
 
 7SJ 
 
 •i72,lS7 
 
 15,01) 
 
 
 ,178,911) 
 
 18,'Jl> 
 
 
 ,180,715 
 
 1?."": ■ 
 
 .'.7.1 
 
 172,111 
 
 I'i,'.*') 
 
 ill 
 
 15.5,611 
 
 '.''•1 1 
 
 .1,129 
 
 219,2.10 
 
 i!*,i;i'j 
 
 3,227 
 
 271,918 . 
 
 W,JH 
 
 The following tablqs give a summary of the foreign trade of France : — 
 
 il. — Real Value of the Principal Articles Imported into and Entered for Home Consumplion in Fn 
 
 in each of the Years 1862, 18G3, and 18G4. 
 
 Arliili's 
 
 ('otton, MW 
 
 Silk anil fliKS silk ■ 
 
 Wool, raw . 
 
 Manuf.ncturcs of silk 
 
 Timber, coinnion 
 
 ('(lal and coke 
 
 rotlee 
 
 Hides and skins, raw 
 
 Manufactures of wool 
 
 !Manufactures of cotton 
 
 .\nimals: oxen, liulls, and cows 
 
 Seed, oleaginous 
 
 Sufjar, foreign 
 
 (irain 
 
 Flax 
 
 Copper . . - 
 
 .Sug.-tr, French colonial 
 
 (fuano and other manures f - 
 
 ('indert and ashes - 
 
 Iron and steel 
 
 Oil, olive - 
 
 Tallow and lard 
 
 Clocks 
 
 Manufactures of linen &c. 
 
 OreSf all kinds 
 
 ('heese and buttei - 
 
 Tobacco, leaf 
 
 Fish ... 
 
 Seed, for sowing 
 
 Jndi^o - - . 
 
 Mats, Ktraw fcr. 
 
 Yam, linen and hempen 
 
 Arnchis (earth nut) fee. 
 
 Imports 
 
 1862. 
 
 francs 
 119,,'i10,imK' 
 .lyy/^iKf.tioo 
 
 182,71)11,0111) 
 111.(1011,11111) 
 I 19,700,(1(10 
 Klli fi(IO,(K10 
 
 r..7,9i«i,ooo 
 
 82,0(10,000 
 
 fl ;,oo(),ooo 
 
 fi2,IOil,()0O 
 70,900,000 
 
 77,500,000 
 199,0(10,000 
 .■,6,000,000 
 3(, ,800,000 
 70,1(10,000 
 10,700,000 
 31,600,000 
 47,600,000 
 .18,000,1100 
 .'9,400,000 
 25,400,000 
 19,3110,000 
 22,500,(^100 
 18,600,000 
 21,(00,000 
 13,800,000 
 15,S(K),000 
 26,I')0,()00 
 1 1 ,000,000 
 8,900,000 
 19,000,000 
 
 :m3 
 
 francs 
 
 3oi,r.(H),0(io 
 
 332,50(1,000 
 
 221,000,0(1') 
 
 153,200,000 
 
 134,800,000 
 
 103,900,000 
 
 131, .500,000 
 
 117,400,000 
 
 108,900,000 
 
 70,000,000 
 
 77,700,000 
 
 48,4110 000 
 
 65,O0O,(lOJ 
 
 104,700,000 
 
 50,700,000 
 
 41,500,000 
 
 71,700,000 
 
 27,100,000 
 
 36,000,000 
 
 30,31 8),000 
 
 31,.'j00,()00 
 
 44,100,000 
 
 28,900,000 
 
 19,800,000 
 
 23,600,000 
 
 19,900,(100 
 
 28,200,0110 
 
 1.1,100,000 
 
 16,700,01)0 
 
 23,200,000 
 
 20„100.(J()0 
 
 15,600,000 
 
 20,600,000 
 
 1864 
 
 francs 
 
 .197,8011,(100 
 
 3.T:,'.j(«1,(1oO 
 
 216,1(10,000 
 
 174,00(1,000 
 
 1.13,800,0110 
 
 12I,-.0I),00() 
 
 111,400,(100 
 
 107, 80(1,0(10 
 
 99,6(1(1,000 
 
 82,700,000 
 
 78,3110,0(10 
 
 73,400,000 
 
 71,900,000 
 
 69,500,000 
 
 53,100,000 
 
 51,10(1,000 
 
 42, .5(10,000 
 
 4(1,200,000 
 
 37,100,000 
 
 37,100,000 
 
 35,600,000 
 
 35,400,000 
 
 32,800,000 
 
 25,90(1,000 
 
 21,000,000 
 
 ■.i2,900,000 
 
 22,100,0(10 
 
 22,000,l'00 
 
 21,800,000 
 
 21,000,000 
 
 21,600,000 
 
 2I,:,(IO,001 
 
 20,600,000 
 
 Kntered for Home Consumntion 
 
 1802 
 
 1803 
 
 ll!l 
 
 francs 
 
 francs 
 
 fnn.-i 
 
 126,200,000 
 
 26 1 ,80(1,001) 
 
 .111,';.",")) 
 
 236,000,(100 
 
 l(.i,20(l,')i«l 
 
 28.',,v>.;).) 
 
 180,700,1100 
 
 2U;,8()'l,Oii(l 
 
 Jll,,™,!).) 1 
 
 4,.',0(l,0OO 
 
 4,(;uo.oo() 
 
 ;,l(yi,>n I 
 
 117,8(HI,i)nO 
 
 11.1,il)(),lll») 
 
 l,T;,iivi 
 
 102,20(1,000 
 
 10(1,000,()(!0 
 
 li,-.,ai.,ni ■ 
 
 70,000,000 
 
 79,800,11(1!) 
 
 sj.v:.': 
 
 6!),.^(I0,(I()0 
 
 111,000,(11)0 
 
 ll.!,*/),M 
 
 41,0(10,000 
 
 ,1.1,100,0(0 
 
 3^,ini,'i») 1 
 
 14,300,0. )0 
 
 «,:;)3,Oiio 
 
 9,JimuD ' 
 
 70,000,(H)0 
 
 77,100,000 
 
 ;^•«l^")l : 
 
 49,300,000 
 
 40,()0I),()II0 
 
 Ja..*-,'"! 
 
 65,200,000 
 
 eo.ooo.iMH) 
 
 TJ,-.').... 
 
 157,500,000 
 
 5.1,000,000 
 
 ^■.t'M!"! ': 
 
 37,800,000 
 
 50,0119,(100 
 
 i3,u.>i,-i 1 
 
 31,8(10,0 K) 
 
 S;\90O,0ilO 
 
 Ufii. '1 
 
 65,70(1,0(10 
 
 7)i,«()(),()0,) 
 
 iHfifji'i 
 
 17,000,(1(10 
 
 2t,ri0(l,0lK) 
 
 ',i),i«^Vi-'' i 
 
 31,600,0(10 
 
 36,()i)0,0()0 
 
 37,1') 'f« 
 
 25,500,000 
 
 (•,4()0,(KI) 
 
 J.si.i.M 
 
 32.5110,000 
 
 2I„^()0,(K)0 
 
 29 j<i,M 
 
 38,.1()O,(100 
 
 42,8(10,(1(10 
 
 33,<-',»-'l 
 
 4,800,000 
 
 4,610,010 
 
 s>'i,"yi 
 
 13,50(1,0(10 
 
 !2,',OO,000 
 
 MJOtW i 
 
 22,500,(100 
 
 23,,'iOO,0il0 
 
 Si,!").'") 
 
 13,.')00,(KIU 
 
 14,000,(11)0 
 
 ibMm 
 
 16,9(10,000 
 
 19,200,000 
 
 '.0,6.^,10 
 
 13,800,000 
 
 11,200,000 
 
 !l,ti>,»>' 
 
 15,500,000 
 
 16,,'i00,(10() 
 
 (il,J('i''" 
 
 25,000,011(1 
 
 2l,4l)ll,0))0 
 
 U,W,-; 
 
 6,500,(100 
 
 9,9011,(1.% 
 
 I3,I«V«I 
 
 6,600,000 
 
 7,700,(100 
 
 5,IW' 
 
 18.100,000 
 
 ]9,eoo,wi 
 
 18,lnVi.» 
 
 III. — Real Value of the Principal Articles Exported from France, distinguishing French Merckndkl 
 
 in each of the Years 1862-G4. * 
 
 \ ' 
 
 Apparel, all kinds, made up 
 Cheese and butter 
 Chemical products 
 Ci)lli;e - 
 Cotton, raw 
 Farthenware and ({lass 
 Oraiii - . . 
 
 Haberdashery, fmc.v t;on;ls fic. 
 .lewellery, Kold, without atones 
 Machinery 
 Manufactures: cotton 
 
 linen 
 
 silk 
 
 M ool 
 PantT, all kinds - 
 Silk 
 tikins ; manufactiirett 
 
 tiumiHl, curried Sic. 
 Spirits, all sorts - 
 Sugar, refinetl 
 Timber, common 
 Wares and tools, metal 
 M'Ine . 
 Wool - 
 Yarn, linen 
 
 1862 
 
 francs 
 
 103,100,000 
 39,400,000 
 58,300,000 
 .iO,(|00,000 
 65,100,000 
 26,3()O,()O0 
 93,700,000 
 
 14r,,',00,000 
 67,300,000 
 32,100,(8)0 
 
 119,200,000 
 20,600,000 
 
 467,600,000 
 
 3ri0,100,0'0 
 35,900,000 
 
 149,400,000 
 68,4(81,000 
 45,2I8),000 
 69,800,000 
 51,700,000 
 26,9(i0,J0() 
 
 106,700,000 
 
 211,900,000 
 
 47,700,000 
 
 6.1(10,000 
 
 Exports 
 1803 
 
 fr.incs 
 96,800,000 
 44,400,000 
 63,100,000 
 32,400,000 
 94,700,000 
 29,900.000 
 'J3,6()(),()00 
 
 165,600,000 
 6(i,80(),O0O 
 35.600,000 
 
 1.59,900.0 10 
 26,000,000 
 
 491,000,000 
 
 385,300,01 H) 
 39,600,000 
 
 147,200,0110 
 85,300,000 
 60,900,000 
 68,900,000 
 78,600,0(8) 
 31,00(1,000 
 
 122,1(10,000 
 
 231,300,000 
 51,200,(100 
 32,600,018) 
 
 1801 
 
 French Merchandise 
 
 francs 
 l2i,.iiio,i^ir 
 
 ,55,100,001/ 
 59,400,000 
 37,600,000 
 
 109,7(10,000 
 34,1(10,000 
 98,2(10.0(10 
 
 804,100,000 
 72,600,000 
 .50,400,000 
 
 I83,7(K),()00 
 35,700,000 
 
 .551 ,70. 1,01 10 
 
 4 71, .100,000 
 42,200,000 
 
 146,800,000 
 94,400.000 
 7I,0()0,0()0 
 77,100,000 
 76,000,800 
 33,900,0(10 
 
 123,200,000 
 
 236,50(1,000 
 55,4()().(l(H) 
 3(t,, '(10,000 
 
 1862 
 
 francs 
 91,700,000 
 32,400,0(10 
 61,400,000 
 
 41, .100,000 
 25,000.(101) 
 41,81111,000 
 
 14(1,600,0(10 
 18,8(10,000 
 8,10(1,000 
 C3,.1()(l,()00 
 14,700,(H)I) 
 
 36,1, .500,01 10 
 
 221,7(10,0(11) 
 31,00(1,1100 
 49,800,000 
 65,800,000 
 3s,900,(lOO 
 56.500,000 
 ,50,600,000 
 26,400,000 
 4 1 ,900,000 
 
 210,0(10,(100 
 45,100,010 
 3,|("i,000 
 
 1863 
 
 fninci 
 R.2,,-i(H),000 
 36, lOll.(K).) 
 49,300,000 
 
 6V,J()0,nnO 
 2S,4f«l,«IO 
 4*(,,.iiU,().N) 
 
 15!),7()il,()(» 
 17,8011,11,10 
 7,.V)(i,(«)0 
 fiS,';( 0,0(1(1 
 19,(10(1,1100 
 
 37(1,.'(1.1,|« 
 
 293,'iOn,l>»l 
 .i:,!>0(i,MiO 
 96,!O0,0OO 
 78,5O0,"00 
 51,90(1,010 
 63,.W0,I1(10 
 6,600,00(1 
 ,13,5l»l,(XXl 
 43,7(HI,"i«l 
 
 229,7('0,*l0 
 4H,/(ll,('("l 
 !6,600,il(«l 
 
 IS«I I 
 ||ri.|..,W II 
 
 3!,li«(» ! 
 * .< . , 
 1<0.V 10.11^ I 
 
 1 lili.'H' I 
 
 ICI,"'. ,, 
 
 6I,«'V"1 1 
 ;i.|i>V(l 
 -( tVHf I 
 T'.JO))-' ' 
 I'.l'"' 
 
 SI !'■'■■'■' I 
 
HAVRE 
 
 fi89 
 
 
 'tomCn- 
 
 I'rmi 
 
 ,o<«) 
 
 ,00(1 
 
 xm 
 m 
 
 fcl.lKW 
 
 ■c!iaB(i*| 
 
 1S'.I 
 
 6i,n'." 
 
 lm,oi«i 
 
 IV','"" 
 
 I fl.on'i 
 
 Jivi.imO 
 lno,i>" 
 lo.i,.'io 
 
 ,0(1,»«1 
 lllO,(««' 
 
 |llO,l*») 
 
 Tr.ADK 
 
 Viiihiii, 
 
 BiiTWEF.v France asd England. 
 
 ' can more strikingly illustrnte the 
 
 „.i.,licvousintliifiice '^f commercial restrictions 
 
 L the liistdfv (if the trade between Great 
 
 Iriii II ami I'raiico. Here we have two conntries 
 
 . va-t iveallli and population, r.cnr nciKhboura, 
 
 ,1 Uv\\ iio^i-fssiiit; many important articles that 
 
 '•.„iiier wants, and vet the intercourse between 
 
 i-ior,' -incc \<'>^'J ''•'■s nenerallv been inconsiderable. 
 
 \t,i.iistant period this was not the case I're- 
 
 iin-lv to tlic accession of Willmm 111. the 
 
 iaKiriationof nine only from France amounted to 
 
 aiilni 13.50(1 tuns a-vear, our imports of brandy 
 
 and ralifr articles being propotuionally largo. Hut 
 
 Lui* XIV. h.aving espoused the cause of the 
 
 «il(4 t'amilv of Stuart, the British Government. 
 
 notpcullcct'ing that the blow they aimed at the 
 
 irc;ich would also smite their own subjects, im- 
 
 tm\ in ICM ft discriminating duty of HI. per tun 
 
 In Fniith wine, and in 1C97 rai.scd it to no less 
 
 than ;»/. \<n tun ! It is probable that this excess 
 
 (idutv would have been repealed as soon as the 
 
 Muli'ar circumstances in which i; originated hail 
 
 ili-am;arcil, had not the stipulations in the famous 
 
 mrafriiiil treaty with Portugal, negotiated by 
 
 Mr. Mcihucn iii 1703, given it permanence. 
 
 .\cc'jr lins to this treaty, we bound ourselves for 
 
 ILf future to charge 33i per cent, higher duties 
 
 (n tlif \nnta of France imported into England 
 
 \\m 1,1! tliojc of Portugal ; the Portuguese, by 
 
 nav .( compensation, binding themselves to 
 
 ailmit M woollens into their markets in prc- 
 
 (crencp to those of other countries at a fixed and 
 
 vari.iUe rate of duty. 
 
 Tiiongh very generally regarded at the time 
 
 the hi^'hfrt cflort of diplomatic skill and 
 
 lire.", tiie Mcthucn treaty was, undoubtedly, 
 
 bunded on tlie narrowest and most contracted 
 
 iets of national interest; and it in consequence 
 
 irorai in no common degree injurious to both 
 
 lies, but especially to England. By binding 
 
 Ives to receive Portuguese wines for ttro- 
 
 mds ot tlie duty payable on those of Franco, we 
 
 effft gave the Portuguese growers a monopoly 
 
 the British market ; at the same time that we 
 
 eluded m of the principal equivalents the 
 
 tench had to offer for our commodities, and 
 
 ivolit'd them to retaliate. This, indeed, was no 
 
 Icult tasl;. Unhappily, they were but too 
 
 |iy to embark in tliat course of vindictive 
 
 ol which wo set them the example ; so 
 
 it, prohibitions on the one side being imme- 
 
 itely followed by counter-prohibitions on the 
 
 M, the trade between the two countries was 
 
 ^^)\ annihilated ! The indirect were still 
 
 injurious than the direct consequonces of 
 
 'letched policy. It inspired both parties 
 
 feelings of jealousy and dislike, and kept 
 
 i:i the frowning att'itu'le of mutual defiance. 
 
 envied the other's prosperity ; and being 
 
 •'lA to take fire at even fancied encroach- 
 
 its. the most frivolous prete::*;i were sufficient 
 
 'nsagc them in contests that have filled the 
 
 'Kjorid with bloodshed and confusion. But 
 
 I iMgs been left to their natural course— had 
 
 iHtercd commercial intercourse been allowed 
 
 ow up between tiie two countrieg— the one 
 
 nave formed so near, so vast, and so profit- 
 
 a niMkct for the produce of the other, that 
 
 ould not have remained long at war without 
 
 F «"!? the most extensively ruinous distress 
 
 "« 'viuch no Government would be willing .„ 
 
 ■M«3 subjects, and to which, though the 
 
 i'l.*, 
 
 Sl'l'^S 
 
 1 no Government would be willing to 
 subjects, and to which, though the 
 ?" " ,TV""'"f^' '' •' """St probable no 
 'wuM bo disposed to submit. A free trade 
 ' ^K^m and France would give these two 
 
 groat nations one common intercut. It would occa- 
 sion not only a vast increase of the industry, and of 
 the comforts and enjoyments, of the people of both 
 countries, but would be the best attainable security 
 against future hostilities. ' \Vc know,' said Mr. 
 Hyde Villicrs, in his speec", of June 15, l.S.'iO, 
 'tli.1t British enterpri.se will letch the c.\iremest, 
 points on earth in the business of cxchai'ge ; but 
 liere are the .shores of France nearer to Knv,liind 
 than those of Iicland itself — nay, Bordeaux is 
 commercially nearer to London than it is to Paris ; 
 and, but for the lament.iblc jiervcrsion of the gilts 
 and dispositions of nature, and of the ingenuity of 
 man, the highways of commerce between tliese 
 countries — the seas wliich surround Great Britain 
 and Ireland, and wash the shores of France — should 
 literiiUy swarm with vessels, engaged, not only in 
 the interchange of material products, but in dif- 
 fusing knowledge and stimulating improvement; 
 in creating everywhere new neighbourhooils ; in 
 consolidating international dependence ; in short, 
 in drawing daily more close the bonds of inter- 
 national peace and confidence, and thus advancing, 
 while they also serTcd to confirm and secure, the 
 peace, the civilisation, and the happiness of Europe.' 
 This was one of the last public appearances made 
 bj' Mr. Villicrs, He died in December 183-', at 
 the early age of 31. His death was a national 
 loss. Few have entered upon public life with 
 better dispositions, more enlarged and compre- 
 hensive view.s, or a more sincere desire to promote 
 the happiness of their species. 
 
 The commercial treaty which Mr. Pitt negotiated 
 with France in 178G was the first attempt to intro- 
 duce a better 83'stera into the trade between the 
 two countries; and it is one of the few treaties of 
 this descrijition that have been bottomed on fair 
 and liberal principles. But the revolution in 
 France, and the lengthened and bloody wars by 
 which it was followed, totally suppressed that 
 mutually beneficial intercourse which had begun 
 to grow up under Mr. Pitt's treaty, and revived 
 and embittered all the old hostile feelings and 
 prejudices inherited by both parties. Since the 
 peace of 1815 the animosities and prejudices in 
 question have, however, been much mitigated. 
 The abolition of the discriminating duty on French 
 wine in 1831 had a considerable influence in 
 bringing about this improved state of things, at 
 least in a commercial point of view ; and since 
 then we have given a still greater extension to 
 the same enlightened policy by reducing the op- 
 pressive duty formerly laid on brandj', and the 
 high duties on silks and other articles of French 
 produce. It should also be borne in minu that 
 FVance has profited largely by the repeal of our 
 corn laws. Her exports of wheat and flour to our 
 markets have been much greater than any one 
 anticipated, and have conduced greatly to the 
 advantage of the agriculturists of Normandy, and 
 generally of the north-west departments of France. 
 
 There was, in consequence, a ver}' great exten- 
 sion of the trade between the two countries ; though 
 it was still trifling compared to what it woiikl 
 have been, had it been allowed to attain to its full 
 development. But the French showed little in- 
 clination to reciprocate the liberal policy of which 
 we had set them an example. On the contrary, 
 their policj', if so ve may call it, was in some re- 
 spects more anti-commercial thai; ever. In 183G, 
 for example, the F'rcn ;h Government having con- 
 siderably reduced the high duties that were then 
 imposed on foreign l-nens and linen yam, the im- 
 ports of both articles rapidly increased, and a 
 powerful stimulus was given to the trade of France. 
 But, as might have been expected, the linen manu- 
 facturers and spicncrs, whose monopolv had beeu 
 
 y Y 
 
. .»•'.■: 
 
 
 ^ ••'3 
 ■•• ' /If 
 
 <s> 
 
 ■ -1^ ■ iJ 
 
 
 ■r.^. 
 
 I 
 
 61)0 
 IV.— 
 
 HAVRE 
 
 , — Account of the Quantities and Declared Values of the Principal mid other Ariir{e$ of / 
 Prvduce and ManufacturvH of the Ihiited Kingdom hh'portvd from the IJnital KinnI " 
 Franvc in each of the 4 Years ending with li^GO, '' " 
 
 Artlclra 
 
 Alkali, «0(la 
 
 A|i)>arel mul li.ilicnl ishcry - 
 rnuiiit'huuc, ni.tuut.ti'turitiof 
 Ctriifiit . - . - 
 
 <'t>:iU, ciiuU-rit. nnil ( iilrii 
 CuppiT, wri'UKlil and iiiiwruilKtit 
 Com: \\ ItiMi 
 
 Win at flour 
 CicloH yarn 
 I'olluriH, fiitcriHl by tticyiirtl 
 
 iir v.ilur 
 DiUK't •1"(1 ctieiniral )iro(litc(H 
 )'!arthi>iiw.ir(.' unit porci-Iairi 
 llanlwari-s and i-utlcry, unenunie* 
 rndtl . . - - 
 
 Ilorneii _ - - - 
 
 Iron, wrnnuht nnd unwrotit;ht 
 I.c.id and !>tiut ... 
 
 jjiifii yarn . . - 
 
 I.incn^i, I'Mtrred by the yard 
 
 ai value 
 ■Machinery: Stcnrn enjiini's - 
 All olhvr Kiiils - 
 Nanhiha, |iarafllne ud, |ietruk'uin Stc. 
 Oil. seed - . - - 
 
 I'ainierH' colours (not utherwisc dc- 
 Hi-ril>i'd) ... 
 
 rime, pliUfd ware, jewellery, and 
 w atelier _ _ . 
 
 Saltpetre . - - . 
 
 Silk, Yarn 
 
 Thrown - . . 
 
 IM.iiudaetures 
 Snirit-i, llriti%h and Irish 
 'I elrfjraphn- wire v^i". 
 'I'm, unwrouKhl . . - 
 
 'l"iii nl.ires ... 
 
 W'luil, ^hl'l■p :»ul lamlis' 
 W'iKillen and wiir%t(-d yarn - 
 Woollen-, enti'red hy the yard 
 
 ai value •• 
 All oilier arliclci - - - 
 
 'I'otnl value 
 
 rwlH. 
 Inns 
 
 CW(H. 
 
 Ills, 
 yardi 
 vahu' 
 
 yartU 
 value 
 
 galliins 
 
 value 
 f^.dUiriH 
 value 
 ewis. 
 v.ihie 
 I1>>1. 
 
 yanU 
 value 
 
 liunnlllii-a | 
 
 ISM 
 
 ISIil 
 
 IHM 
 
 IHlin 
 
 170,'m7 
 
 I7n,2n(i 
 
 l.')3,70- 
 
 90,90.') 
 
 l,."nfi,'^,'i.'» 
 lh-,11,1 
 
 i.1!l,\!WI 
 
 3,S73 
 
 9'i!l,«KS 
 
 17,l.il,()'Jl 
 
 S'l(;,391 
 I,II7,>'>I 
 
 7i,ir.ii 
 
 3s,».'il 
 
 II 
 
 s.M.n.Vi 
 
 19,«i7,l.;7 
 
 .'.I'li.VI'J 
 1,. '.'.9,707 
 
 7i,ii"r, 
 
 13,7!i3 
 
 ■I'l 
 
 U.-iLMlN.' 
 
 •J 1,. '1(17 ,■■111 
 
 ■I0i),(; vi 
 i,!i3i,'^,i(; 
 
 91,7117 
 !i\ l,.OM 
 
 4,ON.i,<119 
 .'jli,Sl.-,,37^ 
 
 ir,,r,7,9 
 
 ISI,I3(I 
 7U'J 
 
 l,.'ii.'.,iiii.'> 
 
 3,i;ti,33U 
 
 lll,S3'^ 
 
 •i.CJlC] 
 
 Ul,X>l, 
 
 3,33'. 
 
 9HH,'i.'iS 
 
 3,607 ,'jai 
 
 1 9,9S.', 
 
 l,so(i 
 
 l'.l,4ll 
 
 •l,i.ai 
 i.9il,3.;(i 
 3,,-,'^j,7(Jl 
 
 3(l,r,9S 
 1.1 SV 
 
 Uti.i.i,; 
 
 ^^,\.■>ll 
 
 'J,731,'^07 
 
 3,1.37,177 
 
 770,(H3 
 U7ll,i(ill 
 
 .')79,9lH 
 l,Sll,7U.'i 
 
 3ii,lo.', 
 2,7Jl,79i 
 
 l,l.'.S,li9l 
 
 !i(!3.'('iVl 
 
 ' ' f)3'l 
 '2!IS,ll]l 
 ll7,li.'.3 
 
 1 .vr, 
 
 ■Jl.'..7'.l7 
 li5,74i 
 
 " 111 
 2i3,'r.(i 
 3(i.oi; 
 
 4UU,9(I9 
 
 7!1,0S3 
 
 35,036 
 
 Hl,70i 
 
 Vli,0'i7 
 
 2i,,7.-.i 
 
 ■z\,ni 
 
 a7,716 
 
 <,l.-(i,nl7 
 
 3/,Sl,K|l 
 
 1,773,.-..™ 
 
 lS,(i6(i,1(W 
 
 3,'it>),oni' fi,i,ss,7.^s 
 
 I,9IS,3I6: l,9H3,lMlf; 
 iiO,H61,O0i31,19li,HCl 
 
 
 IXvlaml ilfil Viln« 
 
 6I,.3(|{ 
 IN/.nik 
 9l,.'.sn 
 
 .'||3.T.1S 
 8.')(i,.-H» 
 
 7k,'j;h 
 
 ■l,hl ,'. 
 
 l7H,ii.; 
 4 .'i.liS 
 103,'l!ll 
 liM.'il 
 .'i 1.70 1 
 
 I37,li(i6 
 77,19 
 
 «.V,,(il3 
 ti:,i,ii« 
 
 17i,U3V 
 
 INu,9S.J 
 
 10,!li9 
 
 17,'/i, 
 
 3l'>,M.li 
 
 lll!l,«."il 
 
 30,0'J9 
 
 C'l.HTS 
 IV.'..< 
 
 i.'(.,ii(, 
 
 !l'l -|.| 
 <■.-'.■., I.Tl 
 
 r.is.'iM 
 '^11,.-.; I 
 
 l':s,ni(i 
 .')*i,siii 
 
 111,1 IV 
 
 100,1 ™ 
 i;,S,17 
 
 1IIS,.UI 
 •'..'...'.13 
 
 (i.liJ, 
 7o,l;(i 
 
 ira.r 
 '.io.'»,s*.o 
 
 S,IMI 
 
 3(;,'i.i.i 
 
 M,'.l 
 '^61,1 ISS 
 
 38,(1(11 
 
 10,301 
 
 97" 
 
 1 '.'t.'Mt 
 
 i.'..-..i;ii 
 1111,1.-1 
 
 S(),0'Ki 
 
 i3,7s; 
 I4;,.iiv 
 
 .'.'Mil 
 31s,.1il 
 
 1H03 
 
 i 
 
 Cl.ni; 
 
 l(^/,f,M 
 
 1.11,1-,,; 
 '■i.ll.l 
 
 '■'MIS 
 3.H,Jv,l 
 
 *,.'.*.' 
 
 l.W.KM 
 'J-.,7il 
 
 yirW 
 
 1I!',31J 
 M,.'.ll 
 
 r.7.1.'j 
 Ul.i:l 
 
 Jll.ui; 
 
 bi,;i.i 
 II,.*. 
 
 3,',9,ir.i| 
 
 .i;;,ii.> 
 
 3i,7S'il 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 *VII 
 
 ■■'vli 
 ""..II I 
 
 13'. 
 ''Mil 
 
 ''''..■^ 
 l.f'l,V 
 
 »ii«;i I 
 IK,; 
 
 'S''.l» I 
 
 ■'<,;;il 
 
 Wl.l!ll 
 
 !'.!,>,( I 
 iUM I 
 
 .Vl,i,|l 
 ■>;><| 
 
 ,^ 
 
 ii,.'.ii 
 
 711 
 
 l.-;9,'.o(, 
 
 Is.".. ."00 
 
 ivi,(.(;i 
 
 37,SOi 
 
 l,'iii 
 
 I I7,7.'i9l 
 
 .'>9,3'.ii; 
 
 .3I..'(,77-.| 31S,.1.II .li,,,|,,,: 
 
 3i.9,i'i'.i 3io,i;ii) ir.V.i' 
 
 1..391,'.'0I l,iSl,'l.',.M,cl-,;;.„ !,:,;« 
 ■.ii,iSl V>,l:i7 4iii,-;.. 
 971,30,'j j/)i;s,f,.ji, 1,1,-,;,, ij | 
 t,ii7.-.,r.0'j s,isT,:,(ii T 
 
 .S,S'.| 
 1,'.;.- 
 
 IIS, 
 
 !*.l)(,;',il 
 
 Avcrc kill respcctivnly on h.ir anrt .-ilKjct-ircn; 
 these, tlidiigh Justly objci'tionable furtkeirii 
 gro.it magnitude compared with its |,rict,iri 
 afterwards rai.sed till tliev amomilcd, ^1 
 Napoleon 1 1 r., to '_'00 fr. (,S/.) ancl 1 111 fr. (i;i i^ 
 
 iiitorfercil with, felt aggrieved by tliis new state 
 of tliiiig.s ; nnd iii.stead of endeavouring to vitli- 
 staiul tlio compel it ion of their foreign rivals by 
 improving their fabrics and cheapening their jiro- 
 cesse.s, they found it. more convenient to appeal to 
 
 popular prejudice, and to represent themselves as [ per ton! 15ut (hose inimstroiis dutuj ireri 
 sacriliced, tlirougli a false policy, to the cupidity j diiccd, as already stated, in IH.'iS, to about al 
 of foreigners, -wlio, to insure their ruin, sold their . They were still," however, a great deal toilii 
 products at less than they cost ! Anil this con- in fact, they ought ik t to have cxistcJ]! 
 tradictory nonsense induced the (iovcnmiont to And this forced scareitv and liigli iiricc of 
 retrace its steps; to re-impose the high duties on i most important industrial agent |iaralv»l 
 foreign linens and yarns; and, consequently, to j eiilturo and all the more important aru, 
 increase the price of a necessarj', and to check or | brought them almost to a stand. And lot 
 lirevcnt the production and exportation of the j was this immense sacrilice iucnrred?-to3 
 articles which had been sent abroad in payment : the rapacity of a handful of fore.st prop 
 of the linens. j who contended that they would .suffer weiefc 
 
 The same /e/o tie se policy prevailed in regard ! iron admitted duty {tQp, or at a raodenieii 
 to the trade in cottons and most other things. ! The French did not kill tlic goo.sc for lit 
 I5ut the restrictions on the importation of iron j of the eggs, but for the offal .she liadpickfJ 
 may, notvvithstanding thu reductions made from i It wouhl be a libel on an intellifjont ;» 
 their amount in 1853, be regarded as the triumph [ suppose that such a system could be ptmi: 
 (if the jirolectivc system in l-'rancc. Kverj'body | The benelicial influence of our redudicii! .(| 
 Unowa that a cheap and abundant supply of iron j duties on French wines and branJy k 
 is iiulispensable to anything like successful agri- the growing popularity of free trade prj 
 culture or manufactures; and everybody knew, ' eventually led to the Treaty of 18GC. 'Tliisli 
 none better than the Emperor of the French, that may indeed be said to have gone totteifj 
 owing to the scarcity and bad quality of coal in extreme, for it stipulated for the entire ein^ 
 France, and the necessity of using wood in the ; of many important French products ft* 
 smelting of minerals, she had no facilities for the ' customs' duties, even when tlie,«e wore e: 
 production of iron, "which consequently cost a very ! unobjectionable. ]5iit Imwevcr erroneoi" 
 large sum. Under these circumstances it might : financial point of view, this conduct of oiki 
 have been expected that the French would have ' bined with tho reduction of the duties of 
 opened their ports to the iron of all countries, | British irticles imported into Innce, te' 
 and that if they did not encourage its importation powerful stimulus to the trade betivecn i 
 by a bounty," they would have, at all events, countries,' {^Prir.ciples of Pditicd Em*. 
 taken especial care "not to check it by a duty. But 18ti4, p. ;l08.) For the text of the fresl]! 
 no: they were so enamoured of bad and dear Tiu.;atie.s, Commkrcial. 
 ploughs, and of bad and dear implements and Tho fruits of this Treaty will be best sij 
 machinerjr of all sorts, that they imposed all comparing the trade between France and | 
 but prohibitory duties on foreign iron. Under Britain in 18G3-GG with that of ISjK, 
 Napoleon I. duties of 44 fr. and 110 fr, per ton In addition to the portion of Westenil 
 
 \ .—.liCOt 
 
 ' -li'innf, «lo|ii 
 ^ Utfi" iinl fiork 
 ! Ciiui.hnii., m. 
 
 . (' i.t, linilif;ii| 
 
 I loni, uiiul 
 
 fluit 
 Coiioin, inicmi 
 
 (nii.mnm 
 ' I'.ii. ilrnxil anti 
 
 lu'di&rei and ci 
 
 , ir.t, wroiic-'it ar 
 I uiKruutfht ulifl 
 I Letd »nii tUat - 
 ' I,ih*ii., cnirriii by 
 ■ linin )ani 
 
 ' ' iJi Otill 
 
 "■.■,lin.enl 
 I Clile. |i)dr«l wue, 
 , .Miirinuficiurw ' 
 
 '• r.D, unHrouxht 
 MluuJ,»ln-,|, ,,nij ;.,ri 
 I IVubltirm, etitercd h 
 
 , Uixi.'Ien tarn . 
 IPUitjiiien f tl]p 
 
 I \ l—A(wmit of 
 (."»/ Cohniui 
 tiidint} with J 
 
 Anu 
 
 Bk-oo . 
 liiti, IVniiiJi . 
 
 B«-Jd»of^,,„(nf,'uiIi„, 
 Mintil and ui 
 
 1/ 'VSinwJ 
 
 t'^rpff, utinoucht 
 
 „ '1he.il flour 
 l«tjn,rjir 
 
 (JWiLier^niirh 
 
 Juniltf,'SMl/ar 
 unm, miiiif . 
 
 ''i^f. .inci ol 
 
 J.Win Hehim 
 ■i. tloter . 
 'p«"nillmsft»l . 
 
 fcl'^'ingoilUul 
 
 
 
 „.,;"«i™nla,id|,;rfj 
 '.imSnel" 
 
 ""Mgfcl . 
 
 r.iJ.fe'"?'"'"'. 
 
 Totil 
 
iiAVJii': 
 
 G91 
 
 ri 
 
 MM 
 
 ""'SI'S ! 
 
 I3!,V1 
 \ HlUA I 
 
 «'.M I 
 Lfil.vi 
 W1«T1 I 
 
 \i;;n I 
 
 IV4 I 
 
 li'.lil I 
 ■ iU 1 
 
 («3«| 
 tS.Wi I 
 
 1 I'ljiil 
 I; xiul 
 4i:.«(l 
 
 i;;,';ai 
 
 imV'" 
 
 m:M 
 
 \ 4,'.3V, 
 
 us 
 
 il 3i;,ui., 
 Ill Vi:.,i''i' 
 iM,or.,:'« 
 ,;', 4u,iij; 
 
 )l,U17,ili 
 f.l '.i.llt'i,"''' 
 
 \ _ hcount nf'the Quantities and Ihdiircd Vatuen of the Principal j.rticU'S the Produce and Manu- 
 ' ' fadure of the United Kini/duni A'jporteJ to France in each of the 4 Years cndiny with 18.07. 
 
 :o l"w"«i 
 
 blip 
 
 t of the W 
 
 wU be bests 
 n France a' 
 ;ofl85i-'' 
 lofWesten" 
 
 ArtlclM 
 
 , I ;,,i;,..i.mi{Maii'i ""«"">'«'" • •_ 
 
 Uoni,«l>wl ■ ' '_ 
 
 ' llmir - , 
 
 coii«sini"«i'')"''ry""' ■ : 
 
 ||,,j«ueia>iai:i"l'''> • ; 
 
 ' "'r.'ton«l'l %«i unwrouRiit, ;includinK 
 ! mVioulM 'li«l • ■ ; 
 
 Lrtd ind >hol • • 
 
 !i;,„,,«,i.n.'abylhejard 
 
 ; lin<n»ani * , • 
 
 I Mithirmi."™'™*'"" 
 j all oiher stirls 
 
 I |'l'm'."v"fl •">'.>:*«""' ""''*'"'''"■'' ■ 
 
 ' MlninufiClUK* • - J 
 
 ' >ij(nti - ■ * * ' 
 
 i»,ul,ili"|iJi»'l'""''-' " . 
 
 I >.iril 
 
 1 at v.iltiL' 
 
 ! Wtxillm !'ini - - ■ ' 
 
 I Ton: lilM ofrteal ni'i- anil of all othe r 
 
 value 
 
 liarreU 
 
 value 
 
 tons 
 
 I'WtS. 
 
 .|r... 
 rwlH. 
 >av(ls 
 v.tlue 
 
 ll». 
 
 CM't». 
 
 tlu. 
 
 varUs 
 
 ll». 
 
 valuu 
 
 UtiailtiUek 
 
 KiT.s:!;' 
 
 17,l.'.(i 
 
 ll<,l<>7 
 
 5,U.S7,i6i 
 
 1'^II,II18 
 ll.tiOS! 
 7,'ill. 
 
 v.iit; 
 
 ur~,isi) 
 
 7I.H1S 
 
 81,1511 
 
 •lll,.'SD 
 
 7,01U,(j7I 
 
 l7i,n(iR 
 
 .T.,'illi 
 
 l.'l.lll. 
 
 •j.'ia.i 
 
 ({alliiiiA 
 value 
 
 ■12,S74 117,17.1 
 
 1,I,1H A.M,-l 
 
 \;!\\fiyi 1.IS7,^.1S 
 
 ^'J I, '.«."! VU5,-j|M 
 
 K5,'JI7 I.IV.I.JS.-. 
 
 fiMmii 4i.C')'.' .1,0CS,7("in 
 
 lli>. V'O'J.^'" l'^,771,sl(i 
 
 pireei ^i.r^t 77,71'^ 
 
 .Mn'.i I.IM.'J'J'J 1,I131,:10.1 
 
 v.t^ut* — — 
 
 lbs. <oi,.'.i4 41s, hh; 
 
 nrtirles — — 
 
 .l.liS 
 
 l.l.'iT.-.l.l I, 
 7ll,Sili 
 (■.-..•.h'^l 
 l.Vwii, 
 
 'i.'on.vj'j n, 
 
 lv~,:inr. 
 .i.ii.'ii 
 I ',11111 
 i,i'.;7 
 
 ,!7!I,13.T 
 IIHI,.1V7 
 Ti,Wi 
 
 Ab'tfiTJ 
 4.TV„1SV 
 
 Ij.iiiii 
 11,llll< 
 
 173,','.'.1 
 
 fititl 
 
 ."Ij I ,'jliM 
 
 133,ri.W 
 
 374 
 
 ,13I,S'i7 
 
 ■1'.III,IHJI 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 DS7,I)'.!,| (ifi,747 
 
 3,1.M,.')S() a 
 ,W,ll31,'i^l.'i II, 
 1,'2VJ,'J.,|' 2, 
 
 ,C2M9I 
 1 1 ,7Hl 
 
 Ii7,UllO 
 
 l,'iM,niH l.liis.mw 
 
 IS.') I 
 
 Dvclnictl \'ulue 
 Wjj I8JC 
 
 £ 
 
 ll>.IK.'i 
 .-•1,771 
 ■Jc.llliH 
 22,111 
 
 .T'iG,l!)S 
 
 2.-1 1, 1. W 
 .'.7, Hi.') 
 1I.,4I'.I 
 
 112,.'.! 14 
 .■■'.MIWi 
 2.1,.S.-.'J 
 2li,li2.'i: 
 7S,'J1'( 
 
 lllli,.'13l) 
 
 2(11,040 
 .12,111) 
 ti 1,11.11 
 •l.S,r.'7 
 47,><'i, 
 
 KM, .•■■lit. 
 ^MM, 
 111,1.31) 
 
 3'il,iill 
 
 !l,lll.'il 
 
 "7,ll!)'l| 
 
 0.1 1, 01)3 
 
 .'..■., Ili2 
 
 .Vi,s77 
 
 2,1137 
 
 llll,.'ill 
 
 3,i7.'i,2iin(; 
 
 e 
 
 1U,MI7 
 
 4,S,2.TI 
 
 4,1117 
 
 II, '.,-.2 
 
 414,1.17 
 
 427, 14 1 
 
 331,111,.! 
 
 S2,7'«3 
 
 I3.'i,l2» 
 
 .l.'i.lllH 
 
 31,112 
 
 7.'<,.S().'> 
 
 101,1711 
 
 130,210 
 
 1807 
 
 £ 
 
 7,74S 
 
 B4,.1ii| 
 
 13,767, 
 
 I2,0.V1 
 
 021,107 
 
 41ii,.'.-ii 
 
 2211,1, 'jii 
 
 10,10. 
 
 101,111,0 
 
 31, ',(,'. 
 
 2 1 ,7110 
 
 H,l).'ll 
 
 !IO,>(.',0 
 
 00,i)Sj 
 
 e 
 III 
 
 O'l, 
 
 I, 
 
 H, 
 
 074, 
 
 .VII, 
 
 21111, 
 
 I, 
 
 201, 
 
 31, 
 
 311, 
 
 12, 
 
 111, 
 
 41), 
 
 902,002 I,in3,.')70 79<,011) 
 
 ,HS1 
 
 ,OSl 
 ,110 
 
 ,(|.HI 
 
 'Jl,-,71 
 
 HI, I'M 
 
 41),S,,1 
 
 .T^.MII 
 
 lOl.D'.l 
 
 171.1171 
 
 21,7 .1, 
 
 21)7.1 13 
 
 000,700 
 
 3;,'l21i 
 
 747, IW 
 
 30,I,SS2 
 
 41). 100 
 
 10,03, 
 
 10.1,1)21 
 
 ,012,0i'> 
 
 22, -10 
 
 71,'<01 
 
 70,'IS'I 
 
 IK,I.I2 
 
 10S,.'ll) 
 
 ISii.OI'.) 
 
 7,410 
 
 S'.' I, .1011 
 
 0'IS,11)1 
 
 OM.Ol? 
 
 77S,.V,I 
 
 00,000 
 
 li2,l'JS 
 
 7,140 
 
 JJJ.IOO 
 
 ,i3.'iiriofi. 
 
 "I, 
 
 80, 
 
 02, 
 210, 
 102, 
 
 11), 
 "70, 
 3S0, 
 
 70, 
 S21, 
 
 OK, 
 
 2i.i; 
 
 I Yl,-,lnou)i( of the Quantilii'S and Declared Values 0/ 
 (.'ill/ Cobn'iul I'loducc Exported from the United 
 
 mi'nuiwilli 1H()(). 
 
 ' //)(■ Principal ami other Articles of Foreign 
 Kiiiijdum to France in each of the 4 Years 
 
 
 
 t^uantitieit 
 
 \'alue 1 
 
 Articles 
 
 
 1803 
 
 1861 
 
 1800 
 
 1866 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 
 
 £ 
 
 1805 
 
 1866 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Bicon . • - 
 
 cwts. 
 
 Ai.nis 
 
 9,121 
 
 4 
 
 ,'i40 
 
 78.329 
 
 19,404 
 
 12 
 
 1,601 
 
 Ilirk, Prnnt.n ■ 
 
 
 3,41 'J 
 
 3,220 
 
 3,1n; 
 
 2,.')31 
 
 18,8.11 
 
 ■20,1 98 
 
 22,291 
 
 20,079 
 
 H«d,o(V.i>-|nr!iiilinii blltjle*) - 
 
 li.'s. 
 
 2US.1)07 
 
 003,0011 
 
 597,313 
 
 0.10,110 
 
 17,128 
 
 211,30^ 
 
 31,7.32 
 
 •29,057 
 
 riirjihor, reiiiiwi aiiJ unriliufii - 
 
 (WIS. 
 
 0,207 
 
 7,r^o 
 
 4,i01 
 
 2,937 
 
 31,028 
 
 38,01,7 
 
 20,00s 
 
 •211,731 
 
 I'liijiihi'iif • - 
 
 J, 
 
 8,117 
 
 8,810 
 
 0,1 '20 
 
 7,)140 
 
 03,340 
 
 02,373 
 
 40,.'i21i 
 
 77,1(81 
 
 f(v!iin«l 
 
 ,, 
 
 2,004 
 
 1,008 
 
 2,34 1 
 
 .3,1.00 
 
 41,828 
 
 20,.',0., 
 
 42,094 
 
 60,'^01 
 
 i'km . • - 
 
 Itlrt. 
 
 ,397,0!)N 
 
 314,100 
 
 4111,1)17 
 
 1, 691,432 
 
 1 0,3 -,7 
 
 8,'l0') 
 
 11,781 
 
 .10,014 
 
 Cotfif . - - 
 
 „ 
 
 13,3U3,3;(i 
 
 a,727,3S8 
 
 15,843,210 
 
 19,0"9,118 
 
 482,407 
 
 3'22,C09 
 
 522,990 
 
 018,'i90 
 
 torper, unirrou|;l;l and part 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 KfE^mht > 
 
 cwt-i. 
 
 07,707 
 
 90,840 
 
 II7,'i'>,. 
 
 19.',0.SO 
 
 271,718 
 
 401,091 
 
 543,106 
 
 776,073 
 
 Cora; »!.fji - 
 
 It 
 
 4H,0'^0 
 
 4,12H 
 
 7 
 
 12,110 
 
 23,'W3 
 
 1,1101 
 
 3 
 
 0,810 
 
 \Vhe.il fl.'ur 
 
 
 8,i07 
 
 l,7'ill 
 
 9)1 
 
 1,101 
 
 .1, 041) 
 
 1,12s 
 
 61 
 
 880 
 
 CoJtM.nw 
 
 ,, 
 
 0.S1,120 
 
 061,010 
 
 77.3,187 
 
 931,114 
 
 5,317, ■.43 
 
 .1,2111,12^ 
 
 5,199,894 
 
 4,760,787 
 
 Fuiher'.0>ln.li,l'ark ami while 
 
 llw. 
 
 0,9811 
 
 4,790 
 
 3,071 
 
 0,000 
 
 10,228 
 
 17,.301 
 
 • 11,110 
 
 ■•1,088 
 
 rAi,dib»«) anil uiulrwitil 
 
 cwls. 
 
 'J,031 
 
 12,047 
 
 17, -,80 
 
 10,.Vil 
 
 20,99 1 
 
 3.3,1,11, 
 
 49,.')on 
 
 40,904 
 
 (lil^i ... 
 
 „ 
 
 U03 
 
 1,3.19 
 
 1,1011 
 
 4,173 
 
 4,.'i.'iO 
 
 7,700 
 
 7, .17 4 
 
 •20,017 
 
 liimliff^idniirli 
 
 long 
 
 80 
 
 710 
 
 721 
 
 731 
 
 1 ,800 
 
 18,082 
 
 17, .107 
 
 21, .10(1 
 
 Uumbc^Miflilac 
 
 rwts. 
 
 4,360 
 
 5,012 
 
 0,8.S3 
 
 0,.',0I 
 
 33,411 
 
 33,091 
 
 21,929 
 
 21,270 
 
 Gam, TtiiiLif . 
 
 J, 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 1,172 
 
 — 
 
 1,028 
 
 02 
 
 30,047 
 
 _ 
 
 Htr, ci'iuficliitw of, (ioats' wool 
 
 V.lIllO 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 91,091 
 
 40,2911 
 
 109,118 
 
 30,431 
 
 H1.T,, ... 
 
 cwts. 
 
 1 2,207 
 
 7,336 
 
 "~ 432 
 
 61) 
 
 2I).7.'.2 
 
 10,2nli 
 
 1,100 
 
 203 
 
 Hnp. dmiwl anil undrtsied 
 
 
 102,41)1 
 
 2 ',7, 030 
 
 379,880 
 
 301,228 
 
 210,990 
 
 292,0011 
 
 338,788 
 
 3.17,642 
 
 Hide, not unr '. 
 
 ,^ 
 
 '29,770 
 
 33,001 
 
 14,212 
 
 32,8(10 
 
 80,421) 
 
 101,001 
 
 42,801 
 
 84,093 
 
 HonsBuirilrDier.and other sorts 
 
 tons 
 
 71*0 
 
 020 
 
 783 
 
 798 
 
 18,380 
 
 13,701 
 
 •20,973 
 
 24,801 
 
 Indijio- - 
 
 cwts. 
 
 2,071 
 
 0,.300 
 
 4,922 
 
 8,(H)0 
 
 70,013 
 
 108,240 
 
 148,'i96 
 
 237,'J82 
 
 .ViiafiiifipressmKoilthcrefrom • 
 
 tons 
 
 113 
 
 1,146 
 
 1,101 
 
 282 
 
 1,898 
 
 •20,013 
 
 10,107 
 
 821 
 
 (W,Cocoi-nut ■ 
 
 cwU. 
 
 11, '«7 
 
 17,782 
 
 11, .101 
 
 10,(|.J0 
 
 26,090 
 
 33,934 
 
 25,007 
 
 .37,111 
 
 pam - - 
 
 
 18,S2» 
 
 14,020 
 
 10,818 
 
 19,021 
 
 33,812 
 
 23,008 
 
 28,791 
 
 39,188 
 
 iraincT blulilfcr and spermaceti 
 
 tuns 
 
 102 
 
 200 
 
 2 Is 
 
 311 
 
 10,940 
 
 10,161 
 
 12,121 
 
 19,8.37 
 
 Orthjl. . 1 
 
 I'WtS. 
 
 0,9.10 
 
 5,737 
 
 l,lOi 
 
 10,606 
 
 9,30 1 
 
 8,720 
 
 2,190 
 
 18,163 
 
 'rtroIrum.reSnedamlui'iefiiiid • 
 
 (iins 
 
 2,311 
 
 J('.>3 
 
 1,019 
 
 1,140 
 
 4-^,370 
 
 10,924 
 
 2(1,47S 
 
 ■2.3,201 
 
 ■.\(ii.Un 
 
 lbs. 
 
 413,117 
 
 325,860 
 
 3,19,072 
 
 39.3,701 
 
 37,439 
 
 3I,'J0.1 
 
 37,080 
 
 36,091 
 
 hulwb 
 
 
 17,657 
 
 14,9.'i3 
 
 23,879 
 
 40,680 
 
 2,070 
 
 3,718 
 
 9,900 
 
 22,402 
 
 ic^notinthohiuk 
 
 CWl8._ 
 
 331,319 
 
 111,091 
 
 51,9.1)1 
 
 147,078 
 
 201„'i7l 
 
 02,903 
 
 35,-00 
 
 100,298 
 
 (tw.CIoter ■ 
 
 • 
 
 30,3,'iS 
 
 293 
 
 'J73 
 
 292 
 
 9.1,219 
 
 797 
 
 921 
 
 938 
 
 F.'u and linseed . 
 
 •Its. 
 
 10,223 
 
 25,024 
 
 14, .1.03 
 
 3,012 
 
 46,004 
 
 68,399 
 
 39,890 
 
 8,700 
 
 Pop,!!, . 
 
 
 13,241 
 
 11,865 
 
 20,370 
 
 41,400 
 
 .38,184 
 
 31,214 
 
 69,781 
 
 114, .168 
 
 Se^amum 
 
 ^J 
 
 24,099 
 
 2,918 
 
 1,040 
 
 7,755 
 
 78,419 
 
 '8,01', 
 
 3,010 
 
 29,082 
 
 for rt}iTe»'ing oil llu'refrom 
 
 ,, 
 
 21,442 
 
 48,710 
 
 25,180 
 
 27,1721 
 
 .18,329 
 
 lli3,013 
 
 67,080 
 
 78,316 
 
 Rip-.- 
 
 „ 
 
 40,111 
 
 48,307 
 
 61,001 
 
 89,826 
 
 133,001) 
 
 128,317 
 
 187,990 
 
 2I7,.390 
 
 iil.knuUandbuiks 
 
 cwts. 
 
 8'20 
 
 030 
 
 980 
 
 12,021 
 
 9,240 
 
 7,ii',0 
 
 22,079 
 
 209,901 
 
 nw - . 
 
 Ii». 
 
 3,231,400 
 
 .3,163,040 
 
 2,481,490 
 
 1,453,030 
 
 3,280,348 
 
 3,510,919 
 
 3,267,290 
 
 1,931,327 
 
 thio»n 
 Bt [ninufarlures : 
 BirtJiiutri and ribbons 
 
 t» 
 
 196,298 
 
 303,704 
 
 278,140 
 
 55,524 
 
 3111,800 
 
 511,310 
 
 087,083 
 
 114,981 
 
 lbs. 
 
 9,377 
 
 9,747 
 
 8,851 
 
 4,722 
 
 23,841 
 
 21,SI0 
 
 22,617 
 
 12,283 
 
 thins crape ihawli, plain and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rabroiutred 
 
 It 
 
 4,217 
 
 3,000 
 
 3,74 1 
 
 18,275 
 
 19,800 
 
 15,129 
 
 11,670 
 
 34,639 
 
 UMijoil 
 
 No. 
 
 5.')6,OOII 
 
 4.10,713 
 
 329,478 
 
 377,239 
 
 165,721 
 
 43,878 
 
 40,036 
 
 45,090 
 
 ptt;ti:Rum . . Proof Kftllons 
 
 00,803 
 
 40,150 
 
 44,811 
 
 70,309 
 
 4,81) 
 
 3,000 
 
 4,3.12 
 
 6,168 
 
 Smiencdandncrfumetl- 
 
 uBllim.> 
 
 7.12 
 
 18,284 
 
 .30,471) 
 
 19,619 
 
 712 
 
 18,'281 
 
 3',,470 
 
 19,619 
 
 Kin- - 
 
 Ib^ 
 
 101,071 
 
 111,709 
 
 O'J.MIO 
 
 »U0,5)1 1 
 
 14,071 
 
 8,809 
 
 8,366 
 
 16,430 
 
 SUiinrefined 
 
 cwts. 
 
 U7,'2.32 
 
 38,849 
 
 9,191 
 
 330 
 
 174,471 
 
 53,364 
 
 11,104 
 
 .351 
 
 '■<™ • - 
 
 
 2,832 
 
 341 
 
 537 
 
 3,138 
 
 5,917 
 
 099 
 
 1,210 
 
 7,139 
 
 ■ • • 
 
 lbs. 
 
 201,090 
 
 175,268 
 
 219,770 
 
 207,120 
 
 10,91.'i 
 
 13,,127 
 
 18,314 
 
 20,021 
 
 «h, Efphanu' 
 
 cwts. 
 
 2,.332 
 
 2,.'i70 
 
 2,442 
 
 2,007 
 
 61,702 
 
 81,874 
 
 77,472 
 
 90,910 
 
 DiUnirought- 
 
 
 I4,U98 
 
 19,099 
 
 11,420 
 
 11,601 
 
 84,188 
 
 90,848 
 
 63,131 
 
 46,930 
 
 tbicco, unmanufactured 
 
 Itel. 
 
 809,862 
 
 172 ,.102 
 
 1,500,512 
 
 370,1.')6 
 
 11, .369 
 
 7,110 
 
 50,275 
 
 14,11.' 
 
 noijiheilaiidTuuleihell 
 
 
 7,411 
 
 10,148 
 
 15,331 
 
 30,800 
 
 4,61i8 
 
 0,148 
 
 9,734 
 
 19,081 
 
 *»fiiu 
 
 tons 
 
 39 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 18,7.13 
 
 5,025 
 
 3,031 
 
 3,172 
 
 * • • 
 
 f;:)1loiis 
 
 164,101 
 
 153,891 
 
 176,196 
 
 147,461 
 
 03,284 
 
 41,051 
 
 51,101 
 
 47,301 
 
 WiMatM ... 
 «liSh«puidUmbi'. 
 «. trade and to'Jed . 
 «lw article* 
 
 loads 
 
 200 
 
 486 
 
 1,133 
 
 2,627 
 
 1,.W0 
 
 4,518 
 
 10,890 
 
 27,200 
 
 Ills. 
 
 31,036,037 
 
 .38,132,271 
 
 50,129,173 
 
 47,313,340 
 
 2,190,434 
 
 3,053,176 
 
 3,603,124 
 
 3,601,171 
 
 tons 
 
 701 
 
 375 
 
 1,809 
 
 .131 
 
 14,6.13 
 
 9,190 
 
 41, .31 18 
 
 7,14(1 
 
 valuu 
 oiluce - 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 482,011 
 14,621,257 
 23,291,566 
 
 5,10,18(1 
 
 483,570 
 
 490,757 
 
 Tot.il . 
 >talofBrHiihu»dF..«.lffT,p. 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 „ 
 
 15,638,031 
 23,8S5,.192 
 
 I6,29'2,977 
 25,300,072 
 
 14,897)289 
 26,097,419 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 ilt 
 
 ,i \ 
 
 ■I 
 
 ■A 
 
 il 
 
 M 
 
 ■ I 
 
 ; ■■(• 
 ;>;; 
 
 . 1 
 
 Y Y 
 
%» 
 
 
 \ ■ I 
 
 1 
 
 ■ !• 
 
 N 
 
 I- 
 
 { ■ ■ 
 
 692 
 
 HAVRE 
 
 \l\.— 'Account nf the Quantities and Computed Valuet of the Prmci/ial Arlirlet Importtd frnui 
 France into tlie United Kingdom in each of the 4 Years ending with 1857. 
 
 Principal Articlet 
 
 liuanlilles || 
 
 
 Computed Values 
 
 
 
 
 in* 1 
 
 IH.'..') 
 
 l»5r. 
 
 1807 
 
 1841 
 
 1855 
 
 1856 
 
 lij; 
 
 Anlmalt, living t nxpn ami bulls 
 
 no. 
 
 .1,'.fil 
 
 «,I1! 
 
 1,1S7 
 
 I.'iOD 
 
 £ 
 42,732 
 
 .37,091 
 
 26,023 
 
 £ > 
 
 3'',;'ji , 
 1- 1., 
 
 ruwA and caUet 
 
 ■ 
 
 U.IOJ 
 
 l,\it 
 
 793 
 
 6.7 
 
 25,796 
 
 12.176 
 
 5,11.6 
 
 horses - 
 
 M 
 
 V,7lPV 
 
 744 
 
 93li 
 
 703 
 
 411,421 
 
 18,0011 
 
 2.3,4.HI 
 75.1,77 
 
 Applrt.raw 
 
 buslu-ls 
 
 2lll,<IO'J 
 
 03,1119 
 
 nr,.vii> 
 
 149,194 
 
 411,9X2 
 
 22,313 
 
 I'l 1 1 
 
 AMthttltum or bitumen juJaicum 
 
 • tuns 
 
 i.y;.'. 
 
 1 ,tl,.'i 
 
 2,573 
 
 2,513 
 
 49,-Si 
 
 20,515 
 
 29,Ht1 
 
 s .!,;( 
 
 ,1s '* 1 
 
 ll.H.kS - . - 
 
 - CMtS. 
 
 i.s'n 
 
 l,7(i7 
 
 2,22fi 
 
 2,492 
 
 20,119 
 
 19,793 
 
 21,915 
 
 l..i,.:;i 1 
 
 Mutter - . - 
 
 • , 
 
 4.'i,li.'>B 
 
 ll!i,i«)9 
 
 32,.ll»l 
 
 26,2911 
 
 191, 755 
 
 80,61,1 
 
 137,6:0 
 
 ''.Kiuuhour, manur.irturc!* of 
 
 - Il>s. 
 
 lGa,;i'i 
 
 lt)'^534 
 
 35^,134 
 
 269,137 
 
 29,532 
 
 28,411 
 
 fl2,8',5 
 
 Ciilra ware, iiurceliiin, anil taithm- I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w.ire 
 
 • CWt«. 
 
 \n9i 
 
 3,'rtS 
 
 3,9i« 
 
 3,138 
 
 31,312 
 
 33,4S8 
 
 39,573 
 
 ,ii.';9 
 
 1,3 |if, 1 
 
 rioi-ki - 
 
 nil. 
 
 49,7.1fi 
 
 Sl,;i6 
 
 82,l9li 
 
 100,395 
 
 65,351 
 
 62,31.5 
 
 79,731. 
 
 Corn : who.-it 
 
 - ijrs. 
 
 ii,i,ci;h 
 
 SC.l.VJ 
 
 1(1,11117 
 
 37,178 
 
 4I5,0HI 
 
 99,733 
 
 35,025 
 
 is).-. 
 11,6; 
 
 5'.,.1. 
 
 
 hirley 
 
 
 l,KIU 
 
 ' 1,914 
 
 2,079 
 
 6,231 
 
 2,3llH 
 
 ,3,221 
 
 4,1'Jl 
 
 
 tn;il/i', or Inilian corn 
 
 - ,, 
 
 1,l'll 
 
 2'i,773 
 
 27,1151) 
 
 31,180 
 
 2,929 
 
 69,239 
 
 4l.i5'i 
 
 
 oilier kin(l<i 
 
 ,, 
 
 l.1,!l«H 
 
 i9,'i-'iH 
 
 Ulil) 
 
 2,330 
 
 32,035 
 
 6M13 
 
 1 ,W)',. 
 
 ■!,1)1 
 3.1l,jl 
 
 
 whtMlinciil anil flour 
 
 > cwls. 
 
 ■jiii,;s.i 
 
 KH,19r, 
 
 C9,S41 
 
 327,115 
 
 213,593 
 
 108,(110 
 
 8.1,Sii'J 
 
 j 
 
 Coltun.raur 
 
 1, 
 
 1,31.5 
 
 3H,U(i6 
 
 11,517 
 
 18,810 
 
 3,59H 
 
 111,378 
 
 r.'.,n'/i: 
 
 1 
 
 Tream uf tartar - 
 
 M 
 
 ICI.VJ 
 
 t.'tm 
 
 ti,451 
 
 2,093 
 
 91,.V.8 
 
 22,155 
 
 3I,7VH 
 
 "i.'O 
 
 1 
 
 Kl'us - 
 
 cubic ft. 
 
 li.T,llSS 
 
 43i,7 1.'. 
 
 S13,:71 
 
 403,999 
 
 195,v.-,8 
 
 2u6,'j;9 
 
 211,1)11 
 
 iii.'j'j 
 
 
 KiiiliroitlcT; And nrftllfwork : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tiilk nt-t, l));iired with the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nei-'ille 
 
 . Ibl. 
 
 3,370 
 
 1,191 
 
 1,731 
 
 »,456 
 
 14,166 
 
 6,711 
 
 7,78S 
 
 ll.Oij 
 
 
 Curtain<i, rmbruiderea on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 muslin or nt*t 
 
 I, 
 
 91,777 
 
 Mfitn 
 
 60,233 
 
 47,146 
 
 47,3S9 
 
 26,301 
 
 25,117 
 
 M.Vl 
 
 
 Uiu'nmiiPMtiMl 
 
 - value 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 31,652 
 
 2 '.,477 
 
 46/11)3 
 
 .\*,9j' 
 
 
 Flowers, nrlilicial 
 
 cubic f:. 
 
 •iii.n'i 
 
 21,fi97 
 
 .-2,«8(i 
 
 34,152 
 
 78,.3r,6 
 
 71,091 
 
 98,(159 
 
 10,1,.^^ 
 
 
 (iaranrinu 
 
 . c»H. 
 
 K.'MtC 
 
 I'^,.19(i 
 
 G,l.25 
 
 17,853 
 
 62,972 
 
 86.772 
 
 46,?7i 
 
 l.i^.ii; 
 
 
 Ulajs, plate 
 
 . lbs. 
 
 ill,3lW 
 
 41»,iM 
 
 421,24^ 
 
 308,978 
 
 19,280 
 
 10,46:) 
 
 21,213 
 
 1^.111 
 
 
 Hint, rut and not cut (except 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tiurlli's) 
 
 ,, 
 
 4ll,7>il 
 
 Mr,,\ 19 
 
 40(1,853 
 
 348,252 
 
 9,899 
 
 8,217 
 
 9,VC0 
 
 '.ill 
 
 
 If at!t or UonnptH of straw . 
 
 ,, 
 
 37,.-.'J'J 
 
 11,1199 
 
 ,19,351 
 
 21,953 
 
 112,197 
 
 41,1198 
 
 58,062 
 
 :i,s,, 
 
 
 liidvs, not taitnetl 
 
 • cwts. 
 
 iua 
 
 6,U:i'^ 
 
 9,(;4G 
 
 17,7.38 
 
 1,021 
 
 13,907 
 
 29,521 
 
 Cl.jjl 
 
 taiituHl, iawe<I, nirrlcrf, or 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 any way tires'ed - 
 
 . lbs. 
 
 l,llC,.M!i 
 
 6C5,iS7 
 
 975,915 
 
 1,846,438 
 
 105,811 
 
 48,S0I 
 
 I09,32g 
 
 21J,IJ0 1 
 
 Le.ither nia'iiuf.icturea : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 (;love» 
 
 - pairs 
 
 3,711,720 
 
 3,5'.1,4i.'. 
 
 3,939,593 
 
 l,l.3fi,5';8 
 
 210,835 
 
 223.2.32 
 
 296,171 
 
 siyii 
 
 hoots, shoPs, and f(olo&lips 
 
 ,, 
 
 171, ISI 
 
 ia.')„ir,fi 
 
 1811,514 
 
 187,137 
 
 32,417 
 
 21,231 
 
 40,8113 
 
 <:.i}i 
 
 boot tVunIA 
 
 „ 
 
 668/l(il 
 
 631,(i76 
 
 CC\I43 
 
 442,477 
 
 42,014 
 
 46,9J9 
 
 8)1 AS3 
 
 ;.j,r6i 
 
 Linen nianulacturet : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ('amlirici and French l.awns 
 
 sq. yds. 
 
 130..TIO 
 
 l.-il.S'i.'. 
 
 188,1,32 
 
 134,489 
 
 25,857 
 
 27,829 
 
 .33,6«6 
 
 Uiot 
 
 
 MaiLlor 
 
 - cwts. 
 
 liS„-,.')l 
 
 71,0'i7 
 
 66,522 
 
 62,444 
 
 161,1112 
 
 161,101 
 
 167,9)18 
 
 KV'i 
 
 
 Madder root 
 
 ,, 
 
 31,S-3 
 
 lS,li33 
 
 0,216 
 
 28,408 
 
 71,408 
 
 35,1)98 
 
 1 1,174 
 
 ;i,iiii 
 
 
 Oil, rapesei-d 
 
 • tuns 
 
 3K3 
 
 i!,V97 
 
 1,5.311 
 
 3,299 
 
 18,226 
 
 1.32,0,-8 
 
 7»,7')5 
 
 1^5,1)1 
 
 
 Oil Nwd cake 
 
 tons 
 
 ll.llil 
 
 19,315 
 
 13,767 
 
 13,150 
 
 I0;,15l) 
 
 195,082 
 
 118„39'1 
 
 li'l.toi 
 
 
 Paper tianKinjt« - 
 
 ■ lbs. 
 
 l.'.3,V^7 
 
 274,335 
 
 30^,102 
 
 306,743 
 
 39,040 
 
 13,717 
 
 15,105 
 
 ly;; 
 
 
 I'lattlMK of straw, ctilp, and other 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 niati-ri ds 
 
 „ 
 
 17fi,02r, 
 
 12.'.,42.5 
 
 148,220 
 
 144,398 
 
 171,766 
 
 120,757 
 
 137,836 
 
 1.1!,.H 
 
 
 Pork, salred 
 
 - cwts. 
 
 l.l.iSll 
 
 H,».'.l 
 
 20,051 
 
 14,699 
 
 .33,950 
 
 2.-.,l55 
 
 .53,6.16 
 
 ).!,.;« 
 
 
 Prints and ilrawinj^s 
 
 ■ lbs. 
 
 .17,^1.1 
 
 59,NB0 
 
 42,077 
 
 48,011 
 
 H,.104 
 
 11,905 
 
 13,lfJI) 
 
 ij,<)) 
 
 
 8eeds: clover 
 
 • cwts. 
 
 7(),'JSI 
 
 B3,737 
 
 47,403 
 
 20,012 
 
 185,446 
 
 216,706 
 
 221,'J5S 
 
 ;i,'.ii 
 
 
 ([ra« 
 
 *f 
 
 m.i'i't 
 
 19,1X1 
 
 22,702 
 
 37,447 
 
 73.254 
 
 48,413 
 
 68,106 
 
 liUll 
 
 
 trefud 
 
 „ 
 
 16,I'A3 
 
 I7,4UH 
 
 28,293 
 
 14,318 
 
 17,7.35 
 
 29,159 
 
 40,220 
 
 i'VP 
 
 
 Silk, raw 
 
 ■ lbs. 
 
 14S,I93 
 
 1.39,070 
 
 147,559 
 
 314,665 
 
 159,310 
 
 1.58,192 
 
 2.56,11,13 
 
 it\m 
 
 
 waste, knubs, and husks 
 
 - cwts. 
 
 4,153 
 
 3,302 
 
 6,338 
 
 7,031 
 
 18,703 
 
 18,491 
 
 iom;9 
 
 IJ",!!! 
 
 
 tlirown 
 
 lbs. 
 
 S3I<,415 
 
 12,193 
 
 331,018 
 
 289,800 
 
 680,020 
 
 411,056 
 
 .587,611 
 
 l<)5,Jll 
 
 
 Silk manufactures: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stulls andiiblKini 
 
 1* 
 
 S.'j5,0)l 
 
 Sn4,«55 
 
 438,708 
 
 428,600 
 
 1,. 393,808 
 
 1,249,830 
 
 1,,376,1I9 
 
 I/I6',!H 
 
 
 Silk plu-ih for making hats 
 
 
 114,111.5 
 
 1 45,2X7 
 
 170,419 
 
 118,142 
 
 86,409 
 
 87,172 
 
 102,312 
 
 ;«,i« 
 
 
 Skins, kid, drwisi^ 
 
 no. 
 
 6i7,9'U 
 
 (i43,7S2 
 
 418,9X4 
 
 363,477 
 
 65,910 
 
 96,567 
 
 73,,-*J 
 
 «„« 
 
 
 Spirits: lirandy - 
 
 gallons 
 
 2,li31,3ai) 
 
 l,HAI,39U 
 
 2,400,190 
 
 2,796,037 
 
 1,201,717 
 
 91l,.30.'. 
 
 1,27(1,931) 
 
 l,(.K,«; 
 
 
 Sugar, unrelinitl • 
 
 - cwts. 
 
 4,6S(I 
 
 JiKl,32S 
 
 05,214 
 
 1.37,014 
 
 .5,374 
 
 4.38,191 
 
 98,85(1 
 
 j'-vx 
 
 
 retinitl, and candy 
 
 », 
 
 l.^.lilll 
 
 22,971 
 
 29,723 
 
 9,712 
 
 22,011 
 
 42,195 
 
 49,1143 
 
 t'iH 
 
 
 Tallow - 
 
 • *, 
 
 31,f,»2 
 
 2,.377 
 
 3,162 
 
 31,781 
 
 99,799 
 
 6,773 
 
 8,43a 
 
 li«,M 
 
 
 Watches 
 
 no. 
 
 ! 1)9, 33!) 
 
 91,1411 
 
 88,349 
 
 87,214 
 
 271,821 
 
 209,130 
 
 il2,2K6 
 
 ?'),♦■! 
 
 
 Wine - 
 
 gallons 
 
 l,UUl,iM 
 
 43.5,919 
 
 711,912 
 
 796,760 
 
 619,497 
 
 397.119 
 
 556,951 
 
 iH,!ii 
 
 
 Woollen tnanufarturcs : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i:ar|wls and rup , ^ - „^ 
 
 ^ sq.jds. 
 
 S,313 
 
 2,808 
 
 7,487 
 
 3,049 
 
 924 
 
 1,123 
 
 2,995 
 
 I,iil 
 
 
 ShawU, scarls, and handker 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 chiefs 
 
 " . lbs. 
 
 S7,376 
 
 25,914 
 
 16,416 
 
 12,802 
 
 15,709 
 
 8,178 
 
 6,01- 
 
 (,M 
 
 
 Uneiiumerated - • > ta1u«^ 
 Total value of the above and 
 
 ~~ 
 
 
 
 
 458 ,.384 
 
 477.418 
 
 618,117 
 
 ».;b 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of all other articles 
 
 • 
 
 _- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 10,147,774 
 
 9,140,418 
 
 10,386,522 
 
 11,W,« 
 
 
 which is included in the French empire, France 
 j)osse3se3 the colony of Algcri.i, the island of 
 Oor.sica, French Guiana, a few islands in the Gulf 
 of Mexico and the Indian Ocean, a strip of land on 
 the coa,st of Cochin China, and one or two unim- 
 portant settlements in British India, 
 
 The customs' duties and salt tax of France pro- 
 duced in IsOl', 7,468,815/.; inl8G3, 7,819,769/.; in 
 1861, (),471,671/. 'Ihe largest sum was contri- 
 buted by sugar, which reached on an average to 
 nearly one half the total sum recajvcd; next 
 coll'ee, then coal, and textile fabrics : these last 
 two pay nearly the same amount to the revenue. 
 
 The follo3ving shows the extent of the French 
 mercanlile marine: — 
 
 Year* 
 
 1862 
 1863 
 1864 
 
 Sailing Vessels 
 
 no. 
 14,794 
 14,716 
 14,820 
 
 tons 
 903,590 
 900,272 
 900,634 
 
 Steam Vessels 
 
 no. 
 .338 
 316 
 361 
 
 tons 
 7.3,381 
 84,963 
 97,8H4 
 
 Total 
 
 1,5,1.32 
 15,092 
 15,181 
 
 tons 
 982,571 
 984,234 
 998,519 
 
 The number of these ships trading with Great 
 Britain and its European possessions is larger 
 than that trading with any other country; but 
 
 there is also a considcr.ible trade between Fmii| 
 and Italy, Turkey, Egypt, and Britisli India. 
 
 The French fisheries are chiefly those for c 
 The cliief rendezvous of these fisheriea is Duiilit 
 [Fisheries,] . 
 
 Of French ports, Marseilles has by far w| 
 largest commercial marine. [ Marseilles,] Thr 
 tonnage entering the ports of Dunkirk, HduIujiJ 
 Dieppe, Calais, Bordeaux, Nantes, Sii'c, xr 
 Cette does not vary considerably. [BoiiuEiii 
 Nantes.] , J 
 
 The following are accounts of the real raliiej 
 imports and exports: — 
 
 Merchandise Imported 
 
 Years 
 
 1862 
 1803 
 
 Value 
 
 francs 
 2,899,000,000 
 3,2.16,000,(8)0 
 3,107,(8)0,000 
 
 £ 
 
 il6,n(Ki,noo 
 
 129,100,000 
 l,l(l,3nO,(H10 
 
 Specie IiujwkJ 
 
 Vilut 
 
 francs I , '„ 
 
 576,1)00,0(10 B.ro.'j 
 
 69S,l)()(),<"W "•''■S 
 
 Merchandise Eiported 
 
 1862 
 1863 
 1864 
 
 3,049,000,000 
 3,426,000,000 
 3,921,000.000 
 
 495,000.000 1?.** fj 
 653 000,000 Ji .« 
 7JJJX)0;OOI)J3»!:* 
 
 \iU.-J 
 
 .liiiiiiaJs, lirji 
 
 lul; , 
 
 i'™taum:,SiuKV 
 
 .^''iformaHniJ 
 I'"=Uiifu?'",""™«l-T 
 
 l».»la'*''«'la)Kl, 
 

 mri 
 
 — , 
 
 — 
 
 
 £ ' 
 
 m 
 
 3\;'ji 
 
 iiii 
 
 i,'H 
 
 mil 
 
 17, 'V, 
 
 .77 
 
 IMl! 
 
 HH 
 
 r.s '1 \ 
 
 IV, 
 
 r,:i)i 
 
 'l.'ll 
 
 M.^^:^ 
 
 S',6 
 
 J3,i/) 
 
 y,^ 
 
 Ji/;9 
 
 7.10 
 
 HJ.I'H 
 
 wa 
 
 9s,lt*l 
 
 in 
 
 ii,6;i 
 
 ■a'l 
 
 i'.JM 
 
 t'.i'ti 
 
 ■;,ir.i 
 
 ,hm;) 
 
 351,'jlJ 
 
 ,(i'ii; 
 
 6;,'.n 
 
 ,7'ill 
 
 i",'<i'j 
 
 ,ijii 
 
 SSl/Jj'J 
 
 ,78S 
 
 11,053 
 
 j,I17 
 
 2<,^:i 
 
 S^ll.-i 
 
 3,-,9J) 
 
 l.h'i'l 
 
 ll),l,JJ« 
 
 I^Vi 
 
 l.Vi.il! 
 
 l,'JI3 
 
 IMIV 
 
 fi,l7l 
 
 31W1 
 
 il,»(n 
 
 4:,iji 
 
 il>,333 
 
 ;o,;6j 
 
 lj,fi»fi 
 
 UMI 
 
 ;7.'J68 
 
 1M,M 
 
 1 1^174 
 
 ;4,iiii 
 
 7S,7'l.'i 
 
 1. '.5,111 
 
 IH„M'. 
 
 |IA,|ii 
 
 li,lU5 
 
 ly:; 
 
 17.S3I1 
 
 i.i;,in 
 
 .^3,B.W 
 
 
 13,IJin 
 
 l!,'lj 
 
 al,"J.H 
 
 ;i,.'.ii 
 
 68,106 
 
 liMii 
 
 60,2*1 
 
 
 '.56,11.13 
 
 tivwi 
 
 lll.,47l) 
 
 l.V.pMl 
 
 W,611 
 
 t.a,i!l 
 
 376,n9 
 
 lA'.sn 
 
 ,02,31a 
 
 ;»,i« 
 
 n.itl 
 
 
 470,930 
 
 i,so,-,,«j; 
 
 9.S,85ll 
 
 S(l,i(l 
 
 49,013 
 
 J',»15 
 
 8,«i 
 
 ».',M 
 
 iI'J,''«6 
 
 
 i>fj6,05l 
 
 J!),i9i 
 
 !,995 
 
 l,!il 
 
 6,013 
 
 l,W 
 
 61»,H7 
 
 w.;b 
 
 irpoiwl 
 
 1 1?.*"'.*! 
 
 yrw« /><//.<■* into the United Ki^'j •''"" "/ *''« Prtncinal „ i . ^3 
 
 .Imuiui*, firing; Oipn and bulla 
 
 ('owi and ctlvM . 
 HorM4 • 
 hwinr and hofpi • 
 hliefj* anil laintii . 
 .Iflthalrum or biium«n judaictiru 
 -Jfewki . . . 
 
 ' Utoiiw, manuficturw of, or of melnl 
 
 l>roni«] or lacquereU 
 Huiifr • . , \ 
 
 I llij|?oni and itudi 
 ( hirj »«!;, jwcelain, and eartlu-ii. 
 
 «ire • 
 r:ofki ... 
 1 urn, ready-made 
 
 ! lun;; U'hi'it 
 
 i Haripy . 
 
 ' "all 
 
 I J'tu and Iie.m* - \ 
 
 \ Maiie, or Indian com '. 
 
 I Other kind* of com and (p-jin 
 
 ' ll'heaimeal and floiir 
 
 1 Cotton, rjw , 
 
 ■ ' ixton yam ind fotton jam wokte -" 
 
 ' I'dtjt] minubcturM 
 
 j I ream of Tarur . 
 
 - number 
 
 C-WU. 
 
 value j 
 
 nuiiilM.T 
 
 It.*. 
 
 •1.1 v\\ 
 
 '3j,09sj IC.V 
 
 ).ir: rjiderj and needJiwork 
 ' |j,i • . , 
 
 'Hu ■ 
 , >o«'Ti,anificial 
 I Kruii: ^pplB, raw 
 i Kaw, of all other lorti 
 
 ! rumimtf and cibinet ware of wood 
 ^ 'nnncin* - . 
 
 I Hini,ciitand unmt 
 I i»ir.cow,oi,bul|,ori-Jk ■ 
 
 HiiiwUmnetnofsiraw - 
 I „ . "fW* - I 
 
 I mp.tii.jutevarn 
 
 lliuu, not tinned 
 
 Tinned, tawed, curried, or 
 
 •'ufr .VfHfmp. 
 ,' Lacp, of all kiaJi . 
 ;Ui:.:frniwuEiciur«: Glove* 
 
 i linen niMufjciures . 
 
 .'lUilff ... 
 jVaiUefrooi . J 
 
 'Jaiiril ioKrumcnii 
 
 liil.ttint 
 
 ^icfiun^ntine . . * 
 
 Oilwdake . 
 "jwiflaiio . J 
 
 hperhrpnji . 
 
 rf^-KirUdnclartingpa,,,: 
 
 'S.:: ""':"-'• •""••he; 
 
 '"Uadorfmh 
 raotort . 
 'imomii'rawinBJ I 
 
 few 
 
 K«jn . * 
 
 Wl:CI«r(r '. ; 
 
 TirMj . ' - 
 
 ftifoil . 
 
 '!S;;'«bUdi,u;k, : 
 
 ,>?«* for making l,ai, ." 
 , .. ' Mnunwrand . 
 
 U'cl^'^l.adcand," ; 
 
 
 . "'6,fi.l(,' 
 
 ,, H7.l«l' 
 
 l.?*'.78)|| 
 
 /( &^ 
 
 t computed 
 1.367,938, 
 
 'In. 90i,V2,, 
 *alue I 
 
 «""• Il.dSa 
 «•• 'X' 1.87a 7i,1 
 value 1 
 
 M7,l 
 
 lies 
 
 . ^-39 
 »«.199 
 3»,I.T. 
 I, .1.151 
 *,97» 
 
 S..1S9 
 64,76.5 
 
 1X63 
 
 '•MiKol 
 111 I 
 
 .■'Mwil 
 sii.^ibI 
 
 •'l,73» 
 
 •'■1.9.11 
 Ifi.'JM 
 
 «.7I7 
 Al.l.lfi 
 
 !i,.WN 
 
 6,9,1(1 
 
 <J,69j 
 
 .72,0,1,1 
 *i8,7').1 
 <4,49a 
 
 1.591 
 
 
 0.9091 
 
 107,1 
 
 iio.ise 
 
 '■*" 71,935 
 
 •18,318 
 
 cwts. I 
 
 „ J 
 
 Mlue 
 
 bushels I 
 
 'nluc I 
 
 ., 
 
 CWM. 
 
 ».1,C71 
 < S.I 54 
 
 40i;i97| 
 
 '.<II3.854 3,0I4,SV3 
 l,8/3.t!(0 l,69C,04)(| 
 
 ^.^^ 
 
 S9',S4Hi 
 10,4 lul 
 
 196,411 
 
 Si.".(n9 
 
 33,19,1 
 266i64,', 
 
 III). 
 
 !«),23l| 
 l'i,n\\\ 
 11,006 
 I.'<,610 
 .■'i.487 
 1 1,0,435 
 
 2I.6KC, 
 
 •'■'-ai'.l i(,,4((j| ,a;ij; 
 
 19,028 
 ill.MU 
 11.130 
 
 I48,a39 
 9«.87« 
 
 rwta. 16,099 lllju'jr"li^jj '.LM.CS? 
 
 value ' I ■ I "•'•"'^11 
 
 >oo,,5(;7| 
 
 1»4,5K|' 
 
 S76,',il7' 
 
 I'i.lSO 
 10,133 
 «4.»17 
 
 6,793, 
 l.»14,05,1, 
 
 61,465' 
 <l|.18'i| 
 ,79,494, 
 713,570 
 
 '9,067 
 .88,6631 
 '•'6,646 
 30K.464 
 3,1,885 
 137,903 
 7.1,761' 
 171i,3S2, 
 95,n'.i4 
 
 Iii6,'^ia' 
 
 147,669, 
 33,183 
 .'8,1,59 
 38,600 
 
 je . 
 
 »74,067 
 .13,1^9 
 . '0,558 
 l"1,.169 
 78,104 
 11, .150 
 <i.i(63 I 
 
 , .M.lfisl 
 
 1.867,085 
 
 K7.82I 
 
 pain 
 
 value 
 cwta. 
 
 Value I 
 luns 
 
 4?|',4id4 14a,316- 40,^i3^ '''.'■'•'•"""ll 
 
 63,3111 67.594 tVuo., 
 
 f:»»9 Ifyil '1;^ 
 
 «?."o I'Snl ?J mil 
 
 ""^'-^il ??;^^l 'S^;^^| fgi 
 
 ^•7301 6,1831 
 29,8061 31,128 
 
 <.789l 
 23,732 
 
 c- a '?f;'Jjh3.7-3 ,8„„., 
 
 ,..„ J..03,,O34 «;,.;3.4 6.t?«1 .j^ 
 »""ces| .44.4581 .88,996| 3lV,52j ,,3.,,, 
 
 2..177 
 .101 
 3.W,953l 
 .17,747 
 ••9.375 
 19.144 
 
 il.4li.".15S 
 
 ' 19,.l4li 
 
 <9,707 
 
 2.83S 
 .'9,036 
 336,4941 
 80,665 
 62,080 
 24,017 
 
 1.767 
 
 30,080 
 
 }27,3'i4 
 
 124,.13'J 
 
 68,063 
 
 1,865,013 
 97,5931 
 
 '.',043.201 
 
 93,280 
 
 2,403,.13l 
 94,470 
 
 67,699 
 
 "3.118 
 
 .,3-''" 
 176,970 
 13.S!(8 
 76,277 I 
 
 < 7,06 1 
 76, 
 
 496,477 
 9K,75a 
 61.250 
 20,329 
 
 .37,804 
 '.788,053 
 
 Z 16,631 
 79,157 
 
 184,.1V1 
 36,380 
 
 <6,702l 
 
 I , 80,162 
 1.047,7.18 
 ■17,401 
 17,326 
 ,.1-'i.311 
 1«,630 
 '•1.418 
 133,084 
 38,815 
 109,678 
 330.5',i4 
 '3.1.,135 
 16,176 
 21,767 
 
 90,158 
 
 139,472 
 
 , „'".T9 
 
 l.''.''».6,13 
 
 580,884 
 
 25,311 
 
 8.5.319 
 
 22, 04 
 
 18„109 
 
 2.074.216 
 
 VOU,-..|„ 
 
 ,51.177 
 
 3.7,047 
 «9,./l2 
 850,959 
 25.9'J7 
 911.801 
 6^,883 
 295,27, 
 
 33/,83 
 
 88,567 
 
 81,816 
 
 133,195 
 
 96.095 
 ,32.361 
 'Ol,'(08 
 318.837 
 29.664 
 J.8,5S3 
 60,988 
 
 7IO,723[ 
 62,7.5,1 
 12,1671 
 
 .■?8..58l 
 
 llfi„187l 
 lo.l.sof 
 
 38.615 
 
 •16.215 
 
 2.276.19.1 
 
 33,99cl 
 
 'pi.7,14 
 
 '■'0,321 
 
 , '0 ,850 
 
 ''789,12s 
 
 399,299 
 
 1 .09,1 
 
 , 90,.104 
 
 l<9.04o| 
 
 88,052) 
 
 86,891 f 
 
 57,069 I 
 
 ,79,292 
 950,.33g 
 4.1,9.i4 
 3.934 
 28,686 
 175,.130 
 ,1.1.512 
 162,311 
 .29,135 
 18.1.071 
 264,274 
 251,092 
 44.859 
 20,116 
 
 <3.818| 
 
 126,602 I 
 
 l'<,268l 
 ".1.55 
 81.361 
 
 2,7C3,326| 
 501,178 
 41.989/ 
 389.216 
 , 106,632 
 2.010.97.5/ 
 36.018 
 199,034 
 68.640 
 291, .^09 
 ,26.190 
 108.917 
 „4 7,188 
 2.16,666 
 105,449 
 ,31,178 
 
 l»'.l2.70ol 
 36.967/ 
 44,8641 
 71,9831 
 
 3'iO,512| 
 12Mi06l 
 
 9I,73S| 
 
 .aS;tf«»n and Hemp. 
 
 i'tlW ^™ 
 
 r"«miti(s , 
 
 _2M>lvaluf 
 
 ■I 29^2,944 
 
 9 3.064.552 
 
 666,793 
 
 248.418 
 ,,,.141.098 
 ' 2,9l3,.1g7 , 
 J, 88.665 
 '1,462,599 ] 
 2,261 
 
 461,216 
 
 289',1S4 
 883,094 
 
 . I4'^.S60 
 1.204,968 
 
 , . 7,311 I 
 
 1.357,909 
 
 '29,982 
 
 109.078 
 
 llT'M^^s^' 
 
 Z mi constitute b^, f?r,l^?'*^' «»k and 
 •' *""' fancy goods. 
 
 mi 
 
 1; ':i 
 
 ■*"i 'iii 
 
 ;-li 
 
 ■■•^f: 
 
• » ' 
 
 *\ II 
 
 in n 
 
 ■4 
 
 •■^ i 
 
 I i 
 
 J ' 'J 
 
 '<■ ■'• 
 
 ■ 
 
 604 
 
 iiawki:hs 
 
 ftt no (ILstaut Unto tho lit'ot-root sugnri- of Frniico 
 and Germany will comjicto successfully with the 
 cane su^arH of the tropiis. 
 
 In tliu (listi'ibiilion of tlicso inijiorLs iiiiil 
 exports, the ciiiniiiercial relations of I'raMcc anil 
 Great Ki-itain ai'e the most important. In lyill 
 one-tilth of tin: imporlH were olilaineil from, anil 
 (ine-thinl of the exports transmitliil to, the I'nileil 
 Kinj^iloin. liel;j,iLnn, Switzerlaml, the Zollvi rein, 
 and Italy follow in order necording to the magni- 
 tude of their imiiorts iino li' ranee. Italy, Switzer- 
 land, Spain, ;nhl the Zollverein take exports in 
 order. In all these ea^cs the exports and imports 
 .severally exeeed L'.")(),l)(i(i,(litt) francs, i.e. in round 
 numbers l(>,UUt»,0O'J/. sterling. The eunnnerei! of 
 Franco is only second to that of England, its total 
 exports and imports in 18G1 amounting to 
 318,517,011/., wlnle tho-e of the United Kingdom 
 in the same year amounted to ■lM7,.')71,7St!/. 
 
 JFi'iiihts iinil McajiifMi. — The French system, 
 which has been extended into Helgium, Switzer- 
 land, and Italy, is called metrical hcciuse founded 
 on tho metre, a measure of length eipial to thi^ 
 estimated ten millionth part of the terrestrial 
 nieridinn from tho North Pole to the Efpuitor. 
 [VVeioiits and Mk.vsuuks.] 
 
 It is possible that the system Avhieh prevailed 
 before 17!)5 may still linger in remote parts of 
 France, but the metrical sj-stem in all its combi- 
 nations and subdivisions was made tho only 
 legal measure during the reign of Louis-Fhilippe, 
 and it is believed that at the present time the 
 older system is all but extinct. 
 
 The par of e.xchange between Great Uritain 
 and France is 1/. = 25-30 francs. (For full par- 
 ticulars as to rates of exchange between F'rancc 
 and other countries, and as to processes by 
 which the reduction of exchanges can be effectcil, 
 see Tate's Modern Cambist.) 
 
 The French laws and regulations respecting 
 bills of exchange are rather stricter than those 
 which prevail in the United Kingdom. Tliere 
 are no days of grace allowed either as part of the 
 term or as claimable in delay of legal proceedings. 
 If a bill be not duly accepted or paid, protest of 
 default must be made within twenty-four hours of 
 presenttition. If the acceptor becomes bankrupt- 
 protest may bo made, and legal proceedings 
 commenced against drawer and endorsers before 
 the term expires during which the bill has to run. 
 The holder of a bill, payable at or after sight, 
 'drawn by any foreign place on France or the 
 reverse, must jiresent the bill for payment or 
 acceptance within spccilicd periods alter the date 
 of the bill (these periods, called diilaia, varying 
 with the distance) under penalty of losing all 
 claim upon endorser or drawer, if it can be proved 
 that the bill would have been honoured at presenta- 
 tion. Usance 30 days. 
 
 In the year 1864, 'l3,025 kilomfetrcs (upwards of 
 8,000 miles) of railway were worked in France, 
 the average receipts being 42,880 francs, or near 
 1,700/. per kilometre, or about 2,C10/. per mile. 
 
 The completion of railroads, and other im- 
 proved meaus of intercourse, have, no doubt, contri- 
 buted to develop the resources of the country and 
 her great powers of production. Nothing, indeed, 
 but the adoption of a reasonable law of succession, 
 and of a thoroughly liberal commercial system, is 
 wanted to elevate France to a very high, if not to 
 the highest, place among manufacturing and com- 
 mercial nations ; and considering the way in 
 which her energies have been weighed down by 
 oppressive duties and restrictions, her recent in- 
 dustrial progress is quite marvellous. 
 
 HAWKERS AND PEDLARS. It is not very 
 easy to dibtinguish between hawkers and pedlars. 
 
 AND rEl)LAR.S 
 Moth 
 
 are a sort of itinerant ret.iil donliTs, «1 
 rat ry about their wares froiu place to iiiaiv ■ |„ 
 the former are supposed to carry ea biisim s',,,! 
 lar-er scale than the latter. They arc sabjic 
 
 I t. 
 
 Jii'l 
 
 ■IH-tp>. 
 
 iniirii M- 
 prri'aiitiMn-i'.irm 
 
 the same rigulalions. 
 
 Jliiliddtidii.i as to Ifiiif/iir^ ami Pidhirs _'| |, , 
 Legislature has always looked with sii»)iicioiiui»i 
 itinerant dealers, ami 1ms aiteniplid, by i.bli u ■ 
 them to take out licenses and pliieiiii; ifi.in ,in|.r 
 a sort III' siin'eillunfe, to lesson their nninl). r 
 to hinder them fnmi enga^;iiig in ili>| 
 tiees. lint tho resident ilealer has s^ 
 vantages on his side, that tlies 
 to be in a great measure superliiiuiis. U Av'uW 
 also bo reeiillcoted that before shops were (;tiif. 
 rally established iu villages and remote di^trici- 
 hawkers and pedlars rendered nialoiial senirc t! 
 country people; and oven now the eiimpciiim), 
 which they excite i' eortaiidv advamaf,'eoii< 
 
 lly the ^.0 (ieo. HI. c. 41 (which pla,c.i il.. 
 management of hawkers' license duties uml. r I'l- 
 Commissioners of Hackney Coaches), hawkors ir 1 
 pedlars paid an annual license duiv of il.-, m-i n 
 they travelled with a horse, ass, or otlii r li*; 
 bearing or dr.awing burden, they worosubj.rti,, jj 
 additional duty of 4/. for each 'beast so eniiilnv, !, 
 Tho granting of licenses, and nianagemont of'ih' 
 duties, were, by 1 & 2 Wm. IV. c. 2-.>, iJ.ict: 
 under the control of tho Commissioners of Siami- 
 Uy tho 24 & 25 Vict. c. 21 the duties wer- 
 reduced; and by the 27 & 28 Vict. c. 18 exii.*r 
 duties were substituted, and fixed at 2/. per annum 
 each for pedlars on foot, and 4/. for thu^civiih i 
 horse or other beast drawing burden. l!y .'J i :'; 
 Vict. c. 22 and 29, and 30 Vict. e. CI, half-varlv 
 licenses are s.^nctioned. 
 
 Hawkers and pedlars, unless houscholJen 't 
 residents in the place, are not allowed to sell Ijv 
 auction to tho highest bidder : penalty 5u/.-ba!f 
 to the informer, the other half to the Crown, B'li 
 nothing in the Act extends to hinder any r>«rs:D 
 from selling, or exposing to sale, any fort i' 
 goods in any public market or fair ; or to binJa 
 a hawker or pedlar from selling in a hired rf"'a 
 where he is not a resident, provided such sali u, 
 not by auction 
 
 Every hawker, before he is licensed, must pp 
 ducc a certiticate of good character and reputmi:: 
 signed by the clergyman and two reputable irJ 
 bitants of the place where he usually reside-. 
 
 Every hawker must have inscribed, ir. Kw 
 capitals, on the most conspicuous part of eii 
 pack, box, trunk, case, cart, or other vehido. 
 which ho shall carry his wares, and on evi 
 room and shop in which he shall trade, and li* 
 wise on every hand-bill which he shall dijtri'-i:i 
 the words ' Licensed IIawkeir.' Penalty is 
 fault, 10/. Unlicensed persons wrongfully u.-: 
 this designation forfeit 10/. 
 
 Hawkers dealing in smuggled goods, or in 
 fraudulently or dishonestly procured, arc punc 
 able by forfeiture of license, and ineapaeity tu i 
 tain one in future, besides being liable to .ill 
 other penalties, forfeitures &c. applicable to ai 
 illegal dealing. 
 
 By statute 6 Geo. IV. c. 80 it is enactc.l t. 
 anv person or persons hawking, sellinf,'. '" 
 posing to sale any spirits in tho streets, hi,::!" 
 &c., or in anv boat or other vessel on thewater,cr 
 anv place other than those allowed in this .' 
 shall forfeit such spirits and 100/. for even- si 
 offence. Any person may detain a hanker 
 spirits, and give notice to a peace officer to 
 the offender before a justice. 
 
 Hawkers trading without license are iiaoi 
 penalty of 10/. So also if they refuse to show 
 license on the demand of any person townom 
 
 r/Terpvi 
 t.re, may 
 
 ' iiiiTf of 
 
 (. -:■> li,i 
 
 Minisli.itl 
 
 Ti'tMri,'! 
 
 .1 [onal:y 
 
 '.'.HtlfC Mil 
 
 ai;.|tholic( 
 
 'f lliccHM 
 
 'f, 'lis mast 
 
 Ilanlifn 
 
 .'' Jrize<l (1 
 
 -i'li notice 
 
 i.imod be/I) 
 
 i!i<iin' lo as 
 
 .:jI'1c tv a pc 
 
 .Willing; ii 
 
 sm 'eliing 
 
 :.'ie maker ot 
 
 "•in; liis ^roi 
 
 von-ciiy, bf 
 
 •' »a : nor an 
 
 hnie-s-memlt 
 
 ii'l ean-ying 
 
 k>iiiei< 
 
 A liiujh act I 
 
 (Mfl'< to a par 
 
 t'n.-ti'ute a ha 
 
 iUlUr*. (Uex 
 
 By tlie o-> (J 
 trailer in anv ^ 
 (J'eat Britain, a 
 
 'halUe deemed 
 wiheirjjrtit.,, g 
 from (ifflse (g j,, 
 
 "■'» fii apain I 
 K'sulijecttoa 
 f •<'■: louchin; 
 Mpmeii, 
 
 •Vo person comn 
 
 ,fWofpenaI( 
 
 7 %r period 
 
 1 awkers cxposi 
 
 »fH„TOm,,st 
 
 ?/f"f".vundS 
 
 V.f^Mlty for sell 
 I'^'^'cditionof 
 , 7 iivkina: of 
 
 .Ibv 
 
 let. { 
 
 I'^Mm 
 
 fffson duly ] 
 
 "'ay set 
 
 IS 1 
 
 f*e niiero ho 
 ** costs. (V 
 
 fli. "£''■"?« of, 
 ."•"(Ger.he,v; 
 
 '»™ The f "'' 
 '.' « rem,in.„ . 
 
 ?gra 
 
 
IIAV 
 
 (.(rfrpomb for sale, or on (lie (Icmnnd nC „„ • 
 
 .far of .ho nistonis or ov.-No , . 1 !V'' '"'y 
 cMlmwkerH UvUu^ ,vil),ot,i u ]i^c,t'•^^• 
 Totlr^'corcountcrfpit a Jiankor's ll,.nn„ • 
 Mmaliy ol' ;)U0/. To lu,,! „r .il .. , "]""■' 
 
 ,lihe license bconios t\,rf,hv,l uL,, " '" "■''"■''' 
 
 JfRMp 
 
 91)1 
 
 f al.cc.,-e.i ha,vker nmy trnvd m ho'ir'"'" 
 i| ins iim>tcr. "" '"e "ceiise 
 
 Hawkers trading witliout a liVoiiso nm i- • i 
 ,V jcizcl and ,l,.(ai.i,.,| I,;- ", • nnr ',''''"''■ *" 
 Jvcnoticotoaeon».„ld.Vin |,'":'':^•.'''^^''>■ 
 .i.iUet.M.rcnaltyoCKi/'. ^''-'"'"" "^ "'c Act are 
 
 XnlliiiiK in the Act evtpiul^ fr. r^. i -i • 
 
 A !lWe act of Sollillfr na „ . < 
 
 Aief^ .0 a par.icuYar' %,!^,r ^'^ f ''andkor- 
 cMitiite a hawker will, n In . "'.'"'cient to 
 ■«^t.' (i;ex t. Little ];"c?^/"^""'"S of the 
 Bythcj:' Geo, ]1J. J ins nlC 
 trailer in anv goods, wares or ''"^.""' ^'""B a 
 Great Britain, and se'llSe ' ,?''!"'''«'"'c« "f 
 'hall ledecn/ed a haiker^ tHf ^y ''''"^'^^''Ic, 
 «'lh(irjj.„t., so]li,,g b,. ;Xw «"fl' persons 
 
 -'io-'ollaffain by wl olesalVnr '';"-,'="''°™'=" 
 I K^<''b>cttoanyof?he '„n,r '^''''' ^'^"'O"' 
 
 5;;«in.^.a„£ne£:tJ'S;; 
 
 ^«fct«mS'doit';fH^"°''■^*'' «•■«'« in a 
 'fe^l-awkig' a," honta?- '"'-'''"'-•''• 
 I ' mlty under 50 Geo jH n'!."/' "'*= "''''^lo 
 i«"?h they had a license /hi ' ^\'', ""'' ^^'^n 
 
 ;Vrlty for selling eaVnn^.'^'' '"' "•''*'^'' 
 '•^''Tseilitionof ljurn'!% \"" unentered place 
 
 |»«horeho i3 JPi y'r*^"^ tf"'le in am 
 I *» «!. he niav plea it f." "'^ ??"' ' "nd if pro- 
 lYfP'HoS'i/y ^"''"""' of liurn'. ^Li^:^^,^ 
 p-^.«?4f "''.S P':''!'^'^' ""'3^ produced in 
 
 ■fi^ufofthecrari^i'V*" pro.erve the 
 
 .'""fket is l„„„„, ,„ ^,,,,"f- .""Mderk .,f -,1,0 
 ;!>''l'<'-'<i'm of il„, p ,1-.";,; '.^I''""- '""'k f'.r tl e 
 
 •■'■:'^^J.^!!'''-^'''"-;'';:;:;^-7^M;;.r;ment 
 
 :'^^.-lo o/tu^;;;;;r'-;t-^in,i,e„u,.opoii. 
 
 •'?''fl"iel,l. and , I e" II" 1., I""?'- ^^■'"'"'•'"'Pe 
 of the Jegenfs l',uk -'S'*;', '" '''« vi,.i,!i,; 
 '0 '-e held in ,ho ,st ect"cal'l I in "'<='' ''"•"■"ri'v 
 ■Vi-a"- '« sold hv tlu. Ion 'f ' ','^,^'Vniarket. " 
 •^aeh, making; i„ i^i," i",^ '/^.f ;/"'s«es, of Ju ](,,. 
 
 tjon, t'uu conXabfe'Zuds 1'" ^^'"'' '"''""'>- 
 H,?u.°/''">'''"''«frar '•'" f^'-P't^atcd in 
 
 «-'K;.^f'^,;;r^;„^^'^hennip.kcnnlp, 
 oanapo, Span, canamo "X^^'r- '^hanvro; itU 
 
 particularly Ku8s>V«n,i7. ?^™"»'"e3 of E„ror,o 
 
 »«iclc of primarrcommerS'^ ^^■'"'^'' '^ f-™^-' 
 a/so cultivated in T/rnron ""PO'tanco. It i, 
 thonghnotinsuchn amfHp P"""*" "^ ^n^erU 
 
 found In ',hi, comftif i "' ,1.'''^'"'«^ of "ho 
 'leomed profitable; ,oZtn ?''r"°" '« not 
 
 »en in the county' am "tl.eT'''^ """ "-a.Ies: 
 are prcferrnf? i„. '"^ "ner ones 7 ,.,:^,„ 
 
 facture of sailelotirami ^ T^ " '» the ma " 
 poses it is peculiar vfi ted h"^:t' ^"' ^^'"-'h n," 
 
 a^l be stronger thCfh " 5T!^y P':«F 
 
 fi^A^SSS^i^^f-rtalitv, 
 
 tit ^' '"act th'a ' ?ri ^» * 20 Vict e 
 
 r''''""J«'36tru4'',;hayshallbosold 
 
 ' eacli truss weighing 6G 
 
 soj.i * r"S"-^" Jiemp, when n,.-,„ Y *''^" or its 
 said to be stronger thnn Tk . P^operly prepared is 
 try, liussia not^ex-cSe I '*.' "f '^''^'y other eoun- 
 
 tlie purpose of being mannff'. "".'" ^'^'''-ope, for 
 cordage. I„ the So pf '"■"' ''»o do h am[ 
 a substitute for mal" . ° f" •■'' '' ^^^'^s as 
 '••inor,, called ba"ga, bein?^?r^ "'to-'^icating 
 Jl"» also is the use to xw^ Produced from it' 
 Hm .(Milbur„'rOn°«S'cL" '■' •■'PPl'<=«l in 
 ^''^P-ofhenip«uctut^."--j^*c.)^^__^ 
 
 
 '. ' ! 
 
 i •; i 
 
»» 
 
 I 
 
 • 'I 
 
 (I 
 
 I 
 
 • f 
 
 ■ 
 
 i:emp 
 
 niul flax cnii only be mv|iurcil Uy cxprrionr 
 iittrntidii, nKoiits iimmlly pni|pl(.y in<'ii coim 
 
 608 
 
 llio war. In conscfiuoncp of ilifllcultics in ilio way 
 
 of its importntion, it itood nt a very lii^'h level .., .„ _. ... , 
 
 tVciin 1808 to IHII. TliJH wn« the jiriiieipal eir- 1 occupial in tliii imsiiiesj, l)v nhUh tnian li ' 
 iirisiiially brought iron caldci ! aremire of't^ettinj; Koods of the best nualit' "^*i 
 
 ir 
 1 
 
 (•o nil I 
 lantU- 
 
 Ihev are now i have Inelie.st f bailee of ^,'ivhl;,^.,•^li,f^cli„„| tl 
 lally to <li- 1 principals ; becaiiic, uilboiiKli ihe hempi,*!!.,,,. 
 
 ennintanec that 
 
 into use, ninl the extent to whieh the 
 
 iiitrotluccd lins contrilmteil mater 
 
 niiiii.sli the eoiiHumplioii anil iinp<irlation of I'y sworn selectorn, yet, owiiii; tn ilio niui ii . .• 
 
 Iieino. (Tooke On JliyI: and Low I'ricea, 2iiil Imsinoss anil the 8|ice(l with which It niiiit lie' "V.' 
 
 etiition, J). 315.) | eiited Ike., there are often ^rcal ihthrcm i 11^^' 
 
 Wo borrow the followintf particular', with re- same sorts. The ehar;;es are in tliis \vnv ,, 
 «])PCt to tho hemp trade of IVterNburK, from the [ what ineroased ; but Ibis is trilling' in ccMimn'ri 
 work of Mr. liorrisow on tliu coniincrcu of that , of the advantaf,'e gained. The part soparntdl 
 city :— I picked out in cleaning hemp is eaile.l hnnp-nM' 
 
 Ihmp forms n very important article of export | it h peiierally made up in small huiidlcsnti i,, . 
 from ht. I'etersburg, and deserves particular no- j which are »Kain, when shipocil, buimil liiL'ctllf.'r 
 lice. It is assorted, nceordinj; to its quality, into large bundles, each consistiiifj of aboi 
 r!c(m hemp, or firsts; nut- shot hemp, or seconds; ones, 
 
 111 ihe 
 nil'- 
 ci>nipariv,ii 
 r 
 
 stiiiK of about aj 
 
 hnlf'-ehan hemp, or thirds ; and hemp cmliUii. 
 
 (H the first .'( sorts there are annually exported 
 about 2,000,000 poods, the greatest jiart in Kiig- 
 lisli and American bottoms. It is brought to 
 I'etcrsburg, from the interior beyond IMoscow, by 
 water; and its oualitv depends \er.v much on the 
 eounlrv in wliieli it is produced. That brought 
 from Ivaratshcv is the licst; next to this, that pro- 
 duced in Belcv; hcmp-from Ushatsk is considered 
 inferior to the latter. 
 
 As soon ns tho hemp is brought down in the 
 spring, or in the course of the summer, it is se- 
 lected and made up in bundles ; both operations 
 being perfoniicd bv sworn selectors (hrnckeis) and 
 binders appointed Ly Government for this purpose; 
 and it is a well-known fact that this is done with 
 great impartiality and exactness. 
 
 A bundle of clean hemp weighs from 'lo to G5 
 poods ; ditto out-shot, 48 to 5.j ditto ; ditto half- 
 clean, 40 to 45 ditto. (I pood = yGlb3. avoirdu- 
 pois.) 
 
 1 articular care must be taken to Bliin honi'i 
 and llax in tine u.y weather : if it t'K ,vpf it 
 beats, and is totally spoiled. Fur tliii r(>a.*.n 
 every vessel taking in hemp or llux is iuriii<h.l 
 with mats to prevent its getting damii. l|,ni„ 
 being light and bulky, in, when » hivkI, i„r,'l' 
 into the bold by means of winches, which render.! 
 the operation of loading rather slow. 
 
 It may be taken as a general niln tlia' tli' 
 prices of hemp arc highest in the niontli3of.Ma, 
 ■lime, .July, and tho early part of August • ille 
 demand for this article being then grratc*! anj 
 the exportation to North America lieiiij; 'prin- 
 cipally effected at this season. Again, ilie[Tii"( 
 of hemp are lowest in the month ef .Soriicnli," 
 the reason of whi-h is, that the less ..iiuiat ' 
 I hcmp-nierchant.i return at the eiul of this iiiuntli 
 ! to their own country in order to make now par- 
 I chases for tho ensuing year, and, rather iliao be 
 I detained, sell the remainder of tucir stwk «« 
 j roubles below the market price. This ciu^s a 
 
 Binding of hemp is paid for at tho rate of 2 general decline ; although an unusual demand k 
 
 the article happening at the same time, tr 
 political events or rumours, occasioiiallv pmJuc 
 a contrary cfToct. Two large warehouses oaKeJ | 
 iimharex arc built in rctershurg for the speciil j 
 pur(K)sc of housing hemp, where the grtawt 
 order is observed. 
 
 IIemi', Italian.— Hemp from Italy is Mill 
 to be the finest, strongest, and niost'duralileia I 
 existence. It is of very white colour— so wtin I 
 that it has been mistaken for Ea.st India sua 
 
 roubles 50 copecks ibr uan, 2 roubles for out-shot, 
 ond 1 rouble (50 copecks for half-clean, jicr bundle ; 
 4 is paid by tho seller, and the oiher A by the 
 purchaser, and is charged accordingly by* their 
 agents. 
 
 Tho expense of selecting hemp is 50 copecks 
 per bcrcovitz (or 10 poods), and is the same for 
 every sort. To everj' bundle of assorted hemp is 
 attached a ticket with the names of the selector, 
 binder, and owner, and the date and year. Every 
 
 bundle has also affixed to it a piece of le.id, stamped I fibre, but when tanned it is the best raatirii' 
 on one side with tho name of the selector, and on j for fishing purposes. At Cliatham the luti J 
 the other with the sort of hemp, and the time \ various qualities of hemp gave a superiority "f 
 when it was selected. The external marks of , one-fourth to Italian hem]) over liussiaii. There 
 good hemp are, its being of an equal green colour ! is more difliculty in mauiifactuiiiii,' this lieip 
 and free from spills; but its good quolity is proved than in other kinds, but the product is so ts 
 by the strength of the libre, which should be fine, i cellent as to compensate for tho increased co::, 
 thin, and long. Tho first sort should be quite ; (Journal Soc. Arts, December 1800.) 
 clean and free from spills; the out-shot is Ics so ; In 186G, ll,(i21 cwts. of dressed, and U?.5'- 
 and the Af///''-c/eaK contains a still greater portion of cwts. of rough hemp, and 11,058 cwts. of toim 
 spills, and is moreover of mixed qualities and codilla of hemp, were imported into Dnglandw 
 colours. I Italy, and both kinds of goods fetched a liigto 
 
 As a perfect knowledge of the qualities of hemp ' price than Kussian produce. 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Values of Hemp, Jute, and Jute. Yarn Imported into Ihe ?.'«'» 
 
 Kingdom in the Four Years 1863-66, 
 
 Vtar 
 
 Hemp 
 
 Jute, Raw 
 
 1 
 
 Jute y«m 1 
 
 QuanUtiet 
 
 Value 
 
 Quantiliet 
 
 Value 
 
 Quantitiei 
 
 \-!lji 
 
 isn.1 
 
 ISM 
 
 ISfi.5 
 
 iNsn 
 
 CWtit. 
 
 1,().'>9,S62 
 I,0'i.1,763 
 l,O6S,705 
 1,00 1, n9S 
 
 £ 
 1,915,74:? 
 I,76S,701i 
 I,71I,1S',J 
 
 i,72n,5al 
 
 rwl«. 
 1,2V.V'.15 
 
 it,IOH,9Jlj 
 I,(>i5,90.-i 
 
 £ 
 
 »,I92,47S 
 1,771,991 
 l,176,;u 
 
 I, nil, SCI 
 I,W5,1I7 
 I,9.5«,00l 
 1,IIU,S,IC1 
 
 i 
 
 !,Vi 
 M,IJ) 
 
 (i,>'j 
 
 From 50 to 75 per cent, of the imports of hemp poods, valued at 4,387,588 silver rouble?, were sen 
 
 are of Kussian origin. Of the total quantity of to Great Britain. Tho second source ot < iwj 
 
 hemp (2,737,578 poods, worth 8,049,146 silver after Russia is Italy, and particularl.rV.'j I 
 roubles) exported from Russia in 1863, 1,402,530 Sixty poods of hemp and 40 poo* «' '*"*■ 
 
 Vlamp.* 
 
 tef""'- 
 
 
 *"-^'''" ».„,.- 
 
 
 I "" "«M, thi 
 
"'*',hi' " '''''"'''^"'«' C3 poo,l, maUi nn 
 
 ta.'Il.'h I'm. 
 
 irRHRixn.s 
 
 taiii'n I'in. 
 
 KiLM hemp fcfclioa a JiIkIiit prii-o |J,nn tl.„> p 
 
 T.;.;,lU-,„„.rc. th« prices of la.n.p 4^. "' , t"j:i I 
 
 Uwci, Rl. rutriburK cIimji 
 oiii.h.'l 
 Niifrkin ■ 
 lli.'i. Illiint . 
 <liinll< 
 
 hut Initiu, Nunn 
 .' > ■ 
 
 I rum * 
 
 .'ml ■ . 
 
 I x. iiim . 
 
 'l.J'nmbuiK, I thrill 
 9 litad 
 
 fr Ion 
 
 * 
 
 (I 
 .1U 
 111 
 4.1 
 
 IV 
 »1 
 
 VII 
 IX 
 
 M 
 
 4.1 I 
 .IV • 
 
 a 
 
 II Id .I'i 
 
 nil ( 
 
 V7 I 
 
 VV II 
 
 ;v I 
 
 V.I II 
 
 V'J II 
 
 A'J II 
 
 AV II 
 
 .It '• 
 (iO 
 
 IVe jiilijoin n stntrmont of tlip vnrini.o „i 
 'i..^eoxpor,«,i„„ or l,..,„p froln ;CXr;''r? 
 .fliiiiniporMtion into tlii.s country:-. *" 
 
 ClmHmp.^t bunair=fi,ipo^,„, ,on. 
 
 VV fii 
 V V7 
 
 17 
 
 I 
 
 7.5 
 
 |-> 
 
 Si 
 
 II 
 
 IV 
 
 A" 
 
 JV 
 
 hft^wi. ftlroit. jifrlwmiTi 
 I «i'."JjBij, lii|„,re,„. . _ - . 
 
 CMuuntiiol,, Ip,., „„, . _ - . 
 
 fBf«nl»l«rh,rm,4p„„„,. 
 &-d»ic. 11. mp.l,,, Jiiio 
 
 iBrokerijp, i per cent. 
 
 ■Coranitoion ami c.xtrn elmrgci, 3 ncr ccnf 
 
 ■iirufara^'f, | pj cmt. i i per cent. 
 
 IfcT "',!'■■ '""HLj 
 ■•"-"i.M.aiwi.ir '. 
 
 »iileijjl . 
 
 per Ion 
 
 £ t. 
 
 • III 
 
 - V IV 
 
 • 4 1.1 
 
 - II III 
 
 - (I .'. 
 
 - I 10 
 
 ■J' < 
 
 SlU 4 
 
 I In II. I *"' t> 8 
 
 hofdiari T e1n^,"« "^"'•1/ the lowest 
 Ki'iwerisoilv „;i'^" cent., and p„iiev. 
 I <«...„_. .. ■''"''"'•"'"'« autumn. 
 
 <«-'*'"""f.-U„„a,e=c.i„^„=,,„„. 
 
 "I'lWWTt. 
 
 :!''"""'-»^-^-«.-is=..™. 
 
 fU. CO] 
 
 
 rou. cop, 
 
 - 4'j ri 
 
 P :f, plantain'' nw'.'f«''«s of sevcrnl 
 ff'iWeof vario .""^ -'^''' « s'^ng fibre 
 
 r*"srl.int whirn I ^'""^'^' « shrub or 
 tr: »''« he fnl^''','•'•f?"' '■'•0'" the 
 I" /«Pay tlieir tribute .n'^'PP'ne ^«^'">ds 
 
 P"^'''anil)ahj "vo'/'ic, 'rom the sale of 
 r»' C20,000 cw"*^" /" i^''*. 516,-45 picuK 
 
 r '''anilla Iioinn • 
 
 '" -v-r ,ln.7r, „V^ h/'t" ',\7' '■"•''•" r'"'" «'--t 
 ,':troM,.,hof tbo (ilrc bei i , i'^;'"'', ".";:' >v.or.., the 
 
 ''" P'-tioh..,„f t,,o ,,,,!";• ' '« 'ihro IS in Uxrt 
 
 .'"""•'■^ mm aroCi ?or ?,,' '"""/;.'/« bv the 
 «ycr „f ii„. fibres is called /? "•'^"■; • ^^^ "'"er 
 
 '''7'ties,Mnnill«ro,oisHn,i *-• '" """'.*' «>•- 
 ^miiranco to tl.at cmi' r»X fr "' "."■''"«"' ""'I 
 
 I'lnum; i;u.s.s k.,n, ' ''"'• "emen ranni 
 
 ,'"-/'• Tir-bisT S"'';,:r"r);, The .sori'iv 
 
 '"•'^'lito.st, and will nofirr ' I . ' """ "''i'^'' i" 
 »>'^'\ either as sec I r f ' '''■"'" '"'''"-''• It is 
 
 "•'th a dulv of "/ „pr ^ • '" '^•'■- 't 'vas loadci 
 'e<luced to-], perdUtot."!-'''."'"^''' "'"^ then 
 rqionled, ' " '''"°' ""^ '" m:j was wholly 
 
 -ed,' o?'^hIch'"iK/;'r,'l»-r"s of he.p- 
 
 't was valued at 4 )T L 'f'''''?-'' '^'"O" q-'artors. 
 
 ''"ring the mL yZ Z^'^*'' ""' ''•^■""•'^ 
 'liiartcrs. ^ ''"^ nmountcu to only .17 
 
 ;^'!tor^;':;iifct:^^;;-i;^^innS/';s^; 
 
 " IS everywhere in h\Jl '^'^ i""fo any description 
 and when salte,? '" '"«'> '^^'^m. both when fresh 
 
 '«"":'- '?otZSr'ij"r'^^''''^''-'"-t'-n 
 
 coasts of France Thev nr^ "^ "'^ ""rthera 
 sl'oalsonthccoastof A^ •" '"''' ^"'"t in vast 
 n (-'besapeake X-l/'irr "' !"1^ "•" Carol n a 
 "'«»o fish, wh^l? cover ''V"""V"'""'«'i»n of 
 quantities as to 1 ecoml „ '''° *''°^« •" such 
 '''7\affaif,i„^if°'^«"''"isa..cc. Wo C\ 
 
 probably thev roach Janan V,""^'='"'tka, and 
 rendezvous Jf the errinf U •* !l? .«■•««' winter 
 t"rcle: there ll.ov cmSf. /''"'"' "'« Orotic 
 order to recruit 111^,1! «'"''"y'"0''ths, in 
 «l'.»'vnin.s. ,he seas wtl "til" "'" ''""P"° "" 
 with inject food in a fVr „rll "*, '"f""^" "warminfr 
 
 tl'o ..umbers of birds L ^l " f'^'"'' «»ch as 
 which follow to prov on flif "'•? "'"^ "'her,, 
 ■na|» body aj.proachcs its I n?},V ""'^ ^''"^^ the 
 such as to al er tlin „^l, breadth and depth are 
 
 It is divided into dist'^Scrcorn,'"' '^^ J^^'o'can! 
 ;n length, and 3 or 4 in Lead t^"' "^^ ?' « "'"^ 
 the water before then. wi.h„ .'■"!"',""=>• drive 
 Sometimes they sink fo^ hn ''""' ""^ "PPlinff. 
 mniutes, and then ril „ '-^"^ ''P''<=<= of ^0 o, fg 
 i» «ne weather re ,fct^rvn° '^ ^"^'■"^^ "and 
 colours, like a field of f ho t 1""''^. "^ "Plendid 
 
 'Tbe first check thh„?^''''P'^"''"« gems, 
 southward is from esZ?:''«/%'n its march 
 divide n into two parts • nn! I "'^ ^'^''' ^^i^h 
 «as ,_the other to fhe wester,. 1'*^ "'^'' '» tbe 
 IJntain, and fill even. b,v and . '°u' '?^ «'cat 
 mimbers: the former^roceed tnwf ^\'!''"' ">eir 
 t^e great and ancient mart 'Tf ''^^''^outh, 
 hen pass through the British ri, ^""ngs; they 
 that in a manner disappear ' ^n^""'^^' "nrt ^'tr^r 
 
 •^'P-ecd to t^rn^^lTlrSr^StZ 
 
 con. 
 11 
 
 ! ■ ■'» 
 
 .4 « 
 
 :-■ I 
 
:.:.f:^^ 
 
 608 
 
 HERRINGS 
 
 m . 
 
 i 
 
 ■f 
 
 • fi 
 
 ■ I 
 
 li-i 
 
 meet with a second interruption, and are oblifjod 
 to make a second division; tlic one takes to the 
 western side, and is scarcely perceived, beiiif; 
 soon lost in the immensity of the A'luntie; but 
 
 1 lie other, that pa.-ses into the Irish Sea, ^joices 
 and feeds the inhabit.uits of most of the coasts 
 that border on it. Thrso briKfides, as we may 
 call them, which are thus separati'd from Iho 
 fpreaicr columns, are often capricious in (heir 
 motions, and do not show an invariable attach- 
 ment to their haunts. 
 
 ' This instinct of migration was fjiven to the 
 herrini^s that they might deposit their spawn in 
 wamiei seas, that would mature and vivify it 
 more assuredly than thoKO of the frozen zone. 
 It is not from defect of food that they set them- 
 selves in motion ; for tliey come to us f'lU of fat, 
 and on their return are almost universally ob- 
 served to be lean and miserable. What their 
 food is near the Pole, wo are not yet informed ; 
 but in our seas they feed much on the Oniscun 
 marinus, a, crustaceous insect, and sc-netimes on 
 their own fry. 
 
 ' They are full of roe in the end of June, and 
 continue in perfection till the beginning of 
 winter, when they deposit their spa^vn. The 
 young herrings begin to approach the siiores in 
 July and August, and are then from A an inch to 
 
 2 inches long. Though we have no i'.''ticidar 
 authorit)' for it, yet, as very few young herrings 
 arc found in our seas during winter, it seems 
 most certai". that they must return to their pa- 
 rental haunts beneath the ice. Some of the 
 old herrings continue on our coast the whole 
 year.' (Pennant's British Zoology.') 
 
 The herring was unknovvn to the ancients, 
 being rarely, if ever, found within the Mediter- 
 ranean. The Dutch are said ;o have engaged in 
 the fishery in 1164. The invention of pickling or 
 salting herrings is ascribed to one Beukels, or 
 Beukelson, of Biervliet, near Sluys, who died in 
 1397. The Emperor Charles V. visited his grave, 
 and ordered a magnificent tomb to be erected to 
 his memory. Since this early period the Dutch 
 have uniformly maintained their ascendancy in 
 tha herring fishery; but, owing to the Refor- 
 mation and the relaxed observance of Lent in 
 Catholic countries, the demand for herrings upon 
 the Continent is now far less than in the four- 
 teenth and fifteen t'l centuries. 
 
 Herrings, Dutch. — In 1863 the number of 
 vessels engaged in the fishery was 86 ; the ex- 
 portation 35,089 tons, of which 21,000 were sent 
 to Germany, 6,000 to Belgium, 3,891 to Han- 
 over, Bremen &c., 709 to Sweden and Norway, 
 and 2,219 to the United States. But cf this 
 amount 16,699 tons were imported chiefly from 
 Great Britain. The I'resh herring trade secured 
 38,500,000 fish, the average price being 18». id. 
 per 1,000, (Annalcs du Commerce Jixterieur.) 
 
 Herrings, Norwegian. — The Acting Consul- 
 General at Christiania, in his Report for 1806 on 
 Fisheries, stated tliat the Norwegian herring 
 fishery, though engaging less capital, employs 
 more hands than the c"d fishery; the popula- 
 tion actually engaged being estimated at 60,000. 
 He gives the average annual export of spring 
 herrings at "00,000, and of summer herrings at 
 200,000 barrels ; Russia, Sweden, and Pi assia being 
 tho chief consumers. In Norway the telegraph is 
 most usefully employed tc give notice to the 
 fishermen of the movements o? the shoals. 
 
 Importance of the Herring Fishery, Progress of 
 it in Great Britain. — There is, perhaps, no branch 
 of industry the importance of which has been so 
 much over-rated as that of the hetying fishery. 
 For more than two centuries, company after com- 
 
 pany has b-en formed for its prosecuticn Mm ■ 
 villages have been built, piers consiructctl bo.irft 
 and reyid.itions cstablislicd, and vas, «ums'(.v 
 peiidcd in bounties ; and yet the (\-\m\ m-,', 
 got into a he.dthv state till it \\&* loft fo'it.sovi 
 resources. Tho f;dse cslimatcs tlint have bw 
 long current with respect to tho c.tcnt aivl valii.' 
 of the Dutch liorriiig lislicry contrihutf.' ni..r' 
 perhaps, than any thing else to tho lurniati(.ii..f 
 exaggerated notions of the importance of tiiis 
 business. That the Hollanders ]irosc'cutcd it to 
 greater extent, and with far ^rcatpr siitres^ il,,,-' 
 any other people, is, indeed, most tnio. Thcrf i, 
 not, however, the shadow of a ^touiuI i»r ht'liovir . 
 that ihey ever emi)ioyed, as lias often l)crii sta'c^l" 
 about 150,000 individuals in the lislien- and thr 
 employments inimcUiatcly siibsi'rvient to it, \V,> 
 question whetlicr they ever einplovcd so maiiva 
 50,000. At the time when th" liutchcamc'if.'i 
 tlie fishery to the greatest extent, tlie entire 
 population of the Seven United I'loviim U 
 not certainly exceed 2,400,000 ; and ilcdticnn" a 
 half for women, and from a half to tiiMhirdj^.f! 
 tho remaining I,200,0'i0 for bovs and old men. it 
 would folio 1/, according to the statement iaj 
 question, tliat every ablo-ljodicd man in Ilnlland, 
 must have been engaged in tho hcrrins ^ahn 
 It is astonisliing how such ridiculously exir 
 gerated accounts ever obtained anv circiilatiun, 
 and still more so thpt tliey should have !<< 
 referred to and quoted without, apparently, aa- 
 doubt being ever entertained of their autliciiticii ' 
 down to our own times ! They seem to h.ive L. 
 first set forth in a treatise ascribed to Sir U'alii 
 Raleigh ; and, what is singular, thov "-ere a, 
 mitted by De Witt into his excellent wnrt, T 
 True Merest of Holland. They Iiave 6ei 
 implicitly adopted by Sir John Barrmv ■■>. il 
 article ' Fisheries ' in tlie Encychptd.a Bntmm 
 Had they been sifted ever so little, tliei; 
 hodd would have been obvious, and we shoi 
 have saved many hundreds of thousandj 
 pounds that have been throw away in atteai| 
 mg to ri"al that which ncvor e.>:i.stcd. 
 
 It would be impossible, within die limit 
 which this article must be confined, to give 
 detailed account of the various attempts 
 have been made at different periods to encoi 
 and bolster up the herring fishery. In 17^5, 
 pursuance of a rccorameniiation in his jLijest 
 speech at the opening of Parliament, jnilefj 
 report of a committee of the House of Comaioi 
 500,000/. was subscribed for oarri'in;,' on ' 
 fisherie.^ under a corporation called ' The Socii 
 of the Free British Fisherv.' The Priacs 
 Wales was chosen governor of the Society, ul 
 was patronised by men of the first rank 
 fortune in the state. But this Society did 
 tr. ^ entirely to its own cfl^brts for succe-i 
 duties were" remitted upon the salt used in 
 fisheries ; and besides this reasonable cneoi • 
 ment, a high tonnage bounty was gnintcii 
 every buss fitted out for the deep sea lisherr. 
 consequence, many vessels were sent out,as.4i 
 Smith has truly stated, not to catch her 
 but to catch the bounty; and to such an e: 
 was this ab"se carried, that in i759, ™ffl 
 tonnage bouiitv was 50s., the almo.^t inci 
 sum of 159/. 7s."6rf. was paid as bounty »;»" 
 barrel of merchantable herrings that m 
 duced. (Wealth of iXuHons, p. 231.) W 
 this encourngcmcnt, such were the mste 
 mismanagement of the Company s affai" 
 it was speedily destroyed. Smith savs m 
 1794 hardly a ve.^tige remained of its aai 
 ever been in existence. 
 
 But notwithstanding this ill iaccas, 
 
 diii 
 
 \m : 
 
 nil 
 
 ISIJ 
 IW 
 
 m 
 
 IS13 
 ISJI 
 
 i«i 
 m 
 iw 
 iw 
 m 
 
 IM 
 III! 
 IHl 
 
 ly.i 
 
 l!« 
 Hit 
 
 im 
 
 IS<9 
 IIM 
 
 i«i 
 
 IWi 
 IMJ 
 ISJI 
 !>« 
 ItV! 
 
 iiir 
 
 liH 
 
 l«9 
 Hi 
 
 m 
 
 N,l 
 IS() 
 
 Mi; 
 
 r» i"S at thi^ 
 
 ■ '*'■'! 'fheii till 
 t' " " sufficient 1 
 ?fl«.»teort| 
 
 irisi,^ ""y proofT 
 '/"fficient to en 
 
 'Ji'id out r 
 
 'Ptatif 
 
HEERINGS 
 
 699 
 
 ^m\- was formed, ."or nearly the same oDjccts, 
 u i,?ti' of which Gcoi-go J 1 1, was patron. It 
 ijj hid nearly the same fate. ' For a season or 
 
 n[o,b\iN*es we're fitted nut by 'he Society; but if 
 
 rtov herrin!,' caught Imd carried a ducat in his 
 
 'aoBili,thc expense of its capture », Duld scarcely 
 
 iave befii rcp.iid. The bubble ended In' the 
 
 Mittvfor Fishing; in the Deep Sea beconiint; a 
 
 iaj ,'f liiiilJii.S .vociety, for purchasing ground 
 
 ,j iiiaations where curers and (ishermcn tind it 
 
 ((Bvmitnt to settle, and selling or letting it in 
 
 iial) lots to thorn, at siicli advance of price as 
 
 riddi «omething better than lishing prolits.' 
 
 '>« iv. oxcellent article on the Ilerriiifl Fishery 
 
 ii'V Ulh Xumber of the Quarterly Journal of 
 
 JjnftKure.) , - , . 
 
 In l?i)8 a fresh attempt was made for the im- 
 
 rnvenent and extension of the lishcry. The Act 
 
 ij Gw. Ill- established a distinct set of com- 
 
 misionen for the superintendcrce of ajl matters 
 
 taai^irtl with the lishery, and authorised them 
 
 10 apjwiot .( sufficient number of tishery oflicers, 
 
 » be stationed at the ditt'ercnt p. , whose duty 
 
 iitoseetliat the various rogulati' 3 with respect 
 
 » ihe gutting, packing &c. of the herrings, and 
 
 lijbraiiilinb' of the barrels, are duly carried into 
 
 dfect. In 1809 a bounty o' 3Z. per ton was 
 
 granted on all vessels employed in the deep sea 
 herring liahcrv, of above (iO tons burden, but 
 payable only on 100 tois; and in 1820 u bvunty 
 of 2(t,i. per ton, which, under certain specilied 
 circiinistanccs, might be increased to .OO.t., was 
 granted on all vessels of fnnii lo to GO tons fitted 
 out for the shore herring fishery ; and, exclu- 
 sively of these bounties o'l the tonnugo, a bounty 
 of 'J.s. per barrel was allowed on all herrings cured 
 gutted during the tj years ending April b, 1.H15, 
 and a bdiinty of 'Is. Hd. per barrel on their cxpor- 
 taiion, whether cured gutted orungutled. During 
 the U years ending April .i, 182(1, the bo.inty 
 on herrings cured gutted was -Is. per barrel. 
 
 It is stated in the article already referred to, 
 that the cost of a barrel of cured herrings is 
 about IGs., one half going to the fisherman for the 
 green fish, the other half to the curer for barrel, 
 salt, and labour. The bounty of Is. per barrel was, 
 therefore, equal to half the value of the herrings 
 as sold 1)3' the fisherman, and to one-fourth of 
 their value as sold by the curer ! In coiiFequcncc 
 of this forced system, the fishery was rapidly 
 increased. The following statement, extracted 
 from the Reports of the Commissioners of the 
 Fishery Board, shows the progress the fishery 
 has made since 1809 : — 
 
 > II 
 
 imwiit o/ Me Total Quantity of TFh ite Herrings Cured, 
 
 Branded, and Exported, in so far as 
 
 tk( wme have been brought under the cognisance of the Officers of the Fishery, during the 
 
 ttdimentioned Yeurs, ending till 18*14 on April 5; since then till 1852, on January 5 ; and 
 
 tUmfttr o» December 31 ; distinguishing each Year, and the Herrings cured Gutted, ft am 
 
 Ikou'mid Ungiitled. 
 
 1 i Total Quanlity of HerriURs (Jured 
 
 lotnl Quanlity 
 
 of lIlT'lllKS 
 
 ilranded 
 
 Total Quanlitj 
 ot Herrines 
 Elported 
 
 1 \iii 
 
 1 Guttf?*! 
 
 UiiRutted 1 Total 
 
 
 barrel'. 
 
 barrclJ 
 
 liarrcls 
 
 barrels 
 
 barrels 
 
 1 nil 
 
 B.i,4:<0 
 
 26,3974 
 
 91,827 
 
 55,6621 
 
 .38,313 
 
 lil.l 
 
 li)-.,.-;'^! 
 
 .-17,1'jol 
 
 54,7fi7 
 
 160,139 
 
 83,376 
 
 141,305} 
 
 m 
 
 .35,301 
 
 .382,191 
 
 3(19,700 
 270,841 
 
 253,516, 
 
 m 
 
 ,iin,,:97 
 
 44,'iCM 
 4S,6'23J 
 
 317,665 
 
 202,016? 
 
 ISM 
 
 480,933 
 
 
 329,557 
 
 218,418 
 157,839 
 
 181,651 
 
 
 1«! 
 
 313,1 U 
 
 
 4»J47 
 
 3i;2,6601 
 
 217,490 
 
 
 m 
 
 :53,6S4 
 
 
 63,279 
 
 416,961 
 
 168,25? 
 178,(IIK)< 
 
 220,634 
 
 
 i«t 
 
 3Si.ti77 
 
 
 68,853 
 
 451,531 
 
 272,093 
 
 
 IW 
 
 2i;,S4il 
 
 
 60,074 
 
 277,317 
 
 85,0791 
 
 l.'8,S05 
 
 
 la 
 
 .-99.331 
 
 98,2M 
 
 ,397,614 
 
 192,317 
 
 2;3,393 
 
 
 1«T 
 
 ■^90,169 
 
 1()7,66() 
 
 .397,829 
 
 114,192 
 
 189,2654 
 
 1>5< 
 
 3H'i,4()0 
 
 125,374 
 
 507,774 
 
 141,552 
 
 2,15,158 
 
 m 
 
 ■'82,^119 
 
 173,330 
 
 555,559 
 
 153,6591 
 
 2,39,7.30j 
 
 m 
 
 41)5,3791 
 
 13S,665 
 
 543,915 
 
 152,231 
 
 252,522 
 
 m 
 
 431,157 
 
 126,105 
 
 557,262} 
 
 151,189 
 
 WO,137 
 
 mt 
 
 48!),«!201 
 
 )77,6!'l 
 
 667.24.W 
 
 190,9221 
 
 284,7.36 
 
 ISlJ 
 
 412,S90 
 
 181,129 
 
 123,4191 
 
 162,713 
 
 291,8001 
 
 l«:l 
 
 47.1,55CJ 
 
 iDi.sei 
 
 665,3591 
 
 182,988 
 
 31.3,5165 
 
 isn 
 
 4ii;aTi' 
 
 121.375 
 
 532,646 
 
 142,473 
 
 243,194 
 
 i»n 
 
 414,915} 
 
 3;'^'JS95 
 
 ;9l,535J 
 
 607,451 
 
 156,278 
 
 255,7 1» 
 
 m 
 
 1S9.754 
 
 S62,743i 
 
 1 16,500 
 
 250,181 
 
 m 
 
 392,827 
 
 251,541 
 
 614,368 
 
 1.53,914 
 
 249,994 
 
 HM 
 
 M);,02ll 
 
 263,673 
 
 770,698 
 
 213,286 
 
 340,256} 
 
 IMl 
 
 378,187 
 
 165,822 
 
 544,009. 
 
 172,921 
 
 266,908 
 
 ISM 
 
 417,2,-,-J 
 
 176,797 
 
 591,031 
 
 201,63;. 
 
 264,204 
 
 ISSJ 
 
 5t(l,3(i7 
 
 217,672 
 
 778,0.39i 
 
 
 243,136 
 
 342,630 
 
 ISSI 
 
 458,579 
 
 
 177,982 
 
 636,562 
 
 
 211,844 
 
 .361,696 
 
 IS'ij 
 
 ihi.-V, 
 
 
 183,988 
 
 766,703: 
 
 
 280,5811 
 
 442,264 
 
 m 
 
 460,429 
 
 
 143,559 
 
 609,988 
 
 
 223,281 
 
 .347,61 If 
 
 
 isi; 
 
 465,i92 
 
 
 115 5211 
 165,7.-01 
 
 580,813 
 
 
 218,992 
 
 367,161, 
 
 
 470,-93 
 
 
 636,124 
 
 233,374 
 
 350,204 
 
 
 1S19 
 
 381*')9 
 
 
 110,428 
 
 49l,487i 
 
 158,676 
 
 272,979 
 
 I 
 
 IS^) 
 
 496,414 
 
 
 184,778} 
 149,6551 
 
 681,193 
 
 231,9131 
 
 377,970 
 
 
 1S61 
 
 lS»i 
 1V3 
 
 m 
 
 IK; 
 1S«5 
 
 519,173' 
 
 668,828 
 
 265,347 
 
 .390,313 
 
 
 65f;,(118 
 
 174,856 
 
 8:0,901 
 
 .346,712 
 
 494,910 
 
 507,223 
 
 147,593 
 
 654,8164 
 6l3,6.'iO{ 
 
 276,8801 
 
 407,7611 
 .364,5071 
 
 47S,781J 
 
 161,868 
 
 217,392 
 
 470,5591 
 
 151,203 
 
 621,763 
 
 216,7;:5 
 
 352,701 
 
 ■I97,814< 
 
 160,332 
 
 658,1 Ki" 
 
 249,510 
 
 .380,066 
 
 [Ori locking at this table, it is seen that the 
 
 w made no progress under vhe new system 
 
 \ '"lo, when the bounty wau raised to 4s. 
 
 '^ H a Euflicient priof of the factitious and 
 
 n«ml state of th« business. Its extension, 
 
 w. -lie circumstances in question, instead of 
 
 'M|»g any proof of its being in a really 
 
 "^"■•■l condition, was distinctly the reverse. 
 
 „*™. *'-hout capital, out who obtained 
 
 ZrVT ^ *"*''•« ^•le'" '0 acquire boats, 
 
 , „;: ^^ f • ^ "le credit of the bounty, entered 
 
 rw numbers mto the trade. The market was 
 
 ^f^, Slutted with fish, and yet the 
 
 Ptif held out by the bounty caused it to 
 
 be still further overloaded. Great injury 3vas 
 consequently done to those ftah curers who pos- 
 sessed capital; and even the fishermen 3vero 
 injured by the system. 'Most of the boatn 
 employed in the fishery n >vor touch thu water 
 but during G weeks, from the middle or end of 
 July to the middle of September. They are 
 owned and sailed, not by regular flshermen 
 following that vocation only, but by tradesmen, 
 small farmers, farm-servants, and other landsmen, 
 who may have sufficient skill to manage a boat 
 at that season, but who do not follow the sea 
 except for the 6 weeks of the herring fisherj', 
 when they go upon a kind of gambling speculation, 
 
 
 ■t 
 
 ;-i"il 
 
 ■i li 
 \ ■. 5' 
 
 '■:■■■. 4' 
 
 ■\,."i 
 
 . •;. 1. ■ 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 ' t ',- « ■ 
 
 ■•.'5-;;.: 
 
 
 ,-.:-;^-:-, 
 
 
 1- 
 
 
700 
 
 HERRINGS 
 
 
 •ir. ■*, 
 
 .r ■ i -J 
 
 M 
 
 
 ., - ;. f 
 
 ■ ( f 
 
 < -I 
 
 i ■ 
 
 of earning a twdvcmontli's income by weeks' 
 worli.' {Quarlerlj/ Journal, No. 11, p. G53.) 
 
 It lias been ottcii said, in vindication of the 
 bounty system, that by extending the fisliery it 
 extended an important nursery for seamen ; l)ut 
 tlio preceding statement shows that such lias 
 not been its ertcct. On the contrary, it has 
 tended to depress the condition of the genuine 
 fisherman by bringing a host of interlopers 
 into the tield; and it lias also been prejudicial to 
 the little farmers and tradesmen by withdrawing 
 their attention from their peculiar business, 
 that they may embark in what has hitherto been 
 little less than a sort of lottery adventure. 
 
 These consequences and the increasing amount 
 of tlie sum paid for bounties* at length induced 
 the Government to adopt a different system. By 
 nn Act passed in 1825, the bounty of 2». Qd. on 
 exported herrings was made to cease in 1826. and 
 Is. was nnnur.Uy deducted from the bountj- of 4». 
 per barrel paid on gutted herrings, till it ceased in 
 1830. And the foregoing table shows conclusively 
 that those who contended that the best way to 
 promote the fishery was to let it alone, were in 
 tlie right; the quantity of herrings cured and 
 tlie quantity exported having been both nearly 
 doubled since the cessation of the bounties. The 
 fishery is now for the first time placed on a secure 
 foundation ; the supply is proportioned to the real 
 demand ; while the genuine fishermen, and tnose 
 ourers who have cajjital of tlieir own, arc no 
 longer injured by the competition of landsmen 
 and others allured to the business by factitious 
 encouragement and trading on capital furnished 
 by Government. 
 
 The repeal of the salt laws, and of the dutj- on 
 salt, which preceded the repeal of the bounty, 
 was of signal service to the fisliery. It is true 
 tliat salt used iu the fisheries was exempted from 
 the duty; but in order to prevent the revenue 
 from being defrauded, so many regulations were 
 enacted, and tlic difliculties and penalties to which 
 the fishermen were in consequence .subjected were 
 so very great, that some of them chose rather to 
 pay the duty upon the salt they made use of 
 than to undertake comiiliance with tlie regulations. 
 
 It is to be regretted that when Government 
 repealed the bounty, it did not also abolish tlie 
 ' Fishery Board,' and the officers and regulations 
 it had appointed and enacted. So long as the 
 bounty existed, it was quite proper that thobe 
 who claimed it should be subjected to such 
 regulations as Government chose to enforce ; but 
 since it has been repealed, we see no reason why 
 the fisher/ should not be made perfectly free, and 
 every one' allowed to prepare his herrings as he 
 tliinks best. It is said, indeed, that were there 
 no inspection of the fish, frauds of all sorts would 
 be practised ; that tlie barrels would be ill made, 
 and of a deficient size ; that the fish would not be 
 properly packed ; that the bottom and middle of 
 tiie barrels would be filled with bad ones, and a 
 few good ones only placed at the top ; that there 
 would not be a sufficiency of pickle &c. But it is 
 obvious that the reasons alleged in vindication of 
 the official inspection kept up in the herring 
 fishery might be alleged in vindication of a 
 similar inspection in almost every other branch 
 of industry. It is, in point of fact, utterly use- 
 less. It is an attempt, on the part of Government, 
 to do that for their subjects v.hich they can do 
 better for themselves. Supposing the official 
 inspection were put an end to, the merchants and 
 others who buy herrings of the curers would 
 themselves inspect the barrels ; and while any 
 attempt at fraud by the curers would thus be 
 effectually obviated, they would be left t*. "berty 
 
 to prepare their herrings in any way that thrv 
 pleased, without being compelled, ns at nrr-.P,, 
 to foUow only one system, or to prepare H.h,' 
 the same way for the tables of the poor m , 
 those of the rich. So far, indeed, is it ,>'„ 
 being true that the inspection system tci di tl 
 put down trickery, that there is much reason to 
 think that its eflect is directlv the reverse nl 
 surveillance cxerciseil by the ofliocrs isanvthn. 
 but strict; and the official brand is often idixiii 
 to barrels which, were it not for the undesencl 
 confidence that is too frequently placed in it l,i' 
 the unwary, would lie on the ciirer's hand^ It 
 is rather a security against the detection of frau,l 
 than against its existence. 
 
 The grand object of the herring fi3hcr\- 'Rnani' 
 has been to enforce such a system of curin" L 
 would bring British herring's to a level with 
 those of the Dutch. In this, however, thev liave 
 completely faUed; Dutch hcrrinffs irencrallv 
 fetching double the price of Dritish herrincs in 
 every market of Europe. Neither is tliij to be I 
 wondered at. The consumers of Dutch herrin '* I 
 are the inhabitants of the Netherlands and of ibe I 
 German towns, who use them rntlier as a luxun- 
 than as an article of food, and who do not pnidm I 
 the price tliot is necessory to have them in the 
 finest order. The consumers of Uiitish herrin"s, 
 on the other hand, are the poor of Irelani anj 
 Scotland. Cheapness is the prime requisite in the I 
 estimation of such persons ; and nothing can b f 
 more entirely absurd than that a public lioar-l 
 should endeavour to force the fish curers to adopt 1 
 such a system in the preparation of herring ai I 
 must infallibly raise their price beyond themeara j 
 of those by whom they are bought. Why jhould | 
 not the taste of the consumers he consuhcJ as | 
 nnich in this as in anything else ? It would not! 
 be more ridiculous to attempt to have nllcliassl 
 made of the same richness and flavour as Siilioal 
 than it is to attempt to bring up all herring; u\ 
 the r.tandard of the Dutch. f 
 
 We do, therefore, hope that an end mavbcputl 
 to this system, and that our legislators mil 
 patriots will cease to torment themselves nthl 
 schemes for the improvement of the lishcmj 
 The very best thing they can do forthcraisloj 
 let them alone. It is not a business that rcquirol 
 any sort of adventit'ous cncourap;cnient, £\w| 
 obstacle to the easy introduction of lish iiito| 
 London and other 'places should ccrtaiEly I 
 removed, but all direct interference with Ibel 
 fishery is sure to be in the last degree peraicioas. j 
 
 The commissioners appointed in 18G3 toenqiira 
 into the deep-sea fisheries of Great Britain-Loidj 
 Hobart, and Messrs. Cuird and Iluxley-in tint 
 course of their exceedingly valuable andelaborsul 
 Report, concur in the view given in the text asic 
 the inexpediency of continuing the present taiJ 
 ing system. Most English curers are decideiiljj 
 adverse to it; and though the foreign nierchantsir 
 divided in opinion, the more intelligent are agaii^l 
 the practice. As the Report very conclusirtl* 
 says, p. 78, 'The maintainers of the system aq 
 that if the British Government vill rot go « 
 inspecting and guaranteeing the lierrings, tl 
 Kiinigsberg and Stettin merchants will get wj 
 one else to do it for them. And why noty wM 
 has the English Government to do withprotecnn 
 herring merchants against the chicaner!- of tw 
 correspondents in the interior, when i'""""'"?^ 
 chants of every other description to 'ss^ ""^ 
 own risks V About haL" the barrels curst f 
 
 branded. , .,, -^ 
 
 Numerous Acts have been passed witH a no] 
 to regulating the British white hemng mn^ 
 from 48 Geo. III. c. 110 onwards. 
 
 iiiiiii . 
 
 Huov 
 [ Hr..*rd 
 JfiiimlSiiia . 
 
 Total 
 
HIDES 
 
 n,i, fishon- is TeRulated chiefly by the pro- 
 
 ™The' close time of the Scotch fisheries is from 
 
 I \,rr I to AuEust 31 between Ardnnmurchaii 
 
 if north and the MiiU of Galloway wcst- 
 
 iMltcml by 28 & 29 Vict. c. 22 to February 
 
 , ljI,v31,or between Ardnamiirchan on the 
 
 ' ,1, "miCnpe Wrath on the north, between .Innu- 
 
 ilfT land Mav 20, under the penalties of forfeiture 
 
 cj line not "cxceedins 20/. The commissioners 
 
 jp intrusted with powers to manage and protect 
 
 i-berifj, and mav prohibit trawl, beam, and drag 
 
 Mi These orders were approved by the Treasury, 
 
 11,1 published. Fishing boats, sails, buoys, and 
 
 rrincU lloai3 must be marked and numbered ; 
 
 iiffil of owners must be painted on boats m 
 
 kttffl •' inches long. The Fishery Board, m 
 
 ilieii%r(ofJune 1, 18G7, advocate the removal 
 
 rf lie prohibitions against the use of the seme, or 
 
 bdrinj; trawl net. , ,, . , ,. 
 
 Of the 404.801 barrels of hcmngs exported from 
 
 Ike United Kingdom in 1866, 176,731 went to 
 
 , Itasia.5X.256 to Hanover, 26,099 to Denmark, 
 
 I iM)4toTu5canv. The exportatio' of herrings 
 
 1 toiheWcst Indies, which had of late years rapidly 
 
 Wined, in consequence, no doubt, of the emanci- 
 
 uiim of the slaves, has now wholly ceased. 
 
 I Tlie24 i 25 Vict. c. 72 has the following sec- 
 
 ] tioiB.viz.;— 
 
 I Stt.1, Imposing penalties for sellmg herrmgs or 
 I iKtring frv during the close timn 51. to 20/., with 
 I torftiluie'of nets, boats, and other instruments. 
 
 HOLIDAYS 
 
 roi 
 
 Sec. 3. Imposing penalties on defacing marks or 
 numbers on boatH, sails, Sic, 2/, to 10/ 
 
 !Sec. 5. Permitting sprat fishing within a certain 
 part of the Firth of Forth. 
 
 Sec. 6. Declaring the import of 23 & 24 Vict. 
 c. 92 8. 13 to apply to all nets other than usual 
 drift nets, having meshes of the legal size of one 
 inch from knot to knot. 
 
 Sec. 7. Empowering constables to exercise the 
 functions created under this Act, when acting by 
 authority of the sheritf. Penalties on resistance, 
 fine not exceeding 50/., or imprisonment not ex- 
 ceeding 60 davs. 
 
 HIDES («er. haQte ; Dutch, huiden ; Fr. 
 peaux; Ital. cuoja; Span, pellcjos, pieles; Rus.s, 
 koshi) signify generally the skins of beasts : 
 but the term is more particularly applied to 
 those of largo cattle, such as bullocks, cows, 
 horses &c. Hides are raw or green — that is, 
 in the state in which they are taken off the 
 carcase, or dresseil with salt, alum, and salt- 
 petre, to prevent them from putrefying ; or they 
 are cured or tanned. The hides of South Ame- 
 rica are in the highest repute, and '.ast quanti- 
 ties of them are annually imported. The customs 
 duty formerly imposed on hides when imported 
 was repealed by Sir Robert Peel in 18-15, and, as 
 was to be expected, the imports have since 
 been very largely increased. The subjoined 
 tabic shows the sources whence hides are prin- 
 cipally brought, and the supplies furnished by 
 each : — 
 
 AcmtidAi Various Descriptions of Hides 
 
 Imported 
 
 ' into the 
 
 CTnited K 
 
 ingrlom in 1866, » 
 
 pecifuinc 
 
 
 At imniriei whence they were I 
 
 nportad, 
 
 Vie Quantities brought from each, and their Values, 
 
 
 
 Ilidei not Tanned, Curriul, or 
 UreK,e<>. 
 
 Hides Tanned or in lor.ie waj Dresud 
 
 
 Wet 
 
 Dtj 
 
 Value 
 
 Unvamisaed 
 
 VamUhed 
 
 Tanned { Value | 
 
 
 cwts. 
 
 cwti. 
 
 £ 
 
 ll«. 
 
 Ibi. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 £ 
 
 
 Rnll 
 
 
 1 (1,2 16 
 
 72,435 
 
 132,(,89 
 
 
 ; 52,662 
 
 18,119 
 
 
 Pnaiu . . . - 
 
 .. 
 
 S,3S3 
 
 23,710 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 32,871 
 
 i;574 
 
 
 Dnsiit .... 
 
 ai,'js7 
 
 ,. 
 
 37,721 
 
 
 .. 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 
 HttOTff ... 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 ., 
 
 18,.W2 
 
 "898 
 
 
 illnwTotni . - . - 
 
 S.IKO 
 
 
 5,441 
 
 ,. 
 
 .. 
 
 S1,S,".6 
 
 2,486 
 
 
 HllQturj .... 
 
 8!>,-.-3 
 
 7',"78< 
 
 86,.V,8 
 
 190,182 
 
 25,910 
 
 223,877 
 
 30,222 
 
 
 Wr.lt.i .... 
 
 '.i4.,'i6« 
 
 4,263 
 
 65,683 
 
 ,33.1,9,'i6 
 
 317,724 
 
 62,504 
 
 I16.,',37 
 
 
 ttttr.am ... 
 
 W,7U 
 
 2,646 
 
 55,502 
 
 24,313 
 
 .. 
 
 18,51)8 2.508 1 
 
 
 Ftuct .... 
 
 »I,»'J'2 
 
 8,084 
 
 71,983 
 
 2,699,432 
 
 268,786 
 
 186,469 
 
 320,512 
 
 
 InilfdSHlB . . . - 
 
 
 1,409 
 
 3,941 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 875,891 
 
 29,0.-)5 
 
 1 
 
 Cir.lnl Imriti 
 
 M9t 
 
 
 15,120 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 Bhtoh.Viniiimctica . 
 
 ., 
 
 .. 
 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 291,535 
 
 10,057 
 
 ■ 
 
 Bniil . . 
 
 uwm 
 
 9.225 
 
 338,808 
 
 ., 
 
 ,. 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 (lul . . 
 
 9,718 
 
 1,544 
 
 28,914 
 
 ., 
 
 ., 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ■ 
 
 1>?1J .... 
 
 239,990 
 
 
 487,239 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Ptra . . 
 
 G.469 
 
 8,'lS2 
 
 42,.355 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 ., 
 
 ,, 
 
 ■ 
 
 AimiMConfaifrMion 
 
 119,l»7 
 
 1,816 
 
 296,622 
 
 ,. 
 
 . 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ■ 
 
 »i!ih Poaauoiu In South Africa 
 
 12,214 
 
 1,S«3 
 
 27,877 
 
 ,. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ■ 
 
 iBdM • . 
 
 
 178,077 
 
 61.3,911 
 
 .. 
 
 ., 
 
 457,"l03 
 
 22,447 
 
 ■ 
 
 >in»i««lliMnH 
 
 
 11,204 
 
 39,407 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 .talnlu .... 
 
 117,'llO 
 
 2,IAl 
 
 223,123 
 
 2.1,578 
 
 
 2,17.5,828 
 
 84,475 
 
 I 
 
 OUntpim .... 
 Tolal 
 
 22,682 
 ;S6,999 
 
 10,097 
 
 74,324 
 
 31,41'.> 
 
 12,842 
 
 27,324 
 
 7,062 
 
 1 
 
 270,644 
 
 2,711,0.37 
 
 3,4.1.'>,7n9 
 
 655,262 
 
 4,4;5,.',,',3 ' 645,932 1 
 
 I X.B.--The importation of infected or diseased 
 Idfs, skins, hoofs, horns &c. mav be prohibited 
 f Order in Council. 
 
 m hides imported from the north-eait of , 
 TV ti^ar the highest price, while the best wet I 
 f es arc imported from South America and 
 ptralia. In 18B6 the average price "f the 
 »i per cwt, was 4/. 9s,, of the latter 2/. 3s. 
 * m dressed leather is that from France, 
 WgiDR 1j. U, Gs. bd., and 1.?. per lb. under 
 p ot the 1 eads of the foregoing table. Russia 
 W leather was worth in the same year 2s. 7d. 
 
 rib. •' 
 
 iFor the eight years ending with 1866 the im- 
 » ofMes and leather from the ' British West 
 pes tave become un=mportant, while those 
 . Jfi"''? ""'l British India have gre.itly 
 eased both in Quantity and significance. There 
 F utile variation in the annual imports of raw 
 Strom year to year, though the quantity of 
 pa imported into the United Kingdom 'has 
 
 considerably increased within the period referred 
 to above. 
 
 In 1866 we exported 671,077 hides, mostly 
 foreign, of the valu ; of 722,890/.; and in 1867 we 
 imported 975,168, valued at 3,104,246/. 
 
 HOGSHEAD. A measure of capacity, contain- 
 ing 52^ imperial gallons. A hogshead i.s equal 
 to 4 a pipe, [Weights and Measures.] 
 
 HOLIDAYS are understood to be those days, 
 exclusive of Sundays, on whi h no regular public 
 business as transacted at particular public offices. 
 They are either fixed or variable. The variable 
 holidays arc. Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, 
 Easter Monday and Tuesday, Holy Thursday, 
 Whit Monday and Tuesday. 
 
 No holidays are kept by' the Bank of England, 
 the Customs, and the Inland Revenue Department, 
 except Christmas Daj, Good Friday, the Queen's 
 birthday, and such days as may be appointed by 
 proclam'ation for the purpose of a general fast, or 
 by warrant of the authorities. 
 
 n 
 
 
 . 't 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■"^^ . ')-*'^-:.i: 
 
't 
 
 .-.V*-- 
 
 i. 
 
 702 
 
 HONEY 
 
 ■1 
 
 .-.t 
 
 ■*■>. 
 
 HONKY (Flutcii, honifr, boning; Vr. mid; 
 (lor. luiiiifj; Ilal. mcle; Lat. mt'l ; Kush. nicil ; 
 Span. miel). A vcnetablc jiiico collected by bees. 
 
 ' Its tlavdiir varies nccordiiiK to tha nature of 
 llio flowers from wliicli it is collected. Thus, tbe 
 lioneys of Minorca, Narbonnc, pnd England are 
 known by tbeir flavours ; and the honey prepared 
 in difl'erent parts even of the Ramc country differs. 
 It is Bcparated f'njni the comb by dripping and by 
 expression: the first method affords the purest 
 sort ; tlie second separates a less pure honey ; and 
 a still inferior kind is obtained by healing the 
 comb before it is pressed. When obtained from 
 young hives, ^vhieh liavo not swarmed, it is 
 denominated rir(iin hone;/. When recently sepa- 
 rated from the honey-comb, it is a viscid trans- 
 lucent liquid of a brownish-yellow colour, which 
 gradually becomes pari ially crystalline and oi)aque. 
 It has a peculiar heavy odour and n verv sweet 
 taste. It is sometimes adulterated with flour, 
 which is detected by mixing it ■with tepid water: 
 the honey dissolves, while (lie flour remains nearly 
 unaltered.' ('I'liomson's Dispensatory; Britislt 
 I'/iarmacnpaia, 18(J7.) 
 
 In 18G0 wo imported 13,521 cwt. of honcv, and 
 exported 1,920 cwt. 
 
 IIOXG-KONG. The Uritish Colony of Ilong- 
 Kong is situat<^d on un island at the mouth of the 
 Canton river [Canton], in lat. 22° IG'27" N., and 
 long. 114° 10'48"K., 9 miles long by about 5 where 
 broadest, tbe whole surface scarcely occuiiying 18 
 S(|uare miles. It was ceded by the Chinese to the 
 liritish in 1841. This island was then distinguished 
 from myriads of others on the same coast by its 
 txccllent harbour alone, and was looked \>pon 
 chiefly as a naval and military station. Vt'ithin 
 a quarter of a century, however, its growth has 
 been so rapid that ils jiopulation was on December 
 ;>1, 18(it;, according to the Kegistrar-General's 
 L'etum, 115,000, exclusive of the military and 
 i:uvnl forces. 
 
 The city of Victoria faces the anchorage, and 
 (he cession in 1800 by the Chinese of a part of the 
 mainland on the opposite shore, called the Pen- 
 insula of Kowloong, places both sides of the 
 harbour under British jurisdiction. 
 
 The prosperity of Hong-Kong is the result of 
 its establishment as a free port at the gates ot 
 China, and tbe consequent concentration of mer- 
 chandise there, and the influx of a largo popula- 
 tion, nine-tenths of -which are natives. Tiiis vast 
 multitude finds cnqiloymcnt in connection with 
 shipping, the European mercantile establishments, 
 and petty trade, Neither agriculture nor manu- 
 factures are carried on in Hong-Kong, the surface 
 of tbe island being almost exclusively moun- 
 tainous. Some fifteen years elapsed from' tbe time 
 of its cession before tlie colony became self-sup- 
 porting. For its administratiou see Colonies, &c. 
 
 Exclusive of taxes levied for police and muni- 
 cipal purposes, its resources are chiefly derived 
 from crown lands and licenses on various trades. 
 The following is a synopsis of the revenue of 
 Ilung-Kong for 18G5 : — 
 
 Land revenue - 
 Hents, exclusive of land 
 Licenses - - , 
 
 Taxes, jiollce and ligliting rates - 
 Postage - . . 
 
 Fines and fees of courts 
 Fees of office . - . 
 
 SundTjr receijits 
 
 Total 
 
 £ 
 
 ■l.->,44.1 
 
 ll),i^5l 
 
 !i4„l-,7 
 
 S7,l)i4 
 
 S4,4I!) 
 
 4, .'16 1 
 
 4,996 
 
 1M83 
 
 175,717 
 
 The expenditure for the same period amounted 
 to 195,376/. The ordinary revenue of the colony 
 for 1866 is stated by the Governor at 160,000/. 
 {Despatch of October 29, 1867,) 
 
 The trade of Hong-Kong is exclusively one of 
 
 nONG-KONG 
 
 transbipmcnt, the merchandise of Europe '..in.. 
 distributed from this convenient centre to? 
 ports of Ch,na aii.l .Japan, for which al, it fr^ 
 the head quarters for bankin- l„ is.t' f ' 
 than Y^JritLdi and f;,rei;;^Vei,l*^t^f:;,; 
 cleared from the port, representing "17 
 tons: of those, 1,727 vessels were llriVh 
 1,047,417 tons, No account of the „ ' ;.^ 
 frequenting Jhojiort was taken till IMfi.X: 
 
 in the first half of the 
 
 year it was ascirtainf.l 
 
 that 2(.,8ub native vessels, e,,uHl to Cl(s,s\'j tor- 
 arrived and cleared from Hong-Kong. Uoublin.: I 
 hose figures, an approximate estimate h 
 the whole year will be 63,712 native vessfk f 
 1,297,050 tons. ""m- vessels, of 
 
 III I8G0 there belonged to the port of Victoria 74 
 on'''d7t';ms °' "''''*^ '"'"' ''"'''"' -" '''""'" ' 
 
 The number of foreign vessels traelinf; roEularlr I 
 from Hong-Kong is considerable, but the anmiil 
 aggregate is swollen by the nunibir of niiall - ,5 
 scls under the Hanscalic and otlicr CouiiiientaJ 
 flags, which make short coasting vova"cs The« 
 monopolise in a great measure tlic earrviu' tra.'e 
 of i)ulse and bean cake from the nonhenrtotliej 
 southern ports of China, and the transiiort of fam-l 
 phor and other products of Formosa. The rami I 
 (icveloiiment of steam-traffic tends tn iuurflrJ 
 with tbe Inrgor sailing vessels, tlouKli at fcnaijj 
 seasons considerable employment is found fur itel 
 latter in the transport of rice from Indian audi 
 Uurmcse iiorts to IIong-Koiig. The cmitTaiiojl 
 of Chinese to California emplova a re.~|i".ouli'el 
 amount of tonnagi\ Two great and ooiii^(tii,»| 
 steam-lines connect Hong-Kong with I!:;: :i| 
 viz,, the Peninsular and Oriental Corapam, ii) 
 the Compagnie des llessageries Imperiale-, 'DlA 
 steamers connect Hong-Kong i\ith Cantur. 'I 
 
 No port charges of any description are leriel 
 upon European vessels. A copv of the harlm 
 regulations is presented to the "master of eri.il 
 merchant vessel on her entering the port. 
 
 Hong-Kong possesses the umiomieationcd &i 
 accommodation, viz.: — 
 
 Dixk .V». 1. 
 IJuilt of granite; 
 
 '■eiilJlli ..... :.-»)hi 
 
 Hre.idth - .... vf„! 
 
 Uepthof water at sprin^M ides . - . \\\„ 
 
 nca)> tides - . • 16 „ 
 
 ^erv Dock ,Ya. 2. 
 lluilt of pranitc; 
 
 I.eiiKth . - . . . (niifKi 
 
 Itrt-adtti .. - . . . uj.. 
 
 Dqitli of water at spririi: titles 
 neap tidts 
 
 and others are in progress. Ships of the 1 
 draught of water can enter the harbour mth p 
 feet safety. 
 
 Banks. — Agencies of from 8 to 12 Engliii I 
 Indian Banks are estabbshed here, and a bnid j 
 tbe French Comptoir d'Escompte, besides a 1( 
 bank having a special Colonial charter, .1' 
 all these, and especially the last, have an eii 
 sive circulation. Branches are estabhshedbfll 
 majority at Shanghai and other ports ia l 
 and .Japan, 
 
 Money. — Until of late, the foreijm Jolki 
 tbeCbine.se copper cash have been the .-iilet* 
 rency of Hong-Kong ; but bv O.ilerin Comi 
 January 9, 1863, the establislimeiit of a mint" 
 authorised for the coinage of dollars aiiii c^ 
 pieces representing ^1^ and ^ dollar, 
 
 The coins of smaller denominations smaj 
 England have been current ui IIong-KoofS 
 1863, but the mint in the colony was cot opa 
 for the coinage of doUars till May »■ ' 
 present (1866) the Mexican doUar is nlmost i| 
 sole circulating medium, „ j 
 
 The method of conducting bnsmess at ai^ 
 
ipi! beini; 
 te to tilt 
 iditfom,. 
 (J no feW' r 
 ntctetl ami 
 
 •2,M5,74T 
 Uri'ish, < f 
 lative ciaf-. 
 IhCn. wli. :: 
 
 asciTtaincii 
 li),H'2.') tnu', 
 ;. Doubling 
 stimatc fci 
 ,-e vessels, 01 
 
 )f Victoria 71 [ 
 9 20 steameia 
 
 lin;; tcsulailv 
 it the anrniil 
 : of small vh- L 
 or Coutinental I 
 )yagc3. The>e( 
 
 "cam-in;; trade I 
 northern to tie I 
 aiis\iort of cam- r 
 )sa. 'I'hc rarill 
 ds to iiittrfirel 
 
 oURh atoortaal 
 , is fotinil fill itel 
 rom Iiiiliat aadl 
 
 The einii.'nt'MJ 
 ys a resinctaV.j| 
 I and compctiid 
 i|T -with F.urojtJ 
 ,ai Company, laf 
 Imperiak:. Diln 
 atli Cantut. j 
 criptionareleviM 
 ,^,y of the harViJ 
 o" master of eviT| 
 I the pott. 
 fdctraentioiicii doc 
 
 ::.'is« 
 
 IS. 
 
 Lips of the m 
 ;harboutwr 
 
 UONG-KONG 
 KoDL' is precisely similar to that described under 
 
 \mM npi'df from the Statistical Abstract 
 ibat the value of the imports into the United 
 Kinsdora from IIoiig-Kong 
 
 HOPS 708 
 
 2,881,9-'9/. in 180 1, to ls;!,n7:!/. in 18fi7. Annexed 
 are statements exhibit ini; the extent of the dired 
 trade between this de|ieii(lenoy and the motlici- 
 countrv dnring the three vears endint; witli 
 IMOC. 
 
 has fallen from ' 
 
 i mill thawing the QudiUities ant! Values of the Imports into the United Kinijdum from Ilong- 
 ' Koug in 18t!l-GC. 
 
 Attldei 
 
 I runpjor • * ■ " 
 
 I IJ'nllS" elain ware and carllienwarf 
 
 ' W.ri!™" i, < wnliil. " I'^fimiM : _ 
 ; ra«a • - * " 
 
 Swdt: Am*d ■ , * ,,. 
 ' V i inuui or tiusks, anil waste silk 
 
 "■ IU« • 
 ; iu;ir, unrenaed • " ' 
 
 Tn • • • 
 
 ;la • 
 
 .llutlwini.lr* 
 
 Total v.-i'up- •__ 
 
 i foreijn clollai« 
 le been the iolefl. 
 
 lortlerittC*'! 
 Lentof»t»>»7 
 ^dollars 511'! «™ 
 |U dollar. - 
 &ationss'<«*| 
 |inHong-K«°t7 
 
 ldollar««l°"^] 
 at Hoi 
 
 CWtl. 
 
 Il>s. 
 
 cwts. 
 
 CAts. 
 
 Ills. 
 
 
 Qusntltim 
 
 isni 
 
 ISfij 
 
 IH.WI 
 
 .'..41.1 
 
 74i,lfi7 
 
 'M,>yj'.) 
 
 H.'> 
 
 di." 
 
 M'J.ll'i 
 
 llO.lUi 
 
 ao.HS'i 
 
 25,^51 
 
 7.'>,.17li 
 
 10,177 
 
 1,111.! 
 
 .■ill 
 
 'J.'. 
 
 r.'iij 
 
 10,S7.1 
 
 «,(il.7 
 
 ■\,iri 
 
 1 
 
 l,316,liil 
 
 9JS,')77 
 
 ,, 
 
 .WJ 
 
 
 
 isr.r, 
 
 4,0 i.'i 
 
 'J7, 117.1 
 
 ■11)7 
 
 I9,i(;s 
 n,.')7i 
 
 .in,. 1 1.1 
 
 u'lS 
 ic,.',(;i 
 
 17 
 
 l,n.1.-5,fi7!l 
 
 l.fiuG 
 
 Coinjiutt-d Ket-il \'a!UL. 
 
 e 
 
 !"l,074 
 
 Vlr.lCll) 
 V,"1S 
 
 .570,1,110 
 
 1.1,'^llt 
 UMo'i 
 (i,'J."J 
 l,oi;i 
 )l,.V.O 
 
 .'■..'>ri 
 
 U«,.'j.l7 
 37,811 
 
 IHOJ 
 
 £ 
 
 •JH,.-,;.', 
 
 (i.H.IS 
 S.->ii,OJ'J 
 
 9,8sn 
 
 4,K1)'J 
 I,97S 
 17,'^ I.'i 
 
 I 
 
 79,091 
 
 v.mi.'i 
 
 ,')3,liS 
 
 ;3,('.fis 
 
 iHce 
 
 £ 
 21,181 
 
 S,719 
 k9,150 
 
 129 
 
 2.',» 
 'VJ.'t 
 741 
 ,9(15 
 21 
 ,.'.9.1 
 ,12.1 
 .HM 
 
 ,'^71 
 
 7, 
 7, 
 .1, 
 19, 
 
 S.I, 
 
 _2ti, 
 2S2 
 
 l.-foiiiif shotting the Quantities and Values of the Exports from the United Kingdom to Jlong- 
 
 Konn tn 18G1-G(5. 
 
 Arfarel wd Iisl«,nl-i,.bery ■ 
 
 .^rm.wJaminuiiiliun 
 
 BttT ijid lie 
 
 Ull^cltldm. and culm 
 
 ( (ittt:, »Ttuj;lit and unwroui;lit 
 
 Conwi.ani 
 
 lottoBi', ttuted by the yard - 
 
 ' at Talue 
 Eanh«iwire»r.Jpoict[aln • 
 
 l,i.in]ll."\lfi.l'jr,^ 
 
 Ulrdwirt. i;.,; , ull, rj, untmmieratcU 
 
 Irpa. FifflLhi nd Hiiwroudlit 
 
 Lcr'.fnlmdliUhpvarit - 
 
 J'jpcr, ,,t all Mtts Uliclmiinf; pajiiT 
 
 T:afltrt. 
 
 Mohirai, rattml by the yard 
 at Talue - 
 AJ other anicles - 
 
 Total value 
 
 - liarrels 
 
 ll,s. 
 vartls 
 T.itut! 
 
 CWtS. 
 
 funs 
 
 yards 
 
 rwls. 
 value 
 yariU 
 value 
 
 .'i,S79 
 
 Cl.,2.1(l 
 
 9,.'.7» 
 
 I,79.1,'.(il 
 
 2'i,uls,!jl,9 
 
 4,S91 
 
 4, 2' 1.1 
 
 o97,C5" 
 
 G19 
 
 3,112,004 
 
 (,>uai)tilies 
 180.5 
 
 S,S.').". 
 
 4 4, 7 .IS 
 
 1.1,119 
 
 son.nss 
 
 37,2J3,.1.",U 
 
 2, '.71 
 
 <i,l)Mi 
 
 1111 1 
 
 ;os,.",i,o 
 
 9 IS 
 
 2,n2;,8jo 
 
 11,977 
 .'..l.l.'.li 
 12,21.1 
 
 .')01.'..',0 
 
 41ll,7,".4 
 
 i.'iin 
 
 .'..S2 1 
 
 2,129 
 
 ,"82,119 
 
 1,011 
 
 !,13l,C10 
 
 Declared Ileal Value 
 
 1801 
 
 £ 
 
 17,91.1 
 
 1.'.,>.21 
 
 2.1,S71 
 
 3.'),1(I2 
 
 42,.10() 
 
 819,901 
 
 6UA,1 l.'i 
 
 972 
 
 3,914 
 
 1.1,129 
 
 12,2,')9 
 
 C1,S13 
 
 9^,1101 
 
 23,23 1 
 
 3.7 i 9 
 
 29,3(J9 
 
 2.SO,9lH 
 
 4,1.1.') 
 
 131.197 
 
 i.iii.s.sir? 
 
 £ 
 
 I s.ns'i 
 2.1,2'r, 
 
 .1 1 ,.1110 
 
 23,021 
 
 .'),S,9I0 
 
 8 1 ,0.',2 
 
 818,.1O0 
 
 7,S13 
 
 3,728 
 
 9.121 
 
 12,81,1 
 
 01,878 
 
 211,821 
 
 30,.'jfl9 
 
 4,983 
 
 .'..3.-.2 
 
 224,310 
 
 I.IMO 
 
 I03,.'.01) 
 
 !,.'>! 8, 098' 
 
 1866 
 
 £ 
 
 3 1 ,09 1 
 
 7.1. VS8 
 
 3>.,1I0 
 
 3 -',1100 
 
 .'.11,971 
 
 40.'i,.'>14 
 
 1,09.1,7.10 
 
 .'j,.13l 
 
 .'j,8.1.'i 
 
 I1,SII.'> 
 
 111,0 ')0 
 
 04,213 
 
 i3,118 
 
 59,85i 
 
 .'..ISO 
 
 2.91.'. 
 
 271,700 
 
 4,142 
 
 UJ,302 
 
 2,.187,'1I7 
 
 liOl'J (Ger. hopfen ; Diiteli. hopije ; Fr. hou- ] 
 I Hon; Ital.luppoli. bruscandoli ; Span, oblon ; Russ. j 
 litimtl; Lit. hiiimilus lupulus). The hop is aj 
 I pireniiial r-Kikd plant, of which there arc several 
 jvarielic-. It has an annual twining btcm, which, 
 Iifhcn si:f'[«rted on poles or trees, will reach the 
 Ihiiiht of from 12 to iO feet or more. It is a 
 |Miiytof llritain, and most parts of Kuroiic. 
 
 When the hop was first used for preserving and 
 
 limpruviiig beer, or cultivated for that purpose, is 
 
 Im knmvn [Ale] ; but its culture was intro- 
 
 |iii«d into this country from Flanders in the 
 
 ififncf Henry Vlll. Hops are first mentioned 
 
 p the Statute Hook in 155l', in an Act 5 & 6 
 
 ward VI. c. 6 ; and it would appear from an Act 
 
 ■isieii in 1G03 (1 Jas. I. c. 18) that hops were at 
 
 ^ time extensively cultivated in England. 
 
 |>Siitr lilitlie, in his Improver Improved, pub- 
 
 fctiidui 1019 (3rd cd. 1653, p. 240), has a chapter 
 
 «ii improvement by plantations of hops, in 
 
 ►ticlitlitre istliis striking passage. He observes 
 
 N 'hii[j were then grown to be a national com- 
 
 f ■illy; but that it was not many years since the 
 
 inoascityof London petitioned the Parliament 
 
 1 upland against two nuisances; and these 
 
 p, -Nfwcastle coals, in regard to their stench 
 
 ;; ™ I'ops, m regard tliev would spoyl the 
 
 M'ewdrin*, and endanger tlie people : and had 
 
 f nrliament been no wiser than they, we had 
 
 nrna measure pined, and in a great measure 
 
 m; which IS just answerable to the principles 
 
 I ose men who cry down all devices, or in- 
 
 1 as (hseovcncs, as projects, and thereby stifle 
 
 "cMak improvement.' 
 
 Alter the hops h.ivc been picked and dried, the 
 brightest ami finest arc put into pockets or fir" 
 bagging, anil the brown into coarse or heavy 
 bagging. The former are chiefly used in the 
 brewing of fine ales, and the latter by the porter 
 brewers. A pocket of hops, if they be good in 
 quality, well cured and tight trodden, will weigh 
 about li cwt. ; and a bag of hops will, under the 
 same conditions, iveigh about 2^ cwt. If the 
 weight of cither exceeds or falls much short of 
 this medium, there is reason to suspect that the 
 hops are of an inferior quality, or have been badly 
 manufactured. The brighter the colour of hops, 
 the greater is the estimation in which they arc 
 held. Farnham hops are reckoned best. The ex- 
 pense of forming hop plantations is verj' great, 
 amounting in some uistances to from 70/. to lOOZ. 
 an acre ; and the produce is very uncertain, the 
 crop being fretiucntly insuflScient to defray the 
 expenses of cultivation. 
 
 In 1861 the hop duty was reduced from 2d. per 
 lb., and ■ 5 per cent., to Ihd. In the year 1863 the 
 duty was wholly repealed. 
 
 I'hc following is a statement of the imports 
 of foreign hops for the ten years ending with 
 1866: — 
 
 Years 
 
 cwts. 
 
 Yean 
 
 citts. 
 
 18.'>7 
 
 - 18,711 
 
 1802 - 
 
 . 1.13,791 
 
 IS.'iS 
 
 . 13,000 
 
 1803 . 
 
 - 147,281 
 
 18.19 
 
 - 2,220 
 
 1804 i - 
 
 - 98,656 
 
 ISlio 
 
 . Cs,918 
 
 1805 - 
 
 - 82,489 
 
 1861 
 
 - 149,170 
 
 ISCG . 
 
 . 85,087 
 
 The price varied considerably : for instance, 
 they were sold at 21. bs. per cwt. in 18La, and 
 at 10/. 14s. 2d. iu 1880. Generally they are worth 
 
 'W 
 
 . * 
 
 :f 
 
 1 
 
 
 » 1 
 
 >,'■ 1 , 
 
 '•■'■; 
 
 >. U-' 
 
ml- 
 
 /.. 
 
 »•<• ' .',"\ ia 
 
 f~ I 
 
 
 ■' (■■■ 
 
 - 
 
 704 
 
 HORN 
 
 iibout .I/. /)». Tlie chief supplv of foreign hops is 
 from IlelKiuu, llnmburg, and trance. 
 
 A plnntcr or grower knowingly putting hops of 
 different (|iialities or values into tlio same bag or 
 package forfeits 20/.; and any person mixing 
 willi liops any drug, or other thing, to cliange or 
 niter the colour or .scent, shall forfeit bl. per cwt. 
 on all the hops so changed or altered. The 
 malicious cutting or destroying of lio|) plantations 
 may be punished by tran.iportation beyond seas 
 for life, or any term not less than 7 years, or by 
 imprisonment and hard labour in a common gaid 
 for any term not exceeding 7 years. (Loudon's 
 Knctf. of Agriculture; btevcnson's Surrey; Burn's 
 Justice ; &c.) 
 
 The dutv on hops of the growth of Great Britain 
 produced, in 18G2, 215,800/. The land under hops 
 in England amounted in 18(i7 to 04,273 acres, of 
 which there were in Keut 40,702, in Sussex 9,98'J, 
 in Hereford 5,335, in Ilampshiro 2,992, &c. 
 
 In 18GG we exported 22,864 cwt. British, and 
 13,224 cwt. of foreign hops, chiefly to the United 
 States and Australia. 
 
 HORN (Dntch, hoorn ; Fr. corne; Ger. horn; 
 Lat. conni). A substance too well known to require 
 any description. Horns are of verv considerable 
 importance in the arts, being applied to a great 
 variety of useful puriw)ses. They are very ex- 
 tensively used in the manufacture of handles for 
 knives, and in that of spoons, combs, lanterns, 
 suufT-horns &c. When divided into thin plates, 
 horns are tolerably transparent, and were formerly 
 used instead of glass in windows. Glue is some- 
 times made out of the refuse of horn. We an- 
 nually import considerable quantities. In 186(5 
 the imports of foreign horn amounted to 3,761 
 tons, and the exports to 1,050 tons. 
 
 IIOKSE (Ger. pferd ; Dutch, paard ; Dan. best ; 
 Swed. hast ; Fr. cheval ; Ital. cavallo ; Span, caballo ; 
 Kuss. loschad ; Pol. kon ; Lat. equus ; Gr. 'iirirat)- 
 A domestic quadruped of the highest utility, being 
 by far the most vuhiable acquisition made by 
 man among the lower animals. 
 
 There is a great variety of horses in Britain ; 
 the frequent introduction of foreign breeds, and 
 tlieir judicious mixture, having greatly improved 
 
 HOKSE 
 
 the native stocks. Our race horses arc the 11,..,.. 
 m the world; onr carnage and cavalry hor J'! 
 amongst the handsomest and most, activo ,,f >i 
 employed for these purposes; and our h v'- 
 draught horses arc the most powerful bom if i 
 an.l docile of anv of the largo Lreo'l" "'' 
 
 NumherandValueofUorie, in Gr'tal Britain 
 riie number of horses used in Great liriui,, f„r 
 diflercnt jiurposcs is very great, alih.-,ui;li Ic*, l' 
 perhaps, than lias been generally suppose,!" Mr" 
 Widdleton {Survey of Middlesex, 2ii(l «1 ,', r. 
 estimated the total number of horse-, ni rii'-ii'„i I 
 and Wales employed in husbandry at 1 ''iMnua' 
 and those employed for other purposes at lmi^w< 
 Dr. (.olquhoun, contrary to his usual prac'ti.v 
 reduces this estimate to 1,500,000 for Grci I 
 Britain ; and in this instance we are inolinod J 
 think his guess is pretty near the mark. In i.^u I 
 when the horses employed in Imsbaudrv worel 
 taxed, the numbers of tlie various descriptions „r| 
 horses in England and Wales wliicli pai.l ,lu...f 
 amounted to 1,204,307; but this account ,li,l ,|!J 
 include stage-coach, mail-coach, and hacknevi 
 coach horses, nor did it include those us<,l m 
 posting. Poor persons keeping only one U-1 
 were also exempted from the dutv, as \nre all 
 horses employed in the regular 'rogimcnu oi 
 cavalry and artillery, and in tlie volunteer cavalnl 
 In Jlr. Middleton's estimate, already referred la 
 he estimated the number of post-chaijc, mail 
 stage, and hackney-coach horses at 100,iJOU; ani 
 from the enquiries we have made, we are saiiiiiJ 
 that if we estimate the number of .such hor>ei i| 
 Great Britain at the like sura, wc shall be deeiiiei 
 beyond the mark. 
 
 On the whole, therefore, it maybe fairkcst 
 mated that there are in Great Britain" fr* 
 1,300,000 to 1,400,000 horses employed fonariod 
 purposes of pleasure and utility. They niav prj 
 bably be worth at an average from 10(. to ij 
 making their total value from 13,003,00}/. 
 16,800,000/. sterling, exclusive of the yoia 
 horses. 
 
 The duties begin to be charged as moo j 
 horses are used for drawing or riding, and i 
 previously. 
 
 An Account of the Number of Horses in Great Britain Charged with Assessed Duties in wMJ 
 the Years ended April 6, 1858 and 1806, and the Amount of Duty. 
 
 Horses exceedinf; 13 liand<, used for riding and drawing 
 carriaHcs, chargeable with duty . _ - 
 
 Ditto, used liT f.iTmers, t-iergymen, surgeons &C. ■ 
 Ititto, eat cetling 1,3 liands. used in trade - 
 Ditto, not exceeding 13 hand* . . . . 
 
 ToUl . . . . . 
 
 Nnmlier of 
 Hurset 
 
 I'W.MJ 
 1;-^,III4 
 
 61,(146 
 
 SSS.OOO 
 
 Amount of Duty 
 
 d. 
 
 167,032 6 
 6S,0M 17 
 9n,.1!)fi lli 
 S9,71G IB 
 
 335,«3 li U 
 
 Numiierof 
 Horses 
 
 Amount (/Dut; J 
 
 198,M1 3 
 
 7«,IIJ I » 
 
 116,4!? 4 
 
 37,'>W 
 
 iss.;m 
 
 I.17,.-i62 
 «1I,768 
 
 .JMi"-^ 
 
 631,071 I <»1,;3< » , 
 
 The duty on race horses was transferred from 
 the assessed taxes to the excise by 19 & 20 Vict. 
 c. 82. 
 
 Kxemptions. — Besides the above account of the 
 horses charged with duty, an account is published 
 of the numbers exempted from the duty. This 
 account is not, however, to be relied on ; inas- 
 much as very many of those whose horses arc 
 not liable to the duties never think of making 
 any returns. By not attending to this circum- 
 stance, we inadvertently, in a former edition of 
 this work, under-rated the numlier of horses 
 engaged in certain departments of industrj'. 
 
 Influence of Railroads on Horses. — The state- 
 ments now made show the dependence that 
 ought to have been placed on the estimates that 
 were put forth by some of the promoters of rail- 
 roads and steam carriages. Those gentlemen 
 
 were pleased to tell ns that by superseding I 
 employment of horses in public conveyances, r 
 in theregiilar carriage of goods, the full adopi 
 of their projects would in the end enable 1,0(»,' 
 horses to be dispensed with : and that, as e 
 horse consumed as much food as 8 men, subsistj 
 for 8,000,000 human beings would !)e provil 
 To dwell upon the absurdity of such a staierf 
 would be worse than useless ; nor should m Ij 
 thought of noticing it, but that it found its! 
 into a report of a committee of the HoujI 
 Commons. It is sufficient to observe tliat| 
 stage and mail coaches, and public wg 
 vans <tc. that have been superseded bv 
 carriages ore not supjTOsed to have disin^i 
 more than from 130,000 to 140,000 horses,'^ 
 the notion that 1 horse consumes as niiit^ 
 8 men, at least if we suppose the men f 
 
irORSE 
 
 liwscs and assessed tuxes of V il ', **" '""'^e 
 .n A, horses. The ri.lo for .w""^ ^"*- C*/- 
 letween the horses liable to tlm ?,?r'""i'"'"ff 
 MJiho^e haUe to the snia ler d».v V ,"/ ^'■'• 
 are mhaiwd in tlic Act 1(1 nV^ ^''*- "''• 
 
 a.- arc the horses kept by lieW o/licers aV 
 » surgeons scrvinj; i„ militia regiments"""""' 
 Broodmares, while kept for the so o^ 
 teriias, are exempted from all dutv ^ '^""^ °^ 
 He facility with which horsoa ,i» i 
 h> M to the cnactmen of sc'er7i'->''°.''?''=" 
 mhre-pect to their sale 4c Tho i '^^^"''"'o"^ 
 tecaanot be conveyed away ffi'''?' "C" 
 I aprcs, consent of the owner. JI?„co n ^"'. ^^^ 
 purciwr gains no proncrtv i.. „ ^ " '""'* "''e 
 te .o,.„%nless if dZ^gLinTJ'"' ^"^ 
 U" market. It is directed^ha the-^^ "' "" 
 fve? lar or market shall annoin^ ""P*' "'' 
 opea place for the sale of ho ses' a f nn" '"'""' 
 l^rsoBstotake toll there, and keen fL°f "' ™°''e 
 W in the forenoon till sunset' Th^'""" *'°"' 
 fiopwy lithe horse stolen is n„f „u . V^'^'er's 
 ii>«ie?ifair unless it be 0DenIv%' ''-^ ^"« 
 »«I^«i criept standing for <,„T/,£ ";'/«»' ^ed. 
 lmlmr^,Umd, for which thm? ' ^*"*'' ""^ 
 W Sefa of hirses in flir ''"^°'" " '<» Pay 
 k« ^n to the t^ Laker 'or't'"'''^*'* ""^^ 
 I c*We person known tTVh. *" f'"« "tlier 
 J bto*<ge of the?an renter th^ ^''^^''' 
 Iji* t'P' k the to 1-taker fo? th„'"'"'^ ^" * 
 I Wihout these formalities thpJin ■ ^ .P"Toap. 
 
 l,™»ffaho«e stolen ma- not viJ? T^''^". '^''« 
 If^uedoem it on p^ymenfor t^nn"''"'.^ "^ 
 Jpwta«.vtme within eCnth, of fhi ?•'''■ "" "'« 
 r*wp.2M.) -^ * -'^^''<'*> Chitty's ed., 
 
 lrfl2!f'''i'"P'"'''''1.64Ghorse<^of fl,J , ' 
 ■?».«; and exported 4 OfiqJoT^ pt the value 
 I ; '»«. n,m horses wi!' r'^''«'[at 167,384/. 
 
 IjyWcattleMakrt L i^^^^^o '"'« »''« 
 ■'•ISiS, 1«17. *' ' "• ^^''0. 13,724 ; and 
 
 ir ''^KS^^^ 'r'^^'y afforded by 
 
 I^'.^fense from the n'^''"' meat shall 
 
 ^^im the mi£te?"f7,««^rns, first 
 
 ;^« the tninister Td Twotlf "^?^^«■•'^ens, 
 
 T^acertiilcateofthLr? *"'JS'«R'.al Iiouse- 
 
 )^ -anagemeft tm^n'*' "« ^"^'"^ted 
 
 ^Itcenseare guilty of ?i ^""^"^ <»■ «a"'e 
 
 S'^diniprisoffirfi''*'"^! ""^i «nay be 
 
 , ^'wboundtoaffiv^ ™"?P°^«d- Persons 
 
 'I'l '<v/r of hit ^r ■ '"" 
 
 killni . "'f'"' '■""'"■^ngors ta^^ '''"' ""'«-''- 
 
 =s-i^^5v-"s.^ti3 ? 
 
 «"y -imd ortl,^j'°:-"eJy or wiltWi/kiH 
 
 •^f^jyt^^g-^i-a^^^^^^ 
 
 /r«.cA 7'rarte nllorsj ^Th 'il '"' ««• !« & 1^ 
 "e not, speaking generalI^^''^*'°"'=« of France 
 
 iweX'^Zn'* "'^S^^ Snd 'r-^^""" 
 
 im I''?" ending with JS97 .1. ^* ^° average of 
 imported into Knee 1' ^^ •'•^<=^''« "f horses 
 
 "mounted rnfete' '" «°'^°'ate\-ea ^ 
 
 %25v"ic ' '"'"''^- I« 1866' they 
 
 Wreare altered •tSus:^ '"'""'^ '" ^^t horses for 
 
 i " ? .. : ■ '" 
 6 '• i » : - '4 
 
 •■ i .. • Wl 
 
 - 84 
 
 " " t. . • ■"• 
 
 Kri"^ ^"-^ aell ho«es!^"«°"« "^'^^'^ "^"S 
 
 w|;,PrT?eq:S^2" the business of „ 
 he shall enter an account of m'P " ^'^^' « wh oh 
 kept by him for sale a„/f ' ""'"''^^ «f horlea 
 duties to whirh th^ °" 'or use, snecifvin™ 7i 
 This boofc?,"to\ tera? aTr^^^pS^^.t 
 the inspection of the offll reasonable times to 
 the same U to h« -i ?'^"*' ^'^'^ a true cont tf 
 assessor or assesst of .r^" quarterly ^-^j,"/ 
 party resides. Pe„"lty tr f."^^ '" ^^ieh t le 
 (43 Geo. III. c. 161.) "i,oS„ H^°^'°'"P««n«e 50/? 
 If they carry on their buSsl^'n "'' "^«««««d 
 
 the metroSs Z'trl^^ t '''' '^ere were in 
 avoirdupois generally iStten^wt?^' °' ^^^ lbs. 
 
 
 zz 
 
 
<■'! 
 
 706 
 
 ICE 
 
 IMPORTATION AND EXI'ORTatKjx 
 
 ! 
 
 i' ■ 
 
 I il 
 
 ■' 
 
 > 
 
 .1 
 
 \CK. Tho Hnl(' of irp nnd snow prrscn'ocl in 
 the I'livonis of Ve«uvius and on tho mori' plnvHtfil 
 |inrts of A'Awa has hm^ hcon aconsidrrabh" liranch 
 of trade in Xaples, Cntuiiia, nnd tho adjoining' 
 towns; bnt it wa:< resorved for the Americans to 
 carry the trade in ice to an extent which could 
 not previously have been anticipated. The extreme 
 heat of tlio summer in tlie Central and Soutliem 
 States occn^io^s a natural demand for ice. which 
 the extreme cold of tho winter in the New lui^^dand 
 Stntcfl fjivcs the means of supplying. The fresh 
 water lakes adjoining Iloston nnd other lar^c 
 towns heinj^ deeply frozen in winter, larfje ice- 
 lionscs arc tilled with the ico taken from them, 
 which is retailed in summer at n low price. 
 
 This practice had not, however, been Iohr 
 cstabli.shftd when it occurred to some inf;enious 
 speculators to attempt to realise n profit by 
 shipping ice to tho soifthcrn parts of tho Union 
 and the West Indies; and tho speculation having 
 succeeded, tho trade was subsequently extcndecl 
 to the Spanish Main and South America, and 
 more recently to Europe, India, and China! Tho 
 business has, in fact, become of tho lirst importance; 
 numerous companies and a very largo amount of 
 tonnage being now engaged in "the ice trade from 
 lioston. And owing to tho greater skill and 
 economy with which the business is at present 
 conducted, tho ice which used to cost 6 cents 
 jier 11), in New Orleans and tho Havannah, may 
 now be had for 1 cent; nnd there has been a like 
 fall in its price in India and other more distant 
 places. An immense warehouse has been con- 
 structed at Calcutta for the reception of tho ice 
 brought by the ships, whence it is supplied in 
 the quantities required for the public accommoda- 
 tion. This singular fabric has triple walls, live 
 distinct roofs, encloses about three-fourths of an 
 acre, and is fitted to hold upwards of itO,000 tons 
 of ice ! Our readers do not require to be told that 
 in some years London has been a considerable 
 market for American ice. This, however, is only 
 a casual occurrence, depending principally on the 
 circumstance of an unusually hot summer having 
 followed an unusually mild winter, which, on the 
 one hand, occasions a large demand for ice, while, 
 on the other, it lessens or annihilates the home 
 supply. And the same may be said generally in 
 regard to the demand of other European countries. 
 The ice shipped from America is principally ob- 
 tained from Fresh Pond, Spy Pond, and Wenham 
 Lake, in an elevated position, about 18 miles 
 from Boston, to which it is conveyed by railway ; 
 but it is also obtained from various other ponds 
 and lakes. It is kept stored up in large ware- 
 houses adjoining the lakes till it is required for 
 shipment The holds of the ships used for the 
 convevance of ico have a space between the 
 planking nf the ship and the ice boxed in and 
 usually filled with sawdust or some other sub- 
 stance regarded as a non-conductor of heat. For- 
 merly the ice was packed with straw and hay, in 
 boxes of thin lumber made air-tight; but this 
 mode of packing is now comparatively little used. 
 The ice is beautifully transparent and free from 
 air-cells, and is usually cut into blocks about a 
 foot thick. In 185-1 no fewer than I5(),540 tons 
 
 from New York; Imt in 18(;(! i|,c ,otai »,,,„, 
 from lioston had fallen to 121,751 i„n, ui.i 
 1H(;5 they reached l:il.275 ton,. Tl,.. h,;;"'!" 
 sumption of New York has been estimntH at i',"l' 
 2(iO,()()0 to 27(1,000 tons ! | liosTo.v'l "" ' 
 
 Owing to the mildness of our wi'iUcn «c hiv 
 sometimes little or no frost, and when it i, ,r , i 
 severe, !«> in this countrv rarclv e.xcwdj ■' ,', " 
 inches in thickness, nnd is usiiiillv. aU a'™,! I 
 deal stamed with impurities, lu im, (Won |„„,| 
 ol ICO were imported into the United Kin-.U (I 
 wh li-h fi2.:i7l came from Xonvn v. ' * 
 
 IMl'OI! TATION and KXl'UHTATKlX Tl,.| 
 brin^'ing ol commodities from nnd sen(liiiL''i||,n,| 
 to other countries. A very large portion ,.f i|,«| 
 revenue of (ireat Hritnin being (krivc.l from ci, J 
 toms duties, or from duties on commo.litipi , 
 ported from nbroad, and drawbacks bpini.. .iv 
 on a few articles exported (at present, m 
 relined sugar and tobacco only), tie businc', 
 
 importation and exportation is subjected lovw,' 
 regulations which must be carefully obsmvi 
 those who would avoid incurring pen,iliie<, an| 
 subjecting their property to conliscaliun. TIk 
 regulations referred to are embodiod chictivinibi 
 Customs Consolidation Act^ 1(5 & 17 Vktic. Iifl 
 which came into operation on August 20. \m 
 We subjoin an abstract of such portions of ikijjiK 
 subsequent statutes (18 4 19 Vict. c. %nii 
 Vict. c. 22, 25 (fc 2G Vict. c. 63, 30 A 31 VictcSl 
 as relate to importation, exportation Ac. 
 
 CUSTOMS CoNSOLIDATIOJf ACT OF 1853, 1 
 
 IG & 17 Vict, c. 107. 
 
 The first 8 clauses of the Act relate to ihi a 
 pointment of Officers of Customs, and need not 1 
 here referred to. 
 
 Clauses 9 to 14 relate to the appointmnii 
 Ports, Quays, Warehouses, Sufferance WkiJl 
 Landing and Boarding Stations, 
 
 Clauses 15 to 17 relate to theLiceniingofAy 
 for the transacting of business rehting In I 
 Entry and Clearance of Ships, Gondi, ad & 
 gage, and of Lightermen for the CarriageofCm 
 to and from importing nnd exporting ships. 
 
 Clauses 18 to 28 relate to the Collection, .UJ 
 nagement, and Custody of Duties nfCustmi,ii 
 the Payment of Drawbacks and Allomnm, 
 
 As TO Disputes asd Controversies 
 
 TWEKS THE ImPORTEK OF GoODS ASD 1 
 
 Officeks of Custojis as to the Ddii d| 
 
 ON SUCH Goods. 
 
 In case of Dispute, Importer to deport Ik I 
 demanded. — If any dispute shall arise as to j 
 proper rate of duty payable in respect of anrpj 
 imported into the United Kingdon.", and allil 
 sible for home consumption, the impirter or ir 
 signec, or his agent, shall deposit in the bank 
 the collector of the customs at the port ofiipj 
 tation the amount of duty deraandisl by ^ 
 collector; and such deposit shallbe dcemfJl 
 taken to be the proper duty payable in re<p«l| 
 such goods unless an action or suit j''" 
 brought or commenced by the importer or s 
 goods within 3 months from the lime of am 
 such deposit, in one of her Majesty's wans of I 
 
 I'"' ™ COMPLAW, 
 fo^A.Ms A.VD 
 
 '""EOF, AXD 
 "« REUiKo 
 to-DfCT OF 
 
 %'fej and En, 
 
 ^.''"'iondon anv 
 
 "^Wj or owners of 
 £»s, ,i,ip 
 
 £»^'"'^ and a 
 r*e to the sciz 
 
 &' 'Elating 
 
 ^"'•'"tl" dispute 
 *'°'.-"''f. (Sec sn 
 
 pors, 
 
 l"'»Nin,heA7t 
 '" remit or 
 
 loot iiiicK. jii lou* no lewer uiuu iuo,iiiu tuns sucn ueposi[, in one oi iieriiioic.-i; n^- ^^^■™*klerati(iti « ' 
 
 were shipped from Boston, and about 20,000 tons | at Westminster, Dublin, or i'diiiburgh, ^'^"^^Bf ithicii . ° 1 7 "'" 
 
 dispute 
 
IMPOIITATION AND EXPOUTATlON 
 
 •07 
 
 LicentingofAi' 
 [$) re/ntinj'"' 
 I, Gofld'i <"i * 
 \CarriageofM 
 hrting ships, 
 he ColM">'<' 
 \ea nfCustmi,! 
 
 fc importer «, - 
 fetimeoffflfj 
 
 tdiiiburglii agJf 
 
 .„,h rolloctnr, for tho i)urpoN(^ of nsocrtaininff 
 hfihff ai"V »"'' **"*' amount of duty h due. niid 
 ' ..,k|, , limn such Roods; mid, upon pnyniont of 
 1 rhJcpoW, and pasain-; a proper entry for hucU 
 ".Klivthc iniport'T- conHif,'"*"'. <" ««<''><■. "iK'li 
 "vtnf'hsU tliprcupon cr.uso tho said j,'ood9 to 
 ko llivcriil in virtue of such entry. (Sec. 29.) 
 
 nniosiM to *e carried lo Conmliilate<l tiind.— 
 \\\\t sucli dcpofit ''hn'l havo been made as 
 j;re<ai'l the i-ame sliall \n\ paid by th(! said c(d- 
 1 lortothc I.'cccivcr-Ccnerid of CustoinM, to be 
 Cliiin wrric'lto the Consolidated l-'und of the 
 iTtf'l Kin''ilom ; and in ease no action shall bo 
 taht within the time hereinbefore llniitnl f,,r 
 .ijlMirpwe. such deposit shall be retained ami 
 iwlifd to the use of her Majesty, in the same 
 tilioct as if the pfttnc had been oriKinnlly paid 
 u,lr.f(ivoil a> the duty duo ind payable on sueh 
 ■iii- and in oa^e siieh action shiill be so brought, 
 ii.lit<hall thereupon be determined by due 
 „,,„(. (if law that the duty so demanded and 
 der<".it.(lwa-inottlift proper duty duo and pay- 
 ibis iinnu juch f^omh, but that a less duty was 
 Mviblc thfrcon. then the dilTcrence between tho 
 tjlnso (lo|in.ite(l ami the duty so found to be duo, 
 trthevvli'^ sum so deposited, as the oaso may 
 rwaire, Aall forthwith bo returned to such im- 
 w;l«, with interest thereon after the rate of 5 per 
 Mi.i« annum for the period during which the 
 (umi so Mid or returned shall have been so de- 
 Miitfil; nid such payment shall be accepted by 
 nAimt'ittcr in satisfaction of all claims in re- 
 sptttoi the importation of such Roods and the duty 
 paviUe ikrcon, and of all or any damages and 
 eii)fn<(Mncident thereto, except coits of suit, as 
 iie.fl hereinafter provided ; that is to say, pro- 
 vided ahravs that the party to such action or suit 
 iuslicsefavouraverrtict shall be given shall be 
 (Mided to his costs of suit as between party and 
 pinv m'linst the other party to such action or 
 raii-nicli costs to be taxed by the proper officer 
 odleconrt in which such action shall be brought 
 in ih» usual way; and if such verdict shall be 
 giveusainstthe plaintiff in such action or suit, 
 theco-iisotaxcdas aforesaid shall be recover- 
 able mdtecoTcred against the plaintilT in the same 
 nuDDu as damages and costs in an ordinary ac- 
 tion or suit in such court are recoverable by law : 
 but if such verdict shall be given against the 
 (oliettor as defendant in such suit, the costs so 
 tiled IS aforesaid shall be paid by the Commis- 
 lifflers of Customs out of any moneys arising from 
 tie duties of customs, (Sec. 30.) 
 
 |is TO Complaints and Disputes between 
 Merchants and others and the Officers 
 or Customs, the public Investigation 
 
 THEREOF, ASD ENQUIRIES TOUCHING MaT- 
 TEES REUTIXQ TO THE CUSTOMS, AND THE 
 
 CosDicT OF Officers ou others con- 
 ceded THEREIN. 
 
 flijpatei and Enquiriei in London. — If in the 
 pot of London any dispute arise between any 
 U'leti or owners of ships, merchants, importers, 
 Nsijiees, shippers, or exporters of goods, or 
 FU agents, and any officer of customs, with 
 ™ence to the seizure or detention of anv ship 
 t i'l'li. or to any apparently accidental omission, 
 Iwence, or non-compliance with the laws or 
 fgnlations relating to the customs, it shall be 
 p™ for tho Commissioners to dispose of or de- 
 fine such dispute in such manner as thev mav 
 «*"ijust. (Sec. 31.) N.B.— The licensed agents 
 Kmned in the Act have ceased to exist. 
 K»wr (0 remit or mitigate Petmlties.—l( upon 
 |™si,ltration of the facts and circumstances out 
 PWicti such dispute shall have arisen, the Com- 
 
 misaioncrs of Customs shall be of opinion tliiit any 
 penalty or forfeiture has boon iiirurred by any 
 Biich nia.Htcr, owner, merchant, im|iorl(i% eoti- 
 signeo, shipper, exporter, or agent, the said Ccm- 
 missioners may, in ca.so they shall be of opinidii 
 that the |)enalty ought to be rciiiilled, ri'iiiit niid 
 forego llio same accordingly, or in ease lliey bIuiII 
 be of opinion that a mitigate<l [lenalty slioiild In' 
 imposed and onfureed, mitigate any sueli penalty 
 or forfeiture to such amount as they niuy deem 
 a suflic'i(>nt satisfaetion for tho lireaeh of law or 
 regulation conii)laiiied of. (,Sec. 3J.) 
 
 ApjHiii to iipen Ctiiirt. — In case nny such 
 master, owner, inerehaiit, importer, shipper, ex- 
 porter, or agent shall feel himself aggrieved by 
 tho determination of tho Commissioners of Cus- 
 toms in any of the oases aforesaid, or have any 
 ground of complaint aijainst nny olRcer of Cus- 
 toms ill respect of anything done' or omitteil to bo 
 done by such odieer in or about the cxeeiition of 
 his duty, the party so ff- 'ing himself aggrieved 
 shall, upon an applioatio. 'n writing to the Com- 
 missioners of Customs, which application shall 
 state the substanco of his complaint, or the reasons 
 of his dissatisfaction with such determination, be 
 entitled to have tho facts and circumstances of 
 such complaint or determination enquired into by 
 one of tho said Commissioners, in the manner 
 following. (Sec. 33.) 
 
 Commissioner to conduct public Enquirij. — Upon 
 receipt of such application as aforesaid the Com- 
 missioners of Customs shall depute one of such 
 Commissioners to enquire into tho subject matter 
 of such application, for which purpose a suitable 
 apartment shall be provided, to which the parties 
 complaining and the parties complained against, 
 and their agents and witnesses, and all other per- 
 sons interested or desirous of attending, shall 
 have free access ; and the Commissioner so depu- 
 ted shall receive the statement of the complainant 
 or his agent or attorney, and hear any reasons 
 which he or they may advance in support of his 
 complaint, and the said Commissioner shall take 
 or cause to be taken any evidence on oath which 
 the said complainant may offer and adduce in sup- 
 port of his complaint, and write down or cause to 
 be written down and report tho substance of such 
 evidence in a narrative form, and his opinion 
 thereon and on the arguments, if any, adduced 
 on the licaring of the case, for the information of 
 the said Commissioners ; and in like manner the 
 Commissioner so deputed as aforesaid shall take 
 and write down or cause to be taken down and 
 written, and report for the information of the said 
 Commissioners of Customs, any evidence which 
 may be offered in support of such determination 
 of the Commissioners, or in case of a complaint 
 against an officer such exculpatory evidence 
 as the officer complained against may offer or 
 adduce; and the course of proceeding with re- 
 spect to the taking of such evidence and tho 
 conduct of such enquiry shall be in as close 
 conformity as tho nature of such enquiry will ad- 
 mit with the practices adopted before justices on 
 enquiries had before such justices. (Sec. 34.) 
 
 Commissioners to prosecute or decide. — The 
 Commissioners of Customs, upon the evidence so 
 reported to them, shall either determine to pro- 
 secute, if they deem it a proper case for prosecu- 
 tion, or decicle the case upon such evidence, and 
 make their order thereon accordingly, which order 
 shall be communicated by a Commissioner in open 
 court either on the same day or a future day to 
 be appointed at the hearing for that purpose ; and 
 every order of the Commissioners of Customs, 
 made upon consideration of tho facts, circum- 
 stances, and evidence so reported by the Commia- 
 z z 2 
 
 
 >i.3 
 
 * m 
 
r<t8 
 
 niPOIlTATION AND KXrOIlTATIOy 
 liall (lirrrt nii<l 
 
 • ; f 
 
 i» 
 
 
 finnor by whom mich enquiry Miall have hcoii 
 hi'ldoii, Nhull. in cu!<c nnv )ienulty or iiiiti^'iitoil 
 litnally or forfeiture nhall lie ft(ljii(l>;ed hv nufh 
 order to bo paid or enforced, be of eqnnl fi'reo, 
 validity, and etlVct as any conviction for penalties 
 vliicli any jiisficc or juHticcs is or are now em- 
 powered liv law to iiialtc ; and upon the f)roductioii 
 of any .sucii order of any two or more ol the Com- 
 niinsioners of (liistoms to anyjnstico or justices 
 of llie peace, it shall be lawful for such justice 
 or jiistieea to enforce such order, in the same 
 manner and by the like authority as such justice 
 or justices is or was now empowcreil to enforce 
 orders under the Act 11 ib 12 Viet. c. 'i;!, unless 
 the party against whom such order have been 
 made shall, witliin 1 week after the; same shall 
 have been communicated as aforesaid, give notice 
 in writinj; to the Coramissioners of Customs or to 
 their solicitor that ho refuses to abide by such 
 order, in which case the Commissioners of Customs 
 may direct sucli proceedings thereon as they may 
 sec'fit, or the [mrty against whom such order has 
 been made shall have the same remedy by action 
 in any court having jurisdiction, inchufing the 
 * Court of Kcquests of the City of London arid the 
 Liberties thereof,' as if no such hearing or order 
 had been made : provided always that if any sucli 
 master, owner, importe*, shipper, exporter, or 
 agert (not wishing to resort to such appeal as 
 hcioinbeforc provided) be desirous of stating his 
 case personally to one of the Commissioners of 
 Customs, ho shall be at liberty to do so on ottend- 
 ing at (he Custom-house during the sitting of the 
 board on ai.,)lying for that purpose. (Sec. 05.) 
 
 Power to keep Order. — The Commissioners of 
 Customs deputed to enquire as aforesaid shall have 
 aiul exercise, while engaged in the conduct of such 
 enquiry, and to as full an extent as the same is 
 now exercised by any justice or justices in Se.s- 
 .slons, all necessary powers and authority to en- 
 force order and propriety of conduct. (Sec. 36.) 
 
 Disputes and A'liquiries at Outporta. — If at 
 nny of the outports any dispute shall arise between 
 any master or owners of ships, merchants, ini- 
 l)orters, consignees, shippers, or exporters of goods, 
 or their agent or agents, and any oflieer of Cus- 
 toms, with reference to the class of eases herein- 
 before enumerated as arising or occurring in the 
 ))ort of London, the like enquiry shall bo holdcn, 
 the like course of proceedmg 'adopted, the like ] 
 mode of taking evidence pursued, the like accom- 
 modation for the parties concerned provided, the 
 like authorities for maintaining order given, and, 
 as nearly as may be, the like matters in every 
 respect done, as herein provided for enquiry into 
 .'ind conduct of similar proceedings in the port of 
 London, save and except that the duty prescribed 
 to he performed by one of the Commissioners of 
 Customs deputed for that puqiose shall be per- 
 formed at such outports by the collector or comp- 
 troller or other ollicer of Customs deputed for that 
 jiurpose. (Sec. 37.) 
 
 hnquiries and Examinations may he conducted 
 hij Commissioners, Surveyors- General Sfc. — In any 
 of the foregoing cases, or whenever it shall be 
 jiecessary for the Commissioners of Customs or 
 ilieir ofKccrs to institute any enquirj- to ftscertain 
 the truth or facts with respect to any complaint 
 or matter relating to any business under their 
 management or control or incident thereto, or the 
 conduct of otHcers or persons employed therein, 
 such enquiries shall and may be made or con- 
 ducted by the Commissioners for the time being 
 ■or any one or more of them, or by anj- Surveyor- 
 General, Inspector-General, Collector, or Comp- 
 IroUer, or other officer of the Customs, or by such 
 {)crdon or [jersons as the Cummissiouers of Cu:;toms 
 
 n.ponit f„r that purpow; ril 
 when upon any snel. enquiry pro,,!' „„ '„„|, ,| ,, 
 be rc.iuire.l by tlie person ho cndiuti,,,; i!,p,„„ 
 such person shall ami mar adtniniMpr Mich ,,!',' 
 to any person attending before l,i,„ „, mw, J'l 
 an. it any person so examined as nwi,„c„ h'C 
 huch person shall be co.ivieted of (;ivi„,, ia|,„ ,., 
 deuce on his exaniiiiati.m ■ 
 
 iMTson conduct iii'j 
 
 lKT|im-, 
 puiui U11.1 in'iiiiiii., 
 
 II <inili lK"f(,r,. Ill,, 
 
 such enquiry, even- su.h,„.r,„a 
 so convicted shall be deemed uuiltv el 
 and shall he liable to tliu 
 thereof. (Sec. .'(.S.) 
 
 J'ou-er to summon W'iVnM,«._Upon nnv „,rh 
 eiKiniry or examination it shall he lawfuiynr I,,' 
 (Commissioners of Customs, or aiiv one er lu .n „f , 
 them, or for any such Survey.,r-(;ent.ral, Insnecir.r. 
 (.eneral. Collector, Comptroller, or oilier ulKccr.if I 
 the Customs, or ]x!rson so autliori*iW.r ilimtMl 
 by the Commissioners of Customs Id comluit s.uh I 
 enquiry or examination, to suninmn am .,. r<, ii I 
 required asa witness to appear hetoretlie said (.m,, 1 
 missioners, In8pector-(;eiieral, (,\ill, etor, Cinii-I 
 troUer, Surveyor-General, or other ollieer or iipniiiI 
 authorised to conduct such enquiry or pxi'miin.f 
 tion, as the case may be, to attend on the luariii'l 
 thereof at the time and place to be ,«p.iiii(,l igl 
 sucli summons, to give evidence upon oath of iluf 
 truth of any facts appertaining to suehcnnuirv 
 any other matter touching or relutin^' ti»M„i 
 and every person so summoned, Imvini; his r. J 
 sonable expenses for such attendance, if r,'i|uirr.J 
 tendered to him at the time of sonice ul m; i 
 .summons, who shall neglect or refuse toaM 
 according to the exigency thereof, or whe,liavin| 
 so appeared, shall refuse to take the oiith.or..ii! 
 refuse to give evidence, or to answer awniii 
 to the best of his knowledge and btlkf an] 
 question when thereunto required, shall tVrmij 
 such default or olleiice forfeit tlio sum o( m 
 (Sec. 39.) 
 
 liegulations for Cmdiicl of Enquiriri.-I^ 
 Commissioners of Customs shall from timototia 
 make such rules and orders for the [iiufct comlii 
 of such emiuirics as aforesaid as iiinv be cxpcJifi 
 and as in their judgment shall lie iicce-sin'l 
 proper; and such rules and orders shall bcoliM'frJ 
 on the conduct of such enquiries nntilniimillrti| 
 varied by the authority of the said Coinniissiojt/ 
 (Sec. 40.) 
 
 As TO THE lMronT.\Tioy, op. Pnniiir.iTioj 
 ICntry, Kxaminatiox, L.v.nwno, and l\'.in( 
 iiuusiNo OF Goods. 
 
 Importation and Prohibition.— \t shall be la"! 
 to import into the United Kinplnni any ] 
 which are not, by this or any law in force at il 
 time of importation thereof, prohibited m be I 
 imported, and to warehouse under the laifif 
 force for the warehousing of good,', cxceptj 
 hereinafter provided, in warehouses dulyapproj 
 for the warehousing of goods without p.i_™™a 
 duty on the first entry thereof, any goodi subi 
 to duties or customs the importation and itf 
 housing whereof are not prohibited by aiiyh^ 
 foice at the time of such importation: provij 
 always that the duties on the folloi.'iny pn 
 and on such other goods as the CommissioDert 
 the I'l-casury may from time to time direct, r 
 bo paid on the first importation thereof, and j 
 goods shall not be warehoused either forhij 
 consumption or exportation ; viz., corn, CT 
 mc.ll, and flour. (Sec. 41.) N.B.-The dotfj 
 wood goods has been since repealed, 
 
 Time of Importation of Goodi and Tm 
 Arrival of Ships defined.— If, upon ilie lirst la 
 ing or repealing of any duty, or the lirst r™"? 
 or prohibiting of any impotUtion, oral anyotl 
 
 |L''"™T.to,or 
 ^.™'praphic or 
 
 .7":gdoni, "■ 
 
nrrojvTVTIOX wn r 
 •,Mnf(l,ranyofil,cpurpo«o., nfthi, nr„ * . ^'-'^^'J'ORTATIO.V 
 
 fMl(i,rminc tlic pnri.Ho limp „f ,,.i,: ' '"."'"•'nry or piirrKirtiiHr I'.r '""'"'■ n^nv, mnrlc nr .. 
 <U«: allowance „pZ, S iwr'"' "f ^''^ bvor.i" inn "''•'"''''*• «'l'i<-l. I t M ' ,'"'" "^^ 
 
 |wWo*i.ed.a dshaHir^.r' *."'■'• P"«"« 
 >.vta (SL S) ^""""""""""s of Customs 
 
 NHJEmtft 
 
 "'•^f",^,:m:Zhi,r's^^^ 
 
 I.VH'AUDs, «'"^IO^s toms sliall cause in i,„ Smm'ssionnrs o/T,,/ 
 
 '^^^"'•^ohtdyprahilitedlal • Ip'O.^'i at the soverrt' ';'"'. ^" '"-M'-MiclV 
 
 l5iHis:s sip kss-^^^^^ 
 
 
 iokcco rfait , wdins', aiK with t Im / ''-'^, "f mooniiir or un 
 
 ''•' "'■^•k 1°/ j""-^- "letal impressed nm^^'"'- ^'•) ^^" "'^ «"'" "f 
 
 I '""Up, appearing to he nr .1 ^ ^Z^"''* '» board Shin, *. t. 
 
 °' •" ' "'^ "'« Customs n,av b'^r^ -ji^v 1? •'"'"f " "^'''^'-s 
 • "''^ ""> slup arriving at 
 
 'i 
 1 i^ 
 
•10 
 
 IiMI'OllTATIOS AND KXPORTATION 
 
 
 >• 
 
 » . 
 
 ■:J 
 
 -■^: '.^ 
 
 uii.v port ill tho Hiiitixl KiiiRiliini or tlici (^Imiim i 
 I^lllM(|H, iind freely Htiiy on Ixiaril nnlil nil llic 
 CiKhU laden tliere'in Hliiil' lie duly delivered fmni 
 llie i.anii', an.l fliall liavi' Ine nciivis li> every [mrt 
 (if (he ^lii|i, with iMiwi'r In faMleu down lialcliwayM 
 
 (ireiitra -t |r) llie lidld, and to mark any K'""''* 
 
 Ul'iire landing;, and Id lip.k np, eeal. mark, or ollnr- 
 wise Mciiire any ^nods on bou'd nueh ulup; and if 
 any (dat-e or any hox or elirst ho locked, and tlie 
 kevH be withheld, itneh odiccrn, if they bo of a 
 ile'^reo Huperior lo that of tidowuiter, nniy open 
 liny sneh plaee, box, or ihest in the best ini ner 
 in llieir power; and if they bt' tidewaitcr-i, or only 
 of that de>,'rep, they hhali send for their nnpenor 
 oiliier, who may open or cause to bo opened any 
 ^M<ll pla<-e, b()\,or chest in the best manner in his 
 ipower; and if any (joods be found eoiu'ealed on 
 l).iard an.- sueli sli'i|), tln'y shall be forfeited; and 
 if ihe otllcers shuU place any lock, nnirk, or seal 
 njion any Koods on board, and sueh lock, mark, or 
 Hoal be wilfullv opened, altered, or brol mi before 
 due delivery ol' such jjoods, or if any of sneh ),'oods 
 be secretly conveyed away, or tho hatchways or 
 entrances to (he lioUl, after havin({ been faslencil 
 down bv the ollicer, bo opened, the master of such 
 ship .shall forfeit Ihe sum of 100/.; and if the jiro- 
 per ollicer of the Customs cliall place any loci., 
 mark, or seal upon any "stores on board any ship 
 or vesst 1 arrivin>; in tha United Kin;;doni, and 
 sucli lock, mark, or seal bo wilfully opened, altered, 
 ur broken, or if any such stores bo secretly con- 
 veyed away, cither whdo the ship r.'nuuns in the 
 port at wliicli she Bhr.ll havt so arrived or lieforu 
 she shall have arrived o», any othor port in tho 
 United Kin;,'dom to which she may then be about 
 to proceed, the master ol such ship shall forfeit 
 the sum of 20/. (.Sec. 41.) 
 
 Time and Place nflandin;/ Cnoih Tnwarih. — No 
 goods, except diamonds, bullion, lobsters, and fresh 
 lish of Uritish taking and imported in IJritish ships, 
 which may bo landed without report or entry, 
 shall be uiishippcd from any ship arriving from 
 parts beyond the seas, or be landed or i)ut on 
 shore, on Sundays or holidays, nor shall they bo 
 so imsbipped, landed, or put on shore on any other 
 days, except between the hours of 8 o'ckck iu the 
 
 moridn;; and I o'clock In thcnnernoonlnin \u • 
 I until Novendier I, ami betH.'.ti ih,. l,,,,,,, ',' ! 
 o'clock iu the luorning and I o'.l„('k in ih. ui',,,,' 
 noon from .Novend.er 1 until .M„r.|i l.iir,',,,,, . 
 such oiher hours as niav lie .ipiH,iiii.>dl,vt|n.', J" 
 mis,ioners of Customs; nor ,.l,all a„v .,,£ ^ 
 unsluppe.1 or landed unless in .!,« presJiicoorv,,), 
 the aullionly ot the proper otli.rr of Ihecu.l.i. 
 nor shall they be h. landed except nt .s(,m. 1. V 
 i|uav. wharf, or oth. r place duly apiM,inli,| |„r,'i,' 
 landnig ol goods, nor shall any smli ..„od, ,,.,' 
 havmg been unshipped, or put into auv Ut", 
 cralt to be bmde.l, be transhipped or n'niovo.l ini, 
 any other boat or craft previously lo tliilrlj,iiw 
 landed without the! pernusMoM of tiic |irM|,i.r i,|li,, , 
 of the Customs; and if any such f^imU >Lill I. 
 unshiiiped, landed, lranslii|',|io,|, or rmwr<\ o 
 trary hereto, the same shall lie forfeited; ondu' un 
 goods shall be unshipped or remuvfil Iroiu ii-v 
 importing ship fur th.^ purpose of bciiiL' hUi 
 alter iliie entry thereoi; hiicI\ kuuiI.h *lal| \^ 
 forthwith removed to and lan.led .it the vhiri. 
 (piay, or other phue at which tlie eanie are I 
 
 intended lo he landed; and if such g |, are 
 
 not so removed and lamlcd, the same .sliall U 1 
 forfeited, together with the barge, li^-litcr, l»ai 
 or other vessel employed in reinovinc tbt lam/ 
 (.Sec. I'J.) " j 
 
 As TO Tin; Hfi'OUT of tiii; Cmigo oi .Mei:- 
 CHANT Ships, and ok Siiirs in CoMMis-iHii 
 
 lllllNOINO Ml;UCllANJ-SH KltoM I'.iUfs m..' 
 
 YoNi> rut: ,Si;as. 
 
 Master to report within Tiventy-fmr llontiaM 
 Arritul.—'Uw master of every ship, wliithfr hi: 
 or in ballast, shall within twenty-four lioan,i:i, 
 arrival from parts beyond the sens at .inv per ii 
 the United Kingdom, and before bulk bi' brukiiL 
 make due report of such ship in the furm lollj»iii| 
 or to tho same effect, and cuntuinin;; the sutn 
 particulars indicated or rccpiired lliercbv; a:J| 
 the cargo of such ship shall have betn bhd 
 several places, shall state the names of thoj«pU.J 
 in column 1, in the order of time iu wliicli ill 
 same were laden opposite to the pttticulan ofii 
 goods so laden. (Sec. 50.) 
 
 ^■; 
 
 \. \ 
 
 
 .-* 'I: ! 
 
 ■I I 
 
 4 
 
 I'ortof llEPORT. 
 
 Ship's Name 
 
 Tonnafte 
 
 Brltiat) or Foreign : If 
 
 BriliOi. Port of UeKistry ; 
 
 if Fori-iun, tlountry to 
 
 which lihe beluiiK^ 
 
 NuinbtT of Crew 
 
 Name of ]\r.ittn>, and 
 
 whrihera Jlriti'.liur 
 
 Fortign huljject 
 
 Ifll 
 
 Urltlih 
 ijeamm 
 
 For?Un 
 tivainvu 
 
 
 
 Ben ttate (At Paritcutar$ 
 
 aecording to th* 
 
 tbovt Ucadingt. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 J 
 
 CAIIGO. 
 
 Name or 
 
 Namet of 
 
 Vlaci'8 whire 
 
 laden in order 
 
 oFTtnie 
 
 MoiU 
 
 Not. 
 
 Packages and Descriptions of 
 Goodii, I'articular'i of CiootU 
 iiowerl loose, and (teneral 
 Denomination of Contents 
 of each Facknge of Tobacco, 
 (^iKard, or SiiufT intended 
 to be imported at this Fort 
 
 Name of CotuiKnee 
 
 Patticulirs of 
 Pa: kafces and (ioodi 
 
 (ifan*)foraiir 
 oiher Port in the i 
 United lUngdom 
 
 ttate the Parlieulars according to the above Ueadinei i or if in BoUmI, tiattHn Ba!latt(ml!f 
 
 lo re ■n.wm* kl 
 
. «TOmBi, 
 
 HjijiaiMmnrffmAlttlnffon bo.tnt, t|4, / 
 
 • MI««U|iOH»'hi|il)l|itf 
 
 \urlHtrf4in I*-vjfftif;tn(iraitj) 
 
 Iitf !irf ttunlwtntry ■l.n?if wrili»n li a 111 i* ~ ~^~~^ ' '— — — 
 
 (Counlmljftiitl) 
 
 ''■'Hr. or fu„(,. 
 
 -M.«.o.l. ,.ir,i..„lar; ;::^;^ ''t-l'-'" 
 l..r »» .l,c. .amc ,,ro „,,,,li,.,,,,„ ,„ *;„ '^' ;; 
 (■..r.-i. and voyaKr, or ( fhp i)„rliciil.,r ' ' 
 
 LJ.n in ,,art, brvo„,| A , s ?' ""-r .«°;"'^ 
 rtcndleJ upon so to ,|o I v „, ' 'lly^' ''",''' <"■ 
 
 tMjt«lllcb(..8t0f lii, kllOWlcd-0 of tl>« I '." 
 
 ani(|uM!iivof cnrv nack,in.„ ?, , luality 
 
 ».l of lie "amc „(• , e V't ""'''fr^ t'-crcon. 
 
 , W«„o the truth therco?^:U«Cl'' ,"T";'' 
 
 t*c,„ccmi„s 8„cl, »,'oodra^ Sn 1^"'' '''•'^"- 
 I'luir, Md on failure thorrnfcnof,. •"ein'red 
 
 ^.tea. merchant pf a" i^, ,'? V° '" .""''•^ 
 
 ;*«■ '.'(he customs mav free cm. "' "',"' ""= 
 
 , '"MlaJJ such shins aii.l 1,,;,, • / *-' "'"' «« on 
 
 .«S«^».l,eQu7nWarete '^'""' '''«"<^« o" 
 « h^M my Z^'^ui^^l'''\^"y fiood, round 
 
 JwerHeless to such rrS.In,- '"^°''?'"''^' «"yect 
 Kiuime to time be J,>eip,i • J?.*^ "^ ^J'"" 
 
 P'ne such report ddivrr V '\f ""' *'ra« of 
 Nfcifriiren^^':^,^»'^ectoror 
 
 '"'■ irui' I.I ||,„ 
 
 Maittr. 
 
 '«■ -^'''vod, .l..;tr,.v,.<l or ' '"■^'"' "^ "' ">iv part 
 
 »aiis(actio„ o iCc^^^', "•■'•"..nt,.d for to 'o 
 '•v-ry such n,.Hf. Mudin "''■','''';'; "'' <'»^l'-.n.. i ° 
 •"'"'"• (•^'■c. 5;).) ' '""^"■'- «''«» '•"rfoit the sum 
 
 ;'l'.''" «"tl ex, ,„i u, ^ '\ "' ,""•• Customs^ ' 
 
 l""-|'03e,«„d if tl.crc bo/ • ''""f'"'".'*'' f.-r that 
 
 »;"o<h. wl,ich are "rolS> " o'lr'":'' P'»^''«'^'« "' y 
 «^"« « « mil be forfeited, mis tfe T"''"'''.'^''' '•"'^^ 
 
 A.'' TO Tlli EsTnv ni. n 
 
 ^'^^^y^nuiyHnUoI^^'' Goons to «e 
 
 '"^'Ol'. *""*' IJ'JS IMI'OUTINO 
 
 H'foOer, if r;7:^;c^'"i^; "i". 'h? collector o 
 I f-V'-ereofJorevcrvlr off, ^^ '"'''"i?. or a 
 
 I' 'ie ship, cargo, crew an ' ''"'^"'""'s relating 
 
 |«l«timbysui cXtornl''''*'''' "' ''"'" ''^ 
 f '^offaiiure or rcK L « """P*'-""*"^ ; and 
 
 t* ''answer truly or ;„' ?"'"''^'" «"<=h ques- 
 f *»"rconv or if ^ '" P"''"'^'' anv sucirbill 
 
 F.f'««f(l therein mi Tl "J""'"' and the goods 
 NonboaSl,"."' '«!^-e been bona fX 
 
 "4?^'^^^liS:;rt.fr;rt---'".o importer 
 'P'Kli'.! to be delivero f?.^ . ' "'^ '="'"0"'.'' and in 
 "^[rof fro„ tirS,Siirr-^^"""'«>«"'li fi 
 sliall, before un.h Zm„ f. '"'"P' "^ his n^eut 
 
 ™fO-of -uchgoodrvTr "'"'' ""'^'' pS 
 or comp.roller^a bill S e^ i^TJ-^ 'o the colJec or 
 
 following ortothesamorn.^/''",'"''^'" "'o form 
 «/vcrnl particulars iXatodTn' ""'' *^°""'i"in^' tl^ 
 Ami the particular" „«"ch '? ?' ''r'"''^ "'^rcb ' 
 With the particulars gvl if ;;>'«J'allcorre.,,.od^d 
 packages in the report of m f.'"° K^ods and 
 •^crdicato of origin o'r't,"/,'<= «'"P, and i„ a,,"! 
 ""ch is required, bv whW, m*""-""'' ^^''ore anv 
 entry of su:?hgood8l^:f"'^^ '-"portation J^ 
 the importer, is entitled to 1. ' i*" "P"" ^''"'••h 
 distinction tlfcreof „r ^.. "".>' ''oncfit by tlin 
 the value of any Ll^s'J^r'^ ""'^ ^^/nc v 
 
 Se?ur ^^' ^""'^ - ttoi^f 
 
 , i'at^nent of Duties Ti ■ 
 shall immediately unT^fP ""Porter or his a-e„t 
 entered by hi.^ toVea,i "'rodT^, "^ «">' good 
 down any duties which mavl <or home use pay 
 goods nientionediulch bKen'f-''"^i^ "P"" "'i 
 to the Keceiver-Genora^^ an Hf/'"^''"^'" London, 
 ports to the collector or ^?. ''^'" "">' of the out- 
 hy the Commision^k of Cul^'^T' """'orLed 
 same; and such bill of entry wl!" '"• ''"O'^*' ^hc 
 collector or othprsi.ni; "^' ^'^hen signed bv fho 
 
 to the landing rv^^retaWe'ht!! '^'^'^--^ttel 
 landing and delivery of such ' ^"''"' '""' *c 
 By 2o A 2G Vict, cf 63 8 67 Z?'^'- (Sec. 66.) 
 «1- conferred upon VS ^^hgorerj^^e 
 
 ^1 
 
 ■ii 
 
 
' y*'^; 
 
 ;•'.'• 
 
 .«■ 
 
 J 
 
 -■a 
 
 ■I 
 
 ' 1 
 
 V \1 
 
 .'Ki 
 
 
 713 
 
 IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION 
 
 VoTi of (ATrtfiM (if Fori <]f ImfxtHatiim'^' 
 
 ». 'A*Mf r /'rim* or i*:**!, jmi (/" l*ojf, DaU qf Prtthi Bttfry_ 
 
 ImiHtrlrr'a Name ■ ^___^„„_^_ 
 
 ENTRV. 
 
 Wh»rf, Pork, or 
 
 tiutkuil 
 
 Sliip'ft Name 
 
 M'hMhn llrltUh 
 
 or Korvi},'!) Sl)i|i{ 
 
 irKorriitn.lh* 
 
 Cuuiitrjr 
 
 itWa't Name 
 
 I'orlorlVff™ 
 
 Hen etale the Pattieutar^ atcorJing lo the ii.'»i» //nuMiifft. 
 
 Number of Parkaffni, Quanlltles, nnj 
 
 DcscrlpUon i of (IinnU an L-hdritL-d in 
 
 Table of lluliea 
 
 lr<-h«rked»lV,ij,,v,i„, 
 
 10 lie 11111,^1 in \\o,it 
 
 al l.cnKth 
 
 lr>r« Hate the Partkulttre aeanrdmg to Ihealme BeaMiiifu 
 
 Dated (hU 
 
 dajof 
 
 Total nmmint of datv pavatilc 
 un thiAfiur; ,* 
 
 lie I 
 
 (Slftned) 
 
 I {name of im^*rier or rtetnt). ot {ptace (if'atiodt^t Ao hereby declare 
 pootls rimiiiiiircl in tilit liill of entry, and that J entt-r the «amc Koodt, 
 
 atlenttik\. 
 Wilnvu my hand tl« 
 
 day of 
 
 t thai I am {the (mporirr, nrcge^t il^:; nijllmu'7Z"lZZ.'li"' 
 .. therein st.led a. ^ou<ls char..fd at .afue, aH;;;. .un? rf(r.S;;.;,J 
 
 Lind goods in dofaiilt of entry by owner of goods, 
 sfubject to certain ronditio?\s. 
 
 Jjetcntion of Goods for Under Value. — The 
 abolition of ad valorem d'.ities rcjidcra obsolete 
 sec. r,7 of 16 dE 17 Vict. c. 107. 
 
 As TO THE Entry of Goods intendkd to be 
 
 WARKIIOUSKD WITHOUT PAYMENT OF DUTY 
 
 ON First Entry thereof. 
 
 Entry for the Warehouse. — ^Tlio importer of 
 any goods intended to bo warehoused without 
 jiayment of duty on the first entry thereof, or his 
 agent, shall deliver to the collector or comptroller 
 n bill of entry of such goods in the sanio manner 
 and form antl containing the same particulars as 
 are bet'oie required on the entry of goods to be 
 delivered for home use on the landing thereof as far 
 ns the same shall be applicable, and the name and 
 description of the warehouse in which such goods 
 are intended to be warehoused, and the name of 
 the person in whose iiumc they are to bo ware- 
 hcuscd ; and such bill of entry, when signed by 
 the collector or comptrollt^r, shall be transinitte'l 
 to the proper ofBcer of customs, and be the warrant 
 lor the due warehousing of such goods. (Sec. 68.) 
 
 Goods entered for Warehouse may upon further 
 Ent'-y he delivered for Home Use or Exporta- 
 tiat. — If after any goods shall have been duly 
 entered and landed to be warehoused, though not 
 acliially deposited in the warehouse, the importer 
 shall further duly enter the same, or any part 
 thereof, for home use or for exportation, the same 
 may be delivered and taken for home use or ex- 
 portation, as the case may be. (Sec. 59.) 
 
 As to the Entry of Goods free of Duty. 
 
 Particulars of Entry. — The importer of any 
 goods not subject to duties or customs, or his 
 agent, shall deliver to the collector or comptroller 
 a bill of entry of such goods in the same manner 
 and form and containing the same particulars as 
 before required on the entry of dutiable goods, so 
 far as the same is applicable, which entry, so far 
 OS regards the goods, shall be a transcript of the 
 report, and shall therein describe such gooes ao- 
 
 (Sl«ned) 
 
 tm^yrler or Ant,it. 
 
 cording to the terms upon which such goods ,ve| 
 free of duty, and the value of such gooilsaj slial'] 
 have been prcWously chargeable with dutv it| 
 value ; and such bill of cntrj-, when signed bvilj 
 collector or comptroller, shall be transmititii t/ 
 the proper oflicer, and be his warrant for thcMJ 
 very of the goods mentiuned therein ; and M 
 importer, owner, or consignee of such goods, oj 
 his agent, shall, ivithin U davs after the cntn 
 and landing thereof, deliver to the collector, coui 
 trollcr, or other proper officer of customs a full aaj 
 true account of the goods so landed; proriM 
 that at Liverpool, and with the ranction of tbi 
 Commisbioners of Customs at any other port alieii 
 the docks, quays, and wliarfi) shall in like maniii^ 
 bo wholly or principally under the contml 
 management of one and the same corporate b 
 the owner, master, or consignee of the importiiS 
 ship, or his agent, shall sign and leave mth iH 
 ■joUector of customs, within 14 days next afit 
 the final discharge of such goods, a full and ace 
 rate list thereof, stating the quantities and dJ 
 tinguishing the weight and contents by meii 
 ment of such goods, if any, comprised lhcrein,J 
 shall be cliargeable bywc'ightorby measurema 
 for the freight payable thereon, and the names J 
 the consignees (according to the bills of ladijj 
 or the names of the persons actually payinj s 
 freight for the same; and on failure (cleave a 
 list, such ownier, master, consignee, or ajentihi 
 forfeit the sum of 20/. (Sec. CO.) 
 
 As TO THE Entry of Goods laxded i 
 Examination by Bill of Sioiir a.vd f^ 
 FECTiNO Entry thereof. 
 
 Entry by Bill of Sight when Goods not h. 
 — The importer of any goods or his agent, if j 
 able for warn of full information to makeapeif 
 entry of such goods, on making and subscriliii! 
 declaration to that effect before the collectoi 
 comptroller, may make an entry by bill of si 
 for the packages or parcels of such goods inj 
 form following, or to the same effect, andcontJ 
 ing the scvor.il particulars indicated cr rcqiiT 
 thereby. (Sec, 01.) 
 
 I ^^f f.tf\m .Jiaf I )i 
 
7F- v. ' ■ 
 
 DIPORTATTON AND EXrORTATION 
 
 713 
 
 IlII.L OP SKillT. 
 
 „ - ( r Sum of P'fi <\f Impoilalion]. 
 
 In^portfW 
 
 ^•hether mitiUi 
 
 or Fiireixii ; 
 
 If Kolriftn, the 
 
 Cuuntry 
 
 Makttr's Namo 
 
 Port or rUre frr-m 
 
 Niinipof Inii^ortft 
 
 thn tiat4 the Partieulari ateordittft to Iht ahove iltaiUtn;$. 
 
 Numben 
 
 Numtier of l*uckag(.'i. ^ Ith the liest 1)«><.rrlinloii of tliu GoxIh llie 
 Itrr'Jdt'T" iintile to ^ive 
 
 the imiKirtor (or npsni to the imjiorter) of the ^oods alKiTeintnitioi »il, i\.n 
 
 ' , 5, . 1 hire not {{f imporffr), or Ihar to the ^ « of my kiiowIe*!ne he h.u not Hf ^^'rii/i, re. civcl miMU i-nt invuL-e, 
 ifftVt V»iT *""u '^jviie from whetu-u the qualUj» quantity, cr vatus of the gwxU abuve-iiientiiiiietl ran lie nsri-rt^iincd, Unttrt 
 
 Itu 
 
 day of 
 
 IH 
 
 (Sltfneil) , 
 (SiKneU) . 
 
 . Importer or ht* Agtitt. 
 - Coiieetor, 
 
 IGl- 
 
 , Vm>t for r^n,llni,.-f^»ch eiitry being de- 
 
 Ifore,! to lU collector or comptroller, and sisnert 
 
 flffl iliall be the warrant for provisionally 
 
 kfce'atlip'flfls to be examined by sucb im- 
 
 rtf't in ilic presence of the proper ofhcerfi; and 
 
 imtoitrt shall within 3 days, or such further 
 
 le-Uavlie nllowe.l bv the Commissioners of 
 
 ruiioiii.uiWthe binding thereof, and before the 
 
 me shall be delivered, make full and perfect 
 
 itn- ilierwf bv ciulorsint; upon such bill of 
 
 i; fuch lafticulars of such Rood3 as arc 
 
 r required on making perfect entry of 
 
 i<, rtfther for payment of duty, or for 
 
 !liousin». or for delivery free of duty, as the 
 
 I'r.bo: and to such indorsement he shall 
 
 tie (late thereof, together with his signa- 
 
 snd place of abode ; and such indorsement, 
 
 1 sijnixl by the collector or comptroller, 
 
 I k taken as the perfect entry for. such 
 
 (i, (Sec. 02.) 
 
 fi pitmd hy Bill of Sight nnt to he de- 
 
 tnlasDuty it jiaid or deposited.— \»'hcre 
 
 eitry for the landing and examination of 
 
 for delivery on payment of duty shall bo 
 
 by bill of sight, such goods shall not be 
 
 ivereil until perfect entry thereof have been 
 
 knii tbe duties duo thereon paid, unless the 
 
 icror his agent shall have deposited with the 
 
 officer of the customs a sum of money 
 
 It in amount to cover the duties payable 
 
 ; and if the sum deposited on a bill of sight 
 
 lot be cnuol in amount to the duties 
 
 lie open all the goods contained in any 
 
 package landed or examined thereby, no 
 
 iball be delivered until a perfect entry or 
 
 H is or arc made, and the duties paid or 
 
 '■ ' for the whole of the goods contained in 
 
 tape. (Sec.G3.) 
 
 (u be iaken to Queen's Warehouse in de- 
 iptrftct Entry within Three Days §-c.— If 
 »'' ,fcct entry of any goods landed by 
 of fight as aforesaid bo not made witlun 
 te, or such further time as may bo al- 
 
 f the Commissioners of Custoiiis, after 
 
 lore '^''",":J'," j'«^BP^'"i; '•'"eofi such goods shall bo taken 
 
 ]itiy by "'J^°ir^^P Queen's warehouse by the ollicers of the 
 
 f such 8"°?; .^■o'i and if the importer shall not within 
 
 > effect, I'M ^i^MMli after such landing make perfect entry or 
 
 ladiatca ci "-^"^^b of such goods, and pay the duties thereon 
 
 ■ to agent, 
 
 or on such parts as can bo entered for home use. 
 together with the charges of renidval and of 
 warehouse rent, such giiods shall be sold for the 
 payment of such duties and charges (or for ex- 
 portation if they be such as cannot be entered 
 for home use, or shall not be worth the duties), 
 f.nd the overplus, if any, after payment of such 
 duties and charges, or the charges if sold for 
 exportation, shall be paid to tlic importer or 
 proprietor thereof: provided always, that when 
 entr)' be at any time made as and for a full and 
 perfect entry for any goods provisionally landed 
 by bill of sight or (Icposited in the Queen's 
 varehouso as aforesaid, if such entry shall not 
 hn made in mann:' herein required for the due 
 landing of the goods, tho same shall bo deemed 
 to he goods landed without entrj', and shall be 
 forfeited. (Sec. 04.) 
 
 As l-O THK KSTUY OF G<X)I)3 HK-IMPOItTI'.D 
 INTO Till-: UXITKI) KiNGbOM A9 FOREIGN 
 
 Oil BY Bill of Stokk. 
 
 He-importation of British Goods. — All British 
 goods brought back into the United Kingdom, 
 being of such a kind and description as, if foreign, 
 would be li.nble to any duty of customs on im- 
 portation, shall bo deemed to be foreign, and 
 liab!o to the same duties, rules, regulations, and 
 restrictions as foreign goods of the like kind or 
 description; but if the same shall be brought 
 back within 6 years from the time of the exporta- 
 tion thereof, and it shall be proved to the satis- 
 faction of the Commissioners of Customs that they 
 are British goods returned, the same may bo 
 entered by bill of store containing such particulars 
 and in such manner and form as the said com- 
 missioners may direct : provided always, that all 
 corn, grain, meal, and Hour brought into tho 
 United Kingdom shall be deemed and taken to 
 be foreign goods, and all goods brought into the 
 United Kingdom for which any drawback of 
 excise or customs shall have been received on 
 oxportation shall bo deemed and treated as 
 foreign unless admitted to entry by special per- 
 mission of the Commissioners of Customs, and on 
 repayment of such drawback. And all foroigii 
 goods on re-importation into the United King- 
 dom, whether they shall have paid duty on their 
 first importation or not, shall be liable to the same 
 
 ;;'l 
 
 I 
 
 " i' 
 
 I • 1 
 
 r \ 
 
 ur • I. 
 
 
IMPORTATION 
 
 ■J 
 
 . I 
 
 ;■' ta 
 
 •1 . 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 ■. I- 
 
 
 
 ..■, : 
 
 ^: ■ 
 
 714 
 
 <luticM, ruk's, rc;;'ilnlions, and rcstriotions as if 
 tlicii iinportt'd for the first time. I'rovidi'd also 
 that if any Jiritish fjoods l)roi:<;ht into the United 
 Kiiifrdnm bear the brand or mark of any IJritiah 
 naniifac'lurer, the same sliall tie admitted to 
 entry as sucli without a bill of store, if tlio ]iro- 
 prii'tor of .such brand or mark, or his lepal re|)re- 
 sentiitivc, shall give his consent in writinj; to the 
 delivery thereof. (;ii) & 31 Vict. c. 82 s. (i.) 
 
 As TO ExTi;ii:s of Goons in any of the 
 FoitiCGOiNG Casks. 
 
 The ("ommissioners of Customs may permit 
 entries of floods in such form and manner, and 
 on such ciinditions, as they may direct to meet 
 the exigencies of any case. (18 & 19 Vict. 
 c. DC s. 5.) 
 
 Hill of Entry to he in duplicate. — Upon the 
 entry of any goods, the, importer, his agent, 
 or consignee of the ship, as the case may be, 
 shall deliver 2 or more duplicates of the bill of 
 entry thereof, as the case may re(iuire, in which 
 <li;plicates all sums and numbers may be expressed 
 in ligurcs; and the number of dui)licate3 shall be 
 such as the collector or comptroller mav require. 
 (1G& 17 Vict. c. 107 a. 6(i.) 
 
 Importer or Agent failing to comply with 
 Regulations to forfeit 20/. — Every importer, 
 ngent, or other person entering any goods who 
 shall wilfully fail to comply witu the foregoing 
 regulations, so far as they arc respectively 
 applicable So the goods so entered by him, shall 
 lorfeit and pay the sum of 20/. (Sec. G7.) 
 
 No Entry vaiid unless Goods properly described 
 therein. — No entry or warrant for tlie land- 
 ing of any goods shall be deemed valid unless 
 the goods" shall be properly described in such 
 entrv by the denominations and with th" 
 charivcters and circumstances according to which 
 such goods are charged with duty or may be 
 imported, either to be used in tlie United 
 Kingdom, or to be warehoused for exportation 
 only. (Sec. C8.) 
 
 Goods concealed in Packages or delivered 
 without Entry forfeited. — If anj' package or 
 parcel shall have been landed by or in pursuance 
 of any entry, and any goods or other things shall 
 be found in such package or p.trcel concealed in 
 any way or packed to deceive the DiBcers, such 
 package or parcel and all the contents thereof 
 shall be forfeited ; and if any goods be taken or 
 delivered out of any ship or out of any warehouse, 
 not having been duly entered, the same shall be 
 forfeited: provided always, that no entry shall 
 be required in respect of the baggage of 
 passengers, which may be examined, landed, and 
 del'vered under such regulations as the Com- 
 missioners of Customs may direct ; but if any 
 prohibited or uncustomed goods shall be found 
 concealed thcreiu eitlier before or after landing, 
 the same shall be forfeited, together with the 
 other contents of the package containing the 
 same. (Sec. 09.) 
 
 Surplus Stores not excessive may be entered for 
 private Use or TVarchouse, — The proper officer 
 may permit any surplus stores, not being mer- 
 chandise, nor by him deemed excessive, to be 
 entered for private use under and subject to the 
 same duties, rules, and regulations as the like sort 
 of goods .would be subject to on importation as 
 merchandise, or permit the master, owner, purser, 
 or other officer of any ship, or anj' passenger of 
 such ship, to whom any surplus stores belong, to 
 enter and warehouse such surplus stores for future 
 use as ship's stores, although the same could not 
 be legally imported by 'way of merchandi.se. 
 (Sec. 70.) 
 
 AND EXPOKTATION 
 
 Entry of Goods by Aqe:il 
 
 » wilhnul IJ, 
 
 be licensed, any person not 
 
 being the <lidy apVnintc-.l clMk^,!'al\'■'t^l"■l i 
 licensed, .shall act .is such a-oiit or il -r'- r v 
 any person, whether .<;() licer.sod or aiiDMim ,1 /' i 
 not, .shall make or cause to be nimlc .mrv , f „! ' 
 goods without being duly autli<,i>,.,i i;,, ,'?,; | 
 l)y the proprietor or mnsLnicc ot' suoh 
 t-vcr\- jiuii I 
 
 l/'lt 110 suil 
 
 purpose Dy me proprietor or cnnsi ticc of 
 goods, every ciich iicrson shall lur 
 oft'cnce forfeit the sum of 'JO/, 
 
 pcr-oiu ia| 
 
 penalty shall extend to aiiv p;T,sc . acfiU'iinc rl 
 the direction of the scvcrnfdock coinnnnit^ -n I 
 any person otherwise authorised bvlaw h, i- A 
 cjitries, nor to any merchant, iiiiporter, or « I 
 sigiicc of any goods, acting himself in rc<i>ctl 
 tb.-reot, or any clerk or servant cxduMvel-l 
 employed by him or bv any such 
 coijartner.ship. (Sec. 71.) 
 
 Agent to produce Authority if rtm.r.i- 
 \V henever any person sliall malie appliiation'tjl 
 any officer of the customs to traiii,ict anvi 
 business on bci.alf of anv oilier pcrior,. iuj 
 officer may require of the "person .so apr.Hiii-ij 
 produce a v rittcn autliorily fn.ui the pof^on' J 
 y-hose beLalf such applicutioa shall be msde. ,id| 
 in default of the production of sucli authontj 
 refuse to transact such business. (Sec. 'i.) 
 
 Officers may take Samples.— The offioerj i 
 customs may on the entry of any (IooiIj. or i 
 any time afterwards, take samples' of suthiifti 
 for examination, or for asceitiiiniD!; th. duiij 
 payable on such goods, or for such other puijx 
 as the Commissioners of Customs mar dcci 
 necessary, and .such samples shall be di-poscd ( 
 and accounted for in such manner as the Coj 
 missioners of Customs may direct. (Se^', 13.) 
 
 As TO THE Time •within which 
 
 SUAIX BE ENTEIIED AND iASDKD AH 
 THE AlilllVAL OF THE IMPOKTISO SlllP. 
 
 Goods not entered within 14 Dai/i maj/Uci 
 veyed to Queen's Warehouse.— K the importer! 
 any goods shall not, within 1 1 days (exclusivel 
 Sundays and holidays) after f lie arrival of the sir 
 importing the same, make perfect entry oreiii 
 by bill of sight of such goods, or if, having mJ 
 such entrv, he shall not land such good* wiiil 
 such 14 Jays, or within such further perio(l| 
 the Commissioners of Customs shall direct. 
 officers of the customs may lonvey such go( 
 the Queen's warehouse : and whenever the c 
 of any ship shall have been discharged r«ilj 
 such 14 days, with the exception only of as 
 quantity of goods, the officers of the cujtnniiil 
 forthwith convey such rem.iining goods tol 
 Queen's warehouse ; and ai:o at any time i 
 the arrival of such sliip may convey any s 
 packages or parcels of goods tlierein tol 
 Quean's warel.ousc, there to remain for] 
 entry during the remainder of such U days; I 
 if the du*ies due upon any goods so coaveyel 
 the Queen's warehouse shall not be p.iid W 
 3 months afterward.s, or within such fui 
 period as the said Commissioners may 
 together with all charges of removal and i 
 house rent, such goods may be sold, m^ 
 produce thereof applied, first to the pavmei 
 freight and charges, next of duties, andj 
 overplus, if any, shall be paid to the propnef 
 the goods on his application for the same; ■ 
 such goods or anv of them shall be of a p 
 able nature, the Oommissioners of CustomsJ 
 forthwith direct sale thereof, and appW 
 
},'"■>' 
 
 IMPORTATION AND EXrOKTATION 
 
 71. J 
 
 |. in like nmnnor: provided always, that 
 ??^U rurpo«^ if tlie imiiorting ship and Koods 
 ^ kblc to the rcrfonnance ot jiuarantiiie the 
 f 'r cntrv ami lamlii.« of sucli jjoods shall bo 
 ""',([•(1 fri'ia tlio time at which such ship and 
 '""l hall have been released from quarantine : 
 Scl always, that if W hours or any earlier 
 ^ 1 aftc the report (if any sliip is specihed ni 
 Cm of ladinfj f.ir tlic dischar^'C of her cargo 
 
 ai V part thereof, and the importer, owner, or 
 «^n«ofsuch Koo>i=, or his agent shal neglect 
 Itor and land the same withni such 48 hours 
 ; anvport or place approved by the Com- 
 m' mm of Customs, the master or owner of 
 
 h ^hip mfy immediately, on the expiration 
 j/suil, a hours, cuter and land such goods. 
 
 %'G(km1s remain on board importing Ship beyond 
 Uftjw such Ship may be detained for Exjienscs. 
 ffbciicver anv goods shall remain on board 
 uv importing ship beyond the period ol 14 days 
 4 the arrival of such ship, or beyond such 
 Ljitr wriud as the Commissioners of Customs 
 Mvalluw,such ship shall be detained by the proper 
 cfer gI' customs until all expenses of watching 
 oicuatJingsuch goods beyond such 14 days, or 
 iiiklurihcr 'irae, if any allowed as aforesaid, rot 
 actfJing os. per diem, and of removing the 
 mod., or anv of them, to tlie (Jueen's warehouse, 
 ma4theolliccrs shall so remove them, be paid. 
 \'><c.I5.) 
 As 10 GOOD!: UPON WHICH AKV Abavkment 
 
 VOr.D.OlAGE ON TUE VoYAGE OU BV WiiliCK 
 
 lliV BE CLAIMED. 
 
 .Mtmi of Duty on Damaged Goods. — No 
 i ito for anv abatement of duty i.i respect of any 
 .tiods imporced into the United Kingdom shall 
 I ii allowed on account of damage unless such 
 .liiin shall be made on the first examination 
 iktiecf, and in such form and manner as the 
 I CoffiinL-sioners of Customs shall direct, nor unless 
 jiiilisEbeprovcd to the satisfaction of the Com- 
 Mkeii of Customs or their officers that such 
 1 dimiawai sustained .ifter such goods had been 
 , lin the importing ship and before the 
 llafeilereofinthe United Kingdom: and all 
 I iwi' Jeiclict, jctsnm, flotsam, and wreck brought 
 lor^jBiitsinto the United Kingdom, and all droits 
 I'ji' Admiralty sold in the United Kingdom, shall 
 jiiilltiEcs'be subject to the same duties as goods 
 I ol tie like kind on importation into thu same 
 j[iin of the United Kingdom are subject to, 
 Imesitshallbe shown to the satisfaction of the 
 l&Hissiouers of Customs that such goods are 
 Ilk! growth, produce, or manufacture of any 
 Idffltn- or place by virtue whereof the same may 
 Ikeaitiiled to be admitted at less than the 
 Itnign duty, or duty free, or that the same, if 
 lUe to duty, are "entitled to an abatement in 
 liK[«t of such damage ; and the damage sus- 
 luiatd by such goods, whether so imported or 
 BWictjetsim, flotsam, or wreck as aforesaid, 
 libllbe assessed by the otlicers of the customs, if 
 |imi*ient thereto ; but if not, or if the Commis- 
 iKnosot Customs or the collector or comptroller 
 Wile port into wliich the same shall be imported 
 ■» brought as aforesaid shall entertain any doubt 
 « Id the amount of such damage, they may call 
 "7 two indifferent merchants to examine the 
 i ud cetdfy to what extent in their judg- 
 ot the suae are lessened in value by such 
 inw, hereupon the officers of the custotaa 
 TMke an abatement not exceeding | of 
 Nuty on-jinally chargeable thereon; but no 
 ^"iice shall be made for damage on spirits, 
 I pan, meal and flour, sugar, cocoa, tea, coflfce, 
 
 pei>per, tobacco, currants, raisins, wine, and ligs. 
 (Sec. 7G.) 
 
 As TO THK Pr.ODUCTION f)l- Cr.KTIFlCATKS OF 
 Ol!I"31N IN Iir.SI'KCT OF (JoODS CM.AIMIXG ANY 
 BkNKFIT TIIUUliUY ON IjiroUTATlON. 
 
 Goods from I'usscssiotis Abroad, — No goods 
 shall be entered as being of or from any Uritisli 
 possessions abro.id (if any benclit attach to sucii 
 distinction) except the territories subject to flie 
 Go-ernniont of the i)residcncies of iSengal, Ma- 
 dras, and Uonibay respectively, unless the master 
 of tlie ship importing the same shall liavc de- 
 livered to the collector or comptroller a ccrtilicato, 
 under the hand of the proper officer of the place 
 where such goods were taken on board, of the 
 due clearance of such ship from thence, containing 
 an account of such goods. (See. 77.) 
 
 Treasury may require Certificates of I'roduc- 
 tion. — The Commissioners of the Treasury may 
 by order under their hands declare that a certUi- 
 cate of production shall bo required upon the ex- 
 portation of any goods from any British possession 
 abroad or other place, or upon the importation of 
 such goods into the United Kingdom, and frame 
 such regulations respecting such certificates anil 
 goods as they may think fit ; and if any goods 
 in respect of which such certificates are required 
 bo imported without suc'a certificate, they shall 
 be deemed to be foreign goods and liable to any 
 duty attaching to them as such ; and such orders 
 of the Treasury shall be published in the London 
 and Dublin Gazettej 3 times at least within 
 3 months from the date thereof respectivelv. 
 (Sec. 78.) 
 
 Certificate of Sugar from Limits of East India 
 Company's Charter. — Ijcforc any sugar shall be 
 entered as being the produce of any British 
 possession within the limits of the East India 
 Company's charter, the master of the ship im- 
 porting the same shall, so long as any benefit 
 attach to such distinction, deliver to the collector 
 or comptroller a certificate under the hand and 
 seal of the proper officer at the place where 
 such sugar was taken on board, testifying that a 
 declaration in writuig, the contents of which he 
 believed to be true, had been made and sig .d 
 before him by the shipper of such sugar, that the 
 same \,-a3 really and bona fide the produce of the 
 British possession. (Sec. 80.) 
 
 East India Sugai' warehoused at the Cape of 
 Good Hope. — If any sugar, the produce of any 
 British possession within the limits of the East 
 Indi.; Company's charter, so long as any benefit 
 attaches to such distinction, shall have been im- 
 ported into the Cape of Good Hope from the place 
 of its production, accompanied by such a certifi- 
 cate of origin as would be sufficient for its admis- 
 sion into the United Kuigdom at the rate of duty 
 payable upon such sugar if imported direct from 
 the place of its production, and shall have been 
 warehoused at the Capo of Good Hope under 
 the regulations there in force for the warehousing 
 of goods, and shall have been exported from such 
 warehouse, accompanied by a certificate from the 
 proper officer of customs at the Cape of Good 
 Hope, setting forth the particulars of the import- 
 ation, and of the warehousing and of the ex- 
 portation of the same, and also setting forth the 
 substance of the certificate of origin before men- 
 tioned, and if, on the arrival in the United King- 
 dom of the ship importing such sugar,. the master 
 of such chip shall deliver to the collector or comp- 
 troller at the port of importation such certificate 
 fiOQ the of^cer of the customa at the Cape of 
 Good Hope, such sugar shall be admitted at such 
 port of importation in the United Kingdom at 
 
 'i1 
 
 
f 
 
 .■. •.'» 
 
 •I 
 
 I- • 
 
 710 
 
 I^rPORTATION AND EXPORTATION 
 
 .''* 'H 
 
 ' M 
 
 'I: 
 
 i 
 
 ■-. 
 > 
 
 tlie same rate of duty as would bo payable if the 
 fame bad boon imiiortcd direct from the place of 
 its production, (Sec. )S1.) 
 
 Goods of Guernsey, Jersey Sfc. — Any goods of 
 the growth of the Channel Islands, and uny 
 goods manufactured in the said islands from ma- 
 terials of their growth, or from materials not sub- 
 ject to duty in the United Kingdom, or from 
 materials upon which the duty has luen paid 
 in the United Kingdom, and upon which nodraw- 
 bock has subsequently been granted, may be im- 
 ported into the United Kingdom from the said 
 islands resjjectively ^.■*hout payment of any 
 duty, and such goods Hhall not be deemed to be 
 included in any charge of duties imposed by any 
 Act on the importation of goods generally from 
 parts beyond the seas: but any goods shall be 
 charged with anv proportion ofsuch duties as shall 
 fairly countervail any duties of excise payable on 
 the like goods the produce or manufacture of the 
 
 Eart of the United Kingdom into which they shall 
 e imported, or payablo upon any of the materials 
 from which such goods are manufactured ; and 
 all goods manufactured in any of the said islands 
 from any other materials {ban the materials afore- 
 said shall be declared and taken to be forei^^n 
 goods. (Sec. 82.) 
 
 blaster to deliver Certificate of Produce. — Before 
 any goods shall be entered as being the produce 
 of the said Islands (if any benefit attach to such 
 distinction), the master of the ship importing the 
 same shall deliver to the collector or comptroller 
 of customs a certificate from the governor, lieu- 
 tenant-governor, or commander-in-chief of the 
 island from whence such goods were imported, 
 that proof had been made in manner required by 
 law that such goods were of the produce of such 
 island, stating the quantity and quality of the 
 goods, and the number and denomination of the 
 packages containing the same. (Sec. 83.) 
 
 As TO THE UNSHirriNO, Laxdixo, Examina- 
 tion, V.'akeiiousino, and Cijstodv of Goons. 
 
 Goods to lie unshipped, carried, landed, weighed 
 Sec. and deposited at the Expense of the Importer. 
 —The inishipping, carrj'ing, and landing of all 
 goods, and bringing them to the proper place for 
 examination, and weighing, putting them into 
 the scales, opening, unpacking, repacking, bulking, 
 sorting, lotting, marking, and numbering, where 
 audi operations respectively are necessary or per- 
 mitted, and removing to and placing them in the 
 jiroper place of deposit until duly delivered, shall 
 be ijcrformcd by or at the expense of the importer; 
 and the. importer or person entering any timber 
 or wood to be charged with duty by measurement 
 shall, at his expense, pile, sort, frame, or otherwise 
 place the same in such manner as the Commi:i- 
 sioners of Customs may deem necessary to enable 
 the officers to measure and take the account 
 thereof; and in all cases when the same is mea- 
 sured in bulk, the measurement shall be taken to 
 tlic full extent of the pile, and no allowance shall 
 be made by the officers on account of any inter- 
 stices ; but battens, boards, deals, and planks ex- 
 ceeding 21 feet in length may be measured by 
 the piece, r.nd the account thereof taken sepa- 
 rately, (Sec. 85.) 
 
 Goods removed or carried into the Ware- 
 house without Authority forfeited. — If any goods 
 shall be removed from any ship, quay, wharf, or 
 other place previous to the examination thereof 
 by the proper officer of customs, unless under the 
 care or authority of such officer, or if any goods 
 entered to be warehouse'.'., or to be re-warehoused, 
 sliall be carried into the warehouse unless with 
 the authority or under the care of the proper 
 
 officer of customs, and in such manner hv ... i. 
 persons, within such time, and l,v sucli r, , i 
 wax s as such otlicor shall direct, siicli .r, „ u ^ "I 
 be, forfeited. (.Sec. 8«.) """'' *''»'' 
 
 pjjircr of Customs to take Acmunt or C,W. r 
 TFarchouse.-Vi>on the entry and lm.-^in«of 4- 
 goods to be warehoused or witim, s„ch „Z 
 as the Commissioners of Customs sli:,ll li ',!^ 
 with respect to the same or anv of il ■■« ,'i 
 officer of customs shall take a pnrtienlar'a^C 
 of such goods at the quay or wharf at who 
 they shall be so landed, or in the warehC^ 
 If they be goods of which the account is 1' 
 muted to be taken in the warehouse. nn,l 4,1 
 cause to be marked on each packa™ of n'Mh 
 such account sha.l betaken the contents tlicr,.'? 
 and shall enter in a book prepared for ihi' 
 puqiose, containing the name of the import «ln,' 
 and of tlie jiereon in whose name thov are' in 
 tered, the marks, numbers, and contenh of eaA 
 such package, the description of the Rood* anil I 
 thj warehouse or place in the warehouse in'which 
 the same shall be deposited ; and v/licn the ,aaie I 
 shall have been so dcposhed with tlic aiiihoriiv 
 of such officer, he shall certify that the entrv and 
 warehousing of such goods are coniplcto, and vudi 
 goods shall from that time be consiJered mis 
 warehoused ; and if anv such goods shall be de- 1 
 hvered, withheld, o' removed from the rimtr j 
 place of examine ..ion before the same shall liavcl 
 been duly examiied and certilicd bvsuchofccrf 
 such goods shall be deemed to be ;,'(!0(U net i!iil» J 
 entered or warclioused, and sliall be furt'ckciS 
 (Sec. 87.) I 
 
 Goods to be entered and Duties paid acci>r(llii}\ 
 to Landing Account— The. account of the luwal 
 so taken as aforesaid shall be the account upool 
 which the duties payable upon such sood-hillba 
 ascertained when the same shall uliimatilvwua] 
 to be delivered upon due cntrv for tnat pun 
 and the same shall be entered i.nd the full datiej 
 thereon be paid according to tlic<iuantitytakcniii 
 such account, without any abatement for mm 
 ficiency, except as hereinafter iroridcil '(S« 
 88), and the quantity of the goods shiildlil 
 specified on which duty is chargeable b;, delivtn] 
 
 Warehoused Goods to le deposited in oriM 
 Packages, or those of which Account is tiik'K-.\i 
 goods warehoused shall be deposited in the pacij 
 ages in whicii the same sliall 1... e been imjHinaf 
 except as to such goods as '..e ])crmiticJ tol 
 skipped on the quay, or bulked, sorted, lotir 
 packed, or repacked in the warehouse after t 
 landing thereof, in which case they shall be it 
 j)Osited in the packages in whicli the same ski 
 be when the account thereof is taken bv il 
 proper officer ; and if such goods arc not so 4 
 posited, or if any alteration shall afterwarJsl 
 made in the goods so deposited, or in the paciil 
 thereof in the warehouse, or if the same sliall f 
 removed from the room in the warehouse in whi 
 the same are deposited, without the preseace t 
 sanction of the proper officers, except for delirw 
 under the proper warrant, order, or authority fi 
 that purpose, they shall be forfeited. (Sec 69) 
 
 Commissimurs ' to direct what Goods mi} L 
 bulked, sorted, packed ^c— The CominissioDetsj 
 Customs may (u. act what goods niaybcskipp| 
 on the quay, or bulked, sorted, lotted, pa* 
 or repacked', and determine in respect ot rt 
 goods the account may be taken iu any warelioj 
 approved bv them for that purpose, and fita 
 what time after tlie landing thereof, wi on sM 
 conditions as they may deem necessarj'. (3f 
 90.) J 
 
 'Warchousckecper neglecting to s'* /"^^ 
 perhj to forfeit bl- If the occupier of any »»■ 
 
 fmisc >JiaII II 
 lliiTcinso tha 
 j.ii'ivf and I 
 ti';'!i(t forfeit 
 )i'iirihuttsek 
 fi/iilid, lo/iirj 
 L j-e jhall not 
 intoreoiiost 
 h'U-e which sh 
 Lilivcrfd thcrci 
 ■■ .i-h De;'lect foi 
 fviry p:ict.igc (, 
 tie (iuiies duo ti 
 Gotidinot dulji 
 tidlal, or remove 
 to It iiarehousec 
 lur.'uanoeufsud 
 ilall be frauduler 
 I lli warrhouse, oi 
 or transferred fri 
 ftiiwi-e, for tlic 
 I WMhnait, iliov 
 kjmtiT or J',- 
 I ilexltsHmli/ gain 
 J l''i'/-lf thcinipo 
 J wsrelidused, or ani 
 I fkidtstinely open" 
 prcxjice of tl 
 I Kiisg in the cieci 
 I to tbc ;'oi*, such 
 
 I(Sec,W.l 
 
 I LuljoH Giior/s t,t 
 
 li'Mr^Ukjniillnj 
 IfffodisiialUctait^j 
 
 I'lue coin- ef the same 
 vm, tie wcnpier of 
 
 ■wtiHv lie duties 
 Tfn-|iirs«nsolakine 
 IKnt of duty, or who I 
 pnifiilkrein,andcvi 
 
 r'«JfiEMOVALol 
 
 J/»,i(,'do,n mav ( 
 r^'''(?e to anv 
 
V'-' 
 
 ' h 
 
 IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION 
 
 m 
 
 ihcrrin »i) 
 
 orl 
 
 C(l. 
 
 jhall iiPL'lcct tn stow tlie goods wnreliouscd 
 
 lliat ca-iV ai:c'cs.s niuy Imj had to o\f rv 
 
 " 'ic^hiiU fur cvcrv such 
 
 ^:,V,1 forfeit the sum of 5/. (.Sec 91.) 
 )lurfiii»»<aS''7'f neijlfctmg to produce. C.noiU de- 
 I („ forfeit j/.— If the occupier of niiy ware- 
 
 rtiiil"', 
 
 I .use * 
 
 P ^bal'l not iirmhice tn any ofHccr of customs 
 ,„l,iirequcst any Roods (lopositcd in such warn- 
 V „,;«l.icli shall not have been dulv c eared and 
 thcrofroin, such occupier shall for every 
 
 will fltfcriiiiij 
 ; of tk i-'Kxa 
 
 account 
 \ f;ood--t — 
 Itimatt'iy sffli 
 r tnat ptiTi"'' 
 I the Ml ilatie 
 lantity utai 
 cut fi't any,^' 
 
 jjoTldnl (5« 
 
 ,odi sV iili 
 
 bleb.il*(; 
 
 (f(| ill onjiM 
 
 „(is(iil('n.-Al 
 
 ;i'd in tlw r* 
 
 , been imp"'!'" 
 
 icrmitttJ to * 
 
 , KortcJ, to 
 _:housc aftn ' 
 
 ,(.y shall be 
 
 the same sk| 
 
 taken by ' 
 
 ate not s' 
 
 afttnrard! 
 
 ill the r* 
 ,c same slisHj 
 rehouse in* 
 
 the rt«f' 
 ccptfor*". 
 authonty I 
 i_ (Sec.89')' 
 ^ Goodi iMjl 
 
 mavheW 
 , lotteJ, p 
 respect ot«' 
 
 [ncccssan-. 1= 
 LtofaiiJ*'^ 
 
 '■'AnHcct forfeit'thc sum of ol. in respect of 
 ■";,ni,'ickagc(ir parcel not so produced, besides 
 AeJuiies due thereon. (Sec. 9J0 
 
 QoidiBotduly wanhoused, or fraudulently con- 
 tM or removed, forlcited.-U any goods entered 
 lobcwrchouscd shall not be duly warehoused in 
 iir-uanceuf such entry, orbcin-? duly warohou.icd 
 thjil be fraudulently concealed 111 or removed from 
 ti.. Kanlinuse, or abstracted from any package, 
 or itaiisferrcd from one package to another or 
 .4(ii>i<e, fur the purpose of illegal removal or 
 cm«alm( lit, they shall be forfeited. (Sec. 93.; 
 
 Imirttr or I'rvprietor of warehoused Ooods 
 ikndisiMln sainimi Access thereto to forfeit 
 IM'I-If tiic importer or propri -tor of any goods 
 fiicliou«ed. or any person in his employ, shall 
 chr.d»itiiulv open the warehoi-se, or, excei)t in 
 the fre-once of the pioper officer of customs 
 I iiciir.g in t)ic cxocution of his duty, gain access 
 
 to the ?oi*, such importer or proprietor shall 
 
 It every tuch offence forfeit the sum of 100/. 
 
 (Std'U 
 
 Ciiljo* Goo'ls tnhen out of U arehnuse without 
 
 [y.ntrtjtokiiaiilbi/ Warchuusekecpcr &j-c. — If any 
 
 L'lXKiisliallk takwi out of any warehouse without 
 
 lilue ratri- i.f the same with tlie proper officer of cus- 
 
 Itomii, tlicwupicr of such warehouse shall forth- 
 
 Uiih [ay ilie duties due upon such goods ; and 
 
 «v(r} I irstin so taking out any goods without pay- 
 
 Wt 01 duty, or who shall afd, assist, or be eou- 
 
 mtd therein, and every person who shall wilfully 
 
 >!i(y or embezzle any goods duly warehoused, 
 
 be deemed guilty of a misdrmcimor, and 
 
 |lulLnpou conviction. sulTer the punishment by 
 
 iwinfctoil in cases of m.sdemeanur ; but if such 
 
 sbil be an ofKcer of custorrs or excise 
 
 [(ct ri; in th(! due execution of his duty, and 
 
 I be prosecuted tn conviction by the importer, 
 
 knsifiirt, or proprietor of such goods, no duty 
 
 " 1 be payable tor or in respect of such goods, 
 
 bltlicilainaj;c occasidied by such waste, spoil, 
 
 Imibczzloment shall, with the sanction of the 
 
 Bmniiiioners of the Treasury, be repaid or made 
 
 Ntosudi importer, consignee, or proprietor by 
 
 leCimmissioncrs of Customs. (Sec. 9.5.) 
 
 llj Qmds be damaged by Fire, Importer not cn- 
 
 tW to Comfemation.- -No compensation shall 
 
 knadcby the Commissioners of Customs to any 
 
 piier, proprietor, or consignee of any goods by 
 
 «n of any damage occasioned thereto hi the 
 
 rebouic by lire or other inevitable accident. 
 
 ^frnmumm nay remit Duties on u-arehouscd 
 li kl or destroyed.— U any goods warehoused 
 
 |otertdto be warehoused, o"r entered to be de- 
 «iA from the w.irchouse, shall be lost or de- 
 M by unavoidable accident, cither on ship- 
 pi or in landing, or in receiving into the wave- 
 p. or in the warehouse, the Commissioners of 
 Fionii may remit or return the duties duo 
 Ni. iSec. 97.) 
 
 [to HIE Removal of 'Wauehouskd Goods. 
 (Ml my be removed from otie Port to another. 
 ^y pwls warehoused at any jjort in the 
 tol Kiiij,'doin may be removed by sea or by 
 f"! cmi(;e to any other port in which the 
 
 like kind of goods may le warehoused on itnjjor- 
 lation, to bo rewarehoused at such other port, and 
 again as often as may be required ai any other 
 such port, to be there rewarehoused, or with tho 
 permission of tho proper officer of custcmis from 
 any warehouse in any port to any other warehouse 
 in the sumo port, under such regulations and with 
 such security as the Commissioners of Customs 
 may direct on the delivery to the proper officer, 
 by the lurson requiring such removal, of a re- 
 quest note, stating the particulars of the goods 
 required to bo removed, the name of the port, or 
 of the warehouse, if in the same port, to \vliich 
 the same are ii. tended to be removed, and with 
 such other information and in such manner and 
 form as the Commissioners of Customs or the 
 [iropcr officer may direct or require. (Sec. 9.S.) 
 
 Officers at Port of Removal tn transmit Account 
 of Goods to Officers at Port of Destiuutiiin. — On 
 the delivery of any goods for removal, an account, 
 containing the particulars thereof, shall bo trans- 
 mitted by the priper officers of the port of removal 
 to the proper officers of tho port or place of desti- 
 nation, and the person requiring tho removal 
 thereof shall enter into bond, with one sufficient 
 surety, in a sum equal at least to the dutvcharge- 
 able on such goods, for the du", arrival and re- 
 warehousing thereof at the port or place of desti- 
 nation within such time as the Commissioners of 
 Customs may direct, such bond to Ixs taken by 
 the collector, comptroller, or other proper officer, 
 either of the port or place of removal, or the port 
 or place of destination, as shall best suit the resi- 
 dence oi" convenience of the parties interested in 
 such remov.al; and if such bond shall have been 
 given at the intended port or place of destination, 
 a certiticate thereof, under the hand of the col- 
 lector or comptroller, or other proper officer of such 
 port, shall at the time of the entering of such 
 goods bo produced to the collector, comptroller, or 
 other proper officer of the port of removal ; and 
 such bond shall not be discharged unless s<ich 
 goods shall have been produced to the proper 
 officer, and duly rewarehoused at the port of des- 
 tination, within the time allowed for such removal, 
 or shall have been otherwise accounted for to the 
 satisfaction of the Commissioners of Customs, nor 
 until the full duties due upon any deliciency of 
 such goods not so accounteil for shall have been 
 paid ; but any remover may enter into general 
 bond, with such sureties, in such amount, and un- 
 der such conditions, as the Commissioners of Cus- 
 toms may approve, for the removal from time to 
 time of any goods from one warehouse to another, 
 and for the due arrival and re-warehousing of 
 the same at the place of destination within such 
 time or times as the said Commissioners mav 
 direct. (Sec. 99.) 
 
 Goods, on Arrival at Port of Destination, to 
 be subject to same Itegulations as Goods on first 
 Importation. — Upon the arrival of such goods at 
 the port or place of destination, the same shall 
 be entered and warehoused in the same manner, 
 and under and subject to the same laws, rules, 
 and regulations, so far as the same are or can be 
 made applicable, as are required on the entry 
 and warehousing of goods on the first importa- 
 tion thereof. (Sec. 100.) 
 
 On Arrival of Goods at Port of Destination, they 
 may be entered for Exportation or for Home Use, 
 on Payment of Duties. — If upon the arrival of goods 
 so removed as aforesaid at the port of destination 
 the parties shall be desirous forthwith to export 
 the same, or to pay duty thereon for home use, 
 without actually lodging the same in the ware- 
 house for which they have been entered and ex- 
 amined to be re-ware.ioused, the officers of customs 
 
 * I;' 
 
 ,M 
 
 "ill 
 
 U 
 
 I 
 
 ■i' 
 
 , 1 
 
 1- 'A- 
 
*.» 
 
 713 
 
 IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION 
 
 V.i 
 
 ," • 
 
 r 
 
 ■i 
 
 --f 
 
 >■ t 
 
 at such port may, after all the formalities of cn- 
 tcrinff and examining such ^'oods for re-warc- 
 hoobing have been dulj' performed, permit the 
 same to he entered and shipped for exportation, or 
 to be entered and delivered for home use, upon 
 payment of the duties due thereon, as if such 
 gooils had been actually lodged in such warehouse; 
 and all goods so exported, or for which the duties 
 have been so paid, shall be deemed to have been 
 duly cleared from the warehouse, (Sec. 101.) 
 
 irareltouscd Goods, if not chared for Home Use 
 or Exportation within i) Years, must In: rc-wnrc- 
 housed. — All warehoused goods shall bo cleared 
 either for home use or exportation at the expira- 
 ticjii of 5 j'cars from the day on which the name 
 were so warehoused, or within such further period 
 and in such cases as the Commissioners of the 
 Treasury shall direct, unless the owner or pro- 
 prietor of such goods shall be desirous of re-ware- 
 liof.sing the same, in which case the same shall be 
 examined by the proper officers, and the duties 
 due upon any deficiency or difference between the 
 quantity ascertained on landing and the quantity 
 found to exist on such examination, together with 
 the necessary expense attendant thereon, shall, 
 subject to such allowances as arc by law per- 
 mitted in respect thereof, be paid down, and the 
 quantity so found shall be re-warehoused in the 
 name of the then ownei or proprietor thereof in 
 the same manner as on first importation, (iiec. 
 103.) 
 
 Goods in Jfarehouse not cleared or re-ware- 
 housed, or Duties paid on Deficiencies, after 5 Years 
 to be sold, — If any warehoused goods shall not 
 be duly cleared, exported, or re-warehoused, and 
 the duties ascertained to be due on the deficiencies 
 as aforesaid shall not be paid down at the expi- 
 ration of 5 years from the previous entry and 
 warehousing thereof, or within such further period 
 as shall be directed as aforesaid, the same, if worth 
 the duty due thereon, shall, after 1 month's notice 
 to the warehousekeeper, with all convenient speed 
 be sold either for home use or exportation, 
 with or without the consent, of the warehouse- 
 keeper, and the proceeds thereof shall be applied 
 to the payment of the duties), warehouse rent, and 
 charges, and the surplus, if any, shall be paid to 
 the owner or proprietor of such goods, if known : 
 but if such owner or proprietor cannot be found, 
 such surplus shall be carried to the Crown's account, 
 to abide the claim of such owner or proprietor on 
 his appearing and making good his claim thereto; 
 and if such goods shall not be worth the du*y, 
 then the same, after such 1 month's notice as afore- 
 said, may be exported or destroyed, with or with- 
 out the concurrence of the owner thereof, or the 
 proprietor of the warehouse in which the same 
 were so warehoused, as the Commissioners of 
 Customs shall see lit ; and the duties due upon any 
 deficiency thereof not allowed by law shall be 
 forthwith paid by the proprietor of the ware- 
 house. (Sec. 104.) 
 
 Goods in Jfarehouse may be sorted, repacked 
 §*c.- With the sanction of the Commissioners of 
 Customs, and after such notice given by the 
 respective importers or proprietors, and at such 
 times and under such regulations and restrictions 
 as the Commissioners of Customs shall from time 
 to time require and direct, it shall be lawful in 
 the warehouse to sort, separate, pack, ond repack 
 any goods, and to make such alterations therein as 
 may be necessary for the preservation, sale, ship- 
 ment, or disposal thereof; provided that such 
 goods be repacked in the packag<,8 in which they 
 were imported, or in such other packages as the 
 Commissioners shall permit (not being less in any 
 case, if the goods be to be exported or to be re- 
 
 moved to another warehouse, than is rcnulroi i 
 law on the importation of such Kootlsl'n,/ 
 to draw off any wine or nnv spirits into -mmii' 
 quart or pint bottles for exportation only ,„ ? 
 draw off and mix brandv with tinv wine n, ' 
 ceedingthe proportion of 10 gallons of b'ra,,',h-t; 
 100 gallons (.t wine ; and also to ilU „p any „, 1 
 of wine or spirits from any other casks of the ^w 
 respectively secured in the same warchouso ■ 'a ,:' 
 also to rack off any wine from the lees, anil' „, v I 
 any wmes of the same sort, crasinK from tiwn.A 
 all import brands, imlcss the whole of tlicwino J 
 mixed bo of the smne br.ind; and also tourJ 
 such samples of goods as inav be allowed l-vi''. 
 Commissioners of Customs, with or without iVrr I 
 and with or without pnvmcnt of duty, cxar.t ij 
 the same may eventually become pavnble aJoi',J 
 deliciency of the original quantitv ; ind the ,lmij 
 on the surplus, if any, of such (.^Jods as am- iJ 
 delivered for home use shall be iinmcdiatdv pa'J 
 and such surplus shall thereupon be delivered bi 
 home use accordingly ; and alter such ™o,|. M 
 been so separated and repacked in proper or ; 
 proved packages, the Commissioners of Cu<toiii 
 may, at the request of the importer or | Mprictc* 
 of such goods, cause or permit anv refuse, damw 
 or surplus goods occasioned by siich sc|iaration o 
 repacking, or, at the like re(iucst, any gotHlsnhidl 
 may not be worth the duty, to be destroyed, ; 
 may remiu the duty payable thereon. (.Sec, Ik 
 
 Foreign Import or Duty-paid Pachgn J 
 to be used in repacking. — No foreijn pack,i"fji 
 materials what^oever shall be used in the kuvm 
 ing of any goods in the warehouse, except suck J 
 shall have been used in the importation of wai 
 housed goods, unless the full duties thereon siu 
 have been first paid. (Sec. lOi;.) 
 
 Goods in Warehouse may be taken out, mdtrn 
 tain Regulations. — The Commissioners of Cu.'»« 
 may permit any goods to be taken outofthewu 
 house without payment of duty, for such purpose! 
 such period as to them may appear expdief 
 and in such quantities, and under such regnkiia 
 and restrictions, and with such security by bar 
 for the due return thereof or the payment ofa 
 duties duo thereon, as they may direct orrmui 
 (Sec. 107.) 
 
 As TO THE ESTKY OF WAREHOUSED 
 
 FOK Home Consumptios and ExpoRwnJ 
 AND THE Delivery thkrf.of. 
 
 Entry for Erportation.—'So warehoused j 
 shall be taken or delivered from the wareM 
 except upon due entry, and under the aire of j 
 proper officers, for exportation, or upon due a 
 and payment of the full duties payable tha 
 for home use, except goods delivewi into! 
 charge of the searchers to be shipped as store 
 such qaantitics as the collector or compli^ 
 shall allow, subject to the diiectionsoftbeC 
 missioners of Customs, and under such reg 
 tions as they may see lit to make. (Sec. 109JJ 
 
 Persons enterivg warehoused Goods for • 
 Use to deliver Bill of Entry, and pet/ doicnL 
 — Upon the entry of any goods to !)c cleaitdj 
 the warehouse for home use, the person eta 
 such goods shall deliver a bill of entry, anil 
 plicates thereof, in like manner and fonD,coBf 
 mg the same particulars as are before Kfim 
 the entry of goods to be delivered for homo a* 
 the landing thereof, as far as the same mav » 
 plicable, and shall at the same time mm 
 the proper officer of customs the full duiies^^^^ 
 able thereon, not being less in amount tlia^^pro ml 
 cording to the account of the (luauii^- "' 1 
 the landing waitir or other proper oliicero^^«j J 
 first entry and landing thereof, c-wpt as i^^pjiy ,^ 
 
nrr.T"! I " 
 
 IMPORTATION AND 
 
 W mne znwl'i ^■'^■' t('l"»cco, wine, spirits, Jigs, 
 «mnt ' rai"'""' ""'' ''"«''^. "'" tliilio^w'iercoii, 
 L cleared from the wnrnliouso for homo usp, 
 ;tjll'bcfMr?cil"r"n I'lc qimntity of suc.i goods 
 :",jinc(ihv weight, measure, or strength at the 
 L of actual dcUvery tlicreof, unless there i.-i 
 LiMble erniind to suppose that any portion of 
 ihe Jcliciencv nr difference between the weiglit, 
 E,jiiire,orstrcnf;th ascerfanicd on landing and 
 tMfxaminationofflnysiich last-mentioned i;oods 
 
 ,,lijt ascertained at the time of actual delivery 
 hi k'n caiwl bv illegnl or improper means, in 
 ilkli case the proper oflicer of customs shall 
 i.ike<iich allowance only for loss as he may con- 
 irfairlv to have arisen from natural evaporation 
 finiVrlcRitimatccanse. (Sec. 110.) 
 
 yahiiof Cimh to lie estimated by Officers at the 
 I ,;,.),( /)„■;,.._ When any deriei(>ncy occurs in 
 1 *c!(J' chargeable to pay duty according to the value 
 1 itfwf. the value tliercof shall he estimated as 
 Milv as conveniently may be by the oflicers of 
 I is ill* acciifdinR to the market price of the like 
 Li'ifffiod?. (Sec. 111.) , ^ „ 
 
 1 DfiifimfifJ in Goods entered for Kxportation 
 I Kl Is ht rhnriied with Duty unless fraudulent. — 
 I Xodntvshalflie charged in respect of any defi- 
 Imcv 'in poods entered and cleared from tho 
 I jwiimt for exportation unless the oflicers of 
 la'icn! have reasonable ground to suppose that 
 
 EXPORTATION 719 
 
 HHch deficiency or any part thereof has arisen 
 from illegal abstraction. (Sec. 112.) 
 
 As TO TIIR K.\rORTATIO.V AND ENTUY Ot' 
 (toons. ANO Till-; Cl.KAIiANCE OF SlIII'S FIIOM 
 
 TiiK IJ.NiTicD Kingdom to I'ahts bkyonu 
 
 Skas. 
 
 Warehoused Goods not to be exported in Ships of 
 less than /iO Tons Burden, except to Guernsey or 
 Jersey. — \o person shall export any warehoiised 
 goodj, nor enter any such goods for exportation 
 from the United Kingdom to parts hcyoiid tlio 
 seas, in any ship of less hurdon than 50 tons, ex- 
 cept to the islands of Gucrnsoy and Jersey in ships 
 not being of less than '10 tons burden, Vegidarly 
 trading to those islands. (Sec. 117.) 
 
 Master to deliver Certificate of Clearance of last 
 Voyage, and to make Entry Outwards. — 'Ihe 
 master of every ship in wliich any goods juc to ho 
 exported from the United Kingdom to parts be- 
 yond so.is, or his agent, shall, before any goods be 
 taken on board, deliver to the collector or comp- 
 troller a certificate from the proper oHicor of tlie 
 due clearance inwards or coastwise of such sliip of 
 her last voyage, and shall also deliver therewitli 
 an entry outwards of such ship, vcrilicd by his 
 signature, in the following form or to the "same 
 effect, and containing the several parti.cular3 indi- 
 cated or required thereby : — 
 
 ENTIIV OUTWARDS. 
 
 Port o(iSamet\f Port i\f Exporiathn): 
 
 Ship'i Name 
 
 |lHft.'ik,Virt(»frortollicr 
 
 If Forf iffn, Nnme of Country to 
 which she t>elciif;s 
 
 Tonn.iffe 
 
 Master's Name 
 
 Fort of Destination 
 
 Liscit'.Vffuqf Stolun 0r Placf in Port) 
 DiK of Entry 
 ' t^UAmaJ'nuhl'ort / 
 
 pdifnithship shall have commenced her lading 
 
 pscueoiht: port, the master shall deliver to the 
 
 iirther the clearance of such goods from such 
 
 tkuMrt; and if any goods be taken on board 
 
 IT slip at any port before she shall have been 
 
 ■twi outwards at such port (unless a stiffening 
 
 ir, ihen necessary, shall be issued oy the 
 
 ;«rofficertolade any heavy goods for expor- 
 
 I on board such ship), the master shall 
 
 PiiiihesumoflOO/. (Sec. 118.) 
 
 I Wi not to be shipped except on proper uaya 
 
 i final, nor until Entry and Clearance. — No 
 
 "'j shall be shipped, put off, or water-borne to 
 
 lippsd for exportation , from any port or place 
 
 Pe United Kingdom, except on days not being 
 
 Tji'jys or holidays, nor from any place except 
 
 pt legal quay, wharf, or other place duly ap- 
 
 P«lfoi such purpose, nor without the pre- 
 
 f« or anthority tif the proper officer of customs, 
 
 mm due entry oubvards of such ship, and 
 
 fffltiTofsuch goods, nor before such goods 
 
 n kive been duly cleared for shipment ; and it 
 
 Utalavfui for the searcher to open all pack- 
 
 iwd fully to examine all goods shipped or 
 
 '" for shipment at any place in the United 
 
 "" (Sec. 119.) 
 
 |»tHE ESTRY AND CLEARANCE OF GOODS 
 FOR EXPOKTATION. 
 
 ^ViPf""^' S™*'/"'" '^"fi ihipping and 
 ■^ mil bt jiMii.— Before any -warehoused 
 
 (Signed), 
 
 _ Muter or Agent. 
 
 goods, British-wrought plate, goods subject to 
 duties of customs, or entitled to any drawback of 
 customs, on exportation, or exportable only under 
 particular rules, regulAtions, or restrictions, shall 
 be permitted to bo exported, the exporter or liis 
 agent shall deliver to the collector or comptroller 
 a bond note or account of such goods, ami give 
 security by bond in double the amount of duty 
 payable by law upon the importation of such gi oils, 
 with one sufficient surety, that such goods shall bo 
 duly shipped and exported, and .shall be landed nt 
 the place for which they are entered outwanls, or 
 otherwise accounted for to the satisfaction of tho 
 Commissioners of Customs ; and such bond note, 
 when certified by the proper officer, shall be the 
 export entry for such goods. (Sec. 120.) 
 
 Exporter'to deliver Shipping Bill. — Before any 
 such goods shall be shipped or water-borne to be 
 shipped for exportation, the exporter or his agent 
 shall deliver to the searcher or other proper oflicer 
 a Shipping Bill of such goods in the form fol- 
 lowing or to that effect, and containing the par- 
 ticulars indicated therein or required thcrcbv. 
 (Sec. 121.) 
 
 Inland Revenue Drawback. — No drawback of 
 excise shall be allowed upon any goods cleared for 
 exportation, unless the pereon intending to claim 
 such drawback shall have given due notice to the 
 officer of excise, an,l shall have produced to the 
 searcher, at the time of clearing such goods, a pro- 
 per document under the hand of the officer of excise 
 
 111 
 
 .1 
 
 .» ■ ; M .■ • * . 
 

 . ■ ■] 
 
 
 I 
 
 ) I 
 
 |. 
 
 
 4; 
 
 i, ' 
 
 720 
 
 IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION 
 
 I. \Vnr'linu*«l or Dr.-iw.bnr'k fiomH. 
 Fnrrlifn Itfxxl^ not for Itmwh.ick. 
 GuuUi ti|iiirti'd uiidtr kuiiiu partUular llule, IU|{ulatlon, or Hnirlctlon* 
 
 ( SI.1U at altovt tUanibtti tht Clatt In rvhieh tht gouUt tu bt Mporifd behng.) 
 
 Hhippinff lliil for <V. FnrH«n lifxxl^ not fnr Itrnwh-iL-k. 
 
 Ship** Name 
 
 AVhethoT Urilishor Foreli-n 
 Ship ; it Kurei((n, ttiu Cuuiitry 
 
 Mniter** Name 
 
 ilert itate tht Pjritcutart according to thtabovi Utttdingt* 
 
 Tlu.;'urtorlMa«ofIi«,i„„i. 
 
 Miirki 
 
 Nunilien 
 
 Dncription of rackadcs 
 
 
 ilctt itaie the Patficu/an aeeording t" thtabovt Utadiitgt. 
 
 Total number of jiacka^et 
 
 I claim drawback on 
 
 ( 'Iran'bartcU cl.nm„(. ' ' " ' 
 
 Elation of clearance, 
 n.ilcd 
 
 day of 
 
 (Sinned) 
 (Coantenii;^ed) 
 
 • KiiKmerarajtrat, 
 - Starrher. 
 
 containing the description of such gnod.^ ; and if 
 fiiich floods be found to correspond witli the par- 
 ticulars of the goods contained in such document, 
 and be duly shipiied and exported, the searcher 
 shall, if required, certify such shipment upon such 
 document, and shall transmit the same to the 
 oliicer of excise. (Sec. 122.) 
 
 Goods net entitled to Drawback if of less Value 
 than claimed, — No drawback sliall be allowed upon 
 the exportation of any goods entered for drawback 
 or as stores which shall bo of less value than the 
 amount of tho dr.iwback claimed ; and all such 
 goods so entered shall be forfeited, and the person 
 who caused such goods to be entered shall forfeit 
 the sum of 200/., or treble the amount of drawback 
 claimed in such case, at the election of the Com- 
 inisRioners of Customs. (Sec. 12^1.) 
 
 No Drawback on Tobacco not properly manu- 
 factured Sfc. — No drawback shall be allowed on 
 any tobacco not wholly manufactured from to- 
 
 bacco on which the duty on importalicin M 
 have been paid, nor on any tobacco ini.wl J 
 dirt, rubbish, or other substance; and evcrvn.^ 
 son who shall enter or ship, or enu'.e to j 
 entered or shipped, any tobacco cimtrarv kiJl 
 to, _ shall, over and above all other 110111111 
 which he may thereby incur, forfeit tnble J 
 amount of tho drawback souglit to bo tibiainJ 
 or 200/., at the election of the CommissMenf 
 Customs, and all such tobacco shall be f.irfeite 
 (Sec. 124.) 
 
 Shipping Bill for Free Goods ^c. to k d-mA 
 to Searcher — Before any goods in rcspeauhitif 
 no bond is rc(iuired shall be shipiicd or ni 
 borne to be shipped for exportation, the cxporf 
 or his agent shall deliver to the searcher a 4 
 ping bill thereof, with such duplicates as niir j 
 required by him, in tho following form or to 1 
 eficet, and containing the several particulars i: 
 cated in or required thereby:— 
 
 Slill-PINU KILL 
 
 FOR BRITISH MANUFACTURES OR FOREIGN (J00D8 FREE OF DUTV. 
 
 Ship'! Name 
 
 Whether Briliih or Tmign !4hip ; 
 If Foreign, the Couiilij 
 
 Mutert Name 
 
 PortorFloctofDistiiita 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 Marks 
 
 Numburs 
 
 Dc«Tlptlon of 
 Facaage* 
 
 Total number of pftckaget 
 
 Quanllt;, Qiiallt;, and 
 l)eacriptlon of (ioodi 
 
 Total value 
 
 The Value of Britiih (iooli biJ^ 
 
 Foreilfn Uifodi funnerlj chirnej «iii 
 
 It Value (if in;) 
 
 1 declare the value of the British goods aboTe deKTibedto be 
 
 jjtatlon of clearance 
 Dated this 
 
 day of 
 
 18 
 
 (Signed) 
 (Countersigned) 
 
 - EiportCTorifiint. 
 -Seordier. 
 
 and such shipping bill shall be the entry for the 
 goods contained therein ; provided, that at Liver- 
 pool, and (with the sanction of the Commissioners 
 of Customs) nt any other port where the docks, 
 quays, and wharfs are in like manner wholly or 
 principally under the control and management of 
 one and the same corporate body, the owner, char- 
 
 terer, consignee, broker, agent, or other pcwij 
 ing in the loading and clearance of the «|x« 
 ship shall also prepare a full and accurate 1^ 
 manifest of all such goods from the bills of lij 
 and freight list thereof, and shall sipn and l«j 
 with the collector of the customs, within H r 
 after such ship shall have cleared oiitwai 
 
(' "1 
 
 IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION 
 
 721 
 
 toriKWi'' 
 
 ;h(T. 
 
 ncec 
 
 Hind accurate 
 bills of 
 
 ,01 other ptts^J 
 
 Im 
 
 the 
 
 Ihall sign 
 
 ithinlij 
 
 lomS: 
 
 , ,n,„«-ript of such last-mentioned list or 
 
 "Zict (IL-tinpii^liint.' therein the nnmes of the 
 
 il «hinpoM of swell K'x"'". ncconling to the 
 
 p. ,' f la'linc ; nii<l on failure to prepare such 
 
 il or raaniM, niMl to sign and .lelivcr such 
 
 r,Lriptasnforc»ai(l,8ucli owner, charterer, con- 
 
 Z^K lin-kcr, or other piTson as aforesaid shall 
 
 dri it'itiP «nm i)f '-'•"• C^cc. 125.) 
 
 SkimngUill'ignedhi/ Searcher to he the dear- 
 
 ,„i'rtie G(x«/.«.-lho shipping hill or bills, 
 
 ,h.iiiilleclup, nn<l MKn'-'l '>y [>?« esP'>rter or Ins 
 
 nii> „rthecon»igiiceof theship, as thocascmay 
 
 t; in'sufh manner as tlie proper olficer may re- 
 
 ric aiiJc(mntcr«i),'ne(l l.y the searcher, shall be 
 
 fttlanm for ail the goods enumerated therein; 
 
 j',1 if anv of such goods shall consist of tea, 
 
 J'r:' (J tobacco, the exporter or his agent shall 
 
 ■ fBL-li tn llie searcher an account thereof, con- 
 
 ■jm- ilic number and description of the paclt- 
 
 ii'viaral the respective quantities contained 
 
 •',r« iiliich, when certilied bv the searcher, 
 
 hiiilMnmiianv the sbi,', and have the same 
 
 litaaii.ldtwt'asthc cocket in use prior to the 
 
 if ibis Act; and if the exporter or his 
 
 rjat^liJll require a similar certilicate in respect 
 
 L anv nilicr goods shipped for exportation, the 
 
 lieiroiitr shall, en its being presented to him for 
 
 Itot I'uri**, ccrtiry the same in like manner : 
 
 rovW alwav--, tliat if any such certificate bo 
 
 (onirtil to be in any particular form for goods 
 
 istuinl for tlie ZoUvcrein or any other foreign 
 
 ,_ie, 11 under the name of cocket, such eerti- 
 
 bie my be so prepared and denominated. 
 
 (f.l'M.i 
 
 ami UijUterman to carry GooJs.— If any 
 
 J (k»l lor drawback or from the warehouse 
 
 Uteftimal or water-borne to be put on board 
 
 r.'hip fur exportation by any person not at the 
 
 K liuly licensed and authorised to act as a 
 
 flaftll'ightcrman, either in the port of London 
 
 uiher port at which lightermen arc required 
 
 )« so licensed, or by any person not being in 
 
 It mjiloy of such lighterman at the time duly 
 
 ilicti*itoact as such, every such person shall 
 
 ^ enw sMhoffence forfeit tlie sum of 20/, (Sec. 
 
 fcrtkini Goudi shipped fur Exportation ivith- 
 
 Attkriljforfeitetl.—U any goods taken from 
 
 wirehoDse for removal or for exportation shall 
 
 tfjiovod or shipped except with the authority 
 
 idtrttecaieof the proper officer of customs, 
 
 n siiA manner, by such persons, within such 
 
 and by such roads or ways as such officer 
 
 pimi't or direct, such goods shall be forfeited. 
 
 lii!.) 
 
 ilifi my k remitted oh Warehoused Goods 
 itini/td in Removal or Shipment. — If any 
 duly entered for delivery trom the ware- 
 fot removal or exportation shall be lost or 
 >ye(l by unavoidable accident, either in the 
 !ry from the warehouse or the shipping there- 
 CommL'sioners of Customs may remit the 
 due thereon. (Sec, 129.) 
 
 ) THE Issue of Debestukes for and 
 T op DnAWBACK ON Goods ex- 
 ited. 
 
 msmdpauing Debenture. — For the purpose 
 ^puling and paying any drawback claimed 
 pyaUc upon «ny goods duly entered, shippeii, 
 ppcntd, a debenture shall "in due time after 
 airy be prepared by the collector or comp- 
 ^ceitifying iu the first instance the entr>' 
 "1 of such goods; and so soon as the same 
 Mbcen duly exported, and a notice con- 
 i the particulars of the goods shall have 
 plivetedby the exporter to the searcher, the 
 
 liii 
 
 and 14 
 
 shipment and exportation thereof shall be certided 
 to the collector or comptroller upon sucli (Icbcnturo 
 by the searcher, and the debenture ^>bnll thereupon 
 be computed and passed with all convenient de- 
 spatch. (Sec. 130.) 
 
 iJerlnnitinii as to Exitortation and Itipht to 
 Drawback. — The person entitled to any druwiiack 
 on any goods duly exported, or \m "agctit duly 
 authoriiied by him for that purjiose, shall inak'o 
 and subscribe a declaration upon tlic dolienturo 
 that the goods mentioned tliejein have been 
 actually exported, and have not been ndanded, 
 and are not intended to bo relanded, in any part 
 of the United Kingdom, and that such person 
 at the time of entry and shipping was and 
 continued to be entitled to the drawback there- 
 on; and the name of such person shall be stated 
 in the debenture, which shall then bo delivered 
 to such person or his agent; and the receipt 
 of such person on the debenture, countersigned 
 by the holder of such debenture, if the same 
 shall have been transferred in the mean time, 
 shall be the discharge for sueli drawback wlieu 
 paid. (Sec. 131.) 
 
 Faijment within Two Years. — No debenture for 
 any drawback allowed upon the exportation of 
 any goods shall be paid after the expiration of 2 
 years from the date of the shipment of such goods 
 (Sec. 132.) 
 
 IFarehotise or Debenture Goods not exported ^'c . 
 or relanded S^c, without Entry, forfeited. — If any 
 goods which have been cleared to bo ex|)orfed for 
 any drawback shall not be duly exported to parts 
 beyond the seas, or shall be unshipped or relanded 
 in any part of the United Kingdom (such goods 
 not being duly relanded or discharged as short- 
 shipped under the care of the proper officers), or 
 shall be carried to any of the Channel Islands 
 (not having been duly entered, cleared, and 
 shipped to be exported or carried directly to 
 such islands), the same shall be Ibrfeitcd, to- 
 gether with any ship, boat, or craft which may 
 have been used in so unshipping, relanding, 
 landing, or carrying such goods from the ship 
 in which the same were shipiied for exporta- 
 tion ; the master of such ship, and any person 
 by whom or by whose orders or means such 
 goods shall have been so unshipped, relanded, 
 landed, or carried, or who shall aid, assist, or 
 be concerned therein, shall forfeit a sum equal 
 to treble the value of such goods, or a penalty 
 of 100/., at the election of the Commissioners of 
 CusU s. (Sec. 133.) 
 
 Drawbacks of Duties on Wine allowed for Officers 
 in the Navy. — A drawback of the whole of the 
 duties of customs shall be allowed for wine in- 
 tended for the consumption of officers of her 
 Majesty's navy on board such of her Majesty's 
 ships in actual service as they shall serve in, liot 
 exceeding the quantities of wine in any one year 
 for the use of such officers hereinafter respectively 
 mentioned, viz. — 
 
 For every Admiral .... 
 
 Vica-Admlral - . . . 
 
 Rear-Admiral • • - • 
 
 Captain of the I «t and 2nd rale 
 Captain of the 3rd, 4lh, and 6th rate 
 Captain of an inft;rior rate 
 Lieutenant and other Coinmandinf; Ofncer, 
 and for Marine Officer, Maiter, Furser, and 
 Kurgeoa - . . - , 
 
 Onlls. 
 
 1,1150 
 KIO 
 
 •no 
 
 lOJ 
 
 unless such wine be taken from the warehouse 
 without payment of duty under such regulations 
 as the Commissioners of Customs may direct : 
 Provided always, that in cither case such wine be 
 shipped at ports approved of by the said commis- 
 sioners. (Sec, 134.) 
 
 Persons entering such Wine for Drawback to 
 declare Name and Rank of Officer claiming the 
 3 A 
 
 I. I ii 
 '1 'I 
 
 W 
 
 w 
 
 ■^■^fi- 
 
 ■l:.i 
 
■J 'f.» 
 
 722 
 
 IMPORTATION 
 
 I 
 
 '. , 
 
 ♦! 
 
 ■ ■4:! 
 
 . I i 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 name. — The person entering such wine, nnd cliiirn- 
 in^; the drawback for tlio siinic, shall stute in 
 the entry nnj^ declare on the debentnre tlic 
 ninnc of the ofUccr for whose use such M'ine in 
 inlcnch'd, and of the ship in which ho servos; 
 nnd such wino shall be delivered into the chnr/,'c 
 of I lie ollicers of the customs at the port of 
 shiiiMient, to bo shipped under their core; uinl 
 the cumnmndinK oflicer for the time heinj; of 
 huch ship, having ccrlitied upon the debenture 
 the ri'ceif)t of such wino into '-'s charge, and 
 the proper officer of the customs iving certilied 
 to the shipment on the debenture, the same 
 sliall be computed nnd passed, and be deli- 
 vered to tliu person entitled to receive tho same. 
 (Sec. l;to.) 
 
 Officers leaving the Sereicu Sec, Wine permltleil 
 to be Iratisferre'd to i/i/u/i. — If any such ollicer 
 shall leave tho service, or be removed to another 
 ship, tho oflicers of the customs may permit the 
 transfer of any such wine from one officer to 
 another, as part of his proportion, whether on 
 board the same ship or another, or the tranship- 
 nu'iitfroni imeshipto another for the same ollicer, 
 or the relanding and warehousing for future ve- 
 shipment; and the officeBB of customs at any 
 port moy receive back the duties for any such 
 wine, and deliver tho same fur home use; but 
 if any of such wine bo not laden on board the 
 ship for which the same was intended, or be 
 unladen from such ship vithout permission of 
 the proper officers of customs, the same shall be 
 lorfeited. (Sec. 136.) 
 
 Pursers of Ships of War may Ship Tobacco for 
 the Use of Crew free of Duty, on aivinq B">iil. — 
 The ))urs'cr of any of. her Majesty's ships of war 
 in actual service may enter and ship, at any port 
 approved by the Commissioners of Customs, in tho 
 proportions hereinafter mentioned, any tobacco 
 there warehoused in his name, or transferred into 
 his name for the use of tho ship in which he shall 
 serve, provided such purser shall deliver to the 
 collector or comptroller of such port a certificate 
 from the captain of such ship, stating the name 
 of tho purser, and the number of men belong- 
 ing to the ship, and also give bond, with one 
 sufficient surety, in treble the 'duties payable 
 on the tobacco, that no part thereof siiall be 
 relanded without leave of the officers of customs. 
 (Sec. 137.) 
 
 Purser removed from one Ship to another may 
 tranship Tobacco, with Permission of Collector. — 
 If any purser be removed from one ship to another, 
 the collector or comptroller of any port may per- 
 mit the transhipment of the remains of any such 
 tobacco for tho use of such other ship, upon due 
 entry of such tobacco by such purser, setting 
 forth the time when and the port at which suclk 
 tobacco was first shipped ; and if any such ship 
 shall be paid off, the collector or comptroller of 
 the port may permit the remains of any such 
 tobacco to be landed, and to be entered by the 
 purser of such ship, either for payment of duties, 
 or to be warehoused for the term of 6 months, for 
 the supply of some other such ship, in like man- 
 ner as any tobacco may be warehoused and sup- 
 plied at any such port, or for payment of all 
 duties within such 6 months ; and all tobacco 
 warehoused for the purpose of so supplying 
 ships of war shall be subject to the provisions 
 of any Act in force relating to the warehousing 
 of tobacco generally, as far as the same are 
 applicable, and are not expressly altered by 
 any of the provisions herein particularly made. 
 (Sec. 183.) 
 
 Limiting the Quantity of Tobacco, — No greater 
 quantity of such tobacco shall be allowed to any 
 
 AND K.XPOUTATION 
 hip of war Ihaii '.' lb 
 
 iil'th 
 
 '>.v tlio liiiiar inoiiii, ,„. 
 
 ■'■'",'7"' ,'""■'' «'"IMior.,lmll„„VBr..,i,; 
 .pmnt.ty be .hippe.l at any uM,..i„». ,h„„;, ,j„J' 
 
 to serve the crew of suel, hM,, f,.r G n,„ntl«;„ , 
 Huel, rateot allowance; an,l Ihee.ill.cturor ° 
 iroller of the port at or fro.a whi.l, anv . , 
 tobacco shall bo suppli..(i t„ n„v mi.I, *bit, 
 landed from any such >lil|., or trai.'.f.Tn.l f J,', , 
 such sl.i|. 10 an„ther, shall ttm.smii ,i i.arti™', I 
 account thereof to the Coinmis ' l'""""'" I 
 
 in order that a general 
 
 ■>.iiuiurs III Cu-t, 
 . . accoiiiit inav 1,(. U,t ./ 1 
 
 the quantities sujiplied to and coiHuninl „„ uia 
 each of such ships under the allowanw* Uf r' 
 granted. (Sec. 131).) 
 
 As TO Till-; Sim 
 
 rlXOOKSTOIlKS KOIlTlllf-El 
 
 <ii' roiii.ioN-nouM) Vi:ssi:u. 
 Victuallinij Bill for Stores.— 'Uk im>i,r < 
 every ship of the bunlcii of 50 tons or iii,« ,r\i 
 departing from any port in tlie In) toil Kiii'i' 
 upon a voyage to [larts bpyoiiil tlic sca8,tli.' dirH 
 tion of which out and lumie shall nut he k>- iL-J 
 •10 days, shall, upon due npplicaiiim mailf In hiin 
 and upon such terms and couditimis asikV.i 
 missioners of Customs niav direct, rcciivMi 
 the searcher an order for the shipment if -i; 
 stores as ni.iy be reipilred and allowed l,v 
 collector or comptroller fur the use of uudi .1 
 with reference to the, number of the crew ami t, 
 stagers on board, and the probable duraliiaiiiK 
 voyage on which she is obout to depart: and i 
 demands for such stores shall be iiiado in ; 
 form and manner as such collectur or o,_ 
 troller shall require, anil shall b'j w^h'A k n 
 master or owner of the vessel; and alter\a( 
 stores are duly shipped, the master or Ins t^ 
 slinll make out an account of the Hmk* 
 shipped, together with any other stores 
 already on board, and the same, when provnij 
 to the searcher, signed by him, and cunt? 
 signed by the collector or' comptroller, siiallj 
 the Victualling Uill; and no siores i 
 be shipped for the use of any ship, nor i 
 articles taken on board any ship Le decmfii| 
 be stores, except such as shall be borne upoos 
 victualling bill. (Sec. 140.) 
 
 As TO THE Clearance of Ships Oiiiv.isj 
 
 //' Inward Cargo reported for Exportation, C 
 of Report thereof to be ddicered to the Stan 
 — If there be on board any ship any pMi, ' 
 part of tho inward cargo reported for cipc 
 tion in the same ship, the master stall, I 
 clearance outwards of such ship from aar | 
 in the United Kingdom, deliver to the sesi 
 a copy of the report inwards of such ( 
 certified by tho collector or comptroller; I 
 if such copy be found to correspond wiib J 
 goods so remaining on board, the searcherf 
 sign the same, to be filed with the ccrtila 
 or cockets, if any, and victualling bill of the! 
 (Sec. 141.) 
 
 Before Clearance Master to delii-ir i 
 Before any ship shall be cleared outivarJjJ 
 the United Kingdom with any goods shipi* 
 intended to be shipped on board the sam^ 
 master shall deliver a contend of such ship 14 
 searcher, in the form or to tho effect foUoJ 
 and containing the several particulars theraC 
 quired, as far as the same can be know ly 
 and shall make and subscribe the decUBO" 
 the foot thereof, in the presence of the (»u« 
 comptroller, and shall answer such qnefflo 
 shall be demanded of him concerning tiie| 
 the cargo, and the intended voyage, by sua 
 lector or comptroller:— 
 
 JwliT 
 
 »M|i'i 
 
 II arrliuu 
 
 
 C'tIKi 
 
 Mii 
 
 '- "!»"»ll)illhf I 
 
 fcMialin-la,,,),,], 
 
 |aj']l*firpci..3rancc 
 Ulmcl h the sci 
 '■■'upfiViillnviili I 
 lair, ml lik such ( 
 
 l»irii<,i/'aiiv, ofgoo 
 
 |(*!i..|u>,a'nd tho ■ 
 
 |iiiirlifil and sealed 
 
 fr:i/i'lloiriiig:_ 
 
 Aii«l»rofCei 
 
 Mill) I ft 
 Mai- ^ 
 
 'V) 
 
 I* I. 
 
 ■'«i label, when I 
 
 •I'AlMl Ihl: collj 
 
 iM therein, be I 
 'WepjrinreoftJ 
 
 '"Ml m board tot 
 ".'■?** liable „ 
 
 .,'jtalhewnreLl 
 ff'/«'lraR-baekoi 
 
 ., ■ fwn of «. in 
 F f«.ls;andifan 
 J^*h ship shall 
 t^Pl'cefhan, 
 f wen cleared, unlcl 
 r f'isfaetion 0? I 
 P'e master of snci 
 
 E.*3Mict.c.82M| 
 '^'md contrl 
 
 „'7,?'»<l8 shall be 
 
 f»isecontnirvto 
 
T 
 
 } 
 
 IMI'OKTATION AND KXrOIiTATlON 
 
 tONTKST. 
 
 723 
 
 Mrf 
 
 sM|i'i N«m« 
 
 TunnaKi' «'id Number of 
 
 If llrill>^, I'.MInr 
 
 Ki'tftftlry I If PoTviMii, lltv 
 Cuunirj 
 
 NumliiT of 
 Cruw 
 
 Nrfnie uf IVlAiltr 
 
 Niin.luT (if 
 I'a«^"-nK'''» or 
 
 Hert ttillt tlu Purtl'ulart accnrdi»K 'c '^i' (Umh iliihlinf:t- 
 
 \\ inhintnl (i«xU 
 
 
 ])r.i»li.K k Ktui rr^frirti'd (ii'mU 
 
 llrllMi (mi.«I. anil Fcrrlun (So.kI» f,«i. nf Diitj, anil 
 Klin i)xii (mmhU mil fur l)r.iw)i.iili 
 
 Ifttiit/, Itali Dfie.-ti'tioH t'f Paekiti^rt, 
 
 ll'ivii/t itale ' Sundry IVirkacM rontalnin»(,' tilHtr Clan 
 III the Ctii^ I'lilif '"■- 
 
 Uany gooJi tliall h'lve btlitrtjiiiilfil tnn-iintifi'f /7r;inr/a/i.m in tmh VAi;), r/iry mint be to mI itril. 
 
 Culnl- 
 l'lllil_ 
 
 Klaiitlnctl _ 
 
 I i ttf Iff that the itmre Conttnt U a true account of all Koodt thlpped or Intended to be khippcd on board the alrare-namod ililpi and 
 
 f>!^inlilKlarctl)tlili_ 
 (SiuneJU 
 
 -day of _ 
 
 _b».furt' nu'i 
 
 _rjllector or ('Din)itrolltfr. 
 
 I mlW'Rwarancc tlio cortilicatcs. if any, shall lie 
 |jfliv(reJt.illie scarclior, who iliall coniimre thf 
 VliippinpbilUwitli the content ami cfitilicatcs, if 
 Ijcv, ,111(1 lilc such certificates, copy of report iii- 
 Iwkilanv.ofRooils reported for exportation in 
 l(u.!ijtip,aiid tlic victiiallinj,' bill, with a laliel 
 fiiuchtaand soalcd thereto, in the form or to the 
 fX ii'llowini; ;— 
 
 " NumbBof Cerlifir.lIM 'Numlitr in Fignret). 
 
 MiiJil.VoiMf (i/Wii;i). 
 
 Muur ^A'liwif »f Matterh 
 [ttU^Oa'ttri.) 
 
 isi^) _^ Searrlier. 
 
 (sij.l Collector or Comiilroller. 
 
 Slid label, when filled up and signed by the 
 |(iri«aiiillht collector, shall, as to the goods 
 ffl|fl-«(itliCKiii,bc the clearance and authority 
 lit Ike depsrtnre of the ship. (Sec. 142.) 
 1 Ui on board to correspond with Content, — 
 I uy goods liable to duty on importation, or 
 Ikio from the warehouse to he exported, or en- 
 ItW to drawback on exportation, or exported 
 kiubond, which arc enumerated in the content 
 I uy ship, shall not he duly shipped before the 
 iiture of such ship, or shall not h<^ duly ccrti- 
 J by the proper ofliccr as short-shippefK such 
 k shall be forfeited ; or if any such goods shall 
 ktikenon board such ship, not being enumerated 
 Inch content, the master of such ship shall for- 
 Bthe Bum of 6/, in respect of every package of 
 ds ; and if any goods duly shipped on 
 1 luch ship shall be unshipped, or landed nt 
 f other place than that for which they shall 
 hbeen cleared, unless otherwise accounted for 
 |th( satisfaction of the Commissioners of Cus- 
 s. the master of such ship shall forfeit a sum 
 dto treble the value of the goods BO landed. 
 M31Yict.c.82 8.12.) 
 
 M tkifped contrary to Provitiont forfeited. 
 T my goods shall be shipped, put off, or water- 
 ^to be shipped, without being duly cleared, 
 •terwijecontrarj'to the provisions of this Act, 
 Isaoe shall be liable to forfeiture. (16 & 17 
 Vl07«.144.) 
 
 Slilpn having in BaViut. — Uoforc any ship shall 
 depart in biiUast, from the United Kingdom for 
 parts beyond the seas, not having any goods on 
 board except stores from the warchouso borne 
 upon the victualling bill of such ship, nor any 
 goods reported inwards for exportation in such 
 ship, the collector or comptroller shall clear such 
 ship in balla.>it by notifying su(;h clearance and 
 I he date thereof on the victualling bill, and de- 
 liver the same to the master of such ship as the 
 clearance thereof; and the master of such ship 
 shall answer to the collector or comptroller such 
 questions touching her departure and destination 
 as shall be demanded of liim; and ships having 
 only passengers with their baggage on board, and 
 ships laden only with chalk or slate, shall be 
 deemed to be in ballast ; and if any such ship, 
 whether laden or in ballast, shall depart without 
 being so cleared, if she have any such stores on 
 board, the master shall forfeit and pay the sum of 
 100/. (Sec. HG.) 
 
 As TO Tiin Boarding of Ships afteu 
 Cleauance Outwauus. 
 
 Officers may board any Ship after Clearance. — 
 Any ofHcers of customs may go on board any ship 
 after clearance outwards within the limits of any 
 port in the United Kingdom, or within 4 leagues 
 of the coast thereof, and may demand the ship's 
 clearance ; and if there be any goods on board in 
 respect of which certificates are required, not con- 
 tained in such certificates, or any stores not 
 endorsed on the victualling bill, such goods or 
 stores shall be forfeited; and if any goods con- 
 tained in such certificates be not on board, the 
 master shall forfeit the sum of 20/, lor every 
 package or parcel of goods contained in such cer- 
 tificates, and not on board. (Sec. 146.) 
 
 If Officers put Seals upon Stores, and such 
 Seals be broken, Master to forfeit 20/. — If any 
 ofliccr of customs shall place any lock, mark, or 
 seal upon any goods taken from the warehouse 
 without payment of dutv as stores on board any 
 8a2 
 
 . *# 
 
 ;' >>'i| 
 ii>i 
 
 
 •> .. 
 
 . '. i' 
 
 •:, -.-v.. 
 
 <'ii 
 
 •I ■ M I 
 
724 
 
 i.ML'dHTAriON AND EXPORTATION 
 
 ' 
 
 
 uliip or vcMol (lpprtrtin({ from any port hi tlio 
 I'liiicil Kiii^'diini, niicl Hucti luck, murk, or npitl Im 
 williilly opt'iiol, alteri'il, or hrokcn, <ir if niiy micli 
 BlDrcs lio Hocrclly coiivcyi'd nwny, citluir wliilt- 
 ttiicli wliip ur vciotcl rniuiim at lirr lirxt port of 
 ili!|'iirtiirr, or at any oilier port or pluro in tlin 
 L'tiili'il KinKilom, or on her pii!<Nn((t' from onoHuch 
 port or place to nnotlicr, before the liiinl ilcpartiirti 
 of Hiu'li uliip or vessel on lior f'orei^jn voyiiue, tlio 
 niasier hIiiiII forfeit the Hum of 2ll/. (Sec. 147.) 
 
 S/il/m not l)rin<)iiii/-to at Stuliunii, Pemiltii 'JO/.— 
 If iinyKllip ilepiirtiii); from iiiiyport in tlie L'nileil 
 Kingdom kIiiiII not lirin^-to at kucIi Mtalioiix oh 
 hIi.'iII he nppointdl hy the Conimii' .hml th of Cii«- 
 toiim for tlielnndin^ of otlicern from miili shipH, ot 
 for further cxnminiition previous to hucIi de- 
 parliir ', the nin.Htor of audi ship itliull forfeit the 
 HUin of •-'()/. (Sec. IIH.) 
 
 Time iif Kxportnliim and Departure ilefineil. — 
 The lime nt wliich any ^oods sliall ho hhippcd on 
 hoard any export 8hi|) Hlinll he deemed lo he tlie 
 time of exportation of such poods, and the lime of 
 the la-tt clearance of any nhip shall he dpcmcd to 
 he the time of departure of Huch chip. (.Sec. M!t.) 
 
 llotMls I'rohil/iti'ii III/ I'ruclamiilion. — 'I'he follow- 
 ing Koods mnv, hy proclamation or order in coun- 
 cil, he prohihiiedcitlicr lo hi; cxfiorted ur carried 
 coastwise : arms, ammunition, and fjunpowder, 
 military and naval storen, and ony articles which 
 her Majesty shall judfje capahlo of heinjf con- 
 verted uito or made useful in inereaHinp the 
 quantity of military or naval storcH, provisions, or 
 any sort of victual which mny he used as food hy 
 man ; and if any piods so j)rohibitod shall he 
 exported from the United KinKiloni or carried 
 coastwise, or he water-homo to he ho exported or 
 cnrrieil, they shall he forfeited, (Sec. l.'itl.) 
 
 (Then follow the clousesi in rcKaril to the 
 CoASTixo TiiADE. Cdi.onial TiiADK, and 
 
 S.MUGGI,INO.) 
 
 The following provisions are contained in the 
 Customs Tariff Amendinenr Act, 23 Vict. c. 22, as 
 to importation and exportation : — 
 
 Sec. Hi. There shall be charged, irrespective 
 of ony duties of customs or other rates or charges 
 payable hy law, upon the importat on of all goods 
 into (treat liritain and Ireland, except corn, grain, 
 and tlour, and limlier and wood goods, and goods 
 in transit exported nnder bond, and goods imported 
 for exportation in the same ship, provided they be 
 ho reported, the respective rates and charges fol- 
 lowing, that is to say : 
 
 t. i. 
 
 (ino(l« in pit-ka (ea and parcels, per packige or parcel or other 
 
 unit fif entry - - - • - • 1 
 
 (iiKKt, lit liulli \ij weight or meaiure or number, f » "acti unit of 
 entry - - - - • • - I 
 
 AnitnnlH per he.id, or other unit of entry - -0 1 
 
 Anil ttiere vhall lie charged upon everr customs *m:i o' lading on 
 the ex|iortation ' t'an; goodk froin'Cirrat .trit vin .ml Irelamt t 6 
 
 Sec. 18. It shall be lawful for t '.a Lords of the 
 Treasury, or the Commissioners of Customs, to fix 
 or adjust the number or quantity of goods which 
 shall constitute the unit of entry chargeable with 
 the rate of hi., having regard to the value of the 
 goods, and from time to time to alter and vary the 
 (same as they may see fit, so that the said rate of 
 Id. shall exceed as little as may be in their judg- 
 ment us. for every 100/. sterling upon the lowest 
 ordinary value of the article to which such charge 
 attaches. 
 
 JJy the 19th section the rates are to be paid by 
 adhesive stamps. The penalty on importing free 
 goods without giving true particulars is by Sec. 
 20 lixed at 40». The bill of lading, which is de- 
 fined ill Sec. 21, is to be deemed the entry outwards 
 of free goods, but must not include more than one 
 consignment. Neglect in fulfilling all the condi- 
 tions specified in thu" section involves a penalty of 
 
 :./. and treble stomp tint v. '('mioma m, ,, 
 
 lading' munt Ik- delivered within ••I honr. .,. 
 
 ti..^ ii..,.i „!„-.» > ...1 """" ,ii,i: 
 
 the linal clearance, except utid< r ec.ri.iin rirnm 
 stances, of which notinration tim^l lieLMvi-nwni 
 24 hours ; but the Hpecillcalidn „r il,,, p„„|, ^,'"'' 
 
 taineil must l)fl delivered six days nflernuolmt 
 
 miller a penalty of 4o«. 
 
 KxjKirters Hhipi.ing without rii,|„ni!, \,^\ . 
 
 hilling are liable (sec. ■>:>) to a penalty ef jn/ ' ' 
 The ninstei or owner of any i<lii|> in hIijJi, ',^ 
 '. shinped for exportation iiiiist deliver » mini 
 
 are 
 
 fest duly attested hv deelaratioii. I'fiinllv M 
 
 Customs bills of lading Ac. reipijreil u,'\)om.\ 
 as evidence in courts of law are linblo to (m „f 
 inspection— U. for each inspection, and 'Ji CJ i,, 
 each l.imo worils of a certilied copy. 
 
 No custtmis bill of lading slinll be vali.|iu|i|. j 
 out a stamii of the value of U. i;,/., nor anvcl„r 
 bill of lading bo valid without t'..,' sianiii i,i' .;./ 
 thereon, already imposed by law. iVimliv In. 
 
 The Commissioners of Customs, ii'^'recaWv to I' « 
 powers given them to that clfect by^ilm fore;;,,;:;. 
 statute and others, have appointid llio uiii<M 
 mentioned places, within the sovernl pnrts ol'il,«| 
 United Kingdom, at which vessels comin;'im.i.r| 
 departing out of such ports shall briujj-to, for il. 
 boanling or landing of customs' odicers. 
 
 The following clause in tlio Act Ifi i i; Vj 
 c, 107 has reference to this inattor:— If aiiv shnfl 
 coming into the United Kingdom or inio t.'iji 
 Channel Islands shall not come as qiiiokly \r,'iT 
 the proper place of mooring or iinlaillni; juJ 
 nature of the port will admit, wilbmit tnuflii.-J 
 at any other place, and in proccoiliiig to such [tn 
 per place shall not briiig-to nt the 8lalioiMS(k( 
 pointed by the Commissioners of Custonii fcr iM 
 boording of ships hy the ollicers of cmtomj, i* il 
 after arrival at such place siicli ship shall rtiii"J 
 from such place, except directly to snnw 'liief 
 proper place of mooring or unlading, ami «iih il 
 knowledge of the proper officer of the cii<tnm,',( 
 if the master of ;iny ship on buanl of which ul 
 ofHccr is stationed neglect or refu.sc to proviJ 
 every such olHccr sulTicicat room iiiidor tlieiiKT 
 in some part of the forecastle or slccra;'C' forl« 
 bed or hammock, the master of such viwcl : 
 forfeit the sura of 20/. (Sec, 47.) 
 
 Porii. 
 
 AHKuYirwiril 
 
 Abfrdovfj/ 
 AnuNoal. • 
 
 Chickllirr 
 
 IlAHNNrAriH 
 
 Itfritcont. t 
 
 UkAI MAIItS 
 
 Aniln'cli - 
 
 Vimn'tiy • 
 
 Holnhtad • 
 
 UutwiLK - 
 
 niDRroRD - 
 
 UimroN 
 Spidding - 
 
 BHIUoKWArBB 
 
 UtneftratI • 
 llniDFOHr - 
 
 ^nl■TO^ 
 CAHDirv 
 
 Caboioan - 
 
 CARuaia - 
 Caknahvon 
 
 Pnllhtly ■ 
 
 Barmouth 
 CHirvTOW • 
 CHFirBR 
 
 CULCIIMTRR 
 
 Cuwu ( Bait} 
 
 EXtLA.ND. 
 
 Station* fur britiginsl't- 
 
 • (IraTesend Reach, tielow the Cu.iiKn-^io 
 
 • On the liar, ur a little itMve lhrjuiKl.al 
 
 the rlren Hhydfjl and VUMilh. T 
 
 > A little to the wettwird ot 'he tovn.uil 
 
 rWer Dure;. I 
 
 • The pile* on the eaitem ililr nf (hf r«,l 
 
 twe«n the revenue wateii-lio;!* f*- C 
 Duke or Noifulli'i Uuai, iu Hit iMnt 
 Litttehamplon. 
 
 - Cockbuali Harbour. 
 
 - Skern ami w.itchhouie. Ai<iiln!i>n> 
 
 - I'he harlmiir. 
 
 - Opposite the town, at Kryar'iRoail. 
 
 - within the harltniir. 
 
 • In tiie rn.id.teiulo|ipo>itetheloirn. 
 
 - ]n theharlmiir. 
 . At the entrance of the haibour.wl 
 
 head. 
 . Skem and watch hwue, .l|ililw«''. 
 . Hub Hole. 
 
 . Ctnshole. . ., 
 
 . Between noteilall rolnl, on ih'f nil ij 
 
 Hrislol Cliannd, and llli.k i^'''.^ 
 
 tnlle within liiemiiutliofihefHt tm 
 . The entrance uf the harbour. 
 . The outer bum , diitart al«iat Ml :'■ 
 
 breast nf the harbour. 
 . Pill and Kingroad. , . 
 
 . I'enrllhK<>aiI<.allltletotliee»in«^ 
 
 mouth of llie river Tall 
 
 - At I'wIlcanl.allttlela.WellKM'O" 
 
 mouth. 
 
 .■Ke'bToir. he .0-. "?■»'■•*•■ 
 
 Tower, and at AtKTnienul. 
 . Attheentrauceoftheharijoot.lijiKi" 
 
 Rock. 
 
 . In the harbour. ,,, 
 
 . Attheenlranci'oflhenm"."' 
 . nowpooi, li inile< from "»."";;_, r, 
 . Coin ri.eV, off .«en« *""■,';■ X' ", 
 . Roadstead of io««, M>'»'l"''i "" 
 wett about SJ mil«- 
 
M 
 
 IMPORTATION AND EXrORTATION 
 
 p,ii»»ri 
 
 I, IK I" ■ 
 
 t .11 
 
 tillMf * 
 
 I H.iL 
 
 .Wu • 
 
 1 li. ..r.i 
 
 I 1 tllMU • 
 
 I I'll • 
 Ltn • 
 
 I Niun 
 
 IVilTfOit- 
 
 I Hiiro ' 
 
 |>IW(IITtl 
 I,\|IJ1*D 
 
 l^^ltH(lVll<•| 
 
 l^nitvi ■ 
 
 S.lkWfl 
 
 iTtiitHti' 
 
 ■jxnitclhtl""- 
 
 ThBllMl'""''"""^ 
 
 11.0 the «'""*^ 
 
 l.own.oJP""*'! 
 
 I Stfiifi . 
 
 RUKhj.vl 
 
 
 |tot*r««t iH» mouih of ih« h.trbour tml M«nil- 
 
 At iha >i>Auth i>f tK« hiirh<Hir«Mit nna|t« l*ulni. 
 
 It ih« |>ti«iit. In niwit riMiUtv.iil. 
 
 ■l'lii« mitrr li^trUmr. 
 
 it ihi* r"**ic» ^* *•• Ki'""«ii'>. 
 
 'liiih« hArlwiir, uir Kiln U»'* *"*! w«tch- 
 
 IhifNAM llojklti JutI at lh« tntranraof itia 
 
 it.tr II<1. 
 n#t««-n ih« mouth of F«vi*rttinm CrMk And 
 
 M tS« nth of Mtliun i^rwk in th« Hwiilt. 
 
 Inthv harlMtiir. 
 , In the (urlKHir. 
 N^ir ih« ('u*toin-hoitif| not fur fromlhttn- 
 
 innifoflhtfliartHMir. 
 Stmrvnm* r<iiiit atiit Nhinvroatl U4j tn Int 
 Himlrtitf H.'whI.'t. . . . 
 
 . .\i ihf iiuifiHi DVAr lh« ttitranuo or Ui« har- 
 
 (Mtir. 
 . Hull Hoail*. 
 , |l<..Ml»i»j.l»«iiihorinwn. 
 , lit III* li.irlxMtr, Mwivn lh« iluam aiul 
 
 Wiltrtti Krrr*. 
 . Hull IIiimI*. Ix*! 0rtn th« rMt t-ml nf lhi> rita- 
 ilrl «ml th«ri irjiicf to llwr lliiiutxrr l>uck ti. 
 till wntwAfil. . ,, . . 
 
 , In th« liiulM>ur, Utwfvn Ui« (juanl and 
 WaiiMi K«rrj. 
 
 ^ In tli»l» reiitecll't bay*. 
 
 r,\m%an Doik, on tha rifer I.tin*. 
 )M« CitwitrT, nifiir the l«l« i>f Watncy. 
 /I I -bttniMitranf tha rr«ii«ctlffv dock*. 
 Enirancf to th« harbour. 
 
 OitpMlia tht Jpity, ntar tho entrance of ih« 
 
 UrtMtur. . .. , f 
 
 Tht tiailn wlililn the |ii«r or cobb or Ljrma 
 
 Nniiingtium I'liint, inlerm«llai« an.^ro In»- 
 Iwrvn Common Straih ijuay. where the 
 rMUhtj narrow! Intii «i river, about ^ milrt 
 Ih'Iow itte town, or an nrAr a« clrcum>l4ni'«« 
 iiermtl within tha i>oini. 
 lUrrnv Hilli, oiii>o»tlt Blatkwalcr RiTtr, 
 MiUlon. ...... 
 
 . liTtuh HUde, or Telfth Swalrh, whUn chan- 
 nel !• formed l>y the *}M of a «nnd caliwi 
 Marth Knd JeadinK from (he tm^t end ot 
 Cinry Mand. and nearly «n|Ki«itt lo a 
 windii.i1l.<all<H) the Hamlet Mlll.ttiUiUe 
 upon the Cllir. about t mile lo the wi«t* 
 wanl of Southend, and about t mtlai fiom 
 U)4h. 
 
 - Thf harbour. 
 
 . In the hi*en, opimiita tha town of Mliford. 
 
 . OpiNMlle the w.iich-houM!, at the entranea uf 
 ihi' Kl»« Tjne. 
 
 ■ In ihtf itream, l»cf ween the piers and the tide 
 »urTe;ii>r'4 wairh-huute. 
 
 . AtthewaiLU-houi*-, I milefromtheCuitom- 
 h'tuw. 
 
 . HawkcrUroTe, within the harbour. 
 
 . (iw4TU Itske. 
 
 . M. MtchsruMotmt noadn. 
 
 - WitVitn the line of the HrvahwAteTi vli. the 
 Kound, Catnat?r, and llamotxe. 
 
 • AttlteetitrADTofthvhiirlHiur, lift ween South 
 
 |)e-it, r< petite HruwiiM'a Cattle, and the 
 Ki«ei buoy, o|i|MMittf the t-.i^tle »talile«. 
 > llrtwcvii h|iH:kh<mw I*o|nt and tlw iiorlli end 
 of Iter MaJ««tj'» dockyard. 
 
 • Lythamt 
 
 • In the harbour. 
 
 • In the harbour. 
 
 • At tht entrance of the harbour. 
 
 • Shcemeu. 
 
 • The ouirr rhinnel, and In titaK** ^^°^^ '" ^^^ 
 
 innrr chiiinel. 
 
 • In the oiH>n roaiUtead. 
 
 • Entrance of the harlMHir, oppo«lte the light - 
 
 t>ou«, at the end of Vincent'* Tier. 
 
 • I.OW ll|{bt^ North Shirldi. 
 
 • Illjihnuuh.harlmuror HIvth. 
 
 • Near the entrance of the harbour, In the 
 
 wetiem tiranrh, oppoidte the cuktomt 
 watch'houke and Kntgtton Wharf. 
 
 • Iiihen buoj, or Uuriledon buny. 
 
 • Ninth Itooj, or op{m»ile CleveUnd Port. 
 
 • In ihi ba^r, within ) mite of St. Ire* (iler. 
 
 • Theume. 
 
 • At the entrance of the harbour* near the 
 
 watch houM! on the Houth itiei. 
 
 - In the harbour. 
 
 < tiriton Keny, near the entrance of Neath 
 Riter. 
 
 • At the Point. 
 
 • Faltnnuth Harbour. 
 
 - Ueiwem the tutrance of tlie harbour and 
 
 Wdli Quav. 
 
 • We»mouih Koadi. 
 
 • The harbour. 
 
 • In the hubour, between the tongue and bul- 
 
 wark. 
 
 • At ihe tlcht houiM «bout 3 mile* below the 
 
 nation at Nmton \Va»h. 
 ■ Bawrtwy Feny, the entrance of the Riytr 
 Xh;ben. 
 
 1] In their respective harboun. 
 
 • Yarmouth Hond^ between Nelson*! Monu> 
 
 tin ni and the haveit'a mouth — on ttie 
 Hni.h,aihort lli^lan^e within the haren'* 
 m<.uth, at Uie S.£. angle of the river. 
 
 Ammdum 
 
 Stmhmrgk 
 
 AananaTH 
 
 AvN 
 llANee 
 
 llwaHnvvsmMTM 
 
 ImitrkfUhintt 
 
 ('aMrnaLruwii 
 
 7i>6ef i*»Y 
 
 
 |)i'Mrnii*fl • 
 
 i'ttrtitthtm 
 Antutn 
 
 KirkfHtlMght 
 lUtrtoehitH 
 iHtnettitta • 
 Di'KiiHa ■ 
 
 (il.AM'OW 
 
 (iBAMnBMOIITV 
 1iiiAHni<t > 
 UaamiucK • 
 
 UkH. 
 
 IMhna^ . 
 
 iNVHHivraa < 
 
 InviMM 
 KiitRAritv . 
 
 Hurnlialtimt 
 
 Ihfsitri 
 
 MriKU 
 
 Larf(0 
 KlHKWALL - 
 
 StrtnnntM • 
 LairH 
 
 Flihtrrorp 
 I.RRwicx - 
 MoMTnusa - 
 
 Arhroath - 
 PBHrii • 
 
 PRTRHHnAn 
 
 PuHr Ur.Aiuow 
 Hroa NOWAY 
 
 SrHANRAMK 
 
 I'ort Patrick 
 Wits 
 
 WinrowM • 
 Oatthtitit - 
 Vrrelonm - 
 «ar/ir»('in'« 
 Vort H'iltiam 
 
 Baija a • 
 
 BaiVABT 
 
 ClILKHAtNII - 
 
 Cork (Cova) 
 Kintah • 
 
 Droohrua • 
 
 UUBUM 
 DfNDALX - 
 
 Galwav • 
 
 LiMRRtCK - 
 
 LiiRm>NnKBRf 
 
 Nrwrv 
 
 Huu 
 
 SxiNBRRRRIf 
 
 Berthavcn 
 Si.ioo 
 
 Batlyihannort 
 SiRANtiyunn 
 Watrrvohd 
 WBarroRT • 
 
 Wbxvord - 
 
 within the I'url of 
 
 Tii 
 
 Mroir.ANi). 
 
 Thit |iar( "f A Urdeen Hav whlrhf^lU wItMn 
 a Mnr- Iwtfiniiinii >ii iho ei*l*ri)in<Mt i«>iiit nf 
 Ihe (tir>(le New, «na running nortii \\ mile, 
 to a iMiliii ilutf v.tat if ihi tfiitia of ihn 
 Kruad Mill 
 
 Within the Hi*<Y Ythan, op|Ki«lie tu the v d* 
 l.tgf N'ewl'itrrili. 
 
 The hari our. 
 
 hnuili i^uAf at Avr. 
 
 I he I euil UuAjt. 
 
 The hitrtMiur. 
 
 The liarlM>ur« 
 
 '1 he harbour. 
 
 ()b4n liny. In Ihe rAinty of Arujrir, lyin^ 
 within Ki»hlni/<)iiiii«e Point on thv «j|>irrii 
 aide, anil ( urrlck Point on .ho wv>.ti in Kide 
 
 of lh*> a.||>l llAT. 
 
 The b-»y of Tnbrrtnnnr, Ijing And betnc wl'h 
 In Iield'ig I'ohtt lu the»(Hiih<p.(4i. Portiiinre 
 Point to the norih-w«<ti, a) tt ih • I*))* nf 
 ('4lv« on the eii«t of ioberitiory, Nie uf 
 Mull, county of Arnyle. 
 ' l.orhgil|>h«>«d lluid*, at the ea*! end of the 
 I rlnan I'annl. tying And being within 
 Ardrlihalg Point, on thn wrtivrn hide t<f 
 l.ut'hgilidtvad, and Kilntory Tulnt, un th«* 
 eaaiern Ode of the said loch. 
 
 1 he harbi>ur. 
 
 The Haji uf t'arte. 
 
 The mouth of the rteer. 
 
 Kiiher the hay or the hnrttmir- 
 
 Anchenrnirn Hay or ilactanjr Hty. 
 
 Theqniy. 
 
 Mrouuhiy Perry. 
 
 Thf ^lall rf the Itank 
 (ireenotl. 
 
 Kntrantv of the harbfiur. 
 
 The harbour. 
 
 Prom (JrATrl Point lo theeaitward of Ihe 
 town of 41reetio«-k, in tho ronnty of lliii- 
 frew, lo Kem|MKk Point, lt«>iit{{ the western 
 
 IKilnt of U''Uruck lUv* Im-luding therein 
 'artsdyhe Hay. Oreenotk Hoadii, the an> 
 rhnrage at the Tall ut'the Ilank, and (iou- 
 rw'k JUy. 
 
 Uoihetny Hay, lying and being within nnyany 
 Point, on tlte eA->t of the town of Knihi-sAy, 
 ht the* Me of Hute, county of Itute, ami 
 ArdinallaU Point on Ihe wmI of Ihe aold 
 town. 
 
 Theharhur. 
 
 I'hv haritour. 
 
 Kntraitre of the hubour. 
 
 Ihimtliiand lioAds. 
 
 Kirkaldy Uay. 
 
 !> Ijirgo Bay. 
 
 Thi> H.17 or Kirkwall RAtda, PTtendIng nlong 
 the tteiich, In a nurth-vHtt dinvtlon hi 
 Thief*A Holm, and In a weiterly dirtrtlon to 
 UuanterneM Ski-rry, thence in a southerly 
 lureclitm to the l^unl Ouays. 
 
 The bay Ciilted Cair^ton Hoad*. 
 
 Iktwren the martello tower and chain plt^r at 
 Newhaveu. 
 
 In the harbour. 
 
 In the bar. o|i|MMiie the Cuiilom-I^ou'ie. 
 
 Within the bar, at the enirance nf the river 
 South K>k, which Is culled the S*:;.. 
 
 Tlie harbour. 
 
 Caroline Huad«, 1 4 mile to the eastward of 
 the harbour of Uuiidee. 
 
 The bav. 
 
 The T.iil of the Hank within the port i,f 
 (ireenock. 
 
 The harbour. 
 
 The hartKHir. 
 
 The Itarbour. 
 
 Wick H.1T, when abrrau or wlDdn the ho.itl* 
 land called the Old Man of Wick. 
 
 Bay or Harbour of Wigtown. 
 
 Fleet Hay. 
 
 (•Their respective harbours, 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 Iimitcrone, Bay of Killala, ouialde tlie en- 
 trance lo the Mny Kiver. 
 
 ItArmoyle liuads, in Helfit^t I.niigh. 
 
 Port Uuth Ua), outKlde the harliour. 
 
 Between the Spit buoy ntid the town of Cove. 
 
 I'liper Cove on theeaktemiidecf the harbour. 
 
 \\ ithin the entrance uf the harbour, ttelw^en 
 BlackbRll Head to the eastward and Kerry 
 Point. 
 
 North rrook, at Ihe entrance of the Boyne. 
 
 Pigeon*houw, Itetween the h.trl>our llghihouio 
 and the end of the North Wall. 
 
 Soldiers' Point. 
 
 Tu the enstward, or under the shelter of 
 
 Mutton Ulaiid. 
 i'arherl. 
 
 Culmore. 
 
 Warren Point Honds. 
 
 Paoage in Ihe iMirt of Waterford. 
 
 BaUimore and Caatietowiuend. 
 
 IIarl>our, 
 
 Oyster Island. 
 
 In the river, ahreAst of Ward Town house. 
 
 BAllyneury U>iy or Audlcy's Town U^j, 
 
 Passage. 
 
 limistcorth Hnrlmur Immediately within the 
 Bar thereof and abreast of Innlsgorth Bar- 
 bour llghthouM 
 
 South Bay t About 10 mllct firom Weiford. 
 
 * ll' 
 
 *• -' 
 
 i » 
 
 '■' I ^ ■- "■ 
 
 :\: 
 
 

 I >■"''-. 
 
 ,1 
 
 IMPORTS AND r^^rOlOS. "J'lisf of exports .lown t<. 1770 ; since «hi,h 
 
 T,or ca into and exr.ortccl from a t ^ ^ Tkadk] tl»e 1 st °' j^ ^f j^e com trade hw been. w.;i, 
 
 IMPORTS A5D EXPORTS 
 
 Ijjir'JJ-v'- n,„nufacturc8, coal, earthenware, provi-imis 
 
 728 r-v POUTS The articles im-^ra^^ ^orn formed a conaiilcraWe artW,Mi! 
 
 IMPORTS AND r^^rOlOS. "J'lisf of exports down t<. 1770 ; since «hi,h 
 
 JrU into and exported from a^^^^ ^_^ ^^_^„p.;j | tl»c l.st^^^ ^^^V^^^ ^^ trade haa been .,:!, 
 
 ons, very decidedly on the side of 
 Cotton' did not begin to be of i 
 as an article of export till afici i: 
 the Cnstom-nouac, "■- -.^,. . ndvantafics oi y^ i ---^ . jhcn the extension and imiirovemcm 
 of tic common notions as to the ?, ,^,,„,e of prices b"t since t ^^^^^.^^ havcboen so great , 
 
 exports exccedinR the imports 1 ^^ ^^^ imports the co ton ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ 
 nccordins to whichtheoHicia va 1851) havmR tno vmu than one-thml of the val* 
 
 rndeKpo'tswasdetermmed (do.^^^ Te' ^ttre cx^b "f British produce -1 ™ 
 
 t ttxcd so far bacK as ^ j^^t , - 
 isc as showing their true > ^. ^^ ^^^^ 
 crial importance as show'ng^^.^^^^^ 
 
 ts 01 u.c j •;-"-„xr,ort^ of iron and otner ineiauic vruiucii 
 jttcd and tnc c^i j^g^j ^^ith extraordinary rapidity, 
 
 q;a";;'atie9 of ^^^J^rneriodranriniV the last ( h|« »'^«°^ ^,, „ow (1866), next to cotton and 
 «''P°l^^."..the'c«mpa?ativei.u.ca«e. 
 
 the mode in wmi-.« "- •• • , etcrminu.i ^3 '^tntian Cotton am nut uigm w uc m an, 
 
 oxpo™ s ^vas ^'-"'"^y'riavc shown the fallacy po'J^^^^^' « as an article of export till after 1" ■: 
 the Ciistom-housc, ""'1 '^\L ndvantafics of the "^P"" then the extension and imvrovemont .t 
 of tic common notions as to the !'i,,^,,„ie„f prices but since t ^^^^^.^^ ^avcbeen so great that 
 
 Sorts exceedmROjemMg-^^^^^ of the. inU^oUs ) the cotto ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ cottc. .««^and ya„ 
 
 ;cordii 
 
 id exp 
 
 2cn tt> 
 
 no use as snown.K -"- T.^ing the """u''""'- I :;„ . considerably augmc.i™, u.v.> >;<-.„, 
 
 material iniportancc as show'ng .^^^ j^^^^ t^,>°UvhUc comparatively stationary, fhe vabi. . 
 in their quantity. Wo were ^^_^^^^ f ''**^ 7ho exports of iron and other rnctallic prcdtia 
 
 means existed, to I'^^'e Si^e^ imported «"' f^/lo increased with extraordinary rapidit; 
 quantities of th^„ J^ nUclf clnrinj? the_^ l-t | has ^eV are now (IS^), next^.'o^ott. « 
 
 exports excee»'"K, "•---- ■j.,^ ya\ue ol inc. 1 ..i'--" . | g ^f tnc expoub ui ^ , u^.. «u- „u. ,.,: 
 nccordins to whichtheoHicia va bavmfi tno vmu ^^^^^ one-third of the value .1 
 
 rndeKportswasdetermined (down to^^^^^^_^; ^^^ ^A Te^ ire cx^^orts of British produce and m».. 
 Sen ttkcd so far back as 169«, ^ ,^. ^ut it was of the en 1 ^^H ^ ^^ woollen go<rf, t*, U- 
 
 no use as showmg their true^>^^ ^,^^ tUictuatitms facture^^^.^^^^j^jy augmented, after beinj f.: i 
 
 ■ ' *""*■" anxiou?, had t le 
 
 en accounts of the 
 
 '" ""' I r„a nUo increased wiin exiriioimimij .»|™ii;.| 
 aiTd teyare now (1866) next to cotton and 
 
 -H r- ,., comparative .....^..--^ -, „ ,^ wooUen stuffs and yam, the leading articled 
 
 centurv, that the ct mparau ^^^^ gx- | w ^^^ ^, „v„nrts. I 
 
 ^P;^ ai- '"'^""llXlv" n^;.::^^ diminu. 
 troTtrtSdVinff nii^ht have been « 
 '^tedinone_gen.nav.w 
 
 liicht have been ex- of exports. J 
 
 UnlucUily.no means ^'^^ Ust o ^ ^^^.^^^^ ^^ . ^ ^ durmsthey 
 ^ -M-.r. 'r„w,-«l f nejinuj ^^^^ consisted of sugar, tea.conJ 
 
 stores, cotton_ wool, sheep'( 
 
 
 ntries, without specifying tn.--.^^ <=o"M 'X^'^oreiKn products imported into &;W 
 Scs ofNvhich -«Vy^raf thrCustU-hoiisc ot^^^^^^^^^^^^^ P,„tities have ahvays b«n „ 
 
 records; so that there were no m« ^,^^ articles ^^^f ^'^^rease ia the official, compared .jtbtl 
 
 an^ompleteaccoun of the^ah. ^^ ^^^^^ Pf^ X ii«e^i"'»^« "''^'"'^"^°\l'l7iX 
 
 imported or exported previo i ■ ,ablcs as s^o^, \ i^j.n rise to a great deal of irrta 
 
 vv^ have, however, pven in tne 101 ^p^^ ^^ith ISIU nas b' j^ ,^(,^£4 upon as apij 
 
 Smjlete'a view of the trade of ;^^^^^^^^^ to;866, discais^^njt^r ^as becoming less pr^J 
 
 S parts of the ^vorl ' from f ^^^„ existing that our c ^ fcct a prec|.^ely orf 
 
 Spartloul" «»»»""■■ . hS;''."."ir,".vl,«vel.n|!a..«l»l?'' 
 
 
 ' — —- trade is gettmg into a "»" , j f ,iiJ 
 Official I \ „„t increase m the omcui ><>'"» j 
 Value the great met>u ^^^^ „„„„j,| 
 
 »a K sS a large.or a small H 
 l^lVSl pr"oduce at the sam^pn-^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ 
 
 of the sale ; lor ij, m c°" (^'particular aiutj 
 in the arts or other^ '^J.^f'^Lhe -^ 
 
 now be produced ^J^*' „ ,„„. it h 1^ 
 production cost 50 or l.» yea , ^ ^ / 
 ^at double th^BquanUtygl 
 
 the same price w'"'"" , i^^ of the H 
 Now this is the case wg «om j, J 
 portant articles e-^po'tc^ " ^ ^^,.J 
 Ld cotton yarn form, ^^^„^^^ 
 «,«»...-. part or more of the em ^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 manufactures, hnen, tin 
 
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS 727 
 
 , J of the Real or Declared Value of the various Articles of the JLniiifuctiiri' and Prn- 
 "•"• ir iC. iTaiifd Kinadum Eximrted to Foreign Countries daring each of the 6 Years ending 
 
 L of tile United Kinadum Krported to For 
 .// iflfiG svccifi/i"!! We Countries tn which 
 
 will, \m, fpeciju'y 
 
 they were Exported, and the Value of those 
 each; and showing also the Averuge Amount of Exports during the 
 
 ., • Yfnrf to each Country and to each of the 5 great Divisions of the Globe; and the 
 "I' j„j Proportion Expo,-ted to each, supposing the whole Exports to be 1,000. 
 
 lurinstkld 
 igar, tea, 
 , woo\, stefl 
 
 \n an* ™* 
 ,V\e colomal >i| 
 \ into tB;li" 
 
 he Eipof'*' 
 
 ,( the export! ! 
 
 , deal «f i™ 
 eduponasap 
 
 roing less ?i«i 
 apteciseW* 
 from it- ,"' , 
 
 officUVvato, 
 
 ftxa\ so fatal 
 k ceased to be 01 
 
 „ion«nbe«« 
 
 ^t^apbn''^; 
 
 <d bv tUe W 
 ,1,0 -believe fi 
 condition corf 
 
 filial val«e(* 
 .at ibe f"?""! 
 
 Rrtn,i3W''='f'' 
 affords niyniJ 
 
 Vl{ the «t*; 
 ofitm»r>f^. 
 
 iovcmenwy^ 
 ittelit*" 
 
 Id atedue*^ 
 
 ngtvom 
 .Sfothe' 
 
 IcaWi 
 
 1 having also taken place in the prime cost, 
 teqwiitly also in the price, of most of the 
 pi articles of import, wc obtain at this 
 ft a much larger quantity of the produce 
 vcoantries in cxchanj;o for the articles we 
 ►road than at any former period. The fall 
 P particularly sensible in the great articles 
 Jon and sheep's wool, com, sugar, indigo, 
 K ^e. The imports of all sorts of foreign 
 ™i"e have been increasing rapidly since 
 M it is material to bear in mind that we 
 
 that besides the greater quantities of othcrnrticlcs, 
 we have imported in the intervening period up- 
 wards of 100,000,000/. of gold and silver for 
 currcncj- only. The tnith is, therefore, that in- 
 stead of the decline in the rial value of .some of 
 our exports having been in any degree prejudicial, 
 it has been in all respects distinctly and com- 
 pletely the reverse. It has insured for our goods 
 a decided superiority in every market, while, as 
 the cost of the goods has fallen in an equal degree, 
 their production continues to be e()uiilly advan- 
 
 1 '1-, 
 
 .1* 
 
 I- . 
 
 gold com m circnlation !>.t that epoch, and i tageous. It appears, too, that a similar fall has 
 
 I 
 
728 
 
 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS 
 
 
 } 
 
 4 :■ 
 
 n, f 
 
 i'' 
 
 ( 
 
 I 
 
 tl 
 
 III. — An Account of the Value of the Imports into, and of the Exports from, the. United Kinniln 
 during each of' tlte undermentioned rears from 1798 to 1857, both incluiive, cakuhtnl nt '/I 
 Official Rates of Valuation, and distinguuhing the Amount of the Produce and Mamtfattu, ' 
 of the United Kingdom Exported from the Value of the foreign and Culonial Mmhaiuli' 
 
 Mel 
 
 United Kingdom annually Exported 
 
 Plxporled; exhibiting also the Jieal'or Declared Value of the Produce and IfTamifacturluTikt 
 "■ ■ " *■■ " " • i therefrom for the same Period and for 1HG7, ■' I 
 
 Valueorr,«i„„^"| 
 iliiiiiiririainy 
 I nilBl Klindsn 
 
 loih. R„|Vj|^* < 
 thtrrof. t 
 
 v«« 
 
 17911 
 
 IHIKI 
 IHDi 
 IHIO 
 ISIS 
 
 iHin 
 
 1817 
 IS'.S 
 l!ll!> 
 18S() 
 I8'<l 
 1811 
 IH'IS 
 1811 
 18U 
 \HiR 
 1817 
 1818 
 1819 
 18.10 
 18.11 
 18.1S 
 183.1 
 18.14 
 18.1i 
 18.K 
 18.17 
 18.18 
 18.19 
 1810 
 1841 
 1843 
 1843 
 1814 
 1843 
 1846 
 1817 
 1848 
 1849 
 
 nan 
 
 I8S1 
 185* 
 1 853 
 I8M 
 18J5 
 18.% 
 11S7 
 ♦ 18r,7 
 
 Value of Imiiortf Into 
 
 the Unili>d Kingdom, 
 
 ■t th« (Mflclnl llMU 
 
 of Valuation 
 
 Valu* '.>f Eiponi from th< Unltid Kinxilom, at the OHlclal Rata 
 of Valuation 
 
 Produce and Manu- 
 
 factum of United 
 
 Kingdom 
 
 £ 
 47,8.^7,889 
 3O,.S70,6O.'i 
 17,134,1110 
 .17,613,194 
 31,811,1153 
 16,174,911 
 19,910,.W« 
 3i,S45,.1IO 
 19,681,640 
 3I,1IS,1W 
 19,769,111 
 30,331,141 
 .14,798,433 
 .17,468,179 
 44,108,803 
 .17,813,890 
 44,908,173 
 45.167,443 
 43,994,186 
 46,300,473 
 49,717,818 
 44,6IOrM6 
 45,944,416 
 49,364,733 
 49,019,.134 
 67,196,044 
 4«,T61,«8J 
 51,158,013 
 6<,ll48,lll 
 67,491,710 
 64,444.168 
 65,143,186 
 70,114,912 
 74,449,374 
 85,197,308 
 75,934,011 
 90,911,866 
 93,517,1.14 
 105,874,607 
 100,460,433 
 110,679,11* 
 109,.145, 109 
 1»3,099,3;3 
 114,136,018 
 117,184,881 
 : 3 1,937 ,563 
 136,114,849 
 
 * 
 19,671,503 
 14..KM,184 
 ll,9n7,.171 
 33,V09.'I08 
 41,711,001 
 34,774,511 
 39,1.M,4B7 
 41.96<l,')54 
 31.983,689 
 37,810,"!93 
 40,194,681 
 44,111.4.11 
 43,816,607 
 48,730,467 
 47,140,690 
 40.9R»,7.16 
 51,111,931 
 41,788,089 
 4«,117,961 
 61,151,154 
 60,6H6,1li4 
 65,015,178 
 69,987,1.^7 
 73,835,131 
 78,360,059 
 8.4,110,114 
 7!,4«4,071 
 91,44.1,067 
 97,394,666 
 101,706,840 
 101,179,414 
 100,145,380 
 I17,876,l>49 
 131,458,477 
 i;4,598,MI 
 1.11,311,894 
 116,131,019 
 131,619,154 
 164,539,604 
 174,416,709 
 190,658,314 
 196,116,610 
 114,317,451 
 114,071,848 
 116,910,161 
 158,405,653 
 155,.196,713 
 
 Forvlffn and Colonial 
 Mcrchandlie 
 
 £ 
 1.1,9I9.17.'> 
 IH,h47,7.16 
 
 7,613,110 
 
 i.,357,435 
 14,708,4.14 
 I3,441,6n4 
 10.169,171 
 10,834,800 
 
 9,879,1.16 
 IO,.'il5,01S 
 10,601,090 
 
 9,1S7,567 
 
 K,603,9<I4 
 10,104,784 
 
 9,169,49* 
 10,076,187 
 
 9,830^11 
 
 9,946.416 
 10,610,: 64 
 
 8,44H,3!)I 
 in,745,l'(6 
 11,011,870 
 
 9,833,7.53 
 \\,f)6i,m 
 11,797,714 
 11,191,711 
 13,145,497 
 11,711.411 
 11,794,990 
 1.1,774,165 
 14,7^3,373 
 13,486,411 
 13)946,188 
 14,.198.177 
 1«,«79,118 
 16,196,161 
 10,040,979 
 18,376,886 
 14361,890 
 11391,167 
 13,731,703 
 1.1,119,089 
 17,733,437 
 19,808,044 
 31.494,391 
 33,413,711 
 30,797,818 
 
 Total ElirarU 
 
 £ 
 31.591,778 
 43,I.V/,0»<I 
 .10,510,491 
 41,6.'i6,8l1 
 47,410,437 
 48,ll6,IHr> 
 49,501,7.18 
 J1,796,1.M 
 41,861,915 
 48,14.5,119 
 .50,796,771 
 53,470.0'J9 
 51,4.10,411 
 58.9.15,141 
 56,310,181 
 41,011,013 
 01,041,745 
 6!i,7.14,63.i 
 66,H.18,117 
 69,700,748 
 71,431,490 
 76,070,148 
 79,811,110 
 84,197,968 
 91,1.57,783 
 97,6II.S.Vi 
 85,779,568 
 104,165,479 
 110,190,6.56 
 116.481,(115 
 116,901,887 
 113,841,801 
 131,8.11,947 
 145,'j5' r-H 
 140,877 HI 
 148,609. r; 
 146,17'i. .' 
 140,996/110 
 I90,101,.194 
 197,309,»l76 
 114,391,017 
 119,445,699 
 141,Olill,'JS9 
 141,879,891 
 148,114,6.51 
 191,919,177 
 186,191,551 
 
 ft.B The account 
 
 of thedrolarfd or real ralue of theeiporu waa lir«t taken In 1798, harlnn been inlroiluced lijr iheConn; Ail ol'ihii <i 
 * The otflclal or fictlllou* ralue il not now introduced Into the accounti puhlUlicd l>y GoTertiin«nl. 
 
 IV. Account of the Computed Itsal Values of the Principal Articles Imported into the I'kM 
 
 Kingdom in each of the 3 Years ending with 1867. 
 
 Articlet 
 
 Animals: . 
 
 Oien, hulls, cowl, ana 
 calres 
 
 Sheeii and Iambi 
 Hacon and hama 
 
 H-ef - " ^ ■ « ' 
 
 Honw, eicejit whaleliM 
 
 Hrimstone • • 
 
 llrlillel 
 
 Iluller 
 
 Caoutchouc 
 
 C tltf^HC * * 
 
 Clocks and vatchca 
 Cocoa 
 
 Coffee, from BrltlA Toa- 
 sessions 
 Foreign countries - 
 
 Total of cofTee 
 
 Copper ore and regtduf • 
 unwroughtandpart 
 wrought 
 
 Com. wheat • 
 bat ley - 
 oats 
 
 mai'/e - 
 Oiherklnds 
 llour. of wheat - 
 of other klnd< 
 
 Total of corn 
 
 rollon.raw - • 
 
 Dvelng or tanning stuRs : 
 
 CiH-hlneal, granilla, 
 and dust - 
 
 Cutch and gdmbler 
 
 (larandne - ■• 
 
 Inillgo 
 
 Madiler • 
 
 Madder root 
 
 Shumac 
 
 ValonU • 
 
 4,401,481 
 
 1,787,866 
 
 1,1.1.1,705 
 411,461 
 419,013 
 359,016 
 31S,.117 
 
 S,045,'-.84 
 5.10,538 
 
 1,463,199 
 47.1,753 
 110,187 
 
 5,848,861 
 741,0M 
 
 4.60W.887 
 
 1.699.064 
 
 1.946,449 
 
 9,77.5,616 
 1,411,668 
 1,771,1.13 
 1,134,196 
 791,149 
 1,611,888 
 4,165 
 
 10,71 1.114 
 66.031,193 
 
 4.M.668 
 374.145 
 131,997 
 1,003,900 
 104,861 
 198,093 
 19il,l07 
 310,160 
 
 1866 
 
 4,091,941 
 
 1,504,111 
 
 1,868,588 
 
 463,917 
 
 409.590 
 
 416,434 
 
 351.113 
 
 S,U61,444 
 
 718,416 
 
 1,801 ,.579 
 
 408,193 
 
 346,479 
 
 3,348,444 
 740,884 
 
 4,089,319 
 1,440.746 
 1.661,813 
 
 11,98.1,090 
 3,745,944 
 3,6.11,383 
 4,530,403 
 1,111,069 
 3.796,91 1 
 36,081 
 
 30,045 ,984 
 77.411,406 
 
 891,818 
 386,109 
 310,81" 
 1.107.497 
 181.363 
 415.703 
 117,189 
 S93.577 
 
 1867 
 
 3,054,110 
 9l5,t>61 
 
 I, .19 1,779 
 613,191 
 457,4.16 
 .180,583 
 .159,1111 
 
 4,854,171 
 .696,177 
 
 1,4.54.164 
 441,474 
 .146,869 
 
 3,514,104 
 
 848,655 
 
 4.361,760 
 
 1.801,144 
 1.181,184 
 
 14,984,096 
 1,831,514 
 4,119,908 
 3,834,734 
 1,778,944 
 3,419,477 
 
 98,340 
 
 41,364,134 
 41,999,437 
 
 809,914 
 318,494 
 414,711 
 1,411,514 
 181,4111 
 167,149 
 157,017 
 3:1,161 
 
 Fun, of foreign taking, 
 
 evclutlve of eels 
 Flaf, dresied and un> 
 
 dressed 
 
 Fruit, (tiirants 
 
 raisins 
 
 orange* and lemons 
 Glau of all kinds (ezce|it 
 bottles of green or com* 
 mon glasa) - 
 (lU.ino - • 
 
 Uutta percha - 
 Uair, goatH* hair or wool 
 manufiiciures of hair 
 and of goatb* wool 
 Hemp, undretued,eicept 
 Jule 
 
 Jute, undressed - 
 Hides, tanned and un. 
 
 tanned 
 Kopt - - - 
 
 Iton, In bmrt, unwrought 
 I,ard - 
 
 Lead, pig and sheet 
 I.eather glorea 
 Oil, fish 
 I'alm 
 
 Cocoa nut • 
 OUro 
 Heetl 
 
 Turpentine 
 Oil seed cikes - 
 Pork - 
 Potatoes 
 
 Rags, and other mate- 
 rials fur inaklng paper 
 Rico - 
 
 in the husk 
 Rosin - - - 
 
 Saltpetre 
 
 Cubic nitre 
 Seeds, Clover • 
 
 Flax and Uneed • 
 
 1865 
 
 £ 
 918,547 
 
 475.130 
 
 5,169,719 
 KOll,.Vll 
 570,150 
 80^,617 
 
 6!0,9'il 
 
 1,675,9! 3 
 
 I6(I..5I.5 
 
 837,3 JS 
 
 119,696 
 
 1,599,6-3 
 l,774,99i 
 
 3,073,447 
 449,157 
 581,(11: 
 46H,39l| 
 67(1,1191 
 998,138 
 746,0.58 
 
 1,1.50,109 
 4ll,Vfiu 
 
 1,681,851 
 595,669 
 281,114 
 8,59,7.1! 
 476,988 
 161,997 
 
 65.5,581 
 
 1ASI><81 
 
 15,.110 
 
 461,9.51 
 
 381,571 
 
 663,807 
 
 711,516 
 
 3,983,113 
 
 £ 
 
 \,\ui fia 
 
 4,ll7S,tl.', 
 7J.1,9J8 
 511,90! 
 889,1311 
 
 701,1111 
 
 I,t.TO,';79 
 
 7«,109 
 
 7ei,uiu 
 
 179,500 
 
 1,61(1,636 
 1,476,114 
 
 1 "io,176 
 ■5fi7,760 
 C(ill,93! 
 imi.MI 
 7h,IIO 
 
 1.191,665 
 885,176 
 
 1,1)06,797 
 X '.6,989 
 
 I,1J^5IS 
 iij,079 
 !.5«,5)6 
 
 l,0,W,M1 
 470,1 S3 
 179,5!9 
 
 8111,91! 
 
 I,J1I,1.« 
 R0,l.5» 
 4l«,9''6 
 JM,Ml 
 5M,09J 
 716/>ll 
 
 J,37l,93« 
 
 t 
 
 S«,U 
 
 Ul.t 
 
 Jll.l! 
 
 s,mM 
 
 wf 
 tAltf 
 MM 
 l,>t),]l 
 SlX.lil 
 
 l,S(l,tl 
 
 mM 
 
 iilfT 
 
 yr.M 
 
 jsMncfhmipftc. (mc 
 
 
 *"l;»iliof™ni,„d 
 •MmMlandlJTO 
 MnliiHiiof mealand 
 
 t***JotUTidTe«d^ 
 T^milidsi. ^; 
 
 '■•"■•llllKif^lHI,^ 
 
 
*f 
 
 ' ^ ■'•■ '.l'' ■ , > 
 
 IMPORTS AND EXrOETS 
 
 r29 
 
 CMWltd II'"! '"'"<'* "f Principal Imports into the United Kingdom §-c. — continued. 
 
 Aitlcl" 
 
 ■ J.H" • 
 
 lbni«ii • 
 
 KibWM • 
 
 O^K ITUnufK- 
 
 urn- 
 „i d m minute- 
 
 1 JJ„wlu,ll»Ml»«>l' 
 
 ordrcMMt - 
 j^,lBlhthiiii»"- 
 
 ftOMJ • • 
 
 GmIi untlrfliw • 
 
 linniniou " 
 Uoto- 
 
 . ftp" 
 liiini.l(«ii • 
 
 ■ Uiod! •. ; 
 OOm rowsn «iia 
 
 ■ I'tJtm&l t)<iriu • 
 I SifiintiKiIiHl >»!'>) 
 
 Iir.rforfnm UritUh 
 PMMwni 
 FflrppCwitHrirt 
 
 ISC3 
 
 4,919,710 
 >,.1IU,173 
 
 l. n7.'>,<6l 
 «,1.M,4«7 
 
 65,.M« 
 .ISJJUl 
 
 88,754 
 31 ,371! 
 
 3,913 
 
 ui»,ua6 
 
 •21)1,477 
 4.I."! 
 9li,a07 
 4S,16II 
 4V,6'21 
 S6i,SI3 
 674,607 
 833,r,<J3 
 
 191,333 
 l,»;'i,6al 
 
 bfii\MO 
 
 \\,Mrtfi-t* 
 
 1RC8 
 
 e 
 
 l,307,4»'i 
 
 7, -2 4 3, 1 99 
 
 1311,333 
 
 «,«iR,»M 
 
 8-9,»39 
 
 9,3H.6lg 
 
 47,091 
 S7i,S99 
 31IU,.'>eO 
 
 RH,440 
 S'J.MI 
 
 S,J9* 
 
 93,719 
 113,163 
 
 t14,9v3 
 
 lli,34« 
 
 811,707 
 
 18,H44 
 
 31,7K8 
 
 S16,SI6 
 
 R9I,415 
 
 1,409,410 
 
 1S3,9SS 
 lJW49ia 
 
 SJ83,5f!t 
 4,SI 1,431 
 
 l(>,79'i,01'> 
 
 1867 
 
 £ 
 1,397,989 
 7,336,481 
 439,967 
 
 3,443,tM 
 1,810,987 
 
 9.'iO,374 
 
 8.984,475 
 
 S«,038 
 16'i,S»7 
 3U3r)10 
 
 143,743 
 
 30,043 
 
 9,004 
 
 174,998 
 78,OU9 
 
 S39,S33 
 
 »3,37» 
 
 73,(191 
 
 13,693 
 
 13,417 
 
 1(14.370 
 
 69<,36(> 
 
 l,376.ZI'K) 
 
 190J33 
 1.317,966 
 
 3,091 ,187 
 6^4'20,374^ 
 11,3(11 ,961 
 
 Mnlauct • 
 
 'I'alluw 
 
 lu • 
 
 Twiht clevhanu*, wa 
 
 r-jw. lea none, or tea 
 
 morM 
 
 Titnlier atid wood : 
 Not sawn or hiilit. of 
 Porfign Counlritt 
 of lirilbh I'oun- 
 aiona • 
 
 Total of limber. not uwn 
 or Bplit 
 
 Sawn or Bpllt of Po- 
 relini ('uuntrlet • 
 of DriUah VouM- 
 •ioni 
 
 Total of timber, sawn or 
 i|ilU 
 
 Teak 
 S(ave« 
 
 Mahouanj • 
 Tin in lilocka, InRoU. 
 
 bari, or alaba 
 Tobacco, manufactured, 
 cijcitra antl snuff 
 
 Unmar ufaufured • 
 Wine- 
 
 Wool : Sheep and Ianib»* 
 fincludinit alpaca ai>d 
 llama wool) 
 Woollen rags, torn up 
 
 to lie used an wool 
 Woollen manufactures 
 
 not made up 
 Yeast, dried - 
 All other articlee 
 To'al 
 
 1863 
 
 41(6,163 
 3,1 '23,781 
 10,UI4.461 
 
 Sll.lSS 
 
 1.899,647 
 1.0I1J81 
 
 4.911.019 
 
 4,139,712 
 1,3110,119 
 
 6^59,931 
 
 619,17.'. 
 61M.6I0 
 3(17,111 
 
 il9.803 
 
 317.341 
 
 1.781,»li8 
 3,914,196 
 
 14,930,430 
 
 433.819 
 
 1,704,738 
 
 131,118 
 
 13,874,86 
 
 »; 1,071,183" 
 
 1866 
 
 £ 
 379,333 
 3,ni)8,8u7 
 11,108.813 
 
 1,131,313 
 1,939,738 
 
 4,171,171 
 
 4,066,638 
 1.110,863' 
 
 «.187,S«3 
 
 311,101 
 93(),8.'i8 
 317,934 
 
 444,478 
 
 338,695 
 
 ,1(11,331 
 
 4,733,173 
 
 17,330,871 
 
 399,763 
 
 1,899,675 
 
 134,416 
 
 19.7.r').31l 
 
 19J,1M0,174 
 
 1SC7 
 
 £ 
 13O,7;0 
 1,1 1 9, MM 
 10,067,813 
 
 360,510 
 
 1,771,891 
 l,CJl,3IJ 
 
 3,413,1.16 
 
 3,934,881 
 1,969,783 
 
 3,904,666 
 
 113,581 
 
 fine, 1.37 
 480,838 
 
 539,370 
 1,841,911 
 4,835,131 
 
 r irnvtUfuit Quantities of the Principal Articles of Foreign and Colonial Mcrcluxndise Imported 
 ' into the United Kingdom ui 1862-6. 
 
 
 iW,iii.«lM,l»»rl anil pot 
 
 cwt». 
 
 rf other soiti 
 
 11 
 
 Iniili, Still ;h«nM - 
 
 no. 
 
 oitn, nulls, row« 
 
 
 and cal»es 
 
 
 itKeji anil lunU - 
 
 
 W . • 
 
 CWUs 
 
 ,wirw 
 
 t* 
 
 hraisdhimi: baron . 
 
 *( 
 
 ham* ■ • 
 
 ff 
 
 «:haB.^iiHoiiljcinK 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 «iiiJl«>.ofjlJ!8 • 
 
 llM. 
 
 W.ukalmKmh 
 
 CWU. 
 
 Imil 111 tall ;KC«itwlia'.eans). 
 
 tons 
 
 Wi . ■ 
 
 c«t». 
 
 «aii-lci] 
 
 t* 
 
 Ua . ■ 
 
 liis. 
 
 ■tSf . ■ • • 
 
 CWtx. 
 
 Immtl hmp Itc. (eiccpl coir] 
 
 Hh. 
 
 «fto. . 
 
 Com. 
 
 KlMlnriM • 
 
 
 kiclnvc • ■ ■ 
 
 
 Hailictumot 
 
 Il». 
 
 M • • ■ ■ 
 
 cwu. 
 
 nn.nfoTkiln>i)ried • 
 
 
 tMiidpiroiiinwwe • 
 
 
 ^l»^.a,chB i'!^}' • 
 
 no. 
 
 1861 
 
 m 
 
 (including i^llla and 
 
 . CWti. 
 . . . . lU. 
 
 \ ■ . m • M 
 
 . winci itTandi and 
 
 * . - - CWti. 
 
 'idrtgului - . torn 
 
 HiiTcivii, aoA )nrt wnu^hti 
 (Mco|<peri cojiper in y\»tt% 
 far coin, coin, ud couuet 
 ibttj ... 
 
 btiwlimndt - • ihIL 
 
 I! then . . . cwu. 
 
 <tlw kinds of com and pain „ 
 
 thfumwd and tlour - „ 
 
 Khn Uodi of meal and flour ,, 
 *~ f . . , 
 
 ■-» • • ■ lin. 
 
 •uleof . . 
 
 naisractuies of India snd 
 a™ . . pieces 
 
 of Europe &c. value 
 .anal . . cmti, 
 
 ■ s«Wooi 
 
 _ great hundreds 
 
 - value 
 
 cwls. 
 
 • Ihs. 
 
 • cwu. 
 
 -..I>i>lntedlework 
 nbK . 
 onkh • 
 
 idvundresKd • 
 . ^miUcial . 
 pi ilnmUoV all kinds 
 
 • vaue 
 
 • Cwth 
 
 161,113 
 
 18,810 
 
 1,978 
 
 07,887 
 
 199,471 
 
 13,810 
 
 11,.378 
 
 1,1.33,453 
 
 110,111 
 
 191,393 
 
 17,833 
 
 1,441,971 
 
 l>i9,76l 
 
 67,1.10 
 
 7,171 
 
 S6,04'> 
 
 1,067,387 
 
 1,178,413 
 
 1,037,371 
 
 11,840,161 
 
 4,453 
 
 I5,I(H) 
 
 59,703 
 
 719,974 
 
 703,909 
 
 45,363 
 
 14„34l 
 
 147,163 
 
 161,4-;8 
 
 14,394 
 
 9,911,.jOg 
 91,011,883 
 
 90,1V.-| 
 117,438 
 
 13,739 
 
 4,993 
 
 1,165,819 
 
 41,0.1.1,503 
 
 15,841,733 
 
 7,10-, I II 
 
 17,9.15 
 
 4,678,133 
 
 1,146,748 
 
 377,606 
 
 317.861 
 
 X* 4 1.513 
 
 .''6.383 
 
 1.936.010 
 
 .£45,181 
 
 7,171 
 
 1.1.1 tl 
 
 301,511 
 
 1,71)8,331 
 
 «.15I,4D4 
 
 41,615 
 
 176,.134 
 
 13,160 
 
 1,441 
 
 1.50,898 
 
 4.10,78* 
 
 17,491 
 
 i.5,110 
 
 1,631,681 
 
 116,131 
 
 .116,191 
 
 13,.589 
 
 1,607,391 
 
 188,169 
 
 77,191 
 
 6 914 
 
 30,011 
 
 847,711 
 
 »,.'.17,184 
 
 986,708 
 
 15,544,077 
 
 16.433 
 
 34,883 
 
 65,649 
 
 754,611 
 
 756,184 
 
 131,618 
 
 13,190 
 
 .114,191 
 
 160,648 
 
 17,689 
 
 9,591„'>6i 
 
 117,354.117 
 
 118,501 
 101,099 
 
 11.788 
 
 4.H13 
 
 1,437,T26 
 
 S4,.164,171 
 
 30.1.11,971 
 
 5,118,976 
 
 14,8I« 
 
 3,978,411 
 
 873,1.59 
 
 1,696,654 
 
 117,3', r 
 
 £917,400 
 
 36,011 
 
 1,114,414 
 
 i:61,693 
 
 7,.15l 
 
 18,500 
 
 118,109 
 
 1,458,961 
 
 i;,K)8,lll 
 
 45,670 
 
 176,317 
 
 30,180 
 
 1,157 
 
 131,733 
 
 496,113 
 
 14,198 
 
 16,800 
 
 896,631) 
 
 171,760 
 
 331,166 
 
 10,383 
 
 3,117,611 
 
 346,811 
 
 68,870 
 
 8,089 
 
 19,667 
 
 795,-01 
 
 1,316,133 
 
 1,034,617 
 
 14,411,31(1 
 
 «),'J68 
 
 48,891 
 
 71,n'27 
 
 650,549 
 
 834,844 
 
 1.16,171 
 
 10,177 
 
 375,911 
 
 133,753 
 
 14,131 
 
 7,910,711 
 
 109,177,361 
 
 118,140 
 93;|U4 
 
 15,437 
 
 5.111 
 
 1,311,713 
 
 13,196.714 
 
 19,100.177 
 
 .i ,511,391 
 
 7,176 
 
 7,974,935 
 
 »ll,7.5« 
 
 3,117,7 ;t 
 
 55,391 
 
 ae804,O8l 
 
 49,137 
 
 1.791,151 
 
 ie5l.l93 
 
 H,786 
 
 ■rj.8.14 
 
 4 '28.781 
 
 1,841,947 
 
 .£307,798 
 
 41,549 
 
 1865 
 
 113,779 
 
 35,116 
 
 1,331 
 
 183,171 
 
 914,170 
 lO.IMIl 
 13.311 
 
 611,854 
 91,491 
 
 4.10,810 
 
 15,510 
 
 3,165,111 
 
 144,131 
 7 4, .108 
 8,816 
 10,617 
 
 981,106 
 
 1,566,154 
 
 1,083,717 
 
 11,08-2,747 
 
 10,755 
 
 41,613 
 
 71,391 
 
 868.689 
 
 853,177 
 95,063 
 18,705 
 
 131, .156 
 
 143,770 
 
 16,910 
 
 7,464,982 
 
 U; ,997,441 
 
 11.1,675 
 111,118 
 
 21,858 
 
 6,1113 
 
 1,011,478 
 
 111,961,961 
 
 14,6;0,550 
 
 3,901,471 
 
 1 1, '201 
 
 8,731,949 
 
 863,810 
 
 2,139,318 
 
 6,5,770 
 
 £716,401 
 
 49,165 
 
 3,0.13,444 
 
 £58,08.5 
 
 13,193 
 
 .17,811 
 
 483,460 
 
 I,9i3,1.11 
 
 £199,417 
 
 41,114 
 
 1866 
 
 10I/I7J 
 
 13,666 
 
 1,646 
 
 137,7.19 
 
 790,880 
 
 18,150 
 
 31,980 
 
 i78,2:i 
 
 .57,510 
 
 540,105 
 
 13,797 
 
 3.438,587 
 
 1.1'2,948 
 
 811,316 
 
 8,789 
 
 18,4.10 
 
 1,137,166 
 
 1,678,56.> 
 
 1,16.5,081 
 
 I3/)85,6I9 
 
 7,466 
 
 61,0.10 
 
 ■•2,176 
 
 769,119 
 
 871,341 
 
 HI3,763 
 
 18,'234 
 
 154,534 
 
 171,013 
 
 .11,751 
 
 10,3(18,198 
 
 117,011,810 
 
 151,92a 
 119,517 
 
 21.679 
 
 6,141 
 
 1.6S4.1'2S 
 
 1.1.156..V29 
 
 34.733,9.15 
 
 4,971,180 
 
 80,841 
 
 11,195,803 
 
 11.59,516 
 
 3,115,764 
 
 83,997 
 
 £1,070,519 
 
 45,271 
 
 5,6.57,321 
 
 £74,324 
 
 11,470 
 
 41,506 
 
 506,711 
 
 ".,517,598 
 
 £193,106 
 
 4,8,710 
 
 i 'hi 
 
 I >i) ) 
 t 
 
 . t 
 
 ■( if 
 
 j-^^- >':.'; 
 
 
730 
 
 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS 
 
 --:! 
 
 
 Quantitiei of Foreign and Culonial Merchandise Imported into the United Kingdam—ct)n\\\ 
 
 iKr>.i 
 
 • 
 
 Pruiti ai>f>'^* ro* 
 
 tmth. 
 
 l,l.'i(>,.'>Sl 
 
 currantt • 
 
 cwu. 
 
 II73,.WJ 
 
 lign ... 
 
 ,, 
 
 '.15.111 
 
 nuts, sm.ill 
 
 buih. 
 
 V.!),Jl,1 
 
 ornnKcB and lemon* 
 
 „ 
 
 l,nvi.s;n 
 
 r.ihhtti 
 
 rwts. 
 
 'i7H,7,'>n 
 
 r:»w, linen 11 mrratrd 
 
 bush. 
 
 luiyaa 
 
 Furniture (»i..uwho|(l) of wood, and 
 
 
 
 lahim'twre - - - 
 
 value 
 
 jE77,!IOO 
 
 Fiitit. A'M Skim. 
 
 
 
 G.ilU . . . - 
 
 cwts. 
 
 B,009 
 
 UUiM of all kimU (exrt-pt bottles of 
 
 
 
 Hri*en or common gl.ist.) 
 
 »t 
 
 202,n«n 
 
 Oreae - - - - 
 
 ** 
 
 ■iC,MtH 
 
 (iu.ino - . - - 
 
 tons 
 
 1 1 1 ,i;.i6 
 
 lium I nnlml and coiial 
 
 c«ts. 
 
 1 1 ,6(i1 
 
 Araltic . . - 
 
 1* 
 
 :r,,'iM 
 
 lai-dye 
 -lelfac 
 
 » 
 
 0.131 
 
 » 
 
 31,511) 
 
 SenPRal 
 
 
 7,1V7 
 
 of other sorts 
 
 „ 
 
 5l,(ll.t 
 
 (fUtta perclia, raw 
 
 „ 
 
 IS.JKl 
 
 Hair: cow, ox, bull, or elk 
 
 „ 
 
 .■il),3'ii 
 
 ffoau' hair or wool 
 
 nonehiiir - . • 
 
 His. 
 
 4,017,(170 
 
 cwit. 
 
 17,478 
 
 tnnnufactures of hair and of 
 
 
 
 Roau' wool 
 
 value 
 
 *-307.4.'.» 
 
 Hats of felt 
 
 1 D. 
 
 I.Tl,663 
 
 Hati and bonneti of straw - 
 
 lbs. 
 
 4I.00>I 
 
 Hemp, dressed or undressed 
 
 cwts. 
 
 9H4,3« 
 
 jute, raw - 
 
 „ 
 
 t)63.774 
 
 y.tm (not dlstinKu()thed 
 
 
 
 fircviouiily to the year 1H6.1) 
 
 lbs. 
 
 — 
 
 Hiilps, raw 
 
 CW ts. 
 
 DI3,I93 
 
 tanned, tawed, curried, or dressed 
 
 Ihs. 
 
 i,:Ufi:r, 
 
 H.p* - - - . 
 
 cwts. 
 
 l,-.3,7ai 
 
 Horns .... 
 
 tons 
 
 3,2M 
 
 Jnd'ffo . - - 
 
 cwts. 
 
 69,SS<I 
 
 Iroit in bars, unwrouKnt • 
 
 tons 
 
 49,602 
 
 cliromateof- 
 
 
 4,lil 
 
 steei.unwroDuht 
 
 „ 
 
 S,U30 
 
 Iron and -^teul, wrought or manu- 
 
 
 
 factureU 
 
 cwts. 
 
 «7,9t3 
 
 IslnKlnu 
 
 „ 
 
 l.WI 
 
 Jewellery - - . 
 
 value 
 
 X7?,5S6 
 
 Jute. See Hemp. 
 
 
 
 I nee - - - - 
 
 „ 
 
 jE93,!S2 
 
 I^rl . . - - 
 
 rwis. 
 
 630,090 
 
 X. , pi(( and sheet 
 
 tons 
 
 !i3,C93 
 
 Leather manufacturr : 
 
 
 
 boots, khoes, and boot fronts 
 
 pairs 
 
 944,016 
 
 Kloves- . , . 
 
 „ 
 
 (i,»7B,7»( 
 
 nnenumerated - - - 
 
 Tiilue 
 
 X20,493 
 
 Lint-n manufacture* 
 
 fbs. 
 
 .£1411,7X4 
 
 yam 
 T.iqnorice juice and paste - 
 
 l,0-'3,373 
 
 cwts. 
 
 23,9-.il 
 
 MafUler and madder root (including 
 
 
 
 inunjeet) . - - 
 
 ,, 
 
 299,S73 
 
 ^aranclne ... 
 
 ,, 
 
 .3.s,31 1 
 
 M anf:anese nrt . - - 
 
 tons 
 
 •^1,0.'.I 
 
 3f ear, salted ur fre^h, not otherwise 
 
 
 
 described 
 
 cwts. 
 
 69 'i 
 
 Mother of pearl shells 
 
 „ 
 
 2.^,442 
 
 Musical instruments 
 
 value 
 
 X190,9(i6 
 
 Nitre, cubic 
 
 cwts. 
 
 7 94,3 J » 
 
 Nuts and kernels, for expre&sing oil 
 
 
 
 tiierefVom 
 
 tons 
 
 4,9.S'. 
 
 Oil: animal , . . 
 
 cwts. 
 
 5I,C9.T 
 
 castor . - - 
 
 „ 
 
 17,317 
 
 chemical, essential and per. 
 
 
 
 fumett . . . 
 
 lbs. 
 
 •lfiS,-M2 
 
 cocoa nut . - - 
 
 cwts. 
 
 170,4S.'i 
 
 olive 
 
 tuns 
 
 'il,IIM 
 
 palm . - . 
 
 cwts. 
 
 cr,,'),8!io 
 
 |ietroleuni . . - 
 
 tuns 
 
 1!J,I.^9 
 
 seed, of all kinds 
 
 ,f 
 
 11, vol 
 
 train, Kpermacetf, and blubber 
 
 
 
 { Including cod liver oil) 
 
 >* 
 
 t8,3S3 
 
 tur|>eniine - . - 
 
 cwts. 
 
 66,63'i 
 
 Oil seed cake 
 
 Ions 
 
 101,156 
 
 Onions, raw 
 
 busli. 
 
 353,334 
 
 in salt a.id water (not distin* 
 
 
 
 cuii>he<l previously to the 
 
 
 
 jear 1S66) 
 
 gals. 
 
 — 
 
 Opiitm - - - . 
 
 lb<. 
 
 ■-!2I,.3«1 
 
 Orcbal - . - - 
 
 cwts. 
 
 46,681 
 
 Paper and nnsteboard : 
 of all kinas. except paper hangings 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 189,131 
 
 paper hangings 
 
 voAie 
 
 4,iilO 
 
 p.*. .1 . 
 
 iES9,305 
 
 Pitch and tar : pitch 
 
 cwts. 
 
 I0,.^4^ 
 
 lar 
 
 la.t* 
 
 I7,S74 
 
 Platting. . . . 
 
 Ihs. 
 
 18<i,9fll 
 
 Plumbatfo - . - 
 
 tons 
 
 4,079 
 
 Pork, salted and fresh 
 
 cwts. 
 
 227,758 
 
 Potatoes . . . 
 
 
 1,-51,6.16 
 
 I'oultry and game (including: rabbits) 
 
 value 
 
 X85,774 
 
 Pvrites of iron or copiier • 
 
 tons 
 
 1 10,852 
 
 UiiickMlver - - 
 
 Hags and other materials for making 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1,161,352 
 
 
 
 paper - - - . 
 
 tons 
 
 23,942 
 
 woollen 
 
 J, 
 
 4,311 
 
 torn up, to be used ai wool 
 
 ■•t,. 
 
 8,972 
 
 Rhubarb 
 
 183,270 
 
 Hice, not in the hukk 
 
 twis. 
 
 3,919,189 
 
 Kosin . . - - 
 
 
 3.19,01 1 
 
 Safflower 
 
 (, 
 
 17,380 
 
 Sago - . - - 
 
 >* 
 
 184 ,.582 
 
 Saltpetre . . . 
 Seed: clover 
 
 ,, 
 
 443,248 
 
 
 169,974 
 
 (lax and Unseed 
 
 qrs. 
 
 1,088,472 
 
 gratR, unenumerated 
 
 cwts. 
 
 57,366 
 
 millet 
 
 ff 
 
 88,.10l 
 
 mustard - 
 
 
 25,808 
 
 poppy 
 
 qn. 
 
 8,33G 
 
 I,26'i,2n7 
 
 920,1(2 
 
 .'.'.1,4.17 
 
 279,125 
 
 1,3 1 (..'.KS 
 421,796 
 265,537 
 
 vtSI,6JS 
 
 8,865 
 
 2.y),';f,9 
 38,543 
 
 233,.'i74 
 12,108 
 70,1103 
 11,191 
 35,138 
 3,0117 
 48,(146 
 2l,6.'i5 
 43,'iM 
 3,431,711.'. 
 15,S51 
 
 ^281,577 
 
 151,278 
 
 ■'■5,198 
 
 I,0"i9,H(,2 
 
 1,223,0.-13 
 
 1,041,861 
 
 1,(122.1421 
 
 5,2i'2,llil 
 
 147,281 
 
 4.4."6 
 
 85,395 
 
 46,635 
 
 10,171 
 
 4,016 
 
 106,046 
 
 2,320 
 
 iCTl.lKI 
 
 ,cio',:-.i 
 
 530,512 
 28,601 
 
 913,395 
 8,IW3,5K0 
 
 i27,9i;3 
 
 ieiU3,<Jll8 
 
 3,'J97,106 
 
 17,659 
 
 35.5,6S1 
 .37,271 
 31,591 
 
 973 
 20,322 
 
 X2(IU.ISS 
 5J9,,'08 
 
 4,261 
 55,675 
 45,7.'iO 
 
 380,461 
 
 320.1811 
 
 19,866 
 
 790,221 
 
 35,347 
 
 12,6<I8 
 
 14,263 
 
 91,7113 
 
 88,566 
 
 .381,918 
 
 2.'.4,314 
 47,2.-,3 
 
 192,684 
 
 5,177 
 
 X77,0.',5 
 
 18,975 
 
 21,086 
 
 280,175 
 
 4,791 
 
 170,751 
 
 1 .249,360 
 
 ^108,910 
 
 17!i,225 
 
 1,762,393 
 
 45,982 
 
 5,7I!6 
 
 9,866 
 
 122,733 
 
 3,070,»(2 
 
 385,388 
 
 7,288 
 
 146,084 
 
 404,765 
 
 272,626 
 
 1,104,578 
 
 6.3,824 
 
 69.499 
 
 32,123 
 
 18,253 
 
 1861 
 
 802,671 
 76M'J2 
 82,'fl)0 
 201,264 
 ),276,'.43 
 327, Oil 
 337,505 
 
 iCl 19,350 
 
 7,998 
 
 327.1.33 
 
 211,266 
 
 131,.1,',s 
 
 1 1 ,080 
 
 4U,.1I2 
 
 15,150 
 
 4(1,071 
 
 3,5SS 
 
 74,510 
 
 3,'.,036 
 
 63,771 
 
 4,737,.1.V) 
 
 17,743 
 
 £211.283 
 
 13«,073 
 
 6 1, .322 
 
 1 ,n23.7li3 
 
 '2,1.2 1,i37 
 
 1,26.5,317 
 
 'J54,.'iIj6 
 
 6.115,7') I 
 
 9H,(i',8 
 
 3,251 
 
 76,214 
 
 53,918 
 
 rA325 
 
 7,619 
 
 202,334 
 
 2,748 
 
 £97,099 
 
 £143,6-.7 
 217,275 
 30,616 
 
 369,940 
 
 10,099,2111) 
 
 £511,818 
 
 £140,8.-6 
 
 2,010,952 
 
 31,389 
 
 296,166 
 4'2,7II 
 51, '299 
 
 1,474 
 
 19,4115 
 
 £221,219 
 
 670,418 
 
 5,9.-0 
 21,715 
 18,576 
 
 403,989 
 
 375,218 
 
 16,705 
 
 666,582 
 
 21,077 
 
 11,770 
 
 14,701 
 10l,.359 
 1(15,570 
 6'W,678 
 
 2.'iO,OIO 
 3'J,7S7 
 
 242,607 
 
 .'1,979 
 
 £.56,236 
 
 .53,457 
 
 18,096 
 
 199,237 
 
 6,218 
 
 228,016 
 
 712,404 
 
 £131,179 
 
 170,890 
 
 4,763,4'J9 
 
 67,819 
 
 5,91)9 
 
 10,037 
 
 113^566 
 
 3,187,650 
 
 353,821 
 
 11,028 
 
 14,5,901 
 
 313,582 
 
 226,278 
 
 1,434,973 
 
 75,597 
 
 50,1.38 
 
 19,011 
 
 16,010 
 
 186'j 
 
 51.5,7.12 
 'J.17,'i1l 
 
 2.'i0,7.V, 
 
 1,366,7(5 
 
 .56S,lliii 
 
 ■22J,'J13 
 
 £128,925 
 
 15,'J6I 
 
 .'6.'; ,11.-6 
 2l,vi,l 
 
 237 ,.193 
 II, 51 12 
 4(1,012 
 11,67.-, 
 46,.162 
 8,8 1 (i 
 .57,; 111 
 25,077 
 5.1.773 
 5,4(12,613 
 21,o;» 
 
 £219,610 
 ll'.)..-.72 
 1<'1,8II 
 
 l,(i65,Tir. 
 
 2,IU.S,942 
 
 l,95S,0fi| 
 
 968,116,1 
 
 7,.13l.li',l 
 
 82,179 
 
 3,i.7!t 
 
 66,5(11, 
 
 51,161 
 
 '.,)i;'j 
 6,r;7 
 
 329,853 
 
 2,7(11 
 
 £8;,'J81 
 
 £167,706 
 l."i(i,8'.iS 
 31,903 
 
 .17.1,812 
 9,21.5,112 
 £116,1(3 
 £15.1,1(11 
 
 i,i';i,H9o 
 
 27,2)16 
 
 237,.V,2 
 .■)3,.571 
 46,478 
 
 .1,480 
 
 27,262 
 .'^^1.1,813 
 l,02u,3>J 
 
 4,9.59 
 9,091 
 2U,1(I3 
 
 40(1,416 
 l'J(i.228 
 .52,005 
 7'.i»,;2l 
 11,016 
 12,811 
 
 1.1,147 
 112,12'J 
 l(l'J,'J(i2 
 529,J'J2 
 
 l',.'i9H 
 4lil,6rl 
 
 31,V'J< 
 
 239.7(17 
 
 .i,(M 
 
 £45.;s!) 
 
 42,'J22 
 
 12,781 
 
 239,650 
 
 4,8.-* 
 
 222,11!) 
 
 li07.2i'J 
 
 £• '",::•-' 
 
 liM,f»6 
 
 I,7»l,lil5 
 
 7I,1.'5 
 
 i.l62 
 
 9,31(i 
 
 129,967 
 
 I,9.->,<,81fi 
 
 459,4'i7 
 
 6,111 
 
 I48,.588 
 
 311,190 
 
 211,071 
 
 1,435,414 
 
 ilffi 
 
 281,1911 
 
 37,811 
 
 5i,;o« 
 
 ■")1,V'- 
 
 91,7/l 
 
 VHj,',;-, 
 
 i.7ii,Hi: 
 
 ■15'1,!I||- 
 £53,»ji) 
 
 i:,5i) 
 
 »(i.W» 
 
 i.5,9t; 
 .'11.1 1 i 
 ii',-r. 
 
 .",ii.'9 
 
 K.ra 
 
 r.,i.ii 
 
 1S(«:.1 
 
 1,39J.«! 
 
 a),!:5 j 
 i;v« I 
 
 .*>iiii,(m j 
 l,6iJ,5c3 
 
 i^tM I 
 KHS; I 
 ■Vil I 
 K.IM I 
 
 (,!,(■< I 
 
 ■■i,(i; I 
 *m\ 
 
 n.siil 
 i.ril 
 
 <.''.IS9| 
 »,9((| 
 
 ■TO.iSlI 
 li',«I!l,I!ll 
 
 19.14 
 
 IVII 
 
 •Hit 
 
 m 
 m 
 
 inn 
 110.14 
 
 f^m 
 
 Article! 
 
 ^»':d slops . 
 
 |"»'»iliiimunilloni 
 
 ^BidiptT , 
 "Oilil. . 
 
 "'".Ueuin. 
 
— conumivd 
 
 iiTn,«'>: 
 
 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS 
 Qmtitie' of Foreign and Colonial Merchandise Imported into the United Kingdom 
 
 731 
 
 — continued. 
 
 13 
 Vi 
 
 n 
 
 bt 
 
 If. 
 
 Ill 
 
 177 
 
 ii;« 
 
 C'lO 
 
 ir.7-i 
 
 ,811 
 
 ,7(l'" 
 ,9Vi 
 
 ;,0fr4 
 ;,i>6.-< 
 ,»'i4 
 l,17'J 
 l,ii7s 
 S,illO 
 1,161 
 '.■,ti7'J 
 6,777 
 
 !9,8:i.- 
 
 S7,'J8l 1 
 
 r,7,:o6 I 
 
 31,9U3 , 
 
 i73,8r2 I 
 
 !l,'.,Hi 
 
 llb,l>3 
 
 IM.VJO 1 
 ■i7/iS6 
 
 237 ,3M I 
 53,,'i71 
 40,178 
 
 3,180 
 
 117,aO-i 
 
 :i43,SI3 
 
 ,0i(l,3>-3 
 
 4,959 
 9,091 
 lU,lli3 
 
 400,410 
 lUli,'rt» 
 .Vi,00i 
 
 ;'|>^,7■Jl 
 
 1I.1M6 
 IX.Sll 
 
 , 1?,147 
 ll-/,lii9 
 Id'J.UOi 
 
 M9,ja'2 
 
 II, MS 
 
 4iii,5;i 
 
 3l.a'JS 
 
 1 
 I 239,7117 
 .•„ii>l 
 I i4.'>.7'''J 
 
 n,7Si 
 
 2J9,M0 
 4,8.' 6 
 
 22v,irj 
 
 J »07,'ii9 
 
 If ",:■:: 
 
 ll'3,f''6 
 
 i,7!ii,iia 
 ;i,i;.5 
 
 S,I61 
 
 9,316 
 
 _ 159,967 
 
 ll.93S,81l> 
 
 ■ 4i9,4« 
 
 6,311 
 
 148,M8 
 
 311rW 
 
 . SU.OTl 
 
 |l,433.4>* 
 
 81,0-' 
 
 i8l,19> 
 
 37,811. 
 
 3i,:w 
 
 1T,515 
 
 Jli.kM 
 13i,6iJ7 
 1\97! 
 .'<l,lli 
 llVli 
 IStJl 
 ">,|i:.9 
 iVA 
 i'.,iJi 
 
 4,39!,«f,'i 
 •;0,(:i 
 
 \;i;m I 
 'mSM I 
 
 3(xi,lin I 
 IJJIUH 
 i,6ii,'/; 
 
 !,0n5.m I 
 i,u5ri,si; 
 lt,W/>l< I 
 
 am I 
 
 s,;ci I 
 '1,1% I 
 
 .i,m I 
 4,u! 
 
 ise,:6;| 
 
 I 1:.,1S)| 
 
 
 (!,;r 
 
 m4 
 3i:,| 
 
 na 
 
 
 
 ,4lllrl« 
 
 in. 
 If 
 torn 
 
 and Ain 
 
 Slid! "I* 
 
 cul thMPfrom 
 
 IwlofOllK'X"'" - - 
 
 4tiw ■ ' ' 
 
 ihrown * ' " 
 
 Iwii'i'k^fT'iercd t'v ihevk-ce pieces 
 ifoporied 
 joaiitlwp and Iamb • 
 
 (Ml • 
 
 liJ • 
 
 wi! ■ 
 
 fjnibeiHt • • ' 
 
 fol - • 
 
 mirttn ■ 
 
 rwoon ■ 
 ai, olhtr (kin 
 
 dnnamJn 
 
 ClOTfi - 
 
 mi« 
 
 HBWHfp • 
 
 |»PI^r - 
 amcnio • 
 
 Spinti; br*iiilj • 
 
 (iweTi - - • »i 
 
 lam ■ - " . '• 
 
 nnfliumeraleJ, not sweetened ,» 
 nmmpd and iH.Tfumiti, of 
 Li kinds • - •• 
 
 Smf ■ ■ • "»• 
 
 ttSnidlnil candy - 
 cmjuirt and sjnip 
 
 tita • - 
 T» • • 
 
 TmN tVjsb', wi coVf sea hone, 
 (rwiEone • - ■ cwts. 
 
 Tfiwjipi^ tl (limbier) and cutch to. is 
 Trnfffrdnfului - • », 
 
 l^,tBU9^1',mijoti,bars, orslabs cwts. 
 Tihicn: ni . - • lbs* 
 
 muufaclnrcd, cigan and snufT 
 
 an. 
 
 TAlUtf 
 
 tons 
 
 value 
 tons 
 
 no. 
 
 Talue 
 tons 
 lbs. 
 
 cwt.i. 
 lbs. 
 
 cwts. 
 d.ils. 
 
 I Tvoxric 
 
 |Wu,!«' 
 
 IWic • 
 IWigdladtlmbfr: 
 
 1 wu«oTi]'Iit, including leak 
 1 tail. Ucett&c. lawn or split 
 
 S1I4- 
 
 i fnvocd 
 
 J liihtsd 
 
 I ('cRUinkiiidi used for &hipbuild 
 
 i^i '^ menheart, red and 
 I ntpn, sc. 
 I Itnnli'. bir»i«>d - 
 BniUw »d • 
 fuitic 
 lopfood 
 I Nicaia^ia • 
 
 I Biilira!i: boinood - 
 
 cidar 
 
 mahof^v - 
 
 TMemiod' - 
 [^ 'slnut wooti 
 
 J»"l, itoii md limbs' (includini; 
 ls>uinllUmair<»'| ■ 
 ljgl'»Mlc«hair. SreHairi 
 pwn minufaclurei 
 
 J»«tomd¥onlid\arn - n 
 
 ■•". StiOable, Coir, Hemp, and Jule 
 foMa - . rwt!. 
 
 Talue 
 
 tons 
 
 cwts. 
 
 tons 
 cwts. 
 tons 
 gals. 
 
 loads 
 
 tons 
 
 lbs. 
 
 value 
 lbs. 
 
 I«9,.307 
 .1.1.1V) 
 33,l6'i 
 
 <»,790 
 
 X267,1(i(i 
 
 1.3,SI!) 
 
 1.1,')V4,ll'i7 
 
 V,.3.',S,9S1 
 224,4111 
 
 £\eo,Kli 
 
 ■1,9.M,«90 
 
 2,396,86.1 
 
 2.1l,S4fi 
 
 ■180,526 
 
 1.14,461 
 
 B9,2«2 
 
 IV.I.ns'l 
 
 43.1,89!l 
 
 ^«I.1,32S 
 
 23,70!) 
 
 .^S0,I41 
 
 867,622 
 
 8.38,811 
 
 18,968 
 
 81,681' 
 
 .111,02,1 
 
 IS,n5,97i 
 
 .10,0.50 
 
 S,375,8.3i 
 
 140,662 
 
 7,765,099 
 
 231,687 
 
 43,140 
 
 .'i44,S82 
 
 9,881, 1'JI 
 
 321,462 
 
 47,419 
 
 1,126,435 
 
 1,10.1,217 
 
 114,787,361 
 
 11,603 
 
 11,092 
 
 351 
 
 87,87.1 
 
 39,982,123 
 
 2,323,911 
 
 i-lS2,362 
 
 310 
 
 12,722 
 
 19,931 
 
 29,720 
 
 7,735 
 
 207 
 
 11,960,676 
 
 1,37 ,311 
 
 1,563,021, 
 
 31,899 
 
 110,260 
 
 i,0S9 
 
 66,631 
 
 1,717 
 2,742 
 7,016 
 
 •il,257 
 4,063 
 3,365 
 3,330 
 
 53,798 
 3,965 
 3,210 
 
 171,913,472 
 
 jEI ,.571,281 
 2,214,701 
 
 102,202 
 
 3I3,.577 
 29,631 
 62,159 
 
 R0,.176 
 
 .£249,752 
 
 12,807 
 
 1 ■-',798,625 
 
 59,383 
 
 2, 1. 5.1.8 1 5 
 185,987 
 
 £718,091 
 3,621 
 
 4,968,.3.ii 
 
 2,.142,6fil 
 
 .321,981 
 
 5.53,.134 
 
 112,15!) 
 
 7SA12 
 
 15(1,935 
 
 4!>3,20i^ 
 
 £310,11211 
 
 34,572 
 
 l,IWli,9»'i 
 
 91.1,455 
 
 3,813,210 
 
 29,74-, 
 
 48,649 
 
 331,377 
 
 16,810,467 
 
 29,299 
 
 3,132,293 
 
 193,648 
 
 7,191,738 
 
 600,7ao 
 
 64,611 
 
 474,748 
 
 10,721,522 
 
 297,589 
 
 14,817 
 
 708,483 
 
 1,160,21!) 
 
 136,806,316 
 
 9,290 
 
 12,812 
 
 359 
 
 54,35!l 
 
 31.318,281 
 
 3,803,729 
 
 £132,797 
 
 832 
 
 27.343 
 
 23,734 
 
 33,311 
 
 3.231 
 
 123 
 
 14,:83,I95 
 
 1.511.712 
 
 1,902,90s 
 
 38,587 
 
 131, 4.3 J 
 
 6.043 
 
 63,796 
 
 10,867 
 
 2,61.0 
 
 S3!) 
 
 6,703 
 
 38,404 
 1,702 
 .1,962 
 2.464 
 
 47,998 
 2,126 
 5,9.-2 
 
 177,377,664 
 
 £1,813.891 
 4,526,383 
 
 101,2.13 
 
 1864 
 
 23.5..578 
 31.199 
 8I,>,42 
 
 4!1,3I>3 
 *;!)0,795 
 
 12,292 
 8,411,513 
 
 73,160 
 
 2,710,013 
 95,851 
 
 £1,069,409 
 5,482 
 
 5,379.553 
 
 2,461,416 
 
 450.5«5 
 
 3 12,833 
 
 131,028 
 
 72,.591 
 
 1 16,.SS.- 
 
 6.39,657 
 
 £261,517 
 
 31,281 
 
 885,936 
 
 645,511 
 
 1,328,4 III 
 
 34,745 
 
 55,175 
 
 809,095 
 
 18,536,795 
 
 44,015 
 
 4,907,771 
 
 21.5,687 
 
 3,499,872 
 
 913,801 
 
 199,311 
 
 310,172 
 
 10,754.4.-.3 
 
 913,663 
 
 18,719 
 
 37fl..',01 
 
 1,014,566 
 
 121,159,243 
 
 11.497 
 
 14.11111 
 
 529 
 
 nS.09S 
 
 61.012,667 
 
 6,578,705 
 
 £161,378 
 
 1,461 
 
 52,968 
 
 2,1,010 
 
 22,673 
 
 9,022 
 
 120 
 
 1.5,451,591 
 
 1,51.1,704 
 
 l,9!16,O80 
 
 62,786 
 
 1.38,892 
 
 7,190 
 
 86,913 
 
 17„1S3 
 .1,013 
 2,070 
 7,458 
 
 41,623 
 
 486 
 
 6,088 
 
 2,201 
 
 41,008 
 1,279 
 3,861 
 
 206,473.015 
 
 £1,849,5,50 
 4,634,637 
 
 115„30» 
 
 1865 
 
 206,111 
 47,387 
 114,851 
 
 ,i9,n8'j 
 £21'.',i;m 
 
 13(145 
 
 11.476,831 
 
 6U,13» 
 
 3,090,76n 
 89,32,3 
 
 £1,001,4(10 
 6,587 
 
 5,008,945 
 
 2,7!I7J62 
 
 3.30!2'i9 
 
 629,281 
 
 1,57,881 
 
 7,1,941 
 
 156,8.53 
 
 251,699 
 
 £281,206 
 
 .111,6.85 
 
 1,177,909 
 
 886,731 
 
 3,.339,I84 
 
 .54,100 
 
 63,563 
 
 771,971 
 
 18,31.1,592 
 
 25,783 
 
 3,122,576 
 
 211,027 
 
 6,v9S,59S 
 
 1,113,130 
 
 81,250 
 
 6!)4,I28. 
 
 10,250,324 
 
 819,.577 
 
 34,112 
 
 713,461 
 
 1,361.218 
 
 121,271,220 
 
 10,268 
 
 13,708 
 
 63!) 
 
 113.972 
 
 66.081,857 
 
 2,660,681 
 
 Jt'163,024 
 
 1,302 
 
 44,428 
 
 27,512 
 
 19,702 
 
 10,678 
 
 114 
 
 14.269,752 
 
 1,685,883 
 
 2,1.16,493 
 
 67,611 
 
 180,673 
 
 S,159 
 
 104,992 
 
 12,599 
 2,347 
 2,741 
 
 11,460 
 
 26,817 
 
 .142 
 
 6,109 
 
 3,803 
 
 31,376 
 1,468 
 5,689 
 
 215,206,717 
 
 £1,1*91,101 
 4,392,090 
 
 474,667 
 15,911 
 9.1,957 
 
 46,071 
 £211.5,61!) 
 
 13,688 
 ft,300..',08 
 
 66,850 
 
 .1,4)2,601 
 66,410 
 
 £837,760 
 5,193 
 
 6,1.12,107 
 
 2,8.36.819 
 .30.3,.1lll 
 513.671 
 191,913 
 1 ii),3'.8 
 147,417 
 408,203 
 
 £406,331 
 
 29,2,39 
 
 349.449 
 
 9.12,72!) 
 
 1,2I3,1(,7 
 
 41,127 
 
 1 10,789 
 
 363,785 
 
 11,612,161 
 
 20,182 
 
 5,621,928 
 231. .3.33 
 
 7,68.5,181 
 
 1,059,642 
 
 62.395 
 
 895.369 
 
 10.639,085 
 
 6C0.381 
 
 21.797 
 
 602,298 
 
 1,3<:2.477 
 
 139,610,044 
 
 11,982 
 
 15,279 
 
 393 
 
 110,462 
 
 34,374.797 
 
 3,I71,!I06 
 
 £196,651 
 
 1,499 
 
 72,146 
 
 29,866 
 
 29,396 
 
 11,484 
 
 180 
 
 15,321,029 
 
 1,483.093 
 
 2,188,975 
 
 89,790 
 
 139.919 
 
 10,793 
 
 81,091 
 
 4,932 
 4,182 
 1,201 
 5,933 
 
 35,960 
 
 12 
 
 4,166 
 
 .5,647 
 
 53,458 
 
 780 
 
 3,066 
 
 239,338,689 
 
 j62,036,671 
 7,285,250 
 
 -.^fniiint of the Real or Declared Value of the Principal Articles of the Produce and Manu- 
 facture of the United Kingdom, exported to Foreign Parts, in 18G5, 1866, and 1867. 
 
 Artidtj 
 
 ^inrj] i-,.'.tf. 
 
 "ti . , 
 
 'i-odi . 
 
 WHitiddops 
 , "wdainmmiiliooi 
 Jrairmi(unall) . 
 I uanjowrter 
 [WiHelittlimli . 
 
 "tindhanis . 
 
 HitrnptT . 
 rfinl poiit . 
 ■•ndilt . 
 
 ■iprinted 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 ll Articles 
 
 1863 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 Cheese 
 
 111,102 
 
 161,972 
 
 127.874 
 
 810,300 
 
 168,722 
 
 1.54,403 
 
 Coals, cinders, and culm 
 
 4,427,177 
 
 3,102,805 
 
 .3,400,353 
 
 1,123916 
 
 1,61.1,207 
 
 1,611,608 
 
 Cordage and twine 
 Com, Wheal - 
 
 414,213 
 
 412,729 
 
 317,691 
 
 2,639,012 
 
 2,871,308 
 
 2,207,6.33 
 
 27,610 
 
 140,077 
 
 251,771! 
 
 
 
 
 Wheat flour 
 
 12AH 
 
 11,057 
 
 16,708 
 
 4!(,S60 
 
 349,847 
 
 495,005 
 
 Of other kinds - 
 
 834,642 
 
 307,085 
 
 .143,.531 
 
 457,078 
 
 465,073 
 
 518,205 
 
 (^otton yam - 
 
 10,342,737 
 
 1.1,685,627 
 
 14.870.362 
 
 252,118 
 
 281,112 
 
 .554,325 
 
 ('otton manufactures - 
 
 46,923,384 
 
 60,927,419 
 
 53,973,130 
 
 118,139 
 
 240.205 
 
 174,638 
 
 Dru^s and clieinical pro- 
 
 
 
 
 696.291 
 
 681,445 
 
 762,704 
 
 ducu, unenuineratt-d 
 
 919,235 
 
 1,011,506 
 
 1,068,147 
 
 39,774 
 
 .51,688 
 
 24,196 
 
 Earthenware and jior- 
 
 
 
 
 2,060,976 
 
 1,057,553 
 
 1,909,544 
 
 celaln 
 
 1,442,197 
 
 1,630,019 
 
 1,634,973 
 
 511,388 
 
 601,682 
 
 613,235 
 
 Fl.h, herrinm 
 
 600,2.^3 
 
 575,17« 
 
 721,829 
 
 33.3,2j8 
 
 360,810 
 
 266,414 
 
 Ufothir sorts 
 
 189,003 
 
 256,295 
 
 223,371 
 
 110,575 
 
 222,467 
 
 18»,792 
 
 Furniture, cahinet and 
 
 
 
 
 352-,787 
 
 236,409 
 
 2.19,011 
 
 upholstery wares 
 
 289,887 
 
 210,196 
 
 200,423 
 
 285,898 
 
 280,916 
 
 311,697 
 
 (Mass, Hint - 
 
 302,105 
 
 266,826 
 
 269,133 
 
 ':i; 
 ;"!' 
 
 't 
 
 ■ ' ; ! I 
 
 if: ■ 
 
 
 " ! .f- :■ 
 
 ,' ■». ■» • 
 
• *,»; 
 
 
 :)• 
 
 '.:■■ ' . 
 
 ,* 
 
 "■ 
 
 i it 
 
 If 
 
 7:i'J IMI'OUTS ANK KXl'oUTH 
 
 yuliii' i>/ i:.ii>iiili of I'roiluir uiut MnnujUiturri i<J' the L'nUeil A'i(i(/(/i)/n— contj,,,,^! 
 
 Allti'Irt 
 
 IHA.l 
 
 IMtH 
 
 IMI7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 iC 
 
 iC 
 
 (ll.i>i, Wliiiliiw 
 
 f,ll,H^7 
 
 ;M'ti 
 
 N/.I.IK 
 
 ('■ nllltull ttotllM 
 
 .1lil,«41 
 
 ."i;«,.TiA 
 
 .I'll, 111! 
 
 riiK' - 
 
 ;i,.iiiT 
 
 K.\;l'j 
 
 'j;,.M/ 
 
 IhilM'T.luliKCi unilnilltl- 
 
 
 
 
 IHTf 
 
 ft.n.Hl.TIll 
 
 .1,OT»l,7:^ 
 
 4. tin, UK 
 
 Maitlwirrt nnti niilrry • 
 
 4..1Vi;.MI 
 
 4,1h(s^lHl 
 
 .1.'I.U,7.^4 
 
 luii i<r.iii Miiu 
 
 IM.Vll 
 
 I'liMiVI 
 
 .'■lit.H'm 
 
 llt>IM>4 
 
 IN •■.v.; 
 
 ll.7,.^it 
 
 l7 7,l<tH 
 
 l.vAllii'T, iiiiwionultl 
 
 4I>'I,VI!I 
 
 4.iH,i;ii 
 
 4WH.yiiH 
 
 
 
 
 
 l,4llV,lin 
 
 •I^IS.KHI 
 
 UMI,7<II 
 
 t>l oltirr «i)rl« - 
 
 ■.'4il,rw 
 
 .Md.'WI 
 
 VAN. Ml 
 
 NrtiMlfrv mul liArnvM • 
 
 :i 'tlt,^.l 1 
 
 VMI.IHI 
 
 V»IP,47.* 
 
 1 tnMi V i» ■ 
 
 «,.'.T%,1V1 
 
 v,>7i,i.rj 
 
 «,4.1.1,IIHI 
 
 l.tiK'ii MiAiiitriii-luri't 
 
 U,l.'>li,U'.lll 
 
 ll,.'.,l.,«l,'l 
 
 7,<7.1,lll<. 
 
 MMi'lthirr^ i 
 
 
 
 
 htt*Atii ntitltira 
 
 I,'ns,vvi 
 
 l.7r,(i,r.M 
 
 I.'I'M.'IHI 
 
 Of'tihi'i «i>ila 
 
 .'t.Vfil.HHI 
 
 v,'iiiH,i;<i 
 
 V.VfiM.'IVH 
 
 I lull «nil Kirt'l • 
 
 IS.I.I.V.'J 
 
 U,HI1I,4I7 
 
 l.t,U<>,'.IU 
 
 Mvlitli : 
 
 
 
 
 <*ii)*)MT, llli«ritnf;til. 
 
 
 
 
 iiill«>t«t r>lkr«t or 
 
 
 
 
 • I^U 
 
 4!h;,I4S 
 
 MH.ll.K 
 
 7HI,'J.MI 
 
 WiiiiiKlit or |>itrll; 
 
 
 
 
 WtlNlltllt . 
 
 
 
 
 Ilnri. rixU, ulirt'ta, 
 
 
 
 
 iMil«i5ir. 
 
 l.4Sll,l» 
 
 i,i;4.7.it 
 
 I,«IV,1I7II 
 
 MItnl iir jvlliiw 
 
 
 
 
 nivliil 
 
 iir..(ii(i 
 
 771,'iir. 
 
 '.ri.vn.l 
 
 Ol ollivraitita 
 
 1 wi.'i'H 
 
 117 .H 10 
 
 .V1,ilM( 
 
 llmu, of -ill Mirlt 
 
 v.^v.an'.i 
 
 1ftS,\ IK 
 
 Vlli.fiJJ 
 
 l.iii'l, |ilu, slir*!, 
 
 
 
 
 |>i)ir. mill Ulitl 
 
 .Mtl.riMt 
 
 Ml.'.vr, 
 
 6V3,I70 
 
 ArlkiM 
 
 Mniaii: 
 
 llrif, rail hihI «tiM» 
 IpAil, niiil liiIiaiHii 
 1'ln, iiiiwti'iiiflil 
 
 riain 
 Zlilr, oiiiiiiilil Mill 
 uiiwtmijiht 
 nil. Mill 
 
 raliiiiM** I'liliitm 
 
 rai'Pf (iiihrr ilian lianK' 
 
 l"KM 
 rii kl»a ami ><iiii'ni 
 rialit, |iUl*>il wnri., 
 
 Ji'wrllitjr, mill w.it, i-. . 
 riiivUluiia, mil ulliviwtMi 
 
 i|r«i-lllH>il 
 S.il| . 
 MIk.lliniwn - 
 
 '1 wiM anil vant 
 Silk inaiiulactiiiiia 
 N.i,il. . 
 
 S|iii|i«, llihl.li 
 SiHlliiiiiMj, iiilti'i than 
 
 li-HWT 
 Siiutir, rrlliinl . 
 Ti'li'lfralihli' wiri* 
 Woiil, ftlii>r)i aiiil lainim' 
 \Viiiilli>ii fiiiil wiiiaii-il 
 
 • aril 
 WiioMrn anil wiinlril 
 
 iiiniiiifiirliiri'a 
 Odirr arlii-iva - • 
 
 TiittI 
 
 IHII^ 
 
 IHI.H^ 
 
 i'ii.,'.;ii 
 i.iii,ii'jii 
 
 'll.BVI 
 
 i,"'i;.i.Hi 
 
 47.1 i-il 
 
 4i:,-ti 
 
 .1tll,.1HI 
 4I»,HVII 
 
 sipii,nM 
 
 V7 1,1,11 
 
 4;7,v«i 
 
 l,l>>4,.1HI 
 ISI.VM 
 
 nil, nil 
 
 4ll^.lll,7 
 vi'i,i.;7 
 ni,(.;'i 
 <Jiil,r>r,(i 
 
 .'i,IV'l,Mlt 
 
 liMi)t,;.iii 
 
 vyi,ra;7 
 
 J«V,'H| 
 I.K'W.I'JJ 
 
 l,i.ri,ui 
 V-il,,.'i|i| 
 
 4Mi,i;,ii 
 
 ■ 4H,.VJ-, 
 
 .isi.tvi; 
 
 3M,I'.', 
 
 VI(,,.J1, 
 t.ilH.iH.r, 
 
 »»l,lll'l 
 i'|i.";.i 
 
 V'l.lM 
 
 .ii';,iH< 
 H'J.MM 
 
 4.:rMM 
 »i.rw,vi7 
 
 '!<,■■ 
 
 '■•■.Jii I 
 
 7,111.^^ 
 
 l''M«l| 
 U«!ll| 
 Jli(,',ft'l| 
 
 •■'■l.'iMl 
 JVi.ul I 
 
 4IM(,ll 
 
 5l'l.ii.|l 
 • ■i.i:?l 
 .•.;i,M,,l 
 
 IM.IIll 
 
 i,i'«.r'll 
 
 IC.I.'lll 
 Vl/Ull 
 
 »''''.llll 
 vm.inT 
 >°VilN 
 
 \<'I.1)ll 
 
 »II,I3I,|« 
 
 7,l'i'l,(l.l4 I H.O.W.ijji I j.iKju 
 
 Vll. — Afi-iiiinf of thr Cimmited Viiliifn of Pnultae Imported intit the United Kl"i]il,iin fmm Fon 
 ('oMHiriea iinil lliiti.ih l'oit!u-»»ioiti in «<i<7i of the .'J JViirj eiuliiii) with iHtiT, iimifiiinii 
 .■iinount» ImjHtAed from each, i J. j 
 
 CiMiiurlva 
 
 FilRMIilll 1 
 
 ISliA 
 
 1 Hdii 
 
 iHdr 
 
 £ 
 
 rimnirlfa 
 Ihilinl HInIra nnii Call. 
 
 IHI',.1 
 
 IHM 
 
 i '":■ 
 
 
 UlilMlat NorlliiTii INirta 
 
 I'/.^lil.KOI 
 
 n,ri»,M« 
 
 ll,HV.1,V0.1 
 
 ruriila 
 
 11,'iVl.ltl 
 
 4(;,llS4,?n i (|,ii' ^ 
 3l3,i;i 1 .11^1 
 .'i<,ll,4ti ' ^'11 
 
 Siiiillii'rii I'lTU 
 
 .'l.lM.I.H'lli 
 
 (i,v;v,irii 
 
 iii,ii..i.iiyi 
 
 Mi'.lni 
 
 3,VI(i,'IVt 
 
 SwihIpii mill NmwaT 
 
 .•i,(i;i4,n.Mi 
 
 .i,iii.i,ii.'i 
 
 «,477,MI1 
 
 ri'iKinl Atiirrli-a 
 
 ••i)t,VI,1 
 
 IKHIIIIrtik rilipiT, ' ailll 
 
 liilaiiil IViiiM Isfil 
 
 »,VSI,'JH7 
 
 V,'|ill,i.)ll'l 
 
 li..tSH,1il 
 
 II11.1II mill .s.iii Ihintliifiii 
 Ni-w llriiiinil.1 . 
 
 S.KI.VH7 
 
 l-Mili,!!;.! 
 
 V< 1,331 
 
 VtH.I'.H 
 
 l,M/.tii;i 
 H»,ii,« 
 I/1I.HS9 
 
 7,V37,7'M 
 
 tiV 
 
 llnnUli Ural liiilln 
 
 in,H;7 
 
 iii;,'i'i.i 
 
 ISI.H.TI) 
 
 \'i'iii>fiirU 
 
 !*^J.l 
 
 I'riiol.i 
 
 li.lvMO.t 
 
 ri,scii,7.'ii 
 
 ;,.1H.1,(il!) 
 
 Ki'llailiir 
 
 411.71,1 
 
 til*.) 
 
 S,lilii.«iil« mill Hiil«li-ln , 
 
 
 
 
 Ilrnail 
 
 (i.7'17.«ll 
 
 'Mtjl 
 
 wllh l..iui*nliiii|| fruiii 
 
 
 
 
 rruKiiay (Miiiitfi VI1I111) 
 
 I.V<i|,«ll 
 
 l.^liLI/^l 
 I,ilI3,iiH 
 l.i)l1,»H 
 3,ii<j.iil; 
 
 I.n.'.l 
 
 1 -.JI 1 
 
 ISSl 
 
 l,iil.'..».iii 
 
 HIi.U" 
 
 flSll.l.V 
 
 ArHi'iiiIhgroiili'ilrraliiiii 
 
 I.III4,3V<) 
 
 Itaniiffvr 
 
 V4.i.n«i 
 
 M l,.•l^7 
 
 .^•.!l,41l 
 
 Clilll - 
 
 3,;'is.'iti 
 
 llaiiMi Tiiwna • 
 
 s,>a:,t.si 
 
 tn,.'i7(i.H.ii 
 
 •l,4VI,!l'IS 
 
 r«tii - 
 
 t.iMiK.i.',n 
 
 lliillaiiil 
 
 IV, 11.1,101 
 
 ll,7<W,l)l.1 
 
 lll,H1,1,'.«'V 
 
 riiiiiA 
 
 lo.ii;;,')"!.^ 
 
 ■',.l'l,1 
 
 .l.iva 1111.1 Siiiiinda 
 
 VV(i 
 
 H.Pt 
 
 \y,irri 
 
 •lapiiii 
 
 'il 1,743 
 
 v;.i.';i', 
 
 lli'lllliiiii 
 
 7.1M,M.1 
 
 7,'H)(i,l*f,7 
 
 7,.''.'i.'i.»l17 
 
 UVsii-rn riiMl nf AttWm 
 
 l,3l«,3SO 
 
 i.4«»!i.i; 
 1,1117,1111 
 
 
 Ft,uii » 
 
 .■M.Ci'M.MI 
 
 .■I7,lll(.,7.'il 
 
 3.1,7 lll.C.i.cl 
 
 OUirr ciiuii;rlrH 
 
 'Jfi7,7.1i 
 
 1 nd/i 
 
 AlKi'Tla 
 
 |i|i«Mfuloni In 
 liiriU . 
 I'uclURal 
 
 iHl,.Ml.'i 
 
 4N,IU» 
 
 3.1,,1i7 
 
 Tiilal of Kiirtigii 
 
 
 
 4.i,(;.ii 
 
 V,I7I.MI| 
 
 4^.t.^.^ 
 
 «,.1l7,ltVlt 
 
 5I1I.77'» 
 t,314,l>:)ll 
 
 (.'uunlrlm 
 
 l'lH.t3l,4HS 
 
 Vt.1,(HI4,.VJJ 
 
 VIMiM 
 
 
 
 A »iiTr« mill 
 
 
 
 
 IlairiHll ruaaaaaliiitat 
 
 
 1 J 
 
 Maili'Ira 
 
 .17S,4.1.1 
 
 4llll,l>(ll 
 
 37,'),ril7 
 
 rhiiiiiipl UUliiU 
 
 ' 414.301 
 
 4,\>.7i\) ! liUA 
 
 Sviln mvl lUlratii: In. 
 
 
 
 
 (Illinilur 
 
 14M,7«*J 
 
 Itlv'lM' 
 
 (■M 
 
 lantU 
 
 4,7(!'I,V77 
 
 5,.vvn,i.i.i 
 
 6,i'S11,.1ll!) 
 
 nialu 
 
 H3,!l'.l.1 
 
 Ili'.Mi 
 
 J 
 
 I'aitary UUiwIa 
 
 ».1^I,.T.H 
 
 .IM.Ii.T.P 
 
 .W,7lli 
 
 Niinti Amrrli-an Ciilo- 
 
 
 1 
 
 KiTii.iiiilii I'll 
 
 K.H.dlH 
 
 .14,1137 
 
 ll.m 
 
 MlW 
 
 i;,3i(),l7S 
 
 6,Wr,AW 
 
 (w;i 
 
 i'lilia anil I'lirln 
 
 
 
 
 AVi'at liiillA lataniU miit 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 lliiii 
 
 .'..ilfil.K.I!) 
 
 »,|>r.i,i.iH 
 
 i.llTMi 
 
 Ijiilana 
 
 7,1 iO..Vl4 
 
 (:,37\,;«I4 
 
 >,<"J 
 
 riiiliVlilnv IftlaniLi • 
 
 l,Vi'\.!lli4 
 
 l.l'.lll, •■.■••/ 
 
 7fil>.VIt 
 
 llilllili lliimlurna 
 
 VII,.VVi 
 
 k3'I 79s 
 
 'lalfl 
 
 iMlji Smillnla 
 
 rlt.M!) 
 
 .11!),7M 
 
 3i'!).V(;7 
 
 Aiiilrall.1 
 
 111,173,113 
 
 ii,<ii,«M w>M 
 
 TiiM-miif 
 
 .^.Mt,Mll 
 
 6l.1,HH'i 
 
 471,Vi'i 
 
 II1I1I.I1 Inilla • 
 
 37,3!)3,4,1» 
 
 3(i,'Jt)I,997 i l.\tttH 
 
 Two SiiitiM 
 
 l.(;SM,|i)K 
 
 »,v;.i,iii.i 
 
 I,till7.<'l'i 
 
 MimatHiri' mill llie KUalta 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 X'l'iieiia 
 
 4S.\.11A 
 
 .OK, (.11 
 
 llll,3;i 
 
 Sflilvinvnta 
 
 ?,I.V1,i|1l 
 
 Uiw.wj 
 
 ],(^(fl 
 
 Ailiinlir Piirfa iif 
 
 
 
 
 ri'jliin 
 
 3,:il7,:i7 
 
 3,M6.»,-.l 
 
 .\TttS 
 
 AniMiia milt 
 
 
 
 
 M1111K KonK 
 
 771,1 KIH 
 
 vs7,»:.i 
 
 '^i^l 
 
 thr lliimaiiiia - 
 
 Vi.UI 
 
 ««,^;s 
 
 UIOJSI 
 
 M.iutlllu< 
 
 l,»lMi» 
 
 I,V(1,»1S 
 
 Mj^l 
 
 I'mwl Puna oil III* Al». 
 
 
 
 
 I'Aiiti '*f ItiiiMl Iloiie nnil 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 iltlivrHtlraii 
 
 ll.\9»l 
 
 >'>,l!ll 
 
 8,161 
 
 .\»,al - ' 
 
 f,l41,4S3 
 
 8,7I9,3U 
 
 ti'ii^l 
 
 AuMrun Tmltiiripa ; 
 
 
 
 
 rm«riHlimi on Ihi' lUtt-F 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 lllyri.ii *'riialm, niiil 
 
 
 
 
 (imnliia 
 
 .111.' ■•I 
 
 4».«1.( 
 
 '^'^l 
 
 tVlllll.lltn, lllrluil- 
 
 
 
 
 Sierra I.viiim - 
 
 7(i,»ll 
 
 sii/'ir 
 
 *'^l 
 
 intl Wiii'liA fioin 
 
 
 
 
 I'lM^im^liiiia on Iha CJolil 
 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 1I1.M III 111611 
 
 «77,.'>11 
 
 I,1(!!),S1l 
 
 I, «l) 1,311 
 
 I'linil 
 
 W..fil!) 
 
 JVt.VXI !«H 
 
 Viurllfc'y 
 
 •l,l^71,«l.^ 
 .'i.U.M.W 
 
 •.S71>,.W.S 
 .t,.1Ul,.)tlO 
 
 •l,»l(i,(iS3 
 4,lW(i,47.5 
 
 Other l'oa«i<a.iiona 
 
 Tiiliil of Itrlliah I'oa- 
 
 (IS.JW 
 
 X.n\ 1 l>4H 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 U'altarhla luiil 
 Miililavia 
 Siria mitl rdntlnr 
 
 34II,1M3 
 74,';4t 
 
 441,'IM 
 l.17,'»iW 
 
 ■IV.I.SBJ 
 l.1n,HII 
 
 avaalona - 
 Total of KoiF'fn Coun- 
 
 7J,SI(;,7!)7 
 
 7«,»»,"^I1 f 
 
 w^m 
 
 
 1 
 
 KkTI'I • 
 
 1II,7I.V/M) 
 
 l,V1liH,IIV4 
 
 li,|i|H,V9i 
 
 trlo anil llillull 
 
 
 ....■ 
 
 Miirm-co 
 
 41J,IMI'J 
 
 3ri6,II.SV 
 
 K4l,3V1l 
 
 roaacaaions 
 
 ■i7l.n7t.tS.1 
 
 t!i3.t!iii,t:< ;!viH 
 
 * InclutUi n ih* tonUu lalanitt, cnlcd to <ir«ccr Juna 1, ISCl. 
 
 Ixrii pdiri); on in other coiintriM ; no tlint whilo 
 vo scntl more gWMls to tlio foreigner, wo pet buck 
 more of hi.s in return. Instead of being an cvi- 
 <)eiico of decline, increased facilities of production 
 nnd increased cheapnons art! the most character- 
 istic and lea.sl equivocal niarlia of cumincrcial 
 |)ros|x;rity. 
 
 Causes of the Magnitude of British Commerce, — 
 Tlie imniifdiate cmsh: of tlie rapid incrca.sc nnd 
 v.ist magnitude of the commerce of tireat Itritain 
 is tloubtlcsa to be found in tlio extraordinary 
 
 improvement, nnd consoqiicnf c^tcnsioa iilj 
 manufactures siiu'o 1770. I'lii' coltim niit 
 turo may be said to linvo (rrown up liuriiij 
 intervening period. It must al.»4i lie ' 
 mind that the clleot of an iinpnncmMt i 
 production of any article in oonsiilmbloilem 
 not conlined to that particular artiole.liutc^ 
 it^sclf to others. Those who produce it i«« 
 to the old plan arc undersold unices thor ( 
 the same or similar improvements; mJ ^ 
 proved article, by comiug into ciimpi'tit""'! 
 
« r'r ' ■ »i 
 
 ",'):ii','>Ji T,9i:,iii 
 iH,'ii;,.-.,w Mi.imiJ 
 
 31i,'JOI,SSJ l>.l"il 
 
 IMI'oin'H AN 
 
 ^liffiforKliidi Itmny IWHul.(i(iliih'r|, i„fi,s,..s i„.w 
 
 „,r;fiiil"lli<'ir|inMliiciT«, niid iii,|„.|„ ,,,.,,,,. ,,,,", 
 
 ural kill nil liH |HMvrrH, Hint |,n umv rilh 'r 
 
 il (ir iii'iiiiiri! iiuw iiilv,.. .!..._•. 
 
 '> Kxi'oirr.s 
 
 Uiplinnii nil MM (HMviTH, null |,„ „„ ,-,j,. 
 
 [)wm Ins "111 IT m'i|iiir(! \,v\y luh nuUtu-i-, T\,,. 
 
 ,v;i,qi nianiiliidiirc limy \)<: iiuitl to I,,. ||,„ ff'^^f, . 
 I ,i,,iij|iomhw iini'iilioMS nuil (liMcovcricH of liar 
 
 ;rfiffS'UI.»riKlit, ('roiiiHli.ii. nii<| „ (i,,^ „,|„ 
 
 t,l«f.«li"iiliU'riall.vtiiiilrrinl(i lliiuiii|ior(„|„.„ , f 
 
 linrillunlllillM ll HI' NII|l|HI.-ll'(| dim ,|„,j^ j .. " 
 
 ,i<limilnl III IhiH HiiiH., (Ii.|„ir(iii,„it. -j],,", 
 
 "'"' ' r>f 
 
 IrofWi'limilnl ("lliH '"ii«'!"'li'|>(ir(iii(iiit 'Jlii\' 
 I «H n |«'>nTl'iil Nliimilim to cvrrv liriinrli ,,f 
 liaiiDlrv, lliiir .HiHvivsH, iinn ((ml, „(• \v,„( ,,,„. 
 
 Ifflilln'il, K"VI' tllat t'lllllii|(.||,',, (,, ,.„„;,... 
 
 I ilBj^li 
 
 I ijJiDlry 
 
 Iffiiiiwl, Kiiv- 'Hill •iiiiiiiinin! („ ir,.„j|,j, 
 IwnlMl 111 all ({rent iiiiilrrljiliiiifrj,. ^c,,,,. ' 
 lcliin.|i,i,llKTii iiiviiil,.,! furHpiiiiiin^, ni„| ,v,,„vi„ ^ 
 (BlWK ivliiiM' fininivss oiiiiiliiicH (lie wcl. „(• ii 
 I pswr, 1111(1 ulniiiiciiKiiKM 1,11,1 |„,,,„ „„„,. , '" 
 ■oKiivf MalMiiiil III lilt n Nlijp |i|i„„ |,„|,||,^, ." 
 1&iir;iurv (Inn;; mTiiu'il |.oHHil,I,.-.„,v „,,/,,„ 
 Umf.t Ami 111,. i,nr,,,Hiii^. oir,„.(,H „f nrw 
 HfBDUliiwiillli mill .li.Hliiirlion, ,„„| ,|„. j ,j 
 IwtjMmyliiiii of lliii vHriiMiH nrl.s ,ii„| M'hmS 
 irmlmlnl 1111.1 |iiT|„.ti„i|,,| (J„, i,„,,„|.,„ • ' ' 
 
 ' Jt"''''" "' "'''"""'K '■'■"•m! ami di" 
 
 [Tl.m,imii»omTui.M|l,,(i,,i, „f c«|.i(„l i|,„i ,„,, 
 
 |affl|J^.iia..lii.W,«nof,|i,, A,.,,,ii.,„ ' 
 i.Uv,,ai,,ia.«n.,is,.„„,l„nm«oi,,,,.„,,,,,f,; ; 
 ^a.*l trail.' mi,l iimMiKm'dir,... 'i'lios,, „! ■ 
 
 >d. I .luMi', ilii'ii, ,„ i,„v ,.,„, ^^"-^ " 
 
 lii)0(y;aiiJ.,.ii tlic Oder liaiiil it ,rhS,]^ 
 
 Iipilal !.<,«, ami rrclil ,,„ ol,i r rt ,r ' , '"'"^ 
 
 u«.iii, ,i,e n«(iv./,i;'^i;.,v 't ""y 
 
 ■"^f"""':'" i"';r™.s....f .•apital is of ,.,„ , i „ 
 
 h»«fc'i fcoiit inilivi.lun 'V • „ ■\,;.' "-' ! 
 >el««slrikiiL'lv cviii.'..,l i, ii ''lli'cls 
 
 KiJCrcit ill,, " , • ." •■""""<'r':i"l 
 
 5'«wliiiiciit, viL'imr „ ..'i*''^''-? '^' '" '<« 
 ^"proveinc t II U," ,''''*-'*';' ^^".^ "'• 
 l*''ni™'si,,cM ,,'•'' ■" l''"^'^' '" llii- 
 
 hmmt of man, ;;,, 0, S, '";,'"''■'*?• "'■ 
 
 !*""">' «o,iiii 1, V i >.r '""■■:' *'•'"'"'■"" 
 
 fe«i'W'J"cx itl^^^^ 
 
 r"«'l'ii". till 'in W 'm • f. ""' '"caii.s o • 
 
 r f'^'new invention '2 '!""' ".'"'«" "'« 
 
 r '" "'" afro iJ^l ' """'""y- VV/mt is a 
 r'f'Jtst.^.kil''" /:'.'^"'^"' ''aviiitf won. 
 
 :"'"l;<'fiti..n Hl.oul.l I, h all Ir'":'"'-. '''"" ""^ 
 "'" ."""t l".>v./,f„l i„,., ;",""! '" "l-'W.tl.i.i.Kl. 
 
 .".^ "'"T Hil.ialii.,,, or i,,^ ,,., '"r""""' l"rli"|.H, 
 
 '"!"<•- '•^■""vl...ii .i.o«.xt '',""■"!"'• ""t 111.' 
 
 ""■h- '''"row in. ii.i ;'';'' i' '^'"'"' <•"-»• '4 
 2irr'' "■ "-'-la .1 .S";" " ," ""'" '-^ 
 
 :;:;::;rii;:'"""" ""•' ••■^i"/"-u'o.'';^:ts 
 
 •'"•'"'" Hpirit of iiiv,., i , , ." "'"^"■•■•V. '". I pro^ 
 ."'"'"'•I )w.v.. ii. vaii, ,' ^'"""">y llw.. wo 
 
 "l'l''VMMiv.., il, wool,,,, . I '"■'"'t'"" l"'cn vcrv 
 'H'". .'.iiro,.,:!,!,,^, Z ZT'^ !■•'. ''^••v'-'.t it 
 
 '"■' "I "11 .^VI'lllH f„ , '.'""'•^ •'( ill'livillllrtlH 
 
 '■".^.-......nt allonll'.l ('£;"''''.'''!'%'. To.h« 
 
 «'-'l.l. tl„. '••■nroffaiiii " ,, 7 •' """^ "' ""> 
 7"' l:"""rC..I Hliiniil, ">;;/,'[ '•''•■''•'' "'I'litioi.ai 
 ;'"'7' '••■■^""h (liKt .'.Mill no, ' '"■'; ^"«'^"'-- f""- 
 '.V'l;- .iriaMHi,s(,',| o,,!i,'r ''•'.':•" '"•••" IT'-'I. ...I 
 
 '''"' ^'''' '•■'M'i'''l of I H. ' ' '•'"''"'••"I '<> «l.ow 
 ..mt.'rially i.ri'al.'r . I „ i ' ' 7 T;',"'' '"'^" '"^••" 
 '• K.iro,,,, |„,,„ ,„„,„,"' "".' "'•' traM.p.illity 
 
 '''^''•/''<M.r.M...it;;or ' """"«^"'|.tf.l from 
 
 »*" 'lo Ilol, Htaf,, (1. • 
 
 ,'!""" -..m'a.s„ of lii" „ J''"'''V';V''- « ""lion 
 "I'lo <'.xp(.|,,s,.H |,„, . ;""",'y or ol liiH „„avoia.. 
 
 , iJi.t after emVfVir il ''■'''"''-' ''''''^"''''''• 
 
 <;f oth.rs of a ,si.nilaVdcL.H,' r'" "'"'.^^ '"»"^<>. '" • I 
 
 '"<•;•/, njlonlli,^, full SCO 'for r^"""" *''" 'f"^'"- 
 cull.vation of everv rwoutal n,,, r f.T''«''«i"" ami 
 socurin^r „], t|,o viva r,, 1 r '"'i'-^ f'"«'<'-. anil 
 "J<lro«,s to th.ir SS f^^^^ tal,.„t an, 
 
 '"n ofco,r.,„,,rci,l a n.K 1 ^ ^r™''' «"'« Mu/l 
 W'icrc opprcHHio,, an vram^"'""''«,I''-''''I'-nty. 
 bitani,, tlioiigl, Burr u. ii; 'I'^PJP™''. tl.e i„|„i 
 «y,l,..„tio„ „*;„, wea h am ? "' • V'" "'«'»"■'' of 
 
 ''ttlo iiifiTior, to (Jreat Hr!. ? «"'^^''"'« <>"' 
 « misc-i able contra tdlh'f'"' '"'^' >-«>f' what 
 c"".r.are.l with IhlaZrl'^Z'V''''''''^^'''^ 
 '"tofcrancoofhcrrulcr" andthn ''<'''l?«''»'n and 
 «"'! traiujuillity., have a'irl 'Tf "' «•' P"'' "rJcr 
 
 *«««r :?;"">•' "0 ffcnanSn, low «"'».".'■ ''"Pr'-vCnt h^ •!Sl'i'3"ff"«h^ evcrv 
 ^»"hoatt£''X''^"''e.^. •-■'''<H Vto M? '"''«^'t">'<« to he Jevol "/'ir^''"'' »""'' 
 '•' f'^^'-g «po,> tho :•■; 'l}''"'' ''^"on! I i!^":".'"''- ^'' •••"""ins to bo t"!;! 5.A^_:^.'.''k8 «„,l 
 
 M;'or«. It ronrai;;(;"|;„'3«;^' »[ '^ '^'"''«'"«n;i 
 lution now (October 18Gmh,l^'"'"'" "'« '"vo- 
 a prelude to Iiappier tSa f '^ H^T' ""-^ ""' "^ 
 
 ' • ♦ 
 
 -J ■'■* ^ ■ 
 
 ■ r 
 
 :iiil 
 
 I 
 
 
I 
 
 '; . * • : 
 
 r34 
 
 '• i. 
 
 
 • I 
 
 •. i 
 
 t 
 
 ; 1 
 
 ■< \ 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 
 to that (if Spain been establiithcd in Kiifxland, wc 
 Hhoiilil have bc'cu iiiually (Ippri'sspd. Our siipo- 
 riority in science, artx, and arms, tlii)iif;h jiromoted 
 by sulisidiary msan.M, ia, at liottom, !lio result of 
 freedom ai'd iei'Mrifi/— freedi)ni to cnf?tt>;n in every 
 emiiloyinent, and to pursue our own interest in 
 our own way, coupled with nn intimate con- 
 viction, derived from tiie nature of our insti- 
 tutions and their opposition to cverytliinj; like 
 arbitrary power, that acquisitions, when mode, 
 may be securely enjoyed or disposed of. These 
 form tiio ^?r.ind sources of our wealtli and power. 
 There have only been two countries — Holland and 
 the United States — which have in these respects 
 been placed under nearly tlie same circumstances 
 as En^rland; and, notwithstanding they inhabit a 
 morass defended only by artilicial mounds from 
 being delunod by the ocean, tlio Dutch liave long 
 been, and still continue to be, the mos^ prosperous 
 and opulent people of the Continent; while the 
 Americans, whose situation is more favourable, 
 are advancinij in the career of improvement with 
 a rapidity hitherto unknown. In Great Britain 
 we have been exempted, for a lengthened period, 
 from foreign aggression and intestine commotion ; 
 the pernicious influence of the feudal system has 
 lo.ig been at an end ; the same equal burdens have 
 been laid on all classes; we have enjo_)ed the 
 ailvantage of liberal institutions without any 
 material alloy of popufar licentiousness or vio- 
 lence ; our intercourse with foreign nations, though 
 subjected to various restraints, has been compara- 
 tively free ; full scope has been given to the com- 
 petition of the home producers ; the highest oflices 
 iiave been open to deserving individuals ; and, on 
 the whole, the natural order of things has been 
 less disturbed amongst us by artilicial restraints 
 than in most other countries. But without secu- 
 rity, no degree of freedom would have been of 
 material importance. Happily, however, every 
 man has felt satisfied, not only of the temporary, 
 but of the permanent tranquillity of the country, 
 and of the stability of its institutions. The plans 
 and combinations of capitalists have not been 
 affected by misgivings as to what might take 
 place in future. Moneyed fortunes have not been 
 amassed in preference to others because they 
 might be more easily sent abroad in periods of 
 confusion and disorder; but all individuals have 
 unhesitatingly engaged, whenever an opportunity 
 offered, in undertakings of which a remote pos- 
 terity was alone to reap the bonelit. No one can 
 look at the immense sums expended upon the 
 permanent improvement of the laud, on docks, 
 warehouses, canals &c., or reflect for a moment on 
 the settlements of property in the funds, and the 
 extent of our system of life insurance, without 
 being deeply impressed with the vast importance 
 of that confidence which the public have placed in 
 the security of property and the good faith of 
 government. Had this confidence been imperfect, 
 industry and invention would have been paralysed, 
 and much of that capital which feeds and clothes 
 the industrious classes would never have existed. 
 The preservation of this security entire, both in 
 fact and in opinion, is essential to the public wel- 
 Vare. If it be an3rwise impaired, the colossal fabric 
 of our prosperity will crumble into dust; and the 
 commerce of London, Liverpool, and Glasgow, 
 like that of Tyre, Carthage, and Palmyra, will at 
 no very remote period be famous only in history. 
 (From the Treatise on Commerce, contributed by 
 the author of this work to the Society for the 
 Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.) 
 
 Supposed Danger to our Trade from Foreign 
 CompetiAoti. — ^A great many statements have been 
 circulated of late years respecting the rapid pro- 
 
 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS 
 
 gross 
 
 manufactures in forfign countri,, 
 many s'.mster augtiries have nt tlienamtt m.'h"'!., 
 mdulgcd m as to the decay of the - """ '"'■«i 
 and trade of this country J^ 
 branches of industry, and Mpod„l'lv"th'!f,!' ,', 
 pendent on forci^^i supply 'a,„| , , J 
 necessarily exposed to 
 
 •loman 
 
 imposs ble toestnnate k priori, „r oven , f , 
 see. st.1 we think there are u.\Jm 
 which to anticipate that w. „ro at all ,1, 1,1 
 within any reasonable peri,,,!, to l,c ,„„,,,« 
 by others in the career of industrv. W . S 
 It IS true, something to fear from th,. .„ 
 of combinations and agitiui,,,! at h,,,,,,. 
 supposing domestic security and traiinnijii,,. 
 be preserved, wc have little or notl.ii'r tl', 
 from foreign competition. ()„r cxhon, 
 France, (iermanv, mid Italy havi ' i,„T,. , 
 rapidly within tiie last 20 vcars: m\ liut fj 
 restrictions, which, however, are tea tiniw n,™ 
 injurious to themselves than to those viih uU 
 they deal, our exports to Spain and other cart 
 of the Continent would have l.oen va-th- ii 
 creased. But it is impossible that tlicse i 
 strictions should be maintained for anv vn 
 lengthened period. Their davs are imnibcra 
 and they cannot be many. In" the iire-tm ■ 
 of Europe, and with the intimate imKm 
 that subsists among its ditfiTent state 
 may safely aflirm that monopoly, aiul \u liej 
 sary consequences, scarcity and high price-, can 
 hare a very lengthened existence. 
 
 \ye have occasionally seen stateinenu i 
 which some stress has been laid in regard f I 
 progress of the cotton and other nuimiaotiirc* 
 the United States and elsewhere ; ami wu 
 no doubt that at some future period tlie IjI 
 will be a 'Teat manufacturing country. It I 
 every means and every facility for cventiiallvi_ 
 tinguishing itself in that career ; but a rcsiill 
 this sort can only bo slowly brought 
 as population increases, and" as the prepJ 
 derating advantages now on the side of ( 
 ruder species of industry arc diminished, 
 supposing it to have arrived at the destineJ 5 
 there are no grounds for supposing that ilie ( 
 sequences will be injurious to us. On the c 
 trary, there is every reason to think, seeing j 
 rapid increase of population and wealth iu 11 
 parts of the world, that there will be ' amplen 
 and verge enough 'for the fullest display of J 
 manufacturing capacities of every prtipie. I 
 in the meantime, and for a long while to come,! 
 Americans will export few cotton goods es* 
 those coarse fabrics the value of wliich elii 
 consists of that of the raw material. It is, ioiU 
 an absurdity to suppose that a country litt I 
 United States, where Ir'our is companti] 
 scarce, and profits and wages comparatively i 
 should be able to come into anything hke j 
 cessful competition with a country like £ng 
 in the production of any description of i 
 requiring either a good deal of skill or c' 
 in their manufacture. 
 
 Establishment of Free Trade.— h the 1 
 editions of this work wc showed that I 
 much had been done, much remained to be 1 
 to carry out to its full e.ttent the libenll 
 enlightened system of commercial poli^ 
 which we had entered. We also eiideavoorr 
 show that the necessary changes might bej 
 in our corn laws and other restrictive reg~ 
 without seriously imperiUing the intereslj 
 agriculture, or or any other great depf""" 
 industrj'. We confess, however, that k& 
 anticipate that the triumph of pbiiosopliyj 
 sound sense over sophistr}' and selfisiuw *■ 
 
 me I 
 Nrate'o 
 
i:mpressmrnt 
 
 ,, .1 Cut tmvu» saclurum tia^ciliir onlo. 
 n'"'Sviii lrc:.iiul in 18J5-.JG, coupl.'d with 
 
 di-intoVcstediicss tlio patriotism, iiixl tlie 
 ' „( xif Kobtrt reel, made nil end nf llio 
 Wf- ami witli tliem fvU tlie wlmli! 
 'l?™ of protocti.m in this country. A few 
 ■wu anil natclici of tho fabno iniiy l)o loimd 
 w Ml! there for a lonfjcr or a shorter period, 
 "'.'sll men of st^ii^iC »iiw that the idol had been 
 La ,lo«u without the Hnuillest hope of its 
 ^,\<«vimm resuscitated, and that free 
 „»rcial principles were everywhere destined 
 a Tin ihc aiccmlancy. ,o,~ . , . 
 
 tetbiuL' onlv was wanted m 181G to hasten 
 
 ibiiy 
 
 ihi 
 
 f'rode.-In the 1 
 showed that tM 
 
 |ter:t the lib^l 
 
 also eiideavouf 
 ■nges migM '' 
 «strictiv6 te? 
 ng the in''*! 
 
 lever,tbaf«J. 
 
 Ih of pbilowpy 
 
 ndB"""" 
 
 •vtMlall of the whole syatem-tl-c cxperi- 
 
 rf and praetienl success of tho new ; and 
 
 a-l«>n iifforiled in the most nm|)le manner. 
 
 '.,',! be Jillicult to exaggerate the advance 
 
 lilt iias been ma'e in conimcrce and in most 
 
 uts tl inJustrv, niul the improvement in the 
 
 Mliwn of society that has taken place smco 
 
 lilt kM. a considerable portion of this ad- 
 
 Jii no (louLt ,luo to the di.scovery of the 
 
 CiHoniian ami Australian gold-fields. But that 
 
 waniiuiJeni wlii.h might have been turned to 
 
 iiiwiullvi:o.Klaccoiuit by France, Spam, or any 
 
 AtKOTirv. Ann if it has been peculiarly 
 
 liiinia-'wi^ to UH and to the Americans, it is 
 
 bicaw lur Tra.isatlantic rivids and ourselves 
 
 leit h a situation to prolit by it ; because our 
 
 fe a..i! untrasiimellcd energies were ready to be 
 
 ifertdtoivanls any channel, how remote soever, 
 
 utiiuyrtitthe promise of an adequate reward. 
 
 TitiMilintluencc of the new state of things 
 
 jj no ^^ I- '.vcrful and important than its cco- 
 
 Bomiiil iniaenco. The extension of commerce 
 
 IwilliiiKrethan anything else to ditTuse the 
 
 ilfsiinc (f civilisation, to bind together the 
 
 ivek siioietv of nations by sharpening, and 
 
 tliiuBietime Rratifying, their mutual wants 
 
 teires and to maintain undisturbed that 
 
 loHliiv so indispensable to its full dcvelop- 
 
 1 
 
 miSSMEN'T. The forcible taking away 
 iamtii from their ordinary employment, and 
 okKb: tlicm to serve, against their will, in 
 [rMjjt;;y's ships. 
 
 I Si}iklm a) to Impreasment. — ^This practice 
 
 1 no: esf^^^ly sanctioned by any Act of Parlia- 
 
 :tai it is so indirectly by tho numerous 
 
 bute that have been passed, granting ex- 
 
 kptioDj friim it. According to Lord Mansfield, 
 
 |isiai)(i\wr founded upon immemorial usage,' 
 
 1 is understood to make a part of the common 
 
 .Ml uafaring men are liable to impress- 
 
 Bt nnlfss specially protected by custom_ or 
 
 tlie. Seamen executing particular services 
 
 kGovtnmient not unfrequently get protections 
 
 T lie Admiralty, Navy Board &c. Some are 
 
 opted by local custom, and ferrymen arc 
 
 7 »liere privileged from impressment. The 
 
 Jtotori- (xcmptions arc numerous. 
 
 . Emi/ ship in the coal trade has the following 
 
 Mi protected, viz. 2 able seamen (such as the 
 
 Jtet shall nominate) for every ship of 1 00 tons ; 
 
 jiior every 60 tons for every ship of 100 tons 
 
 ""wards; and any officer who presumes to 
 
 any of the above shall forfeit to the 
 
 tetoroffner of such vessel 1 0/. for every man 
 
 Bpresscd; and such officer shall be incapable 
 
 Wdijg any place, office, or employment in any 
 
 f Majesty's ships of war. (6 & 7 Wm. 1 II. 
 
 ' *• 19.) In order that these men shall be 
 
 [protected, it is necessary for the master to 
 
 7 "^ "/?™ '*7 are impressed : this is to 
 
 ine by going before the mayor or other chief 
 
 prate of the place, who is to give the master 
 
 a certificate, hi which are contained the names of 
 the particular men whom ho thus nominatt's; 
 and this certitlcato will be their protection. 
 
 2. \o parish apprentice shall bo com|)ellcd or 
 prrinitted to enter into the Itoyal Navy till ho 
 arrives at the age of 18 years." (2 ii 8 Anno 
 c. (> 8. \.) 
 
 3. Persons volunturilij binding themselves np- 
 pruntices to sea service shall not be impressed 
 for ;i years from the date of their indent iircs ; 
 but no persoi 3 above 18 years of age shall have 
 any exemption or protection from her Majesty's 
 service if they have been at sea before they 
 became apprentices. (2 it 'A Anno c. (i s. l.'» ; 
 4 Anne c. ID s. 17; and 13 Geo. II. c. 17 s. 2.) 
 
 4. Persons employed in (he Fisheries. — The 
 Act 50 Geo. 111. o. lOS grants tho following 
 exemptions from impressment, viz.; — 
 
 1 . Musters of Jishiiiff vessels or boats, who, 
 either themselves or their owners, have, or within 
 () months before applying for a protection shall 
 have had, 1 apprentice or more under IG years of 
 age, bound for 5 years, and employed in the 
 business of fishing. 
 
 2. All such apprer.iices, not exceeding eight to 
 every master or owner of any fishing vessel of 50 
 tons or upwards; not exceeding seven to every 
 vessel or boat of 35 tons and under 50; not 
 exceeding six to every vessel of 30 tons and 
 under 35 tons ; and not exceeding four to every 
 vessel or boat under 30 tons burden during the 
 time of their apprenticeship, and till tho ago of 
 20 years ; thoy continuing, for the time, in the 
 business of iishing only. 
 
 3. One mariner, besides the master and n\y- 
 prentices, to every fishing vessel of 10 tons or 
 upwards, employed on the sea-coast, during his 
 continuance in .suc'u service. 
 
 4. Any landsman above the age of 18, entering 
 and employed on board such vessel, from 2 years 
 from his first going to sea ; and to the end of the 
 voyage then engaged in, if he so long continue in 
 such service. 
 
 An aflidavit sworn before a justice of tho peace, 
 containing the tonnage of such iishing vessel or 
 boat, the port or place to which she belongs, the 
 name and description of the master, the ago of 
 every apprentice, the term for which he is bound, 
 and "the date of his indenture, and the name, age, 
 and description of every s,uch marmer and lands- 
 man respectively, and t'hetimcof such landsman's 
 first going to scu, is to be transmitted to the 
 Admiralty, who, upon finding the facts cor- 
 rectly stated, grant a separate protection to 
 every individual. In case, however, 'of an actual 
 invasion of these kingdoms or imminent danger 
 thereof,' such protected persons may bo impressed; 
 but except upon such an emergency, any officer 
 or ofHcers impressing such protected persons 
 shall respectively forfeit 201. to the party im- 
 pressed if not an apprentice, or to his master if 
 he be an apprentice. (Sees. 2, 3, 4.) 
 
 5. General Exemptions. — All persons 55 years 
 of age and upwards, and under 18 years. Every 
 person being a foreigner, who shall serve in any 
 merchant ship, or other trading vessel, or pri- 
 vateer, belonging to a subject of the Crown of 
 Great Britain; and all persons, of what age 
 soever, who shall use the sea, shall be protected 
 for 2 years, to be computed from the time of 
 their first using it. (13 Geo. II. c. 17.) 
 
 C. Harponners, line managers, or boat steercrs, 
 engaged iu the Southern whale fishcn', are also 
 protected. (2G Geo. III. c. 60.) 
 
 7. Mariners employed in the herring fishery a,n 
 exempted while actually employed. (48 Geo. 
 III. c. 110.) 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 f ' ■,( ■ 
 
 5 
 
 ■ 1' . ■ 
 
%• 
 
 ,• 
 
 . 
 
 730 
 
 INDIGO 
 
 I'liHiy of Im\>rt»*ment, — TliN prncficf, kj 
 milivomivc of pvitv principlo of jiintico, in vln- 
 ilicatnl nn tlio nll(K('<l Kr^'O'*'' <>' '^^ lH>inf{ 
 nliHdliitcly iKM'osHttry to tlio innnnin^' of the fleet; 
 nnil if tliU nlk'Kitioii were reiillv well founded, it 
 %vould l)C quite HiiflU^ient for itR (ustiliuation. Iliit 
 it iniiy bo doubted wlietlier micii wnn ever really 
 the caxe, and, at all cventx, it in no lon;^er mo. 
 
 I. The dilllculty formerly ex|)erieneed In 
 manning; the lleet at the breaking; out of a wiir 
 resulted fiotn the Hutlden demand for a jjrent 
 nninlier of Hailorx. This, however, Imn been morn 
 an arlitlciul ilui a rcnl ditncully, and was 
 opcnsioned by the peocc establishment Iwinj; 
 nrranned on too low a scnie. Had it been Iteiit 
 up ot from ft third to a half of the force usually 
 refpiired during war, anil ninilo to consist wholly, 
 or almost wholly, of thorough-bred seamen, it 
 wouM have lieeti an easy matter, by taking; on 
 board the usual complement of landsmen ond 
 niarincs, to have put the fleet on a war footing 
 uilhout resortiiif; to impressment, or injuring the 
 merchant service by ofl'erinfr hinh bounties to the 
 men that entered the navy. It was not neces- 
 sity, but an ill-judged spirit of parsimony, and 
 the adoption of an improper system, that ma<le 
 Impressment necessary in bygone times. JJut 
 the secure asylum afforded to such of (mr seamen 
 as choose to resort to the ships of the United 
 States must now, wore there nothing else to be 
 considered, make an end of impressment in time 
 to come. 
 
 II. Apart frim these considerations, the change 
 which the iiuroduction of steam has cflecteil in 
 navigation has made the adoption of a new 
 system alike easy and indispensable. Thorough- 
 bred seamen, or those expert alike in the hand- 
 ling of sails and the nianreuvring of ships, 
 arc no longer necossarj- to anything like the same 
 extent as formerly. Ships arc now navigated 
 from the engine-room, and a small part only of 
 the crews need to be expert seamen. What are 
 now mainly required in ships of war are crews 
 thoroughly trained to the management of guns 
 and the sword exercise; and these important 
 qualifications may be attained in the highest 
 perfection by those who can neither go aloft, nor 
 distinguish one rope from another. All that they 
 require are sea-legs, or such a degree of fimiliaritv 
 ■with the sea that they may be able to keep their 
 footing, and perform their peculiar duties on 
 board, without being annoyed by sickness or 
 otherwise inconvenienced. 
 
 And hence the true plon is to keep the sailing 
 ships on the peace establishment always fully 
 manned with thorough-bred seamen, and to train 
 a large proportion, if not the whole, of the ormy 
 to the sea as well as to the land service. The 
 marines are equally serviceable at sea and on 
 shore, and why not add largely to their numbers? 
 In this view large bodies of troops might bo kept 
 in garrisons O"" ••\ barracks in seaport towns, who, 
 being embarK^a occasionally in ships of war, 
 instructed in the art of gunnery and the duty of 
 marines, and accustomed to a seafaring life, 
 would not fail to become a most valuable and 
 efficient description of force. 
 
 It may be worth while, perhaps, to mention 
 'hat a "plan similar to that now referred to 
 appears to have been adopted by Augustus and 
 his successors at the great naval stations of 
 I'nvcnna and Misenum. (Gibbon's Decline and 
 Fal' cap. iv.) And, however this precedent may 
 app y, there can be no doubt that the course 
 suggested above may be followed with equal 
 facility and advantage. Supposing we had a 
 sea-going militia of 5(1,000 nien — that is, 60,000 
 
 mn having the n.^o of .ca-leK, ,„,| fan,!,,,,,.. , 
 the prartico of gunnery on l,„ar,| HJiir., ,'' 
 th.. ordinary parts of a seamn,r,,lu, •!^' "l '! 
 bo able, by withdrawing a part ,7! ,^,1'^ 
 the tlu,roigh-brr.lse«;^,..„i::,,,;'^«H, 
 ships, and distributmg them 
 
 mxim^ ;h„^ 
 
 ailing 
 
 pelleil by steam, to nen,| to sin tli,. i„,„t „„„.„■ i 
 1I.....S at the shortest notice m„l .^i'^Z^t, 
 
 ii'j I 
 lie 
 
 uni 
 
 d>lll<'ultv. 1 he duty of „ soldier ,h„ul,i 
 longer bo restricted to srrMoo on I 
 KhiMdil bo a sort of amphil.i,ms animil ., i , 
 made to exhibit his courage nii.l .l«rin,- ;,,,'' \ 
 oil shore as cirtiin.stanc.s may roimir, I, V 
 adopt a system of this sort, we shall ,|,;,l,o „ ' 
 which, perhaps, can be done t„ strciiL'^ 1 
 means of defence, and to rciulur our waJti *v' 
 agamst mvnsion. ^■ 
 
 Kor further (letails ond slntemonts in rrcipl „ 
 
 of W..S.Lmdsay|.:sq., formerly %\'.UZ 
 derland, Onihe Manning of lUi Xm« .iC 
 prmted by Commond, Hess. l«61l.) The .J J 
 IS discussc-d in it by one who is tqwailyal \ 
 in all that respects its tlieorv niid practioi' 
 
 I ho practice of impressmciit will wMh 
 abandoned, should such occasions hereafter ji 
 as would justify it on such public L'numJ, 
 were heretofore alleged. 'I'ho eMabh,hi,u-n( 
 indeed, of the Naval i{cscr\-c, is in ife 
 surrender of the system. 
 
 IM)K.MXITY. Is where one pcrsdn «mi 
 another from respoiisibilitv ugnirist nnvM« 
 Inr event : thus a policy of'insuranft' isacorti 
 of indemnity against any particular lost Wla 
 one person also becomes hail for nnnihfr, a I 
 of indemnity is frequently cxceutod ; ami wki 
 a bond or bill of exchange has been lo«t it mi 
 laid, the acceptor or obligee would not act 
 dently in paying it without being eccuroJ 
 bond of imlcninitv. 
 
 INI)IA-1{UU1!K15. [CAocTcitoic] 
 
 INDIGO (Fr. indigo; Gcr. indigo; NiiKo.nii 
 Arab, neel ; Malav, tarooni). The dni); »1 
 yields tho beautiful blue dye knownbvtiiatn 
 It is obtained by the maceration in water cfwi. 
 tropical plants ; but the indigo of coiniiierc«| 
 almost entirely obtained from Icguminou! pli 
 of the genus Indiflifera ; that cultivated in li 
 being the Indignferat ■ctoria, andthatin.im 
 the Indigifcra anil. The Indian plant \m pi 
 leaves and a slender ligneous stem; niid 
 successfully cultivated, rises to tlic height of- 
 and even G feet. 
 
 It appears pretty certain that the culture ofi 
 indigo plant, and the preparation of theiinif.' 
 been practised in India from a very remote q 
 It has been questioned, indeed, whether dit 
 dicuin mentioned by Pliny (^ijt. i'at, lih, J ' 
 c. G) was indigo, but, as it would seem, til 
 any good reason. I'liny states that it «■« ' 
 from India; that when diluted it prodm 
 admirable mixture of blue and purple colour 
 diluendo misturam purpune cairuleiaue nil 
 rcddit') ; and he gives testa by whicnthej 
 drug might be discriminated with sufficient 
 cision. It is true that I'liny is egrcpouflf 
 taken as to the mode in which the dnjjj 
 produced ; but there are many cxaiDi 
 modem as Avell as ancient times to prove 
 (jossession of an article brought fronu i 
 implies no accurate knowledge of its lUtei 
 the processes foUowetl in its mimufactuni 
 mann (Hist, of Inventions, vol. iv. art. '1 
 and Dr. Bancroft (Permanent Cdmrs.^<i- 
 241-252) have each investigated tliissublM 
 great leaniing and sngncitj-, ami a^'itc 
 conclusion that the iHrfi'cKra of I'hm' « 
 
 pan 
 
 T{ 
 
 ««Dt th 
 
 could bcl 
 
 f/iicli 
 
 ("le c^iZ^ 
 ' flionopo],.) 
 '"PPliw the 
 
mUufviih 
 |i, anil Willi 
 -we «t\nuU 
 ■ a liilf,.,f 
 1 in sailir.i; 
 [ 'hiw> im- 
 ml piwi'tful 
 itU l\v' Ipi-( 
 r shnulil IV) 
 m liiml-lie | 
 limnl, aii'l 
 tin;; im *n < r I 
 miri'. If wc I 
 ill do tV mmt I 
 ilri'ii;,'tlitn "\ir I 
 ir CDiut) sci.'UR I 
 
 it«inrc(;jMt»| 
 vcrv al)l« l'a|*tl 
 M',1'. (of Sun-f 
 Surii. il'ai*t1 
 ,) 'i'hc »ulii 
 tqiially at li'« 
 
 will \\tMi\'t 1 
 in hcroattct m 
 ublic (;r"imJn 
 10 cstal)li>l"ii(n 
 , is in effcrt i 
 
 mo person hwk( 
 ftiwt any \am 
 iirancc is a wrj"* 
 .milar less- Wh(< 
 I'lir another, a If 
 Lccuted; anil»ta 
 ^ been lost or « 
 wouW n"l Kt j 
 being KCUtwW 
 
 INDIGO 
 1 not. flt '••■»•' ''*''" !"'PI»""''\>. " ''"'K 
 
 737 
 
 "* '■'^ i^nim i1k> iMii" "f *»'"'"'• ^^' "" «-'v»''«t'<, 
 
 ''"'''"tn I* noniicstioii ll"'t in'I'K" was iniportoil 
 
 '^"*''*l,r„ Furope, by way of Alexai- 'ria, prc- 
 
 '"'" rt ho S-ry of >l.e r....tc to l.ulia bv 
 
 '"""■'• (ill no|.«. Wbenllntt intrmliiLT.!, 
 
 '''''"llumarv to il.ix a lilUo of it with woa.l 
 
 '':^ nSmrrovo tl'" colour of the latt.T, 
 
 l''''f ^s tl'o qunniityof iiulino was in- 
 
 ^■l Xoll wV at la.U entity M,.T^^ 
 
 II It i.t wortli while, howe>/er, to remark 
 
 S iiiilip. did not n.nk« its way into Kcm-ral 
 
 !. hciutcncountorinK much opimsition. lljo 
 
 lZ,4>ioadVKUiM on several Bovcr..mcnts 
 
 r^ ilnt the u»c of iiuliKo ! I" IJcrmany nil 
 
 r li'twa»P»l'li«l.ea ill 1054, prohibitii.K 
 
 ';Sindi,o,^^.W/..ty^•l«lacU;vctnK 
 
 I i.i( i-"-' 
 
 jlIMl 
 
 [Iriaiion. ' because,' MVH the edict, '_ 
 1\m ,. iMKned. dyed orticleH inj 
 " „in,imitof tho country! H 
 
 ri, ,,l v» , 
 
 u IcRummou'n 
 jit cultivated in I'j 
 ,. and that in .^9 
 iian plant his K 
 3U9 etem; mk". 
 , to tlie height «1 
 
 Ibattlwcultnteol 
 
 VonoftheJraf;" 
 , a verv remote fP 
 
 lloed, whether IMJ 
 
 \Vould se«ni,'fl 
 Itc9thfttit«is™ 
 lluKid it P'f * 
 
 scuerulMf^""!: 
 i by which*?, 
 led with suffi* I 
 
 ^hich the Wj 
 many esa»^ 
 ■t-.rocstoproveU 
 
 lought fr^m '1 
 
 Into of it^"* 
 
 ' , manufaetuK' 
 
 Igatcdthis**)"! 
 
 lity, a" 
 
 ai.itC' 
 
 of rw n 
 
 iroio 1« taken to prevent its clandestiuo 
 
 • *' ''—'■ ' tha trade 
 
 ured, and 
 
 i»,n' V firricd out of tho country ! ' The ninKis- 
 
 I" '■„( Nuremberg went further, and compelled 
 
 ■ iv,rsof thatcilv to take an oath onco a year 
 
 Iwto ii.-e indiRo, which praclico was continued 
 
 Lm a late period. In 159H, uiion an urgent 
 
 wniaiion of tho States of Langucdoc, at tho 
 
 teiaiion of the wo«d growers, the use of indigo 
 
 MPMliibited in that province; and it was not 
 
 b; that the dyers of !• ranee were left at 
 
 jl«tv to live with such articles, and in such o 
 
 ruiliev pleased, (llcckmann, vol. iv. p. 
 
 li) Ltt not those who may happen to throw 
 
 liinvHover this paragraph smile at the ignor- 
 
 i«o(lli(iiinccstor8. Mutato nomine, detefabula 
 
 Mr. iiow much opposition is made iii most 
 
 ilriw at this moment to the introduction of 
 
 T iiiii«rtant articles, for no better reasons 
 
 'were alleged in the sixteenth century against 
 
 impurtation of indigo ! 
 
 Indiki) ti produced in Bengal, and the other 
 
 itiiiitt suhjcct to the presidcncjr of that name, 
 
 a tk iOth to the 30th degree ol north latitude ; 
 
 ike province of Tinncvelly, under the Madras 
 
 iwiiMnt; in Java; in Luconia, tho principal 
 
 ihePliilippinc l8lan(\8 ; and in Guatemala, and 
 
 tocas, in Central America. Bengal is, 
 
 (T, the great mart for indigo, and tho 
 
 ilitr produced in the other places is compara- 
 
 lyiiicoiiMdcrablc. 
 
 iiual was of opinion that the culture of 
 
 ;» iiail been introduced into America by tho 
 
 liinU but this is undoubtedly an error. Se- 
 
 'petic3 of iiuligofera belong to the New 
 
 : and the Spaniards used it as a substitute 
 
 iii, very soon after the conquest. (Hum- 
 
 £<Kii Pditiqut tur la NimveUe Espagne, 
 
 iii p. 54, 2nd cd.) 
 
 the first 20 years after tho £ngli.sh became 
 
 nof liengal, the culture and manufacture 
 
 ligo, now of such importance, were unknown 
 
 twnch of British inuustr}', and the exports 
 
 ) but trifling. The European markets were 
 
 ' period principally supplied from America. 
 
 '83, however, the attention of tho Knglish 
 
 to be directed to this business; and though 
 
 jcs pursued by them bo nearly the same 
 
 liose followed by the natives, their greater 
 
 intelligence, and capital give them immense 
 
 itages. In theit hands, tho growth and pre- 
 
 'n of indigo became, and continued down 
 
 to the period of the cotton famine, the most 
 
 •nt employment, at least in a commercial 
 
 ™ yy.V| exctpt the cultivation and export 
 
 'Wiich could be freely carried, on in the 
 
 (the culture and preparation of opium 
 
 a monopoly). The indigo made by the 
 
 supplies the iateraal demand; but a 
 
 portion of that which is rni.sod by them, with all 
 that is raised by Kiii'ii|H-aiis, is cxporlml. 
 
 In tho Drlin of tho (iaiigcs, wlu'ro the best ami 
 largest quantity of indigo is produced, thu |ilant 
 lasts only for a single season, bring destroyed by 
 tho periodical inuiulatioii ; but in the dry central 
 and wcstorn provinoos, one or two ralluon croiis 
 arc obtained; and owing to this circumstance, tim 
 latter arc enabled to furnish a largo supply of 
 reed to the former. 
 
 During the 'J years which preceded the opening 
 of thu trade with India, in IMlt, the aiiiimd aver- 
 age produce at' iinlign in Ikiifial fur exportation 
 was nearly ."iitJlMV""* lbs.; but after tho ports wero 
 opened, tiio indigo produced for exportation in- 
 creased more than a half, tho exports during 
 the K! years ending with iM'.'O-ilO being above 
 7,500,00(1 lbs. a-yenr. Tlio following statement 
 shows the rate of this increase, taking tliuavcrugo 
 jiroduce of each •! years : — 
 
 Ibi. 
 7,010,000 
 
 6,100,000 
 
 Xtar 
 fill 
 
 IS'Mt 
 IMJI/ 
 IMJ'.I 
 ISVtil 
 
 isas? 
 
 ISi'jJ 
 
 Ihi. 
 »,000,000 
 
 9,000,000 
 
 In the years 18C2-3 and 1803-4^ the exports of 
 indigo from India, and tlio destination of tho 
 supplies, were as follow:— 
 
 
 IHIiJ-.t 
 
 { iai;3-4 1 
 
 
 Uuantll; { Valut 
 
 1 Quuitily 
 
 Vllu* 
 
 * 
 
 1,31(1,618 
 
 it.tot 
 
 60,»10 
 
 1146,191 
 
 »,.lal 
 
 6i,i;«u 
 
 'J(S 
 
 ITnlltd Klnjt- 
 
 doni 
 AinerIrA 
 Ardibian unit 
 
 Pvni>n Uuir. 
 Fr«nc0 
 Uvriiiany 
 
 other |>lwn • 
 
 Itn. 
 
 8,.MT,I33 
 l.14,Ulil 
 
 343,037 
 l,9r<,lllU 
 
 s.i,(;so 
 u,.'.;; 
 
 ll.Sd.HKO 
 
 * 
 
 t,M7,n«3 
 il6,!l4'J 
 
 S3„3S,1 
 
 S7l,3tf6 
 
 I.'J,V)4 
 
 il,7,3S 
 
 SIA 
 
 v,i«fi,s;n 
 
 1 "* 
 
 «,913,')H 
 1 16!»,034 
 
 1 4H,0'i') 
 
 l,S.l!»,a(.'J 
 
 4Y,HIU 
 
 33U,3,1I 
 
 9,lil 
 
 U,l7'<,r>l3 
 
 ToUl ■ 
 
 l,7A«,l,M 
 
 The value of the exports in 18GC was 1,801,501/, 
 
 It deserves to be remarked, thot since tho open- 
 ing of the trade, Indian capitalists have bcto'-.cn 
 themselves to thu manufacture of indigo on the 
 European method, and that at present a consider- 
 able part of the whole annual produce Li prepared 
 by them. 
 
 Tho culture of indigo is very precarious, not 
 only in so far as respects the growth of the 
 plant from year to year, but also as regards tho 
 quantity and quality of the drug which the same 
 amount of plant will afford even in the same sea- 
 son. Thus the produce of lB2o-26 was 41,000 
 chests, while that of 182C-27 was but 25,000 
 chests; and in 1842 tho produce was only 79,000 
 maiinds, vhilo that of the following year was no 
 less than 172,249 maunds ! The price of indigo 
 in India increased for a while in a far greater 
 ratio than the quantity. In 1813-14 the real 
 value of that exported from Calcutta was 
 1,461,000/.; but in 1827-28, although the quan- 
 tity had increased but 20 per cent., the value rose 
 to 2,920,000/., or was about doubled. There was 
 no corresponding rise in the price in Europe, but, 
 on the contrary, a decline ; and t' 3 circumstance 
 is to be accounted for by the restraints that were 
 then placed on the investment of capital in the 
 production of colonifU articles suited to the Euro- 
 pean market, the consequent difficulty of making 
 remittances from India, and an unnatural flow of 
 capital to the only great article of Indian produce 
 and export that was supposed capable of bearing 
 its application. 
 
 The consumption of indigo has not increased in 
 this countrj- during the 10 years ending with 18G7. 
 3B 
 
 r\ 
 
' wt- 
 
 '-'. '.' • 
 
 k > 
 
 . 'I 
 i\ 
 
 ■ ■■ 
 
 
 738 INDIOO 
 
 Thin stationary dpinnnil, notwithiitanilinK t'le fall 
 ill tlio prii'Odf iliiMlrii^'niHl tliu incronH' ot'populn- 
 tiiiii, U i)rirKi|iiilly to b<^ iwcribod to the (lirrt'ic^iiif; 
 UMc of liliio olotli, in tlir. (lyciii;^ of wliicli it in 
 principally iiiiidc iini! of. ItM ronHumplioii in 
 Franco is aliout nn arvat ns in Ilritain. Hcnidi's 
 the exports lo (irciU Uritain, Franco, (icrmnny, 
 and tlic I'niti'd States, n f;i>(id deal of llePKal 
 indigo is exported to tlie ports on tlie I'ersian 
 (lulf, wlience it tinds ils way to Honllicrn Kns.'<in, 
 It is sini^idar tlint it is not iiseii l)y tlu^ Cliinese, 
 witli whom blue Ia a favourite colour. Wu 8ub- 
 join 
 
 An Acrtiunt of the Iiniinrls nml I'^j-pnrta of In- 
 d'lijo iiilo ami from the I'liiteit Kitiijdum in 
 each of the 7 Y'ears eniliiiii with 1807. 
 
 IhCI I INbl 
 
 I I Kb' 
 
 ImiMiui -cwt. 'n.1,imB'J,.1li'i 
 Kl|K>rli - „ ( i;,l.1A . .'i'i,S(IH 
 
 Utmnlni for 
 home con- 
 tu<ii|iiliiii _._lS,(i"llw:,T«i 
 
 l,l.ll-. 
 
 isr.l { ISA.) I IIOS 
 :i,,i\i Rr,,vm it.'i.v 
 
 ,^;,lililftfi,.'il7,.'i.'i,>i4l) 
 
 Ifinr 
 
 W,;.1K 1S,550', -11 tS.filfi 
 
 
 0,.1''3 
 
 ATtraitt for tilt Mnn )ewii M,MA cwt„ or l,67A,07S Ibi. «-}nr. 
 
 Of 71,995 cwt., indigo imported into Great 
 Britain in 1H07, 63,% I cwt. were from India, 
 499 ditto from United States, 10,iJHl ditto from 
 Central America, and l,3o8 from New (iranada. 
 The duty to wliich it was form \t\y subject was 
 repealed in 181">. 
 
 The indigo of Bcnpnl is divided into two classes 
 called, in commercial laiigun^i>, Bengal and Oude ; 
 the first being tlic produce of the soutliem pro- 
 vinces of IJcngal and liulmr, and the last that r)f 
 the northern provinces and of Benares. Tlic first 
 <s, in point of qualitv, much superior to the other. 
 Vhis arose at one time, in a considerable degree, 
 from the practice which prevailed in ihc norihem 
 provinces of the Kuro[)ean planter purchasing tlie 
 wet fecula from the ryot or native raatiufucturcr, 
 tjnd completing the processes of curing and dry- 
 ing the drug. This is at [ircsent in a great mea- 
 sure discontinued ; and the Oude indigo has, in 
 conscouence, considerably improved in quality. 
 Its inferiority is probably more the result of soil 
 and climate than of any difference in the skill 
 with which the manufacture is conducted. The 
 production of indigo in Bengal and Oude is sup- 
 posed to have amounted at an average of the 10 
 years ending with 1851 to 121,900 maunds (of 
 82 lbs. each) a-year. 
 
 In addition to the indigo raised in Bengal, a 
 considerable quantity is now raised in Madras ; 
 the volue of the exports from the latter in the 5 
 years 1861-5 having amounted to an average of 
 281,000/. a-year. The indigo of Madras is not 
 BO good as that of Bengal, and brings a much less 
 price. Indigo is also exported from Java, the 
 Philippine Islands, Central America, and other 
 places. In 1854 the exports from Batavia 
 amounted to 1,077,848 lbs. ; in 1863 thev were 
 904,200 lbs. In 1804 the exports from Manilla 
 were estimated at about 808,864 lbs. According 
 to Humboldt, 1,800,000 lbs. indijjo were exported 
 from Guatemala in 1825; but if so, which is, 
 perhaps, doubtful, its production must have 
 fallen off greatly in the inter\'al. In 1806 our 
 imports of indigo from the whole of Central 
 America, inc. Honduras, amounted to 0,040 
 cwts., or 672,480 lbs. Indigo is produced in 
 some of the West India islands, but in small 
 quantities. 
 
 Good indigo is known by its lightness or small 
 specific gravity, indicating the alisence of earthy 
 impurities ; by the mass not readily parting with 
 its colouring matter when tested by drawing a 
 streak with it over a white surface ; but above 
 
 or inJ 
 
 INK 
 
 all, by the purity of the olcur iiwlf Tl, .■ 1 
 quality, esliniate.l bv this l,i,t t<.,t I, , ' "" 
 coninierrial language, ^m. /,/„p. i|„'i,'f li""! 
 ,,un,l,; ,,„r,,le and riolet, vloltt, ,tron., cn,„Z {'ll 
 ordmani ,o,,,,er. 'I'hrsp diHtinctii.n; tdi , :' 
 
 Bengal indig ,ly. ll,e (),„1.. lK;iii^Mli,tin, ',', I 
 
 merely iiMo Jine and nrdinoni. Tlip iinl ' 
 Madras, which is snjK-rior l„ iImu „r Ma„i, 
 about eoiial lo ordinary Hcn^rai i„.ij^j, J 
 dig" of .lava is superior to tlic-c. ' 
 
 For fiirlher information us to i„Ji,,„ 
 (..libro„kes JfuHlmndry or Jinuial, i^n 
 M.I Mims Uri,.„t. r«„^i \Vilki„son> /,;„, 
 
 "I "''"'■'" ■' .^Y''-*'",' " ^''•'"■"' -r 'lo.; .vi,!.,,,. 
 (.illian Madame, Ks(|.. I,e(„r,,. Ka^t Irdiiii, 
 miltee, lH;t()-:il ; Pari. I'ojwn. dr 
 
 The fixed capital re(p.ir..,l i„ the nianiifci,,, 
 of mdigo consists of a lew vats of ,.„„,„„„ ' 
 Honry for stceiiing the jilont, and prr,i|.it,iii„ - 
 ool.Miring matter; a boiling niid drvin- |," 
 and a dwelling house for tli,. pjanlcr.' n,,,. A 
 a fa<'lory of ten pair of vats, caiiaMc of pp.],,, 
 at an average, 12.A0O llw. of inili(,'o, « ,«!, 
 the spot about 2,500/., will not cost «!«„■(. | ■,,) 
 sterling. The buildings and mnotiiiicrv nr <- 
 to produce an eipial value in sugar anl 
 would probably co;)t about i,()Oii/. Thi< f] 
 therefore, without any reference to munidi 
 regulations, affords a ready answer to ihci 
 which has been frcfiuently put, why tlip'ui 
 planters in India have seKlom cngat'cd in 
 manufacture of sugar. 
 
 INK (Uutch, ink.inkt; Fr. encre; ilcrjli 
 Ital. inchiostro; Lat. atranientum ; liii-'.i 
 nilo; Span, tinta; Swed. Llak). 
 
 ' Every liquor or r ' iicnt used for mii' 
 printing is distin;- 1 bv the ii.irae d 
 
 Common practice only black jnd 
 
 Of black ink thei iree prinopj! kii 
 
 1 . Indian ink ; 2. Primers' ink ; and 3. Writiijl 
 The Indian ink is used in China for wriiinj 
 a brush, and for painting upon the !(li lit 
 paper of Chinese manufacture. It is »fra 
 as well from experiment as from informiticfl. 
 the cakes of this ink are made of lanif^ 
 and size or animal glue, with the addiiiunof 
 fumes or other substances not essentij) 
 quality as an ink. The fine soot from llie 
 of a lamp or candle received by holdinft i 
 over it, mixed with clean size from sbn 
 parchment or glove-leather not dyed, will 
 an ink equal to that imported, Good pii 
 ink is a black paint, smooth, and unifom i| 
 composition, of a firm black coloiir, anJ pwi 
 a singular aptitude to adhere to paper ibi 
 impregnated with moisture. 
 
 ' Common ink for writing is madebr 
 infusion or decoction of the nut-gall to siil; 
 iron, dissolved in water. A ver>' fine Wick 
 pitatc is thro^vn down, the speedy siibsii 
 which is prevented by the addiiion of i 
 quantity of gum Arabic. Lampblack lift 
 mon material to give the black colour, of »i 
 ounces are sufllicicnt for 16 ounces of the « 
 Vermilion is a good red. They are prouo^ 
 ther on a store with a muller,inthesMif 
 as oil paints. Among the amujinp exj 
 of the art of chomistrv, the exhibition oi 
 thetic inks holdi a distinguished pls«. 
 these the writing is invisible uiitd m 
 gives it opacity. These inks have • 
 posed as the insi'rimicnts of secret coffes] 
 but they are of iittle use in this respect. 
 the properties change by a few days w 
 on the paper; most of then; have more W 
 a tinge when thoroughly dry; m 
 them resist the test of heating ttepai 
 
 , ., - with al 
 
 '" "sckancclJol 
 
 ,,»*IiJati„nActol 
 
 ^^™«i»ti%'statl 
 
 of till 
 
 f chancclfl 
 
 . ' >"luDtarv ni 
 
 S.-rij3Act 
 
. 'Ihc I'lm 1 
 
 I ("ll"Vf (in* I 
 I eniifur. k\1 
 riliT 1m "I 
 Uilin.'iii-ir 
 hi' iiiili.'' • 
 if Mjii/iI>. 
 igo, [he m^ 
 
 </«'. I'. I H 
 on'* ("iiimTii 
 0. ; mi\' '*■<■ < 
 tat lulu I ' 
 
 ;he manufarisil 
 1)1' I'cmmi'fli i:!^ 
 fjrw ipiiiiiii'; 'I 
 I ilryin:; )i' 
 ntcT. n"- 
 i\il(Mi(vri-liifHJ 
 ni\iH". * '"!> ( 
 
 COHt ttlH)V(' l.''^ 
 
 lohircty ny 
 I nu^at aii'l 1 
 ,()0o/. 'ltii< M 
 ncc to muiiui^ 
 wcr to ibo (, J 
 t, why tlip m 
 m cn'ga^cJ in I 
 
 , encrci *'in.&i 
 itum; Kiis'.L<i 
 
 usoil for "T"!! 
 V tlie 1™' '' ! 
 nly black m4 ( 
 rcc prino pa' kit 
 r.aniU.WriiinSl 
 liinaforwrmn;! 
 ,non the sfit wl 
 re. ItisaK«H'l 
 'riira informaiictj 
 n-.adc of l»"«I*l 
 h the adiliiiun o'l 
 ; „ot osscntUl * 
 „. soiit from m 
 ~A by holding J I 
 
 size fro"" »''™| 
 
 not dyfd,i'M 
 
 ottcd. GoodH 
 
 th, andunilomj 
 
 k colour, anil P*] 
 re to paper il'^'' 
 
 CIS made by L 
 
 Vver\'fiiif*f^ 
 , speedy «*« 
 e addition"". 
 Lampbla*","! 
 lack colour."'' 
 i ounces of in*', 
 Ihevarepr*! 
 Ilcr,intbe»»«'« 
 le amusinf e^!* 
 %e exhibition"'' 
 liKuished pl* 
 Ibie until sow 
 I inks have v 
 If secret cortt-'I 
 
 I a few days"' 
 Icm have more"! 
 ■ly drv; «^ " 
 Seating lli«' 
 
 INKLK 
 
 l^„„, t(i b« icoreliol.' (Xicholnorj'B Dictionwy 
 
 ■'l\fclf ''a»''" "f '""'"' ''"•-'" '^r- P"""'!'"") 
 BtftWufd ni Moiifliestcr unci noiiio otii.r 
 
 'CiVkSv'^an.. UANKHUI'TCV. a 
 
 k»kr,i.lii, in«^,'ciicral sm.Hc, a imthou wli,) .« 
 5;',op.ybi*colUvt,v,Ml..biH. 
 
 icreditor is a person who trimts Bnothrr with 
 
 wrropcrtv, ami «ho tlRTci.poij putH l'''>';''li; '•' 
 
 • Hin which istt.< coi/ra-ttctl with tlio ilcbtcir, 
 
 Xnlivandcomi.arativ.;l; .IcrwiroloHB. To hu»- 
 
 Z, uJ protect Liin, thu liiw, in all ciyiliH.'.l 
 
 ,,mmm IcB'l^ M power to conntrttm the 
 
 M't into the fuliilineiit of his contract. 
 
 IV law takes cngnisancc ot contracts ni siich ii 
 
 -nil. to consider all iicrsons who havu iiiciirriiil 
 
 #iiioM of anv kind m liable to the ponultieH 
 
 ,ii"liiiiuim'i|iul 'rcKulatious viHit on iiiHolvoncy, 
 
 rtsiifttlut insolvency bo incapacity to pay, or 
 
 ofillii«noiis to fultil contracts. What it strictly 
 
 ttl primarllv dues, is to take nw.-iv the control 
 
 liii tao di'btor would otlicnviso have over his 
 
 m proiicrtv. It vcjts the debtor's property 
 
 Bill ui a public ollicer ■who is empowered to 
 
 iRif it and make compensation from it ; or in 
 
 ItBcul firsons who arc entrusted with the duty 
 
 Irfciilntiiij; and di^^tributing it; or in the crc- 
 
 r.ili'inselvcs. 
 
 M It inrapcls the creditor to prove his debt, 
 jv ia tlic interest of the debtor, who might 
 itiwtbeoome liable to false, fraudulent, or 
 ;;tn«d claims, parti v in the interest of other 
 iw-,»to, if the bankrupt's or debtor's estate 
 m&a to fully satisfy all claims, might be 
 mi .f their quota b.v lictitious or extra- 
 ■m I'diands. 
 
 leioodty of the early IJoman law of bank- 
 /cy his already been coinmvnted on. 
 Ike English Rcneral law was early modified in 
 a<« of traders. In the reign of Edward I. 
 Werwaj allowed to pledge his land, in par- 
 forms, known as statute merchant and 
 !iit{k, and could be arrested if the pledge 
 iasiciem to discharg:; the debt. 
 Hiiirit statute of bankruptcy is that of 31 
 irrTllI. c. •!, and the principle of this early 
 lijtliatof securing and dividing the bank- 
 
 statute of Henry VIII. was materially 
 
 by the Act of i;i liliz. c. 7, which defines 
 
 ptr^m who may be made bankrupts, and 
 
 pnmiions of this statute were further enlarged 
 
 lJu.l.c.lu,and21 Jas. I. c.l9. 
 
 'f the statute of 10 Anne c, 15, when an attempt 
 
 nade to distin^'uish between the honest but 
 
 mate bankrupt, and the dishonest and 
 
 "lent debtor, and by 6 Geo. IV. c. IG, 
 
 o( bankruptcy were defined, |)er3ons liable 
 
 twoinc bankrupt were distinguished, and 
 
 touit administermg this part of mercantile 
 
 'asremoJelkd. 
 
 ™n to lij31 the lord chancellor or lord keeper 
 
 tie jurisdiction; but then an Act was parsed 
 
 ttitin;,' a chief judge, three other judges, 
 
 wjnnu-Moncrs, and thirty official ossignees. 
 
 m judge and his colIea;;ucs formed a 
 
 01 review, with a tinal appeal m a limited 
 
 « to the chancellor, 
 
 [tonsolidation Act of 1849, repealing nearly all 
 'Uiffl Misting statutes, abolished the juris- 
 ot the chancellor, and vested it in the 
 01 Bankru|,tcy, This Act also provided a 
 1 01 voluntary arrangements or composi- 
 "thet Kith or without the intervention of 
 inn. 
 
 <Jcn,n,,.-Tli3 Act of 1849, like other Acts 
 
 INHOLVKNCY 
 
 r30 
 
 rireccdinff it in order of time, clctlniil witli I'.xact- 
 iii's.,* who were the pcrions liable to bankruptcy, 
 and what were the precise actn wliich coii.ttituteil 
 bankruptcy. 
 
 I'licrc was a radical difl'crcncc between the 
 banUriiptcy law nml that of in-'ulvents. The 
 bankrupt, unless conviclid of frnud, was stcurcd 
 not only from nrrc-t, but in the po.saession of 
 pniperly uc(|uiri'il after his bankruptcy, white the 
 insolvent was iicvit di.'oliarged fnun his liability 
 until every creditor hail been disehargeil in full, 
 llioiiLch lie was secured from arrest. 
 
 Lt'iiishilioti of \Hiil. — The Act of 1^(;| intro- 
 duced .--everal I'undainental (hniige.s into tlie law 
 of bankruptcy — changes which have, unfortu- 
 nately but beyond all dispute, so favoured 
 debtors as t" giv(^ tlio most powerful stimulant to 
 recklessness in trailing, fraud, ami dishonesty. 
 The di-tinctiiiii between tra'liTs and imn-tradorg 
 is done away, and tlii< perhaps i-i only reasonable; 
 but all debtors arc now enabled to obtain n 
 complete discharge of debts and liabilities by 
 giving lip their property if they have nny, anil 
 by going through the form of it if they have 
 noni'. 
 
 The following is a brief account of the more 
 important provisions of the Act, which is lengthy, 
 containing 230 sections. 
 
 1. The jurisdiction of the Court of Bankruptcy 
 includes that of the Court for the lielief of In- 
 solvent Debtors. 
 
 3-7, K.xtension of the jurisdiction of county 
 courts in matters of bankruptcy. 
 
 19-27. (Superscii the functions of the Insol- 
 vent Debtors' Coi .. 
 
 37— M. Fees niiu stamps. These arc simplified. 
 
 45— i7. (Jcncrnl orders. These are to be framed 
 by the lord chancellor with two of the commis- 
 sioners, and must be laid before Parliament. 
 
 U!). Abolishes the distinction between traders 
 and non-traders. 
 
 70-75. Acts of bankruptcy, and rules to be 
 observed before adjudication. 
 
 70-85, Acts of bankruptcy by non-payment 
 of judgment debtor summons. 
 
 80-107. Petitions for adjudication of bank- 
 ruptcy and proceedings thereon. The first clause 
 gives power to a debtor to petition an adjudica- 
 tion ot bankruptcy against nimself, without anv 
 previous declaration of insolvency. The 89th 
 determines the amount of creditors' debts which 
 shall justify a petition. The 97Ui defines the 
 character of debts for the purpose of petition. 
 The 98th and 99th describe the proceedings of a 
 petitioner in forma pauperis. The 100th decrees 
 that gaolers shall make a return of prisoners for 
 debt. The 1 1) 1st, that the registrar shall inspect 
 prisoners with a view to making prisoners for 
 debt bankrupts, by order of adjudication. 'ITio 
 lUOth and lU7th deal with the coses of lunatic 
 debtors. 
 
 108-115. Proceedings after adjudication. The 
 odicial assignee is to take possession of the bank- 
 rupt's assets. The creditors shall meet, give proof 
 of debts, resolve (110) if the major part in value 
 agree, to take no further proceedings in bank- 
 ruptcy, and if on further notice a majority of 
 tliree-Jburths in value accede, shall be crajjowered 
 to suspend the bankruptcy and administer the 
 estate at their own discretion. 
 
 116-139. Choice of creditors' assignee, by ma- 
 jority in value of creditors, with the powers and 
 duties of his office. 
 
 140-143. Proceedings at the last examination. 
 
 144-150. Proof of debts. 
 
 157-172. Proceedings in the discharge of the 
 bankrupt. 
 
 3b2 
 
 I 
 
 I « 
 
7 JO 
 
 INHOLVKNX'Y ANIJ IJANKUUITCY 
 
 \ \ 
 
 I ■' 
 
 IT.'I. 'I'll'' niulit to bo iimili! an (ji'iicriil onlcru 
 hIiiiII ilir.'.'l, or iit t'lixn Npuuiiil |ir(iviHiim bi; iniiili', 
 ill thn iiiiiiiiior (iroviiliMl. 
 
 174. I'nr'Mil iit which dividoiuU aro to bu du- 
 clnrod. 
 
 ITft. 'I'lin ni'iinUy of 20 por crnt. (>iT niiinim 
 loviod on nil hiiimm of nioro than Ml. rrtaiiinl by 
 llio <TO(lit(irM' iiHHis^nro lor llio B|iai!o of one week, 
 
 17(1-17'.", Oilier riilfs MflVi'tiiif; thi! iMiyiiu'iil of 
 (lividi'iidH. 
 
 1H(I-1HI. Form of diHchiirKiiiK tlio criMlltdrH' nn- 
 sif;noi>, nnd of coiitiiniiii;^ powofH or ri^litM which 
 havo nof bi>i'ii cxcrcisiHl or hnvu not ucciirrcd 
 to Iho odicial aH-'i^jiion. 
 
 lMr>-L'0(l. Till' (7i(i»»i/<"_/V()m hiinkniiili'ii to nrriinitr- 
 incnt. — If lliri'i' fourths of Iho frcditorH in iiiiiii- 
 l)or and valiic r<'Nolvu in a ^piicrnl inci'tin^ (hat 
 thn CRtato of tlio in.solvcnl Hhall bn wound up 
 undiT a dci'd of arranj^cuHMif, coinpoHiliim fcv., 
 tho prooi'PiliiiKH, on thu fidlllnicnt of «'rrlain 
 formalitii'H, may bo stopped. If (hu court Ih n»li(i- 
 ticd with tho torniH under whiih thn <U<ed is 
 fo.'ined, it may niako a drclaratioti of its coni- 
 plnto (ixcculion, may direct it to bo regiHtered, 
 may annul tho baiikriiptey, nnd innv duelaro tho 
 deed bimling in ull res/ierlii un lurli ctediturf an 
 hare n'f'u»eil to ijn'tite the amtniirment, 'I'lio 
 coiiit roHorvcs to itself jiowors to entertain appli- 
 eationa ui to tho parties to th<^ deed, to tho 
 bankrupt's cstatn and atfairs ; nnd tu liuninion 
 and examine tho bankrupt. 
 
 221, MiBdcmeniiors under the Act: tho limit 
 of impriaoiinuMit to bo three years at most, iiiilesa 
 tho olVcnoo bo provided against by any other law. 
 
 The misdemeanors in ouestion are: — 
 
 1. If the bankru|)t shall fail, without due cause, 
 to surrender. 
 
 2. If lie noRlect to deliver up his jiroperty. 
 
 (1. If allcr adjiidicntion, or within liO days ho- 
 furo it, hu removes, conceals, or cmbuxzluj any 
 
 part (if his property to tho vnliii' of Id,' „, , 
 wards. ' ''• 
 
 4. If in noso nny person iinvis to lij, u,„. 
 ledge a falso debt uniler his bniikriiptrv h,L'i 
 not, diseloso tho fact to thn nssi^iicTi witL,,' J 
 moulli of its coming under his knowliil.ro 
 
 f.. If he wilfully aiiilfraudiileiillv iimkiH..n,,ci 
 siiiMi Irom his Hchedule. ' 
 
 ti. If ho conceals his bimUs Ac. with int,,,,- . I 
 defraud. '■ 
 
 7. If he mutilates or falt-ifios [\\nn, 
 
 H. If ho fraudulently makes nwliy will, 
 n.^signs property, knowing that, li,. i, uniiUi. J 
 ine< t, his nggregalo engagemiiits. 
 
 it. If ho allempts to aceount fur any of h,, ,„„ 
 perly by lletitious losses or expi'iiscHM, tmili. j 
 
 10. If being a trader, thrt-.. inoiitlisl.,.f„r,„,ij,|i 
 dication ho shall have obtained gooiln on md J 
 with intent to defraud. 
 
 11. If being a trader, ho shall tlircc munilii 
 boloro adjudication pawn, pIi'dK.', or ili<hii,' 
 goods obtained on credit and iinpuid for, in m| 
 but n bonil lido traiiRaclion. f 
 
 Tho reinaiiiing clauses uro com|iarativclv gj 
 imnortant. ' 1 
 
 Thn Hchediilo (t annexed to tho Act onntainiJ 
 list of thn Acts and parts of Acts wliicb Imvcbte 
 repealed by that of IHOl. 
 
 This Act f{ivoH, it will bo seen, Rrpat luid i 
 creasing facilities to debtors in cseaimiR fn.ni li 
 conscciiicnco of their having iiicurreil ublixalin 
 which they cannot fullil. 
 
 Few persons at tho present time (Ipfcml . 
 prisonment for simple debt, and an olcm.ntl 
 dishonesty in tho proceodiiigs of thi' M4 
 would niono Bcein to call for tliis puimlM 
 (For further remarks on this subjcci, sou iiisj 
 
 ItUfTCV.) 
 
 Hut though tho nholilioii of iiiiiirisonnifnt I 
 debt to all practical puqioscs, aud the iiltuiiiid 
 
 ,,!■■. 
 
 \\ 
 
 vTt-r 
 
 A Tubic of the various Kinrls of AiljuiUcntion 
 
 )n nankniptiy, of the DMmrges, Gwu Pr,M 
 
 
 oj r.italea, 
 
 Diviilemls, 
 
 *'■ 
 
 
 ISfil 
 
 IHIi.-l 1 
 
 lionilon 
 Dlmrl.e 
 
 Ctninlrt 
 llUltlcl 
 
 founly 
 t'ourti 
 
 Total 
 
 Irfindon 
 lli.trict 
 
 rounlry 
 Illilrli'l 
 
 Cmnij 
 
 ^^i 
 
 Niimtwr of inynillc.i- 
 
 l^nutt 
 
 (?ouru 
 
 
 Court 
 
 Couru 
 
 I'ouib 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tli>iiiuf t>ankrmiii-v - 
 On pviiiic!-. ofa cre- 
 diliir • 
 
 i^W 
 
 1,437 
 
 3,37« 
 
 l.'iU 
 
 3,043 
 
 1,098 
 
 3,56) 
 
 S.M 
 
 \M 
 
 3,31 
 
 SG 
 
 495 
 
 S'JK 
 
 3'J9 
 
 ;i 
 
 :a 
 
 OniKllUonoradcM- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 or - - - 
 
 l,«09 
 
 1,001 
 
 S,(iM 
 
 »,llfiO 
 
 ll,(t6» 
 
 1,103 
 
 s,;» 
 
 i.ffl 
 
 11; l«(latnin >l Ihe 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 prtwni 
 
 •an 
 
 17S 
 
 4.17 
 
 9114 
 
 384 
 
 180 
 
 5« 
 
 I,n)l 
 
 Onioililanilnrornit 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pnuimls 
 
 KJO 
 
 3 
 
 ii33 
 
 446 
 
 308 
 
 8 
 
 IM 
 
 
 Oh JuilKiiiml ili'blor 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 kuinmuni - 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 — . 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 K 
 
 
 Niimlwi of ■illmllr.i- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tlont whfr« thV tlebti 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of til* bitnkruiit cx- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CMdnl -00/. . 
 
 I..101 
 
 t,MI 
 
 167 
 
 »,978 
 
 1,870 
 
 1,66.1 
 
 too 
 
 K\ 
 
 Ninnhrr where the 4tetu 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dill lint eit-eed ,^)0j. • 
 
 1,010 
 
 .TI 
 
 3,vn?) 
 
 4,1fi1 
 
 l,IS3 
 
 89 
 
 3,W 
 
 c; 
 
 DiK< harKen Kratiteil 
 
 1,^74 
 
 1,IM 
 
 V,643 
 
 4,3.1.1 
 
 V,K.H 
 
 1,100 
 
 «,Mrt 
 
 i,i( 
 
 Siuliemled 
 
 ill 
 
 W9 
 
 91 
 
 316 
 
 li.'i 
 
 I.Vi 
 
 IK 
 
 
 WuM-a . . . 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 7.1 
 
 8U 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 M 
 
 ij 
 
 
 £ t. i. 
 
 M 1. i. 
 
 t f. i. 
 
 S t. i. 
 
 £ : J. 
 
 £ I. d. 
 
 £ U 
 
 < • 
 
 1 TolftI Amount of rpou 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 prufluce reaUxml fh)in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 th*' bererAl hankrupis* 
 e^tiitiii 
 Total anount rrallKeil 
 Ity crt<ditar»*aMlKnevt 
 
 SI7,1.15 7 X 
 
 .176,0 ;i 8 3 
 
 M,733 J S 
 
 077,4.16 7 
 
 561,695 18 11 
 
 .5,15,981 t 9 
 
 56A» fi ^\ 
 
 i«,«Si 
 
 I78,V«0 .1 
 
 I6I,1G.1 17 6 
 
 7,610 10 7 
 
 .14l),30« 8 4 
 
 814,877 17 3 
 
 .WS,I48 19 1 
 
 V6«3o' 
 
 %» 
 
 Total amount realifetl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 J!,l« 
 
 l>) oltlclal autiinn-i ■ 
 
 68,(i07 6 11 
 
 ■iViMX. 10 y 
 
 16,144 14 7 
 
 yi;;m ii 3 
 
 48,818 1 8 
 
 8,18,;S1 4 > 
 
 50,8«9 jl" 
 
 Number of raaet In 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 which a UUItlend wa* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mail* . - . - 
 
 in 
 
 6.W 
 
 628 
 
 1,586 
 
 331 
 
 675 
 
 6.10 
 
 i/h 
 
 In which then was 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,017 i''M 
 
 iMilKldeml 
 
 S.i88 
 
 841 
 
 1,894 
 
 4,.V24 
 
 S,901 
 
 7M 
 
 In which tliviflend 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1^1 
 
 wat under it. (>d. 
 
 170 
 
 377 
 
 301 
 
 848 
 
 10') 
 
 309 
 
 .18.1 ^^H 
 
 Vi.Gd., under ,%>. 
 
 HI 
 
 1.17 
 
 llil 
 
 3H1 
 
 77 
 
 Itt 
 
 ^1 
 
 ^. „ Tl.lid. 
 
 .19 
 
 .'iS 
 
 95 
 
 I9« 
 
 37 
 
 7'J 
 
 I m 
 
 7«. M llli. - 
 
 II 
 
 an 
 
 •m 
 
 .13 
 
 SO 
 
 «»• 
 
 1IU. „ \!». ■ 
 
 IJ 
 
 IK 
 
 19 
 
 .10 
 
 17 
 
 30 
 
 ■ 
 
 l.'it. „ VUl. - 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 «4 
 
 ., 
 
 6 
 
 Mtto. . . - 
 
 l> 
 
 11 
 
 •i\ 
 
 37 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 lu ^ 
 
 
 f'*i* 
 
 ftwwW.^ 
 
 
 lit "'"''"'"'v 
 
 [■I''«atla,v,|tcam 
 
rovco to liH kn.,«. 
 uniikniptcy, hr. (|.,,.,j 
 
 IIH.Hi({lM'|.< will,,,, J 
 » kniiwliiljro. I 
 iliMitly iimkinMniitj 
 
 I *:<'. wilh intiiii \t,\ 
 
 I com|mralivcly \d 
 
 i> tlio Aiit rnntaiMl 
 cts wliicbliavcbc* 
 
 seen, great luid 
 in cscapini; fruin tl 
 iiicurrcil ubli^atiod 
 
 JN.SOLVKVf'v jixjt. . 
 
 v^NCi Am> IfANKllVVrVY 
 
 (oftiiWliiin 
 Ini|wriont'',t 
 7'fiiil 
 
 Hn-H|>(i 
 
 I rwiiiHianm of fnliml ItfVFnur, 
 
 II Kiirp* - . . . . 
 If IlfKlmli rni •tork - 
 ilKGiiiJMlCTifn, |>Fr rrniflfTf^ r»i>4 . 
 llUfcri'itlinff, kur|>liii rf-nninc- 
 I rum frf>. «(1ff (nfrnfiii of 
 1 <>iki ulitinimlnfl.r i'1|h hkc 
 
 ■ fiwilff>'iiir|iliitf.f< . 
 lltivfNir>lrir,ailriiiMl(m fiv* 
 mMrrp\\w,n»to{yTtmUv\ \m 
 I *TW|bimiii|ham) . 
 Ilnlfr 
 
 ■ rmrwfiw.lI.7itrrkiof Itiiu.lrenl 
 
 ■ Drtirn'rouri . . . , 
 IhiMtWjmml, ftir ulnrlii 
 
 ■ hj-mwcpiprjl. fur rcinip«<n«i| 
 4 »m wd THirinx ■tinuKlct, 
 J inn 
 
 ■ iWtTTfd fnwi ' TItf I'liri'OW!! of 
 
 ■ThaAiml I'llV |.ni»W,)ri;il a,. 
 1 "WftMi'MHtliNiciioii Kuril) 
 I lintin'' . . . , 
 
 I hnri • . . . 
 
 "IflTimufmrrtlnifl , 
 .j|p.W.tnfimUof),ro.«-uII(in 
 
 
 T«i 
 
 
 """"^'"miKiUKk 
 
 r«i . 
 
 • ■ ■>'(7,n'ij g 2 
 
 fliilflligirirtr; Arnunl. 
 
 
 
 
 
 "Tj' 
 
 ( i 
 
 'Hi 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
"i 
 
 742 
 
 . i I 
 
 f .'-l 
 
 -' i 
 
 
 INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY 
 Cash and Stock Balances on October 11, in each Year. 
 
 
 
 ISfit 
 
 
 
 18U 
 
 Hankniptry fiintl account 
 
 Caah 
 
 Kirhenuer 
 
 llill.< 
 
 Klock 
 
 Ca.h 
 
 EichequCT 
 
 mil. 
 
 £ 1. d. 
 
 £ 1. d. 
 
 £ 1. rf. 
 I,3VJ,-102 .'i -i 
 
 £ .. d. 
 
 £ .. J. 
 
 ttt'iicral account 
 
 SO.IVfi 7 4 
 
 50,000 
 
 ■iS,.-03 fi 7 
 
 "o.vofi n 8 
 
 'n,\'m iH 2 
 
 i,M8 Hi 11 
 
 12-,70il 
 
 (^hief n-gititrnrN account 
 
 '.(■J,;7s r, -i 
 
 ^ 
 
 llii.rl.'S 19 o 
 
 Unclaimed iliTidend account 
 
 'iMi i .1 
 
 _ 
 
 A7,;aij 11 3 
 
 
 The purpoHii of the Mljlll 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 si'Ctinn accniint • 
 Provisional a^siiince^' Indem- 
 
 3.010 9 7 
 
 110,300 
 
 18,'^I9 17 10 
 
 7,263 2 1 
 
 101,900 
 
 nity fund account 
 
 1,130 4 g 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 fiSS 13 5 
 
 - 
 
 Slock 
 
 !ii,*i n . 
 
 I5WI l; 5 
 
 bccomfi so apparent that we cannot doubt that 
 at an early period the law will undergo farther 
 revision. 
 
 Bankruptcy in Scotland. — The Ic^al process by 
 which an insolvent is declared bankrupt in Scot- 
 land is called a sequestration, and is derived in its 
 general outline < from the ccssio bonoruin of the 
 
 joctcd by the creditors, the court will not .n'crJ 
 
 .„.„ .,-, first offer from the bankrupt m\l * 
 
 of his creditors sijjnify their a« a 
 
 tain the first offer from the bankrupt unlc'^s 
 tenths of his creditors siirnify their 
 wrttinf,. Sliould the court he satisfied, it mh 
 T TlT "^ ''•^I'^'^SC, and frees the insolvent 
 his d. bts. As the bankrupt gives a bond fnr , 
 
 -••1 , Ti iif IK , ^'}"'''''»ction of the composition, he is rcinvc'tcil 
 
 civil code. The debtor may apply, by means of his estates. "-unc-rcu 
 
 this process, for liberation frcmi prison, and for : If the debtor does not obtain his(lis<:har-r,hJ 
 protection agamst the arrest of Ins person, llis means of a composition, an,l the senuS " 
 libera ion will depend upon his conduct, which completed, ho is entitled to petition thrcourtri, 
 If niarked by fraud, extravagauee, or concealment discharge. To effect this he must obta n, 
 of his propery, will disentitle him to relief. If ficatc as to his conduct from the tSe Tl 
 his prayer is granted, his estate is handed over ; certificate must be followed by the con^ ntof i 
 
 f. „ trn.fno ,„ .r,i„, +„ hn ^,„„i„,i „ »"■■ crcditors to his pctition. If thc whole conw I 
 
 can immediately petition the court. If he il ' 
 
 to a trustee, in order to bo divided among his 
 creditors. But this process does not free him ' 
 
 from his liabilities. Further, the debtor niay , foTsVx m7nTrs;"hrnTerthra"sse"u'ffl*i3 
 estration of his ^estates, and ; only. At the expiration of twelve momlH J 
 
 thirds are suflicient, of eighteen montiis a i 
 
 bring about a sequestrati 
 
 obtain liberation from prison, and protection 
 from arrest, and ultimately a discharge of his 
 debts. To sue out this sequestration he requires 
 the concurrence of a creditor to the extent of 50/., 
 or of two whose united debts amount to 70/., or of 
 three to the extent of 100/. In the process of a se- 
 questration there is no difficulty in obtaining per- 
 sonal protection until the first meeting of his cre- 
 ditors, unless some creditor makes out a prima facie 
 case of fraud against him. If he has been im- 
 prisoned, thero is rather more diflicidty in obtain- 
 ing liberation. In any case protection from arrest 
 or liberation from prison are refused in case of fraud 
 or gross negligence. The sequestration may bo 
 
 majority, at two years no consent at all k roijuiiJ 
 The court has power to suspend, postpone, orretf 
 the discharge, or to annex anv conditions tj 
 which may be deemed expedient. Thoirh I 
 English Bankruptcy Bills (3) at present "iSI 
 under consideration of Parliament mav pr»lu 
 be abandoned, on account of the impending di 
 lution, it may be well to state that Lord ChaticS 
 Cairns, their promoter, has in view the rert 
 to some extent of the distinction between! 
 tracler and non-trader, and the separation of j 
 business connected ^vith bankruptcy from tiiq 
 insolvency. On the other hand, the Comm 
 
 annulled, and its advantages withheld from the Committee, in their Report of March i 
 
 debtor, within forty days after it is awarded ; three 
 months in case the debtor's creditors reside for 
 the most part in England or Scotland, provided 
 cause be ^ho^^■n. 
 
 The ' Fcquestration ' of the Scotch law supplies 
 three official powers : the trustee, who manages 
 the estate, and is liable to the creditors in case of 
 negligence or misconduct, being also entitled to 
 adequate remuneration for the discharge of bis 
 office ; three commiasionera, who form a council 
 to the trusten, and arc elected from the creditors, 
 and are with the trustee subject to the creditors; 
 and the court, which may be the Court of Session 
 or the Sheriffs' Court, as may bo chosen. 
 
 The process of a sequestration may be inter- 
 rupted by a deed of arrangement, which can be 
 entered into by a majority (four-fifths in value) 
 of the creditors who have vouched their debts. 
 In the space of two months a deed is prepared, 
 which, if it be signed by the above-named four- 
 fifths m number and value, will bo confirmed as 
 binding on all the creditors. 
 
 Again, when the process of sequestration has 
 been carried further, a composition may bo 
 offered. If nine-tenths of the creditors in num- 
 ber and value agree at the first meeting, it is pro- 
 posed anew at a second meeting of creditors, 
 when an equal number of those present must 
 agree to the completion of it. If the offer of 
 composition bo made at the second meeting of 
 creditors, four-fifths of the creditors may carry 
 it. But in case any offer of composition be re- 
 
 favoured the assimilation of the English toj 
 Scotch law of bankruptcy. [ BAXKiitiTCT.]i 
 INSUKAXCE. A contract of indemmirj 
 which one party engages, for a stipulateJ s 
 insure another against a risk to which heijj 
 posed. The party who takes upon him thef 
 is called the Insurer, Assurer, or Undtr. 
 and the party protected by the insurance is (J 
 the Insured, or Assured; the f>um paid is e 
 the Premium ; and the instrument ooniaininj 
 contract is called the Poliaj. 
 
 I. Insurance (General Pri.vcipi.hJ 
 II. Insurance (Marine), 
 
 III. Insurance (Fire). 
 
 IV. Insurance (Life). 
 
 I. Insurance (Generai, Priscipies c 
 
 It is the duty of Government to assist, brl 
 means in its power, the eflbrts of individC 
 protect their property. Losses do not f 
 arise from accidental circumstances, but i 
 quently occasioned by the crimes iind mw 
 of individuals ; and there are no means soej 
 for their prevention, when they arise ftw" 
 source, as the establishment of a vigilantj 
 of police, and of such an administration of a 
 as may be calculated to afford those wo il 
 jured a ready and cheap method of oDif 
 every practicable redress, and, as far « ( 
 of insuring the punishment of culpnts. "u 
 
 ';¥«eofproba( 
 ,**H3beine* 
 
 *'™ measure of 
 ".""series of 
 
 ;;««dftraratl 
 ?'"7' also that th 
 /'"'^frequent 
 
 PWmdividMi? 
 r«"ie'fhole no, 
 
 5*7 slender g J 
 
 ""'»,!4yto 
 
 P-'tall 
 
 "ffl term 
 
 [lives 18 tall 
 fii"/«;.l'ut^hen, 
 
 We ball 
 
 
 u: 
 
]NSURANCE 
 
 713 
 
 
 Suck 
 
 £ 1. '■■ 
 
 |ii),;sc i ; 
 
 15^M li 1 
 
 \ 
 
 vUl not f^nttt-l 
 pt unless n';r 
 their ajsoni ' 
 isfied, it mnka 
 he insolvent i 
 i a boml f"r thi 
 is icinvcstcil if 
 
 hisiiiscliari^li 
 ■ seciucattationl 
 athccouitfotw 
 3t obtain a cert 
 lie ttuEtcc. TK 
 he consent o. -, 
 ^vhole concui,L 
 urt. IftetWiJ 
 isent offout-liir 
 reive monlliJ t« 
 en months a t* 
 ntatalli^reiH 
 , postpone, orttM 
 ny conditions m 
 lient. Thoufli 1 
 ) at present (18j 
 
 he impending m 
 that Lord Chani^ 
 in view the it'll 
 linction bctwetnl 
 le separation oil 
 juptcvf'o™*'! 
 and, the CominL 
 of March '21,11 
 .the English tol 
 |[BAi«KunTCT.l| 
 Vet of indemmtyj 
 
 a stipula's^,'"! 
 to vrhichheul 
 
 B upon him AJ 
 frcr, or Undtrtif 
 le insurance u a 
 p ?um pail "," 
 [iment contann"! 
 
 |e). 
 
 lent to assist, tji 
 
 iss" *°r, 
 
 instances, i)« * 
 Irimesandw!* 
 lenomeanssceT 
 lthcvansef»1 
 ■tofavi« 
 Vmisttati'"'.''^ 
 Ird those f% 
 
 Ifculpnts. Batj 
 
 i„ of all tliat may be clone by Government, and 
 but'raost vigilance on the part of individuals, 
 '' ° tvmust always bo exposed to a variety of 
 ..Lilies from fire, shipwreck, and other iin- 
 Lm disasters ; and hence the importance of 
 nmirinslwwsuch unavoidable losses, when they 
 'rMurfmav be rendered least injurious. 
 Tkj \i,.i of a sliip, or the conflagration of a 
 «.r„n mill, ii a calamity that would press heavily 
 Ion the richest incllvidual. But were it dis- 
 ri'uteJ among several individuals, each would 
 llitproportionaUy less; and provided the num- 
 
 I :|,„5e among whom it was distributed were 
 verv considerable, it would hardly occasion any 
 iaiible inconvenience to any one in particular. 
 HiDcethc advantage of combining to lessen the 
 niiiiv arising from the accidental destruction of 
 ijertv and it is the difliision of the risk of loss 
 Ui wide surface, and its valuation, that forms 
 the employment of those engaged in insurance. 
 
 TtouW it be impossible to trace the circum- 
 itucfs which occasion those events that are on 
 ilut account termed accidental, they are, not- 
 liihstandinf, found to obey certain laws. The 
 nmixr of births, marriages, and deaths; the 
 wrtions of male to female, and of legitimate 
 loillftdiiniate births; the ships cast away; the 
 hoi-ts" burnt; and a vast variety of other ap- 
 paimtly accidental events ; are yet, when our 
 tsperieM embraces a sufficicntlj"- wide field, 
 fomd to be nearly equal in equal periods of 
 tiiM; and it is easy, from observations made 
 upon lien, to estimate the sum which an in- 
 Wual should pay, either to guarantee his 
 1 prope*- fom risk, "or to secure a certain sum 
 Ifoihisiieiisathisdeath. 
 
 II mitt, however, be carefully observed that no 
 |coDli(Ieiic?canbe placed in such estimates unless 
 I Ikey are deduced from a very wide induction. 
 |Sni'[«se, for example, it happens that during the 
 Iprsfflt year one house is accidentally burnt, in 
 liiomi containing 1,000 houses; this would afford 
 Iw little pound for presuming that the average 
 IjittibiLtyoffirein that town was 1 to 1,000. For it 
 Inirlit be found that not a single house had been 
 llHmt durini; the previous 10 years, or that 10 
 |irm tmnt during each of these years. But sup- 
 
 «sii!,'itwere ascertained that, at an average of 
 
 p) years, 1 house had been annually burnt, the 
 
 uption that 1 to 1,000 was the real ratio 
 
 ( tke probability of fire would bo very much 
 
 Kfthened; and if it were found to obtain for 
 
 D or od years together, it might be held, for all 
 
 Wicsl purposes at least, as indicating the pre- 
 
 pe degree of probabihty. 
 
 1 Besides its being necessary, in order to obtain 
 
 ^ true measure of the probabilitjr of any event, 
 
 « the scries of events, of which it is one, should 
 
 leterved for a rather lengthened period, it is 
 
 w^'ary also that the events should be numerous, 
 
 ' »' pretty frequent occurrence. Suppose it were 
 
 mJ, by observing the births and deaths of 
 
 i'.'i/jOO individuals taken indiscriminately from 
 
 F'lgitie whole population, that the mean du- 
 
 m of human life was 40 years ; we should have 
 
 P very slender grounds for concluding that this 
 
 F sould hold in the case of the next 10, 20, or 
 
 [mlividuals that are born. Such a number is 
 
 pall as hardly to admit of the operation of 
 
 ™ IS called the law of average. When a large 
 
 te of lives is taken, those that exceed the 
 
 Mm term are balanced by those that fall 
 
 F 01 It; but when the number is small, there 
 
 iMmparattvely little room for the principle of 
 
 ppensation, and the result cannot, therefore, 
 
 l«f«nded upon. ' 
 
 T'B found, by the experience of aU countries 
 
 in which censuses of the population have been 
 taken with considerable accuracy, that the num- 
 ber of male ciiildren bom is to that of female 
 children in the proportion nearly of 22 to 21. 
 Hut unless the observations be made on a very 
 large scale, this result will not be obtained. If we 
 look at particular families, they sometimes consist 
 wholly of boys, and sometimes wholly of girls ; 
 and it is not possible that the boys can be to the 
 girls of a single family in the ratio of 22 to 21. 
 But when, instead of conliiiing our observations 
 to particular families, or even parishes, wo extend 
 them so as to embrace a population of yOO,000, 
 these discrepancies disajipear, and wo find that 
 there is invariably a small excess in the number 
 of males born over the females. 
 
 The false inferences that have been drawn from 
 the doctrine of chances have uniformly, almost, 
 proceeded from generalising too rapidly, or from 
 deducing a rate of probability from such a luuiiber 
 of instances as do not give a fair average. But 
 ■when the instances on which we found our con- 
 clusions are sufficiently numerous, it is seen that 
 the most anomalous events, such as suicides, deaths 
 by accidents, the number of letters put into the 
 post-office without any address &c., form pretty 
 regular series, and conseciuently admit of being 
 estimated h priori. 
 
 The business of insurance is founded upon the 
 principles thus briefly stated. Suppose it has been 
 remarked that of forti/ ships, of the ordinary- 
 degree of seaworthiness, employed in a given 
 trade, 1 is annually cast away, the probability of 
 loss will plainly be equal to one-fortieth. And if 
 an individual wish to insure a snip, or the cargo 
 on board a ship, engaged in this trade, he ought 
 to pay a premium equal to J^ of the sum he insures, 
 exclusive of such an additional sum as may be 
 required to indemnify the insurer for his trouble, 
 and to leave him a fair profit. If the premium ex- 
 ceed this sum, the insurer is overpaid ; and if it 
 fall below it, be is underpaid. 
 
 Insurances are eflFected sometimes bv societies, 
 and sometimes by individuals, the risk being in 
 cither case diffused amongst a number of persons. 
 Companies formed f t carrying on the business 
 have generally a large subscribed capital, or such 
 a number of proprietors as enables them to raise, 
 without difficulty, whatever sums may at any 
 time be required to make good losses. Societies of 
 this sort do not limit their risks to small suras ; 
 that is, they do not often refuse to insure a large 
 sum upon a ship, a house, a life Ac. The magni- 
 tude of their capitals affords them the means of 
 easily defraying a heavy loss ; and their pre- 
 miums being proportioned to their risks, their 
 profit is, at an average, independent of such 
 contingencies. 
 
 Individuals, it is plain, could not act in this 
 way unless they were possessed of verj' large 
 capitals ; and besides, the taking of large risks 
 would render the business so hazardous, that few 
 would be disposed to engage in it. Instead, there- 
 fore, of insuring a large sum, as 20,000/., upon a 
 single ship, a private underwriter or insurer may 
 not, probably, in ordinary cases, take a greater 
 risk than 200/. or 600/. ; so that, though his en- 
 gagements mav, when added together, amount to 
 20,000/., they will be diffused over from 40 to 100 
 ships; and supposing 1 or 2 ships to be lost, the 
 loss would not impair his capital, and would only 
 lessen his profits. Hence it is, that while one 
 transaction only may be required in getting a ship 
 insured by a company, 10 or 20 separate trans- 
 actions may be required in getting the same thing 
 done at Lloyd's, or by private individuals. When 
 conducted in this cautious manner, the busineaaof 
 
 .'):i| 
 
 li' 
 
 , a. 
 i' 
 
I .1 
 
 744 
 
 INSi^ANCE 
 
 
 ■J 
 
 I 
 
 i\-i-' 
 
 4 -in; 
 
 ? I 
 
 '. i 
 
 
 insurance is ns gafe a lino of speculation as any in 
 which individuals can engage. 
 
 To establish a policy of insurance on a fair 
 foundation, or in such a way that the premiums 
 paid by the insured shall exactly balance the 
 risks incurred by the insurers, and the various 
 nccessarj' expenses to which they are put, in- 
 cluding, of course, their profit, it is necessary, as 
 previouslv' remarked, that the experience o^ the 
 risks should be pretty extensive. It is not, how- 
 ever, at all necessary that either porty should 
 enquire into the circumstancps that lead to those 
 events that are most cororaonlv made the subject 
 of insurance. Such a research would, indeed, be 
 entirely fruitless; we are, ond must necessarily 
 continue to be, wholly ignorant of the causes of 
 their occurrence. 
 
 It appears, from the accounts given by Mr. 
 Scorcsby, in his valuable work on the Arctic 
 Sepions, that of 680 ships which sailed from the 
 various ports of Great Uritain for the Northern 
 whale fishery during the 4 years ending with 
 1817, 8 were lost (vol. it. p. 131) — being at the 
 rate of about 1 ship out of every 73 of those 
 employed. Now, supposing this to be about the 
 average loss, it follows that the premium required 
 to insure against it should be 1/. 7$, 4d, per cent., 
 exclusive, as already observed, of the expenses 
 and profits of the insurer. Both the insurer and 
 the insured would gain by entering into a trans- 
 action founded on this fair principle. AVhen the 
 operations of the insurer are extensive, and his 
 risks spread over a considerable number of ships, 
 his protit does not depend upon chance, but is as 
 steady, and may be' as fairly calculated upon, as 
 that of a manufacturer or a merchant ; while, on 
 the other hand, the individuals who have insured 
 their property have exemptetl it from any chance 
 of loss, and placed it, as it were, in a state of 
 absolute security. 
 
 It is easy, from the brief statement now made, 
 to perceive the immense advantage resulting to 
 navigation and commerce from the practice of 
 marine insurance. Without the aid that it affords, 
 comparotively few individuals would be found 
 disposed to expose their property to the risk of 
 long and hazardous voyages; but by its means 
 insecurity is changed for security, and the capital 
 of the merchant, whose ships are dispersed over 
 every sea, and exposed to all the perils of the 
 ocean, is as secure as that of the agriculturist. He 
 can combine his measures and arrange his plans 
 as if they could no longer be affected by accident. 
 The chances of shipwreck, or of loss by unforeseen 
 occurrences, enter not into his calculations. He 
 has purchased an exemption from the effects of 
 such casualties, and applies himself to the pro- 
 secution of his business with that confidence and 
 energy which nothing but a feeling of security 
 con inspire. ' Les chances de la navigation en- 
 travaient le commerce. Le systfeme des assurances 
 a paru ; il a consults les saisons ; il a portd ses 
 regards sur la mer; il a interrogd ce terrible 
 dle'ment; il en ajug^ I'inconstance; il en a pres- 
 sentiledorages; il a ^pi^ la politique; ilareconnu 
 les ports et les cotes des deux mondes ; il a tout 
 soumis k des calculs savans, h des theories ap- 
 proximatives ; et il a dit au commer^ant habile, 
 au navigateur intr^pide : Certes, il y a des d^astres 
 Bur lesquels I'humanite ne pent que gdmir; mais 
 
 3uant h votre fortune, allez, franchissez les mers, 
 dployez votro activity et votre indostrie ; ie me 
 ciiarge de vos risques. Alors, Messieurs, s^il est 
 permis de le dire, lee quatre parties du monde se 
 sont rapprochdes.' {Code de Commerce, Expoee 
 des Motif», liv. ii.) 
 
 Ucsides insuring against the perils of the sea. 
 
 and losses arising from accidents caused |,v,).. I 
 operation of natural causes, it is common to L ,! j 
 against enemies, pirates, thieves, and ev.n m!I 
 fraud, or, as it is technically termed, barmirv * 
 the master. The risk arising from Ih ",e " ^; ,, 
 of cosualtjr being extremely fiuctuatiijr 1„7 
 various, it is not easy to estimate it, ,vi,h l! 
 considerable degree of accuracy; and n„M^?3 
 more than a rough average can. In most ca,c' " 
 looked for. In time of war, the fiuctuati,^;^ 
 the rates of insurance ore pa.ticularlv crca Li 
 the intelligence that an enemy's squadron or'n 
 a single privateer, is cruising'in the coursi «l,ic| 
 the ships bound to or returning from anv.-i^^ 
 port usually follow causes an insUnlanooui rij 
 in the premium. 1 he appointment of convMv/3 
 the protection of trade during war neccsian 
 tends, by lessening the chances of capture, l 
 lessen the premium on insurance. Still imiveval 
 the risk in such periods is, in most casc« vfJ 
 considerable; and as it is liable to ciiani:e'v3 
 suddenly, great caution is required on the nart ? 
 the underwriters. ' " 
 
 Provision may also bo made, by mean! 
 insurance, against loss by fire, and almost alli 
 casualties to which property on land h subject 
 But, notwithstanding what has now btensui 
 it must be admitted that the advantages dcri 
 from the practice of insuring against losses Iv 
 and land are not altogether unmixed with i 
 The security which it afl'ords tends to rel« tl 
 vigilant attention to the protection of mm 
 which the feor of its loss is sure othentisj 
 excite. This, however, is not its worst ef 
 The .-coords of our courts, and the e.xperiem, 
 all who arc largely engaged in the basiiiMj| 
 insurance, too clearly prove that ships hare I 
 repeatedly sunk, ond houses burned, in wdi 
 defraud the insurers. Despite the tenipMti 
 inattention and fraud which is thus affo. 
 there can be no doubt that, on the wholfi 
 practice is, in a public as well as private 
 of view, decidedly beneficial. The frauds 
 are occasionally committed raise in some d( 
 the rate of insurance: still it. is exceed! 
 moderate; and it is most probable that 
 precautions adopted by the insurance offices] 
 the prevention of fire, especially in great 
 where it is most destru *i' e, outweigh the d 
 of increased conflagration .rising from the 
 tendency to carelessness and crime. 
 
 The business of life insurance has been 
 to a far greater extent in Great Britain II 
 any other country, and has been productive 
 most beneficial effects. Life insurances 
 various kinds. Individuals without anv 
 near connections, and possessing onlv a 
 fortune, are sometimes desirons, or are somei 
 from the necessity of their situation, 
 annually to encroach on their capitals, 
 should the life of such persons be extended ' 
 the ordinory term of existence, they m: 
 totally unprovided for in old age ; and to 
 themselves against this contingency, they 
 an insurance company thd whole or t p 
 their capital, on condition of it-i guarail 
 them, as long as they live, a certain annoit- 
 portioned partly, of course, to the amount 
 sum paid, and partly to their age when ' 
 the annuity. 
 
 Butthough sometimes servicaibletoindn 
 it may be questioned whether insurancM 
 sort are, in a public point of view, really 
 tageous. So far as their influence exie- 
 obvious tendency is to weaken the pnoi 
 accumulation ; to stimulate individuals 
 sume their capitals during their own life, 
 
 * 
 
I.I 
 
 L ..lii.h practice may be «S^ C^' . ''!»' ^^at tbe p„r"va' *''" '''"'' of a„ ,•„,„„„ 
 
 Jvfniitious'mcaiis; such, fur IxaZt J'>' ""''"" liUJo it L?"^' "''">' "'^^''"crpa^^^ 
 
 oK'of Government loans in S'V'r •'j^" "'' ''" »ifo"aiii"xr i„ 'fr"^; "'«' tl.o i^r^Ch if ' 
 
 I rfiontines. But wliet. no extriW T . *"''" '^f ascertain tf' ' "]'"='' "f^curacv a, L ?.",''' 
 *.rti.«,ven to it, t wl' T Lt'TeS%ot^^''- ""^^^^^^^ ^•"^-- 'w 
 
 r:7.rieaT"SvSe t^l^}^ K'^S^i -' of"^ S^r^'Strs''"'' 
 UulioMcan KatcriuJly weaken thn'"'"'^. °'" ^ompletc eaJh «,! '=<""' "7 or place ho;/^°"* 
 LK«™i«tioi.. ^ '''"'"" *''<> P"n«ple in it till H^'iri.^fl"^". -Vcar audT' i'r."""/ 
 
 ii^ 
 
 :«, ,iy jjuwi gromias lor tliinkin«' M.Z 
 
 lib (lie of annuities bv private in/ii<,: i , ""'I "om m a DarfiW.'in. " **'*^''""mnborof r,„„ 
 
 UulioMcan KatcriuJly weaken thn'"'"'^. °'" ^ompletc eaJh «,! '=<""' "7 or place ho;/^°"* 
 
 rfK«™latio«. ^ ''"^"' *''<> P"nciple in itf till the tSefT'"- ^''^ "Kw Zn^'!r^ 
 
 Wy, however, the species of insurance nn ""i^^'valions, XTcouIT^' '^'•«'-e ulTofTch 
 
 W(oiabut inconsiderable c„mn™!:."^"?»'/ 1 aV"J«r Wm, ^re callifl^'r kI"'' "^^ged h^a 
 
 •^eing entitled of coursPf "'''''" "^ Mortality* 
 
 I uciiv, However, tne species of insuranp» „. ""servalions, when ^riVo 7 ^ ^ "« •'esult of 8u7h 
 Irttoiabut inconsiderable coMSCh *•"'"' ^""^"^^^ c£'^r u?'^ »r"»ged ^5 
 
 Itewhich has accumulation for its objecL in r'''"^;?"'"W, of course 1 if '''''" "'■ Mortall?v* 
 
 ■jBltiiioMl persons, or those livintr on «ii„r- ' according to t he nnnJ ' '" """"e or less confirion "• 
 
 Ins^such as lawyers, physicia;,f;™S"«VJ ff"'f '• '''« P-ioTw£ ""^ ^'''^^ ofTve^ob! 
 
 Iinl officer^ clerks m pu&lic or private L^^ f^ "^'^"^"""n* ^er^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ■fc, whose incomes must, of ronlL . ."'cs these tables tn i.nr ?"'' *c. But simrT-T- « 
 
 W live, a.,d a ho;t1f*=S;X"at ^ ^-''pS^t^on^f'K^i!: '""^"""' ~ac3? 
 
 teaSL'L?^ p-lruH percent" apS rf;''«'"^--« -tereat '4 
 
 fW™ipossesse;Kn1ntm?tL'i:;°:^''*- ttVr%"'^ ""'^ 5« 'SsTf^ "'« V'^«l''«t/ 
 |l»,W,agreestopay8certar«.™ °*''°S , ^''^ .vear, its prcsin? v-m "^e ^u, f j, .^ 
 
 
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 ( » 
 
 ' i 
 
 u 
 
 4 I* 
 'I 
 
 if 
 
 ' i, ni 
 
 f.. ''j' 
 
 fh 
 
 .■^ ( 
 

 I • ' ' 
 
 !:•■•■' 
 
 746 
 
 INSURANCE 
 
 Inw of average fully to apply, what they lose by | must have bi.»,n desirous to be 
 
 » 
 
 > u- 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 1 
 
 l-l. 
 
 
 
 premature death will be baliinccd by the payments 
 received from those whoso lives are prolonged 
 beyond the mean duration of life for the ages at 
 wliich they were respectively insured; so that the 
 profits of the society will l>c wholly independent 
 of chance. 
 
 The relief from anxiety afforded by life insur- 
 ance very frequently contributes to prolong the 
 life of the insured, at the same time that it ma- 
 terially augments the comfort and well-being of 
 those dependent on him. It has also an obvious 
 tendency to strengthen habits of accumulation. 
 An individual who has insured a sum on his life 
 would forfeit all the advantages of the insurance 
 were ho not to continue regularly to make his an- 
 nual payments. It is not. therefore, optional with 
 him to save a sum from bis ordinary expenditure 
 adequate for tin.i purpose — he is compelled, under 
 a heavy penalt}*, to do so ; and having thus been 
 led to contract a habit of saving to a certain ex- 
 tent, it is most probable that the. habit will acquire 
 additional strength, and that he will either insure 
 an additional sum or privately accumulate. 
 
 The practice of marine insurance, no doubt from 
 the extraordinary hazard to which property at sea 
 is exposed, seems to have long preceded" insur- 
 ances against fire and upon lives. We are ignorant 
 of the precise period when it began to be intro- 
 duced, but it appears most p -obable that it dates 
 from the end of the fourteenth or the beginning of 
 the fifteenth century. It has, however, been con- 
 tended by Loccenius {De Jure Maritimo, lib. ii. c. 
 1), Puffendorff {Droit de la Nature et des Gent, 
 lib. v. c. 9), and others, that the practice of 
 marine insurance is of much higher antiquity, and 
 that traces of it may be found in the history of the 
 Punic wars, Livy mentions that during the 
 second of these contests the contractors employed 
 by the Ri mans to transport ammunition and pro- 
 visions to Spain stipulated that (iovernment should 
 indemnify them against such losses as might be 
 occasioned by the enemy or bj' tempests in the 
 course of the voj-age. (• Impotratum fuit, ut qua) 
 navibus imponerentur ad excrcitum Ilispauicnsem 
 deferenda, ab hostium tempestatisque vi, publico 
 periculo essent.' Jlist. lib. xxiii. c. 49.) Malynes 
 {Lex Mercatoria, 3rd edition, p. 105), founding on 
 a passage in Suetonius, ascribes the first intro- 
 duction of insurance to the emperor Claudius, who, 
 in a period of scarcity at Rome, to encourage the 
 importation of corn, took upon himself all the loss 
 or damage it might sustain in the voyage thither 
 by storms and tempests. (' Negotia'toribus certa 
 lucra proposuit, suscepto in se damno, si cui quid 
 per tempestates accidisset, et naves mercaturse 
 caus& fabricancibus magna comraoda constituit.' 
 c. 18.) It 13 curious to observe that this stipula- 
 tion gave occasion to the commission of acts of 
 fraud similar to those so frequent in modern times. 
 Ship-wrecks were pretended to have happened 
 that never took place ; old, shattered vessels, 
 freighted with articles of little value, were pur- 
 posely sunk, and the crew saved in boats ; large 
 sums being then demanded as a recompense for 
 the loss. Some years after, the fraud was dis- 
 covered, and some of the contractors were pro- 
 secuted and punished. (Lib. xxv. c. 3.) But 
 none of these passages, nor a similar one in Cicero's 
 letters {Ad /Vint. lib. ii. c. 17), warrant the in- 
 ferences that Loccenius, Maljrnes, and others have 
 attempted to draw from them. Insurance is a 
 contract between two parties ; one of whom, on 
 receiving a certain premium (pretium periculi), 
 agrees to take upon himself the risk of any loss 
 that may happen to the property of the other. In 
 ancient no less than in modem times, every one 
 
 the chance of loss arising Vo™ "r^^Sun"™ 
 property to the perils of tiio soa. Hut th, , , ■ 
 the cases referred to the carrier, w^c ot ;,!' 
 Irom this chance, they were n..t excmntcd ' 
 contract pro;./er aversionem periruli, or )v ni, i„ 
 surancc. but by their employers uMn^ tl" r 
 upon hemselvcs; and it is abundantly oliv 
 hat the obiect of the latter in .l„ing tin, wa, 
 to proht, like an insurer, by donl.nt? i,, ri«k. 
 to induce individuals the more readilv to m,\ 
 take the pertormancc of an urgent public ,lutv 
 But with the exception of the instances 'n, 
 mentioned, nothing benring the romotont 
 semblance to an insurance is to be met witi till 
 comparatively recent period. If wc itiicht »lv 
 a passage in one of the Flemish chroniclci 
 quoted by the learned M. Pardeasiis (sec his 
 ccUcnt work, Colleclinn ,/e.i Lou Maritime toi 
 1. p. 35G), wc should be warranted in cnnciudi 
 that insurances had been effected at Bruees 
 early as the end of the thirteenth centim- 
 tlifi chronicler states that in i;)ll the Fail 
 Flanders consented, on a requisition from t 
 inhabitants, to establish a chamber of insurance! 
 Bruges. M. Pardessus is not, however, inclii 
 to thmk that this statement should be rcrarA 
 decisive. It is evident, from the manner in wl 
 the subject is mentioned, that the chronicler 
 not a contemporary ; and no trace can be ft 
 either in the archives of Bruges, or in anvaui 
 tic publication, of anything like t lie circumst 
 alluded to. The earliest extant Flemish law 
 insoranoe is dated in 1537, and none of (he 
 maritime codes of the North so much as allm 
 this interesting subject. 
 
 Beckmann seems to have thought (but 
 practice (,» insurance originated in Italrin 
 latter part of the fifteenth or the early [art oi 
 sixteenth century. {Hut. of Invent, vol. i. 
 ' Insurance.') But the learned Spanish aniiiii 
 Don Antonio de Capmany, has given, in h' 
 valuable publication on the history and col^ 
 of Barcelona {MemoriasHistorlcassobnk^ii 
 Ifc. de Barcelotia, tomo ii. p. 883), an ordii 
 relative to insurance, issued by the mapstral 
 that city in 1436, whereas the earliest Ital' 
 on the subject is nearly a century later, 
 dated in 1523. It is, however, exceedinglrj 
 likely, had insurance been as early praciisi 
 Italy as in Catalonia, that the former shoddi 
 been so much behind the latter in subjectingl 
 any fixed rules ; and it is still more unlikeli 
 the practice should have escaped, as is the 
 all mention by any previous Italian writer. 
 therefore agree entirely in Capmany's opi 
 that, until some authentic evidence to the] 
 trary be produced, Barcelona should be 
 as the birthplace of this most useful and 
 application of the doctrme of chances. 
 p. 237.) 
 
 A knowledge of the principles and . 
 insurance was early brought into Engliuiil 
 cording to Malynes {Lex Mercat. p. 105), 
 first practised amongst us by the Lombar' 
 were established in London from a veir 
 epoch. It is probable itwasintroducedsc, 
 about the beginning of the sixteenth centu 
 it is mentioned in the statute 43 Eliz. c 
 which its utility is very clearly set forti, 
 had been an immemorial tuage among M 
 both English and foreign, when they m 
 great adventure, to procure insiunnce to be 
 on the ships or goods adventured. From 
 may reasonably be supposed that ii 
 been in use in England for at least a ceai 
 vious. It appears from the same statute lut 
 
 JPf^oflifei, 
 
 '^''^fisadvan 
 
 ^productive 
 
 wibties 
 
 •f:. 
 
leratod fron 
 
 exposure 
 lit thiiMKh, \t 
 pre oxoiiiptei. 
 tcmptei\ iiyl 
 ', or liv ftii in 
 kinK llie ris| 
 \antiy oliviia 
 g this was noi 
 ir ii\ risk?, In 
 ,i\ily to iimle 
 public iliity. 
 
 instances n* 
 J rcmnlest 
 met with tiU I 
 vc might nly^ 
 lish chnmiclc^ 
 9U9 (sec his ( 
 Mdritimef, toi^ 
 id in cnnclud 
 :cd at Bruges] 
 inth centtir)'; i 
 i;ni the Kailj 
 lisilinn from 
 )cr of insuranc«| 
 however, inclif 
 luldberegariiei 
 ic manner in wh 
 the chronicler ' 
 ;race can be fot 
 !,otinanyautl 
 ke the circumsl 
 it Flemish law I 
 dnone of the a 
 3 much as alludd 
 
 thought that L 
 
 ,ted in Italy inj 
 the early pirt off 
 
 f Intent, vol i.J 
 
 id Spanish alii™ 
 
 tts p:ivcn, in bisj 
 
 listoryandcomii 
 
 trlcasaobrelaM 
 
 883), anordid 
 
 )y the magistttj 
 
 ae earliest Itali** 
 
 rcentury ^'■^''Jm 
 
 rer, exceedingiyl 
 
 a early praciisl 
 
 le former shouMI 
 
 pet in subjecting! 
 
 hi more unlikely I 
 
 aped, as is the I 
 
 [Italian wnter.P 
 
 [Capmany'ii ort 
 
 jvidence to ti«J 
 
 1 should be i^ 
 
 [t useful and b 
 
 lof chances. 
 
 fcples and v----- 
 \ into EnMJ 
 lf(.rca(.p.lj')i" 
 E the Lombum 
 ■ from » very » 
 VntroducedttJ 
 Ixteenthcentu 
 Ite 43 Eliz- c. 1 
 ■rly set fortM 
 Tie among n*™ 
 fchcn they "««- 
 Insurance w»| 
 Itured. From! 
 I that insiin"' 
 Itleastacentu 
 Imc statute tw 
 
 „, been usual to refer all disputes tlint 
 J^ wi'i'h respect t<) insurances to the decision of 
 fTreind discreet' merclinnts appointed by tlic 
 I'^Mavor. But abuses havinf; grown out of 
 "T" jtice, the statute authorised the LonI 
 fknccllor to appoint a commission for the trinl 
 i^unnce cases ; and in the roign of Charles II. 
 1 MOTis of the commissioners wore enlarged. 
 ta to court soon after fell into disuse; and, 
 Jut is sin-nilar, no trace can now bo discovered 
 uny.i itsproccedings. (Marshall On Insurance, 
 
 PKJiiii. Disc. p. 2fi.) 
 
 F„( Questions as to msurancc seem to have 
 .ueW.rethe courts at Westminster till after 
 ikt miiWle of last century. The decisions of 
 lad Mansfield may, indeed, bo said to have 
 istd and in a considerable decree formed, the 
 1 i„M this subject. His jud},'ments were not 
 1 bommd on narrow views, or on the municipal 
 Kjliiioiis of England, but on those great prin- 
 nplH fif public justice and convenience which 
 ttlboen sanctioned and approved by universal 
 (jKtience. Ilia deep and extensive information 
 IB iquired by consulting the most intelligent 
 wtcliaiits, and the works of distinguished foreign 
 jmu; and bv carefully studying the famous 
 ■ jfnoeiiOtdmance of 1681, the most admirably 
 feted body of maritime law of which any 
 I (wBtiy has ever had to boast. Hence the com- 
 I mheiBivencss and excellence of his decisions, 
 I odilK respect they have justly commanded in 
 I ill eomtiies, (Em^rigon's famous Traite des 
 1 iBDBKM, tome ii. p. 67.) In his hands the 
 lluriliiiirancc became, in a far greater degree 
 I thin inv other department of English law, a 
 llmch of that national or public law of wliich 
 lOem to said, 'Non erifc alia lex Romaj, alia 
 liileiiis, alia nunc, alia posthac, scd et omnes 
 Intei et onrai tempore una lex ct sempitema, et 
 laiioiialis contincbit, unusquo erit communis 
 magi'ter ct imperator omnium Deus.' 
 jfiwili!). iii. de Republicd.) 
 bitMnce against fire and upon lives is of much 
 " la origin than insurance against the perils of 
 Hid. The fonner, however, has been known 
 nd anied on amongst us, to some extent at 
 "«!t,i)r nearly a century and a half. The 
 ■ "t Society, for insurance upon lives, was 
 leo by charter of Queen Anne in 170C ; 
 ! Royal Exchange and London Assurance 
 •paues began to make insurances upon lives 
 I the leign of George I. ; and the Equitable 
 ' Jeti' MS established in 1762. But the ad- 
 iigti of life insurance, and the principles on 
 > the business should be conducted, were 
 
 • very ill understood; and the practice can 
 
 * be said to have obtained any firm foot- 
 ^uiongst us till the Equitable Society, by 
 
 (fling the judicious suggestions of Dr. Price, 
 
 "n its career of prosperity about 1775. Not- 
 
 •tanding the example of England, life in- 
 
 te hw made comparatively little progress 
 
 f.the Continent. It was, indeed, expressly 
 
 . . I by the French Ordinance of 1681 (liv. 
 
 t tit, 6, art. 10) ; by the regulations as to 
 
 "Mice issued at Amsterdam in 1612 (art. 24) ; 
 
 111 18 doubtlul whether the practice be not 
 
 ^«Mstent with the 334th art. of the Code de 
 
 fte, though it be now extensivelv carried 
 
 Jt .tmce. But we are inclined to tfiink that 
 
 If™' df security, more than any positive 
 
 ^«iitions,has been the principal cause of the 
 
 P Pwgress of life insurance on the Continent. 
 
 I'JJtever disadvantages our large public debt 
 
 PM productive, it is not to be doubted that 
 
 taH. '' ^ afforded for making in- 
 
 ™»"s. and the punctuality with which the 
 
 INSURANCE 747 
 
 nntionnl engagements have lieen fullUlod, have 
 l)ecn the principal causes of the extraordinary 
 extent to which the business of life and oven tiro 
 insurance has been carried in this country. 
 
 II. Insuranck (Makink). 
 
 There are few persons who arc not acquainted 
 in some degree '.vith tiro and life insurances. 
 The security viiich they nflbrd to individuals 
 and families is a luxury wliich nobody in 
 tolerably comfortable circuiiistanccs is willing to 
 be without. Hence the great increase, in our 
 days, of companies professing to afford this 
 security ; and hence the knowledge, on the part 
 of the public generally, of the nature and prin- 
 ciples of the engagements into which these 
 companies enter. IJut marine insurance is a 
 sulycct wliich '.s of more immediate interest only to 
 merchants, sliip-ownors, and underwriters ; unless, 
 indeed, wo should refer to that small portion of 
 the community who have occasion to transport 
 themselves beyond seas with capital and clfects tor 
 purposes of colonisation, or to till some official 
 situation. Hence the comparative indifference on 
 the part of the public as to this subject. The general 
 principles, however, of all insurance are the same ; 
 and in treating of marine insurance, it will be 
 necessary to notice little beyond such topics as are 
 peculiar to that branch of the business. 
 
 Individual Insurers or Underwriters. — The 
 first circumstance that cannot fail to strike tlic 
 general enquirer into the practice of marine 
 insurance in this country is that, while all lire 
 and life insurances are made at the risk of com- 
 panies, a. large proportion of marine insurances 
 is made at the risk of individuals; that risk, 
 however, being split up so as to include in the 
 guaro'.itceshipa large number of persons. [Undeu- 
 
 V,' KITING.] 
 
 Prohibition of Companies. — Till 1824, all firms 
 and companies, with the exception of the two 
 chartered companies, the Royal Exchange and 
 London, were prohibited by law from taking 
 marine insurances. Towards the latter end of 
 that year the prohibition was removed, and the 
 business of marine insurance was placed on the 
 same legal footing as other descriptions of 
 business. While the restriction lasted, the two 
 chartered companies did so little business that 
 marine insurance might in fact be said to be 
 wholly ill the hands of individuals. These 
 companies were so much higher in their pre- 
 miums, and so much more exclusive in the risks 
 they were willing to undertake, than their in- 
 dividual competitors, that merchants and ship- 
 owners were obliged to resort to indiv idual under- 
 writers. And it was only when the repeal of 
 this absurd restriction was proposed, that the 
 companies showed, by defending it, that they set 
 any value upon their privilege. The underwriters 
 at Lloyd's joined them in this opposition ; and 
 pamphlets were written, and speeches made, to 
 demonstrate how much merchants and ship- 
 owners would suffer, were the law to allow them 
 the free use of their discretion in insuring their 
 property, and how much mjre conducive to their 
 interests it was that they should deal with Lloyd's 
 rather than companies. 
 
 Formation of Companies. — There are at present 
 
 il868) 20 marine insurance companies in London, 
 "hese number among their proprietors or share- 
 holders some of the most eminent merchants and 
 ship-owners of the city of London, who have 
 united for the double purpose of providing 
 security for their property, and ascertaining 
 whether the insurance business might not be 
 
 
 ■f 'I 
 
 .;!; 
 
 . 1 
 
 r^^^ 
 
il 
 
 ^l: 
 
 ;fj-^ 
 
 748 INSURANCE 
 
 iiiailo to viclil A fair return to the cnnital em- 
 ployed in it. Several similar companies navo nlno 
 lieeii furmed since 1821 in difl'crent porta uf the 
 kinplom. 
 
 JUiiile of conducting Buiineu. — ^Vo shall now 
 give an account of the existing arrangements for 
 con<luctin;; the business of marine insurance, as 
 'H'cll by individuals as the companies in London. 
 
 Lloyd $. — The individual underwriters meet in 
 subscription-rooms at Lloyd's, and under the name 
 of underwriters arc includf d the joint-st«ick com- 
 panies. The joint affairs of the subscribers arc 
 managed by a committee chosen by the sub- 
 scribers, the insurance companies being included 
 in the list, as thev in fact must depend upon the 
 office entirely for their information. Agents 
 (who are commonly styled Lloyd's agents) are 
 appointed in all the principal ports of the world, 
 who forward regularly to Lloyd's accounts of 
 the departures from and arrivals at their ports, as 
 well as of losses and other casualties; and, in 
 genera], all such information as may be supposed 
 of importance towards guiding the judgments of 
 the underwriters. These accounts are regularly 
 tiled, and arc accessible to all the subscribers. 
 The principal arrivals and losses are, besides, 
 poste<l in two books, placed in two conspicuous 
 parts of the room ; and also in another book, which 
 IS placed in an adjoining room, for the use of the 
 public at large. 
 
 The rooms arc open from 10 o'clock in the 
 morning till 5 o'clock in the afternoon, but the 
 most considerable part of the business is trans- 
 acted between 1 and 4. A slip .showing the 
 particulars of the insurance required is in the first 
 place submitted to the underwriter, and is initialed 
 by him in accepting the risk, and when the policv 
 is presented for subscription he compares it with 
 the slip which hchas already initialed. Though the 
 initial to the slip is not legally binding, no under- 
 writer would refuse to recognise his liability if 
 the loss occurred between the initialing of the slip 
 and the signing of the policy. The form of the 
 policy is subjoined to this article. 
 
 The premium is not alwajrs paid to the under- 
 writer in ready money, but is passed to account. 
 Nor does the underwriter debit the account of the 
 person to whom he subscribes a policy with the 
 whole amount of the premium, but with the 
 premium less 6 percent. Whenever losses occur 
 which more than absorb the prtmiums on any 
 one account, the underwriter is called upon to 
 pay the balance. But should the underwriter's 
 account bo what is called good, that is, should 
 the premiums exceed the claims, he sends round, 
 during the spring and summer, to collect from his 
 various debtors either the balance of his last 
 year's account, or money on account, according 
 to his judgment; but, u])on what he receives, he 
 makes an allowance of 12 per cent. An under- 
 writer, if prudent, therefore, before he consents to 
 receive, will not only look to the goodness of his 
 account, but to the probability of its continuing so. 
 
 Insurance 5roAer».— The larger part of the in- 
 surances at Lloyd's is effected by brokers. Some 
 merchants, how'ever, transact their own insurance 
 business. But the majority give their orders for 
 insurance to others, who undertake it for them, 
 and are responsible for its proper management. 
 These latter persons are called insurance brokers, 
 and some of them manage the business of a number 
 of principals. To them likewise are transmitted 
 the orders for insurance from the outporta and 
 manufacturing towns. They charge the whole 
 premium to their principals, and their profit 
 consists in 6 percent, upon the premium, \i per 
 cent, upon the money that they pny to the under- 
 
 writers, and \ per cent, that thev dodiiot frn™ .J 
 the claims which they recover 'from the uLj 
 writers. It is proper to remark that tim i, .1 
 established or rcgulor profit ; butcompptltion u 
 occasioned numerous deviations from it bvtiJ 
 brokers, mony of whom consent to divide thJ 
 profit with the principals who employ thcT 
 Iho insurance brokers arc not iM,frr,|ucmhl 
 underwriters also; and as some insiiran'rs « 
 considerc<l far more lucrative than others n 
 underwriters, and as the brokers have particuJ 
 facilities, in some respects, of judifinir of tU 
 goodness of their own risks, so likewise have \U 
 an inducement to play into one another's handi 
 and they do so accordingly. [ItiioKKiisl 
 
 C/uft*.— Besides the individual underwriio 
 and companies above noticed, there are club« ( 
 associations formed by ship-owners, who i 
 each entering his ships for a ceriaiii amount { 
 divide among themselves one another's losV 
 'Ihese clubs are institutions of Ion;; standin 
 but, since the alteration of the law in 181 
 appear to be on the decline. As a role, cl J 
 insure ships only. Their formation oridnni] 
 .n a twofold reason : 1, that the underwriti 
 charged premiums more than comracnsun 
 with the risk ; and, 2, that they did not afTj 
 adequate protection. To avoid the first i 
 these two evils, instead of paving a fixal i 
 mium, they pay among themselves the act 
 losses of their several members as thev i 
 and to avoid the second, they lay dowii cu 
 principles of settlement in accordance with ill 
 views of indemnity. Kach member of one| 
 these clubs gives his power of attorney to | 
 selected manager, and this manager 'im 
 policy for each ship, which policy is sutscr. 
 by him as attorney for all the members, die i 
 mium inserted in the policy being underslnol 
 be nominal. These clubs a're open to the leaJ 
 objections that apply to individual undenniM 
 for the members are not collectively, but i 
 individually, liable to those of their niunbsr^ 
 happen to sustain a loss : and the dfhy of set 
 mcnt is such, that more than )2 months h 
 been known to elapse be'ore the pavmoit a 
 loss has been obtained from al' ihe menben, | 
 Rate of Premium. — Little neeil be said i 
 the circumstances that influence the ral^ 
 premium demanded by the insurers. It rani 
 self-evident that premiums will vary accoij 
 to the seasons, the quality of the' vessel, I 
 known character of the captain, the nature rfj 
 commodity, and the state of our political relidT 
 All these, of course, are matters upon which d 
 individual must exercise his own discref 
 partly from general experience and partly n 
 particular information; exaggeration of risk, 
 consequent exorbitancy of premium for [ 
 length of time, being out of the question. i 
 so many individual underwriters, in additio^ 
 the companies, are in competition viibl 
 another, and where the merchants have| 
 means at hand of effecting their inson 
 abroad. The premium, which in a :niall i 
 mnnity is generally arranged by consent ( 
 insurance offices and clubs on the spot, atLkj 
 is fixed in the general market. In fact, Lion 
 an open market for inmrance. We hare i 
 taken notice of the intelligence of which I 
 is the focus. In addition to thi^ theie isil 
 scription register book for hipping maintr 
 by the principal merchants, snip-owners, I 
 underwriters. This book professes to (|it| 
 account of the tonnage, build, age, ''('""J 
 quality of almost all the vessels 'In' j'T 
 our ports ; and, although exceedingly aefel 
 
it iinr rf.'pi"''!'. H a iiiatprini n •. 
 
 triirum. ..li.-.Tvati„.i the i)articMil«rf "!•".".'''' 
 Wrfihe,% thev arc caHerup^'-^'S^i,^' '" 
 
 Co.Ni]!.»cT or Insuiunck 
 Hiri^' to Riven a ffenerul outline of fj, 
 !M ui iraiisflttin;,' l.usincss betwein ,i • ® 
 Btn inJ iiHurcd, aiij tlio means uL i . '"" 
 ikkh panics to como, oa near " "^ '»«"- 
 ttitawtimstcof the risk to bo iii8,.«,i ''"**!'''•'' 
 «keno»to explain the nature of th„ "'^'""'"' 
 
 .dtoWn,ofi.s more important SuZ'"" 
 ii«n(«e»«iry to state that the obiect of th 
 
 ii» ire engaged in commerce, or i„ ^ ■ ^^ 
 
 jtfeof merchandise from one part of li. ''"]''' 
 [i,«h.r, i. to %flt such a prke tW T'** 
 
 W.li .he expenses of t^a^oA^W 
 I |w may leave them a surplus in .!'' ', *"'' 
 U If .here were no s'uch ^on rivl"''" '"^ 
 Umwe, merchants would bo obli£rp,r7 ^^ "* 
 k.(*n ,l,c prohabililj- of the Sfonal ^ "^ 
 to properly, and to regulate thelft^ni? "*•' "^ 
 ««%i.v; hut it must^'be obvious thnr"""'" 
 W^to ,uch circumstance, would '"'"'■ 
 
 i'V«UKAXCE 
 
 ,3. -Dreac/iea „fth, r ^ ?•*• 
 
 ,, ,,..,y.. 
 
 T"^ 
 
 •wMfi.i i uut i[ must ijc obvious f k„7 — ' 
 U^to ,uch circumstance, would '"'"'■ 
 JirimppleA \o,., insurance 7n^ t """>' 
 IvwbN oerfection in guaran eein^ ,i "* " 
 l<tai.S«««t all loss except tha of th« "?"■ 
 lAlitttoalixed charge for neerfi '"f'''«^ 
 >' K ..'d enabfes him to io,f«"' T' 
 ^"clusively to price ami JuaK'^ '" 
 ^brf transport; in which la ter ;^' ""^ '" 
 be.PM of insurance is Sdtl T' 
 .^l^iioe, insurance is by«o „* "''"' 
 *»fmm, either to the merchant „,k- * 
 «r,«^t all loss that may occur JL/' "'"P" 
 -«« TO after insurance wm« ^ f?"*""' 
 eftminiDff to be takpn ;TJf^^ contingen- 
 -« JonSt know tha?wr °n"H"'".l'"''"n ' 
 ir «f eiplaining the "0^1"? „*!">"«'•. by 
 ■Me,«hriefly and suSlJ^'^ '"sorance, 
 «« the lossesTain/t whrnh"'',r'«''''« 
 *"ii shipowner are nn» .T . ^^^ mer- 
 -^^-efectSinThKn^^r"'^ "^ «" 
 
 It^J "•''■own Government --AU 1 
 Fffeffl (he acts of our ow,. 'r^ ^"'"^ 
 P"'" cmbareo werp i„.m ^o^ernment. 
 
 E'''l»rtic«Tar;u:rte;''anS tC^ '•^"' 
 P^ 10 unload his\oods . Ir ^'i\'V"'='"»nt 
 
 IP% destroyed at "Lk." 1"'"-«'"ine; 
 ri.«»Partof jiis loss 4n?.l iL*"™" «>'' »" 
 b '«««r. The tZZr ^ <^made good 
 
 ^?'*for thets of'? *^" "^"""y' 
 "Wle for such acu di?P.fT^.P"'^«" 
 
 fiT"™' in th?«n;.rJ''"''' 'f French 
 
 F 'Wed, that if th. "^^enue laws. It 
 J^»erchan so S^f./^ T'"'''""" » 
 
 n«' from his nS m^«^^"' «««- 
 
 I '^V also be oSveT^h'r./""" 
 
 ■""'JnesseUvhisflpJ . ' l''"' ^'^ the 
 
 ^•'^f'lieshipnir th?" ' I '^^''^ ''«'ther 
 
 5"' »Wp and clo l"'"'^'"'nt « a party' 
 
 J'*>^ are bound to m»i'"' *•■« '««"«« 
 
 It ""'' «f the cantain "?"«« ""Sing 
 ■ "leomierof fh! uP^'" and crew mm 
 
 IMactsofTh "'f^P "o' to be a^w'ssorv" 
 
 policy Th ^ deviation from tl« / *"'** *"•>- 
 
 iis'3' ■"" ■'■" ' '^v£4"f ^^^^^^ 
 
 liabln r. "..""^'wards losf ♦{, • *'"P call at 
 
 wou-s^' ?Ao^^ " ^" -uTd^'^ir ""^^ 
 ■^w'oi'c ivsr-i^ Sszz 
 
 "?««'«'•. It might ,;„ . '"""'"Petency of th» 
 bat insurance affordsf"'"''.'" ««t sii'' 
 
 . (- ■- 
 
 . f 
 
 I 
 
 I I 
 
 * , 
 
 •i- ': .; 
 
7flO 
 
 liNSURANCE 
 
 
 ) ', 
 
 If ■ 
 
 * * 
 
 
 r 
 
 ■».» 
 
 , 7 
 
 .'1 
 
 liability; but when it U coniidercd that Iho 
 proof of unacaworthinea* is thrown upon the 
 defunilant, ami that the leaning uf the cuurtH i.i 
 almost alwiiya in favour of tlio intturrd, it will be 
 easy to Nupposo that nu n'K|)<>ctablo iiiHurers 
 would ever plead uuHcawortliiui'Kx unless they 
 could make out a case of more than ordinary 
 strength and clearness. Tim doKfce of uneasi- 
 ness felt by merchants and ship-owners at their 
 liability to'bo involved in loss by cases of unsea- 
 worthiness may be piessed from the fact that 
 although the Indeninitv Assurance Company at 
 one time precluded themselves from pleadinfj; 
 unseaworthiness by a special clause in the policy, 
 not only did they obtain no additional premium 
 ill consequence thereof, but they did not even 
 obtain a preference over other companies and 
 individuals at tlie same picniiiim. At least, this 
 fact must cither bo admitted as a proof of the 
 absence of uneasiness on iliis head, or of that 
 inveteracy of habit which seems to lead the great 
 bulk of mankind always, if possible, to continue 
 undeviatiuRly in those courses to whiuh they are 
 accustomed, even where the benefits to bo de- 
 rived from a deviation arc undeniable. 
 
 6. Protraction of the Voyage. — All loss arising 
 from unusual protractidn of the voyage. Thus, 
 if a ship meet with an accident in the Baltic, and 
 the repairs detain the vessel till the close of the 
 season, when the "assage homo is rendered im- 
 practicable by the ice till the opening of the 
 ensuing season, no payment is made to the 
 merchant in mitigation of his loss fron; '"'erest 
 of money, loss of market (if the market faii), or 
 deterioration in the quality of his goods (unless 
 arising from actual sea damage) ; nor to the ship- 
 owner, in mitigation of his loss from the extra 
 wages and maintenance of his crew. In most 
 foreign countries the ship-owner is remunerated 
 bv the insurers for the wages and maintenance of 
 his crew while his ship is detained in consequence 
 of any loss for the making good of which they 
 arc liable. 
 
 7. Liability for doing Damage to other Vessels. 
 — All loss to' which the ship-owner is liable when 
 his vessel does damage to others. According to 
 our laws, the owner of every ship not ir charge of 
 a pilot, that does damage,' by negligence of the 
 master and crew, to any description of craft or 
 vessel, is liable to make good the same to the 
 extent of the value of his own ship and freight ; 
 for beyond this he is not liable. The common 
 policy' in use among the underwriters at Lloyd's 
 does not protect the shipowner from this loss. 
 But there is iiow a collision clause in many of the 
 companies' policies. Tlie clubs or associations, 
 too, before mentioned almost universally take 
 this risk. Indeed, this is one of the purposes 
 which gave rise to their formation. Even they, 
 however, limit their liability to the amount of the 
 policy ; so that if a ship insi. . '. with them were 
 to run down another, and to sink herself in the 
 collision, the o\vncr would only receive the value 
 of his own vessel from tlie club, and still be liable 
 to the owner of the other vessel. A custom has 
 gained ground, both among the underwriters at 
 Lloyd's and the Insurance Companies, to admit 
 their liability by a clause in their policies for | of 
 the loss which the owner of the vessel insured with 
 them may sustain from damage done bv his vessel 
 to those of others. If such a case as the one just 
 supposed should occur, the insured would receive 
 by virtue of this clause the value of his own vessel 
 and I of the loss to be made good by him to the 
 owner of the other vessel. 
 
 8. Average Clause. — The next description of 
 loss of which we shall treat, against wiuch the 
 
 jsil 
 
 insured are not nrotect.,!, i, .k,,,.,!),,,,, • ,, 
 following clause of the Dolirv .r . ., " ""■ 
 seed, flour, «nd fruit arr;^;^.^^ , "•''»'' .'«'' 
 average, unless general, or the S . 'T T'"^ 
 sugar, tobacco, hemp, llax, id 'it 'r""''"'^ 
 warranted free from' Average ui." ±''' ""^ ' 
 unless genera, or the shin bo »t^, i ,' "'' 
 other goods, also th!; 1 jSnd fS'^ "" ''• 
 ranted free from average uLur/; Sit"'™,"- 
 general, or the ship be stranded ' ' ""'''" 
 
 The language employed in this pU„a„ , 
 techncal re.p.ires 'ex danation to 'i^? 
 M.telligiblo to tlie general reader. Ave " " 
 name applied to certain dcsoripti,,,,, ,/ 
 which the merchant and ship-own i Vi 
 There are two kinds of :xvlrZ J' f 
 particular. •'V'^"=e- general ai:, 
 
 Ceneral Avenige comprpliprul.s nil 1„„ .h.,. 
 out of a voluntary sacrliioe of „ pa ,,•""'" 
 vesse lor cargo, made by tl,,. ,aptui„ , V 
 benefit of the whole. Thus, if J', Ij' 
 part of us cargo overboard cut frunVa ,5; 
 and cable or cut away bis nmstH; (h " 
 sustained being volunlanly submit od t„ r,i 
 benefit of the who e, i. distribute.! over tl, vj 
 of the whole sh.p ana cargo, and i ^ 
 'general average.' "'" 
 
 _ Particular Average coinpn-liends nil U 
 sioned to ship, freight, and can,-,., which ij not 
 soscTious a natureas to debar thctn from"*? 
 
 heir port of destination, and whet, tk^J 
 to the ship ,8 not so extensive as to IZ 
 imworthy of -epnir. Losses where theZdi 
 saved, but in sucii a state as to be unfit tt f,™ 
 to their port of .iestination, uiid wiiere .,," 
 IS rendered unfit to repair, are callcl part 
 
 tween particular average and saivoRc !« I 
 that, m the first, the property insum! tm« 
 the property of the nssurcd-the damage s 
 taincd, or part thereof, as the cw mr | 
 and as wil be hereafter explained, kins mi 
 good by the insurer; and in the scil 
 property insured is abandoned to the IdJ 
 and the value insured claimed from )im\ 
 retammg the property so abandoned, or f 
 value. ' 
 
 Particular Average nn Goods.- A few 
 illustrative of the method of stating a cli 
 particular average will best explain theiu 
 of this description of loss, and xM at thet 
 time show the reader what the practics) j 
 Unction is between particular average amisiiii 
 loss. J 
 
 The property insured we shall suppose tf I 
 ton of hemp, the coit of which at Petetsln 
 30/., for which sum it is insured (m\ Peien, 
 to London, and that the duty, freij!lil,] 
 charges to which the merch.int is s<Mt 
 landing at London are 10/. We shall iit- 
 suppose that the hemp, on its arrlvjl I 
 damaged as not to be worth more thanhil/T 
 it would have fetched had it been somi 1 
 insurer would then be called upon to miiiJ 
 to the insured 15/., or 50 per cent, upon iliC 
 insured. But it does not follow that ttoj 
 ment of 16/. would indemnify the aam 
 that it would not more than jidenmilW 
 the loss sustained. 
 
 1 1- 1 
 
 If the hemp upon arrifal In Ihli country wtpuld j 
 have fetclird in I sound atate . M C j 
 
 Lfos dutjr, freiffht, and cliarjtes • • l" < 
 
 But in its damatteri Mate is only wortli - 
 Leas duly, frtfJKht, and cliar^ • 
 
 The miTcliinl'i lou l>y the Jami)ff ii t 
 
 Whereas he onl» rereiies from iht insurer IM. rp"*'l| 
 
 of a salvage toss he would ai>o receire I3/> ' 
 
 t* 
 
 tan 
 
 Wlm 
 
 Sal (Sir 
 1 
 
 -i^-SS'^l-' 
 
 . Id « 
 
 
10 
 
 /If* (wmp »n'iM h«»# firtch^l in a lound ai.i 
 Im ilul), frti»lil, inil iluri^, . ""_ 
 
 B« ka lU diinwH it«f« U on'y wnrih . 
 I.CM (Jut>, fVrlKlKt ami chArjfM . 
 TU merthanlN ioa iijr the d.lm«|{« |g . 
 
 HVf 11 hf rn-' f-vi from ih* ImuriT I V f,»«, ... " *'" *' 
 imnluaJu aDulil rectin ,1(1/. ' '""> '"• I'rinclpi, of a i 
 
 lr»tl»iil|iwmil(llnr«fcliliKlin,iK>u„j„,,, '». t 
 tn duly, ftfldlil, uil olurgn ■ . J;, 
 
 til 
 1(1 
 
 - in 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 Ln» duty, 
 
 Bulialli(>'in«(ntttatriionl7 worth • 
 i^niiltii;, th'ii;lir, 4itilchar>{fli . 
 
 I) 
 
 
 'NSURANCh 
 
 f"r ... ],«gu „„ tl e rice ''/f/r ''"■ ''""»• ''einff «o 
 '>w..nrf„rfr,.i,r,,t'^';.^'« ^""'M?t will, tho si. n 
 
 ::in^:i^;:.i„t t,.e .orc,.a„;;'; I'j^ 'C:/5r "i,;;;";jf '^- <- ilv a:S 
 
 Ihe JamiiRe of his goods varies witu?L . ''•'' "'"''' -d verted to fnTn/"''"'" "'"'■"Iv "...orn fh»L 
 
 p..d the merchant wdJ m,t rPc^e?vo frl m'" ;V"' '° ^^^ ,'> W^ Vm 
 
 mm, tiic whole amciut of tl.o lo,, fZ. ''* "I'.V "'« «"'««".»/ lorn ?f. "'^ * "-' '"^^e* to "vh c 
 
 »ui^^ Wlienever his market is nL i"/,''" '*''"'" "<> stens ari fT "^" ""'kward contrivan f, 
 
 .« (a„d that it .n,.st usually ^ l^^tf' "'«' ti.e pri^l^ "j ".'j,'-;;!/'; /'"prov. it ';^,T ; 
 
 mtket H not a decidedly losing or^e hisn, ./ "'"'' ^''"o tl.o ,W,r "■"•'"'" ""« more stnl ' 
 i«Dot.(rordhin>aco.„-ploteprotectio ^"'""yh^'^t. """'»«« « tako,, m jVo'",': 
 
 iM 
 
 TV mtrchinl'i ion 1>; ( ii,. d<ma|r« i« - ' 2. 
 
 tollnrTOim from lh» imurer .J/. [;„„_„. " *'■' " 
 ■l.i|i:al» mid ractln lU/. '^'"" "'• f'rtnclple of , 
 
 hi"" ' ■ • 
 
 .« .V. .„..>. „„, a „„„p,e[e protection, •' 
 
 J rjeit^uDien .n favour of this mode of settlin,. 
 I (iaiiiij for particular av('raL'e--aMd ir «h ■ . ^^ 
 rj«.e,l that the Buhject has beo,^ di cutol'/'' ^, 
 hpnn,„!e acknowledged, i„ the courtHf L.'"' 
 luitallie insurer's linbilitv is to bJlln.tr 
 |t4....«uK„^n which he his receivoS a'^rnm' ^^ 
 lorfonjideralion; that ho is not m l.„ «P *^""""» 
 lthen.o,fall of markets; but hit t£'"*"' ''-^ 
 
 ljftke.™,.,,.ds,arc\^Vtr^^^^^ ''^^^!^^::l::i' zi^^^lZ 
 
 ■™ "'« «' ^»K6 upon the amnnn. : "^.^"<^" «... . ». io„ i, „„,. "' ""' ^'"e UaW. ?o 
 
 '"'■0..1), from ll„ !„,„,„, - • <1J 
 
 rr.lK.; . "• " ""■ M^r c... . 
 
 10 O 
 
 o 
 
 4 <■ 
 
 lA 1) 
 
 ■'' 
 
 .0 O 
 
 -CIO u 
 or the 
 
 ^meoftaage upon the amoun7'„''i:,ro'ri': I ^.c, f::!l'^<^^r"-:'" '^"'^'^^''^ v.r t,.>^ 
 P *?, '^"f ' i ">e .nsurer being liable hi«T L " »'" ^^ oCS?,""" !"' '"•>■«' ' 
 
 :T.Kir;;rr^^^ or r.rce,s or ,ood« or 
 
 iMmn 20/, or 75 per cent If VL'!i *.•"" P*''''^^' ^^'»«h protec", tho'"'"'"'' "■« «='«u«e in the 
 
 **ofthegoSds^ ^nH if *K''^,*''"^"«on to 6 Per cen? "^^ '"^^er, the loss not am/ T""" 
 
 ' "e practice w th ree-arrt V« a^- ?® ""surer, upon e/>-'. in 1,1.", ' ' "'^t'cular averao-o «„. 1 . 
 "1"^ limits of no sucT.n.«„ ^^'^''^ '" """s coffee, and 10 ..„'• '"^f"'' '« casks f^fi' ^n?''''' 
 
 '«lw,we shall illustrate ^rbvffo^'""^' r''"*^"«cd ad ibiturnhv'"' *"«>' K and « "" 
 » %ose two packages tn h<.,-^ " '®.* more and nsured th« ,.^ --^ """"»! consent „fjl ^' 
 
 .■ V 
 
 Kercliiiil', Ion 
 
 ''K'i(0Q5cvt at In. 
 
 '•*"<'•• per c»t. . 
 
 ""^ttt'ilm, 
 
 15 
 5 
 
 7 10 
 
 i 
 
 10 
 
 ■ _«J0 
 •iV JO 
 
 ■e .. 
 
 10 
 
 7 10 
 X lU 
 
 _5_ 
 
 — - uiourers to mako th„ — ' "^ ""-"Stomarv for 
 
 «"cl. part of the par?icM!""''^«« «aWe onl v to 
 percent., throwin/5 per ce^r"''^*' "« c'^ceeds 5 
 «r as It afJeets 'freiiri,, • Y „ '''e clause, as 
 comment. ParticuRvei^l"' ^"' "" P««'cular 
 only a;n«e, acconiinrr to n ' ^^.."Pon freight c."n 
 
 iultrf^i"'- »"i > hSr'S,'^'"''"'^'"' '■'•-" 
 
 amounts to 3 ner mnt '^*er the loss of woirrht 
 « entitled to ^cJ^^J^'fZT '■'''' ^''^ «hfpSr 
 owner, ..pon the arrivar.t m '"T"'- '^'he shb- 
 
 t>. 
 
 I" 
 
789 
 
 INSURANCE 
 
 ■»! . 
 
 tl ^ 
 
 • 
 
 i - 
 
 f>lioiilil lio ontiri'ly spoiled l>y fon cluriini^o iliiriii;; 
 tlin viiyn;;<', ami tiin Hliip-owiirr tliiM lose lii.i 
 froii^lit, liP hait nn clnlm upon tlio inMiror ; hccaiiho, 
 nUliDiiKli hia cnllaicral Rpciirily in <lc!itri>ycil by a 
 |)rril ol' the sea, hia rJKht to receive frci^fht rcmiiin* 
 unimpaired, and it i» aKoinst tlie lima nr impairing 
 of lliia riKlit that the inaiircr prute«'i8 him. 
 
 J'lirliculiir Averuffe im Shi/n. — I'nriinulnr aver- 
 nge upon ahipa is n aubjcct aomewhnt more licact 
 with (lilHcultie!), There ia aoarcely a ahip ',<ldch 
 mnkcs a voynBC of any Icngih, tliut docs not aiia- 
 tiilii aomo damage, 'Tlio elaiisn in the policy 
 warrnnting the ahip free from particiilur nvcraKO 
 under 3 per cent., unleaa atramlrd, protcc;t8 the 
 insurer from the constant recurrence of petty 
 chiima; but in addition to tliii>, it i.t the prncticB 
 to cloaa the damn^c that a aliip auatnina in the 
 prosecution of lier voynffc under two tieads : 
 ordinary damage, or wear and teur; and extra- 
 ordinary damage, or pnrticnior avcrngc. The 
 f<plitting of aaiis, the breaking of anchora and 
 cables, the upsetting of windlasses, are loasca that 
 coroo under the tirst head. The carrying away of 
 masta and bulwarks, damage to the copper sheath- 
 ing and hull from striking on rocks, como under 
 the second. 
 
 When a ship sustains damage, if she l>c on her 
 first voyage, tnc whole ex|iense of the repaira is 
 made goml by the insurers ; hut if she bo not on 
 her first voyage, it is the established custom that 
 the insurer poys no more than g of the repairs, the 
 owner of the vessel having, as it is thought, an 
 equivalent for the J which falls upon him, in the 
 substitution of new work for old. Where the 
 nature of the damage is such as to require that 
 the copper should lie atrippcd off the ship s bottom, 
 the insurer pays the difference between the price 
 of the old and the new copper on the weight of 
 the old copper stripped off; the excess in weight 
 of the new over the old copper is paid for by the 
 ship-owner; and the labour of stripping and re- 
 placing the copper is paid for on the principle 
 already mentioned. In any general rule of tliis 
 kind it must be obvious that the ship-owner will 
 sometimes gain and sometimes lose bj' an accident. 
 As soon as the ship-owner, or his captain, learns 
 that his vessel has met with an accident, or as 
 eoon after as possible, he summons regular sur- 
 veyors to examine his vessel and report a'l defects, 
 discriminating between those defects (ii have 
 arisen from perils of the sea, and those iro..! wear 
 and tear. The first only are made good by the 
 insurer, together with all charges, such as sur- 
 veyors' fees, dock dues Ac, caused by the necessity 
 of undergoing repair. It has been already ob- 
 served that when a ship is obliged in the progress 
 •f her voyage to put into port for the purpose of 
 repair, although the owner of the ship bo sub- 
 jected to great expense for the wages and main- 
 tenance of his crew during the detention, he can 
 recover no part of this expense from the insurer ; 
 the doctrine being, that the owner of the ship is 
 bound to navigate his vessel, and that the insurer 
 docs not undertake to guarantee that the voyage 
 thall be completed within any specific time. Such 
 is the doctnne, at least, in this country, and the 
 |]racticc is founded upon it; but in all other 
 countries the doctrine and practice arc the reverse. 
 For in them allowance is mode to the ship-owner 
 for the wages and maintenance of the crew during 
 the whole period that the ship is under repair. 
 Where a vessel sustains damage and undergoes 
 repair in the progress of her voyoge, and is sub- 
 fiequently lost, the insurer is liable both for the 
 particular average and a total loss. Or the owner 
 of the ship may, if he please, insure the amount 
 expended in repair; and then, in the event of 
 
 suhspquMit l..:.s, the insurer is li„|,l, fo, „,, ,„ , 
 lo.s .mlv;l,u. i" the «vm of ,„C, •''''»' 
 urrival, Iho nvorugo is uugnientca l,y L l^ 
 of insurunco. •' '•'"'''»« 
 
 The operotinn of the clauso warraniin- iho .1, 
 free from average under ;i por cent., unL " "' 
 or the shin be stranded, may now be 
 If a ship 1)0 insured and valued at 
 the repairs of tho vessel 
 
 '■Icnrlv wen ' 
 '".'•"11/.. anl 
 
 tWd 
 
 (4 
 
 . ■ """' '•" '"^'i «ftpr ull th' I 
 
 ductions above referred l„, nm.,„„t t„ j ,„" : ' , 
 there is no claim upon tim i,,,,,,,,, «,.,,? 1 
 vessel shall havo been stranded. rAvKiiK ► 
 
 SiranJinff.-'lhc term stranded m ii„t ,i,,y 
 chosen, odmitting of more than one con.trurtll 
 ond the clauso of which it f„rms « part '72.3 
 fectly conceived. And in settlements „f acZt '' 
 when differences arise, tho pnrtic, who ,n^ ' 
 them are more apt to strive for that intorproi,,, ,? 
 of terms and clauses which is fnvoural,!,. 1, 
 interests than for that whieh is («.« mi.in J 
 general purposes. It is commonly un'l,r» 
 that merely striking the ground and ooniinL- 
 19 not a stranding; it being necessary, i„ ..^ , 
 fall within that term, that the ship ,h.uW 
 main on the ground or rock, as it may hawi 
 and that efforts should bo made to "(ioat hii 
 Striking on an anchor and leakinir danwroJ 
 IS not a stranding. We shall onlv a.lJufe tii 
 illuatrations, for the purpose of showinir howl 
 adapted this clause is as a means to an end Gil 
 and other such articles ore warranted free fro 
 particular average unless the ship be strand* 
 because the insurers, considering these articlal 
 bo peculiarly ausceptible of damage, will Ma 
 sent to take that risk except on jome tm 
 ordinary occaaion. A ahip laden with comn 
 a very stormy passage from the Baltic t« I/indiJ 
 and damoges the whole of her cargo, I'm 
 arrival off our coast she ia stranded, but pu 
 without straining or sustaining any dunJ 
 Tho insurer is held to be liable for the danuwl 
 the corn, under the clause of the policy, r 
 another occasion, after a very favourable |iuiL 
 to our coast, a ship strikes upon a choal, lnii| 
 not stranded,.su8taiiiing, however, so miichdjiiJ 
 that she arrives at London with 6 feet mt«| 
 her hold, and her cargo almost whollr ipoiU 
 The insurer is held not to be liable under? 
 clause of the policy. 
 
 General Average. — The insurer ii bound | 
 make good all general average without excfptii 
 however trilling tho amount. General iven 
 is treated as though altogether unconnected ii 
 particular average; and damage tu the gooiii I 
 amounting to 3 percent, is not parable br^ 
 insurer, although there may be also 1 ;« 
 average, and tho general and particular iren 
 together may amount to more than ;i or ,i ^ 
 cent. General average ia a chaige which muiil 
 jyiid by the merchant and ship-owner, even 1/ 1 
 insured ; although, when insured, he traoslefi 
 it were, in virtue of his insurance, the clu 
 from himself to his insurer. All the cInm 
 that can by possibility enter into general in^ 
 may be classed under four heads :— 1. Sacriiir 
 part of the ship and stores ; 2. Sacrifice of p 
 the cargo ond freight; 3. Remuneration of se 
 required for general preservation; 4. ExpeMj 
 raising money to replace what has been s " 
 and to remunerate services. 
 
 1. When any part of the ship is «acriSci.>dI 
 tho general benefit, the owner is entitled ttj 
 ceivo (deducting, of course, his share of conti" 
 tion) tho amount of his outlay in the repUoH 
 such sacrifice ; ollowance being made, on the p 
 ciple stated above, where old works and matrt 
 are replaced with new. The deduction "• 
 
 1' tappen in 
 .I'^'lif^Wpis, 
 ™"iiUn,efi,J 
 
 «"«.,hecap,, 
 , "'« pledge is 
 
 °<ofthevovi 
 
urotfoninbufion) what tl.o ko(..Is wo. ih 
 
 Jpnuliiffd nrtt (» him, mippnsirijr them ♦,. 1.. " I i""'taire ouiwnr.u tnn,"''""'"' o' r(l..,i,ii„',; ■; 
 
 n-riMund; ami the owner of S,o«i^*-''"''r "••-"" car^^ '""'•! nn.l partici . T "'"' 
 
 fcfmirhttowhich ho would hnvn ?''''''''" MnoncvMh,., Ml '.' "'"' "'o cxn,.nMn , • '!""■ 
 r" 'viwa in » f • """"^ "Pi or if fi.n „ "^PS^i 'or the purnosp nP„ : ^ '^'^pendcd in 
 
 .j3 
 
 I 
 
 • « 
 
 .■ 'i 
 
 ',* 
 
 ■ . i\ 
 < «' 
 
 
 

 , ^|■ 
 
 75-1 
 
 INSUEANCE 
 
 
 »' \ 
 
 ' i' 
 
 
 ■ t ,. 
 
 obliged to submit to tho laws of that port. IIo 
 may thus be a considerable loser ; payiiif; general 
 average according to one law, and receiving from 
 his insurer accoriling to another. And he never 
 can be u gainer, because, before he is entitled to 
 recover from his insurer, he must prove that he 
 has paid to the owner of the sliip. This is one of 
 the many inconveniences to which mercantile 
 men are exposed, which cannot be entirely re- 
 moved without, what it may bo hoped will 
 gradually take place, an assimilation of the 
 commercial laws of different countries. A partial 
 remedy for this grievance has been found in the 
 introduction of a clause into policies when the 
 ship is bound to a foreign port, to this cflect : 
 general average to be paid according to the 
 foreign statement. 
 
 Proof of Loss. — The policy of insurance is the 
 instrument under which tlic merchant and ship- 
 owner claim indemnilication for all losses that 
 are not specially excepted. The proof that the 
 loss has been sustained must also be exhibited; 
 such as the title to the vessel and ".argo, and the 
 evidence of tho captain and crew to establish the 
 ciicumstances out of which the claim arises. If 
 A were to insure his vessel for the space of 12 
 months, and at the expiration of 6 months were 
 to sell his ship to B : A's interest in the vessel 
 having ceased, so also does his insurer's liabilitv, 
 unless the policy be sold with the ship ; and ij, 
 if he wish to be jirotcctod, must make a new 
 insurance, or purchase A's policy. Proof of 
 ownership, therefore, is an essential preliminary 
 to the recovery of a claim. In gencrol practice no 
 difficulty arises from this, because the factof owner- 
 ship is sufficiently notorious. The bill of lading 
 is, m most cases, "satisfactory proof that the cargo 
 was on board, as well as of the amount of freight. 
 Valued and Open Policies. — If an insurance for 
 2,000/. be effected upon 100 hhds. of sugar, valued 
 at 20/. per hhd., the bill of lading, showing that 
 tho vessel had 100 hhds. on board, establishes the 
 interest at 2,000/., and the policy is termed a 
 valued policy. But if an insurance for 2,000/. be 
 effected on 100 hhds. of sugar, and nothing be 
 expressed as to value, the bill of lading only 
 establishes that 100 hhds. are on board without 
 establishing the amount of interest. The pro- 
 duction of the invoice, showing the cost of the 
 goods, is necessary to that end, tho policy being 
 termed an open one. 
 
 Return of Premium for Short Interest. — In a 
 valued policy, when the whole of the property 
 insured does not appear to have been shipped, the 
 difference between the quantity insured and the 
 quantity shipped is termed short interest. Thus, 
 if 2,000/. be insured upon 100 hhds. of sugar, 
 valued at 20/. per lihd., and 80 hhds. only be 
 shipped; as the insurer's liability does not ex- 
 tend beyond 1,600/., so he is obliged to return 
 the premium upon 400/. to which no risk attaches. 
 This return of premiiun is called a return for 
 short interest. 
 
 For Ooer-Insurance. — In on open policy, where 
 the value shipped is not equal to the value in- 
 sured, tho difference is termed over-insurance. If 
 a merchant. A, make an insurance for 5,000/. 
 upon goods, without specifying any value, from 
 Calcutta to London, the premium being 60s. and 
 the stamp duty 4s. per cent., the amount of 
 interest that attaches to the policy is so fixed 
 that he is neither to gain nor lose by the trans- 
 action in the event of the vessel's loss, supposing 
 his insurance to be sufficient. To entitle him to 
 recover a profit, the profit to be insured must be 
 stipulated in Uie policy. The expense of in- 
 surance upon 100/. being 8/. 4«., it is clear that 
 
 every 100/. insurance covers 96/ ig, 
 cost; that is to say, protects the merchants" 
 loss to that extent in case of the loss „f ,h '' 
 If, then, we assume the invoice nf i ' 
 shipped to be 40,000 rupees, or, at th. Iv f"" 
 of 2.. per rupee, 4,000/.,'^the'inte;^/a« ^it": 
 tho policy IS ascertained as f„llows • If ,, v 'i 
 cost IS msnred by 100/. insurance, what w^ > 
 4 000/. cost be insured by? M,nV\\. 
 Under such circumstances, althoutrh annli.,, ' 
 for 6,000/., the insured is not able to nmt fn '' 
 for more than 4,132/., and consequemk f 
 sured being entitled to recover nomore t!i » 
 sum 111 case of loss, the insurer is caUd , „ 
 
 llJon'sCS/!""™ "' '*'"'"''"" '"' ''«'-"'"™ 
 Although we have treated separately „(,,,„ 
 for short interest and over-insurance: ive ', 
 (jbservo that these terms in prcctice arc u<«i 
 discrimuiately; and indeed wo cannot*-, 
 we perceive much advantage in makin.- the 
 tinction, or preserving the distinctive arpdla i 
 It sometimes happens that the pfnpcrtv 
 pccted in a vessel is not all insnred at one tn 
 in one policy. But this makes no differcnfl 
 the principle of settlement accordinRto ouri 
 altliough, according to tho laws of mo*' ci 
 countries, the policies take precedence of 
 another according to their dates, the^fholc 
 interest falling upon tho policy or policies 
 effected. The foreign law, in this mt. 
 appears to us the more equitable and rci=«i 
 of the two ; and that our reason for ttini 
 so may be intelligible, and thus gain assen 
 meet with refutation, we shall state a ca 
 short interest upon a number of policies, <iii 
 not unfrequently appears. A merchant, V 
 his correspondent at Calcutta to ship for 1 
 count a quantity of sugar, not exceodiig 
 tons, at a price not exceeding 20/. per ton, 
 due time he receives a letter from his ccrresi 
 ent acknowledging the receipt of his onier, 
 expressing confident hopes of being able to 
 chase, the quantity, or the greater part of ' 
 the limits prescribed, and promisinj; to ad 
 ho proceeds. A, on receipt of this ictler, 
 January 1, makes a provisional insaran 
 5,000/. upon sugar valued at 20/. per ton. 
 iinuing without further advices, and fear 
 his correspondent's letter should have mL< 
 and that he might have property afloat ani 
 on February 1, March 1, and April 1 te, 
 similar insurances, thus covering the wlicle 
 tons. Ho subsequently receives advice til 
 correspondent had not iJeen able to pareiiwj 
 than half the quantity ordered, at his iir" 
 he recovers from his "insurers half the pi 
 upon each policy. Now, it was not at 
 
 Erobuble that he might have received adrii 
 is correspondent, as he expected, much 
 And if he had received advice in the m: 
 February of the shipment of 600 tons,aai 
 the ship which contained them was tot«llr 
 the river Hooghly, the insurers upon l' 
 first policies would have been liable for 
 loss. And it appears to us a dc'ectin ' 
 inent by which a party, who is at 
 exposed to a total loss, should at »..». 
 compelled to return half his premium. It 
 that the merchant may, if he please, iiw'* 
 policies a clause by which the pohdes ' 
 made to succeed one another; but we shi 
 that the law, in insurance cases as in tw 
 of the property of deceased persons, ongl 
 the best generw disposition, learag W '™ 
 the right of modification according to 
 circumstances. 
 
 ,7'uchinsM, 
 ll^'^'^lant 
 ffi'liaUbe 
 
 S?""«kora 
 .""Oftmdeitfr 
 
 '•« shall be 01 
 
 :-'i 
 
INSURANCE 
 
 Itrurn for Double Iruurance. — Besides returns 
 ,^ ft interest and over-insurance, there are 
 Inn for double insurance. They arc, in fact, to 
 Mmii and purposes, the same thinp. Double 
 !! niK-e exists where the party, through forgct- 
 wl^ makes an insurance upon his property 
 
 755 
 
 I -^(iver; or where the shippers and consignees 
 
 ( piodi when uncertain of one another's inten- 
 
 1^ effect each an insurance upon tliem; or 
 
 .tethe captain of a vessel in foreign parts, 
 
 UiiiM iMt his advices should not reach his 
 
 1* 7iffeot3 an insurance upon it, and the owner 
 
 LtiMamc time, acting with equal caution, 
 
 Ixtii one also. The observations already made 
 
 liwrttiirai for short interest, and upon the difl'er- 
 
 l»f between our laws and those of other countries, 
 
 Lflrmiliequal force here. . . , 
 
 I iv'ehare now gone over all the principal topics 
 
 latitcied >nth marine assurance. Those who 
 
 \«m to article with ordinary attention will, 
 
 In bope. gain a tolerably clear insight into the 
 
 liiciples and practice of the business ; but a 
 
 rtVilv familiar acquaintance with it can only 
 
 (icqiiireil by those who are daily conversant 
 
 itadciails. 
 
 I Jilv on Policies of Marine Insurance. — Ihis 
 
 jKoUicil by the Act 30 Vict. c. 23. The Act 
 
 (O; provides that— 
 
 I fit ide passing of this Act the stamp duties 
 
 Lipjvsblc for'policies of sea insurance shall 
 
 m »<1 determine, and the several Acts and 
 
 isifActi.'pfcificd in the schedule marked (D.) 
 
 f\fc itlJiuiexcd are hereby repealed, save so fur 
 
 •lesiMlssiiv policy made prior to the passing 
 
 [this Act, sud as respects any forfeiture or 
 
 illviDi'tired in respect of any offence against 
 
 veiictiiieiit so repealed. 
 
 jln iliii Act the expression ' sea insurance' 
 
 a!i m insurance (including re-insurance) 
 
 lie Bfi any ship or vessel, or upon the nia- 
 
 :, tackle, or furniture of any ship or vessel, 
 
 hj«n any goods, merchandise, or property, of 
 
 f teciiption whatever, on board of any ship or 
 
 1 0! upon the freight of or any other interest 
 
 BchiMy be lawfully insured in or relating to 
 
 ly ft or vessel; and the word 'policy' means 
 
 lyiiiitrMent whereby a contract or agreement 
 
 7ur sea insurance is made or enlc.ed into. 
 
 Wotnmissioners of Inland Revenue shall pro- 
 
 kbljiikpolicies, printed on paper, in the form set 
 
 ' 1 Schedule (E.) to this Act, and stamped to 
 
 Hlie duty payable under this Act ; and any 
 
 D mar buy such blank policies, stamped with 
 
 iJiiiyKhicli he may require, at the price of 
 
 Td«ty; provided always, that before any 
 
 I taped blank policies shall be issued, and 
 
 B my vellum, parchment, or paper which 
 
 ^brought to be stamped shall be delivered 
 
 Itaiped by any officer of inland revenue, he 
 
 ftnjik or write thereon the day, month, and 
 
 [«t such issue or delivery, and if he wilfully 
 
 ^wio do he shall forfeit the sum of 100/. 
 
 ■ said commissioners shall keep an office 
 
 iiheCity of London for the distribution of 
 
 U_policies, stamped as aforesaid, to persons 
 
 ' I business of insurance within the 
 
 l%uid purchasing the same, subject to the 
 
 ^'il'^ancemade on purchase of stamps. 
 
 *(Mtract or 'jgreement for sea insurance 
 
 »to such insurance as is referred to in Sec. 
 
 ' *« Merchant Shipping Act Amendment 
 
 l'»2''j shall be valid unless the same is ex- 
 
 oin a policy; and every policy shall specify 
 
 nicnljr risk ot adventure, the names of the 
 
 pwB ot undci-writers, and the sum or sums 
 
 ^! and in case any of the aboW mentioned 
 
 nm shall be omitted in any policv, such 
 
 policy shall bo null and void to all intents and 
 purposes. 
 
 No pclicy shall be made for any time exceeding 
 12 months, and every policy which shall bo made 
 for any time exceeding 12 months shall bo null 
 and void to all intents and purposes. 
 
 No policy shall be pleaded or given in evidence 
 in any court, or admitted in any court to be good 
 or available in law or in cipiity, unless duly 
 stamped ; and it shall not lie lawful fur the said 
 commissioners or any officer of inland revenue to 
 stamp any policy at any time after it is signed or 
 underwritten by any person, on any pretence 
 whatever, except in the two cases following ; that 
 is to say, 
 
 1st. Any policy of mutual insurance having a 
 stamp or stamps impressed thereon may, if re- 
 quired, be stamped with an additional stamp or 
 stamps, provided that at the time such additionol 
 stamp or stamps shoU bo required, the policy shall 
 not have been signed or underwritten to nn 
 amount exceeding the sum or sums which the 
 stamp or stamps previously impressed thereon 
 will warrant. 
 
 2nd. Any policy made abroad, and chargeable 
 with duty by virtue of Section 16 of the Act 
 of the 2«tli and 2yth years of her Majesty's 
 reign, cop. iiG, may be stumped within the time 
 spccilicd ill that Act. 
 
 Nothing in this Act shall extend or be construed 
 <o extend to prohibit the making of apy alteration 
 which ma}- lawfully be made in the terms and 
 conditions of any policy after the same shall have 
 been undenvritien ; provided that such alteration 
 be made before notice of the determination of the 
 risk originally insured, and that it shall not pro- 
 long the time covered by the insurance thereby 
 made beyond the period of months in the case 
 of a policy made for a less period than 6 months, 
 or beyond the period allowed by this Act in the 
 case of a policy made fur a greater period than G 
 months, and that the articles insured shall remain 
 the property of the same person or persons, and 
 that no additional or further sum shall be insured 
 by reason or means of such alteration. 
 
 Where any sea insurance is made for a voyage 
 and also for time, or to extend to or cover' any 
 time beyond 24 hours after the ship shall have 
 arrived at her destination and been there moored 
 at anchor, the policy shall be chargeable witJi 
 duty as a policy for a voyage, and also with duty 
 as a policy for time. 
 
 Wliere any carrier by sea or other person shall, 
 in consideration of any sum of money paid or to be 
 paid for additional freight or otherwise, agree to 
 take upon himself any risk attending goods, mer- 
 chandise, or property of any description whatever 
 while on board any ship or vessel, or engage to 
 indemnify the owner of any such goods, merchan- 
 dise, or jirojjerty from any risk, loss, or damage, 
 such agreement or engagement shall be deemed 
 to be a contract for a sea insurance. 
 
 If any person shall become an assurer upon any 
 sea insurance, or shall subscribe or underwrite, or 
 otherwise sign or make, or enter into any contract, 
 agreement, or memorandum, for or of any sea in- 
 surance, or shall receive or contract for any pre- 
 mium or consideration for any sea iusurance, or 
 shall receive or charge, or take credit in account 
 for any such premium or consideration as afore- 
 said, or any sum of money as or for any such pre- 
 mium or consideration as aforesaid, or shall 
 wilfully or knowingly take upon himself any 
 risk, or render himself liable to pay, or shall 
 pay or allow, or agree to pay or allow, in ac- 
 count or otherwise, any sum of money upon any 
 loss, i)eril, or contingency relative to any sea in- 
 3c2 
 
 I .ii 
 
r66 
 
 INSURANCE 
 
 Burnncc, unless such insurance slinll be written on 
 vellum, parchment, or paper duly stamped, or if 
 any person shall be concerned in any fraudulent 
 contrivance or device, or shall be guilty of any 
 wilful act, nefflect, or omission, with intent to 
 evade the duties payable on policies under this 
 Act, or whereby the duties may be evaded, every 
 person so ofl'ending shall for every such ofl'euce 
 forfeit the sura of 100/. 
 
 Every person who shall make or effect, or 
 knowingly procure to be made or effected, any sea 
 insurance, or shall {jive or pay, or render himself 
 liable to pay, any sum of money, premium, or 
 consideration whatever iu tiie nature of a pre- 
 mium for or upon any sea insurance, or shall enter 
 into any contract or agreement whatever for any 
 sea insurance, unless the same insurance, contract 
 and agreement for insurance, rcs[)octively, shall be 
 written on vellum, parchment, or paper, being 
 first duly stamped, shall for every such offence 
 forfeit and pay tiic sum of 100/. ; and every broker, 
 agent, or other person negotiating or transacting 
 any sea insurance contrary to the true intent and 
 meaning of this Act, or writing any agreement for 
 any sea insurance upon vellum," parcinnent, or 
 paper not duly stamped, shall for cverj' such 
 offence forfeit the sum of 100/. 
 
 If any person shall make or issue, or cause to 
 be made or issued, any document purporting to 
 be a copy of a policy, and there shall not be in 
 existence, at the time of such making or issue, 
 a policy duly stamped whereof the said document 
 shall be a copy, he shall for such offence forfeit 
 the sum of 100/. in addition to any other penalty 
 which he maj' have incurred under ihis Act. 
 
 It shall not be lawful for any broker, agent, or 
 other person negotiating or transacting or making 
 any sea insurance to charge his employer any sum 
 of money for brokerage or agency, or ibr his pains 
 or labour in negotiating, transacting, or making 
 such insurance, or writing the same, or for any 
 moneys expended or paid by way of premium or 
 Consideration in the nature of a premium for such 
 insurance, unless the same shall be written on 
 vellum, parchment, or paper, duly stamped; and 
 all and every sum and sums whatever paid by such 
 employer on any such account to any broker, 
 agent, or other person negotiating or transacting 
 or making any insurance contrary to this Act 
 shall be deemed to be paid without consideration, 
 .ind shall remain the property of such employer, his 
 executors, administrators, or assigns. 
 
 This duty was reduced in 1833, and again in 
 1814, 1865, and 1867, and is now (1868) leas than 
 half what it was formerly. 
 
 Schedule B, containing the Stamp Duties granted 
 by this Act, 
 
 For every policy of sea insurance for or upon 
 any voyage — 
 
 </. 
 
 In rfRiiect of every full Fum of 100/, and in respert of any 
 fructional part of 100/. lluTetiy iiiturvd - • • - 3 
 
 For every policj' of sea insur.ince for time — 
 
 In respect of every full lum of 100/. niul i^i respect of any 
 fractional nan of 100/. thereby insure<t ~ 
 
 Where ttie Insurance khalllie made for any lime not 
 
 exceedinft G nionlha --•.... 5 
 Where the insurance shall be made for any time ez- 
 ceedlnK 6 nionthi and not exceeding; 1 i months - €t 
 
 But if the separate and distinct interests of two 
 or more persons shall be insured by one policy 
 for a voyage or for time, then the duty of 'id. or 
 the duty of 3rf. or 6rf., as the case may require, 
 sliall be charged thereon in respect of every full sum 
 of 100/. and every fractional part of 100/. thereby 
 iusured upon anv separate or distinct interest. 
 
 These reductions must, of course, be benefi- 
 cial. Hut the tax is altogether wrong in prin- 
 
 ciple, and should be repealed altorrMi, 
 obv ous tendency is to discoiirafi T'''"" 
 
 186 
 (.Vo. 
 
 trade, by imposing a duty on Kibdrli , ',"» 
 sea, from which those carried by Cd an " ''' 
 are exempted. But the influence nfM/""' 
 vessels engaged in the fore Jn or „1 'i" ,'°'^ ' 
 still more obiectionabie. It is imtT. • ?"''' ' 
 merchant sendfing a ship m seo,VhTh t '^ ' 
 her in London, Amsterdam, irSiV"?'" 
 as policies executed in the last tZ!;r' 
 either wholly exempted from du Cr^ Z,, 
 such as are merely nominal, the ZT^\l 
 duty is to transfer to the Continent am.;' )^ 
 part of the business of marine insur "1 
 would otherwise be transactedTn I r'' T 
 plain, therefore, that this duty onera,T"' l\ 
 a valimble branch of business^f^to j 
 and though It had no such effect, siiSr 
 ciently clear that a tax on providence, or „! 
 endeavour to guarantee the safety of pr Lrt,^ 
 sea IS not one that ought to exist in mmll 
 Engllnd '" " commercial a i'oSa 
 
 (This article on JIarine Insurance lia, 
 revised by_ a gentleman thoronghlv c „ errf 
 with the principles and details of thebusinfs^ 
 
 Form of a Policy of Insurance executed at Uo^ 
 S. G. Be it known that as well in 
 
 own name, as for and in the name i 
 
 £ names of all and every other 
 
 -:=^^ or persons to whom the same iloih' 
 
 ?^TX \ "' f "" appertain, in part or in all, 
 
 „f j- make assurance and cause 
 
 ' and them and every of them, to ta 
 ) surcd, lost or not lust, at ami from 
 upon any kind of Roods ml 
 chandises, and also upon the bodr,u 
 apparel, ordnance, munition, 'anil 
 boat and other furniture, of and in, 
 good ship or vessel called the 
 whereof is master, under God for| 
 present voyage, ornho 
 
 else shall go for master in fhesaiJ 
 or by whatsoever other name on 
 the same ship, or the master therwi 
 shall be named or called, boginnii 
 adventure upon the said goods m 
 chandises from the loading thereofi 
 the said ship 
 said ship, tfec. 
 
 so conthiue and endure, durinjtej 
 there, upon the said ship ic] t 
 ther, until the said ship, witk . 
 ordnance, tackle, apparel ic. and 
 and merchandises whatsoever, 
 arrived at upo-. 
 
 ship &c., until she hath mooredat 
 twenty-four hours in good safe" 
 upon the goods and nierchandk. 
 the same be there discharced andj 
 landed ; and it shall bo larful 
 said ship A-c. in this voyage to 
 and sail to and touch and stay 
 ports or places whatsoevfr 
 without prejudice to thisinsurjn 
 said ship &c., goods and mere' 
 itc, for so much as concerns ihe 
 by agreement between the assr 
 assurers in this policy, are and 
 valued at , t"uclii»5 
 
 ventures and perilswliicline'lifi 
 are contented to bear and do (akj 
 in this voyage, they are. of 
 men-of-war^ lire, encniie?, mt< 
 thieves, jettisons, letters of " 
 
 I 
 a 
 It 
 
 fOi 
 th: 
 SU( 
 
 Ihe 
 tho 
 shi| 
 
 f'j 
 
 char 
 
 conti 
 
 and 
 
 And 
 
 that! 
 
 shall 
 
 the sn 
 
 fifrelo, 
 
 in the 
 
 in Loni 
 
 mntent 
 
 hind 01 
 
 carl, 01 
 
 10 the a 
 
 Irator!^ 
 
 fmance 
 
 (inrsefi-es 
 
 «s for this 
 
 ''Uio/God^ 
 
 «s n-ell in 
 Md in the nJ 
 ''">■ other ,1 
 iM Mnie dotll 
 fW or in all \ 
 rauseth 
 
 'tetobei 
 fruoi 
 
 risk I 
 
 'ifliidin 
 ship, 
 
 mn and . 
 '"^"'Pt thereo 
 
 ?"«".'• kind I 
 *"« furniture J 
 
ttlctl altngollicr, ItJ 
 courage ihc mtimt 
 on goods carritd 1.' 
 1(1 by land and canal" 
 lucnco of thfi tax i,. 
 ',n or colonial trade i, 
 t is immaterial tu ( 
 tea, whether he insur^ 
 1, or Hamburg ; i 
 e last two cities „ 
 n duties, or siibieci ti 
 ml, the effect o; t^ 
 ntinent a considerabi 
 larinc insurance, tlii, 
 ited in London. Itj 
 luty operates to drid 
 less from amonsst >J 
 I effect, still it is sul 
 providence, or on il 
 e safety of property j 
 exist in any couii'td 
 inmercial a country! 
 
 ! Insurance has I 
 thoroughly convcrs 
 ^nils of the businesi]| 
 
 inceexecutalatLloii 
 
 jirrests, restraints mid detainments of oil 
 king.s prmces, and people, of what nation 
 coiulition, or quality soever, barratry of 
 the master and mariners, and of al 
 other pens losses, and misfortunes that 
 have or shall come to the hurt, de ri 
 ment,or damaire of the said goods and" 
 merchandises and ship *c. or any nart 
 thereof; and in case of any loss nr .i!: 
 
 fortune it shall he lawful tVthe assumed 
 
 their factors, servants and assigns, to 
 
 sue, labour, and travel for, in, and al ,.„? 
 
 the defcuce, safeguard, aLd 'reeovert "f 
 
 to said goods and merchandises n„d 
 
 sh,p 4c. or any part thereof, without 
 
 pnjinlice to this insurance; to tho 
 
 charges whereof we, the assurers, will 
 
 contribute each one according to therafp 
 
 and quantity of his sum herein assured 
 
 . nd It IS agreed by „s, the insurer. 
 
 t a this writing or policy of assurance 
 
 s all be of as much force and effect a^ 
 
 hcsnrest writing or policy of assurance 
 
 licreofore made in Lombard Street or 
 
 .n the Royal E.xchange, or eSere 
 
 in London. And so we the assurers nr„ 
 
 contented, and do hereby promse and 
 lin ourselves, each one for his own 
 par our heirs, excci.tor.<., and goods 
 ohc assured, their executors, admin s 
 raK and assign,,, for the true per- 
 taance o the premises, confess^ 
 o^m paid thec„n.sideration due un o 
 usforthis assurance by the assured 
 
 at and after the rate of 
 
 j,«"!™»f .^^-''ereof, we the assurers 
 
 fce^ijcribed our names and sum" 
 
 INSUKANCE 
 
 
 -...« in. 
 
 X.I),-Com, flsh, salt, fruit, flour, and 
 
 Nsare warranted free from a^ratre 
 miess general, or the ship be stramfed .' 
 m tobacco, hemp, nL, h k " and 
 
 ■ns are warranted free from av^^ra^e 
 '* five pounds per cent • an.In I^.P 
 
 Jalsothoshirandtig??^"; S: 
 »«ted free from average under fhn.o 
 
 I Assurance, "^ 
 
 ^^'miif God Amen, 
 
 as ivcll in „ , 
 
 «^i«tl.enameandnames"Tall '""I 
 "W- other nersm. „- "'"^^ "j all and 
 
 S'obeassuroffi-nj^e^^l 
 
 g*»^riskofernftto„„df..u.o| 
 «5tSr2--'^«'^'^f """' 
 
 2Sifc^-"d-orchan.j 
 
 I :^''«'«"niionS,nr'''f "PP""*' 
 
 h'''" furniture Tand'Tr ''''"' «"'' 
 I '"essel called the °"'*eood ship 
 
 burthen '^'^^ 
 
 whereof is master ^..n,! "/. •'"''■'"•bnuts 
 present voyage " ^ "'''* ""'^^ '""' f'is 
 
 for master l^'tlTZZ "Y- '^"^^ ^^^ 
 whatsoever other num« *'"P °' ''r 
 same ship or the uTJ "',"«•"«■" tho 
 
 B'-an be .lamed or cXrbn''- '""''■ '" "' 
 adventure upon thpT„,° ' ''""""'inf,' the 
 fhandiscs from and irn^ ^r*"^' «°<' '"or- 
 
 in^the loadi there,r,?i:''"''/ [""o^-- 
 ship *> ""-rect on board the said 
 
 »'"! "pon the said ship &a 
 
 fn'lnre during"!'; abo!l'/1'i''""« «"'• 
 the. said shii, C 7"' 0, there upon 
 t''« .^aid s ^tfth ^.^'/""''er uJitil 
 tackle apparel 4c „nd I ''7 '"■''"'"'<■•« 
 ^■''-dises':vhatsteSairbe«Sed:t 
 
 Sri:? S\Je^:-f«he hath 
 ''ours in good safety"' .'"'""^'-''''ur 
 f,'oo<ls and merch«n ?;• ' ""''. "P"" 'he 
 bo there aiZhlTaZa T/ "^ ""-"« 
 nnd it shall be lawfi.rf "!'''>' '^"dcd ; 
 *e. in this vovS fi^"'" ^^^ '"''^ «'"p 
 *o and touch -a"^,' stay T''* '''"' «»'' 
 or paces whatsoever wItho„.°"''-P.°.'"^ 
 to this assurance Th'". '5 P,'"«J"dice 
 Roods and merchandises (.rr*^ ""P *<=• 
 as concerns the Zure^,*fK '^^ «° Wc'' 
 '»?de between the :^* ^^^ "greement 
 
 ^hich the 3a?d r! adventures and perils 
 to bcar''and"ditet°" r '"•'^^'^S 
 vo.vage they are of t'^^?. '^'"" '" ""'^ 
 }var tiro enemies nirlf^ *""" ""=" of 
 jettisons letSrs Tf^ '/"''•'" thieves 
 '"art surprl als taL-r," ."'"' '=°""ter- 
 rcstruints -i ,1 -i ."^"es at sea arrests 
 
 I'rinces and lifr"".'^ '"' «» Wng. 
 
 .•"astcraiul'marifers^mlofaT r "'" ''"' 
 losses and misfortunes lmi"'"'P';"''' 
 come to the hurt defr!^ l"""^ <"" «''«» 
 of iho said iroods «n^ """,' •"■ damage 
 «''■> . ■. o^mt """^."Ifcl'andises and 
 
 be lawful to thP fo '"'^{"'•"■"e it shall 
 
 servants and aSi^'sTot "','='.'• '"'"^'^ 
 travel for in n ffT 1 *"* '''''°'"' and 
 safeguard and recovery nfH ""> ■ !'<=''""-■« 
 a"'i "'crchandiVs „nT=i • ';""'^ broods 
 part thereof) w^;""''t''\'^''- <»^ ""X 
 a-'furanoe to the .•iL'^ •'"'''.•'•' '" this 
 said Corporation wm^'*'-;*'''"'«°'" tbe 
 "•ff to the rate a,id n *="'!"'>"'« accord- 
 b^'rein assured 4,^^^"=^ of the sura 
 tbesaidCoporatiotthil.):- "^^'■"'^ ^y 
 policy of assurance sw *k " V'"''"^ «'• 
 force and effect as tJ.„ ^l ^^ "^ """ch 
 Cobcy of assurance here^nr' ^""'"'^ °^ 
 ^">''f'«rd Street or iufui°^''''? '"^''^ in 
 or elsewhere in rl^** R"y<^l Exchange 
 
 «nid Corporatioiie ;'"; "'"^ "" ^^^ 
 bereby pro,^ e and TT*""^ "'"^ ^o 
 n"d tbeir successorTto fh°'' "'""'selves 
 c-'^ecutors a<l„S™,° *''*' "'.^'''•«'>« their 
 
 *'- -«e PerKror';^"^/- 
 
 iji;. 
 
 :M 
 
 1 
 -I .^ 
 
758 
 
 INSURANCE 
 
 iv ■ 
 
 'A 
 
 ''4\ 
 
 w 
 
 confessing themselves paid the consider- 
 ation due nnto them for this assurance 
 by 
 
 the rate of 
 
 at and after 
 
 per cent. 
 
 In Witness whereof the said Cor- 
 poration have caused tlicir common 
 SFAL to be hereunto affixed and the 
 sum or sums by them assured to be 
 hereunder written at their office in the 
 Royal Exchange of London this 
 day of 
 in the year of our Lord 
 one thousand eight hundred and sixty- 
 eight. 
 
 The said Corporation are content with 
 this assurance for 
 
 Free from all average on corn flour 
 fish salt fruit and seed, unless general 
 or the ship be stranded. Free from 
 average on sugar rum hides skins hemp 
 flax and tobacco under five per cent, and 
 on all other goods, the ship and freight 
 under three per cent., unless general 
 or the ship be stranded. 
 By order of the Court of Directors, 
 
 III. Insurance (Fire), 
 
 Insurance against fire is a contract of in- 
 demnity, by which the insurer, in consideration 
 of a certain premium received by him, either in 
 a gross sum or by periodical payments, under- 
 takes to indemnify the insured against all loss or 
 damage he may sustain on his houses or other 
 buildings, stock, goods, and merchandise, by 
 fire up to a certain amount during a specified 
 period. 
 
 Insurances against fire are almost invariablv 
 made by Joint-Stock Companies, many of which 
 arc established in London, but operate by agencies 
 throughout the country, whilst some have their 
 chief offices in a few of the principal towns in the 
 empire. Of these, the greater number insure at 
 their own risk and for their own profit; but there 
 are others, partaking more of the character of 
 mutual insurance offices, in some of whicli the 
 assured by annual policies, and in others those by 
 septennial policies, only participate in the profit 
 of the concern. The number of such offies 
 is gradually diminishing. How far the insured 
 in sucli companies as members become liable 
 for the losses of the same, can onl^ be decided 
 bj- the provisions in the respective deeds of 
 settlement. 
 
 The conditions on whicli the different offices 
 insure are contained in their propomls, and are 
 also pruited on the back of everj' policy ; and it 
 is in most instances expressly conditioned that 
 they undertake to pay the loss, not exceeding 
 the sum insured, ' according to the exact tenor 
 of their printed proposals, or according to the 
 conditions.' 
 
 Nothing can be recovered from the insurers, 
 in the event of loss, unless the party insuring 
 had an interest or property in the thing insured 
 at the time when the insurance was efl'ectcd, and 
 when the loss happened. It often occurs tliat one 
 office will not insure to the full amount required 
 by an individual who has a large jiropcrty ; and 
 in such case the party, to cover his whole interest, 
 is obliged to insure at different oftices. But, in 
 order to prevent the frauds that might be prac- 
 tised by insuring the full value in various ofiices, 
 
 there arc, m the proposals issued bv all tl,o ™, 
 panies, artu:le» which declare that i)er„,n ;' . 
 suring must give notice of any other iiuurJ I 
 made elsewhere upon the same honm nrS." 
 that the same may be specified and allowed U 
 uidorseraent on the policy, in order that 13 
 office may bear its rateable proportion of anv 1.- 
 that may happen ; and sometimcn a clauJ 
 added, providing that unless such noiic,- 
 given of eoch insurance to the office whfd 
 another insurance is made on the same cffj,. 
 the msurance made without such notice lill i 
 void. ■ ' 
 
 Any trustee, mortgagee, reversioner, fact. 
 or agent, has sufficient interest in ilie 
 under his custody to effect a policy oi 
 surance, provided the nature of such iniere 
 be distinctly specified at the time of cxccuti 
 such policy. 
 
 Most of the offices stipulate in their rmtt 
 against making good any loss occasioned 
 'mvasion,' 'foreign enemy,' 'civil commodoij 
 (fee; and under this condition the Sun Fi 
 Office was exonerated from the loss occaMdnT 
 by the disgraceful proceedings of the moij I 
 1780. 
 
 The risk commences in general from the til 
 the proposal is accepted by the office, unless tiiil 
 be some other time specified. 
 
 Policies of insurance may be effected for a 
 period. If for a year (which is most customai 
 or for a term of years by a single pavj 
 it is usual for the office, by way of indulged 
 to allow fifteen days after each year, or ta 
 of years, for the payment of the' premium j 
 the next period in succession; and proiiJ 
 the premium bo paid within that time, lie f 
 surcd is considered within the protectioi of | 
 office. 
 
 A policy of insurance is not in m utl 
 assignable, not can it be transferred wiihoutl 
 express consent of the office. \VTien, hoseJ 
 any person dies, his interest remains inhisexif 
 tors or administrators respectively, who sn« 
 or become entitled to the property, proviJeJ s 
 representatives respectively procure their rijhj 
 be indorsed on the policy. 
 
 (For further details, see Marshall On It^ 
 ance, book iv. ; Park On Insurance, e.S\ 
 Law of Fire Jnaurdnce, by C. J. Bunyon.) 
 
 The nature and mode of operation of lin?o 
 may be described as follows :— 
 
 They insure against loss or damage by lii^ 
 Great Uritain and Ireland all dcsoripiii'iH 
 buildings, including mills and inanufactoriej,! 
 goods, wares, and merchandise in the same; 
 in harbour or in dock; craft on navigable ril 
 and canals, and the goods ladcu on tiic sij 
 waggons travelling tlie roads and raihiay-, 
 their contents ; and farming stock of all liei^ 
 tions. 
 
 Insurances are generally divided into m 
 hazardous, and doubly hazardous. The i'^ 
 guishing characteristics of these may be 111 
 described os follows : — 
 
 Common or 1st class. Buildings of Imilj 
 stone, and covered with tiles, slates, otnua 
 
 Hazardous or 2nd class, liiiihiings paffl 
 or wholly constructed of timber, but coveralj 
 tiles, slates, or metal ; and Ist class huilr 
 which hazardous trades are carried on. 
 
 Doubly hazardous, or third class. Biil^ 
 covered with thatch. 
 
 The ordinary rates when such buddinp i 
 private occupation are :— 
 
 litclus . - lI.6<l.p«^c«ll.^TlM«»■ 
 
 2nd „ • • VI. t«/. „ " 
 
 3rd „ • • <•■«• " ' 
 
■T'^; • 
 
 INSURANCE 
 
 by all ilie rom- 
 iat jwraoni in-l 
 othci insurancel 
 nouses or gm'iM 
 and allowed byT 
 order that eachi 
 irlion of any loa 
 men a clause i| 
 such notice 
 ;he office wlieij 
 the same cifecti 
 ich notice -^iU I 
 
 ivcisioner, facto 
 cat in llie got 
 a policy of igj 
 ) of such inters 
 time of execuiii 
 
 I in their propi 
 38S occasioned 
 'civil commotii)i 
 ion the Sun Fi| 
 the loss occasion 
 igs of the mob | 
 
 ncral from tlie tiij 
 le office, unless tii^ 
 
 be effected for i 
 L 19 most custotiai 
 ' a single paymel 
 { way of indulged 
 ; each year, or ta 
 
 of the' ptemium I 
 ssion; and proviJ 
 in that time, the \ 
 
 the ptotfictioa of 1 
 
 19 not in its I 
 •ansfcrred withouti 
 [ce. AVhen, bW 
 .remains in his esij 
 Lectively, who m 
 roperty, provideil s 
 procure their rigti^ 
 
 Marshall On I»\ 
 [Insurance, c. '23; 
 
 J. liunyon.) 
 )pcrationoftireofl 
 
 or damaRcbyM 
 k all dosciiviii'W 
 fnd inanufacti'ri*--'! 
 fscin thcsirae;s 
 Ift on navigable ni 
 1 laden on tlic 9l 
 Ids and raitaVN I 
 
 T stock of all des^ 
 
 I divided into i 
 nrdoui. 'Il«'1 
 Ithesc may be 1 
 
 Jluildius!' »f ^'^^ 
 Is, slates, or niiti 
 
 T liuildiiip l'»''Jl 
 iber.buteovewlj 
 list class buim" 
 Icarricdon. 
 lird class. li"i 
 
 Isuch building! 
 
 n.t.. mid ti) Government by the fdttowinq London Fire In$urance Offices for the 
 .mti p««' ' ^jl-^ ^^ Christmas 1867. 
 
 759 
 
 9 Years 
 
 Offlcn 
 
 I* • ■ 
 
 iiiii- 
 
 j]jjibProTident(ilU.)' 
 
 U^mdCoonljIiilt) - 
 Caramial fnioo 
 
 ||MW«lli'-l- 
 
 "■^r , ■ ! - 
 
 ■ I(iilik't(ili'-I 
 
 I : rwM Win 
 
 iGeml 
 
 lli*ial • 
 liiurioa • 
 
 iBinii! 
 
 U« ■ • 
 
 Uil'nwo • 
 
 Ijjf^ ' ._, * 
 
 llnulK • 
 
 J'ulBtodi • 
 
 Xirt Bniah ind MacanUle (London) 
 
 Profl'tr • • 
 
 |rriw4») • 
 iKniEubjlilR 
 iBkFtmxn' 
 
 Irai/tnmldii.) 
 
 IrM . ■ 
 
 IciM Kiiidom Fnndimt (ilis.) 
 
 Ititilbl • 
 
 IfdctHT Smlct and General (dis.) 
 J>6!(n . • - 
 
 IVmuntfT ■ • 
 
 803,437 
 
 45,8M 
 41,1184 
 
 1839 
 
 Iqr. 1 
 41/ 
 
 66,014 
 
 S71 
 
 1S,64U 
 39,5SS 
 33,0.'>4 
 10,899 
 
 4."i,371 
 
 33,918 
 
 6,SS4 
 
 31,996 
 
 134,348 
 32 
 
 80,594 
 12,097 
 4,797 
 
 89,610 
 1,148 
 
 15,334 
 32^37 
 
 1861 
 
 901,284 
 
 £ 
 206,210 
 
 46,787 
 41,632 
 
 4,886 
 
 67,447 
 
 704 
 3qn. 
 
 i,/ur> 
 
 17,013 
 
 40,612 
 
 34,171 
 10,484 
 
 47,999 
 
 35,937 
 
 7,187 
 
 32,363 
 
 - { 
 
 138,401 
 23 
 
 8l,nl6 
 12,268 
 5,474 { 
 
 30,693 
 1,373 
 
 14,564 
 
 3 3.0;,3 
 92.'!,.164 
 
 1862 
 
 £ 
 
 208,669 
 
 46,492 
 41,147 
 
 4,058 
 
 lqr.1 
 
 3,457J 
 
 61J,184 
 
 742 
 
 17,893 
 42,796 
 31.487 
 10,330 
 
 62,735 
 
 38,22^ 
 
 8,002 
 
 33,513 
 
 4,d7'9| 
 
 : { 
 
 137,547 
 44 
 
 81,863 
 12,418 
 
 - { 
 
 31,638 
 
 1,424 { 
 16,0761 
 
 31,809 
 
 94.1,151 
 
 £ 
 209,612 
 
 46,224 
 40,724 
 
 5,332 
 
 17,091 
 70,675 
 
 796 
 
 18,061 
 
 41,892 
 
 35,060 
 
 9,804 
 
 59,028 
 40,410 
 
 8,455 
 33,213 
 
 4,294 
 
 1863 
 
 2qri. 
 
 22 
 
 1'>.390 
 
 136,241 
 
 68 { 
 
 8n~,97 
 12,562 
 
 - { 
 
 33,062 
 
 962,966 
 
 £ 
 203,402 
 
 47,9!8 
 40,3,54 
 
 - { 
 
 ,5,439 
 
 20,419 
 72,381 
 
 : { 
 
 3qn,.| 
 19,084 
 42,180 { 
 .35,189 
 10,503 
 
 61,472 
 42, U3 
 
 9,.360 
 31,164 
 
 9,060 
 
 - { 
 
 2qn. 
 
 820 
 
 Iqr. 1 
 
 20/ 
 
 24,217 
 
 138,079 
 
 382 
 81,275 
 12,751 
 
 i,oob| 
 
 3qn, 
 
 49 
 
 31,877 
 
 3qn.1 
 
 32^503 
 979,805 
 
 1864 
 Duly on 
 Mlock 
 reduced 
 to l>. lid. 
 per cent. 
 
 £ 
 19,5,276 
 
 .50,793 
 38,092 
 
 !i90 
 
 .5,109 
 602 
 
 18,340 
 71,157 
 
 924 
 
 88 
 18,210 
 
 12,3%} 
 31,001 
 9,648 
 715 
 
 »??i} 
 
 53,777 
 4.1,248 
 10,180 
 33.634 
 10,983 
 
 2qni.» 
 
 808/ 
 
 42 
 
 23,040 
 
 128,458 
 
 113 
 
 511 
 
 77,414 
 
 12,379 
 
 Iqr.) 
 .39} 
 29,857 
 
 140 { 
 8,.3tO 
 31,290 
 022,957 
 
 lli65 
 Part Bt 
 34. and 
 part at 
 \: bd. 
 
 £ 
 148,1)08 
 
 1,331 
 46,.578 
 2e,373 
 
 '37i) 
 
 4,146 
 414 
 
 14,281 
 
 53,829 
 
 777 
 
 2,027 
 
 "95{ 
 13,954 
 
 24,163 
 G,868 
 
 801 
 
 1,108 
 43,598 
 33,702 
 
 8,234 
 24,512 
 
 9,230 
 
 1,167 
 
 43 
 
 17,545 
 97,.586 
 
 72 
 
 467 
 
 57,520 
 
 9,349 
 
 80,828 
 
 3,135 
 21,361 
 
 698,528 
 
 1866 
 Duty at 
 1<. '6d. 
 
 £ 
 
 108,497 
 f2qr..l 
 I 6,57/ 
 37,955 
 21.776 
 
 - { 
 
 3,059 
 
 13,182 
 
 40,0(10 
 
 651 
 
 3,232 
 
 107 
 3qr».( 
 74; 
 11,419 
 
 19,172 
 4,979 
 884 - 
 
 34,449 
 
 24,807 
 
 6,593 
 
 20,0% 
 
 11,398 
 
 1,118 
 
 64 
 19,724 
 72,750 
 
 42,781 
 6,727 
 
 15,922 
 
 5,093 
 17,415 
 
 1867 
 
 £ 
 
 112,05« 
 
 39,358 
 22,567 
 
 Iqr. 
 
 247 
 
 3,182 
 
 12,995 
 42,181 
 
 683 
 
 3,147 
 
 18,114 
 
 20,477 
 3,318 
 
 1,037 
 
 34 ,.594 
 86,659 
 
 7,314 
 80,849 
 11,187 
 
 1,699 
 
 100 
 
 19,776 
 
 75,344 
 
 51 
 
 42']820 
 6,877 
 
 16,718 
 
 4,755 
 18,178 
 
 .')6«,2.-.ll 
 
 I Htnature of the tenuro of a building materially 
 ptfi- ilic classification thereof for rating. These 
 uWi arc exclusive of the duty payable, under 
 |iTiet.c.30,to Government of U.M. per cent. 
 itlie amount of the policy. There is also a 
 npdiityof Irf. oncach policy. There is also 
 Jtaf duty, as a contract stamp, of Id. on 
 receipt for money (however small the 
 noiiit) or memorandum issued when an in- 
 nee i? effected. These stamp duties are borne 
 See. Af;ricultur,il produce and stock on 
 limure, by 3 &4 \Vm. IV., exempt from duty. 
 1 Apicuhiiral produce, farming stock and ira- 
 ifwtJ, and utensils of husbandry, on any farm, 
 M<' insured, without the average clause, ex- 
 hpt I'rom duty, provided it be insured to a fair 
 P*. The insurance office will not be subject 
 Ife on nodis or utensils damaged or destroyed 
 pin undcfRoing any process in which the "ap- 
 pttion of fire-heat is necessary, nor will the 
 Isnmncc office be Uable for loss on hay, com. 
 
 seeds, or other property, occasioned by its own 
 natural heating, but the loss on any property 
 in con.sequence (except that which, by its own 
 natural heating, has been the cause of tlie lire) 
 will be made good, as well as losses from light- 
 ning, where the buildings or other cfl'ccts insured 
 have been actually set on firo thereby, and losses 
 by explosion of gas on tlie premises insured. 
 
 Insurances may also be made by special agree- 
 ment on the following risks, and on others of a 
 similar description, not included in the 2n(l and iJrd 
 heads of insurances, viz. on mills of nil kinds, and 
 the stock and utcn.sils in them ; also on buildings 
 containing kiln, steam-engine, stove, or oven, used 
 in the process of any mauufacturc, and the stock 
 therein; sugar refiners, sea biscuit bakers, dis- 
 tillers, varnish makers, chemists' laboratories, 
 theatres, coach painters, colour manufacturers, 
 vamishers, musical instrument makers, refinors of 
 saltpetre, spermaceti, wax, and oil, barge and 
 boat builders, carpenters, cabinet makers, coach 
 
 / .41 
 
 I . ,., 
 
 li; 
 
 . 't 
 
 •' 1 
 
 ■v',;J'. 
 
 
7<50 
 
 INSURANCE 
 
 :r 
 
 . 
 
 n 
 
 '••■■ .'■ 
 
 r..:]. 
 
 r- ' ''\i 
 
 i. 
 
 ' ■ 
 
 ( 
 
 '■ 
 
 -14 
 
 .* -. 
 
 ■*:■ .' 
 
 II. — Dutiei paid to Government by the following Country Fiie Insurance Offices fur the Y,nr. loi-il 
 
 1863, 1804, 1805, 186C, and 1807. ™" ''Cil 
 
 Ofllco 
 
 Enoland 
 mrmlnghnm (<lii.) - . . 
 
 T1lmiinf(tiAin Alliance . • • 
 
 nirmlnKhnin DMrlct (dti.) 
 
 Kmcx ami HiiHalk 
 
 IlantM, SuueXi and Donee (dU.) 
 
 Kpnt - . - - 
 
 I.Hiifa^hlre . - - - 
 
 liCedi and Yorksliire (tlU.) 
 
 Liverpool and Ixindon and (Mobe 
 
 Mancnwlrr - - . • 
 
 Midland Ciiiintlm, late Llncolnihlre 
 
 Nonfii'h Kipiitable . . - 
 
 Norwifh ITninn - . - 
 
 NoltiiiKbaniilnre and Perbjiitiire 
 
 Oldham - - . . 
 
 ProTfncia! - . - - 
 
 Oni*n • - . - 
 
 Hnval Insurance, Liveriiool 
 
 Xalop .... 
 
 Sheineld (ili«.l 
 
 Shroi»shire and North U'alc* 
 
 Wt-st of Kn){l:ind ... 
 
 York^ire .... 
 
 KcOTf.AKO 
 
 RcottUh Ifnion - . . • 
 
 North llrillsh and ^^crcantilc (Edinhur(;h) 
 
 I Caleitonian . . - . 
 
 I Scott hh Provincial ... 
 
 t Northern .... 
 Scottish Natinniil . - - 
 
 Stewotton, Dunlopt and Fenwick - 
 
 Town and County; Dundee (dia.) 
 Scottish .... 
 
 Scottish Commerrlal . - - 
 
 Scottish Iniiterial ... 
 
 1861 
 
 Etna- 
 
 N:\ticinal 
 I'atriotic 
 
 Irrlahd 
 
 i,M» 
 
 ).V'IO 
 M^.llt 
 
 3 1, .^111 
 
 7l,i,1t 
 41,166 
 
 imt 
 
 .I.ISI 
 
 8-.,97« 
 
 A,t73 
 
 nfiM 
 6'j,4r,.i 
 
 4,1. -i9 
 
 'i.lllO 
 M.S69 
 
 31,!)! 7 
 34,1M 
 14,1™) 
 10,141) 
 S.I.'JHt 
 ;,wn 
 
 1 iwj 
 
 isns 
 
 £ 
 
 0,431 
 
 7,4 13 
 
 !l,3,')l 
 
 l.S,SIO 
 
 24,311 
 
 31,B17 
 8 1, MS 
 41, VGA 
 
 .\M>^ 
 
 3,1K9 
 
 81,164 
 
 6,.'i5i 
 
 9,6<.'i 
 l4,MI«i 
 8l,-i7fi 
 
 4,»03 
 
 ti.igg 
 
 S3,gi4 
 V3,73U 
 
 ss,in9 
 
 33,M4fi 
 14,.ViS 
 11,1110 
 ll(i,7B« 
 
 7,il>9 
 3 
 
 «3'i 
 
 ISIil 
 
 I)ulv on 
 
 Stock 
 
 rediu-Ml to 
 
 la. Ii</. 
 iwr cent. 
 
 ",nl9 
 
 I- 
 
 (i,S93 
 
 :W7_ 
 
 IJill,H 'ii i _603,961_ 
 
 
 £ 
 
 16,7(51 
 
 9,01 in 
 
 7,3.'H) 
 
 { '?^ir,\ 
 
 13,Gn6 
 S1,94U 
 
 l.T..I)»!l 
 
 3;,7t;4 
 
 .3,ltt 
 8 1, .367 
 
 «,l«7 
 17 
 
 9,498 
 lr.,7»9 
 77,581 
 
 4,198 
 
 «,I36 
 49,4fii 
 3ll,69(i 
 
 S3,7Tfl 
 .33,38.'> 
 14,6(19 
 11,01 1.6 
 VI,.5I3 
 7,311 
 3 
 
 467 
 I qr. < 
 
 •an ) 
 
 6,062 
 
 4,941 
 
 668,3li8 
 
 IA6.t 
 
 Pan at 3t. 
 
 unti i).,rt at 
 
 li. 6J. 
 
 £ 
 11,8118 
 1,S06 
 
 4^129 
 
 11,691 
 1A,IIS1| 
 
 96,498 
 !i«.ai7 
 3,H«6 
 V,4S6 
 61, 1 IS 
 3,14!) 
 10 
 
 6,756 
 13.167 
 6M6I 
 
 3,3»5 
 
 i76l4 
 
 ."■6,',9i| 
 16,613 
 
 «'>.'> 1:1 
 1(6,6 Jll 
 11,193 
 
 8,31)2 
 I7,V41 
 
 5,915 
 3 
 
 tl-bJ. 
 
 f I .ir. 1 
 I ll,)H3} 
 
 r Iqr. 1 
 I 4(it j 
 
 4,5H 
 3,5Sij 
 
 4S7,!t44 
 
 * 
 Iqr. 
 ll,.-H3/ 
 1,4.11 
 
 3Twi 
 
 19,1150 
 
 S5,!)«l 
 XI,;h3 
 2,«l)3 
 1,*13 
 46,1;! I.-, 
 3,114 
 II 
 
 6.n:9 
 
 6I,*.',S 
 !l,<54 
 
 M79 
 !7,973 
 I'AHIIl 
 
 19,811 
 19,9M 
 
 6,7lW 
 
 16,603 
 
 4,»V0 
 
 1 
 
 l,V)5 
 :,V99 
 {"?I5} 
 
 3,1»3 
 !!,S93 I 
 
 408,478 I 
 
 m 
 
 !,•»:« 
 
 J.MI 
 
 i,;ii 
 
 3,lit 
 II 
 
 V" 
 
 61,tf) 
 J,5« 
 
 I.IIS 
 «,!••( 
 
 19,1:1 
 Jl.Wl 
 9.107 
 f.,Wl 
 
 I'.'ii; 
 
 t,!u; 
 
 1 
 
 3,1)1 
 
 i,:i» J 
 
 be 
 
 given in any smite 
 
 makers, coopers, cork burners, floor-cloth painters, 
 
 japanners, lampblack makers, letter-press printers, 
 
 machine makers, melters of tallow and of rough 
 
 fat, candle makers, cart-grease makers, oilmen, 
 
 soap-boilers, rope and sail makers, ship chandlers, 
 
 hemp and flax dressers, oil leather dressers, 
 
 medals, curiosities, pictures, prints, drawings, 
 
 statu.'iry work, spinners of cotton, flax, lint, and 
 
 wool, tiiroughout all the operations attending the 
 
 manufacturing of these materials, from the raw 
 
 .state into thread for the weaver, and such other ! of a certain sum as the consideration k 
 
 risks as, by reason of thonature of the trade, the '< insurance of certain property aftenv.irds d« 
 
 narrowness of the situation, or other dangerous | for a certain period and "for a spix'ilieJ si 
 
 circumstances, may increase the hazard thereof:' 
 
 all which special hazards must be inserted in the 
 
 policy to render the same valid and in force. 
 
 Giinpowder, and buildings in which it is made, 
 cannot bo insuiv. i on any terms; neither do offices 
 injure writings of any kind, books of accounts, 
 
 ready money, bonds, bills, or any other securities : or damage to the property insured up 10 
 for money. amount insured during the period for which 
 
 Insurances may be made for more years than | contract is made, or may be subscquootljf 
 one by a single payment, and in .such cases a j newed by payment by tlie assured, nnj 
 discount is allowed on the premium and duty for ance by the company, of the amount of pi 
 every year except the first. for such renewal, 
 
 Hcnt nuiy be insured by a special agreement for | Clauses are sometimes added defining 0; 
 a term not exceeding 1 year, the amount being 
 spccilied in the policy. 
 
 Insurance of mills, factories, risks of special 
 hazard ^'c. — In consequence of the very fretiueiit 
 cbanges to which the rates for mills and factories 
 of all kinds, mercantile risks &c. are necessarily 
 subject, arising out of the ever-varying character , . . 
 
 of I be ])ro('es.<>es, nature of goods Ac. on which the ; scription of the property on wbicli thecsnawl 
 degree of hazard depends, details of the rates for the risk is based, 
 
 such risks cannot 
 
 form. 
 N.H.— Several companies likewise mm \ 
 
 pcrty in foreign countries, which is notsulijectl 
 
 the annuol duty unless the same be siiuaWiif 
 
 Uritish colony, and the policy be cxccutej j 
 
 Great Britain or Ireland. 
 A fire insurance policy consists of— 
 1. Preamble or inductive cfaiure, rccilin: t 
 
 names of the parties to the contract, tlie para 
 
 followed by the description of tlie piopirtt. L 
 ranged under various iicads or items irheit| 
 is of various kinds. 
 
 2. The operative clause or obligation; brfhl 
 the company contracts, subject tu the coodilil 
 annexed to the policy, to pay or makefoodlr 
 
 ing the liability of each shareholder or pnipri* 
 The contract is then executed by tliesijui^ 
 
 of 2 or more directors of the company, 
 3. The conditions printed at the foot or on I 
 
 back of the policv embrace the followinjpoiaj 
 (1,) The voiding of thepolicy if there W 
 
 bo any misrepresentation or omission in Ihej 
 
 Vm fli,j„ J 
 
 ''^'^'h-'llcl 
 
I for the Ytart 18C2. 
 
 PulJM 
 
 l>. (Kf. 
 
 1,4.11 
 
 sTwi 
 
 8 AM 
 1U,IIM 
 
 SS.OIil 
 
 'i,«M 
 1,WU 
 
 ivm 
 
 3,IU 
 II 
 
 e,0T9 
 It.NIH 
 6I,<SI| 
 
 1I,<M 
 
 1T179 
 S7.97.1 
 
 19,811 
 
 19,9118 
 8,.lS'i 
 
 n,;{»i 
 icmi 
 
 1 
 
 1,505 
 !,'J99 
 
 !!,»93__ 
 408,476 
 
 mi 
 
 1,-*! 
 
 uin 
 
 ■IM{ 
 l,T'.l 
 
 3,1SS 
 
 II 
 
 V" 
 
 l.l.VW 
 6V"> 
 
 ~m 
 
 IJ.IW 
 
 I9,ri 
 Il.VIt 
 
 9,(1): 
 «,»■. 
 n.()i; 
 
 I 
 
 i,m 
 
 MS I 
 l.illj 
 
 ■en in any semca 
 
 es likewise insiiH [ 
 wliich is nut sulij«i| 
 3 same be siiuaM ii 
 policy be executed j 
 
 ionsists of— 
 ve clause, rccitin; I 
 e contract, the ravE j 
 consideration lur I 
 rty aftenvards desa 
 I 'for a specified M 
 'on of the pwpirly, i 
 ad3 or items vtenl 
 
 or obligatinn; km 
 iibject to the conditij 
 I pay or make good Ij 
 irty insured up wl 
 le period for which 
 ly be subsequently j 
 i"e assured, and 
 the amount of pre 
 
 idded defining e;iij 
 lareholdcr or p W 
 ecutedbythesisiui* 
 he company, I 
 Ml at the foot or on I 
 ! the following poifj 
 le policy if there iliof 
 
 1 or omission in '"J 
 on which the cstiMt* 
 
 tec-which'tlie policy i.^ ?nZce: ""' ""'''"''"' | ."""•'•""ffs or nl„.„ ,, , , ?CI 
 
 :l,i Jiodirication of the linbility of the rnm,^n„ '"cludf.l in the tornU Z .k- "• *"" P™Pcrtv not 
 
 taotherthan that .lescribe.1 dc. To bT mTtiried „Trf- f •,"">' ^''"i"^ '.nSc? I iV,?r'' "" "•"'"«- 
 Mihc company, who,so consent (of wliii-h ,•/ ,„ " "' ''"'^''''vtheroof shnii 1 11 "'"'y' "'« temi.s 
 ,n. the option .0 itself) is to LlStied Z '".1." '''"P'^^t' whi, tl 1 if ."','' '" "^^ «"ncurr™t 
 oktoment on the policy. s'ffn'led by ']■,,« pcneraJitv of Z "'''' ""'" Pol'cv. 
 
 5, Ms held in trust to Ix, so stated. ^'PS'lom are not, ho,vem "Ilbintf ".' . "'^ ^"'f*^'! 
 
 Uli.4. not covered spcciHcallv detailed snoh k""'\ "•"'ouffh on the fV,^?-''"^'" "'«'«« c«>'- 
 «,ta,,?e by mvasion, foreign enemy, riot S ."''""-.P'"''-'' «bn,ad"he nr„ ra?^ ""l ."'"' """"v 
 CBBonon or any military or usurped power ^""i" "' "PP"'"'! to every' ins^rl!^ condition in son.o 
 
 „ .(rticles not insured (ns pictures cliinn r \l '^'"'>»"''>/I'rovert,/L. L "?• 
 *.,^iallyon«mcmtcd. ' "''''''"•"»*«•) api„st fire^ iin7bc^/"„';i:f ' .^"'i'-rnsuranco 
 
 .>oli«hiIityf«rprints, paintings ic., beyond m"' ,^^ «<""■-"'. nnd irnor, '" ^^".«'"'>-' '"■• 
 ,.«n.m amount on each, „„lc1s specKv i"'.''^''''"' 'he ooiintrV ""''^ '"•■>■ """^l' «^loptod 
 \mim, '^ "j I introduced at onn'''i 
 
 Uninsurable articles-books of accounts K''" '""""""'t conntries'f " £ r^Z '''"«'■' i""> 
 wyic, "'^•^"unts, America, it is only in Li„? Continent and in 
 
 !!■ |™l««'l«-lpit as to quantity, "'J,™ osperienced any active devl?" *'"*' '' ''a^ 
 
 llkraa-re by liRhtninff alloAvcd when thJ- ^"■« ""stance was at „n Vi^r'"'*'?'*'"*- 
 p.nvij,ured ijset on lire thereby -but ,"'? '"''*""'"'" considered i""„r'y P'^ri"'" ""er its 
 .Vtye.xplnsion. ""^ ' *'"' ""' as we Jiaye shown in Lmer^-*"""* «"-roncou..Iy, 
 
 1 Xo liability under a farming stock noli.v '" "^"o legitimate s Xct f "."' °^ *^'' ^'Ofi^ 
 b live stock above a certain pritc inloj '"'^ '"""""t of this onnr«ii^ ' ^"'' '"-^af 'on, I'hJ 
 iMyinsnred, '^"•'''' ""'«'«» «Pe- varied frennently f fli • T" ""'' impolitic f„-- 
 
 aXoliabilityfor Browing crops. "''•''^'>' ^'"^ ''^«1 « 3^%' ^^ i^«'=»- V^- ('«'S 
 
 1 . Notice to be given if building near eom ?""'""^ ""'» the year tsG^ ' k" •'•?' '^'"■'^' *' «>- 
 t«»nderp,ing repair. " "'" «""'- for ,„s„r„nees on stock iStnJo'':" ,'* VT ""'uced, 
 
 &^mca,seoftirenot to be abandoned Urf *''" ^""owing year le,",' ^''■''?"' '=''"'• 
 
 j 18. .\«r«(!e clause. "uouea. 1,. erf, per cent, on in,nr„r^ '">' ^''"^ ''xed at 
 
 r. Condition that in case of goods the m„rt J ^'^>'- "-^^cpt farmin^S" T^i'?-^ '^'»'« of pro- 
 
 .e«,«o. fire to be the cSon of yXe ' fr '**f ''««"' ""'^ ^U remaCs et ' "? ^° '" ''"^^ 
 
 W e Mioa of period when insurance Jxp ris T '^/5^- ' """^'^ ^^'^rni>tcd 
 
 T?. Arbitration clause. 
 
 jy.arVs'Vt'Ee tre";r '' "^P""" ""«' i" the 
 I, rr-;---- I ,"I.3\P?'cent. was co£ eTr/hf ^'^*'='' "'« ''"tv 
 
 teT'tf fr ''P/"" "^ -""""-• "' '" '""^""-^ -^ as'foK.!!.'""''"'" - 
 
 V'rplices in omS' -^ ," ^^^'^ of vv. •, '"""'""""'"'"«i 'f about f 
 h*s„nderirt9Geo^^;^"S«^ Fa,™.„„„ 
 
 /"iJ'fife, bo cnllppfivli ' / "'" '""eaking 
 
 f ««in'sur^.,,te'reo, ^- ^''"•'^^ ^'"^"^ 
 f^-'Wlpavorniake CO d ^ '^ insurance 
 
 h 'f t'';;™v r, ^F^«^ -"^ «bSn'o ''rh^';«ri''t ^j^"- «"™,d be,„ total 
 
 H^tthebSin^i"*',^"'' in snch elapse before a SsWenTf 'r''.'^''" P^obaWy 
 
 £="yotherpoIicvwhich' "[»nyflre, be must be made in tK' " .^""''er reduction 
 
 pwnot.shallanniv,'^^'''''^ subject principle of whir- 1. 1. ""^o""' of a burden tho 
 
 b^lWe^^VoW^elXty"".'^ o/the by all'partiLr '"^'^ '"^ already been condemned 
 
 F-S^:d'^V^'^^N^^ ^« Government 
 
 £ 
 l,6.1I,2-,7 
 
 10 amount insured on— 
 
 fSd""'.'-" - - - 
 
 Jotaldutj _ • M,8N7 
 
 0,'.1",?„' """ '""'"W of about ' " ':99,:r,X 
 
 , Much proDprfv i,„. * -Miu.iTSrru; 
 
 insured, gh^f.rgrerscono f"" '•?'"'>'"« "n- 
 
 IV. lN8u«ANci: (Life). 
 ThatpartoftbebiKsinessofUf • 
 
 imB-sMm3m.ssF~ 
 
 ^mimmmm 
 
 so that we 
 } insurance 
 insurers or 
 
 t. 
 
 K 
 
 ;;i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 '* 
 
 V 
 
 ! 
 1 
 i 
 
 1 ,' 
 
 
 
 
 ^ t 
 
 f. 
 
k' 'i'« 
 
 1N8UBAT«CE 
 
 "■I* 
 
 
 ■. 
 
 -. 
 
 
 : ' ( 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 I 
 
 !■! 
 
 ranted in reckoning upon rcalijin^ moro than ; 
 
 r. [I'T 
 
 We»h<)uUlli«]lvu|nii 
 
 inMwe 100/. payable at »'* J " g^ium*, he ousht *'f. ?^ j ut,uintofall upoi> any institution f«un,W 
 M, or t»>r'CLTSu'X must plainly «"J»„" "^i'", ^potUcsis «rrcaU,^nK .^ per cu. „f 
 
 Si!S£^^«-/^^y^nveatin.tUe 
 
 liavo recourse to taoies '"" ,• i,,^ cities or '.Us- 
 
 Xervcd to talio place in P^'^'^^'^c. [Interest 
 
 ?ricts, as in Northani^n Carhs^^^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 AND Ansuitiks.] . "" % I-fg amonn an average 
 
 ment and «P«*='"i'"" *, of tiieir Uvea ^^ero accu- , ^. Societies ooniracui.BF"»l-— 
 
 population at.«^«^ yi'"doubte^ whether it woul ccnUiO ^ ^^^^^^j ^^ i,,i,- „ t„,y 
 
 rately determined, it is ~ office to P»°«f ' "^" cxw^ to innumerable unforcacti, 
 form a fair basis for an "«ujanc« ^^ ^^ thatj are exposes ^,^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^.^^^^^^^ 
 
 upon. The Bcncral "P "'"" t^c average ; for 
 Xuredlivcs arc decidedly atovo I ^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 France o^cesiny^^^X-e^oZ making tliem 
 principle of rejecting ba^"^e premium; and >t 
 pay a proportional increw^ « J presumed that 
 
 supposed to be t)f ' °" Y'^i| be insured.. It i3 
 arc most anxious they sh ^ „ctice for 
 
 rntVrest At the 'same time we would m \, 
 
 undcnttood as laying any undue "jc"' 'V'n thi, 
 
 opinion, and arc ready to admit that there m.w 
 
 alwavs be more of conjecture than ot certmiy 
 
 in such conclusions. _ . ,,,.., , 
 
 Spcuritv being the principal oWcct to be aiimd 
 
 „t hv ovcrv insurance office cstaWished on ,nunl 
 
 • inles "they would not actwiscly ifthiviiulu t 
 
 criculftte their premiums consiaerably hiijhct thm 
 
 mav appear necessary to those who look only at 
 
 what hM taken place since the bcgmnin;; „! ili.s 
 
 ^entur^-. Societies contracting prospective cii^aj- 
 
 >:^""' J„ _^, mnvrxtcnd for ball a century in hit* | 
 
 CMiitin- 
 
 , to know, or bebevc w^ ^^ ^y^^ 
 
 i„«Gre rand then to B^^tK S ^^^ ' """^ "jf 
 ';^licy in their f»v°;»;'i:",£e in the fraud. At all 
 Sraw 'a bonus for their share 1^^^ 
 
 events, there ^an be "'^ dually offered for in- 
 bers of Bue'^i'^'^' "*;„Sual convereant with 
 
 ral can exercise is n«<=^^JJ,-es3 of the bulk of 
 Sured up to the « J ^new ed., art ' An- 
 
 Stffi^^^-e ife"c^ni?etiaon ri^^^^^^^ 
 
 fe^nt oifices became so ^^ ^^'^^^^ ,, bad that 
 
 of late yea". J;hT„km^bvonr office or another; 
 they will not be taken b> 01 ^^^^^^ c- 
 
 and we doubt, were t^}«^^;f;,"\;%vould be found 
 riencc made. P"^!^,', tomdation for the opinion 
 that there is .">Vf^'Su?ed lives. . , . 
 as to the 8«P«7f ''I" nd condition n valuing 
 With respect to /he sccon ^^^^ ^ ^^ of 
 
 an insurance, or the rate at w jy^ ^ ar- 
 
 money may be est'inatc.^ ^^^^ 'conclusions. At 
 rive at anything like Jecurii ,isurance 
 
 "^averageVrhaps, tra- cto„« ^ ^om the 
 
 may extend over a pe"oa o .^^ ^^^^ ^ 
 
 Ume when they X'Seates changes m.ay take 
 lengthened term the gjeatcs ^^^ ^^ .^^^^^^4. 
 
 place in the rate of pn^'^ »^^ ^h ^^^ ^g.^^, appears 
 Mr.Finlaison, of the JNaiioiui ^^^^ ^ ^^.^ 
 
 fo think that 4i V". ^?"*^ Jrv, and that H « 
 true average rate "» t'^^^^/'^.^od "l^e apprehended, 
 a rate at winch "" ^"f, ' i829.) But this is not 
 (Pari. Paper No. 28*. ^f «•. ^fj^on seems to sup- 
 1 point on which i^^l^J^tl safely depended 
 pose) previous experience can u ^^^^^ . ^^^ 
 
 Tpon in forming enfCe^o, entering upon such 
 Were this the ProP" P^f ^ 'iild assign pretty solid 
 liscussions, we f^»S.at no inBtitution intended 
 
 TlAr r ne-rh^a^' -^-y --^'^ ^« ^''- 
 
 ,V ovnoscd to innumerable uniorcaceii CMiran- 
 
 W ^d they would be highly ccnj.ir*.| 
 
 anTSto'gcther unworthy of the public conMence, I 
 
 were they so to conduct tho.r a!Ta<rs tliat heyl 
 
 Itnrht be liable to serious cmbarraasmenu trool 
 
 flue nation in the rate of interest or an m,m 
 
 f c M^no^s or any other cause. The success tli>^ 
 
 ha SrSo attended the Equitable, an J «;! 
 
 S lonSstublished offices must not be tata, 
 
 anv criterion of what may befall them and ot^a 
 
 SuVingThe next 100 years. .Mr. Morgan h W 
 
 «Up .Vctuary of the Equitable, in his accod 
 
 ^f the rUe and progress of that institution p^ 
 
 ?/shed in 1828,\as satisfactorily shown t all 
 listiea in 10 , .^ ^ , J 
 
 rre^StoSumstanceswhichcannotpa;^ 
 grcc owinj, ' " premium, for example, clwrj 
 rtheTdety, so'Lte as 1771, for injuring J 
 S t life o7'a person ag«l 30 - U , | 
 
 insurers, in ™'^> .f,*?*\ considcraMo numJ 
 them had been paid oraco'^^^^^^ 
 
 y'^'^rs. Without ay vfumcc ^^-m 
 
 '^^ ""Tf SoS was aZe adequate to J 
 source ^^ P^'j^^'^tbUig rarely occur no;.4 
 society ; but sucn vim ^ • j.^ fj„J 
 
 '^^ "ffCli^eVr of to: CntocJ 
 sales of P°'|£ „%" !.„ftiUeanvtlungconiiJeil 
 allow any office to reahcany^^ k J 
 
 this way. .^o^V„, " couples thenul 
 these facts into ^•'^^'X^^vhichtell 
 frugal and cautious managemen j 
 
 3£i^^a„toapp^to-.P;| 
 
 lasting the boroscop- «,^, J 
 
 sprung into e^'^/f "^,^ ^ese '^™*''1^"'"1 
 llut, inJ«P«"'^^"' y Irsufficient to 4 
 are otlier circumstance^ st ^,j ^^^ 
 
 thegreatsucce^of^^«^^„„,,a«1 
 
 the close of "^\„,'' i„c,intherateofn( 
 
 diminution has ta^f" J^, .'neid.er ten] 
 the pubic tranqmWy ha .^^^^^^^^ 
 
 by foreign »"^f^"have not been oneel 
 «''^^.il'^f2,«vthatcircun.stanc«_^ad 
 
 now(l8G8)bereaus---^^^^^ 
 presume to say *"f„f" the insurant o«1 
 
^SUKANCE 
 
 •^SUKANCP 
 
 tliiak veiy highly of the prudencp of tlio«« „,i, , ^. 
 
 nrooi'ded to insure on Hiich an as«„»^!.* •"'<"*«» aJao con.iH^, u. .. 763 
 
 Lmy, wa t«ko leave .gain to ^poaT T ',•?• «'''haocictie.,T„" ijfn "'' * '•'"''"'^y. ">con8titu.in. 
 
 Mkve, .dmitle.1 on nil hand,, that tl.p „Ji "' "^^ ".»<-'i«ty to bo nr,l."T. 'n.«"'tM'M ; for 8unl»1"„ ? 
 
 Scanty. woMk^l^^v;:;,:;;, ^onnfV??- 'I-^S^^ S''" f^''"'^. '"con^tit..,^ 
 in,a,an«. the pflr«,no«ntloM«i,ler«tio„ ' It 1 1' "«■'»« "'"I'TCl ow'^"''''V««='e«rlyrtwe^^^^^ 
 Wiev., .dmitte,! on all hand,, that the prem unT^ r'"'^ *" '"' "" r.cr,r„ri?'"'i:"' '"'"upSffa 
 «. .e one time too hi^h : but w„ ..^-..{"^^ ^,^ 'o«o who h«^^ b/l^S o U Sh , '^'T""^" "h«t 
 
 then, t.^ CiltTf"']'^ "h""!,;,:' '?".'"" ''<='^^'"nu- 
 
 nur«i on a i nana,, that the premiin . T. '^ ^ "o ProspcrouH f • k™ ' '"^ »uPPo»inir a 
 
 «.r» .e one time too hi^h ; b,.t wo doubt whe?er I T? '"1"' ''«^ " '"''S o h ^l" , 'V'»<"'«blo tha? 
 
 iheiendcncyst present be not to sink thomt.^ n"°'-' ?'".•■«« fund Ku ,71'^ '' '''"''<='^"'nu 
 
 iiw, A great relaxation ha., takon nkro -., • P''""'''pntinBin Hub „ "J'"^' to new pntm^t 
 
 livfj; una the advertisement., i ailv nnr,o».;" . """» in the riirl.tu ..c 'i ''^'" '" *" ' ' 
 
 Iw, A great relaxation ha., taken place ovL- P^^'cip' 
 the incMt re.ipcetablt' otHoes, a., to tho «nlLf "i ""C'etv c 
 
 Ihe,; ,-,d the advertisement., .inilvapptS' In ""'•"' '" "^'^^^'^ "f 'Z Z"';'" ''•'"'i"7dS- 
 tk ncw.ipapers. an( the prnctioc, ki ,.,... Z*^ ."' """es of vcai-I, -.,. i '"•''"'J'-w duriiiTr „ i" 
 
 )rob«l.l» fi...» . •""^"leii; nor is if. .„,i„„l? 
 
 
 wellwlwt He 18 alwut before bo decide, ..^ T"^ P""'o8 in some nf n,r \"""»c'tinL- claim, ^.f-Jir 
 ,fc^ith which he is to insur^ »T" ''W «^"t«ncc m^ „ir *"*'.'•'''«■'' ''ftlii, sort nf ^° 
 .U.«ents. unless where thev eman;to fr r' '" I" "■« ^n^UoulT^'ly '"»^« to be aj 'Tf' • 
 W„.ls of unnuestionable c^arac?er a„d ,c"n!.e' '"I"''- ' "^ ^^ "" ^^'^^ "^ the tt 
 
 iiaghinottogoformuch. Lifeinsuiano« if '-'^' ^^upposinff thn r., ■ « i^egls- 
 
 ik»,ostdeceptivcof busincMes; and oSmav?* 'T'"""" ^^'»ch retain H."""? ''«™a"de.l by the 
 1 .iM^iime have all the appearance ofnrn.n ••.'"■ ?*'*'«»' to be fair v ^^ '''''"'e Profits to ^«,n 
 .hiohare, nntwithstandinff estaWrHheffnn'^*^'"-''' '"^urwl, we shon hT I!'''P°«'oncd to the v«. 
 ■mm foundation. If a man n,ure a h. " ''"'^ "'•«' «" I.TwhoTn .''° """"•"' t« thi,^k tharn"'* 
 ,.bipwitha9ocietv,oran Indivi dual nf x^^""" °'" " '^''e subscribe in'. ' °."""" «''vi«able to in,? "'•''>' 
 
 4 doubtful; he will fS'h"'Srrl'l^^ 
 liketeek. But life insurance is oVh <, ?^ h^^a'th of tlio nnrfn^"' ?''?"«'» Union &c am? * 
 |i«eDt.ir8ir. Thebarffainisone hJT " ''"^- "' the case of »• "I ('*'''''^^'' « allliablo ? ''''' 
 
 fc#concludedfor,pfZpr5o\?„"^ ^^:i»"^ «^ or^th^o Z^"^' -""plnt^' to X 
 
 Kg.eof ade.Lofm--r^S teS '^V^ 
 
 y^rr^^^^-^^r into three te 
 
 Ifcmnred is not the same in all • «n/i •^^''''' ^'"» a mixedVnr^ expedient, perhans 7, . , 
 L* on which the Xtm nt ?,'''" r-'-'""' '""^^es 0^^- ^'!'« ^ub^cSd'c^S 
 
 *sjwhr;r;£;ire^tr=r"4 '^^^^^^ ™^"^. ".at an 
 
 |»««n,,has„otonlyhi7ollifJ"'''* P'*'"^"^'- '"embers 'bL" '•i^P°°^^i''ilitv T 'he^inT'^!*/'"'' 
 I ^''""''he proprietary 
 
 
 ■m 
 
 i 
 
 
701 
 
 INSURANCE 
 
 . ", 
 
 I 
 
 J ■ 
 
 . I 
 
 
 I I 
 
 ■*; 
 
 ■'■' 
 
 t 
 
 body cf the pfrfocl NoUdity of tho Mtablixlimcnt. 
 Suc'li n (loubl innv be, nnil wo bplicvo n'nlly i», very 
 ill-rdundod; but t)ie public will, must likely, bu in- 
 clined to think that the propricton ought to know 
 better than niiyono eUc. 
 
 The allotniurit of prollt to tho inHurrd inado by 
 the mixed companiod in Homctimcs efl'octed by a 
 diminution of tho premiuniH, and )U)nictiineH by in- 
 
 inj; prior to the number mid dale (if tlio ,„r 
 as afori'Kaid. Minll huve Ix-en reduccil to ■ iiiin i ' ' 
 juoh poliey Hhull bu within the „,,,„,i,;„ |;,^;'' , 
 from the tinio when tho redueti.m ,imi| imv,, 
 oscerlained, in manner htreinaltLTiinMiiioiu.ir,'" I 
 tho payniontH nmdo thereon »iibM(m,.nt tn',„i' 
 ascertained reduction. And tiie lik,' , ' 
 
 cases. And this by law hIiuII Ik 
 
 creasing tho sum in tho |M)licv; and individuals part of every such order, and uliall be v 
 
 Kliould, ill dealing with such goeieties, Helcct, ' — .- ■ .•- ■ 
 
 other tliinf^ being e(^nal, the association with 
 wliich to insure, accorduig as they wish to insure 
 « large sum, or to get the prcniiinns reduced. 
 
 We subjoin, from Mr. liabbagu's work on Life 
 Aisurance, tho following statement of the terms 
 of the variouf) mixed companies, as to the division 
 of the prollts with the insured. They are, for tho 
 most part, exceedingly vague. (This woris of Mr. 
 liabbage contains a good deal of useful information, 
 intermixed, however, with not a few errors and inis- 
 Ntatements. It was mostably reviewed in tho DOth 
 Kuniber of tho Edinbnrgh Review.) Wo also sub- 
 join an account of the conditions, in respect of pro- 
 tits, under which new entrants arc admitted into 
 tho Equitable. 
 
 Alliance.— At the periods of participation of tho 
 Company in the profits of its.concerns, every policy 
 for the whole term of life, which shall have [laid o 
 entire annual premium^, shall, if tho allowance bo 
 made in reduction of annual premium, be entitled 
 to such reduction from the original charge as shall 
 then, and from time to time, bo declared; but if 
 the allowance bo in addition to the amount assured, 
 that addition shall alio be continually declared 
 from time to time. 
 
 Persons assuring their own lives have tho optitm 
 of declaring at the time of ell'ecting the .insurance, 
 whether they will participate in the prni ly an 
 addition to their policy, or by a rcdu< >n of 
 premium. 
 
 Atlas, — Persons assuring for the whole term of 
 life for 100/. and upwards, in Great liritain and 
 Ireland respectively, will be entitled, at the end 
 of C'-ery 5th year, to particijiate in the surplus 
 premiums, to bo then ascertained by actual 
 valuation. 
 
 Crown. — Two-thirds of such profits as shall 
 periodically be declared divisible will be appor- 
 tioned amongst assurers for the whole term of 
 life, and may be applied to the reduction of the 
 future annual premiums, or to the increase of the 
 cum assured, as may be desired. 
 
 Kcimomic. — At present ^ of the savings and 
 profits divided amongst the assured entitled to 
 participate therein, by additions to their policies, 
 proportioned to their respective contributions, and 
 in order to afford them the immediate benetit of 
 such additions, interest thoreon applied annually 
 in reduction of their premiums. 
 
 Equitable. — That in case any prospective addi- 
 tion shall hereafter be ordered to be made to the 
 claims upon policies of assurance in this Society, 
 such order shall not take cllcct with rcs)Kct to any 
 policy granted after December 31, 181G, until the 
 assurances existing in the Society prior in number 
 and date to such policy, and if of the same date, 
 prior in the number thereof, shall be reduced to 
 6,000 ; but as soon as such reduction shall have 
 been ascertained in manner hereinafter mentionud, 
 the said policy shall be within ilic effect and opera- 
 tion of the order for such addition, as to the pay- 
 ments made thereon subsequent to such ascertained 
 reduction ; so that if such order should be made to 
 take effect generally from January 1, 1820, for the 
 .space of 10 years then next following, a policy 
 clfected in t&e year 1817 shall not be within the 
 operation of such order until the assurances exist- 
 
 ' Its til 01 her I 
 
 ''uiiaidcrt.' a, a ( 
 
 lii.'orporated therein, although the «amewinl!i| 
 be thereby expressly referred to. ' ' 
 
 That in case any retrospecUvc ft,l,li,i„n ,|,,,|| 
 herealler bo ordered to be made t.i duim, „ I 
 policies of assuraneo in this .Soeielv sudi , j 
 shall not take eil'ect with respect tdanv 
 granted after December 31, 1810, muji tlna^urJ 
 aiices existing in the Society prior in nuinlxrai 
 date, and If of the same date, prior i>i th, nu,,,, J 
 thereot, shall bo reduced to 5,000 ; but wli.i, ihT 
 said reduction shall have been a.fariaiind ii 
 manner heainufter mentioned, smh |K,iiov ,||J 
 be within the effect and opcraliun, anil cniJtWi 
 the benefit of such order, with respect i„ upH 
 payment made thereon subsequent to m\\txA 
 tamed reduction; so that if such onlor shall I 
 made to take effect general Iv as to pavracntJinidl 
 before January 1, 1H20, a policy eflected In i|] 
 year 1817 shall not be within the effect ami opcij 
 tion thereof, unless the life assured shall exij 
 and the |)ayinents continue to be maJc, umii 
 assurances existing in tho Society prii.r lii t, 
 number and date of the policy, as liforcsaiil, <k 
 be reduced to 6,UU0; but assi'wn as such ndiidij 
 shall have been ascertained, in manner 1 
 after mentioned, such policy shall I." witljij i 
 effect and oi)eralion of such order for tlic sera 
 payments made thereon as aforcsaiil. AnJ( 
 like as to other cases. And this bv-law shal 
 considered as a part of every aucli ordtr, i 
 bo virtually incorporated therein, alihoujii 
 same may not W thereby expressly refernul tJ 
 
 That an entiuiry be made on April 1 in ti] 
 year in order to ascertain the number ufassura 
 made and existing in this Society; and wtei 
 shall have been ascertained by such enqnin- j 
 the assurances existing prior to Jamiarv 1, i 
 were, on December 31 iniincdiately prcceiiin;;^ 
 enquiry, reduced IkjIow the number of 5,M,| 
 actuary do report the same to tlie court of dire 
 who shall communicate such report tothequar 
 general court, to be holden in the June f.Jlii 
 and that as many of such policies as had j 
 mode subsequent to December 31, IJiKi.i 
 were existing in the Society on Dtcembed 
 immediately prectiling such eni|iiiri-, he si 
 according to the priority in their dain ami i 
 bcrs, and if of the same date, accmding id 
 priority in their number.-i, to those abuve f 
 tioned, as shall be sullicient to conplellj 
 number to 5,000 ; and tliat the pcrsuiisl 
 the policies so added shall be considered \H 
 forward as entitled to such additions as si 
 thereafter made in resiKict of all the pavj 
 made subsequent to such ascertained red* 
 and, under tho same restrictions, to the] 
 privileges of attending at the pcoeral i 
 and of being eligible to tlie office of ilirecloi 
 
 That after the vacant numbers i i theasiuj 
 existing in tho Society on Jan. 1, WIT, *m 
 been tilled up agreeably to the forcguii*' I 
 the actuary, on April Tin pvorj- siicceftliijr 
 do ascertain the vacancies whicli havelaiw 
 in the preceding year in ilie |)o!icies mA 
 the .5,000 mcnlii'ined iu ihe 5lh r.'solnlij 
 report the same to the court of direcioa 
 shall communicat.' snch re|)ort to Ihc qij 
 general court in the month of Ju"' 
 
 , ; manner 
 I K'rnetors' p„ar| 
 
 Ff*d lathe, 
 
 '^'If Mmciai 
 
 ?f''.«fltoSocietvl 
 
 »i|s transactions! 
 
 P^-^Nic assured,, J 
 
 .J"'"' Clerical . 
 '"OofhYeHiJibel 
 _ "f'pnciors the o 
 
 *''■* ^«'wi,-The 1 
 "''-' added at stflfl 
 
 "I^'nelycontribuJ 
 
\,\m \ ijiii 
 nil thtttii[ I 
 \vavc \in-n I 
 
 lit lO 'll'll I 
 M to llllii't I 
 
 sidi'tt'' i< 1 1 
 X' vimul'yl 
 ,nit uuy r." 
 
 \X\\\m iliilll 
 claims ii|«iil 
 y, until I'l'i'tT 
 til any \r\v) 
 itil till u-utj 
 ,n luimWt Mil 
 ill till' uumui 
 but wli'i' iM 
 ascitlamiil it 
 :\\ i«)licy Aal 
 anil cniiiW v 
 
 ■ spi'Cl M tvci] 
 I to audi li-v:«^ 
 , (inlet sliall 1 
 
 i.nccteil ill llj 
 effect ami opcJ 
 urwl sliall "i 
 B miwlc. until'] 
 ;io.tv pti"' I" '' 
 IS ifotcsaiil, ski 
 , assuchiiilu'iij 
 n inamier lieie 
 ,ii\l iio witliin il 
 jcr for thcscv^ 
 fotcsaul. AnJj 
 Lhii by-law sW 
 ry siicli (lite, i 
 
 »cpovttollicil« 
 
 tiicJiiiwiM 
 
 131,1810, an" 
 on \k«^H 
 
 |ty 
 
 eiiuuin-, 
 
 ruciiaaiwaii'i 
 
 Ttc, accoito?" 
 
 ko tliosc above 
 
 Int to wi . 
 
 llic v«*"» " 
 
 toiisiilcrc'l II 
 
 I aiWHl'*' as 
 1 of all tlic Wi 
 L-crtainc>l 'f 
 lictioiw, to t . 
 the pM«' 
 icffiouoff^" 
 II the 
 sbi 
 
 iil„i,i«mnnv policies s-hall be ndilod. nccorilinR 
 
 ri Drioritv of tlieir ''"'cs and iiiinihtT.M, niul if 
 
 "I "..iniciaiiMtcconliiiK' •" tlio prii)rity in tlicir 
 
 lit M '•'"'^ '•" siilUi ii'iit to Odmiilefe tlxe 
 
 '''"l* ',„ j,OiiO;niiil timt tho iiorsons liuliliiij,' 
 
 T Mliries'itl'"'! lln'iiCfforward bo rdiiHiilerednH 
 
 ilu 111 such niMilioiw "» »bnll lie tboronftiT 
 '"1 ;„ n„p,rt of all imviiioiits nindo uulise.iuiMit 
 
 ,1, il,,;,ftlii'|iriM'P<liiiK December, nnd, under 
 
 lUm« rH"''''"""' '""'" »''n;M'"\'H7;' "'' 
 I tlnHni! the KHUTfll inmrts, and lieiiig eligible to 
 
 ' ''i'roiili'ii tlint notbins hereby ordered shall be 
 , ,j,i,.l lo autliorisc nn addition to tbo hiiui 
 I'jtiii liv aiiv l>"liO'. "1«>" which policy tho 
 ' I,,„i",,avinrnt8 rciiinied in that respect by 
 liM r.Miit I'v-laivs of the Society fhall not have 
 
 U-Tliosc by-laws require that annual pay- 
 
 '.•.iTtliciiiisi'liiill liavc been made before any 
 
 litaim tu a claim can take jilacc ; nnd when such 
 
 Lwni* sliall l'av« ''f"" '""''''' '''" P''^'-^ ^^■"' 
 Kmliiieil to be received, in his turn, into 
 lihj aante of iiersona entitled to additions ai 
 
 (;^ji,i,,_Pcrf!ons assured for the whole tenii 
 lIMewillU' entitled at the end of every 5 years 
 luaiticipate ill the protits of tho Company, after 
 \Zwm of such sum per aiinuni, for the 
 iniK of the capital, a» the directors may think 
 jouWeUhe extent of which is, however,limitcd 
 -vikdioiefi'Cttlcmcnt. 
 
 I'lkt'luf I't the protits to be so allowed to tho 
 V»i «»>' 'ithf f ''c '"'''«''' *° •^'"^ O't'ount of 
 itiiifti»xiive policies, or tlio value thereof lie 
 fclfflifliictionof t lie prom iums hereafter to 
 kpivillf a such policies, provided such option 
 fdftWi.: writing witliiu 3 calendar months 
 isiiit(nl.e ilividuud shall have been declared ; 
 Ltif.'aihi'i'lion bcnot declared, such share of 
 liuiillbe adilcd to the amount of policies. 
 |fi.(i(.-The business of this ollice has been trans- 
 _ftl 10 lilt Imperial. 
 
 Ilijwii/.-L'pon every policy clTccted for the 
 
 Vfetfm of life, the assured will participate in 
 
 (iffiisof the Company by having periodical 
 
 iuumaJe to the sums' insured to the amount 
 
 '\i(sit\ dear gains and protits. 
 
 '«/,;('(,- At stated periods, the surplus of the 
 
 KBi-iinfrom the premiums of assuraiico, nnd 
 
 iimnmlation beyond what may be tlioiij;ht 
 
 »«;• 111 answer the expected claims upon the 
 
 . V ill Ijo ascertained ; and as large a portion 
 
 i!iviii!;sasinay be deemed consistent with 
 
 I fcirity i)f the' institution will bo divided 
 
 fm lie proprietors and the assured in 
 
 Ifciiii™!,' manner:— ! will be transferred to 
 
 Iti'rrietors' guarantee fund; and revcr- 
 
 •ums, equivalent to the remaining ;, 
 
 IkiMtiltothe policies of those who f-liall 
 
 1 m i yeata assured for the whole term 
 
 '» Uff Association. — I'he distinguishing 
 ilc oltliis Society is, that the benelits result- 
 aits transactions shall be enjoyed by tb ' 
 Itedurini,' life, so as to render life assurance 
 V 111 Ac assured ui a due regard to security 
 
 ,l»r3i>tb«a*"l! 
 
 aii.l|l*'' 
 the lor''g"",'^J 
 ,,.,n. siioeec K 
 
 •l,iciiha«'*l 
 
 policies ciiiifl 
 
 icrnhri'soliiti 
 
 rt of ifi 
 ■port to the q|^ 
 • „f June 
 
 JoniiC/frira?.— Persons assured for the 
 
 (fttiin of lite will be entitled to share with the 
 
 "1 proprietors the gencrid profit" of the busi- 
 
 pipr»iioraoii to the amount of their respective 
 
 ■llMS. 
 
 *'k rnim,— The whole of the surplus 
 ^'isaJJedat stated periods to the policies 
 Nmtcrs, in proportion to the suras they 
 |iK[«tively contribute J. 
 
 INSURANCE rfir) 
 
 AitiA. — That tho Raid bonuit shallbcshort of iliu 
 actual surplus protitA at tho time of iiinkiiig the 
 same, by the nun of f),(Ml((/. at Icnst, 
 
 That the bonuri so declared shall be divided into 
 3 C(|ual parts. 
 
 'Ihut one of the snid [larts i-hnll be added to nnd 
 coiisiilidalod with Ibu subscript iuii capital stock, 
 ('riiis is thi^ proprietors' fund.) 
 
 That the remaining )| be allotted to tho policies 
 in the manner described in the deed. 
 
 That the sum to which any pi rson assured by 
 the Company may become cntitlcii under an> such 
 distribution shall be paid by the Company w'ithoiit 
 interest, at tlio time when t'-e sum assured by tlio 
 pidicy shall become payable, and not before. 
 
 Union, — Those who assure with this Co'.npany 
 will participate with the pro|iri('tor^ in the protits 
 of the estabiiHhincnt, which will bo added every 7 
 years to the respective policies. 
 
 University. — As it is inteinled that tho capital 
 advanced shall bo repaid to the shareholder with 
 11 bonus of lUO/. per cent., i\, of tho profits, when 
 ascertained by a valuation of all existing risks, 
 will every .'> years be ajiplied to form a fund for 
 that purpiigc. 
 
 The remaining ■,•,, of the profits to be divided 
 between the assured and tho shareholder, in tho 
 proportion of 8 parts to the former and 1 to tho 
 latter. 
 
 The profit or bonus to the assured to be given 
 either by a diniinution of tho rate nf nremium, or 
 by an increase of the amount of policy, at the 
 option of the party. 
 
 Westininstvr. — Jly a regulation taking effect from 
 Sfay 9, 1H32, this Society makes a positive addition 
 of 10 per cent, every 10th year to all sums insured 
 on single lives, for the whole terra of life, by 
 policies issued after that date ; but it no longer 
 grants any new policies. 
 
 Ill order to binder the growth of gambling trans- 
 actions upon life insurance, it was judiciously 
 cn.icted by stnt. It Geo. III. c. 48 that — 
 
 No insurance shall be made by any person or 
 iiersoiis, bodies politic or corporate, on llio life or 
 lives of any person or persons, or any other event 
 or events whatsoever, where the person or persons, 
 for whose use or benefit, or on whose account, sucli 
 policy or policies shall be made, shall have nn 
 interest, or by way of gaining or wagering ; and 
 that every insurance made contrary to the truo 
 intent and meaning of this Act shall be null 
 and void to all intents and purposes whatsoever. 
 (Sec. 1.) 
 
 It shall not bo lawful to make any policy oc 
 policies on the life or lives of any person or persons, 
 or other event or events, without inxerting in suc/t 
 policy or policies the nameor namesof the person or 
 persons interested tiierein, or for what use, benefit, 
 or on whose account such policy is so made or under- 
 wrote. (Sec. 2.) 
 
 In all cases where the insured has an interest 
 in such life or lives, event or events, no grcate? 
 sum shall be recovered or received from the in- 
 surer or insurers than tho amount or value of the 
 interest of the insured in such life or lives, op 
 other event or events. (Sec. 3.) 
 
 A creditor has an insurable interest in the life 
 of his debtor; but it was decided, in a case which 
 arose out of a policy on the life of the late Mr. 
 Pitt, that if, after the death of a debtor whose 
 life is insured by a creditor, nnd before any action 
 is brought on the policy, tho debt be paid, no 
 action will lie. 
 
 All insurance ofHces either insert in their policies 
 or refer in them to a declaration signed by the 
 insured, setting forth his age. or the ago of the 
 party upon whom he is making an insiurance j 
 
 r 
 
 \\ 
 
I 
 
 7fl0 
 
 INHUUANCE 
 
 • «. 
 
 4 
 
 wlicthor he liai or Iiiih not had the Nmall-fiox, K<>ut, 
 Ac. ; ' thnt he is not iirlli<'t('il with any tliiiuritcr 
 tliiit ti'iids to Ihn nhiirli'nin^ of liru; that this 
 di'i'liiriitiriii iK til ho the haniHoi'thu roiilraot liotwcrii 
 him nnd tho HDcit'ty ; iiml ihnt, if thi-ro Ihs any 
 initrne avtirmont in it, nil itii> nunu-y pniil tn tin- 
 Horioty u|ion account of the iiiHurancoHhall \n'. for- 
 feit oil to th<'ni. (See I'iinn, /Htiit,) 
 
 'I'lic cunditiim as to thr party not hcin^ atllirti'd 
 with any diHordor that tcndrt to the Hliortciiin^; of 
 life i» vaf;u(>, and has u'wvu riMO to n ^'ikhI deal of 
 discusnion. Ihitit !?• now si-t tied that this condition 
 in KutHcipntly complied witli if the inHntrd be in a 
 reaNonably gmxl Hiatc of health ; and althoiiKh he 
 may ha alllicted wilh«onie iliscaMo, yet if it can lie 
 Nhown that thi.s diseaHc (loe.s not tend to .ihorten 
 life, and waH not, in fact, tho cau.so of tho party's 
 death, the iiiNiirer will not be exonerated: '.Such a 
 warranty,' said Lord Manslield, 'can never mean 
 that a man lian not in him tho seeds of Nomo dis- 
 order. Wo are ,'ill iiorii with the seeds of mortality 
 in us, Tho only (Hiistion is, whether tlie insnreil 
 was in a mixntuibh/ ;/•»"(/ atnte of heatlh, otid sncli 
 tl lifo as ou;;'ht to be insured on common terms.' 
 (Marshall On Jnnuianii; book iii,; I'arlc (>/i Jn- 
 Mirance, c. '2'2.) 
 
 I'oliciea of life insurance must lie on stamped 
 paper, tho duty hoini^ an follows : vi/. — 
 
 When the sum insuri;d shall not e>:cced 500/., 
 for every 50/., and any fractional part of fiO/., (!(/. 
 
 ExceediuK 500/. and not exceediii); 1,000/., for 
 every 100/. and any fractional jiart of 100/., U. 
 
 Exccctdinj; 1,000/., for every 1,000/. and any frac- 
 tional part of 1,000/., 10». 
 
 VVc subjoin a statement of the terms and con- 
 ditions on which tho Sun Life Assurance Society 
 transacts business, and a copy of one of its policies 
 upon the life of a [lerson aneil .'!o, insuring his own 
 life for 1,000/, 'J'hc conditions of most of the other 
 societies are similar, and may be learned by any 
 one, on applying either at the head otiices in town 
 or at their agents' in the countrv. Tho premitnns 
 demanded by the principal othccs are exhibited 
 in Table V. 
 
 Sun Life, — An assurance for a term of years, or 
 for the whole continuance of life, is a contract on 
 tho part of the ollice to continue tho assurance 
 during that term, on the payment of a certain 
 annual premium, but the assured may drop it 
 whenever the end is answered for which the 
 assurance was made. 
 
 An assurance for the whole duration of life may 
 be cfFccted cither with or without participation in 
 the profits of the society, and at an annual, half- 
 yearly, or quaitcrly premium, at a premium pay- 
 able during a limited number of years only, or at 
 a single premium. 
 
 Conditions of Assurance, 
 
 Persons effecting assurances on the lives of 
 others must have a pecuniary interest in the lives 
 to the full amount assured. 
 
 Assurances effected by persons on the lives of 
 others are not void jn case of death by suicide, 
 duelling, or the hands of justice. 
 
 In the event of the death by suicide, duelling, 
 or the hands of justice, of persons to whom assur- 
 ances have been granted on their own lives, the 
 assurances, although void so far as respects such 
 persons, remain in force so far as any other person 
 or persons shall then have a bon& fide interest 
 therein, acquired three months previously to such 
 decease by assignment, or legal or equitable lien, 
 upon due proof of tho value of such interest being 
 made to the satisfaction of the managers, according 
 to the claimant's debt or purchase-money, with 
 interest, and premiums paid by him; and if any 
 
 ruTs-m asHurcd upon his own life, »nil who .h.iil 
 have been «o for at least five vcan, ilicl,v 1,,, I 
 hands, and not /./.. </<■ „; the iiiaiiai;,;„ a, 
 lilierty, if they think proper, to pay f„r tl,„ i,,,^.. 
 of hiH family any niiiii not oxiTedin.' whit nl 
 society wouhl have paid fur tho purchn.r„i hj 
 interest in the policy, if it liiiil W;.n .surrciA 7 
 to the Rocietv the d'ly previimg to lii, ,i,.,Jj 
 proviiled the interest in such iwsiirancc tlim u J 
 the assiireil, or in any Iriisteo or trujtw-i i„rh,« 
 or for his wife or ehililren. ""«"""rliia 
 
 Assiiraiiee-* which have become void (,vn,„ 
 piiymcntol tho premium within liftien iiav< and 
 the time stipulateil in the |ioiiiv, may 1,,. ,;.„.,] 
 on ivrodiictli.n of salisfiietorv |iri)iprti.'tli..iiiu,i3 
 of the health of the person oi, wliiis,.. life the i-iij 
 aiici^ was made, and payment of tin; nr,.ni,I 
 within lliriK' calendar nionllis, tn(,'ii||,r wjih J 
 additional sum of 10*. upon every luo/.msui 
 by the policy. 
 
 Claims arc paid within three mnnthH after tj 
 tificates (according to the roi|iiircil t„rm-)(f li 
 death and burial of thu deceawd arc ah|,rovtd| 
 the managers. ' 
 
 No assurance can take place until thi; first rt 
 mcnt is made. '" 
 
 A ccrtitlcate of birth or baptism sbuuM l»"i 
 duced, if iiossilile, lielore the piilirv is it,M-\ ' 
 
 Name of the life to be assured. ' 
 
 I'rofcssion or occupation, 
 
 I'resent residence, 
 
 riuce of birth. 
 
 Date of birth. 
 
 Age next birth-day, 
 
 Sum, 
 
 Term, 
 
 Name and addition of the usual mcJicalatM 
 ant of the life proposed. 
 
 Name and addition of two noii-mcilifil | 
 feroes. 
 
 Has your medical referee often atlfmliil 
 professionally V 
 
 When did he last see you profi'ssionallv.J 
 for what complaint or disease? f 
 
 lias he ever attended you for any sen 
 illness V 
 
 What was the nature of it? 
 
 Have you ever had any scriou.s illness? 
 
 What was tho nature of it'/ 
 
 By whom were you then attendcir/ 
 
 Have j-ou ever had rheumatic fercr. | 
 asthma, or any lit or tits? 
 
 Have you ever been afllicted with nipinrel 
 
 Have you ever exhibited any symptom of | 
 sumption or other disease of the lungs? 
 
 Are your parents living? 
 
 If not, state the diseases of which tkr j 
 and their ages at the time of death'/ 
 
 How many brothers and sisters hiwl 
 had? 
 
 Have you lost any ?— if so, state the ngd 
 the diseases of which they died; and iheirl 
 at the time of death. I 
 
 Have any of your near relations dieJ »f I 
 snmptioiiof the lungs, or other pulmonanilL* 
 
 If so, state tho rclotionship, and the agcsat^ 
 they died. 
 
 Are you afflicted with any disoidcr tenifl 
 shorten life ? J 
 
 Are you afflicted with disease or disonifr< 
 kind? 
 
 What is the state of your health genei 
 
 Have you had the small-pox or h 
 natedV 
 
 Has your life been declined b^any o'''«J 
 ance office, or accepted at an incteised r 
 premium ? 
 
INSURANCE 
 
 7fl7 
 
 I 1, Vttl)V ctTtifv tlmt I am now in k<><"1 
 
 ,i limi I'll" onliiinrily enjoy a k<m)<1 state of 
 
 Uih' thiit I a'" ""'"'f ""'' '«"M''r«'" '» ""y 
 
 I of lifr. ni"' ''"»' ' ""' ""^ ""'"'''' "' ""•^' 
 
 liMiiliiiS •" "liMten "'y life or to 
 
 on it more tnun uMially 
 
 I kiliit) 
 
 1 ^'ir' 
 
 |laili"«'iiainen 
 
 y I ilo hffcbv furthor certify that I Imvo 
 lij,l nvasiim for inedieal uilvice or nsslst- 
 
 l,,,,j;iririi(thc last 
 
 '"v. ,il,,„lknii« noothcr medical practitioner 
 ^MBipMit I" ••I'ftil'y »» '•> "'y I'calth, habit*, 
 mlwii-tiiuliiin B.t '« 
 
 • avcrtlVrren. . 
 
 Ilic poliev ilcsircu, 
 SiffiitJ 
 
 ijiBiuuiiccstoljCijcnt to 
 
 JWltradcn to t< "K"'« "'"' *'9""^ h t"" "» 6«Aa'/ 
 ,, a f (MUN u7w /jrupoJt'd <o »iaA«! an atturance on 
 
 iitlift (if another, 
 
 Lr.W"ath(iothnr Biilo hereof, boinn desirous 
 
 (ifconn-with tlio Sim Life Awuranco Society 
 
 tti^unxfi on the life of 
 
 \it^M on the other Bide, do hereby decluro 
 
 1' 1 hive an interest in h life to tlio full 
 
 wt^dhcsaiil Slim of £ ; tliat to the 
 
 Lt fravltnowloit'e and l)clicf h nua does 
 
 iaM' years; that he is now in good 
 
 it lilt hi'" docs ordinarily enjoy n good 
 
 tolMth. that he ia sober and temperate 
 
 bh Witsiif life, that the whole of the state- 
 
 LttJHll»"thcr side hereof are true, and that 
 
 laiDoni'ire of any other circumstaneo tcndiiif; 
 
 \ikml life, or to reiidcr an assiiraneo on it 
 
 LrtiluaMallv hazardous; and this deolaralion 
 
 IM kite basis' of the contract between me and 
 
 [aiJiocioty; and if any untrue averment is 
 
 jtiimd in this declaration!! or in the statements 
 
 flit other side hereof, in setting forth h age, 
 
 f health, habits, profession, occupation, or 
 
 udmuMtanccs, then all moneys which shall 
 
 itlttiipaiiltothe society upon account of the 
 
 t made in consequuiiee thereof shall be 
 
 Dated the day of 18 
 
 lilwi Signed 
 
 kn ty Ihe Sim Life Assurance Society for 
 jL.'.W. M the Life of A. li., aged thirty, insuring 
 
 olift. 
 
 Sis Life Assurance Sociktv. 
 
 oiler of assurance witnesseth, that, whereas 
 il.t!q.,of — Square, London, being desirous 
 
 ' i an assurance upon his own life for the 
 kiiuiation thereof, and having subscribed, or 
 
 1 to be subscribed, and delivered into this 
 
 ^^declaration setting forth his ordinary and 
 
 Bt state of health, wherein it is declared that 
 
 |iKe of tlie said A. B. did not then exceed 30 
 
 ; and haraf; paid to the managers for the 
 llile.\ssuiance Society, at their office in the 
 pf London, the sum of twenty-four pounds 
 p Mings and eight-pence sterling, as a 
 fwiiion for the assurance of the sum under- 
 
 ^ned for me year from the twentieth day of 
 
 •bow all men by these presents, that in 
 ItM Mid assured shall happen to die at any 
 Iwithin the term of one year, as above set 
 ^ lie stock and funds of this Society shaU be 
 
 •IiMni(.neHbltlhday. 
 
 stilijert and lliiblo to pay nml mnkn goo<l to the 
 cxeinitors, ndniini:4tnitorH, or nvisii^ns of the miid 
 ansurcd, wit hill three monihi after the demlKO of 
 till* said aMsii'ed shall have U'en duly c'rtilled to 
 the managers aforesaid, at their saiil oilier, the 
 sum of one thousand |K>unil.4 sterling, <>f lawful 
 immey of (ircat Dritaiii, with siirli addilion or 
 ailditions as the managers for the said Society 
 may from thiiu to time make thereto, under tliu 
 powers vested in them by an Act of I'arllnmriit 
 made and passed in the seventh year of King 
 William W . cap. 17. 
 
 It is hereby agreed that this poliev may con- 
 tinue in force from yinr to year, iiiitirihe expira- 
 tion of the term first above-mentioned, provided 
 that the said assured sliall duly pay, or cause lo 
 be |)ai<l, to the miinaKors, at ihrir khIiI olHcr, on 
 or before the iiiiieteentli day of October next en- 
 suing, the Slim of twenty-t'oiir poiiiids eleven shil- 
 lings and eight-iienie sterling, and the like sunt 
 annually, on or before the (lay aforesoid ; wliii'h 
 annual payments shall bo accepted, at every 
 such |M>riod. as a full consideration for sueli 
 assurance. 
 
 And it is hereby further agreed that the 
 assurance by this pcdicy shall be extenilecl 
 during jieaco to the risk of the above-named 
 A. 11. ];s(|,, dying upon Iho sea in passing be- 
 tween any one part of Kiiropo to ony other part 
 of luirope, 
 
 I'rovideil nevertheless, that should- the said 
 assured, within the teriu for which this pidicy is 
 granted, depart beyond the limits of Europe, die 
 upon the seas (except as above stated), or engage 
 in any military or naval service whatsoever, other 
 than in the militia or in any yeomanry or volun- 
 teer cor))s acting within the United Kingdom of 
 Great liritain and Ireland; or should the assurance 
 have been obtained through any misrepresentation 
 of the age, state of health, or description of the 
 said assured; or should the said assured die by 
 duelling, suicide, ur tho hands of justice; then 
 this policy, and every thing appertaining thereto, 
 shall cease, be void, and of none cfl'ect, so far as 
 respects the said assured ; but in case the said 
 assured die by suicide, duelling, or tho hands of 
 justice, this policy shall remain in force so far as 
 any other person or persons shall then have a bond 
 fldo interest therein, acquired three months pre- 
 viously to such decease by assignment, or by legal 
 or equitable lien, upon due proof of the value of 
 such interest being made to the satisfaction of tho 
 managers according to the claimant's debt or pur- 
 chase money, with interest, and premiums poid 
 by him. And if the said assured slioll have been 
 so for at least five years, and shall die by own 
 hands, and not felo de se, the managers shall lie 
 at liberty, if they shall think proper, to pay for 
 the bcncllt of family any sum not exceeding 
 what the Society would have paid for the pur- 
 chase of interest in tlie policy if it had been 
 surrendered to tho Society the day previous to 
 decease, provided such interest shall then 
 be in the assured, or in any trustee or trustees 
 for . . ' 
 
 In witness whereof, we, three of the managers 
 for the said Society, have hereunto set our hands 
 and seals, this day of 18 . 
 
 N.B. Thii Society t< in no ceue bound by notice 
 of any assignment of this policy, unless tlie same be 
 delivered in writing at their office in Threadneedle 
 Street, London. 
 
 Signed, seated, and delivered, being first duly 
 stamped, in the presence of 
 
 The following are the premiums demanded by 
 the Sim Life Assurance Society for insurances on 
 joint lives and survivorships. 
 
 '.I 
 
768 
 
 INSURANCE 
 
 ♦ : 
 
 . •' i' 
 
 i 'I 
 
 \ ■:'\ 
 
 ■n ■^>: 
 
 111.— Joint Lives (with rroJih).—A Table of 
 j^nnwil Premiumii payable daring the Joint 
 Cuntinuanct of '2 Lives, for assuring 100/., to be 
 paid as soon as either of the two shall drop. 
 
 Ana 
 neit 
 Kirlh- 
 
 .1.1, 
 
 nvxt 
 
 lllrlh. 
 
 .U, 
 
 Annuiil 
 rrumtuin 
 
 Ac 
 
 tlfXt 
 
 Jlirlli. 
 1 liny 
 
 Ane 
 next 
 llirlh. 
 
 day 
 
 Annunl 
 rrvmtuin 
 
 10 
 
 in 
 
 lA 
 
 w> 
 v.". 
 
 30 
 3'i 
 411 
 4.'> 
 AO 
 .'.A 
 (ill 
 
 £ M. ■/. 
 I 1 !> 
 ■t W II 
 V II 6 
 
 a 19 4 
 
 3 A 3 
 
 3 11 11 
 
 4 1 1 
 4 11 A 
 A 7 « 
 K It A 
 8 (i 11 
 
 i " 
 
 30 
 
 3S 
 
 SO 
 AA 
 60 
 
 £ t. d. 
 A It 7 
 
 B 19 7 
 8 13 11 
 
 30 
 3S 
 40 
 4S 
 
 AO 
 SA 
 fill 
 
 3 19 111 
 
 4 A n 
 4 13 III 
 A 3 t 
 A 18 3 
 
 7 3 1 
 
 8 17 A 
 
 lA 
 
 lA 
 ») 
 M 
 311 
 X> 
 41) 
 4.', 
 .'lO 
 AA 
 Sll 
 
 ■i 14 A 
 •I 17 9 
 3 < A 
 3 8 3 
 
 3 II 9 
 
 4 3 10 
 
 4 110 
 
 5 9 8 
 fi 14 11 
 8 9 6 
 
 3A 
 40 
 4A 
 SO 
 AA 
 60 
 
 4 10 9 
 4 18 « 
 A 7 A 
 
 6 I II 
 
 7 8 5 
 9 8 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 4A 
 AO 
 AA 
 
 A A 8 
 A 13 10 
 C 7 9 
 7 11 8 
 9 A A 
 
 VO 
 
 •M 
 VA 
 30 
 3A 
 40 
 4A 
 SO 
 AA 
 6i) 
 
 3 11 
 3 A 4 
 3 10 11 
 
 3 17 3 
 
 4 6 1 
 4 Hi 1 
 A II 7 
 6 IK 8. 
 8 11 1 
 
 4i 
 
 4A 
 40 
 ••, 
 
 l<U 
 
 50 
 AA 
 CO 
 
 SA 
 nil 
 
 6 1 
 
 6 13 11 
 
 7 18 II 
 9 9 8 
 
 iO 
 
 7 A 6 
 
 8 7 4 
 
 9 18 11 
 
 9 8 S 
 11) 18 II 
 
 3 ifA 
 
 «A 
 .10 
 ,3A 
 40 
 4A 
 
 3 9 8 1 
 
 3 14 111 
 
 4 II ' 
 4 9 8 
 
 4 lU 3 
 
 AS 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 la 8 11} 
 
 
 
 IV. — Survivors! ips (joithout Pro/its). — A Table 
 of Annual Premiums payable during the Joint 
 Continuance of the 2 Livrs, for assuring 100/. 
 to be paid at the decease of 1 person A, pro 
 vided another B be then living. 
 
 
 Ace of 
 
 
 
 Age of 
 
 
 
 11. the 
 
 
 
 K. the 
 
 
 Ag^of 
 
 Life 
 
 
 Age of 
 
 Life 
 
 
 A.Ihe 
 Lift.- 
 
 asainst 
 which 
 
 Annua! 
 Premiuin 
 
 A. Ihe 
 life 
 
 against 
 which 
 
 Annual 
 
 to Iw 
 
 Ihe As- 
 
 ' to lie 
 
 the As- 
 
 I'reniium 
 
 Asiiurnl 
 
 surance 
 is to lie 
 made 
 
 
 Assured 
 
 surance 
 is to lie 
 made 
 
 
 
 
 £ 1. d. 
 
 
 
 £ 1. f.. 
 
 10 
 
 in 
 
 I 1 A 
 
 40 
 
 10 
 
 ■i 13 8 
 
 
 VI) 
 
 1 8 !i 
 
 
 !iO 
 
 •I 13 7 
 
 
 .10 
 
 1 n 7 
 
 
 30 
 
 1 9 10 
 
 
 40 
 
 U 19 A 
 
 
 40 
 
 !i 7 7 
 
 
 .')0 
 
 n 18 
 
 
 An 
 
 i! 1 7 
 
 
 fill 
 
 Ifi 7 
 
 1 
 
 CD 
 
 1 16 8 
 
 
 70 
 
 lA 3 
 
 
 70 
 
 1 VI 8 
 
 
 SO 
 
 nil 1 
 
 AO 
 
 80 
 
 10 
 
 1 11) « 
 
 to 
 
 10 
 
 1 7 
 
 3 IS 6 
 
 
 Wl 
 
 1 7 « 
 
 
 ill 
 
 3 18 4 
 
 
 31) 
 
 I 8 n 
 
 
 30 
 
 3 I A 
 
 
 40 
 
 1 4 
 
 
 40 
 
 3 13 C 
 
 
 AO 
 
 I !i ii 
 
 
 AO 
 
 3 A 6 
 
 
 60 
 
 1 II A 
 
 
 CO 
 
 V! I A A 
 
 
 70 
 
 n IS 9 
 
 
 70 
 
 2 8 3 
 
 
 m 
 
 17 4 
 
 
 SO 
 
 1 IS 11 
 
 30 
 
 in 
 
 1 IS 3 
 
 GO 
 
 10 
 
 6 13 8 
 
 
 Wl 
 
 I 17 11 
 
 
 w 
 
 C 13 7 
 
 
 30 
 
 1 18 
 
 
 .10 
 
 C 10 9 
 
 
 40 
 
 1 14 8 
 
 
 40 
 
 C 10 6 
 
 
 AO 
 
 111 8 
 
 
 .'.0 
 
 f 3 9 
 
 
 CI) 
 
 1 9 
 
 
 60 
 
 A VI I) 
 
 
 70 
 
 1 fill 
 
 
 70 
 
 4 17 10 
 
 
 *l 
 
 1 4 S 
 
 
 80 
 
 4 4 11 
 
 From the .specimens of premiums in the two 
 preceding tables, the reader will ea.iily judge of 
 the proportioual premium for any coml)inat'"n of 
 two af;es not inserted in them. 
 
 Equitable Assurance Simetg. — The following; 
 is the declaration recjuired to be made and sif^neil 
 in tlie otHce, by or on the behalf of a perHoii who 
 proposes to make an assurance on liis or lier own 
 life:— 
 
 I beinp desirous of 
 
 becoming a member of the Society for Etjuit- 
 able Assurances on Lives and Survivorships, and 
 intending to make assurance in the sum of 
 
 "pon and for tlm ,.«„.• i 
 of my o^vn life, and having perused mirf"'"'^'^ 
 that clause of tho deed of sett- omen u ,T'''"^ 
 Society which retiuires a declaration in LI 
 the age, state of k-ulth, and other c re 1^"'"« 
 attending tho person wliose lif,. shall ,,!? "''"1, 
 to be assurwl, do hereby declare an, 1,^?""* 
 Ihat my age does not exceed . i, 7, V" 
 
 had tho small-po.x ; ' '"' ' '' » 
 
 and have had the gout ; nnil Mini r 
 
 adlieted with any disorder whid " , 'l'" "^ 
 shortening of life ; and 1 do hereh t i 
 this declaration be the basis of iho^ "'1 
 bet>veeii the said Society and me, a,„i ,]'Z""i 
 untrue averment is contained in th,. iiod ''!"'* 
 all moneys whicii shall have Loon r«il7 111 
 Society upon account of tlu .Lssuraino >n„'i "J 
 conse<iuence thereof shall b. forfoito, tJ 
 £d . '"'"' inthovur'ftj 
 
 tho I'.miitable .Miciety for ii.surinc Uni , 
 cqiuvalent annuity on the eontii^'eiicv''i,f .j 
 life's surviving the other :- " • "' ""' 
 
 l.lfi- to lie 
 Assured 
 
 Agf«__ 
 
 Life Against 
 
 which tlie 
 
 /ssurancf Is 
 
 to lie mide 
 
 Premium 
 
 40 
 
 in 
 vo 
 
 .10 
 40 
 .'.0 
 CO 
 70 
 _S()_ 
 
 III 
 
 20 
 30 
 40 
 
 .V) 
 CO 
 
 10 
 
 m 
 
 30 
 40 
 
 AO 
 
 80 
 
 70 
 
 _so_ 
 
 II) 
 
 vo 
 
 30 
 40 
 .'.0 
 CO 
 
 "o 
 _h0_ 
 10 
 80 
 .10 
 40 
 All 
 CO 
 70 
 SO 
 
 1 8 
 
 I C 
 
 1 4 
 
 I 3 
 
 I lli" 
 
 1 17 
 
 I lA 
 
 1 M 
 
 I 13 
 
 1 I'i 
 
 I 10 
 
 I S_ 
 A 
 
 I 
 
 C 
 _.1_ 
 A 
 8 U 
 2 i C 
 
 'i 'i a 
 •i oil 
 
 1 IS lU 
 
 1 16 7 
 _1J3_9_ 
 
 a 19 i 
 
 •i 19 10 
 
 i IS 2 
 
 2 lA II 
 •i Vi 10 
 il 9 4 
 !i A II 
 
 _il 111 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 ai 
 
 .10 
 
 40 
 
 An 
 
 CO 
 
 II 
 
 1 10 
 
 n 1 
 17 in 
 13 in 
 
 7 7 
 
 I 6 
 
 0_ 
 9 
 
 Annuitj t^ 
 ,lol'»(.ii,i.,,u, 
 framilierifi.h;/!, 
 
 J.ifea«urd.dun(- 
 lliercn,.irid^r(/l 
 the other |„f. f 
 
 £ i.I 
 ill i 
 
 6 11 M 
 
 7 11 II 
 '' 5 J 
 
 II I-, 
 i.'i I.; 
 
 -i M II 
 
 <OJi)_J 
 
 ■i ft if 
 Il 1 I 
 
 ; u ( 
 
 S III 
 
 in 1 I 
 
 1.1 : 
 
 11 ii n 
 
 311 9 « 
 
 ii » ) 
 
 5 1) i 
 « .1 I 
 10 II i 
 
 1.1 1 II 
 IS I! M I 
 _.VI_) 
 
 i ,rr 
 
 Slo 1 
 
 H 1 II 
 
 DIM 
 iill } 
 l< ) I I 
 !9 19 Ml 
 
 _!( lA 
 5 16 
 A IS 1 
 A 16 3 
 5 11 n 
 4 10 7 
 4 2 4 
 4 9 II) 
 3 17 II 
 
 10 
 
 m 
 
 30 
 40 
 40 
 CO 
 "11 
 SO 
 
 H I 
 
 8 S 9 
 
 8 M 
 
 7 H 7 
 
 7 15 fi 
 
 ; 8 K 
 
 6 111 y. 
 
 A 8 9 
 
 1 i: -, 
 SW l\ 
 SI-, 
 
 ; 5 SI 
 
 9 Ci (| 
 12 n ] I 
 i; I M 
 ir s II I 
 
 An addition of 22 per cent., ecniputtd ml 
 premium, is charged upon military iicpoiuif 
 an addition of eleven per cent, on nfticorsoiilj 
 pay, officers in the militia, fenciblcs, amlthej 
 levies ; also on porjons not having li.iJ thes" 
 pox, or having had the gout. i 
 
 Persons preferring the piiynientof ngwj 
 or single premium upon an assurance for anrj 
 
 I .'luniassurJ 
 f.' « charged at 
 
INSURANCE 
 
 7G9 
 
 ho contiimnnofl 
 and con*'; i-rw 
 cnt of tlw saii 
 111 in writini; o| 
 r circiirastar.cei 
 hull 1)6 jiriipiisiHl 
 ! nnil wl lortli 
 ; tlmt 1 havJ 
 
 nd that I am nol 
 ,oh tciiila til thj 
 ereby a;;rpc tin 
 of "the ('imiracl 
 >, and that if mil 
 . thia licelaratinj 
 ken paid to ih| 
 issiiraiire iiiailcii 
 forfeited. liateJ 
 in the yiarnluul 
 
 iiima demanded k 
 iirinj; li)i)/.| ot i 
 ontiiiKCiicY of od 
 
 I Annui'j I'll'.' 
 
 to l'H7. (0 U . 
 
 lfromtl»IVnhi/i 
 
 I Liff auuieil.duTitJ 
 
 tlieri^iii'Kl^"'l 
 
 Ihc other L,ft f 
 
 X I. I. 
 ill i 
 6 U M 
 ■ II II 
 V S i 
 II 11 II 
 1.') 13 1 
 ..I I J 11 
 40 II) I 
 
 Prtmiiimi dcinaiiilnl by the principal Life Insurance, Societies fur insuring 100/. at every 
 '■" different Age from 15 to iSO, for the whole Term of Life. 
 
 10 
 
 i 
 i> 
 
 10 
 4 
 11 
 
 II) 
 
 11 
 
 I'l 
 1 
 10 
 
 : 10 
 
 T 
 6 
 
 0_ 
 "9 
 
 1 
 
 .1 
 
 
 
 I 'ill 
 
 ) r. u 
 
 ( 4 I 
 
 J ( 
 s t II 
 III I « 
 IJ n ; 
 Mil « 
 w 9 <_ 
 
 i j «' 
 
 e t 9 
 
 C 11 '■ 
 
 8 .1 < 
 10 I) <i 
 13 11 11 
 IS U I'l 
 
 J) 
 
 ' 5'3 t 
 .■. 11 ! 
 6 10 ( 
 « 1 « 1 
 ■J I! t 
 U II i , 
 
 n 5 « 
 
 TTI 
 SIS ! ' 
 
 Ell i I 
 TH » 
 'J 11 ' 
 W S 
 
 1" 11 i 
 
 lUi_i 
 "^4 H : , 
 s li 1' I 
 
 s ' . 
 ; 10 1* I 
 
 9 > I I 
 
 11 5 ' 
 
 i; ' ' . 
 
 i; 19 WJ 
 
 lccnt.,cc™/'"'"'"!*'| 
 In military l)W»i»'J 
 
 la, feiiciWevf 1 "'•J 
 lot having liai"«*^ 
 lout. , ,_„| 
 
 Vn assurance for «"M 
 
 _- — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eii 
 
 {le 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 AllilDM 
 
 Amicab e 
 
 Crown 
 
 
 Kconomic 
 
 
 Equitable 
 
 
 
 
 Uuaniian 1 
 
 Age 
 
 
 
 itt iHliiun 
 
 £ >. </. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Male 
 
 Female 
 
 
 
 
 --' ... 
 
 e : i 
 
 
 £ 1. 
 
 ■/. 
 
 
 £ 1 
 
 . ll. 
 
 £ 
 
 t. d. 
 
 £ 1. J. 
 
 
 e 1. d. 
 
 
 
 J li 8 
 11.3 11 
 
 1 11 .1 
 1 li 1 
 
 1 16 U 
 1 IS II 
 
 1 nil 
 null 
 J n 1 
 
 « ' 5 
 « « 5 
 
 i 3 9 
 t i i 
 S 6 7 
 « 7 11 
 H 9 t 
 ! 10 6 
 111 10 
 »13 4 
 ] 14 11 
 1 16 8 
 t m i 
 3 II 4 
 S i 4 
 3 4 5 
 3 6 6 
 3 1 7 
 1 m n 
 
 1 lA li 
 
 1 I.'i 
 
 
 1 10 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 H 7 
 
 1 
 
 18 9 
 
 
 
 
 in a 
 
 IS 
 
 11 
 
 1 III II 
 
 1 1(1 
 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 
 
 1 In 8 
 
 1 
 
 19 7 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 17 2 
 
 l(i 
 
 H 
 
 1 17 6 
 
 I 17 
 
 
 1 12 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 J 8 
 
 2 
 
 II 4 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 18 a 
 
 17 
 
 i; 
 
 1 18 fi 
 
 1 IH 
 
 
 1 13 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 1 8 
 
 2 
 
 1 1 
 
 _ 
 
 
 19 2 
 
 18 
 
 n 
 
 1 VJ (I 
 
 I 1!) 
 
 
 I 13 
 
 11) 
 
 
 a 
 
 2 8 
 
 2 
 
 2 3 
 
 _ 
 
 
 i 1 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 It U 6 
 
 1 19 11 
 
 1 14 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 3 7 
 
 2 
 
 3 a 
 
 1 12 7 
 
 
 t 1 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 •I 1 6 
 
 V 111 
 
 1 15 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 « 
 
 a 
 
 4 2 
 
 1 13 5 
 
 
 t 1 10 
 
 21 
 
 -.1 
 
 ! i 
 
 2 1 
 
 J 
 
 1 16 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 4 
 
 a 
 
 5 3 
 
 1 14 4 
 
 
 I 2 8 
 
 22 
 
 « 
 
 13 6 
 
 2 -i 
 
 9 
 
 1 17 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 B 3 
 
 2 
 
 6 4 
 
 1 IS 4 
 
 
 i 3 fi 
 
 2.3 
 
 ll 
 
 S 4 6 
 
 •i 3 
 
 J 
 
 I 18 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 7 1 
 
 a 
 
 7 5 
 
 I 16 5 
 
 
 i 4 5 
 
 24 
 
 II 
 
 I S (1 
 
 2 4 10 
 
 1 lu 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 1 
 
 a 
 
 8 7 
 
 1 17 6 
 
 
 1 S 4 
 
 2.S 
 
 Ti 
 
 use 
 
 •i b ID 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 9 1 
 
 2 
 
 9 9 
 
 1 18 8 
 
 
 i 6 4 
 
 26 
 
 li 
 
 K r 6 
 
 veil 
 
 2 1 
 
 
 
 
 2 10 1 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 1 19 9 
 
 
 / 7 4 
 
 27 
 
 
 use 
 
 a 8 
 
 
 2 2 
 
 
 
 
 2 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 
 
 la 3 
 
 2 9 
 
 
 1 H 4 
 
 28 
 
 ;i 
 
 ■^9 6 
 
 a u 
 
 2 
 
 2 .-. 
 
 1 
 
 
 a 1 
 
 i 3 
 
 2 
 
 13 7 
 
 a 1 8 
 
 
 I 9 li 
 
 29 
 
 i « 
 
 2 10 6 
 
 a III 
 
 4 
 
 2 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 13 5 
 
 2 
 
 I'l 
 
 2 2 6 
 
 
 i 10 7 
 
 3U 
 
 ! i" 
 
 sue 
 
 a 11 
 
 i 
 
 2 4 
 
 ft 
 
 
 2 14 7 
 
 2 
 
 16 li 
 
 a 3 4 
 
 
 ail 10 
 
 31 
 
 1 .'1 
 
 X W 6 
 
 a la 
 
 9 
 
 2 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 2 1 
 
 9 
 
 a 
 
 18 
 
 2 3 10 
 
 
 li 13 II 
 
 SSI 
 
 ' '■', 
 
 i 14 
 
 a II 
 
 
 
 2 8 
 
 U 
 
 
 a 17 •! 
 
 a 
 
 19 9 
 
 2 4 4 
 
 
 t 14 4 
 
 .33 
 
 1 i 
 
 H 1,') 6 
 
 a IS 
 
 « 
 
 a 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 2 18 5 
 
 3 
 
 1 6 
 
 2 4 111 
 
 
 2 15 8 
 
 34 
 
 1 ■■* 
 
 li 17 
 
 a 16 
 
 9 
 
 2 10 
 
 _i 
 
 
 a 1 
 
 i 10 
 
 3 
 
 3 4 
 
 2 5 6 
 
 
 2 17 
 
 34 
 
 j« 
 
 SI 
 SI 
 
 5) 
 U 
 
 2 114 C 
 
 I 18 
 
 a 
 
 8 la 
 
 6 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 4 
 
 3 
 
 5 4 
 
 a 6 a 
 
 
 2 18 6 
 
 .36 
 
 3 U U 
 
 a 19 10 
 
 2 14 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 a 10 
 
 3 
 
 7 7 
 
 2 7 1) 
 
 
 3 
 
 37 
 
 3 1 a 
 
 3 1 
 
 a 
 
 2 15 
 
 11 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 6 
 
 3 
 
 9 10 
 
 2 7 III 
 
 
 3 1 7 
 
 38 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 a 10 
 
 2 17 
 
 9 
 
 
 3 
 
 B 2 
 
 3 
 
 la 4 
 
 2 8 10 
 
 
 3 3 3 
 
 39 
 
 3 S 
 
 3 4 
 
 
 ■. 19 
 
 9 
 
 
 3 
 
 7 11 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 2 9 10 
 
 
 3 4 
 
 40 
 
 3 7 6 
 
 3 6 
 
 5 
 
 3 1 
 
 III 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 9 
 
 3 
 
 17 9 
 
 2 1(1 11 
 
 
 I 6 9 
 
 41 
 
 11 *' 
 
 3 10 
 
 3 8 
 
 1 
 
 3 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 1 
 
 1 8 
 
 4 
 
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 pm are chargeable in a due proportion to 
 pnuai premium for such term. 
 R person making any assurance with the 
 Py pays 58. m the name of entrance money ; 
 P we sum assured exceeds 100/., the entrance 
 I i?„f •f?^'* *'^' *e rate of 5.,. for every 
 ""' " "le P«fson upon whose life an assur- 
 
 ance is proposed does not appear before the direc- 
 tors, the entrance money is charged after the rate 
 of 1/. for every 100/. 
 
 It is stated by Mr. Morgan, in his Account of 
 
 the Equitable Society already referred to, that 
 
 the number of insurances in that institution for 
 
 terms of 3'ears does not much exceed the one 
 
 3D 
 
 . t 
 
 i 
 ■I 
 
t , 
 
 i 
 
 770 
 
 INTEEEST AND ANNUITIES 
 
 VI. — A Table of Annual Premmms payable during the Continuance of Two Joint Livei f 
 One Hundred Pounds, to be paid when either of the Liven shall drop. 
 
 Age 
 
 Age 
 
 
 £ 1. 
 
 i/. 
 
 10 
 
 t 17 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 3 I 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 S 5 
 
 7 
 
 'ih 
 
 .1 9 
 
 .1 
 
 K1 
 
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 Xt 
 
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 40 
 
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 10 
 
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 II 
 
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 .'.0 
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 30 
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 40 
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 10 4 
 
 )'.) S 
 
 11 3 
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 Age 
 
 A lie 
 
 hundredth part of tho.?o for the whole period of 
 life ; and thnt the busine.ss of tlie office at present 
 ia almost wholly conlined to the assunince of 
 persons on their own Uvea — those on the lives of 
 others, whether for term.? or for continuance, 
 beinf;, in consequence of the commission money 
 allowed to agents and attorneys, engrossed by the 
 new offices. {Account of the Equitable Society, 
 p. 63.) 
 
 Form of a I'ropoial to be presented to a TFeehly 
 Court O'f Directors. 
 
 Name and profession of the life to be assured. 
 
 Place and date of birth. 
 
 Place of residence. 
 
 Age. Sum. T 'nn. 
 
 By whom mado. 
 
 To give reference to two persons of good repute 
 (one, if possible, of the medical profession) to u.s- 
 certain the present and general state or health of 
 the life to be assured. 
 
 If had the smali-pox. If vaccinated. 
 
 If afflicted with tbe gout. If ever rupturci!. 
 
 Parties who do not appear befor<; the Court ol 
 Directors are required to give a reference to three 
 persons for an account of tbe present and general 
 state of their health. 
 
 The following is the clause which is referred to 
 in the ^ . jlarat inn : — 
 
 That every person desirous of maki'ig assurance 
 with the ,S(>ciety shall sign or execute a declara- 
 tion in writing (in the p' asence of one credible 
 witness, who shall attest tlie same), setting forth 
 the age, state of health, profession, occupation, 
 and other circumstances attending the person or 
 persons whose life or lives shall be proposed to be 
 assured ; which declaration shall bo the basis of 
 the contract between the said Society and the 
 person desiring to make assurance with them ; in 
 which declaration if any artful, false, or ;raudulent 
 representation shall be used, and the same shall 
 at any time tliere ifter be discovered, from thence- 
 forth the sums which shall have been paid to the 
 Society on account of any assurance so fraudu- 
 lently obtained shall be forfeited to the use of the 
 Society; and all claims to be made on that be- 
 half shall cease, determine, and be void, to all 
 intents and purposes whatsoever. 
 
 INTEKKST AND ANNUITIES. Intere.st is 
 the sum paid b\' the borrower of a sum of money, 
 or of any sort of valuable produce, to the lender, 
 for its use. 
 
 The rate of interesc, supposing the security for 
 and facility of re-possessing the principal, or sum 
 lent, to be equal, must obviously depend on what 
 may be made by the omployment of capital in 
 industrious undertakings, or on the rate of prolit. 
 Where profita are high, as in the United States, 
 interest is also high; and where they are com- 
 paratively low, as in Holland and Engltind, in- 
 
 Amount 
 
 £ ». d. 
 
 9 13 9 
 
 1(1 
 
 .') 
 
 10 3 
 
 17 4 
 
 (i 2 
 
 17 10 
 
 VI e 
 
 la 5 
 
 \S 9 
 
 8 II 
 14 1 
 
 II 
 
 9 6 
 
 1 
 16 i 
 
 Age 
 
 Amount 
 
 J. /(. 
 
 1.0 
 
 IS 1 
 
 19 () 
 
 S 
 
 IX 10 
 
 
 Age 
 
 Ane 
 
 — 
 
 
 4i 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 
 5,5 
 
 1 
 
 60 
 
 
 (■7 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 
 .55 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 67 
 
 Si 
 
 55 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 6/ 
 
 CO 
 
 60 
 
 
 87 
 
 67 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 'lll.CL 
 
 » ; 
 
 6 17 
 
 7 11 
 S J 
 
 Kill 
 
 ; r 
 
 1 ij 
 
 W H III I 
 * li li 
 
 9 a 
 ii » 
 I'l 1 
 '■' i .. 
 l: II il 
 
 tcrcst IS proportionally low. I,, fact, n,, „,,, 
 .nterest ,s nothing more than the mm} 
 capital: whatever returns are cbtaine, vi 
 borrower beyond the inteict ho has L2\ 
 pay rea.Iy acerue to him on account oT' 
 trouble, or skill, or of advantages of situai„, 
 connection. 
 
 I5ut besides fluctuations in the rale of intA. 
 caused by the varying proc'octivenessof J 
 the rate of interest on each particular loan r 
 of course, vary according to the suppojed solvd 
 of the borrowers or the degree of risksur,™ 
 be incurred hy the lender, of either not recovii 
 pavment at all, or not recovering it at the! 
 'Hilated term. Ino person of sound mind 4 
 lend on the personal security of an indivij.^ 
 doubtful cliaractcr and solvency, ml on morti 
 over a valuable estate, at the same ratenfiiiJ 
 Wherever thep^ ii risk, it must be com J 
 to the lender by a higher premium or intereiJ 
 
 And yet, obvious as this principle mwd 
 all governmcpts have interfered with the a 
 ■uc:it of the terms of loans: s^me to pn_ 
 .nterest altogether, and othars to (i.\cpriaia| 
 which it should be deemed legal to chaw 
 illegal to exceed. T)iu prejudice againslt, 
 interest seems to have prineipallv originaM 
 a mistaken view of some enactnifnts 
 Mosaical law (see Michaelis On Ik L 
 Moses, vol. ii. pp. 327-363, Eng. ei), | 
 statement of Aristotle to the effect that, ai 
 did not produce money, no return con;;i;eJ 
 ably claimed by the lender! ButwhaterJ 
 have been the origin of this prejudice,? 
 formerly universal in Christendom, and | 
 supported by law in all Mohammedan to 
 The famous reformer Calvin was one of t 
 who saw and exposed the absurditr of] 
 notions (sec an £.'ctr.''ct from one of his i 
 in Principles of Political Ecoiiomt/,])jthtl 
 of ttiis work,' 3rd ed. p. 520); and tie f 
 caused by the prohibition, and the 
 conviction of its impolicy, soon after! 
 relaxation. In 1554 a statute was passedj 
 rising lenders to charge 10 per cent, inia 
 1G24 the legal rale was reduced to 8 pa 
 and in the reign of Queen iinneititui 
 reduced to 5 per cent,, at which it still coi 
 It is enacted, by the statute (12 jVumJ 
 making this reduction, that 'ail peuoi 
 shall receive, hy means of any oomipll 
 loan, exchange, clievizance, or iaterestj 
 wares, merchandise, or other thing ivhs» 
 by any deceitl'ul way or means, or In' anj 
 engine, or deceitful conveyance for the fiif 
 or givuig day of payment, for one wholel 
 their monev'or other thing, above (he SB 
 for 100/. for a year, shall forfeit for cri 
 offence the treble value of the monej!,^ 
 thing.'', so lent, Imrgained ' ic, 
 
 r* by taki„.| 
 W «"i the intff 
 f Iwwnes due, l,| 
 
 ,., ,"'.>■ into (he fJ 
 ^'« with the d J 
 
 " compound 
 'ti*e, 
 
 '*"«/ Interest] 
 J W.C parts are I 
 
 'Kfcent., 
 
 or 
 
'.r 
 
 INTEREST AND ANNUITIES 
 
 771 
 
 L' 
 
 Aiuu' 
 
 
 
 
 I. ■ :. 
 
 •i 
 
 6 7 1 
 
 w 
 
 6 17 -i 
 
 Vi 
 
 7 11 .1 
 
 BO 
 
 « ') 1. 
 
 M 
 
 Ill 11 1 
 
 iO 
 
 7 7 » 
 
 56 
 
 H n -. 
 
 «0 
 
 H m : 
 
 67 
 
 1" 11 H 
 
 55 
 
 » U » 
 
 W 
 
 9 'J ') 
 
 6/ 
 
 11 » S 
 
 60 
 
 10 ( •/ 
 
 67 
 
 « 2 1 
 
 67 
 
 15 IS i 
 
 needles to waste the render's time by 
 
 . nio any lengthened nrgtimcnts t(i show 
 
 I "''"' -nfilienov nml mischievous effect of such 
 
 I *'f '^L, thia has been done over and over 
 
 ^ ■ Itisplainlv in no respect more desirable 
 
 "^"''- till' rate 'of interest than it would bo 
 
 limit 1"*- - - ii _ _ . • . _ c 
 
 V , iIk' rate of insurance, or the pricea of 
 '■ ami though it were desirable, it 
 
 (tniito'lilif ' • 
 
 nHshcd. The real effect of nil 
 
 i'"""' •'*, "Xtmcnts having such an olijcct in 
 
 n^Ulivc 
 
 increase, not diminish, the rate of 
 When the rate tixeu by law is less 
 
 ■*"*[', market or customary rate, lenders and 
 
 ,/" ja' obliged to resort to circuitous 
 
 ■L' to evade the law; and as these devices 
 
 iavs atteii.lcil with more or less trouble and 
 
 ifucrate of interest is proportionally enhanced. 
 
 Vihpwir ended 1815 it was not uncommon 
 
 fcuKWiii to be paying 10 or 12 per cent, for a 
 
 •" ,U had there been no usury laws, he might 
 
 u,.,forCor7 per cent. Neither y>j it by 
 
 mffl uncommon, when the rate lixed by 
 
 '1 more than the market rate, for borrowers 
 
 Uifedto pay more than they really stipii- 
 
 r,,, I, is singular that an enactment which 
 
 »»rtC'lt!ic most obvious principles, and bad 
 
 feiRoeatedlv condemned by committees of the 
 
 i-laiurc should have been allowed to i)rescrve 
 
 lir 'iie i^tatute Book for so long a period ; 
 
 Itjiteihit was substantially repealed by the 
 
 ti Ho Vict. c. 37, which exempts bills of 
 
 rta:»Mt having more than 12 months to 
 
 i,iilcf.;tacts for loans of money above 10/., 
 
 nitiOttniion, 
 
 iMwiM Simple and Compound Interest — 
 
 |ifiiiwi--niado, it is usual to .stipulate that 
 
 iupon it should be regularly paid at 
 
 ( fcJ d evcrv year, half-\Tar A-c. A loan ol 
 
 {m'm\^ to 'be at simple interest. It i3_ of 
 
 Ifsncecf such loan that no part of the in- 
 
 taiccrainjupon it should be added to the prin- 
 
 iltotaa'ncw principal; and though payment 
 
 fiiiiKitwere not made when it becomes due, 
 
 llffiltttould net be entitled to charge interest 
 
 lis4 unpaid interest. Thus, suppose 100/. 
 
 Itki at simple interest at .5 percent., payable 
 
 itr.'iot each year; the lender would, at the 
 
 |i(3or \ vears, supposing him to have received 
 
 iavments, be entitled to 16/. or 20/., 
 
 Iimioie, 
 
 ■ism, however, money or capital is in- 
 
 i » tbat the interest is not paid at the 
 
 iirten it becomes due, but is progressively 
 
 illollie principal; so that at every term a 
 
 , ncifa! IS formed, consisting of the original 
 
 lepil and the successive accumulations of 
 
 t upn interest. Sloney invested in this 
 
 lii'jii to he placed at compound interest. 
 
 lifKais not unreasonable that when a borrower 
 
 iHipj}' the interest he has contracted for, at 
 
 niti*hen it is due, he should pay interest 
 
 k interest. This, however, is not allowed 
 
 lilan of Eiigl.ind ; nor is it allowed to make 
 
 1 at compound interest. But this rule is 
 
 Jivaded by tal<ing a new obligation for the 
 
 m with'thc interest included, when the 
 
 [Iwtmes due. Investments at compound 
 
 pt sie also very frequent. Thus, if an in- 
 
 " ; into the funds, and regularly buy 
 
 [st«l; with the dividends, the capital will 
 
 : at compound interest; and so in any 
 
 • case. 
 
 iiiiono/Znlcrcsf.— Interest is estimated at 
 It I«r cent, per annum, or by dividing the 
 ilintn KlO equal parts, and specifying how 
 
 Ift these parts arc paid yearly far i:8 use. 
 
 lipn cent., or 5 paitu out of 100, moans 
 
 that 5/. are paid for the use of 100/. for a year, lOf 
 for the use of 200/., and 21. 10,?. for the use of &0/- 
 for the same period, and so on. 
 
 Suppose, now, that it is required to find the 
 interest of 210/. 13». for '.ih years at 4 per cent, 
 simple interest. In this case wo must first divide 
 the principal, 210/. 13s., into 100 parts, 4 of which 
 will bo the interest for 1 year ; and this being 
 multiplied bv 3i will give the interest for 3J 
 years. Hut instead of first dividing by 100, and 
 then multiplying by 4, the result will bo the same, 
 and tho process nioro expeditious, if wo llrst 
 multiply by 4, and then divide by 100. Thus — 
 
 £ 
 
 no 
 
 1,00) 8,12 
 
 Jin 
 u 
 
 4 
 
 9$ 
 
 13 ptinripnl 
 '1 r.ite iwr I't'nt, 
 — £ I. d. 
 
 r 
 
 year's iiitercbt 
 
 I 
 £VJ 
 
 m ."5 year.* intorett 
 .T -i .1 year's Interest 
 9J 31 yean" interest 
 
 It is almost superfluous to observe that tho 
 same r'^sult would have been obtained by multi- 
 plying the product of the principal and rate by 
 the number of years, and then dividing by 100. 
 
 Hence, to lind the interest of any sum at any 
 rate per cent, for a year, multiply the sum by the 
 rate per cent., and divide the product by 100. 
 
 To find the interest of any sum for a number of 
 years, multiply its interest for one year by tho 
 number of years ; or, without calculating its in- 
 terest for one year, multiply tho principal by the 
 rati! per cent, and that product by tho number of 
 years, and divide the last product by 100. 
 
 When the interest of any sum is required for a 
 number of days, they must be treated as fractional 
 parts of a year; that is, wo must multiply the 
 interest of a year by them, and divide by 365 
 
 Suppose tbat it is required to find the interest 
 of 210/. for 4 years 7 months and 25 days, at 4h 
 per cent. — 
 
 £ 
 Frincipnl 210 
 
 Rate [ler cent. 4i 
 SlU 
 
 Interest for 1 year i:i)"15x 1=jC.T7'S0 ditto fur t vc.irs 
 £ 
 = .■',7WIO0 
 
 IntfTc^t for 1 years 
 6 mdiith. ' " ' 
 1 month 
 '25 L'ays 
 
 A of 1 ye.nr = 4-7S50 
 } of fi months = •7R75 
 
 6172 
 il3S).W7 = X13 19». Sid. 
 
 9-45 X 25 
 
 Tho intercp*. for 25 days is " ^ Jl = '8472 ; 
 
 that is, it is equal t.i the interest for a year 
 multiplied by the fraction ■^, Division by 100 
 is pPi forme;' i)y cuttinfr off two figures to tho right. 
 
 Many attimpls have becu made to contrive 
 more expeditious processes than the above for 
 calculating interest. Tho following is the best: — 
 
 S'jppDse it were ro^iiired to find the interest 
 upoi 172/. for 107 days at 5 per cent. 
 
 This forms what is calleil in arithmetical books 
 a di iible rule of three question, and would be 
 statet' as follows : — 
 
 £ lUys 
 
 l(MIX.1(i) . 
 
 £ tlays £ I. d. 
 ; 172x10? : 2 10 43, the interest requlrt-a 
 
 Hence, to find the interest of any sum for .iny 
 number of days at any rate per cent,, multiply 
 tho sum bv the number of davs, and the proiluct 
 by the rate, and divide by 36,,')00 (3G5 x 100) ; 
 the quotient is the interest required. 
 
 When the rate is 5 per cent., or i of the 
 principal, all that is required is to divide tho 
 proiluct of the sum multiplied by the days by 
 7,300 (365, the days in a year, multiplied by 20), 
 
 Five per cent, interest being found by this 
 3d2 
 
 I 
 
 .m 
 
:-■■- A 
 
 ■•-"■l": 
 
 tf.-f 
 
 i 
 
 « . 
 
 i J. 
 
 I 
 
 ii 
 
 ' i 
 
 I 
 
 i , 
 
 772 
 
 INTEEEST AND ANNUITIES 
 
 extrcmc'.y simple process, it is uaunl in prnctioo 
 to calculate 4 per cent, interest by detluctin^t 
 J ; 8 per cent, by deducting g ; i'i per cent 
 \>y dividing by 2 ; 2 per cent, by taking the half 
 of 4, and so on. 
 
 In calculating interest upon accounts current, 
 it is requisite to state tiie number of days between 
 cacli receipt, or payment, and the date (commonly 
 December 31) to which the account current is 
 Timdo uji. Thus, 172/. paid on September 15, 
 bearing interest to December 31, 107 days. The 
 anioimt of fiuch interest maj', then, bo calculated 
 as MOW explained, or by the aid of tables. The 
 rc;uler will iind in the article Bookk-kkping 
 
 an example of interest on an account . j 
 computed as above, witiiout referr n" L "n^ 
 
 June 30 is, after December 31 t >«,;''''''' 
 date to whicli accounts current a'ro LT ""■ 
 interest calculated. In West I„2 T "!'' "^ 
 30 is the common da"e bcea!,";!"„t l!'? ■^"' 
 the old crop of produce is generally so d off ■ 
 the new begins to arrive. "• ' 
 
 It is of great imporiancc, in calculaii,,,, ,„,p,j 
 or. accounts current, to be able readik , • ? 
 number of days from any day i u 7i ' ' ' ' . 
 to any day in any other mo'iiDi il, , ""? 
 ., .., ., ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ um may] 
 
 done with lUc, 
 
 annexed table. 
 
 means of 
 
 7 
 
 (ibkj'or ascertaining th 
 
 e N 
 
 umher of Days from any one Day in the Year to any nthn !)„■ 
 
 
 Feb. 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 5- 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 -< 
 
 i 
 
 Oc.. 
 
 Not. 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 7^ 
 
 1 
 
 !? 
 
 V 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 
 i 
 
 •< 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 _M_;,11|, 
 -..„i,..l 
 
 1 
 
 ■2 
 .- 
 4 
 
 .12 1 60 1 31 
 3.1 1 61 i 'Jl 
 34 62 1 i)3 
 3.') • 63 1 04 
 
 1'21 1 l.'iS! 
 
 lr2! l,')i 
 
 I'23 j 1.01 
 l'2l' 1,'),'. 
 
 1K3 
 IHI 
 18,0 
 
 •213 
 ■214 
 ■21,0 
 •216 
 
 211 
 Vl.'i 
 216 
 24 7 
 
 271 .100 
 27.0 .106 
 •276 307 
 277 308 
 
 330 
 ,1,16 
 .137 
 .138 
 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 
 48 
 
 4 'J 
 50 
 
 76 1 l(i; 
 
 77 1 108 
 
 78 1 109 
 
 137 
 1,18 
 1.19 
 
 ii;8 
 
 169 
 170 
 
 198 
 199 
 200 
 
 22!l 
 21l> 
 211 
 
 V61 
 
 'nt 
 •in 
 
 20 
 
 51 
 
 79 ( no 
 
 140 ' 171 
 
 •201 1 2-2 
 
 S 1 .1(5 ' 64 1 ;.', 
 
 l'2,'i I,')6 
 
 1K6 
 
 ■217 
 
 218 
 
 278 -09 
 
 .139 
 
 21 
 
 52 
 
 80 1 1 n 
 
 141 1 172 
 
 •202 ' 231 
 
 ■<fii 
 
 »4 i 3a i"^ 
 
 r, 1 37 (i.'i i U6 
 7 1 .Tt fifi i '.17 
 K ' .■(9 fi; 1 ^IH 
 9 1 40 61! 1 !W 
 
 1'20 157 
 Vil MS 
 Vi* IW 
 1'2'J 160 
 
 187 
 
 188 
 
 ■218 
 il9 
 •220 
 '221 
 
 •249 
 
 •2.0O 
 
 279 310 
 •280 311 
 281 ! 312 
 282 '313 
 
 340 
 .141 
 312 
 343 
 
 22 
 23 
 21 
 25 
 
 .03 
 54 
 55 
 
 ii 
 
 81 1 1:2 
 »'2 1 1 13 
 
 83 1 114 
 
 84 1 115 
 
 142 1 173 
 141 ! 174 
 144 1 175 
 115! 176 
 
 201 '■^3, 
 •201 ! 210 
 205 ■■ 2,16 
 •206 : 217 
 
 2BS 
 
 ■m 
 
 8'JS .1..', ,ii 
 
 183 
 190 
 
 •251 
 252 
 
 10 1 41 69 1 ino{ 130 ini 
 
 191 
 
 '21i'2 
 
 2.03 
 
 283; 314 
 
 314 ' •2fi 
 
 57 
 
 85 1 116 
 
 146,1177 
 
 ''07 1 8.18 
 
 •m 
 
 •W.w'w 
 
 11 1 42 ; 70 1 lot 1 1,11 I6'2 
 1'2 1 4.T -1 1 10'2i 1.1? 161 
 1.1 1 41 7'2 1 10,1 1 1.11 1(14 
 
 192 
 193 
 191 
 
 ■2'23 
 
 •254 
 
 •284 i 315 
 28,5 1 318 
 286 '317 
 
 .145! '" 
 .146 '28 
 347:1 29 
 
 ,08 1 86 1117 
 
 147 1 178 
 
 208!s,19l 
 
 270 
 
 ™o:j3i]v,, 
 
 •224 
 ■2^2.0 
 
 20,0 
 2 6 
 
 59 
 
 87 1 118 
 
 88 1 119 
 
 148 
 
 m 
 
 179 
 180 
 
 209 1 2401271 
 
 210 ! 211 ! 272 
 
 14 ! 4,5 71 1 104 1 1,14 lfi.'j 
 :■■ 1 46 i -4 1 ll)'> l,-.5 166 
 
 19,0 
 196 
 
 ■i'iH ! '2.07 
 •227 '258 
 
 287 ! 318 1 .148 I 
 •288 ! 319' 349 
 
 30 
 31 
 
 
 89 
 90 
 
 120 
 
 lOO 
 151 
 
 181 
 
 211 '2!2J273 
 
 212 : 243 
 
 »ti 'an 
 
 Ii; 1 47 1 7.1 1 106 1 1.16 ,67 1 197 
 
 •228 '259 
 
 289 3^20 .150 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 ! 
 
 Hy this fable may be readily ascertained the 
 nmnlier of days from any given day in the year to 
 anotlicr. For instance, from January 1 to August 
 14 (lirst and last days included) there are 220 
 days. To find the number, look down the column 
 lioadod January, to number 14, and then look 
 along in a parallel line to the column headed 
 August — you find 226, the number required. 
 
 To find the number of days between any other 
 two given daj's, when they arc both after January 
 1, the number opposite the first day must, of 
 course, be deducted from that opposite to the 
 cecond. Thus, to find the number of days be- 
 tween March 13 and August 19, deduct from 231, 
 the number in the table opposite to 19 and under 
 August, 72, the number opposite to 13 and under 
 3Iarch, and the remainder, 159, is the number 
 ■Tcquired, last day included. 
 
 In l.iap years, one must be added to the number 
 after February 28. 
 
 For the mode of calculating discount, or of 
 finding the present values of sums due at some 
 •future date, at simple interest, see Di.scouNr. 
 
 In counting-houses, interest tables are very 
 frequently made use of. Such publications have, 
 in consequence, become very numerous. Most of 
 tlioin have some peculiar recommendation, and 
 are selected according ^o the object in view. 
 
 When interest, instead of bcmg simple, is com- 
 pound, the first year's or term's interest must be 
 found, and bein^" added to the original principal, 
 iiial.cs the principal upon which interest is to be 
 ca'.'ulated for the second year or t«rm; end the 
 gncond year's or term's interest being added to 
 this last principal, makes that upon wiiica interest 
 is til be calculated for the third year or term ; and 
 ■80 oil for any number of year?. 
 
 But when the number of years is ci 
 .sble, this process becomes cxcecdinglv aA 
 some and tedious, and to facilitate it tilileil 
 been constructed, which are subjuincii to | 
 article. 
 
 The first of these tables (No. I.) rppresa 
 amount of 1/. accumulating at con,poijnJ inti 
 at 24, 3, 3i, 4, 4 J, 5, and C per cent, everv veirl 
 1 year to 70 years, in poimds and dc'cimalil 
 pound. Now, suppose that we wish to koo/ 
 much 500/. will amount to in 7 years at ( 
 cent. In the column marked ■! pc'r cent, l 
 posite to 7 years, we find 1^315,932/.,wliichl 
 that 1(. willj if invested at 4 per cent, cobj 
 interest, amount to 1"31.'),932/. InTvoars.anl 
 sequently, 500/. will, in the same time, a 
 same rate,ainount to 500 x l'31o/J32/,oriJJ7< 
 that is, 1)07/. 19s. id. 
 
 For the same purpose of facilitating calci 
 the present value of 1/. due any numl)erofJ 
 hence, not exceeding 70, at 2J,'3, U, 4, 4i,f 
 6 per cent, compound interest, is given i 
 subjoined Table, No. II. Let it, for o.^aoiij 
 required to find the present worth of 5001 J 
 years hence, reckoning coropoiiiid inlerpsntl 
 cent. Opposite to 7 years, and under 1 pffl 
 we find •7.^991,781/., the preseni wonhf 
 due at the end of 7 years ; and niultipM 
 sum by 500/., the product, being S'iiW 
 379/. 19s. 2d., is the answer required. 
 
 Annuities. 
 1. Annuities certain.— Vfhcn a sum of u 
 to be paid yearly for a certain number of yel 
 is called an annuity. The annuities uiualll 
 with arc either for : ,•'• ■ r'lmberof years,! 
 are called rin-widWav.'jc.ii -r ,!if . ,''oli 
 
 if3i(i-rei)uirc( 
 1 "filer Ilia 
 fJteol'comp( 
 :''(r.:;iven,<i 
 /''^". and lool 
 Mare.^t to : 
 n;e percent., 
 
 JBiW.-Tliiij 
 
 "11 time will; 
 «"'-fomnoiin 
 '* Ift'fri'r'l,! , 
 
 n:»o ic„ 
 
 f '.Mpposiic to 1 
 "«beenre()uir( 
 *, """"''.'■, imp 
 "■J interest, wo, 
 "■"•'lie question 
 ""?• as abov. 
 ifj Md looliinfr 
 ) «.I., but) in*' 
 P'lle per cent., 
 ^'"TO required.. 
 
 .;,!•*., and ; 
 
 r,*'" ^ extin 
 fc'«at4p; 
 Wdbvio, 
 fc"f.under4 
 
li 
 
 INTEIiEST AND ANNUITIES 
 
 ccount cuvpii 
 •rinj; to UU(| 
 thu most USUI 
 c inaiU; u]i, 
 ia hmiscs AjJ 
 at th:it 
 ,l\y Buld (iff, ; 
 
 Iculalini; intcti 
 cailily tolindl' 
 I any one muDl 
 1. 'riiia may I 
 )V means u 
 
 any 
 
 ol/ifi- />.■,. 1 
 
 i' 
 
 i 
 
 i!r 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 ....— ^ 
 
 jr,o 
 
 i'fl 
 
 311 J',|, 
 
 
 
 
 vM 
 
 MMJ;'il5H| 
 
 
 
 isnUal 
 
 'if,'! 
 
 •Bl 
 
 3041 
 
 I 
 
 of years is com 
 , cxcceil'mgly i 
 facilitate it tabtel 
 arc subjoincti to 1 
 
 (No. 1.) rppresenU 
 
 at con.potjnJ intf 
 
 [■r cent, every year,! 
 
 ads and dcciraalsj 
 
 |to in " years ai^ 
 ted '1 licrceiit-i 
 
 •31,^,93-2/., wluctj 
 tt 4 per cent. COM 
 f3-2;.in7ycars;io| 
 ^e same time, a^.J 
 
 l-SlVJailoriJl 
 
 facilitating cilra 
 
 |,c anv number 01 
 
 lit2i,3:3U,*i. 
 
 Itcrcst, is given 1 
 
 iLct it, to """ll 
 Int worth of oOOll 
 
 „pomidinterf>l 
 
 'and under ipal 
 
 preseni woitBT 
 
 ., and raultipl!^ 
 
 let, being p'S" 
 
 ler reiiunW' 
 
 ofn 
 
 iTIES. 
 
 fcViicnasam 
 jiin number of ;il 
 
 [e annuities uiujjl 
 .number of yea^J 
 ■■'•,r !ir •' 
 
 , one or more individuals shall live, and 
 
 S nee called coutinflcnt annuitie,. _ 
 
 I '"rv he amount of an annuity at any Riven time 
 
 .Jent the sum to which it wi 1 then amount 
 
 I »<i,- it to have bmi regularly improved 
 
 KtilMnd interest during tlic intervening 
 
 Ke present valnc of an annuity for anv friyon 
 • "iiiihesum of the present values of all the 
 J,„t=oflhatftnnnitv. 
 U III and IV. of the subjoined tables rcprc- 
 ■X amount and present value of an anriuity 
 nl reckonins compound interest at 2A, .^, 
 11 5 and fi per cent, from 1 year to /O. 
 
 r's'Vll as N>. I- an'l ^^•' a'"'' *"'*''" '''''"" 
 
 ,TH«f.f!nlere:'t, Discount, and Annuitie.s by 
 
 ' *rtt.(lent.. .Ito. London. 172(J.' They are 
 
 lit,. 8 decimal places, and enjoy the highest 
 
 jttor both here and on the Continent, for 
 
 ncy'and completeness. The original work is 
 
 fi«onicvcrv scarce. 
 
 IHk a^f! of 'these tables are numernug, and 
 Tueei'ilv applied. .Suppose, for example, it 
 BMiiirptfto tell the amount of an annuity of 
 iJar for 17 years at i per cent, compound 
 
 Ci,ctol7 (Table III.) in the cohimn of 
 Land under 4 per cent., is 23-69/ ul,2,!9, 
 iile amount of an annuity of It. for the given 
 Htthe pivcn rate per cent.; and this multi- 
 dby jlpivcs 1184'875G195, or 1,184/. 17s. iid., 
 imoffl'.teiiuired. 
 
 ia«,«w,thatit U required what sum one 
 
 Ipjvfcmto receive an annuity of oO/. to 
 
 fctitne fii Kycars, compound interest at 4 per 
 
 fflifiii: rears (Table IV.) and under 4 
 
 iMt. ii I2-ir).iti(),88Ci, the present value of an 
 
 hitvifUforthc given time and at the given 
 
 k|)(rftnt.:and this multiplied by 50 gives 
 
 US, or C08(. 5s. 8rf., the present value re- 
 
 5 It inquired to find the <i;«cwhich must 
 ( in itiier that a given sum improved at a 
 "Jriteofcfimpouml interest may increase 
 Kchcrdvpn nmn, divide the latter sum by 
 |f.«fr, and look fur the quotient, or the 
 I neatest to it, in Taldw No I, under the 
 1 m fier cent., and the years opposite to it 
 lea^'.ver.— TliHS, 
 
 Jihit time will 623/. amount to 1,087/. 5s. 7d. 
 
 pttcint. compound interest V 
 
 m loci'iTM ic. by 523, and the quotient 
 
 |k2T;S9 ic., vfhich, under 5 per cent, in 
 
 iipposite to 15 years, the time rei|uired. 
 
 jlW been required to lind the time in which 
 
 I annuity, improved at a certain rate of 
 
 inlinterest, would have increased to some 
 
 ^M,ihc question would have been answered 
 
 in?, as abov,', the given sum by the 
 
 iy; and looliing for the quotient (not in 
 
 |Xo.I., but) in Table No. III., under the 
 
 I lite per cent., it would be found on a line 
 
 ptiffic required.— Thus 
 
 i 1,000/., and resolves to appropriate 10/. 
 Nhis incomi : . its discharge : in what time 
 p debt be extinguished, rccltoning corn- 
 Interest at 4 per cent. ? 
 
 10 divided by 10 gives 100, the number in 
 
 lAo. III. under 4 per cent., and nearest to 
 
 Totient is 99'8265 &c. opposite to 41 years, 
 
 lliircd time. Had the rate of intcres,'. been 
 
 »l^ the debt would have been discharged 
 
 what less than 37 years. This example 
 
 "vDr, Price (i4nni(i(ies, 6th ed. vol. ii. 
 
 ■ "00 on this principle the whole fabric of 
 
 5 fund was constructed. 
 
 773 
 
 Of the abstract truth of the principle there 
 cannot, indeed, be a doubt: but everything de- 
 pends (m the increasing sums annually produced 
 being immediately invested on the s.imo terms; 
 and this, when the sura is large, and tho period 
 long, is .iltogether impracticable. 
 
 Let it next be required to find an annuity 
 which, being increased at a given rate of compound 
 interest during a given time, will amount to a 
 specKied sum : in this case we divide tlic specified 
 sum by the amount of II. for the time and rate 
 given, as found in Table IIL, and the quotient is 
 the answer.— Thus, 
 
 What annuity will amount to 1,087/. 5s. 7d. in 
 15 years at 5 percent, compound interest? 
 
 Opposite to 15 years in Table IIL, and under 5 
 per cent., is 21'5785 &c., tlic amount of 1/. for tho 
 given time and rate; and dividing 1087'2794 &c. 
 by this sum, tho quotient 50-387 ic, or 50/. 7.*. dd., 
 is tho annuity required. 
 
 JJeferird Annuities are those which do not 
 commence till after a certain number of years ; 
 and reversionary annuities, such as depend upon 
 ibc occurrence of .some uncertain event, as the 
 death of an individual ic. 
 
 The present value of a deferred annuity is found 
 by deducting, from the value of an annuity for 
 the whole period, the value of an annuity to the 
 term at wliich the reversionary annuity is to 
 commence. — Thus, 
 
 What is tho present value of an annuity of 50/. 
 to continue for 25 )-cars, commencing at 7 vears 
 from the present time, interest at 4 per ceiit.V 
 
 According to Table No. IV., the value of an 
 annuity of 1/. for 25 ye.irs at 4 per cent, is 
 1 5'(;2207,995, anil that of 1/. for 7 years is 
 0-00205,467, which being deducted from the other, 
 loaves 9-62()()2,528, which multiplied by 50 gives 
 481/., the answer required. 
 
 Supposing the annuity, instead of being for 25 
 years, liad been a perpetuity, it ivould have been 
 worth 1,250/., from which deducting 300/. 2s., the 
 value of an annuity for 7 years at 4 p<.r cent., there 
 remains 949/. 18s., the value of the reversion. 
 
 For a selection of problems that may be solved 
 by tables of annuities certain, see Smart's Tables, 
 pp. 92—100. 
 
 2. Life Annuities, — After what has been stated 
 in the article on Insurance (Gkneiial Prin- 
 cii'LKS of), respecting tables of mortality, it will 
 be easy to sec how the value of a life annuity is 
 calculated. Supposing — to revert to the example 
 given before [Insuu.\nck, Phincipi.esokJ — that 
 it were required to find the present value of 1/., tho 
 receipt of which is dependent on the contingency of 
 a person, now 56 years of age, being alive 10 years 
 hence, taking the Carlisle Table of Mortality, and 
 interest at 4 per cent. : Now, according to that 
 table, of 10,000 persons bom together, 4,000 
 attain to 50, and 2,894 to CO years of age. The 
 probability that a person, now 56 years, will be 
 
 2 894 
 alive 10 years hence, is, consequently, ,' ^„ i and 
 
 the present value of 1/., to be received certain 10 
 
 years hence, being 0-675564/., it follows that if its 
 
 receipt bo made to depend on a life 56 years of 
 
 age attaining to 66, its value will be reduced bj* 
 
 ., . ,. ' . 2,894x0-675564/. n..aai~t 
 that contingency to -! j-Kr^n =0-4887//., 
 
 or 9s. 9\d, If, then, we had to find the present 
 value of an annuity of 1/. secured on the life of a 
 person now 56, we should calculate in this way 
 the present value of each of tli'a 48 payments, 
 which, according to the Carlisle table, ho might 
 receive, and their sum would, of course, be the 
 present value of the annuity. 
 
\l 
 
 
 
 i ' ' 
 
 •ij ' 
 
 . ! 1- 
 
 
 INTEREST AN 
 
 the 
 
 '^i,,.taton,cnt is enough to j;w;;;;i:;;;-;i;!;i 
 
 this also >va«, m f=^^ ' f ,^ in Mr. Sin,,.''.'" ""'^ 
 ,vl>i<U thoy were c^^^l' ' ;- '..j easier prmrs., -Ic- 
 
 that of uu a.nnu at - ' y j,, ,he sun.s 
 
 There, is a c<.nM'l^'''y'^/";'i\,iiv..r(..t insurance 
 at\vhich 'V.tTcrent author., an » . ^^^^^^.^^^, 
 oft CCS. estimate the pre. t u n> o ,^^.^^ 
 payable to per.ons ^ .^ !;,^,!;"^'; , ,7. modcol-oaV- 
 Sot arise from »">:,.'""' ^fv,," .liUVrences in the 
 
 culaliny; tlic- annuities, Init mm ^,^^^ ^,,,,y 
 
 £es of nic^tamy employ J. l,^.,„,„,,,ti,.liea 
 
 be accurate Nvlienti are .tea ^^_^^,.^_^^ ,^ i ,^ 
 
 and careful ^bsei v on^J " .,f ,,er.ons; orvvhen 
 series of y'^'^'"*'' ""'rrl oflhc vUole population, an 
 the avcraj;c ""-"^.f; "' " for a le.!t;tl.ene.l peno< 
 „f the deaths at c^."'^-'', "^^ ,u,c meessary eare. It 
 have be(.i 'l^'Tfi ■ comnments. Vlio alone 
 is to be regretted that K'V^ ^^^^ ,,4- ^or- 
 
 have the means of ««'^^"" "^^^a suffieicntly large 
 talitv by observations 'i^;'^';^."',, attentive to their 
 «caS l^ave been smgn arl « "^^^e. , f.,, years 
 duty in this respe t; a"^ "" gmplovcd to oivl- 
 Bhice, when Mr, 1- mlaisou ^^"« ^n^i', f^om the 
 culatc tables ot t^,^,;^** ^"'puUic t.-ntiiuv, and o 
 ages of the ^-^o^'^Z -ii^l', tJovernment had 
 individuals on ^'I'^f.,, ^[.^a been done m this 
 Krantcd annuities, a^\.";7 ' Xtior on whieh to 
 Country to lav a solid "u-ula^^ ,^ ^ 
 
 construct the vast [ab^e « ^^^^^^^^^ ,^^^„ bad 
 r:?^,^utVtmi5riUcrU-observ..onst^ 
 
 ^^t."S-tedmat.en..UieianB.I^^^^^ 
 
 the first >vl>o,^;?l7'^^,'-J observations made at 
 which he deduced ""'" "^ m. .le Moiva put 
 Urcslau, in Silesia.. 1" .' f *' _„t oq .innuititi m 
 Ited the fl«t«fnae,\':trthe calculi '^ 
 fjves. In order to tac ita ^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 their values, M.de Moure a ^^^ ^ 
 
 decrements of We to be j ^.^^^^ ^, ^i, 
 
 supposed that out of bb^he ^^^^^ together o«. 
 on his hypothesis) pc ^ ^^.^^^ extinct, 
 
 would die every y'^^'l^^l^ '^/Jitv well with the true 
 This assumption agrmii;^*^^^^^^,,^ as p-en 
 
 values between 30 an'i " ^ -ery remote Irom I 
 In Dr. llallcy'8 table, ^''^^^.^'i^Ver periods. Mr 
 Ihe truth ia ^he cf ' ' ^^^^ it««n,7i." -"^ 
 
 D ANNUITIES 
 
 Till laiier, uLi,.,.*.- - - - I — ---J ■•• 
 
 ns to the hi.storv, t' cory. or priictice ol thcMicnci 
 ,,;,,„ Vms mucirne^v and valunb'.e inalt.:r, uidt 
 .... .,.r,.r ,\i (,f (juv reiiilcTi aaWi.-lud 
 
 ANNUITIES I 
 
 IK latter, besides all that was previously knowJ 
 
 to the history, t' cory. or priictice of the MiCTcJ 
 
 . .-. .,,.,.1." luAv and valunb'.e inalti:r. iiultii 
 
 it we beg to refer 
 enter fuUv into the .l>.l''ct 
 Tl»e table on wli 
 
 stress was calenlii.' ir..m me uuriiii r.-i 
 ievit. in the parish i.l All Sanits, jSwrthnin 
 
 \llo tlie ilieei. i 
 
 on will 1 l>r. I'ricc laid the Rtpstaj 
 calenlii,' tr'"" the burial x.~:^w-i 
 
 levit in tlie paiisu i» mi ...<iii..n, iTOii.iuiii|iti« 
 contaiuing litUe more than bulf the (« iiulatu.a 
 (he tu-.vii. There can be 110 douht, h.mevcr, 
 IV. im original defects i;i tlw (■onsr.-uciioti 
 table as from the iiiiiiroMMiient Mia! 
 since taken place in th( 
 
 iicahiiiii(.»!< (>f uif, 
 
 Non.araptd 
 
 mJ 
 
 i»s t 
 
 'the truth in the <^f 5^^ ^ On An,Mies and 
 Thomas Simpson, mh«^»^,^^l ^^ 174-2, gave a 
 
 Reversions, ""S'*"'' Liced from the London bill..^. 
 table of mortality deduceu' ^^^^ values d 
 
 and tables f°^"'\"^tlu "e^ o^ ^''^'^'^ '^"'' '"^ n 
 annuities. H"t at tl P^ .^ .^^ndon was so 
 was calculated, the " "J" V„f the country, that 
 much lii6b«V'"'.lmmt e g ven in it were far too 
 the values ot the f""'i'^''in^n-10. M. Deparc.eux 
 small for general use i" 1 i^.^t,, de la 
 
 published, in his f;;2ine-awork distinguished 
 
 ^Durec de Ui Vie /^«'»«"f ;e,s_tables of mor- 
 bv its perspicuity and neatne ^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 tality deduced ^o™ "°^?,; religious houses, and 
 mortuary registers of sever u . b tontines. In 
 ^^%i„s of the '^^"^^Xks were first constructed 
 this work ««f r*^ ,Vef ami tl>c g^^atct longevitv 
 lor males and f'' '\« J' *„arent. M. Ueparcieux s 
 of the latter '«>"' ""^ J^^^JJ^i^uionto the science 
 tables were a very S 'f "l j^^^^^ that are still 
 
 and are decidedly superior ^^^^^^ 
 
 extensively used ^>- ,' ,f ,,bich was p.iblished 
 Annnilies, the f p*;«^'^V''",,erfullv to direct the 
 ^ 17.0, contributed P?''"'f ^bis sort, and was 
 
 ;Vue attention t" -^"^.^/t uUlity, ^ Of the 
 in this respect of ^ crj ^ ,^^,^^. ^f Mr. llailj 
 
 -d^^rMrei wiiS. ^^^ - '-''' "^^'"■'- 
 
 Hince taken place ui me iicaouuitr., ,„ ui.,|Hibl 
 'that the mortality represcntoil an tte V 
 table is, and l„is long been, d.3Ci«;. 
 ' ,,f,,„o. rate ol mortality ni hn(,'lattvl M 
 'uan.'mdeed, the late leanu'd ucimn- 
 iMiuilable Societv. contended that '^ 
 ..'ase and that th- Society's experiLUu, ,u„»-, 
 the Northampton t4lble is still reimmi»,.r 
 r-ite* Hut the fans Mr. Morgun ilmiu— a 
 Ylew of the «'«■ and I' 'oijrm of tif ii/'Ui 
 Society (p. 4-2), pufaUslier. iu 1H28, m .m 
 virianee with this opini...u; for ho tuim^ .a 
 that the death* of p.J-Min* msun^d 111 tlv m 
 .d)le Society, fr<"in .-in to 60 ; «rsof a(;o, iiitm 
 V' years nrevionsly to lai!*, were ;;rfi; «[, 
 aceurding to the N orthanipt..-a lahk>, ih^y ,- 
 hav« bet^n W5 '. And Mr Mu»e has emlnai- 
 o show .art. • Annuities,' uew -.d. of &r,. 
 that the discrepancy is really luach Ktcatw. 
 The onlv ,oth«r laiilo used r.i ;uiy (xk 
 iMiirland '.''T niie calculation ot ht.- aimuu 
 ivit framed Lv- Mc Milne from ohser^•ali:,n= 
 l.vDr Ue.v^uaoi on the rate ot mortuu;: at 
 Uslc ' It gives a decidedly lower nn. .1 -m 
 han the Sorthaanpton table, ana tlur^ ire, 
 l!^oun.l9 for thinking that the mortauy- 
 ?Jp,esents is not very d.tlcrent ium . 
 ate viiroughout ipost parts of LtiRlaua, J 
 /a, not be supposed uUut a tabic imM 
 'n now a basis should give a pcrfcci y Li.rv 
 t^he a^e^age mortality of the entire k.ii^Jo; 
 In Ih..- assurance, the first annual prei 
 alwavs paiJ at the commencement tliess 
 anTrthe'others at the termmat.oi, ot eaA 
 C- as the party assured survives, led 
 Smiingo'fthe assurance, t,.wM 
 nual premiums pay.ible for it ;... « 1 1« 
 of an equal annuity on the a. .^^ 
 ;.rchase\ and, therefore wc„-« 
 
 Lsurancc in present money p. ..^^ 
 
 ■ . 'm-u(>l- -ii 
 
 rdX^t annual premium is ^.-^.^n 
 
 ■W f,„ M. The annual P«mir„'»f-;i 
 ££;.^idir..tly^^;h^-::^,:J 
 
 on the life, ^''^'"'""1 r»''1 
 
 Hontviuueoithe»^'.- Vji^,.,l 
 
 •jf mortality that iws '» to'ether. « I 
 
INTKRKST AND ANNUITIES 
 
 77.") 
 
 isly knwiij 
 the mem 
 lUM, unit 
 
 ....,«l tilt I 
 
 tin-t in England, France, Sweden Sec... 
 '""Sm? to the most cclcbrnted nulliorilies. Tlio 
 "'''"Tnnrt of this table was originally publislieil 
 P'n A„ttou in hi* M>itl>emiitiail DkUimnr;/. art. 
 &^: Mr. llailv inserted it with addi- 
 ■ iTliU work on ^l"'""'"''*; and it was jiub- 
 ?f j,h the column for Carlisle added, in the 
 Srf-rte Cmmittce of the House of Commons 
 ^Iwto Socktks. The rate of m..rtality at 
 ^"pr^ntcd in thin table, is les. than 
 
 . •„binid«n\T(hcrc else: the rales which ap- 
 i "'Jh noarest to it arc those dednced from the 
 
 ' mlions already referred to, of M. Deparcieu.x, 
 
 .-''ilw* of M. Kersseboom oix the nominees ol 
 
 "; —-iiuitiM ill lli>lliind. 
 
 '■.'Itderiocalculnte from this table the chancR 
 l,itfui#r«on of any (Xivm a^'e has of^attaininK 
 
 when 
 ney i« P'^ 
 
 LtcUase, 
 
 ) ite • 
 
 ntannxVi) 
 
 table, Mr. Finlaisoii's table (Xo. V.) of the rate 
 of mortality nniunp; 1,000 children born toi;cther, 
 acciirdinj; to tlie decrement of life oh-iorvcd to 
 take place nmonj; the nominees in Uovcrnmont 
 tontines and life annuities in this country, dis- 
 tinguishing males from females. The rate of 
 mortality which this table exliibits is decidedly 
 less llian that given in the Carlisle table ; but the 
 lives in the latter arc the average of tlie population, 
 while those in the former arc all iiicked. The 
 nominees in tontines arc uniformly chosen among 
 the healthiest individuals, and none but those 
 who consider their lives as good over buy an an- 
 nuity. Still, however, the table is very" curious, 
 and it sets the superiority of female life' in a very 
 striking point of view. 
 
 Tobies VI. and VIII, give the erpectatinn of 
 
 premium'"*-' 
 itheval'.coi^J 
 iculvulatiiF'f^l 
 
 i;-o. (Mt.an 
 
 .j^niiiuties »1 
 
 |,kelciundal'«'»' 
 
 l,tfoUo»"« , 
 ..fi, obscrvw t' 
 
 lo(e«l>)'«"'"^ 
 
 ^ _ ^ and VIII, give the erpec 
 
 iikhcr ace, we^hnve only to divide the life, according to the mortality observed at Nortli- 
 oi iiersona alive at such higher age, given amplou and Carlisle, the former by Dr. Price, and 
 
 the latter by Mr. Milne; and Table IX. is the 
 English Life' Table, comjiuted by Dr. Farr. 
 
 The next table. No, X., cxtrncted from the 
 Second Report of the Committee of the House of 
 
 the 
 
 I',') ID' 
 
 biEKT of Iiersona ,._ , , , . , 
 
 ,,is Mhimn of Ike table selected to decul 
 \.i«tbv the iiumbrr of persons alive at the 
 , t.'and the fraction resulting is the chance. 
 H;iu-fe prefixed, by way of supplement to this 
 
 ll_T ,;■ liuming the Amount of II. improved at Compound Interest, at 2J, 3, 3J, 4, 4.J, 5, and 6 per 
 ' " "' Cent., at the end of every Year, from i to 70. 
 
 ^ JiptrC<nt. 
 
 ,T per Cunt. | 
 
 3} per C«nt. 
 
 4 per C«lt. 
 
 *i per Cent. 
 
 per Cent. 
 
 6 per Cent. 
 
 io?,v>n,ooo 
 
 1 •osonn.mo 
 
 1-035"0.000 
 
 1-01000,000 
 
 (■O4'ino,non 
 
 1'05000,0(10 
 
 1 06000,000 
 
 \'ll,^l^fi^,'l"^) 
 
 i-()fioyi',*>"> 
 
 lMl71va,.'>in) 
 
 1-|I8I6i>,ijO(> 
 
 r(n)2(l2,5O0 
 
 1-102,51 1,0(10 
 
 1-12360 .OiHl 
 
 , 1 i'iii"si,'i8y 
 
 i-oy'/7'^,;iin 
 
 1-10871,71(7 
 
 1 12186,400 
 
 i-ir.:i6,6i« 
 
 l-l.'i7(;2,.'.IK) 
 
 1191111,600 
 
 1-1VV,0,KMI 
 
 M I7M,30I) 
 
 1-I(i98,5,8'>6 
 
 1-19'J!'>1,H6» 
 
 l-215,',(l,62'. 
 
 1-26217,696 
 
 , 1 i-l.VU0,H*il 
 1 l.Vlfi9,342 1 
 
 1-I5'j'i7,4ll7 
 
 l*IH71iH,(i31 
 
 !•'!! 665,290 
 
 1-246 1'«, 194 
 
 1 275';8,1,',6 
 
 r3382-;,,558 
 
 l-li)ll>,WO 
 
 I-2«)'ri,-.33 
 
 1-26 ',,11, 902 
 
 J-302'.'((.,(lli 
 
 1-3I009,,561 
 
 14 1851,911 
 
 1 IxXfiR .'iT'j ' 
 
 l-'^V'H"/i'*7 
 
 l-^7'«7,9'.ili 
 
 1-31,',9.1,I78 
 
 1 -.36086^,183 
 
 I 4(17111,012 
 
 1 ■.50,163 ,0'i6 
 
 I'ilsio.sgo 
 1, \-iM»,iH 
 
 l-2fili7;,ilOS 
 
 l-.->l (■80,904 
 
 1 •r,(,8,'.6,905 
 
 l-l-i2IO,.ll61 
 
 1'I7;45,544 
 
 1 -.'.938 1,807 
 
 1 -.3" 177,3 18 
 
 l'3fi?s9,735 
 
 ri--o-.i,isi 
 
 1-48609 ,.',14 
 
 1-5'j132,822 
 
 r68'J47,896 
 
 1-3439 1,038 
 
 1M!0,')9,876 
 
 I-l-'l',;l,12S 
 
 1-55296,'>12 
 
 J-6i,««9,163 
 
 1^79084,770 
 
 1' l-3l7flll,fififi 
 
 !-3«tM,M7 
 
 l-4.'.:i'lli,97'2 
 
 1-5- (1,3,106 
 
 l-62285,.3n5 
 
 1-710-.1,936 
 
 1^8!lS29,856 
 
 ]' MtlHH.HHV 
 
 l'1'i.'i7fi,liH9 
 
 l-,'>lli)fi,Hfi(i 
 
 l-;.(i.'C.,-i'-'2 
 
 1-69.588,143 
 
 1-795(15,6,33 
 
 2-01219,617 
 
 ■'\ ' l',1*H51,liU 
 
 1-II.S,'>3.371 
 
 I-.Vl.TJ.'..60i; 
 
 l-6<an7.35i 
 
 I-772I9,610 
 
 1 •8856 4,9 14 
 
 2- 1,3-^92,826 
 
 i; Ml'.!9;,38*i 
 
 l-.'il'i.')H,97a 
 
 l-nl»(l9,15'2 
 
 1'731«7,615 
 
 1-85191,492 
 
 1-97993,160 
 
 2 !i6o(JO,.196 
 
 't l'tlSi9,8!7 
 
 l-.'i',7M,74'2 
 
 |-ri7.i34,HS3 
 
 I •8(1(191.351 
 
 l-9.3528.'244 
 
 1C0789.,8I8 
 
 2^39655,819 
 
 it (41IVI,562 
 
 1-11111711,641 
 
 1 •73.19'<,«04 
 
 I-S7-i9».l-i,', 
 
 2022.37,015 
 
 irl8'287,4,59 
 
 2-51035,168 
 
 i: ' l.^^lfil,HVfi 
 
 l-fiSS>ll,7«3 
 
 l-79)(17,5.'i.') 
 
 1-9I7WJ1-II 
 
 •J'l 1.1.37,681 
 
 •.(••29'i01,S32 
 
 2fi9j77,279 
 
 1* 1 1-55%'>,R72 
 
 l-7l«43,3ii« 
 
 l-«.'i74t(,92ll 
 
 2-ll2,'iHl.(5 ,2 
 
 2-20847,877 
 
 2 l06(il,9-<3 
 
 2-8.43.1,915 
 
 1) 1 1'6SS65,019 
 
 ]-7...3SO,60 
 
 \-m;<,iyi 
 
 2-106S(.<)>M 
 
 •-'•30786,031 
 
 2'52693,I120 
 
 3-02559,950 
 
 ti 163KI,64t 
 
 1-»0611,1M 
 
 I"9»!r78,S86 
 
 2-.all2,.-.ll 
 
 '.i-iU7l,402 
 
 •2-65329,771 
 
 3-20713,547 
 
 tl 
 
 1-6795S,1S,5 
 
 1-S6020,4'i7 
 
 2-n'.9l3,H7 
 
 2-^7876,snT 
 
 Q-,','j!0?4,116 
 
 2-7«,'i9f,2.59 
 
 3-39956,160 
 
 It 
 
 l'72167,UO 
 
 I>yll,lll,3ll 
 
 VI3l,j|,l,'i8 
 
 2-3(,'C,l.Kr') 
 
 2^63 .ft5,201 
 
 2-9.'5-iU, .72 
 
 3-6i|,353,742 
 
 S 
 
 l-76l6l,(lfiH 
 
 l-:i73.5>t,f,.11 
 
 li'ioBl 1,148 
 
 2-46171, '< 
 
 2^7.',-^ 16,6.35 
 
 3-07r.-i,.-:7(i 
 
 3-8 1971,966 
 
 » 
 
 1-S0872,59.'. 
 
 v-o-a;'),!!! 
 
 S-'iS33a,S49 
 
 2-.')U.331>,11T 
 
 2-87601^83 
 
 3-22.'/19,!l9l 
 
 4-01893,464 
 
 B 
 
 i'»539l,41ll 
 
 'i-ll'J377,7W 
 
 •i'.iri.3SI,49S 
 
 26(,,'iH.3,fi33 
 
 >ni 15 1.3,146 
 
 3-,3S630,nll 
 
 4-i91 87,(172 
 
 S 
 
 r9i»i!9,'l7ll 
 
 ■i-i.v,,w,isr 
 
 li-44'i9.'.,.S.'>() 
 
 2-77-^4li,979 
 
 •1-I0(.7,9rtl 
 
 3-55567,269 
 
 4-51938,296 
 
 C 1 
 
 1■917^0,(X« 
 
 vTi! tit.yin 
 
 1! Ml 11,6,7 11 
 
 2-SS,336,R,'>8 
 
 ••-J,8200,9,')6 
 
 3 7,131,'v.3« 
 
 4^82'/3 1,594 
 
 " 
 
 1«.19649,JOT 
 
 i-w:9S,7«>. 
 
 !i-(:-'J017,B96 
 
 29'J870,.332 
 
 ; (•,!>(69,999 
 
 392012,914 
 
 5- 1 1168.470 
 
 « 
 
 iOI640,7M 
 
 S-,- <i1fi,S.'>l 
 
 2-71187,798 
 
 .3-1 1-6.5,145 
 
 3- '.84(13,619 
 
 4-11613,,560 
 
 S-IISIS,?-*) 
 
 s 1 
 
 rlH;M,7iH 
 
 •i-vi:'iB,m 
 
 2-80679,370 
 
 3-24339,751 
 
 3-71.31,813 
 
 4-.TJ19l,«38 
 
 5-74349,117 
 
 S'1V100,6T7 
 
 2-.',flOOO,03i 
 
 2-90'i03,MS 
 
 3-3731.1,Tll 
 
 3-913,85,745 
 
 4-5-S03,9l» 
 
 608810,1161 
 
 imK,m\ 
 
 •i-.'i75im,'J7ti 
 
 3-00670,7.VJ 
 
 -■■',0805,875 
 
 -l-li8')98,lol 
 
 4^7619l,117 
 
 6- 1,5,1,38 ,668 
 
 : 'irt\»ifms 
 
 'j-(;.')V3:.,.','i4 
 
 3-11194,23,') 
 
 ,•■.-64838,110 
 
 4-27403,1118 
 
 5-00318,851 
 
 6-84(l,5S,(|8« 
 
 !l 1 l-3l53'i,113 
 
 'J-73l9ii,5-il 
 
 .■(■2',!li86,033 
 
 .')-7ill31,63l 
 
 4^16',3(i,154 
 
 ,'i"2,'.331,797 
 
 7'i510/,,5'28 
 
 Si ' !-3:j»,.'il9 
 
 'i-Hl.-.s6,-i4,'i 
 
 3-33,->,',9,015 
 
 3-91608,8(19 
 
 4-6673!,78l 
 
 .5-5 1601, ,537 
 
 7-68608,679 
 
 » l-«ttS,M2 
 
 ';-Sl)S-i7,S33 
 
 3-l,'>l 126,611 
 
 4-lo,393,-,(55 
 
 4-87737,816 
 
 5-79181,614 
 
 8-14725,200 
 
 S J-49.131,»7I1 
 
 r>-9s.').''^,fit;8 
 
 3','i7UW„')13 
 
 1-2(.8( 18.986 
 
 5-09686,049 
 
 6(«( 140,69 I 
 
 8-6.1(;os,712 
 
 » JSWS.SIS 
 
 3-il747S,318 
 
 3-69601,132 
 
 4-4.388 1,315 
 
 5-3'.!621,921 
 
 6-38'.t7,729 
 
 9-15t-,.5,2.15 
 
 » 26l9i7,44ll 
 
 rrlli70'2,i;9« 
 
 3-.82537,l7l 
 
 4-616.36,599 
 
 5-565S9,9lW 
 
 6-7017.5,115 
 
 9-7'i3.'.ii,749 
 
 « \ .-iSiOe^SSt 
 
 3-S6'^03,77a 
 
 3-93Ul!o,972 
 
 4-80102,06,3 
 
 5-81036,451 
 
 7 03998,871 
 
 10-2857 1,7'J4 
 
 tl 
 
 J-7S819,I)(3 
 
 3-3S9»9,S9,1 
 
 4'09783,:i8l 
 
 4-99-06,145 
 
 6-07 8 10/194 
 
 7-.39198,S15 
 
 IO-9n'Jfi6,10I 
 
 ■« 
 
 SS*I99,.W1 
 
 .1-4fillf,9,S»9 
 
 4-24125,799 
 
 5M9278,391 
 
 6-35161,518 
 
 7-761,38,7.'i5 
 
 11 -,',57 11,1,267 
 
 ts 
 
 i-sgna/ios 
 
 r>-S61,'il,677 
 
 4-38970,202 
 
 .0-4OO19,5-.'7 
 
 6-6,3713,818 
 
 8- 14966, (.93 
 
 12-'«0 15,463 
 
 « 
 
 i*3SS,80li 
 
 3-(i7l4.',.Sa7 
 
 4-54334,160 
 
 5-6 1651,. '.08 
 
 6-9.3612,'/9n 
 
 8'1.',7I5,1)28 
 
 1298548,191 
 
 
 
 3'C3;90,31!8 
 
 3-7S 1 VJ,.'i)i4 
 
 4-7ll-«,5,Si,') 
 
 ,',-84117,568 
 
 7-.!48'H,843 
 
 S^98500,-79 
 
 13-76161,083 
 
 « 
 
 3-ll3»'..016 
 
 3-S9.'i(M„172 
 
 4-86694,110 
 
 6-07482,27! 
 
 7-57441,961 
 
 9-43r25,818 
 
 14'5(J04S,748 
 
 (: 
 
 1 3-19169,713 
 
 4-0Ult9,.'.03 
 
 5-0372S,|il4 
 
 6-31781,562 
 
 -■915'.!6,8I9 
 
 9-90597,109 
 
 15-16391,673 
 
 4t 
 
 3'17U8,9.')6 
 
 4-l.3iii,',,IH8 
 
 S-2l,'.'>S,89S 
 
 6-57a52.S24 
 
 8-27l15/i57 
 
 1II-|0I'^6,965 
 
 16-.19187,I73 
 
 IS 
 
 3-363 i7,6»0 
 
 4-»,'>ri-;l,'J44 
 
 .'1-391(16,459 
 
 6-833,34,9,37 
 
 8-61367,107 
 
 10-921.1.3,313 
 
 17-37 7,')0,403 
 
 H 
 
 3'43710,«74 
 
 4-38,390,602 
 
 5-58192,686 
 
 7-10668,335 
 
 9-03263,627 
 
 10-46739,'J78 
 
 18 4'.iOl5,427 
 
 M 1 3'SiTO3,54t 
 « 361111,!M 
 J- 1 3'70139,OI6 
 
 4-.'.l'>12,320 
 
 5-7S039,9,TO 
 
 7-390'15,068 
 
 9-t.3910,49O 
 
 12-04076,977 
 
 19-52,536,153 
 
 4-(.,',0'(H,.',<)0 
 
 «-98271,3i7 
 
 7-6S6-I8.87I 
 
 9-86386,163 
 
 12-61280,826 
 
 20-6(J688,534 
 
 4-7904 l,-i47 
 
 6-19210,824 
 
 7-99105,226 
 
 10-3077.1,853 
 
 13 -/;494,868 
 
 21-9.1869,846 
 
 If • 3-J939S,49l 
 • 3W877,3l)3 
 
 4-934!-i,48') 
 
 6- 1(1883,202 
 
 N-31381,435 
 
 10-771.58,677 
 
 13'J3869,6I1 
 
 23-2.5.502 ,0,37 
 
 S-0SVH,S.W 
 
 6-6.-3'll,III 
 
 8-616,36,692 
 
 11 ■2,5630,817 
 
 1|-6,1.')63,092 
 
 24-6.'>032,1.5» 
 
 I i 3-!)VW,116 
 
 5-S.3-l61,30-i 
 
 6-S6,,VM118 
 
 S-992i2,160 
 
 I1-76284,'J01 
 
 15 36741,246 
 
 21.-12931,089 
 
 •' 41I*VH,117 
 » ! ti«778,3« 
 g : 1-S9«7,7I10 
 
 5-3916),U1 
 
 7-105*,662 
 
 9-.35191,016 
 
 l2-29'il6,9(J3 
 
 I6'13578,3(18 
 
 2769710,131 
 
 5'553I0,098 
 
 7-.3.54-i8,2l5 
 
 9-725'l8,(.S8 
 
 I28I531,758 
 
 16-91257,121 
 
 29-3.5892,712 
 
 S-7-iO(lO,30l 
 
 7-61168,203 
 
 10-1 1.302,6.36 
 
 13'42335,687 
 
 17-78')70,085 
 
 31 12046,307 
 
 V , (■39978,9:5 
 
 .V89 160,3 10 
 
 7-87809,090 
 
 10 51(JGi,7ll 
 
 14 02740,793 
 
 18-87918,589 
 
 32 118769,085 
 
 H i I'ffi"'"' 
 
 6 0fifi3'.,1?O 
 
 R-lV^8V,|n8 
 
 in '11011,251 
 
 lr65S6|,129 
 
 19-61314,519 
 
 3|-96693,S.10 
 
 H I l'^!M«.9IO 
 
 6 i'(i|iM73 
 
 8-439 -'0,7 'l.-l 
 
 1 37802,901 
 ii 8,331.5,017 
 
 15-31828.011 
 
 ■J0-5(J3S0,2I5 
 
 37-06 1'J6,9I4 
 
 H <';3««9,«3.1 
 
 6-43,'Jl,579 
 
 8-73l'i8,010 
 
 16 1)0760,275 
 
 21 62349,'i57 
 
 39-28886,761 
 
 ^E I'8%I,I6| 
 
 6'6310.'.,I'W 
 
 9-01029,051 
 
 12-.3( 1617,617 
 
 in-r/791,187 
 
 7^iKi)ro.j.i(i 
 
 22-70468,720 
 
 41 01619,967 
 
 ^K 4^79S.8«f; 
 
 6-8V998,'«3 
 
 9-35670,068 
 
 1279873,,5yS 
 
 23-83990,056 
 
 41 1II'J7.J65 
 46-79166,994 
 
 ^K i ^'iOJ10,7!U 
 ■ V36071,6.SI| 
 
 7-a348H,'«8 
 
 968418,510 
 
 131106'', 63 
 
 H^26)13,I00 
 
 2:. 111189,559 
 
 7-S159*,86S 
 
 10lVi311,16a 
 
 13 sIlU. 01 
 II 3968,1 ( 19 
 
 11 oxaic.iin 
 
 20 28349,036 
 
 49-(10H9,0(t 
 
 7-463.30,6-it 
 
 0-31391,129 
 
 |(|-'l|B3'..5|l 
 
 2; 59766,188 
 
 52-.577.16,7ft* 
 
 7'687Vil,57l 
 
 il)-7,i;il4,924 
 
 II 97/7(l,'l95 
 
 20 8 1606,276 
 
 2897751,811 
 30'4964i,5S3 
 
 55-73200,960 
 
 m~ '""""" 
 
 >*o^llU.115B 
 
 7-9l78a,19l 
 
 11-1128,^,526 
 
 1S-5JI(,I,S35 
 
 Sl-781l3,.5.'i8 
 
 5907593,018 
 
776 
 
 Cummotu on Friendly Societiei, rivcs a compara- 
 tive view of the results of some of the most cele- 
 brntod tables of mortality, in relation to tho rate 
 4)f mortality, the expectation of life, the value of 
 nn annuity ic. The coincidence between the re- 
 HultH deduced from M. Denarcieux's table and 
 that for Carlisle is very stnUinp ; and to render 
 the information on these subjects laid before the 
 reader as complete an the nature of this work will 
 admit, we have given tables (Nos. XI. — XVII.) of 
 tho vi'luo of an annuity of 1/. on a sirif^lc life, at 
 every nge, and at 3, 4, 6, (!, 7, and 8 per cent., accord- 
 ing to the Northampton and Carlisle tables ; we 
 have also given tables of the value of an annuity of 
 l/.on 2 equal lives, and 2 lives differing by 6 years, 
 at .'!, 4, 5, and C per cent., according to the same 
 tables. It is but seldom, therefore, that our 
 readers will require to resort to any other woric 
 for the meann of solving tho questions that usually 
 occur in practice with regard to annuities: and 
 there ore not many works in which they will fuid 
 BO good a collection of tables. We subjoin one or 
 
 INTEREST ANL ANNUITIES 
 
 two examples of the mode of umg the tabU 
 
 of life annuities. '' "■ '™n 
 
 Suppose it were required, what ouirht . ,>, 
 
 ed 45, to give, to secure' an S£ ^f^,;'' 
 
 ar for life, interest at 4 per cent »L ,'■ ' "• 
 
 Pw cent., Recording 
 
 iinauie.xo. AH.,un(lfr4porPcnt ami,,. 
 isl4•l().^,hev«lueofallannuUvS'''^''■"r 
 iig multiplied by 50, gives 70.r'}, „r TiV;/' ' 
 ! value reqiured. Accnling to the N„r,|,a„ „ ': 
 
 age( 
 
 ye 
 
 the Carlisle table V 
 
 InTable No. Xir.,undfr4porpcnt ami,,. 
 
 45, is i4-i()i, the value „f ,„,'„..„:."::: *1!'!."I'P" 
 
 being 
 
 the va.M,». ...,,...vu. jvixuniuig to tlic Ndrilian,,,,, , 
 
 OH/! i5» """""^ """'''' '"''^' ''"" ''^«» *'"'" 
 The value of an annuitv on 2 lives of tho ,,,r 
 age, or on 2 lives ditleririg by 6 years nmv t 
 found in precisely the same way • 
 
 .Some questions in revenhmny life ,nn„i,i„, 
 admit of an equally easy sohuioi,. Thus ,> 
 It IS re.jiiired to find the present value ,(7 
 interest in an estate worth luo/. a-vear fiiliil,, ,' 
 him at the death of H, „g,:,i .Ki/iXe! ?" 
 cent, according to the Carlisle tal'le ? ' '*' 
 The value of the perpoluity of 100/, a-vov 
 
 iVwi 
 
 Ifl 
 
 IL— Table show 
 
 owint} the Present Value of 11. receivahle at the end of any t/icen }'ear fr 
 70, reckoning Compound Interest at 2^, 3, SJ, 4, 4A, 5, and G per Cent, ' 
 
 rom 1 (,) 
 
 K \i 
 
 J \ 
 
 . ! 5 
 
 i 
 
 ■M 
 
 Yean 
 
 t\ |Hfr Cent. 
 
 .^ |ier Cent. 
 
 34 per Cent. 
 
 4 jier Cent. 
 
 41 per Cent. 
 
 5 per Cent 
 
 I 
 
 0'9756O,97« 
 
 0-97087,379 
 
 96618,3.57 
 
 0'961.53,816 
 
 0^g5693,780 
 
 0^952.18,n9-, 
 
 1 
 
 •95IK1,410 
 
 •94-i59..Vj 1 
 
 •93.151,070 
 
 •921.',5,621 
 
 •91572,995 
 
 ■9')7))2!'J18 
 ■86.181.7, 
 
 3 
 
 ■'jtn:>'.),'j\\ 
 
 •91511,166 
 
 •90I91,'i7() 
 
 •88899,636 
 
 •87629,660 
 
 4 
 
 ■UlC.'l.'i.OOt 
 
 ■88818,705 
 
 •87111,223 
 
 •85180,119 
 
 •83856,131 
 
 •8227",2I7 
 •7835 .',61 6 
 
 & 
 
 •SSSS.i.l'iy 
 
 •86260,878 
 
 •81197,317 
 
 •82192,711 
 
 •8021'., 105 
 
 6 
 
 •86S'i'J,BS7 
 
 •83748,126 
 
 ■8 1 1."8I,064 
 
 •79031,1,3 
 
 ■7678'l,571 
 
 ■7l(i;l,',li) 
 
 7 
 
 •S4lvr,,5'a 
 
 •81.109,151 
 
 •78599,096 
 
 •75991,781 
 
 •73182,8)6 
 
 -71l".H,1.13 
 
 H 
 
 •MSI)71.li.'.7 
 
 •789I0,'I2.1 
 
 ■75911,156 
 
 •73069,020 
 
 •70318.513 
 
 •67),S.1,').16 
 
 U 
 
 •8lH)"'^,K3(i 
 
 •76611.f.;3 
 
 ■7.1.173,097 
 
 •70258,671 
 
 •672'JU,II3 
 
 •6U6l),892 
 
 lU 
 
 •78119,810 
 
 •74109,.-)U1 
 
 •70891,881 
 
 •67556,117 
 
 •61392,768 
 
 •61391,325 
 
 11 
 
 •76SI4,I78 
 
 •72'212,126 
 
 •68194,571 
 
 ■6I9'8.093 
 
 ■6 16 19,8-71 
 
 ■.',.',6',.l,712 
 
 n 
 
 •7435,'>,.")S'J 
 
 •701.17,'J8« 
 
 •66178„-,.10 
 
 ■C2li9,;i|-. 
 
 •58966,386 
 
 IS 
 
 •7S5)S,0.18 
 
 ■i;80J.i,i.'i 
 
 •6.1910,115 
 
 ■1.0057,1119 
 
 •.56127,161 
 
 ■5.10.1-2,135 
 
 14 
 
 •7ll77S,7VU 
 
 •.,6111, 781 
 
 ■61778,17!! 
 
 ■.',7717,'ii'S 
 
 •53U97,2H6 
 
 •UlM,,Tj.. 
 
 15 
 
 •691146,556 
 
 •61186,11)5 
 
 •.')9689,ll62 
 
 ■55V^(,,15o 
 
 ■5167'2,Oll 
 
 '18'()l,71i) 
 
 16 
 
 •6736S,193 
 
 •62316,1.91 
 
 •57670,.591 
 
 -.5,139)1,818 
 
 •19416,9.12 
 
 •1-''81 1,152 
 
 17 
 
 •657I9..VI6 
 
 •60.001,615 
 
 •.',5720,3- H 
 
 •5 1337, .125 
 
 •47317,6,19 
 
 •136-/((,6(,9 
 
 18 
 
 •Clllli.'.Ol 
 
 •.',S7.->9,I61 
 
 •.51836,111 
 
 •I93li2,812 
 
 •15280,0.^7 
 
 •11552,1 16.-) 
 
 19 
 
 •6V,')iS,;7i 
 
 •57028,601 
 
 •52015,569 
 
 ■17161,21-; 
 
 •4.1,1.10,179 
 
 •39.',73,1u6 
 
 !fU 
 
 •ClUi7,0'Jl 
 
 •5,M67,5T5 
 
 ■5U256,S88 
 
 ■15638,liU5 
 
 •1I461,<»G 
 
 -371)88,918 
 
 SI 
 
 •59538,629 
 
 •.'>375f,i|28 
 
 •18557,090 
 
 •4-883,160 
 
 •19678,713 
 
 ■.15M1,?.16 
 
 Vi 
 
 •581186,167 
 
 •52IS9,a.')0 
 
 •11.915,1163 
 
 ■12195,.'i.-,9 
 
 •37'J70,089 
 
 ■31181,987 
 ■12557,1.11 
 
 S3 
 
 •56669,7'24 
 
 -.50669,175 
 
 •153 28,; 63 
 
 •10572,611 
 
 •.16.1.15,1111 
 
 SI 
 
 •55'287,'>35 
 
 •49193,3; I 
 
 •4379.'>,713 
 
 •.19012,117 
 
 •34770,117 
 
 *31(H)6,7')1 
 
 iJ 
 
 •43939,059 
 
 ■47760.556 
 
 •1'23l 1,699 
 
 ■37511,680 
 
 •,13273,000 
 
 •29,'),-.0,277 
 
 SG 
 
 •5S6'23,l-S 
 
 •16369,173 
 
 ■10883,767 
 
 •36li68,!l-23 
 
 ■51810,218 
 
 •26121,1173 
 
 il 
 
 •513.-9,'J73 
 
 •|501s,90ll 
 
 •.19.'ri>l,22l 
 
 •3 168', 657 
 
 •.10169, |.-,7 
 
 ■26781,8,12 
 
 as 
 
 •J(«)87,77S 
 
 •13707,675 
 
 ■.18165,131 
 
 ■.-.1.117,717 
 
 •29157,01,9 
 
 -255(l'J,.V;i 
 
 Si) 
 
 •4886i:,IV.', 
 
 •14431,1,16 
 
 •.•,6. •/ 1,8 15 
 
 ■3-^06.1,111 
 
 •27901,.-102 
 
 -21-291,6,12 
 
 30 
 
 •17671,'269 
 
 •41198,676 
 
 •35627,841 
 
 •30831,867 
 
 •26700,0111 
 
 -23137,715 
 
 31 
 
 •46511,481 
 
 •19998,714 
 
 ■34123,035 
 
 ■29646,026 
 
 •255.50,211 
 
 "2'203',,947 
 
 3S 
 
 •4.'.,-,77,0,'i5 
 
 •38h33,;05 
 
 •33258,97 1 
 
 •28M).5,79l 
 
 •21119,991 
 
 ■2u9SC,f,l7 
 
 3.1 
 
 ■H'i'iU,-iVH 
 
 •37702,6'^5 
 
 ■3il3l,271 
 
 •27109,117 
 
 •23.197,121 
 
 •19987,-2,51 
 
 34 
 
 •43190,531 
 
 •.16601,11)0 
 
 •31017,605 
 
 •2(..V>5,'20!) 
 
 ■2'2389,-,89 
 
 •190.15,180 
 
 Sii 
 
 •4S137,I07 
 
 •3.'>.'i.18,."illl 
 
 •299!i7,686 
 
 ••^.,341,517 
 
 ■21125,111 
 
 •18129,11-29 
 
 30 
 
 •411 09,37 -i 
 
 •3i;i03,21.-, 
 
 •2898.1,272 
 
 ••21.166,87'.! 
 
 -iO.Vl2,817 
 
 •1726,1,711 
 
 37 
 
 •40ill6,705 
 
 •.13198,291 
 
 ■28003,161 
 
 •23129,(iS5 
 
 •19619,921 
 
 •If 113,565 
 
 38 
 
 ■Z'jlW.Wl 
 
 ■.1252.',6I5 
 
 •270.56,194 
 
 •225'28,5I3 
 
 •18775,011 
 
 -l.-i6WAW 
 
 39 
 
 .1sl74,i39 
 
 •31575,355 
 
 •26141,2511 
 
 •21662,0.1 
 
 •I7'J6,.,5I9 
 
 •11911,797 
 
 40 
 
 •J7S43,06S 
 
 •30655,681 
 
 •2i!ii7,2l7 
 
 ■208-28,901 
 
 •17192,870 
 
 ■l|-201pSli 
 
 41 
 
 •36331,695 
 
 •59762,800 
 
 •21401,137 
 
 •20027,792 
 
 •16t52,.',07 
 
 -13528,160 
 
 4'^ 
 
 •35448,183 
 
 •28895,922 
 
 •23577,910 
 
 •19'25;,193 
 
 •15711,026 
 
 -r28»3,962 
 
 43 
 
 •34583,886 
 
 •28051,291 
 
 •22780,591) 
 
 •1"516,8-2I) 
 
 •1.5066,051 
 
 •12-270,141) 
 
 44 
 
 •.13740,376 
 
 •'«2.17,I7S 
 
 •2'20iO,23l 
 
 •I78n4,i,.15 
 
 •11117,276 
 
 •ll(i«6,l.!3 
 
 45 
 
 •.1*917,410 
 
 •26113,86'2 
 
 •21265,921 
 
 ■17119,811 
 
 •13796,137 
 
 ■lIl'2'J,Cil 
 
 4r> 
 
 •.T21lt,576 
 
 •2567-,,6.-.2 
 
 ■20516,787 
 
 •16161,386 
 
 •13'202,1.-.2 
 
 •llWJ.dfiS 
 
 47 
 
 •31331,^91 
 
 •21925,877 
 
 •19851,968 
 
 •15828,256 
 
 •l'2C3.1,8l)) 
 
 •100'J1,.j-a 
 
 4K 
 
 •.lO.WMUi 
 
 •24199.880 
 
 ■19180,645 
 
 •15219,176 
 
 ■12089,771 
 
 1l'JtlH,211 
 
 49 
 
 -iWi 1 ,576 
 
 •23195,029 
 
 •18.5.12,021 
 
 •11631,112 
 
 •11569,158 
 
 -69156,191 
 
 .'KJ 
 
 ''2909I,2S1 
 
 •2'28I0,T08 
 
 •17905,3.^7 
 
 •11071,262 
 
 •11070,'J65 
 
 -1147-20,373 
 
 .M 
 
 •S8384,606 
 
 •22146,318 
 
 •17299,843 
 
 •13330,059 
 
 •10591,225 
 
 -0830.1,117 
 
 is 
 
 •876'J»,'J9S 
 
 •21501, '^81) 
 
 •16711,821 
 
 •1.1009,672 
 
 •101.18,014 
 
 -079))9,B) 
 
 53 
 
 •271116,876 
 
 •20875,1129 
 
 ■16119,589 
 
 •1'2.'<1 19,318) 
 
 •09701,119 
 
 ■n-MiflU 
 
 44 
 
 ■myiifl'i* 
 
 •'.(02,17,0 19 
 
 ■l.')003,167 
 
 •12028,173 
 
 ■OU2'<3,685 
 
 817171,272 
 
 55 
 
 •S571.'.,05'^ 
 
 •19676,717 
 
 •15075,814 
 
 •11565,551 
 
 ■08883,907 
 
 •0C81J,6I0 
 
 5S 
 
 •a5087,8.55 
 
 •19103,609 
 
 •11566,001 
 
 •II1'20,722 
 
 •O8501,.1J7 
 
 116307,276 
 
 57 
 
 •21475,957 
 
 •18517,193 
 
 •111173,4.13 
 
 •106'J3,OOS 
 
 •08135,260 
 
 ■06197.106 
 
 St 
 
 •»387«,98S 
 
 •18006,981 
 
 •13597,52') 
 
 ■10281,733 
 
 07781,938 
 
 •04902,S!I1 
 
 39 
 
 •S.Ti96,5BH 
 
 ■17482,508 
 
 ■131.17,701 
 
 •09886,282 
 
 - '7119,701 
 
 ■0562 1, I'd 
 
 fiO 
 
 •SS7'«.359 
 
 ■16973,.109 
 
 •12693,431 
 
 ■09506,010 
 
 •07128,'JOl 
 
 •05JjJ,iJ» 
 
 61 
 
 •SS171.009 
 
 •16478,911 
 
 •12261,184 
 
 ■09140,123 
 
 •06821,915 
 
 ■05098,621 
 
 (iS 
 
 •21633,179 
 
 •15998,972 
 
 ■11849,4 '.3 
 
 ■08788,8),8 
 
 •06528,148 
 
 -oiva,*,*) 
 
 63 
 
 •SI 105,511 
 
 •I5,')ri'2,982 
 
 •11118,717 
 
 ■081.'',O,835 
 
 •116217,012 
 
 -DIfi-il.dft) 
 
 64 
 
 •S0590,77 1 
 
 •15IMO,.565 
 
 •11061,591 
 
 •OS 1 -^o.soi 
 
 •0'.978,0'il 
 
 -(M1U1,.UI 
 
 65 
 
 •Sn088,557 
 
 ■1464l,.125 
 
 •10687 ,j'28 
 
 •07 8 1.1 ,-(7 2 
 
 ■057-20,5i)l 
 
 -01191,6I» 
 
 65 
 
 •19.59»,593 
 
 •H.'I1,879 
 
 •10326,114 
 
 •07512,700 
 
 -(1.171,253 
 
 •03W1,903 
 
 67 
 
 •I9HU,57K 
 
 •13800,853 
 
 •09)76,922 
 
 •07223,809 
 
 -0)2.18,519 
 
 •0,1*11 ,670 
 
 OH 
 
 •1«6'.1,8V1 
 
 •1.1398,887 
 
 •09)-39,538 
 
 ■06915,9:0 
 
 •0i012,'J37 
 
 -O.W21,(95 
 
 69 
 
 •IK199.V4'2 
 
 •I31K)8,6'2S 
 
 •09113,563 
 
 •06678,8,8 
 
 ■OI7!)7,l)69 
 
 -0,115(l,9llt 
 
 70 
 
 •\77.•■'^,7^s 
 
 ■l"fiV9,".-.6 
 
 ■0S99s,):i2 
 
 ■116121,910 
 
 ■0I.',9<1,1!)7 
 
 -il.1J^6,6^7 
 
 -wiiyi) 
 
 h 
 I'* 
 
 J): 
 III 
 I'! 
 iw 
 
 III 
 
 111 
 l:i 
 
 l» 
 
 lii 
 lit 
 
 . ;«'«rs),-,i7 
 
 i ;.™'S'',ri.) 
 
 i :;*ii*-,-.ii)i 
 
 i'' «-',ll6 
 
 i« .'?'^»» 
 
 " l.'.f/7,|oo 
 «IH.'i:i79 
 
 I ,'"*9:i,2K 
 
 iK;,'"''-" I 
 J!;i»«wi I 
 
 I ,'-'<»>6i;.ln 
 I *"«";,9 1 
 
 i'")2,1 ? 
 3--^-^« 
 
 5?»9,n.,o 
 
 "■'■'•'^393 
 
 i'-m. 
 
INTERKST AND ANNUITIES 
 
 a person, 
 of Mil. n- 
 »t(\iu,; to 
 
 t\/ I'h 
 
 ir "ii.''l. iv, 
 nrtlmniiiiin 
 bteii Miuril, 
 
 of the 5air.' 
 ars, may In- 
 
 life aniwiii'* 
 rha», su)'!" -. 
 \alu« "I A' 
 ■ear, UWwi i" 
 i!\tete?l \ \"t 
 I? 
 ' lOOf. a-voir 
 
 ear, fnm 1 (n 
 
 riv«c«w. 
 
 ^l)•)lS5WiJ 
 
 •w%wa 
 •6fiyB,;ii 
 
 •WlK9,Wi 
 •ii8Ji,i;> I 
 
 •S!6I«,;S5 
 ■l(IMi,W I 
 
 •ii;»Un 
 
 ■JBVilSil 
 ■5;m,tii 
 
 •jiifci:' 
 
 13 
 
 ti 
 
 iM 
 
 IW 
 i'J- 
 111) 
 ,1S* 
 ,61.9 
 
 ,W6 ' 
 ,'J18 
 
 ,5J6 
 ,987 
 ,151 
 .,TI1 
 ■i17 
 
 ll.S.Vi 
 
 ll.Jlll 
 
 ll.l.Vi 
 
 lti,i.l7 
 
 i,«l 
 
 ;„,,„,. i wr cent., is 2,500/. ; and the value of an 
 . i.iivof l»i". on a person aneA W, interest nt 4 
 lit iVl,507/.8»., which (leiluctcd from 2,,000/. 
 CmVt. l'2»M "'« Pfc!*"' value required. 
 
 1 'wr*'n. aK«l :^". *'''''""'' '" purchase an an- 
 
 ,,:;,,. „i ,jii/. lor his wif.N aged 25, rirovided she 
 
 'wciiim: what ouRht he to pay for it. interest 
 
 ■,[J Nfoont, acconliiih' to the Carlisle table ? 
 
 Til vnliic r.f an nnmiity of 1/. on a life a^cd 30 
 
 liii.j'/ • from which subtracting the value of 
 
 bll.lW 
 
 |-0,I4» 
 l'W,tll 
 
 Ih.su 
 
 i5,l" 
 
 J9,»') 
 
 Jsjj,9«6 
 
 I8H.610 
 
 |l97,W6 
 
 |mi,s-'c 
 
 |3J3,SW 
 »,6!1 
 
 ^t^w,^Sl, 
 
 lll01,6'i 
 
 an annuity of I/, on 2 joint liven of 2.') and DO, 
 M-.13'J, tho dinbrence, 2'513 x 60 = 12&-(i,'JO, or 
 12')/. 13»., the sum required. 
 
 For the 8(dution of the more complex cases of 
 survivorship, ivhich do not often occur in practice, 
 recourse may bo had to the directions in Mr. 
 Milne'.s Treatise on Annuities, and other worlds lA' 
 that description. To atlempt cxplaininj,' rlicm 
 hero would lead us into details quite inconsistent 
 with tho objects of this worlt. 
 
 m_ruW< showinff the Amuunt of an Annuiti/ of U. ner 
 
 tmsl. ut '4, 3, 3J, -1, 'l.J, 5, and per Cent., at the end of each Year, from 1 to 
 
 Annum, improved at Compound Iii- 
 ' 70. 
 
 ,1«, itwiCmt. I 3r«C«n'. 
 
 I I'll 
 I 
 
 r 
 1 1> 
 
 to 
 
 ■«I1S,M« 
 
 ■»"''"'" 
 
 1 ■19''.-)ill 
 
 ■i;iii.'«s 
 
 ■Itlf.W 
 
 ■\»}» 
 
 •14611,'* 
 
 ■i3;)i,a 
 •is»iw« 
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 M4IH.1,577 
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 47'i;ill,i71 
 
 iOOO?67,SIS 
 
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 67-7.1lll7,0M 
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 61»7.'i91.4i7 
 66-l71i«,'iM 
 69'I.M11,9V7 
 7S"J.HM,li75 
 75'4U1M,9;3 
 
 7ll-6(i3i9,7.VI 
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 8.5-IH-H ' Ml 
 89'l>IHI«.lll 
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 136-(17lfil,97i 
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 l5;M33t.?,379 
 111303313,689 
 
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 !OS-l97fiS,S77 
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 li:fl-,',94nfi,374 
 
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 l-no<ion,nno 
 
 S0.13I <),(»») 
 3106V»,.'.1«I 
 4'al494,'/H7 
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 6S6IPI,'i,ilS 
 7'779l(),7,'il 
 U'll.'ilCH,ii77 
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 11-73139,316 
 
 1314199,19? 
 14-601Uli,lf,| 
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 17n"69X,f.,1(i 
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 30-S6947,n6S 
 .TiMi((9(l,Vl'> 
 31-4 6011,371 
 3fi'66C.i'i,Sil 
 3H-UI98A.(if.9 
 4l-3I.U(l,16S 
 43-7i9ll6,ll'Jl 
 4'.-V9ll(i»,73l 
 4li'9107U,9.in 
 il-6'^W7,7i8 
 
 «|-4S9l7,n9S 
 
 ;.7-.i34.w,ai7 
 
 (.0-3IHI,0().5 
 63-4i31.'i,V4i) 
 6r>'G;40l,!t74 
 70-1)0760,318 
 73- |.S7Wi,93(l 
 77-04i89,47a 
 S0-7'.ii9(l,r.04 
 81-SiOS7,775 
 
 «S-.W9i3,747 
 9'J-607.17,H» 
 96-84 86'^9l!8 
 IU1-S3».13,130 
 l(lfl-:8ltl7,WO 
 1101840.3,11.5 
 I14-.1i097,'rj,'i 
 
 i20-3SSi:.'i,(;.'i9 
 
 1M-60IH1,.V')7 
 130-99791,016 
 
 13fi-.18V83,702 
 I4W:163V3,631 
 M8-.-ll.')9l,9.'>8 
 l.-il ;.3S0,5,7KJ 
 ieO-9468«,yH4 
 167-58003,099 
 174-41S33,W7 
 ISI-.V'>091,869 
 1 88-90 -.li0,0».'> 
 196'01C88,«88 
 
 «04-.1')l97,37S 
 !l'^-54S;9,7SO 
 i!'.ill-9HS0(l,.')79 
 S-i9-7V'i.'i»,.'>99 
 218-76 87,6,')0 
 S4S-I19.M,7I8 
 S.'i7-»0376,M« 
 J67-8VS89,1(I6 
 •i;S-200S3,535 
 2SH'917S6,1.VJ 
 
 4 per Cent. 
 
 I •00000,000 
 1-041HIO,000 
 
 3-ivi6n,o<io 
 4-24616,1(10 
 S-I16.1i,2.'i6 
 fi-63297,,516 
 7-89829,118 
 9-2nV',626 
 1(I-.'.8'279,.V1I 
 12-U0610,71'.< 
 
 13-4861.'i,14l 
 
 i,'i-ii'r.Ki),'ii6 
 
 1«-626S3,76S 
 18-29191,119 
 »n-0».35»,76l 
 «1-824.V1,1H 
 S3-697.'i 1,2.19 
 «.'i-64.5ll,2S8 
 S7-«7ri2,-ll0 
 a9-77»07,858 
 
 31 '96920,1 71! 
 3l-SI79i:,979 
 
 ae-anss.s.'iH 
 
 .19-08260,11.1 
 41-fil.')90,S.10 
 44-31174,16.1 
 47-084VI,44l 
 49-y67.'i8,-ig9 
 .S8-9662S,611 
 61} 08493,776 
 
 .59-328,13 ,.127 
 62-711146,868 
 66-2ii9.5?,713 
 69-85790,8.13 
 73-6.V22-;,l87 
 77-5983 1, .187 
 81-70221,612 
 85-970.-i3,62S 
 90-10914,973 
 95-02551,572 
 
 99-B?653,631 
 104-819.19,780 
 110'I112.1S,17I 
 114-41287,l.98 
 12IO-.;939,-.'IjO 
 I26-870.''«.774 
 132-9l5.->9,OI,1 
 1 39-26.120,i;07 
 115-8.1373,431 
 152-607(l»,368 
 
 159-77376,70.1 
 11.7-16171,771 
 174-851.1I),612 
 1S2-8453.1,8(18 
 191-15917,.302 
 199 801.13.991 
 208-79776,154 
 21814967 ,21 10 
 227'S7.16.1.SSS 
 237-99068,524 
 
 248-51031,26.1 
 259M50-2,5I6 
 270-»2875,416 
 282-66190,4.13 
 291-9IW.18/)10 
 .1O7'707l 1,572 
 ,121-07780,0.15 
 .1.14-92091,230 
 .149M1774,886 
 31 4 -290 1.1,881 
 
 41 per Cent. 
 
 1 -00000,000 
 8-0 1.100,11' 10 
 3-'3702,1(KI 
 4-27819,112 
 A- 470711,973 
 £-71689.166 
 8-01915,179 
 9-.180'i|,.l62 
 10-80211,123 
 12-288-^0,937 
 
 13-84117,879 
 
 15-164(13,181 
 17-15991,32/ 
 1 8-9.12 10,937 
 20-784(l.'.,l-.^9 
 22-71933,(,r3 
 217 4I70,6S9 
 26'8.-i'i(18,37(l 
 29-06356,216 
 31-37142,277 
 
 .Tl-78313,680 
 36-.10337,79.-i 
 .3S-9370y,996 
 41 68919,6.-.! 
 44-.16121,01l 
 47-.1706 1,16(1 
 60-7ll32,.16l 
 63-99,1.13,317 
 .'7-4« 03,316 
 61-00706,966 
 
 61-7.1238,779 
 68-66624,.121 
 72-756-i2,6^8 
 77-0.102,1,(^16 
 81-1'J661,S(10 
 «6-16.196,,1Nl 
 91-011.-1,127 
 96-l38'2(l,17(i 
 101-16I42,.-.9S 
 107-03032,306 
 
 1I28166S.7.19 
 llS-9-i47«,8i4 
 125-/7640,102 
 131 -91384,2.^0 
 1.18 KI99(.,5iO 
 146-098-/1.3,-.3 
 153-67263,314 
 161-58790, KM 
 169K,'.'.,35,7-M 
 178-503U2,8'2» 
 
 187-13.566,1.15 
 196-97476,916 
 2O6-83S63,408 
 217-1 1637,-/61 
 2'^7-9;795,y.-8 
 2,39- 17126. 715 
 -250'9."7 10,9.19 
 263-2'.!9;i7,913 
 276 07159,710 
 289-19795,397 
 
 303-52536,190 
 .■>1R-1S100,319 
 .133-.10-.f28„133 
 319-.109«8,6(J8 
 3(;6-23783,0>.(6 
 383-7 18.13,3.35 
 401-98.186,7.1.1 
 4'.!l-07 .123,1.18 
 441-02.161,679 
 46 1 -86967,955 
 
 5 pflr Cent. 
 
 1-0(10(10,000 
 2-U.1000,(l>HI 
 3'I.12'>(>,(>I8I 
 4-310l2,.1(in 
 »-.1'«fi3,125 
 680191,-/81 
 8-14200,815 
 9-5191(1,888 
 11-0'/616,132 
 12-57789,254 
 
 II 20678,7 16 
 11-91712,6.12 
 17-71298,285 
 19-59863,109 
 21-57856,319 
 23-65749,177 
 25-8103(i,63« 
 28-1323'<,467 
 ,30-.1.1900,391 
 33-06595,410 
 
 35-71925,181 
 .38-.1(l,12l,4IO 
 41M3017,512 
 44-,K)l(J9,887 
 47-72709,882 
 51-11.345,376 
 51-66912,1,45 
 58-402.18,277 
 62-.12271,l9l 
 £643884,750 
 
 70-76078,988 
 74-29882,936 
 80-06377,083 
 «5-06695,937 
 90-320.1(1,734 
 95 836.32,271 
 101-62813,881 
 107-70951,579 
 11I-09.102,.10S 
 120-79977,423 
 
 127»3976,89l 
 I.i5-23175,1(I9 
 112 9'1.1.13,861 
 151 -1 4.10(1,1.18 
 l.19-7llOI5,.186 
 16K-6851(i„165 
 176-1194'/, 183 
 I.88 02.i3ly,2y2 
 19S-r2666,-/57 
 2U9-3I799,5-W 
 
 220-81.1.19,548 
 232-85616,526 
 24.VJ9897,.352 
 2.18-7;.-i92,220 
 272-71261,811 
 2S7-.14821,9'/-2 
 302-71.166,168 
 318-85114,177 
 S.1.1-7-J4(ll,7(t() 
 353-58371,785 
 
 .17S-S62'ift,-.75 
 ,191-87601,893 
 412-46985,138 
 434-09331,.195 
 4.16-79801,11.1 
 480-6.1791,170 
 505-669W>,72» 
 531 •05.129,-65 
 5,19-51096,254 
 *88'.i2851,(l66 
 
 6 j*r Cent. 
 
 i-(KI(H)0,(H)n 
 2-06(l(HI,(8H) 
 3-18.360,00(1 
 4-37461,600 
 5(;37l)'l,296 
 6"i7-.31,8.1l 
 8-393S3.765 
 9-89746,791 
 I1-19131..19S 
 1318079,191 
 
 14-97161 ,26« 
 16-8(994,1 '/O 
 18-88213,707 
 2I-01.106,.VI.'5 
 23-27.196,988 
 2.1-67«52,«04 
 28-21287,976 
 30 90.16.1,255 
 .33'7599»,170 
 36-78569, 1'20 
 
 ,19-99?72,6fi« 
 43-.39'2'/9,((2H 
 46-99.182,7(,a 
 50-81.157,735 
 61-86451, '/OO 
 69-1.16.18,272 
 63-70576,168 
 68-6281 1,1(12 
 73-6.1979,832 
 79-05818,622 
 
 81-S0167,73(> 
 '.)0'88977,8O1 
 97-.14316,171 
 I04-I8375,t60 
 lll'4.1477,''87 
 1W1-/(I86,(.(,6 
 ri7 26811,866 
 1.15-90420,578 
 115-(r,845,813 
 l54-7tl96,5J2 
 
 16.1-04768,1.16 
 175-9.'.(I51,157 
 187^.1(I757,7/I 
 199-7.1803,188 
 •12-71311,379 
 2/6-.'.0812,162 
 2ll-09S61,!i09 
 256-.16t52,SK2 
 272-95810,1(55 
 29fl-.53590,458 
 
 .108-75605,886 
 3'.'8 •281 12,2.19 
 .348-978.10,773 
 .170-917(iO,6'20 
 391-(7-202,617 
 418-8-/231,816 
 444-95168,905 
 472 64879,0.19 
 .■.(12-(HI771,;82 
 1.13-l'rtlS,089 
 
 666 11587,174 
 601-08282,101 
 6.18 14779,341) 
 677-4.1666,110 
 7l'.'08'/86,O76 
 763-22783,211 
 8111021.10,2.15 
 859-62279,249 
 912-20016,004 
 967-93216,964 
 
 tFMi showing the Present Value of an Annuiti/ of II, per Annum, to continue for any 
 Tt'» A'umlcr o/ r«ari, /rom .1 to V'O, reckoning Compound Interest at 2^, 3, 3 J, 4, 4i, 6, 
 T«ii G per Cent. 
 
 KlpnCmt. 1 
 
 3 per Cent. 
 
 31 per Cent. 
 
 4 7>er Cent. 
 
 44 per Cent. 
 
 6 per Cent. 
 
 6 per Cent. 
 
 o-9:.-*i,9;c 
 
 0-97OS7,.179 
 
 0-9661S,3S7 
 
 0-<i,1 1.13,8 16 
 
 095693,780 
 
 0-95238,095 
 
 0-94339,623 
 
 
 1-91346,969 
 
 1^89969,4'27 
 
 r88(i09,467 
 
 1-87266,; 75 
 
 1-85911,043 
 
 1-83.139,267 
 
 
 2-82861,13.-) 
 
 2^.S0163.698 
 
 2 77.109,103 
 
 2-74896,435 
 
 2-72324,80.3 
 
 2 67301,195 
 
 !-;M97,11il 
 
 3-71709,840 
 
 3-67.107,921 
 
 3'629S9,522 
 
 3-58752,570 
 
 3-64.19.1,0.10 
 
 3-46110,561 
 
 4-5l5S-/,«49 
 S-SOSl'/A-.fi 
 8-319M,nM) 
 
 4-67970,719 
 
 4-5150.1,237 
 
 4-46I82,2-.3 
 
 4-.38997,671 
 
 4-32917,667 
 
 4-21236,.3-8 
 
 .1-41719,144 
 
 5-52855,302 
 
 6-21213,686 
 
 4-16787,248 
 
 6-07669.207 
 
 4-917.T/,4.12 
 
 6-S.Vl-/S,285 
 
 6- 11154,398 
 
 6-'10'io5,467 
 
 6-89270,09l 
 
 5-78637,.140 
 
 6-5S'/.18,144 
 
 !-W0«(.',5-,3 
 M5M,39J 
 
 7-OI969,/19 
 
 6-87391,653 
 
 6-7.1274,488 
 
 6-59588,607 
 
 6-46.121,276 
 
 6-«0979r381 
 
 7-78610,s9J 
 
 7-60768,651 
 
 7-4,35.13,161 
 
 7-26879,(149 
 
 7-10782,167 
 
 6-80469,227 
 
 8-63U20,281 
 
 »^316r.0,532 
 
 8-U089,578 
 
 7'9i271,818 
 
 7-72173,493 
 
 7-36008,706 
 
 'Ifl 
 
'!. 
 
 77ft 
 
 TN'TKUEST AND ANNI'ITIES 
 
 4 ,.. „f U V'T Annum {f c.-con .nnuc.l. 
 Pnscnl Value '^L"Jl^''"'"^--[z:^^ 
 
 tl\ p^-r Cent. 
 
 H^ net C«n«- "^ _— 
 
 • p«fr«\i. 
 
 11 - 
 
 lH-'J.Vilil,lll 
 ji). 11,4111, IIS7 
 |>l 'I(,1S",'>'','> 
 
 .),! r.,T>i,'"i' 
 sirn 10 711 
 
 .^|-81')l-,."> 
 
 i.i-.v'.i;'i '.111' 
 
 •^,V!1.'.7.'^1."1', 
 5ll-.llSI.0,-| I 
 
 wi'j'i7;,''|'j 
 
 SV4ri61'i,'i"') 
 
 il.'l-»'i»fill,<>'*''' 
 ■2r>-ifi'iii.''''? 
 
 t(C-.'il"HI,'J15 
 57-l,MlH,'jW 
 
 .27-ir.71H.''" 
 7»l.713f.,'J47 
 
 2Sf,l61'..':'t 
 
 V'JlWil.'J 5 
 iii|l,'.6S'i.H.7 
 V'f7 1397 .'Jilt 
 .29..|<i4»(.'.,.Hl 
 3ll-'i(WBl..'ll' 
 .30-4 IK 111,. '^■1 
 3()'BS137.VI';U 
 30-3uH65,()l!i 
 
 31-130396.;7 
 
 .11-3l67i."'5 
 31-Si77^.377 
 
 3i'J'ii;7.;"5 
 
 SVlfiOW.W" 
 SrVilTO.H.Ii 
 'tj-.'i3S51,iiVJ 
 K-7in30,311 
 Tl-S'l7t.'>.l"'ai 
 
 i',.li.'.n(.4H 
 1 ■.i-r,'jl.<-.i''i 
 
 IH.HSl.ll.'t'lJ 
 l,i.i|3,V)I.SIll 
 |7-1131I.:B« 
 U-»TfiHl.'^3« 
 
 is-;iiun,»wi 
 
 l'j(.uuu,i3i 
 
 l!3-7in3-..'J17 
 •i}'lHl«".'211 
 
 ■if.'.lH71.Wl 
 5l-775ll.9()l 
 
 a,'.-llli47ll,7"n 
 
 .i-,-ii,(.70.f,r.ii 
 •i.'.-.'iiiifi'i.fitii 
 
 M-7i"J7C,3!)7 
 
 0',-9.'ilM,716 
 .i,illir,i3,99fi 
 ■«>-37IM,ci;,J 
 <ir,-.'.77l.(i,tllS 
 !ifi-77l4'.7f.l 
 .^(■.••l»l.l,370 
 ■J7-I.')ll;i3,.')63 
 '/7'33ll)(l,Mfi 
 .J7 .O.iSS3,0'iS 
 i7-0;Si6,30l 
 
 27.sin3.'),3n4 
 
 8-111 l,)31,'JT'> 
 5h 3il6l7,»V3 
 
 .js-.'j.'.iii.'i';ij 
 
 .,S-7-3lil,»;i 
 •iH'Kf.?!! .,7m 
 
 »s-99;ri.">9'! 
 
 (inoiM.ms 
 
 „.,l,p.-,3,133 
 l,l-3.'-/73,slH 
 il|..l'Jll,'i!,li« 
 
 ItrMT'i,'^; 
 
 ivi.-.nj.init 
 
 iTi«'ir,H,i7'i 
 
 ,V7IHV3,711 
 lV;lllU,3.Vl 
 
 ii-r.9:97,4'«i 
 
 vl..71'i.l'<-^ 
 l',i;'iiill."47 
 ,,Mi,S»3li,7Wl 
 
 iBit'jii3».';;ri 
 
 l7-iH-.3t>.4''U 
 
 17 (.r.;iii,«M 
 
 li,li.1i7li.7iW 
 l-i3'J'<n»,.^4l 
 
 li)lll.«Hi...1" 
 1<I'3'I(I'J(),»1H 
 l!)7l)'lC.H,ri3 
 .,,l(lll(l(iO,ll)9 
 
 .ji)»iiii».73ri 
 
 il-l(VM9,9«J 
 
 •ii-3iio;,wi 
 ai-,'.9')in,s7i 
 
 Sl»3lHH,'iltl 
 
 0'Mli,'ir.S.S7ll 
 
 'I'i- I'.i.Vl.'i.lWh 
 .j/-7.<l'Jl.ttU 
 •i/-K'.|i|l5,7liil 
 
 23'i7fi.'i.ll» 
 ij3-4i5(il,7S7 
 
 11.7(11117.671 
 U'3».WI7.37I> 
 ,|9S'.f.l.7Hj 
 in-.v.3iw.5i'i.1 
 11-11H.3S,7I 
 ll-liViri,.".''! 
 l'J.lli'.tlH,HHH 
 
 i:i 13 .U3,9i'i 
 
 13-.j9u3i.035 
 
 I l•n»o^-^,99'> 
 
 ll-).'illl,-31 
 
 II HMiH(,ll.7 
 l,'.-J|i-'Jli."'l' 
 
 |.vij-'i7e/piH 
 
 l(i-f,U30B,3'i» 
 16-'.'l37l.4h4 
 17-Viiau3,330 
 
 l7.,',SRI9.3-'.fi 
 17-S7.3.V.,I5I1 
 IH li;Cl,.'iB7 
 
 isiniu.i7o 
 iK-r.i.ifti.3a3 
 
 1»-'J"H'2»,199 
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 3;();!I.1'J4 
 
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 v(imir.'),3iB 
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 2.'.-nf.737,'.9fi 
 
 '2.S'3l«)^-''.796 
 
 S,V.'.17H4,9I6 
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 il6 
 
 ,lll)39,lit>4 
 
 Vl-G1748..'.«l 
 
 ■il•7l7^N.lU3 
 
 Sl'87W.7,4'-13 
 
 Sl"J'lll't-'.,W'7 
 
 .ii-tcWfil.'ilH 
 
 lirVl'Jl,91(l 
 
 ri-3'<li7 1.943 
 
 iCiMi'-P 6.f.7l> 
 
 W.ViM.'.U.'.? 
 
 V2'6'i.-.4t.9U7 
 
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 M',T'4.'>l.4;i7 
 
 lR..M;Bin,919 
 lS-7/3.'.4.'l76 
 lS.|.71'il.ll'9 
 19.UlH".».30(i 
 
 i<j.i;.r.3i,74'j 
 
 l'i-»SS37,"Tl 
 19-4117U,HHI 
 l'l•.■I3-'.lin,l„^^ 
 
 l!)-.„'il'rJ,HI3 
 l'J.76VOO,778 
 
 19'Sr.79S.fl'13 
 
 1-/-9I,'.)33,1I17 
 
 •iil-0 liSl.lM 
 
 Vll-l-VJIIt,H9 
 
 .2ll.7lltll'i,ll^7 
 
 •JO-33303.in4 
 
 2,i-41l3»,fiB4 
 
 •20-l'J'"3.W« 
 
 WI-.'.6673,.3II3 
 
 •iUCJUOa.iOt 
 
 40'0l"iS4,119 
 jO-77l'ia,VB7 
 S(1-«3399.V91 
 VO'8'J377,319 
 W).9;.II97,!<1.1 
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 .21-lJl.'iO,691 
 l-i(l'2l 1,187 
 
 lS-08'i'i7.'.7l 
 1907881,101 
 1907.'>I1S,003 
 1U-U'J17,.T'4 
 |.J-lCl"7,n-.3 
 1.1-';0I0I,936 
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 I'jj;.'i.30,l01 
 
 ia:.l»tlfii>t 
 19-.'.4'i(i;.fiM 
 
 1-V1W'I,''I 
 IVi 1,- 
 
 15-1 
 
 iv«i>i;i. 
 
 l.V«6IJ!.i: 
 
 i.v>«s;,« 
 i-VJ !'«,': 
 
 Ifi'iiX-Mll 
 18 »',' . 
 
 i(;*«>,-ii| 
 
 loisir., 
 
 nism; 
 
 livii:i>i,if 
 
 l6-«(«l!.i 
 
 l«'I»l! 
 
 18-n' ,, 
 i«'.!i9«:.l 
 
 IMMMJ 
 
 '■ ~7Ti Vrnarcssh-e Decrement of 
 
 V —Table o/ the {^'^''i'C^,;. ,;,„„.,, Ohnervatio... - . 
 
 " Tnm Infants of each Siexjionm 
 
 I Ane MiloJ 
 
 413 
 
 Si 
 
 * 
 
 4'i« 
 4*'^ 
 
 »8 
 
 31 1 
 
 3'>5 
 
 hS 
 
 v\ 
 
 377 
 
 
 
 3^.8 
 
 90 
 
 
 339 
 
 i\ 
 
 
 31 'J 
 
 n 
 
 
 »98 
 
 95 
 
 
 117 T 
 
 91 
 
 
 «W 
 
 9i 
 
 
 M3 
 
 « 
 
 
 ItIO 
 
 9? 
 
 
 189 
 
 
 
 16* 
 
 Vi 
 
 
 119 
 I 13'i 
 
 Ktl 
 
 
 yfl— Tabic showing 
 
 ^ „f Tife at every Age, accorauy i 
 
 the Exveclatwn of ^f^l^j^^^^, ^ 
 
 
INTERllST AND ANNUITIES 
 
 7T9 
 
 -.■wx.x; 
 
 IfSulJ;."'!! 
 
 ll-7>- ■<.'■ 
 
 \ tVI«'",.,il. 
 
 1 ijjiii-.'.in 
 
 1V.VJIi;i,1'!1 I 
 
 llllll'll.'' 
 
 MW> , 
 ir»i"ii,'i'« I 
 n-o»i:,in 
 
 IVliI'l-Vll 
 l.V\ 
 
 ! 1-- 
 
 '11 
 
 l.vw*,n 
 
 l,M5 
 
 I-AIW 
 *'VS6 I lV')i"»;- 
 
 ■.4,4:3 
 
 M,B7'J 
 ■il.lTO 
 iT'.,VH) 
 IJS.'JU 1 
 
 ii'rt.Ml i 
 RHl.lDI 
 
 ;,(is.<«i.'5 
 
 icjl'i,3>l 
 in7,n-.3 
 
 iini, 
 
 Sijl'fi.''' 
 
 ,916 
 
 i,l"l 
 
 li"*lM,l!_ 
 
 Ifi-ii-n-Ml 
 16'i>ll'.C 
 
 16JHI1.1 
 
 ISMi'llI 
 
 iM',i»:iJL 
 
 nule>U ' J 
 
 4IS 
 
 4'i« 
 4"i 
 
 "1 
 Jf.S 
 
 .139 
 
 Sl'J 
 
 nn 
 
 1'>5 
 
 91, • 
 
 IS''! 
 > Si 
 
 1" Tiii/e o/ MorUiUly ; $howing the Sumlier nf l\rmn» n/nc at the end of evert/ Year from 
 iT IWJ itari of Aye, out of \,{\W burn foi/iilui, in the ililfireiit J'lineii, iiml ucKurttiny to the. 
 iX'rili'* umkrmenlloued. 
 
 131 
 
 tfte Obs«i*'li'i'«' 
 
 9.91. 1 
 s-.w 
 
 9.04 
 8-lJ 
 
 6-91 
 6-51 
 fH 
 5-»3 
 y4» 
 
 »•!! 
 
 4i5 
 
 1 
 1 
 ) 
 4 
 i 
 t 
 J 
 I 
 « 
 10 
 II 
 II 
 
 u 
 
 14 
 11 
 
 l« 
 II 
 II 
 U 
 
 TO 
 
 II 
 -.t 
 I] 
 
 t4 
 
 11 
 
 « 
 It 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 !0 
 !l 
 ll 
 S 
 » 
 » 
 It 
 !l 
 » 
 » 
 « 
 *l 
 II 
 U 
 W 
 (! 
 
 il.1 
 431 
 403 
 
 3;!i 
 
 3H 
 
 M7 
 
 .mi 
 .•wi 
 jj; 
 J* 
 333 
 311 
 3*1 
 
 M« 
 
 >4( 
 341 
 311 
 
 340 
 3311 
 33* 
 3,U 
 319 
 .«r 
 3H 
 ■W 
 311 
 313 
 313 
 310 
 J«7 
 304 
 sol 
 1IV» 
 ■CA 
 Kll 
 IKH 
 ID) 
 tat 
 KS 
 175 
 1170 
 •61 
 ■(C4 
 1«1 
 !i7 
 U3 
 111 
 W 
 141 
 »7 
 'J33 
 "<H 
 fit 
 »I9 
 111 
 110 
 Wtt 
 iOO 
 l!t4 
 189 
 1K3 
 176 
 170 
 1l>3 
 166 
 119 
 I4t 
 134 
 I16 
 III 
 III 
 103 
 93 
 87 
 79 
 71 
 69 
 5T 
 M 
 44 
 37 
 31 
 17 
 11 
 18 
 IS 
 IJ 
 9 
 
 3 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 I 
 
 EngUnd 
 
 Franc* 
 
 S«t«laa 
 
 Vknnft 
 
 Ilnlln 
 
 Nwliitr- 
 
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 S1I«|4 
 
 Hollina 
 
 ''I 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 7611, 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 633 
 
 1 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 1 
 
 743 
 
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 745 
 
 7,11 
 
 780 
 
 414 
 
 811 
 
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 !1I9 
 
 632 
 
 67^ 
 
 730 
 
 471 
 
 618 
 
 764 
 
 6.18 
 
 768 
 
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 7/,'i 
 
 682 
 
 ,591 
 
 6V.5 
 
 096 
 
 4,10 
 
 486 
 
 7,15 
 
 611 
 
 736 
 
 ft.M 
 
 71HI 
 
 662 
 
 657 
 
 499 
 
 671 
 
 400 
 
 4.14 
 
 715 
 
 484 
 
 709 
 
 .'1.18 
 
 680 
 
 617 
 
 6411 
 
 .583 
 
 636 
 
 .177 
 
 403 
 
 701 
 
 563 
 
 6S9 
 
 .'1^1 
 
 filiS 
 
 631 
 
 523 
 
 .573 
 
 641 
 
 .147 
 
 .187 
 
 6»8 
 
 546 
 
 675 
 
 .'lO!) 
 
 659 
 
 621 
 
 511 
 
 666 
 
 6,34 
 
 314 
 
 376 
 
 "77 
 
 .532 
 
 661 
 
 4'J!^ 
 
 654 
 
 615 
 
 601 
 
 ,560 
 
 02.1 
 
 337 
 
 .167 
 
 1.67 
 
 423 
 
 652 
 
 4M'i 
 
 CIU 
 
 6(17 
 
 404 
 
 566 
 
 618 
 
 331 
 
 ,161 
 
 659 
 
 414 
 
 l.lfl 
 
 4147 
 
 616 
 
 600 
 
 48H 
 
 .551 
 
 61 1 
 
 327 
 
 356 
 
 653 
 
 .508 
 
 6.19 
 
 4113 
 
 64,3 
 
 .595 
 
 4K- 
 
 547 
 
 (XM 
 
 ,122 
 
 363 
 
 648 
 
 .502 
 
 633 
 
 471 
 
 640 
 
 ft'lO 
 
 48. 
 
 513 
 
 MI2 
 
 318 
 
 .350 
 
 613 
 
 497 
 
 627 
 
 474 
 
 6.17 
 
 M!t 
 
 47 J 
 
 5311 
 
 597 
 
 314 
 
 .147 
 
 639 
 
 492 
 
 621 
 
 47fl 
 
 631 
 
 ,5M 
 
 476 
 
 .534 
 
 ,W1 
 
 310 
 
 314 
 
 636 
 
 488 
 
 616 
 
 4t)) 
 
 6 
 
 5; 8 
 
 472 
 
 519 
 
 6'<» 
 
 ,106 
 
 .141 
 
 631 
 
 483 
 
 611 
 
 461 
 
 616 
 
 A74 
 
 468 
 
 .521 
 
 486 
 
 .102 
 
 338 
 
 626 
 
 4W 
 
 6(Hi 
 
 4.47 
 
 (,n 
 
 47U 
 
 461 
 
 619 
 
 682 
 
 209 
 
 136 
 
 622 
 
 474 
 
 601 
 
 43^ 
 
 6IH 
 
 ,565 
 
 4.59 
 
 514 
 
 578 
 
 295 
 
 332 
 
 618 
 
 470 
 
 59B 
 
 446 
 
 013 
 
 561 
 
 455 
 
 5118 
 
 574 
 
 291 
 
 328 
 
 614 
 
 464 
 
 .59(1 
 
 411 
 
 609 
 
 556 
 
 419 
 
 502 
 
 ,570 
 
 288 
 
 314 
 
 610 
 
 461 
 
 ,584 
 
 434 
 
 6U.t 
 
 .551 
 
 416 
 
 496 
 
 466 
 
 281 
 
 320 
 
 606 
 
 456 
 
 577 
 
 MH 
 
 6111 
 
 545 
 
 438 
 
 490 
 
 460 
 
 280 
 
 315 
 
 602 
 
 451 
 
 ,571 
 
 4'il 
 
 596 
 
 510 
 
 412 
 
 484 
 
 4,',4 
 
 276 
 
 310 
 
 ,597 
 
 416 
 
 566 
 
 413 
 
 59» 
 
 4.14 
 
 4.10 
 
 478 
 
 f.l 
 446 
 
 273 
 
 305 
 
 .502 
 
 411 
 
 5.59 
 
 40'J 
 
 508 
 
 529 
 
 419 
 
 471 
 
 2li9 
 
 297 
 
 587 
 
 4.16. 
 
 ,541 
 
 A\yi 
 
 .584 
 
 S2.3 
 
 414 
 
 465 
 
 441 
 
 264 
 
 293 
 
 682 
 
 431 
 
 643 
 
 396 
 
 579 
 
 517 
 
 408 
 
 468 
 
 6.15 
 
 261 
 
 287 
 
 577 
 
 416 
 
 .5.14 
 
 SHU 
 
 575 
 
 512 
 
 402 
 
 462 
 
 4 10 
 
 256 
 
 281 
 
 572 
 
 121 
 
 426 
 
 9143 
 
 570 
 
 .5116 
 
 398 
 
 444 
 
 6»4 
 
 241 
 
 275 
 
 .567 
 
 415 
 
 417 
 
 376 
 
 ,561 
 
 500 
 
 388 
 
 4.18 
 
 5|9 
 
 247 
 
 269 
 
 463 
 
 4i .9 
 
 508 
 
 .•.711 
 
 549 
 
 4 OS 
 
 .184 
 
 4. IK 
 
 413 
 
 213 
 
 261 
 
 568 
 
 403 
 
 499 
 
 364 
 
 553 
 
 490 
 
 377 
 
 424 
 
 607 
 
 239 
 
 2.59 
 
 553 
 
 397 
 
 490 
 
 317 
 
 547 
 
 481 
 
 .171 
 
 418 
 
 4(11 
 
 234 
 
 254 
 
 618 
 
 391 
 
 482 
 
 3JI 
 
 .54» 
 
 479 
 
 366 
 
 411 
 
 495 
 
 231 
 
 249 
 
 511 
 
 .184 
 
 474 
 
 .114 
 
 5.16 
 
 474 
 
 345 
 
 404 
 
 488 
 
 226 
 
 213 
 
 530 
 
 377 
 
 467 
 
 3.1K 
 
 531 
 
 460 
 
 .139 
 
 397 
 
 482 
 
 221 
 
 237 
 
 .533 
 
 370 
 
 4(« 
 
 .131 
 
 5i.5 
 
 461 
 
 341 
 
 .390 
 
 477 
 
 216 
 
 230 
 
 .527 
 
 ,363 
 
 443 
 
 3V.'» 
 
 519 
 
 459 
 
 331 
 
 383 
 
 471 
 
 211 
 
 223 
 
 4vO 
 
 3.56 
 
 416 
 
 3111 
 
 514 
 
 454 
 
 .130 
 
 .176 
 
 464 
 
 205 
 
 216 
 
 413 
 
 .349 
 
 439 
 
 312 
 
 am 
 
 449 
 
 314 
 
 369 
 
 459 
 
 199 
 
 2119 
 
 .50a 
 
 312 
 
 4.32 
 
 305 
 
 5II1 
 
 444 
 
 310 
 
 362 
 
 453 
 
 194 
 
 2"3 
 
 M) 
 
 334 
 
 424 
 
 V9!> 
 
 499 
 
 439 
 
 .102 
 
 356 
 
 445 
 
 189 
 
 197 
 
 49* 
 
 328 
 
 419 
 
 <9'i 
 
 487 
 
 431 
 
 297 
 
 318 
 
 437 
 
 185 
 
 192 
 
 488 
 
 321 
 
 413 
 
 V.S.'i 
 
 4H0 
 
 419 
 
 292 
 
 341 
 
 430 
 
 181 
 
 187 
 
 482 
 
 314 
 
 407 
 
 X79 
 
 47.3 
 
 424 
 
 279 
 
 334 
 
 428 
 
 1-6 
 
 181 
 
 476 
 
 307 
 
 4(H) 
 
 iVi 
 
 466 
 
 419 
 
 27.1 
 
 .127 
 
 414 
 
 171 
 
 177 
 
 469 
 
 299 
 
 .193 
 
 <C3 
 
 459 
 
 413 
 
 269 
 
 320 
 
 407 
 
 164 
 
 172 
 
 161 
 
 291 
 
 386 
 
 tvj 
 
 451 
 
 408 
 
 262 
 
 312 
 
 4(10 
 
 1,59 
 
 167 
 
 451 
 
 283 
 
 378 
 
 IS'I 
 
 456 
 
 4( 2 
 
 258 
 
 305 
 
 392 
 
 153 
 
 162 
 
 441 
 
 275 
 
 370 
 
 W45 
 
 4111 
 
 .196 
 
 242 
 
 297 
 
 3,5 
 
 147 
 
 1.57 
 
 431 
 
 267 
 
 .162 
 
 ii3S 
 
 431 
 
 300 
 
 239 
 
 289 
 
 376 
 
 142 
 
 142 
 
 422 
 
 259 
 
 351 
 
 i3l 
 
 4 18 
 
 .181 
 
 233 
 
 282 
 
 367 
 
 137 
 
 147 
 
 411 
 
 260 
 
 .144 
 
 S14 
 
 4«1 
 
 378 
 
 229 
 
 271 
 
 .138 
 
 1.13 
 
 142 
 
 406 
 
 241 
 
 336 
 
 117 
 
 414 
 
 371 
 
 224 
 
 2'-5 
 
 340 
 
 128 
 
 137 
 
 397 
 
 232 
 
 .127 
 
 110 
 
 407 
 
 363 
 
 212 
 
 258 
 
 ,140 
 
 123 
 
 1.12 
 
 388 
 
 224 
 
 318 
 
 103 
 
 4110 
 
 .155 
 
 207 
 
 249 
 
 331 
 
 117 
 
 127 
 
 377 
 
 216 
 
 309 
 
 196 
 
 39'i 
 
 346 
 
 202 
 
 240 
 
 ,112 
 
 111 
 
 121 
 
 .161 
 
 209 
 
 300 
 
 189 
 
 384 
 
 338 
 
 191 
 
 2:,2 
 
 3111 
 
 106 
 
 115 
 
 .348 
 
 201 
 
 291 
 
 IHt 
 
 375 
 
 329 
 
 190 
 
 223 
 
 303 
 
 101 
 
 109 
 
 .131 
 
 193 
 
 282 
 
 173 
 
 364 
 
 319 
 
 168 
 
 214 
 
 293 
 
 96 
 
 103 
 
 314 
 
 186 
 
 273 
 
 164 
 
 331 
 
 309 
 
 165 
 
 204 
 
 282 
 
 91 
 
 97 
 
 299 
 
 i;k 
 
 264 
 
 161 
 
 341) 
 
 ■ 299 
 
 157 
 
 195 
 
 271 
 
 87 
 
 92 
 
 2S6 
 
 170 
 
 254 
 
 131 
 
 ,117 
 
 288 
 
 1.50 
 
 186 
 
 269 
 
 82 
 
 H8 
 
 274 
 
 163 
 
 214 
 
 147 
 
 314 
 
 278 
 
 141 
 
 176 
 
 247 
 
 77 
 
 84 
 
 262 
 
 154 
 
 2.14 
 
 ll'l 
 
 301 
 
 267 
 
 134 
 
 166 
 
 236 
 
 72 
 
 80 
 
 2.50 
 
 147 
 
 225 
 
 l.V. 
 
 1189 
 
 256 
 
 126 
 
 157 
 
 221 
 
 67 
 
 74 
 
 236 
 
 140 
 
 214 
 
 116 
 
 W7 
 
 245 
 
 117 
 
 147 
 
 212 
 
 62 
 
 70 
 
 220 
 
 132 
 
 205 
 
 119 
 
 S65 
 
 234 
 
 106 
 
 137 
 
 2(10 
 
 47 
 
 65 
 
 202 
 
 124 
 
 1!14 
 
 113 
 
 Ml 
 
 222 
 
 96 
 
 129 
 
 187 
 
 52 
 
 60 
 
 184 
 
 117 
 
 185 
 
 106 
 
 240 
 
 211 
 
 9i) 
 
 118 
 
 175 
 
 48 
 
 45 
 
 168 
 
 I119 
 
 176 
 
 99 
 
 Vi» 
 
 199 
 
 86 
 
 lo.s 
 
 162 
 
 44 
 
 .51 
 
 163 
 
 lol 
 
 164 
 
 91 
 
 214 
 
 187 
 
 76 
 
 99 
 
 149 
 
 4U 
 
 47 
 
 140 
 
 03 
 
 166 
 
 83 
 
 »)0 
 
 173 
 
 70 
 
 89 
 
 135 
 
 36 
 
 43 
 
 129 
 
 84 
 
 144 
 
 78 
 
 1S« 
 
 162 
 
 63 
 
 80 
 
 I2I 
 
 33 
 
 39 
 
 119 
 
 77 
 
 135 
 
 71 , 
 
 168 
 
 148 
 
 62 
 
 72 
 
 108 
 
 .TO 
 
 35 
 
 109 
 
 69 
 
 124 
 
 63 
 
 168 
 
 134 
 
 47 
 
 63, 
 
 96 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 98 
 
 61 
 
 114 
 
 511 
 
 1,16 
 
 120 
 
 42 
 
 66 
 
 84 
 
 24 
 
 29 
 
 84 
 
 63 
 
 10.1 
 
 bl 
 
 121 
 
 106 
 
 36 
 
 48 
 
 74 
 
 21 
 
 26 
 
 71 
 
 45 
 
 92 
 
 46 
 
 1118 
 
 91 
 
 31 
 
 41 
 
 64 
 
 IH 
 
 23 
 
 58 
 
 38 
 
 82 
 
 40 
 
 95 
 
 81 
 
 23 
 
 35 
 
 56 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 46 
 
 32 
 
 72 
 
 .15 
 
 84 
 
 70 
 
 21 
 
 29 
 
 47 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 36 
 
 26 
 
 62 
 
 ,10 
 
 73 
 
 59 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 .18 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 29 
 
 22 
 
 43 
 
 15 
 
 62 
 
 49 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 31 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 44 
 
 JO 
 
 53 
 
 40 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 24 
 
 8 
 
 IS 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 38 
 
 16 
 
 45 
 
 33 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 31 
 
 11 
 
 37 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 !) 
 
 26 
 
 Q 
 
 30 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 19 
 
 
 23 
 
 16 
 
 A 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 e 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 S 
 
 lU 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 « 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 « 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 « 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 — ]___ 
 
 3 
 2 
 2 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ..••:v. 
 
<6 ^^a 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 / 
 
 O 
 
 ,1^ 
 
 4. 
 
 <^ 4k 
 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.1 
 
 Mi 
 
 ■ 50 
 
 1^ IM 
 
 1^ 12.2 
 
 ■" mis 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.25 111.4 ||||i/. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 6" 
 
 ► 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
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 v^*;-r 
 
 . I 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 )! ; 
 
 1 
 
 
 . f 
 
 T-iv 
 
 
 
 f > 
 
 780 INTEREST AND ANNUITIES 
 
 yUl.— Table showing the Frpectntion of Life at evert/ Age, according to the 
 
 at Carlisle. 
 
 Oh 
 
 Age 
 
 EtpKt. ' 
 
 Agt 
 
 Eipecl. 
 
 Age 
 
 E»pecl. 
 
 AK« 
 
 Eiiwct. 
 
 _Age_ 
 70 
 
 Eiiwct. 
 9-19 
 
 Ag, 
 
 
 
 M-Ti 
 
 18 
 
 4 ■'■87 
 
 36 
 
 20-32 
 
 53 
 
 18-97 
 
 87 
 
 1 
 
 44'f;8 
 
 19 
 
 42-17 
 
 37 
 
 2U-(M 
 
 51 
 
 IH-^S 
 
 71 
 
 8-65 
 
 88 
 
 !t 
 
 47- .A 
 
 «() 
 
 41-16 
 
 38 
 
 28-Ufi 
 
 45 
 
 17-.'>8 
 
 72 
 
 8- Hi 
 
 
 3 
 
 49-S'i 
 
 SI 
 
 4IP-7,', 
 
 3'J 
 
 2S-28 
 
 flS 
 
 16-89 
 
 71 
 
 7-72 
 
 
 4 
 
 .'io;6 
 
 sa 
 
 411-11 1 
 
 40 
 
 27-61 
 
 57 
 
 16-21 
 
 74 
 
 ;-.->3 
 
 91 
 
 .'. 
 
 512.'> 
 
 ^^ 
 
 39-31 
 
 41 
 
 2i;97 
 
 58 
 
 15-55 
 
 75 
 
 7-(ll 
 
 
 fi 
 
 61-17 
 
 •n 
 
 38-jn 
 
 42 
 
 41-34 
 
 59 
 
 1192 
 
 76 
 
 6-69 
 
 91 
 
 7 
 
 SO-HO 
 
 85 
 
 37-80 
 
 43 
 
 2.'i-71 
 
 60 
 
 11-31 
 
 77 
 
 6-40 
 
 91 
 
 8 
 
 50-!(l 
 
 !dB 
 
 37-14 
 
 41 
 
 S'.-09 
 
 61 
 
 13-82 
 
 78 
 
 6- 12 
 
 *J'> 
 
 9 
 
 4<j-.-y7 
 
 a? 
 
 3(i-41 
 
 4.^ 
 
 2146 
 
 62 
 
 13-31 
 
 79 
 
 5 SO 
 
 
 10 
 
 48-82 
 
 i:« 
 
 3S-69 
 
 46 
 
 23-82 
 
 63 
 
 12-81 
 
 80 
 
 .V,',l 
 
 
 II 
 
 48-01 
 
 V9 
 
 3S-no 
 
 47 
 
 21-17 
 
 61 
 
 12.10 
 
 ; «' 
 
 5-21 
 
 98 
 
 ft 
 
 47-S7 
 
 30 
 
 31-.1l 
 
 ■18 
 
 22-50 
 
 65 
 
 11-79 
 
 ' 82 
 
 4-91 
 
 <)y 
 
 13 
 
 4S-S1 
 
 SI 
 
 33-68 
 
 49 
 
 21 81 
 
 66 
 
 11-27 
 
 i 81 
 
 4-65 
 
 
 14 
 
 4i-7S 
 
 32 
 
 33-0.1 
 
 .'lO 
 
 21-11 
 
 67 
 
 10-7.5 
 
 84 
 
 4-19 
 
 
 Ift 
 
 i't-M 
 
 33 
 
 3'^.lfi 
 
 .'.1 
 
 2n-.1!) 
 
 68 
 
 10-23 
 
 ; 85 
 
 4-12 
 
 Kl'i 
 
 IR 
 
 41-27 
 
 34 
 
 31-CS 
 
 52 
 
 19-68 
 
 69 
 
 9-70 
 
 86 
 
 3-90 
 
 
 'i. 
 
 , 4.T^7^ 
 
 35 
 
 31-1 10 
 
 
 
 . _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mcrvatiniis mw 
 
 .V77~' 
 
 .TJD 
 
 .1-17 
 
 yy, 
 \n 
 3-,-.i 
 .I-;.-, 
 
 .Vlf, 
 
 ,1 n 
 
 i-.'i 
 
 IX. — English Life Tdhle, denoting the Expectation of Life at every Age, compiled hi/ I)r. I'q, 
 from the Returns of Deaths, and published by and for the Government, lf((i4. 
 
 A%tm 
 
 pan life- 
 
 tiint! 
 
 Mean after | 
 lifetime ( 
 
 At' or 
 
 past life- 
 time 
 
 Mean after 1 
 lifetime 1 
 
 Age or 
 
 past life. 
 
 time 
 
 Mean after 
 lifetime 
 
 Ape or 
 past life- 
 time 
 
 Meat! after 
 lifetime 
 
 Males 
 
 Tears 
 39-91 
 
 Females 
 
 Male< 1 Females | 
 
 Males 
 
 Fiinles 
 
 .Ma'cs 
 
 Ft-niln 
 
 
 
 W'W 
 
 S6 
 
 years 
 35-41 
 
 years 
 36--9 
 
 52 
 
 years 
 18-28 
 
 years 
 1942 
 
 '% 
 
 jears 
 S'.il 
 
 JMIl 
 
 i-M 
 J-W ! 
 i-l6 
 
 i-n : 
 t-n 
 <-r, 
 i-ii 
 
 J!H 
 
 .v;« ( 
 
 3,:6 1 
 3I« 
 301 
 !».■> 
 
 1 
 
 46-65 
 
 47-31 
 
 27 
 
 31-77 
 
 35-75 
 
 63 
 
 17 67 
 
 18-75 
 
 79 
 
 
 2 
 
 48-83 
 
 49-10 
 
 28 
 
 .14-10 
 
 .■i6-10 
 
 61 
 
 17-06 
 
 18-08 
 
 80 
 
 
 3 
 
 49-61 
 
 50-20 
 
 29 
 
 31-13 
 
 31-46 
 
 65 
 
 16-15 
 
 17-13 
 
 81 
 
 4-66 
 
 4 
 
 49-81 
 
 50-43 
 
 30 
 
 .12-76 
 
 .■i3-81 
 
 56 
 
 LO-Jfl 
 
 16-79 
 
 Wi 
 
 4-11 
 
 5 
 
 49-71 
 
 50.13 
 
 31 
 
 32-09 
 
 33-17 
 
 67 
 
 15-26 
 
 16 17 
 
 81 
 
 
 K 
 
 49-39 
 
 50-00 
 
 32 
 
 31-42 
 
 .12-53 
 
 58 
 
 14-68 
 
 15-14 
 
 81 
 
 
 7 
 
 48-92 
 
 49.53 
 
 . 31 
 
 .10-71 
 
 31-88 
 
 59 
 
 11-10 
 
 14-91 
 
 85 
 
 3-71 
 
 8 
 
 4S-.17 
 
 48-98 
 
 ! 31 
 
 30-07 
 
 31-23 
 
 60 
 
 13-53 
 
 14-31 
 
 86 
 
 I'.^l 
 
 9 
 
 4771 
 
 4S-,15 
 
 , 35 
 
 !ia-40 
 
 30-59 
 
 61 
 
 li-96 
 
 1.1-74 
 
 87 
 
 
 10 
 
 47-05 
 
 47-67 
 
 36 
 
 2S-73 
 
 29-91 
 
 62 
 
 l-i-11 
 
 11-17 
 
 SS 
 
 
 n 
 
 46-31 
 
 46-95 
 
 37 
 
 28-06 
 
 29-29 
 
 63 
 
 11-87 
 
 1260 
 
 89 
 
 100 
 
 12 
 
 4'!-54 
 
 46-20 
 
 38 
 
 27-39 
 
 28-64 
 
 61 
 
 1 1 -.14 
 
 12-05 
 
 90 
 
 2-8 1 
 
 13 
 
 44-76 
 
 45-11 
 
 39 
 
 26-72 
 
 27-99 
 
 65 
 
 1082 
 
 11-51 
 
 91 
 
 
 li 
 
 41-97 
 
 41-66 
 
 40 
 
 !!6-06 
 
 ■^7-31 
 
 66 
 
 1032 
 
 10-98 
 
 92 
 
 
 15 
 
 41-18 
 
 43-90 
 
 41 
 
 25-39 
 
 36-69 
 
 6, 
 
 9-83 
 
 10-17 
 
 93 
 
 S-41 
 
 :ij 
 
 i'l-; 
 !-l; 
 
 16 
 
 4-i-lO 
 
 43-11 
 
 42 
 
 21-73 
 
 2603 
 
 68 
 
 9-36 
 
 9-97 
 
 111 
 
 2-29 
 
 17 
 
 41-61 
 
 42-10 
 
 43 
 
 21-07 
 
 25-.1S 
 
 69 
 
 8-90 
 
 9-48 
 
 95 
 
 2-17 
 
 18 
 
 40-90 
 
 41-67 
 
 41 
 
 ■21-11 
 
 21-72 
 
 70 
 
 8-15 
 
 9-112 
 
 96 
 
 
 19 
 
 40-17 
 
 40-97 
 
 45 
 
 22-76 
 
 24-06 
 
 71 
 
 8-03 
 
 8-.57 
 
 97 
 
 1-^15 
 
 SO 
 
 39-48 
 
 40-29 
 
 46 
 
 ■ 22 11 
 
 21-40 
 
 V2 
 
 7-62 
 
 8-13 
 
 98 
 
 I -H.'i 
 
 
 21 
 
 38-80 
 
 1963 
 
 47 
 
 21-16 
 
 22-74 
 
 73 
 
 T-'l'l 
 
 7-71 
 
 99 
 
 1-76 
 
 
 22 
 
 38-13 
 
 38-98 
 
 48 
 
 20-82 
 
 22-08 
 
 71 
 
 6-85 
 
 7-31 
 
 160 
 
 1-C8 
 
 
 23 
 
 .17-46 
 
 38-,7.1 
 
 49 
 
 20-17 
 
 21-42 
 
 75 
 
 6-49 
 
 6-93 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 .1679 
 
 37-68 
 
 50 
 
 19-54 
 
 20-75 
 
 76 
 
 BIS 
 
 0-56 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 .16-12 
 
 .17-01 
 
 51 
 
 1 8-90 
 
 20-09 
 
 77 
 
 5-82 
 
 6-Jl 
 
 ' 
 
 
 1 
 
 X. — Table giving a Comparative View of the Remdts of the undermentioned Tables of 3Ioriak», J 
 
 relation to the following Particulars. ' J 
 
 or 100,000 persons aged S5 Oute voulit 
 
 be alive at the a^e of 65 
 Of iOO.OUO ptrsons agt-d 65, there woultl 
 
 be alive at the a^e of 80 
 Exixclatlon of life at th..- age of 25 years 
 Klpectation of life at the age of 65 „ 
 Value of an annuity on a life aged 25, 
 
 interest being at 1 [ler cent. - 
 Value of an annuity on a life aged 65, 
 
 interest being at 1 per cent. - 
 Valu* of a deferrt'd annuity commencing 
 
 at 65, to a life now aged 25, interest at 
 
 4 per cent. - ; 2. 
 
 ny 
 
 Dr. Price's 
 
 Table, 
 
 founded on 
 
 the Register 
 
 of Births and 
 
 lluriais at 
 
 Northamp' 
 
 tim 
 
 34,S9S 
 
 28,7H 
 .10-85 
 10-88 
 
 XI 5-433 
 
 X7 76I 
 
 Br 
 
 the First 
 
 Swedish 
 
 Tables.as 
 
 published by 
 
 Dr. Price ; 
 
 fur iKitli 
 
 sexes 
 
 43,137 
 
 23,701 
 .11-58 
 10-10 
 
 X16-839 
 
 i7-3!8 
 
 Mr. l)c- 
 
 parcieux's 
 
 Table, 
 
 founded 
 
 on the 
 
 Mortality in 
 
 the French 
 
 I'ontines, 
 
 nriur to 
 
 ■1745 
 
 r. Mill 
 
 Mr. ^filne*s 
 Talile, 
 founded 
 on the 
 Mortaiity 
 observe*! at 
 Caiiuie 
 
 By 
 
 Mr. (iriHlth 
 Davies's 
 Tal.ie, 
 foundetl on 
 the Elite, 
 rience of the 
 Equitable 
 Life Insur- 
 ance OlHce 
 
 29,837 
 37-17 
 11-25 
 
 X17-120 
 
 X8-039 
 
 51,335 
 
 31,577 
 .17-86 
 n-79 
 
 X17-64S 
 
 £8-307 
 
 jCn-S.54.';2 ' X0-SSS23 
 
 49,130 
 
 37.267 
 37-15 
 l'i-3i 
 
 X17-191 
 
 <8-635 
 
 £0-88723 
 
 Hy Mr. liniaisw'. 
 Table, founiiefl on i.^t J 
 Experience of the (JoTtn 
 meat Life Annuiiia 
 
 Acronling [ Arrorti-(i 
 
 tohisFirW tohisJiftsT 
 
 liiv-stiga- I Intftibil 
 
 tio-i, as men- tion.nTV 
 
 tioned in his timed is ^j 
 
 Eridenre I KTidrvf| 
 
 in I8'J5 i in hS 
 
 .Mean of 
 both tiexfi 
 
 53,170 
 
 3S-3J 
 1-^-81 
 
 X17-S31 
 
 £8-»a6 
 
 MKM 
 
 3r,iii I 
 
 ll.<><l 
 
 /s;!i! 
 
 Note. — In all the Tables above mentioned, it ia 
 to be observed that the mortality is deduced from 
 an equal, or nearly equal, number of each sex ; 
 ■with the single exception of Mr. Davies's Table, 
 founded on the experience of the Equitable, in 
 which office, from the practical objects of life in- 
 surance, it is evident the male sex must have 
 composed the vast majority of lives subjected to 
 
 mortality. But as it is agreed on al! handill 
 the duration of life amoDg females e.xcecds iha 
 males, it follows that the results of Mr. DsriJ 
 Table full materially short of what iheyr* 
 have been, if the facta an wiiich he lias roas(i| 
 had comprehended an equal number of each ! 
 The Tables have not, in all cases, been ^mM 
 at 4 J per cent., the rate allowed by Govcraaiei 
 
 S!.-Tul 
 
 Aft 3 per 
 
 i ; 15-f 
 i J l«-,i 
 
 . 3 ; I9-J 
 
 i ( 1 an 
 
 I i mi 
 
 1 « 8IV7' 
 
 r w* 
 
 f 1 l(0-« 
 
 , 9 Kl-.SI 
 
 , 111 ■aiM 
 
 . 11 m-i* 
 
 u ai-zn; 
 
 ■ IJ iirOHl 
 
 : n i9-«7i 
 
 1 li 19-65? 
 
 ; li 19 lli 
 
 1 i: I'fSH 
 
 , l< 19013 
 
 1) li-IM 
 
 ffl I.5-6.1S 
 
 1 SI IJ-170 
 
 1 n , 18-311 
 
 ' H 1 I«-l« 
 
 11 I--9S3 
 
 !5 17'«1« 
 
 X 1 ir^SI! 
 
 K 1M(7 
 
 « u-m 
 
 tl 171(17 
 
 y Win 
 
 ?l ' l6^-38 
 
 SI ! IWiu 
 
 m.-mk ihc 
 
 in .'percent, it 
 
 1 j tfOU 
 ! I il-MI 
 
 I" 
 "l 
 I " "■' 
 
 Jr6« 
 
 am 
 
 U-S15 
 
 lVt(7 
 
 U'iOl 
 
 aci 
 tw 
 
 JMO 
 
 ■r«9 
 
 M! 
 Il-lul 
 It-Ui 
 
 II-S79 
 
 »l »H9i 
 
 I !i ' Jl-5(^ 
 
 «; !I-,V. 
 
 « ' itms 
 
 1 ' UMi 
 i[ JO-KJ 
 
 c torn 
 3 is-s§i 
 ? i9-:6i 
 
 u-.ns 
 
 I 19-131 
 
 ij iMin 
 iw;5 
 
 ~^iMe showiA 
 
 
INTEREST AND ANNUITIES 
 
 781 
 
 " I 
 ■w \ 
 
 -n I 
 
 i-;f. 1 
 ^^^ 
 
 !1H 1 
 
 s-;3 , 
 
 VH 
 J16 
 3 1* 
 S-117 
 
 •Ml 
 
 I'K 
 
 1-.VI 
 
 Dr. hirr 
 
 levime 
 
 i I 
 
 ,6 
 LI 
 17 
 B5 
 73 
 
 :>^ 
 
 -34 
 ,-16 
 
 ;■(») I 
 i-m ' 
 
 2-69 
 
 •i-55 
 
 S-4l 
 
 i-:'J 
 
 1-17 
 
 2-06 
 
 l-W 
 
 1-S5 
 
 1-76 
 
 1-6S 
 
 JttH 
 
 VSI 
 i-5S ' 
 i-li , 
 l-IJ . 
 4-7 1 i 
 
 4-t'i , 
 
 4-il 
 
 y,6 
 
 5-16 1 
 
 3■^6 
 
 3 IS 1 
 301 
 
 L't: IB 
 
 T We jAowih? </ie I "'"« "/ «» Annuity on a Sinple Life, according to the N.Mampton Table 
 S1-— '" uf Mortality. 
 
 „f .Vortalilj, il 
 
 y Mt. ViTiuison'i 
 laWe, fu>inil«loni;M 
 writ-nceof the'iOTtty 
 jientUteAmuiM 
 
 In 1825 1_ '»'* 
 tih Sew ' Wl>w^ 
 
 1 63,470 I 
 
 1 JS,e55 
 3H-35 
 12-81 
 
 |fl7-534 
 
 £8-856 
 
 5!,W I 
 
 JVil I 
 
 Mi' I 
 
 1 iS'-l 
 
 — — 
 
 
 4 pet Cent. 
 
 4 per Cent. 1 
 
 Agf 
 
 3 per Cent. 
 
 4 percent. 
 
 5 per Cent. 
 
 Age 
 
 3 per Cent. 
 
 4 per Cent. 
 
 5 per Cent. 
 
 H' ■'j^-j^-:_ 
 
 ' 13-465 
 15-6.1.1 
 16-46'i 
 17-1110 
 17-'il« 
 17-482 
 17-611 
 17-6611 
 17-625 
 17-5'M 
 17-391 
 17-i.5l 
 17-I03 
 16-950 
 16-791 
 16-6-25 
 16-461 
 16-.309 
 16-167 
 16-033 
 14-914 
 15-797 
 15-6S0 
 15-560 
 14-438 
 15-.-,lli 
 14-!8» 
 15-051 
 14-918 
 11-781 
 11-639 
 14-495 
 
 1 1 -.563 
 
 33 
 
 lb-.343 
 
 11-317 
 
 14-740 
 
 65 
 
 8-.104 
 
 7-761 
 
 7-276 
 
 1 < 16-021 
 
 1.1-4-20 
 
 .34 
 
 16- 144 
 
 14-195 
 
 14-6-23 
 
 66 
 
 7-994 
 
 7-488 
 
 7 034 
 
 i 1 H-5W 
 
 14-135 
 
 .15 
 
 14-U.-8 
 
 14-039 
 
 14-502 
 
 67 
 
 7-682 
 
 7711 
 
 0-787 
 
 J : ii-i;.'' 
 
 14-61.1 
 
 .36 
 
 15-749 
 
 13-88) 
 
 14-377 
 
 68 
 
 7-367 
 
 6-9.10 
 
 6'.')36 
 
 ; 1 *i-«io 
 
 14'827 
 
 37 
 
 15-515 
 
 1.1-716 
 
 14-449 
 
 f.9 
 
 7-051 
 
 6-647 
 
 6-'281 
 
 J 1 -ffl473 
 
 15*011 
 
 3S 
 
 14-498 
 
 13-518 
 
 14-116 
 
 70 
 
 6-7.14 
 
 6-.ir.l 
 
 6 023 
 
 « 
 
 2ii-7'n 
 
 15-166 
 
 39 
 
 14-075 
 
 13.175 
 
 1 1-979 
 
 71 
 
 6-418 
 
 fi-l/75 
 
 5-761 
 
 : 
 
 
 15-2-26 
 
 40 
 
 14-818 
 
 13-197 
 
 11-837 
 
 74 
 
 6-103 
 
 5-790 
 
 4-4«4 
 
 1 
 
 W-SS5 
 
 15-'21U 
 
 41 
 
 I4-6'20 
 
 13-1118 
 
 11-695 
 
 73 
 
 5-794 
 
 5-.')»7 
 
 5-415 
 
 9 
 
 j«-(ll» 
 
 15-1.19 1 
 
 4 '2 
 
 14-.191 
 
 1-2-8,-8 
 
 ll-.-,51 
 
 74 
 
 4-4:il 
 
 5-431) 
 
 4 990 
 
 ; !>' 
 
 •i(r663 
 
 15-041 1 
 
 43 
 
 14-164 
 
 18-657 
 
 11-407 
 
 75 
 
 5-199 
 
 4-964 
 
 4-744 
 
 II 
 
 V0-4SU 
 
 14 937 
 
 44 
 
 l3-!)49 
 
 14-474 
 
 11-258 
 
 76 
 
 4-945 
 
 4-710 
 
 4-511 
 
 n 
 
 
 lr6'26 
 
 44 
 
 1 .VI.94 
 
 14-483 
 
 11-105 
 
 77 
 
 4-n.'.4 
 
 4-157 
 
 4-'277 
 
 1 n 
 
 2II-IUI 
 
 14-7;0 
 
 46 
 
 1.3-450 
 
 14-089 
 
 10-917 
 
 78 
 
 4-374 
 
 4-lC. 
 
 4-035 
 
 - '1 
 
 
 14-588 
 
 47 
 
 13-203 
 
 11-890 
 
 10-781 
 
 79 
 
 4-077 
 
 ,3-941 
 
 3-776 
 
 1 1t 
 
 19-6.« 
 
 14 460 
 
 48 
 
 14-951 
 
 11-685 
 
 10-616 
 
 80 
 
 .1-718 
 
 3-643 
 
 3-515 
 
 It 
 
 19 435 
 
 14-334 
 
 49 
 
 12-963 
 
 11-475 
 
 10-443 
 
 81 
 
 3-499 
 
 .3-377 
 
 3-465 
 
 
 
 14-1! 17 
 
 SO 
 
 12-43r, 
 
 11-264 
 
 10-469 
 
 84 
 
 .3-229 
 
 3-1 '24 
 
 3020 
 
 i» 
 
 19-013 
 
 14-108 
 
 .51 
 
 12-183 
 
 11-11.07 
 
 10-097 
 
 83 
 
 4-984 
 
 S-887 
 
 2-797 
 
 u 
 
 18-vjn 
 
 14-007 
 
 64 
 
 11-930 
 
 10-849 
 
 9 9-25 
 
 84 
 
 2-793 
 
 S-708 
 
 4-647 
 
 a 
 
 1S-6.1S 
 
 13-917 
 
 43 
 
 II •671 
 
 10-637 
 
 9 478 
 
 84 
 
 4-640 
 
 4-54.3 
 
 2-471 
 
 1 " 
 
 18-170 
 
 13-8.13 
 
 44 
 
 11-414 
 
 10-141 
 
 9-567 
 
 88 
 
 2-461 
 
 S-393 
 
 4-.1-2S 
 
 « 
 
 
 13-746 
 
 45 
 
 11-140 
 
 in- '201 
 
 9-384 
 
 87 
 
 4-314 
 
 4-451 
 
 4-193 
 
 In 
 
 
 13-658 
 
 46 
 
 10-S84 
 
 9-977 
 
 9-193 
 
 88 
 
 2-185 
 
 4-131 
 
 4-080 
 
 >i 
 
 1 17-S83 
 1 17-814 
 
 13-467 ■ 
 
 57 
 
 111-611 
 
 9-749 
 
 8999 
 
 80 
 
 4-014 
 
 1-967 
 
 1-941 
 
 « 
 
 1.T47.1 
 
 48 
 
 lo-.ii; 
 
 9-516 
 
 8-801 
 
 90 
 
 1-794 
 
 1-758 
 
 1-743 
 
 In 
 
 
 13-377 
 
 49 
 
 1U-(14H 
 
 9480 
 
 8'49» 
 
 01 
 
 1-501 
 
 1-474 
 
 1-447 
 
 
 13-478 
 
 60 
 
 9-777 
 
 9-109 
 
 8-394 
 
 94 
 
 1-190 
 
 1-171 
 
 1-1. 53 
 
 
 13-177 
 
 61 
 
 9-493 
 
 8-7'.l5 
 
 S-lSl 
 
 i>3 
 
 0-839 
 
 0847 
 
 0-8 IS 
 
 
 1 3-071 
 
 62 
 
 9-21)5 
 
 8-547 
 
 7-966 
 
 94 
 
 0-436 
 
 0-430 
 
 0-524 
 
 
 12-964 
 
 6.1 
 
 8-911) 
 
 8-291 
 
 7-744 
 
 Si 
 
 0-444 
 
 0-440 
 
 0-238 
 
 ? 
 
 1 16-510 
 
 12-854 
 
 64 
 
 8-Rll 
 
 8 030 
 
 7-414 
 
 96 
 
 0-000 
 
 0-000 
 
 0-UOO 
 
 XII. 
 
 -Table showing the Value of an Annuity on a Single Life, according to the Carlisle Table of 
 
 Mortality. 
 
 in -pnCent. 4 per Cent 
 
 , 1 
 
 1 t 
 
 SCI-0»5 
 ll-Ml 
 lf6« 
 !--S85 
 iMM 
 U-M6 
 15« 
 B'Wl 
 
 an 
 
 ij-!12 
 !3-3!7 
 IVIU 
 ^■0^7 
 ir;t9 
 IfMJ 
 IMul 
 !il32 
 
 nvn 
 
 I1-»I9 
 Jl'iiSl 
 SI -504 
 Jl-JOl 
 
 SI-M8 
 10-185 
 li ' n-6r,5 
 « lOttJ 
 Kl-iH 
 19'9SI 
 19-761 
 19-546 
 H-J18 
 19-131 
 
 is-9in 
 i»-6;5 
 i«-r.5 
 
 16-5.56 
 
 17-728 
 
 18-717 
 
 19-4.13 
 
 19-504 
 
 19-747 
 
 19-790 
 
 19-766 
 
 19-693 
 
 19-585 
 
 19-4fO 
 
 19-336 
 
 19-210 
 
 19-084 
 
 18-956 
 
 18-8.17 
 
 18-723 
 
 IS-fi^S 
 
 18-1..f- 
 
 18-30: 
 
 18-233 
 
 18095 
 
 17-951 
 
 17-801 
 
 17-615 
 
 17-486 
 
 i;-.120 
 
 17-154 
 
 16-997 
 
 16-854 
 
 16-705 
 
 16-554 
 
 16-,19U 
 
 16-419 
 
 Ifi-OU 
 
 5 |i«r Cent. 
 
 13-99J 
 
 36 
 
 14-983 
 
 37 
 
 14-844 
 
 38 
 
 16271 
 
 39 
 
 16-590 
 
 4' 
 
 16-7.35 
 
 41 
 
 16-790 
 
 44 
 
 16-786 
 
 43 
 
 16-744 
 
 44 
 
 16-669 
 
 45 
 
 16-581 
 
 46 
 
 16-494 
 
 47 
 
 16-406 
 
 48 
 
 16-316 
 
 49 
 
 16-227 
 
 40 
 
 16-144 
 
 41 
 
 16-066 
 
 42 
 
 14-987 
 
 63 
 
 15-901 
 
 51 
 
 1.5-817 
 
 45 
 
 15-726 
 
 66 
 
 15-698 
 
 57 
 
 1.5-545 
 
 68 
 
 15-417 
 
 .19 
 
 15-303 
 
 60 
 
 15-187 
 
 61 
 
 15-065 
 
 64 
 
 14-94'i 
 
 63 
 
 148-27 
 
 fit 
 
 14-743 
 
 64 
 
 14-617 
 
 fi6 
 
 14-506 
 
 67 
 
 14 -.387 
 
 68 
 
 14-460 
 
 69 
 
 U-127 
 
 
 Age 3 per Cent, j 4 per Cent. 
 
 18-183 
 17-948 
 17-669 
 17-405 
 17-143 
 16-S90 
 16-610 
 16 -.189 
 16' 1.10 
 15-863 
 14-585 
 14-294 
 11-986 
 14-644 
 14-303 
 )3-9.-.S 
 13-458 
 13-180 
 14-798 
 12-408 
 12-014 
 11-614 
 11-418 
 10841 
 10-491 
 
 lo-isc 
 
 9-875 
 9-.567 
 9-446 
 8-917 
 8-678 
 8-448 
 7-869 
 7-499 
 
 15 856 
 
 14 666 
 
 15-471 
 
 15-472 
 
 14-074 
 
 14-883 
 
 14-694 
 
 14-504 
 
 14M08 
 
 14-104 
 
 13-889 
 
 1.3-664 
 
 13-419 
 
 13-153 
 
 12-869 
 
 14-666 
 
 14-468 
 
 11-915 
 
 11-627 
 
 11 -.1110 
 
 10-966 
 
 10-6'25 
 
 10-486 
 
 9-963 
 
 9-663 
 
 S-.198 
 
 9-1.17 
 
 8-874 
 
 8-593 
 
 8-.107 
 
 8-010 
 
 7-700 
 
 7 -.ISO 
 
 7-019 
 
 5 per Cent, 
 
 13-987 
 
 13-843 
 
 13-695 
 
 13.542 
 
 1.1-390 
 
 13-445 
 
 13-101 
 
 14957 
 
 12-806 
 
 12-648 
 
 l'.'-480 
 
 14-.101 
 
 12-107 
 
 11-894 
 
 11-661) 
 
 11-410 
 
 11-154 
 
 10-8'>4 
 
 10-644 
 
 10-347 
 
 10-063 
 
 9-771 
 
 9-478 
 
 9- 199 
 
 8-940 
 
 8-714 
 
 8-487 
 
 8-2.58 
 
 8-016 
 
 7-766 
 
 7-.503 
 
 7-227 
 
 6-041 
 
 6-643 
 
 Age 3 per Cent. 4 per Cent. 5 i>er Cent 
 
 70 
 71 
 72 
 73 
 74 
 75 
 76 
 77 
 78 
 79 
 80 
 81 
 84 
 83 
 84 
 85 
 86 
 87 
 88 
 89 
 90 
 91 
 94 
 93 
 94 
 95 
 96 
 97 
 98 
 99 
 100 
 101 
 104 
 103 
 
 7-143 
 
 6-7.17 
 
 6- .173 
 
 6-014 
 
 5-762 
 
 5-514 
 
 6-477 
 
 6-059 
 
 4-8.18 
 
 4-694 
 
 4.165 
 
 4-119 
 
 3-898 
 
 3-674 
 
 3-454 
 
 3-249 
 
 1-033 
 
 4-873 
 
 2-776 
 
 4-665 
 
 2-499 
 
 «-48l 
 
 2-577 
 
 2-687 
 
 4-736 
 
 2-7.57 
 
 2-704 
 
 4-569 
 
 2-.->8S 
 
 S-131 
 
 1-683 
 
 1-448 
 
 0-771 
 
 6-341 
 
 6-709 
 
 6-.3.<,6 
 
 6-358 
 
 6-015 
 
 6-0'26 
 
 5-711 
 
 6-724 
 
 .5-435 
 
 5-4.58 
 
 6-lCO 
 
 5-239 
 
 4-989 
 
 5-044 
 
 4-794 
 
 4-845 
 
 4-609 
 
 4-624 
 
 4-444 
 
 4-3'J4 
 
 4-410 
 
 4-183 
 
 4-015 
 
 3-953 
 
 3-799 
 
 3-746 
 
 3-606 
 
 3-634 
 
 3-406 
 
 3-349 
 
 3-411 
 
 3-115 
 
 3-0()9 
 
 2-928 
 
 4-8.10 
 
 8-776 
 
 2-684 
 
 S-683 
 
 S-597 
 
 4-577 
 
 2-195 
 
 2-416 
 
 4-339 
 
 2-398 
 
 2-.-54I 
 
 4-494 
 
 2-414 
 
 2-600 
 
 2-518 
 
 4-650 
 
 4-569 
 
 4-674 
 
 2-.)96 
 
 4-628 
 
 2-555 
 
 2-494 
 
 S-428 
 
 S-334 
 
 4-478 
 
 S-087 
 
 4-014 
 
 1-653 
 
 1624 
 
 1-210 
 
 1-194 
 
 0-764 
 
 0-763 
 
 0-341 
 
 0-317 
 
 UlI,-riHc showing the Value of an Annuity on tlie Joint Continwmce of Two Lives of Equal 
 Ages, according to the Northampton Table of Uortality. 
 
 on al' todili 
 
 |ltsofMr.Dii 
 
 \ wbat they'^'T 
 
 Ih be to I*™ 
 Imberotea* 
 
 lc8, been om 
 IdbvGovcraaiai 
 
■' ■ I 
 
 <?,■ 
 
 '■J ■. i' 
 
 If '' l*',» ■ 
 
 
 u 
 
 f f 
 
 i f 
 
 782 
 XIV.- 
 
 INTEREST AND ANNUITIES 
 
 Ail X xjivcio 1 All i» iin rt u 1 1 iHjO 
 
 Table shotoing the Value of an Annuity on tlie Joint CorUinvance o, 
 Ages, according to the Carlisle Table of Mortality, 
 
 3 i 4 I 1, il T.. 3 4 i '. '. ■ 
 
 "/ Two Livei of !■:„ 
 
 }'«/ 
 
 Attn 
 
 3 
 per Cent. 
 
 4 
 
 per Cent. 
 
 per Cent.i 
 
 Ages 
 
 3 
 per Cent. 
 
 4 
 liei Cent. 
 
 5 
 iwr Cent. 
 
 Ages 
 70 and 70 
 
 3 
 per U'cni 
 
 4-5.5(i 
 4-217 
 1-901 
 3-631 
 3-iOO 
 3-/11 
 3-0(i'* 
 •/■U27 
 2-;hi 
 
 2-611) 
 2-4,9 
 2-/S3 
 2 135 
 l-j;8 
 
 * 1 5~~ 
 
 -i;«tM«.||»,(-„,. 
 
 1 ana 1 
 
 14079 
 
 11-9'il 
 
 10-299 ! 
 
 36 and 36 
 
 14-477 
 
 12-919 
 
 11-6/7 
 
 !i 
 
 2 
 
 Ifi'lM 
 
 1.3-()71 
 
 11-793 ■ 
 
 37 37 
 
 14-231 
 
 12-724 
 
 ll-4;(l 
 
 71 71 
 
 4-y.7 ' 
 
 4-()'.() 
 1-745 
 1-197 
 1-/J.J 
 .VI .J 
 '/■%(, 
 '/->.13 
 
 1 4-Hl 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 18(I.W 
 
 I.V'^(JO 
 
 13-l(i2 
 
 38 38 
 
 13-981 
 
 12-..24 
 
 11 -.109 
 
 72 72 
 
 1 .V»)l 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 lanifii 
 
 16-147 
 
 13-9.32 
 
 39 39 
 
 13-727 
 
 12-.3-/2 
 
 11-114 
 
 73 73 
 
 5-1. , ,', 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 1 •j->( 1 ;• 
 
 16-801 
 
 14-5ii7 
 
 40 40 
 
 13-481 
 
 1-2-124 
 
 10-.I84 
 
 71 74 
 
 .5-'.:i 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 2(rl/if, 
 
 17-112 
 
 14-789 
 
 41 41 
 
 13-^51 
 
 1 1"(45 
 
 10-8.-.9 1 
 
 75 74 
 
 i-ii.i 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 2()-^HU 
 
 17-212 
 
 11-917 
 
 42 42 
 
 13-().-.i; 
 
 11-772 
 
 lo-jol 
 
 76 76 
 
 .5 il ,') 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 2l)-vtil 
 
 17-.i4l 
 
 14-912 
 
 43 43 
 
 li-h'ii 
 
 11-6(1/ 
 
 ll)566 
 
 77 77 
 
 ■<■«;:. 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 2t)-llfi 
 
 17-179 
 
 I ■ »08 
 
 44 44 
 
 l-2-l>(H) 
 
 11-126 
 
 10-4/5 
 
 78 78 
 
 /-;i( 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 19"J'i3 
 
 17-019 
 
 14-803 
 
 45 45 
 
 12-371 
 
 11-213 
 
 10-278 
 
 79 79 
 
 -/■(..)( 
 2-531 
 2-3*) 
 
 •fm 
 '/'(i;y 
 
 l-'J/9 
 1-7h'/ 
 
 "n: j 
 
 11 
 
 U 
 
 i'j-;i» 
 
 16-891 
 
 11-681 
 
 46 46 
 
 12-l'i8 
 
 11-017 
 
 10-119 
 
 8l) 80 
 
 'rlui 
 
 1'.! 
 
 12 
 
 lU-i.-iS 
 
 10-737 
 
 11 -.568 
 
 47 47 
 
 11-870 
 
 10-837 
 
 9-947 
 
 8( 8( 
 
 '. ■'". 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 1 9-327 
 
 16-482 
 
 14-45(1 
 
 48 48 
 
 11-591 
 
 lU-607 
 
 9-7.56 
 
 82 8/ 
 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 19- 11 5 
 
 16-4'i4 
 
 H-.y-.i 
 
 49 49 
 
 11-/79 
 
 10-315 
 
 9-435 
 
 83 83 
 
 'i^'ii 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 m-'jciH 
 
 Xa-'lTi 
 
 14-214 
 
 40 50 
 
 10-912 
 
 101)49 
 
 9-29 1 
 
 84 81 
 
 l•^^^ 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 18'719 
 
 11.-134 
 
 14-1(2 
 
 51 51 
 
 10-479 
 
 9-718 
 
 9-023 
 
 85 8.5 
 
 -(.,7 
 1 -.509 
 
 Idll 
 1-476 
 
 i-;ii 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 lSil2 
 
 16-01)7 
 
 14-018 
 
 5!l 52 
 
 10-214 
 
 9-434 
 
 8-751 
 
 86 80 
 
 I'.v. 
 
 IH 
 
 18 
 
 1«-3K5 
 
 15-8i() 
 
 1.3-92'. 
 
 63 53 
 
 9-849 
 
 9117 
 
 8-474 
 
 87 37 
 
 l-3>') 
 
 llll 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 18-182 
 
 ;5-7l8 
 
 13-827 
 
 54 51 
 
 9-4liO 
 
 8-796 
 
 8- 192 
 
 88 8H 
 
 1 •yen 
 
 1 ..)!( 
 Hill 
 l-al 
 1-01.6 
 1-0-/I1 
 I-Ojii 
 l-U'J 
 1-/7.-. 
 1-353 
 I-3D1 
 l-.Wti 
 I'llil 
 I.I,-.. 
 
 I'j.i; 1 
 
 XU 
 
 20 
 
 ir-'JU3 
 
 15-1.10 
 
 13-721 
 
 55 55 
 
 9-103 
 
 8-465 
 
 7-9-Jil 
 
 89 89 
 
 1-2 IS 
 
 •-»;•. 
 
 •a 
 
 21 
 
 17-797 
 
 l.'.-466 
 
 13-1.16 
 
 56 56 
 
 8-7-!l 
 
 8-128 
 
 7-61K1 
 
 90 90 
 
 l-o>tS 
 
 1 1'j'j 
 
 Ti 
 
 22 
 
 17-'S8 
 
 14-31(1 
 
 13-197 1 
 
 57 57 
 
 8-331 
 
 7-783 
 
 7'/93 
 
 91 91 
 
 1-040 
 
 i-ii.. 
 
 a3 
 
 23 
 
 17-372 
 
 15-1 18 
 
 13-372 
 
 68 58 
 
 7-9,>4 
 
 7-414 
 
 6-9H8 
 
 92 92 
 
 1-1-/0 
 
 I'm; 
 
 «4 
 
 24 
 
 17-UH 
 
 14-978 
 
 13'-i!IO i 
 
 59 49 
 
 7-604 
 
 7-)3l 
 
 6-704 
 
 93 93 
 
 1 -2-/6 
 
 I'n;- 
 
 •ii 
 
 25 
 
 l(i-916 
 
 1 l-S(H) 
 
 13-101 
 
 60 60 
 
 7-2!)4 
 
 6-844 
 
 6-446 
 
 91 91 
 
 1 -102 
 
 1 i'.'> 
 
 i6 
 
 28 
 
 16-l,Sl 
 
 14-6-^0 
 
 12-960 
 
 61 61 
 
 7-((44 
 
 6-630 
 
 6-/47 
 
 95 94 
 
 l-l-sl 
 
 I'O, 
 
 ■il 
 
 27 
 
 10-437 
 
 1 1-431 
 
 12-811 
 
 62 62 
 
 6-801 
 
 6 417 
 
 6-067 
 
 96 96 
 
 1-4-/4 
 
 1 ■'.■- 
 
 !!8 
 
 2S 
 
 Ifi-IUfi 
 
 14-241 
 
 12-663 
 
 63 63 
 
 6-463 
 
 6-/02 
 
 5-'>7.i 
 
 97 97 
 
 1 -.194 
 
 l-.'f.l 
 
 !dU 
 
 29 
 
 11976 
 
 14-075 
 
 12-j.1() 
 
 64 61 
 
 6-.308 
 
 4-97 1 
 
 4-66-J 
 
 98 9H 
 
 1-374 
 
 '-■"') 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 l.'.7Sl 
 
 1.3-9.30 
 
 1 '2-4 19 
 
 65 65 
 
 6-0)7 
 
 4-7.38 
 
 4-146 
 
 99 99 
 
 1-/-J1 
 
 ! 'il 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 li-.VJl 
 
 1.3-784 
 
 1 2-308 
 
 66 66 
 
 5-774 
 
 4-luO 
 
 4-2.10 
 
 100 100 
 
 0-<ji)l 
 
 ■ /./ 
 
 (!■' T'l 
 
 l-.'^i 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 15-392 
 
 l3-63i 
 
 12-191 
 
 67 67 
 
 4-486 
 
 4-22S 
 
 4-990 
 
 Ml 101 
 
 o-i.-*; 
 
 ' ■'-'' t 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 15-lSO 
 
 1.3-469 
 
 l-i-061 
 
 68 68 
 
 4-188 
 
 4-954 
 
 4-7.57 
 
 10/ 102 
 
 1)i7 
 
 ll-lsl 
 
 u-iii; 
 
 "!'" II 
 
 .-4 
 
 31 
 
 11-951 
 
 13-^94 
 
 11 -'.(-^6 
 
 69 69 
 
 4-.S77 
 
 4-666 
 
 4-471 
 
 103 103 
 
 0-108 
 
 !'""' 9 
 
 3.'> 
 
 35 
 
 1 1-7'2() 
 
 13-111 
 
 \\-,m__ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 i.'i'j II 
 
 XV.- 
 
 —Table showing 'the 
 
 Value 
 
 of an Annuity on the 
 
 Joint Continuance 
 
 <f Two Liter- i-*J 
 
 
 the Difference of Ag e is F 
 
 ive Years, according to the North 
 
 ainpton Tn 
 
 bk of Mortal 
 
 
 Age» 
 
 3 
 per Cent. 
 
 12-316 
 
 4 
 
 per Cent 
 
 10-741 
 
 5 
 per Cent. 
 
 9-179 
 
 Ages 
 
 3 
 per (Jent. 
 
 4 
 per Cent. 
 
 10-659 
 
 5 
 per Cent. 
 
 9-716 
 
 Ages 
 62 and 67 
 
 3 
 per Cenl 
 
 1 * 
 perCen 
 
 land 6 
 
 32 and 37 
 
 11-774 
 
 5-503 
 
 5-/.S5 
 
 1-0^ 
 
 'i 
 
 7 
 
 ll-l(il 
 
 12-4S1 
 
 11 '1(10 
 
 :i3 38 
 
 11 -.591 
 
 10-408 
 
 9-591 
 
 63 68 
 
 .5-2'.4 
 
 4-1)17 
 4-7'Jli 
 
 .1 
 
 8 
 
 15-.->(J() 
 
 13-319 
 
 11-7.55 
 
 34 39 
 
 11-101 
 
 10-344 
 
 9-163 
 
 61 69 
 
 4-(.'/4 
 
 4-W 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 15-M)9 
 
 1.3-775 
 
 12-165 
 
 .34 40 
 
 11-Z13 
 
 10-196 
 
 9-.131 
 
 65 70 
 
 4-7-1/ 
 
 4-5; i 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15-974 
 
 13-9.33 
 
 12-315 
 
 36 a 
 
 11-021 
 
 10037 
 
 9-198 
 
 66 7t 
 
 1-4i() 
 
 4-119 
 
 3"(' 
 
 (i 
 
 u 
 
 16-110 
 
 14-068 
 
 12-447 
 
 37 42 
 
 1()'8'28 
 
 9877 
 
 9-062 
 
 67 72 
 
 4-'/ilH 
 
 4-1/1 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 16-137 
 
 14-1(1 
 
 12-4'J8 
 
 .38 43 
 
 10-631 
 
 9'716 
 
 8-927 
 
 68 73 
 
 4-04!) 
 
 19')1 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 !C-(W9 
 
 14 -(189 
 
 12-492 
 
 39 44 
 
 10-437 
 
 9-4.50 
 
 8-787 
 
 69 74 
 
 3-)i'/4 
 
 3-(.s.l 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 15-9^7 
 
 13-992 
 
 12-421 
 
 40 45 
 
 10--J34 
 
 9-381 
 
 8-6 13 
 
 70 74 
 
 3-4'j9 
 
 1-4*1 
 
 3H! 
 l-i'i 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 15-762 
 
 15-841 
 
 12-302 
 
 41 46 
 
 10-033 
 
 9-/I0 
 
 8-497 
 
 71 76 
 
 3-.1h6 
 
 1 t;o 
 
 11 
 
 IS 
 
 15-538 
 
 13-Ii(il 
 
 12-1,'.8 
 
 42 47 
 
 9-l'29 
 
 9-037 
 
 8-340 
 
 72 77 
 
 3-175 
 
 3-U70 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 15-3118 
 
 13-480 
 
 12-(1()U 
 
 43 48 
 
 96-«3 
 
 8-862 
 
 K-200 
 
 73 78 
 
 2-913 
 
 ^-1.6!) 
 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 15-1186 
 
 13-3U3 
 
 11-864 
 
 44 49 
 
 9-414 
 
 8-683 
 
 8-016 
 
 74 79 
 
 2-741 
 
 2-6JS 
 '/-41H 
 
 14 
 
 19 
 
 14-8/0 
 
 13-1.30 
 
 U-723 
 
 45 51) 
 
 9201 
 
 8-403 
 
 7-891 
 
 75 8(1 
 
 2-426 
 
 t'A\. 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 14-()60 
 
 li-9(U 
 
 11-485 
 
 46 51 
 
 8-997 
 
 8-.5-26 
 
 7-737 
 
 76 81 
 
 2-3.-4 
 
 v-a^s 
 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 14-4.57 
 
 12-799 
 
 11-442 
 
 47 42 
 
 8-790 
 
 8-147 
 
 7-58/ 
 
 77 82 
 
 2-111 
 
 •/•u'7 
 
 lyi 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 14-^6.5 
 
 12-616 
 
 11 -.327 
 
 48 63 
 
 8-579 
 
 7-965 
 
 7-421 
 
 78 83 
 
 1-917 
 
 1-n'JJ 
 
 I vt 
 
 18 
 
 23 
 
 14 -(182 
 
 12-5(10 
 
 11-209 
 
 49 54 
 
 8-366 
 
 7-780 
 
 7-262 
 
 79 81 
 
 i-7y'/ 
 
 l-iil 
 
 I'.'t' 
 
 19 
 
 24 
 
 13-9118 
 
 12-361 
 
 11-096 
 
 50 65 
 
 8-141 
 
 7-493 
 
 7-09S 
 
 80 84 
 
 ! 614 
 
 i-eus 
 
 r.;j 
 
 iiO 
 
 25 
 
 13-741 
 
 12-229 
 
 10-989 
 
 51 66 
 
 7-910 
 
 7-409 
 
 6-936 
 
 81 86 
 
 1-.-.I11 
 
 l-liS 
 
 In' 
 
 21 
 
 26 
 
 13-481 
 
 12-104 
 
 10-890 
 
 52 67 
 
 7-730 
 
 ;"2'24 
 
 6-774 
 
 82 87 
 
 1-.114 
 
 1-1J6 
 
 I'li 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 13-433 
 
 11-987 
 
 10-796 
 
 63 58 
 
 7-518 
 
 7-0.39 
 
 6-609 
 
 83 88 
 
 1-2K1 
 
 1-/J3 
 
 
 23 
 
 28 
 
 13-280 
 
 11 866 
 
 10-699 
 
 54 49 
 
 7-301 
 
 6-850 
 
 6-142 
 
 84 89 
 
 1-187 
 
 l-l!4 
 
 ifij 
 
 24 
 
 29 
 
 13-124 
 
 11-743 
 
 1(1-600 
 
 55 60 
 
 7-088 
 
 6-649 
 
 6-272 
 
 84 90 
 
 1071 
 
 1-04 ; 
 
 ]v'^\ 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 12-966 
 
 11-618 
 
 10-499 
 
 66 61 
 
 6-870 
 
 6-464 
 
 6-100 
 
 86 91 
 
 0-9-/1 
 
 0->i^ 1 
 
 c-v; 
 
 26 
 
 31 
 
 128U5 
 
 ll-4»9 
 
 10-396 
 
 67 62 
 
 6641 
 
 6-270 
 
 5 925 
 
 87 92 
 
 0-754 
 
 o-;.n 1 
 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 12611 
 
 11'3.'.9 
 
 10-289 
 
 58 63 
 
 6-4-/7 
 
 6-070 
 
 5-741 
 
 88 93 
 
 0-561 
 
 O-.iil 1 
 
 i ^r 
 
 28 
 
 33 
 
 12-471 
 
 11-2-^5 
 
 10-181 
 
 69 61 
 
 6"/01 
 
 5-867 
 
 5-.561 ' 
 
 89 94 
 
 0-177 
 
 0-];} ' oi^B 
 
 29 
 
 34 
 
 12-3U1 
 
 1 IV 188 
 
 10-069 
 
 60 65 
 
 5-9;o 
 
 5-658 
 
 4-.172 
 
 90 94 
 
 l)-i;9 
 
 irM^M 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 12-131 
 
 10-948 
 
 9-941 
 
 61 66 
 
 5-737 
 
 5-447 
 
 5-180 
 
 91 96 
 
 U-UUU 
 
 O'W) uo^H 
 
 31 
 
 36 
 
 11-955 
 
 10 8(J5 
 
 9-8.37 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 XVI 
 
 —Tab 
 
 le show 
 
 ing the 
 
 Value 
 
 of an Ann 
 Iwe Vears, 
 
 uity on 
 
 the Joint Continuance of 3 wo Lints id 
 
 
 L 
 
 ifferenc 
 
 e of A 
 
 ge is 1 
 
 accord 
 
 ng to the Carlisle Table of Mortatit). ^| 
 
 Agi'S 
 
 3 
 percent. 
 
 4 
 
 pe- J-nt. 
 
 5 
 per Cent. 
 
 12-.331 
 
 Ages 
 
 3 
 per Cent. 
 
 14-290 
 
 4 
 
 per Cent. 
 
 5 
 per Cent. 
 
 11 -.508 
 
 Ages 
 
 3 1 4 i .< ^B 
 |jer Cent. p« Cn( pni^^^H 
 
 1 and 6 
 
 16-828 
 
 14-269 
 
 34 39 
 
 12-775 
 
 67 72 
 
 4-480 1 
 
 4-.™ ' 
 
 "';^H 
 
 2 
 
 ; 
 
 18-J87 
 
 1J-.341 
 
 13-258 
 
 35 40 
 
 14-048 
 
 12-581 
 
 1 1M44 
 
 6S 73 
 
 4-29; 1 
 
 4-l!.l 1 
 
 "^H 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 19-104) 
 
 16-214 
 
 14-019 
 
 36 41 
 
 13-812 
 
 12.391 
 
 11 "204 
 
 (.9 74 
 
 4-().15 
 
 tm 
 
 ■n^m 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 19-584 
 
 iri-614 
 
 14-102 
 
 37 42 
 
 13-,579 
 
 12-/09 
 
 11-0.56 
 
 70 74 
 
 3-SOl 
 
 iH> : J'jD^^B 
 
 a 
 
 10 
 
 19'»74 
 
 16-913 
 
 14-619 
 
 38 43 
 
 13-3)6 
 
 12-0/4 
 
 10-907 
 
 71 76 
 
 3-41.8 
 
 Sin 1 
 
 'i^M 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 19-934 
 
 16-9X9 
 
 14-731 
 
 39 44 
 
 13-107 
 
 11-8.33 
 
 10-7 -3 
 
 72 77 
 
 1-351 
 
 j-o; ; J 
 
 "i^M 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 19-,",.';3 
 
 16-975 
 
 14-736 
 
 40 45 
 
 12-868 
 
 11-641 
 
 10-598 
 
 73 78 
 
 .VIJS 
 
 iiiii > 
 
 '•<^H 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 19-7; 1 
 
 16 900 
 
 14-689 
 
 41 46 
 
 12-610 
 
 11-440 
 
 (0-444 
 
 71 79 
 
 2-9'.2 
 
 i-nir t-iii^^H 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 19-606 
 
 16-784 
 
 14-606 
 
 42 47 
 
 12-389 
 
 11-26 
 
 10-/87 
 
 74 SO 
 
 2-791) 
 
 liJ^H 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 19-410 
 
 16613 
 
 14-500 
 
 43 48 
 
 i2-i.-;;i 
 
 ll-0-)3 
 
 10-121 
 
 76 81 
 
 2-6 IS 
 
 J-JW I 
 
 (tl^^H 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 19 2U8 
 
 16-495 
 
 I4-.389 
 
 44 49 
 
 11-868 
 
 10-S.30 
 
 9-937 
 
 77 S2 
 
 2-471 
 
 i-WI 1 
 
 ij^^^H 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 19(114 
 
 16-344 
 
 14-i!84 
 
 45 50 
 
 11 -.580 
 
 10-491 
 
 9-737 
 
 78 83 
 
 2-1111 
 
 i-aji ■ 
 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 18-820 
 
 16-213 
 
 l:-178 
 
 46 51 
 
 11-271 
 
 10-.3.32 
 
 9-419 
 
 79 84 
 
 2-1.55 
 
 im I 
 
 ii^^H 
 
 14 
 
 19 
 
 l8-(i22 
 
 lli'068 
 
 14 -(169 
 
 47 52 
 
 10-944 
 
 10-065 
 
 9-202 
 
 80 84 
 
 rs:)J 
 
 1-SI3 1 
 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 18-423 
 
 14-9^2 
 
 13-949 
 
 48 53 
 
 10-628 
 
 9-787 
 
 2-054 
 
 81 86 
 
 l-(i31 1 
 
 1-; «) 1- 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 18-rtO 
 
 15-7S1 
 
 13-843 
 
 49 54 
 
 10-281 
 
 9-492 
 
 .s-799 
 
 82 87 
 
 i-7(l4 
 
 l-Wl 1- 
 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 18-1136 
 
 15-6.TJ 
 
 13-746 
 
 60 65 
 
 9-924 
 
 9-181 
 
 S-42.S 
 
 83 8,S 
 
 ima 
 
 
 18 
 
 23 
 
 17-838 
 
 15-493 
 
 13-636 
 
 51 66 
 
 9-550 
 
 8-844 
 
 8-/42 
 
 84 89 
 
 l-lOli 
 
 i-ii:i 1 !■ 
 
 
 19 
 
 S'4 
 
 17-633 
 
 14-311 
 
 l.T5'^0 
 
 42 67 
 
 9-172 
 
 8 424 
 
 7-940 
 
 85 90 
 
 l-»3) 
 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 17-121 
 
 14-182 
 
 1,..W8 
 
 .43 48 
 
 8-797 
 
 8' 194 
 
 7-657 
 
 86 91 
 
 1-/45 
 
 -m >'• 
 
 
 21 
 
 26 
 
 17-204 
 
 14-019 
 
 13-272 
 
 44 59 
 
 8-4.39 
 
 7-876 
 
 7-374 
 
 87 92 
 
 1-/4S 
 
 .no h 
 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 16 9.7 
 
 14-816 
 
 13-1.37 
 
 65 60 
 
 8-093 
 
 7-474 
 
 7-10'i 
 
 88 93 
 
 1-272 
 
 
 »3 
 
 28 
 
 16-747 
 
 14-670 
 
 13 1100 
 
 66 61 
 
 7-788 
 
 7-/99 
 
 6'«5() 
 
 89 91 
 
 r«M 
 
 
 24 
 
 29 
 
 16-524 
 
 14-400 
 
 l2-»fi7 
 
 47 62 
 
 7-480 
 
 7-025 
 
 6-615 i 
 
 90 95 
 
 1-/17 
 
 ■l!)l ■* 
 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 l(i'31l 
 
 14 .139 
 
 12-712 
 
 58 63 
 
 7-174 
 
 6-7.52 
 
 6-.570 
 
 91 96 
 
 1-/10 
 
 -1.^5 I'l' 
 
 
 26 
 
 31 
 
 16-(J9, 
 
 14-176 
 
 12-615 
 
 69 61 
 
 6-875 
 
 6 482 
 
 G-1/7 
 
 92 97 
 
 1-».10 
 
 .,,,( i-i 
 
 ■Hi ™ 
 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 14-875 
 
 14-0(16 
 
 12-482 
 
 60 65 
 
 6-489 
 
 6-224 
 
 5-89 
 
 93 98 
 
 1 at 
 
 
 28 
 
 33 
 
 14-648 
 
 13-8.-0 
 
 12-341 
 
 61 66 
 
 6-323 
 
 5-986 
 
 5-678 
 
 44 99 
 
 1-/31 
 
 
 29 
 
 .^4 
 
 15-424 
 
 13-6.57 
 
 12-206 
 
 62 67 
 
 6-054 
 
 5-743 
 
 6-158 
 
 •)4 1(10 
 
 l-ii;2 1 
 
 vij I'-t 
 
 
 30 
 
 .•<' 
 
 14-209 
 
 13-491 
 
 1V-078 
 
 63 68 
 
 5-779 
 
 5-193 
 
 5-2.10 
 
 96 1(11 
 
 OttI 
 
 
 31 
 
 id 
 
 14-989 
 
 13-.32I 
 
 11 944 
 
 64 69 
 
 5-4'jO 
 
 5 229 
 
 4-988 
 
 97 102 
 
 0-J(.« ( 
 
 
 32 
 
 37 
 
 14-764 
 
 13-116 
 
 11-806 
 
 65 70 
 
 6193 
 
 4-9.56 
 
 4-737 
 
 98 l(i3 
 
 (1 5(54 
 
 33 
 
 38 
 
 14-531 
 
 12-964 
 
 11-661 
 
 66 71 
 
 4-882 
 
 4-667 
 
 4-469 
 
 1 
 
 ' — 
 
 ■ 
 
 
!r Cenl. pel I'rnlj, 
 
 Cenl.l>«l^'"'->''<'H 
 
 INVOICE 
 
 Tke Northampton Tabic (No. VI.), by iindfir- 
 , the duration of life, wa» a very advanta- 
 lus cuide for tiie insurance oftiocs to no bv in 
 VMins lives; but to whatever extent it miKbt 
 1! Mwioial to thcni in lliiM respect, it becntnc 
 lallv injurious when tliey adopted it as a guide 
 ■ ' „i:in» annuities. And yet, .MnRular as it may 
 
 IONIAN ISLANDS 
 
 783 
 
 iucHiiis annuities. . 
 
 si"mc of the insurance odices granted an- 
 jjitiHon tlic same terms tliat theyinsurcd Hves • 
 
 DOtl- 
 
 inn^iction, they m ,■•,,. ,• ., 
 
 Government also ronliniied lor a lengtl 
 
 t Mrccivinc that, it they gained by the latter 
 ....tinn thcv nuist obviously lose by the 
 
 ,.e,l period to sell annuities according to 
 Vwl'iampton Tablos, and without nialving 
 ii<tinrtion between male and female 
 
 ti- 
 to the 
 
 axy 
 
 lives ! A 
 
 'taice'at the Tables of JI. Ueparcieux ought to 
 
 iiiTe'ati<lied them that they were proceeding on 
 
 i-melvWic principles. But, in despite even of 
 
 •ie admonitions of some of the most slulfiil 
 
 niktmatieians, this system was persevered in 
 
 [ r manv voars. We understand that the loss 
 
 •wee arlMnj; to the public may be moderately 
 
 esiimtod at 2,000,000/. steiling. Nor will thli 
 
 inear a largo sum to those who recollect that, 
 
 ■ii'po'iii!: interest to be 4 per cent., there is a dif- 
 
 fatM oi' no less thai. flU. Is. in the value of an 
 
 sEuitv of 50/. for life, to a person aged 45, bc- 
 
 WMihe Northampton and Carlisle Tables. 
 
 ISVUICK. An account of goods or merchandise 
 
 stuiliynierchants to their correspondents at home 
 
 01 abinaii. in which the peculiar marks of each 
 
 Mcbgf, ivith other particulars, are set forth. 
 
 fftiOVStErlNG.] 
 
 10M.C: ISLANDS. The name given to the 
 
 Uar,Ji ot Corfu, Pnxo, Santa Maura. Ithaca, 
 
 ftphalonii Zante, Ccrigo, and their dependent 
 
 isitti IVith the exception of Cerigo, wluch lies 
 
 opposite to the south-eastern extremity of the 
 
 JloM, the rest lie pretty contiguous, along the 
 
 we-tera coasts of Epirus and Greece; the most 
 
 Bideily point of Corfu being in lat. 39° 48' 15" 
 
 I S.andthe most southerly point of Zante (Cape 
 
 |Kim,onwhi(h there is li lighi house) being in 
 
 1 k3;' 38' 35" N. Kapsali, the port of Cerigo, is 
 
 ]iik36»;'30"N., long. 23° E, 
 
 Tie area and population of the diflTerent islands 
 I MvU estimated as follows: — 
 
 Umdi 
 
 Area in Square 
 
 Mile! roptilationin 1863 
 
 |C>fi 
 
 227 
 
 
 T.^iSS-T 
 
 
 .ill 
 
 
 71.(ifi7 
 
 2u» 
 
 161 
 
 
 3!l,732 
 
 ^aMiun* 
 
 156 
 
 
 20,902 
 
 Itati 
 
 44 
 
 
 11, 9M 
 
 1 Cff,(o 
 
 116 
 
 
 11,720 
 
 Fiu 
 
 26 
 
 
 4,USB 
 
 I ToUl 
 
 1,011 
 
 837,r.2l« 
 
 * Of whom 9,827 were aliens and strangers. 
 
 Histori/, Government ^c— These islands have 
 undergone many vicissitudes. Corfu, the ancient 
 Corcyra, was famous in antiquity for its naval 
 power, and for the contest between it and its 
 mother state Corinth, which eventually termi- 
 nated in the I'eloponnesian war. Ithaca, the 
 kingdom of the mythical Ulysses; Ccplialonia, 
 somclimcs called I'ulicbium, from the name of one 
 of its cities; Zante, or Zacynthus; .Santa iNfaura, 
 known to the ancients by the names of Lcucaa 
 or Leucadia, celebrate I for its promontory sur- 
 inounied by a temple of Apollo, wlicnce Sappho, 
 it is said, precipitated herself into the ocean ; and 
 Cerigo, or Cytlur;!, sacred to Aphrodite, have all 
 ac<iiiired an immortality of renown. l!ut, on com- 
 paring their jiresent with their former state, we 
 may well exclaim — 
 
 Hfu qu.ltituin liEC Niolie Nialie dist.tbat ab ilia ! 
 
 After innumerable revolutions, they fell, early 
 in the iifteentli century, under tlie dominion of 
 Venice. Since the downfall of that republic they 
 have had several protectors, or rather masters, 
 being successively under the dominion of the Kus- 
 siiins, the French, and the English. Ity the Treaty 
 of Paris, in 1815, they were formed into a sort of 
 Bcmi-independcnt stale, with an internal Govern- 
 ment of their own, under the protection of (Jreat 
 Britain; a Lord High Commissioner, appointed 
 by the I'nglish Government, bavhig charge of the 
 foreign relations, and of the internal, maritime, 
 and sanitary police. The Hritish commander-in- 
 chief had the custody of the fortre-ses, and the 
 disposal of the forces. It was stipulated in the 
 Treaty of Paris that the islands may be called 
 upon for the pay and subsistence of ,'j,()()0 men, as 
 well as for the repair of their fortresses occupied 
 by the British troops The executive Govern- 
 ment was vested in a president nominated by the 
 Commissioner, and a senate of 5 members (I for 
 each of the larger islands of Corfu, Cephalonia, 
 Zante, and Santa Maura, and 1 representing col- 
 lectively the smaller ones of Ithica, Cerigo, and 
 Paxo, by each of which he was elected in rota- 
 tion). i"he senators were elected at the com- 
 mencement of every quinquennial Parliament 
 (subject to a negative /rom the Commissioner) 
 from a legislative chamber of 40 members, them- 
 selves elected by the constituencies of the diftcrent 
 islands, for .'i years. The senate and legislative 
 assembly, together with the Commissioner, were 
 thus the supreme authority: they were, when 
 united, tcnned the Parliament, and as such, 
 passed, amended, and repealed laws, in the mode 
 prescribed by the constitution of 1817. Besides 
 the General Government, there was in each island 
 a local administration, composed of a regent. 
 
 Soil and Cliwate. — These are very various, named by the sei.ate, and from 2 to 5 municipal 
 
 pmte is the most fruitful. B consists principally 
 ( an extensive plain, occupied by plantations of 
 BiTOtits, and having an air of luxuriant fertility 
 'driclmess. Its climate is comparatively equal 
 
 1 toe, but it is very subject to earthquakes. 
 m and Cephalonia are more rugged and less 
 TUtfiil than Zant"; and the former from its 
 Knuly to the snowy mountains of Epirus, and 
 m latter from the Black Mountain in its intc- 
 »»; are exposed in winter to great and sudden 
 j|natioii9 of temperatuio; the frost sometimes 
 Wing to a great extent the oranges and vines 
 P tiese islands and those of Santa Maura. The 
 |1eiis,in the hot season, exceedingly unhealthv 
 H consequence of the vapours arising from the 
 T«2e3 and the shallow seas to the N.E. Cerigo 
 
 I rody and sterile; it is subject to continued 
 
 n ™ 'he cun^nts seldom permit its waters 
 
 ftemainnnrufflcd. 
 
 officers elected by their fellow-citizens. On June 1, 
 1864, these islands were voluntarily ceded to the 
 kingdom of Greece by the British Government. 
 
 The State of Society in these islands is far from 
 being good, and was tbrmerly the most depraved 
 imaginable. The people, when they were placed 
 under the segis of England, were at once lazy, 
 ignorant, superstitious, cowardly, and bloodthirsty. 
 Their vices maj', we believe, be in great degree 
 ascribed to the Government and religion esta- 
 blished amongPt them. The latter consisted of 
 little more than a series of fasts and puerile ob- 
 sorvamcs; while the former was both weak and 
 corrupt. The \cnetians appointed to situations 
 of power and emolument belongcii mostly to noble 
 and decayed families, and lookeil upon their otfices 
 merely as means by which they might repair their 
 shattered fortunes. Hence the grossest corruption 
 pervaded everj* departments There was no crime 
 
784 
 
 for which impunity mifiht 
 
 IONIAN ISLANDS 
 
 ) 
 
 i 
 
 >•'.- 
 
 41 
 
 11 
 
 t i 
 ' i 
 
 f I 
 
 not be purcliascd. 
 Justice, in fiict, was openly bmight and sold ; and 
 suits were decided, not according to the principles 
 4)f law or equity, bi't bv the irresistible influence 
 of faction or of jjoUl. In consequence, the islands 
 became a prey to all the vices that alllict and 
 degrade a corrupt and Hctni-barbarous society. 
 Sandys, one of the best Knglish travellers who 
 ever visited the Levant, having touched at Zantc 
 in IGIO, expresses himself witli respect to the in- 
 liabitants as follows: ' In habite they imitate the 
 Italians, but transcend tlicm in their revenges, 
 and infinitely less civil. They will threaten to kill 
 n merchant that will not buy their commodities; 
 and make more conscience to brcake a fast than 
 commit a murthcr. He is weary of his life that 
 bath a diflcrence with any of them, and will 
 walkc abroad after daylight. 15ut cowardice is 
 joined with their cnieltie, who dare doe nothing 
 init sodainly upon advantage ; and are ever pri- 
 vately armed They arc encouraged to villanies 
 by the remisanesse of their laws. The labourers 
 ilo go in^o the fields with swords and partizans, as 
 if in an enemic's countrey ; bringing home their 
 oils and wines in hogskins, the inside turned out.' 
 <P. 7, ed. 1637.) 
 
 If the Zantiotes did not dctericrate during the 
 next two centuries, which, indeed, was hardly pos- 
 sible, the)' certainly did not improTC. Dr. Hol- 
 land, by whom they were visited in 1812. tells us 
 that he heard, ' on sure authority, that the num- 
 ber of assassinations in Zante has been more than 
 1 for each day of the year, though the population 
 was only 40,000 ! ' (Travels in the Ionian Islet, 
 ■Sj-c, 4to. cd. p. 23.) 
 
 Matters were, if not quite so bad, very little 
 better in the other islands. In Cephalonia, the 
 inhabitants were divided into factions, entertain- 
 ing the most implacable animosities, and waging 
 A war of extermination against each other. A 
 little vigour on the part of their rulers would 
 liave served to suppress their murderous contests. 
 Hut this was not an object they wished to attain ; 
 on the contrary, their selfish and crooked policy 
 made them seek to strengthen their own power by 
 fomenting the dissensions that prevailed amongst 
 their subjects, (ilellin. Description dtt GolJ'e de 
 Venisc, p. 165.) Considering the state of society 
 at home, we need not wonder that the Cephalo- 
 nians, who were distinguished among the islanders 
 for activity and enterprise, were much addicted 
 to emigration. The Venetians attempted to 
 check its prevalence; but as they neglected 
 the only means by which it could be prevented — 
 the establishment of security and good order 
 at home— their efforts were wholly unsuccessful. 
 
 The islanders did not, however, satisfy them- 
 selves with attempting to stab and prey upon 
 each other. They were much addicted to piracy, 
 particularly the inhabitants of Santa Maura and 
 Cerigo ; and it has been alleged that the Venetian 
 <iovernment participated in the profits of this 
 public robbery, which, at aU events, they took 
 little pains to supp.css. 
 
 A long series of years will be required to eradi- 
 cate vices 80 deeply rooted, and to effect that 
 thorough change in the habits and morals of the 
 people that is so indispensable. The power and 
 influence of the British Government had, however, 
 a very decided effect. Piracy was suppressed ; 
 and assassination, though still bursting forth, es- 
 pecially in periods of political excitement, with 
 renewed violence, was, speaking generally, a good 
 deal less prevalent. A spirit of industry, sincerity, 
 and fair dealing began to manifest itself. The 
 present generation of nobles possess a degree of 
 information, and a knowledge of the true interests 
 
 of their counfrj-, which, though not all tlia' ,,:, u 
 be wished for, was, at least, unknown to t'lr. 
 fathers. But there is, notwithstaiuli., ' i 
 deal of intrigue and faction, which was kon't . if ' 
 and fostered by the contentions in \h2 n 
 Parliament. It' is not easy to exa.''' ,^',f 
 diflicultios with which the successive Uriih! 
 yemors, from Sir Thomas Maitland down \X'. 
 Henry Storks, had to contend. Thov wtie (,„„;; 
 by every means that feudal rancmir, corru ■ n 
 and pseudo-patriotism could throw in thoir «'i'. 
 Not that we mean to say thev alw,i\s n . i 
 discreetly, or that the public expeiidituro „■ , I 
 judicious and economical as it niifjht havo h 
 But thcv, at all events, acted openly a„d i.,": 
 straightforward manner; and with an earn 
 desire to maintoin the public tranquiljiiv aiidt 
 promote the prosperity of the commonweal 
 And now that the responsibility has fallen on the' 
 t^ncks themselves, it may perhaps be hop,,! h 
 the more sanguine that the influence of o,,r h I 
 ample, of our unbiassed execution of the m ardl 
 of the education so generally diffuseii, nia'v inf 
 the end help to accomplish the regeneration 
 these islanders. 
 
 Manufactures §-c.— These islands po^so-s fed 
 manufactures properly so termed. The wivts ; 
 the villani, or peasants, spin and weave a emd 
 kind of woollen cloth, sufficient hi great part fJ 
 the use of their families. A little soap jj nude a 
 Corfu and Zante. The latter mamifaciurii i 
 considerable quantity of silk gros-de-Xaplej i 
 handkerchiefa ; the art of dyeing is, however loj 
 little studied, and the establishments are (.ntjj 
 small a scale. The peasantrv, in general,! 
 lazy, vain, delighting in display, andver\-sup 
 stitious. Those of Zante and Cephalonia i 
 more industrious than the Corfiofes; inttefin, 
 particularly, their superior condition is piobatl 
 to be ascribed, in part at least, to the nobles i 
 siding more on their estates in the country, ii, 
 contributing, by their example, to stimulatei 
 dustry. In Corfu, the taste for the citv L 
 which prevailed in the time of the Venetian ( 
 vernment, still operates to a gi'eat degree. 
 Corfiote proprietor resides but little in his vill 
 his land is neglected, while he continues ii 
 practice of his forefathers, who preferecJ watL 
 opportunities at the seat of a corrupt GoveniM 
 to improving their fortunes by the more lea 
 mate means of honourable exertion and attena 
 to their patrimony. In this respect, howevea 
 material change for the better has taken pi 
 during the last 20 years. 
 
 Imports of Grain §•£.— Great part of theli 
 held under short tenures, on the w'tavw t^'t 
 the tenant paying half the produce to tie k 
 lord. Owing to the nature of the toil, and j 
 superior attention given to the culture of olif 
 and currants, the staple products of the feiir 
 most part of the grain and cattle r.., — 
 their consumption is imported. The hard » 
 of Odessa is preferred, and large sums are annK 
 sent to the Black Sea in payment, The P«L 
 raent, in March 1833, repealed the dutieaonl 
 introduction of corn ; and the grain monopo" 
 Corfu, which had been established in I'avon 
 Government, in order to provide against thep 
 bility of a geaeral or partial scarcity, was thai 
 suffered to expire. These two scurces of ft"! 
 while they existed, did not probably prodnaj 
 than 20,000/. annually. ^ ' 
 
 Catt/e.— They are similarly dependent i 
 Greece and Turkey for supplies of butchcis « 
 a small number only of sheep «nd goaU I 
 bred in the islands. Oxen, whfther for i 
 culture or the slaughter-house, are pnunij 
 
 ,Jleiirj-ing p 
 
 ' >'''-'''^ from! 
 
■IONIAN 
 
 broa,'ht from Turkey. The beeves enfen l,„ 
 
 ,.; the Dannl,,.. and the p o v ,S /hf/'r" 
 it.lotlic»lioros„fi;pir„!., where tlovr '•' ''^"'■ 
 pniro until tit for the table. ^ ""'"med in 
 Erport>.-ne staple exports from (|,o,p i,i,„„, 
 .real, currants wine, soap, salt, and valonia T 
 wt .< produced II) Kroat abundance in w ''? 
 hxo, :ii:(l in a loss quantity in /I ', « ""'' 
 3I«an,ICophaloni.. Corfu has i," f' f'","/" 
 ipprtrance of a eonlinuous olivo won,!- ' " 
 ^Moo, partly, of tlie cxtraordinarv pl'n '"'"■ 
 .e».f.,rn,crlyj,'iven to the culS tl^ ?^''- 
 Ink Venetian.. Although there ,"/ „'? ^ "" 
 «m™r, tl,3 ffreat crop is proneHvl.i '""■•"f* 
 tie lr.e general^ reposing, for a vZ'"^"""!' 5 
 hjrt (In I'-rancc ami I'ie.W Ihe " '". '" 
 fflrtiviiyisofL'and 3 vears ) H 'wn'^''-'"'' ""^ 
 L^fefrom October till April th«V "J " 
 f«io„larly in Corfu, presonts^an anfmato'd"':^' 
 I [<mnce, persons of all aces bein" i. -i " °P" 
 iMia pickin;,' up the^ ftuit ^nS. .' >' "'"- 
 |»myl.c. about 1/. li^ per bnrrr? rr ■'"■'''''° 
 I ,.!J Venetian sNstem, the < il iv nU \ F'"'''"" ^ ''e 
 |iJm..e. It is cImrSiWtht '1*?"'^ '"^ ''"^"""-■'l 
 |.n» per cent., t^bt^ t e^'^^r '^i;'^ 
 If^iy nii-'ht be much improved bv a lhH« ^ '"■' 
 |« in ihc manufacture, the trenlZ- "^ '"°'"e 
 
 ■ptfteofoil was 80,385 barrels ^ **"= 
 
 I f«™''nrif,'i;)ally introduced from »),„ ivr 
 
 «e?To.„ m Zante and Ccphal.nia tL T"' 
 
 liavme of small size ai,d .IcS „„/ '''"."^ 
 
 Hvanon of which requircsS c.rr''<^ ' 
 
 ftum years elapse after a nlnnf„7- . *" ^'•'^ 
 
 l^deW-reityieldsaerop ft hir '"'• '''='=" 
 
 Hr tie earth about 7e roots of th^""V"''^ "^ 
 
 M and gathered up in snia^ h» "''""' " 
 
 km tie vine, which is i r,,, J •\, "''■''' ""^av 
 
 M tie pound is ai n id",,^'""'^''* «<■'«•• 
 
 h ;he blight calfcl Ihe'^b i„"r'" .f/r^^'^ 
 p*r in harvest nr,,,},.„ """a, and ram v 
 
 t/^.t for DcceS ' 8T8r7"li?'='"«'"- ^" 
 
 .»*« this species of croD °^"'!*^'^«''"^ 
 N:. are gathered toward? sw' ^ '^"''« 
 I"!'"? carefully picked are ?h '"'''"• ""^^ 
 h>mc floor, exposed to the su„'Zm '"^'^ 
 i lledrjing process m^» .? " '" "'^ opeii 
 
 fc-*»er or thunder-s o™ nr"'r"'^- ^ 
 H^tlhat season) no??„ltT ,"""'<'1««"t 
 pmetimes causes f,.rm„^, I' ^ "iterrupts it, 
 mk to be glen •?„ '"•'""; '^'^"^ ''"'it is 
 
 ff'« risks, fTdenolieT'-- ^'^""'^^ '^ 
 K:'"«^''e,'umil apureha erJ". """gamines 
 
 Jr\' paper acknowledS.t''^*"''.'" '''^ 
 P"'»y delivered, whic& ^^ ''"'«'?' ^O' 
 N from hand to hand fW fF^^Hyin 
 LL'to the old Vene inn r^ '""« "^ e-^" 
 Efftrafficin thi,\Z , " ^fovcrnment, the 
 
 ^':'^f describing tottf '*'"« "nde; 
 
 i»LANDi, 
 
 ,.*''.vofdcscribino.f P.. ^*® '^■ere ut 
 JS, 'i'y dedr ed Vm» ^"^^""nent the 
 fer" Th expert .ff'^"' ^vas ealM' 
 r^.''''"^vof9perce„t .h''"? consisted of 
 
 r* "fa novissimo or !t" . ' P^"" ^wt. ; and 
 
 r^^^elsbritXtatfiT/^'"'''"^'^ 
 
 E • " ''as afterward, vif^'. ^anes, and 
 
 "cssa, and abandoned 
 
 altopefher as veT„»; '85 
 
 'han IS,, or ]<),, \-, "'' "'"exporter n little Jos 
 ,', « fuit, ^^hich\,meToSTf'^^''i'-^'' P--"'-''" 
 m .1. as 30,. or 32.. per c,vtbuM '"'';'. '■•^''^''«'' "=» 
 IW-'J-' to «,. percw't., was iMr'l ■''''"' '•'^cline.l in 
 
 'F mean time U,e loru?;!::'/ "•" r>or cent.f'^' 
 raised, ,n 18l'P, t., the enorm '' "' ^"ff'nnd wr" 
 f r cw(., vliich.attL ","?'''' ""'."'"" "'■•M^-W' 
 valorem duty of 500 p rTent"' {rV'"' """'« "" '"1 
 wro rapid),, visible • a dnni" ■• ''" t'onsenucncci 
 cu 1.0 of tl plant as we fas in ?"'' ■^'"'^ ''' «'"" 
 «' the proprietors, whoro 1! i "'<= circumstinces 
 of, existence were a Z«/ ' ■*'-^''°" ""'^ '""'"h 
 prices fell, and the ,1?^^ annihilated. As 7^ 
 
 ',' '''gh intcre,..t from f„r„- ^ ' '" ^""'"^ nionev 
 ''c Jews, who were conson^'" "'"'^^ants, or from 
 tho price at which 'th^yrould"'^, "t- '» '^'<^'a 
 ^.Jeffislative cnactmenY-!! " '/*''^ ^is produce 
 «'th the dimcuki-erwh ch^-M''?'^ commensurate 
 vvas after nmch del be att> "' '" ^"'•'•PP'e with! 
 
 ,n, "ut'es upon currants for „„ J . commuted 
 m percent, (since rXed to ,«'' ^"''''•«'" 'a^ of 
 .the same as that laid ,f„ '".^ Percent.), beinJ- 
 
 'ncreased,inasma 'i"rrth"-. '^■^' '"^^^^^ 
 md on the importat on of^, n-° "'""'^^ Previously 
 am upon foreign wines .mL*^^' ''"'' and mi-ar 
 >vh|ch, being chiefly '-^,^itmed'^,^'"".^^«^''^'e^' 
 
 "a\e been un versa] I^r n;i? ^ "^'^ enactment; 
 eurrantsimportedfno th^T'r"-"'^-. '^'''« duty ,„ 
 reduceel by Lir Robert Pod Ynfst ^'"g''"'" ^vas 
 to los. 0>/. per cwt. fisf V"r^**H ^om 22,. ,;rf. 
 was lowered to its nVe, 'nt ^P*'' ^^t.), and it 
 
 inont ihould hS m,!"'"*'' ttat Govern" 
 
 ^ ""PPIJ- It at th, I™«,°S ''/ ¥«l«ii leoX.^ 
 »'%■ «t the MmeTS,. ;£ ?'t» •»"■»««? 
 Government. No«^.^ . /"*' highest orieo f^ 
 'V; T' «4.5^oK;l?m^,?>-Ked".U: 
 l^vTi^f'" "tatementa sh;w tL^ i. *'""''"'- 
 levied upon the exportat L n?^,, T>' duties aro 
 of the ,8lands-an obiect.Z^f/''*' ''''P^* P^ducts 
 whieh if it is to be eS S at all'^'"""' ^"" ""« 
 t>y the peculiar cirpnmo7» ""' ''an only bo sn 
 are placed. TherHo^'land ? ''='* ^'"<=^ the^ 
 property in the Ionian itun^ ^"^ <"" 'mpost on 
 
 T ;i fi 
 
< 
 
 I ■ 
 
 ••i 
 
 780 
 
 IONIAN ISLANDS 
 
 requircr. to meet the expenses of the gencrul and IciiHtdoulilo that paid in Greece (Con I t< 
 local Oovoriimcnts, to maintnin an clTicient police, of Decciiilier 1«. 18(!7.) ' """"rli'fifri , 
 
 and to prevent sinuKKlii't' "'"l piracy. However, In lHt;:t, tlie lasi yt-ar for which aor™ . i 
 wo cannot help thinking,' that some very material been i;ivcii, the export dulie« lovi,!,! V T 
 retrenchments nii(,'ht be made from the cxpondi- ' gave 2;t,7UH/., on currants ;i() Via/ n l' ' i ' ' 
 turo ; and it is to this source, more, perhaps, ihan I 7(il/. No other item i.^ fcamd in ili,>7v "". ""T I 
 to any other, that the inhabitants must look for ' the same year, the revenue was IW l)--/ i ' ' 
 
 any real or effectual relief from their burdens, 
 
 Under the iJritiah protectorate the dutks on 
 exports from the Ionian Inlands were rofjulated by 
 Acts dated June 8, 1835, April 26, 1837, and May 
 29, 1817. 
 
 Oil and rurrATits . . paid 1 8 jwr cent, ad valorem 
 Wine (excc)ilir|{ Ih.it of the 
 
 ('tfli)ialunia \\ ine Coin|i.in>i ,, ft „ ,, 
 
 Soap - . - 1, H „ ,. 
 
 Vaionia - - . ,. C .. 
 
 All otl.cr articles - - Free 
 
 pendituro ltJ-'.233/. 
 Tonmirii: — In tllc 
 
 ! years m.Ui, the tr,n 
 
 entered ."ind cleared from the islnn.Kwn"" '"""*' 
 
 r,r, 
 
 5M,;)(;2, M2,t;;,9, 504,71()Zcii:ar:?'~--|*:!J 
 5/.l,323, 50o,Uli7, respectively. Moa- I'li,;,; ,,1 
 per cent of these amounts worn t,,t,..ro,| „,J 
 cleared at Corfu, liy far the largest n,>rii„, ,f 
 this tonnage was of American, i.e. Ciiittd m1 J 
 origin. ""^" 
 
 Now (1807) the heavy duty of 19J per cent, nd [ Traile with Eiiglaml—'lhh is but (jf limifui 
 valorem is levied in the Ionian Islands, being at ' extent, as will be seen by the subjuined t.iblu 
 
 Account of the Quantities of the I'rincipal Articles Imported from the Ionian Islands into the I'niiti 
 
 Kingdom in 1801-07 
 
 I 
 
 ArUcIei 
 
 1SG2 
 
 ('om, in.iize 
 
 Fruit, currants 
 
 Fuktic 
 
 On.olivr . 
 
 \'alunia . 
 
 All uther attlcles - 
 
 Toinl value 
 
 • cwts. 
 
 iv.'.ai 
 
 ». 
 
 liO.'JUJ 
 
 • tons 
 
 .11 
 
 - tuns 
 
 no.'. 
 
 - tons 
 
 HI) 
 
 • £ 
 
 4,'JS(l 
 
 £ 
 
 Wl.1,157 
 
 l6'J,Wi 
 
 ■H 
 
 2,9.'.l 
 
 Gl 
 
 _ C,0'iG_ 
 
 .iVj.'i'.l 
 
 5,S7:i 
 13I,'>UI 
 
 ~Tt 
 
 Ki'J 
 
 .1,7^1 
 
 ia'i.s;<j 
 
 II 
 
 ISG.0 
 
 23l),'JI>9 
 
 16 
 
 I,17U 
 
 _ 'Sflw^ 
 
 '.i76,K6~ 
 
 ll>li6 
 
 110 
 18:1 
 S,9I»_ 
 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Values of the Princijud Articles Exported to the Ionian Islands fri 
 
 the United Kingdom in 1803-GO. ™ 
 
 '. 
 
 Articles 
 
 
 
 Quantities 
 
 
 Declarnl Rm| Valw 
 
 
 ISG.-S 
 
 tse4 
 
 18Ca 
 
 I8GG 
 
 1863 
 
 IIJCI 
 
 ISSi 1 Iv 
 
 Allcali, flotl.i . 
 
 cwts. 
 
 C,(i04 
 
 .'-,372 
 
 G,0C8 
 
 1,520 
 
 £ 
 
 5,710 
 
 £ 
 
 2,1S3 
 
 A: i ,' 
 
 Apparpl and haberdashory 
 
 viilue 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 
 l»,5iO 
 
 I6,.T.3 
 
 \J,W II' 
 
 Hff r and ale - 
 
 barrels 
 
 442 
 
 2G3 
 
 107 
 
 "'' 1 
 
 1,8.37 
 
 1,"3« 
 
 
 Uutttr 
 
 cwt-«. 
 
 4.-y 
 
 l^fi 
 
 74 
 
 IG 
 
 l,9.V-. 
 
 814 
 
 
 Coais, cinders, and culm 
 
 tons 
 
 ni.r-^s 
 
 3.'.,Sl.l 
 
 2fi,no7 
 
 30,997 
 
 II.SIiG 
 
 19,l.'0 
 
 H,8:f, i i;. 
 
 Cotton yam - 
 
 ib<*. 
 
 4IV)HA 
 
 .192,010 
 
 uii4,.->ai 
 
 7.32,.'i72 
 
 ^5.■Wi 
 
 ,18,.l60 
 
 li,"ii \f\ 
 
 Cottons, entered by the y.inl - 
 
 yards 
 
 WfiyzxiG 
 
 IO,Vil,,',2J 
 
 11,454,1,36 
 
 13,726,790 
 
 2.11.511 
 
 2.57.311 
 
 JiJ.rs; !«.( 
 
 at valine 
 
 value 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 l.'jnj 
 
 .1,0^1 
 
 
 Earthenware and porcflain 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 — 
 
 1,8)2 
 
 1,190 
 
 MSI ' ; 
 
 Ilnrdwarei and cuiUry, unenti- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 meratrd 
 
 cwts. 
 
 1. 110 
 
 I.l.'i.'i 
 
 i,ni!> 
 
 742 
 
 5,008 
 
 5,519 
 
 4,J|0 11 
 
 Iron, wrought and unw^ol!^llt - 
 
 tuns 
 
 7Ufi 
 
 291 
 
 49:) 
 
 312 
 
 5,7.Vi 
 
 3,4.16 
 
 t.'M li 
 
 Linens, entered by ihe yard 
 
 yards 
 
 121,8G3 
 
 192,803 
 
 171,817 
 
 130,588 
 
 4,415 
 
 6,S)I 
 
 5,;« i: 
 
 at value 
 
 value 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 4S9 
 
 .;;9 
 
 »X 1 
 
 paper of all Korts (including 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 paper -hatiftln^s) 
 Sillc manufacturct 
 
 cwts. 
 
 333 
 
 572 
 
 393 
 
 221 
 
 i,.';j7 
 
 2,619 1 
 
 i,:s6 1 
 
 value 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 —. 
 
 _ 
 
 l,3H 
 
 803 1 
 
 m 
 
 SiiRar, lefineJ 
 
 IWlS. 
 
 1.1,2.52 
 
 3,sn7 
 
 lo,fi4S 
 
 3,.'i7S 
 
 29,1113 
 
 5,799 , 
 
 iwu i, 
 
 Woollens, entered by the yard - 
 
 \ards 
 
 237,470 
 
 419rW!) 
 
 .330,717 
 
 34l;432 : 
 
 16,1.-2 
 
 211,182 
 
 21,(119 i », 
 
 at value 
 
 value 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 l,C83 
 
 4,6.11 ! 
 
 LOW 1 
 
 AU other articles 
 
 Total Talue - 
 
 '» 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2»,HI0 
 105,118 
 
 22.912 I9,l'>« 1 \SM 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 4V0,.1.1] 4.111,191 illlU 
 
 The Talue of the exports in 1867 u-as 434,138/. 
 
 Ports. — The principal ports in the Ionian re- 
 public are Corfu and Zante, in the islands of 
 the same names, and Argostoli in Cephaloria. 
 The city and port of Corfu lie on the east side of 
 the island, on the canal or channel between it and 
 the opposite continent, which is here about 5 miles 
 •wide. The citadel, which projects into the sea, is 
 furnished with a lighthouse, 240 feet high ; the 
 latter being in lat. 39° 37' N., long. 19° 56' E. The 
 town is but indifferently built. Population about 
 18,000, exclusive of the military. The fortitica- 
 tions were, during the British protectorate, very 
 strong, both towards the sea and the land, but 
 hero as elsewhere in the islands they were de- 
 stroyed before we gave up possession. The 
 canal has deep water throughout': its navigation, 
 ivhich is a little difficult, has been much facilitated 
 by the erection of a lighthouse on the rock of 
 Tignoso in the northern entrance, where the 
 channel is less than a mile in ividth ; and by the 
 mooring of a floating light off Point Leschimo, 
 in the southern entrance. Ships anchor between 
 the small island of Yido and the city, in from 12 
 to 17 fathoms water. 
 
 The port, or rather gulf, of Argostoli, in 
 Ccpholonia, lies on the south-west side of the I 
 
 island. Cape Aji, forming; its south-wcsteriil 
 trcmity, is in lat. 30°8'40"\.,lonf,'.20O23'3 
 Cape San Nicolo, forming the other (xlwrni 
 about 4J miles from Cape Aji ; .niidbctimiilf 
 within about 1^ mile of thelatter, ii thel 
 islet of Guardini, on which is n li^htlioM. 
 this island the gulf stretchea X. J l^'i 
 7 to 8 miles inland. The town of Arpwtol 
 on the west side of a haven on tlie cast.'iJefl 
 gulf formed by Point Statiira. TbcsilMll 
 low and rather unhealthy. Population about J^ 
 Its appearance and police, particularly the I 
 were much improved during its ownpaM 
 the English. There is deep H.iter and r^ 
 chorage ground in mo.-t parts of the pil 
 best entrance is between Capo San >i»^ 
 Guardini, keeping rather more than a nH 
 eastward of the latter, on account of a r^ 
 extends N.E. and S.W. from it nearly t 
 tancc. . ,, 
 
 The port and citv of Zante are situaW< 
 eastern side of the"island, inlat.S/"'!' >| 
 20° 64' 42" E. The city, the larjiMl T 
 Ionian Islands.extends along "le si""™, '"'J 
 U mile, but it is nowhere above ^^w .J 
 breadth, except where it ascends il:e bill""! 
 
 ' cantar, 
 .. '?%" f),OC 
 
 r- WJ inches I'J 
 1™-"^ > enetia J 
 *"> .for cloths I 
 
 •"li measured I 
 t? We, 100 
 * about J. of J 
 
 Jo "'1 
 
 ^o.wputedf 
 
 „'%of(heJ 
 ""« measured bf 
 
 ^;^>'''^ 
 
 It i IT ^'' "»<' 
 
 T\ CWd, the 
 
 ^"^ and P( 
 ,, V'">iTel=iQi 
 
 iZ" *««chio- 
 
 (jm~h'''»wci: 
 
 ' 'airei:! 
 
 22 
 iSEnll 
 
 
lONLLV ISLANDS 
 
 •nils into ihf Vmkk 
 
 l»li6 
 
 1-6; 
 
 _ 
 
 
 195,'J'JS 
 
 ii:,''-) 
 
 ~in 
 
 ;,1 i 
 
 185 
 
 
 5,9IS 
 
 r,'" 
 
 m'l.MJ 
 
 36.l,-'»l' 
 
 Ionian lilmiis fn 
 
 eclarnl Real Value 
 
 ISGI 1 ISCi ■ H 
 
 £ 
 
 i : <■ 
 
 2,M,T 
 
 2,:-.<; 
 
 
 t■.,x<^ 
 
 IJ,!!?! 
 
 
 l,".-!! 
 
 433 
 
 
 Sl« 
 
 41 '3 
 
 
 l.l'O 
 
 14,8-6 
 
 
 1H,160 
 
 72,'<S 
 
 
 '|/,3I4 
 
 219,T67 
 
 
 .1,(l'il 
 
 4,lv; 
 
 
 ),4'J0 
 
 MSI 
 
 
 5,1 19 
 
 4,SI0 
 
 
 3,1.16 
 
 4.'.i06 
 
 
 6,i\\ 
 
 i,W 
 
 
 .:n 
 
 956 
 
 
 2,619 
 
 i,;«5 
 
 
 803 
 
 » 
 
 
 5,;w 
 
 15,!H 
 
 
 2S,18'< 
 
 21,119 
 
 
 4,631 
 
 1,0*) 
 
 
 22,912 I9,l'i« 
 
 
 4V0,333 43fi,19l 
 
 
 Itc fiUdfl H crectod. Thu sfvl . c i •. 
 
 Pb.. irorywhen, ,Tcat noatneU ,.,',? •''-^' ''''''■ 
 w,llll(lff;r(■e of iiia>,'iii(iccnce Pm,. .• ''" a 
 Bui&l at about iiO.OOO. If l,'„„ ' "I"""""" csti- 
 
 -iderablo utility, at tlie c't^emi'fv 7 'K'^r 
 
 llOUSC is CrOCt<.,h nn,l „ ,_.'^^'"">' « "hicf, 
 
 I »-ii,t.„„,u uiiiii^', ai me cxtrr.mit,. V ■'.' ' V 
 iMiiliouscis croctcl; and « la/.^rw ^ •."■'"'^'' 
 i;:ii,Vt.ihesouth-H-o.st. Tlie harho ,, • ' ■""'"««' 'I 
 M:.,-a.cl,ar opposite the town « ' fV '"'T'""'^- 
 l.«.var,l,' ilistancc, in from ?9 ,„ V- "i '\^^ "> 
 
 iniiin;' themselves ot the protection nP ,?"'0"'''. 
 .«ii tlie wind is from the kli. ^° ""o'e 1 
 
 »:tii luc niiiu IS irom tlie N.t' 'uuiu 
 
 IlieM(alvalueoftheimportLfromnlln„ . • 
 i.Kiwas estimated at; 1 232 220/^ ""'^"""'"m 
 :WvportsatflJO,fi5W. JJut a con^ilV '"' "'' 
 'i:lHniiOTi.swasiiotdo,stincdforthp,^m, f."'"'^ 
 'l»i>ianiH but sent thither m?.rn "'"'"'"" 
 ^Dvinient entrepot, beii.ff intended forM.n"'' '",''' 
 
 ^ .ih-onti|,.iuus prov inccs of ( "reece n^^^^^^^^^ 
 He Mount of exports depends mnf„.- ^ "''''•'-*'• 
 c«tance whetlier the year boon ''"^*"' "'" 
 «reiv,r i. not, « cr„; rCives "^nd" o:"/!;'' 
 
 I ;Hm of the curr.mt crops "" *'"' 
 
 |=^i=.,4.:adot,hloo„Jar\te 
 
 I— ,butthofolJ„,W,Ja;e^Vt'^^^^^^^^ 
 1 ??*pnd;,M<,i,rmo, or great weitrhtof lo 
 
 V'^m of ITntl V t'.''" articles. ' 
 
 fiio=a V'enetian feet 
 g,Moth,<tc.=2p.i„ehcs English. 
 
 l*^^ "measured hv^hl^'"^ ^ '"•«"'"• 
 P.v-towever, only 2 fecubi, L ti'^'^T P'^^O' 
 h"*!-'/ of the wood ' ""' 'depending 
 
 ^>Vmch«?er''bIlS ^^"^^'^ °^ ^ ""'sure, 
 
 hl%tf ' "''"'^^ "f Constantinople, 
 r~Corfu and Paxn . so 
 
 ?«andllhaa^2"£V""-^ «""<>"«• 
 S=' 'Wchio ti 7" .""'"•= 1 boccale; 
 -(""""e gallons. ^''«<:h»o=l barrel=i8 
 
 V'''"'ff":2ngostpn~i I ■ W 
 
 «,/:..jrii.sh';vi,r,;,lJ,r-' ^»bocdo=, ,,,„ 
 
 iSr--^"--^arre. = .,„,,, 
 -^'5 i^".ii«Kcf^;i;;::''«'i".oach = l barrel 
 
 gr£?^-"'"iio-about;i;;:.'v,„,i„^^^^ 
 
 //•A V'o works reC.Trpdtn „i "^ C'lMiltod, 
 T so tut vaiuHblo work 'TfT •^'''"" ''^anven^J'a 
 
 t^. t>ebrighfs //rpor; for Krr^ -.i "'"' ^'""s'<l Sir 
 portant part of the nr, ' • ""' 'ho most in 
 
 flo to lay before the refc''"'', ''' '>ave ,. on' 
 '"■UTipt notes obligin?v ',''■'' ''^"ved 'r"'n ma- 
 
 Lovelace, who (whe J Ll ^'•'"""''^ated by S 
 
 'vriiikJed, var ouslv hnnf ■ " arc m short 
 
 .I'^wn ia srialleVmoro'r-'', ""^« smooth.- the 
 brown colour on the outsi L "„d"' T^" "^'"^fi 
 the white is woody, and hi""'' '"'"."'''> ^""'in : 
 
 'e«nou3 fracture, haXl ""^'^.-S'^ ^K 
 what «emi-transp'arenl Spe J,t'r ■ ■^'''^' «"™e- 
 of the cortical part with'^! ^'"' '" the outside 
 
 ni-Wost and safet emetic''f '"''"''"^'a forms 'ho 
 
 niedtca. Though proIbt^Vn,! '""?'*' ""«<'ria 
 
 rom time immemorial it «n= '^ .^ *'' ■" America 
 
 Europe till the time V/ r •"°l'""""duced into 
 
 G^enier, a French merehant^Tr ^'i^- ^^en me 
 
 L r. fP""'- with which 'trlT^'" ^^0 Ihs. o? 
 tno Hotel Dieu H«.i,T„i- ."a's were madp nf 
 
 UioV 'nf ' "^«- « Well. ■' ^'™ ""Parted in 
 Ger.eisen/fefC' S'^^"' y-^• Fr. fer- 
 ^olozo ; Port. fer,o , Kuk'fche ten""!'- ^°'' 
 3 K2 °' ^ipan. hierro; 
 
 ( ■; 
 
 1^^ 1 
 
788 
 
 ) 
 
 ■ 'I 
 
 
 
 
 \ \ 
 \ I 
 
 ! «? 
 
 ( 
 f 
 
 \ \ 
 
 Swcd. irrn; (Ir. aiinoof \ S»n<>c. Inliii; Arab, ho- 
 (Iced ; riTM. aliiin). Tin; most nbuii<hirit luid iiinNt 
 iiHcful (if all tho metalH. It is (if bluish wliitfl 
 culiiiir ; niul, when polishcil, lina n ){rrnt (Iriil oT 
 brilliancy. It lias ii ctyplic taste, and vniils a 
 SDicU wlion rubbed. ltn hardness e.xceeds that 
 of most other metals; and it may be rendered 
 liarder than moi't biidicH by beiiif; conviTted into 
 Nice). Its spocilic fjravity varies from T'ti to l-'A. 
 It is attracted by the magnet or loadstone, and is 
 itself the substanee which constitutes tho load- 
 htone. Hut when iron is perfectly pure, it re- 
 tains the magnetic virtue for a very short time. 
 It is malleable in every temperatiiie, and its 
 malleability increases in proporlioii as the tcnip(^- 
 raluro an^Miient.s; bul it cannot be hammered out 
 nearly as thin as pild or silver, or even as copper. 
 Its (iiu'lilily is, however, more perfect; for it 
 may be drawn out into wire as line at least a:- 
 a human hair. Its tenacity is snch, that an 
 iron wire 0'078 of an inch in diameter is capable 
 of supporting 5-I9'25 lbs. avoirdupois without 
 brcakintf. 
 
 IlUtoricitl Koticc. — Iron, thnuj^h the most 
 common, is the most diflieult of all the metals to 
 obtain in a state lit for use; an<l the discovery of 
 the method of workiilg it seems to have been 
 posterior to the use of K"'<') silver, and copper. 
 Wo arc wholly ignorant of tbc steps by which 
 men were led to practise the processes required to 
 fuse it and render it nialleablc. It is certain, 
 however, that it was prepared in ancient Kfiypt, 
 and some other conntrics, at n very remote epoch; 
 but it was very little used in (ireece till after 
 tho Trojan war. (See the admirable work of 
 Jl. (io},'uet on tho Oriyin of Lawn, Arts SfC, 
 vol. i. p. 140.) 
 
 Spvn'cn of Iron. — There arc many varieties of 
 iron which artists distinguish by particular names; 
 but all of them may be reduced under one or other 
 of the 3 following classes : cast or pig iron, 
 wrouyht or soft iron, and sirel, 
 
 1. Cast or pi(; iron is the name fjivcn to this 
 metal when first extracted from its ores. The 
 ores from which iron is usually' obtained are 
 composed of o.\ide of iron and cla". Tho object 
 of the manufacturer is to reduce the oxide to the 
 metallic state, and to separate all the clay with 
 which it is combined. This is effected by a 
 peculiar process ; and the iron, being exposed to 
 a strong heat in furnaces, and melted, runs out 
 into moulds prepared for its reception, and 
 obtains the name of cast or pig iron. 
 
 The cast iron thus obtained is distinguished 
 by manufacturers into ditfercnt varieties, from its 
 colour and other qualities. Of these the following 
 are the most remarkable : — 
 
 a. fy/iile cast iron, which is extremely hard 
 and brittle, and appears to be composed of a con- 
 geries of small crystals. It can neither be died, 
 bored, nor bent, and is very apt to break when 
 suddenly heated or cooled. 
 
 b. Grey or mottled cast iron, so called from the 
 inequality of its colour. Its texture is granulated. 
 It IS much softer and less brittle than the last 
 variety ; and may be cut, bored, and turned on 
 the lathe. Cannons arc made of it. 
 
 c. Jilack cast iron is the most unequal in its 
 texture, the most fusible, and least cohesive, of 
 the three. 
 
 2. Wrought or soft iron is prepared from cast 
 iron by a process termed a relinemeiit or finery. 
 The wrought iron manufactured in Sweden is 
 reckoned the finest in the world, 
 
 3. Steel consists of pieces of wrought iron 
 hardened by a peculiar process. The Swedish 
 iron imported into this country is mostly used in 
 
 IliON 
 
 the manufacture 
 C/iimintrii.) 
 
 fhi's of Iron. — T( 
 
 f-^tocl. [Stkki..] (T|,„„„„„. 
 
 enumerate the vnrl(.ir< 
 of iron would rcfjuire a lcn:,'tli..i,o,i -liwrt ' 
 No one who reflects for a monicin „ii n,. j,., ■ " 
 can.loubt that its discovery and cniplov„„ „',,!: 
 the shape o( tools and ;.ngin.s Imve lM,"n „ ,' 
 utmost importance lo man, and Imv,. ,|„|„, 
 perhaps, than anylliing else, tii ncclcrai.' ' ' 
 advance m the career of iiniirovomciit ] '■ 
 has the following,' striking olHcrviitions" nn','i,t 
 subject: 'Of what c(.Ms,.(pi(;iice tho discov,,v '; 
 one natural body, and its properties nun l' ■ 
 hum.'ui lite, the whole great continent of \ii„'r ,' 
 IS 11 convincing instance: wiiojc i;,'n(,riiiH, ,, 
 useful arts, and want of the groato.n partii ii'! 
 conveniences of life, in a coimtrv that al»iiin i.!| 
 with a'' sorts of natural plontv.'l think nm |,. 
 atlribi.ted to their i,i,'iioraiico of what wa, i,', 
 found in a very ordinary .Itspjiahlc slnnr 
 mean tho mineral of iron. And whatever 
 think of our parts or improvements in this nan iri 
 tho world, where knowledge and ])lenty s,.,,, |,»| 
 vie with each other, yet, lo anyone that wil 
 seriously relied upon it, I siip|i(ise it will aM.ii 
 past doubt, that, were the iisi! of iron lest annfl- 
 us, we should in a few ages be unavnidallj 
 reduced to the wants and ignorance of the anrim't 
 savage Americans, whose natural cnduwineni-aii 
 provisions came no way .short ^li llmsc of ihc ii;„.| 
 flourishing and polite nations; so that heivhf.iirji 
 made nseof that one contcmplihle mineral mav 
 truly styled the father of arts and author of ploiiiv 
 {L'asai/ on the llndirstunilimj, hocjk iv, c. l:'.i 
 
 ManufiKtnrc of Iron in Gnat Hrihin.-W 
 arc ignorant of the period when iron hc(;aii u 
 ma<le in Kngland, but there is authentic cviltm 
 to show that iron works were cstalilishcil bvi, 
 Komans in the Forest of Dean, in Gloiiccsieriiiii 
 and in other parts of the kingdom, (rciiiisiiii 
 >Ka/t», cd. 1810, vol. i. p. Sit.) Thcvwcrejl 
 established, at an early period, in 'Kent ai 
 Sussex; these counties being well supplied, w 
 only with iron ore, but (which ^ras at tlic tiue 
 ftill greater importance) with tiniher, iLee 
 species of fuel that was then used in the funiai 
 It is to this latter circumstance that the slu 
 increase in the production of injK in Eiif 
 during a lengthened jicriod, is to be ascrili 
 Complaints were very early niaile of tlietel: 
 tion of timber by the iron works ; and i:i 11 
 reign of Elizabeth, when an unusual dcnniil 
 timber for the navy, and for merchant v 
 also, took place, the decrease of timber oxci;si| 
 great deal of attention. At length, in Issl 
 Act was passed prohihiling the manufacturer! 
 iron from using any but small woal, anii Ii 
 establishing any new wwrks anywhere ifi.'kin 
 miles of the city of London, and U mite of 
 river Thames, and in several parts of ^as 
 specified in tho Act. Soon after thi.', Eta 
 Lord Dudley, invented a process for smeltiiis 
 ore with pit-coal instead of timber; and il 
 diflieult to point out many inventions thsl h" 
 been so advantageous. Tlie patent vtiA 
 lordship obtained in 1G19 was D-x.-mptcdfrwn 
 ■miration of the Act of IG23 (21Ja.«. U 
 jtting aside monopolies ; but though, la^ 
 consequences, it has proved of immense * 
 the country, the works of the inventor' 
 destroyed by an ignorant rabble, and he w 
 nigh ruined by his ctrorts to inlro.lute 
 perfect his process. iJieport of ft»w«« 
 House of Commons on Jfatents, p. 161* *<■■)' 
 invention seems, in consequence, to lia«"?" 
 many years almost forgotten. Thecoin|iM' 
 the destruction of timber continued; so i 
 
lUOX 
 
 780 
 
 ili'serl I! 11 
 
 lln! su: ■ ■ 
 pllvVIW'W i:: 
 
 \)f[r\ (if t!, 
 
 L' llulll! «.'■<< 
 
 cci'lfralc . 
 mmt. 1/ 1 ■ 
 
 itidllS I'll 1'; 
 3 di»l'OVrlV 
 
 I'n, may l» 
 iiit of .Vii'i 
 
 r^iioraiin 
 c.<l imrt il 111' 
 thnt .ilmim'i"! 
 I tliink iniiy !•• 
 uliat vm I" 1- 
 ii-iililo sli'HC-l 
 (I wliatcvct « 
 ts in tliis van if! 
 I iilciity »i"iii I 
 lytmc that will' 
 so it will aMrti" 
 
 iron lii«l amiiii*] 
 
 bi; unaviiii! 
 ncc of tlic aii'-'i"! 
 ,\ ciulowmmi- M 
 ■ (liosc i>f ili« »;" 
 n thai lie wlii'firsl 
 lilc mineral may 
 ilaulUorcfiilciiiy. 
 look iv, c, \t\ 
 Ireat /Jrido".- 
 en ironlicRani' 
 , authciilic cviiit 
 1 estalilishcil *iy' 
 1 in Glouccsiet-iii 
 iwdom. (I'tn™"'! 
 
 jriod, in' Kent H 
 g well suvrl"-^'""} 
 '!hvasattlM:tii.Kjl 
 
 th timber, Ite '-'•f 
 uscilintlietof 
 .taiu'C that tli« >"' 
 „f iron ill WA 
 \ i^ 10 he I'tf" 
 nmilco{tlii^te''r;< 
 works; and ^\\ 
 unusual demaii'l « 
 or merchant 
 fc of timber «« 
 length, in WM 
 1,1,0 manufacmwj 
 [mall wuo<l, an 
 
 , and U ""Iff: 
 
 Wl 
 
 Icral parts. 
 
 uf! 
 
 after 
 
 this, W^ 
 
 ,melti«l!« 
 
 thJtt 
 
 loccss tor SI 
 of timber; 
 I inventions 
 ri"e patent «ta* 
 
 but thougki 
 I of immense »■ 
 If the in«nlot 
 
 Trts to «'>"''"! 
 ' the coop'" 
 
 len, 
 
 lontii 
 
 iniieii 
 
 sot 
 
 ihi ill 1C3"' ''"' ''Jiporln''"" "f '"'" without 
 
 r'ljj,,. a, prohibited, mid fro.sli restrictions were 
 
 U on llie felling of limbor. lliit the evil could 
 
 Zl be abated by such nu-ana ; and, in the early 
 
 Mrioflaitccnlurv, amipluints of the dcstrnutioii 
 
 !( limber bv the iron works hccanie more prcvn- 
 
 Wiitun ever, and Ihcir total suppression bc^an 
 
 ,, 1^ cntemplatcd as a lesser evil than the 
 
 (iTiiinwd decrease of the stock of timber. At 
 
 (ti.iicniHl more than 'i of tlie iron made use of 
 
 .1, imported, and tho condition of the manu- 
 
 'xm WW most uupriisiierous. lint tho Rrowing 
 
 Mitilv and liih'b pri-'fi of timber, coupled with 
 
 IM iiKfa'ini,' demard for iron, lit last succeeded 
 
 In Jrwin;; tlie attention of some ingenious 
 
 MNM to lord Dudley's process ; and, about 
 
 b) iron wa.1 made at Colebrook Dale, and one 
 
 irwooihcr places, by means of pit-coal, of about 
 
 u ml a qualitv as that made with timber. 
 
 Fnm ttiis period the business steadily increased: 
 
 jlfir-l.bimevcr, its proKfHH was comparatively 
 
 slo«,an.l the furnaces of Kent and Sii-sscx were 
 
 101 »hollv reliuquislicd fi>r more than 30 years 
 
 iititmnki'aii to be largely produced by means 
 
 iIh'.cmI. Tliegrcat demand lor iron occasioned 
 
 ktkliic war, and the obstacles wliicli it threw 
 
 liitemvof supplies from abroad, gave the lirst 
 
 ettrautiliniry stimulus to the manufacture, which 
 
 k' now iiccomc of vast importance and great 
 
 vjliK. In 1740 the quantity of pig iron made in 
 
 Ingiijd anil Wales amounted to about 17,000 
 
 tMifiAced by 59 furnaces. Since this epoch 
 
 ilie incrase is believed to have been nearly as 
 
 fJlowiivii,; In 1750, '2'2,000 tons; in 1788, 
 
 W.i") loK produced by 85 furnaces; in 1796, 
 
 il2.i,lWMn!, produced by 121 furnaces; in 1800, 
 
 iJJfl.wi tons, produced by 1C9 furnaces ; and in 
 
 [leJuibont 1U0,000 tons 'vcrc produced but there 
 
 ' Joiooniit of the number of furnaces. 
 
 lit Milior attributes this chictly to the re- 
 
 BsKifihc trade to the coal country. 
 
 He iron trade is now one of the greatest 
 
 ithfj (if industry carried on in the northern 
 
 ■mii the United Khigdom. It is chiefly 
 
 i»l to the western counties, the great 
 
 ijiititycf tlie smelting furnaces and malleable 
 
 liibfingiii Lanark and Ayr. Glasgow is its 
 
 iffinlffart. 
 
 Xititiihstanding its present magnitude, the 
 
 "tin; ami manufacture of iron in Scotland are 
 
 ven' recent origin. !>o late as 1830 there were 
 
 ly 16 Wast funiaccs in Scotland, the produce of 
 
 litb starcclv reached 40,000 tons. Iii 1867 
 
 i TOc 112 in blast, producing 1,031,000 
 
 »' pig iron, which, at tlic average price for 
 
 year (which was unusually low), represents a 
 
 te of 3.(15.1,337/. 
 
 ^'itb the exception of a sm.tll work at Wilson 
 
 n.itliichwas unsuccessfully attempted there 
 
 sacwliat remote period, almost nothing was 
 
 « in Scotland in the manufacture of malleable 
 
 I'll 1833, and even so late as 1842 the produce 
 
 W exceed 35,000 tons. During the year 
 
 Mirever, the production of malleable iron 
 
 M 122,400 tons ; and taking the average 
 
 M ^1 sorts, including plates for shipbuilding, 
 
 «been 10/. per ton, the gross amount of the 
 
 » wuld be 1,224,100/. Tho number of 
 
 mployed in this branch was about 4,000, 
 
 IM ram of wages paid about 18s. In 1858 
 
 ''*« a falling off in the production. 
 
 « wrease in the interval has been, if possible, 
 
 |ic«et than that exhibited above. And iii 
 
 fct! '. .r ''"^''^ ""<=')' '0 ^'fcct the reader's 
 
 Ci™<»Jl<)iving, compiled from returns 
 
 r^^y Mr Hunt, Keeper of Mining Records, 
 
 ^tet authority on such subjects. 
 
 A'umber of Iron f'urnncea nml Mnht of I'iij Iron 
 in Great Vri. tin in 1867. 
 
 Counitm 
 
 No. of 
 
 Iron 
 
 Work! 
 
 No. of 
 Purii4re« 
 l>ulll in 
 
 No. of 
 Kuritate^ 
 
 Ton« of 
 I'I.) Iron 
 
 
 Active 
 
 IlMrlcl 
 
 in l,ia>| 
 
 riudu,.eU 
 
 KN,ii.ANn 
 
 
 NnrtliuinU-rldiid 
 
 « 
 
 M 
 
 .1 
 
 .11, on 
 
 Durham 
 Vurk.liirt: 
 
 II 
 
 71 
 
 3I> 
 
 477,XJI1 
 
 Ncrlh Itlilinit 
 
 14 
 
 B7 
 
 .',0J 
 
 'i ui.ivri 
 
 Mol KiUhm 
 
 IK 
 
 3'i 
 
 VA 
 
 lO'f.lHI'i 
 
 I)erl,>,hlro . 
 
 II 
 
 43 
 
 .111 
 
 lOO.OM 
 
 I,ii,ii-aililr« - 
 
 4 
 
 V,-. 
 
 I'J 
 
 .1l-,,N0l 
 
 ('iititl«rUnd • 
 
 3 
 
 ill 
 
 H3-J 
 
 lll'I.S.VJ 
 
 Shn)l>^hire • 
 
 II 
 
 HI 
 
 •M 
 
 r^'i.tfOi 
 
 N.irlli KiHtr.iril.hlre ■ 
 
 6 
 
 .1.-1 
 
 W.I 
 
 VOV.l.li 
 
 Snmli suHor.Miire . 
 
 i'i 
 
 177 
 
 ui4 
 
 c^^^>,l>^H 
 
 NurthAinplonfthiie 
 
 4 
 
 !» 
 
 i 
 
 W>,ISI 
 
 J.lncoln«tiir«- 
 
 •T 
 
 6 
 
 .'. 
 
 ■,i>,.'i7'J 
 
 (iloucuKtcrihlrfl 
 
 .1 
 
 III 
 
 " ) 
 
 
 WliUhlro . 
 
 J 
 
 4 
 
 3 i 
 
 71,186 
 
 homerwuhire 
 
 1 
 
 il 
 
 1 i 
 
 
 Tout 
 
 i.iV 
 
 iM 
 
 3^1 3-4 
 
 »,HllvTrfi>~ 
 
 \Vai«i 
 
 
 
 N,,r(lt Wiiiwi; — 
 
 
 
 
 
 llrnbiilliililre 
 South Wall,'.; — 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 i 
 
 .Ti,S4.T 
 
 
 
 
 
 AnIhrAfile Fui^acct - 
 
 4 
 
 M 
 
 II 
 
 .1\',06 
 
 (il.iiiHirKaiuhire 
 
 11 
 
 76 
 
 4U 
 
 1(M,0.'jll 
 
 Jlrei-kiiuckhhire 
 
 1 
 
 1.) 
 
 5 
 
 V'.l,ll.1 
 
 Moniiiouih^hiro 
 
 14 
 3,1 
 
 71 
 
 .',0 
 
 4l»,'i.-4 
 '1IU477 
 
 Total 
 
 Ivii 
 
 SCOTI.AMO 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ayrshire 
 
 8 
 
 4'i 
 
 M 
 
 
 Lanarknhlre . 
 
 14 
 
 96 
 
 l>7 
 
 
 Kifi^hire 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 
 l.tnltihf(owihire 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 V 
 
 
 StlrliiiK»Mre ■ 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 
 S 
 
 
 lladdinfftunilitre 
 ArKjrlnnire - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 3U 
 '8011" 
 
 167 
 
 AGS .V.'< 
 
 I.H.II.IHX) 
 4,;6i,0^3) 
 
 Grand Total 
 
 913 
 
 This quantity, estimated at the mean average 
 cost at the place of production, would have u 
 value of 11,902,557/. 
 
 According to 77iom'» Almanac for 1808, the 
 produce in 1866 of the iron mines in Ireland wa.s 
 2."),225 tons of ore, valued at 5,313/. It is added 
 that considerable quantities of blackband iron- 
 stone are now shipped from Belfast to Scotland, 
 and that 112,686 tons of iron pyrites, value 
 59,030/., were obtained in 1866 from the mines of 
 VVicklow. 
 
 This astonishing increase has been owing to a 
 great variety of causes, among the more jiromi- 
 ncnt of which may be specided the greater 
 cheapness of iron, and its consequent application 
 to a great n^any purpose.-t, including the con- 
 struction of various descriptions of agricultural 
 implements, pipes for the conveyance of water, 
 and the builduig of fchips, for which it was not 
 formerly supposed to be applicable. Unquestion- 
 ably, however, the unprecedented demand of iron 
 for railways in this country, and in tlie Unitetl 
 States and the Continent, has given the most 
 powerful stimulus to the manufacture ; and, if 
 only half tho railway projects on foot in 1847 
 hatl been executed, the production of the iron, 
 vast as it has been, would have been quite in- 
 adequate to supply the demand. 
 
 It will readily occur to the reader that a do- 
 matid for iron for railways, depending as the for- 
 mation of the latter does on many varying cir- 
 cumstances, must necessarily bo both capricious 
 and fluctuating ; and hence it is not really possible 
 to infer from the state of the iron trade at any 
 given period what may be its state a few months 
 after. In 1842 and 1843 the price of pig iron 
 had sunk from 2/. to 21. IDs. per ton, and the 
 manufacturers in the least favoured districts 
 were involved in the greatest diflicultics. But 
 subsequently the price of iron doubled or trebled ; 
 and though it has again receded, larger fortunes 
 have been made in this than in any other de- 
 partment of industr}'. Similar mutations wiU, 
 
 ;r i 
 

 »l 
 
 700 
 
 IRON 
 
 tloulitloss, lake place in rulurc. On the. wliolc, 
 the I'iiir prcNUinption Hccms to liu that tlu^ manii- 
 factiiic will (,'() on iiicrcnsiiiK fur iw iiulclinitf 
 jicriiid. The ii»es to wliiiili iron may bi' applii'd 
 Kc 'ni to lie all but inlinitu ; and every Call nl' it.s 
 jirii'c Ntiniulate.-i invention and introdiuiM it into 
 new eliainiels. Most jintliably, indi't'cl, the works 
 hituated in tlio. bait I'avonred districts, or tlio.se 
 wbere iron is produceil at the ureatost expense, 
 will, in the course oi' time, liave to be iibandoned. 
 Tlii-", however, ii merely a local and aceidiiilal 
 prievaiice, and can in nowiso utVect the general 
 well-beiii^ of the iMnlness, 
 
 The etnplovnieiit of the hot-blast, or of air 
 heated to a liinh tetnix latiire, instead of common 
 atmospheric air, in the. workiiij; of fnriiaces, has 
 one of the greatest improvements in the 
 
 required for the conversion of ni;^ iron i.-,,! , 
 iron, it fcdlowH that a supply of no fiwir in ' 
 •2l,()mi,000 toiisof coal will be nnnimllv r.',,, „"| 
 in this single department of indiiMrv! Ami li.'i„v 
 also, the liict that the coiisimipli.in of loni i,, n,! 
 Induction ol' iron is nearly H times as gnu 1. 
 Us eonsnmplion in the m tropoljs! 
 
 From f^^ to -<, of the total qaan.ity of ir„n [,r„. 
 
 dticcd is used in the stale of pi^; or i-ijcf \,., 
 
 and is consumed principally In (ircat lirimiii m 
 
 Ireland. The exports of pi;f jr,,,,, i„„„,j 
 
 amounted in 1807 to 6()7,.'I1'.) tons, Kent iini.i" 
 
 pally to France, the IJniled Stntos, IMUu^ 
 
 I'nissio, and Itritish North Anierira. Thnri-i':', 
 
 I is converted into wrought iron, bdn^,' fornuil i;it, 
 
 j bars, bolts, rods &e. The exports of liar ir.r, 
 
 ' amounted in 1«(!7 to 88;i,ri7() tons ; and durin? t'j 
 
 been one of the greatest improvements m ^ 
 
 maunfaelure, and has at once red;i"ed the cost of j same year, the exports of allhoris of i"r,,'n''ri.a'li, 
 l)rodiiclion anil increased the (|iiantily. It was ;(],(. prodjjriuuH amount of 1, 8H,V.i;(l tons' wlml a 
 lirst used in l,anari>shire, in Scotland, and has been si. jier ton, would be worth iiriwnrils of 15,000 mii' 
 
 one of the principal causes of tli'J extraordinary i ■ •• 
 
 extension of the trade in that part of the empire, 
 where it is now universally made use of. 
 
 Takiiin the annual produce of pig iron in the 
 United Kin;;doni at &,0f)0,000 tons, and supposing 
 that about ii tons of coal are required for the pro- 
 duction of each ton of iron, the consumption of 
 coal in this branch of the iron trade will, on this 
 liypiithesis, amount to 1.5,000,000 tons a-year ; and 
 adding to this quantity 0,000,000 tons for the coal 
 
 And their declared \alue did, in fart, nnioiint, inl 
 l«(;i5, to H,U97,17(;/., and in H(17 to irLpiti,;!):'). 
 
 Supposing the total quantity of |ii(; iron i-ri.J 
 duced in Great Ilrituin to ainouiit tu !),oon,"i4| 
 Ions a-year, and to be wo'tli, at an average, oU| 
 ton, its lotal value will lie l."),000 00O/,;an'lil:« 
 additional labour expended in forming tlip ji^ 
 iron into bar iron — that is, into bnrs, Iwli', r. 
 A'C. — may probably sidd abmit 6,000,000/. im.j 
 to its value ; making it worth in all aUu 
 
 Account of the different Descriptions of Iron (including Unwuught Steel) Ex/mrted from the I'M 
 Kingdom during ItJliO, iipecifyiiig trie Quantities sent to the different Counlriei. 
 
 I J 
 
 ■■ i 
 t ? 
 
 ,11 
 
 .! 
 
 t' 
 
 n 
 
 Countries 
 
 Ru«ija 
 
 Kweilen . - - 
 
 Norway . - - 
 
 Di'innork - - • 
 
 Ifaiiuver 
 
 ^ru^^ia .inil Sc hlcswii; 
 MicklenliiirKanil OIUcnbufK ■ 
 Have 'i'ortlis 
 Holland 
 
 JtelKi'im - - - 
 
 Franftf . - . 
 
 I'ortuKal, Azorod, and Jtadeir.! 
 Kpaln and Canaries . 
 Italj 1 Sardinian States 
 Tuscany 
 
 Naiik'^ and Sici:j 
 Austrian Territories - 
 (fr<'«'te . . - 
 
 Turkey Proper 
 Wallacliia and JMoldavla 
 Kuvpt 
 Java 
 
 China (deluding IIonB-KonR) 
 Japan . - - 
 
 ful.a 
 
 St. 'I'homas 
 United Stales ! 
 
 North .Vt aiillr Torts 
 
 Soutli Atl miic Torts 
 
 Paeilic Torts 
 Mexiro - - * 
 
 Hra/i! 
 
 Uruf{nay - " ' 
 
 ArKt-nline Confetleralion 
 ( hili 
 Peru 
 
 Channel Islands 
 (tiliraltar 
 Malta 
 
 Ionian I'.lanils 
 boutti Africa 
 
 Mniiritius - - " 
 
 British India: 
 
 Bombay and Scinde 
 
 Madrn - 
 
 I'enflal rind Feftu - 
 Rtraits StlikiuciiH • 
 Ce>lon • - - 
 
 Honi! KonK 
 
 Australia - - " 
 
 British North Amerlcl 
 British West Indiesand Guiana 
 Other countries • 
 
 Total ■ : . • 
 
 PiK and 
 Tuddlcd 
 
 tons 
 10,1179 
 
 .i,f,ai) 
 .i.xsu 
 
 10,S74 
 .1,.1f,l) 
 
 f'J.'JOS 
 .17, 1 8.'. 
 ini,5;u 
 
 G/in? 
 
 10.391) 
 
 S7,n.',2 
 
 (i„11.1 
 
 3„1.15 
 
 7,1110 
 3(i,, Oli 
 
 .'lOO.Ioll 
 
 
 R,>lt, 
 
 Bar 
 
 llo<l, 
 and 
 
 
 Anjilo 
 
 tons 
 
 
 6,IU3 
 
 2i,'. 
 
 
 
 .",niiS 
 
 43S 
 
 3,KG1 
 
 3il 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 ,-.90 
 
 1 ,OU,'j 
 
 
 7,IIS,| 
 
 
 
 .'i,30i 
 
 433 
 
 S.SD'i 
 
 
 (i,yn 
 
 2,M3 
 
 
 
 4,9S9 
 
 1,116 
 
 V,,')M) 
 
 
 1'2,1I7(1 
 
 SU 
 
 I.IC-^ 
 
 *~ 
 
 7,7(1.', 
 
 1,3)0 
 
 i,f,M 
 
 _ 
 
 3.1111 
 
 „_ 
 
 1,6,').-, 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 3,S91 
 
 lillf, 
 
 UU7 
 
 3,s;.-. 
 
 
 — 
 
 7^7 
 
 M,ri'' 
 
 7,583 
 
 li,7«S 
 
 K!l 
 
 6, mil 
 
 1 
 
 l.G.Vi 
 
 — 
 
 S.'llO 
 
 3.11 
 
 3,1.',5 
 
 430 
 
 4,737 
 
 __ 
 
 1,(130 
 
 
 
 1 ,4.V4 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1,.T,3 
 
 "" 
 
 Mi 
 
 .._ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 lo,7sn 
 
 2,828 
 
 7,:"ffl 
 
 3.'il) 
 
 10.706 
 
 1,S71 
 
 11,174 
 
 1 ,'iCQ 
 
 1,107 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 2,803 
 
 12, DM 
 
 
 liS.jlU 
 
 noo 
 
 
 
 I3,',f.7 
 
 4,034 
 
 t bS 
 
 3.', ,4 'is' 
 
 Bails 
 
 and 
 
 Railway 
 
 tons 
 
 5.',,44ll 
 
 Ci.'iii 
 
 l.-,,076 
 
 ;C(i 
 
 i,.331 
 U72 
 
 182 
 4,01i 
 
 3,S70 
 73,711 
 
 C3,7S(; 
 40.i-'ll 
 
 i,907 
 
 13,0-,l 
 
 4,lliS 
 
 i6,3l.''> 
 12,1108 
 6i,l7'J 
 
 SO. 1 00 
 23,C28 
 
 23,172^ 
 
 T'l«.'ll2l 
 
 Cast' 
 
 inn 
 
 and 
 
 Hollow 
 
 Ware 
 
 tons 
 8,199 
 
 1.877 
 893 
 
 1,(111 
 
 2,91 lA 
 
 1,314 
 
 3.772 
 4,',C1 
 
 1,038 
 
 798 
 
 6(13 
 
 3..561 
 
 2,875 
 
 832 
 6.30 
 102 
 797 
 
 2.801 
 85 
 
 1,019 
 
 603 
 
 1,320 
 
 4,139 
 918 
 
 4,o.')(; 
 
 702 
 
 7.nr,2 
 
 3.(«6 
 2,567 
 9,681 
 
 Anchors, 
 Hoops, 
 Boiler 
 TIalei, 
 and 
 Chains 
 
 tons 
 2,156 
 
 2,510 
 .3,210 
 
 1,903 
 
 3,959 
 8,051 
 
 2,110 
 3,H(9 
 3,H'j; 
 3,2V I 
 
 3,M6 
 7(,9 
 431 
 
 8U8 
 
 7(;i 
 
 51ti 
 
 2,.''9') 
 4t,» 
 
 28,985 
 J.S23 
 4,077 
 
 2.T9S 
 1.«16 
 3,550 
 
 151 
 
 7.',8 
 
 5,761 
 
 781 
 
 5,619 
 
 2S8 
 
 563 
 
 1,131 
 
 5,Sll9 
 
 16,749 
 
 1,112 
 
 16, 95 
 
 Wlro 
 
 ■6,401 
 
 270 
 .VIC 
 6S0 
 241 
 
 1,005 
 
 113,810 
 
 3,509 
 33 
 140 
 
 711 
 
 68) 
 2113 
 46) 
 
 92 
 
 in,i!iG 
 
 1,163 
 22.5.t3 
 
 NalU 
 
 tons 
 1,026 
 
 10.-; 
 219 
 
 151 
 198 
 
 ,'..■0 
 215 
 
 74 
 79 
 
 497 
 783 
 
 CS9 
 71 
 498 
 
 2,626 
 1,519 
 1^ 
 
 Total of all exports, l,(,91,915 tons. 
 
 II 
 
 lon^ 
 3,087 
 
 742 
 
 l,nK9 
 
 1,610 
 2,'31 
 2,756 
 
 .143 
 6IU 
 
 1,977 
 667 
 797 
 
 s:>i 
 
 5.18 
 
 "»8 
 
 !1 
 
 !)«3 
 
 2,315 
 
 '!,m 
 
 14,670 
 
 Tuiie*, 
 l'i:.i'>, 
 
 Ilul. 
 &tead,, 
 
 and 
 Afri- 
 cultural 
 lm)ilV' 
 menu 
 
 torn 
 
 l,»iio 
 
 r.3 
 
 V.TJ 
 
 .w 
 
 T2I 
 
 i,.v,o 
 i,m.i 
 
 IISO 
 1,987 
 
 119 
 
 LiStii. 
 
 Uridtt 
 Uoit, 
 I'srtiuT 
 VrMtli, • 
 
 torn 
 
 >t;3 ' m:| 
 
 I.HIO 
 I7?J' 
 
 •57' 
 
 !i;' 
 
 JO) 
 
 (Ml 
 
 III 
 III 
 
 11,13 
 
 7,»i; 
 
 159 
 
 m 
 
 31! 
 I,l!« 
 
 fr„ 
 
 ■ rinr 
 
 liite 
 
>it5 iron ii"ul.:r 
 
 if no fcwiT ti 
 
 limimlly ri'i|iiirH| 
 ilry! Anilli'iiiv. 
 i'lii of idiil ill ilii- 
 imes as gnat a 
 
 iHiity of iron pn.- 
 ))!;; or rii-t in i;. 
 Grcut Britain ui; : 
 ; irmi, limvi'v ;, 
 tnni', sent [inii- 
 
 StatOS, llnlhl;], 
 
 'rioii, Tlw riM'ii 
 111 iii(; fiimiiil Kh 
 ciKirts of liar ii. r. 
 i:< ; and ilurini't!" 
 iris of mm naili.-i 
 'X\\ tiiin! wliiil.a; 
 nrils of 10,01 tii.iiih';. 
 in fact, nmoiim.iiij 
 07 to 15,l-iG,0i:(. 
 ty of ]iig irnn i-p-l 
 iioimt to 5,i«)ii,i"*)l 
 at nil avcragf. :V, s| 
 j,0(indO»/.; aii'lt 
 II formint; tlic ,1, 
 ito bars, lioli*, t'«l 
 .it 6,0nO,UU»/. imn 
 'orth in all A' 4 
 
 kd from tk I'mlcl 
 Countries. 
 
 Tuto, 
 l'l;io>, 
 
 llol- 
 &l»di, 
 
 anil 
 Apl- 
 
 CUllUTtI 
 
 menu 
 
 ton» 
 
 1,1110 
 
 ■i-.i 
 
 VJ'J 
 
 3» 
 
 «l 
 
 1,™ 
 1,M^ 
 
 IISO 
 
 ii9s; 
 Tk 
 
 1,1(111 ■, 
 
 lltidtt " 
 
 Hirnrf ::( 
 Vfiieli , 
 
 loni ' trt 
 
 SI 
 
 583 
 S,31S 
 
 44,670 
 
 
 ■Si' . 
 soi '' 
 
 99 
 
 (M 
 
 H 
 
 - 
 
 'a 
 
 Til 
 1;! 
 
 1'3 11,1" 1 
 
 IM 
 
 ■« 
 
 _ 
 
 iii 
 
 jjio 
 
 9«3 
 
 J19 
 
 IKIO 
 
 1,1!! 
 
 ifittli 
 
 Jm«/i/ (^ Me .\umbtr of Furn,,^.. m ^ . 
 
 — ^ '"'niiiiM.'j ( nniMliilMi/i .•f'XIucffof Ta#.i w i ■ — - 
 
 ItKdXiM. ■ ., _ _r_J2j""'"0 Ironlnlmu .i°l* "^"J: Pradur.«r I 
 
 fMiidrnrvi. 
 
 MlhH'lIn ~ 
 J \.nl, IV'a.'n ■ 
 1 »rhumt(ftUn<I 
 I Vort-(i re 
 DeilniMrt ■ 
 «';trtjrJ»li,re - 
 I HSriHti r. • 
 ImuihI 
 ' TMll 
 
 U 
 
 19 
 
 107 
 
 411 
 
 M 
 Ml 
 
 ForproduMin isir, «Mp. ;i|.j.' 
 
 .Produc* of 
 I'on 111 INig 
 
 7(»i,r,Hn 
 
 Ifi.lVII 
 IllO.OOl) 
 
 r,r,,;m 
 
 JN.'i.X^I) 
 
 _ .Ho.llOO 
 I.OOH.KOO 
 
 *".'i'«\Wifl/. .\n.l if ivo ropollopi |l,„. 
 
 irimisto tlio liunlwarc iiiaiiNliiptnr.^ \, 1 f""^ ' I "'""""^fiil to 47, rr 
 
 :M,,.l,amaiiiira,.t.ir,.ot'h..e rk,u^:'f "^ "' !«•,•( in Iki^T, "'^^■' "■'''« "-'".lly re- 
 
 rMiiilimriiirlnir'f. I, ,1... . ' "*> /I'lrn- tirii-n i-o-:., . /•_ •' ''•'•- ' Wt. nili I •*'> ..... V.,. 
 
 -i-sive.iiuiiiM.sa.i.n.^riiiic;;;'*;;,;;',;:"' 
 
 CMNlimporiaiiee iii tlu. ,,rt.s ami «s n n,o,t ,,r if,?' 
 
 Irume.tleiHivo ciKiiiirics iii.irli. l,v 1 • 
 ..Ulhor. connocteil witWh'! iv^, "7"?'"?' 
 am«g stateiiioiits limo I,,,.,,' .lodi ro,l ,!'i • >'' 
 "i'j'''il'!^;li.^tric.r.i„wi„ol. iron ai^'';,-;'' 
 anikroi furnaces, ami tlie tnt.il ,',"'?'"'' ""c 
 «i„ mo, 18-10, aiiViHia. '"""^">' I'f" 
 
 '<> '11/. 1 
 
 I-"-' ci,(. 
 ''•«. per 
 
 Tim 
 cwt. 
 
 
 P"«o varies fr,„n „;/. 3, 
 
 (lli.ms„n'.4 Chnnhlr,,- >?,.;,■;"•„,""'• l'^'' cwt. 
 
 ITALV rV, ^^^^'^' '»*'■••; "Kl '^ 
 Vkn,,.,.: : ;tc.f '"'"^'"■^•'^ •• •''•^noa , ' Vvrt.Ks • 
 IVOKV Tt ' 
 
 M male olcnhant ooL n "'"'?. "^ '^""-''"r-so, 
 
 Each ma r; ic hr/L"* "" "■••'■'•"•'' «r 
 
 ▼ariou;, si2n.s. ,i,.„„.,.,L J'" P'".'^- Jnpcriiip, nntl of 
 
 IC3 (I.irl.- ;.,...'L'' :,"""'"''. orown- 
 
 n.^allv varied from 
 
 ;""».';'■'. ffn iron amounted in I^07 to 7*^ "rrK"''!' «'"' ">ick. 'Z mo7/:' "'° «"™P- b t 
 *» ,a 1«6« to ,;i,]78 tons; while of wr ' 'I ^^'""'' ''i''"nff of a c 1^ / ' esteemed come from 
 :'mMmi iron and stce] 12 n« /"""«''''" t''"' yclhm- llL h '^■^""■•'' «"J 'es.s linh In 
 «eJ'" 1W7. In 1««G SLMS and in',«7,' ^'^o trade ^'London m" ^'T >''« £"«' !"<£ 
 «« .ons of bar iron came frc^m Cden" ^^''' ^"''«' "Tt. weig "" 7"/,^''"''''' ""''» =- 
 Maps in nothing has the fall of nnVp' . \ ?""' ^^'^'iRhing 56 Ibs^n rn n ' *"" "P«-«rds ; second 
 
 f « 00 the diminution of the cost of^nrn i ^T^' '"» ^8 lh». to 50 lb= .' fi? PJ""'' ' ''''''' ««« weiVh 
 I i^tto taken place since the peace of '^81 rrK""' '" ^^''^«- = '^h VorVw^rj'/'' '"r'' ^"ghin/i 28 fbs 
 wwpicuoiis than in hardware aV"'" ,^^^^^^r \HZ\Z^.^i''\« ^^^^^• i<>'iT\h,. 
 
 clcst„,c,i, of at le^^^ S ^? J Vf' ' P-anmos'^the 
 
 ■,11' 
 
 •i! 
 *ii 
 
•■' 
 
 
 792 
 
 JAOOERY 
 
 E^^ypt 3/28 cwt.; the Cupe Ac. 520 cwt. ; and 
 India 1,552 cwt. The Chinese mnrltet is princi- 
 pally supplied with ivory from Malacca, Siam, 
 and Sumatra. Of that expo 'cd from Zan/.ibar 
 the various kinds arc babrliitii, or tliat intended 
 for export to Eni,'land or America ; Bombay 
 ivory, comprising all tliat is not suitable for other 
 markets; Cutch ivory, for armlets, bangles &c. ; 
 and scrit)p//»e» or small ivory, for billiard balls &c. 
 
 The chief consumption of ivory in England is 
 in the manufacture of handles for knives ; but it 
 is also extensively used in the manufacture of 
 musical and mathematical instruments, chess- 
 men, billiard b.-^Us, plates for miniatures, toys Ac. 
 Ivory articles are said to bo manufactured to a 
 greater extent, a'ld with beitcr success, at Dieppe 
 than in any other place in Euroijc. Hut the 
 preparation 'of this beautiful material is much 
 better understood by the Chinese than hy any 
 other pcoplo. No European artist has Intherto 
 succeeded in cutting concentric balls after the 
 manner of tL^ Chinese; and theii boxes, chtss- 
 jnen, and other ivory articles, are fat superior to 
 anv that are to be met with anywhere else. 
 
 The following are the duties levied at the 
 port of <'an/.tbar on ivor}'. Ivory from the 
 coast, viz. from Kaliva, 8 dols. 50 cents per 
 
 JETTISON 
 
 frazil of 35 lbs. avoir. ; from Un\amwo„ri i ,]>• 
 Ivory from the lasi plare, according t^ [„^t 
 by Arabs or natives, Vi to 15 ,l.ls. ti' 2 
 on other jvories varies, according to the nhw V i 
 produ'-tion, from 2 dols. to 8 dol.s. f,0 ccnUpir' 'raz i 
 
 Ht»tor,cal NoUee.. It is a curious fact .hat i 
 people of all Asiatic countries in which the clcnhi , i 
 13 found have always had the arc of tamin.' 
 animal and applying it to useful purpo«.' u, I 
 that no such art 1ms ever been posso^dbyZ 
 native African nation. Is this owin,- tn 2 
 .liffcrcnce between the Asiatic anrl Afric 
 elephants, or to the inforior sagacifv of h 
 African people.' We incline to think" that Z 
 latter is the true hypothesis. Alexander t el 
 Great is believed to have been the first liurowa I 
 who employed elephants in war. It appears nrcttrl 
 certain that the "Icphants made use of I'v \\I 
 Carthaginians were mostly, if not wholly, briur-hd 
 from India; and that they were minm^'U 
 Indian leaders. Some of the latter were canturi 
 by the Romans in the great victory gained I 
 Metellus ever Asdrubal. (See, on this ciirioiu 
 bubject, two very learned and valuable notes i 
 the Anrient Universal Hhtory, 8vo cd vol xvi 
 p. 429, and p. 549. Buflbn's article' 'On 
 Elephant' la a splendid piece of composition \ 
 
 
 ' I 
 
 N i 
 
 i ! 
 
 i -K 
 
 
 JAGGERY. [SuGAit.] 
 
 JALAr or JALOP (Gcr. jalapp; F.. jalap; 
 Itol. sciarappa ; f pan. ialapa). The root of 
 IpomoM jalapa, Pentandriu monogynia, nrtural 
 order Convolvulacea, so named from Xalapa, in 
 Mexico, whence we chiefly import it. The root, 
 •when brought to this country, is in thin transverse 
 slices, solid, hard, weighty, of a brownish colour on 
 the outside, and internally of a yellowish-giey , 
 ■with dark brown circular stria:. The hardest and 
 darkest coloured is the best ; that which is light, 
 spongy, and pale-coloured, should be rejected. 
 The odour of jalap, especially when in powder, is 
 very ch'iracteristic. Its taste is exceedingly 
 iiauseouj, accompanied by a sweetish bitterness, 
 (Ix'wis's Mat. Med.\ Brando's Pharmacy; British 
 yharmacopcBia, 1807.) Jalap is adulterated with 
 various roots of a similar appearance and botanical 
 character. For these adulterations see Pereira's 
 Materia Medica, and Ward and Bache's United 
 States Dispensatory, The imports of jalap 
 amounted in 18GC to 125,890 lbs., the average 
 price of which was 3s. lit/, per lb. 
 
 JAMAICA PEPPER. [PiMiism] 
 
 JAPAN. [Nagasaki.] 
 
 JAPANNED WARES (Ger. japanische ware ; 
 Dutch, japansch lakwcrk ; Fr. inarchandises de 
 Japon). Articles of every description, such as 
 tea-trays, clock-dials, candlesticks, snuff-boxes 
 &c., covered v'th coats of japan, whether plain, or 
 embellished with painting or gilding. Birming- 
 ham is the grand staple of this manufacture, 
 ■wiiich is there carried on to a great extent. 
 I'ontypool, in Monmouthshire, was formerly 
 famous for japanning ; but it is at present con- 
 tinued there on \ very small scale only. It is 
 prosecuted with spirit and success at Bifcton and 
 Wolverhampton. 
 
 For information as to the history, extent^ and 
 character of the trade in japanned wares, see 
 Birmingham and the Hardware District, 1865. 
 lu 18G7 we imported 850 cwt. of japanned or 
 
 lacquered ware, valued at 5.928/., and Km:* 
 51 cwt., valued at 8G0/. j 
 
 JASPER (Ger.jiispiss: Dutch. jaspi3;Fr.ia.J 
 Hal. diaspro; Span.jaspc; JJiiss. ja.sclima). Tl 
 stone is an ingredient in the composition of inai 
 mountains. It occurs usually in large amorpk 
 masses, sometimes in round or angular piotei; t 
 fragture is conchoiaa! ; specific gravity from:'] 
 2'7. Its colours are virious : when heated itdtJ 
 not decrepitate: it is usually diyjded into] 
 species, denominated Egyptian ja.iper. striped f 
 ribbon jasper, porcelain jasper, ard common ji J 
 It is sometimes employed in the forniniiiiii 1 
 seals, and in mosaic work ,^:c. (Kmanucl On T 
 cioua Stones.) 
 
 JERSEY. [ Guernsey.! 
 
 JET or PITCH COAL (Dutch, git, zsl 
 barnsteen ; Fr.jais,jayet; Gcr. gagat; Ital. pM 
 lustrino; Lat. gagus, gagates). Ufa black rIJ 
 colour; occurs massive, in plates; soraetima I 
 the shape of branches oi trees, but milidiitj 
 regular woody texture. Internal lustre sJuaiT 
 resinous, soft, rather brittle, easily frai.gible,! 
 citic gravity 1'3. It is used for fuel, aini I 
 making vessels and snuff-boxes. In Fmssiil 
 is called black amber, and i? cut intorosarie;^ 
 necklaces. It is distinguished bj its brillii^ 
 and conchoidal fracture. (Thomson's Ckmiiti 
 
 JETSAM. [Frx)TSAM.] 
 
 JETTISON. The act of casting oyer goo 
 order to save ship and cargo. [Average.] I 
 01 der to j ustify jettison, it must have been nm 
 to by those who act through fear of perish jj. I 
 ne sufiit pas qu'on ait fait jet, il faut qa'on rj 
 dte' forc^ par Ic craintc de pdrir,'— yi'mtnyon. 1^ 
 ' The old sea laws,* says Mr. Aninuld, '»C 
 quaint precaution, lay down in solemn psiifl 
 and detail certain powers to be observed byl 
 captain in the storm, before proceeding to iT 
 any sacrifice for the general scfaty. But thel 
 comment ujion such prescription of ccremonw 
 celebration in the presence of impending 
 
 ward of] 
 »«e and causj 
 •Wicines and 
 *™t shins . 
 PpsrcorsMct 
 ?-'^iruc(ions 
 teowDcnofe- 
 fWtedKim 
 ""*« iiali p 
 a board such Shi 
 ""^•al stoits in 
 'fpriatetoth. 
 ''•i? said book 
 ?.°'''.=ii''Sinstru, 
 
 ■""t or lemo 
 
 {"'Ip'opertobe 
 l"^i, unless th 
 K"^ stores; 
 
 tea 
 
 '"''»!«' for use on 
 
1(5 as \)iiii;;ht 
 9. Tlw limy 
 I the place i.'f I 
 cnls ppt 'razil. 
 s fact 'hat ih* 
 :h llic tkpliant I 
 of taming tj» 
 
 purpdses. but | 
 asf ss(;d by any I 
 owiii); to any! 
 and AfricaaJ 
 ifiacity uf thel 
 lliiiik that tliel 
 Alexander th«| 
 c first Kuropciil 
 It appears prottyl 
 : uso of by ttef 
 . wholly, brought] 
 ;re managcil by] 
 [cr were capture' 
 ietory gained bj| 
 
 on this ciirionl 
 faluablc notea i 
 8vo. cd, vol, xvi 
 
 article 'On '.li^ 
 ' composition.! 
 
 328/., and nwni 
 
 ch.jaspis-Jr.jsd 
 11S3. jaschma). ilr 
 ;ompo3ition of nai 
 I'iQlargeamorpk, 
 ranf;ularpicce<;i 
 ic trravity from i I 
 whm heated it do) 
 illy diviJct' into! 
 Ml jasper, striped J 
 ,ard common ja'Pi 
 n the forniati*! 
 (Emanuel 0« fi 
 
 (Dutcli, Rit, zi™ 
 .(raBat;ltal.p3L 
 s). OfaWackvell 
 plates; somctinwl 
 fees, but mili'.'«J 
 Vernal lustre shuf 
 [easilv frai g*! 
 led fot fueU»''l 
 loxes. InFnisJ 
 1cutiitorosari«r 
 led b} its l>rilM 
 f homs'on's Chmii 
 
 lasting over g-^l 
 
 lo. [AVERAGE.]] 
 
 tsihavebconi««L 
 ffearofpensnJb'l 
 Lt,ilfautqa'«"JI 
 
 |lr. Amauld, '«;j 
 \ in solemn j*"* 
 lobeobserveill!'! 
 1 proceeding to "I 
 Isfetv. ButtheJ 
 
 ItionofccK.""'""! 
 ■ of impenuing 
 
 JEWELLERY 
 
 , ,„.|;nce of Jarga, who in the course of CO 
 LU'PdMa niani.«trate ir. the consulate of 
 •'Mat (ienoa, had known but four instances 
 'f,.''alir jettison, end all of tliein were suapeoted 
 ';■ I'^ud. because tiio pn'scribcd forms had been 
 ,,„«(llob.ierve.l.' , .... . • „• 
 
 Thf bcH illustration of a IcRiinna.o jettison is 
 
 I r'tn bv Einori(,'oii. On Fobrunry HI, 1782, 
 
 ' ■',.' \ntoineUcmoiilin, of Marseilles, waspur- 
 
 1 ",L'bv four enemies, who rapidly gained on hiin. 
 
 i" riditfull. 5 p.m., lie launehcd his lonf boat, 
 
 ■ijvin'ri'"cd her with mast and sail, and h'xving 
 
 Li 'a &t at a mast head. He then set her 
 
 l,Wt,and changed his route. The enemy was 
 
 Vlfttivciand the captain reached Marseilles in 
 
 u((iv Thi< jettison was considered to have been 
 
 indi for the sake of savins ship and cargo, and 
 
 u. belli to be a general average loss. {Emertgon, 
 
 ,(,li!ec.41; 1.G23.) 
 
 Oli jettisoned still belong to their owners, 
 
 „j Mv be reclaimed on payment of sa) vagc. 
 
 JtWtLLEKY. 'J' Manufacture of personal 
 
 iijineiit.f in gold, sih ' , and precious stones, 
 
 Ue chief seats of thu manufacture are London 
 
 ItikentfU) and Birmingham, the former for the 
 
 IB the latter for the medium and commoner 
 
 (iiTOtk. It is on-,' of the staple manufac- 
 
 .„ sf Birmingham, em;^loying, according to 
 
 It.Wiiibt, more handa than any other indu8tr>' 
 
 ilistOT.i. The trade too is in the hands of a 
 
 jeraiber of small and independent raanufac- 
 
 m, Mr, Wright calculates that 7,500 persons 
 
 e3gs;din the trade, and that, reckoning three 
 
 soii 10 each of these workmen, 20,000 persons 
 
 iea-i cf»d on the jewellery manufacture of 
 
 ■him Fhe gold consumed in this trade 
 
 uliTiiiieJ to amount to 600,000/. or 700,000/. 
 
 •Iv. and the silver at from 100,000/. to 
 
 fUeespnrtsof icwcUery in the year 18G7 were 
 liat IJl.oSi!/., the impoits at 120,935/. Tiie 
 It: mre chiefly sent to Kgypt, and most of 
 iiii;«ra coinc from Bclgimn. (For the I3ir- 
 lAiB jewellery trade, see Mr. Wright's essay, 
 mvjm and the Midland Hardware District, 
 IM.' 
 
 Jt;Ci:0FLEMOXS,LIMES, or ORANGES. 
 
 ikeM i 31 Vict. c. 1?4, to amend the 
 
 it Shipping .\ct, it is provided, sec. 4, 
 
 tke f'Howing rules shall be observed with 
 
 ;«ct 10 medicines, medical stores, and anti- 
 
 it:l;oj, 
 
 tile Board of Trade shall from time to time 
 
 1 mt and cause to be published scales of 
 
 niedicir.ea and medical stores suitable for 
 
 I different shins and voyages, and shall also 
 
 I prepare or sanction a book or books contain- 
 
 I lag instructions for dispensing the same. 
 
 i Hie owner? of every ship navigati tig be t ween 
 
 tlie United Kingdom and any place out of 
 
 I lie same thall provide and cause to be kept 
 
 J ;a board such ship a supply of medicines and 
 
 I nedical stores in accordance with the scale 
 
 jippropriate to the said ship, and also a copv 
 
 |m tie wid book or of one of the said books 
 
 IMi-aing instructions. 
 
 iMiimt or lemon juice s'.iall be deemed fit 
 M proper to be taken on board any such 
 I skip, lor the use of the crew or passengers 
 iTO, unless the same has been obtained 
 |ltoiii a bonde." warehouse for and to be 
 I . ■ [ ; "* stores ; and no lime or lemon j nice 
 |tt>ll be so obtained or delivered from any 
 I'WIiouse ts aforesaid unless the same is 
 Ittown, by a certificate under the hand of an 
 l»litttoi appointed by the Board of Trade, to 
 i«fropct for use on board ship, such certificate 
 
 JUIUE OF LEMONS 
 
 ;9;j 
 
 to be given upon inspection of a sample after 
 deposit of tlie said lime or I'.mon juice in .ho 
 warehou:'.e; nor unless the same contains 
 fifteen per centum uf proper and palatable 
 proof spirits, to be approved by such inspector, 
 or by the proper officer of customs, and to be 
 added before or immediately after the in.spec- 
 tion thereof; nor unless the same is packed in 
 such bott'es, at such time and in such manner, 
 and is labelled in such manner as the Com- 
 missioners of Customs may direct; provided 
 that when any such lime or lemon juice is 
 deposited in anj' bonded warehouse, and has 
 been approved as aforesaid bj* the said in- 
 spector, the said spirits, or so much of the 
 said spirits as is necessary to make up fifteen 
 per centum, may be added in such warehouse, 
 without payment of any duty thereon : and 
 when any spirit has been added to any 
 lime or lemon juice, and tiic same has beeii 
 labelled as aforesaid, it shall be deposited in 
 the warehouse for delivery as ship's stores 
 only, upon such terms and subject to such 
 regulations of the Commissioners of Customs 
 as are applicable to the delivery cf ship's 
 stores from the warehouse. 
 
 4, The master or owner of ever/ such foreign- 
 going ship (except those bound to European 
 ports or to ports in the Mediterranean Sea, 
 and also except such ships or classes of ships 
 bound to ports on the eastern cocst of America 
 north of the 35th degree of north latitude, and 
 to any islands or places in the Atlantic Ot jan 
 nortli of the same' limit, as the Board of Trade 
 may from time to time exempt from this en- 
 actment) shall provide and cause to be kept 
 on hoatd such ship a sufficient quantit}' of lime 
 or lemon juice from the warehouse duly 
 labelled as aforesaid, such labels to remain 
 intact until 24 hours at loast after such ship 
 shall have left her pert of departure on her 
 foreign voyage, or a sufficient quantity of 
 such other anti-t'iorbutics, if any, of such 
 quality, and composed of such materials, and 
 ])acked and kept in such manner, as her 
 Majestjf by order in council may from time to 
 time direct. 
 
 5. The master of every such chip as last afore- 
 said shall serve or cause to be served out the 
 lime or lemon juice with sugar (such sugar to 
 be in addition to any sugar required by the 
 articles) or other such anti-scorbutics us afore- 
 said to the crew so soon as they hr.ve been 
 at sea for 10 days, and during the remainder 
 ot the voyage, except during such time as 
 they are in harbour and are there supplied 
 with fresli provisions; the lime or lemon 
 juice and sugar to be served out daily at the 
 rate of aa ounce each per day to each member 
 of the crew, and to be mixed with a due pro- 
 portion ot water before being served out, or 
 the other anti-scorbutics, if any, at such times 
 and ill such quantities as her Maj"aty by 
 order in council may from time to time 
 direct. 
 
 C. If at any time when such lime or lemon 
 juice or anti Loorbutics is or arc bo served out 
 as aforesaid anv seaman or apprentice refuses 
 or neglects to take the same, such neglect or 
 refusal shall be entered in the official log 
 book in the manner provided by sect. 281 -jt 
 the principal Act, and shall be signed by the 
 master and by the mate or some other of the 
 crew, and also by the surgeon or medical 
 practitioner on board, if any. 
 And if in any such ship as aforesaid such 
 medicines, medical stores, book of instructions, 
 
 ! !lil 
 
k .. 
 
 794 JUIOE OF LEMONS 
 
 linio or lemon jiiicp, miKar, "f nnti-scorbutics na 
 nrfliorriiibpfore rciiiiiri'd nrr not provided, packed, 
 and kept on board iih hereinbeliiro reipuri'd, iliu 
 owner or muster nbnll bo deemed to l)e in I'luilt, 
 and Kbiill for eneli deraiilt incur n penalty not 
 cxcee<liMf? 20/., unless lie can prove tliat the non- 
 compliance witli tlio above provisions, or any of 
 them, was not caused tbrounh any inalleMlion, 
 ncj^leet, or wilful default on lii3 jjarl ; and if the. 
 lime or lemon Juice and supir or other anliscor- 
 butics are not served out in the case and maiMier 
 hereitdiefore dirocted, or if entry is not made in 
 tlie oHicial loj? in the case and manner liereiiilieforc 
 rcipiired, IIk! master shall be deemed to be in 
 fault, and shall for each default incur a iienalty 
 not cxceedinj; hi., uidess he can jirove that the 
 non-compliance with the abo.u provisions, or any 
 of I hem, dill not arise throu^;h any nef^h'ii, 
 omission, or wilful default on his ])art; and if in 
 any case it is proved that sonic person other than 
 the master or owner is in default in any case 
 under this section, then such other ]ierson shall be 
 liable to a penalty not cxceediuf; 2(1/. ( 
 
 Anv person wfio manufactures, sells, or keeps i 
 or oilers for sale any such medicines or niedi<'al 
 stores as aforesaid which are of bad qualify, shall | 
 for each such clTenco incur n penalty not exceed- | 
 inp 20/. } 
 
 in any British possession out of the United i 
 Kin{;dom the governor or officer adniinisterini; the 
 government for the time beiu}; shall, subject to 
 the laws of such possession, have power to make 
 regulations concerninp; the supply within such 
 possession of limo or lemon juice and anti-scor- 
 butii's for the use of shij.s ; and any lime or lemon 
 
 KELP 
 
 juice or anti-scorbutics duly supplicl in .vmri 
 ance with any such refjulations. shall be Zj 
 t" l>e lit an,l proper for the „s,. of slZ''''™< 
 
 Whenever it is shown ||,at am' lnmi„ 
 apprenlie.. who in ill has. through tV'nHm , 
 the mater or owner, not l„.on pr„vi,|,:,| i 
 proper lo.:d and wat.T a.rordiiiK t„|,i,vw J? 
 or with such accommodation, niedin,,,.: ',3 
 stores, or anli-scorhutics as are, rodiiiml ,v 1 
 prmcipa Act or by this AcLtJien, mikssiilf 
 shown that the illness has been produwl In oh 
 causes, tln^ owner or master i-hall l,n li.,|,|(.'. 
 all expenses properly and necessarily inn,r'r,-.i't 
 reason ol such illness (not cxcee.linffli, ,h,, J 
 .! .ncnlhs waives) either by s„di soaman l™J 
 or hy her Majesty s (iovernment, or anv.^ifoJ 
 her Majestv s (Jovernnient.or by anv pardij 
 other local authority on liis hp|,air .,„,! J 
 expenses may he recovered in the samowa,- 
 Ihey were wafjes duly earned: provided ll'iat't 
 enactment shall not operate so as id M\n[k 
 further liability of anv such owner ernrj-irl 
 such nciilect, or any remedy which anv «ca 
 already possesses. 
 
 Where a seaman is by reason of iilnt« I 
 capable of iierforming his dutv, and it U „J 
 that such illness has been ea'uscd liv m' 
 wilful act or default, he shall not be cnlii 
 to wages for the time durins whidi lie iil 
 reason of such illness incapable of pcrfomiiii/ 
 duty. " 
 
 _ In 18C7, 242,093 Kallons of juice of lem, 
 limes, and oranges were imported into the Uij 
 Kingdom. 
 
 JUNII'KU BKRIilES. [Bkrimhs.] 
 
 K 
 
 i ■ ! ■ 
 
 t 
 
 • « 
 
 ■ 1 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 I- 
 
 i « 
 
 KAURI GUM. [duM.] 
 
 KELP. A substance composed of difFcrcnt 
 materials, of which the fossil or mineral alkali 
 or, as it is commonly termed, soda, is the chief. 
 This ingredient renders it useful in the composition 
 of soap, in the manufacture of alum, nm\ in the 
 formation of crown and bottle glass. It is formed 
 of marine plants, whicli, being cut from the rocks 
 with a hook, arc collected and dried on ttie beach 
 to a certain extent; they arc afterwards put into 
 kilns prepared for the purpose, the heat of which 
 is sutHcient to bring the plants into a state of 
 semi-fusion. They are then strongly stirred with 
 iron rakes; and when cool, condense into a dark 
 blue or whitish mass, very hard and solid. Plants 
 about 3 years old yield the largest quantity of 
 kelp. Tiie best kelp has an .icrid, caustic taste, a 
 sulphuious odour, is compact, and of a dark blue 
 greenish colour. It yields about 5 per cent, of its 
 weight of soda. (Harry's Orkney Islands, p. 377 ; 
 Thomson's Dispensatory.) 
 
 The m.inufacturc of kelp is, or rather was, princi- 
 pally carried on in the Western Islands, and on 
 the western shore;', of Scotland, where it was intro- 
 duced from Ireland, about the middle of last 
 century. Towards the end of the war which 
 closeil'in 1815, the kelp shores of the island of 
 North Uist let for 7,000/. a-year. It has been 
 calculated that the quantity of kelp annually 
 manufactured in the Hebrides only, exclusive of 
 the mainland, and of the Orkney and Shetland 
 Isles, amounted, at the period referred to, to about 
 6,000 tons a-year; and tl'i the total quantity 
 mada in Scotland and its aujacent isles amounted 
 to about 20,000 tons. At some periods during- 
 
 that war it sold for 20/. per ton. (Art. • Scollj 
 Edinburgh Knci/rlopcrdia.) 1 
 
 The foundations on wliich this mamifaj 
 rested were, nevertheless, altogether factitiouj 
 existence depended on the maintenance oi 
 high duties on barilla and salt, iMsniuoh,! 
 ever, as kelp could not be substituted, rilj 
 undergoing a '-cry expensive proccs,«, for b 
 in a great many departments of industn'in:^ 
 the use of iniucral alkali is indispcn.=able, iliu 
 necessary materially to reduce the liiyiimrJ 
 laid on barilla. The ruin of the kolp iiuimfif 
 has been ascribed to this reduction; but thf 
 barilla had been altogether excluded frcul 
 markets, which could not have been Jmef 
 out great injury to many most importaiitii 
 facturcs, the result would have been fM, 
 the same, in Svi far as kelp is coiiceriioJ, J 
 the high duty on salt Iiad also been raaintij 
 It was the repeal of the latter that gaveth( 
 manufacture the cow/) d- price. Tliepnnw 
 of kelp, so as to render it "fit tor soip-mati^ 
 much more troublesome and expensive " 
 than the docompositiou of salt; and iteg 
 quantity of alkali used is now obtained I 
 latter method. Had the duty on salt m 
 repealed, kelp might still have been niaauCjT 
 notwithstanding the reduction of duivoan' 
 
 The manufacture is now almost extinct. 
 that formerly yielded the propriet;« J ' 
 200/. to 500/. a-year, are noiv worth na 
 nothing. Tiic price of kelp since IS:- "J 
 been, at an average, above 4/. per tor. ar 
 article will, meat probably, soon cea.<e i 
 produced. 
 
 >i 
 
KKNTLKUGE 
 
 u,,,(sull, tboiifili injurious to the proprietors 
 ,1 .' .|,|,„.^ and |ir<Mliicl ive iif temporary distrcsn 
 
 urii ialnmriTS ,tnployt;<l in ihv. nmnulacturf, is 
 1 be ff'Tclti'd. It. coulil not luivc beoii 
 
 "'i,"',! Willi""' l^«^''l'i"K "I' ''"' •"■''■'' "•' """"" <'•" 
 
 KINO 
 
 796 
 
 ,.liv 
 
 111' lil'o at a l(iroc!(l 
 
 ,,,l«nnali.rnl flovatioii. 1 lie propricK.rM had not 
 ihevfjiiw "I' " grcmiiil lor fonsiiliTinf,' tliat mii'li 
 i'jv I'l 'lii"^-"* ^^'""l'' ''" permanent; they 
 i,l'ri''hi in rriilitiiiK '>y '' ''^■•''•'' '* lasted; but 
 L ivuld nut ex|ie.t, that (Jovernincnt. was to 
 aWtlliciouiitrv, <tiiriiiK P«!»i'<', to some of the 
 yiirtpriviiliciiia (iciasioned by tlio war, nicridy 
 ikji rtijl niiglit coiilimu! to enjoy an accidental 
 
 ijniiljpo. 
 RtVlLEWil'). The name somotnnca pivon 
 
 10 ilic iroii piK"* '^'^^^ '" " I'»''t'';>'l'"" •"'"■'" <"<"■ 
 Oi-iin" fliips. aiiJ emtiloyed for that pur|iose. 
 RH!.M1-S (tier. scliailaclibceren ; Uulcii, fjrein 
 Kkiiiira'besscn; Itai. grana, ehennes, creinese, 
 «<rfr Siian.Kraiia kermes, Krana de la coseoja). 
 ^ml (Coccus ilicii, \ nil.), of !lie Haniespecies 
 )i tlf tmc Mcxiain cochineal, foi-nd upon the 
 (kKui/ii.a 8i)ccios ..f oak Rrowint; in Spain, 
 {met. tlic Levant &c. Before the discovery of 
 AuifM,kcnnc3 was the most cstecmeii tlnijx for 
 iiv(k<carl(t,.TOl had been used for that jiurposo 
 .taaveK rcinute period, lleckmann inclines to 
 liiil lliat it was employed by the I'liirnicians, 
 lul Out it excelled even the famous Tyrian 
 Imlt. \llislorij of Invtiitionn, vol. ii. p. 197, En^'. 
 |td,| iiiiiiithe name of coccum or coccus, chitli 
 livedwlikcnnes was called coccinum, and jier- 
 liMjieiriiii; this cloth were said by the Komans 
 ItobemMli. (il/ar(. lib. i. epiR. 97, lin. G.) It 
 lii!i;,Tiljr, liowcver, notwithstandiuf; its c.xtcn- 
 Ifire 11* in antiquity, that the aneienta had the 
 |ii«tiii«'trcctnotioi;3 with reepcct to the nature 
 l(4litnii(^; many of them supposing that it was 
 lliejniiu (jranu) or fruit of the ilex. This was 
 Ipiiiyicpiiiion: others, after hiin, considered it in 
 |tk(kiiielislit, or as an cxcrjscencc formed by 
 ii[«tiirc of a particular kind of fiy, like the 
 ^'.-.1, It was not till the carl.v part of last 
 tttay'ilat it was liu.dly and satisfactorily es- 
 *i»lthat the kerraes is really nothing but 
 ■iaifl ajsuraing the appearance of a berry in 
 « f(Jt«ss uf drying. The term kcrmes is of 
 Bsochgin. The Arabians had been acquainted 
 MtiL'pMluction from the earliest periods in 
 mi: mi having found it in Spain, they culti- 
 «li! extensively as an article of commerce, as 
 1 Ii 1 dye drug fur their own use. J5ut since 
 I introiuction of cochineal, it has become an 
 ||«c;' comparatively trilling importance. It is 
 ' kiitvcr, prepared in some parts of Spain. 
 S'iytd with kcrmes are of a deep red colour ; 
 iikiiiijh Dwell inferior in brilliancy to the 
 ""•fttlihs dyed with real Jlexicaii cochineal, 
 Jituin the C(jlour better, and are less liable to 
 the old tapestries of L!russels, and other 
 *s in Flanders, which have scarcely lost nny- 
 Bit 01 their original vivacity, though 200 yca'rs 
 «• »«re all dyed wi;h kcrmes. The history 
 ffc production lias been treated with great 
 piDg by lieckmann (Uktun/ of Inventions, 
 pLLiip. i;i-l'ji, 1st ed. trans.); and bv 
 ■t SiKroft (Permanent Colours, vol. i. pp. 393 
 
 [ffl'-V\ i;ST. A small island from 4 to 5 miles 
 raah, by 1 in width ; &G miles S.VV. from 
 «!:iwein Florida. It \i one of the Florida 
 
 /?" f''*' '^'™^tve circular range of low 
 
 ■^irMiikSiand reefs, which fences the coast of 
 ™«s. and forms the northern boundary of the 
 " Kam, from the Tortuga? Islands on the 
 
 '■^m to Cape I'lorida on the N, There; are 
 
 two lighthonses, one on the N.W. passngo, 
 another on the S.W, point of the island. About 
 7) miles S.W. from Key-West IJghtliouse is 
 aiiiither, which gives n Hush for 10 seconds every 
 alleriiati; niinut<'. The town of Key-West, near 
 the N.W. part of tin: islaiul, has about 1,000 in- 
 habitants, nnd an excellent harbour, witli about 
 '25 feet water. A sale passage, about miles in 
 length, leads by Key-West from the Gulf Stream 
 to the (Julf of Mexico. It has VI feet water nt ebb 
 title, anil vessels from tlu; >■'. b(.un(l for New 
 Orleans, Mobile Ac, or from the latter for the 
 former, by passing through it, avoid the delay and 
 danger of the more westerly passage round the 
 Tortugas. 
 
 Owing to the frequent accidents to shipping 
 from coming in contact ■»vilh the banks and reefs 
 in this dangerous vicinity, the American (iovern- 
 nieiit has organised an establishment nt Key-West 
 for the assislaneo of ships in distress, and ma<le it 
 the seat of an admiralty court for the adjudication 
 of claims for salvage. The former consists of 
 above '„'0 licensed vesse'.-i, with crews of about 10 
 men each. These are kept constantly cruising 
 about on the look-out for sbi]is in distress or 
 wanli.ig pilots; and ns their emolument princi- 
 pally depends on the fees they obtain for their 
 assistance, it may be fairly assumc'l that it will 
 be rendered with the greatest alacrity. But tlii" 
 desirable thing is to binder vessels from getting 
 ou shore, the assisting them when in that predica- 
 ment being, though an important, a Bccomlary 
 consideration. The latter, however, and not the 
 former, is the main object which the licensed 
 ;;ruisers of Key- West have in view ; and it would 
 be preferable could means be devis(!d for making 
 their remuneration depend rather on their success- 
 in preventing disasters than, us at present, in 
 mitigating their inlluencc. This is by no means 
 easily done. Shipwrecks will, perhaps, be more 
 cH'ectually prevented by increasing the number 
 of lighthouses, light-vessels, and sea-marks, along 
 the edges of the islands an 1 reefs, than in any 
 other way. Wo subjoin an account of the ships 
 wrecked, the sums awarded as salvages by the 
 .'ourt of Key-West &c., in each of the 14 j'ears 
 ending with 1857. 
 
 Vi.ir 
 
 Niimlitr 
 of . Veiisels 
 
 Salvage 
 
 Exjicnses 
 
 Value of 1 
 VtsBcls and 
 Cfirf^OL'ii 
 
 
 
 ilols. 
 
 llnls. 
 
 tlols. 
 
 IRII 
 
 m 
 
 9.1 ,7 r2 
 
 I li'.l.llfi.'i 
 
 vit>f\m 
 
 ISI.'. 
 
 M) 
 
 (:'^,h•^•i 
 
 Itl.'j.il/'J 
 
 737,11011 
 
 ISlll 
 
 .'.Ii 
 
 vn.Wi 
 
 a-|l,ID.1 
 
 l,,'i'J7,'l(IU 
 
 1KI7 
 
 37 
 
 lll9,lli><l 
 
 •mi,i\m 
 
 l,f,Vl,OllO 
 
 ISIS 
 
 VI 
 
 r^.'),siKi 
 
 20 ;,.'.oo 
 
 l,'i»l!,UIIII 
 
 )SI9 
 
 -17 
 
 i27,>i;ii 
 
 iilU.M.O 
 
 i,.iii.'.,nijii 
 
 IS.'.U 
 
 ."II 
 
 |y'.i,s.ii 
 
 unii.soil 
 
 9.19,81111 
 
 IK-il 
 
 51 
 
 ;.'..s.'.'^ 
 
 U\:i,li*,r, 
 
 9 II, .'.lit; 
 
 IS.V^ 
 
 !(". 
 
 RO.Il'.! 
 
 lli.l.llllO 
 
 C7.'i,(llll) 
 
 1 S 1.1 
 
 .'.7 
 
 17I,:1'jO 
 
 ii.il, II III 
 
 i,!i:3,iiiHi 
 
 IS'jl 
 
 III 
 
 So.mii 
 
 ii;ii,.ii.,'> 
 
 »,314,0.'lll 
 
 IS.').') 
 
 SO 
 
 lOli.l'.i.^ 
 
 1S9,8IK) 
 
 S,K14,I177 
 
 l.S.',6 
 
 71 
 
 ii;.-,ii7 
 
 •li:-t,i.n 
 
 4,797,111)0 
 
 1S57 
 
 .'jU 
 l,.'i".') 
 
 lOI.S'lll 
 
 i„'i..ii,i.').i 
 
 ITii.'JVI 
 li,fiS.-,'.J'.l5 
 
 !i,6^.^,l,SII 
 
 Total - 
 
 •.ii,.-,.v.i,ii'.-; 1 
 
 (Hluiit's ^jncncnn '^ilot, p. 25; Hunt's Commer- 
 cial Magazine for February 1858; &c.) 
 
 KINO (Fr. gomiiie de kino ; Span, (piino; (ier. 
 kinohar/, : Ital. chino). A gum, the produce of 
 trees that grow in the East and West Indies, 
 Africa, Botany Bay itc. The researches of Dr. 
 Percira and others have shown that kino is a 
 vegetable extract or gum, obtained by boiling 
 twigs of a tree {Picrocnrpus marsupium) which 
 grows in i.hc East and West Indies, Africa, South 
 America, and Australia. The nut is tliat ex- 
 ported from Bombay. The substance is found 
 in small angular brittle fragments of a deep 
 scarlet red colour,. and of a glistening appear- 
 ance. Whin chewed, it tinges the saliva blood- 
 
 
 I'U 
 
796 
 
 KIU KIANG 
 
 - : ! 
 
 % 
 
 < '' \ 
 
 •1 I 
 
 ♦• t 
 
 red. It has a bitter, highly astringent taste, 
 but leaves a slight sense of sweetness in the 
 mouth. Kino contains a largo quantity of a 
 peculiar kind of tannin, 75 per cent, accoriling to 
 sonic chemists, but is cliicdy used in medicine. 
 (Percira's Materia Medica ; Wood and Uachc's 
 United States Dispensatitry ; British Pharma- 
 copeia 1867.) 
 
 KIU KIANG. Thia river-port is situated at 
 the outlet of the groat Vo Yang Lake, which 
 occupies a vast area in the centre of the pro- 
 vince of Kiang-si. It is distant 445 geogra- 
 phical miles irom Shanghai, and 137 from 
 Hankow. The object which the British ministers 
 had in claiming this as one of the open ports in 
 the treaty of 1861 seems to have been its proxi- 
 mity to the green tea districts of Kiang-si and 
 Ngan-bwei. This important city was almost 
 destroyed by the Taeping rebels, who occupied it 
 from 1853 to 1858. VVhcn. however, this rebellion 
 came to an end, the population rose anew from 
 10,000 to 40,000 souls in 1862. In 1866 there 
 ■wore at Kiu Kiang 8 Britisa mercantile houses 
 or agencies, and 3 United States iirras. There 
 is a British consul on the spot. 
 
 Tlie following arc tlie exports of tea for the 
 rears 1803-6:— 
 
 
 IR65 
 
 I8r,« 
 
 1865 
 
 nsn 
 
 
 111. 
 
 Ihj. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Ihs. 
 
 Illnck 
 
 - P,81K,uO» 
 
 JO,-294,."i,')5 
 
 R,%1,.'>SS 
 
 I2,47fi,40O 
 
 <ireen 
 
 - lb,Til,l\r, 
 
 7,(i09,(IOi 
 
 lil,l4l>,7»l) 
 
 lO/.4'l,B(i8 
 
 U^. 
 
 sia,-i3s 
 
 3y^,HH 
 
 ii-i.-Hi 
 
 13I,5J3 
 
 This return for 1860 is exclusive of tea dust, 
 823,333 lbs. of which were exported in 1866. 
 
 Trade of Kiu Kiang, 1 804-1866. 
 
 Expwtft (ox. treasure) 
 Imporu (ex. lrt;asure) 
 
 isni 
 
 iEI,:i.-.-i.n',.l 
 l,Oli,'Jl» 
 
 186^ 1R66 
 
 £i,1'l\An £2,0(i9,Cn6 
 
 1,161,633 1,301,U;U 
 
 479 vessels (almost exclusively British and 
 American) of 357,875 tons entered, and 477 of 
 357,016 tons cleared the port in 1866. The chief 
 imports are textile fabrics and opium. 
 
 KNIVES (Ger. messer ; Dutch, messen ; Fr. 
 couteaux ; Ital. coltelli ; Span, cuchillos ; Russ. 
 noshi). Well-known utensils made of ironand steel, 
 and employed to cut with ; they are principally 
 manufactured in London and Sheffield. Knives 
 are made for a variety of purposes, as their differ- 
 ent denominations imply; such as table knives, 
 pen knives, oj'ster knives, pruning knives &c. 
 Although England at present excels every part 
 of the world in the manufacture of knives, as in 
 most branches of cutlery, tlic finer kinds were 
 imported until the reign of Elizabeth. It is stated 
 by Mr. Macpherson {Annah of Com., anno 1563) 
 that knives were not made for use in England till 
 1563; but there Can be no doubt that this is an 
 error. They had been made, though probably 
 of a rude and clumsy pattern, for centuries be- 
 fore, in the district called Ilr.l' ishire, of which 
 ShcfHeld is the centre; and the cutlers of Lon- 
 don were formed into a corporation in 1417. 
 (Manufactures in Metal, vol. ii. c. i., in Lardner's 
 Cyclopaedia^ 
 
 KONIGSBERG. The capital of East Prussia, 
 in lat. 54° 42' 11" N„ long. 20° 29' 15" E. Popu- 
 lation, in 1864, 101,507. 
 
 Port frc— Kiinigsberg is situated on the Pregel, 
 which flows into the Frische llaff, or Fresh Bay, 
 a large lake having from 10 to 14 feet water. 
 Tlie bar at the mouth of the Pregel has only from 
 10 to 11 feet water, so that vessels of more than 
 that draught of water require to be lightered to 
 come up to Kiinigsberg. Pillau, in lat. 64° 33' 39" 
 N., long. 19° 52' 30" E., on the north side of the 
 entrance from the Baltic to the Frische Uaff, is 
 
 KONIGSBERG 
 properly the port of the town, and sincp ISfifi h». 
 been connected with it by raiUvuv. Wi'tliin \hZ 
 few years a lighthouse has boon erected on n \\Zl 
 ground a little to the south of Pillau le Ian "^ 
 of which is elevated 95 feet above '.h^Sr | 
 the sea. 'I ho light is (ixed and brilliant. T|. ' 
 entrance to the harbour is marked bv buo- ■ 
 those on the larboard side beinn sunnonn ,1 
 bv small flags. A Gothic buildin. 1 '0 1 
 above the level of the sea, ha, teen ere o 
 to serve for a landmark ; at a distance it l,«,k 
 like a three-masted ship under sail Th„o 
 is usually from 15 to 16 feet water' betwJn 
 the buovs on entering the harbour; but parti 
 cular winds occasion material din'ercnccs in thi, 
 respect. " 
 
 Trade of Konig^herg.—M^mfr situated on i 
 navigable river of considerable importance 
 Konigsberg has a large command of intcrnai 
 navigation, and is the principal emporium of « 
 large extent of country, but her importance wiU 
 be much increased by the completion of the fast 
 Prussian Southern Kailwav. Wheat, rve and 
 other species of grain are "the chief articics of 
 export. The wheat is somewhat similar to that] 
 of Dantzic, but of inferior qualitv, being larpcr ii 
 the berry, and thicker skinned." The rve is oi 
 good quality, but bariey, with few exceptions, 
 thin and light. A few remarkably larse an 
 fine peas are exported; but the bulk' are ofsm 
 size and inferior. Oats are common feed, wiih 
 slight admixture of tares ; but as these last amm 
 in some degice the purpose of beans, the value i 
 the oats is rather enhanced than otherwise bi 
 the circumstance. More tares are shipped hei 
 than from any other port in the lialtic. Thi 
 price of all sorts of grain is usually low ai 
 Konigsberg than at the neighbouring prussiai 
 ports. Linseed and rapeseed, hemp, lias, lincni 
 oil-cake, oil, bristles, refined sugar & care large! 
 exported; with smaller quantities of bones, m' 
 ashes, feathers, wax, hides and skins Ac !" 
 bristles are the best in the Baltic. Timber. ile„ 
 and staves are as good as at Memcl, but belli 
 scarce, few or none are exported. The impor 
 are sugar, tea, herrings, iron and steel, ooffe 
 wines, tin and tin plates, dye woods, tobacc 
 spices, drugs, coals &c. The Govemraent men 
 poly of salt has been abolislicd, and it 
 for" the future, says Mr. Consul Hcrtslel 
 subject to an import duty of 2 thnlers or 
 per cwt. In 1866 there arrived at Pillau 13 
 vessels of 154,036 tons, of which one-thinlwi 
 British. 
 
 Money, Weights, and treasures, same l' 
 Dantzic. 
 
 The following dues arc charged on shippinj 
 Konigsberg and Pillau. 
 
 At Pillau. 
 If with cargo : 
 On arrival, 4 silvergrosehen per last. 
 On departure, 4 silvergroschea per list, 
 If in ballast or empty : 
 On arrival, 2 silvergrosehen per last. 
 On departure, 2 silvergrosehen per last. 
 Ships had formerly to pay, respcctivelr. 
 and 7J silvergrosehen per last, before ,|uM 1« 
 and subsequently, and up to May H, 18C7,fiaaii| 
 
 At Kiinigsberg. 
 Kiver Pregel's Mouth.— Money for vesri 
 coming to Kiinigsberg, in and out— . 
 
 If with cargo, 3 silvergrosehen 6 pfcnni 
 per last, . ' 
 
 If in ballast, 1 silvergrosehen 9 pfcnfije I 
 last, 
 
JRG 
 
 ; nnd since 18Cfi ha., 
 Iway. Within those 
 onorcctcilonarisini; 
 if I'lllau, tlie lantern 
 t nl)nvc the lovd of ' 
 and lirilliant. The 
 marked bv buoys; j 
 
 ■ bmldinf;, ]'.)0 fm 
 n, has Ijficn erected 
 t a distance it hxjks 
 under sail. There 
 feet water between | 
 harbour; but parti- 1 
 al dilTercnccs in {hk I 
 
 Icinft situated on a) 
 lerable importancp.L 
 immand of inlernail 
 3ipal emporium of t| 
 her importance wiul 
 nipletion of the Ea-Hl 
 '• Wheat, rve, andl 
 the chief articles ofj 
 what similar to that! 
 lality, being larger iif 
 ned. The rj-e is ofl 
 th few exceptions,- 
 markably large an^ 
 :he bulk are ofsmal 
 comtnon feed, will. 
 it aa these last answea 
 3f beans, the value i 
 than otherwise if 
 irc3 are shipped herL 
 in the lialtic. ThJ 
 is usually Joirer aj 
 jighhourin'g Pnissiaa 
 ;d, hemp, tiax,linensj 
 sugar &c. arc largeljj 
 itities of bom?, niai^ 
 and skins k. 
 altie. Timber, H 
 It Mcmel, but beiij 
 ported. The import 
 'on and steel, cofetj 
 dye woods, tobs« 
 e Government mow 
 olisbed, and it ' 
 Consul Hcrtslet, 
 
 ■ of 2 thalers or ( 
 rived at Pillau l.oJJ 
 which one-third »e« 
 
 'Measures, same a.' i 
 
 arged on shippin 
 
 u, 
 
 ihen per last, 
 •oschen per Ust, 
 
 ;hen per last, 
 •oschen per last, 
 lay, respectively, 
 st, before June 1* 
 Muyl5,18C7,8ffliij 
 
 berg. 
 -Money for niie 
 id out— 
 6 
 
 ''■"•T u.,in,„r 
 
 ischen 9 pfenpige 
 
 •I-IHJVHM.IH 
 
 t 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 I. 
 
i ; 
 
 ptani i! 
 
 ^t 
 
 jfiBniiu, 
 "''f"'« Bnuj, 
 
ipiMi the former (I lies of, respect i vol V -, <,ii " ''^' 
 
 f,,.kn pfomigo, and 2 Mlvorgroscht,.''' n 
 ffennife per lust. b' "scuta y 
 
 ThcKcinifisterfr town dues, such as strrnm „ i 
 b*,rk money, Kiver I'rejjel Mouth .'nn'^^ Zi 
 bnJi,'? monev, arc reduced to half of >),„;•' " 
 nidfom May Jo, 18tJ7, and "' ,,,'"'",'" 
 (V. April- 18«7) holds out h2 ]T^',\ 
 M,\m will be abolished, and th-^^L i . "" 
 towillU.a,si,niJatod (o those f ila ovo/*""'"! 
 
 It ihe X.W. extremity of the coast of s- /"','"'' 
 
 .»[.«ance iron. Its bein^ the only ""^00 
 oniiecoastof SiiKle, and from its ar)nnt„.- ^ "l 
 leneistheKrand W. emporium of tlSi"'?" ■" 
 «yravcrse,lbythe In'dus. In tl rre;! ""t ' 
 kiJi fair eiilirely lo supersede 'J'atfL r^uP, k 
 tecr,beJ. It i, situated about 22 miles Ffr"" 
 Cpe Jonze, on a level piece ^f ~d 'f T 
 \mmy,;f ,l,e Urahooic mounta s 't 
 
 F"^^Sr;^.S"7h?f"''' 
 
 Lu.(„,s with respe "t to the dStt o?^' /' '^^ 
 Itle lar, >.ill tlicre rin be n,? ""^P"' "^ ^atcr on 
 lw«.;bs bo La V entere<i'r/h" "'?l '*■« 
 |:it»H>« tons burdeVo "umvards P'n.'^-r^ 
 ■•cceisib tat all times of tho ,-„„.' ""'' ^'' 's 
 |»« of the mo sins H'f „J,<"'^' «^en during the 
 
 lani«apil..e.tabl. luX'and^he f"')"^^ "'" 
 fonm or Bore vcars of /wn ^f employment 
 
 1^. 'if ^rt woul i be ' ir^.?" "^ '■'=""'^« ^'O 
 
 ter^'^-^^visi&SeS 
 
 f *s, tie poJBt at , -hi, h ,V' ^'r"*""^ °° the 
 h'^Hor large shi™ ami tJ''\'\ ^^'°'«'' 
 t«>!Pi.a fur about' 570 r^Z.^u"^ '' """y 
 F""^ "e purpose iw-'^^ •'y steamers 
 hp^^'pect of Cached I ! ''' .<^°°««q"ently, 
 h'r^rtaiit of the Ste™'!!^"*^""*' ""^ '^« 
 fW te tMlas to dwell on th? f,'?P°"'"ns. It 
 ['"'-thesreat natural riil^ '"?'l' I'oundless 
 r*<''fitnprovZ, tTf ,t' """^ 'J^e immense 
 
 l»'"H>akins th™e rilV ""' '^ may fairly 
 
 *'■'• "iietber L .• ?'"="n'stances into ac tk 1 __.z-:2:;ii, "fjiy 
 
 ,^';«EsS!i,£S,^'-MhcempoWun;!^ 
 
 s?h-iTS"f«-''St- 
 ^^^^^ts^rv"^^;-'"-i 
 
 «" expedient .Sure' "Tn h"'*' """»""" 
 
 lio railway, by brint' n^ V ""^ '"<^^a" limo 
 
 tact, as it•;er^,,wra,,^''"''?'>ee i,uo c.m- 
 
 ^yterof the Iml„'i,„^ ''"?'''''' and the dee.. 
 
 he latter. The teln Jm . ""'^<' '^ the port of 
 
 ^"'Jia Imyo been carSl'n u.?r '■^"' ^'«" " 
 Kiirrachee. " '" "'e hrst instance to 
 
 wheLt aiid V,'i,e/K' *=''"'''.«^ed principally of 
 stores, ra,v silk^rS y'";.C''''T' «"<' ""'"a"^ 
 saltpetre and wool f whl I. ?' *"' ""'' "*' seeds 
 ?nd is BOW by far th'"-'' '"|s.'apid!y increased 
 
 I'n/iigo, munjeet or mar;r "^r''""' "^"Si 
 when the navigation n^ I'r ''"'fc''' *''• liut 
 
 ««tvely, Kashm ro M^wf ^"1^ > carried on 
 
 ^—^<:<:"nnt nf the Values dr. n 
 port, into aud Exvorl J liupecs) of the In- 
 
 f^he 10 y<^nrf'eTC;&'lstTTT -"' 
 ^fJCusloim Duties collected. ' '' ^»««">< 
 
 
 I.09,78/,7S 
 
 )t57,n,17 
 
 I,.W8 
 
 31,142 
 
 «.8«,>71 
 
 6.1)3,111 
 
 Hi,U9 
 
 1,475 
 
 l.50,34,342 
 
 M25 
 
 3,37,119 
 
 J.709 
 
 f'';56,3«l 
 
 5,39,182 
 
 32,148 
 
 8,10,071 
 
 4.61,62.-, 
 
 60,907 
 
 !i..'>9ll 
 
 1.93,»| 
 
 I - - f. 
 
 f .. 
 
 iiii 
 
 
 "ii 
 
 III 
 
* • \ 
 
 I; 
 J 
 
 
 s 
 
 ' V 
 
 708 
 
 KUURACJIKR 
 
 HI. — Tiihle f'iim-inij the Aggreijute Value of the Y. — Talili: nhnwing the Aijgreijute Vi I 
 
 I'rincifMl Articles of Exiiiirt from Situie by Sca\ I'riiici/ml Artielen of Imimrts in/, "w'w "" 
 in l«0t)-()7 co/n/Kjrti/ «'!</» l«ii&-OC. | Sra in ^*^^-*JT compared with timiUir I '" 
 
 in 180t)-()7 comfMired wit 
 
 A ltlU6-U(J. 
 
 
 Anlcln 
 
 IHfiS-e 
 
 18667 
 
 IncreaM 
 Id. 
 
 llcrrtaM 
 Ha. 
 
 
 lU. 
 
 lU. 
 
 App'-irel - 
 
 ltll,87K 
 
 18/1411 
 
 .. 
 
 2,.T18 1 
 
 llimlia ami ilallonen 
 
 t,a.'.'. 
 
 7,tilM) 
 
 
 60', 
 
 Noim 
 
 !(I.M9 
 
 lv.v.^^ 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 2,(101 
 
 ('nt)iilvlwAr9 
 
 1.1.1 III 
 
 ijiiii 
 
 ,. 
 
 I2.4-.0 
 
 Cottun uwhU 
 
 U'lKll 
 
 .1.711,1111 
 
 .1,V.V17I 
 
 ,, 
 
 47,0.13 
 
 •jh,:i'},uu 
 
 6I),"'J.'J6.1 
 
 ,, 
 
 'JT.I'i.tltl 
 
 lMift% and iiiCillcintfA 
 
 a.'il.'?! 
 
 V.'i»,fi.11 
 
 .. 
 
 2!.'07 
 
 live. 
 
 11,17,160 
 
 lli,il,Uli 
 
 .. 
 
 l,62,2l,'> 
 
 t'Ux and tn-inuruc - 
 
 
 
 
 
 tiire« f>f • 
 
 
 20 .I'll!) 
 
 vii.ono 
 
 
 Fruif. and vfj^claljIcK 
 
 2,Vl.S3i) 
 
 1,6!),3VJ 
 
 
 7f.',178 
 
 Fuel— tiruwood 
 
 .. 
 
 H.IT'J 
 
 h',I7!) 
 
 .. 
 
 <tr.iin 
 
 ai.ti.?.-.') 
 
 47,H2,7.17 
 
 14,90,00? 
 
 • • 
 
 <ium 
 
 17,6.1.1 
 
 •J,M-i 
 
 , , 
 
 8.:i3i 
 
 llur^et and anlmdln ' 
 
 4,61. '.I'i 
 
 'J,-il-..':MI 
 
 .. 
 
 2,3.'i,012 
 
 llhin 
 
 ,')ii,;6i 
 
 ;fi,U!l1 
 
 '.iO,'.i3I 
 
 
 Ivory 
 
 l,H(l.'. 
 
 11,87.'. 
 
 i,o;o 
 
 
 .lewvllny - 
 
 IJ.DOi) 
 
 74 
 
 .. 
 
 rr,994 
 
 Julo and manufic- 
 
 
 
 
 
 turn of • 
 
 11,1166 
 
 3.797 
 
 ,. 
 
 10,269 
 
 I,«c 
 
 l.','l 
 
 l.l'il 
 
 991 
 
 . . 
 
 OiU 
 
 l.oi.j'j; 
 
 6,17,'.'6I) 
 
 ,'), 12,963 
 
 ,, 
 
 t'ruvi^loni and Oil- 
 
 
 
 
 
 man'-, store* 
 
 19.').'..716 
 
 ll.OI.A'-,! 
 
 .. 
 
 8,02, 1.V! 
 
 Saltpetre - 
 
 Seids 
 
 !i;,.'.iN 
 
 .'.I.l'lll 
 
 .. 
 
 43,3.'..S 
 
 I.%S1I,SI7 
 
 31,8J,.13J 
 
 I.'i,9'.;,i22 
 
 
 MIk and manufac- 
 
 
 
 
 
 tures of - 
 
 3,7.^,'JM 
 
 7,OS,8CIJ 
 
 3J2,9I6 
 
 ,, 
 
 SuK.tr and ottior lac- 
 diarine mattera - 
 
 
 
 
 
 .1,'J'J,I6'^ 
 
 3,n.',747 
 
 
 96,115 
 
 Tallow 
 
 I.T^ 
 
 7,ln3 
 
 7'271 
 
 
 T.a 
 
 .1,0t6 
 
 l'.i,'l.',7 
 
 9,911 
 
 ., 
 
 'roliarco - 
 
 31. .1,11) 
 
 7,348 
 
 ,. 
 
 2-, 182 
 
 Wood and manufa*- 
 
 
 
 
 
 turca of • 
 
 7,6;i) 
 
 •13,701 
 41,.1ll,H.K)' 
 
 36,031 
 
 
 Wool 
 
 GlilH.SIII 
 
 
 22,K7',971 
 
 Sundries - 
 
 U.II,.Sl>l 
 
 9.ll!),'l'i6 
 
 4.^;.', 
 
 Total mcrchandiso 
 
 •i,;7,'J6,6ll 
 
 W,i2,'^8,lii).'j 40,40,100 
 
 66,08,66'! 
 
 Treasure - 
 
 I,11,.Ti'.i 
 
 61,798 
 
 69,.')24 
 
 Total rupees 
 
 2,7'J,'<7,'J36 
 
 v,.'jV,S9,8i)3 4U.40,1.',0 
 
 6I,,7S,I'I1 
 
 Uiiluct increase - 
 Net dec-reaie 
 
 *• 
 
 
 40,40,150 
 26,38,013 
 
 1 •■ 
 
 tn 18l!&-<>({. 
 
 IV. — Sfatsmcnt of Ships and Tonnage Entered 
 and Cleared from Ports in Sinde in 1 806-07. 
 
 \ I 
 
 SouAM-Rioain Vbsmu and 
 
 STBAMltKS. 
 
 Under Brilish colours 
 
 French „ 
 
 American „ 
 
 Hussian „ 
 
 Portuguese „ 
 British Steamers - 
 
 Total 
 
 Natitb CBArr. 
 Under British colours 
 
 Portuguese „ 
 
 Dutch „ 
 
 Arab „ 
 
 Mekran ,, 
 
 Total 
 
 Grand total 
 
 Entered 
 
 Cle 
 
 ired 
 
 Vessels 
 
 71 
 7 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 89 
 
 120 
 
 Tonnaf;e 
 
 V'NSets 
 
 69 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 .17 
 113 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 .',6,070 
 
 3,1'.I2 
 
 1,163 
 
 761 
 
 271 
 
 _I5,018 
 
 76,80S 
 
 t3,72S 
 
 1,M74 
 
 2,2 S 
 
 761 
 
 1 i,8.',2 
 
 612 
 
 7 
 
 9.'.6 
 
 31,819 
 
 'fill 
 
 49,0.'i7 
 
 4,017 
 
 l.'>5 
 
 SS,26S 
 
 1,62,076 
 
 G14 
 
 6 
 
 909 
 
 61 
 
 8 
 
 1,.^88 
 
 1,701 
 
 161 
 
 51,616 
 
 3,7.-. 1 
 
 90,16/ 
 
 1,763 
 
 1,63,720 
 
 Arllclai 
 
 and 
 and 
 
 Apparel 
 
 Artiis and ammuni- 
 
 turn 
 llnnhft aiulstatltinery 
 Calilnetware 
 i'arrlatfii • 
 ('iM-(Minuts- 
 ('otl'ea 
 Cuir, and tnanufac* 
 
 lures of 
 Corks 
 
 tjoltun pifco enniS . 
 t-otton thre.ur, twist, 
 
 and ^axn 
 Dru^s 
 I >y<-s 
 Karlhenware 
 
 poneliiilt 
 Fruits, drietl 
 
 w<t 
 (11 isswnre ■ 
 (ir.iiii and pulse 
 Hums 
 Ivors, anil manufac* 
 
 tur.Hof- 
 .Teweili-ry - 
 Jute. And manufac- 
 tures of. 
 Leather, and manu- 
 
 facluri^ uf 
 Liquors (ale, cider, 
 
 uines, liqueurs, 
 
 s)>lrits) • 
 M.icMnery 
 .Mat.rials for stcam- 
 
 i-rs and Huts 
 Ml liiL'.il stores 
 .^llta'.^, and manu- 
 
 f.KiuriT* of 
 Oils 
 Oiinian*s stcres and 
 
 provisions 
 P.iliits and colours • 
 Pert'uiiiery 
 llaiiw ly materials . 
 Silk, niut maiiufac. 
 
 lures of 
 Spi< es 
 Siiifrir and other sac- 
 
 cli.uine matters • 
 Tea 
 
 Tobacco . 
 'I iinlH-r and planks- 
 Wool, anil manufac- 
 tures of - 
 Sttndries • 
 Total merchandise 
 Treasure 
 Total ruiiees 
 Deduct decre.ue - 
 Net increase 
 
 IS6.'>-46 
 
 III. 
 
 2,'iil,6.12 
 
 28,n4iJ 
 2, 1 1, OIU 
 
 I0,2'.9 
 
 l.1,Wi 
 1,VH.68. 
 
 2ll„-i3« 
 
 12,791 
 
 »,-'l7 
 8.5,8 1, .-,02 
 
 4,85,119 
 I, .19.3' 
 2,.1I,078 
 
 26,253 
 
 3,1.3, 271 
 
 16,083 
 
 2,08,4.12 
 
 5,326 
 
 57,-107 
 16,.'>6I 
 
 ■1,12,7.12 
 
 40,176 
 
 8,23,639 
 9!),1'2J 
 
 13,6-2,605 
 8,152 
 
 1,66,899 
 
 2'i,;.i(i 
 
 lo,26i 
 12,6i,8'i8 
 
 7,nH,l12 
 3,37,77 
 
 5.5n,i2r, 
 
 4,9i,'j;i 
 
 76,'J'i9 
 
 47,114 
 
 2.88..101 
 9,77,781 
 l,S6,;8,238 
 
 1866-67 
 
 Its, 
 2,6;,510 
 
 •12R51 
 
 i.'iii.'j; 
 
 l.l,'/l)S 
 
 22,11,7 
 
 \fi\,IUl 
 
 59,976 
 
 n.'ih 
 
 16,1)4;. 
 91,li'AIII8 
 
 i,27,^0.^ 
 I,'i9.'/91 
 2,'j5,2'J7 
 
 52,13.11 
 
 »,H7,.1|.',| 
 A'l.lljl 
 92,ll|'2| 
 5.827. 
 
 60,'JW 
 2i,3u3J 
 
 4,6J,!I92 
 
 Import, I 
 _[«'"»« jlircrtmi 
 
 •6,Ji; 
 
 S,00; 
 
 'm 
 
 8,361 
 .1i,V17 
 3M3« 
 
 M.H 
 
 ll,7»)l 
 
 9,oijii; 
 
 «rllM 
 si,JI9 
 
 S5,SS0 
 
 WD 
 " M 
 
 t,»1V 
 
 i(,;;jl 
 
 aO.iiiV/ 
 7,«26 
 
 10. y,2 
 
 8, .11,219' 
 1,11,'M] 
 
 3,';i,;ii! 
 
 8,1011 
 
 16,'J1,22J 
 TO.iJio 
 
 2,.17,8».( 
 
 5 ',197 
 
 M..V.9' 
 
 .10,(l|,09J, 
 
 I1,1IhWI|' 
 4.33,1571 
 
 7,11,S9r 
 5,5'i,lllH 
 
 1,28,48)] 
 
 2,(is,ris' 
 
 «,!»,7.W 
 
 n.fiyi 
 3,15,1;. 
 
 .'',6i,;6: 
 
 «,.OJI 
 
 !.M,(ii;j 
 
 t/,IJS 
 
 "0,WI 
 
 •iViil! 
 
 <,ii9;| 
 l7,-,j.j(;;| 
 
 t,n,w\ 
 
 l,SI,36!..' 
 
 M.Silj 
 
 . . .- .'V.'J,M,111 ;ll,HMi,SI/ll 
 I-|,I7,-271| f,6.H.2l2 .'ii.,i: ,M! 
 2,01,93,S09|J,i/.1,71,(iMlii|,(i),lM~ 
 
 1- 
 
 i_4.«iA'.'.: 
 9ii.;»,!is ' 
 
 We have been in.lcbtcd for these detaiU 
 to tlio art. ' Kiirrachec ' in Thornton'.' H«lleJ 
 Gazetteer of India, and to the work of .Mr. .Audi 
 on the Indus and its PmviiKes, and pwlrj 
 ollicial papprs of a later date, and private i ' 
 mation. For tariff, see Calcutpa. 
 
 ' (- 
 
 LABUAN. A small island off the N.W. coast I was uninhabited; but its situation is -lcIiiI 
 
 I I 
 f I 
 
 of Borneo, a dependency of the British crown 
 about 6 miles distant from the nearest point of 
 the mainland, and 30 miles N. from the city of 
 Borneo or Bruni, lat. tP 12' N., long. 116° 19' aO" 
 E. It is from 25 to 30 railea in circuit, flat, and 
 covered with wood. The anchorage, on tlic S. 
 side of the island, is protected by a greater and 
 3 smaller islands; and the town of Victoria 
 has been commenced at the embouchure of a 
 rivulet in a small bay, at the head of the anchor- 
 age. Coal of good quality is found on the island, 
 and it is well supplied with fresh water. It was 
 
 provided it be moderately heallhv, it can ba 
 fail to become an important emporium. III 
 near the best route for .shipping from the JiniW 
 Singapore to China, and, while it. is e.vtremelpf 
 situated for curving on trade with ihf,"j 
 N. coasts of lionco and the Philippine m 
 it will serve as a harbour of refuge, amiai«J 
 venient station for the steamers arJ oihera 
 of war rciiuired to put down the piracyil*| 
 been, to the great injury of commerce, cr 
 to so great an e.xtent from the ports an.l r 
 Borneo, and of some of the adjacent islma L 
 this respect its abundant supply of cnWI 
 
 ceded by the Sultan of Borneo to Great Britain 
 
 in 1844; and the late Sir James Brooke, who ! of the greatest service. In war the, 
 negotiated it^ cession, was afterwards nonoint ml its : l.nbunn will irivp ns the entire coniraffll'' 
 governor. When it came into our 
 
 ) a[)pointed its ' Labiiaii will give us the entire conira 
 possession it Chinese sea. (Brooke's Jmnd, and i 
 
 Ni state tl 
 f: ^»a perl 
 
 :'• "'"' ''Uffarl 
 
 ■ T^ye.xteJ 
 'wnunib 
 
Viduc 1/ lit ] 
 into Sinde liy 
 imiliir Imporli 
 
 Incniue llkmwl 
 
 46,'jnl 
 »,0(J'i| 
 
 .. h,n,'it;i| 
 
 K,36ll 
 
 .v.,m; 
 
 H.IJK 
 <),01,3|i. 
 
 1 
 
 ,1331 
 
 ,MM 
 ■ Hi 
 :,iM'i| 
 
 •j,3u3 
 
 ■ii.'iU 
 Si.SSol 
 
 ■ifM 
 
 ll,'.4,1.1 
 
 
 i«m 
 
 ,11, 'M 
 .,(it,;i-.i 
 
 11,103 
 
 '•.,'11 .Wi 
 JO.'JIU 
 
 •i,57,MS 
 .V.,r.97 
 14,.V* 
 
 50,lll|U9J, 
 
 11,-leW 
 4,33,1M| 
 
 7,31,Wl' 
 5,M,»1* 
 
 l,'i»,4»>| 
 
 2,f,5,:«' 
 
 ".MS 
 
 3,15,l-» . 
 5,61.;6! .. 
 
 J,M,SIJ - 
 tiM ■ 
 
 •O.WI . 
 
 viM ■ 
 4j»; . 
 i7;»,»6i 
 
 4,H,M8! 
 
 1,S1,S6> 
 
 ■• ' 
 1W> 
 
 8011 
 
 I MS 
 
 LAIilJAN 
 )],, Cniufunl in Kcpprl's Borneo, ii. pp. 111, 
 
 *'rt lol«l IWP"':''!"" of r-nbimn on .laniinry 1, 
 ,.,• TO;i,H-.'K porous, cxdiisivu of miliiiiry nnd 
 Jl'uu The niiiiiIxT of vessels which entered 
 S'Ulin im was 2,^. of 7,:i:i2 tons, an.) U 
 jj-OJionstlio shiiipini,' uradimlly luerensmj,'. 
 Ike' .hippiiiK' was ol.i.Hy Ilritish and fr(>m 
 iiniK'te Tho imports were worth, in IMOO, 
 Mil 12j. If/., ihe cliief items beinK pieec 
 f;i. machinery, Mnis- nests, nnd .spceie Tlio 
 anonsw.Te 'A-^'il- '" value. In 1800 the coal 
 U^pnJm'cdll.:tl7tons..feoal. 
 
 Bunlcoorlimni. on the adjacent shore of the 
 iaitol.tlie resi.leiia' of the Snltunof Borneo 
 iwr lia.1 iHtii toriiicil tlie \ enieo ot the l-.nst. 
 \lZr.'im from 30,01)0 ti> '10,000 iniiiihitants, 
 sosilv Miilavj, anil really seems iis if it lloatcd 
 LlheMvei. It ia nitiiated on on eslimry, and 
 lihowh Luilt with little regard to regularity, it is 
 I iiii(rs«lo4 crosswise bv two main streets, which 
 Itole it into 4 poriions, 1 only of which 
 I1U1..K m drv land. The houses in the other 
 |i urtj .ire'of wood built on piles, which 
 iKnttiheraalxivc the water, with streets, if so 
 lih,v mv lio called, to admit the passage of 
 Itttoc. Tlic steamer which conveyed ,Sir James 
 |Bf«.le til rKiruco, when Lahimn was ceded, 
 itchiml in the main street in the centre of the 
 Inn', ■riiej.'reatcst novelty at »nini,'says Mr, 
 Jlanit, from whom we have borrowed these 
 uikiithe tiontinj; bazaar. There arc no shops 
 1 ikeci'.v.md the market is held every day_ in 
 intjti. td?se come in at sunrise cv:^ry iTiornin}^ 
 Btvirviartof the river, ladiin with fresh fruit, 
 Lbaccn,|)(ii;CT,and every other article which is 
 Ve(iaeiii in the vicinity; a few European jiro- 
 I'lions, ^llch as haiidkerehiol's, elicck-cotton 
 kints fc. also make their appearance. Con^re- 
 H in the main street, the canoes are tacked 
 frthr, I'omiiiii,' lanes throii!,di which the pur- 
 |Mr< in ;ln.ir own Cannes paddle, selectinj? and 
 rjiinnj lor j,'oods with as niueh couvciiionce 
 I if tlie «li(ik' were transacted on terra firma. 
 piikie so valuable that it is used as money. 
 kehundreililat pieces an inch square are valued 
 lailulljr.and anionjj the lower classes these iron 
 Motm the sole coin. They arc unstamped, 
 lihl uiv person appear.i to be at liberty to cut 
 1 m ima into money ; but whether such is 
 %' Ike ca<e, I cannot vouch.' (Marryat's 
 fwoJc. p. Uu.) 
 
 )«!ili"ugh dclicient in iron, the gold mines of 
 
 tneo are said to be of the richest description. 
 
 ISmnford Raffles estimated that in his time 
 
 )it33,i)iW Chinese labourers were employed in 
 
 ! mines on the W. coast of Borneo ; and it 
 
 nt fasy to say how productive they might 
 
 ■iiie,ncre the miners in a condition to prosecute 
 
 ' andertakinRs in safety, and to bring the 
 
 Ipms of science and capital to their aid. 
 
 ttonv is also found in abundance in Borneo. 
 
 Bally in the district of Sarawak, of whioli 
 
 ines Brooke was rajah; and the diamonds of 
 
 « rival those of India and Brazil. But 
 
 Mcntly of its coal, and of its precious and 
 
 [oeiaLi, its vegetable products might alone 
 
 P the materials of an extensive commerce. 
 
 Ropalm powB in great perfection in many 
 
 l« ije island, and sago is largely exported 
 
 ronga state to Singapore, The 'arcca nut, 
 
 W- pitta percha, gum-benjamin, camphor, 
 
 rDcs(s4c,,are ako considernhle articles of 
 
 ^\ and sugar, pepper, end all the products 
 
 ^ cm regions, might, with a little care, be 
 
 'w any extent in most parts of this vast 
 
 lie numbers and ferocity of the savages 
 
 L.vc; 
 
 roD 
 
 by whom it is occupied present, indeeil, iiinuinir- 
 aiile obstacles to its improvement ; but civilisation 
 is heghiiiing to make its way amongst llicm ; and, 
 though probably slow, its iirogress cannot well 
 lio arreste<l. Mr. Vice-Consul Martin's Hrporl tt{ 
 February '_'!), IHtlH, states iIk- value of the exports 
 from .Sarawak in IMIIG at 7I,H1',)/., and that of 
 tliu imports H:i,8 11/., showing a decrease as com- 
 pared with IHt!.') of about ;)0,000/. in each case. 
 
 L.\C or tlUM I,AO (tier, lack, gurnmihick; 
 Fr. lacf|iie, gomme laeqiie; Ital. lacea, gomina- 
 laeca ; .Span, gonm Inca; Uiiss. laka, guiiiinilak; 
 Arab, laak; Ilin, lak'li; Saiisc. laksha). A huIi- 
 staiice, which has been improperly called a gum, 
 produced in Bengal, Assam, IVgii, Siani Ac, on 
 the leaves and branches of certain trees, by an 
 insect (Chermes lacca). The trees selected by the 
 insect on which to deposit its e;,'gs are known by 
 the names of the biliar tree (C'roton luirifcrnm, 
 Linn,), the y ,el (Hulea frumlosn), bot't, anil 
 coosim trees i.,-. After being deposited, tlie egg 
 is covered by the in.sect with a (|uantity of this 
 peculiar substance, or lac, evidently intended to 
 serve, in the economy of nature, as a nidus and 
 protection to the ovum and insect in its first stage, 
 and as food for the maggot in its more advanced 
 stage. It is formed into cells, finished with as 
 much art as a honeycomb, hut dift'orenfly ar- 
 ranged. Lac yields a line red dye, wluch, though 
 not so bright as the true Mexican cochineal, is 
 .said to be more permanent ; and the resinous part 
 is extensively used in the manufacture of sealing- 
 wax and hats, and as a varnish. 
 
 Lac, when in its natural state, encrusting 
 leaves and twigs, is called stick lac: it is collected 
 twice n-year ; and the only trouble in procuring 
 it is in breaking down the leaves and branches, 
 and carrying them to market. When the twigs 
 or sticks arc large, or only partially covered, the 
 lac is freciiiently .separated from them, as it 
 always ought to be when shipped for Kurope, to 
 lessen the expense of freight. The best, stick lac 
 is of a deep red colour. When held against the 
 light, it should look bright, and -when lirokon 
 should appear in diamond-like points. If it be not 
 gathered till the insects have left their cells, it 
 becomes pale, and pierced at the top ; and it is of 
 little use as a dye, though probably better for a 
 varnish. 
 
 Lac dye, lac lalie, or calie lac, consisti of the 
 colouring matter extracted from the stick lac. 
 Various processes have been adopted for this 
 purpose. It is formed into small square cakes or 
 pieces, like those of indigo. It iihould, when 
 broken, look dark-coloured, shining, smooth, and 
 compact ; when scraped or powdered, it should be 
 of a bright red colour, approaching to that of 
 carmine. That which is sandy, light-coloured, 
 and spongy, and which, when scraped, is of a 
 dull brickdust colour, should be rejected. 
 
 Notwithstanding the continued fall in the price 
 of cochineal, the use of lac dye has been extend- 
 ing in this country. The annual consumption may 
 at present (1808) amount to about 1,'200,000 lbs., 
 having more than quintupled since 1818. The 
 linos t qualities of lac dye are seldom met with for 
 sale in Calcutta, being generally manufactured 
 under contract for the European market. 
 
 When stick lac has been separated from the 
 twigs to which it naturally adheres, and coarsely 
 pounded, the native silk and cotton dyers extract 
 the colour as lar as it conveniently can be done 
 by water. The yellowish, hard resinous powder 
 which remains, having somewhat of the appear- 
 ance of mustard seed, ia called seed lac. When 
 liquefied by fire, it is formed into cakes, and 
 denominated lump lac. The natives use the latter 
 
 I. iS 
 
 i'lii 
 
 1 .. ' : ■ 
 
7 ■.■ '" 
 
 »•' 
 
 , i I 
 
 ■i ! 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 800 LACE 
 
 in making banfjlcM, or omnniciiU in the form of 
 rin((s, for llic arms of tlio lower rlasg of femnluH; 
 thu Ijcst nhellac boinj; used in mnniifactiiring llicso 
 omamontfi for the suprrior tiassps. 
 
 Shellac is produced from scrd lac, by put I in;,' 
 the latter into ba^s of eotton olotli, and lioUlin)^ 
 it over a charcoal lire, when tho lac meltn, ami 
 bcini; strained through the lia^, tlic resinous ))art, 
 which is thu most liqucl1nl>le, is obtiiinud in a 
 considerable de^reo of purity ; it is formed into 
 thin sheets or plates. 
 
 The largest consumers of shellac nro hatters, 
 sealing-wax and varnish makers. 
 
 Shellac is of two kinds— the fhin flaky, called 
 orange, garnet and liver; and the thicker sort, 
 called button, which again is of two kinds, the 
 bright amber-coloured and the dark. 
 
 Hatters use most the flaky dark, which, if pure, 
 is of the strongest body. Varnish makers prefer 
 the bright button. Sealing-wax makers give a 
 decided preference to the button sorts. The 
 bright button being Iho linest, requires less 
 vermilion to overcome its strong properties. 
 •J5 years ago orange sliellac was almost the only 
 sort known in the market. 
 
 Shellnc is pfreatlv adulterated uy resin, more 
 especially the dark button sorts. The best test of 
 the purity of button shellac- is its fragrance of smell 
 when on fire. This, with the pure biitt<ins, both 
 the amber and the dark, is most agreeable. 
 
 In Bengal, lac is chiefly produced in the forests 
 of Sylhet and Durdwan, and nine-tenths of the 
 shellac in the district round Cawnpore. Tlie 
 flnest dye is said to be obtained from the stick lac 
 of Siam ond Pegu ; but the shellac or resinous 
 part obtained from the latter is inferior to that 
 produced from Sylhet stick lac. It may bo ob- 
 tained in almost any quantity. 
 
 The duties formerly charged on lac when entered 
 for consumption were repealed in 1845. 
 
 In 1H07, 31,633 cwta. of shellac wore imported, 
 and 2C,GtiO cwts. exported. During the same 
 year the imports of lac dye were 9,2G0 cwts. 
 Lac dye does not flgure in the exports. 
 
 The finest lac dye is distinguished by the mark 
 
 laces of gold, and nilk and gol.l.'wer. f.M,mor„M| 
 among the nrticl.-s pmhiliiie,! t,i |,p im,,,,,,, , ^" 
 Uich. III. e. 10.) It, is. then r„re. fairto 
 that Ihii maniifiiriure had 
 
 I'f'iim* 
 
 /iriiir to tliat period, ns Ihis 
 
 '"'Kun in lin^'lanJ 
 
 D. I., the 2nd by T. D., the 3rd by J.Mc. R., C. IC. 
 A'c. The prices vary from GJ. to "2». bd. per lb. 
 
 The duties used to bo 5 per cent, on lac dye, 
 {■ecd lac, and stick lac ; and 20 per cent, on 
 shellac; but it was obviously absurd to charge 
 shellac, which, as already seen, is prepared from 
 the refuse of lac dye, with four times the duty 
 laid upon the latter. In 1842 the duties were 
 reduced to 1». per cwt., and, asal-eady seen, were 
 repealed in 1 845. (Bancroft On Permanent Coluuri, 
 vol. ii. pp. 1-60; Ainslie's 3/a^ Med,; Milbum's 
 Orient. Com. ; and private information.) 
 
 LACE (Dutcfi, kanten; Fr. dcntelle; Ger. 
 spitzen; Ital. merletti, pizzi; Russ. krushcwo; 
 Span, cncojcs) . A plain or ornamented net -work, 
 tastefully composed of many fine threads of gold, 
 silver, silk, flax, or cotton, interwoven, from 
 I.acinia (Lat.), the guard hem or fringe of a 
 garment. 
 
 The origin of this delicate and beautiful fabric 
 is involved in considerable obscurity ; but there is 
 no doubt it lays claim to high antiquity. In Mr. 
 Hope's Costumes of the Ancients, many beautiful 
 lace patterns are portrayed on the borders of the 
 dresses of Grecian females; and from the deri- 
 vation of the word ' lace,' it is probable it was not 
 unknown to the Romans, It is supposed that 
 Mary de' Medici was the first who brought lace 
 into" France, from Venice, where, and in the 
 neighbouring states of Italy, it is understood to 
 have been long previously worn ; but we fmd that 
 in England, so early as 1483, ' laces of thread, and 
 
 Acts werep,«s,.d (11. II,,,. VII.'7 "h ^'tTI 
 
 7;I3il4Ch.n.c.l3,4i5\V,,i;i.M,,„-.V,J 
 *c.) for the enc,.,iragen,eiit and iiru,eci|,„i ;,',,„ 
 home ir.anufacture; Imt it n,ay er,„«l|y |,,,,;,^ 
 elided, that as /»,m (which are in(li,,K,„aM, J 
 the Pro'-c^f of lace mnkii.g, ,v,ro rot „.o.i i 
 Knglaml till 151;). the mn„„facture „f b,. m,!j 
 have been vulvar in fabric, «,i,| circtunsoril,. 
 Its extent. Tradition savs that the l.» mri 
 lacture was introduced i„t,. this cfiuntrv l.v ' , 
 refugees from I'lander^., who scttlcl a't nr „',. 
 Craii(,eld. i,„w a ncattered viUa-e on the «- 
 side ot Hcdiordshire, and ailjoinin,' \\w\.- h 
 there is no certai,i evidence that we are iii,M,t, 
 to the Flemings for the i,itrnili,ctinn u( i 
 beautiful art, thou^l, we undoubtcllv owe' 
 then most part of our manufactures of '(iriiiW 
 dress ; wo have also imitateil many of [\\,\, 
 fabrics, and greatly improved ouf manul:i,i 
 by prolitiug by the superior taste which llicvhii 
 displayed in the production of thin articll 
 1626 Sir Henry Horlase founded an'l on 
 the free school at tircat Marlow, for '.'I bi 
 read, write, and cast accounts; and for 21 pi 
 to knit, spin, ami make bone lare (Lewi 
 Topography) ; so that there is reason to supp 
 that at this time the manufacture linij commpi« 
 m Buckinghamshire, which bv do(;rccs oxtcm 
 to the adjoining counties of Bedford and N'u, 
 ampton. In ICIO the lace trade was a (Imiri 
 interest i,i Buckinghamshire (Fnller'j IVon 
 and dillerent Itineraries) ; and so prcaily h. 
 advanced in England, that hv a roval ordim 
 in France, passed in IGUO, a mark was eataUi 
 upon the thread lace imported from this .._. 
 and from Flanders, and upon the point lace fl 
 Genoa, Venice, and other foreign countries 
 order to secure payment of the customs ilul 
 ( Universal Dictionary.) 
 
 Pillow Lace— thi} original manufacture. 
 worked upon a hard stiifled pillow, with silk, 
 or cotton threads, according to a parehi 
 pattern placed upon it, by means of pins, W 
 and spindles, which are placed and displaced, 
 ing, and interweaving the threads, so as toil 
 the pattern designed. This manufacture has 
 long pursued in almost every town and vil 
 the midland counties, particularly in Bod 
 hamshire, Bedfordshire, and Northamptoi 
 besides nt Honiton in Devon, and various 
 places in the west of England. The prin, 
 places where it is made in the Nctheriaoi' 
 Antwerp, Brussels, Mechlin, Louvaine, Gl 
 Volencicnnes, and Lisle. It is also mii 
 Chantilly near Paris (celebrated for veils), CI 
 ville, Sedan, Le Comte de Hourgogne, I 
 Dieppe, Havre, Harfieur, Pont I'Evesque, Gi 
 Fecamp, Caen, Arras, fiapaume Ac. inFi 
 and at various places in Spain, Portogil,, 
 Italy. In England and Ireland, besides the 
 passed at different times to encourage ajul p" 
 the manufacture, associations were fonw 
 various places, with the view of excitinc a 
 of emulation and improvement, by holdiii( 
 premiums for the production of the best pif 
 bone lace ; and although smuggling of f« 
 lace was carried on to a great extent (in 
 72,000 ells of French lace were seized in ir 
 of Leigh, and lodged in the kuig's w 
 there, besides numerous other seizurw), 
 British manufacture advanced in an unpi 
 degree. ( Gentleman's Mag. 1 751, vol, xu W 
 
 v.;H^: 
 
" i.H ini.i/'iiip,! it,,,L ,, - 
 
 t,;,jiii. !'■ «••) ..„ „. 
 
 |j„ tw! iiadd ill (In., coiiiitry'wnV'i'.'r I'l"" '"■ 
 
 akiBm^U r,mt, tl,o ...-t work ,„« . i .'"" 
 
 |»to*oi. II.,,. pill.Mv, a„,i t),e pnttrr. „;. I'^l'""'^' 
 
 hto*oi. II.,,. p,ll.Mv, a„,i t),e pnttrr, a„ V •'"' 
 ,.rt«l mill Ik. i,oo,lle. .S„,.| a, p. rs .{'"*•"' 
 
 I t.=taaiii,i ,v«rn l.y tlio n.,bili(l'l,"|'' '" T'"- 
 
 "'"itati.,,, of t/,p I■i;.';,':'"^' ""W |>r 
 
 u thou,,, lo.-!";.!; t':^!]"""'-, ^''"H'-imd.;^: 
 
 «.r(l,arl,.. I., an.l ..ftor;v:uVl "hv s'-''!' ""' " '-•""•I''- e I ox, '"' '"""'• '" "'o h , ^ J' ' /"r""!"^' 
 Wr...|,Sir(io,l(r..y Kneller, i 1.?,;^' '';"=' '"I thr'nSr,T.'"'r ''''''•'' '""' hU J^ 
 .«n..itl,»rl,.sll.,(2,n...„ An, ,.",'' ',f^'''''ff framo «•«, X '''f"'"''^- '" "n2 M,/"""^'' 
 
 I t,.i™k,iu li cvi.ient l)v (ho ,| iL' '^ '"'" "M '' 
 i..e.r(l,arl,.. I., an.l «ftor;v:uVl "hv s'-''!' ""' " '-•""•I''- e I ox, ''"'"'' '" ""-' »' . o „f nn r""!"^' 
 
 |..;. in .1.0 present French" il^n^tt^'^^-'-P'-l "'« -'"s, ',. i^orrr """^"'ionTrr^ .'L""^" 
 
 .i/i.-i/.nu, ■Mill... HU.i ViTV Himi 
 
 Ml itilh the muitern Alrchlin ,i,„' ;-•• 
 
 ^« in .1.0 present French 'ij,^t,r"T' 
 teimJeintlu.so grounds were .ukZAv ,i ." 
 itJilurablf; the dcagns of tho ,,// iV V*''' 
 
 mmiA mymfr. Ifetwo,.n 70 a id «o '" 
 
 \mAmm of the 7W/„ ground ihl'^' ""^ 
 |ffi«JinKlyf,iarso and vuf^ar ,h fl. '''' '''"^ 
 
 P-'V-r ,vn, /lr.st-in?r™l^..';i "'«"«"". ■ " 
 
 temporary 
 iiumcrouH 
 
 »t .. .lie coa.tructio, of T/LM -"d ''an. Is.^ocoK • '" K?""*:' "" of machine ^.^"''A':!;" 
 
 ■tl.oi.» •■"(""•"••"lents we 
 
 fr"n.tliecon.str„P»i!;" „VT/"^ ''fit ««d hands, roccTvi, R'^l."''''"'' of muchin^ ,^'*7f' " 
 ffn- Soon and t „ '11.' ? «''?"' 15 hou.^, ,•:. T' '^« '"'lo 
 
 ■itoj S() „.,.,r'7''''"'. compared with its m i ^°' "''<' "ow as mnni^ "r "? '° complefo 
 •■'»n'aliingdSitfn"°"''.'"P'°>'edinx\otL.^/^^^^ ."S" ""tlX.'rR'^ P'"' ?^ '''^^ 
 
 *'»n the trade- i,„f'.?'^"P'""-'""is «ere tho ,„ ^''"'^ has taken nlflnt-'''f, P^'odioal 
 pf. or credit, ilm ; . '* °f money, cni i; . ^"°'"*^'>' been reducoH t^ ■ '■"^ mot ons 
 
 -a' 
 
 •'fl 
 
^ 
 
 
 I i 
 
 802 
 
 nciiiiMly mndo in ttip nplnninf? tif fine yamn. In 
 
 IMKt, Ni>.'i20(l<Mil)li'(l vnrii wimwiirlti I (»((,«. per lli. ; 
 111 M.tl, only lOx. per III. ; mid Nr-. 'JID in IHIO 
 liriiii^lil IM.1., wliili! ill IsrilS iiH Helling pricii wiih 
 1:1.4. only. Mr. Fi'IkIn inlil.t : — 
 
 ' III Im:H oiiilin Mo iin; and fliilf<liiiifr of luce 0111- 
 [iloyfil wlidlly, (ir in part, almiit i.'id.dOd ImiiiN. 
 Tlii'V rrccivcil wimt-s l.fidO.dOd/, In lln' year 'I'IiIh 
 rc'll.'in IH:I;I, to riod.OOd/., ami ,'1 ddO liandi; ami 
 in IN.'Iti til ;rid,ddd/.. and :ir>,ddd hamlH. Iiii'liiiliii;r 
 wap'H at tit Mincliiiir.", as will nn ilii> hiiIi-iiiiii'iiI. 
 jiroii'KKCH, thrrc Ims liron iiaid to at Itnitt. Ic'ld.doo 
 linnds in IHriCi, '2,".'dd,(ld()/. in \vn),'rH iiloni', in thi.-i 
 ili'partincnt of ilio Niittin);lmin luce trndi-. 
 
 ■ III I'liiii'lii-'ion, the nianut'iK tiirc of lioliliin-iu't 
 lnr(! Iiy mailiincrv Ih Hrnrcrly liiilf n cinliiry old. 
 I'lin following will ^ivii an approxiniali' iilcn of 
 wlint in Ihi brief intrrval it Iuib livcoinu in thin 
 ooiinlry : — 
 
 ' AtHovrrnl periods nn nccoiint of the macliinos 
 I111.S hccn taken. In IMI.^ llicrr wcro lld;|H-.'d, 
 I.OdH; \HW, I'.lC.i); |k;ii, LriOd— niakliii: a rcliirn 
 of ;t,117,(lt)d/.; I«;);t, fi,ddd, rctnrnint,' 'J.ll'.'d.ddd/.; 
 l«;«i, 3,H00, ri'tiirniiif? •J,l>l2.ddd/. j In |M| I, .I.Jdd, 
 roturninn '2,!)!»ri,ddd/. In IN,"il Mr. Itirkin, report- 
 ing to Section I'J of thi- (irent Kxliiliition, rmind 
 ;{,'2()() (;H,iW2 ipiarterH width) at work, retnriiinK 
 '2,.')0d,0d(l/., employ iiif; nliont •2,',li).''i.!lir>/. eapilal, 
 and l.'IM.OTi luinilx. Capital in Imliliiii net ina- 
 ehiiiery nione was e.-tiniated at l.ifilt,! ••'/. 
 
 ' In IH.'iO the mn'-liiiierv is increased to i),ridO 
 (full 'KM'"*) quarters in width), and j,'iiiiler power 
 in priHiuetion in the new ouch. Also a Car larjjer 
 proportion is cmplo.<od upon wilk materials, and 
 the nuinlicr of frames making fancy fjoods forms 
 now far the largest proportion, 'lliesn eliaii/.;cs 
 will sei^e to account lor the very Iar;re increase in 
 the returns of the trade this year beyond I8,')0. 
 1 jiiriO mnehines at least (ire rotary eireulars, inakiiifj 
 plain (?ooils by power in factories. At least I, ().")() 
 making fancies are worked by power, prolmlily 
 many more About 2, 1. '18 machines in all, partly 
 "levers," partly circulars, some pushers, and some 
 traverse warjis, make fancy goods now. 'I'lio ma- 
 terials arc all imported, and cost on importation 
 duiiiift the past year 920,()0d/. The returns were 
 .'t,()80.0ii()/., or thereabouts. This left for wages, 
 interest, and profits, 2,700,000/. 
 
 ' If to the.ie ligures be added the cost of materials 
 (all imported) in the wari'-lnce trade, 00,000/., and 
 the ultimate returns, 300,000/., the result of the 
 operations of the entire machine-wrought Kngli-h 
 lace trade will be : Itaw materials used cost, 
 980,000/.; total returns, 4,040.000/. ; paid in wages, 
 interest, wear and tear, and protits, 3,0(i0,000/, T' e 
 entire number of hands employed may be stated 
 at l:».'),()(IO. 
 
 ' The trade was, until 1850 or thereabout,', cooped 
 up in sm.ill unsightly workshops and warehouses 
 for the most part, but has been transferred to a 
 large extent into pome of the noblest buildings of 
 which any manufacturing town can boast. Fac- 
 tories, dressinf!;-room.s, and warehouses are all 
 becoming sp.icious, airy, and, I trust, healthy; at 
 least 2.')i),000/. has been expended within the last 
 7 years in this class of improvements.' 
 
 Uetween 18.'JG, when the above account of the 
 trade was written, and IS.'iO, the wholesale luiu-^es 
 had increased from llo to upwards of 200; and a 
 great many patents had been taken out for improve- 
 ments in machinery for making fancy lace, for 
 fabrics to be jiroduced from hue machines, for 
 gloves, shirts &c., and also for making gloves 
 complete on the machines without seams. A 
 new ciimbination. by 4 diflVrent machines, of 
 an imitation of Maltese lace was produced, and 
 .sold at 7». per yard, which in I'nris was renilily 
 
 LACK 
 
 sold for .ir) francs, 
 has gradnallv been 
 
 Thi 
 
 and its nciglilMnirhooil, and .Mi^lli 
 
 'it cln,» of murhinorJ 
 rrimuK ill Nulhri..|,„J 
 
 ^hirc; and fnnii the 
 
 """til" in |),,i,J 
 ■ . great variety if „„, 1 
 
 produc.-. , It IS likely to go „„ incrpa.,in>f I I4 
 the machinery 111 Moiiiri„|„„„ ,„„, ■,^, ^^i^JJ.'^ 
 Hicriu-ed l.v upwards of ;;(i(). mj.kj, „^ , "■" 
 ainoiinl of |,2dd ,|iiarters in widlh. Thi, „,, 1 
 woiilil have been cnsiilcnhly ^;r,.,„„, ^,,,1 „ , I, 
 panic 111 lH,-,7pre,eiit..ili,. At pri.;,,! , ! , ' 
 machines are ,..in„ l„iilt. ri„. Jncn.^.f ,„, I 
 iicry may be chissid as f-llows-vU. •.>()(, f„,,,„; 
 lalicy lace, and lOd for plain net,,. .Vfcwhu, 
 exported III Kranceand llar<i!„„« i„ .S|„in 1 
 liopiilalioii of Nnitingh.'ini and lU ,utj,.. 
 estimaleil in IH.",!) at about I.V.i.di m. th, ,„„„„ 
 of which was employed it, th." lace ami I,,' 
 trades, and it w.ms l.elieved that ll,,. numl 
 hands employed, as well as (|„. ,ii,„,uiit „|,, 
 increased beyond Mr. Kelkin's eslini,ii,. y, 
 portion to the additiniial iiuinlier (,f mi,] 
 wliieh had been iiitrodiieed, .Smh liiiil Ihm li 
 
 progress in tl lanufacturc ilnriiiK iho ||.« , 
 
 previous III |«,-,!», that some descrihti,.,,- i.i | 
 vi/. Spanish, .MidtiHe.anil I'lat, wercirodmH 
 machinerx m such perfection, Unit llioyciUi 
 be recognised from ciishionnmde i!nix'|». | 
 however, at the competition wliuh oxisi, m 
 trade, the n- infactiinrs verv generallv n.mpi 
 of the anon. ...mis position in which ihcvariM 
 with respect to the French machinc^nmlf 
 which IS allowed to be imported duty frif, 
 the I'lnglish mamiCacture is strictly piiihiliitcd 
 entering I'rance. They ciimplaiii aliiiofilier 
 niiide of registering patenis, iis it prcvmt.ihai 
 invest ijrat ion in'o the chnracU'r of tlio mad 
 which is so essential towards their iinpiuvenifi 
 
 The Kiiibrnii/iTi/ branch of the liu'c ink 
 employment to many thousands of ifraal 
 Nottingham and London, and ilipir nekU 
 hoods, and also at Cnggeshall in l^wv, 
 Felkin otimatcti that in IHI.'t not less thin 
 were employed. At the Groat Exhlliitimin 
 (Class XIX.), a most interesting ilis|ilavif 
 spccimetis of this industrial art w.is pre*nli 
 the public, and a very able paper on thcWt 
 generally was eontribiitud by the repurlfr ofl 
 Section (Kichard Birkin, Ksip, of .N'uttird 
 There are, however, no statistics which fr 
 any accurate estimate of the niimb«r of 
 (women and children) now cngafrwl in tl 
 jiartmcnt. Owing tothc great perl'pclionlo 
 machinc-uiade lace has arnvei'. partioiiljilri 
 the Hiicce sfiil introduction of the Jaiqiiaril 
 ing, it is understood that thecmbniiilirvb 
 the trade has very greatly detliiicd of lali' 
 allhougb in numerous articles of liress'/i 
 lace' still continues to maintaia its esi 
 character. 
 
 The remarkable improvements whifh hii 
 gradually iiitniduced into the ninniifacti 
 machine-made lace have seriously inlerfei ' 
 the pH/nir Ian trade, and many ihoiisaiwLiof 
 and children in the counties of Ik-dfiml anJ 
 iiigham are now linding a lictter rcwanif) 
 laliour in straw-plaiting. This .ippliwp ' 
 rather to the narrow huucl-m,ade lace lliaa 
 highest descriptions of this iuilustrialarU 
 continue in great favour with die fcl^ 
 classes. At the (ircat Kxhibilii'n in IJ' 
 mens of lloniton hico (ihe most tasn 
 Hourishimr of the lirilish pillowdarepi 
 were exhibited in HmincinKKjslmw^ ** 
 kerchiefs, berthes. and a variety of I'lli" 
 varying in |iricc from 10 to m (fuinw 
 and" there is a strong feeling, from the rel 
 displayed in the producil'P of eli'gaut in 
 
 iciiaJli 
 
 fiirii 
 
 on 
 
 *j*.*l4ere ircr, 
 
 *«wi;ofil„ 
 
 ■""I'M .560 at 
 
 pmnJncar.V, 
 
 ,*««A'li5„url 
 
 ^'■"(J.j.;:' 
 
 'Jf these 
 
 .WMIaoe 
 
 '■<t', and '., 
 
 "■""'iitions of 
 
 7'"aiii,j,s 
 "i and roil,, 
 
 '"»'"., the 
 
 ^"t »as in 
 
 ,,"''• Md sold 
 
 (in 
 
 
 
 * ""li in L 
 >l'a„ds ■ 
 "• "■« entire 
 
K;r:^n,,.„;;u;n:;:^;:-;;:in;-..n,.,. 
 
 rinnal .1)1^,1,. |,„„,j„,lir„,'^ri/'?i^'"' "'" 
 
 (' OMiniir,.,! :.. . i . -."">""" 
 
 -'""'-'■'■an,,.;,!!', ;;;::::r ""v rcn„ir.'"'- c 
 
 iii<».riJ. Ih.. crisis in l«^7 •', '""■'•<«>(' kiiuis „t',„ '"'■''■! "^•rliino iJ^ m?n ,■'"''"'"* 
 r«"Vhose Who uc'r oS±' "«r'''^''''''''''^^^^^ ':: «?T' von,ila,i,.„ in r!':","? °»^ 
 
 Ipriv] 
 I mil 
 
 . '^l.:il.y are now LnT^'"'' '" ""'t 
 
 J,.lliJfffl,tiin^. of the Soci' «i' ""^ "■'"'". 
 |i^»te;ii.lW, Air tV ki';^,;^''''''''=« ^^^ocia- 
 
 
 -N'ottinfri,,,^ 
 ost alxjut 
 noiinted to 
 
 "et returns 
 
 I < 
 
 ? i 
 
.■ ;■<'' 
 
 
 5* . 
 V .if 
 'n !l 
 
 
 . i r 
 
 ..■1 
 
 11 
 
 ■H 
 
 
 toi 
 
 LALE 
 
 ' I 
 
 Our imports of Ince, cliirtly from ni'l;j;iuin and 
 Franco, duriiif; tlie ycnr 1HG7 were estimated at 
 l'Ji,G07/., of wliich 1 ,'290/. wortli was rc-exporteci. 
 Our exports of cotton lace and patent net wire 
 in 1867 were valued at 470,420/. : more than half of 
 this amount was sliinpcd to the United States, 
 Trance, and Holland. 
 
 Foreign Lnce Trade. — The application of the 
 Jacquard mountiiif; tc the bobbin-net machine has 
 l)cen attended witli a f;rer,i. increase in the French 
 manufacture, and in a very superior taste, :n 
 imitation of the most favoured 'grountl.s,' par- 
 ticiilarly at Calais, St. Pierre de Calais, Lyons, and 
 Cambrav. Tiie Calais machines numl.'^''fd in 
 1H3!), 705 ; 1844, 801 : 1851, 003. Many have been 
 replaced by wider and si)eedier machines. They 
 had 3 nushers, 14 traverse warps, 124 common 
 oirculaiv, 141 Jacquard circulars, and .S2l levers; 
 60,000 females were employed, besides the ordinary 
 proportion of machine hands and uttendants. 
 Tiicre were 800 other machines at BoulofjnCi St. 
 Omnr, Douay, Lille, St. Quentin, Caen, and Lyons. 
 More expensive goods are produced on French 
 machines than on ours ; and Fnglish plain nets, 
 which were formerly extensively cmuggled into 
 France, arc now supplanted Jjy tliel. own, Thev 
 have applied tlip Jacquard apparatus to tbefr 
 machinery with much success, and of late years 
 have caased lo copy Nottingham patterns, turning 
 their own taste in designs to good use and 
 profit. There were at Brussels in 1850, IG; at 
 Termonde, 8 ; at Malincs, 5; at St. Josse, 4 — in 
 all 31 machines in Belgium— chiefly making 3- 
 twist Brussels net, upon which cushion flowers were 
 applied. In bobbin-net machinery there are pro- 
 bably in Switzerlc.nd, 80 ; in Soxony, 70 ; Austria, 
 100 ; Prussia and liussia, 30 ; in Spain and other 
 countriej<, 80— altogether 300. (Fclkin.) Since 
 1850 these branches have been steadilv increasing. 
 .Embro'fdery work has also considerably incrtiascd, 
 and for some years past has exttad'd to the de- 
 partments of La Meurthe, La lloscUe, La Mouse, 
 and Des Vosges. In the latter, forming the ancient 
 province of Lorraine, this beautiful branch of in- 
 dustry has arrived at great perfection. It is 
 estimated to give employment to from 150,000 
 to 180,000 females, spread over more thon 20 
 departments of France, who earn from 8(/. to 1». 
 per day, and double that sum in Paris. (Birkin.) 
 Hand-made Lace may give employment to 
 upwards of 200,000 I'emales of all oges, who earn 
 from fSd. to In. a day. It is principally canicd on 
 at Caen and I5a> eux, Chantilly and neighbourhood. 
 Lille, Arras, Slirecourt, Du Pn^-, Boilleul, and 
 Alengon. The lace of Alencjon is the o^.ly fabric 
 not made on tiie pillow, being worked entirely with 
 the needle. It was introduced by Colbert in 1600 
 from Venice and Genoa, and is the only lace made 
 witii pure linen thread (handspun)— the thread 
 being worth fromlOO/. to 120/. per pound. (Birkin.) 
 Some l)eauti(ul specimens of hand-made laoc were 
 exhibited from Switzerland ; and so great is now 
 the demand for the article, that the manufacturers 
 ore forced to employ largo numbers of females in 
 the western provinces of Austria and the southern 
 provinces of the Ducliy of Baden. Perhops 40,000 
 persons cam their livini; by the embroidery branch, 
 lirst-clxss li.ands receiving Is. i)er d.iy, and second- 
 closs from 3(/. to %d. 100,000 pairs of curtains 
 alone are estimated to be impcn'ted into Great 
 Britain. But the Swiss also export largely to 
 America, German) , Italy, Spain, and othersouthern 
 coinitries. Specimens of lace and embroidery were 
 also exhibited from Saxony, Spain, Hamburg, 
 Austria, and Malta. Belgium continues to sustain 
 its high character in the production of thatbeauti- 
 fid art, and (with the exception -^f poin^ d'Alcujon, 
 
 LA GUAYRA 
 ma.,c in the nortii of Fr.iiicc) Rru^ioU n,„i 
 the most valuable known lace »"',: , T''"'"' 
 made at Malines Antwerp, anT r S.T 
 \ alencienncs at Ypr.'s, Alenin, Cnurirav Tm ; ' 
 Ghent. .tiK A ost. The villnJo „f r • ' "■^'^''• 
 retnarkable for great improS„ s „ ^rT'' 
 thread la-e, and also in blaek-pohu tri^^ ' S'^ ' 
 Some bcaut.tul specimens of liund-iuude lace*' 
 now also imported from Madeira. ' 
 
 We arc indebted for the greater norti™ „f .• ■ 
 learned and vcty excellent'^article TZ tZ 
 Slaier, of Fore Street, London. "' 
 
 LACK or LAC. A word used i,i the iv, 
 Indies to denote the sum of 10(1,000 runoo. °v| U 
 
 to'l^Sst:?^^"'"^''^'^'""''^'--''.--^ 
 
 tAS'KSi,^^--^--: 
 
 ^ M-^^Ar ^'^- ?'" Principal seaport of ih. 
 republic of Venezuela, in the ,.rovinco 'of CaJc „' 
 on the Caribbean Sea, lat. 10° %' w \ i„, ' 
 
 ir,«.o'y^- ^"l"^!'^-". -ti'na.ed ii 
 In 1810 the population is believed to Im- 
 amounted to 13,000; the reduction beine a co- 
 quence of the loss of life caased by tlie tremend., 
 earthquake of 1812, and tlie massacres and d 
 scriptions incident to the revolutionary var 1 
 population of ilie city of Caractas, of whioh 
 Guayra may be considered as the port, fdl (,| 
 from the same causes, from 43,000 in 18l(i 
 23,000 in 1830 ; b-it they are now both incnaii 
 
 /Vrt.— There is neither quay nor mole 
 La Guayra. Ships mocr E.N.E. nnd WSV 
 with their heads to the N. at from i to i in 
 from the laud, in from 9 to 18 fnthoni«.' I 
 holding ground is good; and notwithstamlin; i 
 openness of the road, vessels properly founJ 
 anchors and cables run very little risk of Ixii 
 driven from their moorings. 
 
 jTrat/e.— The principal articles of e.tport 
 coflee, cotton, cocoa, indigo, hides, sarsapariDa, 
 The principal imports are cotton, linen, wli 
 and silk stuffs, with hardware and cutien',«in( 
 "aaberd.ishery itc. La Guayra .shares tl.c mile 
 Venezuela with the ports of Cu.nana, Pue 
 (Jabello, Maracaibo ic, having about j of 
 entire amount, which, however, is insiiniifc" 
 In 1867 the estimated value of our imports fi 
 Venezuela amounted to 85,943/., while ii li 
 they amounted to 202,036/.; and the value of^ 
 exports thither in 1807 amounted <.o %%\l 
 while in 1860 they were valued at 4i«,7i'(;/. 
 
 The gross value of the imports of La Giiar 
 1804 amounted to 5,023,779 dols., in 207 vei- 
 55,784 tons. The imports were chiefly com 
 flour, provisions, textile fabrics, cutler anil l 
 The cliief exports are coffee, cotton, co<:oa,iDl 
 dye woods, skins and hides. The cxpcrB 
 goods from the port are loaded with hcavvJii 
 and most imports are severely taxed. Tbi 
 lowing are admitted duty free : corn andproris' 
 The following are prohibited : salt, cocoa, ff 
 indii^o, sugar, honey, syrup, molasses, anJ rai 
 
 I'ort Jieffulatiuns. — On casting anchor, a ri: 
 paid by the collector of customs, or his i{ 
 accompanied by other officers, who take frm 
 master his register, manifest, and mn-itt-' 
 nnd an officer is left on board until the »; 
 discharged. The master must swear to bi'i 
 test within 24 hours after his arriciUlfo 
 permit to discharge is granted, and ivilkinJ' 
 all invoices must be presented. The fe 
 completed, the same otlicers repair on W 
 examine the vessel, and all bcin/j foiiniim i 
 the olficer is withdrawn. The clearing oi a 
 outwards (that has entered wiih cargo) '"^^^^^^ . 
 is then completed by pnying the port wi^^^tu (,£.„,) p,j|^ 
 
LAGUNA m TERMiNos 
 
 [Bill of Ladisc.' 
 
 ir.ii irhcrcof bcini; produrrrJ n,^ 
 
 If ,1,0 v..<,el Ulo.carffo on b^niXn, '"''''"• 
 f,.n.al,(y, as to visaing, is pursue ra^'o.r,?" 
 
 Wi/.-(Jo<](is imported are alinnsf ;. 
 41 upon credit; those exported „T "'y«''«Wy 
 bnj/ahvap sold for ready m„ev' "",,""' ""''••• 
 
 . . . I-AMAR 
 
 , Pnnnpnily c,.t dowi, on ,i ^'^^ 
 
 I vi4L"ti:';iir':'.''-v:'r7d:^''---' --.nt 
 
 .V«,, /r«i;A/, „„c/ Measures -Tho -^'1 "r <l.c iuM?'"^.?.^'""^^ iVon' tl e ^fi':'-"^^' "'"«t 
 
 .(ikec«„„.r, co„.i.ts "f .'liver nlone '"CvnT^ ''"''' ^^o^y^Zr?, "' ,"'« '"'''' "S' h""" 
 
 <M.lk'. or i reals. Tl.is mone" is f.f T''' '*"'' 
 I ^|Bl»■o,ght and purity, ,he coins i=. f-''.''"- 
 I lie commencomon of the rovo L- ""'"' «'"« 
 
 !«;■ been often a ffooddalSed"'^^ ^^■•■"• 
 «IJ bo worth 5d. sterling. ""^'•"' ^ '■« real 
 
 Hoii'lit.* ai.d measures saiiie as those of Sno- 
 
 fo.-Kcaltare is talten both nr#h ;,f'""• 
 te and by the merchant. ""^ ^'•■•''^'n 
 
 Comerfiiil Prospects.~Thc eomm„> 
 i«^tn' of \onez„ela suffered scv^rT,"''?- ""'' ">- 
 
 tatr. liutthecountrvha bet.Sr''''' •"^'^ 
 m comparalivcly tra.muil a" th?"!^f '""<' 
 lawDoIaconsist entirely of thlr, . ''"•™-^ "^ 
 ffldtar. the Wi" a ure has ^.^''r''" °^ '"«■• 
 
 *,, be tobacco monopofvTc ' i ^.l°'"*'""" 
 of8applvof e/ficient lihm.r „ • ■ ' *'"'' '»'«"lt 
 
 'fc'« «t. and such linf the eIso^""P ^™''«"" 
 «;wtmte.rv to flourish unlo« ' " ""-''"»« 
 "•*ffl fcr llic sunolv nf 1 "^f *'""« sort of 
 
 ^''^■> In cat^e^ireft^e^"-- ''« 
 H«< M svnonvmous T ,» « •!'• ^/'^Jom and 
 
 »* (report for 1867) says t lint H ^•"'"' "' 
 ^ci-wrce there has been ennn I, /."^ "'^'"'"Jse 
 '"KflofVencziiela The ';™ " "'"' «t any 
 
 P'.wodi tis stitn,i ;, ""'"""'• sterlinff in 
 
 'Jv«^^(nated about i mi, .f •?.'•' ''* "■''"'e 
 »»fCanner Island ^, t, '"'"" '''^ ^.W. 
 "'''""'or enirancesL^ . • '"°"' '*'''«*''rfv 
 
 I'^W. rtich is sec, mm. f""' '''""'t 3,000. 
 k '* from iTSr "'■'''« "^^^t on 
 t "^mtrance to tl ,'' '*'«"=■■ "•er the 
 £"^»"^^htload l,,ir?°; ^«««J« of 
 
 L^?»''°int,bearinl"b 'r^'' '^« •^•'"•^vifh 
 "'i-aratal bears S n-^ . i <'0'npass S. 4 E ;,■ 
 
 I '"■'""''''PfortlioL ""^ '^'I"'"' bc"i„, 
 
 RenSo'll,^- ''■'''^^'^^'^ 
 
 ["''S''f%,voodkn„''"T'' consists in thn 
 
 -■nfayourrble.'"l,^,^. '■'■"!-' ■% 'uS?, '^'^j'^ 
 ,'„otos., Cochabamba f'hn; ' '.'"■'' "'« towns If 
 
 stretching alon^ ,? ""^ n-iTow slin nf , , 
 Arequip,r to i ,^ ' ? ''^"-^f of the p.L-fi! i""''' 
 
 cession of th L ?"°f T'^'""--"'" to obt2r * 
 P'-'vins the / ™t 'or , Th""-'''' ^^^''^C" greatt" i'il^ 
 
 s ate, ,vh,ch, liowcyor s ^^'"■'^'ff" ^^de of the 
 
 free port :i "^ "-•'■- constitu.'in^r.a^,, „ 
 loo.", '^'n and a.'"tpr t.,j.. i „ 
 
 - A^essels of eypr,, „„,. 
 
 »SC, tonnage, shifdm. ,"" "" '''"'M of anrhn, 
 cargo, depo^si't, t„ a^'^' ""^-'^'A-- or reloaS of 
 '•cnoraination.' "'"""' "^ «">• other, „f ^half^e/ 
 
 !C^°Sc^^/;^p^j^nnp.ya,e^„,. 
 
 the Uyernment. ' ""'^"""n on the part of 
 "HKP, lor the mirnosp nf i- ; .. ^ '-ommissionpr'. 
 
 '*.;■< "'I 
 
Pi 
 
 !■ 
 
 ' 1 1 
 
 I ■ 
 
 i I 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 806 
 
 LAMB-SKINS 
 
 (p. Whenever gimd.s arc to be rent, into llic in- 
 terior, tliey must tirst, be submitted to tliC Com- 
 iiii.<si(in(T, together villi the iiivoiiu corrcspond- 
 
 7. The Commissiiiner will register them in n 
 book, toijether with their Viiluiition made by two 
 merehants of the place, and the names of their 
 ou-nerH, of the perHon to whom, aiul the plaee 
 where they are to be ..ent. This is to be sij;ned 
 by the person cnterinj^ the poods, who at the same 
 lime binds himself to have the in transported direct 
 to the Custom House for which tlievare destined, 
 without opening any of the eases, bags, or other 
 envelopes, each of which sliall be sealed, marked, 
 anil numbered before departure. These points are 
 to lie expressed in the permit. 
 
 K The Commissioner shall by the earliest post 
 send a notice to the collector of the Custom House 
 for wliich any merchandise is destined, specifying 
 the numbers, characters, quantities, and qualities 
 of tlin Hcveral articles. 
 
 9. The goods must not bo carried by any un- 
 accustomed roads, but only through Calama and 
 the public thoroughfares : and whenever they pass 
 through any jilace at which a guard or commis- 
 .sioncr is stationed, the permits must be exhibited, 
 ill order that' their arrival with their seals un- 
 broken may be ascertained. 
 
 10. Merchants, either in person or by a re- 
 presentative, must produce to the Commissioner of 
 the port a certiticatc of the delivery of the goods 
 at the Custom House for which they are destined 
 witiiin 6 months from the ilaj' of their entry ; in 
 case they do not, they must at tlic end of that 
 period |)ay the whole of the duties on them. 
 
 11. From and after July 1, 1833, all goods 
 entered at Port Lamar shall |)ay a duty of only 6 
 per cent, over and above that of J per cent, to the 
 consulado. 
 
 12. The duty of 5 per cent, shall be paid thus: 
 at the port, 2 per cent, on the valuation made as 
 aforesaid; and the other 3 at the Custom House 
 in the interior for which the goods are destined. 
 In each case one half at the end of 3, the other 
 half at the end of 5 months. 
 
 13. All goods carried from Port Lamar by land 
 to an^' of the adjoining republics shall only pay a 
 transit duty of 2 per cent. 
 
 14. A duty of 2 per cent, shall be paid on ^ of 
 all gold and silver money entered at any of the 
 Custom Houses in the interior for exportation 
 througli Port Lamar. 
 
 15. It is absolutel3' prohibited to export gold 
 or silver, in bullion or plate, except in small quan- 
 tities for the use of the person carrying it out. It 
 will be seized wherever it is found on this side the 
 districts of San Antonio, San Vincento, Atoca, 
 Agua de Castilla, Lequepatc, or the line of the 
 canal. 
 
 16. All hardware for agriculture auii mining, 
 machinery, instruments of science or the arts, 
 iron, steel, quicksilver, and mural books, may be 
 introduced free of duty into the republic, and 
 productions of Bolivia may be exported likewise 
 free. 
 
 17. A premium of 2 per cent, on their value 
 shall be allowed on the exportation through Port 
 Lamar of cascarilla, wool, tin, cocoa, and cuSee, in 
 the shape of remission from duties to the amount 
 on goods carried into the interior from the same 
 port. 
 
 The remaining articles of the decree are of a 
 purely local nature. 
 
 LAMB-SKINS (Ger. lammsfelle; Fr. peaux 
 d'agneaux ; Ital. pelU agnelline ; Span, pielles de 
 corderos). The value of lamb-skins varies ac- 
 cording to the fineness, brilliancy, and colour of 
 
 LAMP-BLACK 
 the v.'ool. Black lamh-skini, are more c«„r,ii,.| 
 esteemed than those of any oiIut colour ''"'"' 
 lamb-skins are seldom to be met 
 
 ■^ii^li-iil 
 
 laniD-shms are seldom to be met with ncrfrr 
 black ; but since the iiUro(hi(ti(,ii of Mprin , U 
 into this country, many of the white tlom^ in i 
 in point of (piality, arrived at a pii-h ^f hrrirt; J 
 which justly entitles then, to he ranked wi,i,. J 
 of the best fleeces in Spa,,,. The iniportation J 
 lamb-sknis is very large. The i^re.it bulk 
 snpphed by Italy. Thus, of 1,111 l,:ji|^ ,„„| 
 sk,iis imported i,i IHtu, no fewer tl,.,,, ^,^-'- 
 were from Italy, the hii-ge inoportion 
 Tuscany. Tliev arc m;)stlv u.scd in 
 
 manufacture. The total valii 
 
 '"■"1:,' Uui 
 
 in tlip j..i,)i( 
 , , , . , , ' ^'ahic of our imnom i 
 
 lamb-skms undressed aivi dressed wa ' 
 (;4,64r)/., and in 18G7, r)!i,(l4U/. 
 
 LAMP ((;er. lainpe; Fr 'ampe; it,,|. ]„„„ 
 Span, lampara ; K.iss. lanipadu). An instrumP 
 used for the combustion of liquid intlainmal 
 bodies, for the purpose of producing miii 
 
 It is unnecessary to give any description or! 
 strumcnts that are so well known. \V( 
 however, remark that the discoven- of Sir 11 Lad 
 who by coverinf, the flame withwrc cauif s 
 ceeded in producing a lamp that niav IhWbI 
 used in coal mines charged with intla',,imahie J 
 is one of the most ingenious and valuable iliitl 
 ever been made. The following citracts froJ 
 communication of the late Mr. Buddie, 
 and well-informed coal engineer, evince tics 
 importance of Sir Humphry Davy's inventioi 
 
 ' Besides the facilities afforded by ihisiiireni 
 to the working of coal mines aboundini; io| 
 dam]), it has erablcd the directors and sij)x 
 lendents to ascertain, ^vith the utmost pro 
 and expedition, both the presence, the ijdm 
 and correct situation of the gas, Insteaiirfa 
 ing inch by inch with a candle, as is uiiul,, 
 the galleries of a mine suspected to mm 
 damp, in order to ascertain its prescuawe i 
 firmly on with the safe lamps, ami, iriii tl 
 most confidence, prove the actua. stale o, 
 mine. By obsen-ing attentively tho sevcij 
 pearances upon the (lame of the lamp, io ( 
 araination of thi: kind, the cause of acd 
 which happened to the most Mpcrieicedj 
 cautious miners is completely develupe();| 
 this has hitherto been in a great measurei 
 of mere conjecture. I 
 
 ' Ic is not necessary that I should enlaral 
 the national advantages which niusi nei.^ 
 result from an invention calculated tofiM 
 supply of mineral coal, because I think li^ 
 vious to every reflecting mind; butlcsMj 
 elude without; expressing my highe-t seiM 
 of admiration fur tlicie talents which luj 
 veloped the properties, and controlleti liej 
 of one of the most dangerous elementjj 
 human enterprise has hitherto had to tm 
 
 LAMP-BLACK (Ger. kienniss: ft, i 
 fumce ; Ital. ncro di fumo, ncgrofunio ,• Sfi 
 de humo) . ' The finest lamp-black is pio< 
 collecting the smoke from a lamp ^''J 
 wick, which sunplies more oil ihan oan I 
 fectly consumed, or by suffering the toj 
 against a metallic cover, which impedes t*" 
 bustion, not only by conducting off pit 
 heat, but by obstructing thecurrentof w. I 
 black, however, is prepared in a niiiaj 
 wav for the demands of trade. The fly 
 remain after the cliquatiou of pilch, ord 
 pieces c fir-,vood, are burned in farnatBI 
 culiar construction, ihesmokeof ifhiciBI 
 pass through a long horizontal flue, twi 
 in a close boarded chamber, lie w«i 
 chamber is made cf wane cloth, ihi 
 
 ' ' sc 
 ««i*«ifor3 f( 
 •sw^feetian 
 Pwiliecomm 
 ' inpined, cb 
 
 '' 'owl. rjlug, 
 ffftcrtiinph 
 
 mm- 
 
 Kl«"(Ger.a 
 
 F'l^furkcdc 
 P Wlasireh- 
 
LAND-WAITER 
 
 ■ -onent of air escapes, while the soot remains.' 
 "■ '■■ IMiomry of aicmlstri/.) 
 ■'uNi)'\VAi'l KK .-r LANDIXG-WAITEIJ. 
 \';i„c fnmierly given to seardiers attached to 
 
 "^iiPMAZULI. [Ul-TltAMAllISK.] _ 
 
 I \ST An unnertain quantity, varj'ii:^' in diflcr- 
 vivunirioJ, and with respect to diftercnt articles. 
 I ifrallv however, a lust is estimated at 4,1)00 
 ','r,(i(»}'lb'.; but tliere are gi-eat discrepancies. 
 ''i'hc foll"«in!! quantities 
 Mkei last. viz. 
 
 LEAD 
 
 807 
 
 of diftcrcnt ai icloa 
 
 14 barr^ils of pitch, tar, crashes; 
 
 j.jenofbic'.esorski'^.s; 12 barrels of cod-lish, 
 
 „.a ornipal! 20 cades, each of 1,000 herrings, 
 
 I ,r'n- i 000 ten hundred, and every 100 five score; 
 
 ■ iiiouuiers of cole-seed ; 10 quartern of corn or 
 
 nLVd In some parts of England, 21 quarters 
 
 ,'f.ni CO to a last ; 12 sacks of wool ; 20 dickers 
 
 ;Ber\Jiclier 12 skins) of leather; 18 barrels of 
 
 I ir«W herrings; 10,000 pilcliards; 24 barrels 
 
 LrhtotTfl containing 100 Jbs.) of gunpowder; 
 
 |i;i<)Hoffcathersorflax. 
 
 Wissomedmesused to signify the burden of 
 
 L\TH. LATHS (Dutch, latten ; Fr. lattes ; Oer. 
 ten; Ital. correnti ; Russ. slegU). Long thin 
 ninow flips of wood, nailed to th : rafters of 
 iKj?(orwiliii(;, in order to sustain the covering. 
 Uliuiedistint'uished into various sorts accord- 
 mi to the diti'erent kinds of wood of which they 
 iRiulfcandthe different purposes to which they 
 lit I' t* applied. They are al'o distinguished 
 itcdite to their length, into 5, 4, and 3 feet 
 [Mi M ordinary breadth is about an inch, 
 Ithaiiiickness J of an inch. Laths are sold 
 lif bundle, which is generally called a hun- 
 U 7 score or Ho, are computed in the 
 iBiW for 3 feet laths; 6 score or 120, in such 
 ire4feet; and forthose which are denominated 
 taihe common hundred, or 5 score. In 1867 
 imported, chiefly from Russia, 68,949 loads of 
 itowl. valued at 119,844/. 
 
 UTIEN. A n.-ime sometimes given to tin 
 16, H thin plates of iron, tinned over. [Tin. 1 
 UW. [M.'RiTiMB Law; Neutuai.itv ; &c.] 
 LTO (Ger. and Fr. linon ; Ital. linone, rensa ; 
 mbray, cstopilla, clarinl. A sort of clear 
 ifeDworivcd cacobric, which, till of late years, 
 ticlnsively manufactured in France and 
 IT-, At present, the lawn manufacture Js 
 ::at''l in Scotland and in the north of Ireland, 
 n iiticles of this kind are bn jght to such a 
 w of perfection as nearly to rival the pro- 
 ionsof the French and Flemish manufactories. 
 the mmnfacture of lawns finer flaxen thread 
 than m that of cambric. In 1866 we ex- 
 chieflv to the United States, 7,570,245 
 of cambric and lawns, valued at 362,643/. 
 ZARETTO. [Quarantine.] 
 'tiD(Ger,bley,blei; Dutch, lood, loot; Fr. 
 '»; ital. piombo ; Span, plomo ; Russ. sv/inetz ; 
 wow ;Lat. plumbum: Arab, auuk; Hm. sisa; 
 ■ iwb). One of the most useful metals. It 
 a bluish-white colour, and when newly 
 « very bright, but it soon becomes tar- 
 by exposure to the air. It has scarcely 
 tiste, but emits, on friction, a peculiar smell. 
 "«s paper or the fingers of a bluish colour. 
 laken internally it acts as a poison. It is 
 lie softest of the metals ; its specific gravity 
 *. It 18 very malleable, and may be re- 
 » lam plates by the hammer; it mav also 
 'W out into wire, but its ductility is not verv 
 » ,"?.'«"W'ty is so small that a lead wire 
 TO diameter is capable of supporting only 
 iM-^ithout breaking. It melts at 612°. 
 ""^i Chemwtry,) 
 
 Lead is a metal of much importance in the arts. 
 Its durability and mnllc.ibility make it very 
 suilablnfor the rouling o( Imildings, the construc- 
 tion of gutters, and sucli like purposes. It used 
 to be very extensively employed in thoforniaiion 
 of water-pipes and cisterns. Hut though water 
 has no direct, action on lead, it facilitates the 
 action of the external air; and hence the lead of 
 cisterns and <.r pipes from which the air is not en- 
 tirely excluded becomes oxidised, and is covered 
 with a white crust at the point where the surface 
 of the water comes into contact with the air. In- 
 asmuch, however, as this o:(ido is extremely de- 
 leterious, lead pipes and cisterns arc now very 
 generally superseded by those of cast iron. At 
 present, pcrhap.s, load is more extensively used in 
 the manufacture of small shot than in any other 
 way. Its salts, tlioiigh poisonous, are used in 
 medicine to form sedative external applications; 
 and frequently not a little, by the disreputable 
 win J merchant, to stop the progress of acetous 
 rermentation. Wine thus poisoned may, however, 
 be readily distinguished ; a small quantity of the 
 bicarbonate of potass producing a white precipitate, 
 and sulphuretted hydrogen a black one. Pure 
 wine will not be affected by cither of these tests. 
 ' The oxide of lead enters into the composition of 
 white glass, which it renders clearer and more 
 fusible : it is also used in glazuig common earthen 
 vessels ; hence the reason that pickles kept in 
 common red pans become poisonous. Lead, with 
 tin, and a small quantity of some of the other 
 metals, forms pewter; with antimony, it forms 
 the alloy of which printing types are made.' 
 (Joyce's Chemistry : Mineralogy.) 
 
 Mines of this valuable mineral have been 
 wrought in England from the era of the Romans. 
 It does not, however, appear that it v/as obtained 
 an>^vhere except in Derbyshire, till 1289, when 
 it was discovered in Wales ; and the fact tliat sil- 
 ver was found intermixed with the Welsh ores 
 having transpired, gave a new stimulus to the 
 business ; but in other respects the discovery of 
 silver was of no use; the quantity obtained being 
 insufficient to defray the cost of its separation 
 from the lead. At present, the most ,,i-oductive 
 English lead mines are situated in Allendale, and 
 other western parts of Northumberland ; at Aid- 
 stone Moor, &c. in Cumberland ; in the western 
 parts of Du.ham; in Swaledale, Arkendale, and 
 other parts of Yorkshire ; in the hundred of High 
 Peak in Derbyshire, in Salop, and in Cornwall. 
 The Welsh mines are pri-icipally situated in the 
 counties of Flint, Cardigan, and Montgomery; 
 those of Scotland in Ayr, Kirkcudbright, and 
 Lanark ; and those of Ireland, in Wicklow, Down, 
 and Limerick. Lead mines are also wrought to 
 considerable advantage in the Isle of Man. We 
 subjoin an abstract, deduced from the accounts 
 furnished by the Museum of Practical Geology, 
 of the 
 
 Quantities of Lead, Lead Ore, and Silver pro- 
 duced in the United Kingdom in 1867. 
 
 
 I,e.id Ore 
 
 Lead 
 
 SllTer 
 
 
 tons cwt. 
 
 torn crt. 
 
 01. 
 
 England 
 
 58,7ia 6 
 
 4i,liVJ 15 
 
 469.647 
 
 Wain 
 
 S!6,054 1 
 
 19,S51 
 
 147.009 
 
 Isle of Man • 
 
 .1,799 
 
 H.S.K (1 
 
 165,170 
 
 Ireland 
 
 1,K»^ Vi 
 
 1,30S 
 
 li,l40 
 
 Scotland 
 
 «,95l « 
 
 :<.1G7 19 
 
 11,4118 
 
 Totrf - 
 
 9.-.,431i I 
 
 68,410 14 
 
 805,594 
 
 Valued at 
 
 iCMiS.OSK 
 
 *l,H:„'i09 
 
 £!( 15.400 
 
 In 1867, 45,1£8 tons of lead were imported, 
 and 38,9.50 tons were exported. English pig lead 
 was worth, in the London market, in Decemlier 
 1867, 19/. Is. 3d. per ton. In 1832 it was only 
 worUi 13/. lOii. per ton. 
 
 11' 
 
 ill 
 
 ■'■i 
 
 
. ■:|-| 
 
 ■ t 
 
 i i 
 
 8 \ 
 
 ■; |. 
 
 LEAD 
 808 , , , ,,„„,,,,/ /-.-om tht United Kingdom in each of «, 
 Uconnt of iU Beal Value of i^c W -..r.</ .f ^^^^ ^^ 
 
 
 £ 
 
 773,sn« 
 
 isnt 
 
 £ 
 
 770, H* 
 
 I ?^°'-5i- — ' " . T„iRG7 the transactions of the various loathft 
 
 *!.„ nnitcd States, China, Aus- '""',1' „ the kinRdotn were csUmatpillM. 
 
 llussia, France, the Yn^*4''^v ^^^^ ^^ ^^'''^'^ , */"' csentcrw from 16,000,000/. to 2ft,0u0,. '. 
 
 tralia, liritish India *<=. "e i | Kprcscntca .y ,,^.^ amount, vcsi- 
 
 our elcports of lead a^^ P "J^'ff us ore, always »-y "j \,S?atc<?.) Tliere are upwanl. „f . 
 
 Loan, when first c^'^T'^^*"; ';,,,„. var>-inp trom PC'-t'," T' million of persons cngaRe.d ui maki;v 
 
 cout'iins a certain portion t-J;*-;;;^ ^J? when ; n-^er °;%*„a Thoes in the kinga,.™ ., 
 
 n few crains to 45 oz. ?r " , ^ ; gufticient to , anu 8C"i"K ^ . .^ic„iated to be cxiipiid-.l i;i 
 
 the silver niixed up with ;hcoa^^^^ 
 
 repnv the «P^f *>''''" known by the name ot t„'at brancn ^^^^^^^, ,^ London. aM 
 
 is effected by the P^'^^f^„^„.''"The lead "f «^^"'<^ ,f , !,°°e ar° a^°"* ^'^'^ *"""'". '? ISoTn ''"' " 
 its inventor, M;^P8".son^, ^^ Cornwal , there "C a ^ j„ about 40O,Oflfl ,*r* 
 
 the Engli«^^ file of Man. c""*"'"" ^'^'^ T^' toect v and ndirectly, in prepann); and dre^.r? 
 and, also, of the l»lc «« ^'a' '. ^ „ur readers ^ direcU) am. ^ ^^^^j^^ j,^^ consumpt™ 
 
 sidcrable quantities of Bil%cr , a .^ j^^^ ^ ^^?'„ "'1 with the prosross of industn-. di | 
 
 > ill perhaps, be Burpr. od to learn^^. ^^^^^ .^^ ^?^P'"^8^o 003 c^^. (dry) and C15,82> («ct) «re 
 LnCBtimated by thehKhest^^.^ no fewer ;>^«^;tS"fri867, and 8,73?,G04 U.S. of .« 
 1807, the United j^ "f'^J^i.^.d from lead, worth '/?P"/'<=^,^out 300,000 tons of indigenous oakta 
 
 Zongthe "ostproducm.e^>n^^'>^;^^ productive j JtaspeaW.ng^ oMhe^^^^.^^ 
 of Murcia were m l»f ^^^gr. And as it.i», \ pW^i' ■ ^ 1,,^^^ on the instruments 4 
 ?han alUhc "thets put togetne ^^^^^j. ^^ j^ ^ o„g^^ implements used in fod 
 
 lead is, next to ''Vine, the niosD 1 l ^^^^ „ *>"*^''"l7tradcs on the stnicture o( a malmuJi 
 
 ™hUe that of the exports o« »«» -^ ig, the "OoUs on our ^ of orcairwj 
 
 f ''"no,, it is to make them up, according to t^eir l^^^^^^^ """ aiencvTlavine »"? 4 
 mark. 
 
l-.r-v" I 
 
 LEATHER 
 
 80& 
 
 i „/ riif Bed Value of the Leather Exported from the United Kingdom in each of th& 
 itfouutoftneii / 7 rear, ending witn mi. 
 
 1 of other !«"' 
 
 SnUlfJ """'"'" 
 Teal 
 
 ISGl 
 
 £ 
 
 SGMJi 
 
 l,.')SG,S47 
 
 307,736 
 
 IDM 
 
 £ 
 
 in.'. (UK 
 
 (1,6,17 ,.V'.(I 
 
 ( l7.'>,riiR 
 ii^.r.i:^ 
 
 li.'.'iV.l.Tl 
 
 IAG.1 
 
 440,797 
 l,in.-,,S(19 
 
 34l,<;(iS 
 
 1861 
 
 1S6S 
 
 I8(!6 
 
 ISG7 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 .IS 1, SI a 
 
 4("J,JI!) 
 
 4-S,l7') 
 
 4v«,9rs 
 
 I.ISI.I'^I 
 
 l,4r.W,|llA 
 
 gyn.KSH 
 
 !)Vl,79l 
 
 lpri,(n5 
 
 VUl.'iVJ 
 
 ain.'iw 
 
 !(.'>S„'ill 
 
 .■M'l.gjo 
 
 ."..'0,,'.1l 
 
 l<^v,IS4 
 
 Hid, 1 7 ■. 
 
 
 
 
 
 K,40S.3ilB 
 
 x,4f;v,isi 
 
 S,ll3ll,tf1t 
 
 l,».'jS,n;8 
 
 u-»m ken relieved from every sort of trammel 
 flrestraitit, it has rapidly iiicrcasc.l. Itis to 
 ^ hoped that no futnie necessity mav arise to 
 IS the rcimposition of the leather duty. 
 
 (,fo»»( of the Kumher of Pounds Weight of\ 
 IMkr charged with Duties of hxcue tn Eng- 
 
 Wi-i 1821-29. 
 
 ,;; . J2,S74,9--7 
 
 IS2S 
 I8'^9 
 
 Ai),«.n,f;s9 
 
 4f],'^UU,H43 
 
 Id A3 
 
 ,,,j . 41.927,810 
 
 The quantity annually charged with duty in 
 v-iland durinR the same period was, at an 
 ■„mi:c,ahout 6,000,000 lb. 
 .Wraliaisbvfarthe most extensive market 
 k our exports if leather; and next to it, but at 
 1 neat di-lancc, are the Cape Colony, British 
 %u \nierica, the West Indies, Brazil &c. 
 ' LFDGKR. The principal book of accounts 
 ' kepi bv merchants an' tradesmen, wherein every 
 I tenons account is placed by itself, after being 
 lei.neled from the journal. | Book-keei-iso.J 
 
 LECH KISHEUY (Fr. sangsue; Gcr. bhit- 
 Irt; Dutch, blocdzuiger; Russ. pirvitza; Dan. 
 ImiI S»ed, Uodiglar; Span, sanguijuela ; Port. 
 liatpiisupi.Ital.mignatta). The demand for the 
 
 nedirinal leech (Ilirudo medicinalis) is so great as 
 
 afford employment to a considerable number of 
 persons in catching and selling the animal. It is 
 loMion throughout Europe, America, and India, 
 ihibitin: lakes and pools. Norfolk supplies the 
 jreaterpaii of the leeches brought to the London 
 
 but some are taken in Kent, Suffolk, 
 (siex, and Wales; nnd large quantities are im- 
 ned from Borr'ieaux and Lisbon. They are 
 kijlit in spring and autumn, by people who wade 
 Jtothe pools and allow them to fasten on their 
 pbi; or more generally the catchers beat, as 
 jieTiadein, the surface' of the water with poles, 
 ii sets the leeches in motion, and brings them 
 
 1 Ike surface ; when they are taken with the 
 Bd and put into bags. As they come to the 
 
 ' I just before a thunder-storm, this is re- 
 tded as a good time for collecting them. 
 Ku-on's Dispensatory.) 
 
 Ife extract from the Gazette des Hopitaux the 
 
 imf interesting account of the fishery of 
 
 pes at La Brennc, in France ; — 
 
 |The country about La Brenne is, perhaps, the 
 
 '. uninteresting in France. The people are 
 
 krablc-lookiiig, the cattle wretched, the lish 
 
 las bad— but the leeches are admirable. 
 
 lit ever you pass through La Brenne, you will 
 
 •man, palp and straight-haired, with a woollen 
 
 a his head, and hia legs and arms naked ; he 
 
 1 along the borders of a marsh, among the 
 
 I left drj- by the surrounding waters, but 
 
 'mlnly wherever the vegetation seems to 
 
 rve the subjacent soil undisturbed : this man 
 
 |leech-lisher. To see him from distance — 
 
 e;begonc aspect— his hollow eyes— his livid 
 
 l-bis singular gestures— vou would take him 
 
 ^patient who had left his sick bed in a fit 
 
 tiiiin. If you observe him every now and 
 
 I raising Ms legs, and examining them one 
 
 [tne other, you might suppose him a fool ; 
 
 I! 18 an intelligent leech-fisher. The leeches 
 
 mselvcs to his legs and feet as he moves 
 
 B their haunts; he feels their presence from 
 
 their bite, and gathers them as they cluster about 
 the roots of the bulrushes and sea-woods, or bencat 1» 
 the stones covered with green and gluey mf)Ra. 
 Some repose on the mud, while others swim nboiit ; 
 but so slowly, that they are easily gathered with 
 the hand. In a favourable season, it is possible, 
 in the course of 3 or 4 hours, to stow 10 or J 2 
 dozen of them in the little bag which the gatherer 
 carries on his shouhler. Sometimes you will see 
 the leccli-fishcr armed with a kind of spear or 
 liarpoon ; with this he deposits pieces of decayed 
 animal matter in places frequented by the leeches ; 
 they soon gather round the prey, and are pre- 
 sently themselves gathered into a little vessel half 
 full of water. Such is the leech fishery in spring. 
 
 'In summer, the leech retires into deep water ; 
 and the fishers liavo then to strip themselves 
 naked, and walk immersed up to the chin. Some 
 of them have little rafts to go upon ; these rafts 
 are made of t.vigs and rushes, and it is no easy 
 matter to propel them among the weeds and) 
 aquatic plants. At this season, too, the supply in 
 the pools is scanty ; the fisher can only take the 
 few that swim within his reach, or those that get 
 entangled in the structure of bis raft. 
 
 ' It is a horrid trade, in whatever way it is- 
 carried on. The leech-gatherer is constantly more 
 or less in the water, breathing fog and mist and 
 fetid odours from the marsh; he is often attacked' 
 with ague, catarrhs, and rheumatism. Some in- 
 dulge in strong liquors, to keep off the noxious 
 influence, but they pay for it in the end by <lis- 
 orders of other kinds. ' But, with all its forbidding 
 peculiarities, the leech-fishery gives employment 
 to many hands : if it be pernicious, it is also 
 lucrative. Besides supplying all the neighbouring 
 pharmacicns, great quantities are exported, and 
 there are regular traders engaget for the pur, osc. 
 Henri Chartier is one of those persons ; and an 
 important personage he is when he comes to 
 Meobecq, or its vicinity ; his arrival makes quite 
 a fete— all are eager to greet him. 
 
 'Among the interesting particulars which I 
 gathered in La Brenne relative to the leech trade,. 
 I may mention the following : One of the traders 
 — what with his own fishing and that of hia 
 children, and what with his acquisiti'>ns from the- 
 carriers, who sell quantities secc:id-hand — was 
 enabled to hoard up 17,500 lecchf.s in the coursa- 
 of a few months; he kept them deposited in a 
 place where, in one night, they all became frozen 
 en masse. But the frost does not immediately kill 
 them; they may generally be thawed into life 
 again. They easily, indeed, bear very hard usage.. 
 I am told by one of the carriers, that he can pack 
 them as closely as he pleases in the moist sack 
 which he tics behind his saddlj ; and sometimes- 
 he stows his cloak and boots -on top of the sack.. 
 The trader buys his leeches pelc-mele, big and 
 little, green and black — all the same; but ho 
 afterwards sorts them for the market. Those aro 
 generally accounted the best which are of a green 
 ground, with yellow stripes along the body.' 
 
 A tract published at Paris in 1845, by M. Joseph 
 
 Martin, leech merchant, contains a great variety 
 
 of curious and instructive details in regard to the 
 
 natural history of leeches, the trade carried on in 
 
 I them, and the frauds of the dealers. They arc, 
 
 1 ' 
 I 
 
 'Ml 
 
 f 
 
 \'\V. 
 
 .l:,.i 
 
ii ' ^'^^* 
 
 '■ ♦#•. I 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ' 
 
 % f 
 
 I 1 
 
 t ; 
 
 ■i 
 
 ,fi ' , ' •^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 810 
 
 LEGHORN 
 
 wc iK'lieve, much more extensively used in 
 mcdicul (iractico in France than in Kn^Iand; and, 
 at allevciitH, the (|nantity coiisnincd in the former 
 HceniH to lie immense. Notwithstanding tlie ex- 
 haustion of Home of the marshes and ponds in 
 dillerent jiarts of tlu! country, whence supplies of 
 leeches were formerly procured, ^rcat numhers are 
 still obtained in France. Hy far the larger portion 
 of the necessary supplies is, however, brouglit from 
 abroad; principally from (ierniany, Spain, Sardinia, 
 Turkey in Europe, Alf^icrs, Asm Minor &c. In 
 the French Custom-house the imports are esti- 
 mated at 500 leeches per kilo.; but M. JIartin 
 alHrms that 1,000 leeches do not, on an avcrafie. 
 weigh more than a kilo. Hence the numbers and 
 value of the leeches imported into I'Vance during 
 each of the 5 years ending with 1847, will be — 
 
 Vear 
 
 NumhtTS 
 
 ni'corrt)n){ to 
 
 OttirinI Ki'tumt 
 
 Nunibeni Cor- 
 letted 
 
 Omdal Value 
 
 184.1 
 IH44 
 I84.S 
 184li 
 1H47 
 
 17,6(17,696 
 l.'.,M^S7.1 
 13,81.1,18.1 
 
 11,790,840 
 
 .1.-,,:!1,',,192 
 
 .-(l,16'.,.11h 
 
 !i7,6»6,9r,n 
 '^■i,lt.',UUO 
 
 M,'i8i,fiNn 
 
 fr. 
 .'>2S,1!11 
 4.56,980 
 41'i,.1ll4 
 .181,647 
 ,1V1,710 
 
 (French Official Returns.) 
 
 The importation of leeches into France has, 
 liowever, greatly declined of late years. In 1850 
 it was 11,76(5,000 in number, valued at 150 fr. per 
 1,000. In 1855 the imports fell tc 8,444,000 atl<>0 
 fr. per 1,000; in 1857 to 7,195,100 at 90 fr. ; in 
 1859 to 5,873,000 at 80 fr. In fact, the supply of 
 this animal in France itself is so considerable that 
 foreign importation has become unnecessary. The 
 export of French leeches has risen considerably, the 
 chief consumption being that of Spain and Naples. 
 
 In 1867 leeches of the value of 8,999/. were im- 
 ported into the United Kingdom, the value of the 
 imports from France being 8,218/. 
 
 A considerable quantity of leeches is now ob- 
 tained in Australia. 
 
 LEGHORN (Ital. Livcrno). A city ond seaport 
 of the kingdom of Italv, province of Tuscany, 
 lat. 43° 33' 5" N., long. 10° 16J' E. Population, 
 in 1862, 83,543. 
 
 Harbour, Road §(c. — Leghorn has an outer har- 
 bour, protected by a fine mole, running in a 
 N.N.VV. direction upwards of J mile into the sea, 
 and a small inner harbour or basin. The water iii 
 the harbour is rather shallow, varying from 8 feet 
 in the iimcr basin to 18 or 19 feet at the end of 
 the mole. The rise of the tide is about 14 inches. 
 Ships lie within the mole with their sterns made 
 fast to it by a cable, and an anchor out ahead. 
 The lighthouse is built on a rock a little to the 
 S. W. of the mole. It is a conspicuous obje^.t, being 
 about 170 feet above the level of the sea. The 
 roadstead lies VV.N.W. of the harbour, between it 
 and the Melora bank. The latter is of sand, lying 
 N. and S., 4 miles in length by 2 in breadth, the 
 side nearest the shore being about 4 miles from it 
 It consists, for the most part, of sand and mud, 
 and has from 3 fathoms to ^ fm. water over it ; but 
 towards its southern extremity it is rocky; and 
 there, on some of the points which project above 
 the water, the Melora tower has been constructed to 
 serve as a sea-mark ; it bears from the lighthouse 
 W. i N., distant about 4 miles. The best course 
 for entering the roads is to keep to the northward 
 of the Melora bank at about a mile from it, and 
 then, ha^-ing doubled it, to stand on for the light- 
 house about 2^ miles, anchoring in from 7 to 9 
 fathoms, the lighthouse bearing S.S.E. ^ £., 4 
 miles off. The entrance by the channel to the 
 south of the Melora bank is also quite safe ; but it 
 is not 80 suitable for large ships as that by the 
 north. During southerly winds there is some- 
 
 times a heavy sea in the road.s, but the li„liin 
 ground is good ; and with sulliriont anchors anil I 
 cables, and onliiinry precaution, ilierc in nddariOTr 
 'I'lie Lazaretto lies to the south, about 1 mile fL' 
 the tower, and is said to he one of the beit in I 
 luirope. 'I 
 
 TruJf tVc— The comparative scciiritv an.l (m I 
 dom vliieh foreigners have long .iijcv, ,1 i,, jii 
 cany, still more than its advaiilafjeinis Miimtii.nJ 
 render Leghorn the greatest commercial ,itv , 
 Italy. Its exports are similar to tho,e I'mmthd 
 otli.T Italian ports ; consisting principally of ra\7 
 and manufactured silks, olive oil, bora.x fmitd 
 shiimac, valonia, wines, rags, sulplmrj Vlio,.^ 
 marble, argol, anchovies, manna, juniper Uniia, 
 hemp, skins, cork Ac. Leghorn plaitinj; for ,<,tr3 
 hats is the linest in the world ; and larf;e msA 
 titles are imported into Hritain. [IIat.s, Snuwl 
 Besides the above, all sorts of articles, tliepmluof 
 of the Levant, may be had at LeKhorn, lieicnllj 
 however, this trade has fallen oil'; the KnglLsh ad 
 other nations who used to import l.«vant produij 
 at second hand from Italy, preferring now, at li« 
 for the most part, to bring it direct from Smvra 
 Alexandria ic. The imports arc exceeding! 
 numerous and valuable, comprising all sorul 
 commodities, with the exception of those produJ 
 by Italy. Sugar, coffee, and all sorts of coloj 
 produce; cotton stuffs, yarn, and wool; 
 woollen stuffs, spices, dried fish, indigo. 
 woods, rice, iron, tin, hides &c. are among 
 most prominent articles. Shins with cm j 
 board may unload within the limits of the 1 
 retto, -without being detained to perfonn quail 
 tine — a circumstance which has contributed) 
 make Leghorn one of the principal dep5t3 forf 
 wheat of the Black Sea. Hard wheat, particu^ 
 from Taganrog, is in high estimation here aoj 
 the other Italian ports. It is particukriv 
 fitted for making vermicelli, macaroni te 
 Government do not publish any official i 
 of the imports and exports of Leghorn; i 
 mercantile circulars that we have seen sup; 
 deficiency. 
 
 Money. — Down to 1837 accountswereprincid 
 kept in pezze da otto rcali (or dollars of 8 realiM 
 pezza being divided into 20 soldi or 2-10 denari j 
 this money has been discontinued since the a 
 date, and accounts are now kept in lire andl 
 tcsiina ; i.e. the French currency is adopted e/ 
 in name. 
 
 The metrical system of France has aupei^ 
 the ancient weights and measures. 
 
 Credit, Charges frc— Goods in genera 
 bought and sold for silver money ; between « 
 and the money in which biUs of exchanj 
 bought, there is a difference of 7 per cent, i 
 against silver ; i.e. 107 dol. in silver 100 inj 
 
 On goods bought or sold (unless if bein ei 
 money, where there is no discount) thd 
 generally speaking, a discount of 3 per cent| 
 all cotton manufactures 4 per cent. 
 
 Charges on sales, including commiisio^ 
 generally from 6 to 8 per cent.; on fish,! 
 per cent. 
 
 Tares.— Cinnamon 12 to 141b. peribale; 
 coffee, 6 to 7 per cent. ; indigo scroons, 20J 
 40 lb. per seroon ; sugar, Havannah, 14 f * 
 crushed, 12 per cent, or real tare of packa 
 the package, and 4 per cent, for paper, 
 10 per cent. ; rosin, 12 per cent For i' 
 articles specified in the price current the r 
 
 Exchariges, Three Monty -Da'«-^^ 
 at per £ stcriing ; Paris, Uv. at per 10«l 
 doubloons, 101/. ; Genoa, liv. at per iA 
 Trieste, liv. at per 100 C. Flor. 
 
I * ! 
 
 ^ but the lioliiin- 
 I'iont anchorj and 
 tliercis nddanijcr, 
 about 1 mile Um 
 me of the best in 
 
 ■jgriaiihibenUshaj 
 ■N»>fill»m ' 
 ■,"»o«lm, and culm . 
 I*, "raihi ma un 
 
 ■KoWBlbTiiwjari 
 ■>_ at talue • 
 
 |ta Bd Omiti^ pro. 
 
 1,^ fBtlmdi . 
 ■gtoiiliciunii 
 
 ml'" 
 
 ■"^"•Wkjllwyani 
 M£>ta,toU,„. 
 
 Fl&^>'W IZ 
 
 !■! 
 
 i:!! 
 
 II 
 
 l^ii: 
 
 .i). 
 
 r 
 t 
 
 n 
 
 
 I-" 
 
812 
 
 LEMONS 
 
 •»• 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 I 
 
 :'i /:. 
 
 } ' 
 
 
 41 - 
 
 
 ^i! 
 
 Slraw HaU.~The most intcrcfiting, and perhaps 
 also the moAt important, induHtrial purBuit carried 
 oil ill Tuscnny, consists in the manufncturo of 
 straw huts and 8traw-[)laitiiig. The straw f^ruwn 
 in tbo country is peculiarly well adapted for tlic 
 pur|)0sc, and the peasantry have attained to an 
 unrivalled degree of skill in its manipulation. The 
 value of the exports of the article increased from 
 'J,833,000 lire in 1851, to 23,187,000 ditto in ISAo, 
 being abu it J of the entire exports from the 
 duchy in the course of the latter year, and we are 
 informed that they have since continued to in- 
 crease. It is said that about J of the popula- 
 tion of Tuscany derive their principal support 
 from this manufacture ; and thougli tliis be pro- 
 bably an exaggerated Btatement, it shows the 
 importance of the business. Various efforts have 
 been made in this and other countries to raise 
 straw similar to that employed in Tuscany in the 
 manufacture. Hitherto, however, tlioae cflbrts 
 have had but little success, and the superiority of 
 Tuscany in this interesting branch of industry was 
 never more conspicuous than at present. (An- 
 nunire de VEconomie politique pour 1858, p. 501.) 
 
 In 1805, 0,.S'JO vessels entered the port of 
 Leghorn, of which 1,893, of 423,707 tons, were 
 engaged in the foreign, and 4,427, of 558,050 
 tons, in the coasting trade. 
 
 LF.MONS (Ger. limonen ; Dutch, limoencn ; 
 Fr. limons, citrons ; Ital. limoni ; Span, limones ; 
 Port, limaos; Kuss. limonU; Arab, le'mon). 
 The fruit of the lemon tree. {Citrus medica, 
 van p, C.) 
 
 The lemon is a native of Assyria and Persia, 
 whence it was brought intoKurope; first to (Ireece, 
 and afterwards to Italy. It is now cultivated in 
 Spain, Portugal, and France, and is not uncom- 
 mon in our greenhouses. Lemons are brought to 
 England from Spain, Portugal, and the Azores, 
 packed in chests, each lemon being separately 
 rolled in paper. The Spanish leniuns are most 
 esteemed. (For an account of the imports, see 
 Okakqes.) 
 
 LEMON JUICE or CITRIC ACID (Ger. 
 zitronensaft ; Fr. jus de limon ; Ital. agro o sugo 
 di limone; Span, jugo de limon). The liquor 
 contained in the lemon. 
 
 It may be preserved in bottles for a considerable 
 time, by covering it with a thin stratum of oil; 
 thus secured, great quantities of the juice are 
 exported from Italy to different parts of the 
 world; from Turkey also, where abundance of 
 lemons are )^rown, it is a considerable article of 
 export, particularly to Odessa. The discovery of 
 the antiscorbutic influence of lemon juice is one of 
 the most valuable that has ever been made. The 
 scurvy, formerly so fatal in ships making long 
 voyages, is now almost wholly unknown ; a result 
 that is entirely to be ascribed to the regular 
 .allowance of lemon juice served out to the men. 
 The juice is also frequently administered as a 
 medicine, and is extensively used in the manu- 
 facture of punch. (See regulations as to sup- 
 ])lies of lemon juice on board merchant vessels, 
 art. Juice of Lemons, Limks, or Oranges; 
 Seamen.) 
 
 LEMON PEEL (Ger. zitronenschalen, limo- 
 ncnschalen ; Fr. lames d'dcorce de citron ; Ital. 
 Hcorze di limone ; Span, corteza de cidra). 
 The outward rind of lemons is warm, aromatic, 
 and slightly bitter — qualities depending on the 
 essential oil it contams. It is turned to many 
 uses ; and when well candied, constitutes a very 
 good preserve. In Barbadoes, a liqueur, known 
 under the name of eau de Barbade, is manu- 
 factured from lemon peel, which the inhabitants 
 have the art of preserving in a manner peculiar 
 
 LICENSES 
 to themselves. Hoih the liqueur and thi> r, 
 serve used to bo in high repute, esnecialli- 
 trance. ' • 
 
 LKITEH. rPosTOKFicE.l 
 
 l.ETTEU OF CKEUIT. A Inter written 
 one merchant or cowcspoiuleiit to nnothcr, r..|iiistJ 
 
 Cf.tl.l 
 
 iiig hiin to credit the bearer with « rcrinin Mim „■ 
 money. Advice by post sliouM ulwnvs i„i;i, " 
 granting of a letter of credit; a duplican. .f H 
 accompanying such advice. It is |,r„-|,.,it a|,!j 
 in giving advice, to describe tlie bean-r of tbi 
 letter, with as many pnrticulars ns posMble WiJ 
 fall impropcrlv into other hands. ' f 
 
 LETTERS OF MARtiUE AND UFPI'ISid 
 'arc grantable by the law of nations, whono™ 
 the subjects of one state arc oppressed ami i,,j,iroJ 
 by those of another, and justice is denied '.v'th 
 state to which the oppressor belongs.' ((iij,,,! 
 Com. Law, vol. iii. p. «04.) Bcfcire grantin-lHifi 
 of marque. Government is directed, bv ilie"j llei 
 IV. c. 7, to require that sniisfaetion" be made 
 the party aggrieved ; and in the event nf <u( 
 satisfaction not being made within a roawn,il 
 period, letters of marque and reprisal imv 
 issued, authorising the aggrieved partv to aim 
 and seize the property of the aggressor naiii 
 without hazard of being condemncl as a robi 
 or pirate. Such letters are now only issued to 
 owners or captains of privateers durinif war, 
 when war has licen determined upon. Ihcv nn 
 be revoked at the pleasure of the sovereif^'i; ai 
 when hostilities terminote, they ceasclo hai 
 any cfTect. 
 
 The Act 41 Geo. III. c. 76 sanctioned iLc k- 
 of commissions and letters of marque to vevj 
 in the service of the customs, excise At., bm tl 
 statute was repealed by the 27 & 28 Vict, r, 
 
 LICENSES. In Commercial Nnvigaticn, Tl 
 rules and regulations to be observed in thepmtii 
 of licenses to ships embodied in the .Act*i 
 Vict. c. 87, given in the former edition of il 
 work, have been repealed. The only np 
 tion with reference to this subject in'theCi 
 toms Consolidation Act of IHa'i. the IC 4 
 Vict. c. 107 s. 201, wUl be found in ttc 
 Sml'gqlino. 
 
 The statute last referred to contains clai 
 in regard to the licensing of agents for transact! 
 business relating to the entry and clearance 
 ships, goods, and baggage, and of lightermen 
 the carriage of goods to and from importing 
 exporting ships. It gives the Treasury poi 
 by warrant published in the Gazette, to appoi 
 in what ports agents shall be Ucensed, the i'oi 
 missioners of Customs granting the nmm 
 licenses. Appointments had, previously to 
 passing of this Act, been made as to Wi 
 Dublin, Dover, Folkestone, Southamplon, 
 Shoreham. But this licensing system m 
 voked by the following Treasury Wamuit 
 March 14, 1861. 
 
 ' Whereas, by certain warrants under the 
 of the Lords Commissioners of her MaW; 
 Treasur}', the ports of London, Dublin, w 
 Folkestone, Southampton and Shoreham w( 
 appointed ports in the United Kingdom 
 which persons acting as agents in the entiji 
 clearance of any ships, or any goods or ba^ 
 or any business relating thereto, should be 
 quired to be duly licensed for that purpose,* 
 such appointments by the Customs ConsoLui"' 
 Act 1853 confirmed and directed to be co* 
 until the same should be revoked; 
 
 'And whereas it is expedient that tM 
 warrants or appointments should be revoked; 
 
 'We the undersigned Lords Commissioi 
 of her Majesty's Treasure-, in pursnanoe ol 
 
-TT-ri , '1 
 
 
 r writt"n ' 
 ithcr, rri|iii-.tJ 
 'iTlnin Mim(i| 
 ays fill' .«• ili( 
 iiiplicaio lif i| 
 (ini'li'iit iU 
 in-ari't of ihJ 
 pussiUc, Itsiil 
 
 D UUP!'.I\\l| 
 
 ions, wlipiicva 
 sell mill iiijiirt^ 
 
 (Icnicil liy i!ii 
 ij;?.' (Ciiitiy'l 
 
 (:;rantinj;li'itf^ 
 I, by the J I 
 .ion be mailf 
 c event (it sud 
 ;iin a rpasonabll 
 reprisal may 
 1 party to atliil 
 iggTcssor mm 
 unci aa a rotib 
 only issued toll 
 ■9 durinK war, < 
 ;ipon. I'lioy Dili 
 ic sovcreisn; i^ 
 ey cease to 1 
 
 nctioncil Ac tel 
 marque to vtfijj 
 jxcise 4c., but ihj 
 & 28 Vide, 2 
 il NaviRatioi. 
 rvedintheftanta 
 I in tbe Act * 4] 
 ncr edition o( tlij 
 
 The only ikji' 
 ubii-'ct in llie Ciij 
 «o3. the 16 4 : 
 
 found in ike i 
 
 LICENSliS 813 
 
 i/ou'im; the Tradei that ennnnt lie carried on in the l/niled Kingdom without Excite 
 J< > I""' •". ,/^j,,, chnrmifor tuck Licrnnrii ; and the Number of Liceniea granted for carrying 
 '""Vfradein the Year ending Marck 6\, 1800 ; wtth tht Total Amount of Revenue derived 
 
 rtiri'/"""' 
 
 basury 
 
 WltlSB' 
 
 Mtil U- 
 
 Cxi.piWn rf MetiM 
 
 I y>jii.'Ti * I 
 
 »•'■**" . .lit. 
 
 forti«n I'quori - 
 (0 null In lio"l« - 
 
 li«mi.i«'.ta"»-l"'''"""* : 
 
 ' iadilii>nal 
 
 cenw 
 
 IE!».ji'm,(iWm.lV.c.p.»4 
 Tuawutn • . ' 
 
 lj||,.l(te,$C<ltl>«l • 
 Bll\|Cl.Cip. »l • 
 
 |)fm{kiln • ' 
 
 I nuiitn • * 
 
 I hiittui iKiuoi licnw • 
 ■ MiabEaiboiM h 
 
 rtw.t;iMiCTi 
 dfilfn 
 Itmir.tatkorivniMbm 
 
 <tewtii"l"» *"""*'' 
 jUo 50 „ 
 Mio lOO „ 
 UJIO 1,OUO „ 
 
 mchiO 
 
 l,M u 50,000 larrtls 
 
 eai'h .^0 
 
 «.»liiii KfiOO barteU 
 
 Mvh M 
 
 (i(imi(o. tirtnie - 
 
 lupplementar; do. 
 dut; per mllti 
 |fHlt«aiadunuJ(f» - 
 
 Rate of Dulj per Annum 
 
 £ : 
 
 m 
 
 t 
 10 10 
 10 10 
 U 10 
 O 10 
 lU lU 
 
 EnKlanil 
 
 NumlieT of 
 l.tc«nfte« 
 Krantnl 
 
 t 4 
 4 4 
 
 9 \» 
 
 til) 
 3 S U 
 I toll 
 10 1.1 1.1 
 SitoH •> 
 
 i 6 H 
 
 Ints under the ta 
 
 of her Ma«lj 
 
 fon, DuUiD, M 
 
 nd Shorehanfl 
 
 Led Kingil'"»" 
 
 nts in tbe enUJl 
 
 (roods or bJgH 
 
 ireto, should be j 
 
 Ir that putp««.; 
 IstorasComoV 
 kedtobecoriffl"^ 
 
 Vent that i 
 luldberevoW. 
 Irds Commi®o« 
 In pursuance oi 
 
 X 10 
 
 7 
 
 1 t Oi 
 
 
 .'« 
 
 
 ot IS .1 n 
 
 ul to 3 6 
 
 li 
 
 1 H UJ 
 
 
 lo 4 4 
 
 U 
 
 10 10 
 
 
 Vlto S 4 
 li{to I H 
 
 !1| 
 
 to S i 
 
 u 
 
 a !i a 
 
 
 I -i 0) 
 
 
 1 1 u 
 
 
 6 to 1 1 
 
 
 
 to 31 lU 
 
 
 
 OSS 
 
 
 10) to 4 It 
 
 6 
 
 W 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 6 to 78 15 
 
 u 
 
 Vi 6 
 
 
 I 7 6 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 7 10 
 
 ijwriai, London : license 
 dutj 
 per wwk 
 ifnotnsedon Sundayi 
 iiiniihiT, Englind and Scotland 
 
 giikeKi:jtpill&toOct.5l - 
 Nof. 1 to Avril 6 . 
 ihole jear 
 \tt^ • 
 
 deilcrt 
 aukm ■ 
 
 iHtmindinlUn 
 ""'riatTOiiori 
 e|at^:iniker and idler 
 ttUer on) J 
 
 Kicna . . 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 5 |(> 
 3 3 
 
 
 
 io7n 
 at decreasing rates 
 » V 
 and 5 per cent. 
 
 
 4.nl,^ 
 
 3,I4Y 
 
 8 
 
 9» 
 
 (i3< 
 
 S.Ml 
 
 3 
 
 i,«ri3 
 
 ««,47!» 
 
 1,103 
 K,|-0 
 
 4;,i.»i 
 
 400 
 i,54l 
 
 3o,,'.a4 
 
 3,';^8 
 
 so 
 
 9,90 '■ 
 
 (11.) 
 
 5,?S5 
 
 343 
 
 S87,-ifil 
 
 6,370 
 
 1.1 
 
 11 
 
 37,447 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Inland 
 
 Numlier of 
 MctnM* 
 grantrtl 
 
 I n 0) 
 
 7 li> 
 6 0| 
 nc 
 
 I II 
 
 1} 
 
 5 per cent, on recelptt 
 ■■'•■ - ■■- -l fil 
 
 6 and 
 ! 
 * 
 
 3 
 t 
 1 II 
 
 10 10 o 
 'J it 
 
 4 4 
 
 4 4 
 3 2 
 lo 4 
 lo X 
 1 01 
 i el 
 to S 1.') 
 lo IS 
 
 4*1 
 It 
 
 »;J7S 
 
 8,814 
 
 7.100 
 
 1V6,S)99 
 
 43,«3I 
 
 3,»I7 
 
 1,8311 
 
 5 
 
 140 
 
 316 
 
 174 
 
 ."iS 
 
 16,-.19 
 
 10,747 
 
 6,889 
 
 7,161 
 11,761 
 
 4.51 
 28H 
 117 
 
 1.1 
 l«l 
 
 III 
 3H8 
 
 ll.TOt 
 
 "so 
 
 SOI 
 «i 
 
 s,'eo8 
 "21 
 
 VI 
 89 
 
 '11 4 
 
 19,1M 
 
 Ml 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 t24 
 
 18 
 1 
 
 ti'i 
 961 
 
 19,119 
 
 4,017 
 
 1,139 
 
 t 
 34 
 S6 
 H 
 7 
 1,421 
 761 
 
 848 
 
 990 
 336 
 
 Numlier of 
 Mt-rnnet 
 Itratiled 
 
 408 
 11 
 113 
 37 
 »3 
 3 
 
 476 
 
 15,111 
 
 J98 
 
 6119 
 
 S39 
 1.1,'«-8 
 
 1.1.1 
 
 4,893 
 
 '1I6 
 14 
 
 84 
 40 
 8.1 
 
 106 
 «,SI3 
 
 150 
 
 96 
 
 Unilnl Kinniloni 
 
 Totiil Nunjtwr 
 of Lici;nie* Kr.inted 
 
 4,908 
 
 3,7.11 
 
 148 
 
 117 
 
 771 
 
 I 'J 
 
 4,786 
 
 3 
 
 1,863 
 
 8I/;91 
 
 11,701 
 
 idlH 
 
 3,9119 
 
 KI.IJ 
 
 .■,I)H'J 
 
 4;,r>9i 
 4110 
 wi 
 
 ?,7.V. 
 
 3.1,417 
 
 S.fiO'i 
 
 3,874 
 
 IVl 
 
 IO,OKl> 
 
 331 
 
 5,170 
 
 S«3 
 
 «69,8I9 
 
 6,0V I 
 
 ill 
 
 li 
 
 37,767 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 4.17 
 17 
 
 No dutj 
 
 2,62lt 
 
 .. 
 
 »,803 
 
 i,9;i 
 
 1,9-1 
 
 .. 
 
 7,160 
 
 No duly 
 1!3,S76 
 
 X119,318 15 
 170,TOl 
 
 3,493 
 
 S0,711 
 
 .-;68 
 
 69 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 idO 
 
 96 
 
 1 
 
 SOI 
 
 No duly 
 
 4,7S1 
 
 it,lll! 
 
 181 
 392 
 X9t 
 63 
 174)64 
 11,518 
 
 6.1S 
 
 7.77X 
 
 .178 
 6X1 
 
 8,SW 
 3.7V4 
 
 Total amount recetred for liocnac* in 1866, X,238,8 1'-'<. 
 
 *■ '■* 
 
 
 
 
 pet ind authority conferred upon us by tho said 
 Tiiiid in exercise of the same, do hereby revoke 
 jwimnts or appointments, and the continu- 
 Vtkftwi "ereinbefore referred to, whereby the 
 not London, Dublin, Dover, Folkestone, Siiutli- 
 ™ and Shoreham, or any of them, were 
 
 * The board directs that copies of their Lordships' 
 warrant be inserted in the London anrl Dublin 
 Gazettes.' 
 
 The total number of excise licenses existing on 
 March 31, 1867, was in En-jland, 779,4()C ; Scot- 
 land, 72,874; Ireland, 97,331. Total number, 
 
 01 declared to be, and be continued , United Kingdom, 949,671 ; total revenue ditto. 
 
 1 woked, pt3 or places in the United 
 ciloinimThioh persons acting as agents in 
 h»tiT or clearance of any ships or of any 
 ■* 61 biggnge, or any business relating thereto, 
 
 including licensee, for fractional parts of a year, 
 and surcharges, 2,325,.521/. 
 
 There are, also, in the United Kingdom, sundry 
 businesses whicli cannot be carried on without a 
 
 be required to be duly licensed for that | stamp license, such as bankers, attorneys, ttc. 
 
 toehallTrcasuri- Chambers, dated this 14th 
 'il Match, 1867, 
 
 (Signed) 
 
 ' J. Bagwell, 
 Wm. Dunbau.' 
 
 The license duty paid by these parties amounted 
 in the year ended Marcli 31, 1866, to 134,101/. 
 
 LIGUTHOUSE. a tower situated on a pro- 
 montory or headland on the sea coast, or on rocks 
 or banks in the sea, for the reception of a light for 
 
 I ■' 1 
 
 I* ' 
 
 T ■ 
 
 
 ' 
 
 . i, M 
 
 
 
 «r 
 
 
 ■<<-• 
 
 
 *. - 
 
 , 1 1 
 
 \ '. 
 
 
 
 
 " V-' • 
 
 
 
 
 ■M;'. 
 
 
 '• ^ 
 
 ■■ L 
 
 1 *• 
 
 ^V 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■b i' 
 
 ' 
 
 ;. i*t - 
 
 *>,- 
 
 ■-.-.' '■' 
 
 ' '" 1 
 
 
 
 
 ... i 
 
 •■ 11. '■ 
 
i 
 
 
 1 i^..- 
 
 ■' 
 
 1 
 
 e 1 
 
 t... • 4 
 
 814 
 
 LIOUTUOUSE 
 
 I ho Kuidanco uf nhips at iiiKht. ' I'Hua pjiih, 
 iicH'tiiriio iinviuiTi cumi \^nt» 0Ht«nilcre, a«l iiric- 
 nuiiiiuiiiln vikIii, ixirtuaquo intruitiiiii.' (I'liii. 
 Ili»t. Milt. lit), xxxvi. c, 13.) There arc aluo 
 llimtin(;-liKht)i, or lightH placed on buard vchih'Ih 
 nidiiri'd ill ccrtuiii HlutiotiH, and iuU'iidi'd for thn 
 HaiiH! piirpoM'H as thoHc on ohoru. 
 
 Ilitlitrwul Aotiin. — Tim lit{htiiiK of tires fortho 
 dir(!i'liiiii of xliipH at night is oi' hucIi ohvioiiH 
 utility, llmt wu iiocd nut wonder at the practice 
 lias iiiK ori^'intiled at a very reunite era. The 
 early history of ' hthonses is, however, iiivolveil 
 in niiieh oliscurit ; but it is rcafconalile to suppcjse 
 tliiil no hint; period would elapfc after tires were 
 liKhled for the prcmonilion and guidance of 
 niariiicrs, till towers would liegiii lobe coiistructid 
 (nr their reception. The most celebruleil of nil 
 the ancient lighthouses was that erected by 
 I'lolemy Hoter, on the small island of i'haros, 
 opposite to Alexandria, ' nocturnis ignibuscursum 
 iiavium regctis.' (i'liii. lib. v. c. HI.) It was of 
 great height, and is ^laid to have cost (SOO talents. 
 L)r. Gillies tells us (J/inl. of ^Ih.ramlir's Sitccen- 
 lom, vol. ii. p. I'M, 8vo. ed.), tliut tlie tower was 
 4i')0 feot in height ; that each side of its sipinrc 
 base measured GUU feet, and that its ' beuniing 
 Huniniit ' was seen at the distance of lUU nales ! 
 It is almost needless to add, that there is no 
 authority for such statements, wliich indeed carry 
 absurdity on their face. Its celebrity was such 
 that I'huros rapidly bccumo, and still continues to 
 be in many countries, a generiuterm equivalent to 
 lighthouse. In the ancient world, there were 
 lighthouses at Ostia, Kiiveniia, I'uleoli, Cajirca, 
 Kliodes on the Thraciau Llosporus &c. (See 
 SuitDiiii Opera, cd, I'itisci, .oni. i. p. 7ijl>; and the 
 AncitHt (Jnivemat History, ix, yGO, 8vo. eil.) 
 
 The Tour de CurJouan, at the entrance of the 
 Gironde, the Eddystone Lighthouse, opposite to 
 Plymouth Sound, that more recently con- 
 structed on the licit Kock, opposite to the Fritli 
 of Tuy, and that on the iiishup liocks to the 
 S.W. of the Scilly Islands, arc the roost celebrated 
 modcr.i lighthouses. The Tour de Cordouan was 
 begun in 16«4, by order of lleiirj- 111., and was 
 completed in 1010. It was at lirst KJ'J feet (Fr.) 
 high ; but in 1727 it was cnlaiged, by the addi- 
 tion oi an iron lantern, to the heiyhtof 176 French, 
 or I8G4 English feet. It used to be lighted by 
 a coal tire, but it is now a revolving dioptric 
 light of the lirst order. It is altogether a sjilendid 
 structure; and is, besides, remarkable for being 
 the first lighthouse on which a revolving light 
 was exhibited. [Bohueaux.] 
 
 'I'he tirst lighthouse erected on the Eddystone 
 rocks only stood about 7 years, having been blown 
 down in the dreadful storm of November 27, 1703 ; 
 a second, erected in 1708, was burnt down in 17.j6. 
 The present lighthouse, constructed by the cele- 
 brated engineer Smeaton, was completed in 1769. 
 It is regarded as a masterpiece of its kind; and 
 bids fair to be little less lasting than the rocks on 
 'Which it stands. 
 
 The liell Kock Lighthouse was built by Mr. 
 Stevenson on the model of the Eddystone, and 
 that on the Bishop Kocks was completed by 
 Messrs. Walker and Burgess in 1868. The 
 Skerryvore and Smalls Kock lighthouses are also 
 of similar design to Eddystone. 
 
 Numerous lighthouses, marking the most dan- 
 gerous points and the entrance to the principal 
 harbours, are now erected in most civilised muri- 
 time countries. Tbev are particularly abundant 
 in the Baltic and in the Sound, and have contri- 
 buted, in no ordinary degree, to render their 
 navigation comparatively safe. Within these few 
 years several new ones have been erected on the 
 
 British coaatii, and on thoge of Kranci. tK. r 
 States 4ft ^'' "" "^f" 
 
 I'reciiutiont 
 
 accidents have 
 
 >iil 
 
 lnj.iiid 
 Mil ,|„KM aj 
 Kins i,f rn„ 
 
 n* In I.i;iliHmuH!i.-.y\a„y 
 ,. . armeii from >Ui;,i, muiiiiin. 
 
 ight /or another; andhenr.. tl,« i^r^nn,;;^.. 
 those on th<! same co.vt, |„.ii,,f mm L , ,r. 
 distinctly from each other, anil iit.hJir '* 
 ami ai [leurniico being annraiplv 
 de.-ctilieil. The -noilprM iiiveiiiio,,, ,„ „,,,„.,„, 
 iiitermilting, ond cnloiireil |ifr|,tH, ,,n,.r,l l„ ,!' 
 for varying the a|.pearai.ie„l™dili^l„,„;u * 
 to iiiir ancestors, anil have been, in thnf r. .1,1 
 the greatest importance. F„r s,„no i„t,„,. 
 details on this sul.jict, we wonl,|rif,T t„ •( u 
 (;lose oil Lighthouses and Coa^t lllun,i„,',', 
 111 vol. IV. of Ji,,,orU on the Pari, EMm 
 
 Chartof Ilyhlhomr, J-r.-A Rood ilc.onpi 
 work on lighthouses, beacons 4e.,isail(.si,lmin 
 I lat o( Coulier, Guiilc ,!,„ Marina i,n,lm,l 
 Nucujittion nocturm; Paris IHJII. j^ |i,||.|,, 
 best. It must not bejudged hv its nnViice' «l 
 IS as bad as possible; consiMim^r „f .,.„,', f, 
 the most fantastical ports of Itrynnt'* .l/Vz/w,, 
 and of attacks on us for our conilnct in rrliiii.V 
 I'arga, and the alleged ill treatment of thr ci 
 of a vessel wrecked on the islaiiil i,f VUfni 
 The book is really pretty good, whioh ci^njij 
 be anticipated from such a cipmmon '.'mcnt 
 reader will liiid tli« existing Eiij;li.<h ami Ii 
 lighthouses, and the grc.ilor number of thnsf 
 longing to Scotland, laid down in thcihan 
 tttched to the article Canals in this work, 
 accuracy may be ilepcided upon : for it li 
 copied from the oflici. I chart of thn|ii;htlinu! 
 the British and contiguous eoasfi puliii.-Wi 
 the Trinity House. 
 
 Law ai tu British Lighthouses.— W S 
 c. 13 empowered the Corporntinn of the Ii 
 House to erect beacons Ac. to prevent afcii 
 to ships; and though the Act ito not expr. 
 mention lighthouses, it has been held to "sl 
 to them ; ond on its authority, and tlic privil 
 attached to the ofiicc of buoyage and beacoi 
 conferred on the Trinity House in l.iHilie 
 poration erects lighlhouses. 'I'he tiiilj fur 
 maintenance have been generally collected 
 the authority of letters patent I'rura the C 
 those for the support of the Eildysionc li;'bt,j 
 some others in difrercnt parts "of the kim 
 being, however, established by Act of Parii 
 The lir.-t lighthouses erected iiy the Trinity 
 were built at Caistor, in Norfolk, in 16(10.' 
 _ All the lighthouses, Hoating-ligh's ie., a 
 sive of harbour-lights, from the Kern Islam' 
 the coast of Northumberland, round bv " 
 Head and the Land's End, to the coast of 
 shire, have always belonged to the Trinitj' 
 with the exception of about a dozen li|,'bt^ 
 Tyncmouth, Spurn (^ shore), Winterton, in|" 
 ford, Harwich, Dungencss, Skemes ic 
 lights have been jiartly public and paitlrpi 
 property ; but they have latterly been allat 
 by the 'rrinity House. (See below.) The 
 on their account have been, fur the most 
 ways payable to the Trinity eollettors. 
 
 The Act of 1853, IG 4 17 Vict. \ 131, a: 
 Mercantile Shipping Act of 1854, have m* 
 Trini.y House diioclly subordinate inmiij 
 spects to the Board of trade. The dues it 
 beaconage &o., formerly payable to tbe 
 House, arc at present carried to the 
 of the Mercantile Marine Fund, whith is 
 charged with the cost of niainiaining 
 buoys Ac, and it, also, is to be charged «" 
 pensions hitherto paid by the Triiiifv t 
 The latter is in future to prepare cstinuMi 
 
 ■\n 
 
 comes into , 
 
 .THnstratcol 
 
 'f'^"nwne,iraii 
 ''Wdthciheif}! 
 .*'-'• (Sec. 
 ^"'"f House, „a^ 
 
 '"• "Ofkmon, nh 
 ■'"".>■ 'ighthoudcT 
 
 I ! 
 
lighthousp: 
 
 SKt 
 
 «MPijto be allowed whiih Iim not pre- 
 * iTeuwncliomtl by tho IJonnl of Trade. 
 rL.«for lights Ike. nrn ... Ik, rovis..d an.l 
 
 ,J bv hor Majesty iii .M.i.n. d, who is nl-... 
 
 J iliphalHlobi^ liik«ii tor new linhlM. Ibw 
 
 ' ,,„ th»t «'" ""'" ''" ''""*"' •" ■''" ''"■- 
 'ZiAtmon ^bippi"« <•"'""" f'"' t" '>" '"' 
 
 J^Lls«"'l "ill- "" ''""'"' ''""« "'""" **"••' 
 
 Mi.mtotlii'l'iwt''" P"'"' "•■•""""''''"t with tlu! 
 
 !l,,,iiion "I' th ■ i"'P"f"»>'* o>'j''L-U for which 
 
 "r kjvf boon inip"'«'d. 'I'ho most important 
 
 f ihc Merfiiiuile Shipping Act. the 17 A 
 
 lUl, and (if the Ti) & 2(5 Vict. <\ <!;i, 
 
 nice to lijjlithou.soH, aro aH folbiw, 
 
 1» Vict. i". 
 ijm.' refri' 
 
 %Mt<mlofUghthm>f», limyi, ami Benrnnii, 
 
 ki,,. fmity //"««■ .Sfc-Siibjecl to tho provisions 
 limanW""''!, and subject nl.-"> to any powers 
 ,.'..,,< nim lawfully enjoyed or exercised by 
 uvU.iior bcxlv (if persons hnvinj,' by law or 
 Jjiithoriiy (.ver local linhthoiises bi.ovs, or 
 lucr,* limin tfrnied ' bical nutliorities, the 
 B»nnieiiil»"i(! mwl iiianaKoinent of all linbt- 
 Uu^Uiovs. and beacons shall bo vested in the 
 lto«inL'l"''IK viz. :— , . . , , , , 
 litnlaii'land W alc^-, and the islands of Jor- 
 « (iufW, Sark, ami Aldcrney, and tho ad- 
 
 ■m\ iw ii'l I"'"""'"' »'"' '" U''l'«ola"'' »'»' 
 
 iilaltir. in the Trinity lloii.sc: 
 
 hStfiilaml and th. adjacent seas and islands, 
 
 a/\ J iht 1 le of Man, i" the Commissioners 
 
 (ilS..tttini l,itfhth(iu.''P.s. 
 
 hteWanil the adjacent soaa and islands, 
 
 io the Per. of Dublin Corporation, now (18(18) 
 
 uiWCtiiwionon of Irish Linht.s. And, sub- 
 
 j(ci(o:k provisions herein contained, th(! said 
 
 TiinitT 11 ii-c, Conimi.ssioners, and Corporation, 
 
 limjn lemwl (ieneral Li};lithoiiso Anthorities, 
 
 Wlwfwiivily continue to hobi and maintain 
 
 ilipmnv now' vested in them in that behalf, in 
 
 thi^iemnncr and for the same purpose as they 
 
 i« liiihertn hold and maintained the same. 
 
 liili)Vict.c.l04». 3H9.) 
 
 (ttmioner) of Northern Lighthouses. — Tho 
 Ipi! Wding the following ollices shall bo a 
 lUr (xipirate, under the name of tho Com- 
 l«i»ioiiffl ut Northern Lighthouses ; that is to 
 (lir- 
 
 [i. Hie Lord Advocate and tho Solicitor-General 
 I Mind- 
 
 :. Tie Lords Provosts of Edinburgh and Glaa- 
 Bt.udthe I'rovosts of tho cities of Aberdeen, 
 btmess, and Campbeltown ; 
 i The eldest bailies of Edinburgh and Glas- 
 
 [tlhe sheriffa of the counties of Edinburgh, 
 iitk, Renfrew, Bute, Argylc, Inverness, Koss, 
 tisfv, I'ailhnpss, .\l)erdecn, Ayr, Fife, Forfar, 
 fon, Sutherland, Kincardine, Kirkcudbright, 
 kiEHn; 
 
 |M<hall have a common seal ; and any 6 of such 
 
 «nii<;ioners shall constitute a (luonim, and 
 
 li lave power to do all such matters and things 
 
 luiithi be (lone bv the whole body of com- 
 
 V««trs. (Sec. 390.) 
 
 Ifimr In e/ee( cerUiin new Members. — In ad- 
 
 >tto the persons above mentioned, it shall be 
 
 ™forthesaidcommis.sioncr8,at any time after 
 
 ' .\ct (ximes into operation, to elect theprovo.^t 
 
 Ithiet magistrate of any loyal or parliamentarj* 
 
 ^?li.iin or near any part (if the coa.sfs of Scot- 
 
 '. and the shi-lIT, of anv county abutting on 
 
 k toasts, (Sec. 3(J1.) 
 
 \hmly Hime mui/ inspect Lighthouses in Scot- 
 
 ^ml ire/and.— The Trinity Mouse, their en- 
 
 ftrs, workmen, and .-ervauts, may at all lime-" 
 
 Ki any lighthouses witliiu the jurisdiction of 
 
 tho said commissioners or corporation, to viow 
 tho condition thereof, or otherwise, (or tho pur- 
 poses of this Act. (See. .'l'.V.».) 
 
 lionrdof 'I'ntili: mill/ iii>iH)int I'ernnni to innprcl 
 Litjhthimiifs ^-r. — Tho ltoar(l of Trade may, upon 
 complaint to I ho elYcct that any li^hthoiiyc, lidny, or 
 beacon under the inana^^einent of any of the said 
 general ligblhouso authorities, or any work coii- 
 iiectcd therewith, is inellicient or improperly 
 managed or unneccssiiry, authorise persons to in- 
 H|M'ct lh(! .same ; and every person so aiilhorise(l 
 may inspect the same accordingly, ainl niako sueli 
 enniiiries in res|iect thereof as he may think 111; 
 and all otilcers and olliirH having the care of such 
 lighthouses, Imoys, or beacoiH, or concerned in 
 the management thereof, shall fiiriiinh all such 
 information and c.xplaniitions in relation thereto 
 as ho mav reiiuire; and the said general li;;lit- 
 houso aulfiorities and their r(!spectiveotriccrs shall 
 at all times give to the Hoard of Trade all such 
 returns, explanations, or information in relation 
 to tho ligblhoiiscH, buoys, or beacons within 
 their juri.sdiction and the manugerncnt thereof, 
 as such Hoard may from time to tiinu re(piire. 
 (Sec. ;Ji)3.) 
 
 Thn 25 A 20 Vict. c. f..T s. 't;i provides that 
 the following rules slnll bo observed with respect 
 to tho inspection of local lighthouses, buoys, and 
 beac!<ms; that is to say — 
 
 1. It shall bo the duly of each of thn general 
 lighthou.se authorities, or of such perscins as may 
 be authorised by such authority for tho purpose, 
 to in:«pect all lights, buoy.s, and beacons sitiiato 
 within the limits of the jurisdiction of such gene- 
 ral authority, but belonging to or under the juris- 
 diction of any local autjiorities, and to make such 
 en(iuiric9 in respect thereof and of the manage- 
 ment thereof as thev may think tit: 
 
 2. All officers and others having the care of such 
 lighlhou.ses, buoys, or beacons, or concerned in the 
 management thereof, shall furnish all such infor- 
 mation and explanations c(mcerning the samo as 
 they may rc(piiro : 
 
 3. All such local autboritioa and their respective 
 officers shall at all times givu to the inspecting 
 authority all such rctum.s. explanations, or infor- 
 mation concerning the lighthouses, buoys, and 
 beacons within their jurisdiction, and tho manage- 
 ment thereof, as tho said authority may from time 
 to time require: 
 
 4. Tho inspecting authority shall communicate 
 to each local authority the results of its inspection 
 of the lighthou.ses, buoys, and beacons within its 
 juri.sdiction, and shall also make general re- 
 ports of the results of its inspection of local 
 lighthouses, buoys, and beacons to tho Board of 
 Trade; and such reports shall be laid before 
 parliament : 
 
 6. The powers given by sec. 394 of the principal 
 Act to tho general lightbou.so authorities shall, so 
 far as tho same arc applicable, extend and apply 
 to the ciwe of local buoys and beacons, other than 
 local buoys and beacons placed or erected for 
 temporary purpos s, as well as to the case of local 
 lighthouses. (25 iSz 2(> Vict. c. (iS s. 4.').) 
 
 Power to General Lighthouse Authorities to con- 
 trol Local Authorities. — Each of the .said general 
 lighthouse authorities, upon giving due notice of 
 their intention, shall have power, with the sanc- 
 tion of tho Hoard of Tride, to compel any local 
 authority having jurisdiciion in the matter of 
 lighthouses, buoys, or beacons at any place situate 
 within the jurisdiction of such general Itghthouso 
 authority, to lay down buoys or to remove or dis- 
 continue any existing liglitliouse or beacon, or 
 to make any variati(m in tho character of any 
 lighthouse or in tho mode of exhibiting lights 
 
 ■ i 
 
 il A.: 
 
■ I 
 
 816 
 
 LIUllTHOUHK 
 
 ,«' 
 
 • ) 
 
 i* 
 
 
 U 
 
 4 • 
 
 tlicroin i nnd no .iiirli loonl nuthorily si ari)rP!<nii| 
 tiliiilt .Toct nny ni-w liKlitlioimo, or roniovo or iIm- 
 roiitinun nny liKlillioiiNP, or vary llio clinrnt'li'r 
 r>f nny liKlitlinunn or tlii> inoilc of pxliihiliii^ 
 li^-lil!)' Ihcri'tii, witlioiit tlin tmiu'linii of tlin kp- 
 iiiriil li(;litlioiiAO niitlmrily within wlumr. jnris- 
 (liction llin Hnnic in itituatp. (17 it IH Vict. 
 
 V. Kit H. ;m.) 
 
 in rime of hr/'uiilt hi/ f.itriil /Imlifn, Lornl tJght ■ 
 /kiu.im mit^ lif tritnuf'rrrril to (Ifurriil l,iijhthim»e 
 Aiillmritie». — If nny I(M'al nntliorlty hnvinu jHiwpf 
 lo prpct, maintain, or placp any looal lii'lithounp, 
 l)i;(iy, or lipnron nt n\t jiinccwilliin tlif jurimii.-tion 
 dC o'lio of tlio i>ai(l k"p""''«I liKhllionsn niithoritic., 
 fails no to do, or fails to obey nny diicrtion Riven 
 liy mioh authority under tlip ln«t prpcp linf^HPotion, 
 licr Majesty may, npon npplicotion from s.iph 
 KPneral litflitliouse authority, hy ordei in cnimpil 
 difpct that such power as nforesni.. Hlmll 1)0 
 irnniferred to surh la.st-nieiitioned nnthi rity ; nnd 
 sueli power, toKetlier with all powers oi' levyinfj 
 nnd receiving; dues in respect of such li ;htlK/U80, 
 buoy, or beacon, shall thereupon bccon c vested 
 in such Inst-mentioned authority; and si'(!h light- 
 house, with its nnpurtennncpH, niid alsotiueh buoy 
 or iM-acon, nnd all dues leviable in respect thereof, 
 Hhnll thenceforth be aubicct in all respects to the 
 unnio repdations as other lip^hthousea onil light 
 dues, liuoyg, and beacona provided fur by this Act. 
 <Sec 395.) 
 
 Duel I'l be levied. — Subject to any alterations 
 to bo made under the powers hereinafter con- 
 tained, the Raid general lighthouse authorities 
 BhttH, in respect of the existing lighthouses, buoys, 
 or beacons within their resnectivo iuri8diction.<<, 
 I'ontinuc to levy dues, hcrem cnllea light duis, 
 nllcr the rote at which the same arc levied at the 
 time when this Act comes into operation ; and 
 Much light dues shall be payable in respect of all 
 ships whatever, except ships belonging to her 
 Majesty and ships hereby exempted from payment 
 thereof. (Sec. 896.) 
 
 The 25 & 20 Viet. c. C3 sa. 44 ii 45 provides that 
 the following persons shall be liable to pay light 
 dues for any ship n respect of which light dues 
 are pavablc ; (that is to say), the owner or master, 
 or such consignees or agents thereof as have paid 
 or made themselves liable to pay nny other charge 
 on account of such ship in the port of her arrival 
 or discharge, and in default of payment such light 
 dues may bo recovered in the same manner as 
 pennlties of the like amount may be recovered by 
 virtue of the principal Act. (25 & 26 Vict. c. 63 
 fl. 43.) 
 
 Kvery consignee ui A agent (not being the 
 owner or master) hoT'jl y made liable for the pay- 
 ment of light duts in respect of any ship m,»y, out 
 of any moneys in !.is hands received on account 
 of such ship, or belonging to the owner thereof, 
 retain the amount of oil dues so paid by him, to- 
 gether with any reasonable expenses he may have 
 incurred by reason of such payment or liability. 
 (Sec. 45.) 
 
 Light Dues to be subject to Revision by her 
 Majesty in Council.— Wet Majesty may, with the 
 advice of her Privy Council, from time to time 
 reduce all or any of the dues for the time being 
 payable in respect of existing or future lighthouses, 
 buoys, or beacons, for the time bring under the 
 management of the said general lighthouse au- 
 thorities ; and may also, with the liiic advice, 
 from time to time increase or vary any of such 
 dues, so that no dues payable in respect of any 
 lighthouse, buoy, or beacon existing at the time 
 "when this Act comes into operation, are made to 
 ■exceed the amount which has at any period pre- 
 vious to such time been received in respect thereof, 
 
 or to which the said duos miKht .hmng ,„,, ,,, 
 ot such |HTiod as In^t aforpnaiillawfullv im> i I 
 
 raised. (17 it 18 Vict. c. 6;i ,. W\l ) "I 
 
 lly 25 4 26 Vict. c. .13 s,. 46, .17. It isonaotr,! ,l,„ „ 
 
 any light house, buoy, (.r boncon ii, orrvt,.,!,,, ,,|' I 
 or reconstructed, rcoaircl, orrcplacp,||,y„ 'T;'!''' 
 authority having jurisdiction ir the nnit.V 
 lighthouses, buovs, or hparotn, hor Miii^n "i 
 on the application of the saiil l„cal 'uuil,„rii "T 
 order in council (Ix such .hies to !>.. |,„„i , ''\ 
 said local authority in respect "f pvory shin,v'l,Lj 
 piiters thp port or harbour iimlcr the Jun.,li,i 
 of such local authority or the cslimrv whor 
 such lighthouse, buoy, or bcaon u m^w I 
 .Inch passes the said lighthouse, buoy „ri„.„, 
 and (ii.ivcs lienellt therefrom, as \m Sliiiujtv'm, 
 deem rposonablo ! J . ' " 
 
 The dues for tHr ;iinc bsing (Ixpil hvnnvM 
 order in council as /iforesaid shall he paid ,vo„ 
 ingly by the mrster of the t>'\,\ ship „r „, 
 person or persons by whom the saiii Ijjrht dmi' 
 levied by one of the general lighthouse mity 
 ties, would bo payoble, i.uil shall he rpcovrjble 
 the same manner as light dues payable to nu 
 general authorities are recoverable. 
 
 All li(jht dues leviable bv any Inca! miih..,, 
 under this Act shall be applied for the purp, -o, 
 the construction, placing, maintenaner, nml i 
 provcment of the lighthouses, buoys, and Uaci 
 in respect of which the same are levied, and 
 no other purpose : 
 
 The local authority to whom the sanipar" 
 shall keep a separate account of the rrifii.t 
 expenditure of such dues, and shall oncci'i .v 
 year, or at such other time as the BoanI oiTi 
 may determine, send a copy of such acc'inii 
 the Board of Trode, and shall send (he h 
 in such form and shall give such pjrtml 
 in relation thereto as the Hoard of TnJe 
 require : 
 
 Ilcr Majesty may by order in cniinrii fMinti 
 to time reduce, alter, or incrca.sc all it w 
 such dues, so that the same may, sn far a- i 
 practicable, be sufficient and not n-.ore than 
 cicnt for the payment of the expcns^n mm 
 the local authority in respect of the liijhihoi 
 buoys, or beacons for which the dues are Ici 
 (Sees. 46 ii 47.) 
 
 Powers of General Lii/hlhouse Aiithort: 
 alter and regulate Dues. — Each of the said gei 
 lighthouse authorities shall have power, vith 
 consent of her Majcstv in council, to do mj 
 the following things ; that is to say- 
 To exempt any ships or any classe j of 
 from the payment of light dues recoivabli 
 such authority, and to annex any temu or 
 ditions to such exemptions : 
 
 To alter the times, places, and modM at .11 
 which the light dues receivable by such am' 
 are payable : 
 
 To substitute any other dues or clajJ of 
 whether by way of annual payment or oihei 
 in respect of any ships or classes of ship?, fo 
 dues pavable to such authority for the time' 
 (17 4 18 Vict. 0.63 s. 398.) 
 
 Publication of Dues and /fcjii/.j/iM'.— Tal 
 all light dues, and a copy of the reijulatioi 
 the time being in force in respect thciwf^ 
 be posted up at all custom-houses wiiW 
 United Kingdom ; and each of the said f 
 lighthouse authorities shall from time to li 
 occasion requires, furnish copies ofmch 
 and regulations to the Court of Custom) 
 don, and to the principal offif«ra of 
 resident at all places where light dues 
 lected on occount of such lighthouse auil 
 and such copies Ehall be posted up by ir 
 
 rf.-IW directs i\ 
 
 •7'"K clause 8h,J 
 
 '!''»'"l corporal 
 
 '.''*fo.(0!)rel,l 
 *'i«ne«i.e.a| 
 
 >tynial 
 "'"fespectiif 
 
MGllTHOUSK 
 
 817 
 
 y hi\vi 
 
 1, men 
 
 tl'dlTliliUnlJ 
 
 I l)y niiy Inrill 
 If mnilir 
 Mi\ic"<lv iiinvj 
 Bullu'nlv.li; 
 
 If Jiiri-iliiii'ii 
 limry "W: 
 
 iiiny.nrliiar'il 
 :( ShJOTtymaJ 
 
 ri\ liy any 'ni\ 
 tie jiniil ai'iiir 
 I nhij) »r "'Iv 
 
 htliousp aiitlwl 
 bf Td'nvorjblel 
 I payable l.i -u^ 
 
 y local aiiili"! 
 iir the iiiirpi 'P«j 
 tcnanpo, ami i 
 iioys, anil In'icd 
 jtc levied, and^ 
 
 the same at'' j 
 of the rcocifi I 
 shall once in "j 
 the Boanloi'Tn 
 of BUCh arc^iiii^ 
 all send the 
 vo such P»«'c«^ 
 ioard of Trade i 
 
 in cmiw'iHt"™*! 
 irease nil « Ji| 
 ' may, so far a- 
 lot tr.'ive llwn I 
 Icxiiens"* in™" , 
 ct of the lii;hiliii< 
 [the dues ate Itr 
 
 Wiouse MhKrd 
 
 [chofthewiilS'l 
 
 liavcpowct,»iiJ 
 
 [ouncil, to do ?"■ 
 
 I to sty- J 
 
 anv cl«s!0»« < 
 
 dues teocivsbll 
 
 [x any tenus ot C 
 
 amlmode-'at'J 
 bblcbysu'^l'^'"'" 
 
 Lues orcli^"H 
 laymcnti""**! 
 flMsesofship^'i 
 litj-fotlhctinie«f 
 
 Bcflii/.id'o'"'-'^?'! 
 L- the tesuli"'"! 
 itcsncctthcreofj 
 
 Im-Uouses wtlf 
 Ihof thcsawg 
 1 from time '"•'l 
 
 JcOpiMOft"*! 
 
 Irtof CustotM* 
 
 lal cffifiB "' " 
 Ire light du^' 
 I lighthouses"^ 
 
 i„i,,r< jt the rmtom-houw in T.nnilnn. and 
 '""ich (iifiier* lit tlio riintom-hnntcN of tin- 
 , ,1 which they arc rmpcctivcly rcHiiUiit. 
 
 ^(ip ,„((,! Ac f/i'(irf(/(ciMoM/ PrmtucHon of Iir ■ 
 
 r,,u l.„jlit l)iir».— \ ri'<Ti|.t lor li^'hl line-. 
 
 4j;;i»L'iviiit)vthe |itrs<iii niipoiiitcMl i llr.i 
 
 „/,i„„,i„ ivifv pcrwiii paying the xiiiiir, iiikI 
 
 i' tit if 111"'''"'-'' "' "">' I""' '*'"''■'' ''"'" ''"•■'* 
 
 nimble in re>poct of luiy niiip iilmll Kfii" » 
 
 ,,nrir,fc or transirc (i>t any huoIi xhip, unlcH.s 
 
 I lit mfijit fur the """"o '* pro«luceil to 'im. 
 
 (t,r uf IHilrrmi f'lr Lii/lit />MC.i.— If tlic 
 
 „i,r.traa»t''riif any Hlilp fiill.s on <lcmanil of 
 
 Liaibiri«'il<'"ll''i't"r In pay tin- liuht ihics due 
 
 laiMfitlheM'f. it ulinll bis lawful t'tir nucl. cdI- 
 
 IlKiir.iniddtii'n U> niiv otliiT roiiicdy uliicii he 
 
 Lir/juihofiiy liy wh im 111' is nppiiintod is I'li- 
 
 liiidltou'''. to'cnter upon siicli Hliip, and distrain 
 
 |4,j,j,,(;uiif, incklc, (If any otliir tliiiij; of or 
 
 lkl« lout oil iKinril ouch xhip, and to detain 
 
 |i«k4>m.w until tlio Bnid lij,'lit duos are paid; 
 
 Itlnivtncntof tlic same is not inado within 
 
 _p<!iif 3davs next onsuinj; nuch distress, 
 
 liiiiy.H anv time ilurinjf the conlinnaiii'e of 
 
 liiltoiiikiviii'ent, cause the same to he appraised 
 
 |it:i»i«ili'iiont |K'r»oiis or sworn apiiruisers, and 
 
 lim^'n >ell the fame, and apply tlio proceeds 
 
 UpiraeBl 111' tuc lijjht dues due, toj,'ctlier with 
 
 lilltti-'uHe cxpciiscs iiieiirred by him nniler 
 
 hi-s<t,T.fayiiit;thoHiirphi8 (if any) on demand 
 
 <itk»>iiJ'«ner or muster, 
 
 Ciwl". tepiil"""* ''"^ """'" in which light 
 
 llwirt :« paid over and accounted for. 
 
 Jffimhi of Light Dues.— Ml li^lit dues 
 
 iD;to ikclliinds of any of the said k*""""! 
 
 jiih'W authiiritics iimler this Act shall he 
 
 irw I. ihe account of the Mercantile Marino 
 
 liM mtrinaficr nientioned, and slinll he dealt 
 
 pi ai niinnet hereinafter described. (Sec. 
 
 I Ptt'f (« Lighthnuie Authorities to erect axil 
 ' Ijiikiues, Diinys, and HiHicons. — Kacli of 
 
 ^'uli'tetal li({htliouse authorities eliall have 
 i««.«iiliin its jurisdiction, to cxecnte the f(d 
 ufiifliamrdo the following things ; that 
 
 |l»^v- 
 
 IlI'tiKtoi place new lighthonscs, with all 
 i«if works, roads, and appurtenances, or alter 
 
 iMmaiiy cxi^linj; lighthouses : 
 iTufM or place any new buoys or liea- 
 urilur or remove any existing buoys or 
 mw 
 
 IT'itilii! and purchase any land which may 
 liwssan' fur the alinve jiurposes, or for the 
 TitMnce of the works or the residence of the 
 
 .lets: 
 lI'iTaiythe character of any lightliouse or 
 iKdeufexhibitinc lif-'hts therein : 
 ^T»^ell any land belonfjing to it : 
 liiKesetciscof the above power shall, in the 
 Idihejjid commissioners and corporation, be 
 tii'i the restrictions hereinafter contained. 
 
 |f« W5 directs that the powers pivcn by 
 
 |l»;ung clause shall, in the case of the com- 
 
 »» and corporation, be subject to approval 
 
 "«ir'nity House, with appeal to the Board of 
 
 wliX)to409 relate to proceedings between 
 
 oiJBioncrs i-c. and the Board of Trade. 
 
 •'*>J«(y may hy Order in Council fix 
 
 [»w(a»oi/or New LIghthousea.— Upon 
 
 "mplMion of any new lighthouse, buov, or 
 
 "er Majesty may, by order in council, fix 
 
 «"« in respect thereof, to be paid by the 
 
 ina.Hter or ownor of ovffv ship which puMM tho 
 same or derives beiicllt thorel'rom, ,'w her Majesty 
 may deem reaxnnuhle, and niav from time to ilmo 
 alter the amount thereof; niul such dues shall ho 
 (la.d and colli'ctcd in the same nianner, by tho 
 same me.ins, and Mibjcrt to the sanieeoiiililiiinsiii, 
 by, and siibiect to wliich the light diKsanlhorisod 
 to Im- levied by this Act are paid and collected. 
 (.Sec. 110.) 
 
 A'(i />«<•» til lir liviiil in the Channel Island* with- 
 out Content of the States. — No dncs for any light- 
 house, buoy, or licacon to he erected or plncecl in 
 or near the islands of <inernsey, .lerscv, .Siirk, or 
 Aldcrney, shall be taken in the said island* of 
 Oiienisey or .lerscy with lut the consent of the 
 slates of the said islands res[)cctivcly ; nor shall 
 any powers hereinbefore given to'llip Trinity 
 House in respect of any liglilhonse, buoy, or lieacon 
 erected or placed in the islands of ("iuernsev or 
 ilcrsey, or licrcnftcr to be erected or placed in 
 such islands, be exc^rciscd without the consent of 
 her .Majesty in council, (Sec. 411.) 
 
 Jueiirjionilion if 8 A" 9 I'ict, re, 18 ^' 19. — Tho 
 Lands Clauses ('onsolidalion Act, 181, % and tho 
 Lands ('lau;.rs Consolidation Act (Scotland), 18.|,'>, 
 shall b(> incorporated in this Act, ami shall apply 
 to all lighthouses to be constructed and all lumt 
 to be iiurchased under the miwers thereof. (Sec. 
 •1 !•-».) 
 
 I'lnnsc 4l;l relates to the surrender of local 
 lighthouses to general lighthouse authorities. 
 
 Penalty for injuring Lights Buoys, and Bea- 
 cons.— M any |ierson wilfully or negligently 
 commits any of the following offences; that ia 
 to say — 
 
 1. Injures any lighthouse orthc light.s exhibited 
 therein, or any buoy or beacon : 
 
 'J. Kemovcs, alters, or destroys any light ship, 
 buoy, or beacon : 
 
 it. Hides by, makes fast to, or runs foul of any 
 light ship or buoy: 
 
 lie shall, in addition to the expenses of making 
 good any damage so occasioned, incur a penalty 
 not exceeding 'Ml. (Sec. 411.) 
 
 Lighthouse Authorities may prohibit false Lights. 
 — Whenever any lire or light is burnt or exhibited 
 at such place or in such manner as to be liable to 
 be mistaken for a light proceeding from a light- 
 house, it shall be lawful rorthc general lighthouse 
 authority within whose jurisdiction such place is 
 situate, to serve a notice upon the owner of tho 
 place where the lire or light is burnt or exhibited, 
 or on the person having the charge of such (Ire or 
 light, either personally or by delivery at the place 
 of abode of .^uch owner or person, or by affixing 
 the same in some conspicuous spot near to such 
 tire or light, and by such notice to direct such 
 owner or person, within a reasonable time to be 
 therein specitied, to take f:lfectual means for the ex- 
 tinguishing or cffectunl'y screening such existing 
 light, and for preventing for the future any simi- 
 lar (ire or light ; and any owner or person disobey- 
 ing such notice shall be deemed guilty of a 
 common nuisance, and in addition to any other 
 penalties or liabilities of any kind thereby in- 
 curred, sholl incur a penaltv not exceeding' 100/. 
 (Sec. 415.) 
 
 If not obeyed, they may abate such Lights. — If 
 any owner or person served with such notice as 
 aforesaid, neglects for a period of 7 doys to 
 extinguish or effectually screen the fire or light 
 therein mentioned, it shall be lawful for the 
 general lighthouse authority within whose juris- 
 diction the same may be, by their servants or 
 workmen, to enter upon the place -whereon the 
 same may be, and forthwith to extinguish such 
 lire or light, doing no unneccssarv damage and 
 3 G 
 
818 
 
 LIGHTHOUSE 
 
 . !'! 
 
 i 
 
 all oxpenseH inuurrcil by such authority in such 
 extinction may be recovered from such pcraon or 
 owner as aforcsnid in the same way as penal- 
 ties arc hereby directed to be recoverable. (.Sec. 
 410.) 
 
 The nest part of the Act, that which refers to 
 the Mkkcantii.k Mai-.ink Fund, is so much 
 mixed up witli the law as to lifihtliouses, that 
 it may be apjiropriately introduced in tlii.s 
 place. 
 
 Sums to be carried to Mercantile Marine Fund. 
 The Ibllowing sums shall l)e carried to a common 
 fund, to be entitled the 'Mercantile Marine 
 Fund,' viz. : — 
 
 1 . AH fees and other sums (other than fines and 
 forfeitures) receive<i bv the Hoard of Trade un<lcr 
 the provisions of the tKird and fourth parts of this 
 Act: 
 
 2. All liglit dues or other sums received by or 
 accruing to the Trinity House, the Commissioners 
 of Northern Lighthouses, and the Port of Dublin 
 Corporation : 
 
 3. All rates and moneys received by the Tri- 
 nity House under the local Act of the 7 Vict. 
 c. 67, for the regulation of lostage and bollostage 
 ui the Kiver Thames : 
 
 4. All fees and other sums mentioned in the table 
 annexed hei-eto, which are received by receivers 
 appointed under this Act, viz. : — 
 
 Fret and Ranuneriilion of Rtceiven — For every eTamlna* £. t, d. 
 tion on oath instituted l)y a receiver with nM)iect to any 
 stiip or tioat which may be or may have lieen In distress, 
 a fee not cxceedin|c - . - - I 
 
 But so that in no cose shall a larger fee 
 than 21. be charged for examinations taken in 
 respect of the same ship and the same occur- 
 rence, whatever may be the number or the 
 deponents. 
 
 Tor ever) report requiretl to be sent hy the receiver to the 
 Secretary of the Cotnmittee for inaiiaginK the ailairs of 
 Lloyd's in London, the sum of - • - 10 
 
 For wreck taken by the receiver into his 
 custody, a percentage of 5 per cent, upon the 
 value tiiereof. 
 
 But so that in no case shall the whole amount 
 of percentage so payable exceed 20/. 
 
 In cases where any services are rendered by a 
 rectiver, in respect of any ship or boot in distress, 
 not bein^ wreck, or in respect of the cargo or 
 other articles belonging thereto, the following fees 
 instead of a perceutage, viz. : — 
 
 If such ship or boat with her cargo equals or 
 exceeds in value 600/., the sum of 2/. for the first, 
 and the sum of 1/. for every subsequent day 
 during which the receiver is employed on such 
 service, but if such ship or boat with her cargo is 
 less in value than 600/., one bioiety of the above- 
 mentioned sum. 
 
 And an account of the said fund, intituled ' The 
 Mercantile Marine Fund Account,' shall be kept 
 with her Majesty's Paymaster-General. (Sec. 
 417.) 
 
 Application of Mercantile Marine Fund. — Sub- 
 ject to any prior charges that may be sub- 
 sisting thereon by virtue of any Act or Acts 
 of Parliament or otherwise, the said fund 
 shall be chargeable vfith the following expenses, 
 viz. : — 
 
 1. The salaries and other expenses connected 
 Mrith the local marine boards, tlie examinations, 
 and the shipping ofiices, provided for by the third 
 part of this Act : 
 
 2. The salaries of surveyors, and other ex- 
 penses connected with the siurvey of passenger 
 steam ships provided for by the fourth part of 
 this Act : 
 
 3. All expenses incurred by the general light- 
 
 coiitai 
 
 house authorities aforesaid in the works and ^ J 
 yic.^E .f lighthouses, buoys, .ind beacons m,\,'i 
 tor by this Act, or in tlie execution of ai'v w li J 
 necessary or expedient for tlu; purpose of'p,r„ t] 
 nentl/ reducing the expense of such work/In? 
 servicos : "'"• 
 
 4. All expenses incurred bv Ihc Trinity II ■ 
 in resppct of lastage and baliastaL'c in the , " 
 Thames : 
 
 •^ Such expenses for establishinj; ami nnini 
 ta.nmg on the coasts of the UiiilM.l KIiil'' 3 
 proper life-boats, with the nccessarv ckmv.s'I 
 etiuiijments, and for iillbrding assistance icwi 
 the preservation of life and pro|)crty in cuv. 
 shipwreck and distress at sea, and for rrivanliJ 
 the preservation of life in such cases, as tlieH(,iu 
 ot Trade directs : * 
 
 6. Any expenses incurred in carrviii!; ii 
 effect the provisions witli regard to' 
 and the performance of their duties 
 in this Act : 
 
 7. Any expenses which bv this or anv ,„ 
 Act of Pariiament .ire speciallv cliaigi'd there 
 And shall, save ns hereinafter meuiiounl, 
 applicable to no other purpose wliatever. 
 
 Clause 419 relates to ballast and ballaio 
 rates. [Ballast.] 
 
 EstuliUshments for Lighthouses and Ballim 
 charged on Fund to be fixed by her Mnh 
 Council.— Wbt JIajesty niav from time to t? 
 With the advice of her Privv Council, tlx 
 establishments to be maintained bv nA of| 
 said general lighthouse authoritics'on accou. 
 tne services of lighthouses, buoys, and lieaii 
 and also as regards the Trinity House, onaca 
 of the service of lastngc and ballast,iK in | 
 river Thiimes (since by the Tliaincs luiismi 
 Act, 27 & 28 Vict. c. 113, vested in ik Ttj 
 Commissioners), or the animal or other sunn 
 paid out of the said fund, in respect «( 
 establishments ; and if it appear that anv] 
 of the establishments of the .laid liihtli 
 authorities is maintained for the purposes of] 
 duties and also for other purposes, to fii 
 from time to time alter the portion of tlie a\ 
 of such establishments to be paid out of the 
 fund; and no increase of any cstablishnia 
 part of an estabhshment so rixed shall bej 
 without the consent of tlie Board of 
 (Sec. 420.) 
 
 Clause 421 gives power to the general 
 house authorities to grant superannuation i 
 anccs. 
 
 Clause 422 directs that estimates of 
 penses to be incurred by lighthouse autb 
 shall be prepared and laid before the " 
 Trade. 
 
 No Expense to he alhwed unless smc 
 the Board of Trade. — No expense of mji 
 said general lighthouse authorities h res^ 
 the said services shall be paid out of tb 
 cantile Marine Fund, or allowed in accounlj 
 than the sums so allowed for est.iblishni(| 
 penses as aforesaid, or included in 
 or accounts approved by the Bord of 
 (Sec. 423.) 
 
 For the Purpose of erecting and repaint 
 houses §*c.. Treasury mag advana Mm 
 the purpose of the construction and repaiii 
 houses, and of other extraordinary expenf 
 nected with the said ser\'ices, the Jm 
 from time to time, upon the applicali* 
 Board of Trade, advance out of tlie prodnS 
 consolidated fund of the United KinfJir 
 sums of money, upon such terms, and at i 
 of interesUas they think fit, «nd to p«y t 
 
 ."•'"'iorities tni 
 1^ ftf local 
 
 l"f«uciilocal| 
 ! *'niction, nil 
 •"' of the" 
 
 *i"?MunciI 
 ,'^' local anthJ 
 
iiks ami >irJ 
 
 of any wcjrki 
 ISC of pormaJ 
 cU works aiii( 
 
 'Irinily H-\is 
 e in the riva 
 
 n\i anil inain| 
 \\m\ Rinnil.ii 
 sary crews am 
 istanci! tnwari 
 )crty in ca-<'« 
 111 t'ot rowatiliJ 
 ,sc3, as tlic \m 
 
 [\ carrying in 
 atil to' reifiv^ 
 duties cuiilain 
 
 this or any «U 
 : chavgcd there 
 cr menliuutil, 
 B whatever. 
 
 ast and l)all:ui| 
 
 uses ami Ballad 
 I by her ^km 
 from time id ti 
 ^•y Council, it L 
 ined hy each ot| 
 lorilics on accoui 
 huoy^, and tem 
 ity liouse.onaca 
 i„\ baUastaw inj 
 Thames l.'uiiscr\-f 
 ■estcd in Ae 1m 
 lal or other sums 1 
 in respcet oi I 
 'appear that any 1 
 the said lifjM* 
 ,t the purposes of I 
 purposes, to fill 
 portion of iliee4 
 ,e paid out of iM 
 ■anv cstaMwira* 
 io tixcd shall bej 
 the Buat'l of 
 
 to the genm^j 
 I superannuation f 
 
 It estimates of ' 
 I lighthouse m 
 Id before the i« 
 
 led uiJ«» "'"'*' I 
 
 1 expense of ayl 
 
 uthorities b tal 
 
 i paid out of t"! 
 
 Ilowcdinaccoiuil 
 
 i for establistoj 
 
 included in' 
 
 the Board 3f I 
 
 king and ref^'i 
 
 Lion and lepwj 
 LnlinarywH 
 
 L the appton 
 
 r United Kan?!] 
 l,terms,»«'i»,7 
 pmndtflP'y" 
 
 . LIGHTHOUSE 
 
 .tiihe Mercantile Marine Fund account, so, nevcr- 
 
 k 1% that the whole sum for the time being due 
 
 Ineet of such advances shall never at any one 
 
 r«f ewced iOO,UUO/. ; and upon any advance so 
 
 S( tlie sum 'advaiiced and the interest shall 
 1 icIiarL'e on the Mercantile Marino Fund, 
 !lBtion the dues, raten, fees, and payments 
 allied thereto as at'oresaid ; and the Board of 
 We 'hall I"'''*' ^"'^'' provision fbr the repay- 
 Mt ihcrenf out of the said fund, either by 
 "« a. -inking fund or otherwise, as the Tma- 
 Lmv require; provided that no such ad- 
 mtt *all prevent any lawful rciiuction of anj- 
 „,ie"<aid dues, rates, fees, or payments, if 
 iKhreiluction be assented to by the Ircasury. 
 
 "itee 4"5 gives power to tlic Board of Trade 
 Btooff money on the crwlit of the fund. 
 CliH & gives power to public works loan 
 Mffllisiouers to advance money for such purposes 
 iihecreditoftbefund. _ 
 
 Miimse Authorities to account for Jleceipt 
 aii'ipraddire toihe Board of Trade.— Each of 
 lii Slid general lighthouse authorities shall 
 Boiit to the Board of Trade for their receipts 
 ta tie said light (lues and ballastago rates, and 
 lute expenditure as regards expenses paid out 
 [((ilniaidlund, in such form, and at such times, 
 diith such d. fails, explanations, and vouchers 
 thi W of Trade requires, and shall, when 
 iiiid by such Board, permit all books of 
 iskept by or under their respective dircc- 
 II to V inspected and examined by such 
 I'li lie said Board appoints for that pur- 
 s'. liT.) 
 Cm Hi directs that the accounts of iho 
 [tmik Marine Fund be audited by commis- 
 liis of audit. 
 
 Ck'if2? directs that the accomits of the fund 
 uid before I'arliameut. 
 
 te 430 directs that all property used for the 
 
 of Hghthouses, buoys, beacons, light 
 
 k. Is to be exempt from all rates and 
 
 jll«(uliii«in(; provisions relative to lighthouses 
 
 '■MUined in the Merchant Shipping .\cts 
 
 itent Act before refcncd to, 25 & 26 Vict. 
 
 ii lobe the duty of each oi the general light- 
 mrticrities. or such persons as may be 
 Bed. to inspect all lights, buoys, and 
 
 tbough they uay belong to local au- 
 ies,aiid the local aiuhorities are bound to 
 ^requisite information. The inspecting 
 ity is to communicate the results of its 
 ia to the local authority. 
 
 dues are payable from the owner or 
 8. or such consignee or agents as have 
 umidi themselves Uable to pay any other 
 
 Bijnw or agents may detam the amount of 
 I piid by them, together with reasonable ex- 
 TiMt if moneys in their hands received on 
 Btol the ship. 
 
 ™ authorities mav, by order in council, 
 • mes for local lighthouses, buoys, and 
 
 Isof such local dues to be applied shortly 
 ' '"fraction, placmg, maintenance, and 
 "Ttnt of the lighthouses, buoys, and 
 
 ^ iuthority must keep an account ol 
 Mn expenditure, and forward a copy to 
 "dot Trade. *^^ 
 
 [?*'?'" eoMcil may reduce, alter, or in 
 
 ftes tot local anthoritits&c. 
 ■ "«""'' of Lighthotties.—A wish to keep 
 
 819 
 
 the charges on native ships as low as possible, and 
 to in.sure them a prcfcroiicc, seems to have given 
 rise to the practice that long existed, of exact- 
 ing comparatively high duties from the foreign 
 shipping entering our ports. But whatever may 
 have been the motives for making tliia distinction, 
 it.s policy seems more than questionable. It is 
 quite right that the foreign ships coming to our 
 .sliorcs for commercial purposes should be made to 
 pay, ab they now do, the same light and harbour 
 duties as British ves.sels; but the imposition of 
 comparatively high duties on them was decidedly 
 injuriou.s, inasmuch as it provoked rctaliatoi^- 
 measures on the part of other states, obstructed 
 the resort of foreigners to our markets, and, con- 
 sequently, cliecked the growth of commerce. 
 
 This system was very properly condemned in a 
 report by a committee of the House of Commons 
 in 1S22. There arc, in the evidence annexed to 
 that report, some well-authenticated instances of 
 foreign rliips having bona totally lost, from the 
 disincliimtion of the captains to enter a British 
 port, while it was in their power, on account of 
 the heavy charges to whicrh they would have been 
 exposed for lights &c. Down indeed to 1835, all 
 sliips, whether native or foreign, coming into any 
 British port by stress of weather, were charged 
 with full light duties; but this inhospitable regu- 
 lation was repealed by an order in council of 
 February 7 of that year (issued at the recom- 
 mendation of the Trinity House), which exempted 
 such vessels on account of lights. Our whole 
 policy as to light duties, port charges Ac, has 
 within these few years been materially improved, 
 and is now the very reverse of illiberal. The 
 discriminating duties on foreign ships have been 
 abolished : but even previously, in consequence of 
 the general establishment of reciprocity treaties, 
 the distinction had becotae nominal rather than 
 real, and affected very few of the ships using our 
 seas. 
 
 Large deductions, too, have been at different 
 times made from the light duties ; and after being 
 still further augmented, these deductions were 
 fixed by an order in council of February 2, 1859, 
 at 60 per cent, on vessels making oversea, and 
 at 35 per cent, on those making coasting, voyages; 
 and again by order in council, which came into 
 operation on April 1, 1808, the abatement of 50 
 per cent, from the tolls, was made uniform on 
 coasting and oversea vessels, whether British or 
 foreign : so that all invidious distinctions are now 
 at an end. [Navigation Law.] It is indeed 
 quite essential to their utility, that these duties 
 sfiould be moderate. They have the same in- 
 fluence upon the intercourse carried on by sea, 
 that tolls have upon that carried on by land ; and 
 it is needless to add, that oppres-sive tolls are 
 amongst the most effectual of all the engines by 
 which rapacious ignorance has contrived to injure 
 a country. There is nothing new in this state- 
 ment : ' Avara manus portus claudit ; et cum 
 digitcs contrahit, navium simul vela concludit; 
 meritb enim ilia mercatores cuncti refugiunt quae 
 sibi dispchdia esse cognoscuut.' (Cassiodorus, 
 Varia. lib. vii.) 
 
 Charges on account of Collection §*e. — The light- 
 house revenue, though formerly believed to be 
 much greater than was necessary for keeping the 
 establishment in a state of perfect efficiency, now 
 just meets the expenditure, and the abatement al- 
 lowed is so regulated as to secure the fund against 
 a surplus. The surplus revenue was formerly, 
 in so far at loasl as depended on the Triniiy 
 House, very judiciously expended in maintaining 
 decaved seamen, and other useful purposes. But 
 considering the vast importance of low shipping 
 3 Q 2 
 
 ! HI 
 
 i' 
 
 S' 
 

 
 .r 
 
 ' 1; 
 
 ", '■ ■' 
 
 ■ 
 
 •v.. 
 
 .:..• -i 
 
 ■I 5 
 
 (• 
 
 
 " *', 
 
 , :■> 
 
 r'l 
 
 mm 
 
 820 
 
 LIGHTHOUSE 
 
 charges, Buch persons should liave been provided 
 lor in gome less onerous way, and this view having 
 been approved, no new pensions arc now granted, 
 and the old Hcumbcnts are fast dying out. Instead 
 of reducing the charges general!" on all lights, it 
 has been proposed to niakc sonic of the more im- 
 portant lights duty free, as by this means the ex- 
 pense of collection would be saved, and business 
 materially facilitated. This, however, would in 
 cfl'vct impose a proportionally heavy charge on the 
 
 ships belonging to the less frc(|uciit"(l nnn. 
 that, on the whole, the general rcductiu , „ " ' 
 rates, or their abolition, would sotm to u! ,iJ 
 better plan. "* ""( 
 
 Lightliouiea rrecM hu Private Partia -Pri J 
 individuals erecting lighthouses have'™,", ? 
 obtained a leose of tlie same from the Crow , • "j 
 definite number of vers, with aHthoritvtocmJ 
 certain fees on shipping. Owins tc/tii,. rr? 
 increase of navigation, some of these lightl,„u7 
 
 I. — Account of the Lighthouses and Floating Lights under the Management of the CurtHtnt' 
 
 Trinity House of Deptfnrd Strond, the Commissioners of Northern Liglithumcs"nml lU 
 Commissioners of Irish Lights, specifying the Hates of Toll charged on Bri'.ish am.' * J 
 Ships passing such Lights; u-ith the gross Amount of Duties collected on Ammn'i J 
 Lights during 18G0. ■> '«* 
 
 Uchts &1-. 
 
 Otfrsra' 
 
 CoAITlJfO [ 
 
 Rile per Ton, 
 IGlhsof IJ. 
 
 Hate )>er 1 
 Ton, ll.tlis 
 oflrf. \\ 
 
 British 
 and Foreign 
 
 Perl 
 Ton 
 
 fi 
 
 
 Vessels 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Eaut CoAiT. 
 
 
 
 SnrrrAMO to Th/mhs Entrancr. 
 
 
 
 
 North Unit ■ 1 llnlilliouK 
 
 15 
 
 a 
 
 
 Whal«-y - - f, 
 
 IG 
 
 a 
 
 
 Uressay Sound - „ 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 SuintiurKh Held - *. 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 North Honaldshay - .. 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Start P.'int - - >■ 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 I'eniland Skerries - 'i llithtliousei 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 t 
 
 
 No« Hi-ad - 1 lliihthouse 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 Tarbetness - n 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Covesea Skerries - ,. 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 Kinnnird's Head - n 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Buchannesa ■ .. 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 (ilrdieriess - • a double IlKht 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Bell Hock . . 1 Uyhthouse 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 J lie of May • - ». 
 St. Abb'« Head 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Fern . - 3 liiththouses 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Coquet - - 1 lighthouse 
 
 .. 
 
 4orl 
 
 
 Tinmouth - - .• 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 Whitby - - Sllxhihouses 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Flambro- . - 1 liKbtliou,e 
 Spurn Shore - « lichtlioutes 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Spurn Floalinit - » UoatinR light 
 
 
 
 
 Outer DowtiuK - >. 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Foulnesi - - 1 lighthouse 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Haisbro' Band (N. 
 
 
 
 
 end) - - 1 flnallng lluht 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Winterton and Orford 3 Ikhlhouses 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 Haisl.to'andNewarp{ , f, "ll",; J-JV^^ 
 
 ^ I 
 
 
 
 Cockle Gatt - - 1 iloatlnK liRht 
 
 •i 
 
 
 
 St. Nicholas Gall • >. 
 
 •i 
 
 
 
 St. Niohulos Uatt 
 
 
 
 
 Buoy, - - ,„-^,^„,„^ 
 Lowestoft . "i 1 floating light 
 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 N, E. Shipwash - ,. 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 
 Harwich - - 8 Huhthouses 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 Cork - • 1 floating light 
 Sunk and Galloper ■ [' I'.fSSoT" 
 
 •2 
 
 1 
 
 
 } « 
 
 a 
 
 
 Kentish Knock ■ 1 flaa'ing light 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 
 EvdMSH ClfAKKKI.* 
 
 
 
 
 Korelands - - 3 lighthouses 
 
 * 
 
 s 
 
 
 Goodwin & Gull 
 
 
 
 
 Stream - - X floating liuhts 
 
 8 
 
 '• 
 
 6 
 
 South Sand Head - 1 floating light 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 ., 
 
 \'arne . - „ 
 
 • ■ 
 
 6 
 
 Ilungeness • - 1 lighthouse 
 
 4 
 
 
 .. 
 
 Jlearhy Head - ,. 
 
 4 
 
 
 6 
 
 Owers . - 1 floating light 
 
 8 
 
 •• 
 
 6 
 
 r 1 liglithouse 
 2 Ilghttiouses at 
 Needles - -t Hurst 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 • • 
 
 6 
 
 1 It. ho. at St. 
 
 
 
 
 IKatherine'iPt. 
 
 
 
 
 Shambles - - 1 lloaiiiii! light 
 I'orlland . - ii liglltlinusM 
 
 1 
 
 • • 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 ■ • 
 
 6 
 
 Caskets • - 3 lightlioiises 
 
 * 
 
 " 
 
 C 
 
 H.inoU • - 1 llghthoune 
 
 4 
 
 • * 
 
 *. 
 
 Kurt - - » 
 
 4 
 
 • • 
 
 6 
 
 Eddvslone & Break- 
 
 
 
 
 water ■ - 2 lighthouses 
 
 8 
 
 
 6 
 
 I.liard 
 
 4 
 
 • • 
 
 (i 
 
 Wolf Rock - . Ilighthonse 
 
 
 
 
 (building) 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Longshlps ■ • 1 lightliuusc 
 
 8 
 4 
 4 
 
 
 Hcllly 
 
 •• 
 
 6 
 
 Bishop Rock - .. 
 
 V 
 
 
 SeTen Stones • I floating light 
 
 4 
 
 
 Atiantic, Biiirroi,, ano Sr. Gaoaoa's 
 
 
 
 
 CnAMNli.s. Iribu Ska ktc. 
 
 
 
 
 Rodrery . . 1 lighthouse 
 
 Sor 1 
 
 1 
 
 .. 
 
 Trerose - • „ 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 •• 1 
 
 Llgl.ts&r. 
 
 Atlaktic, Brc — conthiuett. 
 
 I.undy 
 Helwicks - 
 Scarwcalher 
 Nash 
 
 Breaksea • 
 Flatholm - 
 
 Bristol Channel 
 
 1 ligbthouse 
 - I floating light 
 
 2 tight houses 
 
 1 lloHting light 
 
 I lijjhthousp 
 
 ( huoyfl, beaci'ns, 
 
 <l floaf 
 
 Milford • 
 Smalls 
 Hunk Tower 
 Coninglieg . 
 South Bishop 
 Tuskar Rock 
 l.ucifer 
 (■ardigan Bay 
 Blackwaler Bunk 
 Bardsey 
 
 Arklow Kank S. 
 .Arklow Bank N. 
 Wicklovv, ]x>wer 
 Codling Hank 
 Kish B.ink 
 Howth Bailey 
 South Stack 
 .Skerries ■ 
 Rocka-IIIII 
 Calf of Man (I. of 
 
 .Man) . 
 Carlingford 
 St. John's Point 
 South Hock 
 Douiflas Head (1. of 
 
 Man) . 
 Point of Ayre (I. of 
 
 Man) - 
 Little Ross 
 Mull of (iailovcay 
 Co|ioland Island 
 
 .;i lioaling ti,. 
 (and 1 lighihiVn 
 
 I'OS,) 
 ghl,> 
 on*e) 
 
 Maiden 
 
 South . 
 Maiden Kc 
 
 North ■ 
 Corspwall 
 Sanda 
 Pladda 
 
 Mull of KInlyre 
 Ralhlin Island 
 Innishtraliul 
 Hhinna of Islay 
 SlitTryvore 
 Ardnamurchan 
 Barrahead 
 Ushenjsh - 
 Island Glass 
 Stornow.iy 
 Butt of I.ewis 
 Cajie Wrtlh 
 Hulburn He,id 
 DunnelSiad 
 Cantickhead 
 Uoj Sound 
 
 Rocks, 
 
 South and Wbst Coast or Irbland. 
 
 Minehead - . 1 liglilhouse 
 
 Ballycotlon 
 
 Cork 
 
 Old Ileal', Kiiuale 
 
 Fastnet Rock 
 
 Calf Rock - 
 
 Skelligs Rock, 
 
 Lower • 
 Skelligs Rock, tipper „ 
 
 1'earaght Island • >,(l<l<i.) 
 
 Lcopliead - 
 Rock Island (Arran) 
 Slyne H,-ad, Soiitli 
 Slyne lleail, North 
 Clare Island 
 
 i lighih> 
 1 light , 
 
 I '.IRIII'. 
 
 1 lighthouse 
 1 floating light 
 
 1 light1iou<e 
 1 floating light 
 
 1 llgtitliouse 
 I flailing Ughi 
 
 1 lighthouse 
 
 S lighthouses 
 1 lighthouse 
 
 '. lii^hlhou^es 
 I lighthouse 
 
 2 lighthouses 
 
 OtSRIll 
 
 Rate per Ton 
 IGlhiof l(/, 
 
 4 or 2 
 
 4 
 
 U 
 ,1 
 
 .1 
 
 » 
 f 
 r, 
 3 
 1 
 i 
 li. 
 8 
 « 
 8 
 H 
 8 
 K 
 8 
 8 
 t 
 8 
 
 ll.l.pB| 
 lai.la 
 
 Pet 
 
 Ton 
 
 I 
 
 I N 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 I 
 1 
 I 
 I 
 1 
 
 ' If 
 > l| 
 
 III 
 I I I 
 
 i'l 
 ' I 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 

 LIGHTHOUSE 
 
 821 
 
 Account of the Lxghthouut and Floating Lights §-c.— continued. 
 
 OvimxA OtAHinl 
 
 lilhu <>r. 
 
 ' oV.foiifo'l"'*"""""'- 
 
 iJ.IJlKl.i'™'!!' " 
 
 :5Jl,0'Bm" • " 
 
 ifilP"' " 
 
 |l»«,S«»d ■ lUghlho,.« 
 
 IWlilk ■ • " 
 
 . (#« • 
 
 LUMudOvn 
 
 Iiwlm ■ 
 ■ ImWc 
 
 I floilinK IIk<>' 
 I linltlhouse 
 
 1 floA.ini! lillht 
 : liKhtliouw 
 
 i flofltinK ItKht 
 1 ItKhthouse 
 
 I floaliii); lixht 
 
 OvMIBA I Co*«Tlf«U 
 
 »»f.«.I*'.T'»'' Tonl'lSTh. 
 
 16thi of 14c 
 
 dU. 
 
 H 
 4 
 IC 
 K 
 
 •I 
 
 t 
 •t 
 
 Light* Ik. 
 
 1 listutiocjie 
 1 iloating li^ht 
 
 1 llghlhouw 
 
 tiuiittjitr apnial voyffm— cont. 
 Totiuue - 1 (luatlntr light 
 
 lilrdlnr - - ." 
 
 Hlihop Rock 
 iMorec.imbe Ray 
 Bahamii Bank 
 I'olntof Ajmd. of 
 
 Man) 
 ' I.ltlleRou 
 Alacarthui'i Head • 
 Skervuile - 
 Hound of iHlaVp 
 
 North (Khu Vaai) 
 Phladdi . 
 Lltmore - 
 Conan - 
 Hound of Mull 
 lite Oronuv 
 Kjrieakin • 
 Rona 
 
 Monaeh • ■ 
 
 tiurallar • 
 
 OTimtKA 
 
 Ratepn Ton, 
 l&lha of I d. 
 
 Britlth 
 
 and Foreign 
 
 Veuelt 
 
 I 
 
 IS 
 
 H 
 H 
 K 
 K 
 8 
 H 
 H 
 H 
 Ifi 
 
 COAiTIHO 
 
 Rate per 
 
 Ton, Ititht 
 ofli/. 
 
 Per 
 
 Ton 
 
 &} 
 
 U. 
 
 .-.»,..Jcti:«cl«lln1il6(i,lncluilingthatfortlieI^ral LtKhUbflonRlnglolhelhree Board!, 586,4(14/. 1.1». M. 
 J iSTu Inlil li" MajMty, wHh the aiWicc of her Pri»j I onmil. ma; «ec m olherwiw to drtermine, there ihall be allowed to e<er« 
 I i-r«M«iuchToUi ll)»ii'k' """«' sptclWed In the foregoing Tables) an Abatement or Discount u|>on the amount iiajable bjr him I which 
 ' '^. Discount Ilia", in tbe caie of every OtersM or Coasting Ve-iel, be. ,11 per cent. 
 
 SJlhteifrcl of Trade on Lighthouse lleveiiue it tray be mentioned that wlien the Trinltj HouK were authorised to buj up all 
 i '^,™uinl.iillit-,th>>hailtoiK<jin 1X11 almut 450,1100/. for the ' Skerries • off the Angle^a (^oail, a light .rliich half a ceiilurv 
 r ;., ibMiofliiilemonej ralue, but for which the pnleiitees had the right to le»y a toll on niarlj all the Llrervool trade, and reillsed 
 lyialWia "»'"' income, that a Jur> awarded them in compensation the (bote enormous amount. 
 
 Ibenne nr;' valuaUe properties. The most 
 
 lnl5-"«'tr«- „ . w 1 . .1. 
 
 1 Hi iitmts, on a small islet or rock to the 
 Inonh-wsoi'the Island of Anglesey, was granteil 
 Ltteirtorof its late proprietor, to ha for ever 
 Iboltobvliiiii, his heirs and assignees, by the 
 Let 5 to. 11. c. 36, which also gave the pro- 
 iMifto pow to charge certain rates on all vessels 
 Ksk; tbe light. Previously to its purcha.se by 
 iki Irinitv House, tliis light produced a nett 
 frajfofabout 20,000/. a year. 
 
 Komt/iLij/ibwere held by General Rebow, 
 MH lease from the Crown, for 22 years from 
 Biuir 5, 1827, paving the Crown ? of nett duty 
 lAiek 
 
 ' Damttt light was held under lease from the 
 Wby the Earl of Leicester for 2U years from 
 Ekiier, 1829. Nett. produce of the duties 
 ktiliy divided between the Crown and the 
 The duties were reduced at the renewal 
 l(ili lease from Irf. to Jrf. per ten, and it was 
 jeTided, that at its termination the lighthouses 
 libiildiip connected therewith, and the ground 
 I «lich they are erected, should become the 
 Kity of the Crown. 
 J takriomm and Orfordness Lights were held 
 %y Braybrooke under a lease from the Crown, 
 yitkwculd have sxpired on June 1, 1849. Nett 
 Y<lut« of the duties, equally divided between the 
 pn and his lordship. The duties were reduced 
 lilKiast renewal of the lease in 1828, from Irf. 
 ^Rper ton, At the expiration of the lease, the 
 ^liouses, grounds &c. were to become the pro- 
 Bty of the Crown, 
 
 [Hiutonton Cliff Light vitii held by S. Lane, 
 fonder a lease from the Crown, which would 
 m expired in 1859. From October 16, 1837, 
 I of the nett produce would have gone to 
 VCtown; and the lighthouses &c. would have 
 Ne, at the expiration of the lease, the property 
 ^eCrovra, as in the c»se of the Dungeness and 
 'mtenon lights. 
 
 ^i«fcB««(,-Until her Majesty, with the advice 
 W Priv)' Council, may sec fit otherwise to de- 
 Ne, there shall be allowed to every person 
 
 paying guch tolls (being those specilled in the 
 foregoing tables) an abatement or discount upon 
 the amount payable by him ; which abatement or 
 discount shall, in the case of every Oversea vessel, 
 be 60 per cent. ; and on every Coasting vessel 35 
 per cent. 
 
 TTie Scotch or Northern Lights are under the 
 management of a bodv of parliamentary commis- 
 sioners. By 6 & 7 VVm. IV. c. 79 a. 40, and 
 subsequent Acts, ending with the 25 & 26 Vict, 
 cap. 63, all vessels, British or foreign, not wholly 
 in ballast, which shall pass any Scotch lighthouse, 
 or derive any benefit therefrom, shall pay at the 
 rates specified in the prefixed and annexed tables, 
 Nos.1. All. 
 
 Jrish Lights. — The various Acts regulating these 
 lights range from 50 Geo. Ill, c. 95 to the 25 & 26 
 Vict c. 63. They are under the management of 
 the Commissioners of Irish Lights, formerly (.ailed 
 the Dublin Ballast Board, or Port of Dublin Cor- 
 poration. The rates of charges will be found in 
 the prefixed and annexed tables. 
 
 Compensation to Private Parties. — The authority 
 ac(|uircd by certain individuals and public bodies 
 under letters patent, Acts of Parliament, and 
 otherwise, of levying certain duties on account of 
 lights, beacons, pilotage, harbour dues, &c. en- 
 titled them, for the most part, to demand higher 
 fees from foreign than from British shipping. 
 When, therefore, we entered into reciprocity 
 treaties with foreign Powers, Government had to 
 compensate the parties in question for the diminu- 
 tion that consequently took place in their charges 
 on foreign ships. But this pa^yment has now 
 ceased, the Trinity Corporation having long since 
 relinquished their claim to compensation ^ and 
 the Act 6 ?'. 7 Wm. IV. c. 79 having forbid 
 such compensation being made to them, to the 
 Commissioners of Northern Lights, and to thtj 
 Commissioners for managing the Irish Lights. — 
 (For some account of the Trinity Corporation, 
 the readier is referred to the article TRrNiTY 
 IIousk; sec also Beacons, Ballast, Doi'ks, 
 Pilotage, and other charges on Shipping, 
 Ships iic.) 
 
 m 
 
 
 ff 
 
 V 
 
 '1 
 
 I. 
 
 ^ Mi 
 
 (■■ 
 
 ■\\^ 
 h. 
 
 i - . .1- -.' 
 
 •'tl . 
 
 ".•■^ 
 
 
s + 
 
 H-i'2 
 
 LIOHTFIOUHR 
 
 yitif, — TImh lint (No. 11.) iniiHt \m ri'rcrri'tl In in 
 all iiiNliinri'H wlicrii local diicH Imvn Ixtoii hUIimI in 
 llic liiilill IhiiIv oI' iIiii IiiIiIi'N, iiikI il iiiiihI lie oli- 
 Horvi'il lliiil. wIk'I'o Hiivt'ral porlH liiivr iici'ii I'lunHt'il 
 lo^i'llH^r on ni'roiint of lliii ^i-nrriil liKlitN \w\\\\^ 
 iticniical («M Cor i'xiini|il<', Nc\v|H)ri, llri^tiil, ('li<'|i- 
 Nlotv, (iloiKT.sltir), iIki locaJH |i<'i'iiliar lo t'acli poll. ' may hu adilcii to ijit^ f^cncral i'"'ti' 
 
 have all hocn Hiatpd. FkI.k'h not f»ll„wf,,,„ „ 
 ll.al. both tl,« llMk aixl Hurnl.«.n nrrZ, v''" 
 port, or that ritluT of iIihii arc i|ii>' ni ( h,, , 
 i.iit. only llmt. Ilicy innst i - . '"I"'" 
 
 ri'iirrcij t, 
 
 (lace, ill orilcr l.lial. wliidicvi.r of ||,,.„, i '.„," 
 .o roiiiiil cliarKHiM.. I.y Ih,. iin.l-rHtat..,| ci,nd 
 
 II lliii 
 cimdiiioi 
 
 
 i'> 
 
 /•S.'Ni 
 
 .* > 
 
 
 
 il ■' 
 
 i- 
 
 II. — SiahmnU of DuiiiH juit/ahiv on account of Local Lhjhh in iirrat ihitnitu 
 
 MkIiU Au 
 
 ilrimrfhiK rrniii nnv |H)ri or iiUcu In ttir 
 Mild iniilrr ''It luHi 
 
 «■ iir <lmt*« li«iirll| rnini thn rmIiI llglit, 
 
 CfumNriy. I ll|||iilimii<>. On nil wmvX* nrrlvhiK fli or 
 
 Kiiih iiITi (trit, wliliiii \\w NuUti* ut rroMitiiiv, •> 
 
 \\n\ fur pvi'rv niltllllunnl .Mt itnti i<r yA%\ mI'.'hi imii 
 (■'hmiiiinv. 1 llultlliotun On hII vcmavU wlilvti ahull |> 
 (ilAitil ithilvrTxi tniu ■ - . 
 
 \\n\ liir ovi-rjr mlillt|i>iiMl AO Itnii iir iinrt of Ml Iumn - - . . . 
 
 I'arr Itm k l>ti«i nii<l Utit ul Miiy lrailhif{ llt«ltt. On nil vtmnia fur rni h liinn nf rrrMuInu n linr 
 
 ilmwH tViini lluii«niii-u i<» l-'ifi'neu i itnti ttii nil vt-itt>u--iii or irMin ilic nurihwitrtl— fur cmi h 
 Itnm tif critMhiN « llnvtlrrtwti from r'lfmVM hi Wliililwrr^nrM, initter 100 font 
 
 OI llHI Hint unitrr VINl Ittnt - . ■ . . . . 
 
 Of VlHt tuna unit ii|iwiiir(U --■--.. 
 
 Iliii «rM«U ni«v t rii»» IhiiIi uf IhrMt IImp* mi x\\v kitinn ^nv^i^it fur iinc |m,vini'nt. 
 
 l,w'h Uviii. I Ituhiliniuv. On All vvmvU nrrlvinK itl oi iU-|i.trlinK lr»iit Hiiy'|tutt <ir jiliirii wKhIn 
 
 |.m ti Ut*i). of Miiil iinilrt .'•() iiHiR ----■.. 
 
 Anil ftir rvrry mldtllonAl Mt loi*» or |iArl of M) Iomk • - - . . 
 
 Dvviinr. I llMltitMiiun. On nII vo^m-U .u living M iir ilr|iartli)K f^"!" n»y l*url or pUre tn the liny 
 
 of 4'itntjilwllHwn, of nntl inii1i>f .'ill loni •■--■.. 
 
 Anil ftir «-v«<ry nitdliittnnl .Mt tutin or }>nri of .M> iiMii - - . . . 
 
 'ili*>rii *iiH)l Hiko Iw iMld for tittf DAUt tlf(liu In Imh Itymi nml on l>rvRar, liy «v«ry vr«krl of 
 
 mitt umlvr .Mt luiu liml i>hiill,|inu Into or out of lltitK*ct(i ImsIm of ltii< tllvilv (wlili'li iilmll Iw 
 
 I'linklilvrtHl to Iw lioiindtHl tin tit* s.K. Ity n hit** ilrnwn inmi < 'orww.(ll In (ilvnarin In In-lAinl 
 
 on ihv N.W. Ii> iiniiilirr lln« drawn lioni ilti- Mull of Kiniyn* lu Knlrlirad in Irvtnnd iinif 
 
 Ilia N. hyd iliird llnvlVuni Kinijiu tu titu llviid» of All) « lull^ltiiiiK .fj. for'ntih 
 
 rt iif .'>() ton* • - ■ . . 
 
 rlllivr of il)«M> IIhIiU ntv iiol rhiirKVBliIc with Hilt in 
 
 OftTMA 
 
 IIHlUhnntI 
 lori-lrtii V|..w.U 
 
 |w vntf I 
 
 '■otMlnd 
 
 lUhl-nf 
 Ann for wv»rv nthhtlonnl .Mt ton* or itiirt nf .'>() ton* 
 
 llui ffrtM-U ItAliltf to lh« tUit loll 
 ttihlltloit 
 
 Tr«<t lliinya. On kII v«*ut-li fHitj^Hir t 
 Unit, llrtrtli)|HKil, HiMikiuit. MtiTitl 
 
 thi- liniijri fo nr from ihr |iorti of N^wcMllc. ShlrhU, Snndn. 
 
 ritlrahni*, or Whltl>yi ill dfr 10 lonk, I'or VAth lime ul pAxitlntt ■ 
 
 Of to lun» od U|iwnrit..^ fitr t'Ai'h Kintt of |tn»'>ttiK - - • . . 
 
 I.jnn \V«II. I>'iitnllnt( IlKlit. On all vrMiU (rndiuM lo or fVoni llii< |ii>rt« of I.ynn nr U'hiM-nrli, nr 
 
 loor firtMu t)t« |Hirt nf lltMton, II nAvtitnlitl (•■ Iht* iMii:ihwnrd of Ihc IrfinftMiul, Atwoii nil viwU 
 
 rntrrliii; or tlriMtitnu fVoiii l-ynn I>m*|i« konihwurd ofihi* l.oiiK'itnd • 
 
 lIunitAnioii. I IliihihouM*. (hi nil vv««rU (lAuilnit to or from X\w |iorla of I.yntti WUIwnrh, nr 
 
 WriU; iir tn or fVont till' |H>rl of lliMlun Monihw.M'd - • . . . 
 
 U'uodlirlditP lliiot*. t>n nil vrAwl* tnirritm Ihr |>iirl of U'lMHlhildKr unilvr .^0 toiit 
 
 Of Ao And iiniUr liHi ton* --•-... 
 
 im* tonk And upwnidi ••-.... 
 
 Trinity ditllnt. llimyAU'' And HtfAfonNKf. On nil timuvU rntering ibr prin nf London. «>n 
 
 i>i>AkOn-( via^rli, ihitiuity !■ leviMl on ihiMi I'unvvjIiiK kimhIi or |>AwvnKvni from Any twrt U'voiiU 
 
 l.rlj(h or Knvt-rnhnnt) •-*--.,.. 
 
 Wliollv Iftiltfn wiih t-nAia < - • . - - • . 
 
 oil Mil VMM'U rHlt*-i»g t\w port! of HttpemvM. Hol■lu•^t»•r, PAviTnliain U'lKh, MuUlnii, 
 
 t'ltlrhfkirr, llnrwli h, l|t«wti It, WiMMltirUlut*. or AldlMiroiiMh • • . . 
 
 N'lirv, KloAiliiK ll|il>l> **" itll vi'akfU |)a««m^ ili« IIkIu oh t'ttir uvnaut I'tixiu^'f onlu, uniii-r 
 
 llK) luili • • • • . . . ' . 
 
 Of luOAmlimafryoOtonA •••-.. 
 
 VOi) „ .MH) M - 
 
 MK} „ -liHi „ - 
 
 400 „ .'lOO ., - 
 
 .'lOO font and u|iwAnU ••-.... 
 
 Ttiainn Hivn'. Kta Hrnrh IikIii*. On all vpftaela, uii thtir uvtvarii vntniee ontu, lUUftinc tv or 
 
 lIuuuKhHM tU<avh,uf AOand umlvr lOoionii . ' .'.''. 
 
 OfliHiaiul uiulvi vootoni • - . . . 
 
 V(H> „ ."MM) „-.... 
 
 MM „ 4tHI ,. . .... 
 
 4lMt .. .MHI f. - - . . . 
 
 AOO tonii and n|iwnrdii - • . . . 
 
 Calihol 8|tU. KloAtInK Hfflit. On All vt*«u>U nUvrliiff or drimrtlnn from Noulhampton U'ntrr • 
 
 Ktrfirr llnmt. On all vpurU iiaviKAtlnK tn or from iln* Klvrr Kk*. |>rr voya^te ■ 
 
 .St. Anilioii>'k roini. I llKhihnuMr. On nil vvuvU tratUoK to or from the iwriii of Falmouth, 
 
 Truro, o.- tiw««-li ■--..-... 
 
 On all vrwrU i'n(<*i lOK the lalil |iorl«i fur ollu<r itur|Kiie ihim that of tr idlnK* for each Unic of 
 
 |tAi>>(iiK ihf IIkHi --.-.,... 
 
 Illdrford Itar. "li IlKhttuuikrh. On alt vvuvU entering the liarbourt of llidvford or I1aniiitn|tU>, or 
 
 any plaiv within ilu- Imr - - --..-. 
 
 <'AldT. 1 lltthlhonite. t>n all vrtivlii I'ntvrliiK Into, or Ho\nK "^)t of any |>ori or |ilaro bvtwcvn 
 NiorniH Hfiid and St. (iowan'a llrad ...... 
 
 ('Armarthm lluoxit- tin nil vi?iMlt vnterlnit nr dt'parltnK from the port of CarmArttifn, or any 
 plMr wtililn tlie l>ar ........ 
 
 I'kk. 1 litihthuu^. On all veuelt trndhiK to or from the port of Newport, or any place within 
 till* mouth of the tlwr Ttk ..-•...., 
 
 llumham. V IlKhlhnukn. iht alt veiwrU rnfrrinj; llrldiiwator !Uvt'r 
 
 On all vcMi'U i<ntrrin)( or departlntt from the iioit ul llr'.ttuW under 1(H) tonii 
 
 Of lOit ami umler V.'iO ton* - ..... 
 
 y.Ml ;mii iind upwardi ..•-... 
 Abertluvrv Itiioyh On all veMeN iTmshiK the tmr nt (he rntrnnce of the river Dovej 
 Conway Ituoyi.* On all TeuvU rntninK or t!«pariinK from the |Htrt of Conway . 
 Menat.* 1 lif{hihouM), t>n all vctiflii pnuiiitf ihroOKh the Htniits of Mt-nal, or onterlnR or 
 di-panlni; then from at the N>K. entrance tnervof, or entering or droArtliiK from lieauniarii 
 llAy, or Anv iHirt, harlMur* roatUtrad. rreek, or place* iM-twren the N.K. entrance of the luiUi 
 SirAiu And itlAck Toint on ihe wt^i »ide. and (irent Ornm Hi-nd on the eattl side, for each 
 time of pAMlnit or i-rouing the Mid il)|hihoniie or llfiht hi any direction 
 On All TvueU fVom or to the (Hirtu of l.lvirpool or ChvAirr, or any imrt, harbour, roaditendt 
 creek, ur place, Iwtwifn LWvruool and (ireat Onnfs Head, imd navigating to or from the 
 wefttwaid l>rtweeii the Ule nf Anulnea ami the Ute ot .Mah, foi each time of (lasslng or 
 t-roa»ln|£ tlie Mid llf;litlu)use or tlglitt In any direction ..... 
 
 Ihi All luch vvMeU. mi na%igiitintf, wiiUh, th>iii(;h not dt-stlnotl lo any (uchport or plire, thall 
 enter Into, or depart from lU'AumAris ItAy.for each lime of pntHinK or croaslng the said 
 
 •It/, 
 fiii. 
 
 I</- IKT ton 
 
 W. per '^n tom, or 
 
 IJ. |HT .'l lulll 
 
 u. ptT vvurl 
 v«. „ 
 
 ^$. „ 
 
 Id. per ton 
 
 H-lCihiJ. |iertuti 
 
 I*, per vefsrl 
 'il. ,, 
 
 4; „ 
 
 Cd. „ 
 
 tf. „ 
 
 it.fiii. „ 
 «». „ 
 
 V». 6./. „ 
 
 K- liiibvi/. iwrlon 
 H-li;thw. „ 
 
 8-Uih«./. „ 
 
 4.1Glhti/. „ 
 
 ifi. 8-i(;(ti»/. 
 
 S-lGihu/. 
 
 IV-ICttnJ. , 
 
 4-l(;thsrf. „ 
 .''>. pir Tcuel 
 3j. „ 
 
 7i.M. „ 
 1,(. i"-—» 
 '.-IbihsJ. per ton 
 
 'iMUljird . 
 
 I.J, ^ 
 
 K-Ii;ih^.p(rJ 
 
 Ii/.|<rr5|ia 
 
 S-lf,|hiJ.p 
 
 II., 
 
 (4. , 
 U. , 
 li.iW. , 
 V*. „ 
 v.. W. „ 
 ■"' l> 
 '.■IMWp 
 
 l-JUhti, 
 
 S-lfihtJ. 
 
 »;-icihw. 
 
 I'MCtlbi. 
 3i. prr M 
 
 S.IiHhh/.i 
 
 Air. 
 
 lltfhihouu'or lUhi, In any dlrtn tiuntihe like >um of 
 
 1 Tl|{hthnn<ie and !>re Imoyi. Ihi all vewM-U pniuinK over Cheitei Bar, or lietween the S.W. 
 
 pan oi Hovle Samli and the mainland on the roatt of Wale* 
 Si. Beta. I llghinouie. On all vetwlt paulng to or from the |iortt of Whitehaven, Tarton, 
 Worklnitton, or Mar y|*oit, per annum - - • ^ • ; 
 
 6(1. per TOM 
 
 CJ. » 
 M. iwrtoo 
 
 W.pff" 
 8.ieihU.| 
 
not follow from ihi, 
 mil arc ilui' at Ncvrl 
 
 r<' line III (:ii(|,,|„^l 
 ri'icrrcMJ i,, ,,1 HiJ 
 
 IMllTnoiJHE 
 ,l.-Du,.,M M, JH.H u^,,, , . „^ 
 
 I I ik_ I __ 
 
 •»' 
 
 .J-,V,...;r 
 
 
 Uihli 
 
 I'lilccii 
 
 nliiMl* 
 
 l>iiiif(Nrviiii 
 JVrttrrfi.nl, |l,„, 
 jy-itirfonl, H„», 
 
 rnnlhimi > 
 
 (hulnf'-rt • 
 I <a *>i>ii lliflk 
 
 Pw^iiTin - 
 
 [hmcinnotp, jNiirlfi ml Wi%tftfutii 
 hii'pl"fii.«llj(Jt-»(wil' Klilftntowti 
 
 »ll'liii|tnt) - |„,„f 
 
 Pgutr;'M'i'h«rj(f) . ' — " 
 
 H»tih ritT(n(i fdir^r) 
 MrJ*. 3 lljtliU 
 i*'.*f I'omi ■ 
 
 Iftilu-in-infi cliarfc*) 
 
 fr '''■"«'' .- . -I I.«rii» 
 Iffiiihuani Mtail, V 
 llfkii 
 Imw Mud • 
 
 lioiiitAnilcrn 
 KillyWHi-' 
 
 Hnri.rlKK,,, 
 •»r'i«Iiiih - 
 ItitnilAlli - 
 Nrwr., riirlii.(ff,„j 
 
 )Ibi((Ij|Ii|' |>|„, 
 
 »i|l«l|OiiBoot H, Wnt 
 
 rrnmoili>riiriiu> 
 ».«!": Suinmii uf l.idi,,; 
 
 jd-Sw l.l„M v«i,i, In 1,1 
 I liiliumi, K. mil, „f 
 
 llot-ki 
 
 '"*' ■"fM«l».l Il«rk,oir/ .V) 1M 
 ^ Land I KriU I *' **'* 
 
 « I'iw lleaxl, oul«r 
 p.rt l!.i.ilt.„.|„, 
 'Iti llfx-lr . 
 DnI.lill . 
 
 
 I Si. Amhonj I'oim 
 
 ij ''m«»«iiTai()tiii. 
 
 ' ""W.BidofBrnik. 
 
 I Itnt . ' "I" 
 
 I »■ Uwbian I'l.-r 
 
 ■ ji«;jiii.iniiiii.(ir.sK 
 
 l-.mcnie ofi'dni 
 , ' Klnmwe,, 0, ;v„,||. 
 
 ,';i-'^ii.,i.,u, 
 
 110 ft. maiitjijce . 
 
 I«in:c - 
 
 I has . 
 
 ■'!>■!«. 
 
 S. pin ,ir io,„ „^,^ 
 "'»>'Kuard ii.iUuii 
 
 'I. f'oin lanil 
 PurllaU . 
 
 S-H'-BidofDenn . 
 
 '"iiomllouit 
 
 i 
 
 ■''™ili(BilI 
 
 ''mil J of Su.. 
 
 V'; «". K«t <f 
 
 ^"" 'JthlluuK . 
 
 
 ^ Nl 
 
 ir I 
 
 i 1-1 ' 
 .1 ii''^:f: 
 
 I 
 
 ' t 
 
 , ■ ■■ ■ * ; 
 
 '■ ■■ *"" -! ' 
 
 ", 4 -'■ -; ; 
 
 
 I 
 
 "«-■ ■ f ' ■ 
 
 
 »■ • . 
 
 /■.^.Ih-:] 
 
 
 
 ; 1 
 
 
 * r 
 
 >..■- '■ , 
 
 «" 
 
 J. 
 
824 
 
 •■ •..;;■■ 
 
 
 '■■'$^ 
 
 11: 
 
 •»L- 
 
 
 
 LIGHTHOUSE 
 Br'itxtSi and Iriili Lighthouui and Floating £<i(;/i(<— continued. 
 
 Nuct of Llnhi 
 
 Alilenwy 
 
 QuimMX • 
 
 Jmej 
 
 Mlnquien - 
 
 Pool* 
 
 Nmlln 
 Channel : 
 Isleof W'ixhl 
 
 Hunt 
 
 Yarmouth 
 
 Calthot 
 
 Southampton 
 Kjde - 
 
 Siiikoi Bay - 
 SnuthKca 
 llrading 
 
 Haven 
 Nonians 
 
 l^nd 
 Horse Sand - 
 Spit Sand ■ 
 Clarence 
 
 Explanade 
 Victoria 
 Outer Town 
 
 Camber 
 KinK's Stairs 
 Clarence 
 
 VictualUnff 
 
 Yaid 
 Ooaport 
 
 Warner 
 
 Nab 
 
 Rt. Catherine, 
 Me of 
 IV'Uhl 
 
 Ower« 
 
 LIttlehampton 
 
 Worthlnit . 
 Shorehani * 
 
 Drighton 
 
 Place 
 
 Dravp Hartiour* one 
 oil Old I'ier, the 
 other on N.E. 
 (-mn«r of Beading- 
 room 
 
 St. Peter Port Old 
 llarlHiur, Pier Head 
 S. side of entrance. 
 Inner Harbour 
 
 St. Peter Port New 
 Harbour, s. tide of 
 entrance, eatremity 
 of Castle Comer 
 nreakwater 
 
 H.W. rock of Ha 
 nots, or Hanoreaux 
 llorkn. W. end of 
 Guemsej 
 
 Verciat breakwater, 
 Outer eml, SI. Ca- 
 therine's Hay 
 
 Oouray Pier Head 
 
 SI. Helier; on Vic- 
 toria or New South 
 Pier 
 
 St. Helier; Albert or 
 North Pier, Juit 
 within Pier llead 
 
 One on Western ansle 
 of Albert Pier. The 
 other within on ihc 
 Esplanade Parapet 
 
 Upper Pier Koad . 
 
 LlKht Vewel. S.W. 
 part of Plateau 
 
 North side of En- 
 trance 
 
 Outer Needle Rock 
 
 Lantern within the 
 l''ortiticaiions. 
 
 Outer Mffhl near 
 Castie Wall, West 
 Side on outer pan of 
 Quay. Inner one in 
 tne comer of a house 
 
 Lifht Veiiel, in .1) fa- 
 thoms, otf Cal-sliot 
 Castle 
 
 ■Ural Pier ■ 
 
 On Pier 
 
 On Pier . 
 
 In Caslle • 
 
 On Fort 
 
 On Fort 
 
 On Fort 
 On Fort 
 On Pier 
 
 On Pier 
 
 Fool of HiKh Street 
 near Town Hall 
 
 Light Vcwel, In 1.1 f.t> 
 thorns, rn eastern 
 
 Gart of Shoal 
 iht Vessel, In Si 
 ftthomt, ofT Point 
 near Nab Rock 
 
 On Point - 
 
 Liitht Vessel, in 14 
 fathoms, S.E. end 
 of ^;hoals 
 
 N. end of E. Pier • 
 
 On Pier 
 
 C .ttosite entrant' 
 
 Harbour 
 Chain Pier Head 
 
 of 
 
 Latitude 
 
 N. 
 
 49 4.1 10 
 
 49 u; 13 
 
 J iO 3 
 
 49 1.1 IC 
 
 4'J III -iO 
 
 4S S3 .18 
 
 SO 41 
 
 SO 39 42 
 SO *1 !iG 
 
 50 4,S 
 
 Sn .-il 
 50 47 O 
 
 SO 43 M 
 SO 42 IS 
 
 SO 31 30 
 
 SO 38 50 
 
 50 48 
 
 .?0 48 .10 
 SO .50 U 
 
 Lonillild* 
 W. 
 
 tne 
 
 % 31 31 
 
 S 32 
 
 il 17 S9 
 
 I 36 
 
 1 35 27 
 I 32 56 
 
 1 in 
 
 I 21 
 
 1 '5 
 
 I 4 
 
 59 20 
 
 1 17 47 
 40 
 32 
 
 n S3 
 IS 
 
 8 
 
 Filed, 
 Flashinn, 
 
 Fll. g 
 Fl., Int., 
 Alt., He- 
 
 Tolrlnff 
 
 Ret. 
 
 P. 
 
 F. 
 V. 
 
 Rer. 
 
 F. 
 Rer. 
 
 Intrrral 
 of Re- 
 volution 
 or Flash 
 
 Miles 
 
 leen In 
 
 clear 
 
 Weather 
 
 S 'o9 
 
 Erery 43 
 secoiitla 
 
 Ererr 
 minute 
 
 Ererjr 
 minute 
 
 10 to IS 
 
 8 or 10 
 
 While 
 
 14, 
 Red 9 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 Colour, 
 
 or anj 
 
 Perullarlij 
 
 of l.lKht. 
 
 house 
 
 Hiiiht 
 <nfcM, 
 *'enir» 
 "fUn. 
 tern 
 abore 
 Nl(h 
 IVwr 
 
 6 or 7 
 '9 
 
 Timber. 31 
 White 
 
 ■iranite. 
 
 Circular. 
 
 Ilaik 
 
 Circular. 
 
 tilAt 
 
 liranite 
 
 OctsRonal, 
 
 "r«n, 
 
 While 
 
 3.1 
 31 
 
 Iron 
 Lamp. post 
 
 Iron 
 Lamp-post 
 
 Lamp-post, 
 
 6K0 lanis 
 
 E..\.t. of 
 
 Victoria 
 
 Pier 
 
 Uiai'k^ 
 
 Two Mails, 
 
 with a B,U 
 
 at each 
 .Mast-head 
 Lamp-posts 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 Granite 
 
 High. 
 
 Conical, 
 
 Red. 
 
 Lamppost 
 
 Red! 
 
 carries a 
 
 Uall 
 Iron roiits 
 ljimp.|)ost 
 Lamp.posls 
 
 Small tower 
 
 Small tower 
 Lamp- posts' 
 
 Lamp- post 
 
 Lamp* pott 
 
 Lamp-poit 
 
 Red; 
 
 carries a 
 
 Hall 
 
 Red; 
 
 carries a 
 
 Rail at each 
 
 Mast Hewl 
 
 Stone 
 
 ;ii I 
 
 4(i 
 
 •• I 
 
 Helahll 
 
 of , 
 
 Buiid.l v^l 
 /roin ^ 
 
 I I1S9I 
 
 n I 
 
 ''^^l 
 
 « I mil 
 
 I 
 
 30 llu| 
 '' I 111 
 
 '■'0 It 
 
 >: III 
 a il 
 
 K. 211 1 
 
 17S i II! I 
 
 Red; 
 
 ,S 
 
 carries a 
 
 
 Uall 
 
 
 While. 
 
 S) 
 
 Dome 
 
 
 Green 
 
 
 White 
 
 4i 
 
 Unjuonc 
 
 « 
 
 
 31 
 
 I l'"»1 be 
 .I'l^kiVweii,,, 
 
 I'J?."'!! 
 
n, 
 
 i»rll> 
 
 llhl. 
 
 H>l|hl 
 in((M, 
 Cmtrt 
 uf lan- 
 tern 
 above 
 Nl|h 
 Wmt 
 
 ular. 
 
 [onaU 
 
 ll-IKMt 
 
 l-poM, 
 
 lardi 
 
 E. of 
 
 toTla 
 
 ier 
 
 ick. 
 
 ;\IaKti, 
 
 aB>U 
 
 each 
 
 t-head 
 
 p-|tosts 
 
 i«h. 
 
 licalt 
 
 Tin a 
 lall 
 
 I l'o»t« 
 p-(>08t I 
 
 II towcf 
 
 lltovcr 
 p-pMU 
 
 ppott 
 
 p.po«l 
 
 p-poat 
 
 TiMa 
 
 lall 
 
 ltd; 
 
 TiMa 
 
 at each 
 
 tHead 
 
 toae 
 
 100 
 
 HeUhil 
 
 "f I 
 BullJ.I Vm,I 
 lis- li<hV 
 
 Hueio' 
 Vane | 
 
 itutl 
 
 j 
 il lUlJ 
 
 10 ii(H 
 
 i:t iui 
 
 M ll 
 
 76 I IT I ll 
 W X ! ll 
 
 ltd; 
 
 Ties a 
 
 lall 
 
 'hiie. 
 
 ume 
 
 reen 
 
 Ihtit 
 
 M.;il;' 
 F. in I 
 
 LIGHTHOUSE 
 British and Iruh Tinkn 
 ^2^2_t:V'tthou$eM and Floatina T ■ i. 
 
 89ff 
 
 LjMl(li|bl| 
 
 I'tfalRer ■ 
 I Eiitcni rier 
 
 ! 
 
 laiflW JBilletMilCUir 
 
 luni' 
 
 I'fpir Main on ihe 
 W. Hill abate 
 Town; Lower on 
 I Ht-ach 
 
 , Ciniber. N. tide of 
 I entrance 
 
 from Old Pier Head. 
 
 ■ '■ lho»l end of Pier, 
 
 (' utdBttheeilremily 
 
 Ijiremll; of Groin. 
 
 I W, enlranct to liar- 
 
 hour 
 
 I'Ureme Point, J37 
 
 ; jaid. from H. W. 
 
 "S^- lj«hl Veuel, In IB 
 laihomi, near \V' 
 erd 
 > her Head 
 
 i£«rmili;ofnewPier 
 
 fOoln eitremitj of 
 I -Admirall; Pier 
 
 i'.V.Piff . 
 •J, £'£"'' .^'"'" 
 
 •i'fti die Iron Pi,r, .IB; 
 _^ .'iu.ftome«pianade 
 V*U [isht Veuel, In |,, 
 I I '•'*™.o«'S. end 
 f»Bl«blVew,l,lnSfa. 
 I &"'""'•"'«• 
 
 '*''°',';t^"»e',ln9f,. 
 I AUia 
 
 (. %' Veufi, j„ ,, 
 
 <l^»\r.'ei' 
 
 Vj'W-'Vs.llnisft. 
 
 iJ?™"inerHead. 
 ( *piMiiHeia ™ 
 
 llUuckinjn^ 
 
 '"(•It 
 
 (i^A"™iilE?'r 
 
 y 
 
 .t • J » 
 ■ ♦ • . 
 
 . * 
 
 :'^Hi 
 
 .•■•ir 
 
 .1. : 
 
 1.'' i*- 
 
 
 
 ^1i 
 
 'iii 
 
82" 
 
 LIO'ITHOUSE 
 
 • •• 
 
 Britith and Iruh LighthouuB and Floating LiyAtf— continued. 
 
 •V 
 
 T » ■ 
 
 
 '■■> 
 
 Nunc fff U(hi 
 
 MoUM 
 
 Maplin 
 8«in, Middle 
 GunOwt 
 Sunk 
 
 Kentiih 
 llnock 
 
 Galloiwr 
 
 Harwich \ 
 
 Cork 
 
 Shipwaih • 
 Oifordncu • 
 
 KcMlneUnd 
 or Fakcaeld 
 
 Lowestoft - 
 
 Corton tilt- 
 vaj 
 
 Corton 
 
 Hewelt Chan- 
 nel or St. Nl- 
 rholas Uat 
 
 Yarmouth • 
 
 Wlnlerton 
 Newaip 
 
 Hatborough • 
 HaiborouRh ■ 
 
 Leman and 
 Uwer 
 
 Cromer 
 
 Humtanton - 
 LjnnWell . 
 
 Ljnn 
 
 Boston 
 Dudgeon 
 
 Outer Dow- 
 sing 
 
 Humberiirer: 
 Mpum 
 
 Spurn* 
 BullSind 
 
 Lllht Vessel, In * 
 fathoms, W. end of 
 Hand 
 
 S.t. partof Sai.d 
 
 Light 
 Alhn 
 
 „ . Vessel, in ■• 
 ralhnms, W. end of 
 Hand 
 S.E. part of Sand 
 
 Light Vessel, In 9) 
 
 fathoms. Falrwa; 
 
 of K, Hwin 
 Light Vessel, In II 
 
 lalhoms. H. Side of 
 
 hand 
 
 Light Vessel, In 80 
 falhoms. S.W. part 
 of Shoal 
 
 On the shore abreast 
 
 Uorercourt 
 70 fathoms within 
 
 Landguard Point 
 
 fathoms. Near ledge 
 
 Light Vessel, In 9) 
 fathoms. Olf N.E. 
 end of Hand 
 
 On Ness • 
 
 Cllir N.E. side of 
 Kessingland yisli- 
 houses 
 Each I'ier of Harbour 
 High Light on CUtT - 
 Lower on Ness • 
 
 Abreast Hopton Gap 
 
 Light Vessel, in IS 
 fathoms. Outside 
 Corlon Patch 
 
 Igl 
 
 l^ithoms. limerend 
 of Channel 
 8. Pier at Gotleston 
 
 Light Vessel, In S fa- 
 thoms. N. entrance, 
 E. side 
 
 Near Ness - 
 
 Light Vessel, in 17 
 fathoms. Near N. 
 Crou Sand 
 
 g.S.E. ofHuborongh 
 
 Church 
 LIglit Vessel, in IS 
 
 ^thorns. Near N. 
 
 end of Sand 
 
 Light Vessel, in 16 
 nthoms. Between 
 Leman and Ower 
 Sands 
 
 Near Cliff • 
 
 On Point • 
 
 LUlht Vessel, in I?) 
 fathoms. Off Hook 
 of Long Sand, i'jim 
 Deeps 
 
 East side of entrance 
 to Cut 
 
 Hob Hole • 
 
 Light Veasd, In 9 fa. 
 tnoms. One mile 
 S.W. of shnlest 
 
 part 
 Light 
 
 .wht Vessel, in 9 fa- 
 thoms. W. side of 
 shoal 
 
 Light Vessel, In 9fii- 
 
 thoms. Off Point 
 On Paint - 
 
 Light Vessel, in 51 fa- 
 
 Ugt 
 thi 
 
 Latilitd* 
 N. 
 
 SI 31 
 SI M 
 SI 39 
 SI 45 SO 
 SI 49 S8 
 51 40 SO 
 
 SI 4S 
 
 SI 56 15 
 
 51 56 
 
 52 1 30 
 
 SJ 5 
 High Light 
 
 61 S4 SO 
 
 a «9 14 
 High Light 
 
 S« 31 15 
 
 S« 31 15 
 52 34 ii 
 
 .'•i 41 SO 
 
 52 43 
 52 45 
 
 52 49 
 52 58 
 
 53 8 45 
 
 52 56 54 
 
 53 1 25 
 
 S3 IS 
 
 S3 28 15 
 
 .13 34 
 
 M 34 44 
 High Light 
 
 S3 34 
 
 1 
 Longitude 
 
 ' " 
 
 1 
 
 1 3 
 
 I 7 
 
 1 20 
 
 1 31 8 
 
 1 40 30 
 
 1 56 
 
 1 19 
 
 1 23 
 
 1 38 
 
 1 34 30 
 
 1 43 SO 
 
 1 4*5 2t 
 
 1 50 10 
 
 1 46 SO 
 
 1 44 20 
 
 1 47 
 
 1 41 30 
 1 S3 
 
 J 32 
 
 1 3« 
 
 2 1 
 
 1 19 
 
 29 50 
 25 10 
 
 56 
 
 I 2 40 
 
 13 
 
 7 10 
 
 5 
 
 II 
 
 Flie<l, 
 Plashing, 
 
 Pll. <s 
 PI., Int., 
 All., He' 
 
 voiririg 
 
 Ret. 
 
 F. 
 Rer. 
 lies. 
 
 P. 
 Her. 
 
 P. 
 
 F. 
 F. 
 
 Her. 
 P. 
 F. 
 
 P. 
 
 P. 
 P. 
 
 F. 
 
 RcT. 
 
 F. 
 F. 
 
 F. 
 F 
 
 High 
 
 Rer. 
 
 Low P. 
 
 Rot. 
 
 P. 
 Rer. 
 
 F. 
 
 F. 
 F. 
 
 Rer. 
 
 Rer. 
 F. 
 
 r. 
 
 Interval 
 of Re- 
 volution 
 or Pluh 
 
 A flath 
 efery 20 
 
 Ever; 
 minute 
 
 F.mjSO 
 seconds 
 
 Esety 
 
 minute 
 
 ErerjJ 
 
 minute 
 
 EmjW 
 seconds 
 
 Erery: 
 minute 
 
 Eiery 
 minute 
 
 Erery 
 minute 
 
 Eee'r; 20 
 seconds 
 
 Ever; 20 
 seconds 
 
 Eeery 
 minute 
 
 Mlln 
 
 seen In 
 
 clear 
 
 Weather 
 
 10 
 iq 
 
 12 
 9 
 
 14 
 13 
 
 16 
 II 
 
 10 
 4 
 
 14 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 IS 
 lU 
 
 16 
 10 
 
 IS 
 12 
 
 Ciilour, 
 
 or snjr 
 
 l>e>ullsrlij 
 
 ofl.iahl. 
 
 houie 
 
 I Iwlld 
 
 im I („, 
 •fo'e l,.m 
 
 Wsiwl „„, 
 
 Red; 
 
 carrii-s 
 
 ■ llal> 
 
 Rnl; 
 
 •crew 
 
 Piles 
 
 Red; 
 
 carrlM 
 
 a Hall 
 
 Red; on 
 
 piles of 
 
 sii allies 
 
 Ktd; 
 
 rorrlfs 
 
 a 11.11 
 
 Ked: 
 
 carries 
 
 2 llslli 
 
 wril.sl 
 
 Red; 
 
 rairits s 
 
 Ball ai racli 
 
 mast liead 
 
 While; 
 
 on piles 
 
 West an;ile 
 
 of keeper's 
 
 dwclline. 
 
 While 
 
 Red; 
 
 carries 
 
 a ball 
 
 Red; 
 
 carries 
 
 • ball 
 
 Red and 
 
 While 
 
 hnrlsonial 
 
 bands 
 
 While 
 
 While, on 
 
 piles 
 
 White. 
 
 Timber 
 
 frame 
 
 Rcd;s 
 
 hairiisll 
 
 under uiunl 
 
 Rail at Ihe 
 
 masthead 
 
 Red; 
 carrlna 
 
 Ball 
 While 
 flood 
 stresm 
 is run- 
 ning into 
 haven 
 Red; r.ir- 
 riesaBall 
 
 '""•' InlJrt 
 (.rnlisl ^ I 
 
 S.e. end 
 
 * May be suddenly discontinued iij being undermined by Ihe laa. 
 
 Red: car- 
 ries a Hall 
 
 at e.irh 
 mast-iiead 
 
 While 
 
 Red; car- 
 ries a Ball 
 
 at each 
 mail-head 
 Ked: car 
 riesaBall 
 
 at each 
 mast-head 
 
 Willie. 
 Octigonal 
 
 White 
 Red ; car 
 ricsaBsll 
 
 at Ihe 
 mast-head 
 
 Red ; car- 
 ries a Ball 
 
 A half Ball 
 over unial 
 
 Ball at 
 rosst-head 
 
 Red; car- 
 ries s Ball 
 High, Ked. 
 
 While 
 Red ; car. 
 rieisBill 
 
 no 
 
 -Vain 
 
 31; the; 
 
 olhefi 
 
 ti 
 
 1.-7 
 

 >llih 
 
 llnjll.i 
 
 )m,l 
 
 i>nut{ 
 
 <* 
 
 l.in 
 
 Willi 1 V.I 
 
 lem 
 
 im 1* 
 
 ,bote 
 
 (i..m 
 
 llillU 
 
 U«ctu 
 
 «u« 
 
 ,.,_^ 
 
 31 
 
 1 .. ,-,| 
 
 3G 
 
 1 
 
 1 6a j'.i) 
 
 J« 
 
 i ■• " 
 
 11 
 
 |:< ' 
 
 36 
 
 vt'% 
 
 nj. 
 te 
 1 
 ea 
 
 li 
 
 i; 
 
 In 
 
 >li 
 
 •nd 
 
 lit 
 
 Dnul I 
 
 4i 
 10 
 
 ll'l 
 4U 
 
 »7 
 33 
 
 vie 
 lie, on 
 iln 
 MK. 
 mlwT 
 ame 
 bd;> 
 bill 
 
 usual 
 
 ill ibf 1 
 ht-ad 
 ti; 
 Ti«a 
 (all 
 hlle 
 lood 
 'earn 
 nin- 
 IK into I 
 iTen 
 I; r.ir 
 [a Ball I 
 
 110 
 Mill I 
 l-allalll't:*! 
 
 VArh 
 ItMica^ 
 lliite 
 
 olhen 
 W 
 
 I l" 
 1 lilt 
 
 ; car- 
 a Ball 
 leach 
 lt-h«ad I 
 B: car' 
 >Ball| 
 leach 
 It-head 
 
 Till", 
 lagonal 
 Vhlle 
 l ; car- 
 iBali 
 It the 
 Q-heid 
 
 1 Ball 
 
 LIGHTHOUSE 
 Britiih and IriMh Lighthoutta and Floating Li^Ate— continued. 
 
 •17 
 
 llfBall 
 \ ufual 
 
 kii«> 
 Ihead 
 
 litar- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 . . 
 
 
 
 
 Height 
 
 Height 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Flltd, 
 
 
 
 Tolonr, 
 
 In feet, 
 
 In feel 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Flaahlnw. 
 
 Interwal 
 
 Milea 
 
 ( entrw 
 
 of 
 
 
 
 
 Ltllluda 
 
 LonHtuda 
 
 K.a. £ 
 
 of H*. 
 
 leenln 
 
 or any 
 
 of Lan- 
 
 build. 
 
 Year 
 
 ^a,*^^ 
 
 Place 
 
 N. 
 
 W. 
 
 Fl.. Int., 
 All-, He- 
 
 ▼olitlion 
 or Flaah 
 
 cicir 
 Weather 
 
 peoullartty 
 
 of l.luhl. 
 
 huuae 
 
 tern 
 above 
 
 fVoro 
 
 lighted 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wolfing 
 
 
 
 lllllh 
 
 baae to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water 
 
 vane 
 
 
 . — 
 
 
 o / " 
 
 o / " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wH ■ 
 
 PIct lleadi • 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 
 F. 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 ■• 
 
 »* 
 
 *t Ftrrj • 
 
 43 37 
 
 10 
 
 
 r. 
 
 
 •• 
 
 •■ 
 
 •• 
 
 
 1849 
 
 jiS^ 
 
 5. KilUiigholitt 
 
 43 .19 
 
 l« 
 
 
 F. 
 
 
 11 
 
 High 
 Ughlhouie 
 
 anU.N. 
 tower, Hed. 
 H.E. tower 
 
 White 
 
 68 
 .15 
 37 
 
 77 
 45 
 44 
 
 18.16 
 18.-.6 
 1852 
 
 hj * 
 
 Near8.W.«iidof»il- 
 
 S3 43 
 
 13 
 
 
 F. 
 
 .. 
 
 7 
 
 Red 
 
 36 
 
 30 
 
 18.10 
 
 1 '•' 
 BAUif * 
 
 Liffht VhmI, In A fit- 
 
 93 44 
 
 IS 
 
 
 P- 
 
 ., 
 
 5 
 
 Bed; rnr- 
 
 16 
 
 
 1839 
 
 Ihomi- t>- aid* o< 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rlea a Uall 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'hannel 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Immm 
 
 1 1 
 
 N.W. end of Brick 
 and Tile Worki 
 
 ■• 
 
 •• 
 
 
 P. 
 
 •• 
 
 
 •■ 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 1863 
 
 V«na« 
 1 \.ii ■ 
 
 Wntofmarah 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 F. 
 
 ■■ 
 
 
 On while 
 
 IrlariKlee. 
 
 Lower 
 
 moveable 
 
 ■■ 
 
 
 1862 
 
 1 M< • 
 
 Eat tide of Creek - 
 
 •• 
 
 " 
 
 
 P. 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 Span and 
 globes 
 
 •• 
 
 
 •• 
 
 ll*. 
 
 lijhtVeaiel.S. ahore- 
 Olf Whillon Middle 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 P. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 Red! car- 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 1865 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ries a Ball 
 
 
 
 
 1 DIM ■ 
 
 (mile •bonfcnj new 
 pier 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 F. 
 
 ■■ 
 
 
 On while 
 
 triangles. 
 
 Lower 
 
 moveable 
 
 
 
 1862 
 
 1 Ite ■ 
 
 Between Whitton 
 rnrji and Walker 
 
 ■• 
 
 •• 
 
 
 P. 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 On a pile 
 
 •■ 
 
 •_• 
 
 1863 
 
 1 ratal- 
 
 D.keCloufh 
 Failieet Neu 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 F. 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 Boi and 
 Post 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 1863 
 
 1 WM>' 
 
 IrMMb 
 
 North Pier Head - 
 
 M 4 IS 
 
 11 4« 
 
 
 P. 
 
 ,, 
 
 8 
 
 
 24 
 
 ,, 
 
 18SJ 
 
 OnKead - 
 
 44 7 
 
 5 
 
 
 Hew. 
 
 Ewaryit 
 mtnuln 
 
 21 
 
 White 
 
 214 
 
 1)7 
 
 1806 
 
 
 Vlnrtnt Pier 
 
 SI 17 
 
 «3 
 
 
 P. 
 
 
 13 
 
 White 
 
 48 
 
 .16 
 
 1806 
 
 Wot Pier Head 
 
 44 30 U 
 
 37 
 
 
 F. 
 
 •• 
 
 10 
 
 Veilowlih 
 Stone 
 
 83 
 
 60 
 
 1831 
 
 ^H 
 
 East Flel Head 
 
 ., 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 P 
 
 ,, 
 
 R 
 
 ,, 
 
 44 
 
 
 18.15 
 
 
 Huih Whitby near 
 
 St tH 40 
 
 34 10 
 
 
 I. 
 
 ,, 
 
 23 
 
 White 
 
 240 
 
 b6 
 
 1858 
 
 
 UniHill 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 each 
 
 46 
 
 
 ■iW 1m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IVeil part of Sand • 
 
 54 38 
 
 1 13 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Wood. 
 
 UghtEouse 
 
 strifed 
 BIrick and 
 
 While 
 verticallu j 
 Law Light- 
 house Red 
 
 43 
 38 
 
 60 
 44 
 
 1839 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and White 
 
 ioriMoniatiM 
 
 Hed, on 
 
 
 
 
 Imt^ 
 
 Slu Wall behind the 
 5lh Boo; 
 
 4« 37 S6 
 
 1 10 .10 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 „ 
 
 7 
 
 26 
 
 
 1866 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Piles 
 
 
 
 
 Hw!b!- 
 
 On Kand, 1,800 tarda 
 S.W. of Sih Buo} 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 ,, 
 
 .. 
 
 Red and 
 
 42 
 
 ,^ 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 White, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hi«IS lilKhl) mile In- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Horizontal 
 
 
 
 
 Ism - 
 
 44 40 
 
 1 12 
 
 2 
 
 P. 
 
 ,, 
 
 13 
 
 Stone 
 
 89 
 
 70 
 
 1830 
 
 
 land, ai.'l Low LiRht 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 onihorenearScaton 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Carew 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 North Pier Head, 
 
 • • 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 
 
 P. 
 
 • • 
 
 • ■ 
 
 .. 
 
 S6 
 
 ,, 
 
 1854 
 
 
 Weat Harbour 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' Pitr Head, Old 
 1 Harbour 
 Heogh . 
 
 44 41 
 
 1 11 
 
 1 
 
 P. 
 
 • • 
 
 7 
 
 Yellow 
 
 .17 
 
 .. 
 
 1836 
 
 
 54 41 51 
 
 1 10 19 
 
 2 
 
 F. 
 
 •• 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 Yellow 
 
 84 
 
 62 
 
 73 
 
 1847 
 
 H, 
 
 South Pier Head - 
 
 44 SO 
 
 1 19 
 
 1 
 
 P 
 
 ,, 
 
 4 
 
 ., 
 
 
 
 1846 
 
 ^^ptn 
 
 Red Aae Point ■ 
 
 .. 
 
 
 2 
 
 high P. 
 
 Ewerj J 
 
 14 
 
 Stone 
 
 94 
 
 48 
 
 1843 
 
 ■T ( 
 
 
 
 
 LowlUw. 
 
 minute 
 
 11 
 
 
 49 
 
 
 IS.'i? 
 
 ^•""i North and South Pier 
 
 54 55 1 
 
 1 IW 
 
 3 
 
 P. 
 
 
 13 
 
 Yellow 
 
 73 
 
 64 
 
 1802 
 
 ^H Headi, alio South 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 48 
 
 23 
 
 
 ^H outlet 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Red 
 
 Light 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 B«"f™l On Point . 
 
 54 58 10 
 
 1 21 30 
 
 1 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ^1 1 CuileYard 
 
 54 I 
 
 1 S5 11 
 
 1 
 
 Hew. 
 
 Ewery 
 
 is 
 
 Sgiiare, 
 White 
 
 14J 
 
 79 
 
 1S02 
 
 ^BhBRIIi ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 minute 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■' \ North Fii^Worki - 
 
 ., 
 
 ,, 
 
 3 
 
 F. 
 
 
 ■ • 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 ,, 
 
 18fi» 
 
 
 \ Middle of North Pier 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 
 
 P. 
 
 ,, 
 
 • • 
 
 
 ., 
 
 ., 
 
 1864 
 
 ^^Ht* 
 
 front of Drckwray 
 
 55 .10 
 
 1 86 
 
 ■i 
 
 P. 
 
 ,, 
 
 16 
 
 While 
 
 I'^.l 
 
 49 
 
 18U8 
 
 ^■.VSb&dl 
 
 ! Square ; lor/est near 
 t'lilTordFort 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 -7 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 South end of To-n • 
 
 54 7 
 
 1 30 
 
 2 
 
 F. 
 
 •• 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 >Vhllc 
 
 48 
 26 
 
 41 
 
 35 
 
 1788 
 
 
 •jS.W.partofltland - 
 
 i 
 
 55 SO 6 
 
 1 3S 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 
 14 
 
 Siraare 
 
 White 
 
 lower, with 
 
 turreled 
 
 83 
 
 72 
 
 1841 
 
 
 • ' North end of South 
 
 55!1 
 
 1 34 
 
 1 
 
 P. 
 
 .. 
 
 1 
 
 paraiiet 
 
 ., 
 
 
 1848 
 
 ^BaUi-il 
 
 ! Pier 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • Hleher near 8-W. 
 Point of Iiland 
 
 5S3T 
 
 1 39 
 
 2 
 
 High 
 
 Every i 
 
 15 
 
 White. L. 
 
 87 
 
 43 
 
 1776 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hew. 
 
 minute 
 
 12 
 
 Octagonal 
 
 45 
 
 27 
 
 1810 
 
 
 Lower neat iu 
 
 
 
 
 Low P. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,N.W. Point 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •iOnBock . 
 
 15 39 
 
 1 17 
 
 1 
 
 Rtw. 
 
 Eweryi 
 
 14 
 
 Red 
 
 74 
 
 85 
 
 1826 
 
 ^Kftt 
 
 •iKerH.*!. 
 
 45 46 
 
 1 S9 
 
 8 
 
 P. 
 
 minute 
 
 IS 
 
 Stone. 
 
 48 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 1 
 ■ ' Comer of a Hotiw, 
 : awlWmPierSS 
 
 49 41SS 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 •• 
 
 S 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 Red top 
 
 28 
 
 • • 
 
 
 1857 
 
 ■'1 
 
 
 ■'t^ 
 
 
 m 
 
 I ■. ., 1 ■■■■• ■ ■: <":'• 
 I ■ ?■«■ ■ 
 
 m 
 
 .f' 
 
 
 ■|' 
 
 «|i; 
 
 ■i:; 
 
ft28 
 
 LIOHTHOUSE 
 British and Jrith LighthouMt and Floating Light* — continuttl, 
 
 ■jj ■? 
 
 ]•■ 
 
 I ■ ■!. 
 
 ' >\ 
 
 ^# \ 
 
 )•. . 
 
 -•1 
 
 .a 
 
 Sum »t LIkM 
 
 81. Abb* 
 ilMd 
 
 OunbAT 
 
 riM:lirnrl« 
 
 Klr"< or 
 
 Vort.. : 
 
 FUlwctuw 
 
 Ulih • i 
 
 Nawhaven • 
 Uranton 
 
 Urangtmouui 
 
 Charlnlon • 
 <nT>rk>lthlo( 
 M. Uatid 
 
 Oumt Island 
 
 andi 
 
 FUm 
 
 Pattjrcuf 
 Klrkraldf - 
 
 ^r • 
 
 Wim;H 
 
 UuckhavvQ • 
 
 St. Monant 
 -or Uonanca 
 
 I'llMnwMm 
 
 E. An- 
 
 fttrulher 
 Cill<rJ;ke • 
 
 Itlaof May ■ 
 
 Ball Kock - 
 
 8t. Anilnwt^ 
 
 Firth of Taj : 
 Ouildonnati, 
 or Tay 
 Pon-un. 
 
 Cials 
 
 N'cvport 
 
 Dundee 
 Harbour • 
 
 Arbroath < 
 
 Rcurd; Nttt. 
 MontroM 
 
 StonehaTtin . 
 
 Gtrdlcnesa - 
 
 '] Aberdeen . 
 Buchann*^! 
 
 Peterhead 4 
 Fraserburgh 
 
 On Head 
 
 nia Harbaur 
 Victoria Harbour 
 Kaslern pier head 
 
 Vltihevl - 
 
 U. Plat Inner pan, 
 about 674 }aiU> 
 from eatremlty 
 
 Kait Pier head 
 
 Kilreiiillf \V. I'ler • 
 
 Oil Pier 
 
 On Main Pier hea<l - 
 
 On outer Pier head* . 
 
 bummll ol laland - 
 
 Entrance of Klr.-r 
 Carron, end of ti. 
 embankment 
 End i>t' outer Pier 
 W. Uuay of llarliour 
 
 Head E. Pltr sf Har- 
 bour 
 Firry Pier - . 
 
 New Pl.r - 
 On Plar . . 
 E. Pier he id 
 
 Pierhead". 
 
 On ParaiMi, E. Fler 
 
 ad 
 One on Pier head t 
 
 the other on ttie 
 
 side of a house 
 EiMt Pier head 
 H.W. anijla of a dis- 
 used saw mill 
 \V. Pier head. And 
 
 iihoTe Street 
 On side of house on 
 
 \V. part of Harbour 
 Summit of Isle, and 
 
 N.E.side 
 Near Nutth end of 
 
 Keef 
 Pierhead • 
 
 Turret in Cathedral 
 wall 
 
 On Neu 
 
 S. tide of Ferry 
 
 On \V. Ferry Pier - 
 Middle and E. Piera 
 Camperdown Dock - 
 
 S.W. elbow, outer 
 
 Harbour 
 West side of Inner 
 
 Harbaur 
 On Neas 
 N. side 04* entrance . 
 
 Inner aide of Harbour 
 
 On Neaa 
 
 End of N. Pier head 
 
 Torry, half a mile 
 up Harbour on a* 
 snore 
 
 On Neu 
 
 S. Harbour, Elbow of 
 
 W. Pier 
 N. Harbaur, W. Pier 
 
 Head 
 Pier Head and Middle 
 
 Pier 
 
 KinnalrdHead On Head 
 
 Macdulf 
 DanO' J 
 
 Elgin and 
 Lossiemouth 
 
 Coreiea Skcr* 
 riei 
 
 Chsnonry 
 
 Crgiuariy 
 
 N. Pier Head 
 N. Pier Head 
 Ujiper part of ni 
 
 Harbour 
 S. Pier Head 
 
 Craig Head 
 
 On Point . 
 On PuUit at Town 
 
 Laiiiula 
 
 a a 
 
 it 
 
 Si fiS M 
 
 S.-i .VJ 
 
 i9 H 
 
 .Mi 4 
 
 S6 10 S 
 
 a Vi so 
 
 36 II 
 
 S6 U IC 
 
 .'fi U 
 
 it 11 9 
 
 56 116 3 
 
 A6 'to 3 
 
 S6 iS 
 
 a VJ 
 
 «6 
 M 
 
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 30 
 
 57 41 30 
 
 57 41 it 
 
 S7 411 
 
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 3 8 
 
 3 14 
 
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 3 46 15 
 
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 S 41 53 
 2 40 
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 « 47 
 
 2 45 
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 2 58 
 
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 2 26 
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 Pis. ST 
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 P. 
 F. 
 
 Intetral 
 
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 lutioii or 
 
 Flash 
 
 Mllaa 
 
 seen in 
 
 viesr 
 
 Weather 
 
 Flash 
 amy 10 
 seconds 
 
 to 
 
 5 
 
 ■• 
 
 8 
 
 ii 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 ;; 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 • ■ 
 
 6 
 
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 minute 
 
 20 
 10 
 
 i: 
 
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 9 
 
 •• 
 
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 :; 
 
 6 
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 15 
 
 6 
 
 •• 
 
 5 
 
 •• 
 
 15 
 12 
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 lU 
 
 ■• 
 
 7 
 H 
 7 
 
 .. 
 
 3 
 
 •• 
 
 8 
 
 .. 
 
 111 
 
 Erery 8 
 seconds 
 
 II 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 10 
 10 
 
 15 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 Erery 
 
 18 
 
 minute 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 '• 
 
 » 
 
 Cotour. 
 
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 IVuiiArlijr 
 
 uf liKtiU 
 
 huuMI 
 
 White 
 
 Lami 
 
 unppw 
 n una 
 
 Red 
 
 Wii'itt 
 Htune 
 
 Ntene 
 
 White. 
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 Lamp-post 
 
 RedboK 
 Lanttm 
 
 en wstl 
 
 While 
 
 Iamp-|>M| 
 
 IVhiie 
 
 Urecnpoa 
 Urey lowtf 
 Yellow, 
 blue tups 
 UreyslQDS 
 
 While 
 
 Stone 
 
 H (t 
 
 130 I Hi 
 
UOHTHOUSB 
 , r! /^'«'*/'»o«t« and Float 
 
 "'!^J:!&'>f--contiDuta, 
 
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 Ill.i^tid 
 
 j.V, Tin Hfnil. K„,| 
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 nn IfHil . 
 I (In l,llll> llrnil, \V 
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 On H«d, S.K. „. 
 
 I » "III, Ho, J. 
 
 Illwli Itohl i(,„,i. 
 Ml N.k. I'omi or 
 <>rfrml,,„„ji,„^ 
 J-iRhl on li> N.w. 
 
 I roir.r 
 
 Tier Hm(| , 
 
 (fci South |iart of It, 
 lanij 
 
 On^E.^Po,n,S.„,., 
 ■ll'nN. Poinlof Ort. 
 
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 • 1_i.cleofEnlian»eo 
 
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 j' SounJ Skmy 
 
 • Muclile FluiM. V 
 ,f;n«M.I."u 
 
 ' I W""" "'«"'• 
 ■j^'wili end of Souili 
 [Xii. Point of Wana 
 
 pif. Point, Glll„„ 
 
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 B.iWt. South Ui,, I 47 IT ,. 
 
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 I.UmiI ><M h K I'iiIiiI 
 
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 • •f I Mil I I> 
 
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 iiiiiiii' rmiii, \V. iiila 
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 On llm'ka - 
 
 l.lalil VrMt, III 4t 
 
 fatliiniu, lliitilii 
 
 H KM I Italiilrl 
 K«ii«iiiliii iif Stiiilli 
 
 M.iiiili<ii I'll I 
 1 Hilar NoulU Miaiv 
 
 lire 
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 Nutill TiiiiMiia 
 t'tiili iif Jtitiii ami 
 
 WiHuliii I'll'T* 
 
 SliHi* rtpi lli^ail 
 Wm riri llivkl 
 Niitlh rirt IImiI 
 
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 ! Ilii-al lliiil«. Hank 
 
 . I N'eai I r.atjj Ptjiiit - 
 
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 ' Nw Church 
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 IOn ihort, miilwa; l«' 
 l»i»ii Mtrnnf inil 
 llaa Kuan 
 BMooi Mill 
 pM..i W. 1..I. of an- 
 
 Utnia of MtTiM 
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 Na« ttn, P.n 
 llll.l|>«al<f lad Old 
 14) 1)0. hi 
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 LnpiM 
 
 l.aiiiu 
 
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 P»t 
 
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 P'l'lafWMltgjMt., 
 
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 LIGHTHOUSE 
 Biitiik and Ir'uh LightkouttB and I'loitling Ztj^At*— contiuaed 
 
 Ciwrniirfon 
 IlnnUr* 
 
 AWrv^lwltlt - 
 
 South Iliih0|i 
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 Ilrlilol riiiii. 
 
 ncl :— 
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 llnvi'ii 
 Calily 
 Ti-nliy 
 S.iiinilt'r*- 
 
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 JIiirlHiur 
 
 liiirry 
 
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 N.W. imlnliirlluly. 
 littiitl Inland 
 
 On Lldiulilwyn lilanil 
 
 On rivr lliail 
 
 On l>lanil ■ 
 
 Kiilranrv of llarhniir 
 l.ighl Vrurl. In VtJ 
 tathomt 
 
 On Kmk 
 On Kw'k 
 
 On I'oinl, Slilfon! 
 Haven 
 
 Dockyard 
 
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 I'lfr llenil . . . 
 
 South I'liT Head 
 
 Knlranre 
 Hifer 
 
 of Ourry 
 
 rorlhraul S 
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 or Hum- 
 
 h.ini 
 
 Watchef 
 Harbour 
 
 lirracombe 
 llideford - 
 
 Lundy 
 
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 l'i.lr.t 
 Trvvoiie Head 
 
 Ooilivvy 
 
 Hajla 
 
 8t. Iva 
 
 South end of llrcak 
 
 water 
 Wliltefnrri I'olnt 
 l.iilht Veuel In 11) 
 
 fathoina, W. end of 
 
 Hand 
 On iHland • 
 S.>V. Tier Head 
 
 S. I)o4'k Knlram'e 
 N. l>ot'k Kntranrv 
 Now Cut llridite 
 I.iuhl Vi'ut'l In l.'> 
 
 fiilhotntf Western 
 
 Kd|{e 
 
 S.K.endornew outer 
 
 breakwater 
 N.W. end of break- 
 
 wntrr 
 On Voint - 
 
 Near Oocka • 
 
 W- »lde of entrance of 
 
 River 
 Lluhl Veaael In H fa- 
 
 Ihutnst near W. end 
 
 LIphi Vemel In .■* ft 
 tliotnii* Soutli tide of 
 t^haniiel 
 
 East title of Entrance 
 
 Charttone Hock 
 
 On Ii'and, S. Point . 
 East Rkleiif Entrance 
 of lliver I'arrel 
 
 End of Breakwater 
 
 f^nt,>m Hilt, North 
 tide of llartmur 
 
 Ilrnunton Sands, N. 
 tide of Hiver 
 
 Riflxe of Island 
 
 On Point - 
 N.W. part . 
 On Itland 
 
 LeLinl tand hllU or 
 Towant 
 
 Pier Head, 3G ft. from 
 tlic end 
 
 .^.1 « 
 b1 i.', 
 
 !)i ti M 
 
 il 51 
 
 51 4.1 SO 
 
 .'il 11 
 
 .M .17 .V! 
 
 .'i| 4.1 
 
 SI 11 I) 
 
 .M 40 
 
 51 .ii 
 
 .'.I .11 .1 
 .01 .17 I) 
 
 SI "i6 53 
 
 ,')! S« 
 liiKh lluht 
 
 .M a? -n 
 51 yi 
 
 51 19 4S 
 51 20 .10 
 51 311 
 
 .M K 3« 
 
 51 15 'J 
 
 51 1.1 
 
 51 4 
 
 51 10 7 
 
 51 1 <il 
 50 32 5,> 
 50 14 
 
 50 11 30 
 
 50 IS 
 
 Umitltude 
 
 T. 
 
 4 SI II) 
 4 is 
 
 4 5 n 
 4 51 U 
 
 5 S5 
 5 40 5 
 
 5 10 S5 
 
 4 40 57 
 4 4'j 
 4 15 
 
 4 10 3.'i 
 4 i\ 
 
 3 .'•« 10 
 3 5ti U 
 
 3 55 21 
 
 .1 B U 
 
 3 u 
 
 3 17 •!« 
 
 S 5S 
 
 ! i'i n 
 
 .17 
 3 U 
 
 4 7 
 
 4 IS U 
 
 4 40 15 
 
 4 31 .H) 
 
 5 S 3 
 5 S4 (> 
 
 5 S6 » 
 
 ■8 
 
 II 
 
 Filed, 
 
 Klaahlnff, 
 
 Kll. «> 
 
 Kl., Int., 
 
 All., He 
 
 vol- ll)|{ 
 
 Kev. 
 
 v. 
 
 Kev. 
 
 Rev. 
 F. 
 
 F. 
 Rev. 
 
 K. 
 F. 
 F. 
 
 P. 
 
 F. 
 
 r. 
 
 F. 
 K. 
 
 II ev. 
 F. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 F. 
 
 F. 
 
 F. 
 
 I'ppcr 
 
 lui. 
 
 Lower F. 
 
 r. 
 
 I'pper 
 
 lU'V, 
 
 Lower F. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fl. 
 
 Interval 
 of He- 
 
 volution 
 or Flash 
 
 Every S 
 liuiiulet 
 
 Every 111 
 ti-condt 
 
 Every So 
 tcLuiuU 
 
 Milea 
 
 teen In 
 
 clear 
 
 Weallier 
 
 to 
 
 5 
 
 a 
 
 every 
 ininiHo 
 
 Red face 
 3 linut 
 
 in a 
 minute 
 
 15 feet 
 
 apart 
 
 Flaih 
 every 15 
 tecondt 
 Every 
 nilnuie 
 
 Visitile.li 
 minutes, 
 
 tt)en 
 ■suildenly 
 eclijiseil ^ 
 a ininuie 
 
 Every S 
 iniim'tn 
 
 A Flaih 
 every 10 
 secoiidt 
 
 SO 
 IN 
 
 SO 
 3 
 
 7 
 10 
 
 1510 18 
 5 to 7 
 
 19 
 17 
 
 Colour, 
 
 or any 
 
 porulnrii, 
 
 of l.l«l,|.' 
 
 hiiuW 
 
 U'lilti 
 
 Si|uarv 
 Uhitu 
 'lower 
 
 ll'iil, 
 cariies 
 a Hall at 
 Ihe Afait 
 heiil 
 White 
 
 tiranlie, 
 llnl and 
 
 While 
 horlionlal 
 
 llandt 
 
 White. 
 
 I.. IMa- 
 
 Konal 
 
 n'hile 
 
 While, 
 lliark top 
 
 On pllei 
 
 l(»l i 
 carries a 
 
 llall 
 
 White 
 
 While, 
 
 llnl top 
 
 I.;tinp I'ott 
 
 Larap I'ott 
 
 IJinili Pott 
 
 A half 
 
 (tlola* over 
 
 tite utual 
 
 Iflobe 
 
 "•iltlit ll,i,h|^ 
 ;nf»l,iinlrt| 
 
 •aUn- t,ui|j.i 
 
 "I"" I <<m I 
 ."iKli Um- I,, 
 "•'•t >ai« 
 
 JUI 
 
 ui j 
 
 AIniiiI 
 
 lU 
 
 lli 
 V.1 
 
 13 I II 
 
 18 
 15 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 II 
 
 SO 
 17 
 15 
 
 White 
 
 While 
 
 On a 
 
 pcdeMil 
 
 abaft 
 
 lleil: 
 
 carries a 
 
 llall 
 
 Oclaconal, 
 
 While 
 
 While 
 
 Ifptier 
 
 Wlhile, 
 
 laiwer 
 
 Square, 
 
 rllh lllack 
 
 streak 
 
 veilicilly 
 
 Seiannuiar 
 
 While top, 
 
 Red middle, 
 
 with 
 
 Ularii haw 
 
 While 
 
 3C 
 
 »|.l 
 
 .10 
 311 
 
 .. il 
 
 111 
 81 
 
 K il 
 
 U II 
 
 .. II 
 
 .is 
 
 i 
 
 H. Orla. 
 aonll, 
 Wlule 
 While 110 
 
 4;ii 
 
 I!7 
 
 While 
 
 OftaKonal, 
 .Stone 
 
 Wood, Tri 
 ancultr- 
 
 H«l. 
 Squsre. 
 Black 
 
 
LIOIITHOUSE 
 
 8M 
 
 K , 
 
 lltllM IM: 
 
 <m ftct.itnfvril 
 
 Tc«ll>| o( 1 
 
 Lif Un> 1.uiM*', Vn 
 
 'I t»m ' ...^ IlK, 
 
 kUive I (ti>ii) i 
 
 lllitli l>Nvr !.•' 
 
 ,\Vilrr I tarn { 
 
 I .. I lU 
 iw I vj 1 inl 
 
 {Aliuulj 
 
 itnul I 
 
 Mr. 
 
 lit 
 
 llj 
 
 ins 
 
 II 
 
 I'hite, 
 Kk tu|> I 
 
 In pUct 
 Itul : 
 srtlM a 
 
 llall 
 \Vhil» 
 While, 
 Kill Inp 
 ;illll» IVrtt 
 »ii)V Tact 
 Hmp Post 
 
 A h«lf 
 
 ;lolie OICT 
 
 .lie ukual 
 (■lolie 
 
 White 
 
 M III 
 
 37 I ■ 
 
 m w i| 
 
 VVIiiie 
 
 4J 
 
 •; 
 
 Onn 
 
 ' abaft 
 lleil ; 
 
 3« 
 38 
 
 
 lairies a 
 
 llall 
 clitsonal, 
 Wliitt 
 
 ■3 
 
 55 
 
 White 
 
 l.'i6 
 
 « 
 
 ^^^lilo, 
 
 •a 
 
 St 
 
 J l^ower 
 ■Squuei 
 llh llluk 
 TiircRk 
 
 leillcillj 
 
 Ihiie lop. 
 
 Klnildille.' 
 with 
 
 luck hue 
 fWhile 
 
 HI 
 
 l{. (Via- 
 1 iton'li 
 I While 
 I While 
 
 5l« 
 
 410 
 
 IWbile ** 
 
 Ltiuonal, I '*• 
 I hione 
 
 \txi, Til' 
 liietiiat' 
 
 Knuare- 
 [Blick 
 
 sli I " 1 
 
 
 Sritiih.anJ IrUlt Lighthoustt 
 
 and 
 
 Floating /^iyi<»— conUiuiod. 
 
 
 
 
 . y 
 
 ■^■~" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IvlKhi 
 
 lelnhi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >5 
 
 Plied, 
 
 
 
 l-oloiir. 
 
 II fntl, 
 
 In 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 la 
 
 FiaahliiK. 
 
 Interenl 
 
 Mlln 
 
 lililrr 
 
 feet of 
 
 
 
 
 I,atltud« 
 
 Loniltude 
 
 5'S 
 
 Fil. & 
 
 iif lleiu- 
 
 aeen In 
 
 or any 
 
 iflaiin 
 
 llulld- 
 
 Year 
 
 ^judKi 
 
 riin 
 
 N. 
 
 P 
 
 Kl., Int., 
 Ml., Urn- 
 
 lullonor 
 flaah 
 
 clear 
 Weather 
 
 1 eculiarll* 
 
 ori.lKht. 
 
 huuM 
 
 tiTIl 
 
 nhova 
 
 lug 
 from 
 
 Iglited 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 volvlng 
 
 
 
 lllKh 
 
 Uaae to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 v.'mer 
 
 Vane 
 
 
 ^ - 
 
 
 o ' " 
 
 o ' " 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 umnit of Hxk 
 
 .M t .8 
 
 a 30 ti 
 
 1 
 
 llee. 
 
 K.erj 2 
 
 IS 
 
 flrrulnr, 
 
 148 
 
 92 
 
 IK4I 
 
 MM • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mliiutM 
 
 
 in ilie 
 middle » 
 
 bniail 
 horliontal 
 
 red lali 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 .pilntoT Old Head 
 
 At 3n II 
 
 H 31 48 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 •• 
 
 tl 
 
 While, 
 
 with 'l red 
 
 lielia 
 
 S36 
 
 ino 
 
 1683 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ftalt * 1 
 
 oil rh«le«, E«« 
 
 .M 4! 41* 
 
 8 19 SO 
 
 1 
 
 r. 
 
 ,. 
 
 14 
 
 While 
 
 98 
 
 48 
 
 IKOI 
 
 1 
 
 iHleef Harbour 
 lahe I'olnl. Eut 
 
 41 47 .13 
 
 « 14 14 
 
 2 
 
 ll»». 
 
 Keerr 
 
 in 
 
 While 
 
 08 
 
 49 
 
 1817 
 
 1 
 
 ilile orEnlruin 
 
 
 
 
 y. 
 
 minute 
 
 H 
 
 
 mi 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 ;».! Klhow of Slilt 
 
 41 SO 41 
 
 8 IS 8S 
 
 1 
 
 V. 
 
 .. 
 
 i 
 
 While, on 
 
 32 
 
 ., 
 
 1HI8 
 
 
 ilank, oir Uucem- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Screw |>lle>.; 
 
 
 
 IK43 
 
 1 ' 
 
 loen, In 9 ft. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U|i|>er part 
 
 ""lU"'" 
 
 
 
 
 Iwil' 
 
 xniih .M.ihon, oir 
 Mctloullh Hank IIX) 
 
 41 S3 
 
 R 19 14 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 ,, 
 
 t 
 
 While, 
 
 21 
 
 ,, 
 
 1849 
 
 ■ iNfN 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 on files 
 
 
 
 
 ■ *«»• 
 
 ft. fnMii Channel 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1"' 
 
 lonUlbel, North aide 
 
 Channel 
 
 41 44 
 
 8 M 14 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 •• 
 
 1 
 
 While, 
 on pltei 
 
 24 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 1 
 
 Blicr K<wk Caille - 
 
 41 .11 n 
 
 8 tn 34 
 8 VI U 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 ., 
 
 .1 
 
 l,am|i 
 
 71 
 
 ,. 
 
 1863 
 
 1 \ 
 
 Kin«'i Quai, on Na- 
 
 ,'il 4.1 2.1 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 .. 
 
 1 
 
 Lamp 
 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 tiiaUuil Wall 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tiioll 
 
 41 .44 I) 
 
 8 VI 30 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 
 1 
 
 I.amp 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 H 
 
 Duurldind 
 
 41 i'J 3U 
 
 7 49 
 
 1 
 
 Fl. 
 
 A Fl'nah 
 
 IH 
 
 Circular, 
 
 194 
 
 4U 
 
 1H4I) 
 
 ■li!:<ni 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mery 10 
 atconda 
 
 
 lied 
 
 prqlvctlnR 
 tiallery and 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 up to 
 Imllom of 
 Lantern 
 
 Haah 
 
 
 
 
 Ith^.- 
 
 ir.iideofEnlrann- 
 
 t 
 
 41 46 34 
 
 7 40 3t 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 '• 
 
 i « 
 
 Circular, 
 Alone 
 Colour 
 
 78 
 
 •• 
 
 M42 
 
 HlWnl 
 
 !.ildtorHead 
 
 41 49 .13 
 
 7 34 8 
 
 1 
 
 Int. 
 
 Every 
 
 tl 
 
 
 284 
 
 68 
 
 l«30 
 
 |l<llinacoutl; Point 
 
 
 
 
 
 minute 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^n^nt 
 
 ,\. Entrance 
 
 4» 4 117 
 
 J .Ti S 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 .. 
 
 10 
 
 Circular 
 
 42 
 
 41 
 
 1848 
 
 H 
 
 Hook Tower, E. aide 
 
 St 7 »4 
 
 S S4 43 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 • • 
 
 16 
 
 White, 
 
 142 
 
 IIS 
 
 1791 
 
 1 
 
 rf Entrance 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 with 3 
 horlinntal 
 Hed Hells, 
 
 Lantern 
 Hed 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 Diinnim, Pier Head 
 
 SS 9 
 
 8 59 30 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 • ■ 
 
 3 
 
 While 
 
 44 
 
 SI 
 
 ISSfi 
 
 ^^■ibM- 
 
 W.iWe of Entrance 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 In Duncannon Fort 
 
 4! 13 13 
 
 C 46 
 
 t 
 
 F. 
 
 • • 
 
 10 
 
 White 
 
 43 
 
 24 
 
 1774 
 
 ^H 
 
 K. ilda of Channel- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 Duniannon N., A a 
 
 ,, 
 
 • • 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 ,, 
 
 16 
 
 While 
 
 128 
 
 34 
 
 1838 
 
 ^^1 
 
 mile NN.E. 1 E. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^B 
 
 otferl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^H I Siiit oflf Puuge Point 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 1 
 
 P. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,. 
 
 On plies 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 1867 
 
 ^Hki .|I-iKht VmkI in yi 
 
 4« t ti 
 
 6 40 
 
 2 
 
 F. 
 
 ,, 
 
 10 
 
 t;«mea 2 
 
 M.'.18 
 
 ,, 
 
 1824 
 
 ^^H^ 
 
 Ulhomi, of1'Coninf|. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 UaJla 
 
 F. 28 
 
 
 
 ^^H 
 
 les R^», wuthern- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I^B 
 
 noa or Baltct 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^B 
 
 lilanili 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H^ ' 
 
 On Hock ■ 
 
 it IS 9 
 
 6 12 SI 
 
 1 
 
 R<r. 
 
 minutea 
 
 15 
 
 Circular, 
 White 
 
 101 
 
 uo 
 
 1814 
 
 ^^Bodt 
 
 UiMVenel sear the 
 
 it 81 S4 
 
 6 9 30 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 Hull lllark. 
 
 
 • • 
 
 1868 
 
 ■ 
 
 BboaU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 with White 
 Biripe, 3 
 
 lUasU with 
 Klobe at 
 
 lualnmaat 
 
 
 
 
 ^^H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 head 
 
 
 
 
 ^^Hrtiss 
 
 l^ht Vmel In 19 
 
 4S 30 10 
 
 6 S 
 
 1 
 
 r. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 9 
 
 Hull Black, 
 
 S3 
 
 
 1847 
 
 ^B* 
 
 kthomt,'N.K.iMrt, 
 ! miln li. i i. of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wlih While 
 starve, and 
 3 Masts. 
 
 
 
 ^^H 
 
 Back Bug; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2«!ohet 
 at Main 
 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 ( Uiki Vnsel In K 
 
 41 40 44 
 
 S 47 10 
 
 1 
 
 RCT. 
 
 Eeery 
 
 la 
 
 mast head 
 Hull Black, 
 
 on 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 fahomi, 1 mlln 
 foaS.endoriknk 
 
 
 
 
 
 inlnuta 
 
 
 with While 
 stripe, i 
 
 globe orer 
 agloha 
 atMaIn 
 
 Main 
 mast 
 
 39 
 
 
 1824 
 
 ^^^r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nasi head. 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wiihS 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 \ IWt Venel, In 18 
 falhomi from N. 
 red of Bank, 8.E. 
 l>lE.tE.3imllea 
 
 St 43 
 
 S SO 20 
 
 S 
 
 I*. 
 
 __ 
 
 • • 
 
 .. **astt 
 
 Hull Black, 
 with White 
 stripe. 3 
 masu, with 
 agloliean 
 the Fore 
 
 38 
 22 
 
 •• 
 
 1867 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and Main 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 OnlheHead 
 
 Si S7 40 
 
 6 0S 
 
 I 
 
 Int. 
 
 10 
 aeconda 
 lirlKht, 
 and 3 
 
 IS 
 
 mast 
 While 
 
 Itl 
 
 1 46 
 
 mis 
 
 ^^^1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 » Light V«i,l In 8 
 
 S3 4 40 
 
 S4S40 
 
 1 
 
 Ree. 
 
 dark 
 BremSO 
 aecondi 
 
 9 
 
 Hull Black, 
 
 with While 
 
 stripe. 3 
 
 Masts, with 
 
 S9 
 
 1 
 
 1867 
 
 ^^^^H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^^^^B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iSS^^ 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 ^^H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J^. ... 
 
 
 ■*l 
 
 I- • 
 
 1 . 
 
 i; 
 
 '' :\W 
 
 1 }t'; 
 
 ,■■■:* 
 
 
 .' v-. ■ ' y-' 'ill!; 
 .-■t. •;■•;■ : :; " 
 
 .'■:.t ■':' :V^ =1 
 
 "^f 
 
 ^v 
 
 
 3 11 
 
 u H 
 
1 ' 
 ■'I . 
 
 
 I 
 tit 
 
 834 
 
 LIGHTHOUSE 
 British and Irish Lighthotues and Floating Lights— continnci. 
 
 
 
 
 
 •g 
 
 Filed, 
 
 
 
 iHciihilHtiiihl ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 FLubing, 
 
 Inti?rTal 
 
 Miles 
 
 Colour, :'" 
 
 leet, in tftt 
 
 Name of Llghi 
 
 Place 
 
 Laiiltide 
 N. 
 
 Longitude 
 
 Kil. li 
 Fl., Int., 
 
 of He. 
 Tolutiun 
 
 sei'ii in 
 clear 
 
 or .my K*^'re ! i-f 
 peculiarllj «I-an.j Bmld. y. 
 
 
 
 
 
 0— 
 
 Alt., lU- 
 
 volving 
 
 or Flash 
 
 H'eoiher 
 
 Ili«h llhwu 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 WainVW 
 
 
 
 o ' " 
 
 o ' " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l~~^ 
 
 Dublin Baj ; 
 Kith 
 
 Lh(ht Vessel, in 10 
 falhoms, ofl'N. noint 
 
 33 18 48 
 
 3 5G 50 
 
 1 
 
 Her. 
 
 Every 
 
 10 
 
 3 Masts. 
 
 36 .. In, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iniiiuie 
 
 
 A llail at 
 
 
 of Kish bank 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iMainniut 
 
 
 
 E. Pier head of Har- 
 
 53 IS 
 
 G 8 
 
 1 
 
 Rer. 
 
 Kvery } 
 
 9 
 
 head 
 (iranite 
 
 41 41 ':„ 
 
 Kingstown - 
 
 bour 
 
 
 
 
 
 minute 
 
 
 
 
 W. Pier head 
 
 ., 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 
 2 
 
 p ,, 
 
 J 
 
 PoolbcR - 
 
 Knd of S. wall, en- 
 trance to rirer Liffey 
 
 33 W 30 
 
 6 9 IG 
 
 2 
 
 F. 
 
 
 12 
 
 While HiKh 6J li^ 
 LiKlit 1 1 
 
 
 Near the eastern ex- 
 
 53 21 
 
 G 14 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 811 88 
 
 J 
 
 
 tremity ofN. wall 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cirtTilar, 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 grty stone 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 
 
 colour 
 
 
 J 
 
 BaileT 
 
 S.E. polnt'of Howth 
 Peninsula 
 
 53 i'l 40 
 
 '3 20 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 " 
 
 is 
 
 White 131 ]•« 
 
 1 
 
 Howlh 
 
 E. Pier head 
 
 53 21 
 
 6 4 
 
 I 
 
 F. 
 
 
 11 
 
 White 
 White 
 
 iT -, -■ 
 
 BalbriKKan - 
 
 Pier S. side of cn- 
 tranre 
 
 33 3G 43 
 
 6 11 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 •• 
 
 10 
 
 4.1 .)7 
 
 a S3 
 
 
 Rockabill ■ 
 
 Summit of larger rock 
 
 33 33 43 
 
 6 30 
 
 1 
 
 Fl. 
 
 Every lii 
 
 18 
 
 Circular, 14g 1 loj 
 
 
 Drogheda • 
 
 Sand hills, S. side of 
 Boyne riTer 
 
 53 43 U 
 
 6 15 
 
 3 
 
 F. 
 
 secontU 
 
 Cto7 
 
 grey sione 
 On timber 
 fVamings 
 
 27 30 
 40 
 
 
 
 Entrance of Channel 
 
 53 58 40 
 
 6 IS 
 
 1 
 
 Fl. 
 
 Every 15 
 
 9 
 
 On screw 
 
 33 
 
 
 Dundalk - 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 P. 
 
 eecunds 
 
 
 Piles. 
 White 
 
 
 
 CalUngfonl 
 
 Haulbowllne Rock - 
 tireenore Point 
 
 3t 'i 
 31 1 53 
 
 B 'h 
 6 7 52 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 V. 
 Rev. 
 
 Every 15 
 
 becunds 
 Every 
 
 9 
 
 Wiiite ill! li'i 
 White 89 11 
 
 
 Dundrum 
 
 St. John's Point 
 
 51 13 10 
 
 5 40 
 
 1 
 
 Int. 
 
 12 
 
 \Vhile 
 
 62 
 
 
 Bay 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 minute 
 
 
 
 
 
 ArdglMS 
 
 Head of Harbour 
 
 54 13 10 
 
 5 3G 50 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 IS .. 
 
 
 Strangford 
 Loush 
 
 Carstown Point 
 
 
 •• 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 
 
 On pilet 
 
 
 SouUl Hock - 
 
 On Rock ■ 
 
 34 23 55 
 
 5 25 4 
 
 1 
 
 Rev. 
 
 Every 
 
 12 
 
 White 
 
 51 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 minute 
 and^ 
 
 
 
 W, J ^_ 
 
 Harbour - 
 
 S.E. Pier head 
 
 51 33 45 
 
 5 32 1 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 12 
 
 Grey 
 
 S6 :3 ■ 
 
 Copeland 
 BeUait llaj - 
 
 Small t'opeland I, - 
 Hollywood Bank 
 
 51 41 44 
 
 5 32 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 16 
 
 While I.1I 1 <3 
 
 
 31 3'J U 
 
 5 3.T 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 '.. 
 
 3 
 
 On screw 
 
 7 .' 
 
 
 Lame Lough 
 
 Farri Point - 
 
 54 31 7 
 
 5 47 21 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 
 It 
 
 piles 
 While 
 
 8 50 
 
 
 Maidens 
 
 On Hocks - 
 
 51 .'.5 47 
 
 5 41 18 
 
 2 
 
 F. 
 
 ,, 
 
 It 
 
 Towers W 
 
 
 
 
 Western 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 While saw.! li 1 
 
 
 
 
 Light 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 with lied 
 cenltal Belt 
 
 
 
 RaUiUn 
 
 Altacorry Head, N.E. 
 point Island 
 
 53 18 10 
 
 6 10 45 
 
 2 
 
 Upper 
 Int. 
 
 Eveiy 
 minute; 
 
 21 
 
 on each 
 
 Circular, m it 
 A Ht^d U'l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 F. 
 
 briKlU 6U 
 seconds, 
 dark !0 
 
 
 Bell under 
 the gallery 
 
 
 
 Fojie Lough : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 kcconds 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inlshowen - 
 
 Dunagree Point 
 
 55 13 38 
 
 6 55 38 
 
 2 
 
 F. 
 
 
 13 
 
 Circular, 67 13 
 
 
 Wairen 
 Point 
 
 On Point - 
 
 • • 
 
 •• 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 .. 
 
 each 
 
 While each 
 On a |iole 30 .. 
 
 
 Red Cattle- 
 
 Outer edge of Ridge 
 
 ,, 
 
 .. 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 Red Wood 85 .. 1 
 
 
 
 Shoal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Files 
 
 
 
 White 
 Castle 
 
 E side Channel 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 I 
 
 F. 
 
 . •• 
 
 
 OnPUu !C .. 1 
 
 
 Ture 
 
 On Hats, S.E. side 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 BlackWood U .. 1 
 
 
 
 Channel 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Piles 
 
 
 
 Cunnjberry 
 
 On flats, N.W. side 
 Channel 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 •• 
 
 
 Rod Wood 8 
 Piles 
 
 
 
 Culniore - 
 
 On Point • 
 
 .. 
 
 ■ • 
 
 I 
 
 F. 
 
 ., 
 
 
 Red .Mast 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and lantern 
 
 
 Culkeeragh 
 
 E. side Entrance 
 
 .. 
 
 ,» 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 ,. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Red brick X 
 
 " ^^1 
 
 Boom Hall 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Rosse Bay - 
 
 Light Vesici 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 I 
 
 F. 
 
 , , 
 
 
 80 
 
 ., I^^^l 
 
 Near lloek 
 
 ,, 
 
 , , 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ^ 
 
 li 
 
 ^^^^1 
 
 Mill 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 InistrahuU - 
 
 N.E. part of Island • 
 
 •55 25 55 
 
 7 13 37 
 
 1 
 
 Re?. 
 
 Every 2 
 minutes 
 
 18 
 
 IVhite 181 
 
 1! ^^1 
 
 Lough Swilly 
 
 Fanad Point 
 
 35 16 33 
 
 7 37 53 
 
 I 
 
 F. 
 
 14 
 
 White 91 
 
 if^H 
 
 Tory Island . 
 
 N.W. Point 
 
 53 in 2fi 
 
 S 15 
 
 1 
 
 P. 
 
 __ 
 
 16 
 
 White 130 
 
 sr ^H 
 
 Aranmore I. 
 
 Hinrawros or N.W. 
 Point of Aran Is- 
 land 
 
 33 52 
 
 8 33 48 
 
 1 
 
 Fl. 
 
 Erery 20 
 seconds 
 
 18 
 
 Circular, 8J3 
 WUle 
 
 ''^H 
 
 Kalhiin-o- 
 
 On Island 
 
 51 39 47 
 
 8 49 32 
 
 1 
 
 P. 
 
 ,, 
 
 16 
 
 Circular, 116 
 
 M ^^^H 
 
 Birne 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Red, Dome 
 
 and under 
 
 the LlKbl 
 
 room 
 
 
 KUlybegs { 
 
 St. .lohn's Point 
 
 51 .34 8 
 
 8 27 .13 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 ,^ 
 
 14 
 
 While M 
 
 i; ^^^1 
 
 Hotten I. - 
 
 54 .16 51 
 
 8 26 23 
 
 1 
 
 K. 
 
 ,, 
 
 12 
 
 While •' 
 
 i;^^^B 
 
 ( 
 
 Black Hock, in Sligo 
 
 51 18 
 
 8 37 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 ., 
 
 13 
 
 While r9 
 
 n^^^H 
 
 siigo ■! 
 
 Bay 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 Oyster Island 
 
 54 IS 5 
 N. Light 
 
 8 34 4 
 
 2 
 
 F. 
 
 •• 
 
 17 
 
 White 10 
 
 ,9 
 
 
 Broadharen - 
 
 Gubacashel Point, on 
 W. side of En- 
 trance 
 
 51 lU 
 
 9 33 
 
 1 
 
 F. 
 
 *' 
 
 12 
 
 Stone 3? 
 Colour 
 
 ^^^^^H 
 
 !?^^^l 
 "^^^1 
 
 Eagle 
 
 Eagle Rock, W.S.W. 
 5 miles from Errls 
 
 54 17 
 
 10 5 31 
 
 2 
 
 F. 
 
 ,, 
 
 20 
 
 While 8!" 
 
 
 Western 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Head 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "^^^1 
 
 Black Rock - 
 
 Western extremity - 
 
 51 4 10 
 
 10 19 20 
 
 1 
 
 Rev. 
 
 A flash 
 
 22 
 
 Circular, «S3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 evtTy half 
 
 
 dark stone 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 minute I 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 colour 
 
 
 I 
 
 I l» 
 
" rts^r ' •; ;";; ' ' c 
 
 LIGHTHOUSE 
 Ji"tM and Inj hLigntkouu. and Floatinn f », 
 
 830 
 
 fc??,'? "'?.». Sues!" 
 
 t^*'l. fchSl??1™ ''?«.«"<1 the 
 ■ Mi. W.S,. ,!"".'■» «'<! "llior 
 
 "*!■ " *T, s;". .'™ t™* «™i.t 
 
 ^'^ « an article of Pnl " ^'"■'^'■^' "f less 
 f ^™ impor d in l8r-?'^^u2'3"8 tons 
 ,^ ^' "f '^■I'ich no few., *,.""^ *'"' United 
 '•^^ '«»« Crth U6???,/«4,112 tons, 
 
 supplies 13 decidedly tlio 
 
 and ale, principally fr?m p„ir^J^"f«' coals, beer 
 wne, and quicksilver from^s?;^- ' «"H brandy 
 stock-fish and flour fmm Vu rVP?"' and Prance 
 from Mexico, P™;''« United States, iS 
 spices, dye-stnffs, &c^ ThnbcrL?,!"" Pa;aguay! 
 of ships and hoises is K/ht f ''^ "^^I'^t^ction 
 The declared value of H^.^i^*'"™ Guayaquil 
 British produce and manuff.f ^^^'^""^ articled of 
 -^ 18G7, amounted to Sfe^ exported to Peru 
 ot exports from Peru, in 'isrl" ^^^ '<"«' value 
 of which 3,853 554, ''",,^^''0) ^as 6,245 491/ 
 
 andthetota^4iue offh'"' ^^"^ fr"m cfi,! 
 Kingdom from?en.f, J: Z^l^, 'S'° ""« ^S 
 Moneys, Weiqhts'Zf'Me}^^' 3,701,362/. 
 
 Span-cal!- Kuir ;f;;f '^^;Ital.calcina,calce; 
 
 a white colour, mSLlt h^ ''^.'""^^fa'^ce of 
 
 easily reduced o po vdcr oi^^'1' ''"' ^^'"ch is 
 I with water or bvtrCion n'^.^^' sprinkling t 
 
 taste, and i„ .some n easur"' f ' ^1^ a hot buniinff 
 I the texture of those an "nl Zv^^^ ""'' ''^stroyf 
 i apphod. .SpccilicgravU 9.J°^V''/° ^^•'"^■'> *' » 
 j ta .c basis of lime,*',vasdis'c;T;rP.n'T"' "'« ■"<=- 
 ilicro are few parts of Ihn ?f , r^ ^''^- Davy. 
 ! ''o^ not exist. It L f' ,„,? '^°^^'» "i "hich lime 
 1 'narble, and chalk. ':^> of P"«^' i'J Hmesto^^ 
 
 ^oweve,stHctlyspeakini^L!Jn^urS5!'r| 
 
 * t 
 
 
 ! t 
 r ^* 
 
 'I 
 ■ i ft 
 
 
I i 
 'i ] 
 
 1 i ' 
 
 
 'I : 
 
 .} i . 
 
 A I 
 
 y i 
 
 .M 
 
 
 ' 
 
 836 
 
 LIME 
 
 cnsily converted into it by a well-known process ; 
 tlint'iH, by placing them iu kilns or furnaces con- 
 Rtnictcd for the purposei and keeping them for 
 some time in a white heat— a process called the 
 burning of lime. (Thomson's Chemiitrij; Watts' 
 Dictionary of Chemistry.) 
 
 The use of limo as mortar in building has pre- 
 vailed from the earliest antiquity, and is nearly 
 universial. As a manure to fertilise land, it is 
 very extensively used in this country, and in an 
 inferior degree in some parts of the (jontinent and 
 of North America. But it is a curious fact that 
 the use of lime as a manure is entirely a European 
 
 Eractice ; and that its employment in that way 
 as never been so much as dreamed of in anv part 
 of Asia or Africa, unless by Europeans. Lime is 
 used ns a medicine, and is of much importance in 
 the arts, as a flux in the smelting of mctuls, in 
 the shape of chlorate in bleaching, in tanning, 
 and as a disinfectant, &c. {British Pharma- 
 copoeia, 18G7.) Limo and limestones may be 
 carried and landed coastwise without any customs 
 document whatever. 
 
 Lime (Fr. citronier; Ger. citrone; Ilin. nccm- 
 do). A species of lemon (Citrun inedica, van J C.) 
 wliich grows in abundance in most of the West 
 India islands, and is also to be met with in some 
 parts of France, in Spain, Portugal, and through- 
 out India, &c. The lime is smaller than the 
 lemon, its rind is usually thinner, and its colour, 
 when the fruit arrives at a perfect state of maturity, 
 is a line bright yellow. It is uncommonly juicy, 
 and its flavour is esteemed superior to that of the 
 lemon; it is, besides, more acid than the lat- 
 ter, and to a certain degree acrid. [Jvce; 
 Lemons.] 
 
 LINEN (Ger. linnen, leinwand; Dutch, lyn- 
 waat; Fr. toile; Ital. tela, panno, lino; Span, 
 licnza, tela de l<no; Russ. polotno). A species of 
 cloth made of tnread of flax or hemp. The linen 
 manufacture has been prosecuted in England for 
 a very long period ; but though its progress has 
 been considerable, particularly of late years, it has 
 not been so great as might have been anticipated. 
 This is partly, perhaps, to be ascribed to the 
 cfibrts that have been made to bolster up and 
 encourage the manufacture in Ireland and Scotland, 
 and partly to the rapid growth of the cotton manu- 
 facture — fabrics of cotton having to a considerable 
 extent supplanted those of linen. 
 
 In 1691, both Houses of Parliament addressed 
 his Majesty (William III.), representing that the 
 progress of the woollen manufacture of Ireland was 
 such as to prejudice that of this country; and 
 that it would be for the public advantage were 
 the former discouraged, and the linen manufacture 
 established in its stead. His Majesty replied, 'I 
 shall do all that in me lies to discourage the 
 woollen manufacture in Ireland, and encourage 
 the linen manufacture, and to promote the trade 
 of England ! ' We may remark, by the way, that 
 nothing can be more strikingly characteristic of 
 tlie illiberal and erroneous notions that were then 
 entertained with respect to the plainest principles 
 of public economy, than this address and the 
 jinswcr to it. Uut whatever the people of Ireland 
 might think of their sovereign deliberately avow- 
 ing his determination to exert himself to crush a 
 manufacture in which they had begun to make 
 some progress, Government had no dilHculty in 
 prevailing upon the Legislature of tiiat country to 
 second tlicir views, by prohibiting tlie exportation 
 of all woollen goods from Ireland, except to 
 England, where prohibitory duties were already 
 laid on their importation! It is but justice, how- 
 ever, to the Parliament and Government of Eng- 
 land, to state that they have never dlscoven.;! any 
 
 LINEN 
 
 backwardness to promote the linen tra.loof Ir ! 
 which, from the rcign of William Mr ,i 
 has been tiio object of rcgu „ti^, IL "™"" 
 ment. It .nay-'indeed, ho d. b e, "ILT '"' 
 regulat ons have been alwavs 17^0, Im'j 
 that n.ight have been devised, ad wT.Litl''^ 
 has really gained anythini.' Lv l.o f , '' 
 tension of the manufactu c^ Z vln '" 
 
 VVake.ield,twoofthehigh:;tShIS:l 
 mutters connected with Ireland. continH.T 
 spread of the linen manufacture Clj^" 
 been advantageous And it seems to be s^J! 
 established, that though the manufactr „ 
 not have been so widely dilTiised, it "!^„ ,,"" 
 been in a sounder and healthier stitc had 
 less interfered with. ' ^^ '' 
 
 This groat increase in the prnduction of 
 and linen is easily explained. The stimulu , 
 to the supply of all materials f,.r textile ,h 
 consequent on the deficiency of cotton, wiUc, 
 for the deye opment of the'cultivation " 
 Irrland. flic average produce of Aax nor . 
 1864 and 18GG, in stone of 14 lbs., lt!~ 
 
 J.pinatvr • 
 Munstcr - 
 Ulitcr . 
 Con naught 
 
 mi 
 
 .17-7 
 
 M3 
 
 .110 
 
 3H 
 
 8TS 
 
 Gmnal annc« 
 [Fr.AX; Hemi'.] 
 
 .Boun/Zcs.— Besides premiums and encoB 
 ments of various kinds, bounties wore mnti 
 the exportation of linen for a yen- fco? I 
 previously to 1830 In 1829, for exaoiple,] 
 withstanding it hod then been very much red 
 the bounty amounted to about 300 OOO/. i 
 nearly ojie aeventh part of the entire realoriia 
 volue of the linen exported that year' Iti 
 easy to imagine a greater abuse. A t«iij 
 this sort, instead of promoting the mamfil 
 rendered those engaged in it comparaliTrf 
 different to improvements : and though ii 
 been otherwise, whot is to be thought of thel 
 of persisting for more than a ceiturviii iiip| 
 the foreigner with linens for less th'antherl 
 We have not the least doubt that were then 
 sums expended in well-meant but useless jtl 
 to force this manufacture, added togethei 
 their accumulations at simple interest, therl 
 be found sufficient to yield an annual nf 
 little, if at all, inferior to the entire Taluel 
 linens wo now send abroad. And aflen 
 business never began to do any real good 
 take firm root, till the manufacture ceasalj 
 domestic one, and was carried on prinrijf 
 mills, and by the aid of mathineir, a ( 
 which the old forcing system tended too 
 The only real and eScctual legislative ei.. 
 ment the manufacture has ever met with, k 
 the reduction and rciieal of the duties on 4 
 hemp, and the relinquishing of the absurd i' 
 to force their growth at home. 
 
 Irish Linen 3fanufacture.—SpMW I 
 hand is now almost unknown inlrelaoM 
 manufacture has disappeared from serenil 
 the country, where it had been laijelrial^ 
 On the whole, however, there can benoii 
 the introduction of the factory svjtein i 
 and will continue to be, most adiii 
 Belfast has long been the great seal of t' 
 facture in Ireland, and there it is cir 
 large factories furnished \rith the besti 
 and conducted on the most apptoriJ p 
 In 1841, tiiere were in the town an J in i" 
 vicinity, 25 ste.im mills for spinning li* 
 one of which employed 800 hands; m\ 
 the number of mills had increased In . 
 
LINEN- 
 
 ■tore. Hi3 not casv to suppose timtfhn K'"^™''"*«"f"id..strv witlfn,./ '" P««'cular de- 
 .i«o thi:, Board could of itsdf have been f"^""^l'''«^''"f«ci/^tiSrca "v?"'*'?''^P°'^•^•'''- 
 [ln;«alscrvlcci l-ut considerable bomS •"" .^^''«'cver causes thofr"^"^ '""» °n- ^»t 
 .dp« being at the same tin^fcive '„""'"" ^''^ «"' in™ ^^ Prc-eminenco may 
 ;*pd«:»nd exportation of linen tlfem^nu """' "'•">' '"*^« «tfaned it fnV''f7 *'"«'="''. When 
 itewoa increasing'. Sti'l, l.ou'^vcrT irTPP^'""" with them 'jw?"'^"'° comeinto 
 
 diiwotaceived any adventitious supTOr^'ol^- '""^'^ity in manipulS • '"P''"°' s'''!' 
 J«4«e.y began to be extensivclv emd' ? '"'""•^^ *«'• Reccntjv iiE 7,: 'mproved tna- 
 fcaanfacturc; so tiiat it is vrrvT? Jr , M"^""'' of old cstahirhJ^ . ' ^^'^ advantaffes in 
 kite influence of the bountv^m, ll''"^"^ '"^''"^^^ extent no ,Vr^^""^'"'^e ^cen, to f con- 
 »t«ilwould at first sight appear t have L" '° .'=°™'^'»«tions amongst t!'-'' ''^, ^^' P^'^valence "f 
 •«f^^l«a3tothem'an„ffcCXrfc '''«' S m^ Td^'"^' l^"' ''■'«"' 
 
 ^in^fc'"* '» ,1-3' tl'ose concerned. "Ve"f ""^ '^»™i''able evil ^ ^' ^""''"'"^ ^^^ obviating 
 7 '» 1«-'-', and the bounties ceased in llZ . .^"?'c"nline, in Fife wif h « 
 
 tea .be grand scat of the Sco Lh iS "'"'' " ">« Principfl «' Tof ^ """tiffuous dis- 
 
 r^m; and its progress there duri J "he Ifl'-^'l ^''^ tablecloths 1;*^. """"'""^f "'« "f 
 
 & •'• ■"*" '" «-^traordinan., tl at the l^ ''*^* 'l'"'"'^. and thefr naff ' " l"PP^'*^« "« of 
 ^.*-'--p.ttoit.ay„?.'l,lS! f-^eat|^.j^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Ste;'?:^fK^the£^F^ 
 
 l«tonsin,«V.\'''^^857 and 1858 nnH,"" "''"'rate estimate of ^^ ''•^ ''''»'='' to form 
 
 I:. 
 
 i;^!' 
 
 I if 
 
 if 
 
 41' 
 
 ■ii; 
 
 if * 
 
838 
 
 LINEN 
 
 
 ■? i 
 
 •'- 4, 
 
 • ■ ' '\ 
 
 LIQUORICE JUICE 
 able temporary difficulties, they set 
 
 the time, much exaf^t^eratcd. In the first edition 
 or tills worlc, wc estimated tlio annual valud of the 
 mauufncturu at 7,500,000/. Sir V. M. Ec'ii 
 estimated tiic entire value of the linen manufacture 
 of Great Britain in 1800 at 2,000,000/. {Treatiiie 
 on Insurance, p. 7C.) 
 
 In 1858, wo reckoned it at 12,000,000/. But it 
 has increased very rapidly since that time, espe- 
 cially since tlio commencement of the cotton 
 famine, and its value for the United Kingdom 
 is at present (18G7) probably not under, if it do not 
 exceed, 20,000,000/. But taking it at this amount, 
 and setting aside a third part of this sum for the | 
 value of the raw material, and another third for j 
 profits, wages of superintendence, wear and tear of 
 capital, coal Ac, we have G,6(i6,000/., to bo divided 
 as wages amongst those employed in the manu- 
 facture. And supposing each individual to earn, 
 at an average, 40/. a year, the total number em- 
 ployed would be nearly 170,000. We inoy add that 
 according to the returns under the census of 1861, 
 'J6,(i89 persons were then employed in the linen 
 manufacture in Great Britain, of whom 70,897 
 were employed in Scotland, and 19,792 in Eng- 
 land, while in Ireland the linen and damask 
 weavers alone numbered 60,C2G. 
 
 Export of Lineni to France. — Previously to 1833 
 the export of linens and linen-yarn from this 
 country to Franco was quite inconsiderable. It 
 then, however, began to increase ; and the op- 
 pressive duties that previously existed on the im- 
 portation of these articles into France having been 
 materially reduced in 1834-36, so powerful a 
 stimulus was given to the trade, that the exports 
 of yam from the United Kingdom to France rose 
 from 4,012,141 lbs. in 1836, to 22,202,292 lbs. in 
 1842. This influx of foreign yarn having, of 
 course, subjected the French spinners to consider 
 
 Account of the Quantitieg and Values of the Linen Manufactures and Linen Yarn ef Bm 
 Produce Exported from tht United Kingdom in each of the 4 Years ending with IHI. 
 
 »ho rein^p^aition of the du'tiesYand "L V'^ 
 mcnt being weak enough, or ignorant mZu 
 listen to their interested representations thil 
 were again largely augmented in 184-) i" f 
 quence the exports of yarn <tc., frora'tlii V""!! 
 to Franco declined even more rapidly tLnTi.1 
 had increased. But we may shortly Ma,'tl 
 the injury which the French Govcmmenrdi i 
 this measure to our spinners is but trillin,, . 
 pared with that which they did to their n-n 
 jects ; for, while they stopped all pa,™,, „', 
 manufacture, and deprived the producemn 
 articles sent hither in exchange for vurn, „f u 
 best market, they about doubled theWioeoil J 
 to the consumers. l-'t-coniai 
 
 Since the negotiation however of themmrru 
 cial treaty with France, a considerable incrlj 
 the exports of linen yarn has taken place ihoJ 
 the amount has only been mcreasing slowlV 
 linen trade with Franco is almost stationir. 
 An Account of the Pounds ' might of Li 
 
 Tarn Exported from the United KiLU 
 
 France during each of the undermmtmed U 
 
 ending with 1867. 
 
 Years 
 
 1831 
 
 i8.ia 
 
 . 1833 
 18.14 
 1835 
 1840 
 1841 
 1842 
 1843 
 1844 
 1845 
 
 Brlliih I.lncn 
 
 Yam Kxpoital 
 
 from United 
 
 KtnRdom to 
 
 France 
 
 lbs. 
 
 17,503 
 
 76,512 
 
 867,288 
 
 1,430,369 
 
 2,384,678 
 
 13,137,367 
 
 20,832,875 
 
 22,202,291 
 
 13,824,285 
 
 13,546,7.')7 
 
 9,153,188 
 
 Yean 
 
 D/iUih U'i 
 IfUkf I 
 
 1850 
 
 Ik 
 
 18J5 
 
 »5J 
 
 IS57 
 
 4^/1 
 
 11)61 
 
 'I'lU 
 
 1862 
 
 W,l 
 
 186] 
 
 I.MV 
 
 1861 
 
 
 1865 
 
 1,68 
 
 W.I 
 
 1867 
 
 .',!)« 
 
 Article. 
 
 Quantities 
 
 Vslue 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 1S6( 1 
 
 Linen Manufactures : 
 White or plain, damask 
 
 Ac. ... yds. 
 Printed, checked and died „ 
 Sailcloth - „ 
 Thread ■ • - Ibt. 
 Linen yam - • „ 
 Other sorts 
 
 190,653,754 
 
 12,873,069 
 
 6,941,219 
 
 3,978,321 
 
 40,177,150 
 
 »«S,790,744 
 
 16,955,490 
 
 7,250,257 
 
 3,934,922 
 
 .16,796,673 
 
 234,589,974 
 
 14,246,634 
 
 (i,fi32,08l 
 
 3,781,849 
 
 33,608,171 
 
 200,236,615 
 
 6,902,510 
 
 4,833,715 
 
 2,753,794 
 
 34,103,859 
 
 £ 
 
 6,707,619 
 
 505,599 
 
 394,284 
 
 2,991,969 
 565,311 
 
 £ 
 
 7,537,.W1 
 
 606,1140 
 
 382,713 
 
 2,535',.1SI 
 630,666 
 
 8,m,i;iij 
 
 W,*'J I 
 3iu,:S« s 
 
 iiii.m u 
 
 Total Talne 
 
 •• 
 
 ■• 
 
 
 •• 
 
 ll,l7il,782 
 
 11,692,311 
 
 iijw;; ),! 
 
 The United States, Brazil, Cuba, and the Honse I great outlets for yam are at presecl (1 
 Towns, but especially the. first, are by far the Spain, inc. Gibraltar, the Hanse Toms, H/ 
 largest importers of manufactured linens. The I France, Italy, Belgium, and Prussia. 
 
 The following are the Imports of Flax, Hemp, and Jute for the 7 Years ending 1S6'. 
 
 Artlcia 
 
 1861 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 1 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 iset 
 
 1 
 
 Flax, dressed or undressed 
 Hemp, dressed or undressed 
 Jute (ex yarn) 
 ToUl 
 
 cwts. 
 
 1,333,679 
 800,100 
 904,092 
 
 3,037,871 
 
 cwts. 
 1,798,.151 
 984 ,.125 
 963,774 
 
 cwts. 
 1,458,962 
 1,059,802 
 1,223,033 
 
 cwts. 
 1,842,917 
 1,023,763 
 2,108,942 
 
 cwts. 
 1,91,1,1.12 
 
 1,065,705 
 2,OV4,537 
 
 CWU. 
 
 1, 1101, OSS 
 l,6i5,9l)3 
 4,i;4,M) 
 
 e 
 l,t 
 
 i 
 
 3,746,450 
 
 .1,741,8.57 
 
 4,89 1,M7 
 
 5,087,779 
 
 « 
 
 * Undressed hemp only for 1867. 
 
 LIQUORICE (Ger. sussholz; Fr. r^lisse, 
 racine douce ; Ital. regolizia, ligorizia, liquirizia ; 
 Span, regaliz orozuz). A perennial plant {Gly- 
 cyrrhiza glabra), a native of the south of Europe, 
 but cultivated to some extent in England, par- 
 ticularly at IMitcham in Surrey. Its root, which 
 is its onlj' valuable part, is long, slender, fibrous, 
 of a greyish brown externally, and yellow inter- 
 nally, and when fresh very juicy, sweet, and with- 
 out odour (British Pharmacopccia, 1867). The 
 liquorice grown in England is fit for use at the 
 end of 3 years; the roots, when taken up, arc 
 either immediately sold to the brewers' druggists 
 or to common druggbts, by whom they are applied 
 
 to different purposes, or they are packed ii 
 like carrots or potatoes, till wanted, lifl 
 root was charged till 1853 with a duty rf| 
 cwt., when it became duty free. 5,27ic»i 
 imported in 1867, valued at 6,857/. 
 
 LIQUORICE JUICE (Sum Uf 
 Popularly black sugar, the inspissated jrj 
 roots just mentioned. Teiy little of tteC 
 is prepared in Britain, by far the f ■'jj 
 our supply being imported from Sicilj. ™ 
 obtained by crushing the roots in a nil* 
 jecting them to the press, is slotiltW 
 becomes of a proper consistency, whenii»l 
 into rolls of a considerable thickness.'" 
 
ICE JUICE 
 
 tics, they set upaorvl 
 
 duties; and thclJoven 
 ;n. or Ignorant tm.wli t 
 
 rcpfescntati,)ns,rhtMl„'ti] 
 ncnUiU in 1842. in, 
 r-am &c., from this cminti 
 > more rapidly than ihd 
 
 may eliortly state, !li 
 rench Government dill 
 inners is but triHini; t«< 
 tlicy (lid to their ovn - 
 topped all pro),'rtes in t 
 ivcd the producers of ( 
 xchange for vuriis of tlti 
 ; doubled the price of linj 
 
 1 however of the comm 
 , a considerable incnaiti 
 rn has taken place, thoJ 
 en increasing slowlv, ' 
 is almost stationim-. 
 
 Pounds ■ Weight of ^a 
 « the United KiiiM 
 fthe undementmed I 
 
 
 
 Bntuh Ur 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ean 
 
 from I'rji 
 
 1 
 
 
 I'tUII 
 
 
 
 Ik 
 
 
 1830 
 
 e»i,iii 
 
 
 18S5 
 
 
 1857 
 
 WM 
 
 
 1861 
 
 i.jiiS 
 
 
 186! 
 
 •MM 
 
 
 1863 
 
 i,nvi 
 
 
 1861 
 
 !m,V 
 
 
 1865 
 
 Wlji 
 
 
 1166 
 
 VM 
 
 
 1867 
 
 Mil,.- 
 
 d Linen YamefBt 
 ITS ending with Wi, 
 
 Value 
 
 1865 
 
 £ 
 
 7,537,571 
 
 606,(HU 
 
 382,713 
 
 19 ; !,535,'i21 
 1 630,666 
 U 11,692,311 
 
 H65 
 
 t 
 
 8,I(W,I!? «, 
 W,l»'3 
 
 3j),;sf 
 
 S,!7t,IJi i,H 
 5»I,!H 
 
 11,950,3:; ),S 
 
 m are at present i 
 the Hanse Toms, Eii| 
 n, and Prussia, 
 
 Years ending 186", 
 
 1S65 
 
 ises 
 
 1 
 
 cwls. 
 
 913,132 
 
 165,705 
 
 1M,537 
 
 187.779 
 
 c«u. 
 
 l,5i;.,w 
 
 1, 1101 ,091 
 1,6«,903 
 4,i;i,iJ9 
 
 c 
 
 or they are i 
 les, till wanted, lifl 
 1853 with a (lutr of I 
 duty free, 5,2'2ciit 
 led at 6,857/. 
 [CE (Sucm Uf 
 I the inspissaifdjm 
 Terj- little of m 
 I, by far the f <« 
 3rtedfroinSicil,f._ 
 the roots inaii " 
 press, is slowif k 
 snsistencViWto' 
 lerable thicknes!,' 
 
i 
 
 
 
 
 *f 
 
 ■ I l 
 
 N 
 
 I 1 
 
 H 
 
 
 . • > 
 
 « 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ V\ '^"^-/.^ 
 
 J9 
 
 ■*it»»H'v 
 
 J7 j/> 
 
 M 
 
 /" 
 
 
 HAKllOUK OK 
 
 L I S }i N 
 
 ,./'■' 
 
 
 ■'--^^,^ i- 
 
 ./, \. 
 
 J3 • ■^••* 
 
 7bnYi') 
 
 V 
 
 ,^^OfW^dimA 
 
 JO 
 
 ' ^ ^ ^' A i-., i- A N T I 
 R Julian'' jt ^"^""^ 
 
 U 17 jj o C E A 
 
 i ,.- 
 
 Mondaij Lonqman* A Co. 
 
LISBON 
 
 830 
 
 W .VriUilV Jrfltr 
 
 illv fovercd with ba.v leaves, 
 ,,jf in which vc import it 
 
 ^•iii 
 
 This is tliu 
 Most pnrt of it is 
 firirjrd.1 rcditsolved, puritied, mid cast into 
 11 oviiiiilrical rolls of about tlio thickness of n 
 '"h ii'uill wlifn i' '■" '''''"'^'' '■'.'/''"''' Ii<l"»>ii^i!. It 
 '"ih.nofii glossv blutk colour, brittle, hnving a 
 ', I rauoilauiiioiH taste. It is used in the nmteria 
 ;J„„ particularly in C(nisb», colds ic. Wliat 
 ■illi'il limiorice paste is an infcnor or coarser 
 
 ;.n,lvoftlic8anie article, mostly brought from 
 T;irkcv. {Thomson's Chemiitry ; Thomson's Dis- 
 
 tiiiprcssivc duty of 3/. Atm. per cwt., wi 
 111 WHS hmdcd down to 1842, was reduced 
 
 and in IH.'iH to 20». 
 
 with 
 in 
 
 The 
 
 _;irkev. { 
 
 lllO 
 
 '''■'' -■ .,- c ; 
 ihi! veur '" -'*• ""• 
 
 ...VMS repealed altogether in 18ii0. 
 
 " 111, imports of juice and pa.ste amounted m 18G7 
 
 ., ii;a and 23,H11 cwts., rcs|«'ctively. 
 
 IMIUN. The capital of Portugal, on the N. 
 
 i,„Vcf the TaRus, the observatory of the f<.rt 
 
 :." . in lat. 38° 42' 24" N., long. 9° 6' 50" W. 
 
 p. citv proper is surrounded l>y walls witli gates 
 
 turners, at which articles of food, drink, and 
 
 "I • f.'r the use of the town pav octrois or dutie.x. 
 
 ;'<ipop.in 18C3, 224,003, whereof about 170,000 
 
 irmiihin and the remainder without the walls. 
 
 liiljon, within the wall.'*, paid in 1854-65, from 
 
 JoHl.li'54, to June 30, 1855, 95,000/. public taxes, 
 
 ji'iwl. town dues, and 46,000/. municipal charges : 
 
 iit„n««l.durins the same period, 11,877 sheep, 
 
 13 ra riis?, 19,826 oxen, 3,056 calves, 141,000 
 
 piltedf wine, and 143,000 imperial quarters of 
 
 ikfK.tVtown dues are received by Government. 
 
 TL' tiil revenue of the kingdom was csti- 
 
 tuiiV.iioni direct and indirect taxes for 1806-C7, 
 
 II U fat 4,&04,393, uad indirect 9,085,309 
 
 Biiirtk 
 
 Arf-Tbc harbour, or rather road, of Lisbon is 
 
 mi (f tko finest in the world, and the quays arc 
 
 itoDcttonvcmcDt and beautiful. Fort St. Julian 
 
 nartiihcnorthem entrance of the Tagus. It is 
 
 bnal on a steep projecting rock. There is a liglit- 
 
 te in ilie centre, 120 feet above the level of the 
 
 !tt At the mouth of the Tagns are two large 
 
 Imt-.callcd the North and South Cachops. There 
 
 in till channels for entering the river ; the North 
 
 (flitile. and the South or Great Channel, exhibited 
 
 ii tie annexed plan. On the middle of the South 
 
 (jehop, about \\ mile from Fort St. Julian, is the 
 
 iBiipo fort and light-house, the latter being 66 feet 
 
 jiiiieijht. The least depth of water in the north 
 
 duiinel on the har is 4 fathoms, and in the south 
 
 f. The only danger in entering the port arises 
 
 m tke strenj^th of the tide ; the ebb running 
 
 |ta at the rate of 7 miles an hour ; and after 
 
 ivy rains, when there is a great deal of fresh 
 
 wr in the river, the diiBculty of entering is 
 
 wlerably augmented. When,' at such periods, 
 
 a ii a strong wind from the sea, there is a 
 
 iffete break all over the bar ; vessels moor up 
 
 ioini the river with open hawse to the soutli- 
 
 'ifl In some parts they may come within 200 
 
 of the shore, being 'guided by the depth of 
 
 m. which, from nearly 20 fathoms in mid- 
 
 nnel, shoals gradually to the edge. 
 
 We k.-Mr. Secretar\- of Legatir.i Lytton 
 
 ^'is m his Hefort of January 15, 1867, that 
 
 ^Wi no annual returns relative to Portugese 
 
 «!TOihavebeen published. Ihoug;' one of the 
 
 St situated commercial cities of Europe, the 
 
 'unercp of Lisbon cannot be verv extensive, as 
 
 « (fiimtrj- she supplies is but small, and in a 
 
 '^ backward state of improvement, though the 
 
 "'talis now connected by rail with Spain and 
 
 rest of Europe. Contrary, however, to what 
 
 M perhaps be expected, nowhere is political 
 
 «tugiou8 tolerance carried to a greater extent : 
 
 there arc several dnilv newspapers, both political 
 and commercial, the latter ably conducted. The 
 police is excellent, and iini> may walk through 
 all parts of the town at all hours of the night 
 in perfect security. Lisbon has a goveriiineiit 
 cominereial school, a commercial as.sociati'Ui, and 
 a small though pretty exchange. It is li','hted 
 by gas. 
 
 The importation duties levied at the cu.itom- 
 hoiisc for the year ending July 30, 1862, were 
 551,397/. The principal im[)orts were: — 
 
 
 ImpoiM 1 
 
 Arltcin 
 
 
 -. ._ 
 
 
 Value 
 
 Dutin 
 
 
 milrclt 
 
 inllreU 
 
 iXntrnAin - . • 
 
 V,fin 
 
 V3i 
 
 .Anim.il pruducti • 
 
 1,1 7 1,:.'. I 
 
 17n,5»; 
 
 Kl^li 
 
 .11)5,1 1« 
 
 11.1,163 
 
 WiKilIeni and fun 
 
 7ll.1,.'i!l'J 
 
 »i;5,H9S 
 
 NIIkH 
 
 «'i'.l,l<il> 
 
 fil,9«.i 
 
 Cntlonl . 
 
 2,1 07, WW 
 
 4M,7.'i6 
 
 I.inwi 
 
 Wi,Tt\ 
 
 .|.1,.'i74 
 
 TlTiilx-r - 
 
 •ii'J,\lfi 
 
 .1.1,(151 
 
 Karinareotu sitMancet 
 
 VIS, ID.) 
 
 .15,019 
 
 ('ulonial Komls 
 
 I ,yil i,7H7 
 
 U(i5,lll.1 
 
 \ i-|{i.|.ilil» nuluUncM 
 
 aKn,7i!) 
 
 !l7,3fiO 
 
 Met:iN - 
 
 !i,.1 1(1,5.19 
 
 CI,4HI 
 
 Minerals 
 
 *m,mn 
 
 1,-^86 
 
 1 Iqnills ■ 
 
 I.SU,III 
 
 I'i6,3l8 
 
 Ulas^, crjr&tal, &c. 
 
 94,189 
 
 a^io.i 
 
 riipi-r 
 
 llM.XIl 
 
 Vt.Mtd 
 
 < 'hL'inlcal« 
 
 lH,.5fi6 
 
 UfliU 
 
 Divers itriMlurt* - 
 
 9.1,51); 
 
 H,9M 
 
 DivvrA innniifitrturcs 
 
 .1.11, .102 
 
 46,816 
 
 Untaxed nrtielcA • 
 
 I4,'^H7,119II 
 
 - 1 
 
 Total 
 
 • li,45<),654 
 
 £ 
 
 3,'ai,6IO 
 
 551,397 
 
 I milrclasiSlil. 
 
 The duties On exportation arc 1 per cent., ex- 
 cepting wines, liquors, oak bark, vinegar, gold and 
 silver, rags and argol. The export duty on port 
 wiiiu has been reduced from 13». 9Jrf. to 1». %d. per 
 pipe. The Portuguese tariff is long and complex : 
 a copy of it occupies 34 pages of Mr. Secretary' 
 Lytton'tf Report of June 22, 1866. Sec also his 
 i/<7)ortof Januar\'15, 1867. Chief exports in 1854, 
 wheat 39,100 qfs. (85,400 to England, 3,600 to 
 France) ; wine 258,000 gallons ; 1,170 tons of cork 
 wood, 62,000 tons of salt, 2,350 c'vN. tartar, 62,000 
 half-chests oranges, 040 tons wool, and 2,700 tons 
 onions. 
 
 The value of the chief exports from Lisbon was 
 in 1861-2, 900,187/., of which liquids and vege- 
 table substances represented one-half. The values 
 of the imports into, and exports from the port in 
 1864, were respectively 3,085,190/. and 923,757/. 
 The number and tonnage of vessels of each na- 
 tion entered and cleared at Lisbon in 1804 were as 
 follow : — 
 
 Countrict 
 
 Entered 
 
 Cleared | 
 
 
 Vessels 
 
 Tons 
 
 Veisels 
 
 Tons 
 
 British 
 
 4C3 
 
 125,795 
 
 4.-.7 
 
 124 ,.',32 
 
 Russian 
 
 40 
 
 
 41) 
 
 _ 
 
 Norwegtan 
 
 44 
 
 _ 
 
 40 
 
 ^ 
 
 Swi.<lish ■ 
 
 49 
 
 — 
 
 46 
 
 ... 
 
 Danish 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 .. 
 
 Dulch 
 
 4 
 
 _ 
 
 90 
 
 -~ 
 
 Ileigian 
 
 SI 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 ^ 
 
 French 
 
 136 
 
 ^ 
 
 148 
 
 — . 
 
 Spanish 
 
 .10 
 
 — 
 
 3S 
 
 — 
 
 Portuguese 
 
 3.') I 
 
 ^ 
 
 316 
 
 — 
 
 llra/iliiin - 
 
 HI 
 
 » 
 
 21 
 
 — 
 
 Other countries 
 
 27 
 
 — 
 
 t1 
 
 — 
 
 Tulal 
 
 I,3'i2 
 
 1,335 1 
 
 Few vessels are built at Lisbon. In 1864 only 
 2 ships came from the stocks in the capital. Most 
 of the Portuguese shipping is built at Vianna, 
 Figueira, and Caminha. 
 
 There arc no longer any regular mail packets 
 between Southampton and Portugal, except the 
 Brazil packet which touches at Lisbon about the 
 13th of each month: occasional merchant steameis 
 carrj- letters between Lisbon and Liverpool, Glas- 
 gow, and London. 
 
 *. * 
 
 .■i,-^ 
 
 ,1 
 
 I'il: 
 
 4 ' 
 
 I ■ * '■ * 
 
 ■. .; 
 
 
 
 
 '■:::'■ >*^-,l 
 
I 
 
 mo MsnoN 
 
 'i'lirri< nro nl I.'hIkhi llio r>illi)\viii(; liiMiirniiri 
 (•oiii|miiioH ami UKrui'ic.i :— 
 
 T 
 
 i 
 
 ' 
 
 U 
 
 »'l.lrll.l «l« INm, I'l.r, ami l.iri' In- 
 
 ■>(ir.lMi r) 
 I'lilml I'iMiiiiiifri'UI |Mri< aiMl KIrvl • 
 ll«>lniir.H-.i)l {S<f^ HMil I'll**! 
 lUriiiill* lO|Hirlti riHit|i(iit) H»4 
 
 nml 1^ lr« lMMir<(itt« 
 H.-KiirMiii'ii lil.i. it.i ) 
 I l|Ulllilll>l (ilo. ilii I 
 
 •hllal /IIOI.IXIII \>} tlmrn 
 
 AKi'Mi-ifH of lliii KiiKli:<li (■(iiii|iikni('i AIIm'iiii'miii, 
 AlliiiMi, Sun, l.ivi'r|iiiii| iiml l.iiiiilnii iiiul Niii'\tii'li 
 I'liiuii.niiilcil' llifMiiilriil l.it'oliiHiiriiiicft'iinmiiiiii's; 
 iiIno |Iii> l.iitiiliin mill J.iiiK'iiNliirr, l''iri< itiul l.il'i' ; 
 li'iivili, (III. ; lliipcrlill, ill), ; l'',l I'l'iilx l''.N|iii);iiiil, ilii. ; 
 l.ii lliiiiiii iii> Miiilriil, (III. ; l.n Aiii't;iiraii>irii, ilu. ; Lit 
 <'ii|iiiiii>lii, IMiirilitiio. 
 
 /'ii(< Hiiiiihilhnn. — All vcMHrlrt (■oiiiill|{ iivtT llii' 
 linr iiri> to li<-iiv<'-lo at. tlic I'himi il'ArrnH, that tlirv 
 iiiMV \w ri'f^iHii'i'i'il aiiil rci-rivc on iNinnl ii riiHlniu-i 
 olliriT. Mastrrs of vi'MsrUniiiHt. Iiriii^ with tliciii 
 1! inaiiil'cNiM of llio car^o, containiiiK Klii|i|ii'rH' iiiiil 
 nvt'ivcrN' iianicH, inarki*, niinilirr nnil I'onicntM of 
 liacka^cTi, lixalim'il tiv tlif I'ortiigiicHiH-onHiil at llitt 
 |iort of il('|iartiir(<. 'I'licy will otlicrwi'to he lliiril 
 iloiilili* till' anioiinl of (liilii'H, 'I'liii liill of lio:illli 
 iiiiiHl. roiitaiii llio niiniliiT aiitl nainc!* of iiasscn- 
 );iT)i, anil lit< aim) l('i;alis<'il Ity lIu' rurtu^rni'sc t-onHiil, 
 l'nHiit<nf;rr.s nniHl. Iiw iiriiviili'il willi pnsHporiM : 
 niaHtcrK of vi'smcIh nnt otiirr,wiH(< llaMo to pay a tint-. 
 Vo.iNiiii loading', nnlonilin;^:, or nirrt'ly rcniainlni,' 
 in tlii< port. (in,/'/-iini/i<iii), whirl) lliry arc |H'nnitt>'il 
 to iloforti ilay.t (or lor Id ilayH if Kuilicicnt. ftronnilH 
 liii iiH.ii^n('il for tlio inilnlp'urc)! ninsi. anchor in 
 
 uiul fontinnii in thu Hilnation poii I out liy Iho 
 
 niilhoritirM; amlasany infrinf;rin)>nt o> thuciiNtonm 
 or port n'^iilntions is'followcil liy heavy iIiich, anil 
 is oftiMi Mut ninso of nmch di'lay, Miry hIioiiUI he 
 carefully nlteinleil to. 
 
 All inaMlers of veMMcln, Heanien, anil paMseii(;er!i 
 arc olilitjeil to deliver up to the aiilhoritici who 
 come on hoard nil miap and tohiicoo they may 
 |)osKeH!i, hein^ only allowed to retain what, may he 
 deemed iinllicient for their own use on hoard. Any 
 tohaoco or Noap found in their po.i.HeHHioii while 
 goin^ on Hhore is iw'ized, and t liii In'arer hiiI>JccIuiI 
 to impri.sonnient and to very heavy liiieH; tlin 
 tobacco taken from the particii on arrival is rcHtorud 
 to them on leaving;. 
 
 Port Vhiirijen coiisiMt of piUitn^^o and toimnKO 
 diie.i. rilota^es inwards for vo.sMel.t of 1) nuksts, 
 Sr>s. CiJl ; of 2 inaxtM and 1 ditto, 27*. U(/. I'ilotiiKCH 
 oiitward.t for vcMiels of 3 mnstH, 32i. ; of 2 niaiit.s 
 and 1 ditto, 2I«. Toiiiia^o duu!) uru rather coinpli- 
 caleil, Vcs.'tels coming; in with a full cnrKo and 
 Iraviii^ ill bjdiast, coining; in and leaving in hallaxt, 
 coming in with cargo and leaving with foreign 
 gomLs, pay \'A\il. (kt ton ; also vohscU taking ) of 
 the cargo Halt and foreign gooiLi pay.naid tuiinago 
 dues on t ho goods. 
 
 Vc.s.scl.s arriving loaded and leaving with cargo 
 pay for rortngueso goods Hit. ; the same vcs.sels 
 taking U Bait and the rcc .'linder goods pay on the 
 rortiiguese goods. Ves vis coming in and going 
 ont with iho same cargo pay 'A^d. per ton, also 
 tliuso which coino in loaded and leave with n full 
 cargo of salt, and those which take J of the cargo 
 salt pay this toiinago duty on the salt. Vessels 
 arriving in ballast and leaving with a full cargo of 
 salt pay nu tonnage dues, and vessels putting in 
 in distress. No tonnage dues arc paid on grain, 
 oil, or salt, if they form 5 <>f the cargo, the vessel 
 clearing for Lisbon. 
 
 Monty. — ISold is the circulating medium, silver 
 being only legal tender to the extent of 22*. .V. in 
 any ]iaym'ent. The gold in circulation is almost 
 all Kri'tish coin, sovereigns and half-sovereigns, 
 the former having a legal value of •1,C00, the lattor 
 t)f 2,2J0 reis. There are also some rurtngucj.' 
 
 loins, H.ooo reis plecfs nnd l.nno r-j, j„ ^i,. .,.. 
 and a lew ,\imo. 2,r.(IO, ai iltm rul* ,,1;.! w '''"' 
 
 " I'l .•i.iMHiif .iMo,2io, i,.o.„,„, r.r,,,,: ; ,!* s I 
 
 wilhdrawn ; the new eoiiis nmnist „|f,i|,|' .„„,,"''' 
 
 and M ri..M piecH. <'"P|-r In, ■..(.. Id, I,,,,, ' ' 
 pi.Tes. Iho n.illn reii ii ||„„ „|„„,, ., " ' " 
 A.vounis are kept in r. in ; |,iiiii, urn ,',ll,.i', , 
 iviH.nnd l.'"»Mm(l,e|s,,ree«ll|.d«,.n,,l,, |"l"l 
 1"'"' Ill' llilN, Ihi, ,„i|l„ r,.i. ,„.. ;,.|,"^^""" 
 
 viri^-i 
 
 r ii.iU 
 
 III, WitllMIII ,.|,,yL 
 
 urn ,'.,1|. 
 
 Ii* are eailed a rnul,,. 
 
 the mi lie ri'ii iin 
 liiiiii the nil by the following ,!«„ | .|),,,/„ 
 veleigll .|„'.(l(l is I Jt .',()(». " Mi».lliU,»,„. 
 
 .''''"'."''' ''"1^' '" I'Kl, ||„. ,„.w rrim.h J.I 
 
 reis. mil reiH are eailnl toslao M,l,ir„i ,,' 
 ^(» reU IS .Mlleil a viiilen. (|,l„r. ,)„,„„,,, ,, , 
 «,(l(l<» pieeeMareili'iioiniiialcil •|h.i;,is.' 'JVa 
 ralo rf exelwiiige mi Kiinlnnil 'U ),{),! 
 leis. Itills ilrawn In liiriM.'ii 
 ili'iliirnl e\,lian.;e, are piivablr in l'i,rtu,..,| .„ , 
 im, exehange at niahirilv. '!'!„, i,.,, |, j,,', , 
 li.r I'.iiglaiiil, 1(1(1,/. I ,/. f„r hranir,an,l :l ,„ i j , 
 llainbiirg, llollanil, ami (Jen,,,,. TIhto 'nrrm 
 ilirei't exchange operalioiiH on ntlier plniv. |.,.|,|, 
 tliese, excepting Spain, the prieu i.f ||i,. ,|.,| 
 varving from il'.'O in IM'il) reis. 
 
 it'iii/lita mill Meiituirf. 'I'lie |.'n.|i|.l| m,| 
 has been llilopteil ly tioveinnienl. CmiiiirM, 
 Weights. -The iinatil, libra, or piiiiinl • m.in 
 I iiiiartels-.l(ion\-as I'JH oiiI«vhh 7,(imIii 
 grams. ;)2nrvalel«,or lbs. .1 nrrolm; larml.i. 
 I i|niiilal; and l.'IJ ipiintaN, or ,01 nrn.li.nj 
 toiiiielada or ton. 1(1(1 I'orliigiiiw jjn, ,|iii 
 (Itll,' nearly) lbs. avoinlupois ^blHl) kik-, 
 
 The uieasiire by wliirli corn. Halt. nm. . 
 vegetables are principally sold is thi' iimioi,tm 
 • '\!> laiigas .(JO alipiieres -.210 ,|iinriiH |w),i 
 Javas -2-7!) (rather more tlinii 2i|) iiii|i, ,|ii;irrf 
 The weight of a moyo of corn di'iu'itds, of m 
 on the ipiality of the grain. A moyo of .wit nil 
 be taken at about I.lidO lbs. 
 
 The principal liquid nieasiire, the nlmudt=i 
 imp. gallons, is divided into 2 potcs or raiitai 
 12canadas, and 'IH (piartilhus. A pi|ii' in the 
 i)roviiu'e.^2(! almiides; in LIsIkim for sliiimioni 
 IS DO almiiilt's==.10i)-2:i (lO'.)J nearly) iniMjill. 
 
 Measures of length, 1 pe-lj paimo^I* 
 Kng. inch; 8 pnlnu)s = l covmlo; ,') p.ilniDii 
 vara; 2 varus, or 10 pnlmns:=l lirni;ii. Avji 
 reckoned equal to 4 pnlmos ; a inetrp, to4.j |ali 
 
 The weights are imiform tliroiiglioiit rottiia 
 the measures vary olinnst from ono pari> 
 another. ( Oourstlier, Dirtinnnaire Unimul, 
 ' Arroba,' Ac; Kelly's C«Hi/)i',«/,nrt. 'Mslwn;' 
 
 Hank of LislMn, now called llnnk of I'.iitiij 
 was founded in Nov. IHIfi, boing n ri'intcp 
 of the old bank founded in 1822. Its qiil 
 1,780,000/., in shares of about 22.'. nnd IH 
 rate of discount is invariablvf) (sr rent, per ai 
 for bills not having more tfinn 3 nionlhd to 
 
 It has the privilege of issuing notc.i, niiil ffl 
 is more valuable, of having its claims on 
 paid in full, jiroviilud the citato ammint) 
 much ! This privilege, wliicli is justly I'lnioJi 
 allows it to be more liberal or less cautious in 
 counting than it would bo othcnviso. Itis 
 to publish mcmthly statements of its »itiiil 
 hut, like the majority of siicli documi'i tj, tiff 
 drawn out so that it is im|)08.sil)lc to inaki'inrij 
 sotisfixctory out of them. From tliost off 
 1 8.55 ? it oppenrs that the notes in ciroulatira j 
 206,600/. ; deitosits, 063,500/. j mh, HHM; I 
 discounted, 325,200/. 
 
 C'ommiMion. — rortngueso hoiwii psi^ 
 charge 3 per cent; foreign houses L'}p<r« 
 del credere ^ per cent, per month. 
 
 According to the Portugiieae iinv.s, jjn 
 obliged to effect insurance on sliipncnLS " 
 t'u-.' have orders to the contrary. 
 
USHOM 
 
 , ,,„|',.„.i(N. |iiiviilili' ••>■ '"'V' r »ii«l w'llfr; for 
 tjiKiniM'" "'"*" ^"'""'' **''• I"'"!""""'') '" 
 4' Rlrtilti'f. "'"'""""'''""'■'' '""'•''•- ' l'<'f ••"•''• 
 
 'ffmiirii 7<'rM. — Animllo, hwhIi liiiMkflH 
 
 n'Ml!imft-2ii..|..'i'-'"''':.'''-M.;...'-!lJ..i;.T 
 
 I "*'' |„ 'i II,. (ii.'h, (Iriift 2 III. I-T (i liilic i «'«ii'««ii, 
 ' ',,*■,• Ciipiiivii oil ill tin niiiiHi.T;., 'J jli. 
 
 1 h ,lr«fl' - "'• I"'"" ■''-" "'•' '" '""■'■"'''• " '" 
 tuuml- lii.lin f"l>l"'' ('•""tit.liou.'), •-' III. |MT 
 
 !1 ,l'r..ll '.! II'. ff "'-'" "'■ = «'""' ' "'• I"'"" 
 Uil'ilmfl HI "l»'V<' ! I"l""'-". '-'" "'• l»f '"'"'•'. 
 r«««l«'vi ■, mi-iir, KiiMTiil I arc. 7 l.i H iirrnliiiH 
 S,,lmffJlll'.l'»rr..l |H II, to •.'Oil,.. .IrnjI, 
 \i\\:\*f.\ ilivHrillhlu Iftro, -' Hi. |»T liIlK, tllllll 
 
 liJ.fftMint!"- „, „ !• , 1 
 
 Ui«tili(»i, I'l to 21 III. nrcHinlinj; to hI/c; 
 
 I aunwi. r.' II'. I'"'' I'"" i IX'I'P'-f.' - "'• I"'"" '|"« i 
 I „ 1 ||,.. ijrall II ' iilicivc. Oil H now nolil liy 
 Imilil [illh.iH'riiliiiiHl'' (•''• hIiiuhIch hvc mKoiird 
 lnllitiiiiii.unari'iil lari'it ol' i iihUh uIIowimI. All 
 
 841 
 
 ){ooi|.i To.- o)i|Mirl.iliiin tiiiiNl. do ni'C(ini|wiiili'i| on 
 Imnril liy II 'iiiioiii Ihhimo iicniiil, 
 
 lyntiliiHiiinii, Tlio I'li'iloiii lioiiHr lias n|>iirioiiH 
 Hl.ircH, wlicri' nil ffooiJH, rxirol iiilliinniialoty oiirii, 
 Hiii'li nit piti'li iiMil l(tr, iiri' iillowiil Ici ri'iiiiiin, lii'i' 
 of rxnt'ii^o', til' r.! iiiiiiiIIih; riiw ccitloii, hiii^iir, 
 i'ojl'i'i', 4'liiiiitiiioii, till, liiili'H, |i<'|i|ii'r, hiirnii|iiirillii, 
 F<itll|ii'trr, Hint loliiii-ro iiiikV iriniiiii for '.!t iimntli'. 
 Aflitr tlirni' |H'rioilt till' ri'iil it 'Jll rri^t |mt \'.'.h il>. 
 fur ilry ^ooiln, iiinl Hi rciH jiir aliiiii<li' lor li>|ulil.M. 
 All lalioiir ill llio iiiiloiii Ikhihi' In ilmii' l>y il» 
 workiiKui, for wliiili K.'^i rci'4 per I'-'M lb. )jro''« 
 wt'i^lil in I'liiirKcil. {.ixliiiii |Hl»'<|'H^.|'s ail liiiliiMlrial 
 lii^tiliili', wlirri' iirliMiiiH ari' innlnnli'il in aiH aii't 
 Iraili'H. If IwiN 47 iiiaiiiilai'loriiH inoviil l>y HliaKi 
 i'ii|;iiirN of 'iTJt liorHr |io\vi'r, anil t'lH l>y nianiiiil 
 lalioiir. 'I'liit lalfir <'iii|iliiv 'l,Vli'.l wiirliiin .i. 
 
 On Hulii of j{oo(1m, cri'ilitH varyiii;^ from .1 In 
 inontliH aro allowcil ; rxiiurf Koo<lNnrr iihiially paiil 
 liV ('anil. (('iilii|jilt'il Irmil /iriinti' inl'iiniinliim, 
 (ililaini'il I'roiii llic Ih'hI <<onr<'<' <, ilinrf from IiIhIiom.) 
 
 'I'niilr iif tlir Unitril Kinijiliiin willi I'lirluijitl . — 
 Wii Hiilijoin 
 
 I ii IrtiM* i/ (/'' Qiiiiiililif* <i»<l ('iiiiijiiilnl \'iilur» of Ihf /'rhiriiMil /fr/ir/u Imjmrird inli) Ihat 
 I ' Unilnl Kimjilom from I'orlHijat from IHtiS <i> l«ti7. 
 
 ' '•• 
 
 
 
 Ull'IIIIHII'« 
 
 
 (^umiiuUKl IU*I Valua | 
 
 ikillein 
 
 
 lMi» 
 
 IMUli 
 
 uii; 
 
 IHM 
 
 INAO 
 
 nil, 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 l,ini •inmll'""' 
 
 - iiuiiilirr 
 
 4,V7'I 
 
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 7ii„1iH 
 
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 I..TI') 
 
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 1* • ■ " 
 
 
 I.KIl,^ 
 
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 777 
 
 |y,iH^ 
 
 ",'114 
 
 (.,;i,ii 
 
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 I.HII, 
 
 I.I. /I 
 
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 Ili.'.VI 
 
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 I'l.lil'i 
 
 1 wl. 
 
 ll,«KI) 
 
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 S.77.1 
 
 llH.VVl 
 
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 77, ni 
 
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 1,711 
 
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 ,1,.'.,',i» 
 
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 A,«/ll 
 
 h'l.iilo 
 
 l,,l.Vi 
 
 
 4,fi(.l 
 
 711 
 
 (|,!I71) 
 
 l..l,.M'< 
 
 l,7V'< 
 
 17.1'l'i 
 
 lima 
 
 i,;iii 
 
 «,^Ti 
 
 S.l.'il) 
 
 II, m 
 
 H.il.T 
 
 VI.Hlt 
 
 liilit 
 
 I.IIU.I 
 
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 .M'lfi 
 
 A7,II1A 
 
 7(i,(i.Tl 
 
 na,-,i.o 
 
 i-wl. 
 
 _ 
 
 III.IIIV 
 
 li,i;ii 
 
 _ 
 
 a(i,.v',i 
 
 •ri,\vt 
 
 lilllw 
 
 Kill 
 
 \IV> 
 
 1 ,11.1.^ 
 
 l»,iHO 
 
 4n,(iA() 
 
 ii/.i|it 
 
 Ow • ■ 
 
 • buktii'U 
 
 111,11.^1 
 
 !I7,7III 
 
 1V(.,.1/.1 
 
 »ii,'/.in 
 
 31,010 
 
 4li,lt'l7 
 
 MN * ■ 
 
 (-WI. 
 
 «.».''7 
 
 ..(..111) 
 
 A, MO 
 
 ll>.7|i| 
 
 4,'lf.l 
 
 H.'.'lO 
 
 taw • 
 
 .. 
 
 Ki.iivn 
 
 Vi.ll.T 
 
 Sx.sin 
 
 A,vi|« 
 
 H,,VI7 
 
 1 1.77V 
 
 
 llHIl 
 
 i.i;,;h; 
 
 l(i.'i,i|'I.T 
 
 l(IA/,,-,li 
 
 3'J7,H'17 
 
 4:11.111; 
 
 ^\^,la^ 
 
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 A,!);* 
 
 A.i.ia 
 
 A.ll.f! 
 
 .'.,'I7A 
 
 t<X,Vi 
 
 l«,nti<iifil 
 
 cwl! 
 
 \t,\M 
 
 11,11 II 
 
 ll,Hi|ll 
 
 11.017 
 
 V.WIA 
 
 |y,i'i4 
 
 TM. t4^lunu' * 
 
 " II 
 
 UM 
 
 Ml 
 
 .A7II 
 
 m.HMI 
 
 IB.'JjA 
 
 V0..1HIJ 
 
 III. to' ■ 
 
 
 •III- 
 
 l,iin 
 
 l,V;4 
 
 V.IIH 
 
 I4,7fi'l 
 
 11,411 
 
 l« . . 
 
 - nn'iiiil 
 
 .1.7IO,\7K 
 
 •i,r,*\,ii!> 
 
 »,791,'i^H 
 
 i,MA,n4 
 
 !)I4,.A7.T 
 
 7A7.1MI 
 
 liriihMpvillimtiii' * 
 
 . llii. 
 
 a.iS.'l.l.'iS 
 
 3,l7A,liiJli 
 
 l,KiJli,4H'< 
 
 l.17,"ll 
 
 IfiV'IA 
 
 llll,V.1^ 
 
 UiMiiiicIn 
 
 f>IU« 
 
 j^ — 
 
 '- 
 
 — 
 
 |||.1,M,V 
 '^,17l,»0l" 
 
 l.M,7(m 
 '»,A17,HV» 
 
 1.1H,III7 
 V,.V<I,',I1 " 
 
 _ T«l . . _.__ 
 
 T . ... 
 
 Jo/rte QuaHtid'i'S and Value* of the Princlpnl Artirlm, the Producr, and Manufacture of 
 (A« Vnittd Kingdom, 'Exported to J'ortuyal from 18G5 to 18C7. 
 
 AiUclM 
 
 
 Uu'ntKliw 
 
 
 IXkImxI Itnl V>lu« 1 
 
 IH6A 
 
 IRCO 
 
 1M7 
 
 INAA 
 
 IMS 
 
 IK(;7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 MiidhibRdnhm . 
 
 nlut 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 30,VtO 
 
 v«,i.ir 
 
 3.1,419 
 
 au.RtiwlinUiiU. K. - 
 
 CWt. 
 
 »4.sm 
 
 «(),»ni 
 
 .•,9.»n 
 
 I3,7«ll 
 
 ig,ii.A9 
 
 XH.ma 
 
 m ■ , 
 
 
 SA,(;(i9 
 
 »1.7.T» 
 
 »»,.A.M1 
 
 lvii,iir,7 
 
 1M,A4H 
 
 101,779 
 
 ■Ikiadm.indnilm > 
 
 Iimt 
 
 141,1 1.V.I 
 
 l&7,1.1l 
 
 UI.WMI 
 
 «.«,14A 
 
 7H,r,i(n 
 
 7v,o,v, 
 
 If.'twiliiindunvTouiiht - 
 
 c«l. 
 
 .A, 4.11 
 
 A.HJH 
 
 4,HIA 
 
 V4,iili(l 
 
 ilfi.VTA 
 
 i'i,'i:iv 
 
 ■in . 
 
 Ili>. 
 
 ItJI.HHI 
 
 IT(;.!I7A 
 
 lr,7,'tOA 
 
 lA,y77 
 
 l«t,34A 
 
 17,0110 
 
 ■MiUfmlljTtlwianl 
 
 Jilnlft 
 
 40,»3il,4H4 
 
 49,V.'iA,Vli3 
 
 «9,SV'J,'J01 
 
 ' 843,0'.0 
 
 l,01V,l« 
 
 813,149 
 
 « falu'p . 
 
 Talutf 
 
 — 
 
 .. 
 
 «_ 
 
 17,CK4 
 
 »7,',3A 
 
 si, 713 
 
 KWHimirni'i-HtnrU 
 
 1* 
 
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 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 IK.N.IH 
 
 13,31 H 
 
 IA,9fi9 
 
 ll«iiinM|<itirUm 
 
 
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 fi.lMI 
 
 A,n8l 
 
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 ~ 
 
 ^ 
 
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 11.3C1 
 
 9,77!l 
 
 4«m uul fuilfn, iinrnnmr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IN . . . 
 
 CWt. 
 
 f,.ni'i 
 
 4,4<i(; 
 
 4,1119 
 
 3r,,213 
 
 SII,'I80 
 
 V8,4«A 
 
 ■.■mzhl tnO unwroutht 
 
 tuiil 
 
 30,177 
 
 l(i,1KH 
 
 li;,io.i 
 
 »4l,H91 
 
 I47.V77 
 
 V/XHV 
 
 iaiM 
 
 „ 
 
 Vll 
 
 17V 
 
 179 
 
 A,3.17 
 
 3,HIV 
 
 3,91(7 
 
 tibin 
 
 CWt. 
 
 4,7HO 
 
 H.'.ilii 
 
 1,',ll 
 
 ri,A7lt 
 
 A,7I0 
 
 A,II9 
 
 •^i^Wfdbiihejarrt 
 
 JM(U 
 
 lfi■^H,^^ti 
 
 1,731,071 
 
 1,70V,U8A 
 
 49,K(I.1 
 
 i'l,\'ri 
 
 47,' fl'i 
 
 otB; : Mnin mBiiii.« • 
 
 vnluv 
 
 ^ 
 
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 «. 
 
 lll,<lll4 
 
 i,Hfi<.l 
 
 II(.H77 
 
 ^^ AllMhttkHli. 
 
 |;KniOTi(i,omh,nu«d,I 
 
 „ 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 _« 
 
 tO,743 
 
 I|!m7 
 
 IK.I.IH 
 
 gallimii 
 
 lll,91S 
 
 7il,l.A7 
 
 91,119 
 
 11,071 
 
 11,8'iU 
 
 14,ltHU 
 
 ""Wl 
 
 Mkm inj )ini 
 Binoltluttt 
 
 m!u« 
 
 «. 
 
 *. 
 
 ^ 
 
 A.4AI1 
 
 «,«M 
 
 ».,vr,7 
 
 ll». 
 
 I!),.19S 
 
 13,6(;'2 
 
 10,713 
 
 M,9«7 
 
 17,3,A3 
 
 «»,'.60 
 
 TllUt 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 «. 
 
 I4,«7A 
 
 8,B1A 
 
 A,SI,9 
 
 gilloni 
 
 6Ull,ln7 
 
 31, SOS 
 
 SM,in9 
 
 8A,7A« 
 
 wmt 
 
 V7,7(i1 
 
 CWt. 
 
 1,439 
 
 l.VUM 
 
 'J91 
 
 B.OfJ 
 
 i.N'JII 
 
 4. .'.33 
 
 ]*** 
 
 Tllue 
 
 
 
 
 l«,77« 
 
 lfi,9Hl 
 
 S7,.13l 
 
 ««i,mimlbjihejird 
 
 jiinU 
 
 l,l!.A(i,61IS 
 
 1,.')33,7A0 
 
 1,SB7,010 
 
 140,N)i7 
 
 133,«4I 
 
 10A,4A7 
 
 ^ ilnlut- 
 
 Jt" ■ ■ 
 
 value 
 
 «. 
 
 — 
 
 
 3,060 
 
 Sfitl 
 
 3, .103 
 
 *' 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
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 m,Mo 
 
 IA7.RV9 
 
 I9»,470 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 V,()(ifi.037_ 
 
 y,onl,ioi 
 
 l,ll»3,.1M« 
 
 4 : c 
 
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 ■„*■■ 
 

 842 
 
 LITRRAllY PROPERTY 
 
 r 
 
 * 
 
 . .1 
 
 ;' i 
 
 \ > 
 
 : r 
 
 •I 
 
 '■ 
 
 J 
 
 ! * 
 
 III 18rt.5 thcro worp 0,0 10 kilomMrps of Portu- 
 ^iip^n railriiiiilx in opcrnticm niiil l),'24r> in ci>iirii<> of 
 ciMirtlniction, liiit tli(> want of go.)<l ordiniiry roml.s 
 U Hfivnri'lv fflt tliroii^^lioiit tlic rountry. (Mr. 
 LyltKn'H UeiMtrtii, cmlinj; with tliiit of \Wu.) 
 
 A lliii' ot U'lt'^rnpliH now extends ttiriiuglioiit 
 tlio kin(;ilom. 
 
 LITKUAKV I'KOPKUrV. [Hooks.] 
 I.ITIIAUdl'; ((icr. Klotii'.nl'ltio; Dultii, f,"lit ;. 
 Fr. liilwir^o; Itiil. litiir^iriii; .Span, iiliniirt.'i^a, 
 lltitr;.'irio ; Kiihh. k'pI ! ''"'• lilar>;yriuMi). An 
 oxicli! of lend in mi imperfect »tat<^ of vitrilication. 
 Moot of the lenil iMcl with in comnieree contains 
 silver, from n few frraiiis to 30 onnee.n or more in 
 the fodder : wlien tlie tpianlity i^ Mntlleient to pay 
 tiie expense of separation, it in rijinrd\ tiiat is, 
 the metal is exported to a hi^h heat, passinK at 
 the gnmo lime a etirrent of air over tlio siirfaco; 
 the lead is tliiii oxidised and converted into 
 lUhnrqr, wiiile the nilver, remuininj; nnulian^'ed, 
 is collected at the end of tlie process. — (Thomson's 
 Vhemistrij ; ite.) Litharge is used for various 
 purposca in the arts, by potters, glasi-makers, 
 painters ic. 
 
 LIVKKPOOL DOCK.S, SHIPPING Ac. 
 [Docks, LiVKiti'<M)i.J 
 
 LOADSTONK ((ier. magnet ; Dutch, niapneet ; 
 Fr. aimant; Ital. calamita; .Span, imnn; Kuss. 
 mngnit; Lat. ma^mcs^. 1>I. llally oi)8crvcs, that 
 the ores in which the iron contains the least oxy- 
 pcn without boinR cngajjed in other combinations, 
 form natural mafriicts ; and he calls the hmdstonea 
 of commerce, wliich arc found in considerable 
 masses in Germany, .Sweden, Norway, Spain, 
 Italy, China, Siam, the Philippine Isles, Corsica, 
 ancrKthiopia, oxidulatvd iron. The loadstone is 
 characterised by the foUowiiif? properties: — A 
 very strong action on the magnetic needle; spccilic 
 gravity 4'2457 ; not ductile ; of a dark grev colour, 
 with a metallic hutrc. — Primitive form the regu- 
 lar octahedron. Insoluble in nitric acid. 
 
 This singular substance was known to the 
 ancients, and they had remarked its peculiar pro- 
 perty of attracting iron ; but it does not appear 
 that they were acquaintc<l with the wonderful 
 property which it a'so has, of turning the pole 
 when suspended, and left at liberty to move freely. 
 Upon this remarkable circumstance the mariner's 
 compass depends, an inatrrn .>nt which gives us 
 such infinite advantages ov c ■ ho ancients. It is 
 this which enables the mariner to conduct his 
 vessel through vast oceans out of the sight of land, 
 in any given direction ; and this directive property 
 also guides the miner in subterranean excavations, 
 and the traveller tlirough deserts otherwise im- 
 passable. The natural loadstone has also the 
 quality of communicating its properties to iron 
 and steel ; and when pieces of steel properly pre- 
 pared arc touched, as it is called, by the load- 
 atone, they are denominated artificial magnets. 
 [Compass.] 
 LOAN. [Funds; Isteukst.] 
 LOUSTEK (Fr. c'crevisse ; I^t. cancer} A fish 
 of the crab species, of which vast quantities are 
 consumed in London. 
 
 The minimum size of lobsters offered for sale is 
 fixed by 10 »fe 11 \Vm. III. c. 24 at eiyht inches 
 from the tip of tlic nose to the end of the middle 
 fin of the tail. No lobsters are to be taken on the 
 coast of Scotland between June 1 and September 1, 
 under a penalty of 5/. The Scilly Islands and the 
 Land's End abound in lobsters, as well as several 
 places on the Scottish shores, particularly about 
 Montrose. Put the principal lobster fishery is on 
 the coast of Norway ; whence it is believed about 
 1,000,000 lobsters arc annually imported into Lou- 
 don. Those of Heligoland are, however, esteemed 
 
 LOO 
 
 I the best ; thoy are of a dei'pcr Murk r, i 
 th.ir lle.h is tinner than tli«t „r ,L? l '" 
 IroMi Norway. Turbots mul l,,|i.|,,r '""' 
 ini|H)rted cither in Hritish or furoij.,, m."!|-|. 
 
 ". i.iV'k.l.O('K.S(Ger.schlil«cr!Dut.h.,W„ 
 I-r. serrures; Ital. serrutnrej Spnii ,vrr, 
 .•.rrnjos; Ku,h Samki). A w.H.k,iow„ '.',' 
 nuMit, ol which I here arc inliniie varini' 
 great .leal of art and .hOicacv is N.m.'iiui, „i 
 played m contriving and vnrvin.r t|„. v , 
 springs, bolts Ac, ami adjiistiii« ,i,,,„ ,', 
 places where they are to Ik; iis.mI, ,i,„| i,,,!,,, 
 
 sioiis of using them. Fr..m th« variu riui 
 
 o( looks, aecomnicKlated t. their MiWA ^ 
 tions, tiiey aciiuiru various names, as hKhIs Ii> 
 spring locks, padlocks &e. The ^rra,,,! .liin,, 
 to be overcome in making a lock U to amm 
 It HO that It may not bo opened bvunv kovcxc 
 Its own, nor admit of l)eing picked ; it «ho„l,i 
 be possessed of sumcieiit strength nnd (liinl,i 
 and not be too complex. Many inCTiiiom 
 tnvanccs have been proposed fo"r the attaini 
 ol the desired security, several of wliidi w 
 8essc<l of much merit. And ilii.njrh „,, [,( 
 that no lock has hitherto been coiutnicicil 
 may not (if proper facilities are (,'ivcn) tw pic 
 yet It 18 true that some of the best lock", .uc 
 those made by Messrs. llramali, Ciiub'i. W 
 and other flrst-rote artists, arc eo very (liiH.u, 
 pick, that tlie security which tliev atfonl ma 
 a practical point of view, be regarded a- al' 
 perfect. Common door-locks arc now n 
 inserted in the wood, instead of liein^, as 1.™ 
 screwed to it ; and when so placed are r, 
 mortia locks. Carpenter's locks, in which the 
 is perpendicular, are well known and wideir 
 Willenhall, Wolverhampton, Walsall ami IV, 
 Held are the chief scats of the lock tradf. X 
 5,000 hands arc reported to be eiif,'in,'»tl in . 
 locolities. The principal foreii;n imrttu 
 Austrolia, New Zealand and India. Ei^ 
 locks are, for finish and security, by far iha 
 in the world. {Birmingham and the llm,' 
 District, p. 77.) 
 
 LOG, SHIP'S (Fr. loc). A piece of tii, 
 usually of a fish-like or quadrania! jh,i|)c, ,-oj 
 structed and balanced, by being leaded ai m 
 as to swim perpendicularly on the suria. , 
 water. It has a line attached to it. and i 
 ployed ill ships to ascertain the rate of j 
 The log-line is divided into spaces, or knots.' 
 if projierly measured, bear the same proj., 
 to a marine mile that ^ minute bears to on 
 On throwing the log into the soa it re 
 stationary, or nearly so ; and the log-liie 
 drawn out, or unwound from its reel, hy tl 
 proceeding on her course, her speed is esti' 
 by observing the number of knots, each of 
 represents a mile, run out in J minute aj mi 
 by a i minute sand-glass. Hence, if 3, 
 knots are run out in ^ minute, the rate of 
 is a, 4, or 5 miles an hour as the case n 
 and hence, also, the custom of statinja shii 
 of sailing in knots instead of miles. X.B, 
 variety of logs have been suggested; but' 
 ciple being the same in them all, it is ni 
 enter into any particulars with respect 
 construction, 
 
 F>om the log being affected by mm 
 other disturbing causes, the results obtii 
 its means have usually to be subjected w^ 
 corrections; and, except under favouraWf' 
 stances, are but little to be depended oil 
 ever, therefore, an opportunity oflci^ tie" 
 of the ship should be determined hrm 
 But in hazy weather, or when observatMM^^^^j^ 
 
 ''*'%cascoi 
 •".y memljor of 
 "^'^ Mil the mc 
 
 Mil* the: 
 
kiikm. anil in narrow u,nn, t|,n lo-. ,„i 
 
 ^,„i,im'v«rl». Hli„l|y .li,,K.„s,,,| „,•,,'■''•■ «'"' it 
 i;„-ll(ioK (tr. livr.) .In |,„,, .,., ."• 
 
 ol*Mli.' .-Iiipi Journal, (l,.riv,..s i '. " '' ''• 
 a, ,irram.iinii.v v( t|i„ ,/,.„/ ' ."'' .'""iin trn„i 
 
 „..^/.ouur.^l,,.i,,,. „.i',,,,,;;'«.;:''l;''r.;.lwi,h 
 
 Vl.ll >>.!>.. .1. 1 ''. ' " '" If, /ll 
 
 LOO 
 
 II' I""'"'""!'" .N- ,„,r.,,,„,. 
 
 ».. |.|,iA. ,lurin,' « vovn^f... " 1 , Zrr'i''''!' """ 
 
 y*a(i,.rit.so,T»m.| i„ ' ' '•\«""" as 
 
 ..Mi.liklasf i,„p„r(mir..i„ »,'/'' "\'' "" '< 
 
 pilnl, and inn. I >• L'l'Wiillv 
 
 •) Evrrv hirti. I. "^3 
 
 iVIlo Cl'IKllxi > . I 'VCrv NCntri'ii, . . 
 
 .•a..H,. ,•„..:""'• ^'"1' 111.. l.l,„... .':•"• """r'vJM,. 
 
 (10) ' I,. ' "'"""ir. mill 
 
 ;,. ■ rivJHC" 
 
 "•"'. niumuT. niul 
 
 '*■'"' <iiicni 
 /(•i\ '1.1 ""'"Llions til i„ • '"HI iliii i;r„.u 
 
 :...,. J iluliis of,. ,„a„t ; • ""'"•-■"' "• ""« "'• tin. «V , .i'' ?'' 7 <'i«H .l-.rii,;' ^ ^' ""y •■";"•" ... 
 
 Jr^(laa,foll«„•..,viz.:J ''''''"'^'''l>P'''« I.Vfho' Itr ''^T'?"'"cl. ontr^ 1,,'' ^''''"'"' "^ 
 .«:frdirti.n..,t d«t ,f ^ .'j^'''''' 'T ''« '«'- cnf v Jf ^™«''''<;"er on C, Z 'h ""'«''»" or 
 
 , fa.clsiich official l.« HMv „r?i *""c''oned seaman nr i> . '"'^'""' ''v the n,„.? "^ '^fn caty's 
 
 "«v official W slmll bn m!;7'^'''"y '"''0' kent in M ""-^ <^«so an o/H<T„T5 "?'"' ^■'2- :- 
 
 -JitDodnadeonthcsamedavr/. " ''•''"'ea J book is n^/ ^ '''f'''='«'' to be made in ''' '"' '* anv 
 
 I«*'.heda,ooftlmocSrSandc:^^",V''^«"''« S the. masteTshafl Vl' f"""" 
 
 |»«%'it: and in no caw ,h^ 1 '''^^'"rr in rosncrJfL'*'/P'^ci(ic penalty ho/" "'"''' «"c'' 
 
 . 'I 
 
 I ' 
 
 i 1 
 
 ■|i, 
 
 (fr;; 
 
1 
 
 .* 
 
 I! '. 
 
 ■I! ■ 
 
 ' \ ■ 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■ i 
 
 •I ! 
 
 II 
 
 ! i 
 
 ! I 
 
 i 
 
 8U 
 
 LOGWOOD 
 
 shall within 21 dnys after the 80th of Juno and 
 the Slst of Dcccniher in every year transmit or 
 deliver to some shipping master in the United 
 Kingdom the ollicial log-book for the preceding 
 half year ; and every master or owner who refuses 
 or neglects to deliver his ofHcial log-book os 
 hereby required shall be subject to tlie same con- 
 sc(iuences and liabilities to wliieli he is hereby 
 made subject for the uon-dclivery of the list of 
 his crew. (Sec. 280.) 
 
 Official Logs to be sent home in case of Transfer of 
 Ship, and in case of Loss. — If any ship ceases by 
 reason of transfer of ownership or change of employ- 
 ment to fall within the definition of a foreign-going 
 or of a home trade ship, the master or owner thereof 
 shall, if such ship is then in the United Kingdom, 
 within 1 month, and if she is elsewhere, within 6 
 months, deliver or transmit to the shipping master 
 at the port to which the ship belonged the ofticial 
 log-book (if any) duly made out to the time at 
 which she ceased to be a foreign-going or home 
 trade ship, and in default shall for each offence 
 incur a penalty not exceeding 10/. ; and if any 
 ship is lost or abandoned, the master or owner 
 thereof shall, if practicable, and as soon as possible 
 deliver or transmit to the shipping master at the 
 port to which the ship belonged the official log- 
 took (if any) duly made out to the time of such 
 loss or abandonment, and in default shall for each 
 ofTcnee incnr a penalty not exceeding 10/. (Sec, 
 287.) 
 
 LOGWOOD (Fr. bois de Campbche; Ger. 
 Karapescholz; Dutch, Campecheout ; Span, palodc 
 Carapcche). The wood of a tree {Hamatoxi/loti 
 Campechianum, Linn.), a native of America, and 
 Thich attains the greatest perfection tt Campeachy, 
 and in the West Indies. It thrives best in a wet 
 soil, with a large proportion of clay. The logwood 
 tree is like the white thorn, but a grtat deal 
 larger. The wood is hard, compact, hicavj-, and 
 of a deep red colour internally, which it gives out 
 both to water and alcohol. It is an article of 
 great commercial importance, being extensively 
 used as a dye wood. It is imported in logs, that 
 are aft«rwarils chipped. (The logNvood tree, and 
 the adventures of those tnat were formerly en- 
 gaged in cutting it, are described by Dam pier; see 
 his Voyages, vol. ii. part 2, p. 66, ed. 1729.) 
 
 The imports of log\vood in 1867 amounted to 
 28,.")30 tons. Of these 22,.182 tons came from 
 Honduras and the British West Indies, 1,012 tons 
 
 MACAO 
 from Mexico, and 044 tons from the Unitori «, 
 Is price in 18(;7 varied from 1(W in."'',? " 
 
 ?>l 
 
 ■iten. 
 
 15s. Od. per ton. The iir.q'i",' tl'iHt from' \t"''' " 
 It was made duty free in iHlo. "'■*"'""' ilo 
 
 We borrow from the learned 
 Dr. Hancroft, the foUowiii- 
 
 "oxico, 
 
 and able work r.f 
 
 respect to the use of logw;;;,nui-;S;!''' 
 Logwood seems to have been first CZZ'T. 
 Lngland soon after the accession of qZvl' 
 beth : but the various and beautiful c ', , , 1'; 
 from It proved so fugacious, thata «en out^ 
 against its use was soon raised; and aTT. > 
 I'-irhamentwas passed in the 23r 'e l f ."^ 
 reign, wliich prohibite.l its u.e »,«•".„" 
 severe penalties, and not only autiiorisol I i 
 rected the 6«r„;„^ ,.f it, in\h„t T .i/ 1 , 
 miglit bo found within tiie realm • an, th l 
 this wood was afterwards somScVefio Z"" 
 used (under the feigned name of blacTt f'it 
 continued subject to this prohibition fur nc ri viijo 
 years or until the passing of the Act, Hi 
 Ch. IF.; the preamble of which declares, th I 
 the ingenious industry of modern time, 1 ",11 
 taught the dyers of England the art ', fi i 
 colours made ot logwood, alms blackwo,,,!, s, a 
 that, by experience, they are found as latins 
 the colours made with any other sort ufdi/eina i™ 
 whatever; md on this ground it repeals so mucM 
 of the statute of Elizabeth as related to lc-i'7 
 and gives permission to import and u-e^it fii 
 dyeing. Probably the solicitude of the'dversi 
 obtain this permission induced them to prcital 
 that their industry had done much more than i 
 really had, m fixing the colours of logwood • raoi 
 of which, even at this time, are notoriou'ilv del 
 cient m regard to their durability.' {On Pern 
 nent Colours, vol. ii. p. 340.) 
 _ LOUIS D'OR. A French gold coin, fiiit,( J 
 m 1640. It was subsequently made bv the Frcnil 
 mint regulations equal to 24 llvrcs. or I/, sicrliiu 
 This, however, was under-rating it in icjntct 1 
 silver: and hence, as even- one preferred ]<ivij 
 his debts in the over-valued coin, silver Ijecacj 
 the principal currency of France, the gold co3 
 being cither sent to the melting-pot or cxpcrtJ 
 In Britain, the process was reversed. Gold h.nif 
 been, for a lengthened period, over-valued bv( 
 mint in respect to silver, it became the priij'i 
 currency of the country. 
 
 LUBKCK. [Hans'eatic Le.vcle.I 
 
 LUGGAGE. [Uago.voe.] 
 
 M 
 
 MACAO. A sea-port and settlement belonging 
 to the Portuguese, on the island of the same name, 
 at the mouth of the Canton river in China, in lat. 
 22° 12' 45" N., long. 113° 36' E. The situation of 
 Macao strikingly resembles that of Cadiz. It is 
 built near the extremity of a peninsula projecting 
 from the south-west comer of the island of Macao, 
 to which it is joined by a long narrow neck. 
 Across this isthmus, which is not more than 100 
 yards wide, a wall is erected, with a gate and 
 guard-house in the middle for the Chinese soldiers. 
 Th,' greatest length of the peninsula belonging 
 to the Portuguese, from N.E. to S.W., is under 
 3 miles, and its brc.dth under J mile. The 
 broadest part, to the north of the town, is flat, 
 and of a light oandy soil : but is well cultivated, 
 principally bv Chinese, and produces nil sorts of 
 Asiatic and kuropenn culinary vegetables. Pro- 
 
 visions are obtained from the Chinese part ofj 
 island or from the main land. ] 
 
 The Portuguese obtained possession of .Ml 
 in 1586. It was for a considerable periol Ikl 
 of a great trade, carried on not only iiith Clf 
 but with Japan, Siam, Cochin-l'hina, Ihe f If 
 pine Islands &c. ; but for many years past ill 
 been of comparatively little importan'-e. thoiu^ 
 is probable, that if it belonged !o a ainreef 
 prising and active people, it might still i 
 most part of its former prosperity. Formerll 
 public administration was vested in a seMieif 
 posed of the bishop, the judge, and a fe»« 
 principal inhabitants : but all real nuthonM 
 till 1849 in the hands of the Chinese niffl" 
 resident in the town. 
 
 Advantage was taken, however, oftii^ 
 weakness to which the Chinese were rcJuc^ 
 
 ra. 
 
 'to 
 liitt ■ 
 
 ! Itlll. 
 
 J!ii!i,h 
 
 I few it and 
 
 |Mrtiient 
 lir,'lr Lglit 
 usjiiilcrt 
 
 UHwi! not i, 
 |Ii.'(t!liips,tlio.r, 
 |i^:!«iierside c' 
 lIS£.fn)iii tlicf 
 l".f'a ilie soul] 
 j-tseanierniji* : 
 to W. acconipl 
 
 'ft'H'.'s coming 
 
 :fcfoniiijucser 
 
 wioivn, 
 
 a ship 
 ijamlly hoiirde 
 ■■' Jisfao roads, 
 ;pii'a proceeds 
 ■'"ler nation; 
 ''"^•apiJiaiio, 
 •fMto, for le,n 
 
 'Wlll'JthlM 
 
 *!ti,. As 
 fiwtiian-cnquirii 
 Pl'Mfisivith |,in 
 ' 'Wis, or nioi 
 ^«fcfhi,, to V 
 W«» dirges s 
 f'yi hut the 
 
 ***Mtthcto, 
 " "«ice iviJj i 
 
. , ,. , „ .. . . MACAO 
 
 iliewrnitli Orcat Ilritain in 1839-42. to rvn t , 
 
 Hf fiiinese civil hinctionaries and Cn^f, i^ captain of the norf ««• ^45 
 
 4atd',mii since 1849, the fifittiement h.f P'-'^sels comin- in nr • °>' dama™ occm-Hn^ ♦ 
 
 „y Von - a colony of PortuSl ^ut" "^°, tf" P'"°^ ' '' ""' '^^^ " "S ed%V° 
 
 (loBivWi the tliiiicse (Jovernnicnt Iin,-„ i': ..*^- -TJio cant,iin«/ .,.. _ . • u u y 
 
 ■ ci»i/ luiiuiionaries and Ciisfi m • ' ° ^^ "lo 
 
 „toiHaii(l since 1849, the fifittiement has Z^ L^''''*-"''* coming i 
 
 ;„te,l upon «s a colony of Portugal, an a.,sump- t "'^^ P''°'- " "" V"ot,a hv 
 
 he Chinese (Jovernnient Im,.-. '! "• ^ho ennhim ^# .i • u u^tr 
 
 ni.ed.a„.I whi... JJf"i'i«\« ""t, | p, ^ with::';^^-"" ^f -'" "ot employ nnv 
 
 and as ,t h nccossar ■'^to keen?''>V '■'-^'"ni"ed -hfn -. 
 
 i"iiiic-« cx|H)rtc(l as 
 
 I'eru 
 
 0011 ivliicli the vuii.i-si; uov\....,.,„„^ „g 
 
 loMvcr, adniitfed, aiijl which will probably I'.n 
 
 iilirelv omibated ere loiitr, ■ ^ r — -"t h, is nr.o^.. 
 
 Ka,.afea3 a rule the only o/licials coming fr™rf/''°"" after his nS nn i''- ''"^''^ "'«co witC 
 itemcthcr country. *> "o™ so he shall nav >. fi r i' ""'' 'n defnull; nfJ ■ 
 
 Ite Mlouin. -return shows the numbnr r °- The St ">^°f 100 dollars. "" "^''"'"S 
 
 - ..,™. , f "Po^S'o'rbo"ard""'sn'!'° """>' ''"^onr with 
 
 ,;s;^^i^cer"^ ^^^-^orts, With KKSi^^o^ ^'en'^ti'K 
 
 for iettSto."'"' k-P tbeir sheet anchors ready 
 
 • --^ I ^ l^kortcITui'Z'St 7lf' "^o^^-ne must 
 
 Il«t?,n..3 arc, Iiowever, only approximate n f !f '" '""^ "PPreheS " °f v I P°f '' ^'lo^Wli 
 in lie iWnce of a custom-house a ^Tm^?^' ''^' J"" "^^ *''und d.irinc; /h' 1 """^ ''^ the deserter can 
 «tarf cargo is all that is r'eouire?. v T ^'"' ^"'""1'' apS af£ , "•^°' 'he vcssThx 'm 
 fe™™.-. The value of e.xportl'S L^" "T''^'^ ^'^ '^" rcnn ' J^'V^'/^'f^''^' ''e shaU Tj 
 
 --..thereturn Of Shipping .rtheteS^^t£;i£^ 
 «,h . . ^"ir ^•"-•« ll"%. ""°'""'>e'n,posedofioo 
 
 '"^" ■ ■ '-'" " '£"--'St^JLrS'^^^"-osendany 
 
 J y'° expenses. "*"=' "eing anawerable 
 
 4,137 
 SH.'ilJ 
 
 a,07i; 
 8:^6 
 
 dots. 
 
 499,VV9 
 
 , »6 1,680 
 
 >.»»4,668 
 
 463,413 
 
 I rffi 
 
 : A' 
 
 i; 
 
 : »i 
 
 Ml 
 
 Ml 
 
 i. 
 
 
 
' ■■"'ti 
 
 i 
 
 m:! 
 
 .M 
 
 ', I 
 
 { i 
 
 ' ) 
 
 ■ I 5 
 
 I I 
 
 
 I i 
 .1 ! 
 
 I. !■ 
 
 846 
 
 MACAO 
 
 ^■e.s8l'l8 of other nations usually experience no 
 diflioiilty in obtaining tlio connivance of the 
 Chinese officers to the landing or receiving of 
 goods in the roads, by means of Portuguese boats. 
 At intervals, indced,'t!ie prohibitory regulation is 
 strictly enforced ; but we believe that tlierc lias 
 been 110 instance of this in recent years. 
 
 Fort Charges. — The measurement duty paid 
 by Spanish and Portuguese vessels is moderate. 
 When a vessel has once paid the full amount, and 
 is admitted on the list of registered ships belong- 
 ing to the port (limited by the Chinese to 25), she 
 is liable only to a third o( the original charges, on 
 every subsequent occasion of her entering, so long 
 as she continues on the register. Portuguese 
 vessels from ICurope do not possess this privilege, 
 unless they be registered as belonging to a mora- 
 dor of Macao. 
 
 The rates of measurement duty, which vary, as 
 at Canton, on three classes of vessels, arc the 
 following : — 
 
 tauls. 
 51 coviils and Ufiv.-nrUa. t'rU'^Ti per coTid 
 
 1st. On vessels or 1 5 
 
 !ind. from IM) to U'll covids 
 
 3rd. !)U to \W „ 
 
 :,-n 
 
 • 4 
 
 These rates are nearly the same as those levied 
 on Canton junks, trading with foreign countries, 
 and ought, in fact, to be entirely so. The diraen- 
 siuns arc taken and calculated in the manner 
 formerly practised at Canton ; but the Chinese, at 
 both places, speak not of the covid, but of the 
 chang of 10 covids. However, as this is only a 
 decimal increase, it makes no difference in the 
 method of calculation. 
 
 The following additional charges, to be calcu- 
 lated on the amount of measurement duty, are the 
 same on every class of .-pssels, viz. : — 
 2 per cent, for inspectors. 
 8 i)er cent, for difference in weight by the 
 treasury scales. 
 
 10 per cent, for loss in melting. 
 17 per cent, for making syccc. 
 Also the sum of 70 taels for the ' public purse,' 
 or hoppo's treasury. 
 
 In addition to these, the following arc the 
 charges levied by the hoppo (collector of customs), 
 or his deputy : — 
 
 On a 1st class vessel from Europe, 250 taels ; if 
 belonging to Macao or Manilla, 50 taels. 
 
 On a 2nd class vessel from Europe, 240 taels ; 
 if belonging to Macao or Manilla, 40 taels. 
 
 On a 3rd cl.ass vessel from Europe, 170 taels ; if 
 belonging to Macao or Manilla, 30 taels. 
 
 Ships importing rice are exempt from the 
 measurement duty, and pay only 5C dolLirs, as 
 fees to the procuratlor of Macao and the officers of 
 his department. 
 
 I'ortuguese vessels from Europe, in addition to 
 the measurement duty, have to pay to the Canton 
 hong merchants a charge, termed by the Portu- 
 guese, Hanistagem, or Consoo charge, which is 
 usually a matter of specific bargain, varying from 
 about 200 dollars on a vessel of 200 tons, to 3,600 
 dollars and upwards on those of 500 tons, and of 
 larger sizes. 
 
 The charges on goods carried by the inner pas- 
 sage, between Canton and Macao, being generally 
 less than those paid on goods to and from Wham- 
 poa ; and the duties levied by the Portuguese, on 
 articles of merchandise imported by vessels be- 
 longing to Macao, being very moderate ; the 
 Chinese arc often led to engage in speculations 
 on board the Macao vessels, the risk being so 
 much less than in native junks. If the ship 
 owners could so manage their expense as to be 
 satislied with only the same freight as is charged 
 by Kiiiriisli vessels, it would jirobably induce many 
 more Ciiiiie>e to make remittances in this way. 
 
 Opium.— The trade in opium is r>,nK;i . , 
 Macao by the Chinese (Jovemmcnrt n " 
 throughout the rest of the emnh^c i,' ." " '" 
 theless formerly carried on to a' ^tij^^l^';- , 
 Portuguese moradores, or citizens, to th « ' ' 
 (.fall others, even rortugucse who were nr,r- 
 lint this restriction havl,« occa^il "tK^irJ 
 ot the trade, it was abolished in iH-'i '/' '■ 
 senate passed a regulation, f hrowiny n " I !i 
 trade to all, without distinction, whctlitr i" 1 
 gue.se or foreigners ; securing to\he t':;;''"^ 
 lutahty ami the utmost freedom in th»ir! t! j 
 tions.' Ihe import of onium is on the „ crn- ''^^ 
 Macao, it,0/6 chests chiefly I'utiia) 71 V 
 
 while m ISOo but 7 503 chests, valued at 3 1 
 dollars, were brought in. •'.""-Jll 
 
 Jmports.—tiood^ imported pay at thcPortiiCTa 
 ' "I (i per cent, un a lixJ 
 
 Custom-house a duty 
 valuation, besides some fees, and coolie hire- 
 following arc a few articles extracted from 
 
 tariff:— 
 
 Articles 
 
 (Totton . , _ 
 
 Broad cloth, middling • '. 
 
 better than ordinary 
 
 ordinary or coarse - 
 Camlets 
 llettl nut 
 
 Till .... 
 llirds' nests, Ut sort . I 
 
 Kattans ... 
 
 ^iallpetrc, Bengal 
 
 coast of Uoa - 
 Pepper . 
 
 per picul 
 
 CQTid 
 
 picul 
 
 catty 
 picul 
 
 Valuallon 
 
 lull 
 I 
 
 \-rm 
 
 0'4Sii 
 i-aw 
 
 V'/OO 
 8 
 
 1-210 
 4 
 
 Ho I 
 4 
 
 0'i4 
 i'3il 
 
 Opium imported In Porlueuese ships paji, iier chest 1 
 foreif^n „ ' 
 
 Gold and silver, whether in coin, in hullid 
 manufactured, pay on importation, 2 per J 
 except lu Spanish vessels from Jlanilla, wh 
 charge is IJ per cent. 
 
 Exports.— 'So duty is levied bv the Ponni 
 on goods exported from JIacao; niir dwH 
 Custom-house take any cognisance uf them, 
 
 Duties and Charges on Goods landed at Mad 
 Macao is a place without any manufacturJ 
 commerce of its own. Prices ai-e, in eonseiiiiJ 
 generally dependent on those of Canton. M 
 is usually paid at 72 taels per 100 uoliars. 
 
 It is a point of some interest to isccriain 
 internal duties and expenses to which _ 
 landed at Macao are liable, before comingj 
 the Chinese purchaser's haiula at Canton, f 
 the subject is so involved in mysterv-anJ i 
 tainty, the charges varying according 
 quantity of goods laden in one hoat ic.tli 
 scarcely possible to arrive at any accurate j 
 mation respecting it. Wo believe, Lowevei 
 the following may be considered as a pnttyj 
 approximation to the real amount of 
 incurred on cotton landed at Macao :— 
 
 Portufntfse duty, fees vVc. - - nuceMpt 
 
 I lutieStindcharKesnTi conveyance to Canton „ tj-j' 
 Canton charges, ilill'erence of weighl, liro> 
 
 kerage on sale .Vc, 
 
 Total, .iljoii* lael', 'i-ti-'j 
 The duties and charges on conveyance from 
 
 Macao to Canton are, fur [lepper , - mice 3-' 
 Ditto, rattans - - . ' . „ 4-. 
 
 LlitUj, lietel nut . - - „ I-, 
 
 The hoppo's examiner charges 00 tads 
 of 1,000 piculs, the largest quantity .ill w 
 conveyed by a single boat ; liut the -iiii'' 
 of DO taels" is levioil, although the Ikiii I 
 only contain 100 piculs. 
 
 'I'lie duty on exporting poods fn>ni (si 
 Macao is hi .some casesless, in other oasc-'l 
 than the Wlianipoa duty. Thii,«, iiaail 
 Macao pay 2 ilollars per 100 less than t"' 
 jioa, J\lost ilcscriptioiis of silk |iicco p-oj 
 ()uy less duty. On the other iwiid. ^i^ 
 
 Iteit/urms 
 
 kiEce to the 
 
 |fc:;f macaroni 
 
 ^ in flaw vi 
 
 ifMiiicicnt what 
 
 J «P in Enijla 
 
 'lof.Vapie; 
 
 IVhen 
 
 noons and easy 
 
 w;v> ". 
 
 'Ji'tiout hre.-ii 
 
 H^fiiiilelited for th 
 
 ■|«'in'inthe?t« 
 
 l*»Wiii is liable! 
 »e imported 1 
 «lii,cWellyfro; 
 '-,'■ (wr. maci- 
 M.r. muscaati 
 •''al. ni,iee; 
 M noz nio<cai 
 'Wfflteiioiii subs 
 *i'fi fonsequenti 
 
 ■'•,'™ I'roduct 
 , '■'•'ii.velloiv « 
 ''™airarm,bi(t(, 
 
 ■ Mch 
 
 iwrted fi-o 
 
 i k fli, 
 
 "■ciirhi, 
 
 llfly i^,„ 
 
 "•«ii I'reshJ 
 
 '"Srant „ 
 r the hett: 
 
 snid 
 
 Bitljie 
 ''Kiisfri 
 
 tlie best, 
 
 Thd 
 
 I'ffsjcd ill 
 i=r.incc i 
 
Valuation Ihiiyl 
 
 MACARONI 
 
 -lajwirc Ac. pny a '"fe'licr duty to Macao than 
 
 »J""S as to tho miffhts, Measures &c. 
 
 ut'vacao, see Canton. 
 *Sur exports to Macao were «.7in 1867, 
 
 ilnwirts therefrom (chiefly tea) atnoiinted to 
 
 '■i^'^fllrihcr particulars, sec Hamilton's East 
 ,', V tor, art. 'Macao;' Milbum's Oricnl. 
 
 £ i cl »/<"■ "'P^'f «» ^^'"'« "/ '^'"■"" ^'=- 
 
 'IhrVKON'i A species of -wheaten paste 
 
 " liiito'lonR, slender, hollow tubes, used 
 
 rl us dressed with cheese, and m soups, 
 
 w ir- it is the same substance as vermicelli : 
 
 ?!iv,iiflcrence between them beinff that the 
 
 ' *: -"10 smaller tubes Both of them 
 
 ^Lml u. the greatest perfection in Naples, 
 
 „! hevl.irm the tavounte dish of all classes, 
 
 !.11 nrincipal food of the bulk of the population 
 
 MADDER 
 
 847 
 
 a.: itvur 
 
 of tiie h-ird wheat (gmno duro) im- 
 
 1 ,„^ from the Black Sea is the best suited tor 
 
 ' Uan-Jacture of m.acaroni. Being mixed with 
 
 iritis beaded by means ot heavy wooden 
 
 tewii^ht bv lovers, till it acquires a sulh- 
 
 r^t toie of tenacity; it is then forced, by 
 
 ~A w-^ure. tliroufch a number of holes, so 
 
 rued that it is formed into hollow cylinders. 
 
 Tkaiic "ivcn to the tubes depends on their 
 
 Lter' those of the largest size being maca- 
 
 w kiKxt to them vermicelli, and the smallest 
 
 toi'u ticnoa, and some other places, the 
 
 .gjjcaarccl by an admixture of saffron; but 
 
 vSi-'s'liere its preparation is best understood, 
 
 it'^^J-cil except (lour and water; the beat 
 
 teuiuiof the Hour of hard wheat, and the 
 
 Sr:.K of the flour of soft wheat. When 
 
 irMAttepared and boiled to a nicety, Neapo- 
 
 tiatoM assumes a greenish tinge. It is 
 
 lia aten out of the caldron, drained of the 
 
 iWH, «oJ being saturated with concentre. od 
 
 sa ,TaiT, Mul sprinkled with finely grated 
 
 teii forms a dish of which all classes, from 
 
 fc'jince to tho beggar, are passionately fond. 
 
 teie macaroni used by tho poor is merely 
 
 vil in plain water, and is rarely eaten with 
 
 Mdiiient whatever. The macaroni usually 
 
 i ap ia England is said, by those familiar 
 
 uteotXaples, to be a disgrace to the name 
 
 liin, When properly prepared, macaroni is 
 
 COS aiiJ easy of digestion. The lazzaroni 
 
 ,« tbtmselv's "on thi; dexterity with which 
 
 fffwalW long strings of macaroni and ver- 
 
 iuwithout breaking them. (We arc princi- 
 
 ilviideljtcd for these details to an article on 
 
 L'd in the Penny Mayazine for August 10, 
 
 iJliMiii is liable to a duty of 4A per cwt. In 
 ii « imported 10,'2C(i cwt. of macaroni and 
 Kcdii, chiefly from tion.i 
 
 IliCE (Gcr. macis, muskalmbluthe; Dutch, 
 fe yy, muscaatbloora ; Fr. uacis, fleur dc 
 lie. ital. mace; Span, raai : Port, max- 
 |ii;tdc noz moscada; L.it. m, is). A thin, 
 limbttnous substance, envelui g the nut- 
 k: ai consequently only to be : md in the 
 Tr.B ihat proiluce the latter. It is of a 
 iJRldi-h yellow colour, a pleasant aromatic 
 iajdawarm.bittcrish, pungent taste. Mace 
 Itely importcil from I'enang and Singaiiore 
 lk\ each weighing about 100 lb. Mace 
 i clioscn fresh, tmigh, ideagiiious, of an 
 ady fragrant smell, and a bright colour— 
 |irii?tiut the better. The smaller pieces are 
 »1 the best. The prcforalile mode of pack- 
 pit Wes.ijrcsswl down (.'lose and linn, wliicli 
 ^K its tragtancc and cunsistcuce. 
 
 Tho duty on maco was reduced in 1853 from 
 2s. Gd. to Is. per lb. It was abolished in 1859. 
 In 18G7 wo imported 2G,'_'01) lb. 
 
 A production is met with on the coast of Mala- 
 bar, so like mace, that at (irst it is not easy to be 
 distinguished ; but it has not the least ilavour of 
 spiciness, and when chewed has a kind of resiny 
 taste. Eight cwt. of mace are allowed to a ton. 
 Tho East India ton of niacc is 50 cubic feet in 
 cases. (Milbum's Orient. Com.) 
 
 MADDEli (^Ger. fUrberUthc ; Dutch, mce; Fr. 
 .alizari, garanco; Ital. robbia; Span, gninza, 
 rubia ; Kuss. mariona, krap ; Ilin. munjith), 
 Tho roots of a plant (liiiblu tinctorum), of which 
 there are several varieties. They are long and 
 slender, varying from the thickness of a goose- 
 quill to that of tho little finger. They are semi- 
 transparent, of a reddish colour, have a strong 
 smell, and a smooth bark. Madiler is very exten- 
 sively used in dyeing red ; and though tho colour 
 which it imparts be less bright and beautiful than 
 that of cochineal, it has the advantage of being 
 cheaper and more durable. It is a native of tho 
 south of Europe, Asia Minor, and India ; but has 
 been long since introduced into and successfully 
 cultivated in Holland, Alsace, Provence &c. Its 
 cultivation has been attempted in England, but 
 without any beneficial result. Our supplies of mad- 
 der were for a lengthened period almost entirely 
 derived from Holland (Zealand) ; but large quan- 
 tities are now imported from France and Turkey. 
 
 Dutch or Zealand madder is never- exported 
 except in a prepared or manufactured state. It is 
 divided by commercial men into four qualities, 
 distinguished by tho terms muU, gamene, omhrOf 
 and crops. The roots being dried in stoves, tho 
 first species, or mull, consists of a powder formed 
 by pounding the very small roots, and the Imsk 
 or bark of the larger ones. It is comparatively 
 low priced, and is employed for dyeing cheap 
 dark colours. A second pounding separates about 
 a third part of the larger roots ; and this, being 
 sifted and packed separately, is sold here under 
 the name of gamene or gemcens. The third and 
 last pounding comprehends the interior, pure, and 
 bright part of the roots, and is sold in Holland 
 under the name of kor /traps, but is here simply 
 denominated crops. Sometimes, however, after 
 the mull has been separated, the entire residue is 
 ground, sifted, and packed together under the 
 name of omberoofde or onibro. It consists of 
 about one third of gamene, and two thirds of 
 crops. Prepared madder should bo kept dry. It 
 attracts the moisture of the atmosphere, and is 
 injured by it, 
 
 'The Smyrna or Levant madder (Rudia peregrina) , 
 Hie alizari or lizary of the modern Greeks, is cul- 
 
 :ited in Boeotia, along the border of lake Copais, 
 and in the plain of Thebes, It also grows iu 
 large quantities at Kiu-dar near Smyrna, and in 
 Cyprus, The madder of Provence has been raised 
 from seeds carried from the latter in 1761. 
 Turkey madiler affords, when properly prepared, 
 a brighter colour than that of Zealand. It is, 
 however, imported in its natural state, or as roots ; 
 the natives, by whom it is chiolly produced, not 
 having industry or skill sufticient to prepare it 
 like tlic Zealanders, by pounding and separating 
 the skins and inferior roots ; so that, the finer 
 colouring matter of tho larger roots being de- 
 graded by the presence of that derived from the 
 t'ormcr, a peculiar process is reiinircd to evolve 
 that beautiful Turkey red which is so highly niul 
 deservedly esteemed. (Thomson's Chemistrg ; 
 Bancroft On Coloiirx, vol. ii. pp. '221 — 278 : sec 
 also licckmann, History of Inventions, vol. iii. 
 art. ' Madikr.') 
 
 \' 
 
 m 
 
\ • 
 
 'i '}' 
 
 848 
 
 MADDER 
 
 
 r-v- 
 
 
 .', 
 
 '. * 
 
 .i ' 
 
 
 :-.4>- 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 In Frnncc, madder is prepared nearly in the 
 (lamo manner as in Zealand. The following; in- 
 structive details as to its cultivotion, price &c. in 
 Provence, were obliginKly furnished to us by an 
 English gentleman, intimately ac(]uainted with 
 such subjects, who visited Avignon m the autumn 
 of 1829 :— 
 
 'This town (Avignon) is the centre of the 
 madder country, the cultivation of which was 
 introduced here about the middle of the 18th 
 century, and, with the exception of Alsace, is 
 still confined (in France) to this department 
 
 Sauclusc). The soil appears to be better adapted 
 its cultivation hero than anywhere else, anO 
 it has long been the source of great wealth to 
 the cultivators. But the returns fluctuate verj' 
 greatly. 
 
 'Tlie root is called alizari, and the powder 
 (made from it) garance or garancine. The plant 
 is raised from seed, and requires S years to come 
 to maturity. It is, however, often pulled in 18 
 months without injury to the quality ; the quan- 
 tity only is smaller. A rich soil is necessary for 
 its successful cultivation ; and when the soil is 
 impregnated with alkaline matter, the root ac- 
 quires a red colour; in other cases it is yellow. 
 The latter is preferred in England, from the long 
 habit of using Dutch madder, which is of this 
 colour ; but in France the red sells at 2 fr. per 
 quintal higher, being used for the Turkey red dye. 
 
 ' It is calculated that when when wheat sells at 
 20 fr. per hectolitre, alizari should bring 35 fr. per 
 quintal (poids do table), to give the same remu- 
 neration to the cultivator. That is, wheat 63s. 
 per English auorter, and alizari 34s. per English 
 ■cwt. The pnce has, however, been frequently as 
 low as 22 fr. per quintal. 
 
 ' Prices undei;go a revolution evary 7 or 8 jrears, 
 touching the minimum of 22, and rising as high as 
 100 tt. As in every similar case, the high price 
 induces extensive cultivation, and this generally 
 produces its full effect 4 or 6 years after. The 
 
 MADRAS 
 produce of Alsace, which is inferior both in , 
 titv and quality to that of Vauolusc is ,„?'",','• 
 sold in Strasburg market. ' ''""'""v 
 
 'Englarid employs bath the root ami th? n . 
 der, according to the purpose for which th/ 
 intended. The Dutch madder is Z™ 1 7 "* 
 by the woollen dyers, and the FrenT fc 
 ton dyers and printers. ■ ^ '^°'- 
 
 < In making purchases of garance, it is e,««.nti,i 
 to employ a house of confidence, bccausTu 
 quality depends entirelv u|x)n the car '! 
 honesty of the agent. Tlie>;„tis,,rodS df,!L 
 the roots after being cleaned and striDDcrt !f , 7" 
 bark.. The sew V grinding tffi S^ 
 cleaning. A third by mixing the baric of CZ 
 
 t^So^n" "^ ' '" "^ ^ '^y ^'^"^ «f "2 
 
 I '^'^? P/'c.® of "««i" in the country, whicl, wa, 
 only 20 fr. m July, is now (November U™'^' 
 36 fr., and IS. expected to be at 40 fr. very i;i, ' 
 The crop being deficient both here «nd in 11 
 land, and the certainty of its being also detici« 
 next year, added to the small quantity exi 
 in England, give reason to beUeve that the cri, 
 will reach 60 fr. before many months, and w 
 continue to advance for a year or two more 
 
 • The quintal* above mentioned are of ioo ' 
 poids de table— the weight in general use overt 
 south of trance, and even in Marseilles Ti 
 weight is different in the diflferent provinces, vai 
 in^ from 22 to 25 per cent, lighter than the po, 
 metnque. At Avignon, 124 poids de tables- 
 kilogrorames, consequently 126 lb. are equal t» 
 cwt. English. At the exchange of 25 50 the 
 costs (including lis. for freight duty, and 
 charges till delivered in London or Live 
 61s. or 60s.' 
 
 The duty on madder was repealed in 1845. 
 
 Madder does not deteriorate by keemn?, mn 
 it be kept dry. ' ^ ^'^ 
 
 It is imported in casks weighing from 15 to 
 cwt. 
 
 Account of the Quantitiet and Value* of the Afferent varieties of Madder Imported in 18GC, lioi 
 the Countries whence they came, and the Total Value of the Imports from each Country, 
 
 Countrtct 
 
 Madder 
 
 Madder Root 
 
 MttlOeK 
 
 Garancint 
 
 VllM 
 
 Ruul> ... 
 
 
 . cwt. 
 
 «,0«« 
 
 
 
 
 io;,i;i 
 
 HoUand 
 
 
 
 lO.JW 
 
 l,8i« 
 
 
 n,ws 
 
 France ... 
 
 
 
 98,731 
 
 6,333 
 
 
 36,337 
 
 
 Aoitrian Twrltorio - 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 3,0S1 
 
 
 
 
 Ital;: Napla 
 
 
 . ., 
 
 S.318 
 
 (3,103 
 
 
 437 
 
 5MI 
 
 (irecce - - - 
 
 
 
 
 1,378 
 
 
 
 tM 
 
 Turkej 
 
 
 n 
 
 3,195 
 
 141,KS 
 
 
 
 WM 
 
 Eujpt 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 l,43i 
 
 
 ,^ 
 
 
 Hriiish India. Bombay md Sinde 
 HenKal and Peru 
 
 
 • 1* 
 
 ., 
 
 1,330 
 
 1,700 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 131 
 
 ,, 
 
 J 
 
 Ulher paiu • 
 
 Total • 
 
 
 • II 
 
 7«1 
 
 1,98G 
 
 
 80 
 
 y 
 
 1111,663 
 
 SSI, 668 
 
 1,831 
 
 49,IW 
 
 l,«l,! 
 
 In 1867 we imported 121,140 cwt. of madder 
 ^nd 138,355 cwt. of madder root, and exported 
 1,105 cwt, madder, and 3,581 cwt. madder root. 
 
 In 1867 the garancine imported was valued at 
 6/. lis. per cwt., and the madder and madder roots 
 at from 1/. 12s. to 2/. 7s. 6d. per cwt. (For an 
 account of East Indian madder, see Munjeet.) 
 
 MADEIRA. [Wine.] 
 
 MADRAS. The principal emporium of the 
 <!oa8*; of Coromandel, or western shore of the Bay 
 of Bengal, lat. of lighthouse, 13° 6' 10" N., long. 
 «0° 16' 29" E. It IS the seat of the Government 
 of the second presidency of British India, having 
 under it a terntory, including the tributary states, 
 of 257,042 square miles, with a population, ac- 
 cording to the latest returns, of 36,060,551, pay- 
 ing, in 1865, a gross annual revenue of about 
 7,000,000/. sterling. The town had a population, 
 in 1862, of 457,771, and is situated in the Carnatic 
 province, a low, sandy, and rather sterile country. 
 
 It is without port or harbour, Iving close up( 
 margin of an open roadstead, the shores of i 
 are constantly beaten by a heavy surf. & 
 these disadvantages, a rapid current ruiud 
 the coast; and it is within the sphere of [belj 
 canes or typhoons, by which it is occasia 
 visited. In every respect, indeed, it is a va 
 convenient place for trade, and its commij 
 consequently greatly inferior to that of ( 
 Calcutta or Bombay. It bos been in then 
 sion of the English above two centuriei 1 
 been founded by them in 1639, and rctainej 
 since. Fort St. George is a strong ami m 
 fortification, lying close to the shore. Tli(l 
 Town of Madras, as it is called, standif 
 north and eastword of the fort, from M 
 separated by a spacious esplanade. Hei(| 
 the native, Armenian, and Portuguese i 
 with many Europeans unconncctcJ i 
 Government. Like most other India t 
 
inferior both in (,,„„. 
 rauclusc, in irenerallv 
 
 he root and the par. 
 e f^r which thcv .re 
 .lens more cmpiovM 
 le French by the cot. 
 
 larance, it 13 t'mH I 
 ifldencc, because the 
 ii|)on the care and 
 ^H«t is produced from 
 ; and stripped of their! 
 ing the roots without I 
 igthebarlcofthenVrtI 
 « any degree of aihil-f 
 
 e country, which na,, 
 (November 1829) au 
 at 40 fr. ve^shortlvj 
 3th here and in HJlJ 
 ;s being also deficienj 
 Jail quantity existing 
 believe that the pric( 
 my months, and wij 
 ;ar or two more, 
 [itioned are of It, , 
 n general use over tl, 
 in Marseilles. Thi 
 T«rent provinces, vait 
 lighter than the pci 
 !4 poids de tables =1 
 126 lb. are equal t 
 jngeof 25 60thec, 
 reight, duty, and 1 
 jondon or Liver] 
 
 repealed in 1845, 
 te by keeping, pioviii 
 
 weighing from 15 to I 
 
 !■!;! 
 
 I 1 1 
 
 iV 
 
 II' 
 
 orted in 186C, shot 
 1 each Countnj. 
 
 !.<l 
 
 UarancLnt 
 
 VllM 
 
 
 t 
 
 ,, 
 
 I},i9 
 
 19,V96 
 
 io;,i; 
 
 56,337 
 
 <si.ei 
 
 ,, 
 
 4,11 
 
 437 
 
 3S,tl 
 1>S 
 
 " 
 
 KM 
 
 ,. 
 
 3,!l 
 
 •• 
 
 fill 
 
 "m 
 
 31 
 
 5,i 
 
 49,150 
 
 mf 
 
 ur,lving close upi 
 id, the shores of 1 
 a heavy surf, ft 
 ;)id cunent runs^ 
 
 the sphere of the I 
 lich it is occasioj 
 indeed, it is a ve^ 
 e, and its comma 
 irior to that of ( 
 103 been in tbep 
 
 two centurieM 
 1639, and rctainij 
 a strong and bai 
 
 the shore, 'Tk 
 1 called, staniii ( 
 1 fort, from wlii«| 
 splanade. H 
 Portuguese 1 
 unconnected ' 
 
 other India! I 
 
 :l;i 
 
 1^.. 
 
 ,J „ii: 
 
»» 
 
 ■ k 
 
 l' .•♦ 
 
 f 
 
 ■:-i 
 
 I / 
 
 I 
 
 ^.f- 
 
 ! ••' 
 
 * U-' 
 
 
 ■ 11 
 
 ' J 
 
 f 
 
 if 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 i ■* 
 
 
 KrAiMUtktitn 
 
 
 httttrrv 
 
 NofttufutnhiuJeum. Ttuik 
 
 
 /.^^l 
 
 
 Htytnnu\tl tint' 
 
 ■Vy</a^f/ 
 
 f¥'' /^, 
 
 
 \ — ^'f'"' 
 
 y (-1 
 
 
 '^■^ 
 
 J 
 
 I 
 
 M A I) H AS I 
 
 ' 1 7 "I > 
 
 .,t>r^m ,'.fn./inima X- ■<■ 
 
■* double Di ^"''^^'' ^"''*- 
 
 ptitam use a specie, nffl *• ■^ ^ pice op nf "•'"'*• 
 
 r'^''¥oconstruS r^L^f '"^ """chine .^ Pio, i^nZT.'^-'^^'^^ of an n„„, 
 
 ^farf-i- 2 or 3 iS of Z"' •* '■•-'"""'ran! "^ ?.n anna""" °"'^-""''' of a pTcc 'o/;„„ , , 
 
 -""Jwrloil bohv,K.M S n " """" piece ""'' '"casures ^Z "•'"' ^^'^"•"/rw _t. 
 
 f « 'l.rou/the Sf to "; '"','" P«ddle ' '"""^"^ «'•<> as 
 
 feis in small q„a„tiJ;^«"r letters or iso,„,„. ^. i^".;--'-/--.. 
 
 «M vpiitiire out. Tiicv u„„ P^' ^''en 
 
 l««»fniaitinff, where (hn,."'" " Pointed 
 
 V"^ 'hmai liSZ T"'^ the Jettew, 
 
 ?f<wns i„ dancer -n ""-''"selves bv 
 [»»*econtroIofti,eGm:j: "'^ "" "ndcr 
 
 g*''f''ored, oLvia e tifJ, """ *«««' pile 
 i* Ic cranes. Its tot« l ^'"''^ ^ ^-^'ed 
 
 - ,--o^cii- 1 ■'ne 'garce ' is 4()n ~ — l^^!i___l 
 
 V ■ ?f "-e kst there ',^'? '^"""l^. and ' ""'' "'« niarcal 75n '^',".'"'« ' ^»ns 
 
 I garce "' ' ' 7J meaiuns — I '"'■'''"■' 
 ,. , ' luarler 
 
 I «, '" -i m es Ti.„ ' ""^ » distance 
 
 ) ) 
 
 f! 
 
 I 
 
 ,-^i « 
 
•*-l* 
 
 1 ■■ 
 
 ■it 
 
 
 'll 
 
 '-'il 
 
 ' r 
 
 :> 
 
 1 I 
 
 ' i 
 
 ' i 
 
 
 'If 
 
 .{ 
 
 850 
 
 weight equal to !) soer^ of 80 rupees, I lb. avoir- 
 dupoiM = 38-889 tolas. 
 
 Salt. — .Salt contiiiuo<i to he sold in tlio Uradrns 
 rrcsidency by the narco and marcal, JJiit tliu 
 nccounts arc kept in Indian niaunds :— 
 
 JIADRAS 
 
 AiriiuHt of the Value of the P„„,;, , , , 
 
 ,</ Merchandise a,.,l '/reZeZZ/li 
 
 ■nc,, of Ma,lra», h„ SeTu 1'"' '*f 
 
 16 chlitahsor H) tolas = 1 iioir 
 
 40 Mark =3 1 liiill tn inaund 
 
 1'iO maund« r- J((.in'' 
 
 H mtasuiei = 1 niiirt al 
 
 40(>mArtaU wt 1 ^ancor Ml liushcia 
 
 .16 Mcri 
 
 IB 1 uanc or Ml liust 
 
 s 7^ lb<«. avointupuU 
 
 At 120 rupees a gnrce, one meaaiiro of salt, 
 i;ost3 7X pice, and a marcnl as. 4, p, 9'6. 
 
 AccoJint of the Princitml Articles of 3Terchan(/ise, 
 and of TrcasurCj Exported from the I'ri'.sidenci/ 
 of Madras^ by Sea, in each of the Years, 
 ended April ;i<», lHGI-5. 
 
 
 Kxports 
 
 ArliclM 
 
 
 
 1861 
 
 IS(i.'> 
 
 
 £ 
 
 jf 
 
 1 CofTeo - 
 
 M.I, 100 
 
 (;(i9,(i3(i 
 
 roiton, r.iw 
 
 1,3,il,ISI 
 
 3,')N-',7(I0 
 
 1 L utinn i;oufU| incluilliiff twist 
 
 
 
 and j;irn 
 
 127,1SS 
 
 9fi,S19 
 
 Drills 
 
 !I,.^1X 
 
 ii.i.in 
 
 n... ./Inilluo 
 
 "J« •\(»th.rklmli - 
 
 40.1,370 
 TifiVi 
 
 3.12,*',7 
 
 r.,,',s'i 
 
 lllicu • 
 
 13li,il'J 
 
 472,.101 
 
 (ir.iln - ! Wheal 
 
 (dtliur kinds . 
 
 .'i,.'ia.T 
 
 11,72 « 
 
 S«,.1B> 
 
 110,278 
 
 (iiims 
 
 1,'i 
 
 IM 
 
 <iminies and pmny baK« 
 
 !!.! 
 
 AUU 
 
 Jlid H and skins - •- 
 
 tl7,«(il 
 
 I.iB,.')rj4 
 
 Ivory iind i- iTv ware 
 
 .^.',i; 
 
 Ml\ 
 
 .'ewi'ilfry and |irec ous stunt's 
 
 .'j.U.'ill 
 
 3,071 
 
 l.nt! and l.iccuu-ixil ware 
 
 •I 
 
 fii) 
 
 1 Oils 
 
 7,^^fi^l 
 
 12C,|ill 
 
 Siilltii'li-e - 
 
 (i,,'i'ji» 
 
 .'>,'.i3 
 
 i Swtls 
 
 M1,JHI 
 
 2.'<2,I31 
 
 Miawls, ('aslimcrL* - 
 
 m 
 
 582 
 
 Silk, raw - 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 Koods 
 
 1.291 
 
 4,4.W 
 
 Spires 
 
 49,3U'J 
 
 4S,(il6 
 
 SiiKar and sugar randy 
 
 Jl(i,03t 
 
 22.1,97fi 
 
 'Ira 
 
 S7 
 
 .13 
 
 Tiinbpr and wooil> - 
 
 27,1111 
 
 2.1,219 
 
 Tobar,-.. - 
 
 l.",77'J 
 
 2.1,373 
 
 \\oo\ raw 
 
 ■ • 
 
 ., 
 
 Total nf prlitciiial and othtvl 
 arliclcs / 
 
 7,273,105 
 
 6,81.0,912 
 
 'Jrea.sure - - - 
 
 'I'olal merchandise and treaO 
 
 hnri' J 
 
 94,'i.'.7 
 
 101,21.'. 
 
 ;,3C7,r,C2 
 
 6,920,187 
 
 I'reHidc. 
 Years en 
 
 Anirteii 
 
 TeUI \m^ 
 
 1W4 
 
 t 
 .1,117 
 
 w,;i'i 
 
 % 
 l\r,n 
 
 Wi 
 
 \yM 
 
 2W,'lll,1 
 
 I3,.1(lfi 
 C.".'. 
 
 I '-Ml 
 
 I'i.'jii 
 
 7,.1.16 
 ."I.CW 
 
 'J,7;ij 
 
 !II,2S1 
 
 .li.onj 
 
 !S,i;,il 
 91,1611 
 %! 
 2,111 
 3,.il'J 
 1.1,H'Jl 
 
 m.u'j 
 
 Ul,7.'.) 
 10,.170 
 l.'<,*19 
 •!,■.« 
 1,.'III 
 7,.1I7 
 12,/;.1 
 211,1^1 
 .1 
 4,SI.1 
 
 F,'>33 
 
 9,»»H 
 Sj.lls 
 'J&S 
 I0,S2S 
 l.'i,066 
 
 .M-ll 
 
 riii 
 
 f.l,!).W 
 .1i,».1 
 
 Apolhecarin' and medical siorni, 
 
 nu-dirUies, ^c, 
 Ainiirel - 
 
 Amis and ammunition • 
 lleaila 
 
 Hooks and stationery 
 Carri.iKPS • . . 
 
 (N>al and coke - 
 Ciilton iwi't and y.irn - 
 
 KikhIs . 
 nruits 
 
 llvi's or idl kinds 
 Fruits and nuts 
 <ila**waru 
 Hums 
 Horses 
 
 III' .... 
 .It wt.l'ery ami iirrrioiis stones 
 .M.i.liinfry ot\dl kinds . 
 .M.'ilt liquors 
 ^K't.il tiianurarlurcs * • 
 't'opjicr- 
 
 Iruii 
 
 l«id . 
 iMelalt, rair • Stielicr ■ 
 
 Sleol . 
 
 •rill . 
 
 (.Other sorts 
 ^lllitiry stores 
 N.i.,il „ 
 Oilinnn's ,, 
 Paints and colours 
 Perfumery 
 
 Porcelain and earthenware 
 Provisions ... 
 lUilway iii.iteri.ils and stores 
 Slit . 
 
 Saildlery ... 
 
 Mlk,raw 
 Silk nodds 
 Spices of .ill kinds 
 Spirits 
 
 Sut'ar and sUR.ir c.indy and lu;:f . 
 Tea . - . . 
 
 TImlicr and woods . • 
 
 Tnhic.o 
 Unihrcll.is 
 W'iiU'S 
 Woollen (jooda 
 
 Total of principal and otncr ar- 
 
 tides of merchandise • . 2,1.15,11)1 
 
 Total treasure . . 1,921,S13 
 
 Total merchandise and treasurj I 4.0^.fljl !~T,Hi 
 
 ( 
 
 ,^"l 1 
 
 i»i,i:i 
 t.»ii I 
 
 S,W9 I 
 till 
 
 ).ll 
 
 IM'll 
 
 ll,'« 
 
 li.Ml 
 ll.'L 
 
 (.III 
 
 Ml 
 
 * Except railway materials Iseparatelj !p«i£tii . I 
 A'umher and Tonnage of Vessels of each Nation (including Steamers) Entered at Paris iij 
 Presidency of Madras, in each Year ended April 30, ISC') aiid 180(1. 
 
 Nationality of Vessels 
 
 British . 
 American 
 Arabian 
 Austrian 
 IlelKian - 
 I)anisll • 
 Dutch • 
 French - 
 Herman 
 Norwegian 
 Portuguese 
 Pnis.si.m - 
 Russian * 
 Spanish • 
 Swetliah 
 
 Total 
 Native cratl 
 
 Total 
 
 Kntered 
 
 186.'. 
 
 2,001 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 117 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 2,147 
 6,460 
 
 8,607 
 
 Tons 
 
 617,676 
 
 1,211.1 
 
 4, .'.88 
 
 41A 
 
 ~3,M 
 
 ,'.9,776 
 1,7.13 
 
 (i9.'i 
 670 
 
 327 
 
 i;9ll,'t2l) 
 288,837 
 
 Vessels 
 
 il,12.1 
 
 7 
 
 
 I 
 
 13.1 
 6 
 
 697,f:6.1 
 4,791 
 .1,113 
 
 391 
 
 «80 
 
 71,121 
 
 2,911 
 
 -.s 
 
 2,280 
 .'.,9S2 
 
 8,262 
 
 7811,787 
 
 208,087 
 
 1,018,871 
 
 Clean J 
 
 Vessels 
 
 2,193 
 2 
 12 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 T7I 
 4 
 1 
 
 2_ 
 
 2,.3«8 
 6,794 
 9,182 ' 
 
 731,192 
 I ,UC.S 
 .'.,!iS7 
 
 7.10 
 928 
 
 82.196 
 
 2,(HI'J 
 
 400 
 
 651 
 
 826,761 
 .V13,197 
 
 VtlieU 
 
 ,l.1ll,V6l 
 
 2,219 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 j 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2,l'i| 
 6,0i< 
 
 Statement of the Total Value 
 
 of Import 
 
 I, including 
 
 Treasure, at the several P 
 
 ■yrts of the 
 
 Presidency 
 
 of Madras, in each of the years ended April 30, | 
 
 1863, 1804, 18G5 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 1863 
 
 1861 
 
 1865 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 .Arcot, South 
 
 14,682 
 
 18,083 
 
 15,521 
 
 Canara, South 
 
 8,708 
 
 13,495 
 
 14,675 
 
 
 
 
 
 Madras - 
 
 2,620,402 
 
 3,038,066 
 
 3,197^" 
 
 
 842 
 
 1,.1.10 
 
 2,991 
 
 (imlaverj 
 
 1,709 
 
 2,977 
 
 ■■•?."■' 
 
 KIslna 
 
 458 
 
 477 
 
 711 
 
 Madura 
 
 28,066 
 
 37,537 
 
 29,1^61 
 
 Malabar 
 
 61, .192 
 
 93,523 
 
 65,6M) 
 
 'I'anjore 
 
 230,252 
 
 301 ,280 
 
 334,193 
 
 TinneTelly . 
 
 440,537 
 
 546,879 
 
 493,313 
 
 Vizagapatam 
 Total 
 
 1,592 
 
 1,177 
 
 3,752 
 
 3,4h8,HI0 
 
 4,0.15,044 
 
 4,2 2,689 
 
 Summary of the external Commerce ofX 
 Sea, in 1804 ami 1365. 
 
 For the Year 1861 
 
 .■Merchandise! Trfsiuit ; 
 
 Imports 
 Kxports 
 
 £ 
 2,13.1,181 
 7,273,105 
 
 1,9!ISI5 1 
 5t,,W _ 
 
 T0t.1l - 
 
 !l,40(i,2»6 
 
 i,OI6,(i« ,_ 
 
 For the year 1865 
 Imports 
 Exports 
 Total - 
 
 2,2.W,I56 
 6,81.1,912 
 9,046,ll9« 
 
 lllK.' • 
 l!,|,16,£j!j 
 
 I I'll oJIfciin 
 fliifiirolia.st 
 ' '■■Ift! 
 
 MK :'! J 
 Ifitcn c. 
 
 fOao.wciitor 
 
 \Va ihf niann 
 
 ofetrators 
 f On litojii 
 
 'its irlu 
 f fecessarr, 5 
 
 "Wljofcv, 
 Iwt, 
 
 I On overdue I 
 P l)«eoDiina 
 front or oihc, 
 \»'l Mlos , 
 litliefollotv 
 
 *»*, land; 
 » diamonds, 
 
 r^ieVolloB 
 
 In ISfifi thfi value of ourimportjfwj 
 was 5,053,864/,, and oure.\ports tkmW 
 and in 1867, 2,741,664/. and 1,8«,IW ' 
 rates of agency and commission, revr 
 
 "''Msareand 
 ,',.''' Kwds 
 rm or dd 
 
 |,-/«l'iiraivn 
 l^ofiicrsjiaj 
 
 Jf^liiransfe, 
 Pesnic.|,,i,a|f 
 
t:j: 
 
 / the Priniipnl Ankk 
 reasnrt /mportf,; ,„(, (jj 
 ■«> ''.'/ Neil, in each of li 
 , lHlil-85. •' 
 
 JVUDRAS 
 
 7,'iS3 
 <I,II8|| 
 Sj.lH 
 'J6i 
 I0,S2'i 
 l.'^,U66 
 
 ■1.1 
 64,9.1(1 
 
 .is,,wri 
 
 S.l.lJ.IKl U 
 
 l,9iil,8l3 
 lUK I 4,0M,0ir" 
 Lterials (separatelj ipecilifti • 
 
 Entered at Ports iij 
 G5 and 18G0. 
 
 Clean (1 
 
 
 
 lS«f 
 
 Tons 
 
 VMseli 
 
 2,219 
 7 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 it 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ~i 
 1 
 
 'i.V'l 
 6,09< 
 
 t 
 
 r3l,M2 
 1 ,iJ6H 
 5,8»7 
 
 ~73n 
 9'i8 
 
 82,196 
 
 ■AOll!) 
 
 400 
 
 "651 
 S'i6,761 
 ;,1)3,1!)7 
 1.3U,'/6I 
 
 SB 
 
 s 
 ! 
 
 il 
 
 1 
 
 Ti 
 
 j; 
 
 Tia/ Comratrce otM 
 1864 OHii 1365. 
 
 rhandise 
 
 £ 
 I33,m 
 i£3jl05_ 
 IOfi,S«6 
 
 23(l,li6 
 815^ 
 
 2,03S W 
 liU\.' 
 
 of our import^J 
 )ur exports therei» if 
 64/. and I,845,1WJ 
 i commission, ten 
 
 .:,,../ ,J,e Trade of Madras ,nU Foreig,, Co„nMr, ,„ ,«rr ''' 
 -. iW^^«^^^,„. 1865, speci/,„.r, the Val^, „^ „,^ 
 
 rouninn 
 
 1 ;td KinpJom • 
 
 Axi ■ 
 ,ift-.i ■ 
 
 I Antun irwl Pmian (luirt - 
 
 Cl»i/(MJJHup«- 
 
 (EiiU 
 
 fiucf • 
 
 IlikinMiir.di . 
 Ijlttrtuiand H-iurbon 
 |]|ti:MTii!r.ui i'orti 
 ■hrt.Viu. ■ 
 ||Ini(, ^nsaporr, and Ma 
 
 b.T rf Commerce, ami recommended for ' 1«r^• ~ •^".-•'u.xoj i 
 
 J(il.!M,.liinpI. lW,j. ">-u 101 I 18, On invpsfinn- nr„„ i . - 
 
 1 0« ikc t,,«l ,„„n of a debit or credit sido of ' ^'fif""'- ' ' °' '"'"' '" &<""'■". 2i 
 
 ■»« „ th. ,„.M'„„ ,.. ...„ Lunmdeof, 1!,. o„ g„.,r.intecin 
 
 -t.,hoopdo„ort^'';;:i.^r::^-J^,;;f _ 
 
 Kgralli', 1 [cr cent. 
 
 B, On ife<' rcniittanecs or p.ircliasii,n- 
 
 fc. U«..i|Wnftiy„s to. Government- oan, no 
 fen "?»f '""«. or excliangi,^! : 
 km«»ltaiilv shares, i per cent. "^ ' ' 
 MAmnn- up pubJie .securities or UA„- i 
 » »a«vof the pUlic ofliee-s 1 'cent '^fi^"'S 
 hreeo,n„g „„,, deliveriig nriva ec om 
 H'f "MS, cattle, and mor.l ' ' .:"'" „?""'- 
 
 i,:;:'";„':'''^ "^--k con- 
 
 .'tSwJSiS'^r'^-^p-cei^t.' 
 
 '"^:"-nvutie.;i;;^<;;!*ii;;; - en^agin. to 
 
 -On advertising, as the n^nts of n, 
 
 IS for freiirl,? . .,5 '''^ »"" or 
 
 trance; 
 
 tonnage 
 
 '■'-nnnandcMoV shins fn^ /''• ,""*'"*'' "^ o^vncrs or 
 tho amonnt of S,f "'^'''^ "'" '^"^^^ngerTo^f 
 <• 'nrtcr or other, vise SLher'n"''"^'' '"'"'"j' b" 
 
 i;*,i„grents,2i percent. ^-^ ' "''^'""°" ^'-^ - pro'Sy, a'S 
 
 |p_or lotteo. ticket, and amonnt reSASa/r^' '-'"1 or gonerarl^ 
 
 ^^eei™„,8ecurit,Mbradmini3trato.,2,|er.r^°' *'•-''« ^"-S'XKS 
 E-!Mrp:rr''^^---«>itra-' ^— ' " 
 
 j«„, •^•'^'"ange, notes &c., dishonoured 
 MS!?'^!^iP-cout. 
 
 ^"'""•^^"^-^^-'y.e.^/^,,/. 
 
 Iti.a. 
 
 ■ s 
 4 
 
 Mclals, |>er t„„ '^ ' 
 
 ' rates f^5:Ull;--'l on each pael.ge, single 
 
 to be 
 
 it 
 
 t 
 
 il 
 
 V 
 
SI 
 
 rj 
 
 V 
 
 vtl 
 
 I i 
 
 I ■ . 
 
 ■ I 
 » i 
 
 ■i 1 
 
 i 1 
 ^ 1 
 
 88S 
 
 MAONKSIA 
 
 by piitilii; nticliiin, nflrr duo notice in the ofliciiil 
 i)iizelte, 'I'lu! procoodH \viil bo nppliud to the 
 jiiiyniciit of duty anil otiicr charni'.i, and llie 
 mirpiiiH (if any) )iiiid to tlio owner on application 
 witnii\ one year from the date of sale. 
 
 It woulil appear from tliu Mtidrttn Almanac for 
 18(iH, tliat there are, besideH tlic (iovernnient liaiik 
 or lianlt of Madra."*, the (ioverniiietit savinnH 
 banl<, and various private lianJ^erH, tliree jouit 
 stocli banlis witli a puid-up capital of '2,t'i5(),0()il/. 
 
 Inmirance. — Tlio omIv local asHiiranre Hoeiety 
 appears to be tlie Maiirnt K(piitable, establinlied 
 in 1«4-', Imt tlierc were in \HM 12 aj^encics fur 
 ICnglisb and other establishmeiit.s. 
 
 Table of Port Chnrpes at Madraii, 
 
 Anthtragt Uuet* 
 
 IlritUh ftlilpi, and ililpi under fureiKn, 
 Kuro|>fiin, nr Amrrican i-nlourx - 
 
 Country >hi|n, from 'Mm to Mill lont 
 
 8. lUxidl. N. Rnada. 
 Hi. a, p. Hi, a. |>. 
 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 I to. 
 
 I hi. 
 
 Do. 
 NaUre i-raft, from 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 llo. 
 D.I. 
 Uo. 
 
 Alio 
 .11 HI 
 ilK) 
 
 mil 
 .'ii) 
 
 4(KI 
 .'VIO 
 VI N I 
 
 lull 
 
 31 III 
 
 villi 
 
 lull 
 .'lit 
 
 10 
 
 .-ilHI 
 
 Vim 
 
 IIKI 
 
 .'ill 
 
 VII 
 
 lit 
 
 VI 
 17 
 14 
 
 .IS (t 
 
 .Ti II 
 
 w n 
 
 II o 
 o 
 
 (I o 
 
 10 II o 
 
 o II o 
 
 l> I) 
 
 It II 
 
 II (I 
 
 II It 
 
 u u 
 
 
 
 u u u 
 
 11 
 
 n II II 
 
 II II 
 
 II II 
 II It 
 
 VI II II 
 
 17 II II 
 
 II II It 
 
 III II II 
 .1 II II 
 
 1 u u 
 
 Ltghi-Uoutt Dwt. 
 
 All nrlllih and foreign thlpi, on anclioring 
 I'ountrv fthips ... 
 Snow, brli;. kelrh, and Khooner 
 Sloop and rutter - • - 
 
 /.arge dhoniei ... 
 htnall ,j " • • 
 
 II It 
 (I 
 
 II It 
 
 
 
 The forcRoing .^fateincnto .';u(Ticicntly exhibit 
 the commercial importance Madras. The 
 
 limited extent of its trade, a.^ ipared with that 
 of Calcutta and Bombay, is partly ascribalile to 
 the badness of it.s port or roadstead, the want of 
 any navigable river or other easy means of com- 
 munication with the interior, and the backward 
 state of the provinces of which it is the capital, in 
 consequence of the heavy and Huctuatini; land 
 tax to which they are subject. In 18C(i, riUjOil 1,904 
 letters and newspapers (ex books and porccls) 
 passed the post-oilice of British India. (Ilainilton's 
 East Indian Gazetteer ; Geoyraphical Dictiunari/, 
 art. ' JIadras ; ' Madras Almanac ; Official Returns 
 of the Trade of Madras; &c.) 
 
 MAtiNK.SlA (l''r. magnesie; Ger. gebraunte 
 magnesia; Ilal. magnesia). One of the primitive 
 earths, having a metaliic basis. It is not found 
 native in a state of jmrity, but is easily prepared. 
 It is inodorous and insipid, in the form of a very 
 light, white, soft powder, having a specific gravity 
 of2'3. It turns to green tlie more delicate vege- 
 table blues, is infusible, and requires for its solu- 
 tion 2.000 parts of water at 60°. 
 
 MAIIOOANY. The wood of a tree (Swietenia 
 Mahogani) growing in the West Indies and Central 
 America. 'I'lierc are two other t'pecics of .'Swietenia 
 found in the East Indies, but they arc ui it much 
 known in this country. 
 
 Mahogany is one of the most majestic and 
 beautiful of trees: its trunk is often 10 feet in 
 lengtli, and G feet in diameter; and it divides into 
 so ni.iny massy arms, and throws the shade of its 
 shilling green leaves over so vast an extent of 
 surface, tliat few more magnificent objects are to 
 be met with in the vegetable world. It is abun- 
 dant in Cuba and Ilayti, and it u.sed to be plentil'ul 
 in Jamaica; but in the latter island most of the 
 larger trees, at least in accessible situations, have 
 been cut down. The principal importations into 
 Great Britain are made from Honduras and Cam- 
 peachy. That which is imported from the islands 
 
 MAHOGANY 
 
 is called Spanish mahngnny ; it i< „,,, , 
 that from Honduras, liein^r neiiornllv in I, ,w 
 20 to 2(1 inilirs sipiari' ami fii f«., i" „ ■';" 
 latter is usually from 2 to I r,.,, ':■:,,' 
 
 11 feet Imii;, but sunie 
 
 , liruwii, iif diu,,, 
 "f liiiijlitni's 
 
 ll 
 
 I'lari', mill iJ 
 
 .Mahogany is a very b.autilul ,„„i vnlualil,. ' ^ 
 ol wood : Its colour is a rod 
 shades, and various degrees 
 times yelliiwisli bntwi, ; iiiteu y,.rv m,,, l, , j 
 and motlleil, with darker Mimics , f ,(,. 
 colour. The texlur,. is unif,irm,«,„l ll.o'a„« 
 rings not verv distinct. It has m, l.u'vr .'"l 
 but till! smaller septa are nltin vitv visibl. 
 pores between tlieni, wliidi in ilio li„n.|un,' 
 are generally empty, hut in the .Snauisli wi. 
 mostly tilled wilh a whitish »ul„iniiiv I, I 
 neither taste imr smell, .shrinks mtv littlJ 
 warps or twists less than aiiv iithcV ,,,,/ 
 timber. It is very ihiralile when ',.|,t,|„ 
 does not la.st long when exposed to the w^j 
 It 18 not attacked by worms. Like the i.incd 
 the timber is best iiii drv ruoky siiil.s. „r i', n\ 
 situations. That which is"nii»t uiTp.<ilJ 
 Honduras grows upon moist low la„| a, 
 generally speaking, diieidoillv inferior 'l„ 
 brought from Cuba and llnvti; liiiiij; ,„it 
 and spongy; while the other is cluso (traii, 
 hard, of a darker colour, niul somciinns 4i 
 figured. Honduras mahogany lii«, )i„, 
 the advantage of liiilding ginc anmirablv 
 and is, for this reason, froi|ucntlv ii*! 
 ground on which to lay veneers i,f tl'io liiw 
 The best qualities of malio'j.iiiv Ijriii. 
 high price. 
 
 The cuttings iu Ilomluras arc establ 
 most of the large streams Ihnvini; tlir 
 departments of Santa Barbara ami Vi.ki 
 mouth of these streams the lo^'s arc lii-aK 
 shipped to Kngluiul in vt'Srols of from ("O 
 tons. The trees arc generally the iiropi'n 
 state, and the cutters stipulate to luvfn' 
 10 dollars for every tree tliey fell. Tin 
 cutting is from August till winter scln in. 
 
 Not long since, .Messrs. UroailwDoii, 
 tinguishcil pianofurto manufacturers, j; 
 immense siiiii nf :>M\M. for tlirw 1oi;j ul 
 gany ! These logs, the produce ot^ i 
 were each about i.i feet Ion;,', and iiill 
 square : they were cut into veneers of f 
 inch. Tlie wood was iiarticularly li«iu:il'ul,l 
 of receiving the highest pidish ; ami whin ;] 
 retlecting the light in the niostvari«Jj 
 like the surl'uce of a crystal; ami from I 
 form I if tlie pores, otlering a diffirent ( 
 whatever direction it was viewed. 
 mahogany generally introduce an aujij 
 buying a log; but. notwithstanding', f 
 seldom able to decide with much pretii 
 the quality of the wood, so that liierc i 
 deal of lottery in the trade. The logj ( 
 Messrs. Broaihvnod gave so hii,'h a | 
 bronglit to thi.- country with a lull kiij| 
 their superior worth. Mahogany ™ ii 
 pairing some of Sir Walter Raleigb'jJ 
 Triniilad, iu 1.507; hut it wa-s not intra 
 use Ul Kngland till 1724. 
 
 The duty on foreign mahogany usm' Ml 
 a ton, on llondurns 1/. Ills., and on JlT 
 liogany, 4/. ; its effect being t" force tbq 
 tion of the inferior in preference to tlo 
 ticle. Luckily, however, the duty in ( 
 colonial main ir;my, after bcin;; reJuteJ 
 20k. and bs. per tun, was wholly repeJljl 
 but in If^iiO a duty of 1j. per load liiif 
 mahogany and other funiiturc fooJf 
 again w as abolished, nnd the inipirtaiij 
 free, in iStJtJ. There has been, in con»i'^ 
 
 "'^'i-'learinj 
 SMd. The* 
 
 »lU0lJf(, 
 
MAIZE 
 
 'Kf'iy ; It IS n.it an lnr,„ , 
 I'liiK |j;niornlly in i,,.,;,^,'. 
 
 k<*nt fodder: and tL^^ • ^''^ *'''«»*' from Whi i "!? '"*'« '" tlie " M, „ """""''afes a 
 ^■'■"conSiitt^ ''»"fe''»H abounds ?n fil"'^ P'''° ''^"Mahaa" *" " '^'"^« Sc 
 
 f'ten or evei, rve tJ^'^r'''' ««" as the i""""" " '"ado from H "'"•'''" ^^"»n- 
 W/aoO„,.v..,/'..f^° r''a''-_ (Loudon'J l./A° °""^'-, and. like it ^ "le same ,^rape 
 
 •1. "> contams <>ni,.r?-- ' 
 

 M4 
 
 MAI.MSKV 
 
 I . 
 
 ) . 
 
 ■11 
 
 II 
 
 •I I 
 
 ■ f 
 
 ■ I r 
 
 ■ ( 
 
 Init till- mcrrhnnts of Mnl(i;^'a Imvc imt vciituriMl 
 to I'litcr tilt' wirii' for cxpiirt. One roiisun of tin' 
 vrry low iirlrc of tlu" wiiion of Miila;;a it to be 
 filiiul ill tile i'll('n|illrss of Idbuiir: tlrlil labour in 
 only 'III ri'iiU ii diiy (1.}'/.). Iti tliu fruit and 
 vinta^'o tinii' it i'< about iloul)l('. 
 
 ' Fruit.— Si'\t. to its wincH, tlio priniipal export 
 of Mahi^'a in fruit, viz. raininit (ttiu ciiicf;, uliiionds, 
 (;ran<'H, ti<{'<, and li'inon.'i. 
 
 ' riu" raisins exported from Malapi an; of Ihrre 
 Uinils, mimoitil, htninn or sun nihin, and Ivxins. 
 The inuseatel is the tiiu'st raisin in tite world 
 In its preparation no art is ntied ; the K^ape is 
 merely plaeed in the sun, and fripienlly turned. 
 Tho bloom or sun raisin 'm ii dill'Lrent iin\\w. from 
 the inuseatil; lint ils preparation is the same. 
 The U'xias aniuin^ this nanui from the liipior or 
 ley in whieh they are dipped, and wliieh is eom- 
 poscil of water, ashes, and oil; these, id'ter beiu;;' 
 dipped, are also dried in the sini. .Ml musialel 
 raisins are exported in boxes, and also a [)art of 
 the bloom raisin, 
 
 ' Oil. — Then! is also a larjie export of oil from 
 JIulam'a.' (V(d. ii. pp. HlO-l'.M!.) 
 
 See also .\Ir. ("onsul .Marks' yfi/«>r/of .Vugust Id, 
 I8(ir), on I'.sparlo or Spanish f^rass, and the sudden 
 and extensive demand for it. [Ksi'Aliro. | 
 
 The trade of Malaga, like that ot most other 
 Spanish ports, has been materially iiu'rea.sed of 
 late years. Lines of Ateamers have been esta- 
 blished that [ily along ihi, southern and eastern 
 eoast.s of the peninsula, and n powerful stimulus 
 has been given to all sorts of induRtrial pursuits. 
 Theinllueuceof the latter is, no doubt, most power- 
 fully felt at .Miuante, Valencia, and those towns 
 that have improved communicaiions with the 
 interior, but it is, also, sidlieiently obvious here 
 and in others of tlic less favourably situated sca- 
 jiorti. 
 
 Money. — Aerounts are kept in reals of .')l 
 maravfdi.s vellon. (For tlu; coins, and their 
 value, used at Malaga, see C.\l>l/..) 
 
 Weights and J/iu,<»r(». — The weights are the 
 .s.imo «» those of Cadiz. The arroba or cuiitara 
 -4'1!) English wine gallons ; the regular pipe of 
 Malaga wine eontains It.'j arrobas, but Ls reckoned 
 only at 31 ; a bota of Pedro Ximencs wine = i).'t4 
 iirrubas ; a bota of oil is Hi, and a jiipe 35 arrobas ; 
 the latter weighs about 8i;u lbs. avoirdupois : a 
 earga of raisin.s in 2 baskets or 7 arrobas ; a eask 
 contains as much, though only called 1 arrobas : as 
 a last for freight arc reckoned — •! botas or 5 ])ipes 
 of wine or oil; 1 bales of orange jwel ; .5 pipes of 
 I'edro Xiinenes wine or oil ; 10 casks of almoiuls 
 (each about 3«0 lbs. English) ; "JD chests of lemons 
 and oranges; 22 casks of almonds (of 8 arrobas 
 eiu'h) ; -II casks of raisins (of 1 arrobas eaclij ; 
 8« half casks of raisins J 50 baskets or ICUjarsof 
 rai-ins. 
 
 I'ort C/iiiryes. — The port and harbour dues 
 amoimt, on an Kngllsh vessel of .'!()0 tons, to 
 about 21/. ; on a Spanish vessel, of the same bur- 
 den, they would be about 11/. 10.<. 
 
 Wiire/ioitsini/. — (icjods may be warehoused for 
 12 months, paying 2 per cent, ad valorem in lieu 
 of all charges; but, at the end of the year, they 
 must be either entered for consumption or re- 
 shipped. The 2 per cent, is charged, whether 
 they lie a day or the wh(dc year. 
 
 There is an excellent account of Malaga in 
 Townaend's Tniveh in Spain, vol. iii. pp. 10-42. 
 MALMSEY. [Wisf:.! 
 
 MALT (Ger. lualy; Dutch, raout; Fr. mal, 
 blcdgerme' ; Ital. malto ; Span, cebada rctonada 
 6 entall«cida ; Kuss. solod; Lat. nialtum). The 
 term malt is applied to designate grain which, 
 being steeped in water, is made to germinate to a 
 
 lii'iit III 
 
 MALT 
 
 certain extent, after wl.i.h tli.. i,r„.,.„ ;, , , , 
 by the application of heat. Tl.i, 4 ,1 ,'1' 3 
 saceharnu- pnneipin of i|„. „„,„ „|,| ^'^ 'J 
 essence of malt. The pMr.V":,,," ' '.'' 'j 
 manulaelure is very si,„,,i,.. ,.■ ,„ ,,^ ^ " \ 
 be.'ii made in it; niid it U e,,rri,..l ,7,, I 
 moment very mii.h in the sam. ,„«„„,, ',1 
 was earned on by our „„,.,.„„,, ,,.„;;l'^' I 
 Ku'c, and almost every s|„.,ics „f /rain I , i 
 .ise.1 -n malting; but in l;uro|K., .uu ,,; ' |,, 
 England, malt IS prepared alm.ist w| ,|| 
 barley. It is (he priiieip.'il iii,rr.„ 
 maniilaetiire of beer, mid is lim,. 
 brewing and the dlMtilhitioii of «|iirjt,H 
 
 ff'ili'Kon, and CmMHmplimtiit, Mull U 
 of (hv lMu,ti,m „f Ih,: Duly mdlhe'aJ' 
 the /;•,«/,•.— Owing to mall li,M,nr Ii;,v„,. 
 become the liivoiirito beveniKe of tl,,. ,u;„i 
 I'.ngland, I he mainifaet iire of malt ha, \m, n 
 on amongst us, f„r aleiigil,,,„,,i ,„,fi,„| , : 
 large, scale. Instead, however, .,f imn'ii.in ' 
 the increasing wealth niiil pnpuliili,,,,.,! H," 
 try, It was nearly statioiiarv fur the hi 
 years ending with l«l(l. l,", |,r„„r „f tiij, 
 may mention that the quantity of i,i„|t ,u 
 duty in ICnglond and Wales, at an ,iu™ 
 the 12 years ending with 1720, was'iij 
 bushels a-year; whereas the annual avcraii 
 tity that paid duty during tlio 12 veaM c 
 with 18li;, was only 2;t,l!l7.7JUirslicl<' 
 apparently anniiialoiis result is jirubablv in 
 measure to be accounted for by tho incr'caii 
 sumption of tea and cotrec, ivliich ,iro ii( 
 almost universal nso ; but there (•animt Iwa 
 tion that it is mainly owing tn tlii' f\j 
 duties with which malt, and tlieaki.rlnt 
 factiired from it, have been loailcil, ami 
 oppressive regulations impoaeil on the manul 
 of malt and the sale of beer. The cllWt 
 duties and regulations was to impco a tax 
 "». on the mult and beer made frum a bu 
 barley; which, taking the avera;;? prioouf 
 at from An. to in. a bushel, was oiiimnla 
 ad valorem duty of from 110 to 17.j perl 
 Tlic exorbitancy of the duty was no:, hi 
 its most objectionable fe.itiirc. 't iiaj 
 equallv divided— one half being as»-soil 
 on malt, and the other on beer: but the 
 allcctcd only beer brewed by |iublio brei 
 for sale, and did not alVeet that which to 
 for iirivate use; and as rich faraifa 
 the beer they made use of, the tniisfqi 
 this distinction was, that the bcerdiityfti 
 on tho lower and middle classc?, whu 
 brew any beer; or, in other worili, the 
 was com|)elled to pay twice the duly en 
 he made use of that was paid by the rii 
 That such a disliiietinii should ever h: 
 made, or submitted to for anycoiisiilerahl 
 is certainly not a little astonisliing, 
 however, the distinction was not s 
 after\var(ls became; and being increascJj 
 degrees, the force of habit recondled il 
 nient and the country to thegiiis5iiie<]i 
 oppressiveness of the tax, lint the [lui 
 tion being at length forcibly aliracii 
 subject, and the cft'cct of theex«rlitiic 
 malt and beer in increasing the .'on| 
 ardent spirits having been clearly |«i 
 (Edinburgh Review, No. 98, art, i 
 duty was repealed in 1830. This am 
 stantial justice and sound policy reA" 
 credit on the administration of the ft 
 lington; which was also entitled w 
 gratitude for having placed the liw 
 on a fair footing, and esUblishal, « 
 time, a free trade in beer. 
 
 »rlv 
 
 "I'cncd Iii 
 
 iff Ws ovj 
 
 *"p!ioaii.,n 
 ™' ^--l-wiiion t 
 
MALT 
 
 'Vl.i.^htli,!|,r„.,„i,,| , , 
 "fh..at. Tl.i, rv„K,,,3 
 
 "f 'lit' KMln, will, I, ,, 
 I"' imiccsM lH||,m,,,| i„ 
 Himpl... l.'„,v rlmn^T, I,- 
 "'' It H oirrii'd .,„ ,1, ,J 
 "" till' siimr: maiiiiir ili,.! 
 >iir aiicost.ii-H i'..|imri, ' 
 '.v.'*i"Tics(,f;;rain, |;„! 
 
 Ill l'.ur(i|.(., iiii,i ,,<| |,,|| 
 
 •■pnrcd iihniwt wlmlh- ,. 
 irin.'ipal iii;rr,,|i,,|,( ■„ _ 
 nnd IS little us,! ,wj 
 illatidii »l'»|iiritH, " 
 
 mm,,li<mi>j\ Mult. ^^ 
 i<; JJiili/ unilihe 0,,„„ 
 
 mail li(|unr |,;u|,|,, , 
 '■ hc\■^^rn^^^• „f i\„. |„", 
 
 'turp of maltha, l«.||rJ 
 li'ii^'lliciinl |icriii(l, iiiia? 
 however, ol' iiicri'ii.iii,'J 
 
 1 niid populiilioiKii' third 
 stationary liir ilie hid 
 1H1(>. In pruiji' 111' thi 
 I! qnmitity of niiilt ih,il 
 III Wales, at ail av.nl 
 
 with 17'.'(), was :'i,l;l 
 :>«s the annual avera:;,: (7 
 'liirin;; tlio 1:' vear* J 
 -'.'l,l!)7,7,>l iM^lielsI 1 
 I result in prcibably in { 
 toil for hy the inorciiej 
 1 oolfec, wliii'li aro iiJ 
 hut there ['aniiut b«al 
 ly owin-j to tlm cxoir 
 It, and tliealoiirl«>trl 
 •0 heen loaileil, ami I 
 1 imposed on the manur 
 if hecr. Thcefaol 
 wastoimpo^calaxoh 
 jccr made from a bul 
 ; the averaf;e price ufl 
 iiishel. was eipiirileni 
 from 110 to I'j perl 
 he duty was no:, hof 
 le feature, 't wajl 
 half being as,',ssftld 
 r on beer: but tbc bei 
 owed by public brcJ 
 ilVcct that which irasl 
 as rich families I of 
 use of, tlic conswiJ 
 hat the beer duty foil 
 iiiddlc classes, »'ho| 
 other word', tbef 
 ■ twice the duty on i 
 was paid by the rid 
 ion should cvir ba 
 I for anycoiisi^'rablj 
 le astfl'nishinj,'. oi 
 tion w;ij not S' gil 
 ind being increastJl 
 habit reconciled tlif 
 • to thegi>issimx|iij 
 tax. But the palJ 
 I forcibly atlractcj 
 t of the exorbitant^ 
 reasing the consir 
 heen clcarlv point 
 No. 98, art. i],k 
 1830. TliisBfif 
 ound policy redif 
 tration of the l~ 
 also entitled » J 
 placed the lic-iq 
 id establiiheJ, I'i^ 
 
 j,n«( of lit Qmntititt of Malt „* 
 
 un 
 
 I'Hkt 
 
 iriii 
 
 i;?s 
 
 »M«",!/II1 
 
 ii.nri/iKi 
 
 ll.l.'K.flll 
 
 «i,IIM,ld 
 i<,m,iM 
 }i,ti:i,i<n 
 
 »'<,:»!, :vi 
 v;,'iiMiiv 
 
 tl.lll-.IHl 
 
 »\m;Mi 
 
 W.'t'/N.IKiO 
 
 i>,'i.M,'.;« 
 
 l\WMt 
 V.VlJnt 
 
 I'.'JI.IMi 
 
 II',<l.I,.'),-(i 
 ii,i»i,iai 
 iM;i,im 
 
 if.H'',".-,'! 
 
 lU ■'•'.».'/ 
 Il.'«l,",l7 
 i.M'MJo 
 ti.M.'j.r, 
 iW'i.DOJ 
 1W,S'I) 
 
 isx<6:m 
 
 .... li,«l4,I.W 
 
 \:v >,vo,ioo , 
 
 m l<,'la,(iiii 
 
 in i;,ii),iiii 
 
 im ii,;u,in 
 
 inl IS.r9,l.l9 I 
 
 /.•ri)..vi.i 
 irxi III bind 
 
 Cw,i«ii I 
 
 i!,;*,:m 1 
 ini.yn 
 
 •■Mi;,9:] 
 
 t.i'Wi 
 
 MM i,WJ 
 
 ii.»ii'.;« 
 isiiui.rKS 
 
 S(*k m hand 
 
 ».'4Z,0:il 
 
 !l,(5l,l|| 
 Stwtjnhinj 
 
 l«,!5«,l« 
 
 f Ki 
 
 1 ::» 
 
 J ffl 
 J If 
 
 .in,oo7 
 
 <'li,1.1U 
 li(..V,V7 
 707,167 
 7.1li,>iM 
 (iiil,».1'J 
 
 m.'l.ll'.ll 
 7.Vs,,Ti(i 
 7»»,7,1V 
 (./l.s/ll 
 <.V,7I'J 
 ''I>1,I7,1 
 7,(7.I5S 
 
 mii.iiiK 
 
 l,ll<.1,ll|U 
 
 I,i>u7,n/il 
 
 7i;o,,i»)( 
 
 I."V,1,.M1 
 
 i)'i(;.7M 
 mo, in 
 
 1 Ml, 6 IK 
 I.O.'.I.IHH 
 
 1,0.11, 7'i:) 
 U,'.o,s^7 
 «W,.1II 
 
 l,or,i,ia.i 
 
 il7l,(M.) 
 
 1,0.' I,. Tit; 
 
 1,0111,0 io 
 I.O^V,«,',|| 
 I.UVB.OM 
 l.Ml.f.M 
 I 1, HI 7,4,: 6 
 1,«I6,I0X 
 
 l,7).l,W.l 
 l,:77,!lir 
 
 l.7«!l,7SO 
 
 !.:M,V77 
 
 I l.-'.'II.Ki.l 
 
 I l.«:,77.5 
 
 S.OUZ.IUI 
 
 „ •l«,71C 
 
 l,««),Jli 
 
 I.IIMl!) 
 
 l,76:y,n8 
 
 !i,0l(.%7(ll 
 
 MO.VI/B 
 
 i.vm.iM 
 <'.(.,(;.n 
 
 ■I.J.M.UOfi 
 J.liK.O'.ii 
 
 ai 1,3,6 
 
 Ml 1,0(16 
 
 F'fi^l of 11,0 dutv has ,„,,(,,,. ,,,. 
 lfi'«iiiI.tion of malt- l f7,y'''"> .""^^''c.i-^' <l 
 P-.^uvnlendedtla i t,:?!''''=T»ti''''« 
 ««i»frce trade i„ beer Vl / ""' " ™'»- 
 r;"f rennnc, are in n', ' '"'' "^^ "" ffro;it 
 >^ fi'oolaniur 11 f'V;. '':'-'■ "'' ^"'"'ff J 
 
 r"''t"»>ioundation.iVL "''''■ ''^'^'"•f'- 
 r «s " cerfainly did L „ "ne.Tsui-o i„. 
 
 f*nr,,babili,vis\l,"'i/r n"'''"'i'''''''' "f 
 
 t'»"ic..aie of bee b t*^ "/''^'-''""^M wore 
 
 r«'.°» common alZ ,T' "'"!'"=' '^ «'-•- 
 K''«tesindifferc„? -.^''''f }^<i cWry 
 
 I^;«' overdone . 2' « •"''"''^ "^ 
 
 J'>yiiMnx. \u ,, . '""0 '^r less ,;„,'„•"' '"" 
 
 '■We. « 11 °,,™"<i "" i7ii: "I'lo »,;;"■■""■ 
 
 ■01 
 
 rj!: 
 
 •I' 
 
 r "I-- to drnuS,eiiiC;r;r 
 
 ;; .;fet 
 
■Jf 
 
 856 
 
 MALT 
 
 V 
 
 V . 
 
 ! t 
 
 Account of the Qitantitiei of Malt charged with IJuti/ in Scotland, of the neveime reeiSr,! ,i 
 and of the Rates of Duty, in each Year, from 1800. "■' 
 
 Veir 
 
 l)u%l'.el< or 
 .Halt 
 
 Amnunt 
 of Duty 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 isnn 
 
 S7i;,'.'is 
 
 !i9,'i7n 
 
 ISdl 
 
 r.ipT^isi 
 
 2ll,.'l(lll 
 
 IMt 
 
 I,71lvi.H 
 
 W.'tV 
 
 
 Sint-k ill l)An<! 
 
 il),.1Sf) 
 
 IS03 
 
 l,.VJI,'i'tl 
 
 1.17,S7S 
 
 ISOl 
 
 I,n!ll,.177 
 
 l'l7,.'iS7 
 
 
 Slock in hnnil 
 
 .1t,H(W 
 
 isn.'i 
 
 I.I.Vi.ll'^ 
 
 i!ll(i,s,1.', 
 
 lS(Jfi 
 
 1,'<II,I(II 
 
 ■n\hi: 
 
 isd; 
 
 1 ,'i!>:>,'im 
 
 ^^•mM^ 
 
 IMIH 
 
 l,OIH,<llfi 
 
 IS'.MI.II 
 
 IHII!) 
 
 77'^7.'.S 
 
 1.1il,«VJ 
 
 INIO 
 
 Kw,m\ 
 
 ll!l,'illlj 
 
 ISII 
 
 l,llli,'M6 
 
 1S1,SS2 
 
 IKI'i 
 
 !ui,<sa 
 
 1(W,S7() 
 
 IM.1 
 
 fiS'i.'i 1 1 
 
 lV1,7'i'. 
 
 IHII 
 
 I,l«ili,H'.'i 
 
 V1I,77B 
 
 1S13 
 
 I,iiU7.777 
 
 K3(i,»3a 
 
 ISIB 
 
 i,i6'.v>a4 
 
 101,713 
 
 1SI7 
 
 l,n')-i,fi7S 
 
 •)I,V.IU 
 
 r>iin 
 
 l„1ll(l,.',l', 
 
 1211,274 
 
 isiu 
 
 \,\r,i,Vin 
 
 1 7U,2fi(i 
 
 
 Sti>ck III hanil 
 
 I7,:.1fl 
 
 1S20 
 
 I.IS-i.VIIS 
 
 2l2,v«2 
 
 lx-^1 
 
 l,.1l|-.,(.,'i9 
 
 2.11,006 
 
 WVi 
 
 1,10,1,177 
 
 IK.I.O.U 
 
 1 SM 
 
 l.Glfi.'.UO 
 
 l!m,CTG 
 
 \Hi\ 
 
 •i.lmfim 
 
 .1,1,'i,.',IP.'i 
 
 ISi.'i 
 
 .i,!);-.,si7 
 
 402,114 
 
 1 hW 
 
 'iraa, :>:>!> 
 
 .1.V,,',74 
 
 1SV7 
 
 2,71 1,117.1 
 
 .1.1.'>,I»'J 
 
 IS'JS 
 
 1,Nfi7, 1 .'>l> 
 
 47H,.'.OH 
 
 lut'.t 
 
 .1,7ll!,i(i1 
 
 4.')7,''.SS 
 
 IS.-,I) 
 
 4,II>I,!MH 
 
 .',ilVi'>l 
 
 isll 
 
 4,lK(i.'JVj 
 
 51.^,'.7U 
 
 1 ^.•i■2 
 
 .1,711,111 
 
 4'iH,M«I0 
 
 Kate of Duty per Ilushel 
 
 8)<i. 
 1.. »J</. 
 
 ll.irlrT 
 3*. 'J.lJ. 
 
 .Ij.'liw. 
 (,•;.. yf*. 
 
 ( I.. hU. 
 
 I: f\i. 
 
 If. f.j(/.-.i». ; 
 
 3i. 71</. 
 
 rj,;. 
 
 3i(. 7i./.. 
 
 3l. lid. 
 
 -,. 1),/. 
 ,-f. Iji/. 
 
 to 
 I». H',1. 
 I». »!./. 
 
 1». SJf/.'-3«. 7i<(. 
 
 .1«. 71-/.- 
 .1.. 1,1.. 
 
 -3.. I.(. 
 2». IIW. 
 
 (2l. l(li/.-l». 'Jill. 
 
 IS.11 
 Is-. I 
 
 IH.I.i 
 IS.Vi 
 1S.17 
 1S3H 
 1S3!< 
 
 IHIO 
 
 IS) I 
 
 1812 
 IK 13 
 IS41 
 lH4.i 
 IHIO 
 1S17 
 IHIH 
 IHl'J 
 I H.'il) 
 IH.'.I 
 1K52 
 1H.'>3 
 1.S6I 
 lS.ii 
 
 ISSB 
 
 1«,'.7 
 ISM 
 IS.V.) 
 IH6U 
 1801 
 1802 
 1803 
 ISOt 
 180.1 
 1800 
 1S07 
 
 Nutnlwr of 
 
 lluahfli of 
 
 Ma" 
 
 4, .■■02,030 
 4,4'Ji,i!P2 
 4,l'i'),.'i.',1 
 4,'.m3,ls7 
 4, .'.81,01.') 
 4,II'M41 
 
 4,.ioii,.ie3 
 
 ■J,.1S7,.10I 
 
 •t,0.-.S,2l'J 
 
 3,780,170 
 3,(;!8,0I17 
 3,8»'l,4'iS 
 4,1.'i.1,li38 
 4,.')84,067 
 .3,0'in,4l,5 
 4,»2(i,'J37 
 4,III7,!I.'D 
 4,0.1f),l.VI 
 4.l02,21.i 
 .1,931,790 
 4,103,830 
 3,412,U.'>0 
 2,370,711 
 1.002,101 
 1,122,101 
 1,313,'II8 
 1,'..".7,870 
 1 ,000 .'.0.') 
 \.\'il,li.'iH 
 1.7i7,9.10 
 1,720,281 
 1,9S,'>,30« 
 2,092,099 
 2,499,198 
 2..').12,OI7 
 
 Amnunt 
 of Uul; 
 
 £ 
 .530,3 -ig 
 .'..'.3,.'.(.7 
 S.'jl,(i9ii 
 fil 1,910 
 .')78,.'.l'. 
 W7,913 
 4.'j2,1()7 
 
 572,5U 
 
 539,572 
 
 .503,829 
 481,310 
 .')!0,ovi 
 477,498 
 609, 1. S.', 
 48',,.v-l 
 '3I„5|3 
 •.■.S,.|,',7 
 618,0t7 
 S4'i,723 
 ■521,728 
 .5.50,772 
 67 1 ,8.10 
 400,122 
 179,.323 
 
 101,909 
 1.5l,OJ9 
 189,986 
 210,231 
 222,145 
 232,061 
 227,123 
 202,913 
 274,101 
 323,080 
 315,043 
 
 R»teofDul,p„ii„^,,, 
 
 ll.ir; 
 
 f2 
 
 <'.:<.7i/. ,iml 
 I ' IH. init. 
 2i. ;,/. 
 
 <.li.il5 
 (iKr ...nt. 
 
 ■ti. 
 
 ?•■-■'<• ind I 
 •>r"tm. 
 
 '*'*. and 5 
 
 fV. 7.". and 
 I J l«r cent. 
 
 
 iccuunt of the Quuntitics of Malt chargid with Duti/ in Ireland, of the lievenue received therm i 
 of the Hates of Duty in each Year, from 1800. ' 
 
 Vear 
 
 ISir2 
 1803 
 
 1 wr, 
 
 1800 
 ISO? 
 
 isos 
 
 ISO'I 
 1811) 
 ISII 
 1S12 
 1813 
 
 1811 
 1815 
 
 ISlfl 
 1817 
 1818 
 1819 
 1820 
 
 ISil 
 ISfl 
 1 823 
 182! 
 1825 
 1820 
 1827 
 1828 
 1H29 
 
 18.10 
 1831 
 
 .\umlier ni' 
 
 llllslieU of 
 
 Malt 
 
 081,340 
 l.ir.0,17'. 
 3.011,579 
 .1, ',53,702 
 
 Stock in hand 
 2,807 .5,-.5 
 
 StfH'k in hand 
 2.700,807 
 2,814,418 
 
 Stock in hand 
 2,372,293 
 2,'.97,7.'.8 
 2.9.',8.617 
 2,522,513 
 2,081,812 
 2,i<lli,200 
 2,907,(iM3 
 
 .Stock in hand 
 3, 1 50,1 7 ■• 
 2,061,100 
 
 Stock In hand 
 1,879,721 
 1,.-.S5,4S6 
 1 ,783,0.-0 
 1,712,444 
 1,79.1,071 
 
 Slock in hand 
 1,919,31.5 
 1,756 ,.191 
 1,702,195 
 2,lll7,7.'i2 
 2,700,802 
 2,100,2.53 
 1,803,091 
 2,109,228 
 2,012 U79 
 
 1,959,000 
 2,101,811 
 
 Amount 
 of Dutj 
 
 £ 
 
 52.090 
 
 78,700 
 270,11.5 
 283,584 
 
 31.102 
 270,0,16 
 
 28,698 
 317,299 
 331,105 
 
 22,2 .'tl 
 .102,281 
 .131,010 
 370,991 
 321,1',:5 
 .•ill, 723 
 281,117 
 428,8,10 
 
 63,406 
 522,813 
 482,085 
 12^2.13 
 359,809 
 161,771 
 211,9.10 
 207,036 
 319,684 
 
 4.1,974 
 317,121 
 275,01 ; 
 217,.102 
 276,2.55 
 .150,108 
 .110,808 
 2.12,899 
 311,192 
 259,891 
 
 251,640 
 263,308 
 
 Kate of Duty per Uunhcl 
 
 U. OJJ. 
 
 Ii. nij'.Llt. 0\J. 
 
 U. 9jrf." 2*. uj.;. 
 
 2,1. iV- 
 
 '.'1. 3j,/.-'.;».6S(/. 
 
 it. 'bill. 
 
 2i. 02./. 
 2i. Gi./.-.-f. 3J.I. 
 
 .i..'.-'i.;. 
 
 3i. ,-.i /._4». 5il. 
 
 4s. bd.—'U. Viit. 
 ■i: i'd. 
 
 3m. f>ld. 
 
 It. 6i,;._2». :</. 
 Vj. -d. 
 
 I llarley j From ili^ff 
 I td. 2r. 
 
 18.12 
 18,13 
 1834 
 18.15 
 18.16 
 1837 
 18,18 
 1839 
 
 1840 
 
 1811 
 
 1812 
 1813 
 1 8 II 
 
 184,5 
 1810 
 ISI7 
 1818 
 1819 
 I8,',0 
 18,51 
 18.52 
 ISil 
 1851 
 Ubj 
 
 1856 
 
 1S57 
 18.58 
 18.59 
 180O 
 1861 
 I. 802 
 1803 
 1801 
 1805 
 I860 
 1807 
 
 Number of 
 
 llu.ii.el4 of 
 
 Mall 
 
 2,006,3.50 
 1,981,819 
 2,201,0.5.1 
 2,3.',3.(,15 
 2,V87,0.15 
 2,275,317 
 2,202,410 
 1,744,550 
 
 1,400,116 
 
 1,149,092 
 
 1,208,650 
 1.181,281 
 1,411,177 
 1,681.112 
 1,788,041 
 1,.1S7,10,5 
 l,67(l,.519 
 1 ,'.70,103 
 1,082,102 
 1,590,956 
 1,057,073 
 1,6,10,1175 
 1,5.17,132 
 1,317,031 
 
 1,478,101 
 
 1,091,157 
 1,831,717 
 2, 161, ,520 
 2.219,020 
 2,119,108 
 2,513,700 
 1,919,093 
 2,111,127 
 2,189,771 
 2,173,020 
 2,401, ,182 
 
 Amount 
 of Uuty 
 
 £ 
 
 2,50,278 
 245,987 
 272,291 
 288,1.02 
 2»3,357 
 286,470 
 284,9.54 
 218,503 
 
 178,7113 
 
 151,210 
 108,009 
 157,048 
 1911,171 
 222,761 
 2.17 ,0i7 
 1SI,7'.17 
 222.218 
 2lo,l.so 
 221,108 
 212,7,'>7 
 221,303 
 217,0.59 
 2.) 1,0.55 
 201,012 
 
 2l9,'i,S0 
 248..100 
 23 1 ,228 
 275,070 
 312,898 
 325,7.58 
 .137,378 
 278,003 
 3O7,0,-.l 
 313,0,50 
 .127,.132 
 3.10,781 
 
 Raleofl)ulj|.crI]ai':il 
 
 From Barley 
 ■U.U. 
 
 (2».7j'.-2i.7./.l 
 I .ind l)er 
 ( cent. 
 I 'it. "id. and 
 t. 5 i»er cent 
 
 Froml 
 
 crt.1 
 
 lit. 7J.'ai«l 
 I 5 [MT cent. 
 
 Prices of Malt, at Greenwich Hospital, from 
 1730 to 1810, per Winchester Quarter, aiid 
 from 1815 to 1805, per Imperial ditto. 
 
 * The laal fnir.-h.a\e made. Brewing discontinued in 1SC6, in con- 
 ai'.iuence of retluced ntiml«r of In-penBloncrs. 
 
 By 28 & 29 Viet, c, GG the m.ilt i 
 charj;cc(l accordinj^ to the weight of ihc,,7ai 
 the (irst clause, the maltster must pvc i 
 ivritinp, of his desire to the ofliccro) e.xcL<^ 
 whoso survey he is, and mustcoiiinpiiccoiK 
 ■thin a calendar month ol' his notice. ! 
 machinery must be iirovidcd. 'i. .Vo;i(«| 
 12 o'clock (noon) of the day before feimij 
 ship grain. 4. Maltster to ilfdare t'ltr 
 .'i. Mode of ascertaining the weight oi'jfl 
 Of calculating duty. 7. Weights anJ r 
 to be provided by tiie maltster, &!' 
 I may weigh grain" with such meafiir* 
 i pennltv if declared weight c.xceedoJ »y 
 
levenne receirtd tktm,. 
 
 KateofDutjptrllo,!,,,. 
 
 line received therm, i 
 
 Kaleof [)utT[ifTl]uiliil 
 
 i»t,oiiK.V.i..)Dusiici.i Having been made in isc/- • ' •^""■'*"<ior 
 %.ii(wnj «J to the Manufacture of Mni, "* " '''"'^o "f ^ 
 
 km to. IV. c. 1 7. The f..r.nor Act i.s exclc.i'- .hn'T'-'' ^'^"■•'^•s V. ^^ ^''^^^^ ''.v "le Turk.,, the 
 L!ycon,ple.., .tlmsno fewer tlian ^'^-^S; ''«>"•«'''? "^ «^ J^of l[T'\' "^ ^'"'"^ '" 
 M frcnuenlly repufjiiant to common ,nni . . " ^^ tJ>o French il **' ^*'''en it was 
 
 |,.^frcedbylOGponaItie.,,„mountSnaTuo ceH^M^'^'''^ K' Jl "l in moZ',''^'" ^^°"' "^ 
 . -;:.:iM,. Mirn of 13,rm/. ! Ii„t it was m, ^r.'' '•" "« '" 181 1. " ^**'"^' <""' "'"s definitely 
 
 iiliBaliircofthmffs tliatsuch alawcoiil.i I,. ""^'•''"'' consists mo«M„ <• 
 .eJiocxstfor any con.sidernble period t ^''''1^ '^'"^ ^"i'/aXd'i^ff"/^^^, very thinly 
 ..i E 1 on V loudly and imivcr.sallv condomnn '°''^'''f' ^-* f" im^onso nvnf "'^.^vhicl. bas been 
 bi«i<iers,but by all the nioreTtofl? T'''"'^' '=''^'-™tcd"wth fhn 'l""'''''^''''" Sicily; but 
 L.f.xcise. In consequence, the /l SSv '-^'='''''"'fr"i'«,pa cu arlf P'^duces 
 
 [;;'.f.,:e<l. This latter statute is e.titlTn fnT'''''' ''"'«/ cotton "whl'^^mn'''''''''' *^«ltt-« 
 f.^...der,aolo praise; it repeah^a '^ en^'"; t'''^^°"' »"'• W ^ "^""r^^^ "f 
 
 '"-ciu.pcmlt.es, and some of the Zt T^.^^'^'."'^''^'^^'intahon thS^P"' ''''P«"d- 
 ::.. useless rogulations, i„ the former In'"'-''' '" 1«G3 araoun"" I to 7 s-p"o^ *''<= ""P 
 
 k«. annoyance on the i)art of the manu- doe, ^ T'^ K"'g''o^, but i r?sr~"?i' '■^'"=''"' 
 to. lie existing regnlalions princinnlk. K.r "''^' ''PP'^ar to have rl •i^^''' *^e island 
 ^,Mie gauging of the cisterns, (Le weTtinJ ^- '!• ^''"^ '^o^" r«i-scd in Z ■ V"'.'' '" "" «up- 
 P Mi'. Ilie emptying o( the cistcr^f hn ^''^K^" ^««"1 'ho inhab tin/, V "'""'' ''' "o' S"'H- 
 l^oMhcnialt when in the coach Ti "''' r"0"f^ pnd at an -.vl,. '^. '°'" '""''c than 5 orfi 
 [pent of the duties &c mtt ""™''' "'^ ^"'''^'' wheat are r^^'-''''^''^ ^O^^'OOO quarters 
 Nm „f „„,lertaking he busit "° ""-^ ?dditio,r t„ "om cafr^"""''-^'"' ^heir uYe jn 
 
 fe ; U'"''' ^' ''"''*-• ""necessary fo" S ^ if ""* i'"'P°'>' importec The*^'/^'""", P*^' wi»e 
 
mi \ 
 
 858 
 
 MALTA 
 
 " (I 
 
 I . 
 
 .V; 
 
 •/ _ .• 
 
 don, or anywhere else. ri[alta ia also admirably 
 ■well suited fur Ijccoraing a coutro of tho corn 
 trade (if Epvpt, liarbary, Italy &c. 
 
 During till' war ended in 1815, parlieiilarly 
 dnrinfj the period when Napoleon's anti-connncr- 
 cial system was in operation, Malta hecarao a i;reat 
 entre|iot for colonial and other goods, which were 
 tlicnce conveyed, as opportunities ofl'ered, to tlio 
 adjacent ports. This conimerco ceased with 
 the circumstances that gave itbirtli; and for 
 ,^omc years after the return of jicace, the trade of 
 the island was depressed below its natural level 
 by the imposition of various oppressive discrimi- 
 nating duties. In ISlll, this vexatious system 
 was partially obviated; but it continued to exert 
 a pernicious influence till 1837, when, pursuant to 
 tlie recommendation of Messrs. Austin andd. C. 
 
 and is one of the finest in tho worlil Th,. 
 built on a narrow tongue of land, hJ^V^ 
 castle and light of St. Klnio at iu cxtroni ' 1 
 an admirable jiort on each siile. Tint ' "'l' J 
 south-ea.-teru side, denominated tl'ic L'rmd i ' ' 
 the most fre(|ueiiled. The entrance i„ i-',' '' 
 •JoO tathoms wide, has the fcrmidaUe Ip't'cri ' 
 St. Klmo on tlic one hand, nml tho«'e' '" 
 Kicasoh on the other. In eiitcriii(r, it .^ 
 sary not to come witliin oO or lid ta'thon 
 former, on account (jf a s]iit wli 
 
 i«e i,f f ,| 
 
 nis i,t' ill 
 
 it; but in the re:.t of tho cliannc! tli'ro is^m I 
 to 12 lathouis wat.T. The p(,rt, wliidi nuU, 
 
 1 4 1111 (' mu'nriU 1,1^ iU'.». ......... _ . ".'' 
 
 Lew is, commissioners of enquiry, the then existing ^ noble harbour. T 
 tarill's of customs duties and port cliarges were 
 wliolly abolished; and a new taritl" (which is sub- 
 joined) was issued in their stead. It imposed mo- 
 dcrale duties, for tlie sake of revenue only, on a low 
 articles in ;,xneral demand, without regard to the 
 country whence they came, at the same time that 
 it equalised the tonnage duties, and reduced the 
 warehouse rent on articles in bond to the lowest 
 
 Irf mile inwards, has deep water and (x ,r 
 anchorage throughout: the largest m-n.'ild 
 coming .dose to the quays. I'„rt .Mar.s.itnu^'r J 
 on the iiorth-wesiern side of tlio ' 
 
 '^ city, is also I 
 , , "='^^""''"'™t"il,wliidiH,.,u 
 I he same bre.idlh as that of the errand m 
 between St. Klmo and Fort Tigiii-. In t',,' ,« 
 of the basin is an i.-lan.l, on wliitdi are l„„lt 
 castle and a lazaretto, for the convenience ,- ri 
 shipspiTforming quarantine, bv which il,c i „ 
 pnncipally used. Owing to tl.'jnarrowin./,,! 
 entrance, and the usual variahie.itss ot' I'leuii 
 it is customary for most vessels boiin.l lor Vil 
 to take a pilot on board before tnteriii 
 
 level. 
 
 There are some good springs of fresh water, j harbour, 
 Valetia is jiartly supplied by water brought by | Tauifk (A).— Duties on ini|i(.rts IHlSj.ini 
 an acpicduct a distance of about <> miles, and j and also dues for store rent, wliicli tlie' oil 
 l)artl_\ by the rain collected in ci>.irn:i. of customs is required to levy on tlic ,icr i; 
 
 IJarbvur. — i'ho harbour of Valctta ia double, ' the Government of Malta. 
 
 t r OIL' same kind, pir licail 
 
 Beer, per 3\ralttNe li.irrrl * - 
 
 Cattle: liulloi-ks •-md otlier ,inlmats 
 H<)^^ts and mule:,, ]ur h. mI 
 
 Cliarco.il, Iter halm ------ 
 
 Grain ; 
 ■"A'lieat, per salnl ------ 
 
 Indian com, lersalnl --.... 
 
 Barley, per s.dni -.---• 
 Siicifiiia. per s.ilm - _ - . . 
 
 Otiier nilerior );rain$ - - . - - 
 
 Hf annfactun d {,'r.iin, per canlar - - - _ 
 
 \Vhe.it, Indian coni.lt.irley, ornther infiTiu- crains, if tlamn;;ed 
 so .IS to t)e nnlit for the food of man (cuinuionijt called ^rurncn- 
 inzzfit per !).dm -..--- 
 Kice .---.-. 
 
 Manuf.icturL'd Rf.dn, if damaged so as to bo uutit for the food 
 of man, per cant.-ir , _ - . . 
 
 Oil, olive, per catil^o - - . . - 
 
 rulattH^s, per t-antar _ - . . . 
 
 I'ldse -nd ^ee<ts : 
 J)eaii:i, caravances, rhi'*:-peas, Vi-iney heans, lentiU, lupins, 
 peas and vetches, })ci .'..Im . - . . 
 
 Carol) heans and i ottim seeds, ])er cantar 
 
 .Spirits; Tiz. for every Maltc^ellarrel of such spirits of any strenRth 
 not exceedinf: the slrenKtli of proof hy Sykes'.s hydrtmieter, 
 namel>, London iiroof, and so in ]>roportion for any j^reater 
 strenfrth than the strenRtli of nroof * _ . - 
 
 Vinej;ar, per Maltese hirrelf - . - - 
 
 V\'inei, the value of which shall exceed 15/. per pipe or 1 1 Miiitce 
 barrels, per Maltese harrcl* - - . . 
 
 All other wines, per Mallese harrcit - _ - 
 
 Import Duties 
 
 £ I. 
 
 II ti 
 II III 
 
 2 
 II r> 
 10 
 
 store 
 Ut-nts on 
 ArlicUs 
 ludffcd in 
 
 llond 
 
 1. ,1. 
 
 Iir. ■(.,.■ Dalieilw 
 
 U 
 'i 
 
 li. .-.;./ |»r lu.U I 
 
 Zi. Il'J. ]«mt. 
 
 ^j. !](/. I'l r ;i.J«l 
 
 S}(/. toll. ».'.!« In 
 
 * 'zd, for each C monlhs. 
 
 I '-;<7. for tlie first G moi^ttls, Tid. Ux each G luonthi subscquji 
 
 The store rents on grain lotlged iu bond to ! of Government, by the supcriiilcmlcnt iiff 
 be payable from the day on which the grain wa ; tine, Malta, 
 
 lodged. Tho store n nts on evcr\' other article Sliijipiui/ in Quarantine— 1. V«!fli 
 mentioned in the taritl'to be payable from the null upon a quarantine to pa'- for o.icli linv i 
 day after the day on which such article was lodged, continuance in port, as follows:— 
 
 Tahiff (B). — Tonnage dues which the collector 
 of customs is required to levy on the account of ^ 
 the Government of Alalta. 
 
 Vessels discharging merchandise in the island i 
 •shall, on clearing outwards, pay for every ton or , 
 any part thereof, fit/. j 
 
 Tahiff (C). — Fees which the colleetorof customs 
 is required to levy ou the accoiuit of tho Govern- 
 ment of Malta, 
 
 Vessels not rxccedinff $.^ tons 
 from '.^li tons to Ad „ 
 •''I „ Mil „ 
 101 „ liO „ 
 lil „ soil „ 
 ail „ i!')0 „ 
 Idjl „ and upwards 
 
 For each certilicate under the office seal - 
 For each sheet of jninted of!iciul forina - 
 
 Tariff of dues authorised to be levied for account 
 
 <. d. 
 ■ -i 6 
 - 'J 
 
 3. Vessels of whatever tizc, failing' in | 
 j tine, having entered upmi the |)erforiii3i:>'(J 
 j to pay at the .ibove rates, but in wm 
 \ than 2s. a day for the rcmaiader uf & | 
 quarantine. 
 
 3. Vessels liable to quarantine, ii"' m 
 
 nT>i. ir.ul,., (,r.(, 
 K>.i.iTo:lier 
 
 FfT Tfijf r, y 
 
 , , 1"1 l.i»! 
 
 * '■'" ., to 1 
 
 fft leaving citlu 
 flon jiroceet 
 " tc paid, 
 
 of 
 
 '"" and enter, 
 p'liii. 
 
 ""'i taken on ] 
 *fratle(i(ifvicti 
 
MALTA 
 
 , ,( pf the Quantities ami Declan.d Values of the Principal Articlci of Britinh 
 ''oJace iind Manufacture Exported from the United Kingdom to Malta in each oftli 
 
 859 
 
 and Irinh 
 c 3 J tars 
 
 Artlclw 
 
 Until'-''' • 
 j».i,rtiaw 
 
 kfiA". 
 
 Xiij.rrtr-W 
 
 " atMlue 
 
 ▼aluc 
 
 barrels 
 
 cwt». 
 
 ItJtlS 
 
 cwts. 
 
 Ills. 
 
 vartU 
 
 ViltUU 
 
 barrt-ls 
 Taluu 
 
 Ills. 
 
 tuns 
 saids 
 valuL' 
 
 Kali. 
 
 v.tlue 
 yanls 
 value 
 
 Quantltk-s 
 ISfiG 
 
 i.m 
 
 ,S.190 
 
 I.ISl 
 
 l,V2,llill 
 
 l.'^l^ 
 
 !,ll'il,libU 
 
 1,51^ 
 
 I, HIS 
 Cili,i;7 
 
 'iiii,037 
 
 8:iG I 
 
 n.ssi) I 
 
 351,050 
 
 ■t,Mi 
 
 l'.l-i 
 
 l.l.'VS 
 
 IGH.X'.IO 
 
 1,115 
 
 l.n'i7„v,i 
 15,U'J7,1.VJ 
 
 1,100 
 5,'!I2,S2J 
 
 '.J.riSn 
 
 S.J.'.S 
 477,7.-.S 
 
 1?,IC3 
 
 2, nil) 
 31~,5S I 
 
 ISfi? 
 
 4,171 
 
 1.1.1 
 
 I. Ill 
 
 1 1 ■i.;',)3 
 
 1,'IVJ 
 7.17,'27i) 
 
 .1,217 
 
 1114,360 
 
 1,7!I7 
 
 1,1)7 a 
 
 •I27,iill 
 
 i.1,llO 
 
 i.nni) 
 
 1,(107 
 
 Declared Ueal Value 
 
 ISM 
 
 £ 
 
 3n,iirifi 
 
 IS.lhii 
 
 •i.i'.i'i 
 7..-.17 
 
 Sl.'^il 
 
 .'|,.-|KS 
 3,1,i|(l7 
 
 a.').",.Hi(i 
 
 .'|,'I70 
 4,1.7!) 
 I, .II.-, 
 3..111 
 1.1,'21'j 
 
 in.sm 
 
 l.'i,!)77 
 1(7,11.1 
 
 a.lKlJ 
 
 v:/ju7 
 1^09 
 
 l!,'iSi) 
 l,(l.'.7 
 .'i.SWl 
 
 a,i;.i 
 
 •2li,\VI 
 
 \,\-a 
 
 7ll,.1il4 
 0.11, Wll 
 
 IKCO 
 
 £ 
 
 2n,'i(ir, 
 
 I,-i,.MIll 
 V,I4I 
 
 7,'ir.7 
 
 I.I^IS 
 
 .'l' I, '),','> 
 
 '^70, Ml') 
 .1,7.07 
 4,1)74 
 
 i,.-;ir.' 
 
 ■.!,(i.'.0 
 l'A7Ul 
 
 I'.'.SSD 
 
 aii,.'i.^'i 
 
 i!),i(:'j 
 
 1,111 
 
 3,301 
 1,1111 
 
 1,3.13 
 
 TO I 
 l,ll'JD 
 l.il'.IO 
 1,-11,1 
 
 ■ii.rtHi 
 
 _4'3!ul'!i 
 6,V1,3n3 " 
 
 1867 
 
 £ 
 
 2.1,101 
 
 li,.1!)'i 
 1,S29 
 0,s,1.1 
 
 8.'p,SlU 
 N,14l 
 
 30.872 
 171,7.',7 
 1,11111 
 3,127 
 3,271 
 2,7.18 
 2,467 
 
 10,1(13 
 9,424 
 
 17,496 
 1,871 
 3,690 
 
 1,110 
 
 1,827 
 1,104 
 
 1 ,7.H8 
 
 2,113 
 
 3,271) 
 
 21,311 
 
 4S7 
 
 4.1 ,991 
 
 498,790 
 
 I ... "jfin ilie povfoiinance tlicrcof, to pay is. for 
 
 Sov.fthwr contimianco in port. 
 ' N;-* compcUcil bv strcs.i ol iveatlior to 
 1 ™rn»I lii'rlioiir, to be subject, while tlicy 
 
 wife', to the aiUlitioiial ehar-e of 3s. ii clay 
 \ .VriutT-Jra boat ivhioli the supenntciulcnt ot 
 lr,icK may deem it necessary to place over 
 
 r*v7t"el ill fiiwriintine entering the great 
 liuA^arwithout a ju.^tiliable cau.se, incurs the 
 I «iii;r ff 21)0 dollars imposed by the .second 
 |£'<-liliciirocbm:ition, dated October 12, Iti-'O. 
 
 \k\l\h . ,. , , 
 
 |'i,Ve.-icls having contagions diseases on lioaul 
 liciv an extra Mte in proportion to the e.xpen.se 
 ■lit mv lie iiicurri'd, liac in no case to exceed 
 iJu.iiv.inailditioii to the usual rate. 
 J ttrtireciivvd into tlic lazaret for deportation 
 n i chswable wiili a due iiroportiou of the 
 |t:3il exiiOii=e tliercof. which .-it present, on 
 
 rfiiCLsiun?, is at the rate of 2*. (i(/. a day 
 
 ieacii stiatiliaii, and Is. bd. a day for caol. 
 ter,\ilwui it may be necessary to employ. 
 
 taHmiW in ilio lazaretto lie chargcablo, for each J. j'. 
 
 E; -i.i.rollManmialnftliokiiiil - ' T 
 
 'b^i, ;. J, iii(:.iir other small animal - - I o 
 
 I fimiis p«rfonning qiiiiraiilinc in the lazaret to 
 W St the rate of is. Or/, a day for each guardian 
 laipkiyAbut nu single individual to be charge- 
 paitl. more than Is, od. a day. 
 I fctianuifs issued under the office seal, '2s (d. 
 
 [Yitesof pilotnije to be exacted from vessels cn- 
 
 i: ijr (k'liartiiig from the harbours of Vf Ictta 
 
 liMiKiipii-cctto when in charge of iiilots, vii;. ; — 
 
 ?CT Te.w!! ui) to the recister tonna^o 
 
 of 
 
 £ t. 
 
 d 
 
 l"ltins . . 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 :oi ., tol.w . 
 
 
 ■ 12 
 
 i> 
 
 !il „ toSM • 
 
 
 . 10 
 
 8 
 
 131 ., to.Viu . 
 
 
 ■ 1 1 
 
 
 
 .'.Jl „ ana upwards 
 
 
 . 1 i 
 
 
 
 |Fi!lavinj either of the above-mentioned har- 
 
 Kshen proceeding to sea, half of the above 
 
 Ktolicpaid. 
 iGoin; out of one of the above-mentioned 
 
 lioiffl ami entering the other, § of the above 
 
 l«tobcp.iiil. 
 IPileii taken on board of vessels in quarantine 
 
 lifntitW(if victualled on board) to Is. 8rf. per 
 
 diera ; if otherwise, to 2s. id., exclusive of the 
 pilotage, 
 
 N.15. — In all cases pilot boats must bo in readi- 
 ness ivhen required. 
 
 N.B. — Merchant steam vessels pay for tonn.ago 
 dues 1/. up to 100 tons; above 100 and not exceed- 
 ing .SOO, 1/. bs. ; above 800, 1/. 1 ();,•. 
 
 \Vc exported to Malta in ISGl! foreign coloni.al 
 produce to the amount of 9J..");i9/. The value of 
 the imports fidiu Malta during the same year was 
 115,G;!8/. ; the iiiincip.il articles being cotton and 
 elcph.ants' teeth. 
 
 The central iio.-ilion, excellent port, and gre.U 
 strcnglli of Malta, make it an .ailmirablc naviil 
 station for the repair and accommoilation of the 
 men-of-war anil niercliant-.-^liips frequenting iho 
 Mediterranean, and render its possession of m.a- 
 terial inipurtaucc to the liritish empire. Since 
 .Malta-built vessels were ;idinitted into the port.i 
 of the United Kingdom on the same terms as 
 Ih'itish-built, the tr.adc of shipbuilding has ma- 
 terially increaseil in the island. The Maltese 
 shipwrights are diligent, expert workmen; and, 
 their wages being nunk'rate, it is a favourable place 
 for oareeuing. Owing to the want of a dry dock, 
 all ships above the size of a .■shmp of war. that re- 
 quire to have their bottoms examiiu d, have to come 
 to Eii;'land for that purpi^se. This, surely, should 
 be obviated. Qu.arantinc is strictly enforced at; 
 Malta ; but there is every facility for its perform- 
 ance, and the charges arc less than at any other 
 port in the Mediterranean. 
 
 Malta is now the centre of a very extensive 
 steam-packet system the steamers from I'^iglanil 
 lor (Constantinople, Alexandria, and other ports of 
 the Levant, touching here. The French steamers 
 from these porta usually perform quarantine at 
 Malta. 
 
 Jfonei/.—Xn 182,5, Briti.sli silver money was in- 
 troduced into Malta ; the Spanish dollar being 
 made legal tender at the rate of l.s'. id. ; the Si- 
 cilian dollar at 4s. 2d. ; and the scudo of Miilta at 
 Is. 8r/. 
 
 Weights and Measures. — The pound or rottolo, 
 commercial ivcight = 30 oncic=12"21G English 
 grains. Hence 100 rottolo (thccantaro) = 174ilb3. 
 avoirdupois, or TO'l'l kilogrammes. Merchants 
 usually reckon the cautaro at 17,") lbs. 
 
860 
 
 MAN (ISLE OF) 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 Tlic R.'ilm iif corn, stricken measure 'OHj of ni» 
 imperial qiiurter heaped moftsure, is rcclvoiied 16 
 per cent. more. Tlie cadiso, or measure for oil, 
 contains 'IJ English j,'alhMH = '.20''151,'') litres. The 
 barrel is double the cafliso. Tlie Maltose foot = 
 llii English inches = *283(i mbtres. The canna 
 = 8 pnlini = 81-9 Knglish inches = 2'079 metres. 
 Merchants usually convert Malta measure into 
 English in the proportion of 3J palmi to a yard, 
 or 2 S yards to 1 canna. 
 
 Hills on London arc usually dr'\wn at 30 and CO 
 tlays* sight. The deputy commissary general is 
 obliged to grant, at all times, bills on "the treasury 
 licro for Hritish silver tendered to him, at the rate 
 <if 100/. bill for every 101/. 10s. silver, receiving, 
 at the same time, otiier silver, at a lluctualing 
 tate of exchange. 
 
 MAN (ISLK OK). Is situated in the Irish Sea, 
 at about an cijual distance from England, Scotland, 
 And Ireland. It isaboutllO miles long, and 10 or 12 
 broa<l. The interior is mountainous, and the soil 
 nowhere very productive. Population, in 1801, 
 62,4(59. This island used to bo one of the firineipal 
 stations of the herring lishery ; but for a considcr- 
 jible period it has been c()mi)aratively deserted by 
 tlie herring shoals, a circumstance which is not to 
 be regrettt d ; tor the lishery, by withdrawing the 
 attention of the inhabitants from agriculture and 
 manufactures, and leailing tlicm to engage in what 
 has usually been a gambling and unproductive 
 business, has been, on the wWe, injurious to the 
 island. The steam packets from Liverpool and 
 Dublin touch at the Isle of Man ; which is, in con- 
 sequence, largely frequented by visitors irom all 
 parts of the empire, whose influx luis materially 
 contributed to tlie improvement of Douglas, the 
 principal port in the island, and otlier towns. 
 
 The feudal sovereignty of Man was formerly- 
 vested in the Earls of Derby, and more recently 
 in the Dukes of Athnl, a circumstance which ac- 
 counts for the fact of the duties on most com- 
 modities consumed in tlie island having been, 
 for a lengthened period, much lower than those 
 on the same commodilies when consumed in Great 
 Britain. This distinction, whicb still subsists, 
 though to a smaller ostent, has produced a great 
 deal of smuggling, and been in no ordinary degree 
 injurious to the revenue and trade of the empire. 
 During the present century, indeed, the clandestine 
 trade of Man has been confined within compara- 
 tively narrow limits ; but to accomplish tliis, a con- 
 siderable extra force of custom-house ollicers and 
 revenue cruisers has been required ; and the in- 
 tercourse with the island has to be subjected to 
 various restraints. Nothing, as it appears to 
 ns, can be more impolitic than the continuance 
 of such a system. The public has, at a very 
 heavy expense, purchased all the feudal rights 
 of the Atliol family ; and having done so, it is 
 certainly high time that an end were put to the 
 anomalous absurdity of having a considerable 
 island, lying, as it were, in the very centre of the 
 empire, and in the direct line between some of the 
 principal trading towns, with different duties on 
 many important articles ! It might be necessary, 
 
 Eerhaps, to make some compensation to the in- 
 abitants for such a change ; and this might bo 
 done, with advantage to them and without ex- 
 pense to the public, by modifying and improving 
 the internal icguLitions and 'policy of the island, 
 which are very mu.;h in need of amendment. We 
 do not, indeed, imagine that the island would lose 
 anything by the proposed al'.eration; for the 
 temptation which the picscni, system holds out to 
 engage in smuggling enterprises diverts the popu- 
 lation from the regular pursuits cf industry, and. 
 Along with the herring lottery, is the jvrincipal 
 
 cause of that idleness for which tlio Jlaux ir 
 notorious. Tlie customs revenue collcpto'ii \^,i" 
 Isle of Man in 1852 amounlea lo •.ho;-, '" 
 from this sum 1 l,37iJ/. was deducted on'acc'oii'r-r 
 expenses of collection, jiublic wurks, iiucrnil'" 
 vernment A-c. Wo subjoin an abstrait u( n" 
 Acts which now (1808; regulate thoira.io „ T 
 the Isle of Man : the conditions umlcr whicli i ' 
 carried on have been a good deal simplifa,| ' 
 
 I ;^"''« ^eguhilions iindorwhicli the tra.l,.',,,' ii„ , 
 Isle of Man is now conducted are cmljod,,,! i,, , 
 Acts 10 & 17 Vict. c. 100, tlie IG & 17Vic • - 
 the 29 & 30 Vict. c. 23, and 30 & 31 Vict" c '1'' 
 and are as follows, viz. : — ' ' '' ' 
 
 i^u/RO ,« TMe t<y be levied on Good, i„,y„r„il 
 into the Isle oj iMun.—ln heu of all duties ol ,,, ' 
 toms now payable by law upon tlit impuruii,,,, h 
 goods into the Isle of Man, lliero shall be rii-, I i 
 levied, collected, and poid unto licrMnjcsiv hrl 
 heirs and successors, the several duties of cu'^tomjl 
 as the same are respectively set forth in f 'iin, inl 
 following table, viz. :— "■ ' 
 
 I)Mies applicable to the Isle of Jllm, 
 
 Coir.i', llif iinimrl iluIlM In Great Brluln or Ittlaml noi ^ 
 tl.lvln^ hi^'i) ;>,-ik1 tlierroii . . the I!/ n 
 
 Corn ; viz. whi-at, barley, bear or liigK, oats, rjc, p™' 
 
 ■rans, Imrlwhint, niniz,.or Indi.in corn . iht- .miruV 
 \\ heat 1 .e il and Hour, liarlej meal, oatnieal, rie meal 
 aTi.l Hour Ilea ineil, linan meal, butkwh.at meal, ami 
 m illi- or Indian com meal . . tliec»c n 
 
 S|.lril»i »ii. brandj, (iene«o, and all forelsn ilnrili, i»t' 
 lieina llijueuri, cordinii, or perfumed siilriis- ilienallon il 
 Kuin and ruin shrub, of ihc llrllUhiiosseKloniiheeilloT, o 
 llriti>li or lri>li spirili ex|inrlctl from a dulifri'c vrare 
 liousc under bond in the United KiuBdom - IlieidH,™ n 
 biicli iiilrits not LiceedinK the klreii|;lh of bioof I, 
 Sykes'a hxdroinclcr, and to in iiro|.orllon f,.r mi 
 liro iter or lc« strength than the stTen|,'lh of proof, iiid 
 for any urealer or le«s nuanliiy than .1 (jallon 
 hau lie Coloijnc, Jier llask 130 not conlainiiiir more lliin I 
 gallon) - . . . . . „ 
 
 f. f , , J , or llie ijjIIoi, II |(i ( 
 
 l.iqneuri, cnrdiaN, and perfumed spirit! . thewllon 11 11 
 SuKar, viz. Muscovado - - . (hecit. u ]j 
 
 hufjar candy, white or lirown, rrlined silitar, or sugar 
 r.iiilered by any process ecjual to relined, foreign or 
 llrili,h .... Ukc.i. n S ( 
 
 1'? •. - , - , - ■ Ih'*. I) 
 
 Tobacco, Tiz. tinmanufirturod . . thelb. n j 
 
 Manufactiiriil, of all sorts, atnl ciijars . tlie .;>.' 1) 3 
 
 Winecontainmi; less than YG decrees of proof spirit, ten. 
 fled by Sjk(>s'a hydrometer, the strenittli thereof liariiij 
 lieen asceitaincd by te^tat Llveriiool or some other itation 
 or port In Great Biitain or Ireland • thef{a)ton I 
 
 Other wines - - . . Ihi- gallon I ( 
 
 GiHids, wares, and merchandise importetl or brought from 
 any place from whence such ^oods mav be lawfully 'in- 
 ported into tho Isle of Man, and not liereinbefire 
 charged with duty, or declared to be free of dm;, t.r 
 every 100/. of the r.ilue thereof - - .15 1 
 
 Power to the Treasury to remit nmt reir.,piist S 
 Duties on unenumerated Articles.— '\'\k cunmi 
 sioners of tho Treasury may from time to iini»,| 
 any order or onlers under tiicir hands, declare ll 
 all or any articles legally importable into Ibcll 
 of Man, and not enumerated in the said talile,! 
 upon which the said duly of 15 per ceii:. i.- here 
 imposed, shall and may, from ami after any i 
 or days named in such orilcr or orders, be irapi 
 from the places and in the manner therein i 
 tioned into the Isle of Man duty free, during j< 
 time or times .ns shall bo therein nanifJ, w m 
 such order or orders respectively, or any of At 
 shall be rescinded, and such articles shall beif 
 ported dutyfree accordingly so lonf; as any i 
 order or orders, or any of them, shall coniinue^ 
 rescinded; and the said commissioners may at* 
 time, by any order under their hands, reviike| 
 whole or any part of any previous order or ?r/ 
 or any of them, for such time and in siichnua 
 as they may see tit ; and all orders of the om 
 sioners of the Treasury made in pursuancfoiT 
 enactment shall be diily published in the I*W 
 and Dublin Gaz-^/Zes twice at least witliii II J[ 
 from the date of such orders respectively i 
 copy of every such order shall be laid betwfl 
 Houses of Parliament within 6 weeks afom j 
 of such order ■■. ? ,''...ipr.t he thcnsittiii?,! 
 
 :,A.t 
 
MAN (ISLE OF) 
 
 (hpiMviiliin 6 weeks nftor the commoiipcnicnt 
 "' 'In noxt session of I'arliumciit. (,10 & 17 
 
 8G1 
 
 ,„K. then next session I 
 
 Tbe following Treasury order lios since ap- 
 
 ''qiv virtiic of the powers vested in us under the 
 .■ih'sKlion of ^''0 tJustoms Tniiff Act, 10 & 17 
 r . c lUO '0 '■*^'"'' ""'' "■""'•"P"'**' ""^ duties 
 rf on ui'iemimernted artielcs legally import- 
 
 !(V,I 
 
 ) ml" 
 
 I) the Isle of Man, these are to authorise 
 ■ jj[ the said section of tlic Customs Tariff 
 VioalliWftll articles enumerated in tlie tarifT 
 • ihc I'nitfil iiinploni, and not enumerated in 
 ,; ' jiir i,r the Islc of Man, and wiiicli, under 
 'i wiff of the island, would be subject to an ad 
 '-•^milutyof 15 percent., to be admitted free 
 . nw .<" luHK as the order permitting sucli free 
 .rlrtaiion shall remain unrcscinded. For which 
 Su^ball be your warrant. 
 
 'Abeudeen, John Sauleiii. 
 
 'lltelull.TrMiurj Cliamlicri, August !7, 180.1.' 
 Ik ff Man to he deemed Part of the United 
 Jiffiinii /ill- llif I'uri"'^' "f ""* -'i<''-— Tlic Isle 
 MIm shall lio deemed and taken to be i)art of 
 .([jiiiel Kingdom for all the pur|)oscs of this 
 'l,';.tnollii"gl'«'^cin contained shall prejudice 
 I l.&i.iT be construed in any way directly or 
 '^.tifthto projiu'icc or affect, any of the rights 
 iiiivij-es Icyallv exercised or enjoyed by the 
 jii'i .' jt the" time of the passing of tliis Act. 
 \'.;s':;Vict.c. 107 s. 3-10.) 
 
 i„hMmrcd out of Charge of Customs in Isle 
 01 Ik.dfoie hrouyht into Britain or Ireland. — 
 iic'j'tii.-- Roods upon which a liighcr duty is 
 iuiiii; stlifir impintalion into (ireat Ikitain 
 I tfte^ iha.i on their importati(m into the Isle 
 if.to.:ljall|aftcr the same have been cleared 
 I ujttiivetcil out uf cli:irt;e of the proper oilicer of 
 I (t,4ffi fur consi;in|)tion or otherwise in the said 
 liiitUarricd or shipped or be waterborne or bo 
 rdl Many quay, wharf, or other place to be 
 I til T waterborne to be carried from the said 
 I ■«:; I Great Britain or Ireland; nor shall any 
 |H;.viii«liich may bo bruu^'ht to the said iale, 
 I iksi not cleared ai'iil delivered as aforesaid, be 
 |K!.-(1 or cnrried thence into Great Britain 
 Isfelin'! until the «aine have been duly cleared 
 Ifciibilinrposc by the proi)cr oflicer of customs, 
 Im ick* reported fur removal in the same ship 
 lui in continuation of the voyage to some port in 
 |fatBriiain or Ireland) until sufficient .security 
 Vkj cr otherwise shall iiave been given, in 
 l itianRer, and on such terms and conditions, 
 BtOiminissioncrs of Customs may direct, for 
 (4((kliverytliereof at some port or place in 
 [Gm: Britain or Ireland ; and all goods carried, 
 wtit, shipped, removed, or waterborne to bo 
 fifA. removed, or carried contrary hereto sludl 
 Kfrftiteil. and every person who shall carry, 
 f.liiii;, remove, or waterbear to be shipped, 
 •teJ. or carried, any goods contrary hereto, or 
 llhskall aid or be concerned tlierein, shall fori'eit 
 pie the value of such goods, or the sum of 100/., 
 Viht flection of the Commissioners of Custom.s. 
 
 ''■■<!k,\k Growth or Manufacture of the Isle of 
 
 Banflj/ic impurted into Great Britain or Ire- 
 
 ^•■^Catijicate i;c.—Any goods, the growth of 
 
 sliictMsn, or there manufactured from ma- 
 
 jrowth of the said isle or from materials 
 
 Kaljctt to duties in Great isritain or Ireland, 
 
 |iw materials upon which >.he duty has been 
 
 TilinGreat Britain or Ireland, and upon which no 
 
 p'oacK his been subse(iuently granted, may be 
 
 jt;litfmm the said isle into (ireat Britain or 
 
 ~ad without payment of any duty : [irovidcd 
 
 always, that sueh goods may nevertheless Ixi 
 charged with such proportion' of such duties om 
 shall fairly countervail any duties of excise pay- 
 able on the like sort of goods the produce of that 
 |)art of tlie United Kingdom into which they shall 
 bo brought ; and any articles, cither wh(dly or in 
 part manufactured in the said i.slo from any ma- 
 terials upon which a higher duly is payable upon 
 their importation into t lie United Kingdom than 
 on their importation into the Isle of Man, may 
 be brought from the said isle into (ireat Britain 
 or Ireland on payment of the duty payable on 
 such goods in that part of the United kingdom 
 into which tiiey shall be so brouglit, (Sec. ;tl8.) 
 
 Declaration and Certificate of (Irowtli or Manu- 
 facture of Goods from Isle of Man, — Before any 
 goods sliall be shipped in the Islc of Man to 1» 
 carried to Great Britain or Ireland as the growth 
 or produce of that isle, or as manufiicturcs of that 
 isle from materials the growth and produce thereof, 
 or from materials not subject to duty in Grent 
 Britain or Ireland, or from materials upon which 
 the duties shall have Ijecn paid and not drawn 
 back in Great Britain or Ireland, proof shall bo 
 made by the written declaration of some conv- 
 jietent jiersoii, to the satisfaction of the collector 
 or comptroller of customs at the port of shipmen*, 
 that such goods (describing and identifying them) 
 are of such growth, produce, or manufacture, as 
 the case may be ; and in such declaration shall bo 
 stated the name of tlie person by whom such goods 
 are intended to be shipped, and such person, at 
 the time of shipping (not being more than 1 
 month after the date of such declaration), shall 
 make and subscribe a declaration before such col- 
 lector or comptroller, that the goods to be shipped 
 are the same as are mentioned in such declaration, 
 and thereupon the collector or comptroller shall, 
 on demand, give to the master of the ship in 
 which the goods arc to be exported a certilicate 
 of sucli proof of produce or of manufacture, do- 
 scribing the same, and setting forth the name of 
 the party and of the ship and of the master theio- 
 of, and the destination of the goods. (Sec. 31SI.) 
 
 Act not to affect Excise Drawbacks. — Nothini; 
 herein contained shall be deemed or construed to 
 affect the laws and regulations now in force re- 
 specting duties and drawbacks of excise on goods 
 removed to the Isle of Jlan. (Sec. 350.) 
 
 Stores of Manx Ships. — If any ship or boat 
 bound from the Isle of Man to Great Britain or 
 Ireland shall have on board any stores of spirits, 
 tobacco, or tea for the use of the crew, excocdinij 
 the quantities specified in the following table, such 
 stores, together with the casks or packages con- 
 taining tlic same, and also the ship or boat, shall 
 be forfeited: — 
 
 Spirits for each seaman • 
 Tolincco for e.irli seaman 
 'J'e;i Cor the whf>1e crew - 
 
 In Sliips or 
 decked Vessels 
 
 Haifa (fallon 
 One pound 
 Two pounds 
 
 In open lloats 
 
 One qu.lrt 
 Haifa )ioiind 
 One pound 
 
 Treasury may restrict Imports. — The Commis- 
 sioners of the Treasury shall and may at any time, 
 if they see fit, by order under their hands, restrict 
 or limit the importation into the Islc of Man of 
 any ibrcign goods to such quantities per annum 
 and in such manner as they may deem necessary, 
 and also determine into what ports in the Isle of 
 Man and from what places such goods may be im- 
 ported. (Sec. S52.) 
 
 Management of Duties. — The duties of customa 
 jiayable on the importation of goods into the Islc 
 of" Man shall be coliectcd, ))aid, recovered, antl 
 accounted for under the management and control 
 of the Coniinissioners of Customs; and, except the 
 

 I ; 
 
 862 MAN (ISLK 01') 
 
 iici'cssnry clinrj;es of collpclinp, rocovci'iii'.r. lud 
 nccoiintiiii; for tho miiiiic, iIh' m.-iiiI diitirii mIiiiII Croiii 
 tinir to time (siilijcct to llio di' hiiMioiis lii'ri'iiial'li'r 
 liu'iitioiicd) be broiif^liL an. I paid into tlic receipt 
 of liiT iMiijostv'M ICxclicquor, disliiictly and apart 
 I'roin nil other lirniiclics of tlic pnMic rovcimc and 
 Nlinll go to and inako jmrt of llir Consoliilated 
 Fund of tlin IJnilod Kiiifjdotn: I'rovidrd alwavs, 
 that any of the I'ullci'tors of onHtonn of tlin i-aid 
 islo shall rolaiii, and he and thov is and aro hcTo- 
 by ai!lhovis('<l and roipiinMl, airrcciilily lo aurh 
 (hrcctions as shall fmni time to time be. j,'iv('n fcr 
 that puri'osc by tin- CoM'.iiiissioiicrs of Onstonis, t" 
 retain, sncli snni or pnnis (.f money in bis or their 
 hands as may In- snilieient to defray the necessavy 
 <'\peiiscs atlendiiiL'; (he g(i\ernnient of Ihi' said 
 Isliiof jMaii and llieadminislration of jnsticc' lliere, 
 and other I'liarf^es incnrred in the said isle, whieh 
 have lioretofore been or may hereafter be deemed 
 lit and proper charf^es lo ho dcduetcd from and 
 jtaid onl, of the duties of enstoms t(dlccted in the 
 said Jsle of ]Man ; and upmi the ainomd of the 
 said expenses and chnrijes liiinj^ ascertained, the 
 said commissioners arc hereby authorised to direct 
 the same to be pai<l out of the said moneys so re- 
 tained to such jierson or persons as may be entitled 
 to receive tlie same. (Sec. I!.");!.) 
 
 J'J.r/wnii<'S of the Govrrnmcut, ami '2.'MMM. per 
 annum to llarhour (^oimni>iiiioiH:rs of Jule of Jiaii, 
 to be paid III/ Customs. — 'J"lift in'cessary ex|>enHes 
 attendini,' the Kovernniont cd' the Isle of Man ar;d 
 the administration of justice there, and olh r 
 cliarpes incnrred in the said isle, whieii Inive lien— 
 toAne been <leemed lit and prop<!r charLr<'s to bf- 
 doductod from and paid out of tbe duties of cus- 
 toms collected in tha .said isle, or wli'ih may iiere- 
 after be deemed proper charp;es, and ... .^o the annu.il 
 sum of •J.iUlll/. made payable by Act >^ .iv ;) N'icl. 
 c. 04, s. '.'.") to her Blajesty's Ueceivt r-<.i neral in 
 the said Isle of JIan, and to be appli*': for tin- 
 lawful jiurposes of the harbour cirniuib. ioner.'- 
 therein mentioned, shall and m.ay be retamed ani! 
 paid by the collector of enstoms of the ^.■md isle, 
 out of the duties of customs collected in rl»e .said 
 islo, as hereinbefore provided. (Sec. ',)'>4.i 
 
 Additional Allowance for Public It' 'n in the 
 
 Isle of ]\Ian. — In addition to the deiUnti i;h- from 
 the customs duties hereinbefore proviJeii t.ir. 
 there shall bo set aside amuially a sum eiin.al to 
 1 of the amount derived from such dutn-s, to be 
 applied by the Connni.ssioners of the Tr- asur\- in 
 cllccting improvements in the harbours and other 
 luiblic works in the Isle of Man, the neeesaary 
 repairs and improvements in the harbours -nkiuKu 
 priority of other public works ; and it shall be Mvefai 
 for the Court of Tynwald from time to time to 
 determine what inipvovements and ])ublio works 
 shall be so uudert .ken, the lieutenant-governor 
 havinjj a veto upon such decision. (.Sec. o5,").) 
 
 Under 'J3 & 21 Vict. c. oO, the harbour com- 
 missioners are entitled, acting with the liecciver- 
 Oener.il of the Isle of JMan, to borrow .such an 
 amount as can be covered by an annual mtens!, 
 of 2,.300/. for the purpose of improving harbours m 
 the islan<!. The application of the fund so sub 
 scribed shall be decided on by the Court of Tyn 
 wald, the lieutenatit-govcrnor of the island being 
 empowered to exercise n. veto. 
 
 By 20 & 27 Vict. c. HO, dues may be collected 
 .It the harbour of I'ort Erin, improvements m the 
 harbour at this port having been effected in aid of 
 the herring lishery. 
 
 The h.irbour dues levied are as follows: — As 
 soon as the pier is carried out at a distance of OOO 
 feet from low water mark, the dues levied in the 
 first column are payable; as soon as l.")© feet farther, 
 those in the second column. 
 
 MANIFEST 
 
 2M 
 
 All..r 1 1 .,,,,, I„l.,.,.„ (. wl„.r I ..ul j;,rw„; ' 
 
 The a' vo duos are to he n.ii,] o.-orv >;.„ i 
 vessel e„ - ^ the harUur. Con .nltin .:;,; 
 nnd,.r,:( ,,.,..(.,. herrnig fmherv v!>a.nn, -/ • , ' 
 1 to .lone I, 1/.; whole vear,";l/. :!n:,;; ,,''*' 
 wards, and under :,» tons. I/. f,.r iicrrin/i'"' 
 .1/. whole year. Wind-homMl vo.S L ' "' 
 M cam vessels to p.-jy thi' samp ua „iilii,.' v , 
 tor which dues have M.en r-ai<i rel„.r,:i'„ ■ ,;;;,, 
 -M hours with same par-o. nor. t„ \^ \m,: ; ' 
 ■Y"'!',' .''•?''''!'' M>m;xm; to rovnl vn,-4,t .-'i,,, 
 
 M.\.\«.ANI'.S1, (der. l,rmunn..in. ..i.,;.., 
 I>iiteh. '.fuinsteen; Fr. nb,»;,ran.",se, iii„.',,hi„ 
 yonduv-rre: Ital.ninng;mp.-K,a-. Span.,,,;,,'.,,,, 
 l.al. marnosia nigra, iiui«itf;u,«.s,ji,„, " ,„- 
 which, wJwn pure, is of a ;4:r.Ti,-lMvi,ii,r, i' 
 like cast-troii. an.l has a rommI \k-d „f ],^i,' 
 Its texture IS granular; it. lim.- nctthfr n<if.', 
 smell ; it is iwfter than east-a-imi and, mav'bciii, 
 Its specific craviny is .s. jf ,, .,^.^ |,^|J|-^ 
 <!an neiiher !*• hannnwred nor (Irawnu^t inioivi 
 lis teiunity IS unkm.rwn. When exposfd h 
 air It attraiUs oxygcm with consHtwab?.. riini. 
 ii soon Uises its lusinr, and hccomw 't^v vi» 
 iM-owii. .and at last htaclc. These .-ha. m t, 
 place still more rapidi- if the inctjii iw-m, 
 an op.ru vessel. (Jrcs ot' niangaiie.si. .:ro , ^ 
 in i:)e-5-()D.shire, Somerset diire &o, j|, ,, 
 niancaiuesp. known in lierlivshiro by ii. !ai,i( 
 li,aiili tt-fifld. is remarkaide ior its si'mii;;:;;,. .' 
 llammnti«n with oil Oxide of maiiCT.— 
 conHideriiHile use; il is cnipJMvul in mak:!i,: 
 muriatic .v;id. for forming hl.'aeliin!; liqiim 
 al.so used iai glazing black eartlienmire, I'.ir 
 eidours to »"nainiels, and in the maniilhctur 
 ;iorcelain. It ik th" suhstaneo gencnllv mejl 
 f-tiemisis for "Warning o.\-ygen ;,'!l<. "in ij 
 f.TOO tons of niangane.^e ore were iiiiiuirwlil 
 tl.e United Kingdom, chiellv from lliilW 
 Sfain, ami were valued at 2li;,7L'.'!/. A tvmw 
 of iiiangane.se anil pol.ash is one of the inn<i poi 
 ful .mil valuable disinfectants known. iTk'i 
 Chimisin/ ; ite.) 
 
 MANt'JKL WUHZF.l. .r FIELD bY.U 
 bctleraves; tier, mnngolu iMirzei; ItaUiieu 
 A mongrel between the wi and white Ixd. 
 has been a good deal culifv.-i.t.'d in France. ' 
 many, and Switzerland, i)arly as fiiod (or 
 and partly to be u.seil in .isiillaliin. and 
 extraction of sugar. Its eiiliirr i.-illicill 
 is comparatively recent; and .Mr, L.iU(li'iii|iiL. 
 whether it ha-- any advant.agMovertlicla™ 
 general agricultural juirposes. The iiifparatif 
 the soil is exactly the s."xme as for tiirnifs,] 
 immense crops are raised on .stmn;: d.iy.-. 
 produce per acre is about the same a- tii.it 
 Swedish turnip : it is ap|)licil aliimM .itiirelvl 
 l';»ttening of stock, and the feeding' "i iiiiliii 
 'lyiiidon's Knci/elnpcedia of Ajtricultiirf. 
 
 MANTFl'^ST. In Commercial Navii 
 document signed by the master, codaii 
 iiainf or names of the places where ' 
 board have been l.iden, and the place ., ,, 
 whi' ii (hey arc respectively df<n'iicd:iW 
 and toiiuagft of thi- vessel, the dmk nir.itr 
 and the name of the place to wliieli il* 
 belongs; ;i particular account ami licsf^ 
 .all the packages on 'loard, with the n 
 numlM^r.s thereon, the goods conlaind inj 
 paikagcs, the names of the respe' tiff 
 and e.^nsignccs, as far as such pani 
 
 :"'■■ most 
 'I miui ,-ai 
 !'i<sta. 
 
 ili.it 1! 
 
liBB after llwHiiiii, ,ii-;iniii('(> ,„,(,i-n, r . - 
 
 teirfteto«vic<ig...,M.i i,oiic./; t , ;>, : ';.' " 
 
 fl^>«p,rtc,J,th,. manifest .my lo ,, ""; 
 wl, (.Maude and I'ullock, La?o /• h'"'"^'''' 
 
 IIAN-ILLA, The ,.,pi(al of L„.o„,a or r n "'"' ••' '"^^''<' I V,'rtZ ^'"\ "" ■'■'«•"'"• in J^" 
 
 ;:^' ''- ''-I*' in ;M,.i '" z^^'-j^^^^^ 
 
 li.llU4^)(i'«^V,Junff. J2()o "u' :■ 'p '''^^^'^^^ 
 
 \m>4Mmsu.tMcs of i8(i^ iis'i^^;' ; ?^ 
 
 
 Ik », raft fur aim,,, i ,,i ,,',.'*'' 
 ,«Ii.obar.,m,vi,icli II, ro " "'"',',' "' 
 
 H'^''v«se]. of Lv*;,,';,"'' r''" ''■''>■ 
 
 i^rt.hoor.ranlv'o.u^'i'^.'^'^^^^^ 
 
 ■■■'■«»' »»el.or at Cav it, X / i^ '"'.'f'-^ <" 
 
 /'*rc,l fron, ,i„/;V%^'' ff";^l i!'"-bo„^ 
 «liebavi.sexn,«.,l T? ,' "■""''*• "> 
 
 kfr«"ntl„Msiands Tlo e 'v i ""■''"^■'-'■^' 
 Mnihhcawi.hS^^^^^^ 
 *¥l<i" Manilla Jiav are -; „„ t, • 
 
 «'«orre.'idor Island "Vj,,-,,"" "i" ^'''^''''-'^t 
 f''''"''-i*to (',,■ '.:^J^'^■'^''^^•'■0• 
 *;'^1"«!. water ir"''''''' ''^'""" » ««!) 
 S:!^:[,i<^'?oSL'n^^'a, «a. 
 
 ""■^'-"^i";^, m„| r;,n„^' '*!;'"« «.,l-o«toa.liH; 
 
 """■"^'^V"-'l'on.snn,lir, n ' '^' '" "'" "l.olo/ 
 ".'"•"•'^ "'>-Mc,.;,.„ , •„ •! '0 ...her |,n„,i,o„r 
 
 'ffifliUSl were state.! to bi' of I.'7,. ' I t./l/ai'iv) nml -.; "'•""'«^ <'iiio/lv of s 
 
 «p=.Iil51Cl,i„0M..a,>,l -Jlo.Hi i.XoZT"" "^u,nU- m . n'""; •'■""'■"' "'"i ^. n,s ,.,„ , ■ , 
 
 'o, 10 J:nil,>,l K , .°|o, ' '^"i '^•'^•Portalion of ,'.',. 
 at -'.i^')(J,i7i/./,,;;''" /^'''"'Ilawero in is,;; 
 
 ,., , ,'"""" exports from M •■. ' 't"[s. 
 
 Mined at 2.2!)(j 17^/," ^"''""'la Were in Isc 
 
 ■Arliclm 
 
 ..fill,) . 
 r';|l«"i wooil 
 
 '■".'" "««lic . " 
 
 •"•"Ihlrco, Ipaf 
 ' \U.ivt 
 Ti.nloi.pshcl, 
 
 ''aria's - 
 II..,. . 
 
 .;,„,,„. 
 
 < '»n,,.niiloil 
 
 ^oi-t Charnrs ScuTT^ ■ 
 
 f<>". and oiic^liaif ru, ''"■,''■'8'" vessels, 9 r» „„ 
 
 t» i'^ Job... aco,,nbl o the ■"'''''.'^' '■^'"" -^ 'lo 
 
 ' fa 111. 
 
 :P coiTifs 
 J'liesoil 
 
 is of 
 
 rcry 
 
 i;v. of 
 
 pa It 3 ,,yr eent., 
 
 fie s 
 
 rif^'-"^"i«rh'n:;^;i,:?'""i':™: 
 
 VP, 
 
 " m mintral, 
 ;!; !' is Slated 
 
 nib. 
 
 "l', and an] 
 
 '" a statist 
 
 inal 
 
 'I'al nceoiint 
 
 Pi'liiilut 
 
 '•'iiillttin IHI8 
 
 ipaiiish vessob 
 
 )aiii,s 
 8 by f 
 
 IV i net 
 
 'y national ycssols 
 
 4:11. Foi-oiLr 
 
 I I'XCCI 
 
 oiiLfn ivincs. 
 
 '">• h'es.sobs 7 
 
 P''o- tivist, 
 
 ' PLT cent., 
 
 !i-'ll 
 
 lie isi 
 
 ({icy, 
 
 IV/iie 
 
 and 1] 
 
 «'nt., and flo h^ , 
 
 'Mil bool 
 
 """N (Hindi a.s 
 
 ■•) SilOCM, 
 
 ■fe'ar, bv 
 
 I'! native.su 
 (^served 
 
 no, and 
 
 }y foreif. 
 Pnrple, kill 
 
 orei;,',,. 
 'Panish 
 
 -Ot 
 
 on 
 
 ■nl''''"'^;""'.'Je cloth 
 
 paiiish 
 
 vcs.'^ej 
 
 "s, COtl/'tc 
 
 ves or 
 
 68, 
 
 lonnry nnd 
 
 <='■ cent., and 
 
801 
 
 MANILLA 
 
 ■'■'.' 
 
 \yv fomffn, Briti^li niid ntlicr f(n■(■i^;n CDtfnn nnd 
 B\\k inaiuifnctiiri'8, iniido in iinitution uf nntivu 
 cldtlifl, cliiolly Htripcs or olieckn of black, hlup, 
 nnd purple (•oIourH, Mndrns nml Ik'iifriil, Kfcy, 
 white, nnd nrintcd cottons, towids, table iin|ikiii.s, 
 ond table cloth.i, 15 per cent, by Spniii.sli vessels, 
 und '25 by forci^jn. Heolic ilo nicr, rattans, 
 diamonds, tortoisenhell, motlicr-o'-iienrl shell, and 
 birds' nests, 1 nor cent, by Spanish vessels, and 2 
 by foreif^n. INiaehinery of all sorts for the pro- 
 motion of the industry of the country, cotton 
 twist of red, rose, yeUow anil i^rvm colours, fjold 
 nnd silver, coined or uncoined, plants and seeds, 
 free. Tropical productions similar to those of 
 the riiilippineH, also arniek nnd f;unpowder, are 
 ]irohibited. Dpiuni is only ndinilted to \>e de- 
 posited for re-exportation. Swords, fowlinR- 
 picccs, muskets, pistols, and warlike stores may be 
 deposited for re export, nnd cnnnot be introduced 
 without the special license of Government; but 
 cannon and dress swords are admitted. It is 
 probable that Spanish tarills, botli li(jmo and 
 colonial, will inidertjo a complete revision under 
 the auspices of the new Government of 18(18. 
 
 Export Z^H^'ci.— Comtnodities and produce of 
 every description to Spain, by national vessels 
 pay 1 percent., nnd 2 by foreii^n. ]'',lsewhere, 1^ 
 by Spanish vessels, nnd 3 by foreign. Hemp, by 
 national vessels to whatever destination, 1 jier 
 cent., nnd 2 by foreign, Kice, by Spanish vessels 
 free, and 4i per cent, by foreif,'n. Manufactured 
 tobacco, and eordaj^c of Manilla hemp, free bv all 
 flags. Gold dust, gold in bars, ami silver in bnrs, 
 free. 
 
 Entrepot JJutlis.— One per cent, ad valorem, 
 and 1 per cent, at the exportation, will) 1 per 
 cent, more il' tlie cummodilics should be kept, 
 there more than twelve months, two years being 
 the longest time allowed for it. 
 
 I'urt and Custom-house Rcijiihitiuns. — Vessels 
 newly arrived are not to communicate with the 
 shore until having been visited by the port 
 captain's boat ; and within 30 hours after this 
 visit, a manifest must be presented, stating 
 packages, marks, and numbers ; but the vessel may 
 retain her cargo 10 days in transit, without stating 
 whether for consinnption or deposit, and without 
 being obliged to land or incurring any charge on 
 the same, except gimpowder, pocket i>istols, and 
 forbidden arms. 
 
 Terms for Sales and Purchases, — Snlcs and 
 purchases made, duty paid, at 3 to 5 months' 
 credit, occasionally at '2A per cent, discount for 
 prompt payment, and exports are bought for cash. 
 The principal currency of Manilla consists of 
 Spanish dollars, of 8 reals and 'JG grains, but 
 South American dollars are also current. The 
 ■weights in use are the Spanish lb., which is nearly 
 2 per cent, heavier than the English ; the arrob'a 
 c=25i Kng. lbs. nearly; the quintal = 102 lbs.; 
 and the piiiil of 5 arrobas or IJ cwt. Knglish. 
 The cavan is a measure for rice <tc., varying from 
 96 to 135 lbs. The Spanish merchants have a 
 chamber of commerce, and a joint-stock insurance 
 society. The United States, trance, nnd lielgium 
 have consuls, and each of the Canton marine 
 insurance companies has an agent here. There arc, 
 however, neither fire nor life offices nor agencies ; 
 nor is any newspaper, price-current, or other 
 periodical publication issued in Manilla. 
 
 Considering the great fertility and varied 
 productions of the Philippines, and their pecu- 
 liarlj' favourable situation for carrying on com- 
 merce, the limited extent i>f their trnde may 
 excite surprise. This is naturally and entirely a 
 (umsequence of the wretched policy of the Spanish 
 Government, which persevered until recently in 
 
 MARBLE 
 excluding all fon'ign ships from ih,. n„rt, , ,. 
 I'hilippincs conllning the trade l.otw.L ,,', '^ 
 Mexico and South America to s sinrrip 1] ,V''* 
 ships nnd settlers from Chinawcre oxclu ,'i' . ,)" 
 visions savs La I'erouse, 'of all kind, „r'i„ '" 
 greatest, n&umance here, and cxtnm,.!; ,., 
 but clothing, I'.uropean hardware ,i,„i V, ' 
 bear an excessively hinh prl. The w' „ "'"" 
 petition, together with proliil,iti,,„, „,,',i , , , 
 of every kin.l lai.l on comm.r.T, render ih^^f 
 ttont and merchandise of Imlla and Chin, , 
 as dear as in Euroiw.'^ Hannilv ,) 1 '' 
 
 policy, the effects of' which K■,■,^'^''J 
 depictcl by M. de la Perouso, h^, 1^; "'i' 
 modilled, nnd, it may be hoped, will n„d,r.i ' 
 regime of 1«G8, be' entirely ch«£ "p . "1 
 events of the revolutionary war dostrovclf.rol 
 the old colonial system of Spain, and tl,„ .u 
 of all nations arc nowfreely a.hnittcl int„ M, 1 
 and the other port,s in the I'liilippincs. An un « 
 dented stimulus has, in consequence, kra -^ 
 to all sorts of industry; and its propc, „ 
 doubt become more rajiid, accordinL' w a «ij 
 experience and acquaintance witli Cii,,;,, 
 makes the natives better aware of tlic ailnnlai 
 of commerce and industry, and dmhma \\m 
 the i)r<judiccs of which thev have hem s,) 1 
 the slaves. It appears from the Reiwl ,V, 
 Vice-Consul Ue lloscli on the Cmmnce »/• ( 
 for 18GG, that intercourse between Jlaiiilla i 
 ^";\ .' Vv?^'"'' "fstcnmers had been commer.« 
 
 MANNA (I'r. maiine; (Jcr. mannac-dic. 
 manna). The concrete juice of several ■>>)('(■■* 
 ash growing in the south of Europe. Tlie j| 
 exudes spontaneously in warm, dry wcalhfr I 
 concretes into whitish fears; but the cri.mr'l 
 of the manna of commerce is obtained b\ nu] 
 incisions in the tree, and gathering; tlii ijM 
 baskets, where it forms irregular masses o'fjl 
 dish or brownish colour, often full of imi/; 
 Manna is imported in clirsts, priiKipallr 
 Sicily and Calabria. The best is in olil-.iii: 
 from 1 to G inches long, modcratoh- Irv, i 
 I)orous, of a yellowish white colour.'nii.l' i:, 
 degree transparent; the iiifiTior kinds arc i 
 unctuous, nnd brown. It has a .«lislit ]« 
 odour, and a sweet taste, with son?c deji, 
 bitterness not very pleasant, and Innvs aj 
 seous impression on the tongue. In l>i:. ^ 
 lbs. were imported, valued at ifU:)!,: aiiJ j 
 lbs. were exported. (Thonison'.s Ihpm 
 British Pharmacopiciu, liSlJT.) 
 
 MAKBLK (Ger., Huss.andLat.niarDinr:, 
 marmcr ; Fr. niarbre; Ital, niarmo; ,>iiiaii,| 
 mol). V genus of fossils, composed chittiycfl 
 being a bright nnd beautiful stono. nwltr 
 hard, not giving fire with steel, feniKiii'ioj 
 and soluble in acid menstrua, and calciiiM 
 slight fire. ] 
 
 The ctdours by which rnarblcs arc disiiiij'^ 
 are almost innumerable. Some arc quite I 
 others, again, are of a snowy white; soli 
 greenish ; others greyish, reddish, bluish, veil 
 &.C. ; while some are variegated and spottc' 
 many diflerent colours and shades of cobitt. 
 finest solid modern marbles are liiose«fl 
 lilankenburg, France, and Flander.'. (J'fitl 
 titles of very beautiful marble iiavc l« 
 covLTcd iit Portsoy in lianffsbire, aiiJatf; 
 other ])Iaces in the Western Islr>. K 
 in Ireland, has abundance of beaulilulH* 
 ble intermixed with white spots, called ' 
 marble. Derbyshire abounds iu tiiii L 
 Near Kemlyn-bay, in Anglesea, thern^ 
 of beautiful marble called rrrfe lii ( 
 its also being found in Corsica. !'■ 
 green, black, white, and dull purpi< 
 
 I- all 
 
 I .'■'""piled 
 m,:„ ;'-''uins; 
 
J Wleuofsobaril, compact, and (ino a (c\-f„rn 
 |i,«J.lv lo take a beautilul polisi,. 'j'l ', ...'"^f 
 
 Hhould never l.avc In^on , 'l L.? J'''^"'" "'«' it 
 
 ^•jyract.s from j,. Ar^'; •*''/' '"" ''^•«n any 
 
 «" "'c authors nh„ iia .r,:^T " /""' ■^'"'»^" that 
 
 A .Ics at tho timp u'l , 1, '"' '^^'"""■.j.l i„ 
 
 ■-■'*■■ t1 
 
 al,s.> tho 
 
 ^:iir ih,it blai,,!; who.icn ai.s., tho fa,„„,H 
 Liiiiii niarW.8 w.re bro„;.h I. Tho mnrl.Ic of 
 Lwj IS likewise in lii-li rcpm,. union,, .sculntor. 
 [R,p.t.liCf;MVity„f n.urhh. in from -'DO to 
 Black marblf owes its colour to u .liH f 
 
 l"^.'--" 'nr to it has ever tr^.wn-P",''^'',^''^' «^ """-i^- 
 
 p.- "... - I Pn>'<-'i|mlly of tho rp„ ?•'"'■"'' "'•■'t if ConsiHtel 
 
 bl.7we imported I0,2G;J tons of ron^h an.I ,^""'"." ^""■' '^^'i^i^TtlT '''"'' ""»■" '" '»"> 
 ^c.t.of sawn orotherwis,. nmnn hetu/e Tw ^^ ''"■ " '^e „o?i",7' ''^T'"^^'' ""'i'" 
 
 «^,,h..yfr,,m Tu.canv, the valno of tl?e 'f /'',''" "''J'^'boreX '' '" ""-' «""th of 
 
 lailliMKLAW. Bymnritin,cla,vis meant trZ' ?^"'««'''n"r&,Jch.''':'n f^^''"''''' I'i'-a, 
 
 te»,m,x,riant branch of the conunerckl n„ •^'-'''^'"^ to which tiiev r,>l^- "'"^''"'•'•''ed for 
 
 -rfiilmaniime nations. It is divided i,f„„ ""^fffntion. Jn the aC r'""^ fommerco and 
 
 ..r „f Jiffcant departments ; sncL^ "those T '"/r "" "'« «"» ert, ' Tem,1"-' f"-^!*'^'*' '""f^"- 
 J.-r.v. ,c harbonrs, the property of shins ho " """ "'"^ 'naritime lau , u '^'■,''??"aWe to s,,,,- 
 
 t^Jnjhts of masters and sean.en, co^' r^c t nu'Z"^ '''"'" »''o e of "j'^"" V H" f ""«i|'.''ly 
 
 fctiment, average salvat'c *f. Tt, ""•"'"ations and nuMiinnl ""' '*"' with sueli 
 
 *u; ».l thoee .uhjk-ts treaLc' oi- under '■^'""'''"« '" ^SoZ'p M "' '"'t'''t bo dccmo 
 
 w:6i-i,ve heads. "' "'"''•''^ views of cacli stn^^ i. ." ";*"" '" "if particulnr 
 
 fa| :=. of maritime aw was mippJiod by ' '"1 "*>' '"^'"''•''"''^ ^^4 estaUi h" ''^ °"-'' con- 
 !Mv.evcraI centurips before tiio Chrk L" '''' '^'"""sion and um-orV^ i; *"''' '''^'''^ ''''I to 
 it ^'"«.^' -^.-^'^brated authors of an ;" h!""" "l"""-' '"'-•onvenienccTth"^ "'■"•' "'« «=''^- 
 pvfipoken in high terms of the w;/,i„„ , "'^^ contributed tn th„ : thence ans ni; don hf 
 
 k«.i.», i„c6i,, i,«."i^,:'itri1sr'°'" .<"« . ..^ "."sri,""''"!'™ * ■ ■ 
 
 lawei'firoii. 
 
 IW«f Augustus jutlicavi, Tl ';^'''n cisions. It Z fJ ^'^ T'^ '» rentier (heir U 
 f'". '^^.[||fas,MiiW|.(ii..- 7,.„ , "^"" ■'".! Hint (tip oi.iv iL "' "afwiona in Hu-j 
 
 b;' ■!» .lip .'.u , S i~,t« •?• i"''."hiio.,^2',,'f.;",« r',,,cb ,ji, to,,™'- 
 
 .ti.4l 1 i , 
 
 J.. 
 
'H 
 
 Ma 
 
 l«)rt<'il, ami unwiirm;;ly ndlinrM 
 ii|iinii)ii. ' (2iiipii|iif> FriiiKjni.",' «a.vs Iio, 'f|iioii|uo 
 piirfi' ]i.'ir ili'H Koiitinioiix ili^ n'rniiimi.isnnri', qu'iiu- 
 ciiii t-vi'iioiiu'iit lie mniriiit ailiiililir, ii I'liire viilciir 
 tout CO (|iii vM I'll favour ilc MarMcillcs, jc ilnis rc- 
 (■(iriiioilri' fraiulicnii'iil i|im' IcKproliiiliiliti's rcmpor- 
 tciil 111 (iivi'ur lie Kaiii'liini'.' ^^(lnl( ii. p. 21.) 
 
 liut III wliiclii'vor citv tli(! lioiiiiiir (if I'limpilinK 
 till' I'anmlitto limy be (liii', tlii'ic niii lie no ilor.lil 
 tliat it-i aiitiipiily lias hieii j;natlv ('xai;i,'<'rMtc(| 
 
 MARITIME LAW 
 to C'niimaiiy'H ixlaiid of (iodilniid, In the Ilnltlo »,. 
 
 j..v<Ml n liiuli reputation in ili.. N„|||, r,"" \ 
 of Itrtcoini.ilalioii is uiKvrtaiii. I.iititl,, 'j 
 
 ' 'f'"n..ti,a. .,„„.;:/;,;:" '""^ 
 
 livflv inoilciii 
 
 rrii JuristH .(.Mtnul tliat tlie .„„, ,„ 
 
 oldrr iliaii llic riil.s of (Hituii, nnH II 
 
 W N,.r 
 
 1 ,. , -. "lat ilici.,| 
 
 I l'"in tl,.. r„n,i,.r! Hm ii 
 
 t.iti i.'ii.d 
 
 aro t^lilclly copi 
 
 Ihcii rcpcat.Mlly ^liowri llinl ih.n. i, „„, 
 
 as the ^llali.m• of a fnundiui,,,, for thi 
 
 liiaiiiicr thai tile lirciiiiislaMits allinU'd to in tins 
 prcfari' I'lnild not possilily have taken plate, and 
 that it is wholly iiiiw(irtliy of alleiilion. 'I'hc 
 most probable opiiiicjii neenis to be, that it was 
 compiled, and be^an to be introdneed, aljoiit Ihe 
 end of Ihe l;Uh or the bef,'inniiit,' of the 1 lib eeii- 
 tniy. And notwillistanilinn its prolixity, and 
 the want of precision and elcarness, tlieeorrespond- 
 ciK'o of tbe (,'reater number of its rules with the 
 ascertained princijiles of justice and public iilility 
 ),'radually led, witbout fbe intervention of any 
 apfrcetiieiit, to its ado|ition as a system of iiiaritinu' 
 jurisprudence by all the nations c(uitif;uoiis to the 
 "Mediterranean. It is .still (d' Iii-li aulhority. 
 ('asare;;issay« of it, llioiif;li. perhaps, too slron),'ly, 
 ^CoiiHulatiis" maris, in inatiTiismirilimis, t.inipiam 
 universi'.lis (Mnisiietudo habens vim le;;is, inviida- 
 biliter afiendenda est apuci oinnes provincias ct 
 nationes.' (Disc. 2i;t, n. 1'.'.) 
 
 The colled ion of sea laivs ne.xt in celebrity, but 
 anterior, ]ierliii|)s, in point of time, is that deiiomi- 
 nalcd the lioulu des Jiipiiiiciits ifUhron. 'I'licre 
 is as iniicli diversity of opinion as to the origin of 
 these laws an there is with respect to tbe orij^in 
 of tlie CuiiHdIati). The prevailint,' opinion in (ireat 
 IJrit.iin has been, that they were compiled by di- 
 rection of (^ueen Eleanor, wife of Henry if., in 
 her qualily of Uucliess of Guienne, and that they 
 ■weri^ aftcnvardu enlarged and improved by her 
 son Kichard I. on bis return from tlu! Ilcdy Land ; 
 but this statement is now admitted to rest on no 
 fjood foundation. The most proliable theory seems 
 to be, that they are a collection of the rules or 
 ]iracticrs followed at the principal French jiorts 
 on the Atlantic, as Bordeaux, llochelle, .St. .Male 
 Ac. They contain, indeed, rules that are essential 
 to all maritime transactions, wherever they may 
 be carried on; but the references in the code siif- 
 liciently prove that it is of French orij,'in. The 
 circumstance of our monarch's haviuf; lar^'c pos- 
 ncssions in France at the period when the rules of 
 Oleron were c(dlectcd, naturally facilitated their 
 introduction into lur^land, and they have long 
 enjoyed a very high deffrce of authority' in this 
 country. ' I call them the laws of Oleron,' said 
 a great civilian (8ir Leoline .Jenkins, C/iaiye to 
 tliK Vimjuc I'uiIh), 'not but that they are [lecu- 
 liarly eiioiii,di English, being long since incorpo- 
 rated into the customs and statutes of our admi- 
 ralties, but the e(piity of them is so great, and the 
 use ami re.'isou of them so general, that they are 
 known and received all the world over by that 
 rather than by any other name.' Molloy. how- 
 ever, has more correctly, perhaps, said of the laws 
 of Oleron. that 'they never obtained any other or 
 greater force than tho.sc of Kliodes formerly lid: 
 that is, lliey were esteemed for the reason and 
 equity found in them, and applied to the case 
 emergent.' {IJi: Jure Maritimo et Atirali, Introil.) 
 A code of maritir'o law issued at Wisby, in the 
 
 laiKlalory luaiiner 
 siiy> he, • iii^ol;e (i 
 riinl, taiiliiiii m se 
 dellliiP, lit oiMiies i 
 
 II ot llieH.Jinvnini),,,, 
 •<^lU-c|(; U'llritiliiH ,i, ■„ 
 itlilaiidiii' haliiiatoril,u,jjJ 
 
 ll'>beiit,tmil(.,|||||;|li,..(„|,|j 
 
 ■ 'aiii aeeolii. ,.„, r,,,,, ,,,„,,| 
 
 proprio, simI vel.it geiiliimiiure.utumur 
 yoinniii ml ]'iiiii'iiUnn, p. i; |.) 
 
 llesides the . nd.s now nientionni 
 nances of the llanse Towns, issur.i r, | 
 mil, contain a system of laws rckiiiK i 
 gation ihai is of great autlioritv. Tlii' hiil 
 
 Me I 
 
 ') I 
 
 (' (■■;iti| 
 ittlijf 
 
 ... ...mine, tiie customs of Auisttrdaiii i, 
 
 also olteii cpioleil. 
 
 A translalion of the Law nf f)|,.r, „ w 
 and the IIan.se Towns is given in ty.kii .,] 
 o( Malyne.s' Lir Mirrali.rhi ; hut t||, 
 lliem ill the work of M. I'ariussiu 
 superior to every other. 
 
 Itut by far the most complete and wtli-Ji 
 syslein of mariiimo juri.-pruildicc tliathaj' 
 appeared, is that cornijri.sed in iho (mmi 
 niiiicc lie la Marine issiieil bv I/iiiis ,\|V.in 
 This excellent code was 'wjiiipiled ..iJei 
 direction of M. Colbert, by iiidiviilinli of 
 tahiiit and learning, after a cnrifui revi-tm 
 the ancient sea laws of France .and (.tlirci 
 and upon considiation willi tlie .liSriiit 
 iiients, the courts uf ndiiiiraltv, ani i!,Pilii 
 of conmicrce, of the (lill'ereiit tdwii: 
 wdiatcver experience and the wisduPi ,f,i;i 
 shown to be best in the Honiiai \m-.wi 
 in.stiliitions of the modern nwiritiijii' .■' 
 Europe. In the preface to lii.i t.iati-e 
 l.nw of Slil/ipiiK/, Lord Tciitcrdon s.i.v', 
 reader shonlo be oll'endcd at the t'm|iiMt 
 eiices to this onlinanco, I inii.st Tti\nH ' 
 recollect that those refcrcncM art raaJe 
 maritime code of a great conuacrdal 
 which has attributed miieli of its nait 
 perity to that code — a code composJ in ti 
 of a politic prince; under the au-piw* if 
 and enlightened minister; by laborious and 
 persons, wdio selected the niostvaliiaUtpi 
 of all the maritime lawstlK'iic.xi.stiii,';a: 
 in matter, method, and style, 'hum i>!A 
 linished acts of legislation that evcrira 
 gated.' 
 
 Ihe Ordin.ance of 1081 was piiblijlicJ 
 with a (letaileil and nio.'it elaborate ot) 
 by M. Valin, in 2 volumes, -Ito. Ii i'iui 
 which to a'linire most in tliii ccinniecl 
 Icarniii'.^ or the sound geed wnseoi'iM 
 Lord .Maiislield was indebted forDoicKti 
 portion of his superior knnwk'dijc oi :b, 
 of inariliiiie jiirisprudonco tu a carciji 
 M. Valin's work. 
 
 That part of the Code de f.»a«<j 
 treats of maritime allair.s, iiiMirante .i'.iij 
 with verv lit lie altcraliiui, fmni ilitf''- 
 1 08 1 . The hw changes that have to 
 not always imiirovements. 
 
 "lii'ilillje l;l 
 
 '"'}' mud,' 
 ft'-'.'^-i'llhei. 
 ^'Jsaofiit Mi 
 
 ^'^■"I'i marii 
 
 .V, , 
 *' fiih thn ' 
 
 f it.,, 
 i.!i!iiir|. 
 
 r ''a«-iiaolis 
 '-'slim; i,'i I 
 
 t;, 
 
. Manly U-.n m „ proi^rrssiv,. «(„,,.,' • 
 :.v«u; a„-l, "'"";^l. Mill ^:,.,;;'"; ,;;' ""- 
 
 j«,»liiu'iil, II torrc,«ii(Mi(|H „t tliH i,u,r,,,,„ ,„ ' ' ■-; -• "'" 
 
 lieiil,v,I*''N"'. 1'""' "iiy <'lli<r Nysleni ,',ru,.J-' I :'"'"*'P'I li- 
 l„.«itli lliuH. ,„m,r.sally r^r^Mi,',', ,',, l-",''" , '""' I'wn ,|, 
 (fuiiireand p'lu nil I'niivi-.iii.iir,. i,„ .. i :"!'''. '"' I "'<-' iiurit 
 
 •mil (I ' V- ' ■■"' "•■* fi> nvoiii i;. ,■,■'■,'■" ■"!'■'■'■ """ 
 
 1;;mIwi.ii/IU of I.(irtl ManHli,.l,l .1:1 . . ' ""L-iRali.,!. „„,i ;. "'""•■' ''■'"■tliip^f i,, 17^- ^^.^^^^ 
 
 a: , 
 
 I U':Mi' l.iiv III' iji;;laiiil. Jti.sai-io il., 1 "'" 
 
 toons t. I.„r.l .Mo»-c.l|. Tlu. .lunil „ ^T.";"' 
 
 jlv,twm;M,ut o( il„, conlli..,inL' imu,, 
 
 ]lo:.;.Mlils uxcisabl. bias „s^;, ' ',' 
 
 ,l*te.kautie..W-c.ln,Mt ,c'Vi I ^'''''■ 
 
 «&5*a.ion«(,,>aal,d• Sii"-''''"^'*-' 
 
 ^^^SitlCiS^t^J^^^r"""' 
 
 Ikiltuivver. Mr. Seripant \l, . 1 ^f 8>-'l'oIur, 
 
 • "^ * ■ -^ I ' ' 1 1 1 M (I 
 
 ICC 
 
 till! 
 
 *i'i-ii/iu of I.drd AfanNiiclii .1: 1 
 
 irwHipK and ... i,„,,rovo L^JZ^'.u! '""V '^-^'"'^'^'^^t 'X' r"':^"''"-'; c...;i.,;„,:"^ 
 
 Vr" •''-pas.odn. „'';;■''' ':f' t'"> no.,... • 
 
 ^-v.•?^s^^l:!-^"''.>^mca... 
 
 ;;;; f', •"■ '- ",.. .„;,.;' r^;;';•";"^ 'UrannK, 
 
 ""■ '•'"<il.saiid.s|.i,„„v. .r- ', ''"'"'^ 'li.'it tl... 
 
 """I'I'lioity „!■ s,, ;•; "■'■':■• '<Hildcr,.d hy It 
 
 ■■UKcr.s aiK )uvc.r.< ,,(■ -I . ''•''I'-'ric -i ; and Hi,. 
 
 i-«' 'o i.ua.S'tk;;'?,;;:'^v-''.;^o;cro'L ^ 
 
 y "dradietui-v re .,,1.,, , , ' ^'•''"mis <ib.c„a. and 
 con,„n.roe or Uc ,•:,,,'''''"•« u-'-lcrwhid. 
 
 •^ ■« mo« „y„H,u,. to Tiu ^^' ; ! ^'''''''--c. ,0 do. :'u^ r; 'l* "^^^tain what 1^ „..,. 
 
 lite boiik 
 
 P'}' w 
 
 . ""'^^ and 
 'iLquamtauce witli 
 
 our':(' 
 
 % I. 
 
a^ 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
 
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 ltt|2£ |2.5 
 
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 6" 
 
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 Hiotographic 
 ^Sciences 
 Lorporation 
 
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 23 '.VEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 873-4503 
 
 
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 868 
 
 MARITIME LAW 
 
 '■. 
 
 !■ ! 
 
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 u 
 
 \m 
 
 *..•- 
 
 must be supposed to be comparatively limited, 
 anil who are destitute of the professional authority 
 which the merchant at home may at all times 
 con.-'ult f(ir his direction I When it is recollected, 
 besidcH, that a trivial, unintentional deviation 
 from tlic strict letter of the Acts of Parliament 
 maj- expose a sliip and carjjo to the inconvenience 
 of seizure, which (whctlier sustained or aban - 
 doiied) is attended always with delay and expense, 
 and fief|uently followed by litigation, it caiuiot 
 be doubted that such a state of tlic law must 
 have the most prejudicial influence botii u])()n 
 conmicrcial enterprice in the country, and upon 
 our mercantile relations and intercourse with 
 foreign nations ; and perhaps no service more 
 \-aluablc could bo rendered to the trade of the en- 
 pire, nor any measure more effectually contribute 
 to promote the objects contemplated ly the House 
 in the appointment of this committee, than an ac- 
 ciurate revision of thia vast and confused mass of 
 le<?islation, and the establishment of sonit certain, 
 simple, and consistent principles, to which all the 
 regulations of commerce might be referred, and 
 under which the transactions of merchants en- 
 gaged in the trade of the United Kiugdom miglit 
 be conducted with facility, safety, and conlidcnce.' 
 (p. 4.) 
 
 Since this report was printed, a very consider- 
 able progress has. been made in simplifying and 
 clearing up the statute law, on the principles In id 
 down in it. The law as to shipping and naviga- 
 tion has been particularly improved. The prin- 
 ciples laid down in the famous Navigation Acts of 
 1650 and 1600 were, indeed, sufficiently distinct 
 and obvious ; but when these Acts were passed, 
 there W3re above 200 statutes in existence, many 
 of them antiquated and contradictor}-, which they 
 did not repeal, except in so far as the regulations 
 in them might be inconsistent with those in the 
 new Acts. But besides these, a number of 
 statutes were passed almost in every session 
 .since 1660, explaining, limiting, extending, or 
 modifying, in one way or other, some of the pro- 
 visions of the Navigation Acts ; so that Ultimately 
 there were questions perpetually arising, as to 
 which it was very difficult to discover the precise 
 la^v. On such occasions recourse was often had 
 to the courts ; and the good sense and equity 
 which generally characterised their decisions 
 mitigated the mischievous consequences resulting 
 from tlie uncertainty of the statute law, and even 
 gave it the appearance of consistency. This 
 uncerlainty, however, has 'been well nigh removed. 
 A bill introduced and carried through Parliament 
 in 1824 repealed above 200 antiquated and contra- 
 dictory statutes ; and the new Customs and Navi- 
 gation Acts ])assed in the following; year were 
 drav/n u|) with a brevity and precision which do 
 honour to the memoiy of their compiler, the 
 late Mr. Hume, of the Board of 'J'rade. But 
 various alterations having been suticqucntly 
 made in the customs laws, new statutes embody- 
 ing these alterations were passed in 1833, and 
 again in 1845, And a still more perfect and 
 complete consolidotion has been effected by the 
 Customs Consolidation Act of 1853, the 16 & 17 
 Vict. c. 107. It has the two great recommcnd.i- 
 lious of being at once brief and perspicuous. It 
 cmbrace.s the whole statute law with respect to 
 the importation and exportation of commodities, 
 the coa.sting and colonial trades, smuggling <tc. 
 'i"hc law relating to ships and seamoii, which, 
 down to 1854, was in a very confused and con- 
 tradictory state, has also been digested under its 
 diflerent heads, and embodied in two statutes, 
 the Mercantile Shipping Act of 17 <fc 18 Vict. c. 
 104, and Merchant Shipping Acts Amendment Act 
 
 MARKET 
 
 of 25 & 2fi Vict. c. C3. These stntntos, which ,™ 
 tain no fewer than 620 clauses, niiglit wc tl ini-' 
 be advantageously compressed: but t'licv arl 1 
 vast improvement on the previous state of th J 
 statute law on the subject. ' 
 
 The most important modern worksonMariti.r.l 
 haw are Maude and Pollock's Law of iwi 
 Sliippiiiff, and Pritcliard's Admiralty '])Lst \ 
 
 It maybe wortli while ob.serv-iiif;. that hardh- 1 
 a session passes without giving birth l„ morn J 
 fewer Act.s, making certain changes or moiliii;, I 
 tions in the customs laws. Where the.sc ch.in Z\ 
 apply only to some particular emcrgcncv v'wCnA 
 allectii'g the general principles or rides"hii,i dwn 
 m the statutes, there can be no doul.t tliat thui 
 should be embodied in separate Acts ; but vhJi 
 any modilicatiun or alteration is to Ijc uiaje J 
 the principles of the law, the better wav a< ii 
 appears to us, would be to introduce it 'iKa\i 
 into the lending Act on Ihc subjcct-ro-cnactind 
 it in an amended or altered form, hi iuMthel 
 way is it possible to preserve tliat uiiitv ail 
 cleorness which are so very desirable, 'flic mull 
 tiplication of statutes is a very great evil, not nil 
 from the difficulty of ascertaining the exact deirrd 
 in which one modifies another, but from ij 
 invariably leading to the enactment of contn 
 dictory clauses. The property and transaction ( 
 merchants ought not to depend upon the fut 
 tleties and niceties of forced constructidn*, bi 
 upon plain and obvious rules, about which Iha 
 can be no mistake. It would, however, ho i,il,. ' 
 expect that such rules can ever be dcducHJ iro( 
 the conHictiiig provisions of a number ol st.itiitd 
 those in the same statute are nut ahravj 
 harmony with eacii other. 
 
 MARK or MARC. A weight used in sova 
 parts of Furope, for various commodiiiv.*. esd 
 cially gold and silver. 1 
 
 In France, the mark was divided intoSozJ 
 64 drachms=192 deniers or peniiyHcit:!iti=4,| 
 grains. In Holland, the mark wei|,'ht wai a. 
 called Troy weight, and was equal to that] 
 France. When gold and silver are sell bvf 
 mark, it is divided into 24 carats. ' 1 
 
 The pound, or livre, poids de marc, the ffciJ 
 most commonly 'ised in ret;iil dealings through! 
 France previous to the Revolution, was equal! 
 2 marcs, and consequently contained 10 w.=f 
 dra. = 384 den. = 9.216 gr. Oue kilosrarani^ 
 nearly equal to 2 livres. Subjoined is a tabii 
 liyres, ;)Oirf» de mire, from 1 to 10, couverteilJ 
 kilogrammes. Any greater number may] 
 learned by a simple multiplicition aiid additiir 
 
 livres kilo. 
 
 liTrfs kilft 
 
 1 = 0-4S95 
 
 6 = 2»"il 
 
 ii = (vimm 
 
 7 = .VIS.-. 
 
 ,1 = IMi.Si 
 
 « = -j'!',' 
 
 4 = 1-9581) 
 
 u = fns 
 
 5 = 21475 
 
 lU = f-iljl 
 
 MARK. A term sometimes used among n 
 a money account, and in some other counirie^ 
 a coin. The English mark is § of a | 
 sterling, or I3s.4d.; and the Scotch mark j 
 of a pound Scotch. The mark Lute, orL-S 
 mark, used at Hamburg, is a money of ace 
 equal to HJrf. sterling. 
 MARK, TRADE. [Ta.\DE M.vkk.] 
 MARKET. A public pbcc in aciryorii 
 where provisions are sold. No market ij t 
 kept within 7 miles of the city of Luiita.l 
 all butchers, victuallers Ac. may hirriiiilij 
 standings in the flesh-markecs there, nJj 
 meat and other provisions. Every pew f 
 has a market is entitled to receive iiU 'd^ 
 things sold in it ; and, by ancient fustom 
 things standing in the market, though cot i 
 but those who keep a market in any otliet mil 
 
c statutes, which cnn- , 
 isca, mi(,'ht, wi; think, 
 ised: but tliey arc a 
 previiiuH state of tbe 
 
 arn worlisonMariti.i,,; 
 k'a Law of Mrnlnmt \ 
 idmimltij Dignt, 
 Dbsun-iiiji, that iianlh-j 
 iviiif; birth to mnn; dr j 
 chai\gcs or moiliiioa-j 
 
 at emergency, wiiliijut; 
 l)lcs or nilcs'hiiu d.jwn 
 Lie no doubt that thcri 
 )arate Acts ; but wh 
 tioii is to be inaJc 
 
 tlic better way, as i 
 .0 introduce it iiircitljj 
 iie subject— rc-cnactinj 
 red form. In iki otlid 
 eservo that unity aiJ 
 y deurable. The mu3 
 I'cry great evil, not J _ 
 taining tliecxattdegrel 
 another, but from'il 
 1 enactment of contn 
 )ertyand transactions i 
 
 depend upon tho su) 
 reed constructions, \a 
 ules, about which [he( 
 )uld, however, \k idle ' 
 n ever be deduced fro/ 
 of a number of statute! 
 ute are nut alwavs i 
 
 . wcigiit tiscd ill sovei 
 ious commoditi'.'s, esd 
 
 ffas divided into 8 ozJ 
 or pcnnywciKhti=4,9[ 
 ! marlt weifjht was i 
 il was equal to that] 
 d silver are soil by t 
 14 carats. 
 Olds de marc, the wcii 
 ctail dealings through! 
 Revolution, was cqualj 
 ly contained 16 oz,=f 
 T, One kilogrammel 
 Subjoined is a tabif 
 [u 1 to 10, converted ir 
 ■eater number may 
 tiplicatiou and additioj 
 
 li»res kilft 
 
 6 = 5-'.'i;« 
 
 7 = .Vl»« 
 » = 39 6/ 
 9 = i'\n 
 
 10 = 4-SDil 
 
 etimcs used amonja 
 I some other countries 
 mark is § of a | 
 id the Scotch mari; j 
 :ie mark Lubs, or La) 
 ;, is a money of ace 
 
 Frade Maek.] 
 cpk'ce in aciiycrti 
 aid. No market is tl 
 the city of Won;! 
 J ic. may bir.sHllir 
 -markets' there, iiJJ 
 ions. Every ;«MJ 
 >d to receive It'll 
 I, by ancient Mstini 
 market, though li ' ' 
 arketinaiiyotto™ 
 
 I ', 
 
 1 ' 
 
.fit 
 
 i1 
 
 *l 
 
 :'-'^ 
 
 T . . •:! 
 
 ,«' 
 
 - I 
 
 i! 
 
 4 
 
 >• I 
 i 1 
 
 .i 
 
 ' t 
 
 ;i 
 
 I f 
 
 r 
 
 
 I 
 
 • ■"■ 
 
 
 'i".;',.wj 
 
 IdyiAan iiotuinuins it ■ 
 
Marseilles 
 
 , , -«AKSKILLES 
 
 tliui It u granted, or extort tolls or <;.«» ,. i 
 
 ,» are duo, forfeit the ..amo. [vZill '"^^'S' «'"' any part of the C.r ^^^ 
 
 Bi;Si;iUlvS. A lartfc oom'norci u'-'citv nn,i "'.n"«'' "'« '"W". ^""""""^ without going 
 
 rt I't franco, on the Mcditcmn^ •' ,\ ^''tw are as vnt ,. • 
 
 ...i-i"' 
 
 i moHidinff suburbs, ,Wo;i3i.- ' " " '" | P'twI will liavo a larm. „,„ ■ ; -"■■- Jm 
 
 The poK now consists of the natural hnrh. "' <^larko's witcnt hv.lr^ ,r"' 'ry-iluck, and out 
 
 *^yicH^xPor^•a^dthot^vo"SsSS '^^^^^^^^^^^ 1^''« for repairing 
 
 ■rtiiii i!ip new liroakwater, called re^r,,.,. , ^''e^'ustom-hoiisoiQ-^., .1 
 
 iVr; d,. la .Mie.to ' and ' hrt xVano^, - "-.^^ ''"'/' "'^rc Ts 7 ranch, ''["."y "'""'« 0''" l'"r(, 
 Vi,,«IVrt,abuutl,OOOyardsJongTnda o«^ f''''"'^^'l''«l>y for t e oJ,. • -'^ "" '•'» ''"''-'t,. 
 ,....,v..n- narrow cntra./ce botwec^, tl oS II' !' '"f)«»t"'- ^-^"'"""U.on of „a.,.e„.erJ 
 
 i,:i i< one of the salest porta In >i.„ ■ ' ^"e Tribiuvil ^r n 
 
 l,.i.,„ .aolunes are coL^l^tl^ at^.^ ?'"'"^^' ""'i S ^'i.^^'li'lf-^ ?"^ H' "- ^-- 
 .aiiiaiii a uniform depth of about « r M™'" "moiigst the Si.L f ''•""''callv elected 
 fc(dm.it the Old Port, which is evr.) • ^T ^^" tiie pri.ici ,„ .nn^ '""^■'"'"t«. 
 «..! U sailin,. ship.; which a^ua^Iy'IiT;'^ ''T' '"■ '"« oid 'it ""'''""'" "'"<^«« "^« "oar the 
 IKS m tlie north and soui;i sides nn,l.^\i *^''^s<'ls apmoacl,in„ .1 . 
 
 . to,o their cargoes over their Tows it^ f^f'' '^''^^-^o^^^^^^ "'' ■^f--i"- 
 
 ^lly^ riiosehavc been considerably •; in,; , K?''""'^' "'"1 they are rh i ? m>r«ncUinf; th,, 
 of aio years. There arc numerous ^uSo'^^ "'^^ ^''''« ""^ "'"not "'»''' i"'"'"fe'« wlu^her 
 
 ilwavsatciimnian(lforvesselsonterlii,r«, r .'''^ irench shins nn,i <• ■ 
 
 AWnkwater. l',400 metres wfsn '''"V'"*''- P^o^ity trc es ^ i ^"'''l'^'' ^'''^'^^^^ lM^•i•,ir re. i 
 ,«,W. ltlieso,ftheIanft\t„o7hs7^»>''''^' SS 25^c,ti "' «" to"s trie " 
 .ftlcOid Port, and has a lighthouse i„"c°^^ em^ ?'"' '', "'""■«^'''- If t "lot ,''7 , '"" '""■■^'•''" 
 LUfv'donrouiiding the south pntrance of M-r .°'" '^ m'>^ off the ?i/ .v ** 'i!''^'' "'' '"'.nd 
 I W«ater enters the port of La Jo lotto f ' " ''"''^ •" '' '» reduced i ?f ° ' '^'^ '^"" '''""Vo i ' 
 Wutein about GOO yards W In- „i ' !"/"' """es off, a.ulTif V "* "'""'^ "n board "..r t 
 Lid..Itis.nrrou„ded'onallSX;a,^ -™- on board arihe 
 
 (l«sy<, and furnished with iron traimv;,,-^ *• ?i immediately on ron„:. • 
 
 Um of merchandise in rSa? iVeks ^ '"'^^" *» "'« oW "r now S '"■'"''"'' "'« '''"■p i-s 
 th; dock knldin;;s and raihvay I?r,ti„r T " ","'"'■<' "f "'^ cargo she hn'^ .-' *'"^«°^''i"S to the 
 tote i. .se,l for steam as weli as for sai'in^ 'Xr^ ''"^"^ to'lake „ "' "" ^"''''^' "'• ""> ffood^ 
 
 tea;;r s..il. Visiting 
 
 bl^!- ^ "-- of steS- ! f^SZ S 1?^S ^ t'"^"^'-"- 
 
 ffff'5^^- -Ki^if ™^ss:^^;«^ 
 
 f ^.■""chandise discharged f . V-rifc T' "'ii" '' ^''t^sides ' '''"^ ''"-^l-V 
 
 — -•■ !*:«re, the, Sort „^-'p7ri;i°"i';.f^T_,"« 
 
 5<cam Ships. 
 
 po^r "".'"■""«' ."-^ flr« d.j. and per ho„; * " 
 
 - 2 
 
 interior Of .ircJnri'''"^'''^ 
 "»B«.ountrj,j a greater 
 
 .1. '•"'/*"= I'orc ot Par 
 share of the trade of F 
 
 "raiico: hut, 
 
 enjoy 
 
 not- 
 
 5 ; 
 
 \M 
 
870 
 
 MARSEILL1<:S 
 
 ii 
 I 
 
 ■••I 
 
 '■*' i' 
 
 I.; 
 
 »t 
 
 withstnndinfc Uw increnscd importnncc of the 
 former, it. 1ms ri'ocn'.ly boon 0{iuallc(l, and some 
 tinii's siirpnssi'd, In- tliat of Rlnrscillos. 
 
 Grnnt prosperity lins niniiifostcd itself hero ... , ^ ... ..„,,„i iuaiKs iiimri ti 
 
 lute ypiir.-, imrtiiiilarly siiioo tlio annexation of , cu.stoin.s roccipt.i, wlii<!li in ihc;, nmuunicii ,' 
 Algeria, ami tlni .uTowt'h of I ho railway system. I 'il.lMl.'JU'. francs, yielded •.'n,-J(;.i,.-,(j7 |>,„„.^ ' , .' 
 
 Alar.seille.-i earrie.s on trade with every pai-t of in lK(!(i ; hnt l)n,sincss was, in eonscqueiicc uf t' ', 
 tho world. Its inincipal imiiortations consist of eommercial crisi.s ami n visit of the diulfra vcr\- 
 oil.seeds from India, the coast of Afriea, Kf;ypt, ' dull thron^hont the latter year. ' • 
 
 ntnl tlie. liCvant ports ; raw snj^ars from the West 
 Indies, ISrazll, Keunion, iManritiii.-, and Manilla; 
 cotton from Kgypt and the Levant; and nnicli 
 varied merchandise from all part.s. At all times 
 nmch wheat ami fjrain is hroui;lit hero from the 
 lilack Sea and Oanulie; bnt when the crops are 
 
 A Joint-stock bank established here, in \nr, h. 
 latterly been converted into a i ianchuf iliH'i,'k 
 of France ; 4,0110 siiarcs and ■1,0110,000 Irancj ..I'tlic i 
 stock of the latter having been nssiunicd lu i 
 proi>rietor.s. 
 
 'I'hcsc statements show that the tra.lc »f Ma:- 
 Kliort in l'"ranee,Enf,dand, Spain, or Italy, the quan- ' scilles is of much importance; she' ' 
 
 tity imported is very large, anil the port and town 
 then a.-^sumo an extraordinary stale ol animation. 
 
 Marseilles soaj), which has long been famou.s, 
 continues to be largely made in spite of the ex- 
 orbitant octroi duties and other dilliculties the 
 manufacturers have to contend with. 
 
 The exports fnmi Marseilles consist chiefly of 
 silk fabrics, wines, brandies, and li(iueurs ; woollen 
 and other stuffs, madder, oil, and colonial products, 
 soap, and relined sugar. Of the last-named article 
 as much as t'jO,000 tons have boon exported from 
 ^Marseilles to the different parts of the Mediterra- 
 nean in the course of a year. 
 
 A very active trade is carried on between 
 Marseilles and Algeria, as well as with Corsica. 
 
 The largo steam ships of the Mcssageries 
 Impe'riales now connect this port by a monthly 
 service with India, China, Japan, Mauritius, and 
 Kdunion, in competition with the Peninsular and 
 Oriental Steam Company. 
 
 . . , . •■<,,- I "' '■I't. ilic i 
 
 principal emporium in feoutli IIumiic; and ii ijl 
 not eaty to .say in how great a deKioc ]m iraJel 
 would be increased, were the iMtncli larilf a'aiul 
 revised and placed on a still more liberal luuiiu- 
 
 Accorint of the Xumber ami Tonnage „f ilA 
 French and Foreign Ships vhicU eiiterej undm 
 cleared from Marseilles in 1806. 
 
 Frpncti stetimcn 
 ForeiKn ., 
 Frt-nch sattinR vessels 
 Foreign „ 
 
 Total 
 
 KnteTcd 
 
 Vessels 
 
 .-.,7(iH 
 '.i,.119_ 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 7.16,156 
 1'J2,.147 
 .-.f,l,7.VJ 
 ■HI.4tS 
 
 i,7'ii),;o.i 
 
 Oare.! 
 
 Vessel 1 ']■( 
 
 r 
 I 
 
 onni{tl 
 2,010 I ;il,'/l9| 
 .V>il 1 J'WllI 
 
 ' There was a large falling off in the t'omjl 
 shipping which entered and cleared frjir. Mai 
 scilles during 18CC, as comi)art'd with tlcpri 
 ceding year, amounting to about onc-si.\th :- 
 
 ! ! 
 
 :! ' 
 
 I 
 
 ' i 
 
 ■ 
 
 Nations 
 Unltid KinRdoin 
 
 Arrivals | 
 
 
 Departures 
 
 
 Khipj 
 
 TonnaRO 
 
 Crewj 
 
 Sllips 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 Crm 
 
 191 
 
 111,70.1 
 
 7,560 
 
 186 
 
 111,601 
 
 ;,!!! 
 
 AUKiria . . - 
 
 M4 
 
 77,flf;.i 
 
 2,353 
 
 111 
 
 77,11S 
 
 •i,r,i 
 
 Denmark 
 
 ,■5 
 
 401 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 
 401 
 
 Sp.'iln 
 
 604 
 
 72,012 
 
 7,885 
 
 477 
 
 7n,;ii9 
 
 7,'Ot 
 
 United States - 
 
 44 
 
 20,578 
 
 476 
 
 41 
 
 1U,S45 
 
 ■"99 
 
 (jret'cc - _ - 
 
 40U 
 
 104,621 
 
 3,955 
 
 3'J9 
 
 101,9.5.1 
 
 3,SiO 
 
 Hanoter _ - - 
 
 4 
 
 709 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 5M 
 
 17 
 
 ltd, 
 
 1,214 
 
 176,813 
 
 12,921 
 
 1,205 
 
 irs,.i7a 
 
 IWvl 
 
 IMecklenbrrg - . - 
 
 10 
 
 3,n.')0 
 
 105 
 
 10 
 
 2,'.1.V) 
 
 IW 
 
 Holland 
 
 2.1 
 
 9,216 
 
 406 
 
 23 
 
 9,673 
 
 m 
 
 rortUKal - - " 
 
 4 
 
 S74 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 574 
 
 « 
 
 Prussia . . - 
 
 n 
 
 6,950 
 
 205 
 
 18 
 
 5,'.I6S 
 
 257 
 
 Rome 
 
 8 
 
 1,334 
 
 66 
 
 8 
 
 1A14 
 
 a 
 
 Ar^'entine Ilepublic 
 
 1 
 
 290 
 
 13 
 
 
 ■i>M 
 
 13 
 
 Kus.sia - _ - 
 
 "8 
 
 31,900 
 
 1,310 
 
 75 
 
 33,514 
 
 i,in 
 
 SwKlin and Norway - 
 
 32 
 
 9,291 
 
 .178 
 
 26 
 
 7,514 
 
 311 
 
 Turkey 
 
 12 
 
 3,997 
 
 314 
 
 '* 
 
 ■1,3.10 
 
 .TO 
 
 Unifjiirty 
 
 7 
 
 I,S42 
 
 90 
 
 1 6 
 
 1,4'iO 
 
 61 
 
 Haiib 'lowns - - - 
 
 10 
 
 6,046 
 
 167 
 
 I 9 
 
 5,106 
 
 US 
 
 Total 
 
 2,«II7 
 
 a4 1,313 
 
 38,314 
 
 1 2,749 
 
 635,160 
 
 3«,l'« 
 
 'The British shipping shows a remarkable 
 falling off in ISOt!. In 18G5, 241 vessels, collect- 
 ively of 137,4,")4 tons, entered the port ; whereas 
 191 ships came here in 18GC, and the total 
 tonnage reached 111,703 tons only.' (Mr. Consul 
 
 Jlark's Report for 18G6, jjrintcd 1808.) . 
 
 Subjoined is a list of the lights proviiWJ 
 
 the port of Marseilles and its .ipproaclifs, | 
 
 scribing the nature and position of each, 
 
 ■ I 
 
 
 lit. A fixed lluht, of the 4tli class, at tlic foot) 
 
 of thi. round tower of the Fort St. Je;in, on I Elevation 9 metres. VisiMe at 9 miles. 
 
 the left hand of the entrance to the old port, T 4.1° 17' 15". I.on(;. .1° 1' 26" E. 
 
 on a small round turret J N.ll. Meridian of Paris 
 
 2iul. A T.iiialih. light, of the 1th cl.ass, on the , 
 
 point catletl 'fifte dn Nore, between the b.iy I 
 
 called 'Ansede la R.'tterve' and 111. ot' the I Elevation 19 metres. Visible at 10 
 
 Pharo, to the riyli. of the entrance to the [ Lat. 43° 17' 
 
 port. On a small turret with a habitation I 
 
 attached ' 
 
 These two lichts ore hidden towartls the south-west by the projecting blulTof the Pharo. 
 .Ird. A fiie<l liulit, of ihe 4th class, upon lliej i..|„„,,„„ ,,, „,j.„„ i ,, .■■tn >-• ».«/ 
 
 southern point of the breakwater, on a round!- '^•'^o'T''^?.? i;?'*^V,?ible «8 mile^ ' 
 4tirLi',.htontbcOh&teaud'lf. AfixedliKhl,) El . g ^ I.at. 4.1° 16' 48". 
 
 of the lih class, upon the eastern pomlot the> .^^ ^7' 59" E. Visible at 9 miles 
 
 isKind, on a rotmd tower / 
 
 5lh. PLmicr light. A revolving liuht of thel 
 
 4th diss. The flashes H! d each other I Elevation 40 mitres. I.at. 43° 1 1' 57 . 
 
 every half minute. It is situated on a rocky f 2° 35' 53" E. Visible at 20 milei 
 
 reef, on a rountl tower J 
 
 6th. A temporary liyht has tWTt erected at thel 
 
 north end of the great hiuakwater, at thcV Elevation 12) mitres 
 
 entrance to the Port Napolion j 
 
 Lat.l 
 
 ' A white light 
 
 miles, fA white liiilit variod fverythrwrn 
 
 \ (lashes, follow.nl by short olscuttiinl 
 
 I'<"B-[. Aredlight 
 Long.) A ^.),i,p ij^i,, 
 
 At S miles to Ihe S.W. ofllnpi«l''"3 
 
 (At Smiles to Ihe 
 Long. J Inoriiin.!r)W* 
 \ total only at a 
 \ iswliite' 
 
 weithenhee.-LpwtPC 
 distanct'oflDU* ^ 
 
 A nhlle light wHll l»l Hx^'"'^ "^ 
 
MASTER 
 
 MASTI'R In Commercial Nnvigation, the 
 , intrusted with tho caro niul navigation ol' 
 
 '"r m!'rlv none wore •- iliUcd to hn masters 
 ,,,„,;,1 -.hips unless imiurnl-l),.rn ]lritisli sub- 
 ^' "fllioS; Mturali^od l.^ Act_, n-arli..n,en|. or 
 
 871 
 
 
 In- l,.lt,.rs (if (Unizatidti &c, liiit •licse 
 SctioDsnolonger exist ; and all parties wliolhcr 
 
 ;'J^.!!,mcfrtilicates (sec post), may be selected to 
 
 ■''^h'raasti'r is the confidential servant or apeiit 
 (-l.mvners; nwl in cdiiformity to tbe rules a:d 
 ...L „f the law of England, //»■ oirners are 
 Z'^dUUheperfonnunce of vvcrylawf„l contmct 
 ",,j„/,j,„ rMiw- t" '/'<•' »"""'' «"'/''".'/""'»< <'J 
 j,j,lji: (Abbott, Urd Tcnterden, on the Law 
 
 rfSiW"';,r"rt-i'-<^-"'^') ,, ., ,^, 
 Fiwiithis rule of law it follows that the owners 
 L I „d til answer for a breach of contract, thmigli 
 lai'ttca bv the master or mariners ORainst then- 
 raXitlumt their fanlt. {Id.) Nor can tbe 
 ,:' lieiicv (if this rule be doubted. The owners, 
 k ikctiJi: a person as master, hold him forth to 
 tiKiiiiUicasworthv of trust and confidence ; and 
 inonlerthat this selection mav be made with due 
 
 a, ml that all opportivuties of fraud and 
 
 v««h inuit^^H (jiiisionmsv be obviated, it is indispensable that 
 ilitv Jiould "be made responsible for his acts. 
 tte master has power to hypothecate, or pledge, 
 to*ipanJ cargo f'lr necessary repairs execittea 
 n km parts during the course of tho voyage ; 
 Mt! nriiiir the ship nor cargo can be hypothe- 
 ati[itm'3 executed at home. 
 Tlei.i-itr has no lien upon the ship for his 
 Tc\ tor ir money advanced by liim for stores 
 oritfiiis. In delivering judgment upon a case 
 oitiB son, Lord Maiisticld said— 'As towages, 
 lieffL^n" particular contract that the ship should 
 l(jpliHl;'c; there is no usage in trade to that 
 pirjHi-e; nor any implication from the nature ot 
 iht dealing, Ou the contrary, tbe law has always 
 ctwlmil the captain as contracting personally 
 fiilitiieowncr; and the case of the captain has, 
 ij that respect, been distinguished from that of all 
 MlirjCTsons belonging to the ship. This rule of 
 hf mav have its foundation in policy, for the 
 taent of navigation ; for, as ships may be making 
 pH and earning every day, it might be attended 
 liih i.TKit inconvenience if, on the change of a 
 ajtain tor misbehaviour or any other reason, he 
 iionldbc entitled to keep the ship till ho is paid. 
 Woriidoncftr a ship in England is supposed to 
 beioneoii the personal credit of the employer: 
 ijforeiim parts the captain may hypothecate the 
 ship. The defendant might have told the trades- 
 na that he only acted as an agent, and that they 
 must look to the o\vner for payment.' 
 I The master is bound to cmploj' his whole time 
 111 attention in the service of his employers, and 
 bniii at Uberty to enter into any engagement for 
 lis om bciietit that may occupy any portion of 
 lis lime in (itlier concerns ; and therefore, if he do 
 M. and the price of such engagement happen to be 
 [aid into the hands of his owners, they may retain 
 t!ie money, and he cannot recover from them. 
 (Aiili'tt, part ii. c. 4.) 
 
 Wilfully destroying or casting away the ship, or 
 pw rinj the same to be done by the master or 
 ir.ariners,totlie prejudice of the owners, freighters, 
 [or insurers ; running away with the cargo; and 
 ;inrr,ins pirates, are uffences punishable by trans- 
 |l«irution beyond seas for not less than 15 years, 
 jr by imprisonment for not u hc than 3 years. 
 
 '.isEAMES.] 
 
 .Mtcr the voyage has been commenced, the 
 aaster must proceed direct to the place of his 
 
 destination, without unnoi'ossarily stepping at any 
 intemitdiate port, or deviating i'mm the Hhoriest 
 course. No 8U(!h deviation will be sanctioned 
 unless it has been occasioned by stress of weather, 
 tbe want of necessary repair, avoiding enemies or 
 pirates, succouring ot ships in distresn, sickness of 
 tbe master or mariners, or llie mutiny of the crew. 
 (Maisliall Ou Insurance, book i. c.'Ci. s. 3.) To 
 justify a deviation, the necessity must be real, 
 iiievitabli.', and ini]ierious; and it must not be 
 prolonged one moment after tbe necessity has 
 ceased. A deviation witliout sueb necessity 
 vitiates all insurances upon the ship and cargo, 
 and exposes the owners to an action on the part; 
 of the freii^bters. If a ship be enpturcd in eonse- 
 quence of deviation, tho merchant is entitled to 
 recover from the owners the priino cost of tho 
 golds, with sliip|)ing charges; but lie is not 
 entitled t more, unliws be can show that the 
 goods w> re enlLinced in value beyond the sum 
 above mentioned. 
 
 If a mercliaut ship has the misfortune to be 
 attacked by pirates or enemies, the master is bound 
 to do bis duty as a man of courage and capacity, 
 and to make the liest resistance that the ctmi- 
 parative strength of his ship and crew will allow. 
 lly the common law, tbe master has authority 
 over all the mariners on board the ship — it being 
 their duty to obey his commands in all lawful 
 matters relating to the navigation of the ship, and 
 tbe preservation of good order. But tho mastei 
 should in all cases use his authority with modera- 
 tion, HO as to be the father, not tho tyrant of his 
 crew. On hi.s return home he may be called upon 
 by action at law to answer to a mariner ho has 
 either beaten or imprisoned during tho course of 
 the voyage ; and unless he show sufHcient cause for 
 chastising the mariner, and also that the chastise- 
 ment was reasonable and moderate, he will bo 
 found liable in damages. Should the master 
 strike a mariner without cause, or use a deadly 
 weapon as an instrument of correction, and death 
 ensue, he will be found guilty, according to tho 
 circumstances of the case, cither of manslaughter 
 or murder. (Abbott, part ii. c. 4.) 
 
 The master may by force restrain the commission 
 of great crimes ; but he has no jurisdiction over 
 the criminal. Ilis business is to secure his person, 
 and to deliver him over to tho proper tribunals. 
 [Skamkn.] 
 
 Much auuse having arisen from masters im- 
 properly leaving seamen in foreign parts, various 
 penalties have been imposed on those guilty of 
 such otfenccs. These are specified in detail in the 
 article Seamen ; and it also contains a full 
 statement of the conduct which masters are bound 
 to follow in tho hiring of seamen ; in the iiayraent 
 of their wages ; in the bringing home deserted 
 seamen from abroad ; in the registration of returns 
 respecting seamen ; and a variety of other par- 
 ticulars. 
 
 Tlie law makes no distinction between carriers 
 by land and carriers by water. The master of a 
 merchant ship is, in the eye of tho law, a carrier ; 
 and is, aa such, bound to take reasonable and 
 proper care of the goods committed to his charge, 
 and to convey them to the place of their destination, 
 barring only the acts of God and the Queen's ene- 
 mies. 
 
 Every act which may be provided against by 
 ordinary care renders the master responsible. He 
 would not, for example, be liable for damage done 
 to goods ou board in consequence of a leak in tho 
 shi)) occasioned by tho violence of a tempest, or 
 other accident; but if the leak were occasioned by 
 rats, he would be liable, for these might have been 
 exterminated by ordinary care, as by putting cats 
 
) I 
 
 ' ■ .'11 
 
 H 
 
 i r 
 
 ! f 
 
 •I 
 
 872 MASTER 
 
 on board Ac. On the same principle, if the master 
 run the nhip in fair weather against a rocic or 
 shallow known to expert mariners, he is responsible ; 
 he is also liable for any injury done to the cargo 
 by improper or careless stowage. 
 
 The master must not take on board any contra- 
 band goods, by which the ship and other parts of 
 the cargo may be rendered liable to forfeiture or 
 seizure. Neither must ho take on board any false 
 or colourable papers, as this might subject the ship 
 to the risk of capture or detention. Hut it is his 
 duty to procure and keep on board all the papers 
 and documents required for the manifestation of 
 the ship and cargo, by the law of the countries 
 from and to which tbc ship is bound, as well by 
 the law of nations in general, as by treaties between 
 particular states. These papers and documents can- 
 not be dispensed with at any time, and are quite 
 essential to the safe navigation of neutral ships 
 during war. [Loo (Officiai,) ; Snirs' I'ai'eks.] 
 
 It is customary m bills of lading to insert a 
 clause limiting the resnonsibilitj' of the master and 
 owners, as follows : ' The act of God, the Queen's 
 enemies, /ire, and every other dnngem and accidents 
 of the scan, rivers, and naviffatiun, of whatever 
 nature and kind soever, save risk of lioats, as far 
 as ships are liable thereto, excepted,' When no 
 bill of lading is signed, the master and owners are 
 bound according to tho common law. [Hills ov 
 Lading.] 
 
 Tho most difficult part of the master's duty is 
 when, through the perils of the sea, the attacks of 
 enemies or pirates, or other unforeseen accidents, 
 ho is prevented from completing his voyage. If 
 his ship have suffered from storms, and cannot bo 
 repaired within a reasonable time, and if the cargo 
 be of a perishable nature, he is at liberty to employ 
 another ship to convey it to the place of desti- 
 nation. He may do "the same if the shi]) have 
 been wrecked and the cargo saved, or if his own 
 ship be in danger of sinking, and he can get the 
 cargo transferred to another ; and in extreme cases 
 he IS at liberty to dispose of the cargo for the bene- 
 fit of its owners. Hut, to use the words of Lord 
 Chief Justice Tentcrden, ' the disposal of the cargo 
 by the master is a matter that requires the utmost 
 caution on his part. He sl.ould always bear in 
 mind that it is his duty to dmvey it to the place of 
 destination. This is the purpose for which he has 
 been intrusted with it, and this purpose he is bound 
 to accomplish by every reasonable and practical 
 method. What, then, is the master to do, if, by 
 any disaster hoppening in the course of his voyage, 
 he is unable to carry the goods to the place of 
 dcEtmation, or to deliver them there '? To this, as 
 a general question, I apprehend no answer can be 
 given. Every case must depend upon its o^vn 
 peculiar circumstances. The conduct proper to be 
 adopted with respect to perishable goods will be 
 improper with respect to a cargo not perishable : 
 one thing may be (it to be done with fish or fruit, 
 and another with timber or iron : one method may 
 be proper in distant regions, another in the vicinity 
 of the merchant ; one in a frequented navigation, 
 another on unfrequented shores. The wreck of the 
 ship is not necessarily followed by an impossibility 
 of sending forward the goods, and does not of itself 
 make their sale a measure of necessity or expedi- 
 ence : much less can the loss of the season, or of 
 the proper course of the voyage, have this effect. 
 An unexpected interdiction of commerce, or a 
 sudden war, may defeat the adventure, and oblige 
 the ship to stop in her course ; but neither of these 
 events doth of itself alone make it necessary to sell 
 the cargo at the place to which it may be proper 
 for the ship to resort. In these and many other 
 cases the master may be dii^charged of his obliga- 
 
 hc to do ? 
 that which a 
 
 tion to deliver the cargo at the pWfl of do,,:..,. 
 but it .Iocs .jot therefore foil,,; that l,c |" J, V 
 ised to sell It, or ought to do so. What i 
 
 ■ " In general, it may l,e said /»'. ,, , ' 1^ i 
 I wise and prudnxt mu^ u-ill 'Zl\ 
 most conducive to the bcmjit of all cncmm u 
 so donig, he may ox|.cct to 'be saf... Wan,o , ' 
 morolmnt will not have rc.is.m to be i\imw2\ 
 but what this thing will bo, no general n! ' ' ' 
 teach. Some regard may be allowed to the intrro 
 of tho ship, and of its owners; l,»t the im, , 
 of tho cargo must not be sacrilieed to it ■]■■,, \ 
 shipment for tho place nf destination, if I, ul 
 practicable, is the first object, bceause iliu , inl 
 furtherance of the original purpose: ifihitul 
 impracticable, return, or a safe (lofiosit m.iv ul 
 expedient. A disadvantageous sale (ami aim, 
 every sale by the master will bedisadvanti'-c, ij 
 is the last thing he should think of, hcoui*'i3 
 can only bo Justilied by that nccossii\- whi, h J 
 persedes all human laws.' (Law nf Shimm ■ 
 lii. c. .3.) 'I Jn 
 
 The most celebrated maritime codp», an<l da 
 opinions of the ablest writers, have diflncd c't 
 sidcrably as to these points. Accordinr 
 Kliodian law (Pand. i. 10, s. 1) the camain i 
 released from all his engagements, if the ship I 
 the perils of the sea, and without anv fault wii 
 part, become incapable of proccediiif; en 
 voyage. The laws of Olcron (art. •!), aiid itioiej 
 Wisby (arts. 16, 37, 65), say that tho caiitain. 
 hire another ship ; harmoni.sing in this respect wit 
 the present law of England. The famous imi 
 Ordinance of 1G81 (tit. ' DuFret,' art. 11), mJil 
 Code de Commerce (art. 'iOO), order the ciiflainl 
 hire another ship ; and if he cannot procure oj 
 freightis to be due only for that part of the vovaj 
 which has been pcrform'-d (pro mid itineria'jn 
 acti). Valin has objected to this articK u 
 states that practically it meant only that 
 captain must hire another ship if he VouM pjj 
 the whole freight. Kmc'rigon (torn. i. p. il 
 holds that the captain, being the a^'cnt not onlvj 
 the owners of the ship, but also of the shippml 
 the goods on hoard, is bound, in the absence! 
 both, to use his best endeavours to presem t 
 goods, and to do whatever, in the circurastanoj 
 he thinks will most conduce to tho interest o 
 concerned ; or what it may be presumed 
 shippers would do, were thev present. This,w 
 seems to be the best and wisest rule, has been 
 down by Lords Mansfield and Tentcrden, ajsui 
 above, and m.iy be regarded as the law of En; 
 on this point. 
 
 The master of a ship is liable for gooiiufirl 
 sho is robb'jd in part ; and the reason, as ' 
 M.insticld stated, is, lest room should bcgiven 
 collusion, and the master should get hii 
 robbed on purpose, in order that ho miftht 
 in the spoil. The master is, however, cntitii 
 indemnify himself out of the seamen's v>^ 
 losses occasioned by their neglect. 
 
 The conditions under which seamen and 
 prentices arc to be taken on hoard sbifi, m, 
 obligations of tho master with respect to tl 
 are fully set forth in the art. Seamkn'; anil 
 contains, as already stated, full details aJ H 
 conduct which masters are bound to " " 
 regard to a variety of other particulars. 
 
 For the duty ot the master, as respects CiJ 
 House regulations, see the articles himn. 
 AND Exportation, Quauantine, Smpmi 
 &c. ; and for a further discussion of this imp 
 subject, see the excellent work of Lonilo 
 On the Law of Shipping, part iii. c. 3it; 
 On Commercial Law, vol. iii. c. 8 it; "H 
 articles Chauteupauty, Freight Sic. 
 
 ■;,ii I" V 
 
WASTRR 
 
 -"'- ■'"•■•'■■■'■'■'■■- master .:f:;'[:r,"cir,!:'''>'"-^' '"■' 'ho ilm !:;'"th'"^ '^'""'■'' "<• ''i- 
 
 •xtcnsivp. ti,,,f ;! r.''T '!'"' I'""- 
 
 „V,i.re that nil ,,crs„„,,. previo/,^ / '7, "j; ' '''r''^ H.o p„,^,i',^,;'"^^^^^^^^ •( is the bonn-lr:,. 
 
 .A-o an oxnminntion l,y H.m'e'^J;;b i.'/t ' '"^«P"'''.= J.a-Kllr ^"'""""-'1 to i«n.ia„t "r 
 
 ,,,«tim' their kumvledfre of Hoama„,shm a ,,' J "^^ P"'««"t (ho rare of . h^ ,; 
 
 „„■,„ »rt n, mnsfnr, ,.n,l »i.„. .. .'"^ "^ M- ocnfrol of any sort a Vt , •. ' '*'f''<'l'f dlfck „r 
 
 lifiri.)*.,. -..„„.„. ..„, •"""usqiiai/fioati(.ns"iiP(T,l/.'""r"^"'' ""'X ''o foininitfr..iTvi"' """'""f's oi 
 .wloactnsmastors, an.l that, none si ,,u1 ' ''""■"' «''' "'ly sort nnVt , •,. ' '*'^''"'''f <^^hf.ck ,„ 
 ,..i„to,hvitho„t their hein,. liooniecl b^'' '^ N-J^thinKof t,?o „m [oHlan ' i;;'^ ".'V^ '^"""■"■^' 
 M or other competent authorities Wo ', P'"- ""••'■ ''o "hlc to nr?:- ''•■''''''''''' ''''"''^hea^ 
 «« to think that this practico i o„,St"n"^'''''"' '"'"' "" sli/vr '",' "•" """^>- ' 
 rtt,«(l policy, an<l we nro frlml it !,, nl l"''^'''''*' '''" "le owner ?;, „^ •'"'"';' '' " '«"• thtv 
 .iptel in thi. comitry. Jn forme e li ' '"^" ''" ''"» «'„!; burho m„ ''','""" "'« ''o^t fmZ 
 ,..d m this suhjoc as follo^rv^^ !!l "" ''' "'T' ''""'"'"c ^f t^e mnibr '° /•' ""'^''' '" «''"" 
 •Tl.rc can ..nhnpp. ly, be „., doubt that tbe L'" ' ," «''•""'■"" ; nn,l t ''■f';?'.'' "''•■(•.s.sary for 
 »™coan.i .ncapactty of the masten , m,^ fr' ''"''''fC'ls of circ „n 21 "'" '''''■ ""' "'o 
 
 Aoroincers of slups h^s been a copious our" m,','"/ '"'^ ,''"'f^™cnt. '-;""-^""""- ' " 
 
 ■aster. Offlcors of t he navv Lvn , "'^'^o master who j, ,„',,' - 
 
 ,i,.,m„r.r.nf,i;..;„i;..„ . .^ ia\ to Kola(lv,.>.f„„„ :r'\ "^onlly unworthy. Hence tli' 
 
 by 
 
 hi-lhe *cr. of Vhc East"Qi;'^„;;j;,^-^ I chance 0^ 
 
 I ilii[i,«kifh wire excecibngly well navio-nt n, Y ^^^ rothcr inclinp /„ ti *! "PP^'i'tci . 
 
 ^ibcC«mpanytrusied\„tircly?oVC;L(?'^r^ *« not "e this imn","'' ''^°"''' "■" I'ave 
 ,.k?«Jncs., of their ship,,, anV thrs. 'of Ll"'° "?"«'«". 'ha V ,'^rbe'i '"''^''' "" «■'" 
 
 iPirnffirfN nnd mnn . i*- ««i. u_! .. . "<viii Ot Homo atK.K -,i___ . *'"*** 00 to flniir»..r.^ ^i • 
 
 f-c.hun;i;^;ir;;f'^;;;' •:;;■"«'. "- vet^'Zt,,;^ 
 
 I Btrm.....m3m snips HUH uccn a Copious «o,.'.-",V," "' '"''' ,i"<lf,'rncnt ni„l' f""^'''''' .'""y con,spire to 
 Irfii^aster. Officers of the navy W '' ' hr'^^ ^vho is Zllv „''"',''«' ^'"» «eloet a 
 
 Jir«hacour,,cofdiscpli,,e,an,rarorbLe,'to ±'''''''^'' °'' ♦'>« Sin it rv •'• •"'"''« f''" 
 
 I «lM certain oxaminntiona aa to their nm. ''"'^1'.''''^'" Parties, whic Ir l^ examination bv 
 
 I ™- HI seamanship. This, also, was t ,„'^' certainly am,r,l a Dowprf,'! """'•' efficient, woulll 
 
 U .\e. officer, of the East InJiaCompany': '^'fr "'''"' """" K i,?;,"-""''^ "''"""«' ^h" 
 I ilii[i,«kifh were exceedingly well navio-nt eft Y ^^^ rothcr inclinp /„ ti *! "PP^'ntcd. 
 
 |wibcC«mpanytrusled\„tircly?oVC;L(^^ *« not "e this imn","'' ''^°"''' "■" I'ave 
 
 l«.kp.dnes.s of their ship,,, and the s,i of f"'"'° "--'casion, tha it ?m "? «'"'J^ct on any 
 |to(fcrsand men ; it not beinir their nr„l- r"""" «''ch plan as that II- i *" """ounce thai 
 Imriotare. Bnt the masters and offiepr ''J '? '■'^•='''"°'C"'l ha, eon n . ' ^ ^"^'^ ventured 
 l*,n- merchant ship,,, even of ?hl?„'„7 °[ U'«d . to say, bee' S ovldh''' h^' ''''«' ^»-°«'e 
 l..k«voj;ance of passengers, are not suS «PP"!nted by the HoTe of 'vl^J''" Committee 
 ■to «3y<i)«iiic training, or regular examine.! ""'!""■« '"to the cause, „„ i"""°"» 'n '«13 to 
 lE«mk,.left to mcroindiv-i,!ual .•nvcZS -'"'f'- " '''"•"■coStee af?'"'"'*l"" ^^ «bif ' 
 ■ud.^lMM; and thi.,, as evervonf kn '"'?'''ee*'"lcnceaddurp,i f ' "'^'*''" '^^''c 
 
 |e,»»i<^...,.t wholly on acciden?-^or ,vh^?"- ' '^'^^■""'«tanccs!uSd';;ff;'^l^'c'-tl'at,un,leran^ 
 b:V"*nt to it, on the skilS'lK^'trv' f"'?,P'''^«"t t he lo" ''o7 1 f"'^'^,P''""°'escienc 
 I W,(v if, of the .ship-owner. It is st./li 1, .?' rS'''««vo onactmrtVpr^^ Property, if J 
 
 |(irtiMasters so chosen cannot fail of hJ-^ •"""'' cstablishinT] , 'l h '" '"'luced by (/overn- 
 Irrr' ^-"-^ -" I'^ltS ?o^^tft rr"""*'- '"toThe^abilS' ^°^'^>«Purp^eoV 
 C r\ r'' ''"Y-^-'' '"'^''' «ny notion of hP ^"'"" ^'^ "" "'''" wish t„ nn 'iv "'''"^^' '""' cha- 
 fia fthe mischief 'hence arising- Imf '''S' '""tes in the merchant IJ"-"'"^ "^ masters and 
 
 Ha«redbygentlemeno ZlUt«,r r^^ And your com 
 
 l«N ami extensively connected with tho" fr''"?.'" '^°'' t''c purZrof J l-'''^''''''=''''ncnt of 
 H rf'n^urance, that nearly half the ossp! '"' ''"*'<''<'"' seapor s 1o Hp !""°^ navigation ir, 
 kr-I '?,r"'"='' '" 'he incapaS an^ ^-^ » «n,aU 
 
 fc rbe 5' ■""'"'" "'"J crews^ P>,, «"'> to such ports." ' (Teplrtl 4^ ''''*''' '^''^""ffi^ff 
 
 r*e036 vessels wreckeclC' 184 Xii^rrr''^P^?'="MS^^ 
 
 fciK^s ij ^=-- |Sss-^5 H3^- ^^^^ s£ 
 
 r"«ut3oinciers 
 [Hydrographies 
 
874 
 
 MASTER 
 
 N 
 
 A 
 
 
 ^'h4 
 
 it 
 
 
 t i 
 
 i 
 
 l I. 
 
 ■ '. 
 
 would bo a (Inplornl)lo result ; and we are Burry 
 to liiivc to Hiiy tliiit some of the very worst 
 Hlii])wrcckH tlmt liiivr roct'iiliy occurred liiivr 
 bnou occnaloiK'il by wliat would npiicnr to be llic 
 gross iuciiiiiU'ity of nmslcrs Imliliiif; lirnl-clasM 
 ecrtilicutc.-'. 'l'lli^ is a matter that rciiiiirrs to l)c 
 carefully enquired into. Sliani exauiinatiouH are 
 not a Hccurity aj,'aiiist imposturi', but a device to 
 make coiititl<'iu'e lie t;ivui to tlicise who arc uu- 
 wortliy of any. 'I'lie exi>tin;; statutory rcj^ulatioiis 
 in re^'ard to this ini|ii)rlaiit suhjoct are enihodied 
 in tiu! Mercantile Slii|i|iiii)^ Act of ]Hi>\, the 17 & 
 IH Vict. c. lol, and arc as fdUow.s, viz.: — 
 
 K.ramimitU)ns In he innliliitcd fur Maulers and 
 Mutes. — Kxamin.ations sliall l)e instituted for 
 persons who intend to l)Ccoine masters or mates of 
 foreij^ii-goinf; Hlnpn, or of homo trade passenger 
 ships, or who wish to procure certidcates of com- 
 petency herein after mentioned; and, subject as 
 herein mentioned, the Local Marine lloards shall 
 provide for the examinations ;it their respective 
 ports, and may a))point and remove and re-appoint 
 examiners to conduct the same, and may regulate 
 the same ; and any nicnibers of the Local Alarine 
 Hoard of tlic place, where tlie examination is held 
 mav be present and assist at any such examination. 
 (.Sec. 131.) 
 
 Powers of Board of Trade over Examinations. 
 — The Hoard of Trade may i'rom time to time lay 
 down rules as to the conduct of such examinations 
 and as to the qualidcations of the applicants, and 
 such rules shall bo strictly adhered to by all 
 examiners ; and no examiner shall be appointed 
 unless he ])osscs8e3 a certificate of qualification, to 
 be from time to time granted or renewed by the 
 Board of Trade ; and the sanction of the Hoard of 
 Trade shall bo necessary, so far as regards the 
 number of examiners to be appointed, and the 
 amount of their remuneration ; and the Hoard 
 of Trade may at any time depute any of its olHcers 
 to bo present and assist at any examination ; and 
 if it appear to the Hoard of Trade that the exami- 
 nations for any two or more ports can be conducted 
 without inconvenience by the .same examiners, it 
 may require and authori'ie the Local Marine 
 Hoards of such ports tc act together as one board 
 in providing for and regulating examinations and 
 appointing and removing examiners for such 
 ports. (Sec. 132.) 
 
 Fees to he paid by Applicants for Examination. 
 — All applicants for examination shall pay such 
 fees, not exceeding the sums herein specilied, as 
 the Hoord of Trade directs ; and such fees shall 
 be paid to such persons as the said board appoints 
 for that purpose. (Sec. 133.) 
 
 For a cerliflralc an blaster !2/. - Fur a certificnte as I\Iatc 11. 
 
 Certificates of Competency to he granted to those 
 who pass. — Suiycct to the jjroviso after contained, 
 the Hoard of 'i'-ade shall deliver to every applicant 
 who is duly reported by the local examiners to 
 have passed the examination satisfactprily, and 
 to have given satisfactory evidence of his sobriety, 
 experience, ability, and general good conduct on 
 board ship, a 'certificate of competency ' to the 
 effect that he is competent to act as master, or as 
 first, second, or only mate of a fcreign-going ship, 
 or as master or mate of u home trade passenger 
 ship, as the case may be ; provided that in every 
 case in which the Hoard of Trade has reason to 
 believe such report to have been unduly made, 
 such board may remit the case either to the same 
 or to any other examiners, and may require a re- 
 examination of the applicant, or a further enquiry 
 into his testimonials and character, before granting 
 him a certificate. (Sec. 134.) 
 
 Certificates of Service to be delivered to Persons 
 
 who served as Masters nr Maltt hef„n IRji i 
 Certificates of service, diderui;,' ii, |„r,„ f,l " 
 
 (that is to sav): — 
 
 . i:v..ry person who hef„rothc ht (liwofj^. I 
 , lh..l,,Herved«snms|..rinthe lirlii,,/"!'! 
 <ir who has nllaini. 
 
 ary 
 
 eliinil se.rvici 
 
 niJMir I'j 
 
 i-'i nier- 
 
 rank oflieutena.il, master, passp,i'n'i'nt.v'r'2° 
 niasler, or any higher rank In tlir serving 
 Miijesly „r o( ilie, Kast Iiiilia 0)in|,anv .|,, i 
 eiKitled to a ccrlificatc of service an ' 
 foreign-goinn- ships: 
 
 2. ICvery person who befure tlie 1 st dav ,,|- 1 
 ary, 1«51, served as niale h, i|,o liritishmiT'i,,, 
 service shall beenlilled to a certificate of .mi 
 as mate for foreign-gnlng ships 
 
 3. Every person wlio helnre llie 1st dnvof Ian 
 ary, lt<,")-l, has served as master (if a h^/tr 
 passenger ship, sliall Ihi eiititlcl In n cmifc' 
 of service as master for home trade wns™' 
 ships : ' ' 
 
 4. l';very person who before the Ist dnvof P 
 ary, 18.V1, has served as mate of a lionir- ir 
 passenger ship shall be entilleil to acertiiVr.' 
 service as nuite for home trade |iasspn(;cr siiin.- 
 
 And cacli of sueh certilieatea (if service 
 contain parliculars of tlie name, place, and timi 
 birth, and of the length and nature (iftlumii 
 service of the person to whuni the same ii 
 livered; and the Hoard of Trade sliall ddivcri 
 certificates of service to tlic various per,„ii 
 respectively entitled tliereto, upon their m 
 themselves to have attained such rank ot tu !■ 
 served as aforesaid, and upon their pviiiL' a 
 and satisfactory account of the iiarticulars 
 said. (Sec. l.'Ju.) 
 
 No Foreign-going Ship nr Home TrudePmu, 
 Ship •(> proceed to Sea willwut Cerlijinta ci 
 Master and Mates. — No fdreign-going shi 
 home trade pa.ssenger ship shall (,'o to m 
 any port in the United Kinf;dora unleaj 
 master thereof, aud in the case of a foreign-i 
 ship the first and second mates or onlv m 
 the case may be), and In the case "of a 
 trade passenger ship tlie first or only mal 
 the case may be), have obiained and possess 
 certificates cither ofcom|)ctcncy or service i 
 priate to their several stations in such ship, 
 tt higher grade ; and no sucli ship, if of Ii) 
 burden or upwards, sliall go to tea as ali 
 unless at least one oftioer besides the .tasl 
 obtained and possesses a v.illd cenilicaif 
 priate to the grade of only mate tht^ia 
 higher grade ; and every person who. hai ' 
 engaged to serve as master or as first or 
 only mate of any fondf^ii-golni; ship, or n 
 or first or only mate of a home trade p; 
 ship, goes to sea as aforesaid as such mai 
 mate without being at the time cntii' 
 possessed of such a ccrtllicate as herein ra 
 or who employs any person as nisslcr, 
 second, or only mate of any foreign-going 
 as master or first or only mate of a hom 
 passenger ship, without ascertainmgiliat' 
 the time entitled to and possessed of suii 
 cate, shall for cich sucli offence incur i 
 not exceeding 50/. (Sec. 13C.) 
 
 Certificates for Foreign-gcing Ships c\ 
 Home Trade Passenger iSAips.— Eveir 
 of competency for a foreign-going slip 
 deemed to be of a higher grade than thcotr 
 ing certificate for a home trade ftsstH 
 and shall entitle the lawful holder ihfltof I 
 sea in the corresponding grade m 
 tionedship; but no ccrtllicate for show 
 senger ship shall entitle the holder to »^ 
 master or mate of a foreign-going ship. 
 
 ,„ ^ Pfovisii 
 B. Ike reguh 
 lie masters 
 Blended to i 
 I fees being ;, 
 
 """case of 
 
 * fillon-jng 
 rftiiesaiiiesi, 
 
 "amr,-. ,\ 
 ^« bcionpin 
 tecliofdutj 
 .''"mufccnnc" 
 
 * loss, dest 
 ,!"?■ w tendir 
 
 orhmbof, 
 "^Wh shin, 
 
 *■»! refuses, 
 
 *>Jfequi,,i,(,( 
 
 * 'liip fmm 
 ';'!" damage, 
 
 I? to or on bo 
 ''to life, 
 
 
HASTKR 
 
 n>l!f;>slrarh record Grant,, Can.ellatinns .<■,- 
 
 .r »wuT. Kl,,..ll 1,0 „,a,l,. i„ ,,„,,;,!"■ 
 
 „:.,«irt»liiill Ijo ,lcliv,.r,.,l(„t|„. p.Ts,,,, ,.,.-■ 
 
 rlra- 1 
 
 .,;:,it„tiic ciTniic/iic, 1111,1 ,),„ „,| ■ -. ■■ 
 
 ti,,;orl.y,.iiclin(li.T|,(.M(,ii ,is (lie |!„,.,|-,| of V. 
 
 fUfivo to such r<-;;,.stn.r „r .m,.], ..t,,,,^ ™l' 
 iisf'iiilP iwlii I all (inlcr.s in.'i,!,. i.„ :. ,. ' " 
 
 
 873 
 
 
 iii;;«, to 'made rrnm ''^?l!''^''«^■^ M^"""' VJ' '""•^"P"" ^"0^ ^ rson, „ ' h'*^ 
 
 |cprwtam,ort.sto be bo made nm| corfiH^^ T"' "'" «««iHnnre of ,■?"', ^f"""" ^«"ard, s?,all' 
 
 |.ft«,;i<tallhaveall the effect of t^nS^^^^^ 
 
 of a competent legal as' stant fnT"'* ""^^-i^fatc, 
 "10 Uoanl of Trade, conduct fi- ^° "PPO'nted l)y 
 may summon the maX ' ' '"^•'■'"%ation, and 
 tl ^'■'? ''"» f'-U opportuniTv ' V" llPo^r ancJ 
 
 
'1 
 
 I 
 
 .'1 
 
 II 
 
 .r ■ 
 
 'i^if. 
 
 870 
 
 masteh 
 
 ri'porli'il timt the lo»i< or abniiilonmrnt of or scdoun I Kf'i'R tl'an tlio corronpotiilinff ccriit'ii 
 <l(iimiK<! to any dhip iir losi of life lias been cauMcd ' home tradt paHHotiijcr xliip,' nml eniiii'.,* ,1 i ' 
 
 liy hU wriinufiil act <ir lU-faiilt. fill hulder to ^,'l) to sea in tin. cprri..! r ''''* 
 
 " :t. If III! U smpcrscdcd by tli« onlcr of any Ad- in himIi liiHr-nicntiuncil r-hip; i.m m, ..(.L''.'''. '"''"'j 
 
 niiralty Cmirt or of any naval cmirt t'onatiiut<>d as 
 hcrt'lnal'tcr mcntiiinod. 
 
 I. If ho is Hliuwn to have been convicted of any 
 (iflV^iu'i'. 
 
 T), If, upon any invt'stiftation mndc by aiiv court 
 or tribunal autluiritied or hereafter to lie autlioriwd 
 by the k'fjislalivo anthorily in any liritish pus- 
 wsHion to make enipiiry into charf;es of ineoinpe- 
 tency or niiHcundiict on the part of niattters or 
 mates of shljis, or as to nhipwrceUs or other casn- 
 alties all'eetini^' ships, n report is madu by such 
 <'ourt or tribunal to the eli'ect that ho has been 
 Kuilty of any ^rossaotof misconduct, drunkeniie'<s, 
 or tyranny, or that the loss or abaMdonineiit of or 
 serious dumaKc to any ship, or loss of life, has 
 been caused by his wrongful act or default, and 
 such report isconltrmed by the governor or person 
 administering the government of such possession. 
 And every master or mate whoso cLrtilicnte is 
 cancelled or suspended shall deliver it to the 
 Hoard of Trade or as it <lirei;ts, and in default 
 shall for each offence incur a penalty iiot exceed- 
 ing 50/. ; and the Hoard of Tradu may at any 
 subsequent time grant to any person whose certi- 
 licato has been cancelled a new certilicatc of tlie 
 same or of any lower grade. ^Sec. 21-'.) 
 
 In 1855 the Hoard of Trade issued the following 
 noticu of the examinations under the Merchant 
 .Shipping Act, viz. :— 
 
 1. Under the provisions of the Jlcrchant Ship- 
 ping Act, 1854, no 'foreign-going ship' or 'home 
 trade passenger ship' can obtain a clearance or 
 transire, or legally proceed to sea, from any (lort in 
 the United Kingdom unless the master thereof, 
 and in the case of a foreign-going ship the lirst 
 and second mates or only mate (as the case may 
 be), and in 'i.o case of a 'homo trade passenger 
 ship' the first or only mate (as the case may 
 be), have obtained and possess valid certificates, 
 either of competency or service, appropriito to 
 their several stations in such ship, or of a higher 
 grade; and no such ship, if of one hundred tons 
 burden or upwards, can legally proceed to sea un- 
 less at least one officer besides the master has 
 obtained and possesses a valid certificate, appro- 
 priate to the grade of only mate therein, or to a 
 nighf'r grade ; and every person who, having been 
 engaged to serve as master, or as lirst or second 
 or only mate of any ' foreign-going ship,' or as 
 master or first or only mnte of a ' home trade 
 passenger ship, ' goes "to sea as such ma.ster or 
 mate without Ijeing at the time entitled to and 
 possessed of such acertificate as the Act requires, 
 or who employs any person as master, or lirst, 
 second, or only mate of any ' foreign-going ship,' or 
 as master or iirst or only mate of any ' home trade 
 passenger ship,' without ascertaining that he is at 
 the time entitled to and possessed of such certifi- 
 cate, for each offence incurs a penalty not exceed- 
 ing 60/. 
 
 By a 'foreign-going ship' is meant one which 
 is bound to some place out of the United Kingdom 
 beyond the limits included between the river Elbe 
 and Brest; and by a 'home trade passenger ship'' is 
 meant any home trade ship employed in carry- 
 ing passengers ; and it is to be observed that 
 foreign steam ships when employed in carrj-ing 
 passengers between places in the United King- 
 dom are subject to all the provisions of the Act, 
 as regards certificates of masters and mates, to 
 which I' ' steam ships are subject. (Sec. 291.) 
 2. F criificate of competency for a 'foreign- 
 
 going ia to be deemed to be of a higher 
 
 a • Imme trade passenger sliip' ,,„i,i,, „,„ , 
 to^go to sea as master or mate of a 'lurdp,'!;.;' 
 
 ;i. A certitVato of servieo outitlns an ,fl« 
 who had already served as eillur in;i.|,.r" 1- 
 m a Itritisa foreig„-^,„iM„' ,1,!,, |„„;„, , j'"* 
 .laimary, 18ol,or a.s master .r ,„at,. i„ ,|„ 
 trade passenger ship iH'fcre ilie l,t j,,,,, ,^: 
 to serve m th„si- capa.ities nKMiii ; nnilit ai-,, 
 titles an .,thcor who has attaiiuM ,„ at,a,n. 
 rank ol lieiiteuimt, master, pa-.s,.,i nmt,. ,r. 
 master, or any higher rank in ih,. .,.rvi,v ,f" 
 Majesty or of the Ijisl Imlia O.niMiu' i, , 
 as master of a llritish merchant ^hip, um'l i„.,v| 
 had by app icati.pn i„ the K,Ki.tmr-(i,,wl 
 teamen, Custom llmise, London,. ,rt(i iiiivlmJ 
 master in the oiitports, „n the traiisml-.i,,,! , 
 veritu'ation «( the necessary certilical.^ 
 monials. 
 
 1. Certiricates of competency will U' irTani,,! 
 those persons who pass iho "reiiui,;!,. (xainiJ 
 tions, and otherwise comply with ihc rraj 
 conditions. For ibis imrplise eMiiiiii„r< k 
 been appointed under the Local .Murini. \U 
 and arrangements have been made f„r Iwlj 
 the examinations at the under niciiti.,ii(,| J 
 upon the days specified a,i,'aiiist ihem; amlll 
 days are so arranged for general i'imvcnioiioe,f 
 a caiidnlate wishing to proceed to sta, iiiid mil 
 the day at his own port, may proceed i,) aaol 
 port where an exaniination is C(iniini,' ii.i. 
 The days for cummencing the ixaminatiifl 
 the variouo ports are as follow :— 
 
 aiid 
 
 /Viifcjf 
 AlH'rilven^ 
 
 IMfiM . 
 IIOhIuII 
 Cork ■ 
 Diililin • 
 lliindft^t 
 (tlahKow^ 
 (trwiiockt 
 llullt ■ 
 [.t'ilhf ■ 
 l.lvvrjKKilf 
 
 Londonf 
 
 Newra'Ili-f 
 
 SimiliTl.inilf 
 I'lyiiiouthr 
 t . 
 
 1? ^t' 
 
 • t rlil.ijj anu S«luril,i;, in Ihe Bm ,r.d tji 
 in each inunlh, 
 
 • 1 >t and .Itil ■|'u™la» In (arli m.mih. 
 
 • l«t f rHay and ,1til Tutxla, in 14.I1 n id| 
 
 • 4th Momlay h)?u-h moniti. 
 . I.t and .Ird Tliumlay in tach monlh. 
 
 . • Saturday in tfadi Witk. 
 
 " ;} Thurndajj, held allimalilj 11 rich flia 
 
 - «n»I Tuesday in ear h month. 
 
 - 'mlTuKxtay and.lTUSatunUfhnihi 
 
 - Alonday, iueji'ay, I'liurulay, anil M 
 each week. 
 
 • Monday, Tiie^ili.r, and WrJnrxlii. i 
 Kation; ThurJdy, KriJti, >ml iu^ 
 Seatnanwhiii. 
 
 • • iKt dav of each tnoiitti, not IhinKSund 
 
 • loth ilay ofearh nuaiili.iliito. 
 
 - '^eth dav of fai'h inc'inh, ditto. 
 
 - .Ird WetlneMlay in tach monlh. 
 \i these [ilaies extra eaaniinati^n. a.r hi Id 
 
 5. Applicants for examination niu.st girJ 
 names to the shi|)ping niii.ster or to the! 
 Marine Board at the jtlace where tlicy inlf 
 be cxamuicil, on or before the ilay of cxaniJ 
 and must conform to any reguliitlnns in (jj 
 spect which maybe laid tlown bv the LfnilT 
 Board ; and if this be not done,' delay mayj 
 casioned. 
 
 G, Testimonials of character, anJ 'f; 
 experience, ability, ami good comliiot oa| 
 ship, will be required of all applicaul.sanJi 
 producing them no person will be e.xaraialj 
 such testimonials may have to befomanief 
 oftice of the Kegistrar-ticneral of Seamen it 
 don for verification before cny cortiliairti 
 granted, it is desirable thit canJiilaiesj 
 lodge them as ear.'y as possible. L'pniupp 
 to the shipping master candidates will l«i| 
 with a form, which they will be requirtJir 
 and lodge with their tesiimonials in ii« '' 
 the examiners. L 
 
 7. The examinations will coKmcM«i''l 
 forenoon on the days before ineatinfij 
 continued from day to day until ill i«5 
 dates whose names appear non ibe r 
 
 ' spar< 
 ■" Blasts i, 
 
 «in, ''""''"■0 
 
 pti (0 
 
 .service 
 

 Ik on tbo day of examination are ox-^''^ ^'^ 
 
 .. Iho ^iMlilifatiims roiiiiircl f„r tho .„.. ■ 
 aaiii*li"ncnti(jiK'(l, ore an Mluws :_. "^^''f"' 
 
 j i,uii(irAriM>« Km ('':i!tiki(;ati.s or r 
 nnsrvfon 'I''oni:t(iN-o..iN„".„,„ *' 
 
 I, f'l addition to thn ^ ■■ , ^^7 
 
 a ;;r/' '"• '!••"*-'' a' ,,:";":;'" '-.v « M„r a';,- 
 
 ••• •■iiiii',- I pDSMu.Ms (1 Kill);,: . . " ■' f'Miiiin.r ,> li ' '' 
 
 ; A M r„.v„ .M,TK must 1,0 .e, .,.„„„ ," , '(.'irrd t , '",' >"">^M^^>^ o >• „, ' ' ; '""'' 
 
 ;i.l</nw/i";(. — lit' must wr to 11 l...r;i t ■ , ""d onli-icH ,'^'"^''^"' fiis cro»v • n^ .,. , , ?' ' 
 
 l^>t..^.n,; 1. al,.o to correct M,JrM^:;;;-^''r-''''M^^ 
 Jrtaaititudrof (lie «im j and ivork ! , .''•^ '""'^'or ..rdinVrvA " "Pl'l'<'a>it Ibr a oor, ! ' 
 
 L,*™, „f a ill., nature ai 'l;; ^ t:';:^ ''*^«"" ^^Tl^ulX ""' ^'^"'"" i"V ^ 1 nd ^^ 
 
 P*'* '" •".^'■"•'; »'itl. „, nud read olf the « ' ''"•?; ';" "•''i*^^'' the' vor N V '""^ "'^''''" " for i 
 
 f,,t'°"T"' ''!'" "'"' change. - | "J""™, to /jn,| tim en-nVT"-"' ""' ^— purposes «♦■ 
 
 latinL' In .,„:, "i'-T/f"'" a ship i„ storing ! Q(;.\ mfic itiov 
 
 i;;;!?:^- Kon 'ii;,^":;^n^«^ op com. 
 
 ■ * »"'! sails, amnaZ ' i ■ ' •" ''""'»« 
 
 fc^ ^■^••' »nd go S*-™;'' « '"^""K yards 
 ^'favv spars nn,! , ■ . "^^^ "' and out- 
 
 j:" '•':Nor Kon 'ifo,, ''"T/^'^'^^es of Com- 
 
 . '■■ «iiiL' - ; '«T' a''<-'hors 4c i, , \/ -— «..-^ueii 
 
 £?siH.-:^a?lg 
 
 r « l«n as iirs," ' T' "^ "'''cli one year „i li '•' ''f'ff'dation.s as lo 
 
I 
 
 ^1 
 
 ' ) 
 
 
 - ; 'to k » < 
 
 
 
 
 878 MASTER 
 
 mate in the foreign or home trade. In nddition 
 to the qiialificntions required for a nmic, he must 
 Bho-.v that he is >'a|iubli' of iiiivi^atinc; a ship nlon^ 
 niiy const, for wliich purpose lie will be rc(iuircti 
 to draw upon a cliart produced by the examiner 
 the courses and distances he would run alon;; 
 sliore from headland to lieadland, and to f;ive ni 
 writing; the courses and distances corrected for 
 variation, and the Ijcarings of he headlands and 
 lights, an(,' wlien the courses should be altered 
 either to clear any dangers or to adapt it to the 
 coa>t. lie must imderstand how t,i malie his 
 soundings according to the state of the tide. 
 
 CiDNEItAL ItULFS AS TO EXAMINATIONS AND I'KKS. 
 
 9. Thr candidates will be allowed to work out 
 the \arious problems according to the mctliod and 
 the tables they have been acciistoincd to use, and 
 Avill be allowed (ire hours to iierform the worl« ; at 
 the expiration of whicli, if they have not linislied, 
 they will be dechtfed to have failed, uidess the 
 Local Marine BoaM see fit to extend the time. 
 
 FEES TO BE PAID BV AITLICANTS FOB 
 EXAMINATION. 
 
 10. The fee ♦'or examination mn.it be paid to 
 the shipping master. If a candidate fail in his 
 examination, half the fee he has paid will t)e 
 returno<l to him by the shipping master on liis 
 producing a (kicument which will be given him 
 l)y the examiner. 'I'lu fees ire as lollow : — 
 
 MASTIC H 
 
 For 'Forcign-go'mg c>,.'/'S, 
 
 ~ - - ■ £ ,. 
 
 Seconil male - - - - 1 
 First ntul only mate. If previously iiossessin^ 
 
 an inferior cfrtiticalu - - • lO 
 If not . - . - - 1 
 Master, wliothercitra or ordinary - '^ 
 
 rf. 
 
 
 
 1) 
 
 
 
 For 'Home trade Passenger Ships.' 
 
 
 Mate - - - . - 1) 11) 
 .-Master - - - - 1 
 
 
 
 11. Any one who ) as been one year in posses- 
 sion of a master's first-class certilicate granted by 
 one of the former boards of cxamiticrs, or of an 
 ordinary master's certificate of competency granted 
 under the present examiners, may pass an extra 
 examination, and receive an extra certificate in 
 exchange for his former one, without payment of 
 any fee ; but if he fails in his first examination he 
 must pay half a master's fee on his coming a 
 second time ; and the same sum for every subse- 
 quent attempt. 
 
 12. If the applicant passes, he will receive a 
 document rom the examiner, which will entitle 
 him to receive his certilitate of competency from 
 the shipping master at tlie port to which he has 
 directed it to be forwarded. If his testimonials 
 have been sent to the registrar to be verified, they 
 will be returned with his certificate. 
 
 13. If an applicant is exiiinined for a higher 
 rank and fails, but |)asses an examination of a 
 lower grade, he may receive a certificate aecr -d- 
 ingly, but no jiart of the fee will be returned. 
 
 14. In all cases of complete failure the candi- 
 date must be re-examined dc novo, and in ease of 
 failure in seamanship a candidate will not be re- 
 examined until after a laiisc of six months, to 
 give him time to gain expeiienco. 
 
 15. As the exai" illations of miisters and mates 
 are made comiiulsory, the qualifications have been 
 kept as low as possible; but it must be distinctly 
 uniler«tood that it is the intention of the Hoard of 
 Trade to raise the standard from time to tinn', 
 whenever, as will no doubt be the case, the general 
 attainments of oIlice'-A in the mercliant .service 
 sli.'iU render it i)o.ssiolc to ilo so without ."iicon- 
 veiii».>iice; and ofiicers are strongly urged ti employ 
 
 their leistire hours, when in port, in tb «.„ 
 ment of t ho kno« letlge nece.ss,.rv ,„ ;„2T 
 to piiss their examniatioiis; ..nll mastc^tvir 
 w-ell to |K.r.nit apprentices and juni„r ol%. ' 
 attend scnotds o mstrur;,or. ..uwAo afTnrd ' ' 
 much time for this purpose m p^,^,\\,u "• 
 
 KXAMINATIONS IN STllAM. 
 
 1(;. Arrai.gements have been nia.le f^r.-ivi, 
 to those masters or lir-t or onlv mate, ,,1,, ,- 
 ccrlificntes of compeleney, ,.rwh„ niav„'i;. J 
 siicli "ertilieates, and who ,|(.sj,.^ |f .,,| • ''!'■ '• 
 of undergoing an examination as toVlioir i r !! 
 knowledge ot the use and w.irKii,- of tl o /,!, 
 euf.ine. The.se exaniin.itions wilfb„ o.milj 
 under the superinteiidenci! of the local \ 
 Hoards, at such times as ihi'v mavapnoimf.J 
 purpose; and the e.xanii,,,.,-- »ili bi stl,,,* 
 ■ the Hoard of Irade, fr,„„ thr eimiiioor sim^J 
 apiiointed under the Act. Tli,. oxa;.,;,,,,;,,,' 
 I not comprise ii.trirate theoretical qucst'i.c; 
 will be such a.-i to satistV the oxamlncr tint 
 applicant is competent to cdiiirol the vuAh 
 the engine, .and has siidi a kiKmleib-eof ile ' 
 nary jiarts of the machinery as wiirr.n.iblclii 
 jii.lge of the nature of an nceidcnt, an.l, jj 
 absence o( the engineer, to five the nm 
 directions in the engine room. The practice'i 
 beaslollows: The applicant r.iiist dvlivcrto 
 shipping m.ister a statement in writia^ to 
 elVect that he wishes to 'jo examiiitil in it( 
 If he is about to pass an examination in nai 
 tion, the statement must be on or aimcwi 
 form prcpired lor that purpn^e ; ii the ar,r,| 
 has a certificate of coinpetcncv the statement 
 bedehvored to the s'n|iping ni,x«ter wiili U, 
 tificate, so that due notice may be i;u\n ii 
 examiner, ar.d so that the Koard oi If 
 receiving it may have the means of indoni 
 his certilicate and reconiins the tact thai 
 'Passed in Steam.' He must also, at the 
 time, jiay a fee of one pounil |l/.). y,-hicln 
 applied in remunerating the examiner*. .\ 
 will be given of the time at which ibe app' 
 is to attend to be examined, and if he ^m 
 result of the exnmin.i*;ion ivill he repdcd 
 Board of Trade, and iiis cerlilicatcof compf 
 ivill be issued or returned to him, as ■.Ka& 
 be, witli an indorsement as abovo mentioned, 
 jng that he bus ' Pas.sed in Steam.' If hef 
 notice of the failure will be recorded o.t the 
 cate, but no part of the Ice will be returns 
 17. Pull directioi'.s .IS to the course of ci 
 tion in steam and the qualilicaticns re^L 
 candidates, are contained in the instructicns 
 to engineer surveyors ajipointed as e-tami 
 the larger ports. 
 
 IMASTICH or MASTIC (Ger. mastLx; 
 mastik; Fr. mastic; Ital. ma;~!ice; Span. 
 tica, almaciga ; Arab, aruli). This resinoi 
 stance is the produce of the Pislaeia Lid 
 native of the Levant and p,uticularlyai»« 
 the island of Cliio.'!. It is oht.iintii br r 
 transverse incisions in the trunks and hi 
 of the trees, whence the inastio :io«h' ' 
 About 1.600 cwt. arc .annually expcrti 
 Chios, part of which is hroiit'lit to tliii i 
 packed in cliests. T'ho best i.< in the lino 
 lirittle, yellowish transparent teats it" 
 inodorous, except when heated, amltjeiill 
 agrceuolo odour ; chewed, it is iiIe*' 
 feeling at first gritty, and iiltinjaiflf 
 virtues are trilling. "(Ainslie's -V^** 
 British Fhaimuco/xeiu, IXtil) n«'-"'"fp 
 mastic yields a ^reeu tixcd oih ar.A'm 
 Arabs oV Nerth Africa for f"i«l ajJi'?!|J 
 total imports of mastic iu M'J it«< '■"' 
 
 l''"mttiaiofVi,| 
 Ko, 
 
 TotaJ 
 
 ,™ further cs 
 '"'y. or 31 __ 
 -'.fwisiimcd ji'f 
 :, ';'"'Wis Ir 
 '" ''«lriiction 
 ;*;andit 
 
 =''^'" Voiron,' 
 
 ■'■<!%■ 
 
JTATE 
 
 mm branch of ,nr i""- P''"''"'^' 
 
 Kaaii 
 
 - 6.001 
 
 
 T«aJ 
 
 vX'.'"'"B»ro(l - ljOl)ii,i)U() 
 
 - a.onn.ooo 
 
 - i 1.000,000 
 
 
 generally, c<" 
 
880 
 
 MAULMAIN 
 
 
 i <■ 
 
 dyed rccds or grnss; niui have a very brilliant 
 appearance. 
 
 For some remarks on the mats of Greece, 
 Algeria, I'ortufcal, and India, see Mr. Digby 
 Wyatt's Report on the carpets 4c, in the Pari? 
 Exhibition of 1807. 
 
 MAULMAIN or MOULMKIN. A sea-port 
 town of India, on the eastern side of the IJay of 
 Bengal in the district of Amherst, one of the" di- 
 Tisions of the province of Hritish Knrmah. The 
 town is situated on a small peninsula formed by the 
 .Salweiiie, the Gvne, and the Attarnn rivers. Lat. 
 16° 30', long. 97° 42'. There is a fine port formed 
 by a naturalbroakwater in the island of Balu, which 
 protects it from westerly gales. Customs duties and 
 port dues arelevicd. The tariffof import and export 
 duties is that promulgated in 18G7 as applicable to 
 all the Ports of India. [Calcutta.] The popu- 
 lation of the town is given at 17,042. Its principal 
 export consists of rice, and paddy, and timber. In 
 consequence of the great forests of teak. Maul- 
 main is famous for its ship-building, (Thornton's 
 Gazetteer.) 
 
 In 1864, the shipping at this port consisted of 
 172 vessels of British origin, 19 of American, 3 
 Fi^^.ch, with 143 native craft, forming together a 
 tonnage of 93,778 entered, and 202 British, 14 
 foreign, and 156 native craft cleared, the tonnage 
 «f the latter being 86,169. The total imports, 
 including treasures, at this port during the three 
 years 1862-4 were valued at 54,626/., 57,092/., and 
 60,541/., respectively, and the exports for the 
 same period at 437,908/., 274,121/., 206,430/. 
 The value of the wood exported from British 
 Burniah in the year 1863 was 238,121/., that of 
 the year 1864 was 176,133/., and the value of the 
 total exports from the province by sea in 1866 
 was 2,825,522/. 
 
 In 1864 the teak exported from the various pro- 
 vinces and settlements of British India and tiie 
 Indian Archipelago amounted to more than 50,000 
 loads, and was worth, at an average, about 11/. 19s. 
 the load. In 1867 there were imported into the 
 United Kingdom 12,644 loads, valued at 123,582/. 
 the price for the larger portion per load being 
 9/. 16s., from the Straits settlement, Bengal and 
 Pegu. 
 
 For further particulars as to the trade of British 
 Burmah &c. see East Indif.s; Rangoon. 
 MAURITIUS. [Pout Louis.] 
 MEAD or METHEGLIN (Ger. meht, meth; 
 Dutch, meede, meedrank; Fr. hydromel; Ital. 
 idromele; Russ. liper). The ancient, and, for a 
 long time, the favourite drink of the northern na- 
 tions. It is a preparation of honey and water. 
 
 MEAL (Ger. raehl; Dutch, meel; Fr. and Ital. 
 farinc; Span, farina; Russ, muka; Lat. farina). 
 The edible part of wheat, oats, rye, barley, and 
 pulse of different kinds, ground into a species of 
 coarse flour. [Corn Laws &c.] 
 
 MEDALS. Pieces of metal, generally in the 
 form of a coin, and impressed with some p<>culiar 
 stamp, intended to commemorate some individual 
 «r action. Medals are of very different prices — 
 varj'ing according to their rarity and preservation, 
 the fineness of the metal, the beautj' of the work- 
 manship &c. The value of medals of all kinds 
 imported, with the knowledge of the Government, 
 in 1867, was only 82/. 
 
 MEDITERRANEAN PASS. The nature of 
 this sort of instrument has been described by Mr. 
 Keeves, in his Treatise on the Law of Shipping, 
 as follows : — 
 
 ' In the treaties that have been made with the 
 Barbaiy States, it has been agreed, that the sub- 
 jects of the King of Great Britain should pass the 
 seas unmolested by the cruisers of those states ; 
 
 MELBOURNE 
 and for better ascertaining what ahin. «» i 
 belong to British subjcctn, it i" nroX k ?m* 
 .shall produce a pa J under tlX Rndl ':^: 
 the Lord High Admiral, or tlie I ordrf !!. " 
 sioners of the Admiralty'. In ^^^ 
 treaties, passes are made out at ll.e .\lmidf 
 contaming a very few words, writteu TZa; 
 mcnt w.th ornaments at the top. ,hrou« h 
 a scolloped mdcnturc is made: tlic .J/„l, ' 
 are sent to Barbary; and beiiu^ put in n^ '" 
 of their cruisers, tlfe conn.^^:^:iXZt, ' 
 suiler all persons to pa.sa who h.w nn«pf,i 
 will fit these scolloped ton, tI '^f,; . "' 
 afforded by these paLes isTuchJtt'rr 
 which traverse the seas frequented bv these r„.!^ 
 ever fail to furnish themselves with fhoT« 'l ' 
 n the trade to the East Indies.tho S J 
 Italy, or any part of the Mediterranca ■ S 
 from the more particular need of them inT 
 latter they, no doubt, obtained the namV!| 
 Mediterranean passes. For the aocommodation I 
 merchants m distant parts, blank nasserZ, 
 bvthe Lords of the A^irklty, Kd^Z 
 the governors abroad, and with the British co 
 suls, to be granted to those who comply with 
 requisites necessary for obtaining them As tk 
 piece of security is derived whollv from the stin 
 ations made by the Crown with'a forelRnnow 
 the entire regulation and management of it I 
 been under the direction of his Majestv y<\ 
 with the advice of the privy council hu « 
 scnbed the terms and conditions oi; which thi 
 passes shall be granted. Among others are 
 ^''?°.'*;'"e=-They are to be granted for noie i 
 Bntish-built ships, or ships made free, naviea 
 with a master and three-fourths of the mani 
 British subjects, or foreign Protestants made i 
 zens. Bond is to be given in the sum of m 
 the vessel is under 100 tons, and in JOO/. if ii 
 of that or more, for delivering up the pass m 
 12 months, unless in tie case of ships ti 
 from one foreign port to another; and such 
 need not be returned in less than 3 years. 
 
 ' It has been found expedient, at the concli 
 of ft war, and sometimes during a peace, ton 
 and cancel all passes that have been issued, 
 to issue others in a new form. This has I 
 done for two reasons, 1st, That these useful 
 struments, by various means, either accideni 
 fraudulent, came into the hands of foreigners 
 under cover of them, carried on in sccuntya. 
 which otherwise would belong to British'subji 
 and which had been purchased by the cro' 
 the expense of keeping up this sort of ail 
 2dly, That the Barbary suites complained, 
 adhering to the rule of fitting the other pan 
 indenture to the passes, they were oblij^J to 
 ships to pass that did not belong to lintii 
 jects.' 
 
 We have thought it right to give thise. 
 tion, though, since the occupation of Algii 
 the French, and the disappearance of tlie( 
 of the other Barbary powers, Mediterranean 
 have fallen into disuse. 
 
 MELBOURNE. The capital of the 
 colony of Victoria, formerly Port I'M 
 Australia, occupying the S.E, portion "^^^h p 
 continent, stretching through 9^ of lonj, 
 Cape Howe on the E, to the Glenelg rim' 
 W. The town is situated on the noi 
 of the Yarra-Yarra river, about 9 milei (f 
 its %vindings) from its mouth in the bM 
 Phillip, lat, 37° 49' 6" S., long.ltf^ 
 It was founded in 1837, and extends 
 banks of the river. In 1851, it had ) 
 of 23,000 ; and such has been th: i 
 consequent on the discovery of the 
 
 t 
 
 ii 
 
 •i. 
 
 I « 
 
 I £ 
 
 J f* 
 
 f Entities I 
 ''■'"lalArtil 
 
 'ontiage 
 
.,jt!,f of being lowr and liable to h„ « /"■'"'" 
 Ldo™ffof the river dnrin,' the wnT''"'' ^>- 
 mm w, also, till latch', verv ;?['"'■'""• 
 Tifeh water, But this irJet u^I f"PPJ'cd 
 Wfcv the constr„ctio„ orti »^"' '«- 
 -iitotliecolom-. The reservoi^f '^"^ do 
 kaiA, so as to afford an adennnff^ "'^ '?''''«' 
 N of drou^-ht. It h^ hX,^'' ''Wb in 
 L«,tte trade of the town b^ V '"""P?'"'' fo 
 titiemoath of the river a„I ,1^™°^'."^ the 
 M: tat this would be a Irf ^'""'S its 
 WeitJkiijwd one of whicii the «L *'-''P<'"sive 
 fi.Wedoubtful. The evcavot;"'"? '"'""^'^ 
 
 >^taHoepwaterinthrbavX"l''''''''' 
 Jitoteipfoposed; and it nrnTnKi ^''""'""'"e 
 
 Flffplan; but in theS.fc""''' ^« 
 frk' ten completed, which hi '^,'* ''■>''- 
 
 kj !{. inconVenieices w .idr u"^^''*^'^" 
 •^ '1 seems, however not „ 'i-r?" «- 
 J;! the to'wn, and 'the ^"'''i'^^ ^^''t 
 ^.«nii population, wm l,L ^'*'^^'^'■ P»rt, 
 fctoon,! villa."; ^ZylZ^'vy ''"^'^ 
 ^ extending Tnto Z b ' n"'"^^' "^ 
 NHevcssels coming toAiVlh^P"''''' '" 
 r M'^'ior. The princin«l .. • "'"I"' ^^^ 
 ^'-i^tl.e.c.uei?;af^-t.n^o 
 
 S"<"> and show 
 
 ^oal* , 
 riour . 
 
 {rovis/on, 
 
 •Ji'ecic . 
 J'litioner/ 
 
 Timber 
 Tol,„ec„. : 
 
 Total value 
 
 
 f'"fip«ie) 
 
 '.5<3,?02 
 
 l,0Si3,(j72 
 
 ■■!,S0« 
 
 91.5.51 
 
 65,l»9 
 
 ,<ii,l9)j 
 
 10«,72l) 
 
 8,1 7.-! 
 
 •<»l,%lfi 
 
 ,'16.I7U 
 
 c.iao.iiT 
 
 S09,2B9 
 .5.000 
 72.187 
 '•■l.HiO 
 J4.9GO 
 19,797 
 
 401,279 
 
 5.315,109 
 
 5,gCj, 
 
 I D \ £nternrl • ' 
 
 497,! 
 
 ■'8 
 4': 
 
 I.U 
 
 ■ ■ 1 
 
 i * 
 
I 
 
 882 
 
 MELBOURNE 
 
 Number and Tonnage of Vessels that Entered and Cleared from the Port nf r,V/„-.' . , 
 
 and in Balhut. in tU, y„„/iHfi<5 •' '^"^"'"<'. Vlith Ci. 
 
 and in Ballast, in the Year 18G6. 
 
 1 CariK 
 
 Nationalilr or VoHtU 
 
 Hrillih : 
 
 Unitcfl Kingdom 
 
 <'»lonl:il 
 AmeiicandJ.S.) 
 SwiilUh 
 Norwnrian 
 Danlih 
 Dutch 
 PnwHtnn 
 Haiueatio 
 (ierman 
 French 
 Italian 
 Chilian 
 llawalan 
 Total 
 
 Entered 
 
 With Cargoea 
 
 Veul. Tom 
 
 SOU 
 
 IH 
 1 
 6 
 
 W) 
 1 
 
 ~l 
 
 3 
 4 
 1 
 
 1,1161 
 
 In Ballaat 
 
 Veul, Toiu Vaul, 
 
 I 
 116 
 
 117 
 
 135 
 10,«74 
 
 1199 
 
 l,64r, 
 
 S7 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 SO 
 
 1 
 
 "jl 
 
 iO 
 3 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 8.078 
 
 Tona 
 
 With 
 Ve..l 
 
 181 
 
 1,18!) 
 
 1 
 
 .1 
 
 Cargoes 
 Tons. 
 
 l4n,ilH7 
 
 r,7,i.v> 
 
 3,!)7.'i 
 1A10 
 
 4,5.1.5 
 116 
 
 7.18 
 S,673 
 
 Cleared 
 
 _InJUll«7^| f„^ 
 VeaU. Ton, Vei"!. f, 
 
 413,!) 15 I ;!)'J 
 
 70,176 
 l.ll.SSI 
 'J.I.MI 
 
 «,!;« 
 
 1,.W0 
 'J.'JM 
 
 Ml 
 4,r.W 
 6,.5»2 
 
 !)!!) 
 1,016 
 
 ■■«il,7M JSj 
 
 ..155 'si 
 
 'it I III 
 1 
 
 3 
 } 
 
 Account nf the 
 
 the Quantities and Values of the Principal Articles, ex Gold Imnn ini ■ 
 United Kingdom from Victoria in each of the 3 Years ending with 1867 '* 
 
 Principal Articlea 
 
 Antimnny, ore and roKulua of • tona 
 
 Bark for tani.era* or d>er&- use - cwta. 
 
 Copper ore - - - tons 
 
 rejnilus 
 
 unwrought - 
 
 part wrouKht 
 Com: wheat 
 
 wheat tlour - 
 Hidef not tanned - 
 
 tanned, tawed, curried, or dressed lbs. 
 Oil, spermaceti or head matter - tuns 
 
 Haga and other materials for makinK 
 paper . - - • tona 
 
 Skins, sheep, undressed • - no. 
 
 Siigar : molasses - 
 Tallow - 
 Tin ore - 
 
 Wool, sheep and lambs' 
 All other articles - 
 Total 
 
 cwta. 
 
 cwta. 
 
 tons 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Talue 
 
 Computed Real Vila, 
 
 •863 nrnf 
 
 Account of the Foreign and Colonial Produce and Manufactures Exported from the Uniledi 
 to Victoria in each of the 3 Years ending with 1867. ' 
 
 I'lnM 
 
 ;iiii 
 
 llfB . 
 
 Iron .11. 
 
 nilce 
 
 f^ffliim of , 
 '» 4 last ft 
 
 Principal Articles 
 
 QuantiUei 
 
 
 declared Reil Vi'ui | 
 
 186S 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1869 
 
 1866 
 
 
 Apparel and haberdashery - 
 Arms and aramunitlon : 
 
 Talue 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1,014,202 
 
 £■. 
 U-0,166 
 
 Fire amu (small) 
 
 no. 
 
 1,67.5 
 
 2,456 
 
 5,802 
 
 6,242 
 
 6^ 1 1 
 
 Gunpowder 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1,698,447 
 
 1,556,105 
 
 931,529 
 
 45,151 
 
 Bacon and haitu 
 
 cwts. 
 
 7,645 
 
 17,896 
 
 16,532 
 
 32,119 
 
 81 677 . ■ 
 
 Bafcsr empty 
 Beer and ale 
 
 doiens 
 
 10«,191 
 
 108,854 
 
 84,418 
 
 92,691 
 
 78,941 
 
 ■ 
 
 barrets 
 
 44,470 
 
 50,0.14 
 
 37,1(84 
 
 218,9118 
 
 209,266 
 
 I 
 
 Books, printed 
 
 cwts. 
 
 6,86S 
 
 6,064 
 
 5,761 
 
 71,068 
 
 6',li( 
 
 I 
 
 Butter 
 Cindlet - 
 
 ths. 
 
 89«,643 
 
 3,190 
 1,534,272 
 
 119 
 1,307,193 
 
 2,710 
 
 3o,ms 
 
 16,IM 
 60,'Jil 
 
 1 
 
 Cheese 
 
 cwts. 
 
 6,754 
 
 12,655 
 
 9,014 
 
 27,416 
 
 55,<(l 
 
 ■ 
 
 Confectionery 
 
 Talue 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 14,995 
 
 1 i,m ■ 
 
 Com: malt 
 
 
 3.5,897 
 
 ,^ 39,874 
 
 «8,651 
 
 104,0.58 
 
 \ii,sa ■ 
 
 Cottons entered by the yard 
 
 yards 
 
 11,074,100 
 
 14,583,163 
 
 13,388,071 
 
 .158,222 
 
 478,;i0 ■ 
 
 at Talue 
 
 value 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 74,239 
 
 118,333 ■ 
 
 Dmn and chemical pioducts 
 Earthenware and porcelain - 
 
 
 — 
 
 .. 
 
 — 
 
 53,8.18 
 
 68,630 ■ 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 50,503 
 
 35,11(1 ■ 
 
 Furniture: cabinet and up- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 holstery wares 
 
 
 — 
 
 «- 
 
 — 
 
 29,416 
 
 !7,;ir H 
 
 Glass manufactures - 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 .^ 
 
 68,591 
 
 73,716 ■ 
 
 Hops . - 
 
 cwl>. 
 
 6,010 
 
 6,324 
 
 3.901 
 
 40,164 
 
 48,1IS H 
 
 Hardwares and cutlery, un- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^H 
 
 enumerated 
 
 
 •"•.Oil 
 
 43.9R4 
 
 39,416 
 
 177,318 
 
 161,(92 1^1 
 
 Hats of all sorts 
 
 doiens 
 
 ,883 
 
 .'.5,W7 
 
 41.463 
 
 103,655 
 
 103,S19 l^l 
 
 Iron* wrouffht and unwrought 
 L«ul and shot 
 
 tons 
 
 J 1,232 
 
 36,960 
 
 36.0*i8 
 
 483,622 
 
 496,131 ^H 
 
 
 M4 
 
 1.078 
 
 1,280 
 
 20,599 
 
 Wis ^H 
 
 Leather, wrought and un- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^H 
 
 wrouuht 
 Saddlerr and harness - 
 
 Talue 
 
 m- 
 
 ,M 
 
 _ 
 
 559,023 
 
 mw ^M 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 « 
 
 51,831 
 
 !:\m ^M 
 
 Linens, entered by the yard 
 
 yards 
 
 4,406,868 
 
 4,484,505 
 
 3,708,598 
 
 155,102 
 
 KUIS ^H 
 
 Machinery : steam engmes - 
 
 Talue 
 
 •" 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 48,425 
 
 iins ^^ 
 
 all other sorts • 
 
 ,, 
 
 ^ 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 51,694 
 
 47,671 ^m 
 
 Musical instruments 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 •— 
 
 26,008 
 
 »,;u ^H 
 
 Paper of all sorts (including 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^H 
 
 paper hangings) 
 Pickles and sauces • 
 
 cwts. 
 
 4I,8i!! 
 
 50423 
 
 56,073 
 
 124,200 
 
 liosi ^^M 
 
 Talue 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 .. 
 
 53,081 
 
 97JI) ^^M 
 
 Rilk roaauCacturcs - 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 — 
 
 « 
 
 68,585 
 
 ilM ^H 
 
 Soap • . * 
 
 cwta. 
 
 919 
 
 1,139 
 
 745 
 
 1,733 
 
 ^"i^^M 
 
 Rpirlu . . - 
 
 gallons 
 
 70,616 
 
 158,566 
 
 95,906 
 
 9,75» 
 
 il'iS^H 
 
 Stationery, other than paper 
 
 value 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 45,316 
 
 J»^^l 
 
 yards 
 
 9,992,709 
 
 11,124,754 
 
 M17,4P2 
 
 767,379 
 
 
 at Talue - 
 
 value 
 
 ~> 
 
 .— 
 
 ^ 
 
 68,122 
 
 AU other articles - 
 Total 
 
 M 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ^■ 
 
 576,959 
 
 («i,i|L^^H 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 — 
 
 5,727,95! 
 
 ^uVJT^I 
 
 V 
 
 in 
 
 *'/ "mmercl/I 
 ^'rne C/i 
 
 t^ 'ha not 
 •"H including I 
 
 IKiIif""''<ltparl 
 
o/ Victoria, with Cam 
 
 Cleared 
 
 V«»l. Tom 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 — 
 
 tolil 
 Venl. Td 
 
 70,175 
 13\S»1 
 
 r.,l7H 
 
 1,5S0 
 'J.'JW 
 
 I'll 
 
 6,.'ill2 
 
 ai'J 
 
 1,016 
 
 I 
 
 !M 'r.oi 
 
 I, "Si iSJl 
 15 I 
 
 'a Hj 
 
 i 
 
 3|7!)9J6IJM i,«H ra 
 
 . Gold, Imported inu 
 dinj ivith 1867. 
 
 Computed Real Value 
 
 865 
 
 11866 
 
 1 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 
 ■.3,591 . 
 
 3,5« 
 
 
 M,504 
 
 27.533 
 
 
 38.K58 
 
 68,098 
 
 
 56,934 
 
 80,938 
 
 
 6,044 
 
 10,531 
 
 
 15 
 
 41 
 
 1 
 
 87 
 
 52 
 
 
 94,811) 
 
 65,846 
 
 
 54.966 
 
 65,(157 
 
 
 4,813 
 
 19,178 
 
 
 T,«2S 
 
 3,961 
 
 
 '.16,385 
 
 13^-5 
 
 
 927 
 
 4,208 
 
 
 37,788 
 
 MS 
 
 
 1.1,320 
 
 6,1110 
 
 
 988,726 
 
 4,581,816 
 
 ( 
 
 49,500 
 
 39,JM_ 
 
 
 ,.399,090 
 
 4,983,541 
 
 
 '.d from 
 
 1 
 
 the Unikd^ 
 
 867. 
 
 
 J 
 
 Declared Rtil Vilui I 
 
 165 
 
 1866 
 
 
 e 
 
 £: 
 
 
 .■iOi 
 
 1470,166 
 
 
 ,242 
 
 6^8 
 
 
 ,.351 
 
 38,721 
 
 
 i,119 
 
 81,677 
 
 
 ,591 
 
 78,911 
 
 
 ,908 
 
 209.266 
 
 
 ,068 
 
 67.196 
 
 
 2,710 
 
 16,1S5 
 
 
 0,283 
 
 60,«l 
 
 
 7,416 
 
 55.461 
 
 
 4,993 
 
 M,279 
 
 
 4,058 
 
 123,383 
 
 
 *,222 
 
 478,710 
 
 
 4,239 
 
 118,53S 
 
 
 3,838 
 
 68,630 
 
 
 0,503 
 
 35,116 
 
 
 9.416 
 
 27,71? 
 
 
 )8,591 
 
 73,716 
 
 
 I0;i64 
 
 IT-118 
 
 48,116 
 16I,S9« 
 
 
 93,655 
 83.622 
 20,599 
 
 59,023 
 51,831 
 5,5,102 
 48,425 
 51,694 
 26,608 
 
 84,200 
 53.081 
 68,585 
 1,7.33 
 9.751 
 45.316 
 (67,379 
 68,122 
 576,959_ 
 727,952 
 
 10S.ill 
 496,<]l 
 24,99 
 
 !89,M7 
 .■ii,6«! 
 
 161 .It! 
 7S,!«( 
 47,6?l 
 
 MELBOURNE 
 
 iw.,( 0/ the Quantities ami Vnl. f^^^^^'^^E 
 
 883 
 
 Wndpil lod other Artlcici 
 
 i>.fnn4nufttd 
 .u«l»- • 
 
 f«lKli>'ff7 • 
 C«b,mitf-!nade 
 
 'irma 
 
 r» - . 
 
 Unmi, unenumnaM 
 I i'attf' 
 
 Is^koaiwuofitrair • 
 ,W« 
 
 '^fnn»J^i^fai1(I paste 
 Oljii'* 
 
 ffr,DMforhanjiinffs • 
 ■wt»-m 
 
 I 'luKtinthehuilc 
 
 I'llBuiuracturet: 
 
 Jj JtaduDrfiimJrlbbonj 
 
 Brandr 
 ., iliietJ in bond • 
 
 llfu ■ ■ . 
 
 1 h ... 
 
 I Iikw, Mirufaf lurwl, and clffaii 
 
 J|Tit ■ . . 
 
 ■[f«iufnoripiit 
 
 ■j»«m,aiemll»jr the piece I 
 *„ , at value 
 
 '»l^."fBri.,-,l,.„d"F„„,V5„ 
 
 I mtWimports of irrsin anH ,., • ■ 
 
 'Idvance, a„,| ,,„ ""^ '" «< charged 
 
 of . *''™ adT«,,ce,su^^^n'' I'alancB ,o u. 
 
 Pefcejit. 
 
 10 
 
 "'fOoldfiom Victoria in earh V . 
 
 1851 to m?. ^'"'•from 
 
 ^n 0.. 
 
 ^i 2*. 
 
 *'»*J__.h.„„„,'i„°f„„"«chandi« and «„ 
 
 "•"Htacludinj!?™'" funds . ." « 
 
 „ ™>/! (he pu„|,a« of bill, f„; "t 
 
 - -.----•-■'ramiMio, 
 
 "n adTancM for .1,,,- «. . . ""■»»«,- . 
 -o„„,,,„„,;>«^^fre._jrtu.a„,, li;Jhi„a«.,„, „„ 
 
 Forcl.ari„Ksl,r'°''Ne,,Lala,,u . ^""""'ia, V^ 
 
 »;« for awvyThJ"*'""" 'he ci„ ' - 
 
 on'^w^^"ff5r°''-"''*^''°''^"'»- : 
 
 Table nf T ' ' '""P"'"'- 
 
 -iaote V Import and Eroorf n ■ 
 
 nX'^^'^^'f'^ April 
 
 £i 
 
 2i. 
 5#, 
 
 i^'-I|erdar 
 ■«' u'. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 ''"'"" ^"P"'"! by l.a.,d or S« 
 
 5s- : : : - ; 
 
 gyondmolasai 
 Klc* 'r"*^ "'•rein rapSctl,^"'" "'««o^ 
 
 ''•'eofDaij 
 * «. 4 
 
 •'"' Opergallon 
 
 10 n 
 
 10 o 
 3 
 
 Operlb. 
 o' " 
 
 JPefcwt. 
 * peril,. 
 
 I!' 
 
 '? S^ib. 
 
» • '•> : 
 
 •. ' >« 
 
 • I 
 
 'i 
 i 
 
 .1 1 
 
 ■■»*• 
 
 1 ■.■ 
 
 :••:! 
 
 1- 
 
 I . I 
 
 i )i 
 
 •i 
 
 ■J- 
 
 .1 
 
 ■■-;„ 
 
 • ■.-.'v 
 
 ■■.-,',i 
 
 
 ,» « 
 
 •J--' -, ; 
 
 884 
 
 Piiftl ana iiTM^rTeU fFuili and rf([«ialile«, 
 
 DUtA of Kll kinds (not InctuiUnft cocoa 
 
 nuti). Imitf'r, cheene, c*iniH<H, baron. I.ird, 
 
 tiftmR, rtarch, Miiip, confeit ionary , bUcultit, 
 
 •omntft, tw«*tme:ilH» mrratle**. Jam-*, muc- 
 
 caroni. vprmicvUlj niatiena, iirt-Kived 
 
 meata and Hkh 
 
 Ifopi - - - • ■ 
 
 Malt - - - • ■ 
 
 Halt . - - - - 
 
 VInefcar - - - - - 
 
 Vamltih - • - - ,■ 
 
 Haltrvl proTiiioni, inrluditiR (\sh not otherwisa 
 
 cnumeraii-d and not caught trom »eMel§ 
 
 owned in the colony 
 
 Doors . - - - " 
 
 Window sashes . - - • 
 
 I'late of ([Old . . - - 
 
 IM.de of filver - - - - 
 
 llarley - - - • * 
 
 Orttii • • " , • , " 
 
 Miilinerv nnd all nrtirlps mmlo up fn'm 
 
 fahrlrti of s.lk, or of silk mixe<l wiih oihtr 
 
 materials 
 
 Anpnrel and slop* nnd nil aiH' Ips madt- up 
 wlujUy or in p.irt from filiri.H of woul, 
 cotton, lintn, or miat-d inaieriaU (e«<PI't 
 corn or wool h.i((8); lioots or shoen, lu»UTy 
 
 IVTELBOURNE 
 
 Rata of Duly 
 
 £ «. d. 
 
 U I) I (ler Ih. nr 
 pack.iK*^ of tlint 
 rrputed wetifht 
 
 2 per Ih. 
 (i pi-r )iu»h. 
 (I per ton 
 Ti per gallon 
 ,. 
 
 foot. 
 
 and k'"v«s» harn, caps, and bonncia um- 
 •1U», ha - ■ • ■" - 
 
 ware ■ 
 
 trinttned^ saddli*, harness and leather- 
 
 n per cwt. 
 
 t) CHfh 
 
 o pvrpatr 
 II ,,oz. troy 
 .. 
 ,1 per bush. 
 
 per cubic 
 nif..hurinK 
 outhidotliL'p.ick- 
 Bfce. or for any 
 piiclfnt;etev4ihan 
 one cubic foot 
 
 ii. per ditto 
 
 10 per rent, 
 valorem 
 
 ad 
 
 Watt hen, jewels and jewellery ufall kinds, 
 manuf^ciurcsof silk or of mixed malarial* 
 of which thenrcaier part is silk, musital 
 insinimen's, carriauts, ^1^^ ■"'* itla-ts- 
 ware, i hinaware and porcelain, furniture, 
 to>s, and tur-nery, wooilenware, brush- 
 ware and wUktrware, earthenwan-, oil- 
 inniS stores not <jtherwise enumerated 
 (eiceplolls In bulk, tapioca, sauo, arrow- 
 root, spires, iiepiier, and Kinder), woollcii 
 blankets and ru^s 
 
 Excmptlom from Import Duties. — All goods, 
 wares, and merchandise not included in the above 
 table of imported articles, gold and silver coin, 
 passengers' baggc;;e, cabin and other furniture or 
 personal effects, which have been in use and not 
 imported for sale, carriages used in the convey- 
 ance of goods or passengers across the frontier, all 
 packages in which goods are ordinarily imported, 
 and all minor articles used in the making up of 
 apparel of mixed or undescribed materials shall 
 be exempt from duty. 
 
 Articles Kxported bj 
 Land or Sea 
 
 UoM, including ftold in its na- 
 tural state, whether mixed 
 with any other sul»stance 
 or not, i;old dust and all 
 other gold, except gold loin. 
 watches, and articles of 
 j ewellery and pl ate 
 
 Rate and Duration 
 of Duty 
 
 1«. per ox. troy until December 
 i\t lSG(i, 6i^ ptrr oz. troy 
 from and after that date to 
 Dfcember ^\t 1H67, and 
 fVom and after December o I , 
 1867, the said duty shall 
 cease and determine 
 
 • * rf-.'-Oii* 
 
 Like many other British colonies, Victoria has 
 adopted a protective tariff, not so much perhaps 
 with a Tiew to fostering homo manufactures as 
 with that of providing a revenue for its very 
 considerable expenditure. Still, protective pur- 
 poses arc avowed, and manufactures are fostered 
 by this system. 
 
 Tlie basin of Port Phillip, which receives the 
 Yarra-Yarra and other rivers, is a large circular 
 bay, or inlet of the sea, whence the colony derived 
 its former name. It has a narrow entrance, not 
 more than 1 J mile in width, partly occupied with 
 rocks and shoals. A lighthouse has been erected 
 near the extremity of Point Lonsdale, towards the 
 west side of the entrance, lat. 38° 10' S., long. 140° 
 40' E., and another on Point Gellibrand, near 
 the head of the bay, between Williamstown and 
 the mouth of the Yarra-Yarra river, lat. 37° 62' S., 
 long. 144° 55' E. The bay is about 40 miles broad 
 from S. to N., and at its greatest extent is about 40 
 miles long from E. to VV. It is said to cover an area 
 of above 800 sq. miles, and might accommodate 
 all the navies of all the countries in the world. 
 
 The whole trade of the colony, which is already 
 very extensive, and is continuing to increase, is at 
 present carried on from this basin. And from its 
 
 advantageous situation, nnd its strotrhin'r ,„ ij 
 mland, it is probable it will always contau/ 
 engross the largest share of the trade, thou-n nd 
 doubt. It wdl be partly, also, carried on frn„r,,;il' 
 ports. Ceclong, at the head of a deep bav ,„ C 
 W. Hide of the basin, had in IWl i n,;n,,| , - 
 of 22,!)8.i, and a very consi.lorublo tra " f 
 further details see the Viclorla Commmil'^ 
 ^Tauticnl Almamc annual, a very incritorioui i,,, 
 lication. '"' 
 
 Prospects of the CoUmy.-Qi these it woul,' fc 
 hazardous to speak witli mucli cunlid.Micc TiJ 
 produce of gold, which aiiiduntcd to 'ai.,, 
 4,247,000 oz. in 1852, amounted to onlv I -.li^/ 
 
 oz. ill 1862, and hut 1,479,194 oz. 
 
 were cxpord 
 
 in 1807. Hut It IS impossible to sav wIkiI 
 the decline will be permanent, or wiieltior 
 produce will not again rise to or above ii- 
 level. The excitement caused by the (lismv 
 of the giild ficKls was not confined to the col. ni 
 or the diggers, but acted with aneli force on 
 commercial world that the value of the imrn 
 into Victoria, which amounted tn lOJGli;/ 
 1851, rose to 15,182,530/. in l«5G-7. As ' 
 excessive importation occurred simultant. 
 with a diminished supply of gold, a rui; 
 revulsion necessarily fullowed, accompaniej 
 an all but universal bankruptcv, and a 
 sacriiicc of property. 
 
 These, however, are but evanescent diflicnli 
 Other industries of r. more important and pen 
 nent character are occupying the attention of 
 colonists. Wool, of which l(i,31o,.lC8 lljj, 
 exported in 1851, rose to the amount of 4lV)! 
 lbs. in 18t')(J. Hides are also an important 
 of export from the colony. Still, on the whi 
 must be admitted that its trade is ncarlv sii 
 ary, the imports during the last ten years _ 
 varied only by about a million; and' the e: 
 being even more nearly uniform. It isofi 
 possible to infer from these facts, that the 
 13 steady and satisfactory. The sy.stcm adi 
 in regard to the disposal of tlieland, ai 
 results to which it has led, arc the grand 
 culties with which the colony has to cor 
 It is impossible, indeed, to condemn toosei 
 our policy in this respect, both in this ai 
 other colonies. It is fitted only to injure 
 and to turn the tide of emigration from ihcir 
 to the United States, To set a minimum pi 
 20». an acre upon the unoccupied pasture li 
 Australia, several acres of which arercqi 
 feed a single sheep, may be regarded 
 triumph of political quaciccry. While, lio| 
 it prevented the tale of land, it nccessarilrj 
 its being let in vast tracts at I'w rcnii 
 certain rights of pre-emption, and to its 
 exclusively occupied by squatters; and ' 
 the discovery of the gold fields and the i 
 population, these parties have become a 
 class. There can, it is aflinncd, be no doi 
 their interests are opposed to those of the 
 the colonists ; and it is believed that ui 
 constitution lately given to the colony 
 command a majority in the legislature. 
 
 In consequence of this pieposterous 
 which, in a colony where large fi-rtar 
 been made, has restricted the purch« 
 to a very small part of their extent, the 
 can, in no proper sense of the wonl. If *'' 
 occupied. The population has no pw/ 
 fusing itself over the surface, but is wr 
 into the large towns of Melbourne, i 
 the camps at the diggings. There 
 villages, farms, nor farm steadina J 
 moderate means may as soon thiis or 
 land in Middlesex as in Victoria. » 
 
 Into 
 
 i?!i"^" ""'1 
 
 ."I "e colony 
 ,,'«£Wd 
 
 .y'^feaminc 
 Pneeofiij 
 
 If""''; but 
 ,„'^'"iofai 
 "'"^bcimiS^ 
 

 Vifl..V(i.liO Tun Lull,, -ch 
 
 j/iW-hrid. Mch 
 
 llarrd or quarler ra.k, ea,.|, • . ' . 
 
 , (•'«•. craw, r„|t, bait, bo, ('■■"«" "oon^" ""8le package. Mch " 
 I J;"'^-f«..nUu,..„,,. '•"^'•'"•"rkin.orpack. 
 
 IK " •■ to .10 , 
 
 « „ " .. ill . 
 
 3 „ " .. 1(1 . 
 
 ! .. '■ ■• '! . 
 
 .i,.„ ';.? /•"™ "ccordinir i„ „. 
 
 I'm of ihe mfc"""?'"" '" welahl iir ™. " - 
 
 I '■ '. 
 
 ft! 
 
 
 
■it 
 
 , m 
 
 ■■..^*: ■.■if 
 
 
 I ? 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 . ,1 
 
 i 
 
 •» ,■ 
 
 ill "^ 
 
 886 MERCURY 
 
 //rirJour.— TIic liarliour of Merncl ia InrRc and 
 enCo; liut the bur at tlio moutli of the CurriHohe 
 lluf lias Hclilom more tlwiii 17 feet water, anil 
 unmetiines not more than l.'t or 11 feet; no that 
 Bliips drawing; Miorc tiiiin It; feet water arc fr<'- 
 qucntly oblif;e<l to load and unload a iiart of their 
 cargoes in tlie mads, where tlie anch(lra^;c is Imt 
 indillcrent, parlieularly when the wind is N. or 
 N.W. Wc linil that iAIr. Consul Ward, in his 
 Jdimrl for IHCT, nivcs the avcrap- depth for the 
 year as IH feet. There is a li^ht, on the N.K. side of 
 the entrance to Menud hnrliour, US feet ahovehiKh 
 water, and visihk^ 20 miles oil". It is liKlited from 
 August 1 to May lo. The outer buoy lies in (i 
 fathoms water, about a mile without the light- 
 house, which bears from it SiK. by K. ^ IC. 'I'lu; 
 ehaimel thence to the harbour is marked by white 
 
 in bclns always Huid, unlcfiH whon ^ubifru,! 
 deKi-ce 1.1- cold equal to -39°, when it W.. 
 
 tri| 
 
 I'he eouKelation of me'r.l'irv"vu» 'iJr?,""l,* 
 in 175'J. (Thoiiison's Clitmislnj; Hr, 
 
 Buiid 
 
 served 
 
 PhnrmufoiHtia 1H(!7,) 
 
 RIcrcury is found in various parts of the 
 
 huovs on tlu! nortli, and red on the south side. 
 Three beacons to tlio north of the town, when 
 brouj^ht into a line, lead directly into the harbour. 
 Inasmuch, however, as the chnnnel is subject to 
 frequent cliaufies, both in depth and direction, it 
 is always prudent, on arriving at the outer buoy, 
 to heave to for a pilot : hut tliis is not oblif,'atory ; 
 and the Prussian authorities have issued directions 
 for shins entering without a ])iU)t, which may be 
 found in Norie's Sailing Diructiuns for the Ciitteyat 
 and Iliiltic, ]). Jlti. ' 
 
 Trade. — Timber forms the principal articio of 
 export ; for though that of Uantzic be considered 
 better it is generally cheaper, and almost alwaj's 
 more abundant, at jlemel. Here, as at Daiitzic, 
 the best quality of uU sorts of wood articles is 
 called khrnn, or crown, the second hrac/i, and the 
 third bracks brack. Large (piautities of hemp 
 and ilax are also exported, as are bristles, hides, 
 linseed (the finest for crushing brought to Eng- 
 land), wax, pitch, and tar &c. The exports of 
 grain, especially rye, are sometimes very con- 
 siderable. The wlieat of Lithuania is reckoned 
 the best. All (lax ami hemp shipped from Mcmel 
 must bo bracked, or ossorted by sworn selectors. 
 [Fi.AX and IIicMr.] The imports consist princi- 
 pally of salt, herrings, coffee, sugar, spices, dye- 
 woods, tobacco, tea, iron, cotton stulTs and yani, 
 cutlery, wine &c. To the war of 18C0 is attributed 
 the falling off in trade of the port, exhibited in 
 the following statement of the value of imports 
 and exports for 4 j-ears, ending with 1807 : — 
 
 
 dots. 
 
 
 finis. 
 
 isnt . 
 
 . il.niHi.iiiK) 
 
 IRflC . 
 
 - ii,i,vi,'i-n 
 
 1805 . 
 
 . 'J.ih.'i.OIX) 
 
 1S„7 - 
 
 • <,s;j,.')io 
 
 The abolition of the Government monoply of 
 salt on June 1, 1868, led to a considerable increase 
 of the importation of that article from England. 
 This port is open to navigation throughout the 
 year, but the navigation of the river Niemcn, and 
 adjacent streams, tlie Currischo llof &c., closes 
 about the latter cud of November, and opens 
 about the middle of April. In 1807, 980 ships, 
 of 100,429 lasts, arrived at Momel, and at the 
 end of that year 98 sailing ships, of 23,107 lasts, 
 and 7 small steamers, belonged to the port. 
 
 MEUCUIiY or QL'ICKSILVEU (Fr. vif ar- 
 gent ; Ger. quicksilher ; Ital. argento vivo ; Span, 
 azoguc ; Russ. rtut; Lat. hydrargyrum; Arab, 
 zibakh ; Hin. parah ; Sansc. purada). This 
 metal was known in the remotest ages, and seems 
 to have been craploycf' by the ancients in gilding, 
 and separating gold from other bodies, just as it is 
 by the modems. Its colour is white, and similar 
 to that of silver ; hence the names of hydrnrriyrum, 
 argentum vivum, quicksilver, by which it has been 
 known in all ages. It has no taste or smell. It 
 is brilliantly lustrous, and when its surface is not 
 tarnished, it makes a very good mirror, Specitic 
 gravit}' 13'o68. It differs from all other metals 
 
 the I 
 
 Among the principal mines are tiiose of Almi.l J 
 near Cordova, in Spain ; Mri,i, i,, ,• ■ ,'■ 
 W<dfst..iu and Morslield, in tlio V^^Ji 
 C.uancuaelica, in Peru Ac. ' iM„,t (,f n,,. ,. 
 mercury are readily distinguisli,.,! from ,1,0!,.'' 
 any other metal; iii tlie lirst viiri.ty, nlolmlo 1 
 the metal are seen attached to or jmr. utartin - 
 the surface, which is at once a snliicient criurd 
 mercury being unlike everv otlior mHal- iui 
 second, by the line white colour, and the licii,,,,! 
 the blowpipe, which subliiiios the niprnin- 
 leaves the silver behind ; the tliir.1, In- iisUaul 
 ful deep red tint, varying froai eocliinlal i„m3 
 red, excepting in those termed liopatic ciiinay 
 which are generally of a lead grev; tho Cmrilil 
 its grey colour, ius partial sohibiiily in w„ior J 
 its complete volatilisation bv heat, cmittin'l 
 the same time an arsenicarodour. \Mhk\ 
 blowpipe, these varieties bum with ,1 blue t 
 and sulphurous oihiur, leaving more or Ics^nsi 
 behind them, and which may consist nf eai 
 matter, as silex and alumina', togptlior njilij 
 oxides of iron and copper.' (Joyce's tVi. 
 
 Till within comparatively late years, 
 plies of quicksilver have been almost cm 
 derived from Europe. The quaiuiiv, liuwi 
 now supi)licd from CaUfomia is large, ai 
 rapidly increasing. The average produce ol 
 Califoniian mine at New Alinador is about 
 flasks of 70i lbs. each. The selling price of 
 cury is from Is. Hd. to 2s. per lb. The ilL 
 of these mines has greatly lowered the 
 and by implication has rendered tlie proci 
 amalgamating gold and silver much more 
 and easy. 
 
 Mercurj' is often adulterated by the aJi 
 of Iced, bismuth, zinc, and tin. When ilie 
 (juickly loses its lustre, is covered with a 
 is less fluid and mobile thnr. usual, or di 
 readily divide into round globules, there ii 
 to suspect its purity. 
 
 Our supplies of mercury arc still chieli.v 
 from Spain. The import's van' vcrvniucli. 
 were 4,510,350 lbs. in 18G1, only \;>f>im 
 1805, and rose to 3,315,410 lbs. iu ISliii, 
 again to 2,191,143 Ibs.iu 18li7, valuedat 11 
 
 The exports of ([uicksilvcr Crora Spain 
 amounted to 771,048 kilogrammes, and it 
 appear, from Mr. Sackville West's A;»r(i' 
 ary 1, 1807, that the total produce of the 
 quicksilver mines in 1803 was IW.iiil 
 quintals, or about 37,770,8ft0 llw. The proi 
 Idria, in Austria, has also some rather 
 quicksilver mines. 
 
 There are 2 sulpliurcts of merciiij'; tl 
 or ethiops mineral, and the red or ciniuil^ir, 
 mercury and sulphur are triturated toi«' 
 mortar, the former gradually disiippcars 
 whole assumes the form of a hlack |i)r 
 nominated ethiops mineral. '1' this 
 heated red-hot, it sublimes; and on 
 vessel being [ilaccd to receive it. a n 
 taincd, of a fine red colour, which is 
 bar. This cake, when reduced to p«^i 
 known in commerce by the name « 
 Cinnabar may be prepared ia variom* 
 Calomel, or subchloride of niernBi." 
 useful of all the preparations ohmm 
 is in the form of a dull white mimi 
 powder, liaving a specific gmvitTofi'" 
 more generally employed, and m 
 
 
 ««ali 
 
MESSINA 
 
 tiji iIuMt «ny other remedy in thn »,) i 
 
 ,1 tk nutoria medicii. (OrithA Ji,"^'""" "nffo 
 
 m-iuw 119 usfs III 7nc(/icinc. mnr/.... • 
 ,r,l.ron>plovc,lin i]„- nmnl^,i'mnUm7rn *""""- 
 „A \n watcr-pil.iin^r, tlie „,„ki, " , / ""' !"''''c 
 '•■■nn.„flooki„,,.,,,J''^'«<'fvmnili,m, 
 
 of 
 
 MBTALS 
 ■m« teusoH in me,li,.inc, merer • ot.n™""nv^:"'"' ""'' '^Co h?''"''' •^•''"" pipcs 
 
 "•aoturcd thoy oxT, ' 'i' '^''"<^^'' ; wl on r,,^"" 
 
 'cnraiicv „.../. •^'"'— a br Uiatu oM. , "' *"■ 
 
 "oro o.-'",''ri."'. •:'''.'l.''P- 
 
 I asilvcrins of looki,';;;,.^,!^;^'"'; ''f vormi 
 
 «rtm iiiul ilifniKiiiiotiTs i(-i'' '""«in, 
 
 MtSSIXA. One of the uri,, • , 
 I »,ml»,TOn(l«nlvto I'/il,.-,nn il!",i f"'''"' "'" 
 ,/iM iDlMl«t;in(s (.f'u-hicli it ;„.'»•'" ""'I'ljor 
 
 Ml. i.>toi;on ffr!M;„;^,s,'''':<' ch.;:') 
 
 J ;l(H«n all sidrs of tlic n.,rf r,' '■'■''^■'' ^'im 
 iflirt ami safest in tlio Med tnLT " """"f 
 AfMiico is nnrroic and di/Hc t 11''''" ■' '"'' 
 
 JiMtltvanaliirnl breakwater nearlV ( , n" '"■,'- 
 
 J HKlraJc of Messina is conmMn-oi i 
 j m<in?. The f.-Ilon-inr^s Lk o '•' "5'' "P'''"y 
 L.ll!tor, /^^., f"!;' Jfiuo' are II *^ ^'«- 
 Iseip-jrtsaiidiiiinorts, for thn'/Nro ^'"'"ph of 
 hi4« ''"•'"^e years ending 
 
 
 J Tli'Mmberof shins wlii.ii n,,* , 
 
 |S3,Wt*-; of flK.se 3 420 "cm //' • "^""'^n 
 llc«m;.Wn;2-3,9(iO. *^'^'' ''"''an, the 
 
 I i'uteW;M on JWtish vessels „. • 
 It^-'kort: anchoral^ duerf7'" '" ^^'' 
 l^sls disehargingor takin • ^""" '""• 
 |j-P«i to one or more ports^f '" '='"-«° 
 F^K'i'ioiit paving a second «n ^'"PJeto 
 
 t"Me« a discount of iSr" ^"l' Per 
 Jr»«)iD. "' ^" per cent, for 
 
 l^%</««,-SaiIing vessel, „„ , 
 m^m,oT having touched «f' ^'eamors 
 K%p(,.Svria, An.ericaf2nd ?h^P''"'« '" 
 r«''»to, landing or tak?,?^ ■ ^'''^''ern 
 
 
 '"I "iMiiiiig or takinc ' ■•^"•-i.ti 
 
 K '■"r orders, mavl,,,-!"''*'^ >vi„d-bouncL 
 te«yof the aC cue, Ti"'" ^^'">''u 
 
 !*;ffeai„a„,e"^Wttrd"';S^ 
 
 s^^L^^^^ssr^^^S^^^ 
 
 Iron 
 'Jin . 
 
 Zinc 
 Silver . 
 '•old . 
 "Ihcr metals 
 Totnl 
 
 
 valu'c 
 
 4#7BI,OM 
 Jn.w.T 
 
 M.Ho 
 „ ■■'.7.')0 
 80.^391 
 
 l.'iWO 
 
 Value 
 
 '''9,V0,T 
 
 '.■137,50a 
 
 21'',I(I0 
 
 
 • torn 1 
 
 ' llu. I 
 
 inj.osg 
 iv.rss 
 
 4fi,6.T5 
 
 4,ni6 
 
 3l,!,Ti 
 
 2''>'l.'!7 
 M.91S 
 ,7^19 
 
 3 1, SMI 
 
 J,9l)5 
 
 122,818 
 22.S.0S 
 41,164 
 «,777 
 •H,9ltt 
 
 'SV>I7 
 21,(101) 
 
 ,1,1.1 
 
 36,94S 
 29,i 
 
 1'12,7S2 
 29,60,1 
 71,703 
 
 •li,I5S 
 
 m<,ftl..n ^~ !___HM,199 , ,„'''fi9S 29,v.-9 •'■'.iM I 
 
 Z^Z::^^J~~~^1J^1^^ United Kingdom 
 
 6.2S7 
 12,860 
 ■l,2Si 
 
 9,028 
 
 12,081 
 
 3,423 
 
 o „,1'39S 
 
 9,314 
 9,636 
 3,771 
 
 U.IfiO 
 S.1,079 
 fi.SW 
 
 I; 
 
 'J-i' 
 
 ■ ir 
 
 ■I 
 

 "J* 
 
 ":\ 
 
 
 ;. ;-^: 
 
 I 
 
 
 . ''i' 
 
 ^jf 
 
 888 
 
 METALS 
 
 AiruHiit of the Qunnlitiet nnd Viilari of the Mttah Exported from the f^'iUnl Kinailim 
 Produce of the mine, during each of the 1 Veari ending with lHi'j7. ' 
 
 >«0 lly 
 
 Matili 
 
 Iron, jilg - 
 
 liAr, tmlt. nnd toA 
 riillru.id 
 win- . 
 cut • 
 
 tin.>)ti. linkt, platct 
 wrutiMht 
 I Sirol 
 (;(i|i))i'r, iIaIm 
 
 KlifplA, nalU &c. 
 niiieil i>r jrvllotr 
 other fturu - 
 llraAi - 
 
 I.I III 
 '/ini; 
 Till 
 
 pUlfl • 
 
 Tot.il 
 
 IH«I 
 
 QuanlUlM 
 l«6i 
 
 loni 
 
 «;'j,7'i"i 
 
 IH.IIKJ 
 
 f.H,HJ7 
 
 107,11)!) 
 
 rsiMi) 
 
 'iO.ilH 
 I ,MA 
 
 .T.,7r,7 
 A.IHS 
 1,1''7 
 
 iO,H7 
 
 tons 
 AI7,»II 
 1I,')I,V.'.7 
 4.11,1' IIP 
 
 VI, n? 
 
 W\,^'l-l 
 
 II 11,11,1 i 
 
 VttflVl 
 '.i.1.H77 
 A,'ill9 
 lA.OIfi 
 0,'JV) 
 1,07.1 
 V,VII 
 
 S7,'j;h 
 
 4,ICI 
 
 A, I US 
 
 (IV,7IM 
 
 ton« 
 
 .Nili,.',(H) 
 H«0,II9 
 
 »'/,.'ii.i 
 
 Tfi.iMl 
 
 1.1-,,«,.'.7 
 
 l!(9,"!)'l 
 
 31,11.1 
 
 .^,'J(iH 
 
 IV.V.IK 
 
 U,'i(,( 
 
 (i'.l 
 
 «,o(;'i 
 
 .10,011 
 
 .1,111 
 
 70,'17H 
 
 IIIA7 
 
 Innt 
 ir,7,1l!) 
 .101,1.10 
 
 IH,()'I7 
 *l),7.').'> 
 
 11.1,101 
 1111,4.11 
 
 yi,:tW 
 
 •},MI 
 11,717 
 I. 1,09 i 
 
 •.V!0 
 8,1IX 
 
 sy »fi 
 
 7,171 
 
 4,v'^r> 
 
 7H.9III 
 
 i,4ri,.iM 
 
 V,'.0'l,ri|9 
 3,1(l'i,OH5 
 
 iin.iiii 
 
 n7o,iii 
 
 l,77<i,r,',i 
 
 W'7,10(i 
 
 mio,.i'i.i 
 lHfi,ll7 
 9,110,176 
 nol,;(;i 
 lf,7,'i.',<i 
 
 111,01.1 
 
 779,171 
 
 ll'i,osi 
 
 4HMI7 
 
 l,M1,'Mfi 
 
 I9,H1V,K(^9~ 
 
 M 
 1,WM91 
 
 .1,4.11 i,.',(i1 
 ■171,1 !«.', 
 7')V,.'.HI 
 
 l,fJM,')(;| 
 
 'i,*'>i\,Wt 
 7H7,l-9 
 4%,l U 
 
 I,1H0,I.10 
 
 itii,,r,io 
 
 l."(1.9'/i 
 ll.V<,3l)9 
 
 Mi,r>Hi 
 
 9i,r,,'.9 
 
 i9i(,'.;() 
 
 l,IHl,lil)H 
 il9,177,.VIS 
 
 Mi'i.lll 
 I •ti,»,m\ 
 
 l.lK.M'iH 
 4''1..1Vi i 
 ■07,'l'ji 
 
 l,7iH,r;6 
 
 ■'.'■•■H,lll 
 
 1,1<I,')I7 
 
 .V.H.M.II 
 
 I 171 7,v, 
 
 ";i,'iw 
 
 n'MH 
 8M,I41 
 f>fil,V;(i 
 I.IM.HVJ 
 .1H7,'Ji(| 
 l,li'"i.l!ii 
 
 i 
 
 l.v.','M 
 »,Vi.v»l| 
 
 ."■i,m 
 
 , "i'l.iii 
 
 i.:«'..ii: 
 
 I >,iii,i'i« 
 
 I l,'K.1,lt| 
 
 I . 'y.m 
 
 H,JI) 
 I VIWVl 
 
 ! 1 ■■',»" 
 ' "".III 
 
 t f • '■ 
 
 MKTIIVLATKD SPIUIT. [Si-tuiTS.'] 
 
 M ILK. Tlic iHiml mcn.surn of roud.t in Lngland, 
 liciiiR 8 fiirloiifjs, or l,7fi() vnnlH. 
 
 MILK (Fr. lait; ItnL liittc; Lnt, lac). A fluid 
 Hccrotod by tlie female of all tlio.'^*! aniinnls dc- 
 iiomiiintod mainmalin, and pvidontly iiitcndcil for 
 the nourishment of her offspriiif;. The milk of 
 every animal has certain peculiarities which dis- 
 tinguish it from nil other milk. liut the animal 
 who.se milk is most used by men, nnd with which, 
 consequently, wc are best acqiininteil, is the cow. 
 The external character of all milk is that of n 
 •white opaque fluid, having; a swet;ish taste, nnd 
 a spccilic j^ravity somewhat greater tlinn that of 
 water. When allowed to remain at re.st, it sepa- 
 rates into two parts; a thick whitish fluid called 
 vrcam, collecting in a thin stratum over its sur- 
 face, nnd a more dense watery body, remaining 
 below. Milk which has stood for some time after 
 the separation of the cream, becomes acescent, and 
 then coagulates. When the congulum is pres.sed 
 gently, a serous fluid is forced out, and there rc- 
 main.s the ca.seous part of the milk, or pure cheese. 
 
 Ihitter, one of the most valuable animal jiro- 
 ducts, is solidified croam, anil is obtained arti- 
 ficially by churning. [ Hutteu and Ciieicsk. ] 
 
 Milk has always been a favourite food of most 
 European nations, and especially of the liritish. 
 Lncte et came vivnnt, says Oicsar of our ancestors ; 
 and the same articles still continue to form a 
 large part of our subsistence. Mr. Middleion es- 
 timated {Agricultural Survey (f MiddlcKeXf^wX 
 I'd. p, 419), that, in 1800, no fewer than 8,500 
 milch cows were kept for the supply of London 
 iuul its environs with milk and cream ; nnd ho es- 
 timated the average quantity of milk obtained 
 from each cow at nine quarts a day, or S,2Hij quarts 
 a year, leaving, every deduction being taken into 
 account, 3,200 quarts of marketable produce. 
 
 Hut Mr. Vouatt, in his valuable work on cattle, 
 their breeds &c., estimated the number of dairy 
 cows kept in 1843, in London and its environs, at 
 I'.'.OOO ; aftbrding, on Mr. Middleton's hypothesis, 
 an annual supply of 38,400,000 quarts' of milk. 
 Now, as milk is sold by the retailers at from 3d, to 
 4(/. a quart after the cream is separated from it, 
 and as the cream is usually sold at from 2s. Of/, to 
 OS. a quart, and there is reason to suspect that a 
 good deal of water is intermixed with the milk, we 
 believe wc should hardly be warranted in estimat- 
 ing that the milk, as obtained from the cow, is 
 sold at less than bd. a quart, which gives 800,000/. 
 as the tot.il price of the milk consumed in the city 
 and its imincdiatc vicinity. If to this sum were 
 added the further sums paid for cheese and butter, 
 the magnitude of the entire sum paid in the me- 
 tropolis for milk, and the various products derived 
 from it, would appear not a little astonishing. 
 
 Since the hst edition of this work w,i, n„i 
 hshod, statistics of cattle in the Unitcl Kini'lo™ 
 have been supplied. From thpso wc liam th.l 
 the ordinary numher of cuttle kept in .Mi,|,||f,f, 
 IS about 24,000, of which niinihir pn.Uli 
 cows, lint no county, with tlie mule fxm.ti,, 
 o( Cheshire, sufl'ered so s«riousIv from thiLnLj 
 the cattle plague, as Middlesex did; forSijrJ 
 cent, of the cattle had perislicil up to .Marcllj 
 IHtKI. The London dairies are in factilcnn 
 di.soasc, and the time, it mnv he 1io|K'i1, umH 
 distant, when they will be jiut an end to alioa 
 ther. 
 
 At present, n very ennsidor.ilile pnrt of thi- 
 tropolis is supplied witli milk drmvii a vcrv], 
 way off, and sent regularly, punctuallv, and at| 
 early hour, by the various railways, ' In p„i„tJ 
 fact, nothing in the economy of rnilwavj ij mJ 
 striking than the development of a sisUn, | 
 which the supply of the metropoli./anJ I'tli 
 Inrge towns, can lie derived from iicalthvijilyii 
 country districts, at considerable ilistancfs frq 
 the dense populations in the great toHn.< thmm 
 out the United Kingdom. On ,Iiinc 2.j, 1m;:, i 
 numherof cattle returned for Middlesex wa* li.;; 
 In 1806,907 cwts. of condensed or prestrvcj ml 
 were imported, valued at 5,414/. 
 
 MILLET (Gcr. hirse; Fr. millet, mill; III 
 miglio, pnnicastrello; ,Snan. mijo; l,at. milij 
 panicum miliaccum). 'i'herearoSdistinctspf 
 of millet ; the Polish millet, the eommonorG 
 man millet, and the Indian millet. It is cij 
 vatcd as a species of grain ; and is someliraMij 
 ployed to feed poultry, and asasulistitutcfurij 
 The Indian millet grows to a larfje size ; but i 
 autumns in Kngland are seldom dryamlirJ 
 enough to allow of its being cult'ivaled 1 
 (Loudon's Encyc. of Agriculture.) LMH.U'licirtij 
 millet were imported in 18G.'),chictlvfroraTiii 
 _ MILL-STONKS (Ger. miliilslcinc; 
 pierres meulifcres: Ital. mole macine; S|J 
 mucins de molino ; Kus. sehcrnonui km 
 The large circular stones, which, when put in J 
 tion by machinery, grind corn and other aitiJ 
 The diameter of common mill-.stone3 is from I 
 7 feet, and their thick.ness varies from 12 iJ 
 inches. These stones have been principall/f 
 ported from Kouen and other parta of KraDcf 
 which 5,734 were exported from France in ll 
 valued at 83,830/.; ihcburr-stoncsoftliatcour 
 being supposed to be more durable than our j 
 Mill-stoncs are, however, found at Connif 
 North Wales, and in some parts of iciV 
 which have been said, though on no >w| 
 authority, to be equal to those import*!. /«l 
 3,242 tons of burr-stones were impoitfJiiMJ 
 United Kingdom, valued at 14,47U/. . I 
 French liuns are found in msi^ lai 
 
MINING COMPANIES 
 
 8flO 
 
 Miurliooil of Moniix (Seine nnil Mnriio) in 
 
 ,ri)ck« Tl"' "Hlwtiinco wliicli it ccmpiitrd 
 
 "'""'"lof i.uni'^'''i" (linu'iHioiiM =s ii.'arly pun' 
 
 "" • •' n •lit-'lit uiliTiixturi! of aliiiiiiim niid 
 
 jiatofiiiansunw. 
 ' i,|fln<l of M'l" 
 
 l mill atones of ft v.'ry rxoi'Uciit ouality. 
 
 r^r; '',,;,ortc,l to iUoA Italy, an, other 
 
 tl on Ih.' MtMlitcrrniionii, where tliey are 
 
 2v(.,l in criiwIinK the liard wheat, or ;,r>">o 
 
 i M„.,l ill tho inaimfftrtiirc of macaroni, 
 
 fill ii' ''''"" 'l"""'''" "'■•' wroiiKlit on 
 
 "^l of (imTrnniPiit, 'uul Ijio BtoneM hoM at 
 
 imir nrico.*, lixcd l.v a tarill, whicli, however, 
 
 r a I"""'!*""" I""'"" '" "'" ""I*'' C'V'""".''''"''*' 
 r^ m Iwnt, letter iv.; Strong » Orecce, 
 
 '^n-Llipr it was owinR, as was generally siip- 
 1 ^xa the inferiority of the stoneH, or to 8oine 
 ' Wcuv, tliorc enn \m no do.iht of the fact that, 
 1 Jmlo a late pcrio<l, our flour mills were less ctli- 
 Lihantli".HOof Franco aiidsomeothercoiintriM; 
 Uhwc in part at least, tho lain very lar^o 
 ' ,f French Hour. Hut this inferioritv 
 
 It wholly obviated. The KiiKliHli 
 rjiproJiicefloiir ofa wnpcrior quality ; and 
 llrii'mlla* soft wheat is readily IxuiKht by 
 Iwniillfrs. The duties on mill and other atones 
 
 jll>;iM;i'()Ml'ANir,S. By this desiRnation 
 <u i'toiIv meant tli« associations formed in 
 IUi»Vn inl«2.'., for workiiiR mines in Mexico 
 lBilS«o4.\nierica; but at present it comprises 
 lilluiiiiin!iH«t3 carried on by joint-stock asso- 
 
 Idition!. ... , . 
 
 1 Tbdmiiafor minniR concerns, which rnpcd in 
 
 llwiifci uiil the empire generally in 1824 and 
 
 pjftiltHilieopcninR of Mexico and other parts 
 
 uiijh America to our intercourse, forms n 
 
 ulileand disgraceful era in our commercial 
 
 (iw, Xow that the delusion is long past, wc 
 
 re diilicultv in conceiving how mercantile 
 
 J toiiia be led to entertain such visionary 
 
 l»(taiion<. and to pay immense premiums .for 
 
 _ I in (lislnnt wd "hazardous undertakings 
 
 ihifh thfv knew little or nothing. Wc may, 
 
 [tke, be' excused for appropriating a page or 
 
 toio the notice of an infatuation hardly second 
 
 libjt«hii'hlcd to the South Sea and Mississippi 
 
 |Tl( American mining companias formed at 
 It ™t"t bad some sort of basis for favourable 
 «!itions, tlicir directors having made con- 
 i<t'"r a number of mines in Mexico, described 
 lllamWilt as having enriched many families, 
 b prtiiiilarly applies to the Real del Monte 
 pfiny, whose mines arc situated in the moun- 
 kE liistrict of that name ; to the Anglo- 
 lian Company, whose mines arc at (iuana- 
 to, the principal mining quarter in Mexico; 
 I to the United Mexican Company, whoso 
 tti, ihmigh too widely spread, comprise 
 ilialuable mines at Zacatecas, Sombrerete, 
 isuato, and other parts. 
 [bwassociations were formed in London early 
 pUnd during the spring and summer of 
 Ifat their stock or shares bore only a small 
 pini; hut towards the winter it began pro- 
 nely to rifc; ifot because of any favourable 
 fence from the mines (for the accounts from 
 fcomerelT reported the arrival of the English 
 ptf). but from a blind ardour and spirit of 
 Wion in the public, which really took omne 
 m pro maynj/ifo, every rumour of a mine 
 ►cfnain and inexhaustible source of profit and 
 I*! It was supposed that our countrymen 
 |wout to leap an immediate harvest ; to lay 
 
 tlicir hands on a treasure hid for agnn. This was 
 Hiiid to lip the true diwovcry of America, the 
 ctlcctiial across to her rcsdurcc), Kvcry new con- 
 tract torn Mexican mine proiUicrd arise in the 
 sliiires of the other comimnies, as If tho fresh uiidcr- 
 tiiking must necessarily be a source of prolit to 
 the whole ! And the result was, thnt in .lannary, 
 l«2.'i, the premium on the shares of must of the 
 companies exceeded cent, per cent. ! It must not, 
 however, be imagined that this rise of jirice wns 
 occasioned solely by the competition of initividiiaU 
 who intended to continue to hold stiick an<l to 
 trust to the dividends made by the coniiianies for 
 a retiini. That this was tho case in iIk^ first in- 
 stance, is, speaking generally, true. Miit a host 
 of others, actuated bv very different views, 
 (ipeedily entered the fie^d. A peculiar combina- 
 tion of circumstances, at the head of which must 
 be placed an almost incredible degree of ignorance 
 and folly on tho part of a considerable ]iortion of 
 the public, spread a spirit of gambling among all 
 classes. Many who were most eager in the iiur- 
 suit of shares, intended only to hcdd them lor a 
 few hours, days, or weeks, 'to prolit lij- the rise 
 which they anticipated would take place, by selling 
 them to others more credulous or bold than them- 
 selves. The conddenc- of one set of speculators 
 confirmed that of others. Meanwhile the public 
 gullibility, or rather its indiscriminating rapacity, 
 was liberally administered to. Company after 
 company was formed without any previous con- 
 tract ; m other words, without any foundation 
 whatever! The plan was, to li.x on'a district in 
 America, understood to contain mines ; to form a 
 company bearing tho name of such district; to 
 obtain li first payment from the shareholders, and 
 to send or pretend to send out agents, to survey 
 tho district and engage mines. Such was the 
 case of most of those companies having the names 
 of districts in South America; and such, also, 
 was the case of tho llispaniola or St, Domingo 
 Company, formed on the basis of accounts given 
 by Hobertson of mines wrought in that island 
 some three centuries ago ! And yet lawyers 
 clergymen, and even the nobles of tiie land, "wens 
 candidates for shares in these miserable bubbles, 
 in the hope of finding (in which, luckily, most of 
 them were disappointed) some dupe to buy their 
 shares at a premium. Those who may be desirous 
 of seeing the extent which the public credulitv 
 was practised upon in 1824 and 1825, may consult 
 a pamphlet published by II, English, broker, in 
 1827, which contains an account of al! the joint- 
 stock companies formed and projected in these 
 memonible yoar.s. It presents a most extra- 
 ordinary picture. There were in all 74 mining 
 companies formed and projected ! The number 
 and quality of the other schemes wore similar. 
 It is due to Mr, Baring (the late Lord Ashburton) 
 to say that he denounced the evil when in pro- 
 gress, and warned the unthinking multitude of 
 the ruin they were bringing upon themselves ; but 
 to no purpose. 
 
 As the year 1825 proceeded, the mining mania 
 gradually declined, not from any falling uff in the 
 prospects of the companies, for in truth they 
 never had any, but in the supply of money in 
 London. That redundancy of the currency in 
 which the mining mania had partly originated, 
 having brought about an adverse exchange, and 
 a heavy drain for bullion on the Bonk of England, 
 the latter was obliged to pull up, and in a moment 
 the bubble burst, and unreasonable suspicion 
 took tho place of blind unthinking confidence. 
 Mining prtyects, from being in the highest favour, 
 fell to the lowest point in the public estimation. 
 The shares of the three principiU companies, some 
 
 • 
 
«• 
 
 , .<• 
 
 •I 
 
 ' t 
 
 ■■ ■} 
 
 « « 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ' , '' 
 
 » 
 
 * 
 
 
 ». ." • 
 
 
 » ' 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 I 
 
 fx-r 
 
 800 
 
 of which had hcen nl n prcmiiiin ul' TiOO per cent., 
 fi-ll til imr: thnt ix, W)l. in tnnrioy, niiil im inorr, 
 ciiiilil 111' t^ci' I'or III"/, of thi- ciiiiipany'ii Hl<i<k ! 
 Tlii'y iiiiiiii'.iiiiK'd thii prici' fcir i\ coiisidcnililc 
 
 tiiiii', I imsi' iiicist of thi' iinrtic'* iiitcri'strd I'uii- 
 
 tiiiMil 111 hiivc n fjiviiiira'ili' iiiiprcHiim of the 
 uiidertakiii;;'*. ItcinaiidH, liowcvrr, ciiiiliimrd l(i 
 be made for addiliiinal Kiiiiit In iiii-ft the cxpriidi- 
 turc aliroiid ; mid in IN'.'ii ai d IH-'7 mining hharci 
 pronrt'HMivtlv <lr<lii. •(!, ho lliat W)l. HtorU fffclicd 
 only 'Ml. <i"r 'iai. in inom-y. Tlio liidiMu I'lmi- 
 paiiirn were ontircly dcitinyi'd, and tlic U'W only 
 rcinaiiicd that were foiiniii'd y cnpilaliitis and 
 liad HoMic liiiindaliiin to Htand upon. 
 
 ICvcu l.m.ic wonid have lii't'ii ri'lincpiislicd, or 
 have Hliriinit into vorv email diniciisidiis, had not 
 tin" (lircotorH Ikhmi alilo loonforwfnrlhcrpaynu'iitfi. 
 by forfriliiiff, in default of mucIi, wlialcviT had 
 hern prcvidusly paid liy (ho hnliscrilHTM. 'I'lic 
 u.sa(;(' was, that on liccoiiiiMf; a shariduildcr racdi 
 pcr-on nulisrrihcd the deed of llu' company, cn- 
 gaf^inji to pay, wlicii t'nll"il on, sinh inslalinonts 
 or HUmH to account (generally 111/, on each xliarc) 
 nH nhonld li<' ri'ipiircd liy tfio directors, initil he 
 liad completed payment of th<! KMI/. And many 
 slmreholders wlio had advanced ,511/. or (ill/, un- 
 wisely preferred paying; 10/. from time to time, 
 rather (han incur the inuiu'diatc fiirli'i(ure of all 
 till y had paid. TIiono who held only a few nhares 
 felt this in nde.ss ilej^rec; but to the hidders of a 
 number of shares, the fjrievnnce was moHt serious. 
 Numbers of them raised the money with f;reat 
 dillieull/ ; often selliuf,', nt a heavy loss, their 
 family property, or rircvnilin(^ on relations to make 
 them ftdva'iccH, to their preat inconvenience, and, 
 as faf as can bo seen, with almost no priis|iect of 
 a return, llosentment would, be excited against 
 the directors, had they not been, in (general, the 
 heaviest sufferers ; their rcfrulations required them 
 to hold a certain number of shares (perhaps 20 or 
 80) ; but in their blind conlldenco they frequently 
 helcl 'JDO or 300, and drew on themselves a pro- 
 portional sacrifice — in several cases, tho loss of 
 their whole pro|>erty. 
 
 The managers <if the companies formed in the 
 outset were principally chargeable with ii;uorancn, 
 raslinc>s, and overwecuin^j conlideiicn. 'I'hey had, 
 in (act, but little information to po njion. The 
 monop(dy enforced by Old Spain had iircventod 
 any considerable communication between this 
 country and her colonies. And of tho Spaniard.s 
 settled in Mexico, and driven from it by the civil 
 wars and consequent emancipation of the country, 
 few or none found their way hither, the great 
 majority having repaired to Cuba, the Houtli of 
 France," and Spain. Nor were the nublished ac- 
 contits of tho country entitled to much confidence : 
 Humboldt's Travels formed tho eliief authority, 
 but their illustrious author, though gci virally 
 cautious, seems, in this instance, to have )jl!iced 
 too mucli coniidencc in vague, exaggerated state- 
 ments. Our merchants know, generally, that 
 silver mines formed a main branch of the produc- 
 tive industry of Jlexico, and had enriched very 
 manyfamilies originally in humble circumstances; 
 but they had no idea of tho injury sualainod by 
 the mines during the civil war, nor of the amount 
 of expenditure required to bring them into a work- 
 ing state ; nor were they aware how little useful 
 information could be expected from the natives ; 
 the Avorldng of the mines, like every operation 
 requiring skill and intelligence, having been super- 
 intended by natives of Old Spain, who had either 
 fallen in the civil war, or been expelled after the 
 Mexicans succeeded in the contest. Hence, the 
 agents of our companies found on the spot only 
 native Mexicans, without education or experience 
 
 MINING COMPANIES 
 
 ill buiincHN, and, unoaking K'noriilh^^ithnui™. 
 dour or probity. I'liey urged o.ir co,mtrv,no„ V; 
 drain the mines, not by machinery, of i>h„.|, i 
 had no idea, hut hv animiil pow.t th.^ u i 
 wbieh was of advantage to th,,„, |,;. ,.„ i,,;;' 
 their hcrset and mules, and creatirii;,,,,,,.,, " ■ 
 sumption of nmi/.e, the priu. i,,,d Krainof.hnw 
 
 try. I hpu, as to the last and ,t iinhenuni .i 
 
 in I he business of mining— tlie iikuI,. „(•,.,„ ' 
 the silver from the ore— the .Mexium- wii,,)],- 
 anpiaiiited with tlie iniprovcuriit* mVli. in'i '"' 
 manv during the last Irilfc nturv, rwi,iiini.i,r' 
 amal-amatiou, a process coiKlmleil ',■,• ii,,,,. 
 a very rudu manner, and wlneli in „■„„, , 
 ties of silver ore, fails tocxirmttli.'wlK,!,. ,,, 
 thing like tlio whole, of the metal. TV „|,; 
 of the MexieaiiH, in slinrt, wns niiTilv I. m 
 Knglish capital be circulated niniilii; m, 
 thus giving employineut to il.cir |,,.„|,i,, ,„^ 
 time, and bringing the minis into nii iimir, ,• 
 Htate; when they (the MexiiHiis) nii;,'lit ll, 
 resume them alter our eoimtryiiua iiiilixhaimi 
 their resources, or had beeoniD wary 
 contracts. 
 
 !>!' M 
 
 The exiiciiKo of conveying the requisite 
 ncry from the coast of Mexicn tii iLij niiiiii'M 
 tricts, gencriUty at ii great distaiu'e in iheiotlf 
 absorbed much capitnl. The couiiln luj 
 practicable roads, ami thc-e liavo Liiiorlv liJ 
 allowed to fall into disrepair; drauKut carrii 
 are almost unknown, and burdens arerarrir 
 the backs of mules and horses ; add to tk*, 
 iSfexico being under-peopled, labour is ncailj 
 high in as in the Unite<l States cf .\| 
 .\merica; and tho nieehaiucul arts licin/ 
 inannor unknown,' all Bkillcl workmiii.-uol 
 carpcntrrs, blacksmiths, and workin- 'i:,iaj 
 had to bo sent from luiglaiid at a licane,Ji) 
 (For an account of the low state of lie. 
 Mexico, see tho extracts from Chivalinil 
 in tho Uing. Diet. art. 'Me.\ico.') 
 
 Such were the chief causes of the failure c 
 Mexican mining companic; ami fcvrnlnfj 
 may be referred to one radical disailvamaRcJ 
 non-existenci! of silver mines in i;n;;l,ioJ.| 
 have, in Cornwall, considerable mine- of til 
 coppir, while in th" nortlicrii coiinticj wel 
 mines of lead ; but of Bilver wc have nin« 
 deserve the name. Alow much better had il 
 had our countrj^men set out witliaeonscio 
 that (icrmany is the only country in «hij 
 treatment of silver ore is" conducted on ,^'i 
 principles ! Tho Saxons extr.ut a [irolil 
 ore of very inferior quality, nften wwlh i 
 fourth or liftli part of the ore raised bv thej 
 cans on account of nur eonipaniej, but 
 being wrought by their crndo, inollicifi 
 expensive' process, fails to nffnrd anrthing 
 satisfactory return. There ncems m 
 doubt that the Gorman process may be a[j 
 .silver ore in Mexico, is in Knropc: thee'" 
 arise, not from dill'erciico in tlicqualitjof j 
 but from the want of expi'ricnced smeltt 
 the general backwardness of t!ic Meiij 
 mechanics. 
 
 An English company, formed in iSfii 
 length .ajiidied modern science to the redi 
 the ores of tho Gu'inaxuato district eiil( 
 water-power. 
 
 IJut though the companies liad b« 
 other respects successful, they had a seria 
 back to contend with in tha unsettled sif 
 country. No Govern moiit has as yet I 
 lished in Mexico, nor in any othcroft 
 constituted jVmerican states, with pe'i^ 
 haps, inclination, sulHcicnt to put iliij 
 ances, or to enforce the obscri'anceoli 
 
 kHeprobaliiiity 
 
 [falance of moj 
 
 |erftk' present 
 
 ^"ishment of ■ 
 
 ^^'eMureoftlicl 
 
 J/Wccaiuriesji.T 
 
 Ff'Mtanand.v 
 .■ffldtbatihe 
 f. tie estaUisliJ 
 
 F*ean?bu(,pro| 
 ■■ fflJ that it 
 
 '"yconsideral 
 
 ■WBSiboiTevcr, 
 *°?'P«'iilations'i 
 , Suitable for joi 
 
 7"s.iafdlyone, 
 ^'f «f in this cd 
 '\\m fucc, 
 ?"ieeonT» 
 
 lit" be the 
 
 only 
 
lUhottt rut- 1 
 ntrymoii u\ 
 [ whii'l\ ih»v I 
 , Ih.'. n- .',(1 
 y i'miil"vinj| 
 i ','■ I'. 
 
 i|ii>niint -iti 
 
 •iil'c\lrMii;( 
 
 ti'CDUiniiinl 
 mI !>y I hi m 1 
 in Miii^i >|ualt 
 
 al. 1V.J.)H 
 
 luTi'ly ti mj 
 
 iHHiiMu' tan 
 
 I'it liC'ljli' (ilf j 
 
 111) nil 'm\<f.\ 
 «) mi«lil li"V 
 irn tuvU'xhausd 
 s vftary uf ib^ 
 
 c te.qu'uitf 
 to till) raiu'ni;'! 
 ,iii!i! in tlif inUrij 
 
 counlry has 
 lavo ladotW U 
 
 i\rauK'iil ciriil 
 duns lire oatrinU 
 , ; acU to this f 
 
 livlmiit is tifaiil 
 il States of SJ 
 .•ill arts licmf i 
 il workmtti. fUcI 
 , wiitkin;; 'iK^ 
 lalaU('avv«l« 
 
 state of IM i ' 
 ni CUivaVnii 
 :ico.') 
 
 Hot'tlicfailuttol 
 
 ; am\f«v(ral"tl 
 :al disailvaiiiaftJ 
 im in l'-n;:l™l:J 
 [able mine »' "1 
 jcm coiinliM «ej 
 U wc havcnnnrf 
 
 uiclilH'ttcthjJil 
 
 V with a cnnscio* 
 
 conniry in «M 
 
 Iccmductcil (la *fl 
 extract a ym 
 
 tv, nficn ^^■*"'' I 
 'rfctaisoilhythsl 
 
 coinpaiiiM. *•".'' 
 crude, iwii™ 
 affcird anrthica 
 
 [te ccems i» '«< 
 
 [(1CCS3 may he m 
 Kiirnpc; thcar 
 
 luitlieqiiiiWy'' 
 
 MININ»» COMPANIKH 
 
 , ., thf fomiiftnip* wrro Htrii>ij,'lin^' to put 
 IW" ,...,. .,r,l..r. llirv HiiHtiiiiicil litlli« 
 
 MO(MTA 
 
 AOl 
 
 *'''•''' '"'int.V'iirilcr, iln-y HUNiniiiccl litili' 
 j^i ninf' ',, _ ,1,., ,,■ 
 
 7« 
 
 l|iiTicnci'i 
 
 , mM 
 
 L of the Mcsij 
 
 J {oimed in ^^'''K 
 licncctothetMjl 
 
 liato district eulj 
 
 Ipanics hail W 
 IWvbadafl 
 lth>!unsottW?4 
 
 Int has as v''."*] 
 lanvuthct'ij 
 
 Ttatcs,wAlf'j 
 LttorutJo«« 
 
 rubsen-ancesi'l 
 
 111" » •/ 
 
 ,„j.,. I'min l'»' I'iri iimKtiincci luiw iiini- 
 '! "ill tlio mmiii'"' ""'>■ '""' »ii<'<'i'<'<l<'<l ill 
 "thiin "I"''' """■'' '"'" " IT'^l'i'liv'' it«lc> 
 *;r,'?, inui"''i"^' '" '"'!:'■ "/"•»""""''''' I'f'"*!""'' 
 * „. „.nu' ri'liirn fur llinr ciKiriuiMm init- 
 ''■7!;,«,.r,. aiinovcd liv qurMionH ns t.i till.'. 
 'JiVilio .fttiiiK III' "f •■'""11" "" t'"' niincH, I.I 
 T k'thfv had never liianl bi'lnro. In Konii- in- 
 ^ ,1,;. rlainmiits had reomr-... to vl.il.ii.v 
 *T,fompn»i''"' "'TvaiitH wvrv lon-l.ly .j.vl.il 
 iiMMirk^l ClicvalicrMay^ tliiit II rc(|iiir<'il 
 '*1 I force to iMn-port uiiy (iiiMiilily of on' 
 
 'S un nf""i"t "'■ '1 """■''.'■'•'"''' "••'"•,1^ ",'";'': 
 
 I Vis„n.emc minora bclonfjin^' to llic l!<'al .Icl 
 
 'CionMKr.M..H; Vkha (itrz.l . , ^ . 
 
 II |,„ui however, pri'tcniliiiK lo aiilicipntc the 
 wLlt'of lhe«o ronioK! spi'Ciilallmis, wf Hliall 
 Klwith a brief notice of tlir oo...ii(l("ratlotis 
 I hrth* "f ">" qiiP**'""- '•'''" I'irciimHtaiiccs 
 ttwthc fiicecsn of miiiiiiK coinpnnirH it: 
 \Zra conducted on account of parties In 
 
 LilorinanyimrtofMuropc.aro- 
 Ttve various .lisiidvaiitaKe" of .lintunt, inan- 
 Bl Thesp arc so nmny iinil ho Korious, an to 
 tftnlvono correct ive—HclIinf,' t\w ore as 
 uliHand tranxfcrriiiK to individunlH, for 
 Brticcniint, the extraction of the metal, ns 
 lUijOmwall, anil, in a siomewlntt (iilVcrent 
 [gV Saxony. 'I'lic orcB also onplit to be 
 jAiftnnji the workmen, not fixed wagO'', 
 iirte'Of portion of the proceedn. 
 lii iilf-civilisod state of the inhabitants, 
 iBdoxtilwl political condition, and the want 
 >» cr disposition on the part of those in 
 to nultc contracts be olwcr-. cd ; and to 
 lie furmcr proprietors of the mines, or 
 tpmected with them, from BcttiiiR n|) 
 p^ji claims, and enforcing thcr. hv violence. 
 I He liyh price of labour; the iKnornncc of 
 iWivesaslo mechanics, and still more as to 
 sa Hence the necessity of havintr artisaus 
 liKiSileiitial superintendents from ICuropo at 
 mn expcn A 
 
 [die other hand, the circumstances m favour 
 |KliMi!i'rtakin;,'s are— 
 
 IlUe ahimdancc .if silver ore, whicli is far 
 
 mihan ill any part of Enrope. 
 
 Iht former success of miniiif; in Mexico, 
 
 I svstem cxtrenady rude and expensive, 
 
 ■'to that whicli is' now followed in (Jcr- 
 
 I'lle pr.ihahility of peace in Kuropc, and of 
 Itolance of moneyed capital ; so that the 
 If (t the present companies may not invidvc 
 |ilir,(iiiL<hment of tlieir entcr)iriHcs, any more 
 i;h((aihirc of the iirst New Itivnr Company, 
 « wo centuries ni;o, implied an abandonment 
 kiifrojcct, Tbure is surely, also, some pro- 
 pilythat ananliy and disorder will ultimately 
 ; j'jj that the' security of property will, in 
 lull, he established. We confess, however, 
 II tke-c are but problematical and contingent 
 ; and that it mav reasonably bo doubted 
 I any considerable future success can be 
 piled. 
 I wms, however, as if there were something 
 itc speculatioiis that renders them excccd- 
 Ijiiiiiaitahlefor joint-stock associations. At 
 Iwiti, hardly one of the joint-stock ossocia- 
 tonned in this country for the working of 
 I ks been successful. The company for 
 iig the copper mines near Santiago in Cuba 
 Tlohe the only one that has in any degree 
 
 renllnod tli« mngnitlcent proKports that vrv\i held 
 out in IHJJ iin.l INW. (Si.i. M r. Socn-tary Mi.l- 
 illi'ton's /^'iHir/4iif.luly III, lH(ii;,iinil Novenilier'i',), 
 1X117, On the Sili'rr-iiiinri iif (ii,iiii<ixiiitli>.) 
 
 MiNir.M or iii:i> ()\ii)i: oi.- lkad. a 
 
 tiisli'l.'ss piiwdiT of nil inlt'tiMi' rrd colmir. oltiii 
 inclining t.i oriinur, ami vrry heavy ; its Hpccilli! 
 gravity being M-iJl. It U extVn.sivel_> used in the 
 arts. 
 
 Mollll.i;. [Niw f)i!i.K\Ns ad nnein.l 
 
 Miii'llA or MOKIIA. TIk' prin<'i|.iil |iort in 
 till' It.il Sea I'll i|ii(iili'il liy l''.iiriipiiiii-', III Ihiit part 
 of Aralil.i cnllcil Vciiicn. niH.iil, In milis to tho 
 n..illi of llio Strait, of lliib-el inaii.lclp, hit. i:»° 1!)' 
 ;Hi" N., long. 1:10 20' K. I'opuliiliiin variously 
 estiinutid up t.i 7,0(10. Iiiit inav. pcrlmps, nninMnt 
 to fr.mi •l.iMIO to :.,llllO. iTiM eiiiir.lcil with 
 walls, mid iiidiiV.rcntly f.irlilic.l. Its iippe.iraiieo 
 iVoMi the sell Is iinpo-iiig, Moclia has greatly 
 dci'lliicii sinro the ocoiipalloii of Aden, 
 
 iMoclia is sitiiati'd on the margin of n dry Rainly 
 plain. It is built close to tlio shore, IicIwih'ii '2 
 points of laud which (irojcct ami lorm a bay. 
 Vessels drawing fi.ini In lo I'i feet water may 
 anchor williin this liay al about ii niiU; from the 
 town ; but largi^ hlii|is an.'li.ir without I he bay in 
 the roads, in !> or 7 fat bonis water — tin- grand 
 moKqiio b.'aring D.S.K., and the fori to tho 
 south of the town .S, by K , distant about two 
 miles from theshnre. 'I'iie great article of export 
 fVom Mocha is colVee, wliicli is universally admitted 
 to bo of tho ruiest quality. It is not possible to 
 form any very accurate estinmte of the quantity 
 cx|iorted; but we believe il may be taken at 
 10,000 tons, or perhaps more. The greater portion 
 is sent to Djid.ia anil Suez; but there is a pretty 
 largo export to U.)mbay and other parts of India, 
 whence some is sent to Kurojio : occasionally, 
 however, the exports from Mocha and llodcidn, 
 direct to Europe, are very considerable. Kesiilcs 
 cofTee, the principal articles of export aro dates, 
 air|oue, or paste made of dales, myrrh, gum arable, 
 ohbaniim, senna (cassia seniui), sharks' lins,traga- 
 canth, boms, and hi.lcs of the rhinoceros, balm 
 of Gilead, ivory, gold-dust, civet, aloes, snga- 
 pcniim *ic. Tho principal articles of import aro 
 rice, piece goods, iron, hardware &c. The ivory, 
 gold-dust, and eivel, met with at Moclia, arc 
 brought from tlie opposite coast of Abyssuiia, 
 whence are also brought slaves, glioc &c. 
 
 The greater part of the foreign trade of Mochn 
 is transacted by the liaiiians ; nnd it is much safer 
 to deal with them than with either Turks or 
 Arabs. l';uropeans pay a duty of 3 per cent, ad 
 valorem on all goods imported by them from 
 Europe, India, or China ; the duty being levied on 
 the amount of the sales. The buyer pays broker- 
 age, cooley, and boat hire. All "kinds of foreign 
 goods are sold on credit, and the p.ij-ment is made 
 in 3 instalments, or at a certain daj", according as 
 may have been agreed on. Coffeo'is always paid 
 for in ready money. On the sale of other goods, 
 (he produce of the country, a credit is given ; or 
 if ready money be paid, a" discount is allowed at 
 the rate of t) jjer cent. When goods arc discharg- 
 ing, the master must furnish the Custom-house 
 otlicer with a manifest, or account of the marks, 
 numbers, and contents of each package. lie then 
 opens two or three bales taken at random ; and if 
 they corresiiond with the account delivered, no 
 further examination is made ; but if they do not 
 correspond, the whole bales arc opened, and 
 double duty is charged upon the excess. The 
 quantities being thus ascertained, their value is 
 learned from the account of sales rendered by tho 
 seller, and the duty charged accordingly, la 
 this respect there is no^hing to object to at 
 
 .:^ili 
 
, • '•■»■ 
 
 • * 
 
 I 
 
 ■ . < » 
 
 .1 
 
 ■M 
 
 ■ 
 
 :n 
 
 ' . 
 
 ■*■'« ■■ 
 
 H-v..:. 
 
 80!l MOGADORK 
 
 Mnchn ; liiit a pood 'ionl of rxtorlion is practiHud 
 ill Ihc I'xnrtion of jMirt clwirm's, prK.Huiits Ac, 
 wliicii nii'y, however, Iw dcfwitcil by proi)cr flrni- 
 lU'.s.s. Till! port charKt'.s on sliips, or threc-nui»t 
 vc.HMids, may amount to nliout 400 Mochu dollars, 
 niid tliost! on l>ri);stii about half iih luiicli. I'rovt- 
 rioiis aru |ili'iitifiil and clionp ; but water is di ar : 
 tliat in the. vicinity bvill^' brackish and unwhole- 
 .sdinr, whatever is ii:;ed for driiikiii);, by all but 
 (he poorest persons, is brou(;ht from Mosa, about 
 '.*0 miles ofT. Fish arc abundant and cheap, but 
 not very jfood. 
 
 Mimrif, — Tlu) current coins of tlio country are 
 caiats and comninssces , 7 carals=l coinniasseo; 
 CO commassees' I Spanish dollar; IdO Spanish 
 tloUars— rjj Mocha linllars. 
 
 ly eights imd Mfiuiurta, — Thcconnnercial weights 
 arc — 
 
 I'pVnlilM =1 Ilollnli.= 1 111. Soi.nitoinl. 
 40 \'iilim« = I .'.IkiiiiiI — ~ llts. avoinl. 
 Ill iMniinil^ == I Krn/vl sa ^v lli*. .ivuliil. 
 t 'i Kr-i/tfl* ^ 1 Uulior — MM ll>». nvninl. 
 
 aiiTijj 
 iiatitl 
 
 Tliprp is also a small maund of only 30 vakias : 1 
 Mocha biiliar=i IG.ji Itombay mauiids ; 1 Moclia 
 liahar^l.'l Sural niaiuids::::: 15'r2ll mvits. (iralii 
 i.* measured by the kellah, 40 of which = 1 
 (oniand, about 170 Uis. avoirdupiiis. The liipiid 
 niea.sure:< are ICi vakias^ 1 niu.sseah; 8 musseahs 
 "I cuda, about 2 Kuf^dish wine gallons. The lon^ 
 measures arc the [:,\\/. = 2?t Knf.;lish inches; lh(. 
 band covid=ilt< inches, and the long iron covid 
 --'J7 inches. 
 
 In compiling this article, wo made use of 
 Milburn's Orii-itiil Commerce, and Elmore's Direc- 
 li»y. Nicbulir has given a plan of the port of 
 Mocha -n bis Voijaiie rn Arable, tome i. p. 348, 
 ed. Amst, 177ti. "lie has also piven some details 
 as to its trade in hi.s Descri/itiou tie l' Arable, p. 
 li)U lUit the best account v/e have scon of Mochn 
 ta in Hamilton's Account of the Kaat Indies (vol. 
 j. pp. 40-.")2), nil accurate and valuable work, 
 liurckhardt did not visit Mocha ; which is to be 
 regrenud. 
 MOOADOUE or SUIKA. A sea-port town 
 
 on the west coast of Morocco, ki iio -,,. 
 long. 1)0 20' VV. I'opulation c, .imuto.' at tr' 
 including alxMit 4,000 .Jew.s. IUh^ , i ''?' 
 fortified ; the country in the IrnmHial f" ' 
 IS low. Hat, sandy, and unproductive \v 
 scarce and rather dear; belu^r ,i,ij,; ^ 
 collected and iireserved in ci.stcr-is nr i, n 
 from a river about I4 n,il,.. .listJt'Tho '""'''"' 
 form. . by a smoU isla id lyin,' t., 'tl,o 1, !"" 
 of the town; but as there is mil ^oJ^Z'? 
 12 feet water in it at ebb lide, larco slii,,. J I, 
 without, the long battery benrinrK. 'ji ,! .'^I'll 
 mile. 1 he principal imports are, Knidi,,!, «• 1 3 
 and cotton stuffs and hardwari', (iorman Ih, .1 
 till, copper, earthenware, mirrors v\u» ' 
 iwpper, rnul paper. The exports i,rii'idi«i|J 
 consist of sweet and bitter almonds, cum n , 3 
 and other gums, beeswax, cow an.: calf ski ' 
 ivory, ostrich feather.^, gol.l-.iust, olive oil daij 
 
 1 he city of Morocco, dmtant fr.im Mo™ J 
 about 4 days journey (caravan travellJiiL') .icrivJ 
 Its principal supplies of KiiroiK-aii produce [^ 
 the latter; but (or a long peri.>.l, the (Mn\t(n 
 lalions and caprice of llie Sultan put Bcrioiiiiiij 
 .Irances in tlie way of trade. Tims, for insianS 
 it was part of the Govcniment policy to aU 
 liitely prohibit the exportation of (jrain^ pvcn al 
 
 time wlien itwasex.'cedingly plciitifidiiiMorwJ 
 an.l very scarce in the nearest parts of i;uri)J 
 The export duties were, even when traile waspS 
 mittcd, commonljr 30 per cent. :.i the value of' 
 article, and the import duties were paid in ! 
 one-fifth of the article imported. Under suchl 
 system trade languished, and, as waf slaifil f 
 a former edition, the exports to those rcgioM aJ 
 raged during the 10 ycnrs endiuc with ml 
 only 01,712/. a-year. ' 
 
 Under these circum.stances, thcBriiishGora 
 ment entered into neg.itiations with the Suli 
 and the result was a treatv of commerce sigBedl 
 December 9, 185t!, for the provi.iions ofwbj 
 
 sec TllKATIES, COMMEUCIAU 
 
 Tcvncge of Mogadore in the Years 18(5:2-4. 
 
 
 ISI.'i 
 
 isn.i 
 
 1 I8C4 
 
 
 7fi 
 __71_ 
 
 Tim* 1 Value of OnrhOti 
 
 iC 
 
 iii,;.-.o iw,m 
 
 VfSMK 
 
 Ttini 
 
 Value of CiiTKon 
 
 Ivkm,:, 
 
 Torn VilMoffirj 
 
 (^li'arwl 
 
 ! ni 
 
 «.l,.'.7fi 
 i»,B41 
 
 £ 
 
 3.V5,iWS 
 
 7.1 
 711 
 
 19,6;3 
 lli,Sl 1 
 
 !.WI! 
 
 More than half of these vessels were British. 
 In ordinary years the most important export is 
 olive oil, of which 94,8j4 cwts. were exported in 
 18G(i and but 12,689 in 18G7. Wotd ronks next, 
 tlieii almonds, goat skins, slippers, wax, hides, 
 niul ostrich feathers. The principal imports are 
 Manchester goods, specie, and sugar. Mr. Consul 
 White, of Tangier, in his Reports of April 9, 
 18t)7 and May 23, 18()8, on the Trade and Com- 
 merce of Morocco, gives the following particulars, 
 which speak for themselves. 
 
 Shipping. — The following return of vessels 
 which entered Moori.^U ports during the 4 3'ears 
 ending with 1867, shows that, although the number 
 of vessels in 1867 was smaller thoii in the previous 
 year and in 1864, the tonnage was greater : — 
 
 
 Veoeli 
 
 Tons 
 
 IS6I 
 
 1H6.5 
 ISM 
 
 lSfi7 
 
 1,108 
 
 •JIS 
 
 1,.).^S 
 
 ISS.OW 
 
 ii.'),a76 
 iao,«7B 
 
 The value of the cargoes in 1866 being 
 1,037,986/. and in 1867, 936,780/. 
 
 British Shipf,ing.— The number of British ves- 
 flols entering ports of Morocco was greater, al- 
 
 though tic tonnage was "sas, in ISCfi than in 1, 
 being iu 1865, 447 vessels of 77,008 tons, anl 
 186(i, 487 vessels of fi<l,7y2 tons, while tj 
 entcre.1j in 1867,517 British vessels of73,ie8ti 
 
 Foreign Shipping. — A very considerable] 
 crcose IS obsen-ablo in the number of Frt 
 vessels trading with Morocco. InlSfi.ionljl 
 French vessels, of 16,441 tons, c.-illcd at Mw 
 ports, whilst in 1807 as many as i39vefiel< 
 39,946 tons, cntere.l. This increase was cai 
 by the establishment of a line 01 steamen beM 
 ing to the Messagcries Inipc'rialej, wliichj 
 monthly, during 1860, and subsequently Iw' 
 month, between Tangier and Oran, in con 
 denco with Algiers an.l Marseilles. 
 
 Exports. — The export traile of Moro«o,Ji^ 
 the three j-ears ending with 1861) was sw 
 increasing, the exports to P'rance, Amgl 
 being greatly in excess of former years; tun 
 general exports, and especially those to j 
 Britain and Gibraltar, -iuring the year l*'i 
 far siiort of those of the previous year, diiijl 
 
 isr.i 
 I8BS 
 isris 
 ISC7 
 
 . 8S7,SS0 of which 5:<rV3 M CM* 
 
 . 1.014,0.11 „ ;'i;,s9i 
 - 1,0.19,1118 „ 6'';,iii; 
 
MOITAIR 
 
 -. f,lll„|Tofr, wiVH Mr. Consul Wliito, mny lio 
 >1 for in a gro'' mcnsuro by the HhurtiiosB 
 
 ''f'Tcoropurccl with 18(i5 imd I8CC, the 
 
 „ J'l-I of which £Ht»i,tn WM from (Weal llrltnln 
 
 i TiffoUnwinR table represents tho^valiic (.rRoods 
 inbvdiflefeiit counlncH from Morocco ihiring 
 
 llttyilfl'*'''''-" 
 
 i,„,Bt.l.ln "J "»'"""- : 
 
 MONEY 
 
 893 
 
 I*. 
 
 Itiii 
 
 M 
 
 ■ (1.17,1117 
 . .K)',',7'I0 
 . S'.,.'i.T< 
 
 ■ 'l.ll'^D 
 3,.'i.'iH 
 
 - ^,W 
 
 I uhcvcM 18f)0, according to M. St. ClinlTray, 
 lion^ulat Rabat, there was a prcit (Icolinc 
 I"Y „rt Tiie eauses ore the loss of crops, 
 1 Jihf wnoral circulation of base nionoy-n 
 |„, kwhioh it appears the (Jovcrnmcnt is re- 
 |"£ ft'"«/«'-W''^'*18GG,No.C. 
 
 Trade of Rabat. 
 
 I, I.. i1 T«>n»«« 
 
 S «,47(i 
 L| J,60(l 
 
 llrlll.h 
 
 ^hipii 
 
 Tonnnitc 
 
 Vnl.ic i.f 
 lti)|K>rtn 
 
 7V,.'>7'^ 
 &(i,(!Ht 
 
 47,dHS 
 
 Valup of 
 KK|Htrls 
 
 \i 
 I'i 
 
 It 
 8 
 
 8R0 
 •J7'^ 
 
 SBO 
 
 £ 
 
 7I,8,1S 
 7'^()ll 
 
 .'iV,7'.H 
 
 jlom.iccoiints arc kept in nutkeels of 10 
 
 lc«! V'jncc being divided into 4 bliinkcols, 
 
 liBltbiteiccl into '24 ilnce. From their pro- 
 
 wiaiKihe Spanish dollar, the blnnkoel may 
 
 W«ilil \d., the ounce at id., and the nntkccl 
 
 irtaiJt3).4(/. • , , 
 
 lmiad3Ieafures.—T];\c commercial pound 
 I rawillv regulated by the weight of 20 Spanish 
 Jm; aid therefore 100 lbs. Mofjadore weight, 
 E4tqaiiiUil,=119 lbs. avoirdupois. The market 
 i for provisions is 50 per cent, heavier, or 
 lilijoz, avoirdupois. 
 
 I He wni measures arc for the most part similar 
 W of Spain, but there are considerable dis- 
 
 111! cubit, or canna,=21 English inches, is the 
 licipil loni; measure. 
 
 fit most ample details with respect to the 
 fti( Mogadorc, and the trade and nroductions 
 lilwco in general, may bo found in Jackson's 
 mi nfilorocco, c. C, 7", and 13 ; see (uso Kelly's 
 bliilfor treaty with Morocco. 
 llOlWR (Ger. molir ; Fr. inoi.j; I'.al. mocrro ; 
 mne, muer). The hair of a variety of the 
 I famous for being soft and fine as 
 liiil ofa silverj' whiteness. It is not pro- 
 iJinywhcre but in the vicinity of Angora, in 
 I Minor. The exportation of this valuable 
 |li«ulirul article, unless in the shape of yarn, 
 ptoerly prohibited I but it maj' now be cx- 
 iiji--pun. The production, preparation, and 
 ^li lIol:air have long engrossed the principal 
 ion of the inhabitants of Angora ; and it 
 |lto form an important article of Venetian 
 It ii manufactured into camlets and 
 JQpive stuffs. In 1867, 2,648,,'l(i0 lbs, of 
 liikiir, valued at 342,106/., were imported 
 He United Kingdom, nearly tho whole of 
 H ame from Turkey. It was reported worth 
 ri',*tlb. The average annual produce of the 
 Tifeiln .V<ia Minor is about 15,000 bags ; the 
 W^flght per fleece 6 Ib.-i. ; and the ordinary 
 pot wool from 6 to 8 inches : average weight 
 4kie 18(1 lbs. 
 sEntl-h mohair fabrics are principally pre- 
 
 pared in Uradfo.'d and iir, immediate neighbour- 
 liDod. (Sec for further p.irtionlnrs, Tourncfort, 
 Voyage ilit Levant, ii. 4(!,'t, where there is a llgure 
 of tho goat; and Lrtpihart On Turkey and it» 
 Uemurcen, p. I HI.) 
 
 MOLASSKt: or MKLASSI':.S fFr. sirop de^ 
 Burre, niclasR"s ; (Jcr. syrup ; Ital. inicla/./o di 
 zucehero; Span, niiid do azucar, chnncaca; Port, 
 niclasso, nssucnr liriiiido ; Kuhs. pntokasaebarnaja). 
 The iiiu'rj'stallisnblo part of the juice of tlic sugar 
 cane, sepi^rntcd from the sugar during its manu- 
 facture. It is of a bro>\rn or black colour, tiiick 
 and viscid; has a peculiar odour, and a swiK't cni- 
 jiyrciiniatic taslp. Molasses is now charged with 
 a duty of it.i. (')(/, per cwt. in place of the old duties 
 of9». forc(doiiial, and'J.'Ifi. iW, for foreign. It is not, 
 however, used in its origini'i state, but is [lur- 
 chascd by the sugar-bakers, who, when it is of an 
 oidinary degree of strength, extract from it n 
 C( arse, soft species of suga.' ci lied bastards, and 
 treai'le. Hut it is obvious, ina^ much as the duty 
 on m(dasses is (ixcd, that the luty on the sugar 
 extracted from it will vary indirectly according to 
 the quantity of saccharine matter which it con- 
 tains; and we understand that, in consequence, 
 molasses is frequently imported so ricli as to 
 yield good crystallised sugar. Wl do not know 
 whether the practice has been carried to such an 
 extent as materinlly to injure the revenue: but 
 it seems pretty clour that the datj' should depend, 
 in part at least, on the quality of the molassc, or 
 on the quantity of saccharine matter which it con- 
 tains, as well as on tho weight. It is dilHcnlt — 
 unless advantage has been taken of the way in 
 which tho duty is asscs.sed, to elude the sugar 
 duties — to account for the fact of the imports of 
 molasnes from the West India Islands not haviti'jf 
 diminished in anything like the same proportion 
 as the imports of sugar, [SuoAii.] 
 
 About 8 galloi.s of proof spirit niaj', it is said, 
 be obtained from a cwt. of molasses, such as has 
 recently been imported ; but this depends, of course, 
 wholly on the richness of tho molasses. 
 
 I'art of the refuse that remains alter refining 
 muscovado sugar, is a sweet syrup, which, as well 
 as the syrup that remains after boiling molasses 
 to obtain bastards, is called treacle. I5ut tho 
 treacle obtained from tho former is always pre- 
 ferred to thdt obtained from the latter, and fetches 
 2,s'. per cwt. more. 
 
 Molasses is sometimes used in preparing tho 
 coarser sort of preserves ; and on the Continent it 
 is extensively used in the manufacture of tobacco. 
 
 In 18G7,iJ58,31Ccwts.of molasses were imported; 
 and 403,709 cwts. entered for consumption, of 
 which 244,909 cwts. were brought from Cuba. 
 The duty during tho same year amounted to 
 56,119/. 
 
 MONEY, When the division of labour was 
 first introduced, commodities were directly bar- 
 tered for each other. Those, for example, who had 
 a surplus of corn, and were in want of wine, en- 
 deavoured to find out those wdio were in the oppo- 
 site circumstances, or who had a surplus of wmo 
 and wanted corn, and then exchanged the on& 
 for the other. It is obvious, however, that tho 
 power of changing, and, consequentl}', of dividing 
 employments, must have been subjected to per- 
 petual interruptions, so long as it was restricted to 
 mere barter. A carries produce to market, and It 
 is desirous to purchase ; but the produce belonging 
 to IJ is not suitable for A. C, again, would like 
 to buy IVs produce, but B is already fully sup- 
 plied with the equivalent C has to offer. In such 
 cases — and they must be of constant occurrence 
 wherever money is not introduced — no direct ex- 
 1 change couid take place between the parties ; and 
 
 \ 1 
 
 1 \\ 
 
I 
 
 :»-'.j 
 
 ** 
 
 • ■ 'I 
 
 ' f • 
 
 f • 
 
 1 
 
 ■,ll 
 
 • 'i i 
 
 1 1 
 
 801 
 
 MONEY 
 
 it inif;ht be very (lifllciilt to brinR it about in- 
 directly. Tlio iliflieultics tliat would urixc on 
 Buoli «)ccasioPB, and the devices tliut would be 
 adopted to overcomo flieni, liuve Iteen very well 
 illuMtrnled by (/'oloiiel Torrent, in his work on 
 (ho I'rodiictiim of lt'e<illli, p. li'.il. 
 
 The extreme inconvenicnci's altcndiiif; duch 
 ^iluatiouH niu»t curly have IVirocd tlieniHclves on 
 the attention of everyone. Eflbrts would, in cou- 
 H(U|uence, be made lo avoid them ; and ic would 
 speedily appear that the best or rather the only 
 way in which this couhl be elTccted, was to ex- 
 change either the whole or a |iartof one's surplus 
 proiluco for sonic coinmodily of known valiu-, and 
 in general demand ; and which, c()nHC(iuentIy, few 
 persons would be inclined to refuse to accept as an 
 e(|uiv«lent for whatever tliey had to dispose of. 
 After this commodity had begun to bo employed 
 as a means of exchanging other commodities, in- 
 ch viduals would become willitig to purchase a 
 greater quantity of it than might be required tu 
 pay for the products they were desirous of imme- 
 diately obtaming ; knowing that should they, at 
 any future period, wnnt a further supply cither of 
 these or other articles, they would be able readily 
 to procure them in cxchiingo for this luiiversally 
 desired commodity. Though at first circulating 
 slowly and with diiliculty, it would as the u<!van- 
 tages arising from its use were better apprc('iateil, 
 begin to paas'freely from Iiund lo hand. Its value, 
 OS compared with other things, would thus come 
 to be universally known ; and it would at last be 
 used, not only as the common medium of exchange, 
 but aa a standard by which lo measure the value 
 of oilier things. 
 
 Now this commodity, whatever it may be, b 
 monei/. 
 
 An infinite varietv of commodities have been 
 used OS money in dilTerent countries and periods. 
 But none can be advantageously used as such, un- 
 less it jiosHcss sevcra'. very peculiar qualities. The 
 slightest relleclion on the purposes to which it is 
 applied, must, indeed, be suflicient to convince 
 everyone that it is indispensable, or, at least, ex- 
 ceedingly desirable, that the commodity selected 
 to serve as money should (1) be divisible into the 
 smallest portions ; (2) that it should admit of 
 being kept for an indefinite period without dete- 
 riorating ; (3) that it should, by possessing great 
 value in small bulk, be capable of l)eing easily 
 transported from place to place ; (4) that one piece 
 of money, of a certain denomination, should 
 always be equal, in magnitude and quality, to 
 every other piece of mone-', of the same denomi- 
 nation ; and (5) that its value should be rompara- 
 tively steady, or as little subject to variation as 
 possible. Without the Jirst of these qualities, or 
 the capacity of being divided into portions of every 
 different magnitude and value, money, it is evi- 
 dent, would be almost useless, and could only be 
 exchanged for the few commodities that might 
 happen to be of the same value as its indivisible 
 portions, or as whole multiples of them ; without 
 the second, or the capacity of being kept or hoarded 
 without deteriorating, no one would choose to ex- 
 change commodities for money, except only when 
 he expected to be able speedily to re-exchange that 
 money for something else ; without the third, or 
 facility of transportation, money could not bo con- 
 veniently used in transactions between places at 
 any considerable distance ; without the fourth, or 
 peifect sameness, it would be extjcroely difficult 
 to appreciate the value of different pieces of money ; 
 and without tlie ffth quality, or comparative 
 steadiness of value, money could not serve as a 
 standard by which to measure the value of other 
 commodities ; and no one would be disposed to 
 
 exchange the produce of his indiufn.f™ 
 
 that mi.lit shortly decln,e'"3eS K^' 
 power ol purchasing. >«-'uuij m 
 
 'i'hc union of the different qimliiit, nf . 
 
 facility of transportation, and n(.rl,.,'f .„ 
 in the precious metals, .loul.tll I',,, 'r™ 
 sistible reason that has induced cv v t, 
 community to employ them as uonov. Tl »II 
 of gold and silver is certainly not invaril l' 
 generally speaking it changes only v', 
 .Icgrees; they are divi.sible into any nulr 
 ports, and have thu singula ' ^' 
 
 •1 • -111 ' "o — propcrlv of lJ 
 
 easily reunited, by means of fnsi,,,, ^.f,,," t^' 
 hey do not deteriorate by b.ing kept; and J 
 their .rm and coinpnct texture, the- a,'vi 
 ddhcult to wear. Their cost of nroductinn Jj 
 cially that of gold, is so c.-nsidmlZ 2 '' 
 possess great value in small bulk, alid cai 
 course, be transjiortcd with c(.m;:nralivc fad 
 and an ounce of pure goM or silver takca 
 the mmes in any (.uartcr of the world, i, ,,,m 
 equal, in point of qunlity, to an ounce of 
 gold or silver dug from the mines in aov, 
 (|uaitcr. No wonder, therefore, when all 
 (liialities ncccss.-iry to constitute money are 
 scsscd in so einiiient a degree by th; m 
 inotala, that they have been used lis such in 
 lised societies, from a vcr>- remote ea' 
 bcci^me univers.d money,' usTurRothasok 
 ' not in consequence of any arbitrary a-reci 
 among men, or of the intervention of aD\^laitl 
 by the nature and force of things.' 
 
 When first used as money, the precious . 
 were in an uufashioncd state, in bars or ii 
 The parties having ngrecd about the quani 
 metal to be given for a commodity, that nit 
 was then weighed off. But this, it is plai, 
 have been a tedious and troublesome procoii. 
 doubtedly, however, the greatest obstacle 
 would be experienced, in early ages, to the 
 gold and silver m money, would be foi 
 consist in the difliculty of detcrminini; the 
 of their purity with sufficient prccisioa; 
 discovery of some means by which their . 
 and fineness might be readily and correctly 
 tained, would he felt lo be indispensable tt 
 extensive use aa money. Fortunately, 
 means were not long in "being discovered., 
 fabrication of coins, or the practice of impi 
 pieces of the precious metals with a stam] 
 eating their wc'ght and purity, belocgs 
 remotest antiquity, (Goguet, De lOrif. 
 Loix §-c, tome i, p. 269.) Aad it may sii| 
 affirmed, that there have b«cn veiyfewmv 
 of greater utility, or that have done 
 accelerate the progress of improvcmeat. 
 
 It is matoriai however, to observe, that 
 troduction and use of coined money mi 
 change whatever in the principle on wl 
 changes were previously conducted. The 
 saves the trouble of weighing and aisajii 
 and silver, but it does nothing more, It ' 
 the weight and ,jurity of the metal ia t 
 the valtte of that metal or coin is in 
 determined by precisely the same principli 
 determine the value of other commodil 
 would be as little affected by being recoil 
 a new denomination, as the burden of a 
 change of her naLue. 
 
 Inaccurate notions with respect to the ii 
 of coinage seem to have given rise to the 
 so long entertained, that coins were or 
 signs of values I But it is clear they 1 
 more claim to this designation than hifl 
 or copper, sacks of wheat, or any other "' 
 They exchange for other things, because 
 
 :.-T 
 
MONKY 
 
 . v.i,v iirliclcs, and arc possessed of real in- 
 '"'Tvafuc. A draft, check, or bill may not 
 '"".I'ncrlv, perhaps bo regarded as the Hi^n of 
 » to be Kivcn for it, n..t that money .s 
 s'thinK but a conimodity, it i.s not a hikii— it is 
 . (|.ii,,f nicniliwl, 
 
 Mnifv however, i? not merely the universal 
 
 ■■ ,l,,',it (If murehandhc bcniile, used by aociely : 
 
 ''Tjlso the iliiiulanl used to compare the values 
 
 "(ill'ortsofprfHlucts; and the stipulations in the 
 
 'ITlholli of contracts and deeds, as to the delivery 
 
 %^ lUixxal of pmiierty, have all reforcnco to, and 
 
 Loramonlv expressed in, quantities <.f money. 
 
 f|,„laiol,;thcri-li)rc, ot the utmost importance 
 
 ,t Lvalue should Ix) preserved as invariable 
 
 " yibic. OwiiifC. however, to imppovemcnts in 
 
 iJirl! the exhaustion of ohl mines, and the dis- 
 
 mn'of in'W 0""^' *'"' ^'"'"° "^ "'" precious 
 
 lii is necessarily inconstant : though, if \io 
 
 " ttheeffuots produced in the loth century 
 
 Vkdiscovervof the American miiu^s, it does 
 
 MONTEVIDEO 
 
 80r) 
 
 5 t appear to 
 
 liavc varied so mucli at other times 
 
 f'lit have been anticipated. (Jrcat mischief 
 homvcr, been re|)eatcdly occasioned by the 
 
 tta;(s that have been made in 
 ^nci-lit. and sometimes alsc 
 
 most countries 
 
 J coins; ami since the impolicy of those chanRes 
 hii b«n recognised, similar, and perhaps stiU 
 fcK extensive, disorders have sprung from the 
 rujcof substitutes for coins. It is, indeed, 
 
 „3iiitous,thatnochnnsc can take idacc in 
 It^ilui of money, without proportionally alfect- 
 iary conditions in all contracts and 
 Much, however, of the influence of 
 jduip depends on its direction. An increase 
 Btlenlieof money is uniformly more prcjudi- 
 (iiliiipnUic point of view than its diminution: 
 ii( Inter, ihouRh injurious to individuals, may 
 metiiiHljc productive of national advantaf,'<! ; 
 teiucli caiinever bo the case with the former. 
 (S(e Frmph of Political Economy, by the 
 Bibr lit this work, 3rd ed. pp. 510—515.) 
 So certain estimate can ever be formed of the 
 (funtitv of money required to conduct the busi- 
 sujofanv country; this quantity being, in all 
 (m determined by the value of money itself, the 
 wricesithasto perform, and the devices used 
 faeeonomisingits employment. Genornlly, how- 
 iw, it is vcif considerable ; and when it consists 
 ikfily of gold an(i silver, it occasions a very 
 totycTpense. There can, indeed, bo no doubt 
 iii'the wish to lessen this expense has been one 
 <llie chief canses that have led all civilised and 
 iJBtrcia) nations to fabricate a portion of their 
 mt\; of some less valuable material. Of the 
 iWicJ! sutetitutcs resorted to ur this purpose, 
 |ltpa is, in all respects, the most cliRible. Its 
 ifloyment seems to have grown naturally out 
 |< the circumstances incident to an advancing 
 ily, When Government becomes suiliciently 
 'ill and intelligent to enforce the observance 
 taracts, individuals possessed of written pro- 
 from others, that they will pay certain sums 
 Mtaia specified periods, begin to assign them 
 those to whom they arc indebted ; and when 
 subscribers are pe'.sons of fortune, and of 
 solvency no doubi can bo entertained, their 
 itions arc readily accepted in payment of 
 But when the circulation of promises, or 
 ui this way, has continued for a while, in- 
 iluals begin to perceive that they may derive 
 ^pofit hy issuing them in such a form as to fit 
 ■" for bemg readily used as a substitute for 
 fin the ordinary transactions of life. Hence 
 origin of bank notes. An individual in whose 
 Ithanddiscretioathe public have confidence. 
 -applied to for a loan, any of 5,000/., grants 
 
 the applicant his bill or n(it<', payable on demand, 
 for that sum. Now, as this note passes, in coii- 
 .icquence of the condch'nce placed in the issuer, 
 currently from hand to baud as cash, it is (juite 
 as useful to the borrower as if it had been gold ; 
 and supposing that the rate of interest is 5 ])er 
 cent., it will yield, so long as it continues to 
 circulate, a revenue of 250/. a-year to the is uier. 
 A bunker who issues notei, coins, us it were, hii 
 credit, lie derives the siimj revenue from tlu; 
 loan of his written promise to pav a certain sum, 
 that ho could derive from the loan "f the hutti 
 itself, or of an eiiuivahint amount of produc^e ! And 
 while ho thus increases his own income, he, at the 
 same time, contributes to increaso the wealth of 
 the public. The cheapest species of currency 
 being substituted in the place of that which is 
 most expensive, the superlluous coins are either 
 used in the arts, or are exported in exchange for 
 raw niaterialg or manufactured goods, by the use 
 of which both wealth andenjoyments are increased. 
 Ever since the introduction of bills, almost all 
 groat ciunracrcial transactions have been carried 
 on by means of paper only. Notes are u'so useil 
 to a very great extent in tho ordinary business of 
 society : and while they arc readily c.xchangeiible 
 at tho pleasure of the hohlcr for coins, or for tlu! 
 precise quantities of gold or silver they profess to 
 represent, their yaliio is maintained on a par with 
 the value of these metals ; and all injurious 
 iliictuations in the value oC money are as ellec- 
 tually avoided as if it consisted wholly of the 
 precious metals. 
 
 In common mercantilo language, the party who 
 exchanges money for a commodity is said to buy ; 
 the party who exchanges a commodity for money 
 being said to sell. Price, unless where the con- 
 trary is distinctly mentioned, always means the 
 value :)f a commodity estimated or raicd in moiK^y. 
 (For a further account of metallic infmey, see 
 the article Coin ; and for an account of paper 
 money, see the article Hanks.) 
 
 MONOPOLY. By this term is usually meant ii 
 grant from the Crown, or other competent autho- 
 rity, conveying to some one individual, or number 
 of individuals, the solo right of buying, selling, 
 making, importing, exporting &c., some one com- 
 modity, or set of commodities. Si>cli grants wttre 
 very common previously to the accession of IIk; 
 House of Stuart, and were carrier to a very 
 oppressive and injurious extent during the reign 
 of Queen Elizabeth. The grievance became at 
 length so insupportable, that notwithstanding 
 the opposi-ion of Government, which looked upon 
 the ppwcr of granting monopolies as a very valu- 
 able part of the prerogative, they were abolished 
 by tho famous Act of 1624, the 21 Jas. I. c. 3. 
 This Act declares that all monopolies, grants, 
 letters patent for tho solo buying, selling, and 
 making of goods and manufactures, shall be null 
 and void. It excepts patents for fourteen years 
 for the sole working or making of any new manu- 
 factures within the realm, to the true rnd first 
 inventors of such manufactures, provided thej' be 
 not contrary to law, nor mischievous to the State, 
 It olso excepts grants by Act of Parliament to any 
 corporation, company, or society, for the enlarge- 
 ment of trade, and letters patent concerning the 
 making of gunpowder Ac. This Act effectually 
 secured the freedom of industry in Great Britain'; 
 and has done more, perhaps, to excite the spirit 
 of invention and industry, and to accelerate the 
 progress of wealth, than any other in the statute 
 book. 
 
 MONTEVIDEO. A seaport, and the capital of 
 the republic of Uruguay, on the north bank of the 
 Kio de la Plata, lat. of the Ughthouse 34° »3' 16" S., 
 
 Mil 
 
4 •* 
 
 806 
 
 MONTEVIDEO 
 
 
 
 
 i ' 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 •l 
 
 
 '• 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 ,' 
 
 .-.■ 
 
 . 
 
 
 i I 
 
 -• V 
 
 long. 66° 14' 15" W. Population 37,787 in 1802, 
 ancf with Cordon and Aqiinda 45,7<i6 in 1802 
 ^Johnston's Gazetteer). The town is built in the 
 lonn of an amphitheatre, on a regular plan, and 
 is well fortified. It has suffered much from the 
 various revolutions to which it has been subject 
 during the lost 30 years. 
 
 Montevideo is situated 2° 3' 33" W. of Capo St. 
 Mary, the northern limit of the emlouchurc of the 
 La Plata. Vessels from the north bound to Mon- 
 tevideo generally make this cape, entering the 
 river between it and the small island of Lobos, in 
 from 14 to 17 fathoms. The course is thence 
 nearly W. to the Isle of Flores, on which -s a 
 lighthouse 112 feet nbovo the level of the sea, 
 with a revolving light. From Flores to Monte- 
 video is 10 miles in a direct line, and tnc course 
 W. by S. by compass. A lighthouse, 486 feet 
 above the level of the sea, has been erected on ;he 
 sumbiit of the Montevideo, whence the town has 
 its name. The light is visible for 25 miles in clear 
 weather, and gives a Hash every three minutes. 
 Since 1802 the dial plate in the south tower of 
 the Cathedral has been lighted with gas. The 
 latter is built on a projecting tongue of land, the 
 port being on its S. side. This, which is the best 
 on the La Plata, is a large circular basin open to 
 the S.W.; generally the water is shallow, not ex- 
 ceeding from 14 to 19 feet, but the bottom being 
 soft mud, vessels are seldom damaged by ground- 
 ing. It should, however, be observed that the 
 depth of water in the harbour, as well as through- 
 out the whole of the Rio de la Plata, depends 
 very much on the direction and strength of tho 
 
 winds. The S.W. wind, callnd m«w,„. „ 
 right into the bay of Montcvi.Ico ffi! I ''* , 
 not unfreqiientlv causing a rise of n i,t ' 
 more in depth of water ! Rut it rwly! '"'" " 
 much damage to vessels properly' m:i.,r!!,i'^""^ 
 anchors to the. S.W S.e:, rn.lo,; ' ;';M 
 (Blunts American I'dot, pp. 64'>.-'i ■,',.,• I 
 Surk»Phare»Sfc.) " " "■''>A'>^',\ 
 
 »Ionteyi(ico has aconsidcniLlp comimicp tuI 
 great articles of export consist of a„in,al ^,,^Z\ 
 or of hides, beef, tallow, hair, bones, JLTA 
 Ac. The imports principally consist of ll'ri,,.! 
 cottons, woollens, and hardware, Hour wimlJI 
 spirits, linens, sugar, tobacco, boots anil <Z\ 
 salt &c, In 1867 the value of onr total e^l 
 of British . produce to IJrii^'imv was 147'im| 
 and of our imports therefrom 1,'2;'2 228i '' I 
 
 nUTIFJ OW lUPORTI. 
 
 In :::ilioml or Fmign Vuitli, at ilm,l,nl,„ 
 I. MKhlnery, agrlcullural lm|ilem«il., inilnimm, ' 
 us«l In the aril and «ciei,c«, Uwk., Minu VTj 
 
 S. 811k, raw and wrouRhe, lacM, Wnnile, BoM andiilm 
 flnbroidery, walche., Jewell.t., ialli«ir,^, mU.,„ 
 of Parli, coal, llmbtr, cotton frinne, ind woodm 
 hao(>9 - - , _ , 
 
 3. Powder, pitch, tar, roiln, and naval Horn . ' ,,'^ 
 
 4. All raw mnlerlaU and manufactured attkln not 
 
 Included In tile prtcvdInK enumeraliun • ' . i •„ 
 
 5. Sugar, ParJKuay and China teas, cocoa, laiija limea 
 
 and cinnamon, i|ilca, drujp, and iiroihioni in 
 Keneral - . . ' . "' , 
 
 6. Furniture, plclurei, lookinK-Rlasscv muiical Imini. 
 
 inenls, all wru of carrlaftn, rarti A,., uii 
 hame^5, aaddle*, hun«»' furniture (eiieiHint: Iilim; 
 clolha of the manufacture of the adijrent lira 
 ulncej, which pay 15 [icr <enl.|, rvailimaile 
 clothes, lioots and ahoei, liqueurs brandy »inf 
 vim gar, ale and porter, elder, lolwcn, and miii ' !5i»r, 
 Salt, 2 reaU the fanesa, iaj 1 Id. per V'ju lb,. '^ 
 
 7. Hides of all cta&ses, hair, hi 
 
 Ruld, in bullion or coin 
 
 t- ■— f-^. ,jw ii,„ 
 urui, tallow, tdrer and 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Values of thi Principal Articles Imported into the Vnii 
 Kingdom from Montevideo in each of the 3 Years ending with 1SG7 
 
 Principal ArUcles 
 
 Quantities 
 
 Ccmputeii Keal Value 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1865 
 
 ISSC 
 
 ik; 
 
 Beef, salt .... cwU. 
 
 fresh • - - - „ 
 Bones of animals and Ash (except whalefins) tons 
 Cotton, raw . . • . cwts. 
 (irease - - - • „ 
 (luano - - - - tons 
 Hair, horse ■ . • . cwts. 
 Hides, not tanned - - - ,» 
 Horns, iKirntips, and pieces of homt • tons 
 Skins, seal - - - -no. 
 
 sheep - . . . „ 
 Tallow .... cwU. 
 Tobacco, unmanufactured • • Ibi. 
 Tongues .... cwts. 
 Wool, sheep and lamba' - - lbs. 
 .\11 other articles . . - value 
 Total ..... 
 
 14,718 
 4,380 
 13,586 
 
 ~2«5 
 
 197 
 
 5,889 
 
 111,9.12 
 
 260 
 
 15,752 
 
 110,759 
 
 264,852 
 
 325,731 
 
 115 
 
 4,813,053 
 
 11,950 
 
 1?,S97 
 
 19 
 
 6,077 
 
 Vi» 
 
 5,517 
 
 240,045 
 
 442 
 
 2,743 
 
 200,009 
 
 216,303 
 
 9,418 
 
 481 
 
 6,942,375 
 
 4,810 
 
 18,414 
 
 1,360 
 
 .195 
 
 3)7 
 
 2,496 
 
 182.753 
 
 466 
 
 2,892 
 
 4.55,215 
 
 144,054 
 
 ~ 21 
 
 7,452,027 
 
 £ 
 
 25,526 
 
 ,'.,175 
 
 79,909 
 
 ~499 
 
 1,576 
 
 29,919 
 
 275,427 
 
 8,813 
 
 7,87(1 
 
 7,110 
 
 58!),9S2 
 
 9,H.-,fl 
 
 473 
 
 1j1,4:i7 
 
 I5,.159 
 
 2IW 
 
 8.'.,59S 
 
 H5 
 
 11,7.11 
 
 !M 
 30,011 
 
 14,125 
 
 '^,61.1 
 2U,1.W 
 501 ,975 
 3111 
 1,'Jii 
 ti'tfin 
 17,717 
 
 iwj: 
 
 fiX 
 ;> 
 
 k; 
 ii.ii 
 (;!,« 
 ii.ti 
 1," 
 3i,-.i 
 
 J«3,il 
 
 "l 
 
 II.S 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1,219,211 ' iriillUill 
 
 MlU 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Values of the Principal Arti..':s of British Produce and M 
 facture Exported from the United Kingdom to Montevideo in each of ihe 3 Yean r 
 with 1867. 
 
 Principal ArUcles 
 
 
 Quantities 
 
 Declartd RtsI ViIk 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1865 
 
 IS66 I IW 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 t I i 
 
 Apparel nnd liaberduhery 
 
 value 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 47,631 
 
 t6/l9i 
 
 91,; 
 
 Beer .inii ale - 
 
 barrels 
 
 3'**^? 
 
 7,fifiS 
 
 11,918 
 
 20,191 
 
 M,m 
 
 SO; 
 
 CoaU, cinders, itnd culm 
 
 tons 
 
 64,7S6 
 
 118.6)2 
 
 I24,.5.'i2 
 
 37JI82 
 
 70,(1 « 
 
 7S, 
 
 Cottons, enlered bjr the yard 
 
 yards 
 
 12,273.404 
 
 21,067,067 
 
 20,103,797 
 
 2S4,195 
 
 53l.t<( 
 
 IK. 
 
 at value 
 
 ^alue 
 
 .. 
 
 _ 
 
 .. 
 
 23,815 
 
 WK 
 
 
 Earthenware and porcelain 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 1.1,142 
 
 lifia 
 
 11. 
 
 Hardwares and cutlfrjr 
 
 CWti. 
 
 IV.S.'W) 
 
 16,146 
 
 21,508 
 
 5I,3K8 
 
 i),8l8 
 
 
 Iron, wrought and unwroiiKht - 
 
 tons 
 
 3,C30 
 
 7,152 
 
 11,403 
 
 37,7.17 
 
 90,199 
 
 IK, 
 
 Leather, wrought and unwrouffht 
 
 value 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 8,782 
 
 Il,!« 
 
 
 Linens, ertercd hj the vurd 
 
 yards 
 
 1,669^08 
 
 2,299,508 
 
 3,232,663 
 
 49,042 
 
 7.1,997 
 
 
 Paintert' colours, not oiherwlie described 
 
 value 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 6,2H2 
 
 4,911 
 
 
 Silk manufdcturt^ ... 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 13,406 
 
 I6,M> 
 
 
 Tin platiB . . - - 
 
 ,, 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 4,101 
 
 Ill.M 
 
 
 Woollens, entered by the yard - 
 at value 
 
 yards 
 value 
 
 M78.631 
 
 1,656,812 
 
 1,930,221 
 
 117,9.19 
 10,156 
 
 176,'.S7 
 
 n 
 
 All other articles 
 
 Total . - . - 
 
 /* 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 87,689 
 
 14I,0U 
 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 - ! 
 
 812,861 
 
 i.m,vti 
 
 
 1 
 
 A small charge is made for warehousing and 
 porterage on passing through tho custom-house. 
 Goods may be bonded for an indefinite period, 
 during which time ihey ore subject to a moderate 
 w.irohouse rent. 
 
 Foreign flour pays as follows :— 
 
 o dollars per barrel, when wheat is wont 11 
 
 dollars per fanega, about 224 lbs. r 
 
 6 dollars per barrel, when wheat isMrtlij 
 
 5 dollars per fanega. 
 
Tf: 1^ 
 
 { 'I 
 
 MONTEVIDEO 
 
 pnmpfni, \,\(.jn I 
 with miicli lutTf, 
 <if a (alliiim (,t I 
 ran-ly oioasiiiu I 
 ■ly m<Mw\ :.ith I 
 i one to the S, ' 
 i42— 55o;i.i)ulw| 
 
 ' comracrre, T» I 
 ( miimal \ivAk\>, | 
 nines, i;rea«c «i«i I 
 consist (if Uriiiihl 
 0, Hour, wine anil I 
 boots anil shofs,! 
 ! OUT total expotttl 
 IV wiis l,4Ti,i)i«l,| 
 ,2-?2,2-28i. 
 
 n. 
 
 , at Mmt(yilo, 
 
 is, viiQt*, iml 
 
 [otit and liUer 
 iUv«tr,-, vU'Ief 
 (V, and woden 
 
 • SpKc 
 lorn- -tJina 
 
 tl atllcln, not 
 itlon • . \'-v«ct 
 
 oa, f awa lipne* 
 il iiTovi^ioDi in 
 
 muiiral Instni. 
 cam fit; and 
 leaL-ei)iinKltii« 
 le ad'virent \>^^' 
 I.), ivadj-niailf 
 '*, branjv, *ine, 
 Itacco, and »»!' ■ 5ip«« 
 n ITO Ibt. 
 laUow, iilTcr and 
 
 irteii in(o the IniK 
 I, 1867. 
 
 cmpuwl Keal Value^ 
 1860 W! 
 
 llVcUndW^^ 
 1866 
 
 66,«'» 
 
 61,593 
 li,6M 
 S5,»H 
 90,199 
 11,«3 
 75,i)« 
 4,9ll 
 16,63* 
 
 in,;03 
 
 i;6,.W 
 
 »i,6»3 
 
 I 1M,01* M'; 
 
 _rr>9yffl ' '^ 
 
 lUoWB-.-. ,, 
 
 Inwhcatuw"'' 
 
 mlbs. 
 |n wheat is* 
 
 to 
 
 -lien wheat a worth 6 to 7 dollars, 
 <*::£rh^ti»worth6to7d..ll«rH, 
 ■ H rfen wheat is worth 7 to 9 dollars. 
 ItlKheu wheat cx«^^^ 
 
 .JErrerfanega, when wheat i. worth 2 
 
 l';"ltrwKwhent is worth .1 to 6 dollars. 
 tr when wheat is worth C to 10 dollars. 
 !(;!;;j;;I„ wheat is worth above 10 dcUars 
 
 l''['&8hipre'l, or shipped out of bond, pay 
 
 rC!li"p'"d9, shipped ill ycssoU of less tho-. 
 |,i,rbur.len,for ports^of tho Lruguay and 
 
 I'^Ss imported! paying d"*;**. a'" ^"^^i?^^ 
 I .,, n.Witionnl 1 per cent, to the consulado ; 
 fe,Sheh"ospiL;and,forthoexti,,ction 
 liCr money (this has, much to the honour 
 ■iik atlioritiesand people, been already accom- 
 Ju- but the duty is maintained for general 
 |C«s), I P«f cent. "additional on all goods that 
 %rj pot cent. 
 
 0««"»i • _ , . . 3 1H.T «nl. 
 
 Ifrfu 01 Eiports in National or Foreign VeaseLi. 
 Os iM m hides, 2 reals, 25 centcsimos, for 
 toMidoi valuations of 1 dollar, and 1 per cent. 
 
 miljillo, . , 1 .. 
 
 j fl(;r-(UM,l real for reconnidor, on valuations 
 itawlskieconiiidor each, and 1 per cent, con- 
 
 hIiiIo. . 
 
 Alloitoptni^iiee of the coantry pays 4 per cent. 
 LrtfBirttt value, and 1 per cen. consulado. 
 [idii «inl salt beef, pork Ac. ; also all foroign 
 Loijsiiiat liavc paid the import duty, free. 
 |5l and Sliver, coined or in bullion, 1 per cent. 
 
 rtiKii 
 
 Foreign Nuiinnitt 
 ^Ctopi.-TonnapfroralieToralaM - 3 reaU !i reals 
 
 llnti ti«lin( and unloaiUDg bolh cloaan p.iy 
 
 uaj.fiiht'ilot. • - « H dollars 4 dullara 
 
 K,,:ii ■ . • - 4 „ « „ 
 
 IXitional and foreign vessels, that neither dis- 
 t^t nor load cargo, and that do not remain 
 itth n edays, pay nothing ; those that remain 
 
 likthirbour more than 6 days pay one-third of 
 
 l(iliovetomia;;edues. 
 
 Ikional vessels, and vessels belonging to the 
 
 piincesnf Buenos Ayrcs, employed within the 
 I Piste, called coasting, pay for a license for 
 i voyage as follows: — 
 
 [Citlll 
 
 If 3 Is 'toni 
 
 4 reals 
 
 
 
 « 1'' >, 
 
 10 „ 
 
 or 1 dollar S cents 
 
 K 30 „ 
 
 18 „ 
 
 2 , 
 
 2 .. 
 
 31 43 „ 
 
 Iffi „ 
 
 .1 . 
 
 . '^ >. 
 
 *'■ 60 „ 
 
 .Vi „ 
 
 3 . 
 
 , 6 ., 
 
 tl SO „ 
 
 38 „ 
 
 4 , 
 
 . e „ 
 
 SI Im „ 
 
 46 „ 
 
 5 
 
 , 6 .. 
 
 101 and aboTe 
 
 SI „ 
 
 6 . 
 
 6 ,, 
 
 ' duej.— National and foreign vessels, 
 
 t for a foreign port beyond sea or in the 
 
 I Plate, pay 2 dollars for the vessel, 4 reals for 
 
 |aptaiii, 2 reaLi for each seaman, 1 dollar for 
 
 kfJiicnger. 
 
 JfiHoje from Montevideo to Buenos Ayrca to 
 Ipiij ill Montevideo. 
 
 pilie draft of water do not exceed 
 
 9 fd.BliTKoi measure 
 
 M dollars 
 
 D to lu f«t 
 
 nil „ 
 
 10 n 
 
 TO 
 
 11 It 
 
 so „ 
 
 IS 1,1 
 
 ino „ 
 
 13 14 
 
 120 „ 
 
 14 15 
 
 110 „ 
 
 13 16 
 
 160 „ 
 
 1( 17 
 
 190 „ 
 
 li 18 
 
 ra „ 
 
 MUSCAT 897 
 
 Moneys, Weights, and Measures.— Papn money 
 there is none. 
 
 Current money, the Drazilian patacon and 
 Spanish dollar ; they pass for 9C0 centesimos. 
 
 lUO cents make a real. 
 
 800 cents, or 8 reals, make a dollar. 
 
 900 cents, or 9 reals GO cents, make IJ current 
 dollar, or 1 hard dollar or patacon. 
 
 Weights and measures same as those of Spain. 
 [Cadiz,] 
 
 MOKOCCO. [M4)OADORK.; TllEATIES, CoM- 
 MKUCIAI..] 
 
 Mouocco or Makoquin (Gcr. safllam ; Fr. 
 inaroquin; Ital. marrocuhino; Span, marronui; 
 Kuss. sallan). A fine kind of leather, prepared of 
 tho skins of goats, imported from the Levant, Bar- 
 bary, Spain, France &c. It is of various colours, 
 as rod, green, black, yellow Ac. When of the best 
 q.ialitj', it is superior to every other material for 
 the binding of books. And a volume that is 
 bound in morocco by a first-rate artist, provided 
 it be r. ell preserved, and of an age to be properly 
 toned down and mellowed, is jnstly deemed a 
 prize, and always fetches a very 'high iirice. 
 Morocco is, however, very extensively counter- 
 feited, and books said to be in morocco are often 
 don 3 up ill the vilest sheep-skin, dyed and 7<re- 
 parcd in imitation of the genuine article. The 
 fraud is easily discovered by connoisseurs, but it is 
 p(>r|)etrated to a great extent on the ignorant and 
 unwary. 
 
 In 1867 we imported 762,442 undressed, and 
 2,106,208 tanned, tawed, or (Ircssed goat skins of 
 the total value of 317,364/. 
 
 MUNJEET. A species of madder {liubia 
 munjesta) produced in Nepaul and in other wild 
 disti'icts of India. 
 
 That which is brought to England is imported 
 chietly from Bombay and Sinde. The roots are 
 long and slender, and when broken appear of a red 
 colour. It is used in dyeing ; the red which it 
 produces being, though somewhat peculiar, nearly 
 the same as that produced by European madder. 
 Dr. Bancroft says that the colour which it imparts 
 to cotton and linen is not so durablo as that of 
 madder, but th.at upon wool or woollen cloth its 
 colour is brighter and livelier ; and, when proper 
 mordants are used, nearly, perhaps quite, as per- 
 manent. (Permanent Colours, vol. ii. p. 279.) 
 The best munjcet is in pieces about the bigness of 
 a small quill, clean and firm, breakin , short, i>nd 
 not pipy or chaffy. Its smell somewhat resembles 
 liquorice root. 
 
 Being a very bulky article, as compared with 
 its value, the freight adds greatly to its cost. 
 This seems to be the principal reason of its being 
 so very little used in Great Britain, that the 
 entire imports, during the 3 years ending with 
 1840, amounted to only 3,.')39 cwt., and in 1807 to 
 only 360 cwt., valued at 504/. The broke.-s esti- 
 mate that 4/. per ton of freight is equal to lis. Id, 
 per cwt. on the value of the article;.^;/, per ton 
 being equal to IS.*. 10//.; 6/. to 10*. 7rf. ; and 71. to 
 19s. 4rf.; and as the price of munjcet in bond varies 
 from i2». to ISs. per cwt. it is plain it cannot be 
 imported in any considerable quantity, except 
 when freights are very much depressed. It is 
 mostly imported in small packets or bundles 
 of COO or 800 to the ton ; but sometimes it is 
 packed in bales like cotton. (Stevens On Stowage.) 
 LMAnnEU.1 
 
 MUSCAT. A city and seaport situated on the 
 east coast of Arabia, "about 96 miles N.VV. of Cape 
 Rassolgate (Kas-el-mad), in lat. 23° 38' N., long. 
 58° 37i' E. It is the chief port of the kingdom 
 of Oman, a slip of land running half-way down 
 the Persian Uulf ou its western side and the sea 
 3M 
 
V 
 
 y 
 
 .f" 
 
 .f ^V- 
 
 "MS 
 
 ■■I 
 1 
 
 !>l • 
 
 ■ ■) 
 
 { I 
 
 
 ■■\' i 
 
 ' 
 
 898 
 
 MUSCAT 
 
 I 
 
 -I 
 
 of Ortinn to Una-ol-nind, nnd tlicncc along tho 9.E. 
 const of A Tallin to Dofnr. 
 
 In tho llJtli niid 17ili eenturicH, tlio town wns in 
 poiiscsaion of tho I'ortiitriu'so, as wns Oman nnd 
 tho ndjoinin^ ishnid. After a rcntnry nnd a lialf 
 tlie Diitch drove thi; Piirtiiuuese (iiit. 'I'liey were 
 expelled, an were also tlie I'erxuins, in tlio midiilc 
 of iho last century, wiien a line of native Hoverei},'ns 
 
 succeeded. Of these Sa'a('<l, wh ininienced Ids 
 
 reif;n at the heninninfj of tlic jiresent eentnrv, was 
 tlie most ener^^etie and powerfid. It was in tho 
 interest of this man's son Thdniayiiee, known, but 
 iticorreetly, under the name of the Inianof ^Inscat, 
 that the Kufjlish inteniosed (raitrravo's Arnhia, 
 ii. •iH.'i), and the trade of Muscat hecnmo so early 
 known. I'opidation uncertain : hut estimated hy 
 Liont. Wellsted at lO.OOO, which wo incline to 
 think beyond the mark. 'I'hero are more Kanians 
 herethait in nny other city in Arabia. There are 
 ttmonj^st them' sonic very extensive merchants. 
 v,rlio enfjriiss almost tho whole pearl trade of 
 tho Persian Gulf, and tho supply of corn from 
 India. The nesni slaves are nnmenius, and are 
 generally stout, well nia<le. and active. 
 
 Tho harbour, which is the best on this part of 
 the Arabian const, opens to tho north, nnd is .-haped 
 like a horso-slioe. It is bounded on the \V. anil S. 
 by the loftv projectinf? sliores of tlie mainland, 
 nnd on the k. bj' Muscat Island, a ridge of rocks 
 from 200 to iiOO feet high. Tho town stand.-, on a 
 sandy byach at t!ic south end or bottom of the 
 cove or harbour, about U milo from its mouth. 
 The depth of water near the town varies from 3 to 
 4 and 5 fathoms. Sliips at anchor are exposed 
 to the north nnd no^th-we^t winds; but ..) the 
 anchorage is everywhere good, accidents arc of 
 very rare occurrence. The harbour is protected 
 bv some pretty strong forts. Vessels are not 
 allowed to enter after dusk, nor to leave before 
 sunrise. If the usual signal be made for a pilot, 
 one will come off, but not otherwise. It is best to 
 make them attend till the vctsel bo secured, as 
 they have excellent boats for carrying out wnrp 
 anchors. 
 
 Muscat is a place of considerable importance, 
 being at once the kej' to, and ccimmaiiding the 
 entrance of, the Persian Gulf. Tho govrniraent 
 of the Sultan of Oman is more liberal and in- 
 telligent than any other in Arabia or Persia. 
 Tho town, situated at tho bottom of a high hill, is 
 ill-built and tilthy ; and, during the months of 
 July and August, is one of the hottest inhabited 
 places in the world. The country in tho imme- 
 diate vicinity of the town is extremely barren ; 
 but it improves as it recedes from the shore. 
 Dates and wheat, particularly the first, are the 
 principal articles of produce. The dates of this 
 part of Arabia are held in high estimation, and 
 are largely exported, those of iJushire and Bus- 
 sorah being imported in their stead. A date tree 
 is valued at from 7 to 10 dollars, a.id its annual 
 produce at from 1 to 1^ dollar. An estate is said 
 to be worth 2,000, a,000, or 4,000 date trees, 
 according to the number it possesses. 
 
 But the place <lorivc3 its whole importance 
 from the commerce and navigation of which it is 
 the centre. The Imaum has some large ships of 
 war, and his subjects possess some of the finest 
 trading vessels to be mot with in the Indian seas. 
 The part of Arabia adjoining to Muscat is too 
 poor to have any very considerable direct trade ; 
 but, owing to its favourable situation, tho back- 
 wanl state of the country round the Persian 
 Gulf, and the superiority of its ships and sea- 
 men, 5Iuscat has become an important entrepot, 
 and has an extensive transit and carrying trade. 
 Most Kuropcan ships bound for Bussorah and 
 
 Bushiro touch at it ; and tncroihai. i 
 
 ..i' *!.„ 11 :_.. t^ tf • ' '• mail 1 
 
 of tho Persian (iulf is 
 
 hinging to its mcrchaiii 
 
 I'nrriod on 
 
 ■■ilftl, 
 
 r:rl(i| 
 
 ^'"P*uiul,.r,i„,|,, 
 
 of Africa &c. Iho p.arl tn„lo nf ,|,„ 
 (iiilf IS now, also, wholh- (•'■iitrc.i 
 AH merclmndiso passing ■„,, ,)„. ,; ,, 
 bottoms pays a <lutv of i |,(.t 
 
 ' 'niiiiz an.rKi"|','; 
 
 an Id., 
 siirniiiii,! 
 "'ii'uiniJii,,!, 
 
 ■iiu 
 
 1 • <• .1 ■ l''1'SII1I11.' T 
 
 exclusive of tho ports on tlio (iuif 
 and west coasts of Arabia, ■ 
 the Imaum tra<lo to all tliC 
 
 " ■li'll; 
 
 oa>t i',,,i, 
 
 I'-r,.,,, 
 
 nt Mii.,a| 
 
 'II .U;i| 
 
 Ilenlso.vntsthoislnn,hofOri;;[;J;;^l''.'7^^^ 
 
 the port .,f (iombroon. ami Maim sal'""' 
 
 from tho Persin.Kiovi.rnu,, 'lit. '''""'"'" 
 
 In the niaga/.iiios of Mi^rat raav 1^ - 
 every species of produrc ini|,(.rt(.(l latocrlt 
 Inim tho IVrsimi Gulf. Vnri,,,,, 
 also imported for the iko „t' the 
 country, and for tlio internal 
 Arabia. Among those, tho principal arc ri,V „ 
 collco from Mocha, cotton and n,tu,n ^u{, 
 nuts, wood for building, slavns tV,„n Za,.,i„d 
 dates from Uiishiro and itii.-Horali ,\.o \J.' 
 for these is chiolly made in .pw\c an.l'pi'ari; 
 thoy lilso export drugs of vari(aH ilUriMii 
 ivory, gums, hides, (vstricli f .atlicrs |i„m, \ 
 tins, ft sort of oartlion jars, failed Martiil, ' 
 Traniiuobnr, dried lish. an cstcpniid mv 
 called hnlwiih, anil a low iitlu>r arliolc* 
 
 Tho markets of Mn.scal ai-oaliunilniitK-.iu, 
 with all sorts of provision, lii'd'. niimiii 
 vegetables of good nualitv may Iv |,aJ i 
 times, and reasonably cheap, the bav lin 
 swarms with tho greatest varietv (,fnio>l 
 collont fish. Water is excellent, and i< conn 
 to th(i bench in such a manner that the oaila 
 vessel may be tilled in hor '.loats whil- 
 Fire-wood is also abundant, and ij cheaper 
 lioinbay. 
 
 No imports have reached the United Kind 
 from Muscat during the last live , 'pari il 
 and tho exports are merely asmall amount rrt 
 the value of which, in IJiCO, was hut iSi\ 
 tho trade of Muscat with liritish India f 
 tho decline. 
 
 The general rule in nil the Govcrnraont ml 
 houses on the sea lino from Balireyn toSdiil 
 exact a rial, i.e. ;»«. for cvory full-sized balj 
 embarked, whato\ or its contents, a bale «ei 
 on the average from 00 to 70 lb. avuitii 
 The duty is, of course, very unequal, beingl 
 15 per cent, on dates, 1 en cloth, about 1 oj 
 rice. The average daily disembarkations 
 the large havens of Liiija, Sohar, .Matzali, 1 
 and the like, they are more, at, smaller p 
 Tho medium quota of calls is CO, and tliJ 
 customs duties inav be held to amoimt ai 
 to 810,000/, The total revenue of the I 
 Oman is reckoned hy I'algravc at I,*J,1 
 year. (Palgrave's Arabia, vol. ii. 3i*l.) 
 
 Jffonei/, lyelghts, and Measures.— X<xo\il 
 are kept in goz and mamoodies: I'l) i 
 mamoody; and 20 ra.amoodie3=l dolli 
 Persian, Turkish, and Indian coins, as i 
 French and German crowns, and Spanish j 
 arc met with ; their value fluctuatinj n 
 demand, and they are generally sold by i 
 
 The weights arc, the ciisha and miii 
 cushas= 1 maund---8 lb. 12 oz. avoirdupcif 
 
 Nicbuhr thinks that Muscat occupies il 
 •he Mosca of Arriau and other GrMtl 
 ( Voyage en Arabic, vol. ii. p. 71 ed. km 
 a conjecture which seoms to be ft'Of 
 merely by the resomblanco of the niu^J 
 by the terms applied by Arriaii '» -M 
 Bufflciently descriptive of Jluscs "iV 
 nort is bounded on all sides by roots I 
 
MUSK 
 
 c-n pft'scni almost the snmo appparniico ns !n 
 Dr. AiiicTiit, li()\vf\cr. fli,...,,i. ■ ' 
 
 uliquiiy. I'l'- A iiifi'iit, li()\vf\(r, 
 
 ^^iVRRir 
 
 I iiriKiiiiiili'-'i C/mrt o, 
 U>K(l:r.n.u.sc,-(.. ,-,„,„,, 
 l)i, M-ilim; >|«iii. Jiliiuzclc; 1{i,hh. iiius,.,... 
 
 L4,.KiivrH m,shio. /s obt,M„c.,,"ft';:;;"^^ 
 
 j ^,,,,,1 ,1.01- (JWh,,, >no,r/,>f,ru,) inlu-,bi,i„" 
 "V. „"■''/'"■"".'■ -^^i". Til" 
 
 iti..llii:ic "i"ii:i(aiii.s (,i tiic cast of \.sia 'n'r 
 
 uj-ki- (',.1111(1 iu a small liiif. ,i,„|,;r the" h-.]! "' 
 
 L'raiiis oiinori'lcil toM-nii.n,. ...... '• • 
 
 l,Hi-l"Uii(l IU a small liaj. ,i,„|,;r the h-.]!.. 
 1)1,,;:. ill .irraiiis cnorc'lcl to-ethor, drv vit 
 |fcl;!;yi"ictu»iH,;m(l free iron, ,i:rittiiie...s";.h " 
 Jnb*'! liomccii the fingers or chewed. It hnJ], 
 Ipliar. .in;miilic, aii.l e.xtremcl.v powerful, ,|.,r 
 lilil,, ami iIiHiimWo odour; the ta.stc is bitter 1 
 Bit„iiTi and the colour i-cldi.^ii black or ,h.t,l 
 |lf.«,>uil, ,1 .hmle of red. It is imported int 
 from tliiiia in caddies containiii,' from 
 
 aim mm Liiiiia ill caddies contaiiiimr from 
 »,m .. cell , but an inferior kind is b ro S 
 im lifn;',il, iiiiJ n .still ba.^er sort from I'nJ ■ 
 bbiMliat which is in the natural fu) ide' or 
 (i Ik...,' a very h.,i;li-,>rized article, it is 
 Jiiativhicbismi.Kcd with the 
 
 r 
 
 (IKB 
 
 |Tleb!i>u„,. ,„„.u „ „, t„c natural follicle or 
 
 i Ikiiy a very hi-h-prized article it i„ 
 
 |rf:<3,.;l;u;.rale,l. I'hat which is mi.Ked with the 
 
 «b*4 may he d.scverad by the larffcnoss 
 ^,.ta:. or clots. It s sometimes mi"«l 
 ImihiitJiiKhly coloured, friable earth • I,,,/ 
 llh;,...:. the touch to be of a n,ore cnmib- 
 Ifc: M,m aiK is harder as well as heavier 
 
 «m>isk. SOewt.ofmuskarea owe 
 Jjiu It was not permitted to bo br Zb 
 IflKMikthmashiiis belonnin.r to tl,n ,% f 
 L f,«p,y. (Uritish P/<.7,..^^^\^ 
 
 \H ihc imports and exports of m„sk "^-^ 
 M«l.v 14.1.58 .-ind 10,280 oz wor 1. ., ""? 
 
 ..0. After being iduceTi^TSV'^r 
 jMMs was finally repealed in mt' 
 psU.NfGer. musseliu, nesseltuch ; Dutch 
 pttok: Fr. mousselne: Ital mo,.« i- ' 
 j^mAr. Russ. kissea). Is derr^n m"'"' 
 
 KSss^-^-f "till 
 
 1^ for.erly'Si^S.?;'^;^'!-" 
 F5 AliD Gcr. miistert, senf- vJ 
 
 replant (i/;5;K.|j;^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 I' « now V.Wo„ 'S^';''7'«<1 in Durham, 
 } lliist,ird i, of consideriMo •'"■''''"" "»'«- 
 
 »"'. nt file period 
 
 "•'«• mustard was 1 , -^ """ """f i.^ fr,.,it,,| 
 
 ;;;;: '-''f. ;M.;"'e;i' ;S;e7 "•'^- :;i'''''^-^ 
 
 '"'" A'ciier.il us,.. JlrH r . "^'•^■•'I'^•'^<'''.V cunf 
 ['"•■•' ^•""■-i'l.'rable t/ , f"/, '1'"" ? '^'T't lu'r .secret 
 '"'•'••r'o. In liciL.al ,'„?,""'""■'■'' " com|.e(,.i,t 
 
 '■"'•''p^(•<>rtllcpu,•p:^^:/','^7 .;•;'- "', ^"''" '-* " 
 
 "-Jedi;:t;;::b.;:!;Tf^---n^iveK.cu 
 
 '!";•'"•-'• the ni, star ?!'■ "'•'■', ''^ abundaMtl'-' 
 }lf'' and become dise'^nr ''"'!'"'"' ^ 
 il'Cavera-e yield is 'ti' i ^ ,""■* '" vegetation 
 •""'".fa..tu'?e the d,d !'-■',■' '"''"= ""'•• ''or 
 Ptrature, then crush ,if '""' "' « '''«!» ten, 
 
 t'"-f.l annually (/'S !/• ' '''I''' '"''' "'-'•""fac- 
 <jf mustard seed « . • ^"'''""''""•) 37,172 cwt 
 ftotn/iuliaimd nidi. :,/-"'-''='• '" ISOO. chic»v 
 
 ferent varieties of '/<..„•,• "'■"''•' '"'""its of dif- 
 
 '-•"iiMsts Of a White no, i , "'•■" "f 1 «all-nut 
 «"b..sta„ce abou '2 li'uctfi: •■','• ""*' '^"vcred bv ^ 
 which s the oiiL I \",""ckness. The latfpr 
 
 I'o mit is on.ploved \Vitrtho ""V'T^"''^'^ ^''"'n 
 .vers ami tanners, e.spec .. iv ^'^''/''^''-'t- Ixxh by 
 'luces w th iron „ ' r'P*'''''"y the latter. It nm 
 j"k; atid w-it ah mi-'' '■'"■'''''■• Wack dye ami 
 ^>owni.sh .yeIlo,v."''T^'eL;;oI"'"' "'"ugh'^da 
 I" mo they amon te? o Ay"f^''"°-''^'''"''»''y 
 f'ey were a,ll(i tons of .,,"'^ '""«• In mi 
 ported. Itisbronght io^^ ;?'= "» ^>'"e ro-exi 
 been e.nployed in ca iS,iS^ "'^f ."^ *' has long 
 
 of thei;„J;„4X-- s;a,stance, "'o pSco 
 ;e:rabia Felix and aZ^^XII^^ F?^^S in 
 
 Arabia Felix and AbvsZ', ','} ''l' ^'''^""S ^'n 
 
 from the Kast Indies ,'n eh" .^^^'''''''•s imported 
 
 n.m 2 to 4 cwt. JWlv- T^''.- *''''"'' •-■ontiining 
 
 brought fron, Turkev o. •.. " '""^'"^ "'vrr.'. was 
 
 bitter arom!:trc'ta"te"'It7'•^'«^«"^':''our, and a 
 «baped pieces, which can iLlu'l!"" r^^Snlarly 
 ('00,1 myrrh is transSiU , l^ be called tears, 
 or reddish brown colo 'r "bnm"'' I'"''')'' ^'eHow, 
 a resinous fracture, a, j e .s I'' H'^'^'^'^ff ^^itl 
 ;^P.e'^'l;c gravity \s {^ X}^ Pulverised. Ita 
 ni.xe, with inipnrites an,i -f? '^ '« oP^fP'o. 
 « dark colour approachi'nrne '"T '"''""' or of 
 ;*„"«.'.grecable' odom '? "h"''-;'.'". ''''"'•'^' ^'ith 
 
 '"'•y; i'oreira's.Va^eCVJiar'"" ^"^"««- 
 3 M 2 '' 
 
 ''\ 
 
 I 
 ■i 
 
 . I 
 
I 4 *(' 
 
 fiOO 
 
 NAGASAKI 
 
 t- .*' 
 
 N 
 
 Is 
 
 j--^ ■ 
 
 
 ■\i'4 
 
 (. 
 
 ■•■ j'' 
 
 ■^.;:• 
 
 ■* ■.■ "., 
 
 ; S 
 
 •v^ 
 
 i 
 I 1 
 
 N.VGASAKI. A sen-port town on tlio south- 
 west coast of the Itilniul of Ximo, one of the 
 Jii|miieseialnii(l.i, beiii}?, nccordiiiB to Kruscnrttern, 
 in lat. :)20 4li' 40" N., Iomk'. 10:1° 1 1' 47" K. Tlie 
 hiirbour in one of t)ic liiiuHt in the world. It h 
 Hlioiit n mile in width, and three or four in k'n;;tli. 
 VVIien one is inside, it appears to bo completely 
 landlocked, and to l>u nii inland lake. The hills 
 around it are about 1,.'')(I0 feet hitjh. The town is 
 Hiipposcd to contain about 70,000 inhabitants. 
 (Fortune's Japan.) Ships lie in f) or fathoms 
 water, within f;unshot of the town, near the 
 middle of the biiy, where they are protected from 
 all winds. A lightliousc is being built in the 
 hnrbour. 
 
 'I'he .Inpane!>e islands are situated within the 
 temperate zone. Thev are l)elieved to contain 
 from 26,000,000 to ,50,"000,000 of people, superior 
 in industry and civilisation to every other Eastern 
 nation. 'I'hey show more capacity in using Euro- 
 pean machinery than any other people in that 
 part of the world (Fortune), Japan has some 
 thousand miles of sea-coast, and at one time the 
 inhabitants were much addicted to emigration, 
 and carried on an extensive intercourse with the 
 adjacent nations. Itut in consequence of the; 
 alarm occasioned by the attempts of the Jesuit 
 missionaries to make converts to Christianity, the 
 (jovernment, in 1G37, expelled the missionaries, 
 put to death their converts, and to obviate the 
 possiliility of such attempts being made in future, 
 they prohibited, under the severest penalties, their 
 own people from resorting to foreign parts, and 
 foreigners from entering into or trading with 
 Japan. And singular as it may seem, these cx- 
 clusi^'e and anti-social regulations have been 
 cr<rried out almost to the letter down to our own 
 times. So far, indeed, as respects the emigration 
 of Japanese, they have not been in anj' degree 
 modiUed ; but the prohibition against foreigners 
 trading with the emi)ire was so far relaxed, that 
 1 or 2 ships from Java, and 10 or 12 junks from 
 China, were allowed to enter certain Japanese 
 harbours. But, besides being confined within the 
 narrowest limits, those engaged in this intercourse 
 were subjected to a vexatious surveillance, and 
 had to sutler many indignities. ' The cargoes of 
 the ships,' says Mr. Crawford, 'are landed by, and 
 placed in charge of, the officers of the Japanese 
 Government, and the Uutch have neither control 
 over, nor access to them, except through solicita- 
 tion. The island of Dcsima, to which they arc 
 confined, communicates with the town of Naga- 
 Faki by a bridge and a gate, and is palisaded all 
 round, as well as surrounded bj- a guard. From 
 this imprisonment they arc allowed to jicop 
 twice or thrice a year, rather to be exhi- 
 
 bite, to the pji-at a.8 a curio«tv, ti.nn m ,t I 
 I indulgence. A corps of c«nst.,bi;., „„" , ' 
 prcters are aprminted to watcl, „v.r . „i " 
 nute.t actions; and the ,,»«,, .icKradmR 
 y.l.ties are exacted from th.- hi^rhct ^ ri 
 hem, by the nieauest ollicors o| tl,c iZml 
 Govcrnmont. ""I'auesii 
 
 'The Chinese trade with Japan is nrin,i,„ii,l 
 condiu.t,.d from the port of Ni^'ir g 
 vine., ul Chckiang, which is h, coii'vcnumiv i J 
 atcd that two vcpyages may be perfiiriiidin Z 
 year, even by the clumsy junks of China tS 
 commodities with whicli tlie Chincjo furnU 
 Japanese consist of raw HURar, cow aii.l bmlJ 
 bides, wrought silks, consisting chioHv „f ...Z 
 and damasks, eagle and sandal w(„;i .C.j 
 tutenague or zino, tin, load, linn toa,s m.\ 
 more thaii 100 years back, sonic Knropun L 
 cloths and camlets. The exports consist of c 
 per, limited to l.'i.OOO piculs, or about 111*) loi 
 camphor, sabre blades, pearls, some de.icriptidnJ 
 I paper and porcelain, and some Japan ware.nlJ 
 i is either curious or lii.ndsonie, hut not so in 
 i tiul as that of China.' {litdian Archmlumi 
 j p. 297.) .^'1 
 
 The following are the qualities and vaiuel 
 I goods exported and imported by the Dwciil 
 i their trade with Japan in 1825; thesliiwJ 
 ployed being 1 of COO and 1 of 700 tons burJenl 
 
 Exports to Nagasaki. 
 
 Sandal woml, inDjiiculi 
 Sa|ian wchhI, l,lfi, „ 
 
 DJnii ^^H 
 
 
 ^^^H 
 
 1 
 
 lluilalo hid«, .'lOO In numluT 
 
 ^^^1 
 
 
 KlephantV teeth, I.H'tS lb. . 
 
 . ;,:(• ^^^1 
 
 
 Malajcamiihor, r.l 11>. 
 
 - silll^^H 
 
 
 Java mats, ■nh In number - 
 
 
 
 Cocoa-nut oil , V 1 )iicuU 
 
 ^^^1 
 
 
 Clotes, 113|iicul> - 
 
 ■ iw^^l 
 
 
 Suxar, f.,9!)l „ . 
 
 • i^i.'^t^^^l 
 
 
 Tin, 3.1H i.lcuU 
 
 IV'M^^^I 
 
 
 lienKal piece uoodi - 
 Hanlware and ttorceUin 
 
 • ^'!v4^^H 
 
 
 ^fJd^^^H 
 
 
 Jewellery - 
 
 - i.:o9^^H 
 
 
 Olau ware 
 
 . .vij^^H 
 
 
 Netlierlandi broad clothi . 
 
 
 
 Lead, ll7 l>icul« • 
 Netherlantli cotton rooUi 
 
 ■ V'''^^^! 
 
 
 ■ (iJi^^H 
 
 
 Medicine and sundries 
 
 
 
 Total value of export rarftoes 
 
 - i^oti^^H 
 
 
 Orat UlloriniiicrX - 
 
 a\,\n i^^H 
 
 
 Imports from 
 
 Nagaiuki. ^^H 
 
 S ( 
 
 ramphor, 7snjiiculs 
 
 f V 
 
 Copiier,* 10,71 ■> „ 
 
 c'i;,'i^^^| 
 
 '_.. 
 
 <'ra|ie, 4'i(i pieces - 
 
 i:.;^^^| 
 
 
 Cotton cloth 
 
 • I.M^^^H 
 
 
 Medicine - 
 
 • '>^^^H 
 
 
 I'tovisions . 
 
 
 
 Sakkie and soy 
 
 "'^^^H 
 
 W, 
 
 Whe.<t, itn ban - 
 
 
 ^ -. 
 
 Silks 
 
 ■ ^'J^^^H 
 
 
 Hundrles • 
 
 
 
 Total value of import cari^oes 
 
 ■ ^s^^^^H 
 
 Or, at 1 i Itorlna per £ - 
 
 f.m^^^m 
 
 * The imports of copper, in 1839, imounUil .0 li.Cllpi 
 988,636 florins. 
 
 Products 
 
 1830 
 
 18.',1 
 
 18.02 
 
 laij Its* 
 
 Camphor - - • 
 ropiier wnret . - - 
 llasket work . - - 
 Other articles • 
 
 Total . {""J^- 
 
 florins 
 
 11 3, UN) 
 
 «!).1,97« 
 
 10,3.57 
 
 13,0(i!) 
 
 florins 
 13,100 
 
 SO.-...'.l'i 
 a7,0.>9 
 lU,li7l 
 
 florins 
 11,7.W 
 
 32.1,')79 
 M.IVJ 
 111,193 
 
 381,111 
 
 (lorini H* 
 17,.1II0 1'. 
 
 i87,;'i3 m 
 
 45;S} .5 
 
 43l),iyH 
 3.'. ,875 
 
 lifi.1,.145 
 i!l,iJ45 
 
 VI 9,971 i «; 
 al,831 1 «l 
 
 Opening of the Trade. — But after the trade to ( would be able much longer to maintain til 
 China had been thrown open, and the late events : lous, anti-social policy. The occurreDMif 
 ill that empire had brought English, French, and made them aware of the |)o»cr, d f 
 American squadrons to the gates, as it were, of degree, also, of the policy of those nil 
 Japan, it ^Yas not to be expected that its rulers they bad now to deal, lu 1853,vheotli6l 
 
 ' t 
 
curiosity, tlinn nut df 
 constables and m^,. ' 
 wntcli oviT llifir i„i 
 most (lofjraiiiiij; sit-. 
 1 llic liicliost rnunA 
 liciTs of tlic Japaiiesel 
 
 til Japan is principalljr, 
 of Nin^po, ill i\,e pj 
 is n(i ciinvcniciith- jiiuj 
 ly be perfonncil in ih| 
 r junks of China. Th 
 the (Jliincsefiimisliibi 
 HURar, cow and buffd 
 'istint; idiiotly of >atiJ 
 sanilttl wijiw'l, ginscnl 
 cad, lino tca.^ an!, f| 
 t, some Europtan U 
 '. exports consist of «, 
 ;ul9, or about 'Jiio lol 
 iris, some dfscripiinnil 
 fonic Japan ware, vthi 
 omc, but not so siibsu 
 {Indian ArdijithrioA 
 
 1 qualities and valiiej 
 lorted by the Dmchl 
 ill 182,5; tlicslii|>j| 
 llof 700 tons burdeol 
 
 Nagasaki 
 
 ;.ii; I 
 
 U 
 'V<ll 
 
 £ii,i:'i' i| 
 
 n Nagasaki. 
 
 Siamounittliol'iUlpin 
 
 18.H I'M 
 
 florin* 
 
 M 
 
 17,:5«0 
 
 
 187 ,7' 13 
 
 » 
 
 4,791 
 
 1, 
 
 40,1197 
 
 V, 
 
 
 
 ^19,971 
 
 
 Vl).8.11 
 
 
 ;er to maintain tj 
 I'he occumncM j 
 the power, and i 
 licv of those riti 
 [u'l8o3,ffbeBtlieI 
 
 H A R B O IT ji 
 
 i^- 
 
 4 
 
 
 I ■' 
 
 ■ i 
 
 .'In 
 
 -'*'n4^on , 
 

|.|B »i|ujilriin under Commodore |>(>rrv n 
 a,hf,r»ntw,tl,<.y wore fain foflllow them , ^,7,? 
 » mm mil other storpH : <•..,■ i.. .. ".^..'"'akt 
 
 »Ator., tl,..y wore fain to«||„,v KmTr^T'' 
 „»iior i.mI other «t..rM ; aii.l (,. the fVJl ?'"' 
 
 i.,|«l,itr..a.y with tlion. (oalld. fn. ,,..?' 7'"" 
 ,|„reit »fls H/fned, the treaty of Kniimr„ '[ ■ 
 ihr-hArt.ofH-hich it i, «tipr.Iated"hnt eh" ' '" I 
 ^ife..lnite.l States resorting f.tlio i.or,H „? '"■' 
 y„„i-,.thHn y .1,0 treat*;-, an.l l!;;,!;' '';;';''•; 
 ilmciJil anil silver comn and l'ihmN w.'r„ . . ' 
 j,raiiii(il (ooxchange them for other iromU . . 
 ,ep,ktwm as the Jnpaneco r. ?. '""'" 
 
 ■ink tit to -r„i.n4:'^Z,.^-^;"";-)t 
 
 NAGASAKI 
 
 oai 
 
 mill rfpnaiinns as tno itapane^o 
 tuki lliiiik tit to e«tal)li,.|i. Soon' nft^J.":!"" 
 iwiv liail been negotiated, Sir James s?,Vi-' 
 uiilitncoinmandcd the Knirlish nnvnl f ""'K> 
 
 ^.F-.- entered into.a^imila'rthoirre:" 
 the (jovernmenf. of 
 
 itet |ur(», entered into a sin' 
 I liimi, jrrnnjicmcnt with the (JoVn'mZ'"."-''" 
 
 ;.^«, i'hoconcessionsthathad nsE' ,"' 
 Lpldwiih the drcnrastanccH " ne^e I "'?' 
 iihlnepncocdings of tho Knirlish Krn "*■'"' 
 
 Arkcpuers fn China, Xl'th'""'^''' »"'' 
 J An iif a .till more cxton^i^L CmrncLr ^ ^".^ 
 l«M,,n l^M,the system of exchIsin„'^""' 
 | .W.v slianiloned, and a free commn- " " ^*''"' 
 l^Min its stead IWoat .h"' ''"'''•'>' 
 I « by ,1,0 Hritish pIcnipotSyf "hf C 
 Irfhlpi Having negot atcd a nmS'n , ^"'' 
 
 |pelvl,^raJ. comm'ercialVntT^irr Chir 
 IttoMfaciiiiis diplomatist proceederl *,! V ""' 
 
 luaiherearmpletedhis misiion Tv ' ,, " •''"f"'"' 
 J.p«G.ive™ment to enTer iAto^t h" we'7 ""> 
 
 liiWtrniv.an abstract of wh ch ' .. 1 1"^""" 
 Simih,.r«i« have since beln conchf? •^'""■'"'• 
 
 ltheJ«« and the Dutch It u/i*"'^*''"' 
 
 ItluliiififffmarkaLle events mnJ i ** ""P**! 
 Jti*««,«ikose whose marketrai''" "" "''*•«"- 
 |iiff«/.c,,oC.his and oTher countl. ^.''f""' "* 
 IW M ,0 be ,0 ourse ves But '?1 "'."-^ ««" 
 lifWiM Hill be necessary An I ""'='' ''"■«»'"- 
 
 """ti* new and peculiar Lj" **"'"■ 
 ^mM by their gomi fa[,h f„° ' ,""'>' ^ 
 -f«>ftrthcpreju,licesoahe verv«!n ''^ "'^'^ 
 
 feaiK:tvta?''»rr Of 
 
 « « w imilcrstood to havn mn!i ^ " '^^^ ^»te 
 "P«in J.ipan, and, if "n thl ''' r??'derable 
 
 *■»!« to smuggling. '" ""='% give a 
 
 I & annexed tables pyIi;i>:, .i 
 t^ 'fe .".deTarrgtV irtt"?"'' «- 
 f*' Considerable Quantities nfoMi'^''P''"««'' 
 ""•Wled from Janan h,f ^.'''^ *"d t<'a 
 " "f 'te ,n,de. which had L"."'' '''li"' '" '»>« 
 ''•"J 1«6?, is agaiMncrei-n "''r?'^ ^^^^^n 
 .''''various textile 'faS""?L :""' inlanders 
 H-rhena new traded; nn ".•'""s'antiv 
 Kpariieularlv wi^t ' °P*"«''' with an^ 
 
 >rftl,e trade ha^beX"/' "" f'"''""^ 
 C"/ the difficulties of L5''''"''"*''- 
 1% from die te.r/im • *'''P«nese trade nr^ 
 1» IT ■ '"'"nonics nf \f . V , "*■ are. 
 If -^'wk, caused by the ^ >" **"; ""^ ""^ 
 Kf««ib in the iiland ^'n'"™' '•'•"'em 
 P> t«o sovereiens-^n •^''® «™pi»-e of 
 
 r "e emperor, has f^, ''* S"^^' who, in 
 J tPnved rf all real 'T •'""« centuries 
 
 i "f. besides beinir n ri •<>• 
 
 S "* ".'^ «''ntige.' Til, i'\"'''.'K"i''-.H, «n.| 
 overv 7"':'''" •"' f^tainerst I, '"'"'""* ""M'^rt 
 
 „ ^■:^■ ". ttteVTorT """ '"^""«h-P 
 appomt„dip,P„»/.^;^or th ,^,^^, ^ 
 
 and consular agents af.i "''" ""J London 
 on January I ifno' "? January 1. , Jn ??:_"'« 
 
 -est coiTt of NiJoTon"?' ^"""^ «»''- p" 
 'te^»1^ permanently if ^*!f^P^««« «riti^h 
 
 S anH**^ ""y wall or gate a^/,!''''- ""^ *» bo 
 
 ^'.in thin"."' ^ ''etpetd '^j,/T '•"- 
 detired ^'i ^"''sh subjects «,„ : '® ^""'ts 
 
 •^V. All qneationsarisin, ,«,,,,„ ^^^^.^ 
 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 
 
 II. 
 
 \ % 
 
 ■ . i . II 
 
 I 'if 
 
 V - ' , 
 
I' 
 
 I) 
 
 » 
 
 i:-' 
 
 
 
 '" ; • '-t . 
 
 
 •,■*> J %•• 
 
 in 
 
 002 NAOAf^AKI 
 
 HiiliJrclH ill (lie JapnnoKo ddniin'iDnH kIiiiII hv iiiulor ' 
 the jiiii-^lu'iiiiii III the llriti-<li niillinritioii, of 
 
 Art. V. .I«|iniitw' K"'''y "• "")■ ''riiiiiiml mr 
 tiiwiinl!4 llrili^<h Hiiliji'i'ti nIiuII he |>iiniH|ii'i| liy tin: lli'il 
 .!n|>iiii(Mi' iiiitlinritit'-i. Itriti^li niiliji'd^i who iniiy 
 oiiiimiit any criini' apiiiii't .Ijiimiicsc, nr ollici' 
 l(ir(>ik;iii'r!«. .'hall lir luiiililicil liy the ItritKli aii- 
 tlioriiit'N, arcoi'iliiii^ tn llritiHli law. 
 
 Art. VI. Mode i)( nv.uViwj; cninplftii^tn of 
 DritiHli nf^aiiiNt JutiaiiCHc, or of JapainHO aKaiimt 
 Itritish. 
 
 Art. \'II. 'I'lip niitliiirilit's <>ii citlior nidc aro 
 to (III their III"' to t'tiforcP recovery of delils duo 
 l>y their own |ieo|ile to tlioMe of the other 
 iiatinii, witlioiit, however, lieing reH|ioi).sibte for 
 pnyinent. 
 
 Art. VIII. The Japnnesic (jovernincnt will 
 plnee no restriction upon the lawful employment 
 of Japanese by llritiMli nulijeels. 
 
 Art. IX. IlritiNli Hulijects to liavo frco cxpreise 
 of their reli;,'ion in Japan, and may erect plaees 
 of wi-mhip. 
 
 Art. X. Foreign coin to lie current in Japan ; 
 the value to he detonnincd by weight. Coin 
 (except Japanese copper coin), and foreign gold 
 and silver, may lx> exnorted. 
 
 Art. XI. Supplies tor the Dritish navy may be 
 landed and stored at Kanagawa, llakodadi, and 
 Nagasaki, free from duty ; hut, if any are sold, 
 the purchaser must p.\v ttio proper duty. 
 
 Art. XII. If any Hritish vessel be wrecked on 
 the coast of Japan, the Japanese authorities shall 
 render assistance to vessel and crew, and send 
 the latter, if necessary, to the nearest consular 
 station. 
 
 Art. XIII. Uritish merchant-vessels may cm- 
 ploy a pilot to take them in or out of nort. ' 
 
 Art. aIV, At each of the open jiorts, llritish sub- 
 jects may import and export, directly or indirectly, 
 any lawful merchandiso, paying the diifios pre- 
 scribed by the treaty. With the exception ol 
 mimitions of war, which shall be suld to the 
 Japanese Government alone, they may freely buy 
 from, and sell to, Japanese any articles they may 
 have fur sale ; e id Japanese may buy and use the 
 same. 
 
 Art. XV. Mode of determining the value of 
 goods imported. 
 
 Art. XIV. All goods imported into Japan by 
 British subjects, which have paid the import duty, 
 may be transported by the Japanese to any part 
 of the empire without any further duty. 
 
 Art. XVII. British merchants who have im- 
 ported merchandiso. and paid the duty, shall be 
 entitled to a certiiv.nte of the payment, ami may 
 then re-exjKirt it, i.ri laud it in any other port 
 without any a Idii ic.ial duty. 
 
 Art. XVill. 'llij Japanese authorities at each 
 port shall adopt proper means to prevtint smug- 
 gling. 
 
 Art, XIX. All penalties and confiscations made 
 under the treaty shall belong to the T^'coon o! 
 Japan, 
 
 Art. XX, The articles for regulation of trade 
 appended to the treaty arc to be considered as 
 part of it, and equally binding. The British 
 diplomatic agent, in conjunction with the Ja- 
 panese Government, may make such rules as 
 may be necessary for carrj'ing out both treaty 
 ami articles. 
 
 Art. XXI. The treaty being signed in English, 
 Japanese, and Dutch, the Dutch text shall be con- 
 sidered the original. All official communications 
 from British diplomatic and consular agents to 
 bo written in English, but, for a period of live 
 years, to be accompanied by a Dutcli or Japanese 
 translation. 
 
 Art. XXII. KithorpaHvinaydetTmndurni. . 
 the trnity on oratlir.Iulv I Ik"-. '''^'""'J 
 Art .Will. The llri„,l, '(,;,■;„„„„, , 
 •lll-h Hil. cetH Nhull I ..A . """"' ni'l 
 
 hi.nl.j,rUMmlll,.M.milMl„ (.,,„al ,nri J 
 
 I"""'" '» "1 advnnla^^oH ;;ni,it,.,|, ,'r d' "u« 
 
 granted, .11 .lap.iu to tl,e(i„v,r.niRnt lui.Uuf,^ 
 
 ol aiiyoth.r nation. "iiiituiijny 
 
 Art, 
 
 Art. XXIV. llatitieationstobocxcliancca 
 a war. •>'■" 
 
 Witll 
 
 
 HeiiHldtumtt f,>r Driiiali Truilt 
 RogulaiioMl. Tliecpiainolnv.^Hi,,,,,, 
 hiliit to the .lapaii.se alilllo^iti..^ withj,, u h, 
 I.I Ins "rnval (Mm.lny excepted), ,,r„„r,|,.|, 
 
 has depoMte, luM , 's p,,,,.,. „t the Uri,,, 
 
 suittte, ami shall then nmke entry i.f hi, ,1,1, 1 
 writuig, and leposit a w.itteii in,iiiir,M ,/'| 
 cargo, stating who are tlie coiisi^jnees, nn.j n.M 
 a list ol his stores. Any error iiinv I,,. ,.„rr,,' 
 witlun '.'1 hours without fee ; auenviinli 1 ■, ,1, U 
 must be paid. Any goods nut eiitor.,! 
 manifest will pay double .lutv, Aiiv nu\i 
 neglecting to enter his hliip 'within'th' 
 prescribed shall pay a penalty of iJu i|„i 
 day. 
 
 Keg, II. Japanese custom-house otric(riin,ivl 
 placed (in hoard any slii|i in port, except «hii'J 
 war. No gooils to he uiiia.leii between suiwi J 
 sunrise. Hatches may he securiMJ bv tlie.Iaw 
 ollicers, and any iiorson hicakiiig"thf fasii' 
 shall pay a tine of (II) dollars Cir each olfii 
 Any goods discharged from a »liipv.itliouili.r 
 been duly entered, shall be liable to conlijcal 
 Packages with goods of vahu! fraiKlulemlv 
 coaled, and not nionlioiicd in ttic iuvnice slu 
 forfeited. If any Hritish ship is engmt 
 smuggling, she shall jiay a tine of l,(i(W lild 
 and the goods shall bo forfeited. Vess.N nei 
 repairs may land their cargo without pavirn 
 duty, under suiiervision of the Japnni'sc'aui 
 ties. If any iiort bo soM,diity to bepaiiUhi 
 Cargo may (10 traiisliip|ie(l frum ime vest 
 onother, under siiiiervi.iioii, and on proof of 
 lido nature of the transaction, Iinriortatii 
 opium being prohibited, if any British vc . 
 more than 3 catties weight on" hoard, the si 
 quantity may be seized and (lesiroycil, am 
 person smuggling opium shall be liable to a 
 15 dollars u cattv. 
 
 Keg. III. Mode of entering goods by the 
 or consignee. The entry is to state the n: 
 the enterer, and of the bliip, the marks, <xi\i\ 
 and value of each package. The oripiialin' 
 to be iiresented to the Japanese cust"in- 
 The Japanese officers may cxaniiHc the pad 
 but without expense or unreasonable ilelaj 
 the importer or owner should linil t!iat liij 
 have been damaged on the voyage, he may 
 the custom-house, and have the (lam.igi'a|)|)i 
 so as to make a deduction from the value 
 entry. All goods intended for export nii 
 entered at the Japanese custom-house lufui 
 are shipped. Any goods shipped without 
 been so entered, and idl packages com 
 prohibited articles, shall be forl'eiteu. N' 
 shall be required for supplies for shir 
 their passengers and crews, nor for pasi 
 clothing &c. 
 
 Keg. IV. Ships wishing to clear tnust, 
 hours' notice at the custom-house. Ifdi 
 be refused, the captain or coiisigaec, 
 British consul, must be informed of the 
 British ships of war shall not be reijr 
 enter or clear, nor shall they be vi'itfJ 
 customs or police. Mail steamers maier 
 clear on the same day, and shall not be 
 to deliver a manifest, except or pasw! 
 
 
-j^.o deliver a' „,.,£-:;,i'^-;;.t 
 
 „nr.iftalf, with inl..nt l„ .tfr,l, ''''"'■''''"" 
 
 I.V, 
 
 'I'llO CIllTfllPv of 1,„ . . 003 
 
 ' 'fvii'd „„ 
 •"It III,. 
 
 I I . I""t«<.| (III., „„,f , ll,"r c.iii con- 
 
 ...n, •:'.".!!•"■."' '"of 
 
 \ f. V,) Ummtiv ,|iiii,.M «||„|| |„ 
 »> I ^'"i" "' ""■ ["irt.H of ,;„,„,,, 
 
 llUm- lift .sllilll |„. ,„„■,, ,„ ' ' I' - .. 
 
 (HdumliniHcmitliiirirics: I.',,, h. •"•I'IIH'mo ; 
 
 ■a i:Ml,rll«rHi Cr tli,. ,.|.,r,i.,. !-'"''^' "'" " ! 
 
 .;urH,i;.r,ncli ,„.rmit, lA . , '" ,'■" " "'"P. ^ l,.,i,r " il '""""" "m'i m..f„| V, ;,;■■•;'"•■ ''"'" cori- 
 
 ;:' ' ''^'■'■■■'•"!-~.;2,;i^"t;r'"''?--^ 
 
 i,Mliiwt„tlK, Inllowiii^f tari/r'-l ^""'itry, 
 
 VII iii>ri..l...^ :.. 1.L ■ ■ 
 
 pr,^rfbuil,linK.rivZe r '^^^^^ ''"■ »'"' r , mV. *•'', ''"P'-'Moso (;o'x.r ., I'" "^ "'o cur- 
 
 pwiiM,t'allki,i,lsj broad m I 1" ' ; *"'"'''' For a k,!. ' "" *"«'«'! com 
 
 l-wi All goods not iiirl,„ui ;.. .iff ,r '; """ "^^ i-cgatioii, 
 
 'f«ui a British «l.!n w ^ "P*"' port of ' lin« i! •'"""ary 1, 1mc8 niV,i r ",''*' "hould be 
 
 
 per that may be m^oducLT"' •'"""- U'"^^ rio or i ,' "-'"i'^''^" 
 
 Japanese Government de-;4i:4"'^-n(j^shippi,,^ entered the pon 
 1 18W:^ ' ">«' J-*^"" 1863, 18C5, i8o7a, 
 
 861 
 
 1867 
 
 '%ni 
 
 and 1867. 
 
 states (hnf ^, .„"°'yever Mr. r.mKff L^f« of 
 
 ISM 
 
 .*HS,9IS 
 
 •''iiy.vio 
 
 1SG7 
 I.l!ll,02^ 
 
 
■I 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 j:' 
 
 • t 
 
 : ? 
 
 H 
 
 
 \i--: -- 
 
 904 
 
 1,— Quantities and Value of the 
 at the Port of Nagasaki, 
 
 NAGASAKI 
 
 Principal Articles 
 in the Year 1867, 
 
 {distin; -iihing those in British Ve^aeU\ r 
 exclusive of slnps sold to theJaZlT''''' 
 
 Piincipll Arliclet 
 
 Ammunllion - 
 
 Ilfoni 
 
 i:aliilut« 
 
 rnnnon, fthot, ihell 
 
 Chintz 
 
 Clloih 
 
 Cotton, raw 
 
 DrllU 
 
 l)ru|;i 
 
 Flte-arml 
 
 Iron 
 
 L&ilinKt 
 
 Lawns 
 
 i-enA 
 
 I.nnir «lls 
 
 Machinery 
 
 Mire 
 
 Orkani 
 
 Hire 
 
 Bafllower 
 
 ShiTtins-i 
 
 Hllk xuir 
 
 Sugar, white - 
 
 brown 
 
 candy - 
 TaflachclaM • 
 Velvet 
 
 Wlnet and splriti 
 \VDOllen mixturcft 
 Other articlei 
 
 Total Talu'e ■ 
 
 pIcuIs 
 
 jilecea 
 
 piciilH 
 pieceA 
 |>k'Ull 
 stand 
 picult 
 pieces 
 t* 
 
 picull 
 
 pii'Ces 
 packaf{ea 
 piruli 
 pieces 
 piculs 
 
 pieces 
 
 piculs 
 
 pieces 
 pieces 
 
 In llriUth Vessels 
 
 Quantities 
 
 ll,3r.a 
 7,607 
 
 3'/,690 
 3,396 
 
 10,634 
 8,388 
 3,789 
 
 56,643 
 5,775 
 I,5IG 
 
 17,500 
 3,369 
 3,793 
 680 
 4,391 
 
 15,317 
 
 130,167 
 
 448 
 
 138,116 
 
 1,.587 
 
 5,966 
 
 33,815 
 3,591 
 
 14,196 
 5,463 
 
 18,970 
 
 Value 
 
 lixeliua 
 3l5,(ilX) 
 103,331 
 4S«,IW 
 78(1,0110 
 373,3SO 
 
 71,880 
 957,060 
 176,148 
 
 45,740 
 3,548,890 
 
 47,750 
 139,140 
 
 97,340 
 
 63,963 
 131,6.33 
 
 61,443 
 103,984 
 304,840 
 73I,<HI3 
 178,758 
 1,531,618 
 
 95,330 
 161,088 
 411,310 
 
 77,7.10 
 113,.568 
 163,860 
 
 46,8(10 
 
 518,8110 
 
 1 ,054,160 
 
 11,758,543 
 
 300 itwbnt= 100 dollars. 
 
 15,6;I,m1 
 
 II. — Quantities and Value of the Principal Articles (distinguishing those in British Vessels) Etiic J 
 at the Port of Nagasaki, in the Year 1867. '^ 1 
 
 Frinclpal Articles 
 
 In nritish Vessels 
 
 In Foreign Vessels 
 
 Tola] 
 
 QuanUtiet 
 
 Value 
 
 Quantities 
 
 Value 
 
 Quantities 
 
 __Vi1mj 
 
 Camphor- - • riculs 
 Coal ... tons 
 Capper . - • piculs 
 Cuttle fish 
 
 DruRs . * * M 
 Glntenff - - • »» 
 IsinKlaaa - - • ., 
 Mushrooms - - ., 
 Pa|>er ■ - *■ ,» 
 Planks ... pieces 
 Seaweed - • - piculs 
 Silk • . . „ 
 Tea • - - picult 
 Waa, reuetable - - ,, 
 Other articles 
 
 ToUl ralue . 
 
 .3,511 
 
 33,551 
 
 1.4II 
 
 4,(I|0 
 
 3.787 
 
 397 
 
 I,S19 
 
 l,.53l 
 
 3,009 
 
 3.38,479 
 
 1,3,315 
 
 194 
 
 l.Vn5 
 
 5,116 
 
 ilicbut 
 
 383,n'>3 
 43.3,918 
 101,.W3 
 131,310 
 
 55,740 
 476,400 
 318,880 
 183,780 
 
 96,433 
 1I9,83( 
 146,795 
 338,800 
 791,535 
 3.31,570 
 365.706 
 
 1,093 
 
 13,1)19 
 
 1,158 
 
 3,409 
 
 3,734 
 
 11 
 
 lit 
 
 1,031 
 
 352 
 
 136,761 
 
 13,011 
 
 34 
 
 .',,150 
 
 3,481 
 
 htebus 
 68,798 
 
 337,143 
 88,944 
 81,177 
 74,680 
 1.3,300 
 13,680 
 
 133,730 
 16,8% 
 68,3S0 
 
 143,451 
 38,800 
 
 368,650 
 
 118,180 
 
 305,616 
 
 4,6.33 
 36,170 
 3,568 
 6,439 
 6,581 
 408 
 
 i,r>3 
 
 3,568 
 
 .8,361 
 
 375,810 
 
 86,386 
 
 318 
 
 21,785 
 
 7,900 
 
 (Sl,(."9 
 S)l,OW 
 lllWi 
 
 Jii,;si 
 
 IJO.tIO 
 Cl« 
 
 3o;,iio 
 IIVII 
 1MI9 
 
 3(3,750 
 
 - 
 
 3,801,110 
 
 — 
 
 1,553,613 
 
 - 
 
 isnjn 
 
 300 iuebut= 1 00 dollars. 
 
 III.- 
 
 -Account of the Quantities and computed Values of the Articles Imported into the Ui^ 
 Kingdom from Japan in each of the 4 Years ending with 18C7. 
 
 Arlicles 
 
 QuanliUet 
 
 Computed Rcil Vilix 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1864 
 
 18C5 
 
 1866 1 IH^ 
 
 Camphor 
 
 
 cwl. 
 
 
 1,636 
 
 2,1.'.7 
 
 3,161 
 
 £ 
 
 17,403 
 
 £ 
 13,91! 
 
 |.4 
 
 China or porcelffin wave 
 
 or 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 earthenware - 
 
 
 
 181 
 
 183 
 
 381 
 
 117 
 
 1,889 
 
 1,333 
 
 2,597 
 
 1 w 
 
 Coi)pcr, unwrought and 
 
 lart 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wrought 
 
 
 tons 
 
 .5 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 131 
 
 436 
 
 
 
 
 Coitcn, raw . 
 
 
 cwt. 
 
 83,967 
 
 36,633 
 
 411 
 
 .. 
 
 696,316 
 
 136,1,19 
 
 1,M3 
 
 
 (iails ■ 
 
 
 „ 
 
 1,801 
 
 1,813 
 
 8,751 
 
 5,377 
 
 5,778 
 
 5,663 
 
 iU9l 
 
 Itl 
 
 Japanned or lacquered ware 
 
 
 » 
 
 173 
 
 3<i7 
 
 3/3 
 
 188 
 
 3,958 
 
 4,497 
 
 8,892 
 
 31 
 
 (Ml, train or blubber 
 
 
 tuns 
 
 1.59 
 
 53 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,. 
 
 7,817 
 
 8,317 
 
 
 
 Ha«ts and other materials 
 
 for 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 maVinir paper 
 
 
 tons 
 
 43 
 
 171 
 
 36 
 
 64 
 
 .'■79 
 
 2,805 
 
 m 
 
 
 Silk, raw . 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 488,J74 
 
 43,367 
 
 18,895 
 
 3,88.') 
 
 467,.'.68 
 
 68,.WII 
 
 ■HJM 
 
 ( 
 
 Waste, knubs, or husks 
 
 
 cwt. 
 
 353 
 
 1,903 
 
 3,600 
 
 3,7li7 
 
 4,833 
 
 t6,(m 
 
 61, lu, 
 
 (1 
 
 Tea . 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 3,431,180 
 
 4,081,901 
 
 1,908,800 
 
 1,585,099 
 
 159,.-07 
 
 258,470 
 
 138,9;9 
 
 1111,1 
 
 Tin - 
 
 
 cwt. 
 
 8,871 
 
 8,165 
 
 ,. 
 
 .. 
 
 18,129 
 
 11, .1,36 
 
 
 
 Totiaccn, unmanufactured 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 1,596,968 
 
 1,291,961 
 
 263,631 
 
 3,193,951 
 
 38,891 
 
 .38,898 
 
 8,70; 
 
 ;«, 
 
 U'ai, Bees - 
 
 
 cwt. 
 
 
 1,635 
 
 
 112 
 
 ,^ 
 
 15,461 
 
 
 
 Veitetable 
 
 
 
 3,811 
 
 3,383 
 
 978 
 
 6,743 
 
 13'.178 
 
 r,S99 
 
 .3,919 
 
 », 
 
 All other articles 
 
 Total ralue - 
 
 
 
 *. 
 
 • • 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 13.796 
 1 1,433,819 
 
 10,491 
 
 IO,l)W 
 
 I, 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 614,743 
 
 2;3,;« 1 
 
 iir. 
 
 mnrcial weights, the smaller weights being bor- ' to both, namely, the liang or tael, eqiul I 
 rowed from the former, and the larger from the ! J^paneae me or momme. 
 latter. It has been possible to effect this combina- i Table V. shows the weights exprissed intlieir J 
 tioii without confusion; in consequence of there panese and Chinese names, with their em 
 being in the two Chinese scales a weight common ' ing values in English avoirdupois and tro;* 
 
 I ""(TUllO 
 ■ ■•UMllO 
 
 |.'r*«]Ml In 
 
 ■H«::io . 
 
' JapancK, 
 
 TmiI 
 
 3.').7M 
 «,637 
 
 '/I'llo 
 
 V,'J(i3 
 
 n,sn 
 
 »,7.11 
 
 65,.1IJ7 
 7,()"(l 
 l.'Jlfi 
 19,V(li) 
 , »,.WJ 
 3,7'J3 
 
 '.J71 
 
 u,m 
 
 336,174 
 
 4C9 
 
 16(l,,5f,i; 
 
 ■i,'i:>l 
 
 12,169 
 
 3;,9'M 
 
 3,7fi5 
 
 1S,!116 
 
 5,612 
 
 18,flOt 
 
 llului 
 .W 
 
 9r»i,n«j 
 
 l,35>i,..f,i| 
 l«\.Vil 
 
 i.v,,,,„ 
 
 ',9ll,il', 
 
 'o.imi 
 13j,llil 
 
 6s,-,i,-, 
 
 <'':,•!: 
 17l,(„ 
 
 S,OII/)|, 
 
 , '.'*■■"■■ 
 
 •MMJ I 
 
 l«,ln 
 
 lll.SiO 
 
 '.((i,V,s 1 
 
 ISUCil I 
 
 5),|i.' 
 
 . "ffl,l6(l 1 
 
 Uil,6-,t I 
 
 Vesseb) roycrj 
 
 Tom 
 
 tM« 
 
 V.lM 
 
 
 ilu6ui 
 
 
 ■aWi 
 
 
 Mm 
 
 id 
 
 lll,S3>l 
 
 
 «ii,;s7 
 
 521 
 
 1!0,1!I) 
 
 
 wm 
 
 933 
 
 nme 
 
 MS 
 
 x;m 
 
 361 
 
 llWU 
 
 iilO 
 
 1S;,6I9 
 
 3S6 
 
 iso,sit 
 
 
 ■mm 
 
 
 l,0i7,!;j 
 
 900 
 
 3«,?J0 
 
 
 iJU« 
 
 - 
 
 J 
 
 NAGASAKI 
 
 W.^Acfountof (he Quantities and Declared V , ^^^ 
 jaaurcLx portedpom the Unitrd KiSnfoJ^J^ '•''' ^-''-'-' of BriH^k P ^ 
 
 — 1 y«ow ro Japan tn tack ofthiAV^ Produce and 
 
 LT --^uTn-;;;; „ ^JJf^e^ears ending uith U 
 
 905 
 
 Manu- 
 
 frtiaH.rttere" ... ■... ..... 
 
 iKii, f mijht laa unwroujfht 
 
 l;*!!',™^!-*!!!* (he yard 
 
 I !'r.vf<;.)l to I funj; 
 I ^ fiTihjLii! \Q 1 momme 
 ' (uDDKtqual ro I riome 
 nc Pjual lo • 
 
 ■ — I ' «*tn or piciil 
 
 J Theffolines in parentheses express tho onu\ ^i. i::::3z_____' . 
 
 iTildit in Japanese weights of certain ««ii i ^ I ^"- ^ollowinrr i« n iTiT I -— ^ 
 
 L-g foreigner, in J„pa„. Th"\Tv? „"''""'''''''''' '"^^ En^^^^^^^^ j? /« "S 
 
 laste ^ pure Japanese weights anv n,„,^ ^"'"*^^ "'each division:— 
 
 ■toliimquamme, and two or thron^.T i.lJ"*' = '""*■'" 
 
 hU m » most forciLm l!.L"'i:i^ ".^^^ I !!.' riTgr.Jn^L- = 
 
 B 5h.iku = 1 ken,, r 
 •'6 choo = I ri - 
 
 inches 
 
 •01 1954 or 
 •1I9.')4 . 
 Il9.il 
 11954 " 
 
 feet 
 
 •IX<(I996 
 •110996 
 
 ■9W-i 
 _ — 5-97;v 
 
 '2910-9 fe« or ^lty,',,c^ ., 
 
 «lr»k which the Japanese know th^ %'c'r«= ' -^"oo- S Z - 5-97;» 
 
 jma the same way as hiaknmo «• "^ . ^'ow are tlie Jannn^o . ^'"■'•cs mile, 
 
 Will feights sounds as nhsnr^ ♦-. . t"""" "' I , j„_,^ 
 
 1 foot = 
 
 I J«rd = 
 
 J t»'= r 
 
 I furlong ~ 
 
 1 mile * = 
 
 M«ightssoundsasaburdtoaTan«^. 
 i^xmU appear to an Englishman ffhf 
 ktkejiuaniity 7,451 tons 3 cwt 3 „r J* 
 P«..u.,id-tons4hu„dre:i^oL 
 
 gfnonieisusedexclusively for weighing 
 
 i5^'""'^»''""« 2 
 
 •haku. 
 
 „-0S37S 
 
 S-OOWfig 
 
 3-016IIS6 
 
 ,l6'5SS4-3 
 
 <i63-53') 
 
 i.lOSMlg 
 
 - BI19'304 
 
 = 367148 
 
 ed into the Um 
 
 r ■ . - "I '''''•e Japanese lonn-mn/"'*. "'M^^oni ,r. 
 
 fnenqnire into the value of the r)i,-no.„ r ""X reference to Xi „ fuf "** " ""t arrantred with. 
 
 -IVal to 10 Japanese momSrweVll '""""^ ^''^^'^ « n its S,r/r "'>="SeTce'' 
 
 " n 
 
 I 
 
 * ■ .■^' 
 
 ited Real Value 
 
 05 
 
 IStS 1 IM 
 
 e 
 
 £ 
 
 { 
 
 403 
 
 18,912 
 
 ij,i 
 
 ,333 
 
 W97 
 
 3,1 
 
 'l39 
 
 l,ii33 
 
 9yl 
 
 663 
 
 «9l 
 
 13, 
 
 497 
 
 8,«9J 
 
 5, 
 
 ,347 
 
 • • 
 
 
 sns 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 Mil 
 
 ST,Sll« 
 
 4! 
 
 WW 
 
 6l,lw, 
 
 ft; 
 
 470 
 
 I38,S;9 
 
 mi 
 
 33li 
 
 
 
 ,89S 
 
 »,7H? 
 
 ■(, 
 
 ,461 
 
 
 
 ,899 
 
 3,919 
 
 », 
 
 ,491 
 
 10,015 
 
 t, 
 
 ,7*3 
 
 873,;a 
 
 117, 
 
 r tael, equal I 
 
 ■ "•nail 10 
 
 list.'""'""':" 
 
 —."■(qii'Iw . 
 ■"WeijBiI to 
 
 Troy. 
 
 ,;|fi95 momme 
 
 IS01S7 " 
 
 • I3I61 
 
 • sesaao " 
 
 J* 
 
 : :5','}^'>"»nme 
 - n-i» " 
 98-1 ' " 
 
 1 Measures. 
 
 I t^fourdiCnt va S«nf -r "*• "° '««« 
 
 n ", ' "™ 's the un 
 
 10 hu e 1 gunir -. 
 
 10 ,unp = 1 ,h* ku - "T ne„l^ sj ,„^hes 
 10«hafu=i,|jJ- " 'Ifooi 
 
 , Superficial Measure Tk • *"^' 
 ineasureis thekanediak":^^ '"'^Ser of thi* 
 which we have already had f"!,"':'^ ^^''^»' with 
 
 (a«1 the value of eSfa^l^aot:-^'""'"^'*^^ 
 
 3jK--f„"„hor "'::^'m 
 
 .30 l.ubo = I sli"'*' = 3.'!'7S784 
 '""w^ltanT ~ 107I84 
 
 'n«.n«="ifoa iil?,ll* 
 Below are given thn v„i • " """^ * ""• 
 
 «»-e„t of L MpVifiK .':s '"^''- 
 
 iHuanfoM^IToiml." '"bo 
 
 l»quare,ard= 9' 9675 " •"'^OrS 
 
 I rood _ _"««J „ 8-SIJ3 
 
 1 acre _ — 3a5'7i 
 
 liqusre miles ~ ~ 1SS3 
 - 7826'.'fl 
 
 ...:l # 
 
906 
 
 NAILS 
 
 "i 
 
 ; ! 
 
 • V 
 
 4 
 
 t. 
 . ,1 
 ••i 
 
 !. 
 
 .♦V 
 
 ' 1 > 
 
 4 I - ^ 
 
 
 /. -T.| 
 
 •r# 
 
 
 
 The Japanese occasionally make use of the mat 
 as a mode of 'neasurement; the mats are invari- 
 ably of the same size, viz. six shak" (foot) long by 
 three shaku wide. A Jnpancjc liouse is generally 
 so constructed that the floor of each room can be 
 exactly covered by a larger or smaller number of 
 these mats which serve as a cari)Ct. 
 
 Solid or Liquid Measure. — Tlie names and pro- 
 portions of the various divisions of this measure 
 
 10 ital = 1 sliijrnku (choh) =: 
 
 10 •hiv.iku = I ngiKi (kohl 
 
 10 ncoU = 1 lihoU (^hlng| 
 
 lOnlioU =lto(lau) =1 
 
 10 to = 1 koku = 
 
 The Japanese standard measures, as well as 
 those in common use, are rectangular, the bases 
 being square. The exact size of the shoo which 
 is the unit of the scale is sung 4"9 x 4"!) x 2'7. 
 Reckoning the sung at l'19o4 inch, the shoo 
 contains i'107o cubic inch, as above. 
 
 NAILS (Ger. nilgel, spikcr; Dutch, spykers; 
 Fr. clous ; Ital. chiodi, chiovi, aguti ; Span, 
 clavoa; Russ. gwosdi). Small spikes of iron, 
 brass 4c., which, being driven into wood, serve to 
 bind several pieces together, or to fasten some- 
 thing upon them. Nails are made in nianv towns 
 and villages throughout Great Britain ; fcut the 
 principal seats of this useful branch of the iron 
 manufacture are at Birmingham, Bilston, Wolver- 
 hampton, Dudley, and a small district in Derby- 
 shire. The consumption of nails is immense ; and 
 the aggregate value of those annually ^iroduced 
 is very large. In 18C7, of iron nails, screws, and 
 rivets, we exported 15,111 tons of the value of 
 329,711/. 
 
 NANKEEN or NANKIN (Gcr. nanking; 
 Dutch, nankings linncn ; Fr. toile de nankin ; 
 Ital. nanchino; Span, nanquin). A species of 
 cotton cloth in extensive use in this country. It 
 takes its name from Nanking, in China, a Euro- 
 pean corruption of Kyang-ning, the capital of the 
 extensive province of Kyang-nan, where it is 
 ])rincipally produced, and which also furnishes 
 the greater part of the green teas. In the East, 
 the manufacture is wholly confined to China. It 
 was stated in the first edition of tliis work, on 
 authority which should not have been trusted to, 
 that the manufacture of nankeen was carried to 
 great perfection in the East Indies ; but, in point 
 of fact, the manufacture is wholly unknown 
 everywhere in the East except China. The cloth 
 is usually of a yellowish, though occasionally it 
 is of a blue colour, and of different degrees of 
 fineness ; the broad pieces called ' the Company's 
 nankeens,' are generally of a better quality than 
 the narrow ones, and are most esteemed. We 
 produce imitation nankeens at Manchester and 
 other places, but it must be admitted that they 
 are inferior to the Chinese ; neither lasting so 
 long, nor holding their colour so well. The 
 colour, whether yellow or blue, is given to the 
 cloth by dyeing ; for though yeIlo>v cotton wool 
 be raised in the East, the cloth made from it is too 
 glaring. The nankeens brought to England 
 come under the general denomination of piece 
 goods. They are mostly made into trousers and 
 waistcoats for gentlemen's wear durin„ summer, 
 ladies' pelisses &c. In some of the more southern 
 parts of Europe, the warmer parts of Asia and 
 America, and the British settlements in Africa, 
 nankeen is woni by both sexes all the year round, 
 and constitutes the principal article' of attire. 
 Latterly, however, it has become unfashionable 
 in this country, and its importation has, in 
 conseoucncc, all biit ceased, 
 
 NANTES. A large commercial city and seaport 
 of France, on the Loiro, about 34 miles frora its 
 mouth, lat. 47° 13' C" N., long. 1° 32' 44" W. Po- 
 
 NANTES 
 art almost entirely derived from f),„ n^.- 
 Iheir values, however, varj-, iiwr?vinl ^'""'''" 
 tion of 10-G , while the smallest jif" *" P''"!"" 
 contains 1,000 grains of millet ITZ.T'T'I 
 Chinese measure contains but cno .-rain, '^'""'"'^^ 
 
 The following table elves nil tli.rrll, 
 surosofcapacil^MvithLL^l^jfe 
 names and their rospectivo vaC" 7^ -'"'iij 
 cubic and imperial liquid measurement L"*'"^ 
 
 MOT.'i cubic inches " 
 
 i!"-"* ;: r^M.'.?''"""" 
 
 O'lOO cubic fc« „ 4-9a'Jli ImiheU 
 
 imlation, in 1802, 1 13,625. Vessel, drawin. l«l 
 19 feet water come up to Pnimbcnuf, about ' j!^ 
 lower down the river ; but no vessel, dra fntr 
 than 11 or 12 feet, can come up to thocTn 
 at high water a day or two bcfore/«tf and j 
 
 Entrance to the Loire.— Thm Ltt 
 trances to the Loire. The first and most me" 
 frequented is between the bank called fe 
 and Point Croisici there is a second bli 
 Le Four and the bank called La Band, 
 a third, which m southerly winds l, 
 resorted to, between the latter and the , 
 called La Couronne. The navigation wh 
 naturaUy rather difficult, has been much 
 
 ^ru^^J"-' '"^ V'"''"'" "'■ liKhthouses and l- 
 The depth of water on the bar at the mouth 
 river vanes from 2 to 2| f-'homs. At ppi- 
 rise is 14, and at iiaps 7 feet l(i,^h 
 at full and change :> ; 1 v, , "" 
 
 _ The following is the system of liVhihi 
 in the Loire. One erected on the Tnsc 
 lat. 470 10' 38" N long 2° 27' 15" W, Z 
 visible for ten miles. A second on the sumi 
 Point I'Arc, lat. 47° 14' 30" X., loj!™ 
 W., also red. One on Aiguillon torn 
 47° 14' 31" N., long. 2° 15' 52" W.S! 
 d'uval. A fourth, called Feu d'amont, oa 
 merce tow»,r, lat. 47° 15' 27" N.. long. ^ 15' 
 This gives a flash ever^' 2 minute?. A fifth 
 Ville-es-Martin, lat. 47' 15' 22", long, 2^ i 
 revolving every half minute, and red. A si 
 St. Nazaire new north head, Jat. 47° 16' 1 
 long. 2° 11' 54" W, (The last four are o 
 side of the river.) A seventh on PaimI 
 the extremity of the mole, lat. 47° 1 
 long. 2° 2' 2" W. Besides these, three ne 
 are proposed ; one on the Pierre ii I'oeil; 
 (red) on St. Nicolas He; a third on Mindin 
 Trade S^c. — Her situation renders Xs'' 
 emporium of all the rich and exteni' 
 traversed by the loire, so that shr ' 
 considerable import and export trade, ,|': 
 with the West Indies. The expo: 3 it., ifj' 
 sorts of French produce, but principally of' 
 wine and vinegar, silk, woollen and linen 
 refined sugar, wheat, rve, and other kinds of 
 biscuits &c. The principal imports are 
 coffee, and other coicnial products, cotton, 
 timber, hemp ifec. I; intes is a considerable 
 pot for the commerce of salt, large quantitif 
 made in the department, principally at'Xo; 
 and Croisic. It is the chief grain port of 
 France, for in 1865-6 an average of 145, 
 kilos were exported. During the time tl 
 slave trade was carried on, Nantes was raore] 
 sively engaged in it than any other Frm ' 
 The customs duties of Nar e? wi 
 those on salt, produced in 1851 iOM'M 
 and in 1867, 29,676,000 francs, shoivit-i 
 increase of trade than any othi: p r; in 
 There belonged to the port, ex rimm/l; 
 and steamers, on December 31, 1865, 'Is,. 
 the aggregate burden of 134,962 toni. Ni 
 the second port in France for comnwrijl'' 
 
NANTES 
 
 907 
 
 n «lt tniile of Nnntes consists chiefly in 
 
 ^l-,nXorvav. 1,'12G,228 kilos Imvinj? l.een 
 
 "'" hitler in IHtit! at 1.5 francs the 1,000 It ilos 
 
 *"' Linl In favourahle seasons, the produc- 
 
 '"!fTin the department, of the river T.oiro 
 
 * , t more than 80,000,000 kilos. Another 
 
 ■:£ in'lastry of Nantes is that of sugar- 
 
 ' ! . iiMriv all "'<> »"g'"' Pro'luccd in the 
 
 t' ';,f Rei>nion beinff sent to Nantes. In 
 
 ■.■%li;'i'>43 kilos of sugar were shipped to 
 
 *';;; 'from the French colonies of Kdunion, 
 
 ,luno Martiiiiiiue and Mayotte, besides 
 
 '•■nailosfrom Spanish and British colo- 
 
 "il Rut the refinement of beetroot sugar is 
 
 Son he increase, ll,<i88,323 kilo.s having been 
 
 la carried bv hmd to this city, making a 
 
 S gSu kilo^ of unrefined sugar. The 
 
 2p„ consumers of Nantes rchned sugar are the 
 
 r,i<h>n(l Italians. . _^ ^. , _. 
 
 \ follo»ing are the importations of coffee : — 
 
 kilo4 I Vear kilos 
 
 g : 'lilVM 1 lltCO • 3,011.895 
 
 Tlif thief sources of this product are the Indian 
 MKsioii! oi England and of Spain. , „ . . ^ 
 'itefoUomng are the importations of British 
 
 (^ to Sanies:— 
 
 p- kilos 1 Year kilos 
 
 !?, ■HsSlWOO 11*6.'' - 240,.1IO,SnO 
 
 S ■ VrW^ei I 1866 . il69.751,(.9.'? 
 
 Vm„;i,_The following table will show the 
 tniaportations from Nantes, St. Nazaire, 
 itti?k«f, (luring the year 18fi6, with the 
 I Mspmlivi figures of the preceding year t— 
 Exports. 
 
 l^iiliail • - " 
 lifci ■ • •• 
 
 IW>l«ll>'.H 
 
 lualpntiml'o- 
 I »»" ■ 
 
 lUtSlk^lT 
 
 Iha ■ 
 iMuti • 
 Ital - 
 llB . 
 
 Ihi ■ 
 
 iMinlllid 
 
 WiiMnlllloil- 
 
 ■hi 
 
 1865 
 
 J.'>1,H5,760 
 .10,813 
 5215,761 
 818,759 
 61,607 
 675,165 
 
 hil ■ 
 
 ' ilDtl ■ 
 !tl - 
 
 rfgfg'iu 
 
 • liead 
 ■iisdbnm* kilos 
 I • - I'ieces 
 
 . klloi 
 
 St ix nlineries „ 
 
 ■te!i,ihellitic. 
 
 :.!ikiu 
 
 4'i,789 
 
 45,913 
 
 11,3BI),095 
 
 3,970,367 
 
 l,834,<).iS 
 
 1,, 170,629 
 
 1,71.1,039 
 
 1,390,,135 
 
 65,M1 
 
 Hfi,.-9S 
 
 105,7'« 
 
 200,8.14 
 
 7,01(1 
 
 30,872 
 
 19S,6,19 
 
 382,011 
 
 M7,645 
 
 417,.522- 
 
 4<i!,SS3 
 
 561,673 
 
 - 
 
 8,415 
 
 16,4,0 
 
 22,231 
 
 
 20,905 
 
 29,681 
 
 50,463 
 
 6i,397 
 
 74,437 
 
 
 .14,828 
 
 13,124 
 
 1,1,910 
 
 4.WI9 
 
 27,843 
 
 125,454 
 
 168,.121 
 
 38,!l'^0 
 
 91,677 
 
 91,883 
 
 83,145 
 
 2,007,185 
 
 2,218,080 
 
 152,700 
 
 251,713 
 
 29,988,200 
 
 41,463,.10U 
 
 Ii97,9t)0 
 
 290,200 
 
 1.719,245 
 
 445,,160 
 
 610,288 
 
 1,029,711 
 
 597 
 
 551 
 
 768,563 
 
 980,672 
 
 1,959,612 
 
 2,162,390 
 
 15,875 
 
 2,755 
 
 32,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 537,9.13 
 
 777,039 
 
 l,4;fl,IHI0 
 
 2,53l>,114 
 
 328,120 
 
 314,9.15 
 
 9,784 
 
 7,1,371 
 
 2,752,174 
 
 710,710 
 
 2.185,551 
 
 1,247,142 
 
 .19,966 
 
 74,903 
 
 5.55,077 
 
 .381,694 
 
 102,839 
 
 117,830 
 
 319,843 
 
 6,'>3,392 
 
 216 053 
 
 609,.'-.32 
 
 1 46,910 
 
 73,855 
 
 ! 37,985 
 
 65,273 
 
 40,132 
 
 .16,089 
 
 — 
 
 220,259 
 
 19,M.10 
 
 106,017 
 
 12.',,623 
 
 69,938 
 
 isne 
 
 60,31.1 
 
 I,4.V».447 
 
 95,^33 
 
 841,756 
 
 [e following table of the impc* ts entered at 
 
 ^ custora-liouses of Nantes itself, and the 
 
 js »l St. Nazaire and Paimboouf is extracted 
 
 IMrXoTisul Olipperton'3 Report of April 1867. 
 
 Imjxyrts, 
 
 Articles 
 
 Raw stiRar • 
 ]teetroot - ■ 
 
 Coffee 
 Cnrao 
 Pepjier 
 Rice 
 Vnnille 
 Tea 
 Cloves 
 
 Clove fltnlkft ■ 
 Dried ftniis - 
 OranKen and lemons - 
 Dutch cheese 
 CotUish (Krenrh fi^herv) 
 Salt lish friiin Xu|wa> 
 Rum and talii ^ 
 Wine and sitirits 
 Olive oil 
 
 Halm and cocoa oil 
 Arachidn - 
 Sesame seeds 
 Llnsevd 
 
 Tallow and lard 
 Cotton 
 
 Russian hemp 
 flux- 
 Jut" 
 ReL-ds 
 
 Ruildinft wood 
 Fumituru 
 Dyeing 
 Hides, dried and salt • 
 
 Iron 
 
 Cast Iron 
 
 Iron ore 
 
 li«:ad and Ic.id ore 
 
 Copper 
 
 Tin - 
 
 Zinc 
 
 (iuano 
 
 RefUse from refineries 
 
 and manure 
 Bones and hoofs of cattle 
 Tar and pitch 
 Sulphate of soda 
 
 litres 
 
 kilos 
 
 IHCi 
 
 1866 
 
 58,t.'>9,lSl 
 
 55,960,988 
 
 
 
 170 1119 
 
 2,4'i0,(F',7 
 
 3,041,8'J5 
 
 1,720 JI77 
 
 3„50:,8'i7 
 
 .139.7.11 
 
 478,(l'iB 
 
 772,ll9'> 
 
 2,716,180 
 
 6,8116 
 
 M..196 
 
 615 
 
 147 
 
 21,741 
 
 9,.128 
 
 __ 
 
 1,019 
 
 101,691 
 
 .-.06,113 
 
 l<:9,7io 
 
 2M,3in 
 
 2 '.9,591 
 
 ,',9,478 
 
 518,9'.i3 
 
 510,703 
 
 _ 
 
 71,815 
 
 80,424 
 
 1.16,i:iil 
 
 5S,314 
 
 IO-,.'i98 
 
 l,ri8!l,B8B 
 
 1,111,218 
 
 .-.57,737 
 
 402,757 
 
 2,881,764 
 
 3,633,SUl) 
 
 175,,064 
 
 720,.-.20 
 
 24 
 
 6,500 
 
 465,700 
 
 •761,048 
 
 197,310 
 
 744,006 
 
 495,953 
 
 117,61)0 
 
 675,100 
 
 190,000 
 
 122,100 
 
 8I,IH)0 
 
 87,191 
 
 7.'.,027 
 
 32,222,590 
 
 S.'),2fi1,194 
 
 151,515 
 
 75,027 
 
 210,705 
 
 3,'>9,726 
 
 168,017 
 
 193,,'iflO 
 
 240,310,800 
 
 269,751,093 
 
 3,829,401 
 
 4,051,958 
 
 ■0,216,126 
 
 7,963,711 
 
 2,839,220 
 
 881,500 
 
 1,729,6.17 
 
 3,984,529 
 
 295,481, 
 
 162,8.19 
 
 19,1,207 
 
 86,981 
 
 
 130,.142 
 
 8,11.1,522 
 
 8,910,463 
 
 £,118,002 
 
 7,692,405 
 
 442,681 
 
 583,849 
 
 .'),n.1,.142 
 
 8,431,949 
 
 4.54,110 
 
 149,717 
 
 The following were the ii 
 iron into Nantes : — 
 
 uportations of British 
 
 Year 
 
 Wrought 
 
 c«t 1 
 
 1863 
 1864 
 1865 
 1866 
 
 kilos 
 5,616,000 
 4, .181,. 563 
 3,829,401 
 1,054,958 
 
 kilo) 
 9^521,000 
 8,638.046 
 10,216,126 
 7,963,711 
 
 Her chief source of wrought iron is Sweden. 
 
 Pilotage, — Vessels under 80 tons (if French or 
 assimilated by treaty) are not obliged to take a 
 pilot at sea, but must have one for the river. 
 The rates, which are fixed by law, are paid by 
 the foot from the sea to Paimbocuf, and thence 
 to Nantes for all vessels under 80 tons. Above 
 80 tons, they are per ton. The master of a vessel 
 bound to Faimbceuf or Nantes has merely to give 
 a note to the pilot, stating where the pilot boarded 
 him, where ho left him, the name and draught of 
 water of his vessel in English feet. The note 
 will be deposited at the pilot's office, and the 
 •^ilotage be received from the ship's broker. No 
 foreign vessel (however small) can be removed 
 from one anchorage to another, or to or from a 
 quay, but by <>, pilot. 
 
 Quarantine. — Every vessel is boarded at St. 
 Nazaire, and if she has a foul bill of health, or 
 disease on board, is instructed where to go. 
 
 River Dues on vessels ascending from Paimbceuf 
 to Nantes are about Hd. per ton. At FaimlKBuf, 
 and below it, none are levied. 
 
 Averages in the River, — If a vessel under sail 
 causes damage to another that is properly moored, 
 she must pay all the expenses of repairs ; if to a 
 vessel at single anchor (unless intentionally done) 
 or under sail, the expense of the repairs of both 
 are added together, and each pays a moiety. The 
 same rule is enforced if damage be caused by o le 
 vessel properly moored driving on board another 
 in the same situation ; but if cither were riding 
 at single anchor, the one properly moored is in- 
 demnified ; if both were at single t nchor, both 
 bear the loss alike. 
 
 
 \A 
 
 I 
 
 il 
 
 . •ii 
 
 If 
 MA 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 :i 
 
 — / 
 
-» -k- .•i--fc-~- 
 
 008 
 
 
 
 ■■«, 
 
 .* ■« - '' . 
 
 ••M- 
 
 rii 
 
 . i ■ V 
 
 ! I 
 
 M:.|; 
 
 
 :;:t5* 
 
 Moneut, WeighU, and Menmret same as the 
 rest of France. [Bordeaux.] 
 
 Tariff. [Tkkatieb, Commk.iiciai. (Franck).] 
 
 Tares. — '2A per cent, on cuRcc in bags ; real on 
 ditto in lihua., casks &c. ; 6 per cent, on cottons ; 
 real on indigo ; 17 per cent, on Brazil muscovado 
 Hugar, 12 per cent, on Martinique and Guadaloupc 
 ditto, 13 per cent, on ditto clayed, 
 
 NAPLES. A large city and scoport in the 
 south of the kingdom of Italy, and formerly the 
 capital of the kingdom of the same na.-ne. Popu- 
 lation in 18C2, 418,968. Naples is well situated 
 fo. commerce. 
 
 Harbour. — The bay of Noples is spacious, and 
 is celebrated for its picturesque views. The har- 
 bour is formed by a mole, built nearly in the form 
 of the letter L. Within the mole there are from 3 
 to 4 fathoms water, the ground being soft. The 
 water in the bay is deep, and there is no bar ; it 
 is, however, a good deal exposed to the south- 
 westerly winds ; and to guard ai^ainst their effects, 
 vessels lying in the bay moor with open hawse in 
 that direction. The new breakwater now (1868) 
 being built to the west of the harbour, will add to 
 its security. There is no obligation to take a 
 pilot on board, 'but it is usual to take one the first 
 time that a ship anchors within the mole. There 
 are three lights and a light vessel in the bay; 
 one at the extremity of the mole, lat. 40° 50' 19" 
 N., long. 14° 16' 36'' E. ; another on the elbow of 
 the mole, which is revolving every two minutes, 
 and visible for 20 miles ; a third on Porto Mili- 
 taire east, ac the extremitv of the new mole, lat. 
 40° 50' 2" N., long. 14° i5' 36" E. The light 
 vessel carries green lights. The light system of 
 the gulf of Naples is very complete. 
 
 NAPLIiS 
 
 The decimal sjrstem of coins, wciL-ht, ,. 
 measures has been introduced inti. V,!;, ' ."" 
 the rest of the kingdom of I.l.iv "^'^ "" '" 
 
 Expurtsand lmportt,—'\'\\c'vrne,r,, ■ a 
 consi^of the products of 1 o X 'T''^ 
 Of these, silk is the most imnortZ ,3 
 also a moat important article; but Im! !^ ' 
 pally supplied by Gallipoli, a 'town i IX 
 d Otranto, wlience it is conimonlv call,,! (laMi™ 
 
 of Naples have been estimated at ntmut 9im 
 snlme, or 36,333 tuns a-year, wl.iol ,£ ° 
 mean value when exported at 21//„c Zi 
 equivalent to the annual sum of 702 9lii/ r n, J 
 0|..] The other articles of export arPJ 
 wine, brandy, dried fruits, red an,l white ad 
 tallow, liquorice, gloves, madder, iipnin IIik^^ 
 cream of tartar, bones, lamb and VA ski,,, , 
 and chestnut staves, rags, salfrou 4c. Tlif » 
 great variety in the Neapohtnn winc^ Tho 
 esteemed is the lacryma ChrUti, a red luwd 
 wine, better known in England by nar • tlliJ 
 reality, tlie first growths being coniincd to i sb 
 quantity only, which is chiefly rcscr\c(l fi)r 1 
 royal cellars. There are, however, large quanti^ 
 of second-rate wines produced in the vicinitJ 
 Naples, such as those of Pozzuoli, Ischja 
 &c., which are sold under the name of km 
 Chritti, and are largely exported. Several i 
 of Calabria produce sweet wines of suni 
 ouality. (Henderson's Ancient md }L 
 Wines, p. 239.) The price of wine at'.VJ 
 depends entirely on the abundance of tlie\int( 
 only a small quantity comes to KnglnnJ. j 
 imports consist principally of English iott 
 and cotton twist, hardware, 'iron and tin. noofl 
 
 Account of the Principal Articles of Domestic Produce and Manufacture Exported from Ae [/A 
 Kingdom to the Two Sicilies, during each of the 3 Years ending with 1867, 
 
 Articlct 
 
 Apparel and hab«rduhery 
 Coui, cinders, and culm 
 Copiier, wrought and unwrought 
 Cotton yam . . . . 
 
 Cottons, entered by the yard - 
 
 at value 
 Dnin and chemical products * 
 Earthenware and porcelain 
 Fish, hFrrlngs 
 pilchards 
 Hardwares and cutlery, unenumerated 
 Iron, wrought and uiiwrought - 
 Linen yam . - . . 
 
 Linens, entered by the yard • 
 Machinery : steam engines 
 all other sorts 
 Saltpetre ... 
 811k manufactures 
 Sugar, refined 
 Tin, unwrought • 
 
 Tin plates • . ■ 
 
 Woollens, entered by the yard - 
 
 at value 
 All other article* 
 
 Total 
 
 Talue 
 tons 
 cwt. 
 lb. 
 yards 
 Talue 
 
 barrels 
 
 hhds. 
 
 cwt* 
 
 tons 
 
 lb. 
 
 ■ yards 
 
 value 
 
 cwt. 
 > value 
 
 cwt. 
 
 value 
 i yards 
 ' value 
 
 Uuantilies 
 
 164,7r>8 
 
 6,133 
 
 7,StO,l09 
 
 !IS,4II,S<)K 
 
 I, (ISO 
 
 «,S73 
 
 3,»36 
 
 38,2iMI 
 
 1,4I.'),877 
 
 !(,U69,383 
 
 5,309 
 
 's,3«7 
 1,074 
 
 3,98*0,980 
 
 1866 
 
 S!13,«6S 
 
 19,41.) 
 
 7,6SO,3.')4 
 
 2l,9St,6M 
 
 6,746 
 
 il,6a6 
 
 V,I'J1 
 
 SI,I4I 
 
 769,^30 
 
 I,I75,4M 
 
 ^,439 
 
 'i,0O9 
 l,7C!e 
 
 S,3C9,69t 
 
 1867 
 
 i;»,S87 
 
 4,339 
 
 7,«4.1,S55 
 
 X7,6«7,348 
 
 4,684 
 3,89.1 
 3,413 
 
 863,919 
 l,A(ll,.13l 
 
 3,860 
 
 'i,894 
 863 
 
 2,397,4i3 
 
 IleclsltdlUilViliK 
 
 1865 
 
 im 
 
 * 
 
 t 
 
 •H,9W 
 
 i4,3ie 
 
 
 79,HH 
 
 m.m 
 
 
 vu.sr.a 
 
 10II,II.W 
 
 
 .'>6:t,5l(i 
 
 m^n 
 
 
 63.1,ai9 
 
 ii9,Ma 
 
 
 I9,u;5 
 
 13,«89 
 
 
 6,959 
 
 ijm 
 
 
 8,869 
 
 lO.HI 
 
 
 1,639 
 
 6fiH 
 
 
 l.tit 
 
 7,96,1 
 
 
 so.nie 
 
 i»,«:7 
 
 
 sui.Ttr, 
 
 i:s,is8 
 
 
 lOJ.Mi 
 
 55,ll?ll 
 
 
 95,«-a 
 
 51,922 
 
 
 31,S(»i 
 
 6,146 
 
 
 Jll,tt88 
 
 S.1,6.11 
 
 
 7,8Ji9 
 
 1,7H 
 
 
 3,714 
 
 
 3,1(43 
 
 «,M8 
 
 
 5,331 
 
 7,6; 1 
 
 
 11,131 
 
 9,790 
 
 
 i!53,il'i 
 
 i;j,9itt 
 
 1 
 
 5,589 
 
 11,766 
 
 
 90,588 
 
 »7,!5S 
 
 ! 
 
 it.343,.S»8 I 8,109,911 I Mtq 
 
 sugar, coffee, indigo, spices &c. Naples is » good 
 market for pilchards, and it requires a large sup- 
 ply of dried and barreled cod. 
 
 We also exported to the Two Sicilies in the 
 same period foreign and colonial produce of an 
 average amount of 270,190/. 
 
 The value of our total exports to the Two Sici- 
 lies in 1867 was 2,039,4?7/., and of our imports, 
 1,607,295/. In 1866 the value of the imports into 
 Napleswas4,807,806/.,andofherexportsl,401,759/. 
 
 dumber and Tonnage of Vessels Entered and 
 
 Since the last edition of this Dictiom 
 published, the trade with the Two Sicili 
 considerably increased. T'"> imports have ^ 
 is true, shown so notable a grorth ts the es 
 for the latter have nearly doubled. Xor i 
 doubt that as the more hberal policy adoptj 
 the Italian Government bears its fniit f^ 
 southern part of the Italian peninsula I 
 more settled, these fine regions will ( 
 position of increasing importance in thee 
 
 Cleared from the Port of Naples in IS 
 
 Coait!ng '. 
 
 Entered 
 
 Cleand 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 
 
 186S 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 
 
 IM 
 
 no. 
 1,596 
 3,896 
 
 tons 
 4S7,7<6 
 4«5,.M)0 
 
 no. 
 
 1,664 
 
 %3,4«l 
 
 tons 
 414,547 
 357,971 
 
 no. 
 1,381 
 
 3.475 
 
 tons 
 3S3,finil 
 366,6.'.8 
 
 no. 
 1,1.36 
 
 4,'I6« 
 
 Ions 
 
 .'HW..351 
 49b,.VM 
 
 no. 
 1,55« 
 .1,073 
 
 toM 
 400,176 
 540.M.1 
 
 
 (09 foreign vessels of 286,5 1 7 tons, and 3, 105 Italian veucls oT 4« 1 ,355 Ions, entered the port in IfM. 
 
y 
 
 NAPI,ES 
 
 009 
 
 W6 
 
 X 
 14,316 
 
 ii4.;n 
 iu*,ii.n 
 
 \il»t» 
 iM* 
 
 10,»l 
 e,6« 
 
 7,9C.i 
 
 n,6:7 
 i:5,i5« 
 M,«;« 
 
 61,S-ii 
 6,M6 
 
 iJ,Ht 
 3,111 
 1,7113 
 
 ■t,m 
 
 7,671 
 9,790 
 
 H,766 
 »7,SM 
 
 riT,ii»,9ii 
 
 tlnlS* 
 
 t,i In Mr. Consul Coliinghi'g Report on 
 
 I ''Xmie of Itnly for 1807 it is stated that, 
 
 *' e of private sales, the quantities of 
 
 private 
 
 tcrcd as 
 
 ;T^,-i5 myrinf?ramme8. 
 
 I "^'rcL'istcrcil 83 *°''' '" **'® Naples market 
 I «<*"1'. -1,1 '^vrin.'rammes. See also Mr. Secrc- 
 
 l'»?'!'"\"''3 Tms, and Mr. Conaul-Gencral 
 jjnwrt on the Trade of Naples, for 
 
 l^^'nCH'ii' Report on the industrial condition 
 
 ''^limna Port Oiargei ^c.—Thc charges of a 
 Sure on a national Mp of 300 tons burden 
 clearing out from the port of Naples, 
 
 D. 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 u 
 
 I4_ 
 
 (I 
 6 
 0_ 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 n 60 
 
 14 
 X 40 
 
 O SI) 
 60 
 VI 
 _0 
 14 
 
 Igmnsaiiii 
 liKiiuniler;— 
 
 («-«""«'°[F!r"o?..M..t.rii„;) • 
 
 *■'"'"«»"" fi'il'^f'Si. : '■ 
 
 Tonnage tluty ftt 4 gr. per ton 
 lEqall 10 about VJ. !)». *<!■ iterlinn) 
 
 '"'•'"'"«' i'l^iii"* • - ■ 
 
 stamp ... 
 
 (Equal 10 about I/. 4«. 4./. itetllnR) 
 
 Htamp . - - 
 
 Bill of health 
 Vollce 
 
 Poll ofHcen 
 
 RtiiUlerlnu papera . • 
 Tonnaiie iluly at 40 gr. per ton 1 W 
 (EiMl to about 'ill. n«. 'W.'aterling) 131 
 
 (yntliniue fl<pu&jrton».— Masters of mer- 
 
 almtn are bound, within 24 hours of their 
 
 M to (umish the custom-house with a 
 
 .-giMiiffstof their cargoes, provisions, and 
 
 B' ml the master, when consignee, or the 
 
 ,il«,ire bound, wif.iin 48 hours after the 
 
 W(Jil»8hip,to rend in a declaration or 
 
 ii detail, of all goods on board. Should 
 
 MiuMs omit to render the manifest in 
 
 Jiiiiin48 hours, they are subjected to a tine 
 
 JiMTcenl. upon the non-specified articles. 
 
 Ifciietlaration or manifest cannot be corrected 
 
 tin « hours arc elapsed ; and the master or 
 
 « b liable to a fine of 30 ducats for every 
 
 erroneously declared. Tir.s, however, is 
 
 5- remitted, unless there be suspicion of 
 
 upon application to the director-general of 
 
 nsioras. The importation of gunpowder, 
 
 i salt, though they may be for the 
 
 |U<e, is strictly prohibited. When such 
 
 __ are on board, the exact quantity of each 
 
 klmu!t be specified in the manifest ; and on 
 
 Tsel receiving pratique ihoy are taken to 
 
 mhouse, and kept till her departure, when 
 
 ire restored to her. The slightest deviation 
 
 tberules with respect to these articles sub- 
 
 them, and sometimes the vessel also, to 
 
 , and "the master to a heavy tine. 
 
 [Jiirah'iie Regulations.— The free admission, 
 
 "icniil reception, or absolute refusal of a 
 
 irriving at the port is determined by the 
 
 nne or unwholesome character of the place 
 
 thich she comes. The place may be, 1. 
 
 2. Suspicious. 3. Endangered. Or, 4. 
 
 In the tirst case, the vessel is refused 
 
 ; in the 2nd, she is admitted on a long 
 
 fa; in the 3rd, she is received on a short 
 
 lune ; in the 4th, she is allowed free 
 
 If the vessel bo a ship of war, her 
 
 line is performed in the llay of Naples ; 
 
 ^ys of her passage being allowed in the 
 
 'An: if a merchantman, quarantine is 
 
 leilatKisitn, an Island about 6 miles from 
 
 It con.mences from the day of her 
 
 if ill ballast, or loaded with unsusceptible 
 
 ife; if otherwbe, from the day of the 
 
 ge of her cargo. Vessels from Great 
 
 «r the N. of EuK pe are subject to a 
 
 line of 8 days ; but if they touch by the 
 
 way at any port in Spain o narbar^', the quaran- 
 tine is lengthened to 14 days : provided, liowover, 
 they have clean bills of hcaltli, they may wholly 
 avoid the quarantine by touching at some Italian 
 port, or at Slalta, the latter being in free pratique 
 with Naples. Vessels from the Ionian Islands 
 are subject to a quarantine of 20 days. No foul 
 lazaretto cxi.sts at Waplea ; but at Nisita there is 
 a lazaretto of expurgation for vessels from sus- 
 picious or endangered districts or territories. 
 Vessels from infected places usually go to Leghorn 
 or Genoa, where they may unloatl in a lazaretto 
 oitorco. The fees charged on ships performing 
 (quarantine are heavy. No distinction is made 
 between national and foreign bottoms. 
 
 Brokers, Commission §*c. — No person can legally 
 act as a broker unless authorised by Government. 
 All patented brokers are obliged, by way of 
 security, to hold funded propertv producing f»0() 
 ducats of ' rente,' or a dividend of 83/. (!.«. Hd. 
 sterling. Many persons, however, act as brokers 
 without hcm^ patented, but no contract made by 
 them is admitted in a court of law. Any person 
 may set up as a merchant, by giving due notice to 
 the Camera di Commercio. 
 
 Rates of' Commission and Charges established by 
 the Merchants at Naples. 
 
 Comtniialon on »a1e« of ftah 
 
 manufacturea of all klnda 
 all other gootU 
 gnoda purchased 
 
 'recetTintf and forwarUinff • 
 
 lllff XllCH . . > . 
 
 n-aale or tcood^ for the ume account on 
 
 per 
 
 cent. 
 
 - 2 
 
 which a purchasing commiulon hp» been 
 
 charged • • • - H 
 
 chartering vessels or procuring charten > .1 
 
 collecling fVeiuhtn on charteretl Hhips - 2 
 
 thi|Ki both inwurds nnil outwards • -4 
 
 advances on lelten of credit - - 1 
 
 eflei'tinK insiiTancet > - • 4 
 
 neftotiatinfc hilU - - • - I 
 
 receiving and pajing or remitting > - \ 
 
 Dl'1 credere on snlet - • - - -2 
 
 purchase of oil, not exceeding 3 months - * 
 
 5 n - V 
 
 per underwriters - - - - 4 
 
 Tare usually allowed by the Custotn-honse at Naples 
 on the leading Articles of Importation, 
 
 Sugart in housheads 
 
 tK>xei or tiarrels 
 
 Ilrazll chests - 
 
 bags - 
 Loaven* in cables 
 
 extra for paper and strings 
 Indigo ... 
 
 Tin, in barrels, each 
 Alum, in caslix 
 Wax. re.il tare and extra 
 (^od and fttoel[-fish 
 Cotl'ee, in caslis 
 
 bags, each 
 Pepper, „ . - 
 
 IMint^to, „ • - 
 
 Cocoa, „ 
 
 in ctL*,ki - 
 
 Cassia lignea, cochineal, and bark 
 
 W percent* 
 
 H .. 
 
 IH toVOpercent. 
 
 6 rottnii 
 
 real tare 
 
 5 per cent. 
 
 real tare 
 
 Vi rottoii 
 
 10 per cent. 
 
 3 to 3 per eent* 
 
 1 per cent. 
 
 real tare 
 
 3 rottoU 
 
 3 do. 2 ad. .5 per cent, 
 for dust, real tare 
 real tare 
 
 Insurance, — ^Thcre are 4 or 5 companiea for the 
 insurance of ships, and 1 for lives. Their terns 
 are generally higher than those of similar f^Ha- 
 blishments in London. Houses are never insured 
 at Naples, their construction rendering (ires very- 
 rare. The companies are established by royal 
 authority, the sha'i'eholders being only liable for 
 the amount of their share*?. 
 
 Banking, — The principal merchants of Niiples 
 are all, more or less, bankers, inasmuch as they 
 advance money ou letters of credit, and Ucal in 
 foreign exchanges, and other financial operations. 
 liut the only banking establishment at present in 
 existence is the Bank of the Two Sicilies, founded 
 by Government, and guaranteed by the possession 
 of landed property. It is not a b(;nk for the issue 
 of notes on credit, like the Bank of England, but 
 for their issue on deposits, somewhat on the 
 principle of the Bank of Hamburg. Government 
 makes all its payments by means of notes or orders 
 on the bank ; and they are issued to individuals 
 
 ■1 ; 
 
 ' 1 t 
 
 ,. '* 
 
 I'Hl 
 
 II 
 
910 
 
 NAVAL COURTS 
 
 I -f '« . 
 
 
 
 i' *. 
 
 t-i ". 
 
 1 ( 
 
 M 
 
 .V. 
 
 for whatever sums they desire, on their payinf; an 
 equivalent Bum of money to tlie banlc. These 
 notes or orders form a consideroble part of the 
 cir ulating mcilium of Naples ; they are paid in 
 cosh on demand. 
 
 (jovcrnment has also cstabli.-<hed a discount 
 office, where bills, indorsed by 2 jjcrsons of good 
 credit, and not at more than 3 months' date, are 
 discounted at 4 per cent. 
 
 So large a city cs Naples, and so advantageously 
 f'^uated for the commerce withtlie Dlack Sea, the 
 Levant, Greece, Spain, Northern Italy, Northern 
 Africa Ac, would, had it been allowed to avail 
 itself of its natural advantagcr, have become a 
 most important entrepot. But in consequence of 
 injudicious regulations no goods have been carried 
 to it except those destined for home consumption. 
 In this respect, however, a ..onsiderable change 
 may now bo anticipated. 
 
 Credit §'c. — Goods arc iniivcrsoUy sold at long 
 credits, mostly from 4 to 8 months; and for 
 manufactured goods, somctimi's longer. On sales 
 of indigo, from 12 to 18 months' credit is given. 
 Discount for ready money is at the rate of C per 
 cent, per annum. ^Merchants are arranged by the 
 Chamber of Commerce into 5 different classes; 
 and a G montlm' credit is given at the custom- 
 house for duties, to the extent of C0,000, 40,000, 
 30,000, 20,000, and 15,000 ducats, to individuals, 
 according to the class in which they happen to be 
 enrolled. Hut this isof little importance. Unless 
 the transactions of a merchant be very limited 
 indeed, the duties he lias to pay amount to much 
 more than the credit he is allowed. 
 
 NAVAL COURTS, Tribunals established as 
 occasion may require, either on the high seas or 
 in foreign parts, for enquiring into and dealing 
 with various matters pertaining to maritime affairs. 
 They were originally coi.stitutcd bj' the 13 & 14 
 Vict. c. 93: but their constitution, duties, and pro- 
 cedure are now regulated by the clauses relating 
 thereto in the Mercantile Shipping Act of 1854, 
 the 17 & 18 Vict. c. 104, which are as follow, viz. : — 
 
 Naval Courts may be summoned for hearing 
 Complaints Sfc. — Any officer in command of any 
 ship of H.M. on any foreign station, or, in the 
 absence of such officer, any consular officer, may 
 summon a Court, to be termed rt, ' Naval Court,' 
 in the following cases, viz. : — 
 
 (1.) Whenever a complaint which appears to 
 such officer to require immediate investigation is 
 made to him by the master of any British ship, or 
 by any certificated mate, or by one or more of the 
 seamen belonging to anj' such ship. 
 
 (2.) Whenever the interest of the owner of any 
 British ship or of the cargo of any such ship 
 appears to such officer to require it. 
 
 (3.) Whenever any British ship is wrecked or 
 abandoned or otherwise lost at or near the place 
 where such officer may be, or whenever the crew 
 or part of the crew of any British ship which has 
 been wrecked, abandoned, or lost abroad, arrives 
 at such place. (Sec. 2G0.) 
 
 Constitution of such Courts. — Every such naval 
 court as aforesaid shall consist of not more than 5 
 and nq^ less than 3 members, of whom, if possible, 
 one shall be an officer in the naval service of H.M. 
 not below the rank of lieutenant, one a consular 
 officer, and one a master of a British merchant 
 ship, and the rest shall be either officers iu the 
 naval service of H.JI., masters of British mer- 
 chant ships, or British merchants ; and such court 
 may includt the naval or consular officer sum- 
 moning the same, but shall not include the master 
 or consignee of the ship to which the parties com- 
 plaining or complained against may belong ; and 
 the naval or consular officer in such court, iff 
 
 there is only one such oiriccr in tl,p„„,r, I 
 there is more than one, the nav ,1 or f' ''} 
 officer who, according 'u, any V' -u Li?"""" 
 settling their respective ranks \\>r tC t n o'l ' 
 
 in forces is of the lii,l„.st rank, ,hU Thai 
 dent of such aourt. (Son. L'lll ) ' " 
 
 (ieneral Functions and M„i, „f ,,,,,„„ . 
 C(.«r/.-Lvery Hu.'h naval ,,„„.; ,,,,,„ , "1 
 investigate the cnaqilnint l,r,M,,'l,t Ininro l, 
 thocausoof the ur,.ck or al,a,„l„„nu,,t(." 
 case may be), and may fur that ,>„r,,osc. s, Ij 
 and compel the atteiidanco oC parties ■„ I 
 nesscs, and administer oatlia, niul „rder '-li . ^ 
 duction (pf documents, an.l shall c.inhict th.. 1 
 vestigation in such manner as to irivc anv i> J 
 ngamst whom any charge is maile an onnor ,',11 
 of making a defpucc. (Scr. •>&>.) ' ' 
 
 rowers of such Courts.— Every siuli „aval 
 mny, alter hearing tlio case, cxeVcise tlio'fu'll,, 
 powers, viz. : 
 
 (1.) It may, if unanimous tliat iho <;af,.|J 
 the ship or crew, or the interest of the 
 absolutely retiuircs it, supcrse.l,! the in;,,,,^ 
 mny appoint anoth(T person to act in his -li 
 but no such appointment shall he made Vitl 
 the consent of tlie consignee of the sliin if i 
 at the place. 
 
 (2.) It may discharge ar.y scnmnn from lii 
 
 (3.) It may order the wages of anv scama 
 discharged or any part of such wagoi t.) Lei 
 feitcd, and may direct the same either tJ 
 retained by way of compensation to t'le mnd 
 to be paid into the receipt of lI.M.'s ex, lid 
 in the same manner as other penalties amll 
 feiturcs under this Act. 
 
 (4.) It may decide any questions as to \yi 
 or fines, or forfeitures, arising between any o| 
 parties to the proceedings. T 
 
 (5.) It may direct that all or anv of fhoj 
 incurred by the master or owner lif anv .- 
 procuring the imprisonment of anv seaiiit 
 apprentice in a foreign port, or in hismaintcl 
 whilst so imprisoned, Bliall he paiil out ol 
 deducted from the wages of sneli scamj 
 ap])reiitice, whether then or suhscquently i 
 
 (6.) It may exercise the same powers j 
 rejjard to persons charged before it with thd 
 mission of offences at sea or abroad as are bj 
 Act given to British consular otliccrs. 
 
 (7.) It may order the cost of the proc« 
 before it (if any), or any portion thereof, 1 
 paid by any of the parties thereto, and rnayl 
 anjr person making a frivolous or vexatio J 
 plaint to pay compensation for any loss or] 
 caused thereby ; and any cost or compcnsag 
 ordered shall be paid by such person acconl 
 and may be recovered in tlie same manner iol 
 the wages of seamen are recoverable, oq 
 if the case admits, be deducted from his va 
 
 And all orders duly made by any suchi 
 under the powerj hereBy given to it shall i 
 subsequent legal p-ocec'dings be deemed ( 
 sive as to the rights of the parties. (Sec. ' 
 
 Orders to be entered in Official Log.— All 
 made by any such naval court shall, wlj 
 practicable, be entered in the official log I 
 the ship to which the parties to the pro« 
 before it belong, and shall be signed by thi 
 dent of the court, (Sec, 204.) i 
 
 Report to be made of Proceedings o/l 
 Courts, — Every such naval court sliall r 
 report to the Board of Trade, containing ihej 
 ing particulars, viz, :— 
 
 (1.) A statement of the proceedings i 
 order made by the court, and a report! 
 evidence. J 
 
 (2.) An account of the wages of any sel 
 
NAVIGATION LAWS 
 
 911 
 
 .fentioc who is (liscliarf,'c(l from his ship bj- 
 
 u'li gummoiicil in order to cnriuirc into a 
 
 ' f wreok or aliftndonmciit, n stiiU'tncut of the 
 
 **:! (if ilic court as to the cause ol' such wreclc 
 
 Siuli'iimpnt, witli siich remarks on tlin con- 
 
 , |- ill,, niastor and crew as the eircumstanccs 
 
 iwnire 
 .tol 
 
 '*'"Tevcrv fiich renort shall be signed by the 
 
 Ant 
 
 ,j„i III' the court ; and every docuuiant pur- 
 Lflini t" 1« ""* " '■c()nrt and to be so signed as 
 ^,jil sliall, if produced out of the custody of 
 Lofct of the Hoard of Trade, bo deemed to 
 iKWclireiwrt, imlcss the contrary is proved, and 
 iiJlt*' received in evidence, subject to all just 
 ,i„„,, (Sec. 2G5.) ^, , . , . ^ 
 ffmll'j for 1>rn'e.<\iing Complaint ^-p.— Any 
 ^,n,vlio'wilfiillv and without due cause lire- 
 's ot obstructs the making of any such coni- 
 Miitasla*t aforc-aid, or the conduct of any case 
 ;, jj'vrttKaiion by any naval court, sliall for 
 1 iii'ncliultVnccincnr a jienalty not exceeding 
 ilorteliiihlc to imprisonment with or without 
 y labour for any period not exceeding 12 
 
 Uw. 1>CC. 'ibO.) [Al>MIKALTV COUKT.] 
 
 il«, civei the High Court of Admiralty juris- 
 
 IfcM over claims as to building, equipping &c. 
 
 (Ifedaimsforneccssaries, for damage to <'argo 
 
 Life' wau'O'!, disbursements by master, and for 
 
 jlna"f ship ie. 
 
 TWMi-Adiniralty Courts Acts of 1863 and 
 IS^'SWt. 0. 24 and HO & .'U Vict. e. 45) were 
 iiKriio Witnte the appointment of Vice- Admi- 
 nlitte-ibroad.and to extend their jurisdiction 
 oiiidiiaiasto wages, pilotage, salvage, tonnage, 
 iKSiw. damage done by ships, and to bottomry 
 I ffllKHiiJentia bonds. And the .TI & 82 Vict. 
 t'lHifersAdmiralty jurisdiction ou the county 
 (mi!iiEn!,'landovcr claims of certain amounts 
 ItalvaSf' '"'""'S*' necessaries, wages, daoiagc 
 I neopo or bv collision &c. 
 
 1 SiVIGATlON LAWS. These laws form an 
 |i(wiat branch of Maritime Law. In this 
 Iniir: they arc understood to comprise the 
 Iw Acts that have been passed, detining 
 llBili ships, the way in which such ships are 
 Inl^teostercd, the peculiar privileges enjoyed 
 |liilian,an(l the conditions under which foreign 
 liiKsliiill be allowed to engage in the trade of 
 IkmtrT, either as importers or exporters of 
 ■■iodiiics, or as carriers of commodities from 
 pint of the country to another. 
 J W ef the Ilhtonj and Principles of' the 
 |fci^on Laics.— The origin o*" the Navigation 
 lot England may be traced to the reign of 
 uJ II., or perhaps to a still more remote 
 But, as no intelligible account of the 
 gand contradictor^' enactments framed at 
 ikmi an epoch could be compressed within 
 pitt'onable space, it is sufficient to observe, 
 Viothereii^ of Henry VII., two of the lead- 
 Winciples of the navigation law were distinctly 
 teed, in the prohibition of the importation 
 IWn commodities, unless imported in ships 
 ^ ! to English owners, and manned by 
 n seamen. In the early part of the reign 
 ffiiabeih (5EUz. c. 5), foreign ships were 
 ««lrifrom our fisheries and coasting trade. 
 wpnblican Parliament gave a great extension 
 IftiMvigationlaws, bv the Act of 1650, which 
 itedallships, of all foreign nations what- 
 Wwtradhig with the plantations in America, 
 ^t having previously obtained a license. 
 f Acts were, however, rather intended to 
 j»^< the trade between the different ports and 
 " ""ies of the empire, than to regulate our 
 
 intercourse with foreigners. Hut in tho following 
 year (9tli of October, Iti.'M) tlir republican Parlia- 
 ment pa.ssed the famous Act nf Navigation. This 
 Act had a double object. It was intended not 
 only to promote onr own navigation, but also to 
 strike ii decisive blow ut the naval power of tho 
 Dutch, wlio then engrosscl almost the wlndo 
 carrying trade, of the world, and against whom 
 various cirnuiistanci's had conspired »o incense tho 
 Kiiglish. The Art in (piestion i'n,>,.- -ed, that no 
 goods or commodities whntever, of the growth, 
 production, or manufacture of Asia, Africa, or 
 .Vmorica, should bo im|)orted either into Kngland 
 or Ireland, or any of the |)lantations, except in 
 ships belonging to English subjects, and of which 
 the master and the greatiT number of tho crew 
 were nl.so English. Having tluis secured tho im- 
 port trade of Asia, At'rii'n, and America, to tho 
 English ship-owners, the Act went ou to secure to 
 them, as far as that wa-; po^silile, the import trade 
 of Europe. For this purpo-ic. it further enacted 
 that no goods of the growlh. production, or manu- 
 facture of any country in Europe, should be im- 
 ported into (i'reat Britain, except in British ships, 
 or in xiic/i xhipa as were t/ic real property of the 
 people of the country or place in which the floods 
 jcere produced, or from wliieh they could only be, or 
 most umally were, exported. The latter part of the 
 clause was entirely levelled' against the Dutch, 
 who had but little native produce to export, and 
 whose ships were principally employed in carry- 
 ing the produce of otiier countries to foreign 
 markets. Such were the leading provisions of 
 this famous Act. They were adopted by tho regal 
 Government which "succeeded Cromwell, and 
 form the basis of the Act 12 Ch. 11. c. 18, which 
 continued, to a very lecent period, to be the rule 
 by which our naval intercounse with other coun- 
 tries was mainly regulated, and which has been 
 pompously designated the Charta Maritima of 
 England ! 
 
 In the st.itnte 12 Ch. II. c. 18 the clause against 
 importing foreign commodities, except in British 
 ships, or in ships belonging to tlio country or place 
 where the goods were produced, or from which 
 they were exported, was so far modified, that the 
 prohibition was made to apply only to the goods 
 of Russia and Turkey, and to certain articles 
 since well known in commerce by the name of 
 enumerated articles, leave being at the same time 
 given to import all other articles in ships of any 
 description. But this modification was of very 
 little importance; inasmuch as tho enumerated 
 articles comprised all those that were of most 
 importance in commerce, as timber, grain, tar, 
 hemp an'l flax, potash, wines, spirits, sugar &c. 
 ParliaMent seems, however, to have verj' speedily 
 come round to the opinion that too much had 
 been done in the way of relaxation ; and in tho 
 14th of Charles II. a supplemental statute was 
 passed, avowedly with the intention of obviating 
 some evasions of the statute of the preceding year, 
 which it W!us affirmed had uecn practised by the 
 Hollanders and Gemians. This, however, seems 
 to have been a mere pretence, to excuse the desire 
 to follow np the blow aimed, by the former statute, 
 at the carrying trade of Holland. And such was 
 our jealousy of the n.ival and commercial greatness 
 of the Dutch, that, in order to cripple it we did 
 not hesitate totally to proscribe all trade with 
 them ; and to prevent the possibility of fraud or 
 of clandestine or indirect intercourse with Holland, 
 we went so far as to include the commerce with 
 the Netherlands ar i Germany in the same pro- 
 scription. The statute of the 14th Ch. II. prohi- 
 bited all importation from these countries of a 
 long list of enumerated commodities under any 
 
 n 
 
 lit;' 
 
 'ir 
 
 y\ 
 
 'XA 
 
 ..-.d 
 

 019 
 
 IN '■ 
 
 4 
 
 1 . 
 
 ■ . 
 
 M ■.'.;.. 
 
 
 
 circumntanccfl, or in any vrsacln, whether nritinh 
 or foreign, under the penalty of Heizuro and con- 
 flacation of the ships and |(ood!>. So far as it 
 ilependcd on us, Holland, tlio Netherlands, and 
 Germany were virtually placed without the pole 
 of the commercial worhl! And thoujfh the extreme 
 riROur of this statute was subsotjuently moditied, 
 its principal provisions remained in full force until 
 the late alterations. 
 
 The policy, if not iho motives, which dictated 
 these statutes has met with very general eu- 
 logy. It has bi'en said, and by no less an au- 
 thority than Adam Smith, ' When the Act of 
 Navigation was made, though Kngland and Hol- 
 land wore not actually at war, the most violent 
 animosity subsisted between the two nations. It 
 had bcRiin during the government of the Long 
 Parliament, which tirst framed this Act, and it 
 broke out soon after in the Dutch wars during 
 that of the Protector and of Charles II. It is 
 not impossible, therefore, that some of the regu- 
 lations of i.hitt famous Act may have proceeded 
 from national animosity. They arc as wise, how- 
 ever, as if they had all been ''ictatcd by the most 
 <leliberatc wisdom. National animosity at that 
 particular time .aimed at the very same object 
 "which the most deliberate wisdom would have 
 recommended — the diminution of the naval power 
 of Holland, the only naval power which could 
 endanger the security of England. The Act of 
 Navigation j« nvt favourable to foreign commerce, 
 or to the growth of that opulence which can ante from 
 it. The interest of a nation in its commercial 
 relations to foreign nations is, like that of a mer- I 
 chant with regard to the different people with 
 whom he deals, to buy as cheap and to sell as 
 dear as possible. liut the Act of Navigation, by 
 diminishmg the number of sellers, must neces- 
 sarily diminish that of buyers ; and we are thus 
 likely not only to buy foreign goods dearer, but to 
 sell our own cheaper, than if there was a more 
 perfect freedom of trade. As defence, however, is 
 of much more importance than opulence, the Act 
 of Navigation is, perhaps, the wisest of all the 
 commercial regulations of England.' (Smith's 
 Wealth of Nations, p. 204.) 
 
 It may, however, bo very fairly doubted, 
 whether, in point of fact, the navigation law had 
 the effects here ascribed to it, of weakening the 
 naval power of the Dutch, and of increasing that 
 of this kingdom. The Dutch were very powerful 
 fit sea for a long period after the passing of this 
 Act ; and it seems natural to conclude, that the 
 decline of their maritime preponderance was owing 
 rather to the gradual increase of commerce and 
 navigation in other countries, and to the disasters 
 and burdens occasioned by the ruinous contests 
 the Republic had to sustain with Cromwell, 
 Charles II., and Louis XIV., than to the mere 
 exclusion of their merchant vessels from the ports 
 of England. It is not meant to say that this ex- 
 clusion W08 altogether without effect. The efforts 
 of the Dutch to procure a repeal of the English 
 navigation law show that, in their apprehension, 
 it ope^ted injuriously on their commerce. In the 
 treaty of Breda, agreed upon in 1607, between the 
 ■States-Generol and Charles II., the latter under- 
 took to procure the repeal of the navigation law. 
 But the subject was never agitated in eithci* House 
 ■of Parliament. It is certain, however, that its 
 influence in this respect has been greatly over- 
 rated in this country. Excessive taxation, and not 
 our navigation law, was the principal cause of the 
 fall of profits, and of the decline of manufactures, 
 commerce, and navigation in Holland. 'Les 
 guerres,' says the well-informed author of the 
 Commerce de la Jlollande, 'terminus par les 
 
 NAVIGATION LAWS 
 
 traitAi de Nirnfcgtic, dc Ryswick 
 
 ""l'"..!li!,T."i!;.":]'."' .'r. '^''i'« '''Aix-ii'('i,ap..iii 
 
 d'L'iri'cht, 
 
 out succcssivemcnt ..I.ligd la nVuV^linuo' d o'l'.''i! 
 usage d'un grand cr.!,lit, ct dc filire .1 "cmnr J 
 tfnormes pour en soutenir les irnix. uZf 
 ont surcharge I'Ktntd'uMo somme imm n „ j 
 terots, qui ne pouvo.ent ftre pnyds n„,,L 
 augmentation excessive cfimpot,, \\onl M „ , i 
 fuire porter .a plus forte pur.ic p„r los ,,Lom 
 ions dans uu nays qui n'n q„-„„ terri",!?, 
 remement hornc, et par consi^qucnt par I'in lu, 
 I a done fallu faire enchifrir inllnimont i, .. 
 
 d'ocuvre. 
 
 I'fir inlliiitnpnt la i 
 
 Cette chcrte ue la main-darnvrc a i 
 seu emcnt restreint i)resquc toute sorte de f«lm,J 
 et d'lndustrie d la consommRtion iMt<.riourc 
 ello a encore port.? im coup bicn sciwil.le au'n 
 inerce de fret, partie acccssoirc ctlu ..l,,, „r.Vini 
 du commerce d'economic : car cettc cliert« i re 
 la construction plus clifcrc, ct au^montc Ic i.rixi 
 tous les ouvrogcs qui ticnnent h la navLti 
 meme de tous les ouvragcs dcs ports ct des mi 
 sins. 11 ii'tftoit pas possible que rauKmciiial 
 du pnx dc la main-d'ncuvrc ne donnaf ma 
 tous les efforts de I'ecoiiomio hnllaiidoisc 
 avantage sensible aux autres nations qui ' 
 droient se livrer aii commerce deconomie 
 celui de fret.' (Tome ii. p, 211.) 
 
 This extract, which iniglit, were it ncccsi 
 be corroborated by others to the same cfTect 
 all the best Dutch writers, shows that it is m 
 our navigation laws, nor to the restrictive Ici 
 tions of other foreign Powers, but to the abi 
 the funding system, and the excess of tax, 
 that the decline of the commercial greatness 
 maritime power of Holland was reallv < 
 Neither does it appear that the opinion majni 
 by Dr. Smith and others, that the navigatioi 
 had a powerful influence in augmenting ilic 
 power of this country, rests on any better foi 
 tion. The taste of the nation for naval cnterprii 
 been awakened, the navy had become excei 
 formidable, and Blake had achieved his vid 
 before the enactment of this famous law. ! 
 indeed, is it from being certain that the N' 
 tion Act had, in this respect, the effect comi 
 ascribed to it, that there are good grouni 
 thinking it had a precisely opposite effect 
 that it operated rather to diminish than toim 
 our mercantile navy. It is stated in Kogcr 
 Treatise on Trade, published in 1G71 (p, 
 this Act, by lessening the resort of sti 
 our ports, had a most injurious effect on ou'd 
 merce ; and he further states, that wc ha( 
 within two years of the passing of the Act ol 
 the greater part of the Baltic and Gi 
 trades (p. 48). Sir Josiah Child, whose 
 was published in 1091, corro'-orates Coke's 
 ment ; for while he decidciii. approves ( 
 navigation law, he admits that' the Euglislij 
 ping employed in the Eastland and Baltic 
 had decreased at least two-thints since its 
 ment, and that the foreign shipping empl 
 these trades had proportionally increased. 
 tise on Trade, p. 89, Glasgow edit) Excli 
 of these contempornry nuthorities, it 
 worth while to mention that Mr. Richa 
 extensive and extremely well-informed mi 
 condemns the whole principle of the Na 
 Act ; and contends, that instead of incres 
 shippuig and seamen, it had diminislii 
 both; and that, by rendering the freight 
 higher than it would othcnvise have beer 
 entailed a heavj- burden on the public, ' 
 one of the main causes that had pre>' 
 carrying on the fishery so succcssiWiy 
 Dutch. {Essay on the Cuuses of the Di 
 Foreign Trade, p. CO, cd. 175C.) 
 
Ufff Jo not 8wm (n be any vcrv o-nn<i „■„ j 
 
 ,*l,.oquc,tion these ..itc^^nrlK'^'' 
 
 „,,,il events sufficient to show that ^„ ^' 
 
 ^.softhosc who contend that the navli.i^t 
 
 NAVIGATION LAWS 
 
 I ^.softhose who contend that thenav .^"^ 
 Ukd.prcKligious effect in incrS ."" 
 ^l<rofour8h.ps and sailora, must bcVoceivc I 
 tH^mmt modiHcation. But 8unno«n k . 
 m has boon sai<l by the apoiLi"t?of fh "' 
 i«were true to the letter; buZTbo t 'i""" 
 LdM. that, when Snt framTtho AcTof 
 .(,„j,i»,, was rx rcmely politic'und proper- 
 I » .odd afford but a very slender nrpa'!,^r ' 
 .tar oC the policy of «uppor,ffi r„P'7" 
 wtJay. Human institut ons are no^ 1'^'" 
 L-rtality: they must be aecormodatS 
 I fc rmmg circumstances and pyin.«,r„" , 
 U But the situation «f G?eat fritain^n^f 
 L^tarcountriesof Eun)pe ha.», total J'SnS 
 iKlfoO Ihe envied wealth and commSl 
 »!««« of Holland have passed away : we hZ 
 J,«?eranrth.nff to fear from h,.? JstiK- 
 li/lemust be, mdecd, strangely influenrArf T' 
 UiiiKl pr. udices and bj-ifone nnnrnh^? • -^ 
 tZMmWm any of that SousWr^T":' 
 L..n,.vof this law pri.i'cipail ? J KJ'^'i 
 iMnka^bcoomc, what Amstertlam /bmerh. 
 Im, Ik panel emporium of the r>mV!^ -^ 
 
 lfc«d,.«t,on which now presents "SelfTr 
 JBWiteiion IS, not what are the L^n!J 
 hm^may rise to naval ffreatncs, ? ? ?'" 
 Irtu^iebcst means of Tre ervinl •"'A'-: 
 
 ■pauiDaval power are the children nnV .1 
 |pB^-!ie effect, not the catise_nf ^ ' ""^ 
 ";,».; be increased, th 'rcrLroTth'- 
 »'iil follow as a matter of couJsp Af ' 
 
 F .* mith Ld power ?*'".V^*'"^ «=«"- 
 ■J.tavc inspKher n„r^"'' ?"'*'" 
 
 ,*IB of envv and f/„f *'■''"''"''' the 
 •fHollandfonneWv"'^ "'^ ^^''t the 
 
 ^'WMclof ,S*7 generated i„ our 
 
 ^™«^"perSf;^i°trtrr^'''j«"d 
 
 . "»Parative freedom of n '"^''^^' "'at 
 
 r»f pwpertv, Md tt ?.-P"^'''^e«^' the 
 ^'^lMatI,D'o,,TJ ^'"wess of our 
 t^ten^Cl/^owfn" r'^ contencM 
 
 [^''•'Govemme" s^n^^'^ f° stimulate 
 b ""'' '0 protect fhV^ *''°P.t 'etalintory 
 
 ^'Pewion. Ini8jT?''?«had ;aemost 
 |W an Ac „„ •V''^-*'"«rican Lejriq- 
 
 r^' Ti« Northern p'owe« Zead 
 
 '" act on tbn oii,«- • . ^^3 
 
 carried ,heit,reari,r"ff ''■",= ""'' «""''' havu 
 "'0 laboured to lestrnv ,1,^ ^ T ""«'"<•« ''Which 
 I"" about to 1X0^.^^:171 "''"''"•'• ^*"™ 
 '"ivo called an unjuH refr! '•" ''" ^""''' ""' 
 "fiamst ourselves. 5^orcnn tl^ "T"' *° "l-'^^'o 
 
 '«' we continued to^ain' in "'*''"'''''''''''' 
 ".V'.tem, and refused to Tet « ..'"" ""clusivo 
 "ther., „„,, t„ t • '0 set a better example to 
 
 curnng to more libe al „ " I "''^""'"ff'' ''f rc- 
 
 considerawf Xx^«;e «fcient to show that a 
 ha<i become indbpensni.le Z "{jy-'gation la^vs 
 effected in 1821 and 182'i A ?^ ''" ^n* Partly 
 ^''l''\l^ytberncZrSirr,T Priacipally i'„ Mo 
 into I'arbV;^ent by Mr wlitTf f'^ ""•' view 
 Wallace) and Mr.HuskisLn ni"'^'*="^»'<'>* ^-"rd 
 was to place the in" co~f J^c effect of the.o 
 
 tries at amity with the Unit "iv"'"''*''*'' ^-^"'n- 
 same foot nir Th«J^\ '^P'ted Kmgdom on n,n 
 ™osity, „„"d^of o?u-°jXrir,?"' '■-^^ '«■' - 
 certain neighbourinf,;^atM *i!MP''°'P<'"'>- of 
 the same law has sfncecontin,^? .'''"'' «h<di»he.l, 
 commerce With the Con?S"' TV '''Sulate ouil 
 besides giving greater sconnT. ^'"^ ""'lormitv-, 
 t^ons, and facilitating our traffic '""k"""'*' "f'»>^- 
 most opulent neighbour, remn?;'"^ ""■"« "''our 
 of embarrassment and luSr'' ? Prolilic source 
 that It detracted consi^t?abIv '/""'*'««"'« time 
 character which liadTcnbo,^ T "'«t «elfi.h 
 nent, and not withourco„sidpr„n **" '^^ Couti- 
 the animating princinlo^r ™''^« 'eason, to bo 
 
 Theehange^s ?hLt v' ^ IT*'-'"^'"' P°'''=''- 
 1825, in rcffard to th« j ""*<•<' »n 1821 and 
 
 goo-Ks (thesf changes rP":,'"^" of enu,neraM 
 edi lons of this work) "h"'^' •^'^ '" 'he former 
 o Asia, Africa, and ^Amei^iTh""*'!' '^' P'O'hice 
 able importance, were wrv f^, r ""^''' ^f consider- 
 hardships arising out of tl?' '^ ^'•'" "hviating the 
 importation of Euronpi' ^T'""^ '"^es. °The 
 practicable onlv "riirit s^r """"""^d to bo 
 the country of which the 1 l'"P'' "^ '« ships of 
 
 or of the c;untry"?^^^;S'ti:r '''' P^"'"''". 
 This regulation was kent ..n f. •^^V''*""^ shipped 
 the Danes, or anrotlf^r? °,'"'"^" 'he Dutch 
 the carrier, of the-^produce Wh' '^^°"' "^"^o" S 
 ports. But whUe tCre uU w?f ?''""« to on? 
 to occur, the rule imnoseri„V^^ "'"/■«'•/ I'kely 
 gre.gners,and alsoKrselv^"""! ''"''^^''''P °" 
 yutch ship took in Dart nf! Suppose that a 
 
 Rotterdam, such as the win«™ ^vareEoused at 
 Prance, the corn of Poland th« 1?"'' '''""'''cs of 
 of liussia 4c. ? But ;/« , ' "? ^'''"P and tallow 
 
 measures AnH i ■^'^ 'csort to reH Wn/ 
 -spectsTit is suffictWS^f -f c 't"S 
 
 creased demand for British sh^'°''*^^'on an in- 
 compelled the foreiSrto.nP» ^t no doubt 
 ndvantageously thafth"y'°,^S. ">«'/• ''"^'''' ^'^'^ 
 .IN ^ otherwise have 
 
 f (». 
 
 ■!.:i! 
 
 i 
 
 ■* : m 
 
 i : '.i. 
 
•*!' 
 
 
 
 
 :*..■*■• N 
 
 
 I > 
 
 •■■■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 014 
 
 NAVIGATION I.AWS 
 
 (lone. Hut the burden of \\\\» fell upon tlut cni- 
 jiloycTH or tb(i cnrricrH and not on the carriiTi 
 thcniHC'lvca ; that i», it fell upon uh and not on ilie 
 forci({M('r»; wliilo in the event of their retaliating, 
 our trade waft Huhjccted to the Hamo dilticullicx. 
 It x* visionary to pretend that a cyntcm ho preju- 
 dicial to coinmercc! could be udvuntagcou.s to 
 Bhippinur and naviKalion. 
 
 The meaiiurcs intr()duco<l in 18'.'.') left aI«o un- 
 touched the re^idation by which gooilst, the pro- 
 duce of y^-ia, Africa, and Aincrira, were prohibited 
 from being imported from any European port 
 (the only exception to tluH rule were article!) irom 
 Ahiaiic and African Turkey imported from the 
 l>!vant, and bullion), and coidil not bo imported 
 on foreign bottomH, except when they were im- 
 ported direct in ships of the country of which the 
 good.i were the jiroducc. It was proponed in 1821 
 toautliorisc British ships to import all non-pro- 
 hibited articles from wherever they might find 
 them i and though nothing apparently cuuld be 
 more reasonable than suuh a regulation, it was 
 objected to, on the pretence that foreign ships 
 bemg more cheaply na\'igatcd than ours, would 
 take advantage of this circumstance to import 
 Asiatic, Africail, and American products into the 
 contiguous continental ports, and would thus con- 
 fine the employment of our ships to their carriage 
 thence ! And upon this futile pretence, for which 
 there wos not so much as the shadow of a founda- 
 tion in fact, the old rule was maintained ; and in 
 consequjnce, though the ports along the English 
 Channel might have been glutted with the corn 
 nnd cotton of America, the sugar of Krazil and 
 Cuba, the cofl'oe of Java, and the tea of China, and 
 though all or 8or.ie of these articles might at the 
 time have been deficient here, not one of them 
 could be imported in a foreign ship, unless, as 
 was sometimes the case, it were carried back to 
 the country whence it had been originally shipped, 
 nor even in a British ship, unless it were (irst 
 carried from Europe to some other continent ! It 
 is hardly possible to imagine any rule or regula- 
 tion more extravagantly oppressive and absurd, 
 and it is really astonishing that it should have 
 been able to keep its place on the statute book 
 for about two centuries. Luckily, however, this 
 prc])osterous system, as well as the regulations 
 affecting importation from Europe, censed on 
 January 1, 1850. The Act for their repeal, the 
 12 &. 13 Vict. c. 29, went far to complete the 
 free-trade measures odopted in 1812 and 1846, 
 and had the most fa^'ourable influence over the 
 commerce and navigation of the empire. 
 
 It did not, however, interfere with the monopoly 
 of the coasting trade, which continued to be se- 
 cured to British ships. But this last shred of the 
 protective system has, also, been swept away by 
 tlic Act of 1854, the 17 Vict. c. 6. [Coasting 
 TuADE.'l Probably, however, few foreign ships 
 will enr, j3 in this department ; but their being at 
 liberty to do so will insure freights being kept at 
 their fair level. 
 
 tha relaxations made in 1825 and 182C in the 
 regulations embodied in our old navigation laws 
 in regard to the colonial trade, were perhaps the 
 most valuable portion of the changes introduced 
 by Mr. Huskisson. But though they did much 
 to obviate the hardships growing out of the pre- 
 vious rules, nnd to give freedom to the colonial 
 trade, they did not entirely effect that object; and 
 some regulations were subsequently continued in 
 force which, though irritating and mischievous in 
 their bearing on the colonies, were of no real 
 advantage to ourselves. These, however, wholly 
 ceased on January 1, 1850. All varieties of 
 goods may now be imported into the colonics 
 
 t'> ih 
 
 iitiijiliii'll 
 
 from all countries at peace with r'r„.. n 
 nnd exported from the coloni!^. t,, I " "."'•^''' 
 i.. Ilri ish, colonial. o'S;;," J^"?^*'-'^, 
 c..mplau.ts of the col.miat^ i„ S" " 
 mjur.CH they have M,stal„cd from the ,, 
 forced bv our navigation laws, are th,,,/ 
 obviated and on that ground, «t nllcv „„ ,i 
 have no further claim L prohil,),.,;'", i \'^' "' 
 l.'«.deH,hT reHtncivo regulati,;,,. „ ^^iv 
 ludcd to, It was a part of our rurmor .ji 
 encourage the employment, of llriti,h -hi , 
 m,M..ing higher dufe., on comnuKlities , wnJ 
 m foreign vchhc s than were impos..,! 7 1 J 
 when imported in British vmelv awl V 
 als.. customary to charge forciK.i v,-.«.| J 
 lughcr port and lighthouse dutio, &c ^^ 
 practice wn. always loudly co,„,,lai„,.,i" „f 
 foreigners; but wo Imd little ,linir!,livi, t 
 tmnilig It, so h.ng as wo could nllonl i„ ,ii,r^ 
 the retaliatory measures of othor Powers 
 the extraordinary increase that toi.k i.lacp , 
 the commencement of the war tcrminateil in 
 in our manufactures for foreign eonsumniion 
 the necessity under which we w< re, in coisenu'o 
 placed, of conciliating our customm al.Jj. 
 to the adoption of the reciprocity mim 
 latter was first introduced into the traJic m'li 
 United States. After the North Amcrieiuicol. 
 had succeeded in establishing their indcpend 
 they set about framing rules for their navji 
 on the model of those of this couniry A 
 other regulations of a restrictive character i 
 enacted that nil foreign vessels tradineV 
 United States should pay 44 ci'nts, wiiidi 
 afterwards raised to 04 cents (nearly a dollar) 
 ton duty, beyond what was paid \,y Ame' 
 ships ; and further, that goods iniporltd in fo: 
 vessels should pay a duty of 10 per cent, ot 
 above the duty iioyable on them when im 
 in American vessels. 
 
 This law was avowedly directed ajjainsl 
 shipping of this country, 'though, as ii was 
 tomed on the same principles as our navi 
 laws, we could not openly complain of iis , 
 tion. Under those circumstances, it woiJj 
 been sound policy to have at once propo- 
 accommodation and, instead of attempt 
 meet retaliation by retaliation, to have offi 
 modify our navigation kw, in so far as Ami 
 shipping was concerned, on the Amcncans mi 
 reciprocal modifications in our favour. A dif 
 course was, however, followed. Varioas d 
 were fallen upon to counteract the nav 
 system of the Americans, without in anv 
 relaxing our own : but they all failed of'th 
 ject; and at length it became obvious to 
 one that we had engaged in an unequal sti 
 and that the real effect of our policy was, \> 
 a. bounty on the importation of the manu/i 
 goods of other countries into the United 
 and thus gradually to exclude both our 
 tures and ships from the ports of the rep 
 consequence, a conviction of the necesjj 
 making concessions gained ground pn 
 and it wos ultimately fixed, by the .. 
 treaty agreed upon between Great Bri 
 the United States, in 1815, that in fui 
 charges should be imposed on the ships 
 country in the ports of the other, and di 
 duties should be laid upon all articles, tiie, 
 of the one country imported into tie 
 whether such importation were effecti' 
 ships of the one or the other. 
 
 Brazil and the other States of Sculli 
 were naturnlly anxious to estabhshs* 
 marine ; and, to forward their vievrs in to 
 they contemplated enacting vixnpi^ 
 
 fuiun 
 
 'nextyeaJ 
 rj^'lenprool) «t' 
 
 lour 
 
 ptforded 
 
 own na\| 
 •■pfotectir 
 
 '*i"i what 
 
 3'ourpl 
 
 tjoch 
 iiss,ni 
 • We 
 
 reasd 
 
 »l:~, 
 
 *e 
 
 onr 
 
 a reply , 
 aie to thd 
 '"'dressej 
 'ie friJ 
 ■sight hi 
 'iMcrif 
 
 ^rtjH 
 
 •»eiie 
 
 trade 
 
 not 
 
 »il 
 
 'oflittii 
 
 forgoti 
 
 avail! 
 
 ' fere a]j 
 
 Dant: 
 
 zicl 
 
 going I 
 
"T— T- 
 
 NAVIGATION LAWS 
 
 018 
 
 wiu frustrated by tho iiilorfc- 
 
 witlinilt 
 
 1 a.'kuinlfii'i'"' . 
 
 *• ( ih,, Itriush (Jovormmmt, wl . 
 
 Irir^imit their Hliips into our porlH oii a 
 l!!«Je«f reciprocity, or on their |)ayiiiK tho 
 I 'hiKPS w "'"' "*" "'"I'"' "" condition of 
 lfL,,,ini; UrilishiihlpH into their ports on 
 ^fwtiiir. Commercial treutios, frunied on 
 I'^il ['riiicipli'. were afterwards entered into 
 
 IV wilirociiy »y*t''"> hnvliiR been tlnis 
 
 ji ihe bttsii of tho intercourse with tho 
 
 uJ Suto*, whose iramereial marine was 
 
 iiilvio that of (ireat Uritain, it was not 
 
 '\i w refuel-' adopting it in tho case of «uch 
 
 counlrii-'s as mifil't ehooso to admit our 
 
 aio their ports on a footing of cfpiuliiy. 
 
 -(ot the Act G Geo. IV. c. 1 it was enacted, 
 
 Ljj)|jjc8tvmi),'ht, by an order in council, 
 
 ^ it ships of foreign states into our ports, on 
 
 It of the lil(C duties that are char>;cd on 
 
 TMsels, providwl that Hritish gliips ore 
 
 into the ports of such foreign states on 
 
 of the liiie duties that arc charged on 
 
 .jels. The first demand of this sort wa.) 
 
 « the part of tho Prussian Government, 
 
 10 June 20, I8'-'2, issued an order in council 
 
 iBjeaJdiiions to the port dues previously 
 
 i « all ships belonging to those nations 
 
 didtwtaiiinit Prussian ships on a principle 
 
 it?, The real object of this order was 
 
 iiim til Mvisfttion of this country; and it 
 
 UMiilmnii that it had tho desired effect, 
 
 iitio »;«tation on llritish shipping was 
 
 nktitnij, 
 
 to il« circumstance!', tho British mer- 
 diliiiiowners applied to our Government 
 
 jftim assailed,' said Mr. Huskisson, 'with 
 
 udoDi from all quarters connected with 
 
 _,piif indtrarte of the country, a(jainst the 
 
 jiistp imposed upon British ships in the 
 
 kiPniijia. In such circumstances, what 
 
 lUhis Majesty's Govomment take ? Wo 
 
 it) be cur duty, in the first instance, to 
 
 !i\ith the Prussian minister in this 
 
 [; and our minister at Berlin was, I believe, 
 
 i to confer with the Prussian Govern- 
 
 litbt subject. I myself had a conference 
 
 \k Prussian minister at this court, and I 
 
 Kokt the substance of his reply to me. 
 
 |lKe,"hc said, " set us the example, by your 
 
 ' ' ; charges, and your discriminating 
 
 ba Pnissiau ships ; and we have not gone 
 
 plimiu of that example. Hitherto, we 
 
 dtheincrcaseof our port and tonnage 
 
 |ito ships only ; but it is the intention of 
 
 itnient next year" (and of this he showed 
 
 Irttten proof) " to imitate you still more 
 
 iky imposing discriminating duties on tho 
 
 1 in jour ships. Our object is, ajust 
 
 sio our own nangation ; and so long as 
 
 m of our protection does not exceed that 
 
 fifotdedin your ports to British ships, we 
 
 "tilth what reason you can complain." 
 
 *snch a reply what remonstrance could 
 
 ™«is,make to the Prussian Government V 
 
 ihave addressed ourselves, it may bo 
 
 [wne, to the friendly feelings of that 
 
 ^t:-we might have pleaded long usage 
 
 "t of our discriminating duties ;— we 
 
 >« urged the advantages which Prussia 
 
 Iw her trade with England. Appeals 
 
 ^ »ere not forgotten in the discussion, 
 
 • ==' — ■ ,k«i^^™'!? ?'''"''' "^'"'l against the fact stated 
 ^gi, views iiit»"^^^nl at Dantzic-that "the Prussian 
 ting n*^''?"^^^^B^«re all going to ruin." 
 
 I all aiticto'*', 
 
 were effect 
 
 tsofSoull 
 , establish*") 
 
 ' IJy oihcrit it may bo laid, "your duty wan to 
 ri'taliato by increasing your own port cbargoa and 
 liitcriniinating d..tios, on Prussian shipping." I 
 have alroady staled generally my reasons against 
 tho policy of this latter courMC, We were not 
 pn^pared to begin a lystcm of commercial hos- 
 tility, which, if followed up on both sides to its 
 Icgitirauto consequences, could only tend to recip- 
 rocal prohibition. In this state of things, more 
 prudently, as I contend, we entered up(m an amic- 
 able negotiation with the Prussian Government, 
 upon tho nrinciplc of our treaty with tho Unitctl 
 Stales, — that of abolishing, on both sides, all 
 discriminating duties on tho ships and goods of 
 the re8|)octivo countries in tho ports of the other. 
 
 ' Having concluded an arrangement with Prussia 
 upon this basis, wo soon found it necessary to do 
 tho same with some other of the northern states. 
 Similar conventions wore accordingly entered into 
 with Denmark and Sweden. Keciprocity is tho 
 foundation of all those conventions; but it is only 
 fair to add, that they contain other stipulations 
 tor giving facility to trade, and from which the 
 commerce of this country, I am nonlldcnt, will, 
 in the result, derive considerable a<lvuntage. 
 (Hiiikisson's Speech, May 12, 1826, on the State of 
 the Shipping Interest, 
 
 This statement shows that the ■establishment of 
 the reciprocity system, with respect to which so 
 violent a clamour was uftenvurds raised, was not 
 u measure of choice but of necessity. Wo could 
 nit offord to hazard the exclusion of our manu- 
 factures from countries into which they were 
 annually imported to a large amount. So long as 
 tho Prussians, Swedes, Danes, and other nations 
 choso to submit, without attempting to retaliate, 
 to our system of discriminating duties on foreign 
 shins, and on tho goods imported in them, it was 
 no business of ours to tell them that that system 
 ■was illiberal and unjust. But when they dis- 
 covered that such was really tho case, and declared 
 that unless we modified our restrictions, they 
 would retaliate on our commerce, and cither 
 entirely exclude our commodities froi . their 
 markets, or load thofo that were imported in 
 British ships with prohibitory duties, should we 
 have been Justillcd in refusing to come to an 
 accommodation? Were we to sacrifice tho sub- 
 stance to tho shadow ? To turn oway some of our 
 best customers because they choso to stipulate 
 that tho intercourse between them and us should 
 be conducted either in their ships or in ours, as 
 the merchants might think best? Government 
 had only a choice of difticulties ; and they wisely 
 preferred adopting a system which has prese^^•ed 
 the access to foreign markets for English goods, 
 and has further secured an equal chance to English 
 ships, with those of foreigners, of being employed 
 in the trade with other countries. More could 
 not have been obtained ; nor would it have been 
 really desirable. Had we endeavoured to enforce 
 in tho nineteenth century tho rules and regula- 
 tions that had been justly objected to and regarded 
 as oppressive in the sixteenth and seventeenth 
 centuries, we should have provoked a spirit of 
 liostility and retaliation that must eventuallj', 
 and at no distant period, have crippled alike the 
 manufactures, the trade, and the navigation of 
 the empire. 
 
 The reciprocity system is still wisely main- 
 tained, and is, indeed, embodied in the Act 12 & 
 13 Vict. c. 29. But we do not make its previously 
 agreeing to this system a condition of a foreign 
 country being entitled to participate in the ad- 
 vantages conferred by this Act. Such prelimi- 
 nary arrangements would have occasioned much 
 embarrassment and dillicidtv, and we, therefore, 
 as 2" 
 
 
 I' 
 
 ».,. :? 
 
<ll 
 
 01 « 
 
 NAVIGATION LAWS 
 
 
 .'■■ 
 
 'f. 
 
 
 'f 
 
 ■ ' 1 
 
 : J 
 ! i 
 
 have contented ouint'lvc« with rrHcrvinn po'fcr to 
 her Mnjcsty in council, in tlio event of her 
 thinkinjf it expcclieiit to interfere, to impose iiuch 
 prohibition*, reHtrictionn, and (lincriminatliiK duties 
 Ml the Bliip.1 of any foroi^n power frcqiioniiiix our 
 port*, an mav bo rc(|uircd to countervail any pecu- 
 liar proliibitionn, restrictionn, or duties laiil upon 
 llritinb sidpa in the ports of such I'oroiBn power. 
 
 Account of tha Ship; their Tonnage, and their Crew$, lielonijiiig to the Britiih A'm/iire m iJ 
 
 1818, and 1807. ' " 
 
 Much dinVrenec of opinion has rxisiod ., . ,u 
 pract CM efr..,.t on our i.,ippi,.K ^XZu!. ' 
 tl.oc.onKos ,n llm n«vi«n.i..u l«w i„tM , 
 Mr. llusliiHHon Hut .lur.- I. „.„|i, „„ 
 for any sue . dim-reno... Thi, will ho „n, , 
 from the lollowmt; eompsrin.,,! I„.twoo„ .),!!' 
 imi(f lielouKUij; to tlic oinpiro in IH',0 when 
 Uuskisson'srcfonns Legnu.nii.lin lH\i,m\ [nr,;.! 
 
 Ymi 
 
 ■ml l>u«n>l<Hi> 'n Kurop* Colonl.l 
 
 Tot>l 
 
 tun 
 
 Ills 
 
 Khipt 
 «II,7UI 
 ill.MS 
 
 Tom 
 
 t,^'<H,sn7 
 3,4(IO,»UU 
 
 KhliM 
 8,113 1 
 «,4'.A 
 
 'I'oni 
 «ll,»7.l 
 1111,3)1 
 
 43G,I7S 
 
 Hhl|n 
 II4,«H0 
 33,li7» 
 
 0,.W1I 
 
 40,903 
 
 Tona 
 4,ll.'i«,l(,0 
 M'JH,i;h 
 ».'i3'i,C7l 
 4,fi7ll,ai|9 
 
 Eicnain HIS 
 
 4,837 
 
 I,il7!l,00i 
 
 lil!7 
 
 »S,77S 
 
 J.7W.973 
 
 W.I33 
 
 I,47S,I19S 
 
 cilMH In ISA7 
 
 «,071l 
 
 3,I«A,IC6 
 
 8.SV1 
 
 1,«B3,SM 
 
 I6,GM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 It is plain from this statement, that (he nutnbor 
 of our snips, the nmount of their tonnof^c, and the 
 number of our sailors, have all been vastly 
 increased since 1825. And if this bo not, wc 
 should like to know what can be, a conclusive 
 proof of tho wisdom of the changes effected in 
 1825. They have, in fact, been successful to a 
 dogreo which tho most sangu'no could not pre- 
 viously have supposed nossible. 
 
 AIthou(;h, however, tlie fact of a vast increase of 
 our mercantile navy having taken place since 1825, 
 be too well cstablichcd to admit of any doubt, it 
 is contended by the apologists of the old restric- 
 tive system, that the sharo wliicli forcigiiirs havf: 
 in tho" trade of the United Kin;;dom is notwith- 
 standing greater now than in 1825. But this 
 ^;reatcr preponderance of foreign vessels in our 
 trade, if such really bo the case (which is doubt- 
 ful), is admitted to'bcbut inconsiderable; though, 
 ■were it incoi iparably greater than it is alleged to 
 be, it would afford no room or ground for objecting 
 to the measures of 1825 and 1849. The shipping 
 and foreign trade of most continental states were 
 all but wholly destroyed during tho war termi- 
 nated in 1815, while our shipping and trade were 
 then proportionally increased; and tho iniluence 
 of this depression on tho one t^idc, and of the 
 unnatural stimulus on the other, was far from 
 being exhausted in 1825. But in tho lengthened 
 interval that has since elapsed, tho mcrcantilo 
 navies of the continental states have attained to 
 their ordinary state. And whilo wo havo no 
 longer had any peculiar advantages on our side, 
 we have had to contend with thcni, and with the 
 ropidly increasing marine of tho United States. 
 As respects the latter, we may observe, that while 
 in 1825 our imports of cotton, principally from 
 America, amounted to about 222,500,0U0 lbs., they 
 umountcd in 1854, to about 886,500,000 lbs. ; a't 
 the same time that the imports of corn and flour 
 from the United States, in the latter year, bore a 
 .still greater proportion to their amount in the 
 former. Our imports of cotton in 18G7 reached 
 1,262,636,912 lbs. Again, our intercourse with 
 Ilollaffd, France, the Elbe &c., which was all but 
 wholly suppressed during the war (ended 1816), is 
 now bocomo very extensive ; and are we, under 
 such circumstances, to be surprised that the propor- 
 tion of foreign shipping frequenting our ports has 
 increased? Had such increase been ten times 
 greater, it could not have surprised any reason- 
 able person; and the fair presumption is, that 
 but for the reforms efTected in 1825, eiich would 
 have been the case. And experience has shown 
 that the further reforms effected in 1849, which, 
 like those of 1825, were imperatively required by 
 
 ho exigencies of the case, have been cm, 
 bcnclicial. '" 
 
 t IL', 
 
 It ,.iay bo said, pcriiapj, ilmt llicrai* 
 of our mercantile navy during the Li . „ 
 years, and tho cxtraonlinnrv t'm u( iVcirh't. 
 of the profits of the shin-owncrH, wore mninlva'l 
 80(i;icnco of tho gold di»C(.\ cries in Oilif.r'nia 
 Australia, and of tho prwligious impulse in 
 given to fjnigration and to tlie trade of the' 
 But, though tho circumstances nlluilcd lu 
 undoubtedly had a very powerful inlliciicc 
 IS no room or ground for thinking tliaf, mi 
 circumstances, our ship-owners would nmbi 
 to maintain a succes-'iful competition with ihi 
 America, or any of - country. The w,i 
 seamen in tho Up' ■itates are usimllv ' 
 than hero, which is a principal Vai 
 
 our sailors ciigng ry extensively m 
 
 arc known to do in mu American service. T 
 most respects, tho ship-owners of the two 
 tries aro nearly on a level. Tho rapid incn 
 population in the I Inited States, the vast i 
 of their sea-coast, and the fiiK.intic tnagniti 
 the rivers and lakes by wliieh the Uiiiun 
 tcrsectcd or bounded, by aflonliiifi propn 
 means for the cm|)loynieiit of shipping, ivil 
 is little doubt, speedily render her comi 
 marine greater than tiiat of this or mv 
 nation. But there arc no good grnimds JoJ 
 posing that in those dcpartmcntj whi^ 
 equally open to tho enterprise and ships a 
 nations, the British have anything to foil 
 the competition of the Americans. And tli 
 the only poDplo to whom, in a matter of tlJ 
 it is necessary to allude. 1 
 
 Till very 'recently our shipping iiilcrej 
 subjected to sundry burdens and rcstridif 
 which their energies were weighed down a 
 tercd. These, however, arc now either J 
 abolished, or greatly modilicd. Formerly/ 
 could enjoy tho peculiar privileges of s [ 
 ship, unless she were of the build of the 
 Kingdom or of the colonics, and unlessthef 
 and threc-fiiurths of the crew were Britij 
 jects. But tl.'cse restrictions have been r 
 the former by the 12 & B Vict, c 29, | 
 latter by the 16 4 17Vict.c.l31. Incon! 
 of these judicious alterations, oU the I 
 yards and all th'5 seamen of the miIiIJ 
 made subservient to the wants and tbc f 
 of our merchant! anJ ship-owners. Itii^ 
 indeed, from our Bupcrior facilities for if 
 ing of ships, especially tliuse ofiwu," 
 now being largely introduced, andfreml 
 parative density of our population, llutj 
 foreign ships nor foreign spamcn will r 
 
NAVIGATION LAWS 
 
 917 
 
 ix'mlpil u In III 
 i<t iiavi|;atiim < 
 
 W illltlldunll I 
 
 cully 11" KriMia 
 viU I'O niiiarcd 
 jClwocii 111'' -liil 
 I IH'J'p, wliin >| 
 I HIS and iw,; 
 
 Kmiiin in isl 
 
 na 
 
 l/.-'l 
 
 IW.Ul 
 1U,'».'J 
 
 »,«T» 
 
 l.",»>li 
 
 »,e7i 
 
 5M,m 
 
 H.IIM 
 
 H<rt» 
 
 have 
 
 boon ('(I'lJ 
 
 it lliorniiiilc 
 ig the la't VI ' 
 r rii'Cod'rcii.'lU'.j 
 t:*, were mainly «^ 
 rifs in CalifnmiaJ 
 M18 impulse uy 
 ;lie trade of the \ 
 iices nlluilcd to 
 werful intl icncc, 
 iiikinR tliat, undii 
 ncrs would nut bal 
 mpetition with ihd 
 untry. The mf 
 Ue» ate usuiilly 
 is a princifal raii 
 ■ry extensively asl 
 ncrican service. If 
 iwncra of the two I 
 The rapid mi 
 State?, the vm ( 
 picantic mm^i 
 Iwhioh the Union | 
 allbrdiiiR ptopo* 
 it (if shipping, w'llj 
 render hei coma 
 X of this or iinyj 
 1 goml grounds ffll 
 bcpartmcnti whij 
 irpriKC and ships <l 
 anything to fe»l 
 Incricans. A'"'*Jf 
 in a matter of thl 
 
 ■r shipping intcrJ 
 liens and restridii 
 e weighed down * 
 1 are now either! 
 Hilied. Formerlyl 
 f privileges of a 
 [the build of the L 
 les, and unlesstMl 
 I iTCW were Bn'J 
 lions have been tf 
 
 13 Vict, c 23, j 
 It. c. 131. Incon*^ 
 lalions, aU the I 
 In of the wMJ 
 r wants and'bBf 
 Ip-owners. I'l*! 
 % facilities f*"' 
 [those ofiij'i'j 
 lluced,andftoBj 
 
 1 populatio"',"?" 
 1 seamen w t 
 
 linirmlii'*' '"'" •>"' **"''*'<'• I''" pn)liil)iti'>n 
 " rihi' rfui»if«''i'" "' f<>r<'i>?ii-lmilt Kliip,* v/nn 
 "P"^',; ,s.i9; and in IHfto, IH.'il, ami lHiV2. 
 ^"'- "n; ai.tl '.'t Hiirli Mlii|i!i wcri! n'j^intcrcil. 
 *'.'!,'i',cl,ufricniiftti«Krfntlyini;rcii.'*t'(lili<inniiil 
 
 . 2 uicre«e.i cori.Hl.l«rnbly . I n 1 Mfvl, I hey 
 
 1 10 "61 ships <>f '.»7,ii4l tonn luirdoii. but 
 
 V the niimber lind fallen to 73 of T2,'iV.i tritm. 
 
 tliMlwt that foreign scamon ord loroiRn-l.iiilt 
 
 r* |„,ybr,»ml no dr 'lilt will always l)(! toHomn 
 
 .Miui'trod'uceil.lsofi >nn>nHo im|><)rlancc| nnd 
 
 ,1 „ mote thM anvthinK o!«o to Rivo new eiiorKy 
 
 J M ihip-buil'li'W. cud to improve the foiidurt 
 
 I;j«iiilineof our scoinon. Tho insubordhmtion 
 
 1 S tetlion of the bitter, especially in foreign 
 
 is bivc often been attended with rniiiouii re- 
 
 Ja. Sow, however, ttiot their place may be sup- 
 
 I Z\ l)v »ny description of foreign iuilorg, it may 
 
 U„jv ntesumcil that ihoro will bo a material 
 
 1 Midiiiwii in this rcupcct. Tbo nailora will lind 
 
 I Wthfvwdl consult their own no loss than their 
 
 I atlivt'r J interest, by paying more attention than 
 
 llStriolo their cngaRcmcnts, and by their good 
 
 I Bojct. and ready obedience to tho reasonable 
 
 I (MuJiufbeir superiors. 
 
 1 liiildiiion to these important reforms, others 
 Liial«rJiniite but still very valuable description 
 liribieneirccted. Tho incomi)ctunce and ignor- 
 I as Mlhe masters, which was a most serious evil, 
 I i^iialv partly been, and eventually will bo all 
 I to'WJ "bviatcd by the examination to which 
 1 ihnmw obliged to submit, and by the lietter 
 1 dliaKjj'bich it renders nccessarj-. [^Mastkr. J 
 1 Tin ic^'ive charges and proceedings which 
 1 wsiciiiiics made and carried on by the officers 
 1 iiiiftiiiai on account of salvage have also been 
 I iB«l«j| modified, though, .pcrhap-s they ought 
 |a!iicholl\Bbolished. Tho same may be said of 
 lii^riiiltge, which has rccentl}r been regulated, 
 l^by ships of war of taking men from on 
 Iwwichiot ships on distant voyages. Tho 
 Ikpiforli^'hts and pilotage have also been cn- 
 iiliiito,and will, most likely, bo speedily re- 
 dud placed on u less objectionable footing 
 111 present It is obvious, therefore, that a 
 iiaproveoient has already been made, and 
 tt(li«r changes for the better arc in progress, 
 ^liiiituation of our mercantile marine. And 
 f their inlluencc into account, and tho many 
 itu|^ ve enjoy in our situation, the extent 
 |Ik luiiufacturce, and the character of our 
 p.wtrn tittle risk in predicting a lengthened 
 lodacrease and properity to our mercantile 
 
 [lit peniliar burdens, disadvantages, and draw- 
 
 bwhich recently afliicted our shipping, were 
 
 |lii clear light in the treatise on ' Our Navi- 
 
 1 Laws and Mercantile Marine,' by W. S. 
 
 by, Esq., late M.P. for Sunderland, His 
 
 i acquaintance with the subject made his 
 
 iiions of more than ordinar>' value, and 
 
 id (or them an extra degree or attention. 
 
 IJtttijting law with regard to British ship- 
 
 nl") been consolidated and embodied iii the 
 
 tile Shipping Act of 1854, tho 17 & 18 
 
 It lOi. It is dinded into parts, which will 
 
 iHd distributed under their proper titles in 
 
 |wk. The distinguishing characteristics of 
 
 Witipping, as described in this Act, may be 
 
 *![ Mted as follows:— 
 
 can be a British ship unless she be 
 
 as such. 
 
 MJ ihips of whatever build, and bowerer 
 
 ■"J my be registered as British ships, pro- 
 
 •i«rbe really and boDftlide the property 
 
 Tho clauses In tho Art having rcfereneo to thia 
 matter urn as I'oMows, viz. : — 
 
 Ihirri/itiim and Ownrmhiji of Hritinh Shipii.— 
 No hhip Mhnll bo deemed to lie" a llritish i<lii|) un- 
 less she beliingi wholly to owners of the following 
 description ; viz.: — 
 
 I. Niiturnl-bom British subjects, 
 
 Provided that no natiirnl-born siibjoet who has 
 taken the onth of allegiance to nny foreign sove- 
 reign or state shall bo entitled to be such owner 
 as aforesaid, unless ho has, subsequently to taking 
 such last-mentioned oath, taken the onth of allegi- 
 ance to her Moiesty, nnd is ond continues to bo 
 during the whole nerlod oi his so being nn owner 
 resident in some place within her Majesty's domi- 
 nions, or if not NO resident, n. ember of a British 
 factory, o- partner in a house actually carrying on 
 business in the United Kingdom or in sonio other 
 place within her Majesty's dominions : 
 
 '2. Persons made denizens by letter of deniza- 
 tion, or naturalised by or pursuant to any Act of 
 tho imperial Legislature, or by or pursuant to ony 
 Act or ordinance of the proper'icgislativo authority 
 in any British possession. 
 
 Provided that such persons are nnd continuo to 
 bo during tho whole period of their so being owners 
 resident in some place within her Mojesty's domi- 
 nions, or if not so resident, members of a British 
 factory, or partners in a house' actually corrying 
 on business in tho United Kingdom or in some 
 other place within her Majesty's dominions, nnd 
 have taken tho oath of allegiance to lier Majesty 
 subsequently to the period of their being so maifo 
 denizens or natu> lised. 
 
 8. Bodies cor. .irate established under, subject 
 to the laws of, .iiid having their principal place 
 of business in tho United Kingdom or some 
 British possession. (Sec. 18.) 
 
 Britiah Shipn, with certain Excepiioni, must be 
 registered. — Kvery British ship must be registered 
 in manner hereinafter mentioned, except — 
 
 1. Ships duly registered before this Act comes 
 into operation : 
 
 2. Ships not exceeding 15 tons burden employed 
 solely in navigation on the rivers or coasts of the 
 United Kingdom, or on the rivers or coasts of some 
 British possession within which the managing 
 owners of such ships aro resident : 
 
 3. Ships not exceeding 30 tons burden, and not 
 having a whole or fixed deck, and employed solely 
 in fishing or trading coastwbo on tho shores of 
 Newfoundland or parts adjacent thereto, or in the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, or on .such portions of the 
 coast of Canada, Nova Scotia, or New Brunswick 
 as lie bordering on such Gulf: 
 
 And no ship hereby required to be registered 
 shall, unless registered, be recognised as a British 
 ship; and no officer of customs shall grant a 
 clearance or transire to any ship hereby required 
 to bo registered for the purpose of enabling her to 
 proceed to sea as a British ship, unless the master 
 of such ship, upon being required so to do, pro- 
 duces to him such certificate of registry, as is 
 after mentioned [Reoistky]; and if such ship 
 attempts to proceed to sea as a British ship with- 
 out a clearance or transire, such officer may de- 
 tain such ship until such certificate is produced 
 to him. (Sec. 19.) 
 
 In another part the Act imposes the following 
 penalties on the masters and owners of chips un- 
 duly assuming a British character, viz. : — 
 
 1. If any person uses the British flag and as- 
 sumes the British national character on board 
 any ship owned in whole or in part by any person 
 not entitled by law to own British ships, for the 
 purpose of making such ship appear to be a 
 British ahip, such ship shall be forfeited to her 
 
 11 
 it 
 
 ■i", 
 
 li' 
 
918 
 
 NAVIGATION LAWS 
 
 
 
 
 i . 
 
 '^''^M 
 
 '■I 
 
 ! I 
 
 
 -> 
 
 ■ti: 
 
 ■ i: 
 
 ■ j 
 
 
 Majesty, unless such assumption has been made 
 for the purpose of escaping cnpturo by an enemy 
 or by a foreign ship of war in exercise of some 
 belligerent right ; and in any proceeding for cn- 
 forci g any such forfeiture the burden of proving 
 n title to use the Uritish flag, and assume the 
 British national character shall lie upon the person 
 using and assuming the same. 
 
 2. If the muster or owner of any British ship 
 does or permits to bo done any matter or thing, 
 or corries or permits to be carried any papers or 
 documents, with intent to conceal the British 
 <'haractcr of such ship from any person entitled by 
 British law to enquire into the same, or to assume 
 foreign character, or with intent to deceive apy 
 euch prson as lastly hereinbefore mentioned, 
 such snip shall be forfeited to her Majesty ; and 
 tlic master, if he commits or is privy to the com- 
 mission of the offence, shall be guilty of a mis- 
 demeanor. 
 
 3. If any uni^ualificd person, except in the case 
 of such transmitted interests as arc hereinbefore 
 mentioned, acquires as otvner any interest, either 
 legal or beneficial, in a ship using a British flag, 
 and assuming thu British character, such interest 
 shall be forfeited to her Majesty. 
 
 4. If any {]er8on, on behalf of himself or anj- 
 other person or body of persons, wilfully makes 
 a false declaration touchiiig the qualification of 
 himself or such other person or body of persons to 
 own British ships or any shares therein, the decla- 
 rant shall be guilty of a misdemeanor ; and the 
 ship or share in respect of which such declaration 
 is made, if the same has not been forfeited under 
 the foregoing provision, shall, to the extent of the 
 interest therein of the person making the declara- 
 tion, and, unless it is shown that he had no au- 
 thority to make the same, of the parties on behalf 
 of whom such declaration is made, be forfeited to 
 her Majesty. 
 
 And in order that the above provisions as to 
 forfeitures may be carried into effect, it shall be 
 lawful for any commissioned officer on full pay in 
 the military or naval service of her Majesty, or 
 any British officer of customs, or any British con- 
 sular officer, to seize and detain any ship which 
 has, either wholly or as to any share therein, be- 
 come subject to forfeiture as aforesaid, and to 
 bring her for adjudication before the High Court 
 of Admiralty in England or Ireland, or an}r court 
 having Admiralty iurisdiotion in her Majesty's 
 dominions ; and sucn court may thereupon make 
 such order in the case as it may think fit, and 
 may award to the officer bringing in the same for 
 adjudication such portion of the proceeds of the 
 sale of any forfeited ship or share as it may think 
 right. (Sec. 103.) 
 
 Penalty for carrying improper Colours. — If any 
 colours usually worn by her Majesty's ships, or 
 any colours resembling those of her Majesty, or 
 any distinctive national colours, except the red 
 ensign usually worn by merchant ships, or except 
 the union jack with a white border, or if the pen- 
 dant usually carried by her Majesty's ships or any 
 pendant in anywise resembling such pendant, are 
 or is hoisted on board any ship or boat belonging 
 to any subject of her Majesty, without warrant 
 for so doing from her Majesty, or from the Ad- 
 miralty, the master of such ship or boat, or the 
 owner'thereof, if on board the same, and every 
 other person hoisting, or joining or assisting in 
 hoisting the same, shall for every such offence 
 incur a penalty not exceeding 600/. ; and it shall 
 be lawful for any officer on full pay in the mili- 
 tary or naval service of her Majesty, or any 
 British officer of the customs, or any Britisli con- 
 sular officer, to board any snch ship or boat, and 
 
 NEUTRALITY 
 
 ^a"^" "^fya^y ,<"«:»» jack, colours, or „„d« 
 and such jack, colours, or pendant shafL' 
 felted to her Majesty. (Sec. 105 ) " "* ' 
 The inonopoly of our coastinK tradf ),„ 
 been abolished by the 17 Vict, cl, the ' ,i 
 ment <.f the navigation laws was extinguste 
 
 (Sg7Sm5:- " '""""'= "' ^« 
 
 On and after August 1, 1867, aU excmnd 
 from harbour rates and duc.whi'ch ha^Zu 
 been allowed m the United Kingdom onm^2 
 any one or more of the reasons specifif^l i J 
 wiU, m pursuance of 'The Shipping Duer^ 
 emption Act, 1867,' 30 Vict. c. 15 ^"Zi 
 such exemptions will on and after that'rir 
 allowed : — " 
 
 1. On account of any ship being rcgisttrei 
 
 or belonging to any particular coi 
 port, or place, or trading between! 
 particular parts or places : ' 
 
 2. On accoimt of any ship or goods beiim 
 
 property of, or being consigned bv ( 
 
 any particular person or body corpiJ 
 
 6. On account of any goods being destined loi 
 
 in any particular town, place, or niai 
 
 4. On account of any ship or goods beinal 
 
 to or from, or anoiioring or moorini 
 
 or being laden or unladen at any pjj 
 
 lar place in any port, or in thcneigU 
 
 hood of any por^ except where a sW 
 
 going to or from, or anchoring or mi 
 
 at, or being laden or unladen atl 
 
 place, derives from the expenditure ( 
 
 class of dues in (juestion no benefit j 
 
 benefit than ships going to or w 
 
 anchoring or mooring at, or being J 
 
 or unladen at, another place in tkai 
 
 port: 
 
 6. On account of any goods being thepn 
 
 or being destined for use at any paii 
 
 manufactory, place, or (hstrictjor mi 
 
 cular class of manufactories; providj 
 
 nothing in this Act contained shj 
 
 any exemption from dues which L_ 
 
 granted by an Act of Parliament] 
 
 owner or occupier of some particiilM 
 
 manufactory, or place, as compensai 
 
 obstruction to his water fronbije orl 
 
 to his premises, or other injury cm 
 
 him by the works authorised bym 
 
 Any person desirous of claimmg compf 
 
 in respect of the abolition of any such eiei 
 
 may make application in the manner Am 
 
 the above-named Act ; particulars of whid 
 
 be obtained of the receiver of dues, or of tl 
 
 hour or other local authority of the port orl 
 
 NEUTRALITY (Fr. neutralitc). Inf" 
 
 this term is employed to indicate the state o 
 
 nations who, when a war is being carried S 
 
 no part in the contest, and evince no 
 
 friendship for, or enmity to, any of the i 
 
 powers. , 
 
 Neutral Ships. In Commerce, th^ 
 
 belonging to neutral states, which are ( 
 
 the trade with the ports of belligerents. 
 
 Inasmuch as the right.'< and duties of I 
 vary to a certain extent with the circuo 
 peculiar to each contest, they do not r 
 being exactly defined. But they ougb 
 cases to conduct themsehesin a spirit oj 
 impartiality, and to do nothing thatcaoj 
 considered as being especially favonrablej 
 to either of the parties engaged in hosliJ' 
 The questions that occur with ngu 
 proceedings of neutrals on land, scldoffl 
 much difficulty; but it is otheririseW 
 that sometimes grow out of thfir prctf 
 
NEUTRALITY 
 
 919 
 
 >lour8, OT pendai 
 
 dant shall b« { 
 
 05.) 
 
 ting trade liii| 
 
 . c. 5, tht last ii 
 
 mi extinguiahdl 
 
 suance of " 
 
 867, all exemjitj 
 which have hitu 
 .ngdoni on accou^ 
 ions specified 1 
 Shipping Dues I 
 , c. 15, cease, anl 
 id after that dat( 
 
 p being registetei 
 y patticulat com 
 trading between] 
 Aaces: r 
 
 ip or goods being 
 ig consigned by ( 
 on orbody corpon 
 is l)cing destined foi 
 own, place, or mai 
 lip or goods bang I 
 choring or moorinT 
 unladen at any paj 
 HtjOrinthcneiglil 
 except where a ti 
 or anchoring or mJ 
 en or unladen at] 
 n thcexpenilituref 
 uestion no benefit! 
 ps going to or fn 
 loringat, or being! 
 lother place in tha] 
 
 goods being the pt( 
 1 for use at any pa) 
 ce,ordi8trict,oian]i 
 nufactories; piovidi 
 Act contained sbaT 
 from duos whic'ii lii 
 .ct of Parliatnentl 
 ir of some particulai 
 [place, as compcnsati 
 is water frontaw or j 
 or other injun c 
 [3 authorised by « 
 )f claiming comp 
 ka of any such exei 
 I the manner diw 
 larticulars of wMi] 
 ■cr of dues, or of tl 
 irityoftheportotl 
 neutralitc). InPP 
 [indicate 4e staM 
 c is being carried* 
 and evinceno -•' 
 to, any of the t 
 
 J[n Commerce, thj 
 
 Ites, which ate er 
 
 1 of belligerents. 
 
 lt.T and duties et J 
 
 1 with the circufl 
 
 Ut, they denote 
 
 r But tbey offl 
 
 lives m aspintoa 
 
 Tnothingthatcffll 
 
 jpiallyfavourableij 
 
 Ingagc'i"'''* 
 Iccur Willi 1 
 ton land,*oJ 
 is otberwe'" 
 lutof thfitpK"* 
 
 ind to these we mean to confine the following 
 
 ^Micki contraband of war. When two na- 
 }\ ,re engaged in war, if there be any foreign 
 '"T.\i or articles necessary for the defence or 
 kbtence of cither of them, and without which 
 Tm\i be difficult for it to carry on the contest, 
 Lihcr may legitimately exert e .ry means in 
 Zmr to prevent its opponent benig Bupplieil 
 ^i 5iici, article or articles. All writers of nii- 
 Livon international law admit this principle : 
 dlavitdown, that a nation which should fiir- 
 fsk j'bcllieerent with articles contraband of war 
 ,w s with supplies of warlike stores or of any 
 rfdc required for the prosecution of the war— 
 mild forfeit her neutral character, and that the 
 a,, belligerent would be wananted in prevent- 
 ta'tch succours from being sent, and confiscating 
 Las la' ful prize. And besides being consis- 
 Mi^mth the most obvious principles, approved 
 V iarists and enforced in every contest, this 
 i^iiiiehas been sanctioned by repeated treaties. 
 fteoolv difficulty, indeed, that has ever arisen in 
 Mid to it, has been in respect to the articles 
 riki should be reckoned contraband of war ; and 
 itditTiewof obviating such difHculty, these 
 mittehave sometimes been specified in treaties 
 td inventions. (See the references in Lam- 
 mi BdOimmercio de' Popoli Neutrah, sec. 9.) 
 Biiiiis classification has not always been re- 
 (wtiiil during hostilities. And it is sufficiently 
 (rtmltkt an article which may not be contra- 
 taittrae time, or under certain circumstances, 
 Mtteue contraband at another time, or under 
 Jfeffli circnmstances. It is admitted on all 
 teAmnby Hubner, the great advocate for 
 fcWdin of neutral commerce {De la Saisie 
 I iiMms neutres, torn. i. p. 193), that every- 
 iig that may be made directly available for 
 knilt purposes is contraband, as arms, ammuni- 
 1 tin, hoises, timber for ship-building, and all 
 I BU of naval stores. The greatest difficulty has 
 Iwirol in deciding as to provisions (munitions 
 I ikiAt), which have sometimes been held to be 
 Idtaband, and sometimes not. Lord Stowell 
 ] taihoira that the character of the port for which 
 Jlkporeions are destined, is a principal circum- 
 I tee to be attended to in deciding whether they 
 Jutobclooked upon as contraband. A cargo of 
 I pioM intended for an enemy's port, in which 
 I Ins known that a warlike armament was in 
 jlRpiration, would be liable to arrest and confis- 
 liSiM; while, if the same cargo were intended 
 lb » port where none but merchantmen were 
 |it!(dont, the most that could bo done, according 
 Itt lis lordship, would be to detain it, paying the 
 Imtrjl the same price for it he would have got 
 Ihii the enemy. 
 
 1 .Ipood deal "has lately been said as to whether 
 |«1 should or should not be reckoned contraband. 
 it it is evident, uiasmuch as steam is now largely 
 •jloyed in the propulsion of ships of war, that 
 l»«ilby whichit is generated must be reckoned 
 *a; the articles described as munitions de guerre. 
 "isiloesnot seem to be a conclusion about which 
 » is any real room for doubt or hesitation; 
 < it shows very clearly how an article that has 
 •been contraband, may, by a change of circum- 
 lae, become entitled to that character. 
 [By the ancient law of Europe, a ship conveying 
 *y contraband article was liable to confiscation 
 Was the article. • But in modem practice a 
 iWeimle has been adopted, and the carriage of 
 Ktnband articles is attended only with loss of 
 tt and expenses unless when the ship belongs 
 |the owner or the contraband cargo, or when the 
 pie misconduct of conveying such cargo has 
 
 been connected with other malignant and aggrava- 
 ting circumstances. Of these, a false destination 
 and false papers are justly held to be the worst. 
 
 It appears pretty evident that the principle on 
 which the doctrine of goods contraband of war has 
 been established may justify, or rather rnquiro, ita 
 extension to various important articles not hither- 
 to or usually reckoned as contraband. The right 
 of belligerents to hinder neutrals from supplying 
 their enemies with articles necessary to enable 
 thorn to carrv on the contest is alike clear and 
 undoubted, hut a foreign article whicii i.s indis- 
 pensable or highly useful to a nation engaged in 
 war, may not bo of the class called munitions de 
 guerre, and maj' not be directly available in tho 
 prosecution of hostilities. That, however, ia 
 really immaterial. It is enough to warrant the 
 prevention of its importation, that without it the 
 importers would be unable to continue the contest, 
 or that the inconveniences resulting from tho want 
 of it would be so very considerable aa to dispose 
 them to sue for peace, or to accept reasonable 
 terms if offered. The distinctive peculiarity of 
 articles contraband of war is not that they belong 
 to one class of products or another, but that the 
 want of them would inflict serious injury on the 
 party by whom they arc imported. 
 
 Considered in this, its true light, the term ' con- 
 traband of war ' becomes of the highest import- 
 ance ; and there are but few products which may 
 not be fairly brought, at one period or another, 
 within the list of contraband articles. Thus, sup- 
 posing that we had the misfortune to be engaged 
 in a contest cither with a single power or a com- 
 bination of powers, which had means to intercept, 
 cut off, or materially obstruct our supplies of 
 com, cotton, and tea : can anyone doubt that our 
 enemies would be justified, or that they would 
 hesitate, in availing themselves of so powerful a 
 means of annoyance? Neutrals might protest 
 against such a proceeding, on the ground that the 
 articles referred to had not hitherto been reckoned 
 contraband of war, and they might also allege 
 that their trade would be seriously prejudiced by 
 so unusual and so illegal a proceeding. But these 
 representations, supposing them to be made, would 
 not go for much. Our enemies would say, that in 
 defining contraband of war, everything depended 
 on circumstances ; and that as the want of the 
 articles referred to would lay us under very con- 
 siderable difficulties, they were, from that very 
 circumstance, properly included in the prohibited 
 list. They would no doubt express at the same 
 time their regret that this conduct of theirs 
 should be productive of injury or inconvenience to 
 neutrals. That was not "its purpose. They had 
 resorted to it in the exercise of their undoubted 
 rights as belligerents; and it was only indirectly 
 and by accident that it affected neutrals. Une 
 puissance belligc'rante ne pent voir avec indiflfe- 
 rence que son ennemi se renforce par des mar- 
 chandises qui ser\-cnt directement et indubitable- 
 ment il faire la guerre; et elle ne blesse pas le 
 droit des gens si elle empeche que ses marchan- 
 dises ne parvienneut ii I'enncmi en les ddtenunt, 
 soit pour en payer la valour au propric'tairc, soit 
 pour les rcstitucr quand le danger sera passd. On 
 peut i.ieme imaginer des cas, oil les circonstances 
 cxtraordinaires justifldraient une telle detention it 
 I'egar*! des marchnndises qui ne servent pas cx- 
 clusivement Ji I'usage de la guerre, el sur lesquelles 
 elle ne peut, dans la rfegle, s'arrogi.r nucunc dis- 
 position. (Martens, Precis du Droit public, lib. 
 viii. cap. 7, sec. 315.) Heineccius says, ' Dans une 
 guerre il ne s'agit pas meme de dcmander s'il 
 peut fitre pcrmis h. quelqu'un do porter ii notre 
 etmemi ce qui peut lui etre ndcessaire, puisque 
 
 
 'I' 
 
 I 
 
 it! 
 
 

 920 
 
 NEUTRALITY 
 
 .* . ( 
 
 4' 
 
 i , • 
 
 •■■] 
 
 
 i ( 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 4: 
 
 «,:. 
 
 .r.t-'--*ff 
 
 iiou!) avons le droit de prendre Irs armcs contro 
 quicon(|ue B'opposerait h notre defense ou la rcn- 
 (irait diflicilo ou inccrtaine.' (Quoted by Lam- 
 predi, p. 47, Paris 1802 ; see also Vattel, book ili. 
 cap, 7, sec. 113, and a host of other authorities.) 
 When great nations arc at war, such contingencies 
 can seldom be avoided; and when they occur, 
 they should be ascribed to the necessity of the 
 case, and afford no reasonable ground of com- 
 plaint. 
 
 A wish to obviate the disputes that have so 
 frequently arisen in regard to contraband articles 
 and otlier matters having reference to the pro- 
 ceedings of neutrals, gave birth to the following 
 very important document. 
 
 Declaration respecting Maritime Law, signed by 
 the I'lenipotentiaries of Great Britain, Austria, 
 France, I'russin, Russia, Sardinia, and Turkey, 
 (issembled in Congress at Paris, April 16, 185G. 
 
 ' The Plenipotentiaries w^ho signed the Treaty 
 of Paris of March 30, 1856, assembled in confe- 
 rence — 
 * Considering : 
 
 < That Maritime law, in time of war, has long 
 been the subject of deplorable dispule» ; 
 
 ' Tliat the uncertainty of the law, and of the 
 duties in such a matter, gives rise to diHerences 
 of opinion bcbtveen neutrals and belligerents 
 which may occasion serious difficulties, and even 
 conflicts ; 
 
 ' That it is consequently advantageous to 
 establisli a uniform doctrine on so important a 
 point ; 
 
 ' That the Plenipotentiaries assembled in con- 
 fess at Paris cannot better respond to the inten- 
 tions by which their Governments are animated, 
 than by Becking to introduce into international 
 relations fixed principles in this respect; 
 
 'The above-mentioned Plenipotentiaries, being 
 duly authorised, resolved to concert among tiiem- 
 «elve3 as to the means of attaining this object ; 
 and, having come to an agreement, have adopted 
 the following solemn Declaration : — 
 
 '1. Privateering is, and remains, abolished ; 
 ' 2. The neutral flag covers enemy's goods, 
 with the exception of contrabaurl of war. 
 
 ' 3. Neutral goods, with the exception of con- 
 traband of war, are not liable to capture under 
 ■enemy's flag. 
 
 ' 4. Blockades, in order to be binding, must be 
 «fi'ective ; that is to say, maintained by a force 
 £ufRcicnt really to prevent access to the coast of 
 the enemv. 
 
 ' I'he Governments of the undersigned Plenipo- 
 tentiaries engage to bring the present Declaration 
 to the kno^vleoge of the States which have not 
 taken part in the Congress of Paris, and to invite 
 them to accede to it. 
 
 * Convinced that the maxims which they now 
 proclaim cannot but bo received with gratitude by 
 the whole world, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries 
 doubt not that the efTcrts of their Governments 
 to obtain the general adoption thereof will be 
 crowned with full success. 
 
 ' The present Declaration is not and shall not 
 be binding, except between those Powers who 
 have acceded, or shall accede, to it. 
 ' Done at Paris, April 16, 1856.' 
 But the ' uncertainty ' complained of in the 
 above Declaration is not of a kind that can be got 
 rid of. It is inherent in the subject. Maritime 
 laws of the class now under consideration do not 
 rest on any fixed or immutable principles. They 
 necessarily vary with the varying condition and 
 exigencies of society. And those rules and regu- 
 lations that may in the estimation of one countr}' 
 appear to be alike just and expedient, may in that 
 
 of another bo held, on quite u imn,! „., , 
 have exactly the oppoX qu"S' ?,?""^^ 
 
 Declaration expresfl^xceprirte;.cira^^^^ 
 of war from the privileges conccdn.l to stSr^ 
 board ncu ra ships ; but it docs not S ,k 
 articles wh.ch are to be considero,! comX'i 
 And .t was quite as well that this vev(S * 
 rather insoluble question was left open ^5; 
 most probable that theplonipotcntia i's'wt ui 
 scribed the Declaration wcia „ot have mlij 
 any definition. And supposinir 'hev hn,i Irl 
 a list of contraband artTcles to th?l£ 3^ 
 would very speedily have ceased to b? " 
 weight. Whether an article should or In] 
 not be deenied contraband depend, on crcun 
 stances which it is impossible to foresee or a n3 
 cia e beforehand. And such being the caL 1 
 futile to attempt to prevent further ,iisp^; J 
 making out lists of contraband articles. \Veh,J 
 seen that this has been frequently attcmntj 
 and It has frequently failed. Such listsZvi 
 respected for a whUe ; but as soon as anvcoZd 
 ing party or great Power conceives that it woulJi 
 for her interest or advontage to exclude mi 
 articles from, and to include others in tlie l3 
 there is an end of its influence and authini- 
 
 Ihe principle that free ships make free eo* 
 or tliat the flag covers the cargo (queU purii 
 eouvre la marchandise), and tliat consequeni 
 enemies goods, not contraband of war, mavT 
 safely conveyed in neutral bottoms, after b 
 long resisted by this and most maritime sti 
 has been assented to in the above Declaration 
 judging of the wisdom of this concessioii, eia 
 thing depends on the interpretation of thephd 
 contraband of war.' If it were restricted as j 
 usually been the case, to wariike stores (mmiti 
 de guerre), or articles directly avaUable for m 
 like purposes, it would be in many respects juj 
 censurable. For it is plain, that under 
 limitation now supposed, the trade of a beUi 
 rent Power, with its colonies or other counU 
 beyond sea, might be prosecuted in neutral si 
 nearly to the same extent, and with as ml 
 security, during war as during peace. But i 
 not easy to imagine that a principle having » 
 consequences should be acted upon by any Pa 
 having a preponderating naval force, in the eJ 
 of her engaging in hostilities. Such Power r 
 then do one of two things; she must either « 
 sent to relinquish some of the most import 
 advantages to be derived from her naval m. 
 dency, or she must reject the principle inqucsi 
 And there is little doubt that she would a(lopt| 
 latter alternative ; and she might do thb (lire( 
 by resorting to her notural and indefeasible ti 
 to seize enemies' goods wherever ihey are ti 
 met with; or indirectly, by cxtending'thc lisj 
 contraband articles, so as' to make it includd 
 those of any importance carried by sea intr 
 from the enemy's ports. Either way vi 
 answer the purpose; and we maybe pretty] 
 assured, that, under the supposed cin:umstar 
 one or other of them would be followed, 
 
 II. Blockade, Influence of.— iivtlitaiij^ 
 be said, that though the right to carry cuei 
 goods not contraband of. war he coucedei 
 neutrals by tlie Declaration of Paris, that rid 
 restricted and conflned within proper UmilsbJ 
 maintenance of the system of bhickade. Bi 
 take leave to doubt whether this restrictw 
 good for much. It is distinctly kiddomiir 
 Declaration, that to be binding or leg) 
 blockade must be effective ; that is, it "» 
 ' maintained by a force sufficient rcallvtopn 
 acce.s3 to the coast of the enemy.' M tiK 
 the blockade of one or of a few ports mty 
 
"li 
 
 NKUTRALITY 
 
 uif piTcctivf, it is abundantly certain that no 
 
 021 
 
 I !!bkU(ic can ever bo made to apply 
 tf95ive coast. ThouBh our navy were d- 
 
 to an 
 doubled 
 
 11 .."»— to make an 
 
 ISrtUockade of tlie coasts of France, of Spain, 
 ! the United States. And why should a 
 * m ffilh a powerful naval force bind herself 
 Utetand to fmploy it only in one way ? Why 
 r«inlov it in anv way, whatever it may be, 
 
 ajrtbVp"" '" ^^ "' *''""' """"' conducive 
 4,ena3!hchasinvicw? 
 
 V, supposing that an impossibility may be 
 ^ or that an extensive coast may Iw 
 Tjv blockaded, the circumstance would be 
 J,iicli'lo« consequence now than formerly, or 
 iL i; mcrally imaffined. Suppose, for cx- 
 Zt that wc are at war with France, and that 
 ' ifeivdv bioclcade every portion of her coast, 
 ler on till! ocean or the Mediterranean: the 
 would 1«, that the oversea produce suitable 
 to wants would be imported into the con- 
 ^ ports of Belgium, Spain, and Piedmont, 
 thji it would be carried from them by 
 nvsanJ otherwise to every part of France; 
 iliitthe produce she has to export would be 
 
 of in the same way. 
 
 Itisplain, therefore, that these arc not matters 
 
 iilicli much dependence can be placed on the 
 
 aotblockades. These may bo advantage- 
 
 iviBOited to when the object is to reduce a 
 
 iwobitnict the trade of a port or a river, to 
 
 „ to sailing of a squadron, and so forth; 
 
 ttimsKs directed against the trade of any 
 
 Mi!it,they must be nearly, if not wholly, 
 
 lat in the case of France, it is quite clear 
 
 ilotricteat possible blockade would not 
 
 M the injury on her that its maintenance 
 
 uttil upon ourselves. If the trade of 
 
 in war is to be influenced by nothing but 
 
 blockades, it may be held to be practi- 
 
 tafrom all obstruction. But it cannot be 
 
 that when the evil day comes it will be 
 
 Mwith, When the existence of nations is 
 
 ait, thev will not be withheld by declarations 
 
 ikibove from availing themselves of every 
 
 hv which they may hope either to promote 
 
 insecurity or to injure their enemies. 
 
 ' l^iuKt of the new Si/item over the Trade 
 
 MfmU.—h is further obvious, were the 
 
 hildown in the Declaration of 1856 to be 
 
 iito effect without large additions being 
 
 to the list of contraband articles, that 
 
 would engross almost the entire oversea 
 
 i< countries engaged in war. Compara- 
 
 letof the articles which we export come 
 
 the description of warlike stores; and 
 
 that we were engaged in hostilities, 
 
 ihips which did not take on board con- 
 
 irticlcs would navigate with perfect 
 
 ;, while our ships would be exposed to 
 
 [ik of capture. The magnitude of this risk 
 
 ^pend on various contingencies, and 
 
 he measured by the higher premium of 
 
 wthat would have to be paid on them 
 
 Nicies embarked in them. But consider- 
 
 Ijitlose competition to which our ship-owners 
 
 ^y exposed, the additional premium they 
 
 ^ve to pav, even though it were not veiy 
 
 Me, would most probably turn the scale 
 
 of the neutrals ; and if they were once 
 
 d and employed for any considerable 
 
 It ini;;ht not be an easy matter for our 
 
 ten to regain the ground they had lost, or 
 
 W their former position, on hostilities 
 
 WBuated. But in whatever way it may 
 
 or eluded, it is not to be supposed 
 
 " should abide, in periods of war and 
 
 difficulty, by a rule that would tie up our hands 
 and consign the entire oversea trade of tliu empire 
 to foreigners. This would be a degree of 
 liberality to which we can hardly be expected 
 ever to arrive, and which, were it realised, would 
 be more injurious to our best interests than the 
 most intense selllshness. 
 
 IV. Project for exempting Private Property at 
 sea from Attack during iVar. — Some of the more 
 recent opponents of the old system of maritime 
 law do not deny these statements. But they 
 allege that they are founded on false princii)los. 
 Private property, say they, is now respected in 
 all contests carried on by land ; and it would be 
 for the advantage of all nations, whether belli- 
 gerent or neutral, were the same humane and 
 generous policy extended to private property at 
 sea. But this sort of reasoning is more specious 
 than solid. On a little examination it will be 
 found that the cases have no real analogy. 
 Private property on land, and the treasures of art 
 and learning, are respected so far, that they are 
 sometimes unconditionally, but frequently also 
 on the payment of a contribution or ransom, 
 exempted from injury. This is done because 
 experience has shown that, while the destruction 
 of the articles referred to may be protluctive of 
 much misery and loss, it has little or no influence 
 over the decision of the contest. But we are not 
 hence to infer that the destruction of private 
 property at sea will be equally ineffectual. In 
 our unfortunate contest with the United States in 
 1814, the destruction of the Capitol at Washing- 
 ton was an act disgraceful to our arms, and which 
 had no ciTect except to inflame the hostile feelings 
 of the Americans. But the severe check which 
 the contest gave to the trade of the Union made 
 the citizens generally averse to the war; and 
 was, indeed, the main cause of its being so 
 speedily terminated. No such result could, how- 
 ever, have happened had American merchant 
 ships been exempted from capture or molestation. 
 
 Suppose we are at war, and that our enemy, 
 having succeeded in landing a force in some part 
 of the kingdom, such as Kent or Connaught, 
 inflicts on the peasantry outrages similar to those 
 which the troops oi' Louis XIV. inflicted on the 
 defenceless inhabitants of the Palatinate ; such 
 proceedings, by not sensibly affecting either our 
 wealth, or the sources of oiir power, would in no 
 wise accelerate the termination of hostilities. On 
 the contrary, they would tend to their prolon- 
 gation, by inspiring us with a strong desire to 
 avenge such wanton and unnecessary cruelty. 
 But it would be quite another matter were our 
 enemy able seriously to obstruct our trade, to 
 prevent our exports, or to sink, burn, and destroy 
 the ships that were conveying to us supplies of 
 necessary articles. Such proceedings might lay 
 us under the greatest difficulties, and would be 
 the most likely means to make us listen to pro- 
 posals for an accommodation. 
 
 Everybody knows that the unpopularity of the 
 French rule in Germany and other parts of the 
 Continent, in the latter part of the war against 
 Napoleon, was in great measure occasioned by 
 the destruction of their trade, which, on the one 
 hand rendered their com and other disposable 
 produce a mere drug, while, on the other, it 
 added enoryiously to the prices of cotton, sugar, 
 coffee, and most foreign articles. But had the 
 rules and regulations embodied in the Declaration 
 of 1856 been then in force, no such result would 
 have happened. We should have had the sin- 
 gular combination of maritime peace with terri- 
 torial war. And the trade of Prussia, Holland, 
 and the other countries subject to France, and, 
 
 
 i'li 
 
 ■il: 
 
 I 
 
 1 \l 
 
 ..\r\ 
 
■■ 
 
 022 
 
 NEUTRALITY 
 
 .1 
 
 \\'. 
 
 '>;\*'" 
 
 
 i I ' 
 
 
 
 indeed, of France herself, would hr ^e been oa 
 securely and cheaply cfirried on in neutral 
 bottoms na it would have been in a period of 
 universal tranquillity. Nothinp, therefore, can 
 be more contradictory and illogical than to con- 
 tend that wo are bound to extend the same 
 immunity during war to private property at sea 
 that is extended to private property on land. 
 The cases are in no degree parallel. In the one, 
 private property is respected because it9_ de- 
 struction is seldom injurious except to the indi- 
 viduals immediately interested, and has little or 
 no general influence; in the other case, private 
 property is seized or destroyed because those 
 from w'hom it is taken, being the carriers or 
 purveyors of necessary articles for the commu- 
 nity, their loss must seriously affect the latter, 
 and may reduce them to the greatest straits. 
 
 V. Abolition of Privateering. — The abolition of 
 privateering by the Declaration of Paris is of 
 the highest importance, and should give general 
 satisfaction. This practice appears to be a 
 remnant of that system of private war which is 
 universally waged by indi\'iduals in early or 
 barbarous ages, but which gradually disappears 
 as society advances. Privateers rarely attack 
 ships of war. They do not act in concert, or 
 with any object in view other than their own 
 private gains. They arc, in truth, a sort of 
 legalised robbers, and while they occasion much 
 individual suffering, they have little or no in- 
 fluence over the result of the war. (L'armateur, 
 indifferent au sort de la guerre et souvent de sa 
 patrie, n'a d'autre amorce que I'avidit^ du gain, 
 d'autre rdcompense que sea prises et les prix 
 attachiis par I'fitat h sea pirateries privil(<g<fe8. 
 (Martens, Essai sur les Amateurt, c. i. s. 8.) 
 Thia essay, which was translated into English, 
 and published in 1801, contains the fullest details 
 in regard to pnvateering. Valin, who defends 
 and even eulogises privateering, admits that it ia 
 very apt degcnerer en abua et en brigandage. 
 (Traite des Arises, i. c. I, a. 7.) But their em- 
 ployment ia principallj' objectionable from its 
 having been found that, despite everj' precaution, 
 it is not possible to hinder them from committing 
 the greatest excesses. The desire to amass plun- 
 der IS the ruling passion by which they are actu- 
 ated ; and being so, it would be childish to suppose 
 that they should be scrupulous in their proceedings, 
 or that they should endeavour to keep within the 
 pale of the law when they think that their objects 
 wUl be likely to be promoted by overstepping its 
 limits. And hence their injurious treatment of 
 the ships of neutral and friendly Powers. A 
 system of this sort maj' perhaps be useful to a 
 nation which has little trade, and may hope to 
 acquire riches by fitting out privateers, without 
 being exposed to the risk of retaliation. But 
 except under very peculiar circumstances, it is 
 difiicult to suppose that it should be advan- 
 tageous to a nation with an extensive oversea 
 trade. A notion has, indeed, been long enter- 
 tained, that while the interests of humanity 
 would be promoted, the rights of belligerents 
 would not be injuriously affected by the abolition 
 of privateering. It was stipulated, for instance, 
 in the treaty between Sweden and the United 
 Provinces in 1676, that .neither party should in 
 any future war grant letters of marque against 
 the other ; and stipulations to the like effect have 
 since been embodied in various treaties. These, 
 however, being only isolated efforts, were in- 
 sui&cient materially to abate the nuisance, which 
 could not be put down without au agreement to 
 that effect by the great Powers, such as has been 
 announced in the Declaration of 1850. 
 
 The United States, however thnn,-h 
 of a most extensive mercantile i; ^^ 
 refused to consent to the aWUbn „f'^r'' ^ 
 But they have not done thii'o^Vci'u"! '!" 
 It to be denied that there is a S^/' 
 weight in the reasons given by thT a *^ 
 Government for their rclusal (wt ^"",'^ 
 MarcytotheCom,tdeSUi';^;?8"i 
 1 hey grow out of circumstances nor .llnJ .1 
 United Statee-that is, „f Cr'^S^ 
 bearmg but a very small proportion to 
 mercantUe navy, which was%{ tha tll 
 largest m the world. And tl.ey com jV 
 were they to abohsh privateering/ their „ J 
 ships would be captiirc-d in vast numbcrhJ 
 numerous cruisers of their enemies; whitf 
 merchant ships of the latter, owing to the fr2 
 of their own ships of war, would be comraR,3 
 little affected; and that to restore tM 
 and place themselves on a level with theirl 
 nents, they have no resource but to anneal i 
 patnotism (selfishness) of then- citizens bv 
 sing privateers. ' 1 
 
 The Americiins have, however, intimatedi 
 wUlingness to assent to the abolition of i 
 tecring, provided the other Powers asree 
 attack or molest private ships at sea (Inrin 
 Such an agreement would, no doubt I 
 much for their advantage ; but we li,i' • 
 seen that it is not one to which we , 
 without at the same time, and by the m 
 consenting to forego the use of some of tU 
 powerful of our means of defence aad i 
 This, however, is about the verj- last thii 
 we either should or will do. No Britiih] 
 man will ever agree to an arrangemaf 
 would diminish our powers and paraljj 
 energies at the very moment when, perij 
 independence and security may d 
 being exerted to the utmost. 
 
 VI. Bight of SearrA.— Nothing is nil 
 Declaration of 1856 in legard to the i 
 visitation and search, probably becaiu 
 obviously inherent in belligerents; for i, 
 be contradictory to allow that theyhaill 
 to prevent the conveyance of contraband f 
 an enemy, and to deny tbcm the use of ( 
 means by which such right can be mi 
 able. The object of the search is twofol 
 to ascertain whether the ship is neutrf 
 enemy, for everybody knows that the] 
 stance of its hoisting a neutral (lag if 
 E<wurity that it is really such : and, $ii 
 ascertain whether it has contraband ai 
 enemies' property on board. All neuti 
 that would navigate securely during « 
 consequently heave-to when summonei, 
 cruisers of either belligerent, and bej 
 with passports from their Government,! 
 all the papers or documents necessarrj 
 the property of the ship and cargo ; and T 
 carefully avoid taking any contnibaaa 
 and perhaps also belligerent propertr, ( 
 And hence it has been generally admittj 
 merchant ship which seeks to avoid li 
 crowding sail or by open force, my I 
 captured and confiscated. 
 
 One of the most ditlicult questioni ii 
 the right of search has reference to n 
 sailing under convoy. Is the allegi- 
 officer commanding the vessel of mrj 
 the merchantmen, that the latter iiraj 
 band articles or belligerent propertvcr 
 be held to be suflicient to nuUifr l' 
 search ? or may the exercise of t' 
 notwithstanding insisted upon ? , 
 
 A case of this sort occurred in itef^ 
 
NEUTRALITY 
 
 923 
 
 ^ .hen » fleet "*' merchantmen belonging to 
 
 ■Jtfn a neutral Power, and sailing under 
 
 •of « frigate, were detained by i\ British 
 
 "•"^ The Swedish captain, on the riuestion 
 
 "'■DUt to him, ans-vercd that the sliips were 
 
 •"^^for different ports of the Mcditerranaan, 
 
 Shjt ther were laden with hemp, iron, pitch, 
 
 j ,« These articles were the produce of 
 
 • J n Articles which form a considerable 
 
 !!, if the produce of a country, though contra- 
 
 (*', j. ^^.Jj. have sometimes been allowed to be 
 
 Jvd in neutral ships. But even in that case 
 
 S (.rents have been accustomed to detain them, 
 
 Z confiscation, but for pre-emption. (Robiii- 
 
 fiZralt!, Reports, i. 244.) But as they have 
 
 ^ rammonly been reckoned contraband of war, 
 
 lu France and her allies had many ports on 
 
 fcMditerranean, there can be little or no doubt 
 
 ?, .1 were warranted, despite the threatened 
 
 wnnattcmpted opposition of the Swedish captain, 
 
 fraininc the ships. But besides being dc- 
 
 JSthcv were condemned with their cargo as 
 
 Jwul prize; a proceeding which gave rise to 
 
 ifMtdeiil of discussion at the time, and which 
 
 Ueasy to justify. For an account of this 
 
 Luioise, see Robinson's Admiralty Reports, i. 
 
 ^0479 In an elaborate argument Sirk 
 
 Lm Scott (afterwards Lord StoweU) states, 
 
 S u'.ual ability, but with too sensible a bias, 
 
 rMKiM for his judgment. Its legality was 
 
 Sin a tracl b^ Mr. J. F W Schle^^el, 
 
 Sivt Copenhagen, translated mto English, 
 
 K»d "> Lo°<'°" »" ^^^^' Schlegel was 
 
 uiinJtv Dr.Croke in a tract entitled Remarks 
 
 uiMtgeri Work on the Visitation of Neu- 
 
 iiiJionder Conwy, publiuhedin the course 
 
 ilk sine year. . , t.- /• 
 
 i Id the event ot the captain of a ship of war 
 
 ontiag neutral merchantmen distinctly de- 
 
 diitlat they have no contraband articles or 
 
 \Si property on board, their detention or 
 
 IB* Tonld be a very strong measure. It 
 
 Ll ia trath, be an insult to the flag and 
 
 \m of the neutral Power. And un'css the 
 
 iptions that the captain had emitted a false 
 
 _ition were exceedingly strong, to question 
 
 TOcitv would be an "act contrary to the 
 
 itTofnatinns, and one that a high-spirited 
 
 [1( would be sure to resent. But except in the 
 
 ot 1 Mled number of vessels sailing to 
 
 pied ports under convoy, and when there is 
 
 tosnd explicit declaration by the officer in 
 
 and that they have neither contraband arti- 
 
 DOihelligerent property on board, the right of 
 
 A supposing it to be exercised without any 
 
 iicesary violence, is one that is essential to 
 
 %tiits, and cannot be justly objected to. 
 
 IE Yonign Enlistment Act.— It will be 
 
 ■ It that in treating of this subject we have 
 
 i only to those general principles that 
 
 i in international law. The laws of in- 
 
 ...alitates in regard to neutrality harmonise 
 
 p most part with the public law respecting 
 
 , The only British statute to which it is 
 
 Jway to refer is the Foreign Enlistment Act, 
 
 iKGeo. 111. c. 69. It prohibits the cmploy- 
 
 *«f British ships, without license, in the 
 
 '« of any foreign prince or state, and their 
 
 mcnt as transports or store-ships by states 
 
 BnUth we arc not at war. But it is believed 
 
 « lit, or nearly all, that this Act prohibits 
 
 kg done directly, may be done indirectly with 
 
 |l( difficulty. Inasmuch, however, as it can 
 
 'ilT(ail,L''"maintained, to give rise to troublc- 
 
 Kqnestions with foreign Governments, it were 
 
 T TOe it repealed, and our merchants and 
 
 raeia left to deal, as they think fit, with 
 
 the ordinarj- risks that attach to those that carry 
 contraband articles. Tlic circumstances in which 
 the Act originated have long since passed away 
 (the struggle between Spain and her revolted 
 colonies in South America) ; and as it can no 
 longer bo of any use, and may, or rather must, 
 occasion dilhcultics, its abolition would be a 
 judicious measure. 
 
 Unfortunately much correspondence and dis- 
 cussion arose during and after the close of the 
 American Civil War between this country and the 
 United States, as to our conduct as neutrals and 
 the efficiency of our neutrality laws. One of the 
 results was the issue, in July 1807, of a Koyal 
 Ck)mmission of Enquiry, and in May 18G8 the 
 Commissioners presented a Report, containing 
 the following recommendations, viz. : — 
 
 I._ That it is expedient to amend the Foreign 
 Enlistment Act, by adding to its provisions a 
 prohibition against tlie preparing or fitting out in 
 any part of her Majesty's dominions of any naval 
 or military expedition, to proceed thence against 
 the territory or dominions of any foreign state 
 witli whom her Majesty shall not then bo at war. 
 
 II. That the first paragraph of sec. 7 of the 
 Foreign Enlistment Act should be amended, to 
 the following effect :— 
 
 If any person shall within the limits of her 
 Majesty's dominions — 
 
 a. Fit out, arm, despatch, or cause to be 
 despatched, any ship with inteat or 
 knowledge that the samp shall or will 
 be employed in the military or naval 
 service ot any foreign Power in any 
 war then being waged by such Power 
 against the subjects or property of any 
 foreign belligerent Power with whom 
 her Majesty shall not then be at war: 
 
 h. Or shall within her Majesty's dominions 
 build or equip any ship with the intent 
 that the same shall, after being fitted 
 out and armed cither within or beyond 
 her Majesty's dominions, be employed 
 as aforesaid : 
 
 c. Or shall commence or attempt to do, or 
 shall aid in doing, any of the acts 
 aforesaid, — every person so offending 
 shall be deemed guilty of a misde- 
 meanor. 
 
 III. That in order to enable the executive 
 Government more effectually to restrain and 
 prevent attempted offences against sec. 7 of the 
 Foreign Enlistment Act, additional provisions to 
 the following effect should be inserted in the 
 statute. 
 
 a. That if a Secretary of State shall be 
 satisfied that there is a reasonable and 
 probable cause for believing that a 
 ship which is within the limits of her 
 Majesty's dominions has been or is 
 being built, equipped, fitted out, or 
 armed contrary to the enactment, and 
 is about to be taken beyond the limits, 
 or that the ship is about to be de- 
 spatched contrary to the enactment, 
 such Secretary of Stata shall have 
 power to issue a warrant, stating that 
 there is such a reasonable and pro- 
 bable cause for believing as above 
 aforesaid, and upon such warrant the 
 Commissioners of Customs, or any 
 other person or persons named in the 
 warrant, shall have power to arrest 
 and search such ship, and to detain 
 the same, until it shall be either con- 
 demned or released by process of law, 
 or in manner hereinafter mentioned. 
 
 I 
 
 
 ^;::l 
 
924 
 
 NEUTRALITY 
 
 •.' 
 
 
 I. 
 
 v 
 
 r 
 
 ••>: 
 
 
 ■' !« 
 
 
 
 :/!: 
 
 }f 
 
 'i4 
 
 »«.^ 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 
 ■ J 
 
 v.- m 
 
 
 '] -•^t-t^fe' 
 
 6. That the power hcrcinbcrore given to 
 a Secretary of State may, in parts of 
 her Majesty's dominions beyond the 
 seas, be exercised by the )<ovemor or 
 other person having chief authority. 
 
 «•. That power be given to the owner of the 
 ship or his agent to apply to tlio Court 
 of Admiralty of the place where the 
 ship is detained, or, if there be no such 
 Court there, to the nearest Court of 
 Admiralty, for its release. 
 
 (I. That the Court shall put the matter of 
 such detention in course of trinl be- 
 tween the applicant and the Crown, 
 with usual Admiralty appeal to the 
 Privy Council. 
 
 e. That if the owner shall establish to the 
 satisfaction of the Court that the ship 
 was not and is not being built, 
 equipped, fitted out, or armed, or 
 intended to be despatched, contrary 
 to the enactment, the Vip shall be 
 released and restored. 
 
 /. That if the owner shall fail to establish 
 to the satisfaction of the Court that 
 the ship was not and is not being 
 built, cquip[ied, fitted out, or armed, 
 or intended to bo despatched, contrary 
 to the enactment, then the ship shall be 
 detained till released by order of the 
 Secretarj' of State; nevertheless the 
 Court may, if it shall think fit, order 
 its release, provided the owner shall 
 give security to the satisfaction of the 
 Court that the ship shall not be em- 
 ployed contrary to the enactment, and 
 provided that no proceedings are 
 pending for its condemnation. 
 
 </. That if the Court shall be of opinion 
 that there was not reasonable and 
 probable cause for the detention, and 
 if no such cause shall appear in the 
 course of the proceedings, the Court 
 shall have power to declare that the 
 owner ought to be indemnified by the 
 payment of costs and damages, which 
 in that case shall bo payable out of 
 any moneys legally applicable by the 
 Commissioners of the Treasury for 
 that purpose. 
 
 /(. That ony warrant of the Secretary of 
 State shall be laid before Parliament. 
 
 i. That the proceedings herein provided 
 shall not aiTect the power of the 
 Crown to proceed, if it thinks fit, to 
 condemnation of the ship. 
 
 k. That the following exceptions be made 
 from this Kcsolution : 
 
 1. Any foreign commissioned ship : 
 
 2. Any foreign non-commissioned ship 
 
 despatched from this country after 
 having come within it under stress 
 of weather or in the course of a 
 peaceful voyage, and upon which 
 ship no fitting out or equipping of 
 a warlike character shall have taken 
 place in this country. 
 IV. That it is expedient to make the act of 
 hiring, engaging, or procuring ^ny person within 
 her Majesty's dominions to go on board any ship, 
 or to embark from any part of her Majesty's 
 dominions by means of false representations as to 
 the service m which such persons are intended to 
 be employed, with intent on the part of the 
 person so hiring, engaging, or procunng as afore- 
 said, that the persons bo hired, engaged, or pro- 
 cured aa aforesaid shall be employed in any land 
 
 NEW ORLEANS 
 or sea service prohibited by nee. 2 nf tlm v ■ 
 Knlistment Act, a mMj.Jor^^lXw" 
 
 V. 1 hat the forms of p eadinr in inf.,r^„.' 
 and indictments under the Fofe 1 F„l? '"" 
 Act should be simplified. *" ''"'"""« 
 
 VI. Thot if, during the continuance of .J 
 war m which her Majesty shall h^Zlui ^ 
 prize not being entitled to re<OKniti„n a/a'cod 
 missioned ship of war, shall be brouL-lit within rf 
 jurisdiction of" the Crown by any pe'rson a "1 
 behalf of or under the authority <,i any bell l-J^J 
 (iovcmment, which prize slmll l,ave been r 
 tured by any vessel fitted out durinir the « 
 war for the ser>ice of such Government, whe 
 as a public or a private vessel of war, in vjoja 
 of the laws for the protection of the ncutralit' 
 this realm, or if any such prize shall be broil 
 within the jurisdiction as aforesaid byanvi 
 ject of the Crown, or of such belligerent Govd 
 ment, having come into possession of such n 
 with notice of the unlawful fitting ou' of 
 capturing vessel, such prize should upon i 
 proof in the Admiralty Courts, at the suit of 
 original owner of such prize or his aRent ( 
 any person authorised m that behalf bv 
 Government of the state to which such oj 
 belongs, be restored. 
 
 VI I. That in time of war no vessel emnl, 
 in the military or naval service of any bellirt 
 which shall have been built, equipped, fitted] 
 armed, or despatched contrary to the enacti 
 should be admitted into any port of her Mai( 
 dominions. ' 
 
 NEUTRALITY, WARRANT OF. flJ 
 
 ANCK.] ^ 
 
 NEWCHWANG or YINGTZE. This 
 most ' ortherly of the Chinese treaty ports, 
 river Lias, and from November 15 to the 
 March the river is closed by ice. 
 
 The exports of the town consist chicflvofi 
 cakes, beans, and peas ; the imporL«, of o 
 sugar, and cotton cords. In 18(i4 and m 
 imports were worth 709,738 and l,C8C,i; 
 respectively, and the exports 1,'WM 
 2,107,314 taels. 
 
 In the analysis of Chinese commerce foi 
 appended to the Foreign Commerce Report 
 lished in 1868, the value of the total tr 
 this treaty port is set down for 1866 at i\ 
 taels, fallowing an increase over that of 1 
 557,764 taels. 327 vessels of 110,418 torn \ 
 the port in 1867, of which 112, of 43,267 ton 
 British. 
 
 NEW ORLEANS. The capital of I.o. 
 one of the United States, on the eastern ' 
 the Mississippi, about 105 miles from its 
 lat. 29° 57' 45" N., long. 90° 9 W. Popul 
 1860, 168,675. The new-built streets at 
 intersecting each other at right angles ; 
 houses are mostly of brick. It is the 
 emporium of all the vast tracts travel 
 Mississippi, the Missouri, and their 
 stre.nms, enjoying a greater command of 
 navigation than anv other city either of i 
 or New World. Civilisation has hithert 
 its roots, and begun to flourish, onlv 
 comparatively small portions of the 
 territories of which New Orleans is the 
 and yet its progress has been rapid b( 
 
 Erecedcnt. It appears, from the account 
 y order of Congress, that during thejt 
 June 30, 1858, the value of the native 
 produce exported from this city m 
 88,270,224 dols., while the value of llulj 
 from New York was 89,039,741. Will'' 
 imports, the case is materially 
 
 iWiie to j 
 
 5*. removing ■ 
 ^''ra'faterusci 
 
KW, aim, imicea, to the whnl» „(• , "' "' 'onDino- n oit^ 7 — ""lasippi and ♦««.„. i " 
 iJa The'voyagc up the MisS„ni f '""'?' "''"ve^ho^lcvc nf .V" '?'''^«'tV raised S'*'? " 
 .fcltand tedious, i,, no'rnf^^r' ™^''>' «»* wou?d i o / ^t rbeHpli .(''''' 
 
 m>im steam packets wi?h ea^n ""."'• "' N?«in8t ?ever „„ ? ^T'"'' ^'^^^Y means lo"* "'"i 
 ri«fort, 'There' have beon co'nLf''''^y' V^ram^^^^^^ "'° •"'J"''' i» view is ^f^"^ 
 
 IkiKtOfelheriu lueuaroour. A fnm=f „<•""" "" 
 liffliUiillvsecn along the lev^ lv„ ? •"^'''^ 
 |«h«n.k There are oftin 5,m7' ""J^' 
 l» from the upper country here at °/, •'''"'' 
 loj <• iavc Icnown </„>/„ vessels «,i i'^'' ' 
 liptofor Liverpool and Iflvre -^ ^'^^'^ed 
 l««e.ththe Havannah and Vera Pr'"'^!"" 
 IpBLitJ constantly increasinff ' frJ:' ^^ 
 lodfc«/Me IFestern States vo/ i ^''^^^^ 
 L.i|,,pnrt, New Orleans ;';s/hi*rrt''i„1^-^ 
 iCatiiniiffbecn in this resmv-rinf ' " ^"^ 
 Jl.)>Mand Boston. v3„;".'f"7 ""'j' 
 Itarm navigate the river Severn "i:*^"'' 
 l^iiiketlie city. The n,f„r!, ? '"""Ircds 
 |*%i.S belonging to thSf' K''"^'" «f 
 |!K«„°ted to 21of411 ton, P/f T- ■J""" ^0, 
 ^<»pM in st^a" Svigat Ji; '=^?'?Z2' 
 ■wfiaimportaneeofflio/.;, • ^"^ the I 
 
 Nri bv the civil wa' an;^ ''"' '"""P'o'ely 
 r/oMcomiderable time 1 Z^IV'"''-^' ' 
 
 »*■% AmericanrcfeaS T'^^^f 76,935 
 
 "^ofwaterintheriv^r n?"""- "'« PO'^- 
 
 ' « Mt a medium ZZ ^''Z' '" ^^^ 
 
 "Msoundingsof 3oCf fill -fu-'" ""«' >' 
 
 /««withthV?ea.'%:i%\-"e 
 ,. r consequence. thi> Ar.-o? ■ . " or 4 
 M passes or ouUets Tn 'Tr'^P' ,^"« ^ 
 'M.pi,sat Balize thfi w /^ ^^uth-east, , 
 l*'v tides do f';o7j",^io*''i.*''° •>« =- « 
 
 tf oftidesinThe Gu7o?Vf ■'''^■' »"<» '-i'"- 
 Vita 2 or 2i feet ve.iif ,-*^^''.'<=° " "ot {•"" - 
 
 ;?g"MDarhy.^^^i^- the^a.,^ 
 fc£^£^'^5irif^g.atp-Br 
 
 h. tte Mississipp7'bSf n ". """•=•• "'« ^-' -• 
 ^*kyanaJi;i',te^protected ft„„ | Po,.^^._^^ : 
 
 Porter and „ie . 
 
 h^'iSeptemrr'^^ •"" "ncludes Julv ^f,'"'. ">■■» I 
 
 ^"»»S "ic poorer chlZ„f '"*>''"'' P«f '''cu- IS : 
 P« Md from Emm r ^"}'Sr!ints from 5,4" ■ 
 
 N '"■■'"prove rheaUh"' f ?r^ '"'^•« I""" - 
 P:™?itabundantlv tffK "'^ *^« «ty, ' '^""- - 
 
 •Alcohol 
 
 ijacon . 
 
 uacon . 
 
 Iiatni 
 
 n. , '"liulli 
 
 Jjaintimt 
 
 ™ie rope 
 
 Wang - 
 
 "uifcr - 
 
 JJuieer . 
 
 "ran . 
 Ueef . 
 „ dried 
 Colton : 
 
 ^akeanJMtoteippi . 
 
 ^°r"' Alabama a„,"i 
 iennesjeo . "" 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Pluriila 
 
 ie»,.- 
 i-orn, in ran 
 „ shelled . 
 ' pllon seed 
 
 Cheese . - 
 
 Jjandlra- 
 
 JWed apple &o. 
 { aisteU 
 
 Flour . 
 
 Feathers 
 
 };'»»"vare 
 
 'leinp . " • 
 
 1.';^ : -• : 
 
 Jron, pi» 
 
 iealhcr 
 
 i.ard 
 
 ■ *'"ra«kB'5(.,. 
 - barrels and hoxe, 
 ; l'OK>hc,,(|, 
 
 . 'I'- 
 piecra 
 
 - , coil, 
 
 - barrel, 
 " , keff, 
 • barrels 
 
 "Mrrel. a"nd tl'erce" 
 lb. 
 
 -•— I 40,(,'6S 
 Mckj 4I0,i.1s 
 
 Iwwes I i,',,74 1 
 . ■• I '18,^62 I ^r,,'; 
 
 S!,0«( ,,,u 
 
 399,897 
 
 •ierip, 
 
 barrels 
 
 b.iKj 
 
 boxes 
 
 bales 
 
 J - bales 
 
 Inns 
 
 : tierces a'nrtCriu 
 
 - barrda 
 
 - barrels | 13,31^2 
 
 ; 'eg, and lia'rrels 
 
 ",. - barrels 
 
 •lerccs and barrel, 
 
 " bo«M 
 
 "OKsheads 
 
 II.. 
 
 - barrels 
 
 reels 
 
 - sacks 
 barrels 
 
 pack 1 
 " , kefts 
 
 - barrels 
 ""(."heads 
 
 - b.iirrel.s 
 
 boxes 
 m. 
 
 - barrel, 
 nofc'shcads 
 
 boxes 
 " , bale, 
 
 - bundle, 
 
 , 'MRS 
 barrels 
 
 if 
 
 1:1 
 
 
 I. • I 
 
028 
 
 NEW ORLEANS 
 
 i'; 
 
 » ? 
 
 ■••■' u i ■ 
 
 ,v, <* 
 
 .! ■ 
 
 ■tl 
 
 .1 
 
 Imports of Specie for 12 F«ar«, from September 
 1 to August 3L 
 
 dol 
 
 11146-47 
 11147-4* 
 IR4IM9 
 l«49-M 
 1UI>-S1 
 
 • A.MO.OW 
 
 ■ l,l(4A,H()ll 
 
 . 3,T91I,6fiV 
 
 - 7.9.17,119 
 
 HA3-.S4 
 
 lMA.'.-.'i6 
 1»'>6-S7 
 
 doll. 
 . 7,««4,»SS 
 • n,9l>7,0.'i6 
 ■ S,74G,II37 
 . 4,9l3,.Ma 
 
 . R,.^onnis 
 
 . IS.SOD.OIS 
 
 The two following statements contrast the value 
 of the imports and exports of New Orleans, for the 
 fiscal years ending June 30 each year, 1860-67- 
 68, and 1867 :— 
 
 Dutlabl* . 
 
 Kkc 
 
 Bpcrit and bullion - 
 
 Total ImporU - 
 
 EiporK 
 
 IKS6 
 
 1»57 
 
 18i8 
 
 doli. 
 
 g,(HKI,5H.'» 
 6,4I7,A9S 
 1,77i,l4» 
 
 doll. 
 m,4l7,034 
 6,637,070 
 l,9V7,n.10 
 
 doll. 
 10,'^4S,001 
 4,<IIH,0IS 
 4,61il,«t6 
 
 17,llt1,3.>7 
 .SO,.'.47,9ri» 
 
 lii.gs 1,150 
 
 9I.M4,'^IIA 
 
 19,BH7,'/63 
 l'8,.'Wil, ,.1« 
 
 Vedue of the Imports and Exports at the Port 
 of Neio Orleans during the Year 1867. 
 
 Year 
 
 Impona | 
 
 EiporU 
 
 In Amrrlcan 
 VciMli 
 
 In Fortlirn 
 VewU 
 
 In American l In Foreiun 
 V«Kll { VeueU 
 
 Hf.7 
 
 doh. 
 S,9S9,794 
 
 doll. 
 7,71IS,7«4 
 
 doll. 
 38,78»,8«» 
 
 do. 1. 
 40.7li4.3M 
 
 Comparative Statement of the British Shipping 
 at the Port of New Orleans during the 6 
 Years ending with 1867. 
 
 Year 
 
 Kntered 
 
 Cle.ired 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 VesHU 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 Crewi 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 Veueli 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 
 1863 
 11864 
 1865 
 ?866 
 1867 
 
 SO 
 111 
 
 sir.5 
 
 i95 
 834 
 
 6.S94 
 14.S9'2 
 SS.VIS 
 96,703 
 9-2,338 
 
 393 
 934 
 
 3,860 
 3,102 
 
 86 
 139 
 S70 
 !i8l 
 !I46 
 
 I0,61S 
 19,4.35 
 43,S31 
 9'i,078 
 92,064 
 
 676 
 1,245 
 8,352 
 3,517 
 3,155 
 
 Total Amount of Shipping at New Orleans 
 during the Year 1807. 
 
 
 Numlier] 
 
 
 American Tes«el« entered from 
 
 of 
 
 VfMcl. 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 Crewi 
 
 
 
 
 foreign port! 
 
 241 
 
 128,922 
 
 3,829 
 
 Forei^ti reueU entered from foreign 
 
 
 
 
 porta .... 
 
 416 
 
 161,460 
 
 6,51G 
 
 American reiselt cleared to foreign 
 
 
 
 
 porta - - - . 
 
 326 
 
 213,919 
 
 6,035 
 
 Foreign Tcuels cleared tc foreign 
 
 
 
 
 porta .... 
 
 421 
 
 166,729 
 
 6,484 
 
 Ve«aeli In coasting trade, entered - 
 
 1,120 
 
 711,413 
 
 25,131 
 
 Vesaelt In coaallng trade, cleared ' . 
 
 1 ,263 
 
 7911,491 
 
 31,063 
 
 Rates for Bar Pilotage, fi.xed by Legislature of 
 the State of Louisiana. 
 
 Taaels drawing lOfei'tofirniei', or le<u, at per foot 3 50 
 
 over 10 feet, and under 18 
 18 feet, and upwards 
 
 Draft 
 
 dolii. cts. 
 
 
 4 feet 
 
 at 3 50 per foot 
 
 
 *i 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 6k 
 
 
 
 ?t 
 
 it 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 8i 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 jj 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10) 
 
 4*50 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 lai 
 
 j^ 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 13J 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 14) 
 
 
 
 •*, 
 
 
 
 l''J 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 16) 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 s ao 
 
 
 ;») 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 "t 
 
 
 
 SO 
 
 
 
 »ot 
 
 », 
 
 
 50 
 
 „ 5 50 
 
 Amount 
 
 doU. cti. 
 
 14 no 
 
 15 75 
 17 SO 
 19 25 
 
 21 00 
 
 22 75 
 24 50 
 26 25 
 
 28 00 
 
 29 75 
 31 60 
 33 25 
 35 00 
 47 25 
 49 50 
 61 7r, 
 54 00 
 56 25 
 68 50 
 60 75 
 63 DO 
 65 25 
 67 50 
 fS 75 
 72 00 
 74 25 
 76 60 
 78 75 
 99 00 
 
 101 75 
 
 104 60 
 
 107 25 
 
 110 00 
 
 112 J5 
 
 Quarantine -A fee of 7 J doh. to 20 dols .. 
 cording to tonnage la clmrecd nn .iiM 
 entering the port of New Orloa„8, and toM^ 
 quarantine on vessels from (Julf ani \Vp«t „TI 
 ports from May 1 to November 1 " ''"''*l 
 
 P;/ota<,e -Sailing vc.scl., do n„t pay „„, 
 pilotage, steamers pav 00 doLn. ' J 
 
 Levee l>»«».-TwouV cents per ton on all veswU I 
 Harbour master s foe 6 dols. entrance, aud 3 Zfj 
 per ton. ^^'"* 
 
 Rates of Towages from Lviie to Bar. 
 
 torn 
 
 tons 
 
 Veuell of .30 and under 40 
 
 40 
 
 „ 5U 
 
 M 
 
 » 60 
 
 so 
 
 „ 70 
 
 70 
 
 „ 80 
 
 80 
 
 >, 90 
 
 90 
 
 >. IflO 
 
 100 
 
 ., ISO 
 
 120 
 
 » I.M 
 
 150 
 
 175 
 
 175 
 
 200 
 
 200 and upward!, 50 cenii per ton. 
 Rates of Towages from Bar to City. 
 Vessels under 80 tons per contract. 
 
 doll 
 
 - 40 
 
 • 45 
 
 - M 
 
 • M 
 
 • « 
 
 • 70 
 
 • 75 
 
 - 10 
 
 - IS 
 
 • 90 
 ■ lUU 
 
 torn lent 
 
 Vceaali of 30 and under 40 
 
 40 
 so 
 60 
 70 
 SO 
 90 
 
 loo 
 
 110 
 120 
 130 
 140 
 
 60 
 60 
 70 
 80 
 DO 
 lOO 
 
 no 
 
 ViO 
 130 
 140 
 150 
 
 dolt. 
 
 • 90 
 . KlO 
 
 - 110 
 
 - IW 
 
 • m 
 
 - 110 
 
 • IM 
 ■ lU 
 
 • 170 
 
 • ISO 
 
 - ISO 
 
 150 ton» and upwardi,'! dollar 25 cenit per ijo. "*' 
 
 All vessels from bar to quarantine, and frai 
 quarantine to citv, half of the above rates. 
 
 All vessels below Fort Jacltson to lie chu 
 the same as from bar. 
 
 All vessels of 100 tons and upwards fromrJ 
 Jacicson to city, 1 dol. per ton. 
 
 tons tons 
 
 Vesiels of '.'t and under 1 1 >() 
 
 60 „ 75 
 
 40 „ 50 
 
 ■ V I 
 
 All vessels under 40 tons as per contract 
 
 All vessels between quarantine and EdjII 
 Turn to city will be charged the s-ime as ( 
 quarantine. 
 
 All vessels from plngiish Turn to city, over j 
 tons, 50 cents per ton. 
 
 All vessels from English Turn to city, di^ 
 100 tons, as per contracts. 
 
 All vessels requiring two boats on the ba 
 500 tons and upwards, will bo charged 100 i 
 for first trial and 75 dols. for each trial iS 
 Under 500 tons, 100 dols. for first tri4 and! 
 dols. for each trial after. 
 
 Dock accommodations. — There are two i 
 use, and another under construction. One j 
 take a \'essel of 1,500 tons drawing 15 feet ii 
 The one under construction is equally larp.] 
 smaller dock for vessels drawing 7' or 8 f 
 The expenses of repairs are enormous, in c 
 quencc of combinations amongst the laboured 
 
 State of bar at mouth of river.— The lUsaisij 
 has two principal passes ; viz :— 
 
 77je south-west pass, whirh has usually sii 
 of from 15 to 16 feet. 
 
 Pass a V outre, which has <i depth of from I 
 14 feet. 
 
 Both these passes have a greater ( 
 particular winds. The other two ps^t 
 the north-east and the south pass, han^ 
 from 5 to 6 feet o water on them, and i 
 filling up. 
 
 Steps are being taken, an appropriadoiili 
 been made by Congress for the pun)ose,tiiili 
 out the south-west pass and pass Jti'outitiDl 
 give a greater depth of water. 
 
 >!*. OKI, (rank 
 
 ■•"lliirdirare 
 ■'aifiiiiiiri 
 "Wad pig ire. 
 
 Nxol 
 
 K* 
 
 ■nit 
 
i (loll to 20 (tola, ac- 1 
 
 »rKcd on all vcs«,|, 
 
 )rlcan9, and a ton-day I 
 
 t.ulf and West India I 
 ibcr 1, I 
 
 s do not pay rivef! 
 nw, 1 
 
 taper ton on all vesselsj 
 I. cnttnnce, ami 8 cenu 
 
 m Lfiie to Bar. 
 
 doll 
 
 • 41) 
 
 • «i 
 
 ■ M 
 
 • M 
 
 • M 
 
 • 70 
 
 • 7J 
 
 ■ N 
 
 - M 
 
 ■ 90 
 
 • lU) 
 coitt p« ton. 
 
 ■om Bar to City, 
 t contract. 
 
 dell. 
 
 • 90 
 
 . 100 
 
 - 110 
 
 • IW 
 
 • uo 
 
 - IW 
 
 • IM 
 
 - 110 
 
 • IJO 
 
 ■ 110 
 
 - 190 
 
 s WV1 
 
 ollar a emu per t jd, 
 
 } quarantine, andd 
 the above rates. 
 Jackson to be chu 
 
 and upwards from Foj 
 ton. 
 
 ■ ») 
 . V) 
 . ;,) 
 
 IS ns per contract. 
 [Uarantino and Emlj 
 Kgcd the same as I 
 
 h Turn to city, ora^ 
 
 ish Turn to city, m 
 
 wo boats on the baq 
 rill be charged 100 J 
 lis. for each trial an 
 .3, for first trial, aiid| 
 
 -There are two i 
 construction. One | 
 !\a drawing 15 feet li 
 ion is equally large.] 
 3 drawing 7 or f 
 are enormous, in c 
 mongst the laboured 
 ^n»er.— TheML'sisjj 
 ; viz:— 
 hichhas usually J i 
 
 IBS a depth of from 1 
 
 ive a greater i 
 
 other two past),! 
 I south pass, harej 
 er on them, and t 
 
 an appropriation ii 
 for the purpose, to i 
 indpassiiroutRMJ 
 rater. 
 
 NEW ORLEANS 
 
 Iu;„0FClIAnOK9 KTC. AOKEBD VPOH ANn 
 
 iwmn nr thk Nkw Oklkans PirAm.. 
 
 
 tui .,.vi. If- 
 
 i.wrrsn nr mn nmy <jki,kavs Pin... " 
 
 Commiinoni on Salen, 
 
 „, ™iwi, lobKM, le^d, flour, ,nu olhn prodiwu of' 
 
 71.1 ■ ■ • ".""'" P™ 
 
 HnKn BinofKlurM and oil forHjjn mercliaiuliK 
 ju,ji!(frfu!f»tHl lime - . ^'■* 
 
 Per 
 «ni. 
 
 I (ufji:(fofvi!f»tHl lime - — -— -.«.i. 
 
 I httai ml i»i|>mf n of mrrrhnnillie or nroduoa 
 
 I (M,,tpiirhi>i'. of il» k* or liulllon 
 I i,»>ii«i>«l trmiilinii divldendi 
 I ^.t(rrwliorilMml)oati 
 I Hitiwiv T'tx I* or sltfdmboau . 
 
 I {lif^nt frriKliu IVom forei^ porU 
 
 I MM^d diibuncnifnti 
 
 - 4 
 
 ■:fi 
 
 - !> 
 S 
 
 ».«ril . ■ ■ . 
 
 '-■rd . ■ - . 
 
 I.arcl . • - . 
 
 "alt • • 
 
 CanillM, IMP, »!_■„ (i.h r , . 
 
 "°,ln I-.II Eo,« . - - l*rbo,orba.,k« 
 
 927 
 
 (lolla'clj, 
 
 - perlibl. ("^ 
 
 " " 10 
 
 /J 
 
 • l»r III re* 10 
 
 • iwr libl. « 
 ptr Ipif .1 
 
 ■ porhhcl. 4(1 
 
 !»' Ikh lU 
 
 |ii-r ba^ I) l' 
 
 • t II .'> 
 
 % 
 
 31) 
 .10 
 
 -v ., collKiing ln.ur.„re or olhn- clilm,", ,„h„„; J 
 
 I Tit itifi£oii 
 
 I Tit Jtifi£oii ■ . . 
 
 Wk»< ind remitting drafti, or recelvlnir nr „ , " 
 
 ■«.i.ih«li no other colimilBlon ha> bm char£~i * 
 
 |llttmuiiJarmiiranl««l, In addition "•""««• . 
 
 its' "*! "'"""!^ '"'' ""•"''"'' I'tolMiwl" and rcl 
 
 kSSi'*-^'''"".'' """linUI* or- produo; 
 
 ■lileiiaioripcfie • , . * - 
 
 ■]^<inJro.lertin(((ieneraI average . 
 
 - TiU of merchsmlisi* withdrawn nr M.ki _. 
 .^m ^.-aa™™. and7e.p°j„rbl;l|'r.::'ffl 
 
 hHBUe/ldTincM. rhartra. an.l ti.i.ii... * -I 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 Nalla 
 
 »'Jgooda,noj„c;«nngior,« 
 110 
 
 Crockerjr . 
 
 •Jirdwai, 
 'Inrdivare 
 Harilware 
 i'lqulda . 
 /•Iqulda . 
 ''liluldi . 
 *-laret 
 
 per kFK 
 
 • Ifr caik 
 per llorce 
 ... ■ Pwhbl. 
 Pe^hJ^f..!'''"""""'- •' 
 
 p.?"u-;rS''.rot'rs- s 
 
 ' per cask o 
 
 rufflouniotinroice - — «#»io 
 
 "W^wwiu, acconling to sprclai contrari 
 
 Ci«».ol«„cl„.i,eoft,„ke,'.™'L',d'-c„.r«„ 
 ^'J"<' •» paid in the cutrenc, for «h,eh 
 
 I 
 2i 
 
 }yheat and rre 
 Oata 
 
 I-ard 
 
 Hutlcr 
 
 Cheese 
 Tallow 
 fiearino 
 Jiwar 
 Collee, in ban. 
 
 Klce.(}eor«ia and Carolina 
 
 ^^"'fff^t Of Grain per Su,Z. 
 
 4 
 
 « 
 .1 
 I A 
 
 m 
 us 
 in 
 
 .10 
 
 lo 
 in 
 
 40 
 Hi 
 
 in 
 
 iiO 
 
 ^are*. 
 
 dola. cti. 
 - pounda eo 
 
 • .. ne 
 
 ' •> 3» 
 
 actual tare 
 
 'i-n percent 
 
 ^•^ Forwarding Merchandise, exclusive 
 if dtarges actually incurred. "*"'*| 
 
 Inw and (oljacco • . ,„. ^.. ^dols, cu. 
 
 1 hot the artl, IM, the bulk „» u- .. * ''Kulation al,al| 
 
 ' lS^'""*''^''S^iSP-r''™.-.uaU 
 
 nmenio ." " Mm ,/ '" ha/jj 1,810 lb. 
 
 I, .inn ,. 
 i.imi „ 
 lUfl ,, 
 CbbU. 
 
 • per hhd. 
 ■ per bale 
 
 oifliicon . ^ 
 
 itlRClinl,ta]Iov 
 
 v*: 
 
 pwa. and other dn barreli 
 Raimlibot . . 
 
 k'iol.biin., oal!, and other (jriin 
 
 - per hhd. n 
 per llerrc u 
 
 - iwr bbl. 
 
 - I>er box n 
 
 - 
 
 - perkett 
 
 ■ iwrpig 
 
 ■ perbai; o 
 
 DO 
 60 
 
 .in 
 
 20 
 ;iO 
 SS 
 
 a.i 
 
 H 
 i 
 3 
 S 
 
 KTMl 2,000 lb. 
 l-ulkSUS „ 
 
 200 irali. 
 H't bhia. 
 '-i ., 
 
 'A •■ 
 
 fBlMnili 
 " » Jwl (jerces 
 " il and barreli 
 
 Liquids. 
 
 per bbl. 
 
 Sundries. 
 
 dolj. cfs. 
 
 - I on 
 
 - 50 
 
 a.', 
 
 2.5 
 «i 
 
 kS''*' T'"''' "^ «•'"• package, of 
 ^""llardirare , «„!__..__ ^-^ eta. 
 
 FJioJMiiiinri 
 Wirmind pig iron 
 
 |«fe. tines &c. . 
 
 *«c. ... " - per box 
 
 ■ I'cr ba(f 
 
 • per keg 
 
 per sack 
 
 dolse'cts. 
 
 P^r package. I^c't';:,*^ ,5 ^ 
 
 - iwrton 1 ai 
 
 ■• I 00 
 
 2 »() 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 o 50 
 
 i 
 
 ^'""P'^'^d Labour per Month. 
 
 latinl 
 
 ■ per bale 
 
 l«W.-,no'texceedrnrJo!l1b- 
 451) „ ■ 
 
 dolj. cti. 
 
 C?'"'' We iron . 
 ■"proTiiionj 
 
 ■ Pw bale" 
 
 - period. 
 
 Wlnre, brandv .nl,i. " ","■''' ''T'. bau« Till ? 
 
 „ !"(< ti.e f "ll ciJS t'Lf yh'Jl''''l''' «"""aMy7;;aon' 
 GraTn, peaa andLaiirin M^kf ' "'"• "■^'ure : 
 Sail, Europe.,n . '"''""' • 
 
 „. ^Ve■,t India " • . T 
 
 Mone roal . - . 
 
 n^a^-"-er/;^S,^„l.-orboae,; 
 " hen molmse, u shlr,„ 'i .. " - " , •lOc. ft. 
 
 "ip-ee,n..nt, it shall be ,TP"' ^^ ">« hogshead «l.l," . '•'•'" !'■• 
 
 ol eichaiige. """' ^^ t-ongress, adding 11,2^0^1.6%°'' ?" ""'" 
 
 and is now the &" l?u'lV°?.'"''«'>itants 
 
 the dornestic produce Cpriiic nnn ■""= ™'ue of 
 
 ^1.019,2CC dollars, bei.i<r ,' .ffr^^ amounted to 
 
 frrossional edition *';f the ff"f ^^ C'°'» ^''e con- 
 Commissioners of R^Ll '^^'""■' of the Special 
 MobnehadoXtsoTsMTi^SSa-OOOdoC 
 of which npariiTlinif ^*'^°'4'>444 tons shinning, 
 to steamers. ^ * ''''^'^ "^ 21,958 tons, belonged 
 
 \ . I 
 
 '-* ' =*j; 
 
 ' i! 
 
■• •!••;. 
 
 028 
 
 NKWSPAPERS 
 
 11 
 
 i 
 
 . i- '..■ u ■■ ■■ 
 •ill « 
 
 • .1 
 
 " •:/ . 
 
 f I ' 
 
 '.• 
 
 I 
 
 J- 
 
 nlMUit :i\ mile* apart, tho dpcpcut channel having 
 1.1 foot water at low ebb; hut veswils drawing 
 more than H or 9 feet water cannot, owing to 
 n shual in tho bay, rcouli tlio town except at 
 
 high water. A lighthouiie ererted in 
 lat. ;((1° 10' N., long. HHO ;ir \v 
 llxed light elevated 65 I'uet above 
 the sea. 
 
 
 Kntriti and Clearanct$ of VenneU at Mobile {ixcliiHive of Slfamrm ami ntlirr Crnft 
 Hivert and Bay) for the Year enJiinj June ;tO, 1 Ki«. 
 
 tar'jiidiij (d 
 
 EnUIn 
 
 Arrival* 
 
 Cl.ar«ic 
 
 Numtwr of 
 Viuell 
 
 A mount of 
 Tonnai* 
 
 Numbttr of 
 Craw 
 
 Nunibar of 
 . Vruall 
 
 Antnuni of 
 
 American ■ - 
 
 Kcrnnn 
 
 CuMlwlie 
 
 IN 
 4lt7 
 
 lin.TTS 
 JS1,7»4 
 
 «,nln 
 lIlTH 
 
 179 
 411 
 
 111. 'JO; 
 «ii.i)«7 
 
 Tot«l 
 
 «6II 
 
 Ml, MS 
 
 11,7-3 41S 
 
 UMI.'JIH 
 
 The cnormoufl difference AvhichnppcarH between 
 the number of coastwiwe vps«elfl entered and 
 cleared, is owinj; to tho fact that all tho mail-line 
 Atcamcrs and schoonerf, from New OrleanH, enter 
 at tho Cu8tom-housc, and in no instance clear in 
 returning. 
 
 RatcH of Pilotttge at the Lower Bar, 
 
 Fur Tvtsclii (lrawin){ Trom 1 to 10 feet 
 I. 10 to 14 „ 
 
 » HtoVO „ 
 
 doU. rti. 
 
 - .1 M !« 
 . 4 (K> 
 
 - 6 UO 
 
 ' fuut 
 
 Rate$ of Pilotage at the Upper Bar» 
 
 For Tn»e(i of every draught 
 l^iitfd Ststei InniiHfie duvi 
 IlnrtMinr nia 'I'r'rtduv^ 
 I'llCht iharKM* none. 
 Quarantine, none. 
 
 doll. eta. 
 V .')(> per fool 
 .'<> twr Ion 
 3 „ 
 
 The following scale of charges wnt nanimously 
 adopted at a meeting of the Mobile Chamber of 
 Commerce, Iield at the Merclinnts' and rianteru' 
 Exchange, on November 22, 18H5, viz. :— 
 
 doll 
 For purchoain^ and Mlline cotton 
 
 cotton on loreiKi) orders when re- 
 irnlturscrnent )■ taken abrnnd • 
 HereiTinjr and forwardinR cotton, «hen no re- 
 imliurnement is taki-n, as, for instance, to Nlw 
 f>rleun when another p-irtr »ell< 
 When forwarded to New Vora, other northern or 
 fureinn porta - , - - 
 
 rommiHsionH on all disbursement! 
 Miipinent abroad, fur aciount of plantetR, or 
 other*, when the entire niana;;en)L>nt dtTolfea 
 upon the bhippcT - . - - 
 
 Brokerage on cotton for purchasing and aliip 
 markinR - 
 clauing and mark x 
 Weighing cotton . - . . 
 
 rt<. 
 '2.^ per cent. 
 
 I 60 per bale 
 
 S AD „ 
 
 St} percent. 
 
 n 
 
 per bale 
 
 RttewelRtiinK .. 
 Collecting and rcmittinK or invcslinff fiindt 
 Kecelvlnx and furwardinK nieriiundifte 
 ilcceiviiiK and idling cotinlr; |iroducr, other 
 
 tJun cotton 
 AuRtiont>cii*comniU!dnns . . . 
 
 Comiiiitoiont on inward and outward freights - 
 
 00 
 .'.I) 
 
 3i „ 
 •2i „ 
 
 i per cent. 
 95 |ier bar'l. 
 
 ^ per cent. 
 
 5 
 
 Wc arc indebted for the corrections in the above 
 two articles to Mr. Consul Donohoe's published 
 Jleports and to valuable private information. 
 
 For United States Tariff, see Nkw Yoiik. 
 
 NEWSPAPKHS. Publications in numbers, 
 consisting commonly of single sheets and pub- 
 lislicd at short and stated intervals, conveying in- 
 telligence of passing events, 
 
 Importancp, and Value of Newspapers in a Com- 
 mercial Point of View. — It is foreign to tiie pur- 
 poses of this work to consider the moral and 
 political effects produced by ncwsp.ipers : of the 
 extent of their influence there is no doubt, even 
 among those who differ widely as to its effect. 
 Their utility to commerce is, however, unquestion- 
 able. The advertisements or ^notices, which they 
 circulate, the variety of facts and information they 
 contain as to the supply and demand of commodi- 
 ties in all quarters of the world, their prices, and 
 the regulations by which they are affected, render 
 newspapers indispensable to commercial men, su- 
 persede a great mass of epistolary correspondence, 
 
 raise merchants in remote places towards an , 
 
 equality, in point of information, with those in the I paid to what is given gratis, we fcH 
 
 Nu»r!«ref I 
 Cr,, 
 
 2.«l 
 
 l,iltl 
 
 J,H6 
 
 y«j' 
 
 great marts, and wonderfullv quickpn all 
 movements ..f commerce. New.paperi theJ 
 selves have also bcenii.e „„ important cmJ 
 article. In XHbi the nctt produce of tlic .t. 
 ( uty levied on newspupern in the I nitod Ki« 
 domwas 412,n5(i/.: the gro.ss priMuce of ihc . 
 may ho estnnated at -JJ times this sum- 
 on this hypothesis tlie iiiiHspawrH rir(i,'lu,,.,i| 
 that year must have cost ihc public aSi 
 1,8,58,302/. sterling, er elusive of the sums raijl 
 advertisements. ' • 
 
 Newspapers, in i.ondon, are cold i,v i;,p , 
 Ushers to newsmen or newavriulors.hv'wli'imii 
 are distributed to the purchasers in t„wn , 
 country. The newsmen, wlio ntv the retail 
 receive, for their business of distribution a i 
 lated allowance. The papers sold tn tho publj 
 M.. wi.ieh, down to m,:,, f„nnid the ^'rMtll 
 of London newspapers, are sold to il.e newJ 
 in quire-s. Each (pdro consists < .' 27 papen] 
 has been charged to the newsiiicu at >fsA 
 so that the newsman's gross profit oirJTii 
 was 'is. M. In some instances where nl«m 
 arc sent by the post, Jrf. additional on each i 
 has been charged by the newsmen to their a 
 customers. Some of the clerks of the postj 
 called clerks of the road, used to he considel 
 newsagents; but this, we l)elievp, is no Inna 
 case. Previously to I8a(; the stamp duty! 
 newspaper was rather under a\d. (4rf,- 
 cent.) ; but it was tlicn reduced to Id. nctt. | 
 
 Advertisements form a considerable wni 
 profit to newspapers ; and without them. 
 those papers that are most widely tiic| 
 could not support their great expciulitun', 
 to 1853, all advertiscmentx, w ithoiit liisiinclj 
 length, were charged with a duty of U. U, 
 which produced, in 1852, 167,fi9.^/. !•». Srf.' 
 (Jreat liritain, and ll-t,ri()0/. 18s. in IrolamL 
 this duty being on various accounts hiji 
 jectionalile, wts tlien repealed. There i 
 means by which to learn the proportion of ij 
 vertiscment duty which was paid by newsi 
 i'robably, however, we shall not be far | 
 if we take it at ; of the entire sum 
 charges of newspajicrs for advtrtising var 
 the length of the advertisements and thq 
 lation of tho papers. It is ohviou?, inJee 
 an advertisement in a journal which ill 
 circulated may do more to disseminate ini'if 
 in regard to the matter to which it r(ii« J 
 insertion in half a dozen papers of liuiiie^ 
 lation. 
 
 Papers have been set on foot in i 
 of the kingdom which contain adter 
 only. They arc not sold, hut pi'-'cni^ 
 some of them are very extensively i 
 Their profits depend on their popiuariirj 
 advertising world, or on the numbtrrfif 
 ments sent them. 
 
 Inasmuch, however, as hut litlki'tl 
 
NKWSPaPKHS 
 
 029 
 
 tft mir'jiitiiij iM 
 
 ly (\uicUfn all 
 
 iiHiortiinl cummin 
 roilucc lit' tlic -liu 
 in the I nii«\ Kit 
 ,s pniiliiec of the i 
 ics this «uni ; m t 
 wspapcti* jir(«lii.«il 
 ist liic piiUic abl 
 
 .,„ b« reolly advnnKitrpniw pnnines for 
 ft* '^. , It liM unmctimen ln'i-n \x\v(\, with n 
 '"""'liliwn the expi'iino of adviTtisemcnlH, to 
 
 * 1, m iioticcH ol bonks, to noinc one jour- 
 
 \tMi of juurimk Hut tin exporinicnt lias 
 !i'„,..'r,.nt.U'Rrccofsuo.-OHS. 
 
 Ti loiiilon newxpniwrs liavo »KK!omo rcmnrk- 
 jj fr'lhc L'f*"' ""*'"' ""'' ^'""'''7 "'" wa'tcf 
 
 V h hcv ooiif^"'- "'•' "'"'''y "*" "'"'' •«'"''"« 
 -"v. thcriiimliiv w'f' wliicli they nre printctl 
 
 I „'nilat(d, ttiid'tlif nrcuracv nii.l copiouHncHS 
 
 jih rcDort.^ "f <le''at<'«- ^'''«'"« ''<''*"•'« ""' 
 •l^livaUrBocxpciulitiiro and coiwidcrnble 
 
 frcf'labour. Tli.' reports of pai;liamentary 
 
 iLinrt are obtainod by a succeasion of able 
 
 ■°" .,L, of } Ulan hour, or occasionally less. 
 ilMiaiier cannot aim at copious and correct 
 l»i.»ithlcs9 than 10 reporters for the House 
 iSwm; «nd the expense of that portioular 
 gnolamominp newspaper CHtoblishmcnt ox- 
 Jl,3,()0«lpcranniim. nn.„ .„. r A 7 
 
 ' Im/alwBiai to New»paptri.—^m Act 6*7 
 llTlV c "« introdticod several new reffulationa 
 UiKirJ to newspapers. AmonR other things. 
 iimr*iU dutv of Id. on every sheet of paper 
 lii u a newnpaper, provided iU superflcios 
 Kixcwtl 1,630 square inches ; of lirf. if it 
 i(,i 1 530 square inches, and did not exceed 
 Mjiie inches; and of 2d. if it exceeded 
 ^ Mur» inches. When supplements were 
 '' >4wi) newspapers, they were each charged 
 .ilitTof Jd., provided their superticiea did 
 n(ii((ii;95 square inches. 
 
 Uini neither more nor less than a device to 
 
 ilifW of newspapers by imposinp a peculiar 
 
 atliMF publishers who might be disposed, by 
 
 m the size of their journals, to lay tne 
 
 lupply of information or amusement be- 
 
 taireiders. But this ingenious scheme for 
 
 diftismaU be substituted for a large measure 
 
 Iktli^cc has since been, if not aboliBhed, at 
 
 Mtetially modified. The Stamp Act of 
 
 , it 16 & 17 Vict. c. 63, has the following 
 
 _«: viz:— 
 
 |iilDi)ii(i« on Newtpapers and Sw/^lements. — 
 
 ly^ber itamp duty than Id. shall be charge- 
 
 Ttemay newspaper printed on one sheet of 
 
 RcoDtiining superliciea not exceeding 2,295 
 
 tiipplemettt published with any newspaper 
 
 htimpMl with the duty of Id,, such supple- 
 
 u being printed on one sheet of paper only, 
 
 iti^er with such newspaper containing m 
 
 [legate a superficies not exceeding 2,296 
 
 ii,ihaU be free from stamp duty. 
 
 lyoliier lupplefnent to any such duly stamped 
 
 Itper shall not be chargeable with any 
 
 mlimp duty than ^d., provided it does not 
 
 ii a nperficies exceeding 1,148 inches. 
 
 i any two siinpleraents to any such duly 
 
 Ifd newspaper shall not be chargeable with 
 
 liifhtT stamp duty thau ^d, on each, provided 
 
 |tf luch supplements be printed and published 
 
 Kiheet of paper only, and that they contain 
 
 litt a superficies not exceeding in the aggre- 
 
 W'Sh inches. 
 
 KBipeniciesinall the cases aforesaid to be one 
 
 |«^of the sheet of paper, and exclusive of 
 
 ^ngiii of the letter-press. 
 
 t Act G i 7 \\m. IV. c. 76 exempts from 
 
 Tlieson newspapers ' any paper called Police 
 
 1< ct flue and Cry,' 'published in Great 
 
 a by authority of the Secretary of State, or 
 
 W by the authority of the Lord Lieutenant 
 
 luTO Government Gazettes published in 
 
 Lonilon, Ktliidurgh, and Dublin, erased in IHtiHtn 
 boar stanipi<) : daily accounts or biU.i of gnoda 
 impi^rtod and exported, or warrants or cortilicatoa 
 for the ill livery of goiMli*, and the weekly bill.s of 
 mortality : and also papers containing any list 
 of price current, or of the state of the markets, or 
 any account of the arrival, sailing, or other cir- 
 cumstMices rrlating to merchant ships or vessels, 
 or any other matter wholly of a commercial 
 nature: provided such bills, lists, or accounts do 
 not contain any other matter than what hath 
 been usually coinprisod therein. 
 
 And the same Act lays down the following 
 rules ; viz. a discount of 2^ per cent, is to bis 
 allowed on the al)ove duties on newspaper* printed 
 in Ireland. (Sec. 2.) 
 
 In order to prevent fraud in the returns as to 
 newspaperi*, it is enacted that from December .')l, 
 IH.'iO, a separate or distinctive stamp or die shall 
 bo uscil for each newspaper. (Sec. 3.) 
 
 No person is to print or publish a newspaper 
 until after a declaration has been made and 
 lodged at the Stamp Ofllce, containing certain 
 particulars (specified in the Act), as to the names 
 and addresses of the printer, and certain of the 
 proprietors of such paper Ac, under a penalty of 
 50/. I'ersons wilfully making a false or defective 
 declaration are, upon conyiction, to be deemed 
 guilty of a misdemeanor. (Sees. 6, 7.) 
 
 There are a number of regulations intended to 
 provide for the discover}* and liability of the 
 printer and proprietors, the security of the duties, 
 and the prevention of the sale of unstamped 
 papers. A penalty of 20/. is im"n?e'J on any person 
 printing, publishing, selling kc. new.«Dapers not 
 duly stamped ; and it is declared to be lawful for 
 any oiKcer of stamps, or any person authoribcd by 
 the commissioners in that behalf, to seize any 
 such offender, and take him before any justice 
 having jurisdiction where the offence is committed, 
 who shall summarily determine the matter, and 
 upon conviction and default of payment, shall 
 commit such offender to prison for some term not 
 exceeding 3 calendar months, nor less than 1 
 calendar month. (Sec. 17.) 
 
 Penalty for sending abroad newspapers not duly 
 stamped, 60/. (Sec. 18.) 
 
 Justices may grant warrants to search for 
 unstamped newspapers, and to seize presses &c. 
 nsc» in printing the same; and on refusal of 
 admittance, officers may break open doors iic. 
 Pers'>ns resisting officers, liable to a penalty of 
 20/. (Sees. 22 23.) 
 
 Influence of the Reduction of the Duty in 1836. — 
 The reduction of the price of^^newspapers from 7c/. 
 to M. occasioned a great increase in the demand 
 for the old or established papers; and a con- 
 siderable number of new weekly papers also 
 started into existence after the reduction of 
 the duty in the metropolis and throughout the 
 country. Down to 1855, however, with one 
 exception, no new daily paper was established 
 ui the metropolis. 
 
 Newspaper Act of 185!>. — But a still further and 
 most important change in the regulations as to 
 newspapers was effected by the Act of 1855, 18 
 Vict. c. 27. It exempts newspapers or periodical 
 publications, not transmitted by post, from all 
 charge for dut}-; but the existing duty, and the 
 other arrangements referred to above, are still kept 
 up in the case of newspapers sent by post. Inas- 
 much, however, as newspapers may be readily 
 transmitted between the principal places in the 
 United Kingdom through private channels, it is 
 probable that the post will be but little resorted to 
 in time to come, except in the case of newspapers 
 sent to the country, or to places out of the way of 
 30 
 
 i-;S?! 
 
030 
 
 NKWHl'ArKHS 
 
 I »■ ¥ 
 
 V 
 4 
 
 I, 
 
 t 
 
 '■■■} < 
 
 ;. . i 
 
 
 ^:'- 
 
 the gTcat lilies of comniiinirallon. And luMirr, 
 no (loiil)t, the alMilition ul' ilic duty on tlii' 
 i;rriit niiijnrity of iifws|m|M'r» will lif tli<' prinoipiil 
 inini('<liiit« «'(rict ot' till! n«w HyHti'iii. Wo Ik'h 
 til aiinux tliu following abHtra<;t ot' tlio Act rr- 
 ferrod to. 
 
 \()t fitmpulinry lit print Xeimpiiprri on StiimiiH, 
 — From and after 14 davh I'roin tli(! imHNiiiKot' tluH 
 Act, it uliall not lie comp'ilHory (oxrcpt for tlio 
 piirpoHO of free tranHiniiMioii i,y the post) to print 
 any newspaper on paper stamped for dcnoliiiK the 
 diitieM impoHed bv law on newi4pa|M<rH, and no 
 (lerHon Hhall be Ruliject or liable to any penalty or 
 forfeiture for printini;, piiblixhiii^', Helling, or 
 havinff in hiH tM)SH08iiion any unHtaropcd newH- 
 paper. (Sec. I.) 
 
 PtriiidicHl Publicatitmt printed on Slampt to he 
 transmitted by Pout free of Pontnye. — Kvery J)e- 
 riiMlical publication hereinafter mentioned which 
 nhall be printed within the United Kingdom on 
 paper Htampcd for denotin)^ the ruto of duty now 
 irapoged bv law on newspapers, shall be entitle*! to 
 the like privileges of transmission and ru-traiisniis- 
 8ion by the post between places in tho United 
 Kingdom, cither postaf(o-free or otherwise, on the 
 same terms and conditions and under and subject 
 to tho like rules and regulations, as newspapers 
 duly stamped arc now entitled and Hiibjcct to 
 under any Act or Acts in force, but uiufer and 
 subject nevertheless to the terms and conditions 
 contained in this Act. (Sec. 2.) 
 
 Periodical Publicationi entitled to free Tran»- 
 mimon by Pott to be printed under tpeciHed 
 Limitations and Cimditions, — Kvery periodical 
 publication, tu be entitled to any such privilege as 
 aforesaid, shall bo printed and published at inter- 
 vals not exceeding 31 days between any two 
 consecutive parts or numbers of such publication, 
 and shall be subject to the same limitations and 
 restrictions with respect to the number of shcota 
 or pieces of paper whereon the same shall be 
 printed, and with respect to the superficies or 
 dimensions of the letter-press thereof, as by any 
 Act or Acts now in force are enacted or imposed 
 with respect to newspapers and supplements 
 thereto; and every such periodical publication 
 shall be entitled to such privilege only on the 
 terms and conditions following ; viz. one of the 
 sheets or pieces of pape^ '^n which the same shall 
 be printed, shall be stfied with an appropriate 
 die, denoting the stani); duty imposed by law on 
 a newspaper printed on the like number of sheets 
 or pieces of paper and of the like dimensions with 
 respect to the superficies of the letter-press thereof; 
 and on the top of every page of such publication 
 shall be printed the title thereof, and the date of 
 )iiiblisliing the same, and such periodical publica- 
 tion, at the time when the same shall be posted, 
 shall be folded in such manner that the whole of 
 the stamp denoting the said duty shall be exposed 
 to view, and be distinctly visible on the outside 
 thereof; also such periodical publication shall not 
 be printed on pasteboard or cardboard, or on two 
 or more pieces or thicknesses of paper ported 
 together, nor shall any pasteboard, cardboard, or 
 such pasted paper be transmitted by post with 
 any such periodical publication either as a back 
 cover thereto, or othenvise, (Sec. 3.) 
 
 Paper to be stamped for such Periodical Publica- 
 tions ifc. — It shall be lawful for the proprietor or 
 printer of any such periodical publication to send 
 to the Commissioners of Inland Revenue, or to 
 such ofRcer as they shall appoint or direct in that 
 behalf, any quantity of paper to be stamped with 
 an a[ipropriate die, to be provided in the manner 
 directed by the Act 6 4 7 Wm. IV. c. 76 », 3, 
 for denoting the rate of stamp duty chargeable 
 
 on m.wsp«pen,jandu|K,n,,«ymrnt., 
 otll.Tr of the full amount „ni;.. Mam. 
 
 be ItlipresHi'd i,n Hiirh im„... .1. ' 
 
 itiipresHi'd i,ti Hiirli pn|i, r 
 
 sioncrs shall .•iuiHo the ««„„,,„ 1^ 
 
 in^lv: provKlnl alwnv-, that 
 
 «t,m '""■i'r"f"tl 
 
 llurc 
 
 allowed 111 Ireliind, in n 
 
 ronsnid for niiv |KTi.Kli,.„ 
 
 lainpH as afo 
 
 I ;i.v,, 
 ^ '"': LiltrSvIJ 
 
 whij.(. shall be pri.;,;^::i,i:-;:j;;:;;'i;;;M|;... 
 
 land, the same rate of dinnmiii «, 1,, , ■ , ''"' 
 
 is directed to bo alW-d or, 1 " i'"' *'^ 
 
 .tamps for tho printing of um^mtu 
 (.See. 'l.) ' ' 
 
 ill Inl, 
 
 Periodical PMicatinn* U, /„ ,„,/„/ , ,1 
 Da,^, after Pnbliralion.-Eyrrv . • "'[""' ' 
 cation poste.l in the Unit,.,! Ki.'", ,,,;'' ,'"''' 
 titled to the privilege of .n.nKmi": ;;;.7' 
 between places in the Unitnl KiiiLM „•, '"I 
 provisions of this Act, h1,«I1 irn'rii ''"' 
 oflico within U) days next atter tli,. ,1m T* 
 the same shall bo published ; tl„. ,l„v „,■ „;i 1* , 
 (Sec" 5 )'*""'""'' ^y "'" ''""' "''""^l' l".l,li|.,'- 
 
 Questions as to Periodical PuhllcAn, A„ 
 tenmned.—\\\ all caws In which a (|ui>.ii'„„ 
 arise whether a printed pajicr Is ontii|,,i , 
 privilege of a periodical publicaii„n, ,„ „ 
 respects the transiiuHsion thereof |,v lU , 
 under the provisions of thin Act the , 
 shall be referred to the dctormi.iati'm .,f tile h 
 master-(;enoral, whoso decisioii, with the J. 
 of the Commissionerg of the Trca«un-, shall 
 final. (Sec, 6.) ■" 'I 
 
 Newspapers may be rryiitered at the G, 
 Post Office— l]\mn the Pobtmnstcr-doiioral 
 Botisflcd that an V printed pnblication ms 
 paper, or entitled to the privilp>;cs of anew,! 
 within tho meaning of the treaties and 
 ments with foreign powers and coltmial i-o' 
 ments, it shall be lawful for the prdfrieK 
 printer of such newspaper or publi,atioii,i 
 think fit, to register the same at the (imersl 
 Office in London, in sucli furni ari.l «ith 
 particulars relating to the same, aii.l .ubji 
 the payment of such fees, not cxcteilinK ji 
 spcctively, as well on registration as afien 
 periodically for being continued on the reij 
 as the I'ostmoster-General, with consont <i 
 Treasury, shall from time to time direct ur 
 in that behalf ; ond thercniiun such ncw-p 
 publication, being printed un paper duly -t 
 with an appropriate die under ilic pruviii. 
 this Act, shall be entitled to all the prii 
 and advantages secured to newspapers bj 
 such treaties and arrangements, (Sec, 7.) 
 
 Transmission by Post of printed Pof 
 Foreign Countries.— It shall be lawful k 
 Treasurj-, by warrant under their hands, to 
 any printed newspaper (BritLih, culoi 
 foreign) to be transmitted by the post 
 places in the United Kingdom and cci 
 foreign countries, or between any ports or 
 beyond the sea (whether through the 
 Kingdom or not), either free of postage or 
 to such rates of postage not exceeding 2o. ft 
 newspaper, irrespective of any foreign or 
 postage, as the Treasury, or Postmaster- 
 with their consent, shall from time to iiiiie{ 
 fit ; and as a condition to any British w 
 being transmitted by the post to any pUi 
 the United Kingdom, the same shall be 
 on paper duly stamped with an appiopril 
 under the provisions of this Act, and the" 
 or Postmaster-General may require sii( 
 paper to be registered at the General ft 
 in London, in the form and with the " 
 and subject to the payment of the feet 
 in last section. (Sec. 8.) 
 
. ^fi„il,t Piiitmn$ltr-(ienrriil and Tntifiiri/ 
 
 J w,,,„/,;/ii)H.« foriiirryin;/ llie Ad iiiloilt'nl. 
 "'i i'iU'Ih' Ittwliil I'lf tliii l'iwlii)iistcr(i.iicriil, 
 'r,|'''. ,.„n,rlit c'l iIk'''"""'''"*"',^- "' "">' •'""• '"' 
 *" I, rrilnr i" ">i>'"-' "'"' ''^^"'' "'"''' "f''''"". 
 "f'^U o.M..l.ti"ns H.1.1 r.MtriHi„i.s as lu. 
 M l.rm l» 1"' iuri'>Miryor«-x|.r<liciit fi.rtlii' 
 
 1, „f nu'iiliil'iiS "'«■ "••'«'»''l''. triiiiNmisMiiiii, 
 
 pilfxnt*' ''» "h p J- _ ._i ..i;....i 1. 1: ....: 
 
 < f Ike priiviMoim "f tl''" '^'•'. '" •'""■ prt'vriiliiiK 
 "'"...jLlVau.Irt or abiMcs in rclatiuii tliiTctu. 
 Vu,„ ifivini! I'tli'i't K. the imnn.Ki'H of this Acl ; 
 " t.hall «!*• lHilawlu\ f..r the Hai,l l'„.t- 
 ift (iciHTal, with thu liitu coiiMfHt, fnnii tiiin' 
 "'lunc til rescind or n-volto nil i>r uiij- hu.Ii 
 " r,.,.iilati"ii.s coniiilimiis and riMtricridns, 
 I't,', m^ K'"' '"""'-' ""y "*^ """''' '" ''*'" 
 
 f,ri,",/„iii Pulilicittiom »cnt hy Pout not ,n rnn- 
 
 lL,t«filh thn Ait to *<■ rlum/eil Lftlir linten of 
 
 C',_lVri(Kiical publinitions Mcnt by \wM 
 
 Si'-o llinii in ODnfurinity with tho terms, 
 
 !Jj,„„ii-, will rfKulutiiiiis I'Htublishfd under the 
 
 ^,„,v of this Act, may bo detttinc.ll.y the 
 
 rrad^tcr-tl.noral, and any omccr of the I'.i-I 
 
 Ojtc and after l)oin« oponeil, tho snnio Hlmll be 
 
 SiMiin"''' '" '*"* »'''"'«'" thereof, or for- 
 
 Zm t" ll" I'l"'''' "'^ ""^'' •'est'""*'"") clmrgetl 
 
 mktliflikc rates of poBtagc as if tho Hnino were 
 
 toXMsmittcd bv the post : provided alwayn. 
 
 Aft« -bll be IftwVid for the Treasury, by war- 
 
 Inn »i>! iheir hands, to nuthorise the I'ost- 
 
 miwJritral to clmrge, in any such case, any 
 
 ' ;,<.nicof postah'C as to him shall seem lit. 
 
 'iiAii ilaietie to be Evidence of the imuing of 
 
 irjrun "■ Ordfrt.— Any pruited copy of tlie 
 
 in Gatette in which any warrant or order 
 
 ..durmade under or hy virtue of this Act, or 
 
 .potiiDj! 90 to be, shall be published, shall be 
 
 teriJs tvidcnco by all courts, judges, j us- 
 
 i(i,jiiil others, of such warrant or order, and of 
 
 lite makiiit; and issuing thereof, and of the 
 
 .uiB thori'df, without any further or otlier 
 
 diifsuch warrant or order, or of tho matters 
 
 jtii contained, (Sec, 11,) 
 
 lilfrfrftalioii of Terms.— Tho term • periodical 
 
 ^idiiun'used in this Act, shall be construed 
 
 iMn and include a newspaper as deli nod by 
 
 Vtis in force rclatin„' to the stamp duties oil 
 
 ppiwrs, anil every printed literary work or 
 
 «, jitinicd and published periodically, or in 
 
 601 numbers, at intervals not exceeding 31 
 
 ibemeen any two consecutive papers, i)arts, 
 
 Iwnliera of such literary work or paper ; and 
 
 ^ ill the purposes of this Act tho islands of 
 
 »y, Jersey, Alderaey, Sark, and the Isle of 
 
 I M resiiectivcly be deemed to be parts of 
 
 ll'niied Kingdom. (Sec. 1*2,) 
 
 |i(iiild be premature to speculate with much 
 
 "lew in regard to the results of this impor- 
 
 lliieajure. But we doubt whether it will have 
 
 IWedcial intiuence which many have antici- 
 
 Itwas cimtended in 1836, when the duty 
 
 npapers was reduced from 3Jrf. to Irf., that 
 
 8advanta;;es would result from this rcduc- 
 
 [itk the claudestine circulation of cheap 
 
 'i adviicating dangerous doctrines would 
 
 1 snd that the stigma attached to low- 
 
 I journals in the public estimation being 
 
 Wftl, men of pbility and attainments would 
 
 (it >i much fo: their advantage to write in 
 
 f « in the hij,'hct pr-ced ioumals. These ex- 
 
 pions have not been realised i and wo much 
 
 V«hetherthe circulation of low-priced poli- 
 
 iJMnials can ever be of advantage. Such 
 
 ^w, speaking generally, addressed to the 
 
 N'KWHPArKHS '.j;il 
 
 lower anil |)oorpr cloitseit of tho ronimunlly ; and 
 their writers usmdly llnd it nmre lor I heir "iiilviiii- 
 lii;;e In Halter the projiiiliees entrrtaiiied by their 
 n iiilers, and to espouse their peeiili.'ir views, Imw 
 iru'onsisleiit soever these iniiy be with the iiit'iests 
 iif i-oeiely in general, tliiin to iiiciili'iite ^Minder 
 thiiiigli less popular priiit'ipli's. Ilenec the inies- 
 rionitble eharaeter of ihe greuler imiiilirr nl the 
 low-prieeil pa|>ors, or, at least, nf niicIi m' iheiii as 
 are n-ail by the lower orders. This, peihaps, may 
 bo a necessary evil in a highly advaiieed rnuntry 
 like this ; but whether It be so or not, there can 
 be no doubt of its exiHtence, and of its iniif^nitude. 
 
 It has Kiimetiines been thought singul.ir that 
 that division of subjects which has been inlrniliiecil 
 into must other things has not been intrnduccd 
 ninongst newspapers. Instead of having all sorts 
 of matter crammed into the same journal, it might 
 be presumed that the better plun would be to have 
 all topics III considerable interest separately treated 
 in papers appropriated to them only, and con- 
 ducted by persons fully conversant with their 
 principles and detnils. Under Ihe present onini- 
 voroiis system, individuals who care nothing for 
 the theatre, are, notwithstanding, unable to pru- 
 curn a paper in which it docs not occupy a pro- 
 minent place ; and those who cannot distinguish 
 one tune from another hovo daily served up to 
 lliem long dissertations on concerts, operas, 
 oratorios, and so forth, Hut,'how desirable soever, 
 in some respects, tho plan of appropriating par- 
 ticular papers to particular subjects docs not 
 ap|)onr to be at all suited to the public taste. In 
 a well-conducted daily paper, like tho Times, ably 
 written articles on all subjects of interest aru 
 brought together under tho reader's notice, who 
 may road them all, or such only as he pleases. 
 This is incomparably more convenient tnaii to 
 have to hunt fordill'erent articles among a variety 
 of journals ; and is, in fact, tho only plan calcu- 
 lated to meet the wants and exigencies of tho 
 public. 
 
 Jm/mllry of imposing a Postage on Newspapers, — 
 The duties now substantially repealed, produced, 
 in 1853, 412,220/. nett, no inconsiderable sum in a 
 period of war. In point of fact, however, they 
 could hardly be called duties, ond ought rather to 
 have been regarded as a payment for tho trouble 
 and expense attending the conveyance and distri- 
 bution of newspapers by post. But supposing 
 such to bo the case, it was argued that tlio duty 
 should be so limited, that is, that it should only 
 be imposed on pa|X!rs carried by the post. Matters 
 of this sort are not, however, to bo dc(dded by 
 mere logical considerations, Tho effect of the new 
 plan is to conline, in a greater or loss degree, ac- 
 cording to circumstances, tho circulation of news- 
 papers to tho districts within which they uro 
 published; and this certainly is not a desirable 
 object. Hitherto tho Times and other London 
 journals displaying the greatest talent, and cm- 
 bracing the most varied information, had been 
 distributed all over the country at about the same 
 price as I he local and inferior journals. 13ut ULder 
 the new plan the charge for conveyance, or it may 
 be postage, being added to tho price, of the metro- 
 politan journals, thoy become dearer than the local 
 papers, 'and people in many, or rather perhaps in 
 the mnjoritv of instances, will be disposed to prefer 
 tho low-pnccd though inferior journal published 
 at their door, to the superior but higher priced 
 journal of the capital. If this should turn out to 
 bo the case, it will be a serious disadvantage ; 
 and by depreciating the quality of the journals 
 circulating over the country, and fostering local 
 prejudices, will far more than neutralise tho ad- 
 vantages which it is presumed will result, under 
 3o2 
 
 ! !< 
 
 ■ I 
 
932 
 
 NKW.Sl'Al'EES 
 
 .♦ 
 
 
 ■ ■■.;,■!:■ 
 
 i'. ]■' ■■' 
 
 . i 
 
 • [ 
 
 , ^ 
 
 ■ ,t 
 
 I 
 
 ;,■••;.. ,,«,, 
 
 il 
 
 m. 
 
 t'le new plan, from the establishment of luw-priccd 
 pnpcrs. Tlieso advantages are, iiideu^l, of a very 
 doubtful description. It is true that many of .the 
 inferior papers formerly to be met with inculcated 
 pernicious doctrines. Hut it is by no means clear 
 that their influence will be in any degree lessened 
 by the new svHtem. On the contrary, it may not 
 improbably lie increased. The late duty all'ected 
 them to the same extent that it atfected other 
 descriptions of papers ; and as they circulated 
 when charged with this burden, it appears reason- 
 able to suppose that they will circulate still more 
 extensively when relieved from it. On tho whole, 
 therefore, we anticipate little or no advantage 
 from the new plan. But we arc, at the same 
 time, ready to admit that no system of this sort 
 can be safely judged il priori ; and that the results 
 of experience may diflur very widely from those 
 of theory. 
 
 In the Post Office returns, the free and charge- 
 able newspapers arc mixed with book packets, 
 the number of each not being distinguished, but 
 the whole numbering in 18G7, 102,273,301. 
 
 Piracy in Newspapers. — The great difHculty 
 under which the leading journals arc at present 
 placed, is the want of any available copyright in 
 the news or in the articles which they supply. 
 The important information collected by the agents 
 for the Timc3 in all parts of the world, and the 
 able disquisitions in that and other journals, may 
 be (and no doubt will be) published, in an hour or 
 two after their first edition in London, in low- 
 priced journals in Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow, 
 and so forth. This is a gross abuse. And though 
 i^ be difficult to deal with, it seems pretty evident 
 that if it be not put down, it can hardly fail, by 
 robbing the metropolitan journals of great part of 
 the advantages derived from their extensive con- 
 nections and vast expenditure, to make them less 
 anxious to cater for their readers, and so to degrade 
 the quality as well as the character of the press. 
 Notices of Newspapers. — The history of news- 
 
 (rnai 
 
 papers, and of periodical literature In 
 remains to bu written; and were ihe nl' 
 cuted by an individual of competent nl iN, 
 with duo care, it would be a mm inter, ' 
 important work. It appears, from tlio r, ' 
 ..f Mr. Chalmers, that the first ^.ew,,.!:;:' , 
 lished 111 modern Europe, made it^ nnl,, „ '"'^' 
 Venice in 1530; but tL' 5 Ly o?X ?"^^ "' 
 ineiit would not allow oi^ its bLj' Jri ;:r, 
 that, for many years, it was .;irculat... in !,' '„" 
 script! It was called Gazctta, from " """* 
 Venetian com of that name, for whidnt „ 
 iisuallv exchanged. (Camusat, Histalrejjl 
 nuu^, 1. 119.) iNcwspapera were first issued 
 England by authority during the alarm occ^ „„ 
 by the approach of the Arnmda to ou; shw 
 order, as was stated, by giving real inf.nnati li 
 allay the general anxiety, and to hinder tl, Ji, 
 semination of false and exaggerated statement 
 trom this era, newspapers of one sort «r ,, , 
 have, with a few intermissions, generally annMn 
 in London; sometimes at regular, and somLi 
 at irregular intervals. During the civil Z 
 both parties had their newspapers. A neiiNrar 
 was published in ScoUand, under tlie auMiicV, 
 Cromwell, in 1652. The Caledonku Iw 
 was, however, the earliest of the Scotch newsnaJ 
 of native manufacture; it first appeared at LM 
 burgh, under the title of Mercurius Caledmhs] 
 1600; but its publication was soon aftemu 
 interrupted. In 1 '15, a newspaper was, for i 
 first time, attempted in Glasgow. 
 
 The Daili/ Courant, the first of tliedailvneK 
 papers published in Great Britain, maJc' its J 
 pcarance in London in the early part of i 
 reign of Queen Anne. {Life of 'liuddimi, I 
 
 From the Stamp Office accounts, it appemM 
 the number of newspapers sold annuallv k £( 
 land, during the three vearscndin},'with'i;j3|j 
 7,411,737; in 1760, 0,461,790; in 1790, iWal 
 in 1792, 15,005,760. 
 
 An Account of the Gross Produce of the Duties on Newspapers and Advertisements during eachc 
 Undermentioned Years, in England, Scotland, and Ireland. ' 
 
 Year 
 
 Januao 6 
 
 Newftpapert 
 
 England 
 
 
 £ : 
 
 d. 
 
 1811 
 
 ff28,4l3 10 
 
 II 
 
 I8IX 
 
 335,095 6 
 
 U 
 
 ISl3 
 
 H\90t I 
 
 H 
 
 1814 
 
 36!i,V4I 4 
 
 4 
 
 IHI5 
 
 363,5()0 
 
 
 
 1816 
 
 36.3,414 3 
 
 A 
 
 1SI7 
 
 35<>,H93 IS 
 
 8 
 
 ISIS 
 
 .349,101 4 
 
 
 
 1819 
 
 .350,5(57 3 
 
 
 
 1S20 
 
 .365,080 11 
 
 4 
 
 18V1 
 
 419,618 1.1 
 
 8 
 
 1SS« 
 
 894,995 17 
 
 4 
 
 1883 
 
 378,485 19 
 
 8 
 
 18«t 
 
 390,375 8 
 
 8 
 
 I8» 
 
 409,«H1 
 
 
 
 I8»5 
 
 4«5,l.54 II) 
 
 8 
 
 I8S7 
 
 489,662 15 
 
 2 
 
 IStiS 
 
 428,6'^9 9 
 
 8 
 
 IS.i9 
 
 4.39,798 8 
 
 1) 
 
 1830 
 
 438,667 10 
 
 8 
 
 IH3I 
 
 455,972 ID 
 
 6 
 
 18.12 
 
 802,697 19 
 
 4 
 
 1H33 
 
 490,451 6 
 
 8 
 
 I8.U 
 
 461,457 3 
 
 
 
 1K3S 
 
 458,033 16 
 
 5 
 
 1836 
 
 473,910 12 
 
 6 
 
 1837 
 
 361,413 14 
 
 4 
 
 1838 
 
 182,"J9S 3 
 
 2 
 
 1839 
 
 184,077 I 
 
 2 
 
 1840 
 
 198,0.52 9 
 
 8 
 
 1841 
 
 »02,737 1 
 
 8 
 
 184S 
 
 S02,733 6 
 
 6 
 
 1813 
 
 211,792 18 
 
 1 
 
 1814 
 
 219,162 15 
 
 « 
 
 1845 
 
 233,216 9 
 
 7 
 
 1846 
 
 270,509 7 
 
 6) 
 
 1847 
 
 287,535 17 
 
 U 
 
 1848 
 
 281,338 1 lit 
 
 1819 
 
 299,287 
 
 6 
 
 1850 
 
 297,142 3 
 
 i\ 
 
 1851 
 
 298,261 in 
 
 Scotland 
 
 e I. d. 
 
 21,288 7 8 
 
 21,054 13 9 
 
 2<,glS 6 8 
 
 21.921 19 7 
 
 20,158 7 7 
 
 20,281 12 10) 
 
 16,612 2 4 
 
 11,180 5 
 
 17,481 13 
 
 19,060 5 
 
 20,609 6 
 
 19,373 18 
 
 20,387 8 
 
 20,795 13 
 
 22,387 9 
 
 21,119 17 
 
 22,013 6 
 
 29,929 lU 
 
 33,556 2 
 42,.30l 6 
 49,466 10 
 52,090 15 
 .51,465 14 
 48,100 14 
 49,.3.39 19 
 47,999 4 
 37,453 » 
 18,671 13 
 20,53!* ir 
 2'i,40O 5 
 22,963 18 
 24,4.30 2 
 24,027 13 
 24,835 18 
 25,288 12 
 27,941 18 
 29,.V)7 15 
 31,426 5 
 31,618 15 
 31,107 6 
 32,3.'i2 16 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 
 8 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 
 2 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 »» 
 
 7 
 I) 
 
 ,?' 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 ll)| 
 2 
 7 
 5 
 
 Ireland 
 
 £ I. d. 
 "In those years' 
 tiler,' was no 
 separate ac- 
 count kept of 
 slainpi Issuvd 
 to m-wsp-tperft 
 in Ireland. ^ 
 
 18,885 I 21 
 
 20,210 16 6 
 
 21,187 I 111 
 
 22,51)3 10 10 
 
 22„346 9 7 
 
 23,556 1 
 
 25,448 2 
 
 25,li33 13 
 
 26,6,59 9 
 
 25,187 M 
 
 25,561 3 
 
 27,.1.10 16 
 
 28,578 16 
 
 29,."60 IS 
 
 31,846 16 
 .32,513 9 
 31,5111 13 
 29,782 7 
 31,2.S7 6 
 26,BS7 I'i II 
 21,7.55 14 61 
 2I,!);5 19 6 
 2.3,818 18 loS 
 24.850 19 - 
 2 l,83S 6 
 25,-i4l) 15 
 27,180 13 
 28,721 6 
 29,231 3 
 29,276 13 
 27,514 
 29,3N0 8 
 26,519 7 
 26,.151 13 
 
 »1 
 
 h 
 
 6i 
 
 1? 
 
 8 
 
 P 
 
 !» 
 
 'JJ 
 11 
 
 9 
 1 
 
 6 
 10 
 
 §» 
 II 
 
 l1* 
 
 Advertiiements 
 
 England 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 ll.3,.546 19 I 
 114,195 II 5 
 115,875 18 3 
 114,111 12 10 
 1011,575 9 8 
 110,941 6 
 118,202 3 
 I16,.352 4 
 119,788 19 
 122,227 3 
 123,772 15 
 125,965 17 
 131,288 12 
 125,175 5 
 134,633 19 
 114,751 2 
 135,687 7 
 1.33,978 16 11 
 136,.'i6S 17 10 
 1.36,052 18 10 
 137,915 19 4 
 137,838 12 
 137,122 10 
 114, '06 2 
 73,308 1 
 77,853 2 
 87,985 4 
 9U,5U1 
 98,668 11 
 
 10l,.356 12 
 
 106,M4 
 
 11)7,527 
 
 111.3,386 7 
 
 105.172 16 
 
 111,298 6 
 
 128,3^9 15 
 
 131,116 10 
 
 1.33,567 1 
 
 129,568 9 ID 
 
 133,758 15 ID 
 
 137,110 I) II 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 6 
 9 
 8 
 7 
 5 
 2 
 I II 
 S 1 
 2 
 S 
 
 6 
 8 
 
 
 Scotland 
 
 £ 
 15,041 
 14 ,.197 
 14,448 
 14,623 
 1.^410 
 I4,UI7 
 15,.M3 
 16,666 13 
 17,210 6 
 16,911 9 
 16,416 15 
 16,095 2 
 17,030 16 
 16,020 II 
 17,825 17 
 18,708 18 
 17,779 13 
 18,400 14 
 18,9.39 12 
 17,598 i 
 I9,5S6 8 
 19,060 
 18,278 6 
 16,191 4 
 10,114 16 
 10,;S7 17 
 10,351 6 
 11,438 18 
 13,8.10 16 
 I3,'J27 18 
 14,518 8 
 14,217 4 
 1.3,671 15 
 13,6118 13 
 11,317 
 18,011 11 
 17,758 4 
 18,105 
 17,8IU 8 
 18,4'(S 1 
 19,216 10 
 
 
 
 If«lind 1 
 
 lil.l 
 ml 
 
 Mi 
 IMS 
 
 m; 
 
 Mil 
 WJ 
 
 nflm-'d . 
 
 umtoilen 
 ilDail.tlil 
 
 "KTl'Uliil,,. 
 
 481,1,,. 
 
 /IKarniers'l 
 
 *i Chronicle 
 
 »«^l.<«iion.\e»,| 
 
 '"''Hfl'eJcc 
 
 "PrwCumni .1 
 !fli«:pan!or. 
 
 tl'taid,. 
 
 ■if« . : 
 
 -P'^ttad.in) 
 
 Fl^U'or',! 
 •"■lljuir;.., 
 
 ■: :i 
 
NEWSPAPERS 
 
 933 
 
 unt of the Aggregate Nuinher of Stamps Issued for Newspapers in each of the Under- 
 ^* ^ntwned Years, Distiiiguiahing tliu Numbers i. 
 
 I in ICngland, Scutland, and Ireland. 
 
 •i\\",vn 
 
 K1.18.'i,VI.1 
 !l',.17ll,ll!li 
 
 iS,.'i(IH,.'ili!> 
 
 Scutland 
 l,V3«,.'>(10 
 
 ),((r.,i!ii 
 
 .1,1)^1.151 
 
 ih.K'.ir>,'i;i) I i,6(i.vJ<'' 
 
 Urnit lirltain 
 
 '^B.II.I.i.sT 
 
 3ii,,')i'.i,i)N(» 
 
 .11,,'i.1.1,lK.T 
 .'il,.'fi(l,Jl,T 
 
 « Until 1817 no dlitinct account wa» kept of the Stamps iuued for Newipapen in Ireland. 
 
 Ireland* 
 
 V,^17l,l'>l! 
 •l.-jiiMna 
 4.il,Vi,.11 I 
 4,'^'l(I.H-iB 
 6,0")7,7'J4 
 
 ( of the Aggregate Number of Stamps of One Penny and One Jlalfpcnni/ Issued for News- 
 ^" ri m each of the Undermentioned Years, Distinguishing the Numbers in England, Scotland, 
 
 paperl 
 ^Inland. 
 
 EnKland 
 
 nil 
 
 WJ 
 lilt 
 ;iis 
 ins 
 w; 
 1111 
 hi) 
 
 at 111. 
 
 at ill. 
 
 .w,nss,i7^ 
 
 I.-ISLV^I 
 
 4i,fiia.iW 
 
 
 M,ii»i.;6i 
 
 .1,7V1..17H 
 
 J9,fi.')l,il»l 
 
 M,.1H?,1Ul 
 
 6l,I.Vi,3'9 
 
 y.iio.i.ii) 
 
 ct.i.m.iico 
 
 »,l'J7,ir.7 
 
 6;,t;iii76n 
 
 «.-|M,'i,->fi 
 
 66,IM,illH 
 
 in..iii'j.'^.i.i 
 
 eun.tn 
 
 Il,6!il,l<S 
 
 Scotland 
 
 at U. 
 
 5..'iin,«S4 
 
 5, S.I I, (i 71 
 «,(I.M).I6.5 
 
 r>.i,'iii,.'.."j 
 ri.ss.'>,.'»n(i 
 7.m.ir,a 
 7.1'i7JHil 
 6.vSs,'!(» 
 7,ril.i,ui.'. 
 
 at Id. 
 
 4411,100 
 i'i7,15il 
 .IM.fiyO 
 W«.7'.(l 
 .110,671 
 W<,|;5 
 l7(i,H.'il 
 ■iOA.OOO 
 VI I, '^11 1 
 
 at \d. 
 
 atK 
 
 B.lKi.l.illlB 
 
 M,-,0O 
 
 fi,l'.<.l)7a 
 
 Mi,.'.80 
 
 fi,76!V"i7 
 
 lil9,.V«) 
 
 fi,'iVl,SSM 
 
 «.T>,I7H 
 
 fi,<ll,(l,IIO 
 
 1.11.9M 
 
 fl,')7l,BI)7 
 
 ,07,410 
 
 7,il'iS,U.')B 
 
 4l,7(nj 
 
 li,.1l.'.,SS7 
 
 ,-i«,H4,1 
 
 B,.-ll«,7iM 
 
 4,1A''8 
 
 , ,1,1,, gf fiie Number of Stamps Issued to the under-mentioned Newspapers in England, Ireland, 
 Vffll/iiu/ (""I }f^alet, during each of the 6 Vears ending with ISnO, and in the Year ending 
 
 Jim M, 1«07. 
 
 lisjw r*P»n» 
 
 lit««;= • 
 
 Ito'iUiiinAilviTtisiT 
 ti'.vrMHi.MesscnBiT 
 
 ,i',LiftinI>milmi 
 
 ■ aiEii 
 
 jtapfflfT ■ 
 
 s<Hifi!d ■ 
 jtrCbronicie 
 rJwmil • 
 
 jiteBa-iken 
 bl Dull List - 
 
 bAndMivlKiiette 
 
 n.>llU<.-.( 
 wjaTimft- 
 Kljirdvfier 
 
 .■•■tuidiTil 
 t'im ■ 
 
 <Uiil ■ 
 
 taKticil Guttle - 
 
 \ iml VamieTi' Joumal ■ 
 CT'liaMtle 
 e'lChionlde 
 
 ^iTlm« ■ 
 
 Bud [.onilun News 
 
 • Xm . 
 
 hrflU Peace 
 nliirttte 
 
 iRitrdel'Euroiie • 
 aljimte. 
 "PrkeCurreiit - 
 ftUttklj Loinlon ■ 
 kfCtdtpanior. 
 
 I IW Elf TBI 
 
 \itiwm . - 
 c.^dTETtiset 
 EfChTonicle 
 vUtnId 
 ifw . 
 
 nlTlim . 
 ilWiild. 
 
 ^MulB Ruminer 
 alSaid,?nl 
 IZnIud Joumal • 
 
 lladMiliuryti alette 
 InSttr . 
 liflhtWoiM 
 
 •ttiljltla, 
 
 Newipapev Htampt 
 
 1816 
 
 117,001) 
 as,750 
 
 I0,.1,M) 
 IX.WO 
 .'ililHMI 
 l.'JM.OdO 
 7,W,000 
 •ib'i,-i3\ 
 
 n'.voo 
 
 37,'HK» 
 t!S,9IO 
 4I,6IHI 
 
 as-ooo 
 
 26,7011 
 ,0.',,975 
 
 31,000 
 1,700 
 
 3,S';i(,s;io 
 
 530,000 
 S,W,500 
 134,tf0(l 
 17.'.,17.'> 
 100,111 10 
 169,551 
 
 75,600 
 410,000 
 
 60,000 
 764,000 
 
 2,367',067 
 
 ,16,995 
 
 l,Vi,000 
 
 K3,40O 
 
 99,6110 
 
 iD,5lK) 
 
 »7,l'l)0 
 
 4 IO,0llO 
 
 4,950 
 
 2,6rj.1,'.0O 
 
 415,000 
 
 91 ,.101) 
 
 I,4SO,000 
 
 1.. 156,000 
 
 1,7.')2,,'<"0 
 
 1,4511,500 
 
 215,1:5 
 
 82,150 
 
 14,680 
 
 jeV'iOO 
 10,001) 
 
 11,1,500 
 95,001) 
 
 322,1100 
 1,87S,.W) 
 
 i; 7,500 
 
 1817 
 
 S3,2.'i0 
 
 117,500 
 
 18,000 
 
 26,750 
 
 11, .501) 
 
 1.1,001) 
 
 41,450 
 
 !,,111,000 
 
 TfiO.l'OU 
 
 216,000 
 
 9,600 
 36,000 
 79,000 
 .17,697 
 1(7,201) 
 29,(100 
 62,600 
 48,1)00 
 21,000 
 
 1,055 
 
 3,477,009 
 ,'1.50,000 
 222,(K)0 
 159,000 
 ■.'.11,1(H) 
 778,711 
 22!<,000 
 
 69,770 
 81,.50l) 
 
 40i;,000 
 82,350 
 
 690,000 
 
 S,26'7',601 
 31,650 
 118,000 
 83,2«) 
 95.050 
 25.3,'iS 
 411.1)00 
 170,000 
 4,700 
 1,691,500 
 
 317,000 
 
 1(K),50() 
 
 1,60(),000 
 
 1,2.1.1,000 
 
 1,510,1100 
 
 990,100 
 
 21l),290 
 
 76,520 
 
 16,146 
 
 45',t')00 
 
 7,800 
 
 Il8,5.'i0 
 
 88,1)00 
 
 455,01X) 
 
 1,981,8.53 
 
 sr/.uoo 
 
 181.1 
 
 85,,',00 
 
 125.5)0 
 
 12,125 
 
 2 1. DUO 
 
 1 1 ,000 
 
 M,,"!!)!) 
 
 31..')00 
 
 l,2.^6,.VIil 
 
 71.1,(M)0 
 
 2()3,3(K) 
 
 568,0110 
 
 9.1.00 
 
 27,'iOO 
 
 74,.'iOO 
 
 26,007 
 
 V6,0(H> 
 
 22,1100 
 
 I6,(K)0 
 
 43,01):) 
 
 2I),0()() 
 
 2,2lH) 
 
 25.51 H) 
 
 9,000 
 
 3/).1(),(>.18 
 6l>l),00l) 
 27fi,l)lH) 
 112,." 50 
 225.01 )i> 
 8.S8,08l) 
 210/100 
 
 118,2.')0 
 1II,0>)0 
 .1.^2,800 
 116,250 
 720,000 
 
 2,96l'.65S 
 
 29,7.50 
 
 118.,5G() 
 
 81,887 
 
 99,775 
 
 25,701) 
 
 77, UH) 
 
 215,001) 
 
 4,325 
 
 1,776^77 
 
 SSO.7,50 
 
 !l(i,,500 
 
 1 .538,(I(H) 
 
 ^I.'kMOI 
 
 l,.'35,0OO 
 
 964,500 
 
 2BO,')58 
 
 81,615 
 
 15.652 
 
 6,0lK) 
 
 62.918 
 
 9.925 
 
 145.8,J0 
 
 80,7 3 4 
 
 626,501) 
 
 2,178,955 
 
 2Si",boo 
 
 184U 
 
 90,668 
 
 127,.50l) 
 
 12,000 
 
 28,72.'» 
 
 I7V7OO 
 
 12,2.50 
 
 1 1 ,087 
 
 27,.500 
 
 1,176,501) 
 
 709,1101) 
 
 182,350 
 
 305,7.50 
 
 7,8110 
 
 ,10,500 
 
 77,000 
 
 18,.559 
 
 21 ,"00 
 
 25,200 
 
 13,0.10 
 
 44,000 
 
 25,050 
 
 2,201) 
 
 131,121 
 
 27.000 
 
 20,950 
 
 1,375.(H)0 
 
 675.000 
 
 218,825 
 
 144,600 
 
 V00,,50<) 
 
 961,000 
 
 191,500 
 
 91*,500 
 
 121,250 
 
 .185,019 
 
 IIUKK) 
 
 630,000 
 
 215.5(8) 
 
 3,6110,169 
 
 31.(XK) 
 
 Ti'l.tKK) 
 
 81.800 
 
 89.010 
 
 26,850 
 
 70,500 
 
 210,000 
 
 3,420 
 
 2,43i;4,',0 
 
 2,000 
 
 23-',V.',0 
 
 1II6,,OUO 
 
 1,528,220 
 
 937,5(H) 
 
 1,147,000 
 
 9O5,0(K) 
 
 257,(8)0 
 
 82,1.50 
 
 15,432 
 
 33,725 
 
 44,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 1 I6,.'inrt 
 
 73,800 
 
 361.500 
 
 S,806,767 
 
 1.1)00 
 
 360,500 
 
 1850 
 
 98,IK)0 
 
 A.'ISO 
 
 111,158 
 
 72,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 
 «1,6(l0 
 
 39,262 
 
 3,.')(K) 
 
 ,, 
 
 1B,2(H) 
 
 .. 
 
 11,S.V) 
 
 ,. 
 
 13,518) 
 
 ,, 
 
 20,250 
 
 ,, 
 
 1,285,5110 
 
 118,37.5 
 
 703.50') 
 
 307,916 
 
 163,875 
 
 
 229,900 
 
 
 7.100 
 
 9,000 
 
 2f...i(K) 
 
 
 72,1)00 
 
 65,000 
 
 1 ;,.',i3 
 
 75,300 
 
 2'.. lis 
 
 
 27,lM)i) 
 
 26,000 
 
 20,.',rH) 
 
 ., 
 
 4I,I)(H) 
 
 
 2',..11)0 
 
 . , 
 
 2,501) 
 
 , , 
 
 91,1100 
 
 
 2 1,1 '00 
 
 ,, 
 
 8I),'.)5II 
 
 . , 
 
 1,152,1810 
 
 '19,6'iB 
 
 fi'iO,(«10 
 
 235,i)(10 
 
 221,22s 
 
 .13,215 
 
 I41„1l)0 
 
 I31,1.'.0 
 
 199,000 
 
 26,9.')0 
 
 "B6,!).50 
 
 l.')S,170 
 
 221,600 
 
 27,t8XJ 
 
 I'.I.I.IO 
 
 ,, 
 
 6il,'i()() 
 
 1,000 
 
 121,6(8) 
 
 ,, 
 
 338,0110 
 
 118,166 
 
 18;,S'^5 
 
 259,593 
 
 685,OOi> 
 
 100,(K)0 
 
 85.50.1 
 
 
 3,167.1107 
 
 761,316 
 
 36,100 
 
 
 110,0110 
 
 3S,U00 
 
 81,3'i5 
 
 ,, 
 
 85,075 
 
 51,210 
 
 26,r.llO 
 
 , , 
 
 67,000 
 
 
 180,1118) 
 
 650,000 
 
 ,1,147 
 
 
 2,559,0(8) 
 
 62,500 
 
 14,.5|)1) 
 
 ., 
 
 Il6,'i75 
 
 ,, 
 
 21S,1K).) 
 
 222,000 
 
 107,1100 
 
 
 1,51!I,N|3 
 
 30,000 
 
 912,517 
 
 
 1, 1,1!) ,01 10 
 
 71,788 
 
 828,000 
 
 22(),(«)0 
 
 « 16,0.50 
 
 190,(88) 
 
 7(1,8.13 
 
 ,. 
 
 14,712 
 
 
 17,200 
 
 ,, 
 
 40,(HK) 
 
 
 7,8.'i0 
 
 ,, 
 
 l.M,175 
 
 66,000 
 
 60,120 
 
 4,250 
 
 216,(88) 
 
 
 •iflia.-im 
 
 187,520 
 
 12. .'.110 
 
 1,1,000 
 
 324,000 
 
 .. 
 
 1M 
 \ 
 
 1:1 
 
 If 
 
 -m 
 
 'Fl 
 
 11* 
 f 
 
 
 h 
 
934 
 
 np:wspapers 
 
 jV«»nAcr of Stamps issued to Newspapers — contiuucd 
 
 m 
 
 
 I • ' 
 
 ... 
 
 I . ■:, 
 
 1: , 
 
 ■ * 
 
 - * 
 
 • -> ' 
 
 ,1 ,, ,, , ■ 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 . 'I 
 
 ENUI^NU-conf/nutft/. 
 
 LONIWN PArBRI 
 
 Newipapcr Sramps 
 
 1845 
 W,B30 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 1849 
 
 1850 
 
 Pem'a Uankrupt Uaiette 
 
 Patrlol - - . - 
 
 28,971 
 
 48,833 
 
 65,413 
 
 88,226 
 
 VVfl.OOO 
 
 KIO.OOO 
 
 171,076 
 
 155,000 
 
 l.1!),()(l() 
 
 PultHc I.fxtiier - 
 
 140.IN)0 
 
 131,000 
 
 110,000 
 
 l.K',0fl0 
 
 l.'jO,00() 
 
 rubllthiTi»"(:ircular 
 
 54 ..'.Of) 
 
 6.5 ,,"150 
 
 61,532 
 
 58,9(H) 
 
 60,900 
 
 rawnhrukcT!.' Umette 
 
 40,'J'iO 
 
 41, .KM) 
 
 40,000 
 
 .19,0.50 
 
 1!),9()0 
 
 runch - - - - 
 
 .'.ny.i'ja 
 
 409,110 
 
 39(),.-.85 
 
 345,864 
 
 345,0,50 
 
 llcconl- ... 
 
 ZM^m 
 
 .161, .500 
 
 .16 (,,500 
 
 31.6,000 
 
 390,500 
 
 Railway Time* • 
 
 ie4«,500 
 
 194,500 
 
 137,250 
 
 113.200 
 
 85,700 
 
 Reynolds' Wutkly 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,. 
 
 .. 
 
 275,250 
 
 Staiitlard of KrcLtloni 
 
 ., 
 
 ,, 
 
 18.5,000 
 
 288,500 
 
 16S,,'JH) 
 
 Sunday Times - 
 
 93^,M)0 
 
 7S5,(iOO 
 
 757,000 
 
 735,I)(H) 
 
 675,000 
 
 MjiiipiiiK Ga/ette 
 
 407,1 IV 
 
 429,500 
 
 444,000 
 
 475,001) 
 
 459.',(C) 
 
 Standard 
 
 7S0,(H»O 
 
 65!),.500 
 
 ,161 ,,500 
 
 639,000 
 
 492,000 
 
 Ht. .rdint>!>'it Ohrunicle 
 
 5!).1,5(I0 
 
 530,000 
 
 496,000 
 
 467,000 
 
 451,000 
 
 Sun . - - . 
 
 I,104.00rt 
 
 909,000 
 
 893,312 
 
 873,000 
 
 831,500 
 
 Spectator , - - 
 
 1!>4,000 
 
 174,100 
 
 174,000 
 
 161,000 
 
 152„5ao 
 
 Timea . - - . 
 
 8,9,50,000 
 
 9,205,2.10 
 
 11,025.500 
 
 11.300,000 
 
 ii,9(;«,i)(» 
 
 Tablet .... 
 
 190,000 
 
 199,710 
 
 2I2„550 
 
 190,600 
 
 
 The Lady's 
 
 20,000 
 
 300,166 
 
 .-82,.185 
 
 337,025 
 
 25S,(I0() 
 
 The I'ouiitry (Jentleman - 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 2,0(K) 
 
 United Servii'f Gazette - 
 
 ItJX^ 
 
 m'.boo 
 
 63,072 
 
 66,5,')0 
 
 72,7(K) 
 
 Weekly New* - - - 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 .53.2.50 
 
 74,(i()0 
 
 Weekly Dihimtch 
 
 2,4'Jl',50O 
 
 2,20.l',.500 
 
 2,112,790 
 
 2.250,000 
 
 1 ,9,50,000 
 
 Weekly Chntnicle 
 
 2fiO,()00 
 
 171, (XX) 
 
 152,000 
 
 116.800 
 
 85,000 
 
 Waichman 
 
 176.500 
 
 175,000 
 
 158,000 
 
 182,000 
 
 20'J,()U() 
 
 Weekly Tribune 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 .. 
 
 20.050 
 
 29,l((0 
 
 Wesleyan Noiices 
 
 a4»ooo 
 
 2r,775 
 
 14,075 
 
 8,500 
 
 14,600 
 
 Weikly Xiiues - . - 
 
 ,, 
 
 805,580 
 
 1,077.033 
 
 1,808,190 
 
 2.037,703 
 
 Weslcjan Times 
 
 •• 
 
 
 • • 
 
 308.000 
 
 466,900 
 
 ProvikciakPapbbs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Albion. Liverpool 
 Bath Hcr.ild 
 
 159.500 
 
 141,000 
 
 153.900 
 
 160.250 
 
 176,000 
 
 4*2,000 
 
 44,000 
 
 .16,000 
 
 31.000 
 
 17,()(W 
 
 Hath Chronicle - - - 
 
 7.'>,500 
 
 7I,5(X) 
 
 74.000 
 
 7 4, .5110 
 
 81,000 
 
 Hath Jfiurn.il ... 
 
 Ai.mx) 
 
 5«,5(10 
 
 .'.2,015 
 
 56.000 
 
 60,0110 
 
 liiith and ChLltenham Ga7ette 
 
 49,000 
 
 40,500 
 
 49,000 
 
 45,000 
 
 4 l,()(H) 
 
 Ilerwick Advertiser 
 
 40,000 
 
 44,000 
 
 43,500 
 
 45,000 
 
 42,0(M) 
 
 Rerwiek Warder 
 
 47,000 
 
 21.000 
 
 26,000 
 
 23,025 
 
 25,()(H( 
 
 Braiishaw'!. Railway Gu'de 
 
 7,586 
 
 6,950 
 
 27,(8)0 
 
 34,750 
 
 27,100 
 
 RriKhion (iszette 
 
 63,000 
 
 55,000 
 
 63,500 
 
 S5,0(J0 
 
 62,000 
 
 Rriffhton (Uiardian 
 
 50,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 45,000 
 
 4S,()((0 
 
 Rrif{hton Herald 
 
 44,000 
 
 82.000 
 
 65.000 
 
 53,000 
 
 65,(X)0 
 
 Rarhour'K ( ircular 
 
 33,157 
 
 2.740 
 
 .1,1.10 
 
 3,560 
 
 3,I(K) 
 
 R.dford Times - 
 
 'i 1.000 
 
 SS.OOO 
 
 2R,.10() 
 
 26,000 
 
 26.(K'0 
 
 Redford Mercury 
 
 ICUK) 
 
 14,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 12,037 
 
 16,000 
 
 Bristol Journal - 
 
 69,000 
 
 56,000 
 
 69,500 
 
 77,000 
 
 59,50U 
 
 Bristol Teinjicrance Herald 
 RerVbhire Chronii le 
 
 12,000 
 
 18,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 39,500 
 
 .13,000 
 
 37 ,.150 
 
 37,000 
 
 10,500 
 
 Birmingham (ia/ette (Aris'n) 
 
 lao.ooo 
 
 114,000 
 
 132,000 
 
 106.000 
 
 120,0(X) 
 
 Biuka Advertiser and Aylesbury 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 News . - - 
 
 ,, 
 
 37,000 
 
 36,000 
 
 48,000 
 
 36,000 
 
 Birminfchnm Journal 
 
 260,000 
 
 .1.-S,.500 
 
 421.500 
 
 409,2.50 
 
 390,000 
 
 Bristol Mercury 
 
 '272,000 
 
 2.50..100 
 
 275,000 
 
 277,500 
 
 267,(100 
 
 Bristol Mirror - 
 
 127,(H)0 
 
 136,003 
 
 113,000 
 
 143.000 
 
 137,000 
 
 Rurks Herald - 
 
 29,000 
 
 37,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 3 1 ,000 
 
 3'(,500 
 
 Rury and Norwich Post - 
 
 91.000 
 
 »'J,.500 
 
 82,000 
 
 86,0(10 
 
 1113,(100 
 
 Bristol Ga/elte - 
 
 30,000 
 
 .12.000 
 
 40,(M)0 
 
 30,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 Boston Herald * > . 
 
 'j5,t)00 
 
 27,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 34,,5(X) 
 
 Bradford Observer 
 
 54,000 
 
 54,000 
 
 55,598 
 
 39,4.15 
 
 55,(((V) 
 
 Bristol Kxaminer 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,j 
 
 ,, 
 
 3,000 
 
 51,7.50 
 
 Rucks Chronicle 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ., 
 
 37,500 
 
 3(),((((U 
 
 Ruiton Herald - 
 
 -",hon 
 
 6,000 
 
 6,500 
 
 8,(K)0 
 
 4,000 
 
 Riackbum Standard 
 
 ?,^,Mn 
 
 41,300 
 
 28,330 
 
 31,000 
 
 28,0(10 
 
 Rolton Chronicle 
 
 fi7,709 
 
 60.(H)a 
 
 66,000 
 
 71,250 
 
 72,(i(K) 
 
 Ranbtiry (iuardian 
 
 .12,000 
 
 36,000 
 
 31,000 
 
 4(),()()0 
 
 3(i,i 00 
 
 Rriddewater Times 
 
 26,133 
 
 32,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 18,000 
 
 16,9,50 
 
 Rirmin^hain Mercury 
 
 ., 
 
 
 23,500 
 
 193,000 
 
 150,001) 
 
 Cambridge Chronicle 
 
 83,2,50 
 
 87',(X)0 
 
 80,700 
 
 96„550 
 
 105,1110 
 
 Canterbury Weekly Journal 
 
 9,000 
 
 18.000 
 
 9,000 
 
 13,000 
 
 13,(HK) 
 
 Carlisle Journal 
 
 ISB.OOO 
 
 117,000 
 
 166,000 
 
 168,000 
 
 168,(1(K) 
 
 Carlisle Patriot - 
 
 4,'.,()()0 
 
 38,685 
 
 60,900 
 
 58,000 
 
 61,1 l(N) 
 
 Clu-ltenham Chronicle - 
 
 Mfiib 
 
 60,900 
 
 58,000 
 
 64,000 
 
 56.000 
 
 Cheltenham Journal 
 
 25,000 
 
 .1fl.(X)0 
 
 23 ,.100 
 
 35,000 
 
 .10,(100 
 
 ('liettcnham Free I'ress - 
 
 .ifi.ono 
 
 36,000 
 
 43,000 
 
 29,000 
 
 31,1()() 
 
 Cheltenham Ixioker On - 
 
 i.'i.OOO 
 
 30,238 
 
 22,000 
 
 31,000 
 
 27,200 
 
 Chester Chronicle 
 
 SO.OIIO 
 
 72,000 
 
 66,000 
 
 55,,'iOO 
 
 66,000 
 
 Chester Cournnt - - - 
 
 .'jH.ODO 
 
 fiO.OOO 
 
 54,000 
 
 55,,500 
 
 68,000 
 
 Chelmsford Chronicle 
 
 I0S,7M 
 
 117,000 
 
 137,7,'« 
 
 1II,()()0 
 
 110.300 
 
 Cornwall Koyal Gazette - 
 
 .0.1,.'iOO 
 
 54,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 52,,50l) 
 
 65,0(11) 
 
 Coventry Herald 
 
 42,000 
 
 42,000 
 
 42,500 
 
 46,000 
 
 42,(H(0 
 
 (Coventry Standard 
 
 44,IHIO 
 
 42,000 
 
 37 ,.500 
 
 42,500 
 
 42,(((K) 
 
 Cumberland Pacquet 
 
 41, .100 
 
 40,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 40.000 
 
 Cambridge Advertiser 
 
 SB.'JOO 
 
 36,,' -O 
 
 35,000 
 
 25,(l(«) 
 
 8,1. 50 
 
 Cambridge Independent Press 
 
 121,000 
 
 127 ,.500 
 
 126,((((0 
 
 138,(K(0 
 
 121,00(1 
 
 Dorset ('ounty Chrunicle • 
 
 76,000 
 
 73,800 
 
 69,000 
 
 65,500 
 
 6i.!iOi) 
 
 Durham ( hronlcle 
 
 .•)0,000 
 
 59,500 
 
 6C,0(K) 
 
 59,000 
 
 5(i,5(IO 
 
 Durham Advertiser 
 
 2'i,fl00 
 
 30,000 
 
 29,000 
 
 40,(100 
 
 2^l,(K«) 
 
 Devonport 'leleur.iph 
 
 31., MO 
 
 31,900 
 
 26,000 
 
 ,16,125 
 
 26,5110 
 
 Devonjiort In<lepcndent - i 
 
 40,61)0 
 
 44,091) 
 
 34,700 
 
 37,000 
 
 .1(1,750 
 
 Derbyshire .\dvt:rtiser 
 
 3,'.,flO0 
 
 23,420 
 
 24,000 
 
 23,000 
 
 20,.5(K) 
 
 Devoiishire Chronicle 
 
 lOj-OOO 
 
 21,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 18,000 
 
 Vl/»\Q 
 
 Derby aiercnry - 
 
 -!),000 
 
 75,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 85,7,51) 
 
 TO,0(«l 
 
 Derby Reporter - 
 
 110,000 
 
 115,000 
 
 105,000 
 
 105,500 
 
 11(1,11)1) 
 
 Derbyshire Courier 
 
 .-6,1,50 
 
 44,000 
 
 39,500 
 
 44,50(1 
 
 2,5,100 
 
 Ddver '1 elegraph 
 Dover Chronicle 
 
 2'J,V50 
 
 27,925 
 
 26,1.55 
 
 26,175 
 
 21, UK) 
 
 20,000 
 
 21,000 
 
 22.1100 
 
 17,(100 
 
 21, .501) 
 
 Doncaster (ia/* tte 
 
 111,000 
 
 109,000 
 
 109,000 
 55,0(K) 
 
 1()7,7(«) 
 
 lUD.lKKI 
 
 Duncnster Chronicle 
 
 (14,0(10 
 
 5.5 ,000 
 
 60,(10t) 
 
 5.'i,(XH) 
 
 Devi/es and W'lHshire Gazette 
 
 ,'>2,500 
 
 5,- ,000 
 
 53,250 
 
 57,(H(0 
 
 5I,1I(I() 
 
 Darlington and Stockton Times - 
 
 
 16,500 
 
 4I.I(K) 
 
 46,100 
 
 ,■11,11(10 
 
 Kxeier Flyinu Post 
 
 .mi.'qoo 
 
 88,000 
 
 8 ! ,000 
 
 IO(l,(((l() 
 
 9!(,,5II0 
 
 Kxeter ;tnd riymoulh (Jazette 
 
 '.(S,o;)o 
 
 99,150 
 
 .1S,,500 
 
 117,001 
 
 lai.iiiio 
 
 Kssex Standard - . - 
 
 71,100 
 
 74,200 
 
 '71,4(H) 
 
 71,100 
 
 ;(i,(.(Hi 
 
 Eastern (bounties Herald - 
 
 !IH,0I)0 
 
 87,000 
 
 87,(K)0 
 
 77.0(10 
 
 96,-,-() 
 
 E-Sfx Heriild 
 
 74,000 
 
 7U.(K)0 
 
 8.-.,00() 
 
 8((,'.00 
 
 K,j,.j(lll 
 
 Kddowes Journal 
 
 88,S0» 
 
 96,000 
 
 8H,ono 
 
 102,000 
 
 109,11(10 
 
 Fleetwood Chronicle 
 
 w,mo 
 
 13,,504 
 
 8,440 
 
 10,,500 
 
 8,1160 1 
 
 ISW 
 
 21.(0() 
 SOJJOO 
 
 Jl'.idl 
 
 4((J,(i,)() 
 
 i,i,i«« 
 
 2,00) 
 
 Is'.ilH 
 illl.iKIO 
 41'JJii!5 
 
 .1i*.'i(10 
 
 8(i.',i;;m 
 l.l23,i;,5at 
 
 lll.l.llu 
 61,'t3o 
 
 21,000 
 66,01/) 
 
 101,1111 
 
 "J,;m 
 
 him 
 
 m',(W 
 
 vu.i.v) 
 
 14,000 
 
 ss'.'oo 
 
 13,000 
 li,000 
 
 2iii» 
 
 10,000 
 
 !l,.ijO 
 
 ii,m 
 
 i;,3(» 
 
 'am 
 
 5o,'»0 
 
 M^SOO 
 1l,llU) 
 6,i<IO 
 
 tsiooo 
 I'im 
 liioo 
 
 S,itt) 
 16,000 
 
 ;o,joo I 
 mm 
 im I 
 
 i:,n I 
 
 10.(1)1 1 
 
 6",i 
 ICi.Ml| 
 
 iixoM 
 
 S9,'i))I 
 
 >'.| 
 
 ['''■^(".Wterti 
 
 F'nro.iicle 
 »fw . 
 
 VlB.rilJ 
 
 jWi-Urtie 
 
 F.lltr,ur,. 
 
 £■«"!.' liaicdc . 
 
 T*C.lllv,.Ttb(.f . 
 
 l[*.V(rcutT 
 
 ► ■Urtrt:.(T , 
 
NEWSPAPERS 
 Number of Stamps issued to Newspapers — continued. 
 
 980 
 
 ENULA ND-miMmwil. 
 
 Pionirt'*'' 
 
 Pirsiu 
 
 1846 
 
 |(rfriC.unljl'"« - 
 
 lih Uwflirf^ ■ 
 
 III 1'"'", , ■ 1, ■ 
 
 ■rl,,t- \iUeniser - ^, 
 |K.»JS>.L«»aTd'sNe«. 
 
 IK'&aOrdrtWool. 
 I trtMfinir) 
 
 ■(Bthl!lr»lif™<"t 
 ■t^ Mffcun 
 
 ■i-atniioiriiian - 
 
 »!limi! • 
 
 (^!;nMf^rarJ • 
 (i.'.!Ti'hronicle - 
 
 int Times 
 
 rt lampean Time* and 
 
 fctjoi* ■ 
 
 litfwa iVff 
 
 "^ ^.V-il 
 
 • «i - 
 
 ige\i»lim 
 
 n iMjaph • 
 
 nVminiileliaiFtte 
 «..«ietti*r (Gore's) 
 
 ' utl I ourier and Herald 
 
 u Journal 
 
 rt'ouiitrr 
 
 lMn(iuardian 
 
 !»-«>j«ctaIor - 
 ^tRirln/ette 
 
 IdttiEliminpr • 
 jilCtHiiiiieilleraltl 
 ti:ml«id.-«Ail»milCT 
 jrilk' n .Idimlser - 
 
 Ki'lan Htralii 
 
 pim MsrcuPf - 
 jniiudrdian - 
 
 u^Joumal 
 
 (bm umI Newuk Mercury 
 h^jro llfview 
 
 JaClitonirl'' 
 ||D»T» Journal - 
 attliairiltan 
 ijtjoainal 
 ^iQuraiit 
 ^JliChfoiiicIe 
 ilNn> ' 
 
 ■■dSoQth Shietds'Gazettc 
 ■JcLiul ■ 
 
 pi'in and County Chronicle 
 Mtiiii ■ 
 
 lidNuih Western Herald 
 ^Fon>m^ulh (iuardian 
 toTinies anj Naval Ga 
 
 KUc^ter AdrertUer 
 
 pihfmicle 
 
 llGmdian 
 alHiiild 
 ' »r4 DeTonport Journal 
 
 itliTi!r.K 
 [I'uaie 
 
 liltervt^biro Herald 
 _6il Mulical Journal 
 pJIfitirv 
 
 ^IJUHte 
 
 W J-umil 
 pM,r,ar>- 
 
 ■ti^mniT (iazette • 
 
 Plftitfh?nilen'. 
 ^•rAditriijer • 
 _ln*'tironic!e 
 
 pJ VeriuiT 
 |»il\ii.i,irc Herald 
 
 Vllra'd 
 
 117,0(K) 
 6.',,,'i()0 
 
 IVO.IIOO 
 70,Bn<l 
 
 i48,i<n() 
 
 I6,MU 
 6A,00II 
 I.IS.IMK) 
 
 3«,.M)0 
 
 sv.ooo 
 
 ,"11,1100 
 
 lof!,oao 
 
 8S,S0O 
 
 l6G,w)n 
 
 14,230 
 
 112,000 
 39,100 
 
 11,500 
 MtXtO 
 21,000 
 
 S6,aoo 
 
 M,tM)0 
 21,000 
 26,094 
 31,000 
 5I,S00 
 208,600 
 600,000 
 
 23«,6»0 
 41,1)00 
 
 M,mn 
 
 39,950 
 70,000 
 
 1211,000 
 
 I4l>/i0l) 
 
 16,'),IHI0 
 
 4,'>7,0(V) 
 
 113,000 
 
 3,810 
 
 .M.OOO 
 
 AHfim 
 
 70,000 
 
 3.'j,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 102,000 
 
 S7,(KI0 
 
 278,1)00 
 
 1,002,000 
 
 288,970 
 296,000 
 
 14,000 
 107,1)1)0 
 8S,."i()fl 
 .37,750 
 118,1100 
 66,000 
 IOI,IH)0 
 130,000 
 151,1)00 
 3li,500 
 69,000 
 138,500 
 I.', 1,1)00 
 145,.'il)0 
 100,000 
 
 110,0110 
 
 fi'l.OMI) 
 
 ■111 n m 
 2l.,"'i0 
 
 O.'i.OOO 
 63,51)0 
 36,300 
 169,380 
 60,000 
 40,(KH) 
 24,000 
 29,000 
 
 25",()l)n 
 
 75,IK)0 
 
 181,751) 
 
 6,1)00 
 
 81, 050 
 588,0(10 
 
 31,000 
 
 174,1)00 
 
 271,750 
 
 125,1H)I) 
 12l),l)IX) 
 3M100 
 27,001) 
 82,1X10 
 
 yti.ioo 
 
 1847 
 
 9,9B0 
 115,(8)0 
 
 55,000 
 110,000 
 
 69,000 
 172.l»)0 
 
 27,200 
 
 70,01)0 
 136,'.0O 
 
 72,000 
 
 39,000 
 lI7,4-.0 
 
 31,000 
 108,000 
 
 96,000 
 164,500 
 
 16,250 
 
 I01,i)00 
 48,000 
 
 1,400 
 55,001) 
 2l/>00 
 40,500 
 49,500 
 24,000 
 22,991 
 35,1 KM 
 52,000 
 201,480 
 500,000 
 254,000 
 37,000 
 60,500 
 41,875 
 56,000 
 20,500 
 
 10,000 
 
 133,000 
 
 389,000 
 
 189,000 
 
 161,500 
 
 145,000 
 
 6,9tO 
 
 151, IHX) 
 
 47,000 
 
 66,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 44,0110 
 
 111,000 
 
 62,5(11) 
 
 256,758 
 
 1,009,000 
 
 353,000 
 305,143 
 
 1,500 
 100,000 
 88,01)0 
 55,000 
 70,(H))I 
 34,000 
 100,000 
 112,(8)0 
 146,000 
 42,500 
 67,81)0 
 122,500 
 262, IKK) 
 149,000 
 164,000 
 
 105,()00 
 65,(KK) 
 30,(88) 
 27,000 
 
 101,000 
 
 74,500 
 
 47,000 
 
 19,750 
 
 1,000 
 
 5,(HH) 
 
 J1,000 
 
 16,375 
 
 15,500 
 
 31),0(H) 
 
 43,100 
 
 187,500 
 
 5,000 
 
 79,5(N) 
 
 571,000 
 
 45,000 
 
 168,500 
 
 299,000 
 
 l3-.',000 
 
 1 u\,mm 
 
 30,(K)0 
 27,1)110 
 77,0110 
 27,500 
 
 Newspaper Stamps 
 1848 1849 
 
 114,6.50 
 
 169,200 
 
 420,18)0 
 
 17 1,01k) 
 
 72S.0(K1 
 
 123,4(K) 
 
 8,000 
 
 911,000 
 
 48,I11K) 
 
 41,IK)0 
 
 30,111)0 
 
 55,01)0 
 
 10!),IKK) 
 
 55,IKK) 
 
 235,000 
 
 968,000 
 
 483,700 
 306,000 
 
 14^00 
 
 93,0110 
 
 80,n(H) 
 
 41,788 
 
 72,400 
 
 45,(«K) 
 
 90,000 
 
 92,(MK) 
 
 1 18,500 
 
 .38,200 
 
 106,444 
 
 117,500 
 
 272,500 
 
 164,(H10 
 
 151,750 
 
 1(1 jKK) 
 6U,iilK) 
 38,(8K) 
 30,000 
 
 96,000 
 63,500 
 48,750 
 191,500 
 
 56,000 
 46,200 
 27,018) 
 10,1100 
 20,775 
 30,(8)0 
 64,300 
 
 190,; 10 
 
 ,5,()(K) 
 
 78,.M)0 
 
 572,700 
 33,000 
 
 170,000 
 
 ,125,0011 
 
 123,000 
 llD.OOO 
 31 1,1 UK) 
 25,61 K) 
 11)0,5110 
 29,UlX) 
 
 8,27S 
 
 123,922 
 .56,1KK) 
 66/)00 
 56,000 
 
 190,5.50 
 28,1)1X1 
 40,711 
 
 133,500 
 78,000 
 39,000 
 
 102,(KK) 
 .33,732 
 
 130,000 
 89,426 
 
 175,IHNI 
 18,750 
 28,000 
 
 111,(8)0 
 49,800 
 
 17,000 
 60,000 
 2.3,500 
 48,000 
 62,850 
 2(),IKK) 
 ,38.250 
 41,000 
 54,(8X1 
 200.000 
 459,000 
 250,000 
 33,0(K) 
 63,1 K)0 
 47,(KX> 
 66,000 
 
 161,000 
 
 434,000 
 
 168,(K)0 
 
 643,648 
 
 l(K),0(iO 
 
 8,000 
 
 68,460 
 
 36,(K10 
 
 60,5(K) 
 
 39,(MK) 
 
 72,500 
 
 113,.'iO() 
 
 54,750 
 
 215,000 
 
 940,000 
 
 I3(l,4.'iO 
 
 1,(K)0 
 
 609,8.')0 
 
 312,000 
 
 88,000 
 
 46,018) 
 
 95,(K)0 
 
 48,(NK) 
 
 81,1100 
 
 167,762 
 
 1.38,000 
 
 5?,li.'iO 
 
 136,500 
 
 1I0,.')I)() 
 
 260,000 
 
 151,(K):) 
 
 222,060 
 
 57,475 
 
 102,.')00 
 
 6I),(KK) 
 
 15,000 
 
 88,000 
 66,000 
 45,000 
 
 241,(X)0 
 61,050 
 61,801 
 14,000 
 8,191 
 21,175 
 .30,01)0 
 28,500 
 
 188,()(H) 
 
 5,(K8) 
 
 76,000 
 
 698;l)00 
 33,000 
 
 190,000 
 
 327,500 
 
 124,l'.'5 
 
 111,000 
 
 28,IKK) 
 
 1S,.'|IK) 
 
 IIHI.OOI) 
 
 27, -'.CD 
 
 18.50 
 
 10,000 
 
 1I)8,(KM) 
 fi5,.'i(K) 
 
 11)1,000 
 60,IHN) 
 
 203,.5(K) 
 
 1,1(8) 
 
 56,7.'iO 
 
 140,,',00 
 69.(KX) 
 36,(100 
 
 I24,IHK) 
 35,.500 
 «'.),625 
 99,500 
 
 135,.'iiio 
 18,518) 
 29,250 
 
 109,3.'>0 
 14,000 
 
 1.5,000 
 60,000 
 22,000 
 44,(K)0 
 50,000 
 21,(8)0 
 .37,(KK) 
 29,500 
 50,1 KK) 
 180,000 
 469,000 
 
 »5I,000 
 .13,000 
 61, .500 
 59,176 
 77,875 ' 
 39,500 
 
 203,5.50 
 
 143,(KK) 
 
 .162,0(8) 
 
 1.55,1100 
 
 611,7,50 
 
 60,(W)0 
 
 6,(H)0 
 
 78,6(8) 
 
 44,(K)0 
 
 25,000 
 
 .12.7.50 
 
 66,(8)0 
 
 106,960 
 
 .53 ,000 
 
 236,2,50 
 
 940,000 
 
 108,500 
 
 3,4 10 
 
 6.53,.'.60 
 
 3l2,niK) 
 
 8,4-.0 
 
 52,100 
 
 90,1)00 
 
 89,0)8) 
 
 17,000 
 
 71,(K)0 
 
 .12,500 
 
 85,0(8) 
 
 106,6(8) 
 
 141,000 
 
 51,200 
 
 135 ,.500 
 
 119,815 
 
 250,000 
 
 1 18,000 
 
 .50,0(8) 
 
 11,000 
 
 102,.5flO 
 
 64,400 
 
 31,000 
 
 2(),0(K) 
 
 31,500 
 
 35,000 
 71,975 
 6.-1,01)0 
 47,S75 
 
 261,000 
 64,000 
 68,705 
 19,1 NHI 
 9,267 
 14,975 
 8,4.iO 
 4l,.'^(lO 
 
 206,7(8) 
 
 6,500 
 
 S4,(8K) 
 
 .581, .500 
 38,500 
 
 207,000 
 
 333,600 
 
 107,01)0 
 lli),(UK) 
 32,(K10 
 20,01)0 
 104,18)0 
 28,600 
 
 40,000 
 45,0(X) 
 9, .',110 
 .16,(«H) 
 102,000 at l\i. 
 
 3r,(')00 
 .56,(88) 
 21,5(8) 
 
 xo.ooa 
 
 2",6oO 
 15,(»)0 
 43,000 
 
 7,0110 
 10,995 
 89,5(8) 
 27,000 
 
 16,000 
 
 16',6oO 
 35,750 
 21,000 
 17,0(8) 
 26,0(8) 
 30,000 
 
 ' ll4i()00at l<f.; 
 [ 23,.V8] at Uil. 
 
 14,(8)0 
 
 20,.VX) 
 
 40,000 
 
 26',(J0O 
 
 3,(8)0 
 
 .16,(88) 
 
 8,.500 
 
 16,000 
 
 127,000 
 
 11,000 
 18,0(8) 
 25,990 
 22,000 
 
 4s!2.50 
 .y),0(K) 
 71,000 
 
 il' 
 
 ( •'■ 
 
 63,0CO 
 260,000 
 
 62,(88) 
 33,(8)0 
 63,(88) 
 28,000 
 
 4',80O 
 82,0(8) 
 6l),(8X) 
 22,000 
 
 45,000 
 lOi'.ilOO 
 
 28,.5(K) 
 6,500 
 15,000 
 
 7,500 
 ir,(J00 
 
 6,000 at Xd. ! 
 12,000 at lid. 
 
 50,000 
 
 2,0(8) 
 
 20,(8)0 
 
 26'„5(K) at \d. ; 
 
 1,(8)0 at id. 
 35.(KI() 
 
 114,.5(K)at Id.; 
 2,250 at IM. 
 »2,5(K) 
 32,000 
 
 16,000 
 2,U00 
 
936 
 
 NEWSPAPERS 
 Number of Slampi issued to Newspapers — continued. 
 
 
 ,;! 
 
 iU 
 
 
 ■' 'I 
 
 Mi 
 
 GNULAND-condaiwd. 
 
 6 FWVIKCIAI. Fafmi 
 
 flomenet Countv Herald - 
 
 Hhrfflclil Ktre I'reu 
 
 Khcfllelil Tim« - 
 
 ShieliU Ualcttr - 
 
 Shrouthlre ('onterTAUve - 
 
 Nund«Tland Time* 
 
 Hallftliurjr and \Vinche«ter Journal 
 
 Southiiort Vliiior 
 
 huuex Adrertiaer and Surrey Ga 
 
 letle 
 Kcarboroufih Ga/ettr 
 Ku«sex Kxpreu and Surrvy Stand 
 
 ard . - - 
 
 Stockport Mercury 
 Torquny and Tor Directory 
 Taunton Courier 
 Ten Towns JMeswnKCT " 
 Teignmouth Gazette 
 UlTerfttone Adrertli^r 
 WlKan Timii - 
 Wakefield Ktamlner 
 Warwick Advertiier 
 West Briton and Cornwall Ad' 
 
 vertiMr 
 Wrat of England ConierTatiT* 
 Western Luminary 
 Weitem Times - 
 Westmoreland Gazette - 
 Whileharen lleralfl 
 Windsor and Eton Express 
 Wiltshire Independent - 
 Wilu and Gtoucestenhire Stand' 
 
 ard - 
 Wolrerhampton Chronicle 
 Worcester Herald 
 Worcester Journal (Uerrow's) 
 Waketield Journal 
 Weston-super-Mare Gazette 
 Worcester Chronicle 
 Weekly Heiii.ter 
 Woolwich Gazette 
 Wisbeach AdTfrtiser 
 Yorkshire Oaietle 
 Yorkshire ItacinK Calendar 
 York Herald 
 Yorkshirenian - 
 Yer.'^ Times - • 
 
 Newspaper Stamps 
 
 IH4S 
 V6,000 
 
 47iaoo 
 si'ooo 
 
 1 1, OX) 
 l.f»,<HIII 
 
 4.1,«0 
 11, 393 
 
 HA,000 
 
 ii,"ono 
 •ilMW) 
 .19,£UU 
 
 60,000 
 
 1.1S,.V)0 
 1I9..VH) 
 30,01 M> 
 
 148,''iflO 
 4.1,SII0 
 30,U(HI 
 40,11110 
 41,000 
 
 S9,100 
 
 75,00(1 
 Ill.SdO 
 104,700 
 
 39,(«l<) 
 B,900 
 
 77,S71 
 
 3,500 
 
 11, (KN) 
 
 143,(>"0 
 
 lfil,o;K) 
 110,000 
 
 IAI7 
 
 «7,000 
 
 wiooo 
 solnoo 
 
 l''.,Oli(l 
 l.H.'ViO 
 
 iv.ouo 
 
 49,440 
 35r)UU 
 
 168,000 
 18.7'>0 
 VH,niMI 
 '.iV,00l) 
 '.26,500 
 
 60,500 
 
 13!i,'«)0 
 3'^,067 
 .V,lllP0 
 
 171,000 
 3B,00(( 
 31.IIIX) 
 38,1 NiO 
 33,U00 
 
 s«,noo 
 
 »l3,S'.i5 
 
 na.'^oo 
 
 "•.(,500 
 
 4 LINK) 
 
 6,000 
 
 8V.000 
 
 137,000 
 
 500 
 
 13,000 
 
 156,000 
 
 4,''.00 
 
 165,000 
 
 l»9,(l()0 
 
 IS.WW 
 
 1848 
 
 I'il.SOO 
 
 s'lVxio 
 
 n,nm 
 
 1.16,000 
 
 i3,J00 
 
 50,'^no 
 
 17,500 
 
 191,000 
 13,0<KI 
 •ihfltio 
 
 IK, 1 100 
 
 55,000 
 
 181,000 
 
 1(7,500 
 87,000 
 183,000 
 .36,000 
 85,'«)0 
 37,750 
 33,000 
 
 26,500 
 
 88,986 
 183,375 
 101, (JOO 
 
 89,900 
 7,000 
 
 88,000 
 160,000 
 
 18,000 
 
 18,0IX) 
 
 156,000 
 
 8,900 
 
 177,.500 
 
 145,000 
 
 33,000 
 
 1849 
 
 38,000 
 
 i5V,oao 
 
 80,000 
 I4,«<I0 
 
 r<o,iKiii 
 
 1 4,8^0 
 
 5fi,'.00 
 88,850 
 
 184,000 
 18,5<in 
 88,000 
 15,751 
 10,3110 
 8,8t>0 
 
 110,000 
 .33,800 
 33,000 
 
 185,500 
 37,(>IO 
 8,'i,000 
 36.000 
 .30,000 
 
 86,465 
 
 89,194 
 141,975 
 101,600 
 
 87,500 
 8,000 
 
 83,000 
 
 105,000 
 
 3,968 
 
 10,000 
 
 143,000 
 
 8,900 
 
 881,000 
 
 184,000 
 
 86,100 
 
 1850 
 
 88,0(10 
 
 .'>i«lll 
 
 I.IV.OHI 
 
 4(>,;(K) 
 •i»t>m 
 
 IV.IHH) 
 18(1,1 M) 
 
 17,11110 
 
 blftn 
 33,; JU 
 
 198,(100 
 
 li.umi 
 
 8H,liiu 
 M,(nKi 
 1(i,.Vki 
 
 5,00'! 
 4'H,(HI(I 
 il.X!, 
 4(I,K(IU 
 57,000 
 
 40,U(M 
 87,(100 
 191,1(00 
 .■9,.V.() 
 87.(l(N) 
 3VNKI 
 .\'i,l)(lo 
 
 S5,,'/)0 
 ^9,''>II0 
 14I,UIR| 
 8''i,(l()() 
 84,000 
 6,000 
 87,IK0 
 88,(ni0 
 
 10,(KI0 
 
 143,0(H) 
 
 8,9,50 
 
 I96,(HHI 
 
 16I,IHKI 
 
 S7,8;iO 
 
 SCOTLAND 
 
 Scotch Pafbbs 
 
 .. * ' (f . 
 
 Aberdeen Herald 
 
 Aberdeen Journal 
 
 Alierdeen Banner ! . „ 
 
 Aberdeen Norili of Scotland Oa 
 
 ^elte • 
 Ayr Adiertlser • 
 Ayr Observer - 
 Arbroath Guide - 
 Alloa Advenliwr 
 Banff'r.hire .Tournal 
 Brechin Advertiser 
 Dumfries t'ourier 
 Dumfries Iletalil 
 Dumfries Stanilard 
 Dundee Courier- - 
 
 Dundee North, rn Warder 
 Dundt* Advertiser 
 EdinburRh Courant 
 KdlnbuiK^ Mercury 
 Edinburgh Adverdser - 
 Kilinburgh tiazette 
 Kclinburgh Scotsman 
 Edinburgh North British Adver 
 
 User - - ■ . 
 
 rainbursh Ladies' Own Journal 
 Edinburgh Saturday Post 
 Edinburgh Missionary Record, 
 
 Church of Scotland 
 Edinburgh WKuess 
 Kdinl>ur|,'h Missionary Kecord 
 Eilinliurgh Free Church Magazine 
 Edinburgh Hailway Gazelle 
 
 Newspaper StamiK 
 
 1846 
 
 103,0<i0 
 180,'WO 
 88,500 
 
 97,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 41,0IH) 
 
 80,000 
 
 3,840 
 
 17,0.'j0 
 
 17,000 
 
 106,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 35,000 
 
 18,(100 
 
 87,775 
 
 145,000 
 
 848,18)0 
 
 105,000 
 
 14<J,(MI0 
 
 14,000 
 
 878,000 
 
 611,150 
 
 88,00(> 
 184,500 
 
 34,994 
 
 868,(HM) 
 
 8!),7(IO 
 
 7,f.«0 
 
 49,500 
 
 1847 
 
 98,500 
 
 138,000 
 
 87,870 
 
 76,500 
 
 gO/KK) 
 
 40,000 
 
 81,770 
 
 4,8IX) 
 
 81,0(KI 
 
 15,500 
 
 108,1100 
 
 3I,3(K( 
 
 .30,(rOO 
 
 80,150 
 
 74,500 
 
 I43,0(XI 
 
 840,IKI0 
 
 106,000 
 
 145,0(X) 
 
 15,0011 
 
 884,500 
 
 6t8,8.«) 
 
 87,000 
 
 108,000 
 
 .37,113 
 
 267,<HIO 
 
 33,.1fl0 
 
 7,'l''iO 
 
 40,0110 
 
 1848 
 
 99,'>00 
 148,(H10 
 88,000 
 
 80,000 
 44,(100 
 
 ao,7.'io 
 
 4,8J0 
 
 88,000 
 
 l.t,500 
 
 108,.^)0 
 
 34,500 
 
 89,'iOO 
 
 84,000 
 
 70,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 843,000 
 
 107,500 
 
 149,000 
 
 16,''|(H) 
 
 308,000 
 
 6.18, .WO 
 31,500 
 1II8,0CI0 
 
 34,550 
 851,000 
 87,604 
 lO.'lOO 
 89,850 
 
 1849 
 
 ia.3J1flO 
 175,840 
 87,000 
 
 48,000 
 
 88,(K)0 
 
 44,('0O 
 
 88,0(MI 
 
 4,968 
 
 86,(10:1 
 
 16,000 
 
 110,000 
 
 38,0(10 
 
 .33,»'50 
 
 89,850 
 
 67 ,.500 
 
 1.36,000 
 
 841,000 
 
 110,5(10 
 
 l5o,rKia 
 
 88,370 
 899,000 
 
 619,000 
 34,000 
 95,600 
 
 87,980 
 
 8<i5,0(10 
 
 34,4UO 
 
 8,1(10 
 
 80,500 
 
 18'M 
 
 7S.noo 
 
 161,(11X1 
 15,.'iOO 
 
 89,7.10 
 HK.'ni 
 811,411(1 
 1«,(»I0 
 
 u:,ii 
 iC'ijo 
 
 16,(11 «1 
 1(11,(101 
 .1V,llilO 
 3I,1K)(1 
 .lO.IHH) 
 7S,(101 
 IJsMlO 
 Vi'VOO 
 
 l(x;,'5it 
 
 15I,(1(X) 
 JlMWO 
 301,1X10 
 
 6J9,1»10 
 4V,|I00 
 
 w;m 
 ,n,;«o 
 
 9,w«l I 
 16,0W ' 
 
 iw; 
 
 30,100 
 6,(ioo 
 
 7/<iO 
 
 io,'m 
 II. M) 
 
 380,000 
 
 liiav) 
 e.uuo 
 
 16,1100 
 5l,SO0 
 
 «,llOil 
 7,0(111 
 
 1S,(X>I 
 9,000 
 
 45/100 
 .W,nilO 
 
 (;,(»i 
 
 43/100 
 
 1«W) 
 
 77,001 
 
 losiooo 
 
 
 
 WALES 
 
 
 
 
 WaiAK PArimt 
 
 
 
 Newspape 
 
 r Stamps 
 
 
 
 1846 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 1849 
 
 1850 
 
 lUt 
 
 
 40,475 
 
 68,000 
 
 68,01 H) 
 
 78,000 
 
 61,000 
 
 nn 
 
 
 77,0(0 
 
 40,180 
 
 40,7(X) 
 
 .39,(XX) 
 
 .36,135 
 
 ii/i 
 
 Carnarvon and Denbigh Herald - 
 
 48,000 
 
 51,450 
 
 57,900 
 
 66,000 
 
 77,.M10 
 
 «!> 
 
 
 51,600 
 
 68,0(M) 
 
 70,000 
 
 63,1100 
 
 68;i<18 
 
 
 Monmouthsliire Merlin > 
 
 66,000 
 
 78,000 
 
 75,01 X) 
 
 75,0011 
 
 88,500 
 
 
 
 a7,(XK) 
 
 87,(H)0 
 
 86.(Xip 
 
 86,500 
 
 87,''iOO 
 
 ,, 
 
 North Wales Chrnnii le - 
 
 'i8,8')0 
 
 88.50.) 
 
 I8,0<XI 
 
 15,4IH) 
 
 38,0110 
 
 w 
 
 
 48,1K)0 
 
 .36,700 
 
 36,010 
 
 48,700 
 
 3(i.lH0 
 
 ]|,g 
 
 
 2il,078 
 
 '.iS.IXXJ 
 
 80.036 
 
 88,000 
 
 19,0(10 
 
 
 Swansea and Glamorgan Herald • 
 
 .. 
 
 80,000 
 
 48,'5(K) 
 
 44,0(XI 
 
 48.1100 
 
 
 
 48,0(X) 
 
 
 44,000 
 
 39,(X)0 
 
 .■iS.HK) 
 
 XI 
 
 Yr Amseran • - • 
 
 64,000 
 
 50,840 
 
 40,(i00 
 
 101,880 
 
 »(;.!i;.5 
 
 
 Y Cymro - - ■ 
 
 •• 
 
 8,0(K> 
 
 88,884 
 
 19,137 
 
 88,ll(«l 
 
 ■• 
 
 I'.Vtw teit, 
 ■wourmj 
 OVlii - 
 »'« . 
 
 ■ Iiiiminfr 
 
 "lolmiHslJou,; 
 ■«'mii«r 
 
 '.'oumal 
 
 [''"fTOrst Pa„ 
 P}'" Ifllfr 
 F;!";*™ H'lii, . 
 r'l^licjror ' 
 
 ^'^tjntl 
 ll* ■ 
 *'*i»iiM 
 
 _Jr" 'fonjcle 
 ■'Wul . 
 
 nfj"'*"'ltr .' 
 J^ '""fiali.e . 
 
NEWSPAPERS 
 Number of Stampt iutied to Neumpapera— continued. 
 
 937 
 
 6,m 
 
 
 11, iW) 
 
 5»,IX» 
 
 I'i^noo 
 
 6,0(10 
 
 II 
 n 
 
 10 
 
 » 
 
 10 
 
 w 
 
 <I0 
 Ml 
 150 
 1HH> 
 1X11) 
 
 ,aw) 
 
 IJKIO 
 
 16/«10 
 M.SOO 
 
 jfi,i<n 
 
 H9,ll«> 
 7,«H 
 
 15,1X111 
 9,000 
 
 iifm 
 
 59,l«M 
 6!,l««l 
 43,000 
 
 
 I08',i»n 
 
 1840 
 
 61,000 
 
 71,M!0 
 
 »'i,!iOO 
 
 M,fiOO 
 JfiJkW 
 19,000 
 4H,l«)0 
 
 ^^,1H10 
 
 lUII 
 
 HCOT LAN 0-«m<inw«<. 
 
 Ga- 
 
 8cotc« P«'»»' 
 
 KS »■"»»" '■■M'"? ._!-. 
 
 ■*". "h ih.mbiT»' Journul 
 
 ' laW- ■ 
 
 FiHmiJ • 
 F*JoiiiMl ■ 
 M,id«niin ■ 
 f«>U.ii«« • : 
 
 ihlillH"''! • 
 jjf. Chronicle 
 
 S.NoUi.M'M','!'''" 
 
 Si«riin>iim'"o"«l • 
 ;Sj; S».lU> Krforraen' 
 
 SwBnilshKtlend - 
 
 gS W-7 -"i 'sxipp'"? 
 
 I^XonhBriUlh Telegraph 
 
 g—fUnunel 
 HnCuiwi 
 (lirtAdttri'ei - 
 
 lElWerAilieitlser 
 
 ■iMHOn'' 
 llM»M.«<i>« • 
 ■ (OHil ■ 
 
 lliimijww' 
 l|ila3aiti''«iiii^' 
 ■timln'* , 
 
 luiilfmi • 
 
 mmtmt • 
 
 ■iMClbliniidnal 
 
 ■^BAdifrtiier 
 
 llJoanul - 
 
 MtlmPmi - 
 laOXiroal'iJMimtl 
 
 Nswtpapcr flumpt 
 
 1818 
 
 «,448 
 
 liiOOO 
 
 M.uno 
 
 l7,niM> 
 4H,H'VI> 
 
 ll,Ul«) 
 
 A,icK) 
 
 6^110 
 
 H0,0UO 
 
 .197,9.11 
 148,1X10 
 llO.nO) 
 DO.UOO 
 
 ni.nno 
 
 V'i.lCIO 
 39,000 
 
 lit! ,nnn 
 is.uoo 
 
 kJlhh) 
 
 8S,000 
 1«,500 
 44,000 
 S7,850 
 
 iio',700 
 67,(KII> 
 Ui,IH)a 
 8,000 
 S,900 
 SI, 000 
 M.OOO 
 «,UINI 
 1111,000 
 
 36,eao 
 
 .V),000 
 10,000 
 !IH,OOU 
 17,000 
 
 1817 
 
 l,6S0 
 
 800 
 
 10,000 
 
 71K) 
 IS.OUO 
 
 s.i.ono 
 
 y3,IHNI 
 38,.MN) 
 SS.VOrt 
 
 4,8 in 
 
 3,80(1 
 
 7,700 
 
 I3.).U0<I 
 
 4.i.),9Ha 
 
 76,3(KI 
 390,000 
 S7I,0II<) 
 1 1.1,01 Kl 
 
 90,000 
 
 liio,ono 
 
 VJ.Utt 
 *1,'ilHl 
 H!t,800 
 
 .18,000 
 
 188,(XI0 
 t<8,U0O 
 
 S4',«00 
 93,^2S 
 17,000 
 43,000 
 il'.i,9U0 
 
 llV'OO 
 79,0(HI 
 19,000 
 9,000 
 3,6W2 
 15,000 
 Sfi,000 
 V.1,000 
 S8,50l) 
 311,000 
 .10,000 
 II, .too 
 3H,IK>0 
 41,000 
 
 1818 
 
 1,.100 
 I3S,U00 
 
 !(,I00 
 
 si^iio 
 
 4,0.'ill 
 9,6U0 
 
 .10,000 
 
 ii;,i.';o 
 
 34,(MH) 
 
 30,00<l 
 
 1X,710 
 
 3,.'jOi) 
 
 S.OOO 
 
 110,00(1 
 
 338,000 
 
 68/XIO 
 
 3!I0,000 
 
 .174,000 
 
 107,000 
 
 79,860 
 
 U9,000 
 
 7S,fiH0 
 
 lii,ooo 
 
 139,000 
 
 a6,oo() 
 
 S.VJO 
 
 i«r,ooo 
 
 eo/Hiu 
 
 S.1,i7S 
 94,000 
 11,000 
 40,000 
 26|flOO 
 
 1,7.V) 
 17,000 
 67,100 
 36,000 
 
 9,300 
 
 3,908 
 18,S7S 
 60,000 
 17,000 
 36 ,.500 
 30,000 
 30,000 
 
 8,430 
 
 4.1,300 
 
 1819 
 
 7,430 
 1I1,I^S 
 
 S,li0 
 
 JI.760 
 
 4,';o<) 
 
 9,G00 
 
 M,000 
 lli/iOO 
 36,300 
 87,0(H) 
 9,.1i.') 
 4,998 
 
 8,;oo 
 
 100,000 
 li43,.ViO 
 
 78,000 
 3<J0,(MI() 
 409,(K)O 
 1I0,(H)0 
 
 68,600 
 
 121,000 
 79,ri«.l 
 18,(HKl 
 
 lji!,0(JO 
 
 19,500 
 7,460 
 
 1I3',500 
 68,500 
 
 l9',i;o 
 
 96,000 
 
 48,000 
 
 44,(HM) 
 
 li7,900 
 
 1,460 
 
 19,000 
 
 71,000 
 
 44,300 
 
 8,60i) 
 
 8,138 
 
 15,000 
 
 6H,nnn 
 
 17.000 
 
 31*050 
 3«,500 
 8,800 
 35,000 
 41.1X)0 
 
 1830 
 
 11,000 
 110,000 
 
 8,785 
 
 19,.1O0 
 5,(lli0 
 
 g,(,oo 
 
 149,000 
 
 70,300 
 
 30,000 
 
 19,.V>0 
 
 37,.'.0O 
 
 88,.^HI 
 
 11,0110 
 
 5,7.V) 
 
 13,600 
 
 I00,0(KI 
 
 889,(K)() 
 
 78,000 
 
 .19 1, (K 10 
 
 458,000 
 
 liO.KH) 
 
 73,000 
 
 1.11,419 
 
 8'>,MI0 
 10,46.1 
 15,000 
 80,0(MI 
 10,0110 
 
 i,!>m 
 11,000 
 
 m',ooo 
 
 9,000 
 
 188,000 
 
 ,, 
 
 81,000 
 
 »»,000 
 
 19,.VW 
 
 15.518) 
 
 150,000 
 
 •• 
 
 17,.50O 
 
 ,, 
 
 17,780 
 
 ,, 
 
 - 78,000 
 
 ,, 
 
 110,000 
 
 .. 
 
 65,4 SO 
 
 17.000 
 
 8,640 
 
 ., 
 
 88,000 
 
 18,1.56 
 
 90,000 
 
 188..5(8) 
 
 80,18)0 
 
 80,(810 
 
 41,000 
 
 84,(M8( 
 
 88,000 
 
 88,99 1 
 
 3.650 
 
 7,500 
 
 19,000 
 
 ,, 
 
 65.300 
 
 18,(8)0 
 
 39,018) 
 
 38,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 .. 
 
 4,878 
 
 9,000 
 
 65.000 
 
 11,79.1 
 
 6,'.,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 16,000 
 
 ,, 
 
 7.000 
 
 ,, 
 
 88,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 38.500 
 
 8.500 
 
 7,7.'>0 
 
 3,0(X) 
 
 3.5,(8)0 
 
 ,, 
 
 36,I.V» 
 
 88,.'>00 
 
 IRELAND 1 
 
 
 Newipaper Stampt | 
 
 DmiJ PiFiu 
 
 184S 
 
 1847 
 
 181S 
 
 1849 
 
 1850 
 
 1867 
 
 #n'Nf«il«tet - 
 
 Mi'i Journal 
 
 pFwinin 
 
 790,000 
 
 768,000 
 
 796.000 
 
 705,000 
 
 756,000 
 
 144,000 
 
 416,500 
 
 486,000 
 
 481,000 
 
 475.(88) 
 
 418,000 
 
 81,0(8) 
 
 396,000 
 
 408,000 
 
 414.(810 
 
 346.000 
 
 315,000 
 
 368,000 
 
 860,000 
 
 834,500 
 
 810,000 
 
 I84.,50O 
 
 168,000 
 
 182,500 
 
 81,000 
 
 66,000 
 
 7I,0<8) 
 
 TifiOO 
 
 54,(8)0 
 
 90,0(8) 
 
 6,(H)0 
 
 18,500 
 
 14,0(8) 
 
 16/8)0 
 
 .10/8)0 
 
 84,000 
 
 Cr«m.n 
 
 810.000 
 
 S.17,18W 
 
 8.15 ,.500 
 
 168,(88) 
 
 180,000 
 
 26,500 
 
 1I6,.500 
 
 108.000 
 
 108,5(8) 
 
 118,0(8) 
 
 118,(88) 
 
 3.5,000 
 
 EtlAdfMiti-r - - 
 
 481,750 
 
 495.500 
 
 474,.500 
 
 380,500 
 
 5.10,0(8) 
 
 861,500 
 
 ■ELjFn.. 
 
 86,500 
 
 88.000 
 
 86.798 
 
 84,750 
 
 24,568 
 
 57,500 
 
 Kr* , i 
 
 80,000 
 
 10,400 
 
 18,(88) 
 
 '*•*!!!' 
 
 1 8. '.00 
 
 5,(8)0 
 
 Cr.;li Journal 
 
 16,(100 
 
 11.5(8) 
 
 11,5(8) 
 
 18,400 
 
 18,5(8) 
 
 ,, 
 
 BK^ - 
 
 .10,913 
 
 .19,893 
 
 60,790 
 
 .17 ,.550 
 
 31.400 
 
 
 Km. 
 
 899,500 
 
 267,000 
 
 153,000 
 
 155,.50O 
 
 108,500 
 
 38',950 
 
 Kit IndnitrialJournal 
 ■hAdrmiKT 
 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 45,100 
 
 48,000 
 61.000 
 168,.100 
 
 *" 
 
 ^PMibil Journal 
 
 ,^ 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 46,950 
 
 60.500 
 
 '841 
 
 ■MKal and Cburrh Sen- 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 .. 
 
 7.695 
 
 
 ^Ca 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 6,7(8) 
 
 ,, 
 
 ^EwiHrrald 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ., 
 
 6,1810 
 
 ,, 
 
 KftjuHie 
 
 187^ 
 
 183)(X)0 
 
 91,775 
 
 SO,48S 
 
 96.685 
 
 •• 
 
 H lia Ccuimii PapKM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 BiNtn Ldter 
 
 70.000 
 
 66,000 
 
 70,000 
 
 75,.50O 
 
 78..500 
 
 108,500 
 
 BlNonbtmWlilg . 
 
 831,000 
 
 848,(8)0 
 
 8-8,500 
 
 888,500 
 
 285,5(8) 
 
 57,500 
 
 ■iVMkalor 
 
 88,000 
 
 5I,'.(M) 
 
 40,188) 
 
 18,000 
 
 54.7.50 
 
 
 HatanncrofUlilei • 
 
 100,000 
 
 86,3(8) 
 
 98.(8,0 
 
 90,000 
 
 123.400 
 
 18",()00 
 
 
 8,,50() 
 
 5,(88) 
 
 S.OOO 
 
 5,(88) 
 
 «,.500 
 
 ,, 
 
 ^Blltlt 
 
 S8,M10 
 
 lM,0flO 
 
 17,5(8) 
 
 1T..500 
 
 80.000 
 
 10,(8)0 
 
 ^KlGlliriiin 
 
 85,887 
 
 a9,.')(8l 
 
 38,.'i(8) 
 
 38,500 
 
 .14,7.50 
 
 10.500 
 
 ^■IlKioiir, Herald 
 
 31.500 
 
 88,500 
 
 47.J(8) 
 
 36,500 
 
 38,000 
 
 14,000 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 5,100 
 
 38>500 
 
 ,, 
 
 ^Kanoi llrrald 
 
 7i500 
 
 7,750 
 
 6,700 
 
 5,500 
 
 8.580 
 
 ,, 
 
 ^KilCr.rmicle 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 10,(88) 
 
 58,500 
 
 ^HWtiliilini 
 
 808,000 
 
 88s",0OO 
 
 816,095 
 
 2oV,000 
 
 180.(88) 
 
 96,(88) 
 
 ^HIm^ Rtnorler • 
 
 178,(88) 
 
 145,188) 
 
 167.(8)0 
 
 141,500 
 
 168,(88) 
 
 39,(88) 
 
 ^HEunuwr • 
 
 167,000 
 
 199,.M)0 
 
 810,0i5 
 
 101,(88) 
 
 161,500 
 
 108,500 
 
 ^^■NCIrffiiclc 
 
 39,000 
 
 .13,000 
 
 .18,5(8) 
 
 .10,0(8) 
 
 48,(88) 
 
 18,500 
 
 ^HiSvKirtl 
 
 17,(8)0 
 
 17,500 
 
 15.(88) 
 
 17, .500 
 
 15,000 
 
 18,5(81 
 
 ^^^JnnUi . 
 
 l.1,.5(8) 
 
 I(i,5(81 
 
 17, .500 
 
 18,000 
 
 19,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 ^■prtkRinrder ■ 
 
 34,500 
 
 85,(88) 
 
 30,188) 
 
 85,1810 
 
 80,000 
 
 10,0(l() 
 
 ^^■HaluhTtalire • 
 
 18,.5I10 
 
 17,500 
 
 18,.500 
 
 5,000 
 
 7,5(8) 
 
 3,0011 
 28,500 
 
 ^■«lAr|u 
 
 41,500 
 
 31.500 
 
 30,000 
 
 89,001) 
 
 25,000 
 
 r 
 
 •iifl 
 
 it- 
 
038 
 
 NKWHrAI'KItH 
 Number of Slanifu iuiuvil tii yru'tiMiperi — continued. 
 
 1 . 
 
 
 
 IRKI.ANIt 
 
 
 Diilitl.ilk l>i-ni<)rrnt 
 
 
 
 Nitwti 
 
 IHIA 
 
 IM7 
 
 iH4n 
 
 
 ., 
 
 l''rrniatini(tt lin|tiirllal Ucpnrler • 
 
 .t/,*''I«' 
 
 tn,ViHi 
 
 «7,''1k) 
 
 linlwnv \'ln4ll('Atiir 
 
 JlilKUl 
 
 yi,!Mm 
 
 l(7,7l"l 
 
 Onlwiiy MiMTi-ur* 
 
 IH.'IMI 
 
 |i;,l'i'i 
 
 t'l.iri 
 
 Kritv KvrtllilK I'lHl 
 
 •iV.CHNI 
 
 IH,'ilHI 
 
 I7,M1(I 
 
 Khi(i'» i'nmilj chninU'le - 
 
 '^ll.tHtll 
 
 \!>.\f> 
 
 '/D.IHHt 
 
 Kilkenny Jnnrnnl 
 
 K'sdlH) 
 
 U.MM 
 
 i.1,.'ilNI 
 
 Kllkinnv MmliT.llnr 
 
 117, VHI 
 
 «,.MHI 
 
 K7,><HI 
 
 l.iirK'ni rlironli'lu 
 
 .. 
 
 ., 
 
 ,, 
 
 l.fhiHUr Ki|in-M 
 
 IMI.IKIII 
 
 yi.nw 
 
 .11,1711 
 
 l.tnlrrlrk I'hrnnirln 
 
 l<lil,OIMI 
 
 WI.'i.lllHI 
 
 H'llLIHHI 
 
 l.lnirtlt-k lt«-|Mirirr 
 
 ,'>(l,llllll 
 
 'll),IHHI 
 
 .Vl.'i'ilt 
 
 l.hni'rtck Kinnilncr 
 
 llti,IIIH) 
 
 M,MMt 
 
 fit.lNHI 
 
 Lontlimdrrry Jonrnnl 
 
 ,'>N,IIIHI 
 
 .-U,,.MIO 
 
 .Vi.'iim 
 
 l<i>nitnn<lrrrv Svnlini'l 
 
 |:.^,(HHI 
 
 ^(i,l)IHI 
 
 411, IVA 
 
 l.nnilniHli'rry Sfiinilunl - 
 
 »l,.Vi<l 
 
 IMVHK) 
 
 Kn.'idil 
 
 l.onKrnnl JoutnnI 
 
 !I,(HM> 
 
 II.IHHI 
 
 I'i.lKH) 
 
 Mralli llrrrilil 
 
 |V,.MIII 
 
 .1,(Kin 
 
 ■i,7wt 
 
 MrtVii ('nn«llltilliin 
 
 l.VMKt 
 
 11,'ilK) 
 
 11,11(111 
 
 Mnyti 'IVIi'itt'iiih 
 
 VS,'HVI 
 
 lA.ChHI 
 
 l.'i,IIIHI 
 
 Nnintfh (I'niiinUn 
 
 !ll,7.'>ll 
 
 tt,!M> 
 
 «I),IIIMI 
 
 Nrnatih Dironlt'ltf 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 Nfwrir *r**l»*Kr'tiih 
 
 i:ii),'>iMi 
 
 in7,.'KH> 
 
 riii.iKni 
 
 Npwry Ktiinilnrr 
 
 ,^1,1X111 
 
 .1I,'>IM) 
 
 ,1'J,(HI0 
 
 N'mlti*>m Nlnniliril 
 
 I7,.'.c«l 
 
 W.AlHI 
 
 I7..'.ll() 
 
 IliMi'iinitnon D'tii'ili* 
 
 IK,S<H) 
 
 IO,l>'<A 
 
 H.'iM 
 
 Ktivi-iiinnion Mt^smKer - 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 Itnlilninf Munalrr 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 Slli[.i<'lmmlil» - 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 SIlKn Clinniiitnn • 
 'ri(i|i»Tniy,lTrt' Tritw 
 
 Kl'.lKW 
 
 l'.',V)0 
 
 7,.'iC«> 
 
 A'^.IKH) 
 
 .T^IHIO 
 
 SV.IKHI 
 
 i'lltiMTurv Vlmlli.-Ator 
 
 (ili,(MHI 
 
 ri»,IHII) 
 
 flV,()(K) 
 
 Tunni llrrnlil - 
 
 H.T.'ill 
 
 1»,I)IKI 
 
 l,'i,INHI 
 
 Tjruwlvv llrrnlcl 
 
 11,'i.MI 
 
 10,7M1 
 
 Vi.TM 
 
 Tyrone ronhtilntlonul 
 
 I'i.lHHI 
 
 H.CIINl 
 
 lll,INH) 
 
 TrnlttJ t'hrontt-k* 
 
 fl.lMI 
 
 IH.VM) 
 
 H.IHIO 
 
 IMXer (inlMlf - 
 
 .ll.-ilNI 
 
 •^J.-ilKI 
 
 IS.IIIIII 
 
 \VtY(nii>nlh (IiiitrtliAn 
 
 1I,.'.C«I 
 
 I.^,,'>.1(! 
 
 I.'i.dlHI 
 
 WtMiwm sear - 
 
 I3,IHIU 
 
 I.I.IKK) 
 
 1.1,.'ilKI 
 
 Wnterronl (lliruniclc ami Wci'kty 
 
 
 
 
 Hlar .... 
 
 I8,(.<lll 
 
 .10,'.(XI 
 
 1I7,<MI0 
 
 Wnletf.ml Mull - 
 
 VA,<l4)fl 
 
 ■i!i,llim 
 
 V7,INI'I 
 
 Watnfonl N«w» 
 
 !l,llli: 
 
 <i,i;iio 
 
 \l,M'l 
 
 Wi'xfnnl lniti*|)fntli*nt 
 
 4ti,IHH) 
 
 M„M») 
 
 fi<l,IHH) 
 
 Wi'tfonl fliiiirttljin 
 
 • • 
 
 .'.,iHHt 
 
 li/.IHI 
 
 iNia 
 
 .'i.'.IHI 
 ».'i,(l 11 
 .IV.MIll 
 I I, I'M 
 
 17,'rtHI 
 17,.'."!/ 
 'i.'i,IHJII 
 
 1U.\,',|»I 
 '^'I.IHIII 
 Ml, Mil) 
 .1(1,1 IIHI 
 
 Kn.iHHi 
 
 !I,IKII) 
 .'i.llHI 
 tdi.'KHI 
 I.^.IKH) 
 VIMHJO 
 
 I(I7',.VK1 
 
 .KI.V.'.ll 
 
 n.mii 
 
 (i.lNlll 
 KUHHI 
 
 7,.MIII 
 2H,i 1(1(1 
 A(l,lllK) 
 ly.MHi 
 1(1,1111(1 
 
 VII,(HHI 
 1.1,111111 
 l.'i,(l(lll 
 1'^, HI III 
 llli.'jdil 
 
 .'1,111111 
 .KI,NlHI 
 
 5(,1IK> 
 ■(7,llll() 
 
 IHUl 
 
 '(y,'i'Kl 
 m.'ilKl 
 .II.IHHI 
 r<..'ilHI 
 
 I7,.-«K| 
 
 I7,.',<l.| 
 Vll,ill>l 
 V'l.lllHI 
 11,117'. 
 .II,:nIii 
 Ili.'.,li(»l 
 .17 ,111 HI 
 li'l,IHHI 
 '^r.,iaHl 
 
 (ill,IHI(| 
 
 y7,rHHl 
 <.I,IHHI 
 I'A'ilHI 
 lll,.'MHI 
 I'l.lHHI 
 '^(I.IHHI 
 IH.IHHI 
 lln.lHHI 
 
 l.'i,IHHI 
 
 i,'''r. 
 '.I,.'l'(,-I 
 
 4.'i,l«l(l 
 Ili.lHHI 
 T,Mt 
 '^I.IHId 
 I7.IHHI 
 tVxHI 
 lll,(NHI 
 IN.IHHI 
 lli,'J.'HI 
 ll,.V*j 
 IK.IHHI 
 IJ,..I1U 
 
 in,IHIO 
 
 1n,'i'.ii 
 
 lU.IKHI 
 4I.,.'HI1I 
 
 imt 
 
 IVlNHI 
 
 Ii,'«l 
 
 'J<I,IHJI| 
 
 .T(i",iVn 
 iii;,'/»i 
 
 .VJ,V<| 
 
 ii).i»ii 
 
 .i;,'^iii 
 
 ii,'«i 
 
 'j(i 
 
 '.'.!») 
 'i.'HIl 
 
 .Vl',i'<»l 
 
 ■'lrl»l 
 
 .'..Kin 
 
 <r'<il I 
 
 1'i.VO J 
 ''.I'll I 
 
 ■'■."■) I 
 'J.I'd I 
 
 lljllll 
 
 I"." (I I 
 
 i.';o| 
 
 Vll.<ll|l 
 
 lll.'K)! 
 
 lo.'OlI 
 
 \ I 
 
 i t 
 
 i'''i 
 
 '4..'- 5 
 
 il' 1 
 
 
 ^:| 
 
 *f 
 
 ^-ImcriVdM Ncwupiiiin-s. — Tlio iiifrci.sc of iicw.i- 
 |in|H>r.s in tliii UiiitiMl Sliitcs Iiiih bciMi a {.^ood deal 
 liiori^ rapid tliaii in Kiigland ; a (-(inHci] nonce, 
 partly, no iloiilit, of I lie fjri'atcr incrcaHC! of popii- 
 lalion in tlic Union, Imt nior(>, proliably, of tlicir 
 freedom from taxation, and of tlio violence of 
 partv eonleslH. 
 
 Tiio wliolo number of new.fpapcr.s and periodi(;al 
 publinitionH in tlie United States on tliiiic 1, IH.'iO, 
 amounted, aucorditifr to tin; otileiiil returns, to 
 nlxuit 2,H00. Of these 2,-ll)4 were fully reported 
 upon, while the particulars 'with respect to the 
 others were in part estimated. 
 
 l-'roin tiiese returns &(;. it appears that the 
 a^Ki'W''^ eireulation of papers and other publica- 
 (ions was about fi,00ll,()0O ; and that ihe entire 
 number of copies printed amiually in tlie United 
 States, amounted to about I'J'.'.CiOO.OOO. The 
 folliiwini.; table shows tiie number of daily, weekly, 
 monthly, and other issues, with the uj^gregate 
 circulatiim of each class : — 
 
 
 
 
 N". of Coltlni 
 
 
 No. 
 
 rirculatlon 
 
 prinleil 
 
 D.iitv .Toiimali • 
 
 
 
 nnnualty 
 
 ,ViO 
 
 T.ld.diM) 
 
 !i.1.'.,(l(M),IKI0 
 
 Trl-vfifkly 
 
 16(1 
 
 7.'. II 
 
 II,7(H).IKIII 
 
 ?itMiii-wcekly - 
 
 Vii 
 
 Kll,llllll 
 
 H,1'^ll,llll(l 
 
 W«klv 
 
 S,(KKI 
 
 V,S7'i.(lllll 
 
 141l,''0(l,( 1(1(1 
 
 Seml-nionthly - 
 
 .'.11 
 
 .IIIU.IHII) 
 
 7,iii(l,(Kill 
 
 Alonlhly 
 Uuiirterly 
 
 UK) 
 
 !l(l(l,IKIO 
 
 10,m)ll.lllill 
 
 V.'. 
 
 ','11,1111(1 
 
 K(),(HM) 
 
 •I'ol.'il 
 
 V,K(II1 
 
 .'1,11(10,1*1)11 
 
 I'.ii.lilHMHId 
 
 No otUcial statement of the number of jmmialH 
 in 1800 has yet been published, hut there is i 
 rcas(m to lielievc that the tnl.nl did not much 
 exceed that of IH.'iO. Had tlie circulation in- 
 creased pari pitssn witli the population, we should, j 
 takinjr the rate of 21vS| copies to each pers(m (the | 
 average of {.'^."lO), and tnkiuf:; the )i(ipiiliitiiin of 
 1«()8 at 37,000.000, have an a^Krcgate number of i 
 copies annually printed in the United Stales ofi 
 nearly 8O7,0U0;0OO. I 
 
 We are not, however, to eslinmlc the yu 
 of newspaper literature by its i|ii.'iiiliiy(,nli'l 
 must have regard also to' Its </h«//V,/. '|'1|,,j' 
 is, indeed, the principal tliiiij; In liV iillcnj,, 
 and in whatever degree the .Vincrioims 
 exceed us in the nunilMT, lliey cortiiiiih'urcii 
 below us In th.' qnnlity, (if ihoir noi,. 
 Speaking generally, we do not licsiim,. i„j 
 that the newspaper press is discrodiiabli. J 
 Union, The journals indulge, with mmiwaJ 
 few exoeption.s, in od'ensive personalities. 
 of examining the principles of thi> ma 
 brought forward, they a.ssail the cluiraclfj 
 misrepresent the nioliVes of llmso livwhoni 
 are introduced. It is inipiissiliic, m yJ 
 name an individual who has altiiini'd lonnj 
 odiee In the United States, or tiu'(iii.«iJoi 
 (Congress, who has not been lilicllcd, trading 
 calumnial(Hl by a large |)orliiin ot'tlic|irea 
 degree that can hardly be iin^ijjincil. Tlie? 
 tude of the evil will, prolmlily, lead to ij 
 No people, with any preten.i'iniis to iiiiii 
 and morality, can patroniso ii press wlios 
 cipal features arc misroproseiitnlioii,e.\ai;!,'(j 
 and abuse. 
 
 NKW YOIJK. The eapltn", of llio s 
 that name, the connnercial indMiiolii | 
 United States, and one of llic j,'rc.ili'>tc 
 modern times, (>u the soulliorn niit 
 Manhattan Island, at the |niiiit of i^>^ 
 of the Iliid.son liiver, which .scparali-.Vij 
 from New .lersey, with KasI liiver, wiiifl 
 it from Long Island, lat,'l()° 12' N'.,lMn;;.; 
 New York bay, or inner hiirliuiir, is'tej 
 (iiiest and most capjicioiis in llie worlf 
 completely land-locked, and iilTiiriii l 
 anchorage. The cut ranee te llic kivlt^ 
 Narrows is extremely hciuilirul, (ki 
 the shore, though wooded duwii toliii 
 edge, is thickly studded witli farms. 
 
Ti,'m\ 
 \n,.'.i»i 
 .TI.InKI 
 U.tmi 
 MMt 
 IT,.1iiii 
 
 V'l.lHHl 
 11,H7'. 
 
 .ti.ncm 
 
 :i7.iK«) 
 rm.iiiiii 
 'if>,iti)(i 
 
 97,>iiHI 
 
 lV,.'itHI 
 lll/KKI 
 
 r'l.iHii) 
 
 V(),(HKI 
 I lO.IHNI 
 
 l.'>,(HHI 
 
 li,.'./:. 
 
 4.^,<HKI 
 lli,IH)lt 
 7,.'.1KI 
 'il,(HHI 
 I7.IIII0 
 
 Kt.lHHI 
 IK.IIIH) 
 
 ll,.'ilHI 
 IH.IHHI 
 H.ilH) 
 
 in.cHin 
 
 3II,V.'»0 
 111,0(11) 
 ')I|,.'|1)II 
 
 lH,i;vi 
 
 IM7 
 
 J7;<„ 
 
 *Wm 
 lii.ioi 
 U,m 
 
 :vi',i'>ii 
 
 l"7,'.clil 
 
 .■»,j*j 
 17',™ 
 
 40,11111 
 J7,'ii<l 
 K,«>l 
 'J1I 
 i-ifyn 
 
 'UMi ' 
 
 M/%n I 
 7,ni 
 .'1,(1111 
 
 '',(((KI I 
 
 7,'''ll I 
 
 liitV I 
 
 ■'Vol 
 v,i.vi I 
 Urn I 
 
 l(i,(ta] I 
 
 U,(l(IO| 
 ](I,IW)I 
 
 Miam 
 
 7,^1 
 
 to est i male tlie iiillu) 
 
 by it.H iiiiuiililydiilv,] 
 
 til ils qmililii. 
 
 lliiiit; 1(1 be ullimW 
 
 00 I lid Amoricans 
 r, tlioy corlaiiilyiircii 
 ity, (if llipir \w\\i^ 
 L' (1(1 iiiit licsil.itc I 
 ;'ss is (liscreililablc t| 
 iKliilf;i',witlirnni|)arali 
 sivo imrsoiialiti(^», 
 iiu:i|il('s (if tho iiicj 
 
 iis.sail the char 
 OS (if IIkisc, by wlioni 
 impDssiblc, wc Wiej 
 10 1ms attained In an.H 
 iites, (ir to ooiisidora 
 1)0011 libc'lli'd.tradncej 
 ! \)orti(m of tlio|ircsl 
 bo iiin();iiii'(l, Tlica 
 probably, lead to ild 
 protciisions to inslll 
 :.roni»o a jircss wlios 
 (!prosontalioii,csaj;g( 
 
 he oniiita"! of llif s 
 nieroial nietrii|»li> 
 lie of I be j,'rcal(st( 
 ho soutiiern oxlrei^ 
 t. tbo point iif I 
 wliifli scpariilcs ) 
 
 1 I'^ast l!iv('r,wliicli>( 
 at.'U)°l'i'N'.,lin;,;l 
 iii\('r liarliour, is 'nel 
 lat'iiiiH in ilio wf 
 u'd, and alTdi*. 
 raiu'o to till' liavtti^ 
 y beautiful, Oin 
 "oodcd down lo ti!| 
 led with farms. 
 

 5' 
 
 , '4 
 
 .',;• 
 
 
 ■7 . 
 
 
 )n 
 
 , ;l 
 
 li 
 
 
 -■ 
 
 .1 f 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 . " * 
 
 ■. ■ -I 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 •'■-' 
 
 
 : -J 
 
 ,'* - 
 
 1 -■' ';■ 
 
 
 ^ ■ i; 
 
 
 
 'r*f 
 
 > .• . 
 
 - ■ 
 
 
 
 ^■U- 
 
 -■•i 
 
 
 
 -'■•'i; 
 
 iM^ndon iioruimarui Jc . .: 
 
4\ 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 recht 
 
 1 
 
 pToiey I. 
 
 ■•■■*f^ 
 
 
 IS v 
 
 >-s.V 
 
 
 
 
 I • 
 
••'M , 
 
 
 B i tt 
 
 
 ( ',- 
 
 
 
 flWA/i.iH 
 
 \ ■■ 
 
 
 
 »-'^»f- AtWdmc^fMM -.- 
 
 :.} 
 
 
l,o«i.i. At tho upper end arc wen tli,. 
 ruu'city; and m tlu. rliHtaticci (1,.. I.,. n 
 
 liiililuatKin.s li/ivo been crocttd ii( ii 
 l(iovor,.»rW.sl«.i,l, and ,.,|,Pr f.laceH, ',r 
 niv (jl the ciry and Hhin,.;..., V,"^ 
 
 NKW YORK 
 
 ""»vn; nnd noldom i„ . . M» 
 
 l"-«"l"..t rl.a,. f.? „•'';;• , ' i« "ow nuah ^ 
 
 ilutiunan' 
 
 >kli,i 
 
 I'liitcd f 
 
 jljitanfs. 
 
 bent 
 |amuiiiit( 
 
 continued «.n.ionarv?V, "-iZhV''' *'"' «'''" rle^'^nnd'?. "'"' '''"^" ''^ ' M 
 » lopulalK.ii ainountc.I to ;),) if -^ '''«"'"'' « conininnd o f n Ljl ,*''''*"•"• No |,ro- 
 hm 1810. to .•J12.7J,. ; ,;,„;' j ^'S, ' .^/jlj; Orloans ; -l.ul'tJo '>;';''„""' '--I"!"" of 
 
 ;poLs (indudin^^ Urooklyn 2 Ui «!,^:' ''"T-"'-'''- ^" continued p^pon" 
 
 I' I'l 'iiowiiolo cilv the ni l • I "^^ °^ ■■ 
 
 
 
 "ory 
 
 iitcn 
 
 tlie 
 
 I "^ "' '"c merchandise 
 
 ,il 
 
l.oruion Lfnfttnan X' («> 
 

 (Ill 
 
 ll«. 
 
 -^„ 
 
 •ml 
 
 ^•o Ml 
 
 IS 
 
 ^ » I- k » I o „ 
 
 *\,e^ 
 
 „«■"', 
 
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 rrptiti I 
 
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 tnuti 
 
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 r..r^C■' 
 
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 S' 
 
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 i'>f 
 
 k .-•.' 
 
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 I'-w.'!*"/"'-*"' 
 
 
 
 ^^^teii«Aitiff(ti 
 
 ^1^ ■....4/,*- V 
 
 ...W'fJ iJl.i 
 
 ' lll'ltl 
 
 " UNITED jII'ATES 
 
 tntttiJth MiiifM 
 
 .^ 
 
 im-ttntphtotl Milrit 
 
 I situ« 
 
 
 /" O'llA-*!/*'*- 
 
 '•m /lUrii^lL 
 
 ^ -./.,/i., 
 
 
 J 
 
 I'" .t^../ 
 
 I Mimi'-'IM" 
 
 
 I,..*'"'-; 
 
 l.!"'!"' 
 
 ^A** 
 
 i 
 
 /^.>i/m<i\ 
 
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 Kv/f,., 
 
 tilprtfv Mttt<« 
 
 
 
 
 M y- 
 
 I t' 
 
 .-..l-r-"-' , 
 
 o 
 
 id.' 
 
 
 ll .*M'' 
 
 '«»-**■ 
 
 ^fc- I* 
 
 
 HTt 
 
 80 
 
 l.tniiittn Loitftnuut A- i\\ 
 
. 1 1' 
 
 3F 
 
 ' ; I 
 
 1 ) 
 
 »!■!. 
 
 5 
 
 9tO NEW 
 
 annually loaded and iinlnadcd in the port Is csti- 
 mntod at from 450 to .000 millions of dollars: and 
 in the busy Honson tlio numhcr of vi^sseis in it 
 varies from 1.000 to l.oOO, oxt^liTiivc of about "JoO 
 stcainers. The number of n-rivals from (orei^n 
 ports amounted, iu IMoH, to 8,',)j7, and tlic 
 eoaslinfj arrivals exceed 8,000. The total 
 value of the imports into tlio United Sfiites 
 in the year cndinf; June .')0, IHM, amounted 
 to 2«-2,V,l!»,lf)0 dols. of which no less tlian 
 178,47tl,73(! dols. were imported into New Yorlt. 
 The total imports for 18(j(i amounted to the large 
 sum of 300,000,000 dols,, iit tlie gold value. 
 If the freight and duty bo added to tliis, and tlie 
 whole be then converted into United States paper 
 currency, tiio total will fall very little short of 
 (iOO,000",000 dols. This amount of imports is 
 without precedent in the history of any port. The 
 imports compri.so an infinite variety of articles. 
 Tlie principal arc cottons, woollens, linens, iron, 
 hardware and cutlery, earthenware, Itrass, and 
 copper munufacturcs, salt <i'c. from Great iSritai'i; 
 
 YORK 
 
 silk, wi 
 
 sugar and coflec from the liiivar" 
 
 tea from China; 
 
 dye woods Sn\ 
 
 the Slate of New York, an,; n-iM 
 
 silk, wine, bmndy 4e. from Fr„n,e an,l Sp,,|,„ 
 tea from China; with spi.:.;;--;;^,;"';' '''«ili 
 
 dye woods Ac. ''"''o vah.«_..f H^::;;;;;!;';^*; 
 
 and wheat flour, corn, ric,; alid coti„i, ■ l,, 
 beef, pork, butter, dried lisl,, and ,il| ;., ris, 
 
 lieati 
 
 iulli.in;j 
 
 v.Muns; furs tobacco lanirpJin.ii:,;,;^!,!^;^ 
 cottons, and other manufa.turedg,,,.,!. I,nnl,,rt? 
 1 be great excess of imports into Nc y y,,,-!, i 
 ilie exports is accounted for bv tin- ii,* , 
 wliile by far the lar^.T portion '„( tl„. .irtid,' ' ,i 
 export from the Western states are s..,a,|„„, , j 
 Mississippi, to be shipped .it New 0,1, a,K J 
 greater part of the more valuable aniuleshmi,., 
 from abroad, and destined f„r the e(.risuini)ii„„ . 
 the same state.s, is imported into New Vork 
 
 Stateme7it Classifying the Imports at New York from 18G3 to 1807. 
 
 Dry tii'iKln ■ 
 (ietieral ineri'hnridlic 
 Specie 
 
 Total 
 
 The total value of the exports from New Vork to 
 foreign ports (ex specie) in 1807 was 180,790,025 
 dollars. 
 
 The shipping of New York is far greater than 
 that of any other port, London not excepted. 
 The total tonnage belonging to the port en 
 Sei)tember 30, 1838, amounted to 400 971 tons; 
 and on June 30, 1844, it had increased to 
 2,328,884 tons, being about J of the entire ton- 
 nage of the United States, and incomparably the 
 greatest amount of shipping that has ever belonged 
 to any single port. Subjoined are some statements 
 respecting the navigation Ac. of New York, in 
 some recent years ; — 
 
 lieturn showing the Value in Dollars of Imports 
 and Kxpurts from New York in American and 
 Foreign Vessels respectively for 5 Years, to 
 1800 inclusive. 
 
 Yt-ar 
 
 Imports 
 
 Exports 
 
 American 
 
 VesseiJ 
 
 Forelun 
 Veaell 
 
 AmeriCRn 
 VesMils 
 
 Foreign 
 Vessels 
 
 i«i;a 
 
 1 SC,3 
 ISBl 
 I SB,', 
 isiif! 
 
 69,199,101 
 .1»,1 11,376 
 .-.l,777..'>BO 
 
 .-.i,a.iii,iiji8 
 
 ll.1,CIS,fi'.9 
 
 M.'j,9(J2,9»4 
 177,.1«l,.iyi 
 •.il.'.,B9(),S84 
 iil7,4fi9,BI.1 
 
 79, 1.1", 179 
 44,1s;,H7« 
 4V,li.19,ll4B 
 S.1,.")9S,.'i24 
 5«,9B'.,.i.',,1 
 
 1M,M,'.,87.1 
 174.«08,.1.'.'. 
 
 l.)9,S9,'),170 
 
 i9(i,'.isa,ooi 
 
 X.B. — The Customs returns do not show the 
 value of imports and expona in the vessels of 
 the respective foreign nations. 
 
 The imports arc valued in gold dollars, the 
 exports in currency dollars, from which should be 
 deducted the average premium of the year on 
 gold, in order to reduce them to their equivalent 
 in gold dollars. 
 
 Tal)le exhibiting the Values of Exports from New 
 York to Foreign Ports, exclusive of Specie, from 
 1804 to 1807. 
 
 Quarter 
 
 1864 
 
 186S 
 
 1866 
 
 18C7 
 
 First - - 
 .Second • 
 Third ■ 
 Fourth 
 Toldl ■ 
 
 dollarii 
 41,4?9,756 
 48,446,686 
 79,419,1.14 
 i'J,4Kfi,9C6 
 
 dollars 
 46,710,118 
 a4,'^lC,667 
 4(l,.'j'^l,4U.1 
 B7,17S,I«1 
 
 dollars 
 e(),97'^,.').11 
 46,7Wi,.1«fi 
 .1S,r,s 1 ,'^i)'^ 
 4(i,7U'J,I.V. 
 rU'J,.1J9,.«l 
 
 ilollarii 
 49,.17(i,179 
 4B,'^7ll,'^Bl 
 .1s,yit.,(ili.-, 
 
 .v^.-iii.uaa 
 
 1 ; »,bilj,iy9 
 
 l^b,7U0,0'^') 
 
 In 1808 the total exports of specie from New 
 
 \ ork to foreign ports was 70,793,-.!) 1 duUars' wm 
 These exports arc mostlv at their coiiiitoil „rt 
 value, but .shipments of merchandise are reckoned 
 their market price in depreciated paper ciirrcnq 
 
 Comparative Statement of the Incre'ise of BritL 
 Irade and Shipping at the I'ort nf S'ew Ym 
 for b Years, from 1802 to 1800 imlusm. 
 
 
 
 Knlered 
 
 
 
 Vcar 
 
 Number 
 
 
 
 Numtwr 
 
 
 of 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 Crewi 
 
 ol 
 
 
 Vessels 
 
 6.16,712 
 
 
 Vessels 
 ■-.Ills 
 
 186'i 
 
 1 ,'l6'i 
 
 27.,'.72 
 
 1 KB.1 
 
 '/,.1B(I 
 
 8.'. I,HI1B 
 
 .14,TBI 
 
 ■j.'jl 
 
 1861 
 
 ■J ,4 II 
 
 9,'.0,lil 
 
 38,411) 
 
 •.(,vj| 
 
 ISO.'. 
 
 a,7i.i 
 
 1,111.') ,9'JS 
 
 4 '.(,.'.14 
 
 2.b!lll 
 
 18BB 
 
 2,426 
 
 l,'iO-l,541 
 
 4.'.,7.'.1 
 
 2,161 
 
 Cleared 
 
 Tonnage Cre 
 
 MT,iil.-, i;i 
 
 l,"ll,m'j ,•;/ 
 
 l,ii.is,'Jii6 t'l^ 
 
 l,liU."'lS 41,1 
 
 l,'^l>.'<,(ioj 4bi 
 
 In 1867, 4,070 foreign vessels, 2,0.0,! ., 
 British, including 350 steamer>-, eiitereJ the l 
 of New York; and in 1808, 4,801 arrivod,ufwfl 
 2,032 were British. " 
 
 The hcceiptsfor Cash Duties at the port of ]j 
 York, for 1857, were 10,000,000 duUars less i 
 for the previous year, owing to the clianije inl 
 tiirilf, and the great falling olf in the qiiaiiiiM 
 goods thrown upon the market— fur, wliilej 
 total value of foreign goods imported in f 
 (exclusive of specie), was about 21S,OiJO.i)l)0| 
 value of those that were fold wa.s oiilv af 
 185,000,000 dollars. In 1858, the .silesoxoej 
 the imports ; but as these were C'lnip.irati 
 small, the duties were about l),U(l().wiu dd 
 less than in 1857. Iu 1803 the CiL^tunis r(c| 
 were 58,880,051, and in 1807 about 11M«J(| 
 dollars. In IK'JO and 1807 thceii.stomsrpoiijilj 
 not increase Ui the same proportiuii as tlie I 
 imports, for the duties collected applicii vnl 
 the goods thrown on the niarlut, ami nl 
 those which remained in the uoveriimcnt J 
 house; were transferred to the iiiioriurin j 
 
 Coastwise Arrivals and Cleiinmces.—lm 
 as vessels engaged in this trade are not obi 
 record their entry or clearance, except lloyi 
 foreign goods or spirits on board, the 
 entries and clearances atlbrd no test efiaiull 
 from indicating the .".ctual ainoiiiit J liic ( 
 But as the coasting vessels wliiJi le.ivcl 
 
 Ski 
 .\lf tlileiM 
 
 (jrinnali 
 !u lf»^fiica ' 
 llLHibite 
 
 rai 
 
 H'i 
 
 KV 
 
 IW 
 
 ' IlK 
 
 ; lU! 
 ' mi 
 
 : 111: 
 
 I WI I 
 
 mi I 
 i«j 
 111 ; 
 
 M,l 
 
 4M 
 fil.i, 
 iVJ 
 
 ll.i,'i 
 
 IC6.11 
 
 , the 
 
 Mul 
 
> • 'l'"^' 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 Oil 
 
 uf Tonnaje Cit 
 
 . I. hue murli more frequently foreign poods on 
 nhiii il'"*" ''^' ^■''''^'' '* '* ciitiTcd, Hie 
 
 ''f hlearaiicM nr*-'"""^'' "I'Te ni '■- 
 
 '*,,,!, Altoiiftlier tlie nrrivi 
 "" S to upwards of H,900 in 18G7 
 *" T„f v' w V(irk is, in fact, immense. 
 
 Alt<inetlier tlie arrivals coastwise 
 '" """ '"■ '""" Tiie coast- 
 
 iicirverv useful publication, Messrs. lieUl- 
 
 . K ,tli anU Co.. "f «•> Lombard Street, Rive, 
 
 '"■ the CoiiL'ressional Kcport of tlio Special 
 
 'I^Vi.Moiier iif lipvcmie, the value of the aR- 
 
 .1 bii'incss of New York, in the year end- 
 
 ^'liinc30, 1»07, ■" 
 
 i",'v,. (.!' sales l>y cattle-brokers, butchers, 
 
 1«07, as 3,313,()18,000 dollars, ex- 
 
 11*1 
 
 iihfi 
 
 „,ie^, iihiitiliiTs Ac.; and of other large 
 
 (jiiH awl towns 
 
 of tliu Union, as follows : — 
 
 \nill!»n> 
 
 dollan 
 \)<«,17,1,nOO 
 r.6?,ll07,'«IO 
 M6,T'J\I)IXI 
 
 r,ii,i»v,i«io 
 .lii.o'ifi.odo 
 ai3,W.V«»> 
 •il3,(i31,o()() 
 ISlpSliTplKHI 
 lih.Vlli.OlH) 
 
 iiu.c; 5,000 
 
 
 dollan 
 
 ProTiilence 
 
 - 91,H7(i,l)()n 
 
 Hunalo - 
 
 - HI,.1.MI,I1II() 
 
 Fittibiirg 
 
 - SI),iJ,1U,clllll 
 
 Mobile . 
 
 . 77,.1S3,0<l(l 
 
 Hrookljn 
 
 . C<J,r.7ti,l)(Ki 
 
 Ilelroit - 
 
 - (IK.TW.Oill) 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 ;).',,30'i,(H(ii 
 
 Charlefttun 
 
 . 4r>,76»,OOil 
 
 Newark 
 
 - 36,l«8,000 
 
 Tke .ales bv cattle-brokers, apothccarieg, but- 
 tberuiluiiibersic., in the whole country, in the 
 
 Tiiiiiiiiicd. were as follow:— 
 
 B, rmlfkroken - 
 
 I ,,( leruonrnt - - 
 
 la nbni, lia>-litten Ac. 
 
 dolUr» 
 
 33«,H'J.S,150 
 
 1>HI,'J41,7.'X) 
 
 C'J,3U«,'^75 
 
 ll,3.Ti,r,37 
 
 1C,«73,C1S 
 
 (i30,75i,l(iO 
 
 Tte >Kte;'ate business in the United States, 
 „ctox,i"ules of gold, stock, securities &c., 
 amomwiiiilic large sum of 12,480,64(5,975 dots. 
 
 ii.»wra«t«-OI' the vast numberof immigrants 
 jhjiainvtm the United States, fully 5 land at 
 XewVurKi and they constitute the most valuable 
 Ivfjrcfal'lthe imports into that tily. 
 
 Hie kUs\% statement shows the number of 
 ismipaij who arrived in different years :— 
 
 !«r 
 
 Immlnranti 
 
 ' m 
 
 :,i,W3 
 
 IvK 
 
 Cii.JII 
 
 IW 
 
 6-,'j;.i 
 
 ■ lia 
 
 S.'i,,'jS1 
 
 ; IIS) 
 
 4K,l.Vi 
 
 IM 
 
 6J,;97 
 
 1 lUl 
 
 i7;i37 
 
 : HI! 
 
 74,919 
 
 1 IW 
 
 46,TOli 
 
 1 Wl 
 
 fliOVi 
 
 ■ Wl 
 
 8»,%ll 
 
 1 M( 
 
 IH.ITO 
 
 . iii; 
 
 ICCMII 
 
 ImmlKTanti 
 
 191,909 
 
 4*1,603 
 Sl'J,7'Jfi 
 iS'.SWIl 
 »'J'J,.V)4 
 i(»4,'JIS 
 
 i36,J33 
 141,672 
 I8J,I86 
 400,031 
 «36,6II 
 Vli,US9 
 
 iliid'ons as to Passengers arriving at New 
 
 lldi-Un the arrival of passengers, an entry 
 
 _ ill^madc atthe Custom-liouse, of their names, 
 
 |te,iiii|ilcments of trade or profession (all of 
 
 litikaie exempt from duty), and an oath taken 
 
 Wmij them; the form of which, and the 
 
 |i-. icav be had at the office gratis. Cabin 
 
 ii;irs make this entry themselves, and pay 
 
 SMi-cich fur a permit; on exhibiting whicli 
 
 biltifatr on board, they are allowed to remove 
 
 ite^'ase after it has been inspected. Only 
 
 f ein mil pentiit is necessary for a family, and 
 
 kr Ji wnts demanded, whatever may be the 
 
 1 ct the family. Kcmains of sea stores, such 
 
 ^ til. suar, foreign spirits and wines, arc liable 
 
 i;«y liiitits; but unless these are of great 
 
 1 01 ijiiantity, they arc generally allowed to 
 
 bIk. 
 
 IliHiin- is usually made by the master of the 
 1 cl ^tec^agc passengers and their biiggage ; 
 jpiyeadi iO cents fur a permit. When entry 
 |uile by any person not the owner, he gives 
 iloriayment of the duties, if any; and if, 
 tatry is made at tlie Custoin-housc, and the 
 Jktiken, any article is found belonging to a jias- 
 lRi,li«blc to pay duty, not specified in the entry, 
 
 it is forfeited, and the person in whose bajjc-igo 
 tilt! article is found siilijected in treble the value. 
 
 licsides making entry at the (Justom-huuse, it is 
 provided by a law of the State, that every master 
 of a vessel arriving from a foreign country, or 
 from any other port of the United States, 'shall 
 within •_'! hours after entering his vessel at the 
 Ciistoni-luiuse, make a report in writing, on oath 
 to the miiyor, and in case of his siikiieas or 
 absence, to the recorder of the said city, of the 
 name, age, rind occupation of every person who 
 .shall have been brought as passenger in such .ship 
 or vessel on her last voyage, upon pain of fortVit- 
 ing, fur every neglect or omission to mfike such 
 report, the sum of 7;") dollars for every alien, and 
 the sum of uO dollars for every other person neg- 
 lected lo be so reported as aforesaid.' 
 
 The stamp duty or tax on passage tickets is, 
 not exceeding Xi dollars, 50 cents, exceeding .'!,') 
 iind under 50 doll.irs, 1 dollar, and for every addi- 
 tional dollar or fraction of a dollar, 1 cent. 
 
 blasters of ships bringing passengers to New 
 York must also pay a dollar on account of each 
 passenger to the corporation, as commutation 
 money, or give bond that none of them shall 
 become cliargeablc on the city poor rates for the 
 space of two years. They almost uniformly pre- 
 fer liaying the commutation. 
 
 Links >v Packets.— The establishment of 
 regular liiif . of packets from New York to the 
 principal foreign and domestic ports produced a 
 now era in the commerce of the city, and has re- 
 dounded equally to the benelit of the cntcrprLsing 
 individuals by'whom they were projected, anil 
 the public. 'I'hey consist chiefly of steam ships, 
 and belong sometimes to the merchants of New 
 York and sometimes to those of the ports with 
 which she is connected. Her principal intercourse 
 is carried on with Liverpool ; but, as the reader 
 will tind ample information with respect to it in 
 the article on Liverpool in this work (ante, 
 Docks, Liverpool), its repetition here would be 
 worse than useless. Now York is also connected by 
 lines of packet ships with London, Southampton, 
 Havre, Hamburg, Bremen, Marseilles, and other 
 Kuropcan ports ; with Kio de Janeiro and Bahia 
 in South America ; and with Boston, Philadelphia, 
 New Orleans, and all the principal ports of the 
 United States. And in addition to the rcgumr 
 traders, the ships of New York, which are mostly' 
 admirably built and fitted o'lt, arc to be found 
 in every port and on every sea — wherever, in 
 fact, it is possible for skill and enterprise to obtain 
 a footing. In this respect, at all events, the 
 Americans have not degenerated. They continue 
 to ma'iifest, in a great degree, all the perseverance, 
 sagacity, and hardihood, in mercantile and naval 
 matters, which have so long and so honourably 
 distinguished their ancestors. 
 
 The Banks ufNew York (309 in 18G3) were almo.st 
 all organised on the security system ; that is, they 
 were obliged to deposit security in the hands of a 
 Government officer, proportioned to the amount of 
 the notes they were empowered to issue. At lirst 
 sight this plan appears to be well-fitted to prevent 
 over-issue and abuse : but such is not really the 
 case, and nowhere in the Union has the abuse of 
 banking been carried to a greater extent or been 
 more injurious than in this city. Some salutary 
 regulations as to the inspection and audit of the 
 books of these banks have lately been introduced 
 under a new system. This, however, is a subject 
 that has liecn fully discussed in its proper place in 
 this work. (See Banks in the United States, art. 
 Banking.) 
 
 Salks by Auction. — The pr-icticc of selling 
 goods, particularly those imported from abroad, 
 
«• •. , 
 
 ' * y 
 
 
 042 
 
 NKW YORK 
 
 ( 
 
 I . 
 
 ,, 1 
 
 y\ 
 
 ■■' f 
 
 ! 5 
 
 ; f 
 
 by auction, is of lonp Dtanding in New York, and 
 is carried to a very great extent. Am-tioiioers 
 arc appointed I)y llic Senatt', on tiio nomination of 
 the governor. 
 
 Abstract of the principal Provisions of the Law, 
 concerning Auctions. 
 
 Tlie duties are — 
 
 1. On wines and ardent spirits, foreign or 
 domestic, 2 per cent. 
 
 2. On goods imported from beyond the Cape of 
 Good Hope, and sold in pacltagcs, bales iStc., as 
 imported, 1 per cent. 
 
 3. On all other articles, subject to duties, 1^ per 
 cent. 
 
 Tlie following articles are not subject to duties : — 
 
 1. Ships and vessels. 
 
 2. Utensils of husbandry, horses, neat cattle, 
 hogs, and sheep. 
 
 3. Articles grown, produced, or manufactured 
 in this state, except distilled spirits. 
 
 4. All fabrics of cotton, wool, hemp, and flax, 
 manufactured within thejurisdictionof the United 
 States. 
 
 Goods are exempted from auction duties — 
 
 1. When they belong to the United States, or 
 this state. 
 
 2. When sold by the authority of a court, or 
 when seized by a public ofHcer on account of any 
 forfeiture or penalty, or under a (liMlross fur rent. 
 
 3. The cft'etis of a deceased person sold oy exe- 
 cutors oi administrators, or by a person autlinrised 
 by a surrogate. 
 
 4. The effects of a bankrupt or insolvent sold 
 by his assignees, ippointed pursua. , to law, or \i\ 
 a general assignment for the benofit of all lii-> 
 creditors. 
 
 6. Goods damaged at sea and sold within 20 
 days after being landed, for *he owners; or insurers. 
 
 Any citizen of this state nay sell at auction 
 (except in the city of New Yorlt) all sucli good-! 
 as are not subject to duties. But in tlie city ot 
 New York, or where the goods pay duties, the 
 sale must be by an authorised auctioneer, his 
 partner, or clerk. And any person selling con- 
 trary to the said provisions is guUty of a mis- 
 demeanor. 
 
 When .1 auctioneer cannot attend .nn auction 
 by sickness, by duty as a firemen, '-y military 
 orders, ot necessary attendance in a court of justice, 
 or when he is temporarili/ ah. nt hum the place for 
 which he is appointed, he may employ a partner 
 to attend in his behalf. 
 
 He must give bond to the people of this state, 
 with 2 freehold sureties, conditioned in the penalty 
 of 6,000 dollars, for the paj-ment of the duties im- 
 posed by law and accruing on the sale». The 
 penalty of selling without the bond is 125 dollars 
 for each article offered for sale. 
 
 No auctioneer in any city shall at the same 
 time have more than 1 house or store for hold- 
 ing his auctions, and shall, I'cforc entering on 
 his office, designate in a writing, to be tiled with 
 tht clerk of the city, such house or store, and 
 his partner or partners. But goods sold in the 
 packages in which they were imported, furniture, 
 and such bulky articles as have usually been 
 Bold in warehouses, in the streets, or on the 
 wharfs, need not be sold in the house or store 
 designated in such writing, if such sales be ad- 
 vertised at least 2 days previously, in 1 or more 
 newspapers. 
 
 Auctioneers are to receive 2J per cent, on the 
 amount of all sales, unless by previous agreement 
 in writing ; and for demanding and receiving an 
 unlawful commission, shall forfeit 250 dollars, and 
 refund the moneys so received. 
 
 No ouctionccr, on the same dav and at th . 
 place where his public auction il,„ll l,e ,, ,i "^ 
 any other person at the same li>,„. „> i"^ 
 sha 1 sel at private sale any i;,,,,,]. i,!;; '"J 
 I'uction duties, u.ulcr penalty ■of|„,,eiti„I;iJ 
 (irice. "<uuig (||j 
 
 Kverv auctioneer shall make out in wri,i„J 
 fiuarterly account dated on Vriril i i "1 
 
 Oetoberl and January 1, in theTi^S;/ 
 IS appointed, stating niinuiely— '' 
 
 1. The sum for which anV l'oo'Is vlnli i j 
 bceu sold at every aucli(,n Ih;!,! 1,v ,„ f J 
 from the time of his giving l,on,|, ur (rom t , "* 
 of Ins last quarterly account. 
 
 2, The days on which sales wcr" ■ 
 
 the amount of each day's sale 
 
 .ales ma. e by hinis.lf, or in his im...,,,^ 
 lh.,so made m his absence, bv liis pa iner or il 
 and the causes of his absena . '' 
 
 3. The amount of all private sale, mi,loi 
 himself or his partner, and the limes thcrint' 
 mado'^"''° """""^ of duties chargiable on all's 
 
 Every such account shall, within ''Oilav i 
 its date, be exhibited, by auctionc^rMora 
 to the mayor or recorder; and if hv „ii 
 tionoer for a county, to a county jud'.re anJ 
 vcrihod by oath. Every parlnc r of an n"u('ti J 
 and every clerk who has made .'inv sih^ 1 
 also swear to his belief in the truth and ju-'til 
 every particular of such account. 1 
 
 The Slate duties (together with the additij 
 2i per cent, on U'c whole amount of tlinni J 
 \c paid within 10 days afh r exiiibitir, • 1 
 account. 
 
 Any deceit or fraud in violatiiif; nnv nn-i 
 01 the l;:w respectin ,■ auctioneers, is made a| 
 ilemcanor, and subjects the offending par) 
 the payment of treble damages to the | 
 injured. 
 
 Coins.— Go/rfe«j/&,— This, with itssubdivil 
 tlie only Amcncan gold coin. Uv tliel 
 :egulations of the United States, thceadc.J 
 is the cipiivalent of l>i dollars, cuntamcjj 
 viouslv to ,luly ,51, 1834, 270 grains of stiT 
 gold, viz. 24U grains pure, and iM grains] 
 Jiut, by an Act of Congress, wliieh carac iiitL 
 ration at the above date, the wei;dit of thol 
 was reduced to 258 grains, nf wldch 23:' m 
 and 2G grains alloy. In consequence cl JiijJ 
 ation, tlie sovereign that was I'ormerlv wt 
 dollars 57 cents, is now worth I dollars 87| 
 and is received by the Americans at iliis r 
 
 We do not know whether it was theoM 
 the American Government, in enacting tbi 
 to substitute a gold in the plaoe of a silvj 
 rencv; but it has, concurrently withthedis 
 of the Californiau gold-tields, had that I 
 Under the former system, silver was ovcr-j 
 in the American mint as compared wim 
 an'', fs it coiiseiiuently became everjb 
 ter2st to pay his debts in silver rather I 
 gold, the latter was nearly banijhed from i 
 tion, precisely in the same way that thd 
 valuation of gold in the Uritish mint 1 
 silver coins of full weight from this counlj 
 that the over-valuation of silver in ihe| 
 mint banished gold. (Ante, Coinj.) I'd 
 present American system, gold is will to j 
 valued from 1\ to IJ per cent,, so that i 
 vidual who has to pay a debt of lOil/., a( 
 employs metallic money for that piirpoj 
 save from 25s. to 30*. by usuig gold rata 
 silver. J 
 
 Value of Foreign Gold Coins wMe(l 
 Currency of the United States.— It w ori 
 an Act of Congress, passed at the same ti 
 
r-'WW^Kf 
 
 lake out, in writing 
 on April I, Juk' 
 1 theyfarlorwhiilil 
 
 my goods shall h« 
 lielil by iir for hi] 
 bond, orlromtl^• 
 t. 
 
 les wore so niaiii', 
 salo,(li-.ifrnati|,^) 
 in bis lirij^-i'iicp, 
 
 )y his ijarlnorordi 
 
 C(. 
 
 rivatn sales m.iil, 
 the liinus ihoru... 
 (;harf,'(al)lo on all's 
 
 1, witliin 20 days 
 auctioneers torae 
 
 ; and if by an 
 county judj^c, ,inl 
 
 irtinr of an nuctiuj 
 madu any .sales 
 
 ;he truth and jii-tii 
 
 count. 
 
 er with the additi) 
 
 iniount of thrill) i 
 
 after exhibitir, 
 
 ■iolatinp any ptt4 
 oncers, is made a] 
 ho offending pari 
 aroaKCs to the i 
 
 Coins in Ik (J 
 :to.— It was ori 
 , at the same til 
 

 944 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 ii.' 
 
 ,'M 
 
 i ,■ 
 
 ■ i 
 
 i t. 
 
 f. ' 
 
 
 ■ 1 / 
 
 n 
 
 Statement of the JVainea, Weight, Fineness, and Value in Federal Metallic Currency of the Prin 
 
 Foreign Silver Coins. 
 
 ipali 
 
 Country 
 
 Austria 
 lllilo 
 Diilo 
 
 llclKiuin 
 
 IMIvIa 
 
 Dilfn 
 
 Ditto 
 nrazil 
 
 Central America 
 Chili . 
 
 Itilti) 
 Denmark 
 Knfcl.ind 
 
 Ditto 
 Kr;ince 
 (iennanj. North 
 
 Ditto, Sotith 
 
 Ditto. Nortti and South 
 ttrei'CL' 
 Hindustan 
 .ripan 
 Mexico 
 Niiples 
 
 Netherlands • 
 .Norway 
 
 New (tranada - 
 I'er", - 
 
 Ditto 
 
 unto 
 Portuxal 
 Home 
 Hus^la 
 Tjardinla 
 Spain 
 Sweden 
 
 Switzerland «• 
 'I'lirliey 
 Tuscany - 
 
 Denomination 
 
 nil dollar 
 
 ScudoofsllUre - 
 
 VO krtjutzer 
 
 Five francs 
 
 Dcillar - 
 
 Hilf ilollar, 18.in . 
 
 Quarter dollar, 1830 
 
 ■^.iniO rels 
 
 Dollar - 
 
 Old dollar 
 
 New dollar 
 
 Two rlgadaler 
 
 HhlllinK, new 
 
 Shilling, areraRe • 
 
 Five fVancs, arcrage 
 
 Thaler ■ 
 
 (iulden or florin • 
 
 li thaler, or .I.J gulden 
 
 Five drachms 
 
 Hupee 
 
 Itzehu 
 
 Dollar, average 
 
 Scudo 
 
 '^4 (iuildcr 
 
 Specie duller 
 
 Dollar of DiiJ 
 
 Old dollar 
 
 Olddollarof 18^5- 
 
 Half dollar, 183S-38 
 
 Silver crown 
 
 Hcudo 
 
 Rouble - 
 
 Five lire • 
 
 New nistareen 
 
 Rlidollar 
 
 Two francs 
 
 Twenty piastres • 
 
 F'lorin 
 
 Weight 
 
 oz. dec. 
 
 I) wrt 
 
 II 836 
 
 VIS 
 
 I) 803 
 
 II 871 
 
 4,1,1 
 
 SI6 
 
 II Km 
 
 866 
 
 8f;i 
 
 n 8ni 
 
 9^7 
 
 182-J 
 
 - 178 
 
 «no 
 
 7I» 
 
 I) ft4l) 
 
 II I'J'^ 
 
 719 
 
 .174 
 
 O »79 
 
 861! 
 
 88t 
 
 804 
 
 81(7 
 
 811,1 
 
 8fi6 
 
 766 
 
 II 433 
 
 951) 
 
 864 
 
 667 
 
 8110 
 
 166 
 
 1 IWi! 
 321 
 7i ) 
 820 
 
 Fineness 
 
 thousand 
 8.1.1 
 9llli 
 ,'.SK 
 897 
 SIKI'i 
 l,7'l 
 6;i. 
 9I8-,") 
 S'lO 
 9118 
 9(in-5 
 877 
 S'tm 
 UiS 
 900 
 7.'il) 
 9(111 
 911(1 
 91)0 
 916 
 991 
 9(11 
 83(1 
 •J44 
 87/ 
 8% 
 »(lt 
 909 
 6A(I 
 9I« 
 900 
 875 
 9(X) 
 899 
 7.10 
 899 
 830 
 
 or> 
 
 Vaiut 
 
 doll, r 
 1 
 
 111 
 
 I 111 
 
 II ir, 
 II U6 
 1 i\; 
 
 ,-,H 
 
 la 
 
 111 .1 
 
 n 'j7 .1 
 
 1 111 7 
 
 97 (I 
 
 1 (IV < 
 
 tl 7 
 
 n a 
 
 'jS « 
 
 n 71 7 
 
 41 l 
 
 1 41 .1 
 
 " «f, 9 
 
 II If, I 
 
 II .17 II 
 
 1 (li i| 
 
 'JS H 
 
 1 IIV .1 
 
 I I'l I 
 
 1)6 
 
 1 1)1 
 1)1 
 
 37 
 
 1 16 
 I nt 
 7« 
 (1 M 
 
 Vil 1 
 
 1 ID I 
 .19 
 116 5 
 V i 
 
 Gold Coins of Spain, 20 Carats 3i Grains fine. 
 
 Quadrujile pistole or dou*>- 
 loon, coined hefote 177^ 
 (double^ single, and half 
 in proportion) 
 
 Quarter pistole, or gold 
 dollar, coined befttre 
 1772 - 
 
 Di.ubloon of 1772 (double 
 and single in proportion) 
 
 ILilfpistoleof 177/ 
 
 Quarter I'Istnle of 1772 
 
 Weight 
 
 dwt. gr. 
 
 17 8 1-2 
 
 1 3 
 
 17 8 1-2 
 2 4 
 
 37S'3 
 
 24-2 
 
 372 
 46M 
 
 III 
 
 V M n w'3 
 
 = Ses» 
 
 15 59 16 17 6 
 
 1 01 1 
 
 15 ,59 16 03 4 
 
 94 71 1 99 
 
 23-9| 1 01 1| 1 03 U 
 
 N.B. — An Act of Congress, approved February 
 21, 1857, directs that the pieces known as the J, 
 ^, and jij of the Spanish pillar dollar and 
 the Mexican dollar shall be receivable at the 
 Treasury of the United States at 20, 10, and 5 
 cents respectively ; and that they shall not be re- 
 issued, but vccoincd at the Mint. 
 
 It would be impossible to give any reliable or 
 lasting information as to the value of foreign coins 
 in tlie paper currency of the United States, 
 
 Custom-house Kegui.ations. — Vessels must 
 be reported to the collector by the master 24 hours 
 after arrival ; must come to a full entry 48 hours 
 .after arrival, at which time the commander swears 
 to a detailed account of his cargo, stores, and pas- 
 sengers, anil that he has deposited all letters in 
 the post-office, except such as are for his ship's 
 liiisband, at ivliich time he must also deposit the 
 Tcjjister, clearance, and cockets in the Custom- 
 himse. 
 
 Warehousing. — There is no warehousing system, 
 but goods are received into the public storcB, where 
 they are allowed to remain 9 months at the risk 
 and expense (for fees of cartage, lalwurage, and 
 stowage, as fixed by the Chamber of Commerce, 
 see po-^r) of the oivner, without any duties being 
 deman' able. Woollens are the only ccception to 
 this rule; since 1833, interest is charged upon the 
 
 amount of duty payable on their account from j 
 time of their importation. 
 
 Port Charges. — For American vessels, or I 
 of States having reciprocity treaties :— ' 
 
 Fees on entering 
 Fees on clearing 
 
 doU. cts. £ I. i 
 5 70 or I ■, 
 2 7U or is 
 
 The Commercial Treaty between the I'd 
 States and Great Britain expired on Marcy 
 186G, and has not yet (January 1809) becnrenej 
 
 Custom-honae fees and taxes paynbk on enl 
 vessels. 
 
 Tonnage tax. — ^The burdens on shipping j 
 been heavilv increased by the Internal Rcvenuej 
 under whicii the tonnage duty, since April [ 
 has been increased from 1 to 30 cents per ton. j 
 tax is payable every voyage on ships of all nal 
 except on vessels from British Colonial port 
 
 dols. CIS. 
 
 Entry fee - - . 5 it) each imd i 
 
 Harbourmaster . ■ H centfortool 
 
 Health ofllcer - - • 6 50 each refad j 
 
 Vermits to land passengers and 
 luggage - . -10 
 
 United States hospital money 20 centj 
 man. Not paid by British vessels generallj 
 the authorities assert they are liable for f 
 
 Inward entry of ship stamp tax • 
 Outward - .... 
 
 No charge for lights in New Vorit, Baldmoro, or J 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Passengers, — Commutation or licid md 
 dollars each steerage passenger, being an ail 
 
 2. Fees payable to the Surveyor.— .Kimm 
 and certifying the same, of every ship or v| 
 100 tons and under, per ton, 1 cent.: ada 
 ment of every ship or vessel above 100 to( 
 not exceeding 200 tons, 1 dollar and 50j 
 above 200 tons, 2 dollars ; for all other scrt 
 board any ship or vessel of 100 tons « 
 having on board goods, wares, or mere! 
 subject to duty, 3 dolhrs ; for like m 
 board any ship or vessel of less than 11 
 1 dollar and 50 cents; on all vessciinotl 
 on board goods, wares, sr nierchanifcel 
 to duty, GOf cents. Cerlificatc of re^ 
 
trrmcyofthe PrincipA 
 
 ,atid 
 
 .1 
 
 I'i 
 
 H 
 
 17 
 
 US 
 
 n 
 
 H 
 h-i 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 lO-S 
 
 7 
 
 !t5 
 
 !S 
 
 K) 
 
 >() 
 
 Kl 
 
 K) 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 II 
 III 
 
 14 
 
 lf> 
 II 
 19 
 it 
 S 
 10 
 5 
 K) 
 l» 
 lU 
 19 
 » 
 
 •loin-, m. 
 
 I 111 1 
 
 I 111 s 
 
 II Id R 
 II !)6 s 
 1 >|-. 4 
 .-,H ,S 
 
 la J 
 
 1 III .1 
 
 1 'j7 .1 
 
 1 I'I ; 
 
 " 97 II 
 
 I IIV « 
 
 I) ti 7 
 
 n t 
 
 'jS « 
 
 n 71 7 
 
 41 l 
 
 1 4( .1 
 
 I' »5 9 
 
 II il, II 
 
 II .17 I) 
 
 I 01 'I 
 
 (1 JS « 
 
 I li'i .1 
 
 I I'I ) 
 
 II 1)6 K 
 
 I III 9 
 
 SI 6 
 
 II 37 7 
 
 1 16 « 
 I nt 7 
 
 7« « 
 
 1 W H 
 
 Vil 1 
 
 1 10 I 
 59 
 86 J 
 W ( 
 
 n their account from j 
 
 icrican vessels, or I 
 ty treaties :— 
 
 doU. ^t^. £ I. i 
 
 5 70 or I ', ;l 
 'i 70 or li l]| 
 
 y between tlic I'd 
 
 expired on MarcU 
 
 lary 1809) been renH 
 
 ixes payable on eni 
 
 dens on shipping j 
 le Internal Revenuffl 
 duty, since April r 
 to 30 cents per ton.] 
 :eon8hip3ofallna| 
 itish Colonial porM 
 
 dots. cu. I 
 
 • 5 50 each Tctsd j 
 
 • 1^ centfcr (on! 
 
 - 6 50 eath teiiei f 
 md ' 
 
 - 1 
 
 money 20 centii 
 1 vessels generallj 
 are liable for the! 
 
 r York, BallimoTe, or | 
 
 
 vt-fk :' liollars. Endorsement r,r ^^^^<- 
 
 ml I iloilar. Every bond rcnlr'^V''""^' <"' 
 .Uiirciitj; every bond for a M.T-l ''>' ""'-^ 
 pi^fWlJO cents; every seaman's nrlvrr""'''*'' 
 
 f,«;«^/. at the several Custom-houses. 
 
 I tni, ^.Nf IfM (h-in /a '^ . ^'""j ""^ ^ tons and un- 
 
 y%f'tni\ni\t^xcwi\inn 70 tons * * - 
 _ t,:!..' 1-1,1 nnt over llJOions - 
 
 J ;«(.»■'"< ""'Hww • . ' • . 
 
 I rTfXf'f'iifiwie of enrolment I " . 
 
 I itpffli*of'*ment of ditto - ' ' . 
 
 I r.« fWf . incfinlmif tile Itond. nnf r.v'.«„ i- " J 
 
 . A...'>amIm/more ih.in* J,! Tons '"« '^^ '»"» - 
 
 •■r:!fn('n,il,a'nsH . " - J 
 
 '.•.rr-rrvint: rrrtllied minif.'st an,! ' " 
 
 I'.ipXfnns • . ' - * 
 
 ■ra.ilinB I*r,„i, „,; 
 
 li!5*?-S;S;i;3v= "•■ 
 
 915 
 
 
 
 (I 
 I 
 
 
 
 (I 
 o 
 II 
 
 
 
 in I 
 
 7.'. 
 
 II 
 
 15(1 
 .V) 
 »l 
 
 K.l 
 5(1 
 II 
 
 ' irixx s In ..._. " ^' 
 
 • ISO 
 ■ Sd 
 
 cenia 
 
 • ai 
 
 K.'> 
 7^* 
 
 J. 
 
 I 1 
 
 I I 
 I I 
 
 ii 
 
 |,r v.rri- rmififtl m.iniffsr, i\ml 
 
 ,.,.i.v«lfr„n, di„r,„',„ diM',!,i;,'" "/■'■"'■■I. on 
 
 ■Im-c; muifal and Rrnnling perml. ,„ ■ , - 
 
 I an . . " i-cnnu to iinlo,Td^ as 
 
 '*"(r.iiimaii„ """!/'; tssit 
 
 . ,7« .* S^*"""' '" •"-'»«« Of a, .an 
 
 ■ am . . = ■ •■"" lo unload, a. 
 
 i/jrmiEjttilnofany fordm ir™„|." 1. 
 
 |«,ii.«<(lvf.*l . '•^'* ""iwiiil Iji such 
 
 ■fiwa7i«(lcfl«)lori.sand niorf." 
 
 l[li«F.ym»liiniier inOlonj " ■ '. 
 
 «.*ru.Ta'i]iiro . . ■ - _ 
 
 fir«.!HT. . . ' ' 2 
 
 inilnnldivfrBoiKli ; • ' 
 
 n ' imiflllv . - 
 
 ;.Jf«.l.fbreiip„r.aiio,;e„,l.,„,-,„d„^: 
 
 fill 
 
 ■ 4,') 
 fill 
 
 or, 
 
 • 'nr 
 
 '»' °"ii ill fcrlilicak'" 
 
 !:^;?r"''"«">""<«-i»on„,;,o„,„„j 
 
 "^""'"^'"ot over 200 tons I 
 ^'■YkTVl-f- !ii I'^ nrrf iriiiivl i .. .i " 
 
 :;-•'e^a.™«!l;L-;-£^i.v,«.; 
 ■'7 '^"""""""""-.lavi,;, ,,„,„„; 
 
 '«'»™;«n,or.lM„dlses„l,joa,oJ„,j, J 
 
 ^".111 ,„„, , "'■""■ •;',">-rii-a>; 
 
 f.r-hi;;™;;f;^';'.iisii..i.^^''"''ian 
 
 '"I" niul ,1,.: '"^ '"■■"I 
 , All««xiswar..'r''';''l - - • ■ 
 
 - H n • "'"i 'nenliandl " 
 
 Tl /. "'"'^"''in<-'ra|.,l„i' - 71 
 
 *>■»>■!/ cvUts. '-'i""' "O'eemeut to k! J,^ 
 
 Itiuik 
 
 V.5 
 
 .51) 
 .5(1 
 i» 
 (I 
 1^(1 
 
 •lu 
 
 r,n I 
 id 
 
 " iiO 
 
 Onpurfl,a.,c„fs,,„.i i 
 
 I Coll, 
 
 c 
 
 ■IKm 
 
 .50 
 CKjf 
 
 
 .1 
 
 a.5 
 II 
 
 •M 
 lint'! 
 
 •J-.-i'«fr«iilr,amll,„nd " - - 
 
 I'lffl-n! (HI re-jiiter 
 
 •';»-i5,.r,(,n,,.h,.,,J;;;'-;^'^;^..P^r;;r 
 
 
 S-7-^^' ^^ -'-'--^a^tT" -7"'''"" '^'^'- 
 
 
 bfi^ta I,;,;,, ■;'?'"•(' ^'11 of •sa?;.'",;'"^" 
 
 »■''*' ™n-rnr''''«>reach,,m of ,a,e 
 
 I-..„di„,, „„j ,„,,., ""'"« insurance on pr„,,^„; 
 
 ff ii>v„l,.„ "Pill".' KoDd.s from ve<-nl. : ■ "1*"> 
 
 ««Vv'E'-;i- •>">;.•.- : -'""'^'l> "-''-. on value 
 
 R«"iwS';;;:i'','""ii"n : 
 
 •"■'■iili^.nc^l'aiXcl;:;™'' 
 
 I 
 
 I flf .Pcrchase or silo „<• ■'""'lipinK. 
 
 !,ii 
 
 i^i 
 
 """''''•aerate, ,vi,i,../5;|;j^:;j«;/'o,i^- 1 ^h^^ifeS^^ - : . 
 
 
 7''''^ 'vliarfs arc nil .i 
 
 ' ^"--.'^•ccual,, i„,-;^bo „e,„.ve .f broH^age, ,». ' 
 
 n 
 
046 
 
 Rales 
 blhhet 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 '«■» of storage, cliarneable per month, as 
 in/led by the. New York Chamber of t'omr 
 
 e»tn- 
 'ommem: 
 
 U'y 
 
 .'M 
 
 
 I 
 
 ■1 ' 
 
 1 
 
 AlmomU. In frail-t or pncknffPA. cwl. 
 Alum, in i asks or hant, iht c<m 
 Akht'»t 1")t '"'(l iit'arl, ttbV 
 HeefJil'l. .... 
 
 Hottie^, quirt, in mntn, cr. or hinp. Rr. 
 H.itk. qiiertitriin. In t'<tHli<>, toil 
 It ijiKli'K. <<'tioii, ItMiM- or ill \>aU'*, p.c. 
 KulttT 111 HrliinH of (>0 lb., [irr tir. - 
 Uranily. Sre \,U\unr\. 
 ('itmlles, in boxf-rt uf , >i t ur (0 lb., box 
 ChncolaU'. In Irnxw of ,'H) )b., Ik>x - 
 Locoi, in b.^;:^, per fwt, ... 
 in c.1i.k^, (litti) . - - 
 
 CofTcc, ill iM-.k!*, ditto . . . , 
 
 in b.iy-., ditlit 
 CopjHiras, in i-ask-*, \h-v U»\ 
 Copjitr, in |'i>js, iliU" . . - 
 
 m sbfi't-. or iMiltH, ton 
 
 i)rii/It'r's IxiiioMK, tun 
 rordnffp. }H'i tnii . - . - 
 
 Coiuiia, in in, its or boxis, pt-r rwt. • 
 Cotton. Ann ru m, In Mpi.irc I'.itfS, ."00 lb. - 
 
 ilUlo in round bttli>-<i ditto • 
 
 M't'sl Indian, in prii|ioriion tn roimil. 
 
 K:l^l Indian, in hal•■^, pt-r .liHl lb. - 
 Cht?cSL', L•a1k^, boxf^, or loo-.*', cwl. - 
 Duck, l.i-avy, ptT bolt 
 
 Riivt lis ur Hua«ia slnt-tinK. piece 
 I>-y (('Ktds. in boxes nrbiU^i, in lului; fcc't 
 Fbh, pitkUd. perbbi. 
 
 i\r\ , in f.isk> or ImxM, cwt. • 
 ill bulk, ptT t:wt. 
 FIrs. in frails, boxes, or druni!^, rwt. 
 Flax, per dm . . - . 
 
 Ktax-sitd, or otlii-r dryartii h-^, in tltTcea of 7 bu&bcis jwr Uexct: 
 Flour, or other tlry arihlr-' in bl>l. - • 
 
 Eartin-iiwatL' in tratts of V^ to ."iJ fi*et 
 in hhd^. of 10 tu ^1 feet 
 drain, in bulk, p<-r buhbcl - - - 
 
 (iintier, in Imus, prr r«t. - - 
 
 <ilas8, window, in boxes of 60 fAt . 
 (tin. See Liquors. 
 Hemp»piT ton 
 
 Hidi'it, dried or vilied. i>er hide 
 HardwaTf, in »a>ksot 10 cubic ft'Ct 
 Indigo, in sturonn or boxes, per cwt. 
 Iron, in bars, or Iwtts, per ton 
 
 in )ionp<(, shertA, or nadrods, ton 
 Lard, in lirknisof (iO III. - 
 Lead, pl^ or sheet, ikt ton 
 
 dry, ciriir. in oil, ditto 
 Leather, jwr side - _ - - 
 
 Liquors, in punchi-ons of 1'20 k-i"*''"! per puncheon 
 
 in } raskii 
 
 in pipes or caskd, I'iO nallons 
 
 botlti-d. in raikft. or boxes, do/. Iiottlefi 
 Mnlasse'i, p> r hhd. of 1 10 gallons (other casks in proportion) 
 Nails, in iMNk>, ptr rwt. ■ 
 Oil, in hhd. or ra-.ks, 1 10 Rations • 
 in cheats of .lO tlaslfs, per rhust - 
 tiotllt'd. ill boxes or baskets doz. 
 Paints, in «■ iski or ke^s, per ton 
 PorVr, per bb'. - - - - 
 
 Porter. .See Liquors. 
 i'fpjM'r, in bai;s, per cwt. - 
 Pimento, In casks, or haifs, cwt. 
 Klee, in tiero-s, per tierie - . - 
 
 in ^ ditto, |ier Vl'tio 
 RanS in b:dfs, per cwl. - • 
 
 lialftiiis, iMal.iKa, in taakn - - - 
 
 ditto, in boxes 
 
 in oiber pncka;;es, per cwt. 
 Hum. Ste Liquors. 
 Saltiwtrc, in ba(;s, jier cwt. 
 in caitks ditto • 
 Salt, in lia^s, or bulk, per bushel 
 Shot, in c.ik-, per ton 
 Noap, in boxt s of .'iO to 6il lb. 
 Steel, tn barn nr bun<)les. per ton 
 
 in Iwxfs or tubs, ditto 
 Sugarf raw, in liags or lioxes, per cw*. 
 ditto, in ca-ika, ditto 
 refined, in cask-, or parkages 
 Tallow, in casks or r«r(!nN, cwt. 
 Tea, lK)hea, in wliole chmts 
 ditto, in A cheats 
 ^len or ulat-k, in J rhesti; 
 in boxes. \\^ proportion to \ chests* 
 Tin, block, i>c-r ton - _ - 
 
 in boxes of usual fii/e, per box - 
 Tobacco, iti hhds., per hlid. 
 
 in bated or serons, jht cwt. 
 Tobacco, nianuf.ictnre<l in keffsof 100 lb. - 
 Wined. Sve liquor-. 
 WoimIs, for dvt'inf;. uiuler cover, per ton 
 
 (iitm, ill ;. irds - - - 
 
 Whiting, in hhds., per ton 
 
 in 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 fiO 
 
 •i 
 
 '2 
 
 ^ 
 
 40 
 VI • 
 .'lO 
 "'» 
 5t) 
 II) 
 
 III 
 fi 
 
 4 
 
 n 
 ;^ 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 l.l 
 3U 
 
 1 
 
 •i 
 
 14 
 'I'j 
 
 40 
 4 
 
 m 
 
 30 
 
 •i 
 
 io 
 to 
 
 1 
 
 If 
 au' 
 
 It 
 
 i» 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 37 
 
 1 
 30 
 40 
 
 •t 
 
 24 
 
 « 
 I.'i 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 4! 
 
 so 
 
 37J 
 
 On article-! on which the rale is fixed by weight, 
 it in iinilcrstood to be on the gross weight; and 
 on li(|M(irH, oil Ac, on which the rate refers to gal- 
 lons, it is understood to be on the whole capacity 
 of the caslis, whether full <ir not. The proprietor 
 of goods to be at the expense of putting them in 
 store, stowing away, and Inming out of slure. 
 All goods taken on storage, to be subject to I 
 month's «tr,rage; if taken out within 15 days 
 after the ixpiratiwi of the month, to pay A" a 
 
 tnonth's storage ; if after 15 days, a whole montJ 
 storage. ^* 
 
 Ilarhmr ?. Taste r.—'V]^ office f,f hnrhmir mn^ 
 was crcntcl in 1«08, by logiKlaiiv ..n.inma 
 with power i -cgulate and siau.,!, .ill v,.,.,.i,l 
 the harbour, r at the whurl,, t<, .uxmmJ 
 vessels wishu • to dischan,'e tlioir car.o,.s niJ 
 decide prom ,i, ui disputes loniu.rtf-l v'it'i, 
 foregoing sidijects. Cpsisting his aiiihnrin 
 jectsto a line of "iD dollars ;i;iil cost*, tirl 
 l>ciiolit of the New York bospitml 
 
 /•ecs.— Then? is a f.-f i.avaiili. to i|],. .,i„ii 
 master of from 3 I.) -.'l dollar-, ,i<T(,T(tiii.. im m1 
 of vessids. Kor adjusting any ditliwnce resn, 
 situation. 2 (Udlars. 
 
 Pihtat/i. — I'llot.j must rppistpr nln.ir i,., 
 names, and plai'cs of abodf. in hi* iilli( , 
 are obliged i) put to .sea wl*»n.''«fr or I. 
 him. The fx-nalty for refuBiiii; .* ,'i ,J„||., 
 loss of liccus*'. 
 
 Pilot boats are niinibercd anri iMmuii. 
 square burgee with white centre amil IJi, 1 
 the number being in riie centre. 
 
 fFmrdem nf the I'nrt. 
 
 Vessels and goonds aririvuig in a (lamui^sil 
 and required to he sold l,-i .uifliini lor d 
 of underwriters out of the -Ity o| NVw V, 
 be und'T the inspection of ntie wardoii.'i, -miil 
 Iw rei|uired t.. certify lli,. <wuse U' thi' m 
 ara<l amount of sale and ehiir^'i. 
 
 /"«•,•;,— I V fj«!r cent, on gn.ss ;iiii(iiiiii ,„ , 
 nnrl for i^ivcb snrvey on board .il niuvosiil,] 
 store. Of atiBig the dock, or wharf-, 
 damiigeil smAh: each survey on liull.s 
 rigging Ac, .', dols, ; cacii certilieatc, I 
 ccnt.s ; ditlii of distress of .said ve.^v i, j ,\i 
 cents; same sprv'iees fur vessels payin,' f| 
 duties and loiinaijfe, double. 
 
 (}V. VNTITY OP GfwSKDS TO COMPOSI': A 
 
 DeterinUned by the X<ie York Cliamkr <i/j 
 merrc. 
 
 l,5r>,S lb. of coffee in casks. I,«,>n ditto n 
 1,120 lb. c-ocoa in casks. I.;i07 (litli' in bi; 
 
 1)52 lbs. of pimento in casks, l.UO 
 bags. 
 
 M barrels of tlour of lin; lb. caeii. 
 
 (J barrels of beef, pork, tallow, \.n:k'u^l i-hj 
 tar, and turpentine. 
 
 till cwt. of i)ig and bar iron, f,-:i«i.r^ 
 lo^^wood. fustic, Nicaragua wood, and . " 
 dye Woods, rice, honey, copper ore, »1 1 
 liearj' ^roods. 
 
 16 <;wt. of coffee, cocoa, and dried xi^ 
 bulk, aud 1 "i cwt. of ciried codfish in tasJa 
 siz*". 
 
 G cwt. ship bread in casks, 7 cwt. iu t 
 cvt. in bulk. 
 
 200 gallons (wine measure), reokoiiinfl 
 rout,cnfc» of the casks, of oil, wine, braiidv| 
 kind of liquors. 
 
 22 tmnhels of grain, peas, or beans, in c 
 
 36 ba8h<^s of ditto in bulk. 
 
 iJC bustiels of European .stilt, 
 
 .'il busli.ls of salt from the \\\-\ hv-in 
 
 21' bushi - ofsea-iMal. 
 
 ■10 feet (diliK' measure) ..f inalwn'j 
 timbei, oak plunlv, pine, and other IwirJi 
 furs, peltry, bees-wax. cotton, toA ' 
 goods of all kinds. 
 
 I hogshead of tobacco, and 10 c«ij 
 hides. 
 
 8 cwt. of Cliina raw silk, 10 c»t. oef 
 and 8 cwt, green tea. 
 
NEW YORK 
 
 "''' "^' ^'''""''' '" ''^""'M'ea by an Act of T ■ , 9.7 
 
 —-—-__ A{7^Zt'"''' "-^ ''"' State „,• jv .. 
 
 , lEEIrllJ^^^, li7^_l«W___^^ ^«'« Of mw York, passeU 
 
 Ouiwaril 
 Halo 
 
 '} York Chamber of^ 
 tree. 
 
 taxkn. I,«,>0 ditto id 
 J.;i07(littiMnl)ai,^ 
 ill casks, 1,110 
 
 •<i II). eacii. 
 tallow, |;ickit«J lisW 
 
 .irm«i ,„s.elj r-'lJTTii — ""T — '~^ -_!_''' ' lis ; jj^;"; M | ,W J.' fH) 0, 
 
 J folo. 
 
 } km. 
 
 ill 
 
 MM Off round 
 fluye 
 
 !'»''>l«her,aciualure 
 
 .C«a . 
 
 'fimn 
 
 tvach 
 ^"•ir.Winili.! 
 
 1*.""°'?' ■'*«''°n>. Trieste 
 I Jtuto 
 
 I '' 
 
 Jfe. 
 
 ttnih 
 
 swks 
 
 casks or tubs 
 r mat« 
 sinple liaxi 
 double ba^ 
 
 S 
 1(1 
 
 ^ Poiil.'ils p„ jjp. 
 ■' percent 
 
 ■i ;; 
 
 casks Id '• 
 
 casks 10 ' 
 
 """« 4 pounds per bale 
 
 '^""'■"""''-^''W«/.««.,./;,,,/,, 
 
 'croons 
 
 casks 
 
 J Jnti:, ia,l . 
 
 Ipiwr 
 Itiii. 
 
 f ^10 
 
 if?* 
 
 lib. 
 
 I'!*'- 
 
 I io , 
 |lo. 
 
 "'I'Mn.ilrj 
 ml 
 
 '" percent'. 
 
 •i " 
 H ' 
 
 10 
 
 ^^'''■t'ifJVeurrorJi. 
 
 ' ceroons 
 casks 
 , * bales i* 
 ■liublc |,a^ 4 
 
 bajfs a 
 
 casks 1 X 
 
 : „, boxes 'A.', 
 
 halflmxes '7 
 
 quarter boxes aa 
 
 frails i 
 
 ; 'a.>ks 10 
 
 - Ilhds. I'AL 
 
 ■ tierces IJ 
 
 ■ ,1'bls. 10 
 boxes U 
 
 baus 'i 
 mats aj 
 
 'i™ice„e?KhI ^ Poun* per sack 
 
 J|Ssri;^£r-^^^^ 
 
 fliore remain, witi, an , """ ^^'""n tl.em am^ 
 subject t„ (lie eximin V''"'"""'' «"ivin,. -"'h, 
 '"S^r ';r- ';-^»'"'»«t">ns and re,rn,a'?io'„"s t'' 
 
 : ,lj' 
 
 I ''i 
 
 i 
 
048 
 
 NEW 
 
 ^1- 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I ! 
 
 .11 
 
 ♦ J 
 
 ;. ) 
 
 ( ) 
 
 
 and flin tlrnt ilay "f Novomlior, cxcliisivo (if tlin 
 time ill said aiiliilivisiiiii inciiiiiiiicil ; nil vi'ShcIh 
 friiiii a l'i>rrii;ii |iort, im Ixianl i>l' wliicli iliirin.; the 
 vnva^'i', or wliilc nt Ihr |i(irl of ilciinrtiirc, am' piT- 
 Kiiii nIiiiII hav(- Ihtm nIcU, or i'miu aiiv iilaco in tlit> 
 ordinarv iinsM.'m'c from which liny |)a^'s nor.lh of 
 <"a|ic li(nlii|icii, arriving iK'twccii the thirly-lirst 
 liny of IMayaiid tlio nixl.iMilhday of OcIoImt; and 
 nil vl'.iscIh from niiy (ilacc (iiicliidiiiK inlands) in 
 Asia. Africa, or the Mcditi rr.uicaii, or from any of 
 the. West India, llaliama, Keniiiidii, or Western 
 Islnnds. or from iiny place in Aincriea, intlieordi- 
 'lary passaicc fniiii Avhiili lliey pass south of 
 (ieorj;ia, arriviiif; lielween the lir-t day of April 
 and the lirst day of Novemhir, shall lie siilpjcct 
 tn such (|iiaraiilin(- and oilier re;^'ulati(iiis as the. 
 health iillicer shall picscrilie. 
 
 Sec. .'1. It shall he the duty of the lienllh otlicer 
 to hoard every vessel siilijecl to (inarantiiu! or 
 visitaliiin hy him immeilialely on her.irrlv.il; to 
 enquire as in the licallli of all persons on Imard, 
 niiil the condition of tlii; vessel and car;;i), hy in- 
 fipection of the hill of heallh, manifest, li>(^ liooli. 
 or otherwise; tn i N.imliii' on oath as many and 
 HUeh persons on hoard of vessels siispei'tedof coiii- 
 inj; from a sickly |iiirt, or havin;? had sickness on 
 hoard diirin;; the voya;,'e, as he may jiidp' expe- 
 dient, anil to report the fads and his conclusions 
 to tlie rimyor and cuiiimissioners of health iu 
 V. ritin;r. 
 
 fScr. -1. Thciiealth olViccr thall have [niwer — 
 
 1. 'I'll remove from the (pi;ir;int ine !iiiclioin;;o 
 ground any vessel lie may lliiiik unsafe, to .iiiy 
 place south of the (pinranlinc Imoys, and inside of 
 Sandv Unok. 
 
 2. I'o cause any vessel iiinlrr qiiar.inlino, when 
 he sh.dl judiic it necessary for the piirilicalion of 
 the vessel or hercarf,'<i, to di ihar^je her carf^o at 
 the (|iinraiitine i;ronnils, or soiiio other .suitalile 
 jdaoe out of the city. 
 
 15. To cause any such vessel, her cari^n, hrddin,'r. 
 and the elotliiii^ of persons on hoard, to he venii 
 lateil, clr.'insed, and pnrilied in such manner and 
 (Uirin^c such time as he shall direct; and if he 
 .shall jnil.H't' it necessary to pre\en( infection or 
 conlanion, to desiroy any liurlion of siicli earLji), 
 heildiii};. or elotliing whicli he may deem iiica- 
 pahle of piirilicalion. 
 
 ■I. To prohihil and prevent all jiersons arriving 
 in vessils siihject to (|nar,'inliiie, from leaving' 
 iliiaraiiliiie mitil 1.") days alter tin; sailing; of their 
 vessel from the port of her departure, and 1.") days 
 after the last case of pestilential or infectious 
 fever that shall have occurred mi board, and 10 
 days after her arrival at (iiiarantinc, unless sooner 
 dischaified hy him. 
 
 i). To permit the cnrfjo of any vcs.scl under 
 (piarantine, or any iiorlion llnreof. wliene\er he 
 shall jiiilu'e the same free I'rom infection and con- 
 tai;iuii. to he conveyed to the city of New Vork, or 
 such place as may he desif^naled hy the m;iyor 
 and cominissioners of health, al'ier liavinj; reporled 
 ill writing; to the mayor and eommissioners of 
 heallh of said city the condition ol said carj^o, and 
 hi.s intention to prant sm'h permission; such per- 
 mission, however, to he inoperative without the 
 written approval of the mayor and oummissioiiers 
 of health. 
 
 See. 5. The health ollicer, the ho.ird of heallh, 
 or the niay<ir and conimissioiKTs of heallh may, if 
 in tliiir opiiiiun it will not he dan^erouij tu the 
 yiiihlic henlih, permit the cargo of any vessel 
 under (piarantine, or any part Iherof, to he ship])e(l 
 lor ex|iortatiiin hy sea, or transpnrlatioii up the 
 Mortli or Kast rivers; but if tin; vessel rceeivinjjf 
 the. same shall ajiprouch nearer than three hundred 
 yards to the v.liarf ■ <if this city, such cargo may 
 
 YOJiK 
 
 1)0, seized and sold by the enmmiHHioncri ofl,r,ii J 
 for the use of the Marine lliM„it,i " " ''"Uhl 
 
 -pit.'il. 
 Sc c. (.. I'.very vessel dnrihi; licr 
 
 il'i.vnniiiii>| 
 
 lixi'.l ill I J 
 
 wiilii.iit ilj 
 
 '•I Id audi rc»iwj 
 
 shnll be designated by coliMirs, tn }„ 
 eonspicuoim part of her nmiii sliroml'i 
 
 Sec. 7. No vessel or hi,at shall I'l.i,, il,r„,,„|, 
 the range of veHsels lying at .|uarnntiii... „r 1,,„| ' 
 the (piaranlme groiml afler sun.sii ■ ' 
 permission of llie health ollicer. 
 
 Sec. H. No lighters shall bu emplnv. il i„ | 
 or unload vessels at quaraiitnie witln ' 
 of the heallh ollicer, ami siil.j 
 tions as he shall impose. 
 
 I ^n'; "•*• '^", .■'••'•■^ ''"«'•" "nder qiinrnnlino ,vl, 
 
 shall he miahle t aiiilain llieniscjvc- •,\n'] ■ 
 
 provided tor hy the ma,4cr of ih,. vi.,..,.l'iii w|, 
 they shall have arrived; andifih' iii.w.r -y 
 omit to provide for them, ilii.v ^liali l». ni.iinti,.,' 
 onshore at the expense of surli vcs.,.| i,,,,! .,„ 
 vcs.scl shall not he periiiiltcil |„ lp.,ve iho ,,ii.,r,ui 
 tine until such expense shall have l)i',.|| ni'iiV 
 
 Sec. 10. The health ollicer. up,,,, .|,,, .,' j' 
 tion oft he master of any vessel iimii.r (|ii:ir;i„ini 
 
 may conline in any sniiahlc |ilac i >li.ir,., an' 
 
 jierson on board "of such vessel oliuri;!,,! „• ' 
 having eomniitled an (ill'cnce. piiiiishaliil' |iv| 
 laws of this Stale, or the United Sl.-ilo-, ;iii,| „ 
 cannot be secured on hnanl siicli vcsm,!,';,,,,!.,! 
 eonlinemeiit may coiilimie during iji,, i\mr:uiui 
 of siii'h person, or until he shall he |,ni,iii|i 
 against in due courses of law, ami (he o.\|«ij 
 thereof shall he charged and collected, as 
 last pre<;e(ling section. 
 
 Sec. II. All vessels and porsons rtinMiiMn- 
 (piaianline on the lirst day of ( )clnh('r. .•^Ii ill li' 
 after be snhjccl to such qiiiinnitiiicanil n-irioii. 
 as ve.-sels and jiersons arriving on nml jfurii 
 day. 
 
 S(!c. 12. The b'lard of lii^allli, orllie Ucri. 
 commissioners of heallh, wImih'vct in tlu.ir jii 
 ment the public heallh sliiill reiiniro it, may 
 any yessid at the wh.irfs of the city, i,t in III 
 vieiiiily, to the qiiar.inliiic grmiiid, orotlior | 
 of safety, and may require all persini^, nrf i| 
 things introdncid into the city fruniMiiiiv 
 to he seized, returned on hnanl! oi ri'niiiviili.i 
 quarantine ground. In ca.se the iiiiiMcr, ohl 
 or consignee of the ve.s.'^el cannot lie Imind, 
 shall refuse or neglect to obey tin; uttef 
 removal, the board of health, or the m.iynr 
 commissioiK-rs of heallli. shall h.nvc [n.itff; 
 cause .such removal at the expeii.so (ifMiilmii 
 owner, or consignee; .ami such vi\«<cl or p 
 shall not return to i lie city without ijiffwni 
 permission of the board of health, m ili' 
 and comniissioners of liealtli. 
 
 See. 1.'!. If any vessel arriving at theiMi 
 tine ground, snliject to (piaraiitiiio. siiall b'b: 
 to some port cast of the city of Xiiv V"r.^, 
 health ollicer, alter iiaving duly vi-i:i,l 
 examined her, may periiiil hit lo |a-- un 
 voyage through the Siniiiil ; but no ■iicli n 
 sh.'ill be brought to ai.clior nil' III' ol}[ 
 shnll any of the crew or pa,«.«oii^'tr.s lani ii 
 hidd any communication with, t):c cily, of 
 person tlurelroni. 
 
 See. 14. No veiisel, foimil on cx.'niiMM 
 the health ollicer to be iiifectod iviili tied 
 fever, or to h.:ve been .«o infci'liu '«"' '*'l 
 from her port of departure, shall !,■ ; ni)i'><| 
 apiiroach within ;3U0 yaril.^ of tluMiiyji 
 York, between the lii>t day of .^Iv «j" 
 lirst day of October iu tin: .same vi.i^ W 
 health othcer, with the jiorniis.'<ioii •;'« 
 of health of th^ cities of New y.irtial 
 Ivn, may (lermit anv vessel arrivin.'3i im 
 oV New' York to iipwd to some i™ » 
 
 iiij 
 iiii 
 
 Mi 
 
 )«( 
 
 l«: 
 m 
 
 Ni 
 
 Inn 
 M 
 
 Kit 
 Ml.l 
 Itll 
 
 :w 
 im 
 Im; 
 
 iMi 
 
 im 
 
 lv« 
 Ml 
 
 IWl 
 IttS 
 
 m 
 
 I-J1 
 H» 
 Hid 
 
 mi 
 
 Hi 
 
 m 
 l«l 
 
 iv,(5 
 
NEW YORK 
 
 OtO 
 
 I liv llic \>om\ of lionlth ff oitlior of the i licnilli of said oity, sliiill poiislitiito n hiiiiril of 
 i l' Ni'«' ^"'^ '"" "foklyii, mid disclmrKi' ! ii|i|i«'iil from miy dirrctimi or rcmdiilicm of tlin 
 
 ''''''".',.''r,r(ivi(leil siitiHractm y |>rc)of k' nivm to 
 
 luiejlt'h "far that tli<> \>i<n or iiorn from 
 
 ' b jjl,! vcwl nailed wan Uvf iVom rmitii- 
 
 '* ,.r iiiK'ii"!"'' (liMaso nt the tiiiio of licr 
 
 lii'alth olliccr, wllli jiowtT to ^raiit xiu'li niid so 
 iiiucli u'licf as mav ajipcnr to tlii' lioard IIium 
 coMslidili'd, (T n niajorily of thcin, cxMcilicnl and 
 liropcr; tlio decision of llie Loard of licaltli, how- 
 over, to l»i' parainouiit. 
 
 Sei'. lit. I'.very appeal from n decL-ion of tln^ 
 Mpsfl iliifii'h' '"'■' '''"'''' voynKo. liealtli olliccr shall be made liy Hcrvlii^: upon him 
 
 ^i... l.'i. Tlu' niii.^tir of every vessel released j ii \vrilteii not iec of siieli appeal, within I'.' hours 
 
 " Ciik' tluri'lf""'- "'"' l''"l "" si( kness of n coii- 
 " ■ ficliiiin typo Imd existed on hoard 
 
 UJ.11' 
 
 or 111 
 
 mill arriving at llie city of New 
 
 ;|,,,11, wiiliin '.'I liour-i after siieii nrrivid, 
 
 icrniit of the health ollicer nt the 
 
 (rmifiiiMiilii"' 
 1 li. ■ " 
 
 <,„f ilic iiiaviiraiid ciinmissioners of licalth 
 ■ M.urli per-"'" in tliev shall direct, hiit such 
 
 «"'•" .1 . ...1. r..:.i.:.. <ii>i> ....„.l.. ,.!• .1... 
 
 IWfl 
 
 a.i iii't niipriiacli within IHtO yards of the 
 >ii.\v Vcirli, without the written per- 
 i.f the iiiavor ami commiBsioiicrt of 
 
 allir such deeisioii (Sundays excepted), ami tlu^ 
 hc'ilih ollicer shall make u return in uritiii^;, in- 
 cluding the facts oil which tlii^ decision is liauidcd, 
 within \'Ji hours alter the receipt of such notice 
 (Sundays excepted), to the mayor, who sliall im- 
 mediatelv <!all a meeting of the lioard of appeal, 
 and shall lie president of said hoard, and said ap- 
 peal shall he heard and decided wiiliiii 21 hours 
 thereafter (Sundays excepted), and llic execution 
 of the decision appealed Irom shall he suspended 
 until the deleriniiialioii of the appeal. 
 
 Sec. \iU. Kvery master of a vessel snhjcct to 
 (piarmilinu or visitation, arriviii;^ in the jiort of 
 New York, who shall refuse or nejjlecl (hither — 
 
 1. To proceed with and anchor his vessel at the 
 place assigned fur ipiarantiiie, ut the lime of his 
 arrival ; 
 
 2. To suhmit his vessel, earpco, and passengers 
 to the cxamiiialioii of the lieall(i ollicer. and lo 
 furnish all necessary information tu enable that 
 ollicer to detcrinine io what length of (pinrantiiui 
 
 ind other regulations they ought respectively to 
 
 I iiviiin 
 
 IWili. > 1 • 111' ,1 
 
 M. 111. I'-Vf)' vessel having had during the 
 
 ivruMw ef sniall-jiox, or inleclious or 
 
 M,\n disuse, and every vessel from a 
 
 Ln Hirt liaviivg passciigiTs. and not here- 
 
 tljjw (livlari'd subject to (luarantine, shall, on 
 
 ktimalat the i|iiarantine ground, be subject 
 
 ;nvi-il,niun livllie health ollicer, but shall not 
 
 |« tomiil Ix'veiid the time rcipiisite for due 
 
 muiMliim. ui'iless she shall have had on board 
 
 to' Ihc voviige .some case of small-liox, or 
 
 toiu' iir Joiilrtgiims disease, in which ease 
 
 thi slull be Hiihji't't to such (iiiarantine as the 
 
 Mili.iffitir slinll prescribe; and it shall be the ^ 
 
 to- ol tlic lifiildi ollicer, whenever he thinks it j be subject ; or, 
 
 iiiiKKjr r»r llie preservation of the public | ;i. 'lo remain with his vessel nt fpinrnntino 
 
 Wih, M oausc tlio persons on board of any j during the jicriod assigned for her (|uarantinc ; and 
 
 wi*llolieviU(inated. while at i|uarantinc, to comply with the directioiH 
 
 ,V. 1'. Niitliiiig in this Act contained shall and regulations prescribed by law, and with such 
 
 »( till ii;iv ves.sel arriving at the quarantine as any of tlu^ otiicers of health, by virtue of the 
 
 ifacutain poiug to sen before breaking bulk. I aulhoriiv given to them by law, shall prescribe in 
 
 ' " ' '- -'■ • '' ' ''"■ ■■'— " ' rclatiiiii to his vessel, hi.i cargo, himself, or his 
 
 crew ; 
 
 Shall be guilty of ti niisdemcnnor. and lie pun- 
 ished by a fine not exceeding 2,00i) dollars, or 
 by imprisonment not exceeding I J luoiiths, or by 
 tesii'.uit |iliyrficiiiii, !ind the commissioners of i both such line and imprisoinnent. 
 
 [(Mulii/'rte Viiliic (if the I'l-por)/! and Imports of the Unitvil States for thifolhwlnri Yfnrs, ciitliiif/ 
 BMi iiicluaiec on SijiIi'p.Iht liO, tiiid siiirf l/icii on Jinit: ."(I, with a Coliiinii sliowhiy Ihr I'opntutioii 
 aiaiccrlumed at the diflerent I'lriods when it Ccnsiti was tiilu)i. 
 
 WA*. The ciinnnissioiiers of health shall 
 
 iiil, Ihc Marine llosiiital any passenger 
 
 iHallliavc paid hospilal moneys, during any 
 
 Efirsn- Mckness, within one year nfter such 
 
 limsn'. The niavor of the city of New York, 
 
 iw 
 
 liii 
 IvK 
 W, 
 
 m 
 
 IMl 
 
 wi 
 iin 
 
 Ml 
 
 :tii 
 
 IMJ 
 
 liH 
 1U3 
 
 m 
 
 iw 
 isa 
 
 lUI 
 ISH 
 
 iw 
 
 1W7 
 Hi 
 lUl 
 IWl 
 Wl 
 Hi 
 
 itti 
 
 AtllilM, lliedrowlli, 
 
 i'loiluce. or Mamtr.u- 
 
 ture of the Uniti-U 
 
 Sum 
 
 itols. 
 .Vl.lhV.ll'iO 
 6l,'i;i,U'j7 
 
 6»,i"'7,i;n 
 in,317,ri'js 
 
 KMl'il.lM 
 I01,1I>9,IW 
 
 iiKi,9iii,ri«i) 
 a.'',.vii,iii 
 
 •J0,ll.13,H'n 
 
 iii.i,,w,»!n 
 
 11.1.«i|'i,fi3( 
 
 iiiO,.Wi,;a? 
 4»,%a,'juii 
 
 Artie let, the (Jrriwth, 
 
 l'j',Rlilre, or Mftnul'.if- 
 
 tun- of KorelKn ("oun- 
 
 trl'*a rceiportetl 
 
 iloN. 
 H,.\37,l7n 
 '.:n,n."..T..'.'^i; 
 
 WJ.ll.TJ.t?.' 
 l'l,H'iV,7.Vi 
 i:i,r>l'i,sll 
 V()..'i<il,l'i'i 
 !!l,7ir.,3r.ii 
 Vl,H.')4,9f.J 
 C^,I'.V,7!)') 
 I7,1'J1,'-V-. 
 l«,l'Jll,.11W 
 \h,W.),W\ 
 ll,7'il,53S 
 
 'I'otal \'ah)e of Kziiorts 
 fruin the Untttd htaies 
 
 dnl<. 
 
 ".•!,H'1U,.V.S 
 Xl,5iO,.'<S.l 
 
 K7,i7i;,'ii:i 
 
 !)ii,l 111,1.'.- 
 Iiil.,t.-C,'l7.1 
 1 ;l,(i!l.1,i77 
 
 rjs.tii.,";.!!!!) 
 
 I17,11'-I,.17(i 
 
 i(is,is';,(iiri 
 
 1il,lli!1,ll(i 
 l."i'J,IIS.i,'ll(i 
 
 iKi.n.ii.itir. 
 nii,fi'ii,.'i.ii 
 
 Nine month'. 
 
 Tot.il \'i\hip of Im|iitrl.4 
 into llie I.'nired Slnli.^ 
 from t'uretKn Ctmn tries 
 
 doN. 
 
 7ii,s7(i,'i'in 
 
 1(1.1, I'll, l'.!i 
 llll,.l'i'l,'<li« 
 
 iiM.nii.i'^i 
 
 )'^(l,.'.l!1.3.-,l! 
 ll'l,SM.'',7l'i 
 IS'),!lS(l,li.">'i 
 llll,(lS'l,il7 
 11.1,717, tei 
 \k'j,mt,\:'i 
 1117,1 ll,M'* 
 l'i7,<Jltwl77 
 lUU,l6-.l,Uli7 
 
 roiuilation of llie 
 
 Lniletl St.\(i-i 
 ac-t-ordinf! lo the 
 (lllliial lVnsu« 
 
 l'^,TSS,7l!J 
 
 i:,or,'2,,',60 
 
 SMU.KH 
 
 1I,ISI,S('.7 
 
 III.MII.Dl', 
 
 li'l.l.l.'i.O.-.'i 
 
 
 m,va'j,77(; 
 
 l.'i,3iri,S30 
 
 iii,iiin,r>iir> 
 
 I17,i.'>(,.'j'il 
 
 
 ll>i,lll,SM 
 
 ll,.1t(,,7M 
 
 11.1,I.HH.fil6 
 
 l'/l,l.'.jl,797 
 
 
 l'.»,637,iril 
 
 S,01I,I,'>S 
 
 l.'iS.lilN.C'i'^ 
 
 lli;„'>l.'.,r,,1S 
 
 
 1.V.',*II,1J1 
 
 lil.l.lVr.ll.'i 
 
 ^:t^,o?^r,,^^r, 
 
 1.') 1,997 ,9'2H 
 
 
 M-tfif'i'.ViS 
 
 I.t.ess.sc-.'i 
 
 \i:>,T'>s.vm 
 
 1 17,H,'.7,439 
 
 
 l.'6,916,9H 
 
 n,a'.i,Hn8 
 
 l.')l,S!)S,71il) 
 
 17.H.1.-.8,.31S 
 
 23,2C.-,00O 
 
 l'J6,WJ,71K 
 
 21,(i9H,'/'J.1 
 
 •.ilH.IHS.ell 
 
 ■i\C'.n\,')yt 
 
 
 IS'J.MS.'IM 
 
 I7,(S^),3S-i 
 
 V(l'.l,fi.')S,7l.B 
 
 Vl'i,'H.'),44-i 
 
 
 S1.1,117,r.'J7 
 
 l7,.'i.')H,l(.;i) 
 
 Mll,97li,l.'i7 
 
 l:l.7,97S,fil7 
 
 
 8.i.V"9<l,<7ll 
 
 VI,SV),19« 
 
 47S,zll,lii;t 
 
 .■wi,',r,v,.iKl 
 
 
 •.il6,76l,'.,M 
 
 W,\W,iM 
 
 i7i,i.'jii,sir. 
 
 Sfil.KiS.ViO 
 
 
 310,isr.,.l.VI 
 
 lfi,.37»„'i-S 
 
 .V.fll,9'il,'lll8 
 
 ,114,(;,19,942 
 
 
 3.".S,<(Si,0CS 
 
 KfllhfiM 
 
 ZC-l.WMMi 
 
 .V.(l,K9ll,l II 
 
 
 «93,7.'>i(,V79 
 
 Mfim.Wl 
 
 :>i\fi\\,\'n 
 
 iSi.fil.l.l.'ill 
 
 
 .1.V'.,S9I,3S.5 
 
 •t»,vMi,»-n 
 
 .V; ,7K9,IM 
 
 .1..S,7«'.,1.10 
 
 
 37.V89,'i74 
 
 w.nf.n'n 
 
 4(io,i'i2,i9r, 
 
 .-e'M 113,911 
 
 31,443,790 
 
 3S9,71 1,191 
 
 Vl.l4'>,41i7 
 
 41e,S'iii,sls 
 
 .T'li,77.'>,s.3i 
 
 
 t\VSi"fM 
 
 in.siiO.'ill 
 
 •i'i9,vi»;tm 
 
 ■ill'i,»l9,S« 
 
 
 W!,HM,-t\ I 
 
 S.5,!I,')9,«I8 
 
 .1.11.»"'J,4.'>!) 
 
 S.Vi,lH7,.'iS7 
 
 
 :.»l,ii3i,199 
 
 aii.i.'ic.tio 
 
 .■!ll),V9i,l.-79 
 
 3'^'j,'if.'i.S9.'i 
 
 
 3(i«,Jl6,748 
 
 M,VM,M>:, 
 
 .•5.1(i,il»7,l«.1 
 
 MI,.13'I,S10 
 
 
 y>»M\;m 
 
 11.7H,1I7 
 
 .'i(.'.,l'<ll,3'.ll 
 
 4.-.7,(i4(l..-.'.l 
 
 
 < 'H 
 
 ,tJ ''' 
 
••*♦ .. 
 
 
 1 
 
 !• . *l 
 
 ( 
 
 ;■ ; 
 
 ■ I 
 
 > J 
 
 il 
 
 
 060 Ni;VV YOKK 
 
 S<!o. 21. Kvi'TV mnstrT of a vcmicl linilcd by a 
 
 pilot, who HhiiU citlicr — 
 
 I. (iivi! I'alM' iiir>irriiulion (o hiicIi pilot rt>liitiv« 
 to till" condition <il' his Vf:<Hi'l, iTrw, piissi'nK'T', or 
 nirj;(i, or the hc.illh of llic |)hi('L' or pliiccs wlicncc 
 iic catnc, or ri'liiHc to ^'ive HUi'h inroriMittioii us 
 Hhiill 1h^ lawl'iilly riMiulrcd; 
 
 '2, Or liMid liny person IromhiD vcswl, or |)i'rinit 
 niiy person except ii pilut lo conu^ on l)o;ird his 
 veriHcl, or nidiidi' oi- tranship iiny iiorlion ol' liis 
 c(ir^;o, iK'Coie his vessel hIiiiII have been visited 
 and examined hy Ihi- health ollieer; 
 
 it. Or shall iipproaeh with his vessi'l nearer the 
 city of New Vork than the place ol' i|uarantine to 
 which he shall he dirtu'ted; 
 
 Shall he Kiiilly of I he like olTenco, nnd bo sul>- 
 jcct to the like pnuisliineiit. And every iierson 
 who shall land Croni any snch vessel, or nnhuU; or 
 lranshi|) an}- portion of her carfjo, under liki^ cir- 
 cumstances, shall 1)(^ guilty of tlio like otle'nce, and 
 be suliject to the like punishment. 
 
 .Sec. '2'1. ICvery person who nhall violate any 
 provision of this Act, or nef^loct or refuse locoin- 
 \>\y with the directions and regulations which any 
 of the olHccrH of hts'illh may prescribe, shall he 
 giiiity of the like olleiu'c, and bo Huhjuct, for each 
 ollence, to the like punishment. 
 
 Sec. 2;i. Kvcry person who shall oppose or oh- 
 slriict the health nflicer in jierformiiiK the duties 
 recpiired of him, shall he Kudly of the like oll'i-ncc, 
 and he punished hy line not excwding .')lll) dollars, 
 or by iniprisunment not excecdingo months, or by 
 both such tine and iniprisonmeiit. 
 
 .Sec. 21. Kvory person who. without authority 
 of the health olhcer, commissioners of health, or 
 board of health, shall go within the i:ni-losure of 
 the (luarantino ground, shall he guilty of the like 
 ofVeiice, and be punished byline not exceeding 100 
 doll.ars, or by imprisonment not exceeding iiO days, 
 or by both sucli line and imprisonment. 
 
 ISee. 25. I'Aery person who shall go on board 
 of, or have any communication, ituercoursc, ur 
 dealing with any vessel at ipiarantinc. wiihoul the 
 permission of the health olliccr, shall be guilty of 
 the like ollincc, and be subject to the like punish- 
 ment. And such otlcniler shall be detained at 
 quarantine so long as the health ollieer shall din>ct, 
 not cxcce<ling 20 days, iinlcf^s he shall ho taken 
 sick of some iicstilenlial or iufectious disease. 
 
 Sec. 2(i. ICvcry person who shall violate the 
 provisions of the oih article of title 2nd of chapter 
 14th of part 1st of the IJeviseil Statutes, by rc- 
 Aming or neglecting to obey or comply with any 
 order, jiroliibiiion, or regulation made by the 
 board of health, in the exercise of lh<! powers 
 therein eoiderred, shall be ginlty of a misde- 
 meanor, ])nnishable by line and imprisonment, at 
 the iliscreiion of the court by which the olVendcr 
 shall 1)0 tried. 
 
 Sec. 27. Articles 1st. .Ird, 4th, and nth, of title 
 2nd of chapter 11th (jf part Ist of the llevised 
 Statutes : an Act entitled, • An Act to amend title 
 2nd, chapter 14th, jiart Ist, of Ihi^ lleviscd Sta- 
 tutes, relating to llie (,)unrantinc Regulations of the 
 I'ort of New York.' passed May 2, IK.ifi; an Act 
 entitled, ' An Act relative to the (Jnaraidine I,aws, 
 passed May 7, 1839 ; an Act entitled, ' An Act to 
 amend the Hevised Statutes relating to the I'nhlic 
 ]Ie<ilth,' ])assed April !2, 1H42, and all other laws 
 inconsistent with this Act, arc hereby repealed. 
 
 We have derived these statements from the A'eir 
 York Annual Ii<;/i.itcr ; The Picture of A'ew York; 
 Hunt's Commercial Magazine; the latest Consular 
 Reports nnd njlicial accounts; and valuable /;r/i>a<e 
 coin munica tionn. 
 
 The following is an account of the registered, 
 enrolled and licensed tonnage of the United States 
 from 1818 :— 
 
 Vtur 
 
 ISIH 
 
 IS;'. 
 IH.-V) 
 iH.y. 
 
 It I. 
 
 I.H/jO 
 IS.'ii 
 INI/ 
 IN.M 
 IM.^t 
 IH.M 
 I H'lll 
 lH'i7 
 IS.'.K 
 I1.')!l 
 INMI 
 IHIil 
 \Hlit 
 1 Sill 
 U»l 
 ISI„'> 
 ISdii 
 
 
 tnni 
 
 noii.iiiiH 
 fini.Mi; 
 Ti)(i,;ii7 
 M'l.i;.'! 
 
 liS.'.,X<| 
 
 h!w,;bi 
 
 Willi. 17V 
 
 lr''1.'>,7ll 
 
 i,;<fvii>7 
 
 l,S'l!/,ll)> 
 •<,lll.V.7l 
 i.MVl'l 
 K,.'<.M,1.'V> 
 •J.VII.I'l'i 
 
 !(,.'>77,;») 
 V,'iCl7,lll'/ 
 ■i,'i4«,i.17 
 
 a.V'll,/')! 
 '^.llXi.lll 
 l.'lSI.KM 
 1,I.CIV,'|».1 
 
 i.i'jt.'nii 
 
 Kiirollnl 
 
 l<m» 
 
 "iMIH 
 ^^a.^i^ 
 iir.,.nil 
 wj.iih 
 
 li'lle'P'lit 
 
 i."e).7i.i 
 ».iil(),iM 
 
 ■'■".!),IU(,1 
 V.'.;r.,,(;-, 
 H.IHII.VMI 
 V.I7M74 
 .1.Vii|,i.«l 
 ''.'•17.(i.T> 
 'AMI7,l,.1l 
 a.H'.l7,IK» 
 v,s(iJ,y|| 
 
 ■I.e'Ml.liii; 
 .1,lll|,.ll« 
 *.1')I,I'JH 
 
 ii.Hir,v'.< 
 
 ■"■•tl ToiWM 
 
 Account showing 
 Jlomc 
 of the 
 
 Countries unihrmentioiietl, in 'liie 
 June HO, 18(10. 
 
 '.■.•■.,h( 
 
 l.l/.Ul 
 h"'l,l:i; 
 l,«0.'M() 
 
 ''.l'"l,I'« 
 V,ll7.'**a 
 
 J.vi.ni 
 
 •'." ,|V| 
 
 i,r> .If 
 
 <.v..-,'i. 
 '. /I (.'-'■ 
 ■".71,1;.. 
 
 ','llN,t, 
 
 \-.M,l'..| 
 ■'■.il.V;: 
 ''.">'\in;i 
 4.Mit m 
 
 •MI/,1U 
 ■M '.,'«! 
 l,'*Nt,,rr,| 
 
 J.ii'i.tri 
 
 showing the Value of (he F.„„„, 
 Jro,tnctsJro,Hthe l/nilr,IStJ,,„,„ 
 ImportH mto the some from, ,l,c v,rl 
 
 UlHlll - 
 
 Kit:«si.i In Aftia 
 lluiMl.in |i(>H»thMuni 
 
 America 
 I'^U^-l.l ■ 
 
 Dt'tiiiiark 
 llimliiirtr 
 Ilrt'iii' .1 - 
 lliilliiiut ^ 
 
 Dulrli Wi-st ImliiH 
 Iluirh (iiiiniiii 
 Diiii-li K.tst Indie* 
 Hl'l^lut^ 
 
 Slot 'ami 
 Iri'titiil ■ 
 On.raliar 
 Malu - 
 Cinaila • 
 OiluT llritisli jioK^e^iioni 
 
 Aiiirriin 9cc. 
 llritisli \V< ^t InJii'S 
 Monilur.-u 
 Mriii-h (iiil.inn • 
 K.ilklnntl Is' nids . 
 HriiM) (oluiiiL'a ill ATrlr.! 
 
 Austraii.i 
 Kr.iiifL* • 
 Kreiicli iins<>c>s-<ioiii i 
 
 AiniTicn 
 Frttich \\\'-,t Iii(lit.-3 
 Frenrh liiiiaiia - 
 Krciurh jiuiaiwaiona I 
 
 .\frica 
 Si),il>i . 
 Cirmrios 
 r'iili|t|'itif!i 
 fuli.-i - 
 )'orlo Kii-o 
 St. I)iinimt;o 
 l'nri.i«,.l 
 iMii:l.ir.v- 
 Azort'4 - 
 
 Capti V«'rdu Inlands 
 Italv 
 
 Siiiiy - 
 Au-.tria - 
 AiisUi.iii It.il.V 
 Turkc) in Knrnpe 
 Ttirkiy in A-.i.i - 
 Si\n-ri.\ - 
 
 OtliLT .U'riiiin portJ 
 Ha>(i - 
 AlexU'o - 
 
 (Vnir.il America - 
 New (imnad.i 
 \'(ni'/mla 
 Hra/.il • 
 
 Hiii'nos Ajre3 
 
 Chili - 
 
 IVni 
 
 lio'ivia - 
 
 Sandwich Islands 
 
 (lilur Inland* uf tlie Pacific 
 
 ( liina - 
 
 Janan 
 
 U'hale Fisheries • 
 
 <in-eiiland 
 
 Ori'fce - 
 
 Ionian Islands 
 
 Kdvpt - 
 
 Kquador 
 
 Total 
 
 8 1, film 
 *i7».^in 
 
 l.'^HS.7'».' 
 
 l.'^.liu.Ds; 
 
 a,i»7,M'.i 
 
 ••ii.lo.i 
 
 **'"',(, 71 
 l<;i,n-..T 
 fi,4.TI,S'.,l 
 3'^7.Vf>H.7(, 
 
 .'►,!» 7 r. 
 VM,7 1 1 
 
 .VI. Ml 
 
 t(ii.fi,(( 
 
 776.VV. 
 
 Tl.'.'Vi fi/lhj 
 
 46,199,4701 eipiJlJ 
 
 S,.'i»\4n')! i'VusJ 
 .%fil9,fii7. U<,'mM 
 
 III, 
 
 ft, 
 
 'if;m.\ 
 
 ■^■A 
 
 
 •t,7H'(,.VJ 
 
 ni,i 
 
 .V.'.'.l.l. 
 O.T.S'i 
 
 v<i,»<yi 
 .ii;i,.iiii 
 h.V'i'.i 
 
 3,7lli..V.) 
 
 .')7i,lll 
 
 .1.7'^1,ill7 
 
 1,. -.1)7,1131 
 
 S,li:v,'il.'i 
 
 .1li.-i.SllC 
 
 1.7.TI.WV 
 
 l,1.1l,li,W 
 
 l,lll,W.i 
 
 1.'i,SI7 
 
 l,0.'>l,6.-9 
 
 ui.riiii 
 
 8,r,.12,0«ll 
 
 47'.',.«1 
 
 1,3S7 
 
 III 
 
 , ™ "II ilie 
 ■ Ms hm\ , 
 
''nrnltnl 
 
 ll'ltfltufl 
 
 Ii'f'I.mT, 
 M.l 11 
 
 'il'sicil 
 W'/.IIS 
 
 'i>^ ct 
 
 r. :l ,;.) 
 'M'i,7l,1 
 ii|'..IW 
 
 111 ■.',,-,■11", 
 I'.'l.ij,^-, 
 
 VI 1 1, 111 I 
 i.^!,Mi 
 Sii;,i,,1l 
 h'(7,l».'- 
 ifli/iH 
 
 111(1(1(1,; 
 
 nil, uB 
 
 I'M.I'iS 
 
 M^W VORK 
 
 Toil T.«n^ 
 
 Mil 
 
 l.ai'.hi 
 I. ("11,11,1- 
 1.1/1,111 
 
 !."ii,;;6 
 l,lt'(l.tJlfl 
 'i,i<ui,;<« 
 v,ii;.ihtx 
 
 4,ii';,i;ii) 
 *.siii,'ii- 
 ■'./li.i"'. 
 ii;i,r,',. 
 
 I.'IIK.IK 
 
 s,-.;ii.i'"i 
 .'..ll.'i,l.-;7 
 
 4,.M!iill1 
 .VIlAllil 
 S,l i.,/«il 
 4,111111, ir(| 
 
 L.lii,;:i 
 
 alue nf the Kx,mh 
 'he l/iiileil Slulra to. „i 
 " .iiimc from, the nirJ 
 'ed, in the i'ear nlJ 
 
 >ortnof 
 
 loini? 
 uiliirU 
 
 illuri 
 ') 17, I.I.I 
 3,1111) 
 
 »l,(;iill 
 (.7,'ilil 
 
 .^ss.T'i: 
 iiii,i>s; 
 
 "!II,(IM 
 1117,11'.) 
 .Il.lll.l 
 l''ii,i,;| 
 l'il,ii,,T 
 
 (.1I,S,',,1 
 if.H.Ti 
 
 111. 'I 
 
 17. '.,■.■((, 
 I .■.■..,-.-, s 
 
 'is^,• 1 1 
 ">"i,-,y('j 
 
 'ill,-!:?!; 
 
 '|llv!,H^ 
 Sll,i(,J 
 I.Vl'i 
 01'i,7i1 
 5Kl,i||(-. 
 
 ir.(i,.'j.ia] 
 
 Imporu T»iu 
 
 iloli.w iMiinl 
 
 .Vl.'.ll 
 
 iK',i,!;'i 
 
 llil,>,.ll 
 
 tl,.',-ll, 
 
 1.1,l.'lli,lll.l 
 
 la,7lll,.^3.^ 
 
 ■lV9,».iS 
 
 'i'j'i,iiif, 
 
 |iJB,Vill,fivl| 
 
 .'>,SI.\.TiK 
 
 71,'.-Mi 
 
 ■i,m 
 
 VI 
 10,100,(711 
 
 S,.'im,1v 
 
 .',r.io,f.i;i 
 
 2iii,i.'\; 
 
 I,* 111,111:' 
 
 (1,1. 1,K 
 
 ■I'il.lJh^ 
 
 18.1,303 2■.','J.llJ,v^■i 
 
 Ml,'r,0| .1S,4i: 
 
 010,9111 5il,.1i9 
 
 ;»,i3l| la.liil 
 
 '.'7J.ii.!ll 
 ,7ls,71lil 
 
 |N'..MIN 
 
 •M-,,iiiU 
 
 li'il.Mi; 
 
 li.'.'.s.'i 
 'i(i.ii-;i 
 
 l'">,7'.fS 
 11,171 
 (.'.,7'iH 
 '/1.I7'4 
 
 li.7,'''''i 
 
 wii,';ii.' 
 -1.1, nil, 
 s--,:.i!i 
 7."i>,s.;'i 
 ,.'>i 11.711 
 ,7iii..vi:i 
 
 .')7_",lll 
 .7'i1.iil" 
 ,.-iil7,'i,11 
 ,i;:'i,'ii,->i 
 ."ii.i.viii: 
 ,7.Ti.il7'^ 
 ,l3l,lj.'ii 
 ,11 1, Ml 
 l.'i,!!!: 
 
 ,n.'(i,6.-.9 
 
 I21,7I« 
 
 ,(i3'A0«« 
 
 ■t7i,.MI 
 
 1,3S7 
 
 It A 
 
 hill.. 
 l.Jil.li 
 'i('',mi 
 Sl/i' 
 
 3,hi;i 
 
 ;u,i| 
 
 «,i.'.«!3 
 iii,:s9i 
 lo.iii,! 
 
 6,illlJ 
 
 iii,iild 
 
 t.i'iJI 
 
 >|)4 
 ;'7i,C 
 
 a,C7.'i,iil)'' !,")v1 
 
 7.1A.V |.,1.^ 
 
 3,nii7,''!)lj .•,■' 
 
 '7,70'i,M';, jJ.»J 
 
 6,17.i.ill> S.!.V,r 
 
 77,lvj! \?i 
 
 aiT.iii..' 
 31, i;.-,! 
 
 4.i6,lSi 
 
 iii,i;!i 
 3i3..':i» 
 
 .'|7I.;'6^ 1,5*1 
 
 i,iM.:i'.i i/i 
 
 4,ii\ii'.i ;,■■ 
 
 71i.-" I.'li 
 
 I,Mi:,"-.: ■): 
 
 i.i;' It 
 
 iHLVi"' 
 
 !,•:! 
 
 »i):,'t"> 
 
 
 i,j»;'.i'' 
 
 .".'f 
 
 (is,;; 
 
 .''. 
 
 lO.l.'i,"' 
 
 .;■). 
 
 l,«l,S.'ti 
 
 •.:''i 
 
 l,l»|."' 
 
 ,1**1 
 
 ll.i'j 
 
 " 
 
 ■6,1'' 
 
 It 
 
 ,6S4,H7 437,6M;W^3 
 
 Offl 
 
 r,iiur» iir Tin: ( .Niri.;ii ,Stai ,.jj _ v ,. •,! 
 
 , 'iiU'llituii|ir(c«iclriifi(|iir„i;n's,s<,fM,„'i\ '. ■ ,"''"* ''«ve (lip host ■•■..»». i- 1 
 
 l.v .sm.i, ir» lor ,|„ ( .„„'l"''«" I •'"."()(),()(,(, .|„|i .r *-, '" '■'"" ••'MHNi.oo,, t,^ 
 
 .Vii.l V,, ; 1.1 .'. '.;'•'"■■< fiul I i;).(),),i(,„„y '."'""*•"' Irofu ,ii,„„t 1 1, „()(,, ,;«)/' ,J 
 
 «.;a..iy..i,i,ii,ir.iuiiin,,avi;r^i:,^r,,- j;^^ " ' f'rio.i-!:;. s ' j; , 'V"'""' ^tui.: 
 
 Bliilii.ilc«l,.nniriil „/■ III.. iiit,.n. I .,'''''■''. "'"' '" 'livort n ,, r, '"'''' "I' Hi,. hW,, mn 
 
 rilhcMxir.inril,/i,iry a.lvaiitr.s ,vl,i,.|, ( , I ' '" i"»"'<'nt of „ , ' ,! ''^ *",''" '" '"rdiKn.TH 
 
 .p«iiftli,.pi.Mc.;a,)i,ala,„l in.luVt '«,; w'"'',' *'" •"'"''"'I << o 1 . "1 ".'■■"""'"•>. .rcrs 
 rJiiti 111. cLimiielH into wi.ich it uonM ,, V*' ''•"'" "- '" oDirrs , " '"''"- '"''iMUM.. 
 
 \V*»li.)ha,s(li,...llKlilcstac,,„aiuia,.ty with I ,'"7" ''^'""'".•iil. (■.■ah, "'"'''n''^'::' '!'''-' >*"-^ »« 
 *Mto« ,,1 Anu.|,,.a_,vlio k,,,,,,, ' / '■ ""f' '""'« inji.riou.H i^' (|,.K "• "-" '"""'•m.... wa.., 
 
 aii^tna,,.,! I;.,i,| iiiat I,..,- ,,0,, ,1 „.'"',' ^'y'^'^, H woiil.l |' . . l . ' T'"!"^'^ '"<" <lml of 
 
 «r.'4,v,.arsl).. Hie ,„,,.,( prolhal.le m,,.!, ^. '"^''''r I.r.;j,.,||,..ial_,o b'\ '"""<■'"='- tc r,-n.|„,it 
 fe™ 1,. ,„) .,,„.,Hti,(„. i,„,,,,.,, H ..i ^5; ''•■''''^"''''''''voii,,,"^^^^^^^^ "npiilc. tho 
 
 lehtrHi'ir ■'^iliialioii win .rr.|,|„,,ii; ""''I'IliI f.|,.r,,, ^y\^„ ,,,,-.„. • ". '" " "!(■ Iiaiu ,s ..f ^,,,,,,, 
 
 k tai ill A..i,.ri..a, wll 1^: ' s /^iii;;:; " '^ "'<"-" n;;"v" ' ■"""'^" ?'■ "- '« " '^■ 
 
 fflCMWitiil. !uci,r,|ii,fr ;„ I, , ,,,;,„ 7 ."-^ "'•"'"'' i'lilHisii-.-^ '.•■■*">■ '"'»■ '""" tlic 
 
 ^^"ri:ii-'^,7iiri~ 
 
 k^,''-.rejusiiy..„tin..,i.,: ,r"'''^^i::?^Nv.';;t^prwi;:^i;:^ ;;:-';; '-- imi iH.ai I 
 
 '" ""■ .Soutlien, Slal..' V, '•■" "'T' '".iuriou.s 
 
 '"'•.i;x'.sl, portion is ox, r.,',; r "■''"'' ''•^' ''"'• 'he 
 
 ■^"■"•'"Mi on inipona,, ,;,„'"' '"" «^-<ry r..-' 
 ;'''nv..,,.,„,|i„ ',i,,^, '•;''' M),-,,,,, ocra.si,,„,.,| ,, 
 
 s .incs a.,.i„,t tluiiariir' ,; Y,' s '[\"">^ ^'•'"'wi- 
 JliC'^e, liouvvcr uxto 'li 1 '^""'liL'ni ,Srat(..s 
 
 '^'"' 'I'IM'lan li™M,,,.ar V ",,,,,'''''-''/'''' •<'mwm)miso\..^ '''"• .'"""'oi'Iv .■alio, Tit, 
 
 iw;; aii.i i«iL'wi„,,i: '"'"''■'.' i"'''"iis i..Tn-c,.M 
 
 - .. ...,.., ,,i,uii;i,(..s ai 
 
 W tli'.v are jusllyciUii 1,1,1, or nior.. It„f T 
 WM I.T llM. Mlko „| rrv,i|ll„. 1,1,1 of ,„.,, 
 
 ^ I |ir,.raat„r.. f,T,.wil. of „a, f,,,, ,'" 
 
 U«.aiy,verv,s,ai.",. ' ..■■^■■''^■'''''''''''f-'l' 
 K*n.iliie,;ccll;i''"' ''';''^'fr'''-|.nr..,| 
 
 i'''M-ir(,uio,, , .?l:''''"'"'''">i..uti,,,. 
 
 ':^ ;||| 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET {MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 "^I2f£ 12.5 
 ^ ^ III 2.2 
 
 2.0 
 
 us 
 
 KS 
 U 
 
 1.8 
 
 i.4 
 
 III 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 A" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <9 
 
 J^ 
 
 c^l 
 
 /y 
 
 ^ ^) 
 
 
 / 
 
 ^ 
 
 % 
 
 '/ 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

■CT,y 
 
 ♦ • >• 
 
 962 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 i! 
 
 • ? 
 
 ■, « ■ •;■ 
 
 'fj^ 
 
 a^itAtion of Uic question m to the emancipation 
 of their Maves. Tlio latter, tiiereforc, liaving to 
 choose between two evils, preferred, of cour 'e, that 
 which t!»ey believed to be thr, lesser; and pur- 
 chased a truce for the emancipation question by 
 a;^cein*jr to the TaritV Act passed in 1HI2, t»y 
 which comparatively hi^h duties were a^rain im- 
 posed on most (k'seriptums of imported articles. 
 
 'I'hi.H system, liowever, was not so per- 
 manent as was expected. The Western and 
 r.outiiern States, beiuir thoso most directly 
 interested in a low tarifl', I;ad for pomc years 
 before the civil war a majority in Con-^ress; and 
 the ep]>rehensions with rej^ard to nu^ro eman- 
 cipation, excited by the proceeding's in our 
 islands, havin^^ sul)sid(.'d, sounder opinions, with 
 regard to commercial matttrs, l)e^an again to 
 prevail in Congress. Terhaps, Ju>wever, the 
 majority now referred to, or the party of Mi. 
 Poik, might not have endeavoured to act. on these 
 principles without the example set by England ; 
 but the great commercial reforms effected in this 
 ccumtry (luring the administration of Sir IJoitert 
 Peel, and more especially the last and greatest 
 of all, the change in the corn laws, liad a i)ower- 
 ful influence in tlie United States ; and Mr. Folk's 
 (Jovernmcnt liaving profited by these and other 
 circumstances, which it is needless to specify, 
 succeeded in carrying a comparatively liberal 
 tariff, which took effect from December 1, ly4(i. 
 
 And this tariff kept its ground till 1857, when if I 
 was superseded by a ntill more lilK-ral onr i- ' 
 the downfall of the party by which ITCcJ::! \ 
 was (pncKly followed by a reim,.o.itmn of h j 
 duties by Act of Congress rf March •> inn 
 and this again by the outl)reak of the Civil \vl 
 Hut the bulk of the American ,)c.o„l,. h^v!:, ''ll 
 been supposed t*) be blind or inditlVrent totluiJ 
 own interests; and these, tli.-y mav he ass,, . 'l* 
 will be best prom(,te;i Ijy r.;vertin-"tr) as smm. nI 
 possible, and maintaining, a system which .m.'im'J 
 them to sell in the dearest and tu huv in t' 
 cheapest markets. If thcv retain hiirli ,hui.M ih, 
 will fall wholly on themsclvt's, and <ni no.m.'.l r 
 and the less they buy from fun;i^rners the V.L 
 will they be able to export to tliom. ' ' 
 
 In addition to the duties notcMrbchm- -i n.. 
 criminating duty of lo |)cr cent, a.l vaiurmi i^i 
 levied on all imports under (lags tliat iiavi^ i,3 
 reciprocal treaties witli the United States. 
 
 On all goods, wares, ami merchnndiso nf h,,>^ 
 growth or produce of countries east of the ( ,i f-- 
 I (iood IIopo, when imported from places tliiVs; 
 I of the Cape, a duty of 10 por cent, ad valor ni 
 I levied, in addition to the duties iniiKHcd on an 
 I such articles when imported indirectly from iliJ 
 I place or jdaces of their growth or pro(hiction raJ 
 I cotton and raw silk exce|)ted. 
 I The annexed is the tariff in a conden^i 
 1 Bha()e, 
 
 Abridged (TniteJ States Tariffs or Rates of Duties imposed hj the Act of Omqress of March ? w\ 
 with Addenda of Antjusi 5, IHC.I, Ikcemher 24, 18*>1, July 11, H(»2, March 3, USii.l, June ;Jm |,sJ 
 March 3, lH^)bj March 14, 18tjG, May 1(J, IHGt), Juhj 28, 18tJG, and March 2, 18G7, with rdatli 
 chiuses. 
 
 .\bs7nth, 50'^ .ind under, 2d. AOc. per p:il. 
 -Absjnth, under .'>ir^ in liirtnu'li, .ind xv^ling 
 ovpi 5 dol. ]ier Rnl., ^O jitr ci-nt. ad val. 
 oil of, or wormwood, AO per I't-ut. 
 Arcon'lon*, .T> pei Ct-nt. 
 Acid, cnromic, l.'i per cent. 
 .Acetate of lead, or suKsr of lend, 20c. |icr lb. 
 
 Eotasse, 7'ic. per Ih. 
 aryia, 4i>c. per Ih. 
 
 iron, strontmn, zinc, maf(nesia, soda, .'>0r. 
 I«r lb. 
 
 lime, V'l i>er cent. 
 Acid, aielic, acetous or concentrated vineii^r, 
 or pyro)iimenii<i, t'Tceedintt the spL-cilic 
 j:raviiyof lOHi'', Hi>c. per lb. 
 
 not over lOiO^^c.illud No. S, 'JJc. per lb. 
 Acid, l)en/oic, 10 pt-r cent. 
 
 boraclc, he. piT II)- 
 
 citric, white or vellow, lOj. per lb. 
 
 Rallif (med.), id .'jOc ptr lb. 
 
 muriatic, niirir, or nitric fort, 10 p?r cent. 
 
 oxalic, -R'. per lb. 
 
 tannic, 'i dol. per lb. 
 
 tartaric, in crystals or powder, 20c. per lb. 
 
 sulphuric, or oil nf vitriol, K-. per lb. 
 Acids used in the fine arts, nut otherwise 
 
 provided for, 10c. per ll<. 
 .■\corni», He. per lli. 
 Acorn cotlee and ilande'ion root, raw or 
 
 prepared, anil other arlirltM for similar use, 
 
 not provi-it'd for. ."^c. pur lb. 
 Adhesive plaister, salve, 10 i»er cent. 
 Adzes, X!) per ccnl. 
 Agaric (iipunki, 10 per cent. 
 A•^^te«, 10 percent. 
 
 bookbinders'. W p*T cent. 
 Alabata, in slieets, Xt \v!X cent. 
 Alabaster and spar omamentn, r!0 p.c. 
 Albumen, prepared vbite of an e^, '^5 p.c. 
 Ale, in bottles, .ISc. per nal. 
 
 otherwise than in bottlex, 2()c. per f^al. 
 Aluminum, a crude metal, 20 per cent. 
 Almondfl, 6c. per lb. 
 
 shelled, 10c. per lb. 
 
 jiaste, AO iier cent. 
 Aloes, fie. per lb. 
 
 Alum, pMent, and substitute, fiOc. per 100 lb. 
 Alumina, sulphate of, fiOc. per lb. 
 Aluminous cake, 60c. per lb. 
 Alzarine (extract of madder), 10 percent. 
 Amber, (turn, 20 per cent. 
 
 beails, AO iter cent. 
 Amylic alconol, 2 dol. per gal. 
 .\methyst, 10 per cent. 
 Ammonia, 20 per cent. 
 Ammonia, Kulpliaie of, carbonate of, or re- 
 fined, 20 i»er cent. 
 
 acetate, or pYroltjfneiie of, 70c. per lb. 
 
 salts, and muriate of, 10 jwr cent. 
 Analine, 2t) per cent. 
 Anchovies, in oil or salt, .lo per cent. 
 AnImaU, all alive, 20 per cent. 
 Annatto, extract or «eed, 20 |>er cent. 
 Anise seed, Ac. |ier lb, 
 
 star, lUc. pfcr lb. 
 
 I Anise seed, oil of, .'iOc. prr lb. 
 
 Aiillms, oil of, .'>0 perctiJt. 
 
 Antimony, crude, or re:;uiu:> uf, 10 per cent. 
 
 Antinue oil, AM jwr cent. 
 
 Apotlitcaries* viaU and bottles exceeding the 
 capacity of 6, and nut exceeding itie 
 i:nparity of Ifi oz. each, not cut, ."5 p.c. 
 cut, 10 per cent. 
 
 Apparatus, philosophical, or instruments, 
 I A per cent. 
 pbilosoiihicdl, not spCL-ially imported, 10 p.c. 
 
 App'es, 10 per cent. 
 
 Apjttc huttfcr, .^A per cent. 
 
 Aqua fortis, 10 per cent. 
 
 Arnenlopbile, 20 iier rent. 
 
 •Vrrark, AO^, 2d. ior. per pil. 
 under A'l^ In strennihand coslin;; over A 
 dol. per Kfll-i ''O per cent. 
 
 Argfutine, or tlowersof antimony, 20 p.c. 
 
 Arms, fire or side, ."A per cent. 
 
 Arrow root, "0 per cent. 
 
 Arsenic, and ^ul)•hale of, '^0 per rent. 
 
 Articles not in a crude state, useit in dyem^ or 
 tanning, not otherwi^ie provided for*, '^0 p.c. 
 
 Articles, all manufaduri's of, and nut sub- 
 ject to any other riite of duty, 20 per cent. 
 
 Article • raw or unmanufactured, not pro- 
 vided for, 10 per cent. 
 
 Asbestos, a crude mineral substance, 'Vt p.c. 
 
 Asphaltuni, V'j percent. 
 
 AssafiEtid.1, 20 per cent. 
 
 Asse^'skinor (>arcbment,and imitation of, 50 
 per cent. 
 
 Ava root, 20 per cent. 
 
 Augers, 4A per cent. 
 
 Awls, \'i per cent. 
 
 Axes, 4A per cent. 
 
 Ayr-itones, 10 per cent. 
 
 Hacon, 2c. per lb. 
 Unfrs, grass or hemp, ,"0 per cent, 
 gunny. {S>c('otion Hagiiitiu.) 
 }t.ii/cs, y.'ic. per sq. yd. and 3A per cent. 
 Iialls, billiard, .lA jier cent. 
 Balmora's, composed wholly or in part of 
 worsted, the hair of the Alpaca goat, or 
 other like animals, value not over 40 cts. 
 per lb., 20c. per lit. and 3A per Lent. 
 Tiilue over 40 cts< and not ovit fiO cts. per 
 
 lb., .TOc. per lb. am! .1A per ci'nt. 
 value over GOc, and not over 80c. per lb-, 
 
 ■lOc. per lb. and .lA per cent, 
 value over 80c. per lb., AOc. per lb. and 
 
 ^h per cent, 
 composed wholly or in part of wool, AOc. 
 |M.*r II). and .^A per cent. 
 Balmoral skirt< atid skirtings, and goods of 
 similar description, or used for like purposes, 
 composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, 
 the hiiir of tie Alpaca v^oaU or other like 
 animals, made up or inanuf^iciured wholly 
 or in part by the tador, stfamstiess or ma- 
 nuf. icturer, except knit goods, AOc. per lb. 
 and 10 iier cent. 
 Balmofdilead, 10 per cent. 
 
 nakim, copaiva, 20c. per lb. 
 
 of 'i'ulu, ,inc. )>er II). 
 
 IV'ruvi^in, A0< . per lit. 
 
 medicinal, not utliorwise iirorMui y 
 per rent. ' 
 
 ill kinds of rosmelic, .'ii1 (wr rent, 
 namboos.unmaniifaciured, lOiitnenl 
 Itanjnas, iiO per cent. 
 JJark of rork trees, UTimanuficturetl, .*0 r d 
 
 I'eruvian, 20 per cent. 1 
 
 Hat cararaya (I'-jruvian), ami a!l mei 
 cinal, 20 i»er cent. 
 
 all not specially nuntLmetl, iii jierant. I 
 Bailey, lAc. per bhi. ' 
 
 peat I, or bulled, Ic. prrlh. 
 Hiirytts, 'ul|ib.-\te of, cTuduu ■relinii! ic. nj 
 
 nitrate if. KOc. per Ih. ■ 
 
 and acid combined, .ic.perlfi. 
 Bass (the inner bark of a tree), 'jijjerci 
 Bassoons, .'^0 per cent. 
 Baskets, wood or osier, i>alm \e% %\ 
 
 (irawi or whalebone, .'»i per cent. 
 Battledores. ?>'» per cent. 
 I Itav rum. es-^ence of, 'i do;, per or. 
 
 tliltn, of which si'irils is a ronii'onp^lB 
 of chief value, to \i iv duty a^ ijuri-s. 
 Bay water, or rum, distilietl from ilif M 
 
 Id. .OOc. per gal. 
 Bay wax, or myrtle wax, "JO per cent, 
 Bunne'^s, 4A per cent. 
 Bdellium, crude or relincl (Kuml.iiip. 
 Beads, of precious ttoiios or |;ul<l aiulvlJ 
 
 ',nd not otherwi>e enumei aieil, ^ pffq 
 Bead ornaments, .')0 per ceM, 
 Beans tor seed, ."50 per cent. 
 
 tonqua, 20 per rent. 
 
 vanilla, 3 dol. (ler lb. 
 
 all other not siierially mentioiid, lOp^ 
 Beam knives, 4.> per cent. j 
 
 Beams, scale, ,'A per cent. 
 lied feathers, ."SO per cttit. 
 
 caps, 3A per cent. 
 
 screws, 2^c. }>er lli. 
 
 sides, as cariietinL'. (S« Mats.) 
 Beef, leper lb. 
 Beer, in bottles, .Vic. per C3l. 
 
 otherwise than in bottle^, 'Ik. |ieT^- 
 Bellows pipes, .Vk-. 
 IHI cranks, or levers, (rpuli;,ofiron,. 
 Bellows, .V;c. 
 Belts, sword leather, T'^c 
 Itenzine, or lienzole oil, refined, I'V.pffl 
 l!enzoate«, 30 yt: cent. 
 Beds, feather, 20 «ier cent. 
 Be<l spreads, or covers, madf of tfi* 
 
 (va.ste entis of ininteti CdliiJ<>, «•' 
 
 jttMhcr, IIA per cent. 
 Bell metal, manufactured. ■■';** reflt. 
 Bells, silver or gold, tO per cent. 
 Berlin blue, '.^A |»cr cent. 
 Birries, not o'her«f i>e prorided tjr, 10 " 
 Jle/oar stones, In per cent. 
 Bicarbonate of soda, or ulentm. Mt. 
 Bick irons, 3A per cent. 
 Blndit.g, cotton, "• per cent. 
 
 r mil 
 
 
 rctnt 
 
 Oil., 
 
 I I 
 
 
mems^^ 
 
 II I**.")", whpii it I 
 IxTal (int. I'mt 1 
 1\ it wi\s rarrii'ill 
 ^lositiim (it hijil 
 
 March •>, W\.\ 
 if tlio Civil War, 
 ('(i|il(' liavc 111 virl 
 iill'i'reiit til tlic'irl 
 m:\y lie as:<iirii 
 in;; In as sin ii iiil 
 cm wliicli "Mial^li'sj 
 
 III til liiiy ill t!i<i| 
 lii^li illUic-", tliryj 
 
 nil nil 111) ii11im1-c;| 
 
 iri^i«iicrs, tlic !'-i<| 
 licin. 
 
 ited licliiw, a 111-- 
 Mit. ail valiiivm '\i 
 \au:s tliat liavu wv 
 Ati'il Stalon. 
 lucrclianilisfi nf tli^ 
 I east (if tlic I ': 
 om iilucpi* tliis -iiH 
 tent, ail valnri ni 
 .ips impn-toil mi anil 
 1 inilircctly from i' 
 h or production rail 
 
 •iff in a conilon?« 
 
 ess of March 1,Wi 
 J, I8('.:i, ./iiiic :!iM'<''i< 
 2, l«G7, tcith relalii 
 
 va, ^Hi^- pcTlli- 
 ■. iier Hi- 
 ll, . v" II'- 
 iiot oilii;i»i« iiio-' 
 
 ■All U, 
 
 ro<melir, M |ier cent, 
 manuf.iciuml, llll'triml- 
 
 %le^, ui'imanuf.icluiii!. '" t' 
 
 ill lllTCI""^- , , „ 
 
 lya ( l''--ruvian\ ami all 
 iier t-ijiit. 
 fially imnliannl, IDV"""'- 
 fiier'lihl. 
 
 llialeof,CTUili:o-«li""li''l 
 
 |«0c. lier 111. 
 
 ninlimwl. ■■^'^-l'""'-, . 
 '"crliaikofatt«'l,'Wl«t«'' 
 
 } iier cent. . . 
 
 tod nr osiiT. lialm " "' 
 halebone. 5* V< '""• 
 5.') iieT I't-nt. 
 
 L.aliie toIn^;l»'I»"l«';■ 
 o^ rum, ili>ilii"l from U-f 
 
 telle wai,'!'! !«'"'■ 
 Kor';illndl.um,»p;i 
 
 recioui .toii« "' ef ™^'3 
 lihCTwiNeenuirmawi.-"!'"" 
 
 ,i«iii», .'lO I'nf "'•^■ 
 «sl,:iO|i«cmt. 
 M ^nx cent. 
 
 b«i;?i."i«n.«..i..»u"r-cj 
 
 U,4.'>perc>i"' I 
 
 Lie, TtS V'^' '^*"*' 
 [is, M per cent. 
 Wr cent. 
 
 pXt IS«M»''-' 
 ler 111. , 
 
 ,ttle8,.V.c.r«i!';,. ,„ri. 
 ^Ihanintallle-.J^'-l""' 
 
 fckvers,.TP"li..rf'™'^ 
 
 §,'>c- _, 
 
 Ircl leather, ?.»-. , „| 
 
 t,l,i.i.Mleoil,K<i"«''"-'^l 
 
 I" 30li£.ient. 
 
 ■her, -W \«"^™'- ,.j.H,.r 
 ld«.orc«er.,ni*<*-".^ 
 
 lnd« of 1'""'"' " 
 le,or«oUl,inp««"' 
 
 ,„,,,|iir,r«m. 
 
 f, ,^. ji.|*rcent. 
 '.';,. m,'. -i'' I" r '•''»'• 
 
 ^^j.r«hiMr»f th..AI^«.■a^'nat.or 
 • Jr.*nt.uplo 1 'c.|frll..,a.ia X*v.c. 
 r./om -U^- W' '^•' ^'"■'- I'^'f "»• a'"^ -'^ 
 
 (tJ-Viiki lenl■ 
 ![Ahl^lt»«|len,^V.V"I'"»lll• 
 to m.'"l'a''i;t>N'''iie^--'nen, rhes. anil 
 jKiifilel(,.iii,.'*>Verti'iii. 
 
 ' Tj^tipanalHJnes.l'MHTCcnt. 
 
 .lanMoftlitAmtw.i ■ ll^!H■lll■s, ^')|..( . 
 I Sc*. liilhom, chip, or Krass, olraw, ur 
 
 fj;(:ilirf.''iH-r*eiit. 
 
 I SMi:r,Wr»' a*; Ms ferruka, 'iO pt-r t-iit. 
 
 W..:*iirrifi.t. 
 I Bxi.ird i!i,!rumcn|s, yroi' •^Monrtl, of i»T- 
 
 Kf.irf . )-: 11 111*' L'liiiMt Mate^, Irt-u 
 j ^i-, ^,,^J; J imiwrttd for tlie ujl- of 
 
 p«<a..:.-.r:i,-''.Krrcrt. 
 B/«. •«•''-' mnk', if. i»er III. 
 
 frtfa-arti md Miic), not fxctt-diiif; 10 oz, 
 
 cuil,l"VTtfiiii. 
 
 I boclwltitr.,; .)u-. II). 
 Unct, cirvrti"'«it-'iout Wt's,."?.') per ci-nt. 
 
 hurt U:Kf'itr cent. 
 i KaieN-''WT«."^l. 
 
 iffolr, V- eJ 'imler, .1 clol. per c.l. 
 1 j;iiij'i>'Ol",nii.iv »anie as miniine. 
 I Bftf*,mim£tiiure> of*, not otlitrwisy eiiu- 
 iw(ilfli..")iJd t'tiit. 
 
 i: iiTj, in pUi, :*r old, only fit to be ru- 
 I nii-i.f'.c:Dreil, ! '» jwr rem. 
 I friii.;it:e,ai«dvia"'e Iliazil, 10 per tent. 
 I Ibli,treo(rool,in{,'j.i pir ii^nl. 
 
 I fcaiTf, cnide, ii iloi. per ton. 
 
 I cru,10ii<.l.)ii'rton. 
 
 I I>l:iucflrsi1<')ifr rem. 
 
 I teiri»,p(ronieJ.^c..".'> percent. 
 
 Ife..a!--i-p!;:i:i. 
 
 Ihaeain.aniipi.iinifachircs of, .'' p.c. 
 
 llSi'xirc:*u„mledr, lilpcrctini. 
 
 lltLt:u;«vd>r, '^npircent. 
 
 I VLj,[o.d, IT biuiue colour, li> per cent. 
 
 lhT3,S|uni>h '!ry, oi in oil, 'i^ pur cent. 
 
 V Bli&iilperctriit. 
 
 Ift'-jci.iiyindv.'ljper cert. 
 
 lfc::*fi[-til.ial I'TPp-). -l" p*'' ct^nt. 
 
 ■ lri)ti(i.i>f,i,lltiraU, 411 per lent. 
 
 ■IttNjiiii.ciitor.iot cut, ■■"'" piTcent. 
 
 ■iU-^<ianf>,tiiiipri>iiUi^ t'ur,2o pur cent - 
 
 ■kJubM,liii*rcent. 
 ■kVoikltkiUiToot-, 50 per Tnt, 
 ■taa(,t'c.()er-q, vd. ami 3J per cent. 
 ■fexfiuid, '(v. iierif.il. 
 
 iBtf«,tioun'iu(iiii mill s'one^, 2(1 p.r. 
 
 htoiiUnot otlitrwise pro\iiliti fur), 30 
 
 31 moulds, fif wl.atcver material, 30 ji.c. 
 », Ir. i»r lb. 
 ■a«iUib,:j.j per rent. 
 
 attjTft.r/ipcrrent. 
 -~jf,iiirBl,rK.]nTil,. 
 
 |lCinHl,-.lr.)HTll). 
 i^wtifitus.riic.per lb. 
 loamdManilla, vy. jierlh, 
 R<»«.or caeimii, oil uf, t-'>c, per lb. 
 ■"'^liJoptrrcent. 
 f**.f«u liiperrenl. 
 
 ■ Pititw!ior,li|*r,ent. 
 
 ■ W-W/inHTCWlt 
 
 ■^^.'et-.^niercent. 
 
 ^^■■■* t'>'»er,, '^1 per cent. 
 
 ^J^i-iU.iiijHrtcent. 
 "■(^"ti. il'basier, ."U per cer.t. 
 
 *'o«T, ..hiie or colfturcd, 40 per cent. 
 
 pws.MimamiiieorHiMrinc.&c, per !b. 
 ■rfr'* "r mised, siHJtmaceii, jmre «r 
 ■ ^•M.iviffiiie, vure nr tnUed, He. pr. lb. 
 ■j^'.iilothw.vicjieMb. 
 
 ^ »Jkmp, tinu\M\ or not, 35 pet cent. 
 
 T;^. "c. per lb. 
 
 pw-ij pur cent. 
 
 Einllfi* ?'■*:■*? of 4 %3\., and not 
 r"n« 'il{al.,.T)iierctnt. 
 «*i«p lu Itt tint. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 Cardii, plnvinc, talue V'ic. or less per pntk, 
 Wtc. \>vr pack, 
 (ilnving, nver '^.'ir. per ]mek, 3jc. per pat It. 
 visittnif, 3.*) per cent, 
 blank, 3.') \wt cent, 
 wijol, if Kteel pint, ■,x'i ]>er rent. 
 
 if iron iiins, 3.'> i^ercent. 
 cotton, it Kitel pins, t'> per cent, 
 if iron jiln-*, 3.'» per cent. 
 Carmine, clry, '/.'» jier cent, 
 n liipild d>e, 'Z'> jter cent. 
 Car|H-tniu'* Anbn..><on antl Anxniinator, or 
 Woven whole fur roomH, ■'■** p.c. nd val. 
 Saxony, Wilton and 'r<iiirniiv velvPt, 
 wrouuht liy the .Tnr<in;iTil ni;uhh»e, 70c. 
 fKT M). )d. iuid y* p'.'r lent. lul val. 
 Itnivsvis,' wrouKltt liy the J;ieqnard ma> 
 chine, I Ic. per m). yd. and '>^ ft.r. nd val. 
 patent velvet and tapestry vehet, p-'ntitl on 
 the waipornlhetwiMf, lUc- per.^^l.yd. and 
 .3'» jier cent, ad val. 
 tapestry llruvtets, printed nn the M-arp or 
 otherwiie, ',^Hc. per bip >d. anil Z>i jicr 
 rent, nd vat. 
 treble ini;raiM, (hrec-ply, and worsted chain 
 \'ene(ian, 17c. perh(].>d. and 3.'.* per cent, 
 atl val. 
 yam, \'enetian, and iwt) nly 'n(;rain, I'ic. 
 
 per M]. vd. and X) p.c. an val. 
 hemp or jute, Kc. per m|. >d. 
 Wool, ilax, or outtoii or p.irts of either, o,- 
 other material, not otherwiM! pro'-iditl 
 for, 4<i |>er cent, ad val. 
 mats, all other (not exclusively of veL'etahte 
 innierial), screens, lia.t<iock!i' and rn^n; -iJ 
 per cent, nd v.il. 
 Carria«es of all descriptions, and p.irts there- 
 of, .3') per cent. 
 Carvers, 3-') per cent. 
 Casks, empty, X> per i vnt. 
 ("assada, or inta! of. vo per cent. 
 (;;f.>ia, Chinese, Cutcntta, ant' Svmiatra, '^Oc. 
 
 per Ml. 
 (;as-ia, grounil or buds, '•-''(C. per lb. 
 
 tistula, 'Hi yt-r cent. 
 Castanas, or ca-.tinai (a nnt), 'ir.. jier lb. 
 Catechu, as cntch, io pt- ci.nt. 
 r.itgut, 30 per cent. 
 ('atsup, -10 {per cent, 
 (-aulkin^ ni.dlcts, .' j per cent, 
 (dement. Homan, VU per cci ;. 
 Chalk, Fr*—'h, 'H\ per cent. 
 white. ■ ol. per ton. 
 alt not otherwise provided for, 2*» per cent. 
 Cliee«e, lc. per Iti, 
 (^lieinical prepaniion^ nnd salts, not otlier- 
 
 wlKe enumerated, 'iO ^ht cent. 
 Chicknry root, 4c. jier lli. 
 
 uroiuid, burnt or prpp.iretl, .'ic ppr lb. 
 China ware, plain white, -1.0 per cent. 
 China, ornamented in any manner, OO p.c. 
 C-hina r(M»t, VO iwrcent. 
 Chinese blue, iii 'H-r cent. 
 Cblc b'of lime, ."Oc. per 100 lb. 
 Cbluroform (medic), 1 dol. per lb. 
 Chocol.tte, "c. per lb. 
 (.'hromic, yellow, y'l per cent. 
 
 acid, >:') per cent. 
 Chrononieier;},andparisof buxorbhiu, 10 p.c. 
 Cider, 'iO per cent, 
 ('innamon, ."Oc. per lb. 
 Citron, in its natural state, 10 per cent. 
 Citron, preserved, 3i per cent. 
 
 oil of, .'i(t ner cent. 
 Civet, oil of, .3(1 i»er cent. 
 Clay, »round or prep.ired, ft dol. per ton. 
 
 uhwrou|;ht, jiipe and liredav, 6 dol. t>er ton. 
 Clitr stone, 10 dol. i>erton. 
 Clocks, and partii ot, 3.'> per cent. 
 ClotldnKi re.uly-made, nnd wearinn apparel 
 of every de.«ripiion, composed wholly or in 
 part ot' wool, worsted, hair of the Alpaca 
 goat, or other like animals, made U]i or 
 rmniifaetured wholly nr in part by the tailor, 
 seainstresH or manuf.icturer, (except knit 
 cofids.) jDc. per lb. nnd -10 per cent, ad v.il. 
 Clothing, a'd articles worn by men, women, or 
 children, nut otherwise provided for, 35 p.c. 
 Cloves, VOc. per lb. 
 Clove stems, loc. |>er lb. 
 Clum of coal, '2o per cent. 
 Cod, bituminous. 2K blil. to the ton, SJ lb. 
 
 l»er bill.. Id. *2''c. per ton. 
 Coal, all other, 'ikr. i)er ton. 
 Cobalt, and o^nie of, '20 per cent. 
 
 ores, h) percent. 
 Coccub s .;idicus, IOc> per lb. 
 Cockt, 5'} ,»er cent. 
 Cocoa 3c. jer lb. 
 Cocn?, leavi-s, 'ic. per ib, 
 prepared or manufactured, Dc. per lb. 
 matiing, V.') per cent, 
 shells, Vc. per lb. 
 Cocoanuts, 'i'> per cent. 
 Coir, unmanufactured,!'^^ dul. ptr ton. 
 
 malting, if^t i«r ceiii. 
 Coke, '25 per cent. 
 Colcodium, and ether of all kinds, not other- 
 
 wise provided for, fluid, I dol. per lb. 
 ColiH-ynth, lOc. per lb. 
 
 ColoRiie Water and otb-.-r perfumery, of which 
 ale >ho! is the principal ingredient, 3 ilul. 
 per gal. and .'>» per cent. 
 Colomlio root, *20 per cent. 
 Coluquinlida, 10c. per Ih. 
 Colouring fjr brandy, if containing spirits, as 
 
 spirits. 
 Colouring i'or brandy, .^0 percent. 
 Colours, wmer, 3.'i per cent. 
 Combs, curr)-, or tor the hair, of whatever 
 material, 3 j per cent> 
 
 953 
 
 Composition table tops, 3^ per cent. 
 I.:omp^^llion,of ghss or paste, set, 35 per cent. 
 
 for jewellers, not >el. -i" per rent. 
 Confectionery, all vatuetl at 30c. per lb. or 
 I les>, l.'ic. per III. 
 
 1 ("onfectionery, all not otherwise provided inf, 
 I of sugar, viduetl over 3()c. per lb., or not 
 I Hold by the lb., .M) per < cni. 
 Copper, in pl.ites or sheets, cnlled bra/iers' 
 (opper, and other in sheets, not o:herv*iso 
 providctl for, 3.'» iter cent. 
 , Copper bottoms, 3 ► per cent. 
 I still bottoms, and parts thereof, ."A percent. 
 pline>, engraved, '2'i per cent. 
 manufactures of, not otherwise speiili''d, 
 3 » per cent. 
 Copper wire and vcs-eh, S'l per cent. 
 sneathing. 'IK in. lone, 1 i in. wide, we'irht 
 from I I lo31 o/. per square foot,. ~'c. p. II . 
 Copper ro<ls, Iwtloins, bolts, spikes and naiU, 
 
 .'i.'> per cent. 
 Copper, pigs, ingots and bars, 5',c. per lli. 
 
 old, tit only to trt>reinAnufa(.tureil, l.^c. p. lb. 
 t 'opper ore, .') per cent. 
 t'oii)ieras, .Jc. per lb. 
 
 Tor.U, cut or manufactured, 30 per cent. 
 Cord.ige, tarred, ."ic. per lb. 
 nntarred, 3->c. p^-r lb. 
 I\!ani<la, untavred, 'i\c, per lb. 
 all other, .3.|c. per lb. 
 (Cordials, of ail kinds, sweet, 'Jtl. "lOc- pcrg;-.!. 
 Corks, and manufactures of, .~o per cent. 
 CLrnelian stone, 10 per ce it. 
 
 rings, liOjier cent. 
 Corn fans, 35 i)er cent. 
 Corn, Indian, or mai^c, lOc per bhi. 
 Corn meal, 10 ]H'r cent. 
 Corsets, 3.j per cent, 
 (^osmetics, .'u per cent. 
 
 I otton, easy embroidery, or flo^s, 10 per cent. 
 Cotton, 3c. per lb. 
 braids, cord, gimps and galloons, braces, 
 or suspenders, 3.) per cent. 
 Cnttnns, (except Jeans, denims, drillings b'-d- 
 lickings, gingham!t,plariU,cottonades, ]Mn- 
 tnloon stutt* and goods of like description,} 
 not bleached, coloured, stained, paintetl i>r 
 printed, and not exceeding loo threails to 
 the square inch, counting the warp aiul 
 lining, and exceeding in weight fiveounc* 
 per sij. yd., 5c. |»er sq. yd. 
 Cotton, as above, if bleached, 55c. per sn. yd. 
 Cotton, as al>ove, if coloured, stained, pani'ted 
 
 or printed, 5^ cents per sq. yd. and 10 p.c. 
 
 Cotton, liner or lighter, unbU-aclied, not over 
 
 '2iH) threuls lothesq. in., counting the war^i 
 
 and filling, ''c. ner aq- yd. 
 
 Cotton, as nlKJve, liteOCheil, 5lc. per fn. y<l. 
 
 ('otton, as aliove, colourefl, stained, painted or 
 
 printed, 5Ac. per sq. yd. and '20 per cent, 
 ('otton, unlileaclied, over '2')U threads to the 
 sq. in. counting the warp and lilting, .5c. 
 persq. yd. 
 Cotton, as above, if bleached, 5',c. per sq. yd. 
 ('otton, as al«jve. If coloured, stained, painted, 
 or printetl, 5.\c. per sq. yd. and W per« enr. 
 Cotton<i,Jcan«,denims, drillings, bed- tickings, 
 ginghams, plaids, cottnnatles, pantaloon 
 stuifs and goods of like description, or for 
 !<inillar use, not over 100 tlireads to the si\. 
 in.,c>mnttng the warp and filling, and ex- 
 ceedinif tiveoz. tuthesq. yd., if unbleached, 
 Gc. per sq. yd. 
 Cintons, as above. If bleached Ci\c. per sq. yd. 
 lotions, as above, if colourcfl.staineti, painted, 
 or printed, GJc. t>cr sq. yd, and lo per <eiit. 
 Cotlon.i, finer or lighter, not over '^OH ihreads 
 to the sq. in., counting the war]i and tilling, 
 if unbleached, 6c. per sq. yd. 
 Cottons, as above. If bleached, 6^c. per sn. yd. 
 Cottons, as above, if colourcfl, stained, painttd 
 or printed, G-Jc. persq. yd. and 15 ]»er cent. 
 Cottons, as above, over VOO threads to the >(]. 
 in., counting the warp and tilling, unbleach- 
 ed, 7c. per sq. yd. 
 Cottons, as above, if bleached, 7ic.per sq. yd. 
 Cottons,as above, if coloured, stained, painted 
 
 or printed, 7^c. iwr sq. yd. and 15 p.e. 
 Cottons, providcu that all plain woven 
 cotton goods, not included in tne foregoing 
 schedules, over U<c. persq. yd., unbleacheil, 
 sh.ill pay 35 per cent. 
 Cottons, as above, if bleached, c:id valued oiter 
 
 '20c. per sq. yd., 35 jier cent. 
 Cottons, as aliove, if coloured, valued over 
 
 '25r. per sq. ul., 35 per cent. 
 Cottons, or cot'tonjians, denims, nnd dr 1 in^s, 
 valued over '2Uc. persq. yd. Mnbleached, 3) 
 per cent. 
 Cottons, on r.ll other cotton goods, Talued over 
 
 '^5c. per sq. yd., 35 per cent. 
 Cotton shirts or drawers, woven, or made on 
 
 frames, .35 per cent. 
 Cotton spool, containing each not over 100 
 
 yds-, (ic. per doz. and .30 |K;r cent. 
 Cotton spool, over loO yds., in addition for 
 every 100 yds. or fractional part thereof, 6c. 
 per floz. and 35 per cent. 
 Cotton thread or yarn, when advanced beyord 
 single yam, by twisting two or nioresir.inds 
 together, if not on spools, 4c. i»er skein or 
 hank of SIO yds. and .30 fier cent. 
 Cotton thread , other, 40 per cent, 
 velvet, 35 per cent. 
 
 bagc'ng, or other manufactures, not other- 
 w.-e provided for, suitable for the uses to 
 wiiich cotton bagging is applitKl, com> 
 posed in whole or In part of Iieinp, Jute, 
 flax, gunny bags, gunny cloth, or other 
 material, and valued less than lOc. per sq. 
 yd., 3c. |>er lb. 
 
 m. 
 
♦ •.;» 
 
 I 
 
 'I i 
 
 ■ :" f 
 
 ii A 
 
 864 
 
 Cotton, at n1)ove, valued over 10c. iiur kq. >(1., 
 
 'Ic pffr M|. ytl. 
 Cuitni) c.i|i<>, Klovm, l?uf{inpi, niiti«, ftockii, 
 
 stot'kinifit tnacle iin t'ratiicii, bliMclietl or 
 
 cotouri-d, .1.) per tunt- 
 Cotlut) hose, unhleiichi-Ml, .'l.'i jilt ct'Ut. 
 Cotton lii^L'Ttiiius, Ince known ah trimming or 
 
 lioltblnei, co'ourfd, and btucniuK'^) •">''> p<c. 
 rouri-iilnistcr, X'> |>er rent. 
 CouaitL' or cowllchi '^U fier cent. 
 Crayons, .'D ]ier cent. 
 Crtlun of tartar, I"c. per )|j. 
 Croi-us (olinum (pulMi powder), 'i,j .i.c. 
 
 powdi-T (|ioli>hiiin), v.'"* per ct-ni. 
 CrucililtN, lilauk lead, 'iH per cunt. 
 
 lii.nd, '^.'j per niit. 
 Culeti-i. Kic. per ili. 
 Cudbear, 10 iiei rent. 
 Curranis, ,^c•. pt-r lb. 
 Cuttle tihli bone (septa), ;^c. per lb. 
 (,'iitl iHses, .'.') per eeiil. 
 Cutlery, ol' all kinds, except pocket, pen ;uid 
 
 jl^ck-knives, ,~6 per cent. 
 
 Jlnguorreotxpe plates, '.'i jiercent. 
 Dates, (jreeii. ripe, oi uricd, 'Jr. per lb. 
 
 prestTved in sii^aroi niola^ea, Ct'y per cent* 
 Deiitritue, '(> per ccmI. 
 Dlainond'i, ID percent. 
 
 Ht't, 2'i per euiii. 
 
 «! izii-rs*, 10 per cent. 
 Dol t ofevery uescription,uA |)cr cent. 
 Uoininae-i, 7>^} per cent. 
 
 it' toys, -jI) per cent. 
 Down, all kiii'.is, ,".() jier rent. 
 I)ra;;on^' blootl, lOc. per lb. 
 I)ra*in>; pencils, Mic. per gross, and 30 p.c. 
 Drawings, '^0 per cent. 
 Drawing' knivis, 4') per cent. 
 Dress ^dods, for women and children, com- 
 
 ^lo■■ed wholly or in ]iart of wool, worsted, 
 lair of the Alpaca tfoat, ot other like ani- 
 mal-;, value not over 'JJc. per sq. yd., (ic, 
 lier Mj. ytl. and ."),'> per cent, 
 value over '^Oc. per sq. yd., he. per sq. yd. 
 
 and 11) jier cent. ' 
 
 I'rovidrd. that all poods wei^hinf; 4 oz. 
 over i)er sq. yd. shall pay iUc. i)er lb. and 
 5.'» per cent. 
 Dried pulp, 'M per cent. 
 j^ruKKcts. all, 'ir}c. per sq. yd. and ."5 p.c. 
 Druijs, nittlicinal or dseiiifj, not otherwise 
 
 enumerated, not crutte W per cent. 
 Duck sail, of cotton, .^D jier cent, 
 ravens, of hemp,. "0 per c ■ nt. 
 of tlax, "0 per cent. 
 Dulce tsi'awee<l), ,'j dol. per ton and 10 p.c. 
 Dnt' h ineial, in leaf, 10 per cent. 
 I^utch pink, '25 per cent. 
 
 Earth, in oil. Id. .'idc per lon lb., 
 
 brown, ritl, blue, yellow, dry, as ochre 50c. 
 per ]l)() lb. 
 Karihenware (brown or common), *2.^ p.c. 
 
 all oilier, stone or crockery ware, 10 p.c. 
 Ebony, tnatnifactures of, ."m pL-r cent. 
 Eu':.;*,' ic pi-r cent, 
 Kinbroideiie.'f, nil in gold or silver, fine or 
 
 half line, or other metal, and otliers, except 
 
 wool, .'^.'i per cent, 
 Eincr.-ilds, 10 per cent. 
 Enicrv, ore or rock, (i dol. per ton 
 
 iniil'ciril., ground or pulverised, Ic. per Hi. 
 
 cloth, cotton, .?j per cent. 
 Enamelleil white, -Ic. per lb. 
 KnciUstic tiles, .ij per cent. 
 Enfi-'avers* copper, prepiU-ed or polished, .~5 
 
 per cent. 
 EiiRravertj' scrapers and !iurnishers, 'I'i p.c. 
 Eiiyravinys, books of, hnund or not, y.'i p.c. 
 Ep.iulets, plated, )>ilt, mi. tin., cotton, ot ^'o!d 
 
 ;ind silver, .^.» per cinl. 
 Krt;ot, '-iOc. per lb. 
 E-.cutcheons, silver, 40 per cent. 
 
 briLss, iron, gilt, or iil.tled, 7>'t per cent. 
 Essence of idinonds. Id. .'jOc. per lb. 
 
 .i-'-luc, or d'a-,pic, .00 per cent. 
 
 bergamot, I dol. per lb. 
 
 Jtmicer, yOc. per lb. 
 
 cajt-put, '4'v. per lb. 
 
 cloves, '2 did. per lb. 
 
 caraway, .\>0c. per lb. 
 
 ca'>sia, I dol. per lb. 
 
 cinnamon, ydol. per lb. 
 
 citroiiella, 50c. per lb. 
 
 counac, 4 do!, pur <i/. 
 
 cubebs, I dul. per lb. 
 
 f:.'nnel, 5ilc. per lb. 
 
 valeri.in. Id. .50c. per lb. 
 
 fruit, *2d..'i(ic. per lb. 
 
 lavender, .'>0 per cent. 
 
 lemons, 50c. per lb. 
 
 musiMde, or nutmegs, M per cent. 
 
 mustard salad, 1 lio!. per gal. 
 
 or,it!t;ei, 50c. pel lb. 
 
 origanum, ur thvme, red, '25c. per lb. 
 
 rf>:^emarT, .0 per cent. 
 
 ro.iC, .'iilc. per oz. 
 
 me, -..ibine, spruce, tyre, ginger or pipper- 
 niint, .W per cent. 
 
 thyme, white, .10c. per lb. 
 Essences', extracts, toilet v/aters, cosmetics, 
 
 hair oils, pomadesi hair restoratives, hair 
 
 flie'isiiiti>, hair dyes, tooth washes, dentri- 
 
 lices, tiifiOi jiattes, aromatic cachous, or 
 
 other perfumes, co'-mctics, by whatever 
 
 name or names known, used, oi- applie<l as 
 
 perfumes or ajipli cation!, to the hair, mouth, 
 
 or!.kin, 50 per cent. 
 Ethers, prep.iratir>ns or extracf, fluid, all 
 
 not provided for, 1 dol. per IV. 
 
 NEW YOKK 
 
 Extract of belladonna, ciculic, rolocynlh, 
 
 elaleriuin. rbatania, rhubarb, ■'tramo- 
 
 nittm, gentian, luik vomica, and hyot»cy* 
 
 anin>, in pi-r cent. 
 
 of (^iin)M.Mcliy Wood, Indigo, logwood, and 
 
 niailder. In percent, 
 of opiuiii, liio per cent. 
 Kxtracis and decoclioiH of dye-woods, not 
 
 iitbirwise providiil for, lOper cent. 
 Extract, ail oilier medicinal, 40 per cent. 
 
 FalM.' coHars, 35 per cent. 
 FaiiN. palm leaf, Ic. each. 
 
 •dl othiTi, .15 per cent. 
 Feather.^, ostrich, cock, or other, ornamental, 
 m.inuf icturetl, 5i( per cent. 
 
 ornainei-'al, crude, '2'} per cent. 
 Kelt, roDiing, 2<i per cent. 
 Fiddles, ."ill pel cent. 
 Fid-.,. Ill per rent. 
 
 Fifei, bone, ivory, or woml, .'0 per cent, 
 Fiys, preen, ripe, or dried ''c. i^er lb. 
 
 preserved in sugar or molasses, ."5 p.c. 
 Fig blue, 'i't per cent. 
 Filberts, .V. jier lb. 
 Files and tile l.lanks. aO not over 10 in. 
 
 long, inc. |jer lb. and .".0 per cent. 
 File and tile blanks, over In in. long, He. per 
 
 lb. and ,"0 (ler cent. 
 Filtering stones, -20 per ctT'.. 
 
 uiiinannfictured, lu per cent. 
 Finishing puwilers (polishing), 'i'l per rent. 
 Firearms, other than muskets and rilles, .15 
 
 per cent. 
 Firecrackers, |>er box ofM'ijmcks, SOtoeach 
 
 pack (and in same proptiriion for grc.itir 
 
 numbers!, I dol. iper Ih>x. 
 Fish, mackerel, y dol. per brl. 
 
 hei ring, pickled or salted, I dol. per brl. 
 
 salmon, .idol, per brl. 
 
 all other, ]iickle«t. Id. 50c. per brl. 
 
 all not in barrels, and not otherwise pro- 
 vidi-d for, ^c. per lb. 
 Fish, all, in oil, nut otIitTwise ^trovided fur, 
 
 ."'» per cent. 
 Flannels, composed wholly or in part of 
 worsted, the hair of the Alpaca goat, 
 or other like animals, value not over |0c. 
 per lb, U<'c. per lb. and ."5 per cenu 
 
 value over 40c. and not over fiOc- per lb., 
 ."Oj. ptr ib. and ."i5 per cent. 
 
 value over tide, and not over SOc. per lb.. 
 Inc. per Ib, and .15 per cent. 
 
 value over sue. per lb., 50c. per lb. and 
 ."5 per cent. 
 
 conipo.sed wholly or in part oi wool, 50c. per 
 lb. and .".'• per cent. 
 Flasks, eiuirely of horn, .'55 iter cent. 
 Flat iron>, P.c. per lb. 
 Flax, manufactures of, or of which flax is a 
 
 component part of chief val JO ; value not 
 
 over 50c. per sq. yd., ,15 per cent. 
 Flax, m.tnufactures tif, or of which flax is a 
 
 C'lmponent pnrt of chief v.nhie ; va'iie ovef 
 
 .li'i'. per sq. \d. or not otherwise provided 
 
 for, 10 per cent. 
 Flax, thread, ]»acked threail, twine, 40 p.c. 
 
 unmanufactured, 15 dol. per ton. 
 
 tow of, 5 ilol. per ton. 
 Klaxsewl (5^! lb. p«-r bhl.), IGc. per bhl. 
 Fleams. :55 per cent. 
 
 Flies, Spanish, or cantharides, 5"c. jjcr Ib. 
 Flints, stone or cround, 10 per cent. 
 Flocks, wool, iVc. per lb. 
 Floss silk, and other similar silks, purified 
 
 from the gum, .15 per cent. 
 Flowers, arlilicial, 50 pCi- cent. 
 
 all medicinal, W (ler cent. 
 
 all not othtrwise provided for, 10 per cent. 
 Fo:isils, 10 per cent. 
 Fr.imes, or sticks for mnbrellas or parasols, 
 
 linished or not, ."5 per cent. 
 Franktort black, '^5 per cent. 
 French green, ."<> jier cent. 
 Fronts {u'stss), W per cent. 
 Fruit ethers, '.id. .')(ic. jier lb. 
 
 juice, y5 per cent. 
 Fruits preserved in Itrandy or .sugar, or 
 
 pickleil, ." ') per cent. 
 Fruits, preserved in their own juice, ^5 p.r. 
 Fruii.s, green, ripe, or dried, "not otherwise 
 
 provided for, 10 per cent. 
 Fulk-rs* boards, ."5 per cent. 
 
 earth, .1 dol. per ton. 
 Fulminates, or fnlinlnating powders, .10 p.c. 
 Furniture, houselirjid, ."'» per cent. 
 Furs, undressed, all kinds of, on the skin, 
 
 10 per cent. 
 Fur, dressed, »U on the skin, 20 pi.r cent. 
 Fur iiiults or tippets, or otiier nmiuifactures, 
 
 not specified, .15 per cent. 
 Furs,haue^^^ not on the skin, *>0 per cent. 
 Fusil oil, or a..iylic alcohol, 2 dol. jier gal. 
 
 (iallentral, or gallongnl root, 20 per cent, 
 (iainbdge, medicinal gum, relinecl, lit p.c. 
 (iarancrne (extract of madder), 10 per cent. 
 (i trneis, a ]>recious stone, 10 per cent. 
 
 imitation of, a com|>oi'ition, 40 per cent. 
 Garters, elastic, m.tde of w're, covereii with 
 
 leather, with or without metal clasps, or 
 
 Indiii-rubber, with clasps, .15 per cent. 
 Gelatine, ."5 ler <ent. 
 Gems, H) per cent. 
 
 set, '.i5 percent. 
 (Jentian, or uentian root, 20 ner cent. 
 (ierman .silver, manufacturetl, 40 ]teT cent. 
 Gilt bases, ."5 jier cent. 
 
 cnpitals, .15 per cent. 
 
 chains, pins, rings. or studs, 35 per cent, 
 if mock Jewellery, 25 per cent. 
 
 GiHear.rinRs,25nerc(;Hi. 
 paper, .1.1 per cent. 
 
 ware, kilver or m,ld, in KT CHI- 
 ware,ot„tbermet4U,3.M>tT,„,i 
 wire. .15 per cent. ' "* 
 
 allimnal,nnsof,top,,yasRe„,i,„ 
 
 Gin cases, with iHUiks „, ihnn i- 
 
 .yM.er c..M.t. ..n.Mhe lK>i,i... l\,';/u.n 
 •linger, gruuMd, >ir. p,.r n, l"'"". 
 
 pr..erv,-,l ;,nd pickled, .',()p,r,v„l 
 ronis, 5c. p.r ii.. ' "' 
 
 essence of, :a) |kt n-nl. 
 
 Ginseng, '.'U per cent. 
 
 (tirandoles, -iMpercent. 
 
 Glass, of .intimony, .iDpercent. 
 
 i,l,iss wares. ofcutgliM. JO |,er,eni. 
 
 (dass, apothecaries' viaU ami Ik,„|„, , 
 
 iil.i.s 'otiles, l.lark.notfiJf.i " 
 nile 1 Willi preserves, liti,.,- 
 ; .iss. lurtons, cur.eiuireh«i;,TOwr"r,ii 
 
 ' l-tr ctiiu I 
 
 lil.iin,noi (iIled..V 
 
 (il 
 
 I pre,t 
 Iier cent. 
 
 pwu 
 
 '*il 
 
 .lass, ,1 tluiel, rolleii.orron«hph,,. 
 not i''ciU(hngcroun.cvliml,.rVL 
 common wnidov uUs,, not uur 
 in.,lv. per sq.ft. ' 
 
 "'I'c per'Vft""' ""'"'" "'^•' 
 
 "^!l-!'p!:r^i'iiv""^""*-"^"^>' 
 
 al>ovejiby.-,„in..2r.pi.rs.i.fi 
 
 al as al,ov,., welKhing u,,i | n, ^ 
 
 It., pay an addili.jiml dii;v mi i',,- 
 
 at the s.mie rat.-s hereii, ilnimvO 
 
 over III l.y 15ln.,.lc. WT^o ft 
 over 10 by 15, but not ovr l(,'|,v M « 
 •V. prrsipft. ' ° 
 
 °\kt's*I ''v ^^ ' ''"' ""' ''"" ^* ^-' ^'^ '"■•' 
 above il bv .-io, but not over 'i\ UMrf 
 ■^5c. persq. ft. • "^ 
 
 .'ibove'.i4byti,)in.,.V)r.persq.f,. 
 al c-Lst polished pLit^ cta^l sii.rr.^,1 
 looking gl.ws plate*, nut owr |in r 
 4c. per sq. ft. 
 over 10 by 15, but not over 16 h 'i M 
 fie. i<er sq. tt. ' 
 
 over Ifi by ^i, tiut not over 2( Uj)! 
 10c. per sf]. ft. ] 
 
 over 24 by .10, lait not ovlt ^1 U f'O i 
 .15c. jier sfj. tt. ] 
 
 I over 21 by <i<i in.. Giic t*r>n.fi. 
 I Provided, that no Ii>okin.' t'laii n!atrt,l 
 I plate g!a,s s.lv.-reii v.hi'n ftaxed, >| 
 
 I pay a less ra'eofdulv than ihtimpa 
 
 on .siinil:ir fil.i^s of like dt',cripli™ J 
 framed, but shall pav mi icldiiiuntlietf 
 .1" percent, for the frame.. 
 I Gta»eN, lutur, ,■;.'» p^r tent. 
 ' (Jlass, paintings on, not oihu-w.-i- iof*-;* 
 I 40 per cent. 1 
 
 plates, or tiiiks, unwronclit, fjr cell 
 instruments, 10 per cent. ' 
 
 I shades, for lime-pieces ur it.atiid i 
 i ments, ^'^ per cent. 
 
 I cut, .ill wares of, 10 lerccnt. 
 
 all articles of, not sjiPtiiihl, piiinl 
 ) moulded, .15 wr cent. f 
 
 I plain or rnoiilded, wtu-hiiii: under S| 
 I except tuinliteni, .".*' jicnen;. 
 
 ] cut, ornatnenls fur rliinili!jcrs\c , t . 
 tumblers, articles, plain diul mouliiedj 
 
 per cent, 
 watch , or walch mstah, 10 yj cdir. 
 pres.icd, ."5 piT cent, 
 coloured, engraved, painleii, itnmel, I 
 stai'vxi, silviTed, Bdhcmiin. wrcefl 
 spectacles, pebtiles for ^i'f.tar!r-, i"| 
 all manefacture* of, or nf wlm !:!b> 
 rrmip' neiit material, nol ui!t:nii!«i| 
 viilcil ir. 1(1 piTfjit. 1 
 
 lmttbs.i,(dJns.li|iu!uidir»^.tT.s{0| 
 all aiticles not s|ietili(it, i(i;:i;e ltd t^ 
 other material so as lo jinviriii b 
 weighed, 10 per cent. 
 Gl.>bfs, .15 p. r ct-nt. 
 Glove-, anuor.i, wove on frani.i, CiltM 
 linen. .15 pfr cent, 
 men's le:itlier, 5(1 pi'r ront. 
 women's le.ntlier hitiit, orcUdrW'ifl 
 
 (Icnii Icngih, 'tu [lercciit. 
 hair, 5'i i>er cnit. 
 Glue, '.i" per rent. 
 Goats' skins, raw, 10 |)ericnt. 
 angor.i, raw, .Ir) per itnt. 
 tanned, 'O prcei;t. 
 Gold, all articles coinposwiwi"'!! 
 of, not (ithcrwi-.e sijecitinl. i'H 
 GoM beater.,' moulds or skm», li*|«'« 
 Gold embroideries, 35 |ier c-nl- _ 
 or silver lace, even if (ni.fin,.'irff'* 
 leaf, Id. SOc. per package of. iifleiTd 
 oxide of, and muriate of Uhm. pt^ 
 
 2*) i>er cent. ,, 
 
 omamenfs mide by Mire.idiii' <'' a i^ 
 
 very thin paper, nnd (joM I'Jwr m w 
 
 stri|>s, or other foniis ■llft^ri.'ent. 
 
 size, '.^0 percent. 
 
 slielt, for piiniinp, .15 percent. I 
 
 or gilt bracelets and siudi, '-' ' i«Tcenu| 
 
 Golo shoes or clogs, wood, j'' l*r cem. 
 
 •1:1 
 
!5 per cmii. 
 rL-nt> 
 
 r u<.lil, 10 jier mi» 
 r mutdii, 3.> |".r lent, 
 'flit. 
 
 or watrhM?;il*.'.''ip,T(rr.!. 
 lul wo«Ml,.1Jl.tf itnit. 
 iidtT, it\, iiJi-. [urKaU 
 
 l>er ual. 
 
 1 ktrt-nKih, and ciiimn otci J 
 il., ,'»il jwr I'ent, 
 s of, to jMy a<igen\iinf. 
 
 I tM)||)l>> II) tlU'llMti" c«iF)))] 
 
 ami till' l»oitif> r»",iM;rui 
 
 i),N<. l.fTllt. 
 
 tl iKckled^riOiiirifiii. 
 
 r ill. 
 
 *) 1K.T rent. 
 
 tr cenl. 
 
 * per ct-nt. 
 
 n<iny, ■^i) per cent, 
 
 I'lui kIim, ■J"l'»'''imi. 
 
 ol sjif. iilly i!u-iitioiKil,nin,-\J 
 
 It. 
 
 i\irii-s' viul'i nntl lioiilts, r.ota 
 
 r.iti uiiv of HMi/.eaili,3^p3 
 
 ll.i.k.ilOtflili',l..V;,H,.tauL| 
 im-MTVcs, III (i.c, 
 s, nil , fulirt-i) of, .'VI ]<er n. . 
 Iitl wi;h |ite,i'rvfs. iKjieTtoi 
 ilk-tl. '■) iH.-r tent, 
 letl, rollwl, or rouuh plat-cliL 
 ittinc crown. r>lliuttr, I.r'.*lj 
 
 winflov. ({lakt, not uiir t<>b}l 
 t-T !.(i. ft. 
 
 ■..'i. iuid not ovL-r 10 bv '^1 ii 
 11- ft. 
 
 '^t in. and not over iUv, 
 sq. ft. 
 
 y Mi in., 2c. in-r wi. ft. 
 vf, wi'iuhiiiy nver I Hi. perl 
 III ;i(l<litiiiim1 (Iu:v <'T1 v.h' 
 inc r,iii"i liLTfin i;TH)n«Hl. 
 Ii-hwl |il lie iil.ut, iiii-ilr«ri],( 
 l>y 15 in , .Ic. iHT -'1 ft. 
 V 1.'), but not ovT I'l Ift ':1 i| 
 .q. ft. 
 
 ' '.il.liutnot over^lbiJOinJ 
 t. 
 bv ^o, but not over !il UWil 
 
 r>q.ft. 
 
 l.y I" I In., .VV.persq. f|i 
 [xili'-lifd pill)* clius ^ikTedJ 
 lil.ins iilalc*, not ovi-r 10 1 r ' 
 Ml. ft. 
 
 )v 1 '', Ijiit not ovtr \C, I: .'I ^ 
 sq. it. 
 
 )>■ ^l.but not over 21 UJ')i 
 rs'j. fi- I 
 
 ly r>i), but not ovtr 31 U (0 I 
 T >q. ft. 
 
 ty (ii] iTi., 6nc.jwr<.q. ft. 
 I, that no locking (.'tau p!iin,| 
 
 fcss ratfof duly thaa ih.Himpd 
 iUr jjIks of iike description J 
 , but shall p.iy m '(iditionlhcrf 
 t-nt. fi)r the framei. 
 
 piT tent. 
 tin«s on, not oihcTWi'L- ipffiB 
 ■en I. 
 
 iks, unwroi'cliit 'i^r cpt^ 
 ;, 10 per cent. 
 timo-picce> m iianitl (!( 
 ' ptr fent- 
 laresof, 10 len-ent. 
 
 of, not sjwillcl, ii!i:n| 
 '/) per lent. 
 
 iiiIiUhI, >\fii;lii!iu under 8^ 
 iiM.Ts"'' l»TaTir. 
 nt>i I'^r clni'.dfliiT-^vc, 
 1 litter, plain <uM.i ir.nuliled,l 
 
 r watch (Tvstab, 10 rrcrti!. 
 , p^r lent. 
 
 eniiravfd, paiiiteil, vtmlfl, J 
 silv.-ml, IJoheiuim. KTcefi 
 ries. pebble for siwtac'.-^, !'' f 
 facturc'i of, or of whi-' '"' 
 
 t material, net alMKirfl 
 .r. 40 per c^ nt. L 
 
 idiirs, tilled »ilhrf<^f^"-;^J 
 les" not Kpecilml, to;:i;e ttd 1" 
 material^ so as lo rtciw.! & 
 il, 10 pirL-eiil. 
 p. r Lint. 
 
 wove on frani-j 
 'i p.T rent, 
 itber. /JO ptr cent. , 
 
 liMtber bil'it. orthi.ilrwiq 
 nj;ih, .Viiwrcciit. 
 per cnit. 
 lT n tit. 
 
 s. raw, m per tent. 
 ,iw, ."Id jwr cent, 
 r. p.Trer.t. 
 
 ub's coinpoMfl wf'i ] 
 >berww*-M'e''iti'''l-l';;, , , 
 r,' mould, or ^k:lK^'l"'^ 
 oideries, ^^ JHT oi.t. , 
 lare.eTenlfmi.fin.;.r«« 
 M)c. per package o."f^'^;3 
 , and muriate of l-h'™. p« 
 cent. . , ..ij ipJ 
 
 ■.npafor, andif.'lJri-'''^,'"*' 
 [ormherfomiHovef^-^'=^»- 
 
 piintinp,35perceni. I 
 
 lor clogs, wft>d,.v'l-'i ^«"'' 
 
 i, c:ttiq 
 
 I ^*^i,K worM«l.or«lk. V>p.c. 
 I ^iiidM tanned i.s« U-atlier), io p.c. 
 
 r3''of pUiuriirmakinK hats or 
 
 I 5:<,a!, 1 Hlol. per ion. 
 
 I'^rfu-.lini.lM.l.inperrei.l. 
 
 IS^ind.t"t*irin|{S-"'l"7rcnt. 
 IS^^.n.or Heiiiiinin. lOr. per lb. 
 1^ Uc.lraC.rantb.H.irbary,Last 
 
 i' «7i Kiims and resinou* suh- 
 ^,. u*l for Hie S'lme or similar piir- 
 
 I S^rr,;ut.dshel!ac. lIKM-i-rlb. 
 
 I ,^(, ruinous substaneeH not spenhcd, 
 I (r^oi not crude, '^0 per tent. 
 I ««wuule, burnt llovir and stdrcji , *20 p.c. 
 I SS <■. owrie and dainar, 1 < if. pyr lb. 
 ISS 'b^uaa^-catbeters. injeitl.m b-ms 
 
 l*T'h^;'li. l«M'le». hftons, stomach 
 
 I i^J'i*rctiii. 
 
 J 'a' ftrctnt. 
 
 licdtr. tllue lt■^s than 20c. pw lb., (-c. 
 
 littiiiin."fiiii*r,.-..M'Meent. 
 ■ wai«:hi. manufactured, 40 per cent. 
 I allIn.flftu^d. I" per r*;"*- 
 I CifcW^*. "ll«^» ■'^'* 1'" '^ *■'"'' 
 
 ItLLrciJiafjaurcs of, not provideil for, 
 
 j.'wtieiii. 
 
 ittBiif tl;ead.lire^«.s. 40 per cent. 
 I jn^plfui i*iuiure»->e-., ?>j ptr cent. 
 doth, t-'lrt. wit. 
 c«>iiabri,.WJ.)crcent. 
 inii!,U-.l»h(id, l*its brooms, bracelets, 
 tiu-'.sr:r*''HS, and curls, 3 > per cent. 
 
 liiua.?tf?ii«lfor usc, :iO per cenl. 
 
 snif<i-^i, 111 p'T tent. 
 
 c«»i..''percent. 
 t.-w>, '■ ;.rcent. 
 
 isix;:i.-iurt;ii,lmman, '20 per cent. 
 ctfflrt, Ml otherwise provided for, 'iO p.c. 
 i)«,t.«r.td. lit per tent. 
 
 j »ffl,.oprrtWt. 
 
 jnd t. ptrfumtd, not perfumed, and all 
 t(!Kjnol\}«itied, 60 per cent. 
 I ■lii|,>'|'eTi'ti)t. 
 J lacii-^JitTceiit. 
 liuinr^i !kt Saddlery), H J per cent, 
 linur'.bicksniithi, ':^|c. per lb. 
 I eniatn, if no ^leel, ^^ per cent. 
 |lut«[>n, '.'('. per lb. 
 lkiftn,'jpTcent. 
 llit;kiti.u.:(lTe»i'd, 10 i>eT cent. 
 1 tewi.r'HitrceEit. 
 
 Ibu aiJ lis fun'iture, .ii per t ent. 
 lin^)n,s^:nboi,4ft per cent. 
 llsirfLfghoni.chip.straw.or ^^a-ss, 10 p.i'. 
 nwiiMri, compltte, Willi the excfption 
 ;/i(jmngand linul, PI ptT cent. 
 I wl.iiluenot over iWc. per lb., ^iOc. per 
 I .i' ind .'!i per ciiit. ad val. 
 I Toc-,ii:u- over lOc. per lb. and not over 
 n.wrib., jOc. i»er lb. and ." 6 p.c. ad vil. 
 I tp^.Ti!ue over > I'c. (nr lb. and nut over 
 '*K.}t: lb., Mc. per Ui, and ." t per cent, 
 kin.. 
 I w.iilueorer Si'c. per lb., JDc. per lb. 
 J ladMicTceni.ad val. 
 ■Ir.jy, pet rent. 
 
 IW-ltftirt, orn;im>'nts for, ' j ]K'r cent. 
 ■Iwiji; nxrt. 'ill jwr eent 
 Ifcjxi.Jiipernnt. 
 
 It^ff.perBil. 
 
 1 aaJkiutes of, or of which hemp U a 
 
 (wrponem part of chief value, valuinl not 
 
 «t' '11 rntii (ler square yard , 3 '» per rent . 
 
 I a:,ficiur(-i ut", or of which hemp is a 
 
 w.poi(tii psn of chief value, value over 
 
 , H .^«r^()^,^^eyald,4'HH^r cent. 
 
 'K?.ipmaiiufictured, lOdol. per Ion. 
 
 I *titj.unmanuf.ii;tured, ij dol. iH'r ton. 
 
 '■'^■'^' ., w 
 
 -i-v.icurei all of, or of which heni]) is a 
 ra;jn.-iit materi.il of chief value, not 
 K,m nt provideii for, .'O pir cent. 
 H'^p-cftiiiii, or low of hemp, in dol. per ton. 
 liMiLi nude dniR), -iii per cent. 
 
 *w,;ii pet cent. 
 
 JPJ} hor<>. wood or paper, .W per cent. 
 E^air-in , jnodTnc, .'jUc. per lb. 
 '*>'i'|«f cent. 
 
 F'*?..'r.per);al. 
 I'Mff.^iperien. 
 ia^ii*h,iii«rcent. 
 ■ "altfh.all.lj per cent, 
 ij^^puw, I5percrti(. 
 TH ™. M for use, 35 per cenl. 
 
 "^ r.MT b. 
 ^:^.;r.lR,,i;, per cenl. 
 
 P'- 10 per cent. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 Hnsjery, won?, SOr. per lb. and .3.1 i>er cent, 
 iloust-hold furniture, ,V) per cent. 
 
 India-rubtier in bottles, nr shpeiStor ulherwUu 
 
 unmnnufactuffHl, M per cent. 
 India-rubtier, milk of, -.^0 p<*r rent. 
 uil cluih or other manufactured articli!*, 
 cnni|iose(l uliolly nr in }iart of India- 
 rubber, not otherwise providetl ftirf ^•'> 
 per cent. 
 India-rubber and silk, or ^ilk nnd other mate- 
 
 rin! combined, except wool, :Ai ik-T cent. 
 Indin-tubltersu^peMdiTM.'tnd wtbbin^;, ri.O p.c. 
 Indian .neal, lo per leiit. 
 Indian ritl, 'i.'t p> r ren*. 
 Indigo, cannined, '^l> per rent. 
 Ink, and ink tKiwder, S.'i per cent. 
 Iodine icrude), .^»0r. per lli. 
 sails of, l-'i per cent. 
 reKubdined, 7f)C. iwr lh. 
 IptTac, ipecacuanha, .'mc. per lb. 
 Iron nndit'ons, ca^t, lAr. per lb. 
 anvils, aiichurN, and parts of, and axhs, 
 
 '.^Ir. peril). 
 
 hand, hoiip atul scroll, from \ to (i in. wide, 
 
 and not less than J^ inch *hirk. !{(-. per lb. 
 
 a.s nhuve, from 1 lo ti in. wide, undi r ^ 
 
 in. thick, and not under Sn. 'JO wire 
 
 gauKe lie. pfr lh. 
 
 a^ idi.iTu, thiinier than No. 'iO wiregaui;e, 
 
 I4C. per lb. 
 bar!,, rolled or hammered, compri^in^ tlat^ 
 not less than I or more than fi in. wide, 
 nor less than ^ or mure ihuii 2 in. tliii it, 
 Ic. per lb. 
 rounil, not less than j or more than 'i inches 
 
 in diameter, 1c. per lb. 
 square, not les« than i or more than 'Z inches 
 
 square, Ic. per lb. 
 
 roliid or haminureU, conipri-inn flats, less 
 
 than H or more than 'i in. thi«'k, nr le<.s 
 
 than lin.or more than (>iii.wi<le,l^(-.)t.lb. 
 
 round, less than 4 or inure Ih.in 'i incht^ in 
 
 diameter, l.J^c. iwr lh. 
 square, less than 4 or more than 2 inches 
 
 square, I 4c. per lb. 
 all iron in slabs, blooms, loops, or other 
 forms, less lini->lied tli.in t)ars atul more 
 advanced than (>iK iron, except cai>tini;s, 
 to pay as iron in bars, 
 non'* of the above iron to pay a less rate of 
 
 duty than r>.'» per cent. 
 Iiars.for railroads, or inclined planes, made to 
 pattern, ready to 'ay down, TOc.p'.r (Oi) lb. 
 boiler plates or uth> r plaii- iron, not Ie;>s 
 
 ihan.VItiin. lliick, 1 c. p.r lb. 
 butts, cast, bolls, wrought, l'< * screws, 2Jc. 
 
 (ler lh. 
 brads, cut, not over li »»/. per l,'Oil, 
 
 '.i^c. per 1,000. 
 cables, or chains, or parts of, '2c. per lb. 
 cxsiin^s. all not enumerateil. .30 per cent, 
 chains, trace, halter, fence of wire, or rods, 
 not less than ^ in. in diameter 'ic. per lb. 
 chains, as above, Us.^ than \ 111. diameter, 
 and not under No. 'J wiief;au}{e,n>.-. per lb. 
 chains, as abov-, under No. U wire ^;auj;e, 
 
 ,*■) percent. 
 coated witli zinc nr nny metal by electric 
 
 batteries, yjc. per lh. ' 
 flues, wrought, '..".c. per lb. 
 j;as pipe, cast, l.Jc. per lb. 
 fjas tubis, wrought, ."'Ic. per lh. 
 jfalvanised. 'Z\c. per lb. 
 Iiatters', l^c. pL-r lb. 
 liin^es, cast, '.^ic. per lb. 
 hollow ware, glazed, limied, .3.^0. per lb. 
 cast, Ic. per lh. 
 hinges, wrought, 'i\c. per lb. 
 hami.iers, blacksmiili. Vfiv. jicrlh. 
 malleable, caitin^, not otlierwiae provided 
 
 for, y^c. per lb. 
 malleable, 'iilc. pi r lh. 
 mill wrounht, and crank wrou^hl, L'Jc. per 
 
 lb. 
 manufactures of all kinds not othirvvise 
 
 eiuimer.ited, .3.» pir cent, 
 naits, cut, l.^c. per lb. 
 iArou(.'bt, (boanl), 'J^c. per lh. 
 hor^e-shoe, .')c. per lb. 
 mits, wrouyht, vc per lh. 
 old scr.ijj, tit only to be remanuf.u'turcd, S 
 
 dol per i.ni. 
 pii:, Ui dtd. Iter Inn. 
 rivet-,, wrouf-bt, U^c. per lh. 
 railroad chairs, wrou^iht, Vc. per lb. ' 
 
 Lad. stoves, stove-plates, and steam pipes, 
 
 cast, lie. per lb. 
 slil rods, not otherwise pro\ided fur, I Jc. 
 
 per lh. 
 spikes, cut, 1 Jc. per IIi. 
 vvTouKht, yjc. per lh. 
 sledges, U\c. per lh. 
 jiteam tubes, wrouKli't SAc. per lb. 
 sprigs, cul, not over IG oz. per 1,000, 
 
 y.ic. per 1 .000, 
 sprigs, cut, over 16 oz. per 1,000 .3r. per lb. 
 shet-lSt snioollud or polished, Zc. jier lh. _ 
 common or black, not thinner than No. 
 
 W wire (lauK't lie. per lb. 
 common or black, less than 20, not le'.s 
 
 than No. 2.'> wire ;;aujie, I -k'. pi r lb. 
 common or black, less than No. 4'> wire 
 
 pau^je, lie. per lh. 
 screw s, wood, 2 inches or over in length, Sc. 
 
 per lb. 
 wochI, less than 2 in. in lenKth, 1 Ic. per lh. 
 except wooii, 35 jier cenl. 
 tai ois' irons, l',e. iwr lh. 
 lacks, cut, not over IC oz. per 1,000, 
 ..'4c. per 1,000. 
 
 0.55 
 
 Iron Ueks, cut, over IRox.per 1,000, 3c. p. lb. 
 ve.tssels cast, not ottierwise providetl fur, 
 
 Ic. per lb. 
 wire, bright, coppertti, or tinne<l, drawn 
 nnd finished, not more than i inch in 
 tli.imeler, nor les« Ih.in No. Iti wire 
 (jauKe, '.'c. per lb. and l.'> per C' nt. 
 as above, over Wi and not over VO wire 
 
 pauue, 3c. per tb. ami I '' inr niK. 
 over 'I't wire k '"k"". 1*^- per lb. and l.'i p.r. 
 spird fumituru spring-., vc. )ier lh. and 
 
 l.i per cent. 
 covered with cotton, s 'k. or other material, 
 
 lo pay '}c. per lb. in i.dd'lion. 
 wnler pipe, cast. Ic. per lb. 
 tubes, wrouL'ht, ~',c. prr lb. 
 washers, wrougiit, re.uly pnnrheil, Vc.jier lh. 
 wroUKht, for ships* (weiuhl) of eacli 2> 
 
 pounds or more, Vc. per lb. 
 for locomotive tire, parts of, 3c. iH-r lb. 
 for Kteain engine nnd parts of, each 2,j 
 jioundsor mure, 2c. tier lb. 
 Iron, nil rolled or h.inimered, not otherwise 
 provided for, \\c. ju-r lh. 
 ca.stors i.nd curry combs, 3.'> per cent. 
 cutting knives, titr cnttinj; hay or straw, 3.') 
 
 per cent. 
 ferrules, pi-nio. 3.'i per cent, 
 liliiiu's, .l.'i pir cent, 
 hoops, made tit foi use, 3.'> per cent. 
 liipior, in per cent. 
 iiiaiK, 3,0 per cent. 
 
 manuf.ictures of. partly finished, pay the 
 same rate of duty as" if entirtly finiahed, 
 3.'> per cent, 
 scythes, part steel, l.'i per cent, 
 shot, 30 per cent. 
 shovels, sickles, and spades, part slecl, 45 
 
 per cent. 
 squares, marked on one side, 3c. per lb. 
 
 .111(1 .3i) per cent, 
 wpiares, all other, f^c. yvr lb, and .30 p.r. 
 square wire, usitl for the manufacture of 
 stretchers for umbrellas, and t-ut in jiieces 
 not exceeding the length used therelur, 35 
 per cent, 
 laicfiers*, 30 per cent, 
 sulphate of, Jc. per lh. 
 wire, annealed, to pay duty Ihe same as 
 
 other iron wire. 
 
 manufactures of, not otherwise provided 
 
 for, 3'i per cent. 
 
 I-.iii«l.isa, 3(1 per cent. 
 
 C>-ue peas, HI ]>er cenl. 
 
 (•(aster, 40 per cenl. 
 I>tle, ur lampico libre, Ic. per lh. 
 Italian cloths, re.d or imitation, composed 
 wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the 
 hair of ttie Alpaca fso.it, or other like 
 animals, value not over 2iic. per square 
 yard, (ic. jier sq. yd. and .".O per cent. 
 value over 21 ic. per square yard, He. per 
 
 sq. yd. and 10 per cent. 
 Provided, th it all yoods weichinB 1 oz:i. .ind 
 over p- r sipiare yard, shall pay 50c. per 
 lb. and ,").S per ct;iit. 
 Ivory, unmanuf.u tnr»il, 10 per cent, 
 cbessmen. dice, drauuhts, ches.>, and baf;n- 
 
 telh.> balls, 50 per cent, 
 combs, 35 per rent. 
 
 manufactured, not provided for, 35 p.c. 
 black, 25 per cent, 
 jtarallel rules (not mountjd), protractors, 
 
 scales, anil sectors, .')5 per cent. 
 nuts. In per cent, 
 vegetable, manufactur<s i.f. 35 per cent. 
 
 .Tacks, a part of pianofortes, 3a per cent. 
 
 .T.icks, clothier's*, ."15 per cent. 
 
 .Talap, 5l)c. per lh. 
 
 .lan.imieil wares, of all kinds, not provided 
 
 for, 10 per cent. 
 Jellies, and all other simiUtr preparations, 
 
 511 tier cent. 
 Jerk beef, Ic. per lh. 
 
 Jet, real, composition, and ston'js, 35 p.c. 
 .let head, .'jO jier cent. 
 Jewellery, false so «'.dltd, -'5 per cent. 
 Joints, India, 35 per cent, 
 .lustic of jos liwht, JO per cenl. 
 Juniper berries, 1'* uer cent. 
 
 plants. 3'»jier cenl. 
 Jute, manufactured, nr of which jute is n 
 component niati rial of chit fvahn', value 
 ."lU". per ^q. yd. or less, 35 per tent. 
 
 if value over 3()l'. per sq. yd., 4'J per cent. 
 Jute, butts, fi dot. jier ton. 
 
 manuf.ictures of, not otherwise provided 
 for, 30 per cent. 
 
 unmanufactured, 15 dol. per ton. 
 
 carpeting, Sc. per sq. yd. 
 
 Kaleidoscope!, 40 per cent. 
 Kaoline, 5 tlol. per ion. 
 King's yellow, 25 per cent. 
 Knit goods, comiH)sed wholly or in part of 
 worsteil, the hair of the ^ Ipaca goat, or 
 other like animals, with no wool com- 
 bined, vaiu*^ not over lOc per lb., 20c. 
 Sier lb. aiui 35 percent, 
 ue over iDc. and not over 60c. per lb., 
 30c. per lb. and 35 ,i-.r cent, 
 value over ftOn, and not over HOc. per lb., 
 
 4(ic. per lh. and 35 |ier cent. 
 Talue over 80c. per lb., oOc. per lb. and 35 
 
 tier cent, 
 composed wlioUy or In part of wool, 50c. \)et 
 lb. and 53 per cenl. 
 Knitting needles, 25 per cenl. 
 Knives, cutting (meaning those for hay or 
 straw), curriers*, drawing, and tlesh, 45 p.c. 
 
 
 
; I 
 
 1 ! 
 
 
 -1 
 
 ■ • I ( 
 
 •I-; 
 
 ■i 4 
 
 966 
 
 Knivp«, |t«n, j.K h, and pocket, .OO iter cent. 
 KruoMtU', II) ixir cint. 
 
 IjilwU, |irinlf«l, V.'i per cent. 
 
 I.nmplil K-k, '^i»]MT it'iir. 
 
 Titntuni lf.iv« or hum plnie*, 10 per rent. 
 
 L.-ipU inlVniiilis (nitr.itfnf silvtT), 4i»p.L-. 
 
 tuilA, uxide of zinc, l^c. pur lb. 
 I.Aril, 'iv. pt-r III. 
 l.nnllni; pins, ^:^ per cent. 
 l,.'billn(i, lit fur Ixtttoits vXi:lUsiTcl>-, tO p.C. 
 l.iitli, U*i pt>r teiU. 
 LiWiliinnni, Id per rent. 
 Lnvemler, «lr., Il<»wt'r of, W per cent, 
 flower, uti per (em 
 oil of, water, An per rent. 
 Ltad, all iiiiinut.iLiuri-. ofj not otherwbe 
 hpei'ilied, .''> per ciiit. 
 in hars, '^c. pt-r lli. 
 Mark, li'dol. iKT toil. 
 powdi-r of hhiclt, Utt iMM-cent. 
 iioto, l>la k, of niind and c-la>, *J5 per cent, 
 in piir*, ye. per lli- 
 old, lit oiilv to l»e remanufactured, Uc. per 
 
 111. 
 fluuar of, yi>r. per lli. 
 red, dry ur ground in oJ, nitrate of, red, \-, 
 
 l>er li>. 
 in sheets, yjr. pit lb. 
 ihut, yi'-- per Ui. 
 toys, 60 per cent. 
 
 vhite, dry or i:vound in oil, ."^c. \h:t Ih. 
 pipe*, '^ic. per lli. 
 ore, lie. per lb. 
 
 in (iny other form not sp(?cifiod,35 per cent. 
 1,'af, Dutch meial, 10 oer cent. 
 Leailicr hi acelets, el.isiic, and garters, elastic, 
 35 per cent, 
 mitt-, M» per cent. 
 
 and all nianufarture^ thereof, or of which 
 it 19 the materiaiof chief value, not other- 
 wise s|H;ciiied, ^'^ per cent, 
 bend, and caps of, 3^ per cent, 
 haw of, 40 |>er cent, 
 tottles, braced or hUtpcnder)!, and !io]e, Z'l 
 
 per cent, 
 upper (tan ned calf skin^). "0 tier cent. 
 U))per not otherwise specitied, 'i j per cent, 
 ^mtent (or japanned) ni enametietl, .15 p.c. 
 Leaves not Li:ied lnd)eiii^', not otherwUe )iro* 
 videti for. VO iwr cent, 
 lioucho, 10c. per tb. 
 Leeches, VH percent. 
 Letthorn flats, braids, crowns or briin&, and 
 
 plaits, ."iO mr lent. 
 Lemons, in bulk, U't per cent. 
 
 in boxes, barrels, or cnnks, 'ZH per cent. 
 Lemon juice and peel. 10 per cent 
 oil ufi and es>en<'e of, 6iic. per lb. 
 Leopard skins, raw, li) per cent, 
 
 dressetl, *JI> per cent. 
 Lime, III percent, 
 borate of, 3c. ner Ih. 
 cliloride of, Mic. per 100 III. 
 vhite, "c. per lb. 
 Limes, ':iO percent. 
 J. line juice, 10p<rcent. 
 Liinet'l, oil of, .W per cent. 
 Lime, citrate (chemical preparation), VO p.c. 
 Lines, Hshinc of twine, 40 per cent. 
 
 comjtiete, iO jwr cent. 
 Lmen ihn ad, twine, and pack thread, 40 p.c. 
 Lkiens, all manufacture! of, not oiherwiM! 
 
 speci'ied, 40 per cent. 
 Linen ba^ii. 40 per cent, 
 canvas, black, woten, or made in form or 
 patterns, of such sl/e niid shape exclu- 
 slvely for shoes, or bootees, as linens, 
 for buttons only, lO per <ent 
 mitts, wove on frames, Zj per cent, 
 lape, 40 per cent. 
 Lmens. bruwM, blcprlied, burlaps, canvas, 
 padding, cot Imito.n. cr.ish, ducks, di»|>er, 
 hiickabucks, haiidkercluer>>, lawns, value 
 .inc. or under i>er sq. yd., 3 > per cent. 
 Linenf . as above, value over 30c. per sq. yd., 
 
 4l» per cent. 
 LimnH, brown holland-^, blay, coatinf^, drills 
 and damaskK, value 3Uc. or under per bq. 
 yd., 3 I per cent* 
 linens, a-< above, value over 30c. jter sq. yd., 
 
 ^'> per cent. 
 Lhien, ail manufactures of, or of which flax, 
 jute, or hemp shall be coinpniient material of 
 cliief value, valued at ovi r riUc. per sq. yd., 
 not otherwise provided fur, 40 per cent. 
 Liniieed, 16c. per bhl. 
 cakes or meal, VO per cent, 
 oil, V3c. per f;al< 
 Lint, linen, 40 per cent. 
 
 eottun, o.'i per cent. 
 Liqueurs or cordials, all sweet, 2d. 50c. per 
 
 Kal. 
 i'iquor. Iron, fut'P" *'^» *>"■ '-iO per cent. 
 Liquor, cases, .^6 per cent, 
 'bottle*, if cut, 40 per cint. 
 if not cut, 35 percent. 
 Liquoricfi paste or in rolls, 10c. per lb. 
 
 root, *ic. per lb. 
 Lithargtr ^c. per lb. 
 Irithographic stones, 20 jwr cent. 
 J.ithontnptuns, 35 per cent. 
 Litmus, 20 jier cent. 
 I^oadbtones, 20 per cnnt> 
 I<oKwood, extracts of, 10 per cent. 
 Lajkinfigla^ frames, if ftilt on metal* ^Hp.c. 
 lAxikinft Kt^^f>'ames,ifwoodtorgiltonwood, 
 
 or if metal, 35 per cent. 
 Lunar caustic, 4() per cent. 
 
 Macaroni, 35 per cent. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 I\Iace, 40c. per lb. 
 
 M.ittlc lanterns, and similar articles, com- 
 posed of tin, mioM, wood, braMi, copper \c., 
 40 p. r cent. 
 Mavne^fa, Ciilcincd, I'.'c. per tb. 
 rarlHTtinle of, (ic. per Iti. 
 hulphate iT, ur Kpsutn salt^, L*. per lb. 
 Mall, 20 Iter cent. 
 Manjtani^e, 111 jier cei't. 
 Mangoes, tO per cent. 
 KLiuKroves, or hhelU of, 20 )»er cent. 
 Manna (mvd. f{uni\ 2')C> per Mi. 
 IMamtfaciures of bark ot cork tree, except 
 
 corks, 5i) per i-ent. i 
 
 Manufactuies of bladders, ."^O yer cr>nt. 
 C'tton anil hnm.not oiherwiMei.umeratt-tl, | 
 flax cbii'f value, 4il per rent. i 
 
 Afaimlaetures i>t coltnii .ind silk, not other- I 
 wtse enumerated, hi. k not chief value, 3.> I 
 \h:v cent. ! 
 
 M.inufac:ures not o'herwie proviiled for. i 
 i-onipusetl of mixed in<iteri;iU. iti pavt of 
 (otlon, silk, tl.'ix, hemp or jute, not oiher* 
 wise provided for. 3,i pei ci'nt. 
 Manufrtctnresoflndii rubber and silk, or of 
 Mik and other materials, except wool, 5t' 
 IK-T cent. 
 .'Manufaciuresofjule, or Sisal ^rass, not other* 
 
 wise prt>videil for, 3i) per cent. 
 Manufactures of mohair cloth, silk twist, 
 and other cloth woven or made In pat 
 terns of such >t7e and form, or cut in 
 such manner as to he tit lor shoes, hmiis 
 and hooiees, exclusively, and not com- 
 binetl with Inilia-rubbi'r, pay according 
 to the material of which comi>osed. 
 fit fur hutt(m!< only, 10 fier cent. 
 Manufactures of wool, worsted, mohair, or of 
 which uool, worsted or muhair is a eom- 
 piineiit material, vi/. betting, bindinf;, 
 braids, (buttons or b irrel buttons, buttons 
 for tassels or ornaments, wroUKhl hy hand 
 orbraidtd by machinery), cords and t.isseU, 
 dress iriniinlnifs, fri iges, ualloons, Hiinpo, 
 ht ad nets, and webbings, .^Oc. i>er lb- and 
 .'ii I per c■en^ 
 Manufactures of wool, cm1>rolderetl or tarn- 
 Itoured, net otherwise provided for, 50c. 
 ptT l'>. and 35 per rent. 
 Manuf.ictures of tombed wool or worsted, 
 embnideretl or tamboured, not otherwise 
 provided for, 35 ]ier cent. 
 Maps and charts, 25 per cent. 
 Marl>le, manufacture:, of, 5') percent. 
 
 hu.its, 10 per c ent. 
 Marbles, for chihlren's pl.iy (baktd), 50 p.c. 
 Alarble table top-., 5t' pe ■ tent. 
 Alarble, white statuary, hroratella, sienna 
 and antique, in slab or bliKk, rough or 
 Mpiared, 1 dot. per cub. ft. and 2-'» per cent. 
 Marble, all other, in slab or blocL.rouKh or 
 
 stpiare, .OOc. per cub. ft. and 20 per cent* 
 Marmalade, a sweat meat, 35 per cvnt. 
 Marrow, li> per cent. 
 Matches, for pocket lights, .15 per cent. 
 Mathematical ins|Tnment>, epe» iiilly im- 
 ported for any college, academy, school, 
 or -eminary, 15 per rent. 
 Mathematical instruments, of braNS, or all of 
 bone, gilt or plated, iron, ivoty, or wood, 
 35 per cent. 
 Mathematical instruments, of gold, or of 
 
 silver, 40 per cent. 
 Maiico (medicinal leaf), 20 per cent. 
 Mats, cutoanut, 30 pi r cent, 
 screen, hassocks and mgs, a|| other (not 
 exclusively of vigetable material/, 45 p.c. 
 Mat-, tow, 45 per cent, 
 table, wo<h1, 45 per rent, 
 of (lag. Jote, straw or grass, ."^O per cent. 
 she. pskins, 45 |K*r ceni. 
 Mattlntf, all lloor, of flags, jute, or grass, 30 
 
 per cent. 
 Meal, cassaila and linseed, 20 per cent. 
 
 oat, 10 per cent. 
 Meats, prepared, .">5 per cent- 
 Medicinal preparatiuii» or patent medicines, 
 
 5(r per cent. 
 Medicinal preparations, not otherwise speci* 
 
 tied, 10 per cent. 
 Meflicinal roots and leaves, t>arks, flowers, 
 pi ints, seetls. not otherwise^pecilied, 20p.c. 
 Meludo, concentrated, v.^c. ptr lb. 
 Metal, plated, 3 > (ler cent. 
 Metallic slates, paper or tm, 35 per cent. 
 Meiais, unmanufactured, not otherwij>e pro- 
 vided for, 20 per cent. 
 Melting pots, if earthen, 25 per cent. 
 
 or glue iK)t4, 35 per cent. 
 Mercury, or t^uicksilver, 15 per cent. 
 
 all nreparations of, 20 |>er cent. 
 Mer. o shawls (so called), body worsted or 
 combed wool, not otherwise provided for, 
 .50c. per ib. and 40 per cent. 
 Millinery ot all kinds, not otherwise provided 
 
 for, 15 |)er cent. 
 Miniatures, Hi per cent. 
 M ineral and bituminous substances in a crude 
 
 state, not otherwise provided for, 20 p.c. 
 Alincral green, ur blue, 30 per cent, 
 kermes, 10 per cent. 
 
 or medicinal water, in bottles or jucs, con- 
 
 taining not over 1 qt. , .1c. each, and 25 p.c. 
 
 ;\f nhair in strqis or patterns of the size excla- 
 
 slve'y for buttoni, 10 per cent. 
 Molasses, He per gal. 
 
 eoncentratetl, 2)c. \\et lb. 
 Mops, 35 t>er cent. 
 
 .At orphine, and salts of, 2d. 50c> per oz. 
 MiMs, Iceland, 10 per cent. 
 fur beds, 20 per cent. 
 
 Mosaics, real, not wt, 10 wr cent 
 
 set. .!5iit<rrf>nr l"^' ^"". 
 
 'f, not utt (.fj 
 
 set, 25 percent 
 Mother ofpearl button 
 
 slianks, 111 per cent. 
 Mother nf p arl, art'i!(N mmiIiti 
 
 wise enumerated, 3> i,cr reiii 
 Murexlile, 25|H.tcent. 
 
 Musical iti^tniin.-ms,.-^.), „.,,., 
 
 Music.din,|r.Mi.c,,.;,rM,Lnf;u; ' 
 strings, part of metal, .V. o, r . i-,,'. 
 M u>hr(NiinK, prepHrwl, and w l- 
 Miisk, 'iti ver cent. ' ' 
 
 crutle, 20piTctnt. 
 Musktis, 35 per cni. 
 Mu-.k"t barrels, if any Mecl, i', iht ■ i- 
 .Musket bullets, rmU ami Moik, ' ,'. ,' 
 -Muslin hanilkerchief,, ^bemi^^l't.^'" „ 
 
 bamls, and cane/.itis, X, |ht nm ' i 
 
 Mustard, ground, in ylaK* or tin, i. c i> r i, 
 ground. In bulk. 12c. peril.. ' ' 
 
 seetl oil, not salad, 2'jc. nerifal 
 oild salad, 1 dul. ^tr gal. 
 
 Nails, ornamental, with bra**, L'iH, or i-ouhJ 
 
 heads, ."».'» |ter cent. ' ^ 
 
 Nankeen shoes or slipper-, "'i iw rent. 
 N.iphtha, rellneil, pic. |»ernn!. 
 N\'eilles, Hnd crcMhetdo., v., ifrcMt 
 
 for knitting or sewing niacliiiie*i I 
 per million, and :>> i>er cent. 
 Nests, binls', 2n per cent. 
 Nets, tidhing, seines. ^^, |,„ n,, 
 
 tishing, dip or scooji net^ 36 iitr ccir. 
 Newspai^rs, 25 jier cent. 
 Nickel, 15 |»er cent. 
 Niinc ether, spiris of, .',IV. iier'lh. 
 Norfolk tatclies, 35 per cent. ' 
 Noyeau, 2d. 5llc. per gal. 
 Niitiiiei;*, ,'>tic. per 111, 
 Nuts, all noloiiifrwiseprnviilttlfor/ciffJ 
 Nux vomica, 2n per cmi. | 
 
 Oats lOc. piT bush. 
 
 (latnie.il, lu per cint. 
 
 Dchies, or ocbrey e.irths rirr, not piIjh- 
 
 provided tor, Oiic. pt-r 1'Ni lb. 
 Ochres, or ochrey earltis uruunil in -a] | 
 
 .'inc. per liiulb. 
 Ochres, ail, or oclirev earths, in oil, Id ; 
 per molb. 
 
 brown, blue, red, and yellow i.;rth, tol 
 considered a-i oclue, 'lUc. |>t-. Jin 
 Oil cakes, 2') per cent. 
 
 cloth, table ma:s, 45 i'.er cent. 
 
 t;ilile mats, lined with wooiUn, i'lwrn 
 Oil cloth, silk, (it) i>er cent. 
 Oil cloth-., such as hat covers, over camfll 
 
 not silk, are usually made of, l7|itTiffla 
 Oil cloth, lloor. stamped, p.itiilnl i<r \-mm 
 
 value 5lic. i.r under per -q, ul.,.Vi|*i 
 Oil cloth, floor, stamjisl, iiaiimil, vd,u 
 
 50c. |>er sq. yd , 45 per cent. 
 Oil cloth, all oiher. eicejit siik, lipcra.. 
 Oil, HarlB!in,all>piceaiidab!>jn[hf,uiMai 
 
 wood, 5*1 per cent. 
 Oil of almonds, tixcd or exi>r?-M«I,liX-.KiJ 
 Oil of almonds, essential orc^^ence of, lil. 
 
 per lb. 
 Oil of aiiil>er, or amber crude, iOc,petlb.| 
 
 of amber, lectilied, 'iOc. \kt lb- 
 animal, 20 per rent. 
 
 ot aniseed J^enlialorcsse^Cl.'of,JOc pff| 
 
 liears', 50 percent. 
 
 bay, tixed or exjiressed. 2fV. iht lb. 
 
 c.ijaput, or caja)iuta, 7 k. \h-i lt>. 
 
 chamomile, .M |ipr ceiii. 
 
 cas-iia, t dot. per Ib. 
 
 caryophil (oil of cloves), 2 dol. per lb. 
 
 caraway, 50c. per lb. 
 
 cinnamon or cloves, 'i dul. ptr 1^ 
 
 co.:oanuts, 10 per cent. 
 
 croton, fixed nj expressed, 1 tiv\ pctl^i. 
 
 citronella, 50c. ptr lb. 
 
 cubebs, 1 dol. per lb. 
 
 fennel, 50c. per lb. 
 
 hartshorn and juulanJium|50i>ercciiI. 
 
 juniper, 2'>c. pet lb. 
 
 laurel, fixed or en'ressed, 'i(^- r-f '^ | 
 
 mace, lixid or eiiirrt>«i,''''c.i*rtb. 
 
 minth or mint, -'rtJ per cent. 
 
 nuts, 5(1 per cent. 
 
 palm bean or palm, 10 per cent. 
 
 poppies, 20 iwr cent. ,- 
 
 Oil>, all essential, not otherwise prondW| 
 
 5>J iM-r cent. . 
 
 Oil of cogidacs, or ananthicethir, t uf>i- P 
 Oil of petroleum, en; ie, '.iUi-. p« 0- 
 refined 40c. per gdl. 
 
 rue, 50 per cent. 
 
 rock, crude, '^Oc. per Ral. 
 
 Mige, savin, sassafmi. svnicf, -^kfil 
 spurge, ''Q per cent. 
 
 valerian, Id. 5()c. perlk 
 
 teal, lU percent. 
 
 ollspice, 5u j«r cent. 
 
 ambergris, 50 per cent. 
 
 almonds, essential, Id. SOc.pfflN 
 
 bay leaves, I7d. Sfw. perlb- 
 
 tvrgamot. 1 dol. per ll». 
 
 cedral, .'>0 per cent. . 
 
 Oils of apiile. petr, pevh. srr^W.iW*'^ 
 
 and raspberry, ^d. S-'t. ^r^ 1 
 
 Oil ofjasmme.jeriamin.orliTrtXia.Jy^ 
 
 Oiloflemon,50c.perlb. 
 
 limeu, limetie, macsswr nffd.wffl 
 
 flower, and nutmep. 50 ptf ^«t- 
 neats' foot, XO per cent. 
 
 1: 
 f I 
 
et, I0|«i cciii. 
 
 i»on» wi(h meinl n« 
 ■ni. 
 
 li 3» jit-T cent. 
 L'vnl . 
 
 , itolil ani\ strontium, '20)1 cJ 
 
 a<i paiDiihU'tH, or iKiuml j 
 nt. 
 
 tit siTiiiIf.of ijui.ilij.i- 
 iiietal. .» ' innwit. 
 iariil,aiHl w cv, '>\vu 
 
 :tl)l. 
 
 Li-m. 
 
 if an) MocI, l'> jHT .•!•'. 
 
 fchU ami •>tlH'll^, .*. I ;»t 
 
 •chiefs, rlieuilsMlts, .^i 
 
 1. inu)as3<ir tin, 1'('.|>i:1j.I 
 k, I'A-.perlli. 
 ilad, '1-H-. i»er gal. 
 
 a1 , with brus, i;ilt , or |<o'.i,h 
 cent. 
 
 nr »lliti>eT-i"'il>« rem. 
 wl, inc. ]n;rKa!. 
 rothflil".,'^'!'*'""'''!'- 
 or Kcwii^t; nui-liiiic^, 1 i 
 , ami r.nKTCtiit. 
 (> )H.*r cint. 
 .eim-'H, fijc. V" Hi. 
 jr »('<»oii iu'ts3il*»c«i;. 
 .') iH;r cent, 
 rent. 
 
 liirii". of, .'.Of. (ier|lb. 
 •s, 3.^ jwr rent. 
 Oc. per gal. 
 . lift Hi. 
 llaTwi«!iiroviilwlfor,';c.i*Tl 
 It) juTCtnt. 
 
 r bush. 
 
 |H*r cint. J 
 
 •|iri-> tMrth-.<lrv, nut pilitr«| 
 
 r, 'ji'c. i»*'r 1"" lit. 
 
 hrt-y earths, [{ruund in oil, 1 
 
 i)lt>. 
 
 )r oclirey earths, in oil, 
 
 b. _ 
 
 lie, Te(\, ami yellow (•.rt%li)| 
 
 eda^uclue, .'rUciw. l'"illi. 
 
 J iier rent. 
 
 Bma:,s.4.'>ve'«:''' ., 
 
 i.ihietl with woollen, lipctn 
 
 Ik, fill )wr fent. , 
 
 ucli as hat lovers, over cam* 
 
 re usually made of. l^ i*nraa 
 
 Dor, ht.impwi, painiwi •'T m* 
 
 I „T umier pt-r '(\. )A., ^j |*ti* 
 
 Ur, staiiivwl. l'i>i"t^*l» V4.ue o 
 
 other, excejit silk, rM*fO 
 all-pice anil ab^MUhe.ur «« 
 
 «.i,li*ied or eipr.-*«l, I't mJ 
 as,c»seiUialyrci.enceol.iii- 
 
 OT amber crude, lOc. per tb.| 
 
 lectiliwl, '^Ut. pt-rib. ■ 
 
 \ per cent. ■ 
 
 .>entialoiesienccof,^'c pcr| 
 
 iier cent. ^ „ 
 
 Lr Impressed. 2fV. pii lb- 
 
 cajai.uta.^'>c.l»-ril'. 
 .,,Vl percent. 
 
 ol. per lb. . , ,. 
 
 ;o.lofclove>),'2i:ol.perlb. 
 
 )0c. per lb. 
 
 or coves, 'idul-P"'^- 
 
 60c. I'fr II). 
 lol. prr II). 
 
 Hint, W percent. 
 
 T cent. , 
 
 ori.alm.lOpetcenl. 
 
 Ki.otananlWcMM.l'lf'' 
 
 ^Tioc. per rJ. 
 Ir cent. 
 
 le, iOc. p" «"'• „ ,,it,| 
 
 »/} per cent. 
 ■ il.Sclc. perlti 
 Br cent. 
 ¥p ^ler cenl. 
 
 IVd. ilic. ferll). 
 11 (iol. inr 111. 
 
 .rVi7ld.5"c.l»'"'j, „J 
 _',7iiln,orU«<l«.^1 
 
 I, bbc. i«r lb. , ^,1 (, 
 
 irdnut"*'*""'* 
 E VO per cent- 
 
 , /^,-fi VV.peT lb- 
 ' .;.,ll"iiie, r.il.'^V. P<'ll>. 
 ■ .",Vnli.«l''iin'. '"'I*"""' 
 
 '^irtl' "'"""' I''- ■■"'■• l"ri«. 
 
 ^„ ,,.nlhi>., ■'''M'erc.nt. 
 
 '^„,„i,«»tn,.''"P<r>»nl. 
 
 ..,'1 1 IKM".'. "»*' violets, .'tl p.c. 
 'T.pihii.i.-lri.ti, hl.ic. iKTKiil. 
 
 ■ VJ ,^o: llt-k*. t liul. V**'' «>»'• 
 
 -■^itinu, from COM. vh.U,-. a.spi.nltuin, 
 -S,prtNkum. or rock ..,1, or other 
 ^' n.iu« *ulisianciN, u-eil tor liltL' [nir- 
 
 li'.ilol. i*r(r.il- 
 
 ^jtiUpCfforeiKn n»hiii)(, «i) iwr cent. 
 
 li? id' other (not ijK-rtn), of forelun 
 vij-'-'Oii-rfeiii- 
 ,'.,^i-.ldo. In oil nr salt,.10 per cent. 
 
 *,Wi.ruiiokinf.'. citr.ut of, I'lO p.c. 
 .ri.;-(tn'!ilsi)'F''ifn*' 
 
 li(Ti,"!iip*rient. . ..r « 
 
 .r«e..inWe».t'arr,-lH, or ca;.ks, 'J5 p.C. 
 
 wpristiimrint. 
 
 f-_,nrprrlifllu, I" l^r cent. 
 t!t,-TKitnt'iot,iiot otherwisf pruTidetl for, 
 '.■.j-cnt 
 
 ;inr..V per rent. 
 
 Xir*r.ls(::)t »ooti, .>.'- per ctnt. 
 plp.ttr.l"l*rmit. 
 fr,'.MBl.;''per.enl. 
 
 i'«,(iitoJietm.il[irs* jw, ,.(1 (u-r rent. 
 Urr.plumHand ti-atluti, maiuilaituretl, 
 
 I {leiir.fiiir.isndfe.ithers,unm>iiniricturid 
 
 [Ttit,: '•rceiit. 
 
 (■■;.■;,(* P>-rs, hi ''"c. per oz. 
 I ivi,ri- i .ime, <-» per ctiit. 
 
 r»tiii''ii:,liinTci'nt. 
 I rtd!,i'f,»i.li. 
 
 I T»li.i!»i yt>addlrry), 35 per cent. 
 l';ri;r..'.r,i'pfi nnt. 
 
 P:.r ,■;:--' f, ti) per cent. 
 
 Ij:-:.! I- cn-ttiiuie a painHn^ in the 
 
 sncu Mheliw, it intist lie an (tlijc.-i of 
 
 tt::.Tirtu, and not pnrnlintison plates, 
 
 fv^fl. ue«, cr any nieiuil for w^e, or 
 
 JMicf beititj conven»-(l Id hrc.isipi'*'^! 
 
 <^.^'^^. cf o'.t^cr uriiaiiicnt:) to be u urn ) , 
 
 /■ffi'tnt. 
 
 I h-.rfo, «tir, imjKirled .xs olijt-cts of t.i^te( 
 1 f-lMuiTptdianiliie, li' percent. 
 I luL:{.onLii>L>,|)orcf!aiiiorc.inviis, lOp.r. 
 I hciv.;:;,not otherwiie provided for, 10 
 I te rt. 
 
 jhB,[:f'rranHnrt in oil, not otherwise 
 I Wi tJ fir. ■i.'jpt-r rent. 
 I h~iiiii« .oL.ur.'.), ." ■> per cent. 
 I 'i«;?!:ur) for p^pir naiij;incs, i*.') p.r, 
 I rem' colours all not otherwiie provided 
 I ^a:"p(tcwiI. 
 |naii,hic?ipmk,desenna.Frank(ordldark, 
 
 .■^liik, im^i yellow, lake, lamp hiack, 
 I tjr^'u.n pwn, patent >tllow,cli:ilk, rose 
 
 ?-".i i rol w.iter colours, itui .spanisli 
 
 ^^^n.iir} ir in 0.'. 'i-' per cent. 
 
 ■i'lj. Frnuli Kteen, and mineral LTcen, 50 
 
 -i!T.),n,,'i'ir.iH.r lOOlb. 
 ■t*jd,.K.i)erlb. 
 :l'i.'hiis, iin^Tfent. 
 ■Wa.'jperctnt. 
 ■ fWttlil. 
 
 .linnng. umized.iised for iicoks and 
 |^lii[*r.eiduiivelY, 'M pet cent. 
 
 |f=^-*--Miv.p«rlb. 
 
 .i't,iii|ier rent. 
 
 r'miteria',,'iO jter cent. 
 
 ''.ick. or frames, 36 jier ci.nt. 
 |'!''(i.i>.;'i]KTreiu. 
 
 "'I'lliTtpnt. 
 f.moil, Id.iOc. per lOOlb. 
 _ -J.Vsrl'Xill.. 
 ■ i"--j.:*i,,-.Hiertent. 
 
 I !M>mide ij ^()!lin^^ intended for the 
 iWi;pobe<aiiclh»ads,madebyhammer- 
 ^*; thick ilin-i copiwr; and shoulders, 
 ",J>^t out of sheet copper, by hamnierinii, 
 
 _^ l«Kn.l. *** 
 
 ■[if-«ni.V,,H.rrent. 
 ■'''>ti«n.'.j,)trrwit. 
 I "j^'* ^ "ra/il (Eround Nicaragua wood, 
 I 'Jf';. Ill ler cent. 
 
 I 'i^i I'ui ij :*t iugold or silver iewellarv, 
 _^ iw Cflit. ■' 
 
 hi;" ■'? ' f precious stones, i(\ per ctnc 
 •^.-"■"-^ ■^'percent. 
 ;;,«>t<:f!i-, lUpi-rceut. 
 •'■'•■<'^t*rrent. 
 '-■fi'^lsftjupeicent. 
 |^[.':ti.n,vft,y,ptTcent. 
 V .'!*^'>,4ilpertent. 
 '■/*«'' WpiT cent. 
 
 Jl'WcTGiindbe.vis), leper lb. 
 
 ^ - ■ S- jw-r lb. 
 
 Ni:W YORK 
 
 PflHtoTj root, M'» per cent. 
 
 IVItfl, A.tltoit, ]0 niTcent. 
 
 renriU, wo<xI, dlfil with lead or othrr mate- 
 rial, .'>l»c. pir urus"., and .'>il per cent. 
 
 ■ enciU, cnrnelt' h.iir, .1."> per ceiii. 
 chalk, .'^>4lc. ]ier firos*! and 'm per cent. 
 ilatP, 111 per ceni. 
 
 Pen holders, 3.'j in r cent. 
 
 I'onii. metallic, 10c. iwr fffot*. and V'^ percent. 
 
 l*i-n holder tips, and parts uf, 5S> per cent. 
 
 I'en, i|iiIIIh, M) per ctni. 
 
 I'epper. black, white, L'aycnne, and reA, l'>c. 
 
 fHT Ml. 
 
 Pepper, t^round, ISc. per lb. 
 I'l-rnis^iun caps, in per cent. 
 IVrl'uint'^, .'lO per cent. 
 
 Perfumery, of which alcohol fctrmi the prin- 
 cipal inuredienl. .' dol. per t;al.,ini(l ti p.c. 
 Pewter, f>ld, lit only to lie renianulactureii, 
 
 Vc. per lb. 
 Pewter, jiriicle* of, not enuineriti-d, manii- 
 f.ictiireil frnrn, nr of wliicli pewter is ii com- 
 ponent part. 7^.'^ prr cent. 
 rh<i>p).aTe oriitne, '^0 pi r cent. 
 
 MKla, Vti per lenr. 
 Philosophiciil appar.itus and in^trumen:s, 10 
 
 p T lent. 
 Phosphorus lights, in nhxsn Iiottles, u iih paper 
 
 cnM-^. ."./» per leiil. 
 Phoiphnru.i, '^n per cent. 
 Pho>>phuret ot time, '.ii> per cent, 
 i'lanolnrtex, .'(> per < ent, 
 pickles, ^.'i percent. 
 Picroioxkne, an exir.ict, 40 per cent. 
 Pills, or ottier proprietary niedicitn-N, or pre- 
 pared accordinK to some private ftirinnla or 
 becret nrt, ns remeilii-M ttr sp- cities f->r anv 
 (li'.ea'e or (h ease>, or aflifctlons wliaif -r, 
 nttectinffihehuni.iii or animal body, j" p.c. 
 Pinient'S l.'>c. pir th. 
 ground. 18c. per Ih. 
 Pine appte*:, '2.'i per cent. 
 Pink, IMitch or ro^-, 'i') per cent. 
 Toot, '20 per cent, 
 saucers, m) per cent. 
 Pijie clay, unwTon(;ht, ■'' dot. per ton. 
 Pipes, clay, smokinjj, .",1 per cent. 
 ineersrliannis and oilier toliacco rmokint; 
 and pipe Imwls, not oiherwiae provitteil 
 fur. Id. .')(!c. iK.'r tiniit*, and 7'> \*er cent. 
 Pipe c.T^es, stems, moimtin;;^ and all parts of 
 pipei and pipe tixiures, and all hmokeri' 
 articles, ".'> i>er cent. 
 Pistols, .".') per cent. 
 I'ltch, Hiirffundy, '.^U per cent. 
 Pitch, VO percent. 
 
 Plaster ot" Paris, calcined it ^^nund, 'JO p,r. 
 Pla^ter, huats, casts, statues, casting, or oriia- 
 
 ineni.s of, 4>> per cent. 
 Piaiiincs of straw for hats or bonnets, 30 p.c. 
 Planks, wron^ht or rouuh, yn per ctnt. 
 Plants, medicinal, 'iO per cent. 
 
 other, 30 jier cent. 
 Plantains, V') per cent. 
 Plane irons, 4 j per cent. 
 IMant s, l/i per cent. 
 I'late, silver, 40 i>er cent. 
 
 i'la'ed carriap' and harness furniture, .3'» p.r. 
 Plated epaulets, metal, of copper, niouNlin^, 
 sadillery, slides, wire and wares of all lands, 
 not otherwise specified, .15 per rent. 
 PlateH, copper, suitable for sheathini; ships, 
 that is, 14 by 4H in. and weiifhiiiK f'om 14 
 to 31 oz. per f-q. ft., 3c. per Iti. 
 Plate*, nail, 3'i per cent. [See Iron.) 
 copp r, enpraved, y'l per cent, 
 prepared tt>r en^jravers. steel, 4.'> per cent. 
 Platina, manuficturei uf, nut otlierwisu pro- 
 vided for, 11) Tier cent. 
 Plumbago, 10 unl. per ton. 
 Plums, .'jc. |)er Ih. 
 Plush, wool, not otherwi-e jirovided for, .lOc. 
 
 Iier lb. and .".'i per cent. 
 Pocket hooks, leather, or if leather is the ar- 
 ticle of chief value, or if <»f p[iper, 3.'> p.c. 
 Pocket lights, phosphorus, 35 per cent. 
 Pole caps, .T> per cent. 
 
 carriaf^e hooks, 3'j per cent. 
 PolishinK powders, 'J5 per rent. 
 Polishetlor sirai»etl brass, .".O per cent. 
 Pomatum, -tn percent. 
 PouieCTanates, 10 per cent. 
 Pomegranate peel, 2li per cent. 
 Po|ipy heads, oil or seed, W per cent. 
 Porcelain and Parian ware, not ornamenteil, 
 45 |ier cent. 
 omnnientctl, 50 jier cent. 
 Porcelain ^tass, 40 per cent. 
 
 slates, 45 per cent. 
 Pork, Ic. per lb. 
 porphyry, 45 jter cent. 
 Portable desks, 35 per cent. 
 I'orter, in b tttles, .■)5c. jter ^al. [per gal. 
 
 in ca»ks, or otherwise than in bottles, '^iic 
 Potasse,or potash, pnissiate of, red, lOc. p. lb. 
 Potaasiuin, Ut) per cent. 
 
 Pot.xsh, bichromate or chromate of, 3c. p. lb. 
 potash, chlorate of, (ic. per lb. 
 hydriodate of, 75c. per Ih. 
 prussiate of, yellow, 5c. per lb, 
 jmre, 20 per cent. 
 
 lodaie of, iodide of, and acetate of, 7 Jc. p.lb. 
 potatoes, V5c. iier bttl. 
 
 Pot , bl.^ck lead (sand and clay), ii5 per cent. 
 Pots, cast Iron, I^c. per lb, 
 
 melting earthen. • oinmon, 'i5 per cent- 
 Poultry, dre&sed, 10 per cent. 
 
 or g.-iine, prepared, .35 iier cent. 
 Pounce, ti<f |ier cent. 
 
 Powder, black lead, blue, of hra-^ or of bronze, 
 20 per rent. 
 
 J)r>7 
 
 Powder, fftt.i, and all exploal** luhslances for 
 bbutiiKi and of value less than !^i)c. |>er 
 Ih., (if. per Ih. and 'Jl percent. 
 
 gun, •■•id .ill explosive ftulifttanceA for blast 
 i'lg, niid of value over '^*)v> per lb., 
 lOc. per tb. and 'in per cent. 
 
 hair, plain or not iierfumed, and per 
 fumed, 'i.i per cent. 
 
 ink. 'j't iier cvnt. 
 
 )iuils, 3 I per cenr. 
 
 subtH, for ihe :.kiit, and tooth, .10 per rent. 
 Prerious sinnes, of all kinds, nut set, 10 p,< , 
 
 iinilaliuns of. Id \tvr cent. 
 Prepareil clay, 5 dol ]ier ton. 
 I'ressiiitt buartls, ,"5 per cent. 
 Preiiared ve«etables, meats, ]Miuliry, Ramc 
 
 and lish, all. In any form, 35 percent. 
 Preparatioiis. chemical, nut utherwlse enu- 
 
 nu-rattil, '.iO inr cent. 
 Preserves, m molasses, and all others eiccpl 
 
 RiiiK-r, ."5 per cent. 
 I'rntr.u tor^, ivory, mtmntetl. 35 jmt cent. 
 Primella. for buttons only, lu per cint. 
 I'nni' s, 5c. per lb, 
 Prussian blue, ."') pir cent. 
 I'l -'pkins, 10 per ctnt. 
 1 ■ pU- brown, i.i per cent. 
 Piiiple tin lii|nnr, "^n |Hr cent. 
 Putij, IJc. p'-r lb. 
 
 Qn..ftrants, frames, and sextants, ■"5 p.c. 
 
 (tuassia woiKl, VO per cent. 
 
 Oiiilt baskets, .10 per cent. 
 
 Otiilla bark, Vi> percent. 
 
 Oiiiils, preparetl or m.inufacluretl, or unpre- 
 
 p.ired, 3ii per cent. 
 Oiiiltiii;;s, iir bed ipijlts. cotton, 35 per "en*. 
 (>uinine, hulpbi.le ut, or salts of, 15 per cenS. 
 
 Ran stones, 10 per cent. 
 Itai:s, wool, \ii\ peril). 
 Itaistns, sultana, in boxes or jars, Muscatetlr, 
 
 bloom, an<l all other, 5c. per lb. 
 Rass, cornu cervi, yii percent. 
 Hasps, not over 10 in. long, lUc. per lh> anil 
 
 "O per cent. 
 Ra>p-., over 10 in. long, fc. p.lb. and 30 p.r. 
 Rattans, split or inanufuctiir«'il, '.^5 pur ceiii. 
 Havens duck, if hemp or tlax, 30 per cent. 
 ]leeds, mniufactured, u^'i per cent. 
 
 weavers*, 35 per cent. 
 Reinde*r sliina, d-es.,ed, 20 per cent. 
 
 undressed, 10 per cent. 
 
 tanned, '.i5 percent. 
 
 totiKUes. '^0 per cent. 
 Rennets, raw. 10 per cent. 
 Keps, natural silk and cotton, 50 per cent. 
 Hesiii. yo (KT cent. 
 Khuburb, 50c. iht Ih. 
 Hice, clean, '^.^c. per lb. 
 
 iincle.in, Vc. per lb. 
 Rifles, .35 per cent. 
 Hock mos.s, 10 per cent. 
 Kupe, made of liides cut In strip", '20 p.r. 
 Hope or cordage of cocoaimt hulls, 3ic. p. Hi. 
 H<iofing slates, 3'« }ier cent. 
 Hoots, all bulbous, nut otherwi:ie enume- 
 rated, ."0 percent. 
 Rose leaves, .'>0c. per n>, 
 
 pink (whiting and h)gwood), 25 per cent. 
 
 water, 50 per cent. 
 Rouire. 50 per cent. 
 Rubrnm, bark acer, W per cent. 
 Hubii-s, 10 per c^iit. 
 
 fet, '25 per cent. 
 Rum, essence or on of, and bay, essci*u 
 
 or od of. y dol. per o/. 
 Russia sheetings, brown or white, 35 p.c. 
 Rust of iron. Vo per cent. 
 Rye, I5c. jier bhl. 
 Uye flour, lU per cent. 
 
 Saildlery, all not otherwise specified, 35 p.c. 
 Satllour, 10 tier cent. 
 
 extract of, '4*0 (ler cent. 
 Satt'ron, and cake, 10 per cent. 
 Sago, and Hour, l^c. per lb. 
 Sail duck, ."0 per cent. 
 Salacine, a medicinal preparation, 40 p.c. 
 Sal ammoniac, 10 per cent. 
 
 diuretic anil succmic, '20 per cent. 
 Salep (vegetable substance), '20 per cent, 
 i^aleratus, l^r. perlb. 
 Salt, 18c. per loo lb. 
 
 not in hulk, '24c. per 100 Ih, 
 ' crude mineral, and fassil, mineral. In hulk, 
 
 l^r. per 100 1b. 
 Salts, brown, '20 jierc.'nt. 
 
 Kpsom, Ic. per lb. 
 
 glaulier. ic. per lb. 
 
 Uoi.-t)elle, 15c. per Ih. | 20 p.r. 
 
 all other chemic.d salts nnt enumerated, 
 Saltetl skivers, roans, and jielts, 10 jwr cent. 
 Saltpetre, or sal nitre, or nitrate of potasbj. 
 
 crude, iijc. per lb. 
 Saltpetre, refined, ."c. per lb. 
 
 partially refined, '2c. per lb. 
 Sanil, 10 per cent. 
 Sandaracti, relined, Inc. per lb. 
 Sand stones, 10 per cent. 
 Santonin, 5 dol. per lli. 
 Sarcocolla, crude. W per cent. 
 Sardines, in oil, in banets (in salt or oil), 
 
 or in kegs, 5t* per cent. 
 Sarsaparilla, '20 per rent. 
 Sassafras, '20 per cent. 
 Satin, white, .'c. per lb. 
 
 •Sailns. figuretl, when in shape and sl/e ex- 
 clusively for buttons, 10 jier cent. 
 Sauces, all kinds nut otherwise enumerated, 
 35 per tent. 
 
 .!! 
 
 !i! 
 
 ,41 
 iili 
 
 .1 -t.^ 
 
', ( 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 l-i :^t. 
 
 ; ( 
 
 •it 
 
 ; { 
 ; 
 
 ■ a 
 
 ii 
 
 ll.'.H 
 
 N.tiiMi||i-R, rirrvl llMlnKim, ^'^ |M*rrrlil. 
 *iiW4, trill* < III, lu< . |>«>r Hm. Ii. 
 mill )iii. Mniiivtr '' tM «>^Mlt-, I ^ . prr lln. It. 
 
 ntt-l •! In Wl<l<', VM, . |M<T llti n. 
 ili.iK, nni itviT 'I hi witir, l-'^r j • r liii. II. 
 
 t>vii 'I 111. whir, VI i|. |.i I lilt. II. 
 Ii.iiiil. tiMt ii(<ir v| III. joiii;, 7''i . licr ill" 
 
 iinil ^n )H-r ii'iii. 
 h.iiiil. iivi-i -.'I III. liiiiK. 1 lint |irr (III/, itiiil 
 
 1-1 r il.,/. 
 
 »1> t I 
 
 Ixil'll f ..Vi-I III III. l.tMK, 
 
 itnil .\i' yit niil. 
 tiiii k, <>vi-r til 111. \i»m, I iliil. |>i<r itii/. ,iiii| 
 .^1 )tir I ml 
 S.iw M'lt iilci-n, I'l |ii>r t-riil. 
 hiMMli.il.i liitt It, (ir nI.iI.s, .A'i yvt cxnil. 
 hri»ii|i iifl', .I'i |icr <■■ til. 
 Sfitttnit, .ittil ,«!! iillifi vi'^iiiltir Nitliil.iiii fH 
 
 IIM-il liil llt-tt^ <•• lll.illli'.M-*, '.Ml I Ml' ri'iit, 
 N|-l-iti, ilMIM', '•!'. )l|-l Ml. 
 
 .iiilv)', iiiir, li>< . pit II., 
 
 i.iii.ir^.dii l(>. liil-M.. I ilitl. pir t'tii- 
 
 * .ir.iw n, 7n . |ii'i III, 
 
 'itrdiiiiiiiiii. ii). . |H'i III. 
 
 I iiiM In, 'i< pel III 
 
 ri)riiiiili-i. ^i I" I III. 
 
 Iriiiifl, .'f. yvi I'l. 
 
 I- iiiiyuTli, •.'. . ).rr III 
 
 ll.in|.. >, IMI Ih. 
 
 llllltl.lKl. (Iiinuii Ml uhltr) ^ |H-r III. 
 
 inpi', Il )iii III. 
 
 •MM. 'I, 11 III. lulihl . t.ii.'. |i'-r lilil. 
 
 Iix ,iKitriiliiii,il iiiiil liiiiii. tilhir.il )iiii)ii>>i"., 
 
 .•II iMi r.-ni 
 tiii'ill. imil. 'II |in I'i'iil 
 Sr.il mill Mil k l.ii . ini . |ii-r II). 
 
 Nl'h.rs, l>\v. )>ii III. 
 
 N*-i;iiH. MK.tii-it<>. .inil rill- r<i. nl' ^ilt hinil.. 
 
 A ll.ll. IM't Itl. <IMll ,MI pt'l I till. 
 
 Nin,,,.. v.. ,,..,,..,.,, 
 
 Si-in.i i-ir I mill- li-.lit. ■■. . lui lli. 
 
 "^i*! III-., .S ' liir I in|. 
 Ml.lll.l...k^, lll|lrl . l-lll. 
 
 Sh.iU-, |.ir t.iii.ul '.'HI.Iil., SM Itl. |HT lihl., III. 
 ".' ■!■ |iiT tun, 
 
 MllMln. .\-> |l.-| MMI 
 
 Mii-ilhiii^; inrl.il, |i;iri'nl, rinnpusi.t In part 
 iif I o|i|i<'i , It'll III |> III lion, ni>i; ilv.iiiiM'd, in 
 ^lllt■f^ ..I I I I.V IS Ml. Mt'l.'llin,; IllHIt 1 I In 
 
 •U «!/ I" r M|. t, ..(, ,1, . |it'i Ih. 
 Mif.iitiinjt iMjifi , III |i. r I i-nr 
 MiiT|i iind .iiiK.li I |:..,i( vkin., r.in , wiilt Mh- 
 
 Um,.1 .>n, ».i>.litil .III. I iinw.istiixl. ^^11 |i I-. 
 Slll'll li||%k<'(>, ••> I'l-I t ritl. 
 Sliillif. III,. |.i>r III 
 SIu-li.. . ,....,,. Vr. j.iT III. 
 Miinuli'.. .V. vn .int. 
 
 Shlll^, llnl nlll.tWtM- ).l.>vltli-il fur, .-^'i )i.i . 
 Sli..vil-,. »ii|i .11 williniil li.niilli'n, tinii iIikI 
 
 sh.I, IiiiIIh «nti. r. |.ir inil. 
 Mi..vi'ls. M.Miil. • . |>.r •lilt. 
 
 .mil liini;-., .r Ini- ii(iii-> tirmi), y> \»v tritl. 
 Miiiil'i, II jit-r Mill 
 Shiiin.ir i-r Mtiii'ii . in )<rr i rut. 
 Shtitllr- <i. hi. ,111.1 li.iMl-' •iiini't, X'> yvv li 1)1. 
 
 lllM. \ '.ii|Mr...n(. 
 Nn•v.^, l.UMi, vmr. ni li.lir, ^% p'T «'l-Ml 
 Silks Ml lllr i:iiin. not lilori' .iil V,ini-i-i| (ti.ni 
 
 MiiCliH. Ii.ini, IT nil, tn/ini', .'^ - prl cfiil. 
 Silk. spun. I(ir Ittllnt; hi Kkcliis nr t-ii)i!i, nr 
 
 ltn^^, .^'> ptr Uhl. 
 Silk, sf'iiii!;. Ill Iht- i;niit nr punlitil, lU ii.r. 
 .Silk .ill iti.'.t .itiil pi.i-c. Iiiiptrii-nl. 
 
 vrivi-l, ni nf wliuti Mik ls i lilrl' villiir, 1.1) 
 
 „»r'' 
 
 • III. 
 
 Silk iipTnii<i. hiiiinct-., dfilils, ^ll|l^, tin inl- 
 •.(•M. *, I nrilt. ilnwflt, frmm"., Klnvfs, niil- 
 liiniis ti.inilVrr. liK-ts, Ii.its, htihi>, hiriK, iinil 
 Ml iiitlll i«, nil |i. I <'i-i)l. 
 
 Silk ihlt>, pi>iit(i'i-%, pi'lfrini*H, ntilinnt, slijtwts, 
 x-.tiTs. slilris, siniki'>^H, iiii<.p('nit('ii. lui 
 ti.ins, l.ihvi'K, tnniiniiiK'*! v^•^llllKH, vril', 
 wjilili 1 luiKr^, Wi'l.hiHK, fi" ptT iflil. 
 
 Silk lniKtuis .mil ImtlKti i Intti, M piT t-ritt. 
 
 SiU. rc.uly iti.lilc clnllihi^s nr nl' whlili silk 
 sliiiM he llii> t'nitipniU'til iiMh-linl iil' i-lii. 1 
 Villllf, tM ncr iTIll. 
 
 Silk, in.iiiiir.irlurrs all nf, nr vT ¥>hUU M\k 
 iiii.lU hi' n (-iiiiipititi'tit innlrrliil tif rlili-l' vjllllf, 
 not (tiliiTwiM* proviiltd fur, .Ml jwr it-nl. 
 
 Silk anil (ollim visihif^.tititilihi, aiul hat luiiiil., 
 
 .•II |t|T fi'llt. 
 
 Silk K'**l*'*''>< with win* and rl.isps, nrh.nnrnts 
 tor hp;ul itrriiM-^. ml . Imh, >.|n.'ks, .mil all 
 nthrr .u(i> l< N,tiot ntln rwhc pi-nlicil, i:i.ult> 
 Up In liuiitl ii) tvliiilfor part, it' nn vmul nr 
 wor>(('il. 111 l> ■ wniti. '-i' pi*r fi'iil. 
 Silver <'|i.iiili-ttt-H.m<l whins, .^.'l per unt. 
 li'iC, nf ,'inu IravcH piT p.ii-k.i^c, 7.'>i'. pt-r pV. 
 nttnilc nl. |h |i( r .ml. 
 nil tiiantit'.ii'ttiri-snl, iml ulhi-rwisi- Npn-itiL tl, 
 
 •ill per n-nt. 
 (}prinjiii. in ntioeln, ?i'> per rent. 
 iimnuraeltiieNnl', ii'pi'i* leiii. 
 Sitveriil wire, .^i \n'T eeni. 
 Sisal (.TiiHs, ti'ini.imifai'tiin-it. ).'> ilnl. per lot). 
 
 ni.inufjliMiresnt, tint prnviiiftl tnr, r>ll Ii-»". 
 Hife, ^ntd anil pjiteiil, '2li per leiil. 
 Sk.iti"., en?.(liiK W eehtN per pair nnil titxler, 
 Sf. per pair. 
 ensiiDfj over ■,'() eenii por pair, .T. p.e. 
 Sk*'le(nns. ^11 piT ttnt. 
 
 Skivir>, '.iniietl, not oll)t'rwist> pr.niilrd fnr, 
 ?"' pir i-iiil. 
 pUkle.i, inner rent. 
 Skins, nirkle.!, in e.isV--). K' prr rpiit. 
 of .ill knulN in till* hair, ilrled, r.TW, or 
 imiD.itDirietured, not olt)iTwisL' provided 
 for. 111 per i-fnl. 
 call", innixil ami d^i■^^t'd, ."Ml per mil. 
 ^la/etl, as pau-ut ti .illier, 7^'» net feiit. 
 
 NKW VOIIK 
 
 Skin*, liiti, l.ir NNtt>lll'r^, Sr., VO |ti<r ii*i)l. 
 Ill), raw til iiiHlii"M'il, lllptfieiir. 
 hir, tlir«>,eil, Vil (it-t ^ eiil. 
 Willie, Tor til iiKH''><'>-tlre^«ril Willi ulitin unit , 
 •Jli'< p, l.niiuiriil dii'H.ei*. n„ il nr llloiiN I II, 
 
 Iniini'il >ind diet ei|, '^ 'i pi ni, 
 
 kid, laiiiiiil .mil ilieittti, unal rflitl klieen, 
 r.p.. 
 
 I'tiini'il nnil nut ilri-N«eit, '.''• pet .'eiil. 
 kid and l.unh, lanned anil nn| itiev-id, 
 l.lillli-il and die wd, nllier^«l.e Ih.iii hi 
 t-.J.>iir., vl/ t.iwn, kid. and l.iinli, 
 know II .1. I 1 1 I nil ill. '.' I pel I en I. 
 
 I Sl.ile.nl.itl kliiiU, i'«..| Unn. Ill p.i , 
 
 Sinn, p, n. lit. t<> |N'r I eiii. 
 
 Sle.ljje-.Mi. k^nidlis' aiiilollter, Vie, per ill 
 
 HllppeM, '.'• pel leiil. 
 
 Slh ill ,, 711 pi I I eiil. 
 
 Sniili, In prr i eid 
 
 Snake rii..(, vii per rent. 
 
 Stiapv'i ■ ll^pl■r l-ihli.i.r snap hit.. Ii,r hrl 
 
 ■ llt-i. v-i hi. 
 
 Snap, r.etlle, liaitl, all nlln i , Hiin . all, tiir 
 
 pitiliiie, nr enit .n le |>ii Hi. .mil , n 
 
 I pel I nil 
 
 ' lam V, all, N'.iples, in'iriinied, all, >-|iavliiK. 
 
 W'l' 11--. Wniil..... in., per lit. ami 
 
 Vipir lenl. 
 paii^,i,e,| It.ih, wli.,le III in paili, ."it p.e. 
 
 Sn,tp kMiml Midi,, in ,„ 1. 
 
 S.Hlel ,tiM-l,, I .pel leiil. 
 S.nI,i, a',li, >.- per III. 
 
 Ill I ailiiuMii- III, t 'r. per Ih. 
 laihiiii.iletir, ^1 . pel III. 
 Indlle III, .11 per iiiil. 
 r,MlMu-, Mr. p.t III. 
 
 hvdiliiitale nl. h^puMlIpli.Ht- nl, Im^, pnw 
 itei,,'.'ilp,.| eeni. 
 
 -I', y p.rlh. 
 
 Mills .il, \, . p r III. 
 
 all i.iilx.n.il, ..I. e».i|.r M.d.l .i.ti. |,.ii|||,t, 
 and kelp. ;n perteni. 
 Si.l.tnine 'iintl. piep ), tn per enil. 
 
 Sniiv ri, .".I per i I Id. 
 
 s.iv, .I'l per eelll. 
 
 SpiiiKti limwn, div. ({tiiiind In nil, "'> p.c. 
 
 Sp.ml'.h liles, or I aiillLirides, .'ilh, per lb. 
 
 Spa, III Hpaw,ire, ,'.n pi i .■< n|. 
 
 Spi-i imt'iix i>riinaliaiiii d pii )i,ir.illnnH, ":> p.e. 
 
 S|iiees nl' all kinds, imI nllietwe.e prnvideil 
 
 lor, 711 |MT Mill. 
 
 •Splrllliniis Inpiiir-.. mil olherwlHe proviiled 
 
 Inr. mil pel I int. 
 Spirir., \ell.nv, vn per ■ liii. 
 .^ pit Its of III! pen tine, ."Vne. per K-tl' 
 SpnnHes. V't per itiit. 
 Spunk, In per lenl. 
 Spv Kl.tuM'H, in oer i ml. 
 Sipnlli, nr si'ill.i, |M ).er < enl. 
 Slanli, made nl' pmatiK'-. or eorii, le. per 
 
 111 .iiid vn pt-i I eiii. 
 Sl,i). h, oltii r, ^t•. p< r Ih. ami vn per i eid. 
 
 Slat ii.tr V I otherwise provided h.i. til'ni.ir - 
 
 tite. III per leiil. 
 SI. lines and speeimens tif Klaliiarv, spe. laity 
 Iniiioiled in ifnnil l.iilh an n|ilei|,nl' l.tnle, 
 ami mil itieri'li.mdi.e, nrin.iilili' t,t -,ioiie, In 
 per I enl. 
 .St.tliii'i nralahailer. In per tent. 
 hr.isH nr tirnii/i', X% \**-\ lenl. 
 ■n.irtite, ID per ti-iil. 
 nieial, .!'> per rent, 
 plaster, eaiit. 'In per rent. 
 wihuI, I'.irved, In per tent. 
 Stav.'s for (itpt'H, |io>;i>Iieadii, and i'.iHkii, ]() 
 
 per cent. 
 SI. lies nlher, VM pir ccni. 
 Hlavesacre, 'iW per cent. 
 
 Slt-el, in hars, iiiKniN, sheeli, nn oils, value 7t'. 
 or lens per Ih., Vjc. per Ih. 
 in h.irit, ln|{iilN, utieelH, n) coils, v.lliie over 
 
 7c. and md nver I ir. per lli,, ."^c. nrr Ih. 
 in h.irs, iiiKoth, Hhit'lH, nr coiiit, v.iliir over 
 He. \mx lh.( .V.^e. per Ih. and 111 per 
 eenl. 
 Sli'el wiri>, not lesH than \ in. Indianieli r, 
 and value 7c. per ih. or less, v^i . per Ih. 
 not |e\H tli.ui i In. Ill iliaincler, and value 
 iiv»-r 'v. per lli. and imt over lli . per II»., 
 M'. per Ih. 
 as ithttve, v.itiie ovi-r I Ic. yvr Ih., .lAc. \\vx 
 
 ll>. and inner cent. 
 li>ss ili.in j in. In di.imeter, ami not less 
 lluth No. Ill u i)U KaUKi', 'i\t\ |H-r Ih. and 
 vn iM-r ci')it. 
 lesH Itiiin No. lli wire f?aiiHt', ."r. per Ih. 
 and VO per rrnl. 
 .Sii'L'l, In n))y form not otherwise- provided 
 
 lor. .'^U per cent. 
 SUi'l iil<it(.>N, t'liuravi'd, ",'i piT cent. 
 
 chains, cilttliiK kiiivfs, m \tlies, sickles, 
 reaplnKtiiHikfi, spades, and shovels, l.'i p.c. 
 all articles not tMniiner.itetl, ni.iniil'.icluied 
 from sti't'l or of which nlvel tN.n contpoiiint 
 (latl, l.'i )ier ei'Dl. 
 Stei'l^ardt, .1,1 perci'iit. 
 Sieri'olype plates, 'i'> |kt rent. 
 Stitk Inc. inc. p. r Ih. 
 Sticks, walkint;, tinlshtHl or not, or rrnineH 
 
 for iinilirella'. or iiar.isoK, :^.'i p.c. 
 Stilleiit'is lor cravats, ."•-> prrcml. 
 Siill bottoms nr womi'i, .1 ■ i"nr cent. 
 Stock Imks, if any steel, '(,'i per cent. 
 Stockings and half slockitiffs, worsted, wove 
 on fraitn 
 
 Sl.iiinwair, i-ineilli,- ii.. , ., 
 
 K ri,,,,M,H •'"'" '■' 
 
 I>iilt<'in(<,''nivri..iu. 
 
 • laiM.tl.ii and ii>riit-i In ,.„ 
 
 Hiliid. lnp.r/..,„. *"■"'■ 
 
 '"l'o«raphl. , n i..r. 1-1,1 
 l.-.td, 11 pet ,,.,„ 
 Ill'tllil,-,, .'HI ,,,., , ,,„f 
 
 :;;;:':;; ;:.!;:;',;;■"•■ '■■"■»""". ..,., 
 
 |,ii«iii,., "|.. r,,.iii, 
 
 I'l" r,,„,. 
 
 ri,!iin.l-..i.,l, |M|.,,,,,„| 
 
 l<*il< ti .intl wli. 
 
 '"1 Ill, 
 
 ll"r.u ,.^^lrr.l«,l|l,,K , „„ 
 
 "l;..*!....!,.-,., I,,,,,,,"; "I'-""" 
 (it lull,. Ill ||., „,,i„r ,„ 
 
 ""•"•'""'■- 'i..-.l..,Ti,',,';:,V'^,''j 
 
 '!<. III-.,.', i.'.r 
 
 l«rnit 
 
 ^"'"K'"l inii^ii.il hi.iiiM,,, 
 
 .,«"'■ ""'I I; ■■"mil, d,, 
 
 •'lr..n,,..,(il,..,,,.|,,,.,,.),,,,,,,,,„,„-;- 
 
 "I, VII |Mr ( i-iii. ".'"IN 
 
 ►•I'V'' l"'l M. ..ill,, 111 Ml,, . 
 
 ^iii'.'iy I, I, . 111., Ill """"i.' 1 
 
 Hii'iiii.l, liiiiiil, i.r iir,|i.i,„| 
 
 '^"""••'; '.N'.'i'iii. ■, 
 
 I litiii, .^1 . ficr li, 
 
 ""; •■■ ^" IV Iml'ilLi, ,„, . 
 
 :;'^:;;:,.,'";;; ' ■ " i"«i-'i,;i',:" 
 
 111! 1.1.,,.., Nil. ,■,. „,„,, „„, 
 
 ■;:-;:;.,^r" ' ■""■;^J 
 
 "" "■'','""'•,""""""'■ l'"f.'"m|'.,T„J 
 
 :,:;'(l,""'''i""- 'n'liuwa 
 
 '"-■■;:;:^:':l^;;;::;';::r*"f 
 >•■;'".■■^»l.'■'. ..''.'...I,!, ,:;:;:•,,,' rj 
 
 ler,ilMl, V ditiil .11 .11), ™ 
 
 I •• . pel III. 
 
 ";;;:;:;.;;;';';■;' ""'■" '"■'"■•'« 
 
 i,\iii|.i.i, /v. I'l' 
 
 .,,rii|i 1,1 I .111,., . 
 Slil|ili.ii,',il II iili.uli.'iii 
 
 iii'ii. ,lr- I" r II,. 
 ^ I"'r,ll"i, M.,iM iir„il.,|ii|,,..||,|,j 
 
 ^iiiil I ■ ).ii 1 1111. '^ 
 
 ^V""'''"* "l"-ri.m. 
 
 sktMs.iin,i,.'.,,l.M,.l.1„ l,,,.„ 
 
 J^wee .Its all m.i| „|||,,fH 
 
 ,1.1 per rent. 
 Swiird tilaiii-s |,>r iMin-s. r.i.i.r,.'m 
 
 Ii mils I.I. e, K;ld .iiul silrrr, lm,.\nj I 
 
 liiie,.\.'i pi-r ceiil. ■ 
 
 S«ordi,.'V I per I enl. 
 
 'I'alile fasli-iieis,.!.') tier rrnl 
 knives anil f..rk,..^',,„-r 0,1,1. 
 l.i..s.CMnipn.|ti..n.V.p,'r,-.„i. 
 
 liil.h" with marl.If i.i|rt,d.,Ih,„r,<n 
 Mt jier n lit. 
 
 'l'.dile|ops.sc,in!lot,i,.u»lt..lMs...»,l 
 
 . PT II,. 
 ' jM'rrciil. 
 
 '• l-ruiMinli 
 
 I 'J'arks hrads 
 
 on traitii'S. ,> . per rent. 
 Slocklnuii, Kllk,(in per cent 
 Stoinarfi puni))s, ,S!* per ci' 
 
 nt. 
 
 Slnni.'w.irt'» rominnn, '^'> per cent. 
 
 all oilier, com po-eii of c.irtti or niinrral s\\\_u 
 filiint'ps, wlu'iher i:lir,p.-\tnt<d, pi luted, or 
 (;ln/ed, in pei ifni. 
 
 or M'n»;s,iinUi(.Htii(i| 
 
 |M'r l.nitn, i\t: per l.ihij. 
 'I'a.ks lirad., or s|'ri«., . vtrtjng j.,tJ 
 
 per lit. ^ ^ 
 
 Ta.ks. sleel, I.'i per .-.■■it. 
 
 tinned, .^ > per cm, 
 TaifKers' iroii.'h |h,r,c„l. 
 Talc, .1 miiier.il, '^'i ur ,1 m. 
 Tallnw. If. per III. 
 J'ainarlnds, in per ci'ik. 
 ^ presirvid niMiK.ir ..r lir.iii(lv,,V.iifr. 
 I'aiinin and t.inini' .i, nl, 'ntal.|>(Tl,'< 
 TapliKM.-Jnpir.eul. 
 fares, in per nnl, 
 T.ir, ll.irhiiiltH's.cniilt', nrmili '.'Mi,!,-! 
 'r.irpatillii|ts, '.'It per lent. 
 'J'art, If, crude (.iri!ol|, („■. |ht:i., 
 _ eim-hc, l.'.c. iicr III 
 'i'i'.is,ofall kmilo, iiiipoilitlitinslfriviid 
 
 or olher places itt' their i(roiil)i,.;i 
 
 eiltilled Ml loihi, 'i.'i,:, ]itTllr. 
 
 Te.i/les, In |rf-r <eiii. 
 Teetli, in.liiiifAi'llinil, VDjHTtcni 
 'JVIi-scoiies, iniwrrent. 
 Terra nllia, 'ii!ii Ji-t ceiil. 
 
 lit' sienna, ilrj, ''he. jut lii*i;i], 
 in oil, Id. .''Mc. )ier :<)iti!>. 
 
 nnitirn, .Mlc I'cr liiii tti. 
 'I\'rne, tin pl.ites nr iitwt1<,'."'p«(W. I 
 'I'cidiHWlKin-, ill sliiru, '^|r. prrtli. 
 
 hlucks, pi^H, iitiiii,inur,ii:iuml,iilM 
 pilCH, \\v. I'lr 111. 
 
 Iioies, .";.'. per ci'iit. 
 'rhernioinelers, leliscDpfs, mv,- rdl 
 
 laoleriiN, anil hiniil.ir ariuK^ai^ 
 
 tin, kI.im, wikhI, )>r.iM,nii'it^>«f.(' 
 Tlior inariiie, a Miiall ii%li, 'f T^ M 
 Thread, enctilcliiims -ini itiifli-f^i'll 
 'I lire.id. Ilai, pack atirl .liw ( rrr^UV 
 Thread InM-rilnus, lace, liuitufli /in'," 
 'Jliiiilace, '/Il per cent. 
 'I'ilrs, I'nciuslii', y> iHTrmt. 
 
 liiarlite. .'ill |nr cent, 
 
 p.ivinu and roolinft, '^i i>mffli- J 
 Tiiiihir, hewn or wiwn,n>r«l"-'*^^-''J 
 'i'iii, In ham, Imnca, aiidMnft. "^'T 
 Tin Imies, ,'.5 percpiil. 
 
 crystalK of, and foil, .TI |*rif* 
 
 frjnHil.iliil niiit (rriln, ■;'»[««''■ 
 lipior, '^djier cent. , 
 
 nnirinte ofaiMii)iiii['of,.*'l'ff™' ] 
 in iiiys, I.'. piTmii. 
 plate., '-'"' I'tTwtil. 
 
I ■■riMiniitiii<1, V'l )rir trtu 
 
 , lit )H-r niil. 
 
 itrr mil. 
 
 il Kirm-I. I't (irc ( nil. 
 
 r . fill . 
 
 , .'H i-T .fill. 
 
 • fill. 
 iM-i ..■-». 
 
 (H>iti..l 11]'. ■'! Ill fur iminiNliI 
 t > • III. ^ 
 
 iH.ililf, lor Mlrtil, iMii'T""! 
 
 till. 1 
 
 |»r •i-iil. 
 
 lIMfOlll. 
 
 III. lii|rtr irni, 
 
 «li)«, VU ii.rri-m. 
 
 rtH, A I'dIviiii, r<M I'ft dill 
 
 I tl" ll.tlllTll »l llr, 111 )HrT irti', I 
 It lMlttll^tl.l^ ,|l>i| jt.iriiwli, -,', J 
 
 II1M .ii tii>iTiiiiifhi«, irijiii, i.i3 
 
 .tili-l-'. II Mill, ill |*t .nit 1 
 lu'iii.)>H'l'')<l»"<'t'it' "l.ilHtllllld 
 
 iinl. 1 
 
 ,U..l If -..II-. 1(1. ••**>■■ \»t<u. 
 
 , vUvii. m". ■» |t*i'ii'i^ .' 1 
 
 ,1. 1. .y,-t\U. 
 
 iMiiil. i.r iir'ii.iri>l, -r. \<rj\', 
 I...I .ilx.v' No- I * Hot. h "It 
 K, ■.. . |it'r ''■■ 
 
 ■ N.I 17 I'lil.'li Mtixl'iil, ml 
 Nn. I.'i lliil.li M.iml.nl m< .'.t 
 •r III. I 
 
 1- Nn. r*. m»1 Ntii»<-ilrlnl, mil 
 N.I. Vit Hill. 1' MiiiLirtl II' ■ '^ 
 r III. 
 
 ,«-il. in li.riu III litif. 'iiiiii'.iiii\li 
 ■ntl, |i.il«"''tl, "r i;"">i'^i"i(l 
 
 • ilrliil.i'T iit>it*T *^\fAf- iUp 
 ildll st.iiiil.iiil i"i't'"iit, 'i.i«-i 
 , wli.li |inilllltil,i'>l'Hir'il,.,r,ij 
 ■il, viliiMl.U .MlitiilM"'!''-"'! 
 ,,. 1 III. ■ 
 ,■. v.ilni'<lnvi-i .'.II i.ill. V'rlli 
 ,'.n |ii r .ntt. 
 
 ,1 ..nil', •.. . I'irlli. 
 ..il 11 iil.'iili, ."(I'T"'"' 
 I . 1,. • III- 
 
 ,11,11, ll.ilir 111 Mll|.ll"'. '■' l-l 
 
 . ,„•, ,11.1. 
 
 ,;.„M. ..I, ■.ll\.-n.i.,. 
 
 ,i.iil..s..l.....l'l" l,'..].- 
 
 ir.il-. all n"l iilliit*i>i'l'i".i 
 I I riil- 
 
 M.i.l. I.ir .■..."■<. r. |'.''i.M. 
 „ 1.11 r, K 1.1 ."..' "1«". '"" 
 
 y>\ I-..'. 
 
 ,,,1.'. l.l■r.'■'"• 
 (■,^^ll■lll■I«, "'. l.'■""''■ 
 ,., .iii.l(..tV-, S'. l"'ci-"i. 
 i',iiii)ii.<lt.i»i> ^.1 iwr i*...!. 
 [, Willi m;irlili*li.|'». .I'i'.^i"''" 
 
 ,iM-, Miinll"'''. ■'...' I ''"'". ""'''''!1 
 
 lir.uls, I.r ^i.li|i^. 1.1.1 l•^.■.t^ll"( !■ 
 
 ||,t.lHl, i'v. I'l'r '.!•."■ , 1 
 
 hr.iil., ur »|.riK.. .»'n'Hi.l!«.«< 
 
 111.. . ' 
 
 a.Tl,|.'.l.i'"'''"- 
 
 -.1,.^ . iKtrrlll. 
 
 rV iron. :«1 1"-"™I- 
 
 ., iiiiraTiil.'"ll«'""''' 
 
 |iv. 1.-.1.1TII.- 
 
 irinil-, u.i..ri™i. 
 
 ivt il .1. ^..'.I'r '.!■ I'r-""'y.^'l** 
 ,„i . ,11,1 l.ii.ni..".. I. ■"'"'■ f"'^ 
 Li,i.M. ""'"'• 
 
 'il,irl.'''.l.»~. ."111.'. ™ ""'• '-"'f" 
 ,,11,111,, vll IIIT ifiil. 
 ,,,.,ri,l.M.iri;..M.W-V«''«.- 
 
 ['of i;ili'.'.'..Cu''.'l-'''"l *'''''''" 
 '.itlu-r ,,!«." "',""■" «"""'■"' 
 
 Hf*. liil«'ri''..l- 
 h, l.iamifa.ti.r'il.'"M«'n" 
 ' oiies, 111 !»•' "'"i. 
 
 „»li..i. 'ill rr '"■'"■ ,„„,, 
 
 „i.-n.iii,.lr;,' I«t ' »• 
 
 bL;;,i:::,~i..-s,4,.,-;;^ 
 
 |;il«». IV-"""'; 
 
 V«i-H '•'> lu'i" (■'■"«• Jl 
 
 „„;;;i'i„i;;'m„i«c.',i.."-"'«"' 
 
 liiiiiue, 7111..'; ;■"'•,.„, 
 
 'il„r,livwn..r-i«". ''•,% 
 
 i;;:;j;:;,e^ii;K^',^. 
 Kl..i"i»"'>p«"''-'''' 
 
 tl,im.r,'i.lJ»'';'''i»'.,„,...iTC-l. 1 
 Jmiriat, or. V..I ">."■'". ^ '• 
 
 111 i.ics. i'.,i'" ',"'',; 
 
 >)''ii''.' 
 
 i«l»i.|| l,» finlll. 
 
 „,l KiMi-r. ■!': i»r 1. til 
 
 'ui||.« iif. lli.l I.II11.III-IA 
 
 iiiii|». 
 
 I |.i 
 
 „il„til '" 
 
 ',.1 |M-r i 
 
 i,,(,i,iiit,ii. 111.1 |.t,.v..ir.i r..i 
 
 I. mil'., 1...I .<. 
 
 ,.l,....l, I I • 
 
 ,l„ 
 
 . |„'f II.. 
 I'.lilM lli>'. 
 
 mill 
 
 „ li, ml. III I*. I ifiil 
 iiii.l< 111. 111. lifil' 
 
 I«ii,.l»" 
 
 , anil li.ii}l«l. .'..' 
 
 . |.i 
 
 Ilil(,lr4l. '..I.* 
 
 I liini|llil lir.lii., Utl |i 
 
 1 ii,i.lri.|illli.lli,'.ll|.- 
 
 I'll, r mil 
 
 ,||1'I KI'IIMK' ..I 1111.1 ' 
 
 ,, l,l. 1 1. III. 
 
 I ir„ii III 
 
 III! 
 
 'if 
 
 ml. 
 
 („i„, .■,|.ii,iil 
 
 t.,.,'l,i».li.. ". I"l"i '.■"'■ 
 *,<li,f,.V|'.'t.'i.l. 
 
 Ii,l,„<l,<, II, I ..Ik, llll.''' ....I. 
 I,;,,».»«liiii'l.l,-...|..r.i-iil, 
 
 rMM-.. ■•' ■!..■'. i-'.l- 
 I'mta,' rill,. 
 
 l'«l«,U,,.,l.ll.,.'.iil"'rH'..l. 
 vll,.,i/.i.-..l. 
 
 »,>. ..i ,„n l'l,r. Hill lir.lv, ^|l^, rilMlllT 
 \( (/,■ |i,l n-ill. 
 MiiTf .,if, iivnl 1.1 III.' I1...I111I.1. lull' ' 
 ilKi^,i , Il llll 111 111,* l,MI,ll ll■llKlll^ 
 •ilff.,*.!. 
 |.ti«,(,M,i!iiri,, uli.r, I.I (.IT. 
 
 ^ll,■M,,^■.IH•^ 
 
 '(■III. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Vadil. Im.ii, iilrr 
 ',Wwi.iMll,ii..iil 1 1. 1'l, ^.. piT irnl. 
 ,,li„l,„r..li|.ir.riil. 
 .,-,U |>.||l„ 
 ViniJi^.l .ill k mils *ilm' 111.1 iiviT 111. '.Hi . 
 cm;,!., ', I'll nil. itii.l ".'11 |i r I'.nt. 
 Vm.1,1-, «l .III liiiil,. v.iliii. 1. 1. -I 1.1. .'.".■• 
 p«(«, .i,|,.ri!.il..iii,l v.|„Tiiiil. 
 
 I Vwi. i»,„,hii, oni.i II, il, I Mlnilu; 
 
 iMH.,»ltti .1.111,1 .mil sli.lil, , .111,11 fi-nt. 
 I VfPIl i. .,1'. 1 ,1111 s iiiiiii.uiiil.l, lilMil, u.i-il 
 
 I:!..!., .',t„r .nil. 
 I liYit^lJr .u',.l.iii,ri, Ullill imil'li llirril, IIMll 
 
 h,u,l,i;,., r.iliil |i< r Inn. 
 I VnfliMf., |in.|i,ir,-il, .I'l piT ri-iil. 
 I Mu|.,rr«i.i. )ir.,ti.lt.il lor. Ill )i|.rr|..il. 
 I I'mt,!.!.. ,)ii,i,i„(.,, iiol iiitiiTMiM. ]ir<ivlilitl 
 
 Iff, mI„I, INT 1,111, ami 111 |i|.r iriil. 
 I Villin], li.|,. I i-fiii, 
 
 I Vflir. ,,.ll„Ti, iirinliil nr ],)llii1iil, hilk ,'llt.l 
 I rJlun. .,11 i,.,t .lin-tvilii,.. r. , l„.r I (lit. 
 I Vtli«.u.iil.|i;,i„it,,ii. :. , |,|.r niil. 
 
 It^lmi;, .I'll, i.fljiir r, 111, 
 IIWin^rKl.. y'liMTifiil. 
 I Vmijn ri,l. ilrv, anil in nil, '.!', prr ri.il. 
 
 |VHl*lllll,m..'/,', JILT III. 
 |Vmtri;i.iiiiiilii;il |,ri'|i,), 'IDiiiT trill. 
 I Vmlpi,, (k-. jut 111. 
 |Vrti)ii„h.,'(ii|,Pl.reiil. 
 ll(im!,.li, V, |«,r ii.nt. 
 "'I, '■.|,iTii.i.|. 
 I Imwili l«iiii. liiiUT.1, im) |i. r ri'iit. 
 
 NI.'AV YOkK 
 
 all lirrlliiiiiry .mil Inn V, lii.i 
 nllllUllM. I i|..lill|r.il II. 1. 1.1 ,1. 
 
 Vlil., ,ill |.i.ilii 
 X'liii'K.ir, 
 
 rrv .lll.l I. 111. 
 
 V'li.llii, »lli. sliliiKH, 
 
 . Kill. "^'I |.''r . 
 
 illl.il 1. 11 In. I, |ll|n 
 
 Viiii.il. llll 
 
 w 
 
 lll.ll.'ll' 
 W'lU.r 111 
 
 .."•I"- 
 
 I'liiiili' ailil, I. . |i. I II. 
 
 Ill 'Ulliliill. "I I ,,],|, I, i'i\> 
 
 iili.li.tii, iif /III. 
 
 (ni II.' 
 
 pi'i III, 
 
 .llii.l, 'II |ii'i , 
 
 •il, 1. llll, mil iillii.iwi' 
 
 I 1,1.1 iir iiiilili'ii'lii'il. 
 
 I |i,iil. Ill, '^.1 ).. 
 
 VVn.,l, lliiiil ,1.1 
 
 I.ir w.Nil 
 
 1 I I t",il »lii' 
 
 llll 
 
 I'l'illMK ^V|. iwr 
 
 r I llll. nil v,ll. 
 
 i> < '111,1 iillirt 
 
 II. Ili.it..tl .11 llif. 
 itl.'il I.I lln lliiili'il 
 
 Sl.ili.i, r.i liiiliii|. ifmrMfa Iti .ili li piifl, 
 
 >li.illln. I'y, 
 
 nlii 
 
 I ' 
 
 . |..'r 111 
 
 I" 
 
 1-.. II, 
 
 II,, 
 
 VVi.|lui.>v(H.il w.iii' (Mini.-), in |,i'r roil, 
 \V. litliU, lii.lv., ii,|i|i, 1, ur I', 11 1, ,'. |i|.r n 
 
 Wit hliii., /.', (itr 
 
 VV'liali'iM.iii., Ill,' iitiKlui t iiF r.ri iKii IMimi 
 
 ti. 1 I llll. 
 \Vli'ili'i>,l,iil'l'„r.iK 
 
 lliiur. It 
 Wli.'lil.ni..;, .11 I 
 \M.ilt..|(,ilr.. I, 
 
 H'.ni.i.l 
 
 \\\ 
 \Vt 
 
 . |.. r I 
 
 . |.. . l..,l. 
 
 Ill, 
 
 I.I . 1 I'vlliiili.r, 
 
 V|. Ill III l.'l ill,, 1 1,1, 
 
 .|, 
 
 |..rll,, 
 r II.. 
 
 I. ..I .r 
 ..|. 11. 
 
 1, 
 
 .1 111' 
 
 l'» 
 
 I.I.IW I'.l.l 
 
 lllll„lll.lllll, 
 
 ,n'i III, 
 nv, I III l,v l'.,li..| i.vi'i II. h 
 II. Ii> '/I, not iivir 'I l,v .III, '/',, 
 all ,il»i«i. .'I III .11 111., .1 .|M., II, 
 
 Wlll.lllW |..l..., |„,|| l„ll,.|lll|.|,'l 
 
 toil iiii'i HI II. I'. 111., '\v. pi'i 
 IIVIT II. l,v I , 111., 111,1 iivi.r II, l>| 
 
 ,,.1 ,.|, 11, 
 ..VIT II. I, I VI, ami 11.. I i.viT VI lij 
 
 II, . |,.'i -..1. II, 
 all iivi'i 'M III .111 111., Inil m.t iil.nvi 
 
 I ., -'It. , |i'r..|. II. 
 
 iivi-r Ji 1>V I'll III., III. . |ii.r ,.'| I'l. 
 Willi < I.I' .ill.. nil ^,111 I.II1II. i„i ,a.L-, 11,1. 
 
 I,-.. ^)n< I. llll ,11 i.il.il, V il'i'il ii'il .,vi'r 
 
 '..I. |..-. K'l'. I'.r Kal. .i,„l .' , |..i . 
 
 V.lllll'll iivi 1 .'ill. . ,11,1 i..,| 111. 1 1 ,|„|, ,„., 
 
 Hal.. '.Ill |iii u.il. .mil ' . pii I, 111. 
 v.ililt.|| 'iviT I lll.l, (n-r K.il,, I iliil, pi.f t{,il, 
 
 anil '^'i |H.r irni. 
 Hit rli.iiii|iaKiii. nr ^pirliliiiit iviiii... In 
 hnlll. '., In |..i| I. ..1 iliitv III. Ill II il'il. |„.r 
 lln/. I..,llli'\, I'll. Il I, iilli- ...iit.i.ii.nif lint 
 
 t ■ llnlii I 1)1 1 iiniK-ll 1 |il.,.,r 
 
 I, ilnl. prr ■/ lln/, l.nllli.., . .1, li Inillli' i „,i. 
 I.lilllllit 111. I 1111,11. III. Ill I pi, 
 Willi. In..., llip. .1, Vll p. r mill. 
 
 Iinllli-s I m.t. I li; \ V, . rai li. 
 
 l|.|.>,i-tl',lalliMil,nri null' I ,tl.ii , ..,'. prr lli. 
 
 Wliitrt liirli,nrrnniii.||.i alli.l, V.I prr t. 
 
 WimkI Ii.iIIk, Kill nr tint, tin kf^atiininii an. I 
 
 l'll|.^.^ turn, ^'i prr , nil. 
 
 Winnl i'ai.lnrii,.1'. prr lint. 
 
 Ilrr, Vll prr I'l-til, 
 
 iiii'.illit, VI) prr 
 
 KiiiiiMll.t. VI) prr I I'll 
 jarliH, ,!.'» prr rrli', 
 liiVi., V'. |M.r mil. 
 
 iirnatiirtltii, ffill 
 
 riilt"i, .";'. prr rriit, 
 
 ntlina.nir.irtiirril, nl' iitiy kltnl tint rniinir- 
 r.llril, Vll prr rrtil. 
 
 ipi'isHi'i, iriiilr (ilriiKI. 'ill p.r. i*^'' |. ' ■ 
 
 ni'iniil'.irlnrr. nf. int nll.rrwi.r hpri ibnl, 
 
 WnnI, llliniailtirai Ilirril, class lirsl. rlnllilti){ 
 
 wiMils, llll, prr 111. mill II p.. . .ill v.il. 
 
 (.xrr(slltlu.^.'A:.,llii. valiir llirr. .li' at tlir l.ist 
 imrt WlirilCr ripnrlril Itiln llir I'liilril 
 Slatrs, t.«i'lll(llli|{ I luliifrs ill Mull pnrt, 
 sll'lll II,. .. 'r, Iiir lli.,nr Irss, 111, . prr II,, 
 Rtiil 1 1 p I-, ml val. 
 
 nail ri'il, lint ..tlii-i 
 Is /\rl, '' )n-r 111. 
 
 nt . assinirrr, 'il li. prr 
 
 Wnnllr 
 V ilnl 
 
 w 
 
 -1 ..I . 
 
 ',1 .,1 l».,t till, 11'.' Il.ll, ,,l 
 
 WrilllmiK „vri I ./. prr s.|. Vll.. 
 
 |.ai till- SI iliilv It, 1,1, tvnnll |,,| 
 
 W.n.llrii li.'.irri.all Iniitls .tinl llslltiKs, 
 
 ,..!" 
 
 U'l, 
 
 . p, 
 
 prr II,. 
 
 111.. 
 
 'll.lX 
 
 VI II, 
 
 III y, 
 
 WiillrlitlntliliiK, li'.nli imtlr 
 
 ,ipp ilrl nl'rvrii llr 
 I 
 
 III l.l.tnk.'liiiit In 
 
 lipllnll 
 
 "lip In 
 
 ir V iliiU (wr 
 mil. 
 ,'l .vrajInK 
 
 Wt.i till, 
 
 tl I,, 
 
 all 
 
 111. 
 
 pit III. 
 
 
 
 Ill, 
 
 pill 
 
 rtll. 
 
 iipii 
 
 Ik 
 
 nl ..,1, 
 . p.r II.. 
 
 Ill , 
 
 .irprlmu, nnl 
 .nr I. 
 
 »rr ,Nn. 
 sa prr 111. ,11 p. 
 
 wlo.llV ..I 111 p.iri nl wnt.l.il. Il 
 
 llir .Vlp.i, .1 Kn.il, thri hhr 
 
 (r..rpt t.n..l 1,1,',,; ., . , 
 
 in. I 'illirtMl ... firnviiliil |..r, . 
 
 nvir I'll', prr II,., V.n . prr 111. a, 
 V.iliir nv. r p.. , null nnl nirr 1,11, 
 
 .^ll, . prr II,. ,ii,il ' . p.-r I rill 
 V.I v.r 1.11. lll.l v.r ll.n , prr |li 
 
 III. . inr II.. '..,,1 '. . p.'r i.iil. 
 v.tl .vrr I'll , prr II,,, .'ill. . prr 111. anil : 
 
 prr trill. 
 Wni.lt'.l I..1K.. lip. (m.l *nvr|, Inl.l.' . ..vrl 
 nl.ims,tinlliirls,lwi t. will p.i . iliHi ., „l,nv 
 Wni.tril tap., l.nvr..n liaiti..,, hn.., tli .i«rl 
 
 plnvrs, tiillls, >liltl ., ■.'. prr ti-nl. 
 ,\.alr..r,itiiiipn«.,| |., p.itt nf »...,!, 
 
 la'r 111. anil ..', p.r iriil. 
 
 Vaitls. In I»rr (rill 
 Vain, i.ilr, 11, p,.. II,, 
 
 I nliiiii, 1', prr ( , III, 
 
 II i> nr lltii 
 h.i.ainl v.liiiil.iivl. 
 
 valintl nvrr vl tin. ,irr 111. 
 Jul.', V, prr, rill. 
 V.irils, lirilip, ',1 . prr II,. 
 
 wnlstrtl .111.1 w,,.,Ilrn, tr.iliir mil nvrr "II.''. 
 
 pri 11,.. '.'It . prr II,. niii; :'.', p., . .nl tiil, 
 v.'iliir nvrr III., iiiiit in,. ,ivt.r I. 'It. prr 
 
 III., :ll.. ptr 111, anil '■'. p.., a,| v.tl. 
 viiliir nvrr l.i't . .nnl ||,,I nv,., Hlli . prr 111.. 
 
 llir. p(.r 111. ,inil ',', ]i,.r , rut. .lit val. 
 vallir nvt.r II... . prr 11.., ',11. . prr II.. anil .1''i 
 
 prr trill. .Ill t.il, 
 Varti, iinlarirl. In.ttip, .',i'. prr lit. 
 V.'ll.iw, fciim'. p.ilt.nt, U'l p.r (.(.111. 
 I'lirnniillr .il p.,1,1 h, ^l■. prr III. 
 tllrli arnl, lit, . pn ll>, 
 n, liir,tliy. '.Ill . prr Iml 111. 
 ni'lilr in nil. 111. 'ill. . prr rrttt. 
 s.ilt nl I'liri.iiir, Vll prr ( Cltt. 
 spirits, Vll prr rrilt. 
 
 /'iHVr, '^11 prr r.nl. 
 /.111. , nails, :'.,'. prr t ,'nt. 
 
 In pi|;s, nrnllirrwisr titiwrnili{lil, I It, pi r lU 
 Zliii , ill shrrls, Vji-, |,t.r III. 
 
 klilpltalr t,r, '/Il prr I, I, I 
 
 ni llir III, tlry,tiri(riiitiitl in nil, \lr, prr III. 
 
 iii'itnil'.it liir|..i nf, .1', prr t t-nl. 
 
 v.ilrrlanalr nf (iMit.tnlt al), Vn prr trttt. 
 
 I.'I" .li( /'nr fsliihlishiiiii a ty^inihHiiiinij Sijslrm 
 ill llti: I'nilril SttilcK. 
 
 llll fi.lliiwiii^ is an iidiiiiiil copy of ;«i Aot piiHuoil 
 |lv Imlli lliiiis(.a ill' ('iiiifrr(.,ss, .Inly IHKJ, ami 
 |si?iieilli»' ihp I'rcHiiliiiil. Ill' l.lm IJiiilt'il SliiUi.s on 
 
 Lh Act esliililisliimj a \i'iirih()usimi Si/ali'in, iinil 
 III iimrnil an Ait ailillcil ' An Aft Id jiroviilf 
 Sitninr friiin tmiiiirf.i. iiiid In clianyi: iniil miiilifi/ 
 "tthmj /,,(iM imjms'mr) /Juties on JniiHirls, anil 
 
 I ,/»ro(/ifr I'liiimsfn.' 
 
 Bi' it I'n.idcil liy til, Scimlt- anil lloiric. of Kc- 
 fescnttitivM of tlip liniipil Stall's of AmiTii-ii, 
 ■; 'Jiii;;rMH assi'inlilt'd, that, tliii twolftli spcfioii 
 i''ii'.\i'l inlii It'll ',\ii Ai'l III iirnviilii Hi;v(>niii' 
 p'lra !aiii(irt.i, uml tn i'Ik'hil-i' .•uhI mmlify existing 
 
 l.awn im|io,Hiii(.j Oiilir.s on lin|i.ir(M, nml fi;r olhiT 
 i'lirjiiisi'.s,' apiiroviiil .Viif^iiMl .'(o, 1X12, in ficnliy 
 aiiirnili'il HO a.M licniaflur to rrail a.s follnwn: ( Si'i:. 
 \'i I Anil llll itfiirlliiT ciiarti'il, that on and al'tiT tliii 
 ilay l.liis All. j^'oi'S into opcralinii, llio iliiticH on nil 
 iinpitrli'il }^iiiiiIm, wafi'.i, ur mrri'lianilisn, hIiiiII Imi 
 paiil ill ^a^■ll : I'roviilitil, tlial in all itanc^ of fail- 
 iiri' or ni';;Ioi'l to pay tlii' 'liitii-s within the iiiTiuil 
 ;illiiwi'il liy l.iw to llll' iniporlir lo maUi' iintry 
 llirrciif, I.r wlii'iH'MT Ihii owiiiT, iiiiport.i'r, or con- 
 >i'.aiii' shall iiL'tko ciitrv fur wanihoii.sing Ihn 
 s.'iiiii'. ill wriliii(^, in :<iii'li lnrin anil ..oipportcil liy 
 Hiii'li piiiof ai nh.'ill he pii'.icrihril liy tin? ,Si'i!ri'tary 
 of llll' 'Iri-asiirv, I hi' saiil (rouil.s, wares, or incr- 
 cliiinili-ii shall liti taktin posscssinn of by th(! 
 t!iilli rliir, anil ilfpnsitiil in tlm piihlii; slori'H, or in 
 ollirr Mtori's to III' .'({iri'i'il on by tin' colldiitor or 
 cliii'f I'cvi'iniiMidii't'r of tin; port iiiiil thfi iinp'irtcr 
 
 vll 
 
' > 
 
 060 
 
 NKW YOHK 
 
 V 
 
 : 
 
 , < 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
 owner, or consi^ftH'i', llio sniil slorcs to 1m^ .tcciireil 
 it) till' nmiincr |iri>viik'<l Tor by llio tirst m'ctioii of 
 the Act A|iril "JO, IHIM, nitillei'l ' An Act pniviiliMK 
 fur tli(f |)c|Misit of Wiiius mill I>i><lilliMl Spirits in 
 I'nlilii; WarclionsicM, anil fur otiicr I'lirimsc^,' tlirri' 
 to 111' ki'pt with lino iiml rriismmMi' run', at (lie 
 <liarf;n anil risk of the ownrr, inipnrU'r. cnnNi^ini'r, 
 or a;;('ut, anil sniijrrt at all tinii's to thiir iiriliT, 
 upon pnymi'iit of 'llic imiprr (liitii's ami oxpi'nscH, 
 to bo asi'i'i'laincil on due cnti-N llnrcof lor warc- 
 lioiisinj;, anil to ho .sociiri'd hy lioiiil of tin- ownrr, 
 importiT. or (•iinsi^jni'c, with ><nri'ty or snrrtir-i, to 
 tho hatisfactiiin of the culiiiior in iloulilo tlir 
 iinioinit of the xaiil diiticH, and in Much form as 
 till' Si'i-rclary of the 'I'ri'asury sliall iiri'srrilic : 
 priividid that no niiTclunulisi' >liiill lio witlidiawu 
 iVnni any warchoi.so in which il may he diposilcd 
 ill a less ipiantitv than in an cut ire pacUa^'c, lialc, 
 cask, or liox, inilcss in hulk; nor .shall merchan- 
 dise so imported in hulk he delivered, except in 
 thewhole iiuantit_v of each parcel, or in ai(uautily 
 not less than 1 ton weiy;ht, unless hy special 
 nudiority of liie Secretary of the 'I'reasury. And 
 in ease the owner, iinjiurler, consi/^nee, or ai^ent of 
 any Koods on which the duties have not lieen imid, 
 shall f;ive to the colleetor satisfactory security 
 that till' said (;oods shall he landed out of the 
 jurisdiction of the United Slates, in the manner 
 iiow reipiired hy existing; laws relatinji to expor- 
 tatioiis for the henelit of ilrnwliaek, the collector 
 and naval ollicer, if any, on an oiitrv to re-expnrt 
 the same, shall, upon payment of the appropriate 
 expenses, permit the said floods, nnder the inspec- 
 tion of till' jiroper odiecrs, to he .shipped without 
 payment of any duties thereon. And in case any 
 floods, wares, ur merchandise, deposiied as afore- 
 said, shall remain in puhlic slure heyond one year, 
 without pa_\nnent of the duties and charijes there- 
 on, then said goodg, wares, or mercliainlise shall 
 be appraised hy the appraiser of the L'uiled State-, 
 if there he any at sucli port, and if none, then by 
 two merehantH, to be designated and sworn by the 
 collector for that purpose, and sold hy the collector 
 at public auction, on due ]nihlic notice thereof 
 beiiiK hrst Ki\ en in the manner and for the time 
 to he jiresciibed by n genera' re,;;tdalion of the 
 Treasury Department ; and at said pulilic sale, 
 distinct and iirinted eatahigues descri|)tivc of said 
 goods with the appraised value allixed theretr 
 shall be distributed among the persona preseiit at 
 said sale ; and a rea.sonablc opportunity shall be 
 given before such sale, to persons desirous of jmr- 
 ehasing. to inspect the quality of such goods; and 
 the proceeds of said sales, after deducting the 
 usual rate of storage at the jiort in question, with 
 all other charges and cx|ienses, including duties, 
 shall be paid over to the owner, importer, consig- 
 nee, or agent, and proper receipts taken for the 
 same: provided that the overplus, if any there lie. 
 of the proceeds of such sales, after the payment of 
 storage, charges, expenses, and duties as aforesaid, 
 remaining unclaimed for the space of 10 days 
 after such sales, shall be paid by the collector into 
 the Treasury of the United .States; and the said 
 collector shall transmit to the Treasury Dejiart- 
 inent, with the said overjilus, a copy of the inven- 
 tory, appraisement, and account of sales, specifying 
 the marks, numbers, and descriptions of the pack- 
 ages sold, their contents, and a|)praised \alne, the 
 name of the vessel and master in which, and of 
 the port or place whence they were imported, and 
 the time when, and the name of the person or 
 persons to whom, said goods were consi;;ned in 
 the manifest, and the duties and charges to which 
 the several consignments were resjiectively subject, 
 and the receipt or certificate of the collector shall 
 exonerate the master or person havin-' charge or 
 
 eonimand of any ship or vessel in „),|,.|, j,, 
 giM.ds, wares, i.r miivliauiuse wer,. imi,„rt,.,i r""' 
 
 all eh.ims.if till - ini|,,n,,u 
 
 nevertheii 
 lit lei 
 
 r-'iil 
 
 iol till' owner nriiwiierst|„.r,,,f „|„,,| ,, 
 less, nil due proof of tlii'ir iii|,.r,..(, |„ ';,,,' 
 ii'ii'ivelriin. the Treasury ll,|. „„„„„„,;, 
 any overplus paid into the same ii,|i|,.r ||„. " 
 visions of this Aet ; prnvided. tliat ,„ ,„„,|i „rti'i„| 
 oCtll seelion ol the ueiieral enlleeli,,!, Uy „|- \i ,, lI 
 '-', 17!M., and the i;ith seetiun of tli,- .\,t „l \ ', '! tl 
 .'10. l.si-j, ti. pnivide revenue Iruin iiMi.nrt-, .n,';' t,, 
 change and nuHlify exisiing laws impo.-in ' , 
 on impiirts, and for other jiurpi.si.,, nn c.mii.ij 
 with Ihe provisiipiis of this Act, shall |„ 
 hereby repealed, excepting tlial nnlhin- ,„nt„M,(,i 
 111 tins Aet shall lieeuiislrued to exli ml il„. ij,,,- 
 
 now prrM'rihed bv law f„r sellin^r , i,,;,,,, 
 
 a ^^ • provided, ai-^o, I hat all gouils nfn piri-linM 
 
 nature, and all ginipimder, lireerarkor-, iuM ixJ 
 plosive substance-., depesited as aCnresiiiill ..|,all ; 
 sold forthwith. 
 
 Sec. •_'. Any goi.'.s when depnsiteil i» d,,, u„],v 
 stores ill the, manner iirovided fi,r in th- l.n. 
 going section, may he withdrawn IIiiti iri ; 
 transported to any other port of ctiirv. mul 
 rest riel ions jiroviiled fur in the Ai'l"iif .M,;i ii J 
 171)1>, in respect to tlie traiisporliiiii.n nt 
 wares, and inerchaiidise rromiim'eollceti.ni ui-uicj 
 to another, to be exported with the li|.;i,;ii ,)| 
 drawbaek; and Ihe owner of siieli nixnl, .,, i„ 
 withdrawn for Iraiispi.rtation, .shall ^ive hi^lmni 
 with sullleieiif sureties, ill douhleth|.aniMiiiit„i'tl( 
 duties chargeable on tliein, fur tlii' d pi.-ii (I'Mifh 
 goods in store in the port of enlrv Id HJiirliilicJ 
 shall be destine.!, t-iii'li liimd to bi'cmcrllol iiliej 
 the goods shall liere-dipiisiteil iii.'^loriMii Ih'n. 
 lion ilistrii-t to which they shall hi' tr.iii-ii.ii'll 
 provided, that nothing contained in thi< : 
 shall becoiisirued toextPiid the time ihirin-Miiiil 
 goods m.iy be kept in store al'tvr tlnir ori^iij 
 imiiortation and entry, beyond the tcriin.! oi 
 year. 
 
 Sec. ;!. If any warehoused giioils sh.ill ho I'raitli 
 Icntly concealed iii or removed fnnn any |'uiilij 
 or l)rivate warehouse, the same sliall lie liirf.it J 
 to the United States; and all persons ciiini'tej 
 of fraudulently Concealing or reniiiviii,' -lull ;'« 
 or of aiding or ahettitig such coiuvahiiciit (irn 
 moval, shall be liable to the sann' pi-iiiiliii- wliiol 
 are now imposed for the fraiiihilciit iiiiniiliieiio/ 
 of goods into the United Slates; aii'l il :ini 
 importer or proprietor of any warelioii-i'ii t"" 
 or any person iu his empliiy,'sliall hy niiy Mdii 
 vance fraudulently open tiic warihuiisi', ur : 
 gain access to the goods, except in tln' i-nviiol 
 of the jiroper ollicer of the ciistnnir. acliii- intlJ 
 execution of his duty, such inipiirliT ur |ini]'ririi 
 shall forfeit and pay, lur every siu h ulli iii". I."l 
 (hiUars. And any person coiivicttil el' :iltfriii| 
 defacing, or obliterating any mark nr iiiark^nliiif 
 have been jdaced by any ollicer of thi> revenue or 
 any package or )iaekages of warcliemi'J pioil 
 shall forfeit and pay, for every .such iiireiice, J 
 dollars. 
 
 Sec. 4. The collectors of the several piirts 
 Ihe United .States shall make ipiarlurlvripiTi'i 
 the Secretary of the Treasury, niTi.r.liii;' t".'ii« 
 general instructions as the saiil .•>i>iri i.iry nid 
 give, of all goods >vliich remain in tlii' « i.tliiisj 
 of their respective jiorts, .'^pecifyiii),' ilioiiiij™| 
 and description of the same; whirii "''"'^ff 
 tables formed thereon, the Swretaryl 'k'M 
 sury shall forthwith cau.se to he piil'li-li! »tl| 
 princijial jiapers of the citv o'U'a hiii.'M 
 
 Sec. 5. The Secretary (iftlieTrciMiry-lia"-'"'! 
 he is hereby authorised to make, Irsii w"'-' ' 
 time, such regulations, not hiconsi-ii'iii "H" '"I 
 laws of the United States, as way he iinK-<"!' ' 
 
 iMl ■ 1 
 ljiIiB.no 
 UnndJ, 
 
 I"? . 
 
 It** It iHrl, 
 I *r:nil 
 llM ■ 
 
 Tiwtrbli 
 
 Uid 
 
 ie?:nl, rf 
 
 ■ WHrra:iii 
 
 IWut 
 
 lleiituin 
 
 ||iil.iillnl 
 
 lltti . 
 
 iilifc»Klfiir,: 
 1 ilnw 
 
 In . 
 
 fn . 
 
 KlIM 
 
 f •*«, unman i; 
 l__ . ""Ufa' 
 fii.IW,' 
 
 |;«u»nM,. 
 I "" 
 
 
 ■l 
 
 *■ 'ti 
 
NHW YOUK 
 
 001 
 
 M ill \\\\\A\ saiill 
 (IT.' imi"irli'il. I'r''iil 
 ■.<tlllTi-uf,wli.>l,;ill,| 
 
 lii'ir iiiti'i'i-i, III iii- 
 isiiry llic imiMuni i 
 \w iiiuUt ih'' i^r- 
 
 tll.'lt Hil Iillli'll n|'tll>;| 
 
 iccliun law "i' M inhl 
 il till' A.1 ii[ Aiu'iLtl 
 (luin iiin«'it-, iiiii'. ti* 
 liuvs iiniiiifii: - 'I': 
 niri"iM's, rt< fiiiilliinl 
 Ai'l, >liiiU lii.Miil 1 
 lilt nollii\i:,' (■"iitiiiiioi] 
 il to I'Slnultlii' tiiiij 
 r scUiii'^ iiiiiiiii!!' 
 ,l(;ciii(lH(il'iilii'n>li:iUd 
 rirccriiitker-. iiiiil cx^ 
 . n* ul'iiri'Huiil, ^hull 1. 
 
 Icliiisitcil in till' I'li'i!' 
 •iili'il liiv ill ill'' I'H 
 iilniwii lliiTil'riiii x\i 
 rt lit' I'Ulrv. uiiil'T tli4 
 I tlifi A.M'of M;;iv!i-2| 
 iliisimrlnliiin nl 
 IKIlllM'nllcctiill', 'li-tricl 
 ,1 Willi tla' lii'M'-lit ' 
 nf silcli t;i.nil-i v't'i 
 inn, ^liall ;,'ivclii'l"., 
 [(mMi'lliciiiiiMiuiM'lbi 
 
 , fur llllMl•llll^ill'|■^ncl 
 
 of fiitry III wliii'hiliel 
 11,1 to be' cmiii'lli'l «lie| 
 tfdiiu'liiii'iiitlii'i'i'll'il 
 ,• shall 1)0 lr.w-ii"ri«lj 
 jiitiiim'il ill tlli^ M''lifl| 
 1(1 till' tiiiii'iliiriiiu'«lml 
 
 tori.' itt't'T >1"''"' ""-""I 
 jcyoiiil the iiTiii 111 I ' 
 
 lodfiooilsslialllicl'raiuli 
 moved friim any I'li'il 
 s.imi' shall lie I'lirMti 
 d all iicrMMis (Mini''«j 
 ;orrcmovii\,,'-ui'li;.""''j 
 ^ucli ciiiuvahmMit i'"^ 
 lie. sanii' iicnallii'««li" 
 'fraudidciU iiitri«liiciio( 
 0,1 Sinlcs; iiii'l " ''"I 
 
 ,iiiv wavclii'ii-i''' h1»«. 
 
 ,,y,'shallliyaiiyci".iiri 
 
 tiic warcliiiii^-''' "' ■''•, 
 lexirpt in till' iirivnjl 
 
 leciisliiiii-' !"■''"- '".J 
 Uinii.orti'r»ri.f"l'«i 
 
 ii.vfrvsiu'li"llt">'"'''!1 
 , co'iivicti'.l 111' altfniil 
 ,uMiuiriiiiriiwrk-«li 
 ..I'lkcrortliorewniKOj 
 
 >s of warclicii'i'il P<!!J 
 ' every siidi "I'''-'"':''! ^ 
 
 lof the several i"''- 
 IviUe nimrtiTly fir"''i 
 |,surv,nee.irili"-"''»l 
 Ithe Mid Si-cr.ii"}"'! 
 lemaininllio"!"!';;! 
 lf,,ecifvin;;ll'oq"»"i 
 
 L to be puM.-l''-'l int« 
 l„ftlie'rreaMir,vJ''.'"'f'J 
 
 |9,osmaylKM*=»'!' 
 
 (jllt'ifi'ft ti> tlic provisions of this Act, niiil 
 
 \lv. J iint neeiiiiiitiibility unilor the kmw. And 
 
 Tjjil 1»' the thily of tlip Secretary to report 
 
 A rf.'iilatiotis to cttcli Buccecdiiig Hcssioii of 
 
 ^IttfilowinK Hectioii (17) of the Aet of C.iii- 
 
 J,; ,if July I'l. "*"'-'- *■'" '"' •"'"""' "•' «'■''"'' 
 mnwi'c le merciiniits who consiKii or otlicrwi.e 
 
 ,dj to the United. Stales :— 
 
 ji, i; And be it t'urther enacted, That from 
 
 ^iiltrNuvemher 1, INH'-', i"> p""'''*. wires, or 
 
 Mhirili*, subject to ad vnh.rem or »|iecili(; 
 
 >, «kllicf heloiit,''"K K> « P'T''*"" or persons 
 
 , iw'lit' ill the Li'iiil"! States or otherwise, or 
 
 liwheraciiuircd by tlie ordiimrv i.rocess of har- 
 
 l,jj„,l<alo, or otherwise, shall lo admit te<l to 
 
 I'jv uiilisj the invoice of sucii H'""!^. wares, or 
 
 1 w'fcinilisc be veritied by the oath of tlm owner, 
 
 u? 
 
 I or one of o owners, or, in the abwiice of the 
 
 lowlier, one of the party who is aiithnrised by the 
 
 I owner to make the shipment and hit;ii (lie invoieo 
 
 I of the same, certifvini; that the invoice annexed 
 
 I contains a triii! and faitlil'ul account, if subject to 
 
 ad valorem duty and oV'ained by iiurchase, of the 
 
 actual cost thereof, and of all charges thereon, 
 
 and that no discounts, bounties, or drawbacks arc. 
 
 contained in the .said invoice but such as liavu 
 
 actually been allowed on the same; and when 
 
 <:onsif;iied or oblained in any manner other than 
 
 bv purchase, the actual market value thereof, and 
 
 it Hiibjcot to specific duty, of the actual ijunntity 
 
 therci)f, which said oath sliall be administered by 
 
 the consul or commercial anent of the United 
 
 Slates ill the district where llic noods are nianu- 
 
 faeiiireil, or from which they are sent; and if 
 
 ther(! 1)1! no consul or coniniercial a;cent of the 
 
 .,„, „f the Quimtitiea and Com/wted VuIuid of the I'l 
 hit'td Statei {including California) into the United Kinydom, in 
 aiiajicith 1807. 
 
 'rinvipal Articles Imported from the 
 each of the •! I'eura 
 
 
 
 Quanlllin { 
 
 Comiiulnl lUil Valui 1 
 
 ArticlH 
 
 
 IDRI 
 
 1S6A 
 
 1806 
 
 1807 
 
 1804 
 
 181)5 
 
 1868 
 
 £ 
 
 1807 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 irj Cionon, tnuikfti, twonU 
 
 kt . ■ 
 UapHiiiniliiot 
 
 taIuc 
 
 
 
 
 
 9,177 
 
 6,413 
 
 20,010 
 
 87,406 
 
 cwi. 
 
 S'i.l.lO 
 
 24.107 
 
 .-11,213 
 
 1*8,512 
 
 51, .102 
 
 35,950 
 
 54,297 
 
 34,100 
 
 It 
 
 Tt'i.-iM 
 
 318,899 
 
 317,221 
 
 291,361 
 
 1,47 1.8^^'. 
 
 874,015 
 
 910,012 
 
 6.56 ,H 19 
 
 |gt.fc»unnm'wiljm*u« 
 
 taht - * * 
 
 
 M.0S7 
 
 2.3,792 
 
 39,966 
 
 3^,172 
 
 20,7.15 
 
 7,963 
 
 1 1,057 
 
 18,718 
 
 ,, 
 
 'M.iITi 
 
 19r,l)nV 
 
 It3.'.l60 
 
 112,816 
 
 .396,6111 
 
 325,188 
 
 32l,!>81 
 
 336,993 
 
 It 
 
 H'tfiTl 
 
 h.3,211. 
 
 16,059 
 
 39,035 
 
 720,021 
 
 437,703 
 
 77,754 
 
 113,'29() 
 
 MWllflWK * 
 
 
 l.l.VJ 
 
 7 
 
 3,172 
 
 .3,8 14 
 
 12,9<1 
 
 61 
 
 42,682 
 
 37,671 
 
 Omm ■ • 
 
 „ 
 
 4f.f,'JHH 
 
 442,913 
 
 4I5,7V6 
 
 52i.,74iP 
 
 1,213,890 
 
 1,296, '/III 
 
 1,. 386, 117 
 
 1,470,017 
 
 CWb ■ • 
 
 no. 
 
 J1I»,I37 
 
 1.39,801 
 
 134,510 
 
 123,800 
 
 7I,'<49 
 
 45,331 
 
 54.3'.» 
 
 52,217 
 
 C«6tt • • 
 
 lb. 
 
 .l.ili'i.lSI 
 
 6.'.,774 
 
 l,873,,'i66 
 
 302, IDS 
 
 109,611 
 
 ll700 
 
 47,085 
 
 8,8'/8 
 
 1 'i.i.ix(hiindp«rtwrouRht 
 
 tuns 
 
 6,101 
 
 9,6.13 
 
 8,670 
 
 6,751 
 
 109,818 
 
 118,286 
 
 80,366 
 
 77,134 
 
 ^, 
 
 77 
 
 291 
 
 316 
 
 152 
 
 7,188 
 
 25,173 
 
 »4.(K« 
 
 11,187 
 
 cwt. 
 
 7,89S,01.'i 
 
 1,177,618 
 
 635,239 
 
 4,188,013 
 
 3,685,131 
 
 806,672 
 
 375,029 
 
 3,251,213 
 
 Bi;fi • 
 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 316,.'.27 
 
 591,818 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 177,414 
 
 2.16,781 
 
 te' • 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 2,629 
 
 .182,1.10 
 
 281,890 
 
 ,, 
 
 908 
 
 155,319 
 
 125,803 
 
 ftu ■ 
 
 J^ 
 
 lii,n7fi 
 
 .30,071 
 
 105,859 
 
 478,2'16 
 
 44,027 
 
 11,985 
 
 42,901 
 
 217,'/4I 
 
 ' Mt.tt or Imijan rnm 
 
 ,, 
 
 VUi,V6] 
 
 1,766,305 
 
 6,9.53,811 
 
 4,789,385 
 
 97,743 
 
 508,881 
 
 2,188,219 
 
 8,102,089 
 
 HlnuDMl ind tlour 
 
 J, 
 
 l,7I.VJ''l 
 
 256,769 
 
 280,792 
 
 722,976 
 
 1,033,903 
 
 160,111 
 
 209,951 
 
 727 ,'<33 
 
 'f«(i,n» 
 
 „ 
 
 ltr<,M'i 
 
 I,21'^79il 
 
 4,643,370 
 
 4,715,733 
 
 1,711,890 
 
 12,035,481 
 
 34,977,986 
 
 25,721,079 
 
 A ■ • 
 
 ,, 
 
 (i.l.'iV 
 
 8,1 2.'. 
 
 14,408 
 
 7,619 
 
 17,078 
 
 17,502 
 
 24,516 
 
 19,509 
 
 rii;Anil».r»w 
 
 liUstieU 
 
 4l),f)0« 
 
 1 1 ,3.58 
 
 18,'/09 
 
 12,174 
 
 38,500 
 
 11,686 
 
 19,975 
 
 15,'/ 50 
 
 cwt. 
 
 7,'iT 
 
 8,0VJ 
 
 4,993 
 
 14,502 
 2,182 
 
 I3,'280 
 
 14,3,59 
 
 ll,3'22 
 
 27.011 
 
 dm . ■ • 
 
 luiw 
 
 4,I<S 
 
 1,082 
 
 867 
 
 24,204 
 
 6,492 
 
 4,809 
 
 8,728 
 
 i||!ri!$MiJi»Bacaii) • 
 
 cwt. 
 
 l(il,o«i; 
 
 69,2i'0 
 
 S9,'/.13 
 
 .30,152 
 
 349„i:6 
 
 177,745 
 
 81,839 
 
 70,808 
 
 inn ■ • 
 
 ,, 
 
 41,'iS'J 
 
 3,.'i7Cl 
 
 25,193 
 
 ;i8.760 
 
 59,081 
 
 4,118 
 
 •28,917 
 
 20,2.SO 
 
 jll*^n«uniird 
 
 „ 
 
 ;t,4Hi 
 
 21,101 
 
 4,U78 
 
 1,015 
 
 73,449 
 
 40,893 
 
 8,753 
 
 2,108 
 
 it^nti. tJwed, currietl, or 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dtdicd • 
 
 tu 
 
 9.14.(;.'.3 
 
 1,122,.3.'j7 
 
 882,832 
 
 801,2.16 
 
 .35,0.58 
 
 39,4,V 
 
 30,856 
 
 88,781 
 
 fl^ . . 
 
 cwt. 
 
 47.621 
 
 22,116 
 
 0,057 
 
 6,526 
 
 267,364 
 
 127,970 
 
 47,013 
 
 68,353 
 
 Lm ■ ittcl, vrousht or manu* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^:«d . . 
 
 T«hie 
 
 
 ., 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 83,192 
 
 65,462 
 
 111,578 
 
 109,085 
 
 U . . 
 
 cwt. 
 
 siis.nii 
 
 71,.'.77 
 
 9;,on 
 
 !.'i3,129 
 
 404,918 
 
 236,14"! 
 
 3.14,668 
 
 586,3^1 
 
 I^«l . . 
 
 font 
 
 c.w.i 
 
 4,916 
 
 2.926 
 
 911 
 
 49,1,14 
 
 30,838 
 
 19,019 
 
 6,f/6 
 
 ft ^twnifdi or head matter • 
 
 tuna 
 
 4,111 
 
 1,6IKI 
 
 1,718 
 
 2,822 
 
 301,721 
 
 160,98f 
 
 210,116 
 
 326,6,S3 
 
 Tntiu blubber 
 
 J, 
 
 7oi; 
 
 151 
 
 217 
 
 1,211 
 
 38,170 
 
 10,014 
 
 11,510 
 
 50,501 
 
 Uifl . . - 
 
 cwt. 
 
 12,981 
 
 .. 
 
 97 
 
 16,461 
 
 29,.'j01 
 
 ,, 
 
 .340 
 
 48,090 
 
 irsfint.cftuTnemine 
 
 „ 
 
 i'i 
 
 478 
 
 40,511 
 
 •.9.5,7.56 
 
 88 
 
 l,,5or 
 
 92,188 
 
 142,475 
 
 mF""' : ; : 
 
 lb. 
 
 18,11411 
 
 18.541 
 
 22,.'.J' 
 
 29,929 
 
 1 1 .2.33 
 
 12,123 
 
 10,224 
 
 .30,885 
 
 gnIlon:i 
 
 11!I,I40 
 
 S0«,2II2 
 
 981,0.37 
 
 471,210 
 
 16,382 
 
 28,951 
 
 138,980 
 
 58,79.1 
 
 Oi«ifUe . 
 
 tontt 
 
 ,1.S,57'2 
 
 .33,119 
 
 40.314 
 
 44,108 
 
 .319,980 
 
 328,3/1 
 
 419,310 
 
 473,602 
 
 Rjitum 
 
 tuiw 
 
 111 ,012 
 
 1IV-.18 
 
 29,633 
 
 22,236 
 
 415,803 
 
 348,0lir 
 
 676,(816 
 
 .101,6:5 
 
 irt.uiinl . 
 
 iwt. 
 
 106,142 
 
 4 1,185 
 
 47,141 
 
 .5,'.,OI8 
 
 208,509 
 
 92,352 
 
 118,111 
 
 11 4, '201 
 
 tctuiift 
 M,i»imthetiu'k 
 
 Il>. 
 
 ,. 
 
 45l,8-,2 
 
 7RI,8'il 
 
 .329,103 
 
 
 46,906 
 
 71,063 
 
 29,171 
 
 cwt. 
 
 « 
 
 •12,5.17 
 
 .1,102 
 
 9.505 
 
 13 
 
 7'A3I1 
 
 5„502 
 
 I8,:S3 
 
 M . . 
 
 
 1,429 
 
 14,815 
 
 346,,-OS 
 
 477,290 
 
 2.072 
 
 15.41(1 
 
 871,376 
 
 250,709 
 
 tlSbVI'lfuT^: 
 
 i' 
 
 27,654 
 
 6,790 
 
 40,1,16 
 
 12,075 
 
 73,812 
 
 23,238 
 
 146,011 
 
 41, .137 
 
 3rt.B ■ . 
 
 n«. 
 
 I.MOl 
 
 4,536 
 
 10.891 
 
 18,969 
 
 6,410 
 
 2,031 
 
 7.9.50 
 
 7,883 
 
 w . . 
 
 
 48,0,'il 
 
 12,169 
 
 3,0.55 
 
 7,486 
 
 8,109 
 
 2,1,11 
 
 4.58 
 
 1,131 
 
 Fn . . 
 
 „ 
 
 40,IH7 
 
 3.3,812 
 
 .52.4181 
 
 8I,.163 
 
 18,566 
 
 10,180 
 
 86,209 
 
 26,131 
 
 Mimn 
 
 
 fi,17.'> 
 
 4,191 
 
 11,743 
 
 7,709 
 
 3,524 
 
 2,512 
 
 8,787 
 
 4,822 
 
 N^ui.h - 
 
 
 l,i\:i,nh 
 
 601,094 
 
 1,608,091 
 
 8,289..12l 
 
 53,875 
 
 22.888 
 
 91,751 
 
 116,107 
 
 Onti ■ . 
 
 
 2,111 
 
 '.176 
 
 876 
 
 4,309 
 
 2,861 
 
 811 
 
 1,421 
 
 3,559 
 
 Lcflcn 
 
 „ 
 
 .')I'J,329 
 
 236,050 
 
 357,102 
 
 378,151 
 
 61,102 
 
 21,579 
 
 42,970 
 
 J9,'/01 
 
 OlMrvTt! . 
 
 value 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 .. 
 
 30,427 
 
 39,529 
 
 <l,74l 
 
 4'2,500 
 
 ^iftli.fine. 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 
 14,428 
 
 5,91 1 
 
 5,168 
 
 20,3'/0 
 
 San.unrttinetl 
 If . . 
 
 cwl. 
 
 2.M,7t7 
 
 '9,186 
 
 'o,S76 
 
 58.194 
 
 32J,474 
 
 9,450 
 
 5,548 
 
 65,770 
 
 
 2it,27.') 
 
 130,1.36 
 
 138,099 
 
 144,988 
 
 519,519 
 
 273,895 
 
 327,159 
 
 321,1195 
 
 lM< 
 
 .'i 
 
 491 
 
 1,570 
 
 218 
 
 31 
 
 4,82.'' 
 
 13,318 
 
 1,037 
 
 [n . . 
 
 ll>. 
 
 1,981,892 
 
 102,577 
 
 2.37.513 
 
 11,08: 
 
 172,511 
 
 8,460 
 
 17,0'^1 
 
 922 
 
 ;■" ■ • • 
 
 cwt. 
 
 
 8 
 
 8,462 
 
 3.572 
 
 ,, 
 
 35 
 
 31,607 
 
 11,708 
 
 Wtfo.untinnufdctuml 
 
 
 .-n,7ii,R3i 
 
 40,619,768 
 
 29,320,891 
 
 .37,517,166 
 
 1,551,164 
 
 1,8.17,592 
 
 097,1 1 5 
 
 1079,1105 
 
 rainufattural, and cifi.-iTu 
 
 !,' 
 
 1,212,967 
 
 8'2ll,3H7 
 
 1,162,S','0 
 
 •2,'iSl,219 
 
 79,011 
 
 35,741 
 
 49,605 
 
 60,495 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 1,70/ 
 
 12,808 
 
 52,668 
 
 88,333 
 
 2,l3^i 
 
 9,.192 
 
 26,440 
 
 13,297 
 
 „ 
 
 2,0-.', 
 
 I,!02 
 
 1,539 
 
 1,888 
 
 17,978 
 
 10,492 
 
 13,! 'ill 
 
 15,'/.50 
 
 '»iind limber: 
 
 >. 
 
 1 ,300 
 
 502 
 
 1,800 
 
 1,684 
 
 20,177 
 
 12,429 
 
 38,982 
 
 30,586 
 
 ■jotMnotipiit 
 |>»||,bnicnsi(c..sawnorfcplit. 
 
 FuTTtltliVM •■.J 1- 1 K 
 
 loiids 
 
 20,280 
 
 16,700 
 
 39,398 
 
 45,700 
 
 110,051 
 
 87,614 
 
 1C6,28S 
 
 174,056 
 
 „ 
 
 38,3114 
 
 22,327 
 
 14,676 
 
 14,020 
 
 177,125 
 
 102,640 
 
 59-746 
 
 52,661 
 
 „ 
 
 7,M2 
 
 5,7.17 
 
 7.499 
 
 O.OSl 
 
 44,101 
 
 34,1!.' 
 
 6,1,510 
 
 47,211 
 
 "nn.uTeind haplwoods 
 w.ititfBiiidiamU' . 
 »jnirin,,o,nuj, lobe used a< 
 
 „ 
 
 3,i01 
 
 6,827 
 
 3,-83 
 
 2,130 
 
 32,552 
 
 67,569 
 
 28,759 
 
 18,498 
 
 lb. 
 
 891,741 
 
 45,352 
 
 1,250,023 
 
 655,915 
 
 0.1,283 
 
 3,050 
 
 88,967 
 
 .19,437 
 
 •''*Tiinanuf.i:turet • 
 «h« ittidei 
 _ Tuil . 
 
 „ 
 
 1,498,336 
 
 1,283,520 
 
 1,936,032 
 
 1,917,104 
 
 32,777 
 
 86,218 
 
 31,229 
 
 24.090 
 
 value 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 15„-i67 
 
 50,965 
 
 29,163 
 
 25,211 
 
 " 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 .. 
 
 815,'276 
 17,9'i3.678 
 
 601,1108 
 2r,624,2iV) 
 
 .531,583 
 46,854,503 
 
 602,712 
 41,015,272 
 
 
 •• 
 
 
 •• 
 
 8Q 
 
 illi. 
 
■■ 
 
 OO'i 
 
 • • . 
 
 . s 
 
 I 1 
 
 ! i 
 
 ! 
 
 UiiiltMl SintoH III tlip i<ai(| dJHtriot, tlio vcrilli'iiii.ni 
 hcrpliy iiMiuircd nliall Iw- iiiaili' liv tin: cMitixul or 
 coiniiK'rt'iiil ii^'ciit III tlii> I'liilcif Slati'.i at iIk- 
 nrari'si |i(iiMt,iii- iii tlii^ |i<irt (rdtii wliidi iln- k<>«<Ih 
 iiro »lii|<|i('(l, iti wliii'li ('iiM<! till' oalli xliall lie iid- 
 ininiitiTcd liy Home |iiililii! dlliccr, didy iiiiUinriMi'd 
 to ndiniiiiHtcr oiiIIh, iind IraiiNiuiltt'd, nilli a I'dpy 
 (if tlm iiiviiicc, 111 llu' coii.iiil or coiiimrrci.il a^;i'iit 
 for iuH aiilliciiliialiiiii ; and lliin Act shall liit I'on- 
 Htriipd oidy to moililV, and not rf|ical, lln' Act of 
 iMari'li I, lH2;t, L'Mtillt'il ' An Act Hiiinilirni ntary to, 
 and to nnicndnn Act entitled ''An Act lo rcf^ulale 
 tlio Collection of DulicMon lin|iorts and TonnaKc," 
 pafiHed March 2, 171)11, anil for other I'lirpoM's/and 
 tlicforuiHof the oatliH therein set torlli Hliall be 
 modiliud aa;ordin);ly. And there nhall Im^ paiil to 
 the Hnid consul, vice-consul, or I'onimerci.d UKcnt, 
 liy the person or personH hy or in behalf of •.vliom 
 tfio Haiil invoices are presented arid deposited, one 
 dollar for each and every invoice verilicd, which 
 Hlinll be accounted for by I he ollicers receivinj; 
 the Hainc, in such manner as is now required by 
 the laws rr^Milatin^; the fees iinil salaries of {•onsuirf 
 and eommurcial agents. And |)rovided, further, 
 That the provisionH of this section shall not apply 
 to invoices of j^oods, wares, and merchandise, ini- 
 ])orted into the United States from beyond Cape 
 
 NKW YORK 
 
 Horn and the 
 
 Cape of Cood III 
 
 • •■M.. ...... ....' , .111.1,1 i,„.i,| ii.,|„., iiiitii .,„, 
 
 lH.i.l. And pronded further, il.'ut tl";. IX;' 
 
 of this section shall not apply I .uutric, !, 1 
 
 there w no co.isul, vice-consul, or i„,„,,„ ' j 
 anent of the Cniled .States. "'"unir.ijl 
 
 Thadu ok tiik Uniikd Kinoi.,,,, ,v,ti, 
 
 Ij'niti;!) .Via lis. 
 Aininnt of !/„■ I},-, /ami ]■„',„■ „,■ ,/„ ... . 
 
 to the UnilcU Stat,.. „f ,/„„,,„,, ,,,Z!'* 
 of the. ;),> leiiiH vmliiKj uulh lHti7. 
 
 Vtan 
 
 nil 
 
 I HI I 
 IHT. 
 IH.IK 
 1S17 
 1K.1S 
 I K-,'l 
 IHIII 
 IHII 
 
 IHII 
 IHII 
 IHII. 
 1HI7 
 IHIM 
 IHI.I 
 I DM I 
 
 DwIiiKl Vilui 
 
 e 
 
 fi.H4l,i))iu 
 lll..<iH,l.'.,'. 
 
 J,'>HA,;.',n 
 H.H.Vl.vnl 
 
 3,.WS,HII7 
 S,(II.1,.',(H 
 7,').1H,(i;<) 
 7,l47,fif.:l 
 
 r>,H.iii,iM) 
 
 10,1.174,101 
 !),■>« I, 'JO'j 
 I1,!I7I,IHIH 
 I4,H9I,0(II 
 
 Ymm 
 
 IH.M 
 
 W:l 
 IHVI 
 iH'lt 
 IH.Vi 
 
 I H ji; 
 
 IH',7 
 IH.IH 
 IHM 
 IHi;!l 
 IHIM 
 lllii 
 
 Him 
 
 IHIil 
 
 1 Hr,,'. 
 
 iHlili 
 
 1 1167 
 
 t 
 
 I ii.im.'Wi 
 
 l«,V.:,)ij 
 V.yii'.n,!,! 
 VI.II'MV. 
 I7ji«,m., 
 'l.'JiMiii 
 
 l','«i,'lV, 
 
 i<ii'j|,ni 
 
 i',V.V4i/'. 
 SI.MM*! 
 ■J,"M,-..| 
 ll..V,;..;i 
 
 I'Oii.m I 
 
 l«,!'H/,lii 
 
 v..r,:i% 
 
 Quantities and Values f>f the Principdl Articles of Foreign and Colonial I'rmhct end 7uJ 
 facture Exported from the United Kingdom to the United States during each of Ike ■{ Ytt 
 ending with 18(i7. 
 
 - • ( 
 
 ArtlclM 
 
 Quanlllln 
 
 
 Computed Ural \'iiuc 
 
 IHCI 
 
 180S 
 
 IHOO 
 
 1867 
 
 1801 
 
 1866 
 
 1866 
 
 17ii.(;n 
 
 mi 
 
 nacnn - - - - 
 
 cwt. 
 
 TiJll 
 
 .^.'.n 
 
 68,0110 
 
 16,469 
 
 £ 
 
 1,06 
 
 t 
 
 Hark, IVrnvtan 
 
 ,, 
 
 il,V77 
 
 4,971 
 
 2,420 
 
 3*,149 
 
 14.212 
 
 33,6131 ii:;.i.ii ,<• 
 
 Ne.iiU aiitl liiiuleaoritlafii 
 
 III. 
 
 itt.[m 
 
 521,879 
 
 138,883 
 
 337,779 
 
 11,07,'. 
 
 17,101 
 
 7 W 
 
 IV 
 
 HiUltn : . . . 
 
 
 M.'iUl 
 
 93,101 
 
 148,810 
 
 70,917 
 
 3,902 
 
 1 2,00 
 
 I'lM 
 
 ll 
 
 Caoutcliouc . . - . 
 
 CWl. 
 
 4,8ai 
 
 6,112 
 
 2,397 
 
 584 
 
 34,1.17 
 
 45,1.1, 
 
 21,1m. 
 
 s 
 
 CfKhlneal .... 
 
 ,, 
 
 1,7«'J 
 
 3,0Sfi 
 
 4,079 
 
 4,9.17 
 
 ,10,459 
 
 .",7.^ 
 
 J7,iii; 
 
 91 
 
 Coflee - . - 
 
 lb. 
 
 l,8i.1,H77 
 
 1,779,851 
 
 290,774 
 
 490,677 
 
 .50,331 
 
 51,li 
 
 0,1V 
 
 1' 
 
 Copper unwniuKlit and part .vrouglit - 
 
 cwt. 
 
 H,Hriii 
 
 .. 
 
 9,510 
 
 00 
 
 42,401 
 
 
 .IH.KW 
 
 
 Coitoit.raw . • . - 
 
 ,, 
 
 lO.'i.'iSI, 
 
 13,4.15 
 
 7,106 
 
 2,913 
 
 1,171,1110 
 
 10,1,45, 
 
 ,*. 1,4X1' 
 
 IS 
 
 Cframof tnrtar 
 
 „ 
 
 1.'.37 
 
 4,108 
 
 4,609 
 
 2,4H| 
 
 7,570 
 
 I9,22S 
 
 20,1'(9 
 
 5 
 
 CurrniiU . • . . 
 
 ,, 
 
 coil 
 
 8,270 
 
 5,'>9I 
 
 3,401 
 
 6,2;. 1 
 
 7,llli 
 
 ,'.,j;i 
 
 1, 
 
 Cutch .... 
 
 tons 
 
 
 537 
 
 313 
 
 63 
 
 .. 
 
 I3„«6 
 
 10,,Vtl 
 
 1 
 
 I>ruK'>t itnpnumeratetl 
 
 cwt. 
 
 i',107 
 
 S,279 
 
 8,(KI0 
 
 3,46H 
 
 3,'.I2 
 
 8,6 N 
 
 2»,S3i 
 
 11 
 
 Flat, dretsed and undreisiNl - 
 
 ,, 
 
 1,.1,17 
 
 2,989 
 
 1,230 
 
 713 
 
 4,051 
 
 8,432 
 
 3,191 
 
 i 
 
 (iambler .... 
 
 tons 
 
 7SB 
 
 1,6,50 
 
 65 
 
 2 
 
 19,745 
 
 39,091 
 
 l,.WIi 
 
 
 Oum : Anlml arKl copal 
 
 cwt. 
 
 11.1 
 
 I.HOH 
 
 .,.',10 
 
 1,249 
 
 008 
 
 8,421 
 
 *.m 
 
 t 
 
 Arabic 
 
 ,, 
 
 1,074 
 
 1.1,070 
 
 12,817 
 
 15,662 
 
 14,'<94 
 
 47,0311 
 
 6.',) 14 
 
 « 
 
 Other kinds • 
 
 ,^ 
 
 S.1,1.14 
 
 35,.1»1 
 
 25,064 
 
 27,099 
 
 61,212 
 
 89,631 
 
 eH,i,i,' 
 
 51 
 
 Hair.liorae .... 
 
 J, 
 
 3.y> 
 
 4,1111 
 
 701 
 
 241 
 
 1 ,H,Sl) 
 
 20,841 
 
 3,79; 
 
 1 
 
 Hemp, dreKrted 
 
 J, 
 
 4.10 
 
 5,340 
 
 609 
 
 109 
 
 1 ,055 
 
 12,6liU 
 
 1,<SI 
 
 
 undressed 
 
 ,, 
 
 n..iNii 
 
 56,7.'.« 
 
 87,808 
 
 6,991) 
 
 22,823 
 
 89,728 
 
 I4SJ«0 
 
 u 
 
 jute . . - - 
 
 (, 
 
 f>,9M 
 
 15,481 
 
 27,972 
 
 2.039 
 
 6,4,13 
 
 13.010 
 
 8i,4l>1 
 
 1 
 
 Hides, not tanned 
 
 
 •i.'ier, 
 
 15,033 
 
 26,927 
 
 24,025 
 
 8,231 
 
 38,567 
 
 71,S,W 
 
 « 
 
 HOIM .... 
 
 InJiKo .... 
 
 
 i.nt 
 
 903 
 
 8,838 
 
 5,952 
 
 8,206 
 
 6,027 
 
 5I,UI 
 
 11 
 
 ,, 
 
 C.H60 
 
 9,932 
 
 4,010 
 
 3,990 
 
 202,312 
 
 299,241 
 
 115,.ill 
 
 I.11 
 
 Iron In baw - - - . 
 
 loni 
 
 S,U96 
 
 2,9H: 
 
 5,048 
 
 3,107 
 
 59,093 
 
 33,903 
 
 it,n,\ nm 
 
 Unl . - . - 
 
 
 . . 
 
 52 
 
 8,126 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 I7li 
 
 •ii.iu, .9 
 
 Linen manufactures, unenunierated 
 
 value 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,257 
 
 24,60-. 
 
 ii,iHi! m 
 
 Liquorice juice and paste 
 
 LWt. 
 
 l'/,41.', 
 
 rr,.i5i 
 
 10,778 
 
 lo',781 
 
 30,377 
 
 28,557 
 
 iifui m 
 
 Nitre, ciU)lc . • - - 
 
 ,, 
 
 .1.1,100 
 
 21,576 
 
 29,8711 
 
 9,0.10 
 
 25,290 
 
 I5,!j75 
 
 v.ml fl 
 
 Nmmejjs . . - - 
 
 lb. 
 
 364,10.1 
 
 319.937 
 
 157,839 
 
 65,779 
 
 21,440 
 
 18,955 
 
 9,tll| fl 
 
 Oil : Cliemical, euential, and ptrfumed • 
 
 ,t 
 
 36, ISO 
 
 79,235 
 
 102,910 
 
 46,616 
 
 20,781 
 
 46,829 
 
 Mtm' ifl 
 
 Olive - - - - 
 
 tuns 
 
 M 
 
 473 
 
 296 
 
 7 
 
 3,1. '.5 
 
 24,«a'j 
 
 iMi'j ■ 
 
 Turpentine 
 
 cwl. 
 
 S,3S'i 
 
 117 
 
 ., 
 
 76 
 
 29,023 
 
 294 
 
 .,1 
 
 Opium . . . - 
 
 lb. 
 
 4'J,(I04 
 
 82,217 
 
 70,065 
 
 67,498 
 
 40,478 
 
 58,92:! 
 
 iijit iM 
 
 Peppff - . - . 
 
 „ 
 
 2,866,031 
 
 I,U6,K80 
 
 77,311 
 
 2i7,923 
 
 41,797 
 
 16,2)l» 
 
 ■ 
 
 Plumbago . - . - 
 
 Ion* 
 
 1,'>79 
 
 1,443 
 
 433 
 
 1,458 
 
 18,126 
 
 16,612 
 
 i.OiSl !■ 
 
 QuickEilver . - - - 
 
 lb. 
 
 1S7,6J6 
 
 44,355 
 
 S09,5HI 
 
 3I,H21 
 
 20,131 
 
 4,,i74 
 
 19,111 ■ 
 
 Quinine, Bulphate of - 
 Ragi for making paper 
 
 oz. 
 
 m,um 
 
 72,900 
 
 23,800 
 
 6,640 
 
 6,923 
 
 19,7611 
 
 am ■ 
 
 loni 
 
 vir, 
 
 1,437 
 
 3,940 
 
 3,281, 
 
 4,9.18 
 
 '^■'^ 
 
 7i,(9H a 
 
 Kaisini . . . - 
 
 cwt. 
 
 J,0I7 
 
 12,529 
 
 3/K)2 
 
 6.670 
 
 1,487 
 
 19,419 
 
 *,m ■ 
 
 Rhiit>arb .... 
 
 lb. 
 
 903 
 
 44.14'. 
 
 40,084 
 
 33,879 
 
 211 
 
 I8,.19l 
 
 Wo% .■ 
 
 Hire, not in the limk - 
 
 cwt. 
 
 1.13,315 
 
 148,.16l 
 
 131,119 
 
 92,005 
 
 75,545 
 
 101,998 S9,;]li t^m 
 
 Seeds : Linwed 
 
 HIS. 
 
 14,187 
 
 15,122 
 
 2, .530 
 
 100 
 
 38,778 
 
 i'P/'i 
 
 iM ^m 
 
 Shumach _ - • - 
 
 ton) 
 
 11 
 
 2,U99 
 
 1,143 
 
 387 
 
 161 
 
 30,646 
 
 fM H 
 
 Kilk manufactures of Europe* unenume. 
 rated .... 
 
 value 
 
 
 
 
 
 6,110 
 
 16,817 
 
 f'lxi 'ifl 
 
 Silk, raw . • . • 
 
 lb. 
 
 13i",345 
 
 337,171 
 
 237',91I 
 
 192',34l 
 
 147,216 
 
 443,942 
 
 llS,'.'i!i H^B 
 
 lUanufictures: .Broad ktufli and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^H 
 
 Tibtxint 
 
 ^^ 
 
 4,002 
 
 1,'.52 
 
 10,193 
 
 ., 
 
 11, 5,59 
 
 3,837 
 
 8W ^H 
 
 Skins goat . - •• - 
 
 no. 
 
 INI, 146 
 
 277,011V 
 
 274,657 
 
 22,521 
 
 10,366 
 
 3'!,973 
 
 ^H 
 
 Utter . . • - 
 
 
 
 C,.129 
 
 4,'.14 
 
 1,010 
 
 
 1,799 
 
 ^H 
 
 Speller . . . - 
 Sugar, unrefined . - - 
 
 tOtlft 
 
 iisis 
 
 830 
 
 1,229 
 
 344 
 
 33,933 
 
 18,361 
 
 ^H 
 
 cwt. 
 
 S9 
 
 30,12;. 
 
 347 
 
 48 
 
 37 
 
 33,483 
 
 '''' ..fl 
 
 Tar .... 
 
 l.arU. 
 
 l!i,HaS 
 
 20 
 
 67 
 
 155 
 
 ! 3,8113 
 
 19 
 
 
 Tea . . - • 
 
 lb. 
 
 J,248,1M 
 
 7,889,110 
 
 3,228,855 
 
 2,552,795 
 
 399,. 176 
 
 667,I2« 
 
 25^,90 f^^H 
 IO.IKJ ^H 
 
 4i,ii« fln 
 
 Teeth, elephant** 
 Tin, unwrnught 
 Tobacco, unmanufactured 
 
 cwt. 
 
 403 
 
 782 
 
 1,011 
 
 20,177 
 
 1,106 
 4,990 
 
 612 
 5.03'. 
 
 14,721 
 
 3,966 
 
 51,114 
 93,823 
 
 'lb. 
 
 4,n9S 
 
 .540,182 
 
 1,090,512 
 
 14,69t 
 
 102 
 
 19,341 
 
 Wine .... 
 
 gaU. 
 
 S9,2S0 
 
 70,510 
 
 73,223 
 
 57,381 
 
 9,131 
 
 8) ,326 
 
 Wool, sheep and lambs' 
 Another articles 
 Total 
 
 lb. 
 value 
 
 4,210,U56 
 
 7,344,265 
 
 4,519,704 
 
 3,941,353 
 
 2S5,.180 
 
 .13(;,53l 
 
 3,463,316 
 
 4,59,322 
 
 503,667 
 
 3,918,831 ' 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 ].3lO>l3i^^H 
 
 Total of Britiih and foreign produce 
 
 • • 
 
 ■■ 
 
 .. 
 
 
 20,171,820. 
 
 (6,170,787,5 
 
 Ifiil^^J*!^^^ 
 
 rm 
 
 f\ 
 
 M'i 
 
Ni;W YORK 
 
 Ili'ii.', milil AprllJ 
 
 r, I'lmt 111 
 
 ' iirnHMnnJ 
 
 Iv to ciiuiilriti wUtd 
 
 jrisiil, or 
 
 coinminu 
 
 Ki;«ii>i'M 
 
 WITH nil 
 
 •AIKS. 
 
 
 I'll' iif II 
 
 f ih' T,l' 
 
 Hcc iliid ^Iruufaclur^ 
 
 Ami rii II, 
 
 iliiriiiij ni.; 
 
 With 1X1)7 
 
 
 Vvnrt 
 
 DrcUtnl V.I) 
 
 
 t 
 
 lA.M 
 
 wnmt 
 
 IH.'.V 
 
 Ill.W.IlI 
 
 1»V1 
 
 •i.Vii'.»,iii 
 
 IH.M 
 
 lll,llil,W 
 
 IH.Vi 
 
 iTjK^m 
 
 ih;iB 
 
 •Jl,'JH,lll.t 
 
 1H17 
 
 l'.'«'.,« 
 
 \H!,» 
 
 I<,I9I,<M 
 
 HVJ 
 
 ii.'i'iVtu'i 
 
 iitr.ii 
 
 ll,MI,l*l 
 
 iniil 
 
 'J,lif.4,'« 
 
 I16'2 
 
 ll,.W,i;il 
 
 IHIi.^ 
 
 iJ.Mi.m 
 
 IHfil 
 
 l<,)N*,'M 
 
 ISfi/V 
 
 ll,l'17,« 
 
 iniiii 
 
 J»,Cj'),M4 
 
 IHG7 
 
 ti;iii,;tt 
 
 \ial Prixiiice end .Vu^ 
 I'lii; aich <;/' (Ac 1 lo 
 
 Compuud IWal Vilue 
 
 IH65 
 
 l,r.oi! 
 
 17,101 
 
 45,13.1 
 4,'),7.M 
 54,111 
 
 1H(6 
 
 68,3)l| 
 1,1!»: 
 .1,053] 
 
 19,111 
 
 tm 
 
 7J,69HI 
 4,»>)| 
 l»,!0*l 
 S9,;31 
 
 JS,980 
 
 2S!,9fl 
 
 41..:S 
 
 41,1". 
 
 ^^M f Ihf <i'"y'*''lj'» "nil IMnred Valuv, of the Kxporl, of British uii.l Irish Vroditc: fr„m 
 ,.„ fiiilul Kiiiij'lum to tkt Unittd Slatet {includinij Vulifornia) diiriny each of the 3 I'mrt 
 
 Aitlcin 
 
 l^MdhibwIxhnj 
 
 ;r«* «""»•:""" ^ 
 
 BirfTi-** " ; I 
 
 ••^ al vilu* • 
 
 f.iMininufwiwnH 
 
 li,^ii|hi»naunwTounht 
 
 [If.wMUihuniliinwrouRht- 
 
 I al v»lti« • 
 
 UVmn H mill w*»'li 
 
 ih.Md ' • ■ 
 
 funrfHwirti • ' 
 
 tM, putfd «»«. Jcwetltrj anc' 
 
 »lKh" ■ , • 
 
 1« of ill vmt, MXi other m»- 
 
 Wjitfo(maingpa|>tT 
 dt . • 
 
 I *7rtt,Brii4>»'tl Iri»li 
 yti«n'tihrrih»i) VAI*^ 
 
 w* * " • 
 
 il*. jnil liml t' ■ 
 
 W»rH«.rrtl hy ihfTaril 
 at value 
 
 Total 
 
 UuanllllM 
 
 ewt. 
 
 valtw 
 
 no. 
 
 (lonnh 
 
 Uirrtla 
 
 cwl. 
 
 IttflA 
 
 \,\2i.in 
 
 4,ft<M» 
 
 I.IH.ITI 
 
 ll,H/| 
 
 IAV..II 
 
 .■ 
 
 11,1 1'J 
 
 Ion* 
 cwl. 
 >iurtj4 
 
 lIlV.IOI 
 
 lii.iiii.t 
 iv'V,::h.i,iiii 
 
 
 " 
 
 cwl. 
 Iiini 
 
 Tntup 
 >iir<it 
 
 value 
 
 iit'i,'.3'i 
 iiy,o>jV,7;.-» 
 
 K'lUoni 
 
 V.lllt'' 
 
 iwt. 
 
 4'lil,916 
 V,«7U 
 
 TOIUC 
 
 .. 
 
 loni 
 
 Tftlui. 
 
 IJ'J.HKI 
 
 gallnni 
 
 Mlun 
 
 cwl. 
 
 value 
 
 lb. 
 
 ,1 
 
 5ard4 
 value 
 
 13.1 ,IHJ 
 .■>"8..5f,l 
 
 .11 7, inn 
 
 .V;,7(,'i 
 
 oi.yni^iH'j 
 
 f, 
 
 
 . 
 
 ,, 
 
 IIM 
 
 1,78.1,41.1 
 
 vv,'in 
 
 11.11,5111 
 
 l'>,lr|'i 
 
 ■itil.lllt'i 
 
 ll,'.l'4i 
 
 111,111 
 
 ll.,7H« 
 
 I4,7I4,'J7I 
 
 lIn.fiM 
 
 .11". IV)') 
 H,'tlli 
 
 ll'.l,ll",507 
 
 i,.1.1l),C37 
 «V,813 
 
 1 •i,yiH 
 
 I(>l,-i77 
 
 147,D43 
 
 l'7,45H 
 
 1<)l'..157 
 
 IHil.llK) 
 
 4!),1i;i 
 
 K(!,777,5.1.5 
 
 IIW7 
 
 liiKi.ni* 
 
 15,1/1) 
 4H1,5l,,5 
 
 I'l.HKll 
 VI 7,1)111) 
 
 14,410 
 
 I'il.lH 
 
 .i,Hni 
 
 88,4H<J,.1I,'J 
 
 •I5,!)fl7 
 
 4.1i,.l)l« 
 7,I1S1 
 
 8l,T.Vi',U(l(i 
 
 I ,'i'.)(i,(;.5H 
 
 117,404 I 
 
 VifiV) 
 Ilil.'i'J!) 
 
 !)5,.1H8 
 
 l'H,'jn 
 
 I'JIVWO 
 1.5,1111 
 
 3S,lUO,a80 
 
 IHli.i 
 
 X 
 491,09; 
 
 l,il/t,7l'i 
 
 'i,7ni 
 Mi.ni.i 
 
 .55,51(1 
 
 U.I, IN I 
 
 Ii.5,l)(l1 
 
 IIH,4.K) 
 
 U.WH 
 
 .1,OII,H.Ti 
 
 fil.5,1,1)( 
 
 1.15,111 
 
 ai.ii'j 
 
 .M7,H4S 
 
 l,<iil,7l4 
 
 1(17,1.1'! 
 
 1 1 1 ,(.1H 
 
 l,r,v,,via 
 ini,i,()i) 
 
 1117,112 
 7<,II1'4 
 .57,114 
 ■iS.iii 
 
 a/,55'4 
 
 11)5,171 
 
 7i),a7.1 
 
 !l')i,717 
 
 Ki|'l,l)'IO 
 
 11,741 
 
 4 1,717 
 
 182,(1 (7 
 
 975,1116 
 
 !I),.51B 
 
 31,110 
 
 HMi 
 
 .5,01 1 ,I1H') 
 
 1W),.58.1 
 
 l,0li.1,IIS 
 
 '2l,'iV7,'15fi" 
 
 r«il Heal Villi* 
 
 IIIS6 
 
 UbT 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 ')')5,510 
 
 Hni,7io 
 
 I,i'.»,7ll(> 
 
 u;i,'2i3 
 
 45,818 
 
 .iri,i3i 
 
 II(I,HIJ| 
 
 1 7",i n 
 
 81,1(15 
 
 9-.,51(( 
 
 117,1.11 
 
 ll<),MII 
 
 176,113 
 
 II.IUll 1 
 
 7r,,l53 
 
 'C,87l) 
 
 8,v,'N)l 
 
 8(1,1)59 
 
 . 78,711 
 
 Hi, 108 
 
 .1,'(95,l')(i 
 
 V,«.18,'.fl| 
 
 1,1 1(. ,.111') 
 
 927,919 
 
 vi.iai 
 
 I6.5,.1ll9 
 
 7'iO,.'ifi8 
 
 711,319 
 
 10I,I.V> 
 
 l'2 1,103 
 
 l,i'1'J,l07 
 
 719,2f,9 
 
 1,l')ll.,1ll 
 
 .3,1(98,1(89 
 
 171,()(i9 
 
 117,17'.) 
 
 I4",.574 
 
 I0»,I51 
 
 1,1 71, '(89 
 
 V,7t8,T2') 
 
 ■I lO.II'M 
 
 I7i),ki)| 
 
 .1.14, IW 
 
 3:;fi,48i 
 
 1(ll,,5'll 
 
 199,575 
 
 ii):,77(i 
 
 H8,4'.)'i 
 
 i;ii,i»)i 
 
 76,l)l,J 
 
 45,'2i;i 
 
 89,021 
 
 •jin,w7 
 
 «l 1.321 
 
 11)1,1,18 
 
 103,.1I7 
 
 .Ti-,U8 
 
 1(17,3111 
 
 3 1.5,8 IS 
 
 195,187 
 
 18,4 80 
 
 11, '132 
 
 (,8,48(i 
 
 43,5'2(l 
 
 79,704 
 
 87,386 
 
 1,411,053 
 
 1,390,061 
 
 «n,lM 
 
 i7,43H 
 
 l.1,7(X) 
 
 1.481 
 
 8,40fl 
 
 11,437 
 
 .5,4'29,81(9 
 
 3,407,9119 
 
 19(1, IKS 
 
 U'2,7.52 
 
 \fin,Wi 
 
 : ,8.50,1190 
 
 8,409,514 
 
 •21,8V.5,703 
 
 mR.\OUA (SAN JUAN DE). \ spnport 
 I Ml! the .iiouth of the river of the same name, 
 IffioflVta Kicu, on tlic W. sborc of the 
 [■.Am Sea, Int. 10° 5.5' N,; long. 83° 43' W. 
 I Ite;>)n is excellent, and in considered the best 
 ] ,£ tiii >\ik of the coast. Till lately the town 
 jn'idlc inconsidcrablf, and consisted of little 
 Iththaadustcrof huts; but latterly it has nu 
 I itkbwn improved. 
 
 "i place has risen into importance from iu 
 litiiitai the W. extremity of a proposed line of 
 Iwac'immuiiication between the Caribbean Sea 
 led the Pacific Ocean. This line is to consist, 
 l»il)ijf tlie river San Juan, flowinj; from the 
 ■lit of Xicaragiia E. to the sea at Sau Juan, 
 l)ml,v of the lake, and partly of a canal to be 
 iHLWicted from the latter to the I'acilic Ocean. 
 iKi pn.jcct has been often mooted ; but the 
 Ifevm- of the extraordinary mineral riclies of 
 iCililoraia, and the consequent emigration to and 
 lB«C')iiri(> with that country, have given it an 
 |ii(«farabl_v (greater interest than it formerly 
 iieJ. The country appears to present 
 |jwi?r faelHties for effecting this great work 
 Ita ,'ny other part of Central America, oxocpt 
 liditlimuj of Darien or Panama. The river 
 ISffi Juan, about 90 miles in length, is said to 
 |Bvel«n occa.sionally navigable throughout its 
 latiie course for sea-going vessels, till the 
 |S|Murt, to ,irotect themselves from the attacks 
 'I ike buccaneers, sunk vessels loaded with Btonc 
 J 'WW, In consequence of the interruption 
 Ngivciito the stream, a considerable portion 
 [m water was carried off by a new channel 
 1 the Rio Colorado. (Chevalier, L'lathme de 
 r«M Jr. p. 84.) Tlie San Juan is still, 
 wwr, navigated, though with much difficulty, 
 'IM rainy season, by stoamer.-i and oilier 
 pL-dnnving little water. 
 
 The lake itself has deep water throughout, and 
 is adapted for ships of the largest burden. Tho 
 distance between its .S.\V. shore and the Gulf ol' 
 I'apagayo, on the Pacific, is only 29,880 yards, or 
 1.5j miles; and though the intervening country 
 be laid down in many maps a.s rnoiiiitainoii.s, tho 
 greatest actual height ot' any part of it above tho 
 level of the lake is only I'jVeet; at least, such is 
 tho result given by a .series of 347 levels, about 
 100 yards apart, taken in 1781. (Thompson's 
 Guatemnia, Append, yiyi. 5 1 '2 — ,520.) Tho surface 
 of the lake is 128 ft. 3 in. (Knglish) above tho 
 level of the Pacilic; an ascent which might bo 
 overcome by a succession of locks. The differ- 
 ence in tho level of the two oceans, formerly 
 supposed to be so serious an obstacle to tho 
 undertaking, is said by Humboldt not to exceed 
 20, or, at most, 22 ft. \Noiw. Kspagne, i. 223, ed. 
 1815.) At ita western e.xtreniity, the Lake of 
 Nicaragua is connected by ,i small river, tho 
 Tijiitapa, with the Lake of Leon or Managua. 
 Tho latter, 55 miles in length by nearly 30 in 
 breadth, is also said to have deep water through- 
 out. And the plan which a|)pears to be at 
 present preferred is, to make the channel uniting 
 these two lakes navigable, and to excavate u 
 canal from the latter to the port of Realejo 
 on the Pacific. Mr. Squiir, formerly charged 
 d'affaires for tho United States at Nicaragua, 
 published the following stateinent.s in regard 
 to this route. 
 
 Length of the route bv Lake Nicaragua &c. 
 across the American (,'oiitiiicnt from the Atlantic 
 to the Pacilic Ocean : — 
 
 fliver San Juan 
 
 Lake .Mcara,{ua, neces^nry to be travcrsetl 
 
 Hlvcr 'ripitalia .... 
 
 Lake .Managua or Leon - 
 
 Frum Lake Managua to llc.il.'io 
 
 3(12 
 
 miles 
 no 
 
 110 
 IS 
 
 M 
 40 
 
 503 
 
 i f .' . 
 
1 
 
 064 
 
 NICARAUUA 
 
 ! 1 
 
 f|- 
 
 *■ 1 
 
 
 1.1 
 
 •4 ■'■ ■ 
 I ) 
 
 1.1 
 
 i I 
 
 I 1 
 
 i 
 
 ! i 
 
 r I 
 
 AlioTe 
 
 A liovo 
 
 Atlantic 
 
 Fsclhu 
 
 fi. In, 
 
 ft. In. 
 
 117 U 
 
 1K1 S 
 
 ITii '> 
 
 l.'.« II 
 
 •iSl II 
 
 ■itt b 
 
 Hi^i^iitof the various lakes to bo passed, and 
 the tlcvutimi of land : — 
 
 lIviKlit i)f I^Ake NlrnrAitua 
 lii);hi»t point of land lu be px^iiKl • 
 
 But great doubts arc entertained wlietlier tliis 
 or any other route by tlic Lu)>e of Niennigun can 
 be made practicable lor niotU'ratc-sized vessels, 
 tiiat is, fur vessels of fioin '100 to 500 tons and 
 upwards, The river Sail Juan runs fro.Ti end to 
 iiul liirou;;!! a dense and iiniiealthy junj^le. No 
 labourers luc to bn had in the country, ami it 
 iilTords nothinjj; for the subsistence of those who 
 may l)c imported from a distance. And though, 
 one" should think, it would be no very ditlicult 
 matter to clear it of the obstructions made to 
 oppose the buccaneers, it is plain from the ditFcr- 
 eiice of level between tlie I^ake of Nicaragua and 
 the Atlantic, that others of a much more fi.rmid- 
 ablo character must be in the way, and that a 
 great deal of lockago wtyiild be required to enable 
 vessels of oiiy considerable burden to reach tho 
 lake ; and after it has been reached, many 
 difHcuUics have to bo surmounted. That they 
 may be surmounted, and a navigable channel 
 formed between the two oceans, is not, certainly, 
 impracticable ; but we are persuaded that it 
 is visionary to imagine that ships of 1,'>00 or 
 1,200 tons should ever, .is has been staic '. i:;et 
 across the Continent by its means ; and on 
 whatever scale it may be made, the anticipations 
 of advantage to result from it will, we apprehend, 
 be found to be greatly exaggerated. 
 
 The communication hitherto effected is ns 
 follows. 
 
 The Central American Transit Company com- 
 mencing at San Juan del Norte, conveying by 
 liver and lake navigation, and by steam to Virgin 
 liay; thence by land carriage for about 1-1 miles 
 10 San Juan del Sur. Here Californian steamers 
 <^onvey to San Francisco ; while, on the other side, 
 .N'ew I'ork steamers convey from San Juan del 
 Norte. 
 
 On April 19, 1850, the British and American 
 <\'vernmeiits entered into a treaty, binding thein- 
 •sL-lves to promote the construction of a ship 
 <Mnal between the Caribbean Sea and the 
 Pacific Ocean, by way of the Lake of Nicaragua ; 
 .•ind renouncing at the same time any exclu>ivc 
 right to or control over such canal. 
 
 The port of Rkai.kjo, on the Pacific, lat. 
 12° 34' X., long. 87° 4' W., to which it is proposed 
 to bring tho canal from Lake Leon, is said to be 
 <iuc of the best that is anywhere to be met with. 
 It is protected by a long narrow island, which 
 lorms a natural breakwater. We borrow rrom the 
 Timts the Allowing notice of tliis harbour, de- 
 rived from a former resident there : — 
 
 ' I may confidently say that tlie port of iJcalejo 
 is, at least, as good a port as any in the known 
 world. I liave seen Portsmouth, I!io de Janeiro, 
 I'ort Jackson, Talcujana, Callao, and (Juayaquil, 
 'ind to all these I consider it decidedly superior. 
 It is a salt-water creek, into which several small 
 ..streams of water empty thcnisc''-es. The entrance 
 is protected by an island about two miles long, 
 ■which leaves "at each end a channel where ships 
 can enter the harb'»ur, but extending opposite the 
 mainland, forming the port in sucli a manner as 
 to protect it entirely from any wind that could 
 po'-.-ibly blow, and also cntirel; breaking the 
 f-s. A which enters the outer b.\v of Couchagua 
 from the ocean. The north entrance is about a 
 ([uarter of a mile wide, and that at the south of 
 the island rather narrower, both being entirely 
 
 free from rocks or hidden dangers, an,l liavi,, . :„, 
 no part less than fivi fathoms depth of wit, r " i I 
 one of these o|ieninKs vessels can a. nil time. t,„' I 
 wi'li a leading wind, from whatever (i.iartcritnm. 
 lilow. 1 lie inside consists of a ,,„i,ip |,, • "•., 
 water, nowhere less than four fatlimn^ (1h„ ,,1,1,", 1 
 bottom of mud, wher.^ two liundrcd sliii',' „i ,i,„| 
 lino nuglit lie at all times 111 t,,,. ni„'t i,'r. J 
 security. One of the brandies of ih,. ff,4 ,! 
 tends inland to within threa leagues of th,. j !,: 
 of U'oii or Managua. Theiiitermcdialecuuiiirv'i.' 
 gentle slope, where undoubtedlv slioiiM ei i^r,,' 
 of tiie ends of tlie canal to conirect the Iviiic n,,! 
 Atlantic Oceans. The dilliculties to lio naur 
 tered in crossing tho cliain of hills "iclwcrii tl,' 
 Lake of Nicaragua i 'id San Juan del Snr m,,,! 
 be entirely avoided /y bringing the canal throii' 
 the Lake of Leon (connected as it is with that 
 Nicaragua by a river that might be remiwc 
 navigable at a moderate cost) iito'the alwve. 
 named branch of the liealejo harbour, tlnu -c, 
 curing the great advantage of an cxcoll, nt bar, 
 botir at each end of the canal, besides manvoilie 
 which are ccvtsialy not to be met with elthiT 
 Panama, Tehuantepec, ir any other place. 
 
 ' The town if Kealejo is about two leagues dii 
 tant from the part of the creek where vtasols li( 
 but there is sufficient depth for small vessels 
 come within a mile of the town, and a verv lii 
 labour woidd make it accessible to large"slii|,, 
 but an enlightened Government would probab? 
 prefer niovuig the town to the opj.ositc side of tl' 
 reach, where vessels lie, where there is a site 
 tremely suitoble for tho purpose, and where a qui 
 might easily be erected capable of accommoduti; 
 any number of ships. In the time of the %\m\ 
 Government several vessel!;, some cf 300 to 41 
 ton.». were built at Kealejo, where the wood 
 very superior and durable. 
 
 ' The port of San Juan del Sur, to which pb'e: 
 was proposed to bring the canal, seems inferor 
 Kealejo in most re.spects. The Gulf of Papayai 
 where the port is situated, is very difficult to out 
 for a sailing vessel for five month. In the year.' 
 
 Port charf^es, 10 cents per ton ; lighteVajd, 
 dollar per ton ; pilotage, IJ dollar per foot. 
 
 Pilotage is charged both in and out. 
 
 NICAKAGUA on PEACH WOOD (Gcr. 
 caraguaholz, blutholz : Dutch, blceilhont: 
 bois de sang, hois de Nicaragua; Ital. I 
 sanguigno ; Span, palo de sangrc ; I'ort 
 sanguinho). A tree of the same genus (Om//;™ 
 as the ISrazil and sapan wood; but th 
 has not been exactly ascertained. It m 
 principally in the vicinity of the Lake of Xicai 
 gua, whence its name. 
 
 It is said by Dr. Bancroft to be almost ,i: 
 and heavy as the true Brazil wood, Imt it lii 
 not commonly aftbrd more than a third piin, 
 quantii , of the colour of the latter; and ei] 
 this is lathcr less durable and less bo.nntil 
 though dyed with the same mordants, Xii 
 gua or peach woods diflci greatly in tliPirijiMl 
 as well as price ; one sort being so deliiifiit 
 colouring matter, that 6 pounds of if will 
 dye as much wool or cloth as 1 pound of lii 
 W'ood : whi! another variety cf it will r^''-' 
 ncariy half tho e%ct of aii equal quaiiiiiv 
 Brazil wood, and will sell pronortionally 
 (Bancroft On Coluurs, vol. ii, p. 332.) 
 
 The London dealers distinguish -Viai 
 wood into three sort.s, viz. larffe, miidhn}, 
 small: the price of the 1st sort bcin;' from 
 to 13/. per ton; of the '.'nil, from 7/, (0 Iw. 
 do. ; and of the 3rd, from «/. to 7/, pwf' 
 du'v, alter being reduced in 1831 from Us. « 
 per'ton, and in 1842 to 2s, per do,, « v no 
 
 i 
 
i^crs, ami liavin^ ;n i 
 (K'ptliof Wiit( r All 
 •:in lit nUtimon'iitiTl 
 itcvcr (jiiartct ilniay 
 
 l)f U Plil>lo bisili iifl 
 
 fiitlniinH ilcf|i, wiilal 
 \uiuircil sliips iifihol 
 
 111 liiP niii.-t I'CTlV.ti 
 lies lit' t'.u' crouk .■■ 
 I Icanui's of till' i,iik9 
 L'rnu'iliatcfouniryi- 
 tiily slii)iiM pi.tiTi'i 
 MiiH'Ct llic I'acliii' aiiilj 
 cuUics to tip. ,.iic(.iffi-f 
 
 of liilla 'mMwc-iu the 
 1 Juan till Sur viulifl 
 ;ing the canal \.\\m\: 
 id as it is with lliat 
 jt iiiinlit be rcnderti 
 coat) if to the aliuvel 
 lejo harbour, tluis 
 ;e' of nil cxcdlcnt liarl 
 lal, besides many otliti 
 ( be met with eitlkr i 
 anv other place. 
 I about two leagues M 
 :rcek where vessoU lid 
 )th for small vessels t 
 . town, and a very littlj 
 xcssiblc to large slii].! 
 ■nmcnt would probabj 
 ) the opposite side of ttf 
 rhcre there is a site ci 
 urposc, andwhereaqd 
 apable of accomn.oilatiJ 
 I the time of the Spaniij 
 aek, some of 300 to Vi 
 ilejo, where the wood 
 
 e, L 
 
 dclSur, towliichpli-sl 
 le canal, seems infer.'r f 
 TheGulfof l'ar»WJ 
 d, is verv difficult to tntf 
 Vc month. In the year.' 
 9 per ton;lightera„-d, 
 , 1^ dollar per f.TOt. 
 Ith in and out. 
 ;ACH wood (Gcr. ^ 
 I Dutch, blocilhwit: fl 
 Nicaragua- Hal. m 
 dc sangrc ; I'ort 
 jaamcRenus{t>.so/;««^ 
 . wood; but the >r 
 , ascertained. It ?''! 
 ly of the Lake of Nnai 
 
 Iroft to be almost as t 
 Tjrazil wood, hut it 'H 
 tre than a thir.l 11.111. 1 
 I of the latter; and f^ 
 lable and loss boa.mfl 
 lame mord.int-1. Miaj 
 T OTcatly ill ""■'V)"™, 
 L\ being so deliaoij 
 \ pounds of It ml «« 
 
 Ith as 1 P"""*, 1'' j jj 
 LetvcfiVMlIrl 
 [f an cquaniuaimt I 
 lell pro'iortionall) ci* 
 
 fl. ii. p. 33-'.) ... „ 
 distinguish Vuin 
 
 Istsortheirfr™ 
 
 1 61. to li p«;!* ', 
 
 ;,^ 1831 from UWJ 
 ')s pcr'Jo.,^*"'' 
 
 NICKEL 
 
 i.heil in 1<'-14. The imports of Ni arnsn'i 
 ,.4.iniountod in lf<fi.'i to .112 tons, and in 18(i7 
 .„)ll tons, v.ilueil fit (i,"C9i. 
 Slt'KKI" V scarce mct.-jl, ■which occurs 
 •Jivi 'n cdiuliin.Ttion with otlicr motnl.s, fniiu 
 -!iici it is excccdiii^'ly iliflioult lo soparato if. 
 jjl,(„ piiro, it is of a line white c(doiir, re.seinblin)^ 
 vit It is ralli"r softer than iron : its .spci 'lie 
 'l,vilv, when cast, .s 8'27!); when lia-nincrod, 
 >'•:;.'. It is inallpiiblc, and m.iy without dilVi- 
 fjltv be liamincrc!; into jdntcs not exceeding,' 
 j!' iiidi in thickiios.s. It is attracted by the 
 i,fi; aii'l '' not altered by ex|)osurc to the air, 
 tt'bv'bein„' kept under water. It is employed 
 ;: [ni'lerie.', and in the manufacture of porcc- 
 'i„ (Thomson's Chemistry ; Watt's Uictiunarij 
 
 r (*r»iij(ri/v 
 
 ' Tiis metal is the foundation of German silver ;' 
 
 ■i.al*o oraployed, either pure or in combination 
 
 ii;!i iitper, asft form of currency. Coins con- 
 
 •i-iin.'JO parts of niche!, and 80 of copper, are 
 
 cKjiaiod in Ik'lrinm. The weight of a nickel 
 
 iljaa penny is little more t' ■ a dram. In 
 
 >:"; nkkel ia the metallic for . or in that of 
 
 kn! I'siile, was imported i.ao the United 
 
 &.'iini ti' th-^ value of 1,0'"0/. 
 
 MNlil'O, one cf the five ports thrown open 
 
 in'imratree bv the treaty of Nankin, ia situated 
 
 PitiiTovimcof Clie-KianfT, on tlie river Yung, 
 
 ■a!.;'.>^0;i'12" N., long. 121° 2?' K. The port 
 
 ifSrjpfi commences at the river's mouth; three 
 
 i-l«Nalledthe Triangles or Yew Island--, forming 
 
 ik<5i-a;,'e3 to the river. Th" port is 11 miles 
 
 upitt-iream, which is about (iOO yards wide at 
 
 lte|.i]it, with depth.'! varying from 5 to 2 
 
 fiiin'. Vessels of 17 feet draught can proceed 
 
 ij lie city at half tide -t springs. European 
 
 !! L- procured at Chin ilai. The rates of pilot- 
 
 KiiftSdols. from and to Square I.sland, and 10 
 
 'ikiim and to Chiisan Island. 
 
 /JjJl/imises.— The access to the river Yung was 
 
 1 iiliutdby the construction of two lighthouses 
 
 ; lie isUiids off its mouth. The first is built 
 
 1 's Square Island, and is 18t> feet above the sea 
 
 i4-,.lat. 29° 6!)' 22" N., long. 121° 45' C" K. 
 
 It? ■•;cond lighthouse, lij-t feet above the sea 
 
 I '.ml is on Tiger's Island, about half a mile from 
 
 iinirance of the river, lat. 2U° 57' 43" N., long. 
 
 ;:l-i:]'.il"K. 
 
 ri:itliief exports of Ningpo are te.-", silk, and 
 
 •liin; the imports, textile fabrics, opium, and 
 
 I It Tiieexport of tea from Niu'^po has increased 
 
 M 1816,-2,M 11). in 18G3, f) 15,414,810 lb., 
 
 hlEBlat 1,31'>,110/., in 18t)7 ; and 5Ir. Consul 
 
 jliiock stales that Xingjio is now asserting her 
 
 -JsrJ riRbt to be the tea depot of the province 
 
 [Jt'tt-Kiang. 
 
 In IkG;, vessels of in all 185,082 tons entered 
 
 fen-n; while, in 18fi(), 054 vessels of 191,083 
 
 I "is; and ill iSG5, 910 vessels of ;>58,'247 tons, 
 
 I oi.rhl. 
 
 NUTS 
 
 9(1.") 
 
 ISC I 
 '•!*> ■ iMli in,s(i4,r,i(; 
 "f^ ■ ., t),'i.')(i30 
 
 B.4S1,.5!19 
 
 .^,40s,iini 
 
 li,l3J,SI8 
 
 isf;7 
 
 fi,iJ(..'i,,WO 
 7,-^80,10.T 
 
 Vnifpo was seriously injured bv the Taeping 
 
 Mion, and its commercial importance lias 
 
 Iteiir.hl since Shanghai has risen to the emi- 
 
 Irace «f a great comr.icr:ial city. (Consular 
 
 \h"ir. &c.) 
 
 1 MIKE. rSAI.TrETltlc] 
 
 ^Ors, I'liOMISSORY. r Rank-Banking.] 
 •Hf or HAZEL NUT (Ger haselnUsse ; I'V. 
 pwtes, avclincs; Ital. nocciuole, avellane; 
 »ii.avellanas; Port, avelaas : Lat. avellantc). 
 T^e fniit of diftcrent species of Conjli, or hazels. 
 J ' wnids have a mild, farinaceous, oily taste, 
 pabic to most palates-. A kind of chocolate 
 
 Ihts been iiropared from tliem ; and they have 
 .sometimes been made into breiul. The expressed 
 oil of li.ize'. nuts is lilllc inferior i.. t-iat of 
 almonds, llesides those raised at home, we 
 import nut^i from ditl'erent parts of France, 
 Portugal, and Spain, but principally from the 
 latter. The Spanish nuts in the highest esli- 
 niation, though scdd under the n.ime of Harcelona 
 nuts, arc not really shipjied at that eity, l)ut at 
 Tarragona, a little more to the south. 'I'lie annual 
 average export of nuts from Tarragona is f'-om 
 2'),000 to 30,000 bag.s,- of 4 to the ton. The 
 avragc price hero in 18('i7 was 15,1. per b.ishel. 
 In I8()7, 279,991 bu.shcls of hazel miis, valued at 
 190,998/., were imported. The duty, •wliioh was 
 reduced in 1853 to Is. per bushel, was abolished 
 in 1802. 
 
 NUTS ((ilIOUND) {Antr/iis hi/pnptra) , known 
 in Frencii commerce as ardihiihn, in Ani(!rieii as 
 pea-nuts, and in Africa as manduhin, the fruit of 
 a papilionaceous jilaiit, rising to the height of 
 about 15 inches, being very like the (ichl pen, 
 with yellow flowers. 'I'he branches after flower- 
 ing bend down till they touch the ground, into 
 wliich they work tlieniselvos, and upon them 
 grow the pods that contain the niit.s. When the 
 nuts arc ripe, the plant dies. It is then pulle<l 
 up, and the nuts which adhere to the twig.^ are 
 collected. The pods, which are of on elongated 
 figure, about j inch in length, and ^ inch in 
 circumference, and brittle, usually contain 2 nuts, 
 but sometimes only 1, and very rarely 3, 'i"!iey 
 are elliptical at one end and flattened at the other. 
 
 Ground nuts arc grown in light sandy soils in 
 most tropical countries. Tiicy have been used as 
 food from time immemorial in Africa, India, 
 Itrazi!, and other parts both of South and North 
 America. The bet arc raised on the banks of 
 the river (iambia, ■where they are extensively 
 grown in largo fields, the ground being prepared 
 f(^r their reception by the natives after the rude 
 fashion of the coui.try. The plant is very pro- 
 lific ; it is also said to be highly exhaustive of 
 the soil, though this is, perhaps, questionable. 
 
 Ground nuts yield large quantities of oil ; 
 and since 1840 tliey have been grown in Africa 
 as an article of commerce, and are iiow largely 
 exported for crushing. A mill for expressing oil 
 I from them was constructed in London in 1835. 
 I Hut the French (iovernment having a few years 
 after imposed high duties on mosi descriptions 
 of oil seeds, the oil crushers of Marseilles and 
 other towns endeavoured to find out seeds not 
 iuchided in the tariR", or less heavily taxed 
 than the others. They were thus led to import 
 aracliides or ground nuts, which they found to 
 answer extremely well. France has, in conse- 
 quence, become the gre.it market for this peculiar 
 product. The exports from the Gambia, which in 
 1835 did not exceed 47 tons, had increased in 1851 
 to not less than about 12,000 tons. Of this quan- 
 tity about 800 tons wont to the United States 
 (where they arc eaten at dessert, roasted, as arc 
 chestnuts elsewhere), VOO to England, and the rest 
 to France, principallj* to Slarscilles. In the year 
 l.'sOfi, 1,309,097 bu.shels of ground nuts, valued at 
 130,910/., were exported from the (iambia; of 
 these by far the largest port' m (1,007,710 bushels) 
 was shipped to France, 14.'5,227 to the United 
 Kingdom, and 77,839 to the United States. The 
 ground nuts of the Gambia are now (1808) subject 
 to an export duty of jfrf. per bushel, 'The total 
 imports of arnchides into France in 18C3 amounted, 
 according to the official returns, to 44,713,480 kilo- 
 grammes ot 44,008 tons, -while our imports of 
 groimd nuts in 1807 were 1,020 tonp, valued at 
 20,440/,, and we also received other nuts and 
 
 i 
 
 M ^VVf;:. 
 
• *■ 
 
 ♦ • • ; 
 
 960 
 
 nutmi:g 
 
 ■r' ;." 
 
 • ' I k 
 
 i! 
 
 
 t 
 
 ', 
 
 ;i 
 
 t ; 
 
 kfriipls, commonly u&oil for expressing oil, to the 
 extent of 0,570 tons, viilucd ut 121,019/. 
 
 Nuts nre also exported from the Kio Grande, 
 Madras, the, Kio Nunez, and from Sierra Leone, 
 and the adjoining rivers. And tlioiigli there are 
 no accounts of the exact (|uantities sent from 
 each, it is believed that their aggregate amount 
 is fiilly equal to the exports from the Gambia. 
 ■\V'ifhiu the last 3 or 4 years considerable quan- 
 tities have been shipped from the Senegal river. 
 
 The oil expressed from liio nuls dill'era in qua- 
 lity and price according to (lie care with which 't 
 is reliucd. That made in J^ondon is e(iui".l to iine 
 olive oil. In France the oil is principally used in 
 the manufacture of soap ; and being inferior to 
 that made here, is worth from LV. to 48/, per tun. 
 
 Itesidcs being used for the like purposes as other 
 oil in food, in the woollen manufacture, •uul in 
 lamps, the oil of ground nuts is said to be espe- 
 cially well fitted for lubricating heavy machinery, 
 includnig the locomotive engines on railways. 
 The Belgians use it for this latter purpose in pre- 
 ference to all other oils. 
 
 Grour ' nuis were worth upwards of IG/. per ton 
 in London in 1807. (^Parliamentary Papers, and 
 private information.) [CocoA NuTS.] 
 
 NUTMKG (Ger. rauskatcnnUsse ; Dutch, 
 niuskaat ; Fr. muscades,* noi.K muacades ; Ital. 
 noce moscada; Span, moscada ; Arab.jowzalteib; 
 Sansc. jatiphala ; Malay, buah-pala). The fruit of 
 the genuine nutmeg tree (Myristica moschata), a 
 native of the Moluccas, but which has been traus- 
 ]>lanted to Sumatra, I'enaug Ac. An inferior and 
 long-shaped nutmeg is connnoti in Borneo : but 
 tlic fruit nowhere attains to the same perfection as 
 in the Moluccas. 
 
 Of the several varieties of the tree, that denomi- 
 nated the queen nutmeg, which bears a small 
 round fruit, is the best. Tlio Icernel, or proper 
 nutmeg, is of a roundish oval I'orm, marked on tlie 
 outside with reticulated furrows, internally grey- 
 ish red, with dark brownish veins, and of a flesliy 
 farinaceous substance. Nutmcgt- are frequently 
 punctured and boiled, in order to obtain the es- 
 sential oil ; the orifice being afterwards closed ; but 
 the fraud is easily detected by the lightness of 
 the nutmeg. (British Pliarmacnpwia ; Thomson's 
 Disjjensatorv ; Ainslie's Materia Indica.) 
 
 In 18G7, "370,193 lb. of nutmegs, valued at 
 23,417/., were imported into the United Kingdom. 
 CI these the largest quantity was derived from the 
 Straits Settlements, the quality of the Singapore 
 nuts being superior to that of tiie Java and Madras 
 produce. Nutmegs exported from Java are liable 
 to duties. 9i gulden (lu.v. lOd.) arc levied on the 
 picul when the export is in Dutch vessels and 
 to Holland; 19 g\ilden (His. 8d.) on the same 
 quantity, exported direct to foreign countries or 
 to Holland in foreign vessels. For the 3 years 
 18GI-3, the average amoimt received by the 
 Dutch Custom-houses in the above-named colo- 
 nies was 73,797 gulden, i.e. 0,149/. 13s. The full 
 export duty amounts to 25 per cent, of the gross 
 value ; and it seems unlikely that the Dutch co- 
 lonies will long preserve their ascendency in the 
 nutmeg trade in the face of so exorbitant a tax. 
 
 Nutmegs should be chosen large, round, heavy, 
 and firm, of a lightish grey colour on the outside, 
 and the inside beautifully marbled, of a strong 
 flagrant smell, warm aromatic taste, and a flat 
 oily body. They are very subject to be worm- 
 eatc^n. The best preservative is said to be, leaving 
 them in their natural shells. The Dutch lime them, 
 but the practice is said^o injure their flavour. 
 Tlie oblong kind, and the smaller ones, should be 
 rejected. 15 cwt. arc allowed to a ton. (Milburn's 
 Orient, Com.) 
 
 NUTRIA 
 
 The dried produce of a nutme;,' tr,>e cnsl 
 Nur.MKG, Mack, and sh,.ll. Sui.posing ii,n ^i,,, 
 produce to be divided into loo par t, ll 
 are 13^ of mace, 33i of shell, aiul .';;t '^f "i'l 
 meg In the an(>ient commerce, ai„l ,low„ ,„ ,1 J 
 establishment of tlie Dutch iii(,iioi,>,lv r.-i, J 
 were always sold and c sported in tlie ih-li ' I'llJ 
 natives, whenever the commerce is loft tu li, 7 
 inanagcmont, continue the |iractico, ivliid ' 1 
 strongly recommended by Mr. Crawfurd. (Z,i/ J 
 Arcliipelaiji), vol. iii. p. ",%.) ' 1 
 
 Tlie jealous iiolicy of the Dutch has icli J 
 the trade in nutmegs to a mere iritk., cniiii.m' 
 what it would otherwise ha\-e Ijcen. riicv h- 
 in so far at least as it was possible, cxirtci th 
 selves to extonniiiato tlic nutmeg plant* ovorrl 
 wliere except in Buiida. Tlie al)ori|,'iti.il inliaiii 
 ants of tins island have been expatriated, and thj 
 hind parcelled among settlers from Ilull.,n,| m,,], 
 the name park heejxrs. These persons have al, i 
 2,000 slaves, who cultivate and prepare the nutim i. 
 The prices paid by the cultivator are all lixwl M 
 Government : and it deserves to be menljfuici! 3 
 affording one of the most striking illiistratini;. 
 the ruinous effects of monopoly, that th.; lixi 
 price which the Government is now obliycil lu i' 
 for niitmegs is kivk times greater than the m 
 at which they bought them when the IruJt mu fn 
 Wc cannot conceive haw so enlightcnod 
 liberal u Government as that of IbillaiiJ -!i 
 continue to tolerate such scandalous abuses, im. 
 especially since it has established a free sv-ituj 
 Amboyna, Java, and its other possessions'. 
 
 M. Teraminck estimates the produce ot 
 Banda Islands at about 600,000 lb. of uiitnn 
 and 100,000 lb. of mace. (Possessiim n. 
 landaiscs dans I'lmk arehipehgique, iii. iSi.^ 
 
 Uuringtbeiieriod that the Kiiglisliliadposs.;; 
 of the Spice Islands, nutmeg plants were lan 
 to Penaug, Bencoolen,and.somcof thcWc^tlni 
 islands. In the latter they havealtoi'CtlierIa 
 at least as far as respects any useful iiur[iosi': 
 very good nutmegs, and incousiilerablcijuimtil 
 are now raised at Peiiang and licneoolcii. 
 Crawfurd, however, alleges tliat the oust of bi 
 ing them to market is there so high, tli.i; ihi 
 storation of a free culture in the native cnuiiti 
 the nutmeg would instantly destroy this ii;i-! 
 and factitious branch of industry. [Eashm ./ 
 pelayo, vol. iii. p. 409.) 
 
 The duty on nutmegs ^ras rediicoii, in 1 
 from 6s, od. to 2s. Gd. per lb. ; and the iiuaiitij 
 entered for home consumption have since rapi 
 increased. In 1857, 181,001 lb. nutmegs 
 entered for consumption. In 185.3 the duty 
 reduced to Is. per lb., and to orf. and »</. poi 
 respectively on wild nutmegs ia the shell andj 
 in the shell. It was repealed in 1862, 
 
 NUTRIA or NLUTRIA. The comm 
 names for the skins of Myopotamm Bmun 
 (Commerson), the Coypou of Molina. auJ 
 Quoiya of D'Azara. In France, the skiuf ' 
 and perhaps still are, sold under the name ol 
 coonda ; but in England they are iniporo 
 nutria skins — deriving their appelliition, nio-t 
 bably, from some supposed similarity of tlie 
 mal which produces them, in appearano' 
 habits, to the otter, the Spanish name for « 
 nutria. Indeed, Molina speaks of the nfp" 
 species of water rat, of tlu size and colour ' 
 otter. 
 
 Nutria fur is largely used in the hat m 
 ture ; and has become, withiu the last ■'' 
 years, an article of very considerable wmmi 
 importance. The imports fluctuate coniuie' 
 lu 1841 they amounted to l,12o,212skiM 
 some years they are much less; m 1^'"' 
 
 i, -..^ i I 
 
NUTRIA 
 
 „,mntc.l to 212,733. In 18C7 they wore only 
 
 • iiij from Itiily and the Argentine Confederation. 
 
 Tki.e entered "for liomc consumption formerly paid 
 
 hwoi Is. pc "'*• skins. 'J'his has been re- 
 
 L;uinoe 1«6--'. [FuuTrai.k.1 
 
 Tlie coypou or quoii/a is a iiiuivo of houtli 
 
 torira vorv common in the provinces of Chili, 
 
 ■f „„j AvrJ.H, and Tucunian, hut more rare in 
 
 Itoiniav." In size it is less than the bcavor, 
 
 rtich it'rcscmbles in many points. The head is 
 
 lit-e and dcproiised, the ears small and rounded, 
 
 i^eVk .'tout and short, the muzzle sharper than 
 
 ,kii of the beaver, and the whiskers very long 
 
 d tilT. Tlicre are, as in the beaver, 2 incisor 
 
 wt!i,anil 18 molar, above and below— 20 teeth 
 
 ;,iil The limbs are short. The fore feet ha\c 
 
 (jcii 5 lingers not webbed, the thumb being very 
 
 .nn;i; the I'iiid feet have the same number of 
 
 «.• ihcpreat toe and 3 next toes being joined 
 
 in well wliieh extends to their ends, and the 
 
 iitlft^Kibcin}; free, but edged with a membrane 
 
 gi in inner side. The nails are compressed, long, 
 
 ii-iked. and sharp. The tail, unlil,-.; that of the 
 
 t«am, isloiig, round, and hairy; out the hairs 
 
 sKBot numerous, and permit the scaly texture of 
 
 iksskin in tliis part to be seen. The back is of a 
 
 to«m*li red, which becomes redder on the flanks : 
 
 iki b llv is of a dirty red. The edges of the lips 
 
 udixwmity of the muzzle are white. 
 
 like the beaver, the coypou is furnished with two 
 
 'ajfcvil'ur; viz. the long ruddy hair which gives 
 
 iki KM of colour, and ttio brownish ash-coloured 
 
 laiiiebasc, which, like the down of the beaver. 
 
 OAK 
 
 967 
 
 is of much importance in hat-making, and the 
 cause of the aniinnl's commercial value. 
 
 The habits of the coypou are much like those 
 of moat of the other acpiatic rodent animals. Its 
 princip.il food, in a state of nature, is vegetable. 
 It affects the neighbourhood of water, swims per- 
 fectly well, and bu'-rows in tlio ground. The 
 female brings forth from 5 to 7 at a time ; and the 
 young always accompany her. 
 
 The coypou is eaaily domesticated, and its man- 
 ners in captivity are very mihl. 
 
 Wc arc indebted for tiiis account of n\itria — tlio 
 (irst, wc believe, that appeared in any English 
 work — to the late W. J. 15rodorip, Esq., F.K.S. 
 itc. 
 
 NUX VOMICA (Fr. noix vomique; (ler. krii- 
 henaugen, brcchntlsse ; Ilin. kaachla). The fruit 
 of a species of Stri/chnus, growing in various places 
 in the ICast Indies. 
 
 The fruit is about the size of an orange, covered 
 with a smooth crustaceous yeUow bark, and filled 
 with a fleshy jiulp, in which are imbedded 
 several orbicular tlatted seeds, abi at J inch in 
 diameter. Nux vomica is inodorous, and its 
 taste, intensely bitter, remains long on the palate. 
 It is known as a very virulent poison, its pro- 
 perties depending on a peculiar alkaloid, called 
 strychnia. A suspicion has, however, been enter- 
 tained, that it has been used in porter breweries ; 
 but its introduction into them is prohibited under 
 heavy pcnalt'cs. In 18C5, 9,033 cwt. were im- 
 ported, and 1,147 cwt. in 1807. (British I'hur- 
 macopveia, 1807; &c.) 
 
 o 
 
 OAK (C.cr. ciche; Dutch, eik; Dan. ecg; 
 Sjtiek; Fr. chene; Ital. quercia; Span, roble, 
 ariallo; Port, roblc, carvolho; Kuss. dub; Pol. 
 ilk Lat. quercus ; Arab, baalut). There arc 
 siwal varieties of this valuable tree ; but the 
 umon English oak (Quercus rohur) claims prc- 
 .itace of every otlier. The oak timber imported 
 im America is ver^' inferior to that of thLs 
 mm: the oak from tlie central parts of Europe 
 Li iki inferior, especially in compactness and re- 
 siiiince of cleavage. The knotty oak of England, 
 ike 'unwedgeable and gnarled oak,' as Sliakc- 
 iftue called it, when cut down at a proper age, 
 iitte best timber known. Some timber is harder, 
 i«e more difficult to rend, and some less capable 
 ct being brokca across, but none contains all the 
 tluM qualities in so great and equal proportions ; 
 uil thus, for at once supporting a weight, 
 lesL-ting a strain, and not splintering by a cannon 
 slot, the timber of the oak is superior to every 
 (iliet. 
 
 Aiuieoak is one of the most picturesque of 
 
 ute; it conveys to the mind ussocintions of great 
 
 siength, and of all but endless duration. It 
 
 [ ainds un against the blast, and does not take, like 
 
 niet trees, a tw'.sted form from the action of the 
 
 •iife Except the cedar of Lebanon, no tree is 
 
 s«™arkablc for the stoi-tness of its limbs ; they 
 
 jo not exactly spring from the trunk, but divide 
 
 foni it ; and thus it is sometimes difficult to know 
 
 wh is stem and which is branch. The twisted 
 
 1 tanches of the oak, too, add greatly to its beauty ; 
 
 I Oil the horizontal direction of its boughs, spread- 
 
 |i^ over a large surface, completes the idea of its 
 
 I weteignty over all the trees of the forest. E ^m 
 
 \\ "'^yed oak, such as that described by 
 
 i'>nser- 
 
 dry ami dead, 
 
 Still clad with reliiiues of its tro)))iii?s old, 
 Lifting to heaven its aged, hoary head, 
 \\'hose foot on e:iTlh has got but feeble hold, 
 
 is strikingly beautiful. 
 
 The oak is raised from acorns, sown either where 
 tlic oak is to stand, or in a nur.ery, whence the 
 young trees are transplanted. 
 
 The colour of oak wood is a fine brown, and is 
 familiar to everyone ; it is of different shades ; 
 that inclined to red is the most inferior. The 
 larger transverse septa are in general vcry"distinct, 
 producing beautiful flowers when cut "obliquely. 
 Where tlie septa are small, and not very distinct, 
 the wood is much the strongest. The texture is 
 alternately compact and porous ; the compact part 
 of the annual ring being of the darkest colour, 
 and in irregular dots surrounded by open pores, 
 producing beautiful dark veins in some kinds, 
 particularly pollard oaks. Oak timber has a par- 
 ticular smell, and tue taste is slightly astringent. 
 It contains gallic acid, and is blackened by contact 
 with iron when it is damp. The young wood of 
 English oak is very tough, often cross-grained, and 
 difficult to work. Foreign wood and that of old 
 trees are more brittle and workable. Oak warps 
 and twists much in drying ; and, in seasoning, 
 shrinks about J- of its width. 
 
 Oak of a good quality is more durable than any 
 other wood that attains a like size. Vitruvius 
 says it is of eternal duration when driven into the 
 earth: it is extremely durable in water; and in a 
 dry state it has been known to last nearly 1,000 
 years. The more cotrpact it is, and the smaller 
 the pores are, the longer it will last ; but the open, 
 porous, and foxy coloured oak, which grows in 
 Lincolnshire and some other places, is not near so 
 durable. 
 
 .41 . 
 

 DOS 
 
 OAK 
 
 -"<[{ 
 
 lloNiilcs the ooninoii liritisli oak (Querciu 
 robur). llio HCssile-tViiitod buy oak (^Quercus 
 sessidfom) is pretty abiindnnt in severni parts 
 of KiiKlam), ]iarticii]nriy in the north. Tho 
 wood of thia spocics iH nnid liy Tredfjohl to be 
 darker, heavier, harder, and morn ohistio llian the 
 common oak ; tou^h and ditKctilt to work ; and 
 very subject to warp and split in senHoninf;. Mr. 
 Tredi^old seems disposed to rejjard tliis spceios as 
 Hnperior to the common oak for ship-building. 
 Kut other, and also very hish authorities, are 
 opposed to him on this point ; and, on tlie whole, 
 wc should think that it is sufliciently well esta- 
 blished, that for nil the jjreat practical |)urposcs 
 to which oak timber is ap|)liod, and especially for 
 shi]i-buildinf;, the Avood of the common oak de- 
 serves to be ]irel'crrcd to every other species. .\ 
 well-informed writer in tlie Qiuirteihj Ueview 
 has the following remarks on the point in (pics- 
 tion : — 
 
 ' V'e may here notice a faction^ known to bota- 
 nists, but of which our planters and purveyors of 
 timber appear to have had no suspicion — that there 
 are two distinct species of oak in England — the 
 Qiiercim toliiir, and the Qtiercus sessilijiora ; the 
 former of which aflbrds a close-grained, lirm, solid 
 tind)er, rnri'ly subject to rot; (he other more loose 
 and sappy, verv liable to rot, and not half so 
 durable. This (iifference v>'a» noted so early as the 
 time of Hay ; and Startyn in his Floni linsticit, 
 anil Sir James Smith in his Flora liritannica,\\a.\c 
 added their testimonies to the fact. The second 
 species is supposed to have been introduced some 
 two or three age ago, from the Continent, where 
 the oaks arc chictly of this latter sjiccic.-i, especially 
 in tho (iernian forests, the timber of which is 
 kno«Ti to be very worthless. Ihit what is of more 
 importance to us is, that dc facto the imposture 
 abounds, and is propagated vigorously in the New 
 Forest and other parts of Hampshire ; in Norfolk 
 jind the northern counties, and about London; 
 and there is but too mucli reason to believe that 
 the numerous complaints that were heard about 
 our ships being infected with what was called, 
 improperly enough, dry rot, were owing to the in- 
 troduction of this species of oak into the naval 
 (lock-yards, where, we imderstand, the distinction 
 was not even suspected. It may thus be discrimi- 
 nated from the true old Knglish oak : The acorn 
 stalks of the coiHr are /o/if/. and its leaves x/iori ; 
 whereas the sessllijloru has the acorn stalks shurt, 
 and the leaves loni/: the acorns of the former grow 
 singly, or seldom 2 on the -same footstalk; those 
 of the latter, in clusters of 2 or 3 close to the stem 
 of the branch. >Ve believe the Russian ships of 
 the Baltic, that are not of larch or fir, are built of 
 this species of oak ; but if this were not the case, 
 their exposure on the stocks, without cover, to the 
 heat of summer, which, though short, is excessive, 
 and the rifts and chinks which fill up with ice 
 and snow in the long winter, arc enough to destroy 
 the stoutest oak, and quite sufficient to account 
 for their short-lived duration.' 
 
 A great deal of enquiry and discussion has taker, 
 jilace at different periods as to the supply andcon- 
 Humption of oak timber; but the results have not 
 been very satisfactory. In a Report of the Com- 
 missioners of Land Revenue, printed in 1812, it is 
 stated that, taking the tonnage of the navy in 
 180C at 776,087 tons, it would require, at IJ load 
 to a ton, 1,16-1,085 loads to build such a navj*, and 
 supposing the average duration of a ship to be 14 
 years, the annual quantit)' of timber required 
 would be 83,149 loads, exclusive of repairs, which 
 they calculate would be about 27,000 loads; 
 making the whole about 110,000 loads: of which, 
 however, the commissioners reckon may be fur- 
 
 nished 21,341 loads as the annual avcraec of h 
 prizes; and of the remaining KH.G.ifl U,,s, ,| ^ 
 llnnk It not unreasonable to calculate in 'n • 
 from other sources than Ilritish onk ' Thi«" A"' 
 observe, ' leaves 60,000 loads of sucli oU ' 
 the quantity which woul.l he suili,icnt iii,',,,,',:'' 
 to support, at its present unexampl...! „„>„„,' , 
 the whole llritish navy, nicluding ^hips „f « 1 
 all sorts ; but whi^h may be taken as .■MMiv,i, ,' ' 
 togclluT to l-O 14-gun ships, each <,f wlii'h 
 with another, contains about 2,(liii) toiH o' «. ,ii 
 re.piire, at the rate of 7i loads to the't.n :\nl 
 loiids ; making just 00,000 loads for •'u '1\ 
 ships.' "''I 
 
 Now, it has been supposed that not more il, 
 40 oak trees can stand on an acre (ifgriHiiH s 
 to grow to a full size tit for slups of the line' „r i 
 contain each U load of timber; oU acres ilicn 
 fore, woulil he required to produce n silftiiiejl 
 quantity of timber to build a 74-<'un shin 
 1,000 acres for 20 such ships; and as ihi,, 
 requires at least 100 years to arrive nt matiirit 
 100,000 acres would be required to keon up a <iii 
 cessive supply, for maintaining a iiavv (.i:iiiiii( 
 or 800,000 tons. The commissioners ViirtlK r ol 
 serve, that as there are 20,000,()OU acres nf h-i.| 
 lands in tho kingdom, a 200tli part set a-iilo t) 
 planting would at once furnish the whole iiii; 
 tity wanted for the use of the navv. 
 
 According to Mr. harrow, this' cali'ul.ition 
 over-rated by about a half. ' In the lirst \ih 
 says he, ' it supi)osed a slate of perpetual « 
 during which tlie tonnage of the whule nan- 
 considered as more than double of what it n 
 actually is : and, in the second place, it rook 
 the average duration of the navy at 11 voars onl 
 which, from the improvements tliat have tal 
 place in the construction and preservation of sli 
 of war, with the resources of teak ships built 
 India, we should not hesitate in assuniini: at 
 average of twice that number of years; and if 
 the quantity of oak required for the navv 
 be nothing like that which thecommissioncr* hi 
 state<l. 
 
 ' The fact, however, is certain, that loin; Ix-fl 
 the conclusion of the late war, a scarcity bc^'atj 
 be felt, especially of the larger kind of timlieH 
 for ships of the line ; and so great was tliis <carc| 
 that if Sir Itobert Seppings had not contriwlf 
 means of substituting straight tiinher lor lliaq 
 dittercnt forms and dimensions, before cou-ide 
 to be indispensable, the building of inw 
 must entireh' have ceased. 
 
 ' If, however, the growth of oak for ship tin: 
 was greatly diminished during the war, jo at 
 threaten an alarming scarcity, there is Hiiledij 
 that, from the increased attention paiil bv ii 
 yiduals to their young plantations, and tbcirg 
 extension, as we'll as from the measure of allotj 
 off portions of the royal forests to those wiioj 
 claims on them, and enclosing the rcmaindea 
 the use of the public, this country will, in fJ 
 times, be fully adequate to the productinn of J 
 .iinber equal to the demand for the n.iv,ilf 
 mercantile marine.' ( Ency. Brit, art, '.Vavw 
 
 The bark of the oak tree is very valtJ 
 It is preferred to all other substances Ion 
 purpose of tanning, and brings a high 
 [IUrk.] 
 
 Formerly, Prussian oak was much more vail 
 than Canadian, in the proportion of 9 to6J 
 of late years the value of Prussian oak hasff 
 and Canadian timber is worth much morej 
 I'russian. In 1865, the last year Ami 
 which the limber duties prevailed, tlie f«| 
 ing imports of oak were fixed at the 
 annexed: — 
 
 m,:. 
 
 
O.ATS 
 
 iV.J;ii . 
 
 (i-Ii«f parri . 
 ToisJ 
 
 <,ll.1 
 
 /"n 
 
 «. 
 
 .1<,;»,2 
 
 '? 
 
 II 
 
 li^.iil 
 
 f 
 
 9 
 
 1 ,w,n 
 
 ,* 
 
 1,1 
 
 S,,W| 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 il.dvl 
 
 .' 
 
 \r, 
 
 . I.Wl 
 
 ■? 
 
 1 
 
 jns..i(i', ~ 
 
 
 H 
 
 " rfm,e,|. r?."'! '.""'''<''.■. 
 
 ' I.. «L"'. .'"' .""'■•< 'become I, '::"■""" "'• •Deal 
 
 >MWimporrs,.|^,akworo(;r">r;i!;^M"'''^^^^^ J'> i-W inVn, • ^ '"^ '" ""e extent «C 
 
 tela «imribut«I -'o,!-., a,Ki r'm .''"' "'^ '''''''^li ' iml .."'f""nafion as in <i.„ ,_ 
 For fortlier detail, with re, e,l? "1" ^-'J""- 
 
 laof oak, iw price *o., see ^r// '" ""^ " 
 I fit(i!;iJil'3 Principles ofr 
 
 a tkc ,f/ifi(f. Zfri/. ; the 
 I (1 r/jiJfr Trpcj and /' 
 
 . .... w — J 1 
 
 "g Work H.„ :'';y'^- A seanr..f „r r, . 
 
 mmmmm 
 
 "■■""■ »=Kr=rfa^ 
 
.* .1 
 
 970 
 
 ODESSA 
 
 j i 
 
 1 .1 
 t 
 
 Yenikalc would be at onco more spciiro from 
 liostile attack, and better situated for tbe trade of 
 the .soutbcni ))r()vinc('s of tbe empire. Odcasu ban, 
 siuco December lHt>ii, been eoniicctod l)y a rail- 
 way of 200 verhtca witb lialta in I'odolia; tbcrc 
 i.s anotlier between Odc-sa and Tiraspol; audit 
 ia probable tluit her connection by rail witli St. 
 I'etcrsburj^ may 1)0 completed in 1870. 
 
 There is a li,L;litliousc on Cape Fontnna, abont 2 
 leagues Houtli of the town, lat. -10° 22' 20" N., 
 Ion;;. ;iO° -l")' 28" K. It was newly built in 18(!1. 
 Aiul a second on the eiul of the (jnarantiuo mole, 
 lat. 4G0 2U' 2.'!" N., long. ;'l)0 41' 5(;" K. Tbe 
 latter gives a red llasb every minute, and during 
 the day a yellow flag is hoisted. 
 
 Not' being at the mouth of any great river, nor 
 liaving any considerable manufactures, Odessa is 
 not a port for the exportation of what may be 
 called articles of native growth ; but in consequence 
 of lier situation, excellent port, and the privileges 
 she enjoyed dowa to a late ])criod, she has become 
 the emporium where a large |)art of the produce 
 of .Southern Knssia destined for foreign countries 
 is collectc<l for exportation, and where most ])art 
 of the foreign articles required for homo consump- 
 tion arc primarily imported. The shallowness of 
 the water at Taganrog, and the short period 
 during which the .Sea of Azoff is navigable, tend 
 to hinder foreign vessels of considerable burden 
 from entering the Strait of V'cnikalc, and occasion 
 the shipment of a considerable portion of the 
 produce brought down the Don in lighters to Call'a 
 and Odessa, especially the latter. All the pro- 
 ducts brought down the Dneister, the ling, and 
 the Dnieper, are exported from Odessa; but owing 
 to the difficult navigation of the first and last 
 mentioned rivers, by far the greater part of the 
 com brought to Odessa from Podolia, Ukraine Ac, 
 was, prior to the fonnation of the railway to Halta, 
 conveyed to the town in carts drawn by oxen. 
 The post roads are very bad ; and nothing would 
 contribute so much to increase the commerce of 
 the port, and the prosperity of South l{ussia, 
 as the opening of improved communications with 
 the interior; whetlier by removing obstructions in 
 the channels of the rivers, constructing canals, 
 or railways, or good common roads. 
 
 Honeys, V/eights, and Measures, and Tariff, 
 .same as at 1'i;tei!S«ui{G. 
 
 The privilege of afreo port conferred upon Odessa 
 in 1817, was permitted to expire in ISoCi. But 
 the change in the tariff in 1857, and the abolition 
 which has taken place of the quarantine system, 
 might, had they been accompanied by other neces- 
 sary changes, have compensated or more for the 
 abolition of the peculiar jirivileges enjoyed bv the 
 city. Mr. Consul-Genoral Grenville Jiurray, In his 
 Report of April 2, 18GG, says that ' the adminis- 
 tration of tlie law excites constant, serious, and 
 ■well-founded complaints.' liut he adds that 'it 
 is impossible to avoid remarking the constantly 
 increasing cirilisation and general prosperity of 
 this country.' The paving of Odessa with granite 
 progresses, though slowly, the city has been 
 lighted with gas ; and a canal is projected between 
 Odessa and the Dnieper. The new tariff, which 
 came into operation in January 18U9, though 
 still illiberal, is a decided improvement on its 
 predecessor, and wiU no doubt give an impetus to 
 the trade of Russia. 
 
 The great Articles of Export from Odessa con- 
 sist, as everyone knows, of the raw products of 
 the soil, especially of wheat, and other varieties of 
 corn. But cattle, wool, tallow, hides, and linens 
 are also important articles ; and to these have to be 
 added potash, copper, caviare, cordage, wax, sail - 
 r;loth, tar, butter fur.', isinglass Ac. 
 
 \Vp subjoin an account of tlie nuamiiv .f tJ 
 prnieipal articles expor ted from Oiltsja jn],,;. 1 
 
 Rye 
 
 Indian torn - 
 Hnrlcy 
 (tjua 
 IVm 
 Mnwi-il 
 Unpeftutd 
 Flour 
 \V..,il 
 'I'.llloir 
 
 lli(ie» .ind skins 
 Tol.il 
 
 Quinlii; 
 
 l,S9'i,.Tli 
 
 l.i.'.VI 
 .Tl!l,,T( I 
 IM.Iili 
 (i'i.'ili) 
 Vl.lVil 
 
 T,n,;iM 
 
 7.1,110 
 
 Wl,M\t 
 
 lil.V'li 
 
 l.iW 
 
 Value of imports at the port of Odessa in Ui 
 l.H27,8GC/. These consisted priiicipnllv nf ivifj 
 oil. wines, fruit, tobacco, iron .mil iron [iiitf 
 cotton, silk, and woollen goods. Tho exiKjm | 
 180.") were valued at .5,075,198/., and iiitliatvJ 
 1,3()2 vessels, of 58o,21() tons, entered the fHirt.T 
 
 The value of tbe imports and exports (A 
 Great Britain in 18lil was l,19i;,'I«o/., or uinva 
 of one-fifth of the whole. 
 
 Regular lines of steamers ply between O.iJ 
 and Galacz and Constantinnple," the ialtcr IjtiJ 
 of course, connected with all the Icadinj; r*rt 
 Europe. 
 
 The exports of wheat from Odoisa in \i 
 amounted to 2,01G,C92 quarters. This irami 
 exportation, the greatest ever previously maM 
 any one year from any one port, was a ccnstqu J 
 partly of the abundant han-est of the previ 
 year, and partly, and perhaps priiicipalK uf I 
 scarcity and high prices which then prcvaiki 
 this country and other parts of West Kiii( 
 which made every bushel be shipped that i 
 possibly be spared. But in 1850, the year bej 
 the late w.ir, the exports were still ^Taj 
 having amounted to 2,100,000 quarters, Thcij 
 here, in truth, the greatest possible variatioi| 
 the harvests. Everything depends on the s«ai 
 In proof of this allegation we may refer I 
 statement bj- Tegoborski, who says, that ia| 
 estates of the Duke of Anhnlt KiiethenJ 
 Taurida, in the 10 years from 1832tulstl,^ 
 harvests returned 15 times the seed, others ' 
 the seed, and that one entirely failed, (FA 
 productives de la Riissie, i. 380.) Nature j 
 all, man little or nothing. Agriculture is i 
 most backward state imaginable. .Vo i ~ 
 made to obviate the cflcct of droughts and r 
 And owing to tho badness of the roads or p 
 and the difficulty of river carriage, a coiiiiild 
 portion of the produce of a luxuriant crep if 
 brought to market or warehoused, but i- aild 
 to go to waste. Some improvements hava 
 doubt, been effected, and otliers are in fm 
 but they are inconsiderable compared wiilij 
 they should have been, and with what there 
 have been were the policy pursued by 'iovena 
 calculated to develop the resources ofihej 
 and fruitful countries of which Ote.«a i 
 emporium. , „ 
 
 Observations on the Trade of OJcm a l« 
 ' The exportation of rye from "this pen to j 
 time been other^vise" than verj- hmitu J 
 raised for local consumption, being the chieJtj 
 of food of the peojjlc, and not like wheat, t)| 
 grown vnth the sole view of exportatwi f 
 quantity of rj'c shipped last yfaf ^"^ j^ 
 quarters, the whole of which wenttotwn™ 
 ports of continental Europe. The pncsj 
 from 10s. bd. to 17s. Srf. per impenal c/m 
 it was the highest quotation thatpreraiMI 
 end of the year. Indian com is beef e J"! 
 of exportation from Odessa only ffitluii»ie«l 
 It is the produce of Bes.sarabia, where i"'--^ 
 
 V. ./■. 
 
 ,1.T 
 
ODESSA 
 
 071 
 
 of the quantity ■<( \H 
 I from Odessa in l«ii4. 
 
 Quantllj 
 
 Vow 
 
 ■■ 
 
 t 
 
 l,W'>,:i:i! 
 
 'i,lH.«1 
 
 lil.'.Sl 
 
 H.lln 
 
 S'«p,:i'<i 
 
 :n,m 
 
 11,1,1.0 
 
 l(lf„»li 
 
 f,'i,W\ 
 
 c».ni 
 
 'i\,\'tn 
 
 »,0I6 
 
 «H,7IUI 
 
 llll,UJJ 
 
 36,7*1 
 
 3!>,4is 
 
 l\un 
 
 lillVI 
 
 \m.r>f'i 
 
 i.if.,(;i 
 
 lil.Vll 
 
 us., 11 
 
 i.iW 
 
 K^'.'"i 
 
 
 i,;\:.-i. 
 
 ;lic port of Odessa ill !■ 
 listed iirinciimlly '.f .nf 
 CO, iron and inni I'lat^ 
 M noods. Tlio exiKirts 
 ,07&,-198'., and in that y 
 
 tons, entered the iwrt. ! 
 imports and cxiwrl- H 
 was I,l9(;,4tl5/., or \\\m 
 
 jaincrs ply between OJej 
 antinopl(>^ tl\e latter txi 
 ;illi all the leading wiru 
 
 heat from Odessa in ll 
 »2 quarters. Tins i™* 
 test ever previously ma* 
 voneport,wasaccuse(iB4 
 ant lum-cst of tlie prcvl 
 
 1 perhaps principally. (.(I 
 •ices which then prevailci 
 ther parts of W«t tui* 
 jushel be shipped that c« 
 
 Butinl85n,thcy-eatbj 
 
 exports were still ijra 
 
 2,100,000 qnarters. m 
 
 greatest possible v.wati.i| 
 
 vtlunsdcp<>'"^'°°' ■^'"i 
 llcL'ation we may reitr I 
 Wski, who say,s that >al 
 ,kc of Anhalt KofiW 
 ■ears from 1H32 to ISH.i 
 , times the seed, cthen,^ 
 
 one entirely failef (*1 
 linssie, i. 380.) >atf J 
 ,thing. AgricultmcuJ 
 ite imaginable. -No m 
 '■effect of droughts and I 
 [adnessofthcroaasorp 
 
 : river carriage, 
 
 a consiw 
 ■ river em 1 '"&-^i " J 
 
 Iccof a luxuriant crop I 
 Ir warehoused, but IS alj 
 
 I and others are m ^^81 
 
 tidcrable <;omP»«f ™J 
 ten. and with v;hat*y* 
 Llicy pursued by '-vmi 
 
 L tlie resource, of IMI 
 tics of which Odes-aH 
 
 Idiancom.sb^X'l 
 ■• Bessarabia, ^^t'f««-1 
 
 and oats have us usual 
 staled 
 
 , ,]jjjuf lute been iiiucli extended in cniisequnnco 
 
 .;it<(l.maiiil tur Ireland. Tlio (lunntity shipped 
 
 ■ . vear wa;< '.iS.'J.Vi qimrter.'*, nil directed to 
 
 rrkor Falmouili tor order..*. Tlic |irii'ea varied 
 
 M1;1j. '</. I" '''•''• •'''■ I"'"' ''"I"'""! qnarter; niid 
 
 J .!,/_ ',vas tlic last c|iiol,atioM. The qimnlity 
 
 msiniiih' "' -canary w.as, after revisiiin, found to 
 
 [^5.),,Xii)(|unrtei-s, all in the hniid.s of e.xporters. 
 
 • 'l'iicsu|i|ilies of barley 
 
 I tahmilal t-1 local con.siimption 
 
 .fl.r (N-iiiprtatiim of liiisei'd is staled in the 
 
 I ;.',.!;i-liou.se report to be •17,«75 (luarters ; wliere- 
 
 .lliinlthat !>\,'Mi'J (luartcrs wore shipped for 
 
 V- till 1, .nnil 17,001 for continental ports. The 
 
 "j. r '15 liaviiifr been (,'ood, and (^owii on tlio 
 
 I Mriii'iie lands, a larj^e supply of the new seed 
 
 '., iw!i already lironf,'ht to market, and the 
 
 "ijiitv on the spot is estimated to be about 
 
 j iiHi ciii.irters, all in the hands of shippers. The 
 
 hrArMged from •JH.f. If/, to 3us. llrf. per im- 
 
 •inil iiuarier. Larjju purchases were made last 
 
 iniraii In- the crushers of Hull, for delivery next 
 
 siKtr iruni the Sea of AzolT and this port ; and 
 
 icJir pre>ent circumstances both buyers and 
 
 stoi are menaced by loss, for in England 
 
 m:(- MO ilccliniiij,'. whilst on this side anti- 
 
 ti;ati!iis of extraordinary abundance have been 
 
 fcipfMintcJ. 
 
 •Ti.! tulloiv trade of these ports has not rc- 
 rotiaais it likely to do so for some time, or 
 fll tilt O'luitry recovers from the iraraense loss 
 ol a& airied away of late }-cars by the dis- 
 
 IHBfH. 
 
 'T!.(:s:ortatinn of wool suflcred a considerable 
 tera-f. liaving amounted only to 50,748 cwt. of 
 ill tiii. instead of 7o,u8l cwt in the preceding 
 ret'. lu IJigland were shipped 14,.378 cwt. ; to 
 ilie UBtihem continental ports 18,41)2 cwt. ; and 
 tlfPiinainJer to the Slediterranean. The sheep 
 te lave hcen thinned by consecutive seasons 
 akiisht and deficient pa.sUiragc ; and the trade 
 It'll laic hecu more intluenced by the demand 
 l(c.litm.inufactures of JIoscow. The prices are 
 lf;iiif at their highest quotations, and they are 
 lattie! alfected by the anticipated disturbance of 
 iik.'iii in Australia. 
 
 lit amount of shipping did not much differ 
 
 fcffliLatoflSiO; C98 vessels arrived, measuring 
 
 IKil? tons, ot which 120 were British, burden 
 
 |!".J31ton5; and 729 vessels measuring 203,842 
 
 |teiif|i,wed, of which 130 were Uritish, burden 
 
 ®JtoDs. Of the 242 vessels bound to England 
 
 jwl cargoes, 110 were UritLsh. The preference 
 
 Jtillcivcnto mirllag, particularly in the bois- 
 
 "i! seasons. Tlic Austrian ships of the Adriatic 
 
 li'jwevtr. ill i^'rcat favour, especiallv for grain 
 
 ». The rates of freights to England varied 
 
 wlUos.to 3/. 5s. per ton, or from 5», 5rf. to 
 
 '''4« imperial quarter; and the highest rates 
 
 jwiiltd during the last three months, ofTering a 
 
 'It ifffliineration to shipowners. The average 
 
 ibsnge on London was G-SOrs. for the pound 
 
 ■Mj;. The money market was generally easy, 
 
 iieJ operations j and credit is at present 
 
 w. tliough restricted in consequence of the 
 
 wt losses incurred in the grain trade by the 
 
 « tijuses. It is worthy of remark, that not 
 
 '« of these houses has failed, notwithstanding 
 
 im severe trials.' 
 
 A tribun,il of commerce was established at 
 
 itam 1824, whose jurisdiction extends over 
 
 aispmes connected with trade. There is no 
 
 11 Itom Its decisions except to the Senate. 
 
 th 't l '^™"^ *""'''='*' approved and licensed 
 w inbunal of Commerce, who have deputies 
 ^T by themselves. Thoy register all trans- 
 »as,aml receive J per cent, from each party 
 
 as commissitm. There is a discount or loan bank, 
 established in 1828, ntid murine and tire iiisiiriiiu'e 
 societies. Most articles of provision are cheap; 
 and (i.sh, which costs next to iiolhiiig, is excellent. 
 Eu'd, liDWPvor, is .scarce and dear. 
 
 Within the last 40 yours the Merino breed of 
 nheep has been cxteiiKively iiitiodiiced into the 
 governments of 'laiirida, Oherson, and ICkaleri- 
 no.slav; so that there has been not only a gretil 
 increase in the quantity, but also a very decicb'd 
 iinproveinent in tli') qiuilily, of the "wmd cx- 
 liorted. 
 
 Cum Trade. — The principal trade of Odessa is 
 witli Constantinople, Smyrna, and other towns in 
 the Levant, Naples Eegborn, (Jenoa, Mar.seill 's 
 itc. ' It is generally slated,' says Mr. .lacoli 
 {Memoir on the Trade (f the Black Sea, in the 
 Appendix to the 8vo. edition of Traets on the (Aim 
 Trade), ' Duit the supply of Constantinople r(!- 
 quires annually 100,000 quarters of Ulack Sea 
 wheat. The (ireek islands scarcely, on the aver- 
 age of years, produce snllicient wheat for their 
 own consumption, and, in some years, require a 
 large suppl)', which is furnished partly from the 
 neighbouring continent, and parllv from the 
 Black Sea. 
 
 'T\e Asiatic coasts of the Turkish Empire, 
 especially in Anatidia, are nearly in- the same 
 predicament. At times, the market of Smyrna is 
 very favourable for the sale of the corn of Soulli- 
 ern Kussia. The islandj of Malta and Gozo 
 produce only about half as much corn as the 
 120,000 inhabitants require. 
 
 ' Sicily, though it has greatly declined from its 
 ancient productiveness, has still a quantity of 
 grain to spare for the less fruitful parts of Italy, 
 ill most years ; and its wheat enters into competi- 
 tion with that of the Ulack Sea, in the ports of 
 Naples, Genoa, and Leghorn.' 
 
 The warehouse rent of com at Odessa is from 8 
 to 10 copecks per chetwert per mouth. M. do 
 Hagcmeister supposes that Turkey and the difte- 
 rent ports of the Mediterranean require, at an 
 average, <an annual supply of 1,400,000 chetwerts, 
 or about 1,050,000 quarters, of which 1,000,000 
 chetwerts, or 7.")0,000 quarters, are furnished by 
 Southern Russia, and principally shipp'ed from 
 Odessa. Wallachia and Moldavia are both very 
 fertile in corn ; and were tranquillity and good 
 order introduced into them, and the free naviga- 
 tion of the Danube secured, Galacz and BrailofV 
 would be two of the principal European grain 
 shipping ports. (See the excellent Report of 
 Hagemeister on the Trade of the Black Sea, pp. 
 90 — 114, Eng. trans.) 
 
 Exclusive of corn, the other articles mentioned 
 as being exported from Odessa find their way to 
 the different markets in the Mediterranean. 
 Those shipped for Turkey are iron, tallow, sail- 
 cloth, cordage, anchors for ships of war, butter &c. 
 The exports to Italy and other European coun- 
 tries are similar. 
 
 The importation of foreign articles into the 
 Russian dominions on the Black Sea and the Sea 
 of Azoff is almost conlined to Odessa, Theodosia 
 or Kaffu, and Taganrog. The value of the import 
 trade of Kussia by these two seas in 1805 was 
 2,402,053/. It is, however, of inferior importance 
 when compared with the export trade, valued in 
 1865 at 10,287,651/. The principal articles of im- 
 port are sugar and coffee, dye woods, wne and 
 brandy, cotton stuffs and yarn, woollen and silk 
 manufactures, spices, cutlery; oranges, lemons, 
 figs, and other fruit ; lemon-juice, oil, tin and tiu 
 plates, dried fruits, paper, silk, specie &c. 
 
 Odessa, in addition to its great and rapidly 
 increasing trade with Constantinople and the 
 
 I 
 
4 .> 
 
 !: 
 
 . 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■•} 
 
 Ml 
 
 i 
 
 ' -A 
 
 : A.t 
 
 ciiiiiiliics oil llio .Mcdilcrr.'iiiriin, has n conniilpr- 
 iililo trudo witli Kcdoiit-kalo at the inoutli of the 
 I'haHi.s, and with TrehiNuiid and Nevcral pr)rtH <iii 
 th(s iKiiith coaMt (if the Illiick Sen. (■<'iir;;iaM 
 anil Armenian inerchanl.s are ton.'ideralile |)(ir- 
 chasefH at the l,ei|i)<ie and other (ierinaii fairs; 
 mill eiviliHation in Xtcnimuuii to xtrike its roots 
 thriiMKliont all tlio extensive cduntries between 
 the Klack Sen and Iho Caspian, It is prohalile 
 that, at no very remote period, (lie I'liasis will he 
 l're(|nented by liritish shipH ; and that onr mer- 
 t'hant!«, withont any enehaiitress to aid them, an*l 
 (lepcndiiif; only on the sni)erior eheapness and 
 excellence of their K"'"'''i ^^"l 'j*-' hospitahly re- 
 ceived in the ancient Colchis, and hear jiway a 
 richer prize; than fell to the lot of .lason and his 
 compeers. 
 
 I'lHHhn in the. Tratle of the niiie/i Sca.—Driilh 
 of Witter. — Difficutty of Navi<i<ttion ^•i; — '('lie 
 trade of the Itlack or I'.'uxinc Sou was of f;reat 
 importance in anti(|nity. The shores of the 
 Crimea, or Tanrica Chortionesus, were settled by 
 Milesian adventurers, who founded rantieapieuni 
 nnd Thcodo^in. The export.s thence lo Athens 
 were nearly the same as those which are now 
 Hent from Odessa and Tnf?anrof;to Constantinople, 
 Le;;horn fic. ; vi/. corn,, limber, and naval stores ; 
 leather, wax, honey, salt Hsh, caviare &c., with 
 ffreat numbers of slaves, the beat and most service- 
 able that were anywhere to bo met >vitli. The 
 Athenians set a very hij^h vnhio upon this trade, 
 ■vvhicli supplied them annually with about 'lOd.OdO 
 iiiedimniof corn ; and lo preserve it they carefully 
 cultivated the alliance of the 'i'hrneian princes, 
 iind kept n Rorrison at Sestiis, on the Ilellespont. 
 (.See the authorities in Anacharsis's Travels, c. hit; 
 and in Clarke's Connection of the Suxon unci Kn- 
 !lli»h Coins, pp. 5<1 — CI.) During the Middle Ages 
 the (lenoeso acquired an ascendency on this sea, 
 and laboured with pretty considerable success to 
 monopolise its trade. Their principal establish- 
 ment was at Cafl'a, which was the centre of an 
 extensiye commerce. Hut the conquest of Con- 
 stantinople by the Turks, in 1453, %va8 soon after 
 followed by the conquest of Caffa, and the total 
 excl'!si(m of Kuropean vessels from the lllack 
 Sea, which became in a great measure imknown. 
 This exclusion was maintained for about 300 
 years, or till it was opened to the ships of Russia 
 by the treaty of Kainardgi in 1774. The Austrians 
 obtained a similar equality of privileges in 1784; 
 and liritish, French Ac, ships were admitted by 
 the treaty of Amiens. There were, however, 
 .some restraints still kept up ; but these were 
 abolished by the treaty between the Turks and 
 Hussians in 1829; and for commercial purposes, 
 at least, the Hlack Sea is now as free as the 
 Jlediterranean. 
 
 Notwithstanding the number of English and 
 other European ships that have visited this sea 
 since the beginning of this century, its geography 
 is still verj' imperfectly known. A notion seems to 
 have been long prevalent, that it was not only 
 stormy, but also infested with numerous shoals. 
 Polybius, indeed, contends that, owing to the vast 
 (piantities of alluvial deposit brought down by 
 the Danube and other large rivers that fall into 
 the Ulack Sea, it was gradually filling up, and 
 would become, at no very remote period, an 
 immense morass. Dr. Clarke seems to have es- 
 poused the same theory. But, how probable 
 soever it may appear, extremely little progress 
 has hitherto "been made towards the consumma- 
 tion described by I'olybius. Instead of being 
 shallow, the water is for the most part remarkably 
 deep ; with n bottom, where soundings have been 
 obtained, of gravel, sand, and shells. A strong 
 
 ODKHSA 
 
 current seta 
 
 ,, '■j'."" ,""■ •ll'"'* Sen, thr |, 
 
 Hosporiis, or (aiinl of (•(.iiMt,iatiii„r,i,. i,?, 
 Sea of .Marmora, and from llu^ latter ihr„,''i 
 Dardanelles, which it r<.(|iiir,.s a (^1.,^ \,, \ 
 stem. This current is saiil to Im. .cii-ii,!,. ■' 
 the lllack Sea, 10 „r IL' inil..s fr,„„ „,„ n- '' 
 
 and It may probably ciirrv olf wn „• .| 
 
 brouuhr down by the rivers. (TciiiriKi, rt' r 
 till JAV'int, IctI, 1.-., l(i; ftrt. t) i„ x„ 1 ,f, 
 Jimrniil of the Ueoijraplwal .SV.f i,7» ' M , ' , 
 ImnU ,n Turkey, vol, i. p. -JIJ; jQ;^^^ '' 
 rapern; itc.) 
 
 The navigation of the lllnck Sea lm» been roj 
 sentcd by most niodern and all ancient «W 
 as exceedingly .langeroiis, \\\. i„.|i,,,, |„,„1 
 that there is very little foundation f,ir tl,,., 
 number of the statements on this ^uhieet ' II 
 said to be particularly subject to ilen-e im i 
 to currents; but the former are prevalent imM 
 |mrtieular seasons, and the inihieiice .,f ileli 
 IS not greater than in inanv other »e.i, v\M 
 not reputed dangerous, tduniefdrt, one i.fl 
 best and most accurate of travellers ron^iilfrJ 
 navigation of the Hlack .Sea as safe in tliatofl 
 Mcditerranc.in : 'II n'ariendeiioir, |mnr;iin.i 
 (juc lo iioin : les vents n'y soiitlleiu \w arte 
 do furie, ct Ics orages iic soiit lucres plusfreqii* 
 que siir les aiitrcs mors,' (Tome ii, p k\ 1 
 cd.) Dr. Clarke (Trnveh, vol. ii. p, ax;, 8,0' J 
 .itlecls lo doubt this: but he assif,™ no poJ 
 for his opinion ; and who wonhl think of pull 
 his authority in competition with tliatdflVii 
 fort V Indeed the accuracy of the slatemran 
 the latter has been fully established by ilienij 
 reports of Caplain Middleton and '(iilitr 
 oljicors who have n.ivigated this sm, lliit,llio^ 
 without 'a hidden danger,' anvsci wiinllki 
 gerous to the (Jrock and Turkish pil.its, l,v»|] 
 the lllack Sea has been principally nnviL'ati.l, 
 llie progress of navigaliim were to bee'lim^ 
 by its state amongst them, we sbouH liavJ 
 conclude that it had been stniion.w from] 
 era of the Argonauts. They seMeni venture | 
 of sigh*, of the coasts ; they have neither clil 
 nor quadrants ; and hardly even know tlutnJ 
 the points of the needle turns towards tlic xJ 
 (Toiirnefort in loc. cit.) There is not. cortiil 
 much room for wonder nt shipwrecks beinj f 
 qucnt among vessels so navi^ratcil. On leaij 
 the lllack Sea, the greatest ilifliculty is in mil 
 the Bosporus. ' The mountains,' says Mr. ) 
 gill, ' are all so much alike, that it is (M 
 to determine which of them is nt the ratn 
 until you are within a very few miles of ilie •- 
 then, with a fair wind, you are on a leeslnret 
 a lee current ; and if "you make a nii-iat*, | 
 striiction is almost inevitable. TheTrat!li| 
 two light-houses at the entrance ; but unlessi 
 see them before siin.set, tlicy are of littlf i 
 in the forests on its borders, great ipiantiiifj 
 charcoal arc made, and the lif,'litsfromitk»il| 
 and often mislead, the unhappy mariner,' ii.2| 
 
 From the vast quantity offrcshiv.itcr f 
 into the Black Sea, the saline particles J 
 much diluted, that, with a slij^ht frost, tkej 
 face becomes covered with ice ; hence, •fiaiif 
 grcot part of the year, hardly anynavipM 
 attempted. The vessels that resort ti w 
 seldom arrive at that port before 
 end of May; and those whose cargoes ml 
 completed "before the end of October. m\ 
 qucntly wait the return of spring, tlianiJf"li 
 to encounter the dangers of an autuniiul«r»iii' 
 voyage. 
 
 At Taganrog the frost commencK «''* ' 
 continues longer, than at Odessa; •'»'''"' '"] 
 are scarcely more than 4 or fi months in im T 
 
Uiick Sen, thrm-li 
 'oiinlanliiKnilc, iu'„i 
 n llio latter, tht(nn;h 
 •(liiiri'S II I'ri'jh linr/nl 
 laid to Im M'ti-iKlv tiltf 
 mil''!! friim tlu' liii.in.ij 
 rry olV >"i\m ni' thr i 
 iTH, (I'lmrnclVrl's 1 
 ; nrl. U in Nu, 1 .i| | 
 phiial Sitckly: MioJ 
 i. |i. ".Mo; l'iirliniii,nt[ 
 
 lUnck Son lias bi'cnro 
 I mill all aiu'iinl «r 
 lin, \V«: liclii'Vc, l.mic 
 founilaliiiii fur tin i;n' 
 nU on this suhjoci, 1 
 BviliJL'ct til ilc'tiM' I'c;;', 
 rnipr arc prevalent unl; 
 llie iniUioncc nf thcUl 
 iiiaiiv (itlicr seas which 
 M. 'I'minictort, mip df 
 • of triivcUcis, coiisiiiiT* 
 ik Sea as safe as that uf 
 :irienilenoir, \»iur;uii-i' 
 i n'y soulllciit lias iU'v 
 10 soiit ^iiiTes pllb Uf\\\ 
 [■ra.' ('rome ii. \>. I'U. 
 R'Wn, vol. ii. p. ilNT. '<vi.. 
 but he assiiois no prn 
 who would think if ]fA< 
 ictition with thiitnf'lVu 
 •curacy of the statcniin' 
 illy established liy the rii 
 MiiUUeton imd "thtt 
 ri{,'atcd this sea. liuMh 
 nicer.' anvseawiiuHI* 
 and Turkish pilots, hy » 
 !cn principally naviwtw!, 
 gatiou were tu be o^lin 
 them, wc shouU havd 
 been stationary fruni I 
 I'hey selilcra venlim I 
 „ , thev have neither chf 
 lardlv even know that Dili 
 ;lle turns towards tl.c Xof 
 it.) There is not, emu 
 ler at shipwrecks beinj I 
 so navi;;atcil. On m 
 reatest difficulty is ni m^ 
 mountains,' says Mr.i 
 :h alike, thai it h J* 
 of them is nt llic onW 
 „ very few miles of the 
 d, vJuareonalocslioM 
 Vou make a mistake, | 
 inevitable. The Will 
 he entrance; butunW 
 isct, they are of littlM 
 borders, great (luMtmi 
 id the lights from itlwj 
 " unhappv manner. li.' 
 intitv of" fresh Mter! 
 . the saline particle!) 
 vith a slight frost, iM 
 1 with ice ; hence, 'liM' 
 ,.ar, hardly any navip* 
 Lels that resort t» I 
 Lat port bcfo^k'j 
 hose whose cargoesW 
 ccndofOcto^r.7n 
 
 ',m of spring, ttafjg 
 rcrsofanautnninJl'"™ 
 
 Irost commences 
 In at Odessa; >«», 
 |n4or5niontl»'"*'' 
 
 [WX 
 
 OIL 
 
 itbi,:h the ISea of Azoff can bo safely 
 
 iillil'r.hmle; (icr. i'>l; Hal. olio; Lnt. oloiiin; 
 l^„,,,l„;Span. accito). T'lio term oil U upidinl 
 luesi'iialpfl "i">''«'' "'' "I";'""""' I'miiorH, wliich, 
 IJniiipped upon paper, sink into it uiiil iniiko 
 |/^m.,iiiitransparent, or kIvo it what isralleil 
 |\v..v -lain. These bodies nrc very iiimienms, 
 I'libive bitMi inconiinon use from 'lime imino- 
 \w\ I'liemists have divided I hem into two 
 lil«< iiaiiielv, r"/"'i/<" and yi>i'<i oils. We Imr- 
 Itjftin I'r- Thomas Thomson tlio folU)wiii{{ 
 Lwt with respect to tlio.se bodies :— 
 
 I Vol \Tii.l' Uii.s, called also esHntml oils, arc 
 Ji<riii«hfd by the followiiig properties:— I. 
 Lui'l'tni almost nslicjiiid as water, Hometimes 
 Iwil J. Very combustible; 3. An ncrid taste 
 lei J s'troiitf fragrant odour; 4, Volatilised at a 
 |B[,-Bture not higher than '2Vi° ; 5. Soluble in 
 Itdb I, and imperlectljf in water ; G. Evaporate 
 lisloii: leaving any stain on paper. 
 I Jvtliijlast test it i.s ca-sy to discover whether 
 Ik^bive been adulterated with any of the fixed 
 ii. Let a drop of the volatile oil fall njion n 
 liof writing paper, and then apply a j,'cntlo 
 Ii ID ii; if it evaporates without IcaviiiB any 
 iiii[«'n the paper, the oil ia pure; but if it 
 jB(i a stain upon the paper, It has been con- 
 jiju;f.l with some fi.xed oil or other. 
 fVito oils arc almost all obtained from vegc- 
 ., , and they exist in every part of plants— 
 it«t. the bark, the wood, the leaves, the 
 (wn.wUven the fruit; though they arc never 
 all? .lubstance of the cotyledons ; whereas 
 ufat-ltilson the contrary, arc almost always 
 mliaiii! in these bodies. 
 
 HTailie volatile oils are contained in great 
 
 lice in plants, thev are sometimes obtained 
 
 fiimple expression, 'fhis is the case with oil 
 
 i onagej, of lemons, and bergamotto ; but in 
 
 lilheycan only bo obtained by distillation. 
 
 lt;«t of the plant containing the oil is nut 
 
 ttisiillwith a quantity of water which is dis- 
 
 jltJiffliythc application of a moderate heat. 
 
 1 comes over along with the water, and 
 
 BUDon its surface in the receiver. By this 
 
 iiiteobtained the oils of peppermint, thyme, 
 
 ^iftler, anil a great many others, which are prc- 
 
 4 arid empWyed by the perfumer : others are 
 
 tmii by the distillation of resinous bodies. 
 
 h ii the case in particular with oil of turpentine, 
 
 TO ii obtained by distilling a kind of resinous 
 
 faUed turpentine, that exudes from the 
 
 ffoliujeoils are exceedingly nutr.orous. They 
 
 ptf ten long k»own;but as their nse in che- 
 
 Ttn ii but limited, they have not, hitherto, 
 
 « subjected to an accurate chemical investi- 
 
 fci ihcy diifer greatly in their properties 
 
 B each other; but it is impossible at present 
 
 lp« a detailed account of each. 
 
 i' TN iiTGater number of volatile oils arc liquid ; 
 
 ■n.f. indeed, arc as limpid as water, and have 
 
 xol that appearance which we usually consider 
 
 ' ^ Ibis ii the case with the following": namely, 
 
 h' turpentine, oranges, lemons, bcrgamottc, 
 
 P^. iiilicrs bavethe oilvvisciditv. It varies 
 
 liUfin mall degrees. Thi's is the case with the 
 
 I Mcc, cardamom, sassafras, cloves, cinna- 
 
 Oilicrshave the property of becoming solid. 
 
 '^'['^ "se with the oils of parsley, fennel, 
 
 fcn Ti,"'- ^^^"^ crystallise by slow evapo- 
 
 F Ibis 13 the case with oil of thyme, pcpper- 
 
 f • marjoram. The oil of nutmegs has usuallv 
 
 Iwsisteuce of butter. This is the case also 
 
 I Mills of hops and of pepper. 
 
 ^iiic colour of the volatile oils is as various 
 
 £73 
 
 ns thi'ir other properties. A great numbor iiro 
 limpid and colourless ; ns oil nf turpentine, laven- 
 der, rosemary, saviiip, aniseed : some are y idlow ; 
 as spike, biTgamotte : soinc are brown ; as thyme, 
 saviiry, wormwood: (illieis blue; as eainomile, 
 iiiotherwort : otherH green; as niilliiil, pepper, 
 blips, piirsley, wormwood, eajepiil, juniper, sage, 
 valerian: others, though at lirst e(dourle.s.s, be- 
 ciiiiie yellow or brown by age : as cloves, cinnamon, 
 sas,safri\s. 
 
 it. The odours arc so various as to defy all 
 ileseriptioii. It is siiflicicnt to say that all the 
 frngniiicc of tlio vegetable kingdom resides in 
 vidiiiile oils. Their taste is acrid, hot, and ex- 
 ceedingly unpleasant. 
 
 •I. Their spccilic gravity varies very eonsider- 
 ably, not only in (liirerent oils, but oven in the 
 same oil in diiferont circumstances. 
 
 Wlien the volatile oils arc heated in the o|ien 
 air, they evaporate readil and without alteration 
 dili'ufie their peculiar odo...j all around; but there 
 is a considerable difl'erence between the diffuroiit 
 oils in this respect. When distilled in clo.se 
 vessels, thoy do not so readily assume the form of 
 vapour. licnce, they lose their odour, become 
 darker in colour, and are partly dccompo.sed. 
 Oils do not seem very susceptible of assuming the 
 gaseous form, unless some other substance, as 
 water, be present. 
 
 II. FiXKi> Oils arc distinguished bv the fol- 
 lowing characters : 1. Liquid, or easily become 
 so when exposed to a gentle heat; 2, Unctuous to 
 the touch ; 8. Very combustible ; 4. A mild taste ; 
 5. Boiling point not under 000°; 6. Insoluble in 
 water, and nearly so in alcohol ; 7. Leave a greasy 
 stain upon paper. 
 
 These oils, which are called fat or expressed 
 oils, are numerous, and arc obtained partly from 
 animal.s, and partly from vegetables, by simple 
 expression. As instances may be mentioned 
 whale oil or train oil obtained from the blubber of 
 the whale and from cod ; olive oil, obtained fr-jni 
 the fruit of the olive ; linseed oil and almond oil, 
 obtained from lin.seed and almond kernels. Fixed 
 oils may also be extracted from poppy seeds, 
 hemp seeds, beech mast, and many other vegetable 
 substances. 
 
 All these oils differ from each other in several 
 particulars, but have also many particulars in 
 common. 
 
 1. Fixed oil is usually a liquid with a certain 
 degree of viscidity, adhering to the sides of the 
 glass vessels in which it is contained, and forming 
 streaks. It is never perfectly transparent ; has 
 always a certain degree of colour, most usually 
 yellowish or greenish ; its taste is sweet, or nearly 
 insipid. When fresh it has little or no smell. 
 
 There exist also in the vegetable kingdom a 
 considerable number of bodies which, at the 
 ordinary tenipcrature of the atmosphere, are solid, 
 iiiid have hitherto been considered as fixed oils. 
 I'alni oil may be mentioned as an example. The 
 various substqnces used in India and Africa as 
 substitutes for butter, and as unguents, may like- 
 wise be mentioned. 
 
 2. All the lixed oils hitherto examined are 
 lighter than water; but they difl'er greatly from 
 one another in specific gravity. The sanie dif- 
 ference is observable in different samjiles of the 
 same oil. 
 
 Fixed oil, when in the state of vapour, takes 
 fire c .1 the approach of an ignited body, and burns 
 with a yellowish white flame. It is upon this 
 principle that candles and lamps burn. The tallow 
 or oil is first converted into a state of vapour in 
 the wick ; it then takes fire, and supplies a sulH- 
 cient quantity of heat to convert more oil into 
 
 ■J... J ^ 
 
07» 
 
 OLIHANUM 
 
 ' 
 
 I ' 
 
 ] .1 
 
 
 vii|")iir ; and tliis proco»H fjurn cui wliilo iiiiy nil 
 ruiiiiiiiiH. I'ho wick in lurcsHiiry to present ii 
 NiilKcicntly nmnll (|iinntil y ipf nil lit nncc for the 
 liciit to net upon. It" the lifiit wcro ^Tcat (>noii);li 
 In keep tlic wliolo nil iit u IcniiKrntnn' of (iO()°, no 
 wink would bi! ncccsMiiry, iis 11 obvious from oil 
 ratchint; tiro H|iontttni-nuHly wlirn it lian bcon 
 r.iisi'd to that tcmpernturc. \V1k'm nil is ns('<l in 
 this manner, citbiT in tbcoprn air nr in contact 
 with nxyjjen gas, the only new [irnducts nbtaincd 
 arc iriitrr and cnrlmnic acid. 
 
 The ilryin;,' oils are nscd us llio vehicle of paints 
 and varnishes. Linseed, nut, poppy, anil henip- 
 Hccd oils belong to this class. These oils in their 
 natural state possess the property of dryinjj oils. 
 but imperfectly. To prepare them for the use of 
 the painter and varnisli-inak( r, they are boiled fnr 
 snnie lime in an iron iiot, and Monietimes burnt 
 till they become viscid. When tlioy burn for 
 some time, their unctuous quality is much mnre 
 cnmpletely destroyed ihan by any metliod that 
 has been practised. Hence "it is followed fre- 
 •piently in prcparin;,' the drying? oils for varni.slie.s, 
 and always for printer's ink, which recpiires to be 
 as free as possible from all imctnosity. 
 
 Nut oil has been found preferable to all o'hcr 
 nils for printer's ink ; though the dark colour 
 which it acquires during boilini^ renders it not so 
 p' )pcr for red ink as for black. Linseed oil is 
 e insidered as next after nut oil in this res|>cct. 
 Other oils cannot be employed, because tliey can- 
 not be sufficiently freed from their unctiiosity. 
 Ink made with them would be apt tocomc off and 
 smear the paper while in the hands of the book- 
 binder, or even to spread beyond the mark of the 
 types and stain the paper yellow. 
 
 The principal oils, in a commercial point of 
 view, with the exception of ground-nut oil 
 [NuT.s, Gp.ounii], arc enumerated in the following 
 statements. [Oi.iVE Oil, Vetholkum.] 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Value of the 
 different Varieties of Oil Imported into the 
 bnited Kingdom in 1867. 
 
 ArUclet 
 
 Quanlitles 
 
 Pile* 
 
 
 
 £ I. i. £ >. ■>. 
 
 Catlor - cwl. 
 
 21,07.1 
 
 .1 t Ota 3 It It 
 
 Cod liTer . luns 
 
 SIS 
 
 61 10 r>9 7 
 
 Train 
 
 11,901 
 
 .IS 14 3 4S U 
 
 SpermaceU • „ 
 
 .1,iifi 
 
 113 16 116 
 
 Cocoa nut - cwt 
 
 1W..1U 
 
 8 4 6 !( 16 7 
 
 Olive - - tun> 
 
 19,UI3 
 
 56 12 70 7 9 
 
 Palm - „ 
 
 SIK.USa 
 
 1 IH 4 1 18 9 
 
 Seed ■ - „ 
 
 \6,»n 
 
 .18 U 10 60 4 10 
 
 Kock, or Petro- 
 
 
 
 leum, unrefined „ 
 
 l,lfi6 
 
 in 10 n 11 1 11 
 
 retined Kallont 
 
 5,374,i.11i 
 
 1 V| I 31 
 
 Turpentine - cut. 
 
 I54,4(i« 
 
 1 IS 9 1 16 11 
 
 OLIBANUM (Fr. cncens ; Ger, weihrauch; Ital. 
 olibano; Arab, looban). A gum-resin, the produce 
 of a large tree (Boswellia thurifera, or serratu), 
 growing in Arabia and India. It is imported in 
 chests containing each about 4 cwt., from the 
 Levant and India; the best comes from the 
 former, and is the produce of Arabia. Good 
 olibanum is in semi-transparent tears, of a pink 
 colour, brittle, and adhesive when warm ; when 
 burnt, the odour is verj- agreeable; its taste is 
 bitterish, and somewhat pungent and aromatic; 
 it flames for a long time with a steady, clear light, 
 which is not easily extinguished, leaving behind 
 a black (not, as has been said, a whitish) ash. 
 Olibanum is the frankincense (thus) of the an- 
 cients; and W08 extensively used by them in 
 sacrifices. (Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. xii. c. 14.) It 
 has also been used in the ceremonies of the Greek 
 and lioman churches, (Pereira's Mat. Indica ; 
 Thomson's Chemistry ; Kippingii Antiq. Bom. 
 lib. i. c. 11.) 
 
 OLIVi: OIL 
 
 fu 1H(!7. 8,5.37 ewl. nf nlibaniim were inu,« 
 iiitii Knglaiul, valued at 2."),i»!.',/. „r ;i/ \\, ii 
 cwt., and cliiotly from Itritish India in it,. 
 year III.IOIJ cwt. were cxporte.l, diiclly t„ i;' 
 and liirkey. ' " 
 
 OLIVK, ()LIVK.S (fier. olivon; Fr „li, 
 Ital. ulive; Span, iiceituims; l>„ri ^mi , 
 Lat. olivoi), A fruit yioldiiiK ,1 i^L. ,,,,',;.' 
 nf oil, the prnduce of the Ola,, .,r „livo , ' 
 I ho wild (divo IS iudigcnniH to Svriii (,ri, 
 and Africa, on the lower slnpe< „f \||,u'||| .J 
 The spe<'ies cultivalcd in Kiirnpi. ^tnu; 
 tanenusly in Syria, and is (.(i,||y f,,3f,,|' 
 Spain, Italy, and the Snuili of Franic It 
 even been raised in the open air in Knulun,! 1,, 
 Its fruit is said not to have ripened. Thifiut 
 a smooth oval plum, about J inch in Ifn 
 and i inch in diameter; of a dw^p vidot .ui 
 when ripe, whitish and tiesliy within, jiiu,., 
 nauseous, but replett^ with a l)liind<iil; o„v.rii 
 an oblong, pointid, rough init. Olives jnt, 
 for preservation are gathered hefiirc Ihrv arc ni 
 In pickling, the obji'ct is to leiiinve tliiir Miil 
 ness, and to preserve them green, b\' imprcL'naiii 
 them with a brine nf aromatiscd.sia salt; for il 
 purpose various methods are cmiilovcil, 
 wood of the olive tree is heniilifiilly vdnoj, 
 has an agreeable smell. It is inVrcat c-ti 
 with cabinet-makers, on account of tl.u line ui 
 of which it is susceptible. 17,.'(38 gallons 01' olii 
 were imported in 18»i7, valued nt 3,;)C»/. 
 
 OLIVE OIL (Gcr. baumiil ; Fr, huik d'^lii 
 Ital. olio d' uliva ; .Span, aceitedc aocitiina 
 oleum olivarum). The olive tree U iiriiMii 
 cultivated for the sake of its oil. This » 
 inodorous, pale giccnish-yelloiv culoiiriil, vi 
 (luid, with a bland oleaginous taste, unctuoi 
 the touch, inflammable, incapable of cdmlii 
 with water, and nearly insoluble in i-Jcohci. I| 
 the lightest of all the fixed oils; ami is lari 
 used, particularly in Greece, Italy, .Spain, 
 France, as an article of food, and in medii 
 and the arts. It is also very extensively 
 in this country, particularly in' the woollen i 
 facture. 
 
 The ripe fruit is gathered in XovembcT, 1 
 immediately bruised in a mill, the stones of wU 
 arc set so wide as not to crush the kerael, 
 pulp is then subjected to the press in bapi 
 of rushes : and liy means of a gentle pressure, j 
 best, or virgin oil, flows first ; a second, ami m 
 wards a tliird, equality of oil is obtaiiiij] 
 moistening the residuum, brcakinf; the kcniclsl 
 and increasing the pressure. Wnen the fruij 
 not sufficiently ripe, the recent oil has a lii 
 taste ; and when too ripe, it is fatty. Alter | 
 oil has been drawn, it deposits a white, & 
 and albuminous matter ; but when this d^ 
 sition has taken place, if it be put into deaog 
 flasks, it undergoes no further ollerstioD:! 
 common oil cannot, however, be preserveJl 
 casks above 1 J or 2 years, (Britiili Fharmtm 
 1807,) J 
 
 The finest oils are said to be pnxliitoij 
 Tuscany, but occasionally that of Ban is eijiii 
 the Tuscan oil. The (incst kind of tkc W 
 is called ' white sublime oil.' It ohieliyi 
 to France. Tuscany oil is shipped from LejiJ 
 in various mcosurcs, from pipes of atwutj 
 gallons to the flask of oil with itsstrawwrf 
 weighing about 14 oz. It is ad^.'t-'iwi 1 
 poppy seed oil, and probably witli otierW 
 vegetable oils. A plan for dcitciiw""'?? 
 postures has been suggested by .Mr. ftmw 
 Journal of the Societi/ of Arts, Matii, m 
 
 Olive oil is the principal article of wpo"' 
 the Neapolitan portion of the Italun Kmr 
 
 l-i 
 
 ««• .1 :i^ \i- 
 
OIL 
 
 libimuni wnr iniii'ti«| 
 r),!H,'i(. <ir ;i(. n.. N,/. lij 
 [i.^li India. In th» w 
 iiirti'd, I'liielly In 
 
 ;r. (ilivon; Fr. ulivi 
 iiiiiM', I'cirl. azi'itnii;)^ 
 I'liliii); II l;ir);i' i|<ia,itii 
 lifi Oird, (ir iilivi' trof 
 cnniH to Svriii, (ncnl 
 hIiiIIC lif MdUllt Ailaj 
 
 lid is cftsily ri'ari'.i 
 Minth (if Fmiiit. It 
 (ipon iiir in l''.n;;laii'l, liJ 
 iiv« ri|i<'ned. 'I'hi'fiuill 
 ib(nil J inch in !(t,; 
 
 ; (if tt dcd)) Vinll't iii',- 
 
 , tienliy wittiin, liiUir -ii 
 'ith 11 bland nil ; o.v. rii 
 fi\i nut. ()liv(!s iiil'ii'J 
 liorcd brfiire llicy arc lid 
 
 is til vonidve their liittj 
 em {;'■''''"' ''.^' ""I"'''r''"^i 
 Tomatiscd sea saU . l-r ij 
 lids arc umiihiycil, 11 
 
 is licniilifully vciiicil, 
 U. It is in (iTcat i>t 
 n acconul of t\.K liiiii |' lil 
 Ic. 17,53HKalloniol'uliif 
 , valued at 3,308/. 
 baumiil ; I'r. huilc il'.ilivl 
 in, ncpite de accitiina; ; 1; 
 lie olive tree u iitincid 
 ikc of its oil. Thia w | 
 lisb-yellow colouri'il, vii 
 ,lcn(;inou9 taste, uiiciu« 
 blc, incapable of cuiiiljiiil 
 ly insoluble in fJcoliol. If 
 ic lixed oils; undisUigi 
 I Greece, Italy, Spain, I 
 ) of food, and in nedi^ 
 nko very extensively v 
 
 ciilarly in" the woollen r 
 
 catbered in November, 
 in a mill, the stones of wt 
 )t to crush the kernel. 
 d to the press in bags n 
 cans of agcntlcprcssurt,! 
 wstirst; a second, and »l< 
 lity of oil is obtained I 
 lum.brcakinpthckcraelil 
 pressure. Wncn the im 
 I tbc recent oil has a bitiif 
 ripe, it is fatty, Ato| 
 it deposits a while, m 
 itter; but when this dj 
 to, if it be put into dean gP 
 no further alteration; 
 I, however, be prtserreJJ 
 ears. (Briliilt Fkmc^ 
 
 OI.IVK (»IL 
 
 076 
 
 Are said to be r.- j 
 
 fnallythatofI!an«eq|^ 
 
 ■he finest kin.l of M 
 
 Iblimc oil.' t *e[i 
 
 T oil is shipped Um\m 
 
 L from pipes «' '^^} 
 J'f oil with its sWw«tJ 
 
 ioz It is aiUl"™' 
 \ probably with otl«j 
 
 luKgestcd by •»'■"" J 
 
 & articleo «K«1 
 fionof theltA»»'^'»6'" 
 
 ,...(,] Apulia AndCnlnlirift are the prDviiu'eii 
 •■ * jflJi'tatcd f'lr itn prmliictioii. 'I'lie Apiilian 
 rHit belt, and in preferred liy the wixdleii inami- 
 Lrrt!i,bv whcni it i.s cxton.Hively iisc.l. lly 
 III ibe laritest iiiirlion of Mie olive oil liroiiKlit 
 » En-land i* m KHhthI imported Cniin Italy ; 
 ' ij^illv fmm (iilllipoli, oil tlie east const of the 
 1 ' l(i,f iarantii, wheiiee it is eomnionlv kiumti 
 I'tbe nanui of <liillipoli oil. Hut licsiiifs Italy, 
 «iB, Portugal, tiio Ionian Inlands &c, hcud us 
 !,..•» Iiuantities. 
 
 tifdulvon (dive oil was for a Icnjffhciied 
 
 I fflj most exorbitant. In IX'M it was li.sed at 
 
 I 1^,11)1, per inn if imported in tt Neapolitiin. and 
 
 J| hi if imported in a Hriti.sh or other vessel. 
 
 Boiu olive oil is of essential importniiee in the 
 
 uiibeinc extensively used in the niuiiiiliieturo 
 
 .(foolleiii), in the preparation of the U'st species 
 
 («.TO and other deparlmcnts of industry, this 
 
 !iivM« mudi and justly objected to. In con- 
 
 imraociiwm reduced, in l»41, to W. -I.t. per tun 
 
 jiuMrteil directly and not in a Neap(ditiin Hliip, 
 
 ilmWJtbc duty was further reduced to'.!/. 
 
 I b1</ per tun accordiiiR to the vessels in wbicli it 
 
 111 imported. ' At present,' therefore, we ob- 
 
 w(dinlM3, 'the amount of the duty cannot 
 
 I !«iii!|1t objected to, but the dilTerenlial principle 
 
 1 (f. ihidi it has been and is imposed is most 
 
 (kiwionablc. It imitates, and (in so far na 
 
 mvinc can do) justities the worst part of the 
 
 MtBiucial policy of the Neapolitan (iovcni- 
 
 mi lad prompts them to keep up high dis- 
 
 mmw: duties on articles imported into 
 
 Naplaiad Sicily in British ships. So wretched 
 
 m i:wt at retaliation is quite unwortliy of 
 
 in aijhtened nation, and deserves to be uni- 
 
 remllf scouted. It is, in fact, injurious only to 
 
 I mnIvm.' 
 
 llnjusticenf this reasoning 1ms been admitted ; 
 I lln duly on olive oil has been repealed, and its 
 I iii;«itjiion freely permitted, 
 
 IJi Jtffiiinf (/ the Quantities and Value of the 
 OlVi Oil Imported into the United Kingdom in 
 H'. ipecifying the Countries from which it 
 ni mporttd. 
 
 
 
 Value of 
 
 Price i»r 
 
 Cmliia 
 
 Imporli 
 
 tmport 
 
 Tun 
 
 tuns 
 
 £ 
 
 £ .. d. 
 
 P«f. 
 
 586 
 
 .^.1,449 
 
 CO 10 
 
 tmii 
 
 3,496 
 
 Sn3,7fi() 
 
 .■>3 .1 
 
 ifm . . 
 
 5,iM 
 
 3^11,737 
 
 63 i fi 
 
 Ml^SjriinlinSUtM ■ 
 
 3,'i7 
 
 •iO.WH 
 
 .'16 Vi 
 
 Tuictn; . 
 
 1,706 
 
 iviyi'^i 
 
 70 7 
 
 „ MpimiidSkilj- 
 
 S,SS7 
 
 33.">,iS.'S 
 
 63 IS 6 
 
 Kim . 
 
 687 
 
 35,S()S 
 
 5!» 19 « 
 
 Iniililndi ■ 
 
 !,1S9 
 
 1W'J,976 
 
 .'.9 7 6 
 
 Tuiii . 
 
 no 
 
 6,yir> 
 
 .')7 10 (1 
 
 Urn, 
 
 401 
 
 !i3,VG3 
 
 M 
 
 Oitaimi . 
 
 SI 
 
 .V)67 
 
 68 11 
 
 Tottl . 
 
 19,993 
 
 
 iThe olive is extensively cultivated in Austria. 
 jlli« value of the oil exported from Ragusa in 
 lW»as 44,055/., but in consequence of tho bad 
 •filfcrvestof 1866, the value of the exports foil 
 '•jf.WO/, (Mr. Consul Paton's Report of May 1, 
 ■16?.) 
 
 ] Vd Trade of Xaples.— The oils of tho kingdom 
 fAsplcs are produced in Apulia, from Bari to its 
 TObern extremity, the Capo di Louca ; a district 
 wiping the territories which export from 
 lUipoli and Taranto; and in Cala'oria from 
 «9«no, on the Gulf of Taranto, across to Gioja. 
 pt whole coast from Gioja as far as Gacta is 
 
 1 .1 i i"* "^""^ ^''^^^- '^"•"=^' "fe «'s" abundant 
 P tfe Abruzzi and the Terra di Lavoro ; but 
 iPoiiaand Calabria furnish by far the greatest 
 ■aiitity of oil. The principal magazines, or cari- 
 K". for oil, are at GuUipoli and Gioja. 
 Itallipoli supplies England, Holland, the north 
 
 of Kiirii|io, and, in xliort, all tliosn rouiilries that 
 rec)iiirc tli(! most iicrfectly puritlcd oil. It is 
 clarilicd to the hiijlicst (legree by niortly keeping 
 it ill cisterns liiillnwcd out id' llio rock on which 
 the town is liiiilt. The voyages it has to perf(inm 
 being long, it is piitiiiln casks sci well constructed, 
 that it frcfpieiitly arrivcn at I'clcrsbiirg in the 
 belli of siiiiiiiicr witliDiit the least waste <ir 
 leakage — nil advantage atlrilmted to llit^ seasoning 
 of I be stiivis, whi(di, before they arc put together, 
 are well soaked in sen-water, 
 
 \V(^ borrow Ibe I'idlowiiig details with respect 
 to the prc|)nriiti(Ui of oil at (iiilli|i(iii from a vcvv 
 interesting paper, by an Knglisli gcnileinan who 
 bad resided in the town. 
 
 'The rock on which the town is built is easih- 
 exravated ; and in caverns thus constructed oil 
 elarilii's sooner, and keeps witlunit rancidity mu(di 
 longer, than in any other place, llciicc numer- 
 ous oil-houses arc established at (lallipoli, and a 
 very considerable portion of the rock is cut into 
 cistorns. A (iallipolitan oil warehouse generally 
 (icciiiiies the ground fhior of a dwclling-bouHo, 
 and has a low arched roof. Some are more ex- 
 tensive, but on an nverngc they are about 30 feet 
 s(|iiarc. In tho stone (loor you sec 4, C, or more 
 holes, wliiidi arc circular, about :', feet in diameter, 
 and like the mouths of wells. Kach of these 
 holes gives access to a separate cistern beneath 
 your feet; and when the oil is poured into them 
 care is taken not to mix difTcreiit qnalitie.s, or oils 
 at dilfercnt stages, in the same reservoir. One 
 cistern is set apart for or/lio mosto, or oil that is 
 not elarilied, another lor ])iiro oil of the season, 
 another for old oil, Ac. I have seen oil that had 
 thus been preserved for 7 years in a perfect state, 
 or, as ilie Gallipoli merchants have it, chiaro, 
 giiitln e lampanle — words which, during somo 
 months, I have heard at least 100 times a day. I 
 also many times vcrilied tho fact: the mosto, or 
 oil in its turbid .state, wbicli arrived almost as 
 black and thick as pitch, soon became bright and 
 yellow in these excellent reservoirs, without any 
 help from man. 
 
 ' All the oil, whatever may be its quality, is 
 brought to the magazine in t^heep or goat skins, 
 which are generally carried on mules — there 
 being but few sirade rotabili, or roads fit for 
 wheeled carriages, in these parts. In a good 
 year, and at the proper season, I have counted, 
 in the course of an afternoon's ride, as many as 
 100 mules returning from (iallipoli, where they 
 had been to deposit their unctuous burdens, to 
 different towns and villages in the Terra d'Otranto, 
 or the more distant province of Bari. The quan- 
 tity of oil required may be conceived, when I 
 state that at one time (in tho year 1816) I saw 9 
 English, 3 American, 2 French, and 6 Genoese 
 vessels (not to mention some small craft from 
 the Adriatic), all waiting in the port of Gallipoli 
 for entire or partial cargoes of it. When the oil 
 is to be shipped, it is drawn oft" the cistern into 
 uteri, or skins, and so carried on men's shoulders 
 down to a small house on the seashore. In that 
 house there is a largo open basin, capable of con- 
 taining a given quantity, and of measuring the 
 oil ; and into that the porters empty their skins 
 as they arrive, A tube communicates from the 
 basin "to a large cock at the outside of the house. 
 AVhcn the basin is full, well-made casks, of various 
 sizes for the convenience of stowage, are placed 
 under the cock, which is then turned, and the 
 casks are filled. As the casks are closed up bj- 
 the cooper, the porters roll them down to the 
 brink of the sea. where the sailors secure several 
 of them together with a rope, and taking the end 
 of the cord into the boat, they row ofT to the vessel. 
 
 t 
 
 i' 
 
 f 
 
 !! ' 
 
I 
 
 .'1 
 
 I I 
 
 t 
 
 
 Li 
 
 070 OMVK OIL 
 
 l.iwiii); the oil riDtkN lliriniKl' ili" nntcr iil'icr 
 
 tllCIII, 
 
 'I lirnt lipi'nnin nci|iininl<>il witli tin- (inlli- 
 poliifliis Hliortly 'iHcr ilio fall nf Naiiolniri, wIjd.hi' 
 Ny»t('iii, wlintcvcr (;<»)il \<iitt^ of it iiiiiy liavo iloiii' 
 ill llio ri'si of llnlv, \yt\-' I'l'ilaiiilv iiicisi riiiiioiii to 
 tlio provinocH ))f l/ccrc and llari. I'lialili' to ox- 
 1)ort, or lliiil niiy iiiarKi'f for ih.ir priMliu'c, tlii' 
 |ir<)|)ricli)rK in many parln of llnxr prDvinccs let 
 llii> Dlivi'H lie nnil ri)t upon the urDniid. Kor ' )iii(' 
 yearn, indeed, the price of oil Hcari'idy pain the 
 eost, of its preparation, to nay n<)lllill^t of transport 
 and other iiocesunry ex|hii«o<<. During tlii! Con- 
 liiiental Bvntem, the l)e)(t rhnini ijinllii e lawixtnti' 
 oil wa.i Hold at (iailipoli for K Neiipolitiin (lin'ats 
 the i<nlina ; in IHKi and IH17 it found u ready 
 market nt front IK) to 71) diieatH per Halmo. 
 
 'ThoHo who, dnrint; thi^ evil time, lind pene- 
 tmtion nnnuKh to fori'sei? bettor days, and that n 
 HVHtem opixwcd to the ^{eiieral eonimer 'ill proM- 
 prrity of Kuropp conid not last; and who hail, at 
 the Bamo time, money rnoiii;h tor Hiieh ohjeets; 
 by annually making their oil as usual, nndhuyiuK 
 «ip the oil of others at the low current prices of 
 the day, realised enormous protlts when peaee 
 threw open the port of Oalliitoli, and ships of all 
 nations floekcd thither as botore. 
 
 'The olives of which thtf (Jallipoli oil is made 
 arc never gathered, hut allowed to dron in their 
 maturity from the tree on the f;roinid, wliere they 
 arc picked up chiefly b> women and children, and 
 carrieil to the mill. 
 
 'The machinery employed in cxprcssinf; the 
 oil is of the rudpst kiml, am), no douLt, numerous 
 improvements miRht be introduc'd, not only into 
 this branch, but into that of cultivating the olive 
 tree. The peasantry, however, and, in the king- 
 dom of Naples, those who stand lii^her in tlic 
 scale of fortune and tank, arc too often but boors 
 in intellect, arc obstinate in their attachment to 
 old practices, and are apt, when any of these ore 
 repreiicndcd, to stop discussion bysMiving — "Faccio 
 mine fucevn la buon' aniinn di mio padre, e ciu 
 Imtta "*' ('• I do as my father of blessed memory 
 before me, and that's enough "), 
 
 ' The poor people of the country make culinary 
 tiees of the same oil that is exported, and whicli 
 in England is only used in manufactures, or burnt 
 in lamps ; but in the houses of the gentry 1 have 
 often tasted oil prepared with more care, which 
 was truly delicious, ucing equal to that of Sorrento, 
 Vico, and Massa, or even to the best oils of 
 Tuscany or Provence,' 
 
 The oil received into the cisterns in Gallipoli 
 cither belongs to the proprietor who buys it of 
 the planter, or is received in deposit on account of 
 some other party who gets a receipt (higliettu di 
 magmzino) specifying the quantity' of the oil 
 received on his account, its quality Ac. Depositors 
 paj' ot the rate of 20 grani a-year for every salma 
 of oil to the party holding it in deposit, and who 
 is bound to account for it. 
 
 The caricatori of IJari and Monopoli furnish 
 oils for the consumption of Upper Itoly ond 
 (iermoiiy, through tlic medium of Venice ond 
 Trieste. They also draw supplies from Brindisi 
 !ind Otranto. 
 
 The caricatori of Taranto, of Eastern Calabria 
 or Ketromarina, and of Western Calabria, the 
 ])rincipal of which is Gioja, furnish supplies for 
 jMarscilles 4c. But the caricatori now mentioned, 
 having no conveniences for clarilication, produce 
 only the thick oils used for soap-making. 
 
 'i'he oils of Sicily, like those of Tunis, arc too 
 thin to be used singly in the making of soap ; and 
 being used only for uii.xing, arc less valuable than 
 most others. 
 
 OMNII'M 
 
 In IH )H n fdl crop of oil i„ ,i,e ,,„„. 
 
 lerra dotranto wax siippoM'd l„ vi,.|, .V I 
 ■•iiMl.iloo m.lm-, or .Jl.tw'i; ,„,„ .f,'";' ,f "''I 
 transa.lioii^ order, or .•,■,/«/,•, arc rinMil!,,', '''!*'' I 
 preHenlliig quantities of oil ,l,.„),Mt,.,i m',:''! 
 
 proviiii-ial i-irinitori, T 
 
 , . "t'-il III II, 
 :i I II .• I - "''''"f'l'f'nren.Wdiuii- 
 
 .lke bills III exiliaiixe, ami an 
 
 intertneiliatr I 
 
 nil II 
 
 , <ii'l"r'i.,l |,y III,, 
 
 witliout, however, lieeniniinr liniijr f,Vii„'r 
 only rexpniHii,!,, p„„j, 
 I'lie llltir 
 
 eas 
 
 line Halislaelion, '1' 
 
 the drawer ind ilr.iHci 
 
 the drawer rM draw.r. The lilt.r i/„l.li .,.,, I 
 
 deliver the oil „t si-lit of .rd.r, nr to |,:,|, I 
 
 at tlie iH.arer's disposal, till N„v,.nilMr In |,„ J 
 <vin.-,i/ori of Apulia, and till Kerrrnlipr H t J 
 those ol Calalirift. If the ii„ilr«ct U- |„r im,J 
 that IS, from one year to aiiotlier. the oil 1, „.,,,||,| 
 placed at the piirehas,.r's rominnn.l un Mm'hif 
 1'iirclia.Mes for time are eirecled l,v im-ni ,.| , 
 contract, wherein the vendor unilcrliiko,i„",|,.iiv, 
 the oil by the end of .Innimrv, on tcfmtni 
 payment of the money; hut the' oil, iw „U,vf 
 above, IS not really ut the piirclinscr', i|i,|k„ju 
 before the beginning of March. Hence, intimif 
 bargains, the payment of the mnncv prirwli, th, 
 delivery of the oil more than a niontli : Kmv 4 
 instance is on record of an ongagcnipnt ofthii 
 sort having been broken, and the order U , 
 readily negotiable as any other sccuritv, 
 
 In jiurchases of oil at "command, pnyniptit 
 wise precedes the delivery of the article; Ut j 
 this ca.se the advance i; ' )ntlnej tn the ,i <lid 
 necessary to transmit the order to the cuWiumJ 
 where the oil is kept for deliver)-. 
 
 The oil remains in the ear'ieatnre undcf i 
 care and responsibility of the vendor, to L 
 delivered on demand to the hearer of the nrdei 
 free of all costs and charges whatever for the lii 
 year; but for every succcs'.ivc \car from 25 to. 
 grains ner salma arc charged for keeping, and fo 
 renewol of warranty. 
 
 The annexed table will show the quantitiei 
 values of the exports of olive oil in two ui 
 favourable years, l«(i;') and 1800, fromSoflho 
 shipping ports of Naples. 
 
 
 I)>6i 
 
 n«« ] 
 
 
 Tunt 
 
 Valut 
 £ 
 »,fi.M 
 
 sih,;m 
 
 .Ti.l.WO 
 117,11011 
 
 Turn 
 
 ViImJ 
 
 Biti 
 ('atielLimare 
 
 <iiiii|«ia 
 (il,.l,1 
 
 'rarniiln 
 
 Total . 
 
 MO 
 fil 
 4.BI)3 
 7,MV 
 »,«73 
 
 n,tt» 
 
 :,9iii ti».« 
 
 .11 I.M 
 
 e,2ii na 
 »,«; M,ii 
 
 S3„V.'2 l,lll),)i 
 
 The olivo harvest of 1807 proved more of j 
 failure than cither of its two immediate prf 
 dece,s.sors, "nd the export of oil from tiie 5 siij 
 plug ports fell from 23,000 tuns in IStiti to I.W 
 tuns in 1«07. 
 
 We are indebted for these details fo very v.iH 
 able Iteportt by Mr. Steel, vice-consul at Gil 
 poll for 1866, and bv Consiil-(ienernl lioniumft 
 1866 and 1867, ond'to o hroclmre of .^I. MitoJ 
 entitled Coup d'u:il aur le. lioyaume de Xam 
 Naples, 1832. 
 
 OMNIUM. A term usctl at the Stock E.x^lii 
 to express the aggregate value of the ilifefl 
 stocks ill which a loan is now iKsiiallv fiindf^ 
 
 Thus, ill the loan of 36,000,000/. cwiiwteii ^ 
 in June 1815, the omnium consisttHlofljO'.Sfl 
 cent, reduced annuities, '11/. 3 pcrMiii.i'H 
 and 10/. 4 per cent, annuities, for each iw'--^ 
 scribed. , L 
 
 The loan was contracted for on Jiue U "J 
 the prices of the above stocks wcre-3 1*' '*T 
 reduced, 54 ; 3 per cent, consols, 55: ■'I*'"" J 
 70 : hence the parcels of stock giva w '"^ 
 advanced were worth — 
 
 '■1 
 
t 
 
 Vilut 
 
 — 
 
 £ 
 
 11 
 
 40fi,S«S 
 
 ni 
 
 S,651 
 
 11.1 
 
 SIH.TM 
 
 4'^ 
 
 S'i3,'i70 
 
 73 
 
 II7,CWI 
 
 'i» 
 
 l,13H,;J31l, 
 
 |,O0U tuns in !»'''' ' 
 , these details to very vi|i 
 Istccl. vicc-consii at wj 
 VonsuU(ieneralBogj 
 fa brochure of M. MM 
 
 \ur k lioy^'"'" ^' '^1 
 
 luse^Ut the Stock Ex'ta 
 Vote value of tlic We" 
 ■^b now usually fu»d^ J 
 
 liumconaistodolMy 
 
 lu.uitics,foteachli'.''-' 
 
 Ltcdf«ronJ>.»;J'i 
 |ve stocks wcre-J^^ J 
 ■it. consols, JJ;^',,j( 
 IV of stock gi«"'""*" 
 
 ONION 
 
 IV.:, filMfd •• M 
 
 Tii«tUi«i 
 
 OI'IUM 
 
 077 
 
 t •. 4. 
 TO 4 tt 
 «• 4 O 
 
 *_"_J' 
 
 lUl II U 
 
 ,tnh»i"il''t"'lho viiliitMif tli(> oiiiiiiiiii), or \I.Hii. 
 ^^,,„i.|,ri'miiiMi, iiiilc|H'mU'ntly ul'miy tliHcouiit 
 
 Himmpi pnym<'».'- , ., , ,. , . „ 
 
 I'^IOS id.r. iwicbol ; rr. lAumn ; Hal. ciimiIU ; 
 (^ oib<'lln ; Uu«K. liil<). -^ wull-kiKiwii luillMiim 
 I i(!t (.(//mm '■'•/'". I.1IIII-). nillivnliMl nil over 
 y^. f„r niliniiry piiriinHCH. 'I'lio .StriiHlmrtr, 
 «iiU. ami I'ortUKUt'Hti vurictios iirc the iiioHt 
 
 I fi""»"l- , . -Ill 
 
 1. mportii of onions nro now very cnnnKlornblo. 
 
 Il,"v unoimlcil in 1H(;7 to XIV.'II liiisholH, of 
 
 ihih 'nifl' than lour til'iliM wtTo I'rom Nortlicrii 
 
 [jf,|f, III li. til', till' l)»«lu'l i tlio rw»t Iruni Houtli- 
 
 "•""'"''(• I. t. 1 • 
 
 uSVX (liir. onyx; IT. onyx; Itnl. idiu'o; | 
 
 yjl..Mi\\ l'"t' ouyx). '-^"y Htoiic cxIlilMtillL;- . 
 
 jOT(('.'or more cdloiirH Hiripiit?ly cniitriiNlid is 
 iymiini/J'; «•< liandcil JLtpcr, clmlccdoiiy Ai'., 
 itiit.ii'iarlicularly the liitter, wliill it is ninrkcd 
 r:: thitc, audxtrntilii'd with o|m(|ii(> ami traiis- 
 i(Bt lilies, Hut llif Oriontnl onyx is coti- 
 lidfj i kuhi-tanci! coiMisliiif,' of '2 or more Inycru 
 iiW'uf ili"tiiict and ilifli'rent colours. A Hnril, 
 ijiui*in(', having n layer of white ii|ioii it, 
 idiMlit' alli'd an i.nyx; iind HocordiiiK to tho 
 iiiiktnf laycts it would be diHlinKnixhed us iiii 
 njswi'Ji 3 ur HKire bands. Sonio of tho nnti(|iii' 
 ajniff;* arc upon onyxes of 4 bandH.' (Mawe'8 
 htt:ii vA Diamomli tfc.) 'I'ho (lermaii onyxes 
 irevmiap, liut the linest onyxes nro broiij^ht 
 (nuliia; ami the more concentric rin^^s or liiy- 
 (ni*if [KMsohKes, the more vnliiublc it becomes, 
 iim'A On Precious Sinnra.) .Soino Oriviitnl 
 onitjiiave sold for uh miieb ns 2011/. 
 ilfAL idir. opal ; Fr. opnle; Itnl. opale ; Span. 
 •(•lAiiiilra iris; I'ort. opain; Lat. opnhis). A 
 Mt'il which there liu: several varieties, found 
 ii Jiftwit imris of Kuropc, pnriieiiliirly in 
 EiKan, iml in the East Indies, Mexico, lion- 
 toulic Faroe Islands &c. When tirst (hi)^ out 
 iftltorth it is Boft, but it hHrdens and 
 itoitL-ki in bulk by cx|iosure to the air. 'I'he 
 W ii always amorphous; Irncturc conehoidnl ; 
 Miiionly soiiicwhat tran»i)nrcnt. 1 Inrdness varies 
 (•sJfralily, bill less than quartz. .Specilic gravity 
 'ml Jin to i'.M. The lowness of itH specilic 
 "'iiy in some cases is to be ascribed to acci- 
 lUl cavities which the stone contains. 'I'hese 
 'jMumcs tilled with drops of water. Some 
 iiiMM of opul have the property ofcmittinj; 
 wcolourcd rays, with a particular elViilgcncy, 
 atilaced between the eye and the lif;lit. Tlie 
 lj»liicli possess this property are distinguished 
 iliiJaricj by the epithet Oriental; and often, 
 inincralnsists, by the epithet ?i(i/)(7i». This 
 "y rendered the stone much esteemed by 
 iMienti, (Thomson's Chcmistrij ; sec also 
 "i.flii(,.V(i/. lib. :;xxvii. c. «, where there are 
 "■"try curious details as to this stone.) 
 |llr.tiii,iiiuc.l(i>,umo,i(/s and I'reciouH SUmfn) 
 l'.v i'^' "P"'' ' "'at it is one of the most 
 1 Rems in existence: when held between 
 pwanil the lifiht, it appears of a pale milky, 
 ¥«'-iiliue but when seen by retlccted light it 
 Ws all the colours of the rainbow, in tlakea, 
 »°». an.l sparks j in fact, all tho colours of the 
 Ik,^"'"', Ksnis arc hero united in one. 
 |Mtlie colours are in small flakes, distributed 
 ^[WHirlace, it is terme.i by jewellers ' harle- 
 ^ iiiis marvellous play of colours is gupposcd 
 I w occa.sioned by nearly invisible fisfures. 
 p. a c always cut en cahocbon, on both sides. 
 r. «c\try brittle, and arc alwavs much more 
 
 brilliant on a warm day. A dealer in precious 
 stones, awarr of tliiH peculiarity, invnrlalily holds 
 ail opal ill his bniid before showing It, in order V. 
 impart warmth to the gem. Kiiie stonps of In. go 
 si/.c arc Mdilmn found ; they rarely execcd an inch 
 in diumeU-r,' 
 
 The opal is the i.nly preeimm sloiir which dellos 
 imitailoii. It liuK always been highly prized in 
 the Kiisl. 
 
 For large linn gem* m much an 1,0(10/. has been 
 paid. Fine ring or brooch stones liring I'roin til/, 
 to 1110/. .Smaller sti lies arc worili from hn. to 20/. 
 They nro rarely sold by the carat 
 
 K< 
 
 is a story in I'liiiy, that Anniiis, 
 
 man scnnlor, preferred exile to the loss of an 
 
 o)ial, which he valued at 2(i,(MMI sesterces, Thei 
 are two line opals among the French Crown Jewels; 
 but the Imest, which is in the Museum of Vienna, 
 was found at ('/.emowilza, where a mine has Ikth 
 woiki'd nearly fiOd years. It is said that 50,000/. 
 ha-i liieii refused for this s|ieciiiien, 
 
 (»ITUM (tier, iiiolinsaft ; Fr. opium; Ital. 
 oppio ; Siiaii. and Tort, opio; l.at. opiuni ; Arab. 
 nfyiMin; llin. ul'eem; Turk, matljoon). The con- 
 crete jiiico of the white poppy (I'lipiwrr nomni- 
 ./(•/•um), vliicli is most probably a native of Asia, 
 though now found growing wild in the soiitliern 
 parts of Kiiro|H', and even in F.nglnnd. Opium is 
 chietly ])i-epared in India, T'urkey, uiid Persia; 
 but the wliitc poppy is extensively cultivated in 
 F'rance, and other parts (jf Kuropc, on ai^eoiint of 
 its capsules, and of the usefiit bland oil obtained 
 from its seeds. It lias also been cultivated, and 
 opium made, in Fngland ; but there is very little 
 probability of its ever being raised here to any 
 considerable extent. 
 
 Tho poppy is an annual plant, with a stalk rising 
 to the height of It or t feet; its leaves resemble 
 those of the lettuce, and its flower has the 
 a|)pearnnce of a tulip. When at its full growth, 
 an inci.ion is made in the top of the plant, from 
 which there issues a white milky juice, which soon 
 harden.s, and is scraped off the plants, and wrought 
 into cakes. In India, these are covered with the 
 petals of the plant to jircvent their sticking to- 
 gether, and in this situation arc dried, and packed 
 inchests line<l with hides and covered with gunny, 
 each containing 40 cakes, and weighing 2 maunds 
 or i4!)|^ lb.; tln^y are exported in this state to 
 the places where the opium is consumed. Turkey 
 opium is in flat pieces, covered with leaves, and 
 the reddish capsules of some species of rume.r; 
 which IS considered an indication of its goodness, 
 as the inferior kinds have none of these cnjisiilcs 
 adhering tu them. 
 
 According to Dr. A. T, Thomson, Turkey opium 
 has a iiecuiinr, strong, hcavj-, narcotic odour, and 
 a bitter taste, accompanied by a sensation of acrid 
 heat, or biting on the tongue and lips, if it be well 
 chewed. Its cidotir when good is a reddish brown, 
 or fawn colour ; its texture compact and uniform. 
 Its specilic gravity is I'JiiiU. When soft, it is 
 tenacious; but when long exposed to the air, it 
 becomes hard, breaks with a uniform shining 
 fracture, is pulverulent, and allbrds a yellowish 
 brown powder. 
 
 East Indian opium has a strong cmpyreumatic 
 smell ; but not much of the peculiar narcotic, 
 heavy odour of the Turkey opium ; the taste is 
 more bitter, and equally nauseous, but it has less 
 acrimony. It agrees with the Turkey opium in 
 other sensible qualities, except that its colour is 
 blacker, and its texture less jdastic, although it is 
 as tenacious. (Jood Turkej' opium has been found 
 to yield nearly 3 times the quantity of morphia, or 
 of "the peculior principle if the drug, that is 
 yielded by East Indian opiuin. 
 ill 
 
 ■-4H 
 .Uiii 
 

 ■.■ • *■■ 
 
 978 
 
 OPIUM 
 
 '"' vi 
 
 ■i1 
 
 i ! 
 
 opium is rc{;ardc(l as bad when it is very soft, 
 greasy, lii^Ut, triable, of an intensely black colour, 
 ur mixed witli many impurities. A weak or cm- 
 pyrcumntic odour, a slightly bitter or acrid, or a 
 sweetish taste, or the power of marking a brown 
 ur black continuous streak whc^n drawn across 
 paper, arc all symptoms of inferior opium. (Dis- 
 vciisatori/.) 
 
 The raining of opium is a very hazardous 
 business; the poppy being a delicate plant, pe- 
 culiarly liable tO injury from insects, wind, hail, 
 or u"seafona')lc rain. The produce seldom agrees 
 witli the true average, but commonly runs in ex- 
 tremes; while one cultivator is disappointed 
 another reaps immense gain : one season does not 
 jiay the labour of the culture ; another, peculiarly 
 loriunate, enriches all the cultivators. This 
 cireunistauce is well suited to allure man, ever 
 coulident of good fortune. (Colebrooke's Hus- 
 bantlry of Bengal, p. 119.) 
 
 In England, opium is principally used as •' 
 medicine. It has been said, however, with some 
 show of evidence, that its use as a narcotic stimu- 
 lant is (in tlie increase. In 18G7 we imported 
 273,522 lb. ]3y far the largest part of our supply 
 is brought from Turkey. Opium from the latter 
 was worth, in tlie London market, in 18C7, Oom 
 IGs. to 17s. per lb. 
 
 Cultivation of Opium in India — Monopoly Sfc. — 
 Opium is produced in Bengal, principally in the 
 |)rovinccs of linhar and Benares, in partn of Bom- 
 bay, and in Malwa,in Central India. The opium 
 of Bahar is known in commerce by the name of 
 I'atna opium. In Bengal the production of 
 opium is a monopoly, no person being allowed to 
 jrrow the poppy except on account of (.iovernment. 
 The latter n^ake advances to the cultivators, who 
 deliver the e;.tire produce into their hands at a 
 fixed price of about 3s. 6d. per lb. It is after- 
 wards sold by the Government for about lis. per 
 II)., so that the profit of the latter amounts to about 
 7s. Gd. per lb. 
 
 Opium may be grown and manufactured in 
 Bombay; but it is subjected to the same high 
 duty that is imposed on opium imported into the 
 Presidency. The object of this higix duty is to 
 ' d iscourage its production.' Government purchase 
 what little is produced in Bombay, supplying 
 through licensed dealers all that is required for 
 liome consumption. 
 
 The poppy being extensively cultivated in India, 
 yields a large revenue. Down to 1831 it was pro- 
 duced under a monopoly; but in that year the 
 business was thrown open to the public, and the 
 revenue collected by imposing a duty on the opium 
 when passing through the Company's territories 
 to Bombay. The capture of Scinde, by closing 
 tlic route for the smuggling of opium through 
 Kurrachee to the Portuguese settlements of De- 
 maun &c., euabled a large addition to be made 
 to the transit duty on Malwa opium, which was 
 raised in 1847 to 400 rup. per cheat, affording e 
 revenue to Government of about 5s. 8d. per lb. 
 (We have borrowed ^hese authentic details from 
 the Official Papers relative to India, pp. 73-75, 
 published in 1853.) 
 
 No one doubts that opium is fin excellent 
 subject for taxation ; and the higher the rate to 
 which the duty ou it can bo raised without 
 encouraging smuggling, so much the better. But 
 a great deal has been said for and against the 
 system under which the opium revenue is raised 
 ill Bengal and other parts of India ; and, perhaps, 
 it might be the better policy to open the culture 
 of the plant to the unfettered competition of the 
 public, imposing e high duty on the drug when 
 grown or when exported. Without, however. 
 
 entering on the discussion of this difBeult nucsiiJ 
 we may shor. y observe that the monopoly ? 
 not appear to have the conscoucnces itl,. 1 
 Mr. Oolcbrooke. who tells uHS B /I 
 118) that, except in a few loS;tg 
 favourable. Its er vure is unproliuUe ; an i ,1 
 the piusants engage in it w5th relurtanerJl 
 tempted thereto only by the aavanoe^'mj 
 by the Government agents. But if aucl, ve-J 
 case formerly. It would seem that circum.tl 
 have dianged m the interval; for it appear, fi 
 the othcial accounts, that the export!) of ];,'„ 
 opium, which amounted to 18,827 chests of uiirt 
 each in 1840-41, had increased to 53,321 diKt.l 
 
 (140 lb. each) exportetl from Bombay durin. 
 same pei.od advanced from about 15,6u0tu -'l 
 n-year. The total value of tlic opium cxnui 
 from British India in 18G6 was 1112' TJo/ 
 lWr*^^^I2 ^^^ e'tported from the United" Kin' 
 148,519 lb. of opium, valued al 121,291/ 
 
 Consumption and Trade of Opium in Qiii 
 Opium is pretty extensive)"" wed, both a- a 
 ticatory and in smoking, m Turkey and Ini 
 but its great consumption is in China anil 
 surrounding countries, where the habit of snui 
 it has become almost universal. The Chinese , 
 or seethe the crude opium; and by this process 
 impurities, resinous apd guminy naitcri 
 sepatnted, and the remaining extract onlv 'a 
 served for use. Thus prepared, the drug iW 
 ordiuary strong and offensive aromatic odour, 
 has even a fragrant and agreeable perfume, 
 small ball of it, inserted in a 'arf^e wo(»lpn 
 with some combustible matter, is lighted, m 
 p.niateur proceeds to inhale four or live wl 
 when he lies down and resigns himself ,o 
 dreams, which are said to have no inconsi.lfi 
 resemblance to the sensations produced by^i 
 the oxide of azote. Tliose wlio do iiotcii., 
 indulgence to excess, do not, it is said, exjitil 
 any bod effects from it. 
 
 It is a curious fact that both the poppv ai 
 produce appear to have been unknown, li' 
 paratively recent period, to the Hicdus, 
 lias been conjectured, npjjarently on goodRroi 
 that the plant, the method of extracting its ji 
 and its use, were introduced into India and ' 
 by Mohammedan traders, probably in the 
 10th c.-inturj-. And i< such be really the case, 
 disciples of the Arabian prophet will not oiilj 
 entitled to the credit, wlmtever it may b 
 having introduced the art of distillatiim am 
 use of ardent spirits into the Western worli 
 also of having introduced its favourite luxurri 
 the East. At all events, it is certain that oj 
 had been introduced into China in the early 
 of the 16th century ; a century and a half 
 the English had anything whatever to do 
 cultivation. ^See the tract entitled. Cliim 
 Trade, p. 14, by the late John Crawfuri 
 the most eminent authority to whom referen 
 be made in a matter of this sort.) 
 
 Nine-tenths of the supplies of op 
 consumption of Chinn have always been i 
 from India, a comparatively small quiotiiyl 
 being derived from Turkey. The tradi ir 
 recently been contraband, the introducuona 
 drug having been prohibited bv th( CUj 
 Government. Until at)out 181C the tradfiiif 
 attract much attention, or become ofu.fj 
 great importance, but it has since tof 
 greatly extended, and has been since 1® 
 rate consequence. It was at first araei 
 VVhampoa, about 15 miles below Cinton; tiei 
 Macao, v,-hence it was driven by theeactioi 
 the Portuguese; and thereafter in to »1 
 
 r^r 
 
 *•;■ > 
 
 
OPIUM 
 
 979 
 
 :his difficult qucslld 
 t the monopoly il 
 usequences stat»il 
 as (Ilusb. Beiipl,\ 
 ' locaUtics peculiaif 
 nprcllta'jle ; ami ti 
 with rclurtanco, bett 
 
 the advance!) mt 
 
 But if such were ( 
 
 im that circumstaiv 
 
 ll; for it appears (tj 
 
 ,he export!) (if Iknl 
 
 18,8-27 chests of IWI 
 iscd to 53,321 chests I 
 chcsta of Malwa oiil| 
 •om Bombay durini, 
 [» about 15,000 to -2 J, J 
 
 of the opium cxpuil 
 06 was ll,12-i.740l. 
 om the United lungill 
 edatl'n,291/. 
 B of Opium in C/iini 
 ely uced, both as a i 
 , In Turkey and InJ 
 ion ia iii Chiua and I 
 acre the habit of smold 
 versal. TheCliine«el 
 n; and by this process I 
 I'd gummy n alter, i 
 lining extract only isl 
 ■epared, the drug losejl 
 msive aromatic o(luur,r 
 jd agreeable perfiirae,! 
 Bd in a large won-lenf 
 matter, is lighted, arJ 
 nhale four or five \ii 
 nd resigns himself loj 
 I to have no inconsiJetJ 
 ations produced by '_ 
 L'hoscwbo do iiotatri 
 lo not, it is said, npi 
 
 liat both the poppy 
 c been unknown, lilhfl 
 od, to the Hitdus. At 
 apparently on good froit 
 thod of extracting lUji 
 duccdinto India anJW 
 Icrs, probably m the 5 
 
 such be really the caSj 
 nn prophet will M'<i«3 
 It, whatever it may M| 
 Wart of distiUatumanM 
 Into the Western wrldJ 
 Iced its favourite tauiyj 
 Ints, it is certain ihitoil 
 Into China « theedy I 
 la century and a Mbi 
 Ihing whatever to doiri 
 ■•tract entitled ft»a« 
 late John Crawfuti ^ 
 
 .horitytowhomrefeMCl 
 
 kf this sort.) ^ , , 
 Lupplies of opim 
 L have always been* 
 
 ratively.mallq»^"a 
 Irurkey. Thetraa""^ 
 Lnd,theiBttodu«fJ 
 
 Iprohibited 1^' f« t'"L 
 
 lion, or become;'" f 
 Lt it has smce to 1 
 fd has been 8mce*«'J 
 
 Lrs below Cj»wn« 
 
 t driven by to^;! 
 [d thereafter m »« *1 
 
 liDtlll. 
 
 til Hew the opium was kept on board ships, 
 
 »n«™lv called receiving ships, of which there 
 
 ', !ir 10 or 12 lyiny together at anchor. 
 
 v,.,lv however, the opening '.f the ports on 
 
 If!' jifTzc, and of Chcfoo, Tientsin, and Mow 
 
 taL' Tn tlie North of China, has greatly altered 
 
 L^m traile at Slianghai. The chief kinds 
 
 mm iirc l'"'"" ""'* M^'^va. That of Benares 
 
 Tbiwever, it seems, soon command attention, 
 
 V„nort'of opium into tlie province of Canton 
 
 ,M 1.800 piculs (240,000 lb.) u montli, -f 
 
 Ah about 700 piculs pass through the customs, 
 
 .w »t bcin^' ;;mugglcd. In May 18G3, the 
 
 wmmcnt imposed a war tax of IG tacls per 
 
 ■d lid immediately the receipts began to drop, 
 
 ;.j,'j,i;5to 200 piculs a month. The import 
 
 ^Oik'iowasin 18G4, 3,307 chests, and in 1866, 
 
 UrMsports, 4,321 piculs. At Chcfoo the con- 
 
 moiion is about 100 chests a month. At Kir 
 
 Im 2100 chests annually. 
 
 1 ite sales have been mostly effected by English 
 I d >iMmm agents, who give orders for the dc- 
 I twv of the opium ; which, on producing the 
 rito,L<hanu d over to the Chinese smuggler. 
 lik'caeE alongside at night to receive it. 
 Ifmaaitlv, however, the smuggler purchases 
 liiiopiiiiiion his own account, paying for it on 
 I ll(!i«ui silver; it being a rule of the trade, 
 I Mra departed from, to receive the money before 
 I lli( drag is delivered. 
 
 I Dtiiij the first 10 years of the present century 
 liheKtwmofopium from India to China averaged 
 I itat;,»! chests, of 149i lb. each. But alter 
 Ithe'inla-iaction of Malwa opium into the markets 
 IcIBinliiy and Calcutta, the exports began 
 1 np*io iaoreasc. We subjoin — 
 
 jiiJtwioif (i/</ie Quantities and Value of the 
 £i^i 0/ Opium from India, from 1851 to 
 
 1*1 
 
 tai ttcai 
 
 Value 
 
 Veari 
 
 18J9 
 
 Cbou 
 
 161 iim 
 
 5,<59,135 
 
 75,824 
 
 m 61303 
 
 6,916,214 
 
 1860 
 
 58,681 
 
 lis • 61,3:9 
 
 7,034,1)75 
 
 18B1 
 
 6.1,490 
 
 lU : a.\-h 
 
 C,437,09» 
 
 1S6S 
 
 65,369 
 
 IMS , ;;ot 
 
 6,831,478 
 
 1863 
 
 82,216 
 
 m : «T,i6o 
 
 6,*)fl,H71 
 
 1861 
 
 70,839 
 
 llil ' I8,3»i 
 
 7,056,630 
 
 1865 
 
 81,492 
 
 IM ;),966 
 
 9,10G,63i 
 
 1866 
 
 — 
 
 Valuo 
 
 £ 
 10,827,642 
 
 9,0S4,39t 
 10,181,713 
 10,553,912 
 12,494,128 
 10,746,093 
 
 9,911,80! 
 11,12«,74C 
 
 I it is necessary, however, to observe that the 
 iclt of the opium shipped from India does not 
 bio Cbma. That, indeed, is the destination of 
 jttirthe largest portion of the exports, but about 
 
 lev'Qth of the total exports goes to the Straits 
 Jadtnents, 
 
 ■ Til! following is the amount of opium im- 
 ped iuio the undermentioned 11 Chinese ports 
 |18H and 1865 as given by the foreign Com- 
 
 WT8 of Inspection in China. 
 
 
 QuanUtin 
 
 Value 
 
 
 1864 1805 
 
 1864 
 
 186S 
 
 
 pkull pIcuU 
 
 taeli 
 
 taelt 
 
 ^ ■ 
 
 Sl,S21 
 
 36,680 
 
 4,293,079 
 
 16.376,089 
 
 
 3,295 
 
 3,170 
 
 1,604,991 
 
 l,7.'i4,400 
 
 ttl>n' 
 
 1 !.490 
 
 2,376 
 
 1,322,866 
 
 1,. 105,141 
 
 1 6,971 
 
 5,863 
 
 4,347,338 
 
 3,306,412 
 
 
 ! 4,390 
 
 4,050 
 
 2,919 090 
 
 2,411,451 
 
 
 4,771 
 
 S,24S 
 
 2,699 J074 
 
 3,114,280 
 
 ii-tim . 
 
 1,999 
 
 3,485 
 
 1,078,385 
 
 1,868,086 
 
 ' H5i 
 
 2,490 
 
 l,lll,.340 
 
 1,566,985 
 
 
 1,319 
 
 2,683 
 
 840,328 
 
 1,621,391 
 
 Ilchiug . 
 
 1 2,839 
 
 6,557 
 
 1,571,225 
 
 3,359,798 
 
 1 506 
 1 61,412 
 
 1,518 
 
 29.3,156 
 
 8 7,882 
 
 73,517 
 
 32,060,845 
 
 37,.'»,2.913 
 
 R total imports (less re-exports) at these and 
 r.™ ports in 1866, as given in the last 
 P of the Commissioners, were 64,516 piculs. 
 I» occasional diminution in quantity and value 
 
 of the import^| of opium into China cannot be 
 ascribed t<< any other cause tlian the export and 
 import duties, and the impossibility of preventing 
 smuggling, both out and in. 
 
 Confiscation of Opium in 1839. — We have 
 already seen [Canton j that opitm has till very 
 lately been prohibited in China, and that conse- 
 quer.tly its importation has always beenlooked upon 
 as a smuggling speculation. There would seem, 
 however, to be good grounds for thinking that the 
 prohibition of the importation of opium was all 
 along intended to be more apparent than real. 
 At uU events, it is certain that the trade grew 
 gradually ii|>, from u small beginning, to bo one (>f 
 great extent and value ; and it is rugatory to 
 suppose that 'his should have been the cas>, had 
 it encountered any considerable opposiiioi from 
 the ChincHO authorities. But the truth ii, that 
 these functionaries, instead of opposing the trade, 
 or even merely conniving at it, were parties to its 
 being openly carried on; and received certain 
 regulated and large fees on all the opium that was 
 imported. It has oven been alleged that a part of 
 these fees found its way into the Imperial treasuiy 
 at Fekin, though that is mor; doubtful. The 
 appetite for the drug increased wi th the increasing 
 means of gratifying it ; and there appeared to be 
 no assignable limits to the quantity that might 
 be disposed of in the empire. 
 
 The rapid extension of the trade seems at 
 Icngtii to have drawn the attention of the court 
 of Pekin to the subject. We doubt, notwith- 
 standing what has been alleged to the contrary, 
 whether n sense of the injurious consequences of 
 the use of the drug had much to do in the matter, 
 'x'he alarm of the Chinese Government was not so 
 much about the health or morals of its subject.-", 
 as about their bullion. They are still haunted by 
 the same visionary fears of being drained of a due 
 supply of gold and silver, that formerly haunted 
 the people of this country. The imports of opium 
 hfvmg increased so rapidly as to be no longer 
 balanced by the exports of tea and silk, sycee 
 silver began also to be exported. The paternal 
 Government of Pekin might have tolerated what 
 are caUed the demoralising effects of opium with 
 stoical indifference, but the exportation of silver 
 was not a thing to be endured. It is, however, 
 only fair to state that the Chinese statesmen were 
 not all of the school of Mun and Gee; and that, 
 some of them appear to have taken an enlight- 
 ened view of the question, and to have emanci- 
 pated themselves from the prejudices that iniluenceil 
 the majority of their colleagues. The statesmen 
 in question contended, that whether the use of the 
 drug were injurious or not, the taste for it was too 
 deeply seated and too widely diffused to admit of 
 its effectual prohibition; and they, therefore, 
 proposed that its importation should be legalised, 
 subjecting it, at the same time, to a heavy duty. 
 There cannot be a doubt that this was the proper 
 mode of dealing with the subject. In the end, 
 the Government of Pekin, influenced by unfounded 
 theories as to the mischievous efifect of the ex- 
 port of the precious metals, came to a different 
 conclusion, and resolved to put a stop to the traffic. 
 
 .I'lfter this resolution had been come to, the 
 Chinese appear to have acted with more than 
 their usual vigour; and having proceeded to ex- 
 tremities*, they confiscated and destroyed about 
 20,000 chests of opium. The reader does noi 
 require to be told that this violent conduct on 
 tne part of the Chinese led to a war with this 
 country. This contest was terminated in 1842, 
 when the Chinese agreed, among other things, to 
 pay 21,000,000 dols. towards the expenses of the 
 war, and as an indemnity to the owners of the con- 
 3k2 
 
r 
 
 »• « 
 
 \t,HO 
 
 olIl'M 
 
 M 
 
 M. 
 
 J 
 
 ItNi'nIt'll ii|iiiilii, Ik wIioiii I,".iI).(IOII/. wii-i iilllliinli'ly 
 iiwniili'il. 
 
 A (roKil ili'ill of iH'O'iiitpiiiiti loiili |i|ni'iMil llir liiiir 
 III ii<)i.ilt<l liillio |ilii|illi'ly III' mil I'lHIiliIrl III rii||l|>rl 
 lillll (lio rii'ili'ni' (II liiili'illliirv lIlK nliiilMi liiilili'lM 
 It tv.'li I iililrllili'il, lllill nil llii< liilriHliirliiilinlDjilillll 
 l||li> Cliiiiil wrin |in<liilillril, (lir ('liimwo in iIcmIimv 
 iii|i U liiiil ili>liiMiiilliiii)(liiil wliiil llii'v wi'iiM'iilillril 
 III till, mill ivlllll wo lillnlllil lllivi< llnllr llllil «i' 
 liri'ii ill ll'i'ii |ili|i'i'; Hull till- only |iiirllrN In 
 liliiiiii' wrri< lliiiiic nliK \ioliil"'l lliK liiw, mill 
 Miiiii)'.);li'il llin iiiiiiiiii mill llio i'Mi|iiri'; miil lliiil 
 »!' iiiii'il iiii|iiiilly, mill iiliiixi'il mil iiiiwi'!, ill nil 
 liiiiiiii|> mi iiiili'iiiiiily Iki iIiii'ik in wliimi' |iiiiiii>li 
 iiiriil wo I'liiiiilil liiiM> iiii'ijiitoil. 
 
 Iliil lliiiii)ili M|ii'i'iiiii'i, iliriio iili)oi'linii 1 mo mil 
 ii'iillv oiiliiloil III iiiiii'li iM'ii'.lil. Ami lliiiii|;li till' 
 iiili'ioxl in llio Hiilijrrl III' lion cmio liy, il iliiiy lio 
 wnilli >vliilo III nIiiiw IIiiiI \M< IiiiiI |',oimI |>,iiiiiiiiIm 
 Inr U'llill wo iliil. 
 
 Tliill llio i'lillii'MO liiivo llio Miinio lii'.lil 111 ox 
 I'liiilo ii|iniiii tioiii llioii I'liipiio, Hull \\i< liiiM' III 
 |iiiiliiliil llio liii|iiiitiiljiiii 111 lii'i'l, III iiiiiniiiniliiin, 
 HI 111 Illy II iliily 'Mi oniii, ilnoi iml iiiliiiil nl iiii\ 
 
 i|iii"<liiiii. Kill III omloiiviiiniii)'. In 'iii|i|>r i it 
 
 tiiiilo lliMl liiiil lioi'ii I'liiiioil nil iiiiili r till' iMiii'linn 
 III llio iiiillini ilii'M III Cmilnll, nil nl' 'iliniii liilil 
 liiil'i'ly |iiiilii'i|iiiloil III ilM |iinllli, Jii'iliro ii'i|iiiii'il 
 (lull llnllri' vlinlllil lllixo lii'ill I'.lM ll In llio |i.'lltli'H 
 t-ntu'onii'il nl llii< iiilontiniiii III' t invoiliimnl. Il i.'i 
 nu'osniiiy In lii'.'M III iniiiil tliiil tlio (liimvio wiio 
 III llio li.'iliil nl' iW'niioiilly I'lMiiiiii'. )iiooliiiiliiliniiM 
 il(',iiiii'i| llio iiii|iiirlillinli nl' ii|iiiiiii ; Iml iii nn 
 iltli'm|it \Mis OMT niiulo 111 ".ivo iiiiy loiil olloit In 
 tliOHO )iiiiil.niiiili'ins, tlio |iiirtio^ rii|',ii|',i'il ill llio 
 Iniilo «oio iiiiliinilly loil In oniiilmlo lli.il •mrli 
 
 wniilil fihv.'iys lio llio oiiso Homo itio ii Msily 
 
 Inr II iliilliiol lilt iiiiiil inn lioiii|v I'lmlo, I Iml llio 
 liinH ti^'..'iiiivl tlio iiii|iniliiliiin nl' iiiiiiiiii nolo, in 
 Cliliiio. til lio tiniiil liilo mill truly OMiiioil iiiln 
 otVoit, mill Inv lixiii)', sniiio |ii'riiiil iit'iir ivliioli till 
 iimtioi loiiiiil i'ii)'..'i;^i'il III llio Iniilo wniilil lio mill 
 joi'l In i'« rtiiill I'oliiiltioH. Nil Viiliilnlijoollnn oniilil 
 1i.'IM> liioil IIIJiilo 111 Niiili II oniiisonr |ilnooi'ihll(j;. 
 'I'lio I'liiiu'vo .•111- olomly onlitloil tn pinliiliil llio 
 iiii|init.'ilinii nt' niiiniii ; |iii( iioiilior ilio ('liiiioMi 
 lioi iin\ mill T iiiilinn mo oiitilloil, .-llli r Imviii);, liy 
 Inii), i'niiiii\ .'iiii'o lit mill |iiirlii'i|<illinii in ji liiiilo, 
 itiiliii-i'il linoif',nors tn inipnrt ii lm|',i> iininiliil nl 
 viilii!ililo prniMlly iiiln tlii'ir In i ilniioH, tn |iiiiiiioo 
 upnii mill MI70 Hiii'li pinporlv nn pioloiiio nl' its 
 liriiio, tontviilimiil. Tlio I'liinoHO Jiro ii ronimUiilily 
 I'loMi' ponplo ; mill it !•< iinpnssililo lliiit tlioy 
 sliniilil lint M-o lliiit, in tliis iiixlmii'o, llioir (invoiii 
 nioiil w;is |.;iiil(y nl' j'.rnNii injiistioo; ami lliiit it 
 i'olisi'ipionll\ tomloiiil it.ii'lt liJlll^' Inr tlio villiio 
 nt' til. pnipcrly it so utiwmriint.ilily soi/.oil iipnii 
 
 iiml lloStlMMll, 
 
 Siipi 'ISO tlio Uritish I'lirlijimoiit Imil, in IV'.llI, 
 passinl mi Vol piMluliiiinj; tlio iiiiiinitiiUnn nf loa; 
 mill siii'pnso, t'liiilnr, tliiil llio onlloolnr nl' oiislniii!* 
 mill oliior mitlinrilioji in I.ivorpnnl liiiil paiil nn 
 atli'iitinn wliatovcr In tliis Ait, I'lil thai, liniii 
 1 /;'(> ilown tn tlio pii'si'iil ilay, llioy liail nponly 
 oountonaiii'oil llio tiailo ; that it liail rapiillv in 
 on-aiiil ; anil tlial ovorv yoar sonii's nl' riiiiu'so 
 sliipi lailoii with toa hail anivod in tho Morsoy, 
 sat'i'ly iiiilnailoil thoii' oar>;nos, ami >ailoi! oilhor 
 with silvor or nihor lliitish piMiliiro nn Imaril; 
 what, niulof llioi-o fiivnmstnnoos, wniiKl Ihoflii- 
 tioso have saiil, hail llio Itiilisli (invornuiont sml- 
 iloiily tnriioii iniiiul aiiil iltvlaioil, 'You iii'o on- 
 uap'il in an illofjitl Irailo;' ami, without I'urtlior 
 iiiliniatioii. liavo pioivoiloil to soizo ami ilostrnv 
 all tho toa liolonijiiii;to tlioni in Knuliiiul 'i* WniiM 
 not tho V'hinoNi', llio l»iis!<ians, Fioiioh, ami, in 
 short, iho wh.ilo wnrhl, liavo iloolaroil such an aot 
 
 III Im (lii)rraiillv iiiijii'l'i' Ami ivnuM ||„( , 
 liiiiioni mull ill iMii'lmiil liavo uniil l||„| Hi^ ciiij,',,! 
 linil liooii MWiinlli'ii ; ami thm Ilir iMiKniiiHin J 
 
 riiim. iliil mil ili'iorvo in Im Iroiilnhvin i, 1 
 
 r"'"! Ii '1' Il <liil mil. I'liiloavniir In iirm uri' „,|,J 
 
 Inr till iiiiliJiitHV ' 
 
 Now, thill wiifi proiiiiol',' llir onnr „f |.-||,|,i 
 ai;aiiint llio I 'him m-. 'llio im,|„||(y,„ ,;||„'„„'„||1 
 
 of II piniii liiiilowiiHwhiilly I ii|iMlir,|,|,,,|J 
 
 ■l'lniii|r,h Iho mm nl' npiiiiii wrrr |,.|| ij ,'„„] 
 
 iiijinimiii than lian out Iiooii ri|iii'<,.||lr,| iJ 
 wniilil mil allor Iho laot that llio Itmi,. ,„ |'| |1 
 
 Iiooii iipoilly oniiiitoiia il liy llii I'liiiic-ii. ninliT 
 
 lio'i Ini a poriml 111' imiro ihaii I'mly vriim J 
 rimli liolii); tho oa'io, rnroi|;iiiiH -atp' ,vr|',|jj 
 
 onlitloil In iiilor that llial. I'liiiiiii'ini , ,v,iii|,|, 
 
 iin.liloiil\ ho wilhihawii: ami lh«l,nl mII.v.i 
 thoii prnpoity wniilil ho roHpnliil lln „ fj 
 i'l lint n i|iioKlimi alimit wliiili llu'rii ii inn i 
 liinlll Inr lliilllil, nr ililli'loliio nf ii|i|||j,iii. 
 rniiilml iil'lho riiiiii'Ho wan must iiinvatr.uil.ilil 
 mill tho (invoriiimiil nl' tliiii iiiiintty liml imi , 
 a will Imniili'il I'laiiii Inr roihi-.H, Jml nii.4 i^i 
 iipmi 111 oiilnno il hy a JiihI rrjtaril l.ir llii' niiliii 
 hmimir aiol ll,o iiiioii'MtH nf Iju' llrjijsh ,i|il,J 
 whn 'o ii^'hlii hail hoot! wi iiiilr.i,;i'iiinly linl.iiil 
 
 lliil wo may liii.lior nhiirvo, in ri'l'i'mici' in 
 mallir. Hint thnii|;li || ho laiil iliiuii liy i.|| iui| 
 nil piihllo law, that il iIi'IioiiiIh wIuiIIv i>ii llir) 
 nf a mil inn In oarry on i-oiimii'n'i' nilii iiimiln'i 
 lint In oarry it mi, ami In roculalo llii' tiiaiiiii'i 
 whii'li il nIiiiII III' oarrii'il nn ( IHttil, liiiul, i. J 
 wo iiioliiii' In Ihinli thai HiIm riili' niiisl lir i 
 piotoil ail apphiiii; only In mii'li ihiimiii'I 
 ,Str!i"i an ii'onc.iiiso llio |',i'iioral priiii'i|ili'H»r|'ii 
 nr iiiloimilinmil law. H' a .S'l'.io ihihsi .I'.nl j 
 ri>'li mill o\loiisivo lorritory, ami iilkuii'ijiiii; l 
 prniliii'ls niiiloil hir llio iiso anil ai'i'iiiimii'd.uio 
 Iho |ioii|ilo 111 nllior I'nnnlrios, iiiMiliili's ilsill 
 Itii instil III imiM, ami ailnpts a syili'iii ol {id 
 that is plainly im'niisistiiit. with llio iiiloi 
 ovory iilhor iialinii, il appoars In iih IImiI { 
 mil inn may ho justly ooiiipollril In iiiliipl ;ii' 
 nl' pnlioy liinro I'liiisislonl with tin' (;iiiir,il j 
 lioiiif, nl' iiiankiiiil. No ilniihl. llio ri^lil nl 
 loroiii'i', ill 1','isi's nl' this sort, is ono lli.il »linii| 
 oM'ioiM'il with o\tivmi' raiilinii, iiiiil m] 
 t-li'niii; f^rniimls Inr its viiiilioallnii, lliil llinl| 
 rl,",lit linos ovist, hooiiis sntlloiiiilly ilonr. 
 ailinil that n sli^;lil '.li'i^roo nl' iiu'iuivoiili'm'^ 
 poiionooil t'rnni om< iialinii rol'iisiii;; In I'lilol 
 onniiiioroial Iransai'limis willi aiiollur, or I'rij 
 iiisisliii;; thai tlu^o traiisaolioiissliniini Ui 
 nil in a titnihlosniiM' anil voxalioiis inniuuT. < 
 lint warrant any iiitorl'i'ioii' o willi lis nM 
 alVairs; hiil this, liko all ntlior i|uoslii'ns li 
 saino Uiiiil, is nno nf ili'cri'O, Shniilil Ih' if 
 vonii'iii'o rosiiltiii^ I'roiii siu'li aiili-siviaivcx^ 
 onmlnol hoonnio vory npprossivo on ntlu'i 
 part ios so uppri'ssoil wniilil liavo ili Crt'ij a n| 
 iiitorl'oro t i oiit'nno a oliaii^o of ooiiilui'l. as I 
 Stjito that has aiinpliil lliis aiitisooial "Ifll 
 pnlioy hail npoiily Hltai'luMl tlioir lorriiorvof 
 oilizons. A Slato has n iHrt'eii ri!,'lil liij 
 snoli nilos ami rv>;ulalioiis tor its inlonial r 
 niont ami iho "oiuhu't of its trmlo as it \ 
 prnviiloil tliov tin tn't oxoroiso any vorvinij 
 iiitluoiioo over olliors. lint shniiM siu'li J 
 ,.„so_»hiiiilil Iho iloiiiostio or iimiimroulj 
 of anv partioiilar Slate involve |irim'i|te"1 
 latimis that troiich on tlio ri.u'hi.'' or m'"""I 
 jim- tho intorost of ntlior partio.". i»' «''l 
 that thoso othors liavo a ri(;lit In I'l'in]'™! 
 if tho iiijtirv bo nf a );rftvo .:ii:inioier,:uid J 
 bo not nhtaim-ii on oomplaint Ih-iii); niail 
 roiisniiahlo ilnuht can ho OHlorWiwMni 
 a":Tiovoil I'artv is jiislllioil iu n-sortnigtcn 
 
ol'lliM 
 
 (il'iiii |i> 
 
 1IHI 
 
 III, ,.|iKC' of < 'liiiin. 'I'i'ii, II pi'i'iiliiir |iiii 
 
 II. ' I' 
 1*1 I" ''' I 1 1 
 
 I |„(llinl llMlllll.V, llllrl lll'l'' H III'CT'IMMIV III 
 
 l;tr '" *^ 
 
 |p,i .r ' mi'iO 
 
 wiilllil III' illllirli'il nil lIlK 
 
 J,, i,i llrilniii vi''"' ""^' I'lulrnilil:' iiii|ii'ill 
 
 C'l'lliri.iuMM 111" W11V III ilH liii|iiiiliill mill 
 
 iliiniliil'i") l'"l''y "' liii'('liliH'iii'(iiivi'riiiiii'iil, 
 '' I, I, iiiil llilliliiiri'il liy llii' Mill Hiliin, mill I'l 
 '.'itilji'ii "I' ill" l""""i "'"' I'"'*"'' 'ii""iii; 'in 
 U Muh «, lin" "" viiliniin nniiiiinim liilirrii|.lri| 
 ,',, |„,||., niul riili'iliiiilly ml""""' '• •" K ' 
 
 w,,p, illl'tlililllV ll|'|"'llf" III"' '•"" Willi II -IHl' 
 
 i,*,r(ilili' iiiliTX'tili"" -<(i<l>i" ••I""'"'' "'"'"" 
 I l],„l „, Mi'ii (jlli'il til ili'iniiiiil lliiil llii' 
 
 llf.liimM I"' liliii'i"! I'll " ""'''' l'"iil "'!'.. "'1'' "•" 
 LmIiiihI irpiirl iliiH''" nlmiil'l I"' r Irnil in 
 
 vlUl'nii'' """I'''"'"' "'"' "">' "" •''"' «'i"i''il 
 
 i^'ll,,!! uliirli.in mill itili'ili'ii'iiii- nl llii' 
 
 rt,iU'i"Hli"f'li''i'- Anil IIm'h' iIi'«;.|iIiI|. ii'iiiiIIm 
 mrtil.ilii'wnirni liy Hi" Irmly "f IMIiM. 
 ■fli,. |,riiliiliiliiiii iiK"'""l "'" ini|>"iiliili'in ol 
 muiil'il'liiiin »«»'' ""' «n|i|'r""i"''l »<* "• "li'""''! 
 lii-liim liv 111" li"'>l.v ill' IHI'^. Hill '>ii'i'<' •'•'"t 
 
 HVil llii' iriiil" lii>" '" I'I'mIv iiininil mi wl 
 
 Jdfliiiw nliiiin II i»mI, mill liiiM Mii'l Willi 
 
 lijil, i,r 1111 iuliTiiiJili'in. .Hini'i- IMII I',', llii- 
 SMl< mill I'liiiii* i'liv" "> >;i""l <'""' """" "'"" 
 WW Ami, n iilrnnly bitii, II'" Irinli- liiin 
 llUiiinllii a iiiii|{niliiil" lliiil II (■•w yi-iirM ii|;ii 
 lli.»ii««n(,'uiiii' wiiiilil linrillv Imvi- millii|i)iliil. 
 H/pJi./ (/if /Vri/ii'ii^"".- I'mliT III" rirniin 
 iUnc(iiUi"UlK)Vi% niniliiiii'il Willi III" inrr-im 
 
 inn,»liiiiiiiiii 111' i!i" ilrni? in (liinii, U liim 
 
 unfiifilii liniliiliiliiiM will mil. nl' Hi" i|ii"Mlimi. 
 
 |llli(rtl»«MlKiii'lll"il III liy III" riliM"ii" III IHfiH; 
 
 uiluMi;!!"' Irnil" r"({iiliilii>ii» «iilijiiinril to lliii 
 
 wlt'ifliml yi'iir, in "iin li-KiiliHlni^ lin- iiii|iiir 
 
 liljinii(i.|miiii'nliiiliily of nil Iiii'In ill" |iiriil. Il, 
 
 lir.UfviT, hi' (li)iilil"il wlii'lli"!' Iliit iliily II" 
 
 Kdi/itiiclitoHliip 111" »iiiii>{)(liiiK "' I'l" I'fiilJ; 
 
 Wif'ii.it'iniilurliiiii will II" nil "iiMV iimiliT. 
 
 ^Il(jn(iiijuniiu« Injlurnrr of O/iiiim. 'I'lic nil 
 
 jWre'llintlinvi'lii'i'ii mailrlii llirlrinli' in ii|iinin, 
 
 tMw iif It* Hiiji|iiiw'il inlnrimiH inllni'iirn hvit 
 
 il* by (ihniii il in iiMi'il, fill mil Hiimi In lin 
 
 lltiM Id tniirll Wiiiftlll. 'I'lliTi- lirii n.i unnil 
 
 IA*0li (ii[ lliiiikiii); llinl. il. i^i ill. nil wiirmi lliiiii 
 
 bdv fin, wiiii' iir iilliiT Hiiinnlmil'i. All nf 
 
 lltiui! iii'snliii'ViiiiH, iiM iirn mhikI lliin^H, wlii-ii 
 
 liiij in oxccKH, Iml. iiiii iilliiTwiiii'. VV" iln nnl 
 
 Bllnmliw til" uriiwirn nf liiirlry, nr iliHillliTH, 
 
 I ibmiiimrlirH uf wiiiim nr H|iirilH, niiil v !i y 
 
 M«fi'nilii|it nilitViTi'iil I'liiiiHi' in ili-nlin({ wllli 
 
 Mtgltivatuniuiil i<i'lli:rniirii|iiiini'i' 'I'll" Inln Sir 
 
 tnjuiiii llrmlin, I'.K.S., Ilwiii wliniii lliiTr niiilil 
 
 iiii'j|ii|;liirautliiirily, ronlcnili'il Hint, tlin iihh nf 
 
 Mil nut Ml injurioiiK nH iniliilKiiiirn in fi|iirilH, 
 
 'IV I'kt of apiiiin,' miiil II", ' wIk'Ii tnki-n iiitn 
 
 tiiiiiiniiicli, i.Miiit tuHliiniiinti', liiit to Hniitlic tlii'. 
 
 1"™ «y»ti;ni. It niiiy Im." olhiTwiim in mimn 
 
 6Unt:,i, jiit these am cxci'ptiDiin to tlin )(i-ii(^rnl 
 
 Si'. Tin opium-taker is in n piiHHlvo Htnl(!,iintiH- 
 
 |l*l»ith Sin own ivjuuy oiiulitlon, whilfl iindnr 
 
 ''itliiiijiaiof thodriiK. lie in iiKnIcHH, hut not 
 
 «kinouj. Itinqiiiti! otliorwinii witli iiliMiholiR 
 
 l*»i When IliAliop Mill liin piirtnRr.t murilcrcil 
 
 < lUliw boy that thuy minlit b"1I hiii boily, 
 
 jWttiri in evidence that lln-y proparc-il tlicni 
 
 liy a plentiful libation of ({in. Tlio nnnic! 
 
 is iiunucil by houncliri'nki-ifi anil oIIkth 
 
 P>»?^i!in dcKjierate nriminiil iindurtakinKH. 
 
 l'^f'y"f notice, also, that o|iium Ih inucli 
 
 ill u'^" '" ""^ ""'I"""*'"''"*; t''»" K'n or 
 
 «?. M«iivopium-uk"r» liv« to a gr«at hkc, 
 
 IWtamdnnkinff indm;«i» diiieiimH of tlio livrsr, 
 
 I" Uieir mendant bodily auffering, ill-tcmiier, 
 
 Wlrtrlll'llllO'ln, mill pri'lllllllltn iliiilll.' ( I'lii/lin 
 hitliriit Inmttl ivn.) 
 
 It Wnlllll III' lI'li'li'Ml ni wnrnr In nlli'lll|il (O 
 mill niiylliiii|i; In llii'i ■ nii< lii<iivi' nliili'iiiiiil II 
 iliil|llilil'M lillliiillli Inl lly nl tllll lllnlill (illlt III llllN 
 i|IM'iil|iitl. 
 
 11/ It, 
 
 II 
 
 ill Mill I'liMy 
 
 til llllll);llii' II nil, IK mil 'iri'|illnliiililii Hnlllil' nf 
 ii'Vi'iiiii' tlinii IliK lii<i lull) liy till' t liivriiiMH'Mt nl 
 lllilllinli n|iliilii wIm'M I'tli-'ilril, Il in Mil lilirl nf 
 llll'ir llllly tn liinb lil'Vmiil till' illll'll'iltx nf tlll'il 
 nwM I li|irtii, lull it in I'viili'iit tliiit III ruiiiiiii; tlii< 
 llllly nil n|iiiiiii III llii' iiniiit nt wlilrli It will yii'i'l 
 till' I'li'lllrlil IIIMnlllll nl li'Vrllllr, tlll'V IIM' I'llMnilll 
 lii|'.. Ill mil' iiimI till' iiiiiiii' liitii', till' liint liili'ri'Kin 
 nf llll'ir nwii |i|.n|i|i' mill tlimii' nl t|ii< < HiImi'iii'. A 
 liiri;i' iiMiniiiil nf irvi'liiii' in jirniliii'i'il Inr tlH'RCr 
 viri' nf ilii' InriiiiT liy n Iiih IiihI mi mi nitlrli' inti 
 niiMii'il liv III" IntliT. lint n'l tlii' iiliiinii nf (i|iiiimi, 
 wliii'li, lilii< till' nliiini' nf n|iirili<, wniilil In' lilp;lilv 
 |iri'|iiilii'iiil, I'l rlinlii'il mill III |imt jiri'vi'iili'il liv 
 till' llllly, it i'l (irnii Hull, tlir wrll \<f\»u, nn well nl 
 till- liiivi'rn Ilk tlio ni'lli'm nl tlio 'lrii|i; m |irniiiiiti'i| 
 liy ll'i llii|iiiiillinii. 'I lin Inn in, in triilli, nlii' nf till' 
 vi'iy lii'iil tliiit linii rviT lii'i'ii inip iii'il ; iinil Itn 
 (iriilllirtivrlli'ilH il4 lint n||c ii| ||il< linNt of i|i||ri,iiil 
 
 i|l 
 
 lilir 
 
 Of till' I'lilini iii'll ri'Vi'iiiiii nf liiili 
 
 'iiMiiiitiliiiK ill IHiiii (i In "IM.f)! liV-l!!/., nil Ii'hk tliiin 
 M,filH,',ff»'//, wiin ilrrivi'il friini ii|iiiiMi ; nilil in IHtitl Wl, 
 li,Htti'l,'|l!l/. wni< riTi'ivi'il tliiit m, Iroiii it tnx |iiiiilliy 
 tliiil 'liincHK nii'l Mnliiyn. | f Iantom; I'.ami' Inihkm. | 
 
 Ol'OIIAI.HAM. 1'llAI.HAM. I 
 
 ((I'OI'ONAX (liiT. o|iii|ionnii ; l''r. o|iii|i>innx i 
 lliil. n|i|in|ioiinrn ; H|inn. o|in|iiinni'ii ; Ariili. 
 |iiwi'h1i«'IT^. a Kiini p- lin nlitnini'il frntn tin- f>/«< 
 /(III 
 
 'iiriiiiium. 
 
 II i<|ii'ri('ii of |inrp.ni|i. Il in 
 II iiiitivi' III' tllll nniiili III l'liirn|iii nml Aiiii Minor. 
 Till' iiti'in riHi'ii tn tllll lii'i|{lit of II nr 7 fi'i't, with 
 n tliii'k hrnnrlii'il vcll'iw rnlmiri'il root. Th" rnotH 
 
 lii'iiii; W'liiiiili'il, n milky Jiiirii llnwn frnln IIii'MI, 
 wliirli, hi'iiij; ijrii'il ill tin' Hiin, in the n|io|innnx 
 nf Mil' Hlin|iM, It in ill liinipn nf II ri'iMiHli ycllnir 
 riilmir mill wliili' witliin. .Siiii'll prniliiir, Timlo 
 iiilli'r mill mriil. H|irril'r (rriivily I'll'/Z. It in 
 ini|inrti'il frmn 'riirUcy. Ili'iiii; iihciI only to a 
 iiniiill I'xtriit in iiii'iliriMi', tlii< rnniiiiiii|ilinn in iri- 
 (onHiiliTalilii. ('rhniiiNiin'H l.'/irmiiilri/; Ainnliii'N 
 Miitrriii Inilirn; }'frnrn'H Mtilrria Mrilirii.) 
 
 OI'OK'I'Oor rOK'IO. A Inri;'! ciiy mnl m:n- 
 piirt of riirliiKiil, nn thii north Imnk of th>; lioiiro, 
 iilioiit ?, niili'-t I'rnni itn I'lmilli, |«t. '11" 10' !)(»" N., 
 Iiiiii;. Mil" ;iV" IH" W. It in n hcniitifiilly Hitnnlid, 
 wi'll hnilt lily; nnil ronlninml in IHti'l, inilu'liii;; 
 tlicniilinrhHiir Villnnovii nnil 'inyn, i.ii tin; opponih' 
 linnk of tllll rivi'r,ii popiilntion of )1!),<r2l. 
 
 Ilitrliitiir. — Till! hiirhoiir of Oporto in n hnr har- 
 liiiiir, nml rnn only lio "nlrriMl, nt Icniit \>y vimncln 
 of i:nnHlili'rnlil<i hiirilfii, nt lii((li wattir; ami it in 
 m'liliiin at any tiini' |iru"tirahl<! for vcnnnin ilrnwing 
 niiini than It; fcnt. On tliii north niiln of th" <'n- 
 trnni'i' in tint I'lintlo of Nt, JoAo ili; Yur., whcnrt; a 
 li'it;{" of riirkn, koiik! of whivh art; at all tiniRH 
 nliovit wati-r, itxti'inln in a notithwiint ilirfx'tion, 
 Th" oiiUirinont of tlicnn rockn, named Kilgneira, 
 which in alwnyn vinihl", in on thn htfl or lar- 
 lionrd nidi! on ciitcring. Oatirdtdo I'oint., forming 
 tint nouthcru cxtri-niity of tho nntrancc, in low 
 and Hnndy. Thi; hnr Ix-ing linhlc, from thn 
 art ion of the tidcn, and of nnddnn freiht» in the 
 rivrr, to |>nr|>«!tunl altnrntionn, it in cxccRdingl^' 
 dangiirouH for any v"mh."I to attempt cronning it 
 without n pilot. Filutx am alway* nn llio alert, 
 and ready to offer their nervireii when a vfnncl 
 conieH in ni^hl, unlenn the wi'nther bo ho hail that 
 they cannot go ofT. On noine few (xrcanion.it of this 
 Bort, 'ireHne!n have liceii detained for three week* 
 olT the port, without having an opportunity of 
 
 
>-'i ■*-;M- 
 
 
 «• 
 
 982 
 
 OPORTO 
 
 »!' .■ (I 
 
 y » 
 
 ; ) 
 
 
 .1 , 
 
 ! .1 
 
 I , 
 
 !i 
 
 n-^ 
 
 
 entering. The chapel of St. Catherine, in a line 
 with that of St. Michael, leads over the bar. The 
 ordinary ri80 of spring tides is from 10 to 12 feet, 
 and of iieap.s from G to 8 feet. The Oporto light- 
 house on the Nossa Senhora da Luz is fixed, and 
 218 feet above high-water niarlt. It is visible for 
 20 miles, but is described in the Admiralty list 
 as a very bad light. 
 
 The swellings of the river, already referred to, 
 most commonly occur in spring, ond lire causnd 
 by heavy rains, and by the melting of the 
 snow on the mountains. The rise of water at snch 
 times is frequently as much as 40 feet ; and the 
 rapidity and force'of t.. ■" current are so very great 
 that no dependence can be placed on anchors in 
 the stream. Fortunately a fresh never occurs 
 without previous warning ; and it is then the 
 practice to moor with a cable made fast to trees, 
 or stone pillars, erected on the shore for that pur- 
 pose, ((or further information as to the harbour 
 of Oporto, sec I'urday's Sailing Directions fur the 
 Bay of Biscay.) 
 
 Trade. — Oporto is the emporium of a large por- 
 tion of the kingdom of Portugal, and enjoys a 
 pretty considerable foreign commerce. The well- 
 known red wine, denominated Port, from its being 
 exclusively shipped at this fcity, forms by far the 
 larcest article of export. The exports vary in 
 tliflerent years, from about 20,000 to above 40,000 
 pipes. England is much the largest consumer of 
 port. The high discriminating duties on French 
 wine originally introduced port into the British 
 markets, and gave it a preference to which, though 
 an excellent wine, it had no just title : this pre- 
 ference first generated, and its long continuance 
 has since so confirmed, the taste for port among the 
 great bulk of the population, that until 18r>0 it 
 bade fair to maiutain its ascendency as an after- 
 dinner wine, notwithstanding the equalisation of 
 the duties. At an average of the 7 years ending 
 with 1858, there were chipped from Oporto for 
 JCngland 27,294 pipes a-year. In 1866 we im- 
 ported of the red wines of Portugal 3,573,744 gals. 
 <.f which 2,976,817 were entered for consumption. 
 It is remarkable, that while the entries of port 
 (or consumption ha\'e increased but little since 
 1851, those of sherry and Rhenish have more than 
 doubled since 1860, and those of French wines 
 have more than trebled in the interval, 1860-67. 
 And though the scarcity and deamess of port 
 consequent on the vine disease may account to a 
 great extent for its decreased consumption, it is 
 not at all likely again to supersede the li;^hter 
 French and Spanish wines, now that they have 
 so firm and extensive a hold on the public taste 
 in this countr}-. 
 
 Next to England, Brazil, Russia, and the north 
 of Europe are the principal consumers of port; 
 but it appears, from the subjoined account, that 
 the total exports to them do not amount to a 
 half of those sent to England. The other exports 
 are oil, oranges and other fruits, wool, refined su- 
 gar, cream of tartar, shumac, leather, cork <bc. 
 The imports are com, rice, beef, salt fish, and 
 other articles of provision ; sugar, coffee Ac. from 
 Brazil; cotton and woollen goods, hardware, tin 
 plates kc. from England ; hemp, flax, and deals, 
 from the Balti'' <&c. 
 
 Besides the British manufactured goods im- 
 ported into Portugal for the use of the natives, 
 a considerable quantity is destined for the con- 
 sumption of Spain ; being smuggled into that 
 country through Braganza and other towns on 
 the frontier. 
 
 The vintages in the Upper Douro fluctuate very 
 greatly, but previously to the breaking out of the 
 oidium or vine disease, in 1853, they might, at an 
 
 average, be taken at from 70,000 to 800(io , 
 of which about 33,000 were ixporte.! "■ ' ''' 
 diction and exportation of wine 
 
 would, 
 
 I.ro. 
 
 ever, have been much greater "but fo7tho' ,,1'r 
 
 They divided all wi^e produced on" the IJoun, i, , I 
 three qualities, viz. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and rcfuT '. '' ' 
 the merchants engaged in tlic wine trade affir,! . i 
 that the distinction between the 1," an I ' I 
 qualities was quite imaginary; and that ih"! 
 were, m fact, 'precisely the same.' (Remr'?r' 
 Commons' Com. on Win" Duties, 1852 Mn ' 
 65 ) Delusive though it were, the claMifica iJ^ 
 was not without ,m object. No wiue, other tl an 
 the 1st quality, was allowed to be shipped f,! 
 any port in Euroj^e, and it was charged, on bonwi 
 exported, with a outy of 3/. 10«. a pipe; wherei ' 
 what IS called the 2nd quality, though it vsm 
 really as goo<l as the Ist, was only chamcd oi 
 being shipped for America, or any countn' out 
 of Europe, with a nominal dutv of Gd a'piJ 
 Tina extraordinary regulation, besides beiiis in 
 junoiis to the Portuguese, was offensive and ua. 
 just to others, and especially to ns who are tl 
 great consumers of port. It had not, however, n 
 the success which ils contrivers anticipated ■' li 
 it led to an indirect importation of port wine frci 
 the United States, which would, no doubt, ha' 
 continued till tlw duties on the wines shippi 
 from Oporto had ijeen equalised or abolished, 
 
 The British Government did not fail stroni 
 to remonstrate against this system, which, inde, 
 was in direct contradiction to the engagemfiits 
 our treaties with Portugal. And in the end I 
 Portuguese authorities appear to have becoi 
 satisfied that by raising the cost of their wini 
 limiting their consumption, and substituting oti 
 nations as exporters of Portuguese wine, their? 
 tem was a great deal more injurious to ihemseli 
 than to any one else. 
 
 In consequence a decree was issued m 
 tober 13, 1852, which effected some verj' 
 portant reforms. Instead, for example, of bei 
 divided into 1st, 2nd, and 3rd qualities, wi-; 
 thencefi (a to be divided into wine tit ..,id 
 for exportation. The latter was to he retaioedl 
 the country cither for home consuinption ur 
 version into brandy ; while the lormcr, or the 
 fit for exportation, might bescrt to all parts nf 
 world, on paying a rensonablr duty of about 
 a pipe. The Douro Wine Com])any was 
 abolished, and other changes effected.' 
 
 These were great improvements. Still 
 trade was far from being free. Power vn 
 to a ' Regulating Commission,' or Commiti 
 Taste, to say how much wine should be eipoi 
 so as to prevent a glut of the foreign naii 
 It would be but an equivocal comphment to 
 intelligence of the reader were we to dwell Mi 
 folly of such a regulation. Neither could i' 
 be any legitimate excuse for prohibiting thee; 
 of inferior wine. It would either be bought, i 
 a free system, by the foreigner, or it wtuld 
 If it would not' be bought, the prohibiliM 
 superfluous ; and if it would be bought, ti( 
 was mischievous, and hindered the Portf 
 from sending an '-nportant product to the 
 market. Oii the whole, however, a gnat ' 
 for the better was effected, and it paved the 
 others. 
 
 It was soon found in practice, that i/ 'J* 
 mittea of Taste made any difflcultv jboii^ 
 export of any wine, a permit or 'h^ 
 be readily purchased. Our treaty of m 
 France too had some effect in cnligliWI 
 Portuguese Cortes, and at length, in 
 
 msivt'l 
 
 ire boun 
 
 pain, in 
 
 10 from 1 
 
 W, to mo 
 
 * pilots « 
 
 and all \ 
 
 tike over th 
 
 "lien a snf 
 
 'elejcrcisin 
 
 «« port, he I 
 
 ")Mslor or • 
 
 ' "fiis du 
 
 Wed at 
 
 l«?oese cot 
 
 ■Mster fi 
 
 « pilotage , 
 
f-^m ;^«Wffp-i^ 
 
 OPORTO 
 
 988 
 
 'i whatever quality, free and unfettered. One 
 Ij^iscertain-that port wine now reaches us m 
 
 imorc cenninc Htato than it did under the 
 liwmcfs of the Oporto Wine Company or the 
 ■ mittee of Taste. See a curious discussion on 
 r*L'e(i blcndinfcand adulteration of port wines 
 t'litHforU of Mr. Secretary of Legation Lytton 
 
 d an Act, declarini? the export of port wine, sent about 60 miles up the river, in boats, to bo 
 »» ' .:... r — .„.i ..„r.,>»».«.i '^>"" tilled. Owing to the miaerablo state of the roads, 
 
 the expense of carriage is very considerable; the 
 
 cartage from and to the river side frequently 
 
 costing from 1/. to 2/, per pipe. Tlie frciprht from 
 
 the upper country down the river to Oporto is 
 
 about equal to that from the latter to England. 
 
 There is al.40 ail internal duty on all wine brought 
 
 "TMr'&sul Crawford, presented to Parliament 1 down the river. Inasmuch, hovcvcr, as these 
 
 ""I'jj'jnil 1868. charges arc perpetually varying, it is not possible 
 
 vimctimcs wine is purchased from the farmer to lay before the reader any pro fonna account of 
 
 tteffine country. In this case the casks are the cost of wine bought in the Upper Uouro. 
 
 Shipments of lyinc from Oportn from 1858 to 18G". 
 
 [Bwl Kingdom - 
 md • 
 (nnkrolonin • 
 
 ijmiiliiidColoniM 
 i.tdn ad NorwiJ 
 twmiik ■ 
 XHu • 
 
 i,»:ml • 
 tr«i • 
 
 ImlPlpB - 
 
 IU8 
 
 1S59 
 
 I860 
 
 1861 
 
 1862 
 
 1S03 
 
 1864 
 
 1864 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 ll,.'.9'2 
 
 U,531 
 
 •ti,m 
 
 S2,9l.'. 
 
 24,833 
 
 30,014 
 
 29,94» 
 
 33,49S 
 
 30,546 
 
 2'.,10-. 
 
 S.SBS 
 
 1,909 
 
 ■i.US 
 
 1,734 
 
 2,078 
 
 2,7 16 
 
 3,331 
 
 .iiO-a 
 
 i,Ml 
 
 6,149 
 
 li'^ 
 
 711 
 
 9SW 
 
 1,UI3 
 
 1,359 
 
 588 
 
 709 
 
 613 
 
 882 
 
 
 iW 
 
 719 
 
 68;> 
 
 ais 
 
 «60 
 
 l-fi 
 
 (>2I 
 
 4.14 
 
 ata 
 
 933 
 
 I'll 
 
 4«l 
 
 399 
 
 .'.7 
 
 l.'.l 
 
 143 
 
 132 
 
 410 
 
 726 
 
 139 
 
 ■iW 
 
 «99 
 
 387 
 
 2.^6 
 
 254 
 
 314 
 
 266 
 
 287 
 
 439 
 
 499 
 
 lis 
 
 474 
 
 330 
 
 281 
 
 139 
 
 79 
 
 190 
 
 186 
 
 ISI 
 
 152 
 
 9) 
 
 94 
 
 1.58 
 
 101 
 
 190 
 
 223 
 
 87 
 
 277 
 
 rio.'i 
 
 21H 
 
 1,')S 
 
 314 
 
 «S 
 
 176 
 
 50 
 
 (is 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 s.iy 
 
 48 
 
 — 
 
 81 
 
 68 
 
 70 
 
 101 
 
 138 
 
 124 
 
 131 
 
 184 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 le.Bui 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 21 
 W,90S 
 
 27 
 29,711 
 
 123 
 34,904 
 
 61 
 
 183 
 
 39,208 
 
 9i;6 
 
 40,183 
 
 761 
 3l,li7;l 
 
 1U,M7 
 
 a7,»«i 
 
 3.',,620 
 
 III Consul Crawford says, in his Report of 
 I toiir.- 30, 186", that the new wine is brought 
 Jon liie river Douro in the early spring months, 
 tie lint transport costing about 8». lOrf. for each 
 ti«.«ndis lodged in the warehouses of the mer- 
 Stsa Oporto. It is here kept till ready for 
 (kipwDiio England, seldom being fit for that 
 Jmktx. least 18 months. [ Wink.] 
 1 lieeiJiiimor disease, which attacked the vines 
 bmiixl elsewhere, first appeared in Portugal in 
 Isjjwdhas continued more or less every year 
 !ii«, It has greatly diminished the production. 
 Ibertcan indeed be no doubt that the application 
 Mlphur has given it a decided check. 15ut this 
 BUfspensivc remedy, and unless it be judi- 
 ioslv applied it is apt to spoil the wine. 
 Ilepcrtchargcs, includiig tonnage duties, on 
 itaiof 300 tons, amount to about .'iO dollars. 
 Tsd* sailing without a cargo pay for lights 
 M itii per cent, instead of ."jO reis, in order to 
 ucouagc the export trade. Commission 24 per 
 |Bl.,miUe((Terfcre 2 J per cent. 
 PiLOTRt;GULATioss.— These were published at 
 lOpcito in 1841 . They declare that the navigation 
 lutttiebaiof the Douro must be conducted by 
 teiepilarlv appointed, and their number shall 
 niittcen ot'the tirst and second classes, besides 
 
 itmerary pilots. 
 Ilie outward and inward nilotage of everj- vessel 
 the bar to be coulined to the nineteen pilots 
 tlie first and second classes ; the pilotage in the 
 
 Ijythe supernumerary pilots. 
 Pikti are prohibited to "stipulate for the sum to 
 Kfivi'l when they board vessels in distress, 
 ire bound to give immediate assistance, 
 if pain, inca.se of the slightest delay, of sus- 
 ion fwm their functions ; or, in case of mts- 
 iuct. to more severe punishment. 
 Ke pilots are obliged to reside at St. Joiio de 
 «; Hid all vessels except small craft are bound 
 take over the bar a supernumerary pilot. 
 When a supernumerary pilot is on board a 
 lelexcrdsing his functions, and cannot bring 
 isto port, he must remain on board such vessel ; 
 mastiir or owner of which to pay him the 
 lie of his due, and a ration per day, until he 
 landed at Oporto. In case of dispute, the 
 "lagutse consuls are required to ihake the 
 ipaster fulfil the above regulation. 
 le pilotage rates for the entrance or the de- 
 
 parture of vessels, in ordinary cases, are fixed as 
 follow : — 
 
 rein, duls 
 
 rn. 
 
 800 = 
 
 9(1 
 
 1,200= 1 
 
 36 
 
 2,400 = 2 
 
 71 
 
 3,5IH) = 3 
 
 96 
 
 4,000 = 4 
 
 .'.2 
 
 2,400 = 2 
 
 71 
 
 1 ,200 = 1 
 
 36 
 
 800 = 
 
 90 
 
 Smnll craft • 
 FinhinK boats 
 Steam vetseU 
 
 Sloop* - . - 
 
 Three-mnsteil ichoonen and hrlRn 
 Kach pilot bo.it (incluriinft the crew) 
 To each Minerniimcrary pilot boat 
 To each pilot, per day, outside the bar 
 
 Any extra fee to pilots is optional. The re- 
 muneration due in extraordinary coses, to pilot 
 boats outside the bar, to be rated in accordance to 
 the difficulty of the pilotage and the danger in- 
 curred. 
 
 The first pilot, and in his absence the second, 
 will be charged to hohl council with the others as 
 to the possibility of the entrance or departure of 
 the vessels, and decide by the majority of voices. 
 A pilot who, in the execution of the decision of 
 the council, docs not conform to such decision, 
 will immediately be suspended from his functions, 
 and be respoiit^iblc for all indemnifications, and 
 subjeot also to corporal punishment. 
 
 When an accident happens on account of a 
 pilot refusing to conform to the above results, 
 the pilot cannot demand, for his defence, the 
 opposition of the captains or proprietors of vessels 
 to the free exercise of his functions, except this 
 opposition was manifested with violence; in which 
 case the pilot must immediately protest, so us to 
 cover his responsibility. 
 
 The tirst pilot is bound to sound the bar at 
 least every fourteen daj-s, and to make known the 
 result to the intendant of the marine, as well as 
 any change that may take place in the river. 
 
 Any pilot losing a vessel in consequence either 
 of intemperance or incapacity will be punished 
 according to the full extent of the law. Every 
 pilot is bound to have by him the regulations of 
 signals appropriated for the service of the Douro. 
 (^Parliamentary Reports already referred to, and 
 valuable private information.) 
 
 ORANGES (Ger. pomeranzen ; Dutch, oranj en; 
 Fr. oranges; Ital. melarancie; Span, naranjos; 
 Russ. pomeranezU ; Hin. nprunge ; Malay, simao- 
 manis). The fruit of the orange tree. The com- 
 mon or sweet orange (Citrus sinensis or Citrus 
 nobilis), and the Seville or bitter orange (Citrus 
 aurantium), are natives of China : and the Portu- 
 guese are entitled to the honour of having trans- 
 
 hi' 
 
 ' if! 
 
 ii 
 
 ■ i ; i; 
 
 : ■*;• ; 
 
I 
 
 \' 
 
 :1 
 
 
 »» . 
 
 •' 11 
 
 
 
 «. J 
 
 '! ( 
 
 i ^ 
 
 ■< i 
 
 ) 
 
 ■1>! 
 
 H 
 
 111 y/ 
 
 984 ORCHILLA WKED 
 
 fcrrcd the plant to other couiitrios. Particular 
 species of Citrus acem to be iiuli(;enous to various 
 Eastern countries; but the birth-place of the 
 
 1)ropcr orange may be distinctly traced to China, 
 t IS now to bo found in our grccn-housea. 
 Oranges are imported in chests and boxes, packed 
 separately in |)apcr. The best come from the 
 Azores and Spain ; verv good ones are also brought 
 from I'ortugal, Italy, ilalta. and other places. 
 
 The orange trade carried on by this country 
 is of considerable value and importance. Oranges 
 arc not much more expensive tlian most of our 
 superior domestic fruits, while they arc, perhaps, 
 the moat refreshing and wholesome of those of 
 warmer climates. The entries for homo con- 
 sumption amounted, at an average of the years 
 1850 and 1851, to 359,142 boxes a-year. The 
 duty produced, at an average of the above years, 
 73,246/. a-year. The number of persons employed 
 in the importation and sale of oranges must be 
 very considerable. The duty wos reduced in 1853, 
 from about '2». 8rf. to 8«/. the bushel. It was re- 
 pealed in 1802. In 18G7 we imported no fewer 
 than 1,453,506 bushels of oranges and lemons, 
 valued at 744,732/. There were imported in the 
 same year, 2,28 1 pipes of orange and lemon peel in 
 brine, and 22,302 lb., dried or candied, of the total 
 value of 14,217/. 
 
 ORCHILLA WEED, ORCHELLA, ORCHAL 
 or ARCHIL (Ger. orscille; Fr. orseille; Ifal. 
 oricello, orcella; Span, orchilla). A whitisa li- 
 chen {Lichen orcella), found in the Isle of Port- 
 land ; but that which is used is imported from the 
 Canary and Cape de Verd Islands, Madeira, Bar- 
 barv, and the Levant. From it is obtained the 
 archil, or orchal, of commerce, which yields a rich 
 purple tincture, fugitive^ indeed, but extremely 
 beautiful. The preparation of orchilla was long a 
 secret, known only to the Florentines and Hol- 
 landers; but it is now extensively manufactured 
 in this country. Orchal is generally sold in the 
 tbrm of cake, but sometimes in that of moist pulp; 
 it is extensively used by dyers ; and in times of 
 scarcity the weed or lichen has sold as high as 
 1,000/. per ton. (Thomson's Dispensatory.) The 
 Portuguese orchal was valued at 30». ; that from 
 the Eastern coast of Africa at 30s. lOrf.; the imports 
 from New Granada at 39s. tic/, ; and those from 
 Ecuador at 40*. lid. per cwt. The entries for con- 
 sumption amounted, at an average of the 3 years 
 ending with 1842, to 0,050 cwt. 3 qr. 10 lb. The 
 duty, which had been 3s. per cwt., was reduced in 
 1842 to Is. per cwt., and wos wholly repealed in 
 1846. In 1867 the imports amounted to 24,443 cwt. 
 valued at 45,454/., and the exports to 5,CU8 cwt. 
 ORGOL. [Arool.] 
 
 ORPIMENT (Ger. operment; Fr. orpiment; 
 Ital. orpimento ; Span, oropiraente ; Lat. auripig- 
 mentum). The name usually given to sulphuret 
 of arsenic. 
 
 When artificially prepared, it is in the form of a 
 fine yellow-coloured powder ; but it is found native 
 in many parta of the world, particularly in 
 Bohemia, Turkey, China, and Ava. It is exported 
 from the last two in considerable quantities ; and 
 is knov.n in the East by the name of hartal. 
 Native orpiment is composed of thin plates of a 
 lively gold colour, intermixed with pieces of a 
 vermilion red, of a shattery foliaceous texture, 
 Hexible, soft to the touch like talc, and sparkling 
 ■when broken. Specific gravity 3*45. The inferior 
 kinds are of a dead yellow, inclining to green, and 
 want the bright appearance of t)<e best specimens. 
 Its principafuse is as a colouring drug among 
 painters, bookbinders Ac. (Thomson's CAemi's^; 
 Milbum's Orient. Com.') Only 4 cwt., of the value 
 of 16/., were imfwrted in 1807. 
 
 OSTUICU FKATIIERS 
 
 OSTRICH FKATHERS (Lat nlum. , I 
 thionis; Fr. plumes d'autniclic). TfieZth 'J 
 the ostrich, but more especially the lot,.- fe,,hJ 
 of the wings and tail. These feathers have U J 
 
 highly prized from the remotcn 
 
 antKjuitv; vi 
 
 have been employed, either sinirlv or mi,.wi " 
 with others (those of the m^„;\Jron^^L. 
 Ac.), to heighten the magnificence of wJ!:™^'' 
 the splendour of warriors, and the beautv ,. 
 fair. ■ '" 
 
 The ostrich, as every one knows, h *fiJ 
 found in the sandy deserts of Arabia and \fJI 
 Dr. Livingston, in his Trovels into the Interion^ 
 the latter, says that, 'uotwitlislandinK the ,li 
 culty of their capture, the quantity of fatU 
 collected annually shows that the niimljcrs .laJ 
 must be considerable, as each bird has onlva id 
 in the wings and toil. The male bird k of a k 
 black glossy colour, with the .single cxceniioii , 
 the white feathers, wliich arc objects of triH^ 
 Nothing con be finer than the adaptation of tba 
 glossy feathers for the climate of the Kalak 
 where these birds obound; for thcv affonl i 
 perfect sliode to the body, with free"veniilatij 
 beneath them. The hen-ostrich is of a ij 
 brownish-grey colour, and so are the half-nol 
 cocks ' (p. 155). ' ^ 
 
 _ The emu, or cassowarj-, a variety of the ostrid 
 is a native of Malacca, the Islands of the i 
 Archipel .go, and Australia. There is, aljal 
 variety of the ostrich in South America. B 
 the feathers of these varieties have hardlv at i 
 become articles of commerce; and are verv infai 
 to those of the Arabian and African ostrichfs. 
 
 One of the eorliest as well as the mostcelebtjtj 
 notices of ostrich feathers in modem times nfJ 
 to those which adorned the helmet of the jiinjl 
 Bohemia, who fell at Cressy in 1346. M 
 with the motto Ich dien (I serve), havin;M 
 assumed by the Black Prince, whose gaiiaiij 
 greatly contributed to the success of the EngiiJ 
 hove sir.;c formed the insignia of the Princejl 
 Wales, and have been borne by ihcra on ill 
 occasions. Henry VII L is represented wilii J 
 ostrich plume in his velvet cap, in a portnit | 
 Holbein ; and a portrait of his contempc 
 Francis I. is similarly decorated. In more ri 
 times, the?e feathers, or substitutes for tlie 
 have been, and continue to be, used in i 
 bonnets of the Scottish Highland rejimn 
 At present they are extensively used in I 
 decoration of ladies' bonnets and hcad-dre 
 in children's hats, in artificial flower-mai 
 funeral plumes ; military plumes, and in viiif 
 kinds of fancy trimmings and ornaments. 
 
 ' Leghorn, after the decline of itscommfr»;i 
 the Levant, remained the great entrep6tofoilii 
 feathers, and did business in that article to j 
 amount of about 1,200,000 francs annnaHr. 
 since the establishment of steam navigi 
 London has gradually become the prinoipil ^ 
 of that branch of trade, and Leghorn no» i 
 does business to about half the preceding anfl 
 a port of the diminution is, however, owingtoj 
 decline which hos taken place in prices. 
 eighths of the ostrich feathers which L 
 receives come from Egypt, and the reS ( 
 Tripoli and Aleppo.' {Annalei rfa Ciwww j 
 tcrieur.) The Cape of Good Hope a^X 
 most valuable feathers, chieHy on account ofUf 
 white colour. Black feathers come piiMPJ 
 from Mogadore and Aleppo. A good blw 1*1 
 comes from the Cape, but in smaO p^ 
 White and grey feathers may be dveiilosiutj 
 prevailing taste ; but black feathers w ijlw 
 dyed to a darker shade before they «re o'J' " 
 plumes by the manufacturer. It is mmV^ 
 
I L'EATllEUS 
 
 lERS (Lat. plums stnij 
 'autruche). ThefealhpMi 
 especially the Ion;; fcaihetj 
 'i'hcac feathers have Wd 
 lie remotest antinuiiy; ao4 
 cither sinjjly or inttmixeJ 
 f the swan, heron, ikscmJ 
 magnificence, of ptoce^inm 
 iors, and the beamy (.[ thi 
 
 rcry one knows, l* rhipflJ 
 esorts of Arabia and Afritj 
 s Travels into the Interior o 
 ,, 'iiotwithstaniling the JIL 
 re, the quantity uf fealM 
 iiows that the numljers <laii 
 >, us each bird has only a (ei 
 I. The male binlisofajei 
 with the single exception ( 
 which arc objeels of trail 
 r than the adaptation of thei 
 the climate of the KalahiL 
 abound ; for they affoni 
 e body, with free veniilaiiJ 
 ic hen-ostrich is of a fit 
 IT, and so are the haU-groJ 
 
 )war}', a variety of the ostricl 
 cca, the Islands of the AsijiL 
 Australia. There is, alio,| 
 •ich in South America. B 
 c varieties have hardly » j 
 ommerco; and are verj- infai 
 ibian and African ostnchos. 
 (t as well as the mostcelebnl, 
 eathers in modem times itit 
 med the helmet of the liing] 
 
 II at Cressy in 1346. TH 
 ch dien (I serve), baring b 
 Black Prince, whose gaM 
 1 to the success of the EngiiJ 
 
 the insignia of the PrincaJ 
 been borne by them on id 
 I VIII. is represented vrith I 
 his velvet cap, in a portrait f 
 portrait of his contempH 
 irlv decorated. In mote n 
 lefs, or substitutes tor th 
 lontinue to be, used in I 
 Scottish Highland legiMij 
 are extensively used in f 
 jes' bonneU and head-dre- 
 i, in artilicial flower-mai 
 iiilitarv plumes, and in vani 
 iming's and ornaments, 
 the decline of its commpf^ 
 icd the great entrep6t of on 
 business in that article to I 
 ,200,000 francs annuallv. 
 ihment of steam Mvigi 
 illy become the prmcip«lo 
 trade, and Leghorn now o 
 «ut half the preceding MM 
 lution is. however, owing ttj 
 aken place in pn«». 
 rich feathers which 1 
 
 |m Egypt, »« ^^'2ll 
 e of Good Hopesupjtol 
 ders. chiefly on 8CC0Uiit«f 
 \ck feathers come pnw« 
 Aleppo. AgoodljJ 
 ilane but in smaU H»m 
 ffirsmaybedyrfH 
 but blaclifeatto'^JV 
 ',adebefon!they«e»J« 
 
 fufacturer. Iti3eim»t«*« 
 
 OSTIUCII FEATIIE113 
 
 ■urMCUt prices, the value of the an.iual con- 
 intinn of the rough undressed aiticle may 
 it to from .30,000/. to 3.5,000/.; of whicb 
 I Bsv come from the Cape, J from I'.Iogadore, 
 Ind ttic remaining i from Kgypt and Aleppo, by 
 
 "iithf estimation of the value of o.strich fcnthcr.>«, 
 
 I kim n* « '"'<"> «""»'''"' "'•' «■*''«»' nnd '"""t 
 
 jtrftct til be the Ix-st. 'J'ho best whites vary from 
 
 ri) to 30/. per lb, ivoirdupois, and the whites 
 
 Jiillniialitiesmi.'ced together, from 10/. to 17/. per 
 
 «, Kiir*jvarv from l.'i*. to 5/. per lb., according 
 
 Btheirlcnsth and quality, the longest being the 
 
 I ml valuable. The ostrich fcatlier is esteemed 
 
 I <i ilie ereatcst value of all other feathers', if 
 
 I n except the Marabouts or feathers from the 
 
 IwbitePaddybird, which are worth from 25». to bl. 
 
 Iwiounce. i. ,. . , 
 
 Tbe French have for many years past obtained 
 I la plies of Cape feathers and Marabouts from 
 I iiii)iion,and they often purchase Mogadore feathers 
 Ltbcaame market. They export to most of the 
 Iniieain Europe both the manufactured and un- 
 Itaed article. 
 
 Since 1859, the fa.shion of Continental Europe, 
 .mH chiefly by the Imperial (Joui t of France, 
 Ikaiiliown a decided preference for feathers as or- 
 lianienU for ladies and children's hats and bonnets, 
 ludu trimmings for dresses and mantles, not cx- 
 Idiairelv confined to ostrich feathers. Tropical 
 Ibirisof rare and brilliant plumage contribute a 
 llai|;e ikate to the prevailing 'ashioii, such as 
 llhe biid of Paradise, the Himalaya or Imphian 
 Ipheaanl, the Argus pheasant, the parrot, the 
 Imfx from India, the vulture, the cassowary, 
 IwicBiipcciracns of humming birds, from South 
 iiica, the emu or Australian ostrich, the 
 t tck from European Turkey, the golden 
 dalver pheasant, the common pheasant, and 
 m heron from the British Isles. These are the 
 t important among the birds whose plumage 
 jmovuied for ornament and trimmings, and the 
 iieofmanyofthem hasgrcatly increased. The 
 iinficturefs of London and Paris supply nearly 
 « whole civilised world with these productions 
 ^ their finished state, London having the largest 
 ide in ostrich feathers, and Paris in those of a 
 yeharacter. A leading manufacturer of great 
 !rience(Mr. Da Costa Andrade) estimates that 
 I London alone at the present time the number 
 I young women employed must exceed one 
 ooand, whose wages vary from 5». to 20». per 
 ' , and that the value of ostrich and other 
 iters imported into the United Kingdom for 
 iibi-anch of commerce may amount to 215,000/. 
 9 annum. 
 
 [Esperiments are nov being made in South 
 fiita to domesticate the ostrich on large farms, 
 t a meeting of the Colesberg Agricultural 
 idety's Committee on October 8, 1864 (Gra- 
 Mom Jmrnal, January 24), a Mr. Von Mallitz 
 Bed, from bis own experience, ' The opinion 
 I hive formed with reference to the extent 
 [pound rquisite for their grazing is, that 35 
 TM can be carried, year in and year out, upon 
 teres of good grazing land, I mean land rather 
 pnior to the common run. At the end of last 
 inl, 1 had the wings of the birds plucked where 
 F feathers of commerce grow. In consequence 
 [the yr h of the birds, those feathers then ob- 
 Tned wre valueless. I now find, by recent 
 [nmation, that the birds will be fit to pluck 
 mat the end of the present month, verifying 
 |iit«t«ment made at the last Swellendam show 
 lone of its members, who was, like myself, ex- 
 ■Moting in this novel description of farming, 
 t he obtained feathers fully grown from his 
 
 OWNEllS OF SUirS 1)86 
 
 ostriches every six months. The general opinion 
 is, that the largest feathers, of which there are 24 
 on the wing of each male bird, arc worth 2.5/. 
 per 11)., and that the yield of the whole pluck- 
 ing, the majority of the birds being males, will 
 not fall short of 10/. each on the average. 
 The original cost of the young birds was about 51. 
 each.' 
 
 A.s yet no definite results have lioen published to 
 show the success of these experiments in South 
 Africa. An attempt has been made by the 
 ' Acclimatisation Society ' of Paris to obtain 
 feathers from ostriolies ' reared there, but it is 
 found that such feathers arc far inferior to those 
 imiKirted, having more of the downy character of 
 the swan, than the rich flue of the ostrich. 
 
 The imports in 18G7 were as under : — 
 
 
 Quantities 
 
 I>cclar«l Valua 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 £ 
 
 While. 
 
 
 
 From ffatntiurK 
 
 ilR 
 
 i.isn 
 
 Frmnce • 
 
 6,163 
 
 I7,31» 
 
 Morocco 
 
 601 
 
 .3,1I3» 
 
 ArKontine Confe* 
 
 
 
 deration 
 
 4,131 
 
 S60 
 
 Brillih Powviloiu 
 
 
 
 in South Africa 
 
 7,1»J 
 
 SO ,851 
 
 Other paru 
 
 334 
 
 708 
 
 Toul • 
 
 18.957 
 
 73,519 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 
 From France • 
 
 I6,35« 
 
 «4,877 
 
 PonuKal 
 
 819 
 
 S.n^i 
 
 EkJPt - 
 
 1, 984 
 
 X.OSO 
 
 Braill - 
 
 1,S76 
 
 81/ 
 
 ArKentino Confe. 
 
 
 
 dmratlon 
 
 73 J 
 
 !(00 
 
 BrllUh I'oi^c^Monv 
 
 
 
 in South Africa 
 
 lO.SOH 
 
 3ii,064 
 
 Other parti 
 
 160 
 
 479 
 
 Total ■ 
 
 yi.tet 
 
 6»,G45 
 
 (irand total ' ■ 
 
 J1,41'J 
 
 136,164 
 
 In the same year we exported 2,247 lb. of white 
 and 2,069 lb. of black feathers. No duty is now 
 paid on feathers. 
 
 [We are indebted for this curious and valuable 
 article to Robert Slater, Esq., of Fore Street.] 
 
 OWNERS OF SHIPS. Property in ships i.s 
 act^uired, like other personal property, by fabri- 
 cating them, or by inheritance, purchase Ac. 
 
 No ship is entitled to any of the privileges of a 
 British ship until she bo duly registered as such, 
 and all the provisions connected therewith, cm- 
 bodied in the Mercantile Shipping Act of 1854, 
 the 17 & 18 Vict. c. 104, be complied with. 
 [Registry.] 
 
 A British ship may belong either to one indi- 
 vidual, or to several individuals. It is ordered 
 by the Act just cited, that the property of every 
 vessel of which there are more owners than one, 
 shall be divided into 64th shares ; that no person 
 shall be entitled to be registered as an owner who 
 does not, at least, hold one 64th share ; but that 
 any number of persons not exceeding five may be 
 registered as joint owners of a share. It is further 
 provided by the same statute, that not more than 
 thirty-turn persons shall be owners of any one ship 
 at any one time. Companies or associations may- 
 hold property in ships on a special declaration in 
 regard to the ownership of such body being made 
 by their secretary or other authorised functionary 
 in the terms prescribed by the statute. 
 
 Neither the property of an entire ship, nor any 
 share or shn.-es in such ship, can be transferred 
 from one individual to another, except by bill of 
 sale or other instrument in writing; and before 
 the sale is valid, such bill or instrument must be 
 produced to the registrar of the port at which the 
 ship is registered, who is to enter the names, 
 residences &c., of the seller and buyer, the num- 
 ber of shares sold (Sec. in the book of registry of 
 such vessel, and to indorse the particulars on 
 
 
 1 ! 
 ■'0 
 
 Ml] 
 
 nil 
 
 :l|i 
 
 . I^' 4! 
 
 ■«i.. .;i 
 
086 
 
 OW>fERa OF SHIPS 
 
 'I t 
 
 • 1 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 
 ■I ! 
 
 I i 
 
 'A 
 
 Iho liill of Knle. [Seat. 67 and M of ntntiifp, nrt. 
 
 [I{|C(IIHTI(Y.] 
 
 Hill, tlioii^jh ooniplittncc with the dirt'ctions in 
 IhoHtatiito dcuomplwhw n iMiinpletc trimHr»'_r<'nce 
 of tho property wht>n the traiiHmrtiim in iidI in its 
 miliiro. ilh'^'nl, it Kivon no Hort of HPciirily to a 
 iraiisftwnco that in othcnvinc l)a(l. Tho piirchasor 
 NhoiiUI 1m nil cascH tjiulfavour to ^;l•t iiiimii'iiiiion of 
 IhcHJiip, or of IiIk NJiaro in her, as noon as his 
 titli) to luir or it is acquired, l>y llif re>,'ist ration of 
 tliu |)arlioularH of the hill of salo; for IIioukIi all 
 tho fornialiliesof salt! have been completed, yet, 
 if the sellers continue as apparent ownors In 
 posseKsion of the shi)), their creditors may, i'l the 
 event (if their hecoinin^; haiikrupt, ac(|uir« a rinht 
 to it, to the exelusion of the purchaMfg. In the 
 ease of a sale or n(;recmeiit for a jiartonly, it is 
 enouf^h if, tho sale heinj; completed, the seller 
 ceases to act as a part owner. (Lord 'renlerdcu 
 On the Law o/' SAi/jyu'wf/, part i. c. 1.) 
 
 Property in ships is sometimes acquired by 
 capture. During war, her Majesty's ships, and 
 ])rivnte ships having letters of nian{ue, arc entitled 
 to make prizes. But before tho captors acquire a 
 lef;al title to such prizes, th^'y must bo ccmdeinncd 
 in the Admiralty or other court constituted for 
 that purpose. When this is done, the captors 
 arc consi<lered lobe in the same situation, with 
 respect to them, as if they had built or purchased 
 them. 
 
 No person havinp the mortROfic of a ship, or a 
 share of a ship, made over to hiiu as a security 
 for a debt, shall be deemed an owner, or part 
 owner, of such ship. And when such mortj^age 
 has been duly rcfjistered ttt^eordiiiK to the pro- 
 visions of the Act, the rif;ht and interest of the 
 mortgagee are not to he atVected by the bank- 
 ruptcy of the mortgagor, though ho bo the re- 
 puted owner, or part owner, of such ship. [Sees. 
 70-72 of statute, :irt. KKiiisTitv. ) 
 
 In the article RIastichs ok Siiir.s is given an 
 account of the liabilities incurred by the owners of 
 ships for the acts of the masters. Ihit it has been 
 attempted to encourage navigation by limiting 
 the responsibility of the owners, witliout, however, 
 depriving the freigliter of a ship of an adequate 
 security forthefaitld'ul performance of the contract. 
 To ellect this desirable object, it has been enacted, 
 that the owner or owners shall not bo liable to 
 make good any loss or daunge happening, witlwut 
 their fault or privity, to any goods |)ut on board 
 any shij) or vessel belonging to such owner or 
 owners, further than the value of such ship or 
 vessel, with all its appurtenances, and the freight 
 due, or growing due, during the voyage th.it 
 nuiy be in prosecution, or contracted ibr, at the 
 time when the loss or damage lias taken place. 
 (17 & 18 Vict. c. 101 8. 50}.) 
 
 This limitation was first introduced into our law 
 by the 7 Geo. II, c. 15. Hut it had previously 
 been adopted in the law of Holland, and in the 
 justly celebr.ited French Ordinance of 1081. In 
 the Ordinance of Uottcrdam, issued in 1721, it is 
 i'xpressly declared that ' the owners shall not be 
 answerable for any act of the master, done with- 
 out their order, any further than their part of the 
 ship amounts to.' Independent!}', however, of this 
 general agreement, the expediency of the limita- 
 tion appears, for the reasons already stated, suf- 
 ticientlv obvious. 
 
 It was also enacted in 1786 (26 Geo. III. c. CO) 
 that neither the master nor owners of any ship or 
 vessel shall be liable to answer for or make good 
 any gold or silver, diamonds, watches, jewels, or 
 precious stones, lost or embezzled <luring the 
 course of the voyage, unless the shipper thereof 
 insert in his bill of lading, or declare in ^vriting to 
 
 Habiiliy 
 
 vner not liahh- in renprct nf eerlnin Utid ■ 
 wner of any sea-going sliip „r diar. il,,,; 
 
 IIutmi 
 
 the master or owner*, the true uatiir.'.nuaiiK 
 value of such articles. This nstriili' ■""" 
 bodied in the Mercantile Shippin,, Act iwc -'in 
 with the further condition that the ..wTmrVlhl'iil 
 not bo mhle lor n,.y dmnnge ,l„n. to ;-o,.A 
 hoard bv lire. We subjoin (he ..lau,,,^ * 
 Htatiile having reference to the liabijiiv „f ti. 
 owners. ""i 
 
 Own 
 No owner i 
 
 shall be liable 'to make good' 'onv i,,,, „r ,1,„,J 
 age that may happen without his' artual fault J 
 privity of or to any of the f.,||„win^r ii,i„J 
 
 1. Of or to any goods, mercliaiKlisc, (,r otU 
 things whatsoever taken in or put «„ |„,ardJ 
 such ship by reason of any ii„. l,a,,p,„i„; 
 board such ship. " 
 
 2. Of or to any gold, silver, ,liam„n,a 
 watches, j(!wels, or precious stniics taken In ( 
 put on board anv such ship, by reason df an 
 robljorj', embezzlement, making awav nrh 
 secreting thereof, unless the owner or ship™. 
 thereof has, at the lime of shipping ihp <jni| 
 inserted in his bills of lading, or otiiprwiic J 
 clared in writing to the master or i.nmr ( 
 such ship, the true nature and value oi' suj 
 articles, to any extent whatever. (17 & ij Vi( 
 s, 503.) 
 Miaaun: of Owner's Liabilil,/.~]\y ||,p jj 
 
 chant Shipping Act of 1851 this liabilitv »| 
 limited to thc^ value of the ship anj freiuht dj 
 but the 25 «i 2(! Vict. c. 63 further liiniieil t 
 liability an follows : — 
 
 Shii>-owner»' Liahility limited.— The ownors I 
 any ship, whether British or torpigii, shall n J 
 in cases where all or any of the follnHJn;' oveJ 
 occur without their actual fault or privhy. tj 
 is to say, 
 
 1. Whero any loss of life or jiersonal injiJ 
 is caused to any person being carrinl in <oj 
 ship ; 
 
 2. Where any damage or loss is caiisd | 
 any goods, merchandise, or other thinfTJ whi 
 soever on board any such ship ; 
 
 .'t. Where any loss of life or per<oaal injJ 
 is by reason of the improper ravi;'ation of s 
 ship as aforesaid caused to any pcr-os cr 
 in any other ship or boat ; 
 
 •1. Where any loss or damage i< by riasoal 
 the improper navigation of such ship as af.ij 
 said caused to any other ship or boat, .rin 
 goods, merchandise, or other thing's vha 
 on board any other ship or boat; 
 be answerable in damages in respect nflo-'ofi 
 or personal injury, either alone or Lwiheri 
 loss or damage to ships, boats, p)oJ>. mm 
 disc, or other things, to an iij;i.'re;:atf ami^ 
 exceeding J 5/. for each ton of thtir shir's i 
 nage ; nor in respect of loss or clamaj;* ;o« 
 gotKls, merchandise, or other ihiiiir*. wW 
 there be in addition loss of lite or persooal iij j 
 or not, to an aggregate amount n(tfik:>l-f 
 each ton of tho ship's tomiap;; ^ich 
 to be tho registered tonnage in the oi*'.fi! 
 ships, and in the case of steam ;hi[» ikl 
 tonnage without deduction on account cif 
 room : 
 
 In the case of any foreign shipwhiiM' 
 or can be measuretl according to jSrsuJ^j 
 tonnage as ascertained by such aeias" 
 shall, for the purposes of thissccr^.c'*''* 
 to be the tonnage of such ship : 
 
 In the case of any foreign ship'M™' 
 been and canaot be measured noiiaWw'g 
 the survevor-general of tonna^ 3 t« V" 
 Kingdom," and the chief ineastttirj .*«r m « 
 
rue iiutiiri, (quality, iui,|| 
 'lii« nstriitun \\ itn-r 
 liipjiinj,' Acl {«('(■, "ffin 
 timl tlm ownrrH »ha[|| 
 m^c (loni- to amh oj 
 )iii thp. dauHi^s in ihj 
 to the liabiliiy .if 
 
 'rt nf cnliiin Irlic'' 
 <f Hliip or slwri' iIuthi 
 Hm){\ niiy luss nr ilamJ 
 hout his nctuiil fiiuh 
 I" I lie I'lillowing tliingJ 
 
 \rt, ini'rchamlisc, nr nthij 
 'II in oTimt (inlKiardani 
 if liny lire lia|)poniii„' 
 
 Hold, silver, dianvmij 
 ccioiis stniios talicn in a 
 li ship, tiy rtascn nf aij 
 it, makiiiR away wi'h c 
 CSS the owner or sliipix 
 ne of shiiiping Iho ^m\ 
 r ludinR, or otliorwisi 
 
 tlip master or owmt ( 
 nature ami value of s 
 [whatever. (IT&lfViJ 
 
 I LiahUilii.—\^y itic M 
 if 1854 this liability 
 ' the ship and frciulit Jii 
 . c. 03 further limited i) 
 
 l;i limited— Ihi owners I 
 r'itish or forcipi, sliall nJ 
 iny of the follnwin;: evenf 
 ,ctual fault or iiriviiy.tlJ 
 
 !S of life or iiersonal injoj 
 itson being earrinl in < 
 
 amage or loss l- caustHil 
 idise, or other iliiue ivhr 
 f such ship ; 
 [ss of life or personal injd 
 improper navi^.'aiiji: of ail 
 lauscd to any pcrsoti cii 
 boat ; . 
 
 ,s or damage is by lasm 
 ration of such sliif :« ^^ 
 [other ship or boat, or Mr 
 
 !, or other things vhn^ 
 ship or boat; . 
 
 Iiaccsin respect rt'lo-- of ( 
 lither alone or i.ii.iiher« 
 .lips, boats, gooO.-, mm 
 fs, to an iigi.Tepite MM 
 leh ton of their shirsf 
 of loss or iiamaj« w^ 
 I or other things. »« 
 0S8 oflifeorpe^t'Oi'^l', 
 te amount exiwiii'-'''j 
 ip's tonnage; such y 
 [tonnage in the CISC .'IS 
 
 i»e of steani ships tjee 
 luction on accvMinui'" 
 
 •foreign ship*!'.?*'' 
 laccordingtoBr.-:*!:!''' 
 Incd by suth 3*"' 
 jes of thisscc:;^!:'*'' 
 [such ship; , g 
 
 Jy foreign sl"?,*^^,! 
 
 '■ of tonnage a IM '•'H 
 
 liief nieasunng 
 
 oficetui' 
 
 OYS' 
 
 Uriah poi«M'>in" abroad, hhall, on receiving fniin 
 
 bvilircftion of the court hcarinj,' tho case mich 
 
 'llencc concerninf! the diniriisionH of the Hhip 
 
 iimavbe fouml pnu'tical)l<! to tiiriiiah, fjive n 
 
 !«iilic»ic under his hand, sliitliijj; wiiat would in 
 
 r,,(iMnion have lieen the tonnage <d' Riudi sliip if 
 
 j^hadbcen dulv measured nceordint; to //ri'/M/i 
 
 ',, and the tomlage so staled in smli corlincatc 
 
 1 , Ji f„f the purposes of this section, he deemed 
 
 I ., ^ ibc tonna-e of such ship. (25 & L>(i Vict. 
 
 t,i\>. •>!.) .,.,../. r I 
 
 Imitation nf limtlutily nf /««Mnj;i<'c,».— In- 
 irancts circcled against any or all of the events 
 min.ralfa in the scetion last preeeiliuK, and 
 ,«oirin- without such actual fault or (irivity 
 
 I u therf'iii mentioned, shall not lie invalid by 
 ia»,n of the nature of the risk. (See. 65.)^ 
 
 I fnof 4 I'liaaengerH on board lost Shif).— 
 
 I ij ,1,;. proceeding under the 5(J(ith Hcetion of 
 Principal Act or any Act nmeMdiiiK the same 
 tfiiUthe owner of any ship or share therein iii 
 
 Upectofloss of life, the master's list or tlie 
 Jiplicatelistof passeiiRcrs delivered to the proper 
 iiffof cu'toms under the Ifith section of ' 'I he 
 PKM"(rs Act, 1855,' siiall, in the nhseuce of 
 pBof tothc contrary, be sullicient proof that the 
 
 hffions in respect of wliosc death any such pro- 
 «ntion or proceeding is instituted were passen- 
 {MS on board such ship at the time of their 
 
 littii!. iSccSC.) 
 
 ffomion for uniamte LoHiiea.— lUc owner of 
 I even- ^a-^eiBg Miip or share therein shall Ik' 
 I liikltinrBpect of every such loss of life, personal 
 liajun-.ksi of or damage to goods as aforesaid, 
 ariiiii?jD distinct occasions to the same extent 
 I jsii' to other lo.s8, injury, or damage hud arisen. 
 
 i;ii?vict. s. .')0(i.) 
 
 Hltn several freighters sustain losses excecd- 
 I -qm ihe whole the value of the ship and freight, 
 lie" are to receive compensation thereout in pro- 
 l[Miion to their respective losses; and any one 
 Imjkttr, on bclialf of himself and the other 
 llRijtilers, or any part owner, on behalf of himself 
 liii'l the other part owners, may file a bill in a 
 iMirt of equity for the discovery of the total 
 liaciiiit of the losses, and of the value of the ship, 
 lied fut an equal distribution and payment. If 
 Ithe till be filed by or on behalf of the part owners, 
 llle plaintiff must make aflidavit that ho docs not 
 lallade with the defendants, and must offer to pa\' 
 Itlii value of the ship and freight, as the court shall 
 
 It is usual in most countries, where the part- 
 
 raers of a ship disagree as to her employment, 
 
 ojive those possessed of the greater number of 
 
 |iliiKs power to bind the whole. But in this 
 
 inirj-, while the majority of the owners in value 
 lave authority to employ the ship as they please, 
 He interests of the minority are secured from 
 leing prejudiced by having their property en- 
 jigcii ID an adventure of which they disapprove. 
 I'll this pur|)0^e it has been the practice of the 
 toim of .\diniralty to take an obligation from 
 « who desire to send the ship on a voyage, in 
 lium equal to the value of the shares of those 
 kho object to it, either to bring back and restore 
 iithem the ship, or to pay them the value of their 
 ■^ires. When this is done, the dissentient part 
 
 Tiers bear no portion of the expense of the out- 
 t. and arc not entitled to a share in the profits of 
 ►e voyage; the ship sails wholly at the charge 
 W risk, and for the profit, of the others. (A bbott, 
 ^ L c. 3.) 
 
 [Fonhe statutor)' enactments as to the sale and 
 Mer of ships, see Registry. 
 [OYSTER (Ostrea edulit), OYSTERS (Lat. 
 e; h. huitres). A well-known and highly 
 
 i'i:U 087 
 
 valued shell hsh, found in great abundance and in 
 the greatest perfection in many places along our 
 shores. In nnti(iuity, as i-i iiicid(;r!i times, Hut 
 oysters of Mrilain were held in t|ii< lii;;h(!st esti- 
 mation, .luvenal, in illustration of the faslidious 
 ta.«te of the Hoinan epicures, says : — 
 
 Cirrirl* ii;tl.i r.riTit, an 
 T.iirrliium nil ^iiiuiii. UitlU|>inM\i' • vtlii.i lumlii 
 (MriM, iriilU-ti.il (.riiiiu ilr|»n'nilt-ri: iiiiirM). 
 
 ^ . S.il. I<. 110. 
 
 (« Klililmriju^h ill Ui'iil.) 
 
 Oysters difl'er in size and (juality, according to 
 the dill'crent nature of the grounils or licils on 
 which they an; fiuiinl. 'i'hey ari^ particularly 
 abundant in (he creeks and rivers of Ksscx and 
 Kent, and in various parts along the .south coast 
 and llic coast of Wales. Ireland is also well 
 Hupplierl with oysters; tlio-^c of Ciiilingford iKiing 
 the greatest favourites, 'i'he beds in the l''ritli of 
 Forth, acljacent to Kdinburgh, are very valuable. 
 And those of the Channel Islands, especially Jer- 
 sey, furnish large supplies. 
 
 Oysters an^ not always earned direct from the 
 places where they arc found to market, but are 
 fre(pieiitly <'onveyed to artilicial beds, where they 
 are fattened, and where their tlavoiir is said to be 
 iniproveil. This sort of industry has been long 
 practised \>y the traders who supply the Ixmdon 
 market, 'llic small, ovate, deep-shelle<l oysters, 
 called nativen, which are here most esteemed, aro 
 all brought from nrtiticial ImkIs at Whitstable, 
 Rochester, Milton, ( Ndchcster, liurnhaiu Ac.; 
 tho.se from Kiirnham being reckoned the best. 
 Inasmuch as the oyster does not breed freely, and 
 olteii not at all on these beds, they would require, 
 even though I hey were not dredged, constant re- 
 stocking. 
 
 The consumption of oy.sters in London is im- 
 mense ; for, notwithstanding their high price, they 
 are largely consumed by the inidclle and lower 
 classes. It has been variously estimated, but 
 may, perhaps, annually amount to from 2.5,000 to 
 3(1,000 bushels of natives, and to 100,000 bushels 
 of other varieties. The consumption of oysters 
 in Kdinburgh and Leith has been estimated at 
 7,350 a day. The export of oj'sters from Jersey 
 amounted,' at an average of the 4 years ending 
 with 1H22, to 20s,(i2;j bushels a-year: of these a 
 large portion came to London; but in the accounts 
 for 18();i-(;7 the total exports of iish from the 
 Channel Islands are given in cwts. without dis- 
 ti'K'tion of varieties. 
 
 <^ys(crs are very abundant on many parts of 
 the shores of the United States; and their con- 
 sumption in N(,'w Y'ork and other great cities is 
 very large, though some of the statements that 
 li.ive been put fori h with respect to it appear to bo 
 extremely exaggerated. Baltimore is the grand 
 seat of the American oyster trade. Supplies of 
 oysters are sent frorn the feeding grounds and beds 
 belonging to that city to most parts of the Union. 
 (For further information with respect to this 
 curious and interesting subject, see the excellent 
 article on the Oyster in the work of Forbes and 
 llanley On British Mollusca, ii. pp. 305 — .'529; 
 Kvton On the Oyster, passim ; Pennant's British 
 Zoology ; The Oyster, when, how, and where to 
 Find S)-c, 18C3; Oyster Fishery: the Laws 
 which regulate it in Ireland, being chiefly a 
 reprint of Articles from various sources, Dublin 
 1864 ; &c.) ^ 
 
 The disposition of the English and French, as of 
 all other fishermen, to encroach, in pursning their 
 business, on the grounds belonging to the others, 
 gave rise to many disputes and collisions. To 
 terminate these a convention was agreed to in 
 1839, by which commissioners were appointed to 
 ascertain and fix the limits of the fishing grounds 
 
 I \ 
 I i 
 
 V 
 

 ^ ■ '\ I 
 \ \\ 
 
 ■ '< i 
 
 »8H 
 
 OVSTKIl 
 
 "t 
 
 (it'loii^'iii); to coch nation. Thpar, wliicli wvro laid 
 down in a tdmrt afflxpd to thn award of Ihn rom- 
 niiitaioiH'rH, w(<rc fixed, Hpoaliin); Koncrally, nt '.\ 
 inilfH' diittanni from low-watnr mark. alonf{ tint 
 ■lu>rpM of both countrinN ; and tlir tlsliin^ IxmtH of 
 cither wore prohihitcd from ccimiiiK within thpHo 
 limita of tho coa.ilH of the other, oxct'iit from HtresH 
 of weothcr, tho inlliicnce of tho tide*, or other 
 opceilicd cause. The roKiihitiDns laid down by 
 tho eommisMioners were earrieil 'nto effect by the 
 Act fi & 7 Viet. c. 7'J, to whieh tin were appnided ; 
 and it further provided that tli. oyitter iLtheries 
 Hhould o])cn on SeptcmlxT l,andelc>HooM April :I0. 
 It wa.H afterwardn etmeted by the IH Ik 1!) Viet. c. 
 iOI, that all oyHlern and dred^jex founil on board 
 tiithin); vesseU between May 1 and An^ust !!1 
 ini(;lit be 8eizcd, and that oyHtcrH landed between 
 tho above dutOM mi^ht also bo Hoi/.ed. 
 
 A dolicicney in tlin ordinary supply of oysters, 
 flnd the risk of their permanent decline, li>d the 
 LeRlslalure in I80G (2!) 4 MO Viet. c. HS) to make 
 provision for the maintenance of oyster and 
 mussel tishcrica ; an<l to attain tho same end 
 certain rules are laid down in tho Sea Fisheries 
 Act of 18C8, 31 & Hi Vict. c. ift, which repeals 
 the previous Acts already referred to and conlirms 
 the Fishery Convention with Franco of Nuveinbcr 
 11, 1867. 
 
 Tho following is an abstract of Port 111. of 
 tho lost-mentioned Act, wh'ch refers to oysters. 
 
 Tho Itoard of Trade, on memorial, can make an 
 order for tho establishment or improvement, and 
 for the maintcnanee and ro|^ulation of these beds. 
 (Sec. 29.) 
 
 If on consideration the Hoard of Trade opprove, 
 tho promoters must cause printed copies of tho 
 draft of tho onler to bo circulated anions; all 
 persons having interests in tho land adjoiuinf;, 
 who may make objections within ono month. 
 (Sees. 30, 31.) 
 
 After this interval, the Hoard shall appoint 
 aome lit person to act as inspector, who is to hold 
 a sitting or sittings concerning tho subject matter 
 of the said order, and receive evidence (sec. 32) ; 
 the inspector must report (sec. 33), and as soon as 
 convrnient the Board of Trade shall settle and 
 make the order (sec. o'l), oftcr which it must be 
 published by the promoters (sec. 35), who shall 
 ■defray all expenses. (Sec, 36.) 
 
 The continnation of tho orders must bo made 
 by Act of Parliament (sec. 37) ; if petition be 
 
 i)resentcd against Uill confirming order, the 
 iill shall be treated as a private one (sec. 38). 
 The Board of Trade mav amend the order. (Sec. 
 39.) 
 
 Those who obtain an order shall have the ex- 
 clusive right of depositing, propagating, dredging, 
 and fishing for and taking oysters and mussels 
 within the limits of their fishery (sec. 40). 
 The limits of the fishery to be morkcd. (Sec. 42.) 
 
 PACKAdH 
 
 The portion of tho sea-ihore shail be liclj t 
 within the county. (See. 4;),) 
 
 b« 
 
 No grant ean be eoiiferrrd for more th.n ,;„ 
 years. (Sec. 44. > '' 
 
 If the fishery is mi.tmar.aged. the L'rmit mav i,J 
 resume. . (Sec. 4:..) (;o,„..nt >.f the ^'S, I 
 
 rSec"4(i )" '*" "■ '■' "''J'"^'"' ^" '■'"'*" iiiiiJ 
 Compensation, if needed, to Im> made to ,i,J 
 owners of the shore under llie Unds ('lui,„.,(„, I 
 solidation Act. (Sec. 47.) The .inlerniunnoiul 
 made against rights conferred by special Act t 
 I'arhanient or royol charter, preseripiion »r im I 
 memorial usage, without tho eoiiHi'nt i,f ti.J 
 
 parties interested. (.Sec. 4H.) (;„pi,.,s , f ,i ^ , T 
 
 and Acts must be kept for sale, uniler a |»inltr^ 
 of 5/. and 1/. per diem. (See. 4i».) Annual llJ 
 port t(» Parliament to bo made by tho U„ar,| 2 
 Irmle (sec. CO), The fishery shall bo protcttrl 
 against the use of any fishing tackle, other thj 
 for floating fish, against dredging, dqrasit of ballaJ 
 
 or rubbish, placing any implement dc. likelv to b 
 prejudicial to the beds, under i)cnaltio.i varvina 
 from 2/. to 10/. besides damages. (.Sec, 53.) 'ih,,3 
 fidlowr certain additional regulations furproicctiud 
 of oyster beds. The Act does not cxtenil tnlrelinl 
 or the Channel Islands and Man. The cx^outiuJ 
 of this Act is committed to certain jca dihcnl 
 o.licers, viz. commissioned officers of her MajestvJ 
 ships on full pay, officers of the coast guard I'mf 
 customs, and persons appointed by the Frcrclj 
 Government to superintend the fisher'":, nhtn 
 to in tho convention with France, a. 8. An onid 
 in council of Februoijr 4, 18C9, contains a mai 
 regulations for lettering, numbering, and ngmd 
 ing sea fishing boots under the Sea KishenJ 
 Act of 1868. Tho 31 & .12 Vict. c. 63 mtuvA 
 in force the Act 2 Gen. II. c. 19 forregulaiinj 
 the Oyster Fisherj' in the Mcdway. 
 
 Irish Oyater "/'i«Aen>».— Licenses had 
 granted under 5 & 6 Vict. c. 106, and 13ilJ 
 Vict. c. 88, for the purpose of estabiishini! ovsi 
 beds in Ireland. By 29 & 30 Vict. c. dS,' thi 
 license is granted by commissioners ; thcfisheri^ 
 ore protected by tho some provisions u a 
 quoted above, and tho commissiunen may revob 
 tho license, if no proper steps arc taken to uw ta 
 license after tho lapse of three years. Thcpowfij 
 of the Irish Fishery Commissioners, ami llif 
 process by which the fisheries shall be developi ' 
 are carried out by another Act of the hul 
 session, 29 & 30 Vict. c. 97, the particulan o 
 which, mutatis mutandis, are the same as tho) 
 of the Act for Great Britain; and by 31 ki 
 Vict. c. 45 8. fi7, the Irish Fishery Comraissiont^ 
 are authorised to lay before her Majesty in coum 
 by-laws for restricting or regulating the dreil( 
 ing in any oyster beds near the Irish ro,i.<tbil 
 outside the exclusive fishery limits of theUriii'J 
 Isles. 
 
 4] 
 
 ■ . ■ ; 
 
 !.■■--> . 
 : ■■: 'S • t 
 
 PACKAGE, SCAVAGE, BAILLAGE, and 
 PORTAGE. Duties formerly charged in the 
 port of London on the goods imported and ex- 
 ported by aliens, or by denizens being the sons of 
 aliens. 
 
 During the dark ages, it was usual to lay 
 higher duties upon goods imported or exported by 
 .aliens, whether in British or foreign ships, than 
 were laid on similar goods when imiiortcd or ex- 
 
 ported by natives. But according as W""*!'* 
 more enlarged principles prevailed, tlw iliiw 
 distinction was gradually modified, Mil »« ' 
 length wholly abolished," in so far «t W " j 
 was of a public character, by the H (!«■ '" 
 c. 16. This Act, after reciting that tie «ven 
 duties and restrictions imposed by rtnoni Aa 
 of Pariiament upon merchandise «rf,byuie «'« 
 rations of the trade now carried onbet»e«iiiiii 
 
 IPKcioli; 
 
 I "icie, tai 
 
 I I (incia. 
 
I, to Im! made tn tli«| 
 lie IjiiuU ('luuit("<(o' 
 
 Till- orilcr mun nni In- 
 rred l>y spw'ial Act 
 •r, prescription, or im-l 
 
 tilt! rniiHi'nt iif tlifl 
 
 1) (Jopit'S c.f lllCiifilrf 
 
 r sale, iiihUt a ]»'m\\t 
 Hi'o. 41t.) Aiiniml \wA 
 matUt bv the lloanl ol) 
 icry slinil bo protKtrdI 
 hii'iK tackle, otiier than 
 silgiiiK, de|)0.iit of balUji 
 plcinrnt Ac. likely lot 
 indcr penalties var^■in, 
 moRca. ((Sec, W,) 'ihn 
 cgulutioiw for prcitcciiuii 
 ova not extend tnlreliDJ 
 id Man. The ex3cutioi| 
 id to certain sea lliher 
 I officers of her Majwt}'/ 
 of the coast guaril ani 
 ipointcd by the i'tmi 
 nd the fisher'":. rcferrJ 
 » France, s. 8. An am 
 18G9, contains a soricso 
 numbering, and regniB 
 under the Soa Fishera 
 [ .12 Vict. c. 63 continue^ 
 . II. c. 19 for regulalini 
 ic Mcdway. 
 iei.— Licenses had 
 [ict. c. 106, and 13 4 \\ 
 ose of establuhing oys 
 D & 30 Vict. c. 88, Ihi 
 iraissioners; thefislieri(| 
 same provisions w 
 jromissioners may revoW 
 steps arc taken to use thl 
 'three years. Thcpowej 
 Ci>mnussioncw, anil t» 
 hcries shall be develoiK 
 lother Act of the «u 
 c. 97, tiie particular! o 
 lis, are the same «s thof 
 Britain ; and by 31 4 3 
 .sh Fishery Comroissioiia 
 ore her Majesty in coutf* 
 or regulating the m 
 near the Irish w.i.<^|J 
 hery limits of the llnii."! 
 
 t according «»"«'' 
 es prevailed, thu*" 
 dlv modified, «d « 'j 
 
 ■^if bv the 24 G«. lU 
 
 rec'itingth.fth;««J 
 imposed by r«nm» AM 
 
 ,rch.ndise«.,br*'''g 
 ,w carried OB b«»««"" 
 
 PACKF/ra 
 
 jijijiiJ (iitv'ufn Stat<■^ in Home co-soh become 
 uniii'iesM'y burden upon commerce, without 
 llaiinc «"*' """' o^'vatitaRo to the public rc- 
 irtuc, snd tliat it in expedient they 8h»ul<l no 
 fljtr iwtinue," enacts, that the duly commonly 
 1(1 'the lielty customs,' imposed by tli(! t'2 Cli. 
 n and «11 "'''^'f tt'Wi'"<""»' duties iniiMised by any 
 i(iui»>nlhe gtK)d:f of aliens above tiiose puvablo 
 Iborii subjects, sbould be no longer 
 Act tlien gcM'H on to provide, tbat 
 
 tt aaiu. 
 
 loihinu touiaineil in it shall ' niter the diities due 
 Bar«vable uptin goods imported into or exported 
 Vn tiii« kin^dmn in any foreiyn ship, no.- the 
 ^iiie, 1,1 fuikuye and uavni/e, or any duties 
 (tuttd tiy charter to the city of London ;' and 
 lien lollow provisions to prevent tlio citY bcint; 
 jifriudidofsuch duties by false entries of aliens' 
 .•ndiiuthe name of a Uritisli subject. (Cliitty's 
 l;«iimi(i/ Liw, vol. i. p. 100.) 
 Ihedulics thus preserved to tlio city were not 
 w ti.«vy ; but the principle on wbicli tlii'y were 
 mnuntlwos exceedingly objectionable, and their 
 ■ jetliuu was attended with a great deal of 
 mW ami inconvenience. Not being levied in 
 ((ier places they operated to tbo prejudice of the 
 i-ide «( the metropolis. For these ron.xons, we 
 ,i«noil, in the first edition of this work, that 'if 
 :htfaiidsof the corporation will not admit of their 
 liininc the liberal example of the Legislature, 
 ktvulaniarily abandonin;; this vexatious impost, 
 ii«(i«ldb«g"ood policy to give them a compensa- 
 tion iut relinquishing it.' And this suggestion 
 kaiiinwliiea carried into effect. The Act 3 4 4 
 We iV.(, SO authorised the Lords of the Treasury 
 to [Jilise up the duties in question from the 
 Biv, llils was done, at an expense of about 
 1*'m<v/., and the duties were abolished. 'I'liere 
 inuWeof the duties in the lirst edition of this 
 ink. 
 
 MCKETS. [ Docks (Southampton, Li veu- 
 wtlc); Nkw Yokk; I'assknokhs ; I'osi- 
 urricE. I 
 
 V.aKlLMO (anciently I'anohmu.s). A large 
 rily and seaport, the capital of the noble island of 
 Siilv, on the north coast of which it is situated, 
 lie lichthouse being in lat. 'M° 8' 1ft" N., hmg. 
 13' ♦.''iO' K, Population, in 18(12, 1(!7,G'.'5. 
 The bay of Palermo is about 5 miles in breadth, 
 the city being situated on its .south-west .shore. 
 ( .\ fine mole, fully \ mile in length, having a ligbt- 
 tweand tattcry at its extremity, projects in a 
 JtDlhetly direction from the arsenal into 9 or 10 
 fathoms water, forming a convenient port, capable 
 iffontaining a great number of vessels. This 
 imni'nsc work cost about 1,000,000/. sterling: in 
 it! construction ; the lighthouse was improvc<i in 
 1*J3, It gives a Hash every 2 ."minutes, and is 
 Ti<iblcatlrom U to 14 miles. It is 92 feet above 
 hiph water. There is an inner port, which is rc- 
 HrveJ fur the use of the arsenal. Ships that do 
 U mean to go withm the mole may anchor about 
 (Bile from it, in from 1(5 to 23 fathoms, the mole 
 felit bearing N.VV. ^ W. A heavy sea sometimes 
 mils into the bay, but no danger need be appre- 
 hended by ships properly found in anchors and 
 chain cables. In going into the bay, it is neces- 
 •ary to keep clear of the nets of thetminy lishery, 
 for these are so strong and well moored as to be 
 capatlc of anresting a ship under sail. (Smyth's 
 Sfi7j, p. 70, and Appen. p. 4.) 
 •Vonfy.-Since 1«18, the coins of Sicily have 
 ten the same as those of Naples, their' names 
 (inly differing. [Naples.] Thn ducat, = 3». 5-2</. 
 hteriing, IS subdivided into 100 bajucchi and 10 
 Ipiccio/i; but accounts are still generally kept in 
 I wcie, tari, and grani: 20 grani = 1 taro ; ' 30 tari = 
 Iloncia. The oncia=3 ducats; and 1 carlluo of 
 
 l'ALi;i{.M() OHO 
 
 Naples »1 taro of Sicily. The Spanish dollar is 
 current at 12 tari H grani. For money of the 
 Kingdimi of Italy, see (Joins ; <iK,.Nt),\ ; iiv. 
 
 Wtiyht: — These are Ihi^ lantarn grn»»ii, sub- 
 divided into 100 rottuli gninii of 33 onele, or into 
 IK) roltoli sottili of 30 oncie; and the canlaro 
 MiUile, subiliviiK'd into KM) rott(di sottili of 30 
 oncie, or 2.')0 lb. of 12 oncie. The rottolo of 33 
 ounceS'l'U3 lb. avoirdu|Kiis = 2'.'M lb. Troy — 
 8-73 hectogrammes- 1 -77 lb. of AinNlerdamn 
 18 lb. of Hamburg. The rotlulo of 30 ounce* 
 =3l"7ft lb. uv(iirdupois = 2'13 lb. Troy ■-- 7''.) I hecto- 
 grammes- l'(! lb. of Amsterdam— I'C I lb. i:4 
 Hamburg. 
 
 loo Sicilian pounds of 12 ounces =» 70 lb. avoir- 
 dupois ---85- 11 lb. troy = 31-7(i kilog. = (;4'23 lb. of 
 Amsterdam- (i.')".'>8 lb. of Hamburg. 
 
 Measuren. — Tbo talma f/roj.H« -9'48 Winch, 
 bush,: the luJma jienerale-^'-6'i Winch, bush. 
 
 The principal linuid measure is the tonna, di- 
 vided nito 4 barili, each equivalent to 'J'i win« 
 gallons. 1 burile-2 i|uartarc ; 1 ({uartara'>20 
 i|uartucci. The catllso of oil ^4) Kng. gallons. 
 
 The yard or r«n/w = 8 palmi; 2^ palms- 1 
 yard Kng. (Nelkeiibrecher; Smyth, p. 02 App.) 
 riiesc local measures are now, however, su|>er- 
 Heded in great measure by the a(U)pti<jn of th« 
 metrical system, which is legalised throughout 
 the kingdom of Italy. 
 
 TarcH. — Coffee, indigo, pepper, and dye woods, 
 2 per cent, and weight of package. Cinnamon, K 
 rottoli perserou, with 1 wrapucr, or 8 roltoli, with 
 2 wrappers ; cocoa, 2 per cent., weight of pack- 
 age, and 3 per cent, for dust ; cod-lish, 3 per cent. ; 
 herrings, 12 per cent.; tin, 13 rottoli per barrel ; 
 wax, weight of package, and 3 to 4 per cent, extni 
 allowance; Ilavannali sugars, 10 percent.; lirazil 
 do,, in short cases, 18 per cent., and in hing case.", 
 20 per cent. ; crushed sugar, weight of cask, and 5 
 per cent., or 13 per cent, in all, at the option of 
 the buyer; Kast India do. in bags, 8 rot. to 10 
 rot. per bag. 1 rottolo taken U8 weight of bag, for 
 coll'ee and cocoa in bags. 
 
 Charges <m Goods.— Ihc regular chargt's on the 
 sale of goods consigned to Palermo are — cotn- 
 mission, 3 per cent.; brokerage, ^ jter cent.; 
 warehouse rent, ^ per cent. ; and |)orterage aiul 
 boat hire; with 2 per cent. </cf credere — import's 
 being almost always sold on credit. The charges 
 may occasionally vary J to I per cent., and imports 
 are" frequently sold duty])aid; the price.<, however, 
 80 obtained, fully compensate for the trifling in- 
 crease of charges. 
 
 The charges on gooils exported are — 3 per cent, 
 commission ; brokerage, so much per cantaro, 
 sulma &c., generally amounting to about >, per 
 cent., except on fruit, on which equivalent to from 
 2 to 3 per cent. 
 
 Trade of Sicily. — The shipping; rose from 7,340 
 vessels, 935,000 tons, in 18(i5, to 8,970 vessels, 
 1,331,709 tons in 1800 ; 290,000 tons were British, 
 4u0,300 tons French, 440,000 tons Italian, in the 
 latter year. In 1807 the number of vessels fell 
 to 8,170, but the toimage rose to 1,. 584, 179, ih« 
 British tonnage having ilecreased, while that of 
 the French, Italians, and Americans increased. 
 
 The following is the summary of Sicilian tra%U 
 in 1807 :— 
 
 t'ountrin 
 
 Imtiortt 
 
 Eiporti 
 
 Total 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Araprlcn.Unlled Stat» 
 
 33,4^0 
 
 428,130 
 
 401,880 
 
 Ifullic, lielKium, lier- 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.'il,07(i 
 
 394,500 
 
 715,576 
 
 Fr.iiue 
 
 .';»8,9CU 
 
 5U'J,1U0 
 
 908,060 
 
 Great Britain and Co- 
 
 
 
 
 
 757,610 
 
 930,V.W 
 
 1,687,869 
 
 iMIian States 
 
 16,1,177 
 
 214,530 
 
 407,707 
 
 Otlier L'ouiilrin 
 
 V.«)7,2ir> 
 
 314,5(10 
 
 'J07.470 
 
 Tolal 
 
 1I,S'^I,3I9 
 
 .M 18.569 ) 
 
 11 
 
 I 
 
 ■Hi 
 
 H ■ 
 
 It: "i 
 
UOt) 
 
 I'AI.KUMd 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 •: 
 
 I ! 
 
 I i 
 
 'riio riilo iif cxcliftii;,'!- iliiriiig the yrnr I8(i7 wan 
 '2(lMi{) livn's |MT |miiiiil MtirliiiK. 
 
 /m/KiihiiHil A.'.r/dir/.f, — Uiiriiij; tliovnirs IHtt'J — 
 IHtll till' itii|i()rtt iiihl ('X|M>rlH "I' Sirilv wiTi' m 
 (.timI 111 :\:M7/<','M. nii.l •J,h:,\,'X,M. '\,7X\,l\-2\l., 
 mill •.',7l»-.>,H0,'>/., 'J.Odl.l'.IU. unil •>,H'.)-2,r,7N. 
 
 i'liii j;r('iit iirlicli'H nC rxpurt Iroin Sirilv nri> — 
 olivi' oil, ^niiii, part ii'iilarlv wlu'iil nnil hiirlry ; xilk, 
 liriiiiNliiiir, wine niiil linimly, Imrillii, Ii'iihiiim niiii 
 oriiii^i'H, li'nion jiiii'i', iiiiiiiiia, .sliiiiiiiu', liiisi'i'il, Imit, 
 i4:ill('<| Uili iMiil nnU ; wil.li iir^Kl, lii|iii>ri<'(', |iiiiiiin' 
 Nliiiir, Ti\n*, HkiiiH, liipiicy, I'lillnii wool, HilTnui Ar. 
 Wlifiil i^ liir^;rlyt'xi)i)rli'il. It i .iirAinixiil(|iialily, 
 li.iril, mill i.i p'licnilly hhIiI iVi'iii tli.' | iililic iiifi;rii 
 ziiu"*, or nirifdtiiri (piwt), liy llir.iftiiri', witliimt 
 wri^ilit. Hut tlic lii'st linril wliiMl tjrowii in llii' 
 lU'i^lilioiirliiiiiil iif I'lilrniiii is Milil Ity llir hiiIiiiii 
 of *.'7'2 I'litloliai't; III. I'lii;^. ; tin; ilitli'i'inri' Ih'- 
 
 Iwi'i'ii wi'IkIiI mill iiiia'*iiri' lu'lii;,' iiiiuli' p; 1 liy 
 
 till' Hi'lirr or liiiyrr, ;n ilic rasr iiiiiv lif. Wiiii- is 
 |irinri|>ally Hlii|i|iril I'ruiii Manala; li'iimii'i, nraii^CH, 
 mill Irinim jiiiri', t'roiii MisHiiia; salt.t'roiii Triiiimii; 
 anil liarilla, t'ruin tin- .iiMillirrn (Niast. Hut till tlii' 
 arliclo.s to III' roiiiiil on tin* riiasi may, fur llii' 
 most part, lie liiiil at ralrrnio ; iinlrs.i, Imwi'vcr, 
 tluM|iiiinliiy rciiniri'il III' miiall, it i.i usually best 
 to Hliip tlii'ni troin tlir mitportii, lliu cxpnisi' of 
 llirir c'onvcynni'o to riilri'iiio liriiifj; vrry lii'avv. 
 'riu> crops of barilla ami i-liiiiuai^ I'lmn' to niaiki't 
 ill Ailf^u.st; but briinstoiir. Halt, oil, wiiu', ra^r; Ar. 
 tiiay Ki'iii'rully bi; bail all thi' year roiiiiil. 'I'lii' 
 first Hbiptni'iitH of leinoiH ami ormiK'''' may be 
 inadu in the bof^iniiiii;; of Novrmbi-r. 1 uri')iasi\s 
 of proiluci> arc always paiil for in casli, >;ciierally 
 ^ on iiiukin^; the purcliiisi-, ami tlio other ^ on 
 <lelivory, when in I'alernio, anil on rereivinR 
 order lor delivery on the eoast. 
 
 The imports consist of eottim .stuffs, lineni*, 
 mid woollens; sugar, coffee, eoeoa, dyo slnffs,iroii, 
 «'artlienware, spices, coal, tin, hides, Newfound- 
 land eod, timber for building Ac. The best of 
 the old accounts of the trade of Sicily that we 
 liavc met with is contained in Swinburne's 
 Tntvtls in the Two Sicilies, Mo.c 1. vol. ii. pp. <lt)l 
 — Ii;i. Wo Imve, also, derived much valuable 
 iiiforniation from the elaborate Jieiuirlx of Mr. 
 i'onsul (toodwin, one of the most intelligent of 
 that cla.s.s of functionaries. 
 
 The value of the imports into Sicily from tlie 
 United Kingdom amounted in IKOG to 4.51,000/., in 
 1H,57 to 309,000/., uiul in 181i7, a,s we sec above, to 
 7,")7,(!10/. The principal articles are cotton stuffs 
 and yarn, linens and wooilens, iron, coal, hard- 
 ware and earthenware, colonial prodi-'ie &c. 
 
 Retnarha on the Trade §t. <;/ S'eili/. — This 
 noble island contains about lOrnc square miles, 
 being the largest in the Medit'rrMi.can, and one 
 of the most fertile and best situat 'u in the world. 
 Its po|)nlation in 18(12 was 2,;!'.)|,802. In ancient 
 limes, Sicily was celebrated for the number, mag- 
 nitude, and opulence of its cities. Notwithstand- 
 ing that its population was then probably 
 treble its present amount, it obtained, from 
 its furnishing vast supplies of com and other 
 articles of provision for the use of Kome, the 
 appropriate epithet of 'horrcum Komanonim,' and 
 is said by Ltvy to have been < Populo Homano, 
 pace ac bcllo, tidissimum annunoisubsidium.' (Lib. 
 xxvii. cap. 5.) But (' quantum mutatus ! ') there 
 are now few countries in which agriculture and 
 the arts are in so degraded a state. It does not, 
 Iiowcver, appear very difficult to account for this 
 nielanclioly change. After the overthrow of the 
 Ikoman power, Sicily was occupied successively 
 by the Greeks, Saracens, Normans, and French, 
 till at length it became a dependency, first of the 
 Crown of Spain, and more recently of that of 
 
 till' 
 
 Naples. It is to (his depi'iidiiiri', and lo 
 Iroiluetiiiii of the fiiidnl Hystiin l.v tlii' N,1,,„J 
 that itH Imi'kward stoli' is pririii|uilly t„ |„ 
 iribi'd. Till' niultiplii'il abusi's whidi nrrn ! 
 Spain undir tlie reign of |.Vriliimiiilaii,| hi, „„.,,, 
 siirs of the Austrian line, tlmriilii'il win, 
 luxurianee in Siiil; , hihI have pruvnl ,„ 
 deHtrui'tivf of the industry mill eiviliwilion „i 
 inhaliilaiits than tliime of .Spain. Mi»n(,virnn',. 
 the aliuse-i i)f till' ti'iiilal system, iiiM'iurilv i 
 iiiieipinl and arbitrary la\i''s, li.ivr h,.,,., „/,!,,',, 
 wlirre else, paralysed iiiilustry, ami iinli.iuri,|i, 
 the people. 
 
 Hut the grand eurse of Sieiliaii, as of Sunliiii, 
 imliislry, will piubulily lie fmiml ni tlii' iinpr,,,,, 
 reslrielions that were for a Inn:' tiiiii' |||i,| ,,n 
 exportiUioii of corn. Down t.i a lain |,,.ri„| 
 cnrii eiiulil lie exported without Icavo liiln;; 
 Ural J'litr: iiiiitiii, n Ijoily 
 
 taiiieil friiiii llie 
 
 of till 
 
 ' i'"i(H, la 
 
 pretended to take an ai'i'iuiiit 
 whii'li deleriiiiiii'il wlielher (here were to I* 
 exportation; and in the event of itshein^'aih 
 it issued, or rather sold, licenses to a frw lav.jui 
 individuals, authiirisiiig tliein to export tern. 
 sjM'cilied iiiiantities. I';ven liinl .Siiily \^y„ ,, 
 tiliies more proiliielive than she. reullv i", \i 
 niiile impossible that agrieiiliiirc cmilii hai 
 llourished under sueli discimragoini'iil.s. I,iii|,i 
 these oppressive restraints have Ihi'ii iilmlblii 
 ami there nrv no longer any iilista' j.'s to ilir 
 exportation of corn. Oppressive taxoi, ihc « 
 of lenses of a reasonable length, ami of pr.uii i. 
 roads, are still, perhaps, the greaten elma.ii's 
 agrieiiltiire. 
 
 At the present time (IHliO) the union of m 
 all Italy, with the chief islands adjoining uui 
 one and that a responsible (invemmffiii, kidi 
 to hope that at no very rciniitc iliUc tlic cuainii 
 cial iirosperity of Sicily will iirogri's,< wiih 
 social and polnical liberties. At present, asmii 
 be expected, tlji.i jirogress is slow. Tlicdcveli 
 nieiil of the kingdom of Italy has been olipckcil 
 the great cost of the wors undertaken for the pi 
 pose of securing Italian unity, by the cxpeii! 
 which a popular (ioveniincnt invariably enuili 
 and for some time after its establiatimi'ni, bv 
 fact that piditical changes do unsettle and Jcrai 
 trade, and by the delays which timidity and 
 action have put in the way of those changes whi( 
 must be accepted before any great progress 
 possible. These difficulties and liindrancia 1 
 been felt most fully in the outlyinjf parts ol 
 Italian kingdom. Thus, during tbo year 18l 
 there was an insurrection in Sicily; lud Mr, ' 
 sul Goodwin has been justified in attinning tl 
 the industry of Sicily haa been checked by 
 event, a.^ well as by the severe visitation of 
 cholera in that year and 18ti7. 
 
 The property of the island was valued in 181 
 when tlic English garrison and fleet occaaione' 
 great demand, and high prices for produce of 
 kinds ; and this valuation has been continued 
 this doy, as the basis on which the lind 
 house tox (fondiaria) is levied. A rate of 71 
 cent, on the valuation was first charged, whi 
 was subsequently raised to 12J per cent, at w 
 it is now fixed. Owing, as is stated, to 
 fall in the price of agricultural produce f 
 1811, this tax has been alleged to be more 
 equivalent to a duty of 26 per cent, on 
 produce of the soil taken at its present vjiin 
 to be a very great obstacle to improvement 
 believe, however, that its influence in itawi 
 though considerable, has been much overal 
 and that the backward state of Sicil.vM pni 
 pally owing to other and different causes- 
 Though there be in Sicily s verj- coiisi«n 
 
I'AI.MIIMO 
 
 'JIM 
 
 i-ni'i', and to llu> 
 rni by llii! Niirniiin^ 
 iriii>'i)>ully til li 
 ii'» whicli i;rrw !■ 1 1| 
 Imniiil mill \\h iiiki) 
 
 nlirislH'll with 
 Imvi' )>tuviil Hi, in 
 
 mill I'iviliMilum (il id 
 lUii. MiJi);iivm\iivni 
 tlcm, iiwciiirily, ,iji( 
 , hiivi' lure, ttj c'virjL 
 try, niul iiiiiiovcriiliij 
 
 iciliitii, III* (if Sarliiiia 
 Diiiiil ill till' ii|i|iri'«Ma 
 
 llllM' llllll' luiil III) ilj 
 'II t'l II llltc jirrii'd 1 
 
 Iri iiiiniii, !i IhiiIv 
 mill III till •■fiip», iflj 
 ' ilirri' wiTo to Ik I 
 L'ut of itAlK'iii(;allimi| 
 'iMidi'it lu « fi'W lavoun 
 lit'iii 111 I'xpiirl ccnil 
 I'll litul Sicily lii'i'ii i4 
 mil ulii". ri'ully is it f 
 iHrii'iiltiiri! cuiild liil 
 i)iirii(;om<Mils. I,iii'liil| 
 .s liiivo lii'i'ii nlxilislJ 
 iiy oUstfl' if* IoIIk' 111 
 irc.xsivf taxi's, the *a/ 
 •until, ami iif practiiaJ 
 tlio gmitcsl I'bsiaclis I 
 
 K(',9) the union of lua 
 islands adjoiniiit;, uuil 
 )U^ Cliivi'mmpnt, ImiLh j 
 ciiiolc ilutc the I'liuim^ 
 r will iirii^'ri'ss »iili 
 Wn. At prcfcnt, asmid 
 fn is nlow. Tlie dcvelJ 
 tuly liiis l)pcn clipckcdl 
 umlcrtakcii for llic pd 
 uiiitv, by the cxpenJ 
 iciit invariably cnUiUJ 
 Its establishment, by I 
 , (111 unsettle ami Jcrani 
 whioli tiniiility and i 
 ,y of those changes wbiJ 
 ) wiv great proj?res! 
 C8 and hindraiicia bi 
 he outlyinR pans of I 
 dutinn the year 1» 
 in Sicily, and Mr. t^ 
 stifled iii affinnmg m 
 a been checked bytr 
 severe visitation of t 
 .867. , _ ,,l 
 
 jnd was valued in ij 
 m and fleet occasione* 
 prices for produce oil 
 I has been conunuedl 
 Hon which the land f" 
 levied. A rate of li 
 [as first charged, »JJ 
 121 per cent, at "i^ 
 u as is stated, 10,1 
 Rcultural produce i 
 lleged to be ■«« ' 
 25 per cent, on i 
 lilt its present vala«,« 
 
 fe to inipf"«ri ' 
 \ntiuenceintliuMPi 
 
 been much ovem" 
 tate of Sicily i^P'' 
 liffeientcauss' 
 
 ilvaverj-ccnsito 
 
 „(.,t iif MHiill iiro|iri«'li)rn, liv Cur tlio Kft'iitur 
 
 ,„ll|l,, luiidlMiloiiKntollii' I'riiwii, the (Ihiirrh, 
 
 '"i ih,' mdiilily, '••"'"' "' wliiiin havo vi-ry ex 
 
 ..iv aiuUaliiiibl'' I'-'lnl'" I>i>wm to i» nci'iil 
 
 ^1 ihi'iir iviTr Ik'IiI iiikIit II Myxli'iii III' hirii't 
 
 Hill, mill Ihi'ir i«'ru|ii''rt, ii'* well im ihoso of tlir 
 
 iji,.j,if ilit'Cniwii ami llm ('liiiitli. iiHimlly liilil 
 
 '',,l„ trHiiiiial l''iii"''''> "'"' wiri' in n hlulc of 
 
 vjlal iKiiiilnp', mill Hiilijri'l lo iiiiiiii'roiii <>x- 
 
 'v>l< III! IIk-' |i"I'' "' ''"'■'' IoI'iIh, lllllirr Nlll'll 
 
 'ri;in«iaiiiTS I'Vi'll llmiiuli llirro liiiil liirii 
 
 ^iili ' ri'KtrirliiitH on i'X|iorlntioii nor ii liiiiil 
 
 yi ihi- ili'pri'K.'t'il ninililiori of tin' |ii'«.siinlry, 
 
 „i',l„. liiw stair of nK'riiiilmri', nei-il not l«' 
 
 Mi'ttTl'll ,1. , , , , , , 
 
 iliillu'dawii III a liiltiT liny liiiil arisen, ov(!n 
 ,,,„n.ilH'i'.HtiihliKliiiii'iii ofllii' KiiiKiloiiiof llnly; 
 ,,iil irap'Tlani chiuiKr.i liiiviiin licrii iiitro 
 ,l.inlaiili'riiir III III!" i'X|iiil.'<ioli oi' the llourlniiiH. 
 iittijvc ulfi'aily iiiiiii'i'il lliii ri'Tiioval of llin ii'- 
 
 eii'ini"""''!""'"''"" ' "'"' '" '^'''' '""' '"'"^ 
 
 j«. mfi' pasiiil for till' abolition of llio I'i'ililal 
 
 iv4(iii, and II"' I'liiiijih'li' i'iimiu'ii»ilion of tlio 
 
 Mjiiiry. And, iiolwillistiiiuliiiK llm iiovcrfy 
 
 Sijiwranci'iifllic lallrr will liiinliT Ihciii lioni 
 
 fJi^ proliiiiit,' to tlid oxti'iit llmt nii>,'lit lie 
 
 iiitii|iilid friini llie riii''-''i>iK' <••' lli<"*<'. lawn. Iliin 
 
 (MSi* fail, in till' fUil. to 1)1' prodiiclivo of llie 
 
 Iwteffrt'K Itwiisalno cnacli'il in IMItl, lliat in 
 
 fam.oii the di'iilli of any iiiiliviiliial posstmscil 
 
 .; Ill eM III' in laiiii, anil liaviii^ nioro than oiio 
 
 .1.,'i lalfonly of till' I'ntati' shoulil tlfsciiid lo 
 
 ll>»V."'.s<in, llllll that till' oflicr half shoiilil lie 
 
 il,\vvii.iii|iial slinrt's ainoiij; the olhrr chililrpn. 
 
 Ifclii.wbii'luipprars lo have bi'fii franicil on 
 
 111 Di'iil III that which rcjjiilalrM tin- n«i'(3ussi<)n 
 
 l»irf<nyiii li'rani'i', will probably liavo ni'iirly 
 
 mytSteU. In biilli coimtiicK, tlio abiiscM of 
 
 «iiil- ii)i);lit Imvo bw'ii obviated without running 
 
 11!" lb" (i|i|iiisite t'Xtrpmi', anil (atabli.shiiif? ii 
 
 Mniibali-nn hardly fail in tlio. end to occasion 
 
 ikion'nat (livi.'iiiiii of lanili'il property. 
 
 Eiclu'iiK' of wheat and barley, licnip, llax, and 
 
 WM iri' raised without murh labour. The eiil- 
 
 tn» (f till' last is said to bo oxtiniliiif? of lute 
 
 twfiispecially in the ii'..'i^'hboiirliuod of Ma/./ara. 
 
 tiiiniiKtly shiirt-flapled, and but little is ex- 
 
 i«nH, and that only to Naples and Trieste. It 
 
 iimbiblf, however, that by attention to its cnl- 
 
 IsK Mill the introdiicthm of improved varieties, 
 
 is quality might be improved, and it ini(;lit 
 
 liCTnt ail article of some importance, 'riie 
 
 npwani; wa« formerly a staple product of the 
 
 Siilh sh;ri.' of Sicily. l!ut owinfj to the intro- 
 
 teoiH'f cheaper sugar from the Wcat Indies 
 
 itl Brazil, the culture of the cane is now re- 
 
 mti to some Bmall plantations near Avoln, 
 
 islwill probably at no distant period be wholly 
 
 il*iJi)nttl. The culture of wheat is now to a 
 
 mt extent abandoned for that of rice, flox, oiid 
 
 WIDE. 
 
 Tkedistrict round Marsala is the principal scat 
 
 '< tin inc culture; and, thanks to the exertions 
 
 «|»e English capitalists establislied in that city, 
 
 ^< l«'«luction of wine is become an important 
 
 n*b, if industry, and it forms a principal article 
 
 ,"«porl. [Wine.] But, except in the Englisli 
 
 |6iiJii>hments, little care is in general bestowed 
 
 wvintagc. Along the north coast, the moun- 
 
 "1 slopes and valleys are almost wholly covered 
 
 a olive groves; tliouj;h elsewhere thev are 
 
 m do not furnish sufflcient oil for tlic in- 
 
 'i"i«nts. But for the imperfections in the mode 
 
 ^wpttparation, the oil of Sicily would be ex- 
 
 *i". The olives arc permitted to hang on 
 
 m till they come off with shaking, or 
 
 pgwith Ught canes; and they are then 
 
 kept ill vnlH lill they jjet qiillo black, so 
 Hull Ihi' oil beeoMirs piiii|;ent mill raiieiil, iiiiil, 
 llioii^'h lit for the lump, is lolally unlit lor the 
 tiilile. Il i, iiiily mar Hie rapilal and in ii few 
 ithrr phires that a more improved priMM'ss is lot- 
 
 low ri I 
 
 enions and oranges, wliieh (;row liixiiri 
 
 mil ly, are of excellent, i|iialil.y, widl adapted for 
 long viiyiigeH, and, v\bi'ii inlinilril for exporlalioii, 
 are nilli'i'leil with more eare lliaii any other agri- 
 I'lilliiral prodiii'l. They are lar^'ily exported, and 
 an iltogelher highly important. Mniiuids, pisla 
 I bios, dales, inaddrr, the barilla pliiiil, b»/.el iiiiIh, 
 the Uiiimiii iHiliiiii, or easlor oil plant, NalVnui, lo 
 baei'ii ill'., inigbt all be raised in .my iiiiiintily ; 
 but Ibeir eiilliire is fur the niiml part nenleeled,"or 
 il' eondiK'led. The mulberry is grown in the 
 vicinity of Messina, and in llie norlh east part i-f 
 the island; but the priiiliii'e of silk does not exceed 
 ■11)0,(1110 lb. a-year; and the siasons of IHIIIl miil 
 lHli7 have been ho nlifiivoiirable that it is feiinil 
 Sicilv will beconni periniineiilly the least pro- 
 
 duet ive of the 
 Kingdom. The m 
 
 ilU d 
 
 istnets III 
 
 r till 
 
 Italiii 
 
 I ash is grown near the 
 capital, and, maiinu not being nioiio|iolised by 
 the (iovernmeiit in .Sicily, it ml^hl b<! a iniieli 
 more extensive and prolitable article of trade 
 than it really is, if there were any public enter- 
 prise. I.iipioriee is foiiiid growing wihl in several 
 parts of the Island, and eonsiderable (iiiaiititieH 
 of Juice are expurteil. The eiilfiire of Hlinmae is 
 a guild dial attended to, and il forms a prinei|ial 
 article id' export. 
 
 Kornierly there were only certain ports from 
 wliieb corn could L.' exported; a limitation wliieli 
 gave rise lo the establishment at these ports of 
 public iiiagn/ines or ruriaitori, where tlie corn 
 may be deposited lill an opporl unity oi'ciirs of 
 shipping it olV. Provided it beof piod quality {iiier- 
 raulibih or rirrtihili), and provided it be brought 
 in immediately after harvissl, or, at furthest, in 
 August, it is warehoused free of expense; what it 
 gains in bulk alYer that period (about h per ei^nt.) 
 lK;iiig Hiillicient to defray all expenses, 'I'he re- 
 ceipt of the cnrirtitor. or keeper of the maga/.inc, 
 is negoMable like a bill of exchange, and is the 
 object of H|)ecnlative purchases on the exchange at 
 I'lilenno, Messina <te., according to tlie expeeteil 
 rise or fall in the price of corn. The depositor 
 of a rpiantity sells it in such porlionn as he pleases, 
 the whole being faithfully accounted for. The 
 public magazines, in some parts of the island, are 
 cither excavations into calcareous rock.i, or hides 
 in the ground shaped like a bottle, walled up, 
 and made waterproof, containing each about 2U0 
 salmc of corn, or about 1,600 Knglish bushels. 
 The neck of the bottle is lierinetically clo.sed 
 with a stone fa.stencd with gj'psum. Corn may 
 .10 thus preserved for an indeiinito length of 
 time; at least, it has been found in perfectly 
 good order after the lapse of a century. (Si- 
 mond, p. 640; Swinburne, vol. ii. p. 405. l""or 
 an account of the oil caricatori of Naples, sec 
 Ol.lVE On-.) 
 
 The lisheries are chiefly conducted by corpora- 
 tions of fishermen, or moneyed individuals. That 
 at I'alermo employs, during the season, from 900 to 
 1,000 boats, Liid 3,500 li.shermeii ; and the produce 
 is valued at from 20,000/. to 25,000/. a-year. 
 Tunnies, the fish principally caught on the Sicilian 
 coasts, and which were in great request in an- 
 tiquity, as well as in modern times, arc of lar^c 
 dimensions, being generally from 4 to 8 feet in 
 length, with a nearly equal girth. Their flesh 
 is highly nutritious. The shoals of tunny enter 
 the Mediterranean early in the year. The ton- 
 nare, or fishing establishments, on the Sicilian 
 coast, arc nioro extensive and valuable than those 
 
 .11' 
 
 •fli 
 
^ I- ■ 
 
 . 
 
 ■M 
 
 ■; 1 
 
 ■; i ' 1 
 
 ■':~iM 
 
 i 
 
 • i 
 
 .1 
 
 ■]i. 
 
 n 
 
 ■ ■ f 
 
 
 N ■ 
 
 ■!:i 
 
 903 
 
 PALM OIL 
 
 of any otiicr part of the Mediterranean. Tlio 
 tiHhcry of tlio sword-'^Hh in coclincd chictly to the 
 Straits of Messina, hnd the anchovy and pihihard 
 liflhcrieB to Siciilania. Lontini has some trade in 
 tmtarga, made of the roc of the niullct. The coral 
 tisherj', near Hono, in Africa, is principally fre- 
 quented by fishcmicu from Trapani, pt which city 
 the coral is polished, and brought for exportation 
 to Catania, Nanles, Leghorn dtc. 
 
 The minerals of Sicily are important ond 
 valuable, Sulphur ranks first ; it is found in great 
 quantities imbedded in blue marl, or in gvpsum 
 and limestone, over most of the central and south 
 parta of the island. The sulphur mines have 
 been wroH(;lit for upwards of ;J00 years ; but it is 
 only since 1820 that any extraordinary quantity 
 bus' been prepared for exportation. Subsequently 
 to IHitiJ, the trade with this country increased so 
 much that the export of sulphur to the United 
 Kingdom rose from 19,122 tons in the above year, 
 to ii8,Cu4 tons in 1838. In this year, however, 
 the Neapolitan Ciovemment granted to a French 
 company the monopoly of the trade in sulph >r, 
 the ]>roduction of wliich was to be limited to 
 (iUO,()UO quintals, to be su[)plicd to the company 
 by the proprietors of the mines at certain iixcd 
 prices, on condition of the lottor paying to the 
 (iovenimcnta bonus of -100,000 Neapolitan ducats 
 a-year. It is needless to dwell on the impolicy 
 and absurdity of such a |)rojcct. Instead of 
 attempting to limit the export of sulphur, (Jovern- 
 me.it should have given it every possible facility ; 
 and taking the export under a irce system at only 
 1,000,000 quintals, it would have yielded, at the 
 low duty of 2s. per cwt. on export, a larger 
 sum than was to be j)aid by tlie company for 
 their monopoly. Luckily, a firm remonstrance 
 by Knglaud occasioned the supjircssion of the 
 monopoly, and the sulphur trade is again re- 
 stored to its former state. In 1803, 152,7()2,G15 
 kilos were exported. The total export of sulphur 
 from Italy (almost entirely from Sicily) iti 1805 
 was 145,316,<)35 kilos. Some sulphur mines ore 
 wrought by English speculators, with machinery 
 brought from England, and workmen from Wales, 
 Cornwall, and Scotland ; but in most of the otlicr 
 mines the processes are very rude, and, in melt- 
 ing, agreat part of the sulphur is allowed to escape 
 in gas, to the destruction of the surrounding 
 vegetation. Sicily furnishes saltpetre of excellent 
 quality in sufficient quantity for her own consump- 
 tion, but from want of enterprise little if any is 
 produced for exportation. Kock salt, bitumen, 
 gypsum, and marble of difTerent kinds, are found 
 in vorious places ; and good salt is made at Tr.v 
 pani, and other coast towns. There are also ores 
 of copper, lead, mercurj', and iron, but very few of 
 these are wrought. There are no iron foundries 
 in the island, and iron and tin goods are princi- 
 pally imported from England, lead from Spain, 
 and steel from Germany. 
 
 Had not the bounty of nature towards Sicily 
 been counteracted by vicious lavs and institutions, 
 she would undoubtedly have been one of the 
 richest and finest of European countries. All that 
 she requires is security of property and freedom 
 of industry. Ix!t but these be given to her, and a 
 few years will develop her gigantic resources, 
 and elevate Girgenti, Termini, and Sciacca to a 
 very high rank among corn-shipping ports, though 
 so late as 18G6 Epstern Sicily was dopcndciit on 
 foreign countries for com. A railway 58 miles 
 long has been opened between Messina and Catania 
 with good prospects of success. 
 
 PALM OIL (Ger. palniol ; Fr. nuile de palmc, 
 huiledu Se'negal; Ital. oliodipalma; Span, aceite 
 de polma) is obtained from tlie fruit of several 
 
 Bpecics of palms, but especially from tliatoftl.n 
 hla,» Gui««««*. growing on the west coasts ,f 
 Africa, sou h of ternan.lo To, for some di,tan e 
 inland, and in Uraiiil. ™* 
 
 The oil palm reaches a height of from IS to4i) 
 feet. Its fruit consists of n n..t or kernel, ,,r 
 rounded by an ariUus or pulp, and wheuij 
 grown IS about the size of a chestnut, the ,,w 
 being about i of the whole bulk. ' 'rhe ft 
 grows in clusters, much after the manner of cl 
 tors of gra|)es, only agreat deal larger. mw,\L 
 ters weighing as much as a cwt. When f,, I, 
 ripe, the fruit, which has a verv tliin skin Lso • 
 beautiful bright orange colour; in taste the 
 has a slight approach to Rwectiuws, and ia bi 
 wholesome and agreeable to cat. 
 
 The oil season on the west coast of Vfri 
 is from February to September. When rii 
 the fruit is collected in troughs or resenoi 
 of the most primitive dcscriptioii-occasionall, 
 even in holes dug in the ground, pav,dat (h 
 bottom with stones— where it is exposed in th 
 heat of the sun, which in a short while partiaOi 
 separates the pulp from the kernels ornut« J 
 si'paratiou being completed by beating or bru'isii 
 the fruit with pieces of wood or stones, ft 
 kernels and stems having been removed bv ham 
 the pulp is put into earthen pots and boiled' il 
 oil being in this way separated from a librous'sul 
 stance which pervades the pulp, and from uil 
 ini|)urities. The whole cf this process is so rude 
 |)crforined, tliat there is necessarily ftrcit ivai 
 When the oil has cooled down, it concretes 
 about the consistence of butter, and is thtnrea( 
 for the cask. It retains nearly the game coui 
 tence upon importation into thiscounfrv; ith 
 no particular taste, but has a pleasant awmjl 
 smell, and is of a yellowish to a deep ci 
 colour. The finest oil is gciierallv of the detf 
 shade. By keeping it loses its bright colour, f* 
 into a dirty white, and becomes rancid, in whij 
 state it is rejected. 
 
 The natives on the coast use it for the same pi 
 pose that we use butter. In this countri-, and 
 the continent of Europe, it is made into s 
 candles <S:c. ; and it is employed, in conjund 
 with other materials, to lubricate the ajles 
 railway carriages. By far the greatest wnsui 
 tioii of palm oil, however, is in soap makinf, 
 which purpose, as well as for candles, it rtqui 
 to undergo the somewhat e.\i)ensive pw«j 
 bleaching. It is sometimes imitate! wiih '" 
 lard, coloured with turmeric, and .«ceiited 
 Florentine iris roct. 
 
 Hitherto our supplies of palm oil hare 
 derived almost entirely, if not exclusively, 
 the. Bights of Biafra and Benin, and utter [ 
 of the west coast of Africa, of which it ii 
 staple article of export. It is occasionally hroi 
 in small ((uantities from the Cape ile V< 
 Islands, the West Indies, and Brazil; but ' 
 nevertheless the produce of the coast of J 
 indirectly imported. 
 
 The trade in palm oil, wliicli took itsr^'e 
 the beginning of the present ceniurv. is .i»'| 
 great magnitude and value. In IStiuiheKl 
 ported into England was estimated at ocly 
 tons, received from the Bight of Bial'ra; «'«" 
 in 1857, the whole importations araomtji 
 cording to the official returns, to H'^ " 
 worth, at the market price of i"L jet » 
 1,700,000/., and affording cmploynienit''' 
 amount of shipping. Since ISJia'*'" 
 1867, the imports have been nearly -^^i 
 at a little over 40,000 tonsifrraa 
 re-exports of palm oil in 1SC7 l.t;;** 
 valued at 520,408/. 
 
 ''.aitai 
 
 (irei 
 
 loved ii 
 
 i'co, ■ 
 
ftUy from llml of the i 
 )n the west coasts of I 
 L'o, for Bomc distance I 
 
 eight of from 1.') to m 
 a nvit or kernel, «iir-l 
 pulp, and when (uUJ 
 f n chestnut, the jiulpT 
 jli.tlc bulk. Thcfiuiij 
 icr the miinncr of clus^j 
 t deiil liirncr, sonic clii 
 IS a cwt. When fully 
 II very tliin skin, is ot i 
 lour ;" in taste, the pul|^ 
 tiweetncas, anil is boll 
 to cat. 
 
 I west coast of Afria 
 cptcmber. When riw 
 u troujihs or rc9et\'oitJ 
 licscription — uccasionallJ 
 ho Kround, pavirtat thi 
 licro it is exposed to ihj 
 in a sluirt while partialli 
 the kernels or nuU, ibT 
 !tcd by beating or bmisir 
 of wood or stones. IN 
 ijf been removed hy liani 
 ■then pots andboileJ; l^ 
 ■paratcdfromalibrousjiii 
 ' the pulp, and from iili 
 ecf this process is so railil 
 is necessarily t;rent \»i!ll 
 )olcd down, it concretes I 
 nf butler, and is t'lenrcjl 
 ina nearly the same consi 
 m into this country; it hi 
 lut has a pleasant aromil 
 Yellowish to a deep W 
 ilis gcncruUvottbedMi* 
 t loses its bright colour, 111] 
 nd becomes raneiJ.mM 
 
 coast use it for the samep 
 ter. In this country-, and I 
 irope, it is made into sot 
 ■ is employed, m con]uiitt| 
 is to lubricate Ue aslnj 
 Bv far the greatest fonsuBl 
 ,vevcr, isinsoaprnakinf,! 
 ell as for candles, It r^uiL 
 acwhat expensive p.««J 
 mctimes imitated rAJ4 
 ■ turmeric, and sceiitM»f 
 
 plies of palm oil b^n-e I 
 
 ftcly,ifnotcxchuivel;,C 
 
 at-'d Benin, ami otte 
 
 ,f Africa, of «h.cn H 
 ,it. ItisoecaswnalUtoMl 
 
 ps from the Cape '^ J 
 Indies, and Bnuil; WJ 
 reduce of the coast of -ta 
 
 iTt 
 
 IC 
 
 nd 
 nd 
 
 oil, which took =|'«S 
 present cemui\.;;'J 
 
 .'v-alue. .!« 7.SI 
 ,dwasestimatc>U«J 
 
 the Bight of Bute. »»f1 
 e' tfoUons a»--J 
 
 ■"Ubeenrf!f 
 
 PAMl'llLET 
 
 ii' lato voars .in oil liii.< ti> simi,' Hiir;i!l cxtonl 
 
 ;nn.ibstriu'tcd from thi" kernel or nut of the oil 
 
 !ilni' but it is cs.icntially (llll'i'rent in I'hariK^ter 
 
 •,111 Ihiit known as imlin oil, ami. probably Croni 
 
 a, unskill'ul manner in wliicii the nntivoH ex- 
 
 " , |(^ ij of censidcral)! y le.s.s value, 1 1 i.s linrdl v 
 
 (tt-sarv to observe that the trade in palm oil 
 
 VfliUsto do more than nnylhiiij; to inlroiUicM! 
 
 iii''c fur commercial pursuits, and consequently 
 
 jiiiijisation.araoiig the nativcsof Africa. [On.,] 
 
 ' p^jll'lILKT, A small book, u.sually print "d 
 
 j. lie octavo form, and Btitched, popularly undcr- 
 
 I; to comprise from 1 to 10 sheets. 
 
 Iiij piiaoti'd by 10 Anne c. ID s. 11,3, tliat no 
 
 1 won shall sell, or expose to sale, any pamphlet 
 
 iiiijut the name and place of abode of some 
 
 bin \mm, bv and for whom it was printed or 
 
 mHi-heil. written or printed, thereon, under a 
 
 kiltvof20/. andcosts. 
 
 I li i! eniictcd by the 65 Geo. Ill, c. 185, that 
 1 m book containing 1 whole sheet, and not 
 laciedin!,'8 sheets in 8vo. or any lesser size; or 
 IwtxcMcling 12 sheets in 4to, or '20 sheets in 
 I tlic shall be deemed a pamphlet. The same Act 
 1 w«J a duty of 3s. upon each sheet of one copy 
 Itiiilpamiihlcts published. This duty, which was 
 laince vexatious and unproductive, hardly ever 
 IrtUiB!; more than 1,000/. or 1,100/. a-yeur, was 
 li^eJmlSSa. 
 
 1 la ihc 1H59 edition of this work was fjivcn 
 l(iiitelliH)Ks) an account of the number and 
 |Kffit51«of the pamphlets published in 1850, 
 llSol, mi 1852. Some pamphlets have a very 
 Ikpi !j1(; but, speaking generally, their publi- 
 loiKaii quite as hazardous as that of books. 
 ITheisaifchment of Quarterly and other Koviews 
 Ibi'isitned the occasions and the demand for 
 
 llMfhltlS. 
 
 PIVAIIA. A city and seaport of New (Jra- 
 
 ulionthc Pacific, 38 miles S.K. of Chngres. lat, 
 
 f J8 N'., lung. 790 13' 2" W, Population about 
 
 fci»0!' It stands on a rocky peninsula, pro- 
 
 iif into the Bay of Panama, and has an 
 
 jh^'ui aspect from the sea. Its streets are 
 
 pdl rtniilated, and it is said to be cleaner than 
 
 t Spanish American cities. It is encircled by 
 
 ' r and not very strong fortilicatious, con- 
 
 ndfti at different periods. The houses are 
 
 itlTdfwood, straw, and other fragile materials ; 
 
 fctmsy are substantially built of stone, the larger 
 
 fving courtyards, or patios, in the old Spanish 
 
 !e: and no doubt it has been much improved 
 
 lin the last two or three years. Its roadstead 
 
 JoMofthc liiiest in the world. There are a number 
 
 [iilanis a short distance from the main land, 
 
 lich aifnrd secure anchorage for ships of any 
 
 «l«n, and from which supplies of provisions, 
 
 piing excellent water, may easily be obtained. 
 
 ftidssdaily rise and fall from 20 to 27 ft., so 
 
 Ijlitiiwouliarly welUitted for the repair and 
 
 iting of ships. 
 
 nviously tu 1740, when the trade with the 
 Inlic first began to be carried on round Cape 
 Ifa. huama was the iirincipal entrepot of 
 pbotween Enroiic and West America. I'rom 
 Vpfrio.1, however, it fell oft'; and its decay was 
 pliatly rapid after the independence of South 
 |ejica,andlhc opening of the other porta of the 
 PJc. But since the occupation of California by 
 lAmencans, aw! especially since the discovery 
 ¥if auriferous deposits in that country, it ha's 
 £ ["flly increased. And now that u railway 
 pied pcross the isthmus, it will, in all proba- 
 R,aitain to greater commercial distinction than 
 T wat numbers of steamers are now (1869) 
 pveam the trade between Panama and San 
 ■Kkco, Vancouver's bland &c. 
 
 PANAMA 
 
 !)9n 
 
 J'lisiuii/x' itrrosa tliK Isiltmuii iij' Piinamit or Dnrivii. 
 — Latterly, or since the diseovery of Ihc mineral 
 riches of t!alifornia, the isthmus has become a 
 great thoroiighfiiro, vast nunilH-rs of individuals 
 having crossed from tlie port of Cliagres on (be 
 Caribbean Sea to Panama on the Pacific Ocean, 
 ami conversely. 
 
 Tlie port of Ch'igres is within the mouth of 
 the river of thot immc, in lut. ii'^ 18' l!'' N., long. 
 7.)° 50' J" W. A bar at the mouth of I he river 
 has only from 10 ft. to 12 I'l. water, ihough with- 
 in the bar the river deepens to from '1 to <! 
 fathoms. It is probable that the bar might Xw. 
 deepened without much tlilluuilty, and a canal 
 might be cut from the botioin of the bay of 
 Alanzanilla m the river, fr<mi which it is oiily ."> 
 miles distant. A short while ago the town" (if 
 .so it might bo ealleil) was a mere cluster of huts, 
 unhealthy, and without any accommodation fov 
 passeiigers. Hut huvmg latterl)' become one of 
 the .starting points in the nearest and shortest 
 route from the east to California, it has been 
 greatly improved. 
 
 A railway from Aspinwall to Panama, a dis- 
 tance of u|)wnrds of 47 miles (completed in 1864). 
 has been constructed by a joint-stock company of 
 New York, and reflects groat credit on American 
 enterprise and perseverance. (See Mr. llidweU'.-* 
 description of it, furnished in M'CuIloch's Geogra- 
 phical Dictionary, ed. 1800.) The dilKculticH to be 
 oycicome were of a verj' formidable description, 
 partly from the nature of the ground, which not; 
 iinfrcquently consisted of deep marshes, but more 
 from the luxuriance and strength of the vegeta- 
 tion through which it was necessary to penetrate, 
 and the heat, moisture, and iinhealthiness of the 
 climate. Unluckily, tiie desire to accomplish 
 their task in the shortest time and at the least 
 expense, tempted the engineers to execute the 
 work in a superficial manner, substituting, in many 
 instances, bridges, viaducts, pillars &e., of wootl, 
 for those of stone, mortar, andiron. In a country 
 where the decomposition of vegetable matter is so 
 very rapid, this was as false and spurious a. species 
 of economy as can well bo imagined. Already 
 many miles of the railway have had to bo re- 
 paired or rather reconstructed, by the substi- 
 tution of lignum vita; and other hard woods for 
 the softer ones that were first used. This, how- 
 ever, will do little more than palliate the evil ; 
 and there can be no doubt that cvcatiially stone 
 and iron bridges and viaducts will have to be used 
 instead of wooden ones everywhere along the line. 
 
 Trains take about 3 hours in passing from sea 
 to sea; but sui>posiiig (which is not the c.ise) 
 that this railway were everything that couM be 
 desired, still it is plain that the grand desideratum 
 is the carrying across the isthmus of a water com- 
 munication between the Atlantic and Pacilie 
 Oceans. Wc do not moan by this a canal suitabhr 
 only for coasters, or vessels of comparatively 
 small burden. Such a channel would be of little 
 use, except to the countries contiguous t-.i its ter- 
 mini. What is really wanted is a canal that will 
 admit ships of the largest burden, and bound on 
 the longest voyages. The advantages that would 
 result from having the isthmus perforated 1)>' 
 such a channel cannot be easily exaggerated. No 
 other project that appears to be witliin the limits 
 of possibility, perhaps not even the carrying of .a 
 ship canal across the Isthmus of Suez, would give 
 so great a stimulus to commerce jind navigation. 
 It wo'dd remove the barrier which renders the 
 navigation between the eastern and western coasts 
 of America so tedious and difticult. And, by doing 
 this, it would enable ships from Europe to reach 
 the latter and the Pacilic in less thau half the 
 3S 
 
 1*1 
 
 -*■ 
 
•••If 
 
 • .1 
 
 994 
 
 PAPAL DOMINIONS 
 
 'M 
 
 ; i 
 
 •'I! . 
 
 ■ i 
 • I 
 
 .;-v<>- 
 
 
 time they do at present, while it would prcatly 
 facilitate the voyage to Australia and Cliina, 
 
 A grand project of this sort is on foot. It 
 is proposed to cut a canal that slmll admit ships, 
 of 1,000 tons hurdcn and upwards, between I'orto 
 Escoccs (lat. 8° 6' N., long. 77° 21' \V.), near 
 Point Caledonia, in the tiuif of Darien, on the 
 Caribbean Sea, and the Kio Havana, which falls 
 into the Gulf of San Sliguel, on the Pocilic. The 
 intervening space (about oH or 10 miles) is said to 
 be comparatively flat; the ports at cachextremitv 
 are easy of access, and have deep water; and it is 
 proposed that the canal should he constructed 
 throughout on the same level, and have no locks. 
 The cost of the project is estimated at from 12 
 to 15 millions sterling. Considering the vast 
 importance of such a work to the United States, to 
 this country, and, indeed, to all maritime nations, 
 this expense, heavy as it may ai^poar, should be 
 reckoned a subordinate matter. VVcre the country 
 through which it is to pass in the possession of Eng- 
 land or the United States, it would, most probably, 
 have been undertaken. But the unsettled state of 
 Central America, and the knotty questions that 
 might eventually arise as, to the property and 
 management of the canal, are serious obstacles to 
 its being proceeded with. (See for ample details 
 on this interesting subject the work of Dr. Cullen, 
 entitled Jsthtmts of Darien S/iip Canal. The 
 learned doctor is, probably, a little too sanguine 
 in favour of the project, but despite this excusable 
 bias, his work is instructive and valuable.) 
 
 PAPAL DOMINIONS (Trade with). The 
 Gazette of January 6, 1853, contained the following 
 declaration on the part of Great Britain, esta- 
 blishing a system of perfect reciprocity in trade 
 and navigation with the Papal States.' The de- 
 clared value of our exports to theEO States 
 amounted in 1858 to 409,475/., and in 1867, these 
 States having in the interval been seriously re- 
 duced in extent by recent annexations to the 
 Kingdom of Italy, took from us British produce 
 to the extent only of 15,801/. 
 
 Declaration. — The undersigned, her Britannic 
 Majesty's Charge d' Affaires at the Court of Tus- 
 cany, having received from his Eminence the 
 Cardinal Antonelli, Secretarj' of State to his 
 Holiness Pope Pius IX., the assurance that no 
 other or higher duties or charges are levied in the 
 ports of the Papal States on British vessels than 
 t\T2 payable on national vessels, nor on goods im- 
 ported or exported in British vessels than are 
 payable on the like goods imported or exported in 
 national vessels, has received the commands of her 
 Majesty to declare : 
 
 1 . That no duties of tonnage, harbour, lighthouse, 
 pilotage, quarantine, or other similar or corre- 
 sponding duties, of whatever nature or under 
 whatever denomination, levied in the n.amc or 
 for th ! profit of the Government, public function- 
 aries, corporations, or establishments of whatever 
 kind, shall be imposed in British ports upon Papal 
 ve-sels, from whatever port or place arriving, 
 which shall not be equally imposed in the like 
 cases on national vessels, and that no duty, charge, 
 restriction, or prohibition shall be imposed upon, 
 nor any drawback, bounty, exemption, or allow- 
 ance withheld from, goods imported into or ex- 
 ported from British ports in Papal vessels, which 
 shall not be equally imposed upon or wiihheld 
 from such goods, when so imported or exported in 
 national vessels. 
 
 2. That no other or higher duties shall be im- 
 posed on the importation into the dominions of 
 lier Britannic Majesty of any article the growth, 
 produce, or manufacture of the Papal States, 
 than are or shall be poyable on the like article 
 
 being the growth, produoc, or manuiaclure , f , 
 other foreign countrj-. That no ntlicr or hit 
 duties or charges shall he inipoAcd in tho w^ 
 dominions on the exrortatiou of any nrticlo i I 
 I'apal States, than aueh ns „re or,,,,., I'e '' 'j 
 on the exportation of the like artide'to am'VtW 
 foreign country ; and that ,io piol.ibition ,„, i^ 
 imposed upon the importation of a,iv artiolo i 
 growth, i)roduco, or manufacture of the 
 States into the British dominions, nor in,on , 
 exportation of any article from the nritWi 
 minions to tiie Papal States, unless such „n 
 bitioii shall extend to all other nations 
 
 3. That Papal vessels sh.ill be at 'libertv 
 import into British ports any article Icallv ii 
 portable, and to export from IJritish wm n 
 article legally export.ibip, onpavment of th-*' 
 duties, and with a right to the same bounties' 
 dr.iwbacks as are or may be payable orallowji 
 in respect of the same articles if importe.l w 
 ported in national vessels. 
 
 4. That all vessels which, accordin" tn , 
 laws of the Papal States, are to be deemcil Pai 
 ves els, shall, for the puqioses of this dedarai 
 be deemed Papal vessels. 
 
 5. That the following stipulations shall 
 apply to the coasting trade, which is rescned 
 cliisivcly to national vessels. 
 
 (!. That if any ship of war r' merch. 
 of the Papal States shall be wrckcion 
 of the British dominions, such '.' i[, i 
 any parts thereof, and all furniture and appi 
 nances belonging thereunto, and all pood: 
 merchandise which shall be saved therefra 
 the produce thereof, if sold, shall be faithi 
 restored to the owners, upon being claimed] 
 them or by their duly authorised agent;.. 
 there are no such owners or agents on ;he ; 
 then the said ships or parts of ships, fiiraii 
 appurtenances, goods, and merchandise, or 
 proceeds thereof, if sold, as well as all | 
 found on board such wrecked shipa or ti 
 shall be delivered to the Papal consul or 
 consul in whose district the wreck mav 
 taken place, upon being claimed by hiiii; 
 such consul, vice-consul, owners, or agents 
 pay only the expenses incurred in the presen 
 of the property, together with the salvage, or 
 expenses wliich would have been payable in 
 like cases of a wreck of a national vessel 
 charge for such salvage and other expenses 
 be made and settled immediately, subject tc 
 right of appeal on the part of th' person 
 the same, as may exist in the Btitish don 
 The goods and merchandise saved from the 
 shall not be subject to duties unless clear 
 con'.amption, in which case they shall be 
 to the same duties as if they had been impoitl 
 a British ship. 
 
 7. That the forgoing conccssiouj are 
 on condition of a perfect and entire recipi 
 favour of British vessels in the ports of the 
 States. They shall come into operan'on fn* 
 after the date of the present declaration, arf 
 icmain in force for seven years, andfnrtte' 
 the expiration of 12 months ai'ter noii« ' 
 have been given by the Britbh Gonnw 
 by the Papal Government, for tenninaiiiijj 
 reciprocal arrangement. 
 
 In witness whereof the undersigned M^ 
 the present declaration, destined to 1« «' 
 against a similar declaration, on tfeepi" 
 Eminence the Cardinal Secretary ofSw,* 
 aflixed thereto the seal of his arnJ. 
 
 Done at Florence, the I'th darof.Mivi 
 1853. P. CAJirBEtSf-i"'' 
 
 The ' similar declaration ' of Wual-"' 
 
 '■If.-' 
 
 .iiMEa*i*?a*j 
 
rAl'ER 
 
 905 
 
 , or maniifiictuTP li a 
 lat no othfr or hii;L 
 imposed in the Uritii 
 ion of any nrtidi' tu t 
 < lire or may lie paya' 
 \il<p article toiinv"! 
 , no proliibition snail 
 ation of any article t 
 (lufacturc of the I'l; 
 ominions. nor ii|iiin t 
 Ic from the nriti«li ' 
 ates, unless such jin 
 oilier nations, 
 i shall be at liberty 
 :3 any article legally ' 
 ; from liritish ports i 
 ?, on payment of tlio sai 
 to the same bounties 
 V be payable or allowal 
 irtielcs if importe^l or 
 la. 
 
 which, acconlins tn 
 ;s, are to bo dceraoil I'a] 
 nrposes of this declarati 
 
 Is. 
 
 ng stipulations phail 
 radc, which is rescned 
 cssels. 
 
 of war c merch. • ' • 
 all be wre kcii o" - 
 ons, such '■ <l> e 
 1 all furniture ami app 
 Tcunto, and all go*i« 
 liall be saved thercfrci 
 if sold, shall be faith 
 ers, upon being claimed 
 luly authorispQ agent: 
 vnors or agents on the 
 or parts of ships, funm 
 i and merchandise, or 
 I sold, as well as all 
 h wrecked shipa ot v 
 the Papal consul or i 
 strict the wreck inav 1 
 jcing claimed by mm; I 
 nsul, owners, or agents i 
 ■^ incurred in the prcserrij 
 , acr with the salvage.orci 
 ild have been payable ml 
 k of a national vessel J 
 age and other «pew 
 immediately, subject toj 
 
 he part of th' person Pi^ 
 :ist^intheBit.shdom« 
 :hundise saved from the' 
 
 to duties unless fleax 
 lich case they shall »" 
 
 if they had been import^ 
 
 ■roinc concessions are 6 
 Jrfcctandentit.reeipto 
 sscls in the ports otkj 
 
 ^omeintoopcwwii"^ 
 ,'presentdeclar.t.*^^] 
 seven years, and fiutlKI 
 12 months after n.a«l 
 V the BritL* Gov."«< 
 Cent, fort"-'"- 
 
 goTthe undersigned W 
 
 Icclaration, on hep 
 inal Secretary of««" 
 
 scalofh4»™^,,f>;ovJ 
 the IHh d>y>i ^ 
 
 Ulon'ofC*^-n 
 
 13. 
 
 lain 
 
 ..^venwith the foregoing in the Gazette. It is 
 .ijjjjct couiitorpart uf that made by Mr. Scar- 
 "^TivitaVecciii.x.] 
 
 sU'Klll<'cr. :""' Hutch, papier; It. ptincr; 
 carta; Span, paiicl; Kus.i. bumagii; Lat. 
 j; Ar,ili. kartas ; Ters. knghas). This higlily 
 piJ Mibstaiico is, as everyone knows, tliiii, 
 jaitle, iif Jill'crcnt colours, but most commonly 
 r>.Wngiiscd for writing and printing upon, 
 jiiir various other purposes. It is mniiiirac- 
 s<-!m' vegetable matter reduced to a sort of pulp. 
 I; sm jiiipcr is ilerivcd from the Greek jran-vpos 
 ,pir«.i.>cepost), the name of the plant on the 
 isi liark of which (liber, jSi'^Aoi, whence our 
 utiWIthc ancients used to wiite. Paper is 
 tidpiiito nhcet.i, quires, and reams ; each quire 
 eawii:;' of U sheets, and each ream of 20 quires. 
 Histftrlal Sketch of Paper. Difference hc- 
 nn .liififn(an(/ Modem Paper, — Some of those 
 [tol awl ingenious persons who have in- 
 Iwiiated the arts of the ancient world, have 
 jit-xd their surprise that the Greeks and 
 mi!, though they possessed an immense 
 ,Ui of books, and approached very near to 
 i:tia: ill the 8tami)ing of words and letters, 
 •imilar devices, should not have discovered 
 ( a: till! first rude attempts at typography 
 a; :jlttcicntly obvious, though much time and 
 iiiivaiicc have been iequircd to bring the 
 ;«ss 10 its present state of perfection. But 
 (v-Wd rather, perhaps, have wondered that 
 le iBott fivilised nations of antiquity did not 
 ivent fj;« r. : invention which, it may easily 
 ikiKu necessarily preceded that of printing. 
 tat liic fas an exceedingly difficult task ; the 
 fly, till the vast importance of paper could 
 tupsrcciated, or even imagined, till after 
 bi txeii generally introduced. At first, the 
 Ti of important events appears to have 
 taded down by inscriptions cut on rocks, 
 of stone or marble, and the walls of edi- 
 ; ad this primitive usage is still retained 
 Bonumei'ts in our churches and cemeteries. 
 I bter, though still very remote age, men 
 ifcustomed to write upon portable surfaces 
 nriouj kinds. Everybody knows that the 
 e was written upon tables of stono ; and 
 as wrote a copy of the law upon the like 
 ijk. (Josh. viii. 32.) The Greeks and 
 Travcd laws, treaties, contracts, and 
 :'. 'documents, on plates of brass ; 
 ' ' i1 it a tire which broke out in 
 '. leign of Vespasian, consumed 
 b' ize muniments. {Avuveau 
 <ii: ijiiJ-nu .jut, i. 451.) But exclusive 
 IP* of . : , ort, which wtre necessarily 
 mm, costly, and quite unfit for ordinary 
 ™ and flexible plates of lead and other 
 Is (kh xix. 23, 24), thin pieces of wood, 
 * parchment, linen, and a variety of similar 
 tecw, were used in writing. Cheaper mate- 
 Ssuchas the leaves and bark of trees, palms 
 we also used from a very remote period for 
 aie purpose; but leaves (xaproi, cfiarta:) 
 I then dry. apt to split in the direction of 
 rates. It was found to be necessary, in prc- 
 n? thorn for writing, to glue them together, 
 Mt the fibres might cross each other in 
 'tnircctions. l\^. texture of the leaf, or 
 ; ivo may so call it, is thus greatly 
 f, .tnt( ; and wiien it has been smoothed, 
 I*, am ntted for use, it is less inconvenient 
 l»«ter looking than might be supposed. 
 r in lact, IS the principle on which the 
 'M .he ancients was formed. Thi,s, how- 
 hhich w^ called charta Egyptiaca, from 
 01 its manufacture, did not consirjt of 
 
 leaves, but of the inner bark of the famous reed 
 or rush, the Ci/perus papyrus, found along ilio 
 banks of tlie Nile, or rather in the pools and 
 ditches ivliicli cornmiinicato with the river. Tlio 
 ancients applied th's useful pbuit to an immense 
 variety of purposes ; but hero wo shall only 
 notice that from which it lias acquired im 
 i:iiinortality of renown. The inner bark having 
 been diviih'd by a iicedlo or other sharp in- 
 strument into very thin and iiroad layers or 
 filaments, portions of those were placed sido by 
 side longitudinally, and glued together at the 
 ends; another portion being glued crosswise on 
 the backs of tlic latter, to give the page tlio 
 requisite strength. I'liny and other writers have 
 described the process {I list. A'tit. lib. xiii. c. 11, 
 12, i;i), which has been further elucidated by 
 ilardouin .iiid other commentators. But the 
 fullest and ablest discussion of this curious 
 subject is contained in the very Ie"-ned and 
 elaborate work, the Nouveau Traitc de Diph- 
 iimtique (i. pp. 448— ,"j21), where the most 
 interesting particulars respecting the history 
 and manufacture of papyrus, as well as of the 
 greatest number of tlie other writing materia!} 
 used in antiquity, have been collected and set 
 in the clearest point of view. (Diclionnaire 
 Diplomatique of l)e Values, art. ' Papier,' ii. pp, 
 1C5— 174.) Bruce has given a summary of the 
 authorities in the seventh volume of the 8vo, 
 edition of his Travels ; and, not satisfied with 
 this, he attempted to make paper from the 
 papyrus, in which, not being very successful, he 
 imputes his failure to errors in tli- state.acnts of 
 Pliny; not refiecting that, had ho endeavoured, 
 trusting to ^vritten directions, without experience 
 and traditional art, to make modern paper, or 
 even a pair of shoes, he would, most probably, 
 have been equally infelicitous. l'>gypt enjoyed 
 for a lengthened period a natural monopoly of 
 this valuable article; and even attempted, in 
 anticipation of a later policy, by prohibiting the 
 growth of the papyrus, except in certain locali- 
 ties, and limiting its supply, to sell its produce 
 at an artificially enhanced price. (Ameilhon, 
 Commerce des Eyyptiens, p. 238.) But this 
 policy ceased on the conquest of Egypt by the 
 Komans, who, having imported the plant into 
 Home, succeeded in preparing from it a very 
 superior article. Pliny enumerates the various 
 kinds of paper, from the coarsest, which was 
 used, like our brown paper, for packing, to the 
 most expensive and finest. The latter, which 
 was made of the innermost filaments, was of a 
 snowj' whiteness ; and when properly dressed 
 and polished, was easily written upon. The 
 consumption was very considerable; and being, 
 after the foundation of Alexandria, principally 
 made in that city, it formed an important 
 article in her commerce, and furnished employ- 
 ment for many workmen and much capitaL 
 Flavius Vopiscus relates, that in the third 
 century, the tyrant Firinus used to say there 
 was so much paper there, and so large a 
 quantity of the glue <>r size used in its pre-- 
 paration, that he could maintain an army with 
 it : ' Tantum habuisse de chartis, ut public^ sa;pe 
 diccrct, exercitum so alerc posse papyro et 
 glutino.' Wo may doubt whether the value of 
 the paper at presciii belonging to any single 
 city would do the like. Charta Egyptiaca is 
 very ancient, havirg, notwithstanding the asser- 
 tion of Varro and Pliny to the contrary {Hist. 
 Nat. lib. xiii. cap. 11), been in common use 
 long before the age of Alexander. This i.'- 
 evident from the statement of Herodotus, who, 
 though he lived about a century before that 
 3s2 
 
 '1 
 
 ;.i^^ 
 

 !)0i! 
 
 r.vi'KR 
 
 ■. i ' V ... ;■- 
 
 i\l 
 
 
 i 0^ 
 
 ■' 
 
 ' "' 'T 
 
 • ■'i-0: 
 
 
 ■.. ■• t 
 
 
 fr 
 
 
 '''■;*-'.; 
 
 
 ■ '^■■'. '•-' 
 
 j*,. '>* 
 
 
 '■ ' :.": 
 
 -! •,;*'- 
 
 
 -' '' ' :] 
 
 J ts. 
 
 " o 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 1 .• ; ■ 
 
 ,5 
 
 - \,^; 
 
 ■i'* 
 
 ■ .t . 't 
 
 . * '*' 
 
 ■J^ 
 
 
 
 -'•f*- 
 
 it ' 
 
 
 ' '. 1 *■ * 
 
 :^ 
 
 
 
 '■*^ i 
 
 ' -■ - ' 
 
 ;« :'^<*^' 
 
 ■ \i 1 
 
 
 ■I , ■ .•-,-■. 
 
 
 > ",- 
 
 :. ■ f '^,. 
 
 ' ■ (- 
 
 \i 
 
 :l3;. 
 
 ■■' 
 
 roiKiiirror, toUit iif, that in Tormor timrH, wlirii 
 piipyi'iiM wiiM Hcnrcc, tlio loninnH wrote on tlio 
 HUiii.'i of pmlK anil Hliro|>: and that thai praotiuc 
 conliniKMl to bo oiisloniary nmonf; Novcral bar- 
 bai'oiis nations, (liih. v. cap. M.) 
 
 Thoiifrli wbilr, smooth, durable, and not. ill- 
 ada|)lo(l for writinj;, ancirnt paptT was not 
 siiilt'd for thn printer: by reason of the ebjseiies.s 
 of Iho urain, it, would not have received the ink 
 from types more kindly lhai\ sliavinj,s of wood, 
 and snch liku ninteri.nls; and its le.\lnre was so 
 very brittle, I'. at it would have shivered to 
 iiieees under the |)rcss. It wa.s, in Iruili, an 
 inarlifieial mass ('viscera iiivea virenlinm lier- 
 barum '), no fjreat invention or iu;;cnnily bein^ 
 (liscuvored in its preparation. McKlern paper, on 
 the otlicr band, is wholly artilicial ; and the 
 cnntrivanccs for its nuinu/acturo arc marvellous 
 alike fur the sagacity evinced in their design and 
 their practical efTiciency. Like the paper of 
 an;i(|uily, it is formed of tho tllameutii of various 
 sorts of vegetable substances, derived principally 
 from the tearing to pieces or pounding cotton and 
 linen rags, and similar materials, mixed with 
 water. This process is called beating them into 
 pulp ; oiul wnen examined with n microscope, 
 the floating filameots arc found to bo well fitted 
 for adhering together, being jagged and rough, 
 and mi.xed in every possible way. A portion of 
 this mixture or pulp ticing, when properly pre- 
 pared, poir 1 upon moulds or sieves of line 
 woven wire, the water i.^ drained off, and the 
 suspetuied fibres, falling to the bottom, form a 
 Inycr or sheet, which, being consolidated bv 
 pressure and dried, becomes paper, its strength 
 and goodness depending, of course, in a great 
 measure, on the quality of the rag or other 
 inntcriol of which it is made. I'aper used to be 
 munufiicturcd by dipping sieves or frames into 
 (he nulp ; tho partion of tilaments so lilted up 
 formnig the sheet of paper. Hut the application 
 of rotary motion to the manufacture has effected 
 a totAl change in the mode in which it was 
 <'arricd on : in.itead of dipping the siuvQs or 
 frames into V.\o cistern of pulp, a circular web, or 
 round towel of woven wire, revolves horizontally 
 under the vessel (technically called the vat), 
 receives the deposit, conveys it away, and, by an 
 adjustment of extraordinary delicacj', transfers 
 it uniniurcd, though as fragile as a wet cobweb, 
 to a similar revolving towel of felt ; thus an 
 endless web of paper is si)iin, as long, at least, as 
 the machine continues to move, and pulp is 
 supplied. 
 
 Tho pervious and spongy texture of paper 
 make it readily imbibe and retain the ink 
 impressed on '' by types in printing, and by the 
 pen in writing ; its toughness hindtrs it from 
 being easily torn ; and, in a well-bound book, 
 under favourable circumstances, its duration is 
 indeliuite, and, for all practical purposes, eternal. 
 It is true that legal documei.ti) arc sometimes 
 written or printed on parchment, which is less 
 liable to bo torn, or injured by rubbing; the 
 luxury of typography occasionally, also, exhibits 
 a few impressions of a splendid work upon 
 vellum ; and, it is further true, that these sub- 
 stances were used for writing upon by the 
 ancients ; but they arc necessarily expensive, 
 and the cost of either far exceeds the means of 
 the great majority of book buyers : so that it 
 would be altogether unprofitable to cast types, to 
 oonstruot presses, and to incur the various and 
 heavy charges of an establishment for printing, 
 unless we possessed a cheaper material on which 
 to print. 
 Almost all the more ancient and valuable 
 
 romJ 
 'I 
 
 existing Creek and I^itin maiiuscript 
 written either on parchment or vcllinn h 
 geiierailv on the latter. It is Hingalar, l,„«'„v, 
 that wliilo Hiieh is the case, nil or nlmiiNt nllti 
 very (dd charleis and diplomas arc writtn, 
 papyrus. Indeed the learned aiilhorH „i' 
 Aiiiwiiiii Trail,! ,k Dijilomatiwic nllirrn thai 
 parchment charter has been (li.Hcovercd anir 
 to the Oth century, (i. M\>.) 
 
 It ai)pears to be Hiinioieiillv ostablinhod i 
 paper, fabricated like that now in use, of ccjii 
 and other vegetablu materials, and of .silk 
 been manufactured in China Crom a very roi 
 epoch. (Ximveau Trait? dc Diplnmnliim. i ,i 
 The Aral) historians state that similiir imiHt 
 manufactured in Mecca about the liCKiniiin); if 
 nth cejitury ^Andres, Orit/ine e Prngreai ,r, 
 Lcttcratura, i. 202, ed. liom. 1808, ami (iibl 
 ix. 371)) ; and most probably tho mode of 
 production wos then, also, known to tlie tin 
 It ajmears to have been sor)n after iiitnxli 
 into Kuropc; but it is doubtful whether 
 were done by tho Arabians or (Jrcekn. The 
 of fabricoting paper from cotton and oi 
 vegetable materials being onco dincovcmj, 
 fabrication from linen rags was a compntati- 
 easy, and in Europe, where cotton was 
 extremely scarce, an all but necessary step, 
 is singular, however, that wo have no posii 
 information either as to tlio country when 
 tho opoch when, paper from raj.'s bi^a ii 
 manufactured in Europe. 'Mais on iic 
 reeuler .son invention plus tard qii'au trcizi 
 sibcle, ni son usage ordinaire au-delik ii" qui 
 '/iJime.' {Nnuveau Traite j-e. i. 624.) In 
 Egyptian paper, or paper made of papmi 
 tho manner described above, coniimicd to] 
 partially employed down to the middle of 
 11th century, though parchment wai then 
 principal material used in writing. 
 
 It is curioi's to observe how very uliorll; 
 introduction of paper preceded tlic' iiivenli! 
 printing, to which, indeed, as already seen, it 
 an indispensable preliminary. Muraturi 
 butes tho ignorance of the barbarous a^ 
 cipally to the scarcity and high price of | 
 and tlio superior intelligence of modem lirni 
 its abundance and cheapness. (Andre.s i. ' 
 And whatever opinion may be entertained 
 tho first part of this statement, there o^n 
 question that the latter is perfectly well founi 
 
 Not only arc we in the dark as to the liisiot 
 modern paper, but wo arc unable to mskcj 
 very satisfactory conjectural estimate nf the r 
 in which it was i'-Voiited. It is, however, all 
 certain that tho invention must have been 
 geated by accident, or by obser»-in{,' the el 
 produced by tho accidental drying of trica 
 vegetable matter, or in some such way; and 
 the hint thus afforded was gradually irapr' 
 upon. It is not possible to imagine that r 
 veution should have been vhoHy ll" '«[ 
 design; for we cannot conceive ho\r aoi 
 without any previous knowledge, shmld 
 proposed to himself to produce paper by \M 
 rags, or other vegetable matter, mi.xin^tiie 
 in water, and then pressing and diyingino'i^ 
 hut, without indulging in unprolitablocwjeci 
 it is at all events certain, that however '• 
 whomsoever discovered, no invention m 
 greater importance. < Ciim charts u-'uM' 
 humanitas vitaj constet et memorii. (ra"' 
 Nut. lib, xiii. cap. 21.) The procesjc' by 
 tho most worthless and vilest nisteras arq 
 verted into such admirable substances ^r 
 and glass, are probably the grMf""™!' 
 human talent and ingenuity. Tm)' ^^^ 
 
rAI'KR 
 
 U!)7 
 
 Atin manuAcript<i 
 limmit or vellum, . 
 U Ih HliiKiiliir, howi'vi 
 ao, nil or iiliiKKit nil t 
 liploiiias axw writtiii i 
 IcariM'd iuilliiirH m' t 
 lomatiiiiic nlVirni lliiit j 
 Dwn (Uscovcrcil «ni(ii 
 17!).) 
 
 liciciilly cHtnblislioil ib 
 (it now ill uso, of c(i!tj 
 itcriiiln, and of silk. 
 liiiia Irom a very romd 
 ! lie Diplomntujitf, i. fill 
 1(1 that aiiuilar |ia|Kt i 
 ibout llie bcnimiiii),' tii 
 riifine e Progreai (fOJ 
 Kom. 1808, nnil (libbl 
 probably the iikkIc of| 
 lao, known to the tin 
 !CU sunn after ijitrodul 
 is (loublful whether 
 ians ot (irccka. The i 
 
 from cotton ami ot| 
 cing onco (liscovcml, 
 rn^s was a compntatii 
 
 where ccttmi wm tl 
 all but necessary slop. I 
 that we have no pojil 
 I to the country wheref 
 cr from ra)3 bc?>n td 
 
 rope. 
 
 'Mais on ne 
 
 plus tard qii'au treizi 
 
 irdinairc au-delik i'" (|uif 
 
 'raite ^c. i. &24.) 1" ( 
 
 paper made of papymi 
 
 •d above, coniiuued tol 
 
 lown to the middle ofl 
 
 h i>archment wa-i tbcnj 
 
 ad in writinp. J 
 
 tscrvc how very nhorir, 
 
 r preceded the inv?Dti^ 
 
 deed, 83 already seen, itj 
 
 •climinary. Muraturi r 
 
 i)f the barbarous ajjcs ( 
 
 ;v and hiKh price of » 
 
 lligcncc of modem tiraj 
 
 hcapncss. (Andres, i. T 
 
 m may be entenauieil i 
 
 statement, there can b 
 
 cr is perfectly wcUfounJ 
 
 'thcdarka3tothclii.ic| 
 
 vo aro unable to makej 
 
 icctural estimate of their 
 
 ,led. It is, however, a^« 
 
 cntion must have leen I 
 
 [or by observing the ej 
 
 idcntaldryinKoftnt»« 
 
 in some such way; awl 
 
 cd was gradually impl 
 
 lible to imagine tint w 
 
 been wholly d- .«« 
 
 ,not conceive Iw' ^\ 
 
 ,3 knowledge, shwUr 
 
 produce paper by H 
 ole matter, mixing UM 
 lasin" and drying lilt ifj 
 gtaunprolitablccoojj 
 rtain, that hoover g 
 
 ed, no invention ""'"I 
 .'CumcharK^H 
 
 Uetmcmorn. l^""- 
 fS The prcc<-''f-, ' „, 
 L vilest n.atena^»«i 
 Kirablo sabsun* "^J 
 
 ligcmiity. 1"^' 
 
 „i.ii;.i,l llic dreams of Hio ulidiciiiiHts; and 
 'w,bc'fninfoniiinrably moro mlvniitiiKfoiis lliiiii 
 V hail bocoine aciiiiaiiited with n moaiiH of 
 U-niuiin" the iiiffrior inotalM into m>M. 
 Luficlire ofl'iifier in I'hKjIunil.— VUv. nppli- 
 : II ;i' ,,„|ii.r to llio iiiirposc.i ol writing ami 
 'iiiinii and the fact of its bidnj,' iiidispfn.sablo U> 
 ia*«ut"n""'''''"' latter, loiidcr it.s ninnulac- 
 moftlie hit'l>i'«t »l''''y '""' ""I'o'tuni'f. Hnl, 
 !, „, a cunimminl point of view, its viiliio is 
 Imwiisitlfrable. Krunw, Holland, mid (itiimi 
 ijifrr a lengthened period, ii decided superiority 
 ,iii. Jepartmenf. The liticst and best i)a|ior 
 w- made of linen rnKH, its quality may b« 
 t/liA to depend, in ii coiisiderabld doKrt'fl, on 
 jl'ioit of linen usually worn in tlui country 
 rtwil is manufactured; and this firciiinslnncc 
 niiid to account for the ^'router whitcnesM of tln^ 
 tek and IkilKian papers, us coniparcd witli 
 ilwiftlic Kreiich and Italians, and still more 
 JiGmnans. Themes used in the niumifautnrc 
 Jmiici; paper in (Jreat Ilritaiii arc c<dlei't<'d at 
 Vai(; but those u.se(l in the manufacture of tlio 
 bl wntiiig paper am imported, iirincipally, 
 faiiiwlv, llanibiirK, and the Austrian .States, by 
 nvtClriesle. | UA(is. | \Vc believe, however, 
 fci it ms owiiiB rather to the want of skill, 
 toll, as lias sometimes been siijiposcd, to the 
 Mtiiot quality of the linen of this count ly, that 
 lii nimfaolure of paper was not carried on with 
 mchsiws^ in Kngland till a coninnratividy 
 KceM i«ii«l. Uiirini? the 17th cenUiry. mo.st 
 put o( oat supply was imported from the (Jonti- 
 n«ii,rf«ully from France. The manufacture 
 ij ail 10 live been considerably ini|)rove(l by the 
 yml) rfliigces who fled to this country in HiH.'>. 
 BitilijJistinctly stated in The Ilritish Merchiinl 
 (tsliip, 2(l«), that hardly any sort of paper, 
 Hffft brown, was made liere previous to the 
 Wa;ioD. In 1090, however, the inamifuctiire 
 i(rtiie|ia|icrwa8 attempted; and within a few 
 Tsrs, .jost branches were much improved. In 
 liiiLilissupposcd that there .verc about .100,000 
 |i(iiis('f[ia|)er annually produced in (Jreat liritain, 
 liidiMseiiual to aliout two-thirds of the whole 
 Msmption. In 178;!, the value of the pnp^r 
 |iiaully manufactured wah estimated at 780,0011/. 
 [lilJJi, besides making a sullicient quantity of 
 wt sorts of paper for our own use, and for 
 laponation, we exported upwards of (100,000/. 
 unhofbooks. The importation of foioign pajier 
 |fa limish consumption had nearly eea.><ed prior 
 [litle abolition oi the paper duty ; but since then 
 '•' i.i![K(rt,ition has gradually increased, and in 
 SIwciiniKirtcd (deducting re-exports) 5(il,l»ii!l/. 
 |»i)nli,(liietly printing paper, from lielgium, Ger- 
 man il France, while we exported Uritish-inade 
 m of about the same value, u()!t,4;)S/. A 
 Nl quantity of French paper was used in this 
 Wvfor copper-plate printing till within tho.so 
 "Tears; but, in this respect, we now surjiass the 
 pKlii and there is no artist of cither country 
 4« does not consider F"glish paper, manufae- 
 iieJaccordingtotlic latest improvements, best 
 Md fur prints. The French have, however, 
 *'W excelled in the manufacture of very thin 
 "''paper; and we obtain from them a small 
 of this article, and some paper Imngijigs, 
 pnniing paper. 
 
 la 1813, Dr. Colquhoun estimated ti:c value of 
 Einii™"^ produced in Great Lritain at 
 ™,wO(.; but Mr. Stevenson, an incomparably 
 to authority upon such subjects, estimated it 
 'nly half this sum. From information obtained 
 1 those engaged in the trade, we incline to 
 iMhat the total annual value of the paper 
 miacturcd in the United Kingdom, may at 
 
 ft 
 
 •/•I 
 4K 
 
 1(W 
 
 present (1800) amount to about .O.OOn.OOO/. There, 
 were, in IKtlH, 27'2 |in|ier-niills in working order in 
 ICiigland, and .17 in .Scotland. The number in 
 Irelniiil is but iiiciinsidcrable. Sii that, while the 
 quantity of paper manufacture.' has greatly in- 
 creased since the ab<dition of the paper duty, the 
 number of mills in working order has been reduced. 
 That is, while the large mills have luen iiicrcjised 
 in size and power and employment, tlui small ones 
 have been we. ligh abolished. 
 
 Many of the mills make a variety of papers, but 
 the following statement from the /'«/«•/• Mi/Is 
 Direvtiirii for IHtl',) shows how the din'erent classes 
 of nmiiufacture arc divided iiinong the Juiglish 
 mills: — 
 
 MnkiitK Wrillni; I'.iiiith, llnnfl-mnilif • 
 ,f .. Mftrhliif-tnailf* 
 
 „ I'rii.thi^', Ni'vsn^ niirl l.<.ii(( Kit'itliAiitl or r.i|.cl 
 ,, lliinKii.);> .... 
 
 r.irlrl.lB.-. • . . . 
 
 ,, (iroi'iTv l*;.I.rrs, \VI)itt.>nii(l ('oluurril 
 ,, Siiiiill ll.iriU', nitft (;n|>H • 
 .. llrowiiH * - . . 
 
 In IKOI, 18,0(')7 individuals were directly en- 
 gaged in the trade, viz. i;i,.'i.')7 in Kngland, 4,421 
 in .Scotlawl, and '28!» in Iridnnd : and, besides 
 the workni) n eiii|doyed in the mills, liie paper 
 manufacture creates a considerable demand for 
 the labour of millwrights, machinists, smiths, 
 carpenters, iron and brass founders, wire-workers, 
 vro(dlcn manufacturers, nn<l others, in the mu- 
 cbinery and apparatus of the mills, .Some parts 
 of these ar(> very powerful, and subject to severe 
 strain ; and other parts are complicated and deli- 
 cate, and require continual renovation. Owing 
 to this, the manufacture is of nuicli greater im- 
 portance, as a source of employment, tlian might 
 at first be supposed, or than it would seem to 
 have been formerly eonsidertd by (Jovernmcnt, 
 who loaded it, down to a very recent period, with 
 nil excise duty amounting "to nioie than three, 
 tinien «.t mitfh ax the. total wiii/es of the worhjtr.ople 
 cmphiyi'd. 
 
 It WaF. fiirmt rly <:ustomary to collect the rag.s 
 n.sed in the manufacture into large heaps, in order 
 that, by their beating and fermentation, they 
 might lie the more easily reduced to lilaments. 
 IJut this injured the rags ; and it is now the 
 practice to tear them to pieces, without any sucli 
 preparation, by powerful machines, constructed 
 for the purpose. 
 
 l.)nriiig the jircsent century this manufacture 
 has been si^'nally promoted by the combined in- 
 fluence of science, ingenuity, and mechanical skill. 
 Tlie.se have been successfully exerted in the pre- 
 paration of the pulp ; the conversion of the pulp 
 into ]iapcr ; and the provision of materials : and 
 in lume has their influence been more remarkable 
 than in the last. This is evident from the fact, 
 that while the manufacture has been more than 
 (|ii.idrupled since 1820, the demand for continen- 
 tal rags and other foreign materials hits actually 
 been reduced within that time, in consequence 
 of the immense supply we derive from substances 
 previously regarded as worthless, and treated ns 
 refuse. The sweepings of cotton and flax mills, 
 owhig to the grease and dirt with which they are 
 mi.\-eil up, were, until within the.-;e few years, of 
 no value whatever, except as manure. Hut means 
 having been discovered of rendering them clean 
 and white, they are now made into very gowl 
 paper; and the neighbourhood of JIunchester has. 
 in consequence, become a principal scat of the 
 mnnufacturc. The chemical and mechanical pro- 
 cesses by which these materials arc purified, 
 whitened, and made available for the production of 
 paper, without their strength being impaired, arc 
 not only exceediuglv interesting in themselves, but 
 are of great national importance ; and, by reducing 
 
 I s 
 
 i: ;ii 
 
 1 A 
 
 : S' 
 
 ,. lit 
 
 , « 
 
 
tt!),S 
 
 I'AI'KIl 
 
 . i'.i.'- 
 
 ■ I ■• ■. { i ■■/••'■ 
 
 •t ! 
 
 M 
 
 - . I 
 
 1 ; 
 
 , ,■ « 
 
 'r . 
 
 ■ll , ■ 
 
 : t 
 
 .-S''-. 
 
 i.r 
 
 
 
 
 
 (h(< cost III' |in))(T, liiivo (liiiic I I'll limes iiinro lo 
 Idwcr llio |iri(T of IkxiUn, anil ilill'iiMc litcruliiri', 
 tliiiii nil tli(! flVortH i)f nil llu- wicii'ticH Unit cvit 
 t'xisd'il. 
 
 Iltil our impi'r-iniikfTx, iirirr tlic rrpciil of tlu< 
 ]m|i('r duly, I'ouiiil iniicli ililllciilty in coiiipi'tiiiK 
 Willi tort'i^ii iiiniiul'ncliirors, iiiasiiiiirli ns tliclrmlo 
 ill riii;s wild not I'rrc, niiil tin- ialli'r had (^rontrr 
 farililics lor k> ' 'iiiK IIk'iii at arlirapcr rati-. 'I'IiIm 
 led our jiirjirr iiiaUcrH to Hcarcli dili^ccntly lornood 
 8iil)slitul<'H for nip<, and tlifirclioicn bi'iiiis lo liavo 
 fallen fliiully (III Kxparto. In llir ten inoiilliHi'iuli'd 
 Octiibrr ill, IHIiH, wo liiiportcd iioli'.ss llian "l.tlls 
 tons of it, and bill 11,0'Jli Ions of ra^s. l''.Hp,nt(> 
 is used cliii'lly in tlic niaiiiifartiiri' of p- iliiij; 
 and wrappin;;, aiitl Ht'cond-class writing paprrs. 
 [Ksi'Auro. I 
 
 'I'lio lirsl, idea of a inai'liiin' for convorlin;; 
 
 Iiiilp into paper ori(;iiialed in I'lance, the iiiventor 
 lein;; an inp'iiioiis workinan of the name of Koiiis 
 IJohert. A iiindel of this 'iiai'hine was liroiinht to 
 Kn^lnnd hy M. l^-fj^er Uidot; and though at lirsl 
 il was far from >;ivin(^ an assuranee of Hueeess, it 
 Hutlioed to i'v.l'.'ee Kiif^lish eapitalists and eiifjiiieers, 
 particularly Mr. Donkiii, lo billow up the scheme; 
 and in the course of a firtv years they liroii^^hl il 
 lo a hif?li dei;ree of porfection. The late Mr. 
 DiiUinson, of Hertfordshire, one of Ihe inosl in- 
 tolli};pnt niechani.slM and extensive im|H'r manii- 
 factiirors in Kngland, invented a machine of a 
 dill'erenl coiislruction for the same purpose, and 
 inlrodiiccd also various subsidiary im|irovenients 
 into the mannfiictiire. One of these consists in the 
 apjilication of air pumps lo the process, by the 
 action of which ho produces a partial vacuum 
 under a portion of Iho wire on which the pulp is 
 in the act of .^etllinf;, and thus very nincli accele- 
 rates its consolidation ; in fact, prepares il almost 
 instantaneously for the lirsl niccliunical pressure. 
 The result is all but miraculous. My the Ufjency 
 of a fjreal deal of complicated inachinory, so 
 admirably cnnlrived as to produce the intended 
 elVect with unerring precision and in the very Inist 
 inanucr, ii process, which in the old system of 
 |)nper-ninking occujiicd nboiit three weekn, is 
 performed in as many minutes. A continuous 
 .stream of llnid pulp is, within this brief space of 
 time, and the short distance of 30 feel, not only 
 made into paper, but actually dried, polished, and 
 every separate sheet cut round the edges, and 
 rendered completely ready for use. The paper 
 manufactured by this wonderful combination of 
 intellipence and power is, at once, moderate in 
 price, and, for most purposes, superior in quality 
 to what was formerly made by hand. The sample 
 before the reader, ihoiigh not the finest that 
 is made, will warrant wliat is now stated. Mr. 
 Dickinson also made an important improvement 
 in the paper manufacture, on the principle of 
 veneering in cabinet work. ]{)• making two 
 webs of paper, each by a separate process ; anil 
 by laying them together while in an early stage, 
 they are rendered inseparable by the pressure 
 to 'which they arc subjected. This j)aper is 
 used in copper-plate printing ; and by adopting 
 a peculiar method of preparing the pulp, and 
 selecting a liner rag for the web wnich forms the 
 face of the jinper, it is much better calculated for 
 taking a line impression. Its introduction bos 
 put a total stop to the importation of that species 
 of French paper, which was formerly used in 
 considerable quantities by copper-plate printers. 
 Prol)ably. however, the most ingenious of the 
 modem inventions in the manufacture is that 
 by which Mr. Dickinson contrived, without 
 mcreasing the thickness of paper, to embody 
 parallel coloured threads in its fabric. This novel 
 
 <iml I 
 asi' 
 
 description of paper is now used in the |.riiii„.,i 
 ex.'lie.iuer bills and poshiKc eiivcl„i„.s t„r , i-J 
 It IS adniiiably lilted, inaM„ii,.|, ,„' it' ,.,„,,„ ,' 
 
 counlcrfcilcd, ex.'ept by ,.iii vi„^, ,|,„|| " ' 
 
 chinery, which il wmilil ciisr,! "rni ,| i' 
 coiiHlriict, and be all tint inip„s.sii,!,,7„ ,',;,„,,', ' 
 1 lie same gentleman iiilroiluciM tli|. u»i' iif n, ,, 
 nets lor removing any Iron ll-.al ,„i:r|,t |,„ , J, 
 
 "I thepulp soastoprevcnttlieappea.anaM'fiJ 
 mould III I he paper. 
 
 />«/// ..H/',7;.,T.—l'reviouslv to |H;)(;.nlUriiiiii 
 coloured, or wrapping papers, carillmanN 
 pasieboards, wen) deiioiniiiiiliil lirsi-cli<< mhi 
 and paid :i(/. per lb. dulv (JN*. pir iwt)- 
 iiiiiiiiijUiliind U'Imlhj of 'turml r,y„..,, „.',v/,, 
 tar beiiiij /invioiisl;/ v.vlniilrtl, in which n 
 paper was denominated 'Jiiil cla-s, ami uniil'i 
 Iter lb. (|.|.«. |H.r cwl.). Millboards ami <q 
 boards, made of the same nialerials a.s 'iiildi 
 paper, paid I'V/. |)er lb. (_>l.,. per cwt.) ,lulv 
 
 This .Inly varu'd on the iliirerontilosmh'ti,,,,^ 
 I si class paper from about LTi or IK) nor cent I 
 the liiiest, lo about aOO per cent, on the a,irs« 
 A duty so oppressive led lo the commissi.iiil 
 very great frauds, which all the vij;ilanco;ii'< 
 otliiTis, and the endless uiulliplicaliim ol'ili,^ 
 and penult ies, were unable to prevent; the 
 elVecl of such devices being to injure I'lip lioi 
 inanufaetiirers, and to give those of a diiToii 
 chara<aer greater facilities for carr)in^' on tk 
 fraudulent schemes. Hut, layiiiK imt ol'viiirl 
 a moment the oppressiveness" of the iliih-.d 
 anything be more absurd than to iiitcrdirtl 
 manufacturer of third-class wrappiiif; paper ilii 
 is lo him that the regulation applied) froniuJ 
 any other material than tarmi ropesj After f 
 peace of IKlTi, and the very gi'nornl intPKluci 
 of iron cables, tarred ropes advanced considorJ 
 in jirice ; but as the use of iinij other mnlerinl ri 
 rrer would have occasioned an increase of I 
 per cwt. of duty, advantage could not k lakf j 
 this circumstanc(> ; so that the excise rcguha 
 without putting one sixpence into the potketi 
 Uovernment, obliged the public to pay anf 
 creased price for an inferior article. Neiilicr ( 
 this its oid^ efl'ecl : a good deal of the 
 thrown out in sorting rags, which might I 
 been used in the manufacture of coarse wmpJ 
 paper, was sold by the manufacturers for all 
 ;$.«(. per cwt. ; while a good deal that mif;ht « 
 been used in the same way, could not besolj 
 all, but was alnoliilely lost. Itw plaiii,tliere 
 that this regulation had a twofold operation: 
 in adding to the cost of wrapping paper, by a 
 pcUing it to be made from a couiparatirelyl 
 pensive article ; and secoiully, in addiog to [ 
 expense of line paper, by preventing the refuf 
 the rags used in its manufacture from being b 
 licially employed. 
 
 It may, iicrhaps, be doubted, considcriii^thej 
 noses to which paper is applied, ivhelher it sjv 
 iiavc been subject lo any duty whatever. I'rloj 
 stationers, bookbiiuiers, type-founders, ( 
 copper-plate and lithographic prinlen. 
 makers, paper-stainers and paper-lianjers ifj 
 all affected by a duty on it. AndifitinJ 
 kept within reasonable bounds, it iiic«as«I 
 price, and hinders the publication of boife '■ 
 places a great obstacle in the war of ihepnf 
 of knowledge, of useful and nccessan-a*" 
 sober, industrious habits. Books i"«T ''* J 
 diictions of the human mind over w ^ 
 world, and mav be truly called the nf M'^ 
 of every kind "of science and art,aiiilM>!i«^ 
 improvement.' (Sir H- Pamell 0» tti" 
 Reform, 3rd ed. p. 30.) 
 
 But though, in 1836, the esis«i» 
 
Kiw »«cil in tlic priniiiin j 
 isliiHt'. cnvcloiics, I'lirwlii^ 
 
 iniiHiiiiii'li ik.i il. (':iimoi I 
 l>y cnniliiyiii;; iiiiiil;ir m 
 mill ('list, a ;;fi'iil il.'il 
 lit. iiii|ii>s«il,li' 111 ('(iiiri'al. 
 I iiilri)iliir('i||li(> iiHi' III mil 
 
 iniM iiMil niii;lil !»' {irr< 
 !Vi'iilllit^ni)|n'aiU[ii'i'ijfirii^ 
 
 L'vidUsly li) IKiCMiUwriiiu 
 If? I'lijicrs, I'lirillwiiifili' 
 iKiiiMiiali'il Iir.si,-('l;i5s y 
 (liily (2«s. liiT cwt.); iiiild 
 of liirird nijin, willwul I 
 '•.itniilKl, ill wliii'li liisi' L 
 It'll '2iiil I'luKH, anil |>aiil Ijj 
 vl,.). Millhiianls ami .<r-' 
 Hiinio. iiialcrinlrt aa Jiiilt 
 II), (21.1. (lor cwl.) iluty. 
 ill t lu! (lill'onMit iloscriiiliiiiul 
 iilimit .ri or lit) iiiTOTit.j 
 201) jivr I'l'iit. (Ill tiiu aura 
 vi'. Icil Id tlip comniis.'iiiiil 
 I'hicli all llii' vii;iluniT if t 
 lUws imiUiiilii'aliim nf f\\ti 
 unal)l« t<i iiri'viMit ; llip 
 ;ca boiii); to injuro tlip Iwd 
 I to nivc thoMi of a tlilld 
 iicililics for carrjin:.; on IB 
 . Util, layint;outol'vif«r| 
 rcHsivoiicus of the daty, c 
 ) nhsunl tlian to iiilcriliftj 
 inl-dass wrapiiiiiR paper ifiJ 
 roRulation applied) from uij 
 tlum tarred riipM* After] 
 liic very (ji'iioral introilurf 
 ■oil ropi>9 advancwl coiisiiid 
 B use of any olher mnterinl rl 
 occiisioiicd ftii increasoofl 
 l(lvrtiitaf;e could not Ix. tak(l 
 go Hint llic excise regujji 
 no Bixpcnce into the pockeii 
 'cd tlic piililic to pay an I 
 II inferior article. Neither j 
 cf. a t;ood deal of the i 
 rtinR rags, which misht 
 inntifacturc of coarse wrap 
 y the manufacturers for a» 
 |c a f;ood deal that uiifjht V 
 mme way, could not besoM 
 Uclvlost. Iti9plain,therej 
 n had a twofold opcrat'on:! 
 Bst of wrapping paper, by a 
 lade from a comparatively! 
 ml secondly, in adding to I 
 
 icr. by preventing the tew 
 maimfacturcftombcinsM 
 
 be doubted, consiiteringtbej 
 ,cr is applied, whether m 
 tomiyd»tywhate«r. PnJ 
 indcrs, type-founders, am 
 lithographic pnn'f;;', j 
 ncrs and paper-hanger N 
 .Jutyon it. AndifitMj 
 inablc bounds, It .nc«^«J 
 the publication of b»fe-^" 
 lacleinthewayofthP^ 
 iseful and nccessat!' at* « 
 fhabits. Boob cany tty 
 kmman mM over tt^ ^ 
 t truly called the BfWt^ 
 Icienccandart.a«arf^% 
 fsir H- Pan"" * ' " 
 ^ ^1836, the e#»cies 
 
 PAIM'Ill llANdlNUS 
 ;,i„. sirvii-'' did not |H'niiit lliii lutal it|«'iiI (if 
 luutiis nil I"'!"-''. "I'T "■'■'■" ""'" "iul<'riiilly 
 
 Viiltii the siiiiio h'vct lis tlint on piiiiors of tlio 
 
 ;.„ii,l ilii.s.1, or Iron: H'/. per lb. to 1 4«/. per lli. ; 
 
 J,. iiiiiMUliieturers of I ho coar.itr (loHcription.s of 
 
 ln.jiij, ni |,h(' saiiio tiino rcluivod froiii the 
 
 iSiwiil'' i»'J'''' **''''■'' *■''*'-' '""' l""''*''"">''y ' '- 
 jiriil ami allownl to uso any niatcriiil in I lie 
 Muiiniri^ whicli tlicy nmy .iiidgc best. 'I'lii.. 
 aiiviflHl'"f '"l"'"''' -^"'''' '"'''"" l"'l'''r wluiii 
 jiiiHJ iir stained, over and above tlic ordinary 
 Jill Mil puiKT, WII-' I'"'" "'•"" >'<'l"'"ih'd, and tlni 
 ,in,n» Alts relatiiif; to paper wi^rc. combiiiiid 
 j;„i»iiit!ie statute. ^ 
 
 llniinllucncuof lliii wise .•iiul jiidicniiis incaMiiro 
 amJucini,' the price of papi'r "«'■«' '"' I'riiitiiiK 
 mi uritiii),' wiiH decidedly iiiiuiilc-tcd. I'lic 
 rtiiiii of the discriininatiiiK 'bily on utaiiicd 
 if-nnled paper, wan al.so of iiiatcrial imporlaiKU'. 
 Tb', teJuition (d' price it (locasioiicd cmibled a 
 iifhlarccr class of inrsons to Kol Hieir apart- 
 Kiib jiajicnd ; and it was in this way productive, 
 M inlv of an additional deniaiid for p.-ipor and 
 lil»ur,'biil of ail increase of conifort mid (dcan- 
 
 m. ,-11 
 
 Ill< measure also in great imrt obviated I lie 
 
 injiisiiif (lone to authors and publishers, by 
 
 I ■«ii;tllin(; them to pay a duly on lliu paper used 
 
 infiintiiii; bonks previoiiHly to their publication; 
 
 uiOTWiiiicntly, befoP! il could be known wlic- 
 
 ihtilbebKiiis would wdl. When t bey did iu)t sidl, 
 
 tbemsW obviously to be paid out of the capital 
 
 (illheiiilliors or publishers, and the los-s arising 
 
 trmumsiiccejisful publishing Hp(!oiilatioii wim 
 
 iiKra*lliy its amount. | Ante, 1|(>()K.s. j It is 
 
 OKliiii ovcry duly on paper, how limited soever, 
 
 tftatw ill this way, and is therefore olijeotiunabh! 
 
 I (tfrinqile; but the practical liardship inllieted 
 
 OB mtliurj by the last paper duty was not veiy 
 
 I Dileriil. 
 
 I<re5|i«ct3 revenue, too, the measure was com- 
 I [J(l(ly sucossful. In 1835, the nett produce of 
 iIk oil duties on paper, in the United Kingdom, 
 I nwunieil to 79G,.'i05/. In 1810, the reduced duties 
 I iitduccil 58l,42i)/. ; and in 1808 they produced 
 I UlWiiS/., being 323.128/, more than tlicir pro- 
 liiwitlien the rate of charge waa double. This 
 I MKmenl, however, gives but an imperfect view 
 ■ 'ei)r(i;;ross of the manufacture : Cor, owing to 
 I !Ik ptemium (for so it may be called) which tlie 
 I ;mtiit postage regulations give on the use of 
 liiiiianii light paper, the increase iu its pioduc- 
 lt»ii\ti«, no doubt, a good deal greater than we 
 I sight infer from the mere increase of weight. 
 
 After an unsuccessful attempt in 18C0, the 
 |I«[*r duty was totally repealed m 1861. In the 
 |l«st year of its existence, the receipts were 
 
 |i;jl)JKlO/. 
 
 fAPKK HANGINGS. In 18fi7, wc ex- 
 jIMted 43,411 cwt. of paper hangings of our own 
 Imnufacture, valued at 123,042/., chiolly to North 
 jAieiia ami Australia, and we imported 7,7.')3 
 !«., chietly from France, valued at 3'2,5t)3/. 
 
 llPiPKR.] 
 
 .PARA or GRAM PARA. A port of Brazil, 
 latuate about 80 miles from the mouth of the 
 |.taazun. Population 3.5,000. 
 I %i"J-lu 1865, the total number of ships 
 ■WMi entered the port of Para was !)G, with 
 "-"■ilia tonnage; in 1866, 13!), with 52,108 tonnage, 
 Mm iSGi, 160 of 58,798 tons. There also 
 Win 1866,96 vessels of 01,752 tonnage, imd 
 Bl*i 80 vessels of 1)9,927 tons, all engaged in 
 I u T '""**• '^^"^'^ ^^•''■c c'>ioflv brazilian, 
 L!!, \°^^"™'» of Kf^nt and" increasing 
 l¥rtance, the exports having risen during the 
 
 I'AIUMIMI'INT 
 
 009 
 
 live years lHli3-7 from about 525,000/, to iipwardd 
 (if !IOO,(IOt)/, in value. The principal exports are 
 Indif riiblier, cacao, llriuil iiiitH, and bi(h'M. Of 
 tbcHeartichssllu! lirst is by far the most iinporlani, 
 the export in the year 1807 having been '.),32I,1)I2 
 lb., worth about 570,000/. It is colleiaed in largo 
 (liianlities tliroiighout thi^ swamp on the bunks of 
 tlic Ania/on. The exports of i^acao and Krazil 
 nuts, having declined, are iigaiii increnHiiig. 
 
 The ludgbbdiirliodil of Para also prodiict^s 
 aniialto, isinglass, sarsaparilla, and a little sugar. 
 The imports of I'arii, on an average of the three 
 years l«tM-(), amounted in value to 510,000/., and 
 hi l«i;7 to.5'Jl),4l(i/. 
 
 ICrijllita Jiiti Mrmtiinn. — I Itra/.iliaii lb. P012 
 lb. avoirdupois; I arr(iba = i32'3H lb. ; I (|iiiiital — 
 I2i)',)l7 III.; IMIO al(pii(!icsi; I bnsl'.i-l ; I7(;aiiadas 
 ;= Hi imperial gallons; I vara^ l-l!W yard; I 
 (Mira(hi-0'71'l yard. Tho deprei^ialion of the 
 ciirrcncy of the conntry conseiiiieiit on the war 
 with Paraguay liatt created alarm among capital- 
 ists, and cau.scd embarriLssiiient iu business trunn- 
 lurtioiis. 
 
 The rates of freight to ICngland in 1800 were 
 for India-rnblier, :'M». to d.Os. jier ton: cacao, 50x. ; 
 lini/.il nuts, Inun II5.>. 
 
 Para is already a growing town, and willbeconK; 
 more iinportanl, from its position on the Amazon, 
 and irom the fact that it therefore is on lh(! road 
 to the interior and Peru, since the navigation of 
 \\w Amazon was ojiened to the shipping of all 
 nations in September 1807. (The above in- 
 formation is chietly (dilaincd from Mr. (consul 
 Hay's llfjxjrts of March 'J, 1867, and I'ebruaiy 
 
 i8i;8.) 
 
 PAUCKL. A term indifferently applied to 
 small packages of wares, and to large lots of 
 goods. In this latter sense, 20 hogsheads of 
 .sugar or more, if bought at one price, or in u 
 single lot, nre denominated a parcel of sugar, 
 
 PAKCIOLS, lULL OF. An account of the 
 items eom|>osiiig a parcel. 
 
 PAUCUMIiNT ANi> VKLLUM. The former 
 consists of ilie skins of sheep, and the latter 
 of those of calves, prepared in such a manner 
 Its to render them suitable for being written upon, 
 for covering books, and other purposes. Tin; 
 eonsiimptioii of these articles is very considerable. 
 In this and most otb(T countries, it is customary 
 to use them instead of paper in the drawing up of 
 a great variety of deeds und other legal instru- 
 ments. They are also extensively used, esiiccially 
 in Italy, in the binding of books. The liticst 
 copies of the mngiii<';ccnt classics which issued 
 from the Dutch pu'sscs, in the 17tli century and 
 the early par^ of the 18th, were all bound in 
 vellum. 
 
 Parchment is coarser than vellum, and not eo 
 well adapted for writing upon. The qualities of 
 both articles dirt'er very widely ; so much so, that 
 the best parchment is preferable to iiucrior or 
 oven middling vellum. The goodness of each 
 depends partly on the ((uality of tho skins of which 
 they arc made, and partly, and indeed in a very 
 high degree, on the care and skill with which th(y 
 arc manufactured. 
 
 Historical Notice. — Tho history of these articles 
 is involved in some obscurity. Varro and Pliny 
 (Hist. Nat lib. xiii. cap. 11), who have been 
 generally followed, state that they were originally 
 manufactured nt Pcrgamus, in Asia Minor, the 
 capital city of Eumenes II., r .le of Alexander's 
 successors, but who must not be confounded 
 with Eumenes, the secretary and general of tho 
 conqueror, during tho reign of that prince ; and 
 that parchment owes to this circumstance its 
 classical name of chartu Penjamena. Hut there 
 
 ;■.«■, I 
 il t- 
 
 
 ■'.t 
 
 '\'\ .■' 
 
■ t 
 
 1000 
 
 r.;r.TiAL loss 
 
 , i 
 
 ';•■ 
 
 •i;i 
 
 ' , 
 
 Ml * 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 ■f 
 
 ■•_ 
 
 I 
 
 <* 
 
 ■Vf'.' ', 
 
 . 
 
 > 
 
 ''.': V; 
 
 
 :•!■ 
 
 ,'--*■■■ 
 
 
 1 
 
 "ii-; ;■ i: 
 
 ' ■'- ^ ^^. ^« 
 
 ■•'•-:#; 
 
 
 ' 1 • -.'*[■;'. 
 
 ■ yai 1 
 
 Hccms to tio little ir any roiindation for thi.s statc- 
 niRiU. Vt'c have 8ccii, in tbo preceding article on 
 I'Aricii, tliat i IcToilotiift, who flouriiihcd rattier more 
 than a t'ciitury before Alexander the tirent, states 
 distinctly, llmt previously to hisi era, when paper 
 (t'lutrtit Jifii/jitiaca) was scarce, the Iiinianii were 
 nccustonind to write on the Hkina of Khecp and 
 |{onls, and that that practice wait llien followed 
 (viz. in hi;j lime) by Hcveral barbarous nations, 
 (Lib. V. cup. 5H.) And it is all but certain, Hceint; 
 that tlic practice of writ in;; on ski, s had been in 
 use for at least 24 centuries, and probably much 
 more, ]ireviously to the era of Kumcnes, that 
 their preparation would, iu the course of that 
 lengthened period, bo so much improved as to 
 render them little dilfeieiit from parchment. It 
 is ])robable, indeed, that their monufacture may 
 liave been improved in l\rj;amns; but we incline 
 to think that parchment owes its name rather to 
 the extensive demand for it in tint city, in con- 
 He(juencc of Kumcnes having amasiicd a lar^'c and 
 ■-•aiuablo library, than to anything else. He 
 was, in fact, compelled to use parchment ond 
 vellum in the copying of books, as his con- 
 temporary Ptolemy I'hiladelphus had prc'iibited 
 the exportation of paper, (I'lin. ubi supra.) 
 
 The scarcity of parchment during the middle 
 ngcs, and in antecedent time's, led to the practice 
 of obliterating the writing on old parchments, by 
 rubbing them with pumice stone, immersing tlicm 
 in boiling water, and such like devices ; and there 
 can be nu maimer of doubt that the prevalence of 
 this practice has bci'ii most injurious to literature, 
 and that it has most jirobabl}- occasioned tlie total 
 destruction of some of the noblest chcfs-d'oDuvre 
 of antiquity. In the middle ages these were 
 erased, that room might be made for some wttrth- 
 less treatise on scholastic theology or logic. 
 Sometimes, however, it happens that the ancient 
 writing is not so mncli obliterated, but that it 
 may still be read ; and to that circumstance the 
 recent discovery of a portion of Cicero's treatise 
 J)c Republkd is to be ascribed. It had been 
 eftiiced to make room for a commentary of St. 
 Augustine on the Psalms. (Sec the preface of 
 3Iai, the ingenious discoverer of this lost treatise.) 
 Parchments from which the writing has been 
 erased in this way are called palimpsests (from 
 irtiAii', again, and ifiaui, to efface or clean), or 
 repeatedly cleaned parchments; because they have 
 been repeatedly cleaned, renewed, or prepared 
 for writing upon. If the learned world is ever to 
 be grotitied by the recovery of the lost comedies 
 of Alcnander, or the lost books of Polybius, Livy, 
 and Tacitus, it will most probably be by linding 
 them under some homily or poem of the middle 
 ages. {Nonveau Traitu de Diiihmatique, i. 482 
 ic; Dom de Vaines, ii. 177; Ac.) 
 PARTIAL LOSS. [Insurance (Mahinis).] 
 PAKTNEKSIIIP. The association of two or 
 more individuals for carrying on some business or 
 undertaking in common ; each deriving a certain 
 share of the profits, and bearing a corresponding 
 share of the loss arising therefrom. 
 
 The term partnership is usually applied to those 
 smaller associations in which the partners per- 
 sonally conduct their joint affairs : the term 
 company being applied to those great associations 
 conducted by the directors and servants appointed 
 by the body of the partners to act for them ; the 
 latter having no direct concern in the manage- 
 mentofthe affairs of the company. [Cumi*amie8.] 
 The advantages of partnership are obvious. 
 Many businesses could not be successfully carried 
 on without a larger command of capital tlian 
 usually belongs to an individual; ond most of 
 them require the combiaatioa of various species of 
 
 talent. 
 
 PARTNERSUir 
 An individual may have cjnital n.iffl. 
 to undertake a particular bu»incsn ' but h' 
 not be tlioroughlv versed in anv of it, ,|(.,'i,""' 
 he maybe familiar with certnm parU of ii "' '■ 
 not with others; so tlint it miKht be for I,;,?,' 
 vantoge to assume one or more indiviciiial. Li 
 Iiartners, supposing them to bo Hithniit cri 'i 
 provided they possessed the skill „„,i oil,er',S 
 lications rwiuired in prosccutiiij. tlie bii i, 
 AHSociations of this sort ciiablo ca|)itariii„r,aM 
 to derive all the assistance that each is mnlu 
 lending to the other. And as ilie ^raj,,,' '„f 
 partner usuall^v consist of a certain »nv„, J 
 the totiU iirofitJt mode by the cumpanv, ci,.|, i, 
 the most powerful motive to exert him!.clii„[,i' 
 beneOt of the concern. It is not, inii^j ,„ 
 denied, that associations of this sort are occasi. 
 ally jiroductivc of mischievous consequfnc 
 Tlio public interest rerpiires that the «|a 
 partners in u firm should be bound bv the acu 
 any one of their number ; so that the fi,llv 
 fraud of a single partner may entail very serf,, 
 consequences upon those associated wiih hii 
 {JeneruUy, however, this is not an evil of rrenuJ 
 occurrence; and there can be no question ly 
 both in a private and public point of viw, pji 
 ncrships are highly beneficial. 
 
 To enter into anything like a full diacusjion 
 the law of partnership would vcrv far extimioi 
 limits. We shall, therefore, merely state a few 
 those leading principles with which it is ofji 
 portauco that mercantile men, and tlic nnU 
 generally, should be well acquaintcil. 
 
 Formation of rartncrships.—'l'he mere con 
 of the partners, fixed and certilie.l by acts or 
 tracts, is quite sufficient to constitute a privi 
 copartnership ; so that if two or more mtrchi 
 or other persons, join together in trade, or in 
 sort of business, with a mutual, though it _ 
 be unequal, participation in the prolit anj losi 
 the concern, they are in everv respect to be 
 sidered as partners. No particular fomi ofm 
 or proceeding is necessarj* to constitute a iwrti 
 ship. It may be entered into cither by au iX| 
 written agreement, or by o merely ' .erljal 
 The former ought in almost all cases to hi 
 fetred. The contract of copartnery sliould 
 the parties to it, the business to be canlcd m 
 space of time the partnership is to continue, 
 capital each is to bring into the business, tiie pi 
 portion in which the profit and ha are to 
 divided, the manner in which the businu^sii 
 be conducted, the mode agreed upon for »tiJ 
 accounts at the dissolution of the {lorloer 
 together with the special covenants auapi 
 the circumstances of each particular case, 
 
 To constitute a partnership, there mu-t 
 participation in uncertain protits and losies: 
 the true criterion to determine, when mow 
 advanced to a trader, whether the inJ 
 making the advance is to be looked uponii 
 partner or not, is to ascertain whether the ;/ti' 
 or profit he certain and defined, or am, 
 definite, and depending upon the aaidintidfi 
 In the former case he is a lender merelv; a 
 latter he is a partner. The mere participiiiij 
 the profits of any business or adventure, n 
 a participation in the losses, constitutessf" 
 ship, so far as to render the individuals) 
 pating liable to third parties for the wpf 
 of the concern, though as between tii( 
 themselves it may be no partnership, fci 
 clerk or other servant stipulate foraslw 
 profits of any business as a reward fi'b 
 he becomes responsible to third pans J|^ 
 partner, and no private arrangemen! m "" 
 his liabilitv. 
 
PARTNERSHIP 
 
 1001 
 
 have capital mfflciwj 
 lUHincss i but he mar 
 I any of it« lictail., ' 
 crtniu part* of ii u,^ 
 it mlKht be for his *!. 
 Hire iiiJiviiluals a< 1 
 10 bo wilhnut ca;jiiijJ 
 ! nkill ftiitl oilier iiualJ 
 iccutiuj; the buMiitiJ 
 inblo capital and ulenl 
 t bat each is cafalli 
 i ns Ibc (jaiiis nf ( 
 n ccrluin pmiiorlinn o, 
 the comiiany, cwh ln( 
 t(i exert miiweUiurihi 
 It lit i\ut, inilMd. to I 
 f this sort are occasin; 
 shievous conscqufntfi 
 |iiirc3 that the wh,, 
 be bound by the acu J 
 r ; BO that the fully 
 may entail very striiil 
 a associated with hii 
 is not an evil of frc(|uca 
 nn be no question thi 
 iliUc point of view, paij 
 licial. 
 
 ; like a full disciisjitm j 
 oulil very farcxLLvdo 
 "ore, memly state a few j 
 with which it h ofiJ 
 lie men, and the pull 
 ,1 acquainted. 
 ahips. — The mere codm 
 d certitie.lby actsnrc 
 t to constitute a privd 
 if two or more mcrchaia( 
 )gcthct in trade, or in i 
 a mutual, thoHj(h it n 
 )n in the profit ami losj] 
 n cvcrv respect to be c 
 ,0 particular form of »M 
 xrj- to constitute a |»anM 
 d into cither by aiuxpn 
 by a merely .ctWi 
 most all cases to be i 
 of copartnery slioultistj 
 isincss tobecaniwUaa 
 tncrshipis to continue, tl 
 into the business, liicW 
 profit and loss are to I 
 n which the businissiij 
 de agreed upon for sttiiil 
 dution of the laitneisbl 
 ecial covenants aaapl»| 
 acli particular case, 
 rtnership, there must I 
 i;ainprotiU and losses: 
 determine, when inoii«!| 
 ■r, whether the aisr 
 is to be looked up* I 
 certain whetlier the fw 
 ml defined, or cmuj 
 -■ upon' the accidnUm 
 > is a lender merely; «1 
 The mere patticipin»| 
 liness or adventuie,«it"r 
 . losses, coniititutesapw 
 let the individual »[« 
 parties for the eupijt* 
 U as between tbe ?« 
 no partnership. »] 
 , stipulate for a sliffli" 
 
 „,„ individual, by hiJ own act or inadvertencp, 
 
 hiranelf to «ri><^'"' '" "" "'"'■''' "* " partner, 
 
 "" ' .[iidfd from disputing the fact, oven 
 
 * 1 i,Ahfl'c no inicrcct in tho profltfi. A 
 
 'rliin withdrawn from « llrm is liable on 
 
 f , ,„e remninin); partners continuing,' his 
 
 in the lirm. thouKli witiu.ut his con,scnt, 
 
 I*"' Kp take the nece.'i.sary precautions (post) 
 
 I L that lie ha.s ceased to belong' to it. 
 
 l"i( ihcre be no c.\|)rp«s stipulation ns to tl;c 
 
 Llnracntofpartiiorsliip property, the majority 
 
 Ir? [„ the disposition and mannRemcnt of 
 
 KtaflTairs of the firm; or, if there be but 
 
 l» liies in a lirm, one may manafic tho con- 
 
 loZ he thinks lit, provided it be witliin the 
 
 I of tm\ faitii, mill warranted by tho cir- 
 
 „Moe9 of the case. The general duty of a 
 
 mt is to keep in view, at uU times and in 
 
 MMNictionK, tlie interest and w<dfuro of the 
 
 ' liip, bv acting honestly and uprightly, 
 
 l'j<aVnuieiit ,nan would conduct Ins own 
 
 UUanJlAnblliti'^inf Partner) nmoiifl thein- 
 
 ■ In the absence of evidence to the contrary, 
 
 mm arc taken to be P(pially interested in the 
 
 ephip stock and effects. That U, thry are 
 
 ;„ri to he joint owners, with the important 
 
 «ce expressed in legal language: 'Jus 
 
 usendi inter mcrcatores locum non Iiabct.' 
 
 mitv however, which exercises a siKcial jiiris- 
 
 Viiovcr partnerships, interposes here, and 
 
 iiujieitlie right of cacli partner in the joint 
 
 •k. Toiscertain what each partner's share in 
 
 ioint stMk is. it is necessary to know what 
 
 ifltr ii iiK'luded within that denomination. 
 
 Mitjermay risk his whole property in the 
 
 i( of a firm, but it may not thereupon be 
 
 jienhip property. The law moulds^ itself to 
 
 iiL'ntion of the parties, when tlio intention 
 
 be ascertained. Again, the most scrupulous 
 
 ftymnst be observed. Any one partner is 
 
 ,ili oicd to stipulate for any private advantage 
 
 ike expense of the rest : if he do, he is com- 
 
 ible to occupy the position of a trustee for tho 
 
 Aoftheotlier partners, if any great breach 
 
 fiiih is committed. Chancery may dissolve 
 
 fwtncrship, though it docs .so reluctantly. 
 
 executor does "not occupy tho place of a 
 
 isetl partner, unless there be an express 
 
 ation in the deed of partnership, that the 
 
 tor, or other person appointed by tlie will, 
 
 11 succeed him. When such a clause docs 
 
 it gives the executor an option whether he 
 
 remain, or secure his share, and a reasonable 
 
 must be given him in which to inspect 
 
 nts and make up his mind. If he should 
 
 to remain a partner, he will become liable 
 
 person or property to the engagements of 
 
 lirin, tliouijh lie merely hold in trust for 
 
 lacoiirt of equity decrees a dissolution, it has 
 Wto irder a sale of the partnership effects, and 
 pision of the produce, proportionately to the 
 le of each partner in the joint property, subject 
 foulations made in the deed of partnership ; 
 lisanilc in mercantile law, that 'Modus ct 
 kentiorincunt legem.' (Smith On Mercantile 
 
 fcaiitt!/ of Partners as in third I'arfies.— It 
 Tbehid down as a general rule, that partners, 
 ilier actual, ostensible, or dormant, are bound 
 le act of their partner, made in tho course of 
 Wh reference to the partnership business, and 
 P regular course of dealing by the firm ; aud 
 ^h the general rule of law be, that no one is 
 Mpon any contract, except such as are pri\'y 
 iydthisisnot contravened by the liability 
 
 of partners, as they an; siipposrd virtiiully prnHCiit 
 at and Hiinctioiiiiig tho proceedings tht^y singly 
 enter into in tiio course of trade, or as being 
 severally vested with a power enabling tlioni ti> 
 act at onco as ])rincipal.'t and as tho authnrisnt 
 ugontH of their copartners. It is for the advantage 
 of partiK^rs that they nro thus held liable; for 
 tho credit of their tirm is in consequence greativ 
 enhanced, and facility is given to all their deal- 
 ings, even when they reside in difren'iit parts of 
 tho country, or of the world. A due regard to 
 the interest of strangers is at tho sntnc timo 
 jhservcd ; for where an individual deals with oni^ 
 of several partners, he relics upon tho credit of 
 the entire firm, and therulbro ought to hnvo 
 his remedy against uU the individuals who com- 
 pose it. 
 
 Unless the act of one partner relate to and bo 
 connected with the partiicrshij) trade, and in tho 
 course of dealing liy the firm, such acting partnrr 
 only will be bound : for it is only by acting in tlio 
 course of their particular trade or line of business 
 that an imi)liedautliorii,y is delegated by partners 
 to each other; and it is onlv in such transactions 
 that third parties have a right to rely upon the 
 partnership funds. 'I'o bind a partnership, credit 
 must be given to the firm itself, and not to one 
 merely of its partners. One of them may even, in 
 furtherance of tho objects of the firm, enter into n 
 contract with some third porty ; but if such con- 
 tract be made excluitively and solehj upon Vie 
 credit of tlie individual partner, it will only bind 
 him, and not the firm. The presumption of tho 
 law, however, always is, that o contract with one 
 of the partners in reference to the business of the 
 firm lias been riaered into upon the credit of 
 the whole; and this presumption is not to bo 
 rebutted, except by very cle;ir evidence. One 
 partner cannot, as such, except in bankruptcy, 
 bind another by deed. 
 
 The authority of a partner is revocable; and it 
 is now fully established that a disclaimer of the 
 authority of the partners in any particular trans- 
 action will preclude him froni binding his co- 
 partners. Even during the subsistence of the 
 partnership, one partner may to a certain degree 
 limit his reitponsibility ; oml if there be anv par- 
 ticular spcciiiation or bargain proposed, which ho 
 disapproves of, lie may, by giving distinct iiotico 
 to those with whom his partners are about to 
 contract that he will not be concerned in it, relieve 
 himself from all consequences. Such notice would 
 rebut his prima facie liability. The partnership 
 would be suspended quoad this transaction. Thus, 
 if a partner draw, accept, or indorse a bill or note, 
 he will, in all ordinary cases, thereby render the 
 firm liable. But, to use the words of Lord Kllen- 
 borough, ' it is not essential to a partnership that 
 every partner should have such power ; they may 
 stipulate among themselves that it shall not be 
 done ; and if a third party, having notice of this, 
 will take such security from one of the portners, 
 he shall not sue the others upon it, in breach of 
 such stipulation, nor in defiance of notice pre- 
 viously given to him by one of them, that he will 
 not be liable for ony bill or note signed by the 
 others' {Galtcay v. Matthew, 10 East, 264) ; and 
 so in other cases. 
 
 However sin.-.il the share a partner may have 
 in a conceni, ha is liable for the whole of the debts 
 contracted by the firm ; and must seek his remedy 
 in a rateable contribution against his partners. 
 Should one party enter into a smuggling or other 
 illegal transaction on the partnership account, the 
 other partners are liable to the duties and the 
 penalty ; and the Crown may proceed against tho 
 real deliiKpient alone, or against all the partners. 
 
 
 •■ 1 
 
 .1 ! 
 
 t .' 
 
1002 
 
 I 
 f 
 
 I'AKTNKU.SIIII'.S VVITII LIMITKI) LIAlULIxy 
 
 thi! lender hIiuII rvccivi* a 
 
 il.- 
 
 i i ■■ 
 
 
 
 1\. 
 
 .•■> 
 
 •t 
 •I 
 
 ••■■i 
 
 ■» * ... 
 
 ■t 4 ■ 
 
 ■■•V iSa ; :- 
 
 . ••! iVfr 
 
 4 -^^ 
 
 A buukncliur, or newspaper pruprii'tor, in iinnwer- 
 iiblo fur the nets of IiIh iiKentor cupiirtncr, nulonly 
 civilly l)ut ul.io etimimilly, 
 
 Di'milutiint of PurtiitrthifMi. — A purtnprHliip 
 may be (liHHolveil by tbe I'tlliixioii or expiration of 
 tlie time durin;; wbich it was oriniiinlly iiureed 
 tlmt it hIiouM eontiinie. When ii eopiirtnernli'p in 
 formed fur a xin^^le di^aliii^' or truiiwiellon, tlic 
 inoinrnt thnt is completed, it in at un end. I'arlner- 
 shipH may uIho Ixt diHsotvvil liy death, a({reenient, 
 bankruptcy, outlawry Ac. A court of ecpiity will 
 interfere to dissolve a ;iartnernliip, in ca.scH where 
 n partner ho nii.sconducln iiimself uh to be injiiriouH 
 to the firm, or to defeat I lie object fur which the 
 part'iorship wan funned ; or when » partner be- 
 comes in.sanr, or in in Huch a Htate of mind as to 
 render him permanently incapable of transacting 
 the peculiar buHiness of the firm; or where u 
 partnerNhip is formed for an inipraclicable pur- 
 pone. Indeed, in all custH, where even a partner- 
 ship may be dissolved wjtlioui the interference of 
 a court of equity, it may be most iirudent, if the 
 dissolution bo opposed by one of the partners, to 
 lilc a bill, praying u dissolution and accouiil, 
 and an injunction a^'ainst using the partnership 
 name. 
 
 When a partnership is disiiolved by agreement, 
 or 0110 of the partners withdraws from it, public 
 uutico of the dissolution must l)c Kiven in the Lon- 
 don Gazette ; and u specijic intimation of the circum- 
 stance must be lent to ma, indiviJunh accuHtomed 
 io deal with the Jinn. VVhcro such intitnation has 
 not been sent, the individual withdruwiii}{ from 
 the lirm may be made liable to third parties after 
 he has ceosoil to havo anything to do with it. A 
 dormant partner, whose uamo has never been an- 
 nounced, may withdraw from a firm without 
 making tlio dissolution of partnership publicly 
 known. 
 
 When the joint debts of tho iirra arc paid, and 
 the property duly distributed among the partners, 
 the dissolution may bo said, in a general sense, to 
 be accomplished. If any one of thu firm be guilty 
 of a breach of duty in misapplying tho eirects 
 before the concern is finally wound up, the proper 
 course is to ap|)ly to the Court of Chancery to 
 appoint a manager. 
 
 Within a reasonable time after the death of one 
 partner, the survivors must account to tho repre- 
 seutativcB of the deceased ; and if not willing to 
 do 30, a court of equity will compel them. In 
 taking partnership accounts at the death of a 
 partner, they must commence with the last stated 
 account ; or, if there be none such, with the com- 
 mencement of the partnership; and they must 
 «nd with the state of the stock at the time of the 
 partner's death, and the proceeds thereof until it 
 be got in. 
 
 No notice is necessary to third parlies of the 
 death of a partner ; the partnership is dissolved, 
 and all liabilities for subsequent acts cease. The 
 surviving parties are t ' be sued alono for the 
 partnership liabilities auu obligations, for which 
 they are liable to tho full extent. But they aro 
 not liable for the separate debts of tlio deceased 
 partner, unless, after payment of all the joint 
 debts, they have a surplus of the partnership 
 €ffect° in tneir hands. 
 
 Upon a dissolution by death, if the joint efifects 
 be insulficitnt to pay the partnership debts, the 
 separate estate of the deceased partner, if ho have 
 any, is liablt *br the deficiency. 
 
 The Act 28 . >; 20 Vict. c. 86 sanctions a further 
 alteration in tLe law of partnership. 
 
 Advances by way of loan to a person engaged 
 or about to engage in any trade or undertaking 
 upon a contract in writing with such person that 
 
 
 •.1 .1 .1. 1 II ""!'"'' '"'«'«»t vaMiil 
 
 with the profits, or Hhull receive a slm,,. „f • I 
 
 uriMng from carrying on such iradc „p Jl, 
 
 taking, nball not of itself cmstitulc the l,.i„|,.'! j 
 
 partner with the person or persmis iHrrvin. 
 
 such trade or undertaking, or reinkTliim ri.ili 
 
 ble lis such. ' ' 
 
 No contract for the remuiierntiui 
 or ngent by a share of prullts Ac 
 the servant responsible as a (lartiier, urTm.) 
 the rights of u partner. 
 
 No person being widow or ehilil of tin. ,1,,,, 
 partner, and receiving us such a ^l^arc(.| ir,iitJ 
 sliall bo deemed u partner. ^ 
 
 No person receiving an oiinuitv iiicnn^nkaiw 
 of the sale of good will, to be dceiiii'ilai)arir..r I 
 
 In case of bankruptcy or cuui|K)9iiion, lii,. i,.„J 
 not to Ih! entitled to recover. 
 
 Tho term • person ' to indmle « paiinmlii 
 tlnn, a joint-stock company nnd a idrimraiion. 
 
 The statements now made will, probaMv, l 
 Hullicicnt to give our readers a tolcrnUv iIm J 
 notion of thu formation of porttiership,'; and", 
 tho more important rights, duties, liabilitiu i 
 arising out of such institutions. TIkisc wh.iirj 
 to go deeper into tho subject may roiuult l 
 tri-atiscs of Watson and Montague on liie Uti 
 Piirtnerahip ; Chitty's Commercial Jmu; vol. ] 
 
 \yoolrycll On Gimmrreial 
 Smith's MercaiUik Liu; i 
 
 pp. 22")— 209; 
 pp. 298—317; 
 sec. !)5. 
 
 I'AUTXKKSIIIPS WITH LIMITED Llj 
 lULITV. Wo have previously madu fmc^n 
 rul remarks on this subject, to which we «oa 
 beg to refer the reader. rCoMi"A!«iKs,' 
 there endeavoured to show tiic extrcnulvolJ 
 tionable nature of such partnerships, anJ iJ 
 there was nothing in the circumstances pwul 
 to this country which cither required urtxoi 
 their introduction. The opinion of the creaierJ 
 not the better informed, part of tho public beJ 
 however, for a while at least, strongly in i 
 favour, they were established by the M IS H 
 Vict. e. 47, amended by tho 20 & 21 Vict. c. f 
 and are now regulated by the Companies' .d 
 of 18132 and 1807, 25 & 26 Vict. c. 81), and 3D J;| 
 Vict. c. 131. 
 
 The two schedules annexed t» the Act of 1^ 
 give the following memorandums of associi 
 and comprise a summary of the various 
 iiigs connected with the formation and mai 
 ment of companies with liability limited bvs' 
 and limited by guarantee, of which we beg | 
 annex copies. 
 
 Memorandum of Association of a Compi 
 Limited bit Shares. 
 
 Ist. Tho name of the company k'Tkl 
 Steam Packet Company, limited.' 
 
 2nd. Tho registered 'oflice of the company 
 be situate in England. 
 
 3rd. The objects for which the compinrj 
 estijilished are, ' the conveyance of i)iiiMii«tnjr 
 goods in ships or boats between such place u j 
 company may from time to time determiwr 
 the doing all such other things as arcinciJ'^ 
 or conducive to the attainment of the i 
 object.' , ,, . 
 
 4th. The liability of the sharehotol 
 'limited.' , 
 
 5th. The capital of the company uV 
 divided into 1,000 shares of 200/. cact, 
 
 We, the several persons whaic «m 
 addresses are subscribed, are desiroiii rf l< 
 formed into a company in P»f*""" JlLi 
 memorandum of association, and we rspecn 
 agree to take the number of shares a toe t 
 
 ji 
 
PARTNEUSim'S WITir 
 „f tilt coBlMiny ■«•'' oi'liositf our rcspt'otivu 
 
 IJMTTKD LIADILITY 
 
 loon 
 
 iiiiirntiiin ul' u ^.r jj 
 
 riiliu ic'„ shall wJ 
 
 II |)artner, or ^ivc bi^ 
 
 or chilli of thi' iKvi^ 
 I HUeli n i-barc ni |it<,t 
 
 jncxcd t- the Act oi" 1^ 
 [morandums of asjocU 
 iry of the various pru 
 he" formation ami mu 
 filiabilitvUmitetlbyslii 
 utc'C, of which we beg I 
 
 |r which the companj 
 |nvcyanccofi)iii«n««»'f 
 Uetwcen such place u J 
 ne to time deltmiwl 
 ler tilings as arc inn(l(|" 
 fattainment of m " 
 
 giaM< 
 
 Nimn Hid AJJrcruM of luUirllKr. 
 
 .|j.,B .!,ilMI it 
 
 . J, ii>milh'« 
 ( !!,,«,. I iropiin' 
 
 , lr4f»« llniwn of 
 • iwrWhiUuf 
 
 In th«* county ul" 
 III lhi» niiiMli iif 
 III till' ciililily iif 
 In lh» rnnnly »f 
 In III** cuunly of 
 In l^t• rottnly of 
 In tliif rountjr nf 
 1 oul Mhann Ukun 
 
 NninlHir of 
 Mh<ir«» t.ikcn 
 
 n« riu 
 
 'ilKI 
 
 Mt 
 40 
 I 'I 
 
 10 
 
 
 J,,./,i/;u"ii /'"• Miiniujement oj a Vomimny 
 [jmtil I"/ Shuns. (Sei- also Act of IHl.7.) 
 >(ui,».— 1. If Tvcriil |)or.s()ii9 art' roKistoreil 
 Liililpts iif any .•>imro, any cuur of sucli 
 
 inav K''*'' c'tlVctiial r< ipts for any 
 
 iiiiJuiil |«ivabl(' ill ri'wpoc-t of hikIi .'Imro, 
 i tverv' nicrnhiT nliall, on imyiiiciit of ono 
 ikiiiw, lir smli losi mim as llif tMniipany in 
 !(t«nl mictiii); may presi'i-ilM-, bo riiiitleil to ii 
 jriiiMii'. uniliT the comnion seal of ilu,' coin- 
 MH,>|Hcifvin(,' the HJiarr or Hiian^s helil by liiiii, 
 uyiilif amount paid up thereon. 
 J, If such ciTtitieate is worn out or lost, it 
 BivW rcncivwl, on payment of one nhilliiiK, or 
 itdliMsura a." the company in general mceliiig 
 uv i-rejcribo. 
 diili on Shares. — I. The directors may from 
 time 10 lime make such calls upon the members 
 ii vs^ of all moneys unpaid on their shares 
 uteimk fit, provided that 21 days' notice at 
 k'liJfiftn of each call, and each member shall 
 btlublftopay the amount of calls so made to 
 tiffrnmanj at the times and places appointed 
 Iv !ie liiroctors. 
 
 j, A call shall be deemed to have been made 
 iitiK time when the resolution of the directors 
 Miionjiiii,' such call was passed. 
 (, If the call payable in respect of any share is 
 Im paid before or on the day appointed for 
 ptment thereof, the holder for the time being of 
 liA <harc shall be liable to pay interest for the 
 It at the rate of 6/. per cent, per annum from 
 |lt(ilayaiipointC(l for the payment thereof to the 
 it (if the actual payment. 
 
 ■ The directors may, if they think fit, receive 
 any member willing to advance the same, 
 ot any part of the moneys due upon the 
 held by him beyond the sums actually 
 for: and upon the moneys so paid in 
 Ivmce. or so much thereof as from time to time 
 :cwlj the amount of the calls then made upon 
 iharesin respect of which such advance bos 
 made, the company may pay interest at 
 rate as the member paying such sum in 
 Ifjjcc and the directors agree upon. 
 TmMj'm of Shares.— )i. The instrument of 
 er of any share in the company shall bo 
 Mtcd both by the transferor and transferee, 
 A the transferor shall be deemed to remain a 
 iHer of such share until the name of the trans- 
 
 ■ is entered in the register book in respect 
 eof 
 
 h. Shares in the company shall be transferred 
 
 He iullowing form : 
 '' -^^^ Kf ill consideration of the 
 
 ' 'f pounds paid to me by CD. 
 
 do hereby transfer to the said 
 
 ■ the share [or shares] "numbered 
 standing m my name in the books of the 
 
 . company, to hold 
 
 pio the said CD., his executors, administrators, 
 ^ assips, subject to the several conditions on 
 1* 1 held the game at the time of the exeou- 
 "n hereof; and I the said CD. do hereby agree 
 
 to takf the said share (or shares] siibji^ct to the 
 rnmo conditions. As witness our hands, the 
 'lay of 
 
 10. The conipaiiy may neeliiie to register any 
 transfer id' shares made by u member who in 
 Indebted to them. 
 
 11. The transfer books shull be closed during 
 the fourteen days immediately preeeiling the 
 ordinary general niei'ting in eai h year. 
 
 'rriiiismiaa'mu of Sluiren. — I".'. 'I'lie executors or 
 adniiiiislrators of a deceased member :Oiall Im' the 
 only persons reciigniM'd by the company as having 
 any lith' to bis share. 
 
 III. Any person becoming entitled to .1 share in 
 (!i)iisei|iiene(^ of tlio death, bankruptcy, or insol- 
 vency of any member, or in coiise<pience of the 
 marriage of any (Vmalu member, may be registered 
 OS a member upon such evidence being produced 
 as may from time to time bo requireil by the 
 company, 
 
 II, Any |K'rson who has become entitled to a 
 share in eonsequenco of the death, bankruptcy, or 
 insolvency of any member, or in conHC(|iienee of 
 the marriage of any female member, may, instead 
 of being registcn^d himself, elect to have some 
 person fi) be named by him regiatereil as a trans- 
 feree of such share, 
 
 ir>. The person so beconiing entitled sball 
 testify such election by executing to his -nominee 
 an instrument of transfer of such share. 
 
 If). T'bo instrument of transfer shall be pre- 
 seijted tc the company, accompanied with such 
 evidence n.i the directors may require to prove the 
 title of the transferor, and thereupon the company 
 shall register the transferee as a member. 
 
 Forfeiture of Shares, — 17. If any member fails 
 to pay any call on the day appointed for payment 
 thereof, the directors may at any time thereafter, 
 during such time os the call' remains unpaid, 
 servo a notice on him, retiuiring him to pay- 
 such call, together with interest and any expenses 
 that may have accrued by reason of such non- 
 payment, 
 
 18. The notice shall name a further day, on or 
 before which such call, and all interest and ex- 
 penses that have accrued by reason of such non- 
 payment, arc to be paid. It shall also name 
 the [ilaco where payment is to be made (the 
 place su immcd bcmg cither the registered ottice 
 of the company or some other place at which 
 calls of the company are usually made pay- 
 able). The notice shall also state, that in the 
 event of non-payment at or before the time and 
 at the place apiwinted, the shares in respect of 
 which such call was made wUl be liable to be 
 forfeited. 
 
 19. If the requisitions of any such notice as 
 aforesaid arc not complied with, any share in re- 
 spect of which such notice has been given may at 
 any time thereafter, before payment of all calls, 
 interest, and expenses due in respect thereof has 
 been made, be forfeited, by a resoUtion of the 
 directors to that effect. 
 
 20. Any share so forfeited shall be deemed to be 
 the property of the company, and may be disposed 
 of in such manner as the company in general 
 meeting thinks lit. 
 
 21. Any member whose shares have been for- 
 feited shall, notwithstanding, be liable to pay to 
 the company all calls owing upon such shares at 
 the time of the forfeiture. 
 
 22. A statutory declaration in writing, thot the 
 call in respect of a share wos made and notice 
 thereof given, and tiiat default in payment of the 
 call was made, and that the forfeiture of the dhare 
 was made by a resolution of the directors to that 
 effect, shall be su£Scient evidence of the facts 
 
 
1004 
 
 rAUTNKFJSIIir'S WITH LIMITHD LIAIUMTY 
 
 I 
 
 
 u : " 
 
 ii'.-' 
 
 .•'« 
 
 t 
 
 h 
 I 
 
 ' t : ■ • 
 
 ii 
 
 ' t 
 
 : ■ ■ r 
 
 'i=pf •• 
 
 *<: 
 
 1^^ 
 
 liicrcin ntnlfil, ni ii(;niii»f all pcr^nim cntiilcd tn I 
 hiii'li Hlitiri', mill Hiu:li lU'iliiriiliiiM, iiml tlii^ receipt 
 111' tli>M'ipni|)aiiy for tli« price of mifh .iliiiri-, .shall 
 (■(iiHlitiite a ^iKxl tilln td micli xlmre, and a (crti- 
 llcatc of proprietorship Hlinll l)e delivered to a piir- 
 eliaser, ami thereupon he idiall bft deemed the 
 owner of xtich iiharc di.>ieharK<'d from nil calls due 
 prior to Hiich piirchaRe, nnd he nliall not he IhhiikI 
 to Fee to tho application of the purchaso money, 
 nor Hhall hin title to micli nhare lie atVectcd hy auv 
 irreKnhirity in the proceediii;,'s in reference to Mncli 
 cale. 
 
 Ciini'cniiitii of .'ihiinn Siito Slitrk. — 2.1. The di- 
 rectors may, with the Hanclion of the coinpnny 
 )irevioiiHly n'vcn in j;eneral niectin};, convert any 
 pnid-iiji sharei* into .ttock. 
 
 'l\. When any shnreM have been converted into 
 Htock. the nevcrai holdernof unch stock may thence 
 forth transfer their respective interests therein, or 
 any part of Hnch intereiis. in the same manner 
 and siilijectto the same rc^jidntionsas and snliject 
 to which any rhareH in the capital of the company 
 may bo traiiHferrcd, or an near thereto n.s circum- 
 stances admit. 
 
 1*5. The Rcvernl holders of utoek shall be en- 
 titled to participate in the <iividenils and protitii 
 of tho company accordin;; to the amount of their 
 respective interests in such stock; nnd sui'h in- 
 terests fhull, in proportion to the nmonnt thereof, 
 confer on the holders theroof respotivcly the 
 sntne privileges nnd aclvnntane.i for the pnriiose 
 of voting at meetings of the company, imd for 
 other purposes, ns would have licen conferred 
 hy shares of equal nmonnt in the capitul of tho 
 company; but so that none of such privilcj»e« 
 or advantage: except the participation in the 
 dividends and ^)rolits of the company, shall bo 
 coid'erred by any such nli(|uot iinrt of eoii- 
 8oli<laled stock as would not, it existing in 
 shares, havu conferred suvK ]ir:vilegcs or aiivan- 
 liifies. 
 
 Increaie in CapiUil. — 20. The directors may, 
 Viith the sanction of a special resolution of the 
 company previouslv Riven in Ki^neral nieetiiif,', 
 increase its capital by the issue of new share:^, 
 such j^BfCRO'c increase to be of such amount, 
 nnd to be uividcd into shares of such respective 
 amounts, as the company in general meeting 
 directs, or, if no direction is given, as the directors 
 think expedient. 
 
 27. Stibiect to ony direction to the contrary 
 that may be given bv the meeting that sanctions 
 the increase of capital, all new shares shall be 
 oll'ered to the members in proportion to the exist- 
 ing shares held by them, and such offer shnll be 
 made by notice specifying the number of shares 
 to which the member is entitled, and limiting a 
 time within which the offer, if not accepted, will 
 he deemed to be declined, nnd after the expira- 
 tion of such time, or on the receipt of nn inti- 
 mation from tho member to whom such notice 
 is given that he declines to ncccpt the shares 
 offered, the directors may dispose of the same in 
 such manner as they think most benelicial to tho 
 company, 
 
 28, Any capital roised by tlie creation of new 
 .shares bhidl bu consiuored a.s part of the original 
 capital, nnd shall be subject to the same provisions 
 \vith reference to the payment of calls, nnd the 
 forfeiture of shares on non-payment of calls, or 
 otherwise, as if it had been part of the original 
 capital. 
 
 General Meetings. — 29. By the Act of 1867, a 
 general meeting shall under a heavy penalty be 
 licld within 4 months after the registration of 
 the company, and at such place as the directors 
 ui.iy determine. 
 
 men. I 
 «ii e.^tra(irilin.,rTl 
 
 'ate I 
 
 :10. Sul.sorpicnt generid meetin^n .liall bo |„.|| 
 at Miich tinu« nnil place as nwiv Ik. prrwrili,,! i 
 the company in general inoetiuK; nn.lifnooih^ 
 tune or place l^ pre^erihed, a «,.,„ r«l ,„„,./' 
 shall bo held on the lir»t Monday in IVIimarv , 
 every year, nt such jdacc as may be (ItUTiujii.iillv 
 the diri'ctorii. ■ I 
 
 :i|. Theabove-mciitione.lgencr,iliii..etin,.Mli„il 
 lie culled ordinary meetiii-s; nil otlior L'ii,,ri, | 
 niectinus shall lie called exiiaordliuirv. 
 
 If.', Tlic directors may,wlwriever tliVv think ir 
 and thev shall upon a recpiiMti,,!! m i,|,.'ii, „.„,,„.; 
 by not less than oiie-illih in iiiinilier of th, 
 licrs of the company, cuiiveiic 
 general meeting. 
 
 ;i;i. Any retpiisition made by the menilH.n .|,,]ij 
 express the object of the nieetiii); propcwoil tn li 
 called, and shall be left at the re;,'i»tiwl niKi 
 of the company. 
 
 .•II. Uiion the receipt of such reqiiinitinn, thclj. 
 rectors shall forthwith Proceed to ccinvoncnncxira. 
 ordinary general meeting. If tliev ilii not prwr,. 
 to c(«iveiu! the same within twenty-one days fru 
 thu date of the reipiisition, tlio re()iil»itJoiu»i»,i]| 
 any other members amounting to tlic r.miiri- 
 number, may them.'telvcs convene an cxtraordmni 
 general meeting. 
 
 I'locredimja at General Mretimja.— ?ij. Sf\(i 
 ilnys' notice at the least, spooifyiiif; tlio nlii 
 the i\ny, nnd the hour of inectiii'g, ami in 
 of special business tho general iinturo of inch I 
 ness, shall be given to the members in nunni 
 hereinafter mentioned, or in such otliernniim 
 if any, as may bo prescribed hy the corapm 
 general meeting; but the nnn-rec --t aim 
 notice by any member shall not 
 lirocecdings at any general nicotir 
 
 30. All business shall be ilcen tl 
 
 is transacted at an extraordinary tin,, liu);, and 
 that is transacted at an ordin'arj' mcctiii).', «ii 
 the exception of sanctioning a dividend and 
 consideration of the accoiiiitj', balance itiwi.', 
 the ordinary- report of the directors. 
 
 ,37. No business shall be tranjactcd at 
 general meeting, except the declaration of a* 
 (lend, unlcsH a (|uorum of members is prcKiit 
 tho time when tho meeting proceeds to liusiii: 
 nnd such quorum shall bo ascertained as folloi 
 that i.s to say, if the persons who liavc nil 
 shares in tho company at tho time of thcmwiii 
 do not exceed ten in number, the qnorum .<! 
 bo live; if v hey exceed fen, there shall bo id( 
 to tho above ({uorum one for every live ai 
 tional members up to fifty, nnd one for tv 
 ten additional members after fifty, with tto " 
 tation, that no quorum shall in' any case eii 
 twenty. 
 
 iiK. If within one hour from the time appcial 
 for the meeting a quorum is not present, the mi 
 ing, if convened upon tho requisition of raeml- 
 shall bo dissolved : in any other ease it shiU si 
 adjourned to the same day in the ncxtivcek.it 
 same time and place ; and if at such adji - 
 meeting a qtiorum is not present, it shall I 
 journed sine die. 
 
 3t>. The chairman (if any) of theboanicfci 
 tors shall preside as chairman at even' ger 
 meeting of the company. 
 
 40, If fhero is no such chairmin/, irif»t 
 meeting he is not present within lifitfo miii 
 after the time appointed for lioh'.ing I'" hk'' 
 the members present shall choose t-mecMW' 
 number to be chairman. . 
 
 41. The chairman may, with thecciswto' 
 meeting, adjourn anv meeting from ;«'"'' 
 nnd from place to place, but no bujiMJ-Y""" 
 transacted at nny adjourned meeting oilier 
 
 r\4 
 
;cnor«l iiiPt'tini;!' MX I 
 n; nil olliM Kim ml I 
 rimriliiuiry. 
 cnovt'r llii'V think i'ii,l 
 litiiiii iiriiK' ill wniiii|;| 
 I iiunil)tr iif till' mrm-l 
 cue ttii I'Xtrauriliiurrl 
 
 inch rciiiiisitinn.lhiiliJ 
 I'riitiK'iinvoncaiicxln^ 
 II' tlii'Vilo Hot prortH 
 i» twcnty-onoilaysM 
 1, Iho rcquisitiomsUjiJ 
 lint inn t(> ilio ruiuirr 
 oiivciioaucxltauriliiiiitj 
 
 iJ MfHinga.-"'). Sf^fi 
 (t, Biiccifyiiit; llio iH 
 if meeting, ami ia ci' 
 ncralnnturoofiuchlii 
 tlic mtmbcrs in nmiiii 
 )r in Huch other raaiinJ 
 ribcd by the company ii 
 tlic non-rcc' "t <if m 
 iilinU not • 'ate tlj 
 nil mcctir 
 1 be (Icon IM 
 
 lonlinnry im.. uuij, and l 
 m orilimin- mcctini;, »i( 
 oniut? a ili'virtciid and > 
 oimti", balance shetf, " 
 ho (lircctcirfl. 
 ill be transacted at i 
 , the declaration of a diH 
 of members is presfnij 
 Itinj; jirocccrts to liusintw 
 b("nscertain«lMl*'' 
 pornons who have M 
 at the time of the mcetif 
 number, the quorum M 
 ten, there shahbfJiW 
 one for every liu' iJj 
 tiftv, and one for cvrf 
 after liftv, with this litf 
 shall in nnv case m 
 
 fchairman at c«n' p" 
 
 |uchchairmi'i.;Ofi'j' 
 
 ■«nt within fiftfH 
 
 fedforholi-anfe'^^H 
 tall choose t-acf»»'"'1 
 
 v.virrNKKsiiirs wnii 
 
 , , Irtninwn left unllni'^hnl nt tlin moclini; fniiii 
 ,Vhthoa.lj.mrnni.'ntt".>l> plixcr. 
 
 (J At nnv ({<'"<'riil mcntiiic niili-nn n poll in lU'- 
 ,mN hv'at lfii.'<t live liifiiilicr^, a ilccliirnliciti 
 ivihfiliiiimiaii that it rrHoliitioii hint Ihtu I'lirrii'il, 
 V in iniry t" that ellVct in thii Imok of iirn- 
 
 'li,m .,{ ihi- ciinipniiy. shall Im Hiillicinit cvi- 
 jnituf ihc fact, without proof of the niinilifr or 
 ,M„rliim uf the voten roconlrd in favour of or 
 ^„i,i«uchre.*.|ulion. 
 
 II If « 1"'" '^ ilenmndcil by 'vo or more 
 jfjilftii, it »h;iU 111- till I'll in micli muiuirr an 
 il^rhairman ^lir.■(•t^ unci lh« result of xiii'li 
 
 ji ,1,1,11 u. ili'cinc il to 111- ilio resolution of the 
 Ji9„„y ill gi'iitTiil meet iiitf. In the ruse of an 
 ^jlitv of votiH at niiy K<'i>cral nieetiiii,'. the 
 (liimika ih«ll ho cntitloil to a sicoiul or eastiiif: 
 
 lUi of Memlirrii.—'ii. Kvory mcinlier Hhall 
 litiune vote fur every Ntiare up to ten; lie hIwiII 
 bi.anaiWitional vote' for every live itliurps 1)1 yonil 
 iIk first irn iliares up to one hundred, and an ad- 
 tonil vole fur every ten shares bey ond the 
 iiit hundreil shares. 
 
 15. If any mi'inberi.s a lunatic or idiot, he may 
 Tow bv Ills committee, curator boni», or other 
 Wciirator. . 
 
 " " ono or more jier-ions arc Jointly cn- 
 liJ.. 10 a Kharo or nhareH, the mcmlKtr whoHO 
 une iianils first in the reciater of ineinbcrs aa 
 oMiidlie holders of such snare or shares, and no 
 oilia.sUl be entitled to vote in respect of the 
 
 i:, No member shall be entitled to vote at any 
 KBienl meeting unless all calls duo from him 
 biniwopaid, and no member shall be entitled 
 ig Mi in respect of any share that ho has ac- 
 ([BiJly transfer at any meeting held after the 
 upintion uf three months from '.ho registration 
 df ihi company, unless ho has been ponsejwed 
 ofilieiliare in respect of which ho claims to 
 m fiif at least three months previously to tho 
 liie of holding tho meeting at which he proposes 
 
 lilVutt. 
 
 ti. Voten may be given cither personally or by 
 frtxy. 
 
 I!.' The instrument appointing a proxy shall 
 t( in writing, under tho hand of the appointor, 
 oil such appointor is a corporation, under their 
 Kirnun seal, and shall bo attested by one or 
 tore niincss or witnesses : no pcrsan shiill bo 
 i,fioliiied a proxy who is not a member of the 
 Mniuny. 
 
 Ji TW instrument appointing a proxy shall 
 le deposited at the registered otHco of tho com- 
 l|8iy not less than seventy-two hours before tho 
 ■liae for holding the meeting at which the person 
 jUDed in such uistrument proposes to vote, but 
 19 instrument appointing a proxy shall be valid 
 ■^ t the expiration of twelve months from the 
 of its execution. 
 
 SI. Any instrument appointing a proxy shall 
 
 ' in the following form : — 
 
 Company limited, 
 
 'of in the county of 
 
 being a member of tho 
 company limited, and entitled to 
 '"'' or votes, hereby appoint 
 
 "f as mv proxy, to vote for 
 
 me and on my behalf at the [ordinary 
 1" extraordinary, a« the case may be] general 
 meeting of the company to be held on the 
 day of , and at any 
 
 ai^jonrament thereof [or, at any meeting of 
 iM company that may be held in the year 
 
 LIMITi;i) LIAIIIIJTY 
 
 >.i my luiiiil, tliii 
 
 lOOrt 
 
 in till' 
 
 As wilne." 
 day of 
 
 igneii tty I 
 pri'itriirn of 
 
 Dirrttart. — h'2. The iinmliiT of the ilirpptors, 
 anil tlir ii.iines of tlu-lirst dinvlor*, hIuiII bp deti"- 
 nilni'd by I he siibscribeis of tlir nii'muraiiilutii of 
 aH.tiicintion, 
 
 fi;i. I'ntil ilireoiorH are nppoiiiipd, the mibicri- 
 bers of the ini'inoriindiini of association hIiiiII lie 
 deemed to be directors, 
 
 fil. The future reiniineralion of the dirivtors, 
 and their rcmunerntion for Mcrvices performrd 
 pri'vioimly In the llrst general meeting, shall Ixi 
 deterinined by ibe company in general meeting. 
 
 I'liwfrt ()/■ Direrlfirn.—i).'). The business of tlin 
 company shall be managed by tho director!*, who 
 may pay all PX|K'iises incurred in getting up a;id 
 registering tho company, and may exercise all 
 such tiowors of the company as are not by the 
 foregoing Act, or by these articles, required to bu 
 exercised by the company in general meeting, 
 subject nevertheless to ony regulations of these 
 articles, to tliii iirovisions of tho foregoing Act, 
 and to such regulations, being not inconsistent 
 with the aforesaid regulations or provisions, as may 
 bo prescrilied by tho company in general meeting; 
 but no regulation made by the company iji general 
 meeting hhall invalidate any prior act of the <li- 
 rcctors which wouhl hove been valid if such regu- 
 lation had not been made. 
 
 60, Tho continuing directors may oct notwitli- 
 standing any vacancy in tlnir Ixidy, 
 
 JJiiupialiJication of Direr r.i,— 57. The ofllce of 
 director shall be vacated— 
 
 If he holds any other office or place of profit 
 
 under the company ; 
 If he Incomes bankrupt or insolvent ; 
 If ho is concerned in or participates in tho 
 profits of any contract with the company ; 
 but the above rules shall bo subject to tho follow- 
 ing exceptions : that no director shall vacate his 
 ofiico by reason of his being a member in any 
 company which has entered into contracts with or 
 done aiiy work for the company of which he is 
 director : nevertheless he shall not vote in respect 
 of such contract or work ; and if he does so vote 
 his vote shall not be counted, 
 
 notation of Directors. — 58, At the first or- 
 dinary meeting after the registration of the 
 company, the whole of tho directors shall retire 
 from idHcc ; and at tho finst ordinary meeting in 
 every Hub.sequent year, one-third of tbs directors 
 for the time being, or if their number is not a 
 multiple of three, then the number nearest to one- 
 third, shall retire from office. 
 
 59. The one-third or other nearest number to 
 retire during the first and second years ensuing 
 the first ordinary meeting of the company shall, 
 unless the directors agree among themselves, be 
 determined by ballot; in every subsequent year 
 tho one-third or other nearest number who have 
 been longest in ofiice shall retire. 
 
 60, A retiring director shall be rc-eligible. 
 
 (il. The company, nt the general meeting nt 
 which any directors retire in manner aforesaid, 
 shall (ill up the vacated offices by electing a like 
 number of persons, 
 
 02. If at any meeting at which an election of 
 directors ought to take place, the ]ilnces of the 
 vacating directors are not filled up, the meeting 
 shall stand adjourned till the same day in the next 
 week, at the same time and place ; and if at such 
 adjourned meeting the places of the vacating 
 directors nro not filled up, the vacating directors, 
 or such of them as have not had their places filled 
 up, shall continue in ofiice until the ordinary 
 
 ■'l; : 
 
 t [ 
 
 ' 'i ». 
 
 
 
.'■'H: 
 
 lOOC 
 
 PARTNERSHIPS WITH LIMITED LIABILITY 
 
 *» M' . 
 
 •fi 
 
 « 
 
 t , 
 
 \ « ' 
 
 ''; 
 
 meeting in the next year, anil so on from time to 
 time until tlieir places are filled up. 
 
 03. The company may from time to time, in 
 pcnoral meo.tinp, increase or rciliice tlic number nf 
 directors, and maj' also determine in what rotatic ■ 
 such increased or reduced number is to go out of 
 odice, 
 
 (il. Any casual vacancy occurring in the board of 
 rlircctors may be filled "up by the directors, but 
 any person so chosen shall "retain his office so 
 long only as the vacating director would have 
 retained the same if no vacancy hud occurred. 
 
 05. The company, in general meeting, may, by 
 a special resolution, remove any director before 
 the expiration of his period of office, and may by an 
 ordinary resolution appoint another person in his 
 steal; th'i person co appointed shall hold office 
 
 (iurii.t, ^ n time only as the director in whose 
 
 place he is appointed would have held the same 
 if he had not been removed. 
 
 Pioceedlmjs of Directors. — 60. The directors 
 may meet together for the despatch of business, 
 adjourn, and otherwise regulate their meetings 
 as they think fit, and determine the quorum ne- 
 cessary for the transaction of business: questions 
 arising at any meeting shall be decided by a ma- 
 jority of votes: in case of an-equality of votes, 
 the chairman shall have a second or casting vote : 
 a director may at any time summon a meeting 
 of the directors. 
 
 07. The directors may elect a chairman of their 
 meetings, and determine the period for which he 
 is to hold office; but if no such chairman is 
 elected, or if at any meeting the chairman is not 
 present at the time appointed for holding the 
 same, the directors present shell choose some one 
 of their number to be chairman of such meeting. 
 
 08. The directors may delegate any of their powers 
 to committees consisting of such member or mem- 
 bers of their body as they think (it : any committee 
 so formed shall, in the exercise of the powers so 
 delegated, conform to any regulations that may 
 be imposed on them by the directors. 
 
 69. A committee may elect a chairman of their 
 meetings ; if no such chairman is elected, or if he 
 is not present at the time appointed for holding 
 the same, the members present shall choose one of 
 their number to be chairman of such meeting. 
 
 7t). A committee may meet and adjourn as they 
 think proper: questions arising at any meeting 
 shall be determined by a mojority of votes of the 
 members present; and in case of an equality 
 of votes, the chairman shall have a second or 
 casting vote. 
 
 71 . All acts done by any meeting of the directors, 
 or of a committee of directors, or by any person 
 rtcting . .-^ ?. director, shaU, notwithstanding that it 
 be afterwards discovered that there was some 
 defect in the appointment of any such directors 
 or persons acting as aforesaid, or that they or 
 any of them were disqualified, be as valid as if 
 every such person had been duly appointed and 
 was qualified to be a director. 
 
 Dividends. — 72. The directors may, with the 
 sanction of the company in general meeting, de- 
 clare a dividend to be paid to the members in 
 proportion to their shares. 
 
 73. No dividend shall bo payable except out 
 of the profits arising from the business of the 
 company. 
 
 _ 74. The directors may, before recommending iiny 
 dividend, set aside out of the protits of the com- 
 pany such sum as they think proper as a reserved 
 fund to meet contingencies, or for equalising 
 dividends, or for repairing, or maintaining, the 
 works connected with the business of the company, 
 or any part thereof; and the directors may invest 
 
 the sum so set apart as a reserved funduion ■.n J 
 
 securities as they may select. ' ' 
 
 75. The directors may deduct from the (liviiir,, J 
 
 payable to any member all such sums of mnipJ 
 
 as maybe due from him to the coinpanvon acri,n„l 
 
 of calls or otherwise. " '■ 
 
 7(i. Notice of any dividend that inav liav" ',.(.|i 
 
 declared shall be given to onch mcmbp'r in niaimeJ 
 
 hereinafter mentioned; and all diviiloml* mJ 
 
 claimed for three years, af'tor having been ^f 
 
 clare<l, may bo forfeited by the directors lur thJ 
 
 benefit of the company. j 
 
 77. No dividend shall Lear interest as ar-ainJ 
 
 the company. "" ' 
 
 Accounts. — 78. The directors sliaK cause im 
 
 accounts to be kept — 
 
 Of the stock m trade of the company ; 
 
 Of the sums of money received ami cj 
 
 pendeil by the company, nnd the maiici 
 
 in respect of which such receipt and cxj 
 
 penditure takes place ; and, 
 
 Of the credits and liabilities of the coniTiaiivl 
 
 The books of account shall be kept at I'J 
 
 registered office of the company, and, subject t 
 
 any reasonable restrictions as to the time an| 
 
 manner of inspecting the same that may 
 
 imposed by the company in general mmi 
 
 shall be open to the inspection of the meniljcjj 
 
 during the hours of business. j 
 
 79. Once at the least in every year the dircftoJ 
 shall lay before the company "in general me(tii| 
 a statement of the income and expenditure fJ 
 the past year, made up to a date not more iliJ 
 3 months before such meeting. 1 
 
 80. The statement so made shall show, arrand 
 under the most convenient heads, the amount « 
 gross income, distinguishing the several soiirc4 
 from which it has been derived, and the araoiu 
 of gross expenditure, distinguishing the expeij 
 of the establishment, salaries, and other lir 
 matters : every item of expenditure fairly chara 
 able against the year's income shall be' bmugU 
 into account, so that a just balance of prulit aoj 
 loss may be laid before the naceting ; and S 
 cases where any item of expenditure which mil 
 in fairness be distributed over several years liT 
 been incurred in any one year, the whole amoua 
 of such item shall be stated, with the addiiioj 
 of the reasons why only a portion of such expej 
 diture is charged against the income of the yeirj 
 
 81. A balance sheet shall be made out iu eva 
 year, and laid before the company in gencil 
 meeting, and such balance sheet shall contain | 
 summary of the property and liabilities of i 
 company arranged under the heads appeahagij 
 the form given in the annexed table^orasoe^ 
 thereto as circumstances admit, I 
 
 82. A printed copy of such balance sheet sbl 
 seven days previously to such meeting, be fener 
 on every member in the manner in which notic^ 
 are hereinafter directed to be served. 
 
 Audit.— 8i. Once at the least in cveti; yearll 
 accounts of the company shall be examined; « 
 the correctness of the balance sheet ascertained 
 by one or more auditor or auditors. 
 
 84. The first auditors shall be appointed by il 
 directors : subsequent auditors shall be 3pp«iJit(j 
 by the company in general meeting. J 
 
 85. If one auditor only is appointed, all ^ 
 provisions herein contained relating tu aiwif^ 
 shall apply to him. J 
 
 80, The auditors may be members of wwi^ 
 pany ; but no person is eligible a» an m.^ 
 who is interested otherwise than as a '"'^*' ' 
 any transaction of the company; ami no direet(^ 
 or other officer of the company is eiisiWf "i"" 
 his continuance in office. 
 
 i 4 
 
iscrvcd fund upon sucll 
 
 ct. 
 
 luct from the (liviikniL 
 
 I sudi sums uf mcnrij 
 
 he company on accdiinl 
 
 11(1 that may liav \, 
 ftcli mpmlipr in m:\\m§ 
 nd all (liviilcnd* mil 
 lifter having been ilJ 
 y the directors fur thJ 
 
 jear interest as agaiiu 
 
 colors shall cause tn 
 
 of the company ; 
 )iiey received and cs 
 npany, and the maticj 
 ;h such receipt ami ox 
 icc; and, 
 bilitics of the coraiany I 
 shall bo kept at ii« 
 ompany, and, subject I 
 ins as to the time an| 
 he same that may 
 ly in general mcfiiiii 
 pcction of the membca 
 less. L 
 
 1 every year the dircctoJ 
 pany in general mtoti^ 
 me and expenditure h 
 to a. date not more iluj 
 seting. 
 oade shall show, arraii;e| 
 ent heads, the amount ( 
 shing the several soutc^ 
 derived, and the aiooui 
 istinguishing the expenJ 
 salaries, and other lir 
 ixpcnditure fairly diara 
 income shall be bi«ujlj 
 iust balance of prolit i 
 •0 the meeting ; aid ' 
 , expenditure which ml 
 fd over several years hr 
 I year, the whole amod 
 itated, with the addind 
 J a portion of such exped 
 It the income of tlievfir^ 
 ,all be made out iu evci 
 Ithe company in f'"'" 
 Ince sheet shall coniainl 
 rty and liabilities of v( 
 \r the heads appcannj 
 [annexed table, eras nej 
 
 admit - 
 
 such balance sheet shJl 
 
 such meeting, be im 
 manner in which notitf 
 [to be served. 
 ,he least in ever}- jwu 
 V shall be examnieiU- 
 ,alance sheet ascertauia 
 ;T auditors. ,. 
 
 shall be appointoav-1 
 iditors shall be appoint!^ 
 
 [ral meeting. 
 
 ily is appointo''. i" 
 lined relating to mJii" 
 
 L eligible a. »;f 
 [vise than .IS a ni^*' I 
 
 lompany;an"oteg 
 
 PARTNERSHIPS WITH 
 
 - The election of auditors shall be made by the 
 ..I'mnv at their ordinary meeting in each year. 
 
 " ThP remuneration of the first auditors shall 
 f 'fixed by the directors; that of subsequent 
 Biors shall be fixed by the company in general 
 
 ■^j' Any auditor shall be rc-cligiblo on his 
 
 C'^anv casual vacancy occurs in the ofHce 
 
 (mv auditor appointed by the company, the di- 
 
 lis*hallfortliwith call an extrnordiiiary gene- 
 
 Ti'mceting for the purpose of supplying the same. 
 
 si If no election of auditors is made in manner 
 
 fejid the Board of Trade may, on the appli- 
 
 Lnof not less than five members of the com- 
 
 UBV, appoint an auditor for the current year, 
 
 5'iix the remuneration to bo paid to him by 
 
 A!ix)inpanyforlii3.servirjs. ,. , . . 
 
 w lvcr\' auditor shall be supphed with a copy 
 
 j'liic balance sheet, and it shall bo his duty 
 
 ■oKiminc the same, with the accounts and 
 
 TOthers relating thereto, ,.,,,. , , 
 
 S3 Ever)- auditor shall have a list dehverod to 
 
 liii'of all books kept by the company, and 
 
 ilull at all reasonable times have access to 
 
 4,li,xik.«and accounts of the company ; he may, 
 
 u the expense of the company, employ ac- 
 
 Miiints or other persons to assist him in 
 
 Bmugating such accounts, and ho may, in 
 
 itliiion lo such accounts, examine the directors 
 
 ,1 mother officer of the company. 
 
 }i!The auditors shall make a report to the 
 
 LIMITED LIABILITY 
 
 1007 
 
 members upon the balance sheet and accounts, 
 and in every such report they shall state 
 whether, in their opinion, the balance sheet is 
 a full and fair balance .sheet, containing the 
 particulars rcrjuircd by these regulations, and 
 properly drawn up no as to exhibit a true and 
 correct view of the state of the company's affairs, 
 and in case they have called for explanations or 
 information from the directors, wlinthcr such 
 explanations or information have boon given by 
 the directors, and whether ihoy have been 
 satisfactory ; and such report shall bo read, 
 together with tlie report of the directors, at the 
 ordinary meeting. 
 
 Notices. — 95. A notice may be served by the 
 company upon any member "cither personally, or 
 by sending it through the post in a prepaid 
 letter addressed to such member at his registered 
 place of abode, 
 
 90, All notices directed to be given to the 
 members shall, with respect to any share to 
 which persons are jointly entitled, bo given to 
 whichever of such persons is named first in 
 the register of members ; and notice so given shall 
 be sufficient notice to all the holders ot such share. 
 
 97. Any notice, if served by post, shall be 
 deemed to have been served at the time when the 
 letter containing the same would be delivered in 
 the ordinary course of the post ; and in "proving 
 such service it shall be sufficient to prove that the 
 letter containing the notices was properly ad- 
 dressed and put into the post office. 
 
 Form of Balance Sheet referred to above. 
 
 Dr. Bo 
 
 lance Sheet of the 
 
 
 Co, made up 
 
 to 
 
 18 . 
 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Capitai, and Liabilitim i 
 
 PftOPBliTV AND Assets | 
 
 
 Showing : 
 
 £t.d. 
 
 £ t. d. 
 
 
 
 Showinf; t 
 
 je«.d. 
 
 /«.d. 
 
 i(^ • 1 
 
 a. The number of ihar«i - 
 
 t. The amount paid per 
 
 share - • * 
 
 
 \ 
 
 III. Properly 
 held by the 
 Company - 
 
 7 
 
 Immornble property, dlsUn- 
 gulfchint;: 
 a. Freehold land 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 e. If anj aireara of calla, 
 and the nunei of the de- 
 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 
 
 b. buildings • 
 
 c. Leasehold ,, 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 fauUen. 
 d. The paiticuUn of any 
 forfeited iharei. 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 MoTQble property, dUtln- 
 RUlshinft : 
 
 d. Stock in trade 
 
 e. flant 
 
 
 
 U...udof 
 
 Showing I 
 The amount of loam on lliotl- 
 
 gage or debenture bonds. 
 The amount of debts owing by 
 the Company, distinguishing : 
 a. Debts for which accept- 
 ances have lieen given. 
 t. DebU to tradesmen for 
 supplies of stock In trade 
 or other articles. 
 
 c. nebts for law expenses. 
 
 d. Debts for interest on de- 
 
 bentures or nthpr loani, 
 1. Unclilmi'ddiTldcnds. 
 /. Debts not enumerated 
 
 abate. 
 
 
 
 IV. Debts ow- 
 
 9 
 
 The cost to he stated » 
 with deductinnK for 
 deterioration in value 
 as charged to the re- 
 serve fund or profit 
 and lo&s. 
 
 ShowinR : 
 Debts con<tidered good for 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 ing to the 
 Company - 
 
 10 
 
 which the Company hold 
 bills or other securities. 
 Debts <.oiuidered good for 
 which the Company hold 
 no security. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Oebt^ considered doubtfUl 
 
 
 
 
 Showing 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 and bad. 
 
 
 
 n. temc 
 
 The amount set aside from pro- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Any debt due f^om a 
 
 
 
 i 
 t 
 
 fiU 10 meet contingencies. 
 Showing 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 director or other offi- 
 cer of the Company to 
 be separately stated. 
 
 
 
 i™. PnSl 
 
 The disposable balance for pay- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,.nu . 
 
 ment of dividend &c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Showing : 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Claims against the Company not 
 acknowledttcd as debts. 
 
 
 
 V. Cash and 
 investments 
 
 12 
 13 
 
 The nature of Investment 
 
 and rate of interest. 
 The .-imount of cash, where 
 
 
 
 Cxiluat 
 ' Uilaililn . 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Moneys for which the Company 
 
 
 
 
 
 lodged, and if hearing in- 
 
 
 
 
 is contingently liable. 
 
 
 
 
 
 tCIL'St. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 |Mc o/fees (0 he paid to the Registrar afJoint- 
 J'oci Companies by a Company having a Capital 
 milled into iShares, 
 
 •ntniiniim of acotii;ian; whose nomlr .1 caplul do« 
 l«",™i 2,(11)0/, . . . . 
 
 fL!?""''™ »f » company whose nominal capital e«. 
 l3u^Li ,,' ' "" *"'• f« "f y-. w'lh the tollowlng 
 I «».' T ; ''P''««d according to the amount ofno- 
 
 £ I. d. 
 
 a 
 
 For every 1,000/. of nominal capital, or part of l,000^, 
 after thi' first '^,00ci(., up to 6,0(H)I. 
 
 For every l,00t,7. of nominal capital, or p.irt of l,tlOO/., 
 after the first .'>,000/, and up to lllii.onil/. 
 
 For every 1 ,1)00/. of nominal opital, or iiart of 1 ,000/. after 
 the first IIMI.OOO;. ■ • ■ r ^ ' 
 
 For reuistration of any Increase of capital made after the 
 first rCKistratInn of the coiniLinj, the same fi'cs per 1 ,000?, 
 or liart of 1,11(10/., as would have been payable if such 
 Increased capital had formed part of the original caplul 
 at the time of registration. 
 
 Provided that no cojnpany shall be liable to pay in respect 
 
 I O 
 
 
 - -^- . ■ , 
 
 - .1 •, » ■ 
 
 V i 
 
 
 *,'. 
 
 I )i 
 
 
rARTNERSHIPS WITH LIMITED LIABILITY 
 
 !,■ l-l ■*" 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ^ •• 
 
 V* -l f 
 
 't'l* 
 
 ■ -r A'.-' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "Vft^li 
 
 5 
 
 :> 
 
 1008 
 
 of nonilniil cajiital, on ri-KlHlrntion or nft'rw.injs, nny 
 
 K enter amount of tVm than 'riil., Mkinif Into fln-oiinl, in 
 e ci««of fee« (layableon nn inrrertscuf c.Al'ilal prtcr rt— 
 
 uUUnlloni the feen |t.\iil on rcKlntrn'.tou. 
 For rcRistriilion of any eilillnK comnuiT, ezciiU snch 
 
 coiiilianfM u are by ihlt Act exemplitl fiotn |ia\inent of 
 
 fee« m m|Kct of rexifttratton undi-r lliin Act. ins fcauio 
 
 fee n% U charpei! for reftlstcrinic a new rimipany. 
 rorreKlstcrmfjanv document hereby regulrrtl nr nuthorifiiil 
 
 to tw reifiktereJ, other than the nieinuraiidtiiii of anso- 
 
 ciatton - - • - • ' 
 
 l-'or in^klns b record of any fart hereby nuthorisoti rr re- 
 
 nidrif 1 to be recorded by the Hc(ji>>tr»r of l.'onipanles. a 
 
 tec of - 
 
 Tiihtp of Fees to he paid to the Reghtrar of Joint- 
 Stuck Companiet hy a Company not litiving a 
 Capital divided into Shares. 
 
 For iet(i»tration of a company who^o numlier of inrmliers. 
 as Btaled in the article* of tt«MM-iaiion. does nut exceed 2l> 5( 
 
 i-'or registration of a companv whose nuinlier of iiieinlien, 
 .i> italeil in tlic nrllclM or auoclation, ei^cenU VO, but 
 doetnoteiceed 11)0. - - - -500 
 
 I'or re^iBtration of a company whose nuinlter of members, 
 aiiUlcd in thearliciesof a3Uiociation,e«cee<ls Utt, but ii 
 not stated to be uniliniled, llie aliove fee of ,V., with an 
 additional '>'• for ererv At) nictnbersor iess number than 
 HO menil>er» after the tint 11)1). 
 
 for recistration of a company In which the number of 
 memberii is stated in the articles of association to be un. 
 limite<l, a fee of - - - - '10 () 
 
 Por registration of any increase on the number of members 
 made after the registration of the company In respect of 
 every 50 member*, or leu than 50 mcmbersf of such in* 
 crease - - - • • .050 
 
 I'lorldcd that no one company shall be liable to pay on the 
 whole a greater fee than VOt. in res)H'ct of Its number of 
 members, taking into account the fee paid on the tlrst 
 reglslration of the company. 
 
 For registration of any existing company, excefit such com- 
 panies as are by this Act exempted frdin payment of fees 
 In respect of registration under this Act, the same fee as 
 it charged for registering a new company. 
 
 I'nr registering any document hereby required or author, 
 ised to be ligislered, other than the memorandum of 
 association - - - - - -050 
 
 For making n record of any fact hereby aniborised or re- 
 quirtti to be recordeil by the lU-gistrar of Companies - 5 
 
 JIemoranuu.m and AuTirucs of Association 
 OF A Company Li.mitkd by Guauantee, 
 and not having a capital divided into 
 Shaues. 
 
 Memorandum of Association. 
 
 1. The name of the Company is 'The Mutual 
 Lmulon Marine Association, Limited.' 
 
 2. The registered office of the company will be 
 .situated in England. 
 
 it. The objects for which the company is r.s- 
 tublished are, the ' mutual insurance of ."liips be- 
 longing to members of the company, and the 
 <loing all such other things as are incidental or 
 conducive to the attainment of the above objects.' 
 
 4. Every member of the company undertakes to 
 contribute to the assets of the company in the 
 «vent of the same being wound up during the 
 time that ho is a member, or within one year 
 nfter^vards, for payment of tlie debts and liabilities 
 of the company contracted before the time at 
 whicli he ceases to be a member, and the costs, 
 charg(?s, and expenses of winding up the same, 
 and for the adjustment of the rights of the con- 
 trilnitories amongst themselves, such amount as 
 iiiay be required, not exceeding 10/. 
 
 VV'e, the several persons whose names and ad- 
 dressee are subscribed, are desirous of being formed 
 into a company, in pursuance of this memorandum 
 of association. 
 
 jS'ames, Addresses, and Descriptions of Subscribers. 
 
 merchant. 
 
 In the county of 
 in the CdUntv of 
 in the county of 
 in the (ounty of 
 in the county of 
 In the county of 
 In ihu county of 
 
 ii 
 
 I . -lobn .Tones of 
 '. • John .^mith of 
 .*, Thomas (Jrecn of 
 
 4. •lotin Thompson of 
 
 5. Caleli While of 
 li. .Andrew llrown of 
 7. CKsar While of 
 
 Dated the vgnd day of Norembcr 1861 
 Witness to the aliove Signatures, 
 A.U., No. 13, Hule Street, Clcrkenwell, Middlesex. 
 
 AllTICLES OF ASSIOCIATION TO ACCOMPANY PKE- 
 CEDING Me.MORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 1. The company, for the purpose of registration, 
 is declared to consist of 500 members, 
 
 2. The directors hereinafter mentioned may, 
 
 whenever the business of the aMociation r •, 
 it. register an increase of members. '"' ' 
 
 Dejinition of Members.-'^ Every person M.all 
 be deemcfl to have agreed to become a member 7 
 the company who insures an.- .ship or sliare in 
 ship in pursuance of tiic regulations Lcrcinaf'M 
 contained. '" 
 
 General Meetings.-i. The first general meet J 
 shall be held at such time, not heing more t 
 three months after the incorporatiim of the muJ 
 pany, and at such place, as the ilireotors rnav 
 termine. 
 
 5. Subsequent general meetings shall h Wi 
 at such time and place as ninv be iircseriLoil bj 
 the company in general moetiiig; ami ifnoi.tij 
 time or place is prescribed, n {rtperni nifcunj 
 shall be held on the first Mondnv in Februan J 
 every year, at such place asmaybcdeteiminoi'lbl 
 the ilirectors. 
 
 G. Tlie above-mentioned general meetings slu| 
 be called ordinary meetings ; all other genera 
 meetings shall be called e.\traordinar\-. 
 
 7. The directors may, whenever tli'ev tliink ii| 
 and they shall, upon a requisition made in writinl 
 by any five or more members, convene an cxin 
 ordinarj' general meeting. 
 
 8. Any requisition made by the mcmheB sbj 
 express the object of the meeting proposed lo I 
 called, and shall be left at the registered ofE 
 the company. 
 
 9. Upon the receipt of such requisition tlj 
 directors shall forthwith proceed to conveiif ] 
 general meeting: if they do not proceed toci 
 venc the same within twenty-one days from i| 
 date of the requisition, the requisition'isLs or i 
 other live members, may themselves conver.i| 
 meeting. 
 
 Proceedings at General 3Ieetings.—V>. Sot 
 days' notice at the least, specifying tlie place, ill 
 day, and the hour of meeting, aiidinciseofspefi/ 
 business the general nature of such biisinesj, sli^ 
 be given to the members in manner hcreinal 
 mentioned, or in such other manner, if anv, 
 may be prescribed by the company in geceJ 
 meeting; but the non-receipt of such noticea 
 any member shall not invalidate the prote* '' 
 at any general meeting. 
 
 11. All business shall be deemed special tint I 
 transacted at an extraordinary meeting, and f 
 tliat is transacted at an ordinary meeting, nl 
 the exception of the consideration of the accounlj 
 balance sheets, and the ordinary report of d 
 directors. 
 
 12. No business shall be tran.'acted ai i 
 meeting, except the declaration of adiviileniia 
 less a quorum of members is present at the c 
 menccment of such business, and such nuorJ 
 shall be ascertained as follows; that is to!av,[ 
 the members of the company at the time cfil 
 meeting do not exceed ten in number, the quond 
 shall be five ; if they exceed ten there M I 
 added to tlie above quorum one for every linrf 
 ditional members up to fifty, and oiiefiireveirii 
 additional members after fifty, with thislimitiM 
 that no quorum shall in any case e.xcced iliiitr.J 
 
 13. If within one liour from the time appoiK 
 for the meeting a quorum of mcmberi u ( 
 present, the meeting, if convened upon ilieM 
 sition of the members, siiall be dissolved: in ■ 
 other case it shall stand adjourned to the s 
 (lay in the following weeli at the same line i 
 place ; and if at such adjourned meetiiii'ij"'"* 
 of members is not present, it shall ht Mj^l 
 sine die. , J 
 
 14. The chairman (if any) of the diiwtcis iWj 
 preside as chairman at every general uwiin? ' 
 the company. 
 
] '\ 
 
 TARTNERSHIPS WITH LIMITED LIABILITY 
 
 lUOU 
 
 ;hc associalion r. jiiir.j 
 
 ncmbers. 
 
 -3. Every person sliaii 
 
 to become a meinlxr i| 
 any ship or sliarc in (, 
 rogulalions bcreinad^ 
 
 Hit first general mcelini 
 ic, not Ijeing mote lluj 
 lorporatinn of the coin. 
 as the ilirectors may : 
 
 mcctinRS shall h wU 
 a may be iirescriboil bj 
 licet ingi amlif no i.thtj 
 bed, a general mrelin| 
 t Monday in Februan- i 
 
 fts may bedeleimine'lbl 
 
 ;d general meetings shsl 
 2ting9 ; all other gcnerj 
 cxtraordinarj-. 
 whenever they think ill 
 3quisition made in vritini 
 mbers, convene an cxtn 
 g. 
 
 »de by the memlwrs sbl 
 e meeting proposed lo t 
 at the registered o" 
 
 of such requisition ii 
 ih proceed to conveiK I 
 cy do not proceed tocis 
 twenty-one days from ti 
 the requisitionisUi, or aJ 
 lay themselves coiivcr.e| 
 
 era! Meetings.— W. Sovi 
 
 it, specifying the place, il 
 
 leting, andincascol'ji*' 
 
 pituro of such business. MI 
 
 Dcra in manner hcrtinaftl 
 
 other manner, if any, J 
 
 the company in gmg 
 
 -receipt of such noticfM 
 
 invalidate the proceeliil 
 
 ._ be deemed special iliJij 
 [ordinary meeting, and r 
 ordinary meeting, wij 
 nsideration of the accouni 
 he orduiary report ot ir 
 
 I all be transacted at ! 
 
 iclaration of a divi^nit 
 
 bcrs is present at the cm 
 
 usincss. and such iiuorJ 
 
 , follows; that is tossy,! 
 
 )mpanv at the time off 
 
 ten iii number, the quojK 
 
 exceed ten tlicre sM 
 
 Drum one for every live « 
 
 i tifty, and one for eveiyti 
 
 crfiftv, with this liraitiM 
 
 in any case exceed tovj 
 
 )ur from the time appoiM* 
 
 aorum of members is ( 
 
 fr convened up<m lie Kil>] 
 
 shall be dissolved: in «• 
 
 ind adjourned to the Si 
 
 iveekat the same i«« 
 
 dioumedmeeUii;J,f'»; 
 
 Jscnt,itshalUeMJ*1 
 
 lfanv)ofthcdiKtor!shJ 
 It cmy general »«"°8* 
 
 ,• ]f there is no such chairman, or if at any 
 
 wtini: he is not present at the time of holiling 
 
 ,■ ,„,P the members present shall choose some 
 
 ■ of their number to be chairman of such meet- 
 
 '^6 The chairman may, with the consent of the 
 Kfcitaft m'jo"'" ""y 'nc<>''"g '""'™ *'■"" *<» ''"'<> 
 ndfroin place '« I''"''''' ^"^ "" business shall be 
 1 Isacted at any adjourned meeting other than 
 STbiuiness left untinished at the meeting from 
 rteh 'ke adjournment took place. 
 
 1" \t mv general meeting, unless a poll is de- 
 Jiled by at least 5 members, a declaration by 
 ,k( chairman that a resolution has been carried, 
 «i an entry to that effect in the '- ook of proceed- 
 iiip.ifthc company, shall be suuicient evidence 
 (( the fact, without proof of the number or pro- 
 poitiou of the votes recorded in favour of or against 
 Lch resolution. 
 
 18 IfapoUis demanded in manner aforesaid 
 I the same shall be taken in such manner as the 
 I tiirman directs, and the result of snch poll shall 
 I bt deemed to be the resolution of the company in 
 IflMtal meeting. 
 IV" ';'' Members.— 19. Every member shall 
 
 liiveonevo )andno more. 
 Ji. If any member is a lunatic or idiot, he may 
 
 Ttiebybis'committec, curator bonis, or other legal 
 
 Inntor. 
 
 I 21,Xomember shall be entitled to vote at any 
 I nMnr.g unless all monies due from him to the 
 I compsnv have been paid. 
 
 ■;■;. Vntes may be given either personally or by 
 l;mxle; jproxy shall be appointed in writing 
 I'lader the hand of the appointor, or, if such ap- 
 JKiiitBrij a corporation, under its common seal. 
 I :'3. .\'o [lerton shall be appointed a proxy who 
 lumiimember, and the instrument appointing 
 Ihimslisll be deposited at the registered office of 
 Ii; company not less than 48 hours before the 
 ItijK (if holding the meeting at which ho proposes 
 |t4Vote. 
 
 It. .\nv instmmcnt appointing a proxy shall be 
 |ia the following form :— 
 
 Company, Limited. 
 of in the county of 
 
 being a member of the 
 ^nipny, limited, hereby appoint of 
 
 a< my proxy, to vote for mc and on my 
 :' at the [ordinary or extraordinary, as the 
 ja«myic] general meeting of the company to 
 i held on the day of " , 
 
 la: any adjournment thereof to be held on the 
 day of next [^or at any 
 
 hieiinjof the company that may be held in the 
 |t>r ]. 
 
 I As witness my hand, this day of 
 
 Signed by the said in the presence 
 
 J fetorj,— 25. The number of the directors, 
 
 Pdthe names of the first directors, shall be dcter- 
 
 linoi by the subscribers of the memorandum of 
 
 Iwiation. 
 
 [2H'ntil directors are appointed, the sub- 
 
 Tiihers of the memorandum of association shall 
 
 ' >11 the purposes of this Act be deemed to be 
 
 tenors. 
 
 V'(«m of Directors.— 27. The bus-iness of the 
 Tnpany shall be managed by the directors, who 
 My exercise all such powers of the company as 
 •e not hereby required to be exercised by the 
 npanyin general meeting ; but no regulation 
 Me by the company in general meeting shall 
 [uidate any prior act of the directors which 
 W i\m been valid if such regulation bad not 
 IJmade. 
 
 fti"* of Direclors.-'18. The directors shall 
 
 be elected annaally by the company in general 
 meeting. 
 
 Business of ComjMiny. f Here insert Rules as t.> 
 Mode in which Business of Insurance is to be con- 
 ducted.'] 
 
 Accounts. — 29. The accounts of the company 
 shall be au<litcd by a committee of five members, 
 to be called the audit committee. 
 
 30. The first audit committee shall be nomi- 
 nated by the directors out of the body of mcm- 
 bera. 
 
 31. Subsequent audit committees shall be nomi- 
 nated by the members at the ordinary general 
 meeting in each year. 
 
 32. The audit committee shall be supplied with 
 a copy of the balance sheet, and it shall be their 
 duty to examine the same with the accounts and 
 vouchers relating thereto. 
 
 33. The audit committee shall have S list 
 delivered to them of all books kept by the 
 company, and they shall at all reasonable times 
 have access to the books and accounts of the 
 company: they may, at the expense of the 
 company, employ accountants or other persons U> 
 assist them la investigating such accounts, and 
 they may in relation to such accounts examine 
 the directors or any other officer of the company. 
 
 34. The audit committee shall make a report 
 to the members upon the balance sheet and 
 accounts, and in every such report they shall 
 state whether in their opinion the balance sheet 
 is a full and fair balance sheet, containing the 
 particulars required by these regulations of the 
 company and properly drawn up, so as to exhibit 
 a true and correct view of the state of the 
 company's affairs, and in case they have called 
 for explanation or information from the directors, 
 whether such explanations or information have 
 been given by the directors, and whether they 
 have been satisfactory, and such report shall be 
 read together with the report of the directors at 
 the ordinary meeting. 
 
 A'otlces. — 35. A notice may be served by the 
 company upon any member either personally, or 
 by sending it through the post in a prepaid letter 
 addressed to such member at his registered place 
 of abode. 
 
 30, Any notice, if served by post, shall be 
 deemed to have been served at the time when the 
 letter containing the same would be delivered in 
 the ordinary course of the post; and in proving 
 such service it shall be sufficient to prove that the 
 letter containing the notice was properly ad- 
 dressed, and put into the post office. 
 
 lyinding-up. — 37. The company shall be wound 
 up voluntarily whenever an extraordinary reso- 
 lution, as defined by the Companies Act 18G2, 
 is passed, requiring the company to be wound 
 up voluntarily. 
 
 yaines, Addresses, and Descriptions of Subscribers. 
 
 1 , John Joiie^ of in the county of Merchant 
 
 U. John Smtth of in llie t-ounty of 
 
 .1. 'Ilioman (ir en of in the county of 
 
 4. John Thomjison of in the county of 
 
 5. Oaleli White of in tlie county of 
 fi. Andrew itniwn of in the county of 
 7. Cacsiir While of in the county of 
 
 D.ited the WiniX day of N'ovemtjer 1H61. 
 Witness to the atmve ^^i||naturL«. 
 A.ll., No. 13, llute Street, Clerltenwell, Middlesex. 
 
 Memokaxdum and Articles of Association 
 of a comtaxy mmitei> by guakantee, 
 
 AND HAVING A CaPITAI, DIVIDED INTO 
 
 Shakes. 
 
 Mcmnrandum of Association, — 1. The name of 
 the company is ' The Highland Hotel Curapaiiy, 
 Limited.' 
 
 8T 
 
 il: 
 
 '.A. 
 
 Un-'t' 
 
 »*.. :. 
 
K 
 
 i 
 
 
 J:V 
 
 
 
 :f . . L ; 
 
 "r-':-' 
 
 '.■■?' 
 
 
 •'A 
 
 
 
 " • 
 
 ■,■; i 
 
 ■ ■ AV ;v:- ■ 
 
 :lf 
 
 ■u 
 
 
 ■ .-?*• . 
 
 h:v" * ' 
 
 :M-:I'- 
 
 PARTNERSHIPS WITH LIMITED LIABILITY 
 
 the Companies Acta of 18G2 and 1807 wl,!,!, „, 
 to thewindinK up of com panic-., ami to th. i ! 
 proceedings connected tlierewitli. Sui^l. « ,'"''' 
 would we think Imvc been of little or no «! 
 for in su... cases lawyers must be cmplnvcl ni 
 not moreljf the exact words of the staim ' „ 
 also tlio mterpretiitum pvwi to tlicm l,v 
 courts of Inw, must be referred to It i ' 
 probable too that the law on this sabicct win* 
 speedily modilied. At present it U in a 
 discreditable state. It sh,.i.ld be rendere, , 
 only clearer and more i)rceise, but muro 
 accordance with sound princiipics. 
 
 It mny bo supposed, perhaps,' to bo nvillH 
 after tlic statements we Iravc iih-oadv lni,i i f,, 
 the reader [Companies ]. to make nnv lurh 
 remarks upon this subject. Hut the .M«tom i 
 all respects so objectionable, and lia-i .ilro.Kj 
 aiul must, continue to lead, (o sucli inis,'|iifvc 
 results, that we may bo c.\ciised fur makiii!: 
 in the last edition of this worii) one or Imnii 
 tional statements with resjicct to it. Tliec.\n 
 rieiico of the last 3 years will have doiihleii th( 
 force, and rendered tiiem conclusive. 
 
 Objections to Companies with Limited LiaMi 
 —In countries like Franco, where the non|,|o 
 mostly in narrow circumstances, and uiiani 
 tomcd to, and afraid ol, speculative cntc.-pri! 
 tlierc may perhaiis be some croHiul for 
 nutting the formation of partnersliips ^ r<)»«( 
 dite. And if they were cotilined to miiliUitii 
 that admitted of being carried on accordi:]- 
 syHtcm of routine, sucii as railway.', raiiak 
 and life :■ surances, gas-works, anil so InrtL 
 do -.ot know that they would be upon to mi 
 objection. Hut in a countr>' like this. iv| 
 capital is abundant, and wh"orc all onlerpr 
 however hazardous, that promise anvthiii.'li 
 reasonable return, are eagerly unilertali'en.j 
 extraordinary inducements to 'make caiiii; 
 come forward arc unnecessary, and tlin 
 objectionable. We admit, iiuieed, that in 
 case of companies of the special class mw alli 
 to, though nothing be gained, there is no 2( 
 hazard of much being lost bv the shaieln 
 being endowed with the privilosc of lit 
 liability. Such companies arc not Msily 
 verted to improper purposes; and though 
 capital of the shareholders may be unpr. 
 expended, yet, as it is most coranioDly la 
 on visible, pernianent, and sometimes vaji 
 works, there is a fund on which the crcilite 
 the event of the concern failinp, niav lali 
 But modifying circumstances of this son 
 very rarely any place in companies fonm 
 conducting ordinary industrial or comnif 
 businesses. In their case the entire capit 
 the association may be lost or embezzled, nil 
 a farthing being left to the creditors. Mi 
 moreover, if anything can be, a contrsii' 
 and an absurdity to suppose that onlimi 
 dustrial pursuits can be so well managed bi| 
 associations of any sort, whether the parim 
 indefinitely responsible or not, as thev ril I 
 individuals or small associations, Tlie IJtM 
 on their own account, and reap all the adi 
 of superior skill, attention, and eammj. 
 same time that they are indefinitely resp 
 for all the losses they may inciir, and fa 
 mistakes into wliich they may fall, if''*' 
 the contrivance or the execution of their p'^^^^ ^ _ 
 
 But though great public companfe 1* "^^^W'"tf niai- (, 
 able for the conduct of all save routine I»j.'iii^^^B'*":0iiimvoii1 
 the fair presumption, or rather,we.*iilJ^'^^H''''|'«lliiijriiii 
 certainty is, that those in which tberc,<ponsi^^^ilurtbercn( 
 of the pa-tners is limited will be muA ^^■'' ™«tver 
 uwsuitablf, and more productive of raiicni^^^"i»n-liabii 
 
 1010 
 
 2. The registered oince of the company will be 
 situate in Scotland. 
 
 3. The objects for which the company is esta- 
 blished are ' the facilitating travelling in the 
 Highlands of Scotland, by providing hotels and 
 conveyances by sea and by land for the accom- 
 modation of travellers, and the doing all such 
 other things as are incidental or conducive to 
 the attainme.1t of the above object.' 
 
 4. ICvery member of the company undertakt's 
 to contribute to tlie assets of the company in llic 
 event of the same being wound up during the 
 time that lie is a member, or within one year 
 afterwards, for payment of the debts and liabili- 
 ties of the companj" contracted before the time at 
 which he ceases to be a member, and the cost.s, 
 charges, and expenses of wiiuling up the same, 
 and for the adjustment of the rights of the 
 contributories amongst themselves, such amount 
 as may be required, not exceeding 20/. 
 
 We," the several persons whose names and 
 addresses are subscribed, are desirous of being 
 formed into a company, in pursuance of this 
 memorandum of association. 
 
 Names, Addresses, and Descriptions of Subscribers. 
 
 1. ,T<ihn ,Toncs of in the county of Merchant. 
 
 V. ,tiihn Smith of In the county of 
 
 3. Thoinaii Green of in tliu county of 
 
 I. ,lohn Thompson of in tlie county of 
 
 5. Calch IVhile of in the county of 
 
 6. Aiulrew Ilrown of in the county of 
 
 7. Cu'i.ir White of in the county ot 
 Dateit the Timi day of November iSGl. 
 
 Witnrss to the above Signatures, 
 A.U; .No. 13, Hute Street, Cierlicnwcll, Middle^ei. 
 
 Articles of Association to accompany precedinri 
 Mcmorandtim of Association. — 1. The capital of 
 the company shall consist of 500,000/., divided 
 into 5,000 shares of 100/. each. 
 
 2. The directors may, with the sanction of the 
 company in general meeting, reduce the amount 
 of shares. 
 
 3. The directors may, with the sanction of the 
 company in general meeting, cancel any shares 
 belonging to the company. 
 
 4. All the articles of table A. shall be deemed 
 to be incorporated with these articles, and to 
 apply to the company. 
 
 We, the several persons whose names and 
 addresses are subscribed, agree to take the num- 
 ber of shares in the capital of the company set 
 opposite our respective names. 
 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 
 
 
 of Shares 
 
 
 Names, Addiresses, and Descriptions of Subscribers 
 
 talccn by 
 
 
 
 
 e.ich Sub- 
 
 
 
 
 scriber 
 
 1. 
 
 John .Tones of 
 
 in the county of 
 
 SOI) 
 
 2, 
 
 John Smith of 
 
 in the county of 
 
 !i.') 
 
 .1. 
 
 Thomas Green of 
 
 in the county of 
 
 30 
 
 4. 
 
 John Thompson of 
 
 in the county of 
 
 41) 
 
 5. 
 
 Caleb White of 
 
 in the county of 
 
 I.'. 
 
 6. 
 
 Andrew brown ot 
 
 in the countv of 
 
 .*> 
 
 7. 
 
 CKsar White of in the county of 
 Total shares taken - 
 
 JO 
 
 yi.', 
 
 Dated the 2'ind day of Noyember 1S61. 
 Witness to the above Signatures, 
 A.U., No. 13, Hute Street, Clerkenwell, Middlesex. 
 
 By the Companies Act of 18G7 (30 & 31 Vict. c. 
 131) the liability of the directors or managers, or 
 the managing director of a limited company, may, 
 if so ])rovided by the memorandum of association, 
 be unlimited, sec. 4. And any existing limited 
 company may by special resolution make the 
 liability of the directors unlimited, sec. 8. But 
 these provisions, insufficient as they are, should 
 have been made compulsory, and not left to the 
 option of the limited companies themselves. 
 
 N.n. — We have not thought it necessary to 
 la}- hufovc tho.reader any abstract of thoss parts of 
 
PARTNERSHIPS WITH LIMITED LIABILITY 
 
 1011 
 
 lis than tlio.to in which there is no »ucii 
 
 towiion. It must, indeed, be . mceded, that, 
 
 taiiethe h'avy rcspon-ibility under winch the 
 
 Zm in ordinary nsaociations or partnerships 
 
 , ict they too often display an inexcusable 
 
 L^ o( foolliardincss. It is probable, indeed, 
 
 It the late experience of the ruin that may 
 
 «lt from placing too much conlidenco in dircc- 
 
 m«illlea(l to an improvement in this respect, 
 
 lEJ ihat the character and conduct of these func- 
 
 unant, will be more carefully enquired into. 
 
 Li without insisting,' further on considerations of 
 
 liLi sort, if parties will every now and then be 
 
 fl,ele5.<uf their interests, and forRct or decline to 
 
 jimtthe necessary precautions to piard against 
 
 te anil loss when everything they have is 
 
 alej on the result, their carelessness, it is ob- 
 
 m> will be immeasurably increased when !hey 
 
 Bit limit their liability at pleasure, and speculate 
 
 liiiiout anv fear of the consequences. No one 
 
 aa doubt tliat, under such circumstances, wild 
 
 meots of all sorts have been, and will be, verj' 
 
 milvintTcascd; and that the number of those 
 
 Hteive bankruptcies which are productive of so 
 
 nchmiicrv have been and will be largely aug- 
 
 BEifJ. 'I'o suppose the contrary is to suppose 
 
 |i, lainlv contradictor)'. It is equivalent to 
 
 fa;, ly that a man cares as much for 1,000/. as 
 
 i(io,i«»i or 10,000/., or any greater sum ; or is as 
 
 usiois about a small part as about the whole of 
 
 Mitouce, how large soever it may be. 
 
 Ue siairs of not .". few of the non-liability 
 
 mym& set on foot in Eugland during the 
 
 li<t fa vurs have already, especially since the 
 
 ciisiscf iWi, come before the courts of law ; and 
 
 it wetai these for samples of the others, we 
 
 Mi kivc to regard them as little better than 
 
 nwfsiriaJling engines. But it would not be fair 
 
 iscmdniic from the instances referred to that such 
 
 itiitifir uniform character. A good many have 
 
 doubt been honestly got up ; and the greater 
 
 II (if these being for routine purposes, such as 
 
 aifply of towns with water and gas, it may 
 
 Kumttl lhat they will be fairly conducted, and 
 
 ' iiccccil. But there are very many of a totally 
 
 [«tnt character. And it would be cliildish to 
 
 p tliat m any case the same consideration 
 
 'l« given either to their formation in the first 
 
 w, or to tlicir future management, that 
 
 ' be given were the partners indetinitely 
 
 Hence, while the system operates to the 
 
 (judice even of the best schemes, it holds out 
 
 temptation to set on foot projects with the 
 
 ition of deceiving and victimising the public. 
 
 Tk contrivers of the new system tell us that, 
 
 ' tevtr it may really bo, it is at all events 
 
 with the public ; and in proof of this, they 
 
 'tt to the great number of companies that have 
 
 " already formed with limited liability. But 
 
 jitli reference was needed to enable anyone 
 
 fete that if a plan were set on foot to enable 
 
 "»! to contract debts without being bound to 
 
 tiem. it would be eagerly grasped at. Gam- 
 
 gliouses are at present prohibited ; but if they 
 
 * to be licensed, does anyone doubt that 
 Mrs of them would be opened in most con- 
 
 * towns V And we should be told that this 
 « conclusive proof that the prohibition of 
 ''■ingjvas disapproved by the public, and that 
 ml the healthy excitement furnished by 
 wy opened places of entertainment. But 
 
 ftevermay be the case with this or that insti- 
 in, one would think that the former facilities 
 r™'"? might have sufftced, without giving 
 ■"lartbcr encouragement. 
 
 * bowever powerful the deleterious influence 
 «ii"n-liabilitysj-jtem (for such it is when the 
 
 shares are paid up) on the formation and conduct 
 of companies, we were assured that it would be - 
 more than countervailed by the greater caution it 
 would infuse into those who might deal with them. 
 The names and the number of shares held by the 
 partners in such associations, and tl a magnitude 
 of their capital, or of the 'fund' to which their 
 creditors have to look, were all to Ix; made known ; 
 so that those who transacted business with them 
 would be really aware of what they had to depend 
 upon. But wo take leave to say that they liave 
 not had, and will not have, any such knowledge. 
 Suppose that a non-liability company had a capital 
 of 50,000/. or 100,000/., and" that it was wholly paid 
 up when it was cstablislied : it may have been 
 greatly reduced, or wholly lost, in tin; next or in 
 any subsc(piciit year; and yet, as the public can 
 knowiiotliiug, or nothing certain, of its losses, and 
 may, on the contrary, suppose it has been success- 
 ful, its credit may not be impaired, and it may go 
 on extending its business and adding to its obliga- 
 tions after it is really insolvent. We have had 
 since IStifl verj' numerous and sad illustrations of 
 this. Ordinary partnerships, unless they consist of 
 parties of very questionable solvency or character, 
 haveseldora any considerable dilliculty in obtaining 
 large amounts of credit ; and companies, it matters 
 not of whom composed, which are reported to have 
 some 10,000/., 20,000/., 60,000/., or 500,000/. of paid- 
 up capital, will be sure to obtain loans to a much 
 greater extent and with still greater readiness. In 
 their case we liave a kind of authorised guarantee 
 for the possession of wealth. And this, it will be 
 said, precludes all room for distrust ; so that, 
 unless we had access to peculiar sources of infor- 
 mation, it might be not a little dangerous to 
 question the solidity of such an association. And 
 vet the whole thing may be a snare and a delusion. 
 The assurance, whether ofHcial or otherwise, that 
 a certain amount of capital has been paid up, is, 
 as has been proved over and over again, really not 
 worth a farthing. But the chances are, that it will, 
 notwithstanding, serve its purpose with the million. 
 It will make that appear to them to be gold which 
 may not even be copper, and enable parties without 
 a shilling to borrow largo sums, and to trade or 
 speculate on the means of others. In such cases the 
 public is helpless. There is nothing on which it 
 can rely ; and when the imposture is discovered by 
 the bursting of the bubble, no one is to bo respon- 
 sible for anything. 
 
 However it may be accounted for, there is 
 nothing that is so lavishly and inconsiderately 
 bestowed as credit. Frequently, indeed, it is 
 rather thrust upon than given to individuals and 
 firms. And it would be ludicrous to suppose that 
 this is a case in which we can place any depen- 
 dence on the caution of the public. The only real 
 security is in the discretion, good sense, and," more 
 than all, in the unlimited liability of partners. 
 They know, or may kn nv, what they are worth, 
 and what they arc about, which no one else can 
 know. And, in the vast majority of cases, they 
 further know that they will be bankrupts and 
 beggars unless thej' act prudently and circum- 
 spectly. Hence our late legislation is preciselj' 
 the reverse of what it ought to have been. In- 
 stead of diminishing, we should have increased 
 the responsibility of partners by abstaining from 
 all interference with their indefinite liability, and 
 giving additional stringency to the bankruptcy 
 laws. 
 
 That increased caution on the part of the public 
 which, it was said, would be a result of the new 
 system, is really, therefore, and has proved to be, no 
 better than moonshine. It can have no practical 
 influence. The only security which in sucli matters 
 
 <1 
 
 ;,'i^ 
 
 ^^1 
 
 1 
 
 . .i"! 
 
 i;'ti 
 
 1 -i s * 
 
 : 1 ■ f. '. 
 
 V ' 
 
1012 
 
 PARTNERSHIPS WITH LIMITED LIABILITY 
 
 ^i.r- 
 
 Ji':' 
 
 . 
 
 ."• .'•• 
 
 ^ \ i 
 
 
 '** ■'' * (•• 
 
 I- ■ ; ' 1 ' < 
 
 ,■ ■ :! . 
 it 
 
 
 /; 
 
 
 .' -4 
 
 ■■•■ » 
 ^ *♦ 
 
 • lW' 
 
 ■| 
 
 
 
 
 t;-^^ -* 
 
 
 •TV 
 4 * 
 
 f-":' 7 
 
 ■*;■ f 
 
 
 •'n, 
 
 /j;r-/;d 
 
 ia worth a pinch (if rtiiufTconsists in the responsibility 
 (if partners. It is not to thoHC who deal with this 
 (ir that housc.biit to the hcmscs themselves — to the 
 ^'iiarantccM iinder which they have bijon placed — 
 tliat wc must liioli for protection against foolhardi- 
 ncss and fraud. 
 
 it may therefore be reasonably conchided, that 
 in ordinary businesses— that is, in all businesses 
 for carrying on branches of aKriculturc, manufac- 
 ture, or "trade — partncrshi|is with limited liabilities 
 can be neither more nor less than unmixed nui- 
 sances. If honestly conducted, they must fail in 
 tli(!ir competition with private parties; and if 
 iilherwise, they will only add to the means, which 
 were already suflicicntly extensive, of wasting 
 capital and fleecing; llio public. 
 
 In the scheme laid down by Providence for the 
 Kovemmt'ut of the world, there ia no shifting or 
 narrowing of responsibilities, every man being 
 ])crsonally answerable for all his actions. But the 
 advocates of limited liability proclaim, in their 
 superior wisdom, that the scheme of Providence 
 may be advantageously modified, and that debts 
 an(ii obligations may be contracted which 'he 
 debtors, tho'igh tlicy have the means, shall not 
 be bound to discharge. Borrow, say they, as 
 much as you please, and pay as little as you like 
 — the Ic/s, it would seem, the btt'cr. And can 
 it be doubted that the adventurous, the needy, the 
 iinprinci|)led, and the dospcrato, will be eager to 
 avail thcnu-clvcs of such extraordinary privileges? 
 The reckless speculation, and the consequent bank- 
 ruptcy and ruin, that have on former occasions 
 overspread the kingdom have been trifling com- 
 pared with those that resulted in tlie crisis ot 18(56, 
 and those future revulsions which may be antici- 
 pated, should the new system be allowed to spread 
 Its roots and scittcrits seeds on all sides. Even 
 tlie soberest individuals may be tempted to em- 
 bark in hazardous projects ; for, by limiting the 
 risk, they in great measure secure themselves 
 against loss by failure, at the same time that 
 they reap all the advantages of success. Were 
 Parliament to set about devising means for the 
 encouragement of speculation, over-trading, and 
 swindling, what lictter could it do than to carry 
 out the non-liability system ? 
 
 We may be told that Parliament has provided, 
 by the Joint-Stock Companies Act, that in the 
 event of the directors of a comppny declaring 
 and paying a dividend when the company is 
 known by them to be insolvent, they are to 
 repay the' same out of their own pockets. This 
 is the statement in the body of the Act; but 
 in the ' regulations for the management of com- 
 panies ' attached to it, and already quoted, wc 
 are told tliat ' no dividend shall be payable, ex- 
 cept out of the profits arising from the business 
 of the company.' Wc of course do not presume 
 to decide whether this or the other statement be 
 the more correct ; but their contradictory nature 
 aifords a curious illustration of the clovenly, slip- 
 shod style iu which the most important statutes 
 are often compiled. Perhaps the reader may be 
 inclined to think that those who are disposed to 
 trust to a security of this sort are rather easily 
 satisfied. A body of directors who would, under 
 any circumstances, declare a dividend when they 
 knew that the concern over which they presided 
 was bankrupt, will not be kept in the right path 
 by the threat now referred to. The declaration of 
 dividends when there is nothing to divide is not 
 the way in which dishonest directors would be 
 most likelv to defraud their constituents and the 
 public. I'hey would make loans to each other, 
 or, if that be prohibited or apt to excite suspicions, 
 they may do the same thing indirectly by the 
 
 intervention of third parties. The eanital 
 credit of the institution mav be pervortc'i n\„i!2 
 and dissipated in a thousand ways Ixf.ire tJ, 
 cumatance becomes known to tlw' public 
 
 Some who arc friendly to the principle .> limits 
 liability, but who are at the same time awarp J 
 the abuses to which it cannot fail to kadif til 
 liability be limited to the mere amount of 3 
 shares, say that they would not oliject U< \u d 
 crease. It has, in consequence, U^^n propoml i 
 fix the liability at double or treble the amount 
 the shares ; so that when a limited comoi 
 failed, the subscribed capital of which had I 
 fully iiaid up, the partners would not, as is ui 
 the case, be relieved of all rcsponsibilitv 
 would bo obliged to make a further paympiitl 
 that were rc(iuired, equal to the amount of th! 
 shares, or to double that amount, as niighl L 
 decided upon. This plan has been cnforaiill 
 Canada and iu some other countries. And it| 
 undoubtedly a verv great improvement upon ( 
 system existing here; for, while it raises I 
 character of the partners in limited awociaiiJ 
 and makes them more careful in regard to 1 
 individuals they choose for directors, and ni| 
 disposed to watch their proceedings, itniakesthl 
 contribute to the entire or partial relief of ill 
 whom they might othcnvise have iavolvtdl 
 total ruin. I f, therefore, the system is in l,e I 
 tinned, we should strongly recommend that j 
 liability of the partners should Lc raised to| 
 least double the amount of their share?, 
 would add to its solidity, and divest it o!mi 
 its worst features, ' T 
 
 But, after all, this is only palterinf; wild 
 mitigating an er.i which should be cut up liv| 
 roots. Every sound principle is outraged nit 
 man who has the means of payinj; his just d 
 does not pay them. Whether thoy are contr> 
 by hiriiself directly, or in company with oihed 
 of no importance. He is in cither case bomj 
 pay them; and to pass laws to protect hiij 
 declining to pay them, is to give a !?gi ' 
 sanction to dishonesty and villniiy, 
 _ It is alleged, however, that tliese repres^ 
 tions are fallacious ; that it is a manifest em 
 ment on the great principle of the freedoi^ 
 industry to hinder individuals from enp 
 partnerships under such conditions as ther | 
 choose to lay down ; that in the event of i 
 conditions being publicly declared, and cverrj 
 made aware of what they are, they cannoj 
 justly objected to ; for as it is optional to J«j 
 not deal with the association, those who li 
 the conditions upon which it is established! 
 keep aloof from it. But sophistr)' of this sr 
 too transparent to deceive anyone, and mig' 
 truth, be employed to excuse almost anysi 
 jugglery or (lelusion. The question is, notwhi 
 limited liability be consistent nith this ot| 
 abstract principle, but what are its pradiM 
 suits — what its probable influence over that » 
 well-being, to promote which either is orslr 
 the object of all legislation ? It is with itsope 
 in this respect, and with it only, that we Iu 
 deal. Now, if there be one principle whici | 
 than another conduces to the publio aJi'^ 
 and may be said to constitute the fouiid' 
 all dealings between man and man, it "^ 
 ligation to discharge one's debts and ong¥«J 
 And it is theboundendutyof GoveninieBisq 
 to enforce the rule of unlimited lia*.)^""!! 
 cases, if such there be, when it can I* < 
 made out that the public interests fui w > 
 promoted by its relaxation «f *l*"''l'"\ 
 case of this sort be satisfactorily esiiblisliw- 
 undoubtedly the rule referred tosi 
 
 i. ': 
 
PARTNp:RSlIirS WITH LIMITED LIAf5ILITY 
 
 ;9. The capital an 
 
 be perverted, abust 
 il ways bi^fiire the i 
 to the pul)Uc. 
 he principle of limitd 
 lie same time avtte { 
 finnt fail to \m\ if tl 
 I mere ntnount of tij 
 il not oliject to iu i| 
 ence, Ix^cn prof oswl I 
 T treble the amuimt ( 
 m a limited comp 
 itAl of which had I 
 J would not, as is iig| 
 
 all rcsponsibdity, 
 c a further paymcniJ 
 I to the amount of tl«r 
 it amount, as miglil I 
 n has been enforced! 
 cr countries. And it| 
 t improvement uimii I 
 for, while it raises I 
 I in limited associatioj 
 careful in regard to I 
 
 for directors, and i 
 roccedinRS, itmalieilh 
 
 or partial relief of ihl 
 icrAvisc have involvcdl 
 ;, the system is to lie cf 
 igly recommend lliat i 
 •a should he raised io| 
 int of their share?, 
 V, and divest it of »mJ 
 
 is only paltering witli 
 
 ch should be cut up bvl 
 
 rinciple is outra;;ed «l# 
 
 msof paying his just d 
 
 Vhethcr they are contra 
 
 ■ in company with othei 
 
 . is in cither case Iwani 
 
 18S laws to protect M 
 
 \ is to give a hgii" 
 
 and villany. 
 
 vcr. that these reprcs 
 
 iittt it is a manifest enct 
 
 itinciplc of the fteedoJ 
 
 dividunls from mfm 
 
 ch conditions as thevi 
 
 that in the event ofj 
 
 cly declared, and cTenl 
 
 they ore, they cannj 
 
 rasit is optional to iij 
 
 sociation, those who « 
 
 ^•hich it is estabhshedj 
 
 lut sophistrj-ofthus* 
 
 ■eive anyone, and Bug 
 
 excuse almost any » 
 
 The question is, not »M 
 
 Consistent wth thu oj 
 
 [t what are its pn*ij 
 
 Vile influence over tluiB 
 
 [e which either 19 orsW 
 
 ith it only, that vreh 
 
 beoncprincip'*'^ 
 
 e8tothepute«2 
 constitute the fouM 
 
 man and man, i« J 
 ,ne'8 debts and engagw 
 dutvofGovenifflfli'* 
 Sited liabibMnl 
 
 referred toshouli>«»« 
 
 far ai it is concerned. Hut we entirely deny 
 ,; I ,,|icn tried by this test, it cither has been or 
 
 'l( shown that partncrsliips en commnndlte are 
 
 "bliclv advantofjcous. On the coiitrnry, wc have 
 
 L lliat thev are in the last dearie injurious, and 
 
 il^,,l,(i,PXtcn9ivc introduction nnist necessarily 
 
 iptjn immense stimulus to fraud and reckless 
 
 ffiniiaiwn- „ ^ ... 
 
 LiJealin'Mvith orduiary firms or nssociations. 
 
 ,jtl,ust%r believe they may trust, to the rc- 
 
 Uii^nfor sliill and integrity, and to the pre- 
 
 Ifl weaUh, of one or more of the partners. 
 
 «kh|Wumptioiis are not, indeed, always to be 
 
 iMJfd upon. In these, as in other niatter.x, 
 
 ' le mav be misled by appearances, and may 
 
 to an unmerited degree of confidence in loud 
 
 i*h insincere prot'c.Msions and promises. Hut 
 
 ViJwptive soever, the presumptions or indica- 
 
 jub rd'trrcd to afl'ord not merely the best, but 
 
 t onlv guarantees that can really be had lor 
 
 uKlitconduct. Jlost i)copIc engaged in busiiies.«, 
 
 t iitkrto carried on, are impre.i8od with the 
 
 itifdiinded conviction that their interests will 
 
 l(lK5i(iruraotcd by their preserving an unblcni- 
 
 M reputation ; "and when they act under the 
 
 tovifit responsibility, the chances are ten to one 
 
 ikthevwUl behave discreetly and honourably. 
 
 Biiiehave no such guarantees for the conduct 
 
 (if the partners of a society en commandite, 
 
 llmttei H in their case, of little, or rather of no 
 
 m^mxt. Instead of being responsible, they 
 
 jieilldtmav be all, but irresponsible. A., who 
 
 ii»oiili5»,oi)0/. or 100,000/., has not more, pcr- 
 
 tafs.iliii some 1,000/. or 2,000/. vested in the 
 
 tociiiv. Whether he lose or gain by such invest- 
 
 neiiii! I matter about which he probably cares 
 
 Mtiiiile. Most likely he has joined the associa- 
 
 tioii ilu! he might engage, without fenr or np- 
 
 pufenaon. in the boldest speculations. But 
 
 Tbetherthis be or be not his object, it is an_ insult 
 
 tocmnion sense to 8up|)ose that associations of 
 
 iteiieKripiion will be as carefully and skilfully 
 
 lnoiiiifled as those in which the partners are 
 
 imltftiitely liable for their proceedings. 
 
 ItKcnldbethc easiest thing imaginable, were 
 
 I'l It ill necessary, to corroborate the previous 
 
 imentsbyilliis'trations drawn from the United 
 
 IB, Khefc the principle of limited liability 
 
 Iwn long established. Hut these must be 
 
 lilJai to almost all our readers. Everybody 
 
 »w! that, notwithstanding the i)eculiarly fa- 
 
 inUecircumstaucci under which the Americans 
 
 plawl.from their free institutions, their cn- 
 
 Kiog character, and the boundless extent of 
 
 fertile and unoccupied lands, bankruptcy 
 
 1(11 time! more prevalent among them than 
 
 Enjlaud. The revulsions by which we are 
 
 times visite<l, though sufficiently severe, are 
 
 iile in the extreme compared witli those that 
 
 Mcally devastate the United States. In 
 
 Bnous instances, every banking comiiany in the 
 
 mon has stopped payment, while great numbers 
 
 «e been totally destroyed. And it is the same 
 
 lib associations cf all sorts. A opirit of over- 
 
 igi or a determination, at all hazards, to 'go 
 
 naiL'is ur'vcrsally prevalent, and bears there, 
 
 bm, iu legitimate liarvcst of bankruptcy and 
 
 ■'iter. So muf'.i so, indeed, is this the case, and 
 
 and so violent are the convulsions referred 
 
 that it i" no exaggeration to aflirm that 
 
 '"Wed fortunes and personal property are more 
 
 w* in Austria and Russia than in the United 
 
 tea. The national character has suflfered 
 
 igh this miserable system. Those repudia- 
 
 »hioh have so justly damaged the credit 
 
 ue Americans, originated in their attempting 
 
 ■It that responsibiliticj in their public as 
 
 101 n 
 
 well as in their nrivale ca|>acity. And it could ' 
 hardly, indeed, be exptotcil that peo^)lc who 
 may contract debts to their neighbours which they 
 are not bound to pay, should lie dis[K)sed to make 
 an exception in the case of their foreign creditors. 
 
 \Ve sometimes hear the rather unwarraiitablo 
 assertion, that, unles.s their liability bo limited, 
 neither the poorer nor the iicher classes are gene- 
 rally disposed to engage in extensive partnerships. 
 lUit if it really had the ettcet of tempting the poorer 
 classes to engage in them, thatnloiie would be a very 
 snfiieient reason why all associations with limited 
 liability should be suppressed. The condition of 
 these classes will never be improved by with- 
 drawing their attention from the business to which 
 Ihcy have been bred, and in which they are en- 
 gaged, to fi.\ it on joint-stock adventures. The 
 spirit of gambling and speculation is already 
 ijuite enon,;h difi'used, without seeking to spread 
 its baneful infiuencc among the lower classes. 
 Nothing should be done which it is possible to 
 avoid, to divert their attention from the pursuits 
 of sober, persevering industry. Their surplus earn • 
 ings may lie far more beneficially invested iu 
 savings-banks, in loans, and in contributions to 
 friendly societies, than in joint stock adventures. 
 
 And while, on the one hand, it would be very 
 wrong to tempt by immunities of any sort the 
 labouring classes to engage in such schemes, it is, 
 on the other, (luite suiierttuous in the cose of their 
 richer brethren. They are already much too 
 prone to embark in them. Even in those busi- 
 nesses, the hazard of which is extreme, there is 
 no good reason for e.xempting those by whom thev 
 are carried on from the fullest responsibility. If 
 the demand for gunpowder were doubled, the sup- 
 ply v.'ould very shortly be increased in an equal 
 degree. W.erever there is e.xtra risk, it is com- 
 pensated by extra profits; and, practically, it i» 
 not found that the cost of gunpowder, or of any 
 like article, is in aiiv degree increased from capi- 
 talists being disinclined to face the hazard of its 
 production. 
 
 Cautious men arc content with moderate profits, 
 and encounter only moderate risks ; while those 
 who are sanguine and adventurous, whether they 
 be rich or poor, eagerly grasp at the highest pro- 
 tits, and to realise them (lo not hesitate to run the 
 greatest hazards. Now, there is nothing surely 
 to object to or amend in this. And yet the whole 
 doctrine of limited responsibility proceeds on the 
 contrary assumption — on the principle, if we may 
 so call it, that profit and risk shall be divorced 
 from each other ; that speculators may undertake 
 adventures, having, on the one hand, the chance 
 of making unlimited profits if they turn ou;: well, 
 and on the other, of escaping, though they may 
 ruin others, with a comparatively trifling loss if 
 they turn out ill. In that peculiar class of cases 
 in which it would seem, at the first blush of the 
 matter, that limited responsibility would be least 
 objectionable, it will be found to be most perni- 
 cious ; for it will give an unnatural stimulus to 
 what certainly docs not require it, that is, to 
 hazardous enterprises and desperate adventures. 
 
 On the whole, nothing but mischief can be 
 legitimately anticipated from the establishment of 
 partnerships with limited liability, or «n com- 
 mandite. It was not by the aid of the principles 
 which they involve— by shirking responsibility, 
 and evading the risks inseparable from all under- 
 takings — that we have attained to our pre-em- 
 inence in character, in wealth, and in manufactu- 
 ring and commercial industry. But are we well 
 assured that the adoption of a contrary system will 
 not mark the era of our decline? 
 
 Ajiplication of J.imtttd Liability to Banking,— 
 
 » 
 
 : . ; 
 
 ' : Hi 
 
1014 
 
 PARTNEHSUIPS 
 
 i 
 
 '• .' ■• .' 
 
 . « i • ■;:• 
 
 .; *, . ; 
 
 * '• 
 
 (^'« • 
 
 
 :f."uW 
 
 
 TV? 
 
 
 >:m-\ 
 
 
 f ■'*. '. 
 
 ; -T. ■*■ •■■- 
 
 <« 
 
 fc ' \ 
 
 '■":^ ' ' 
 
 r 
 
 ■ ■^'. 
 
 ' f 1 > '' 
 
 
 ,^,^ .,, 
 
 
 ', 
 
 '■u.i'min- :. 
 
 Tho limited liability HyHtcm was not applied in 
 the outset to the business or banltinfr. Hut this 
 exemption was of short cnntinuancp, n statute 
 having been passed in the course of IK'iH, 21 & 22 
 Vict. c. 91, followed by that of l«(i2, 25 & 2<J 
 Vict. c. 89, which authorised banltinj; companies, 
 not issuini; notes, to be calablishcd with Innited 
 liability. It was alleged in defence of these 
 measures, that there sliould bo no exception to 
 tho Rcneral rule; and that Parliament, having 
 introduced tho system of limited liability into 
 other businesses, was bound, in consistency, to 
 extend it to banking. Hut if this sort of rea- 
 sonin):; is to liavc any influence in sucli matters, 
 it would not justify merely, but require, that the 
 system shouhl be cxtcniled to all companies, 
 however small the number of partners, and even 
 to all individuals. Why is a privileRC to be con- 
 ceded to 10 or 12 persons, and denied to fi, to 4, or 
 to 1 ? Where, may we ask, is the Justice of such 
 a procccdinR V Why should not Mr. A. bo per- 
 mitted to limit his liability ; to declare, a priori, 
 thot whatever debts ho may contract, lie shall be 
 liable only to the extent of some 500/. or 1,000/.; 
 and thattit is to this ' fund,' and not to his estates, 
 his factories, or his consols, that his creditors have 
 exclusively to look ? Hut wcrybody knows, or 
 ought to know, that there is something more than 
 mere logical sequence to be attended to in public 
 aifairs. When a law has been enacted which 
 affects certain businesses or certain individuals, 
 tho question, whether it should be extended to 
 others, depends in no degree on hypothetical no- 
 tions about tho symmetry of legislation, but on 
 the fact whether it is a beiieticial law, and whether 
 it is fitted to promote the interests of those to 
 whom it is proposed to extend its operation. 
 Now as limited liability has not a single good 
 quality to recommend it, the sphere of its oper- 
 ation, instead of being extended, should be con- 
 tracted as much as possible. In so far, however, as 
 banks are concerned, we incline to think that its 
 extension to them will not have much influence 
 cither one way or other ; for we cannot believe 
 it possible, if an ordinary bank limit its liability, 
 that half-a-dozen individuals will be found fool- 
 hardy enough to entrust their money to its 
 keeping. If they do, they will well deserve the 
 fate which may be expected to await them — that 
 is, to lose their entire deposits. If such bank 
 attempt, as it will probably do, to allure loans 
 by the offer of a comparatively high rate of 
 interest, that will make its ruin more certain 
 and immediate, and is a bait that will be 
 swallowed by those only whose ignorance is even 
 greater than their voracity. We therefore have 
 little doubt that the device of limited liability 
 will be rejected by such banking companies as 
 have any pretensions to character, or that have 
 any wish to possess and deserve .iny portion of 
 the public confidence. We subjoin the Act, 
 25 & 26 Vict., so far as it refers to Hanking 
 Companies. 
 
 On registration with Limited Liability Notice 
 to be given to Customers. — Provided that every 
 company so registering itself again as a limited 
 company, and every existing banking company 
 which shall register itself as a limited banking 
 company, shall, at least 30 days previous to ol^ 
 tainmg a certificate uf registration with limited 
 liability, give notice that it is intended so to re- 
 gister the same to every person and partnership 
 firm who shall have a banking account with the 
 company, and such notice shall be given either by 
 delivering the same to such person or firm, or 
 leaving the same or putting the same into the post 
 addressed to him or them at such address as shall 
 
 PASSENGERS 
 have been last communicated or othorwi.. k. I 
 known as his or their address to or by , ho '"1 
 pany ; and in case the company shall omit tn'"^! 
 any such notice os is hereinbefore renmrcl t*"'! 
 given, then as between the company and tho „!" I 
 son or persons only who are for thc'tlmc l,Mni' „ I 
 terestcd in the account in respect of whidi hi 
 notie(! ought to have been gi'yen. and so fa, ,J 
 respects such account niul all variations ttwJ} 
 down to the time at which such notice .hill ll 
 given, but not further or othcnvisc, the wriiiifiJ 
 of registration with limited liability shall hav/nJ 
 operation, (Sec. 188.) "'1 
 
 Btinkhig Comjxiny to publish a Statement neri.J 
 cully.. -Kvery limited banking companv .IniJ 
 before it commences business, and also in FfJ 
 ruary and August, in every year during wbicliiJ 
 comes on business, make a statement in the (on 
 contained in the schedule hereto annexed ur < 
 near thereto as circumstonccs will admit 'an.l 
 copy of such statement shall be put up in a™ 
 spicuous place in the registered otBoe of the com 
 pany, and in every branch office or place wheiJ 
 the banking business of the company is carrieJ 
 on ; and if default is made in duo coninllancl 
 with the provisions of this section, the comrani 
 shall be lioble to a penaltv not exceeding V fi 
 every day during which such default continued 
 and every director and manager who shall knmt 
 ingly permit such default shall incur the lili 
 penalty. Every member and creditor of anv sii3 
 company shall be entitled to a copy of the'siaii 
 ment, on payment of a sura not exccediiw 01 
 (Sec. -11.) *■ ^ 
 
 Form of Statement to be published by a Liiniti 
 Banking Company, referred to in Part HI. i 
 the Act 25 ^ 26 Vict. c. 89. 
 
 The capital of the companjii dlfided Into iliamtf 
 
 1 he numher orfhanii iKUed in 
 
 Ca\h to the amount of /.per ihatc hare b««l madf, inukT liil 
 the HUtn of /. ha.1 bwn recelTotl, I 
 
 The lialiiUties ot the componv on the finl day of Januin lot Jtl 
 were— ^ ■ 
 
 On Judgment - . . 
 
 On specialty .... 
 On notes or bUU - . . 
 
 On simple contracts 
 On estimated UabiliUes 
 
 Total 
 
 The assets ofthe company on that da; wer^- f 
 Government securities (suting them) • 
 Kills of exchange • . - , 
 
 Promissor; notes > > . ' 
 
 ('ash at the baniteis ... 
 Other securities ... 
 
 Total 
 
 By the 30 & 31 Vict. c. 29, joint-stock baiit^ 
 companies are bound to show their list of s' 
 holders to any registered shareholder between ^ 
 hours of 10 and 4. 
 
 PASSENGERS. In Commercial .\arigiti| 
 individuals conveyed for hire from one pli 
 another on board ship. Passage ships are t 
 peculiarly appropriated to the conveyance ofij 
 scngers. 
 
 Passage ships are generally placed undern 
 regulations ; and the extent to which em" 
 is now carried renders it of the utmost imfoiti 
 that these regulations should be carefulir « 
 piled and properly carried out 
 
 By far the largest proportion of these em 
 especially of late years, has consisted of i 
 of Ireland. The scarcity, or rs" er lia 
 1846-47, gave an extraordinary slunalnJ til 
 emigration ; and it has since been «Kitiii| 
 partly by the depressed condition of ""P*f*5! 
 partly by the wish of the bulk of thetoHow" 
 diminish the number of petty holdinp »" ' 
 estates, and partly also by the enmaUes, 
 more effectually still by the large sums ''""l 
 
 t-^ 
 
ERS 
 
 Bdorothcrwisebccnmel 
 es8 to or by the com-l 
 pany shall omit in nivjl 
 iibcfore required ti luj 
 ciimpany ami Itio ynX 
 c for the time Kim; in-l 
 respect of whidi »ich| 
 I f;iven. anil «o far a« 
 I nil variatior.s tlicrMf 
 ch such notice shall li 
 ithcnvise, the ciTtilicatJ 
 1 liability shall have nJ 
 
 \liih a Statemtnl jvriM 
 inking company *lial|J 
 incss, and also in }\\ 
 iry year during which ii 
 n statement in the fun 
 e hereto annexed, ur ; 
 anccs will admit, and i 
 ihall be put up in a coo 
 istered office of the con 
 ch office or place wheiJ 
 if the company is cam« 
 nadc in due conipliana 
 ;his section, the compjnJ 
 ilty not exceeding V. fa 
 I such default conlinue^ 
 nanagcr who shall knoi 
 lult shall incur the lid 
 er and creditor of any sud 
 led to a copy of the staU 
 t sura not exceeding " 
 
 Jc pubUthed by a Limti 
 eferred to in rart HI ( 
 t.c.89. 
 
 dWlilwl into iluiHtf 
 .'r'lhare have bwn madt, unilii "U 
 I'^nlhifint'iayofJaniuni*^ 
 £ ' i\ 
 
 PAHSENOERS 
 
 1015 
 
 ToUl 
 
 that ilay 
 ing them) 
 
 Total 
 
 t c. 29, joint-stock bankl 
 to show their list of sbii 
 fed BharcholdcrbetwMl 
 
 In Commercial XaviH 
 
 Ifor hire from one plw 
 
 Passage ships are t« 
 
 I to the conveyance «l| 
 
 Incrally placed u*" 
 Ixtent to which emigi 
 
 ritofthentniostirapot 
 
 L should be carefully* 
 
 Iricd out 
 Toportionoftheseeo^ 
 Uhas consisted oil 
 tcitv, or w""/"^,, 
 laordinarysUm-lM"^! 
 Ihas since been cooW"! 
 Iconditionofthepgl 
 fthebulkoftetol'-" 
 
 hhliivchecn sent to Ireland by parties who 
 ".'' miL-ratol- '" rnc<'"™«o n"'! «-"«'''' t'>e ''"'i- 
 !^i'„m of others. lUit there is no reason to IVar 
 .ki to oraigrntion. however promoted, will lie 
 !!i,,l liuxcei'!'. The rise of waf;pH conseciuciit 
 
 h,. dimiiuilioii of the jiopiilntion will cllVr- 
 " It has latterly, iiidccMl, 
 
 to '111 , . ,. 
 
 Billv hinder this result. 
 
 , x;„,,le(,iisiderablv ; and there can be no man- 
 
 ;,„'f(loiil)t that einit,'ratinii from Ireland mii;ht 
 
 ,' jiricd to a much ^'reafer extent than it 1ms 
 
 ..[botncarricd, without its heiiifj otherwise tbnti 
 
 jinnt.U'POHs to that island and to the United 
 
 &''im generally. 
 
 Kitigdom during the 
 ' "'- inclusive. 
 
 \hmim from the Ihiitiul Kim 
 53 Years, from 1H15 to IHCx 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Auitra. 
 
 
 
 North 
 \^ Americsn 
 
 I'olooiM 
 
 I'nllHl 
 StatM 
 
 Inn ('tilo' 
 nlcH ami 
 
 New 
 Zealand 
 
 All 
 other 
 Place. 
 
 Total 
 
 [ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „|S JSII 
 
 1,20U 
 
 • 
 
 192 
 
 2,081 
 
 [f/Wi 1 
 
 • 
 
 118 
 
 12.510 
 
 n: 1 
 , w< 
 
 Hi9 
 
 I lit) ' 
 
 Ml 
 
 UK 
 
 iw : 
 
 III! ; 
 
 110 ' 
 Ui6 { 
 
 '%W 
 
 lo.vsn ( 
 
 « 
 
 557 
 
 20.631 
 
 15,136 
 »3,M1 
 1I,!«I 
 18,955 
 ISfll.l 
 
 ii,y)5 
 
 i.m 
 
 11,741 
 
 li.mt 
 
 10,671 
 6.745 
 4,'JiS 
 4;i.37 
 
 ft.oja 
 
 S.'iSl 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 • 
 485 
 
 222 
 579 
 1.083 
 384 
 279 
 163 
 99 
 114 
 
 27.787 
 31,787 
 25,729 
 18,2.17 
 20,429 
 IB, 5.50 
 14,025 
 14.891 
 
 7,06.3 
 
 903 
 
 IIG 
 
 «0,900 
 
 m 
 
 1«,M8 
 
 Mm 
 
 Vl'.Tt 
 
 14,51(6 
 
 713 
 
 114 
 
 28,1 K)3 
 
 H,HI7 
 
 I5,ll7» 
 1i4,8S7 
 
 1.05C 
 1,812 
 
 1.34 
 197 
 
 tot 
 
 26,092 
 31,198 
 56,907 
 
 ICl . *"« 
 
 i3,4l8 
 38,872 
 
 1,.561 
 3,7.33 
 
 114 
 
 196 
 
 83.161) 
 103,140 
 
 W 
 
 14,K0S 
 
 irt.iou 
 
 4,1193 
 
 517 
 
 62..527 
 
 KM 
 
 10,1)61) 
 15,573 
 
 3.3,1171 
 
 2,81 M) 
 
 288 
 
 7..,282 
 
 ;v\i 
 
 S'i,720 
 
 1,860 
 
 325 
 
 44.478 
 
 IW 
 
 Jl,2.'fi 
 
 37.774 
 
 3.121 
 
 293 
 
 75,417 
 
 ijj: 
 
 i7>:7 
 
 36.770 
 
 5,051 
 
 32B 
 
 72,031 
 
 iM 
 
 14,.13'i 
 
 14,081 
 
 2112 
 
 33,822 
 
 ]Vi 
 
 l«,65l| 
 
 33,.5.3fi 
 
 15,786 
 
 227 
 
 62.207 
 
 tiki 
 
 :w,W3 
 
 4U,6IH 
 
 15,8,50 
 
 1 ,958 
 
 90,7 13 
 
 (Ml 
 
 3H,I6I 
 
 4,'.,0I7 
 
 38,625 
 
 2.786 
 
 118,592 
 
 ' M 
 
 5I,U3 
 
 6.3,8iH 
 
 8,534 
 
 1,8.35 
 
 128 ,.344 
 
 I w 
 
 11,5111 
 
 «S,33.5 
 
 .3,478 
 
 1,881 
 
 57,212 
 
 ! 1111 
 
 «J«4 
 
 43,660 
 
 2,28!) 
 
 1,87.3 
 
 70.686 
 
 ' Ills 
 
 3i,sa3 
 
 58,538 
 
 8.30 
 
 2.3,30 
 
 »3,.5IU 
 
 lilt 
 
 13,139 
 
 8i,S39 
 
 2,317 
 
 J -His 
 
 129,851 
 
 i im; 
 
 109,680 
 
 1411,1.54 
 
 4,949 
 
 1,487 
 
 258.270 
 
 nil 
 
 31,065 
 
 1H8,'833 
 
 23,904 
 
 4,887 
 
 248,089 
 
 1 m 
 
 IU'17 
 
 2II),1.50 
 
 38,191 
 
 6.490 
 
 299,498 
 
 ' nil 
 
 5/,961 
 
 1W3,I)78 
 
 16,037 
 
 8,773 
 
 280,849 
 
 ' nil 
 
 41,605 
 
 V67,3.'.7 
 
 »I,,5S2 
 
 4,472 
 
 .3.35,966 
 
 im 
 
 3i,»73 
 
 « 1,^61 
 
 87,881 
 
 3,749 
 
 .'.68,764 
 
 1 hu 
 
 31,5'iJ 
 
 130,885 
 
 61,41)1 
 
 3,129 
 
 329,937 
 
 ; i<>i 
 
 «;;6i 
 
 l'J3,(165 
 
 83,837 
 
 3,.3r,li 
 
 383,129 
 
 ! liW 
 
 I7,9r.6 
 
 103,414 
 
 52,31)9 
 
 3,118 
 
 176, 07 
 
 ', iw 
 
 I6,3;8 
 
 111,8.37 
 
 44,584 
 
 3,755 
 
 176,554 
 
 1 111; 
 
 81,011 
 
 i86,!)0S 
 
 61,848 
 
 3,721 
 
 218.875 
 
 1151 
 
 ; 9,7l)t 
 
 49.716 
 
 ,39,295 
 
 5,257 
 
 11,3,972 
 
 iNl) 
 
 1 6,fW 
 
 70..303 
 
 31,013 
 
 12,487 
 
 180,432 
 
 ly. 
 
 9,;«6 
 
 87.5110 
 
 21,302 
 
 6,881 
 
 128,469 
 
 w. 
 
 ' 18,707 
 
 49,764 
 
 23,738 
 
 5,.5C1 
 
 91,770 
 
 Ml 
 
 : I5J88 
 
 68,7116 
 
 41,843 
 
 5,143 
 
 121,214 
 
 1 IliS i IS.OU 
 
 146,813 
 
 53,054 
 
 5,808 
 
 22.3,758 
 
 j m 1 i!.7ai 
 
 147,1)42 
 
 40,942 
 
 8,195 
 
 •.II 18.91 10 
 
 
 iw 1 i;,jii 
 
 147,858 
 
 57,283 
 
 8,049 
 
 209.801 
 
 
 KM ! IMM 
 
 161,11110 
 
 21,097 
 
 6,5.3() 
 
 2.14,882 
 
 
 W, : 1,1,503 
 
 1.59.875 
 
 H,16G 
 Jiwis 
 
 fi,7(l9 
 1.39,110 
 
 195.9.53 
 
 
 [TttT 
 
 i;i(:i,583 
 
 ' 3,918,(161 
 
 6,302,345 
 
 I of petty h"'— r . 
 llso by the ffl®'^'*'. 
 
 I .I^Bininnual emisration from the tJnUed Kinndom :— 
 ' iFom 181510 1SC7 • . 118,912 
 
 Foi the 10 jears ending ISC? - 161,915 
 l*T1»Cu«omiKetunu(IonotTeford any EmlRTation to Australia 
 ^iBcthwlii Tears, liut itaimears from other sources that there 
 
 «mmls8f,3a0; in ■H88,875; In 1823, ,543 ; in 1821,780; 
 
 ui n H\ 15S DenoQi. Tl. <e numbers hare not been included in 
 
 bttcult of this table. 
 
 Ilk seen from the above account, that in 1852 
 
 To fewer than b68,764, and in 1854, 323,429 volun- 
 
 •lyemigrants left the United Kingdom; and such 
 
 teiiif the vast extent to which emigration is now 
 
 "med, the propriety, or rather necessity, of 
 
 "cting some general regulations, with respect to 
 
 le conveyance of emigrants to their destination, 
 
 M be obvious to everyone at all acquainted 
 
 ^li the subiect. The greater number of cmi- 
 
 Mts are in humble life : few among them know 
 
 pjthing of ships, or of the precautions necessary 
 
 psarc a safe and comfortable voyage ; they are 
 
 H for the most part, poor, and exceedingly 
 
 MU8 to economise, ,so that they seldom hesi- 
 
 Ff to embark in any ship, however unfit for the 
 
 convcvancp of passcngcrH, or inadequately fur- 
 ni.shci) with provisions, if it be chrnp. Unprinci- 
 pled masters ami 03vnprs have not been slow to 
 t.ikc advantage of this ; and in order to iirevciit 
 the frauds that 3Voiilcl otherwise N- praetiscd on 
 the unwary, it has been found indispensable to 
 lay down some general rpguliitimia a.s to the num- 
 ber of passengers to be taken on board ships as 
 compart'il with tlieir tonnage, the quantity of 
 water and provisions as compared with the pas- 
 sengers itc. lint this is no very easv task. If 
 the limitations be too strict, that is, if compara- 
 tively few passengers may be carried, or if the 
 stock of provisions to be put on board bo either 
 unnecessarily large or cxprn.sive, the cost of 
 emigration is proportionally enhanced ; antl an 
 artiilcinl and serious impediment is thrown in the 
 way of what should be made as easy as possible, 
 consistent with security. Ihit, on the other hand, 
 if too many passengers be allowed, their health i.s 
 liable to snllcr; and should the supply of pro- 
 visions be inadecpiate, or the quality bad, tlio 
 most serious consequences may ensue. The Act 
 (i Geo. IV. c. 116 obliged too great a quantity of 
 expensive provisions to be put on board, and was 
 in consequence objected to by emigrants as well 
 as shippers. The Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 21 avoided 
 this error ; but it was defective, inasmuch as it 
 made no provision with respect to the sufHciency 
 of the .'hip, the having a surgeon, or other 
 properly qiialiticd medical person on board ships 
 carrying a certain number of passengers, and m 
 other particulars. These deficiencies were in part 
 supplied by the Act 5 <t G Wm. IV, c. 53, and 
 subsequent statutes, including the 15 & 10 Vict, 
 c, 41. But the provisions in these Acts having 
 been found to be in several respects inadequate, 
 they have been repealed, and the following regu- 
 lations, embodied in the 18 & 19 Vict. c. 119 
 and 20 & 27 Vict, c. 51, have been substituted. 
 We doubt, however, whether these will be miirh 
 longer lived than those by which they have 
 been preceded. They seem to be singularly dc- 
 licient in the precision and clearness so very 
 necessary in such matters, and to be encumbered 
 3vith a host of details altogether foreign to the 
 real business of the statute. 
 
 Act of 1855, the 18 & 19 Vict, cap. 119, for 
 rkgui.atino the carriage of passengers 
 BY Sea, amended by the Act of 1863, 
 26 & 27 Vict, cap. 51, and relative 
 Orders in Council. 
 
 The sections referred to arc those of the Act of 
 1855, unless that of 1803 be cited. 
 
 Commencement of this Act, and repeal of former 
 Act Sfc, — 'The Passengers Act 1852' shall be 
 rei)ealcd; except so far as the said Act repeals 
 any former Act or enactment ; and except as to 
 existing passage brokers' licenses, which sh.all 
 continue in force as mentioned in sec, 68 of this 
 Act, and except as to any ship ivhich shall have 
 cleared out from anv colonial port under the said 
 Act, and before this Act shall have come into 
 operation in such colony ; and except so far as 
 may be necessary for supporting or continuing 
 any proceeding taken or to be taken upon any 
 bond given under the said Act, or upon any 
 other civil process ; and except as to the recoverj- 
 and application of any penalty for any offence 
 committed against the said Act ; and except also 
 as to an order in council made by her Majesty 
 on October 16, 1862, in pursuance of the powers 
 given by sec. 55 of the said Act, which said 
 order in council shall remain in force until 
 altered or revoked by any order in council to be 
 made under the provisions of this Act. (Sec. 1.) 
 
 * :# 
 
 I' ... 
 
 m. 
 
 ^"^.lA 
 
 "I'. 
 
 I 1 ■ 
 
loir. 
 
 I'ASHENOIOIIH 
 
 'i■^^.■ 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 I 
 
 ■ I 
 
 
 
 ' « 
 
 ''*, 
 
 ;« 
 
 
 • •>■ 
 
 ;> . 
 
 .f-:^:' 
 
 ;,v V,' |:;, 
 
 aHHlMnnU aru to act iimlcr tlm commi«Mf, 
 ciniKrmion, mid Hint rxiHtiiiK n|>|«Miitiiiciiti' 
 t'oiiliniid until revoked. 
 
 iiifri i,fl 
 
 (imiwi !» eim.M.H tlint (he .lutien „( nmu 
 nicer mny Ihi iicrformed liv I1I4 acistnm ,, 
 
 SScctidii 3 direct)* llint in reciting this Act in 
 other ActN of I'arlinmont, or in iiiiy iiiHtriiment, 
 document, or iiroceediiii;, it Hhnll lie milllcient to 
 iiHO the expresRiiin 'The Passen^jcrs Act lN").'i.' 
 
 Section ;( Iiivh down thedeiiiiition ofternin used 
 ill tliU Act. 'riio deHorl|ilioii of imMsenger Hliip' 
 U repealed in the Act of IHCiH, nnd tli! term U 
 intended to Hi^nily every dencription of Hcnifoin^ 
 vowel, whether llritish or forei^jii, carrying ii|Min 
 niiy voyajjo to which the .\ct o!' IK.")') extends, 
 more than ."iO pnsHcnuers, or a irreater numlier of 
 |i.iSMOii);er.'« thnn in the iiroimrtioii of one Htatntc 
 ndiilt to every '.\'\ tons of the registered tonniiKe 
 of Hiich Hliips if propi'lli'd liy nails, or thnn 0110 
 Htntiite ndnlt to every '.'0 tons if propellcil by 
 xteain. 
 
 To what Vi'Hiu'lii mill Vnydgei thii Act cxtrml». — 
 This Act sliall extend to every 'pnssen(;er ship' 
 proceeding on nny voynfje from the I'nited King- 
 dom, to nny plnce out of Knrope, nnd not liein^ 
 within the Mediterrnnenii Sen, nnd on every colo- 
 nial voynffo n.s nfter described, nnd in tlio )inrticii- 
 lars mentioned or referre<l to in sees. 100, 101, 
 nnd 102, to every nhip lirin;;iiiK pnssen^jers into 
 the United Kingdom from nny place out of Knrope, 
 and not bcin^; within the Mc'ditorrancnn Sea; lint 
 .shall not extend to nny of her Majesty's ship.4 of 
 
 war, nor to nny ships in the scf vice of the lords of I senjjer ship,' shall dcnr out or proceed to si-a uiii 
 the Adinirnlty of the United Kingdom, nor to nny the inastcr tlurcof shall Imvc ulitaliicd frDin 
 ship of war or transport in t'-.c service of the Knut 
 
 ollii 
 
 the chief ofllcer of custoins, 
 J-miljIkn to be yiirn /„r tl„. h,,,nli„n,>f A 
 SI„i,»J,ltm<iJ,>r rai,»vn,jin.— \hf iiiu,t,r of ovm'l 
 HJiii), whether n ' pn.ssen),'er ship' ,,r .itiuTwi I 
 lltthiK or iiitende.1 for Hie enrria-c ,.f ^^.^A 
 or which shall cnrry paMsenpTs ii]..„i niiv v„vi. J 
 to which this Act extends, slinll ntToM t,,' I'^I 
 emigration ollicer at niiv port or pine,. !„ . 'I 
 Mnjesty's dominions, nnd, in the ( iisa i,f ||rj,: 1 1 
 shifis, to her Majesty's consular ollimr ni ami 
 foreign port or place at whidi siieli shin i.hal| 1 J 
 or arrive, every facility for inspectinjf aucli uliin. 
 and for coniniiinienlin},' with ihu pnwncprj, .ri'li 
 lor ascertainint; that the provisions of thu '\\ 
 so far as the same may hn npplionblo to 4iliT 
 ships, have lieen diilv complied with; the ma- J 
 of any ship who shall omit or fail to oompiv *ii|J 
 nny of the rcipiirements of this W"'tion. »bll u 
 liable to a penalty not cxccediiit,' .lii/. (Sir, in , 
 
 Sn Pitmnger Ship to rlenr uilhn 1 Cfrilnnti 
 from KmKjnttloti Offinv ^■e.—'So ..liip Hit;, 
 intended for the earringe of pii»sung(>rsanpi^ 
 
 India Company, nor to nny steam vessel rcffularly 
 employed in the conveyance of mnils under an 
 existing contract with' the (iovcrnmcnt of the 
 state or colony to which such stenm vessel may 
 belong, provided the master thereof shnll, on de- 
 mand, produce to the emigration otlicer nt the 
 port of clearnnce or port of depnrtiirc n ccrtiticatc 
 of exemption, in the forn given in schedule (A) 
 hereto annexed, under the linnd of the postmnster- 
 gcncral of the United Kingdom, or of some person 
 deputed by him for the purpose, or in the ease of 
 a colony, under the hand of the governor thereof, 
 or in tlic cnsc of a foreign stotc, under the hand 
 of the postninster-gencrnl or other competent 
 <ioveniment olHcer. whose signature shall be au- 
 thenticated by the signature of n Hritish consular 
 ofllcer in such' foreign state. (Sec. 4.) J5nt by the 
 provisions of the Act of 180.1, steam vessels carry- 
 ing mails, if they carry other than cabin passen- 
 gers in sufficient numbers to bring the vessel 
 within the definition of a ' passenger ship,' arc 
 brought wit'..in the Act. 
 
 Penalty on framlulrnlli/ uainff Certificates or 
 using Fraudulent Certificates. — Such certificate of 
 exemption shnll be issuable nt the discretion of 
 the ofllcer authorised to grant the same as herein 
 mentioned, nnd shall remain in force fur the 
 [icriod specified therein, unless sooner revoked, or 
 unless the vessel for which it shnll hnvc been 
 i^?sucd shall sooner cense to be employed in carry- 
 ing the public mails; and if any jierson shall 
 make or attempt to make any fraudulent use of 
 any such certificate, or shnll forge, counterfeit, 
 niter, or ernse the whole or any ()art thereof, or 
 shall use or attempt to use any spurious or fraudu- 
 lent certificate, the person so 'offending, and every 
 pcnion aiding and abetting in such offence, shall 
 be liable to a penalty not exceeding 500/., and the 
 vessel for which the exemption is claimed shall 
 not be cleared out until all the requirements of 
 this Act have been complied with. (Sec. 5.) 
 
 Clause 6 enacts that the commissioners of emi- 
 gration shall carry this Act into execution. 
 
 Clause 7 enacts that the emigration com- 
 missioners may sue and be sued in the name of 
 their Secretarv &c 
 
 imiigration oflicer at the port of clcuranro a oettiA 
 cnte of clearance under his liniid that all lii 
 requirements of this Act, so far as thu samert] 
 complied with, before tlio dpnarturo of suJ 
 ship, have been duly complied with, and that %m\ 
 ship is, in his oninion, seaworthy, in safe trim, m1 
 in all respects fit for her intended voyajjc.an'lthJ 
 her passi-ngers and crew arc in a fit state lo prJ 
 ceed, nor until the master shall have jolnel i 
 executing such Inmd to the Crown as rcquirod Ir 
 sec. 0;i of this Act: provided, that if siicheml 
 grntion officer shall refuse to grant siicli rfitiJ 
 cnte, and the owner or charterer of inch jhif 
 shnll appeal in writing to the cniigriitiou 1 
 missioners, such commissioners shall appoint iij 
 2 other emigration officers, or any 2 cuinpeien 
 jiersons, nt the expense of the" appellant, I 
 examine into the matter, and if the pcrsora i 
 appointed shall grant a certificate umlcr tiK 
 joint hands to the purport hereinbefore wniim 
 such certificate shall be held to be of theMn 
 ell'ect as if granted by the emigration oiliier of.; 
 port of clearance. (Sec. 11.) 
 
 Where Passengers mat/ be nim.7.— N'o <!i^ 
 shall carry passengers or cabin pa.'.«n,w 
 more thnn 2 decks: provided, that cabin [luifl 
 gcrs in a proportion not exccediiitf I cabin [osa 
 gor for every 1 00 tons of the ship's tonnap,! 
 sick ))crsons placed in a hospital, as aficr proniie 
 may be carried in a poop or deck house, niii»iil| 
 standing that passengers arc carried on '.'oti 
 decks, and if passengers arc carried iiniierliiepi 
 or in any round house or deck bouse, such p( 
 round house, or deck house shall be properlrh 
 and secured, to the satisfaction of the eaifnii 
 officer at the port of clearance : for any i'^i 
 this enactment the master of the ship s 
 each offence be liable to a jxinalty notcxi* 
 500/. nor less than 20/. sterling. (Sec. 13.) 
 Rule for determining the Number of Pnu'i 
 to be carried, — For determining the nunitej 
 p.issengcrs to be carried in any 'pa* 
 the following rules shall be observed;- 
 
 2. No ship shall carry under the poop, wi"" 
 round house or deck house, or on the'nppsp' 
 scnger deck,' a greater number of passeipntli 
 
 ... „„. in the proportion of 1 statute adult '"!*'!' 'J 
 
 Clause 8 enacts that the emigration officers and clear superficial feet of deck allotted to w "* 
 
r tilt 7iM/)ediiiiio/'iiIf| 
 
 •t ship' or iithiTwiii 
 (•nrriii;;e of |v\)»t'ni;cr<,l 
 H;rrH ii|vin uny Viiyn»| 
 
 lis, itlmU nlTiinl U\ liiel 
 port or pincc in lifti 
 ill llie iiHC iif llriti-li) 
 joiiHiiliir (iflicot HI anvl 
 liicli such ship Khali lil 
 If inspi'ctiii!» nuch iWpT 
 itli liiu pniiscnucrj, amil 
 j)rt)vi»i(in« nf tliii Act] 
 l)n a)>)ilirAblo to wilil 
 iplit'd with; the m>'.m 
 it or fiiil to oomiily niilil 
 of thin w<'tion, »li;il 
 ;ccc(liii(,' r>"/. (Sir, l".i 
 clenr wilho I Ctrlijtrfil^ 
 §T.— No ..hill lilti'4 ' 
 ) of pnssongcrs as a ' pi4 
 ut or proceed ti) s'a until 
 hnvo (ilit:iiiic(l frijm \\i 
 port of cli'ttranci; a oettiil 
 r hilt Imiul that all lii 
 f, 80 far as the Bametii 
 re the depatturc of sutj] 
 nplii'tl with, anil that sud 
 aworthy, in safe trim, an' 
 iiitcnde'dvoynKP, anil till 
 r arc in ft At state to i 
 »ter nhall have joinfd i 
 the Crown as requirwlb 
 i.vidctl, that if Jiicbeini] 
 'uHf to grant stichrtttiJ 
 r clmrterct of such skij 
 ' to the emigration ( 
 issioncrs shall airint uj 
 iccrs, or any 2 coinpeten 
 ise of the appt'llant, t 
 ;er, nnd if the persons : 
 a certificate uiulor th( 
 nrt hereinbefore miain 
 „ hcM to be of the ^l.^j 
 ho emigration officer of .1 
 
 >'-^ , V kl 
 
 \naij he cam. '(.->» '" 
 
 I i,r cabin pa.'«n:fr< 
 
 rovided, that cabin. t'J-«i 
 
 |tcxceed'.n(!lcabmiA«^ 
 
 of Iho ship'* toiinikSM 
 
 .hospital, as after iironJr 
 
 .op or deck house, n"i« 
 
 [era arc carried on i oU" 
 
 arc carried uiiilertliep 
 
 I or deck houw, such p* 
 
 ousc shall be ptorerlyb 
 
 isfactionof theeini5«« 
 
 learancc: foranyhMliJ 
 
 laster of the ship sti 
 
 to a iicnalty not Mft 
 
 sterling. (Sw-W) 
 
 the Number of I <^.. 
 
 lctermimngthen.i»lwj 
 
 led inany'Pff«F"^ 
 
 111 be observed ;- 
 
 fry under the poop,*"'; 
 
 ousc,oronthe'«PI«f 
 number of pas.'tnf"'", 
 Itttte adult .o^"J 
 deck allotted to it>«"*=' 
 
 I'AS.SK 
 
 1 S„ ship "linll •'"•'O' "" ''••' '"""''■ |"»«w:«<'r 
 , .,,,ft.aifr niinilicr of imMfiixor.s Ihnn In tlic 
 * ,„i„i, iif 1 statute ndiilt to every \H eltar 
 Sciiil fet't "f ''•■'■'' """"<■'• '" their uno: |.r(>- 
 T,] iii'verlheless, llint if the lieit,'ht between 
 Itl I'Oier p«>«enKer ileek itiwl the derk iiii- 
 iijulv ahiivo it >h«Il Im^ '•''"* Ibnii 7 feet, or if 
 i( aricriim'H (f.-iiiusive of side sciitlle.s) tliripii(,'h 
 
 thifh liu'lit ">"' »'■■ "'"'" '"' "il""!'^''' '" 'be lower 
 ji^n -cr d«k .shall be le.sH in ni/.o than in the 
 
 NdKIlS 
 
 1017 
 
 it|>.rtioii 
 
 iii;).si|iiare feet to every Kill NU|ierlleial 
 
 IS "f the l"«er passenger «leek, no greater 
 |iiinl»r of passengers shall be ennied on kiicIi 
 Lhli^h.in in llic prnportioii of 1 Ntatute adult to 
 I (Vffv i) char siiperlieial feet thereof : 
 
 J No ship, wimlever be her (..nnngeor super- 
 llciil «|«irc of 'passenger dcok.-,' shall earry n 
 Injl^t niinibiTof passengers on the whole than 
 l-;',p iroportion of t statute ndiult to every 5 
 iBiKtiiciiil feel, 'leur for exercise, on the npiMT 
 ljKki)r|i"0|'.»f('' secured and lilted on the top 
 liitka railing' "f guard to the sati.sfaution of tlic 
 InifTalionotlicpratlhc port of elearaiiee) on any 
 ImiD^hniiscordeckhou.-o: 
 
 .Iiilli"iiieasiireniciit of the passenger decks, 
 ||(«f,f.ind house, or dock hou.sc, the spact^ for 
 liehcspiialaiid that occupied by such portion of 
 llhtpifKniiil luggage of the passengers ns the 
 Iniittsiiiin ollicer may jicrmit to bu curried there 
 liU be included. 
 
 T»i) clauses which litnitcd the number of pas- 
 ■irapnliythe registered fmiiage niul laid pennl- 
 Itioj on the violation of this rule, were repealed by 
 like Act ii(l'<i)3. 
 
 Aiit to ripeal 16 §• 17 Vict. c. 81.— Provided, 
 
 i[ffty««N that nothing in this Act shuU 
 
 npeil lie Act KJ & 17 Vict. c. «•!, intituled 'An 
 
 liciio.taend the I'a.sscngcrs Act IH.I'.', so far 
 
 ireliifsto the I'nssages of Natives of Asia 
 
 t Africa, aiul also Passages between the Island 
 
 iCeiim and certain Parts of the East Indies.' 
 
 |»'!,).l The Indian Act No. 13 of 18C4 rc- 
 
 Jiicj the emigration from Hritish India. 
 
 [tnmgin' Lists to be delivered in Duplicate hy 
 
 \}Iiutfr htfare Clearance.— '\'\\(i master of every 
 
 |kip,»n(ther a 'passenger ship 'or otherwise, 
 
 rjinj; passengers on any voyage to which this 
 
 iltiteiiil.s, shall, before demanding; a clearnncc 
 
 )iicli nhip, sign 2 lists, made otit according 
 
 ^ the furin contained in schedule (11.) hereto 
 
 fieJ. correctly setting forth in the manner 
 
 tindirectf.". the name and other particulars of 
 
 Kihip, and of every passenger on board thereof: 
 
 1 the said lists, when countersigned by the 
 
 mion officer, where there is one at the port, 
 
 Ubeilelivercd by the master to the ollicer of 
 
 (customs from whom a clearance of the said 
 
 I (hall be demanded, and such ofliccr shall 
 
 •on also countersign and return to the said 
 
 «« I of such lists, called 'The Master's List ;' 
 
 ' the said master shall nuto in writing on such 
 
 Hinentioned list, and on any additional lists to 
 
 Imadeout as next provided, the dute and siip- 
 
 TM cause of death of aiiv passenger who may 
 
 iwd the date of birth and sex of any child 
 
 May be bora on the vovage, and shall ex- 
 
 P' wch list, with any additions which may 
 
 ptunc to time be made thereto, to the chief 
 
 pt of custom.? at any port or place in her 
 
 ftety 8 possessions, or to her Majesty's consii- 
 
 l*cer at any foreign port at which the said 
 
 TWRors or any of them shall be landed, and 
 
 piwposit the same with such chief officer of 
 
 pons or such consular ofliccr, as the case may 
 
 l« the final port or place of discharge, and 
 
 ^Ollicer of customs or consular officer shall 
 
 ^poii forthwith transmit the particulars re- 
 
 siifctinR nny ponixenger wh.» may tlie, or of any 
 eliild who may \>f born on the voyage, to the 
 registrar-general of liirllis, deaths, aiid inarriiige..* 
 in KiiL'lanil. who shall tile the same, and eiilirii 
 copy thereof in tho 'innriiie register bonk,' wliieli 
 entry shall be dealt with and 'le of the .same value 
 ns nny other entry rrmde in f.ueh book under the 
 provis<icins of ihoti A' 7 \V:n. IV. e. «(i : in case of 
 niui-eomidinnce with any of the rei|uiremenls ot' 
 ibis section on the iiart of tlii; master, or if siieh 
 lists shall be wilfully false, the master shall for 
 e.'uh ofl'enco Ih( liable to a penaltv of not more 
 than 100/. nor less than !il. (.See. iV..^ 
 
 lAiit$ of l'at»eiuieri nnharheil after CIriiranre tit 
 he ilvlivereil hi/ Master. — If at nilV time after such 
 lists have bivn signed and ilelivered, any luldi- 
 lioiial passenger shall he taken on board, in sik b 
 ease tho master shall add to 'the master's list ' 
 the names and other particulars of every such 
 additional passenger, anil shall also sign a .sepa- 
 rate list, made out according to the aforesaid form, 
 containing the names aiul other particulars of 
 every such ad<litional passenger, and such lost- 
 mentioned list, when coiintcrsigneil by the emi- 
 gration officer, where there is one at the port, shall, 
 with ' the master's list 'to which such addilioit 
 has been made, be delivered to the chief ollicer 
 of customs, and thereupon such officer «ihall 
 countersijjn 'the master's list,' and shall return 
 the same to the said master, and shall rcfain thi^ 
 separate list, and so on in like manner whenever 
 any additional pasMiigcr or passengers may be 
 taken on board; or if no oflicer of customs be 
 stationed at the port or place where such aJdi- 
 tioiial iiasscngcr or passengers may be taken oi. 
 board, ti:e said lists shall be dciivere<l to the 
 officer of (;ii.stoms at the next port or place at 
 which ouch vessel shall touch or arrive and where 
 any such oflicer shall be stationed, to be dealt 
 with ns before mentioned : provided, that when 
 any additional passengers are taken on board, the 
 master shall obtain a fresh certificate from the 
 emigration officer of the port that all therequire- 
 mcuts of this Act have lieen duly complied with 
 before tho ship proceeded to eca : in case of non- 
 c<miplianco with any of the requirements of this 
 section, the master' of such ship shall for each 
 ofl'euce be liable to a penalty of not more than b\)l. 
 nor less than ''>'. (Sec. 17.) Hy the Act of 181!:!, 
 the regulations of tho lUth and 17th sees, are 
 extended to cabin passengers, who aro to be dis- 
 tinguished as under and over 12. 
 
 Penalty on J'ersons found on board Ships without 
 Consent of Owners i^c. — If any person bo found 
 on board any ' passenger ship ' with intent to obtain 
 a passage therein without the consent of the 
 owner, charterer, or master thereof, such person, 
 and every person aiding and abetting him in such 
 fraudulent intent, shall respectively be liable to a 
 penalty not exceeding 5/., and in dcfunlt of pay- 
 ment to imprisonment, with or without hard 
 labour, for not exceeding 3 calendar months ; and 
 such person so found on boart may bo taken 
 before any justice of the peace, without warrant, 
 and such justice may summarily hear the case, 
 and on proof of tho offence, convict such offender 
 as aforesaid. (Sec. 18.) By the Act cf 1803 the 
 penalty is extended to 20/. 
 
 All Passenger Ships to be surveyed before clearing 
 out. — No ' passenger ship ' shall clear out or proceed 
 to sea unless she has been surveyed, under the 
 direction of the emigration officer at the port of 
 clearance, but at the expense of the owner or 
 charterer thereof, by 2 or more competent sur- 
 veyors, to be appointed by tho said emigration 
 commissioners for each port at which there may 
 be an emigration officer, and for other ports by the 
 
 f|3l| 
 
 ■I ; •<• 
 
1018 
 
 PAHHKN'ORRS 
 
 > 
 
 (4 .'■'' 
 
 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 • •i:; 
 
 %•*( 
 
 .■*»■■' 
 
 f < 
 
 cominiKiiiiMrrN of cuntomii, nor iiiiIohm it hIiiiII Ix< 
 rrporti'il liy Hiirli mirvcyorH tliiit ^in'li ' pn^tcni^cr 
 Hliiii ' is in llii'ir o|iiiiiciii Huriwortliy, iirnl lit for licr 
 iiiti'iiilt'il voynm'. 'I'lic Hiirvcv slmll Ix! mailr 
 bt'foro any piirt of tlm rarno ih taktii on Imarii, 
 except HO miii'h as may Ih- nccfsnary for liallastiii;; 
 till' Nliii), anil Hiii'li iiorlion of car^o if lailcn on 
 lioanl xiiall l)t> HJiitli'ii, if ri'i|niri'il Ity tin: cini^'ra- 
 tion ollU'cr or Hurvoyor-', mo ns to cxposo lo view 
 nucci'ssivcly every pari of the frame of the siiip. 
 Iiienso of non-eoinplianoe with any of tlie ri'cpiire- 
 luents of tliii Heetion, I lie owner, eliarlerer, or 
 master of the nliip, or any of tliein, hIwiII for eiieli 
 ofleuee bo liable to a penally not exeeeilin^ Kill/. 
 nor lens than til.: proviileil alwayn, that in ease 
 nny ' passenger sliip ' be reported by nneli Hiir- 
 veyors not to bu .seaworlby, or not Ik for her Nniil 
 iiiteiiileil voynjjc the owner or eharlcnT, if be 
 think tit, may require, by writ in;; nriiler his liand, 
 the emi^'rntioii otiiccr, or in his almcneu the chief 
 olliccr of eiistoniH, to appoint !l other competent 
 NurvcyorH, of whom 'i at lenHtHhal' bcshipwri/jhts, 
 to survey the Haiil iibip, at the cxpenw of the saiil 
 owner or charterer; and the Haid olUcerNhall there- 
 upon appoint Huch surveyors, who shall survey 
 the saiil ship, and if they shall, by an unanimous 
 report under their hands (but not otherwise), de- 
 clare the said ship to be seaworthy, and (it for ber 
 intended voyage, the said ship shall then, for the 
 purposes of this Act, bo deemed seaworthy for 
 such voyage. (Si'c. lit.) 
 
 /l.i tu the. ConalructUm of limmi unit Der/m. — 
 In every 'passenger ship' the beams sup|)ortin(; 
 the ' passenger decks 'shall form part of the per- 
 manent structure of the ship : they shall be of 
 adequate strength, in the iudgmcnt of the emigra- 
 tion ofHcer at the port of clearance, and shall be 
 firmly secured to the ship to his satisfaction. The 
 'passenger deck.i ' shall be at least IJ in. in thick- 
 ness, and shall fcc laid and firmly fastened upon 
 the beams continuously from side to side of the 
 compartment in which the passengers are berthed. 
 The Iicight between that part of nny deck on 
 which passengers are carried and the deck imme- 
 diately above it shall not be less than ft. In 
 case of non-compliance with any of the require- 
 ments of this section, the owner, charterer, or 
 master of the ship, or any of them, shall for each 
 offence be liable to a penalty of not nu v 'ban 50/, 
 nor less than 5/. (Sec. 20.) 
 
 Arrangement and Size of Berths. — Tncrc shall 
 not bo more than 2 tiers of berths on any 1 deck 
 in anv 'passenger ship,' and the interval between 
 the ffoor of the berths and the deck immediately 
 beneath them shall not be less than (! in,, nor the 
 interval between each tier of berths and between 
 the uppermost tier and the deck above it loss than 
 2J ft, : the berths shall be securely constructed, 
 and of dimensions not less than (i ft. in length 
 and If' in. in width for each statute adult, and 
 shall be sufficient in number for the proper 
 accommodation of all the passengers contained in 
 the lists of passengers hereinbefore required to 
 be delivered by the master of the ship. No part 
 of any berth shall be placed within i) in. of any 
 water-closet, erected in the bctwecn-decks. In 
 case of non-compliance with any of the require- 
 ments of this section, the owner, charterer, or 
 master of the ship, or any of them, shall for each 
 offence be liable to a penalty not exceeding 50/. 
 nor less than 5/. (Sec. 21.) 
 
 Single Men to be bertlied in a Separate Com- 
 partment. — In every 'passenger ship' all the male 
 passengers of the age of 14 years and upwards who 
 do not occupy berths with their wives shall, to the 
 satisfaction of the emigration officer at the port of 
 clearance, be berthed in the fore part of the ship, 
 
 in a eoinpartmont divi.lnl „it fr„m .i,- 
 appropriatf.l to the other pn^.ti,-,.,, 1,1 
 Htantial and well se.'iiriij Imlk i,,,,,,' " 
 opening into, or ei.Tuniiiiiiiali.iri win, 
 jniidn« passeii;,'er berth, ,,r in >e|,,irati 
 the ship be lilted with iiirl,iM(| l„.ri|n 
 I passen^rir, unless hii-l 
 
 |>llr^ 
 
 Willi..,,! 
 any j|] 
 
 '"'III. || 
 
 than i ,.,.n-,,in, ,, iiMiint niMmiHi „||,| ^j.; 
 femal.H or ebil.lren imdrr 12 y..,irs „f ,,.-,. ,u|,j 
 placed in or n-eiipy the «ame bcrlli "l,', ^ 
 nun coinj.liance with any «( tli,. renninmi,' 
 this section, the owner, .harln, r, .irnia-irr r,iJ 
 ship, or nny of Ihem, slmll |„r ,.,i,.|, „irc,i J 
 liable lo a penalty ..f nut more than Ml i„J| J 
 than ,V, (See, •.".'.) "'•"thj 
 
 n,rlh»,,„l to he removed till Pmienrr, . 
 /./«(/«/.— No berths m a 'passenger Khip'',,,,,,, 
 by passengers during llie vnvaKe s|,„ii i,,,,,, 
 down until IH ln.urs after I he 'arrival nf .||,.|m1iJ 
 at the port of linal discharge, iinlc, .,i| .if 
 [lassengrrs shall have voliiiitarilv qiiitini il|'„,(|3 
 before the expiration of that time. In , i„ 
 non-comjilianee with any of the rcmiinmoiu. 
 this seetion, the master of such sliipsliall |„. | ,i,| 
 for each offenec to a penalty not exwciin,- 
 nor less than 5/. (See. -.'3.) ^ 
 
 Space to be allotted a» an HonpUal.-h oivi 
 ' passenger ship ' there shall be a sulli, jnu ,m 
 properly divided off to the satisfni'timi i.ltlio 
 gration oHieer at the port of rloaranoo, •„ 
 used exclusively as an hospital or hospitals f.ri] 
 passengers ; this space shall lie iimlor the pm.. 
 in the round house, or in any deck Imu* whil 
 shall bo properly built and securcil to ilu: ,)J 
 faction of such emigration ollioer, or im ilir in J 
 passenger dock, and not cisewliore. anil sIkiII a 
 ease bo less than 18 clear siipcrlleial fii't h>in4 
 M) passengers which the ship shall carrj, 
 hospitals shall bo fitted with M-plJ,, 
 supplied with proper beds, heililing, ami uuii.i 
 to the satisfaction of the emigration ofliwatl 
 port of clearance, and throughout the xoyngt k j 
 so fitted and supplied. In ease of non-ciimpliiJ 
 with any of the requirements of thisstition,? 
 owner, charterer, or master of fho ship shall 1 
 each offence be liable to a jienalty not ^tok" 
 50/. nor less than 5/. (Sec. •>[,) 
 
 Regulation as to the Conftniction ofPrinn.- 
 ' passenger ship ' shall clear nut or nrocccil to J 
 unless titted, to the satisfaction oftlicomisn 
 officer at the port of clearance, with ,it \a^ 
 privies, and with 2 additional jirivie.i on dock j 
 every 100 passengers on hoard, and in ■ 
 carrying as many as 50 female passengers, niilij 
 least 2 water-closets under the poop, orclOThj 
 on the upper dock, to the satisfaction oi'si 
 emigration officer, for the exclusive use of J 
 women and young children ; all of which prii 
 and water-closets shall bo tirmly con.^itnictfii j 
 maintoincd in a serviceable and cleanly wni 
 throughout the voyage, and shall not be t 
 down until the exi)iration of 18 hours nftsl 
 arrival of the ship at the port of final disc' 
 unless all the passengers sooner quit tke i 
 provided that such privies shall be placed iia 
 numbers on each side of the ship, and ncftim 
 any case exceed 12 in number. In case of i| 
 compliance with any of the rcquireraents 4\ 
 section, the master shall be liable to a pfniWJ 
 each offence of not more than 50/. nor test' 
 (Sec. 25.) 
 
 As to Light and Ventilation,— So '[< 
 ship ' shall clear out or proceed to !« ""I 
 such provisions for affording light and M to I 
 passenger decks as the circumstances rf ttej 
 may, in the judgment of the emigrjiion ofcr 
 the'port of Clearance, require; nor if"",". 
 many as 100 passengers on board, mtlioiit nail 
 
PASMKNOICRS 
 
 1010 
 
 „»>iii«te»nil iiroixT vpntllnflriK' iipimrntii-, to 
 ii.pivnl liv "'"''' ""it-'f"''"" "lllrtT mill lllli'cl 
 
 i'bi'il''''''"'"'"" ' l'l''l'"'""'"K''f" "'"'"• 'II'TCOVIT, 
 
 '' , ilif free mill iiiiim|«'il«'il iiw of tlir wlmlr 
 "a.li httttlitt.i.v Mtimtnl i.viT tin- >.|mici' -■■" 
 
 iin.iii 
 
 ffi'i 
 
 1,1 t(i iliiiV II"'. "'"' "*■'''■ ''"'■'' "'"■'' •I'lti'li- 
 , ihiTi' »lmll !»' iTfctcil siii'li II liipiili\ liiilcli (ir 
 'LMibmniili'"' '■"'*■'''■'">-' 'w'"'". '» llii'i.piiiiitii 
 ,i ,u,li imiiiriitioii (ilUi'or, iilVnnl ilio (,'r<'ii(pst 
 
 isiiaul "I iin''' "'"' "'''• '""' "' I""'*'''''"" '''"'" 
 ,,i 1, the iibi' will mlmlt. In riisr <•( inm- 
 ,miJ'iuia' will' any "I' l|i<' ri'iiiiirriiiciit'* oI'iIum 
 idilii, till- """'f- fliiutiTiT, i.r iniistiT III' I In: 
 u of miv "f I'li'ii'i "•'"" '""■ ''"'■'' "iVi'iicc lie 
 3u 10 « ''^'' ".» ""' '•'"■•'''•''"K '••"• '""■ '"■'"' •'"»" 
 -111, (Xr. M . 
 
 ' inuhlioniathlhf Oirn/iiHj of HiKttM.— V.wry 
 ..y.cnijcri'liip'Kl'i*" '•»"■)■ tliMiiKlKiiit llic viiyn^'i: 
 I'lumln't "f l"""" ftecuKl'XK '<> "'c l'"ll<>«iiiK 
 
 '"uisliir every Hliip "I'lfMH lliaii 'iOO tuns; 
 ibnits for cviry hliip of 200 uml less than 100 
 
 "Tiiinis fur every Hhip of 40O and ims tlinu ()00 
 1'boau for every ship of (iOO mid less than 1,000 
 
 Mi' 
 
 jUisforcverj'sliipof 1,000 and less limn 1,500 
 
 I MM'. 
 
 ;Uis for every ship of 1,500 tuns and upwards: 
 I prMW ihat no ' passcn),'fr ship ' shall Ix; ru- 
 nuRi\ t Marr)- a i^rvatfr niiniixT ol boats than 
 mratotnt, in the jmlKnicnt of the cniiKratioii 
 oicnitihc port of clearance, to carry all the 
 Mt!(«i in board of such ship: 
 
 tint ii fiidi boats shall in all cases he a lon^ 
 
 IboniBldneKlmll be a pwpcrly littcd lil'o boat, 
 
 |rti(h>yi be carried in such a mamirr as to be, 
 
 I ihf (.[linion of the emigration ofliccr, most 
 
 liriiUMi fur immediate service: each of sncli 
 
 1 be of a suitable si/.e and description, 
 
 1^ '.( ;]|nivc(l bv the emigration ofticcr at the 
 
 Inn ; aiarancp," and shall be seaworthy, and 
 
 Ipnpttv Hiiiplied with all rcipiisites, and kept 
 
 Iclfariialltimeii for immediate use at sea: there 
 
 1 iikiwise be on board each ' passenger ship,' 
 
 ilfr-ioilinn to any |)lace to the southward of the 
 
 (ijiaior. at least 'i chronometers, and if to any 
 
 • 111 tbc northward of the equator, at least 1 
 
 ptaiomitcr, and cii board of all 'pasBcnf;cr ships' 
 
 1 lii-t 3 steering and 1 azimuth compass, 4 
 
 ptrly lilted life buoys, kept ready at all times 
 
 t inmiwliatc use, and some adenuate means, to 
 
 eip(iroTed by the emigration olhcer at the port 
 
 (tleuancc, (if making signals by night and in 
 
 ' ; aLso a fire engine, in proper working order, 
 
 iicffufh dcscripiiou and power and either with 
 
 kwiiliiiiit nueh otiicr apparatus for extinguishing 
 
 «>!«ui'hotliccrmay approve; and not less than 
 
 Ibower ancliora of such weight, and with cables 
 
 ^iacli length, size, and material, as in the 
 
 ' iiient of 8uch emigration olficer shall be 
 
 eicnt for the size of the ship. In case of non- 
 
 Bplianoe with any of the requirements of this 
 
 9ion, the master of the ship shall for each 
 
 few be liable to a penalty of not more than 50/. 
 
 rlesiihanS/, (Sec. 27.) 
 
 lAjniidoni as to Carrying an Efficient Crew, — 
 >p' passenger ship 'shall be manned with an 
 View crew for her intended voyage, to the 
 stwion of the emigration ofticcr from whom a 
 iwice of Buch ship may be d->manded, and the 
 agth of the crew shall not be dimiiished, nor 
 f of the men changed when once passed by 
 ' ™ip»tion officer, without his consent in 
 te, or that of the shipping master of the port 
 Weanmce, as required bvthe laws then in Jorce 
 
 regulating the shipping of senmen on board mer- 
 chant vrHscN. Wlirre llm roimeiit of the shipping 
 iiiasirr is obiiiiiii'il, it shull. within '.'I hmirs 
 
 IhiTeill'liT, lie lodged with siiili eiiiigratloli ollliir. 
 Ill i'a»i' of non-i'oinpliiirii'e with iiiiy nf the reipiire- 
 iniiits i)f ihii .lecliiin, the niii^hr Hi' the ship shall 
 i'lir each oll'i'iii e be liable to n pi'iiallv not exi reilinj^ 
 .'Ml/.: iimviileil, Ibal if Ihe iiiii;;nifiiiii olllier sh;ill 
 enii«iiler llie crew iuellieient, and Ihe owner or 
 I'harlerer of the >hip shall thereupon appeal in 
 writing to till' said emigratiiui coinniis^ioiier", 
 ''iieli eoiiiniissiiiners shall, at the expense of tjui 
 appillaiit, appoint -' other einigratiou ollleers m- 'i 
 conipeleiit persons III examine into the matter, 
 and the uiiaiiiinuiiH opinion of the persons si> 
 appointed, expressed under their hands, shall bo 
 eiiMi|u:.ive on the point. (See. '.'M.) 
 
 Crrtiiin Artiflm firohiliihil <i.i Ciirijoiinil HnllnHt. 
 — No 'passenger ship' shall clear out or proceed 
 to sea if there shall be on board as cargo, Iiuim's, 
 cattle, gunpowder, vitriol, liieifer inalches, guano, 
 or green bides, nor if there shall Ikmhi board any 
 other article or number of articlei, whether as 
 cargo or ballast, which by reason of ihe nature or 
 i|iiantity or mode of stowage thereof shall, either 
 siintly or eollectiv<'ly, be deemed by theemigratinn 
 odicer at the iiort of clearance likely to endaie^er 
 the health or lives of the i,assengers or tlio safety 
 of the ship: no part ol the cargo, or of the 
 passengers' luggage, or of the provisions, water, fir 
 stores, whether for the use of the passenj^ers or of 
 the crew, shall be carried on the upper deck, or on 
 the ' passenger decks,' unlesH. in the opinion of 
 such etnigratiiin olHeer, it shall be so placed as not 
 to impcile light or ventilation, nor interfere with 
 the comfort of the passengers ; nor unless the 
 same be stowed and secured to the satisfaction of 
 such emigration ofliccr, and the space occunicd 
 thereby or rendered, in the opinion of such othccr, 
 unavadablc for the accommodation of the passen- 
 gers, shall (unless occupied by passengers' liiggnge) 
 be deducted in calculating' the space by which, 
 under the provisions of this Act, the number of 
 passengers is regulated. In case of non-coniplianco 
 with any of the requirements of this section, the 
 owner, charterer, or master, or any of them, 
 shall for each offence be liable to a penalty not 
 exceeding 300/. nor loss than 5/. (Sec. 29.) 
 
 By the Act of 18G3, horses and cattle may 
 be carried in 'passenger ships' under these con- 
 ditions:— 
 
 1. The animals not to be carried on any deck be- 
 low that in which pas.scngers arc berthed, nor in any 
 compartment in which passengers arc berthed, nor 
 in any adjoining compartment; except in a ship 
 built of iron, and of which the compartments are 
 divided ofTliy water-tight bulkheads extending to 
 the upper deck. 
 
 2. Clear space on the spar or weather deck to 
 be left at 10 superficial feet for each adult. 
 
 3. In ' poiiscnger ships ' of less than 500 tons 
 registered passage, not more than two head of 
 large cattle to be carried, nor in larger ships more 
 than one additional head for each 200 tons, nor in 
 any ship more than ten head. Large cattle to be 
 oxen or cows, deer, horses, and asses. Four sheep 
 of either sex, and {oar female goats, to be equal to 
 one large cattle. 
 
 4. Emigration officer to be satisfied as to 
 housing, maintenance, and cleanliness of animals^ 
 and stowa,:,'e of fodder. 
 
 5. Not more than six dogs, and no pigs or male 
 goats, to be carried in any ' passenger ship.' 
 
 Tenalty for violating these rules, in case of 
 owner, charterer, or master of ship, 5/. to 300/. 
 
 Computation of Voyages. — For the purposes of 
 I this Act, the length of the voyage for a ' pas- 
 
 I I 
 
 • II 
 
 i -J'^ 
 
1020 
 
 PASSENGEKS 
 
 '•' ' ' ■ '. 
 
 
 
 ■ ■ M 
 
 » r 
 
 f 
 
 \'\- 
 
 
 ■■=. 
 
 8cngcr ship' procccdiiiB 'f'"" *''" United Kin({- 
 (lom to the under-mentioned places respccMvely, 
 Hliall be determined by the following scale ; viz. — 
 (Sec first table, annexed). 
 
 For the like purposes, the said emigration com- 
 missioners, actnig by and umler the authority of 
 one of her Majesty's principal secretaries of state, 
 from lime to timeVby any notice in writing issued 
 under the hands i«i' any 2* such commissioners, and 
 published in tlie Lom/on Gazette, may neverthe- 
 less declare what shall be deemed to bo the length 
 of tlic voyage from the United Kingdom to any 
 of the before-mentioned jdaces, or to any other 
 port or place whatsoever, and may fix such dif- 
 ferent lengths of voyage as they may think 
 reasonable for such" dltferent descriptions of 
 vessels as aforesaid. (Sec, iiO.) 
 
 lii'fure Clearance, Provisions and Water to he 
 lurveyed. — Before any ' passenger ship ' be cleared 
 out, liic emicrration o'flicer at tlic port of clearance 
 shall survey, or cause to be surveyed, by some 
 competent person, the provisions and water re 
 quired by this Act to be on board for the 
 
 quality, and in a sweet and good condition an,l 
 are m quantities sutlicient to secure through 
 the voyage the issues herein prcscril)ed • i„Vn 
 tion to the allowance of pure water for the use f I 
 each passenger, there shall be shipped fur cookii, 
 purposes an additional supply ,.f pure water ^f!» 
 the rate of at least 10 galloin fur cvorv da • 
 the prescribed length of voyage for c«rv'lii'i 
 statute adults on board; and also for the m if I 
 the crew and all other persons on board an ami I I 
 supply of wholesome provisions and pure vl] I 
 whi'di shall not be inferior in qualUv m ili«! 
 supi)ly of the same articles provided for the cu 
 sumption of the passengers : all such water w' 
 visions, and stores shall be proviilwl and prdp'.rivl 
 stowed nway in accordance witli tlio rcimireiiKntJ 
 of the 29th section of this Act, l)y and at iliel 
 expense of the owier, charterer, or 'roaster of \\\ 
 ship : and if a clearance he obtained for anvna< I 
 senger ship ' which is not then stored w'illi tl, J 
 reiiuisite quantities of such water, provisiunii, amll 
 stores as are required by this Act, the owner, char-l 
 tercr, or master of such ship, or any uf them,'! 
 
 con 
 aumption'of the passengers, andshallsatisfyhimselfj shall for each offence be liable to a penalty w 
 that the same are of a good and wli jlcsome i exceeding 300/. (Sec. 31.) 
 
 To North America (excejtl t!ie \V. coast thercofl : 
 
 Kor ihipi clearinjfout bt'twiren January Itj and October U, both 
 
 davs inclusite ,-_--- 
 
 For »hipii cleaiing out Ijetween OctoI«.*r 15 and January 15, both 
 
 days inclusive ..-•-- 
 To the West Indies, and any part of the K. cnast ot* Central or 
 
 South America, IS. of the Kquator . - - - 
 
 To any part of the E. coast of South America lying belwet-n the 
 
 Equator and the 2')tli detf. of S, Int. ' . . . 
 
 To the \V. coast of Africa N. nf the Kquator . . - 
 
 To the coast of Africa S. of the Kquator, or to the Falkland 
 
 Islands, or to anv part of the E. coast of South Alnciica, S. of 
 
 the JSth deg. of S, lal. 
 To the Maur'tius, and to the U', coast of America, S. of the 
 
 Equator -----•• 
 To Ceylon -.--.-- 
 To Western Australia ..... 
 
 To any other of the Australian colonics - , . . 
 
 To New '/enl.-\nd and to the W. coast of America between the 
 
 Equator and the toth deg. nf N. lat. . . ■ 
 
 To the W, coist of America \. of the lOtli deg. of N. lat. and the 
 
 Iviands adjacent thereto •_ ^ • 
 
 * For Steamers 3V days. 
 
 Power to Emigration Officer to reject and mark 
 Bad Provisions Sfc. — If such emigration otficershall 
 consider that any of the provisions or stores or 
 water are not of a good and wholesome ([uality, or 
 are not in a sweet and good condition, it shall be 
 lawful for him to reject and mark the same, or the 
 packages or vessels in which they are contained, 
 .'ind to direct the same to be landed or emptied; 
 ami if such rejected provisions or stores or water 
 be not thereupon forthwith landed or emptied, or 
 if, after being landed, the same or any part there- 
 of shall be reshipped in such ship, the owner, 
 charterer, or master thereof, or any of them, or if 
 reshipped into any other 'passenger ship,' the 
 person causing the same to be resliipiied, shall for 
 each offence be liable to a penalty not exceeding 
 100/. (Sec. 32.) 
 
 Water Tanks or Casks to be approved by Emi- 
 gration Officer. — In every 'passenger .ship' the 
 water to be laden on board, as herein required, shall 
 be carried in tanks or in casks, to be approved by the 
 emigration officer at the port of clearance. When 
 pjisks are used, they shall be sweet and tight, of 
 .sufficient strength, and if of wood properly charred 
 inside, and shall not be capable severallj' of con- 
 taining more than 300 gallons each : the staves of 
 the water casks shall not be made of fir, ])ine, or 
 soft wood. In case of non-compliance with any of 
 the requirements of this section, the owner, 
 
 if the ship be propellwl by lallt 
 alone, or by steam power 
 not Hiifncient without the aid 
 of sails to propel the ship 
 after the rate of b miles an 
 hour. 
 
 days 
 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 TO 
 
 St 
 St 
 
 lit! 
 Ml) 
 
 no 
 
 150 
 
 ISK 
 
 t For Steamers .'7 days. 
 
 If the »hip be proutlnl tuhnj 
 wholly or In aid of uilibil 
 steam enuine, of nM l«l 
 imwer than sulTinral, •itk.i 
 out the rtid nf saili, lo pt^ll 
 the ship afler the riuoli 
 miles an hour. 
 
 daTs 
 
 4Sf 
 
 40 
 
 il 
 50 
 
 75 
 
 «5 
 30 
 
 90 
 
 96 
 
 charterer, or master of such ship, or any of ilid 
 shall for each offence be liable to a penalty uf oJ 
 more than 60/. (See. 33.) 
 
 By orders in council of M.iy 5, 18,57, m( 
 December 5, 1865, steamers and saillDj,' ve-sfl 
 which carry an approved apparatus for 
 fresh from salt water of not less than one galloj 
 per diem for each person on board, newl cap 
 carry in tanks or casks one-half the water [i^ 
 scribed by the Act. 
 
 Provision for touching at intermtdiak Puriti 
 fill up Water. — If any • passenger ship ' be inteniie 
 to call at any intermediate port or place durioj 
 the voyage, for the purpose of taking in mieJ 
 and if an engagement to that effect be iiueiteiJl 
 the bond mentioned in the G3rd section of ilr 
 Act, then it shall be sufficient to jilaa' on t 
 at the port of clearance such supply of n\ai 
 may be requisite, according to tlie rate hereil 
 after mentioned, for the voyage of the said s'' 
 to such intermediate port or place, subject to llj 
 following conditions ; viz. : — 
 
 1. That the emigration officer signiA' 
 approval in writing of the arrangement, to i 
 carried amongst the papers of the skip. H 
 exhibited to the chief ollii'er of cujloms, ot f 
 her Majesty's consular officer, as the oi<« mil 
 be, at such" intermediate port or place, and to w 
 delivered to the chief officer of customs, or to hiJ 
 
 .r. 
 
TASSENGERS 
 
 1021 
 
 cl good condition, and 
 to secure thtouKhout 
 n proscribed : in ail.li. 
 :e water for the use i,f 
 be sliipped fur rnVwn 1 
 >lv of pure water, after I 
 lUoiis for evcrvilaydfl 
 voyage for every Imil 
 mil also fur the iisc (,|'| 
 sons on board an amiil 
 •isions and pure wat't.l 
 rior in ([uality to the! 
 8 provided for" the ci.n- 
 ra : all such water, iim.] 
 3 provided and prnperlv 
 e with the rcciuiremcutfl 
 bia Act, by and at tliel 
 irtcrer, or master of the) 
 le obtained for any 'iia-r 
 )t then stored with thel 
 i;h water, provisiuns, aiull 
 ;his Act, the owner. charT 
 I ship, or any uf ihem,! 
 liable to a penalty m 
 
 If the !>hip lie prou^-M eiihnl 
 wholly or In aid iifuilibif 
 bteam cn|nii«!i of not In 
 fiowvr th.m suffidenl, vith'l 
 out the aid nf uiU, to ;iimi| 
 the >hi)i rtOer the ritcotil 
 milet in hour, 
 
 daTs 
 
 «t 
 
 40 
 
 W 
 50 
 
 7S 
 8.1 
 85 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 96 
 
 such ship, or any of tln'i 
 > liable to a peiialtv of nJ 
 
 V-) 
 
 ;il of May 5, U^x, iii( 
 jmers and' sailing ve-iel 
 fed apparatus for iliililliT 
 if not less than one galU 
 r8on on board, neul «ij 
 :a one-half the water f 
 
 ^ at intermediate Portiii 
 jassenger ship ' be intende 
 Idiate port or place duri^ 
 Irpose of taking in wld 
 Id thateffectbcinseitrfj 
 . the 63rd section of thi 
 ifficient to plat* on t 
 Ic such supply of wai«1 
 Irdiiig to the ratt> herfi|] 
 „ vovage of the saiJ s ' 
 jrt o'r place, subject to tM 
 
 fiz.:— . ., 
 
 lation officer sigtulj' 
 
 the arrangement, to 
 
 papora of the sbift "J 
 
 otlicer of eu^toni'i «' ' 
 
 , officer, astkcMffl"; 
 
 Icpovt orplacf.ant""'', 
 
 llicer of customs, "I W'' 
 
 M.iejtv'» consular officer, as the case may be, 
 the arrival of the said ship at the final port 
 , |,i,|.e of discharge : 
 
 I That if the length of either portion of the 
 
 " whether to Ruch intermediate port or 
 
 'J;,? or from such intermediate port or place, 
 
 , the linal port or place of discharge, bo not 
 
 r cribed in or under the provisions of this Act, 
 
 r/fDiigration officer at the port of clearance shall 
 
 I'evcrv such case declare the same in writing, to 
 
 Vcarried amongst the papers of the ship : 
 
 ' i That the ship shall have on board at the 
 
 ,;j,e a clearance m demanded, tanks or water 
 
 .k« of the description hereinbefore mentioned, 
 
 tfeient for stowing the quantity of water re- 
 
 ;,um'd for the longest of such portions of the 
 
 t,va;'ca.< aforesaid. (Sec. 34.) 
 
 Dirliiri/ Scatea of Froviaioris, 
 
 -The master of 
 
 every ' ]>a88enger ship ' shall, during the voyatfc, 
 incliiding the time of detention at any place before 
 the termination thereof, issue to each passenger, or 
 where the passengers arc divided into messes, to 
 the head man for the time being of each mess, on 
 behalf and for the use of all the members thereof, 
 an allowance of pure water and sweet and whole- 
 sonic provisions, of good (^uality, according to the 
 following dietary scale ; viz. if tlie length of the 
 voyage, computed as before mentioned, shall not 
 exceed 84 days for sliips propelled by sails only, 
 or ,50 days for ships propelled by steam, or steam 
 in aid of sails, tlien according to the dietary scale 
 marked ' A. ; ' but if the length of the voyage, 
 computed as aforesaid, shall exceed 84 days for 
 ships propelled by sails only, or 50 days for ships 
 propelled by steam, or steam in aid of sails, th™ 
 according to the dietary scale marked 'IV 
 
 Watmr. 
 
 
 1 
 
 Tv-^niinmofWater *Uilytoeach Statute Adult, eicluske of tho quantity before specUiod as necewary for cooking the articles herein [ 
 l-iw'iuai- required lo be i&hued in a cooka* state. | 
 
 PROVIIIOM. 
 
 
 
 Weekly per Statute Adult ; 
 
 
 
 
 SCAI.B A, 
 
 scAi.K n. 
 
 
 SCAI.R.I. 
 
 SCAT.K ». 
 
 
 For VoynBM 
 not excMHllng 
 
 For Voyajjea 
 
 
 For Voyage* 
 
 For \'()yn^« 
 
 
 exceedinK h\ 
 
 
 not exreedine 
 
 eirft-din^Kl 
 
 1 
 
 84 da;> for 
 
 daya for Sailing 
 .V«i»l>, or 
 
 
 84 davs for 
 
 days ibr Sailing 
 Vessels, or 
 
 1 
 
 Sailini! Vi^sxli, 
 
 
 SalilnKVfsaels, 
 or 5t) d.iya 
 
 I 
 
 or .^t) days 
 
 iO days for 
 
 
 50 dajh for 
 
 1 
 
 for Ktearnt'rt 
 lb. oz. 
 
 Steainera 
 
 
 for Steamers 
 
 Steamers 
 
 
 lb. 01. 
 
 
 lb. oz. 
 
 lb. 01. 
 
 , Bmd or bimiit. not inferior in 
 
 ' (^o-iiiiorufy liiscLit 
 Whdiw flour 
 
 iDiimiil 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 S 
 1 
 1 S 
 
 .■» 8 
 'i 
 1 
 
 Salt .... 
 Mustaril 
 ; lllack ur white piTl>^r, ftround • 
 
 'l 
 
 " a 
 
 !1 t 
 
 1 |)(U . ■ 
 
 1 8 
 
 8 
 
 t VineKai ... 
 
 One Gill 
 
 One (iUl 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 8 
 
 \ l.irr.e.iulce* - 
 
 
 r. 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 X 
 
 I'rescrved tneal 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 'llaf ' - 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 4 
 
 Suet .... 
 
 _ 
 
 6 
 
 ?«• * 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ' Kaiiltii 
 
 «. 
 
 8 
 
 
 2 
 
 « 
 
 .•iuticr 
 
 ^ 
 
 4 
 
 1%' '. '■ I 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 »BilW.\ctof IR'i.T, the i«ne of lime juice Is confmed to the period durinK which the ship U in the Tropici\ durinf; other porlionKof tlie 
 \o.ai.T, tlie issue shall be at the discretion of the medical otricer, or in case nu su.:li person be on lK#aid, at that of the master. 
 
 S».<(i(ii(io«s.— Substitutions at the following ^ 
 :m niay, at; the option of the master of any i 
 •[Ki!>cngcr ship,' be made in the above dietary 
 Hslc. tliat is to say : — 
 
 lib, of preserved meat, for 1 lb, of salt pork or 
 W. 
 
 nil. of flour or of bread or biscuit, or A lb. of 
 beef or of pork, for \\ lb. of oatmeal, or 1 lb. of 
 riff, or 1 lb. of peas. 
 
 lib, of rice, for 1^ lb, of oatmeal, or vice versa. 
 
 J lb. of preserved potatoes, for 1 lb. of potatoes. 
 
 lijoz. of currant.", lor 8 oz, of raisins. 
 
 i\ OZ, of cocoa, or of coffee, roasted and ground, 
 kioz. oftea, 
 
 jib. of treacle, for ^ lb. of sugar. 
 
 1 gill of mixed pickles, for 1 gill of vinegar, 
 
 IJlb. of soft bread (Act of 18G3) may be issued 
 iitead or 1 lb, of flour, biscuit, rice, and peas, or 
 "flj lb. of oatmeal, 
 
 I'rovidcd, that the substituted articles be set 
 iiflh in the contract tickets of the passengers. In 
 case of non-compliance with any of the rcquirc- 
 Bienisof this section, the master of the ship shall 
 be liable for each oll'ence to a penalty not e.xcced- 
 isgoO/, (Sec. 35.) 
 
 Si.-« (I/' .1/essc»,— The messes into which the 
 Fiasoiwers in any 'passenger ship' ma)- be 
 'bviikdslinll not consist of more ilinn 10 statute 
 jJulis in each mess, and members 'f the same 
 fatnily, whereof 1 at least is a male adult, shall be 
 allowed to form a separate mess. Tlie provisions 
 Wording to the above .scale shall be issued, such 
 I »f them as require to be cooked, in a propcrlv 
 cooied state, daily before 2 o'clock in the altcf- 
 ncwi, to the head jicrson for the time being of 
 M mess, on behalf r,.,d for the use of the 
 timbers thereof. The first of such issues shall 
 
 be made before 2 o'clock in the afternoon of tlie 
 day of embarkation to or for such passengers as 
 shall be then on board. In case of non-compliance 
 with any of the requirements of this section, tl>e 
 master of the ship shall for each offence be liable 
 to a penalty not exceeding 50/. (Sec. 36.) 
 
 Power to Emigration Cnmiiiissumers to authorise 
 an alternative Dietary Scale. — The emigration 
 commissioners for the time being, acting under 
 the authority of 1 of the principal secretaries of 
 state, may from time to time, by any notice for 
 tliat purpose, issued under tlic hands of auy 2 
 of such commissioners, and published in the 
 London Gazette, authorise the issue of provisions 
 in any ' passenger ship ' occording to such other 
 dietary scale (besides that before prescribed) as 
 shall in their opinion contain in the whole an 
 etjuivalent amount of wholesome nutriment ; and 
 after the publication of such notice it shall be 
 lawful for the master of any ' passenger ship ' to 
 issue provisions to his passengers cither according 
 to the scale by this Act prescribed, or according 
 to the scale authorised by the said commissioners, 
 whichever may have been set forth in the 
 contract tickets of the passengers : provided 
 always, that the .said commissioners, acting under 
 such authority and by such notice as aforesaicL 
 may revoke or alter any such dietary scale 
 authorised by them, as occasion mav require. 
 (Sec. 37.) • ' 
 
 As to Passengers' Stewards. — Everj' ' passenger 
 ship' carrj'ing as many as 100 passengers shall 
 have on board a seafaring person, who shall be 
 rated in the ship's articles as passengers' steward, 
 and who shall be apjiroved by the emigration 
 ofticer at the port of clearance, and who shall be 
 employed in messing and serving out the pro- 
 
 •i ill ^ 
 
 i1 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 ■^*:'. 
 
It' 
 
 ♦'. '■■:''■ 
 
 .1022 
 
 PASSENGERS 
 
 . .1 
 
 .' 'I, ,- 
 
 :.; ii« ^. 
 
 " II 
 
 
 \ V 
 
 i 
 
 -I 
 
 >\ \ 
 
 1 .1 
 
 ■■•I 
 
 visions to tiio paascnjrcrs, and in assisting to I oflicor at tlie port of clearauce, and slinli 
 
 (liscipliuo I olyocted to by liini, norunlcss heahaliben'r'"'' 
 amonf; tlie itassi'njjcrs, ami wlio shall nut assist in ! with propur surgical instnimcnts to tli ■" 
 
 maintain cli'anliness, dnlcr, anil good 
 
 among the jtassongcrs, and who shall nu 
 
 any way in navigating or working iho ship. In 
 
 I), 
 
 .f'"-"''"" "f »»«'» ofl'ter: provided ncvcrthX"" I 
 case of non-coin|iliancc with any of the require- that where the majority of the pnssen ■ I 
 mcnts of tills section, the master of the ship shall | any 'passenger ship,' or as many asaoo""'! 
 for each oft'ence he liable to a penalty not excccil- foreigners, any nieilical practitioner whn 1 ^^'\ 
 
 ing 'Ml. nor less than .1/. (Sec. 38.) 
 
 j approveil by such emigration otiiccr 
 
 As U> I'aitsimgir Cimks and Cookiiii/ Apparatus. \ carried therein. In ease anv pcrsoa'sinn'^ 
 
 as in the case of passengers' stewards, who shall 
 be employed in cooking the food of the pas- 
 sengers: a convenient place for cooking shall also 
 be set apart on deck ; and a snllicient cooking 
 apiiaratus, properly covered in and arranged, 
 shall be provided, to the satisfaction of the said 
 emigration oilicer, together witli a proper supply 
 i)f fuel adequate, in his opinion, for the intended 
 
 tiuing or abetting therein,Vhairtw"eadi 'Si 
 be liable to a penalty not exceediiiu limy rl 
 less tlian 10/. (Sec. 42.) *> ™'' ""'■ 
 
 Mcdkines and Medical Con,forts.-\\xz oto.i 
 or charterer of every 'passenger shin' ,hall 
 proyule lor tne use of the passengers a su|,piv!l 
 medicines, medical comforts, instrmneiitV a 
 other things proper and necessary for diseai and] 
 
 voyage. In case of non-com|)liance with any of I accidents incident to sea I'oyages and for ik 
 
 " " '■ '■"■' — '• " "■■ " - *'''- medical treatment of the passengers diirin- rh] 
 
 voyage, including an adequate supply of iiyj 
 lecting iluid or agent, together witli'prjntcj oil 
 written directions for the use of the same rd 
 spectively ; and such medicines, medical OinilWiJ 
 instruments, and other things shall, in tlwiudJ 
 ment of the emigration oIKcer at the port ( 
 clearance, be good in cpiality, and suffidcit la 
 fpiantity, for tlie probable exigencies of Ihi 
 intcndi'd voyage, and shall he properly packfT 
 and placed under the charge of the media 
 practitioner, when there is one on board, to I 
 used at his discretion. In case cfnon-coranlianc^ 
 with any of the requirements of this section, thl 
 master of the ship shall for each olfencc ho liall 
 to a penalty not exceeding 50/. nor Ic.isthanj 
 (Sec. 4;J.) 
 
 Jledicid Inspection of Passengers and Malimil 
 §-c.— No ' passenger slii[),' except as after iinivukJ 
 shall clear out or proceed to sea until some nicdicJ 
 practitioner, to be appointed bv the emiiiraiiol 
 oilicer at the port of clearance", shall have ij 
 spected such medicines, medical comfora, anJ 
 other articles as arc required to be supplied b| 
 the last section, and also all the passcngeri anf 
 crew about to proceed in the ship, and shall lia3 
 certilied to the said emigration officer thai tif 
 said ship contains a sufficient supply of meJicinei 
 medical comforts, disinfecting fliiid or a;;oiu, iJ 
 strutncnts, and other things rcqiii.«ite inr til 
 mcaical treatment of the passengers duriii;,' tlJ 
 intended voyage, nor until such medical practJ 
 tioiier shall have certified, and the said eniii,'rati(^ 
 officer shall be satisfied, that noneof thep.i<seiiga| 
 or crew appear, by reason of any bodily or inenti 
 disease, unlit to proceed, or likely to endana 
 the health or safety of the other persons alwnt If 
 proceed in such vessel. Such medical iiispcctioj 
 of the passengers shall take jilace either on !» 
 the vessel, or, at the discretion of thesaidemig 
 tioii oifici-r, at such convenient place on slioil 
 before embarkation as he may appoint; .indt 
 master, owner, or charterer of the ship shall pi 
 to such emigration officer a sura atthcratcofll 
 for every lUO persons so examined: pAiriJal 
 also, I hat in case the emigration officer in a 
 particular occasion shall be unable to obtain ii 
 attendance of a medical practitioner, it M I 
 lawful for the master of any such sliip (» f'fl 
 out and proceed to sea, on rcceiviii.' from m 
 said emigration oiHcor written permk*n to lh| 
 purpose. In case any ' passeiigership'jli^tl?' 
 out or proceed to sea without having cMiph^ 
 with all the requirements of this si<licn. tM 
 master of such ship shall for each oll'cmc 
 
 the requirements of this section, the master of the 
 .ship shall for each olfence be liable to a jienalty 
 not exceeding SO/, nor less than 5/. (Sec. .'iO.) 
 
 In what Cases Interpreters to be curried. — In 
 every foreign ' passenger ship ' in which ;is many 
 as half the passengers are IJritish subjects, unless 
 the master and ofiiccrs,or not less than i! of them, 
 shall understand and spcnlv intelligibly the 
 Kngli.sh language, there shall be carried, where 
 the luiuiber of passengers does not exceed 2.00, 1 
 person, and where it exceeds 2.^0, 2 jiersons, 
 who understand and speak intelligibly the 
 language spoken by the master and crew and 
 also the English language, and such persons shall 
 act as interpreters, and be employed exclusively 
 in attendance on the passengers, and not in the 
 working of the ship; and no such ship shall 
 clear out or proceed to sea without having such 
 interpreter or interpreters on board; and the 
 master of any such foreign ship clearing out or 
 proceeding to sea without having such interpreter 
 or interiireters on board as aforesaid, shall for 
 e;icli offence be liable to a penalty not exceeding 
 50/. nor less than 5/. (Sec. 40.) 
 
 In what Cases a Medical Man must be carried. 
 — Every ' passenger shij) ' shall in the following 
 cases carry a duly qualilied medical practitioner, 
 who shall be rated on the ship's articles : — 
 
 1. When the duration of the intended 
 voyage, as before computed, exceeds 80 
 days in the case of .ships propelled by sails, 
 and 45 days in the case of ships propelled 
 by steam, and the number of passengers on 
 board exceeds 50 : 
 
 2. Whenever the number of jiersons on 
 board (including cabin passengers, officers, 
 and cr(?w) exceeds HOO : 
 
 By order of council of August 'J, 18G6, issued 
 under sec, GO of the Act, every ' passenger ship ' 
 carrying more than 50 passengers on any voyage 
 to which the Act extends, whatever be the 
 duration of the voyage, must carry a duly qualified 
 medical man. 
 
 In case of non-compliance with any i;f the 
 requirements of this section, the master shall for 
 each oflcnce be liable to a penalt}^ not exceeding 
 100/. nor less than 20/. (Sec. 41.) 
 
 Quulijication of Medical Man. — No medical 
 practitioner shall be considered to be duly qualified 
 for the purposes of this Act unless authorised by 
 law to practise in some part of her Majesty's 
 dominions, or, in the case of a foreign ship, in the 
 country to which such .ship may belong, as a 
 jihysician, surgeon, or apothecary, nor unless his 
 iiaine shall have been notified to the emigration 
 
 I I 
 
PASSENdERS 
 
 1023 
 
 uice, aiid sliallnot Ij, 
 ssheahaUbeprov-iiicill 
 :\imenUi to the satis- 1 
 proyideil ncviTthelfss, 
 
 of tho passengers in I 
 
 as many as 30i), art I 
 actiiioncr whotnavu] 
 ration olViccr i\iay w| 
 
 any person sliall" pi(,. 
 as medical practitioner I 
 ilhout being duly quali-l 
 ry to any iit'the'reijuire-l 
 
 person, and all iiersonjl 
 I, shall for oacli offtncel 
 ut exceeding 100/. nor I 
 
 I Co m/or<j.— The owKrl 
 'passenger ship' shalll 
 ! passengers a supply of 
 forts, instruments, "and! 
 icccasary fur diseases anilf 
 ■a »-oyagcs, and fur t!id 
 e passengers diirin^- tha 
 le(iuate supply of ilisin- 
 ;ogetlier witli printed oil 
 lie use of the same » 
 dicincs, medical cunifonsJ 
 LhiuKS shall, in thcjudijl 
 
 II (liliccr at the port ( 
 piality, and sufliciciit iJ 
 jable exigencies of tli| 
 shall be properly pmi 
 
 charge of tlic mcifca 
 •c is one on board, tn 
 
 lu case of'non-ci)rai'li,wJ 
 ements of this seotiuii, thf 
 1 for each oft'ence \k liallj 
 iding 50/, nor less than i 
 
 f Passengers and Malkk 
 
 ]),' except as after pn.'ViJt 
 
 ■dto sea until some nieJici 
 
 ,)ointcd by the cmii.'ratiol 
 
 clearance, shall have ii 
 
 ;.i, medical comfort,s, m 
 
 .-cqiiired to be supplied 
 
 ilso all the passengers a 
 
 in the ship, and shall ha 
 
 migration officer that tl 
 
 Ticient supply of mcjicini 
 
 ifecting miiil or a;;(;nt, i 
 
 things requisite tot tl 
 
 ithe passengers during tW 
 
 intil such medical practr 
 
 jd, and the said emigralii 
 
 that none of the pass«n! 
 
 |jn of any bodily onnrai 
 
 [ed, or likely to enJanj 
 
 the other (wrsons aUmt 
 
 Such medical iiispccn 
 
 take place cither on 
 
 jcretionofthcsaidemi 
 
 foiivenient place on s 
 
 he may appoint; an 
 
 ■ror of the ship snaU. 
 
 :erasuroattlicrateof 
 
 so examined: I'flwH 
 lemigration offictt -n 
 111 bo unable to obtain 
 ll practitioner, it » 
 of any such ship to d 
 on rcceivin.' m i 
 [written i«rmi>*n for'" 
 
 passenger ship -<*^, 
 'vilhout having conipW 
 
 ents of this s^ci'on, rt« 
 jhall for each oltena 
 
 ,i, a pcnaltv mit oxccoding 100/. nor less 
 
 ■*■ ' , 1 l^ 
 
 '» lii'udinq o/ Passenqera on account of Sickness or 
 , „,,rlwnn Shipn.—U llio omigration olliccr nt 
 !"^''.irLn be satisfic.1 that 
 
 lia'D: 
 
 llllll 
 
 ,i,'r( shall be 
 
 any person on 
 
 f-.,' r about to proceed in any ' passenger ship' 
 
 irroa-on of sickness unlit to proceed, or i,s for 
 
 \l „r for anv other reason likely to endanger the 
 
 f! rh or safety of tlie other persona on board, tlic 
 
 Ljcmition "llicer .shall proliibit the embark- 
 
 '7n„l"uoh person, or if embarked siiall require 
 
 Ym to be relandcd ; and if such emigration officer 
 
 till,- "utislicd that it is necessary, for the puri- 
 
 ''i,,,. of tho .ship or otherwise, that all or any 
 
 ■;i', passengers or persons on board should l)e 
 
 ", I'jthc said emigration officer may require 
 
 !' 'nii-tcr of the shi|) to reland all such pa.s- 
 
 '!,,,ri or persons, and the master shj.U thereupon 
 
 5Ju,,l„icli pas.sengers or persons, with so much 
 
 ,|i'ieir ellects an<l with such niemi)crs of their 
 
 ; ,ili,< a^ cannot, in tho judgment of such emigra- 
 
 •:" .ill er, be properly separated from theai ; and 
 
 i,(ii(!„riion-conipliance witii nnyof llic reqnirc- 
 
 ,1,111, of this sectiiin, the master, owner, or cliar- 
 
 mtol' till ship shall for each otlcnco bn liable to 
 
 jMaitv not exceeding '200/. nor less than 10/.; 
 
 ^jaav'passciigor or ])erson embarking after sucli 
 
 tMiibiiion. or refusing or neglecting to leave tho 
 
 I .liip when so directed to bo relanded, shall be 
 
 ijilt 1(1 be summarily removed, and to a penalty 
 
 notBCicJing"-'/. for each day wliicli he shall rc- 
 
 matin'oard after tlie giving of such proiiibition 
 
 otfaliffli. (Sec. 45.) , , , 
 
 ltim4Puasuyv Money to Passengers relanded 
 
 r,« «(,'«»("/' Sickness iVf.— Any jiassenger so re- 
 
 hndtJiiKiccountofthe sickness of himself or of 
 
 aar mtiiibcr of liia family, who may not be rc- 
 
 fffi'srseil and finally sail in such ship, or any 
 
 atTaiion officer on 'his behalf, shall tic entitled 
 
 i..Ki«r. by summary process, the whole of the 
 
 niiifis'ihicn may have been paid by or on account 
 
 o:-;ihp,is!cnger"for his passage, and that of the 
 
 EfniUrs of Ins family so relanded, from the party 
 
 towhm die same may have been paid, or IVoin 
 
 liie imier, charterer, or master of ^ucli ship, or 
 
 jnypftlicni, at the option of such passenger or 
 
 fniijralion officer. (Sec. 4G.) 'I'lie same regula- 
 
 lioinow appUes to cabin passeiigiTs. Hut they 
 
 anreciiver only hid/of their passage money. 
 
 Sihsistencc Money to he paid to Passengers re- 
 
 Wd/.-The master of any 'passenger sliip,' 
 
 fcm nhicli the whole or any part of tlie passengers 
 
 skllbe relanded on account of any of the reasons 
 
 meutioned in sec. 45, shall pay to each passenger 
 
 KtelanJcd (or if he shall be lodged and niain- 
 
 juine'i in any hulk or establishment under the 
 
 »nntendcnce of tlie said emigration oinmis- 
 
 iioners. then to the emigration officer nt tin" )iort) 
 
 sifeenoe money at tlie rate of l.s-. Gd. ad ■ for 
 
 kb statute adult until he shall be re-emb. od 
 
 |«iWiiie or neglect to proceed, or until his . is- 
 
 ( money, if recoverable under sec. 45 of 1 1 s 
 
 in, be returned to him. (Sec. 47.) 
 
 if'liira ofPassaije Money Sfc. — If any person b\ 
 
 or on whose beh.-ilf any contract shall have 
 
 inmaJc for a passage in any .ship proceeding 
 
 » any voy,i£re to which this Act extends, sliall 
 
 «atilie place of embarkation before G o'clock in 
 
 leaitenoonof the day of embarkation appointed 
 
 noh contract, and sliall, if reijuired, pay the, 
 
 pulated passage money, or the unpaid ba'lance 
 
 Ibereiil, and if from any cause wliatever, other 
 
 »an his oim refusal, neglect, or default, or the 
 
 •onibiiioii of ail emigration officer, as before mcn- 
 
 wli or the rc(|uirenicnts of any order in 
 
 »»cil, such passenger sliall not bo received on 
 
 ™ before that hour, or if from anv such cause 
 
 an aforesaid any passenger who shall have been 
 received on board shall not either obtain a passage 
 in such ship to the port at which he may have 
 contracted to land, or, together with all the im- 
 mediate members of his family who may be in- 
 cluded in such contract, obtain a passage to the 
 same port in some other equally eligible ship, to 
 sail within 10 days from the expiration of the 
 said day of embarkation, and in tho meantime be 
 paid subsistence money from the time and at the 
 rate after mentioned, sucli (lasaenger, or any emi- 
 gration officer on his behalf, shall be entitled to 
 recover either from the party to whom or on whose 
 acccmnt tlie same may have been paid, or (in case 
 such contract shall have b'cen made with the 
 owner, charterer, or master of such ship or with 
 any perscm acting on behalf or by the authority 
 of any of them respectively) from such owner, 
 charterer, or master of such ship, or any of them, 
 at the option of such passenger or emigration 
 officer, all moneys which shall have been paid by 
 or on account of such passengers for such pa.ssage, 
 and also sucl; further sum, not exceeding 10/., in 
 res])ect of each such passage, as .shall, in the 
 opinion of the Justices of the peace who shall ad- 
 jiidieale on the coin|)laiiit, be a reasonable com- 
 pensation for the lo.ss or inconvenience occasioned 
 to sucli passenger bv the loss of such passage. 
 (Sec. IK.) 
 
 Siil/sislence in case of Detention. — If any ship, 
 whether a ' passenger ship ' or otherwise. Shall not. 
 actually put to sea, and proceed on her intended 
 voyage before ."S o'clock in the afternoon of the 
 day next after the said day of embarkation, the 
 owner, charterer, or master of such ship, or his or 
 their agent, or any of tliom, at tho option of such 
 passenger or emigr.ition officer, shall pay to every 
 |inssen'";r entitled to a passage (or if such pas- 
 senger .shall be lodged and maintained in any 
 establishment under the superintendence of the 
 said emigr,ition commissioners, then to the emi- 
 gration oliicer at the port of embarkation), sub- 
 sistence money after the rate of Is. Gd. for each 
 statute adult in respect of each day of delay for 
 the lirst 10 days, and afterwards 3s. a day for each 
 statute adult, until the final departure of such ship 
 on such voyage, and the same may be recovered 
 ill manner after mentioned: provided that, if the 
 passengers be maintained on board in the same 
 innnner as if the voyage ha<l commenced, no such 
 subsistence money shall be pay.iblc for the first 2 
 days next after the said day of embarkation, nor 
 if they shall be maintained shall such subsistence 
 money be p.iyable if the ship be unavoidably de- 
 tained by ind or weather, or by any cause not 
 atlributabU, in the opinion of the emigration 
 olliccr, ti> the act or default of the owner, charterer, 
 or master. (Sec. 40.) 
 
 Ships putting back to replenish Provisions §'C. — 
 If any 'jia-ssenger ship ' shall, after clearance, be 
 detained in port for more than 7 days, or shall |)ut 
 into or touch at any port or place in the United 
 Kingdom, she shall not jiut to sea again until there 
 shall have been laden on board, .at the expease of 
 tho owner, charterer, or master of such ship, such 
 further sujiply of jiiire water, wliolcsome provisions 
 of the requisite kinds and (jualities, and medical 
 comforts and stores, as niiiy be necessary to. make 
 up the full ipiantities of those articles before 
 required to be laden on board for the intended 
 voyage, nor until any damage she may have sus- 
 tainecl shall have been effectually repaired, nor 
 until the master of the said ship shall have ob- 
 tained from the emigration officer or his assisUuit, 
 or, where there is no such officer, or in his absence, 
 from the officer of customs at such port or place, a 
 certificate to the same effect as the certificate 
 
 ► I'! 
 
 ,i !: 
 
 !1, 
 
 llii 
 
 ir 
 

 
 "iJ. 
 
 ■^.h 
 
 ,• >■ " 
 
 1034 
 
 PASSENGERS 
 
 k 
 
 , ! 
 
 •1 ! 
 
 H 
 
 i 
 ' f 
 
 ■ ' I 
 
 before required to enable the ship to be cleared 
 out ; and in case of any default herein, thi; said 
 master sliall be liable, on conviction, as herein- 
 after mentioned, to a penalty not exceeding; 100/. 
 nor less than 50/. And ii' tlie master of any 
 'passenger sliip' so puttini; into or touching; at 
 any port or place as aforesaid, shall not within 12 
 liours tlicrcafler report, in writing;, his arrival, and 
 the cause of his putting back, and the condition of 
 liis ship, and of licr stores and provisions, to the 
 omifjration oilicer, or, as the case may be, to tlie 
 utKccr of customs at the ]>ort, and shall not pro- 
 duce to such olRcer tiio official or ' master's list ' of 
 passengers, such master shall for cacli offence bo 
 liable to a pcnaltv not exccaling 20/. nor less 
 than 2/. (Sec. 50.') 
 
 Secretary of State S)-c. may pay Exfienses of 
 takiiifi off Passengers at Sea. — If the passengers or 
 cabin passengers of any 'passenger ship' shall be 
 taken off from any such 'passenger ship,' or shall 
 bo ))ickcd up at sea from any boat, raft, or other- 
 wise, it shall be lawful, if the port or place to 
 which they shall be conveyed shall be in the 
 United Kingdom, for one of the principal secre- 
 taries of state, or if in any colonial possession, 
 for the governor of such colony, or for any person 
 authorised by him for the purpose, or if in any 
 foreign count rj', for her Majesty's consular officer, 
 at such port or place therein, to defray all or any 
 part of tlie expenses thereby incurred. (Sec. 52.) 
 In place of the 12th, 51st, 53rd, & 54th clauses 
 of the Act of 1855, the following are substituted 
 in tlie Act of 1863 (20 & 27 Vict. e. 51) :— 
 
 If any 'passenger ship' shall clearout or proceed 
 tx) sea, without the master having first obtained a 
 certificate of clearance, or without his having 
 joined in executing such bond to the Crown as by 
 the said Passengers Act of 1855 are required, or 
 if such ship, after having put to sea, sliall put into 
 any place or port of the United Kingdom in a 
 damaged state, or shall leave, or attempt to leave, 
 such port or place with passengers on board, witli- 
 out the master having first obtained such certifi- 
 cate of clearance as is required by sec. 58 of 
 the said Passengers Act of 185.i, such ship shall 
 be forfeited to the use of her Majesty, and may 
 he seized by any officer of customs, if found within 
 2 years from the commission of the offence in 
 any port or place of her Majesty's dominions, 
 and such ship shall thereupon be dealt with in the 
 same manner as if she had been seized as for- 
 feited for an offence, incurring forfeiture under any 
 of the laws relating to the customs, (2(5 & 27 
 Vict. c. 51 s. 13.) 
 
 If any ' passenger ship ' be wrecked, or otherwise 
 rendereil unfit to proceed on her intended voj'age, 
 while in any port of the United Kingdom or after 
 the commeucement of the voyage, and if any of 
 the passengers be brought back to the United 
 Kingdom, or if any passenger ship shall put into 
 an)' port or place in the United Kingdom in v 
 damaged state, the master, charterer, or owner 
 shall, within 48 houis, give the nearest emigration 
 officer, or, in the absence of such officer, the chief 
 ofliocr of customs, a written undertaking to the 
 effect : 1, Transfer of passengers, if necessary, 
 to some other ship, to sail within 6 weeks for 
 the port or place for which their passages had been 
 taken. 2. Maintenance or payment at the rate 
 of Is. C(/. a day to each statute adult. If these 
 conditions are not complied with, passengers may 
 recover passage money by summary process. 
 Passengers may be removed from damaged ships, 
 if emigration officer requires, under a penalty of 
 40». or imprisonment for 1 calendar month if any 
 passenger refuse to leave. (Sec. 1 4.) 
 (iovcrnors or consuls may forward passengers, 
 
 loft without fault of their own, unices I 
 
 of ship gives, within 48 hours "f im»soiimrV„,,!I*'TI 
 a written undertaking to forward the m J, 'I 
 within weeks. (Sec. 15.) I'^'^'^'nmt 
 
 Expenses under this and proccdinR ,wtic„, .nil 
 those of sec. 52 of the I'aisenBcrs Act to I 
 debt to the Crown. Hut passenger, fnrwaLl 
 by the governor or consul aie not tntitlcl to uP 
 return of passoge money. Not more than twicM ! 
 total amouni of passage nioncv to be recover, i 
 against tli^ charterer, master Ac, (Sec Iti 
 
 In all particulars the Act of 1863 uiid ttl(. 
 sengers Act of 1855 shall be construed twui, 
 as one Act. (Sec. 18.) ' 
 
 Insurance of Passage Money nnt to be mi 
 account of the mture of the 7^s*._>Jo policv 
 assurance effected in respect of any pas»a"e', 
 of any jjassage or compensation nioiiey." h-'L 
 l)crson by this Act made liable, in ihe even 
 aforesaid, to provide such passages or to pav »{A 
 moneys, or in respect of any other iiskimdWil 
 Act, shall be deemed to be invalid bv rea.<(,n 
 the nature of the risk or interest souKht i,, 
 covered by such policy of assurance. 08 i 
 Viot. c. 119 8. 55.) ^ 
 
 Penalty on wrongfully lumliiig Passengeri- 
 any passenger in any ship, whether a 'has*™ 
 ship ' or otherwise, shall be landed at nnv pott 
 place other than the port or place nt whith licmi 
 have contracted to land, unless with his previi 
 consent, or unless such landing shall k rpiulci 
 necessary by perils of the sea, or other iinaioi 
 able accident, the master shall for each offence 
 liable to a penalty not exceeding 50/. nor less li 
 10/. (Sec. 5«.) 
 
 Passengers to be maintained for 48 Hoima) 
 Arrival.— Every passenger in a ' passenger si 
 shall be entitled, for at least 48 hours iicit a. 
 his arrival at the end of his voyage, to sleep in 
 ship, and to be provided for and maintiincil 
 board thereof, in the same manner as diiriiij 
 voyage, unless within that period the ship si 
 (piit such port or place in the further proMicai 
 of lier voyage. In case of non-complipiicc 
 any of the requirements of this section, tliim 
 sh.ill for each offence be liable to a iwiialty 
 exceeding 5/. (Sec. 57.) 
 
 Passengers' Right of Action preserved— M\ 
 herein contained shall take away or abridpi 
 right of action which may accrue' to aiiypassfi 
 in any ship, or to any other person, in' resixot] 
 the breach or non-performance of any mu 
 made or entered into between or on lieli:ilfof 
 such passenger or other i)erson, and tlic nis' 
 charterer, or owner of any such shi|i. or lii 
 their agent, or any passage broker. (See. 'if. 
 
 Her Majcstymiiy, by Orders in Cmnc\l,fnt> 
 Rules for Purposes herein described,— ll stailj 
 lawful for her Majesty, by any order in com 
 to prescribe such niles and regulations as to 
 Majestj* may seem fit, for the f'olloiviii;,' puij' 
 viz. : — 
 
 1. For i)rescrving order, promoting liealtl. 
 securing cleanliness and ventilation on \»ij 
 'passenger ships' proceeding from tlif I' 
 Kingdom to any port or place in licr .% 
 possessions abroad. 
 
 2. For permitting the use on board of 'pis 
 ger ships' of an apparatus for disiiilin?»' 
 and for defining in such case the quanlity«l 
 water to be carried in tanks or casJisforii' 
 sengers. 
 
 3. For prohibiting emigration froii) my P 
 ports at any time when choleraic or my ffial 
 disease may be generally prevalent in ikfL^ 
 Kingdom or any part thereof, or for teJucniffl 
 number of passengers alloivcd to k camM 
 
PASSENGKHS 
 
 1025 
 
 ir own, unless niniprl 
 rs of passp.nKirs' aitivnlJ 
 forward the iiass(n;;njl 
 
 .) 
 
 il preceding BMtion ai],l| 
 'ftsscn);cr3 Act to Ijc 
 jt passengers furwardtt 
 
 I aie not entille.l tn iliJ 
 Not more tlian twice til J 
 money to be rccoveralili 
 ster ic. (Sec, Itl.) 
 Kcl of 1863 and tlic \'m\ 
 X be construed to(;ethcl 
 
 Money vnt to be mid o 
 the 7{isA.— No policy i 
 !>pcct of any passa^rcj, a 
 cnsation moneys, by anj 
 ulc liable, in tlie cventt 
 ih passages or to \iay siill 
 fany other lisliiinilcrtlii 
 
 be" invalid by rcasnn ( 
 or interest sought tu t 
 
 : of assurance. (l(i i 1 
 
 hj landing P(meri^m.~i 
 hip, whether a '(lassinJ 
 
 II be landedatanyiK/ttJ 
 )rt or place at which lid nd 
 id, unless with his previod 
 h landing shall Ijc rpin'.crl 
 
 the sea, or other wnavdil 
 ter shall for each offence I 
 exceeding 50;. nor less tl 
 
 lintainedformiomo 
 cngcr in a ' passeiii;ir s 
 at least 48 hours ncJt an 
 of his voyage, to sleep ini 
 Hdcd for and maintained j 
 
 1 same manner as duniiji^ 
 n that period the ship iH 
 pc in the further pro>«:na 
 [case of non-compli:'iicc"i 
 Its of this section, tli'^rau 
 
 be liable to a iioniltyi 
 
 •''"•) , vJ 
 
 \f Actionpreserved.-MH 
 
 1 lalto awavorabnd?;! 
 mav accrue to aiiypa.«"J 
 V other person, in re51«| 
 .erformaiice of any Mtf 
 between or on l>cluilfci * 
 ther wrson, and tlic ml 
 of any such shii..or_liil 
 assagi' broker, {^-m 
 ,y Orders in Comcihm^ 
 iireiH dcKribel-U Mt 
 tv, bv any order in cou* 
 es and regulations as tj 
 
 It, for the following li»1« 
 
 lordcr, liromoting heal*! 
 land ventilation on ten 
 Irocccding ffom th ^ 
 It or place m her m 
 
 |theusconboiviil(;f'f>1 
 Iparatus for distiUm. »j 
 Incase the qaan...^-;l 
 til tanks or casks lor W I 
 
 t emigration iwnuort. 
 Lrcboleraicor«.veFj^ 
 Lily prevalent «.j J 
 It thereof, or fut wl^i B 
 Irs allowed to te cam« 
 
 M^usenL-cr ships' gcncrallv. or frorn any parti- 
 
 VMrtJ under the provisions of this Act. 
 
 1 For requiring duly qualillcd medical practi- 
 
 ,;,„(fs to be carried in ' passenger ships ' in cases 
 
 lili re they would not bo rcciuircd to bo carried 
 
 dertheprovisionsofthisAct. 
 
 \nv such order in council may from time to t inie 
 
 ,'ue manner be altered, amended, and revoked, 
 
 . ((ca<ioii may require. Any copy of audi order 
 
 I ucouncil contained in the London Giuttle, or 
 
 ,,mm to be printed by the (Juecn's printer, 
 
 I'lill throughout her Majesty's dominions be 
 
 I ^,ivcd in all legal proceedings as good and 
 
 sfiiient evidence of the making and contents of 
 
 j!v iueh order in council. (Sec. 59.) 
 
 1 'hiim or Master to exact Obedience to Bules 
 
 \aiR'9«Mon$.-ln every such ' p.-L-ssenger ship' 
 
 I I'tnidical practitioner on board, aided by the 
 
 I witr thereof, or, in the absence of such medical 
 
 linttiiioncr, the master of such ship, is liereby 
 
 |i«mfted to exact obedience to all rules and 
 
 liKiiUtions which may be prescribed by any such 
 
 l((d«iD council to be observed on board ' passenger 
 
 Lps'as aforesaid ; and any person on board who 
 
 liU neglect or refuse to obey any such rule or 
 
 limi'iation, or who shall obstruct the medical 
 
 Imciitioncr or master of such ship in the 
 
 oOTlion of any duty imposed upon him by any 
 
 (Bck nile or regulation, or who shall offend 
 
 Lainst any of the provisions of this Act, or who 
 
 Ell U (ruilly of riotous or insubordinate con- 
 
 WskiShc liable for each offence to a penalty 
 
 M escediag 2/., and in addition thereto, to be 
 
 wnfariimlie common gaol for any period not 
 
 !JCM% 1 month, at the discretion of the 
 
 Jmtitn ibo shall adjudicate on the complaint. 
 
 |Sk(i'.) 
 
 ] fluinilion Commissioners to prepare an Ab- 
 
 I of Act and Orders in Council. — The said 
 
 ntion commissioners shall from time to time 
 
 . tsuch abstracts as they may think proper 
 
 J[tli(»holc or any part of this Act, and of any 
 
 ■cboidttin council as aforesaid ; and four copies 
 
 1 tati ibatracts, together with a copy of this 
 
 (t, still, on demand, be supplied by the princi- 
 
 lioictrof customs at the port of clearance to 
 
 ! Ulster of every ' passenger ship' proceeding 
 
 IB the United Kmgdom to any port or place in 
 
 jMjiesty'a possessions abroad; and such nias- 
 
 UJl, on request made to him, produce a copy 
 
 |tliis Act to any passenger on board, for his 
 
 ■sal, and, further, shall post, previous to the 
 
 totation of tlic passengers, and shall keep 
 
 fcteil w long as any passenger shall be entitled 
 
 limain in the ship, in at least two conspicuous 
 
 lees ketwcin the decks on which passengers 
 
 kbe carried, copies of such abstracts : and such 
 
 liier shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding 
 
 lloievei}' day during any partof which by his 
 
 I If default such abstracts shall fail to be so 
 
 I and any person displacing or defacing 
 
 I abstracts so posted shall be liable to a 
 
 Mliy not exceeding 2/. (Sec. G 1 .) 
 
 Ti«to/ Spirits prohibited on board ' Passenger 
 
 ■"•■-If in any ' passenger ship ' any person 
 
 1 during the voyage, directly or indirectly, 
 
 1 »' cause to be sold any spirits or strong 
 
 p to any passenger, he shall be liable for 
 
 1 scch offence to a penalty not exceeding 20/. 
 
 I's'llianS;, (Sec. ()2.) 
 
 m to le given by Masters of British and 
 PJ» ' huengtr Ships. '— IJeforc any ' passenger 
 } shall clear out or proceed to sea,' the master, 
 Per with the owner or charterer of the ship, 
 T'ta event of the absence of such owner or 
 Perer, or if the master be the owner or charterer, 
 FMt good and sufTicicnt person, to bo ap- 
 
 proved by the chief officer of customs at the port 
 of clearance, shall enter into a joint and several 
 bond, in the sum of 2,000/., to her Majesty, her 
 heirs and successors, according to the form' con- 
 tained in schedule annexed to the Act. Such 
 bond shall not be liable to stamp duty, and shall 
 bo executed in duplicate. (Sec. ea.) Uy Iho 
 Act of 1803 (sec. 17), the amount of the bond is 
 raised to .i,000/. 
 
 Clause (51 enacts that a counterpart of the bond 
 referred to shall be ccrtilicd, and sent to the 
 ccdonjr to which the ship is bound, and be received 
 in evidence without proof of execution. 
 
 7;j the Absence of Agreement to the contrary, 
 the Owner to be responsible in respect of Default.— 
 In the absence of any agreement to the contrarj', 
 the owner shall be the party ultimately responsi- 
 ble, as between himself aiid the other persons 
 hereby made liable in respect of any default in 
 complying with the re(j[uirements of this Act; and 
 if any sucli last-mentioned person shall pay any 
 moneys hereby made payable to or on behalf of 
 any such passeiigers as aforesaid, the person so 
 paying the same shall be entitled, in the absence 
 of any such agreement as aforesaid, to sue for 
 and recover from the owner the amount so paid, 
 together with costs of suit. (Sec. 65.) 
 
 No Person to act as a Passage Broker without a 
 License. — No person whatever shall directly or 
 indirectly act as a passage broker in respect of 
 passages from the United Kingdom to any place 
 out of Europe, and not being within the Medi- 
 terranean Sea, or shall sell or let, or agree to 
 sell or let, or be in anywise concerned in the 
 sale or letting of passages in any ship, whether 
 a ' passenger ship or otherwise, proceeding from 
 the United Kingdom to any such place as afore- 
 said, unless such person, with 2 good and sufR- 
 cient sureties to be approved by the emigration 
 ofHcer at the port nearest to the place of business 
 of such person, shall have previously entered 
 into a joint and several bond, in the sum of 
 1,000/., to her Majesty, her heirs and successors, 
 which bond shall be renewed on each occasion 
 of obtaining such license as after mentioned, and 
 shall be in duplicate, without stamps, and one 
 part thereof shall be deposited at the office in 
 London of the said emigration commissioners, 
 and the other part thereof with the emigration 
 officer at the port nearest to the place of busi- 
 ness of such person; nor unless such person 
 shall have obtained a license, as after mentioned, 
 to let or sell passages, nor unless such license 
 shall then be in force ; and if any person shall 
 offend in any particular against this enactment, 
 every person so offending shall for each offence be 
 liable to a penalty not exceeding 60/. nor less 
 than 20/., to bs sued for and recovered as after 
 mentioned: provided that such bond shall not 
 be required of any person who shall be one of the 
 sworn brokers of the city of London : provided 
 also, that there shall be excepted from the opera- 
 tion of this section the said emigration commis- 
 sioners, and any persons contracting with them, 
 or acting under their authority, and also any 
 person acting as the agent of any passage broker 
 in pursuance of an appointment signed by such 
 passage broker, and countersigned by such emigra- 
 tion officer as aforesaid ; provided further, that the 
 acta and defaults of any person acting under the 
 authority or as agent of any passage broker 
 shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed to 
 be also the acts and defaults of such passage 
 broker : provided also that nothing before con- 
 tained shall be held or construed to prevent the 
 said emigration officer from accepting the bond of 
 a guar.nntcc societv, such bond and such guarantee 
 ' 3U 
 
 ^11 
 
 ! iilii 
 
 i I 
 
102tf 
 
 J'ASSENGERS 
 
 
 •I." 
 
 \M 
 
 ■A 
 
 » ■ .i 
 
 _■ *■■•;' 
 
 
 •:ii 
 
 
 ..: 
 
 V. ••;> 
 
 ■ i; ■■ 
 
 .?■'. 
 
 
 society as shall have been approved by the com- 
 inissidiierii of her Alnjcaty's treasury, in lieu of 
 the bond uf 2 good and Kuflicicnt securities as 
 aforesaid. (Soo. (JC.) 
 
 Clause C7 directs how passage brokers are to 
 obtain licenses. 
 
 Clause G8 limits the duration of the then exist- 
 ing licenses. 
 
 Clause 69 enacts that passage brokers shall em- 
 ploy no agents except those expressly appi inted 
 by llicm. 
 
 Penalty on Pcmonii f'muihdcntlif imlucing nlhera 
 to eni/age Passages. — If any person shall by false 
 rojirescutation as to the size of a ship, or other- 
 wise, or by any false pretence or fraud whatso- 
 ever, induce any person to engage a passage in 
 aiu' ship, the person so oflending shall for each 
 offence be liable to a penally not exceeding 20/. 
 nor less than 5/. (Sec. 70.) 
 
 Contract Tickets for Cabin and other Passengers. 
 — Every person whatever, except the said emi- 
 gratioiicoramissioners and persons acting for them 
 and under their direct nnthority, who shall re- 
 t^cive money from any person for or in respect of 
 a passage in any ship, or of a cabin passage in 
 any 'passenger ship' proceeding from the United 
 Kingdom to any place out of Europe, and not being 
 within the Mediterranean Stfa, shall give to the 
 person paying such money a contract ticket, signed 
 by the owner, charterer, or master of the ship or 
 ' passenger ship ' (as the case may be) in whicli 
 the passage is to be provided, or by some person 
 in their or his name, and on their or his behalf : 
 such contract ticket shall be made out in plain 
 and legible characters on a printed form, 
 which in the case of cabin passengers shall be 
 according to the form contained in schedule 
 annexed to the Act, and in the case of all other 
 passengers in the form contained in schedule L. 
 hereto annexed, or according to such other form 
 as in either case may from time to time bo pre- 
 scribed by the said emigration commissioners in 
 any notice issued under their hands, or the hands 
 of any two of them, and published in the London 
 Gazette:— aoi any directions contained on the 
 face of s«ch form of contract ticket shall be obeyed 
 in the same manner as is herein set forth. In case 
 of non-cympliauce with any of the requirements 
 of this section, or of any of the directions on such 
 form of contract ticket not inconsistent with this 
 Act, the person so offending shall for each offence be 
 liable to a penalty not exceeding 50/. nor less than 
 .')/.: provided always, that such contract tickets 
 shall not be liable to any stamp duty. (Sec. 71.) 
 Clauses 72 to 94 inclusive relate to matters of 
 detail and to legal procedure. 
 
 Colonial Voyages defined. — And whereas it is 
 expedient to pro , 'dc in certain cases for the 
 carriage of passengers by sea from her Majesty's 
 possessions abroad : lie it therefore enacted as 
 follows : 
 
 For the purposes of this Act, the term colonial 
 royagcs shall signify any voyage from any place 
 within any of such possessions (except the terri- 
 tories (then) under the government of the East 
 India Company and the island of llong Kong) to 
 any place whatever where the distance between 
 such places shall exceed 400 miles, or the duration 
 of the voyage, to bo prescribed as hereinafter 
 mentioned, shall exceed 3 days. (Sec. 95.) 
 
 This Act shall apply to all Colonial Voyages, 
 except as relates to Matters herein named. — 'I'll is 
 Act shall apply, so far as the same is applicable, 
 to all sliips carrying passengers on any such 
 • colonial voyage,' except as to such parts of the 
 Art as relate to the following matters ; viz. : — 
 ] . To passage brokers and their licenses : 
 
 2. To passengers' contract ticket* : 
 
 3. To emigrant runners : 
 
 4. To the giving bond ti) her M.ijwty 
 
 5. To the keeping ju board a con 
 
 Act: 
 
 •"■opy f'f \\\\i 
 
 (i. To orders in counril rog„l„ting t.,„igr,„J 
 from the United Kingdom, or iiroMTibiriL- xaU 
 for promoting health, cleanliness, order anil v 
 tilation: ' '" 
 
 I'rovided that if the proscribed (liiratioii of anJ 
 'colonial voyage' be less than three week- the: 
 in addition to the matters lastly litrcinbcidrL i 
 cepted, the provisions of this Act shall not cxitn. 
 or apply, so far as they relate to the fulloniJ 
 subjects; viz. :-- 
 
 'I'he construction or tluckness of the dctks • 
 
 The ben lis and berthing : 
 
 The height between decks : 
 
 Privies : 
 
 Hospitals : 
 
 Light and ventilation : 
 
 Manning : 
 
 I'assengers' stewards : 
 
 Passengers' cooks, and ooukiiiK apparatus; 
 
 The surgeon, and niedicinc chest ; 
 
 The maintenance of passengers for 48 1 
 after arrival : 
 
 Provided also, that in the case of such -ajM 
 voyages ' whereof the prescribed duration is |J 
 than 3 weeks, the requirements of this Act ii 
 spccting the issue of provisions shall not, except] 
 to the issue of water, be applicable to nnv \i 
 senger who may have contracted to furnish 1 
 own provisions. (Sec, 96.) 
 
 Clause 97 empowers the governors of colonij 
 by proclamation, to declare length of vovaj 
 and prescribe scale of diet, medicine.<i, andracJil 
 comforts. [ 
 
 Clause 99 (■uthoriscs the Governor-CJcncrall 
 India in council, by any Act to be passed f 
 that purpose, to adopt this Act for India, anjj 
 make rules respecting food, passengers, surgej 
 &c. 
 
 List of Passengers brought into rti l'« 
 Kingdom Sfc. — The master of every ship bringi 
 passengers into the United Kingdom from « 
 place out of Europe, and not within the 3Iej 
 terranean Sea, shall, within 24 hours alter am'ij 
 deliver to the emigration ofBccr or his assL'U 
 or in their absence to the chief officer of custo 
 at the port of arrival, a correct list, s\p\(i | 
 such master, and specifying the names, agt.«,i 
 callings of all the passengers embarked, and i 
 the port or ports at which they respectively n 
 have embarked, and showing which, if aurl 
 them, may have died, with the supposed af 
 of death, or been born on the voyage ; and ijt 
 master shall fail so to deliver such list, or if | 
 same shall be wilfully false, he shall, on c 
 viction, as before mentioned, be liabl 
 penalty not exceeding 50/. Such craignwl 
 customs officer shall, upon receipt ofsucir 
 transmit the particulars respecting any pa.«fl 
 named therein who may have died, m\ 
 supposed cause of death, or been l)cnii«1 
 voyage, to the registrar-general of birifc.',*'! 
 and marriages, who shall file the same, anJ f J 
 a copy thereof under his hand in ihe 'W 
 Register Hook," which entry shall be deilt ' 
 and be of the same value as evidence as «'■<« 
 entry made in such book under the |mn.'M"i 
 the 6 & 7 VVm. IV. c. 86. (Sec. lOO.i 
 
 Penalty on blasters for havingm S<k^'S" 
 Number of Persons than prescribed i} mi ^'' 
 If any ship bringing passengers inw toe lii!| 
 Kingdom from any place out of "WP' _ 
 have on board a greater number cfp'«"S™ 
 
il " 
 
 'act tickets : 
 
 ^'. 
 
 to lirr Majesty : 
 
 1 Imaril a copy cf iVj 
 
 •il roj;iilntin(,' unigratiuj 
 loni, or \it''s('ribiiig tjlj 
 onniincss, order, awl wn 
 
 rcscrilied duration of aij 
 s tlian llircc weelc tlui 
 rs laitly lioreinkldri 
 f tliis Act shall not cxuni 
 sy relate to tlie followinl 
 
 hicliiicss of tlie dwks : 
 ing : 
 Iccks : 
 
 id cookins apparatus; 
 
 ^(licine chest ; 
 
 )f passengers for Itf hou! 
 
 \ tlic case of such ' coloiiij 
 > prescribed duration ii 1( 
 [luircmeiits of this Act i 
 ■0 visions shall not, except I 
 r, be applicable to aiiy pp 
 e contracted to fumUhl 
 
 - »6-) , , J 
 
 fs the governors of coluwi 
 
 declare length of voyil 
 
 'diet, medicines, and mediJ 
 
 ses the Govcrnor-tJcneralJ 
 / any Act to be passed I 
 ptthis Act for India, udj 
 )g food, passengers, surgei 
 
 rs brought into thi. C*, 
 naster of every ship bnnd 
 United Kingdom from t 
 and not within the Mel 
 within 24 hours after amj 
 ■ation officer or his asMlif 
 ) the chief officer of cusM 
 ■al, a correct list, signed! 
 scifying the names, ag»,« 
 sseugers embarked, and « 
 which they respectively" 
 d showing which, \fm 
 ed, with the snpposf^of 
 rn on the voyage ; and' * 
 to deliver suchlisUrHJ 
 illy false, he shaU «"* 
 mentioned, be liable^ 
 na 60/. Such craigrawj 
 1, upon receipt of sutlf 
 lars respecting any pisq 
 , may have did, wH] 
 death, or been bora H 
 JrafgWeralofbirfcMj 
 
 shall file tliesam^a J 
 ct his hand m m »" 
 ch entry shall te to;, 
 value as evidence a»B,v«j 
 
 [book under the !.^>a"«»^ 
 c 8G. (Sec. IM.' j 
 
 Um.mbercfras^«H 
 
 PASSENGERS 
 Scltedule B. — Form of PaHsengcrs' Lilt, 
 
 1027 
 
 „;}<m» j M«iet'.Name 
 
 Tom 
 |K>r Ueifiiter 
 
 AtfUTVuMv Nutnl<cr nrNu)>erliLlnl 
 
 F.'i'l in the »evi>ra1 roinpiirlinentit 
 
 Mt apart fur l'a«-en^erK utiier lluin 
 
 Cabin I'aMengert 
 
 Total NutnlmorSMIul* AdulK, 
 
 pxcluilre uf IMnitrr. Crew, and 
 
 (.\ttiin I'atunKerH. which tlio Mii)i 
 
 ran ICKally cairy 
 
 Where 
 Uuuiid 
 
 ,k_k rMlA that thf prorliloiu aclnall; ladtn on (mud Ihli ihlp are luRlclent, according lo tha rvqulmncnli of the 
 '""'' ' lUlute adulli for a Tojage of daji. 
 
 (hlKnalure) , Moitcr. 
 
 *^* B<r the Act of 18G3, UlU ichedute mu&t include cahin paiHcnRPr^. 
 
 Pa«-«n((tr Ail.fi.r 
 
 
 
 
 Names and Descriptions of Passenyeri, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Age of each Adult of l',t Yean and 
 u|iw.irds 
 
 Children hetwi-en 
 1 and i'2 Veaii 
 
 Infants 
 
 Frofmion, 
 Occupntion, 
 or Calling 
 
 of 
 Pauengcr 
 
 Ktate 
 whet tier 
 Knglish. 
 bcoich, or 
 
 IrUh 
 
 Poit lit 
 
 whirh 
 
 PaisviiKcrs 
 
 hive 
 
 contrai'tMl 
 
 lo land 
 
 Namri of 
 I'lbiendt" 
 
 Married 
 
 Sin|le 
 
 
 M. 
 
 r. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SUMMARV. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Numlier of Souls 
 
 Kqu.-ll to 
 KUtute Aduiti 
 
 
 Bngliih 
 
 Scotch 
 
 IrUh 
 
 Total 
 
 1^. • • - ■ 
 
 T«.l ■ - - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wt bmbT c^l^' ^*' *^^ above it i correct list of the names ami descriptions of all the pauengera who embarked at the port 
 
 (Signed)_ 
 
 (Countersigned) > 
 
 . Master. 
 
 . EmlKTStton Officer. 
 . OlfiL-er of Customs at_ 
 
 I s»___- '»* • 
 
 VII linnihrald be ruled In the uime Form for an; idditlona lo (he list after the (hip first clean outi and limilar ccrtificatei be 
 UcSdttiuch riditloni, according to the requlrementa of the Act. 
 
 ifiMtrpuirfPwenRer's Con- 
 ■ uici Ticket. 
 
 j Ta iirt of the contract 
 
 lukflliubt leparated fVom 
 
 Itbi Kha, ud ta be delivered 
 
 lit tht pktfngFT to the emi- 
 
 Ifntcn eSm ai the port of 
 
 |ta!aitL-:7< (oT if no such 
 
 ifitfi, [J ihf offictr of cus- 
 
 Irqi, or 10 ujone appointed 
 
 kt ha 10 rtrtirt il, under a 
 
 oilljoclticeeding lU/. 
 
 CoTTIiCT TlCKlT. 
 
 1 1 Ktw ihxt the persons 
 mi»d Iclow ihsU be pro- 
 'i vi'h a iiHrafie vusaKe 
 — ird be lawiwJ at the 
 
 -^of — • tons 
 ih M Irs thin tnt cubic fvet 
 Ivtoit for each statute 
 ■h, m ihil! be victualled 
 ita ilif whole voyage ac* 
 '■jc to the dietary scale 
 nibtd bj law. The ship 
 b KrtiTt hn passenRfr* at 
 - on the ^— da/ of 
 -IV'-. PasM^emoney, 
 bnc GoTmiment duet, if 
 iji lad ill ctuiget of landing, 
 
 Nimn 
 
 Ages 
 
 These directions, and 
 the ' Notices to Pas<ten- 
 gers* belovt, form part 
 of, and must appear on, 
 each contract ticket. 
 
 Sldp- 
 
 HciiKHULB L.— I'onH or Pambnoia's CoKTnACX Tickbt. 
 
 1. A contract tickt-t in ttiU form must he fiiven to every passenger engaging 
 a iia&sagf from the Ihutcfl Kingdom to any place out of kluroi^t and not 
 being within the Meditfrrani'oit Mea. 
 
 '/. Tiie viciuallini; scale fur the voyage must be printed in the body of the 
 ticket. 
 
 ,V Alt thchlnnkstniist be correctly filled In, and the ticket must be legibly 
 signtd with the Christian naineii and Mimame and address In full of the jmrljr 
 iuuini; (he same. 
 
 4. Ttie day of the month on which the pa.<iaengers are to embark must be 
 Inserted in words, and not in fiuureii. 
 
 6. When once isiiUfd, tliistii'ket must not be withdrawn firom tlie passenger^ 
 nor any alteration, addition, or erasure made in it. 
 
 tons register, to take in pasiengen at 
 
 _ day of 185— 
 
 _for 
 
 SouU, equal to 
 -ilaiute adulu. 
 
 l»«)tnedinfunbvl 
 
 ^^plllJis^uingtb'e> 
 
 t ^ J 
 
 flnm number of souls ant* 
 a'.e adults mpeciitelj. I 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 
 Equal 
 
 lo 
 
 Statute 
 
 Adults 
 
 
 
 I engnge thut the person nnmcd in the margin hereof shall be provided >rith 
 
 a steerage pa&snge to, and shitll be landed at, the port of 
 
 in ill tbe ship with not less than ten 
 
 cubic feet for luggage for r:irti btaiute adult, and shall be victual led during the 
 voyage and the timeof detei-iion at any placebeforeits termination, ai cording 
 
 to the subjoined scale, for tbu >uni of X Including (loveniinent 
 
 dues tiefure embarkation, and htad mom y, if any, at the nlnce of landing, ^nd 
 every otiier ch.irgi', except frfif;hi fur excess of luggage beyond the quantity 
 above specified, and 1 tu-reliy ncknowled{;e to nave received tho sum of 
 
 £ in {^llW l..i,.nent. 
 
 The followhtg t)uantitU's, nt least, of watei and provUion^ (to be i^ued 
 
 dailv). will be (upplied by the iiia>ler of the ship, «i -Miuired by law ; Tir., to 
 
 each statute adult 3 quarts of water daily, exclusive of what is nrcehhary tor 
 
 cooking the artlclpi requlrcil bv the rassenner Act to be issued in a c ooked 
 
 state ! and a weekly allowance of provUions accordinn to the following scale:— 
 
 (Here insert the vicuiallintf scnle intended to be used on the vowige. 
 
 This must lie either the scale prescribed in the ."5th section of tiiu 
 
 Passenfjer Act IS56, or that, scale modified bv the introthiclioii of 
 
 articles authorised bv the Act to lie substituted for oatmeal, rice, and 
 
 potatoes.] 
 
 (N.ll.— If mess utensils and bedding are to be provided by the ihip, 
 tlie sUpulution must be inserted here.] 
 
 Mgnalure in full 
 
 I'lace and date 
 
 [If signed by a broker or agent, state on »hoie behalf.] 
 
 Deposit £ _ 
 
 Ualance £ _ 
 
 Total £_ 
 
 , to lie paid at . 
 
 Notices to rA-tENoRRS. 
 1 If nassencers. throngh no default of theit own, iirc not received on board on the day named in their 
 •ontract ticket, or fail tS obtain a passage in the ship, tliej should apply lo the Ootermncnt emigration 
 ifficcr at the imrt, who will assist thein in obtaining redress under the I asscnger Act. 
 T PaMenaers thould carcfullv keep this part of their contract ticket till after the end of the TOjat'c. 
 "* N.U.-This contract ticket is ciempt from stamp duty. 
 
 ' f! 
 
 3f 2 
 
 ■V:^' 
 
 n^' 
 
I 
 
 ••*:■ ' 
 
 1028 
 
 PASSKNOEnS 
 
 !t 
 
 \. 
 
 
 ■ > 
 
 •w- 
 
 i\. 
 
 { s 
 
 M 
 
 •. t 
 
 ; i , . 
 
 1 5 • • 
 
 .|C:-'i;^^- 
 
 *-.'.■■> ': k 
 •f •- I 
 
 . v: ? ••! 
 
 " ■. -t *■ 
 
 lionuiiM llian in the proportioiiH rcstpoctivcly prc- 
 Mcribccl in «cc. 14 of tliii Act for hliipH ciirrvint,' 
 piisBcn^urs from tho United Kin^iloin, tlic master 
 (if Bucli sliip Bliall bo liable, nn hucIi conviution an 
 iK'furu mentioned, to a penalty not oxceeiliii); 10/, 
 nor lc8H tlinn b!. for each bucIi pcriion or Htututc 
 adnit conHlitutinj; nny such cxce^^a. (Sec. lUl.) 
 
 I'rovhioni and Water to be issued to I'aaitengers 
 liroiiiiht into the United Kingdom §T. — The ma.stcr 
 of every ' pojisengcr ship ' brin;;ing iwisHcnger!) into 
 llie United Kingdom from any place out of Murope, 
 hIiuII make to each sliiluto adult during the voynge, 
 iachidin;j; the time of detention, if any, at nny port 
 or place before tho termination thereof, issues of 
 pure water and of good and wholesome provisions 
 in a sweet condition, in quantities not less in 
 amount than is prescribed in sec. 85 of this Act for 
 passengers proceeding from the United Kingdom ; 
 nnd in case of non-compliance with any of the 
 requirements of this section, tho master of such 
 ship Rhall, on such conviction as hereinbefore 
 nicntioucd, bo liable for each ofluncc to a penalty 
 not exceeding 50/, (Sec, 102,) 
 
 Tho United States, in imitation of tho policy 
 followed in tho United Kingdom, have passed 
 several Acts. in regard to the conveyance of pos- 
 Kcngcrs in ships belonging to tho dillcrent ports 
 of tho Union, Tho last of these Acts is as 
 follows : — 
 
 Ax Act to rkoui.atk tiik Cakkiaok of 
 Passenqeks in Steam Suits and otiieu 
 Vessels, ai'I-uoveu Maiich 3, 1S55, 
 
 N,U, — A bill to amend this Act was introduced 
 into Congress in January 1865. 
 
 Be it enacted by the "Senote and House of Re- 
 presentatives of the United States of America in 
 Congress assembled, that no master of any vessel 
 owned in whole or in part b}- a citizen of the 
 United States, or by a citizen of any foreign 
 country, shall take on board such vessel, at any 
 foreign port or place other than foreign contiguous 
 territory of the United States, a greater number of 
 ' passengers than in proportion of 1 to every 2 tons of 
 such vessel, not including children under the age 
 of 1 year in the computation, and computing 2 
 children over 1 and under 8 years of age as 1 
 ])as8cnger. That the spaces appropriated for the 
 use of such passengers, and which shall not be 
 occupied by stores or other goods nor tho personal 
 baggage of such passengers, shall be in the follow- 
 ing proportions, viz. — on the main and poop decks 
 or platforms and in the deck-houses, if there bo 
 nny, 1 passenger for each 16 clear superficial feet 
 of deck, if the height or distance between the 
 decks or platform shall not be less than U feet ; and 
 on the lower deck (not being an orlop deck), if 
 any, 1 passenger for 18 such clear superficial feet, 
 if the height or distance between the decks or plat- 
 fiirnis shall not be less than G feet, but so as that 
 no passenger shall be carried on any deck or platform 
 nor upon any deck where tho height or distance be- 
 tween tho decks is less than 6 feet, with intent to 
 bring such |)asscnger to tho United States, and shall 
 leave such port or place and bring the same, or ony 
 number thereof, within the jurisdiction of the 
 United States ; or if any such master of nny vessel 
 shall take on board his vessel, or at any port or 
 place within the jurisdiction of the United States, 
 any greater number of passengers than in the pro- 
 I)ortion aforesaid, to tho space aforesaid, or to the 
 tonnage aforesaid, with intent to carry the same 
 to nny foreign port or place other than foreign 
 'contiguous territory as aforesaid, evorj' such mas- 
 ter shall bo doomed guilty of a misdemeanor, nnd 
 i:pon conviction thereof, before any circuit or 
 district court of the United States, ahali, for each 
 
 iini iif 
 
 passenger taken on board beyond llio limii nf 
 said, or the space aforesaid, be tinod in tho , 
 50 dollars, and may also be imiiriwnci \\ ,\ ' 
 discretion of theiudgu bcf.irc Hliom llu. 'hiniK 
 shall 1)0 recovered, not excfodiii); hix iinint'i,. l j • 
 sliuuld it be necessary for tho siiCctv orfoiiveiii,,!'', 
 of the vessel that nny nortion of licrcsifo i,-, '• 
 other orticIcH or article, should ho plaoc' "'" 
 
 stored in any of the declts, nil)ina, or' other rli'., 
 a|)pr()priated to the use of passeiifrers, the >to' 
 may be placed in lockers or ineliwu.-o.i wmn' 
 for tho purpose, on an exterior .surfaci; inipcrvi.ui 
 to the wave, capable of beiii;,' demised in lit,. 
 maimer as the decks or plailorms of ilic vts.„| 
 In no case, however, shall the plaeea thu^, .ir',- 
 vided be deemed to be a part of the space all'm. 
 able for the use of pnsscngera, but the sniiic >liali 
 bo deducted therefrom, and iu all et\m wti.ro 
 prepared or used, tho np|)er surfaee of said Mvh\ 
 or inchisod spaces shall Ix- deemed and taken to Iji 
 the deck or platform from which mcasunramtj 
 shall bo made for all. tho purposes of this Act, It 
 is also provided that one hospital in the apaoi' an- 
 propriatcd to passengers, and separated ihcrofroi 
 by an appropriate partition, and furnished lu in 
 purposes require, moy bo prepared, and \s\wnm 
 may be included in the space allowahle for pa^w 
 gcrs, but the same shall not occupy more than 1( 
 superficial feet of deck or platform : provided, tin 
 on board two deck ships, where the height 
 tween the decks is 7i feet or more, H d 
 Bu^ierlicial feet of deck shall be the proportion ri 
 quired for each passenger, (Sec, 1.) 
 
 And no such vessel shall have more than t' 
 tiers of berths, and the interval between the lorn 
 part thereof and tho deck or platfonn bcnejl 
 shall not be less than 9 inches, and the beti 
 shall be well constructed, parallel with tbe i\< 
 of the vessel, and separated from each other bj 
 partitions, as berths ordinarily arc separated, ai 
 shall be at least 6 feet in length and nt lemt 
 feet in width, and each berth shall be occupied 
 no more than 1 passenger ; but double berths 
 twice the above width may Lc constructe.l, mc| 
 berth to be occupied by no more, and by no o:hi 
 than 2 women, or by 1 woman and 2 chiUi 
 under tho ago of 8 years, or by husband and ni 
 or by a man and 2 of his own children under tl 
 age of 8 years, or bj" 2 men, members of thcsai 
 family ; and if there shall be any violation oft! 
 section in any of its provisions, then the mvl 
 of the vcssel'and owners thereof shall sevenl 
 forfeit and pay the sum of 5 dollars for eich 
 senger on board of said vessel on such vojaje, 
 bo recovered by tho United States in anypo 
 where such vessel may arrive or depart, fSec.J| 
 
 And all vessels, wlicther of the United Sti' 
 or any foreign country, having sufficient cap ;i 
 of space, according to law, for 50 or more pj« 
 gers (other than cabin passengers), shall, rt 
 emploved in transporting such passengers betwi 
 the United States and Europe, have, on iheopi 
 deck, for the use of such posscngerp, a hoiissr 
 tho passage-way leading to the apartments alloi 
 to such passengers below deck, firmly secured 
 tho deck or combings of the hatch with '.'di" 
 the sills of which shall be at least 1 fii't,"' 
 the deck, so constructed that one door oruBi 
 in such house may at all times be left opf" 
 ventilation ; and all vessels so empioWr ' 
 having the capacity to carry 160 such ptsf 
 or more, shall have 2 such houses; andtMS 
 or ladder leading down to the aforesaid apsime 
 shall be furnished with a hand-rail of «iw 
 strong rope; but booby hatches mayMSi" 
 tuted for such houses, (Sec. 3.) , 
 
 And every such vessel so employed, and m"' 
 
 % ' ¥ji 
 
f '1 
 
 cyond llip limil af -ji- 
 
 be lined in ihc sura nf 
 be imiirisoncil, at ilio 
 Dtp whom till' |irn;illv 
 ■(iilin); hix inunt!j4:liu; 
 ipaiil'clyurconvciiiiiiu' 
 ion iif licr ciir:i), urimv 
 ilioiilil be pliicpil I'll i-r 
 
 diliins, or olliir \].k ■.- 
 if \)i\,ssi'lif.'t'rs, the -a:iii' 
 
 or inol(i.Hu.-OH |iri'|i,ut' 1 
 crior surfiii'o ini|«Tviii,n | 
 
 brinji clumseil in lik^' 
 pliil I'orms of llic vt<-l, 
 ill tbc iilaoes tliu» <;:■,■ 
 lart of tiie space allnw-l 
 ^crs, but tlic siimc Mil 
 nnd ill all cmc^ Mhiriil 
 icr surfttiT of »ftiii l»ki nl 
 p deemed und lakcn tu U\ 
 om which iT)oa:<uT':iniutl 
 
 Purposes of this Act. Itl 
 loitpital in the space ap-l 
 , and scnatated tlicreftom' 
 ;ion, and furni^licil lu iu 
 1 prepared, and wlicn vnA- 
 jpace allowable for iia-sfBJ 
 not occupy more tliaii lllf 
 (t platform : provuM, tliil 
 [IS, where the hciglit teJ 
 ^ feet or more, 14 ckil 
 shall be the proportion !«< 
 er. (Seel.) 
 ihall have more than t» 
 interval between tlic lo«a 
 deck or plalform beneaij 
 9 inches, and the bertM 
 ted, parallel with the si.l< 
 irated from each oilier bl 
 rdinarily are separated, aal 
 t in length and at lenstj 
 berth shall be occupied bf 
 ccr ; but double berth! «l 
 maybe constructed, t.ic| 
 no more, and by no o:ka 
 V 1 woman and 2 clnliW 
 ra or bv husband andra 
 his own children under ij 
 men, members of the sjrf 
 lall be any violation of IM 
 provisions, then the misM 
 ers thereof shall sevenlB 
 n of 5 dollars for MchpiJ 
 
 d vessel on such voyasM 
 United States in anvpl 
 r arrive or depart. l!«. I 
 ether of the iH'ted S^ 
 ■, having sufficient cap aj 
 law, for 50 or more P3BJ 
 Sn passengers), shall, »wi 
 ,nK8uchpi«8cngersbel»« 
 Europe, have, on. hW^ 
 ch passenger?, a ta^;1 
 mtotheapartnienUii^'^ 
 
 L'declcflrmlv^fJ 
 of thchatchijih-^ 
 
 I be at least 1 M' ."» 
 ■d that one door or wtM 
 all times be lei Of « 
 vessels so empb^'M" 
 p carry 150 6uchpt«=«« 
 Buch houses; and t^;" 
 ntothea^ores.dPa«;^j 
 
 tySa£'s'i^^"^1 
 
 JSaoyed,-^^"-'^ 
 
 n 
 
 PASSENGERS 1020 
 
 w'l '}1 capacity for more tlian 100 Niich jinsMcii- iiiul niniiiier of (li.stiibutinn duo and HUlliciint 
 '' .Tiall li'ive at \va»t - veiuilators to purify | notice shull bo given. If tlio ciiptuiii or inuMtor uf 
 J'"' ' finifiit or npiirtmcnt.s occupicil bjr such ' any hucIi -tliip or vpshcI hIiiiII wilfully fail to 
 
 11 'I'M; 1 of whii'h i*liall be iii.Mrrled in tlio j fiirniMli and distributu miicIi |iriivisiunB, cooked im 
 i^u part of tbo apiirtinpiit or npiirliuoiits, and aforesaid, ho shall ho doomed K"'''y "f " '"'"' 
 "k'dilui .<hall be placed in tlio forward portion I demeanor, and upon ciiKvictioii thereof before any 
 frhiMiiiartmeiit or apartments, and one of them | circuit or diHtriut court of llic United States, ^liail 
 luUhiive nn exliaiistiii(i cap to carry olV the foul I 
 t'ainitlw other a receiving,' cap to carry down I 
 ■liMri-hiiir; wliieli Baid ventilaiorn shall havo a 
 ariiiiiv proportioned to the size of I he iipnri- 
 J,„t„fapartuieiita to bo purilied; namely, if the 
 Udnimiil or apiirtments will lawfully authorise 
 therocoplioii of "iOO such |iassen(;ers, the capacity 
 (iinlivfiitilators chall each bo e(|ual to a cube 
 (1.1 inches diameter in the clear, and in propor- 
 iBfl'fur larger or .smaller apartments ; and all .said 
 Millators shall rise at least 4 feet (i inches above 
 ibe upper deck <d' any Huch vessel, and be of the 
 niojl approved fonn and construction: but if it 
 shall appear, from the report to be made and ap- 
 ntoveil, an lieieiiiafter provided, that such vessel 
 It rqually well ventilated bv any other menn-s, 
 iichotlier means of ventilation sliall bo deemed 
 imilieW lolte a compliance with the provisions 
 udhiM'ection. (Sec. -1.) 
 
 \U every vessel currying more than M such 
 psenprs sliall have for their use on deck, housed 
 md ciiuvenicntly arranged, at least one caboose 
 liWikint' range, the dimensions of which shall be 
 (Hualtnlfeet long and 1 foot 6 inches wiile for 
 
 f«t\- iOO passengers ; and provision .shall bo 
 
 male in the manner aforesaid, in this ratio, for n 
 
 ;TOieritlcs3 number of passengers ; but nothing 
 
 ink contained shall take away the right to 
 
 iiiiio such arrangements for cooking between 
 
 teLsitlhat shall be deemed desirable. (Sec. .5.) 
 
 .liid all vessels employed as aforesaid shall havo 
 
 on tKunl, for the use of such passengers, at the 
 
 liip of leaving the last port whence such vessel 
 
 M sail, well secured under deck, for each pas- 
 
 *ager,at least '.'0 pounds of good navy bread, 15 
 
 poiinJiofricc, 15 pounds of oatmeal, 10 pounds 
 
 »( Aat Hour, 15 pounds of peas and bean."!, 20 
 
 l«iini<c;fi)otatoes, 1 pint of vinegar, CO gallons 
 
 offcliivater, 10 pounds of salted pork, and 10 
 
 [Muds i)f salt beef, free of bone, all to be of good 
 
 i|Daliiy; but at places where either rice, oatmeal, 
 
 sheat Hour, or peas and beans, cannot be procured, 
 
 oi good quality, and on reasonable terms, the qiian- 
 
 tiiy of either or any of the last-named articles 
 
 maybe increased and substituted therefor ; and in 
 
 tJie potatoes cannot be procured on reasonable 
 
 lems, 1 pound of cither of said articles may be 
 j ioUtituied in lieu of 5 pounds of potatoes ; and the 
 
 U|ilain8 of such vessels shall deliver to each pas- 
 I OTfer at least one-tenth part of the aforesaid 
 1 provisions weekly, commencing on the day of 
 
 ailing, and at least B quarts of water daily ; "and 
 
 if ihe passengers on board of any sucli vessel in 
 
 ihich the provisions and water herein reciuired 
 
 shall not have been provided as aforesaid, shall at 
 
 any time be put on short allowance during any 
 
 voyage, the master or owner of any such vessel 
 
 shall pay to each and every passenircr who shall 
 
 have been put on short allowance, the sum of 3 
 
 dollars for each and every day they may have 
 
 l«n put on short allowance, to be recovered in 
 
 the circuit or district court of the United States ; 
 
 I ant. It 3us,; \,z the duty of the captain or master 
 
 N'ver)- such ship o' vessel to cause the food and 
 
 Ip^visiuns of all the passengers to be well and 
 
 lljroperly cooked daily, and to be served out and 
 
 I'lislnbuted to them at regular and stated hours, 
 
 1 ly messes, or in such other manner as shall be 
 
 l-«nied best and most conducive to the health 
 
 I'Wcemfoitof such passengers, of which hours 
 
 be lined not more than l,0U0 dollars, and shall bo 
 imprisoned for a term not exceeding 1 year, pro- 
 vided that the enforcement of this iieiialty shall 
 not alTect the civil responsibility of the captain or 
 master and owners to such passengers as m.iy havo 
 siilTered I'roni said default. (Sec. (!.) 
 
 And the captain of any such vessel so employed 
 is hereby authorised to maintain good discipline 
 and siicli habits of cleanliness among such passen- 
 gers as will tend to the preservation and proniu- 
 lion of health; and to tliat end he shall cause 
 such regulations as he may adojit for this puqiosn 
 to be nostcd up before sailing on board such vessel, 
 in a place accessible to such passengers, and shall 
 keep tho same so posted up during the voyage ; 
 and it is hereby made the duty of said captain to 
 cause t!ic apartments occupied by such passcngcm 
 to be kept at all times in a clean, healthy state, 
 and the owners of every such vessel so emidoycd 
 are re(|uired to construct the decks, and all parts 
 of said apartment, so that it can be thoroughly 
 cleansed ; and they shall also provide a safe, con- 
 venient privy or water-closet for the exclusive use 
 of every 100 such passengers. And when the 
 weather is such that said piisacngers cannot be 
 mustered on deck with their bedding, it shall be 
 tlie duty of the captain of every such vcsucl to 
 cause the deck occupied by such passengers to be 
 cleansed with chloride of lime, or g itne other 
 equally efficient disinfecting agent, and also at 
 such other times as said captain may deem neces- 
 sary. (Sec. 7.) 
 
 And the master and owner or owners of any 
 such vessel so employed, which shall not be pro- 
 vided with the house or houses over tho passage- 
 way.'), as prescribed in the third section of this 
 chapter, or with ventilators, as prescribed in the 
 I fourth section of this chapter, or with the ca- 
 booses or cooking rniiges, with the houses over 
 I them, as prescribed in the fifth section of this 
 I chapter, shall severally forfeit and pay to the 
 United States the sum of 200 dollars for each and 
 every violation of or neglect to conform to the 
 provisions of each of said sections ; and 50 dollars 
 tor each and every neglect or violation of any of 
 tho provisions of the seventh section of this 
 chapter, to bo recovered by suit in any circuit or 
 district court of the United States, within the 
 jurisdiction of which the said vessel may arrive, 
 or from which she may bu about to depart, or at 
 any place within the jurisdiction of such courts, 
 wherever the owner or owners, or captain of such 
 vessel may be found. (Sec. H.) 
 
 And the collector of the cus-toms at any port of 
 the United States at which any vessel soemnloyed 
 shall arrive, or from which any such vessel shall 
 be about to depart, shall appoint and direct one or 
 more of the inspectors of the customs for each 
 port to examine such vessel, and report in writing, 
 to such collector, whether the requirements of law 
 have been complied with in respect to such ves- 
 sel ; and if such report shall state such compliance, 
 and shall be approved by such collector, it shall 
 be deemed and held as prim& facie evidence 
 thereof. (See. 0.) 
 
 And the provisions, requisitions, penalties, and 
 liens of this Act, relating to the space in vessels 
 appropriateil to the use of passengers, are hereby 
 extended and made applicable to all spaces 
 appropriated to the use of steerage passengers in 
 
 ^ 1 1 
 
 'irl 
 
 I'i' 
 
 
 .#1,. 
 
1030 
 
 PAHSKNCIKHS 
 
 .'\l 
 
 :•* 
 
 , « 
 
 
 » 
 
 'U 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 ^ ! 
 
 
 II. 
 
 vessels propclldil, in whole or lu (uirt, liv sli'uiii, 
 mill navij;ntin(; tnnii, tn, nml belween liie ports 
 niid in iiiiiiiiicr ns in this Act tmmcil, nml in miicIi 
 vi'MscIs niul to th(i musters thereof, iiml >o tniieh 
 of llio Act entitled 'An Act to luncnil im Act 
 cnlitleil '-An Act to provide fur ihr better 
 Seenrity of the Lives of I'jisseiij^iTs on hoard of 
 Vessels propelleii in whole or in pnrl hy .Steam, 
 and for other I'lirposes," ' approved Au:;iist 30, 
 IMo2, ns conflict.^ with this Aet, is In reliy re- 
 pealed: nnd the spnee appropriated to th(' use of 
 .steern/;o passengi rs in the vessels so ns above 
 propelled nnd iiaviKalecl is licrebv subjected to 
 the smpcrvision nnd inspcelion ol llio eollcetor of 
 the customs at any port of lli(^ I'nited States 
 nt which any such vessel shall arrive, or from 
 which she shall be about to depart; ami the 
 same shall be examined and reported in the 
 .same mnniier and by the snme ollieers, by the 
 next prercding seel ion directed tu examine and 
 report. (Sec. 10.) 
 
 And the vessel.s bouiul from any port in the 
 United States to any port or place in the racilic 
 Ocean, or on its tributaries, or from any sucli port 
 or plncc to any port in the United .Slides on llie 
 Atlantic or its tributaries, shall be subject to the 
 Ibret^oiiiff provisions re;;nlatinj? the carria^iu of 
 passengers in merchant vessels,"except so much ns 
 relates to jirovisions and wnler ; but the owners nnd 
 masters of all such vessels sli.nll in all such cases 
 furnish to each passenger I lie daily supply of 
 water therein mentioned; and they sliall furnish 
 a sullicient supply of good juid >\h(desome food, 
 properly cooIumI; and in case they shall fail so to 
 do, or shall ])rovide unwholesome or unsuitable 
 provisions, they shall be subject to the pei 
 provided in the sixth section of this chapter. . 
 case the imssenger- are put on short allowance of 
 wnier or provisions. (Sec. II.) 
 
 And the cnptain or master of any ship or vessel 
 arriving in the I'uited .States, or au.y of the 
 territories thereof, from any foreign place >\ hat- 
 ever, nt the same liuio that he delivers a manifest 
 of the cargo, and if there be no cargo, then at the 
 time of making report or entry of the ship or 
 vessel, pursuant to law, shall .nlso deliver and 
 report to the collector of the district in which 
 such shij) or ves.scl shall arrive, a list or manifest 
 of all the pa8.sengers taken on board of the snid 
 ship or ves.scl at .iny foreign port or pl.nce, in which 
 list or manifest it shall be the duty of the .slid 
 master to designate, i)articularly, the age, sex, and 
 occupation of the said passengers respectively, the 
 part of the vessel occujiied l)y eacli during the 
 voyage, the country to which they severally 
 belong, nnd that of which it is their intention to 
 become inhabitant; nnd shall further set forth 
 whether nny, and what number, have died on the 
 voyage; which list or manifest shall be sworn to 
 by'the said master, in the same manner as directed 
 by law in lelation to the manifest of the cargo, 
 and the refusal or neglect of the m;isler aforesaid 
 to comply with the provisions of ibis .section, or 
 any part thereof, shall incur the same penalties, 
 disabilities, and forfeitures as arc provided for a 
 refusal or neglect to irport and deliver a manifest 
 of tlie cargo aforesaid. (Sec. 12.) 
 
 And each and every collector of the customs to 
 whom such manifest or list of passengers as afore- 
 said sh.iU be delivered, shall quarterly return 
 copies thereof to the .Secretary of State of the 
 United St.itcs, by whom statements of the same 
 shall be laid before Congress at each and every 
 session. (Sec. 13.) 
 
 And in case there shall have occurred on board 
 any ship or vessel an'iving at any port or place 
 wiiliiu the United States or its territories, any 
 
 death or deaths among the p.K,ciig,.r, („tlar tl, 
 cabin pasheiigcrH), the master or .'aptaiii, ,.r „«„ 
 
 i>r consignee .d- such sh!i) or vess.d ,hall, will, 
 twcnl v-loiir hours niter the time \viil,i„ „■ 
 report and list of manifeflt of 
 tinned ill section 12 of this .\ot ii 
 delivered to the collii tor of il 
 
 iii'li III. 
 
 |i«»8(;n;;t.rH in.,,. 
 
 fqiiiii'd t.i l„ 
 
 le I'listoni" 
 
 the sai.l collector the sum of 10 ,|o)s. f„r ,..„'|,., , 
 every passenger above the age i,{ H v,.,,r, ,V|' 
 shnll have died on the vovage hv imlural cli,,., ' 
 and the said collector sludl paV t!ie iie.iicv iVi 
 received at such lim •s.aml in suVli iiiaiinir'jn il 
 .Secretary of the Treasury by general riili's -l,,'|i I 
 direct, to any board jr commission apiminK ,| l„ 
 nnd acting under the authoritvof, IlicstatcHiiliiii I 
 which the port where such ship or vessel arrivi 
 is situated, for the care and pniicij,,,, „|- .;, 
 indigent, or destitute emigrants, to be iiii|ili,.,l i„i 
 the obje(!ts of their appoint ineiii ; and if ilur,. 
 more tlinii one board or comiuissiiin wli,)\||i||l 
 claim such payment, the Sceretarvef the Troihnivf 
 lor the time being shall detirniiiie which i- .,i.| 
 
 titled to receive the sa , and liis ilcciMon in ilij 
 
 |iremises shall be linal and witliniii appeal: m,. 
 vided that the payment shall in no ca*e I 
 awarded or made to any board, or Cdnimissi m, 
 association, '"■irmed for ihe protei'tion iir iiilvai,' 
 meiit of aiiv pnrlieiilar class of cinii;rani.. , 
 emigi-ants ot' nny particular nation or creed ; :iii(l 
 if the in.'i-ter, cnptain, owner, or cunsigucc ul .inij 
 ship or vessel, refuse or neglect to pay tlie nl 
 lector the sum and sinus of nuiiiey reiiuircd.aiL 
 within the time prescrilied by this scctidii. !,.• J 
 they shall severally forfeit ami pay the -11111 ,/ 
 50 dols., in addition to such sum of 10 ilelr 
 each and every passenger upon whose ilcaih tk 
 same has become payable, to be recovered bv ilij 
 United .States in any circuit or district ciiiri J 
 the United States wiure such vessel iiiavariivJ 
 or .such master, cnptain, owner, or consignee ma] 
 reside ; and when recovered, tlii^ said money -liai 
 be disposed of in the same manner as h dirivtol 
 with respect to the sura and sums required U 
 paid to the collector of customs. (Sec. 11.) 
 
 And the amount of the .several penalties iiiipi, 
 by the foregoing provisions, regulating tiie la 
 riagc of passengers in merchant vessel?, shall I 
 liens on the vessel or vessels violating tliuMi |ir| 
 visions, and such vessel or vessels shall ho lihdtf 
 therelbr in any circuit or district cmiri nt' tl 
 United Slates where such vessel or vessels shj| 
 arrive. (Sec. 15.) 
 
 And nil and every vessel or vessels whiih A\i 
 or may be employed by the American Celoni<:itii 
 Society, or the colonisation society of any SI.1J 
 to transport, and which shall actually tr,in«|i( 
 from any port or ports of the L'nited ,*'i.ite5| 
 any colony or colonies on the west eo.i-i 
 Africa, coloured emigrants to reside there, s 
 be, and the same are hereby, sulijeclod t" 
 operation of the foregoing pro.'.sioiis re;'iil;iiil 
 the carriage of passengers in merchant I'^-eT 
 (Sec. IG.) " 
 
 And the collector of the customs shall e.-aniij 
 such emigrant ship or vessel on its arriviil atf 
 port, and ascertain and report to the Seereiar.v| 
 the Treasury, at the time of sailing, the leiiijlT 
 the voyage," the ventilation, the luiraber el |ij 
 senger.s, their .xjiace on board, their I'ooil, r 
 native countrv of the emigrants, the uiimiej 
 deaths, the age and sex of tho-c who ilieiMurf 
 the voyage, together with his opimon ol 
 cause of the mortality, if any, on board. 1 
 if none, what precautionary lueasiires. arrai^ 
 ments, or habits, arc supposed to have 
 anv, and uliat, agencv in causing the cxcmvti 
 (Sec. 17.) 
 
»< ii« m ii i »| . ■-«»>! »«. " *' '- 
 
 "wn il iWiK i s'/ir t 
 
 — - V 'T«"*T'^*"',-^ ' I ' 
 
 I'ASSKNtiDllM 
 
 1031 
 
 \vxt (oilier lliri 
 i|ituiii, or u\vii> 
 el ^tlall, williii 
 VUliillwIiirli ih 
 ift'Si'limTH ini II- 
 i rcqiiiri'il tu l» 
 (Motimii. jiiiy ii 
 
 lols. fur I'ilrll ;i.i,' 
 
 of H ymn v.Imi 
 
 iiiiliirul diwiiii ; 
 ' the iivmcv tli i- 
 ill iiiiumiT ;ii ilr 
 niiTiil niliM ■lull 
 inn ainiiiintiil liy. 
 if, till' state ttilliiu 
 1 (ir vc*^i'l arrivi'l 
 
 il-(ilPl'liol\ "f -I' k. 
 
 *, to 1>(' aiipUcil 111 
 il ; ami if llur-' l"' 
 ini^siiMi wli'i -li:ill 
 iiryof llieTna-nrvl 
 •mini' whicli I- ' 
 lii.i ilcclsidii in ih«| 
 llioul ii|>(n'iil; 
 all in 110 cav iis| 
 1, iir commissi iii, 
 )te(.'ticin or advaii. 
 s of cmii;rant-. 
 liitinn or erei'd; ana 
 or ccmsi^jucp "f '^i 
 ,cct to jiiiy tlie i'"lj 
 lliollPy reiiilirril, imj 
 y this scclioii. 
 incl pay the •uiu 4 
 1 sum of 10 il<'l* 
 pen whoso tleatli IM 
 
 be recovorr'd by tli| 
 t or district ouit < 
 ch vessel may arrivi 
 icr, or coiisigiii'C raij 
 
 tho Miid monoy AuJ 
 ImiUiiior as ii' din'icl 
 
 sums rci\uirfd t.i 
 ims. (Sec. 14.) 
 aliicimltiesiinii'i- 
 
 , regulating tno > 
 
 limit vcsseb. sli:i" ' 
 viidatini; tlm^i' I'i 
 
 ■easels sbttUlH-liliill 
 lislrict court "f tl 
 I or vessels -hil 
 
 „r vessels wliitli : 
 
 iVnicrican Colnni*:!"! 
 
 siicietv of any '"■ 
 
 ill acirmlly tr,iiii« 
 
 the United l^tatM 
 
 I tlio west I'D.ist^l 
 
 to reside there. 
 
 ,,,bv, suhjccloJ 1"., 
 
 pro.-vsions re.nul.iij 
 
 in merchant vo-« 
 
 iistoms shall oMni| 
 
 ■l on its amviilati 
 
 ,rt to the Seorctarjl 
 
 sailing, the IciiRiT 
 
 , the mimbiT M 11 
 
 \laxA, their loo.l. 
 
 U,int.«. the iiiimbd 
 
 Pl,„.owh()'!ioil'i."n 
 
 u his "iii!U>"' ';' , 
 
 '■ a„v, oa taml. I 
 
 rv measure', arrari 
 
 Liosed to l'^^'"^ m 
 fiUisingtliccMnivt^ 
 
 vidtbidAct ."Imll II*!'" ulK'ft, with rpupool to 
 
 .!|. jailing Iri'Ui I">rt« in tlm IJiiiti'(l Stii(«"<, 
 
 ibe easteni sido of tliu I'ontinoiit, within M 
 
 Lfri.m the time ..f its npiircnal ; ami with rc- 
 
 ',,,lli)VCitsels sailing from ports to the IfniliMl 
 
 r't 1 i>n the wi'steni si<l<' id' tlio conliiiont, and 
 
 r m iiorts ill l''.uropo, within OO days from tlio 
 
 :''_„,■ its approval; ami with rnspiit to voss.ls 
 
 ''lilini! from I'orts in other parts of tho worl.l, 
 
 julilii Ii months from the iiino of its approval: 
 
 tol it i^ hereby made Uio duty of the .Sicrotary 
 
 •>iaie to give notice in tho ports of Kurope and 
 
 . uluro of this Act, in such tnunnor us lie ithnll 
 
 i„.„nr(iper. (See. M.) 
 
 ' iiiafrom I'lid after the time that this Act shall 
 ■ iiprfet ivitli respect, to any voss(ds, in respect 
 vu,li vessel", llie Act of JIareh •>, IMlil, enlitlea 
 
 • ta \ot regidaliiig I'asspiigor Ships anil Vessels,' 
 
 • ii. Vtef Fihniary 2-'. 1HI7, entitled ' An Act t.« 
 
 li',,,!,!,. the Carriage <d' I'assengers in .Merchant 
 
 v",»l..'llieActofMar<diL', I«I7, entitled ' An \ft 
 
 I, jnuminn Act enlitled •• An Act loregnlalc the 
 
 umaii'i'f r.assenger.-. in Merchant N'cssds," ;\nd 
 
 111 ilttorniiiie the lime when said Act .shall take 
 
 iJrtt, iho Actof .lanuaiy :!1, IHIH, entitled 'An 
 
 \ci exempting Vessels employed by the American 
 
 r.jloni^aiiim Society in transporting: Cohmred 
 
 £011.1111115 from the 'United States to the coast of 
 
 tofmni the provisions of the Act.s of Febniai-y 
 
 *; anl March 2, \M7, regulatin- the Carriage of 
 
 IVsiiiiIf" i'l Mcrehaiit. Vessels," tho Act of May 
 
 i;,l«;«,cntitled' All Act to provide for ilie N'entihi- 
 
 liln liVwcnger Vessids, and for other l'iirpo.ses,' 
 
 aiiJi;,'Aot of March ;J, 18ll», entitled ' .\ii Act to 
 
 fWaJ;." Provisions of all Jiaws now in force re- 
 
 ewt ihe(;arriagc of I'as.sengt^rs in Merchant 
 
 Vf*!-, mi the regulation thereof,' are hereby 
 
 dficil: But nothing in tlii.s Act contained 
 
 •all in anyvri.se obstruct or prevent the pro- 
 
 (Biiin, recovery, distribution or remission <if 
 
 Hv lint.-, pciialiie.s, or forfeitures wliiidi may 
 
 liv» Weil incurred in respect to such vessels 
 
 •^r 10 the day this Act goes into cdli ct, in re- 
 
 m til such" ve3.sels under the laws hereby 
 
 itpdecl. lor which purpose the said laws shall 
 
 O'Hiinuc in force. 
 
 ilutilio .Secretary of the Trensnry may, in his 
 fareliun, and upon such conditions as he shall 
 iliiiik|iroper, discontinue any such prosecution, or 
 imitiirmiiJifv .such penalties. (See. 19.) 
 Pmtiiiitr ships ill Australia. — Hy -'1 & -'J Vict. 
 li.'.iheijovernor in each of the Australian colo- 
 m may, by any proclamation to be by bin) 
 :«»Lfurnisii such rules as he shall think proper 
 fer ditimiiuing the number of jmssenj^ers to be 
 1 anied in any passenger ship from any such 
 nky to any other of her Majesty's possessions in 
 .liiiralasia, with other regulations, and proscribe 
 :tiuliiis fur infraction and non-observance of the 
 1 nies laid down. 
 
 llTiile the proclamation is in force, the rules 
 
 I laJ mctmcnts of the Passenger Act of I8o.j 
 
 I Ml not ap|ily to iutercolonial voyages. 
 
 The roiiuireraents of these proclamations shall 
 
 !»valid as law in all her Majesty's dominions, as 
 
 li'ingh tlicv formed part ot the Passenger Act 
 
 'iflsjo. 
 
 Oikisi Passenger Ships. — Our readers arc 
 |«sre that there is at present (1869), and that 
 lllerc has heenfor some considerable time pa.st, 
 liitxteiisive emigration from China to California 
 lii'l .\nstralia. This emigrathm (especially that 
 T-^u-tralia) has been principally carried "on in 
 Fi-h ships; and the abu.scs connected therewith 
 |»e ticcn such as to attract the attention id' 
 I ttlument, which has been induced, in the view 
 If pottinR them down, to enact tho following 
 
 .\<;r Kiiii TiiK l'Ki.\i.Mio\ or AutsK in 
 
 t'lllNKSK I'AHSKNOI.II Sliri'.s, ANI> THKIIl 
 
 l{|.:(iiii.,\ri<iN. IH «t 19 VuT, c. 11)1. 
 
 Clause I dedncs the terms n.sed in the Act. 
 
 Clause i authorises the Legislature of Hong 
 Kong to make regiil.itions respecting pns.senger 
 ships, providing that until ^iiili regulations hi' 
 made, those contained in the inncxedscliedule \. 
 shall bo in foriM< : provided always, (bat n<> ordi 
 iinnee shall come into operation until her .Majesty's 
 confirniatioii of the sa..ie nIiuII have boon pro- 
 claimed in Hong Kong by the governor ihercnf, 
 
 (loriiiior of lltouj Koiiif la ilictaii' I.eiiijtii nj' 
 l'i}i/iiy('}i. — It shall be lawful for the governor ol' 
 Hong Kong to declare by proidimialion, for the 
 purposes of ihi^ Act and of the s.iid regulations, 
 what shall bo deemed to be the duration (d' tlie 
 voyage of any ( 'liine.se passenger ship, and by such 
 proclamation to alter the scales of dietary, medi- 
 cines, nr.il medical comforts contained in the 
 annexed schedule A. (Sot; ;l.) 
 
 A'd C/iiiirsi' I'ttusiiii/vr .S7ii/> /() cirur out on Voi/- 
 nijtt of more llmii 7 Days williinit ^c, — No Chineso 
 pa.ssengcr ship shall clear out or jirocecd to sea on 
 any voyage of mure than 7 day.s' duration until the 
 master tbereid' have received from an emigration 
 odiccr a cii|.y of the aforesaid regulations, and ii 
 certilicat<! in tho t'orm contained in tho annexed 
 seliedule IJ., or ill such other form as 'may Im! pre- 
 .scribcd bv the Logisl.it urc, which copy and ccrtid- 
 cato, witli any (lociimcnis to be attached thereto 
 (herein designated as emigration papers), shall be 
 signed by the said emigration otlicer, nor until the. 
 master shall, with two sulTicient .sureties, to be 
 approved by the said emigration otlicer, have 
 entered into a joint and several bond in the sum 
 of 1,0(11)/. to her JIajesty, her heirs and successors, 
 in siiidi form as may be prescribed by the said 
 Legislature. (.Sec. l.) 
 
 Penult 1/ of lionil, iclicn rccorerahlc. — The said 
 penal sum of 1,009/. shall be due and recoverable 
 notwithstanding any penalty ot forfeiture imposed 
 by this Act or by the aforesaid regulations, and 
 whether such penalties or forfeitures shall have 
 been .sued for and recovered or not. (Sec. 5.) 
 
 (.'lause (> authorises the commanders of ships of 
 war itc. to search .ships, require production of 
 pajiers &c. 
 
 Pinaltij for neglect to comply with Regulations 
 iff. — In case of any neglect or refusal to comply 
 with any of the provisions of this Act or any of 
 the regulations aforesaid, or to i)erform any stipu- 
 lation in any of the contracts made with passen- 
 gers, the master of the ship and any other person 
 wlio may have been guilty of or have aided or 
 abetted such neglect or refu.sal, shall each be 
 deemed for each offence guilty of a misdemeanor. 
 (Sec. '■) . . 
 
 Ship to hf. forfeited for clearing without Emigra- 
 tion Papers ^c. — If any Chinese passenger ship 
 clears out or proceeds to sea on any voyage ex- 
 ceeding 7 days in duration without such emigra- 
 tion papers as aforesaid, or if the emigration p-ijicrs 
 of any Chinese passenger ship are forged or 
 fraudulently altered, such ship shall, if she is a 
 British ship, or if, not being a IJritish ship, the 
 olVeiice is committed and the ship is seized in 
 her Majesty's dominions, be forfeited to her Ma- 
 jesty. (Sec. .s.) 
 
 Penalties in adilition to Forfeiture. — Every per- 
 son who commits, or aids, or abets in committing 
 any act or default by which any Chinese passen- 
 ger ship may become liable to forfeiture, shall lie 
 liable to a penalty not exceeding 100/. for each 
 offence. (Sec. 9.) 
 
 The following clauses refer to the mode of 
 enforcing and niiplying forfeitures. 
 
 1^1 
 
1032 
 
 PARHRNdlCRS 
 
 I 
 
 
 I . - 
 
 ■^j 
 
 1 
 
 
 8<;ilKlllll.K A. 
 
 RbOUI.ATIOSH nKMl'K.CTIXd ClIINKnK i'AHMr.NOKII 
 Sill I'M. 
 
 iVo/r. — The wilfiil niiil friiudulcnt lirroi'h of 
 niiy of lliciin rrKiilaticiiiH liy the iicrtiiii in ili«r;;i' 
 of any CliiiirHc iniMHcii^cr Hliiji h |iiuiiHliiilil<' \n 
 forfriliin? of tlio Hliip, iiiul every prrnoii cotiiTrnril 
 in Hiicli hrunch is Imbia to a lino of 1(10/, for hiuIi 
 olVcni'c. 
 
 I. No ('liinPHO imsMeiiKcr slii|i »lm11 clciir out or 
 proccril III H<'ii on any voyii^e of more tlinn 7 
 dnyit' ilnration wiilumt n ''ertillrntit from nn 
 fnii^ration ofncor; nnd hiu^Ii cerlillcuto Nliall lie 
 in tlin annoxcti form. 
 
 II. No cmiKraiinii oflicrr Khali he hound to 
 Hivn Hiich eertilleate in renpeet of any t'liini;»e 
 paHKcn^er nhip liil 7 davH after reeeiviii;; notice 
 tinit the Hhip it) to curry pa^iwiiKern, ami of her 
 ilcHtination, ami of her propoNeil day of Hailinj,', 
 iiur unlenN there are on lioiird n xuri;eon nnd an 
 interpreter ap|)roved liy hucIi emigration olUecr. 
 
 III. After receivinj; mich notice, the emi^;riili(jn 
 ofllcor Hhall be at liberty at all tinieit to enter ami 
 iniipcct the Hhip, and tiio ntliii^H, prnviHionH, nnd 
 HtoreH therein, and any |icp*on impeding; him in 
 Hiich entry or innpeetion, or refniiinj; to allow of 
 llio Hanie, nhall he liable 'tu n line of not more 
 than 100/. for eneh ollenee. 
 
 IV. The einiKrntioii otVicer nlmll not ^ivc his 
 certilicAto iinleHH ho be Ralislicil — 
 
 (1.) That the Hhip in Hcnwinlhy, nnd properly 
 manned, ecpiipped, tilted, ami ventilated ; and 
 hns not on hoard ony enrp) likely from its 
 qnnlity, i|uantity, or mode of .stowa>;e, to pre- 
 judice the health ornafely of the p.i!<senf;erH. 
 
 (2.) That the Kpnee np|iroprialeil to the pasHen- 
 Hv.TH in the between decfsn contaiiiM at the least 12 
 Hiipcrlicial nnd 72 enhieal feet of npaec for every 
 ndnit on Iwmnl ; that u to my, for every paHsenKcr 
 above 12 years of n^e, and for every two pas- 
 sennern between tho nt^es of 1 year and 12 years. 
 
 (;l.) That n space of ^> Fniierlicial feet per adult 
 is left elear on tho upper deck for tho uxe of the 
 pasHonperH. 
 
 (•1.) That provision?, fuel, nnd water have been 
 ploecd on board, of K"od quality, properly packed, 
 and suflleicnt to nupply the pnHsengers on board 
 during; the declnred duration of the intended 
 voyaye, nccordinj? to the following scale: — 
 
 Dietary Scale. 
 
 PIT (Item 
 Rl(« • - - - • lb. 11 
 
 Halted provlsifini : 
 Wtiol); iMtrk, or I pork and ) fiih, or ) jiorb. 
 1 hml', uiul 4 li>h ■ ■ ■ 11 i 
 
 Halttfil Tt^tftablis or pii'klet • • • *. i 
 
 "'■ ... imp. qunrti ^ 
 
 Watrr 
 
 Firewood 
 
 Tt-a 
 
 t 
 
 (5.) That medicines nnd medical comforts have 
 Deen placed on Iward accordinf; to the I'uUowing 
 scale : — 
 
 For every 100 passengers, and in like propor- 
 tion for any greater or less number. 
 
 I 
 
 TalomH 
 
 Ulucvlll 
 
 KhuliArti nowdpT • 
 
 <'ompoimii Jalap powder - 
 
 Ipeoiicuiuilia powder 
 
 Opium 
 
 Dover's powder 
 
 Maicnetia 
 
 KpMim tall I 
 
 riilorideorilme 
 
 Tartar emetic • • 
 
 ^uinitic 
 
 Atttimonial powder 
 
 Kllract of coU»c>nth, compound 
 
 rartionale of anmioiiia - 
 
 AuafcEllila 
 
 Camphor - • 
 
 Camphorated liniment - 
 
 Catechu 
 
 Vrepatcit chalk • 
 
 TinctuK of opium 
 
 'Turpentine 
 
 Senna Ivavea 
 
 :ioi. 
 
 t< .. 
 
 f 1. 
 ■ 1 M 
 1< .. 
 
 « .. 
 
 K .. 
 
 K n 
 
 (ilh. 
 
 «) ,. 
 
 4 drami 
 
 a 01. 
 
 ?^;: 
 
 Mm 
 1(> » 
 •^ .1 
 V .. 
 
 » .. 
 
 '(I 
 
 llllMvrlnM I'Uiatfv 
 Nutphur, •i(ltlltM««l 
 «ilnlni*M| 
 MlMi-ril Hour 
 I'niinlry mia|i 
 
 Oil of fi«ii|»^rminl 
 
 Ailhr«ltr |tl'iUlrr, «|trr<'i 
 
 Hhiiplc nliilnirhi 
 
 Ulniiwitrin ■ iMlinrnl 
 
 •Urvriiltr'i n|it.i|r 
 
 Arnintllr tyttm i.f Imrtotinrn 
 
 rhnlrm |i(l>>> In |>li|ii| 
 
 I'uttrlM t*4*w<l*-t • 
 
 Nwtt't ft|)ir>u uriilira • 
 
 I'oiiitih* 
 
 Niilph«l« of rr)|i|>»r 
 
 I.iiitiir imifttlc • ■ 
 
 l.hitr Jiil>» 
 Kuril or lir«titly ■ 
 
 '» . 
 
 4ll,. 
 
 VI M 
 
 IKn. 
 I' .. 
 
 •JM.|.ImJ 
 
 \'i ilrjiir, 
 
 411. 
 IKiia. 
 •« „ 
 
 » ,. 
 
 • „ 
 
 i drarpt 
 
 Inhtiidmknth tic, 
 
 I Set of ampntnting ami other "•uruirnl i,Mr,j 
 ments (if there lie any pcrsun „„ l,.,| 
 competent to uxe them). ' 
 
 I One-onnce glans me.-isnre. 
 
 I Minim ninxn menHiire. 
 
 1 I'cslle mill mortar (Weilijwood). 
 
 1 Set of wei^htM and kchIcs (grainn in box) 
 
 1 Set <d' common Hpliiits. 
 
 1 Set of bleetling Inneets, 
 
 1 Silver catheter. 
 
 I Spatula. 
 
 1 Dre.'tHing HciMsors. 
 
 I Infusitiii box, 
 
 I ()iiire of country paper. 
 
 1 I'enknife. 
 
 2 Metal bed p.-ins. 
 2 Tru.sses for hernia, right niul left. 
 2 Small syringe.'*. 
 4 Ounces [ireparetl lint. 
 2 Pieces cloth for bnndn;;e.«. 
 y. The master of nny Chinese piiwcn^jfr .fc; 
 
 being a Itrilisb ship nnd procecdinjf on a viv 
 of more than 7 days' ihirnt inn, slmll.tlnrinn 
 whole of tho inteniled voyage, nijikc i.-m i 
 provinions, fuel, nnd water, ncoiirdiiif; lo tiL 
 aforesaiil ilietary scale, and sliiill not make inj 
 alteration, except for tlitt manifest advantufp] 
 the pa.'isengers, in respect of the npnce .iliutin. , 
 them as aforesaid, or in respect nf the minns J 
 ventilation, nnd shnll not ill-n.se the pas.«fii;' 
 or reipiirc them (except in case of nccwitv" 
 help in working tho vessel ; and shall iviJ 
 medicines nnd meilicnl comforts, aa .'^hiili \§ 
 requisite, to the best of his judfrmfiit, iinMa 
 call at such ports as may be nicniioiioil in i 
 emigration otlicer's clearing certificate !vj Imt 
 water and other iiccesKnrics ; and sliall fjtr 
 them without unnecessary delay to tht JcsncJ 
 tion to which they have contracted toprooecd. 
 
 Vr, The emigration oniecr shall not piu hij 
 certificate until be has mustered the pi^'tniti/ 
 nnd ascertained, to the best of his powr, tlu 
 they undcrstanil whither they m join?, an( 
 comprehend tho nature of "any nnmm 
 service which they hnvc made; lie.«h.illaLo- 
 care that n copy of the form of such cnntmrt.', 
 an abstract of their substance, sipiifil bit 
 is appended to the snid ccrtiticalc: if»o/(jij 
 passengers arc in bad health, or iii.<ii" 
 provided with clothing, or if tl'c mtntis ul 
 unfair, or if there is reason to sii.ipcct tiitfrtur 
 or violence has been practised in their Ai'iJ 
 or embarkation, ho may detain tiip ship, •'4,' 
 ho shall think fit, may order all or an/ oft 
 passengers to bo re-landed. 
 
 Scnr.nui.E B. 
 Emiqration Officer's CEHTificii! if' 
 I hereby authorise the Chinese psssetge' sluil 
 to proceed to sea for the portof 
 in and I certify that the mM »1"P '"J 
 
 legally carry adults, .inJ tin' *" ""^ 
 
 1: 
 
I'A.SSKNnKR.S 
 
 103.1 
 
 • « M 
 
 • u ,. 
 
 • u . 
 
 • 4 ll„ 
 
 • »l.. 
 
 • * ft iHrirIn 
 
 • 1 m. 
 
 • • % i^nJt 
 ■ lAn. 
 
 • l« ,. 
 
 • I 
 
 • 411.. 
 
 • Idol. 
 
 • l« ,. 
 
 • 1 .. 
 
 • I .. 
 
 • 4 drimi 
 
 • 1«T 
 
 KNTII &C. 
 
 nil other Juru'iriil 'm-'- 
 
 ic any person mi U; 
 
 icni). 
 
 isiire. 
 
 i.. 
 
 kVii!(;woiiil). 
 
 .(■.■ilea (gruiin in box). 
 
 \t*. 
 
 cts. 
 
 prr. 
 
 riglit (iiul left. 
 
 nt. 
 
 [iilncps. 
 ny Cliiiiosc p.niw'iii;tr •¥! 
 nil proeccdini; on a vi, 
 ilnratinn, slinll, diirini; M 
 
 d voynn'') "'"'>'' '■*"'"' ' 
 vfttor, ncfiinliiit; ip til 
 I, nnil slmll not nuke i 
 the manifest a(lvnnliii.'f i 
 cct of the space ailotiiil 5 
 in respect of the niwns i 
 not ill-use tl:c iiaswiis'l 
 [it in e.asc of necessity 
 
 vessel; and sWl i"! 
 _.l comforts, as shall 
 of his judKmtnt. ami slsl 
 may he mcnlioncd in ibj 
 eiirinn certificate fur I 
 
 aries ; and sliall oir 
 ssary ilelnr to the (lc«lini| 
 ve contracted to [irootei 
 fliccr shall not pvt 1 
 as mustered the pas.>cii«t^ 
 ho hest of his foftt.i' 
 ther they are piin?. snj 
 turc of "any oonsncts 
 . c made ; lio sh.ill aL-o - 
 eformnf such cfiiitn*,' 
 uhstaiice.siKnfal'.vl""* 
 id certificate: if aavBH 
 art health, or 'mSam 
 iR, or if the ciitnfl-' ' 
 •cttson tosn.!i)«tt!it.niii< 
 praclisi'd in their *|i<^ 
 
 ay detain thf ship,i 
 nay order idl orffl."!' 
 inded. 
 
 iF.nui.K B. 
 ^iceb'sCertificatbIC' 
 
 the Chinese F^^'H 
 oseafortheportof 1 
 
 ifv that the miJ ^'P 
 
 , taifd iinii«'Mf(crH, makinff in nil 
 
 adiilli', vi/. mi'M, 
 
 »*n. "'"'" •■'''''''■•'". «"<• female 
 
 yjriii I""'!! children hein^; lietween the nK<"4 of 
 
 I J i.i years: that llm Hpaco net apart and to 
 
 1 k, kfht cli:ir for tln^ use of ciieli eiui^'rantH is as 
 
 I 4J|,.«<; (hi till' upper tieck, Hiiperlhial 
 
 ,1 liiiii; l^fi ilttf'l"' ff"" »/"""'']' '""I '" 'I'"' 
 
 .,,,„ ,|,rli» Hnperllcial leet, lieiiifj 
 
 ,, iliirrilie Mr n/xicej ; tliat llio Nlii|) is 
 
 ,,,rl\ niaiiiii'd and litted, and that the means 
 
 I ,( Mniilidint,' llx- I""''' "• ''"' li'^fweeii decks 
 
 iKiti'|iri«ti'd to passengers are as IoIIowk [hrrf 
 
 liiirnb'tlir mriiHH of Knililittiim]; that the uliip 
 
 liimidiiil Willi n jiroper ((iiantily of k"'"' 
 
 ,,ii.i,ii<,l'ucl, and water for days' 
 
 .J,, 1.1 the passengers according' to tln^ • an- 
 
 I ;niJ 'litti'fy I"'"'''' "'"' '^'''^'' " projier «|iiantily 
 
 I're'ddency (iov ■rnment) Id rollrct pmi((ranls mid 
 net li>r lliein. ^.Sec, 10.) 'i'lin reniiinerulloii, lom - 
 ever, of these n^fents Is not to lie regulated liy the 
 nnmlier of emigrants wnt olV. hnl n to he in Hie 
 nature of a iKcil iiiiiinal salary. (Sec. li.) 
 
 /». WciTMi/cm.— The I'roleclor of Kiiii);ruiits, mi 
 olllcer appointed hy tho rresidency tiovemmciit, 
 Is ein|iowered (Itnt only on the apiilication of an 
 emigration a^ent of a colony) to Ikciih)' annunUy 
 as many recriiitiTS as he may think iief:esMary fiir 
 that |)arli(Milar colony ; and no person can act as ii 
 recruiter without such license, under a penally ut 
 f)(M) rupees. (Sues. 1,1, -J |, •.'.'., -Jd, and 7t».) The 
 fee for the license is III rupees. (Sec. 27.) 
 
 ti. Ucrruitiniiit and Hii/iiihilti<in of Hmiijranl*.— 
 Natives ill the country eiiKii^;iii(,' with ii"recriiitiir 
 to eini^crate are not to Iciivi' tin ir di»lriet without 
 iifipi'arinj,', with the recruiter, lieforo the mauiH- 
 
 mciliiinoi', instruments, and meilical (•omi'oits i trate ol the didricf, who iniist retjisler, in a liook 
 
 l<ir the purpose, the name and particiiliirs of the 
 emlKraiK, unless hi; llnds lliat, the emigrant does 
 not understand the nature of his eii);aKemunt, or 
 has heeii iinlnced to enter into it hv Craiiil or mis- 
 representation. The feu for re(;is"l ration is one 
 rii|)ee. A copy of this refjistrntion is to Ite f^'iven 
 to the emigrant. (Sees. "i» and ;il.) The rej{is- 
 trationot emigrants recruited in the three I'rcsi- 
 deiicy towns ot( Calcutta, Madras, and I torn hay, is 
 to Ih! cIVected under similar coiulitioiiH, liy the pro- 
 tector of emigrants, instead of by inaKistrateH. 
 (Sees. ;iO and ."II.) The emigration agent of any 
 cidoiiy may, with the consent of the protector, Ret 
 aside any contract of his rcemiter ; hut if he sets 
 it aside without siicli consent, he must pay to the 
 protector a sum suflicicnt to enable the emigrant 
 to return to the jilaco where ho was registered. 
 C.*Scc. 11.) 
 
 7. Em'KjrnlUm Season. — The emigration Beason 
 Cor steamers going anywhere, and for sailing 
 vcsseU to any place cu.v< id' thetJapeof (iood Hope, 
 is the whido year; but for sailing vessels to any 
 place west of the Capo it is contined to the periotl 
 lietween .July HI and March l(i. (Sec. 4.0.) 
 
 H. Leni/th of f'ni/affc. — The declared loiiglh of 
 voyage from Calcutta to the West IndioH is '20 
 weeks, from Madras and Hombay 10 wcek.s. To 
 Natal r_' and 10 weeks respectively. To the 
 Mauritius, from 5 to 10 weeks, according to the 
 time of the year and the Tresidency from which 
 the voyage is made. (Sec. 8.) 
 
 I). Sliif)i)in(i Arranfleiiirntx. — The vesFels rniist 
 obtain 11 license from the I'rc.iidcncy (Jovcminent 
 (sec. -iti), must have a height of not less than OJ 
 feet between decks, and must not carry more than 
 one adult for every 10 superficial feet on deck (by 
 Order of the Indian (iovernment, February 24, 
 18(18, the superficial space per adult has been in- 
 creased from 10 to \i feet), and for every cubrc 
 space of 72 feet. Every emigrant above 10 years, 
 and two children from I to 10, arc to count as one 
 adult. Women and children must occupy a dis- 
 tinct compartment from f<ie single men (sec. 47). 
 Vessels fitted with any water-distilling apparatus 
 ajiprovod by the protector of emigrants is to be 
 allowed a reduction of one-third of the quantity 
 of water (seven gallons for every emigrant for 
 each week of the computed voyage) required by 
 the Act to be shipped in tanks or casks (sec. 48). 
 Vessels sailing from Calcutta are to bo towed to 
 sea by steamers (sec. 00) under a penalty not ex- 
 ceeding 1 ,000 rupees. (Sec. 78.) 
 
 10. Governor- General may make Jtulen. — The 
 Governor-deneral is empowered to make, from 
 time to time, rules (which must be published in 
 the Gazette of India) not inconsistent with the 
 Act, on the tollowiiig subjects, viz.: 1, the pro- 
 portion of women to be taken, and the age nt 
 
 i<\\nf tu tlie 'annexed scale of medical 
 
 T-arirs; that I have iiisjH'cted the contracts 
 
 I Ifttrcn the emigrants and their intended em- 
 
 Ifliv ti (die terms of which are annexed to this 
 
 iBrtliicati), and consider them reasonable; that 
 
 111 toll appears to have been practised in 
 
 ,;,rtin^' the emigrants; and that there are on 
 
 l..iril a MifKecm f [and interpreter] apiirored by 
 
 I B'. anil ilc^iijnatcd [ respectively 
 
 mil] X [''"''* mostPr of the 
 
 |)lipnli)|int into und for water 
 
 I ind Ml ve(,'c tallies.] 
 
 (.Signed) 
 iDuetliku day of 18 . 
 
 I* Tl^w viln muit l« Ihole iimcrltwd bj Iht rtt(uIationt In 
 I Ktf.jt;( 1 
 
 I'll .Kil«*lu|> li-i« Lc" niilhorlnril to nrori-pil without an 
 I Hirrrr.r^Til thf (lart Itfiwi-eit l.rai kfl*. hiiiI hid * knil thai thf 
 |iiuv^.i>U"i,iuiliort.4tl tu |ii04-etHl without Hit inttrpreKT.') 
 I , I^< I'ln IxKKti liaukiti it to Iw Iniertnl or nul> a> tnaj tw 
 
 I tt^wriil.) 
 
 Indian Emigration Act. 
 
 Eitiipatinn from British India is regulated bv 
 ItheMan A''t of March 18, 1804, No. 13 of that 
 IteiT. 
 
 Thii Act. which eame into operation on July 1, 
 |18M, repeals and consoliilntes, with amenilmeiits, 
 |l() Ac!-, and a [lortion of another Act, passed 
 |lici«icn 1«:)',) and 18(!3, on the subject of emi- 
 pation. The fuUowing arc some of its main 
 vi-ifin,'. 
 
 I Fortsof Kinifjratlon. — Kmigration is prohi- 
 Kiri from any port of India except Calcutta, 
 Madraj, and llimibny. (Sec. 7.) 
 
 nat Labour Cmttracts, and to what Places 
 Impation, /foa/.— ("iiiitracts for labour, out of 
 idi], are declared to be unlawful, except when 
 lade under the provisions of tho Act, and for 
 'i places as the (Jovcrnor-General in council 
 • notify in the Gazette of India, in addition 
 « Mauritius, the Seychelles, Jamaica, liritish 
 puma, Trinidad, St. tucia, Grenada, St. Vincent, 
 |i. Kitt'j, Natal, and tho Danish colonv of St. 
 IioK, (Sees. 3, 4, 6, and 6.) 
 [lEmigmtinn may be prohibited. — The Govcrnor- 
 Peneral in council may, by notification in the 
 •■".•rtb of India, prohibit emigration to any 
 e to which it has been sanctioned, if he has 
 «on to believe that proper measures have not 
 M taken for the protection of emigrants, or for 
 '"'f safe return to India when they are entitled 
 > a return passage. This prohibition may, how- 
 [".mlikc manner be removed when thoGover- 
 1' satisfied that such measures have been 
 ¥cd. (Sees. 64 and 07.) 
 
 <■ imwadon ^jento.— The Govornmcuts of the 
 
 iiius places to which emigration is allowed mav 
 
 r™ ™'gration agents in Calcutta, Jfadras, 
 
 Bomhay (subject to the approval of the 
 
 ■\\ 
 
 li ', 
 
 IL 
 
 •^^ 
 
.1 
 • .ii 
 
 
 '.' 11 
 
 >:, -^ 
 
 !•■■' 
 
 "i\ 
 
 
 
 1031 
 
 l'ASSENOER.S 
 
 I-:^.*'' 
 
 ' ! f 
 
 J s 
 
 :■? I, 
 
 wliich cliililren aii! iiut to be iaki'ii ; 2, the diotnry 
 and clothing of emigrants (Hi the voyafie ; it, the 
 medical care, mcdiciuc.-i, and medical joumaly 
 &c., ot' tiie emi;;rants; I, ventilation and cleanli- 
 iiewt, and boats tor the voyaj,'e ; and ■>. the secu- 
 rity, well-beinf;, and profeetioh ^(encrally of the 
 cminrantii. 
 
 II. E-cimption <if Fieiirh ('oluiiiv.i. — With (he 
 I'xception ol' sections lit to tl, both inclusive, 
 whicli relate to the recruitment of native labour- 
 ers, the Act is not to apply to emigration to the 
 French colonic.-. (Sec. Ml!.) 
 
 Kmigration to ihe French colonies is rcfjulated 
 by sections 1!) to 11 of the Act of IhOl, and by 
 Act No. 10 of IHM, wl.icli Act was passed to 
 give elVect to two conventions entered into be- 
 tween the Knglish anil the French Ciovernmcnts, 
 dated Paris, July '-'.'), 18U<I, as regards Reunion, 
 and 'uly 1, 18("i!, as regards the West India 
 Colonies of France. 
 
 The passenger trade between Fndia and Ceylon 
 is reguhited by sections 11) to -41, both inclusive, 
 ■ if the Indian Act. No. 11! of l.>iGI, and bv the 
 Acts No. •.*") of 18')!», No. 7 of IHG.'. and l"- the 
 ■Ceylon Ordinancs, No. 1 of ISliO, .-uid No. 10 of 
 1801'. 
 
 AbslntH <;/' OiiUr in (Viiiiri/ (Jan. 7. 18G-I) for 
 ]>rtimoti>irj Orihr fiiiil Heii'.tli, ij'r, in I'assenyi'.r 
 Ships to iinij of Iter Miijfstijs Possessions 
 ahroml. (.VJ .sec. Pass, Act.) 
 
 I. Every passenger to rise at 7 a.m., unless 
 otherwise permitted by the surgeon ; or if no 
 surgeon, by the master. 
 
 'J. Iheakfast from 8 to U \.y\., dinner at 1 wsi , 
 Slipper at G v.yi. 
 
 ;!. The passengers to be in their beils at 10 i"..M.. 
 e.xcept tuulcr permission of the surgeon, or, if no 
 surgeon, of the m.ister. 
 
 •1. Fires to be lighted by the passengers' cook at 
 7 A..M..and kept aliglit by him till 7 i>.M. ; then to 
 be extinguished unless otherwise dirccteil by the 
 master, or required for the use of the sick. 
 
 ."). The master to determine the order in which 
 each passenger or family of passengers shall be 
 entitled to the use of the lires. The cook to take 
 ' ire that this order is preserved. 
 
 0. On each passenger deck three safety lamps to 
 be lit at dusk, and kept burning all night, and 
 such further nundicr as shall allow one to be 
 placed at each of the hatchways used by the 
 jiassengers. 
 
 7. No naked light between deck or in the hold to 
 ■Ijc allowcil at any time or on .any account. 
 
 8. The passengers, when dressed, to roll up their 
 iieds, to sweep the decks (including the space under 
 the bottom of the berths), and to throw the dirt 
 overboard. 
 
 0. IJreakfast not to commence till tliis is done. 
 
 10. The sweepers for the <lay to be taken in 
 rotation from the males above 11, in tin? propor- 
 tion of 5 lor every 100 passengers. 
 
 II. Duties of the swee|)ers to be to clean the 
 ladders, hospitals, round houses, and water-closets, 
 to pump water into the cisterns or tanks for the 
 supply of the water-closets, to sweep the decks 
 after every meal, and to dry Iioly- stone and scrape 
 them after breakfast. 
 
 12. But the occupant of eacli berth to sec that 
 his or her onvu berth is well brushed out; and 
 single women are to keep tlieir own compartment 
 clean in shiiis where a separate compartment is 
 .allotted to them. 
 
 i;{. The beds to bo well shaken and aired on 
 deck, and the bottom boards, if not fixtures, to be 
 removed, and dry-scrubbed and taken or. deck, at 
 least twice a week. 
 
 M. Two days in the week to be apnoiui, 1 
 the master as v^ashmg .lays, but no clams 
 any account to bo washed or dried between ,Wt/ 
 
 15. The coppers and cookin," vessels to 
 cleaned every day, and the cisttrm'kont lilJ 
 with water. ' ' 
 
 l(i. The scuttles and stern jKirts. If anv ,, 
 kept open (weather perniittini;) from 7 a ■ii -,' 
 l".M., and the hatches at all hours. ' 
 
 17. On .juuday the passengers to liriuwrJ 
 at JO A.5I., when they will be expected loanM 
 in clean and decent appanl. The day to [,' " 
 served as religiou.sly as circumstances will a'ln 
 
 18. No spirits or gunpow.l. r to be taknii] 
 board by any passenger. Any that mavh- ,i 
 covered to be taken into the custodvof th.'i.i,ii|i 
 till the ox|iiration of the vuvagc. 
 
 lit. No loose hay or str.iw'to be alloivcd bcloJ 
 
 20. No smokuig to l)e allowed bctwirii (j,-, 
 
 21. All immoral or indecent acts or ctoJuj 
 improper liberties or familiarities with ihei'J 
 passengers, blasphemous, obscene, or iniiwent Ij 
 guage, or language ■■nding to a Ijreaeli 
 |)eace, swearing, gambling, dnuikciine,*, li-hik 
 tliso.-dcrly, riotous, quarrelsiiuie, or insiiborJiiil 
 conduct, and also all deposits of lilth croflii!.! 
 acts of uncleanliness in the lietweoa deds, 
 strictly prohibited. 
 
 22. Fire-arms, swords, and other offensive wj 
 linns, .as soon as the iiassengcrs embark, to 
 placed in the custody of the master. 
 
 23. No sailors to remain on the passciis ra 
 timong the passengers, except on dutv. 
 
 21. No passenger to go to the ship's cookbi 
 without special jierniission from the niaittr.f 
 to remain in the forecastle among tiio sailors] 
 any account. 
 
 Offences at Sea Punishable in th Ciiloniii.l 
 
 Formerly ofiences at sea might, ■itider theJ 
 11 & 12 Wm. III. c. 7, be tried in anv ci)| 
 and were to be dealt with acconlin;; to'ihe 
 law, and the method and rules of the Aiiiiiirij 
 and subsc(piently (under the IG tieii. III.] 
 ol). according to the cominou course ot' tie J 
 of this realm, appli(,'able to like oli'ciiocs cJ 
 mitted on land. i!ut now, by Ih'^ h'il3\l 
 c. l)(i (1819), these otl'euces, when dealt witti 
 a colony, are to be tried according to Ik huf 
 the colony, but /jMniVierf according to tfe hv, 
 England. 
 
 The Ai!t of Victoria which was pa.-seJiaJ 
 gust 18-1'.> for the prosecution and trial inj 
 colonies of (jtfences committed within tlicjiu' 
 tion of the Admiralty, provides that all l 
 sons charged in any colony with piraoy. I'eld 
 murder, ' or other otleiice, of what nature ■.rif 
 soever,' committed ou the sea, or within the J 
 miral's jurisdicticn, may be brought to trial inl 
 same manner, according to the lawsoftliiwl^ 
 as if the otVence had been eomniilted oin 
 within the local jurisdiction o." the criuiiiialo 
 of the colony, and upon conviction sliallsufel 
 same iiunishments as they would have ten'' 
 to had the offence been committed, trieJ,.iiiil| 
 judged in 1" 'land. 
 
 VVhere death ensues in a colony from iiiiii| 
 inflicted at sea, the offence, wlicthcriiinrJfM 
 slaughter, or accessory before oralariiietirt,! 
 be denltwith in the colonyasif ithiiJlwi'f'l 
 committed there; hut iu the conver.-c ci* fJJ 
 death ensuing at sea fro:n an injur;- imiCe^ 
 the colony, the offence shad bchcM wMWil 
 wholly committed upon the sea. . 
 
 The jurisdiction of the Supreme (.■Jiirt'wJ 
 South Wales anil Tasmcinia, as cslaMt-'Mi' 
 Geo. IV. c. 83, is left intact. , 
 
 Exclusive of the statutes and rcgiilati™> i 
 
^eck to Id- ainumiit I ii 
 
 ilftys, liul no cli.iiM J 
 
 il or ilrieil bel\¥«;n ilick 
 
 cuokin;; vessels tn 
 
 the cistonw kept till^ 
 
 Mem i)i)rts, if iiiiv,!,, 
 iiittiiu;i Irom 7 a.m.:. 
 , all hniir.i. 
 asseii.ners to !«■ miutir^ 
 ivill bf oxpectf.! :ijap[]« 
 larcl. The diiy tu hf 
 
 circunistaiiccs wiUulm 
 mpowili r 111 lie taken J 
 r. Any tUat may \< 
 ) tlu' custoily of the laoitl 
 10 voyage, 
 straw to he alliiwcil lnJoJ 
 ic allowed bctweiii d'v'»^ 
 
 inilecciit. aets ur cmJul 
 irniliarities with the limi 
 i:i, obscciio, or imiireiii !4 
 I'lidiii^' to a Ijrcacli 
 iliuir, ilnmkwmoiis, \)A\\i 
 arrelsotne, or insul)iirJii;|| 
 deposit ■( of liltli or i)ii'ci!-i 
 
 ill the betwetii dti'ks, ( 
 
 Js, and otlicr offensive itJ 
 passengers embark, tif 
 of iIk' master. I 
 
 main on the passen;, t M 
 ,, except on duty. I 
 go to the ship's cuoklioJ 
 ission from the raaiier.l 
 castle among the sailors! 
 
 •iinishable in th: CuMu. j 
 at sea might, •.imler tho^ 
 ?, "i, be tried in any t ' 
 with aeeordin;; lo the ( 
 and rules of the AilmiwI 
 under the IG tieo. IIl.l 
 common course uf the I 
 eable to like otl'cnoe!^ 
 it now, by the l-'^'''',- 
 itYeiices, when Jealt «-ita| 
 •(('(/ according to tho liC 
 •fhal according to the Iffl 
 
 ■ia which was passed in i 
 iirosccution and trial iii| 
 lommittcd within the juni 
 iltv, provides that all I 
 V colony with piracy idd 
 ieiicc, of what nature or II 
 ,n the sea, or within tlie J 
 mav be brought to trial laj 
 ing to the laws of the i^ 
 Il been committed onw»i 
 sdictiono: the criminal^ 
 ,ou conviction shalbuif«| 
 s they would have to 
 ;en committed, tne>!,i«J 
 
 Ls in a colony from ^«j 
 l,ircnce,whctherin«'«.1 
 ty before or afw»>e*J 
 
 VcolonvasifithaJl'fS 
 litintheconver.oc.Kl 
 la from an injur;- 1*^ 
 rce shad beheld tota«l! 
 ■ nonthcsca. ,j 
 
 ItheSuprmiel-^; 
 Tasmania, as c^iaW*' 
 
 ttiSan^l^'S^*' 
 
 PAs.sroi{T 
 
 to w liicli tlii'v may not 1 Ollioc, Krancis 1!. Alston, 
 
 I ffittrtd to, atiil 1" '■' 
 
 il the relation betwoen inaaters of ships ami 
 
 Es 
 
 1031 
 Postage stamp- 
 
 'iU'Ws is .governed by the 
 L.;.„n,. law. 'Whatever, say; 
 
 of 
 
 I juntiin' 
 
 will 111)1 lie received in p.aymcnt. 
 
 ;i. Korcigii Ollice passports are granted only to 
 Hritish-born subjects, or to such foreigners as 
 have become naturalised cither by Act of I'arlia- 
 iiiont or by u (■(•rtflicatc of nntiiialisation granted 
 by tb(! Sei'rctary of .Slate for the Home Dcparl- 
 iiient. When tiie party is a ' naturalised Urili.-b 
 I .wtf 1 to obey him, but id' those also wlunn j subject,' he will be so designated in his p.iHsport : 
 
 ..jj nvcfssi 
 
 general rule 
 Lord 'IVnterden, 
 security nl' the, veisel, 
 sal'etv of all cm 
 
 ■isarv for th 
 Itofcdplii-.cof tbeerew the . 
 
 I tar! ilie master may lawtully reiiuire, not only 
 I ' ' t''Y -hip's ciiiiipany who have expres.sly 
 
 " ' (d' " 
 
 II ha* cii-'iif-''''' '" ''•'"■'T '" 'iK'i'' destination on and if his eertilicatc of naturalisation be dated 
 •iiilieii enndiiion of their Mibiiiissidii lo his subseiiueiitly to August 21, 18.")0, and ])revioiisly 
 
 / ' l.mf of Slui>piiiJ. part ii. c. X, p. \W, to August 1, l.s.^M, his passport will bo marked :is 
 
 Ifcr 
 
 IS.Vl.) Hence in certain cases, such gooil (or one year only ; or should the certilical'' 
 ,,f imiiiinent peril, frimi whatever cause be cl.iied subsequently to August 1. 18,;H, his pas-s- 
 iiasscngeis are to be considerecl as a i port Avill in that case be marked as good for six 
 1' the crew, and may bo called upon to ' months only, except in cases where a, license 
 
 for a longer peiiod of residence abroad has been 
 
 IliKll!'. 
 Ill t"«i've 
 
 ,.,. . nL.,-.,:;..., ...^ to be considerecl as a 
 
 foi'iite by their exertions to the safety of the 
 
 jkii and c.irgo. And in the event of their j 
 
 jfa.jn.' sn to .act, they make tlienisidves , 
 
 UKnaM" t» such reasonabje punishment as the 
 
 m:iv choose to intliet. A pnssenirer is 
 
 r, bound to remain on board ship in 
 
 ikir't' lianger. but may ipiit it if be li;ive Mx 
 
 «,fl!imty; and lo' is not 'required to take upon ^ 
 
 iiiiv responsibility as to the romhict of i 
 
 llifiljj!. If he incur any responsibility, and, 
 
 L'm.1 extiaoriliiiary service^ in relieving a 
 
 'v»l indislP'ss. he 'is entitled to a correspond- 
 
 liK naanl Th^ goods of passengers contribute 
 
 'iwral average; and their conduct should in 
 
 jllciv- ' ■ sc'-li as may be consistent with the 
 
 gf.idiri.! and disciplino of the ship. They are 
 
 nott'j-; 1 had example to the crew, or excite a 
 
 ifiri; i;::i>iiboriiinalion, but to assist in maiii- 
 
 taiiim the just and proper authority of the 
 
 jtuptai The latter, however, in repressing 
 
 folttand imiiroper conduct on the part of 
 
 piwDKtN sliouhl act with much circumspecliou, 
 
 ' exncise his authority wilhin the limits 
 
 fiN by the exigencies of the case. His I 
 
 ■iainrefjard to passengers is always viewed 
 
 iiith on-iJcrable jealousy; and though the 
 
 iQitvMaw will support him in the exercise of 
 
 isaiit'r.irity when circumstances reipiire it, they 
 
 ill UK ,0 beyond wh.at is neces.sary ; inuch less 
 
 ipport Bini in any w.inton or oppressive exorcise 
 
 lis authority, (Tenterdcn, in loco cit. ; Holt's 
 
 iVanj.i/iwi /,(»cs, '2nd ed. p. •I'i.'j itc.) 
 
 PASSPOlif (I"r, and tier., passeport; Ital. 
 
 saforta; Spanish, pasaporte). The use of pass- 
 
 itfcor safe-cnnducts is of great antiipiity, and 
 
 » ilabt originated during periods of war and 
 
 itiltnniraotion. , 
 
 Initsmndnm acceptation a passjiort is a docii- 
 wii'iii«>d by the Foreign Minister of any State, 
 lae-tiii!; that the holder may receive at the 
 ijlsi'fl'oriign Powers such 'a.ssistance and pro- 
 ii«n' as he may reipiire, during his travels in 
 leir territories, 
 
 lijto United States of America and in Eng- 
 iJit'ct internal passport system has no existence ; 
 It a the Continent, though now (18(1,1) much 
 Miiied, it w.as, until recentlv, ))eculiarlv strict 
 nirconvenicnt. Annexed are our Foreign OtHce 
 i"ns respecting passports, 
 filieations for Foreign Office passport.s must 
 in*i" in writing, and inclosed in a cover ad- 
 ;M to 'The Chief Clerk, Foreign OtHce, Lon- 
 "Kh the word 'PAssPoitr' coiuspicuouslv 
 itltn on the cover. 
 
 I'e charge on the issue of a passport, what- 
 irnnniber of persons may be named in it, is •_>,«, ; 
 ' It IS desired that the passport should be 
 '"■post, that sum must be forwarded with 
 "I'Plicition for the passport by a post-office 
 «■ made payable at the post office. Charing 
 ~' London, to the chief clerk of the Foreign 
 
 granted by the Secretary uf Static for the Home 
 Uepartment : but this regulation will not preclude 
 any person w Imni it allocts from obtaining at the 
 I'oreigii Ollice, at any future time, on his pro- 
 dnciiig his old passport, a fresh passport in ex- 
 change for il for a further limited period, without 
 being reipiired t • ;..'.y a fresh charge. A Foreign 
 Oliice passport giiinted to .i Hritish-born snbjecl 
 or lo a 'naturalised Itritish subject' who has been 
 naturalised by Act of Parliament, or whose cer- 
 tilic.ite of naturalisation is dated previously to 
 August 'J 1, 1850, is not limited in poiirt of time, 
 but is available for any time, or for any number 
 of journeys to the Continent. 
 
 •1. Passports are granted to all persons either 
 known to the Secretary of State or recommended 
 to him by some person who is known to him; or 
 u]ion the application of any Jiankiny Firm esta- 
 blished in London or in any part of the United 
 Kingd(mr ; or upon the production of a Cirfijiciitc 
 of hl-ntity signed by any mayor, magistrate, jus- 
 tice of the peace, minister of religion, physician, 
 surgeon, solicitor, or notary, resident in the United 
 Kingdom. 
 
 ."). If the applicant for a i)assport be a natural- 
 ised Hritish subject, his certificate of naturalisa- 
 tion, with his signature subscribed to the oath 
 printed on the third page of it, must be forwarded 
 to the Foreign Office with the certili 'tte of identity 
 granted on his behalf; and his certificate of nii- 
 tiiralisation will be returned with the passport to 
 the person wdio may have granted the certilicate 
 of identity, in order that he may cause such na- 
 turalised Pi'tish subject to sign the passport in 
 his presence. The agents at the outports are 
 not authorised to grant passports to naturalised 
 British subjects; and such persons, if resident in 
 London or in the suburbs, should apply ;)erson«//// 
 for their passports au the Foreign OlHce. 
 
 (1. Passports are issued at the F'oreign Oflicc 
 between the hours of 1 1 and t on the day follow- 
 ing that on which the application for the passport, 
 has been received at the Foreign OIHce; but the 
 pa; -sports will be issued at the outports imme- 
 diait ly on application, accompanied by the pro- 
 diK'tion of a certilicate of identity, within such 
 hours as may ho fixed with regard to the con- 
 venience of per.sons desirous of embarking for the 
 Continent. 
 
 7. A passport cannot bo sent by the Foreign 
 Ollice, or by an agent at an oufport, to a person 
 already abro.ad : such perstm, being a Uritish-boni 
 subject, should apply for one to the nearest British 
 mission or consulate. A passport cannot be issued 
 abroad to a naturalised British subject except .for 
 n direct journey to F^ngland, or in the case of a 
 colonial naturalised subject for a journey back to 
 the colony where he has been naturalised. 'Keitlier 
 can a passport granted at the Foreign Office to 
 a naturalised British subject for a limited period 
 
 i *-.r 
 
- IJi i 
 
 I ' 
 
 :. - ; '^: " 
 
 I 
 
 '! I 
 
 103C 
 
 TASSrORT 
 
 lie renewed by her Majesty's diplomatic or onii- 
 ^ulnr iigents in foreign countries; but only at 
 the Foreign Office. 
 
 H. 'I'lie bearer of every passport granted by tlir 
 Foreign Ollicc sliodld sign bis passport as soon 
 i.s be receives it; without such signature, eitlier 
 the visa may be refused, or tbe validity of ibe 
 passport questioned al)road. Travellers about to 
 proceed to Russia, Turkey, and I'ortugal can Iiavo 
 their paasports vine at the under-mentioned ])laci"< 
 lespcctively : for Uussia, at the Kussian consulale, 
 H'2 (ircat Winchester street; for Turkey, at the 
 Turkish embassy, 1 Uryanston square ; and for 
 I'ortugal, at the I'ortugueso consulate, o ,(etViey"s 
 square. Travellers about to proceed to Austria, 
 Havaria, Belgium, Denmark, The Netherlands, 
 France, Italy, I'russia, Saxony, Spain, Sweden 
 and Nonvay, or Wurleniberg, need not obtain Ibe 
 visa of the diplomatic or consular agents of those 
 countries respectively resident in the United 
 Kingdom. 
 
 N.B. — Travellers who may have any intention 
 of visiting the Kussian empire at any tin.e in 
 the course of their travels, are particularly and 
 earnestly advised not to quit Kiiglan.l without 
 having had their jiassports iwW at the Kussian 
 consulate in London. 
 
 Model form of Certificate of Idintit;/ to lie wiUtiii 
 out in full, siyncd and sealed by llic rrson yiviitij 
 it ; and also by tiic persoti in whose behalf it in 
 granted, 
 
 (Date of Placi?, and Day of Month.) 
 
 The undersigned, Mayor of 'Magistrate, Justice 
 of the Peace, Minister, l^hi/sic'in. Surgeon, So- 
 licitor or Notary, as the case may be), 
 residing at 
 
 hereby certifles that A. B. (^Christian and surname 
 to be written at length), wiiose signature is written 
 
 „t r «i. ■„ a British subject, , 
 
 at foot, IS-- — ,. J^r aiidrc- 
 
 a naturalised British suojecr. 
 
 quires a passport to enable him *'LP«'™<i'iJ" . 
 
 to travel on the 
 
 (accompanied, as the case mag be, by his 
 
 Continent 
 
 in/e and children, with their ^r.tor, named C. D. 
 
 (Christian and surname to be writteti at length), 
 
 a British subject, , 
 
 ; — •'-_ . r-j j-. — tnci governess, 
 
 a litituralised British subject, 
 
 and maid servant [or servants!, and 
 
 man servant [^or .'icrvants'\. named K.F.,a British 
 
 subject \^or tubji-.tts'], and a courier, nan,ed C II., 
 
 a naturalised British subject), 
 
 (Sigiieil) 
 
 (With the usual signature.) 
 (Seal.) 
 Signature of the above-named 
 
 Fortgn Office, December 18C7. 
 
 'J'here are Foreign Office passport agents at Bath, 
 Belfast, Birmingham, Dover, Dublin, Folkestone, 
 ( Jreat Grimsby, Harwich, Hull, T>iverpool, London- 
 derry, Lowestoft, Manchester, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
 iVewhavcn, Queenstown (Cork), Southampton, 
 Swansea, and Weymouth, 
 
 The impolicy of the passport system, as imped- 
 ing the free intercourse of nations for commercial 
 and other purposes, is self-evident, and its aboli- 
 tion would be a great advantage. It is proverbial 
 that those alone of deservedly tuspicious character 
 liavc their passports invariably en regie. 
 
 The passport duty was reduced in 1858 from 5s. 
 to Cd. 
 
 PATENT. A privilege from the Crown 
 granted by letters patent (whence the name), 
 conveying to the individual or individuals 
 
 PATENT 
 specified therein the sole right to maW i,«, i 
 dispose of some new invention or discovc'n- T 
 certain specified period. 
 
 ■riie power to grant patents srnns to ovi , J 
 common law ; but it is limitf.l aii.l (kiim.ll.v 
 famous statute 21 Jas. I. c. 3, which cn.i.i, .Th, 
 any declaratiou before nientionoii 'hall li.ti 
 tend to any letters patent and pranis of riJ 
 logo for tlie term of 11 years or luulcr, tli.r« 3 
 to be made, of the sole working or m'.kinj 
 any manner of new inaniifacttires wiiVi iJ 
 realm, to the true and first inventor ami im'J 
 of such manufactures, which others at the timel 
 making such letters patent and grants -yi 
 use, so as also they be not contrarv to tii,, i 
 nor mischievous to the Slate, bv rai'sini; i)ric«l 
 commodities at borne, or hurt ("jf trade I'r oJ 
 rally incoiiveuieut. 'I'lie said 1} vf.,i,s H 
 accounted Aom the ilatc of the lirst Ic'ttcM ,J 
 or grant of sueb privilege thereafter to he i 1 
 but that the same shall bo of such force asj 
 should be if that Act had never been raallea 
 none other.' ' 
 
 I'oliey of Putcnts.—TUc law with respect I 
 fiatents is unavoidably encunihcreil wiih „.vJ 
 difficulties. Tlie expediency of pi.intiii;' laiJ 
 has been disputed; though, as it would ^J 
 withtfut suilicient leison. Were they rffuil 
 the iiiduccmeiit to inaUe discoveries would,| 
 mary cases, be very much weakened; at i 
 ^•ime time that it would plainly he for the ii,[4 
 (if every one who made a discovery to cndoavl 
 if possible, to cou' :u if. And notwiihstanl 
 the difficulties in ih.:- way of cnnccalraom, 
 are not insuperable ; and it is believed L 
 several iinpi>rtairt inventions have been lost, f| 
 ibe uH-rct (lying with their autbo,,-;. (JnJ 
 ot , f band, it is not easy to decide as to the 
 for which the pnteuf, or exclusive priiild 
 should be granted. Some have pro|ioscd tbJ 
 sbouM b^^ made |)ri|K'tual ; hut tliis woidj I 
 very great obstacle to ihc jiroyres:; of impnl 
 ment, .ind would lead to the nio.it i^rnicl 
 rcsr.lts. Perhaps the term of 1 4 years, to if j 
 the duration of a p.itcnt is limitcf in i:n.''inl 
 as i)roper a one as (Miuld be .siiu:j,'e.«ted. It ..,al 
 too short for some inventions, and too lonjl 
 others ; but, on the whole, it scorns a |ifctl/l 
 average. 
 
 Speeijication, — Previously to tliereijjn I'l t 
 Anne, it was customary to grant patents will 
 any condition, except that they "iiould bel 
 really new inventions. B'.it a conditicm w,is iT 
 introduced into all patents, and is still rrtaij 
 declaring that if the inventor did not, 1 
 instrument under his hand and seal, denomia 
 a specdicition, particularly describe and aso 
 the nature of his invention, ami in what nn< 
 the same is to be performed, and also uiuifj 
 same to be cnrollc(i in Chancer)- within a cer 
 lime (generally a month), the letters [iateiit,J 
 all liberties and advantages whatever i' 
 granted, should utterly cease and become i 
 This was a very judicious regulation, Usea 
 the invention from being lost; and theOT 
 the patent expired, every one was in a siiiij 
 to profit by it. The deliverance of the spr 
 cation is now made precedent to grantinjj 
 letters patent ; and they will not bt graiiieil| 
 less it be distinct and explicit. 
 
 Letters patent were formerly oblainw 
 petition and affidavit to the Ctom. -fli"? ' 
 that the petitioner had, after peat law?'! 
 expense, made a tcrtaiu discover)', wiciH 
 believed, would be of great public mm)' ; 
 that he was the first inventor. The 1«'""J" ' 
 then referred to the Attornoy and N'H'-'I 
 
 }-| 
 
CENT 
 
 le right to make, u<f,« 
 mention or discoven-. I J 
 
 patrnts scorns to exist J 
 limited ami dolliuii bv 
 i. c. 'i, wliich cnai'is, 'l 
 
 iiicntionflil .'■liall w; 
 t(Mlt and pr.ilits ot ;ni| 
 i years (ir iukIit, Ih-nm 
 )U; W(irl<iiig or miikini; ( 
 maniifacluri'3 witlua iJ 
 first iuvcntur iiml iuviiiU 
 which others at tlii' limel 
 [itciit and graiiK .-hall i 
 10 not contrury tn tlu' \i 
 ! !>tal(', hy raisini; imcpsl 
 
 or hurt of trade, ur pti 
 'I'lic said 14 vf.'irs toj 
 te of the lirst Ic'ttiri i .iJ 
 lc;,'0 tiicrcaftcr to l;e i„:,J 
 ill bo of such force as .i| 
 t had never licen made, i 
 
 —The law willi resject 
 ly eiK'umhcred with >. 
 )edioiicy of pi,inliii;' jiinL 
 though, na it wouW sei 
 "ison. Were they tofuJ 
 iiiaUe discoveries \vouiJ,J 
 V much weakened; at . 
 iihl plainly he for the iiitd 
 .lie a discovery to cndeavl 
 ai it. And notwithslanf 
 le wav of concealraenl, t 
 ; anil it is bclieveil 
 vcniions have been tei 
 ,ith their autlio s. On | 
 easy to decide as to the t 
 ent, or exclusive prinli 
 Somo have proiiosed tbl 
 pctual; but this would r 
 tu the iiro^jrcss of iuira 
 lead to the mo.it peraid 
 [ic term of 14 years, to itlj 
 itont is Iniiitiii iu Up 
 luld be sn.i.ijested. It u.<i 
 inventions, and too long! 
 whole, it seems a prettyl 
 
 eviouslytotherciijnuiQj 
 fiiry to grant patents will 
 tnt that they "'iiould liej 
 Jii3. IV.itaconditiiinwasf 
 |])atent8, and is stiU 'm 
 Ihe ipvcntor did not, W 
 Is hand and seal, denomm^ 
 Icularly describe and asca 
 Ivcntion, and in wlal m^ 
 lerformed, and also causel 
 lin Chancer^•wltllmatfl■ 
 
 lonth), tlie le"«" '""'"J 
 Ivaiitages wlmttver tn^ 
 Xrly cea.sc and become i 
 Kcious regulation. I' «" 
 Ibcing lost; »nd the H 
 pverv one was m a siio^ 
 fe deliv-'rance of tie s 
 
 precedent 
 
 I; preccoeni i" s'" ,SI 
 Ihcy will Mt ^ fe"^''^| 
 
 tr^'fometly obtained 
 
 Ito theCro«".!<iW' 
 
 [h^l after P«'*«J 
 
 Lertaiu '• !»";>;"' ',,;:^. 
 loftrrcat public "'"'.>' 
 
 I. ^ .;, The iumi"" ' 
 Vuventor. '» " >;„iicf 
 
 lie Attorney a'-' '- 
 
 „ jjl ft-iii) were sopnratiiy nttended by the 
 Si an''"" competitors, if there were any. 
 
 \t't "lis f"'""^ ""*'' ''"" ^^''•'' "* ^'^^y cluni.sy 
 „i inconvenient mode of procoediuf,'; uiid after 
 jtina-.'V abortive attcmptH at le;;islalion, it 
 lu^MOtcJ in 1*''-. ''V the ratont f,aw Ainend- 
 lMt,Ut,theli>& lO'Virt. e. «.!, that the Lord 
 tatllo'r,tlic Master of the UoUs, the Altoriioy- 
 c^>n\ mid the Solicitor-Ucnoral fur Kn{;biiul, 
 
 Itoetal and the 
 
 Ifc Lnrd Advocate and tb(^ Solicitor-dciicral for 
 IsitlW, a'"'' ''"' Attonioy-Ueucral and the 
 ISiiidtor-Ucneral for Ireland for the time beiiif,'. 
 Ifiih such persoiLS a.s may fronn time to time be 
 liwiiiite'l by her Majesty, should be conimi.s- 
 Ktm of patents for inventions. The vice of the 
 IliM system had been that the law ollicerH of 
 IiIkCmwii were the sole judges of what patents 
 litiA or should not be granted. But, whatever 
 lilitir ability as lawyers, these gentlemen might 
 Li'uivc the scicntilic or peculiar knowledge ro- 
 Inireii III decide in numerous patent cases ; and 
 Ift-li kin" the authority under which patents 
 ■we panted, we need not wonder at the nuni- 
 ifficltlicm which were overthrown. Now, how- 
 a parties distinguished for their scientilic 
 irnuer' may be named commissiimers of 
 MU; aiid it may fairly be presumed that 
 upionswill have considerable influence in 
 (Jinj whether they should or should not be 
 
 IWikiifofplyingfur Patents. — Pcrsonj apply- 
 ig foi letters patent present petitions to the 
 ^juiffiisiioMrs, accompanied by a declaration and 
 I ptoTisionil specification. 'I'hc object of the 
 itler ii u state distinctly tiic nature of the 
 jnrentioii: and if properly made, it secures the 
 preilir ia his invention for a period of 6 months, 
 ilia te may proceed to ajiply for and take out 
 etiEK patdiit. The application for the letters 
 iB-tle advertised in the Gazette. Parties who 
 eiheyhnvc i right to object to the letters 
 (Jlent being issued, may then, if they think lit, 
 tometOTard; and their objections being hoard 
 liddeciiel upon, the letters are either granted or 
 [efasfti. The peculiar forms to be observed, and 
 e routine to be followed on applications of this 
 L msr be learned from the compendious tre.i- 
 scf litbstcr and Norm.in on.tho new patent law. 
 [ Fonnerly letters patent had to be separately 
 iken cut for England, Scidland, and Ireland. 
 |!ow, liiwevcr, the same patent serves for the 
 ibole United Kingdom, and the expenses have 
 •etpeaily diminished. 
 
 [CiKiilj used formerly to be lodged at the 
 
 TOj of the Attorney-General and the Solicitor- 
 
 (leral, describing inventions in general terms, 
 
 i requiring notice to be given to the person 
 
 litehnj; the caveat, when ipplication was made 
 
 Vapatentfor a like invention ; but this practice 
 
 1! been abolished, and caveats are no longer 
 
 *ed ;o be lodged. Those who mean to con- 
 
 « patents, or who are afraid of the encroach- 
 
 piJ of others, must, consequently, keep a 
 
 tthful eye upon the notices in the 'Gazette, as 
 
 f(.v afford the only information in regard to the 
 
 uns made for patents. 
 
 I Cmral Cmdiliom as tn Patents.— The mn-elty 
 
 Til "Wi'jj of the invention are essential to the 
 
 ptyof a patent; if it can be shown to have 
 
 piJ use previously to the grant of the patent, 
 
 r« be of no utility, it wiU be void. It must 
 
 T be for something vendible — something 
 
 penal and useful made bv the hands of man.' 
 
 W Kenyon, 8 T. R. Qi).) A philosophical 
 
 W" only, neither organised, nor capable of 
 
 K'''"" found for a patent ; because it is 
 
 P'emeot and rudiment of science, and which. 
 
 TATIINT 1007 
 
 till applied to some new production from tbcie 
 elements, cannot, with justice to other invenlor.s, 
 benpplie<l to the exclusive use of any oneof tbcin. 
 In all p.'itents there is required, in the words of 
 Lord Tciiterden, ' something of a corporeal or sub- 
 stantial nature, something that can be made by 
 man from tlie matters subjected to his art nnil 
 .skill, or at the least, some new mode of employinij 
 practically his art and skill.' (Godson On the Law 
 of Patents, p. HI.) Previously to Lord Teiiterdcn, 
 it had been ruled that n new process or method 
 was not the subject of a patent. But his lordshiji 
 having suggested that ' the word manufacture (in 
 the statute) may, perhaps, extend to a newprocess 
 to be carried on by known implements, or ele- 
 ments acting upon known substances, and ulti- 
 mately producing some other known substance ic' 
 ((iodson, p. 8,'t), this principle of interpretation 
 has now been ndojited. 
 
 A patent for a machine, each part of ■which 
 was iu use before, but in which the combination of 
 the difTercnt parts is new, and a new result is 
 obtained, is valid. 15ut, in order to its being 
 valid, the specilication must clearly express that 
 it is in resjiect of such new combination or appli- 
 cation, find of that only; and not lay claim to 
 original invention in the use of the materials. 
 
 A patent may be granted for an addition to an 
 old invention. But the patent must be confined 
 to the addition or improvement, that the public 
 may purchase it without being encumbered with 
 other things. If the patent include the whole, it 
 will be void; for the property in the addition or 
 improvement can give no right to the thing that 
 has been improved. (Godson, p. 71.) 
 
 A valid patent may be obtamcd for an inven- 
 tion ' new in this reidm,' though it may liRVC bccu 
 previously practised in a foreign country. 
 
 A patent is void, if it be for several distinct 
 inventions, and any one of them fail of originality. 
 
 The specilication must be prepared with great 
 care. It should set forth the invention fully and 
 correctly. The terms used must be clear and 
 unambiguous; no necessary description must be 
 omitted nor what is unnecessary be introduced ; 
 and the invention must be described in the best 
 and mist improved state known to the inventor. 
 If any one of these conditions be not complied 
 with, the patent will bo void. Any inaccurate or 
 defective statement, were it even inserted through 
 inadvertency, will vitiate the whole. 
 
 An injunction may be obtained for the infringe- 
 ment of a p.-iteuL, i:! the same wa^ as for a viola- 
 tion of Jie Copyright A cts. 
 
 P.-cents hav'j been sometimes extended by Act 
 of Parliament beyond the term of 14 years, on the 
 grounii that the term was too short properly to 
 re'vard the inventor. 
 
 We subjoin the forms referriid to in the Patent 
 Act, the 15 & IC Vict. c. 83. 
 
 No. 
 
 Petitioj,. 
 To i!;o Queen's most excellent Majesty. 
 
 The humble petition of [Acre insert name and 
 address of petitioner'] for Ac. 
 
 Sheweth — That your petitioner is in possession 
 of an ijivention for 
 
 [<//e title of the invention. ] 
 which invention be believes will be of great 
 public utility ; that he is the true and first inven- 
 tor tlirrcof ; and that the siime is not in use by 
 any other person or .persons, to the best of Ids 
 knowledge and belief. 
 
 Your petitioner therefore humbly prays that 
 your Majesty will be pleased to grant unto him, 
 bis executors, administrators, and assigns, your 
 
...r;' 
 
 ;. :>;. 
 
 
 •! 
 
 »• i'!- •■■ 
 
 1038 
 
 PATENT 
 
 nnal letters patent for the United Kingdom of 
 (Ircnt IJrltnin and Ireland, the Channel I»landH, 
 and Isle of Man [^cohmics to In- ii'i'iitioned, if any ], 
 liir the term of fourteen years, pnrrtuant to the 
 Hiatutea in tliat ease made ami provided. 
 And your petitioner will ever pray &c. 
 
 No. 
 
 Declaiiation. 
 I of in the county of 
 
 do .solemnly and sincerely declare, 
 Tliat I am in po.s.se.saion of an invention for ito. 
 
 [</ir iitlt' (IS In petition.^ 
 which inrention I believe will lie of great public 
 utility; that I am the true and first invc^ntor 
 thereof; and that the .same is not in use by any 
 1)1 her person or jiersons, to the best of my know- 
 K'dj:e antl belief [^ichvrc a cuniplde spivijicniion 
 is fi) lie filed with the jivtition iind ileclarittion, insirt 
 llime words: — 'and that the instrument in wrilin^ 
 under my hand and seal, hercinito annexed, par- 
 ticularly describes and aseerlains tlie nature of 
 the said invention and the manner in which the 
 same 1.1 to be performed']; and 1 nial^e this 
 declaration conscienti(msly udievin^' the same to 
 be true, and by virtue of the jirovisions of an Act 
 made and passed in the session of rarli.inient 
 held in the fifth and sixth years of the reign of 
 his late Majesty King William IV., intituled ' An 
 Act to repeal an Act of the present Session of 
 rarliament, intituled ''An Act for the more 
 etfectual abolition of Oaths and Aflirmationstai;en 
 and made in various Departments of the State, 
 .'Uid to substitute Declarations in lieu tliereof, and 
 for the more entire Sujjpression of voluntary and 
 extra-judicial Oaths and Aifidavits," and to make 
 other Provisions for the Abolition of unnecessary 
 Oaths.' A.n. 
 
 Declared at this day of 
 
 A.n. before me, 
 
 A Master in Chanccrj', or Justice of the Peace. 
 
 No. 
 
 Provisional Specification. 
 I do hereby declare the nature 
 
 of the said invention for 
 
 [^insert title as in petition.^ 
 to be as follows 
 
 [/lere insert description.^ 
 Dated this day of a.d. 
 
 (To be signed by applicant or his agent.) 
 Kefekenck. 
 (To be endorsed on the Petition.) 
 Her Majesty is pleased to refer this petition to 
 to consider what may be properly 
 done therein. 
 
 , Clerk of the Commissioners 
 
 PATRAS 
 protected [«r protected ] from the i 
 
 A.I.. '"'','''■''"''"'•'• of th.,i,JL 
 
 I hat It aripears that tlie sii.l apnlic,,, i, " "S 
 
 duly advertised. "PP'icatu.n ,tii 
 
 I'pon ((.iisideration of all tlic matters af„r,.<,iJ 
 and as it is entirely at II,.. l,;,zanl (,f il, ' 
 petitioner whether ilie said invention i, n™, 
 will have the desired success, .nnd a< it i 
 reasonable for her Majestv t« cncnurie'c iif,! 
 and inventions wliirh mav he I'nr ilic puU,. 
 I am of opiMiMi : that her Majesiv mav mmhi 
 royal letters patiiit unto the ' petitic^n 
 executors, iidministraturs, and assimn i 
 said invention within tlie Inited Kin' m ,. 
 (ireat liritain and Ireland, the ('littiiii,ri«'a',J 
 and Isle of Man [™/oh,c.s to be mentioned ,V „ J 
 tor tlie term of fourteen years, according' r 
 slalule in lliat case made and providid if 
 Majesty shall lie gracioiislv pleased so to dol 
 the tenor and ellcet I'uliowiiig : viz. ;— 
 
 (Jiven undi r my hand, this 
 
 A. 11. 
 
 Seal of the Commissioners. 
 
 The letters patent are then issued. 
 
 The schedule of fees charged on applviiisj 
 or taking out letters patent, in the 15 a"ii;v| 
 e. 83, has been rejiealed, and (he iull„ivi 
 stamp duties have been imposed in their Ad 
 IG it 17 Vict. c. 5. 
 
 Miediilc of Stamp Diifits. 
 
 •f 1 1 
 
 OnpMiiion f,ir (;rimlf)rii.t((Tsp.ilem ■ - .„ 
 
 On ciTtiliL-.itc of record of iioUlo to urucccd . ■ n 
 
 (In w.irraiit oftriw oflii'cr torletlersiiatviit . ,< 
 
 (In tlie MMlInK or letlen patent - . . ■, « 
 
 (In specilic.ilion . . . ; jj 
 (In tlie letters |i .tent, or a durilicate ttimoMffort 
 
 tlie ii|Mriiliuniil'thethira year . .ao 
 
 On the letters patent, or a duplic.te llierrof, btfort 
 
 the expirati.in of the seventh year 
 On certilicateof rccird of notes of objection 
 ( In certificate of every scar, h and inipertion 
 ( In cerliticate of entry of assignment or license . 
 On certilicate of assignment or ttcense - 
 On application for disclaimer . 
 On caveat against disclaimer - 
 On office copies of documents, for every W words ■ 
 
 too 1 
 
 ! I 
 I ( 
 
 I' ii 
 W 
 
 i 1 
 
 t 01 
 01 
 
 VVaurant. 
 
 In humble obedience toiler Majesty's command 
 referring to me the petition of of 
 
 , to consider what may be properly 
 done therein, I do hereby certify as follows : That 
 the said petition sets forth that the petitioner 
 [^Allegations of the petition.^ 
 And the p(!titioncr most humbly prays, 
 
 \_Pruyer of the petition,^ 
 That in support of tlic allegations contained in 
 the said petition, the dt^claration of the petitioner 
 has been laid before me, whereby he solemnly 
 dccliir s, that 
 
 [Allegations of the declare lion.^ 
 That there lias also been laid before nie [a pro- 
 visional speciticalion signed , and also a 
 eertilicate, ] "'' [i "complete specilica ion, and 
 a certificate of the filing thereof,] wl.fi'Lby it 
 appears that the said irivcuti'm was iirovisionally 
 
 By the 22 Vict. c. 13, the Sccretarv iWffjJ 
 enabled to avail himself of, and k(t'p secret,! 
 invention for improvements in instramenli j 
 munitions of war. 1 
 
 The readc'r will find a great deal of curioiii J 
 instructive information with respect to patent/ 
 the Report of the Committee nf the Hot 
 Commons on that subject (Xo. o32, Sess. 
 liarticularly in the evidence and papers laid in 
 the Committee by Mr. I'arey. The treatL'coil 
 Laiv of Patents and Copyrujlilf, liv J[r. Gul 
 and the late treatise on "the Lmr'nfPaltiili, 
 Mr. Norman, arc clear and able. Tlie i 
 important Jiiport, however, on the iuliJM 
 patents is that of the House of Commots'' 
 mitfee of 18tjl, of which Lord .Slanler | 
 chairman. 
 
 PATIJAS or PATKAS.SO. A Kapuri ml 
 N\V. corner of tlie Morea, near tlic er.tmif 
 the Guif of Lepanio, lat. 38° 11' 27 .V. I 
 21° -Ki' 20" K. Population in 1800. l.«.."l:'. 
 i The ]iort lies a little to the northnarJofJ 
 I town ; but the part fronting it is iin.yfe.r 
 I e.\[iose(l to heavy seas, jiarticularly in i 
 I \'esscls, therefore, go a little farther up tl 
 j where there is a mole or qn.iy, anlwIitR^ 
 I can lie close to the wh.irf. There is.ilif™ 
 ion the nude, which gives a Hash ereiT| 
 minutes. It is bi> feet above liigli-MW« 
 and is visible for 7 miles. It was liiiiiiiiil 
 and much improve'' in ISGI. ratraiiajii|^ 
 extensive trade t'.,ii!. ;c..;' ,;-!cr ™rt ofOn 
 The tonnafc ," !37 Jintip. .cssi. "^ 
 the trade u'' !'«'.- in IM'^ .-:•: 
 
 
 :h 
 
II Oie (lay 
 Himnci! ot iho statute 
 
 i'a\A appUcutiun wd 
 
 llic matters af(irt>!ii| 
 111- haz-iiril of the 
 i\ invention is ntw i 
 I'SM. anil a:; il way 1 
 ,' til 1 iu'.iiuri>!;f all ! 
 
 lie t'ur tlifc puUic pK) 
 Maji'sly may Kraut li 
 .11 the petit ionir. 
 , and assigns, U I 
 le I'nileil Kin.'il'iii | 
 111, the C'lifttiml Maui 
 ti) be mentiuntd, ij an^ 
 
 years, acoorilin;; to t 
 (If and providtil. it 1 
 isly (ilcascd so to ilo,| 
 wm^: viz. 
 ,nil, this nay j 
 
 rs. 
 
 then issued. 
 
 cdiatKcd on applying I 
 tent, ill tlie 10 i WV 
 alcd, and llio HV" 
 
 III imposed in tboii -ti 
 
 ■ Stamp Duties. 
 
 lOlice to proceed 
 ,r Itttera jtatem 
 cut - ; 
 
 iluvlic"'« 111'"'!''' **'"" 
 
 Juoi il- lie llin«f. '«*'>". 
 entli yi'Sii' 
 notes of olijKtion 
 r.ti.imlin.iwriion • 
 ishipiment oi llrra« ■ 
 jit or license - 
 
 icr - * " 
 
 ler 
 
 I'ATKAS 
 
 loao 
 
 . i oi 
 
 . u Ol 
 
 olc or q»» 
 
 vliarf. 
 Ill IJlivi 
 1lei;t 
 
 I miles. 
 
 U wai 
 
 ,i liii'ii la II 
 
 KGl. I'a'"' 
 
 I f 2i7 other foreign vessels 17,8'2il tons. 
 S, " inoipal exports are ciirrnnts, oil, valoiiia, 
 L raw silk, raw cotton, grain, wool, s'.ms, 
 ic Of these, oiirrants nro hy far the most 
 Tirtai'ii 'I''"' <■""' '^ larger, iiinl freer from 
 ' I il'rravel. than tliat of the limian Islands. 
 Imvarc sliipiicil in casks of various sizes; but 
 
 tiiMVfiKlit of the caslt is included in that of 
 •i fruit it is said to be, for the most pari, 
 r«ier 'and stronger than neccssnr^k'. Morcu 
 
 -mnts arc preferred in most countries, except 
 frland' but here tlie currants of Zante are hold 
 mliiiml! or perliaps greater, estimation. The 
 " t „f currants from Patras may, in good 
 I X averag.3 from 160,0()() to iOO.OOO cwt. a- 
 ffar "llitliorto the iirodiice of the crop has 
 
 rjiitil cxtrcmelv in dilVercnt seasons. lint 
 Ufuiiitho last few vcars il has been found tliat, 
 Itoucli tho judicious api)Iication of sulphur m 
 I iefiiliiv,ilion of the plant, the attacks of bliglit 
 
 MobvialKl. and the security of the crop greatly 
 lactfa'eil The entire annual produce of cur- 
 Imt! in Greece may be estimated on tho average 
 1 1; stout 50,000 tons; hut though the, .shipments 
 |(f cunantj from the Moron in m>t rench(\d 
 1)8,® tons, being 7.(;47 tons in excess of those 
 
 !nts,fi>'erer>'JO'«i.rili 
 
 13 the Secretary I'orW* 
 iselfof. andkciipPKrelJ 
 emcnts in instrjmews j 
 
 u a great deal ot cuik 
 
 m>vith respect UMUtfitj 
 
 CxmmUiec «J Hic Ha' 
 
 diicct (No. y3-2, b«i. . 
 
 ■idcncc and papers lai(ll> 
 
 ■ Varcy. The treatise oi 
 
 'Cvpynyhl':, l,y Mt. ii^ 
 
 ou the L.."' 1) J'.f'^ 
 
 Icar and able. 1 « « 
 
 lowever, on the Mlje^ 
 
 House of C.onraicii» I 
 
 which Lord StanUyj 
 
 ruASSO. Afcapotti 
 Morca, near the er.tmj 
 
 tt e to the nortli«aiJo(l 
 fronting i.i;"«f J 
 seas, particulariy m «j 
 '"'liltle farther up H 
 
 riiere is a " 
 a I'aA <:^\ 
 iibove hisl'*"' " 
 
 
 of the previous year, the price was so low that the 
 vahie of the exports in 1807 was only 7-14,172/., 
 wliile tliat of the exports in IStJO was 7H),HHM. 
 In 18()7 we imported 1,00-_',I!IJG cwt. currniits, of 
 which 970,(181 cwt. came from (ireecc. The cmps 
 of oil are even more lluctualing than those ol 
 currants forincrly were. 5,()U0 lims of valonia, 
 valued at i")(),00()/., were exported from I'atras in 
 18()7; and the silk crop b.aving proveil good, 
 about G5,00t) okcs (178,750 lb.) of cocoons were 
 exported; lior total ex|iorts in that vear being 
 valued at .'j;i8,HS0/. The imptn-ls at Patras (valued 
 at 52,900/. in 1807), as at the other (Ireek ports, 
 consist principally of sugar, codec, and otliei 
 colonial products; plain and printed cotton .stull's, 
 woollen goods, salted fish, iron, tin i)lates, hard- 
 ware, coal, cordage, hemp, deals Ac. Iniiiorted 
 arlicles are brought iiriricipally fro'ni the Ionian 
 Islantls, Malta. Venice, Leghorn, Marseilles, ami 
 Trieste; but, IVoin the want of authentic details, 
 it is (luito impossible to form any i)erfectly aecu- 
 rate estimate of their amount, either as respects 
 Patras, or tiny other Greek port. 
 
 We subjoin an account of the trade between the 
 United Kingdom and Greece for the years 1804 
 —1807. 
 
 
 Imports from Greece into the United Kingdom, 18G1— 
 
 -18G7. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Quantities 
 
 1 IK64 
 
 Computeil Real Valu« 
 
 
 Articls 
 
 1864 
 
 186S 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 , 
 
 . cwt. 
 
 3,S00 
 
 9,.M6 
 
 -90 
 
 216 
 
 39,246 
 
 4S.967 
 
 2,391 
 
 1,152 
 
 Iran r:tTt::s 
 
 
 3,;S6 
 
 'J,/)0'2 
 
 17,I3H 
 
 1,5 ,.321 
 
 1 ,703 
 
 4,0)7 
 
 7,713 
 
 6,894 
 
 '* 
 
 586,.^ 10 
 
 690,9-21 
 
 046,761 
 
 723,342 
 
 5I5,3H0 
 
 595,1103 
 
 550,101 
 
 608,679 
 
 ' 
 
 6SS 
 
 1,036 
 
 ■t.\ 10 
 
 1 ,297 
 
 1,027 
 
 1,4-3 
 
 3,824 
 
 1,714 
 
 Oilcrrpnii-fiurpenlino 
 
 Rwa • 
 
 tons 
 • cwt. 
 
 6,919 
 
 27)9S 
 
 I, •fit 
 l,37S 
 
 «„'i4'> 
 712 
 
 I7~r.i 
 
 s7719 
 
 23,781 
 2,895 
 
 122,076 
 1,60., 
 
 
 C.'ill 
 ;,.TJ3 
 
 a,3no 
 
 6,609 
 
 .308 
 
 100 
 34'> 
 
 20,129 
 1 1 ,07.'i 
 
 7,.5Sii 
 7,695 
 
 156 
 201 
 
 1S4 
 ISO 
 
 lb. 
 
 137..-1B0 
 
 l|o,rt,'.4 
 
 l.Sfi,3,',6 
 
 422,791 
 
 l.l.fiLO 
 
 25,500 
 
 19,544 
 
 30,555 
 
 
 
 3SS,.0I6 
 
 14,019 
 
 !i2l,SlS 
 
 517,314 
 
 7,Hl.i 
 
 HHl 
 
 4/)4l 
 
 10,5,15 
 
 
 cwt. 
 
 27,014 
 
 16,1S9 
 
 6,610 
 
 -_ 
 
 35.015 
 
 14,709 
 
 2,875 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 1,99-2 
 
 4,170 
 
 'i.mi 
 
 1,914 
 
 24,99S 
 
 .'.9,115 
 
 38,202 
 
 26,S09 
 
 ttiM 
 
 . gall.. 
 - value 
 
 10,4il 
 
 4V,737 
 
 42,003 
 
 12,574 
 
 1,1145 
 
 4,211 
 
 4,114 
 
 1,107 
 
 ilottTinidcj - 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I9,S51 
 740,535 
 
 20,267 
 795,469 
 
 13, -259 
 673,963 
 
 14,303 
 885,793 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 — 1 — 
 
 Exports to Greece of the Produce of the United Kingdom, 1864—1867. 
 
 li.uii . 
 
 ( Mid hal*rda>hcry 
 ittinderilmdiulm 
 
 vrotiKhtanduiiwrouKbt 
 mtirn . 
 Uiflitmillt, the yard 
 
 at value 
 i»Jie and porctiain 
 osder . 
 
 i»uh ar,d lAitlerj, uncnu- 
 ".fti . , 
 
 "loufthi and imwrouRht • 
 ».fntemll,jtlie;inl 
 J. relirittl 
 atnttoLijht 
 — « ■ 
 
 i,«iifredb;lheyartl - 
 at value 
 tl.-tTarticli.s 
 Tolal 
 
 cwt. 
 value 
 
 tons 
 cwt. 
 lb. 
 yards 
 value 
 
 "b. 
 
 cwt. 
 tuns 
 yanls 
 cwt. 
 
 value 
 yards 
 value 
 
 1864 
 
 11,152 
 
 22'!46S 
 
 3,297 
 
 43I,8S8 
 
 7,219,761 
 
 .',88,750 
 
 I ,.'109 
 
 1,783 
 
 495,738 
 
 1 ,0.'X) 
 
 821 
 
 450,638 
 
 Quantities 
 1865 
 
 13,513 
 
 37,853 
 
 2,408 
 
 9S4,426 
 
 12,109,890 
 
 493,367 
 
 1,251 
 
 3,114 
 
 550,271 
 
 679 
 
 520 
 
 513,721 
 
 11,664 
 
 38,919 
 
 I ,'2S 1 
 
 444,237 
 
 9,308,272 
 
 556,081 
 
 1,193 
 
 2,'ilO 
 
 370,227 
 
 195 
 
 505 
 
 557,923 
 
 5,543 
 
 56/236 
 1,421 
 
 1,184,660 
 12,900,900 
 
 519,375 
 
 872 
 
 2,038 
 
 265,1.91 
 
 3,1.82 
 
 176 
 
 27rf;o4 
 
 Dectared Real Value 
 
 1864 
 £ 
 
 1S65 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 4,021 
 
 4,950 
 
 5,169 
 
 2,609 
 
 11. 9 -,4 
 
 14,523 
 
 10,484 
 
 11,414 
 
 11,513 
 
 21,150 
 
 23,491 
 
 36,2.30 
 
 17,41,1 
 
 1 1 ,858 
 
 e,2'ii 
 
 6,073 
 
 45,027 
 
 82,058 
 
 3,3,162 
 
 74,351 
 
 19-2,211 
 
 293,387 
 
 211,055 
 
 264,469 
 
 1,159 
 
 2,956 
 
 2,366 
 
 4,071 
 
 4,SS7 
 
 6,4M) 
 
 1.151 
 
 1,.575 
 
 1.'i,912 
 
 14,087 
 
 14,751 
 
 13,446 
 
 7,370 
 
 6,013 
 
 5,857 
 
 2,990 
 
 18,6N6 
 
 28,816 
 
 22,881 
 
 21,427 
 
 I0,5MI 
 
 211,076 
 
 11.984 
 
 10,.3.34 
 
 I,, 'ills 
 
 870 
 
 283 
 
 5,192 
 
 4,363 
 
 •2,496 
 
 2,536 
 
 809 
 
 4,039 
 
 2,359 
 
 2,4.35 
 
 2,808 
 
 27,009 
 
 32,192 
 
 32,131 
 
 15,700 
 
 1,5112 
 
 1,255 
 
 I,3i2 
 
 229 
 
 47,93'i 
 
 3'i,813 
 
 29,391 
 
 11,620 
 
 i 4.13,8S7 
 
 582,209 
 
 417,643 
 
 514,086 
 
 ielfeen 186^-63, the trade of Greece was as 
 
 I IWI 
 , 1S«1 
 
 Imports 
 
 value 
 £1,784,368 
 2,l«8,951 
 1,813,901) 
 1,75.1,917 
 8,';8fl,380 
 
 Exports 
 
 £996,009 
 l,0S8,ri2 
 1,1.18,980 
 1,1.',I,II9 
 931,605 
 
 i'lntii'' 
 
 li"i7 
 
 M-lialfofthe exports of Greece are shipped to 
 Lnitdl Kingdom. The import trade is shared 
 '"T. i;reat IJritain, Turkey, l<'rnnce, Austria, 
 
 -'I'j llussia. 
 
 Money, Weights and Measures. — The follow- 
 ing are the Dritish equivalents of the Greek 
 moneys, itc. : — 
 
 100 
 
 Icpta cqu 
 
 il to 
 
 1 drnchina 
 
 2SM2 
 
 c\racl.ina<- 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 X sterling 
 
 2,rj8 
 
 VciK'iiuii \\i. 
 
 J, 
 
 1 ton 
 
 400 
 
 drams 
 
 ^, 
 
 I okf> 
 
 I 
 
 oke 
 
 ^j 
 
 •il lb. 
 
 
 kilo 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 bushel 
 
 1 
 
 pik 
 
 ,, 
 
 V.'.i iiifhes 
 
 1 
 
 (l.>. Tor cloth 
 
 „ 
 
 T, inches 
 
 3i 
 
 fctreinma • 
 
 •* 
 
 1 acre 
 
 The pa))er circulation of the Greek National 
 Itnnkon Uec.iil, IMu (()lii Stylo), was 20,127,4;)5 
 drachmas. The specie iti the colVers of the bank 
 
 1,.' 
 
 i 
 

 1040 
 
 '\.i 
 
 \ ! 
 1 
 
 ■; J 
 
 >: 1 
 
 TAT HAS 
 
 ami iU brftnclic», was 9,50."i,722 diaclimns, nnd 
 tlie debt due to it by the (iovcrnmont y,f)21,'J43 
 drnohmns. 
 
 Tariff. — III Fcbriiary 18(i", the chity on nil 
 nrticli'3 of export was abolished, except on vulonin, 
 rniNins (includinfr ciiiTuiiti*), nnd IIith, and it was 
 to cease on these also on Oct. S, IwiiT. 
 
 On the otiier hnnd, tlie duties on almost every 
 article of import have been increased. The basis 
 <>f the tarid', Biipposcd to be 10 per cent. a<l valo- 
 rem, is in reality on many articles a great deal 
 higher. Thus:— 
 
 Mnnufnclured aooAi pnr about 
 llddlitl wine of ordinary qunllly 
 Hcimleil koap ... 
 
 UloTts ■ • • 
 
 prr cent. 
 I.'. lo vn 
 ,10 „ 111 
 
 mi „ iiNi 
 \t> „ »i 
 
 In addition to this there is obout J per cent. 
 town dues, ond ^ per cent, mole duos. (Mr. ('i>ii- 
 Kiil Onglov's and Mr. tlonsul Martin's Itepuits 
 of .\pril 24 aud June 9, 18tJ8.) 
 
 FORT CHAROES IN THE KINGDOM OF OKEECK. 
 
 Tonnage, 
 
 In the Ports of Patraa, Syra, Naupliii, Pinrua, 
 MarathonensU, Pylos, Calamata, and Navarinn. 
 
 On veueb under 5 tons 
 of VII „ 
 aliove VU „ 
 
 In the other Ports. 
 
 On veweU under ft torn 
 of 20 „ 
 aboTe 'M „ 
 
 I reueli under 
 of from 
 
 Permit of Departure. 
 
 h tons 
 
 .*> to 80 tons 
 i\ lo .'HI „ 
 !i\ to mil „ 
 
 ini to '.! 10 ., 
 
 3U1 tonA and abore 
 
 free 
 
 'I lei.. 
 12 W\i. 
 
 fftir 
 
 li i«p. 
 UK" 
 
 free 
 ill lep. 
 
 I dr. 
 
 •i An. 
 
 .1 dr>. 
 
 It drs. 
 
 Lighthouse (only where there is one). 
 
 On vessels under 
 of from 
 
 6 tons - _ - free 
 
 ft to 'iO tons ' - 6tl leu. 
 
 «1 to M „ . - 1 dr. 
 
 51 lo ini „ . . 8dn. 
 
 101 10 '^IM) „ . . .'idrs. 
 
 an to 3Ull „ - - 8 drs. 
 
 301 tons and above - - 9tlrs. 
 
 When trunpowder remains on board, for every 2i 
 
 lb. per month of .10 days ... 3 lep. 
 
 U'litn it ii pUL'Cfl in the public raa^aziiie, fur the 
 
 same quantity and time . - - 5 lep. 
 
 Observations on the Tonnage Duty. — 1, Vessels 
 arriving from abroad loaded, and which discharge 
 their cargoes, and depart loaded, pay the whole 
 duty. 
 
 2. Vessels arriving from abroad loaded, and 
 which depart in ballast, pay two-thirds of the 
 duty, which is also exacted if they arrive in 
 ballast and depart loaded. 
 
 3. Vessels arriving from abroad in ballast, and 
 departing without lading, or arriving and depart- 
 ing with cargo, and not discharging any of it, 
 pay one-third of the duty. 
 
 4. Vessels arriving from and going to another 
 port of the kingdom pay but one-half of the duty. 
 
 5. A vessel is considered as loaded, whether 
 she be 80 fully or partially. 
 
 Krcejilions. — 1. Every vessel forced to enter a 
 port, cither by a storm or in conseciuenco of 
 damage, is exempted from all charges during 8 
 days. 
 
 2. J''very vessel entering a port, from whatever 
 cause, and destined to another port, and the 
 master of which shall immediately make a de- 
 claration to the captain of the port, that he has 
 no intention either of loading or Jischarging his 
 goods, m."»y remain !> daj-s without paying any 
 duty except the lighthouse duly, lie is per- 
 mit ted also to receive or to deliver letters or 
 
 money, unless otlierwise provided for i,- ,. ,i 
 ordinances. •' "r"-''!!! 
 
 I '" ^"I''' ."-.r'' *"''• """""^ »'"'« rf««« of ml 
 lepras (,' Hhill.iig per t.i.i, wm iapoTo ', 
 vcHs»>ls entering til ort. ' i aiii 
 
 Quarantine.— V uiin ihf Hoard of Trndo „ ..■ I 
 of Sept. !1, in the London a.netif udT^^'t^^A 
 It apii«ar.. that a stennil,„,-it „r m,.n-!ltt„t:..lJl 
 wliatever its nationality or port of ^ytt-u^'^'} 
 not reqti.red on entering a (,r«ek p„rt. ti, !,a V! 
 bil ot ht^alth vise by u (ir«,k «,• „tl,„ ,„' ,,1 
 unless cholera or other infectionis dmi^ i, „ ,' 1 
 lent on the Mediterrnncan cowt. if cM r i 
 Iirevalent, and Ihwe is no (Jreck or ,nv for';.™ 
 con.sul at the port of departure, th.' (io^k .„, ■ . 
 rities wi 1 asccrlnin the sanitary e.n«i,rum, ..t J 
 port, and take siii-ii steps with recur ,„ ,,,'„] 
 tmc as seem to ibem beM cnlc„la,«i,, . ..^.J 
 the public health. The oiertilicatc ,.t„ mnrj, 
 (.reek or foreign, at the p.ort of deiiwtuir.. ,.„„,j 
 intluence, though it would iwit biiul, the miiitianiini 
 autliorities. 
 
 Commerce, Shipping irr.— Tlip (Jreoli. . 
 particularly distimguistwd tli-!nii.clvcsbvthi'JiiTj 
 and success with which thei- Imvp ,.n"um 
 naval anil mercantile enterprises. Tlleir , v,„|J 
 mcrce, next to their freedom, wa.s the .^A 
 source of tlie prtmperity of Atti«ia, Corinth in 
 other Greoli cities of antitjuitv. ■( rest, mi reM 
 il cet cifpnt .te cinnineicc, ([ui aVtnimra do h nlii 
 grande j«rtii' dcm habitans de lu Ur.'iro. nue od 
 peuples ont «r> TMl«rahlc3 de cc desn' ile nuij 
 sancoet de oiiii«ij*^ai.ion dont ils ont joui pfini; 
 quelques sieciiw. Une nation commeri^ntp i 
 ♦'11 general, une nation active ct iriiliisinoi 
 Le trafic maritime aurtoiit cxige beaiifn;!;! 
 •-ravail, de hardiesse *t do sagacit?. Lcj ■y.m^k 
 uillucnt iimessairemeEit; aur les mceiirs, ct reiije^ 
 *es ospnu. plus propres »ux -randcs ciitrppriic 
 .'^oguet, He I'Oriffine ties Lolx etc. iii. Ijjj 
 And in thwie respects the modem Urwks in 
 Ix^-f-n no un.tuccessful imitators of their illusll■l^ 
 :}iR>gcnitors. The great articlei; of export Iri 
 ♦ .•-ece con^i^vt of currants, silk, fii;n, .vool.oliJ 
 oil, valonia, wine, sponge, wax, tobacco ilc; tl 
 primeipal imports being raanufatttiirfii cotton aa 
 woollen goods, com, with a great vnrjetv ot sj3 
 ordinate articles, principally from liiieiaml, bJ 
 partlj-, also, from France "and (ieriMBir 
 n*<;rcaclile navy of Greece was iu 18«$r^- 
 
 4.45r:i vessels, of the aggregate 
 
 at , „^.^ 
 
 2ii^.,.'i3I tons, employing 24,G72 neainK. 
 Greeks kave, in fact," attnioed to the ili.sin, 
 of Ixing the carriers, factors, and trader ! 
 Levant. 
 We l>orrow from Mr. t.onsul lleriin's lust 
 
 fort the annexed i.able, showing tlie tradu at 
 'iraeus in 1866 and 1807 ;— 
 
 . Entered 
 
 Toul No. of all 
 7«s»eU, includini{ 
 ('..oasting Trade 
 
 Tolal Tonnagt 
 
 IwiM-Hl 
 
 i>rui|ii 
 
 1166 
 1SC7 
 
 Cleared 
 
 IXCB 
 ISii7 
 
 5,44» 
 
 V>16 
 -..-IW 
 
 :190.S76 
 390,S,i4 : 
 
 1 
 
 IIWI 
 
 i«,i»L 
 
 It is expected that the railway from tlif ft'* 
 to Athens will be completeii this year, 1^^. 
 
 Wo avail ourselves of this npiMirwoin' J 
 ob.servc that tiie prejudices enl' 'taini'i '" ' 
 country against the Greeks are aUii< iinrfi-'i'l 
 and ill-founded. It was not to be e-vptcteii iM 
 they shotild be trodden under toot, and sibiw 
 fur centuries to the brutal tyriiiinvif the luH 
 without contracting many of the iTts wcuM 
 to so degraded a state. But their mfiTl 
 
 
'ovided tor liy «i'Cciall 
 
 Ho(i miiie ilucf. of 10 1 
 1, was iinpusod i ;i all| 
 
 IJonrd of Tnwlc n.^iri)! 
 azeile (if Sept. 4. Ii^xj 
 lit or mcrrlmiit •(* 
 r port of il>^partMrc'. J 
 (rwck port,.t" havctJ 
 ireek Mr otUi»r I'ornlJ 
 ctiMn fllineaw i» privaJ 
 1 co«»t. If clir'l.-ra lij 
 1 (irt'ck iir tny lotii 
 rturc, thi' (imnjk jwihn- 
 iiitary on'v', f.mui.* ilnd 
 with rcfiiH'' '" 'insrap.J 
 t cnlciiUuMH »■ iit"iP"i(J 
 frrtilifllti^ of 11 iwrctiiClJ 
 mrt of ilepartiiiv". woujl 
 iiiot biiul, tli« tuuiicinlioi 
 
 ^c.-— Tlip GreoliK jiw( 
 I tli«Mw\ve9 by tbi":niii 
 th** have .misuhbi id 
 ntcrpnaes. Their winJ 
 rccdoin. was tlie i:raii( 
 of Athens!, Corinth, 
 ;iquity. < '-'tat, mi rcstJ 
 , (jui it'emitBro dc la plJ 
 ins de la (.-rri-co, que cej 
 )lc3 de cp degro lie pail 
 I dont ils out joui pemlai 
 nation commpri-^nlo i 
 1 active et iiiilusirienM 
 rtout cxigc beaiicuup i 
 dfi saKacit^. Li'i' iiualiti 
 »ur les mociira, et rcnJei^ 
 s aux '^randes eiitrepri* 
 ams [mix e/f. iii. 1' 
 the modem Gre(k* .a 
 atora of their illu»ir 
 .. articles of export ir I 
 mts, ailk, tins, ><ool,('ii|J 
 ;c, wax, tobacco kc, ; tIJ 
 roanufadurwl cotton ! 
 h a great viin^y of iM 
 ,ally from tniaanil, b]j 
 
 and (ieniuiir' 
 ecc, was ill l»<i- 'i'^""'^ 
 he af,'f;regate •m' 
 ip 24,672 ecami^ 
 tUimed to tlie di^wcu 
 actors, and trader- 
 Consul Merlin's lasti 
 showing the trail'' JtH 
 
 ■7;- 
 
 Total Tonnage ^fu 
 
 ?C 
 
 J9n,»"6 
 390,HM 
 
 s:;.:si 
 
 ll!.»l 1 
 
 r.'..iiij 
 
 .isT.i'^'' L: 
 
 ,e railway from the P 
 
 Iletcdthisyw.'*?;,! 
 1 of this opportiiniiTj 
 
 Idiccs enl' 'lainf'i '" i 
 
 ■*ks are ahkriiii«^';7^ 
 
 L not to be expected. t< 
 
 rumlcrf>H)t,ai;J*. 
 
 Ital tyranny .ithjg 
 
 lanv of thevi'iB*'" 
 
 le But that '^"-?'^ 
 
 
 1 1» ' 
 
 ''■' 
 
 PATTERNS 
 
 -raaitv and activity liavo not lipcii impaired; 
 
 ''"iiliclwd habits that were forced upon them in 
 
 f.-etidiivcdcomlition an^ ^,'^«(ltlally (lisiijipeiir- 
 
 "'' Whntcvcr lliere is of industry or iinprove- 
 
 fi'il in 'i'urkcv, is wholly owiii;,' I., the (ireeks, 
 
 , jl not to them, to some Ciirialian tribe. The 
 
 Ijki have not made, and we believe we may 
 
 ' J,, utiirm never will make, the smallest 
 
 %m '1'""' character and their reliKi"" are 
 
 I Iwrablc obstacles to their proKress; and their 
 
 ' ' 'ision from Kuroiic would be more Cor the 
 
 i'.urc of tliis quarter of the woild than nny- 
 
 m'.'.'ck lh.1t appears possible. Neither have 
 
 '"" doubt that tvciitually tliey will be 
 
 The (ire(lvs are },'ninin>,' every day 
 
 ■ • Turks; and, as the aniipiithy between 
 
 - is fironn, deep-rnoted, and all but 
 
 ic.ltie presumption is, that as soon as 
 
 ibtians ^'ai'i tbe ascendency, the Turks 
 
 ;„ m.«lve^ withdraw to Asia. The sellish- 
 
 ,f nome of lh>' Christian I'owers, and the 
 
 lii..-!lili' jealousies of others, may r-tard for a 
 
 f lis desirable coBsuiumatiou. liu: iu wliat- 
 
 V it mav 1)0 braufj;l<t about, wlualier with 
 
 nit Kiissian assisUince, it will be most 
 
 ul; andwc hardly think that it is likely 
 
 .112 delayed. 
 
 ,. deeply to be rcfiretted that Candia, or 
 ; .»as not cither added to the new kini^dom 
 .tnt.iirmadfc indepciidoiit. We cannot h<lp 
 . ict; it as diHi^r.iccl'ul to the (Tirisliau 
 u :;■ i r.uropc, that this famous island, where 
 iriKffliivilisation first struck its nxus, should 
 ,7ed to tbe barbarians by whom it is 
 aastc. It is as well c'ltitled to the 
 insideration of Ennlaud, France, and 
 . . J- any part of Contincntui Ureeee; and 
 :. a rope that measure.^ mar yet be devised for 
 liwjirjitfroin the atrocious ii<'spoti.sm by which 
 Jitli'ljOfnsolon}; wei-chcd down. 
 I'ATir.RXS. Specimens or samph-s of com- 
 Di ■i,;h iransniittrd by manufacturers to their 
 on-; ".donts, or carrierl from town to town by 
 u:.'. iifN in search of orders. 
 l'.inXBliOKEi:S ASH PAWNRROKINC. 
 H ;mnl)rokcr is a -ipecies of banker, wlio ad- 
 • money, at a certain rate of interest, upon 
 |»Tr!yo[ foods deposited in his hands ; haviii;; 
 |p:*:in5ell the goods, if the principal sum and 
 Itli'ir rt't thereon be not paid within a specilied 
 Itiiit 
 
 I. .Irfrantujfs nnil Disiidimntagen of Pawn- 
 
 Nrt;.-riippractic(' of iin|)ledginK or pawninf? 
 
 m.a urdcr to raise loans, is one that must 
 
 hu\\\ always exist in civilised soeicties, and 
 
 1 many cases, productive of arivantajje to the 
 
 5'i!i-. But it is a practice that is extremely 
 
 ilif 10 abuse, Hy far the largest proportion of 
 
 'fcnatidc borrowers of money on pawn consist 
 
 Biif lowest and most indigent classes ; and were 
 
 fifflders not subiecteil to any species of repula- 
 
 5.id-antage might Ijc taken (as, indeed, it is 
 
 UMiinally taken, in despite of every precaution) 
 
 Itbtir necessities, to subject them to the most 
 
 ^"w extortion. Hut, besides tl^/se whose 
 
 lilts compel them to resort to pawnbrokers, there 
 
 Mnoiher class, who have recourse to tliein in 
 
 F' ■'• net rid of the property lliey have un- 
 
 '^' acqiiireil. Not only, therefore, nropawit 
 
 Nm itistmmeiilal in relieving the pressing 
 
 nwi.'mt necessities of the poor, but they ma^■ 
 
 " wen without intending it, hccnnie tile 
 
 fifHitient allies of thievee and swindlers, bv 
 
 pliiiR them reailv ami convenient outlets fo'r 
 
 iinpo«al of their 'lU-gottcn gains. The policy 
 y^'ii,' legislative protection to n business bo 
 P« t" abuse, has been doubted by many. Hut 
 
 PAWNimOKERS 1011 
 
 though it Avere suppressed by law, it woubl 
 always really exist. An individual possessed of 
 property which he may neither be able nor willing 
 to dispose of, may be reduced to a state of 
 extreme difllculty ; and in such cane, what can be 
 more convenient or advantageous for him than t*) 
 got a loan upon a deposit of such property, under 
 coiidilion that if be repay the loan, iind the 
 interest upon it, within a certain period, the 
 property will be returned? It is said, indeed, that 
 the fiicilities of raising money in this way foster 
 habits of imprudence; that tbe lirst resort for aid 
 to a i)awnbroker almost always leads to a second, 
 and that it is impossible so to ngulato the busi- 
 ness, ni to prevent the ignorant and the necessi- 
 tous from being ]dundered. 'i'hat this statement, 
 though exaggerated, is, to a certain extent, true, 
 no one ran deny. On the oi her hand, however, 
 the capacity of obtaining supplies on deposits of 
 good.s, by atl'ordi'ig the means of meeting pressing 
 exigencies, in so far tends to prevent crime, and 
 to ]iroiiiot' I lie seeurity of property ; and it would 
 .seem a" if the do'^ire to redeem property in pawn 
 would be one of flio most powerful motives to in- 
 dustry and ei'oiiojuy. At the same time, too, it 
 must be Itjorne in mind, that it is not possible, do 
 what you w ill. to prevent those who are poor and 
 uninstnicfed' Iroin borrowing; and that they must, 
 in all <'ii,ses, .dn.iin loans at a great sacrifice, and 
 be liable to llie impr«cd upon. Hut the fair 
 presumption is, that thTc is less chance of any 
 iinproiier advantage being taken of them by a 
 licensed pawnbrrdier, than by a private and ir- 
 respKuisiblo individual. Although, however, the 
 business bad all the iMcoiiveniences, without any 
 portion whatever of tlu' good which really belongs 
 to it, it would bo tM no purpose to attcm|)t its 
 sup^iression. It is vi.--ioiiary to imagine that those 
 who have property will submit to be reduced to 
 the extreini'y of want, without endeavouring to 
 TM^ money upon it. Any attempt to put down 
 pawnb'okiug would merely drive respectable 
 person- ^'im the trade, and throw it entirely into 
 the hanii.' of those who have neither property nor 
 character to lose. And hencf the olijeot of a 
 wise Legislature ought not to be to abolish what 
 must alw.ays exist, but to endeavour, so far at 
 least as is jiossible, to free it from abuse, by 
 enacting such n>gulations as may appear to be 
 best calculated to protect the ignorant and th<* 
 unwary from becoming the prey of swindlers, and 
 to facilitate the di.scovery of stolen pro|)erty. 
 
 2. Obligations under whirh Priwnl/rpkers should 
 be placed. — For this purpose it seems indispen- 
 sable^ that the interest charged by pawnbrokers 
 should be limited ; that tiiey should be obliged 
 to give a receipt for the articles pledged, and to 
 retain them for a reasonable time before selling 
 them ; that the sa^e, when it Aova take place, 
 should bo by public auction, or in such a way as 
 may give the articles the best chance for being 
 sold at a fair price ; and that the excess of price, 
 if there be any, alter deducting the amount 
 advanced, and the interest and expenses of sale, 
 should be paid over to the originiil owner of the 
 goods. To prevent pawnbrokers from becoming 
 the receivers of stolen good.s, they should be 
 liable to penalties for making advances to any 
 individual unable to give a satisfactory account 
 of the mode In which be became possessed of (he 
 projierly lit" Is desiniiis to pawn; (he ollicers of 
 jiollco shoiihi at all (inics have free acrc.'-s to 
 their premises i and they .should be obliged' 
 la-^efidly (o describe and advertise (he property 
 they oner for sale. 
 
 3. Law a) to Pawnhrohrt.—jl mif pncar 
 
 singular that pawnbro 
 
 !l 
 
 J 
 

 .-<* 
 
 1042 
 
 bocn naniL'd 
 
 PAWNIJKOKKRS 
 
 f i 
 
 :i 
 ■J 
 :1 
 
 I .■•■ :. .i- 
 
 i 
 
 i i 
 
 u 
 
 in liny Icf^islntive enactment till 
 iil'tiT llin miilillo (if Inst century. It wns enacted 
 by the JO (ico. IF. c. 24 tliiit a dnnlkiitc or receipt 
 NJiiiuliI bo niven for goodH piiwned ; iind that »w\\ 
 as n-erc pawned for any snni less than 10/. mi(;ht 
 bu recovered any time wilbiii Iwo years, on 
 payment of tlie principal and interest; but the 
 rate of interest wns not IiximI. This defect was 
 supplied by the 2") (Jeo. III. e. IM : but the Act 
 HI) A 40 (Jeo. III. c. !)1> (llmuKh Blif,'htly modi- 
 lied liy subsecpieut Acts) contains tlu^ latest and 
 most complete re;;ulations on the siibji'ct. 
 
 Kvery person exereisinf; the trade of a pawn- 
 brolter must take out a license, renewalile 
 annually, 10 ('ays at least before the end of the 
 year, for which he sliall p ly, wilinn the cities of 
 London and Weslnnnster and the limits of the 
 twopenny post, I.')/., and i verywhen; (dse, II. Wn. 
 No person shall keep more than I bouse by 
 virtue of 1 license; but persons in partner- 
 ship need only take out 1 license for 1 house. 
 All persons rei'civin;; fjoods by way :'f pawn or 
 pledge for the repayment of money lent thereon, 
 at a higher rate of interest than o per cent., to be 
 deemed pawnbrokers. 
 
 Upon every ])ledj;e on which there shall have 
 been lent not exceediii;; '_')...(!(/., interest may be 
 charj,^ed at the rate nf J*/. p(!r month. 
 
 ;ia>vn.| 
 
 c-'«cfpt .iJ 
 
 / .. .'■ 
 
 
 
 
 il. 
 
 
 
 IfO a a 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 • 1 
 
 per 
 
 month 
 
 n 7 i< 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 - 11 
 
 
 
 n 111 11 
 
 
 
 
 - 'l 
 
 
 
 (1 \'i 11 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 ■ '-il 
 
 
 
 () l.'i (i 
 
 
 
 
 . .-. 
 
 
 
 (1 17 i: 
 
 
 
 
 - '1 
 
 
 
 1 1) II 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 1 
 
 
 
 2 II ,1111 
 
 not 1 «r 
 
 ■t-ding 
 
 £'. 
 
 •.'J. s 
 
 
 
 for cvcrv 
 
 sum 
 
 exr 
 
 't'l 
 
 liM- 
 
 IDs. 
 
 am 
 
 And 
 
 exceeding 101., at ill 
 
 Hatei Pityable for Duplicata. 
 
 • If under lOf. «... 
 lilf. nnd umler '^Hf, , 
 
 .*')*. (ind utidiT 'it. 
 ''il. and ti{iward4 
 « {^t^ VI. I. c. 'il. A iinwnlirulier m«y uke U ,„ 
 mriniiranduiii, wtit-n the um I* beliiw lot.) 
 
 The duplicate tii be prodiirod In the 
 broker before he sb.all be compellp,! („ rciliiiwl 
 the respeetivt goods and chattels, p.x( 
 hereinafter exet ptcd. 
 
 TIk^ amount of iirolits on duplicntcn >hal 
 added on pledges reilcenied, and siuli ilii|ili,M;e 
 shall be keiit by tlie pawnbroker for I vmr. 
 
 I|erson» pawiii-ig other people's kooiU willi, , 
 their consent may be apprehended hy tlin warranil 
 of 1 justice, and convicteij in a ppiialtv i)'.| 
 exceeding fi/. nnr less than 'Mn., aiiil tlip u,\\ 
 value of the goods pawned; and if the U'vhd 
 be not ininiediately paid, llicjustiie shall i'oNiiiii| 
 the party to ilu' bouse of correction, in he t, 
 to hard labour for '.i calendar iiiunth-: anl 
 within .'1 days before the exjiiraliim nl' i!i 
 eonimitment tht^ forfeiture shall nut bo p.iid, ilij 
 justice may order the per.-fon to In; pul.li 
 V. hipped, and the forfeitures sliall he ii|ii,li.'l ij 
 wards making satisfaction to the partv injur ( 
 and defraying tlie eo>ts ; but if tlie |jar't\ ii'iiiirtJ 
 .shall decline to accept sucli salibfaction .I'lul' 
 or if there be any overplus, jucli riirriitiiiv 
 overplus shall he paid to the pour of the pari-! 
 
 IVr.iions forging or couiiterl'eitiii;,' i|ii;.!i.'it| 
 maybe seized .■iiid delivered to acinMaiil, 
 .shall convey lliem before a justice; anl, jn( 
 conviction, hucli person shall be commiitc I 
 
 time nut cxcoflij 
 
 not 
 rate of .'ti/. in the pound iiy 
 the calendar month, iniduding tlie current month; 
 and so in iiroportion fur any fractional sum. 
 
 Pawnbrokers are to give farthings in o.x- 
 cliange, 
 
 I'er.sons applying to redeem good.? pawned 
 within 7 days after the lirst calendar nmnth after I stolen, or illegally obtained, or it aiiyncr: 
 the same sliall liavt! been pledged, may redeem | entitled to redeefn goods in pawn shall endcav 
 the same without p.aying anything for the lirst 7 j to redtH'in the .same, they may he siizii' 
 days ; and, upon ap|)lying before the expiration j delivered to a ('onstahle, to be "carrioil holi 
 II days of the second calendar month, shall be 
 
 house of correction for any 
 3 calendar months. 
 
 Persons otlering pledges, not K'ivinj,' a -all 
 factory account of tl'i niselvcs, or llie ni'iiii- 
 
 whicli they became possessed nf .<iicli ^ I-, 
 
 wilfully giving any false iiiformnliuii, ur ii :lij 
 shall be reason to suspect that such )."«i,. 
 
 ot 11 (lays ot tlie set 
 
 at liberty to redeem such goods, upon paying the 
 prolit payable for 1 calendar month and the half 
 of another; and iii all casi^s where the parties so 
 entitled, and applying as aforo.'^aid, after the 
 expiration of the lirst 14 day.s, .'iiul before the 
 expiration of the second ;nonth, the pawnbroker 
 is allowed to take the interest of the whole 
 second month ; and the same regulations and 
 restrictions diall take place in every .subsequent 
 monih. 
 
 When goods arc pawned for more than 5s., the 
 pawnbroker, before advancing the money, shall 
 immediately enter in his books a desciiption of 
 the pawn, the money lent thereon, the day of the 
 month and year, I he name of the person pawning, 
 and the iiuine of tlie street, and number of the 
 house, if numbered, where such person resides, 
 and use of the letter L, if the per.^nii be a lodger, 
 and the litters II K, if a housekeeper; and also 
 the name and ibode of the owner of the party 
 otfcring such pledge; and if the money lent, sliall 
 not oxcitid 5s., such entry shall be made within 4 
 hours alter the goods shall have been pawned; 
 and the jiawnbroker .shall, at the time of taking 
 the pawn, give to the person so pawning a 
 duplicate, corresponding with the entry in the 
 book, wliich the party pawning shall take in all 
 eases; and the jiawubroker shall not receive any 
 pledge, unless the party so pawning shall receive 
 such duplicate. 
 
 justice; and if I here should appear irroiiml fi 
 second examination, they ^haU he oimniili' ' 
 the common gaol or liou.-c of currcctiou. i- 
 dealt with according to law; or where > 
 ]iroeeediiigs are noL authoriseil by the iialiiral 
 the oUence, the party shall lie cnraniitn-l f 
 any time not e.xceetUng .'1 ealenilar niontli-. 
 
 Persons buying or taking iii pledge uiilmi.-l 
 goods, linen, or apparel, intrusted lo I'thfi'l 
 wash or mend, shall forfeit double the juni 1 
 and restore the goods. 
 
 Peace officers are empowered to searcli J 
 untinished goods which shall be come by u' 
 fully. 
 
 When goods are imlawfully paminl 
 pawnbroker is to restore them ; aiulthiirto| 
 may be searched during the hours of hm 
 by a warrant from a magistrate, I'er tlic iw^ 
 of such property. 
 
 Persons produciiiv notes or meniora.iiiua5| 
 to life deemed the owners of the pniperlv. 
 
 Where dui,.lii-atcsare lost, the pawiilj^kfrj 
 affidavit made by the owner ul' such 1»- ■' 
 a magistrate, shall deliver unothcrilu[ Jaie. 
 
 Goods pawned are deemed forfeitcJ •"! twl 
 of a vear ; but on notice from p«-'«< "1 
 goods" in pledge, :; months funlifr arc taj 
 allowed bevond the year lor reilMp;""; 
 notice to be given before the tffclvMonu 
 expired. , ^ 
 
 All goods pawned may be sold at tin' esg 
 
PAWN HROKKIIS 
 
 1013 
 
 Duplieattt. 
 
 IJ. 
 
 111.) 
 
 tilliooil tn the 'iiawi-l 
 
 jmpclloil to reiliiiviTl 
 chattels, I'xccp'. iJ 
 
 m (Ui\)Vk"hIC'< shall 'J 
 \, and siii'h tluiili.MtJ 
 rokcr flit 1 yi iiv. 
 iicdlilf'n Hi»"l> ^''I'l'' J 
 li('ntU>il \)y till' warraiil 
 toil in a' pt'iiallv r.A 
 Liiu '.'Os,, ami ti'o lull 
 I ; ;iU(l if tlic fiirli'ilui| 
 
 lie justiic pliall i"'™!!! 
 
 correctiiin. to 1k' krlf 
 lonilar iiumiU-: ani i 
 ilic i^xiiiniiiun »f ilJ 
 ,! sliall nut l)oiiaiil,ilJ 
 iierson to 1"; \'MA§ 
 ires fliall lie. "I'l'li"' '* 
 m to till" l>:irty '\m'': 
 
 l)ut if tlu' ixirlj iniiiKJ 
 ich salisfacdim an.l <■>- 
 plnn, sucli forfiitm-f- 
 
 llie iiiinr "f till; i«ri'j. 
 covintcrffiliiii? 'liM;l''''J 
 vercil to acua-lalil'.'J 
 „iv ;i juslire; mil. aiii 
 siiull lie commuted i" 1] 
 . liny time not oxcortij 
 
 ^dnes, not k;iving a ;., 
 nisoivcs, or tlif n;.'aiy I 
 ,,ssc9Sih1 I'f Slid' S'^-i-J 
 Ise infurmatioii.or it '.M 
 ,pcct tliat such t;-!"- 
 Lined, or if anv r^'"" n 
 [is ill l)awii ahull mM 
 r tliev may I* *ff '} i 
 
 ,1,. i.> l)i> catrieil l,io!'"«l 
 ll.o'uld appear aroiiinl If 
 
 |,e\- -hall be c.iinrailf'l) 
 
 '"lou.-'c of correction, i^ 
 to law, or where >« 
 
 |;n,,risodbythei*«l 
 
 V shall he comra.U.'l[ 
 ', 'icah'iularnion"''-. 
 :,kinL' in pledt"-' ""f-l 
 
 Cfcit double the ..ml 
 
 lompo>vcred to searcM 
 
 V shall be come b\ m 
 
 I unlawfully r««J I 
 lore them; and thi J 
 
 l,u, the hours of «.^ 
 Pi.trate,fcrtlie-'^^1 
 
 Les ov tnemor;.,.!*] 
 
 Its of the l't"P« ;•,„,' 
 
 ^ lost, the ^.a^vlA^•^''•^ 
 
 [ownerf such ■ » 
 
 iver another JuK^ 
 
 P«edforfei«Ja.n 
 
 j.tice ff»?i:";'ivai 
 
 liionlhti far.litt iti 1 
 
 Tew l"! f ;•* v:nw4 
 Jefore the tvtci^- •] 
 
 LvbesoW«tV^^l^ 
 
 ,jji, of (iii« whole year; and all t;ooiU so forfeited, 
 nwhk'h above 10». and not cxccediiijj; lU/. hIiuII 
 Lflieen lent, fliall bo sold liy public miction, 
 „j „ot otherwino ; notioe of Hmli sale beinj,' 
 ■ , (jivon at least 3 dnvM before tlie nuetioii, in 
 • Millie newspaper, upon pnhi of forfeiting' to the 
 (wnor of the goods not uiuro than ;>/. nor less 
 
 \|1 pictures, prints, Inioks, hron/es, stntiics, 
 
 IsMs ('ar\iiiKs '" '^'"O' "'"' >'>"i''l''> <''i"'i<'»s, 
 
 jijjii,,,, musical, inatbeniatical and philosoplii- 
 
 (i iii«irunients, ami ehina, shall be sohl by 
 
 •!eiii*elves, and without other j;oods, l times 
 
 Itlvineverv vcar; viz. on the tirsl Monday in 
 
 I'nan, Al'irii, Jitli/, and Ofliilwr, in every year. 
 
 I'awiilinAers arc not, to purchase floods while 
 
 ij.iifirriHtoily, nor lake in i)le(lt,'e, from persons 
 
 rJtr 1'.! veiirs of aRe, or intoxicatcil ; nor lake 
 
 lainv^'idil- before « in the forenoon or after 7 
 
 B itip^eveiiiiif; between Mhliniiiiuin-dtiy ami 
 
 W»-(/ui/, or before 7 in llie forenoon or after H 
 
 ■ailif evciiini: diirin;,' the remainder of the year. 
 
 (X(;'im^' '"ily "I"" " "" ""' ''^■•'""'K'* "'' 
 
 .<:l.'r(luy, and' the evenings preceding' Go, U 
 
 Mn mill ChrintmaH-ility, and c\ery fast or 
 
 •.tinbi'ivinK day. . .. , , 
 
 An account ol the sale ol i)ledKes on which 
 ilvini« if more than 10,i:, have been made, is 
 I It (iitireil by pawnbrokers in a hook, anil 
 A.' 'V.^il'is is to be paid to the owner of the 
 yA- uivniiil, if demanded within tlir^n i/i'urs of 
 ttie -i.': under [wnalty of 10/. .ind treble the 
 ™,liv.;. 
 I'jijlirikerj are to place in view the table of 
 (irfiKiisnil their name and business is to he 
 liW"V.;rtho door, on penalty of 10/. 
 Psnliriiheri injiirinn' goods, or selling them 
 Kfilio lime speeilied, shall, upon application 
 i)jii]ji-tra!e, be compelled to make satisfac- 
 ri ifillie same; and if the satisfaction awarded 
 ilali k pi|iml to or exceed the principal and 
 in;>,tbc pawnbroker shall deliver the goods 
 fl(i^>l to the crtifiiers without being paid any- 
 thM;l.ir principal or jirolil. 
 
 PinWicrs shall produce their hooks before 
 asiuilrito ; or, refusing so to do, shall forfeit a 
 SID L'jt exceeding 1(1/. nor less than '>/. 
 Punbrtikers .ilVciiding against this Act, shall 
 Isifri; fur every offence not less than 40.s. nor 
 «# than 10/. " 
 
 It kji been hehl by the Court of King's Ileiich, 
 till a pawnbroker ' ha.s no right to sell uiire- 
 mhI pledges, after the ex|)lratioii of a year 
 (mi ihf time the goods were pledged, if, while 
 iityaro in his possession, tlii! original owner 
 fc'tr him the [)rincipal and interest due. 
 AVstor V. Smith, .(anuary 2?., 1820.) On a 
 «o>.if'ir a new trial, Lord Tenteriloa said, ' [ 
 
 to the extent of .")/., and any penalties to the o.xtcnt 
 of 10/. on common informers in compiaindin^ 
 informations; with power to lessen the slinre of 
 inforniers, and to mitigate penalties The word 
 magistrate must be taken to include stiprn- 
 diary magistrates or justices of the peace. 
 
 Such in the present state of the law with 
 respect to pawnbrokers. ()i\ the whole, the 
 regulations seem to be judiciously devised. 
 I'erliui)s, however, the rate of interest on small 
 deposits might he ailvanlageously lowered. The 
 law allows interest at the rate ol J//, per month 
 to he charged on loans of 2s. (Jd., which is at the 
 rate of "JO per cent. : but the same sum of !,d. per 
 luoutli is exigible from all smaller loans ; auil .i- 
 very many do not exceed l.i. (li/., and even 0(/., 
 the interest on them is exceedingly upprcssive. 
 No doubt there is a great deal of troiilde with 
 respect to sn(di loans, and the p.iwnbrokers allege 
 that I bey form the least i>rotltable part of their 
 business; hut still, considering the vast number 
 of advances under wi. (if/., it would seem that 
 the intircst on them might he, somewhat re- 
 dueeil. rerbajis, too, it luight bo advisable, still 
 better to secure compliance with the statute, to 
 enact that no one. should be licensed as a pawn 
 broker without producing suflicient security for 
 a certain sum, to he forfeited in the cyenl of his 
 knowingly or wilfully breaking or evading any 
 of its provision.s. This would prevent (what 
 Colipihoun says is not an uncommon practice) 
 swindlers from becoming pawnbrokers, in order 
 to get the means of selling stolon goods. 
 (Triatiic on tin- I'oliie iif the ilfilrojMlis, 2nd ed. 
 p. lu(j ; and prioate informntion.) 
 
 It would be a useful regulation to oblige pawn- 
 bridicrs to insure against h)sses by (ire. JMucb 
 mischief has been occasioned by the neglect 
 of this |)recaution. 
 
 The duties on pawnbrokers' licenses produced, 
 in the United Kingdom in 18117, 3'2,107/. 
 
 •I. Nolives iif I'liwnliiohiiKj in Itiihj, France ifc. 
 — Tile practice of advancing money to the poor, 
 either with or ivitbnul interest, seems to have 
 been occiisionally followed in antiquity. (Beck- 
 inann, vol. iii. p. l-l, 1st Kng. cd.) lint the first 
 public establishments of this sort were founded in 
 Italy, under the name of Monti di rietn, in the 
 lith and Joth centuries. As it was soon found 
 to be impo.ssible to jmicuro the means of support- 
 ing such establishments from voluntary contri 
 butions, a hull for allowing interest to be eiiarged 
 upon the loans made to the poor was issued by 
 Lio X. in 1;>'21. These establishments, though 
 diffeiing in many respects, have universally for 
 their object to protect the needy from the risk of 
 being jdundered by the irresponsible individuals 
 to whom their necessities might oblige them to 
 IJnofiipinion, that if tlie pledge be not redeemed resort, by accommodating them with loans on 
 It ibii epilation of a year and a day (and no comparatively reasonable terms. And though their 
 [Wict jiven that 3 mouths further are to be prai^ice has not, iii all instances, correspondcil 
 
 with the professions they have made, there seems 
 no reason to doubt that they have been, .speaking 
 generally, of essential service to the poor. 
 
 From Italy these establishments have gradually 
 spread over the Conliuent. The Mont de Pieic 
 in Paris, was established by a royal ordinance in 
 1777; and after being destroyed by the Kevolution, 
 was again ojicned in 1797. In 1804, it obtained 
 a monopoly of the business of pawnbroking in the 
 capital. Lonui: are made, by this establishment, 
 upon dej)osito i.fsuch goods as can be preserved, 
 to the amount of two-thirds of the estimated valu(' 
 of all goods other than gold tmd silver, and tf) 
 four-tiftbs of the value of the latter. No loan is 
 for less than ;> francs (2.?, 6d.), The advances 
 ore made for a \car, but the borrower may renew 
 3 X 2 
 
 IAjhI for its redemption), the pawnbroker has 
 T tijbt to expose it to sale so soon as he can, 
 P'ESentlywuh the provisions of the Act : hut if 
 P»nv lime if/ore th<sulc has actuaUy taken place, 
 IkciTOr of the goods tender the principal and 
 [»'w, and expenses incurred, lie has a right 
 
 fti'j'ooil?, and the pawnbroker is not injured ; 
 
 ' tk power of sale is allowed hiin merely to 
 
 pwHuhira the mimey which he ha.i advanced, 
 t«t with tlie high rate of interest which the 
 
 ' allows lo him in his character of 
 
 (ikfT. 
 
 pawn- 
 
 joy -2 4 23 Vict. e. 14, the provisions of 2 & 3 
 t ' ' J"^- ^2— 35 are applied to pawn- 
 *ffl. The provisions give magistrates power 
 iiwarl aiiiemis against frivolous informations 
 
Tf 
 
 ' ' ,»■ 
 
 
 •1 ,. 
 
 il ■ 
 
 10(4 
 
 PKAUL-ASII 
 
 thfl cngaRMTicnt. Iiilcro«t i» (Ixcil at the rate of 
 one. per cent, per luoiilli. 
 
 'I'lie 31oHl itt I'ii'li! \\n<K prnorally in rtopodit 
 from (iOO.OOO to C.rid.OOO arliclcH, worth from 
 I '.VraOiOOO to i;i,()0(MKIO frnricH. Tho cxppn'to of 
 niHiiH(;pmfiit. ninoiintM to from CiO In (iri contimes 
 for each nrtiotc, ku tluit a lonn of ■') francx never 
 «lrfrayn thu cxpoiiBCH it occaslonii, and the prolitH 
 arc wholly dorivcd from those that cxccod fi 
 frnnc's. At nn averaf^n the protils amount to 
 alKiiit 'iHO.OOO francH, of which onU- ahnit ir)r(,n(iO 
 are dcrivcil from loans npon ilcposit, aliout rj.'»,IMi() 
 hciiig the produce of other fiMiilMat the diHpoMal of 
 the company. 
 
 In some respects, particularly the lowncNs of 
 intercut upon HUiall loans, and the (^renter vif;ilance 
 cxcrciHcd with reMpcct to the n-ccption of stolen 
 p)0(ls, the fltdiit lie I'ii'tc lias an advanta(;e over 
 the pawnbrokin;; OKtiibli.Hhmenls in this eoimtry. 
 It may be doubted, however, whellier it is, on tlie 
 whole, 80 well litted to attain its objects. 'I'hc 
 limitation of the loans to .'t francs would 'le felt to 
 be a Bcrious (jrievance here, and it can hardly bo 
 otherwise in France ; nor is it to be Hupiiosed, that 
 the Bcrvants of a great public cstabli^'liineMt will 
 bo 80 ready to assist poor persons, having none 
 but inferior articles to oiler in security, as private 
 individuals anxious to get business. And such, 
 in point of fact, is found to be the case, not in 
 I'aris only, but in all those parts of the Continent 
 where the business of pawnbrokiug is confined to 
 a few establishments. And hence, though the 
 (|ucstiou bo not free from difliculty, it would seem 
 that, wcro the niodilications already sug;;ested 
 adopteil, our systetn avouUI be the best of any. 
 
 tor further information with res] ect to this 
 curious and interesting subject, the reader is rc- 
 I'errcd to the TralU) dc hi llicnfahance. jmhlique 
 of Dcgcrando, iii.l -.")"); besides giving a succinct 
 historical notice of Monta dc I'iitc, the learned 
 .Mithor Las discussed, with equal sngiicity and 
 ability, most part of the knotty ijuestions con- 
 nected with the jiroper organisation of these 
 establishments, and with their intlucncc on society. 
 
 I'KAHI^ASH. [Potash.] 
 
 PKAHLS (l)ntcli, pnarlcii ; Fr. perles; (5er. 
 ficrlen; Ital. perle ; Lat. niargaritjc ; Unss. shcmt- 
 schug, porlU; Span, perlas ; Aral), looloo; Oing. 
 inootoo; Hin. uiootie). Well-known globidar 
 concretions found in several species of sliell-llsh, 
 but particularly the niother-of-pcarl oyster {Con- 
 cha marjaritifera, Linn.). I'carls should be ctioscn 
 round, of a bright translucent silvery whiteness, 
 free from stains and roughness. Having these 
 qualities, the largest arc of course the most 
 valuable. The larger ones have frequently the 
 shape of a jioar ; and when these are otherwise 
 perfect, they are in great demand for earrings. 
 Ceylon pearls arc most esteemed in Fngland. 
 
 Value §-0. of Pearls. — Pearls wore in t he highest 
 possible estimation in ancient Rome, and bore an 
 enormous price. (' Principium culmenquo omnium 
 rerum pretii, margaritac tencnt.' Plin. Ilkt. Nat. 
 lib. X. c. 35.) Their price in modern times ha.s very 
 much declined ; partly, no doubt, from changes of 
 manners and fashions ; but, more probably, from 
 the admirable imit.itions of pearls that may be 
 obtained at a very low price. According to Mr. 
 Milburn. a handsome necklace of Ceylon pearls, 
 smaller than a large pea, costs from 170/. to 300/. ; 
 but one of pearls about the size of peppercorns 
 may be bad for 15/. : the pearls in the former sell 
 at n guinea each, and those in the latter at about 
 Is. 6rf. When the pearls dwindle to the size of 
 small shot, they are denominated teed pearls, 
 and are of little value. They are mostly sent 
 to China. One of the most remarkable pearls of 
 
 riCAliLs 
 
 which we have any authentic ac, ou.it wnHl„,,u,it 
 
 by 'l'averni(r, iit Catifa, iu Aral 
 
 111. a li^|,|.r., 
 
 famous in the days of Pliny, f"rllic,,„,rm,>i,«s„n, 
 
 (lu! lilemisli. I lie diameter was •«;] inel, n. .i. 
 largest part, and the liiigtli from 2 to ii inci,,,, '' 
 
 Mr. Knmmiel says, in iHd,", i J)i„mnn,t,", . i 
 I'reruim Stimf»). that 'a perfrct wliit" ,1!,, 
 pearl of HO to Hill grains, is worth fr„m 7/ ,„ ,, " 
 [)cr grain; tlio,e of W) to HO ;,'r,iiiH fmm .1/ ,1 
 </. ; those frmn i!(l to ,".l) ^,raiin frdiu :i/ i,,'- 
 Mnaller :<izes bringing IVom 'id,, tc, m». pcrirraiii' 
 Misshai^en pearls, called l.mrah ptarh. are «•,!»•,' 
 from 10/. to -iml. per oiiiic . Iciiendini^.mnnaluv 
 colour, and size. Pink pearls are wnrtli ir„ii,' 
 •.U. to 4().N. the grain, lilack and leail-CdUrfd 
 pearls bring a large price, wIhii they arn of oiinJ 
 shape and good colour. I'lihurcd pearls are called I 
 v'mjins, worn ones widows. 11, .ring j , il.mc tcH it, I 
 Iliiliii, for tli(' Indian horers make tlieli,,!,. Miiiilltrl 
 and straighter than the l".iigli«li. In drilliii- jl 
 bow and sle<l are used with a v> rv lino (lrill,'"il,(>| 
 pearl being held between two |ii(ri's of Wdod' jj 
 IS said that the finest pearl iieeklacos in cxisKmJ 
 are, that possessed by the Kiiipnais i.f tin; Fri>iu:i f 
 and that presented to the (Jue n hy tlic Ivm [u6'\ 
 Company. The Duke of Alieicorn iwsslvm, \ 
 matchless drop pearl of great size. 
 
 Much dill'erencc of opinion has oxistod anii •■ 
 naturalists with respci't to the productimi .7 
 pearls in the oyster; but itsecms nuwto bci;.nvJ 
 rally believed that it is the result of dijcase, and ii 
 formed in the same manner as bc/.oar [liiizcuiiii 
 pearls, like it,consi>tiii;4 of successive coats sprtai 
 with perfect regularity romid a foreign nucltud 
 In fact, the Chinese throw into a apecitaof >l:iliJ 
 fish (MytUnii ci/i/iuus, or swan iniijcle), wIhmi ii 
 opens, b <ir t; very minute mothcr-of-pcai! Ii,a J 
 strung on a thread; and in the course of .i vt.l 
 they are found covered with a pearly cmst,\iii:,^ 
 perfectly resembles the real pearl. (Millnir;;' 
 Orient. Com. ; Ainslio's Mat. Indica ; 4i:,) 
 
 Pearl FislierieH.—Tho pearl oyster is fislulii 
 various parts of the world, partleuiaiiy on tlJ 
 west coast of Ceylon, thoiigii of late ycara tbj 
 fishery here has not been productive ;' at Tatil 
 corecii, in the province of Tinnevclly.ontlKen: 
 of Coromandcl ; attlio lialirciii Islands, in the liui 
 of Persia; at tlie .Sooloo Islands; off lliecoi-ta 
 Algiers ; off St. Margarita, or Pearl Islands in M 
 West Indies, and other idaces on the coast 1 
 Colombia ; and in the Lay of Panama, iu III 
 iSouth Sea. Pearls have sometimes been ruuiid J 
 the Scotch coast, in Scotch rivers, and in varioi^ 
 other jdaccs in luirope. 
 
 The pearl fishery of Tuticorccn in monopoliM 
 by the Indian, aiul that of Ceylon by the Colonill 
 Government. Ihit these ra'onopol'iea are of 1 
 value ; as in neither ca.se docs the sum ((ir«hi(| 
 the fishery is let ccpial the expenses iiicurrcil j 
 puarding, sur\'eying, and managing the bank f 
 IS, therefore, suiliciently obvious that tliii syjia 
 ought to bo abolished, and everyone ni^oftij 
 fish on paying a moderate license duty. . 
 fear of exhausting the banks is quite ludicm 
 The fishery would be abandoned as unproft*! 
 long before the breed of oysters had been inji 
 riously diminished; and iu a few yeanitirair 
 bo as productive as ever. Besides giviiif,' !^ 
 life to the fishery, the abolition of the niMOf 
 would put an end to some very opprcs'i™ r^ 
 lations, enacted by the Dutch more ita « >" 
 tury ago. 
 
 Persian Gulf.— The most exttiuiie P«5 
 fisheries are those on the several baiJu '"''"I 
 distant from the island of Bahrein, on the tt« 
 side of the Persian Uulf, in lit. 20° M' >■.'"") 
 
 -I 
 f .t. 
 
•ici'niiiil wr\»\Km|;lit 
 
 Araliia, a I'llur; 
 iir tlici'iiurinouiiMim 
 ■il, ri'j,'iilnr, and villi 
 wx-t "O.S iui'li III ;lii". 
 •imi 2 !■. 11 i '.clics. 
 K('i,'i il>itm'<nit» i.n / 
 
 licrfirl wliil'i ihi'|i 
 \(irlh fruin '/. to HI. 
 ntuiiis frnin a. 1 1 
 riiiiiH fro\u M, tu '';, , , 
 'i(l«. to COj. per uniiii. 
 rrok ptarb, ntc wi'itii I 
 
 ,\eiu'n(lini;<iniiualuy, 
 I'nrlH an; wnrlli iVun. 
 ick ami U'ad-ciiliiimlj 
 wlu'Uthcy aroofnUiw 
 ibdrcil p<'arl!( arc callnl ! 
 
 IVir'mn ii done let ill I 
 
 iiinkc tli('liiil('»iiiiiH>.'i'| 
 ■.nj;li"li. li' drillin;;. al 
 t\i a v.ry line drill, llu'] 
 ,\vi) jiicc'i's (if wiii'i! 1' 
 ■1 necklaces in esi^l' in 
 
 I'.iiiIircKSiiftlieFri'Dli 
 Livio'iibyttiur.a'lli'-i 
 f Alicrcurn po»m.sst3 
 
 •out si/L'- ■ 
 
 lion liftH oxi.^tcd nuM J 
 
 to the production (;F 
 
 it seems nuw to Ic i;ni>- 
 li(^ result of disease, aiitli! 
 ncrasbw.oar [UkzoaUjJ 
 of successive coats siitcal 
 round a forcifin mc'M 
 ,w into a »iiecies of >fM 
 r swan muscle), wlion i" 
 itc niotlicr-of-pcail lio*. 
 id in tlic course of a veijl 
 iwith ft pcarlv crurt.wlncl 
 
 I real peatl. (>1>""""' 
 
 Mat. Indica ; A'' •) 
 pearl oyster is inl"" 
 
 „rUl, particularly oii llij 
 
 tlimit;li of Into y^""/'! 
 ■en productive; at lulj 
 ofTiimcvclly,«iitliei'4 
 5alireiii5alands,iatlict.ul 
 o Islands; off tlif coHf 
 ■ita, or I'carl Islands in ilj 
 ■ „lacc8 on the coast i 
 liay of I'anama. raill 
 .sometimes been l«'l'< 
 ;otch rivers, and in vwij 
 
 Tuticorcen is raonnpol'*" 
 ofCevlonbytheCoM 
 ■so monopolies ate ol « 
 scdoeslhcsumfor«il 
 the expenses incuriri I 
 id inanaKinRthetalis- 1 
 .•obvious that tlm')i«, 
 [and everyone alo»M J 
 Iterate ««n8e. du'). J" 
 f banks is qf'te'*^ 
 labmulonedasunP^i'^t 
 lof oysters had been mj 
 
 Lcr. Besides givuii;«^ 
 iaboUtionofthe|n.n^ 
 lomcveryoppK^^Yf 
 ■, Dutch more itw » 
 
 Ic most e''t'*''„ri 
 Ihc several ban^-;,; 
 
 Llf.inW.^"'-"^" ^ 
 
 Hyp,.; but pearl oystora iin rumn 
 ,, •oil! of the Arabian cons', nnd roiiiK 
 J( jjlsnds of the (lulf. .Such n.i nrn llshod in tbn 
 j(i,nf»f 111'" Miii"'^ ofKarrak nnilCorK"! ('ontiiin 
 K'irii wid to be of n supericr colour nml dcscrip 
 ,,„j They arc formed of M laycn or folds, whilst 
 lilitrs have only 5, lint the water in too deop to 
 ^,t,(5,|ii,i({ for them either very prolltnlile or cany. 
 toiJcs, the entire monopoly of the lisliery is in tlio 
 i,n,|!iif the sheik of llnshire, who hi <'nis to con- 
 ,„.;, Ilipw islands as bis iinmedinte prniierty. 
 
 TliollshinK sonson is divided into I uo portions 
 
 -ilieonc called the short ami cold, th.- other the 
 
 JU anil hot. In the cooler weather of Iho month 
 
 if .lur.i', divinp is practised Hlon>{ the con;it in 
 
 •ijllow water ; but it is not initil the intensely' 
 
 Unuinthsiif .Inly, Aui,'iist, iind Septemlier, that 
 
 1,;^ ilahrcin banks are niucli freiineiited. 'I'li 
 
 tilcrcn them is about 7 fathoms dcr|), and tin 
 
 ,,innrenui<h inconvenienced when it is cold; 
 
 jilicil, tlicy can il,) little when it is not ;is warm 
 
 n ;l.i' air, iuid it treqiienily heconicH even more so 
 
 ; ilio holiest months oV the summer. Wlieii 
 
 ;: viiivo, ihov coinprei'S the nostrils ir^jlitly with 
 
 i.:iul!imve<'f horn, which keeps the water out, 
 
 .mI siiilf their ears with beeswax for tlie same 
 
 |,'iq.,-r. fhey attach a net to their waist, to 
 
 ittliiii llie oysters; «n<l aid their descent by 
 
 DMi of a stone, which tliey Indd by a ropt! 
 
 ito'.ii'Jtiiaboat, and shoke it when they wish 
 
 m tje drawn up. From wimt I conld leani, 'J 
 
 Eiraie* may be considered as rather above the 
 
 ,M'mi'ttimeof their remaining under water. A 1- 
 
 tU;li'"iiro labour, and very exbaustinR at the 
 
 lime, liinn!,' is uot considered particularly in- 
 
 'uwlothc constitution ; even old men practise 
 
 II. .Ipfrsnu usually dives 12 to 15 times n day 
 
 in ijMirablo weather, but when otherwise, It or 4 
 
 iBiismly. The work is iierfornied on an enn)fy 
 
 -imifh. When the diver becomes fatigued, he 
 
 ^'.ci III alec |>, ami docs not eat until he Iiud slept 
 
 iiieiiaif. 
 
 A; lialiri'in alone, the annual amount produced 
 
 1' 'lit poarl fishery may be rcckoiuul at from 
 
 ■'i/.to 21(),0()U"/. If' to this, the purcbnses 
 
 ffliJe bv the llabrcin merchants or agents at 
 
 .ItiKiItaWe Shai-^^a, Kas-id Kliymiick Ac. be 
 
 I aJJfil, which may amount to half as much more, 
 
 itmitillhe a total of about aOI),p()0/. or 300,000/., 
 
 U;'iiis is calculated to include tbc whole pearl 
 
 wie of the Gulf; for it ia believed that all the 
 
 hriiiifial merchants of India, Arabia, and Persia, 
 
 I »lio ileal in pearls, make 1 1 ir purcbaaes, through 
 
 I »JtiiiJ. at Bahrein. I have not admitted in the 
 
 J itiitt stimatc much more than one-sixth of the 
 
 I laount some native merchants have stated it to 
 
 ht IS a good deal seemed to be matter of guess 
 
 loKpiniiin, and it is diflicult to get at facts. My 
 
 |««t.«timateis in some measure checked by the 
 
 iMimatcd prolits of the small boats. But even 
 
 |iif sum which 1 have est iniated is an enormous 
 
 ImmI value for an article found iu other parts 
 
 I'l ibe world as well as here, and which is 
 
 iMftr used in its best and most valuable state, 
 
 l««pt as an ornament. Large quantities of 
 
 |« seed pearls are used throughout Asia, in 
 
 TiMMraixisitionofmajoon" r electuaries, to form 
 
 T'nh all kinds of precious stones arc occasionally 
 
 F-ied, after being pounded, excepting, indccJ, 
 
 '*inus; these being con;.; lered, from their 
 
 £,■ rH' " """'>' 'n'''b'c^t'l>l< . The majoon, in 
 
 l»i« there is a large quantit^' of pearls, is much 
 
 laiulat 
 
 |"gbtf(jtandvalucd, on account of its supposed 
 
 "'' ' restorative qualities. 
 tim P**'^ fishery boats are reckoned 
 
 Qount to about l,5Gu, and the trade is in the 
 71" 01 merchants, some of whom possess con- 
 
 I'i'LUlLS 1015 
 
 ulou;; the ! sidci'ablc capital. They bear bird on the pio- 
 • Imost all I diicers or Ushers, ond evc'i those who make the 
 gri'atest exertions ill divin;; hardly lia\c fond tit 
 eat. 'I'lie nierehant advunees some money to tlic 
 tisliertner' at cent, per cent., and a portion of ilotcs, 
 rice, and tlicr uecesmiry articles, all ot the sup- 
 |ilier's own priie; ho also lets u boat to tbein, 
 for whicli lie gets one share of the gross pr(dlt.s of 
 all that IS lisiied: and, linnlly, ho purchases tlio 
 peiirls nearly ut his ••■.vn price, for the unhappy 
 tishefi'.en are gi!neral in bis debt, and therefore 
 at his mercy.' {Mnn:^' ri/it A'o/ci cnutinumcuU'ii 
 III/ .y/iijor J). U'llmrt, late J'olitical Jieaidcitt al 
 Hu»hiii\) 
 
 'riietulul iMinilierof town" vilbe^es and hamlets 
 whiidi sendbi'iits 10 the peiui lishery is about I 10, 
 including; those of llahrem, while the mean nuni' 
 her of boats I'urnished by each is about 10. 'I'lie 
 sum of 11 -hiiig vis,sels wuuld therefore eipial .'),000 
 in all, K.'wh boat ow ner has to pay for every boat 
 that bo mans for the jKMrl season, a sum amount- 
 ing to iiliout lidji. of K.nglisli money, besitles a 
 small |)ercentuge 011 the produce seliloin exceed- 
 ing a rial and a half, i.e. about H,<i. ; this added 
 to the boat tax gives ;1H«, (I'algrave's Araltiii.) 
 
 The lishery at Algiers was l.irnied by an I'-iig- 
 lisli iissociatKiri in IM°.il!, lint we arc ignorant us 
 to the success of this miilertaking. 
 
 Tlu' pearl lisberies on the coast of Colombia 
 were at one time of very great value. In 1587, 
 upwards of (il>7 lb. of pe.uls are said to have been 
 imported into Seville. I'hilip II. bad one from St. 
 Margarita, which weighed 250 carats, and was 
 valued at 150,000 dollars. Hut, for many years 
 past, the Colombian pearl fisheries have been of 
 comparatively little importance. During tlie 
 mania for joint-stoidv companits, in 182,1, two 
 were Ibrmeil — one, on a large scale, for jirosecuting 
 the pearl lishery on the coa.st of Colombia; and 
 another, on a .smalleT scale, for prosecuting it in 
 the Hay of I'anama and the racillc. Both were 
 abandoned in IH2I!. 
 
 The best tisliery ground is said to be in from (i 
 to H t'alhoms water. The divers continue under 
 water from a minute to a minute and a half, or at 
 most 2 minutes. They have a sack or bag 
 fastened to the neck, in which they bring up the 
 oysters. The exertion is extremely violent ; and, 
 contrary to Major Wilson's opinion, it is believed 
 that the divers are unhealthy and short-liv d. 
 
 In ISGtj, wo imported pearls of the value of 
 51,H1G/., cbielly from Kgypt, and in 18G7, 38,006/. 
 worth, cbielly from St. 1 homos. 
 
 I'l'.Aiti, SllKi.i-.'s, commonly called Mother-of- 
 pearl ahi-lls, are imported from various parts of the 
 ICast, and consist principally of the fshclls of the 
 pearl oyster from the (Julf of I'ersia and other places, 
 particularly the Sooloo Islnnd.s, situate between 
 liorneo and the Philippines, the shores of which af- 
 ford the largest and llnest shells hitherto discovered. 
 On the inside, the shell is beautifully polishetl, 
 and of the whiteness ond water of pearl itself: 
 it has the same lustre on the outside, after the 
 external Inminic have been removed. Mother- 
 of-pearl shells are extensively used in the arts, 
 particularly in inlaid w urk, and in the manufacture 
 of handles for knives, buttons, toys, snufV-boxes 
 il-c. The Chinese manufacture them into beads, 
 lish, counters, spoons &c. ; giving them a finish to 
 which Kuropean artists have not been able to 
 attain. Shells for the European market should 
 be chosen of the largest size, of a beautiful pearly 
 lustre, thick and even, and free from stains. 
 Kejecc such as arc small, (Tacked, or broken, or 
 liave lumps on them. When stowed loose as 
 dunnage, they are sometimes allowed to pass fvec 
 of freight. (Milburn's Orient. Com.) 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 Ma 
 
 #v^ .f^^4^. 
 
 mL // ^\%^ 
 
 ,.v 
 
 ,V^ 
 
 
 III 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 11.25 
 
 lA^lli |25 
 
 | £0 ■^" !■■ 
 
 iM 111112.0 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.4 
 
 m 
 I 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 7 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 
 4C^^ 
 
 4^. ^ 
 
 N> 
 
 <«» 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 
 
 (716) 872-4$03 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 

 1046 
 
 PEAS 
 
 PEPPER 
 
 ■f'r 
 
 '■• t 
 
 i1 
 
 - 
 
 ,'4 
 
 I 
 
 .) ■ 
 
 ■ii 
 
 i 
 
 /t 
 
 ! I . ■ 
 
 i 1 
 
 In 1867, 36,175 cwt. were imported, valued nt 
 7(),1'J0/. They are used largely in lacker and in- 
 laid work at IJirniingliam, [IJakdwaue Indus- 
 
 TIIIKH. J 
 
 ri'^AS (Gcr. crbsen ; Vr. pois ; Ital. pisclli, pisi ; 
 Span, pesoles, jrnisantes ; Kiiss. fjorocli). Tlio pea 
 is one of the most estcpnied of tlie lc<;umiiious or 
 pulse plants. It is supposed to be indi<;enous to 
 tlio south of Kuropc, and was cultivated by the 
 Greeks and Ilomans, the latter of whom prol)ably 
 introduced it into Britain. There arc many 
 varieties ; but the common fjardcn pea (Pisiiin 
 sativum) and the common j^rey or field pea (Pistim 
 (irvense) are llie most fjenerally cultivated ; bcinf; 
 reared in lar(:;e quantities in all parts of the 
 ciiuntry, particularly in Kent. I!ut since the 
 introduction of the dill husbandry the culture of 
 the pea as a iield crop has been to a considerable 
 extent superseded by the bean. Sometimes, how- 
 ever, it is drilled along with the latter ; for, being 
 a climbing plant, it attaches itself to the bean, 
 so as to admit the ground being hoed; at the 
 same time that the free admission of air about its 
 roots promotes its giowth. It is not po.ssible to 
 frame any estimate of the consumption of pea.s. 
 The Iield pea is tiow hardly ever manufactured 
 into meal for the purpose of being m.ide into 
 bread, as was formerly the case in many pr.rt.s of 
 the country; but there is -reason to think that 
 the garden pea is now more extensively used than 
 ever. In IHtJH, the total acreage in the United 
 Kingdom devoted to the cultivation of peas was 
 297,012, and the crop of 186() occupied .'323,184, 
 and that of 1807, 32(),(il)7 acres. (Loudon's Knrij. of 
 Agriculture ; Urown On Rural Affairs, vol. ii. 
 p. 72 ; Agricultural Returns, 1807 and 1808. For 
 an account of the laws regulating the importat'in 
 &c. of peas, see Corn Laws and Cohn Tkauk.) 
 Leguminous crops are very extensively cultivated 
 in India. In 1807 wo imported l,.58G,r29 cwt. of 
 peas, chiefly from Prussia and North America, of 
 the value of 721,604/. 
 
 PECK. A drv measure for grain, pulse Ac. 
 The standard or Imperial peck contains 2 gallons, 
 or 554"55 cubic inches. Four pecks make a 
 bushel, and 4 bushels a coomb. [WiiioiiTs and 
 Measures.] 
 
 PELLITOKY. The root of a perennial plant 
 (Aiithemis pyrethrum), a native of the Levant, 
 Karbary, and the south of Europe. The root is 
 long, tapering, about the length and thickness of 
 the little linger, with a brownish cuticle. It is 
 imported packed in bales, sometimes mixed n-ith 
 other roots, from which, however, it is easily 
 distinguished. It is iiiodorous. When chewed, it 
 seems at tirst to be insipid, but after a few seconds 
 it excites a glowing heat, and a pricking sensation 
 <)ii tho tongue and lips, whi-^h remains for 10 or 
 12 minutes. The pieces break with a short resi- 
 nous fracture; the transverse section presenting 
 a thick brown bark, studded with black shining 
 points, and a pale yellow radiated inside. It is 
 used in medicine as a stimulant. (Thomson's Dis- 
 pensatory ; British Pharmacopaia, 1867.) 
 PENANG, [SiNOAPORE.J 
 PENCILS (Ger. pinsel; Dutch penscelen; Fr. 
 pinceaux; Ital. pennelli; Span, pii'.celes). The 
 instruments used by painters in laying on their 
 colours. Tliey are of various kinds, and made of 
 various materials ; some being formed of the 
 bristles of the boar, and others of camel's hair, 
 the down of swans <S:c. 
 
 PENCILS, BLACK LEAD. [Black Lead 
 Pr.ucii-8.] 
 
 PENKNIVES (Ger. federmesscr- Fr. canifs; 
 Ital. temperini; Span, cortapluma.s). Small 
 knives, too well Itnown to need any particidar 
 
 I'1:N NY. Formerly a silver, but now a <.,„„„.r 
 com. I Ins was the first silver coin striuk i, 
 iMigland by our Saxon uncc-itors. being the 'intl 
 part of their pound; so that its weight was alii,j[ 
 22A grains trov. [Coins.] 
 
 PENNYWEIGHT. A troy weight, being tho 
 2()th part of an ounce, eontaiiiinK 21 .'rains' 
 [ Weioiits and Measures.] " ' 
 
 PENS (Fr. plumes ii ecrire ; Ger. schroibfedon 
 Ital. pennc da scrivere ; Russ. pera stwoli) Well' 
 known instruments for writing, usually fomifil ,ii 
 the quills of the goose, swan, or some ■other binl 
 Metallic pens have been occtsionally cmplov.i 
 for a lengthened period; but it u only withi,, 
 the last (piartor of a century tli.it t!iev have Iwn 
 extensively introduced. They are now, howcwr 
 manufactured in vast quantities, and of m\ im- 
 mense variety of forms. But thi.ngh thev liave 
 superseded, to a very considerable extent, the u.-e 
 of quills, and have some jieculiiir advantage-, it 
 iloes not appear possible to give them the clasticitv 
 of the quill, nor to (it them so well for quick anil 
 easy writing on common descriptions of paner 
 
 PEPPER (Fr. poivre; Ger. pfeffcr, bul.l,. 
 peper ; Ital. pepe ; Span, piraieiita ; Russ. ptre? 
 Lat._ piper). 'J"he berry or fruit of dilTcrfiu , 
 species of (ilants, having an aromatic, cxtreiiFlv | 
 hot, ])ungent taste, used in soasonin<.' &c. Tlio 
 following sorts of pepper are met with in 
 commerce : — 
 
 I. Br.AOK Pei'peu (Fr. poivre; Ger. scliwawrl 
 pfeffcr ; Itttl. pepe negro ; Span, pimieuta ; Saiisc. I 
 merclia; Iliu. col-mi reh ; Malay, lada; Jav.j 
 mariha). The fruit of i creeping plant (Pljxri 
 nigrum), one of the pejiper genus, of which there I 
 arc upwards of 80 species. It is cultivated fx- ' 
 tensively in India, Siam, the Eastern island? io. 
 It requires the support of other trees, to which it I 
 readily ailhcres. It climbs to the height of M 
 feet ; but is said to bear best when restrained tol 
 the height of 12 I'cet. It begins to produce atl 
 a; 'Out the 3rd year, and is in perfection at tbel 
 7th ; continues in this state for 3 or 4 years: aiid| 
 declines for about as many more, until it censa lol 
 be worth keeping. The "fruit grows abundantlrl 
 from all the branches, in long small dusters m 
 from 20 to 50 grains ; when ripe, it is of a brigha 
 red colour. After being gathered, it is s|ireail o« 
 mats in the sun, when it loses its red colour, aniu 
 becomes black and shrivelled as we see it. Tw 
 grains are separated from the stalks by hanl 
 rubbing. That which has been gathered al ttJ 
 proper period shrivels the least ; but if plucker 
 too soon, it will liccome broken and dusty in il^ 
 removal from place to place. The viiic produce 
 two crops in the year ; but tho scaroiis 
 subject to gieat irregularities. 
 
 Pepper should be chosen of a pungent aroniatiJ 
 odour, an extremely hot and acrid taste, iii las^ 
 grains, firm, sound, tegument brownish black, anj 
 with few wrinkles— for of these it akays '^" 
 8ome. Reject that which is shrivelled, urinal 
 grained, or which on being rubbed will break ti 
 pieces. 
 
 In point of quality, the pepper of Malabar i 
 usually reckoned the best; butthereisnomaifnii| 
 difference betvreen it and that of Sumatra, an^ 
 the other islands. In the market of ftngai 
 where they meet on eipial terms, the produce ' 
 Malobar is generally about 2 per cent, higher tha 
 the other. In Europe, there is generally a diB 
 ferencc of \d. per lb. in favour of Malabar; but i^ 
 China t'-.ey arc held in eqtial estiniulion. 
 
id mendinf! ii(ri>. 
 nentcd pcnknivos 
 iShclliuld. [Ci'T- 
 
 , but now a copper 
 cr coin struck in 
 ■a. heitiR the ilOth 
 I weight was aiiuai 
 
 • wciglu, licini; tlio 
 aiuing "21 grains. 
 
 (icr. schreibfederi ; 
 icrastwoli). Well- 
 ;, usually fomiwl m 
 or some otlicr biril. 
 asionoUy cmplnytl 
 t it U "only witliin 
 tliat tlii'V Imvc Iwn 
 'V are now, howtvor, 
 i'tics, and of an im- 
 .t tlii.uKli they iiave 
 ralile extent, tlic ibc 
 ;cuUar advantage^ it 
 fc them tlie clasti^■ily 
 so well for quick ami 
 icriptions of paper. 
 Gcr. pfcft'eri Dutch, 
 micnta; Russ. pwor. 
 or fruit of different 
 1 aromatic, cxtrenv'ly 
 1 seasonini.' &c. Tho 
 r lire met witli in I 
 
 loivrc; Ger. schwaritrj 
 
 Span, pitnienta; Saiisc. 
 
 : >talay, lada; Jav. 
 
 creeping plant {P:]xr 
 
 ! genus, of which there I 
 
 ,. It is cultivated ex- ' 
 
 lie Eastern island'^ i', 
 
 [other trees, towliichitj 
 
 )3 to the height o( ill 
 
 Dcstwhen restraincJ tol 
 
 t begins to produce all 
 
 is in perfection at thel 
 
 •efor ;Ur4vcar3i .mil 
 
 l^inore,v.ntilitcea*.*ii>l 
 
 fruit grows abundantly! 
 
 , long small dusters ifl 
 
 .nripe,itisofabn;W 
 
 Irathercd, it is siircad oM 
 
 loses its red colour, Mj 
 
 died as we see it. mj 
 
 the stalks liy hanl 
 
 been gathered at ttal 
 
 ^ least; but if pliiAel 
 
 broken and dusty in ij 
 
 ICC. The vi.ie protiu"* 
 
 but the sciJons - 
 
 m^of a pungent aromatj 
 
 and acrid taste, :« 'm 
 l^nt brownish black, anj 
 
 of these it always nf- 
 1 is shrivelled.;'!; '7 
 ing rubbed will biM'^'' 
 
 ,e pepper cf Malabar j 
 rbuUhereijnomaten'l 
 
 i that of SuMt^^ 
 
 ^the market of m 
 K terms, the proauce^ 
 
 .it2Dercent.liigl'«'*»l 
 fffi^ generally a tj 
 
 Lour of Malabar; but « 
 ■rjual estimaiwn- 
 
 m 
 
 PEPPER 
 
 KiacI: pepper sold ground is said to be often 
 ,|ullenited with burnt crust of bread. 
 
 II WinTi.; pKiTKii is niatle by blaiudiinf; the 
 ,;nf.i grains of the common black i)opiier by 
 .'•m>iiiu' <•'«'" •*"■ " •^^'''' "' wutor, and tlicn 
 -'ntlv rubbing tiicm. so as to remove the dark 
 oilier' coat. It is milder than tlie other, and is 
 aniih prized by the Cliincsc; but very little is 
 i,i,-.atcd into England. , , 
 
 !i C.nKXNK l'Ei"r).'.u is tlie jiroduce of .sevc- 
 
 • 1 vanities of tlie Capniciim, im annual |)laiil, a 
 
 ijiivc (if both tiie Indies. Tlic best, wliicii is 
 
 iviv'hl lioinc from tho West Indies ready iire- 
 
 ir.'lis made from the Capsicum bnviatiim (bird 
 
 ■viperl. It lias au arumalic, extremely pungent, 
 
 'nriinoiiimis taste, setting the month, as it were, 
 
 „u lire, and t''" impression romaininK long on the 
 
 ■alatc. It is sometimes adulterated with muriate 
 
 !i'<i«l'a: and sometimes with a very d(deterioiis 
 
 ..jli-tanco. the red oxide of lead ; but this fraud 
 
 My be detected by its weight, and by cliemical 
 
 te.|.. [CiiiLi.iES.J 
 
 IV, Ixixo Pepper. — This spccie.s is the produce 
 
 i.f a perennial (Pi/^tr longum), a. native of ^lal.aliar 
 
 ,iail Bengal. The fruit is hottest in its immature 
 
 <tate; and is therefore gathered while green, and 
 
 uriwl in the sun. It is imported in entire spikes, 
 
 »hicli are obout U inch long. It has a weak 
 
 .iMmatic odour, an intensely fiery pungent taste, 
 
 ai>l a (lark grey colour. Tlie root of long pepper 
 
 i*afavoiirite medicine anong the IJindu.s. 
 
 The iiuintitics of the last 3 species of pepper 
 
 innottblare ipiite inconsiderable, compared with 
 
 thtniiantity of black pepper. (Milburn's Orient. 
 
 ('(«!. :.\insliL Mat. Iiidlca ; Thomson's i>ts;jcrt- 
 
 iatn-.Briiish Pharmacopwia, 18G7 ; ito.) 
 
 Tmlf in Pepper. Con sumption of , and Duties 
 M. la />j/ai«/.— Pepper is extensively used, all 
 iver Europe and the East, as a conilinient. It 
 ir.i* oripfallv imported into this country by way 
 .filie Levant (ante. E.vst Inufa Company); 
 Mill I'orr ."\ years after the establishment of the 
 Ha^t India Company, it formed the most im- 
 i<irtam article of their imports. In nothing has 
 lie Unelicial efTect of opening the Indian tr.ide 
 ka so unequivocally displayed as in the in- 
 jiance of pepper. The private trat^or-s have re- 
 Kittd to new markets, and discovered new 
 sources of supply, which had previously been 
 whuliy unexplored; so that there has been not 
 mly a .-ery great increase in the quantity of 
 I«pper brought to Europe, but also a very great 
 fall in its piicc, which does not now exceed a 
 tliiril part of what it amounted to in 1814. 
 
 I'epper for a lengthened period wn.s one of the 
 most grossly over-taxed articles in the IJritish 
 t.irit Until 1823. the duty was Is. Grf. per lb.— 
 a 'tuty so exorbitant, that one would be inclined 
 Id ihink it had been imposed to put a total stop 
 :« the use of the article. In 182G, the duty on 
 lifjerfrom a British possession was reduced to 
 is. per lb, • but even this duty, as compared with 
 llie price o' the article (M. to bd. per lb.), was 
 i|uite opi res. ive, amounting to no less than from 
 ilO to IJO per cent. ; so that it was further and 
 most properly reduced, in 1837, to Crf. per lb. 
 -inil in consequence principally of these reductions, 
 the entries of pepper for home consumption, 
 «luch, previously to 1826, had not amounted to 
 1,4.50,000 lb. in anyone year, amounted in 1846 
 to 3,303,365 lb. Still, however, the duty, as com- 
 pared witli the price of pepper, was decidedly too 
 liigh; and should not have exceeded \d., or at 
 •lost 11 per lb. And in proof of this statement 
 I. IS enough to mention that from 1846 dow i to 
 WO the entries for consumption did not sensibly 
 acicasc; in 1857 thev amountetl to only 3,656,446 
 
 PEKIOmCAL i'UBLICATlON.'^ 1047 
 
 lb. The dutv of G.^rf. i>er lb. produced, in 186.^, 
 124,400/. In'lSCt; it wus repealed. Hy tho aboli- 
 tion of the duty, pepper has become accessible to 
 the lower classes, to wliom its free use will bo of 
 muidi importance; and t>ie probability is, that the 
 " 'isuiuiitioii will, ill no very lengtbeiiod period, bi 
 (loiililcd or more. 
 
 Veirii 
 
 linporii 
 
 Kiporl^ 
 
 
 111. 
 
 IS-iO 
 
 s.Tiv.vn; 
 
 n.f:'il,S24 
 
 I>liil 
 
 1i,Slil,"Hl 
 
 'l.l.ll.S'..? 
 
 ISlil 
 
 1 l,(iSI,jS'J 
 
 «,lil'.'),9.'j| 
 
 ] Sfi'i 
 
 IS.l 1.0,97.') 
 
 12,0il,ll.i 
 
 ISII.I 
 
 l(i,SIO,|ii!) 
 
 10,91 1.S'.IO 
 
 isni 
 
 18,.')3r.,7iJ.'. 
 
 I.1,I.')I,1'J0 
 
 ISC'. 
 
 19,VI.1,.')9'i 
 
 l,'i,H.1,1,™« 
 
 IHfIG 
 
 M,»M-',I6I 
 
 iil,44K,'i97 
 
 isi;7 
 
 1,-., 91. -1,9 24 
 
 16,.ViU,9U) 
 
 Supp'i/ of Pepper. — Tlic fidlowing iiistnictivo 
 details with nispect to pepper are taken IVom the 
 Sitiijapore C/inm!ch; to which tliey were con- 
 tributed by the late .lobn Crawfiird, Esq. — than 
 wliom there could be no more competent authority 
 as to such subjects. 
 
 Of all the products of the Eastern islands, and 
 of the countries inimcdiatoly in their neighbour- 
 hood, ill demand among strangers, black pepper 
 is the most important, lioth in value and quan- 
 tity. 
 
 The pepper countries extend from about the 
 longitude of 90° to that of 11,')° E.. beyond which 
 no pepper is to bo found ; and they reach from tp 
 S. latitude to about 12" N., where it again cca.ses. 
 Within these limits we liave Sumatra, Ilornoo, 
 the Malayan peninsula, and certain countries 
 lying on the east coast of the Gulf of Siani. 
 
 The pepper ports on the north-east coast of 
 Sumatra are Laiikat and Delli, with Sardang. 
 The cultivation is carried on by the Uatta nation 
 in the interior. 
 
 Tho ports and pep[]Cr districts on the south- 
 west coast, are as follow : port and district of 
 Trumali, districts of Piilo Dua and Cluat, coast 
 from Tampat Tuan to Susu, port of Susu, Kualla 
 Ilatta, Analabn, and districts to the north of 
 Analabu. 
 
 Here it is of importance to remark that the 
 culture and production are extremely fluctuating. 
 
 On tho cast coast of the Malayan peninsula, 
 the production of pepper is very considerable, 
 the ports being Patani and Calantan — chiefly the 
 latter. A portion of this, and of the produce of 
 the islands at the mouth of the straits of Malacca 
 and Singapore, is brought to Singapore and Pe- 
 nang ; but we believe the greater proportion goes 
 direct to China in junks. 
 
 The east coast of the Gulf of -Siam, from the 
 latitude of 104° t" that of 12^° N., aftbrds an 
 extensive crop of jiepper. The principal ports 
 here are Chantibun, Tungyai, Pongsom, and Kani- 
 pop ; the first two being under the dominion of 
 Siam, and the latter under that of Kamboja. The 
 produce of Borneo is also considerable. 
 
 iVlr. (Jrawfurd more recently supplied the sub- 
 joined revised estimate of the production of pepper, 
 viz. : — 
 
 111, 
 
 - so,n(Hi,nno 
 
 - 8,000,000 
 
 - :i,oo«,oo(> 
 
 - .1,7.1:1, S.i.T 
 
 - 2,fi66,6fi7 
 . S,ll«l,000 
 
 - 4,060,000 
 Total - - .lO.flOO.OOd" 
 
 PERCH. A long measure, 16 i feet in length. 
 [Wkiquts and Measures.] 
 
 PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. These, as 
 the name implies, are publications which appear 
 at fixed periods or stated intervals, and conse- 
 quently include newspapers, monthl}- and other 
 
 Sumatra (west coast) 
 Do. {east do.) - 
 Islands In the Straits of .Malacca 
 Malay peninsula 
 Jlorneo 
 Siam 
 .Malabar 
 
1048 
 
 PERMIT 
 
 ,: i 
 
 * f i 
 
 
 
 t ■ ■ •!'.' 
 
 (■•;•■ 
 
 ■,"*' 
 
 '.S' 
 
 .•* •) -■■n;i- 
 
 magazines, quarterly reviews, nnd iournals, and 
 all such books as appear nt monmly or other 
 intervals. Hut the, term pcrmliml publications 
 is usually understood in a mi)ro confined sense, or 
 98 comprising only maga/.incs and such political, 
 literary, and scientific journals as appear at regular 
 intervals, without including newspapers or works 
 published in parts. 
 
 Kven when thus restrictul, this w a very ex- 
 tensive and important de|)irtment of literature. 
 No doubt a vast deal of (rasli gets into print 
 hy the ogency of magazines tliat might nototlier- 
 wise see the light; Lut must part of these pub- 
 lications contain at the same time some superior 
 articles ; and a few arc ablv conducted and em- 
 brace a wide range of topics. Since the esta- 
 blishment of tlie Kdinbiiriih Review in 1802, the 
 quarterly journals, especially those that embrace 
 politics and literature, have risen togreateminence, 
 and have had a powerful influence over the public 
 mind. At present, however, and for some time 
 past, the inlluenco of this class of journals has 
 been declining. An ably conducted daily paper 
 is, at this moment, by far the most powerful 
 engine the press can bring into the field. 
 
 From a mercantile point of view, periodical 
 literature is of more importance than most per- 
 sons would probably be jit first disnosed to admit. 
 We have enq'iircd with some cure into the 
 .subject, and we arc inclined to think tliat the 
 following estimate of its extent and value in 18U8 
 may be considered as near the mark as such an 
 estimate can be made. 
 
 Montlily Magazines. — These in tlie United 
 Kingdom amounted, in 18(!8, incliuling all de- 
 scriptions, to about 9(!7; and taking their aver- 
 age price at 8rf., and their average sale at 2,000 
 copies, their produce will bo 24,407/. a month, and 
 293,604/. a-year. 
 
 Quarterly Journals. — There arc 74 of tlicse; 
 and taking the average price of each at 2s. O^/., 
 and their average sale at •-',000 ''opies, they will 
 produce 20,360/. a quarter, and 81,400/. a-year. 
 llence, supposing these estimates to be nearly 
 accurate, the annual produce of the sale of 
 periodical publications (exclusive of what they 
 yield by advertisements) will amount to about 
 376,000/, 
 
 PERMIT, A license or instrument, granted 
 by the orticers of excise, certifying that the 
 excise duties on certain goods have been paid, 
 and permitting their removal from some specified 
 place to another. 
 
 The Acts re'iativc to permits were consolidated 
 by the stat. 2 VVm. IV. c. 10. The Commissioners 
 of Inland Kevenue provide mouUls or frames fv.r 
 making the paper used in the printing of permits, 
 which have the water mark ' Excise Office ' vbible 
 in its substance; and the counterfeiting of such 
 frames or paper, or the having the latter in one's 
 possuscion without being able satisfactorily to 
 account for it, is a felony punishable by trans- 
 portation. Permits are not delivered except on 
 the receipt of ' request notes,' specifying the 
 places from and to which the goods are to lie 
 conveyed, A penalty of 500/, is to be imposed on 
 all persons counterfeiting ' request notes,' or 
 fratidulently procuring or misapplying permits ; 
 and all goods, for the removal of which permits 
 .ire necessary, if they be removed without them, are 
 to be forfeited, and the various parties engaged in 
 their removal are to be each amerced in a penalt}' 
 of 200/. It is needless to dwell on the extreme 
 inconvenience that would result from such regu- 
 lation!* were permits in extensive use. But such 
 is not the case, and they are now wholly disnensed 
 with, except in the case of a very few articles. 
 
 PEUNAMHUCO 
 
 PERNAMBUCp A citv and seaport .u the 
 empire of Brazd, inferior only to Rio Janeiro a , 
 Uahia m commorciid irnportaiioc ; capital of t 
 province of the same name, distant from lu '! 
 410 miles, from Rio 1,130. The ha Cr ! 
 house is in lat. 8° 3' 20" S., long ;)40 4«' jK." 
 Light revolving with three chongea ; tw,. whitV 
 one following after the other is invl.jl 
 tlien red. Time of revolution, 5' 15" • each li h 
 showing r 46". Light visible 20 miles in dc, 
 weather. " ' 
 
 Pcrimmbueo is situated near the most mutW 
 point of the South American continent, neVrh 
 the track of vessels proceeding to Imlja Oiini 
 Australia, New Zealand, and the west cnan i,f 
 South America; and i^ advantogeousK- iilac'cif', 
 calling for orders, seeking freight, prmisiui,. 1, i 
 reiitting. Distance by mail from KiiL'lnnd iini 
 France, 19 days; Lisbon or (iibialtar, 14 div* 
 New York, 22 days. . " uaw, 
 
 There is good anchorage in the roails, for sa- 
 draught, about 2 miles distant from, and in [m 
 of, Mie harbour. Water supplied in the xm\ at 
 70 milreis per 1,200 gallons, in pipes. Thorciii 
 no charge of any kind on vessels calling for ordfr< I 
 water, or provisions. Steamers re()uirjnc c <i , 
 can enter in distress (/wr/orfu maiort, imli(«| 
 paying anchorage dues. 
 
 The harbour is formed by the united moiiilnl 
 
 of the rivers Capibaribe and llcrbcribe, ami jj 
 
 perfectly safe and easy of access in all we,ltil'^l 
 
 It is protected from the ocean swell by a nalnr if 
 
 breakwater or reef of soft calcarooiia'orsiliowl 
 
 stone, varying from 16 to 30 feet in lireadtii iil 
 
 the top, almost ])erpendicular inside, and slow! 
 
 rapidly off outside to a great depth. ' Nu vo.;,|l 
 
 drawing more than 14J feet can enter at n^anJ 
 
 nor more than 18^ feet at springs.' (('«n<iil| 
 
 Hunt's Report, 1864.) There arc from 30 toi 
 
 feet of water at parts of the anchorase. Tli«l 
 
 regular traders of the iiort arc sailini; vewls i| 
 
 300 tons and under, and steamers of jOO lotsT 
 
 In December 1867, a vessel of 1,413 tuns aiidwr-if 
 
 in the harbour, having entered in balliL-l, n\ 
 
 drawing 17 feet. I 
 
 Various projects have been submitted from liiJ 
 
 to time to the Imperial Government for ihe inl 
 
 provemcnt and enlargement of the jiort. Jle&l 
 
 while, it would be possible to effect a great dtiil 
 
 at little cost by dredging the bar, and deopcnJ!,! 
 
 the water in the harbour, so as to admit Tesrelim 
 
 greater tonnage. If, in addition, the quays woel 
 
 secured, and the > ater near them deepened, io iiT 
 
 to admit of vessels coming up and lying aliw 
 
 side, every commercial necessity which could 1(1 
 
 demanded for the next fifty years would k itii-r 
 
 plied. At the head of the harbour, there u a itil 
 
 natural basin, at present dry at every luf tijl 
 
 but capable, when dredged out, of forming vied 
 
 the finest natural docks in the world. f 
 
 Water is supplied within the harbour. l'| 
 
 canoes or covered barges, at 50 milreis tlie "In 
 
 or 25 milreis the half canoe ; the latter bciiij;^! 
 
 ficient to water any trading ship. Smaller (]»l 
 
 titles, at 500 reis per pipe, ore to be had ii liji 
 
 fountains on the quay. There is a small »if 
 
 in front of the custom-house, alongside »1« 
 
 vessels con lie, but its accommodation a »■ 
 
 limited as not to be generally available. Siei«*l 
 
 prefer to go alongside this wharf. I 
 
 Vessels generally discharge into, and il»?'l 
 
 load from, lighters. (See Table of U^t 
 
 below.) These lighters can bo cmplovci ''«'.'''' I 
 
 the presence of a custom-house officer i'{ii'"!| 
 
 on bcird the vessels usiii.t; thcra. TlietmBMei 
 
 by the regulations are from dayliglit-*>.' '■* 
 
 a'.si. to 8 A.M. In order to "coiiomiM W ™l 
 
lUCO 
 
 y ami ncaport in the 
 Lly to Rio Jonciro and 
 rtaiicc ; capital of ilic 
 c, distant from llaliia 
 . The harbour liuht- 
 ,, long U° 4C)' 40" W. 
 1! changes ; two white, j 
 other is invi<ihli, 
 inn, f)' lo" ; cuchVi(;lii 
 isiblo 20 miles in clear 
 
 1 near the most easiiilv 
 ;an continonl, neatly n, 
 ceding to India, C'.imi 
 
 and the west enart nf i 
 Ivantagcuusly placed iVr 
 ; freight, provisiuin. oi 
 mail from England am 
 
 or Gibraltar, 11 dayj; | 
 
 igc in the roails, for any 
 ,li»tant from, and in fioM 
 
 siniplie.d in the roadi «t 
 lions, in pipes. 'I'lierc i. 
 
 vessels ealling fur oidi-r-. 
 Steamers reipiirinK cii.. 
 porforfii maior), willioiii | 
 
 ed by the united mouihi 
 bo and Berberibe, and w 
 
 of access in all weattiTs. 
 i ocean swell by a natnc.l 
 loft calcareous or silitwu 
 5 to ISO feet in broadt'i it 
 idicular inside, and sloiirai; 
 a great depth. 'Novei>d 
 li feet can enter at n-aps 
 feet at springs.' (Consul 
 
 There are from oOtoii 
 s of the anchorage. Ill' 
 i port are sailing vcssoli'f 
 land steamers of 500 ions. 
 'csselof 1,413 tons anchoH 
 |ii.f entered in ballast, al] 
 
 k-e been submitted from tiiMJ 
 al Government for the m 
 Ument of the port. )1» 
 ssiblc to effect a great to 
 ling the bar, and deepcw 
 lour.soaatoadmitvesseliof 
 'in addition, the quavs«!B 
 ■r near them deepened, soli 
 
 loraing up and lying H 
 
 fal necessity which CO* W 
 
 ct fifty yeaw would MMi'i' 
 
 jf the harbour, there u3« 
 
 bscnt drv at cvcr>lo»W 
 edged out, of foraimgoM 
 
 tks in the world. 
 ,1 within the hatbour, 
 •ires at 50 milreiatM»l 
 Soe; the latter W^j 
 
 trading ship. WM* 
 rmpe,aretobeh«d«J 
 'nv Thereisasm«ll»!«l 
 ,tcm-hou£C, alongside 'I 
 ,t its accomn-odation J 
 generally available. H 
 
 fc this wharf. , , 
 
 discharge iuto, andW 
 
 are irom <laylr7',to| 
 order toecoiiomiseW"' 
 
 
 il^ 
 
 '*I 
 
 ill 
 
 .'» rui.in J^>/uT.uui.- ,fc z^-. 
 
 ,, - ". 
 
 I; 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
li 
 
I'KUNAMBUCO 
 
 (uniiif 10 "I'lr''^ l"^f "'''■'" '* P""l 'o '"' oflicer lo 
 '„„,,.' bi>.'irci tii'fori! tlic hour fixed liy tlio rejou- 
 rn j_ every iliiy tliat the Khip'.s (lisi'harjji' iii;;y 
 
 Ml visits fo visscls disdmrjjiiif? in the port 
 ijii't l)p ni.iiii: iinilor a licf ii.sc, the .stamp of which 
 ooiiJ '.'00 roiH {^)}.(/. at par). The coiimiandcr of a 
 vfj„'l Ivini: ill the harbour cauuot no on board 
 li," iitim'si sliip, uulrHs furnished wiili this pcr- 
 »,iijiiiii iindi r a penalty of 50 milixi.s and the 
 ((rfciture nf the hoat. Tliese lieciiiies are obtaiii- 
 ;.;,. (.11 (Linaiid iit the eiistoin-house. 
 
 iivilic custom of the port, thou(;h it is not obli- 
 
 a;rv, every l!riti-h vessel pays 241) reis per ton 
 f,_!;i((.r to the Uriti^h Hospital, and can have its 
 • jnii'ii visited and medicinally treated there, free 
 ,f,iiiv extra expense. 
 
 'Il;i' iiiieli()raf,'c dues are the same in the harbour 
 snd roads; ves.';cls loadin;^ or diseharyiiif; in the 
 laltir will lie uiiiler the item fnimiuiu. To taki' 
 
 I'.ii ia the loads, a license from the I'resi- 
 
 Iriitofthc province ia ncoessary. It is easily 
 »l)t;iiiiwl. 
 
 Thtro w a quarantine hospital at the head of 
 I ttc liarbour ; alumt a niilc from the city tliere are 
 
 toll;-, with apparatus for earocuiui; and masting 
 
 1 \*!(ls. 
 
 iJikkIj liny lie warehoused in bond for re- 
 I es|»irtaliua. 
 
 Ilallat sliKlilly varies in price, but may be 
 ItiltdasoistiiiK KSOI) reis for s.wd, and 3 milreis 
 I (or stone iiiT ton abnjjslde the sliip.^ 
 
 Ml \iitt charges are by the lirazilian me.isure- 
 j inmt I'jii, an advance of '10 to -l.') per cent, on 
 lI!ri;i^llrf,'i3tc^t(m.•^. Vessels are manned by the 
 loibMir, lioiisc oflieials on their lirst voyajjc lo the 
 Ipirt, Tallies uf all dues will be found below, 
 lal-ii pr.v'tiral examples of their working in the 
 l.'iiiii's (lisburjemcnts account, and pro forma 
 liiii lioP'iif ?'.i;,'ar and cotton shipments. It may 
 .[I'l that the charges on a ship entering and 
 fwn;' out loaded average roughly from "iOs. to 
 p. per British register ton. 
 
 Owing to the high price of cotton, the entries 
 If ships exports and imports, at I'ernambtico 
 Wftnt a far larger amount of business than 
 piniry. 
 
 I Kxjiorts pay the duties of the general tarilT, 
 W in.adilitioii those inijiosed '"y the "rovincial 
 |<-finliiy, which has no power to tax imports. 
 le!c duties of importation are assessed by a 
 leekly table of average values, prepared by the 
 To*™?, The rates were in Dacember' 1S(J7 
 krill'.iv:- 
 
 i Gemral Ihii 
 
 IVovinrial Duty 
 
 ^ per ceni, and 3 jK-r cent, (jil 
 
 ihi' ^ jter cent. 
 'Jll rL>i.i{icr<irroba and^iier cent 
 
 on the !)0. 
 8 per cent, and 3 per rent, on 
 
 the S jier cent, 
 yo reis per inediita and 3 per 
 
 cent, on the *^0. 
 7 iier cent, and 3 per cent, on 
 
 the 7 p'r cent. 
 
 PC capital of the province of Pernambuco is 
 hityof Recifk (of the reef), situated at the 
 IfiiMte and mouth of the rivers Capibaribe 
 ■I liibcribe, -which unite within the citv, and 
 • through it in the form of the letter Z, 
 '111^' two isthmuses parallel to tlie mainland, 
 lone being in tront of the other. The harbour 
 F the outer or seaward side of the outer 
 Imuj. which is united to the second isthmus 
 po bridges, and this again to the mainland 
 f vo bridges. 
 
 > city is partially surface-drained, but not 
 Fcil; It is paveil, and lighted with gas, and 
 llied with excellent water. 
 
 1049 
 
 The greatest e.xteiit of tho city, from east to 
 west, is about three miles, and from north to south 
 about two miles. In 1S(!2 it contained about 
 10,000 separate properties, in '2;{0 streets and 1.1 
 stpiares ; and it has increaseil since that time, 
 'i'he population is estimalcil at about 120,000. 
 The city proper has four parishes: Kecifo pro- 
 per, or iS. I'edro UoU(;iilocs, where the principal 
 (ioverniucnt anil merchants' ollices itc, arc ; S. 
 Antonio; .S. Joso; Boa Vista. There is a street 
 railway, 5 miles long, from the suburbs to the 
 city. 
 
 The exchange is n new building, one of the 
 finest and largest in Brazil. There are branches 
 of two British banks in the city, besitlcs native 
 institutions. Mr. Secretary of Legation I'akeu- 
 hani, in his Report of February 11, 1807, stated 
 the capital of the Hank of IVrnambucoat 120,000/. 
 
 Tho po.stal service is very defective. There is 
 one tlaily delivery only in the city, one weekly 
 to the country and interior towns. There is 
 a poslc-restante to which letters should be ad- 
 dressed, with the superscription ' I'ara Hear no 
 (^(irreio.' 
 
 Conimunicatitin out of the province, monthly ; 
 neighbouring provinces, twice monthly; the whole 
 coast, from I'ara to Bio tie Janeiro, twice monthly ; 
 Bahia and Bio do Janeiro, six monthly ; River 
 I'late, three monthly; United States: New York 
 via .S.Thomas, once monthly; Europe: Lisbon, 
 Bordeaux, Southampton, JIarseilles and Gibraltar, 
 twice monthly. 
 
 In January 18118 there were 80 wholesale 
 import houses i:i Beniambuco, of the following 
 nalionalitii'.i : lirazilian 27, Dutch 1, English 17, 
 Ercnch 2, (Jerman (I, Bortiigiiese 21, Spanish 1, 
 United States 2. 
 
 There are foundries and engine works, capable 
 of repairing trading steamers' engines, and two 
 private steam-driven hydraulic cotton-pre.ssing 
 establishments. There are also two daily news- 
 papers. 
 
 I'ruvincc of Pernambuco. — This region, to 
 which the town is the capital, is situated between 
 7° 12' 1" and '3° IV VM" S. lat, and between 
 37° 22' and -lio 8' W 
 .stiuare leagues of 20 
 
 long. riie area ia 'l,4(i7 
 to a degree. It li.is 22 
 leagues of sea-eoast, from the river Abiahy fo 
 the I ersinnuga, and is protcetcil bj' the remnrk- 
 .ible reef, which e.vtends, more or less continuously, 
 from Maranham to Scrgipe, at a variable distanc<- 
 from the shore. 
 
 Population estimated at 1,220,000. The natives 
 are ot every shade of colour, and of every possilii;; 
 ndmixture of blood, berweeii European, Indian, 
 and Negro. There ia hardly any prejiulicc of 
 colour. 
 
 The climate varies. - Near the coast it is warm 
 and moist, with a constant breeze. Temperature 
 85° mean maximum, 70° mean minimum. 'The 
 hottest months are December and Januarj-, the 
 coolest June and July. 
 
 The rivers do not take their rise far into the 
 country; but several are navigable for some 
 leagues above their mouths. The province is 
 healthy, except on the low grounds and river 
 banks, on which intermittent fever is occasionally 
 prevalent. Of late yearc the sanitary condition 
 of the province h.is improved. 
 
 The surface of the soil is very varied, the only 
 level lanil being the sea-coast." In the interior 
 there are mountainous ranges, dividing large and 
 somewhat arid plains. Brazilians exaggerate 
 the fertility of the soil ; but the country Is very 
 liable to drought and to the ravages of inscct.s. 
 The soil near the coast is verj' suitable for sugar, 
 that of the inland region for cotton. But uiilcss 
 
 1 #; ■■ - 
 
«• 
 
 lOoO 
 
 PKKNA.MIJUCO 
 
 rutton rcncliCH ii hi(j;li ]iTico. its lundiiction, owiiin 
 to the (Iclicioiicv of I'oads, is im|iriililiililo. ('niton 
 is /i;(>iu'riil!y cultivatod by frn' lalmiir. 'I'luri' an' 
 about 700 siifiur |ilaiilatioiis, but ibis braii< b of 
 inihistry is (leoiiniiij;. Tbc iiunibir of slaves (about 
 oO.OIlO) is iliiniiiisbin^', ami Auco Ibc aljamlonmcnt 
 of tbi- IracU', tlie pric(" of slaves lias trrblcil. Siiihur 
 Liii/. do Carvalho, Di'piity Collector of Customs 
 at I'ornanibucn, utatcs that two-t birds nf the 
 lilantatioiis are inortKa^rcd at interests varyiiij,' 
 i'loiii \H to 20 |)er cent. Many of tlie slaves liave 
 been cxporttMl to liio, ibouf^li tbe duties and 
 cliai';;es ainount to 117 niilreis |i(>r bead. 
 
 There are only four roads in the |irnvin<'e, three 
 of wliieh extend alioni I! I miles, the foiirtb .'id 
 miles, from the capital. On tbe.se romls bnlloiU 
 carts arc used; but miieb of the transit is on p.u'k- 
 horses, each of which carrie.i from .'iOO lb. to 
 '.'Ait lb., niid travels 'Ju miles a day in tbe dry 
 season. In the wet .season the tracks are im- 
 ])assable, and the roa<ls not much l«'tt(r. 
 
 The Kecife and San Francisco liailway is an 
 Kiif^lish enterprise. It is a single line, 77,\ miles 
 lon<;, and b ft. 3 in. gauj;c, running into the 
 country at an angle of about 3.0° with the coast- 
 line. It is iiitciulcd to eoutiuuc the line to about 
 'lUO miles. The administration and locomotive 
 drivers are English, the train and station stalV 
 
 Mra/.ilian. A single telegriipbio wire pxit.i 1 
 along I be line, and is avail.dile (or the publi,. , 
 niodi'rale tarilV. The nuiidicr (,|' cui,!,. ,.,.,,i' " 
 .•arthwork and excavatian per mile is alidiit |,„li| 
 what is usual in Kugland. '■ 
 
 [ The proviiK !• sends (1 senators and l;! .\m.,: 
 lo the general I'arliament al I;!-, d,. .[anoird li 
 lis governed by a ''resident, aiipcim,.,! l.v n, i 
 I gene ral (bivernment, and lias an A»scmliiv'„f ■'', 
 I members, vhicli legislates and taxus frt'imtc'iv 
 ! prnvincial malters, ' '. 
 
 ! N,. ,me is permitted to ,,mt ilie pr„vin,> „,.| 
 Cmpn-e ui'.hoiit previously ;ii|venisiiifr i,;, 
 jiarture for Ibrec conseciuive days in the Ir.Mil 
 journals, and oiilaining a passp,,rt fnim ij,,. i„i||,' 
 rilies at ibe ensl of -Jl milrcis. T|,i, rule.],! 
 , iioi apply to passengers landing l'„i- a fcv; d'iv,l 
 and proceeding on their jonrncv. 
 
 [ The products of the provim'e an tii.ii, .irir | 
 
 ^ hides, rum, and nuda.sses. Kariidia. w tiu'cnr,, 
 meal of tbe manioc root, take.- the place (.f lir, ,1' 
 wheaten Hour being rarely cdnsiniicd, lxivm i',,', 
 the sliape of hard biscuits simikir to iIm'm'u.'J 
 ' on .shipboard. 
 
 l-'or the .soundings we are in<liljteil t,i.M,„., 
 j Law and Itlount ; and lo ( ;. ( i, Manii, KM|.,,iii,,.r.| 
 intendent of the I'acillc and San Krancisen l;';iil«av| 
 I Compauy, for the fidlowing — 
 
 Aatiunt of the Traffic for 3 Yearn rmiiiir/ 18(11!, on lite Pacific and San l-rdiiciscn Rmicii* 
 
 (77?, miles) ^rst opened tliroiigliout in 1811".'. 
 
 rncM(3|t 
 
 Y«ar» 
 
 Tom cnrricd up 
 Ihe Country 
 
 'ions carrifd from 
 the Country 
 
 ra&senf;eri llet-eiptH 
 
 Ei|ienwt 
 
 oracar 
 
 (1.740 
 7,H9SJ 
 
 1 £ .. ./. 
 .I.I.SS.'i 16.1,4« lil,(07 1 II 
 
 £ «. ,1. 
 4'i,8'Jil 1 4 
 .TJ,71.'> f, 1 
 4I1.W. 'I 1 
 
 
 ;•] 
 
 * . ', 
 
 T ! 
 
 ■41 
 
 : ! f 
 
 . 
 
 ■M 
 
 : .* ( 
 
 Coasting Trade with the Principal Ports of the Province of Pernambuco for the G Yearn imimqH'X 
 
 I 
 
 Hum • canadai 
 
 Cotton • arrolids 
 
 Su^ar, refint-d „ 
 brow It „ 
 Hides, salted lb. 
 
 dry - t, 
 
 I^uro wood, rough logs 
 Sundry ,, „ 
 
 Treacle • canadas 
 Indian rom • arroba.-i I 
 ('astor oil - lb. I 
 
 Sole ItfAlhcTS pieces i 
 Suctipira • loi;s 
 
 V^itih.nicn, n.uuh lo^ ' 
 
 K;o(trande 
 del Nurle 
 
 "40 
 
 ."0 
 
 isr,i-'i 
 
 
 rar.T 
 liit>a 
 
 .VI.lf;oas 
 
 Total 
 
 
 3,861 
 
 3,864 
 
 1 
 
 6.S4.1 
 
 315 
 
 IC,79'.i 
 
 
 .i.iwn 
 
 178,689 
 
 IS3,Si4 
 
 
 50,157 
 
 ii.1l,8IO 
 
 .■>7S,190 
 
 
 IS.-,:^iiS 
 
 blfii-l 
 
 409,!MI 
 
 
 7,105 
 
 
 7,.1'.!1 
 
 
 — 
 
 !i,4.'..1 
 
 2,4 .'..1 
 
 
 SO 
 
 5,4.17 
 
 5,5ii7 
 
 
 — 
 
 l!i,177 
 
 Vi.'M- 
 
 
 son 
 
 
 21)11 
 
 
 — 
 
 .15,850 
 
 35,851) 
 
 190 
 
 
 
 1.71lii 
 
 WM 
 
 !).14 l.S.IO'l 
 
 — 
 
 l,ll.-.8 1,0.1811 
 
 lS,05fi 
 
 3,'i'i5 
 
 Ii7,>'25 
 
 249,34'.) 
 
 54,8l)'i 
 
 I'iir.i- 
 liiba 
 
 .\ l.igoa» 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 12,188 
 
 1 ,455 
 
 4,(13(1 
 
 183,122 
 
 4'.',';32 
 
 2l(),2MI 
 
 14I,Sl(i 
 
 7.1,193 
 
 2.S8 
 
 
 
 SC'I 
 
 — 
 
 862 
 
 __ 
 
 3,429 
 
 _ 
 
 10,580 
 
 177 
 
 - 
 
 \j:> 
 
 312 
 
 — 
 
 559 
 
 31,899 
 
 190,683 
 
 80,737 
 
 (;fi4,658 
 
 55,094 
 
 869 
 
 862, 
 
 .10; 
 
 .'1,157 
 
 lil.'.WI 
 
 i;71 
 
 767 
 
 .5» 
 
 Uiolfr.inilel Pflra. I ., ' . 
 dul Noriu liibi -111*"'; Tul| 
 
 85,.176 
 
 375 
 
 42,735 
 
 70,6i5 
 
 16 
 
 •;.m 
 
 ),.'I9i r.Nei.'^wJ 
 
 I,,l(l0-,',II'«1-|, 
 i,4!ll;i-,lli ■;••■.; 
 
 :,.i"i 3i,:i'j..-,: 
 lai 
 
 .,1 
 
 (■JO MT 
 
 .W III 
 
 19J V,6 JMOT 
 
 .Kl 4,!lll JSlI 
 V III 
 
 111; 
 
 Articles 
 
 Ruin - canailas 
 
 Cotton • arrot..is 
 
 HuKar, reHned ,, 
 
 brown ,, 
 Hides, salted lb. 
 
 dry • 
 lx)uro wood, rouRh lo^s 
 Sundry „ „ 
 
 Trcai'le • canadav 
 Indian com - arrobas 
 t'Butor oil - lb. 
 
 Sole leathers . pieces 
 Sucupira - Ioi,'s 
 Vtnhatico rouuh lotfs 
 
 1864-5 
 
 Ilia 
 
 (iraiide 
 
 del 
 
 Ncjrte 
 
 117 
 
 38 
 
 "803 
 
 r.ara- 
 *)iba 
 
 U2,65S 
 
 .511 
 
 S,'j7il 
 
 215,S95 
 
 465 
 
 177j3I 
 
 185 
 
 AIaf;oaK 
 
 7,2^6 
 
 1. ',5,1 148 
 
 171,772 
 
 68,236 
 
 5,587 
 
 305 
 
 1,5'J9 
 
 950 
 
 30,098 
 
 I0,.168 
 
 3,263 
 
 !l 
 
 Rio 
 
 Grande 
 
 del 
 
 .Norte 
 
 r.-ira. Alagoa.. 
 Iiiba 
 
 _ 
 
 .._ 
 
 78,1161 
 
 4i,cno 
 
 55,0;)S 
 
 „ 
 
 9n,26'j 
 
 57»1f>9 
 
 113,626, 
 
 I'i.-n.'^ilf) 
 
 6,587, 
 
 3,l(M) 
 
 .105 
 
 
 
 2.1 II 
 
 — 
 
 9.50 
 
 4.-G 
 
 48,067 1 
 
 
 
 10..1GS 
 
 _ 
 
 4,251 1 
 
 3.917 
 
 _ 1 
 
 
 
 11.283: 27 
 305 2.13 
 11,175 2.59 
 )7,.196 61 
 12,761 1 
 
 = ! ., 
 
 ,9''0 
 40:1 
 
 Total 
 
 3,600 
 
 210.021 
 
 23.1,429 
 
 310,710 
 
 .192,15s 
 
 16,sni 
 
 188 
 
 1,681 
 
 2,665 
 
 6,763 
 
 6,1.15 
 
 6,025 
 
 81 
 
 61 
 
 Klo 
 
 (trande 
 
 del 
 
 Norte 
 
 9,6112 
 l!v,061 
 
 rara. 
 hilia 
 
 .AlDKJU ToUl 
 
 
 1 
 
 155,1 '.5 II 
 101) i 1.1 
 
 57,:nn V119, 
 
 'J34.7I8; .',.-, 
 
 1, 
 1, 
 
 .PSI 1,t?< li,li 
 ,6Si; <li\,'rii 
 
 ,S(10!'jl,l,« l,>ll,lll 
 
 ,7is'2:;,iiul,«!,'if 
 
 "•'lB'l'<l.l)W,l<(.ilf 
 
 600; 
 
 30,532 
 
 113; 
 
 1,500 
 9< 
 
 'i.nl 
 
 i,y,'.! 
 i;i'i 
 
 _ ; u.-r 
 ;ij IS.*;* 
 
 ,vS; 
 
 59 ',j 
 .S4i| 
 fiin 
 
 ,215! 3i,W 
 716 Si) 
 
 ,;iii !.in 
 
 Account of ihe Official Value of the Coasting Trade during each of the C Years ending M \m 
 
 and the Average Current Value, 
 
 Years 
 
 Rio Grande del Norte 
 
 I'arahiba 
 r«is 
 
 Alajfoas 
 
 Tft-i 
 
 
 rds 
 
 r?ia 
 
 rpij 
 
 I8"I-2 
 
 426,291,504 
 
 261,1.56,937 
 
 1,163.713,371 
 
 l,SJI,(K«.(li 
 
 186'^-3 
 
 688,668,219 
 
 379,6.17,026 
 
 1,023,411,704 
 
 vm.iwi 
 
 1863-4 
 
 696,963,587 
 
 l,S'J2,405,994 
 
 1 ,3(19,(160,1)22 
 
 3.*%ii',m 
 
 1864-5 
 
 89l,g40,'J32 
 
 2,7.59,191,467 
 
 1,088,615,131 
 
 i,:'js,ri(,yo 
 
 186.5-6 
 
 'J9»,837,I02 
 
 2,322,918,027 
 
 1,82.5,551,858 
 
 i,nu86,9s; 
 
 1866-7 
 
 ToUl 
 
 Avwade 
 
 9511,081,410 
 
 «,2S7,877,I03 
 9,883,186,554 
 
 1,772,706,237 
 
 J/I10,(»t,)» 
 
 4,649,730,084 
 
 8,183,088,323 
 
 !2,;i6,0O1,9(il 
 
 774,955,014 
 
 1,647,197,7.59 
 
 1,. 163,848,054 
 
 .i.j8(i,ooo,s!; 
 
.•ailal,],. turtli,.p„bli,,|,, 
 iiiiiiliiT uf cuhir viirii. .t 
 ';'" piT mil,, is al'miit I ■ 
 1(1. 
 
 II SPIlIltdl's niKl ID ,I,,(,|„;, I 
 
 lit at l;i„ ,1,. ,i,,„|,-,|f„' ',, 
 ■■^"''■iii, aiipcinM l,vi|„J 
 
 III lias ail Asscmliiv'nf.i, 
 iH'.^ anil tiixus f'lr'inirii, 
 
 fn (luil tli..pr„vin,e,„|,J 
 iisly advi riisini; hi. n,. I 
 •ciilivc ilavs ill' til,. U-A 
 a i'a.^s|i,,ri inim ih,. iim|„J 
 ' iiiilriis. Tlii. rule .1„.,| 
 s laiuhii^' ini- a f;,,.- j.„..^ 
 jiMinii'v, 
 
 [)r(ivin,'c. aiv i„ii .,i_..|f| 
 
 'S. Kariiihn, ,ir tin- ,'H:ir,, 
 , take:, the placn,l'lir,a4;| 
 irc'ly (•(iiisuiiicl, c\cm ini 
 .lit-, siinilur tn ih,..,. n„,|l 
 
 ■c arc iiiili'litiii t,i M,,- ... 
 o(i. (i. Mann. l'..i|.,.ii|.,.J 
 iiul.San KraiK'is,..(il;ailivav| 
 
 San I-'rancisfo liaik^M 
 
 Kipmicj 
 
 P«cenla(c 
 
 £ ..„. ! " 
 
 ■•''.Sijll 1 4 1 ,i.,lU 
 
 •TJ.Tl.'. C 1 1 („■,.« 
 
 4ll.!lfi'. a I ' }l>J« 
 
 r the G Years tmlimi HI, 
 
 lsi;.--i 
 
 tio(»r.in(U 
 
 ! I'ani ., 
 
 dt'l Norn.' 
 
 liil.i ■>'*>'j Tl" 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1 _ 
 
 Sj,.Vfi 
 
 iJC.'Wi :,;sii.iyi,«i 
 
 M.; 
 
 1,, 1,i.1'.',,)-s !,"i, : 
 
 42,7.T') 
 
 Wl,4'(, i'/'/.H:'.',;. 
 
 '»M:> 
 
 'j;A"i 3 ),;i.j ..■..:; 
 
 — 
 
 I'J4 i;» :: 
 
 — 
 
 - ; ii\ 1!, 
 
 - , CV |.J(l H 
 
 \r, • - \ Mil II 
 
 ■•W'j . j;,i9j z:i .'Mi 
 
 — . - ' 11,, '1 -.i-K 
 
 l.oio : .10 i,w :\i 
 
 — ^ 111 K 
 
 — 1 — i,i: 1.; 
 
 iwc^; 
 
 
 i ! '*J 
 
 Para- 
 hiba • 
 
 Uacoai Tola! l"'*'1 
 
 _ 
 
 .I/.ksl i.n. ji.isj 
 
 IM.r..'. ll,,,s.: •.•',.... ■?:--.« 
 
 Ulll-.'l.-.,S.,n.Ji-,,.)i',SiI,lil 
 
 .'■7,:nn,.i.iMis-i7;,niii,».?/il 
 
 ;'j54,718! ,M,-wi.,i,r.'.ti'WH 
 
 _ I.'IS.II I,'.'..! !;.*'■ 
 
 _ 
 
 1,-iS.i 
 
 '■•'•^; ,■?! 
 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 .Ml 
 
 ■".' "3 
 
 l.iOO 
 
 S,S4i 
 
 (,!H, S<,Wl 
 
 
 
 s/iio' !.«e Hi,iH 
 
 9s i.sis! 3i,<rj >i..;m 
 
 - 1 ''6, «' dS 
 
 - 1 i,Mi! MH >.*m 
 
 G Fewrs ewrfinj .n'rt \m 
 
 1,«I,0S9.M! 
 ■Ai'gl.JIS.MJ 
 j,S9«.r2.,601 
 4,r!!,ri(,S30 
 
 j,iiw«»,«s; 
 
 J,OI0,66t,J»O 
 
 ig,;i6,0 W,96l_ 
 
 ,i,7Sii,(Ws; 
 
 ^1 
 
 ■! ,H 
 
.^r 
 
 1 
 
 
 it . ! 
 
 .1 » 
 
 ■f 
 
 ». 
 
 
 • " 
 
 
 1 
 
 -. 
 
 
 ; -j^c 
 
 '■■':8" 
 
 ( - 
 
 
 
 
 S^ PKTKHS BUUrr « AY 
 
 "■'1 
 
 f r^ ztJ )' * /* 
 
 6k 
 
 
 
 it Ifonthniit 
 
 JM/J,i4-'H. J^n,'n.,t/t^ ," I 
 
PKRRY 
 
 )i'iiiiii>ii''""" 
 
 MHirulitt Table of the Untight 'fa Tjh of the 
 JriouK Artirlet of Produce . talhj Shippnt 
 
 fm Urazdiii.i I'urtt. 
 
 CiflW 
 TiMtco liif 
 
 11^ 
 
 cuHi bom, bjrrrit 
 
 bam 
 
 . b.irr>[ti 
 
 biiKi 
 
 . balc> 
 
 . ■rronft 
 
 rulla 
 
 tlry 
 . ullnl 
 
 - liiiin 
 (,lim, Marcloor S. Kc.incUco 
 
 r.wtwH" . ■ 
 
 <«, • • '•"f 
 
 '''*■' : .' barrel! 
 
 '""""" • , ". 'illf' 
 ,,,.„.„ . l>-c..,unau;j 
 
 Ri < • • •"•" 
 
 - bari«l« 
 
 H^U • ■ 
 
 lUhIa 
 
 Enfllih 
 
 •mbu 
 
 CWI. 
 
 
 ^ — 
 
 50 
 
 HO 
 
 li()t 
 
 >3 
 
 :ii3 
 
 IS 
 
 7.n 
 
 ■t\ 
 
 u 
 
 IV 
 
 i.W 
 
 It 
 
 TO 
 
 so 
 
 5;?» 
 
 VI 
 IV6-T 
 
 ;m 
 
 16 
 
 70 
 
 ■,o 
 
 ll<l 
 
 15-7 
 
 •il 
 
 7.W 
 
 .VI 
 
 )(< 1 
 
 in 
 
 16 1 
 
 49 
 
 .'« 1 
 
 Hut 
 
 l.lqulil .Mtfasurvt. 
 I canatln* 
 
 Rum 
 
 (ilpei 
 
 Horn, Kill (irande and Duenoj 
 .Kixa 
 
 Mm 
 <o()ullhas 
 
 10.) 
 00 
 
 s.nno 
 
 .1.l«X) 
 H,ll()0 
 
 V.l 
 
 7 
 
 l!l 
 
 S.I 
 IS 
 \i 
 lU 
 
 old ffalloni 
 VIO i 
 IHl 
 
 Frcnrli 
 
 kllOK. 
 
 I.m.l 
 
 '•i''" 
 
 Dill 
 
 1 ,0.^0 
 
 S(l(l 
 
 mill 
 
 I.IIIKI 
 
 l,ii,'>a 
 
 (in 
 
 Mill 
 I.IMIII 
 
 III 
 
 .IHfi 
 Mill 
 NUI 
 7(111 
 
 l,Ull 
 .I'll I 
 6(111 
 
 l,l/.li 
 ill 11 1 
 (.(III 
 .MW I 
 
 Stfuar* 40 cubic fe*t 
 
 I'F.KRY. A fermented liquor raado from pears, 
 in the same manner as eider from apples. The 
 pears best fitted for producing thi.s liquor arc 
 exieedingly linr.sh and tart; but it i.i itself 
 plpasjnt and wholesome. [CiDlcit.] 
 I'F.RIVIAN BAKK. [Uark.] 
 PETERSBUKO. The modern metropolis of 
 ilieEii.'jian empire, situated at the contluencc of 
 ilic river N'eva with the eastern extremity of 
 iho(;ulf of Finland, in lat. 59° .%' 23" N., luii,'. 
 ;«• l«3' E. Population in 1805, 540,000. 
 
 This flourishinR emporium was founded by 
 
 i'ete the Great, whose name it bears, in 1703. 
 
 Ill tl, s,imc year the fir.st merchant ship that 
 
 I evera|i)ieared"on the Neva arrived from Holland; 
 
 j iind th» Czar, to mark his sense of the value of 
 
 such visitors, treated the captain and crew with 
 
 the greate.st hospitality, and loaded them with 
 
 presents. In 1714, 16 ships arrived at Petersburg; 
 
 I in IJoO, the number had increased to 180 ; and so 
 
 rapid has been the progress of commerce end 
 
 I civili.iation in Rus.sia since that period, that this 
 
 year (!M9) upwards of 3.000 ships will probably 
 
 iDler anil dear out from Petersburg. 
 
 It is much to be regretted that, although 
 I favourable to commerce, the situation of I'etcr.s- 
 I burg i;, in other respects, far from good. The 
 JKTdunJ on which it stands is low and swampy ; 
 jit his (in (htrcieut occasions, .sustained great 
 I injury from inundations; and the countrj' round 
 ji*. generally speaking, a morass and forest, so 
 Ithat almost everything rcepiired for the sub- 
 HBtence of the inhabitants must be brought from 
 |« Stance. No one less bold and daring than 
 ll'etcr the Great would have thought of selecting 
 T«ich a situation for the metropolis of his empire ; 
 N none possessed of less power and resolution 
 pulJ have succeeded in overcoming the all but 
 nsupcrable obstacles which the nature of the 
 »untry opposed to the completion of his gigantic 
 
 L'ronstadt, situated on a small island about 20 
 P"M W. of Petersburg, mav, in some measure, 
 ■f considered as the port of the latter inmost 
 
 yesscts bound for Petersburg touch ti.ere; 
 N those drawing above 8 feet water load and 
 wad at Cionstadt ; the goods being conveyed 
 Lp Old to the city in lighters, the charges of 
 F«ich vary according to the demand at the time. 
 
 PKTKHSIUIRO lOfil 
 
 The raercliaiitH' harbour at Cronsladt is fitted to 
 contain about fiOO ships ; but if is exposed to ebc 
 westerly winds. Cronstadt is strongly fortitiiil, 
 and is the principal station of the Kus.siim llcii. 
 Vessels bound lor Petersburg must pasw by the 
 narrow I'liiiiiiel to the soutii of ihi.' island, cdni- 
 inaiidcil by the fuitiliciiti ins of ('niiistadt on the 
 one side, and of Cidiislot on the oilier, riic iic- 
 coiiipaiiyiiig illustration, uikcii from llio ollicial 
 survey published bv the Kus^ian <iii\ ■ ninuiil, 
 gives a better idea of the situation of IVtirsburi;-, 
 l^roiistadt fic, than could bo derived from iiiiy 
 description. 
 
 Two new lights have been added on Tolboukin 
 island; makiii;' in all, one on the K., anothei' 
 on the Ni;. side, and another on the Slv side, all 
 visible for five miles. There is also a double light 
 on the 8. side of S. Nicholas battery, which 
 was raised in 1801, The lower light is red. Two 
 more are on each side of the merchants' gate ; 
 one on Frederickstadt (red), on tlio .S. bastion of 
 Cronstadt harbour, another on the ojiening of 
 the Man of War harbour. A bell is .sounded four 
 times an hour during foggy weather. 
 
 Money. — Accounts are kei)t at Petersburg, and 
 throughout IJussia, in roubles of 100 copeks. 
 
 The only gold coin at present strucii is the J 
 imperial, or 5 rouble piece =lGii. sterling very 
 nearly. The silver rouble, worth 3j. 2^//. 
 sterling very nearlj', was declared, by a ukase 
 issued in 183!), to be worth 3J paper roubles. 
 
 But another ukase, issued on June 14, 1843, 
 directs that the old bank note roubles in circula- 
 tion, amounting to the sum of 595,770,310, being 
 equal, at the exchange of 3^, to 170,221,803 silver 
 roubles, should be called i;i, and replaced bj- an 
 issue of 170,221,000 billets du credit, to be ex- 
 changeable at the pleasure of the holder for silver 
 roubles. This is a most important regulation, 
 and if it be fully carried out, the distinction 
 between silver .ind paper roubles will disappear ; 
 at the same time that additional security will 
 be given to all sorts of industrial undertakings, 
 and to the credit of the Government. 
 
 Weights and Measuris. — The Hussian weights 
 are the same for gold, silver, and merchandise, 
 viz. : — 
 
 ." snltnkk* - 1 liilh. 
 3'i luths — 1 pout. J. 
 
 10 pounds ; 
 10 jiuod^ = 
 
 1 pnod. 
 1 b<:rkoTitz. 
 
 The Russian pound contains, according to Kelly, 
 6318'5 English grains. Hence, 100 lb. Russian = 
 90'2(! lb. av(iir(iupois = 40'93 kilog. The pood = 
 36 lb. 1 oz. 1 1 drs., but among merchants it is 
 reckoned = 3t! lb. According to Nelkenbrccher, 
 1001b.Rus.^iaii = 9019 lb. avoirdupois =40-9 kilog. 
 = 82-8 lb. of Amsterdam = 84-444 of Hamburg. 
 
 The principal measure for corn is the chetwert, 
 divided into 2 osmins, 4 pajocks, 8 chetwericks, 
 or 04 gernitz. The chetwert = 5*77 imperii;! 
 bushels. Hence, 100 chetwerts = 75'12 imperial 
 quarters. 
 
 In liquid measure :— 
 
 11 (sharky = 1 kra^hka. 
 
 K krnshka = 1 wtdro. 
 40 wedrus = I &orukovy. 
 TheweUro — ^\ wineRal. 
 
 Kntflihh. 
 I.IJ botlki. = 1 wedri). 
 
 .1 wi'dros ~ 1 anker. 
 () ankers — I oxhoft. 
 'i uxhoft = 1 lilpe. 
 xn long measure :— 
 
 \b wershok = 1 ar&heen. 
 ^ arsheen = 1 sashen. 
 500 saslicn = 1 Terit. 
 
 1 sashen = 7 English feet. 1 arshcen = 28 English 
 inches. 100 Russian feet=1144 English feet. 
 The verst, or Russian mile=5 furlongs 12 poles,. 
 The English inch and foot are used throughout 
 Russia, chiclly, however, in the measuring of tim- 
 ber. (Kelly s Cambist, art. ' Russia ;' Nclken- 
 brechcr, Manud XJniverscl.) 
 
 In tixing freight to England, a ton is 63 poods 
 of hemp, tlax, tallow, iron, copper, and ashes ; 
 
 '|i 
 
 *'.t ' 
 
•■ r < 
 
 f 
 
 ■ ) 
 
 
 t- 
 
 > 
 
 I i 
 
 10:12 
 
 i'KTKltSIlUlU} 
 
 ■It poodM (if liriHtli'!", '.niiiKlii'St lontlicr, ami wnx ; 
 .'■> ild/.iMi of iIi'iiIh; li,f)(IO Imrc hkiiis; H clit'tvtru 
 ul' wheat or liiisct"! ; mid (iO pii-cf.-i cf «ail-t:li)tli, 
 
 Tlie r<ill()winK ri';{iilati(iiiii for tlic iiii|iiirtittiuii 
 of inri'ijju UdodH art? .strictly ('iiforiM'il; — 
 
 All kooiIh im|Mirt((l iiiuHt 1>« ucooiiipaiiii'il liy 
 till' fidlowiiif; (lix^iimi iilH : — 
 
 I, 'I'lio (li'<'lnrati(iii of tlio niplaiii, accurdini; to 
 tlio fiirm ordered liy the ciittoiii-lioime. 
 
 '2. An utti'.stalion from llut llii.ssiiaii coii'iil, 
 Jiiid, wluTi' tin TO in no ciiii.tiil, from tlie cuslotii- 
 )ioiii(! (if tlu! place, (if tlie i|iiHiility and >piality of 
 l\w ^'oiiils, and n dct^liiralioii that they arc not the 
 produce, nianufaetnrv, or property of an eiieniy'.-i 
 cottutry. 
 
 II. HilJH of ladiliR of all Roods, in which the 
 wcifjlil, nien.ture, or (pianlily of each pnckaKc 
 innst he Kpecilk'd. In (iimc llie hills of lading; arc 
 not exaclly after thi." reniilatimi, the ^oods pay 
 duiihle duty an a line. In case inor? is found 
 than sjiecilicd in the bill of ladiii;^, the surplus 
 is nonliHcatcd ; if less is found, tlie (iuty must he 
 jiaid (III the ipiantity specilied. Of wine, it is 
 not Hullicient to sjiocify llie iiuinlier of pipe.s or 
 hogsheads only, hut also their contents in f;alloiis 
 See. Of lemons, thu r.uinher in (acli hox iinis* l)e 
 niHicilied. Of niannfactiired piods, llie nieasiire 
 of each piece must h(! dpeeifii'd, nml thu imiiiher 
 of pieces in each hale. It is iiidilVercnt wliether 
 the gross or the nett wei);lit he specilied. If the 
 packa;;es be all of the sume weif^ht, measure, or 
 contents, a general spccilication will do ; as, for 
 exnm|)le, 11)0 ca.sks alum, of 17 iisiiound each. 
 Of dye woods, the weiglit of the whole need only 
 b(! mentioned. Of goods of small bulk, as pepper 
 Ac, it is sutticicnt to Btate the wei,;lit of every ,') 
 or 10 hales, but with specilicatioii of the minihers. 
 There must not he any erasures or blots in tlie 
 hill of lading. All goods not accompanied by 
 these documents, or where the docunants are imt 
 according to thu above regulations, will be sent 
 back. 
 
 Hills of lading may be made out cither to some 
 house, or to order. 
 
 The follow ing charges luive been lixed by the 
 merchants of Petersburg : — 
 
 CnmmN^inn on nii'e^ and purchisi>4 
 
 i^xtra i-hargt^a on all Kouit. 
 
 ConiniiiMion and extra cli.irpi** fur (jo^iitii delivcritl up 
 
 Hrukerofitf (in laln and |mr(;haM'h 
 
 Ulllu un hilU .... 
 
 Ditto on freight, per ton, GO copeiki, ^ 
 
 M.impii ..... 
 
 rtini^tes on duty, paid inwardi 
 
 Ditto, paid outwnrdft ... 
 
 rummisttion tor collectinft rreijjnt, or nverai*e inwardjt 
 
 t^oiiiniis-tiiin for brorurinie fre:Kitt outwards . 
 
 For rlearance*. 4(1 roubles. 
 
 J er cent. 
 - 1 
 
 Duel to be pabi to (be t liiirc h. 
 Clearing of khius, of or under 
 'i^ liifttji each 
 Ki to .111 „ 
 ■W ., -.'. „ 
 7.1 „ 101) „ 
 100 „ l.'iO „ 
 I.'iO or above . 
 
 10 roubteg, each veurl. 
 
 Ill roubles each vtMci 
 CO ,1 
 
 lllll 
 1 '(> 
 '.jllll 
 
 7'are on Goods Exported, asjixcd by the Castom- 
 house, 
 
 Urv (toodn. percent. 
 
 In barrels or clu-^bi • . • . - 10 
 
 ] n tat-ki • • • . . ■ <i 
 
 Jn m;>t.^. or uickH made of mats - . .5 
 
 Except Mukcnvj leather, of wtiich is deducted • !t 
 
 711 oist gooos. 
 
 PresiHKl caviare - - - - .in 
 
 Soap . - - _ _ . .*> 
 
 Meat and salt fiNh - - . . - Vll 
 
 Tallow - . . - . - II) 
 
 Honejr - - - • • - 17 
 
 Treacle - • - - . > tO 
 
 All other moist ^qoA% . - . .17 
 
 Tarfi cm Goods Imported. 
 
 Dry (coods. per cent. 
 
 In barrel* or chests • . . . .10 
 
 In vessels cf glass or earthenware • • • 20 
 
 In sacks . - . - . . X 
 
 In double lacks . . -4 
 
 In mats . - . . . . ;) 
 
 1 n casks and mats together . - . . .O 
 
 In baskets > . • . . . ^ 
 
 MntHtGoods fmporlfd. -■rho f.il|„wi„, a^,, 
 of the tares .specilied in the tarilf:— 
 
 niivs oil 1.1 rnsks 
 
 of Italy, In (ta.k* and »traw 
 of France, in ll.t,ks anil v irtltMiwara 
 s.ili n.b in bartell ... 
 
 .Villi generally nn all niol ; Kihidi In lurrvls • 1 
 
 In kI i»* iiM.l .-artbenware 
 IMlsrellantHiii, . lods. 
 <'utlunlwi>t In 1 ilri 
 
 In diets and banreU . , * 
 
 CochiniMl mint I* »i iKbril In Iba sirks ndn b Ini 
 
 liikcn from ll e ca>k> I fur ivury taik il from 1 lo 
 
 7 )Ki..di ..... 
 
 satki of friiin 'i to .'.^ poods . ,* 
 
 Indixn in ««riin. ; (•very Keron offtoin .'ij to T poods . 
 
 in K kcrimi, 'i\ lii I | 
 of til 
 
 iuatvnial.i 
 In bosi-^ . 
 
 i»li 
 
 > III. 
 I .. 
 
 It should 1)0 stall d, however, that somt! of tl ■■ 
 ciistoinary charges for the Hlatenicnt (it frei'h- 
 between the eon.-igiiees and iiiasiirH iif vcuscU'ir,' 
 constantly eumplained of. Ainniij,' tlie.^o an • 
 1. 'riiecoinmission of ;i per cent, f.ir llicculict^; q 
 (if freight, which is payable wlntlirr the ai u 
 belongs t() tlio consignee or is duly nililrcvcijL 
 him, and is payable iiotwiilistamli'ii!,' any .stiii'i. 
 latioii to the contrary in the eiiailer|iurtv, i\ 
 charge whicli eertuiii (iermaii nierclinntvlcii'lini; I 
 priiunpally in coals, have reeeiilly eiiilravimrei! i„ I 
 impose, under the title of • discdiuii for ca'li. It I 
 appears tliat tlu? legiil remedies agaiit^t frami 11114 
 contentidli are not comiiletc as ^et, (See .Mr. 
 Consul RlicheH's J{cport for 1807.) 
 
 IJills drawn in Hiissia, and payahlc nftcr ilu,', 
 are allowed 10 days' grace; hut if ii.ivalili ,ui 
 sight, ;i days only: Sundays and holidavs .rjl 
 iiieluiled in both cases. The .Julian cnlfiiiir, itl 
 Old Style, is still reiiiined thniiitjliout Kii-ij,! 
 This is I'i days latt .• than the New ,sivli; ,in.i| 
 in leai) years," l.'J days, after the muiith'uf F(l).| 
 ruary. 
 
 I'ort Cliarflm. — 'I'hc regular clinr!;(» whiil 
 Ilt-itisli ships I'.ave to pay at the pnrts Hf IVi^.f 
 burg and Cronsladt cdinprisc tlie fulluwiii;' iixel| 
 dues and expenses, viz. liutage, passes, diarins 
 at Cronstadt, mldress money, rctcrsbiirL' :iil| 
 Cron.stadt church money, Cronstadt cxpidi;; 
 and nlldwance to the Uiissia Com|inn_v's acoatJ 
 for all which a cliarge is made in the ship's .nccouiia 
 in one sum, proportionally to the ship's rKkm 
 tonnage, according to the following K'lilo, viz,:-! 
 
 For 
 
 • M 'I 
 
 ■ a II 
 
 . B !t 
 
 • ;i « 
 
 ■ vi 11 
 . .11 « 
 . '11 1} 
 . «; II 
 
 ■ ins M 
 . iiii« 
 . Hi II 
 
 ■ Ul 14 
 . \Mi 
 
 ■ \% » 
 
 ■ III M 
 . II) H 
 . Ml » 
 . 161 (> 
 
 . it; It 
 
 ■ i;j It 
 . no 
 . lit » 
 . m n 
 
 . ^>: SJ 
 
 . iOf J 
 
 . ill 1 
 
 ■ (l!S« 
 
 In 186C, the ditferential duty of 16co|)alup 
 rood, iu favour of certain Lussian harbours mtlij 
 lialtic, was abolished. . i 
 
 Trade §-c.— Petersburg has the moft exM"1 
 foreign trade of any city in the nonli of Kiiropf 
 This arises fr<;m its bciiig the only great niantiir 
 outlet on the Gulf of Finland, and from its va 
 ond various commiinicotions with the intenor( 
 the country. Few countries have such an owen 
 of intornal navigation as Kusaifi. By mean! 
 
 
 r. 1 ton 
 
 ri-nislir . 
 
 r.'i to 
 
 l^l 
 
 
 Vt 
 
 Ml 
 
 
 Wi 
 
 Vi\ 
 
 
 vn 
 
 141 
 
 
 ii'i 
 
 ini 
 
 
 Ki 
 
 1x1 
 
 
 Ki 
 
 211 1 
 
 
 Wl 
 
 221 
 
 
 Vit 
 
 211 
 
 
 •iXl 
 
 2b I 
 
 
 U6'i 
 
 2S1 
 
 
 tut 
 
 .1111 
 
 
 ^m 
 
 .121 
 
 
 yvi 
 
 ,111 
 
 
 .112 
 
 ,-(,1 
 
 
 .102 
 
 ,1Sl 
 
 
 .1K2 
 
 401 
 
 
 41)2 
 
 421 
 
 
 422 
 
 4)1 
 
 
 442 
 
 4fil 
 
 
 4(i2 
 
 4SI 
 
 
 4S2 
 
 SOI 
 
 
 402 
 
 521 
 
 
 iS2 
 
 ill 
 
 
 .'.42 
 
 Ml 
 
 
 362 
 
 MX 
 
 
 ivi 
 
 600 
 
 
 ^-••*^-i:' 
 
I'F.Tr'.HHIiUUCJ 
 
 1 or)3 
 
 t f»Ui)vrinj aro ininf 
 rift:- 
 
 • l?l»frwt. 
 
 • *l „ 
 n«4ra • 1l> 
 
 • W 
 iifl. • • IJ „ 
 I - • -ill .. 
 
 \l nftw 1. Inn 
 ;k I'f (font i io 
 
 t^ 10 7 poodi 
 
 I III. 
 
 w ,. 
 VI JUT rf ' 
 
 ivpr, tlmt sump 'if t!: ■ 
 stnti'iiicnt lit l'roi;l: 
 
 I lliaslrn (if VCHSils wu 
 
 AmiiiiK tlic^P ar 
 
 ■ cent, fur ilic ciilU'i' u 
 bli' wlu'tlirr tlie .ai:'i 
 (ir in iiiily mlilrift'i'il in 
 ■illiHtnivrmi! any sti;:i- 
 lir cimrlcriiiirty. ■-'. A 
 mm niiTi'liants, ilcalui;- 
 rccfiuly ciiili'UVi'uml iii 
 
 ■ iliacimiu I'lir ca-li. It 1 
 iei\icn nuiiiiiH fraiiO aii'l 
 Iclii M vi't. (See Mr. [ 
 or 1807.) 
 
 mill imyalilo nfior lUtf, 
 nice; Init if imyalilr all 
 ii(\ayn and holidayi ;'r«l 
 'I'lu' .Iiilian calfiiil.ir.utl 
 iiioil tlir(iii(;liout Uu-ia.l 
 lan the New Style; pi j 
 ftftct the month of hb-l 
 
 ri'i;Hl«r clinrsjen wlirtl 
 y nt the iiiirt* *'f l'>""'»-| 
 npriac tlie foUuwiu:; lisell 
 1 lastasc, iiasst.s cleaniijl 
 
 moucv, IVlcrsburL' mdl 
 ley, C;foii»tudt oxiieili;Ma| 
 ..uHsiii Comimiiy's a^'ot, 
 
 ma(lcuUlie»liil«'sn««°»l 
 ,lly to th= sliili'u Kiti'ii 
 1,0 following H'lJc, VIZ.;-" 
 
 ,;i<. m.1 
 
 . n I) 
 
 . .'il 'I 
 
 ■ . 01 II 
 
 . &; -.< 
 
 . ;i » 
 
 . Vjll 
 
 . Mil 
 
 ; . 'J! u 
 . "• II 
 
 ; . lerfl 
 
 . llll«» 
 
 . Hill 
 
 . Ill II 
 . ill II 
 
 . 1H» 
 
 . 151 » 
 
 . Ilil '' 
 
 . I«! It 
 
 . i;iit 
 
 . IM 
 . IM I' 
 . IWIt 
 
 . -if ' 
 
 1 •Hill 
 
 ■ . MH 
 
 "„ Russian hwbours of 
 ,rehn3themort«teimv| 
 
 \?i„thononhof2 
 , K the only BTcatm*" 
 
 ut ons with """"" tej 
 .ntries have such »^exU« 
 
 crit, nnd portly of r«nnlM, lV•t(■rsl)llr^; ' mul Inwii, innrk, an it werp, Iho hiutieNt iiiiiit« of 
 
 Iho |ifot('e'lioii which the new luritl'wn.s intended 
 to hoitow on native nmnnrarliireH. A rcl'irence. 
 however, to tho ini'iiioramhi whiih Mr. Micht'll 
 Hiiliinittcd to the TarilV ('iiiiiiiii.s.sion will ch'iirly 
 hIiow tlmt even houio of the rt'tliiced diiecilU; ralen 
 raiif^o lip to I III) per cent, nnd more on the valuv 
 of the ^;ooils imposed. The rcduetions are evi- 
 (h iilly not lia.si'd on any HVHtem or ncnerul plan, 
 eitlii r f'lr protective or li.iiiil piirpo.^cs. t'om- 
 pared willi the eiisfomt duties levied in dlher 
 Mveycd iliirinn winter upon 1 connlriis, tlie new Kiissian raten present the most 
 
 ,„llf (if riv 
 
 iiiiiiieiU'd with the C^iuipinn .Sea. dood.s are 
 
 ''.livovfd fnmi the Inter to 'he cnpital, through ii 
 
 .iiDv ef '>■'•" niiles, without once jandilif; 
 
 ,ni llie ireli n.'d furs of Siberia, nnd the teii.s 
 
 't liiiia, t!i'iii).'h not to the same extent as for- 
 
 „, |v, a'ri' received nt I'ctershurK in tlio same 
 
 ni\''\Mi "wiiij; til the threat distance of tlioxe 
 
 ,;,,'tries and the short period of the ^vear diiniin 
 
 jfali till' fi^''""* '""' *'"""'•'' •"■" navi(,'.ll)le, tliey 
 
 like :' vear.s in their transit. Immeiise <|u;mtitiei 
 
 ,(i{oo('U are also 
 
 'heioc, ill ."leiljies. In the dinerent ;)orts, and to 
 ■'f niarrst /irij/iins <'i (ilaccs in the interior 
 ilure liarks are hiiilt for river or canal navipi- 
 . ,i I'hev arc put on htinrd in antieip.itlon of 
 ■ "wrioil'if nailint;, that the harks may he ready 
 i'i.ik..ailvaiitnf,'eof tlic Iiioil water, liy tloatintc 
 1 inviih the current as soon as the snow and 
 .|',:>iiitii melt. The cnrfjoes carried up thi^ 
 . , r iiito tlio interior dnriii); snniiner are princi- 
 '.iilv omvcyi'd to their ultimate destinations hy 
 •!, '.liili,'c reads durinf? winter. The conveyance 
 1, the latter is {,'encrally the moat expeditious; 
 r.l it, n' well as the internal c'onveyuncc by 
 vfv.tr.'is performed at a very moderate expense. 
 
 [he barks that come from the interior are 
 ijistlvofa very rude eonstrnction, llat-hottomcd, 
 B-l s'clJi m driiwin;; more than '20 or ;10 inches 
 ■(iter. When they airive at their destination 
 ilifvate siild or broken up for lire-wood. Those 
 that Uivc the ports for the interior arc of a 
 HH*ri^r iksoription, atid are coinpnrativclv few 
 in iiumlicr; the commodities inmortcd beint,', 
 ill an average, of much (greater value, relatively 
 to tWt bulk and weight, than those that are cx- 
 H>r;iii. 
 The fiJlowing is an account showinrr the total 
 t •,.;";■ .if the shipiiiiiK that entered Cronstadt 
 ,i:;il St. Petersburg, in each year, from IHoll to 
 lM>;, and tiic portion thereof that was Uritish :— 
 
 
 Tottl Tonii»g« 
 
 HrllUlt 
 
 Vot 
 
 
 I'er reiit. of 
 
 
 
 Tonnafte 
 
 Total 
 
 la 
 
 .^so,no« 
 
 'J1S.4I1! 
 
 4? 
 
 WJ 
 
 fW,74ll 
 
 S09,7VS 
 
 4V1 
 
 m 
 
 4.«,9f.S 
 
 Vil.l^l'i 
 
 48 
 
 mi 
 
 SH,470 
 
 1'i\Ti6 
 
 49 
 
 ivo 
 
 4M,1I|> 
 
 »1I7..1,M 
 
 60 
 
 Ml 
 
 4;j,608 
 
 KOS.l.l'i 
 
 .^.1 
 
 1 I't! 
 
 4ns,K7il 
 
 SM.I.Vi 
 
 fill 
 
 I)u3 
 
 4611,0110 
 
 Ml.H.'.B 
 
 fil 
 
 1 1«M 
 
 47l,7liS 
 
 S\X,Mii 
 
 73 
 
 \vs 
 
 .M1314 
 
 3M,II6 
 
 r,ni 
 
 6.J 
 
 . m 
 
 6(4,910 
 5,590,074 
 
 4'il.KOll 
 
 TM. 
 
 3,0311,168 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 Avernn 
 
 Pirrwi. 
 
 
 iSB 
 
 i6 
 
 Tmff.—K new tarifT of Russian custom duties 
 I came into operation on January 1 (13), 1869, when 
 iM^cd to be levied the additional charge of 5 per 
 Ifiit. on the duties established bv ukases of March 
 IU,li)J8, and Dec. 30, 18G1, We borrow the fol- 
 llowing remarks and tables from a review of the 
 ItarilTpven ill the Timet of Jan. 6, 1869, and from 
 |tlic laritf itself the rates of duty :— 
 
 'An English edition of it (the new tariflF) has 
 
 |ii!t been published by Mr. MichcU ir, parallel 
 
 Bolumns, showing the Engli-sh equivalents for the 
 
 Tliissian rates. The following are its principal 
 
 Nnres. 
 
 I 'The number of paragraphs or positions has 
 m reduced from 367 to 253, of which 42 refer 
 • gWHis admitted duty free, and 12 to those of 
 iliich the importation is prohibited, leaving 197 
 Jsnps or classes of duties leviable, with two 
 "options, on specific weights or certain units. 
 « two ad valorem rates of 35 per cent, on -.•eady- 
 m clothes, and 30 per cent, on linen, cambric, 
 
 e.xtra irdiiiary d.'vialioii from the general lUim- 
 pean basis, and look, indeed, what they in reality 
 ari', the lesult of eompromisrs betwten the in- 
 terests of powerful ninnufaetiirers and those of 
 T'),O0(),(il)(l consumers, as represented at the (.'oun- 
 cil of the Minpire. Kortiinatidy for the maritime 
 trade of Itiissia, the reeomniendation of llie 
 Minister of Kinunee for the abolition of the 
 dillerential duties was adopted by the (Nuineil 
 except in the case of tools, which are still to lie 
 favoured with a rcduetion of duty when imported 
 overland (1,4. 1!</, per cwt. by'huid, instead of 
 7j<. 1II(/. per cwt. by sea), with tlie ohjiut of 
 profiting the muniifacluie of toiila at St. I'lien- 
 huiii, it being all the while nottirlous that the 
 liiissian markets are glutted with elicap (ier- 
 man tools bearing counterftdted .Shellield triide- 
 marks. The ollicial remonstraneeH of Sir Andrew 
 Iliu;hanaii, the Uritish Amlia.ssndor, again.-it this 
 iiijiisliee to Uritish trade appear to have been 
 iiiiliecdcd, and the infhieiitial manufacturer at. 
 St. I'eterslmrg has obtained the premium wliicdi 
 will enable him to impose inferior tools on thi^ 
 Knssiuii workman. Next to the abolition of 
 dilfcrential duties we notice with satisfaction the 
 di.'jappcurauce of the 10 per cent, additional dulicn 
 and the special bridge tax of 2 per cent, levied 
 nt the port of St. I'etersburg, "which taxes," says 
 M. (le Keutern, " have com[)licated the accounts 
 of the Customs, while the bridge-tax was not 
 nnfrequentiy avoided by clearing goods destined 
 for St. I'eter.sburg and SIoscow ut custom-houses 
 on the land frontier." 
 
 ' Apart from these improvements in the Russian 
 Tariti", the following reductions may bo men- 
 tioned as bearing more |iarlieularly on the ex- 
 port and caiTyiug trudc from Great Uritain to 
 Russia : — 
 
 Articles of Food, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reduc- 
 
 Aiticla 
 
 
 
 Rawt of Dui; 
 
 tion in 
 Dut).* 
 
 per ct. 
 
 
 
 |ier 
 
 £ 1. d. 
 
 CoffM - 
 
 . 
 
 col. 
 
 U 14 8 
 
 4S 
 
 Cocoa - 
 
 . 
 
 
 (1 14 8 
 
 31 
 
 I'ii-klt-K and MUCH 
 
 . 
 
 
 1 9 6 
 
 39 
 
 lllKCUlU - 
 
 . 
 
 
 1 9 6 
 
 39 
 
 Chetw • 
 
 . 
 
 
 I 19 1 
 
 K.I 
 
 I'orter and *'.s. In ca^ki - 
 
 . 
 
 
 9 9 
 
 6^ 
 
 bolllM - 
 
 . 
 
 bottle 
 
 3J 
 
 T'i 
 
 Jiaw and Half-manufacture 
 
 d 3Iaterial 
 
 >. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reduc- 
 
 Articta 
 
 
 
 Rates of Duti 
 
 tlo.i in 
 Uutj* 
 
 per CI. 
 
 
 
 per 
 
 £ 1. d. 
 
 Cotton >am, grtj and bleached 
 
 - 
 
 twi. 
 
 1 U Hi 
 » 1 7j 
 
 I&i 
 ssj 
 
 Iron.tMlter, annour.plate, and ibeet 
 
 
 4 11 
 
 35 
 
 rail! 
 
 
 ^, 
 
 1 Mi 
 IS « 
 
 4S 
 
 Tin |ilale 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 I.ltharfte and lead whes • 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 77, 
 
 Zinc and itielter. In blocin 
 
 
 
 t lli 
 
 ??.* 
 
 bhKti 
 
 
 
 .', 11 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 1 9 6 
 
 32 
 
 Ked lead 
 
 
 
 i .'4 
 
 43 
 
 Itorai - 
 
 
 „ 
 
 1 
 
 SS 
 
 S^ulphurlc acid and lulptaate of iron 
 
 
 2 .1 H* 
 
 55 
 
 Oil, olive and wood 
 
 _ 
 
 
 17 7 
 
 IS 
 
 cocoa uut and palm - 
 
 > 
 
 „ 
 
 4 11 
 
 !n* 
 
 Phmtvbonia 
 
 - 
 
 ., 
 
 4 18 3 
 
 7U 
 
 * These rcducUoaa arc c«) :ulatcd on the ratet prcTioutly changed 
 nt seapoiu. 
 
 : it' 
 ..f;ii. 
 
 '■%. 1 
 

 
 *■ <• 
 
 
 «• ■■ . 
 
 . ;i. 
 
 i^ 
 
 ..'■1 
 
 I-"* 
 
 i 
 
 lorti 
 
 rKTERSBURQ 
 
 MiiHuJ'actHres, 
 
 1 
 
 
 llninc 
 
 .^tUole. 
 
 lUtcorDuly 
 
 tion In 
 
 
 
 I-"!*! 
 
 |KT 
 
 £ : d. 
 
 per ct 
 
 >lHbiutcr, woiktHl - • cwt. 
 
 II 10 \t 
 
 .'ill 
 
 J'oltiTv ware, ci>iitiiit>ii „ 
 
 II 1 11) 
 
 .'.II 
 
 Earlt)enwurt% whiti'i and of one 
 
 
 
 colour - - ■ „ 
 
 1 !, 
 
 ,1S 
 
 !>itto, nnit<r varlpgaletl pAttrrii!* - ,, 
 
 \ t 7 
 
 .l.'i 
 
 PorcKliiii), wltlteorofuiti'coluur - ,, 
 
 1 I'l •( 
 
 .TJ 
 
 varit-)(:itf(l • - „ 
 
 ; 17 3 
 
 3'J 
 
 ornameiitsi without pnlnt- 
 
 
 
 '■'K *»'. . „ 
 
 
 39 
 
 With i;i1ilillK &c. - ,, 
 
 
 3H 
 
 Ulsuwarei, coinnion ■ ,, 
 
 '4 11 
 
 01).' 
 
 of w>)itf Kl'tii^ - - It 
 
 10 V 
 
 .1.1' 
 
 cut and Krouoil - •• 
 
 1 l-J V 
 
 0'< 
 
 with |iHintioK<Sic. . „ 
 
 .1 in 
 
 ■a 
 
 Alirron, lar^f, at-ionlniK to iiieii- 
 
 
 
 Mtrftiu-itt - - - ., 
 
 
 !7 
 
 Copjter i>r brais niamifiirtiiiea 
 
 1 !) (i 
 
 y/ 
 
 Iron r;LsliiiiiK, without lini»li, wci^h- 
 
 .. 
 
 
 hi^' nioiu t!iaii ^ It). - • i> 
 
 4 11 
 
 ■13 
 
 Cait-lron uti-tMlls *'iiaini!ltcil • ,, 
 
 (1 7 10 
 
 39J 
 
 i:ajit-bti-i-t tins, a»lc« \c., wt'ifjhltif; 
 
 
 
 more thi.n It) lli. 11. . 
 
 l.'i 'i 
 
 IH 
 
 LockiiiiiithH' ^uik, uii|>oliOie<l • „ 
 
 1 4 7 
 
 13 
 
 polistifd - „ 
 
 J I i 
 
 ■I'J 
 
 Ditto, wfi|{liinq more tli>iii 40 II). K. 
 
 
 
 eaih - - . - „ 
 
 
 77 
 
 I'iiM'late inauuf.u-turi>s. Kill, iiaiDttil 
 
 
 
 ,V.-. - - . - „ 
 
 li '1 1 
 
 ■f. 
 
 V\'iru of iron and stfel - • ,, 
 
 Oil K 
 
 '^1 
 
 ro|i(i(.T or tirass • - „ 
 
 11 H 
 
 .'i4J 
 
 .Miiiiuficturtii of iron or itwl . '"-v - „ 
 
 1 !l 6 
 
 3a 
 
 cop|K-r or hrass ,, 
 
 1 !l « 
 
 ■'"i 
 
 Nettllrsiicwinf; - lb. 
 
 1 
 
 711 
 
 CiKlvry, common • cwt. 
 
 ■J I'l 
 
 ."•'.i 
 
 set in ivory, silvir, plu.evVr. „ 
 
 11 i6 !0 
 
 I'll 
 
 Manufncturp of tin, zinc, or llritan* „ 
 
 
 
 nia-niet.il :— 
 
 
 
 1. .Not iioli'.hi'd or p.tiiiird - ,, 
 
 •) 9 
 
 77 
 
 '2. I'olislii'd and palntt-d ■ - „ 
 
 1 4 7, 
 
 43 
 
 Manufacturos of jfad,!,hot &c. ■ ,. 
 
 (1 7 (ii 
 ■1 -i t,\ 
 
 39 
 
 'I'lnsfl and foil - - - lb. 
 
 -0 
 
 JolniTs* and turners' work : - 
 
 
 
 1. .Not Tarnihhfd or iiolished - cwt. 
 
 10 9 
 
 43 
 
 •i. Varnished or polished 
 
 1 iti 11 
 
 33 
 
 Carvers' wcrk, wood • - „ 
 
 
 lli 
 
 India-rubber Iwots and shots . „ 
 
 1 IK 3 
 
 l.-i 
 
 tissues, with bilk l^c, • „ 
 
 10 10 3 
 
 ■i'j 
 
 Paper ;— 
 
 .. 
 
 
 tJns'Teil, .or printing &i\ - ,, 
 
 1!) 8 
 
 07 
 
 Hizfd, fur printinK and writing - ,, 
 
 1 !l 6 
 
 .^0 
 
 Ornamented, :^t.-inipcU &c. - ,, 
 
 3 IH H 
 
 •in 
 
 Tissue- - ■ • „ ■ 
 
 'i l» 
 
 ■l.i 
 
 HanuinRS - - - „ i 
 
 2 4 1 
 
 i-H 
 
 I'apler-miiclui articles, l.lrquered 
 
 
 
 and polishetl, without ornaments ' 
 of utlier materials pa; as carveil wood 
 
 
 
 
 no 
 
 Tissues, 
 
 1. Rlax or hemp:— 
 
 drills - . - 
 
 (.'ninbric, lawn tSrc, rnluretl U> 30 
 per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 2. Silk :-- 
 
 Pure silk niul Iran.sii.ircnt stutT., 
 
 Hau'/es, crapes 
 .Mixed silk not transparent ditto 
 
 \c. - - - - 
 
 FoiilanU, printetl in the cloth 
 Hosiery, triinniin){:i \c. - 
 
 3. Wool:- 
 
 Cloth, half cloth <cc. 
 
 Meltons, union mt-ltons, pilotH, in- 
 dlfCo pilots, beaver, doeskin, union 
 cloth, pre&ideiit>, witness, ladii-ii' 
 cloth ic. - . - 
 
 Flannel, white, and blankets 
 
 Unmilted litulf'!), havint; up to 5 sq. 
 arshins to a lb. 
 
 Ditto, fy to D so. nfbhins to a lb. 
 
 (This class inr(udi>s Orleans, alpaoa 
 lustres, mixtures and mott Iesi co- 
 burgs, sateens, lenos, mohair*, 
 CiKured Orteann. ribbs, alpacas 
 &..) 
 
 f'">milled ntuils having more than 
 ^ sq. arshins to a ll>. (tine stufl's) 
 
 (In addition to these nxluciinns, a 
 considerable advantage accrues 
 from a 30 per cent, additional 
 rale on printetl woollens in lieu 
 of previous sptcitit. r.itts.) 
 
 Shawls, handkerLlUefs, casiinir 
 
 Cnqietft . - . 
 
 4. Cotton — 
 
 Tisst , preji bleached or dveiJ, 
 havinK up to 8 s(|. arithins to .'i lb. 
 
 (This class includi's about two- 
 thirds of the qualities of grtj 
 shirtinh^, nine tenths of ^rev 
 longcloths, every quality of prey 
 T*cloths, and nine- tenths of grey 
 
 firinters.) 
 lisufs, icrey, bleached or dyed, 
 having 1*2 to U> sq. arshins to alb. 
 
 Rates of Duly 
 
 £ t. d. 
 
 1 7 
 
 17 4 
 
 7 84 
 10 
 3 6 
 
 4 SJ 
 
 3 
 1 i 
 
 1 9 
 3 
 
 C 3 10 
 
 10 6 
 1 OJ 
 
 m 
 
 t 9 
 
 Reduc- 
 tion in 
 Butj* 
 
 perct. 
 
 ir, 
 o'i 
 
 iii 
 
 411 
 Sli 
 
 9 
 35.1 
 
 lOJ 
 
 31} 
 3l| 
 
 •MJ 
 
 • These reductions are calculated en the rates previously charged 
 at seaports. 
 
 TM)iii«»--contmued. 
 
 Articles 
 
 Cotton :— 
 (Ihiscl 
 
 .» will ini lude a few quail. 
 
 Ilin of jaccnnnts and cmbTics.) 
 
 ■ ' ^ ' ' ■ " ipto h 
 
 'ri>uues,'prlnteii, liavhiK H u 
 
 V). arshins to a lb. ■ * per lb 
 I'l'hls riiilni tlon will he apiilii ible 
 
 to a K<'t''>t proputtiun of l.i'.ivy 
 
 prints.) 
 Tissues, printiHl, harlnc « to I*^ sq. 
 
 arshins to a lb. 
 Ditto, more ilian 10 *q. ardiins to * 
 
 a lb. ... 
 
 Ditto, Willi ii.>'ilin|{>,linsi I ,Vr. . ,' 
 tlotton velvets, plush ^c. . „ 
 
 Tulle I'let) lor ladies* dresses . ,, 
 l.aire, ed^inKs tVc. 
 Aliisllns K'7 per ci-nt. of qiiallHes) 
 
 R*<<S0rDiit; 
 
 Hfdw 
 
 lion 
 I Hue, 1 
 
 1 4J I vi; 
 
 
 
 to 
 U 1 
 
 ■i 1 
 
 4 H 
 
 'i 7 
 
 JI' 
 
 at'sea'iliar.'"''""""""''"' '■''''■"'^"■'' »" ">« "'<• PrTriii;^^., j 
 
 ' Again.st these reductions must, however her 
 oiriLsli^rht increase of acvcra! dutie.i (llio-ennl 
 oalciiieil anil caiistii; Hoila, white lead, licmi, n,,. f 
 and wodlloii yarn, .silk twisi, .silk .stulTs &cl j,„j 
 :i new duty on inacliiiiery, e.xecpt aKricultii'rai I 
 .spintiiii},', we.'iviii^', paper-inikiiiR, and lotl. rprcJ 
 prnitiiif,' iniichiiiery, which is to continue Irccifl 
 taxation. The duty on mnclilnerv (7s. h,i, f^,\ 
 (.wt. on locomotive.^, and copper and omss liuin-. J 
 and Is. llhtJ. per cwi. on loccmiobiles ami iiWrl 
 machines and fittings) was yielded at the li-J 
 moment l)V the Council ol the i'jnpiro niviii'tof 
 the off'anised agitation which wa.s net up bnhel 
 leading Protectionists. ' '} 
 
 ' Hut, iiivourable even r.s it appears, anil .iJtlnu J 
 averaging 41 per ctnt. in «H classes, tk aW 
 li.st of reductions conveys a very ernincoii.s imj 
 pros.sion of the new Kur.dian tariff, whicii sii^ 
 remains one of tiio least liberal in Europe, I'oriaJ 
 gal excepted. ' f 
 
 • This will he seen from the following compaiLJ 
 of the tarilTs of Austria and liussia :— 
 
 Auttris 
 
 Rusii 
 
 Iron and steel wire - 
 Zinc, in sheets 
 
 Cotton >am 
 Flax and hcinji 
 Woollen - 
 Cotton goods 
 Linen of flax or hemp 
 Silk goods 
 
 Paper for writing , 
 
 printing 
 Saddler; 
 
 Uldss wares 
 
 Earthenware 
 
 Neetlles (sewing) - 
 Firearms - 
 
 ,nd 
 
 f minimum 
 l maximum I 
 f niinimiim I 
 Imaxinuini 
 
 {minimum 
 niar.iinuin 
 I minimum 
 ImaKiimini 
 / minimum 
 Imaxiinum 
 
 (minimum 
 maximum 
 I miniiiiuin 
 I maximum 
 
 {minimum 
 niaxlm<tm 
 I minimum 
 t maximum 
 / minimum 
 (inaxlinum 
 
 jier cwt. 
 £ I. J. 
 U 8 Ii 
 II I (i 
 II 8 U 
 18 .-I 
 I fil 
 U j| 
 
 1 (,) 
 (I IS ■if 
 
 1 10 5 
 8 1 
 18 
 7 'i 
 6 'i 
 
 Vi 4 
 S 
 12 
 
 1! 
 
 1 1 
 1 
 ]1 
 
 .5 
 U Vi 
 
 1 10 
 1 10 
 
 pool. 
 
 \ i I. i. 
 II II i 
 
 ill 
 
 1 !l Ml I 
 i I 
 
 : 19 ! 
 
 I I I 
 
 i J 1 
 
 11 II I 
 
 i li II 
 
 It II ; 
 
 19 13 I 
 
 •» 1 I'l 
 
 H ! 
 
 3 1! ! 
 
 ; 16 J I 
 
 111 
 3 11 
 
 ' Compared, therefore, with the mo9tiiioJeni[« 
 tectivc tariff of Europe, that of Russia appeals ij 
 be four or live times higher in all the principi 
 groups of racrchan.'lise. 
 
 ' We must conclude tliirt review by expre-'injl 
 hope that the vatit difference apparent intjeirf 
 tariffs d<)es not in reality give the measure of il 
 relative indastrialaud linancialconditionofKus 
 From the many documents now piiblisheii on li 
 question it is to be inferred that thcliiKiaiC 
 vemment is far in advance of the political ii.™'^ 
 of the country, but that its capabiliiiesftrM 
 good are to a groat extent neutralised bysfeif 'I 
 the okl KuBsiaa party.' 
 
 Customs at St. I'etevsbh .-Tie »"f' - 
 duties collected at the custom-house at sj 
 Petersburg ir 186G was as follows: Duties f 
 
i'KTKRSnURG 
 
 1055 
 
 inued. 
 
 I Rataorunijl nmn 
 I Out) ' 
 
 per lb. 
 
 U I 1| j 
 
 vi; 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 
 '■■ ..1 
 
 S 1 
 
 ,.; 
 
 to 1 
 
 
 
 • • 1 
 
 4 n 
 
 "\ 1 
 
 i-i 
 
 
 7 
 
 Ml 
 
 , 
 
 lO Fi 
 
 3, 
 
 1) .* 
 
 U 1 i 
 
 . Ml 
 
 on ihe rate* pre'iiiii!'! chiit- 
 
 insinust, liowcver,\ic>«l 
 pvcriil ilulics (tlio.-c nnl 
 wliito, Icail, liomji.tlax.l 
 nst, silk stiifrH&c.i, aii.ij 
 cry, oxccpl a(;r'n.'ulnini.f 
 •innkiiiR, and Ictt r-iirc-- 
 ch is to cniuiuuc trccl 
 1 iniic\iinery ITs. f"/. m| 
 
 coin*'" i>'"i ""'^' littin;- 
 111 locomobiles iiml iiiirtl 
 
 was vifliled at ihc 'a-tl 
 , ot tlii' iMnpiro.owiiiL'tjT 
 
 wliicli was set i\p by itie] 
 
 1 as it appears, ami altiicl 
 ,, in 8H claascs, ibc abovjl 
 'eys a vcrv prroncous inJ 
 UuMian tariff, which st.S 
 Illiberal in KuropclotM^ 
 
 ,mUicfoUnwiiigconipa,sit 
 i and Uussia >- 
 
 Dutiwl' 
 
 ycr c 
 
 j6 «• 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 linimum 1 
 [axiinum I 
 jilnimum I 
 Imimuin 
 \inimuni 
 [a7.imum 
 linimum 
 |axim»ni 1 
 linimum 
 laximmn 1 
 liinimum I 
 laimnnn 
 linlinum I 
 vximvim 
 linimum 
 ilimMm 
 linimum 
 Maximum 
 [linimum 
 \axiinum 
 
 () 8 'i 
 a 18 J 
 
 1 61 
 
 n 51 
 
 1 M 
 
 H ij 
 
 1 10 5 
 8 t 6 
 
 n t 
 
 7 '2 4 
 
 6 '2 II 
 
 n 4 
 
 S 
 
 IS s 
 
 H '' 
 
 ' ' ; 
 
 1 I 
 l» ' 
 
 IS s 
 
 1 II) i 
 
 1 10 5 
 
 pa CI 
 i I. < 
 
 II It s 
 
 ill 
 
 1 II 111 
 
 1 ; n 1 
 
 i 
 
 I i I 1 
 
 1 s ■) > 
 i 11 11 I 
 i 1 u f 
 
 1 11 It 
 
 19 13 1 
 
 n uo 
 
 19 ! 
 3 1i t 
 
 ; IS s I 
 
 ; 1? 3 I 
 9 1*' 
 » li »_ 
 
 ,n,n<irts, 10,S20,3VO roiibloM; on oxpo't.s, i;i!l,;Kl8 
 Xsj t'ltal- 10,9tit).17H roubles- l,:»7(),:2r)/, 
 -If Intftl amount collected in IWC") having been 
 !*ji;>i"'i roubles, the ineroasc in IHGG was 
 ^KS%i roubles, or 32 per cent. 
 ' Prindtxtt A'tichu of h'lfxirt.— The principal 
 iriifte III' ex] ort arc tallow, liomp, and tliix ; 
 mill imrtieulailv wheal ; liiiM'.^d, timber, coj.pcr; 
 to*' nolnslies, brislh's, hcniiisoed oil, tiirs, 
 kaliiiT- fox, liaiP, and siuirrcl .skins ; canvas 
 jnilo»:i'r<c linen, cordage, V'''^'!"''''.' "■"^■' isinf,'la.ss, 
 '|iiil' 
 
 llic lialtii' or I'lscwhcro, 
 
 IrVith the most moJemp 
 \^ that of Russia MI*« 
 n;igherinaUthoi«P' 
 
 ffcrenccappateiitini-ie'T 
 titv.'ivc hcniM-'"Vl 
 
 \tentne"trahse(io;» 1 
 
 h' '=li£ D* 
 
 I was as loUoifs. " 
 
 'at A'c. Tallow, bi tli for candle.s and 
 iojp, I.- niiire lar;,'ely exported tVoin thi.s than 
 ipim'aiiv lit I'.er port in 
 
 aiidi-^annrlieliiol' K''eiit comniercial iinportan 
 
 ■I.tiLow.] llemi) i* "*" K"'"' 'inalily, thoiif;h 
 
 Wrri'irto that of ltiK« : it is assorted, aecordiiif,' 
 
 |,i it' nualitv, into eleiin, or lirsls; tmtshnt, or 
 
 «iiiils; am\ lidlf-clcaii, or thirds. The (irst sorl 
 
 .ii(iiil lie f|uili'" clean, and IVee from spills ; the 
 
 4- > lisi .so; and the third, or half-cliun, 
 
 „„,, ,s a ^till greater iiortioii of spills, and is, 
 
 l,-,jis. 111' mixed (pialilies anil colours. Unssiaii 
 
 JH is nuioli esteemed for the IciiKlh of its libre; 
 
 ittiiaturallvbi'iwiiish, but becomes very white 
 
 jlur llif first blc.acbiiij;. Three ipialilies are 
 
 feiniui-lied; viz. 12 bead, 1) head, and t! head. 
 
 Jllni'; b'LAX.] Iron of Rood tpialily, ami 
 
 pttfiralle to dial frcmi the othei Hnssian port.s, 
 
 is (11 two kii.ds, old and new sables, iho former 
 
 '.-ill, tW lipst. It used to be exported in ('on- 
 
 !ito;iWciiii.intitics; but the shipments are now 
 
 imicii rt'lni'fil. JI. dc Tegoborski observes h\ 
 
 rojMil to lilt! exportation of iron from Uiissia ; 
 
 •Ifeiiili-ptrsounes croicut tpie imi.stpic la Kussio 
 
 cx|»r;i>JiiliT. cVst une preuve ipreile en p.-otluit 
 
 pliHijiieneportcles be.soiiis de la consommation 
 
 intoriturc Cost une manii'rc dc ju,i?cr trtj.s-super- 
 
 ficiiUf. D'abord, cettc exporlntion ii'a jamais 
 
 tti' tw-co.,sideral)lo ; elle no sxQeve jdus <iii'ii 
 
 fflviruii 700,000 oil 800,0()t) jioods, repro'sontant iiii 
 
 vaieur il'ii pou prba 1 million dc roubles d'argeiit. 
 
 Puisci'Uei'xportatioi;, tjui ne sc soulicnt que par 
 
 lilwmicqualitedo quclques c.spi;cc.s do no» fers, 
 
 teritiierclii'PS pour certains iisnKC'") "'est nullc- 
 
 mnt line prcr.vc que les besoiiis dc la coiisomina- 
 
 li« iwi'iiour:' soieut .satisfaits, car si le fer en 
 
 Biiiif ihv' u meilleur morchi;, on fmurrait con- 
 
 mi;tfj>lus (lu (loulile de. la production uetuvllc' 
 
 (LSki.i The };rain traile between thi.s country 
 
 iinll'iti^biir£f IS of very considerable importance; 
 
 inilkussiali.asbectinic one of the principal sources 
 
 ot out foreign supplies. 
 
 Bill by far the larger portion of the wheat and 
 
 i»ll the Imlian corn which come to us from 
 
 jliii.«ia are brought from Odicssa, TAOANUoti, and 
 
 therfons on the Black Sea and the Sea of Azoff. 
 
 "if oais come, principally from Archangel, but 
 
 le exports from Pcttirsburg arc also very con- 
 
 Merabk The Biissiun wheat (so c.llled to dis- 
 
 ''ifiiish it from the azemnia, or soft wheat, and 
 
 Wiiiante, ur hard wheat) is the lowest descrip- 
 
 "■^ of wheat shippeil from IV'tersbnrg. It is 
 
 i«ll-graineil,and dingy coloured ; being, though 
 
 inii, unlit for the manufacture of tine bread. 
 
 « azemaia 's of a larger, thougli still not a 
 
 ■" grain, and better colour, and has of late 
 
 jii extensively importeil into England. The 
 
 banka is a large semi-transparent grain. Its 
 
 Iness has nothing of the tlinty character of 
 
 l^panish hard wheat, which it most resembles. 
 
 otn first brought to London, the millers objected 
 
 It. on account of th" difficulty experienced in 
 
 tjbng it; but it is now much esteemed. All 
 
 liUBsian wheats aie well calculated for keeping, 
 
 itt in granary or when made into bread: but 
 
 KUbanka has this quality in a peculiar degree, 
 
 and is in groat lemand for n ixing with oiher 
 wheats that are old, stale, or out '^f condition. 
 A .shipment of 100 chetverls of wheat in I'eteis- 
 burg is found, when delivercil here, to yield about 
 72 imperial quarters. 
 
 M. de Tt'gohorski, in his elaborate ami ex- 
 eellent treatist" on the Ivrees I'loductives de 'a 
 Riinsie (i, HM), gives the following — 
 
 Arcdunt of the dross Quantities and Values of 
 all Sorts of Corn ( Wheat, liarlcy, Uije, anil 
 Oats. e.i-ee/)t Jialiiiii Corn) K.ejxirled from 
 Jliissin in Triennial Periods from 1.S2I-2G to 
 I « I, 5-7, both included. 
 
 Vean 
 
 Corn of all SorU 
 
 Value In Sll. Koubln 
 
 
 cl'el. 
 
 
 is'2i-'jn 
 
 :i,3!ls,l'27 
 
 ll.'in.'.'iin 
 
 1 S ■l-'i') 
 
 7,ls(;,(iis 
 
 •i\,\ il,.'.iiii 
 
 is.-.o-.-.'2 
 
 ll,:i2i,H.n 
 
 .-'J. 107,1110 
 
 IS.-..V--. 
 
 •i;i\ 1 :wr, 
 
 l(l,.V.7.!lllil 
 
 is.ii;-.-.s 
 
 7,.'M(),S'I!) 
 
 .TI.ST.I.'-'IIO 
 
 1 H.T.I. 1 1 
 
 s,Hi;i,.',iii 
 
 17, ".'..I, '100 
 
 isiv-ii 
 
 S,llS.'i,'HP7 
 
 •1(1, l.-i 1,100 
 
 ISI.')-I7 
 
 H,.-!1'I,'J»(; 
 
 1IS,IS.-.,7IIII 
 
 And in 1800 (nocording to Mr. Consul Michell'.s 
 Report), 2,.')10,2'l! diet, erts of breadsliirt's were 
 exported from St. I'etersburg alone. 
 
 We extract from the siinie Consular Report the 
 subjoined statement, showir.g the total shipments 
 of linseecl from .St. I'etersburg in c.ich decennial 
 period from 1771 to 18GG : — 
 
 Yctrs 
 
 Total 
 Slil|>|>cd 
 
 Vp^n 
 
 Tolal 
 Sliippul 
 
 ClU-tTtTtB 
 
 K !.'.,(; i; 
 
 'i,l.'.l.'U.-| 
 
 •I iimi ,.'!-,-. 
 *.',.l7s.s;7 
 ts,.-.;'2,'i.ii 
 
 1771 to I7S0 
 I7S1 ,, 1791) 
 17IM „ Isoo 
 ISOl „ ISIIl 
 
 isii „ isw 
 
 fliftvcrts 
 lOS.l.',', 
 
 •2:o,if,o 
 
 ■lfl7.7.'>S 
 ,1S'.1.77II 
 ,V.S,U1 
 
 1S'21 lo 1S30 
 
 IS-.I ,, ISlil 
 ISll „ IS',11 
 ISM „ 1M,.I 
 
 isili ,, is.,i; 
 
 « KlKht >oan' Mili'nu'nts, ris there wan war In IS.',! and IS.I.'i. 
 t Si\ yiMrs only, lor ten yi-ars, at tlie samp rate, the qiianthioH 
 woiilil |j,., resiieciivtly, totai itutverts, .l.lt.VO.OOO : of which to Hull. 
 
 S,7IW„T.'f;. 
 
 Estimated supply for 1«07, about O.^OiOOO chet- 
 verls, itpial to 'l.'J.^OOO imperial qui'rters. 
 
 Price of No. 1 for August, on Eeb. 25 (March !)), 
 ■\bs. lOf/. to 17s. 
 
 Imports. — The principal imports are sugar, es- 
 pecially from the Havannah ; coffee; madder, 
 indigo, cochineal, and tlye woods; cotton wool, 
 cotton stuffs ami yarn; machinery and mill 
 work ; -.vovjllen fabrics and woollen yam ; linen 
 and linen yarn; silk goods; coals aiid salt, our 
 exports of the former to Russia in 1«.'>7 being 
 277,800 tons, and of the latter 7!),820 tons ; iron, load, 
 and shot ; hardware and cutlery ; wines, especially 
 champagne ; spices ; fruits ; " tobacco ; tea via 
 Kiachta ; with a great variety o;' other articles. 
 
 Commercial Policy. — The policy of Kussia, pre- 
 viously to 18.')7, in regard to cotnmerce, was of a 
 mixed character, with, however, a large predomi- 
 nance of illiberality. Machinery and m:ll-work, 
 including ships with their tackle, steamers ifcc., 
 were admitted duty free ; as were most other 
 articles necessary to the prosecution of art and 
 scieiicc. But most articles of consumption, and 
 some even of those most necessary in production, 
 were either excluded or loatled with oppressive 
 d'ji'.os. Those Oii iron, for example, were so verj- 
 hcavy that they went far to prohibit its importa- 
 tion, which did not exceed 10,000 or 12,000 tons 
 a-year. And as the whole, or almost the whole of the 
 iron made in Russia is smelted Ly means of wood, 
 it cannot be furnished except at a very high pricj. 
 
 The Government authorities admit ^ed that such 
 was the case. Thus it is stated in the Supplement 
 an Journal de VInterieur (p. 27), March 4, 18u,3, 
 that ' L'emploi exclusif de hois dars nos usines 
 entravo d'unc mantbre invincible le dc'veloppement 
 nlte'ricur de I'industrie de for.' And it is further 
 
 t-. > '. ,,| 
 
m 
 
 '.^ ''-^^ 
 
 10A6 
 
 rETERSBURO 
 
 .: ( • 
 
 : i • 
 
 ; j 
 1 i 
 
 I 
 
 Htiilcd ill the sftmc article tlmt such, in ninny 
 parts of llin empire, Is tlic: scarcity and hif;li price 
 of iron, that the pt^asants arc all liiit ipioraiit of 
 its use, and neither employ it in tlioir implements, 
 nor even in sboeinf? their horses, whose IVct ni.- 
 left without any protection. It may be stipposed, 
 perhaps, that this can he true only of the more 
 remote and backward districts ; but such is not 
 the case. And nothing is more common in tlie 
 immediate vicinity ot IVtcrshur^' and Moscow 
 than for horses to be unsliod, niul Hpadts, ploii(,'li- 
 shares, harrows, and sucli liltc implements, to 
 consist wholly of wood. See a remarliable and 
 conclusive parafjrnph to the same effi'Ct in tlie 
 work of Tegobor.-ki, referred to above, i. 'JOK. 
 
 It is really asto/iishinn that any (Joveriuneiit, 
 and especially one so fjciierally intellif^ent as that 
 of itussin, does not eaf;erly .adojit every possible 
 means of puttiuf^ an end to snob a state of thinf;s, 
 Miul of addinf^ to the elhcacy of the labour of its 
 subjects. And to introduce a better system, all 
 chat is required is to admit foreign iron anil iron- 
 ware free of duty ; that is, to allow the people 
 freely to exchange their corn, tallow &c., for the 
 iron and iron implements of England ami the 
 Netherlands. The extraordinary magnitude of 
 the exports of corn from the empire, even with its 
 present barbarous Uusbandrj-, shows what llicy 
 might cmount to ware agriculture a little im- 
 proved, and means of communication openo<lfrom 
 tlie interior to the seaports. Under such circum- 
 stances there can be little doubt that the exporta- 
 tion of com, tallow, flax, bristles &c., would 
 speedily bedoabled ortrebled ; and the ])opulatioii 
 and the Government would be enriched by aban- 
 doning a system which confers no kind of ad- 
 v.intage on anyone, except, perha])s (for even 
 that is very doubtful), a mere handful of forest 
 |)roprietors. 
 
 Hut n, better sy.stem commenced with tho tariff 
 introduced in 1867, which, though in many re- 
 spects most objectionable, effected sundry bene- 
 ficial changes, and was a very great improvement 
 on that by which it was preceded. It repealed 
 various prohibitions, and ettected large reductions 
 in tho duties on some important articles. Pig 
 iron, bars, and rails, that were formerly prohibited, 
 were admitted at reasonable duties ; "the duty on 
 cotton twist was reduced from 5 roubles per pood 
 to 3J do. ; while cotton, linen, woollen, and silk 
 fabrics, earthenware, sugar, salt &c., might all bo 
 imported at considerably lower rates of dutj' than 
 formerly. It is true that many of these duties 
 were still much too high. But in matters of this 
 sort it is a great thing to have laid the founda- 
 tions of a better system. And as the reductions 
 that have been made in the rates of duty did not 
 occasion any reduction of revenue, and have given 
 a great stimulus to commerce, it would seem, from 
 the issue of the still more liberal tariff of 18()9, that 
 their prospective reduction from time to time may 
 be anticipated. There can be no question that it 
 will be at once the readiest and most effective 
 means of developing the productive capacities of 
 this vast empire. 
 
 Notwithstanding its reduction, the duty on raw 
 sugar imported by sea now (1869) rather exceeds 
 'id. per lb. English, which, for a country like 
 Russia, is a great deal too high. Ihit it has been 
 imposed not so much for the sake of revenue, as 
 to encourage the production of beet-root sugar, the 
 duty on which is under Id. per lb. Tcgoborski 
 has shown the pernicious influence of this system 
 ever the trade and revenue of the empire, and the 
 interests of the consumers. And this immense 
 sacrifice is incurred for no better purpose than to 
 di'.'crt a portion of the scanty capital and labour of 
 
 I the country to n business of which the I'vniiinl 
 
 I success, even with this cxtraordiniiry encmiru.i. 
 meiit, is, if not problematical, not worth tlien»t 
 Speaking gcneriilly, the duliis were fomifrlva 
 good deal higher (frequently as much a< u ii;i„'| 
 part) on goods imported hy soa ihnii (,ii tlifis,imi' 
 goods when imported by land. Tliis wasa niii<; 
 unwise distin<lion, and in tlii' tiirilf .( W,<j n 
 applies only to sugar and tools. It matlpri, m.t 
 through what chaiuiel an article fiii,|< its «-,ivto 
 the coiisnmi rs. Its cost is the onlv iliinf,'ti]\wiiiii 
 they attend. And if they can g('t It An\iet !,v j 
 sea tlian by laud, why force them to resort to m.. 
 dearer mode of conveyance V If this disiinrtici 
 be resorted to as a means of raising revoiiiie, it i- 
 perhaps, tho very worst that can bo ilt'viscl, 
 The business of (iovcrnment is In impose rcaj™' I 
 able duties on commodities, leaving it td ihij-l 
 subjects to import, or procure them through liifj 
 
 I cheapest channels. 
 
 .•\ccording to Tegoborski (iii. .'(7), and Mr. (Vn- 
 sul Miciiell, the imports of raw cotton ami ciiiton 1 
 yarn into the empire at dillerout dates from 18:'4-| 
 
 , 'M to 18(iG have been as under, viz. :— 
 
 Y*Mrt 
 
 IS,' I -!!(;«». 
 
 ISV7-'i9 „ 
 
 lK.1ll-.1i „ 
 
 1H3.1-1.') „ 
 
 IH.1(l-.-,N „ 
 
 IKVJ-ll „ 
 
 18K-II „ 
 
 Haw 
 
 Ct'lloii 
 
 pooiln 
 
 •JR.IIIU 
 ll.'i.MOli 
 171, IS!) 
 VSV.T'I'J 
 .1,V,.774 
 Ml, .'.11 
 
 Cntton 
 ThriMd 
 
 .■.17,11(11 
 4lll..W^ 
 .'i.'>.1,i;..l() 
 .■il'l,.!'!!! , . - 
 6Vfi,7l.1 l«ll,> 
 .'>l2,la.'j ISCO 
 .'i91i,l'J3 
 
 Vein 
 
 IKI.MTav. 
 lt(l«-60 „ 
 ISil ,, 
 IS.V^ 
 
 Kaw 
 
 CNIa 
 
 Cotton 
 
 'tkuii 
 
 
 
 poorfi 
 
 py>:, 
 
 7W,H(1 
 
 ■>i|."« 
 
 I.H'M.rai 
 
 W'.f. 
 
 i,ii>i'.;i'j 
 
 l''-;ll 
 
 I.TIS.JIO 
 
 
 •.'iH.M 
 
 iv.ti; 
 
 l,H3Mi 
 
 .•«,il) 
 
 It is seen from this table that the anniu 
 imports of raw cotton increased between \»H-A 
 and 18.yj from a mere trille to nbcnt t;3,000,(i(J 
 lb., while the imports of yarn appear to hir| 
 declined during the same period to about .}. i 
 their amount at its commencement. But weiffll 
 not help regarding the extension of the loliof 
 manufacture^ os a ,serioiis loss to Kussia; ki| 
 suppose that a country without coal, without ini 
 proved means of comr;'unication, with imnaU 
 exorbitant ]price, and whose inhabitant?, tliicll 
 scattered over the surface, are but just eraoaiJ 
 from a state of proedial slavery, shoulil «ucc«ilir 
 manufacturing industry, is to suppose whatisi 
 tradictory and absurd. It may be fairly presnniij 
 that under a free commercial system the pifgrt 
 of Russia in agriculture and in the ruder » 
 coarser species of manufacture would be 
 passed by few other countries, I'ut she has « 
 aptitude or means for the successful proseooiil 
 of the finer description of manufacturcj. .^aJl 
 is mere felo-de-se polic}' to make her, as has tfl 
 done, neglect the former by forcing the culiini<j 
 of the latter. J 
 
 In addition to those on imports, some of 4 
 most important articles of native growth »j 
 formerly subjected to duties on their being eipoj 
 ed; the'effect of these being to increase ilifirp^ 
 and narrow their sale in ihe foreign marke'. 
 these have, for the most part, beeneitheritpe 
 or reduced, and the tariff of iJ69 iiii)K«s «"( 
 on but 5 items of export; viz, bone, not ml 
 except burned or ground, 1.^. per crt; '"'^1 
 2«. lOd. per lb. ; silkworm eggs, "■ P«' ' 
 rags, from 1». lljrf. to 4.t. 5d. per cwt; 
 calamine or zinc ore, 3j(d. perewt. It is 9" 
 mon, though, perhaps, an exaggerated wmpi 
 that the customs authorities are "'''''^'■''L 
 nipt; and the procedure in contested cum s'"! 
 
 cumbrous, and expensive. ; 
 
 We mav further observe that the txm\ 
 the ofrcial returns of the trade of ll'«/'»P'"J 
 not always to be relied on. They wqueUT 
 involve very grave errors. 
 
 'And though tb 
 
PETERSIJURO 
 
 1057 
 
 nf whicli the I'vi'iiliia'i 
 trnordinary eiicouraui- 
 ■.ill, inil wortli tl\e I'Dst. 
 (luliort were fonnctlya 
 \y as much «:< ii llnr'l 
 ly spii thnn (ill llifi s,imi' 
 laiKl. This wilt a mo<; 
 „ th" tariff ■( IWi'J u 
 tdiils. U mattors m.t 
 artich> timl'* its way to 
 i the only thintitdwiiioli 
 y can m't it i^hpiiviT !.y 
 irce tlii'lii to rcjorl to iii" 
 ICC V If this (lisliiictioa 1 
 i of raising rcvciuK', il is 
 It that can ho, ikvisftl. 
 Tiont is to iini«)sc rciM- 
 itics. leaving! it tii ihii- 
 roi'ure them tlinnigli tin- 
 
 ski (iii.;*(),ani\Mr.t'n-| 
 5 of rawcottimimiliMlliiul 
 (lilVeront dates from Wit- j 
 s umlcr, viz. ••— 
 
 Raw I rmwi 
 roiion Thnid I 
 
 iKioll 1 I«»'-< B 
 , TW.HII ''H.V6 I 
 1,W),C1M IM.K'P 
 l.lOii.Jl'i l-'.'"! 
 
 il,5l3,()U "WUl 
 
 Venn 
 
 )SI'-«7 I» 
 1I(1S-6U ,. 
 1S51 
 
 IS.'.'i 
 ISIl') 
 ISOG 
 
 US table that the amud 
 , inc.reasea between '"■i*-^ 
 Jetvillc to about tl3,(l<M 
 ts of varn appear to taj 
 same periwl to ahout ,; o| 
 
 lie extension of the C0.4 
 ■rious loss to Russia; f«t,« 
 irv without coal, witW™ 
 ir-unication, with imnalM 
 , whose inhabitants, tkj 
 Irface, are but just cmOT| 
 alBi;very,shouia.accerfj 
 rv, is to suppose what !*«■ 
 
 ■^ 'it maybe fairlvpt* 
 nmcrcial system the FJ« 
 
 on of manufactures. .»11 
 
 Ithontics «« XisMsl"^ 
 Idure in contests f»- 
 
 P^'*' n,ot the >K""*'^ I 
 
 ,rro a.i accurate as thoy mij^ht bo made, tlicy 
 wiiH neces.sarily be very defective, inasniiicli a.'* 
 ilifvtakc no account of the smuggling which is 
 isiriiMvclv carried on. 
 
 I'hc charge sometimes made against the 
 (;ii«ians of dpsignedly underrating the exports 
 ill i;iii;lan(l is wludly groundless. It arises from 
 Acrircumstanecof many of tlic siiips destined for 
 I'l Ijml clearing out for tlic >S()un<l. And these 
 Uiii' classed, in the official returns, under the 
 hii.lnf cleared for 'other countries,' it is pro- 
 ".riionallv though unintentionally exaggerated, 
 Uilctlie" clearances for Kngland arc proportioi.- 
 ilhand unintentionally diminished. 
 
 hsiiectiim of Hoods.— At. Tetersburg, I!iga, and 
 
 iihor lialtic ports, when goods a-e brought from 
 
 the interior to be shipiied, tliey arc inspected and 
 
 tli^-iiietl according to their ([imlitics, by oflicers 
 
 iacieri) appointed by (Jovernment for that 
 
 nirrose, and swoni to the faithful performance of 
 
 iktir ' ity. All ports of timber, linen and canvas, 
 
 ii\ ami' hemp, linseed and henipseed, aslier., 
 
 'm\ ke., are subject to such inspection. They 
 
 art ;cticrally divided into three qualities: Krohn 
 
 ,;tnw!i), or 'superior ; /JrufA, or middling; and 
 
 Sncks-Drack, or inferior. This cliussilicntion is 
 
 •aiil to bi', in most ca.se,s, made with considerable 
 
 iiiracsj, A factor or commission agent in liiissia 
 
 iaiiTucted to buy, on accotnit of bis correspondent 
 
 in En;laiicl or Holland, a spceitied qunntitv of any 
 
 'kscriftiuii of produce subject to the official visit, 
 
 is nutVuUc to any action in the event of the 
 
 article bting found upon delivery to be of inferior 
 
 Hualiiy, provided he produce a certi'icato to show 
 
 that it hail been officially inspected, or hravked. 
 
 Diit a factor is at liberty; should any article 
 
 (lelivfrcil to him be manifestly defective, to name 
 
 1 or i other iracAers to decide whether the article 
 
 W merchantable or not. 
 
 .Vii/iic and Foreign Merehnnts §'c. — Every 
 
 I Kuwiaii ciin-ying on trade must be a burgher, 
 
 .1*1 liavc his name registered in the burghers' 
 
 IteJi, All whose names arc in this book arc 
 
 I (iilier townsmen who have property within the 
 
 I city, or members of a guild. There arc three 
 
 suilds. Those who belong to the first must 
 
 Iviicss 1,1,000 silver roubles ; they may engage 
 
 I ill all sort3 of commercial transactions, may 
 
 IfstilMi banks, lit out privateers in case of 
 
 I w, and drive about the city in carriages drawn 
 
 jl'v tv,o horses. Those belonging to the second 
 
 Ipilil declare themselves possessed of C,0()0 
 
 Iroute; they arc not confined to inland trade, 
 
 Ibiit they can onlv import foreign goods worth 
 
 |00,«M rnublos. ".A capital of 2,400 roubles 
 
 kntitlos its owner to adnnssion into the third 
 
 |piilii, which comprises shopkeepers and petty 
 
 feikri The rates paid by the members of these 
 
 aills amount to 1 per cent, upon their declared 
 
 pital, the ' statement of which is left to the 
 
 tonsciencc of ivery individual.' Uurgbers are 
 
 m "bhped to serve in the army, but may pro- 
 
 m a substitute, or pay a fine. The guests, or 
 
 foreij,! merchants, who enrol themselves in the 
 
 ply resister on account of their commercial 
 
 tfair?, enjoy privileges nearly similar to those 
 
 Pinycd by members of the first guild. 
 
 1 fegoborski gives (iii. 3ia) the following ac- 
 
 pt of ihc number of merchants inscribed in 
 
 licihircrent guilds, viz.:— 
 
 K-,i.|na,. 
 
 lit Guild 
 
 5.7 
 !X)S 
 1(71 
 
 mt 
 
 Snd Uuild 
 
 1,S74 
 1,941 
 
 231 
 
 .'!rd Uuild 
 
 3S,S77 
 .1P,67l 
 .17,774 
 4'i,W7 
 
 Total 
 
 .Ifi.'^OI 
 .1H,7V6 
 .■?!l,fi7» 
 4O,9'20 
 4/i.64'i 
 
 ri'ljoborski supposes that the capital belonging 
 
 to each of fhc merchants of the first guild may 
 amount, at an average, to 100,000 silver roubles; 
 to the second, to 40,000 roubles ; and to the third, 
 to 1,000 roubles. In addition to the above there 
 are nboiit 4,.')00 small dealers with certificates. 
 
 It is useless to enlarge on the impolicy of these 
 dislineticMis. They prevent men oi" limited 
 capital, but of ciitcr]prise and intelligence, fmni 
 eiigaging in those branches in which tliey would 
 be most likely to succeed. The duties on piicals, 
 or foreign merehnnts, mav, at an average, amount 
 to alKJut 180/. or 190/. a-year. 
 
 None but native Kussians are allowed to 
 engage in the intcmfil trade of the country ; aiul 
 hence a foreigner wIk/ imjjorts goods into Kiissia, 
 must sell them to Kussians only, and at the port 
 where they arrive. A few foreigners, indeed, 
 settled in Kussia, and having coniiections with 
 the natives, do carry on a trade with the interior; 
 i)ut it is contrary to law, and the goods are 
 liable to Ik; seized. 
 
 The niercbanta engaged in foreign trade arc 
 mostly foreigners, of whom the English are the 
 principal. The peculiar privileges formerly en- 
 joyed bv the latter arc now nearly obsolete ; and 
 their rights, in common with ."those of other 
 foreigners, arc merely those of guests. The 
 English factory is, at present, little more than a 
 society formed of some of the principal English 
 merchants, several of whcm, however, do not be- 
 long to it: its power extends to little else than the 
 management of certain funds under its control. 
 
 Purchase and Side of Commodities S^c. — Owing 
 to the scarcity of capital in Russia, goods, the 
 produce of the country, are frequently paid for in 
 advance; and foreign goods are most commonly 
 sold upon credit. From the month of November 
 to the shipping season in May, the Kussians Avho 
 trade in tlax, hemp, tullow, bristles, iron &c., 
 cither come themselves to I'ctcrsburg, or employ 
 agents to sell their goods to foreigners, to bo 
 delivered, ac ording to agreement, in May, Jut'.c, 
 July, or August. The payments are made nc- 
 corciit.g to the circumstances of the sellers and 
 buyers : goinctimes the buyer pays the whtdo 
 amount, in the winter months, for the goods which 
 arc to be delivered in the summer or autumn ; 
 and sometimes he pays a part on concluding the 
 contract, and the remainder on delivery of the 
 goods. The manufacturers and dealers in linen 
 usually como to Petersburg in March, and sell 
 their goods for ready money. 
 
 Foreign goods were formerly almost entirely 
 sold at a twelvemonth's credit, and some at a. 
 still longer term ; but of late years several 
 articles, as coffee and sugar, arc sold for ready 
 money ; still, however, the great bulk of foreign 
 goods for the supply of the interior is sold on 
 credit. Most part of the Knsi^ians who buy goods 
 on credit of foreigners, for the u' e of i.ie interior, 
 have no other connection or trade with Petersburg 
 than merely coming there once or twice a-ycar 
 to • lake purchases ; which having accomplished, 
 they set off" with the goods, and the foreigner 
 neither sees nor hears uf them again till the bill 
 becomes due. 
 
 It is obvious from this statement, that expe- 
 rience and sagacity are nowhere more requisite in 
 a merchant than liere. Ho has nothing, in fact, 
 but his own knowlcilge of the native dealers to 
 depend upon; and it is highly creditable to the 
 Kussians, that foreigners do not hesitate to trust 
 them with immense sums on such a guarantee. A 
 foreign merchant, carrying on bvisincss in Russia, 
 must also be acquainted with the customary forms 
 and obligations of contracts ; the mode of making 
 payments ; the uianj- formalities that encumber, 
 3 Y 
 
 * ,i 
 
 .!!! 
 
 'tl 
 

 
 1058 
 
 PETERSBURG 
 
 iri 
 
 t, 
 
 - ! • ■: 
 
 ■. ■' i 
 
 %> 
 
 :i j ■- / 
 
 1* 
 
 ■iif :,,■.: 
 
 ■ !t .. 
 
 r - I 
 
 • - -; r ■ 
 
 i i 
 
 anil HomctimeH turn nside, the course of justice ; 
 the spirit, still more than the letter, of the tarift' 
 and iha Custom-house rcgiiiutions; the privileges 
 claimed by the Crown, and the ilitl'erent orders ; 
 with a variety of other particulars, which atten- 
 tive, able men may learn on the spot, and nowhere 
 else. 
 
 ' Another circumstance connected with the 
 liritish trade is too curious to be passed in silence. 
 Everv mercantile house in Petersburg employs 
 certain men, ciUcd in tlie language of i lie country 
 iirtehchichs, who are tlie counting-liouse men, and 
 employed by every mercliant to collect payment 
 on bill's, an(l to receive money, as well as, in many 
 instances, to pay it in very consideralile sums. 
 Tliis is an important part of their trust. There 
 being no banliers in Kussia, every mercantile 
 liouse keeps its own cash ; and as the payments 
 between mercliants, and for bills of exchange, 
 arc made entirely in bank notes of no higher 
 value than 5, 10,* 25, 50, and 100 roubles — most 
 of them in so tottered a state as to require several 
 hours to count over a sum of 2,000/. or 3,000/. 
 — this business is performed by artelscliicks ; 
 and very few instances liave occurred of loss 
 by their inattention, e'itlier in miscounting the 
 notes, in taking false notes, or, where they are 
 much torn, in receiving parts of diflercnt bank 
 notes. 
 
 ' Tliese artelscliicks are also employed to super- 
 intend the loading and unloading the different 
 cargoes ; they receive the most valuable into the 
 warehouse, where they are left solely under their 
 care; and in these wareheuses, not merely 
 merchandise, but often large quantities of dollars, 
 arc deposited. These Russians are mostly 
 natives of Archangel, and the adjacent govern- 
 ments, of the lowest class : are often slaves, gene- 
 rally of the Crown ; and the only security of the 
 
 merchant arises in some degree frnni the nu-ur,! 
 reluctance of the Russian to Ix'trav cunliilin,,. i 
 reposed in him ; but in n much greater from ihtir 
 association, which is ciiUcd an artel. I 
 
 'An artel consists of a certnin niimbfr .,f 
 labourers, who voluntarily become rosi)<jii>i|,i,, ., f 
 a body, for the honesty o'f each individuiil p 
 separate earnings of enih man are put inti, tii 
 common stock ; a monthly allowaiiee i? inalulNrl 
 his support; and at the end of the viar ilicf 
 surplus is eijually divided. The I'umh'er viii. J 
 in dift'erent associations from oO to ll)i); ami .,\ 
 advantageous is it considered to heloii<r tdumifl 
 these societies, that 500 and even l,oTi() r«iil,|fj 
 are paid for admission. These societies arcintl 
 bound by any law of the empire, or even wiiiiml 
 agreement ; nor does the merclinnt restrain tlmnl 
 under any legal obligation: yet there has I,, J 
 no instance of their objecting to anv ju>t cLiimX 
 or of protecting an individual whose" coiiilmi b.ij 
 brought a demand on the society.' ((.'o.xt'j 
 Travels in Russia, vol. iii. p. 315.) 
 
 Marine Jnsnrance.—'lho. usual rates of niarinJ 
 insurance at St. Petersburg are 1 to G per oenJ 
 in the case of sailing vessels, and J to 3 fj 
 cent, in the case of steamers, acKirdintr to m 
 time of the year, the premiums rising about i J 
 month of August. Marine insurances .-u-e cenerallJ 
 effected in London or Amsterdam. An insuraocJ 
 company against fire has been estahlislkJ J 
 Petersburg, and enjoys several privileges. It ii( 
 joint-stock company, divided into actions orsh;,r.J 
 It has been very successful ; and its sharo«arei^ 
 a high premium. No insurance on houscsor^ixij 
 in Russia, made in a foreign countrv, an 
 legally recovered ; no official documchts .f I 
 being allowed to be furnished for such a purpo_ 
 A life insurance company has also been esiJ 
 blished. 
 
 Trade of the United Kingdou with Russia, 
 
 -Account of the Quantities and Values of the Principal Articles Imported from the Xortha{ 
 Ports of Russia into the United Kingdom in 1866-C7. 
 
 1 Principal and other Artida 
 
 1 
 
 Qnantidet 
 
 Computed Rnl Value 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 lu; 
 
 1 Bonn of animals and fish (except 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 i 
 
 i whalefins) ... 
 
 tons 
 
 9,940 
 
 8.899 
 
 8,334 
 
 51,040 
 
 42,161 
 
 O.IIS 
 
 Brl^tlM 
 
 lb. 
 
 S/l,l?,4;8 
 
 8,142,072 
 
 1,723,970 
 
 258,325 
 
 S8»,I47 
 
 i%:K 
 
 Candta, ilearine 
 
 cwt. 
 
 10,199 
 
 12,055 
 
 9,709 
 
 .16,141 
 
 ,19,7»8 
 
 .«.w 
 
 Cordage and cablet, not of iron - 
 
 ,^ 
 
 16.M2 
 
 13,997 
 
 1I,S62 
 
 30,475 
 
 W,8« 
 
 !i.;(i 
 
 Com : Wheat 
 
 It 
 
 841,043 
 
 1,509,741 
 
 1 ,.153,266 
 
 372,079 
 
 838,.M7 
 
 9;»,.i! 
 
 Oat-i - 
 
 » 
 
 MS7,5Sii 
 
 3,019.078 
 
 2,791,8.17 
 
 700,237 
 
 I,209,7i4 
 
 i,«»ii.«a 
 
 Other klndl 
 
 „ 
 
 33,040 
 
 23,78.1 
 
 75,960 
 
 12,702 
 
 11,115 
 
 39,111 
 
 Wheatmeal and flour 
 
 
 8S 
 
 193,757 
 
 110.846 
 
 60 
 
 179,079 
 
 IIO.'MO 
 
 Feathers for bedj 
 
 f. 
 
 4,490 
 
 2,781 
 
 3,213 
 
 46,098 
 
 27.316 
 
 3I,I() 
 
 Flai, dressed ■ 
 
 
 47,6«2 
 
 26,105 
 
 21,9.51 
 
 156„i89 
 
 92,121 
 
 s!,ia 
 
 rouKh or undressed 
 
 „ 
 
 1,S03,0B0 
 
 1,0116,749 
 
 918,4.13 
 
 3,122,589 
 
 »,7M,S« 
 
 yi:.;« 
 
 tow and codilla of 
 
 
 192,95.1 
 
 SI2,6I3 
 
 120,257 
 
 470,585 
 
 527,076 
 
 .W.W 
 
 Hair, camel - - . 
 
 lb. 
 
 69M88 
 
 191,055 
 
 867,061 
 
 20,165 
 
 6,J3I 
 
 n.M 
 
 horse 
 
 cwt. 
 
 H.IS? 
 
 3,277 
 
 2,547 
 
 12,531 
 
 17,719 
 
 i.vu 
 
 Hemp, dressed 
 
 
 49,064 
 
 34,918 
 
 36,473 
 
 112,976 
 
 79,«X) 
 
 )1J3 
 
 roufih or undrt^ssed 
 
 tf 
 
 68»,(tS7 
 
 595,868 
 
 488,648 
 
 90^672 
 
 925,571 
 
 i».i:i 
 
 tow and codilla of 
 
 
 4,944 
 
 4,577 
 
 8,60,5 
 
 6,180 
 
 5,782 
 
 io,;i) 
 
 HMet. not tannt d 
 
 „ 
 
 9,408 
 
 15,760 
 
 11,933 
 
 49,620 
 
 7U,«6 
 
 i'Ht 
 
 tanned, tawed, curTi--!, or 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in any way dress 
 
 lb. 
 
 7,498 
 
 79,114 
 
 24,946 
 
 459 
 
 4,3% 
 
 i.iff 
 
 Muscovy or Kuisia l.ides • 
 
 „ 
 
 Ili,230 
 
 100,237 
 
 132,393 
 
 27,414 
 
 K,m 
 
 IMiO 
 
 Iron in bars, unwrought 
 
 tons 
 
 1,97S 
 
 2,853 
 
 2,690 
 
 31 ..5« 
 
 42,835 
 
 jirtl 
 
 ehromate of - 
 
 
 8,748 
 
 5,000 
 
 7,370 
 
 40,667 
 
 41,S95 
 
 ti.ft 
 
 IsfnRtass ... 
 
 cwt. 
 
 719 
 
 884 
 
 726 
 
 32,2.16 
 
 59,6/1 
 
 S!.-t 
 
 Mnen manufactures 
 
 Talue 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 77,199 
 
 «0,.'.55 
 
 i;,i« 
 
 Mats and matting 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 .. 
 
 9,027 
 
 17,iHI 
 
 r'.'iii 
 
 Oil seed c.ike . . • 
 
 tons 
 
 5,1.14 
 
 's,460 
 
 2,959 
 
 41,292 
 
 68,«k6 
 
 It'll 
 
 Pitch 
 
 cwt. 
 
 S3,4.17 
 
 48,891 
 
 35,624 
 
 11,1.15 
 
 20,I)M 
 
 li.lW 
 
 Quills, goose and swan * . n 
 Rags and other materials for 
 
 umber 
 
 S,633,3U0 
 
 8,856,801 
 
 8,7U6,1U0 
 
 5,921 
 
 8,iie 
 
 9,iO! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l?,HI 
 
 milking paper 
 
 tons 
 
 1,1. '.4 
 
 1,661 
 
 914 
 
 25,404 
 
 37,fi97 
 
 Seeds ; linseed and flaxseed 
 
 qrs. 
 
 360,.51!i 
 
 45.1,182 
 
 4I9A12 
 
 866,1199 
 
 1,173,00! 
 
 Silk, raw 
 
 lb. 
 
 a.KOS 
 
 3,H(I0 
 
 11, .500 
 
 2,786 
 
 i/m 
 
 Il4.(fl 
 
 Tallow ... 
 
 cwt. 
 
 628,196 
 
 612,991 
 
 559,483 
 
 1,52S,I97 
 
 1,.1.W,.V0 
 
 Tar . 
 
 lasts 
 
 10,718 
 
 16,132 
 
 11,984 
 
 121PI79 
 
 169,19S 
 
 Wood and timber, not sawn or 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !«;,i» 
 
 Slllit 
 
 loads 
 
 211,118 
 
 191,855 
 
 106,123 
 
 747,680 
 
 M4,S1S 
 
 deals. iMttens, boards &c., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LIISl'l 
 
 sawn or split - 
 
 ^, 
 
 461,814 
 
 483,791 
 
 438,878 
 
 1,6.19,551 
 
 1,58!,« 
 
 lathwood 
 
 ^j 
 
 4,'.,4:i9 
 
 41,199 
 
 37,623 
 
 9'),012 
 
 71,«iil 
 
 Wool or hair, goati* 
 
 lb. 
 
 71,.^ll) 
 
 23,161) 
 
 .. 
 
 10,317 
 
 3,957 
 
 1B9,»9» 
 119996 
 
 Wool, «hei-p and iambs* 
 
 J, 
 
 6,816,114 
 
 0,686.319 
 
 .1,478,8.'i2 
 
 371,952 
 
 4fiO,'i.W 
 
 Yam. cable ... 
 
 ,, 
 
 10,775,843 
 
 1»,90G,730 
 
 12,91!7,990 
 
 159.2^4 
 
 lH3,7ld 
 
 All other articles 
 
 Tot.il - 
 
 value 
 
 •• 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 111,861 
 
 236,iy3 
 13,3»i,Si: 
 
 iiww 
 
 
 
 12,.119,801 
 
PETERSBURG 
 
 10(59 
 
 egrcc from the na'.urul 
 I ti> lictray onnliili'iin: I 
 nucli Kvoatcr frum ihiir ] 
 il an iirtt'l. 
 
 a ccrtflin numlict of I 
 ' bconiTic. rosponsibk', a< 
 r each iniliviilual. lli 
 I man aru put iiitu lii 
 y allcwaiitc i? inali: Wrl 
 e end of the yrar ilicl 
 ;il. Tlie nuiibcr \mi\ 
 from .')() to \m ; ami 
 U^cd to tiehiii^ til iiiu- 1 rl 
 
 anil even l,Oii(l rouhlrtl 
 
 'rhcMO sociotii s atf in tl 
 3 cmvire, or even wrimal 
 B merchant restrain tlKinl 
 tion : yet there lias Urij 
 jccting to any jii>i I'lainJ 
 I'idual whose comtuii lij^iF 
 n the societv.' ((-"MS 
 iii. p. 315.) ■ 
 I'he usual fates of marail 
 iburg arc 1 to (i per cend 
 
 vessels, and \ to 3 [*J 
 tcamers, actordins; to ihJ 
 (rcmiums risinp almut "i 
 ine insurances arc ^'tnetilli 
 Amsterdam. An insumrf 
 > has been estnWislkd iJ 
 8 several iirivilef,'es. Itisf 
 livided into actions or sluM 
 lessful; anditsshari'<areij 
 insurance on houses or !:o«' 
 a foreifin country, can 
 10 official documents .1 ta 
 umished for such a putpsl 
 mpany has also bceu esii 
 
 Corov»t«>R«»' Value 
 
 \l-Accnunt of the Quantities and Declared Valueii of the Principal Articles of the Produce 
 ' and Manufacture of the United Kingdom, Exported to the Northern Ports of Russia in 1865-7. 
 
 Frincipiil and oihrr Articles 
 
 AHili,«da • - 
 
 .IflKKl inci hal«rilasherj 
 M»nii«le • , , • 
 Kinchinu iilJti'rlaU • 
 ifiiifnt ■ * 
 
 r«.,(inderi, nnd culm 
 lap^u wriiuKhl iiiul miWTOUKht 
 ( xwn yim • " " 
 
 ulluiu.^nleml by tlte vara 
 
 at falue 
 1 Prnji ind chnnical jirolucH 
 I tahmwaif and porcelain 
 
 HicJ»»w mil cutlery, uncnumcratcd 
 Inn. »iou«ht and unwroughl 
 Lnd ind wot 
 I Unfll jam • 
 Lmni.mieredbytbf yard 
 
 at value 
 Uihluerj ■■ ilMin eniiinej 
 a;l other ton 
 
 ih.trtinand sperm - ". . .' 
 
 rtir<i(T,'culoun(nototherwi9edescribedf 
 riKi of all lotu (Including paper 
 Ijnjinpl . - - • 
 
 Sit- 
 ■ ^ut, thrown and yam 
 
 manufactures 
 ', Tin, unwrounht 
 Tnp!al« • 
 Won!, thctp and lambs* 
 Wool m at.d worsted yam 
 Woftlmi.titered by the yard 
 
 at value 
 Ail othn art:clei 
 ' Total 
 
 cwt. 
 
 Talue 
 
 barrels 
 
 cwt. 
 
 tons 
 
 i-wt. 
 
 lb. 
 
 yardi 
 
 value 
 
 barrels 
 cwt. 
 tons 
 
 il'i. 
 yards 
 value 
 
 yards 
 
 Kallnns 
 
 value 
 
 cwt. 
 
 tons 
 
 lb. 
 
 value 
 
 yards 
 value 
 
 Quantities 
 
 119,857 
 
 V,7.W 
 
 IH,in5 
 
 81,H6ti 
 
 3S4,IK.1 
 
 l.1,.1.Vi 
 
 l,607,4W7 
 
 807,il7 
 
 6,35« 
 
 K,(;»7 
 
 "0,7.14 
 
 I.SC) 
 
 8,SI7 
 
 3S.'),07O 
 
 1511,147 
 16,382 
 
 91.1 
 S6,I41 
 
 8,436 
 
 2lV,l,1S 
 
 1 ,569,1117 
 
 468,064 
 
 1860 
 
 117,683 
 
 V„3IH 
 
 9,.'>l)l 
 
 1.10,IS,'> 
 
 .1,702 
 
 1,U8..V,0 
 
 801,3'29 
 
 10,163 
 0,18i 
 
 84,6.15 
 3,636 
 
 30,.','") 
 181,977 
 
 345,064 
 31,573 
 
 908 
 
 46,'2W 
 
 4,749 
 
 7',796 
 
 93,760 
 
 488,792 
 
 1867 
 
 183,455 
 
 V,S.52 
 
 1 9, .132 
 
 152,632 
 
 467,2.19 
 
 26,514 
 
 1,398,573 
 
 918,311 
 
 12,181 
 
 7,1115 
 
 159,8117 
 
 3,SOfl 
 
 7.1,171) 
 
 100, luo 
 
 393,3-0 
 45,S20 
 
 932 
 72,897 
 18,213 
 
 7,198 
 
 28l",560 
 
 1,784,185 
 
 529,130 
 
 Declared Real Value 
 
 1866 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 PSk597 
 
 68,9.'.6 
 
 7,28S 
 
 7,060 
 
 10,061 
 
 9,114 
 
 10,480 
 
 7,.1l'l 
 
 10,7.52 
 
 17,421 
 
 173,'.19 
 
 ».16,.542 
 
 61,731 
 
 17,705 
 
 191,122 
 
 145,481 
 
 3n,.KI5 
 
 27,079 
 
 22,119 
 
 20,.526 
 
 15,797 
 
 15,769 
 
 9,631 
 
 4,257 
 
 6,511 
 
 10,584 
 
 44,559 
 
 30,651 
 
 667,461 
 
 749,917 
 
 38,907 
 
 75,8110 
 
 741 
 
 4,126 
 
 17,129 
 
 1 1 .0,50 
 
 3,467 
 
 4,913 
 
 143,625 
 
 170,160 
 
 326,538 
 
 4.1.1,1611 
 
 12,11(11) 
 
 17,048 
 
 9,289 
 
 14, .596 
 
 6,065 
 
 7,733 
 
 «,5nl 
 
 5,785 
 
 28,381 
 
 28,157 
 
 ,, 
 
 4,598 
 
 2,759 
 
 2,297 
 
 41,311 
 
 37,463 
 
 18,325 
 
 U,072 
 
 21,737 
 
 9,6114 
 
 26.1,2113 
 
 216,022 
 
 49,5.12 
 
 45,762 
 
 7,513 
 
 e„5e" 
 
 261,370 
 
 238,71. 
 
 2,588,354 
 
 2,766,148 
 
 .1,157,396 
 
 HI— Account of the Exports of Foreign and Colonial Produce and Manufactures from the United 
 Kingdom to the Northern Ports of Russia in 1805-^7. 
 
 
 
 
 Quantitiet 
 
 
 Computed Real Value | 
 
 1 
 
 1864 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 ClMlClKW - 
 
 cwt. 
 
 2,464 
 
 2,976 
 
 3,297 
 
 18,323 
 
 30,0,13 
 
 28,794 
 
 ritliiniil ■ 
 
 - 
 
 2,9)4 
 
 2,518 
 
 2,495 
 
 5,1,691 
 
 48,031 
 
 46,918 
 
 CollK . . 
 
 !b. 
 
 4,774,366 
 
 4,853,755 
 
 4,670;;07 
 
 158,775 
 
 160,643 
 
 15-, 520 
 
 ii'otlni.Tl* • 
 
 cwt. 
 
 276,238 
 
 380,174 
 
 427,254 
 
 2,263,233 
 
 2,413,429 
 
 «/)23,il38 
 
 tmh 
 
 totu 
 
 44 
 
 12 
 
 51 
 
 1,108 
 
 367 
 
 2,010 
 
 
 
 214 
 
 191 
 
 .164 
 
 4,070 
 
 4,636 
 
 7,298 
 
 (lam III, Ml lac 
 
 cwt. 
 
 1,670 
 
 1,414 
 
 1,644 
 
 2'"JT 
 
 4,471 
 
 4,617 
 
 tticklac 
 
 " 
 
 3,033 
 
 2,551 
 
 1,810 
 
 6,761 
 
 6,962 
 
 4,.178 
 
 
 
 9,088 
 
 6,812 
 
 9,150 
 
 19.860 
 
 17,166 
 
 22,193 
 
 In-ijo 
 
 
 8,086 
 
 8,5.10 
 
 7,356 1 
 
 243,624 
 
 243,490 
 
 247,529 
 
 Lorvml . 
 
 tons 
 
 518 
 
 .501 
 
 1,098 
 
 2,426 
 
 2,371 
 
 4,9110 
 
 .ViaiiKUi wood 
 
 »* 
 
 419 
 
 185 
 
 101 1 
 
 6,'I8T 
 
 2,559 
 
 1,667 
 
 l^l,ci«.tlut 
 
 cwt. 
 
 4,423 
 
 8,186 
 
 3,939 
 
 9,565 
 
 19,101 
 
 9,782 
 
 olife 
 
 tuns 
 
 16 
 
 34 
 
 29 
 
 842 
 
 1,943 
 
 1,805 
 
 fllibmra • 
 
 cwt. 
 
 6.3.10 
 
 4,436 
 
 3,687 ; 
 
 17,934 
 
 12,421 
 
 11,199 
 
 jFeppn . 
 
 lb. 
 
 433,641 
 
 887,08.1 
 
 473,309 
 
 6,323 
 
 4,644 
 
 6,903 
 
 ritTQlmr., Te6aed and tmrefinci 
 
 1 • tuns 
 
 91 
 
 858 
 
 224 
 
 2,843 
 
 14,629 
 
 3,774 
 
 IQiictiUnT . 
 |Ki»,n«inll«htuk - 
 
 lb. 
 
 87,641 
 
 24,044 
 
 127,080 i 
 
 9,039 
 
 2,204 
 
 11,2>2 
 
 cwt. 
 
 518,757 
 
 21,506 
 
 13,863 
 
 19,771 
 
 14,606 
 
 10,166 
 
 Sbtmlth . 
 
 tons 
 
 1,903 
 
 2.020 
 
 1,081 1 
 
 27,784 
 
 3'2,OS4 
 
 20,1.74 
 
 Silk.TM . 
 
 lb. 
 
 124 
 
 2.702 
 
 14,051 
 
 163 
 
 3,«91 
 
 18,119 
 
 Tia. 
 
 
 553,548 
 
 4,481,043 
 
 2,423,915 
 
 46.128 
 
 369,417 
 
 191,893 
 
 iKscco, unmanufactured 
 
 
 187,990 
 
 42,898 
 
 20,691 
 
 6,648 
 
 1,981 
 
 657 
 
 Whu 
 
 - gallons 
 
 42.33I 
 
 4 1,.148 
 
 .58,198 
 
 12.57,7 
 
 14,334 
 
 18,807 
 
 Wool tonkip-lnilding, vii. tea 
 
 E - loads 
 
 1,0.19 
 
 467 
 
 1,014 
 
 ll,9.'i) 
 
 4,429 
 
 9,912 
 
 Hool.ihupind lambs' 
 
 lb. 
 
 309,614 
 
 13,608 
 
 159,.138 
 
 22,901 
 
 1,018 
 
 10,692 
 
 AlloHnrmttlB 
 Tial . 
 Total of BrltWi and Forelj 
 
 value 
 :n produce 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 1116,151 
 
 116.694 
 
 173,148 
 3,016,806 
 
 
 .. 
 
 3,ll87,56i; 
 
 .1,550,668 
 67316,816 
 
 .. 
 
 4,675,920 
 
 6,504,202 
 
 
 IV.— List c 
 
 f Prices ( 
 
 )/ Russian 
 
 Produce, 
 
 1866. 
 
 
 
 FoTU and Goods 
 
 Ma; 
 
 June 
 f. d. 
 
 July 
 
 Auk. 
 >, If. 
 
 S.pt. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 
 
 : d. 
 
 1. d. 
 
 «. <f. 
 
 t. <f. 
 
 ts-Tallow ■ 
 
 per (on 
 
 18 
 
 ,. 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 Wheat - 
 
 perqr. 
 
 3 
 
 3 9 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 9 
 
 3 6 
 
 3 3 
 
 0«tt . 
 
 
 2 4 
 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 6 
 
 Deili . 
 
 ■ per St. doz. 
 
 44 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 42 6 
 
 54 
 
 dMindMontroie-Flax 
 
 per ton 
 
 30 
 
 46 
 
 37 6 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 i.—Tht fottowing were the Average Rates of Exchange on London, at the Port of Petersburg, 
 between the Years 1857 and 1866. 
 
 Quotations 
 
 • per rouble 
 
 iBithnt 
 
 llovnt 
 
 \{^<m . " 
 
 IjigwIMofaTeTsiit ■ percent. 
 
 38 1.1-16 
 
 ,14 
 17J 
 
 36} 
 34| 
 35 13 16 
 -4 
 
 18.59 
 
 M 11. 16 
 3li 
 
 31 15 16 
 -2J 
 
 1860 I 1861 
 
 .16 1.5-16 
 .11 M-16 
 
 + n 
 
 1862 
 
 351 
 
 33 
 
 .14 9 16 
 
 1863 
 
 38 
 3H 
 
 .16 15. 16 
 »6j 
 
 1865 
 
 j 3V| 
 .10 15-16 
 
 31i 
 — 3 
 
 1866 
 
 .128 
 25! 
 
 29 9-16 
 — 6 
 
 IJkic shipping season commenced in 1866 with 
 T* breaking up of the ice on April 21 (»fav 3), 
 P« closed on November 10 (22), having been 
 fwer by two days than in 1865. 
 I me following tables (VII. and VIII.) give 
 
 some very interesting and important particulars in 
 respect of the Kiis.sian com and linseed trade; 
 th« area over which corn is produced, the yield, 
 and the gross estimated amount of the harvest 
 being stated. 
 
 3y2 
 
 i ■ 
 
 ' ;iii 
 
 1.i 
 
 :f ..-1- ^i':lrU I 
 

 I 
 
 1. 
 
 1060 
 VI 
 
 PETERSBURG 
 
 -Tttbh. thawing the Medium lioiihle Price and the corresponding Sterling Cost free on I, 
 Cniimtddt, at the averaqe Hates of' Exchange, of the Principal Articles uf Fximrt c ""^ "' 
 Petersburg between 1857 and 180(5. "^ ' J'""" •'*''• 
 
 I Avt.'rn;;n rnte of ciclmnge 
 
 t |i«nre per rnuble 
 
 lli-inp, rlcan i>cr Iterkowfli H* 
 
 I M |M-r ton frte on XmaxA 
 
 . Fill, SI, rclcriliuri, uaual, \t 
 
 livod per Iterkowuti R. 
 
 ,( pf*r ion free on lM>artl 
 
 Tallowii/. Y. (^ per Iwrkuwcli 1(. 
 
 (■ )>«r tun free on board 
 
 Ltnsi'ed, Nn. I iter chelrert 11. 
 
 .* per lni)>. qr. free on l)oanl 
 
 Wlleiit, SitKnnk.-t per chelvprt II. 
 
 M per ln>p. qr. free on ImArd 
 
 OatKi ft |kU. ltovh per chelvtrt K. 
 
 II iier iinp. qr. freeon Uiard 
 
 1H.17 
 
 IS.'iH 
 
 IHJ9 
 
 I .171 ,3^ >-'>-l6 I'll lA-lfi 
 
 £10 I't 6 26 11 II.VG 5 (I 
 40 A I 
 
 to \r< II 19 h 
 
 .11.} I !>i 
 
 16 U OM .1 II 
 
 III) I U) 
 
 •i s » a 6 
 
 « ■/ 6 « I U 
 4 I 4 
 
 19 9 n 19 n 
 
 iM4 4 
 
 .1(1 
 .£A1 11 
 
 l>t 
 ;£ « 1.1 6 
 
 l"l 
 
 X 2 H I. 
 ■M 
 
 je 19 n 
 
 1861 
 Sit 
 
 .T1J 
 ifij 
 
 •a .•» OSS 6 
 
 43 4.) 
 
 1.1 VI 0,13 8 
 
 jl K Ul9 n n 
 
 IIIJ 
 
 3 I' <J 
 
 IIIJ 
 
 'i n 9 
 
 4 
 19 1 
 
 111 
 
 i III 
 
 II 
 2 8 
 
 *k 
 
 19 g 
 
 ISC3 
 
 34 910 
 
 .131 
 
 
 .13 II 
 
 
 
 4il 
 
 
 II \t 
 
 II 
 
 W\ 
 
 
 II 1'^ 
 
 II 
 
 Vl 
 
 
 1 13 
 
 II 
 
 94 
 
 
 ■I 'i 
 
 
 4J 
 
 P 
 
 1 (1 
 
 1 
 
 
 44 
 
 16 I 
 
 IIIJ 
 10 7 C 
 
 VH 
 2 17 
 „ "> 
 
 2 II e 
 
 I'lj 9 
 
 <"l I « I il 
 
 H 19 0.17 II Oil i 
 
 ■II 4'J l' 
 
 M 12 6 IJ 1,1 O'KJ I 
 
 I 9 6 
 1 IV f, 
 
 ',»» I II 
 2 III 0, S |] 
 
 1 IH 8 V K 
 
 I 
 
 A Ti-rnae r.iie of exchange 
 lleinpi ckttti - • ■ 
 
 Fl.ii, SI. Tetenburiti u.ual, 12 bead 
 
 Tallown, I. 'v. C. ." 
 
 LInscedi No. I - • 
 
 Wlieall'sasonka 
 
 Oats. 6 ihU. urott 
 
 • « pence per rouble 
 
 • per berkuwets K. 
 
 ]ier ton free on board 
 
 - per berkcwetH K. 
 per ton freii on boiird 
 
 - per lierkoweU It. 
 per ton free on board 
 
 per cbetverl II, 
 
 • fier Imp. qr. IVee on board 
 
 per cbelvert 11. 
 
 - per Imp. qr, free on boarii 
 
 per cbelvert K. 
 
 • per Imp, qr. free on lionrd 
 
 Average of Medium Tricei 
 1S62.IS(;6 
 
 IS.')7.1S61 
 
 3,'>9.16 
 
 21i2 
 27 II 1 
 
 4VJ 
 42 4 9 
 
 il 
 SI) 9 9 
 lOJ 
 2 H 2 
 
 10 
 
 2 r> 4 
 
 4 
 
 n 19 6 
 
 31 
 
 .13 
 
 31 2 9 
 
 4.n 
 
 42 9 
 47 
 
 43 9 7 
 
 1 12 6 
 
 UJ 
 1 19 9 
 
 3J 
 17 
 
 ^14 Jl _njii_3 l; :| 
 
 •^"""•ll'«"rF«lti«.«,|| 
 
 l»i7-l.SI.I anilHOi-lif,!,, || 
 
 per Cent. 
 
 Illie 
 
 
 Fill 
 7 
 
 |-| 
 
 ;i 
 
 VII. — Account of the Com Sown and Reaped in liiissia in Europe (not including Poland or i'lWusi/'J 
 Compiled from the Reports of Governors, 18cO and 18G3. 
 
 Prorince 
 
 Northern Zonr : 
 t. Arcbani;el 
 
 2. Volo){(bi • 
 
 3. OInneti • 
 Al^un Zone: 
 
 4. St. Petersburg 
 
 5. NovKoroU 
 
 6. Tver 
 
 7. T.kof - 
 H, Smolensk 
 
 Baltic Zone : 
 9. Esthonia 
 III. Mvonia 
 
 1 1 . Courlaiid 
 Lower Zone : 
 
 12. Wllelisk 
 
 13. Mohileir 
 
 14. Minsk ■ 
 
 15. (irodno 
 lli. Wllna - 
 17. Kovno - 
 
 Carpathian Zone : 
 |H, Kief ■ 
 
 19, Vrthrnia 
 
 20, Podolia 
 
 21, ChemiKolT 
 2'J. Poltava 
 2.-1. KharkoiV 
 
 Stf pile Zone : 
 24. KherMin 
 2.1. Bewarab'a 
 
 26. Kkaterinaftiaf 
 
 27. Taurida 
 
 28. Don l^nssackl 
 
 29. Saratoir 
 .10. AKtrakhan 
 
 Central Zone : 
 
 31, Yaro>l.if 
 
 32, Kostroma 
 
 33, NijeKorod 
 
 34, Pe'nia - 
 S.'i, Tamboir 
 36. Voronei 
 .17. Koursli- 
 S8. Orel 
 
 .19. Kalufta- 
 411. Tula - 
 
 41. Mnsrow 
 
 42. Vladimir 
 
 43. Riazan - 
 4t, Simbirkk 
 
 Ural Zone : 
 4.1, Katan - 
 
 46. Viatka - 
 
 47. Perm - 
 
 48. Orenburith 
 
 49. Ufa 
 
 AO Samara 
 Total 
 
 • ClielTert = -682 quarter, 
 
 t About 161(125,090 quarlen. 
 
PETERSBURG 
 
 1061 
 
 Coil, free on hnard nt 
 uf kxport from SI. 
 
 IHCI 
 
 
 1M>', 
 
 M 1-W 
 11 4'J 1 i; 
 
 A»etaire ll'«e or Fal luHtCT 
 l557-lS01amll»M-lhf.t., 
 !« Cml. 
 
 
 ni»B 
 
 
 Fall 
 
 
 
 
 15i 
 
 
 3 
 
 1803. 
 
 Yield 
 
 Chfltelt* for w^ 
 Inhabitai't 
 
 nur 1 Sorini! ^y|„,„ i S|,r/; 
 orn I t.om 
 
 /,/»»«(/.— Tlic following Table ns to Bhipmcnts ' and contract priced, arc borrowed .'.om Mosars. 
 fnim St, I'cterslmrg from the commencement ofjCattley & Co.'* statistics. The first shiinnent 
 the trade, and other particulars as to destination ' was made in 1771. 
 
 Table No. VIIT. 
 
 iiJi 
 \m 
 
 i;» 
 i:»5 
 
 IJTB 
 
 i;?7 
 i;;n 
 i;;9 
 
 ITW) 
 KM 
 
 \;»t 
 i;« 
 i;ii 
 
 1785 
 l?«6 
 
 ITKS 
 
 !;*) 
 i;»i 
 list 
 i;m 
 i;9» 
 i:m 
 \;v, 
 in; 
 i;9s 
 
 l!99 
 
 itoo 
 itoi 
 inn 
 
 \M 
 
 \m 
 \m 
 
 1«! 
 ItOI 
 IV« 
 
 lilO 
 hil 
 
 lU! 
 1(13 
 Mt 
 ItIi 
 HIS 
 ItIT 
 1118 
 
 Total 
 Shii>inent 
 
 (If which 
 
 dcstlneil to 
 
 Hull 
 
 vhetvrrtt 
 
 chclTcru 
 
 JMI 
 
 
 'J77 
 
 ,, 
 
 4(11 
 
 ,, 
 
 »-7 
 
 
 14,1.14 
 
 
 1I,44U 
 
 ,, 
 
 18,4»t 
 
 ,, 
 
 sa.Ml 
 
 ,, 
 
 LVJ'^l 
 
 ,, 
 
 l»,744 
 
 ., 
 
 l.1,4H'i 
 
 ,. 
 
 li,7S'J 
 
 ., 
 
 4,K92 
 
 ,. 
 
 S,%(l8'i 
 
 
 !(»,.1VS 
 
 ,. 
 
 W,74'.i 
 
 ,. 
 
 Sa,»15 
 
 ,, 
 
 4V'»t 
 
 ,, 
 
 iH.VH 
 
 ., 
 
 .■lS,49'i 
 
 ,, 
 
 13,S9a 
 
 ^^ 
 
 S'),S19 
 
 ,, 
 
 «1,».'.7 
 
 ,, 
 
 S5,.H» 
 
 ,. 
 
 63,96.1 
 
 ,, 
 
 68,441 
 
 ,, 
 
 14,951 
 
 ., 
 
 73,1I7'2 
 
 ., 
 
 «J,3-3 
 
 
 65,S5H 
 
 ., 
 
 4.5,(105 
 
 ,, 
 
 78,4.32 
 
 ,, 
 
 6!, (139 
 
 ,, 
 
 6.iJ.36 
 
 ,, 
 
 67,611 
 
 ,, 
 
 4(1,6.36 
 
 ,. 
 
 116,74 4 
 
 ,, 
 
 Wm 
 
 ,, 
 
 4,967 
 
 ., 
 
 } War 
 
 43,781 
 
 ., 
 
 ,, 
 
 18,013 
 
 ., 
 
 64,966 
 
 ,, 
 
 39,181 
 
 ,, 
 
 38,0.13 
 
 
 47,070 
 
 .. 
 
 39,04» 
 
 .. 
 
 Contract I*rU-e* 
 of No. I , |wr 
 Imp. i|r. f.o.b. 
 
 >. d. 
 
 Yean 
 
 Total 
 6hipnient 
 
 1819 
 IH'^0 
 18V I 
 
 I8'n 
 
 18^1 
 18V5 
 1826 
 1 8117 
 1828 
 1829 
 18.10 
 1831 
 1832 
 18.13 
 1834 
 18.15 
 18.16 
 1837 
 18.18 
 18.19 
 1840 
 1811 
 1842 
 181.1 
 1844 
 1845 
 1846 
 1817 
 I8IS 
 1849 
 1850 
 1851 
 18.52 
 18.53 
 1851 
 1855 
 1856 
 1857 
 185S 
 1859 
 I860 
 1861 
 1862 
 1863 
 1861 
 1865 
 1866 
 
 chctrprit 
 
 .12,179 
 
 5S,5)n 
 
 411,500 
 
 .15,2.34 
 
 :,0,491 
 
 45,642 
 
 .58,109 
 
 52,/39 
 
 93,231 
 
 144,494 
 
 162,28» 
 
 183,167 
 
 211,287 
 
 152,678 
 
 l',8,,169 
 
 144,245 
 
 ■ 237,182 
 
 189,906 
 
 259,473 
 
 268,843 
 
 236,315 
 
 296,635 
 
 368,286 
 
 276,628 
 
 315,(177 
 
 315,2)8 
 
 385,662 
 
 171A50 
 
 245.311 
 
 279,493 
 
 307,1110 
 
 242,148 
 
 224,702 
 
 201,091 
 
 355,357 
 
 527,411 
 341, .14 2 
 214,745 
 218,1.59 
 289,880 
 179,027 
 .146,814 
 317,324 
 4.16,889 
 456,242 
 536,338 
 
 Of whiih 
 
 de*(ln«Nl to 
 
 Hull 
 
 cheirefta 
 
 14,996 
 S8,K82 
 118,282 
 »3,017 
 42,534 
 51, .529 
 49,338 
 34,107 
 39,1132 
 .56,379 
 91,101 
 ill, .102 
 119,713 
 134,901 
 129,701 
 79,989 
 79,407 
 135,(i34 
 134,536 
 146,947 
 89,872 
 77,794 
 127,433 
 133,643 
 114,253 
 121,178 
 89,313 
 196,903 
 
 490,493 
 235,7.10 
 145,6.56 
 147,018 
 221,46.5 
 146,121 
 420,580 
 238,836 
 316,719 
 497,233 
 406.507 
 
 Contrart Priien 1 
 
 <.l .\ 
 
 u. 1 , iwr 
 
 Imp. 
 
 ir. f.o.li. 
 
 «, 
 
 d. 
 
 2«' 
 
 "\ 
 
 31 
 
 2 
 
 2'l 
 
 8 J 
 
 2S 
 
 .13 
 
 3« 
 
 3 S 
 
 .13 
 
 » i 
 
 39 
 
 10 
 
 42 
 
 <l' 
 
 41 
 
 4lp 
 
 38 
 
 10 te 
 
 01 Z 
 
 6 y p 
 
 31 
 
 38 
 
 35 
 
 42 
 
 8 
 
 V 
 
 45 
 
 2 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 3.5 
 
 10 
 
 fc 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 7 
 
 Ei 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 38 
 
 7 
 
 
 44 
 
 6 
 
 8/ 
 
 .1,5 
 
 3.5 
 
 4', 
 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 « a. 
 
 S5 
 
 4 
 
 
 62 
 
 4 
 
 S'*' 
 
 47 
 
 8 
 
 a? 
 
 47 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 48 
 
 ,5 
 
 a-o 
 
 52 
 
 2 
 
 59 
 
 9 
 
 rja 
 
 45 
 
 H 
 
 S 
 
 48 
 
 6 
 
 s 
 
 55 
 
 4 1 
 
 Summary. 
 
 i;;iti>i;8o 
 i;ii i-go 
 
 i;9i 
 
 IMII 
 
 nil 
 
 1*31 
 
 iMi 
 i«i 
 
 IHl 
 
 18(10 
 1810 
 18'I(I 
 18.10 
 
 :8iu 
 
 18J0 
 1860 
 I8G6 
 
 Toul Shipptd 
 
 chetrerls 
 
 108,455 
 
 279,160 
 
 467,758 
 
 389,770 
 
 .158,411 
 
 845,696 
 
 4,154,913 
 
 2,906,5,13 
 
 •2,378,877 
 
 f2,372,634 
 
 Shipments to 
 Hull 
 
 chetvertl 
 
 817,1.16 
 
 1,119,,5(IH 
 
 •1,450,8.52 
 
 1 1,625,596 
 
 • Eij^tTnn'shlpnient)!, astherewaswsr In 1854 and 18,55. 
 fSitiFmonU, For 10 \ean, at the same rate, the quantities 
 |*oiilil h, mpKiMj, toUl cheireru, 3,950,000 ; Hull, 2,709,326. 
 
 Estimated supplj- for 1867, about 650,000 chet- 
 iTerL", qual to ibb'fiW imperial quarters. 
 
 Price of No. 1 for August, on { Februag^ ) 
 45». lOrf. to 47s. ^ Marcli S), ) 
 
 Finland. — The trade with Finland during the 
 years 1863-5 was as follows : — 
 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 Imports 
 Exports 
 
 4,460,110 
 1,145,675 
 
 £ 
 
 2,401,980 
 1,091,737 
 
 £ 
 
 2,492.702 
 l,287,9i5 
 
 The chief trade being carried on at Ilelsing- 
 fors, Wiborg, and Abo. The chief imports are 
 manufactured iron, coffee, and other colonial 
 produce, the exports being timber and fish. 
 
 The following Table shows the total value of the 
 imports and exports, exclusive of specie, by each 
 frontier of the Russian empire in the years 1861-3 : — 
 
 Table No. IX. 
 
 Forts 
 
 Irmlind 
 
 Imiic . 
 
 lEunpun land frontier . 
 
 IJwkSraaiKlStaofAio? 
 
 I inni.raurulin froniin 
 
 ■Jwbnrrnml Siheril . 
 |Kuchiaind China 
 
 Tolal . 
 HuiTmtlwil 
 
 Imports 
 
 1861 
 
 £ 
 
 7!I,47S 
 
 351,7,16 
 
 15,775„1,16 
 
 4,290.684 
 
 2,4.'<6,806 
 
 876,732 
 
 126,4,12 
 
 1,125,.535 
 
 1,176,697 
 
 _26,459,363 
 4,607.124" 
 
 1864 
 
 £ 
 
 85,,135 
 
 437,,116 
 
 14,191,173 
 
 5.299,949 
 
 4,252,147 
 
 920,505 
 
 147,652 
 
 1,486,413 
 
 1,383,884 
 
 49,404,413 
 
 "i;«44,756 
 
 1863 
 
 £ 
 
 104,614 
 
 475,995 
 
 13,513,502 
 
 4,543,223 
 
 2.057,196 
 
 926,021 
 
 410,685 
 
 1,545,448 
 
 1,114,573 
 
 2J94 
 
 Exports 
 
 1861 
 
 £ 
 
 1,078,180 
 
 611,415 
 
 10,7.17,517 
 
 3,508,385 
 
 9,987,132 
 
 396,931 
 
 41,7()(i 
 
 931,370 
 
 760,864 
 
 1862 
 
 £ 
 
 1,112,455 
 
 1,1,12,231 
 
 11,552,8.10 
 
 4,057,761 
 
 8,605,540 
 
 470,501 
 
 68,149 
 
 873,261 
 
 695,322 
 
 44,493,849 I 2>l,053,498 
 
 4,854,352 I 300,865 
 
 48,568,058 
 490,919" 
 
 1863 
 
 £ 
 
 751,683 
 
 957,678 
 
 10,163,0,19 
 
 3,413,866 
 
 7,002,728 
 
 819,513 
 
 45,486 
 
 776,613 
 
 527,739 
 
 24,4.58 ,250 
 288,299 
 
 b,000 iiuaiter»- 
 
 1]]!^ following table, compiled from a return 
 |blished by Messrs. Maynard and Fishwicks, 
 Ppping agent? at Cronstadt, gives an account of 
 
 the exportation of Russian produce through St. 
 Petersburg in 1864-66. The increase, as will be 
 seen, is chicHy to Great Britain. 
 
 !i!l 
 
 
 
 ^m 
 
 :«li:l 
 
 m 
 
 I.- ■■••■. I ., I 
 
 ■-'.is'iT'** 
 
10S2 
 
 PETERSBURG 
 
 i.i 
 
 
 ■■I 
 i 
 •! 
 
 .< 
 
 W 
 
 %*'' 
 
 1 
 
 i ■ 
 
 X, — Tuhle ihowing the Friitcipal Items of Kvport from St. Peteriburg to Great Brli,,:. a. 
 
 rto l^or, im and 1806. "" *'""'■' 
 
 DtKTlptlon of GoofU 
 
 lleinp 
 h'lin - 
 
 \\m,l 
 'I'.itlow 
 l.insffil i-ake 
 
 XVhial 
 <Ut> - 
 Whvat flttiir 
 Lath wood 
 Dealt 
 
 poodi 
 
 bulla 
 
 pieces 
 itAntf. doz. 
 
 U64 
 
 ■ill>,l7l 
 
 rj7.»iH) 
 
 .1 ■1.1117 
 
 l.ll'JH 
 r.07,/i:»l 
 
 l,ll^,rl«^ 
 IKK, in 
 
 ■iU,«l7 
 
 l.fllfi.'.Xd 
 llll.HVl 
 ,1111,1 1'i 
 '^Hl.llli 
 
 <i7a,iu'i 
 
 MIMI.I 
 
 186t 
 
 ISSA-Ulir, 
 
 IncreAftit 
 
 l,»!,9ai 
 N'Jt.HKY 
 
 K.OII.IIII 
 •■tm.O.Mi 
 IHI.'i.V) 
 
 «,IV.,-^'Jl 
 
 a7it,.1V6 
 
 ft tnii. 
 
 .Ill 
 
 7^1' 
 
 l»'t'nl. 
 1.1 
 I 'I 
 
 XL— 7Vii/e thawing the Principal Items of Import at St. Petersburg from Great Britain hrim I 
 
 18U4 and 18(JC. ' "I 
 
 Deicrfplton of Goods 
 
 1861 
 
 ISSj 
 
 Isr.B 
 
 HM-Isct 
 
 Increase 
 
 per cent. 
 51* 
 Til 
 
 E 
 
 1 Cntlon. r.iw 
 
 . poods 
 
 cfi'^.nop 
 
 7M,217 
 
 l.iW.-iS'i 
 
 1« 
 
 M.ii-ltint-ry, Viilui* - 
 
 - roubles 
 
 .1i»1l,7H 
 
 3,l«IS,«(l.1 
 
 ■'',.147,771 
 
 
 Colli 
 
 
 3,.'il),-,,'i(iG 
 
 (i(ii,7.'ifi 
 
 l,ll'iO,(ilG 
 
 
 i Cnllei' - 
 
 ])(H)(lS 
 
 l().'i,ll7(i 
 
 ir.'tit 
 
 uvni; 
 
 4 
 
 
 SiiKur, raw niiil iruslu-d 
 
 It 
 
 .5ii,H7H 
 
 a,7.v'i 
 
 M.Vi'i 
 
 1 ,Wi 
 
 
 1)11 
 
 »i 
 
 M.liii 
 
 (),■/(;« 
 
 .i.'..o.in 
 
 459 
 
 
 1 Toner, Uitlles 
 
 
 llS,7llfi 
 
 1511,1 in 
 
 1CH,()7.1 
 
 5» 
 
 
 1 in casks - 
 
 • jiootU 
 
 S,IH.1 
 
 t(.','77 
 
 7,9HS 
 
 
 , S.iU . - - ' 
 
 •> 
 
 7Ni|l«i 
 
 T'J /,ri'H 
 
 7.')V,796 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 t Tobacco - 
 
 If 
 
 H,7II» 
 
 Ili77fi 
 
 '.>,'I01 
 
 
 
 ! Hive 
 
 
 71,'i71) 
 
 4H,7M 
 
 67,17.'! 
 
 17 
 
 
 1 I'd of .111 c|uallliet 
 
 
 .T^O.IS 
 
 li.l.HI'J 
 
 8I,H0S 
 
 ■J 1.1 
 
 
 1 (oitoii Twist 
 
 It 
 
 4.1,.'i71 
 
 
 !i6,HSl 
 
 
 
 1 IndiKO . . • 
 
 II 
 
 Ui,'i7(l 
 
 ■.2I),GIK 
 
 »II,9SS 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 
 1 4'(icliitu<nl > * 
 
 
 »,li.'i.'> 
 
 7,f97 
 
 9,.'.7 1 
 
 ■n 
 
 
 
 
 SI.HSG 
 
 in'i.r^i 
 
 lla,.189 
 
 .15 
 
 
 1 (^ast iron, unmanufactured 
 
 It 
 
 77fi,')6i 
 
 .I.IO.HSI) 
 
 Mr,,-iim 
 
 04 
 
 
 1 Iron, wroUKlil 
 
 It 
 
 7UI|7Sli 
 
 li01.1,l.9H 
 
 9S8,II95 
 
 
 4'opiHr . 
 
 
 iia|.'i7'. 
 
 4I,11(! 
 
 lil.Wi 
 
 
 
 1 Lelicl . 
 
 It 
 
 81,117 
 
 ll>l,9a^ 
 
 !lll,78r. 
 
 lui 
 
 
 1 Sotla 
 
 It 
 
 .177,771 
 
 .111,^0'^ 
 
 3fi.1,.'i(i9 
 
 5 
 
 
 1 X\'ool 
 
 „ 
 
 .18,11'^ 
 
 .'i-..'ll() 
 
 .18,873 
 
 
 
 Iron, manufactured 
 
 • roubles 
 
 I,1i;iill9 
 
 2,GHS,9.1B 
 
 S.'Vil.VZ 
 
 •i'ik 
 
 
 ( 'otton Roods 
 
 It 
 
 •I7H,74'^ 
 
 V ls,')i;'2 
 
 !iM,IHII 
 
 .15 
 
 
 Flat 
 
 
 .18:i'i97 
 
 '.<7.1|.Vit 
 
 a 18,888 
 
 
 
 1 Silk ,1 - - 
 
 
 ll,49'.< 
 
 19,.')7I 
 
 .ITilM 
 
 91 1 
 
 1 Woollen „ 
 
 II 
 
 ■Vi'l.Uti 
 
 .117,9Jl 
 
 .'1.17.570 
 
 .■•n \ 
 
 Decnitt 
 
 Vtlctti. 
 
 »i( 
 
 XU.~TabUsho 
 
 wing the F 
 
 rincipal 
 
 Items of Import 
 
 into St. Peterslmrq from Countries in Europe 
 
 during the Year 180ii, and the Increase or De- 
 
 crease of Importations as compared with 1865. 
 
 Goodt 
 
 Quantity 
 
 As compared with 1865 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 cent. 
 
 Decrease 
 
 cent. 
 
 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Sugarirnwand 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cru.shed iioodi 
 
 li55.1,.109 
 
 914,01.1 
 
 
 .. 
 
 • • 
 
 Te.i . 
 
 94,79(1 
 
 8,860 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 c oHre - 1, 
 
 '.i;iS,549 
 
 
 • • 
 
 9,892 
 
 4 
 
 Other Coloni.il 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 uootls - 1, 
 
 •in.Vib 
 
 ,, 
 
 .. 
 
 2,30'^ 
 
 10 
 
 Tobacco • I, 
 
 38,«B8 
 
 318 
 
 i 
 
 ., 
 
 • > 
 
 \V ine in casks ,, 
 
 V45,l 10 
 
 38,685 
 
 
 .* 
 
 
 bottles. No. 
 
 721,316 
 
 'ii,71i7 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 Spirituous li- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 quors IHMdt 
 Oil . . „ 
 
 10,789 
 
 1,913 
 
 lilj 
 
 .. 
 
 • • 
 
 fi31,93l 
 
 159,.'.il 
 
 .l.tj 
 
 ,, 
 
 ■ • 
 
 Fruit - No. 
 
 S8|907,'.i74 
 
 10,761,0'>6 
 
 £9 
 
 .. 
 
 • > 
 
 Salt - poods 
 
 766,780 
 
 11,991 
 
 U 
 
 
 • • 
 
 Iron, unm-inu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Idctured - „ 
 
 990,liCa 
 
 'i!97,51.1 
 
 43 
 
 ., 
 
 .. 
 
 cast • „ 
 
 595,718 
 
 180,5'i7 
 
 4.1 
 
 
 .. 
 
 Cotton, raw - „ 
 
 1,543,64S 
 
 787,13S 
 
 104 
 
 .. 
 
 .■ 
 
 twist - 1, 
 
 .16,6'.S 
 
 .. 
 
 
 ^»188 
 
 6 
 
 Woollen yam - ,, 
 
 i6,88(] 
 
 1,305 
 
 n 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 Mlk, law and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 spun . „ 
 
 9O0 
 
 475 
 
 nil 
 si] 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 IndiRo . „ 
 
 31|6K3 
 
 6,'ili 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 Other dye 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 slufHi - „ 
 
 709,3X8 
 
 167,10* 
 
 30J 
 
 • • 
 
 .. 
 
 Cotton manu' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ficlures - II 
 
 6,760 
 
 504 
 
 8 
 
 ,« 
 
 ,. 
 
 11 IX II - It 
 
 8,41(1 
 
 ., 
 
 .. 
 
 6A8 
 
 7 
 
 Silk ; . ; 
 
 8.1V 
 
 164 
 
 ^1* 
 
 .. 
 
 
 Woollen 11 - II 
 
 19,893 
 
 S,I46 
 
 XI 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 Feiroleum - „ 
 
 !il6,707 
 
 78.61(5 
 
 4«i 
 
 .. 
 
 ,. 
 
 Other Roods, value 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in roubles 
 
 Tol.il Talue, iilrer 
 
 25,571,894 
 
 S,81Ii364 
 
 S« 
 
 >. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 roubles 
 
 83i700|ii65 i4,094|404l 
 
 401 
 
 
 
 
 £10,162,000 1 
 
 
 
 Before the tariff reforms of 1857, the value of the 
 
 exports given above i Table XIII.) was only a little 
 
 more than l,000,000t sterling. It is most likely, 
 
 indeed, as already observed, that the increase may 
 
 have been in some degree occasioned by a decrease 
 
 of clandestine im 
 
 portfttion. 
 
 But, in 
 
 flcpc 
 
 iidcntl 
 
 yof 1 
 
 this indirect cflect, there can be no maniicrofiloiiiji 
 that there ha.s been a largo incrciwo of consuiiipiioJ 
 It may be observed with reference to uur \m 
 with Itussia, that a large proportion of the llraiil 
 ships and produce destined for Odessa aiiJ "tk 
 ports on the Black Sen, and the Sea of \iM 
 clear out for Constantiuojile, and are indu 
 among the clearances and exports for Turkev. 
 
 XIII. — Table showinr/ the PrincifKil llm i 
 Export from St. Petersburg to Couitlriui 
 Europe during the Year 18(!6. 
 
 Uooda 
 
 Hemp 
 Flax 
 Tallow 
 Hides, raw • 
 I.e.ither, jnfts 
 Iron 
 Copper 
 "risf 
 
 poods 
 
 Bristles 
 CordaRe 
 I.inen 
 
 - pieces 
 
 Breadstulfs • ubels. 
 Bones - poods 
 
 Timlier - pieces 
 Potashes - poods 
 Mats and baRs, pieces 
 RaRS ■ poods 
 
 Miscellaneous rbls. 
 Total value in rbli. 
 
 QuanUtjr 
 
 l,7.1«i778 
 
 021,116 
 
 2,3.16,97^ 
 
 69.9^1 
 
 12,199 
 
 401,451 
 
 9,419 
 
 7'^176 
 
 121,163 
 
 19,380 
 
 2,510,241 
 
 3H7|77S 
 
 10,469 
 
 533,551 
 
 218,600 
 
 94,007 
 
 18,994,859:1 
 
 As ccmpared with IMi 
 
 Increase 
 
 p., 
 fiuantitj cem.fi™'"'!. 
 
 197,MS 
 
 27|C91 
 
 277,1'iJ 
 
 55,836,0/0,8, 
 je6,979|O0O 
 
 ,39H|396 
 
 9,60;i 
 
 .10,7116 
 5'i,406 
 
 ,777j9r6 
 .151,428 
 
 !I7( 
 
 
 mint 
 IS'! ft 
 
 i.«itir 
 
 i!iU 
 
 1«| 
 1,116 " 
 
 16 .. : 
 
 Natt In 1866 the exportation of i;old sml "if '"J 
 
 Petersburg exceedid the importation by 14,S^ ™ "" 
 (l,S23|0Olil,). 
 
 Average Annual Exportation of IFod /'<"'' 
 
 From 1800 to 1813 
 1814 IS'J3 
 1824 
 1831 
 1838 
 In 1841 ■ 
 1845 
 
 1833 
 18.17 
 1841 
 
 poods. 
 ■ 19,813 
 . 35,173 
 .. 111,516 
 
 . 300,100 
 - 375,680 
 . 436,181 
 . 783,588 
 
 In 1819 • 
 18',3- 
 1857- 
 ISBl- 
 l.Sfii- 
 1S63- 
 
 Rofl 
 
 ■ire/i 
 
 ■ *>'.<^l 
 
 B-iiaf! 
 
 iili 
 
 Is 
 
 iji 
 
I'ETKRSBUHfi 
 
 1003 
 
 Qreat Dr'Uain bttieir.i 
 
 IKCS-IMO 
 
 Dccrtou 
 
 Ltnt. 
 
 1 ^'tT 
 
 •• 
 
 I'l 
 
 Ml 
 
 •• 
 
 '•I 
 
 
 71 
 
 • • 
 
 iW 
 
 " 
 
 HO 
 
 
 fiH 
 
 " 
 
 \ ' 
 
 Gnat Britain, (irtican 
 
 isos-mce 
 
 
 ..' 1 
 
 ?l 
 
 •• 
 
 «>l 
 
 17 
 
 
 'i\:> 
 
 'jli 
 
 "ti 
 
 
 'ii 
 
 
 r,.'* 
 
 
 54 
 
 "s 
 
 iVii 
 
 " 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 iil 
 
 ■Jl 
 
 "m 
 
 9t 
 
 \ 
 
 ,■.1^ 
 
 
 WX ^Account nf the Real Vithie of the liriliah I'riidurtx and Manufaclureii Exported from the 
 ' United Kinydom to Jiitaaia in each of the 7 }'car» ending with 18()ti. 
 
 MBllrtK i»ru ' 
 ToUl • 
 
 
 isco 
 
 mill 
 
 IDBll 
 
 IHM 
 
 1*61 
 
 •^7i,'nj 
 
 IHIl.l 
 
 1RII6 
 
 • • 
 
 £ 
 
 1I,HH,'V.,17B 
 
 .ma,«(l3 
 
 4.1,MH,47S 
 
 v.flni.iM 
 
 ,17!),')UI 
 3,041,448 
 
 £ 
 1,741,4(14 
 
 ,1a7,'ii,l 
 
 4 
 
 1I,4'M,S14 
 
 K71,4I' 
 
 £ 
 
 il,.1HI(,1',| 
 S34,6'l'i 
 
 •i,«i1,iilili ' 
 
 £ 
 
 S.TBll.im 
 
 .1UI1JI71 
 
 ,1,161,lll« 
 
 ■ 
 
 1l,li71.lv.1 
 
 »,iiu,'),j.i: 
 
 v,Hii;,iou 
 
 W-Tiilih .ihoiriiii) the Com/Miratire Tttnnaijv nf thi- Uriliiih and Foreign Vrnaeh that Entered the 
 I'urtu of Cronatadl and St. I'etersbiirij between the i'ears 1850 and 1800. 
 
 lorocanbenoinamiw 
 
 larco increase of coiisumptici 
 with reference to out ini 
 iree proportion of the Bn 
 '.,tined for Odessa anJ"tl 
 
 Sea, and tlic feca ot . i- 
 tantinoplc, am are incUe 
 [sand exports for lurke;, 
 
 [„„ the Principid Itm <, 
 •petershurq to t(i««ln« < 
 ic Year 18«6. 
 
 Dkbu I 
 
 knUty 
 
 til .116 
 KM,07'i| 
 I 69,911 1 
 1 14,1991 
 l»OI,«li 
 T 9,419 
 4 Ti.1'6 
 ■l4l561 
 n 19,3SU' 
 
 ■" imponatim oj ' '■ | 
 
 ortation 
 
 ofWdp 
 
 W* 
 
 19,915 1 
 
 1)0,100 
 T7S,fi>tO 1 
 
 |»3,Wt9 
 
 19'i3 • 
 1857- 
 iHfil- 
 ISfii- 
 1863' 
 
 
 Total 
 Toniiaiit 
 
 BrIlhh 
 
 
 HwMiUh 
 
 nntl 
 
 Norwegian 
 
 41,941 
 41,174 
 40,1181 
 4.'>,7.14 
 •J7,4I« 
 48,414 
 19,140 
 41,918 
 40,830 
 10,971 
 lo.VIll 
 
 HuMiin 
 
 Pnis&lan 
 
 3'i,9on 
 
 41,774 
 40,430 
 4'i,ino 
 4V,I8S 
 18,448 
 
 9,371 
 18,8.10 
 
 7,05H 
 16,344 
 41,940 
 
 Fnnch 
 
 Vmh 
 
 TonnaRe 
 
 Per c*nl. 
 uf tiilal 
 
 Dutch 
 
 HVl 
 
 \*t 
 
 IMI 
 IWl 
 W,C 
 ToUl • 
 
 /nn.iKIl 
 4.'.6,7IH 
 45.1,'jnS 
 ,'|14,I7» 
 4.V'i,l»J 
 47'i,C"S 
 4ns,v7ll 
 4(i(Vi<l« 
 171,7mH 
 511,8,14 
 6«I,9WI 
 ,'i,.WII,074 
 
 »18,H4 
 
 •li\t,IWl 
 X4 1,154 
 4Sl.«'i6 
 34l,.1fi4 
 .T.5,liri 
 ii\,lOl 
 
 44 
 
 4,'.i 
 
 4H 
 
 49 
 
 SO 
 
 5,1 
 
 00 
 
 Ul 
 
 73 
 
 09* 
 
 filj 
 
 07.I1H 
 
 08,808 
 
 4M,',II 
 
 49,400 
 
 3;, 100 
 
 3^,17" 
 
 37,0' 
 
 44,7.v. 
 
 31,816 
 
 .10,018 
 
 48,380 
 
 19,4.Vi 
 18,10- 
 IH,4I0 
 411,110 
 3I,4.')4 
 ,13,414 
 41,4,W 
 44,180 
 10,774 
 10,7.V1 
 43,414 
 
 14,960 
 17,918 
 1 0.'jtiS 
 14,110 
 1 1 , .14 
 14,048 
 10,100 
 13,180 
 11,414 
 1 4,0!M) 
 14,118 
 
 l.')0,.-.7-. 
 
 3,019,108 
 
 Areng* 
 
 Mi 
 
 497,07'i 
 9 
 
 ■/9l,«'.li 
 
 400,180 
 
 Si8,OC4 
 
 fBClM, 
 
 
 fA 
 
 41 ' 4 
 
 3 
 
 I liuddition to the modifications of the tarifT, 
 I ik moasiircs llie Iliissian Govcninient have 
 l»il.ii.inl ill rc),'nrd to the emancipation of tlic 
 liliv.-, ami llie construction of rnilwnvH, are of 
 likliiAwl importance. The ciipaoitiea of pro- 
 1 (ktin, i.'wssod l)v Russia arc not surpassed liy 
 |tW«i'lany otlier country, and their greater 
 \ (Vvflufufiit ciinnot fail to ^ivc a vast stimulus 
 |t"litrtrail(!and civilisation, and to add groHy 
 lti>lifr|«ilitical inllucnee. 
 
 I Tlif rclati'f amount of tonnage supplied by 
 ICmt iiritain at St. retcrsbnrfc bctiveoii tli.i 
 Iveats Woti and 1800 has therefore been as fid- 
 lUi ;— 
 
 on 
 
 9 
 
 |icr cent. 
 
 5} 
 •IS 
 - 4 
 
 . 3 
 
 - \n 
 
 - (otT 
 
 Brililh 
 IhiKh 
 
 ^tnltth and Noiwefttaii 
 RuMiin " " 
 
 PrjviJn 
 Fm.h 
 
 I ^ countrirt together 
 Total 
 
 ...portan* as the Russian trade of this countij' 
 , i'l dues not now occupy such a position as it 
 liJjt the time when nearly the entire supply of 
 liny raw materials of manufacture was derived 
 I, Such were hemp, flax, and tallow, 
 fc« Mafic commodities of that great empire, besides 
 fin in seasons of scarcity. At present, however, 
 far;- nthcr kinds of fibre are used as substitutes 
 f Iwp, as esparto, iutc, coir, and Manilla hemp. 
 Imilar facts may be stated of flax, while the 
 Jinibtr and variety of substitutes for tallow, as 
 liiitans fur supplying artificial light, and for the 
 inulacture of soap, are even more striking, 
 ! supply of com too is yearly becoming more 
 1 more extensive. For the financial position 
 iKussia, see the Report of Mr. Consul T. 
 pell, of June 1807, on the finances of the 
 Ipire, and M. Walewski's Leg Finances de la 
 fMi'e, wliich gives an unfavourable estimate of 
 J present state of the country. 
 P compiling this article, wo have consulted 
 niitzlcr, Esmi d'une Statistimie Generate de la 
 l«'f,pp, 133-157; and his Russie, Pologne, et 
 fan*, pp. 187-280 ; Ricard, Traite Gen/ral du 
 7'»"-''f,c(l,1781,ii, pp. 208-317; Tegoborski, 
 ptiProdttctives de la Russie, passim ; Coxe's 
 F™ in (Ae North of Europe, 8vo. ed. iii. pp. 
 '^''* *<:•; Clark's Russian Trader's Assistant, 
 iluablc and useful work ; Supplement au Jour- 
 lit St. Petenbourg, for 1852-63 ; Consular 
 pni from Petersburg and Odessa; especially 
 
 Mr. Consul MichcU's claboratn .and valuable 
 Re/mrt for IHGO ; but wo have derived our princijial 
 information from the official returns published by 
 Government, and private communications of emi- 
 nent Russian mcrclinnts. 
 
 I'KTROLKUM. This substance, which has 
 been known for a long period as rock oil or ' 
 naphtha, is found in various parts of the world. 
 It was known to Herodotus as existing in Zantc, 
 and formed tiie source of tlio fire which the 
 ancient Persians worshipped. Till lately, the best- 
 known sources were the borders of tlie Caspian 
 Sea, Amiano in Italy. Trinidad in the West 
 Indies, and Rangoon iii'the East Indies, where vast 
 quantities have been raised for many centuries, 
 witliout apiiarcnt exhaustion. It is onlv lately, 
 however, tliat petroleum has been an tjuject of 
 great commercial importance, owing to the extra- 
 ordinary abuiulauce (aliout 14,000 liarrels a-day) 
 in which it has been found in the United States. 
 
 The principal source of supply is Western 
 Pennsylvania, but it has been found throughout 
 a region commencing in Western Canada, and 
 extending through New York and Pennsylvania, 
 westward into Ohio and Kentucky, and far 
 southward into Western Vii"t,inia. It appears 
 that it also exists largelj' in (California, and that 
 it is likely to be as instrumental in increasing the 
 wealth of that wide region as gold and quicksilver. 
 It frequently rises with overflowing springs, but 
 the most abundant source of supply is from wells 
 bored into the oil-bearing region. The depth at 
 which it is found varies from 71 to COO feet, a solid 
 rock overlying it. It is supposed to be supplied 
 from the natural distillation of carbonaceous mat- 
 ter, the agent being subterranean heat. In some 
 districts the amount of coal-gas generated with it 
 is 80 large li^iai; the gas is used for economical 
 purposes. :'';,;/V:.. ' 
 
 The tra^':'M^:t*3t|'9lcum has assumed immense 
 proportions.'-^W'.'ftllowing arc the exports from 
 Boston, Naw.' TR6i*i Philadelphia, and Balti- 
 
 more : — 
 
 1804 ■ 
 
 1863 . 
 
 1864 • 
 
 ftals. 
 
 - 10,887,701 
 
 - 28,4.10.741 
 
 - 31,774,97» 
 
 186.5 
 1866 
 
 Kala, 
 - 85,644,410 
 
 • ei.406,uas 
 
 The home consumption of 1806 was 39,416,149 
 gals., and the total value of the product 47,210,379 
 dollars, or 7,263,136/. 
 
 The yield of this substance in the United States 
 has been stated to be as follows : — 
 
 111 
 
 '''J 
 
 i:li' 
 
 :, ;'i»U 
 
 1 •:■':.'■ •in i 
 
* 
 
 'i. 
 
 "i\ 
 
 > 1 
 
 ' i 
 
 "\ 
 
 .'t 
 
 •'•• I- 
 
 
 lOOi 
 
 IKRI 
 
 PEWTKR 
 
 • (l,i><io,nor) 
 
 > -In.HIHMMII 
 
 • ;il,(HIII,(HIO 
 
 
 U 1, 1 01 MM) 
 
 I" 
 
 Tlin Inrt:r»t Hhipnionl.s wore to Antworji, llromcn, 
 l,nii(li)ii, llnvro, mill Mnr.soilici, flifio llvn jmrtM rc- 
 CL'iviii); yi'.'.'.Ul Imrrelji out of l.Ki'.'.O-l'J «'xii(irtc'il 
 from llio 4 Amcrii'iin jmrtd juitt nii'Mtionod. Hut 
 IhiTo i8 scarcely a port of nny coiiscciucnro in 
 l''.iiro[)o to wliicli coiixi^ntncntH of this oil arc not 
 iniiilo, 
 
 'I'hn price of the oil nt thn wells, in 180(5, accord- 
 iuf,' to Mr. Consul Cortwrinltt, was only 2 dols. 
 (currency), C«. 7(/. ncr barrel, wlicrcas ilicoarriano 
 to riiilnilclpliia nntl New York nmoui\tcd to •! dols. 
 (l.lji. L'f/.) per barrel. To remedy this state of 
 tilings, it lias been proposed lo lay down a vast oil 
 pipe from the wells to the sea-coast. ' So impor- 
 tant is petroleum,' adds the Consul, 'as a sub- 
 stitute for fuel, that, odd as the project is, it is not 
 impossible that it may Iks realised.' See also the 
 work on Petroleum ol Jlcssrs. l)a<ldon and llan- 
 nau, of I'oltsville, United States, IHUO. 
 
 In 1807, exclusive of 1,100 tuns of unrefined, 
 valued at 13,1.">1/., wc imported, chiedy from 
 the United States, i)..37-l,5;J2 p;i>llon» "of re- 
 lincd petroleum, valued at a5l,'271/. [I'iiila- 
 j)i:i.i'iiiA.] 
 
 In consequence of its inflammable nature two 
 Acts were passed (in 180J and 1808) to regulate 
 the storing and testinf; of this and kindred sub- 
 stances. After February 1, 1«0!), 'no petroleum 
 shall be kept otherwise than for private tise with- 
 in 50 yards of a dwelling house, or of a building 
 in which goods arc stored, except by licensee.' 
 
 I'KWTER (tier, zinn, zinngicsserzinu; Fr. 
 o'tain ; Ital. stagno; Span, cstaiio, iieltre ; Kuss. 
 olowo), A factitious metal use<l in making plates, 
 dishes, and other domestic utensils. It is a com- 
 pound, the basis of which is tin. The best sort 
 consists of tin alloyed with about i^',; or less of 
 copper, or other roetallic bodies, as the experience 
 of the workmen has shown to be most conducive 
 to the improvement of its hardness and colour, 
 such as lead, zinc, bismuth, and antimony. There 
 arc 3 sorts of pewter, distinguished by the names 
 of plate, trijle, and ley-pewter. The 1st was 
 formerly much used for plates and dishes ; of the 
 'Jnd are* made the pints, quoits, and other mea- 
 sures for beer; and of the Icy-pcwter, wine 
 measures and large measures. (Ure.) 
 
 rillLADKLPIIIA. A large city and seaport 
 of the United States, 'n Pennsylvania, near the 
 confluence of the riven Delaware and Schuylkill, 
 lat. 3<J0 57' N., long. 75° 10' 59" W. It was 
 founded by William Pcnn in 1082. Population 
 in 1800, 602,529. 
 
 Harbour, Lighthouses, Pilotage §-c. — Vessels 
 of the largest burden ascend the river as far as 
 Xewcastle, but those drawing above 18 or 20 feet 
 water cannot reach Philadelphia, on account of 
 a bar a little below the city, 'fhc entrance to 
 the magniticcnt bay formed by the embouchure 
 of the Delaware has Cape Blay on its north, and 
 Cape Ilenlopen on its south side. The former, 
 in lat. 38° 55' 50" N., long. 75° 67' 10" W., is a 
 sandy headland, rising about 12 feet above the 
 level of the sea. It is surmounted by a lighthouse 
 152 feet in height. The light revolves everj- h.ilf 
 minute. It is seen, in clear weather, 19 miles oiT. 
 Cape Ilenlopen, marking the southern boundary 
 of the bay, is in lat. 30° 40' 38" N., long. 75° 4' 
 45" W. A little south from it is a hill, elevated 
 about 60 feet above the level of the sea ; and on it 
 is erected a lighthouse, 72 feet in height, furnished 
 ■with a powerful fixed light,visible, in clear weather, 
 20 miles off. 'To the north of this principal light, 
 and close to the extremity of the Cape, a second 
 
 rillLADFLnilA 
 
 lighthouse has been consti.ictoil, \:, fr,,( „|^ . 
 the level of the sen, which ii nl.m, f„ri,i,||,,| ^'l,)* 
 a 7u-<v/ light, which may he sen alHuii :i „„;,.' 
 off. The channel lor large slii|iH h lictwM'n ( ,i ' 
 llenlo|H>n and the hanks called tlie Overt,! 
 The navigation is, however, a litilct ditncnit n'j 
 it is compulsory on ships to take pilot*, n,,, 
 latter frccpienlly board ihem nt wa ; bm if i|,,i 
 soon as a ship conies between the t'apoH ^ho ni',,'. 
 hoist the sigiuil for a pilot, and lioave to a^ ?,, 
 as one offers to come on board, {('oulicr .S'lir i. 
 I'/iureH, 2nd cd. See post, fur rcgidatioiu n i,i 
 pilotage.) 
 
 'yV(ir/e.— The trade of Pliilad(l|ihia is prriiv 
 extensive. She communicates hy vnrieus ,,niii. 
 (one of which, .'t'.l.j.t miles in length, uriitii \,', 1 
 with Pittsburg, on the Ohio) and hv railwiu< «ji, 
 the interior, and is the grand depot furibodii 
 and petroleum of the Union, the IncroaM' cf i|„ 
 trade in which has been quite iiiiprecKltnl.rl 
 Previous to lH-_'5 no coal had been wiit lUn i 
 the Schuylkill, and in that year onlv .Vim; (m, 
 were brought by that channel to I'liiiu.lplnliia. I 
 whereas in 1857 the quantity nmoiiiiicd ti 
 3,(1 12,378 tons, exclusive of aboiit tw ice as niiu!i I 
 supplied by other channels. Large (lunntiiin 
 of this conl are sent coastwise to other pans .f 
 the Union. Kxclusive of coal, petrdlciini, ,ii;ll 
 iron, the exports i)rincipally consist of Jvhia(| 
 an<l wheat tlour, Indian corn, nnd dthcr api- 
 cultural products: Philadelphia is, bowivcr, be- j 
 coming as much a manufacturing as a traJin/ 
 citv. * 
 
 'i'he exports of petroleum from Philaddiiliiaini 
 the oyears 18C3-07 were, in quautiiics andvalut.',! 
 as follow, viz. :— 
 
 VeftM 
 
 1H1..1 . 
 ISCl . 
 IMi.l - 
 
 IK(;>1 . 
 
 I8U7 . 
 
 The principal imports are cotton, woollen, mJ 
 silkgoods; sugar, coffee, and tea; iron atid liarj-' 
 ware ; wines, brandies, spices, dyc-stufl's do. lai 
 point of shipping, Philadelphia is tho fuiirth imrtl 
 in the Union, being, in this respect, inferior wilr 
 to New York, lloston, and New Orlcan-. fiie, 
 registered, enrolled, and licensed tonnaf;i! hchr-l 
 ing to tho port on June 30, 185H, araonniotl i 
 219,852 tons, of which more than twiMhiri 
 (151, (il5 tons) were engaged in thpcoastlDfrtni, 
 which was very large. In IStio, 531 y^mU of 
 159,579 tons entered the port. Th\! total nVt 
 the articles imported into Pennsylvania I'mi 
 foreign countries in 1800 amounted' to 14,1IJ,(>| 
 dols., and that of the exports to 17,013,'J«1 4 
 The coasting trade of the pert is, however, mui 
 extensive and of greater importance thau la 
 foreign trade. 
 
 Account of the Value of Foreign Imporli im 
 and Exports from Philadelphia in thi 11 
 Years ending with 186G. 
 
 Qil«nlll» 
 4,'l.1li,7iiS R.ili. 
 
 Va!ue 
 
 l,.1«,"iHiloh 
 
 7,'>';b,i)'^'i „ 
 
 <.»»I,T»1 ,. 
 
 li,0.1V,'.OI „ 
 
 "i.iii.i;! „ 
 
 Vf.,H,1li,.||(S „ 
 
 ii./;i,vi; „ 
 
 »S,:il,ll5 ,, 
 
 (>,OJ3,i.l3 „ 
 
 Venn 
 
 
 Vilmofhl"" 
 
 
 doll. 
 
 ilJi. 
 
 issr 
 
 7,135,1S6 
 
 K.WO/.-l 
 
 ISM 
 
 A,9S7,'^S1 
 
 1»,«9(VV» 
 
 IN.'iS 
 
 S,19S,«9S 
 
 lifiWl 
 
 IHIIO 
 
 7,S.Tj,a»6 
 
 H,.«i;'. 
 
 isni 
 
 10,'/77,93H 
 
 «,WI,I«I 
 
 1SS2 
 
 II, '.18,970 
 
 M(;,s;« 
 
 IS6.1 
 
 I'l.uis.gns 
 
 e,1i9fi» 
 
 llt6l 
 
 1.1,661,8811 
 
 9,IJV« 
 
 m;% 
 
 u.Wi.i.n 
 
 uMi-a 
 
 IH66 
 
 17,913,901 
 
 lltllW - 
 
 There are numerous banks in Philadelphia, buj 
 they stand no higher in point of clianiin''''i 
 those in most other parts of the Union, and '^^ 
 over and over again suspended paymentJ, lifl 
 Banlc of the United States had its hcad-o 
 
Lrin.v 
 
 tuictpil, 4') frit M<'V» 
 li U iiIko furnWiPl \w\\ 
 he Keen alimit '.I mil' • 
 e sliipn U liPlv/ociiCii.' 
 1 railed the OvcrlMl-, 
 pr, ii litllii ililUcult, ill:'! 
 i<\ to take iiiliit-t, llr 
 em nt sen ; Imt if ii"!, a- 
 ■eell llie (.'apeH h1ii> nm-' 
 t, mill heave to a-. »" i. 
 Ijoaril, (Omlier .N'lir i,, 
 jst, fur rct;ulatioiu i^ u 
 
 riiilaitel|ihla is prcllv 
 licates liy vnriniis caiiali 
 en ill leiV'lh, unites Iht | 
 hid) ami liy raiUvii\ m »itli 
 uriind lU'iiiit fur ibo c :il 1 
 jnioii, till! iiicreai'P of ilii; 
 L>n iiiiitP iiuprcocilentf'l. 
 ml hail been wiit ilwvn I 
 that year onlv !i,Mi \m | 
 channel to I'liilmlcliiliu; 
 
 qnantity amounicil I'l 
 •c of about twice as much I 
 inncls. LarfTC (iimiuiiif< I 
 lastwiHC to other parts ffl 
 a of coal, petroleum, aiill 
 K'ipallv consist of wheat! 
 inn corn, awl other acri- 
 ilnilelphia is, however, bf- 
 aimfiicturing as a tradinil 
 
 cilcum from riiiladelvliiaial 
 re, in quantities »nilvaluci,| 
 
 I'lTILADELPIIIA 
 
 1005 
 
 ill'T 
 i,7iiHbMi. 
 
 S,'J'ri „ 
 
 'l,\lM >■ 
 
 11,'iHH I. 
 I, US 
 
 Vilue 
 l,J>,J,"i«loh. 
 
 4,i<ii,;ii .. 
 fi,iii,j;t „ 
 
 ll,l71,Vi: n 
 
 li,0M,<.13 ,. 
 
 w. IVuliiM bnnk«, there nrc numcroiiM iii- 
 vjriiift' I'limpanioH hiiiI joint-stock n'^miciiitioiii, 
 ' ihi! cxixiru of Hour, wlicut, com itc, or of 
 
 bronii-stiifTs, m they are called by the Anierii'iiii!<, 
 from I'liiliiitelphiu to foreign couiilrivH, have bt'cu 
 ;« follow : — 
 
 hrts arc cotton, woollen, mill 
 
 Tee, and tea; iron and tol-l 
 
 ^, spices, dye-stuft'j ic lil 
 
 liladelphia 19 the fourth pt'itl 
 
 ^mtbis respect, inferior on vl 
 
 L and New Orleans, f'lel 
 
 nd licensed tnnnaff! mm:-r 
 
 luneSO, 18f/«, nniounif.1 ij 
 
 ich more than two-thiriW 
 
 icaccd in the coasting tn'fcJ 
 
 to. \n 18Cr.,531vi*<J 
 the port. Thvi total vah.e J 
 I into rennsylvan-a H 
 806 amounted to 14,11' 1 
 'exports to r„nVM i'ij 
 the port i?, liowcvor, ni'fl 
 reatct importance iha" U 
 
 \e of Foreign iT'l'ji 
 ll866. 
 
 rE«port« 
 
 liT 
 li.i.ifi 
 
 ■K,09.t 
 ■'J,VH6 
 ■7,93t 
 Is.'JTO 
 
 li(,!in« 
 
 ll.HG'i 
 
 |5 .90t , J 
 
 \t in point of chawwr:^ 
 famoY the Union,. i^^J 
 l7usrendedpa)|me^^.^^1 
 ■• States had its k»" 
 
 V«n 
 
 riour 
 
 Com AU.ll 
 
 II y> Flour 
 
 Wh..i 
 
 Corn 
 
 
 
 brit. 
 
 hrl*. 
 
 l>rU. 
 
 bhU, 
 
 bhl<. 
 
 l-lil 
 Kll 
 |ill> 
 l»l.l 
 
 ; 1114 
 
 w< 
 11ll> 
 
 1 01,. tan 
 
 1.1,KIKI 
 
 SI,Vi7 
 
 37,1.11 
 
 17,117 
 
 V»7,77t 
 
 dU.IHli 
 
 .11,171 
 
 1110,1117 
 
 711,711) 
 
 l!l^,^^^ 
 
 ll*.S'l-t 
 
 V'i,Hli« 
 
 .Vi,.'.7l 
 
 »ii,'/r.n 
 
 IBl.Hi.r; 
 1»«,M7 
 
 llT.KHl 
 
 lmi,is4 
 
 ilV,V1ll 
 VAIII.I 
 
 (17, 'IM 
 
 Kn,77U 
 71.".1.» 
 
 iB^.m 
 
 liil,i,',r. 
 
 lll,'l<>l 
 
 V3.17.% 
 
 11 <iH 
 
 VIII, II Vi 
 
 II.*!,!!!! 
 
 )7,ii:iH 
 
 hil.nill 
 
 IW.'IW 
 
 .1l,l.,i.lU 
 
 111,117 
 
 lli,7.1o 
 
 al'sMB 
 
 V7!),M'OT 
 
 4'<ii,i>ltl 
 
 .TOO, VII 
 
 l|ii,li)7 
 
 .V^I.-MN 
 
 I.IO'i.'^lll 
 
 J IM'i 
 U'l 
 
 h-.i 
 
 nil 
 
 in/.; 
 
 K'J.Mi? 
 
 IMMlll 
 
 1^,'..17 
 
 1(117,1 P'lX 
 
 MI7,l.',il 
 
 1l'«l,7'<ll 
 
 III, 11') 
 
 vt;,,'..vi 
 
 i;7.3i'^ 
 
 iMin.k 1 
 
 K.l.lWl 
 
 111, .1,11 
 
 K-.,n,-.l 
 
 S(l'..(i70 
 
 (ili-7,(i80 
 
 VJ<J,llilI 
 
 (l.l,1h-. 
 
 lll,.',ll.t 
 
 )'<'i,V"l 
 
 .1,'il,.V|'i 
 
 311.1^.^ 
 
 (iH.lH'i 
 
 H.lVi 
 
 4'll,ll.3 
 
 ll.1,!l!l.1 
 
 ftl3,l7.^ 
 
 ;4,IHI1 
 
 3,; Nil 
 
 •iH,i||ll 
 
 Mi.'m 
 
 Ml,l!l% 
 
 711,074 
 
 !<,l'ill 
 
 m7,Mi( 
 
 fl'i,l,f,l'l 
 
 «|H,III7 
 
 11 •, 1 1.H 
 
 1<,7.'.7 
 
 »'iB,ll71 
 
 (11S,V.'>'J 
 
 34(i,.Wi 
 
 lll.S.IO 
 
 1.'.,CII.1 
 
 ot^,n^,<^ 
 
 l,'l')l,'/.'..1 
 
 1!)I1,W) 
 
 47,.'.7t 
 
 11,33 1 
 
 i«ii,yui) 
 
 l>ll3,V.Vi 
 
 icmni of the Quantitij of 
 the Stale of J'enimylvi 
 
 Grain produced in 
 unia in [iH'iit, 
 
 Ithru 
 R., 
 
 .titirln 
 
 BuihoU 
 
 Viluo 
 
 
 
 dolt. 
 
 Can 
 
 3.1,<I31,«:7 
 
 3V,li07,OOH 
 
 
 lll,.1Ml,K'iO 
 
 VI",ni7,l"J!l 
 
 
 (i,.'.(,(),r.iM) 
 
 ;,iiHii,.'i.'.7 
 
 
 ai,!i'>i,.'''t'i 
 
 87,l77,yill 
 
 
 B/l,.'i7l 
 
 Ii77..'.l.', 
 
 .fcni 
 
 9,7I«,;«H 
 
 9,1'i'.l,97!) 
 
 Slilppinif and Xaviijatinn, — In lH(il I here en- 
 tered tlie port of I'liiladelphia 27(1 foreijjn sliipn, 
 and 342 American; mid l'J2 American and U13 
 foreign cleared the port. 
 
 In Pennsylvania, the dollar Is worth 7». (jit. 
 curR'ncy ; mo that 1/. sterlings 1/, i;i.i. •!</. cur- 
 rency [Nkw Youk.] 
 
 H'vtyhts and Measures game as those of Kug- 
 hind. 
 
 Account of the Trade with Philadelphia in British Vessels, 18C4— 18CC. 
 
 Kntcretl 
 
 iwi 
 IIM 
 
 SIC 
 
 Tonnaite 
 
 sn.onn 
 
 lOCI,?.'!^ 
 
 uu,|g7 
 
 .1,1'>7 
 3,477 
 
 EitimHteil Value 
 of CarKOVtt 
 
 l,'1.1CMin 
 1 ,'! 10,r,,',fi 
 
 Number 
 
 !(I7 
 S'ju 
 
 Tonn.if;e 
 
 7!),»;il 
 l()i>,7.',.^ 
 U'J,lll7 
 
 »,S'.'l 
 fl,1.''7 
 3,477 
 
 Billmaleil Value 
 of Car^oea 
 
 X 
 
 l,.1l 13,700 
 1,. 113,000 
 
 Stalmrnt nf the Numher and Tonnage of American Vessels that have Entered and Cleared 
 (iroiijA tilt Vhiladelphia Custom-house during the same period, viz., from 18G4 to 18GC inclusive. 
 
 
 Entered 
 
 Cleared [ 
 
 \ Yon 
 
 From Forelun Countrlei 
 
 From other AmerU-an Ports 
 
 From Foreign Counlrlei 
 
 From other Amerlran Porta f 
 
 
 Number 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 Number Tonnage 
 
 Nun-.ber 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 Number 
 
 Tonnage t 
 
 ' IMil 
 1V< 
 
 .107 
 119 
 
 K!i,9n'J 
 'C./.VJ 
 143,4'iH 
 
 l,'/.Vi .1(!'J,m 
 },I'J0 3i3,(l3l 
 
 1.'.9 
 •MS 
 S74 
 
 Sl,7Sl 
 I'K.sir, 
 113,370 
 
 8,99,1 
 3,370 
 
 l,17ll,,'.»1 
 091,870 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The aliovc account does not include all the 
 Irfs.cls ciyagcd in tlie coa.stiiig tr.ide, but only | 
 jfuch as have entered and cleared at the Custom- 
 
 The fdUowing table will show the number j 
 lof ves.sfls engaged in the coasting trade. No 
 Itta; but American is allowed to engage in this 
 
 Itiailc, 
 
 ISfatafjiJ of the Arrivals at Philadelphia of 
 r«w/j engaged in the Coasting Trade of the 
 I'niltd Statu during the Years 18G1 to 1866 
 
 iiic/iisire— 
 
 iir.l 
 
 ISM 
 
 Jttplutms of the Fort.—li any master or i 
 Mptain of any ship or vessel, or other person, ! 
 M refuse or neglect to comply with the direc- j 
 Ions fit ihe harbour master, in matters within the 
 Tiisdiction of hia otRce, such person shall, for 1 
 ich and every such offence, severallv forfeit and i 
 fi- any sum not exceeding 100 dollars. And ' 
 |e said harbour master shall, in full compensa- ' 
 *n for his services, be entitled to have, recover, 
 w receive from the master, captain, owner, or 
 ii"sii,Tiee of each and cverv ship or vessel 
 T'Vin- at the port of rhiladclphia (coasting 
 
 .14..'.77 
 
 IRAl 
 
 , 
 
 . 33,«'1« 
 
 ,15,1(14 
 
 ISBI 
 
 . 
 
 - 31,131 
 
 34,U9G 
 
 11(16 
 
 - 
 
 • 34,IK10 
 
 vcs.sels not exceeding the burden of 75 tons 
 excepted) the sum of 1 dollar for each and every 
 voyage by such ship or vessel performed, and no> 
 more. 
 
 Kvcry ship or vessel that may arrive in this 
 harbour, anil that shall come to anchor in the 
 stream anywhere between Almond and Vino 
 Streets, having previously cau.scd her gun- 
 iwwder, if any she had on board, to be landed n» 
 the law directs, may remain in that situation 2t 
 hours, and no longer, taking care to lie as near to 
 the island or sand-bar as may be consistent with 
 her safety. But if, from the circumstance of a 
 vessel having servants on board, or from any 
 other cause, it may 'lo thought necessary or con- 
 venient to lie a longer time in the stream, then, 
 and in every such case, the owner, master, pilot, 
 or other person having the charge or direction of 
 such vessel, shall remove her from opposite the 
 city, and shall moor her, or cause her to be 
 moored, to the northward of Vine Street with 1 
 anchor and cable up and I anchor and cable 
 down the stream ; and in both the above- 
 mentioned situations, the regulation contained in 
 the next succeeding article to be duly attended to. 
 
 If any vessel properly moored in the stream 
 shall have her anchor or cable overlaid by any 
 other vessel in anchoring or mooring, the master 
 
 i . . 
 
■p 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 11 
 
 I (Mill 
 
 iif iicrmiii liiiviii); till' riiri< nr ilimliiMi nf mimIi liixl 
 llirlitiiiiircl vrum'l nimll lliimrilliMrly, nr IH x.uiw iiH 
 IM.'I« lir iiOir ll|>|)llrillicill lililili' III llilll l>y IIh' 
 |illll.V llncfirM'il, rilllM' till' illliI llllillnr nl nllilr 
 hii nvcriiiyiiu; In lir Ijiltrll ii|i illiil rli'illnl. \S lirli 
 I) V ''il|> nr M'^ti'l hIiiiII III litiiilril III In any nliiiil 
 nr llni'l,, or lllnll|;Nlill< nl' llllnllu'l Vli -il llilll IllilV 
 111' \\ III); III Hiirli u llilll nr ili.rK, I lir n«iii r, liliKlrr, 
 |i|lnl. Ill >vllni>M llliiv IllIM' llir nHllllllinil, r.irr, 
 nr ilinrllnll »>' llrr, hllllll IllUr llrr «rilinly lllllili' 
 I'li'.l ; llilll il' mil ■11.1. • nl' iiiinllii'r \ i'hui'I, hIiiiII r.i'l 
 nlii' ^llilll lii'-l I'liilll rill II mil III llli< Xi'Mii'l III llin 
 Mllnrr, \Mlll Mlllirii'lll li'llilrll lirlwn'll lllrlll llllil 
 till' illMJilr vi'xMrl ; iiiiil mIiiiII ii(iis|i llir iIiiIiim uI 
 llirir illirlinrM In lii< liiUrli nil liniinl ; iiiiil, \\ llliili 
 'Jl liniHH llii'ii'iillir, I'iMlir Inr |ili liii'Hii, n|irilMilil 
 \ lUil, iiiiilii liiiniii, N|iiiiiki'r mill iiiii'.liiil liiiniii'i, il' 
 iiiiN llii'v Imvi', 111 li(i riKjjnl in, iiml llirir Inwrr 
 Niiriln lii|i|ii'ii ii|i, ill Hiii'li II iiiiiiilirr mh Ii'ii-<I In 
 iiiliiii'Vi' »illi vr.-<Hi'ls iiiiHiJii^. 
 
 Il llii' lil^U III' Mnii'ls wlirll lliiinrril ill ii uliiiil' 
 llilll I'Mciiil iii'riiH'4 II iliH'U, Nil ir< III iili'iriirl 
 I III' iiii'<iiiij: nr rr|iii?<Miii(j nl' Nliiilln|ii, lic,lilirM, 
 <ir nlluT ii'ill nr vi"<!(il, llin lim.'.|rr nr nlliir |iri 
 snii Inn iii|; iIh' rnniiiiniiil nl' '<iirli ?<lii|i nr \i"i.>tI 
 .'•llilll, ii|iiiii llii' liiil iiii|ilii'iilinii, iiiiiiii'iiiiilrly 
 I'llllM' hlii'll ril''il nr I'iikIh III 111' ril'<l nl) nr ililrKi'il 
 (InWII, 
 
 Nil nlllwiinl llnllllil VI'iHi'l, |illllill;'. nlV I'liilll ' 
 nli.'irr, hIiiiII lir Iniij^ir in I lir .'ilntiiii, ImIui .. 
 \ ilic .Slrcrl mill .Mllinllil, ill llli> iliHlrirl nl' Sniilli 
 AMirU, iilinvi' niriiliniii'il, lli.iii 'J I liniirM, Ami 
 il' M'ssi'irt Ixill)', 111 I lir I'lnl nl' ulilM'M'.i m> lliiirli 
 inlrrin.'K willi ciirli nllicr iis In |irrvriil vrsmls 
 limiliii^ ill mill mil nl' ilm'Us, Ilic iiiiiNlrr, nwiirr, 
 )iilnl, nr nllirr |M'r«mi liiixili); llii' rliiir);i' nl" llii' 
 siiiiii', xli.'ill, iiiiiiu'iliiilrly nil ii|i|iliriiliiiii Irniii niiv 
 lu'rsnii Nil ^\ iiiiliiii; In liiiiil liiiVcsirl ill nr mil nl 
 tlni'Ks iilniriMiil, lllivn I In' M'ssrl nr Vissrls Mii 
 iiiliMrcriii,;, iimvi'it in muIi n iiiiiiinrr as lo iirinin 
 inniliili' llic mil' ii|i|i|ii'il Inr; in wliirli ciim' llin 
 M'>>rl iniiUin^ iimin Inr mmllirr In liaiil in nr mil 
 .sliiiil liavi' lilicrly In liiilKn licr warps I'lisl In llii< 
 iiiuhI I'liiivi'iiii'iil |ilari' iiiljacrnl, Inr a rniNniiitlilf 
 tiiiii': anil all m'ii vi'ssrls, wlicn lraiis|inrliii^ nr 
 wiinliii^' In liaiil inlii a wliarl' nr ilnrU, nr In iiiiiKc 
 .laii in nnlir In iimcrcil In sea, hliall luivii llir 
 .•<aiin' pi i\ ili'j;i'. 
 
 NVIu'ii any --liiii nr vi'ssrl may l>i> lyinj^ niniij; 
 ^illl' any wharf, ami iinl liiltin^ in nr tliNi'liai);in^, 
 slu' sliall iiiiiko wav Inr ami |irrmit any vrsscl 
 thai wauls In nnlnail nr Inail, In I'niiu' iiisiilf, next 
 till' wlijirl', uiilil sill- ilisi'liar(.;t'H nr Ininls licr 
 c.'irun; ami Ilic saiil vi'ssol, wlu'ii .so iliscliarp'il nr 
 InaiU'il, sliall liaiil nutsitli> and ^ivc nay In ilic 
 vrssol ilial lirsl nt'i'iipicd llii' wliarl'; prnviili'il 
 dial, I'rmn llin lOtli nl' Di'crinlii'r In llii> IkI nl' 
 Mai'i'li, nn \^^sl'l >liall lu' iniupclU'il In nuivf I'min 
 licr lu'rili ^nllly llinsr al Cilniu'i'stcr I'ninl piers), 
 oxi'i'pling tn U't VL'hsi'ls ill ami mil (il'ilnrUs. 
 
 KaTKS ok PlLOTAlli:. 
 
 Tahlv A. 
 
 InwnnK iipto 1'.' ftvt at ^ (IrtlUm |)i'r fivt ; itvtT W IV-et, for rwry 
 
 ftlll.ADKIil'IIIA 
 
 
 i. 
 
 
 iloU. 
 
 t'CllU 
 
 
 A fivl il 
 
 I.', 
 
 11(1 
 
 1.1 J 
 
 
 Iti 
 
 Ml 
 
 11 
 
 
 IH 
 
 nil 
 
 >M 
 
 
 l<.l 
 
 .Ml 
 
 l.-i 
 
 
 n 
 
 (HI 
 
 l.'.l 
 
 
 tt 
 
 .Ml 
 
 l« 
 
 
 V4 
 
 («) 
 
 ir.t 
 
 
 ».■> 
 
 .VI 
 
 17 
 
 
 •Ji 
 
 (ill 
 
 •7 J 
 
 
 KS 
 
 Ml 
 
 IS 
 
 
 .10 
 
 IKI 
 
 1st 
 
 
 .■^1 
 
 40 
 
 111 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 (Hi 
 
 l-l) 
 
 
 .'■1 
 
 .',0 
 
 •m 
 
 
 .■\6 
 
 lUI 
 
 ■J I 
 
 
 11 
 
 B7 
 
 •jt 
 
 
 <.1 
 
 ,13 
 
 •i:< 
 
 >lol>. 
 
 vrni 
 
 1.'. 
 
 IHI 
 
 .11! 
 
 (i7 
 
 'IH 
 
 .\T 
 
 .'•(1 
 
 IKI 
 
 •M 
 
 «7 
 
 M 
 
 .13 
 
 Sh 
 
 IK) 
 
 M 
 
 B7 
 
 i» 
 
 .1.1 
 
 m 
 
 (K) 
 
 Kl 
 
 B7 
 
 fi.1 
 
 .13 
 
 (i.'S 
 
 (K« 
 
 (,(> 
 
 67 
 
 70 
 
 mi 
 
 7,1 
 
 33 
 
 7li 
 
 66 
 
 T.ihh n. 
 
 , ii|, M l( 1 "1. 1 7| ,l,<IUi< ivr liHii. ,„„ in^i 
 
 III. I, 
 
 ll„|W 11,1*, III! 
 
 1 ili.llir. 
 
 III I'j r» 
 
 , •» 1 111 
 
 Iiilln.li"'! IM.rl,|„,„^,. 
 
 InwiitiU 
 
 
 niif««tiU 
 
 h Imi l> 
 
 ii.ii.. 
 
 IS 
 
 ll'iiH 
 ('II 
 
 '. ri.,.1 1, 
 
 1 1 
 
 ^l .. 
 
 •III 
 
 ^; 
 
 » 
 
 1, 
 
 Il 
 
 ■11 
 
 II 
 
 11 ,., 
 II 
 
 (1) .. 
 
 ■n 
 
 .ti 
 
 '\ 
 
 7 .. 
 
 VII 
 
 IN 
 
 ^ 
 
 71 .. 
 
 ■rt 
 
 II', 
 
 i\ . 
 
 ". I'l 
 
 1 
 
 V'l 
 
 •1'/ 
 
 H 
 
 li i,: 
 
 N4 
 
 m 
 
 i''l 
 
 1| 
 
 l| 
 
 .11 
 
 III. 
 
 '1 
 
 I'l 
 
 "t ■■ 
 
 3i 
 
 11 
 
 <l| 
 
 '' .1 
 '1 <i 
 
 VI i«i 
 
 »l 11 
 
 n Vi 
 ■ni 1 . 
 '; .<! 
 V .1 
 .VI ..1 
 III •» 
 41 im 
 
 41 Vl 
 
 It (»t 
 
 l.i ,. 
 
 .1; 
 
 III 
 
 III .. 
 
 1 '* .. 
 
 .I'l 
 
 /; 
 
 ml .. 
 
 II 
 
 III . 
 
 41 
 
 II 
 ■II 
 
 II 
 lit .. 
 
 I'< .. 
 
 II 
 
 ss 
 
 IHI 
 
 1/ .. 
 I'/t .. 
 
 ii 
 
 "il 
 
 IIS 
 
 1 1 
 
 m .. 
 
 •Ml 
 
 Hi 
 
 lit .. 
 
 II 
 
 W' ;: 
 
 "'S 
 
 nil 
 
 Ii7 
 
 •n 
 III 
 
 II 
 
 \i' :: 
 
 fti 
 
 liii 
 
 IS 
 
 !.';' :: 
 
 II. '<! 
 4ll ,11 
 4i| *l 
 
 ^l in 
 
 M Kl 
 
 H IHI 
 
 K.) .. 
 
 i; 
 iM . 
 
 IIS 
 
 ill 
 7'/ 
 
 111 
 
 11 
 HII 
 
 i>.i .. 
 
 1; 
 i.'t .. 
 
 |H 
 
 ■I'l 
 
 SH 
 
 IS .. 
 
 IS) .. 
 
 7li 
 
 111, 
 
 Kt ,. 
 
 lit '<! 
 
 I'l 
 
 VI 
 
 III 
 
 1 1 
 
 '.) Ill 1 
 
 iMI '11 ' 
 
 |i|) .. 
 
 Nl 
 
 11 
 
 l'>« ,. 
 
 '/Il 
 
 S3 
 
 1)11 
 
 »ll 
 
 mi .VI 
 
 VI 
 
 S7 
 
 3li 
 
 HI 
 
 111 III 
 
 •II 
 
 III 
 
 .'.'< 
 
 »'' 
 
 Ml mi 
 
 '•^ 
 
 •I', 
 
 I.H 
 
 •a 
 
 f'l in ! 
 
 I'll. Ill.l,'llllt,ll,,l .t , 
 
 1' l,iMisl l.> ali'.iiiii'i, /,, 
 
 .111 Il 
 
 I'lill llilll 
 
 iiil" "'""'■''''"'"""*'''"' > 
 
 1 III' I.IM1' IILIlklll III 
 
 ,.,l Him II 
 
 1- r,.'. »lll,l<,il|. 1 !.,r||nl In , „ 
 
 ll|.||. Il„ klf.llll 
 
 T 11,1^ III 
 
 1' |.|<. 
 
 111 " ll.r.iwlli, ,,„.^ 
 
 Nnsliii.nr vi's-i'l liiailiii^' nr iliHi'lmrt;iii;;li,iiiiij 
 al any wliarl', nr williin any ilnrk, '.Imlllu'iillu 
 Inliavr any llrr mi linanl ;'ni'illii'r'.|iiill iiiiy v.. 
 ly ill); iiiil.'.iili' nr lu'iir lirr lii< piTiiiliinl |., |l:n, • 
 mi lin.'iril, wliili' il may lir nui'^iiliiiil iliiiii;iriiii..| 
 Ami nn lar, Inrpnilini', ini-iii, nr pilcli >liiill k'l 
 lii'iili'il nil I III' nliarl', nr nii ImiiihI miy H'MulJuniji 
 al any wliarf williin I III- liiiillMirilii'c'ilv, 
 
 Tiirri'iiri'lti'lassi's nl'pilnis, I. 'riiiw.aimlili.'fl 
 pilnlili^ vi'SHi'ls nf any priU'liraliliMli'|i!li if mii.i.f 
 ■J. 'I'liiLsr I'apalilf nl' pilnliiij; vi'shcIh ijriiuliij I 
 I'lH'li nl' wali'r or iimlrr. ;i. 'T'Ikwh I'lipiilil,,. i.i jiilni-l 
 iiif,' vi'sscIm ilrawiii^' '.I I'd nl' wiilir nr iiikI.t, 
 
 I'^vi'i'y vcssfl arriving rniiii, nr Imiiiiil In tl 
 rmri^',11 purl, is rciiniri'd iiy law In rrciivi' ;! [.jkl 
 nr In pay lialf pilnlnj,'!!" in llir wiinlin's ulliff,! 
 wlirrr Ilic masirr nl' rvrry siii'li vs.*'! i<rri|iiiroJ,| 
 iindrr a priially nf 10 ilnllars. In iiiiiIm' ny,nf 
 nil hill ml hniirs allrr liis arrival, iiiiil iiijuiii Ulii 
 hix depart iirr, hi^niii^ liis iiaiiiu mimul ri'imrtli 
 llir wardi'n's I'nnii, 
 
 i'lvrry vo.s.srl nf 7;') Inns anil iiiiHards arrivit 
 friiiii, nr limiiid In, any purl williin llii' I iiiM 
 Stairs, and tlir. iiuLsU'rH of all nucii vi'^H't*, 
 limind as ahovr, 
 
 'I'lu' pilot nf rvrry vi'.s.srl is rrquiriil to infoni 
 lilt' lua.stor of liis having,' Ui rrpon at the warJa'^ 
 iillii'i'. 
 
 All vt'SHrl«nlili)ird lorrcrivca piliitarcwiuire 
 to pay 10 dollars in addition, as wiiilir piloiij 
 from "Novcuilirr 'JO to Miircli II), buli da." "'■J 
 I'liisivc. 
 
 Korrif.'!! vi'sscIm. i.o, ,Spani.sh, Porluf mo, ^'f*^ 
 pnlilan, Haiiisli, lUissiim, .Smilli Amnifm. ""I 
 llaytiaii, to jiay '-' dolliirii C7 ceiita iiudJiuon t 
 other pilotage. 
 
 Kviiry pilot detained more than L'l houn I 
 iinv mii'stor, owner, or eoiisinnoo, iscntiiW"'^ 
 dollars [kt day for every day lie is «> dclaiM''' . 
 
 Every pilot detained "iiioro tliau 'l.S hours bv in* 
 ice, after he hos eimdiicted liis vessel toapliceoj 
 safety, i.s entitled to 3 dollars per day lot everf 
 day he is so dutalned, . 
 
 Vlverv 'lilot compelled to pcrfonn quarantine n 
 entitled to 2 dollars per day, for every day he 1^ 
 
piiDsi'irointM 
 
 niiil I iiiiiiol !'• ill '< li.n>',i'i| III li'Hi lliiiii 
 
 l'll,rilM{|)M 
 
 tocj 
 
 
 „M||lltill< . 
 
 h,|n., wIIIm'IiI tiH I"'"' 
 
 ,l|,il I'llli^.i'il l>v 
 
 Kmt\ I'l 
 
 ll„. IV,-. li.»liMiMii«« >i'>..l" 
 
 i-ll'ltlrt. . ,11 I 
 
 ilii- r.i" »iiiii>"'' 1 'kiH I" "• I 
 
 .lotiil 111 I"" ll" <1->«I""»1 •""'•'■ I 
 
 iiiiliiiH i>\ .li*liiUKiiiK Wnif 
 
 »nl;'ii<illi>T»lii>lliimvi.-ilj 
 lirv l,i'iHTiiiill''iH"li:i^''"f 
 „v 1... o.iiMil.Ti.l ^^\K''t*. 
 ,i,,, ,„M„, „r i.iloli .l|»l 14 
 „r nil liimiil iiiiy vc^^'llvni;! 
 1„. liuiilM't'il"''!')' I 
 il'iiilolrt. l.'riinm'.Vl'"'! 
 IV ,i-u.'l..'al.lMl.rilMl,»»i';';l 
 
 '|-,.,.| „i' wiitii- or uikU. I 
 iiur rr.mi, i.r buuiul 1'); »l 
 ,,,l,,vlH«torwm;ai*.| 
 
 ,,„j.,rii. tlirvvar'Wns'*'! 
 
 10 \MUr*. ti. mA'] «\ft 
 l,i^univi.l, "ii>i«i;w>kw 
 
 l„s iiamu lobuiiUvn" 
 ,.„„ niul uvwanU .rt 
 lu'rHiil'""'""^'' "■■''•■' 
 [i„^; 10 re-port at lh»»*l-"^ 
 
 tees. 
 
 cil more uiau ' tool 
 
 llii' irii iir mIii'11 iif 
 
 »ailirr 111 |ir" ' '" ^lii"''"''' !""•. i'. wlirii lliiTr, 
 
 lli'i |ill>itiiK<' ; oimI iI IIii'Ii< illM'liiii^rril, 
 Inr I'vcrv mil)' hr lint In Iravrl 
 
 rllllll'il'" 
 
 ,„ '(ivllln II I"'''' 
 
 hxliir. 
 
 >rv pilol i^ ii'i|iiiri'il, iiiiiirr ii |>i'iiiill\ ul I .t 
 <. Ill tiiiihi' ri|iiiil, uilliiii \x liiiiiri, III till' 
 il'i'Vi'rv vrHii'l III' riiiiilinl i In llm 
 
 ,HUr 
 riMi'li < "111 
 
 illV. 
 
 //.ilii ii/' (cimiMli'i'iiH 
 
 Miiihiiiiln ll/' /'Ai/i«/i7/./(i.i 
 rriiM 
 
 SllllH lll/il/l/ll/ /i»/ //ll 
 
 iril 
 «ll kliul 
 
 llllKtl 
 
 l"i,«lil. II niil »t*' III"' 
 
 111 
 
 I Ik |»'r I'lil. 
 
 'I ,. 
 
 .Ml |»i hl.il 
 I |.ii l.ii.li 
 -S |..iii 
 
 ■'\ ••• 
 
 Mnii.l l\ |<i 
 v|i... .1. 
 
 lif till' 1111111111. Iliiill 
 
 I'liiiii Mr.< 'iHiNiil ( 'ml wrii'lilH 
 
 |itr|fflrr'l, lll'l 
 ki'lili.ilUtlillH' 
 
 1 .i|.iiii||«lll I |ir'i|"'ll) III l>"i 
 
 \Vi llllM' iilirillinl llllli'll 
 
 .1,111 III Mill arlii'li' I' 
 
 ,,n iiiilriiiliM' //i/iikV III .liiiH' V, INHV. 
 
 I'lJilSI'llnlM'S, A Mili'iliiiiri' III a li^'Jil aiiilirr 
 fuli.iir, mill Mill i liaii-'iiariiil ; liiil,«lirii ranliillv 
 ii'iiilvi'iiliiiirli>;ii anil ltaiiM|iairiit. NVIuii 
 Imm'iiiiii'm ii|iai|iii' ixlrriially, ami 
 
 Im lliiii ll tjri'al. nsi'iiililai t" wliilr wax. ll 
 
 nuy Ih' fill ivilli a kiiilV, nr IwImIiiI In |iiiTVM willi 
 llii Illicit' It ii iiiinliilili' ill wairr; ill N|iirllir 
 criiviiv i« I77. \Vliiiii'.\|in<rilliillir iiiiiiiis|ilii'ri' 
 ll iniilin nliili' "iiinkr, anil ii liiiiiitiniiM in lln 
 (lark. IViii'ii hnilcil In IIM" i' laluH liri', ami 
 liunn mill a viry liri^lit llaiiii'. Wlicii I'Ihh 
 |.,Winl.Hiiill'.iiiiil ill oxy^rti, llif IIkIiI ami liral 
 an'iiiiiim|iiir..iil. iiinrr iiitnitir ; lliornriiiiT ila/. 
 iliiii; till' I'Vi', anil llm lalirr crarkiii;; a nhiM 
 I vi-jil, ( riiiiiiinnii'.H Cheininliy ; Willi 'm IHcliim- 
 ani uf Chmiftri/.) 
 
 I'lAM'UI'.Siir DOliL.AUS. S|mniHli ami Aiiif- 
 I liciii >ilvcr niiiiM in very rxli'iif-ivn rirriila 
 I tiim. Valiii', at an avrrani', abmit In. ■\il. nlcrliiiK. 
 J "IN.; Ilnii .MI. I 
 I'IKIIS. |II.Miiiiiiii:s. I 
 
 l'll,l'IIAI!l>.'<. FiKlii's rlo.sclv rrHi'iiililiiif; llm 
 Iriinmiiiiiliirrin^'iliiil.siniillcr, ami at llir .laim' liiim 
 lihiikif aiiii riiiiiiilrr. 'I'lii'v ari' rnirly riuiiiil nii 
 
 ltliilttili.il sliiirc.i, cxiTliI on Hi uihIh nf ( 'nrii 
 
 |«alliiiii| Hcviiii, |iarliriilarly llir fnnni'i', wlirrr 
 I ilu y ato lakiii in ureal iiiinilicr.s from llic iiiiilillr 
 liif.liily lulhi' mil III' Nnvi'iiiliiT, or I'vcii llir mill 
 lilli'iif Div iiiIht. It i.s a .saviiiK "f ""' '■"'ri'i'^li 
 lUtiiii'ii. liiiil ilii' pilrlianl Is llic IraHt linli in 
 lii/r, iiiij.l ill iiiniiliiT, and i^ri'iitv.il lor hmu, lakt'ii 
 ll'tmii iho si'ii, 
 
 Wi/iiira t'islivn/, — 'I'liis is carrii'il on alon^ the 
 
 ^"a-t. i,r I'liriiwall iiml Duvnn, Crom tli<> Holt 
 
 'liail 111 tl,> UltiT, roiinil hytlm Laiid'M Kiiil to 
 
 pliiiiw anil l!iis,siin'y in llic liirimT. lis priiici- 
 
 wlnats are St. Ives, Monnt'H Kay, nml Mi-va- 
 
 P**'y. 'I'lic I'i.hIi iisnally make tlirir niipcaraiico 
 
 vastnlioals ill ilii' early part of July, ami ilis- 
 
 Iri'ar alwut the niidillo of (Jctolicr; bat they 
 
 >mitiiiics rcaiipcar in larnc quantitioH in Noveiil- 
 
 ft and DfcoiiilKT. 'riicy are taken citlier by 
 
 tinjnrliyilril't net.'*, but principally, jierliaps, by 
 
 pcfiimier. A scan ih a net, vsryinR from '200 to 
 
 P) alliomsin lcn(,'th, and from 10 to MJ (to, in 
 
 fm liaviiiK cork buoys on one edge and lead 
 
 1%'liisoii theoihor. Throe boatfl are attached 
 
 T''Mis(;m,viz.n boat (span Imat), of about 15 
 
 8 liurjlcn, for carrying llic scan ; another (/«/- 
 
 W of about the same size, to assist in mooring 
 
 pad a smaller boat (lurker), for general p'lr- 
 
 "■"' the number of hands employed in these 
 
 .'t liniiiii \arlei rnmi iibniil l.'l In |m, ImiI may be 
 lakeii, III an avernKe, al aliniil li'i. Hut ill HI. 
 Imm, HJnre I' r llNbl■l^ li i nmliirleil ill a pi'i iiliiir 
 miiiiiiei nr by /«< ik, mii' eriw «irvi'H fnr (rniii 10 
 111 III M'lillH. Wliell llle mIiiimI I nf llsh nilne '11 III .ir 
 llle iilinri' Iblll ibe uiiler li llliiilll llle l|i'|ilb iil llie 
 neilll, it 11 I lllplnyell In I'lnllili' llielll; llir Holier 
 mill belli); illl'irli'il In ibe |iiii|ier plaies Inr I'll I 
 
 ill); nr ll Iiii); Ibe lull by (ler i tlniim) n\i\ 
 
 ll ll Inr Iblll piirpii'ii' nil Ibe i lilVi niul in Ibe 
 
 bonis. 'Ibe liiiiiiy llhb Ml llie .\ri'lii|ii lirn w i i 
 eaii^jlit ilia '.iiiiiliir way: ' AHi'einlobal i|iiiiliiMi 
 (,\ii|^liii' /i«i», lii.eee Mi/«iiirii/«ix) III iilliiiii |ii n 
 iiiniitnriiiiii, iiinle I liiiiiiinriim ).;re)-eiii |iei'iilair| in, 
 ijiin viMi, Kii'.iiiiiii III II llm iliiiM iliiliiil, iiiii reliliii'i 
 Inliim |,|,.p III im Iml. 1,,'inl.' (|li.|in|i lllmnlii Id's 
 A'ii/i» nil till I'tiHii I}) ,l\t lii/liiH, i{iiiilii| liy I Ir. 
 I'liris, ill bill (ill, ill III MniiiitH llm/, \i. IliH.) Ibe 
 prilellie ii In rnu ll|i> liiilil l\llli llie kiiiii nil biiiinl 
 )',elilly rmiliil Ibe '.lie il ; iim| le Mean In ilix, al llie 
 nine lime, Ibinwii {;railiially iiiln llie wiiler, 
 ii'iiiimeM, by mean 1 nf ill liiinyM ami wiic.lili, 
 
 II Virllilll piK.jlinll, ll.l Imnleil ei||;i< lieill); III llie 
 linlllilll, mill Ibe nllier llnlll ill); nil I lie iilll hll'e. ll I 
 
 Iwn ends aielbeii liiiili m d lii);e|brr; and, liiiiii; 
 
 lirml|;lll illln a enlivellielil lillialilill, it |i mniifiil 
 by ■•llllllI llliebnri 111 ;lll|il|el 1 ; ■inlllrliine ,, li.iwevel, 
 line 111 Mmi siiiiilli r ' eiiii lire emplnyed In leeiisl in 
 iieennni; Ibe ll b. ,\l Inw ivaler, Ibe eiielineil li ll 
 aie liikeii mil liy ll Imli ml, mid rarrlid In llm 
 i<bme. A iiini;le .leiin Ims liein kiinwii In em |n>.e 
 al mien lis IllllllV lis I.Jmi bnt'.iiliellil i (I, WO lull i) 
 nt llsb. Iliil ibil »iii llie I'll ale d. ipi.'illlily ever 
 lalu'ii, and it Is seldmn llml. as many as |,'.!iiO 
 bn^^KbeiiilH are eaiie.bl al a lime, 'jbii 'lake,' in 
 I'lli'l, de|iendHmi im iiiaiiy aerideiilal I'ireiini'.lliliee >, 
 tbiit n bile line Hian may laleli and eiire in a Heasnii 
 t'rnm I.OIUMn '.',1100 ||i,;'sliead s "I bor < ill Ibe nei),'b- 
 bmillinnd may iinl );et a hili);le ll.sli. In Mniiie 
 plaees Ibe lid en are so 'irmi); an In break Ibe Hoaiei 
 and Hi't llle liiili It llbiTly. When ibe ipianlily 
 eiieln.seil is )ar);e, il, reipiiies hevi lal (IliyH In lake 
 lliilil mil, as liny inii'l linl be reninved ill ureiiler 
 niimlierH lliaii llin.e wlm 'alt Ibeiii ran emive 
 llielll ly iniinii)',!'. 
 
 llrill mil are iihimlly nbmil ,^ mile in leiiKtb by 
 about 1^ lal limns in ileplb ; I bey are hIkiI in tbo 
 open sea, and eiitiiii);li' llie llsb in their meshes ill 
 Ibe same way as Ibe lierrili)^ liels. 'Ibe lisb llins 
 lllken are .said In be Miiperinr In tbii:<e lakili by 
 Ihe Heatis, Ihmij^li il be ilniibU'iil, from their beiii;; 
 straiiKled intho ncl.s, whilberthey are mo f^nnd for 
 curing;. 
 
 Am mhiii nx Iho fiNli ar« brought on Hhore, they 
 are carrii'd loi'ellar.s or warebonseM, where they am 
 piled ill lar(;e heaps, having a Hnllicient i|iiantily 
 of Malt inli'i.siK'rHi'il between the layers. Having 
 remained ill Ibin stale for ubmit .'I'l diiVH, Ibey are, 
 after Udng carefully washed and elcaiied, paekeil 
 in hogsheads, each eontaining, at an average, about 
 '2,i:0l) lisb. (Mr. I'ennant inadverleiilly Htates Ibe 
 number of lisb in a liogHliead at ;)."),'.)00 — JirilUh 
 /AHiliujy, iii. .'Ill, <d. 1770. 'J'rnsling to his au- 
 thority, we fell into llm Maine error in the Ist 
 edition of this work.) They are Ihen subjeeted to 
 a pressure Mullicient to extract the oil, of which 
 each hogshead yields, provided the (ish he caught 
 ill Hummer, about '.\ gallons ; but ibo.sc that are 
 taken late in the seasiin do not yield above half 
 this quantity. This oil usually sells for from Vi 
 to I,') per cent, under the price of brown seal oil. 
 The broken and refuse lisb and salt are sold to the 
 farmers, and are used as manure with excellent 
 etl'eet. T'hc skimmings which float on the water 
 in which the iiilchards are washed arc called drey% 
 and are chiclly sold as grease for machinery. 
 
 The fresh fish in a hogshead uf pilchards weigh 
 
 ■1? ' ■'^' 
 
 I \ 
 
. V 
 
 f ' 
 
 I ','• 
 
 'i • '. -J 
 
 .■■>'■ ■■ 
 
 ..It ■■' 
 
 f 1 
 
 
 i J, 
 
 
 ii 
 
 f ; 
 
 { 
 
 • 4- 
 
 >:^rt.: ''\ 
 
 
 1068 PILCHARDS TILOTS AND TILOTAGE 
 
 about C cwt., and the salt about 3J cwi. ; but the i is reduced to alwiit 4J cwt., inebidint; the ml,] , 
 •weight of tlio Logsliead wheu cured and pressed | of tlie casli, from 20 to 24 lb. \\'c sulijoin-. " 
 
 ■ sulijoiii- 
 
 An Account rfthe Exports of PilcJu.rdii durinfj each of the 17 Yean entHnp villi IRfiO ; tprcifmnnih, 
 
 exported, t'.e Quantity shipped for each, atul their Price ut tile I'urt of 
 
 Pi:ctafor which they were ex 
 Shipment. 
 
 Yiari 
 
 1 850 
 IS.Sl 
 
 n.vi 
 
 IK.'il 
 18.'i3 
 IR.'iG 
 
 18.',7 
 IH^S 
 IHW 
 IK60 
 1X61 
 IMS 
 llUi3 
 1864 
 IK6S 
 ISCfi 
 
 Genoa 
 
 Leghorn 
 
 hh... 
 
 lihili. 
 
 »,l).1l 
 
 4,.'i()<) 
 
 »,'■)« 
 
 tfil'i 
 
 t.'JTl 
 
 4,ll'i 
 
 X.VV'J 
 
 !>,\'iO 
 
 1,1 n.f 
 
 i;.'.'v.l 
 
 l,'J.S7i 
 
 ^,.J5J 
 
 1,891 
 
 4,M7 
 
 !f.:ii7 
 
 .1.(1 '27 
 
 1,SS1 
 
 i.Vi'J 
 
 l.fiUH 
 
 — 
 
 iHO 
 
 7SIJ 
 
 
 I.USiil 
 
 .1,3V2 
 
 .'.,in 
 
 4,«.19 
 
 3,(16 « 
 
 fi.H'i^ 
 
 .I.e.-,? 
 
 «,58.'it 
 
 4,(117 
 
 Cirltll 
 
 hhdi. 
 
 IX'i 
 his 
 
 1,M7 
 'lUO 
 
 1,718 
 
 I,n'ii) 
 
 71)1 
 
 G.ia 
 
 i,.ii(i 
 
 l,17!l 
 
 !)(;3 
 
 4(IS 
 
 Naplcf 
 
 ;iIkI<. 
 iu,i;(i 
 
 N.'ICI 
 .l.ilSJ 
 .'>,ll.'.7 
 1,.1.'.7 
 881) 
 
 5,'«S 
 
 4,1.11 
 
 6,(1 »n 
 
 r.1.1 
 
 l.fii.i 
 
 4,141) 
 
 ri,'j'j(^l 
 
 U.K'i 
 
 g,viii 
 
 1,'JlU 
 ■•<,4!)0 
 
 Anrona, 
 Venice, 
 Ttimte 
 
 lih<!s. 
 K,"17 
 !Mfil 
 
 .i,r> iHt 
 1,11ft 
 
 l,4V!l 
 
 l.mii 
 
 «,.1G9 
 
 4,(5 1 7 
 4,!)'J'i 
 a IK 
 'J(;fi 
 !,.1.1(> 
 V.d.'i.'iJ 
 
 ii.mifiS 
 
 5,IflS 
 
 V,I7I4 
 
 3,2(l.lJ 
 
 Xutal 
 
 hh<ls. 
 
 m,-4.T 
 i.'i.iit 
 
 Vl,i7i 
 6,V(P4 
 G.lO'i 
 
 18,833 
 
 l.'i.l';.'! 
 18,17!) 
 .-,.14.> 
 3,9J0l 
 KV.ISst 
 17,8(174 
 J6,(l.17j 
 22,519J 
 9,'liO 
 
 M.rai 
 
 rncciKiHoplKadOTShm 
 
 4ll. 
 4.1». 
 
 .Kit. 
 
 X,. 
 
 i'll. 
 
 fT(i.. 
 
 i«('.. 
 
 4'i«. 
 
 (»JI. 
 ,'.'if. 
 Odi. 
 GSf. 
 51i. 
 411. 
 4(u. 
 
 to in*, lo cdi, 
 
 'i'*. t0 4S|. (W, 
 
 ('rf. .Wi. vd. 
 
 M- 4V1.W, 
 
 "''. .Vll. (U. 
 
 "'/. .Ml. nrf. 
 
 11./. 7.'n. Dd. 
 
 "''. ill. UJ. 
 (1./. 
 
 10 5n#. to 4;i. 
 
 6(7. to .i:#. (I,/. 
 (1.1. «lli.(W. 
 ("iJ. 7U. C./. 
 (1./. M/.t;./. 
 
 ('rf. !J^t,(iJ, 
 OJ. 4!i,vj. 
 
 Of the fish cured in 18G6, 2,911 hhds. were 
 cauRht eastward of I/izard ; 5,700 in Mount's Hay ; 
 6,6.50 in St. Ives a.id norlh of St. Ives. Total, 
 14.294 hogsheads. 
 
 N.B, — Of the quantity sent to the Adriatic, full 
 J have been sold in Venice; and tlic remainder 
 chiefly in Ancona. 
 
 The export of pilchards has been ratlier declining 
 of late years. Tliis has been ascribed to various 
 causes, sucli as the -vvitiidrawal of the bounty of 
 8s. Crf. per hogshead formerly paid on their expert, 
 the relaxed observance of Lent in the countries to 
 which they are principally exported, and the im- 
 position of a heavy duty on their importation into 
 JJaples. The falling off in the demaiul of the lat- 
 ter has, however, been in great measure compen- 
 sated by the increased demand at Venice. 
 
 Pilchards are not ased in England, except in 
 Cornwall and Devon, where from 4,000 to 5,u00 
 Lhds. a-year may at present be consumed. 
 
 The seaii fishery employs about 1,500 hands 
 regularly througliout the season, ar.d a vast num- 
 ber more when any considerable shoals arc en- 
 closed. There are at present (18GG) about 200 
 scans afloat, of which above 180 belong to .S*. 
 Ives. The first cost of a scan on the south ciiast 
 is about 450/. ; but a St. Ives sean docs not cost 
 above 300/. The drift fishery employs, during tlie 
 season, from 900 to 1,000 men, and about 230 
 boats ; the cost of each boat and nets amounting 
 to about 250/. The labour in the cure of the fish 
 may l)e taken at about 5». '..cr hogshead. Tlie total 
 capital embarked in the fishery has been estimated 
 by tliosc engaged in it at from 200,000/. to 250,000/. 
 
 Tlie drift fishermen employ themselves, when 
 not engaged in the pilchard fishery, in the mack- 
 erel, lierring, and hook-line fisheries. The sean 
 lisherinen consist principally of agricultural la- 
 bourers, miners &c., attracted to the business in 
 the expectation (in which, however, they are not 
 unfrequently disappointed) of making a compara- 
 tively large sum by a few weeks' exertion. But 
 at St. Ives only able-bodied and expert fishermen 
 are employed. In all scan boats 3 or 4 individuals 
 of the crew are regularly bred, expert fishermen. 
 
 Four-fifths of the persons emploj'ed on shore in 
 the salting, curing, packing iS:c.,'of the fish are 
 women. 
 
 The wages of those employed in the fishery are 
 made sometimes to depend on the number offish 
 taken ; but in other instances they are independent 
 of any such contingency. 
 
 The fishery at St. Ives is carried on under a 
 particular Act of Parliamjnt, passed in 1841. The 
 
 exaction of a tithe of the fish is a vm- serious bur- 
 den on the fishery ; sometimes it is taken in kind, 
 but is more generally compounded for, dir, 
 Paris's Guideio '\tonnt's Bay and the iMmliEnd, 
 2iid ed. pp. 140-150; Beauties uf England awi\ 
 Wales, vol. ii. p. 471 ; but we are principally in- 
 debted to private information obtained frtjin tiie 
 mo.st auihentic sources, and obligingly communi-l 
 catcd, bv Mr. Coulson, of Penzance.) 
 
 PILOTS ASD PILOTAGE. The name ofpikt I 
 or steersman is applied either to a particul'tl 
 olBcer, serving on board a ship during llie course I 
 of a voyage, and having charge of the helm i 
 the ship's route ; or to a person taken on board at I 
 any particular place for the purpo.se of coniluctinjl 
 a ship through a river, road, or channel, or fromor) 
 into a port. 
 
 It is to the latter description of persons thitl 
 the term pilot is now usual! j applied; and pilots I 
 of this soit are established in various parb oftitel 
 country by ancient charters of inct rpoialion, cri 
 by particular statutes. The most im|)ortarit cfl 
 these corporations .'.re those of the Trinity Hoiw,! 
 Deptford Strond,with which the fellowsliipoftliel 
 pilots of Dover, Deal, and the Isle of ThanctiCom-r 
 nionly called the Cinque Port Pilots, is now con-l 
 solidated ; and the Trinitv Houses of Hull anil 
 Newcastle. The 5 Geo. IV. c. 73 establWied al 
 corporation for the regulation and licensinj of I 
 pilots in Liverpool. I 
 
 Principles of the Law as to Pilots.— VmshsM 
 sufficiently obvious, and differ but little in mMtl 
 maritime codes. When & master is obliged byl 
 law to employ a pilot, and does so accoriiinglr,! 
 the vessel having ceased to be undertliPci/uiniJBii| 
 of their servants, the owners arc no lonpr re- 1 
 sponsible for such loss or damage as may be ow-l 
 sioned by her mismanagement (17 it' "* ^'* j 
 c. 104 s. 388) unless it be made to appeartbat ill 
 arose from the neglect or misconduct of tbcnn-'"' I 
 or crew in obeying or carrying out the orders ofl 
 the pilot It IS, therefore, a very scrioi.^ matter I 
 for a master or captain to interfere with or super- r 
 sede a pilot in the exercise ^' hispcculiM func-l 
 tions. Hut still there are cases, and thosp, too, I 
 not of rare occurrence, of such a nature as » in«*| 
 interference indispensable. Pilots are anyijuiffl 
 but infallible; and whenever it becomes maenti 
 to a master, or to the authorities on 7'^,' jM 
 the piUit is acting inconsiderately, or that ne i»i 
 drunk or incompetent, it is not the right on!!", uuii 
 the bounden duty of the master to, ?">»'« 1°; I 
 the safety of the ship by resuming buaunonn,! 
 and taking the command upon himself, uuiu | 
 
riLOTAGE 
 
 t., inoliidinc tlicwughi 
 lb. Wc sulijo'm— 
 
 ri(/i IftfiO ; tppafijintj Iht 
 their I'rke at ilie I'ort uf 
 
 I Vricc yn lloiisheait m >h'Te 
 
 PILOTS AND PILOTAGE 
 
 10G9 
 
 
 
 
 41.. 
 
 m io«. M r,(ii. 
 
 4-1 
 
 M. 
 
 talSi.M, 
 
 ;\iii 
 
 C'.(. 
 
 Ml, I'll. 
 
 yi 
 
 ii<i 
 
 4'/l. M. 
 
 .t7<. Ihl. 
 i'tt. II''. 
 
 r;i><. iM. 
 
 14I'«. 11.1. 
 4'i>. III/. 
 
 (iiif. 10 joi. ioi;i. 
 
 ,'i'/«. Oil. to JTi. lU. 
 Tillt. liil. Hill. M. 
 
 csi. riii. 
 
 !>W. (Ill, 
 4I<. I'll. 
 4Cl. Uii. 
 
 .yii.dii. 
 
 .Ml.lU. 
 
 7,'ii. W. 
 
 :>ii.iu. 
 
 7U.C.I. 
 
 s^. Oil. 
 4:1. I'd. 
 
 le fish 19 a vcn* serious kt- 
 netimes it is taken in kind, 
 V compounded for, (Dr. 
 "« Bay and the iMmtsEnd, 
 Beauties uf Eiigknd ml 
 but we arc principally iii- 
 rmatiun obtained from ilie 
 s, and obligingly coranuni- 
 , of Penzance.) I 
 
 yi'AGE. The name of piU 
 led either to a particul't 
 ,rd a ehip during tlic course I 
 ing charge of the helm and I 
 a person taken on tardat I 
 or the purpose of conducting j 
 r, road, or channel, or from ot 
 
 description o( persons tbst I 
 iriisuallj applied; anil pilots j 
 ished in various parboftnel 
 iharters of inccrporaiion, orl 
 
 3 The most imiwrtaniKJ 
 
 those of the Trinity Hoiw. I 
 -which the fellowship of the I 
 
 BiidtheIsleofThanct,coffl-I 
 
 nue PortriMsAsmm-l 
 'rinitv Houses of HuUndl 
 
 Ueo. IV. c. 73 estabyiedal 
 regulation and liceiisiiii; rfl 
 
 UwastoFi!ot!.-n^n 
 ind differ but little mra;*l 
 ,en a master IS obliged Jl 
 t, and does so accorduisiv| 
 sedtobcunderthrcoii.Ma^| 
 le owners are no IcnprK-l 
 or damage as ma.- «^i 
 lanageraent (la- 1*1 
 -.bemadetoappearto i 
 or misconduct oftkcMst^l 
 carrying out the orders 1 
 
 f^ca^e a„Tt..^d 
 
 Sever itbeconje^^* I 
 t authorities on ^^Xt\ 
 
 considerately,or*»'"«i 
 'itisnotthenght^|''f I 
 
 the master ».PS,1 
 ,bvresumin|:h«a«'h«'^^ij 
 and upon himself. Oai"' I 
 
 Uiii" done the responsibility of the pilot ceases, of 
 
 ■ lurse; and the owners become liable for the p.o- 
 
 «c<linK'ii of '•"''■ S'^rvant, tlio ma.ster. In those 
 
 »■<«. "g"'"' '" which it is in the election or dis- 
 
 (retiiJn of the nia.stcr to take a pilot or not, and 
 
 lie thinks fit to take one, the jjilot so taken is 
 
 cniiilercd ns the servant of the owners, who arc 
 
 liponsilile fur his conduct. (Abbott On the Law 
 
 ff Shipping, part ii. c. 5 ; Maude and I'ollock 
 
 (in ditto, ..I "nd the authorities there quoted.) 
 
 Tlic statute b C-'-o, IV. c. lib nonsolidnted the 
 
 Ims with respect to the licensing, employment 
 
 ic of pilots. But all that portion of the Act 
 
 which related to the Cinque Port jiilots was 
 
 wealed by the 16 & 17 Vict. c. 129. This 
 
 ftatutc united the Trinity Ho-.se and Cinque 
 
 Pert pilots ; or, rather, it included the latter in 
 
 the former. It provided, that the Cinque Port 
 
 filutj sliould in future be subject to the same 
 
 nilci and regulations as the Trinity House pilots, 
 
 Mil that tliev might pilot ships inwards and 
 
 cutwardj within the limits for which they were 
 
 licensed. The property belonging to the Cinque 
 
 port pilotn was it the .''ame time transferred to 
 
 the Trinity House ; and tiie Act laid down the 
 
 rales bv wtich the debts and claims of the Cinque 
 
 I'ort pilots on the Trinity House funds were to 
 
 l« adjusted. 
 
 The general rules and regulations now (18G9) 
 existing with respect to pilotago have been 
 embodied in part V. of the Merchant Shipping 
 .\ct, li 4 18 Vict. c. 104, and sec. 39 of the 
 Meithant Shipping Amendment Act, 25 & 26 
 Vict. c. C3. And as a knowledge of these rules 
 and regulations is 'ndispcnsable to masters and 
 other parties engaged in shipping, wo subjoin a 
 full ab.-tract of the portion of the statute.s now 
 refen-eil to. See also schedules to 25 & 26 Vict. 
 eta for regulations for preventing collision at 
 Eca, and art. Collision. 
 
 Poieeriof Filotay. Authontiei (gen'ral), 
 Jmsdidm of Pilotage Authorities. — Every 
 pilotage authority shall retain all powers and 
 jurisdiction which it now lawfully possesses, so 
 far as the same are consistent with the provisions 
 (it this Act ; but "^o law relating to such autho- 
 rity, or to the pilots licensed by it, and no act 
 done by such authority, shall, if inconsistent 
 with aiiv provision of this Act, be of anv force 
 whatever, i7 & 18 Vict. c. 104 s, 331. Hut the 
 Board of Trade has power to transfer pilotage 
 jurisdiction in certain cases, 25 & 26 Vint. c. 03 
 S.39, 
 
 To mhe and extend Exemptions from cnm- 
 mlsori/ Pilotage.—EvcTy pilotage authority shall 
 have piiwer, by by-law made with the consent of 
 her JIajosty in council, to exempt the masters of 
 any ships, or of any classes of ships, from being 
 compelled to employ qualified pilots, and to 
 annex any terms or conditions to .such exemp- 
 tions, and to revise and extend any excniptions 
 novr existing by virtue of this Act or any otiier 
 Act of Parliament, law, or charter, or by usage, 
 upon such terras and conditions and 'in such 
 Banner as may appear desirable to such autho- 
 "ty, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 104 s. 332. The Hoard of 
 Trade has power by provisional order to exempt 
 rom compulsory pilotage i.i any district, 25 & 26 
 pict.c.CJ8..U 
 
 P'^er of Pilotage Authorities.— S,\xhi(ict to the 
 ftovisions coHtaiucd in these Acts, it shall be 
 wvful for every pilotage authoritv, by b)--law, 
 Me with the consent uf her Majesty in council, 
 itom tune to time to do all or any of the fullow- 
 I H things within its districts, viz. :— 
 '■ To determuKj the qualifications to be re- 
 
 quired from persons applying to be licensed ns 
 pilots, whether in respect of their age, skill, time 
 of .service, character, or othcnvi.^e : 
 
 2. To make regulations as to the approval and 
 licensing of pilot boats and ships, with power to 
 establisli and regulata companies for the support 
 of such boats and ship.s, and fur a partici|)ation 
 in tha profits made thereby; the companies so 
 established to be exempt from the provisions of 
 the Act 74 8 Vict. c. 110: 
 
 3. To make regulations for the government of 
 the pilots licensed by them, for insuring their 
 good conduct, and their constant attendance to 
 and efirctual performanco of their duty, cither nt 
 sea or (n shore : 
 
 4. To ".x the terms and conditions of granting 
 licenses to 1 lilots and apprentices, and of grantiiij:; 
 pilotage cc'tiflcates as hereinafter mentioned to 
 mn.sters and mates, and to make regulations for 
 jiunishing any breach of sucii regulations com- 
 mitted by such pilots or apprentices or by such 
 masters and mates by the withdrawal or suspen- 
 sion of their Ileuses or certificates, as tlie case 
 may be, or by the infliction of penalties, to be 
 recoverable summarily before two justices, so that 
 no such penalty exceed the sum of 20/., and so 
 that every such penalty be capable of reduction 
 at the discretion of the justices by whom the 
 same is inflicted : 
 
 5. To fix the rates and prices or other remune- 
 ration to be demanded and received for the time 
 being by pilots licensed by such authoritv, or to 
 alter the mode of remunerating such pilots, in 
 such manner as such authority may, with such 
 consent as aforesaid, think fit, so that no higher 
 rates or prices be demanded or received from the 
 masters or owners of ships in the case of the 
 Trinity House than the rates and prices specified 
 in the table A. hereto annexed; and in the case 
 of all other pilotage authorities, than the rate" 
 and prices which might have been lawfully fixed 
 or demanded by such pilotage authorities re- 
 spectively under any Act of Parliament, charter, 
 or custom in force immediately before the com- 
 mencement of this Act : 
 
 6. To make such arrangements with any other 
 pilotage authority for altering the limits of their 
 respective districts, and for extending the powers 
 of such other authority or the privileges of the 
 pilots licensed by such other authority, or any of 
 them, to all or any part of its own district, or 
 for limiting its own powers or the privileges of 
 its own pilots or any of them, or for sharing tlie 
 .said last-mentioned powers and privileges with 
 the said other authority and the pilots licensed 
 by it, or for delegating or surrendering such 
 powers and privileges or any of them to any 
 other pilotage authority constituted or to be 
 constituted by agreement between sucu autho- 
 rities, and to the pilots licensed by it, as may 
 appear to such pilotage authorities to be desirable 
 for facilitating navigation or for reducing charges 
 on shipping : 
 
 7. To establish, cither alone or in conjunction 
 with any other pilotage authority or authorities, 
 funds for the relief of su))ernnnuated or inlirm 
 (junlilied pilots, or of their wives, widows, or 
 children, or to make any new regulations with 
 respect to any funds already applicable to such 
 purposes, with power to determine the amount, 
 manner, time, and persons (such persons to be in 
 the service of such pilotage authority) to and in 
 which and by and upon whom the contributions 
 in support of such existing or future funds may 
 be made or levied; and further, to declare the 
 persons or class of persons (such persons or class of 
 persons being confined to men m the service of 
 
 • hi 
 
 j! 
 
 ;!',■ 
 
 ■:''( 
 
 i 
 
■ /nV 
 
 I ■ 
 
 S 
 
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 , . i- ' ■■' ■ 
 
 
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 ! 
 
 4' 
 
 
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 '.. I 
 
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 1 
 
 i 
 
 
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 ■i 
 
 
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 *■• i 
 
 
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 ^ ■;:;.:■*:;■■ 
 
 1070 
 
 such pilotage authority, their wives, widows, or 
 children) entitled to participate in tlie benefits of 
 such existing or futiiri! funds, and the term.) and 
 conditions upon wliich they ate to be so entitled : 
 8. To repeal or alter any by-law made in 
 exercise of the above powers, and to make a new 
 by-law or new by-laws in lieu thereof: And 
 every by-law dulv made by any pilota^^c autho- 
 rity in exercise oi the powers hereby given to it, 
 shall be valid and effectual, notwithstanding any 
 Act of r»rliament, rule, law, or custom to the 
 contrary, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 104 (sec, 333). In cases 
 wliere the pilotage is not compulsory, and where 
 there is no restriction on the power of duly quali- 
 fied persons to obtain licenses as pilots, the Board 
 of Trad 2 has power by provisional order to enable 
 the existing authorities to grant licenses and to 
 fix, raise, and facilitate the recovery of, pilotage 
 rates, and also to give facilities to qualitied 
 persons to obtain licenses as pilots, 25 & 26 Vict, 
 c. 63 8. 39, 
 
 Publication ofBy-latva. — Everj' by-law proposed 
 to be enacted by any pilotage authority in pur- 
 suance of the foregoing powers shall, before it is 
 submitted to her Majesty in council for her assent, 
 be published in such manner as may from time to 
 time be prescribed by the Board of Trade, 17 &. 
 18 Vict. c. 104. rSec. 334.) • 
 
 By-laws to he laid before Parliament. — Every 
 order in council made in pursuance of the provisions 
 of this Act shall be laid before both Houses of 
 Parliament as soon as possible after the making 
 thereof. (Sec. 335.) 
 
 Power of Appeal to Board of Trade. — If the 
 greater part m number of the qualified pilots 
 belonging to any port, or the Ljcal Marine Board, 
 where there is one, or at any port where there is 
 no Local Marine Board, if any masters, owners, 
 or insurers of ships, being not less than six in 
 number, consider themselves aggrieved by any 
 regulation or by-law in force when this Act comes 
 into operation or hereafter made under some 
 authority other than the provisions of this Act, 
 or by any defect or omission therein, they may 
 appeal to the Board of Trade, and the said Board 
 moy thereupon revoke or alter any such regulation 
 or by-law or may make additions thereto in such 
 manner as, having regard to the interests of the 
 persons concerned, may appear to be just and 
 expedient ; and every order so made shall be con- 
 clusive in the matter. (Sec, 336,) 
 
 Returns by Pilotage Authorities (t/eneral). 
 
 Pilotage authorities to make Returns to Board 
 of Trade, — Every pilotage authoritj' shall deliver 
 periodically to the Board of Trade, in such form 
 and at such times as such Board requires, returns 
 of the following particulars with regard to pilotaga 
 within the port or district under the jurisdiction 
 of such authority, viz. : — 
 
 1. All by-laws, regulations, orders, or ordinances 
 relating to pilots or pilotage fui the time being in 
 force : 
 
 2. The names and ages of all pilots or appren- 
 tices licensed or authorised to act by such 
 authority, and of all pilots or apprcutices acting 
 either mediatelj' or immediately under such 
 authority, whether so licensed or authorised or 
 not: 
 
 3. The service for which each pilot or apprentice 
 is licensed : 
 
 4. The rates of pilotage for the time being in 
 force, including therein the rates and description!) 
 of all charges upon shipping made for or in respect 
 of pilots or pih)tage : 
 
 6, The total amount received for pilotage, dis- 
 tinguishing the several amounts received from 
 
 PILOTS AND PILOTAGE 
 
 British ships and from foreign ships rcspcctivelv- 
 and the several amountu received in n^nZr i 
 different classes of ships paying differont utos » 
 pilotage, according to the scale of such ratw f 
 the time being, and the several amounts, rtrTiv a 
 for the several classes of gernce rendored bv 
 pilots; and also the amount paid by such sliinJi 
 any) as have, before reaching the outer limu 
 pilotage water if outward-bound, or their mn 
 of destination if inward- bound, to take or rm- 
 for two or more pilots, whetlicr licenacd bv tl,. 
 same or by different pilotage aiitliorifies' to 
 gether with the numbers of the ships of each of 
 the several classes paying such several amounte 
 as aforesaid : 
 
 6. The leceint and expend-'' ire of all moncvi. 
 received by or on behalf of such authority, or in 
 or oil behalf of any sub-commissioners apnoinitd 
 by them, in res;: ;ct of pilots or pilotaf;e : 
 And shall allow the Board of Traile, or aiiv 
 persons sppointed by such Board for the piirr»,se 
 to inspect any books or documents in its possoLion 
 relating to the several matters herein retmired to 
 be returned to the Board of Trade. (Sec, 337.) 
 
 The Jurisdiction of local Authorities failiiiii to 
 give the required Returns, to be tramferred to 
 Trinitj/ House.— U any of such pilotage aiithoriiie* 
 as aforesaid (other than the Trinity House, or 
 sub-commissioners of pilotage app inted by it) 
 fail to deliver to the Board of Trade the periodical 
 returns above required vithin 1 year of such time 
 as may be fixed by such Board for the purpose 
 or if any of such authorities do not allow the said] 
 Board, or any persons who may be appointed hr\ 
 it for the purpose, to inspect any books or docu- 
 ments in their possession relating to the niatten 
 liereiL required to be returned by them, it sh 
 be lawful for her Majesty, by and with the advn 
 of her Privy Council, to direct that all the righi 
 and powers of such authorities in respect ol 
 pilotage shall cease or be suspended during sucl 
 time as her Majesty directs ; and thereupon tlii 
 Trinity House shall thereafter, or during such timi 
 as such suspension may continue, have and atf 
 cise the same powers of appointing sub-coi 
 missioners of pilotage, and of licensing pilol 
 and of establishing and altering rates of pilolt.^ 
 within the district within which the authority i 
 making; default has previously appointed orlicen: 
 pilots, as it is by this Act authorised tc exed 
 m any district for which no particidar provision ij 
 made by any Act of Parliament or charter fori! 
 appointment of pilots, and shall also, during siid 
 time as aforesaid, have and exerciso the sami 
 rights, title, and powers to and m respect 
 any pilotage funds or other pilotage proper^ 
 which the said pilotage authorities would 
 might have had or exercised if not so suspeiidi 
 as aforesaid. (Sec. 338.) 
 
 Returns to be laid before Parliamnt,—tl 
 Board of Trade shall without delay cause i' 
 several returns hereinbefore required to be ffisi 
 to such Board to be laid before both Houses j 
 Pariiament. (Sec, 339,) 
 
 Licensing of Masters and Mates (geitemlj. 
 
 Master or Mate, if examined and pamd,^ 
 receive a Pilotage Certijicate.—'lho master or tr 
 of any ship may, upon giving due notice. > 
 consenting to pay the usual expenses, appiyj 
 any pilotage authority to be examined as lo 11 
 capacity to pilot the ship of which he Unmtert 
 mate, or any one or more ships belniif.'iup to w 
 sr.me OAvner, within any part of the disinf' ?1 
 ;rhich such pilotage authority has jnri*liclifil 
 and such master or mate shall, if sucli aiithon 
 thinks fit, thereupon be esaminvdj and vf ^<"X 
 
PILOTS AND PILOTAGE 
 
 1071 
 
 lips respectively 
 red in reaped of 
 (iifferent rates of 
 of such ratcn for 
 amounui r(:ceiv>d 
 •vice rendered by 
 d by such ships (if 
 the outer limits if 
 md, ot their port 
 d, to take or pay 
 ler licensed by llie 
 re authorities; to- 
 thc ships of cadi o{ 
 Lch several amoimte 
 
 UV ite of all inonoys 
 uch authority, ax liy 
 missioners appoiuttti 
 or pilotage : 
 (I of 'I'rade, or any 
 loard for the pHrT.'«, 
 Mcnts in its possession 
 ers herein retiuired to ] 
 Trade. (Scc.a37.) . 
 
 Authorities fa'dw.l <» 1 
 
 (0 be tramferreil to 
 uch pilotage avtthormcU 
 the Trinity House, ot 
 tai?e appintedby itil 
 ^ of Trade the penotltcall 
 thin 1 year of such time I 
 
 Board for the purpose, I 
 Lcs do not allow the satdl 
 may beappoimed'oyi 
 pect any books otteu-l 
 
 relating to the niatteiil 
 turned by them, ushaW 
 , bvandwiththcaJvicf 
 direct that all the ngltU 
 
 wthotiues in «?P««^:3 
 be suspended during »u4 
 rects; and thereupon i 
 caftor, or during such Umil 
 
 continue, have ancH 
 of appointing, sub^ ijf 
 and of licensmg pJo4 
 
 iiiltetine rates of pW'-S* 
 Kichthea«thor«ys 
 Wyappointedorh^ 
 Set authorised tcexeic 
 
 'no particular ptovH 
 tliametit or charter loit« 
 id shall also, dutjugj 
 re and esercis". the sm 
 4 to and in resp^t ' 
 'other pilotage proH 
 ,1 authorities ^ould < 
 •Seised if not so suspenJ. 
 
 '\efore Farliamtni.-'^ 
 ,Xut delay ca-'f'^ 
 Tfore required tobej^**, 
 lid before both Hotues I 
 
 I.) 
 
 \rsandMate^{r"\ 
 
 • examined and M 
 ,^* "e-lhc master or "X 
 
 k, to be examined »s^ 
 
 late shall; n » , -^ (^u 
 |beexammvdi»M 
 
 competent, a pilotage certificate shall be granted to 
 Wm containing hw name, a spccificatinn of the 
 ship or ships in respect of which he has been 
 examined, and a description of the limits within 
 nhich he is to pilot the same, sucli limits to be 
 within such jurisdiction as aforesaid; and such 
 ctrtiticatc shall enable the jjcrson therein named 
 10 pilot the ship or any of tho ships therein spcci- 
 iic(l, of which he is acting as master or mate at 
 ihe time, but no other, within tho limits therein 
 ilc^oribcd, Avithout incurring any penalties for 
 the non-employment of a qualified pilot. (Sec. 
 
 31".) 
 Bmewal of Pilotage Certificate.— The pilotage 
 
 co'iitieate so granted shall not bo in force for 
 more than 1 year, unless the same is renewed, 
 nhich may from time to time be done by an in-- 
 tosement under tho hand of the secretary or 
 itlier proper officer of the authority by whom 
 ,uch cortilicate was granted. (.Sec. 341.) 
 
 Board of Trade examine and grant Pilotage 
 
 ftrtiyicote*.— If upon complaint to the Hoard of 
 
 Trade it appear to such Board that any such 
 
 authority as aforesaid has without rcasorable 
 
 cause refused or neglected to exiiiiiine anj' master 
 
 or mate who has applied to them for the purpose, 
 
 or, after he has passed the examination, has 
 
 iriihout reasonable cause refused or neglected to 
 
 mill liim a pilota':jc certificate, or that the ex- 
 
 mination of any such master or mate has been 
 
 onfaiilv or improperly conducted, or that nnv 
 
 terms imposed or sought to be imposed by such 
 
 authority are unfair or improper, or that any 
 
 pilotage cortiflcatc granted by such authority has 
 
 beca improperly withdrawn, the Board of Trade 
 
 may, if in its judgment the circumstances appear 
 
 to requite it, appoint persons to examine such 
 
 master or mate, and if he is found competent may 
 
 gr.jt him a pilotage certificate, containing the 
 
 same particulars as would have been inserted in 
 
 any certificate granted by such pilotage authorities 
 
 IS aforesaid, upon such terms and conditions, and 
 
 subject to such regulations, as such Board may 
 
 think fit; and such certificate shall have the 
 
 sjme effect as if it had been granted by such 
 
 pilotage authority as aforesaid; and such certificate 
 
 shall be in force for 1 year, and may be renewed 
 
 from year to year, either by the said authorities 
 
 ia manner hereinbefore mentioned, or by the Board 
 
 of Trade, if such Board thinks fit, such renewal to 
 
 be indorsed on the said certificate, either by such 
 
 person as the Board of Trade may appoint for the 
 
 purpose, or in manner hereinbefore provia^d as 
 
 to certificates i^rranted by any pilotage authority, 
 
 (Sec. 312.) 
 
 Fm paid upon Certificates a: :d Renewals tliereof, 
 -All masters or mates to or for whom any such 
 pilotage certificates are granted or renewed by any 
 pilotage authority shall pay to such authority, or 
 as it directs, such fees 'upon their respective 
 certificates and upon the renewals thereof as are 
 from time to time fixed for that purpose bv such 
 authority, with the consent of the Board of Trade; 
 «nd all inasters and mates to or for whom any 
 9'i certificates are granted or renewed by the 
 ™rd of Trade shall pay to such Board, or as it 
 Jiects, such fees upon their certificates and upon 
 be renewals thereof as may be fixed bv such Board, 
 » nevertheless that m the case of p'ilotagn certi- 
 fies granted or renewed by the Board of Trade, 
 icn fees shall in no case be less than the fees 
 yablebythe qualified pilots in the. same di^itrict 
 in their licenses and the renewal thereof; and 
 ■h fees shall, in the case of certificates and 
 *al3 granted by pilotace authorities, be ap- 
 'We cither to paying "the expense of the 
 mations, or any other general expeuses con- 
 
 nected with pilotage incurred by such authoritii's, 
 or to tho Pilots' Superannuation Fund of tho 
 district (if any), or otherwise for the benefit oftlio 
 pilots appointed by such authorities, as such 
 authorities think fit ; and such fees shall in tlic 
 case of pilotage certificates granted or renewed by 
 tho Boaird of Trade be app.icablc to tho expense 
 of the examinations, and the surplus (if nny) shall 
 be applied tor the benefit of tho qualified pilots of 
 tho port or district to which such certificate)* 
 apply, in such mnnr.cr as such Boaid thinks lit 
 (Sec. ats.) 
 
 Power to withdraw Pilotage Certificates. — If at 
 any time it niipear to the IJoard of Trnile or to 
 any pilotage authority, that nny master or mate 
 to whom n pilotage certificate has been granted 
 bj^ such Board or authority lias been guilty (•♦' 
 misconduct, or has shown himself incompetent to 
 pilot his ship, such Board or such authority (as 
 the case may be) may thereupon withdraw hi.s 
 certificate, and such certificate shall thenceforth 
 cease to be of any effect whatever. (Sec. 344.) 
 
 Pilot Boat {general). 
 
 Pilot Boats how to be provided, — All boats and 
 ship'j regularly employed in the pilotage service 
 of any district .-hall be approved and licensed by 
 the pilotage authorities of such district, who may, 
 at their discretion, appoint and remove tho 
 masters of such boats and ships. (Sec. 345.) 
 
 Characteristics of Pilot Boats. — Kvery pilot 
 boat or ship shall be distinguished by the follow- 
 ing characteristics, viz. : — 
 
 1. A black colour painted or tarred outside, 
 with tho exception of the names and numbers 
 hereinafter mentioned ; or such other distin- 
 guishing colour or colours as the pilotage 
 authority of the district, with the consent of the 
 Board of Trade, directs : 
 
 2. On her stern the name of the owner and of 
 the port to which she belongs painted in white 
 letters at least 1 inch broad and 3 inches long, 
 and on each bow the number of the license of 
 such boat or ship : 
 
 3. When afloat, a flag at the mast-head or on a 
 sprit or staff, or in some other equally conspicu- 
 ous situation ; srch flag to be of large dimensions 
 compared with tb<« size of the boat or ship 
 carrying the same, and to be of two colour:*, the 
 upper horizontal half white, and the lower 
 horizontal half red : 
 
 And it shall be the duty of the master of sucb 
 boat or ship to attend to the following particu- 
 lars : First, that the boat or ship possess all the 
 above characteristics ; secondly, that the afore- 
 said flag is kept clean and distinct, so as to be 
 easily discerned at a proper distance; and, 
 lastly, that the names and numbers before men- 
 tioned are not at any time concealed ; and if 
 default is made in any of the above particulars, he 
 shall incur a penalty not exceeding 20/. for each 
 default. (Sec. 346.) 
 
 Qualified Pilot to display Flag though not i;„ 
 Pilot Boat. — Whenever any qualified pilot is 
 carried off in a boat or ship not in the pilotage 
 service, he shall exhibit a flag of the above de- 
 scription, in order to show that such boat or ship 
 has a qualified pilot on board; ^nd if he fail to 
 do so without reasonable cause, he sliall incur a 
 lienalty not exceeding 50/. (Sec. 347.) 
 
 Penalty on ordinary Boat displaying Pilot 
 Flag. — If any boat or ship, not having a licensed 
 pilot on board, display a flag of the above-men- 
 tioned description, there shall bo inr.irred for 
 every such offence a penalty not exceeding 50/., 
 to be recovered from the owner or from the 
 master of such boat or ship. (Sec. 348.) 
 
 ■ lij 
 
 I 
 
 ili^' 
 
 .■•! 
 
 *•> .,.'!il'l- 
 
 * * ' - , * * .' 
 
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PILOTS AND PILOTAGE 
 
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 I'iht Llcenne {general). 
 
 Registry of Pilot LIvcime.—'EvcTy qualified 
 pilot nn u'm appointment siiiill receive a license, 
 «untuining liia name nnd uHi.nl place of abode, 
 tof^ctlier with a description of his person, nnd n 
 .spc'ciUcatioii of the limits within Wiiich ho in 
 <]imli(led to net ; and it Hhiill be the duty of the 
 {)rincipat ofliccr of ciistoni.s nt the place at or 
 nearest to which any qiinlilicd pilot nipy reside, 
 upon his request, to refjislcr his liccnsu; nnd no 
 qiinliliod pilot shall bo entitled to act as such 
 until his licenso is so rcj^isterod ; nnd nny quali- 
 fied pilot acting Ixsyond the limits for which ho is 
 qunlilicd by his licenso shnll bo considernd as an 
 unqunlilicd pilot. (Sec. 3l!l.) 
 
 ItegulatioHH to he J'urniahcd in qualified Pilot, 
 ami produced by him, — Kvcry qualitied jnlot shall, 
 upon receiving his license, be furnished w.th a 
 *opy of such part of this Act as relate.! to 
 pilotage, together with a cony of the rntes, 
 bv-laws, and regulations established within the 
 district for which he is licensed ; and he .shall 
 produce such copies to the ninster of any ship, or 
 other person einploj'ing him, when required to do 
 80, under a pennltv in cnsc of default not ex- 
 ceeding 60/. (Sec. S.'JO.) 
 
 Qualified Pilot to pro luce. License to Employer, 
 — Kvery qunlilicd pilot, while acting in that 
 capacity, shall be proviiled with his license, and 
 l)roduco the same to every person by whom be i.i 
 employed, or to whom ho" tenders his services as 
 pilot; and if he refuse to do so at the request of 
 such person, he shall incur for each offence a 
 penalt}' not exceeding 11)/., and shall bo subject 
 to suspension or dismissal by the ])ilotage au- 
 thority by whom he is licensed. (Sec. 351.) 
 
 Licenses to be delivered vp when required Ifc,— 
 Every qualified pilot, when required by the 
 pilotage authority wlio appointed him, shall 
 produce or deliver up his license; nnd on the 
 death of any qualified pilot the person into who.so 
 hands his license happens to fall shall without 
 deliiy transmit the same to the pilotage authority 
 who appointed the deceased pilot ; and any pilot 
 or person failing to comply with the provisions of 
 this section shall incur a penalty rot exceeding 
 10/. (Sec. 352.) 
 
 Compulsory Pilotage (general). 
 Compulsory Pilotage, hoio enforced. — Subject to 
 any alteration to be made by any pilotage 
 authority in pursuance of the ]K>wers in that 
 behalf given, the -;!mployment of pilots shall 
 continue to bo compulsory in all districts in 
 which the same was by law compulsory imme- 
 diately before the time when this Act comes into 
 operation; and all exemptions from compulsory 
 pilotage then existing within such districts shall 
 also continue in force ; and every master of any 
 unexempted ship navigating within anj- such dis- 
 trict who, after a qualified pilot has offered to 
 take charge of such ship or has made a signal for 
 that purpose, cither himself iiilots such ship 
 without possessing a pilotage certificate enabling 
 him so to do, or employs or continues to employ 
 an unqualified person to pilot her, and every 
 master of any exempted ship navigating within 
 any such district who, after a qualified pilot has 
 oAcred to take charge of such ship or has niavie a 
 signal for that purpose, employs or continues to 
 employ an unqualified piloi to pilot her, shall, for 
 every such oHence, incur a penalty of double the 
 amount of pilotage demandable ibr the conduct 
 of such ship. (Sec. 353.) 
 
 Home Trade Passenger Ships to employ qualified 
 pilots, unlets J-c— The master of eveiy ship carry- 
 
 ing passengers between any places sitimt.. ;„ .i 
 United King<lon,, or the -Islnnda of Gw ' ^ 
 Jersey, Sark, Aldemcy, and Mnn, n,„l any 21' 
 place 80 situnto, when mviKiifw^ u|„m a " 
 waters situate within the limits of nnv di i 
 for which pilots are licensed by anv ,,ii„"t"'' 
 authority under the provisions of this nram-dthp 
 Act, or upon any part thereof ho gituaic- sinli 
 unless he or his mnto has n piloUgc, ccttl'lir'n 
 ennbling such mnster or mate to pil„t tl„. .' ,i 
 ship within such district, employ a (lualilied „il , 
 to pilot his ship; and it he fail so to do, ho Ihal ' 
 lor every onciico incur a penalty not e\c«.,lln 
 100/. (.Sec. 354.) ' "• '-'^^'■"'"i,' 
 
 Certificates, how to be granted to Maittr, „„,! I 
 i»/rt/f,*.— Any master or mnte of a ship whii'h bv 
 the preceding section is made subject tn comm,! 
 sory pilotage may apply to the Hoard of Trade f„r 
 11 cortificntc, and the Hoard of Trade shall tljcre 
 upon, on stttisfactorj' proof of his having cont'iii] 
 oiisly piloted any ship within the limits of m I 
 pilotage district or of any part or pnrls thereof i„r 
 two years prior to the commencement of ihij 
 Act, or upon satisfactory proof by exaiuination of 
 his competency, or otherwise as it may deonil 
 expedient, cause to bo granted to him, o'r to iJ 
 indorsed on any certificate of competency orl 
 service obtained by him under this Act, a ccrti-l 
 ficate to the effect that ho is nuthoriseil to piloj 
 any ship or ships belonging to the same owner f 
 and of a draught of water no greater than juchl 
 draughtas may be specified in the certificate wiihiil 
 the limits aforesaid ; and the said certificate shail 
 remnin in force for such time as the noanj 4 
 Triulo directs, and shall enoble the master oi 
 mote therein named to conduct the shiporshipi 
 therein specified within the limits therein ile, 
 scrilied to the some extent os if the preceding 
 section had not been passed, but not /ariher o 
 otherwise; and every such master or mate shjl 
 upon applying for "such ccrtificnte or for 
 renewal thereof, pay to the Board of Trade on 
 it directs sucii fees not exceeding the fees pavaH 
 on an examination for a master's ccrtilicate ( 
 competency under this Act as the Board of Trail, 
 directs ; and such fees shall be applied la {il 
 same manner i.i which the fees \>ayahk on suolf 
 Inst-mentionud examination arc made applicaWJ 
 (Sec. 355.) 
 
 Rights, Privileges, and Remuneration of F'di 
 (general), 
 
 C_,tallfied Pilot unable to hoard tehiii tdSi 
 to Pilotage. — If any boat or ship, liavin; i 
 qualified pilot on board, leads any ship vhv' 
 has not a qualified pilot on boarll when sac 
 last-mentioned ship cannot from particular c 
 cumstances be boarded, the pilot so leadi 
 such last-mentioned ship shall be entitled to tlij 
 full pilotage for the distance run as if he I 
 actually been on board and had charge of* 
 ship. (Sec. 356.) 
 
 Allowance tn qualified Pilot taken out efii 
 District, — No pilot, except under circuinstiiflf 
 of unavoidable necessity, shall without liii Ml 
 sent be taken to sea or beyond the limii.ifortii^ 
 he is licensed in any ship whatever; and en 
 pilot so taken under circumstances of unavoiU 
 necessity or without his consent shallbeesliik 
 over and above his pilotage, to the sum of W'.fi 
 a day, to be computed from ond inciusire ofla 
 day on which such ship passes the lifflil ". 
 which he was engaged to pilot her, uffo'"! 
 inclusive of the day of his being relumed m tn^ 
 said ship to the place where he was taken r 
 board, or up to and inclusive of sucb day m w 
 allow him, if discharged from the ship, sufficiea 
 
PILOTS AND PILOTAGE 
 
 107.1 
 
 ' places situate in tlic 
 Inlnnds of liHfrnscy, 
 
 Man, and any other 
 mvij^atini; minn any 
 limits of any iliHiritt 
 Asod liy any (lilotai^ij 
 mis of this or any othi" 
 crcof HO iituatc; shall. 
 > a pilotapc. ccrtilicatc 
 ir.ate to pilot tlw said 
 !mploy a (lualilicd (lilot I 
 le fail St) to do, he shall 
 
 penalty not excccdhi,' j 
 
 granted to Matters ml 
 lalc of a sliip wliich hv 
 made subject tn coinpul- 
 ;o the Hoard of Trailc fir 
 ird of Trade shall there- 
 of of his liavinK cnntinu- 
 vitbin the limits of any 
 f part or parts thereof for 
 
 commencement of ttiij 
 • proof by examination ut 
 lerwise as it may ilccm 
 (rranted to him, or to 1* 
 flcato of competency or 
 a under this Act, a cctti- 
 , he is aiithoriscil to pilot 
 nging to the same owner, 
 fater no greater than mA 
 fled in the certificate wiihh 
 nd the 8wd certificate skill' 
 iich time as the Itol d 
 lall enable the master o 
 o conduct the shiporshi 
 lin the limits therein d 
 extent as if the nrccedini 
 
 passed, but not farther 
 such master or mate sh 
 luch certificate or for m 
 o the Board of Trade or s 
 t exceeding the fees payabl^ 
 for a roaster's certilicate e 
 
 s Act as the Board of W 
 ■es shall be applied in ttJ 
 
 h the fees payabh on suJ 
 
 ination arc made applicablej 
 
 ■•>.i Remuneration of ?'M 
 general). 
 
 table to hoard itfeii m» 
 
 Lr boat or ship, havm; I 
 
 oard, leads anv ship vtW, 
 
 pilot on board when sua 
 
 cannot from parUcukt a! 
 
 Tded, the P^'>\.^ Z' 
 rghipshallbcentitMto 
 
 L distance run as if he ' 
 ard and had charge of IP 
 
 UiAed Pilot 'a*w »"' "/ 
 f'Scpt under circ«.« 
 ..gitv, shall AvUhout hi.™ 
 |otbcyondtheUmit.'for;ta 
 
 nv ship whatever; and^ 
 
 Tircumstancesounav. 
 
 this consent shall be e» 
 
 nUotage,tothe8umot* 
 
 tSl^oriandincl.." 
 
 :h ship Pa^f '\T„ 
 need to pilot h"' "r, „ .v 
 f?rhisbe'in|r««n,d^; 
 ,lace where he wf"*, 
 
 irged from the 6h.r,ii^ 
 
 kjiropfr . 
 ,,r rafivinfr 
 
 . ,0 n'tnrn thereto; and in gucli last-mcn- 
 ' n.,i pane he fliall be entitled to his reasonable 
 trtveinncexiH-nsos. (Sec. 86..) 
 PmillH <"» ^''"' feceivinij or Matter offering 
 ■Hale. — Any qualilicd pilot ilemiindin^' 
 and also any martcr ofTcring or 
 Mvinc to iniv pilot, any other rale in respect of 
 ■iioiJfie services, whether greater or less, than tho 
 L|(ir the time being demnndablo by law, shall 
 "reach offence incur a penalty not caccling 10/. 
 
 ffnu/(y on making a Declaration ns to Drought 
 .ij|li„ ^f_lf nnV master, on being rcqupsiod 
 ij.jnvnu„iiflcd pilot having tlio charge of bis 
 iiip to (Icclaf! her drauglit of water, refu-o to do 
 I„,ir himself makes or is privy to any other 
 ^'rjon making a false declaration to such pilot ns 
 1j tuch draught, he shall incur a penalty lor 
 iv^rv such offence not exceeding double the 
 jmciint of pilotage which would Imve been 
 Kjvalilc to the jiilot making stich request ; and if 
 in'v master or titlior person interested in a sliip 
 mio or is privy to any other person mnkir. >,' any 
 fraudulent nltcfalion in the marks on tlie ctcrn 
 .•^leni post of such ship denoting lier drauglit of 
 «ai r the offender shall incur a penalty not 
 ejwW'SOn/. (Sec. a-w.) 
 
 (iMlijiat Pilot to supersede unpialifed Pilot.— \ 
 malifieil pilot aiay superscile nn unqualified pilot, 
 but it shall he lawful for the master to pay to 
 1 wch unqualified pilot a nroportionafe sum for his 
 ser\ice8, ami to deduct the same from the charge 
 of the qualilieil pilot - and in case of dispute the 
 ipilotJjieauthoriiy by wliom the qualified pilot is 
 ; licensed shall detemiine the propr.rtioiiate sums to 
 i ivhidi each party is entitled. ( Sec. 300.) 
 
 fmlltinn unqualified Person acting as Pilot. 
 I -An unqualified pilot assuming or continuing in 
 llhechargcuf any ship after a qualified pilot has 
 lolfercd to take charge of her, or using a license 
 Uhich he is not entitled to use for the purpose of 
 jmakin;; himself appear to be a qnaliHcd pilot, shall 
 Ifor each olTciiee incur a penalty not cxccetling 
 iW, (S.'C.3C1.) 
 Offdjionj on u7iic/i unlicensed Persons may act 
 ifi/ofj,— An unqualified pilot may, within any 
 Wotagc district, without subjecting "himself or his 
 nployer to any pc'.ialty, take charge of a ship as 
 filot lindcr the' following circumstances, viz. : — 
 l\Tien no qualified pilot has oil'ered to take 
 kharge of such ship, or made a signal for that 
 lorpose ; or, 
 ^Vhen a ship is in distress or under circum- 
 |lances making it necessary for the roaster to 
 rail himself of the best assistance which can be 
 ^und at the time; or, 
 
 ^For ihc purpose of changing the moorings of 
 lyship in port, or of taking her into or out of 
 fiT dock, in cases wlicre such act can be done by 
 I unqualified pilot without infringing the rcgu- 
 Itions of the port or any orders which the 
 Vbour master is legally empowered to give. 
 |ec,3C'2.) 
 
 l/.ioW;i(y/or and Itecovery of Pilotage Dues. — 
 
 w following persona shall be liable to pay 
 
 lolage dues for any ship for which the services 
 
 la qualified pilot arc obtained, viz., the owner or 
 
 Tsteticr such consignees or agents thereof as 
 
 fe paid or made thcmsclvcT liable to pav any 
 
 kr charge on account of such ship in the port 
 
 TOt arrival or discharge, as to pilotage inwards, 
 
 lui the port from which she clears out as to 
 
 tige outwards; and in default of payment 
 
 I puotage dues mav be recovered in the same 
 
 ner as penalties of the like amount mav be 
 
 ^Tered by virtue of this Act; but such reco- 
 
 'l saall not take place until a previous demand 
 
 thereof lias been made in writing, and the dues so 
 demanded liave remained unpaid for 7 days afrer 
 the time of Miich demand being made. (Sec. 'M\',l.) 
 Power of Consignees to retain Pilotage Dues 
 paid hy them. —K\eTy consignee and ngint (not 
 being the owner or master) hereby made liable 
 for the payment of pilotage dues in"ros))ett of any 
 ship may, out of any moneys in his hands re- 
 ceived on account of such shijior belonging to the 
 owner thereof, retain the amount of nil duos so 
 paid by him, together with any reasonablo ox- 
 peuMos Ii3 may linvo incurred by reason of such 
 payment or liability. (Sec. aoi.) 
 
 OKFEXOES OK PILOTS (ClKNf.IiAI.). 
 Penalties on tpialified Pilots.— 1( any tiualifiod 
 p'lot commits any of the following oll'eiiccs, 
 viz. : — 
 
 1. Keeps himself, or is interested in keeping by 
 any agent, servant, or other jicrson, niiy ]pulili(! 
 house or place of public entertainment, or sells or 
 is interested in selling any wine, siiiritiious liquors, 
 tobacco, or tea ; 
 
 2. Commits any fraud or other olTcnco against 
 the revenues of Customs or Excise or the laws 
 relating thereto; 
 
 3. Is in any way directly or iiKliroctly con- 
 cerned in any corrufit practices relatiii;^ to" ships, 
 their tackle, furniture, cargoes, crews, or jias- 
 8cnger^, or to persons in distress ut sea or by 
 8hi|>wrcck, or to their moneys, good.", or chattels"; 
 
 4. Lends his license ; 
 
 6. Acts as pilot whilst suspended ; 
 
 C. Acts IS pilot when in a state of intoxication : 
 
 7. Employs or causes to be einiiloycd on board 
 any ship of which he has the ciiHrgu any boat, 
 anchor, cable, or other store, matter, or thing 
 beyond what is necessary for the service of sueli 
 ship, with the intent to enhance the expenses of 
 pilotage for his own gain or for the gain of any 
 other jierson ; 
 
 8. Itefuscs or wilfully delays, when not prc- 
 vtiitcd by illness or other reasonable cause, to 
 take charge of any ship within the limits of hia 
 license upon the signal for a pilot being made by 
 such ship, or upon being required to do so by the 
 master, owner, agent, or consignee thereof, or by 
 any otiicer of the pilotige authory by whom 
 such pilot is licensed, or ny any principal officer 
 of customs ; 
 
 !). Unnecessarily cuts or slips or causes tr) be 
 cut or slipped any cable bclongmg lo any ship; 
 
 10. Refuses, on the request of the master, to 
 conduct the ship of which he has the charge into 
 any port or place into which he is qimlilied to 
 conduct the same, except ou reasonable ground of 
 danger to the ship ; 
 
 11. Quits the ship of wMch he has the charge, 
 without the consent of the master, before tlio 
 ser\-icc for which he was hired has been performed : 
 He shall for each such offence, in addition to any 
 liability for damages at the suit of the person ag- 
 grieved, incur a penalty not exceeding 100/., and 
 be liable to suspension or dismissal by the pilotage 
 authority by whom he is licensed; and every 
 person who i)rocures, abets, or connives nt the 
 commission of any such offence shall likewise, in 
 addition to any such liability for damages as 
 aforesaid, incur a penalty not exceeding 100/., 
 and, if a qualified pilot, shall be liable to sus- 
 pension or dismissal by the pilotage authority by 
 whom he is licensed. (Sec. ijtiu.) 
 
 Penalty on Pilot endangering Ship, Life, or 
 Limb. — If any pilot, when in charge of any ship, 
 by wilful breach of duty, or by neglect of duty, 
 or by reason of drunkenness, doft" any act tend- 
 ing to the immediate loss, destn.ction, or serious 
 
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 1074 
 
 PILOTS AND PILOTAGE 
 
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 damage of such ship, or tending immediately to 
 ondaii);cr tlio life or limb of any person on board 
 such ship ; or if any pilot, by wilful breach of 
 duly or by neglect of duty, or by reason of 
 druni(L'niics3, refuse or omit to do nnv lawful act 
 proper and requisite to be done by liim for pre- 
 ferring such ship from loss, destruction, or serious 
 tlumnge, or for preserving any pcMon belonging 
 ti) or on board of such ship from danger to life or 
 limb; the pilot so offending shall for each such 
 oll'ciico bo deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and if 
 a qualiticd pilot, also be liable to suApensiou and 
 dinnii8Hal bv the authority by which he is licensed. 
 (Sec. 3(11).)' 
 
 Pemtlty on Pilot in Charge of a Ship doing her 
 wilful Injury. — If any person, Ijy wilful misrepre- 
 scnlatiou of circumstances upon wliich the safetj' 
 (if a ship may depend, obtains or endeavours to 
 ohtiMU tlio charge of such ship, sucli person, and 
 every otlier (lerson procuring, abetting, or conniv- 
 ing at the commission of such offence, sliall, in 
 addition to any liability for damages at the suit 
 of tlie jiarty aggrieved, incur a penalty not ex- 
 ceeding 100/. ; and, if the offender be a qualified 
 jiilot, lie shall also be liable to suspension or dis- 
 missal by tlie pilotage authority by which he is 
 licensed. (Sec. 307.) 
 
 General Power of Trinity Hfuse. 
 Power of Trinity House to alter Regulations. — 
 Tlie Trinity House may, in exercise of the general 
 power hereinbefore given to all pilotage authori- 
 ties of doing certain things in relation to pilotage 
 mnttors, alter such of the provisions hereinafter 
 contained as are expressed to be subject to alter- 
 ation by them, in the fame manner and to the 
 fame extent as they might have altered the same 
 if sucli provisions had been contained in any pre- 
 vious Ai.'t of Parliament instead of in this Act. 
 (Sec. ;J()8.) 
 
 Sub-Commissioners and Pilots {Trinity House). 
 Power of Trinity House to appoirit Sub-Corn- 
 missio7iers. — The Trinity House sliall continue 
 to appoint sub-commissioners, not being more 
 than 5 nor less than 3 in number, for the purpose 
 of examining pilots in all districts in which they 
 have been used to maljc such appointments, and 
 may, with the consent of her Majesty in council, 
 but not otiierwise, appoint lilvc sub-commissioners 
 for any other district in whicli no particular pro- 
 vision is made by any Act of Parliament or char- 
 ter for the appointment of pilots ; but no pilotage 
 district already under the authority of any sub- 
 commissioners, appointed by the Irinity House, 
 sliall be extended, except with such consent as 
 nfcresaid, and no sub-commissioners so appointed 
 shall be deemed to be pilotage authorities within 
 the meaning of this Act. (Sec. 369.) 
 
 Trinity House to license Pilots to act within certain 
 Limits. — The Trinity House shall continue, after 
 due examination by themselves or their sub-com- 
 missioners, to appoint and license under their com- 
 mon seal pilots for the purpose of conducting ships 
 within the limits following or any portion of such 
 limits ; that is to say : — 
 
 1. * The London District,' comprising the waters 
 of the Thames and Medway as high as London 
 Bridge and Rochester Bridge respectively, and 
 also the scaa and channels leading thereto or 
 therefrom as far as Orfordness to the North and 
 Duuf^cness to the South ; so nevertheless that no 
 pilot shall be hereafter licensed to conduct ships 
 both above and below Gravesend : 
 
 2. ' The English Channel District,' comprising 
 the seas between Dungeness aud the Isle of 
 Wight: 
 
 8. 'The Trinity House Outport District »',nn, 
 prising ony pilotage district for the a|ip(,in(ni<n f i 
 pilots within which no particular pro,«i„„ j,, ' f ' 
 by any Act of Parliament or charter. (See t-'i 
 
 Publication of Notice of Licenses nfPii,^,'i, i 
 Trinity House -Huhjcct i.o any altcraticn tn i,' 
 mode by the 1 rinit.y House, the name of ull nil, 
 licensed by the Trinity House shall be publ Lhll 
 in manner following, viz. : — 
 
 1. The Trinity House fhall at their louw . I 
 London fix up a notice specifving the iiamc ir 
 usual jilaco of abode of every pilot so ilccnv''" 
 and the limits within which he is liccnscil to ,iit 
 
 2. The Trinity House shall transmit n com ,V 
 such notice to the Commissioners of Ctistnni.' 
 London, and to the principal officers of oiisi, 
 resident at all ports within the limits forwlii, 
 such pilot is licensed; and such notice ihalHd 
 posted up by the coinmi-sioiiers at the Cu'tn 
 house in London, and by such officers at tld 
 custom-houses of the ports at which thovnrn- 
 spectively resident. (Sec. 371.) 
 
 Bonds to be (/iucn.— Subject to nnv altiraii, 
 to be made by the Trinity House, every Triiii 
 House pilot on bis appointment sliall cxcuv 
 bond for 1007. conditioned for the ijiie observe 
 on his part of the regulations and by-l.iw« nf n 
 Trinity House, such bond to be free from stam 
 duty, and from any other charge except the am 
 expense for preparing the same. (Sec. 311) 
 
 Liability limited.— No qualilled pilot iiii 
 executed such bond as is hcreinbcfori' montii 
 shall be liable for neglect or want of skill \m. 
 its penalty and the amount of pilotnge payaMo 
 him in respect of the voyage on which he i^a 
 gaged. (Sec. 373.) 
 
 Continuance and Renewal of Licenies,-$\i\jt 
 to any alteration to be made by the Trinitv \U^ 
 no license granted by them shall coiiiiLue 
 force beyond the 31st day of .Tnniiarj- next roi 
 iug the date of such license; but the same m 
 upon the application of the pilot holding s 
 license, be renewed on such 31st ('avof Jam 
 in every year, or any subsequent day, hv 
 ment Under the hand of the Secretarj- of ll 
 Trmitj' House, or such other person as mar 
 appointed by them for that purpose. (Sec, oli. 
 
 Power to revoke and suspend Licenm.-T 
 Trinity House shall have power to revokf 
 suspend the license of any pilot appoinled 
 them, in such manner and at such time as 
 think lit, (Sec. 375.) 
 
 Compulsory Pilotage {Trinity Hom], 
 Penalty on Masters employing vnlicnstdfiA 
 — Subject lo any alteration to be made bvf 
 Trinity House, aiid to the exemptions licitinilj 
 contained, the pilotage districts of the Im 
 House within which tlie employment of pil* 
 compulsory are the London district, and fhc Tiii 
 House outport districts, as hereinbefore dffii 
 and the master of every ship navigating ii'ill 
 any part of such district or districts, who. alw 
 qualified pilot has offered to take charge of a 
 ship, or has made a signal for that purpose, (if 
 himself pilots such ship without possesid 
 certificate enabling him so to do, or emplonl 
 continues to employ an unqualified person lo(< 
 her, shall for every such offence, in «dditi«| 
 the penalty hereinbefor' specified, if tbe "W 
 House certify in writing under their conmwj 
 that the prosecutor is to be at liberty to fy 
 for the recovery of such additional penalliiH 
 an additional penalty not exceeding Sife" 
 60 tons burden of such ship. (Sec. 376.) j 
 Trinity House to insure comtant Sypplfm 
 lifted Pilots at 2>unp«n«*.— Subject tou.rwl 
 
PILOTS AND PILOTAGE 
 
 1076 
 
 utport District!",' com- 
 for the appoinlimiu of 
 Icular provision is ina.li 
 or charter. (Sep. »7im 
 f Licenses 0/ Pilofi (11/ I 
 .0 any alteration tn 1« | 
 e, tlie name of ail \>il"i< 
 )U80 shall lie puUishcil] 
 
 shall at thoir 1 oiiw .5 1 
 pccifyinf! tlio name nmi 
 pverv pilot B» liccnMill 
 ,ch lio is licensed to aft ; I 
 sliall transmit a cojiy .[I 
 nissioncrs of Custom* iii| 
 icipal officers of n\f\<- 
 liin the limits fotviii(ii| 
 anil 8iich notice •lialU«| 
 nir'sioncrs at the Cu8t"i 
 
 by such officers at tlitl 
 arts at which theyMPttl 
 iCC. ii? 1 .) ,1 
 
 Subject to any Mm\m 
 initv House, every TriMH 
 ipoiiitment shall exfiw 1^ 
 nc<l for the due obsorvr.cd 
 ilations and by-l.w? "I M 
 end to be free from stamj 
 Mr charRC except the «aui| 
 the same. (Scc,3r.'.l 
 No iiualiiicd pilot whn 
 H is hcreinbeforo nifntunj 
 fleet or want of skill M 
 mount of pilotaRepaynUetl 
 J voyage on which m i^ « 
 
 Renaval of I'i>^er,te».-^lf 
 cmadcin'theTrmityll.^ 
 bv them shall comu.uM 
 ,stdnvof.lammryn«m<J 
 
 U license; but the ^an"'* 
 
 „ of the pilot liolff ■ 
 
 on such 31st ^"nyf'l>" 
 subsequent d»y, by m«^ 
 
 ind of the Secretary of tl 
 
 "uch other person ^^»»y 
 
 for that purpose. 
 
 (Sfc.o'Jl 
 
 ill 
 
 nd suspend I''«'""--'l 
 ■have power to revoke I 
 
 of any pilot aPP , 
 and at such time as I 
 
 I such offence, in W^ 
 Wor specified, .iff' 
 Irriting 1 
 
 Irritinc under tneu <- j 
 
 icr 
 
 Jotage (Trinity JIo<^f 
 
 alteration to be mad M 
 'to the exemptions -"« 
 
 'XedtotK»'?-^'l 
 ;gS^\hatpvrp«^ 
 
 ^'•" '° \"nfidP^i^«""1 
 
 •for 
 
 ting """■ ■ ,,,^y to ftM 
 
 tion to be made by tlio Trinity House, a sufficient 
 number of qi'ftlifled pilots shall always be ready 
 10 i«kc char ;e of Bhips corainR from the westward 
 Mit Duiweiisss; and tbe Trinity House shall 
 Like such rcgnlationg with respect to the piloU 
 under their control as may bo necessary to provide 
 (oranunintcrmitted supply of (lualiiicd pilots for 
 such ships, and to insure their constant attend- 
 ance upon and due jierforraanco of tlieir duty both 
 bv ni"ht and day, whether by cruisinj,' between 
 liie South Foreland and DiiiiKencss, or by goinR olV 
 from shore upon signals made for the purpose, or 
 bvboili such means, or by any other means, and 
 ithethcr in rotation or otherwise, as the Trinity 
 |l„use think fit. (.Sec. 377.) . , „., 
 
 Ship cmiiiff past Dnngeness without Pilot to take 
 Ijitjirit nualijied Pilot who o/f<T».— Subject to miy 
 alteration to be made by tlie Trinity House, (!very 
 uiastor of anv ship coining from the westward. 
 and bound to" any place in tlie rivers Thames and 
 Medwav (unless "she has a qualified pilot on bunrd 
 I' \> exempted from compulsory pilotage), .sliall, 
 utho arrival of such ship off Dungcuess. and 
 ikncjfiirtb until she has passed the South lluiiy 
 „( the Drake, or a line to be drawn from Sandown 
 Castle to the said buoy, or imtil a qimliticd pilot 
 ta cunie on board, display and keep flying the 
 u'ual Minial for a pilot ; and if any qualidcd pilot 
 i-witliiii liai!, or is approacliing and within ^ mile, 
 .inilhas the proper distinguishing flag flying in 
 IJj W, such master shall, by heaving to in pro- 
 l«ttimeiir shortening sail, or by any practicable 
 aeans consistent with the safety of bis ship, facili- 
 tate sucb pilot getting on board, and shall give 
 the fliargc of piloting his ship to .such pilot; or if 
 there arc two or more of such pilots otfering at 
 tbesametimc, to such one of them as may, ac- 
 cordinc to the regulations for the time being in 
 force, be entitled or required to take such charge ; 
 and if any such master fail to display or keep 
 ying the usual signal for a pilot in manner 
 itreinbfl'ore required, or to facilitate any such 
 iiuliiieil pilot as aforesaid getting on board 
 hereinbefore required, or to give the charge 
 piloting; his ship to such pilot as before mcn- 
 ioned, he shall incur a penalty not exceeding 
 louUe the sum which might have been de- 
 landed for the pilotage of his ship, such penalty 
 be paid to the Trinity House, and to be carried 
 the account of the Trinity House Pilot Fund. 
 lSeo.;i;8,) 
 Eimptions from compulsory Pilotage. — The fol- 
 iog ships, when not carrying passengers, shall 
 
 in the 
 
 such ship. 
 
 Ss:i»^ 
 
 : exempted from compulsory pilotage 
 bndon district, and in the Trinity House out- 
 fcrt dijliicts ; viz. :— 
 
 1 1. Ships employed in the coasting trade of the 
 Initd Kingdom : 
 ■'. Ships of not more than 60 tons burden : 
 
 . Ships trading to Boulogne or to any place 
 lE'iropc north of fioulcgne : 
 Ii Ships from Guernsey, Jerscj', Aldemey, Sark, 
 IMan, which are wholly laden with stone being 
 |e produce of those islands: 
 |5. Ships navigating within the limits of the 
 T to which they belong: 
 
 ^ Ships passing through the limits of any 
 
 jotii;e district on their voyages between two 
 
 "^i^"' *''"*'■*' ""' "'^ """'^'^ limits, and not 
 ; bound to any place within sucli limits, nor 
 tonng therein. (Sec. 879.) 
 
 Sates of Pilotay: {Trinity House). 
 
 .'l"/^**"?*-— Subject to any alteratioi to 
 
 imM bythe Trmity House, there shall con- 
 
 Tie tobe paid to all Trinity House pQcts, in 
 
 "«' of their piloUge serWces, such dues as are 
 
 immediately before the time when this Act comes 
 into operation payable to them in respect of such 
 services. (Sec. 380.) 
 
 Certificate of Payment of Pilotage to be given. — 
 Subject to any alteration to be made by tho 
 Trinity House, the collector of customs shall, on 
 receiving any pilotage dues in respect of foreign 
 ships, give to the person paying the same a receipt 
 in writing ; and no officer of cu.stimis in the port 
 of Lon<lon shall grant a clearance or transiro for 
 any such foreign ship as aforesaid without the 
 production of such receipt ; and if any such ship 
 attempts to go to sea without such clearance or 
 transiro, any such oHiccr may detain her until the 
 said receipt is produced. (Sec. 3H->.) 
 
 Application of such Moneys by Trinity House. — 
 Subject to any alteration t.) be made by the 
 Trinity House, the said collector shall pay over 
 to tho Trinity Hou.se the pihitage dues receiveii 
 l)v him in respect of any foreign ship ; and the 
 'Iriiiily House shall apply the same in manner 
 following : — 
 
 1st, in paying to any pilot who may bring 
 sudicient proof of his having had tho charge of 
 such ship such dues as would have been payable 
 to him for such pilotage service if tho ship had 
 been a llritish ship, after deducting therefrom tlio 
 poundage duo to the Trinity llouse> 
 
 2iu'. in paying to any unlicensed person who 
 may bring sullicicnt proof of bis having, in the 
 absence of n licensed pilot, bad tho charge of such 
 ship, such amount as the Trinity House may 
 think proper, not exceeding the amount wbicli 
 would under similar circumstances have been 
 payable to a licensed pilot, after deducting 
 poundage: — 
 
 And 3rd, shall pay over to the Trinity House 
 Pilot Pund the residue, together with all pound- 
 age deducted as aforesaid. (.Sec. 383.) 
 
 Settlement of Difference as to Draught of 
 Ship. — Whenever aiiy differences arise between 
 the master and the (lualitied pilot of any Hbi|) 
 trading to or from the jiort of London as to her 
 draught of water, the Trinity House shall, ui)on 
 application by either i)artv, 'made, in case of a. 
 ship inward-bound, within 12 hours after her 
 arnval or at some time before she begins to dis- 
 charge her cargo, and in the case of a ship out- 
 ward-bound before she quits her moorings, appoint 
 some pro|)er olHcer who shall measure the ship, 
 and settle the difference .accordin-^iy ; and tlieie 
 shall bo paid to the officer mea.!uring such ship, 
 bj' the party against whom lie decides, the follow- 
 ing sums, viz. 1/. Is. if the ship be below and 
 10*. (id. if the ship be above the entrance of the 
 London Docks at Wapping, (Sec. 384.) 
 
 Pilot Fund {Trinity House). 
 
 Payments to be made to the Pilot Fund. — Subject 
 to any alteration to be made by the Trinity House, 
 there shall continue to be paid to them, ami 
 carried over to the Trinity House Pilot Fund, the 
 sums of money following, viz. : — 
 
 (1.) A poundage of Gd. in the pound upon the 
 pilotage earnings of all pilots licensed by the 
 Trinity House : 
 
 (2.) A sum of 3/. 3s. to be paid on January 1 
 in every year by every person licensed by "the 
 Trinity House to act as pilot in any district not 
 under the superintendence of sub-commissioners, 
 or in any part of such district : 
 
 And any qualifled pilot giving a false account of 
 his earnings, or making default in payment, of 
 any sum due from him under this section, shall 
 forfeit double tho amount payable, and shall 
 further be liable, at the discretion of the Trinity 
 House, to suspension or dismissal, (Sec. 885.) 
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PILOTS AND I'lLOTAOK Ac. 
 
 1077 
 
 UaJiniliim of t'mnl.— SuUjw.t til niiy prior 
 
 rImtL'iH milmixlinx tliiT Ilic Trinity IIiiimi! 
 
 I'il.ii Kiinil nlmll lHM!li«rj{<'iil>l'' i" <•»' HrHi iiiHiiiiu;)! 
 „il, ,iii'li fXiii'ii-i'H «H tliti Trinity llmiif iiiiiy 
 ,l„lv iiuiir ill in'rl'iirmiiiK llii'ir iliilicHiii ri'^iHrl 
 ,il iiildl:* mill |iil"liiK«'i '"""' ""'■'' I'liyiiioiii ilii'rriii' 
 .lull Ih' mlniiiiinlirril liy tlit? 'I'rinily IIiuihh I'l.r 
 
 ,1,,, iMiiiIlt (pI Hurh |iili>l!t litc'iiKt'il liy ttu'iii al'li-r 
 ikiiilK-r I, WiX iw iiri! iiii'ii|iariluti'<l fur ilm per- 
 kiiiiiniT ol'llicir (liily l>v r«n.soii nf iij;.'. iiillrmily, 
 ur irtiili'ii'i "' "I' 'I'" »'''"«'* '""' <'liililri'M til' pilipiH 
 (II lirtiiHfil, IT "I Kiii'l' iiK'iipiuulati'il pilutit tiiily. 
 (Sec. Wti.) 
 
 UimiHlmnit of Siili-OimminHliiiifrii hij TtinUi/ 
 
 lliiuart of Hull ilHil Newiualli', 
 S'liidii ilH7 iiiitlii<ri.H<^H tlm riirpiiriitiDiw <if tliii 
 Triiiiiy ll<iii'*iH "if Hull ami Ntiwcimllii tu appoint 
 MilirtimnilH»lipiiiT» lor lli« piirpoMu of I'xaniiniiiK 
 iiiliilH in all ilitiriclH in wliicli they huvu been used 
 lu make Biuli n|ip"'''l""^"'''' 
 
 Sneiiiij of Oiniira' iiiul Muttrra' Uiijhla. 
 UmiM'Mi» of l.iahilitifof Ownrr irlirre I'tlolnije 
 ;, .iimym/jiin'.— No owner or niuitter of any Hliip 
 ►Imll U' uiiswcrnlilu to any pernon wlialiiver for 
 mv liiss or ilaiiui),'" oeoiiHioneil liy the fault or 
 iiMjioiitv of anv ipialilleil pilot noting in eharne 
 III lucli sliip witliiu any diHlriit where the ein- 
 llnvimiit of siicU pilot ia compulsory by law. 
 
 Ammi if Oil' lMf» chtmjril for the I'ilotinj* nf 
 Yoult, anil of the other Vharyti ujfvctiiiij them 
 kllit uniUrmentioited I'urtn, 
 
 AlW.MiV.V.fi, 
 
 Toiinuge Duty, 
 
 CIml.-Kitfill'wwIittior fnim anj |iU«-r iM'twwm FUm- f. i/. 
 Iwuilili Hull im llif «iulliw«nl,niiili:n|i« Wrnlli nil 
 i«f luflh. ninillnK ii^"*!" |>»««i"K lliriMiKli lli>! <:»l<'- 
 ilonliti liul Forlh ami <:i}ili> <'anal<, lillt InLludlnt llio 
 ikkinj Mil !ihill«iiil Ul«^, Iwrii-KUiw lull - - 'i 
 
 Cliu J.-Tu ot fnim ill M\\et |i4>ru or iilucm In lireiil 
 Hnuininit Iri-lanil • • ".:**'* 
 
 Clu.f.TiiiKltoni 111 i«ru "f Kiiroiw 111 the norlli».irit 
 if liihnlur, liicluilltiK Ihr l'«n»rle<, WiMMil lalmliU, 
 M«lmi,Ai««, lluiim»e». jCTM'j.AlilrFnejl, W.irk, Ilia 
 I'uiir Mn and Uriaiill, umi iIic »hiile uf lli« llalllu uiiil 
 WluKSm . - ■ - • U U 
 
 llii»4,_All uini nil th« MUcrn roMl of North Ainorirn, 
 wliKiini; IJnniUiiil ■ml l>a»U'. Slr«iu IWifrin, nil 
 irnli «ililii lli« »lr»lu of (illiralur and W. toul of 
 .Ainu, 4ifar S. aKlliaTriiilc uf (^aiutir -10 
 
 ri« L.Tha Will IiidlM.uid III |wn«wlllilll llw Tro|ilcl 
 <l I ipricom and raiiirtr * - * • 1 6 
 
 !':.». I1...UI Tf«M!l» naviKalInu to tlto aotithward of tli« 
 and 
 
 'i'lufic of Cajjm-urn, and all ulll«r |)artt uf iIia wuild 
 
 Lradmg Lights, Tid^' .'ier Liyht,auil FUtij l)ue». 
 
 All fnitli under 10 tont 
 mtoniandundvr /ill 
 »l „ HO 
 
 VI „ UK) 
 
 li>i „ lltil 
 
 I'W „ !I1I0 
 
 xuu loot and upward* 
 
 • I II 
 ■ I (i 
 
 • -t 
 
 - t li 
 
 . ^ II 
 
 • 5 1! 
 . 4 
 
 The above rates arc payable for all vessda 
 tnteting the harbour. 
 
 ruotaga 
 
 Klr.1 
 
 !)Fcond 
 
 Tliird 
 
 lloU 
 
 UoU 
 
 Uoat 
 
 VmdimderWIoni . 
 
 1. d. 
 i 11 
 
 ,. d. 
 .1 
 
 >. d. 
 « 
 
 .« low and under .W . 
 
 A 
 
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 3 1) 
 
 21 " *■■" • 
 
 7 
 
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 9 
 
 •»SD torn and ai-i»e 
 
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 10 
 
 Bu/imj.— All ships or vessels furnished with 
 Mlkit by the Aberdeen Harbour Commissioners 
 Wf 1». per ton. 
 
 Ballast put on board 1», per ton, discharged 
 M;. and Ad. pet hour for each man attending the 
 
 Vessels to pay half dues on first voyage, if sail- 
 
 ing ill liallaiit ; hut if landing gooiln, tu pay full 
 
 tlUt'H. 
 
 Vi'hni'Ih I'lilrriiig till" harlioiir for wifftv, nr 
 winillioiiiiil, mill nut lireakiii^ liiilk, to pay half 
 iIih'h; liiit il lliry lirniU liiilk, or lake in );imiiN 
 (Nl'iri'i lor llu'ir own nie I'M'epleil), to pay lull 
 
 lUll'H. 
 
 One arrival and one Hailing to eoiiHlitiile u 
 vovage. 
 
 Vi'hki'Ih renialning in llie harbour after il calen- 
 dar niiiiilli.i (ami 11 days allnweil Inr loading and 
 ilim'liargin^') lo pay lit. iht re^i^ler Ion per 
 eidi'iiilar nionlli, and for each pari of a inoiith, in 
 advaiii'i'. 
 
 It hliall he in llie opliiin nf Ihe triiHleoi* to 
 eliarge eillier llie iliieit on the vnyaj^e, iiiwardit or 
 oiitwarilK, al Ihe laleH Hperilled in Ihe foregning 
 lalile, ai'i'onling to lliedinlanee; and if llieeharKu 
 he made on ihe vovage oiilwardH, there hIuiII he 
 deilneli'il from it tlin anionnl of iliieH that may 
 have lieeii |irevioii><ly paid on Ihe voyage inwards ; 
 liiit if Hiii'h vi'iHi'ls nail in liallimt, they nhall liu 
 ehar^ed with iliieK on Ihe inward voyage only. 
 
 Kxeniplions for shipping, not including loading, 
 lighlH lie, or pilotage — 
 
 All open liiiaiM nmler the burden of 10 tuns lo 
 he exempted from iliieH. 
 
 All nliipH, Hteamers, ur vesNids having inado 
 50 voyiigin in any one year, IVoni .laniiary In 
 l)e('eniber ineliiHive, Hliall pay no mine harlmiir 
 dues fur any additional voyages uiadu by them 
 within the Name year. 
 
 Vessels sailing Iruni the harbour and put back 
 by stress of weather, or other cause, without hav- 
 ing aceompliHhed the voyage, shall nut bu liablu 
 in additional dues for sneh rclurns. 
 
 All Hhilis or vessels belongin<; to, ur exclusively 
 employed in the service of, lur Majesty, the (jiis- 
 tiiins, Kxeise, ur I'ost-ulllce, or of the (^onimis- 
 sioiiers of the Norlhern I.ighlhonscs, ur of the 
 Corporation of the Trinity House uf Dejitford 
 Stroud, III be exempted from dues. 
 
 Vessels bona llde ('iiiployed in the white fishery 
 to lie exempted from the )iaymeiit uf harlsnir 
 dues, ]iroviiled they have no cargo, on Isiard but 
 the. lish caught, and their stores and tishury iiu- 
 pleinenls. 
 
 Avii. 
 Tonnage Duet, ,. ^, 
 
 VnMola iiniler W tnnN iVKitlur - 
 
 . 
 
 - IWT lOli 
 
 
 
 •i 
 
 'i'l and under .Ml lona ri'Klitcr 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 'ill „ 
 
 IIKl „ 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 J' 
 
 lull luiia and 
 
 U|iwurda 
 
 • 
 
 » 
 
 u 
 
 
 Anchuraijc JJuei. 
 
 
 
 
 Veaai-Ii iiniiifr vu lona rnul^ti.'r • 
 
 
 iwr veaavl 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 Uil mid und 
 
 I 411 tuna reiiiatvr 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 <i 
 
 411 „ 
 
 lilt „ 
 
 
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 'i 
 
 
 ■•> 11 
 
 Sll „ 
 
 
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 ■t 
 
 
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 IIHI „ 
 
 
 
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 list 
 
 l.'-l 
 
 
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 4 
 
 
 l.'-l 
 
 "IK) „ 
 
 
 
 .'1 
 
 
 ItiHJ lona and 
 
 ujiwarda 
 
 
 I* 
 
 7 
 
 u 
 
 Fur eveiy vessel remaining in harbour longer 
 than '21 lawful days, per mouth additional, per 
 ton 'Id. Kvery lighter from any vessel shall bo 
 exempt from dues ; but if any vessel do nut enter 
 the harbour, fur each lighter, fur each trip, per 
 ton2</. 
 
 Planhage and Shutet, 
 
 >. i. 
 
 Foi p*«ry vcaafi of llm burden of 'iO tona and not riceedlnir 
 
 'ib liDiN • • - • |ivr Tvaael U fi 
 
 li'i liul not urewling 100 tona - - „ 1 II 
 
 loDand U|iwarda - - ■ „ X li 
 
 Hawser Dues. 
 
 Every vmael undf-r 100 toiu ualng any hawicr the projierty 
 
 of the truflle.<a ... pet veaid 6 
 
 lIK) tona and upwarda • - ,,10 
 
 Pilotage. — Coasting vessels IJrf. per registered 
 ton, oversea vessels id. per registered ton. 
 
 \ 
 
 i.f 
 
 '« 
 
 
 'r 
 
 V ■ 
 
 I 
 
1078 
 
 PILOTS AND I'lLOTAOK &c. 
 
 f'.t 
 
 Towag*. — 40 toni and tipwardii {d. per ton, Oom the iiutormuat buoy. Ili^'lier rati 
 and if \\m\(i tlio txiat cither oiitwurdH or inwardH | further diNtnncoii. 
 }(/. per tun oxtra each way. Thunu ratOH to and | Uulliut, — I'ut on board Oc/.p«r ton ;iliTCbari{ctl,|>/. 
 
 AltUltoATII. 
 
 ^1 
 
 i ,•- 
 
 i. f » 
 
 
 A] 
 
 Harbottf l)w«.-On vnMUnavt|i«lli)«lulh«MiUlh(^ the 
 
 'I'mplr i»n'«ipr|ntin .... 
 
 On vniM'la imvlKuiiiiK iK-iwetft (lie K<|iiatt>r anil lli« TropUi 
 
 of t'.iiirl('(>rii ..... 
 
 (hi v*»atl« iiavlKAiInK lirtwmn ih* Tr(>|ili: of f'aitier nml 
 
 ll>** Kiiiialor ..... 
 
 On >at-U ii«v||[Allt)M t(i anil I'mio iinjr port In Niillli 
 
 ? trkwi, anirwlthin thv Ntnttu uf OlIirMliAr 
 On * tfli navlKatiittf lu aiul I'nmi anv i*t>rt In Nurwny, 
 
 mirth of iNruiiihvIni. Atntett Mutftlra, or TrnirtiK* 
 
 ItlaniU • • • • - ■ 
 
 On v»«i»«l« navlitnllnit to anil fVoin •tny |Mirt bHwrt'ii 
 
 (liltraltar ami Itunktrk, mu\ nnv ^lori ni Ihu IliiHIr 
 On vr<MHil« niiTlaulhiK In anil hum any |>orl In (Iruut 
 
 Hrltain ...-.■ 
 On tr>avli wlih roala or Mine fhini any port In Orfal 
 
 Mrliain, I'lcvplInK Hrotlanil 
 On vi>>iM>U with i'uaU itr llniu from nnv l«<rt hi Nrullaiul, 
 
 and all vitwrU rnKaK«^l In Iha lirrriiiK lr>iili' - 
 On at! Bi*ain*vit«MU, with iMMtntt^r* «nil thiflr Iukhak^' 
 
 tii-lui.lvi'lv, fViMii aru |Hirt In UriMii tlnialn . 
 All aitfatn-vcMvli, wiih himnI* itnil itaKM'n^friif in pny 
 
 Ihu RAuie rairt A* ikallhiK ^i^*^lit 
 On vnu'U rnierhiff ihv linrtH>ur lur itfuK* hnir the aIkivk 
 
 iluM rtrv lo ti« ('h.irK<'tl. 
 All YriM'li rvnialnlMft m hurbniir, lifXvt U inimlhi, to pay 
 
 X't. fHt ton iwr iniinih. in ailvanct'. 
 VrMrU loatllnK IT iinloailinK iiooiU, ur ballaili to pay In 
 
 name uf plank ntunry, vti. i— 
 
 i. 
 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1) 
 
 .1 
 
 u 
 
 .1 
 
 u 
 
 ii 
 
 I) 
 
 '4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 On vMMli luuliir «0 tora 
 
 10 aiul unttar M lora 
 
 .VI 
 KNI 
 1V> 
 VIM) 
 
 y.Mi 
 
 .VMI 
 SMI 
 
 imi 
 I. Ml 
 wm 
 
 tM 
 Ml 
 ,VMI 
 
 4(HI 
 
 ItMl toii« iind upwnnl* 
 
 UfUl — 
 Ixicnl liHr- 
 Ixmr lliilil, 
 Ji/, per Kill 
 
 on rut'h 
 
 fiilli'ii 
 <lu« 111. 
 (»r ri'K. 
 
 tun. 
 
 l*Uii4ilgt tn nmt t>utf\flkt Har- 
 bour — I'ntiiilInK vt%»el«, h- 
 tlvii fir 111 tutllajit, M. iwr 
 reKlHli-r tun. 
 
 All VftMfU finliliijMt In tli« 
 fiirflitn irMie, .IJil. |Hrr 
 rtfitiblcr till), 
 
 Vnai-U mil lug rf-f\jgv, 't\d. 
 twr rvitUtcr Ion, 
 
 Anil III Ailtlittun to th« aboi*, 
 iin 
 
 VrHM'la iiniler 4(1 torn, M. 
 •Ill niul uiiitur HI I tiiii*. I J, 
 
 H() „ IINI 
 Hill „ I'^l 
 I'^ll „ l.ll 
 IMI „ I HO 
 IHtl and upwnriU 
 
 l<, M 
 
 HI. 
 'tt. M, 
 
 U. 
 
 • I 8 
 
 • a II 
 
 • « I, 
 
 - 3 II 
 
 • 3 6 
 
 • « II 
 
 • i • 
 
 • « (I 
 -i^_ • « « 
 KMul. ~ 1 1,,' 
 
 1 ll<l|(ii (it Ulli,, 
 V'UlMrroiii 'd (, 
 l«. p»r ii,n, ih, 
 Pulin ]Tjr.h*i 
 ln» »l«pi« lit,,, 
 n> h«il rliMp«i. 
 
 ■nd mil utldri I! p 
 inanngrmtiit i^ 
 •ny parly. 
 
 Tlio rhiirn» for liatlniur dun, MkIiIii, ami pllMafr, Ittlnl i 
 _ the Alt 'i Vict, c. 18, by Ilia HarLuur lammWoiwn, 
 
 ltl!:i,KABT. 
 
 TVnndi^,— For every tan of tUc tiurili'n ofever^r vcanel ronilntf Into the tiarlmur of lii-KHnl, eicept llmiuitli itrHiof waathtr.U 
 
 V.'^r;'i' 'i!'.!..'.'.".'.'"" V«,..l. with llrilLh L....Y''"'-'* "."' 
 
 I'llolaiiD 
 
 , 'alr'ilU'SimTr' '"Ki«l»rH .rrl.liiK 
 arnviiiK iiom ur fr,,,,. „^ SAllinir n» 
 ;Haili„na„ a Kurelp, Ti:;,:^t^i^' 
 
 VoyaKU 
 
 Fur nil vc«»rl» rarryl iff nienhnntllM*. or pauvngrrv 
 cDmlim Iroin m'A InlnOurinoytr, ur lu ihe iiufiy. and 
 uuliiH iruin ihi> i|u»i in Oain.uytetur to iht* wu: 
 l3 tout and uiiUvr vo loiu 
 
 vo 
 
 
 30 „ 
 
 
 *) 
 
 
 40 ,. 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 ill „ 
 
 
 ftO 
 
 
 BO „ 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 VO 
 
 
 ;» 
 
 
 Ml „ 
 
 
 lUI 
 
 
 !K> „ 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 IIHI „ 
 
 
 1(10 
 
 
 111! ,, 
 
 
 III) 
 
 
 \W „ 
 
 
 1X0 
 
 
 130 „ 
 
 
 130 
 
 
 140 „ 
 
 
 14(1 
 
 
 IMl „ 
 
 
 IJO 
 
 
 !>'» » 
 
 
 ISO 
 
 
 IT> .. 
 
 
 ITS 
 
 
 V(HI „ 
 
 
 siai 
 
 
 '.'•''(I „ 
 
 
 l-iO 
 
 
 .1.111 „ 
 
 
 SIN) 
 
 
 4INI „ 
 
 
 4IH) ton« 
 
 and 
 
 upwnrilt 
 
 
 t 4. </. 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 1(1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 
 H 
 
 (1 
 
 
 \t 
 
 
 
 
 III 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 II 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 Iti 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 IX 
 
 II 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 £ : d. 
 
 fl 
 
 II 7 fi 
 
 II IX 
 
 l.'i 
 
 IH O 
 
 1 1 O 
 14 
 I 7 O 
 I 10 
 I 1.1 
 I l(i 
 I lU 
 « X o 
 
 X a 
 
 X H O 
 
 XII 
 
 X 14 
 
 3 U 
 
 3 Ii I) 
 
 4 I 
 4 10 
 
 Hleamtnt iriulinH to 
 or from a Tort In 
 the United King- 
 dom 
 
 g t. d. 
 
 4 
 
 .'> 
 
 II H 
 
 10 
 
 IX 
 
 14 
 
 IR 
 
 IH 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 I 4 
 
 I 6 
 
 I H 
 
 I 111 
 
 I IX 
 
 I 14 
 
 I lli 
 
 X 
 
 X 4 
 
 X 14 II 
 
 3 II 
 
 *l.i 
 
 2 
 
 1 6 
 
 
 5 I) 
 
 6 
 J 
 I II 
 9 
 
 II II) I) 
 
 II II 
 
 (I 13 II 
 
 1.1 II 
 II l.i 
 II 17 II 
 I) 19 
 
 1 1 
 1 3 II 
 1 I II 
 I I.- 
 ■i .1 II 
 i i « 
 
 J'ilottiffe, 
 
 Qumjtujc at the Corporation Qtmys, 
 
 Outride the Blnrk neat). or outaidf the buoyoftliL' Itrii^, 
 to 1)11' W'hili'liiui^ti Ku>iii!i: — 
 
 Ve»at'U ot ".'(HI tons and upwariN 
 
 abovi. IIHI niul under '^llll toni 
 nut exceeiliiif{ 1(10 tunr • 
 Ontalde the tirey Point, ur uuiitiile Kllnot I'olnt, to the 
 Whitehoufte Koadii:— 
 
 X'vsseU uf XlHI t(in.( and .ipivariU 
 
 alHive tlHl nlid loiiler '^(Kl toiii 
 nut e:itiHHlJnK KKi Inns - • . 
 
 Thev rhariten are fur out-|iitutA, rtatinneil \\f the cor. 
 noraliun al Gi(Kinii.iiort, lloiiHKliadi-'e.Carrii'krerKvi.., and 
 l»Iniut Maitee, for Ine ai-cumniMlation uf Ktriiii;;t'r!i to the 
 |iurt. tiut It in optional with the maitfra of veittelft to 
 employ them or nut. 
 
 Mooring Buoys. 
 
 At (Jjirmoyle, TeiweU under Xdll tour, |ier wttik • 
 
 At (iitrmo'yle, Tes.seU Vlio and nut cxi-ecding 300 tuns, 
 
 tier week - - • - 
 
 At Oiirnioyte, vetselii ADO torn and upwardi, per week 
 At the auayr, jier tun ... 
 
 lie old channel, per Ion - . . 
 
 2 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Ii 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 l.'l 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 In the G 
 
 1 
 
 1,'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sartd Ballast. 
 
 For eTery ton delivered nt ant place between the Pool of 
 (iarinuyie and llclfast Bridge * * .0 
 
 For every ton delivered in the I'oolof Garmoyle, or tielow 
 It toward* the aea - - - - 
 
 Foreign veiweli to lie charged one-third part more. 
 
 For every ton delivered to any veuel at the ballast wharf 
 
 1 4 
 
 2 
 1 6 
 
 Stone Ballast, 
 
 Common itone ballast, per ton - . .OX 
 
 Hmall sea stone for cotton vessels, per ton . - 3 
 
 An eatra charge of 6i<. per ton if sent from the quays to 
 tiarmoyle. 
 
 .1 
 I) J 
 1 
 
 On vessel* from fureiipi luirls, per ton • 
 On VfvseU ciiafctwnys, jier tun - 
 On all ves^i>l!l loadii.i; outwards, jter ton 
 On lighters loading ur dibi-liiirj{iiig, c.icli 
 
 Vessels discharging frum one to the other pvl 
 Imlf quaynge. 
 
 Vessels are charged half quayage whenlosiWj 
 to the beams only; if above the beams, Ale I 
 (liiayage. 
 
 Steamers to pay per special affrocnioni. 
 
 IaicuI Lights or Beacons. — No charge. 
 
 Note. — Foreign vessels belonging ii> cmiiilna I 
 having treaties of reciprocity with Great Jlriiaw ] 
 are charged with the like rates as are piM by | 
 tiritibh vessels to this corporation. 
 
 UliUWICK. 
 
 Tonnage Dues. 
 
 Every vessel trading between Iterwics and anyplat 
 
 liet'wten Sunderland In that port and Fifeneu 
 Hetwei'ti the llunilH-r and Aiterdeen • 
 
 Between the N. Foreland and Shetland 
 Any other place in Great Britain, ur any pure w 
 
 Ireland • • V u w 
 
 Any place on the coast of Europe between Duniiit 
 
 anil the North Tape • - % p ' 
 
 Any place in the Baltic S a, or on the roart of liimi« 
 
 between Dunkirk and the Straits uf Ulbrallir 
 
 
 U. 
 
 3)4. 
 
riLOTH AND l'II/)TAOE Ac. 
 
 oy. Ili){)i«r nU'H fui 
 III. |)ur ton ; (liHcliari^ml, li/, 
 
 pn>iwll 
 I. i. \ 
 
 • I <i I 
 
 • I 
 
 • » 
 . « 
 . 3 
 . 3 
 
 • ♦ 
 . 4 
 . t 
 
 . ._ t I, ■ 
 
 ih«TH» Kir Ulliit 
 
 f <ut« from ^■l I 
 U. ntr l(in, ih. 
 
 Tiiniiiii/f Ihiin. 
 
 Inn «h«f« It rm 
 b* hill ili«t(i«l, 
 ■nd n<il undrr tl r 
 inaiu^fintnt >i 
 
 /MtHar- 
 
 rMMlit In- 
 
 wl In tli« 
 .-^Ici. |iur 
 
 thfl «bovt, I 
 
 iMtl, It. 
 
 „ 1 1. U. 
 
 „ U. 
 
 „ Vi. 6(<, 
 
 „ Ht. 
 . U. 
 
 Ilalilii, and pllolRM, l«*l«l ute 
 HarlMniT CommlMtMwn. 
 
 I>l ihrouiih una of hmUkt, U 
 
 VrucU not 
 
 
 imi'Ti irntlinK to 
 fVom A Tort III 
 
 VimUWik 
 Htrinwi 
 
 e Unllnl KhiK' 
 
 
 tloin 
 
 
 4 «. W. 
 
 thi. 
 
 4 
 
 II i 
 
 a u 
 
 II ) i 
 
 H I) 
 
 4 1) 
 
 1) 10 1) 
 
 b <l 
 
 U 
 
 8 11 
 
 II 14 
 
 I 
 
 Ifi II 
 
 U 1 II 
 
 IH 
 
 II 9 
 
 1 II 1) 
 
 II m 1 
 
 1 'i 
 
 II 
 
 1 t 1) 
 
 U 11 II 
 
 1 G 1) 
 
 13 11 
 
 1 H I) 
 
 II l> 
 
 1 III II 
 
 11 17 1) 
 
 1 \l a 
 
 14 
 
 1 II 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 IN 
 
 1 3 II 
 
 •I II 
 
 1 « II 
 
 'i 4 1) 
 
 1 1.1 » 
 
 -i 14 1) 
 
 ■I 3 11 
 
 5 
 
 J i 8 
 
 Corjmration Quai/s, 
 
 I. *• 
 |,.erlon- - • JJ 
 
 jl., iHir Ion • • ! ' 
 
 ^^iiiU, tacll ■ • ' 
 
 from one to the other n' I 
 
 ..liiilf quavnj;(!wbcnW«l| 
 if nbovc the beams, 'M'^I 
 
 kr special ni;ri'emcnt. 
 Idcimii.— No cliaije. 
 IsscU bclonKinsw'«"'"f| 
 Iciprocitv with Gwilmifl 
 
 tc liiie"rate8asarepii'lt>y| 
 
 I corpomtion. 
 
 Ijeuwick. 
 nna^e Dues. 
 
 Il«»lci undMiyP'" ,, ~,ioa 
 
 port and FifwBi • \'f] 
 
 pcnlMn • ■ 4 I 
 
 [l Mielland - . 
 
 Btllain, or an> plM W j^ 
 
 lurope 'between """'"I y. 
 
 l,„nihtn»tofEi«1« ^^ 
 llrilB of Ollirall" " ^ 
 
 V r, ,M«#I Irrtdtnn ****'•'"**''''' * '""' ""' l»'a<^ 
 
 ilw While "••"I "» "1 "'" M"lil«".<n»«n H««, lh« 
 
 uli lnill»«. AiiiMlr.i. Iiiwnl.ii.ll, .ir tiij uthtr 
 
 "" „ |,„i nr III .r« not lirfi.r» iiinilli.n.il 
 
 .'.mi >~»l">iii"'l< '"'""" '"•■'~>" ""' '•■'•''•'. 
 
 i.i.toniiJde|.«rilii|ilnl.ill«<l • •. , , • 
 
 r .I,r.™«li |i''» .loulil" 111' ■'lio" ralM an.l ilutUa. 
 ["„J„ ,hi„ „r <rM»l iiinilnulnlolh. Iiaibour, o»tr 
 ll.l«« rat" •"''<'''"" 
 
 ,,lllwlVloh»rl 
 ni.,l»i llo-»|inl 1 
 
 4|'l. |itr ton. 
 
 Jl: :: 
 
 l>. Hi/. 
 All tvi. wr ft. 
 
 J'llotayi; Ail»»a. mi 
 
 . i(. .1./. 
 
 ^^ , . . . Ii. u. 
 
 Kuril liih'n work within the hurlimir 7ii. <!</. 
 .Imkoritiii: — !</. d'T rvorv \-<'H8cI iinckurini; 
 lifiwwn IVrodmoutli niiil Hpitt*!. 
 
 ItiisTiiN. 
 
 Uarbour D»e». — •''• I"''' n'^intcrcil tun, o.xcfpt 
 oiil null, Irim, niul eortlii'iiwnrf, wliifli are 
 oiiiri'i'il lit till' riilt! t'f ;l<'. 
 
 /ViidK/f .- 1 1 'K'' "'"■" '"■ Ih'.il'in Tuft to llimlon 
 ,l„viii or' vice vir»&: ^ feet ilriiUKht, In. ti(/. prr 
 I,,,,, xj to ll'i, I". !•''■; nl^'ve 1*'4. '-'»• <''A 
 iMruilistiince.s liiKhrr riilen. 
 
 j;,„.,„,f — lliwlimlo Kllmw lliKiy or vice votkA: 
 ;l 1,1 III ii'ct, ■-'». lit', per foot ; nil veHHcN (lrllwill^,'- 
 miirMlmn 10 feet or exceeiliiij,' 5 keels of conln, 
 ,,,. iiir keil loadeil niiil 'in. <W. liwlit. 
 
 i/iiWiM'.— When taken from riiiyhiile, Tm. (id. 
 wr liile for each man; if bnni^'ht nhinnmile in tliu 
 !iarl«iiir U. per ton, nnil in Cliiyhnlo In. Vul. 
 TidimeH.—b$. Gil. per tide. 
 
 Hkidoi'.watkii. 
 
 iW fi.lldwinn is the ilelinitliin iif limits of dls- 
 iiidiviiliin such iinrl.s of the llri.stiil t'huniiel nml 
 ailjjcfnt riverM and ereek», aH lie on the soiith-enut 
 sijo ill', and arc comprised within nn ima{{iii«ry 
 .itrniulit line drawn from Anchor Henil, in the 
 county (if Somerset, on the ciist to Watchct, in 
 ihcsamc county on the west. 
 
 Table of Itiilea of niotage. 
 
 From the extreme limits of the navigation, or 
 from any point between sneh exirenio limits niul 
 thf wilc'r buoy of the (iere Sand, to the town or to 
 am- pnint between the lilack l!ock and the town, 
 the visscl being Bufely moored at her diBchar^iiiK 
 licnh; 
 
 Also from the town to the limits of the nnvi- 
 
 catinii, or to any point between the onter buoy of 
 
 the tlire Sand "and the said limits, the following,' 
 
 ratt?, viz. :— ptr tohwI 
 
 f. (/, 
 
 OmmdinoteiceMllnii CO tons resliier . . - 1*2 
 
 |wr foot 
 
 czCMdlnic fill torn, and not ncecillng Hn tona I 7. 
 
 m „ „ 1110 „ 'i 
 
 Km „ „ I'i.'i „ :3 II 
 
 !».'< I. „ I''" .. 4 
 
 l.'ill „ „ 2(10 „ .'• 
 
 VIHI „ „ W50 „ fi Ii 
 
 V.VI tons - - - -HO 
 
 Friim the outer buoy of the (Jorc S.iiid or from 
 .my point between such buoy and Hurnham, to tho 
 iiiivii ortn any point between such outer buoy and 
 tlio um-n, the vessel being safely moored at her 
 ili.*i'liart;in;; berth j 
 
 .■U«o from the town to tho outer buoj' of the 
 (ioreSand, or to any point between liurnham and 
 the said buoy:- ,„,„.ei 
 
 (In 'cwU not ncecdlnR CO toni reglitcr • • . ij a 
 
 per foot 
 
 ticnding M torn, and not exceeding 80 tona I o 
 
 8ii „ „ too „ \ n 
 
 iK) „ „ Hi „ 'i (I 
 
 IW „ „ ISO „ .1 
 
 ISO „ „ sno „ 4 
 
 siKi „ „ aio „ ,'. 6 
 
 tM tona - ■ ■ - 7 
 
 FroiD Bumham, or from any point between 
 Bumham and the town, to the town, or to any 
 mtprmciliate point, the vessel being safely moored 
 «t her discharging berth, and vice versi : — 
 
 (In VMMla not eicMilInc CO tona r*i|Uier 
 
 •tctadlnit fio tona, atHl not tireetllng MO tona 
 
 Nil „ „ iim „ I 
 
 liio „ „ IV', „ I 
 
 \1S „ „ I "Ml „ t 
 
 I VI „ villi „ ,1 
 
 »NI „ „ KMl „ 4 
 
 V.'ill tona . • - II 
 
 No vmacl eirmllnK (;0 loiu rwitlvlt-r to pny for Iraa tlian 111 fwt 
 
 1079 
 
 per vi.aa»l 
 
 «. rf, 
 
 ■ « II 
 
 per fool 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 It 
 n 
 
 A 
 
 i( 
 
 The several iiilotnKo rates herein speeKh'tl are 
 Niilijeet to » railiiclioii of \ in respect of vt'ssels 
 pnipelled by stimm or towed by Htenni vessels. 
 
 If a niiiHlnr rliiioHii to employ a pilot fur u tide 
 ill the navlKAlion, the pilot shall be entitled tit 
 receive for sueli service, 'in. !!</. for each tide. 
 
 Trinity Mouse by-law, approved by order In 
 council of , Inly W, 18);! :— 
 
 'That all shi|m navl){atiiiK i" ballast from any 
 (iiirt or place in the (Initeil KiiiKdum, to any 
 other piirt or place in the United Kingdom, shall, 
 when not earryiiif,' passeiii;ers, bo exempt fnmi 
 eompulsory piiota^re within tho pilotnKO jiiri.v 
 did ion of the .said Trinity lloiise.' 
 
 This exeinpliiiii from cumpulsorv pilotage docH 
 not relieve masters of vessels, employ iiijj uiiquali- 
 llcd pilots to take charge of their vessels, from tho 
 penalties im|ioKeil by ss. !l.'i<'> and .17(i of the Mer- 
 chant Shipping Act, IHi'i t ; nor nnqualillcd [lilola 
 from tho penalties imposed by s. tltjl of said Act. 
 
 liillHTOL, 
 
 For Dock Dues, IMnyors' Dues, Anchorage, and 
 Moorage fitc, see Dim'kh, niiiHToi.. 
 
 Ueiiuliitiim anil Hates of Pihtti. 
 
 All vessels navigating up, down, or upon tho 
 Ilristol Channel, to the east of Lundy Island, 
 except coasting vessels and Irish traders, shall be 
 piloted, and navigated hj* pilots, duly authorised 
 and licensed by the mayor, the burges.se.s, and 
 commonalty of the city of Uristfil ; and tho master, 
 owner, or owners of every vessel which shall bo 
 navigated in the limits aforesaid, without a 
 licensed pilot, shall forfeit double the sum that 
 would have been domandable for tho pilotage 
 of such vessel, together with 5/. for every W) ton.s 
 burden of such vessel. 
 
 It shall bo lawful for any licensed pilot to su- 
 persede any person not licensed as a pilot in tho 
 charge of any vessel within tho limits aforesaid; 
 and every master who shall oont inue any person 
 not licensed, after any licensed pilot has ofl'cred to 
 take charge of such vessel ; and every person as- 
 suming, or continuing in, the ehargc of any such 
 vessel, without being duly licensed, after any 
 licensed pilot has offered to take charge thereof, 
 shall, respectively, forfeit for every such offence a 
 sum not exceeding 10/. 
 
 For rates of jiilotage, sec Docks, ■Rristot,, 
 
 For each man employed on board, or for hauling 
 or lowing any vessel, and mooring or unmooring, 
 from Hut hurst or Cumberland liasin to Ilungroad 
 I'ill, and Itroad I'ill, and from either of those 
 places to Cumberland or Itathnrst liasiii, the pihit 
 shall receive and be entitled to Ss. 'Jd. per man ; 
 or from Itathnrst or Cumberland Uasin to King- 
 road and Portshead, or either of them, or from 
 either of those places to Cumberland or Dathurst 
 Basin, he shall receive 3». Orf. per man, and no 
 more. When the pilot remains on board a vessel, 
 he shell be entitleil to os. per day, and the man to 
 3«. pev day. 
 
 And the pilot shall be entitled to and shall 
 receive for each tow-boat and yawl employed in 
 towing or assisting, mooring and unmooring any 
 vessel from Portshead, Kingroad, Ilungroad, or 
 Broad Pill, into Cumberland or Bathurst Basin, 
 and out of Cumberland or Bathurst Basin to 
 
 \ 
 
 , I 
 
 •- .■fi".'' 
 
 m 
 
 '.* 
 
 
 
 -f- 
 
f- '4 
 
 I ■«. 
 
 4i. 
 
 ■• h 
 
 1080 
 
 PILOTS AND PILOTAOE Sec. 
 
 I'ortRhrnd, Kin(;rnail, IIunRroaiI,or IImwI I'ill, tlio 
 iuiiiM fiilluwiiii;, viK.— for a t()W-lN>M, Ui, ; for a 
 ynwl, flf. 
 
 And lie tiliiill rccol vo for every boat uspiI in t"w- 
 iiift, uniniMirin^;, nnil niiMiriii)^ nny oliip or vi>fini<l 
 from ciihcr of the following placnt to any pnrt of 
 Kucli ptiuu'D, vix. — I'ortiilirail, Kin^trund, I'ill, or 
 Ilnn(;rond ; or for iinmiMiriiiK, nnw IxTthin^, nnd 
 iiKiiin moiirinK any nliip or vvkkcI n. ritlipr of tho 
 RiiidloBt-nicntioncd place*, the »um followinff, viz. : 
 for every yawl, 'i«. (»/. 
 
 And every mnn who iiliall l)0 cn^Afced or he 
 ili.Thir.^-.'d at llunitroud or Till, without hein^ 
 employed to aHMiHt in niiHirinif or iinmiHiriiii;, 
 ithail Im) entitled to, for hiH fuo or wa^eit, '2m, 0(1. ; 
 nnil tho iiilot ghult he cndllcil, fur tho hoatx not 
 employed in ho mooring' and unmooring, for a 
 tow-lx)at, -In, ; and for a yawl, 'J«. (!>/., and no more, 
 
 Tho jillot of all voRfiela above 1)00 tons Khali bo 
 nlloweil for an oflaititant |)ilot In tho river pilotage, 
 tho gum of 1U«. — Huch an oiinlRtant bcinff a licenited 
 pilot ; in default whereof only 3s. i)(/, uliaU bn paid 
 for Huch aftxintant. 
 
 Thero shall Im) ollowed for each hone iiKed in 
 towinf; any Hhip or vobrcI a sum not cxvecdiii;^ 
 (!«., and to the driver I*. 
 
 Ifun'lrr inn torn incMn bunlan • 
 ir IIHI tana •nil uniltr <UII 
 ir300 Ion* nnd upwarili 
 
 1>. 
 
 St. 
 
 And that such sums shall be added to the 
 pilntaf^o note ond paid therewith by the inaHtor 
 and commander, merchant, or owner of such ship 
 
 or VC88(-1, 
 
 In 0080 any ship or veMcI shall bo in distress, 
 cither in the outward or homeward bound voyage, 
 and any pilot or men shall run an iinminont risk 
 or hazard in goini; to the relief of such ship or 
 vessel, the pilot or men assisting; shall have rea- 
 sonabiu satisfaction for the assistance so K>vcn, 
 according to such assistance, and tho risk and 
 hazard run ; and in caso of a difference of opinion 
 as to tho amount of such sati.sl'^iction, the same to 
 lie ascertained by two of her Majesty's justices 
 of the neaco acting for tho city and county of 
 liristol. 
 
 If any licensed pilot shall proceed with any ship 
 or vessel as far as Minehead, Combe, or Lundy 
 I.sland, and shall bo forced by stress of weather 
 to return to Kingroad or Portshcad, he shall be 
 allowed one-third part of the channel jiilotage, 
 according to the distance such vessel may havo 
 reached before she shall have put back. 
 
 Each pilot shall, within two days after his 
 return from n voyage to the westward, return to 
 the havci <> aster the number of the skilf so re- 
 turned frov.) I he westward, the time of her sailing, 
 tho tiriu 1)' '.ler return, the distan'-e she has been, 
 and the nimes of tho persons employed in navi- 
 gating her, and all the material particulars of tho 
 voyage ; and each pilot who shall neglcdt to make 
 such return, or shall make a false return, shall for 
 each oflcuce forfeit and pay any sum not exceed- 
 ing 4U«. 
 
 ADDEXDA TO PILOTAQK. 
 
 Fram lAindy Itland to Steansea.—A uniform 
 charge of 4/. 4«. 
 
 From Lundy Island to Sridgewater, 
 
 £ : d. 
 
 IfnucliTenel he under ino tons ngUter - • V 13 O 
 
 JfKHIIoiu and under Km • '- • • 3 III O 
 
 llUOn „ .100 . • . .476 
 
 IfSIIO torn and upwanii • • • • S S 
 
 From Lvndtf Island to Cardiff.— Thu same rates 
 as to Bridgewater. 
 
 From Lundtf Jhland to Newport. — ^The same 
 rates as to Kingroad. 
 
 Cardiff.— See Docks, Cardiff. 
 
 CoLCIIKSTRn. 
 
 Tofinate Auf* I— 
 
 Under t*i loiM reeltier • . 
 
 m „ . , • »wi« 
 
 M .. . . : ■• 
 
 Kl> „ • • . " 
 
 •ill .. 
 
 <<»• » . . •• 
 
 III! „ . . ' I. 
 
 im , . : • 
 
 i.M ;: : : • ;; 
 •■•ii .. ... 
 
 wo „ . ■ .. 
 
 .liMi imifi amlupwanlt • . " ' 
 
 Tml reueU Iiiiirr4ln. - 
 
 i'i7<)/(«;f.— Limits from a lino drnwii ft„m 
 Nnze Tower to tho N.K. buoy of tliu (iiiiuu., 
 tho river Caliio to Wyvonhou :— 
 
 
 tii<> 
 
 From or to eMtwaril ot KauneM 
 
 Kaotnett to I'yileel 
 
 t. <i*ei lo Wyvenhoe 
 U<lla»i li>|</. |ier tun put on board. 
 
 COHK. 
 
 On rrrryeenet remrtlnf at cmtoin'hmiw.ci- 
 rif|it t'<i.uter« aiul cullivn 
 
 CcllllT. .... 
 
 VaaMb from an; |>orl In Ireland 
 
 l..Vp„r, 
 
 0!h»r than llmttlona 
 For 
 
 Olhtrrw 
 
 Ballast. 
 
 iMTtrv Inn ot balUii taken tram an; vetwi. 
 Iflijr li|{liter . . . . 
 
 trrwiie • ■ . . , 
 
 I I 
 ■I .1 
 
 II •( 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Anchnrnge, 
 
 On TeueU railing for orden or refu(e - m I 
 
 /»i7r)<«(7c.— During summer months, voswis out. 
 side the limits of Cork Harbour, by BpcciBJ mrrec. 
 meut. * 
 
 From the Outward Limits of Cork llmhmr iWo 
 Cove, Passage, and Cork, per Vewt. 
 
 
 
 Cote 
 
 PuMiie 
 
 Cork 
 
 BrIiUh Twwii 1 
 
 d 1. i. 
 
 / >. d. 
 
 4 1. 4. 
 <l tl 
 
 Under So torn - 
 
 
 « n 
 
 •ISO 
 
 HI) la IVII „ . 
 
 
 n tl 
 
 11 in I) 
 
 Vtn Ifil „ . 
 
 
 in 
 
 n u n 
 
 I 
 
 IfiO VW „ . 
 
 
 n \% 
 
 IT II 
 
 1 S 
 
 uvt son „ . 
 
 
 1 11 n 
 
 1 in 
 
 3011 4(10 „ . 
 
 
 1 lU 
 
 tl II 
 
 "■ 
 
 4no and upward* 
 
 
 1 li u 
 
 S d u 
 
 ~ 
 
 Coa>ten and collltn I 
 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 Undrr HI) torn 
 
 
 n 9 n 
 
 7 
 
 in 
 
 "n to 1 tit „ • 
 
 
 n n 
 
 H 1 
 
 () 13 
 
 I'iO and upward! 
 
 
 n 8 n 
 
 10 
 
 li 
 
 One-rourlli additional In winter montkl. 
 
 _ 
 
 The whole of the foreffolpit chirKeii are letiwl :,v ,;it Cmi Hirbotf j 
 Commlulonert, eatalilUhed h; lotal .let (t Um. IV, c. j: 
 
 Cowr.s. 
 Harbour Dues, 
 
 From A«. to 1/. lOr. according to tonnage. Mooi'lnx mau ud j 
 rlnK« tn addition, if u«ed. ' 
 
 Ballast. — In harbour 1». Cd. per ton, in tie | 
 roads 2*. 
 
 Dartmouth. 
 Harbour Dues. — Cd, per vessel. 
 
 Pilotage, 
 Boli'i Na«e to the Start ;— 
 
 If hoarded without th>- run of Mewilone Eiit, or tbt Blulwi 
 
 Wenli— I. i. 
 
 10 feet and under, per foot • . • < < 
 
 into l« „ . . . 1 II 
 
 I'i 14 „ . . . 3 i 
 
 14 It! „ . ..in 
 
 16 and upward! „ • • • S '< 
 
 If boarded within the nlmvenaroed line one quarter part, tut^it ill 
 
 circumttnncen of weather. 
 If boarded within the c-utle, half rates. 
 Pilotafte out, one.thlrd ina. 
 
 Towage. — 2d, per register ton. 
 Ballast, — Put on board, 1*. per toa 
 
 Douglas. 
 
 Under 40toiu 
 
 40 10 60 „ - 
 
 6(1 100 „ - 
 100 and miwardi 
 Ballail, id. to 6<<. per Ion. 
 
 Harbour Dues, — Nil. 
 
 Pilotage. 
 
 ■ IK. 
 
PILOTS AND PILOTAGE &c. 
 
 1081 
 
 ren. 
 
 ftttn 4 
 
 ". •• ■;. ? 
 •■ : :: J* 
 ■• •• :: ?♦ 
 
 • • ;• i' 
 
 • • .1 'i 
 
 ft Vmc ilrawn from tlw 
 
 UOy uf tilt! tilllllllH!!, u^l 
 
 1100 : — 
 
 t«. Ml rnnt 
 ll.Vil. 
 
 U.U 
 
 IK. 
 
 
 lait. 
 
 nrngt. 
 
 P"' * 
 
 « -t 
 '> 1 
 
 
 nmnr months, voswls out. 
 larbour, by Bpccial ngtw- 
 
 t<« o^ Cor* llarhmt lulu 
 id i^or*, fxr VtueL 
 
 Con 
 
 PUMII* 
 
 r«t 
 
 < <. •<• 
 
 t 1. d. 
 
 1 1. i. 
 
 ) R 
 
 II K n 
 
 II 1) 
 
 1) <( l> 
 
 in (1 
 
 II lli 
 
 U 10 
 
 n 1.1 n 
 
 1 
 
 1 IK 
 
 17 n 
 
 1 i 11 
 
 1 (1 
 
 1 in n 
 
 _ 
 
 1 )U 
 
 1 n 
 
 — 
 
 1 1) 
 
 1 i u 
 
 
 [15 
 
 7 n 
 
 1 n in c 
 
 ) 6 a 
 
 11 H n 
 
 1 11 It « 
 
 .in in o u o 
 
 nillnxlnfrmoiiUu. 
 
 ' l!yi<K.IAcl(lO«>.lV.c.j:|. I 
 JWES. 
 
 |g in lonnjue. Moqilnu f«u ei I 
 
 1». C(i. pet ton, in tl« 
 
 piOUTII. 
 
 Lcr vessel. 
 jtotage. 
 
 |M.w.too. EmI,«>1«BI'']'»' 
 
 ■ i « 
 
 • ' ; 
 
 • I » 
 
 • 5 » 
 
 l«l line on«iJ""Wip«ti, '»'*■'» 
 Ifnio. 
 
 Hster ton. 
 [rd, li. per toa 
 
 UGLAS. 
 
 otage. _ . j^ 
 
 ; iii 
 
 : •«* 
 
 4 
 
 T 
 
 I A 
 
 ir 
 
 1 o 
 I ^ 
 I III 
 
 DovKK. I I'Uiitwjt not conipulxor}-, but C«. per foot li 
 
 \UrhmT I>uti.—V.vpry deckoil vcumI, M. per "eiMlctl. 
 1* Dutcpiil, euko, culiu, iituuu, oudbulliint 14</. - 
 
 '"veMili rcmniiiiiiK 1" barbour lonnor tlmii « 
 o,„iillulii»rKi;<l •''• I*' >»c«''* P*' ri'^lstorcd tmi. 
 
 VeiiH'ln intiriiij; tbo inner harbour, uiul lioinn 
 litnt witrr-boriic, to pny nildiliomil rnt«n ; if in 
 <min trwlp IJ'^.. coantinK 1<A in't ri'(;i»tori>d ton. 
 
 Ikit u» Vttitlt )»fiml from and to Diwtr, — 
 furv vi«mI, except i . bttllaiit, or wliolly laden 
 ,itli'cuiil, culiu, or itoi.o, from ai) to HOO tonh, ;i</. 
 nit ton. Kur every chuldroa of coal or culm, or 
 
 ,„niir»loiii'. 'W- . , , , ., , 
 
 Wuf-iw-'x-y— *'" HwUiKinK brid«o for pan- 
 .M' of any vemM'l. U. o«/. I'lii* clmrj{(i not to bu 
 yaJo oil tliuMj wbith pay for being wntcr-borno. 
 
 Tuwiujt from Harbour ti> Kitye of flood Tide, 
 
 i/. 
 
 Ifiuln AOiont . • • 
 
 Ailta 7t „ • • • 
 
 7^ HHi „ • • • 
 
 lull viK) „ ' • • 
 
 *»> .I^HI „ • • • 
 
 M'> 4I<I ,. • 
 
 liuUaKt.—'U, ad. per ton (eluilk). 
 
 • ( 
 
 Shijiwiii/ without Cargo or llallatt. 
 
 «. 
 
 'I'lNlt fill Aihl iinili>r, If. III! , mill yvr il-ir • 7 
 
 fill Mill hIiiivv, fxf. |M,r Inn, aiiU |>«r ilay - hi 
 
 lyith Cargo and Uallatt, 
 
 lf\ And iinilvr, V/., unit |,wr lUjl 
 
 li'». 
 
 Ml mill iili'ivf, H,t. iwr lull, aiiit mr lUy 
 HIHmvrt liAfliiK •iitfiiiM ■nil li»iUr» on iMMnl In Ilia •tft'Uiiu 
 
 rtlrtfiir,. 
 
 Grtdintn, — Half tho iiliipway rutev. 
 
 DunMM. 
 
 m 
 
 Nininiifilnnim 
 
 DuM 
 
 ratiiculan and Haiaa ofih* ittafal OhtriKa 
 
 In what mannar 
 
 
 iniillMlIM 
 
 
 aiid Ihiaa 
 
 oliariiad 
 
 
 CiiT dm • • 
 
 Carrnrall m rannnl 
 
 On ariTt •aw«l anliinn with cirxo I 
 
 
 a. d. 
 
 
 liatu III* data, but 
 
 ..iii-hnrai{« .... 
 
 par raaaal 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 
 varjUil. 
 
 Miiiliimiia ..... 
 On avar; «m.al, irunUar 40 torn lagUlan 
 
 Anchnratfa .... 
 Un '•ualiwIlhcuaUi 
 
 Anrhiirnga ■ « • • 
 
 11 
 
 U II 
 
 1 10) 
 
 .1 1 
 
 
 
 HtllJIIMUH . • • . . 
 
 I.oril lilayor . . . Jj. nTil.l 
 WalarUlliin . . J,, ijjj f 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 7 ll>| 
 
 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 Willi L'lmii untlar 40 lont : anchnraRa 
 
 
 1 lot 
 
 
 
 In ailillllon in Iha alwn charHx, on aaih 
 
 
 
 
 
 vaa4«l, onca In aferj laar, for chaiilar unil 
 
 
 
 UhImiiIiim. 
 
 
 KulM ..... 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 Dunlni . now callfd 
 
 — 
 
 On all •a«aU with foralipi rarxo, whclhaf da- 
 
 
 
 lUipwiu. 
 
 
 IWarlnic In whola or In |iarl i 
 tnTfilca or retiort Inward* . 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 t.n burden or liinnaua . . - 
 
 pt-r ton 
 
 II 4 
 
 
 
 llllloon Te«4«l4 not lirlvllanffd . 
 
 „ 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 Ancliura^ \c, .... 
 
 par <auwl 
 
 7 « 
 
 1 
 
 
 InTouanrreiNirt outward* . 
 
 *i 
 
 % 
 
 ,);' 
 
 v 
 
 ^ 
 
 Qut^a and Dium Payable by Shipping to the Corporation, fur Prenerving and Improving 
 
 the Port. 
 
 DwiiKl 
 
 raillculan ami Hatn of the itraral Duoa 
 and CharKaa 
 
 Tonmiga Duly 
 
 Uallnat iml un 
 Hoard 
 
 Qua; Walla 
 
 iMUit 
 Qui 'till ■ 
 
 VrufI* from ForalKn porti, or from Ooloniea 
 
 <if Oraat llrllaln. 
 Colllm, llrlllih and Irlah coa»llnij vpuali - 
 All vaMela In dUtrVM, or lavklng rafuga, or 
 
 callIhgfuroriLfa. 
 
 niiJ. iwr ton raiiiiisr . 
 
 13./. ditto . 
 Eiainpt. 
 
 l< •)!./. \<tT loll 
 
 01 11 cwl, 
 
 dlitu. 
 
 1 Id. \vt Ion raglitar. 
 IJ. ditto. 
 
 ciiintt, 
 
 Pilotip 
 
 FartlcuUm and llntvt of the MTtral 
 
 DuM anil Chargw 
 
 Forvljn tmmU not privileged • 
 
 FoKign Vffwcli prtTlIeged 
 
 nrtltth TMvU from Korttvn porta - 
 (.(HlivnAiHlcoutert 
 
 VcMcli in dialrcui iccklns rvftiKi^. or calling 
 fur orilBn, tumpi fVom ilue*. 
 
 Frnm outaUlt 
 Uanlii uT«r 
 
 &*, G^a |i«r 
 
 fl»0|. 
 
 It. »R pcf 
 
 flKlt. 
 
 ilittn. 
 la. 10)./, per 
 fool. 
 
 From Iniid* 
 limhi ovtr 
 
 ^». H\d. per 
 
 foot a 
 
 U. Mi^f/. per 
 
 fiMM. 
 
 tUlio. 
 IW. iicr faoti 
 
 Trom the 
 IU> over h»t 
 
 'it* OJif. per 
 
 fool. 
 U. 4i</. per 
 
 f(K>l. 
 
 ditto. 
 Ilt/a per foot 
 
 From Pootbtg 
 lo Ha«in, 
 
 Unrlm.fir 
 
 U. 4)ifa V*f 
 
 foot. 
 lid. |ier foot. 
 
 ditto. 
 A|il. pt-r fool. 
 
 Outward! 
 
 1 1. )<)y. 
 
 \Mt fuui. 
 
 
 I til 
 
 
 1^^'^-* 
 
 •). i: 
 
 Du.VDAI.K. 
 PUotaije, 
 
 XtlUlmdTonnaga 
 
 Vetwia 
 
 not 
 having 
 Hritlih 
 HecUtera, 
 arririnK 
 from ur 
 tailing on 
 a Fonrign 
 Vojaga 
 
 "I ud under 40 
 
 tn 
 70 
 
 M) 
 90 
 
 Un 
 no 
 ijn 
 
 130 
 140 
 IM 
 
 t t. li. 
 
 in O 
 
 II 1^ 
 
 IS 
 
 1 1 
 1 4 U 
 1 7 
 
 I 10 n 
 
 I 1.1 
 
 I IS 
 
 1 19 
 
 % 1 
 ISO 
 
 VriM-la 
 with 
 
 Ilrlll»lt 
 IletfUlara, 
 
 arrlvInK 
 
 from or 
 aaillngon 
 a Porvign 
 
 Voyage 
 
 VeauiU 
 
 nut 
 Stenmcrt, 
 trading to 
 or frnm a 
 Fort in the 
 
 Unlttd 
 Kingdom 
 
 II 
 1^ 
 IS 
 IH 
 
 I , 
 
 1 a 
 1 4 
 
 I T 
 I 9 
 
 1 n 
 
 I 13 
 
 £ a. 
 II 6 
 7 
 9 
 10 
 in 
 13 
 O IS 
 lA 
 IH 
 
 19 
 
 1 I 
 I « 
 
 Regiilcred Tonnage 
 
 I An and 
 I no 
 
 I'S 
 2110 
 KKS 
 ItWI 
 
 r.s 
 
 300 
 3115 
 3S0 
 373 
 4U0and 
 
 I nil'*'"?'*™ ""*'•*• 
 
 under inn 
 173 
 WMI 
 
 .. «» 
 
 „ %m 
 
 „ 174 
 
 „ 3011 
 
 .. 3S4 
 
 n .IM 
 
 >. 374 
 
 ,. 4no 
 
 upward. 
 
 Vcuria 
 
 not 
 
 having 
 
 UrllUh 
 
 Reglatera, 
 
 nrrlvlnir 
 
 from or 
 
 vailing on 
 
 a Foreign 
 
 Vojnge 
 
 £ I. d. 
 
 X N O 
 
 X II 
 
 X 14 
 
 X 17 
 
 3 o n 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 6 
 
 3 9 
 
 3 IX O 
 
 3 14 
 
 3 Ift 
 
 4 I 
 
 VwwU 
 with 
 
 llrilUh 
 llct'Utrra, 
 
 arriving 
 
 from or 
 .ailing on 
 ■ Foreign 
 
 Voyage 
 
 « a. 
 
 1 16 
 1 IS 
 
 O 
 X X 
 X 4 
 X 7 
 % 9 
 X II 9 
 
 X 14 n 
 
 X 16 3 
 X IR 6 
 3 9 
 
 VeurU 
 
 not 
 Steamera, 
 trading to 
 or from a 
 I'oit In the 
 
 United 
 Kingdom 
 
 a a. 
 
 I 4 
 
 I 4 
 
 I 7 
 
 I % 
 
 1 10 
 
 I II 
 
 1 13 
 
 I 14 
 
 I 18 
 
 I 17 
 
 I 19 
 
 « 
 
 not u prctcnt cone within l( mile of the quaya. No diitincUon between couting and feteigD Indt u 
 
I 
 
 ■:[■,■ 
 
 . *'' 
 
 •'• > V 
 
 -'•- :'<.',:'1 «•: 
 
 \ 
 
 ' ! • . ■ 1 ■ 
 
 -f-S:n 
 
 7iiNN<ii/i' />((/(/.— SiiiliiiK vi'hhoIh, (!(/, per Inn 
 rcffiHlrrcd tonniifxo. 
 
 Sli'iim vchsi'Ih, I^i/. per ton roRiHtcnvl toiiiiii^o. 
 
 Iliilliiiit. — llritiMli vrNKoln, I». '2il. per (on, on 
 t|Uiinlily ili'livcrotl on lioiinl. 
 
 I'mnrlii tithimi HeJ'iiiif.-\\x\y\it\\ mikI fortM^n, 
 under fiO (ohm ri'^iMlrv. •'^'•'. p>'<' vomhcI. 
 
 Krilisli iinil l'ori'i|j;n, ^0 nn<l iinildr 100 lonn 
 nyNtrv, I On. per vonncI. 
 
 llriliHli niul fori'i^n, iiIhivo tOO tons rrKintry, 
 20*. per voiwcl. 
 
 \>V\W.K. 
 
 Tonniiijr lialin iiinl Diilirt. 
 
 |trr n*|tlat*r fnn 
 F<tt nil riHwrtit n.i«rlf{illiiK tiHlip «oiMltwiiiil tirilip Tiii|ilo el' «■ li, 
 
 t'H|<Tll'Oin - - i (i 
 
 llplwrrn lite M.innltir nml !lip 'I'rnittr uri'.ititlt'oni I ."* 
 
 Molwri'u Ihf rt»titliM»f i'mii-rr itml tin- K)iiirtliir .10 
 
 To ftinl Oorn nuv imrl in NitrOi Anii>r1i'.t, llni'iitnnil, 
 l>lvls*< MrtlltHlliilmlr*, nilil nil wfihlil the NlralfA iif 
 (llhrrtloi - -OH 
 
 T*» nml fViim nnjt t«til In Kimt)ti* Itt ffci* nmtli itf llroiillu-liii 
 In .\iii W.1V, nntl lo or ft on) tho Aftn'*. Mn<li<lirt, iiv 
 'Iptutllll' lnlnniU, nml llio wr«l ion«l of AUtrn, lii'lwi>rit 
 tto' 'l'ro)>li'of rmii-i'T nttil IttP Nlritluorilllirnltiir ■ 7 
 
 To nitil rtoMi nnT l>*trl on Ihr i'o.i«l of Knio|t(<, liflwi'rn 
 <tilMNllnr mill Uronlhvlin In Norwn;, iMilMilhiK Uilh 
 lhp«o t»»»rU, nml nil |ioru In 1l>i» llnllli- - .'i 
 
 To or n^Mn nwt port In Dionl Hrlfnin or IrilamI, Ini'lmlinu 
 llti* utnniU of Ijiirrn^i'v, •!>' •>>, Altlonipv. Mntli, Mnn. 
 Ilip Slii^O. mil NInnili, mill Ot linn ■ . ."I 
 
 All vrnKrN liMilnl wlOi ronU. Ilnir. or innnnir onlv. 
 noni nnv )iint In (Ironl llrtlnlit i^ii'., <'trr)iltnK 
 HiMlUnil . ... II '.' 
 
 All vi'Mrln loniloil wlOt ronln, liinr, or innniiro onlv, from 
 
 nnv port III Si'ollnitil - 1^ 
 
 AM vMsrU cmploviil lo tlin riri'r Trtv, rnrrrlim tiomN nml 
 riilrrlttii tin* itiis-hii*l« of tlio ihirt or lintlMinr of 
 Diniiliv - - 1) 
 
 All Hti^nni viimob fVont nitv |iort hi (ir^nt llrllnin or Irf- 
 Innil, InrllulliiK tlio lilnmU of (liloriiNor, .VirM**. 
 Atilrrnp,T, Snrh, Mnn, ttio Mnitlnrul UUnila, niiil 
 tlrkniiv*', rnirvtiiii iinimriiufr* nml lliplr Iiikmik** ** 
 ilH»lwl. ■ - • n » 
 
 All •iMin rt^MiUirioninilif port In (Jronl llrltnliO rniiiloywl 
 on llio Itrrr r.ir, Vnrriflim (in««piiKi'T« nml llliili 
 liiftitntfi* pirluOirrW, iiiol vi'mpU Itnillnit front llii* hnr< 
 lioiir, -T i>nrr>tli^ (mssrnKi-r* tii niijr |mtl wlllint llio 
 (iriS'tiu'H - ' - - - I 
 
 \'t'^«>U Mtlllnii ottlwnriU nml nimliiK tinilor thi» Itriit Cwn 
 i-lnvMWi imv l«. tnMp.iil of l«. l"l. nml If. .1,1. 
 
 All strum vos.<iols ciirrvin)? nooils niitl iiiih.sou- 
 gt^fs to piiy llio .snni»> riilo.'* iin .sniliii^ vchhoIs. 
 
 All vt'.sstil.M (Voni any ]mrl. of llio rivor Tny, not. 
 o\ftHMlinn;;iO toiisrofiistor, witli.tloncH, nndliiivin/; 
 no olliiT piod.i on btwird, niul dclivcrinf? Ilioir 
 <';irj;oo!» in llio profiiuM.s of (ho nnid linrliour, to 
 p.iy 'In. fiii'h vt>yiiKo >" niiino of (onn(ip< dnon, mid 
 1.1. for ovory -0 Itiii.t, or purl of 2(1 tons, lulditioniil. 
 
 Ml vossol.i from :iny piirl of (ho river Tiiy, 
 ^^'ilh s;ni(l, nnd hiivini; no ollifr ^ootls on boiiril, to 
 piiy l.«. for I'Mch Irip in niiinr t>f lonnnjto ilnos, 
 
 ll .sh.'ill 1)0 in Ihooplioii of Iho trii.sloos lofhiir^o 
 eilhor llio loiiiiiif^o tluo.s on Iho voyiino invrtinlti, 
 or on iho voyiij;o oiilwiirils, nl Iho r.'iton spooilii'd 
 in \\w iihovo sohotlule ; nnd if llio olinr>;o ho 
 m.'iilo t>n Iho voyiipjo onlwiirtlM, Ihoro xlinll ho 
 doiluolctl from il, llio iimonnl. of Iho iIiiom thiil, 
 nijiy hiivo hoon provioiisly imiil on tlio voyiiijo iii- 
 Wiirils : hill if such vo.t.soli sail in biilliisl, llioy shall 
 ho i'hnr);od with thios on llio inw.inl voytij^o only. 
 
 All vossols l.'iinu'lieil williin Iho harlionr of 
 lliiiuloo, or prooinots ihoroof, to pay half dnos on 
 llio voya.i;x> ontwarils, if sailing; in hiilla.sl, ; hnl if 
 loadod in whole or in part, or Inkiiio; passongors, 
 to pay full ilnos. 
 
 All vossols to bo perinittod to enter the harhonr 
 of Dunileo for safety, by payment, of one-half of 
 the tonnnjjo dui\s ; but if sneh vessels shall re- 
 main in 'ho linrbour. or any of the ilooks, be- 
 yond the space of 21 days, or shall take floods on 
 board (stores for their own use excepted), or break 
 bulk, they shall bo liable in the full tonnaf^c dues. 
 
 All ves-sols rcnmininp; in harbour lo jiay, after 
 2 month.s, \d. nor register ton )>cr inniith, in 
 ndvanco, when tlioy are lyinjj in any of the tidfi- 
 harbours, and M^d, per ton when lying in any of 
 the docks. 
 
 Kftch vessel, with the exception nftcr-mcntioncd, 
 entering the harbour and loading or unloading 
 
 l'II,()TS AND PlLOTAdK \c. 
 
 KooilMor ballast wilhin the minii., or i,|.rf,,, 
 both operations before leaving ll,„ l,„H,|,„r „"''': 
 in name of planU-inonoy (wlietlierai)ltt.,klL.i j 
 or not), as ftillows :— ' "* '" ^^ 
 
 uu'dl 
 
 • Mot .•«f**Mtlnff vtl inni . 
 rti-willnn »ll 1,1111 mill not timdliiK 
 
 l«l 
 
 S.MI 
 
 -ll)o titiu nntt ii|iwnriU 
 
 m 
 Inn 
 
 I',!' 
 
 V.MI 
 
 4lNI 
 
 < II 
 I I, 
 
 Any vessil 
 1.1 1 
 other 
 
 anil put bark by stross of wrnliiiT 
 
 All vessels loaileil with lime, ciinls or ninn I 
 only, and disoharKiiig Ihrir eiirKors' wjilii,, il'"! 
 prerinels of the liiirhoiir. In ||„. ,.,,M|.,vnr,| „f , Ij 
 
 H 1 ^ '•'■<•■•'. <><• lo tim wi'Hlwaril iil tlm Miir,|.,i ,,| 
 
 Yar.1, to pay one-half of i.h.i dues in i|,o ni .T 
 sehednle. I 
 
 VossoIh v.itb tlsh of any KintI for ciirliu- ,K.ri,„,| 
 register, or atlmeasuremenl, 2(/, ' 
 
 h'-rvniftliom. 
 
 .Ml vtwds leaving llio harbour for 11,, p,,rp,,,,,| 
 of taking on board hidlasi, in any pnrl of ill, i|v,,.l 
 Tay. mill returning to the hhI.I Imrlmnr nr i,r,. 
 omels thereof. wiHi ballasi, shall ii„t 1„, '|i„|,i' ,„, 
 shore lilies for siieh ret urn. I 
 
 sailing from Ihi- p„rt of |)|,||,i,.o| 
 •k by stross of ivrnlliiT, nr mirf 
 cau.se, wilhout having iKTompli.slc ,i |i,t| 
 voyage, shall not be liable in aililitit.rml dur, f„.| 
 Hueh retiini. P 
 
 yo.s.sels partly loaded with coals, llm(«,nriiiiuHirf 
 or in ballast, liiil, having ihnniage (li-nii or ,<iim!l 
 wood on board, whli^h have been ii.swl iiHsiii'li,,ini|| 
 are intended lo he nnloailetl ; or linviii(tpi,.,h„J 
 
 boanl, whieb arn neither (o he Iniiiiiil r rf-Q 
 
 Hhippeil into any other vessel williin llio li,irlioiir| 
 or preeiiicls, shall bo cliargcil llin .same iliios itl 
 vessels wholly loatled with eonls, liini', iir maTMiri-.l 
 
 All vessels arriving in balliist fur thn purposcofl 
 being repaired in the graviiig-deck, nr on ilwl 
 patent slip, anil departing in lmlln.<it, shall kn\ 
 emptcil from tonnage dues, iirnvi.leil sicli vesstljl 
 enter for the tloek or slip ininiodiiilclv or, ar-l 
 rival, and sail within 1 monili after lonviiig sDcbl 
 graving-dock ov patent slip; otiionviw to lic| 
 obargetl \d. per register Ion per mniitli in ailvamfl 
 when they are lying in any of the tide h,irliourj,| 
 and l.Jt/. per ti>n wlien lyiiig in any nf llio ilnU 
 
 Vessels with eargoes,"arriviiig ft'irllio r.tpreiij 
 imrpose of being repaired in tlic },'riivini,'-(locl;,or| 
 Oil Iho patent slip, shall not bn liaWo in •\m\ 
 dues, provided they neither take rooiIs on Iio,ib|I 
 (stores for their own use excepted) nor broak bulk,! 
 except to lighten for getting into Iho ilnck.oriipiiil 
 Iho slip, anil that they shall ngniii rcloail alitbel 
 gooils so laiideil. 
 
 All vessels loading or unlonilins Ronils nit 
 Iho preoincts of the harhimr of |)iiiii1ih'. lothil 
 eastward of the Homl Yr.rd.s and ilio w.<lirari I 
 of the Magilalen Yard, shall lio cxcmptoil from j 
 payment of plank-money. 
 
 All vessels not carrying pft.i8pii(jcrs arrifii'g in j 
 the harbour in balla.st, and dopjiriini: a,Tain in I 
 ballast, Rliall bo subject only in Imlfdu's; '"it iM 
 such vessels, after arriving in ballast, shall take I 
 in cargoes, or part-s of cargoe.i, before their depar- 1 
 tiire, they iihall be liable in full du&i. 
 
 Table of Rates for Pihita licensed bn the Tntttii | 
 of the Harbour nf Dundee. 
 For vessels to or from foreign p.. ts, boaiJed at 1 
 the distance of not more than 3 miles ontxird of j 
 the Fairway Buoy of Tay, or at any point between J 
 that distance and the siiid buoy, and from ihenw 
 to and including the harbour of Dundee, J* M j 
 per f<K)t, according to the draught of water. 
 
tlio pinnip, or iiorfurinin^H 
 i»viiintlu<lmrlMmrlo|iayJ 
 (wliulliorn\)lttnklicuwii| 
 
 WLOTM AND PILOT AOK &c. 
 
 fof vmwt'lK to <ir from foreign, liiiiinliid liciwcim 
 
 1083 
 
 H nrrxlllIK 
 
 .'.II 
 
 - 1 « 
 
 „ 
 
 lim 
 
 • 1 n 
 
 It 
 
 |.v? 
 
 • » c 
 
 
 mill 
 
 ■ t 
 
 „ 
 
 vm 
 
 ■ .1 s 
 
 „ 
 
 MM 
 
 • 4 n 
 
 
 n.io 
 
 • 1 fi 
 
 ,, 
 
 4lltl 
 
 • •. n 
 
 pwnriU 
 
 ■ 
 
 « « 
 
 til liinr, 
 
 nimln, 
 
 or ninniiri! 
 
 (lirir ciirucios 
 
 Willlill III!) 
 
 r, ti> till 
 
 I'lmlwnril df tlm 
 
 ^('stwiircl 
 
 III tlip Mnijilalin 
 
 if lliii iliii'H ill 
 
 till' niHir, 
 
 iiv Uiiiil fur curing, Mr Imil 
 ii'iil. 'III. 
 
 nipiionii, 
 
 lio Imrliiiiir fur llio pnrpnsiJ 
 
 iiHl, ill iiuv |inrl (if 111!' vivirl 
 
 llio Hiiiil linrliimr, nr |irr. 
 llnst, hIiiiII nut In' lialili' iii| 
 iirii. 
 
 friiiii tlin port of liuiiilfoJ 
 InisH (if wcnilicr, nr anvl 
 
 liiiviiiK niTiimiilijili' i licrl 
 iiililit ill nilditidiinl iliirs fprl 
 
 I witli roftlstlimcorraiunircj 
 ,iif{ (liii)nii);(> (Icnls or sinit.l 
 liiivd Iktii ihimI iHMU'li.anill 
 iIiiikUmI ; or linvini;i;iwNiin| 
 tlior to III". Imiiloil, imr ro-l 
 ■y voHsol wit hill tin' li,irliour| 
 I olinrnpil 111" Knnre J"™ "I 
 witli cohIm, lime, iirmanuw.l 
 ; ill liallnnt. for thn purpo<<'of| 
 
 '-liiiK ill Imllnst, »lmllbocx-l 
 dups, provitli'il s nli vosscIjI 
 or Hlip immwliiilclv or. ar-J 
 
 I inoiilli nftcr Imini: siifhl 
 out. Hlip ; otherwise to IcI 
 IT ton per month inmlvmoel 
 
 II nny of the title hiirtat>,l 
 . jviii(l iiianyiiftlie'l'*.| 
 ■s/iirriviii;,' fiir the oxfresl 
 jrcil in tlie>;riivin!,'-il">ti>f| 
 ilinll not bo liftUe In Ami 
 ipilher take ffooilH mi \»m 
 iisaoxcoptC(l)norl)ri'iilib 
 
 i{CttinKiii'o'l«"'™''*'""f!'''! 
 Klmllngainrctoliilliii'j 
 
 ■or iiiilomlin!,'f:o:a!sM;tlii!lj 
 
 Imrboiir of DumUv. lolbel 
 
 h1 Yi\r(ls,nna iiioTOtMril 
 
 inl, slmll 1)0 cxcmpKslWj 
 
 iiioy. •„ 1 
 
 rvini' passengers amvuigm 
 
 ist, ana dopartin!: a.Ta'n in 
 wt only in half to; »t if 
 •rivinc in ballast, M'ak« 
 f cargoes, before theiidopat-i 
 
 ibU; in f"ll il""^"' 
 
 arbour of Dundet. 
 
 •rom foreign p. ts,boarJed« 
 
 norothanSmitoou «ri« 
 
 T«v 0- at any point w'""*" 
 
 I'^^iidbuoy.rdfrom^en^ 
 
 . harbour of Dundee, U. W 
 the draught of w«tcr. 
 
 ihi. Knirway Hii«y of 'I'liy and llio liiiuy on llio 
 Hlin«n'nd, ninrkp'cl No. I», niid tlioiifo to fiml lii- 
 (iuiliiiK III" bnf'"""" "f "undiMi, 'in. (i./. |.(ir foot. 
 
 For voiwi'N I" or from for(ii((n, honrd.Mi iMtwpcii 
 ih(. lillHiw-ciid buoy, No. !l, nnd UroiiKlity iliiHllc, 
 aailfriini Iht'ino to oiid iiicliidiliK tlin liarlioiir of 
 |i„„,Kl».;W. porfoot. 
 
 \|| I'liBntiiiK vcNHcN iHiMrdi'd nl. Ilio rcHprcliv!! 
 .liianiTH aliiivi' irionlloncd to pny iin follown, viz.— 
 ,w(.|s iiii.irilcd not mom llinii it niilcH oiitwnrd of 
 ihrKnirwav Hiioy of 'IVy, lo piy itn. per foot,; lio- 
 ,„,,.ii ihe I'airwiiy iJuoy of 'I'ay mi<l tlii' I'.IIjow- 
 ,nil Ihiiiy No. a, 'in. pfr foot; nnd Ih'I.wccii IIio 
 IllHiw-cml lliioy and llrotiKlit.y Ciihllo, lo mid iii- 
 ,i.|i|iiiK till! harbour, l«. por fool. 
 
 All venicKwlic'lior forolKM or (•oiiHHn(r, bonrdcil 
 ,,l,!,ve Uriiiighly Ciisllr, to mid iiicIiidiriK tbo linr- 
 l,mr, l». |iiT fool. . ., ,, 
 
 In the event of liavin^: lo Htop in ( nrolinn 
 
 llmiH I'nr want of wiUrr in llic linrlioiir, or ollicr- 
 
 ,1,,, the nnicler of I ho vchhcI Mlinll Imv.! it in 
 
 hi, iiptiun either to (li»pnnH(> willi llio HcrviocH of 
 
 till, piliil, or detain liim on Ixmrd till tlio vchhcI 
 
 ran filler the harlionr. In tin; former niHotlio pilot 
 
 jWlU'i'iitilleii to full pilot ngo din'H; in llio bitter, 
 
 lh,i piliil nhall be entil led, UisideH I Iichu dues, to Im. 
 
 (orearh ilnv, or part of « diiy, in nnino of river IVch. 
 
 Whin pilots (liter tin; river on boil rdv''Mi<ei.Mlioiiiid 
 
 f„rplnresnh'ive Dundee, the river or Hen pilotiine, 
 
 iiuluilini; tlie barbiMir, hIuiU Imi p,iy«lil(! in full 
 
 liVHiilivciiseln when moored or oil' < 'limlinu ItomlH. 
 
 ' Allvi'SM'ls boarded liel,sveen it niilcH nnd (! miles 
 
 kyiimlilielluoy of lay to pay llli*. <>(/. ndditioiial 
 
 for frlaiuc money, and ven.HelH lioardiMl (! inilen 
 
 hemiiil said lluoy of 'I'ny to pay 15j«. of dista 
 
 niiinrv, 
 
 iacasei.fiiiapiite, lliodiHlnnen to lio amierlainrd 
 liy the lieariugs of tlm dilTerent lieadlaiid.s virlicii 
 the vessel was boiirdcd. 
 
 Tin/ Liijht Diitiin (liirul). 
 
 Tin 'Krulernilyof Ma.slerHnnd Seamen of Diin- 
 (loe.iacuriKiriiti^dby Koyal ('barter,' posseH.s llie 
 ri^'lit.by charter, lo levy, inter alia, llio followiiiK 
 iliii.iimvcHselH urriviiij? within the Kirtli of 'I'ay, 
 Ik'incllie wh(deelinr(ieH proMently madi! in nwpeet 
 ef Miil.ii;lit; and those for nnd in iinmn <d' l\u' 
 expense 1.1 ereetion and maintenanoo of 4 linlit- 
 hoiiscsiiwiraiexeliiHively by Haid fraturiiity, 2 of 
 ivhicli are situated on the noiib Hido and 'J on llio 
 south side ol miid l''irtli; and of certain Inioya 
 placed in the Fairway thereof; — 
 
 On every liiiliHli Hbip niiiK within the en- 
 
 11.11110 (jf the I'irtli of Tay, whet her with carKo on 
 board iiria ballant, or driven therewilbin by HtrusH 
 of weather or otherwise, at the rati! of l.i. for every 
 W tons register ; under 10 Ions, charged at tiio 
 same ratio. 
 
 On every foreign ship, privilofjed, tlic bomio rate 
 o'dueswlieu ill either of the above KituatioiiH; 
 but the Trinity House makes good an eiiual 
 amount to the said ineorporation, in consoqueiico 
 of the half charge being only made on foreign 
 vessels so privileged. 
 
 On every foreign ship, unprivileged, situated uh 
 1 above, the rate of charge is 2s. for every 10 tons 
 register; under 10 tons charged at this ratio. 
 I _ no dues arc levied on UritiHh Hhips, nor <m 
 I lorcim vessels privileged or otherwise, leaving 
 I the 'fay on their outward voyage, whether laden 
 »r in ballast, excepting in the ca«o of new ships, 
 tttdt within the ports of Dundee and Perth re- 
 sFMtively, which pay the above dues on Uritish 
 impping when leaving on their first voyage, 
 I »li»tner foreign or coa8t..ig. 
 Biun/ttgt.—\d. per register ton. 
 
 ICxia'Kii. 
 
 Jliirlwur Ditrn. — I*. 2</. per veiuMil : Ihii namo 
 ehargo at Ihn ereekH. 
 
 Ciiiuil Diirn. — VeHHe.lM under 110 lotm regiHter, 
 •1>/. per ton ; UOIoiim and over, Cx/. ; and hesidcn 
 2J</. per register Ixni for linrH<< trackage. 
 
 Jliilliint. — ill. per ton, payaldi! lo Ibo lord of tlm 
 manor. 
 
 I'iliiliuir. — Ah per nnnnxnit rnto, eHtnbliNhed 
 nndiT Act It (ieo. IV. c. I^fi, bill nmelided under 
 sanelion of Ihn Trinity lloanl of .Inly IHIM. 
 
 VesMelH coaNliiig, or in the foreign trade, an- 
 liable to thn Haiiic I'liarges, exci'pt pilotage. 
 
 VcN'els Inking shell er only, are nollialile lo any 
 chargi'H beyond pilotiige. 
 
 Dijiniliim of /AiiiilH.- -V'riim l/ymo to llob'ii 
 NoHc, nnd vie(( verNit, and lo and from and into 
 nnd out of all ports and places within thoso 
 limits. 
 
 'I'li'i following are the rales of pilotage for shi|is 
 ill and over l'',\moiilli Ilur, to the moorings in 
 (lie lliglit at I'lxiiKaith, mid out again over the 
 Mar:- 
 
 CoMlm. ir mil i'«rci.(llM(r prT rf-KUlnr flO liin» 
 jralcvdlliiK (io niiiltitiilrr HO 
 SO ., '10 
 
 (lull 
 
 InwnriU 
 •. .f. 
 I 'I iirr r.Kil 
 
 Wl ,. 
 
 IIHI 
 
 ■ oil •• 
 
 l».1 
 
 II-' 
 
 l.'.O 
 
 l.'Ml „ 
 
 17.'. 
 
 17.1 
 
 ai«i 
 
 JOO 
 
 •M> 
 
 •"•» „ 
 
 Mill 
 
 .100 
 
 im 
 
 nnU liitirrnO'M. 
 
 
 •I o 
 
 ."I 
 I.I 
 .1 
 
 All vp««rU cnrrlnl rrniii MIkIiI nt l-^liririiilli In HnniU 
 ll.i.k ... 
 
 .Ml vr^qt-U iiliilrr 10(1 IftriH li» 'rii|»lmin ilttnjr 
 llaik ..... 
 
 ■Ill Turf . . . . - 
 
 lliii'k ..... 
 
 Hhl|N upwuriU t.r 101} lotiK to Tdpuhnin 
 
 Hlilpn uiiwnnli (if 10(1 tolll Ki Tuif - 
 llxlk 
 
 1.1 
 
 II 
 
 u 
 
 rUolagc of Foreign Shipf. 
 
 HO InlH 
 
 Hill.. IIIO 
 IIHI I. 'ill 
 l.'.ll ',I(KI 
 •illll V.'ill 
 V.VI .1110 
 
 noil 4INI 
 
 1IK1 
 Knrrnt'h mlilllliiiiitl 100 ltm\ 
 llutwnnU tuill tiili.x. 
 
 All hIiIi'n i-nrrlnil rnjlii lllKlit nt Kxni'iuth to Nanitn 
 IliM : . . . , 
 
 All kIiIim (intlrr too l<iii.i, (i> Tiiiiiilmm f luay 
 
 lli.k ..... 
 
 •Ii. liirf ..... 
 
 IIwIl ..... 
 
 Alt i.lilp> Above 100 Ions canlcd to roiittinin Qitny 
 llmk - - . . . 
 
 To Turf ..... 
 llnuk ..... 
 
 iiwnri 
 
 R 
 
 <. >f 
 
 
 :i II 
 
 per TiKit 
 
 :i !i 
 
 
 .'i 
 
 
 ii 11 
 
 
 (1 .1 
 
 
 7 ^1 
 
 
 !l (I 
 
 
 <} ') 
 
 
 1 
 
 „ 
 
 a. <l. 
 
 . .% 
 . .1 Ii 
 - 1.1 (I 
 . II II 
 I) I) 
 . 1/ I) 
 
 >/. 
 
 ) I |H-r itii) 
 
 i :: 
 
 Tkkjnmodtii. 
 
 Ifarlmur Ihica. — \iL per ton for every vessel. 
 
 Cimnl Ihtex. — Nil. 
 
 nnllast />Hf«.— Nil. 
 
 Pihtaije. — As per ann<>xed rate, established 
 under Act (> (ieo. IV. c. 125, but nrnendiHl under 
 sanctiini of the Trinity Hoard of Nov. 1802. 
 
 Vessels coasting, or in the foreign trade, arc 
 liable to tho same charges, except pilotage. 
 
 Vessels taking shelter only are not liable to any 
 charge beyond pilotage. 
 
 Masters of shipc taking a pilot off the Bill of 
 Portland or the Start (which is optional to them) 
 arc to pay, beyond tho pilotage, from Bob's Nose, 
 or LyniR,' as follows, viz. : — 
 
 M 
 
 Cotlien and coaitem . . . k 
 
 Shipn from fureifn part* • - .3 
 
 And pivponlonabl; for IntnmnllMe dlstmcn. 
 
 * *i 
 
 !:■' 
 
 • ' Y 
 
 
 
 *> ; -P 
 
I Jo 
 
 1094 
 
 i-^' 
 
 riLOTH AND rjhOTAdK &o. 
 Unlet of lUtotiij/ii Jhr l'»$»tU in iini/ out iivvr TriilHmnulh U„r. 
 
 Irilul it%t'Mitth(|| |>*<T I*||UIM 
 
 1 
 
 
 VMUi% timl I'litiMim Vttwii 
 
 
 
 
 Niit. 
 
 lima 
 
 'I'lHH 
 
 
 'I'uiu 
 
 IIMI tlM't 
 
 Itiwattli 
 
 IHit AmiI 
 
 
 
 
 tlli>K4nU 
 
 
 
 
 «. i<. 
 
 t. ll. 
 
 Vll 
 
 
 „ 
 
 1 II 
 
 11 It 
 
 VII 
 
 
 ,tll 
 
 ) " 
 
 II II 
 
 .^1 
 
 
 411 
 
 I V 
 
 II 1 
 
 411 
 
 
 ^11 
 
 ! * 
 
 11 II 
 
 .Ml 
 
 
 tut 
 
 1 M 
 
 II II 
 
 till 
 
 IT 
 
 htl 
 
 1 u 
 
 II M 
 
 Nit 
 
 ^ 
 
 lim 
 
 « « 
 
 1 1 
 
 imi 
 
 1 
 
 US 
 
 « r 
 
 1 iS 
 
 l«> 
 
 3 
 
 I.VI 
 
 .1 II 
 
 lilt 
 
 
 IIA 
 
 y s 
 
 I II 
 
 11.^ 
 
 I 
 
 Wtll 
 
 a III 
 
 1 II 
 
 «iKI 
 
 »v^ 
 
 4 « 
 
 « 1 
 
 »»> 
 
 * 
 
 vm 
 
 4 rt 
 
 » .1 
 
 mil 
 
 Ami 
 
 4 III 
 
 * .1 
 
 imi 
 
 
 SMI 
 
 1 4 
 
 » N 
 
 ,lAlt 
 
 
 41 Kt 
 
 A III 
 
 « II 
 
 4iKt J 1 
 
 4'«l 
 
 II 1 
 
 .1 « 
 
 4 "lit ' 
 
 
 Aim 
 
 ti ; 
 
 A 4 
 
 Hill mil ltiiiiii»«| 
 Air (i4iih V'Mtwi 
 
 '*! 
 
 
 aS 
 
 •^ 
 
 «llj 
 
 *'•"•'•'*«'"•" III riiirtui, I'. 
 
 Hitta 
 
 
 IIUV flHll 
 
 liiw«riU 
 
 lll-l IlKll 
 
 OulHMil, 
 
 1. ll. 
 
 • ' ll. 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 II M 
 
 1 .1 
 
 II H 
 
 1 A 
 
 II II 
 
 1 » 
 
 II III 
 
 1 III 
 
 •1 II 
 
 « 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 V H 
 
 1 :i 
 
 V II 
 
 1 1 
 
 ,1 4 
 
 1 H 
 
 .1 II 
 
 1 II 
 
 4 t 
 
 1 1 
 
 4 n 
 
 « \ 
 
 4 III 
 
 U A 
 
 .1 4 
 
 'i II 
 
 .^ III 
 
 * II 
 
 a 4 
 
 .t < 
 
 ti It 
 
 .1 n 
 
 1 1 
 
 •' » -* 
 
 ll.il 
 
 lll.l 1.1 ,1,^1 
 
 I'll •^i ll Vru,| 
 
 IttW 
 
 M*\% 
 
 1 
 
 d. 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 ft 
 
 IV 
 
 <l 
 
 ifi 
 
 
 
 'M 
 
 II 
 
 "»l»«Illt 
 
 •* ' •'» III- I...I 
 
 •l'«ll|(hl„|,,|„^ 
 "'il't «• ah,,, 
 'l"liil, (ill ,„ 
 "•I- ll.il .l.ml 
 l"il I'll liaii 1, 
 MUlal 
 
 •.^ul^lVil CZ*:^^. '""' •" "'"' *••"' '" • ""'""" ' ""••»"""' l""i "< '-f" ..r .««l. iiniM-iW ll,., 
 
 I''.vi Mulii'ii.— Iliirlnmr Dun*, 
 
 Ki'itlmi liAtllitM viiMrU. M. |itii tiiiiMmvil inii i tuAvlMit, Vil. uvr 
 • t'lil.liilnl 1.1)1 I .naiiKii. laiiiu iiMli, \j. |ii>( ■•Dl.laiiil |,iii. 
 
 /.ii;A/ l>u»», 
 
 Kiiiflgn |^l|||„ •Mwi,, J.I. ,i«, i.^utittiHl Mill tHNUIurt, U. lur 
 
 ««t(l*ltlt^l liMl. • • t 
 
 /'i7ii/iii/it, 
 
 »">..m lh> mHliimn i,. ih, |.i,,t,|, ,,»! «!,.• «<»«, ami In miil ftniii, 
 mill IIII.I Diiil mil 111, all |Hiil> ami iilain wllluii lli..« hniii, VaM.iin 
 1 ilw, Hic aliMl. >r« III ilpiall I'lailiiii'. I».<i<.i/ (<.>,i.(»i. iiiuo 
 lli« loil nllllutl u* llw III. lliaiiiii ilwi liavn limit iu.lii,r.l alHiul 
 
 I .» ^'I'l I'Mll. 
 
 ,^ owl* I>i>'|k>II<hI •» liiwnlhi •tuaiiiliaxa txlitnlliiiiiir «.Siwr inil. 
 I lUila lakill <ut Iniaiil at >i>a nil tlm I.Katil aia viilllliitl In 
 
 uiiilm HiHliuiti . , til, 
 
 Vtttlattil iiiiiliif ,'KNl „ . . . 4vf, 
 
 .Mill tiMiB ami uiiwaiilt • • . ti.^i 
 
 l'"l.lC|l.T\Vl>OII._/Al,./,„„;. /;„,, 
 
 Vauila III lultilHit liaila . 
 
 rnaallllU 
 
 Vi»«>lalaklii||ii>l\i||>i rtiinliiii I ., 
 
 I'lM.iriiK . ; jjj 
 
 ■Jl ftl rril. loo 
 
 111 tHitUili Mlatti|i| 
 
 Kfitiii 
 
 IV.ii 
 
 AiralKii. ami 
 
 I'iloliii/e, 
 
 liiliialiil Hill iif Ilia iNtriiif |'|Miiw,,n,t .„ i , 
 
 iviiiti Kiiriiii,, i-.,„ii 11, ii»".ni;Kt\^::Vr; rjV'vr- 1 
 
 ll 'it. Ill ll. t'lidalma. '" '"■ l*i Iwt 
 
 Waliiay l.lalll 
 
 \'it«i*" iikmif 
 Wtta lliilil, 1.1 , 
 I'«i4a|i>ii. I . I .. 
 Viiaiai^ ..AiMH ^. I ina 
 111 liallaal vartii)il. 
 
 Jtii/ht J)uti. 
 
 \ '^'jl"i»ii.io« I 
 
 ila, iwr lim, |m >ii)a^.v' 
 . 3./ 
 
 HI. 
 
 Italhiat.-'Vui im lumril, M. In \». \n<r tun. 
 
 (lAINMIIOItOIUlH, 
 
 lUlM 
 
 Knri-tini lr.titu vaaaall 
 I'liaailiiM 
 
 !Mlit»t. 
 
 ►Vaaoii liiiiiiil iirillauliariinl In ll||liianoriA 10111,11',. " 
 
 |*r(( 
 Mill liitlilfr.l 
 
 Naliirvuf Oua^ 
 •kitiliiaaMt* • 
 
 lluiijaita Mill bmii'iitii^io 
 
 riliMnK* 
 
 Krniii lUrvlKit iir I'natlwlaa t 
 ll' III liaia anil iiiiiU't lA, iiaf alihi 
 4^ >. Il»i „ 
 
 liKI yim „ 
 
 l!tal (titta aiiik ittiwanla 
 Hiiyal tlavjr, laiviilii' 11 
 
 la, atiil aiiiail lUtilnniifan Miriiinl 1 
 
 I'liilar til Imu 
 
 nil l» .111 „ 
 
 Ml 4il „ 
 
 4il .Ml „ 
 
 .VI Ml „ 
 
 till til „ 
 
 ;il Mil „ 
 
 Sit IMI „ 
 
 !lll Ilk) „ 
 
 vvrn mill III liuuKilil. 
 
 .Ml «. 
 
 llfliiW 
 
 t ' ti'rttiaaa 
 llmiy 
 
 a. if. 
 
 It K 
 
 II III 
 
 I 11 
 
 I i 
 
 I 4 
 
 I (I 
 
 I l« 
 
 I III 
 
 1 ll 
 
 .\l 
 
 Miva 
 
 I'iMiaaa 1 
 
 llitiii 
 
 aitit lit 
 
 llli 
 
 .» iif 
 
 llui 
 
 i-iillltt 
 
 «. 
 
 •1. 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 ,1 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 U 
 
 « 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 ,1 
 
 » 
 
 (1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 .1 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 .1 
 
 la ft^iiii AiiviLit imrta are aut,|iH't In llila 
 la itrawlhii laat lltaii (1 IWl walv'l aitt tint llalilti. 
 
 Wlilw. 
 liiNiih 
 llnaila 
 
 I, 4. 
 
 I 4 
 
 I N 
 
 « 11 
 
 « 4 
 
 y N 
 
 .1 II 
 
 .1 4 
 
 .1 I" 
 
 4 I. 
 
 tl •! 
 
 .swiluil. 
 
 Hull 
 
 1. 
 
 .1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 A (Urihvr itllotAiti' »" TMtvU (trH-vrdhtu IViiin Mull loUAlitittorouRh. 
 or ilr)inrtliitt l^tHti ilmni'r lo fitrtiH** I'Mcttt t, tt. 
 
 tmi r«t't<«Mlltt|| '• 'iH*!, |i»r ItHit - • • ■ ,1 ft 
 
 
 tmi r«t't<«Mlltt|| t> 'fir\, |»«r twit 
 () iWl Allil lint VtCMhItttJI H EWt 
 H iWl ,. Illf^'l 
 
 Itl I'fH AlliI tt)tW«ltU 
 ViMIti* ..litfi li |Mlit|«>U 
 
 «. w. 
 
 t*mli<t ti (Wi. t«r fiMii • . A (i 
 M» N M ... 4 
 
 lUllftHt. ll. Iter li>ii. 
 (ht llrtii»h or i'tirvi|tn *m«»Is iLiwInK lv>v«r llarl>our 
 ]tO itf MM iuti»i |»vr uut - 
 
 M en to rwi, nvr flwC- 
 
 I 
 
 Uniirr 5ii<i inm, jm Ion • 
 
 alatar .^(111 Uma «. - 
 
 Kar«liit« altl|M tun cntltliKl to laclitroclly 1 
 
 nttitar .11MI tiuia, |t«r tim ■ 
 
 alHiva AlXI tiHia »* * 
 
 4 II 
 
 4 6 
 
 fl 
 
 * 6 
 
 4 6 
 
 1 tl 
 
 - I) I) 
 
 n « 
 II ut 
 
 n 4| 
 
 I'tiilamhii Auiluiii) 
 
 I aialila nnie iinl,r Mth .,««,, 
 
 rlllifr uutwaiil. m ii„,„| 
 
 IrllilK lliuna, Hull, aiuiii^ „, 
 
 iliuriiyl.Unl.ialiiDitithfiu. 
 
 T.I--' • !■ I- 1 "I* rft'.4tril umk I 
 . '• a>'': ..ll ' 1I1J l»lM.«ill 
 llntll I. ll.,/ I .lir«rlri)-r 
 liitftliriii V I' .....a. 
 
 \ rci'riTi I ihe CuUMn 
 
 IliiUirl la a)i|h.iiiinl. .. iilrrllwiB' 
 tllnnty i.f titii 1*11.11 UIli..alltulltU 
 
 coUuvl ihaia uum. 
 
 r.ii«lil« on tuiifi m! Rrthlt I 
 tfwAa frmii fiiu-i,{'i jatli fwh mj- r 
 at|r, Hiiil nil ruaiiai* «ir#_>)rt'i 
 Uliil«r nulhurit; pf!*li«>- 1\ . c. -1. 1 
 
 I'dyahia »acti nijw "1 V^'t I 
 IUlua|falf,«itvl «n i»"1"ll "" I 
 ula, wTilih pajmirt i Jf. "^ I 
 lli«aulliiirlljiiirjJI<«i.lll'-'<'l 
 
 Uai.way. 
 
 Ihitt /Niyu/i/e h> fht Ilarhour Commii»ioHfr$ (.» nil Vesteli, whether JBriliJi or Fortign,tnlmn}tlil 
 Htirbimr, whether JW lir/uga or to Discharge their Citrgoe* iit whole or in pail, or ii Bdlm. 
 
 VmupI*. CiMlattnic or Ponrlitn, 
 
 .Idlveilnit whoiv or )iart of 
 
 t'aino 
 
 M. rm loo ngIMn 
 
 VmmU MklPf lUnin* 
 
 No rharn*. olcofit In ualnff th« 
 alnrkt ana quay* ; In ttich caao 
 *hI. |taf Inn tafglata r 
 
 Mght* 
 No chargt 
 
 BtUlail 
 
 No clitrgt 
 
Iiir. 
 
 ^IMtl (tl lit Vl)f«i|ttt I'wfll I 
 
 , I ll>il mil III •I.M.I 
 
 I"" I..I •<. I. V.U.1 
 
 I ItHll I ' 
 
 "*"'* l.i«»il>| lhil««iil. I 
 
 . ll. 
 
 I. ll. 1. ll. 
 
 1 K 
 
 N II .< II 
 
 t D 
 
 HA 4 1 
 
 1 II 
 
 11 11 ft II 
 
 1 Kl 
 
 lit II i| It 
 
 II II 
 
 '111 II III 11 
 
 1 i 
 
 
 1 s 
 
 All lit llt> I..I 
 
 1 II 
 
 llTAU^ltlitlMalfl, 
 
 1 1 
 
 rl. r)i| m •l....r 
 
 « ^ 
 
 tiAlril, r.ti \f 
 
 g t> 
 
 ftrit ti.il ttl.rni 
 
 I » 
 
 li.|t till liNii ir 
 
 U II 
 
 KKIU 
 
 ^ « 
 
 
 .1 :> 
 
 
 .1 7 
 
 
 ll' V<MM*la tt(ll^llMllt|*lMltl, 
 
 nuiliiiur Ihif), 
 
 IK 
 
 • U. (.ai rru. loo 
 
 ■ I'l 
 
 . l(,l, ., 
 
 'ili/f. 
 
 itf Kl«4il«itnil, uniUl.mit 111* rit«il j 
 iri rulill, iiitill Ai- tu .^1. twi Iwi 
 
 l)ut». 
 
 .V. iwf m(.io« I 
 I J. ' 
 
 |wi litii, lief »»)*K«.l.'. 
 • 3.1 
 . IR 
 
 \llit»t. 
 
 It|iliur» of I A loiiBi Wi. Mi'li liithiit. 
 
 ■ R.'. ii«r IM I 
 
 I'mlvr wlul AiiiliiHili 
 
 |*««lll>lll W* I*"'!! "*■*' *'''***' 
 rlllinr mllw«lili •' 111". 111.. 1" 
 
 Vrrinliv II •• """' ""' "" '" 
 
 lluitll> l.il»il>i«l .Willi"'"' 
 
 ll.ii'U.'. .V '..ro,:...i-| 
 
 rvr.:. ,-j-r:: 
 
 ■lollinjiilw"""*' 
 
 [*.l.t»ulh»fil>»'»V"'^*^«,l 
 
 iH paihjrau'^ 
 
 I'lLOTM AND I'lhOTAOK &u. 10H& 
 
 fiikotn* ll" Vf'f* tnlenmj (inlii'iii/ llnrlnmr, whrthrr in llullutt or wllh i'itr</itti, lit lUti'hury iiimt 
 
 in uhiile iir fMift, i>r fur JUjuf/e, 
 
 HI III Ml 
 
 MiiHimi 
 
 f I ll. I « «. ll 
 
 < I ll. 
 I III II 
 
 'rmiii MvMlalw TiMinan* 
 
 IMIIiiVIMI 
 
 £ I •!. t > .1 
 
 II 11 II 
 
 J 1. ll. 
 ,1 II II 
 
 \ II II 
 
 < t. ll. 
 h II II 
 
 <il..\NI|llW. 
 
 H,iilii>iir mill hiti'k l>uin, 
 
 itflni-lilftilli.iii'il 
 
 \ml rtifl. lull 
 
 ll 
 It 
 
 I .i„.ii,~.ili. ■•."I'l""'"" '"""""""'i "nl"lii|l"i. "1 111' 
 
 ,„ . ,;..m"" ••""■ " • "• ""' •"*•• "• "" ' 
 
 \ r... ii.«iiiiti III i.iiiwitiii* 
 
 .".r.'llllMlll ..•■•l«l<lll»ll'll"" '" ll"|ll"'lll|| 1 lllollKI- 
 
 . ' , V i.l.iiil WlllltU 4 lllln lll.lWlltl4.| 111 Mt>al «I|..M 
 
 r''i!'.r. ii'i«.iii'i. !"•« iiiiii""iii« 
 
 l,..iH<l.i«li) lil«i« I'lll "' I''" tllill"' "I'lKil '•""! ' 
 
 ml 
 
 m 
 
 'i'.'ii.ill mvli lliil ••'"I' ruiimlll 111 111" liitllmllf >■»« 
 
 ...„,ii,iii.i'aiii«iiiiii">>ii"' """' , ■ ■ . 1 l' 
 
 (',all»..»wl»rilicilii|l,iilit'iliilllliiH'l Ill' iilllii' »»lil"i t» 
 
 ,,„l,l|,.,l II .ililllliKl 111 lll«li«l(ii'lir lilln »«lil«iil mil 
 
 'III,, all .i-iMiU imimliiliiil III •111 ll ill" k" "• liolii* "•"I niiil 
 
 ''■","lii*irii.r.'«iiii*iiiiii "111 "'i'lK 'I'" •'•" '"'''" '"• 'I'" 
 
 ,il„ 1.1... mill Hill limlllill "llli '"'H'l ""'''" '" '"'"" "I"'"' 
 
 ''I*'lhi"«ll »Mwl» rlllitllllrt iir llfclllK lliw Ull»lii'k'li.l»lll«l llilt- 
 ,(, l..ili.|l l.liKl.'ilill I""" li'll'll'llll limlllill I'll 111" IKvl.t'il 
 
 '•I'llii all ..III" " "•l^ tuilnrluu 111 li"liiK 111" 'iilil li»>lii, |iir 
 
 '",„!, ,i„|.l, f..t I am", 111 mliiiiilHK •iii|il», mil ll.il.l" liiKlMlil 
 
 .III.:. 
 
 ( 'iiimiije, Oiilliiiiri/, 
 
 i:.,liUJ uliilll"! "ilil '"''"I" »"• "•■"""'IllK '» i'*!' 
 
 IMiiV'i ',', 
 i:».lilufli(li»m|i • • . ' 
 
 M,i..«i«i"«l'illi«' lliiilii'f, ml"! m !•■ I"" I"" 
 llili.li'iiiUl . . • - 
 
 Main. . . ■ - • 
 
 I'll 
 
 f . 
 
 .(. 
 
 II 
 
 .1 
 
 II 
 
 '1 
 
 II 
 
 ll 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 ll 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 ;,vi/liM.i,im 
 
 III iii.wniiUi 
 
 .lidiliu.li'a, 
 
 itlliiK 1 lint 
 
 1 mill mil 't „ 
 
 1 
 
 „ .n „ 
 
 y 
 
 .. * •• 
 
 ,'. 
 
 ., « >. 
 
 (, 
 
 M 1 .. 
 
 .1 
 
 „ III ,. 
 
 III 
 
 .1 l'< .1 
 
 l» 
 
 ., !'• 11 
 
 l.'i 
 
 ■ 1 V<> M 
 
 *ii 
 
 ,. ■"> .. 
 
 ■!■> 
 
 ,t -111 II 
 
 \l 
 
 „ SI „ 
 
 .1\ 
 
 >. Ill .. 
 
 III 
 
 11 '•'* II 
 
 4> 
 
 ,. '"1 11 
 
 II 
 
 ft 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 Ift 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 
 III 
 
 II 
 
 V 
 
 It 
 
 II 
 
 ^ 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 ft 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 III 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 IV 
 
 III 
 
 II 
 
 1-1 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 17 
 
 III 
 
 II 
 
 VII 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 ».■> 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 lilay^'i 
 .1.. 'f. 
 
 !a\ „ M I 
 
 Uivfr Pihtitfft'. 
 
 Hk.(iTi>M'lliiriin.k oriiirilidToll i>rili« llfiiili to 
 I- Inmi (iin»M>iw (<i liitwiiiM b, nr till Itrmutrk, ot 
 
 ..- Itll til' 1*10 llilllk, llU ItlltlltK UflllllMlllMM or Khlp* fill till t. 
 
 iturtiuadrt III t«(-t (liftit)|ttl, (tor Imit * * .Id 
 
 lOtmliMiilitr \iU-vt • • • V o 
 
 1/ „ 1% ,. - - - « '. 
 
 iiiirtf-waiMtt l^ „ . • • .^ II 
 
 Thitaii|(Mlc»arualiiilliiMl ly thv t(iwUi|{ roinitAllliti. 
 (iUANTON, AlMolNINd LkITII. 
 
 Ihtrhonr Ihivti, 
 
 yvr rrjt. ton 
 Vrwit f^ntn nn; jmrt or jiIik t« lit lli« Kirlli of Furl fi, to «. d, 
 
 T*^"'. tiiiiiiiiK or uotiiK ttirutiKli lliif l-'tirlh mtil Clyilti 
 
 imi . . . . . . - V 
 
 Tu(itf-iim»n)f|Kiii nr plni-t' In Scnilmul, hihI Utot from Nnw- 
 a^lriml Kircr 'I'viir, or itiij ullivr ihtrl »r iiUtr In l-aii{lunil 
 loihuiorthofllieTjiw . - . . ^ 
 
 Toorf[i)inin)iuiher uttrt In (!iv.a ItriLitn khiI l.'t>liinil,ei(;4)ii| 
 Ihpstioii' . . . . 1* 1 
 
 Tiarfrom ftiij pnrt or iiIiH)- w Kiimnf, rictfiit llie ttliov«t • n H 
 
 I'torfiumwlirrimrtiarthf wtirlil - . • I u 
 
 Tt>n«dutt|i,ij«l.|i' oii.y uiur pmh vii.Mtgff. 
 
 Wui(.-Put on board, t», per ton ; di»cliprj'«i(I, 
 
 (lUKKNOCK. 
 
 Parlour Rates Inwards and Outwards per Uegisicr 
 Ton, 
 
 CiMl. RiTCT cnftof (ilMRdw with cMli. for Inhnl.imntB, not 
 Mnuii(iurm,fr,«inwanlt: outwurdiln iiirKO li.(.|»r (i>n. llMhl hi. 
 Tu« ' ( "" '"W^*" »trtmeri, I id. iwr tot* |i«r voyaK*- 
 
 Mj^iil" '^"'^''^ P*'*'' •**" dlwlmrKlnK thrlr tnwanU cnrffnet. 
 ^n ijf^.V '** ""y l*"" '" **'*' '"« »'»"*• tirMniK-k, without 
 ".! ;' *!"• "?P» '*''• P*"" 'on- CInirt 'i of hirbour raiw, wh«n with inum 
 
 ii^ loorrniminjiilaif iMlittnT ilm CumhrAe llenilt hIm klihe mleuf |(/. lirr tun t>«r lflii»or lit/. 
 MiiIpitcnonihtV«rthw)dCI)(l« Canal. wt>i of UrkDNtf- ClwVtf. All ittamni jilylnc to or fi 
 
 Ctaut 
 
 litinilti* Imi IihIImm llta I'nlon timl olltvr i nonU l«<tiUoH I'*'" "i '''' I*"* 
 I 
 
 < 'Iclkl 1, 'I'm Ml flilOl nil |tllt> f* I'bI WUdll 1 1 in I'lllllltlMK III! Illtl IIMllll 
 
 HMit IliM MiiHi ot tlillluWNy rtiKl hlnlTiM mo lli» toiilti, |im ImiIIiiu 
 l.oii||iy«ii. lo. liMio> All III lliioii llMill* t nUm Ui ||.i* | Mflh MImI 
 i Ifilu I 4iimI hi itr fMiiii |iUi«'« on (lt<i llitli iit loiili. hiivoiIIoh 
 (Votii hlliUoM to KtUno** iiti llin linllli •lilu, NM't Itiiolinr on llii> 
 kolilh I llhrttlnti liy lliw I itlinn I MOfil lit m fmoi till |hiii» miil (ilm u« 
 
 In lli*> lllKtiLiiiiU, allti ilril Itnlwlil Wuat l.oi ll J hiImiII mi ll.u th, 
 
 Mt.it lltv Mt.illi toiil or IliM l.lt> Ml hkiw, loiliitltoM Hh)«, Moll, t oil, 
 1 littu, lal«|, .liiiMt Hiltl titlor UIuimU Itulwlkl lli(i»w iioil lliu lioiln 
 Uitil, \\,l |iti| itin. 
 
 I'Um 1. 'I'm or tiMiM tinv |tl<ti U klll|.tl««l |.«lwl|| ||im Atiilln ot 
 tUlloWAip tiiol hi. Ilitvlit'* Mwrtil itn lliu llfUUli fthlw tit Hi. lit.>tiH> • 
 riotiniul, lio Inillotf llm Ulu ot M411, no.l, ••11 Hot liUlt •Itln, tfooi 
 
 Tiuhnr MloMif lliu nrtal Mint iti i<i(i*taiit fhw liliiiil lo 'I'ohti tn>4 
 
 hoiM llm AIntI tA Klnljix I'l * auu VVititli, Im IimIIiim hiI 1(01 
 
 Multllihial t«Uo liv Itiu r<iilli rthtl < Ivilu I iOmI lo 01 1 1 |4(0 •<• 
 
 IwlwUI rifitoDita rinil Uniioiltit's lUwl, nmiI iHilwUt iMniltMi Hint 
 I'lniiilMitoiiuli Mv-til, Vil itiii loll, 
 
 t'Uaa't. 'I'll 01 front nil |il4iu« In IfMttfiitl rllriiilloK fioni Ton « 
 rtlitllH tli« iiBl 4lli| attllltl 1 oilkU of lliu UI410I III 'Ili*b4r> Nliil 111 
 I-;omI«iiiI rtoil \Vnl«<«, linlwltl llm |,4iiil « l-loil litiil Ml iKtvlil'* Itf4il , 
 Mito In Hiollrtiol. ItnltvlBl f'-i|tu \Vr4lli niol KiMii4li<ra llii4tl, lti 
 
 t liolloM lliti Ihliiiwv Ntlil hlivlUlol laltuiil* , llhiiMl.i^ lit mi 1 1 |.|i)i ii 
 
 noilti mC ('UiiiImiiouhIi lltoiit ii4VIk4IIiim otliut wImi llino liy lli« « 41111U, 
 ^>t loir toll. 
 
 tl4Hfl. To or rVoni nil oini im on lliu onal unil »<iiii|i 1 o4tt|« of 
 I'IiiuIaihI otianillMU rioni {''Uiitlioroiiuli IUmiI to lliu 1.4tiir« ).li'i, 
 liolioDiiu hi Illy I J«iiiU, ^i'. |rttt Ion. 
 
 I'tua* 7^ To or fioni «n) lotit or jilNiti In KuroiM, or UInihI In lliu 
 ICino|>«Hii »i>rt», (.1/ |iri Ion, 
 
 1 Im>» I. 'I o or honi miy oiiil or |tliir« In lll« llillUli in'ivlm m of 
 I'NiUiU, Now llinilawt' k, Nm«4 hi oi|4. N«Mttoio<ll>)ii>t, I1 ■ lnoil, lli« 
 tlrKKiiUnil 410I l>4V|aHir4tl nalitntws, «n<l till |>orU or iilntna 00 lloi 
 •otilli loital of III* Ali)illU'M4ii«4n hu4| fit/. I'tir Ion. 
 
 4 >««•> 'I. I'll or I I ull iiotU or |itrt>4<« III lliu I'ltlldtl Ml4lii> I'f 
 
 AniKiliil, \\v%l Inillna, mol «4al 1 o.ul of AnnrliM iioHli ;t Iho 
 rhvr Amritini «Uo iltu weal 1 oiial of Ahl'M. fiMiii llm himiu of 
 lillnnllar In ilio ICijimlor, lio Inillntf llm UUiiiU of tliu**) iu»»i»,Hil. 
 (lur loiti 
 
 l'l«>a lit. Til tir from niif |tiirt, ptioo, or liluinl lftii(< lixlwlii Ho 
 lllvtr Aiiiii/i - noil ('>i|<«> Iforii In noiilli Aiofrl' m, oiol liilwnn Iho 
 l':<|iii>iiir mill I 4|iu ol liiHNi llitjiu on lliu Mtnl 1 oti»| of -Vhli «, Hil. |ii-i 
 Ion. 
 
 I Itiaa 1 1. To or f^oni til )ioila, |iUrt*a, trr Ulrtiola aitutti nioI ttual t<f 
 ItiK <'4|ii< tif tJiH4l lfit|iii nml wi'al ot I «|tf llolii, Hit |0'f Ion. 
 
 t:iiU4 I.V All vwMula, llrlluli or forvtuoi Mirl*t)>M '■! 01 ilit|tnrl|i-u 
 from llit> |iorl of (irroiim k In li4llMat, miil 4II •lii4ni-ii>o kvu tioi|ito7><l 
 ■oliily In i'4ir)ilii|| lotaMtti^ma, In |ti> tli>tl((u<l "o'l a nioltily of tlo- 
 IMira, <'ottt)i|iiiM<linH lo llmli vovuM''*- 
 
 i 'l.ta« I I . Wlinntivtir »uy vt/ouiU |iro|ir|lvi| |ry atrMin, wtnHtivr vim 
 
 txiXfoK"* 
 feu Ir4;i|iii'iiiir 
 M to Imwti (oiliI Kit. jtur Ion of |Ntft t liNru*** •>'"' tUtfa'j.'l*. dt/. ol |f<iri 
 I ImrKfa ita hIiovh, lliny tlinll lit> i>Rittii|it iloiii l^irilnr |oiTinfnt of I'oi 1 
 I linrt^v* iluilnti wlmiuvwr |iNr| of IV curritni iiofiiilia in.t« |i*> oic 
 i)ii)ilii-il riiini llioildlnof ni4kloK |i4)iniili|of Ural |oii|loii itf attxl Wi*. 
 01 Vlf . f>if, na lli« nia« inny Im'. 
 
 t'liiaa l.'i. All voaMtli iimI lioniol In or frmn Him port of (iit!«riot k, 
 liiii ttililiiri klirtiir IM ftlilifr of Ilia Ittirltoura ilt«riwtl,io ((tty, in wUli 
 lion tn ttiu uio'lioritKa iltiua, It/. |>«r toil. 
 
 rtiiaa 1(1. All «m.iiMla nl rltiNriiiK oiitwanla almll |i<iy Ilia ralo 
 niiiiln iiIiId In llit* nioal tllalniit |iori ofthnlr lnlwu<t> il voyNtfn. 
 
 rUaa 17, All vitftaola otilwiuil Itoiiinl for fori-l|(*i |**'tl« l>'>in miy 
 otiirr |oirl In llit> ilvnr or t liNiniel, loinlnH to mit ln.r in tlm ioMlat>-tol 
 lit HiU liarlHiur for ititrM tMily, aliNll unly imy i,l. iter ion loirlioui 
 ilutiH. 
 
 t'lfiaa IH. All vtraarl* oiitwant h'lunit for for«ri|(n (loita fiom any 
 ollittf |Mirt In lti« liver or 1 lianiifl. loui-t.liiK 4I i|m- •(loiva of llila 
 tiiiilHiiir for aiorva niurvly, ninl not inatnK In itiorv ilom | it full 1 ui|,'.o 
 luiri% »li<tll Iw mliiilttril nil |)ntiiitriii of Vif iM-r lovi of Intrliour ilin-a. 
 If iiinrti tliiiii iMit fourth, unil iiul ■rarmNlliiK li«lf« iil. |itr ti^n 
 OKI rnlliiK liitif, full rdtna. 
 
 tlaaa 'iff. All v«M««li riintliift Inl'i lli<t |H)rt of (IrvriWM k ht Uy tn- 
 for nn> *|i.ii'o not nmu-aitlinu H ii»yt, kImII on arrival |i«y -lti. |*m- ion, 
 uinl (til ilniniriiut' |o(y tho llk« auin of -It/. |Hrr ton. 
 
 t^lataVI. All v«aMt|a iHiliti with llnt»t llinirtlonira. fllnt«ltnt«a, or 
 i-hitlli. lo ha i'linrM«-il full ralim, uiiImm the; ara only lialliiatail, wlint 
 limy |my lull hallaat mttta. 
 
 t'luka'iV. All IlKtttrra from and for filanrov anil Internifillaiir 
 lilmra am charuaalilw wlili hailHmr (.Ufa whmi wllh vmnu, at jjd. \mr 
 ton iM<r voyatii't Inwartla Hint oulwanla inMhlnK a voyiiMr. 
 
 riitaa US. All llMhiur* wllh 1 tiala for ihtr uMt of (li« liitiahtianU of 
 'ihn town, liut noi for itat* In iiiHiiuftriorlna, are not chaiifi-nttli; wlih 
 hurlionr intra Inwanlai Imt when limtlhiK a v^r^iu am i')iN(Kf4litH 
 ouiwurda at l^d. |i«r |oti, and If il«|mrtinK llghl, wiihuut LarK<«i at |r/i 
 \wr Ion, 
 
 CIn-aVI. V'rawla tinilvr 1.*^ |rm«, airriiltnit wht*n Mitt^InK »t or 
 (IwitrliiK frmii th« rualoni llniiMt witii carifo, '.r« irkiiniiift'i (luin iIk.' 
 Itaytni-nl of harlMmr dutw, and |oiy oiiiy aiuhoraKv tJu«*a, «• |itrr 
 ■III horaic* talilc, 
 
 t'lna« V-'i. All VftaanU arrlvtnK at ihfa |iort In dialraw, or fur rai»alr 
 (fit (•iilln^ feUt h vf^ai'la ua hlivu aallLiI from lhi> )ioit anil jiald ilir oul- 
 WMnl dun>}* aliAll, u|hhi iirrival, pay llm lull liattKiur dura apiilliralilij 
 tn tlm inoiit ilialant piirl or plin'o fur whirh au'li vi-aaclt wrrn hound ( 
 liul If In hiillaat,ur not diuiharKlnu any raruo, only half iiuvft. 
 
 riiuKft. All rMMla rleirhiK tiir forelifn I'oita In hatlaat, with 
 aioreannlv, and haTlnu lo nrottrvd lo Truoii, ArdriMaan* or any othvr 
 t>lAi't> In Ilia UmIiimI Uinu<ioiiif lo Ink t, ara to bv vharK«il ttw hallaat 
 rnira a|t|>llcBhle loi:ouUn({ vraaoli. 
 
 I.lau 'i*. All MtfAiiivra I'lyinK to am' from |>orii or plarM, n par 
 (^Itta I of harhtitir rn^M, wlu-ti wllh p£«««n|(nra unlyi aiv chaiKvaUw 
 at ih<> ratn of |'/. p«r ton |wr trip, ur Id.yt ton |Hrr voyaite. 
 Olnai XH. All stvatnera plying to or uoin (porta or plucca, at p»r 
 
 plovril 111 i arryiUM i4'*o<'ii |>nHly M'*"*'* *'■■' |i4M«)ii|(inR. or 1 
 aoli'lv, alhill h>it*i vnlMitftf InwttnU nimI < tcarnil oniwnrila %>» 
 
 Mk^n\ltvn only, am cltarKvaiul* 
 ' /* par Ion per vuyanu. 
 frotn potti or ptMcus, u per 
 
 
 ' ); 
 
 :i: 
 
 \ 
 
 \ -i ' 
 
 *. . 
 
 
■^'^■'•:"- ,, 
 
 ' /i 
 
 '.: '■-.^\ 
 
 ♦. ^ '-^ 
 
 IS- 
 
 
 ' « 
 
 !'■ 
 
 • ! 
 
 I . 
 
 ..5 . 
 
 • • ■ * *•, 
 
 1086 
 
 PILOTS AND PILOTAGE &c. 
 
 Claw 3 of hwbour nUt Ubl«, and paulng to or repaulnc fhim 
 Gla^K"*' with pauengeri only, are charj^eable at the rat* of l^d. per 
 ton per trip, or «Jd. per ton i>er voyii^e. 
 
 data rto. All bttwmerK plying (o ur from porta or placca, at per 
 Clau 4 of harbour rates table, wht-n with pa»MnKen only, are rharge- 
 ahlt! at the rale of lid, pt>r ton per trip, or ^d. per Ion per voyage ; 
 and go on for ste<imerit plying to or fVoiii portJi or places, aa per 
 Glauea S and 6 of harbour ratea, according to tlie tible. 
 
 All ilrltUh Hitmmen entering thu hnrlxiun to take in their 
 mat'hlnerv, or for repairs of the f»me, bhatl paj Hd. per ton for 
 harlxiur tiues. 
 
 The rates in the foregoing table are exclusive of 
 the harbour police rates on shipping, and of the 
 town (lues for anchorage. 
 
 Harbour Folic« Ratea 
 
 All ships or other mwb trading to i ■ from ports. Imt< 
 or islands. In Classes 7* 8, 9, lU, and Ho,' the uble 
 ofharbour rates . 
 
 All hhlps or other rcsiiels irau^ng toor fioin iKirtK baTiu 
 or iHlnnds, In Classes .1, 4, .^, and 6 of the table tj 
 harbour rates ' ' * - . 
 
 Sti'am -packets on the above lines, from tht frenuencyof 
 their voyairtii - . ' 
 
 P«n,.l 
 
 All VMsfls of every do»rri|.llon plying In ('la»s« 1 ami 1 it 
 I \it. p>r Ion ii^r aiini 
 
 n. 
 
 Out. 
 
 i. 
 
 . 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 Tables of Anchorage and Ring Monet/, inclusive : payable at Clearing Outwards, or previous to Itaci 
 
 the Port of Greenock, "'' 
 
 Ships 
 
 Rate per voy.ige 
 All »ew>els aboi 
 reKulatf ihe rate. 
 
 4»0 ton» 
 
 and 
 upwards 
 
 lU 
 
 350 to 
 4U0 
 
 f. d. 
 
 9 
 
 300 to 
 
 3iU 
 
 il. 
 
 K II 
 
 a.')0 to 
 
 3UII 
 
 !iiin to 
 
 «'jO 
 
 «. d. I. d. 
 
 II G U 
 
 l.'>0 to 
 ■^00 
 
 d. 
 
 i, n 
 
 12.'. 10 
 160 
 
 I. (/. 
 
 3 6 
 
 100 to 7.5 to j,., ., 
 IW I m -^ita.: 
 
 •• d' I •■ d. 
 
 All «!iels'al7o»e 200 tons, whether ship, barque, or brlganline-rlgged, to rank as sliips j and' sinaiier TesMls, of whateter rig.'uii si' ' 
 
 Modified Table of Ancliorage Dues, calculated for Steam Packets, and Boats making freqmtl 
 
 Voyages. ' J H \ 
 
 Tons 
 
 U^hen plying on line: 
 Class 1, harbour rates 
 Class a „ 
 
 t'lass 3 „ 
 
 Clas< 4 
 
 350 to 
 
 300 to 
 
 S50to 
 
 2011 to 
 
 n.'.to 
 
 1. Oil to 
 
 401) 
 
 3ao 
 
 3110 
 
 2SU 
 
 200 
 
 I7i 
 t. d. 
 
 1. d. 
 
 «. d> 
 
 .. d. 
 
 t. d. 
 
 «. d. 
 
 3 4 
 
 3 
 
 •i 8 
 
 •i 4 
 
 i 
 
 1 X 
 
 3 I! 
 
 3 !i 
 
 ■i 111 
 
 2 fi 
 
 2 2 
 
 1 10 
 
 3 S 
 
 3 (i 
 
 3 'i 
 
 2 10 
 
 2 fi 
 
 2 2 
 
 4 II 
 
 3 X 
 
 .- 1 
 
 3 2 8 
 
 2 4 
 
 Vlb lo llinio UOto 
 
 l.'iO 
 
 : d. ' t. d. 
 
 14 10 
 
 1 i; ' 1 2 
 
 1 s ; 1 4 
 
 2 11 1 K 
 
 «. if. 
 
 111 
 
 1 I) 
 
 I 2 
 
 I 4 
 
 no to ] 70 to 60 to 
 90 m 70 
 
 : A. 
 
 s.i 
 nil 
 
 I. </. 
 
 7 
 SA 
 
 10 
 
 1 II 
 
 80 to,'""" 3010 , fit 
 
 »■ II II i3 
 
 71 fil 
 
 I) !) S 
 
 OIUj 9i 
 
 <. ill 
 
 4 
 
 II !> 
 
 II 6 
 
 3 0' 
 
 7 10 6 
 
 Hakwich. 
 Qfiay Dues, 
 
 Not exceeding SA tons, per ton 
 40 
 
 50 ,, 
 
 75 „ 
 
 100 
 
 l.'iO „ 
 
 excecdinK 150 
 
 ■■J 
 
 Ballast. — Put on board, per register ton. 
 Discharged, — Exclusive of labour, per register 
 ton. 
 
 Harwich Harbour Pilotage, 
 
 From 
 
 To 
 
 Under 10 
 
 10 feet to 
 
 13 feet and 
 
 f«!t 
 
 13 feet 
 
 upwards 
 
 Inwards 
 
 £ 4. d. 
 
 £ : d. 
 
 £ 1. d. 
 
 Sea, or Or- Harwich 
 
 
 
 
 fordness Harbour - 
 
 2 2 
 
 3 3 
 
 4 4 
 
 The Rolling 
 
 
 
 
 Grounds - Ditto 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 11 6 
 
 2 2 
 
 Outwards 
 
 
 
 
 I Sea, or Or- 
 
 
 
 
 Harwlch 1 fordniiss • 
 
 I 11 G 
 
 2 2 
 
 3 3 
 
 Harbour \ The Hulling 
 
 
 
 
 ( ({rounds - 
 
 Two- 
 
 thirds of the 
 
 above. 
 
 Harbour Dues, 
 
 On all Tessels of 30 tons or upwards entering the harbour by sea 
 Id. per register ton, except vessels in ballast, tishinf^ vessel.*, and 
 yachts, id. per ton. Ten payments in one year, unless in cases of 
 steamers and river barges, clear from further payments ia that year. 
 
 Hull.. 
 Dock and Harbour Dues payable to the 
 Company at Kingston-upon-Hull. 
 
 For every ship or vessel coming to or going between the port of 
 KinKston-upon-Huli and any pott to the northward of 
 Yarmouth, In Norfolk, or any port to the southward of the 
 Holy Wand, for every ton - • - 
 
 For every ship or ves-sel coming to or going between the port of 
 Kingston-'. pon'Huli and any port or place lietween the 
 North Foreland and Shetland, on the east side of England, 
 except as alwve, for every ton, tlie sum of - 
 
 For every ship or Tes.sel trading tietween the said port of Kings- 
 ton-ujion-Hull and any other port or place in Ureat iiritjuB, 
 not before described, for every ton, the sum of - - 
 
 For every ship or vessel trading benveen the said |K)rt of Kings- 
 ton-upon-Hull and any port or place In the Baltic Seas, and 
 3\il other poru or places above the Sound, for every ton, the 
 sum of ..--.. 
 
 For every ship or vessel tradir.g twtween the said port of Kings- 
 ton-upon-Hull, and any |.iirt or place in Denmark, Sweden, 
 or Norwlv, below KIsinore, or any port or place in Germany, 
 Holland, Flanders, Prance to the eastward of Ushant, Ire- 
 land, the islanda of Guernsey and Jersey, for every ton, the 
 sum of - - - - .06 
 
 For every ship or vessel trading between the said port of Kings- 
 ton-upon-Hull and any island or port or place of Europe to 
 the westward of Ushant, without the Suaiti of Gibraltar, for 
 every ton, the turn of - - - - - 1 
 
 For every tliip or veiiel trading between the said port of Kinga- 
 ton-upon-Hull and Any port or place in the West IndiM« 
 
 North or South A mcrlca. Aflrlc.n, Greenland, or an, plact u 
 the eastward of the North Cape of Vorwayrill lil Jm Jiihm 
 tlie htraltsof Gibraltar, and all island, and il.uSTiZ 
 ocean to the soulhwaril of Cape St. Vincent, not henitibrfl 
 named, for every ton, ll>e sum of . <" -n""!!! 
 
 For every foreiijn ship or vessel coming to or Roinjt (.ilh mei! 
 chandise) from any of the aliovenamed pons or I'lacn dmS, 
 the ralM, lonr....,.-, or duties above-raentioneli, mii«s the 
 said ships bi'long lo liritish owners. 
 
 For every ship or vessel sailing coastwise or olher.lie «, 
 < immg Into the said haven in ballast to be laid uii. foreim 
 ton (coasting duty inciudedl, the sum of - . ' , 
 
 N.B.— Kivcr craft using the docks and harbonil 
 at Hull are not charged any tonnago dues, c.vcepJ 
 in cases where they come from and go to oiLe* 
 ports. 1 
 
 Mem.— It is important .0 note that the kti 
 here given include any period of time liiirinJ 
 which a vessel may lie in the docks. It mav ±3 
 be stated that there is no transhipping duty oJ 
 goods at Hull. There is no general dook-rai'c o4 
 goods ; but for merchandise lauded on the qujvs 
 wharfage is charged. The importer, hoivewi 
 may remove goods by lighters <fec., without placini 
 them on the quays; and the quays are pjrfwdl 
 open to the merchant's labourers, if he choose i| 
 land them there, so that the charge of theeompaal 
 may, if the merchant and shipowner so desire, l' 
 strictly limited to the tonnage rates on the nm 
 I as stated in the abo*'e table. 
 
 Dock An Account of Charges levied on Ship^nj 
 
 t.d. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 the Corporation 
 Beaconage, 
 
 Vessels under 20 tons 
 And for every additional 10 tons . 
 
 of Hull for Bmij^i 
 
 1.1. 
 
 ■ I 
 . i 
 
 A Scale of Aruient and Usual Duesi 
 the Corporation of Hull, upon W. 
 Vessels Entering Inwards and Clmroj Od^ 
 wards. Foreign and Coastwise, 
 
 Anchorage 
 
 
 J'Wt' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Invsnli 
 
 Oitvudi 
 
 
 a. d. 
 
 
 1. i 
 
 Ifunder 40 tons burden - 
 
 I 
 
 
 1 
 
 40 and not 45 tons 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 45 „ 60 „ 
 
 1 6 
 
 
 
 50 100 „ 
 
 1 6 
 
 
 
 100 „ ISO „ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 ISO " 200 , 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 200 „ 2S0 „ 
 
 2 « 
 
 
 
 250 ,, aoo „ 
 .WO and upwuda 
 
 t « 
 
 
 
 i C 
 
 
 _ _ ^^^^-..',-,„J^ 
 
1 p« ft*. I 
 
 Ion I 
 
 lln. jOut.l 
 
 DLi fromporti.biys I '• t J. 1 
 , and 1 1 oi the uble I 
 
 •, ^ K.- MM 
 
 a or fiom yarx\, bajs 1 
 
 Uid 6 uf tlie ttble of I 1 ' 
 
 from tht f re<iuency of i , 
 
 iljinR In Classw 1 ami 2 of i,\!.lc, 
 yi-r aimu'n. 
 
 rda, or previoui to kacing, 
 
 15S to 
 150 
 
 inow 75 to 
 \i.\ 1 1(10 
 
 ... 
 
 1. </. 
 .1 li 
 
 .. d. 1 >. il. 
 li IP 1 a c 
 
 1. i 
 t II 
 
 tuuclt* of whatevvi rig, the uie u 
 
 d Boats making /nijuall 
 
 )| 6(1 to 50 to ,""" 3(itO' ;nu 
 70 I 60 \J<>_ W Ji 
 
 I. (. d.\: d. \l. d, I d.\,. I. 
 
 ( (i 5 4 3 I 
 
 II « n 8 <l 6 I 5 M 1 
 
 II Ulj !)4i 7 I Q 6 1 
 
 rica, Greenland, or anj plate u 
 ipe of Norway, all (ilacis wiihm 
 I all inlands and phcM In the ■ 
 ipu St. Vincent, not heniinbefw.- i. IM 
 ih of - , ■ • 1 Iff 
 
 il cominff to or RoinK >'th met- 
 «venamed port* or placei. double 
 es aliove.inentioned, unlt^ Ihe 
 owners. 
 
 ling coastwise or o'.hernlw. ot 
 in Ballast to be laid up, for hbj 
 1, the sum of - • -0(1 
 
 using the docks and liarbona 
 
 [cd any tonnage dues, cxcepJ 
 
 come from and go to otLer 
 
 rtant .0 note that tlic Juei 
 any period of time durinJ 
 ic in the doclts. It may M 
 ia no ttanshippiiiR duty 4 
 •c is no general dock-rate ci 
 laudise lauded on the quivsJ 
 ,. Tlio importer, howevtJ 
 
 lighters <fcc., without placinf 
 land the quays are p?rfecd« 
 I's labourers, if he choose ta 
 [at the charge of theeompan* 
 
 and shipowner so disircM 
 
 tonnage rates on the vciselj 
 
 table. 
 
 lroe« levied on Shippng I 
 1/ Hull for Bmijc^t a«i 
 
 1.1 
 ■ 1 ' 
 llOUm.- ■ ■'" 
 
 Lnrf Usual Duami/iiki 
 \f Hull, upon J/if- ^» 
 fnwards and Otatvij Oui^ 
 Coaatunse. 
 
 jtm 
 
 Inwudf 
 
 I.J. 
 I 6 
 
 Outfvdi I 
 
 71" 
 1 
 1 
 1 « 
 I < 
 3 6 
 
 * 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 6 < 
 
 The charge for jcltage is not made unless with 
 moils landed at or taken in at Hull, or within the 
 
 \he above charges are payable to the corpora- 
 ,i.,nbv prescription and charrer. 
 
 No charge made on vessels coming into port in 
 .ii.'iress, unless they take in cargo. 
 
 I'riraafic and dock dues are levied on behalf of 
 ihe Trinity House and the dock company. For 
 these and pilotage dues, see Docks, Hull. 
 
 Irswicir. 
 
 j;,iri Dues on Vessels Entering or Departing 
 I'lvm the Port, Laden, 
 •' d. 
 
 - per ton 1 
 14 
 
 ; I \ 
 
 • „ 5 
 
 - .-, fi 
 
 - .. 7 
 
 : ;; 3 
 
 : " li 
 ■ If ' * 
 
 \11 vessel.'! bringing coals only, and departing 
 bballa<t only, I'alf dues. All colliers bringing 
 "ooJs are charged full tonnage duty for them. 
 
 Pilotage. p„fo„, 
 
 B. ft. 
 
 Ilinich 10 Ipi»lcl>«°^ ''"""*'*"''*'" """"""'• • 'i 3 
 
 Imsst • - - ■ -20 
 
 Unnoon Creek to Ipswich and vice Tcnft, li or more inasls - 1 9 
 
 imul - - - • - 1 fi 
 
 li«»iihim Rnrli and vice versft, !! or more matU - - I .1 
 
 I mist - - - - -10 
 
 One (ourtteiif proiiellcd or toued bj steam. 
 
 PJksl.-is. per ton, to be purchased of the 
 
 duck commissioners. 
 
 Isle of 5Luf, Peel, Ramsay. 
 Pilotage. 
 
 PILOTS AND PILOTAGE &c. 1087 
 
 Harbour Dues (Act 28 Geo. III. c. 58 8. 34). 
 
 Mieli under in Ions _ 
 
 ftom iOli 
 
 CO tons 
 
 61) 
 
 70 „ 
 
 70 
 
 SO „ 
 
 HO 
 
 in) •, 
 
 90 
 
 KX) .• 
 
 llll 
 
 im >. 
 
 13U 
 
 i.'.n .. 
 
 l.'iU 
 
 17.'> „ 
 
 175 
 
 •im „ 
 
 ^IK) 
 
 •iM ,. 
 
 WO loni and upwards 
 
 Brilhh Teisels under 40 tons 
 
 VoMb of 40 tons and under fiO tons 
 
 6-1 ,, 100 „ 
 
 100 tons i-id larjor 
 
 KiKKCAuiEY. 
 
 £ $. 
 
 s 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 Porn 
 
 Harbour 
 I Dues 
 
 . ! ■ 
 
 I iKirkPildf • 1 piTtW'. 
 
 1 :aiinitii!And- 11 „ 
 
 J lAr^trulhel - 4 ,, 
 
 I |l;.m . IJ „ 
 
 I lU'emtH . .. 
 
 hlnliil ■ I) „ 
 
 I |I<w - It ,] 
 
 Dock 
 
 1<. 
 U. kA 3d. 
 
 Pilotaf^e 
 
 li. per foot 
 l«. „ 
 
 fid. inwards, If. outwards 
 1«. per VO tons 
 !lj. to l!j>. the Tettel 
 IliJ. per vessel 
 
 Bal- 
 last 
 
 Leith. 
 Pi/otoje, hy Order of Council, June 30, 1863. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t. d. 
 
 ^eutlidravini 
 
 uot more than 
 
 7 feet water 
 
 
 ■ 4 10 
 
 not more than 
 
 X 
 
 „ 
 
 
 - S 
 
 » 
 
 
 !l 
 
 „ 
 
 
 - 9 9 
 
 9 
 
 
 III 
 
 J, 
 
 
 - 11 H 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 J, 
 
 
 - n 9 
 
 11 
 
 „ „ 
 
 I'i 
 
 
 
 - 16 
 
 18 
 
 II It 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 . 19 fi 
 
 If "fj"""' '"" °' '"" °' * '°°' above 13, an additional charge of 
 I Enra iiiniilince every J4 honn— master pilot, 3i. ; boatmen. 
 
 Pilot Boats and Crews, 
 
 |toTiasdif[oinrorel|!nporu under 70 tons - - 4: 
 
 lOandnoteiceedinx V20 „ - - Ha. 
 
 HO „ „ 2.50 „ - - 6.. 
 
 1 „ . exceeding 250 „ - - 9«. 
 
 jRjlBout.srdionehalf. 
 tThtpitotane to be paid to the collectors of shore dttea, not to pilots 
 
 |H"o(pUoUnotnece«sarj. 
 
 h c Light Ihut (Act 28 Geo. III. c. 58 s. 36.) 
 
 ■ Per tmkI> 
 
 I rtj*" ',"' •'>"«"r burden, to paj to the shore-master 
 I'ilirlii"?"'" "''''"* "" ""* <"■*"•*'"« "P •• <'• 
 r Siw*' "' *""™ burden and upwards, to pav for euh 
 I Sjl?if* '.'Cl- '° *• "here master, and If. to Ui* 
 I mi tot houting the H>» or putting up the light - - 2 6 
 
 All vessels, whether ships, liarques, or boats feicept draff boats, 
 haddmk. boats, yawls, ferry-boats, and plnnares), shall piy 
 
 every time thev rnme into the harbour fur each ton uf four- f , il. 
 
 tiflhs of their burden - ■ - . • U 1 ^ 
 
 Ballast (Act 1 .t 2 Vict. c. 55). 
 
 f. d. 
 
 Shipped - - - - I .1 per Ion 
 
 Landed - - - -07,, 
 
 Dock Dues, 
 
 For every ship or vessel from any port N-tween Ruchanness 
 and Kyemoulh, tncliiilinf{ the (treat ('anal at 
 
 4 
 
 - g 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 - I) 4 
 
 - - - and the river 
 
 Clyde, as f.ir down as (ireenock, t-oinInK Iiy thi' canal 
 
 (or every ship from any other iwrt In Great Britain and Ire- 
 land ---.--- 
 
 For every ship or vessel from Norway, Sweden, Denmark, 
 Holsiein, HamtmrK. Itremen, Holland, and Flanders, that 
 is, without the Il.iltic, and no farther south than Dunkirk - 
 
 For t'very ship nr vessel coming from the Italtic, all above the 
 .''nund, Onega, Archangel, .Fersey or (lUernsey, Portugal, 
 France, and Spain, without tlie Straits of Gibraltar, New- 
 foundlanil, Modeira, «>r Western Islands ... 
 
 For every ship or vessel from within the Straits of Gibraltar, 
 or f rotn A merica 
 
 For every shin or vei^sei coming from the ^Ve*t Indies, Asia, 
 Africa, or the C.ipe ile Verile Islanils 
 
 For evei^ship or vessel from (Greenland or Davis's Straiti 
 But, if clcanett, to lie clinrgetl as m balUist. 
 
 For every ship or ves-sel in ballast coming into the dock 
 All steam ves-sels from pons in Firth of Forth, as fur as Anstrnthet 
 
 and North Berwick, carrying paisengen and luggage exchisivelv, 
 
 irf. per ton. 
 
 Vessels laden with coal, sold in retail to the 
 inhabitants of Edinburgh and Leith, who are 
 hereby debarred from entering the said dock, are 
 exempted. 
 
 London. 
 
 Port or Dock Duties. — The following rates are 
 received by the officers of this port on all vessels, 
 entering inwards or clearing outward.s, except in 
 ballast, under the auth)rity of Act 4 & 5 Wm. 
 IV. c. 32; and the amount so received is paid 
 into the chamber of the cit^' of London, in con- 
 formity with the Cth section of the said Act, 
 viz. : — 
 
 From or to Denmark, Norway or Lapland, 
 Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen, or any other part of 
 Germany bordering on or near the German 
 Ocean, Holland, or any other of the United 
 Provinces, Brabant, Antwerp, Flanders, the 
 Netherlands, France (within Ushant), Finland, 
 Russia (without or within the Baltic Sea), 
 Livonia, Courland, Poland, Prussia, Sweden, or 
 any other country or place within the Baltic Sea, 
 yi. per ton. 
 
 From or to all other places, ^d. per ton. 
 
 The following is the Ramsgate Harbour duty 
 (per Act 32 Geo. III. c. 74), chargeable on all 
 vessels trading to or from foreign ports or places 
 passing the harbour, laden or in ballast: — 
 
 For every vessel under 300 tons 
 above 3(10 „ 
 
 2d, Iter ton. 
 id. „ 
 
 For every vessel trading coastwise passing the 
 harbour, the rates not chargeable oftener than once 
 a year. 
 
 Also Id. per chaldron on co^ls, and Id. per ton 
 on stone, payable for each voyage. 
 
 Dover Harbour Duty {per Act 9 Geo. IV.), 
 chargeable on all Vessels, British or Foreign. 
 
 From 20 to 300 tons burden trading oversea, 
 for each time passing the harbour, if laden, Ifjd, 
 per ton ; also the like sum for entering the 
 harbour. 
 
 Coasters : — The passing and entering, duty once 
 a year ; also |d. per chaldron on coals, and |rf. per 
 ton on stone, each time passing. 
 
 Not having com or provisions for the greater 
 port of the cargo, having come through the 
 Cinque Port water, a fourth' part of the Cinque 
 Port pilotage rates. 
 
 Scarborough Pier Duty, chargeable on coasting 
 vessels. 
 
 If laden, passing the pier, \ of Id. per ton. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ■y 
 
 •H i;r, 
 
 1 
 
 ^ H t 
 
 
 >■•? 
 
 ^mMM 
 
 lllil 
 
 
 '■■O-*---^' -IS'- 
 
 !. 'r.-4. -It ■ 
 
 1^-^ 
 
 '-; fi 
 
1088 
 
 .1 
 
 « ' 
 
 :*■,■ n 
 
 ..;k 
 
 ■>■,■ 
 
 '■^. 
 
 PILOTS AND PILOTAGE &c. 
 
 LiVKUlMHiL. 
 
 Hatm on HHippiNn 
 
 CMttinif Trtiilt. 
 
 Cl.AM I.— nrtwmi thr Mull orOalluwa; ami St, Duvlil'i lltod, Includlnn th< 'alnl 
 nr.MlinAiiil AnillpwA • . • • • •/ 
 
 I>ltlu, ifiukiitK r«<U({<* in thp hnrlinur only - . . . - 
 
 Cl.tM V. — Itftwpvii l))p ]\tuM ofOallnwny Hnil Dunrnn'n llfly ller.:I, iiit!!><lln;i Ihrl 
 Orknity lult-*, and ull th« l*lHntlK mi ttt« VVt^ttfrn i'u4«t of .<«r«tlanil, itixt iH'twfvn t, 
 hi. Dnviil'M llfAil Ami lti« l,ftn<l\ Kttil, Ini'liidlnif tliv .^^i-tlly Inlaiiilt ami the Kiul i 
 l'o.»l nf Irrtanil, from ra)M» t'le.'ir lu MiillknK KotI - . • -J 
 
 Illtin, iflahinK rvfufpi in tlie hartxiur only ..... 
 
 Ci.AM 11 — All piriB of tin* Ka*l and SouthMn roA«t4 of (Ireat llrltain Itotwren) 
 IhnicanS Hay l!i*a(l anil the Lantl'it Knil, InrluiUnu the l^laniU of Slu-tlniul anil f, 
 all iiartH of Ihe \\'e*t t'nn»t of Irvlanili (Viiin CniMtCluar to MalllnK lli'uili incluil' i 
 liiK till! UlaniN on that roatt . ■ - • . •/ 
 
 DilliS if only taklntc rtfiiK« ....... 
 
 Foreign Tritiht W«. ; — 
 
 ClAM i. — All part! of Kiirn|ie to the Nurlhwnnl of Caiie rinlilnrn*. anil to ihe\ 
 
 UVRtwaril of the North ( npe, anil without Ihf i:AltP2at anil ll.illli- Slm. ami In- I 
 
 rludInK the IiUndj of (jueriuey. Jeri«y» Alileiney, Sark, the Furo Uleft, and T 
 
 Iceland ....... ..J 
 
 Plllo, if only taking n-futre ....... 
 
 Ct.Aia A. — All iiarti within the CaMpftnt and llaltir, Inrltidlng SwtHli-n, the White) 
 Se<i, and all parti to the KnKlw.iril nf the North t.*a|ie, all iiartK in Ktiro|ie to ttie f 
 Hoiilh of CaiH* Finliterre wiihotil the i\le<tlteriani-an, S'cwfiiunillnnd, lirvenUml* ( 
 DarU'i Straltit ('.inarlei, U'ettern Inlandi, Madeira, and Aiorei . •} 
 
 I>itlo. If only taking ri-fii|{e In the harhour • . . . ■ 
 
 Ci.AM fi, — Alt nartft on the K:ut CiMUt nf North America, the We«t Inilkn, thiO 
 Kait (.oatt of Noulh A iiii-rli-a to the Northward of Hio ile la IM.itii. ini'hl^kve i all > 
 the U'e»t t'onitt of Africa and lilaifd« to the North of the ('ajie of tinml llo|ie, } 
 and all p.irta within the Miiliterranean, inclndin); the Adriatic, the lllark Sea t 
 and Ari-Iil|ielnt{n, the KtaniU of St. Helena, Atceiiilon, and Cape de Verde .J 
 
 Ditto, if only taking refuKe In the harbour • • . . . 
 
 Ci.apf 7. — All part* in Koiilh America to the South of Klo ile In Plata in tlieJ 
 Facillc Ocean, in Africa and Aiia to the Kajitwardof the Caiie ul'tioml llu|>tt ./ 
 
 Ditto, if only taking refuse In the harbour ..... 
 
 Ton- 
 nage 
 Duty 
 
 |ier ton 
 t. •!. 
 O H\ 
 
 41 
 
 .',J 
 
 1 U 
 
 I 4) 
 
 1 4i 
 
 I.liiht- 
 
 llOU«« 
 
 nuly 
 
 |itv ton 
 I. </. 
 I) 0] 
 0| 
 
 01 
 0] 
 
 OJ 
 
 Anchor.' '"'lo""/!* IW 
 _„_ fool of WHirl 
 
 "I" li>!lii| 
 drawing 
 
 per vei 
 (. if. 
 
 I j' f'l"». 
 
 . *■' ' ■• 
 
 I U 
 I 
 
 I n 
 
 11] 10 
 
 li 
 
 IS 
 
 I) 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 1| 
 
 1 
 
 1 3 
 
 I 3 
 1 3 
 
 /!) n Inw. 
 14 II out. 
 
 ft ninw. 
 b Uuut. 
 
 II Inw. 
 Uuut. 
 
 r^i ninw. 
 1 1 lloui. 
 
 F'l ninw. 
 II Uuul. 
 
 Inw. 
 out. 
 
 fO I) 
 
 II (> 
 
 ji IMuw. 
 
 )l Uuul. 
 
 \'J Ulna. 
 
 H (loul. 
 
 LoNi)C)Ni)i:ititv. 
 
 Tomtage. — Collected under 2 it 3 Wm. IV. 
 
 All sliips fniin fureiKii partH, iu/. per ton ; 
 co.Tstcrs, '2(1. ))cr ton ; vessels in distress, or 
 taking refiigo from stormy went lier, free ; vessels 
 in ballast, free ; vessels under 20 tons, freo ; no 
 deduction on vessels dclivcrini; their cargo in 
 part. 
 
 i'jVotat/e.— Collected under 2 & 8 Wm. IV. 
 nnd reduced by by-laws to the following rates, 
 for ships of every description, or steamboats, 
 viz. : — 
 
 Inwaroi.— (Per foot, and Inchei In proportion.) 
 7 feet and under to pay l-l#. «. i/. 
 
 Above 7 feet onduiiiii.r 8 tupay at therateof U O 
 
 It ,. 1.1 „ 
 
 \ft feet and upwards nt the rate of 
 
 1! » 
 
 V 4 
 
 11 H 
 
 .1 U 
 
 3 4 
 .1 H 
 
 4 n 
 
 4 4 
 
 OuTivAitDi.— (Per foot, and Inches in firoportion.) 
 7 feet and under to pay IOj. 6ii. a. 
 
 Above 7 feet and under H to |iay at the rate of I 
 
 R 
 9 
 10 
 II 
 I« 
 13 
 II 
 
 9 
 10 
 II 
 Vi 
 13 
 14 
 1.^ 
 
 16 feet and upwardi at the rate of 
 
 Vessels of 30 tons burden, per register, and 
 under, shall pay 10». inwanl pilotage, and 6s. 
 outward pilotage ; above 30 tons and not exceed- 
 ing 40 tons, if bound coastwise, and sailing in 
 ballast, only 8s. outward. Boats which have 
 discharged potatoes, under 20 tons, 3». Gd. out- 
 ward pilotage, if Uritish. Wind-bound vessels 
 half pilotage in and half pilotage out, to or from 
 Moville or Quigley's Point. Vessels towed by 
 Bteaikiers \ off, if* demanded bj' the master or 
 ower, or by any person for them, on producing 
 a proper order. 
 
 All vessels laden with bark, under 120 tons, to 
 pay 6d. per foot extra; 120 tons and not ex- 
 ceeding 150 tons, 9d, ; exceeding 150 tons, Is. per 
 
 ftiot extra. All ships from foreign pnrtn. or, ir 
 liound to foreign porta, having on Iwnrd half their f 
 regislorcd tonnage of cargo, or with|.ass.ni,'ors.io 
 pay M. per foot extra, in addition to the alwve 
 charges. I 
 
 Vessels which have cleared the Loiieli, and br 
 stress of wear her obliged to return :-It is hortbv 
 (lirecteil, that as these vessels liavt paiil the full f 
 amount of pilotage, they slinll pavbu- Jiii.midl 
 4 out, of the amount of their outward pilo;age,to| 
 be ascertained by the masters account frdmilie I 
 collector of pilotage. I 
 
 Pilots detained on board vessels, the Bum ofl 
 2». 6il. per day; when the mcastiremontcxcMJij 
 loO tons, 3*. Gd. per dav; detaining them un- 1 
 necessarily in Derry, the like amount. | 
 
 .^«//<I»^— Collected under the 2 it 3 Win, IV. I 
 Masters of vessels may procure their own bate I 
 in the best and cheapest manner; but those waoj 
 may wish to be supplied by the ballast ollicc par,! 
 for gravel, 1». 3d. per ton ; sand or sufficieiil 
 ballast, 1». per ton. | 
 
 .dnc/iora^f.— Collected from time iranieiiioriil.j 
 Vessels with one mast, 1*. Gd.; vessels iriih 2| 
 masts ormore, 2». Gd. Vessels, unless they contei 
 to the ship quays, arc not charged. I 
 
 Merchants' Qiuiyg. — V^essels arriving or sailinsj 
 with a cargo are "free ; the owners of the gooiij I 
 pav the wharfage. f 
 
 Vessels arriving in ballast for the ,iiiiF« 4 
 repairing, pay 2d. per ton on the rcjristcr ton-j 
 nage, for the berth and use of the quays. 1 
 
 Vessels coming to the quavs for the iiurposecfl 
 discharging <)r taking in ballast, pay :U per ton I 
 on the tpiantity discharged or taken in. J 
 
 Vessels arriving in ballast for the purple "'I 
 taking passengers, pay 2(/. per ton on (he register I 
 tonnage, for the berth and use of the quays, and j 
 the passengers' luggage is free. I 
 
 Vessels that have discharged their cargoes, and I 
 take in ballast for the purpose of takin;; passen- 1 
 gcrs, pay 2rf. per ton on their register tJimage;! 
 the ballast and the luggage are free, 
 
PILOTS AND PILOTAGE &c. 
 
 1080 
 
 
 (Uawkitft 
 
 per rr». 
 «. ./. 
 . {J 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 I n 
 
 1 
 
 1 3 
 
 I 3 
 I 3 
 I 3 
 
 Jl 1 3 
 
 i. 
 r. In«. 
 
 (I IHU. 
 
 I 3 
 I 3 
 1 3 
 
 fO n Inw, 
 \\ Oout. 
 
 : p ninw. 
 \ I u uut. 
 
 ('1 l)ln». 
 i I IJ uul. 
 
 I fi.) in«, 
 I \ I U gul. 
 
 fi| nin». 
 VI Uuul. 
 
 /•) ninw. 
 
 \l (lOUl. I 
 
 J9 II Inw. 
 
 \l II out. 
 
 I U II ln«. 
 
 \\K II QUI. 
 
 9 from foreign ports, or, i 
 »,lmvinK on bonnlliiilftlicirl 
 car(;o, or withiiassi'n!,'crs.ti)j 
 •a, in addition to the above I 
 
 ) cleared the. I/iiigli, ami by I 
 jged to return :— It is lie* I 
 e vessels liavt paiil the full I 
 they shall pjiy bu* J in, ami I 
 [ "their outward |iilo;ai,'e,to| 
 master's account from ilie I 
 
 board vessels, the snmrfl 
 the measurement cxcN»li I 
 
 day; detaining thcraiiii-j 
 thelikc amount. 1 
 
 under the 2 4 3 Wm.Iv.l 
 av procure their own hallisti 
 lest manner; but those cin I 
 ied by the ballast office piyj 
 jer ton ; sand or suff 
 
 'ted from time immemoriiLl 
 .3t, Is. Grf.; vessels with -I 
 Vessels, unless they coniej 
 
 not charged. I 
 
 _Ves.^els arriviiijorsailiiiSl 
 ; the owners of the gwibl 
 
 , ballast for the puT''* "^1 
 Vx ton on the rcpstct ton- 1 
 Id use of the quays. I 
 
 the quays for the V|.n««fl 
 *5 in ballast, pay y. pet ton I 
 
 krced or taken m. \ 
 
 ^ ballast for the FV^ I 
 .2rf. per ton on the register 1 
 
 anduseoftheqi«,«n*| 
 
 IfA is free* ,1 1 
 
 tiBcharccd their cargoes, ani I 
 
 on their register tonnage,! 
 Wage are free. 
 
 Ly.nn. 
 
 Toim dues, foreign ond coasting vessels, arc 
 
 ti follows :— 
 
 |1rK(in«e. pw 
 SukMf . •inio 
 
 Ion dclifund - 
 
 SUt««ti 
 
 ■J"fj'13JS',', pL'r fnwl, 10 foreinn pwu and not 
 
 • II I 
 
 • (Ik 
 
 • U 6 
 
 These dues arc not payable from vessels taking 
 tffuM or discharging their cargoes for the pur- 
 ;.,ic of repairs, and are under the superintendence 
 (.1 the corporation. 
 
 Mooring Dues, 
 
 \i per ton delivered ; unprivileged vessels 
 
 i'uble. , ^ , . . . 
 
 Not chargeable upon vessels taking reuigc Ac. 
 L'mler the control of the commissioners under 
 the I'ilot Act. 
 
 Pilotage. 
 
 «. i. 
 
 Toinff»ldr«ni(liti>fw»l" - . I « |i«r foot 
 
 Iil««iii>«10f«tlto}llf««t - 
 I'i „ 1* "• w W. 
 
 It ft. 6 In. • 
 
 I 4 
 t 
 X 6 
 
 The rate is the same whether loaded or in 
 Wl«!t, and is chargeable each time up and 
 aitiiv, as well as on vessels taking refuge or in 
 distress. The Company of Pilots is under the 
 control of the commissioners under the Pilot Act. 
 
 ftil/mt.-B8lla8t is supplied to vessels by pri- 
 vate individuals at 1». 3rf. per ton. This charge 
 is independent of that of ballast, under the head 
 rf town dues, which is payable from all vessels not 
 belonging to freemen of the borough of King's 
 
 Lynn. 
 
 MONTBOSE. 
 
 The (Incs and charges levied under the 1st 
 I Vict. c. 99 are the following :— 
 
 TuHltfitm Fcrtie* Part: 
 
 I F« til <ewli nt'lRltlnx u> Ibr loulhwird of tho t. d. 
 
 TroT<ic o( Cayricorn. per mriftor ton - 16 
 
 I. Bfi»m Oil Kqutodiidth* Tropic of Capricorn I .1 
 
 M<ti<mllKTro|ilcorC>nc<r and the Equator - 1 
 
 4. Tinilfraiii ur port In North Amrrlca, (imn- 
 M, niilt'i tllraiti Flihtrld, and all within Iha 
 SinittolUibialur - ■ ■ - 8 
 
 5. Tosrhwn any port to the north of Pronlhelm 
 la NurwH, or bom Atorta, Madtira, or Tcna- 
 iMtlilaitiii . - • - 7 
 
 t. Toof from any poit between Gibraltar and Dun- 
 hirh, Includiiifi l>unkirk, and from an; port In 
 ihtBtUlcparctlalerton - - -03 
 
 0* CoaiMaf VukI: 
 
 I. To Of from anr port in Great Britain or Xrrland. 
 locladlng the talanda of Guemiey. Jersey. 
 Aldiiney, Sark, Man, the Shetland lalanda, 
 tadUikiKji . • ■ .03 
 
 i All mwU laden with coala or lime only, fVom 
 X) ron la Ufcal Britain lie, ciceptin( Scot- 
 Ind • • ■ - • 'i 
 
 S. All mill laden with coala or lime only, tnm 
 ■HI poit .0 ScoUand, and all rciaala cnnagcd in 
 IM hminR trade - - - - 1) 
 
 10. AU wam.naHla fkom any port in Great Itrltaln. 
 otflani (nameraled In No. 7, carrjinn paaaen- 
 
 II ,f""^''"l'loBia«ee«cluaHelj -OS 
 
 II. All anm.fciacla carrying itooda and paaatngera 
 u fi) the lame ratea aa aailing f eaacli. 
 
 It is in the option of the harbour trustees to 
 Imrge either the tonnage dues on the voyage 
 ■inwards, or on the voyage outwards, at the rates 
 Itpecified in the above schedule, according to the 
 Iwunce; and if the charge be made on the 
 royjge outwards, there shall be deducted from it 
 iiiie amount of the dues that mav have been 
 Ipevionsly paid on the voyage inwards; but if 
 l««ch vessels sail in ballast, they shall be charged 
 IWh dues on the inward voyage only. 
 I ,*" J"'«l9 with cargoes are permitted to enter 
 I. I , "' ''" "fe'y or convenience by pay- 
 IS^'of one-half of the tonnage dues; but if 
 |wy iiuii take goods on board (stores for their 
 
 p.::3S' " ''™'' *'""'■ ^''^ ''^'" p"^' 
 
 ^ vessels remaining in harbour pay, after 
 
 2 months, Id. per register ton per month iit 
 advance. 
 
 i'/anArt(/«.— Each vessel entering the harbour, 
 loading or unloading goods or ballast within the 
 same, or performing both operations before leav- 
 ing the harbour, to pay, in name of plank-moiiey 
 (w)-cthcr a ]>lank bo used or not), us follow.'', 
 viz. : — 
 
 On icaaela amounting to and not eiceeding fO tone 
 
 eacecdinK *^ 
 Ml 
 lim 
 (.Ml 
 
 SW 
 3011 
 
 I not eibavdlnK •'^* 
 
 imi 
 
 l.'ill 
 tm 
 ».',0 
 3(111 
 .1.MI 
 4IIII 
 
 400 tana and upwarda 
 
 I. d. 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 Local Lights and Beacons. — The harbour trus- 
 tees arc empowered by the before-mentioned Art 
 to charge at tho rate of jc/. per ton on vcssclx, 
 for tho support of the harbour lights and beacons ; 
 but, finding that a less rate would cover the 
 expenditure, they reduced it to ^d. per ton. 
 
 Pilotage. — By virtue of the powers conferred on 
 the harbour trustees, the following rates of pilot- 
 age were lixed by them, viz. : — 
 
 Tone Regiiter 
 
 All under 40 tona 
 40 and under M „ 
 
 m 
 
 «u 
 71 • 
 M 
 lim 
 
 I'M 
 I.M 
 
 I7^ 
 
 '/on 
 
 S.V) 
 
 6u 
 
 70 
 
 H.-t 
 
 100 
 
 \vt 
 
 I.V) 
 173 
 
 ton 
 v>n 
 300 
 
 300 tona and upwarda 
 
 FiraiBoat 
 
 Second Boat | 
 
 
 Out. • 
 
 in- 
 
 Out. 
 
 
 warda 
 
 warda 
 
 warda 
 
 £ a. d. 
 
 £ :d. 
 
 >. d. 
 
 1. d. 
 
 II 6 n 
 
 (1 4 fi 
 
 li 
 
 4 II 
 
 7 
 
 3 3 
 
 6 
 
 4 fi 
 
 II s u 
 
 6 
 
 fi 6 
 
 A 
 
 9 
 
 « 9 
 
 7 
 
 A 6 
 
 ino 
 
 7 6 
 
 7 6 
 
 6 n 
 
 li 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 6 fi 
 
 IS 
 
 11 3 
 
 9 
 
 a » 
 
 1 U 
 
 13 
 
 in 
 
 7 6 
 
 1 i 
 
 IS 9 
 
 II 
 
 8 3 
 
 1 7 « 
 
 1 07 
 
 It 
 
 9 n 
 
 1 to u 
 
 1 S6 
 
 13 
 
 9 9 
 
 1 li 
 
 1 S 3 
 
 14 
 
 10 fi 
 
 too 
 
 1 10 
 
 If, 
 
 11 3 
 
 The third boat is paid the sama as the second, 
 and the pilot-rooster s charge is 6d. per mast on 
 each vessel entering the harbour. 
 
 Jiallast. — Put on board, 9d. ; discharf. 3d free. 
 
 Newcastle. 
 Tonnage Dnes. 
 
 per reg. ton 
 Oil every reeacl with a rarco to or from any nort or place In 
 
 the United Kingdom, or the lale of Alan, or the continent of «. rf. 
 
 Europe bctwet.n the river Elbe and llreat .01 
 
 On eveiy veaael wiih a cargo to or from any other port or 
 
 place ■ - • • • • - t 
 
 Sttam Kra«<4f. plying on the Tyne. for towing veaiala or convey. 
 \a^ paawngcra orgooda. per Iwne power, per annurn - 7 6 
 
 I. d. 
 
 IfarhmrlteM, under 100 tone . - .0 11 
 
 nil) and under too - 1 I 
 
 ton „ 3U0 -13 
 
 above SUO tona • • 1 A 
 
 f.ow ligMi, not eiceeding SO toiu - - 1 3 
 
 100 „ . .18 
 
 too „ . -to 
 
 300 „ • ■ t 4 
 
 Above 300 „ . • 'I i 
 
 Holy tatand. buojia and btQtoma, per veaael laden - - I 
 
 ^'airn'A.vftuoy.— Bach veaaci proceeding notthwarda - I 
 Aiivriratdkandmoortfia^a.— Or* 'very vaaael entering the T;iw, 
 
 per regiaiered ton • • • - OJ 
 
 Pier Dues. 
 
 Outwanla. Home, per ton 
 Koreign „ 
 
 I 
 t 
 
 Dock Police, 
 
 M :d. 
 to tana to AO . each 16 
 All „ sn - ,,030 
 80 ,. lti> . ,,040 
 
 }w ., tun • „ A 
 
 t'JO „ 3110 - ,,060 
 
 £ t. d. 
 
 .VMtoMto 500 ■ eadi 7 A 
 300 „ con „ ID 6 
 
 600 „ 800 „ lA O 
 
 800 tou and upwivda 10 
 
 Ballast. 
 
 niicharged in dock by hydraulic cranea, per ton 
 t'.halk rubbish ... 
 
 Clean aand .... 
 loam • • • ■ 
 
 Stonaa . - . . 
 
 Block chalk ■ 
 
 e. 
 
 4A 
 
 1 
 
 « 
 9 
 • 
 S 
 frea 
 
 I Ml 
 
 N 
 
 
 -.^ 
 
 • •'.?- 
 
 ..■'.;v.vt" •*:;!#. ^r' 
 
I (MX) 
 
 
 4 I 
 
 K^ 
 
 ' 1 ■*. 
 
 r 
 
 
 f'» ' 
 
 
 « : 
 
 i ' ^ ' 
 
 1 
 
 il.' 
 
 ]. 
 
 Nnwi'iiKr, 
 
 V»M«I« lit III* fiMillitH itmXm, Willi tiirHn, iMwdftU Miitl iMilwnrili, •! 
 
 (•••I loll liHlalf<( , »«i li witf l>| 
 
 \ ».wU III Mm M>t«i||ii iinil*, wlilt I MUM, lh«4>iU ntid niilwurtU, 
 
 |ifi iixi nnUivii »*• li «<>| ' ^*\ 
 
 I'lLMTH ANf> r'H-OTAdK kv. 
 
 VimcIh imiiiiIiik ill III hallniti pay „„|y , 
 oulwnril ••nrKi>, ' 
 
 A.Vi7(((/c, 
 
 l'l»t..f 
 
 tint Imw 
 
 tlHI III 
 
 tflNI 
 
 ,, 
 
 VthI 
 
 .11 Nl 
 
 t* 
 
 11 m 
 
 4im 
 
 • * 
 
 • HI 
 
 AiNl 
 
 ,, 
 
 Mtll 
 
 MNI 
 
 It 
 
 MHI 
 
 «INI 
 
 ^, 
 
 HlHl 
 
 IIM4t 
 
 • • 
 
 iHhIm 
 
 . NH.I 
 
 ll|iWII1tl4 
 
 ..I III 
 
 4 <. I<. 
 II III II 
 
 riMla1*l« mihI 
 
 I I N.< I 
 
 I liiili N» «. 
 I.lnill Nil. .1 
 
 \'lwarU 
 Ik'lw*' 
 
 Ilvl 
 
 III Iwllul 
 111 Miiliiit 
 
 Mill lltllltif 
 
 i«il IIkIiim 
 
 H II 
 
 « II 
 
 N II 
 
 III II 
 
 in II 
 
 ■III* Itillil I 
 • III I'llilill 
 
 ■ tH ('Ntlllll' 
 
 . <ii rmiliil 
 
 Nmlii 
 llw II 
 
 •II III 
 
 illllM 
 
 VnnU liiKilliiH iir illii'lmtHliiii al llu nliariM In ||„,i._ 
 lliai|liillilll| latMllnl IkmiiI aiiU illn haiuail, iw mi , "•' 
 
 Maui Nn, 
 
 M 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 III 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 W II 
 
 in II 
 
 I.lnill N 
 
 u. 1. 
 
 if. 
 
 1 mill Nu. >. 
 
 S 1. 
 
 M 
 
 >. i<. 
 
 11 1 
 
 II 
 
 It 
 
 i; II 
 
 11 III 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 a 11 
 
 II I'l 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 11 11 
 
 II l> 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 ir II 
 
 1 II 
 
 II 
 
 V 
 
 « n 
 
 1 t 
 
 (1 
 
 V 
 
 t II 
 
 1 A 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 IS II 
 
 1 In 
 
 II 
 
 ^ 
 
 .1 It 
 
 1 |A 
 
 II 
 
 ^ 
 
 \n It 
 
 f. / 
 
 A (I 
 
 It « 
 
 III tt 
 
 17 (1 
 
 1,^ ri 
 
 ^ I) 
 
 tl.irtiU, MMil Mlnrlip^l lit l(lM|(TiiMl,«riiiiy iNiliiiVMliir Mlii»hi>«il niM wprt „f iti«.. • 
 M.MiU. mill I .H.mlNT. oi wi, ,„,i„i wp,i „cH/i„..|,Mi| ..r N«m)t I'.ilni, „, »,,, rfi-3"*' 
 homU Hitil I.Mhilf laUmltiM mit |hi|ii| «••! »f CihiihU, "" *"""•* 
 
 tSrti <YiIm;<-- ri<.<ijir/ii t^tttmtuf with i\tf'tptr$ or 
 i)9iHtriitHf With i\tiijiH*f, 
 
 \'im*9\» ninii II* Iti miv imtf it^ iliwil 
 
 "KtAtHt lit'Unil, llin l«l»itf Miut 
 
 II «■ III* Ul«iiiUit|UH»tiiM<«, Ji\ 
 
 t, l>l 
 
 |lii| »«i'<imI1II|| 
 
 AlilvdiCi. 4it(l N«lh. 
 titl* liMia iii»«atil»iMi>iil 
 
 ^')t| «r«>»U •k\-i-««Ut«|| llHIIiUti MtVM- 
 
 kuivniMif 
 N»«| «n«1 Iwowvrka f\iMit lUlf) nf 
 viHlAltid, M. |>4it 1i«t.l>ii| «i>*<k. 
 
 Vi'MM'U OiMu III III mit t'lfiii^i kt«il ttf 
 
 ^'tti«ti>#, rti>v|i1 itlmti* wlltilil III* 
 
 hllAlU 14 tJllilHtUI, Mill M'umI iliv 
 
 Ni'llU rum . 
 
 Hmii AlUr 4 wM^a. «■ IwAm*. I J. 
 
 )Hi lim, twi «»»k. 
 
 I^*»ll^ i»r in *»* v»w »" |»Uiii li» Kvir<t|>#i 
 t«*iiml (tit* NiMih t Mw, Nii« |Htii or 
 |ilii« wilMii iW H|ia(i»i4 IIIIimIim, 
 ^lii^lhvt In K'\im|N^ A«Ut»i AH 111 
 
 rf^titi oi to Aivv |Hut tii itUi-« in III tilth 
 AniMti-A, r«k<«t>l tUf \i Ml Itiilln, Aiiil 
 ■111 |t«ut i«t |iUt*« (It tSillrtI SUIPM 
 ft«Nil mirf 4 w««l*. Ai MUv, U. 
 }•»! liUt, |>»| wtwk. 
 
 ^Nwu •«! M AUY I'l^ri itr |<1ai<« tii iii\ji 
 imK4M t*itt iMTih* «>^M 
 
 H»iil Ikflvt 4 «r«kB, HI WlUtv, IJ. 
 f«i lnui. |>ri «rvh. 
 
 liiwa»U 
 
 Ollloaiila 
 
 V.J. |wr liui 
 
 V.I. iwl l.iil 
 
 .W. ,. 
 
 .V. 
 
 .V. .. 
 
 .^,<. . 
 
 7.(. ,. 
 
 N. » 
 
 lU. „ 
 
 UU. „ 
 
 IW. „ 
 
 KU. „ 
 
 V\i* v«v*i «*wvl. wllh a ranpi, «lil<li tliall ntlwllivaalil ilw-l «nil 
 ilrfWiM llirtvAviiit wlltiiiMI liraakinH IhiiIi.ik wIiU-Ii bIiaII ilUi-liarR*, 
 aii«l afVMwai^l* lakr .m Uialil ami «W)ian villi tli0 »«iil« carKii, |wr 
 i<in nvNuurHiiHil, ixl. 
 
 ICiilrtliig ami ilKiiarlliiii In liallaal, |iri imi, \l. 
 
 Haul afliir I wiwk nuiii ilalaofi'iiirriiiiii, |,f. .^,|„„,^, 
 
 Kir.n irrmliir Irul laii lliaii mi luiu iiica«ii,m..,ii i„ I, ,„., I 
 
 al Vil liiiia iiiaakillrlliaiil. 'I 
 
 Ki.i wiii..lii« ami laklnnavat thi liailaM, a ihir, gfju „,_i 
 !■ iiiaila (III Ilia t.iil.lai iiiiiiiaiii'. ' "'Pliwi 
 
 llnllaii ill.i liaiiinl al •ailmia iiiliala whaiTnim ih, .„,„,, /I 
 III. iLar .ml. Ilniii l|.l III l/u. ,11, l.«i,ij,l.t„,tl,«,„':.;l 
 »llata»i.r, twirlllil aiinlillnil In Ilia llalui. 1/11,, Ullul ,1, ,i„I 
 Kiaial iir iliiii'.liiiia I |Hi>4lili> lijr iiuloiii m , ,a,Mnl. ""'MI 
 
 • < n 
 
 ■ i 11 
 
 • I J 
 
 • 10 (I 
 
 ■ II b 
 
 I'llmi «iii|ilii|ia<l mi IIiIh Wink w Uianl tiiialt w 
 
 I'l liar li«llmi> 
 
 IIHI liMla lu .Mill • . . 
 
 .iMm „ Ami . . . 
 
 MNI „ Nial 
 
 NIHI hill* anil liiiwanU • 
 
 Wlnil'lHiiiiiil ti'iavli III |ia} |>lliKi .^<. iw iliam. 
 
 Iljtan iiiaalai'a Aaa, nialnail uihIik Ult lullMllli 01 ihtui-,; 
 inlukiHWfft All lUliilaNP 1 — 
 
 Kiir vaaaatl uiiiirr .111 tiai* . • 11 6 
 
 .Ml Imii, anil umlct lOll . ■ 11 f 
 
 • l"l ,. tW) - .10 
 
 •I" „ «.VI . . I ( 
 
 ••I" ., .V») . . t „ 
 
 % niNI iiina uuX upwanlt . ( ( 
 
 llirra U a iliama iiiaila Air what li rallail a lolaiir, nf IJ Mk 
 uiMHt llw nuililiar ol Iwk of (,imU •hlti|»il or l«nil«U, )kiJ I; ™i«n 
 ami iilHlvr Ilia >iilliii>ll< <.f Iha mm hanlt. Thli li |i«l ki iL 
 iiiaxcn iif »i'«irli im ('la«i|ii(, uid <a lidlfw It mj imiij 
 I liamial III llir kIiIii. ^ 
 
 Ilia riilliiwiim iMllaai rhw(M an InM bi hwtoiir nam 
 umlar .til II Will. IV. I', nt I— 
 
 lUliaai iliKharinU In dork, U aat um idduicul M. (« id 
 li; iiilhi. 
 
 VaaxiU iNMnliw In In IuIImI |u; only on iha oaKinl ririg. 
 
 rtia iluaa l«l*il on trnialt ftil ainklrilnii lh<<l billul oniht 
 Oila uf Ihr tint an \U. nrr Ion nuliltf on mitk «aili« An a 
 lilaivwaatwanlvdhtlliilwM lilaal. anllM-muaiatefh 
 iUkw aaaiwMil tt ih* Unlmw 
 
 NKwitr. 
 
 i- 
 
 I'hanr* 
 
 HwlaNiiihna 
 
 ru«M«* 
 
 , ilHMlilua 
 
 llaw UfM 
 
 Aiwhang* an « mark, rMuili<( trad* 
 illlli\ AmtIaii 
 M^titai^r. l^^ullnc • 
 lUlIwi ApriMan 
 iliiig 
 
 IVvkK 
 
 iKljIt i'«a*lii 
 iltlto, AitviM 
 ■hip, oiwialVnc 
 iltth\ Aim«n 
 
 Ntvnuaabn- 
 «ni|H by tmi*mj' 
 
 ti.1. 
 
 11 1 ( 
 } I) 
 I i 
 ) I 
 
 ll i ll 
 on 
 OKI i> 
 
 111" 
 
 ' in l| 
 
 li 
 
 J< 
 
 iMVfarlnniwi ihvrriiuiand niMiuivtnffnt . • . . . 
 
 Ki\Muilw ixriiri'arilnaf^inl ...... (ad 
 
 \i iKa %vm»\ la .^ mll«a aia«« * * • • -,. 
 
 IV> llw rirar, ii|i ami ilown, |<« Aon «n Ih* drauiiM or nUt . . i> I > 
 
 N.H.— rikiliM* U In ao4iw cuaa iMiit ll) «|PMi>i«il> >!>«• I»ln( no tnnoh or CktblUwl |iiln. 
 
 Racli tworl - • - • - • .petwJIl 
 
 t>«^«u . - ■ . ^ . . . • - : : „ Tn 
 
 I'hai^ Am- mk'h h*nt t%i« in(i oc Uit^klnffjR 
 Pl.TMOl'TII. 
 
 SalhtA Ihin. 
 1*1 jior vejaiol of oven- «li.\MTiption, whether 
 t^kiiii; rx<t\i)^i in the harbour only, or to deliver 
 the c*r^s wholo or iu p«rt. 
 
 ?VTT\».\ rtxn.. 
 
 For all ships or vesjcls mriwl in th| 
 coMstin^ triulf, or coming Ava Iw«»i»l*''^ 
 ton*. 1(/. pvr ton. 
 
 For lUl siu'h sliips or vcssdic^*'"Ui^r™ 
 itL uer ton. 
 
 -\ll vessels emploj-cil in fishiiy;. o^ W.« 
 to the port, 1/. Ij. per •nniun. 
 
 \n liargcs, lishierss iod oJJxf «■': »'" 
 
 OH Ships. AH bwRes, lishiers, «>d i'*!* se. JMw ^i 
 
 Mps. 
 
 VVr all ship* or >tssels wming firom foreign 
 paiw, id. per ton. 
 
 ton.s lt5». iHT Aiiiium. ., , 
 
 .\11 shijtf or ves*l5 Ivinc in:2r -.H f*^^ "* 
 ! bour more than 3 etlendar ■«* i.==*^ *°"" 
 
riI,OTH ANU I'lLOTACIK &«. 
 
 1001 
 
 liitllniil |)«y (inly on ili: 
 
 fi7<i(/r. 
 
 Ml lh« vttarfva 
 
 III 
 
 Iliiflfn.in J 
 
 laillxliaiKWI.IHnlMi . . 1 
 
 mil Nu. t. 
 
 Lima (111, ]. 
 
 ( 1. •!. 
 
 
 i •. i. 
 
 1 II n 
 
 
 1 S II 
 
 % 
 
 
 1 It >> 
 
 1 l> i> 
 
 
 « III II 
 
 1 II 1 
 
 
 H II 1. 
 
 tin 
 
 
 H ^ II 
 
 t T " 
 
 
 ] lA II 
 
 « \!> n 
 
 
 4 .'I II 
 
 S .1 » 
 
 
 ^ 5 II 
 
 !l lA •> 
 
 
 li II >i 
 
 r Mliivlt(**>l AOi^ *•■■ III HIniiKwI. 
 Null I'liliili <» >«l of I'uxiiU 
 
 ImllMl, (wi li»>. ^'1- 
 
 p iirntlrrtlirff. 111. I"*' l"ii |wi »wl . 
 
 IliKil VII l"ii* iiif«>ui''iiir<il In Ijr ■''Hi 
 
 wm lh> IwllMl, avhiri ii(t)J i«im| 
 
 Ml* iiilvnl* wharvmim Ihv «nlii<lf</l 
 I.I V^il. |iil liHirrBUIff.ftnfllMI v»»l 
 1 III III* tlHluitf III III* Ultul, •)inbir| 
 lijr i-iuloiit ui imiHnl. 
 
 wiifk owlHiwI tiUcU - 
 
 I. I 
 
 ■ I II 
 . S 
 
 • in 
 
 • 10 11 
 
 ,• . . -111! 
 
 U imoli .i|. l*r iiwm. 
 
 Uail uiulM Uit •ulhmll) of llu i«l< 
 
 lilllA 
 
 (lilt umln toil 
 
 «IW - 
 
 «M) 
 " JlHl • 
 
 ind upvanli 
 
 ft« .bit !• c«li«l •»<rt«r.»'i/ P'l'j 
 
 iilii|. •nil »• '«•'"• •• "^ '^ 
 kt(M •!• 1"W 111 !>"<»« '*'°' 
 
 ton w«l.l" »" '«*«>«""«^J^ 
 
 «npl bj c««1"l- 
 
 t ( 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 ( 1' 
 
 S 1 
 
 0111 i) 
 
 OK 
 
 . ' » ■! I| 
 d< I) I > 
 ■ « J « 
 
 .'0 1' 
 
 1 • • ! ? iJL 
 
 L v««i» «!?^'.f v^'a 
 
 'denJ«r ■«» >.— ^ j 
 
 ,11,1111 111 II »lii|iwriKlit'H yiiril) nlinll juiv, lit Mm 
 fi|,ir»tiiiii lliiTi'iifi ''"' ""'"" '''"'" "" '' '■''"y '""' 
 'riirii'iiti'iiiil llin limlmiiri iiiiil i«> mi i»l. llm nx 
 ,,iriiiiiiii iif «v<0' '' """''■'"• l'"7 "'"'" <'iiil'""" 
 
 ihrliill. 
 
 .i,„iiMiNi> will (rmiii'UK., »•■ li «"Mil 
 M..,ii|l> 1.1 i|ii«l 
 
 lialii 
 
 ml 
 
 M'»i lull ill 
 .Uui 
 
 I'Unl. 
 
 
 •. 
 
 ll. 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 II 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 fur Ihr ffir <;/' M" (iriiviim llriiilt, 
 h'lir I'Very nliip "i" vi'Hhi'I iiI' <il) Unm, iiiiil iiiiiliir 
 HI) tiiiiNi 'i: \>'t wi'rk. 
 iifHO inim mill iiikIit I"" '""N '•'»• "''• IXT 
 
 /■'or //if //»« <i/''/ii' niiMitiniJ Cltitini. 
 Kiir cvory Nlit|i iiiiilrr 2(111 Iiiiim, !la, |M'r wmik 
 Atiiivii '2110 mill iiihIit Vi/iO liiiiH, \i, |ivr wr.nk. 
 AJMivit 'IIM U>u», lit, |ii>r wciik. 
 
 IlKVIlNnillT, 
 Hun vlt<ir<)ril on (Vwir/a rnlrriiiy Atultim (!iiVf, Ntui 
 I'litmlijr, iinil Sliiiirliiiuiir Quiiij, 
 Hlii|iM of HO liiiiN ri'){lHli'r, ium:Ii, Oi. 
 Illliirr HO liiliN, 'In. Oi/, 
 
 SIllllllN, iln. (i(/. 
 
 Ilur){ii or liny of 20 loiiH, anil mil iixcMtiliii^ 40 
 
 liiiiH ri<){iNli'r, l«, 
 lliilllN nr vi'mni'Ih iiihIit '20 Ihiih, IiiiIi'Ii, I\iI. 
 I'm vi'iiMiJH lyiiiK ii|i, iK'f wiM'k, 'JtuJnt. 
 Kill' lliii IIMI1 III' lliii ^ruviii|{ Ixinrli, .'U. 
 (Nivii'il, ll/ |iri'Nrri|iliiiii, liy I.I111 Innl nl llii; fimiior.; 
 
 „r llHI liiiiH iitiil iiiiilur 'liOO toil*, llf. |ii'r 
 
 wi'ik. 
 iifiDO tmiH or iipwiirilH, tm. prr wni'k. 
 
 Ti'lk "f III' H'>li' "J l'il'>lity, for I'iliilin;/ Slii/it willtin Oit /'li/iiinuth Hinlrirt. 
 
 UlalllMiq/''l"<l'''~''<'l'l'' Wfalwiiril a« Iiir n* lrfi.'4i« a^llil Ktalwaril a^ lar aa lli« Huil, anil In aiul fi.iiii.aiul liilii ami mil >.f, all I'litU ami 
 
 ^nM, ami Ktalwaril a^ lar aa Ilia Hlail, anil In aiul fi.ini, a 
 I'l- .a wlllilii lliir« l.liniu. 
 
 1'»f:aw>«iiil 
 Hay. mill 
 «li:« vi'raA 
 
 Mil. 
 
 •nil 
 
 h: 
 
 •In 
 
 riHtlinUlll 
 hiiniiil, anil 
 
 'rnralwalar, 
 
 anil »li« 
 
 nariA 
 
 
 
 
 
 iiri. 
 
 anil 
 
 WMIlU 
 
 
 lin. 
 
 anil 
 
 •ral'ill 
 
 u 
 
 T'l'- 
 
 iwr n, 
 <. 4, 
 
 imri, 
 
 t. J. 
 
 Iriir ft' 
 
 3 « 
 
 •I « 
 
 A 
 
 4 
 
 •i n 
 
 II II 
 
 ■i II 
 
 4 
 
 ^ n 
 X « 
 
 3 II 
 
 1 n 
 
 — 
 
 ™ 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■> 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 -• 
 
 — 
 
 -- 
 
 T'l Nmi.m 
 l''*<il 1 
 
 rtom in ImailnirT Una 
 
 dinnfromih- M»w»t«im |Mvn.iirrn 
 
 i,IVi:..-l'<.lnl;- ',. ,/, i. ,/. 
 
 tin thi|A iMinlnl iir <|iillltfl 
 
 ■rilkivi llioM litiilU 
 lln JiitN IwiiiImI or i|UltlM 
 «4Jkl>th«»l(inlU 
 
 „ I'linyMtli huuiul 
 
 „ ( «tnur • 
 
 „ HruM I'mI 
 
 „ HhniuJt • - 
 
 All »hi|n lirawinK Ichh than H ft. of wntor urn 
 I to piy the umo nniouni of |iilotut{u <» if tlioy 
 I wire uf that ilrniiKlit, 
 
 ilie neviral iiilolimo ratCM licniiil Hpisciflwi arii 
 I julijitt 10 a ri'iliictioii of (iiMj-fourUi part in ri'HWM'.t 
 (i( viMcN |m)i)«lli:d by utcuin, ami vuihcIm tiiwcil liy 
 I iteim VFNii;i!i, 
 
 N.l).-Slilp» returning by ilintrcHM of wcaUicr to 
 I pty half the commuii piliita«ii. 
 I Biiluiice I'ttutaae.—Vitt i-vv.ty lonKue witliout a 
 I line drawn from thii Kaiti lli^aij to thu Mcwutont!, 
 I one-fourth part of tliii rate of pilotage chargcabtu 
 I on the vitKl from Hca to tint Mound. 
 I The foregoing ratcH arc luvitd liy authority nf 
 I the Trinity Board, under ti (ico. iV. c. 125, and 
 I Here sanitioned Novcinher 1H6'2. 
 
 There art no chargCM levied for local lights or 
 I beaconi at thin port. 
 
 I There ii no regulated charge for bp.llMt, nor any 
 I Board appointed for ita supply ; the iiartiea obtain 
 lit on the bent term* they can from diflTerent quar- 
 Iten, the quarries here abounding with matter lit 
 Ifor the purpose, 
 
 PORTHMOUTH. 
 
 I J'"*""" ^"™ P»y8ble to the Corporation of the 
 Iboroughof Portomouih, picr Act 3 Vict., in respect 
 |of all shipj or other vcHseln arriving and ojuting 
 Imchor, or making fast, in the harbour of l'ortn- 
 lnouth, for each and every time such ship or other 
 |»t8fel shall enter or come into the harbour- 
 lute mioni . . . .1, nnihip 
 3"uiluniltr COloiu - - »». ,, 
 
 "0 I. Xlfl „ . . M. „ 
 
 f' •• Til „ - - ft.. „ 
 
 liMlnUMidavwinU . . 10.. „ 
 
 SKamlioMi to be charftd ooli onn i da;. 
 
 fn"ip/ioiu.-P='ot-»ioat8, fishing-vessels, boats 
 m decked, and ships and vesseU arriving in dia- 
 
 Unage dues payable in respect of all ships, 
 WJ, or other vessels, lading or unlading, upon 
 witom the whanes and quays or other works, or 
 
 11 ri, 
 
 Niiii 
 
 wtffiU 
 
 li 
 
 ,«..fi. 
 •. >i. 
 
 IHirfl 
 1. il. 
 
 /I 11 
 
 4 
 
 4 II 
 
 .1 n 
 ^ n 
 
 1 A 
 
 .1 
 I K 
 
 •I n 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 ■In 
 
 IUiniia<a, 
 
 anil villi 
 
 vaiiA 
 
 14 n. 
 
 anil 
 np. 
 varili 
 
 A 
 
 4 II 
 
 1 <i 
 
 .1 «1 
 
 ,1 ft 
 
 s n 
 
 In •nil Ha;, 
 
 ai.il Ilia 
 
 *at«4 
 
 14 11. 
 
 •lal 
 
 "I- 
 «a>ik 
 
 |t*.r n, |Mr It 
 
 .. ll. .. ./. 
 
 4 
 
 
 'I'll Vaaliii 
 lllvar. anil 
 
 14 f». 
 
 anil 
 
 iiM- 
 
 warili 
 
 Mrt fl.'i.«r ft. I- .-..,- -. 
 I. ll. .. 4. .. ■/. .. 4. 
 
 4 
 
 n n 
 1 n 
 » ft 
 
 4 
 
 5 ft 
 
 a » 
 > I) 
 
 In 
 
 •lal'ninl«. 
 
 anil Vila 
 
 • ■»* 
 
 14 fl. 
 
 anil 
 
 u 
 
 ■;.';. 
 
 |i*r ll. 
 
 <. i< 
 
 4 
 
 a II 
 
 1 « 
 
 t 1) 
 
 - 
 
 ... 
 
 - 
 
 -• 
 
 - 
 
 
 in til); (Jiiiiibi-r, witliin ii liiir. drawn from tl.i; 
 north I'.OMt niigli! of M r. MmlcgiMi'a Hton-, l.o lln; 
 soiilli w<'.Ht nngli) of tin: Ni:w <iun Wharf — 
 
 'I'll or from Uyo or Haloinilitt, or any port or 
 pittci! I.i'twc.i'ii tliein, '2</. p'-r ton. 
 
 '•0 or from any port or pliicu in (inuil liritaiii or 
 Ireiaml, coantwiHi! .')</. |K-r ton. 
 
 To or from |iarts (foreign), itJ. pftr ton. 
 
 (Jeneral Kxrinptumi. — lln Mujwity'n Hliififi, VftS- 
 Ntds, or boatM, or any ship, viinwd, or liout in tint 
 s«rvii!i! or I'mploy of ber MnJcNty'a (Jiiitl^jifu or 
 KxoiM!, or ibmrd of Ordnannii. 
 
 No cliargi! for local Jights and lj.!aconN at tbU 
 port. 
 
 I'iluluye, 
 
 l7bMi 1,^ I jfif~t 
 
 ■ndw "'■•" warib 
 
 From 
 
 MpltlMd, Mallwr 
 bant, Mlatn liar, 
 or f.oWM Itoaiia, 
 Mr IvA ■ 
 
 Hi. lltlant. Var- 
 moulli,or l/ftnin^- 
 Um, far »hl|*i an- 
 rhorlnx am) ro- 
 inalnInK tlltr»al, 
 |i«r tout - 
 
 Spllhaul, Ac. 
 
 Ht. Iltttnt, Ac. 
 
 «. d. 
 
 2 C 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 r, 
 t a 
 
 7 
 
 3 r. 
 S 
 
 S mllM wllhaut\ 
 fl*mltrl<l|{« t^uli/*', 
 ut 3 inllaa wltttfrtit 
 DunniiMi ur Ht. 
 C«lli«rln«, er S 
 mllaafromVoaOlaa 
 Folnt, comlnn In 
 •t thai paaMgo, or 
 vico vtriA. , 
 
 Within « mllM of 
 
 th« buojt cflf'l 
 
 Hrmbrldtt*. of 
 
 wllliln ^ rnlloa of 
 
 Uia Natdlta Point, < 
 
 or tire ^ffxk- [ 
 
 Hhlpa Inward bnuml, l<naril»-l laflnon Naadloi ami llurit Caaila, 
 «.. vrr foot. Hhl|ia Inwaril bound, Ijoantid liotanm Hunt ( aatta 
 and Niwton Crwii , I.. p«r fool. Hhlfx coming frocn Co>« liafbour 
 to p>f I.. It4. |Kr fool, and am* oo nmng oat. 
 
 N.B. — The early insuf. of a new tJtbJc for Portv 
 mouth is expected, 
 
 ItAMROATE. 
 
 Ilarbour Duel. — For every vessel under 15 t^ns 
 burden, id. jicr ton ; 16 tons and over, Od. 
 
 Pilutage. — S«, per foot of draught 
 
 Refvgt. — No due for 60 hours. 
 
 Ballait. — Put on board: land, 1*. zd.; chalky 
 If. lid, per ton. 
 
 4 a2 
 
 ," f ■■- 
 
 '# 
 
1092 
 
 DtnomliuiUin of VmmU 
 
 llrlilfth TMwU tram p<>rlii In 
 
 Irvkml 
 nilto fioin tirmt llrltain 
 Ditto fVom foretin puU • 
 
 riLOTS AND riLOTAQK &c. 
 Huan, 
 
 llnrhour 
 
 Hum 
 (Ml Ton 
 
 ItUh 
 rurrMicj 
 
 I*llati4i« for VmwIi nimlns Into ih« 
 Fort lo illh harx* ihotr tai|co«« 
 
 rrom Aurll I lo 
 H«|il. .Ill 
 
 viv.:, 
 
 ■■ .V 
 
 1 !' 
 
 Sc'ARnoitouoii. 
 
 Harbour Duet, 
 
 All rrrxtt undn An tniit, it. nch i >I»t« iO loiu, U, ft rr||UI«od 
 Ion. Co«U UnUfd, (M. pit ton. 
 
 Corporation Dutt, 
 Kuh TMwl, 1<. «4. CoaU dollrmd, lt</. por ton. 
 
 SOUTIIAMPTO!!. 
 
 VcsspIs, \rhethcr coaiiting or forcifrn, entering 
 the port of the town of Southampton, are charge- 
 able with a boomage duty :— 
 
 tfniler AO loni 
 
 Aboro SO onii undor 100 loiu 
 
 1 00 Ions ind upward* 
 
 - 1 fi per rowtl 
 • « 6 „ 
 
 - i 
 
 And all veAselH, upon loading or unloading in 
 the roads, at the legal quays, or in the docks, '2d, 
 per ton, register tonnage, each voyage ; if with half 
 cargoes, Id. 
 
 DockDuoa 
 
 Invarda 
 
 Outwardi 
 
 All ihlpf and nuoU 
 
 
 
 from an; port ouuido 
 th* Ualtlo bMvoon 
 
 
 
 
 
 lh< North Capo and 
 
 
 
 Uahanl ■ '~ - 
 
 M. par reg. Ion 
 
 U. per ran. ton 
 
 From any port In tho 
 
 
 
 McfUtFTTAncant In* 
 
 
 
 cludlni Ullirallar 
 
 M. 
 
 M. 
 
 Any other part 
 
 M. 
 
 M. 
 
 £i.d. 
 Rent after .Yweeti. par rtnUttr ton, per week - UU I 
 
 Coaalen landlnx caino or pan en geri, or loadinx out, with I 
 
 weifk** prlrktrjte ..... frpe 
 
 Rent after I week, per reciitcr Ion, ner week - u 1 
 
 Colllrrt, IranUilpplog their cargoes into reaieU In dock, per 
 
 rollier . - . . . .110 
 
 The docks are part of the port of Southampton, 
 and consequently vessels using them are subject 
 to no extra dues of pilotage. 
 
 HateM of Pilotage for the Port of Southampton. 
 
 From anr plact within the Iile of Wight to Soulhamp. per font 
 ton, HamUe, or Burticdon t ». d. 
 
 For rcMeii drawing 17 ft* water and under ■ - y 
 
 For v.Maeii drawing more than 17 ft. • - 3U 
 
 From any place wlihin the file of Wiahl to Ellng, Red* 
 bridge. Northern, or Chapel, la. per fool mora than the 
 alMve relet. 
 From Southampton to lea : 
 For reueli drawing 1 7 ft. water and under 
 
 17ft. and not exceeding M ft. 
 more than tO Act . 
 For removing rca^elft from one place to anolher within the 
 Southampton Water, or within the Iile of Wight, the 
 following ratei, via. :— 
 From Southampton lo Redbrldge, EUng, Noriham, or 
 Chapel, and rice Ten* .... 
 From Southampton to flamble, Ruriledon, l^eiie, or 
 Buckter'» Hard, or Beauiieu, and rice vifnA 
 -and for any intermediate dliiance a proportionate part of 
 tlie above rates. 
 
 Ballast.— \», per ton. 
 
 If a master choose to retain or employ a pilot 
 whilst at anchor, the rate for the lay-days is to be 
 7(, 6(/. per day, exclusive of the day on which the 
 vessel comes in or goes out, 
 
 N.6.— A new table for Southampton is in pre- 
 paration. 
 
 Stocktox. 
 Foreign Trade. 
 
 /■nonfa.— United Kingdom, Isle of Man, IVhIle Sea ports 
 tietwcen North Cape and Oibralur, Ilaltic, and British posses- a. <i. 
 slant In North America, par regitur Ion ■ .03 
 
 Any elbtr plaoe h • • - 4 
 
 6 n 
 
 7 n 
 
 9 
 
 I 
 1 s 
 
 OH/rperdi.— Name duet. 
 
 Hhtpt terklnK lefuKe, per regiater ton • 
 
 hhlpi tn liallatt „ 
 
 l."ra( l.lii^li.-Htch veosi 
 
 l.lfflMMl II - . 
 
 Town dues „ . . 
 
 Balliiit iliscliargcd at the Middlcjboro' crut j 
 4^d. per ton. 
 
 Ratti of Pilotage for every Foot of Wain i 
 rtuel drawn. 
 
 From the tea andt To the Hlh Iniey, being Ihtllriliirt 
 
 any Inlrrmadiste I place of inrliiirtae, ii illnei tii 
 
 place, and vice / Ait of I'srlUniiiit . 
 
 verUi. } To Cargo KInt • 
 
 From V.nritn Fleet, k 
 
 and any internie-l To Middleburg . 
 
 diale place, and | To Htocklon 
 vice vera. ) 
 
 Balwetn October 1 and April t,.^. per rosintn. 
 
 N.B.— Owners and masters of ahifti luin; iJ 
 Toes and port of Stockton are not to par moir,} 
 any other rates of pilotage, than the above niif 
 tioned; and all pilots acting under the 
 and atithurity of the master, wa^den^ 4c. i;f li 
 Trinity House arc hereby ordered and direcidl e 
 to ask, demand, or receive for pilotage inyniJ 
 than the rates as above stated. 
 
 St'NDBRLAMD. 
 
 Harbour Tonnage Duel, 
 
 United Kingdom, Itle of Mnn. ports between Uihinl ud lit i 
 Hcaw, not exceeding 1 .VI tons regifeter . ■ 
 
 IMto'iM „ . . .1 
 
 301) Ions and upwards . * 
 
 Other poets, each Ion * • * . ■ I 
 
 This to be paid either on entrance or cicarlflgi bat alvm a 
 the highest rate. 
 RfJ\tgt, per regiiler Ion . . ■ 
 
 Pari IJgM ■ . .... 
 
 Orounda/it Dmt, per vessel, per voyage * • 1 1 
 
 Arm>ca«/< rWiiity iraiw.-Under lOll tonl 
 WIO „ 
 3U0 „ 
 Falrioafi Buoyt, each vessel 
 Hfiboat, by content ... 
 
 aiiwr WofcA, per ton, each voyage, each yttt ■ 
 
 Dock Dues, additional (Iwitrii). 
 
 I. United Kingdom and IsteofMsniperrtgiM'M 
 !l. Euroiie between Uihant and Naseof .\orei!, Own"). 
 
 and jemey • 
 
 ''I 
 
 .1. Baltic tiea.iMiant,andr>ibraltar,NansnilNo'ilii>l'' ' 
 4. Within (JibMllar, es<t of North Cape, Miiltin,Au«. 
 
 North A merica, south of Oavii'i Strain ' f 
 
 d. Ail other porta 
 Ov/ivarda.-Clasies I, «, 3 
 Claa4 • 
 Claiai • 
 
 Pilotage, 
 
 April 1 lo October 1 
 Octebn t to April I 
 
 
 Battail. 
 
 .1 f 
 .» J 
 
 Under 400 tons 
 
 4IK> „ and upwards - 
 niReharKlng clat or nibbith, extra • - . -, . 
 
 Ten per cnxt. adilliional between October I ii>li>™ '• , 
 Shipping ballaal from dock quajs - 
 
 Mast-'ng Bain. 
 
 Vessels under 300 tons - - - '. . 
 
 .10(1 to io:) tons 
 MO lens and upwanli 
 
PILOTS AND PILOTAGE &c. 
 
 1003 
 
 ni 
 
 WIM 
 
 rrnmlVl. Ho IVi-l.l 
 
 lainiin .*" r 
 
 (■ 
 
 
 root 
 
 f. 
 
 4. 
 
 «. 4. 1 1. <. 
 
 
 ft 
 
 A 
 C 
 
 
 ii 
 
 ^ 
 .1 
 * 
 
 1 n 
 
 I 
 1 1 
 
 « 
 
 cl 1 
 
 g < 
 
 II ll 
 
 It thoMiddlcsboro'crMtij 
 
 • every Foot of Waitr i 
 lel draw*. 
 
 c, of inrhxiwt, •• •"""1 , ,. 
 t of l>«iU»m«iil • '■ 
 
 -.Uf Klirt ■ • • I 
 
 Stockton 
 ,nd April l.MpwfKXn*' 
 
 ,1 manteraof »liip""'"8'lj 
 H-ktonarenottopavnioitJ 
 
 nloUKO, than the above «l 
 lotH acting unto ita 1« 
 ,c master, wardens, 4c. J I 
 letcby ordered and (litectti a 
 receivo for pilotage any B^ 
 
 iKjve stated. 
 
 „r Tonnage D*t>- 
 
 ton* rcH'sW * 
 and upwirui • . 1 1 
 
 „„„.;otci-rt««.'»"""" 
 
 1 1. Eil^". ' 
 
 SWASSKA. 
 
 Toiiiuiijr Duel, 
 
 |Hir 
 
 I li,l« nin,— . ,|„„ iMi.iiii urnWi ii 
 
 1 11 „ yw ., 
 
 .^'lO inni anil u(i««ril* • 
 
 • llhJn iht Hlr«li> iif (llliritlur, umUr ino loiu 
 •Iwvt hHl Bntl undrr V'lO „ 
 iW „ ^M „ 
 iM torn Mid upward* 
 
 f^rp::SSST: : ; : 
 
 VMl.r,ini»in«»«r30d.ji, l>« rnl.Ur Ion, |,tr »rik . 
 
 •Ml. P*""'"** ■ 
 
 ,_Ui>4eT m IM>« 
 3U0 „ 
 WMl 
 
 i,ch»oj»««. ««'>'"' 
 
 additi<ml (ia"""!')' 
 
 «.» 
 
 Pilotage. 
 
 rl 
 ll 
 
 Battatt. 
 
 p«ard> - 
 
 . 1 OFi 
 .t I 
 
 ck qu»)> • 
 
 '*' 
 
 Ion 
 
 J. 
 
 J. 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 It 
 
 II 
 
 
 II 
 
 *>t 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 Ii 
 
 II 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 II 
 
 l\ 
 
 ') 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 I Nntth I lil«cliitrur<| • 
 
 i*u>l T'Uhut . Ill ilvtr • 
 
 I In .In.'k 
 Port fitul. Tut on b-iiitl 
 |)i»cliatg«tl ■ - 
 
 f if. |t«r ton 
 ,V. iHtr lun 
 
 1 
 
 ji" 
 
 SKATII. 
 
 1 1 •i»d KiBililaol ind Chinml l>l*udll 
 |l,«MM(«i .perlon 
 
 ,,■..11 . • • • >, 
 
 ■ tv,l.,liiP"«»'l' " ■ • ,, 
 
 |>«ii,civ.«iiilC«p«flnUltrr« ■ ■■ 
 
 ll-ahrf|«lli • _.*-." " 
 
 PORT TALBOT. 
 
 fc.,n,««t . - ,*,...' 
 
 llBtiiJiillIicirgo, outward* wllnout - 
 liiltMt „ will! cull • 
 
 I Mast'TiQ ilfl'"* 
 
 tnnvr Outrr 
 Buin UmIii 
 
 Vrf. 
 
 Si?- 
 
 u. 
 
 l«n(o-|clfl| lhl|n 
 
 roUT CAUL, 
 
 Ballait. 
 
 m»\ ViMli omitr llio toni rrfltter . 
 llWuil.MI „ 
 
 IWIoSIHI „ 
 
 llM twii and upwariu • 
 
 4i/. perrr^. ton 
 .V. ,, 
 
 »■/. „ 
 
 Vif. per rtK. ton 
 
 • fil. p«r rf.^. toll 
 
 . Ki/. ,, 
 
 ' IMJ. „ 
 
 J'ilutayt, — yralh Diitriit. 
 
 I rim I Hwiin.l Third 
 I Htatkin* ' klailun) \ Stailont 
 
 For Ih* pllotan* o'linr imwI— 
 
 Under NO Ion* rt'Kltlar * 
 nil tu lllil „ 
 
 )IHI „ Ii) „ 
 
 IVi „ IMI „ 
 
 I'm „ 171 
 
 17) „ HiMi „ 
 
 VIKI „ fft „ 
 
 »M „ V» 
 
 ».(> „ .1IKI „ 
 
 :ii>fi „ .Viii ,, 
 
 .',',11 ami upwariU 
 
 * From oulaulif of Nrnih lUr in Ilia l.nyfr. and to any dliUiic* 
 between the l.iiyer and Miulhern end of Ahlwrv Kal'lte, and vlco veitA. 
 
 t Kritin ouuItU of Ne<ith Har tn any dikl'iince Ivlnif Iwlw-H-n Ihtf 
 inner terinlnalloil of the Klr^t htattcin and the.thbi'y l*UI, n.id rici* 
 ver..'i. 
 
 f l-'ro,n nut.ldt. of NeKlh ll.ir to any duiance tyiUK between the 
 AIiIh'" "" ■— ' * - -'■ "-'-'-- ---.-: . 
 
 |wr r.iot 
 
 tier f.Hit 
 
 iM^r toot 
 
 1. d. 
 
 I. ll. 
 
 1. ll. 
 
 1 .1 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 h 
 
 1 M 
 
 1 M 
 
 K II 
 
 1 III 
 
 « II 
 
 ■i 3 
 
 1 
 
 % 3 
 
 « A 
 
 •i i 
 
 1 A 
 
 3 II 
 
 % fi 
 
 V U 
 
 3 3 
 
 H D 
 
 3 
 
 3 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 3 
 
 4 n 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 Ii 
 
 4 3 
 
 3 Ii 
 
 4 II 
 
 .', II 
 
 4 n 
 
 1 3 
 
 A « 
 
 IIiIm'v I'lll iind NcHtt) llrt<lf(p, nnd vke VfuA. 
 N.H.— Nti iff»wl to \tny litr Itw iIiaii 7 fi*tl. 
 
 I'lie wvcritl |>ilu(iit(r rairn lierrin kprclliml .ire >ub)ert to a rrdurllun 
 of oinf-fourth )inrt in reft)Mi-i u( vi-hmU |irn(it>lli'(l l»y aiKnin aiul vvwirli 
 tuwtti hjr aitiiin vexnfU, iiriivliteil tttat if any inch «»Mrl ihHll Itr pro* 
 tNpllrtl by ftitaini or lowt^ liy a Mtmn rvual fur a part only of ili* 
 ill»ianc« fur whicli any luch rate may Iw |inyalilif, tha retluction of 
 oiu't'iiurih nhnll b« nindvun hutV part only of ih« kaiil rate a* kliall iM 
 pri)iH>rilunnu> tu ilte dlkiari(-** mi propvllrtl or town). 
 
 tiir riiiiilui ilii^ ve»wl* fioni one ktalUin tu unuther ttatlon within 
 the iHtrt : 
 
 ' J. (f. 
 
 VcuvU under l(H> trni . • • 
 
 uTcr 1(N> tuna and under l.V) 
 IM ., 'iOO - 
 
 V.M' and upward* « 
 To or ft-nm the Muinlikt whvti k|>eclally retatnnl- 
 \>fttfU undi-r v.'xi toi > • 
 
 «*eT y 'ft ,, • - - ., 
 
 I'llot boat< and hobbten' fw», ii.$ vhUh U Included In ttit rate*. 
 
 3 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 .1 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 .. 
 
 J. 
 
 4 
 
 Until 
 
 7 
 
 (1 „ 
 
 
 
 
 Swansea. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Klnt (ilatlon 
 Neaih Bar to l.a>er or any distance 
 kl.een Lajer and Hiuihein end of.Vbbej 
 Ealate. 
 
 Keeond Station 
 .Nealh liar to any IH.lance between 
 the Ir lr>t ht.ulun and the Abbey I'lll 
 
 Third Smlon 
 
 Neath Kar to Ahliey Pill and 
 
 Neath llrld||e 
 
 1 
 
 «. i. 
 
 «. d. 
 
 >. ■(. 
 
 Ikiifhl 
 
 ('n(Ur40tam • -70 
 
 (JnderlOlont • .HO 
 
 Under 40 tone ■ 9 < 
 
 
 40IO6U • • ■ 10 U 
 
 4U to lid - • -no 
 
 41110 60 . ■ 13 6 
 
 AboTt 60 lolli lUglftct 
 
 Aboee 60 loni ReiiUlcr 
 
 Ahoee 6(1 toni Rrgliter 
 
 With sunn 
 
 Without Hte*m 
 
 With Steam 
 
 Without Steam 
 
 With Steam 
 
 Without Steam 
 
 litl 
 
 i f. J. 
 
 £ M. ll. 
 
 £ I. d. 
 
 £ 1. d. 
 
 ie 1. d. 
 
 £ ,. d. 
 
 a 
 
 It 3 
 
 H .'> 
 
 U I'i <J 
 
 II 9 7 
 
 14 9 
 
 11 1 
 
 *l 
 
 It U 
 
 9 
 
 II 13 B 
 
 (1 10 'i 
 
 16 
 
 1» 
 
 »' 
 
 U II 6 
 
 9 !> 
 
 II 11 
 
 II III 6 
 
 lA A 
 
 it A 
 
 H 
 
 13 
 
 9 9 
 
 14 ti 
 
 III 11 
 
 17 
 
 1» 9 
 
 lo' 
 
 U 13 B 
 
 10 « 
 
 13 II 
 
 U 11 3 
 
 IH 
 
 13 A 
 
 ivi 
 
 14 U 
 
 10 A 
 
 16 
 
 It 
 
 19 
 
 14 3 
 
 1? 
 
 14 6 
 
 10 11 
 
 lA 9 
 
 IV 7 
 
 1 
 
 lA 
 
 "1 
 
 \i 9 
 
 n 11 10 
 
 18 8. 
 
 13 K 
 
 1 1 6 
 
 16 S 
 
 ll' 
 
 16 10 
 
 in 8 
 
 19 10 
 
 11 11 
 
 1 3 1 
 
 17 4 
 
 «t 
 
 18 6 
 
 It « 
 
 1 i 
 
 Ifi A 
 
 1 5 3 
 
 18 11 
 
 1! 
 
 I S 
 
 13 3 
 
 1 4 6 
 
 18 A 
 
 1 H 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 >H 
 
 I « « 
 
 16 11 
 
 1 7 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 10 6 
 
 1 t 11 
 
 1? 
 
 I 13 A 
 
 1 i t 
 
 1 19 6 
 
 1 9 8 
 
 t 4 6 
 
 1 13 A 
 
 i<i 
 
 1 8 U 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 13 
 
 1 4 9 
 
 I 17 
 
 17 9 
 
 IS 
 
 t 1 6 
 
 1 11 S 
 
 i » 6 
 
 1 16 .'• 
 
 y 14 6 
 
 « 11 
 
 ■^ 
 
 i lU 6 
 
 1 18 
 
 X 17 9 
 
 « 3 4 
 
 3 3 3 
 
 X 8 II 
 
 is 
 
 3 1 
 
 k 5 9 
 
 3 H 6 
 
 S 11 .1 
 
 3 17 
 
 H 17 9 
 
 !•* 
 
 3 Ii II 
 
 t 14 11 
 
 4 fi 
 
 3 II 3 
 
 4 10 C 
 
 3 7 11 
 
 1! 
 
 4 i 6 
 
 3 4 It 
 
 4 14 1) 
 
 3 10 6 
 
 .I A II 
 
 3 19 fi 
 
 I't 
 
 4 19 
 
 3 14 3 
 
 .1 8 II 
 
 4 1 
 
 A S 
 
 4 II 6 
 
 11 
 
 i 13 
 
 4 6 
 
 6 3 U 
 
 4 IK 3 
 
 6 19 
 
 A 4 3 
 
 
 And lOr. for ntr; ) foot above ll> reel. 
 
 And 7<. for eeery ( foot above 18 feet. 
 
 And 8<. for erery ) foot aboee 18 ft- 
 
 
 PORT TALBOT. 
 
 
 
 
 
 From outer buoy 
 
 To outer buoy 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 if. 
 
 A 
 
 f. d. 
 
 iiiidonlfi«aiwi 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 „ 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 1) 
 
 ' « 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 ;". - 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 10 
 
 J » 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 8 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 6 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 IK 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 10 
 
 
 IW 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 II A 
 
 ' „ 
 
 140 
 
 u 
 
 16 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 13 t 
 
 1 „ 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 IH 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 14 in 
 
 
 ino 
 
 1 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 1' 
 
 16 C 
 
 
 sou 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 „ 
 
 MO 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 6 
 
 1 " 
 
 m 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 4 
 
 ' „ 
 
 no 
 
 s 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 8 
 
 ' „ 
 
 tlO 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 11 4 
 
 linchiiUiUci;^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wloni 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 «. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 S : 
 
 if. 
 
 Under 30 toni 
 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 lOOtolVAIoni 
 
 ■ lA 
 
 
 
 .10 to 40 
 
 
 II 
 
 .', 
 
 II 
 
 fi.', IMI 
 
 . 18 
 
 U 
 
 40 AO 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 « 
 
 l.'.il 1 73 
 
 ■ 1 t 
 
 u 
 
 AO 611 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 f) 
 
 17', »(K1 
 
 • 1 6 
 
 
 
 fil) 7A 
 
 
 
 
 III 
 
 (1 
 
 ■^11,1 iti 
 
 - 1 10 
 
 u 
 
 7A IHO 
 
 
 II 
 
 U 
 
 I) 
 
 t't '* ton. and Uf 
 
 wnidi 1 14 
 
 II 
 
 In addition to pilolaKe, uk of PI 
 If. t 7^ and upwards, Va. 
 
 ot Boat, every reaul under 73 tona 
 
 Troon. 
 
 Venelt j.ider It ton. recliter 
 
 IV tont and under I/,, per ton 
 lA „ ti „ 
 
 SA ton. and upwardt ■ 
 
 1>. 
 
 U. 
 
 IJJ. 
 
 Id. 
 
 00 tont j. 
 .and upward* 
 
 PORT CAUL. 
 |i>!^iabtt'a«n thegkeror Naih Folnti.indlmldt Uwiandi 
 •w buboui 01 out of tl» liaibour :— 
 
 All vessels, whether ia tho coasting or foreign 
 trade, whether witli cr without cargoes, or put in- 
 to the harbour for refuge, pay the above rates. 
 
 Charge* levied hy the Duke of Portland. 
 
 d. 
 Water due*, per 2r ton. reitlster • • - 6 
 
 DliicliarKinft (lallast, per ton - - * 4 
 
 DiKharging limentone, per ton - . * i 
 
 Hawwr money on each veuel, a. followt ; vlx. :— 
 
 ' III 
 
 N 
 
 t- 1 
 
 •* * i 
 
 . 'i » • ! 
 
 ■\ 1 
 
 ; ! 
 
 1 '• • 
 
 ,!■ ■ 1 
 
 ■1:! 
 
 
 4: ■■ 
 
 f '" 
 
 i- •" 
 
 ''i:1 
 
 ■ - '■•4' 
 
t'v . • 
 
 \ i 
 
 ■*^ * 
 
 •^■1' 
 
 1094 
 
 PILOTS AND PIT,OTAOE Sec. 
 
 'I'nixi^^untinutd. 
 
 mU undvr M loni r>|tUt«r 
 (OhHMand uiutoinilil 
 
 IIM) „ 4IIII 
 
 mill „ .^10 
 
 .1IKI „ fin) 
 
 4<ii) K /Uh) 
 
 AOil lona Biul upward* 
 
 <. d. 
 
 ■ I) 3 
 
 • U ( 
 
 :i il 
 
 • 1 n 
 
 • V (I 
 . 3 
 
 WATKBronn. 
 
 ndtiblo the above rates nro chnrgcd if l\u'. hnwicr 
 U iiHod, I 
 
 I'ilotiiiie. — hi, iM>r toil ri'gi«tcr on nil vchwU 
 above Mt tons legwtor. 
 
 Harbour Light.— \il. per roni»tor ton. 
 
 For •VffTT Inn nf t>«IU«t 
 hliiuiihl HliMiu-lda III Hnhltrt 
 iIlM h iri-nl l>> llflilo 
 di'llO'tod al liallaat qua; • 
 rilM-h«rul-d It dtllil 
 llril««l(Hia tuppl'vil • 
 
 BrltUk .ni.1, 
 
 • * » 
 
 • on" 
 
 Pilotiigr.—V.vory veme\ cnt(<rin« tlir liarUmr ,.f I 
 Wiiti'rfiiril between Mnrcli 25 miil ycptfmiK.r », 
 drawing 12 fett luiil ii|iwnr(tn, fur every u^i\( 
 her draught |my» ait follown, vk. :_ 
 
 TakInK Plloii M th« fullawlng IM*cm 
 
 Wi«!w.inl 
 (}rrat Nvwtuwn llvad 
 Knll.klcl 
 
 KulwanI 
 Haltoti ■ 
 lUtfMiul Hull llo<ul 
 
 llrliix lliini-annon, and nmrar than Kolltklil ur Dag and 
 llun llriMi . . . • • 
 
 rinat Ntviown Hod 
 
 Foilikllt 
 
 Hallm ■ 
 
 Haff and Hun llrad 
 
 Balii« lluniannon, ami naanr llian FulUkiil ur Hag anil 
 Uunllwui . . . . . 
 
 Orwl Navlawn Htad - Rallm • 
 KolUkirt • Han anil llun Held 
 
 Hvlnw liiinrannoni an « ntarvr than FolUkIrt or (lag and 
 llun Hvod . . . • . 
 
 (Irfat Ntwiown Haad 
 
 FnlUkIrt 
 
 Raltera - 
 
 Hag and llun Head 
 
 iteliiw Duncannon, and ntarvr than Foil*klit or Bag and 
 hun Haad ..... 
 
 AImiv* Arilrn l(i>iul, nnil 
 iiij furthvr tliAn I'liwiaMt* 
 
 Korwiioi 
 
 <. d. 
 I i 
 
 I n 
 
 I, il. 
 
 V N 
 H .1 
 
 To ('h«ck I'litnt, ft 
 
 lilitJwhouMt Hi-ai h, and 
 
 nti furllivr 
 
 FurviKn 
 
 f. d. 
 
 4 I 
 
 3 a 
 
 3 I 
 
 t. d. 
 
 » .1 
 I II 
 
 Abut, nianknu, R^j- 
 '" Hill" WntlfoM ' 
 
 IliHl.h 
 
 f»«ft 
 
 !■ d. ^^ 
 
 ? 1 * • 
 
 t ( 
 
 i « 
 
 Krwjr »"<» I of th* aliora riau mlarlni Mlil harhnur IwKmi Kmmliit m iI 
 and Marrh U.'i |iayi fur arerj fool ut h»r ilraiiiiht aa iMom,, i,i. :_ I 
 
 I » 
 I 4 
 
 « 
 
 3 -l 
 i 8 
 
 » 3 
 
 t H 
 i 3 
 
 I II 
 
 I 7 
 4 1 
 
 3 a 
 
 3 4 I ; J 
 3 1 I 4 , 
 
 Bitrj rraati mtvrInK aaUl harlioiir Ixitwnn March ^^ and l<«iii«tr Im t) I 
 whirli ahnll draw iiiuru than (i fi>vt nnil Icaatlian li f««t walrr, JiiIUhmI 
 f,.lNiw., »ia.i- " ' 
 
 (1 in 
 
 U It 
 
 s 3 
 I B 
 
 I 4 
 
 I 7 
 I A 
 
 3 I 
 
 S 7 
 % 5 
 
 1 t 
 
 < ( 
 
 3 19 
 
 Efcr; rnaal of th< abort claaa tntprlnit aaid harhour hatwnn !t>|iirTtiit 111 
 and March >A aliall |j«; for tver; fuut of htr draught iht Uloalni nut, I 
 Tl». 1— 
 
 I 4 
 1 t 
 
 in 
 
 X 3 
 
 « 
 
 I 9 
 
 I « 
 
 8 II 
 
 3 X 
 
 * H 
 
 3 I 
 i 11 
 
 a T 
 
 I 
 < I 
 
 !l» 
 
 Vessels taking refugo in this harbour arc subject 
 to no other charge tlian pilotage, at the above- 
 named rates. 
 
 Vessels not exceeding 60 tons register, arriving 
 from or sailing to any port in Ireland, are not re- 
 quired to take pilots or pay tonnage duty. 
 
 Vessels laden, two-thirds laden, or having 20 
 tons potatoes, without anv other goods on board, 
 arriving at the port of Waterford, and retailing 
 same at the quay, are not charged any of the 
 aforesaid rates and duties. 
 
 Tonnage Duty. 
 
 On Brltlth rcaitli with Rooda or ballaal 
 
 coal laden . . . 
 
 60 lona rfgtatcr and upwarda, 
 from anj port in Ireland 
 
 Sd. p«r rcR. ton 
 id. „ 
 
 1 6 
 S 6 
 5 
 
 WaUr Bailiffi Feeii. L.„curT.ny 
 
 Toimaipe Duea on Brltlah and forvlgn Tetaela, per ton .01 
 
 Anchorage for veaaela not eicectUng W toiu regtater, each 
 reaaet ....... 
 
 Ditto, eiceeding SO and not eaceeding 30 tona regiater 
 Ditto, eiceeding M tona regbterj aniTupwanla 
 
 Colliers requiring the use of beams, scales, and 
 weights, are supphed with same at the following 
 rates, viz. : — 
 
 For erery veaael not acceding 50 tons regiatcTf (br uae of each 
 
 letof l>eama, acalea, and weighia - - 3«. 
 
 Ditto, cirenllng AO and not exceeding 100 torn regiater, ditto 4>. 
 
 For ereri vpuel exceeding ino and not excreilInK l^> tm r^ 
 
 giater 'lat of each act of beams, acalea, and weiahu 
 
 141) „ Kiai „ 
 
 KIO „ tM „ 
 
 830 tofu and upwarda „ 
 
 WKSTrOKT, 
 
 Pilotage, 
 
 From riart Island to Pomickibdng about 9 tnilct,an<J / ' 
 called the Out IMIotage, per vinael . . • 1 i 
 
 From Domick to the quay, reaaelt are conducted <i)i and 
 down by a river pilot, tne charge per foot up, and the 
 
 Harbour Dues, Quayage, 
 
 Vtatelt taking In or delirering ctrgora, par par Ion ■ 
 Veaaela coming in baiiaat and departing with carxo, pir (on 
 
 N.B. — There is no charge for anchorage in « 
 
 of the lower roads or harbour. 
 
 Ai//agt.— Delivered to vessels, at li. per ton. J 
 No charge on discharging from the vessel, l" 
 
 master paying the labourers himself, as per a 
 
 ment. 
 
 Lighterage. 
 
 When large eeaaela flnlah their ioidingdown Iharlm.pRlai ^ 
 of gooda delivered - - • ' 
 
 The foregoing charges, with the exceptinnj 
 ballast discharged and lighterage, are levied If 
 prescription uuder the harbour coinmiaionen j 
 Wcstport. 
 
 Wexford. 
 
 Duet and Chargea 
 
 For every veatel which ahall enter within the limlu of talit harbour, and 
 be entitled to the prtvlleget of • Britiah ahip, upon every Ion auch 
 veiaei ahali meaaure --.... 
 
 For every vcsael not ao entitled ..... 
 
 For eve>7 ton of hallaat uken in by any natel (thotigh the Act levie. 
 I<. 3A per ton\ there la however at preaent only leviei 
 
 For erevy ton of baiiaat discharged from any veaael 
 
 For emy veaael discharging and receiving cargo, upon every leal suet, 
 veaael shall meaaure ...... 
 
 For every veaael that ahall enter Into the barbour or leave the same in 
 ballast, or shall discharge her cargo, or mv part tliereof, withoui 
 taking in any new cargo, or ahali, without diacnarging her cargo or 
 any part thereof, take In new cargo, then. In any of iDoae cases, for 
 every ton such vessel ahall measurt .... 
 
 For every Tttael taking l^^lg^ In the haibont • . • 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 ■111. per ton 
 !<■ I, 
 
 Baiiaat 
 
 IM. per ton 
 
 id. „ 
 
 niMiie 
 
 WpBte 
 
 Steam eaatals UaUt oaly la etM-half Um Ibcataid tttaa of pllot^t. 
 
 'H 
 
inn. 
 
 t 
 
 1 t 
 
 pntorlnn Mif liartmur .if | 
 I 2") mill ^'cptf ml»'r J 
 mxtU, fur ffvtry (.Hit nf | 
 i», vu.;— 
 
 "li l.\boT>(!l<i>hni» Krvt, 
 
 •tun 
 
 d. 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 Fffttp 
 
 HfllUh 
 
 «. 4. I. I 
 
 .It ) S 
 
 Slit 
 
 « t 
 
 t t 
 
 h>'l«i>ir twi"""! ftvttmlm 'H'i 
 
 .7 I S I.I I J * 
 1 I J 5 I • J 
 
 I » 
 
 3 I 
 
 « ■! 
 
 
 J I 
 
 S 7 
 8 t 
 
 1 i 
 
 t I 
 
 3 H 
 
 5 J 
 
 1,1 hwbouT htt.mi StIitrrVi rtl 
 iif h>f arauihi iht fclloaliu rwi,| 
 
 « « 
 
 3 I 
 
 J 7 
 
 I t 
 < t 
 
 Jin 
 
 I >nd not ticM-IIni 1^1 1"» >► , 
 nim. K»l"' "I* "•'«'"* 
 
 J'lu '.I 'i 
 
 I u|>wanb » 
 
 iSTrOUT, 
 'ilotage. 
 
 k.brfnK ibout 9 mil"''"' ^ 
 ^',re conilacttd«P«»l 
 
 l2)uej, Quaj/flJJ. 
 
 cUargefoianchongeini 
 larbour. , 
 
 to vessels, «tl''l*"7,J 
 largine from the vessel, 
 lOurcrshimseUiasperx' 
 
 iighteragf- 
 
 [d,lo«lin«dom«-.rt'«.»«'», 
 
 nrceo, with the exceptml 
 Ld lighterage, are Iwedlj 
 
 Ihchotbour "'""' 
 
 BalUil 
 
 riLOTS AND riLOTAOI': &c. 
 
 1096 
 
 ■ 
 
 WlllTBT. 
 
 ■ 
 
 i>Nr(. 
 
 BrttM nwli ^H 
 
 • II • ., H 
 
 ; / »mtt - KWJ >*^*" '"^ 
 
 ' "'"""rriri ■- • 
 
 
 5A|i«» 
 
 U. If 
 
 ),«, ,»^rnoIl?r II |i>in cnlnlng of Intlni harbour, fn 
 
 iMi.itnHl Ivii ' . ' 1 * * * 
 
 '•*'" ,51) loni klKl upwiTiU . 
 
 r_-.»*drfn w eoJrtnUI |H>ii • * ' ' 
 
 ■,'; '.V.-.I. •ir«r.l.... I" ••«>•, P" «« 
 {.■;,',„.i«.il.lil«.tlfaio>«"l'l"" 
 
 mhlllp • 
 
 111 i»in«, vn ion - - . 
 
 t v««mI iliMn na< anln Uio hubour, 
 
 (I I 
 
 " 1* 
 
 II .1 
 
 II (I 
 
 l> II) 
 
 t 
 
 J'ilotage. 
 
 I 
 
 Balliut. 
 
 r,i « ImkI Of dli«h»ri|t<i. V^ »•«> 
 
 VVlllTKHAVEM. 
 
 CkrMi on Vtmli in the Foreiyn and Ooatting 
 Trade. 
 
 Wick. 
 
 Jlarhour Dun, Intrardi and Outward*. 
 
 I ^ Ion* an«l uiulol 4-1 Ittni 
 4A „ „ INI „ 
 
 IIMI Nmt upward* 
 
 III lutlAal WllMllMUnd • 
 
 niutage. 
 
 InwartU ami omwjriL • 
 
 Kai I. il<lt''i. wiirk 
 
 Laylit^ out fcatl||o and warp 
 
 £jtlra Pilotage. 
 
 I>n« lld> 
 
 IK III HI houra • 
 
 3(1 hiiiira 
 
 V ilai« l<i a w*«k 
 
 iwrm' '•<•• 
 d I. 4. 
 
 • II o « 
 ■ 004 
 
 • I) n A 
 .u » 
 
 . n n 3 
 
 . II 7 A 
 
 . u A u 
 
 r< o 
 II III II 
 
 1 II II 
 
 ■ I 10 II 
 
 Harbour Tonmuje Duei: Inwardt, 
 
 pnrrg. ton 
 
 n. will »lih fo<»l"iln whol* or In part, or In hallaat. »l«. i_ 
 r'omiiiiporloflirralHrllali., Ir.lanil,ai»l laleof Man . 
 f,„„, 7hfriioilofKurul»,lh«Manil.ofl,unnaa,,J«i.j, 
 A*^'r^»">,ll'•^aIol•lM. "lid lialand . - 8 
 
 fKmia.Uio'Ai.a. Alriia, or Ainarka, to lh» northward 
 rfiMil-« la Plala liiclmlri, and lo th« northward of iha 
 liMoflioml llm«,lh. Itlanil. iif Hi. Ilrlima, Airmaliin, 
 LMdiVtrdi l.l«ndi,raiiarl«, Wnlrin l.lard«, Madalra, 
 »,"n,,Nr.foui>dland,(ii»»nlaml,andI)a.l.'Mralla ' <- 
 
 frun m part »'»«'i'' America to lh«ioulhward of Klo La 
 ™„,;„,h, paiiiK llcaan, In AlVlcaand Aala, to th< aaat- 
 ,u4iil*il«|i«of tioodlloiw .... 
 
 Ihihour Tonnage Duei : Oulwardi, 
 
 Tompu'x'lir'atUrllalnand Inland and lalaoi Man . 
 To lajulHi tail aftha world .... 
 
 Fitntage : Jnwarde and Outward*. 
 
 VlnniKMHUbllahad charfta, but mailab; ttrbal a«mmtnt w 
 Iha III gli, ud rat] IVoni Ml, to 3i., accordlnn to tlx ilia of tlw «- 
 
 Ballatt. 
 
 Far fifT; Ion dhcharml, lllhar from fortiipi or coaalwite 
 Kap(li, II par Ion. Ballrtrj, M. 
 
 lani ti|Ui ni dratow.— Foralun or eoaalwla*, per Ion regular 
 ptraanum ..... 
 
 Ilarbour Boat, 
 
 Couun, m toni and undar 
 
 I < 
 
 nil 
 « 
 
 Vda)< 1.1 
 
 IfiirillKeil III K'l for aheliar to an at^aeent harbour 
 nut iKura than > . • * U 
 
 Ballait. 
 
 Put on Imard 
 Klachariinl 
 
 . n n 
 
 I 
 
 Yaiimoutii. 
 Harbour Duei. 
 
 On all vnaala with rarKon .V. |i«r rrf(. ton. Flar maitar, 1«. par 
 leaaol. Vaaaala pulllnff in fur rvftjga, la. 
 
 Corporation Duei. 
 
 I. 
 
 /nnidrJa.-.roal . . chaldron ii 
 
 (louda > > . ton 11 
 
 Coal, ahoola and wal||hag« „ 
 
 'lonnaK* * . ii C 
 
 Muraffe . . ,•' D 
 
 Meaauran* (laat) . » 
 
 (Mivdnfa.-* „ . - t* II 
 
 Orer a«i dufa * . „ U 
 
 Ueneral rharKta In Uau of cualoma, outnolnga 
 and plluliiifa .. . par vi>|iaK* 4 
 
 Walerbalim' . . .par ahlp I 
 
 td. 
 
 HI) 
 40 
 (0 
 80 
 100 
 
 40. 
 
 «U. 
 
 80. 
 100- 
 IHO. 
 
 ItO torn and upwarda 
 FkiIii miali under 110 totu . 
 IfO and upwarda 
 Tla ihiiKi Ik baibour boat muit ba p*id bj all rcaaeb cnlaring 
 I Huhutoar. 
 
 a. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 
 The charges for pilotngo in and out of the 
 Ilavcn, and alHO the gatways or cbonnelB, are as 
 fuUow : — 
 
 Vaaaala drawing H <t. waiar and under 
 
 » „ 9 tKti 
 
 10 •• li •• 
 
 11 :: li :: 
 
 1^ :: 13 :: 
 It .. a „ 
 
 lli „ 16 ,, - 1 
 
 And an additional if. lOi. per canl. orar the abora ratal. 
 /.oca/ UgSU and ilaacoiu — Ml. 
 
 
 d. 
 
 
 6perft 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 „ 
 
 
 3 ,. 
 
 
 « .. 
 
 
 9 >. 
 
 
 „ 
 
 
 < .. 
 
 
 „ 
 
 Sea Pilotage. 
 
 1 ■ ' 1 
 
 
 • '..' ■ 
 
 
 > '■: 
 
 
 y 
 
 LImlti, Yarmouth to and from Dudofon liaht Ttuel, Vannouth to 
 and from Orfurilni>Mt thtnce acrou KeniUn Knock, lo and from 
 Downs, and Into and out of leveral harboun and roadatcMb within 
 thcte llmiti. 
 
 i: 
 
 Yarmouth. 
 
 Iiodim IJ|hl, Ka parallel of latitude, or) 
 
 ilKDonliiatdthartof* - I 
 
 Mh'i Kuel, Yaimonth, or Loweitall * 
 
 fioulttwotd* . . . . 
 
 Vadm liiihl, Itt parallel of latitude, or 
 iKontlitard iherccf 
 llMiu . . . . 
 
 {Sniith'iKoo*l,Yannoulh,«rLawaM«A - 
 Dlllo .... 
 I OrlbrdiMi . . . . 
 
 To 
 
 Orfordnaaa . . . 
 
 Ditto .... 
 Dino . - . . 
 
 I Yarmouth Roadi, eilhat wllUn orl 
 \ without the Sandi . J 
 
 bowna . . . ■ 
 
 Ditto . . . . 
 
 The antranca of th« Ualwayi 
 Dllta . - ■ - 
 
 Not excecdii 
 II feetdraugl 
 
 igtit 
 
 * a. 
 
 i 
 I A 
 
 IT 
 S 10 
 
 10 10 
 8 8 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 II to 14 
 
 Kacecdlng 14 
 
 * I. 
 
 7 10 
 
 5 l.t 
 I 17 
 
 6 
 
 IJ IS 
 in l« 
 X i 
 t « 
 
 ■ ,A 
 
 rt 
 
 Frv'm.SHtoVannaulh Roada through an j of the channela, 4a.jiarCiiot of draught, 
 rnia YmoinhHoadi through an; of the cbannala to lea, Sa.ed. ,, 
 
 no TKMl to |ia; for Icki than 11 Ik. 
 
 I ■ 
 
 < An iMUoiof ona-IKIh la chargeabla on the abora ratea. In eaia the pilot ihall not conduct tha reuel to inj poit or pliM wartwaid of lb* 
 
 IIiKt Ll|lt. 
 
 hlo and out of (Ae Harbour of Yarmxmth, 
 
 9. d. 
 
 Vmli drawing II fi.li water and under - . 1 Aperfoot 
 
 lime 8 bet water and under 9 (bet .19,, 
 
 ,9 „ 10 „ -SO „ 
 
 „ II „ .S3 „ 
 
 1 „ l« >. .16 ., 
 1» „ 13 „ . It 9 „ 
 
 13 „ 14 „ .30 „ 
 
 14 „ 15 , .36 ;, 
 
 1 Ij. . ., " . >« I. - « " 
 
 |Ui-iD ilditlaial V) per cent. U to ba charged upon the abote 
 
 L ~ TT^ '"'"P nin abon ipecMid are lubject to a reduction 
 C.^ C^ . >*" '° "■*"=> of n*^ propelled bj iieam and reueU 
 
 l>;«l ^ iinm raaeli. ' "^ 
 
 U^Jf«>> l*>Md bito tha laid haibotti art lo paj St. iMh for 
 
 Ballast. 
 
 no nich porti, and regitltn 
 
 a. 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 Sptrtoa 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 M 
 
 Through batlait porta 
 When the reaael haa 
 
 under 149 torn 
 Abore 149 torn 
 From atlfTencr or quay 
 Tranahlpped * 
 
 For information on other ports in the United 
 Kingdom, and tht relative charges on shipping, 
 see Clayton's Annual Register. The last raitioii 
 of this valuable work is for 1865. It is much to 
 be regretted that it has not been continued. 
 
 N.B.— All differential dues on foreign shipidng 
 
 
T 
 
 i .. 
 
 1006 
 
 riMKNTO 
 
 •: 'i- ' 
 
 i; 
 
 1 •, -' » 
 
 
 ■» 
 
 f ■». 
 
 •■'!'• 
 
 
 
 
 ■|i^ 
 
 ;... ■ I /■; '. i-:J 
 
 • ■ , I ;; ■'■, . * 
 .• ' '■ i ■, ; 
 
 r'T *■ V 
 
 ;■<■■•;.-,-•. :' 
 
 ■'■•V > ■ 
 
 ::t.v| •••■■-. 
 
 |Vw; 
 
 ■were abolished by 24 & 25 Vict. p. 47 ; and ull local 
 exemptions (compensation being provided for) 
 were abolished bv 30 Vict. c. 15. 
 
 riMKNTO, 'ALLSPICE, or JAMAICA 
 PEPPER (Fr. poi'.ro do Jamaiqne; Span, 
 pimienta de la Jamaic ; (ior. nclkcnnfcflcr ; ttal. 
 pimenti). Nat. order Mi/rhicetc. The fruit of 
 the J'!iigenia pimento, a beautiful tree which prows 
 in great plenty on the hills on the north side of 
 Jaiiiaica. The berries arc spherical, and, when 
 ripe, of a black or dark purple colour. Hut, as 
 the pulp is in this state moist and glutinous, the 
 berries arc plucked when green j and being 
 cxposeil in the sun to dry, they lose their green 
 colour, and become of a reddish brown. 'I'liey are 
 jiacked in bags and hogsheudn for the ICuroponn 
 market. The more fragrant and smaller they 
 arc, the better are they accounted. They have an 
 aromatic, agreeable odour, resembling that of a 
 mixture of cinnamon, cloves, and nutmegs, with 
 the v/arm, pungent taste of the clove. Pimento 
 is used in me<licine ; but its principal use is in 
 the seasoning of souiis and other dishes. (BritM 
 Pharmacopaia, 1867.) 
 
 • The returns,' says Mr. Hiyan Edwards, ' from 
 a pimento walk in a favourable season arc prodi- 
 gious. A single tree has l^een known to vicid 
 150 1b. of the raw fruit, or 100 lb. of the "dried 
 spice ; there being commonly a loss in weight of 
 i in curing ; but this, like' many other of the 
 minor productions, is exceedingly uncertain, and 
 perhaps a very plenteous crop occurs but once 
 in 5 years.' (Vol. ii, p. 372, ed. 1819.) The 
 price of pimento in bond, ir. the London mar- 
 ket, has varied of late j-ears from 4(/. to 5}jd. 
 per lb. 
 
 At the period when Edwards's work was pub- 
 lished, the annual imports of pimento from 
 Jamaica, which supplies more than i^ of the 
 pimento brought to England, amounted to about 
 672,000 lb.; the annual imports in 183H amounted 
 to 4,844,973 lb.: in 1841, they were only 1,013,400 
 lb. They have much exceeded this amount of 
 late j'ears. The imports into the United Kingdom 
 during each of the 7 years ending with 1867 
 
 cwl. 
 
 The duty on pimento was reduced in 1830 
 from 5rf. to 3d. per lb., and in 1842 to ."js. yicr cwt. 
 The duty was repealed in 18C6. In 1867 its price 
 averaged in the London mp.rket from 18.'>. bd. to 
 18s. lOrf. per cwt. 
 
 PINCHBECK (Gcr.tomback ; Dutch, tombak ; 
 Fr. tambac.similor; Ital. tombacco ; Span, tambac, 
 tumbaga), A name given to one of the many 
 imitations of gold. By melting zinc in various 
 proportions with copper or brass, some alloys 
 result, the colours of which approach more or less 
 to that of gold. This composition is frequently 
 employed as a substitute for gold, in the forma- 
 tion of watch-cases, and various other articles of a 
 like description. Pinchbeck is sometimes called 
 tambac. and sometimes similar, and petit-or. 
 
 PINE or FIR. A species of forest tree, next, 
 if not fcuperior, to the oak, in point of utility and 
 value. There are above 20 species of pine. They 
 do not bear flat leaves, but a species of spines, 
 winch, huKCVcr, are real leaves. They are mostly, 
 though not all, evergreens ; but the appearance "of 
 the tree, as well as the quality of the timber, 
 varies with the species, and also with the situation 
 in which it grows. Generally speaking, the 
 timber is hardest and best in exposed, cold situa- 
 tions, and where its growth is slow. We shall 
 
 were : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Yean 
 
 
 
 cwl. 
 
 V*ari 
 
 1861 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 S0M,3 
 
 IS>..'. 
 
 I86« 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 .10,(150 
 
 IS66 
 
 1863 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 S6,t99 
 
 1867 
 
 1861 
 
 - 
 
 • 
 
 44,015 
 
 
 PINE 
 
 only notice thoup species the timber of whiili h 
 most in use in this country. 
 
 1, Scotch Pini-, (Piniia ti/heiiriH) is n nail' r. 
 of the Scotch mountains, and of most north 
 parts of I':urope; being common in K,,,!;^ 
 Dcimiark, Sweden, Norway, and Lnpland |t ;' 
 straight, abruptly branched, rising in fnvourabi' 
 situations to the height of 80 or 9fl feet ,„■ 
 being from 3 to 4 feet in diameter. It h ai „, ,!r 
 fection when 70 or 80 years old. The colour J 
 the wood differs considerably ; it is generally ' 
 a reddish yellow, or of a honey yellow, cif varwa, 
 degrees of brightness. It has no larger f ransvor ,. 
 septa, and it has a strong resinous odour w' 
 t.aste. In the best timber, the annual rin- 
 are thin, not exceeding .,>- inch in tliK,io<<- 
 the dark parts of the rings of a briRlit rcddi.;; 
 colour ; the wood hard and drv to the feel, mith,. 
 leaving a woolly surface after the saw, nurliilin'. I 
 its teeth with resin. The beet Norway U tl'. 
 linest of this kind, and the best Riga anil Jlcnki 
 are not much inferior. The inferior sorts liavf I 
 thick annual rings; in some, the dark par;nf 
 the ring arc of a honey yellow, the wood heaw 
 and filled with a soft resinous matter, I'feljl 
 clammy, and chokes the saw. Timber of itij I 
 kind is not durable, nor fit for bearing strain. I 
 In some inferior species the wood is sponj,-^ 
 contains less resinous matter, and iirosonts'a | 
 woolly surface after the saw. Swedish timUr iJ 
 often of this kind. j 
 
 Scotch fir is the most durable of the pine sixcicj I 
 It was the opinion of the celebrated Mr. nrindlevj 
 ' that red Riga deal, or pine wood, would eiiiliiref 
 as long as oak in all situations.' Its iiglitnfsjj 
 and stiffness render it superior to anv otherl 
 material for beams, girders, joists, raftcrsic. iJ 
 is much used in joiners' work, as it is more wily! 
 wrought, stands better, is much cheaper, and uf 
 nearly, if not quite, as durable as oak. 7 
 
 Scotch fir is exported from Nonvnv and 
 Sweden, under the name of redieood. .Warl 
 exjiorts no trees above 18 inches diamttor, con'-f 
 se(iuently there is much sapwood ; but the hfirtl 
 wood is both stronger and more durable than ikitj 
 of larger trees from other situations. Uigae.J 
 ports a considerable quantity under the DameoT 
 masts and spars : pieces from 18 to 25 inches dii^ 
 meter are called viasis, and are usually 70 orSfl feel 
 in length ; those of less than 18 inches diamet^ 
 are called spars. [Riga.] Yellow deals ail 
 planks are imported from various parts of XonnvJ 
 Sweden, I'russia, Russia &c. Tar, pitch, tar 
 turpentine are obtained from the Scotch £r| 
 When the tree has attained to a proper age, it if 
 not injured by the extraction of these producli r 
 
 2. Spuuck Pine.— Of this there are 3 specie) j 
 the Nonvay spruce, or /"ini/saiicj; white spracij 
 or Pmus allia ; and black spruce, or Pinus «»)7i 
 These are noble trees, rising in straight stem 
 from 160 to 200 feet in height. They rielj 
 the timber known by the name of Khilifr, i 
 deal, from its alwaj's being imported in desboj 
 planks. I 
 
 Deals imported from Christiania ar" in tbj 
 highest estimation. [Christiania.] Tnstteer 
 arc usually cut into 3 lengths, generally of ibool 
 12 feet each ; and are aftenvards cut into Ja 
 by saw-mills, each length yielding 3 deals. 
 Norway spruce thrives very well in Biitain,! 
 produces timber little inferior to the foreign: ill 
 somewhat softer, and the knots arecxtremelyM 
 
 The white spruce, or Finns dim, is brongU 
 from British North America. The wood is not «| 
 resinous as the Nonvay spruce : it is li'"8'"P 
 lighter, and moro liable to twist in drying. * 
 
 The black spruce, or Pinut nigra, is ^ > 
 
ic timber of wl«i:li U 
 
 PINE 
 
 (mcrican tree i but it is not much imported into 
 ihis country. Tlic black ami white spruce derive 
 -kir names from the colour of the bark j the 
 UJ of botli being of the same colour. 
 
 riie colour of spruce lir, or white deal, is 
 velluwisU or brownish white; the hard part of 
 tl'c annual rinj; a darker shade of the same 
 tiiluur; it often ba8 " silky lustre, especially in 
 ihe \racrican and iJritish fjrown kinds. ]';ach 
 .nmial ring consists of two parts ; the one hard, 
 I'hf otbcr softer. The knots are >,'enerally very 
 tarJ The clear and Btraisht-Krnincd kinds arc 
 ri'eii tough, but not very dillicult to work, and 
 fiaiiil extremely well when properly seasoned. 
 While (leal, iu imported, shrinks about ,>„■ in 
 bwining quite drv. 
 ;', WKVMotjTii Pine, or Wiiitk Pink (Pmus 
 rtroius), is a native of North America, and is im- 
 itted in large logs, often more than 2 feet square 
 111 30 feet in length. It is one of the largest 
 aii,l most useful of I ho American trees, and makes 
 fxcdlcnt masts; but it is not durable, nor tit for 
 larc timbers, being very subject to dry rot. It 
 liu a peculiar odour. 
 4. Sii.vEn FiK {Pinus picea) is a native of the 
 oountaius of Siberia, Germany, and Switzerland, 
 and is common in British plantations. It is a 
 large tree, and yields the Strasburg turpentine. 
 Tlie wood is of good quality, and much used on 
 tk Continent both for carpentry and ship build- 
 inj. The harder fibres are of u yellow colour, 
 compact, and resinous ; the softer nearly white. 
 Like the other kinds of fir, it is light and stiff, 
 and does not bend much under a considerable 
 load; consequently, floors constructed of it re- 
 main pcraiauently level. It is subject to the 
 ivonn, It has been said to last longer in the air 
 tlian in the water ; and, therefore, to be fitter 
 fir the upper parts of bridges than for piles and 
 I piers. 
 5. Larch {Piiius larix). There are 3 species 
 ot this valuable tree; 1 European, and 2 American. 
 I The variety from the Italian Alps is the most 
 esteemed, and has lately been extensively intro- 
 I duccd into plantations in Great Britain. It is a 
 I straight and lofty tree, of rapid growth. A tree 
 '9 years of age was cut down at Blair Athol, in 
 I Wli, ithich contained 252 cubic feet of timber ; 
 I and one of 80 years of age, at Dunkeld, measured 
 hoo cubic feet. The mean size of the trunk of 
 I the lardi may be taken at 45 feet in length, and 
 133 inches diameter. The wood of the European 
 llirch is generally of a honey yellow colour, the 
 Iharipartof the' annual rings of a redder cast; 
 Isonetimes it is brownish white. In common 
 lirith the other species of pine, each animai ring 
 Iconsists of a hard and a soft part. It generally 
 Ihasuilky lustre ; its colour is browner than that 
 pftheScotch pine, and it is much t«ugher. It is 
 bore diicult to work than Kiga or Memel 
 jtimbcr; but the surface is better when once it is 
 jobliiued. It bears driving bolts and nails better 
 ■han any other species of resinous wood. When 
 Vfec'ly in; it stands well ; but it warps much 
 wing. It is in all situations extremely 
 It is useful for every purpose of building, 
 Fhether external or internal : it makes excellent 
 lip timber, masts, boats, posts, rails, and furni- 
 w. It is peculiarly adapted for flooring-boards, 
 h situations where there is much wear, and for 
 (aircases; in the latter, its fine colour, when 
 WM with oil, is much preferable to that of the 
 W oaken staircases to be seen in some old 
 Bnsious. It is well adapted for doors, shutters, 
 1 the like ; ami, from the beautiful colour of its 
 r id when varnished, painting is not necessarj'. 
 ■''c have extracted these particulars from Mr. 
 
 PIRACY 1097 
 
 Trcdgold's excellent work, The Princijifes of 
 Carpentry, pp. 209-217.) 
 
 riNli-Al'l'LE or AXANAS. Though a 
 tropical fruit, it is now extensively cultivated in 
 hothouses in this country, and is well known to 
 everyone. When of a good sort and healthy, it 
 is the most lusciou?, and, perhaps, the best fruit 
 that this country produces ; and when carefully 
 cultivated, is superior in point of quality to that 
 produced in the West Indies. A pine-apple raised 
 at Stackpool Court, l*embrokp".hire, and served u|» 
 at the coronation dinner of (Jeorge IV., weighed 
 10 lb. 8 oz. ( Vcyetable Siihstitiices, p. 37!1.) 
 
 PINT. A nieusiirc used chiefly in tlie meiisnring 
 of liquids. The word is High Dutch, and signitie* 
 a little measure of wine. The Knglish pint used 
 to be of 2 sorts ; the one for wine, the other for 
 beer and ale. Two pints make a quart; 2 quarts 
 a pottle ; 2 pottles a gallon «ii:c. The pint, 
 imperial liquid measure, contains 3-1-G59 cubic 
 inclies. 
 
 PIPE. A wine measure, usually containing 
 105 (very nearly) imperial, or 12G wine gallons. 
 Two pipes, or 210 imperial gallons, make a tun. 
 But, in practice, the size of the pipe varies ac- 
 cording to the description of wine it contains. 
 Thus, a pipe of port contains 138 wine gallons, of 
 sherry 130, of Lisbon and Bucellas 1-10, of Madeira 
 no, and ofVidonia 120. The pipe of port, it is 
 to be observed, is seldom accurately 138 gallons,, 
 and it is usual to charge what the vessel actually 
 contains. 
 
 PIPE-CLAY. A species of clay abounding in 
 Devonshire, and other parts of England, employed 
 in the manufacture of various sorts of earthenware, 
 and in bleaching &c. 
 
 PIRACY consists in committing upon the 
 seas those acts of robbery and violence which, 
 if committed upon land, would amount to felony. 
 
 Pirates hold no commission or delegated autho- 
 rity from any sovereign or State, empowering 
 them to attack others. They can, therefore, bo 
 only regarded in the light of robbers or assassins. 
 They are, os Cicero has truly stated, the common 
 enemies of all {commuties hustes omnium) ; and the 
 law of nations gives to every one the right to 
 pursue and exterminate them without any previous 
 declaration of war ; but it is not allowed to kill 
 them without trial, except in battle. Those who 
 surrender, or are taken prisoners, must be brought 
 before the proper magistrates, and dealt with ac- 
 cording to law. 
 
 By the ancient common law of Engla;id, piracy, 
 if committed by a subject, was hold to be a species 
 of treason, being contrary to his natural alle- 
 giance ; and, by an alien, to be felony only : but 
 since the Statute of Treasons (25 Edw. III. c. 2) 
 it is held to be only felony in a subject. Formerly 
 this offence was only cogiiisable bv the Admiralt'v 
 Courts, which proceed by the rules pi the civil 
 law ; but it being inconsistent with the liberties 
 of the nation that any man's life should be taken 
 away unless by Ihe judgment of his peers, the 
 statute 28 Hen. VIII. c. 15 established a new 
 jurisdiction for this purpose, which proceeds ac- 
 cording to the course of common law. 
 
 It was formerly a question whether the 
 Algerines, and other African states, should be 
 considered pirates ; but, however exceptionable 
 their conduct might have been on many occa- 
 sions, and however hostile their policy might be 
 to the interests of humanity, still, as they had 
 been subjected to what may be called regular 
 Governments, and had been admitted to enter 
 into treaties with other Powers, they could not be 
 treated as pirates. 
 
 Pirates having no right to make conquests, or 
 
 I ' V 
 
 \ 
 
 -• -ii 
 
 I , 
 
 ^1 i 
 
 ill , 
 
 ^!:r 
 
 '•<■ .1 : 
 
 -•^» , ..i 
 
 
 ■ l> ■■■' \ 11 
 
 :i 
 
1098 
 
 PIRACY 
 
 
 
 i '■■''■■ 
 
 
 ■,..-'*■' ' • 
 
 ■t 
 
 : t- • 
 
 ; j , 
 
 .'i-l 
 
 # U 
 
 ■ :' ( • 
 
 •.!. 
 
 .U-v. 
 
 *••■ '- ■ : « 
 
 !• -I' 
 
 r ■:*;■■• ^- ^ ;'t 
 
 
 
 *■ ■■;■ 
 
 .V. 1 
 
 . . ♦ 
 
 
 .; . 
 
 ■g:, ^i:;>.; 
 
 -.. f ' ^ .. 
 
 
 to Reize upon what belongs to others, capture by 
 them does not divest the owner of his property. 
 At a very early period of our history, a law was 
 made for the restitution of property taken by 
 pirates, if found within the realm, whether belong- 
 in<; to strangers or Englishmen : but any foreigner 
 suing upon this statute must prove that, at the 
 time of the capture, his own sovereign and the 
 sovereign of the captor were in mutual amity ; 
 for it is held that piracy cannot be committed by 
 the subjects of states at war with each other. 
 
 I'iracy was almost imiversally practised in the 
 heroic ages. Instead of being esteemed infamous, 
 it was supposed to be honourable. ^' Latrocinium 
 maris gloria; habebatur.'— Justin, lib. xliii. c. 3.) 
 Menelaus, in the Odyssey, does not hesitate to 
 inform his guests, who admired his riches, that 
 they were the fruit of his piratical expeditions 
 (lib. iv. ver. 90) ; and such, indeed, was the way in 
 which most of the Greek princes amassed great 
 wealth. (Goguet, Origin of Law, vol. i. p. 383, 
 £ng. trans.) 
 
 The prevalence of this piratical spirit in these 
 early ages may, perhaps, be explained by the 
 infinite number of small independent states into 
 which the countrj' was divided, and the violent 
 animosity' constantly subsisting amongst them. 
 In this way ferocious and predatory habits were 
 universally diffused and kept alive ; and it is not 
 to be supposed that those who were at all times 
 liable to be attacked by hosts of enemies, should 
 very accurately examine the grounds upon which 
 they attacked others. As, however, a more im- 
 proved system of government grew up in Greece, 
 and a few states, as Athens, Corinth Ac, had at- 
 tained to distinction by their naval power, piracy 
 was made a capital offence ; but though re- 
 pressed, it was never entirely put down. Cilicia 
 was at all times the great stronghold of the pirates 
 of antiquity' : and in consequence of the decline 
 of the maritime forces of Athens, Rhodes &c., 
 which had kept them in check, they increased so 
 much in numbers and audacity as to insult the ma- 
 jesty of Rome herself; so that it became necessary 
 to send Pompey against them, with a large fleet 
 and army, and more extensive powers than hod been 
 ever previously conferred on anv Roman general. 
 
 During the anarchy of the Aliddlc Ages, when 
 every baron considered himself a sort of inde- 
 pendent prince, entitled to make war on others, 
 piracy was universally practised. The famous 
 Hanseatic League was formed chiefly for the 
 purpose of protecting the ships of the confederated 
 cities from the attacks of the pirates by which 
 the Baltic was then infested. The nuisance was 
 not finally abated in Europe till the feudal system 
 had been subverted, and the ascendancy of the 
 law everywhere secured. In more modem times, 
 some of the smaller West India Islands and Cen- 
 tral America have been the great resort of 
 pirates : latterly, however, they have been driven 
 from most of their haunts in that quarter. They 
 are still not unfrequently met with in the Indian 
 seas east of Sumatra. 
 
 Besides those acts of robbery and depredation 
 upon the high seas, which, at common law, con- 
 stitute piracy, some other offences have been 
 included under that term. Thus, by the stat. 
 11 & 12 Wm. IV. c. 7, if any natural-bom sub- 
 ject commits any act of hostility upon the high 
 seas against others of his Majesty's subjects, under 
 colour of a commission from any foreign Power, 
 this, though it would only be an act of war in an 
 alien, shall be construed piracy in a subject. And 
 further, any commander or otW sea-faring person 
 betraying his trust, and mnnin^ away with any 
 ship, boat, ordnance, ammunition, or goods, or 
 
 PITCH 
 
 yielding them up voluntarily to a piraU, or con 
 spiring to do these acts ; or any person ussnultiD? 
 the commander of a vessel, to hinder him from 
 lighting in defence of his ship, or conlininic liira 
 or causing or endeavouring to cause a revolt on 
 board, shall for each of these offences Le adjud -(d 
 a pirate, felon, and_ robber, and shall suffer death 
 whether he be principal, or merely accessorv L- 
 setting forth such pirates, or abetting tjiem befori 
 the fact, or receiving thera, or concealing thorn or 
 their goods after it; and the stat. 4 Geo. I. c 2 
 expressly excludes the principals from thi> beneiit 
 of clergj'. By the stat. 8 Geo. I. c. 24, the trailio" 
 with known pirates, or furnishing them with 
 stores or ammunition, or fitting out anv vessel 
 for that purpose, or in any wise consulting, com- 
 bining, confederating, or corresponding with them- 
 or the forcibly boarding any merchant vesseL 
 though without seizing or canj-ing her off, and i 
 destroying or throwing any of tlie goods over- 
 board, shall be deemed piracy ; and such accts- 1 
 saries to piracy as are described by the statute of 
 King William arc declared to be principal piratw, [ 
 and oil pirates convicted by virtue of this Act are 
 mode felons without beneiit of clerg)-. To en- [ 
 courage the defence of merchi it vessel) agaimt 
 pirates, the commanders and seamen wounded I 
 and the widows of such seamen as are slain in I 
 any engagement with pirates, are entitled toil 
 bounty, to be divided among them, not exceeding! 
 the one fiftieth port of the value of the cargo I 
 saved ; aiid the wounded seamen are entitled tol 
 the pension of Greenwich Hospital. (11 i 121 
 Wm. HI. c. 7 ; 8 Geo. I. c. 24.) The first ol'thtitj 
 statutes also enacts, that if any mariner or infetiorl 
 oflicer of any English ship decline or refiise lol 
 fight when commanded by the master, or shalll 
 utter any words to discourage the other marinerif 
 from defending the same, he shall lose all iliu 
 wages due to him, together with such goods as ha 
 hath in the ship, and be imprisoned and kept I 
 hard labour for 6 months. 
 
 The C Geo. IV. c. 49 enacts that a bountyslu 
 be paid to the ofHcers and crews of such of 1: 
 Majesty's ships of war as may be engaged in tbJ 
 actual taking, sinking, burning, or otbenvise k 
 stroying any vessel or boat manned by pirate), tl 
 20/. for each pirate taken or killed during the i 
 tack, and of 6/. for every other man of the crew « 
 taken or killed, who shall have been aliveonbo 
 the said piratical vessel at the attack thereof. 
 
 The same statute (sec. 3) enacts that ves 
 and other property taken from pirates, proved ij 
 have belonged to any of his Majesty's euljjeM 
 ore to be delivered up to them, on their payin;| 
 sum of money as salvage, equal to ^ of tbe t 
 value of the same. 
 
 PlRi^US. [Patras.1 ^^eitJ 
 
 PlSTACHIAoB PISTACHIO NUTS (G^B,"^ 
 pistazien; Dutch, pistaches; Fr. pistaches; Iti^^H^^ 
 pistacchi, fastucchi ; Span, alfoncigos; ^'-Pf^^Hlgif 
 cise). The fruit of the Fistachia vera, a »^^~ 
 turpentine tree. It grows naturally in •^"'"^^KoJi* 
 Persia, and Syria ; also in Sicily, whM« ' 
 nuts are annually brought to us. They ere '^'j^^mnnM 
 and pointed, about the size and shape of '"r^^^ks f 
 including a kernel of a pale-greenish '^!!^^Hiort| 
 covered with a yellowish or reddish skin. jJ^^Ravo J 
 have a pleasant, sweetish, unctuous •M'^i'^^^pDellJ 
 bling that of sweet almonds ; their pwiu™ 
 difference from which consists in "'«'^'''Wj 
 greater degree of sweetness, accompanied fui^^_,^^. 
 light grateful flavour, and in being '«»'«.*^^Bito 
 Pistachios imported from the East are MP««^^ft,|,a 
 those raised in Europe. (Lewis's ■i'*^'''', ''^■inroJ 
 
 PITCH (Get. pcch ; Fr. poix, brw; '"Mw^^ thl 
 Span, pez; Russ. smohigustaja). Tli««M»r 
 
[ 
 
 u to a pirate, or con- 
 any person ussauUiiii; 
 , to liimlcr him from 
 ihip, or conl'mini; liira, 
 to cause a levolt on 
 ie offences be adjudifd 
 , and shall sutfer death, 
 or merely accessory Ity 
 or abcttins them before 
 1, or concealini,' thorn ot 
 , the stat. 4Gco. I.C.2 
 lucipals from the be nciit 
 Geo. I.c.24,thetradm;' 
 furnishing them viiA 
 r fitting out any vessel 
 IV wise consulting, eom- 
 jorrcsponding with them; 
 g any merchant vesjeL 
 ot carrj-ing her oif, and 
 any of the goods over- 
 piracy -, and such acces- 
 cscribed by the statute o( 
 red to bo principal pirate, 
 d by virtue of this Act ate 
 .encftt of clerg)-. To en- 
 • merchMt vessels agatffit 
 er» and seamen wounded, 
 ch seamen as are slain in 
 pirates, are entitled to i 
 among them, not exceeding 
 ,f the value of the cargo 
 led seamen are entitled to 
 nwich Hospital. (11,4121 
 Ic24.) The first 01 thea 
 hat if any mariner or infenoi 
 h ship decline or refuse to 
 led bv the master, or sM 
 iscourage the other manned 
 
 ,gethet with such good, a»t 
 \be imprisoned and kept K 
 
 [?enacts that a bounty^ 
 
 L and crews of such « 
 
 Tarasmaybeengasedintk 
 
 Lg, burning, or otheriv.e a* 
 
 or boat manned by. pitaie^ 
 
 faken or killed dunngtt^' 
 
 rery other man of the cte« 
 
 Ishall have been aln-eoubc 
 
 Ltl at the attack thcred. 
 
 HsecS) enacUthat^^ 
 
 Ivage.'l"'"'' 
 
 Ifof apa^^-K^r^/ 
 
 ich consists in tt^^J 
 
 [our, anl*°vSs«l«»'1 
 
 'ech -, Fr. po|*. ,jh„«ii«til 
 fmola gu8taj»). '» I 
 
 PLANE 
 
 ffbich remains on inspissating tar, or boiling it 
 down to drjTiess. It is extensively used in sliip- 
 building, and for other purposes. Large quantities 
 are manufactured in Great Britain ; but exclusive 
 ol tliesc, 13,284 cwt. imported from foreign coun- 
 tries were entered for consumption in 1841. The 
 (iutv which was then lOd. per cwt., after being 
 ritliiCL'd in 1842 to Crf., was finally nbolishc<l in 
 IKj) In 18()7, 42,344 cwt. were imported, valued 
 :,t 18,603/. [Burgundy Pitch.] 
 
 An allowance is to be made for tare on pitch, 
 
 of (13 lb. each on Archangel casks, 36 lb. each 
 
 on Swedish do., and 50 lb. each on American do. 
 
 PLANE. A fore.st tree, of which there are 2 
 
 species— the Oriental plane {Platanus Orientalis), 
 
 and the Occidental plane (Plalanus Occidentalis). 
 
 The Oriental plane is a native of the Levant 
 
 md other Eastern countries, and is considered one 
 
 if the finest of trees. It grows to about 60 feet in 
 
 height, and has been known to exceed 8 feet in 
 
 iliameter. Its wood is much like beech, but more 
 
 lipiired, and is used for furniture and suchlike 
 
 ariides. The Occidental plane is a native of 
 
 Xorth America, and is one of the largest of the 
 
 American trees, being sometimes more than 12 
 
 feet in diameter. The wood of the Occidental 
 
 plane is harder than that of the Oriental. It is 
 
 terv durable in water. 
 
 the tree known by the name of plane in 
 
 England is tne sycamore, or great maple {Acer 
 
 mttdii-jdatams). It is a large tree, grows quick- 
 
 Iv, and stands the sea-spray better than most 
 
 trca The timber is very "close and compact, 
 
 easilvifronght, and not liafele either to splinter or 
 
 ynif. It is generally of a brownish-white or 
 
 yellowish-white colour, and sometimes it is very 
 
 beaslifuUr curled and mottled. In this state it 
 
 tiles a fine polish, and bears varnishing well. It 
 
 is chiefly used in tie manufacture of saddletrees, 
 
 wooden dishes, and a variety of articles of furniture 
 
 and machinery. When kept dry, and protected 
 
 from worms, it is pretty durable ; but it is quite as 
 
 liable as beech to be attacked by them, (Tredgold, 
 
 , p. 196.) 
 
 PLANKS (Ger. and Dutch, planken; Dan. 
 iplanier; Swed. plankor; Fr. planches, bordages: 
 Kuss. Tolstttle olosku). Thick strong boards, cut 
 from various kinds of wood, especially oak and 
 I pine. Planks are usually of the thickness of from 
 1 inch to 4. They are imported in large quantities 
 I from the northern parts of Europe, particularly 
 from the ports of Christiania, Dantzic, Archangel, 
 Petersburg, Nar\-a, Bevel, Kiga, and Memel, as 
 tell as from several parts of North America, 
 [TimberJ 
 rLASTAIN or BANANA, The pulpy fruit 
 of the ilnsa paradisiaca, an herbaceous plant, 
 extensively cultivated in most intertropical coun- 
 tries, but especially in Mexico, It is not, like 
 most other fruits, used merely as an occasional 
 hiuty, but is rather an established article of 
 ibsmence. Having been long and extensively 
 ;oliivated, it has diverged into numerous varieties, 
 Ihe fruit of which differs materially in size, 
 'ivour, and colour. That of some is not above 2 
 3 inches long, while that of others is not much 
 ihott of a foot ; some sorts are sweet, and of a 
 lavoui not unlike nor inferior to that of a good 
 *wpear; but the larger kinds are, for the most 
 "" coarse and farinaceous. The latter are either 
 fresh or dried in the sun, in which latter state 
 'ey are occasionally ^ound into meal and made 
 to bread. In Mexico, the sweeter sorts are 
 "jueatly pressed and dried, as figs are in 
 urope; and, while they are not very inferior 
 ' the last-mentioned fruit, they are infinitely 
 aper. 
 
 PLATE 
 
 1099 
 
 ' I donbt,' says M, Humboldt, ' whether there 
 be any other plant that produces so great a quan- 
 tity of nutritive substance in so small a space. 
 Eight or nine months after the sucker is planted, it 
 biggins to develop its cluster. The fruit may be 
 gathered in the 10th or 11th month. When the 
 stalk is cut, there is always found, among the 
 numerous shoots that have taken root, a sprout 
 (jtimpnilo), which, being if the height of its parent 
 plant, bears fruit 3 months later. Thus a planta- 
 tion of bananas perpetuates itself, without requiring 
 any care on the part of man, further than to cut 
 the stalks when the fruit has ripened, and to stir 
 the earth gently once or twice a year about tiio 
 roots. A piece of ground of 100 square mfetres of 
 surface will contain from 30 to 40 plants. During 
 the course of a year this same piece of ground, 
 reckoning the weight of the cluster at from 15 to 
 20 kilog. only, will yield 2,000 kilog., or more 
 than 4,000 lb., of nutritive substance. What a 
 difference between this product and that of the 
 cereal grasses in most parts of Europe ! The same 
 extent of land planted with wheat would not 
 produce above 801b., and not more than 90 lb. of 
 potatoes. Hence the product of the banana is to 
 that of wheat as 133 to 1, and to that of potatoes 
 as 44 to 1,' (Esaai sur la Notivelle-Kspagne, torn, 
 ii,p. 388, 2nded,) 
 
 The banana forms a principal part of the food 
 of the people of Mexico; and the apathy and 
 indolence of the natives in the tierras calientes, or 
 hot regions, have been ascribed, and probably with 
 good reason, to the facility with which it supplies 
 them with subsistence. It is by no means in such 
 extensive use in tropical Asia, and in that part of 
 the globe comes nowhere into competition with 
 com as an article of food. 
 
 PLATE. The denomination usually given to 
 gold and silver wrought into articles of household 
 furniture. 
 
 Partly in order to prevent fraud, and partly for 
 the purpose of collecting a revenue, the manu- 
 facture of plate is placed under certain regulations. 
 Those who carry it on are obliged to take out a 
 license, renewable annually on July 31. Assay 
 offices are established in different places ; and any 
 one selling any article previously to its having 
 been assayed and marked forfeits 50/. (24 Geo, III. 
 c, 53.) Gold plate, with the exception of gold 
 watch-cases, is to pay a duty of 17«. per oz., and 
 silver plate since March 7, 1860 a duty of Is. 6rf. ; 
 but watch-cases, chains, tippings, mountings, col- 
 lars, bottle tickets, teaspoons &c. are exempted. 
 The 25 Geo, III, c 143 made the counterfeiting, or 
 the transference from one piece of plate to another, 
 of the marks, stamps &c, impressed on plate by 
 the assaycrs, felony without the benefit of clergy. 
 But the offence is now punishable by transportation 
 or imprisonment only, (1 Wm, iV, c. 66,) 
 
 In 1§67, we imported 58,598 oz. of silver plate, 
 valued at 14,674/., of which 54,445 oz. were entered 
 for consumption. 
 
 By 30 & 31 Vict, c. 90, manufacturers of gold 
 and silver plate pay a license duty of 21. 6», for a 
 manufacture of 2 dwt. and under 2 oz. of gold, 
 above 5 dwt, and under 30 oz, of silver, and 5/. 16*. 
 if the manufacture is above those amounts. Pawn- 
 brokers in gold and silver and refiners pay the 
 same amount. Plate licenses expire on July 6. 
 
 The subjoined account (from Porter's Progress of 
 the Natiim, iii, 25) gives a very complete view of 
 the plate manufacture for half a century from 
 1800 downwards. It should be borne in mind 
 that this account refers only to articles of standard 
 silver and gold, and that the great consumption 
 of the precious metals consista in plated or electro- 
 plated and gilt articles, which are now made of a 
 
 • II 
 
 ,1 
 
 f ^'. 
 
 ill 
 
 * '* 
 
 ! ■ 
 
 ' "*». -v.- "'.. . :' 
 
 -, ■' ■*. ■■■' • . i; 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
1100 
 
 PLATINA 
 
 t 
 
 
 J 
 
 •.v.:-V:: :'/.*. 
 
 ; ,f ■ 
 
 'Vi :j;'- ■ ;'• 
 
 }■ 
 
 ■ V _ ' *;.,,',• ■ '. '. 
 
 S i- 
 
 €- ',' ■'.> "'•• "■•* 
 
 i ■ . ,, ' 
 
 -■■ , •*•• ■■ .. < 
 
 1 , . 4- . ■'■' - 
 
 ",- • ' *• ". • 
 
 ; , t 
 
 tV'"v; 
 
 .: •.'/■;":^ ' \ 
 
 
 ■ iv'-; ( 
 
 • , " . • '. 
 
 ■- 
 
 ',4':''.-, 
 
 :.,;^|,v ,| ••, 
 
 
 /'rV" 
 
 .V. I ■'■:■.. ' * m 
 
 - .;i 
 
 »>' '•' 
 
 .' ■ ( ■: .. .- 
 
 
 ■- '^ .' u;.' ' 
 
 
 ■;;-•*■; 
 
 ;j-> -i ■ 
 
 t 
 
 ', ;.■•■.'■■*.-■> 
 
 ' ■ , ",■'• 
 
 
 '■ f. 
 
 ;■• !,•->".-'" 
 
 
 i ..' •* 
 
 
 \! 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^- 1 •.^,« •'- 
 
 
 ■#l: 
 
 
 
 very superior quality. Owiiij; iilxo to tlio fact 
 of old plutu bcinj; huid in the (;n'at('st eHtiiimliuii, 
 but little of it IH melted down to be reinuiui- 
 I'acturcd, no that the ]>riiicipiil consumption is b^- 
 new families. The return.s for the yenr 1S'.'(!, in 
 the annexed table, aflbrd u striking proof of this. 
 During; a considerable portion of that year a 
 crowd of speculators, mo.'^t of whom wvru pre- 
 viously worth little or nothing', believed tliey had 
 made lar^o fortunes, and launched out, with the 
 proverbial ostentation of parvenus, into all sorts 
 of lavish expenditure. Hence the wonderful in- 
 crea.se in the demand for plate in the course of 
 that year. No doubt, also, the consumption of 
 l)late np|)ears less than it really is, from the 
 facility with which the duties are evaded. We 
 subjoin — 
 
 Accimnt of (he Xitmbrr of Oiincis of Gold and 
 
 SUtiiT I' late, tijion which Duty was paid, anil 
 
 foi- which Drawback was allowed, showinij the 
 
 Quantity retained for Home Use in each Year, 
 
 in the undermentioned Ycars,J'rom 1800 to 1850. 
 
 Ve»r 
 
 endlnff 
 Jan. 4 
 
 Duty paid on 
 
 Drawback 
 allowed on 
 
 IlrlainnI for 
 lloine VtM 
 
 liuld 
 
 OI. 
 
 SlIvL'r 
 
 Uuld 
 
 Silver 
 
 tiold 
 
 OJ. 
 
 surer 
 
 ox. 
 
 ox. 
 
 nr. 
 
 IRDI 
 
 a,v5i 
 
 9llli,966 
 
 77 
 
 lr<,;o.5 
 
 5,171 
 
 76IVi(,I 
 
 ISII3 
 
 4,861 
 
 9IIV,;8S 
 
 11 
 
 114,hl!l 
 
 4,S.13 
 
 7H;,9.'i'.l 
 
 1810 
 
 »i,.1S« 
 
 1,114S,«)S 
 
 53 
 
 71,116 
 
 6,3yj 
 
 l,17l,ll!li 
 
 INI.'S 
 
 B,7;9 
 
 974,^45 
 
 19 
 
 55,<I48 
 
 G,7.50 
 
 9l8.i:i7 
 
 IS80 
 
 6,0.17 
 
 I,'i.10,l04 
 
 1,6117 
 
 I16,.5n7 
 
 4,4.10 
 
 1,113,597 
 
 IS<1 
 
 6,8.51 
 
 1,081,.1I0 
 
 .1,7.15 
 
 1I4,'/1I 
 
 8,916 
 
 967,086 
 
 IHIl 
 
 S.l.ll 
 
 l.»VV,761 
 
 1,4.16 
 
 110,600 
 
 3,998 
 
 901,161 
 
 IH'^.I 
 
 6,'J97 
 
 I,Oa7,7'i'^ 
 
 1,370 
 
 64,783 
 
 5,617 
 
 961,939 
 
 uu 
 
 6,M6 
 
 1,073,<44 
 
 10 
 
 97,016 
 
 6,49S 
 
 976,118 
 
 ISKJ 
 
 7,60li 
 
 1,«.'>8,65S 
 
 .IS 
 
 70,481 
 
 7.«.4 
 
 1,188,176 
 
 I8t6 
 
 8,48S 
 
 1,58.5,854 
 
 81 
 
 111,017 
 
 8,4u,, 
 
 1,473,1,17 
 
 1887 
 
 7,108 
 
 l,S17,8liO 
 
 .. 
 
 71,493 
 
 7,108 
 
 1,176,587 
 
 ISW 
 
 7,«66 
 
 l,V«7,887 
 
 10 
 
 60,9111 
 
 7,156 
 
 1,146,977 
 
 18'2'J 
 
 7,1(16 
 
 l,16l,1.1« 
 
 1 
 
 86,1.57 
 
 7,1114 
 
 1,175,175 
 
 18.1U 
 
 S,t4" 
 
 \,'ri\,yti 
 
 11 
 
 109,907 
 
 6,419 
 
 1,161,415 
 
 IR.1I 
 
 5,716 
 
 1,1176,976 
 
 6 
 
 84,441 
 
 5,710 
 
 99t,531 
 715,915 
 
 1 831 
 
 4, -.74 
 
 8»6,Ui!e 
 
 9 
 
 100,117 
 
 4,565 
 
 ISM 
 
 i,lS9 
 
 914,096 
 8;9,llif 
 
 15 
 
 79,6.59 
 
 4,174 
 
 8.14,437 
 
 18.14 
 
 5,I.H 
 
 1 
 
 71,005 
 
 5,1.11 
 
 807,111 
 
 1S3S 
 
 6,116 
 
 l,()',l),M8 
 
 ., 
 
 101.151 
 
 6,116 
 
 947,981 
 
 ■ 83« 
 
 6,678 
 
 I,II7I,(»6 
 
 16 
 
 110,817 
 
 6,661 
 
 960,779 
 
 18.17 
 
 7,'.I66 
 
 l,li7»,9W 
 
 .. 
 
 164,064 
 
 7,966 
 
 l,IO!(,S.5fi 
 
 18.18 
 
 6,811 
 
 1,178,568 
 
 4 
 
 177.5.19 
 
 6,807 
 
 1,001,019 
 
 1839 
 
 6,784 
 
 1,195,463 
 
 11 
 
 161,458 
 
 6,763 
 
 1,0.14,015 
 
 1840 
 
 6,875 
 
 l,27U,3!)0 
 
 7 
 
 155,913 
 
 6,868 
 
 1,114,467 
 
 1841 
 
 6,9sa 
 
 l,«0g,V66 
 
 7 
 
 179,904 
 
 6,985 
 
 l,019,.168 
 
 184^ 
 
 6,iS0 
 
 1,149,070 
 
 5 
 
 160,; 95 
 
 6,575 
 
 988,575 
 
 184.1 
 
 6,.105 
 
 1,0116,1146 
 
 4 
 
 17l,.574 
 
 6,.101 
 
 8.54,478 
 
 1844 
 
 6,415 
 
 911,1/0 
 
 2 
 
 118,689 
 
 «,4I3 
 
 788 ,,531 
 
 I84i 
 
 7,141 
 
 l,IW.,4ia 
 
 8 
 
 170,987 
 
 7,8.14 
 
 854,415 
 
 I84S 
 
 ",0.16 
 
 1,1.58,050 
 
 16 
 
 181,759 
 
 8,010 
 
 976,191 
 
 1847 
 
 S,.1.15 
 
 1,188,7.16 
 
 18 
 
 167,513 
 
 8,317 
 
 1,011,113 
 
 1848 
 
 7,6i9 
 
 1,049,168 
 
 5 
 
 161,483 
 
 7,614 
 
 887,785 
 
 1849 
 
 6.810 
 
 756,.18H 
 
 ,. 
 
 109,1.10 
 
 6,810 
 
 647,158 
 
 185U 
 
 7,373 
 
 7.15,865 
 
 .1 
 
 76,759 
 
 7,370 
 
 659,106 
 
 It is not easy to account for the nearly station- 
 ary demand for plate as exhibited in this return. 
 Most probably it has been mainly occa.sioncd by 
 the greater use of plated articles, which have, to 
 II great extent, been substituted for those made of 
 silver. I'erhaps, also, it may be in part accounted 
 for by the fact of the cost of gold and silver having 
 increased from 1809 down to 1849 or 1850. But 
 a large increase in the consumption of the precious 
 metals may now be expected to result from their 
 increasing supply and diminishing value. (See 
 Mr. Cayley's Report on Gold and Silver Plate, in 
 connection with the Paris Exhibition of 18ti7, for 
 some remarks on its classification.) 
 
 rL.4.TINA — a metal which, in respect of 
 scarcitv, beauty, ductility, and indestructibility, 
 is hardly inferior to gold — was unknown iu Eu- 
 rope till about the middle of last century, when 
 it began to be imported in small quantities from 
 South America, It has since been discovered in 
 Estrcmadiira in Spain, and, more recently', in the 
 Ural Mountains in Asiatic Kiissia, where it is now 
 raised in very considerable quantities. 
 
 Platina is of a white colour, like silver, but not 
 so bright, and has no taste or smell. Its hardness 
 is intermediate between copper and ,ron. Its 
 specific gravity is about 2Vb, that of qoM being 
 
 POPLAR 
 
 1 !)•;!; so that it is the heaviest lioily witlMv],:,! 
 we arc aequainteil. It i.s exceedingly i\\wx\k .iml 
 ninlleable ; it may bi! haniniered oiit into vi-rv 
 thin |ilates, and drawn into wires not t'xecfilinir 
 Tnin ""'''" '''»""■"■'■• I" ""'«c imipcrtica it is 
 lirohably inferior to gold, but it seems {» mmsA 
 all the other metals. Us ten.i('ity i.s siich i||',t. 
 wire of platina ()'(»7« inch in dianiVtcr iscapaliicif 
 supporting a. weight of i>71'.'!l U,. nvoirdunoi, 
 without breaking. It is one of the most infiiHibl,. 
 of all metals, tint pieces of it may lie wcliliilto 
 gether without diniculty when lientcd to white- 
 lies.''. It is not iu the snialle.Ht defircc iilterej bv 
 the action of air or water. ('I'lioinsiin'.s (Viemi.t(m') 
 
 The late Or. Wollaslon (liseoverod a mclliml ,,f 
 welding platina, and eon.sequenlly of rcmlcnn'it 
 easily available in the arts. Tlie'Hii.^.sinns is.^HeJ 
 platina coins of the value of ;t, G, anA 20 silvor 
 roubles some years .'•ince. They liuvo now bin 
 recalled. Platina tirst began to" lie nii object of 
 attention in Hiissia in 18'2'l, when 1 pood 331b 
 were collected. In 183G the ]iro(liicc aniouiiKii 
 to 138 poods 42 lb. In 1831 a piece of native 
 platina was discovered at Dcmidolfs gold mintj, 
 weighing 29 lb. 2^ zolt. {Official StalemenI, 
 published by the liiissian (iovcriimciit.) In isij; 
 17,877 oz. were imported in' the United Kini;- 
 doin, the value <if which was l\),(ilj6l. It jj 
 chiefly used for sulphuric acid retorts. 
 
 I'l/ATl'INCi. Slips of basi, cane, straw ic. 
 woven or plaited for making into hats &c. [Hats, 
 Stii.vw.I 
 
 PLUMBAGO. [Black Lead.] 
 
 PLUilS, the fruit of the Prunua domaticti, 
 ore too well known to require any description, 
 They were introduced into England in the Ijili 
 century, and arc cultivated in all part.s of tie 
 country. There are said to be ncar'y 300 varieiie 
 of plums. In 1867, exclusive of 15,855 cfft,cf 
 prunes, valued at 18,377/., we imported (i,415 cw. 
 French plums and pninellocs valued at 38,.5,j3/., 
 and 741 cwt. dried plums, (worth 1,702/,) pre- 
 served otherwise than in sugar. On the 2 last 
 mentioned a duty of 7». per cwt. has been letied 
 since December 10, 1856. [Puunes.] 
 
 POME(JHANATE, POMECJIUNATES (Cer. 
 granatiipfel ; Fr. grenades ; Ital. granaii, mrin- 
 grane ; Span, granadas). The fruit of the polD^ 
 granatc tree ( I'unica granatum). This tree, whioh 
 grows to the height of 15 or 20 feet, apjiears tofc 
 a native of Persia, whence it has been convevrf, 
 on the one side, to Southern Europe, and on" (he 
 other to the tropical parts of Asia, and eventiuUr 
 to the New World. The fruit is a pulpy inan^ 
 seeded bcrrj', the size of an orange, covered wiii 
 a thick brown coriaceous rind. The pulphasa 
 reddish colour, and a pleasant subacid taste. The ^ 
 value of the fruit depends on the smallnessofik 
 seed and the largeness of the pulp. Theline!!, 
 called by the Persians badana, or seedless, is im- 
 ported into India from Cabul and Qndslur, 
 whore the pomegranate grows in pcrfcciiDn. Jl* 
 tree thrives all the way to the equator; tot.iitli- 
 in the tropics, the fruit is hardly lit fur isc nie 
 pomegranates brought to England from the South 
 of Europe and the West Indies are very interior 
 to those of Persia. {Private information.) 
 
 POPLAR (Ger. pappel, pappelbaum; Dotch, 
 populier; Ital. pioppa; Span, alamo; Lit, 
 populus). Of the poplar {Populus of botanists) 
 there are about 15 species described; of these, » 
 are common in England, viz, the common or 
 fmte, the Black, the A^en or trembling W 
 lar, the Abek or great white poplar, and the 
 Lonibardy poplar. In favourable situations, tie 
 white poplar grows with great rapidity, some- 
 times sending forth shoots 16 feet long u » 
 
ricst \i<Hly with wlilcli 
 Lcoi'diiiyly (\initilc am! 
 iinvrcil mil into viry 
 ) wiroa not cxcccdinj; 
 
 llicHC |iroi«'rtica it is 
 lit it Bconm t(i suriiasj 
 I'liacily is such, tliat a 
 II (limiu'ter is capal)lc i,[ 
 JTl'lM U). avoinlupiii* 
 lie of the most infiisibW 
 f it miiy lie wclilcil to- 
 wIk'ii lu'iitc'd to wliiti'- 
 lli'Ht deforce altered by 
 
 ('niomsi)u'.H (7ienip,i(fy,l 
 
 (liacovcroil a niclhcii cf 
 (cqiUMitly of rondciin^'it 
 ». Tlic Kiissians issued 
 ic of ;i, G, and '20 silvfr 
 •. They iiavc now Imi 
 cgan to l>i' ail olijrel of 
 18-24, when 1 pood 33 lb. 
 i tlu' produce amouiildi 
 I 1831 a piece of iiativ? 
 jt Ueinidotrs gold mines, 
 Bit. (Official Statmenit 
 ndovenimciit.) In 1867 
 1 ill I the United Kini;- 
 lich was 19,000/. It is 
 ic acid retorts. 
 
 of bast, cane, straw ic 
 iing into hats &c. [Hats, 
 
 ACK Lead.] 
 of the Prunu) dormUca, 
 require any description, 
 into Kngland in tbe 1 Jih 
 vated ill all parts of the 
 id tobenear'ySOOvaneiies 
 .xclusive of 15,855 cwt, of 
 ?;/., wo imported 0,445 c¥t. 
 linelloes valued at 38,3:j3L 
 lums, (worth 1,70'2/.) pre- 
 ' in sugar. On the 2 to 
 ■». per cwt. has been levied 
 56. rruuNES.] 
 rOMKCiUANATES (Get. 
 ladcs ; Ital. granaii, mels- 
 [s) The fruit of the pome- 
 \,matum). This tree, which ] 
 •15or'20feet,api)eatstote 
 Icnce it has been amveyeJ. 
 mthcm Europe, and on the 
 arts of Asia, and eventually 
 pThe fruit is a pulpy mMjj 
 'of an orange, covered with 
 
 ...usrind. The pulp h^' 
 jleasant subacid aste. B 
 mdsonthesmaltoofthe 
 
 L of the pulp. Jh'?*'' 
 
 om Cabul and Candita 
 tc grows in perfection, m 
 ^to the equator, but. w«^- 
 
 ftis hardly lit for ;^*^; 
 
 'to England from the^^» 
 
 Test Indies are very mtenot 
 
 private infinmU'^,^ 
 ppel, pappclbaum; W™' 
 M- Span- alamo; W- 
 
 »t white poptot «'"' rr. 
 i;able^ltnatjri.je 
 
 •with gten'. »P"^''' 1!» 
 
 POPULATION 
 
 1101 
 
 sincle M«8on. The wood is soft, and not very 
 durable unless kept dry ; but it is liglit, not apt 
 Htncr to swell or shrink, and easily wrought. 
 Tbc Lombardv poplar growb rapidly, and shoots 
 in a complete 'spire to a great, height; its timber 
 Am not differ moferially from that of the white 
 nonlnr. It is very light, and is theicforo well 
 ji'antcd for the manufacture of packing-cases. 
 None of the species is tit for largo timbers. ('I'rcd- 
 iold's Principles of CarjMnUri/ ; Veget. Sub., Lib. 
 .fEnttrt. Knowledge.) 
 
 POPULATION. It would be quite inconsistent 
 with the objects and limits of this work to attempt 
 
 Pnmhiiinn of Great Britain, exclusive of Army and Navtf, as t ._ _, , 
 
 1K21 1831, 1841, 1851, am/ 18Gl,iiAnwmi7 its Amount tn each of these rears in each County of 
 England and Scotland, and in the Principality of Wales, with the Ratio of its Increase or 
 iitcTtoK in the intervening Decennial Periods, 
 
 giving in this place any explanation of the laws 
 which regulate the progress of population. It 
 may, indeed, be thought that the word has no 
 business here. However, as it is frequently of 
 importance in commercial questions, and in others 
 aU'ecling commercial interests, to bo able to com- 
 pare til i consumption of an article with the popu- 
 lution, we believe wo shall gratify our readers 
 by laying before them the following Tables, 
 showing the results of the different censuses that 
 have been taken of the |)opulation of Great 
 liritain and Ireland, and showing also the increase 
 in the population of the principal liritish cities, 
 
 I determined by the Censuses of 1811, 
 
 Countin 
 
 i EmUKD, 
 
 BidM 
 I tail - 
 
 Bochlflfhaiii - 
 
 :CimbiU(« 
 :CbBi« 
 
 Conill 
 
 Ciitibniua 
 
 nirtj - 
 
 'DiTOO - 
 
 Domt • 
 ' DvThim 
 ■tan • 
 tOhwaKt 
 IHirM 
 Mmfctd 
 Huntiaitdon 
 I Knl • 
 j laocWR 
 
 iliaolii 
 I MMmn 
 , HMirowih 
 
 .Vmfcll 
 
 \ Nothimmon • 
 I KtnhumMiluid 
 
 Nettiniham 
 lOlid' 
 iRatlucl 
 ISllgp • 
 ' Ronwnrt 
 1 S«ilhun{>ton • 
 
 SUM 
 
 Sulfolt- 
 
 Sumj ■ 
 
 Siati . 
 
 Winick 
 
 Wotinofttand - 
 
 WilU ■ 
 
 Wimun 
 
 V«k,liul Riding 
 Cll> 
 
 Nonh Hiillnl 
 ! Wot lUdinn 
 
 I TculrfEnfiluid 
 
 Touli of Eagland and 
 
 Wila 
 
 Rcon.iKD. ■ 
 AHiaccn 
 ArnU- 
 Aji . 
 B«ff - 
 Btnidt 
 Batt . 
 I CiiilnHi 
 
 I ClK-TDUnUI - 
 
 Damhattoa 
 Dumfrlft 
 Ulibliriili 
 £l«aorMor»7 • 
 m . . 
 rafir . 
 Hkldington 
 
 KinciTdinc 
 
 KinrM 
 
 KMndbrlilll ■ 
 
 Luut 
 
 Urmtn 
 
 Nilm . 
 
 Miqud Shetland 
 
 fMn. 
 
 Pmh . 
 
 Rofiiv 
 
 RoMiMlCnnnaiij 
 
 Roxhnrih 
 
 Mkitk- 
 
 SuthRlud 
 Wilton 
 I TolilofSailUiid 
 
 ISII 
 
 70,11.1 
 1 19,4.10 
 I1H,06S 
 101,109 
 
 I.M,66A 
 
 3S»,;78 
 IM,7IS 
 I6i,a93 
 JS»,«73 
 ilR.t,9>i 
 93,SII6 
 lll.Wl 
 
 4»,«ns 
 371, ;oi 
 h:<s,499 
 
 IJ0,M9 
 •231 fiM 
 9i.1,774 
 6t.l05 
 «9I,»17 
 
 IS3,«69 
 1C«,9«* 
 lil«,376 
 I6,.'»ta 
 1*4,973 
 .10i,H.16 
 S46,.M4 
 
 Inc. 
 Cml. 
 
 X4(l,.'ilf lo 
 
 m,HO 17 
 
 «.'VS,9<i3 
 3«3,S6I 
 190 J43 
 !ISS,90« 
 
 4»,9VII 
 19I3.V1 
 168,98t 
 133,976 
 
 19/)99 
 170,1«7 
 
 e61t,S7i »« 
 
 9,AM.(ltl 
 
 611,113a 
 
 IO,IM,«3fi 
 
 133,1171 
 86,511 
 
 I03,S39 
 3S,4.V1 
 30,893 
 lV,n3.1 
 !t.1,419 
 
 i«,oin 
 
 84,189 
 6K,96n 
 
 148,607 
 17,967 
 
 101, <78 
 
 107,187 
 3I,0M 
 77,671 
 17.4,19 
 7,a4.1 
 33,684 
 
 191,1191 
 
 19,4.M 
 
 8,496 
 
 46,13.1 
 
 !»,9J5 
 
 134 ,.190 
 93,I7V 
 60.89:1 
 37,1i3<l 
 
 38,174 
 U,61I9 
 16,891 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 1.8U6,864 
 
 18!1 
 
 84,031 
 I3Y,I>39 
 133,1.13 
 111,387 
 17(1,098 
 16I,IM3 
 136,114 
 113,631 
 438,417 
 144,930 
 I93,.M1 
 189,414 
 3.16,190 
 101,669 
 1111,731 
 
 48,946 
 
 417,114 
 
 1,031,948 
 
 174,.'V7I 
 
 18.1,U.'i8 
 
 1,1IS,0.M 
 
 7S,8()I 
 34 1, .168 
 163,1)97 
 111,389 
 186,873 
 138,114 
 
 18,487 
 198,31 
 34.»,789 
 181,897 
 .143,971 
 171,311 
 399,417 
 13.1,318 
 174,481 
 
 3 1, .1.19 
 119,374 
 194.074 
 131,643 
 
 11,711 
 
 188,178 
 
 809,363 
 
 0^181,883 
 
 718h133 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1831 
 
 11,000,136 
 
 133,049 
 97,316 
 
 I<7,'199 
 4.1,663 
 3.1,38.1 
 13,797 
 19,181 
 13,163 
 17,317 
 70,878 
 
 191,314 
 31,398 
 
 114,^36 
 
 113^1'^ 
 .Vi,ll7 
 89,961 
 19,118 
 7,761 
 38,9113 
 
 *44,.187 
 
 ii.fisa 
 
 9,168 
 3.1,114 
 Iil,()46 
 138.147 
 111,173 
 68,761 
 40,891 
 
 6,637 
 63,376 
 13,SIU 
 
 ,1.141) 
 
 14 
 11) 
 
 9 
 18 
 14 
 13 
 
 8 
 11 
 13 
 10 
 14 
 10 
 13 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 9 
 II 
 17 
 13 
 II 
 19 
 19 
 13 
 10 
 II 
 II 
 II 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 13 
 11 
 18 
 
 9 
 11 
 17 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 13 
 
 9 
 11 
 
 1 
 12 
 I6~ 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 Dec. 
 
 1841 
 
 93,483 
 I4«,114 
 146,977 
 14.1,933 
 334,391 
 3UI,.106 
 169,161 
 137, 1 70 
 493,908 
 I39,18.'i 
 1.19.156 
 »I7,507 
 .187,198 
 110,617 
 141,844 
 
 33, 19V 
 
 479,3.18 
 
 1,336,831 
 
 197,003 
 
 317.46- 
 
 1,338,3.10 
 
 98,1W 
 390,0.'il 
 l79..-.3(i 
 136,«.VJ 
 11.1,.11< 
 1 33 ,.116 
 
 I9,.185 
 113,318 
 403,793 
 313,976 
 4(19,480 
 196,317 
 486,4.14 
 171,644 
 336.64.1 
 
 33,01 
 137,144 
 111,655 
 168,891 
 
 16,160 
 191,106 
 
 981,609 
 
 13,09(1,613 
 
 l,09l..11l 
 
 8(16,174 
 
 13396.797 
 
 13 
 10 
 6 
 14 
 18 
 14 
 
 6 
 15 
 
 7 
 10 
 19 
 
 9 
 11 
 
 1 
 10 
 10 
 II 
 M 
 10 
 14 
 16 
 36 
 
 6 
 II 
 II 
 II 
 
 6 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 11 
 14 
 
 6 
 10 
 10 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 II 
 13 
 10 
 
 6 
 18 
 14 
 
 Inc. 
 
 or 
 
 Dec. 
 
 V 
 Cant. 
 
 107,9.16 
 
 177.6.1; 
 
 100,973 
 
 145,03.1 
 
 48,.137 
 
 34,018 
 
 14,131 
 
 34,.119 
 
 14,719 
 
 .13,111 
 
 71,770 
 
 119,34 
 
 34,498 
 
 118,839 
 
 139,606 
 
 36,145 
 
 94,797 
 
 31,431 
 
 9,071 
 
 40,390 
 
 316,819 
 
 13,191 
 
 9,3.14 
 
 38,139 
 
 10,578 
 
 111,166 
 
 133,443 
 
 74,110 
 
 43,663 
 
 6.8.13 
 
 71.611 
 
 15/118 
 
 36,138 
 
 l,.16l,.186 
 
 +8 
 
 —4 
 
 + 13 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 -1 
 
 ♦ 1 
 
 9 
 11 
 _l 
 +3 
 ft 
 —3 
 + 1 
 31 
 IS 
 -1 
 + 5 
 
 3 
 4-16 
 3 
 S 
 17 
 1.1 
 
 II 
 
 — , — i 
 
 I6l,;.'>9 
 
 1.16,4.19 
 164,4.19 
 393,660 
 .141,1.19 
 178,(138 
 171,101 
 331,9.19 
 175,054 
 .307,963 
 .141,979 
 431,495 
 113,171 
 1.16,660 
 38,149 
 349,333 
 
 1,667.054 
 113.867 
 .161,601 
 
 1,376,636 
 134,168 
 411,664 
 I99,11H 
 166,010 
 149,910 
 163,117 
 tl,K>l 
 115,810 
 43.1,199 
 3.-i4,681 
 .109,471 
 315,073 
 384,0.16 
 300,073 
 401,703 
 36,454 
 156,180 
 
 4-16 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 IP 
 
 II 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 3 
 10 
 
 7 
 17 
 13 
 19 
 
 3 
 - I 
 
 148,460 ■♦• II 
 
 194,9.16 
 
 18,841 
 
 104,701 
 
 1.16.1,580 14 
 
 14,997,417 ■■■ 
 911,705 
 
 15.914,148 
 
 114,478 
 170,061 
 163,713 
 I83,4(U 
 
 435,713 til 
 
 Inc. 
 or 
 Dec. 
 
 (5iit. 
 
 4- 9 
 4 
 3 
 
 — 5 
 
 IS 
 
 191,387 
 ?7,171 
 
 164,356 
 49,679 
 34,438 
 13,740 
 !I6J43 
 19,133 
 44,196 
 71,830 
 
 113,434 
 33.011 
 
 140,140 
 
 170,4.13 
 .15JI86 
 97.799 
 33,073 
 8,763 
 41,119 
 
 416,971 
 
 16,871 
 
 9,117 
 
 61,1165 
 
 10,499 
 
 137,457 
 
 135,071 
 78,683 
 46,013 
 7,990 
 81,037 
 14,781 
 39,193 
 
 1,610,184 
 
 + 10 
 
 - 9 
 + 11 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 — 1 
 + 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 II 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 II 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 loT 
 
 .153,558 
 195,491 
 196,081 
 .',67,098 
 184,107 
 390,997 
 369,318 
 458,8al 
 1 13,489 
 167,198 
 64,183 
 613,766 
 
 1,031,136 
 130,308 
 407.111 
 
 1,886,376 
 1.17,418 
 441,714 
 111.380 
 303,368 
 170,417 
 170,439 
 11.983 
 119,341 
 44.1,916 
 403,370 
 60S,7I6 
 337,115 
 683,081 
 336,844 
 
 473,013 18 
 
 38,187 
 154,111 
 
 176,916 + 9 
 
 110,983 9 
 
 .1«,.KX1 1 1 
 
 113,114 14 
 
 1,115.495 14 
 
 16,911,888 11 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 •1 
 
 19 
 
 lU 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 17 
 
 II 
 
 - 1 
 7 
 
 13 
 9 
 3 
 
 — 3 
 + 5 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 -•4 
 
 +11 
 
 8 
 
 1861 
 
 4 
 - 1 
 
 J2i 
 
 1,005,711 
 
 17,917,(109 It 
 
 111,011 
 89,198 
 
 189,858 
 .14,171 
 36,197 
 16,608 
 38,709 
 11,951 
 43,103 
 78,111 
 
 139,433 
 38,919 
 
 133,546 
 
 191,164 
 36,386 
 96,500 
 34,598 
 8,914 
 43,111 
 
 330,169 
 
 30,133 
 
 9,916 
 
 61,5.13 
 
 10,7.18 
 
 138,660 
 
 161,091 
 81,707 
 31,641 
 9,801 
 86,137 
 15,793 
 43,389 
 
 1,888.741 
 
 131,187 
 176,156 
 167,993 
 I7l>,016 
 311.1,418 
 369,190 
 105,176 
 3.'*9,317 
 384,173 
 188,789 
 508,666 
 4m,85l 
 483.770 
 113.711 
 173,18(1 
 
 64,150 
 733,887 
 1,419,440 
 137,411 
 411,146 
 1,106,485 
 174,633 
 431,79* 
 117,704 
 343,015 
 193,867 
 170,914 
 
 11,861 
 110,9.19 
 444,873 
 481,813 
 746,913 
 337,070 
 831,093 
 363,7.13 
 361,8.13 
 
 60,817 
 149,311 
 307,397 
 140,117 
 
 40,4.13 
 
 141.154 
 
 _l,5q7,796_ 
 
 JL8i»»4,44«_ 
 
 i.111,780 
 
 10,066,114 
 
 +6 
 
 111,369 
 79,714 
 
 198,971 
 59,113 
 36,613 
 I6..13I 
 41,111 
 21,450 
 51,033 
 75,878 
 
 17.1,997 
 41.693 
 
 154,770 
 
 104,413 
 37,6.14 
 88,88* 
 34,466 
 7.977 
 41,493 
 
 83 1, .166 
 38,643 
 10,1163 
 64,065 
 Il,«(l* 
 
 13.1,3110 
 
 177,561 
 81,406 
 S4.II9 
 10.149 
 91,918 
 15146 
 41,095_ 
 
 3.061,194 
 
 tl 
 
 i 
 
 'y 
 
 I ;■ •■ 
 I . 
 
 il!' 
 1,' 
 
 \ 
 
 \' . 
 
 t '. 
 ( 1 
 
 
 Itllli 
 
 > 
 
 ■I :/■■■*' ■■'■ 
 
 n 
 
 S,,:5r- A. 
 
 .:■*.; •■,(. 
 
I « «' 
 
 1102 
 
 POPULATION 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 *. k 
 
 ,»■«• 
 
 vi^-^ 
 
 r 
 
 Ta6/« exhibiting the Population of Ireland in 1821, 1831, 1841, 1851, and 1861, aeeordintt 
 Centutet of theie Year*, and thawing the Increase or Decrease per Cent, in the Intri 
 Periods, 
 
 to the 
 
 
 
 InerMM 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 1 ~" 
 
 Couniln he. 
 
 I8S1 
 
 Dr.reaae 
 
 1831 
 
 Decrease 
 
 1841 
 
 Decrease 
 
 1851 
 
 _ '» 1 
 
 
 
 per Cent. 
 
 
 ler Cent. 
 
 
 per Cent. 
 
 
 
 ,o,I 
 
 
 
 1881-31 
 
 
 1831-41 
 
 
 1841-51 
 
 
 1851.61 
 
 
 Ulrultr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Carlow 
 
 7«,»«« 
 
 ♦ 3 
 
 81,988 
 
 + 5 
 
 86,8X8 
 
 —81 
 
 68.059 
 
 —16 
 
 47,1,17 
 ISi,<ll 
 «4,*H 
 
 90,94* 
 110,311 
 
 90,01,1 
 11,691 
 »,9?J 
 11,7(1) 
 
 110,17,1 
 90,SM 
 
 .90,«;j . 
 
 lt,1.9S| 
 
 %IT> 
 
 M57,SlJ 
 
 Dublin Countj - 
 
 LVliOll 
 
 88 
 
 I76/)I8 
 
 -81 
 
 140,047 
 
 + 4j 
 
 146,731 
 
 + 4 
 
 Dublin Cllj • 
 
 IHi.SMI 
 
 9 
 
 804,155 
 
 + 14 
 
 X3/,7X6 
 
 11 
 
 858,161 
 
 — X 
 
 Klldua 
 
 9U/I6S 
 
 9 
 
 10S,484 
 
 6 
 
 114,488 
 
 - 6 
 
 95,688 
 
 5 
 
 Kilkenny County 
 
 168.716 
 
 6 
 
 169,945 
 
 74 
 
 18.1,319 
 
 83 
 
 1.18,773 
 
 8U 
 
 Kilknin<Clly ■ 
 KinK>« (fountj - 
 
 W.K.TO 
 
 8 
 
 83,741 
 
 -80 
 
 19,071 
 
 + <♦ 
 
 19,973 
 
 31 
 
 131,088 
 
 9 
 
 144,885 
 
 8 
 
 146,8.'i7 
 
 -83 
 
 118,080 
 
 80 
 
 IZtl" : : 
 
 IU7,*7() 
 
 4 
 
 118,.«8 
 
 X 
 
 115,4UI 
 
 88 
 
 8X,.150 
 
 
 101,011 
 
 7 
 
 107,481 
 
 4 
 
 111,979 
 
 18 
 
 90,818 
 
 16 
 13 
 
 DrochetU Town 
 
 18,118 
 
 - 4 
 
 17,385 
 
 *i 
 
 16,X61 
 
 + 34 
 
 16,845 
 
 Mealh 
 
 159,183 
 
 + 11 
 
 176.886 
 
 + 4 
 
 183,8X8 
 
 -84 
 
 140,750 
 
 81 
 
 Uuwn-i Count; 
 VV«lni«aih 
 
 IJI,il7* 
 
 8 
 
 145.851 
 
 5 
 
 153,9.10 
 
 88 
 
 111,683 
 
 IB 
 
 1«8,8I9 
 
 6 
 
 136,878 
 
 3 
 
 I4I,.100 
 
 83 
 
 111,409 
 
 18 
 
 W.iford 
 
 170,806 
 
 7 
 
 188,713 
 
 11 
 
 808,0.13 
 
 10 
 
 180.159 
 
 io 
 
 WIcklov 
 
 Total - 
 Mvutir 
 
 1 in,7S7 
 
 10 
 
 181,337 
 
 3 
 + 3 
 
 1X6,113 
 
 81 
 
 98,978 
 1 87X,591 
 
 IX 
 -13J 
 
 l,7A7,49a 
 
 + ■4 
 
 1,909,713 
 
 1,97.1,731 
 
 -IH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Clara - 
 
 808/)89 
 
 at 
 
 858,388 
 
 11 
 
 886,391 
 
 -85 
 
 il8,488 
 
 -81 
 
 166,105 
 iilttl 
 *i,iil 
 !01,1100 
 
 «I9,1«( 
 I10,»» 
 
 Cork County • 
 Cork City 
 
 6«4,786 
 
 18 
 
 703,716 
 
 9 
 
 77.1,.198 
 
 83 
 
 5li3,1X« 
 
 17 
 
 loii.aas 
 
 6 
 
 107,010 
 
 -85 
 
 80,7X0 
 
 + 6 
 
 85,745 
 
 8 
 
 Kerry ■ 
 
 SI6,I8S 
 
 88 
 
 86.1,1X6 
 
 +18 
 
 893.880 
 
 -19 
 
 X38,X.19 
 
 15 
 
 Llimrlck County 
 
 XlH.ISil 
 
 6 
 
 848,801 
 
 13 
 
 881,638 
 
 X8 
 
 X08,688 
 
 17 
 
 Umertck City . 
 
 39,04» 
 
 18 
 
 66,554 
 
 -«74 
 
 48.391 
 
 + 10 
 
 53,418 
 
 17 
 
 Tlpperuy 
 
 346,896 
 
 16 
 
 4U8,.563 
 
 + 8 
 
 
 —85 
 
 .131.487 
 
 85 
 
 Waterforrt 
 
 I«,84« • 
 
 15 
 
 148,833 
 
 11 
 
 17<,!)71 
 
 81 
 
 138,754 
 
 Xfl 
 
 WalerfordCily. 
 Tott' - 
 
 cum 
 
 Antrim 
 
 X8,679 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 8,88 
 
 8,881 
 
 .. 
 
 X.Vil6 
 
 ♦ 81 
 
 X5.X97 
 
 9 
 -181 
 
 1,931,613 
 
 ■flS 
 
 7,1.58 
 
 + 8 
 
 8,396,16 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 -XXi 
 - 9 
 
 _1,85MI_8 
 851,181 
 
 l,3l],U) 
 
 »17,683 
 
 83 
 
 868,685 
 
 J« 
 
 876,18 
 
 
 Ul»l 
 9,111 
 
 Beirait 
 
 45,177 
 
 H 
 
 48.8X4 
 
 56 
 
 75,108 
 
 +.13 
 
 100,100 
 
 +80 
 
 Carrlckferiui - 
 
 8,0X3 
 
 8 
 
 8,706 
 
 8 
 
 9,379 
 
 III 
 
 8,3X0 
 
 10 
 
 Armaih 
 
 197,487 
 
 11 
 
 880.134 
 
 6 
 
 838,393 
 
 15 
 
 196/185 
 
 - 3 
 
 Cavan ... 
 
 I9.'.,»76 
 
 17 
 
 8X7,9.13 
 
 7 
 
 84.1,158 
 
 88 
 
 174,071 
 
 11 
 
 IJJ,9flf 
 
 Donrml 
 
 a48,H70 
 
 16 
 
 889,149 
 
 3 
 
 896,448 
 
 14 
 
 855,160 
 
 7 
 
 Down - 
 
 385,410 
 
 8 
 
 358,018 
 
 3 
 
 361.446 
 
 II 
 
 380,817 
 
 6 
 
 S99A) 
 
 lo),;s) 
 
 Fermanagh 
 
 130,997 
 
 U 
 
 149,763 
 
 4 
 
 1.56,481 
 
 85 
 
 i 16,007 
 
 9 
 
 l^ondomlerry • 
 
 193,869 
 
 15 
 
 8X8"I8 
 
 1-80 
 
 888,174 
 
 13 
 
 191,868 
 
 4 
 
 WM 
 
 Monagban 
 
 174,697 
 
 6 
 
 19' ^6 
 
 8 
 
 800,448 
 
 89 
 
 141,813 
 
 10 
 
 IK,ltt 
 
 Tyrone 
 
 Total . 
 
 861,863 
 1,998,494 
 
 16 
 
 304,468 
 
 3 
 + 4 
 
 
 18 
 
 X.55,734 
 
 6 
 -5 
 
 tlS.J«l 
 
 4- 4 
 
 8,886 ,6 XX 
 
 8,386,373 
 
 -16 
 
 8/JI 1,756 
 
 "r,»iiir 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oalway 
 
 309,398 
 
 87 
 
 »81,S«4 
 
 IJSi 
 
 198,983 
 
 -89 
 
 898,1,16 
 
 -14 
 
 ii3«i 
 
 Ualway Town . 
 
 «'."» 
 
 19 
 
 33,180 
 
 17,875 
 
 +37 
 
 83,695 
 
 89 
 
 I^trlm 
 
 184,78.* 
 
 13 
 
 141, .^84 
 
 -^9 
 
 15.5,897 
 
 -88 
 
 IIM41 
 
 « 
 
 iiU.;u 
 
 M«yo ■ 
 
 893,118 
 
 85 
 
 366.3X8 
 
 6 
 
 388,887 
 
 X9 
 
 874,618 
 
 7 tn,m II 
 
 
 808,789 
 
 19 
 
 «49,«I3 
 
 1 
 
 «.M,19I 
 
 31 
 
 173,417 
 
 Id liW I 
 
 Sllgo ■ 
 
 Total . 
 
 146,889 
 
 17 
 
 171,765 
 
 s 
 
 180,88 
 
 « 
 9 
 
 88 
 
 188,510 
 
 3 mta ■ 
 
 l,lli>,8Y9 
 
 +81 
 
 1,343.914 
 
 + 9 
 
 1,418,85 
 
 -X8| 
 
 l/)10,XII 
 
 - 9 1 91.MU 11 
 
 
 
 SUMMARY 1 
 
 ProriiKM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Lelmter 
 
 1,757,491 
 
 > 9 
 
 1,909,713 
 
 + » 
 
 1,973,731 
 
 ill 
 
 1, 678,591 
 
 -IS 
 
 1,<»,UI ■ 
 
 MuMter 
 
 1,935,618 
 
 IS 
 
 8,887,138 
 
 8 
 
 8,196,161 
 
 1,857,418 
 
 11 
 
 Mll.ill ■ 
 
 Ulster 
 
 1,998,494 
 
 14 
 
 8,886,. iX 
 
 4 
 
 8,38Ch173 
 
 16 
 
 8,011,756 
 
 4 
 
 1,)H,W ■ 
 
 Connaught 
 
 Total ■ 
 
 1,110,8X9 
 
 81 
 
 1,34.1,914 
 
 5 
 
 1,418,859 
 
 S8J 
 
 MIO.Ill 
 
 9 
 
 91JIS1 ■ 
 
 6.801.887 
 
 + 14 
 
 7,767,401 
 
 1 +5 1 8,175,1X4 
 
 -80 
 
 t,ii\.m 
 
 -11 3.;m,x;H 
 
 Summary of Great Britain and Ireland, including Army and Navy. I 
 
 
 
 Inc. 
 
 
 
 Inc. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 I 
 
 nc. or 
 
 
 loc.or ■ 
 
 ^"r* : : 
 
 1811 
 
 Cml. 
 
 I 
 
 881 
 
 Cent. 
 16 
 
 1831 , per 
 
 I Cent. 
 
 1841 r 
 
 le.peK 
 Cent. 
 
 1851 
 
 ■^r ""■ 
 
 9.553 /Ml 
 
 ■7t 
 
 ll.« 
 
 81,883 
 
 13,090,5X3 14-3 
 
 14,997,487 4 
 
 188 
 
 16,9*1.888 
 
 II llllj!l,llfl 
 
 611,835 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 18,353 
 
 18 
 
 806,874 13-0 
 
 911,705 
 
 10-3 
 
 1/105,781 
 
 wa 
 
 i,iii;i^ 
 
 ScoUand 
 
 1,805 ,8M 
 
 1< 
 
 U 
 
 91,581 
 
 IS 
 
 S,Sfi4,1«6 10-7 
 
 8,680,184 
 
 10-1 
 
 8,888.74! 
 
 « 
 
 vwS 
 
 Armr, Wavy Ac. 
 IslaiKta in British Scu 
 Total 
 
 640,500 
 
 ^ 
 
 J 
 
 I9..10I1 
 
 •. 
 
 877.017 
 
 — 
 
 193.469 
 
 — 
 
 810,474 
 
 — 
 
 .%»■ 
 
 — 
 
 «• 
 
 iTs 
 
 89,5U« 
 00.565 
 
 15-8 
 
 10,1,7 
 
 10 
 
 
 19-6 
 
 184,040 
 
 15-8 
 
 143,186 
 
 .„ 
 
 \e,i^M 
 
 18,610,680 
 
 14-8 
 
 14-9 
 
 1 6,558,4 
 
 l3-« 18,816,885 + 
 
 18-3 
 
 81,164.951 9'9t ilMllJ!^ 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Total population of 
 United Kingdom 
 
 
 
 «,8 
 
 4)1,887 
 
 145 
 
 7,767,4 
 
 111 
 
 n 
 
 5« 1 8.175.184 - 
 
 18-5 
 
 6,451,970 -ll>7.i 
 
 Nsm 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 81 ,308,398 
 
 14-1 
 
 84,319,8 
 
 10-6 87,081,949 4 
 
 S-9 
 
 87,7Sl,9»li +4I8 
 
 .«'!!!^fl 
 
 An Account of the Population of the Principal Citiet and Towns of the United Kingdom in i 
 
 1821, 1831, 1841, 1851, and 1861. 
 
 N. B. — The same llmlM hare been preaerred thronghoat, or as near as was practicsUe. 
 
 Cities or Towns 
 
 EnaLAlfD. 
 Ixmdon • 
 
 Manrhnter and Salrord 
 Liverpool 
 Birmingham 
 Leeds - 
 Bristol - 
 Sheffield 
 
 Wolverhitmpton - 
 Bradford 
 
 Plymouth md Dennport 
 Newcastle-upon- Tyne 
 Hull ■ 
 
 1801 
 
 958,863 
 94.876 
 88.895 
 70,670 
 53,168 
 61,153 
 45.755 
 30,584 
 13,864 
 39,787 
 33.048 
 89,580 
 
 1811 
 
 1,1.18,815 
 
 1,178.947 
 
 115,874 
 
 163,633 
 
 104.104 
 
 13H,V4 
 
 88,753 
 
 101,7X8 
 
 68,.534 
 
 83.796 
 
 71,4.13 
 
 85,108 
 
 53,831 
 
 65,8:5 
 
 43,190 
 
 43/111 
 
 16/)18 
 
 96,107 
 
 50,886 
 
 55,169 
 
 .18,573 
 
 41,794 
 
 37,005 
 
 44,580 
 
 1881 
 
 1851 
 
 1/151,994 
 
 1,948,417 
 
 837,838 
 
 311,009 
 
 801,751 
 
 886.487 
 
 143,986 
 
 188.9X8 
 
 1X3,393 
 
 158,074 
 
 101,408 
 
 18.5,146 
 
 91,698 
 
 111,091 
 
 67,514 
 
 »3,X45 
 
 43,587 
 
 66,715 
 
 65,963 
 
 70,140 
 
 53,613 
 
 70/1.17 
 
 43/>10 
 
 C7,30> 
 
 1841 
 
 8,368,836 
 401,381 
 37S,9M 
 838,141 
 1'8,X70 
 lS7,m 
 135,.110 
 ) 19,748 
 103,778 
 90.401 
 87,784 
 t4,«W 
 
 l,!«.ll' 
 
 loMi; 
 m,M; 
 
 I(I9,1M 
 
1861, ateording to the 
 mt. in the Inienenimj 
 
 POPULATION 
 Population of the Principal Citiei and Toums of the United Kingdom— continued. 
 
 1103 
 
 Ml 
 
 I InnroM 
 
 1 <" 
 
 DtcrMM \W 
 Iper Cent. 
 
 ISI),OM 
 46,731 
 SH,3«1 
 9A,6HD 
 
 l!l,»73 
 
 gil.ltIS 
 Ifi,S45 
 140,750 
 lll,l>2} 
 111,109 
 |80,1J9 
 911,978 
 
 -m 
 
 il1,4M 
 
 8S,74i 
 
 t3H,«39 
 
 A3,4IS 
 331,487 
 13H,75« 
 
 a6,a97 
 
 1,1157 ,414 
 
 l,SH,iM 
 
 «J)1 1.768 
 
 i,e;i,&9t 1 
 
 l,«47.4l« 
 
 »,on,7M 
 1 iio io.»n J 
 I t.4il.irto~' 
 
 U and Navy. 
 
 ICcnl. 
 
 18SI D«'p«| "" I 
 
 CfBtt 
 
 16,9«1.M* 
 i,8R8,T4« 
 
 Vnited Kingdoms 
 
 t»180U8U{ 
 
 I practicable. 
 
 18J1 
 
 Tni,3«l 
 S753« 
 
 \:%vo 
 
 137,1M 
 135,30 
 119,74} 
 
 90,401 
 
 «4,6» 
 
 Hip 
 
 Hf,l" 
 
 1M,W 
 
 CiUMOfTowni 
 
 JioltnpoB-Trwl 
 
 UUhiin 
 
 Pirftunouth 
 
 BnlMon 
 
 Ptewn- 
 
 Sortich 
 
 IMindrrland 
 
 MmhjrTjdtll 
 
 Mm • 
 
 UtMtr 
 
 Nalllnilum 
 
 Hah • 
 
 Mflckpart 
 
 BUctbum 
 
 Emih • 
 
 llttfcj • 
 
 llicdofllld 
 
 Ml>7 • 
 
 Cstentty 
 
 Voit • 
 
 SoBthamptMi 
 
 (beltnitum 
 
 Hi:ifu ■ 
 
 r" wich • 
 )in ■ 
 
 But 
 
 UnldKifidd 
 ' VinniMth 
 
 iihli<iund«T-I.JI>« 
 ■ Rochdile 
 
 Timmouth 
 
 Sulb Shitldl 
 
 Cbillum 
 
 OlM • 
 , CmMdilt 
 
 Cbaut' 
 
 Wxmtcr 
 I * jihunplon 
 
 ; ..uiui- 
 
 WlLoII. 
 
 inuBlnd 
 Bittnhal 
 Dnii ' 
 U'tfTinitm 
 WiktMil 
 RnOni 
 Ihiiilt; 
 
 Siilitndit 
 GlwfUn 
 
 Bam - 
 
 HMnp 
 
 GnKMod 
 
 LuiMMcr 
 
 Ltimmiun 
 
 Sbmiburr 
 
 CokllHK 
 
 KiddnminiMr 
 CMfrtuj 
 Caidiir. 
 HUdina 
 
 StoruHD. 
 
 Ediiibiirifb 
 
 Glli<ov 
 
 Abtnlttn 
 
 Dn!« 
 
 PlU.} ■ 
 
 Gnnwk 
 
 Path . 
 
 luURD* 
 
 IliMi . 
 (irt . 
 Bi'bi. 
 Uimiik 
 IVintW 
 Kllkm; 
 Dniliiila 
 tiilitj ■ 
 
 «S,97R 
 «l,677 
 33,1N6 
 7,440 
 19,174 
 3«,U8 
 «4,U»8 
 I0,W7 
 17,«6A 
 17.00.5 
 98,861 
 33,198 
 14.830 
 11,980 
 17,419 
 10,839 
 18,958 
 10,107 
 I6,ai4 
 18,818 
 7,913 
 3,076 
 19,010 
 11,»77 
 10,989 
 10,117 
 0,169 
 7,968 
 16.573 
 S.797 
 8.010 
 13,171 
 
 19.940 
 11,694 
 10,087 
 15A)5a 
 11,460 
 7.090 
 9,41,5 
 10.399 
 8.593 
 110 
 7,084 
 11,391 
 10,581 
 9,749 
 3,918 
 8,097 
 
 rVsra 
 
 8,676 
 
 14,739 
 11,590 
 IO/)96 
 6,110 
 
 9fioa 
 
 68,544 
 83,769 
 
 98/184 
 17,458 
 14,878 
 
 31.557 
 99,1;!) 
 41, .587 
 19,91)5 
 
 17„'m;q 
 
 80,748 
 95,891 
 
 14,»45 
 94,799 
 93,153 
 31.953 
 38,408 
 17,545 
 15,083 
 18,896 
 13,043 
 17,143 
 13,99A 
 17,993 
 19.099 
 
 9.617 
 
 8.395 
 19.766 
 13.670 
 14.060 
 11,963 
 llr10« 
 
 9.671 
 90,448 
 
 7,ai7 
 10^199 
 17.548 
 15,165 
 15,787 
 19,931 
 11,108 
 16,140 
 13.811 
 
 8,497 
 
 ii,4;s 
 
 11,189 
 8,789 
 105 
 9,074 
 19,682 
 11,393 
 10,788 
 5,405 
 9,443 
 
 8',9gO 
 10,917 
 
 16.606 
 19.544 
 10,959 
 8.0.18 
 10,900 
 
 81,784 
 110.460 
 95,370 
 ».6I6 
 
 I9l049 
 
 1891 
 
 1831 
 
 40,937 
 3N,9U1 
 46.743 
 V4.741 
 
 4!l,70i 
 31.891 
 90,959 
 39.045 
 3I,U18 
 40,415 
 48,7011 
 91,796 
 91.910 
 93,(79 
 17.493 
 93.154 
 18.911 
 91,448 
 91,711 
 13,353 
 13,.39A 
 17,U'i6 
 17,186 
 17,716 
 14,896 
 13,480 
 13,984 
 91,0117 
 
 9,992 
 19,998 
 93,173 
 16,503 
 19,177 
 16,361 
 14,149 
 19,949 
 17,0!!3 
 10,793 
 14,416 
 11,914 
 11,767 
 9U0 
 10,397 
 14,899 
 14,164 
 19,81.7 
 
 8.949 
 19/08 
 
 6,744 
 11,776 
 
 14,0Ui 
 19,9.53 
 10.709 
 19,799 
 
 1 19,933 
 147,043 
 44,796 
 30.573 
 
 99'.68t 
 
 185,881 
 45,i77 
 
 51.589 
 50,513 
 50,389 
 41,991 
 33,871 
 60,.V*5 
 40,735 
 97.981 
 49.9'<5 
 40,639 
 50.680 
 50.800 
 95,469 
 97.091 
 98,949 
 9.3,697 
 30,911 
 93,430 
 97,998 
 9«,V6a 
 1?,394 
 99,949 
 91,559 
 90,«01 
 90,774 
 19,679 
 19,140 
 19,035 
 91,5.35 
 19,441 
 18,351 
 93,906 
 18,756 
 91,194 
 90,619 
 90,917 
 81,344 
 14,610 
 15,351 
 18,865 
 15,066 
 15,177 
 
 11,999 
 18,184 
 15.932 
 15,593 
 \0fift6 
 15,790 
 
 ir,933 
 13,903 
 
 16,167 
 13,370 
 14,981 
 13,879 
 
 136,301 
 909,499 
 58,019 
 45,355 
 
 S7",S71 
 
 904,153 
 48',9!4 
 
 68.444 
 60,451 
 53,039 
 49,170 
 50.8H7 
 81,846 
 S3,.335 
 43,031 
 51,09» 
 50,806 
 53,091 
 5.3,196 
 50,154 
 36,699 
 37,931 
 39,741 
 39.699 
 31,939 
 31,039 
 98,849 
 97,744 
 31,411 
 97,590 
 95,384 
 9.5,517 
 94,604 
 94,816 
 95/)S8 
 97,813 
 99,678 
 94,979 
 95,410 
 4.3,079 
 94,969 
 94,958 
 94,453 
 93,866 
 97.004 
 91.949 
 91,550 
 19.857 
 90,193 
 8,923 
 17,793 
 11,116 
 18,849 
 18,937 
 14,294 
 18,086 
 
 14',*159 
 16,179 
 14,618 
 • 1,614 
 
 14'.389 
 
 17',688 
 17,539 
 13.751 
 15,497 
 15.492 
 9,714 
 13,841 
 
 138,189 
 980,682 
 61,993 
 69,873 
 47,695 
 33,645 
 90,167 
 
 139,796 
 80,790 
 75h308 
 48,391 
 13,916 
 19,071 
 16,261 
 17.973 
 
 1151 
 
 84,097 
 79,.Vt7 
 Ufm 
 69,673 
 6!),549 
 68,195 
 67r1!l4 
 63,080 
 61,171 
 60A'<4 
 57,407 
 54,910 
 63,ll.« 
 46,5.36 
 40,688 
 40,(i09 
 .19.IM8 
 .37.969 
 .36,819 
 36,.V)3 
 .3.'.,305 
 35,1151 
 33,589 
 39,914 
 31,911 
 31,401 
 31,969 
 30.880 
 30,879 
 99,791 
 99,193 
 99,170 
 18,974 
 98,494 
 97,943 
 97,815 
 97,666 
 97,5»S 
 96,657 
 96,310 
 95,680 
 95,568 
 94,985 
 14,944 
 93,363 
 99,057 
 91,456 
 90.898 
 10,801 
 10,760 
 17,579 
 17,5.36 
 17,518 
 17.011 
 16,633 
 16.I6S 
 15,699 
 19.681 
 19,443 
 19,355 
 18,461 
 18,398 
 18,351 
 18,916 
 
 160,309 
 347,001 
 71.973 
 78.931 
 47,959 
 36,689 
 93,835 
 
 138,361 
 85,745 
 
 100,300 
 5.3,148 
 95,997 
 19,973 
 16,845 
 13,695 
 
 1861 
 
 101,907 
 
 94,344 
 
 94,799 
 
 87,317 
 
 8<,98.'> 
 
 74,H9I 
 
 8.5,797 
 
 83,875 
 
 70,39* 
 
 68,<k56 
 
 74.693 
 
 ,'<9,tl8 
 
 54,681 
 
 63,196 
 
 41,749 
 
 43,U«I 
 
 36.1(11 
 
 44.9;5 
 
 4l,r>47 
 
 45 ,.185 
 
 46,9riO 
 
 39,6(13 
 
 .37,101 
 
 37,(l.iO 
 
 37.658 
 
 57.4K8 
 
 37.'' 63 
 
 31,877 
 
 34,810 
 
 34,886 
 
 38,|t4 
 
 34.091 
 
 35,9.19 
 
 36,177 
 
 97,5f,0 
 
 96,361 
 
 31,110 
 
 3l,9i7 
 
 39,813 
 
 Ii9,4l7 
 
 37,760 
 
 S9,6N7 
 
 51,649 
 
 95,395 
 
 96,917 
 
 93,150 
 
 9.5,015 
 
 98,700 
 
 93,058 
 
 94,991 
 
 16,512 
 
 90,999 
 
 17,893 
 
 99,010 
 
 18,782 
 
 16,005 
 
 17,958 
 
 99.163 
 
 «3.li0<< 
 
 16.170 
 
 15,399 
 
 21,394 
 
 39.9.54 
 
 18,842 
 
 168.191 
 394.864 
 73,.105 
 911,117 
 47.406 
 49,098 
 95,950 
 
 154,808 
 80,191 
 
 121,602 
 44,176 
 93,293 
 14,174 
 14,740 
 16,967 
 
 I P08CEUIN or CHINA-WARE. A _ very 
 
 Jae species of earthenware. The first specimens 
 
 If this fabric were brought to Europe from China 
 
 pui Japan. The best Chinese porcelain is of a 
 
 leiy fine texture, white, semitransparent, and 
 
 Vnietinies beautifulljr colonred and gilt; is in- 
 
 pible, and not subject to break by the sadden 
 
 Jiplication of heat or cold. The Chinese term 
 
 |i the article is tje-Bi, But the Portuguese, by 
 
 Tiom it was first brought in considerable quan- 
 
 fw into Europe, bestowed on it the name of 
 
 ireelain, (mm porcella, a cup. 
 
 ICommon earthenware, sometimes of a very good 
 
 ^lity, is manufactured in Canton, Fokien, and 
 
 feral other provinces of China. But it is a 
 
 Tious fact, that the beautiful porcelain imported 
 
 "« turopc is made only in the town of Kingte- 
 
 5i in the province of Kyangsi. Its manufacture 
 
 is fully described by Duhalde, in his account of 
 China, under the head ' Porcelain and China-ware.' 
 The porcelain of Japan is decidedly inferior to that 
 of Cnina ; very little is imported, and it is valued 
 only as a curiosity. 
 
 After porcelain began to be imported, its beauty 
 soon brought it into great request, notwithstanding 
 its high price, as an ornament for the houses and 
 tables of the rich and the great. The emulation 
 of European artists was in consequence excited. 
 Very little information was, however, obtained as 
 to the mode of manufacturing porcelain till the 
 early part of last century, when the process 3vas 
 developed in a letter from a French Jesuit in China, 
 who had found means to make himself pretty well 
 acquainted with the subject. The knowledge that 
 thus transpired and the investigations of Reaumur 
 and other chemists prepared the way for the esta- 
 
 .11 
 
 
 N 
 
 * .< 1 
 
 i ,.' 
 
 ■':<' 
 
 i: 
 
 t 
 11: 
 
 
 
 t' p'i. 
 
111)1 
 
 POKCKI-AIX 
 
 ( 
 
 •V i ! ,1 
 
 « « 
 
 'I 
 
 ! . ■ *■ 
 
 •■ > 
 
 i 
 
 ( • 
 
 i- 
 
 
 ■ ' I 
 
 I- 
 
 ^ ; .J 
 
 ; ;? >•• t - ?• 
 
 
 
 .-.lil 
 
 i.|:6- ■ 
 
 liliHlimoitl of tlic niiiiiiiriii'liiri' in Kiironc. Ii wnfi 
 UrM riiiiiiiH'iii'cil III Drxmli'ii, wliii'li Iiih Ih'i'Ii (iiiiiuiih 
 rvor HiiicK fur lli(< licniily of itt* iiriiiliii'iidiiM ; Iml 
 llii< lliirNi nnd iiiiikI mnKiiilirriil H|HM'iiiiriiHiil' l'',iiri< 
 iiriin I'liinii linvo Ih'cii |iri>iliiri'il iil ,Si<vrr;4, in 
 Kriiicc, in llii< ritcliiry i'iuiIimI dm iit llm rNiicnsr ii(' 
 llii' l''ri>iicli <iiiv<-rniii<'nl. 
 
 Jlritiult I'liriftiiin MiiniiJ'iiclure, — 'I'lii.t, |||<>||);|| 
 iniiiMc to liiiiist of Niirli lliii' N|iiM'ini<'nM ol' I'oMly 
 norkniiiUNliip im litivo Immmi proiliii'i'il iit Si'vrrN 
 mill DrrHilcii, is ol'iniirli ^ii'iiliT iiiilioiiiil iiniiiir- 
 (ftni>>. Iiiili'iiil of oxrIiiMivcly ii|i|il.vinf; iIii'IiincIvi'n 
 to llio niiiiiiifactiirc of mlirlcH llllnl only for 
 tlio (INK of III!' rii'li, tlui iirtiNlN of KiiKliincI liiivc 
 «'xi>rlt>il lliiMiiNclvi'N, ill |irt'f. ri'iicc, (o proiliici' 
 4'liinii-wiiro Niiiliilih' for llii< niiilillo rlnxMrN ; iiiiil 
 liiivi< Niit'ciMMlcil in |iroilni'ln){ iirliclr^ nl. onn< ex 
 «vlli<nt in i|iiiilily, clixnnl in fi rin,iinili'li('it|<. \V(> 
 iirt< |irinfi|mlly iinli-liti'il for (ho iinprnvcniciit.i 
 lunilo in llii.t iinportiinl innniifai'liiroto llio ^rniiiN 
 mill )>nlorprisi< of tlio Into Mr. •loxinli WviIkwimxI. 
 'I'liix I'.xtriioriliimry ninn owod noiio of IiIm Nnci'0!M 
 lo forluiloiin firouinxlnncct, Ih'votiii); \\\n niiml 
 1o pniiiMil invfMiiKntion, iiml NpiiriiiK iii<ii.lii<r imiiii* 
 noroxnriiNO in nonmiplixhiiiK lii.tniniHihn Knl'X'ri'il 
 roiinil liiin nrliNUinf liilfiit from illirorciii. coiinlrit'!), 
 mill drew U|H)n tlic Htoroii of Hcicncn for niti in 
 itiirsiiiilK tlii< obirclK of IiIm prniiicworltiy nniltition. 
 riio rnrly ami niKiinl pn»i|H<rily tlinl nllondotl \\\* 
 4-irortM Mcrvcil only aH iin itu'i'iitivo lo iirKc liiin 
 forward to now oxortionx, and as inoaii^ for calling' 
 forth and rnoimraKinK talcnl in oiIutk, in a 
 niantior ralciilntod to pnmiolo llio wollaro of his 
 country. I'rovionnly to lii.s liino, the pottorio.t of 
 KtnlVordshin' prodiiood only inforior fnhrios, tliniHV 
 nx lo thoir nintorial.i, and void of tawlo in thoir 
 forniK and oniamontM; Iho ho.st. anions thoni hoini; 
 only wrt<tohoil ii'iitatioiiH of tho ^rotiwpic and nn- 
 nioiinini; uronox ami tlKiiroH portrayod on tho 
 poroolain of China, lint. hiicIi havo boon tho 
 (■noolK ro.<<ul(in)( from tho o.scrlionH an<l oxaniplo 
 of thiH Olio indiviilnal, that the ware:* of that 
 dintrit'l aro now not only liroii^ht into gonoral nw 
 in tlii.s foiinlry, to tho oxclnsion of nil forci);n 
 miods, which had boon lar^oly iiiiporlod, but 
 Kii);lish pottory ha.s ninoo Im-oh sonKht for and 
 orlobrntod thronKhoiit tho civilisod world, and 
 Adupttnl ovoii in placo.t whorolhr art wan provionx- 
 Iv praotisod. An intolli^'nt foroi«;nrr, M. Kaiijns 
 «io St. Fond, writing; on thin Hiibjoct, says; 'Its 
 «<xoo1lont workmanship, its .solidity, tho ndvanta^o 
 which it nosscssos of sustaining the action of tiro, 
 its lino fjlajjo iiniioiiclrablo to acids, tlio boaiity 
 and convoiiicnco of its form, and tho chrapiuvm of 
 its price, have given rise to a commerce so active 
 and s«) universal, that, in IravoUiii); from I'aris to 
 I'otersbnr);, from Amsterdam to tho farthest part 
 of Sweden, and from Dunkirk to the extremity of 
 tho South of France, one is wrvcd at every inn 
 u|Hni KiiKlish ware. Spain, Tortugal, and Italy 
 are supplied with it; and vessels are loaded with 
 it for both the Indies and tho continent of 
 America.' 
 
 Sec the quotation in tho '..■IcroMB* of the Porct- 
 lain Jlanufaclurr' (p. 1(>), in Lanlner's Cj/cL>padia; 
 for the statistical details with respect to tho 
 niannfacture, sec the article Kaktiiknwakk, in 
 this work. For much common information on 
 this subject the render i.s referred to Birch's An- 
 cient Pottery, Marryntt's Pottery and Porcelain, 
 Life of WedgunHid, and M. Arnoux's Kcport on 
 I'ottery in connection with Uio Paris ICxhibition 
 of 18(57. 
 
 The Dritish porcelain manufacture is principall}' 
 carried on at tho Potteries in Staft'ordshire, and 
 at Worcester, Derby, Colcbrookd-Uc, and other 
 places. 
 
 POUK 
 
 Murrhinr Vupn.—M wnh loti^ n pr«viilrii| nnini,,,, 
 mnoiiK niodorn critics, that tlio |.„«,i mnnhlm v, 
 f/iinoiis III Itotiiiin history, were fnriiiiil „( ,„,j,. ,' 
 liiiii. l'oni|M'V WHS tho llrst wim liroiiKlu ih'.^',' 
 |{oiiii< from tlio I'.iihI, niHtiH <;| yoiin iK'InnMl .' 
 Chrisliiiii orii. Tlicy wore iisnl im ilriiikiim n,,,',' 
 and fcti'hod I'liorinoiis prii'os; Ncio linviin; mJ.' 
 according lo (ho conimoti iiioljiini ,,f iiilcriirtiii'i!!' 
 :iM,()Oll/, fur a Hiii);lo oiili. 'I'lu. cxlriivanaiir,, ",'/ 
 tlio piinOiaicr may, in this iiiHt'iiico, h,, ,u|iihi,|.,| 
 (o have incrcasnl the price; no Hhu, (|,„ ,|J„,„„f 
 oslininlion in which those etips woro li(>|(| ninv \» ' 
 more acciirnloly Inferred from tliu fact (h«l,(if,|| ' 
 Iho rich spoils of Alexandria, AiiKintuii w^ i,,,, 
 tent (o select ono for his share. (Siiiaciii lih „ 
 i: 71.) I'litiy (lib. xxxvii. c. '.») snvs tlipy «•« i 
 made in IVrsin, particularly in Kiiriiiniiiiin. Hut 
 those who i-onlend Ihey wore cliina-wAriMliiiilv 
 depoiiil on tliu following lino of l'ro|H'rliiiH;-- ' 
 
 MuiiliMi|ui> In r«illilt iRirula i<ii:r> nna. 
 
 I.lli. It. Klf). \, iin. n. 
 
 In despite, however, of this nppnrenlly (IwijiiJ 
 niilborily, l.o KIniid and Ijirclior Imvo, in i«„| 
 very ItMirneil dissortatioiiR (^Jtli'moim ilr I'Aeniiimi I 
 ilff Infcription; (om, xlili.), which Kiilwrtwn hu I 
 declared mo <|uito satisfactory, eiKJimvi.urnj (J 
 prove (hat tho vnni murrhinn wero furmnl gfl 
 (rnnsparent atone, dnj; out of the earth in immef 
 Kastorn provinces, ami that they wen- iinildiilinl 
 vessels of eoloiirod KlnKH. (Ijohprtudii'i I)A 
 ifuiailion on Inilia, nolo !ll».) l)r. Vincpiit (Cim-l 
 Hirri'C anil iy<iriV/ii/ion of the Aneirnli, \<i\. il 
 p. 7'i'.\) inclines lo thn opposite opiiiion; bill 
 tho weight of authority is evidently on Hwl 
 other side. At all events, it is jilaln tliatirtli«| 
 murrhino cups were really porcelain, it hidl 
 been oxceedin^tly sean'o at Kome, as tlifir prical 
 woulil ofhorwiso havo Imicu comparatively roo(l^l 
 rate. Hut it is most proliable that tho 'aocienu| 
 wore wholly unacipiniiited with this article, ffhici 
 indeed wns little known in F,iiro|H) till after llij 
 ilisovery ..f Iho route lo India by tlic I'lpl 
 of 'lood Hope. (For some furllicr dct«il« oa 
 this i'lUestiou, see KippiiiKii, Antiq. Hon. hk'ni 
 c. ;«.) I 
 
 In 1807 wo imported 19,1154 ewt. of (•hiinnl 
 porcelain ware, ehielly from France and (icnniirj 
 valued at I7(»,»!)l/. 
 
 POKK, HACON, ANi> HAMS coaswUlK 
 first of tho fn'sh or uneurtHi Hesh of thi' hcj 
 the second of the sides and belly when cureil 
 or sailed, and the third of tho hind-H's whi^ 
 cured. 
 
 'riieso form important articles of food in llii| 
 quarter of the world and in Aincrics. Ituilhi 
 arc rejected by many nations, aiul aninni;oilK 
 by tlio Jews an<t Atohnminedans, partly f 
 superstitious motives, but in part also from t 
 tnry considerations. (Sco tho nrofoiind work i 
 Michal'lis, On the Laws of Mttt. iii. iSD, '' ' 
 trans.) 
 
 Previously to 1812, the duty on bsconandhini 
 being 28*. per cwt., was in cflcctprohibitor'oftU 
 former, and little or none was imported. U*iJ 
 then, however, reduced to 14». per cwt. In Iw 
 the duty on Imcon wns entirely rcpoalod, and im 
 on hams reduced to 7». per cwt., the latter M' 
 also repealed in 1853, There has been, in «« 
 qu6,'...'0 of tho abolition of the duty, a great incrw 
 in the demand for foreign bacon— the import* 
 which amounted in 1852 to 13,952 cwt, bjnr 
 increased, in 1866, to 678,272 cwt,, valii«l i 
 1,639,301/.; the exports of foreign bacon and im 
 in tho same year being only 66,760 cirt im 
 imjwrts of hams in 1866 were 57,510 cwt «| 
 subjoin — 
 
IK 
 
 I Idiik a (irnviklcnt iiiiiiiinn 
 it tliii riiiii nuirrfiiiui, vi 
 ^, were fiirmi'il ci( |»Trc 
 rxl will) lirniiKtil tlirni tu 
 iiilll I'll ycart lielnn- III!' 
 i> iihimI iik ilriiikliiK ru|i«, 
 t'OH; Ni'iii lmviii(; ;;ivni, 
 iiiclliixl iif iiili'r|iri'tm;;, 
 1. i'lii> i>xlmv»nniK" 111' 
 
 \m lllHt^'IICI", 1)« Sll|l|l(WCll 
 
 lOo; HI) lliitl till' ili'ittwiif 
 
 iMi\>« wore lu'lil iiiny I* 
 rriim tliu fitct ttiM, iif all 
 
 ndrin, Aiin<''»t»« w* ''""■ 
 IK nlmr«. (Siiclim. lili, ii. 
 [vli. <•. '.') Hny» tlu'y »w 
 Inrly ill Kiiriimimin. Hut { 
 y wVrc rliiim-wnn^ I'liiiily 
 ; lino of rroiKTlius ;- 
 
 ihUpoful* ""■',' »","■„ 
 Mil. If. Kl«. \ lln. "'• 
 
 r tl»i» npvnrrntly iW"" 
 iiiii Ijirclicr Imvo, in iwnl 
 im I Mmoiii »ilt I'Aentlimtl 
 ilili.), wliii'l' Uiiliettwin hu I 
 ,linfiiolnry, cmlBnvi.urwl to I 
 tnurrAinii won' fi'nnwl «f| 
 t out of <t>" •"""l' '" *'™| 
 
 1 thiit tlipvww imiliUilinl 
 ulnKi*. ("Itiil)!^!*!"!'" /Ji^| 
 lie ;«>.) l)r- Vincpiit (tW-f 
 n of th« Anrirnt$, \'i ii.l 
 llin opponil" opinion i l»tl 
 orlty in evidently on th«| 
 vent IS it in plain lint if Jh;! 
 , ronlly i«ircclain, it mt 
 in-P »t Uomc, W tlwir fn»l 
 n luwn conipawtivi'ly miit-t 
 t nniliaUlo that the wcieiiw" 
 inK'd with this article, ubi* 
 
 invii in Kiir<>I>n "" «™' "" 
 ,„U, to Indiii by till! Up. 
 ."or Hoinc further dcUil* ol 
 .ippinKii,^""'/- •«"'"• '•''■"■I 
 
 irnMl 19,3!>» cwt. of fWim 
 l\ y from France nml ticniiM!r|| 
 
 . ASi> HAMS consUt,tl« 
 
 ir ummred llesh of tho H 
 
 Vidos and bcUy wl>«" "'j 
 
 third of tho hind-lop wm 
 
 Irtant ««ticle« of f<»<j j.Jjj 
 ll and in America. MH 
 Iv nations, and amonROtW 
 
 l^lohnmincdans, partly™ 
 Lbnt in part also from. 
 
 ' (Sec the r«>f<!»."',rvM 
 
 thpdutyonbaconandliw, 
 iineftl-ctprohibitor-rfrt^ 
 
 tnoncwasin.p«««l-5 
 Iced to 14«. per cwt. m " 
 
 J 'There has been, in »» 
 
 TOUT 
 
 . jitcimnl tif thf QuiintHirn of Iltiron, llwiii, 
 
 ' ( ]'„rk Imfiorlrd inli) Ihu Unilril Kinijilom 
 
 M lHfl7, t/iffify""! '*' (^i-nfriri trhrnrr Ihn) 
 
 f„, hfouyhl, ami th* Hunntiliti hnmijht from 
 
 Wl/I. 
 
 " " I'nrk 
 
 rOIlT-AlJ-PRINCK 
 
 IIOA 
 
 |1)IWII 
 
 H»> T««n» 
 
 I'.lirf HUWf 
 lyliml ■ 
 
 mini r"'* 
 Tool 
 
 llx-on 
 
 IImiii 
 
 r»l. 
 
 Kl.i;* 
 
 Kl.-l.nv* 
 
 l.l«.% 
 
 tut, Ml 
 
 1 ,II.1A 
 
 IV.KIK 
 
 rwl. 
 
 «.I17« 
 4,7.^7 
 
 IKl.T.lt 
 
 i.i;i 
 .1,l«t 
 
 «'I1,(1»7 
 
 4_\4KI _ 
 
 rwl. 
 
 tn.uiii 
 
 M.iri 
 
 Ml" 
 
 A.VUN 
 
 4111 
 
 l'/.».1l 
 
 V.M),«II.1 
 
 I'OHT. lOi'onro; Wink.) 
 
 I'OItT AlMMMNCK. Tho ••nplfnlof Mnytl, or 
 Si, llimiinuo. I'opiiliilion i" !'«''> from !l(l,(M"l •» 
 'xM\ Thii llifhlhoHMii (111 l^ni«n<iii Point in 
 ii«lili' fiir « nulci* in Int. IHo ;iit' ll,'!" N., Ioiik. 
 •.10 4V |'2" W. It \» Nitiinti'il on tho wivit ron.st. 
 i,( ihc IkUiwI, nt tliclioitoin of n hir^o nml dccii 
 n,|f. Ii wnn fiiiiiidnl in I7'l'.>, Hini-i' wliitdi, witli 
 ((w inlirvaN, it ImM hci-ii tho oiiiiiliil of Kmich 
 Si. Dmniii)!". Itinpnrlinlly fortilli'd, the hnrlionr 
 hrlni; iiriitn'ti'd Ity » linttcry on n Hiimll iHlniid nt 
 I lililr (lislnncc from tho Mlioro. Tho oonntry 
 minil in low and nmrHhy; niid tho liciit in tho 
 nimmfr inmilbn lM'in« o-m-ohhIvo, tho rliiimtu ia 
 Ihrn cxcFeiiiiiK'y unhealthy. Tho linildiiiKH nro 
 ptinoipally of wood, and Hohlom oxoocil 'J Blorrya 
 
 in l\fi(!l\l. 
 
 Harl«i«r.— The entrnnoo to tho hnrhonr Im IioI wocii 
 While lulanil and tho Roiithorn aliorc. 'I'lio doptli 
 iifwilcrvtrir:: from about IK foot nt olili to nliont 
 1\ fcrt at full tide. 1 1 w onalomary, lint not coin • 
 piikin-, to cmphiy a pilot in ontcriiiK tho hnrlionr. 
 I'ilnlj'trc alwoyn on Iho look-ont. Sliipn moor 
 head ind utem, ut from KIO to fiOO yards from 
 fhorr; !oa(liii);and uiilondiiifj; hy mpnii!* of bont.s, 
 a* there are neither docka nor (|nnyH to iiNHiHi 
 ihpw (iperntionH. Tho hnrhonr ia porfoclly safo 
 wept dutinR hurricaiicH, wliioh may bo oxpooiod 
 ftcim AuRust to November. Tho bnv of rort-nii- 
 I'rince ii wcllnif;h blocked np to tho norlhwnrd 
 by numerous shuaia and iHlcta, which protect the 
 anchonico. 
 
 liayli ii<, next to Cuba, the largcat of the Weat 
 India iflands. It wan diHcovorcd uv Culiimbna, on 
 [December 5, M92. Ita grcnteat length may be 
 about 40O milcH, and ita grcntCHt breadth 1 65. Its 
 |Kipetficio.<i is estimated at about 29,600 ammro 
 lilea. Three principal chaina of mountains (from 
 Wcmanate smaller mountain arma) run from 
 te central group of Cibao. Tho whole of tlieao 
 wdetcribed as fertile and susceptible of cultiva- 
 lion, even to their summita; afTording f^cat 
 iiiety of climate, which, contrary to whot ia the 
 let in the plainSj ia remarkably healthy, Tho 
 ill of the plains is, in general, a very rich vegc- 
 ible mould, exceedingly fertile, ond well watered. 
 here are several large rivers, and an immense 
 mber of smaller streams, some tributary and 
 'len independent The ports arc numerous and 
 111. The harbour of Cape St. Nicholas, the 
 rtificatioiis of which are now in ruins, is one of 
 « finest in the West Indies, being inferior only 
 theHavannah. Tii.-berof the finest description 
 ffloet abundant, and minca of gold, silver, 
 W tin, iron, and rocksalt, besides other 
 ituralproductions, are said not to be wanting. 
 w ranch were therefore fully Justified in 
 "??/'%thi8 mapirtcent island La Heine det 
 wwei. The principal towns, besides Port-au- 
 mce, are Cap Hattien, formerly Cap Francois, on 
 ! north coast, St. Domingo on the south, Les 
 p) and JacmeL 
 
 I frevionsly to the revolt of the blacks, Hayti was 
 pweu in unequal portions between the French 
 
 and Npanlardx; tho former iiomu'iiNing tlin went, 
 and the Inller tho onNtern and larger ixirlion of ihn 
 inland. The revolution begnii in lYHl), and tor 
 miiintiMl, after the inoHt dreiiilful masHaeres and 
 the dentriietlon of a vaxt deal of pro|M>rly, in the 
 total nbolltion of alavery, and I tin eHlubliHlimenl 
 of an independent black repiililio. 'i'hn .SpniiiHli 
 part of the iolaiid and the Fi'i'in'li, after JH'iiig 
 eoiiHolldaleil in IH'JD, were ngnlii hi parnli'd in IHII ; 
 Ninee whieh lime the former lian JM-eii, npi.il'.ing 
 generally, a mock empire, and the latlir a mock 
 republic. Hut in both disorder and rnvuliilioii 
 have been nM'iirTiiig at. nhort iiilervniN, 
 
 I'opiiliiHim. --In I7M!I the. Kreiich part of llavfi 
 wan by far the inoHt valiiablo and llouriMluiig 
 colony in the WohI, liidieH, Tho population wan 
 eHlliiiated at 6'2I,IMI0 ; of wliieh .'It.IMM) were whili', 
 27,61)1) people of colour, and <lli6,riOI) Hlnves. The 
 SpaiiiHli part of the inland wax much Iohh ilenHcly 
 peopl"d, the niindier in I7H,'< being eHlirnnlid at 
 I6'.',IMI) ; of which l'22,(!H) wero frra people of all 
 colourH, inoHtly iniilattoeH, and tho re^t. HlaveN, 
 'I'he population of the entire iHland, in IK27, wan 
 cilimated by lluiiib<ddtnlH2(),()tll), of whom IIO.OIM) 
 were whitcM; bnt there are good groiiiiilH for 
 thinking that that eHtiinate waH exaggerated, and 
 tlint the preHciit popiilal ion iIoch not exciuiil 7UI),l)(ll) 
 or 7.'.0,()tM). 
 
 Kr/>i)rlii. — There hnH been an extraordinary 
 falling-on' in the tr.ide of llayti HJnce the Kevoln- 
 tion. 'I'lie cxportNof Niigar, for example, wliicli 
 amounted to above I ll,l)l)l),l)()() lb. in I7H!), have 
 wholly iliHapperired. The. enltivalion of the cane 
 liaH not, however, been entirely ri!liii(|uiHlied; but 
 it.H pi'odiieu i.H now wholly converted into lalin, an 
 inferior ileNcriplion of mm, of which the Idachu 
 are exccHHively f<ind. The |irodnce of cofl'cc ban 
 alHii fallen olT; and its export, which may nnioinil 
 to about fil),(l()l),0ll() lb., in in great part derived 
 from the old eolfee plantntioii.s of the Fntnt^li, 
 wbiidi nro now 'dincmt wild. The remaining 
 article.s id'exjxirt connmu principally of mahogany, 
 higwood, anil other dye nnd fancy' wooiIh, wliicli 
 merely rei|nire to Ih: cut down; with small i|iinii- 
 titicH of cotton, cai'oo, tortoi.seHhcll, honey, wax 
 itc, lint 80 inconsiderable is Iheir amount, that 
 tho ontiro vaino of tho exporta in IHtS.'t did not 
 exceed 2,468,000/., not certainly .j'^j of what it 
 wouUl amount to were the islanii occupied by a 
 reasonably intelligent and iiidiiHlrious population. 
 The greater part of ita foreign trade is with 
 tho United States ; and that with Knglnnd Ih 
 next in importance. In 1H<!7 tho valtio of our 
 rxnorta to llayti and St. Domingo amounted to 
 only 91,028/., principally consisting of cotlona 
 (ll!;{,099/.) and linens. It ia an instructive fai.'t 
 that they t<Mik from us no machinery, and only 
 2,497/. worth of iron. At present (18G9) they 
 are sufTcring nil the horrors of civil war ; anarchy 
 prevails, and commerce is paralysed. 
 
 Jlosides its imports from England, it imports 
 flimr, rice, mess and cargo beef, fish &c., and 
 timber, from tho United States; wines, satins, 
 liqueurs, jeweller}', toys, haberdashery iic. from 
 France ; and linens, canvas, gin &c. from Holland 
 and (icrmanv ; but the amounts of tho latter are 
 inconsiderable. 
 
 The greater port of this extraordinary falling- 
 ofT is to be accounted for by tho change in tlic 
 condition of tho inhabitants. The blacks, being 
 no longer compelled to labour, and regarding with 
 abhorrence tho culture of sugar and the other 
 occupations in which they had been priucipally 
 engaged, sank into a state of idleness and 
 apathy. The condition of all the great branches 
 of industry formerly carried on became, in con- 
 aequcnce, most deplorable, and the commerce 
 4B 
 
 1 ' 
 
 I " 
 
 
 .-. • fi 
 
 
 :, .-. »;-^.- is 
 
 Ii 
 
K-'-r r 
 
 
 V . 
 
 ■•• *: .' ; I 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ': 1 
 
 
 
 
 - . -"■ t 
 ■ J*- - 
 
 ^V^l 
 
 \^ I 
 
 ■ 4 '^_ 'Mr\ 
 
 i .■ i -r-' ■':•:■• 
 
 1106 PORT-AU-rRINCK 
 
 or llayti waa reduced within tho narrowr*! 
 liinitK. ' Its RuccMvive rulers have endeavoured, 
 lliiiiiKhwith little succcsn, to bring about a revival 
 iiC iiidustrv. The Code rural, enacted for this 
 imrpoHc by Doycr in 182(1, waa exceedingly 
 stringent, ). I principal provisions being, in fact, 
 i-i)|iii>d rrom the regulations as to slaves emboilicd 
 ill th(! Code nuir. Hut even this code had little 
 iiitliirnre; and an a proof of tho low state of 
 iniliiHlry in the iHlnnd, it ii* enough to refer to tho 
 lircviouH Btutemrnts. And this result i«, after all, 
 iiiily what should have been anticipated. 'I'o 
 I xpcct that bolf-civilised Africans, under a burn- 
 ing Hun, ond without the wants or deHiroit of 
 I'liiropeans, should bo equally induslriouH, is to 
 eNpcet what is contradictory and all but absurd. 
 
 I'lirt Clmrgr». — Tho charges on a native ond 
 forii^rn ship of i)00 tons arc the same, and a« 
 follows:— 
 
 TonnaK* duly 
 Ailiiiliiiktrntor 
 roniiii4tii)i«itl« fl4* plact 
 Cixiiliilit ilrlf tlef(uvrre - • 
 
 ('■•tiininiulnitte ili- |iort 
 Direcloi oft-iutoms - 
 lnler)irettfr . - . - 
 
 Trert^Hfrf . - - - 
 
 Diiclor . - - . 
 
 Si.-iMi|ii for cnlrj and cimrljill * 
 Founiiili) lax ... 
 
 ]'ltuta({u .... 
 Toul, cnrrfncy 
 
 Custom-house EegulationM.— On arrivil, tho 
 mu.stcr of the vessel proceeds to the Cu'stoin- 
 lioiixe with the inter|..'?ter, where he niakcs his 
 diclurntion whether he discharges his cargo in 
 tlio port. If he discharge, his invoices nro trans- 
 l.'itcd, and the goods verified in the presence of 
 the connigncp, who is allowed to land and store 
 tlii'm. On clearing outwards, the merchant pays 
 tlio duties on the cargoes both ways, and exhibits 
 n receipt at the office of the commissairo de 
 (;ut'rre, commandant de place, and commandant 
 dc port, who sign a certificate that the vessel 
 mav depart. 
 
 il^arehoysing. — The warehousing and bonding 
 system is established by law, but there are at 
 ))'rescnt no buildincT appropriated to the recep- 
 tion oC bonded goods. Until very recently, goods 
 were permitted to be bonded under this law in 
 the merchants' stores ; a late order has, however, 
 suspended that indulgence. The rate is 1 per 
 ci'ut. per year, and no allowance made foi' waste 
 or loss. Uoods exported in the same vessel they 
 arrive in pay, if landed, i per cent, and wharfage 
 fees. 
 
 Monei/.— The weight of the dollar is 216 
 grains, the ( and 4 dollar bein^ in proportion. 
 But nearly i the weight of the com consists of tin 
 or other alloy, so that the value of the dollar 
 does not exceed Is. 6d. sterling. 
 
 Weights in Ilayti are divided as in avoirdupoia 
 and apothecaries'' weight; but they arc about 8 
 per cent, heavier than British weights. 
 Measures, — Same as those used in France. 
 Hrgulations as to Trade. — It is enacted that all 
 persons exercising any trade or profession, ex- 
 cepting that of cultivating the soil, must be 
 provided with a patent or licence to carry on such 
 trade or profession; that all strangers admitted 
 as merchants into the republic must, in the first 
 place, procure the permission of the president to 
 take out a patent, which, when obtained, only 
 authorises them, under heavy peiuilties, to can^ 
 on a wholesale business, not with each other but 
 with the Haytians, in the open porta, which are 
 Port-au-Prince, Gonaives, Cap Haltien, Port-^ 
 Plate, Santo Domingo, Jacmel, Les Cayea, and 
 Je'r^mie. The minittium qnantitiea of goods that 
 may be sold are fix«d by the same law. The 
 
 PORT LOULS 
 Haitian consignee may be alxn * ,et^|,, 
 takmgout a correHpomllng patent. ' "" 
 
 A charge of iJ,O(>0 dullan is made f,,, ,,,■ 
 patent to a foreigner trading to rort-au-i',:,,, 
 1,800 for Les Cayes, Cap llaiiicn.an.l h^^x' 
 and l,(iOO for eoch of the rrmainin^ portH 
 
 /;tt/i>»,_The duties on all imported commoili 
 ties consigned to foreign mcrcliantu nr,. i;i J, 
 cent, on an establi.-(htd tariff, wlictlict thev I 
 brought in notivc or foreign ship,, wit'i'ih* 
 exception of thoso from tho United ,>Staifii wlij i I 
 pay on additional M) per cent, on tho amount' r 
 the (lulios. GikkIs connigned to ualivc mercbani. \ 
 pov only 104 per cent. ' 
 
 i'ho coosting trade is entirely cunilmil 
 Ilaytinn citizens. 
 
 Tho commerce of Port-au-l'rince in carrieil „ii 1 
 hy various classes of jiorsons. The imports frm I 
 Europe and America are principally consi^iicd tol 
 Kuropean and North American conitnissionh(iu»fL 
 besides a fuw lluytian estalilislinienta. 
 
 Wo have derived these details with respett 
 Hayti partly from tho published A^u^m of ('i,„|„ 
 Mackr.utic, Esq., late consul in that island, «, 
 parti' from consular and other Returns 
 
 POUT LOUIS or NOKTlI-WlvST I'ORii 
 The capital of tho Mauritius, at the bottom of 
 triangular bav, tho entrance to wliich is ntlk, 
 ditliciilt, in lat. '2ifi 9' fit!" S., long. 570 2^' 41^ 
 K. Every vessel approaching the harbour m 
 hoist her Hag and fire 2 guns ; if in th« ni^ht, 
 light must be shown, when a pilot fma ' 
 board, and steers the ship to the entrance ni 
 port. Though not very extensive, the ancbon, 
 in Port Louis is generally quite aafe, uij 11 
 dangers to which ships In it were sonietiim 
 exposed during the hurricane season bare be 
 in great measure obviated by the foniuiion 
 docks. It used to be reckoned a convenient 
 for the careening and repair of vessels; 
 owing to the greatly increased magnitude of 
 ships and steamers which now nniptt . 
 Indian seas, increased means of accommodstiooi 
 this respect bec.ime highly desirable, and il 
 have been supplied by the formation of 1 
 dock capable of admitting the largest ships, 
 houses are low, and principally built "f m 
 The town and harbour arc pretty stronjilv ii 
 fied. Almost all the foreign trade of the 
 carried on Iiere. 
 
 The Mauritius was so called by the Dul 
 honour of Prince Maurice ; but it waa finl 
 tied by the French in 1720, and is iadi 
 for must part of its prosperity to the akil 
 management of its governor, the famous M. 
 Bourdonnais. It was taken by the Englii 
 1810, and was definitively ceded to us in 181' 
 
 Exports and Imports ^c. — Mauritius ii 
 fertile, a considerable part of the surface 
 however, occupied by mountains. Its shi 
 circular, being about 160 miles iu circumft 
 The climate is healthy, but subject to hi 
 llie principal product is sugar, which ii 
 cultivated to the almost total neglsct of 
 thing else, and the island may, inderd, be 
 have become an immense sn'gar-factoiy, 
 also produces excellent coffee, indigo, and 
 The blackwood or ebony of the Mauritiuis 
 abundant, and of superior quality. Veij' 
 com or grain of any kind is raised, most 
 of provision being imported. Previontlyto 
 the sugar and other articles brought to ' 
 Britain from the Mauritius were chiijed 
 the same duties aa the like articles ftvo ' 
 but in the above-mentioned year this 
 
 was done away, and it was enacted (6 Geo 
 
 11 1 & 44) that all goods of the Maiintiui st^Hftys t 
 
 v.f 
 
 i 
 
IIS 
 
 •Iwi » nUiWt, iin 
 ttont. 
 
 A ia made for < tcti 
 ^ t<) rort-su-l'tiuct; 
 U'itien, and .Uoinel; 
 naiiiinn port*. 
 11 im\ii>rtc(l cnmmodi 
 icrcUantu ati' IT^ (wt 
 Tiff, wUclliiM they W 
 jit^ii Bliil'". *'i'> 'li'' i 
 J Unilcil StalM, whitli I 
 ;cnt. tin t'>c amount nt | 
 eil to native mctctianh 
 
 eutlitly cuDttncd u 
 
 •au-Vrlnce i« caniwl on I 
 
 lonn. I'hc imports (torn I 
 
 principally conaitnicil ii>| 
 
 rican commission hi«i'H,^ 
 
 ial)liitl>mcnt». 
 
 le aclaiU with leniett to| 
 
 ibli»hetl Nutti of t liarlti 
 
 ,n»«l in thft*' i'^''' H 
 I other Re«urn«. 
 WOU'ni-Wl'.ST I'DUTI 
 iritius, at the bottom ol | 
 irniice to vrliich is nitu 
 
 5«"S.,lo«g.BJ»«*1 
 .achini; the harbour mui 
 
 PORT 
 
 2 guns 
 
 if in tl«ni|!lit, 
 
 when a pilot ""n^ • 
 ,'hin to the entrance m il 
 rv extensive, the ancbotM 
 ictallv quite safe, and lli 
 M» in it we'e f™''™! 
 mmcane season ln« be« 
 viated by the fonMUon | 
 • reckoned a convcmtnir' 
 nd repair of vesseii; J 
 increased magnitude o( 
 y,hich now navi^t* I 
 means of accoinmodiUMi 
 hiuhly desirable, «A \if 
 |,v the formation of »ill 
 ttinc the largest »b 
 "principally budtoH 
 |,ui arc pretty swngg 
 foreign trade of tM If 
 
 80 called by the Dutc 
 
 MibiiiiK Imitortcd into the United KinRdon., bo 
 
 hi«ttothe aame dutien and ronuUtioiia mi 'lui 
 
 S%iod» from "»• Bntiah VVcHt Indim, and 
 
 &Si" 
 
 imi 
 
 ipoited. 
 
 M.«riti«« were W1 
 the like «ructoft«j 
 
 diit "the trade with the Mauritiua ahoiild Iw 
 \utA ■• nearly m poiiibic on the aam'i foutlnu; 
 
 rSt of thu Weit Indi* iiland*. 
 Thiiwu a ^at boon to tlie Mauritius, but it 
 
 ;,not to it that the iuoreasc of it» suKitr culUva- 
 n i» to be ascribed. Tlic emancipation of the 
 
 "uvM was as injurious to tlie pkntcra here aH to 
 
 Xnein liii; Went Indies ; but, owing to ita more 
 
 Mvenicnt situation, vaat numbers of hill-cooliuH 
 j Diher labourers from India, and some alno 
 .1 Msdatfiiiw'W, have been introduced into the 
 tliutiims ""'' " '* '*• '•"" supply "'■ l*l«ur whicli 
 kuhonbeen obtained that the prosperity of the 
 lUnd i» wl'o'ly owintf. All tlio best insular 
 mihor.tics admit that but for the immiKration it 
 .ouM have retrograded ; the emaucipateil negroes 
 
 i would not have engaged in any sort of severe 
 li^uf and it is in part by the example of tlio 
 aunilfrants, but more tliroiigli necessity, that tlio 
 
 i bkckj liave been stimulated to exert thcm- 
 
 "tSs prosperity, however, lias, unfortunately, not 
 I tMD continuous. The rapid increase in the 
 Lliivation of beetroot siisjar, tbe excess of 
 1 imniimilion into the Mauritius, ond the almost 
 Liitt dependence of the colony on importations 
 lonood,liave seriously impaired its prosperity. 
 I (LieuL Governor Barklv's Report, 18CG.) In 1866, 
 lihf wimWtof Indian miraigrants was 5,690, and 
 I of Indian emigrants 3,815. ^^ ,_ , ^. , 
 
 The imporw of sugar into the Unitnu Kingdom 
 Ifri.iu ilic Mauritius increased from 616,076 cwt. 
 lin IWiUo 1,006,237 cwt. in 'HPo, but fell in 1867 
 Ito iHi'ti cwt. Yet this statement does not give 
 ifiiirvicff of the real increase of production,. inas- 
 Buch as a far greater quantity of sugar is now 
 leni to France, the Cape of Good Hope, and Aus- 
 ia, than formerly. Thus, of the total ship- 
 Wi (rom the island, amounting in 1866 to 
 |«,()38,513 lb., only 76,886,276 lb. were foi the 
 Fnital Kingdom; 18,405,750 lb. being for France, 
 j,13;,§W lb. for the Cape of Good Hope, 99, 1 1 1,415 
 1 for Australia, and 51,609,554 lb. for Continental 
 ^dia, With the exception of rum, molasses, and 
 kony, the other exports are too tritliiig to deserve 
 fctice. Sugar pays an export duty of 3d. per 100 
 I, nett French weight. 
 
 Ilhe principal imports consist of provisions, 
 
 flicularly grain and flour ; the supply required 
 
 r the use of the island being almost entirely 
 
 (ived from the Cape of Good Hope, Madagascar, 
 
 «, Reunion &c. Cotton stuffs ; iron, hard- 
 
 t|ind cutlery; machinery, copper, linens, wine, 
 
 h ic^, ire also largely imported. Guano has 
 
 I late years been extensively imported, and has 
 
 i [oosd to be of the greatest service in the 
 
 ing of sugar. The total declared value of the 
 
 xmtfromthe United Kingdom to the Mauritius, 
 
 '% amounted to 583,403/., and iu 1867 to 
 
 U, chiefly cotton and iron, 
 Uottf, Wtights, and Measures. — According to 
 ^tegijations of Government, the franc is deemed 
 1 to M., and the Spanish dollar to is. Ad, 
 lUovetnment accounts arc kept in sterling 
 JDey; but merchants, shopkeepers Ac. keep their 
 lata in dollars and cents, and dollars, livres, 
 
 001. 
 
 the measures and weights are those of Franco 
 fiimsly to the Revolution. 100 1b. French = 
 lb. English; the French foot is to the English 
 !•« 100 to 93'89, but in practice they are sup- 
 ■d to be as 16 to 15. The velte=l gallon 7-8 
 
 I English, but in commercial transactions it 
 
 wys taken at 2 gallons. 
 
 LOUIS 1107 
 
 LighlhoMies.— On May 24, 1867, the //arftour 
 Lights nt tlio entrance of I'ort Louis were done 
 Hwny with, and a lloatinu liffht-veNscI, painted 
 whito, ha.1 been nubtitilutml. it is m(H>red a little 
 t«i thu north-west of the well-known lleil Uuoy, 
 and shows u tlasbing while light from aimset to 
 sunrise, viMiblo 9 iiiileH otf. 
 
 Tliero ia a revolving catoptrii' light, of the 
 first order, on the soutll-we^t Flat Inland, liit. 
 19° 63' 20" S., long. 67° 41' 12" K. It is 306 
 feet above the level of thft sen, and Is visible in 
 clear weather 25 miles off. 
 
 There is a Jixcd catoptric light, also of the first 
 order, on (.'annonier Point, lat. 20° 0' 35" 8., 
 long. 67° 35' 24" K. It is 39 feet above the level 
 of the sen, and can bi< secii for about ten miles. It 
 indtcntes the position of u dangerous shoal nearly 
 one milo from the shore, and keeps vessels clear 
 of tlio coral-reefs to tho north-cust and south- 
 west of the point. 
 
 There is a lighthouse built on a small Island 
 called ' lie aux Fouqucts,' lat. 20° 24' 20" 8., 
 long. 57° 4.V 9" K. It marks the southern 
 entrance to tirand Tort, and is 880 yiiiiU to tho 
 E.N.E. of lie do Pai^e, which bounds Grand I'urt 
 entrance to the northward. The apparatus is a 
 dioptric of the lirat order, showing a fixed white 
 light from sunset to sunrise, visible in every 
 direction from seawa/d. It is lOSJ feet above tho 
 sea, and in clear weather can be seen at a distunco 
 of 10 miles. 
 
 There is a Government pilot stationed at tho 
 lighthouse, who will boanl ships bound to 
 Maliebour,;, uu their making the usual signal. 
 
 No vessel bouiiil into Grand Port ought to 
 approach it at night ; rlie should heave-to well to 
 the southward of tho light, as, the drift being to 
 the northward, she might lind herself to leeward 
 in the morning, and lose much time in working 
 up. (November 3, 1863.) 
 
 Lighthouse on Little Basses Honk, Cet/lon. — 
 Ordiiianco No. 22 of 1865 provides that there shall 
 bo levied and paid in this colony as dues in respect 
 of the liglit-vCKScl upon Little Basses ISock, 
 Ceylon, Id. per ton of the burden of such ship as 
 niov have derived benefit therefrom. 
 
 Lighthouses on Coinl of Mauritius. — Extract 
 from Ordinance No. 22 of 1855. Art, 1. 'I'hero 
 shall be levied by the harbour master, on all 
 vessels excepting coasters employed on tlie coast 
 of Mauritius, entering the harbour^ or discharging, 
 or shipping cargo or immigrants in the- roadstead 
 of Port Louis, 2rf. per ton. 
 
 Art. 2. The above due shall not be le\ied 
 more than twice within 12 calendar months on 
 any one vessel, and tho whole amount collected 
 shall be appropriated to defraying the cost of 
 maintaining liglithouses and lights on the coast 
 of the Mauritius. 
 
 The following are the numbers and tonnage of 
 vessels that entered with cargoes and ballast into 
 ports of this colony in the years 1864-65, 
 
 Entered. 
 
 Total - 
 
 BrilUh 
 
 Coloalil 
 
 1864 
 
 lS6i 1 
 
 VesHls 
 
 Tom 
 
 VnuU 
 
 Ton. 
 
 6iS 
 SCO 
 
 S7S,38» 
 74,VI» 
 
 7U 
 !!16 
 816 
 
 I32..i63 
 78,S41 
 
 Cleared, 
 
 ■! I 
 
 Tout • 
 
 Hrltiih 
 
 Colonial 
 
 1861 
 
 6«S 
 
 too 
 
 Tom 
 
 «sn,W9 
 
 l«6,IMI« 
 
 77,389 
 
 Vewlt 
 
 Toni 
 
 70r I 301 JUS 
 S«7 l.-WflSI 
 
 W4 I sii.tea 
 
 4b2 
 
 •«! 
 
 i »-< ■■••V. 
 
 I'!' 
 
 n 
 
 i: ' 
 
 1. 
 I 
 
 4: 
 
 :• ■ I. 
 
 
1108 
 
 PORT LOUIS 
 
 •v' 'i 
 
 k 
 
 • J 
 
 -• .'. v , 
 
 Toantftt of rtudi entered and elevod in 18C0, 
 about 000,000. 
 
 For Immigration, see Cor.nxiKA. 
 
 Population eitimatcd in IHtIO at 840,0^4. Po- 
 pnlation of Ney<-belleii Inlands and other depen- 
 dencies of Mauritius in 1801, 0,066. 
 
 VHn 
 
 KtvfniM 
 
 Bl|Mndllura 
 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 ■M 
 
 «M,«lt 
 
 ann.ns.i 
 
 •HI 
 
 4ll».7'<« 
 
 ««MI« 
 
 se« 
 
 4m,^n 
 
 6*1,19% 
 
 MS 
 
 A.V>,AII( 
 
 iWMt 
 
 Mt 
 
 6.M/Ki7 
 
 S(IV.<1» 
 
 Ml 
 
 • 1*1,7*1 
 
 C<i7,7lll 
 
 KM 
 
 »y),'>in 
 
 71111,111* 
 
 I'ubllc Dabl In IMS, l,0UO,aOi'<: 
 
 The revenue in 1860 wa*, inchidlnfr railway 
 traffic receiptH, 039,576/., and the expenditure, in- 
 cluding the Rinliing fund and interest on railway 
 loan, 700,048/. 
 
 Brokerage, CommUtlon, and Feel of Broker* 
 and Exchange Broken, 
 
 I, For mI«* bimI pureha^M of nooda, mfrrhanillM and mnfithln, 
 payabla half hj Ul« atlltr and half by tha (lurchawr, I iwr 
 cant. 
 
 ff, Ralta and pnrcbaao* of linmoTablr*, payabia half by iha Mllar 
 and half \ij iha imrt-hnKr, I par rant. 
 
 3. Hain and purrhatra of rallla wH of iha town, payabia half by 
 
 Iha wllar and half by tba piirrbaiar, 't \<rr ifiit. 
 
 4, Prntfurln* advanra* on raruoat of ali|{ar f<ir Kurniwor aUewhfrp, 
 
 I fiar cant, payable half Uj tbv party maklnK thti advaitia and 
 
 half by Iba lurty who rrcrUra h. 
 i. Ertlinatlon of xooda of marchandlx and all olhar arllc'ai, rrrlll- 
 
 cation of Iha Mala of damattrd in< rcbandita and oihar nprra- 
 
 tlona of * llha natura, for i-arh atlend^nca iif a broker not 
 
 aira«dln|| Ibraa houri I/., for each hour tiayonti iha 'l>r> a la. 
 ft. NaffollalJngnouaof hand (wbalavrr may bathvdataof payinant) 
 
 payabla by Iba racrlver, { \ttv rant. 
 7. Nrsotlallnii MIU of aichanna, i |»r cant., payable % by holder 
 
 and I by tba receiver. 
 I. Nr(oljalln( eontracu and bottomry bonda, payable by the con- 
 
 ■lipioa, i per cant. 
 0. Procuring nelifbt and pauenKeri, payable by the perftoni em. 
 
 ia 
 
 ploylnK Iha broker. ( per cent. 
 Hire " ■ " 
 
 re of labourerB, «orhn)cn, Inimovable properly, on the whole 
 amount of birr, if the contract f*t leiw iloe« : ol eiri>Ml one 
 )ear, and on iha amount of hire for .1 year onlv if ih durarton 
 of the contract or laa*a elceeiU that |«rlod 1 half by the |t«rkon 
 hiriiwi half by tba other party. 
 11. Kacb ttiicnaturaon cartlhcate or frtttrf it, 
 LWIiltruft CtorifH.— The ll|(hiera||e charxea at the port hare been 
 HiatTal llie followlnR ratn :- 
 Landing or iDlppInc of fowl' In Inner harlwur. iOc. per ton. 
 Hire of workman, Id. V.'^c. per diem. 
 
 Do CrfrRO boat par ton. I dol. per dirm. 
 I.aiidlng or Khlpplng of brlcka and coaJi, guano and ahlpplng land, 
 7.V.'. per Ion. 
 Do. wimkI, 'V. per ton. 
 Do. foa-gayac i*.-..' leak In loge, Id. .V)c. 
 l)o. Iron, i-ofip •■ - alnc thactiny, and lead In caiai, caikt or rolls, 
 
 7 V. iivr ton. 
 l)o. iiiffar pan*, >i t^l. each. 
 Do. iieam mglnaaiMr horaa power, in dol. each. 
 Do. am hon under Wmn lb. weight, 3 dol. each. 
 Do. aboTo Lomilb., .tdol. each. 
 Do. above I^VIII lb., 7ri. Mc. each. 
 
 flumilymg waiar. Id. VAc. per ton. 
 
 Du. bell buoy, 3 dol. per ton. .... 
 
 I.andlnK or ihlpplni of chain cables of 6 to 10 lines each, i dol. iiar 
 ton. 
 
 Do. hi II buor. in do), per Inn. 
 
 Do. * la lb llnaa each, 7d. AUc. par ton. 
 
 I>o. ba'l buoy, 1ft dol. per ton. 
 Landing osen or oow4, 1 dol. each. 
 
 Ho. bai Inioy. 4 dol. each. 
 
 t>o. ralvaa, At)c. each. 
 
 Do bell buny, I dol. aach. 
 
 Do borars or mulea, t dol. aach. 
 
 Do. ball hiloT, 4 dol. each. 
 
 ])n. iHaiita and donkeys, I dol. each. 
 
 Do. bell buoy, t dol. aach. 
 
 Do. tnrlilncs complata, fi dol. each. 
 Trannshlpmeni firain on* msel to anothtr, 1 dot. per Km. 
 Jjanding or shipi,lng af tanks, ftill, 4 dol. each. 
 
 Jbi. empty. I tlol. »Kh. .... 
 
 Iw of goods lying at men-aT-wal't moorings, I dol. per resrel. 
 
 Ho, ttwn otttswe men.of>war's mooringa tu bell buoy, 3 dol. per 
 
 Do. ofiatriagn, two wheals, »d. SOe. par rarrlag*. 
 I)o. ofcarriaiiai.four wheels, 4 dol. per carriage. 
 D<>. of niolles In the harbour, IVic. aach. 
 
 rmnwige (lb. to the Ion)'.— Bran, l,nnnib. i oaU, l,Vinib.| dholl 
 X,lll«Tlb.| rica, «,00cllb.l roflke, l.^imlb.j p«l>F«r, 1,4(10 lb., coir, 
 
 7'lllb.i cloTea,7Mlh| iCurope evrdage. l.4U(l|b.i collon in bale), 
 7.Wlh.: buller, )l,au0lb.| sugar. V,UUillb.| Ullo», K/Wiilb.i lead 
 In iHri, t,nKltb. I Inn and Ironmongery, v,IHNi|b. ; molawr- 
 «,iHi<i*h.| Manilla rope, l.unolb.| drwd Ush in bulk, l.iK>>ll 
 
 mustard seed, 1 
 
 l,jMltllb. I lliKced and others, l.tlKHb. 1 iiotaioo, 
 1,100 lb. I bark, wnlb. l resin In cs>k<, fi; hemp or thread in 
 bales, t : salt proffaions In casks. .t| flour in b.irrrls. M : twilled 
 beer In casks of 6 doa., 4 1 beef ami inrk In tiercta, Hi wins in 
 
 Slli India do., mil Vaeao bags. SOO, brandy in |'i|ics. »; «mply 
 barrel., !t ! curthcn dishes and bowls, lut) ; gunny bags, iOU i soap 
 in bales, 7U. 
 
 Statement of Commercial Commtuumt I from Mm. 
 
 riliui Civil Service Almamirk). 
 1 , On sales at goods imiNirtrd nf all da«rrlpilona. sn the a«t im,, 
 if M>ld by auction, and on the groaa araoual af all aihsTj ' 
 S per rent. '"'*■ 
 
 t. On sales of ralonlal sugar and ether coloiilal Msdaca tl aatu.. 
 3. rurrhaas of goods 1' ' ""'^'' 
 
 •In purchaaaa eflVrlad whan the agent la la ftmil,. <| mi ,-. 
 (In pnrehaaa af da. when fiinda are ptorldnl k'liTlII; 
 
 4. On 
 
 Amt cmiI. 
 lh« al« of i|wrl« ami bill* ni •ichanirt, 1 1^ cMt, 
 
 I (RTolrf ttiv, I 
 
 ft. On rMnillsnr* of procwd* of ih« »«l«» of loMfe, imcm k, i j I 
 tichanir* lie , I i>«r ront. ^^ ."•»,» | 
 
 A. On C«od» riinat||n«a and aA«rward« wllhdrtvn on d 
 'i\ p9f r»nt. 
 
 7. On flonla Undod «i terount of damaft Incurrad tn ih« ,^^ ^ I 
 r»-ihl|>m«nt of ih'umt. I|p>r rvnt. I 
 
 H. On firrtKhl or uaaMMI* monttr M'B'urods A vm etni. 
 
 9. On ihtp ro' Itctlon mtt^inht or vaaMno mnnof, v^ wrnnr. 
 
 10. On ahlp'M (tUburMinwii whon trio ii«mt n m furwfa, liHrc 
 
 1 1 . On do. whon rnnttinioo Airnlxhoi funtU, \ prt rmi. 
 > V. On dithunomonw for vomoIi under reialn, V |wr c«nt. 
 13. On Itfilon of rrsilU ami mlvMncM of fumUfrmn tihk-hMKhitl 
 
 rommlMlon |a dvrtvMl, t\ |itr loni. ' 
 
 H. On offWllnR tn-uranL-**, on iho amount Inwrtd, | pn ctni, 
 I ft. On mIm Of |iunlia>«i uf h«ua>t, or oilwr ItninofiU* itnwr? I 
 
 undnr power of ailornrj, ^ por c»ni. i" . ■ i 
 
 Ifl. On Mili^ or purchaaoi of vowrli, whothor ■ttimimwd oi ■l-.iul 
 
 piinhAHvl or iold undor |H>wtr of aitornoj, A ^ctnL 
 17. For rnoTtry of ront, S |ior conl. 
 IN. On alliitra tn ill<puio. ^ iirrctnt. 
 1 !>. On aflnln Wfure iho courti and atUnilffd with Irffal wormltnn I 
 
 accordlnn to <h« trouhio Hnd dday, but not Ion ihin 5 pn cmlI 
 
 on Iho amount of iho tranuciton. f 
 
 W» Onattitln In dUputo and withdrawn hHbrt brmi|rhitoawtli.l 
 
 mont, u|«on th« actual t alut of ih» claim, lit |>rr ztn\. f 
 
 2t. On itToimod bilU» rt*Mrnod for rtcavary, t^ fm crat. «a iJ 
 
 amount r*(-tlv«l. 
 W. On n«|{o:U(lim of bottomry bonda, I por rant, 
 y.f , Oil ftmtU tmployrd ti lni«ro«i fvr pariki aliunt, m iht i 
 
 of initml r«r«iTr«l, ll>|wrr»nt. 
 S I a On Ruaraiitro of *»lv whtrt Iho term dotf not netti R mm\^ 
 
 V) por c«nl. and ( par crnl, additional on tach month \k]M 
 
 6 moniha. 
 93. Kndoriamont of bllla nf oichancoor local billL llptrnnt. 
 V4. Vur thoiMirfry of tiotnUtrom atargo whon intflrti||hih4ibi 
 
 paid brfurv hand* V«. |ior t<in. 
 N.O.— UrukrraKO and auction duvt art a Mpiratt chari*. 
 
 The followinf; charficefl arc leviable, by ( 
 nances Nos. dc 82 of 1852, on all vesseLienttf 
 or clearing from Port Louis : — 
 
 For Pilotan*. — VratoU remaining at tho bcU buoy* p« fini 
 VraKcU vnirrtnn Iht* tmrbnur i 
 
 PlIulInK liiwardt «Mtl m<>urkn|[, per fool • 
 J>itto uutWatrtU ami uniiXHint)^*, )ier font 
 Vcwel> under 100 ton* linnleii i-ntcrlnK iht hirbwr 
 nhiill not li« rrqulri d to tako h \iiloi. 
 For the u$t (j/* Waryt mnd fionta, vi/. i - Inwardly for tach 
 vcHtt'l III loo tunt liurdtii and ultovo 
 Pltio, if tho port ofllco itcamcr bo ainplojcd - 
 Outward! - ..... 
 
 For tht wf ^^f Roai* without fVarpa.~ For aarh liuRch 
 (manntd) iwrdflv • . . ■ 
 
 Anthoragt iiw*.— veaarUtrndlnic with Madaffiucarffth* 
 dvpendfnclti of M<iurttiui, per ton of rof litff 
 Such vtkitUihail ti'X tie rliarKcd anchoriRv dim more 
 
 than Iwtco in an; «ne yrar. 
 Votkclaenttrtnit the harUur In dlntrtH.or (or rrMin, 
 prorldod that thc7<lo nut rerelv car|j|o,norbre«h lioll. 
 or that ihev dioth irf(e t-arKo 'olvly for the puri>n<e of 
 ropalrt, anil thnt ihr whole nf vhc Mm* be re>hipi«d 
 (f ictptinn any P.iri coiulf mnnl a* damaavd) 
 Vti*tiaenlcrlnit in*' liHrlMiiir, l>ut not breaiinR bulk nor 
 
 rccetrlnR cartfo, 
 Another vo-tfU I 
 
 |M>r Inn of r*Krttrr - ■ • I 
 
 breaking bulk or receiving carRC, per 
 lonofr^itlor ■ ■ * ^ 
 
 ThtanchoraKt duet leviable under Onlnanet Ne.t of 
 Ifl^V, werortduced aa follows bj Ordinance No. M of 
 IHftv, Art. 1. On vvHielsenl'rinit the harbour ihnt 
 duffiahaUtn no rakt nc*Yd iheTuUowlng inwunti. 
 whMevtr may bo ihelr tonnaic*. »(«• :— .. 
 
 On TtMatIa breaking bulk or rcccfvinKiarKO - ••» 
 
 On veaieUnot brtftking bulk nor recefvimr cargo • I) 
 Art. t. All Btvwn «*uelt lourhinf at thitpanon th<ir 
 way to aomt other port, other (n^n thoM rft^inait ■ 
 contrtbulion ftam thia eolonjr , for the cairiiga •* inaUi 
 between thU colony and Kngland and Inj^t«..*l»" to 
 exempt from anchoragt dum and froin all other hw- 
 bour charge* leviable eiclualvely for Iha «ia of tba 
 Oovemment, , i «, j 
 
 Fori mnd Voile* C/MMMM—On veMoU trading with Muta- 
 gairar and depondenciaa of Mauritlu*. aach • ■ " 
 
 On all oth»iP veaaela - • . ■ __, ' 
 
 For tkt DrrJifing Strvttt.^An addlilmiil proparllonil 
 
 amount on all other port rliarg^t (eirtW |w 
 
 charge* for the uie of the fttcainer and nr rem^iMflf 
 
 •wunnu|Kmlhowari*l.l"l«*up«« all w«tli,nrt»i 
 
 ihoae whtch ivmaln at the beU buoy, rii. :- 
 
 f>n Triaela under MX) torn, i»er reitliivr. 10 pw <«»• 
 
 Of .'\M» lona or upwardi, pet reglMpr, I'* P* «"**., ^ 
 
 For tugging TOMcIa by the port ofllct aeanMr lawtidi * 
 
 oulward^p vli.:— . i 
 
 For Ttaatia under 100 torn, tarh • 7 
 
 from 100 to IJOtona - * I 
 
 lAO K0»» 
 
 SOO 4UO.perton - ..„._ 
 above 400 tons, toi h additional 100 lorn 
 
 This island is, aa everybody ^noWtthewM 
 St Pierre's inimitable tale of Fad flw/7] 
 The wreck of the St. Gcrnn, » stnkingj 
 uffeotinp an incident in the st^-ry, w » real c^^J 
 which took place on August 18, 1744. 
 
TOUT LOUIS 
 
 1109 
 
 bmmtfiiuNJ (/roia Man- 
 et Almamuk). 
 
 I imet\fi\tint» m tlw Mt MiNni 
 (f oM HiMuiil •( all «>»• uln, 
 
 hw c^WkUI |»W»m, It f« uw. 
 
 
 fui/i tAMnn; (A' ru/H« n/* (A< h'xpnrtt from and Imimrtt into Mauritiui in M« 5 ftari 1862-1860, 
 andoj'tht Qmtnlil)) and Valiuofth* Sugar Exportid. 
 
 HIV rtF"ft«« ' 
 
 4 
 lb. 
 
 tui 
 
 i,(CM,m 
 
 1I,«I0..1«A 
 
 IM.1 
 
 «,hlil,ll79 
 
 fTI.MN.IIOI 
 
 V.tlM.AVI 
 
 IMt 
 
 Iha «!•• •« «««*,iv«i«.l»li«' I 
 ludi iillMrt« «• ••"''■• "'••. 
 
 KIMail* nwiiitj. »t ptl M« 
 ,«tiilUlil(uiwU,HnfciM 
 
 hi, fumll, * 1« ""■ 
 
 '. •mount Inwrtd, I F" mW. . 
 ui.1. or Mlm lmmo»«U« vnp^T.I 
 
 „,t of WM"""!! ' f" ""•■ 
 ml. 
 
 ,J .IH.y.bui noH~ Um 1 i»i t»i.| 
 
 M,h.l"«i< Wbrt Ut««(« t. • wiK-f 
 
 at for r«co"i>. It V ""•' 
 
 hondi. I »« ""<• , ., ,fc. , 
 
 durtift •"!""" ''""«'• 
 
 reed arc leviable, by (- 
 18,')2, onallveMeliientM 
 
 , LouIb:— ^ ,, 
 
 „ln»M.h.l-UI».J.I«WO ll 
 
 '" ' #«> . . 1 ( 
 
 noclnn. IW ™", . ! 
 
 , and Kl"'* , ._, . . 1 « I 
 
 im« b« •'"I'''''"' . J o| 
 
 ',Vi.. di.trw.ot •""til; 
 
 tonni**. »"••"■, . •» 'J 
 
 mroMl'l'"'"'"*,.^ .11 C 
 ,„lk«orr.«l.'»««*,^ 
 
 umi'hlxf*' .'EiLTiirlttai • 
 
 0„,««Utr«lli«««l*»"^;il 
 ^IrfMiuriil".*"": .«! 
 
 r ;„ .ddt.i'-'J.Cw^ 
 „.Wiiom 
 
 In August 18, 1'W- I 
 
 M.v.mr 
 
 «,'<.!I,7I0 
 
 t.ii,4in,iiii) 
 
 I IHA 
 
 «7'i,ii<(l.'i.1T 
 ■i.''<«,<')A I 
 
 IM« 
 
 1,04 l|,M* 
 
 V,Mll,«ll.t 
 
 • U,I6<I,IIUU 
 
 [Thiitrticle hu been compiled in f{roat meaiiure 
 fplm ■ lonnatioii supplied by y'ur/. I'aprrt and the 
 ,'irtfi'iiu Cii>i/ StrvK* Almanuch, 18«7 — 1H08,J 
 ' \V( ilw give froni tliu lainu Almamieh lur 
 
 186H, a Rcbcdulo or dutieii levied in the customN 
 department, Mauritiui, upecifyinK the law* and 
 autlioritios under which lucn dutie* iftc, are 
 levied. 
 
 TabU of Dutie» nn Impart*. 
 
 I DncnptlonofUoadt _ 
 
 I n^ iiii|i<»i''l 'rom iht I'nlinl Klnplom, or tVoni 
 I „', MMlan In Kuroijo or .« moriro • 
 Ww m t».>i nf W K»llom •uh ■ 
 
 Wnt.MUxl . • • • • 
 
 "Cii mnur ir/vk, llw prortiico or m«nufl»rlur« 
 
 • 4 ih> Uiiiud Kln«Join, or of «ny llilli>h |h>». 
 
 I mJW In Am«nc«, or o« xnj of llio HrUi.h po^ 
 
 «iUoM wIlMn lh« llmlli of Iho Ka.t lnill> ( nm- 
 
 ' Mii\'i rlivlffT, Into whtrh Itio lm)>ortatl»n nf nitn 
 
 i oitrirk, th* iiToduit of anj forrlun country, or 
 
 rfant Brlilih wwoMlon Into wMi h foiilin rum 
 
 mibtlrtllljlmv"'"^' "l""''"'"^' (^••'*'« 
 
 , liilTVlct.c. lli;,i. UK) • 
 
 (H,<itiliili>»'"«n«dor mlird with «n» arllolr, m 
 iMi Iht il«»m of umuih tVmiil eannot b* 
 mill, uctrulnai by H)kt>' hjaronnlcr 
 
 UiforifliMniilKlurrd . - • 
 
 \ Mirufirluffd . • . . 
 
 1 rvtn ind mulT , . - - 
 
 BHiinAymlrf In rnthi - . • - 
 
 \ In botllM . • • 
 
 itnodnidbMII . . . . 
 
 li*m»l(tin,l«HUd 
 
 Inca.ki 
 ' llMB.biiiM, chiMt, haiiu, loniiiM, and uuug* • 
 i Tn • • 
 I riiiw • • ■ ■ ■ ■ 
 
 I trot, ndniil, and luMr candy (Hrlllah produro, 
 j mlimiiirtlliiad In bond In llio i;nll«l Kln(. 
 
 Bria Hid malic .... 
 
 I Ibiirr, b«M, bbevll, bread, oala, paaa, pollard, and 
 ' ahialllwr . - - • - 
 
 DMt, pirn, Itnilli, rict, and vhoal 
 
 IMiad|ak,ull«l . . . . 
 
 Ml- 
 
 fiM,ilil«l,kc. . . . . 
 
 PlthU . . . . . 
 
 Jill otiM ipvdi, warat, and mcrrhandlar, not other. 
 
 iH chujifd with duly, ami not horvliiaftcr 
 
 JHliTnilolnftaaof duty 
 
 Ham of Duly 
 
 VI. for each dny • 
 \l. l^a. (>,<. iiercaak 
 Af. (m/. |Mir aoam botlJaa 
 
 C«. flif. per Kallon of any atren,r4h, not et. 
 reedinK the HirmKth of proof bv MyhCH* 
 liydromotoT, and ao In iiroportton for any 
 greater atrennth. 
 
 t», M. per Jiallon - 
 
 la. per Ih. 
 
 I>. W. per Ih. 
 
 la, id. iwr lb. 
 
 If. IVa. pi^ bog^head 
 
 Ka. per Joiea botiloa 
 
 (U. perewl. 
 
 la. per doaen boltlaa 
 
 If. fier lioffahaad - 
 
 4a. per fw I. 
 
 Itf. per Ih. 
 
 4«. per cwt. 
 
 4a. percwt. 
 4rf. per cwt. 
 
 M. per cwl. 
 
 M. |ier bagof 161 lU. EnglUh 
 
 ila. per cwi. 
 
 la.perrwt. 
 
 Ha. per barrel of SOOIba. • 
 
 fl |ter cent, ad ralorem 
 
 Authority under wlilch l.evled. 
 
 f)rdlnane« No. M of ISM. 
 j Noa. »&49orill67. 
 
 . Ordlnanc* No. it af IIM. 
 
 Ordlnano* Noa. lA & t9 of lUT. 
 •Ordlnuct No. 33 of 1U3. 
 
 Ordinanet No. 9 af llll. 
 
 aordinanca N'o. M of 1M3. 
 
 Ordinance No. 9 nflUt, 
 No. Ilof IH,t7. 
 
 ■ .V.B.-OnUnaiice No. 33 of 11163 waa continued in force for anoUier year, IVoin January I, U67, under Ordinance No. M of IKOA. 
 
 PORTO RICO. The capital of the valuable 
 iSpini^h island uf the same name, on tho north 
 liide of tlie island, on a peninsula joined to the 
 Igiiin lind liy a narrow I8thmu8, lat. 18*' 29' 10" 
 In., long, GC 7' 2" W. The fortifications arc very 
 liimng: the town, which stands on a prctt}' steep 
 iMinty, is well built, clean, and contains about 
 |1C,000 intiabitants. 
 
 HorlKwr.— Tho harbour of Porto Rico has a 
 kirikiDj; resemblance to that of the Ilavannah, to 
 Vhich it is but little inferior. The entrance to it, 
 loutSOO fathoms in width, has the Morro Castle 
 iBnitjeiist side, and is defended on the west side 
 ►y forts erected on 2 small islonds. Within, the 
 luiioat expands into a capacious basin, the 
 lepth of water varying from 6 to 6 and? fathoms. 
 VI ihe side opposite to the town there are cxten- 
 B« sMd banks ; but the entrance to tho port, as 
 H IS the pott itself, is unobstructed by any bar 
 
 I The island of Porto Rico lies in the same 
 Wtude as Jamaica. Though the smallest of 
 fe gre.Uer AntUlcs, it i.s of very considerable 
 IK. iti fArm is that of a parallelogram, 
 l^g about 110 miles in length from east to 
 with a mean breadth of about 38, con- 
 mmg an area of 3,760 square miles. Surface 
 fwimly diversified with hills and valleys; soil 
 Ttcrally fertile. It has, however, suffered much 
 
 from hurricanes ; those of 1742 and 1825 having 
 been particularlr destructive. Since the breaking 
 up of the old Spanish colonial svstem, the pro- 
 gress of Porto Itico has hardly beeit less rapid 
 than that of Cuba. Her population, which in 1778 
 was estimated at 80,G.')0, amounted, according to 
 a census taken in 1836, to 357,086, of whom 
 188.8C9 were whites, and only 41,818 slaves. It 
 is obvious from this statement that a large pro- 
 portion of the free inhabitants are coloured : but 
 the law knows no distinction between the white 
 and the coloured roturier ; and this circumstance, 
 as well as the whites being in the habit of freely 
 intermixing with people of colour, has prevented 
 the growth of those prejudices and deep-rooted 
 antipathies that prevail between the white and 
 the black ond coloured p<>pulatiun in the United 
 States, and in tho English and French islands. 
 The population is now (1869) probably above 
 400,000. 
 
 Trade. — Sugar and coffee are by far the greatest 
 articles of export. Next to them are molasses, 
 tobacco, cotton, rum <Scc. The imports consist 
 principally of flour, fish, and other articles of pro- 
 vision, lumber &c. from the United States ; cot- 
 tons, hardware, machinenr &c. from England ; 
 wines, silks, jewellery, perfumery tic. from Spain 
 and France ; linen from tho Hanse Towns ; iron 
 from Sweden die. Large quantities of rice, maize 
 
 \ 
 
 
 '■■•■■ r 
 
 '! . 
 
 ■ »■ 1 
 
 :!.■" 
 ,1 
 
 
 .11' 
 
 ill* 
 
 1 1 
 
 ■•]•: 
 
 •' 4 •" 
 
 ■:% 
 
 j. 
 
1110 
 
 PORTO RICO 
 
 
 
 <•. 
 
 
 / I 
 
 : * 
 
 • ii 
 
 \i 
 
 ! 
 
 
 > ' 
 
 Quantitia of the Principal Articlei Exported from the Idand qf Porto Sko in each Yur fr« 
 
 1861 to 18C5. •' 
 
 Suffor • 
 
 
 . lb 
 
 MolUMt 
 
 
 - f>< 
 
 CoHw • 
 
 
 - lb. 
 
 Tnlucco 
 
 
 
 Hld« - 
 
 
 
 Cotton - 
 
 
 »» 
 
 Rum 
 
 
 - qt. 
 
 l4.V99.'i,8l6 
 
 1M),»<I4,68H 
 
 i.fiis.iaii: 
 
 4,9S7,a.'«li 
 
 14,440,9.W . 
 
 1»,H6M88 
 
 9,.194,H45 
 
 ll,A9l,;VI) 
 
 vafiii 
 
 .19A,I4(i 
 
 16«,398 
 
 I«.t,86l 
 
 3U9,()()8 
 
 l,Wi,(ru 
 
 l8A.t 
 
 146,4(i7,S«.1 
 
 4,U7<,6li 
 
 S0,»80,47i 
 
 6^n4,A93 
 
 6V7,6HI 
 
 SVA.SIO 
 
 I8C4 
 
 lIO,4«S,a8i 
 3,7.1«,076 
 14,99.1,831 
 4,698,789 
 
 l,i83,IH7 
 3^,»iS 
 
 M,!!II/.M 
 
 »,VS9,:66 
 191*7 
 
 Summan/ Statement showing the Description and Quantities of the Export* cf Porto BkofmUtA 
 Year ending October 31, 18C4, together with the Names of the Countries of DetihuHm, 
 
 Countrim of Datination 
 
 8u(|ar 
 
 MolatlM 
 
 Coiree 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 Hld« 
 
 Cotton 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 gal. 
 
 lb. 
 
 lb. 
 
 lb. 
 
 lb. 
 
 United 8tale> 
 
 .■13,03»,774 
 
 8,4-^1,063 
 
 493,384 
 
 .- 
 
 71,732 
 
 339.8K.t 
 
 (Jreat Britain 
 
 66,878,174 
 
 .. 
 
 81,838 
 
 .. 
 
 — . 
 
 518,173 
 
 BrIiMh North Amnion ProTlncei - 
 
 6,l«8.78l> 
 
 S87.».'.9 
 
 833,916 
 
 4,980 
 
 .. 
 
 
 Spain - - . . 
 
 1,38(1,876 
 
 1,368 
 
 453,815 
 
 83,300 
 
 369,775 
 
 861,147 
 
 France - . - . 
 
 9,891,S63 
 
 -. 
 
 843,171 
 
 199,986 
 
 — 
 
 
 Gertnanr ... 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ^- 
 
 4,050,899 
 
 -. 
 
 _ 
 
 llal; .... 
 
 .. 
 
 .M 
 
 595,845 
 
 _ 
 
 .— 
 
 
 Cuba .... 
 
 .- 
 
 __ 
 
 1,958,036 
 
 .- 
 
 — 
 
 
 St. PomlnRO ... 
 
 8,080 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 .- 
 
 .. 
 
 _ 
 
 St. Thomai 
 
 1W,1'J» 
 
 ^ 
 
 3,888 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 Other countriei ... 
 Total 
 
 4,660,870 
 
 86,971 
 
 5,841,402 
 
 189,177 
 4,588,882 
 
 118,158 
 559,665 
 
 488,974 
 1,578,181 " 
 
 lli),914,013 
 
 2,736,963 
 
 10,454,089 
 
 Rin I 
 
 Summary Statement showing the Exports from the several Ports of the Island of Porto Rico for titl 
 
 Year ending October 31, 1864. " '' ' 
 
 Names of Porta whence Shipped 
 
 San Juan or Porto Rico 
 
 Manante and Tortuguero 
 
 Arecibo . 
 
 Majragucz 
 
 Ponce • - 
 
 Arroyo - 
 
 Humacao &c. 
 
 Guayanilla and Huanica 
 
 Aguadllla 
 
 ToUl - 
 
 Sugar 
 
 Ih. 
 17,149,994 
 
 5,686,?05 
 
 S8,.-68,0O3 
 
 81,476,382 
 
 11,914,356 
 
 18,576,788 
 
 6,9113,498 
 
 6,325 .800 
 
 110,425,082 
 
 Molasses 
 
 gal. 
 379,273 
 
 128,718 
 809,889 
 889,488 
 620,709 
 731,110 
 115,185 
 64,310 
 
 CoRVe 
 
 ih. 
 3,467,383 
 
 5,783,688 
 
 1,780,986 
 
 72,956 
 
 1,030.885 
 2,858 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 lb. 
 
 886,356 
 
 61,3,476 
 
 «,707..152 
 
 13,362 
 21 1,528 
 119,9.33 
 
 29,865 
 
 46,461 
 
 Hides 
 
 Cotton 
 
 3,741,076 I 14,993,836 I 4/i78,333 I 
 
 lb. 
 388,185 
 
 176,318 
 6,864 
 
 8,158 
 
 .10,8 00 
 
 56'J,6SS~ 
 
 lb. 
 850,7)0 
 
 131,937 
 478,UO 
 68,WS 
 
 181, JUS 
 376,000 
 
 I 1,575,187 
 
 Rum I 
 
 Ac, are raised in the island. The pasture lands in 
 the north and cast are superior to any in the West 
 Indies for breeding and fattening cattle. 
 
 Previously to 1815, Porto Kico, being excluded 
 from all direct intercourse with other countries 
 excepting Old Spain, was cither stationary or 
 but slowly progressive, the entire value of the 
 exports in that year having amounted to only 
 65,274 dollars. But at that epoch a royal decree 
 appeared, which exempted tlic trade between 
 Spain and the Spani.sh colonies and Porto Rico 
 from all duties for 15 years; an<l she was then, 
 likewise, permitted to carry on a free trade, under 
 reasonable duties, with other countries. In con- 
 sequence principally of these wise and liberal 
 measures, but partly, also, of a considerable immi- 
 gration of rich Spanish colonists from South 
 America, Porto Rico has latterly made an extra- 
 ordinary progress. Great improvements have 
 been eflccted in the police .and internal adminis- 
 tration, and roads have been constructed in all 
 parts of the island. 
 
 The island of Porto Rico, though exceedingly 
 rich, 8uffer.><, according to the Report of Jlr. Consul 
 Cowper (^Consular Reports, 1867), from the mal- 
 administration of the Spanish employe's, and es- 
 pecially from the state of the currency. American 
 money is current, but not legal : and home mer- 
 chants are obliged, in order to pay their dues, to 
 purchase Spanish money at a premium of 3 or 4 
 per cent., while the loss on bills is no less than 8 \ 
 to 12 per cent., owing to this and similar causes. ' 
 
 Vessels under the Spanish flag have a protective 
 privilege in a 6 per cent, abatement of duties, and 
 the payment of half tonnage dues. \ 
 
 Vessels calling should not enter the port, or 
 they are charged all the port dues, whereas if ] 
 they send a boat for information they jiay only | 
 7^ dollars. | 
 
 Shipping Sues §-c., on a 3-maated r«M«/.-..li!.[ 
 chorage dues, 2 piast. o. c. ; Tonnage i-c. imi 
 189 piast. o. c. ; captain of port, medical ( 
 and military and civil authorities 2fi p, .j c;| 
 stamped paper for entry and clearance 9 p. :''. o. I 
 
 Every vessel in cargo or ballast must bo fr».| 
 vided with 2 manifests and a bill of health, c(ni-| 
 fied by the Spanish Consul, or in default bviKi| 
 merchants at the port of departure. 
 
 Merchandise imported direct is allowed a liiri 
 count of 6 per cent, on the amount of the dutBl 
 In case a vessel shall have touched at an inter-I 
 mediate port, she must be furnished .TitliaSpajiikl 
 consular certificate, stating she has taken no ladkl 
 
 The value of the total imports intoPonoEdj 
 in 1866 was 1,541,020/., and of her nftai 
 1,712,346/. The value of her imports from dnj 
 United Kingdom in 1866 was 308,CiW., ati ff 
 her exports to this country 496,172/. 
 
 PORT PHILLIP. [Mklboukxe.] 
 
 PORTS. [IIakbours.] 
 
 POSTAGE AND POST-OFFICE. PosfsffitI 
 the duty or charge imposed on letters or pi.tel 
 conveyed by post ; the Post-u(Bce bcinj llms-j 
 tablishment by which such letters or pa'celi wj 
 conveyed. I 
 
 1. Establishment of Post-oJ}icf.s.—^i^?^\ 
 or couriers were instituted at a verj' early rtioii,| 
 for the safe, regular, and speedy tfamniis* «f I 
 public intelligence. Herodotus infoms n!(Ii'''r 
 viii. c. 98) that in Persia, men and horse;, in tel 
 service of the monarch, were kept at certain '(»-! 
 tions along the public roads; and tnatiieJH 
 spatches, being given to the fiist courier, we byl 
 him carried to the second, and so on, "i'jl "J*! 
 expedition which neither snow,norniin.n«f™w| 
 nor darkness could check. A similar institutioiijl 
 under the name of cur.ms puWi'ca*, was established | 
 at Rome by Augustus, and was eslfflilM r" 
 
POSTAGE AND POST-OFFICE 
 
 nil 
 
 Eko iH taeK Yurfrm 
 
 I8S« 
 
 1S(S 
 
 0,««S,OS4 
 
 li7,lTM«S 
 
 3,l^tfl^i 
 
 SAM/ij; 
 
 14,99.1,831 
 
 M,;«V'« 
 
 4,698,739 
 
 i,-AiM 
 
 669,66.^ 
 
 m/j« 
 
 l,S«S,llt7 
 
 8,»».;* 
 
 3H,1)SS 
 
 iai.««; 
 
 ortt cf Porto Rico for tht \ 
 mtriea of Dettimtiim, 
 
 HIdo 
 
 Collon 
 
 Run 1 
 
 lb. 
 
 71,732 
 
 lb. 
 
 339,IIU 
 
 seT.iw 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 \\»ilM 
 
 4M,974 
 
 Vli 
 
 3UM 
 
 1 S59,664 
 
 l,5;t,l8l 
 
 Island of Porto Rico for titl 
 
 ;,, on a 3-maated Vmt.~M 
 
 ist. o. c. ; Tonnage ic, ^,1 
 
 iptain of port, medical offijoj 
 
 'civil authorities 26 p, 75 c,;| 
 
 itrj' and clearance 9 p. i'! 
 
 ;argo or ballast musl b.: i»l 
 
 iPts and a bill of health, «ni-l 
 
 Consul, or in default by wl 
 
 irt of departure. , I 
 
 irtcd direct is allowed a liirl 
 
 on the amount of the dntfeij 
 
 il have touched at an inta-i 
 
 iSt be furnished -vitli a Spaniikl 
 
 itating she has taken no W114I 
 
 total imports into Pom Kwl 
 
 1,020/., and of her ^m 
 
 ilue of her imports trom !liij 
 
 1 1866 was 308,CJW.,iti''^ 
 
 ;ountry 496,17-2/. 
 
 . [Mklbourse.] 
 
 I POST-OFFICE. Post>?f?| 
 imposed on letters or fi«l 
 the Post-office beins; tka-l 
 ;hsuch letters or pa'**"! 
 
 iitutedata verj-earlvrtl 
 I, and speedy tran«^»it| 
 T Herodotus informs »mH 
 krsia,menandho««;i 
 tch, were kept at cem^-'M 
 Wroads;andtnatja 
 fctothefii«tcoaner,«^H 
 [second, and SCO., «*JI 
 
 improved by bis BuccesBora. Horses and carriages 
 «ete kept in readiness at the different stations 
 along the public roads, not only for the transmia- 
 (ion of despatches, but also for the conveyance of 
 official personages, or others who had obtained an 
 order from authority allowing them to travel |)ost. 
 By this means Uovemmcnt was speedily apprised 
 of whatever took place in the reoiotest comers of 
 the empire; and instructions or functionaries 
 could be sent to, or recalled iVom, the most distant 
 prorinccs, with a celerity that would even now 
 jnpcar considerable. (Bergier, Hi$toiredes Grands 
 Ckmin$, liv. iv. c. 4 ; Bouchaud Sur la Police des 
 /(«<im», pp. 136-151.) .uy^,f.u 
 
 Posts appear to liave been established, for the 
 first time, in modem Europe, in 1477, by Louis XI. 
 They were originally intended to servo merely, as 
 the ancient posts, for the conveyance of public 
 despatches, and of persons travelling by authority 
 of Government. Subsequently, however, private 
 individuals were allowed to avail themselves of 
 ibis institution ; and Governments, by imposing 
 Ugher duties or rates of postage on the letters and 
 parcels sent through the post-office than arc suflS- 
 tient to defray the expense of the establishment, 
 have rendered it prwluctive of a considerable 
 revenue. Nor, when the rates of postage are con- 
 fined withii' due limits, or not carried so high as 
 loformaiiyscriou' obstacle to correspondence, is 
 ihete, perhaps, a less objectionable tax, 
 
 &(//iiA P(!3t-oJfice. — The Post-ofiicc was not 
 established in hngland till the 17th crntur3\ 
 Postmasters, indeed, existed in more ancient times; 
 but their business was confined to the furnishing 
 of post-horses to persons who were desirous of 
 travelling expeditiously, &r\d to the desp.itching 
 extraordinary packets upon special occasions. In 
 16:35 Charles I. erected a letter oftice for England 
 and Scotland ; but this extended only to a few of 
 the principal roads, the times of carriage were un- 
 certain, and the postmasters on each road v.-erc 
 required to furnish horses for the conveyance of 
 the letters at the rate of 2^d. per mile. This cs- 
 t'lblishment did not succeed ; and at the breaking 
 out of the civil war great difficulty was experi- 
 enced in the forwarding of letters. At length a 
 j post-office, or establishment for the weekly con- 
 veyance of letters to all parts of the kingdom, was 
 1 instituted in 1649, by Mr. Edward Prideaux, 
 Attorney-General lor the Commonwealth, the 
 1 immediale consequence of which was a saving to 
 j the public of 7,000/. a-ycar on account of post- 
 masters. In 1657 the Post-ofTice was established 
 nearly on its present footing, and the rates of 
 postage that were then fixed were continued till 
 the reijn of Queen Anne. (Blackstone's Com. 
 book i. c, 8.) 
 
 From the establishment of tlie Po.st-ofilce by 
 Cromwell down (0 1784, mails were conveyed 
 either on liorseback, or in cart.s made for the pur- 
 pose; and instead of being the most expeditious 
 I anil safest conveyance, the post had become, at 
 I the latter period, one of the slowest and most 
 leasilyrobbcdof any in the country. In 1784 it 
 IMS usual for the diligences between London and 
 jBath to accomplish the journey in seventeen hours, 
 jfhile the post took fdili/ hours ; and on other 
 Iroads their rate of travelling was in about the same 
 Iproportion. In consequence of this difl'erencj in 
 |p<imt of despatch, a very great number of letters 
 |*erc sent by those convevances ; the law being 
 rerv easily evaded by giving them the form of 
 Isnall parcels. 
 
 I Cndet these circumstances, it occurred to Mr. 
 I *n Palmer, of Bath, afterwards ComptroUer- 
 r^neral of the Post-offlce, tliat a very great im- 
 ipnivcment might be made in the convevniice of 
 
 letters, in respect of economy as well as of speed 
 and safety, by contracting with the proprietors of 
 the coaches for the carriage of the mail ; the latter 
 l)eing bound to perform tno journey in a specilied 
 timo, and to take a guard with the mail for its 
 protection. Mr. Palmer's plan encountered much 
 opposition, but was at length carried into effect. 
 1 he consequence proved most beneficial : the use 
 of mail coaches was extended to every part of 
 the empire ; and while the mail was oonveyed in 
 less than half the time rcauired under the old 
 system, the coaches by which it was conveyed 
 afforded, by their regularity and speed, a most 
 desirable mode of travelling. Mr. Palmer was 
 the author of several other improvements in the 
 economy of the Post-oflice ; nor is there any other 
 individual to whose exertions this dcpartmi'st 
 owes so much. (Macpherson's Hist, of Commerce, 
 anno 1784.) 
 
 The Scotch Post-office was established on its 
 present footing in 1710; but, owing to the back- 
 ward state of Scotland, the limited amount of its 
 trade and population, and the extreme badness of 
 the roads [Roads], it was very defective in 
 most parts of the country till after the American 
 war. In proof of this, we may mention that tlio 
 first mail-coach, from London to Glasgow direct, 
 arrived at the latter on July 7, 1788. Previously 
 to that period, the course of post from London to 
 Glasgow wa.s five days ; this, however, is not to be 
 entirely ascribed to Uie slowness of the conveyance 
 by horseback ; for the mail came round by Edin- 
 burgh, and was detained there twelve hours, or 
 till the usual Edinburgh despatch was made up for 
 Glasgow in the evening. 
 
 The construction of railways between most of 
 the great towns of the empire has, within these 
 few years, gone far to supersede the use of mail- 
 conches on the principal lines of road, and has 
 added prodigiously to the facilities of correspond- 
 ence and travelling. The journey from London to 
 Liverpool, which had been accomplished by the 
 mail, when in its most improved .state, in about 
 20 or 22 hours, is now accomplished by railway in 
 or 10 hours ; and on other roads in the same 
 proportion. The ])riucipal expense of the Post- 
 office consists, however, not so much in the con- 
 veyance of letters from place to place, though that 
 amounts to a verj' large sum, a.s in their pre- 
 vious collection, and their subsequent distribution. 
 This necessitates the establishment of a vast 
 number of subordinate offices in the remoter parts 
 of the kingdom, many of wliich do not repay their 
 expenses. This is particularly the case in Ireland, 
 and in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. 
 
 It does not really seem, though the contrary 
 has been sometimes contended, that the Po.st- 
 oflicc could b", so well conducted by anyone else 
 as by Cover, mcnt. It is indispensable to its 
 satisfactory woi'ing that it should be conducted 
 with the greatest regularity and precision ; and 
 that all the departments should be made subser- 
 vient to each other, and conducted on the same 
 plan. It is plain that such results could not be 
 obtained in any extensive cor.ntry otherwise than 
 by the agency of Govemnicnt ; and the inter- 
 ference of tlie latter is also required to make ar- 
 rangements for tiie safe and speedy conveyance 
 of letters to, from, and through iorcign countries. 
 
 The organisation of the Post-oflice supplies one 
 of the most striking examples of the advantages 
 resulting from the division and combination of 
 cmploj'ments. 'Nearly the same exertions that 
 are necessary to send asingle letter from Kalniouth 
 to New York will send .00,000. If every man 
 were to cfTect the transmission of his own corre- 
 spondence, the whole life of an eniincnt merchant 
 
 ilii 
 
 ;ii r 
 
 If' 
 
 \M 
 
 i I 
 
 if 
 
ma 
 
 I'OHTAdK AND POST-OKI'MOK 
 
 i "i 
 
 t 
 
 K. 
 
 . i .^ 
 
 
 •t> I 
 
 i ! 
 
 
 I. i, 
 
 ■•I . 
 1 : 
 
 
 ■ ■ ! 
 
 ■t-.- 
 
 Vt^^£:^■ 
 
 iiilKlit lio iMuuirtl ill Iriivi'lllii^ willioiil. Iiin liriiiK 
 iililii l« ilmivpr nil llii< Icllrrit wliioli llir I'lut ii(llci< 
 I'l'i-wnrilH III him in n NiiiKli' <<vriiiii){. 'I'liii Inlxiiir 
 or u fi'w iniliviiliinN, ili'vntoil rxi-limiviily lo llm 
 rorwiirillii^orirltcrH, iiroiliii-u.i n>HiillKwliirliMll tlin 
 I'xi'rIiiiiiK of nil llio iiiliiiliilniilit iif Kiiropn cniilil 
 mil rn'i'i't, i>m>li iirrmni noliiiK hIiihI.V.' (Sriiior 
 ()»i I'oliliitil Hfimomi/,) 
 
 Hiilrn of I'oHliiijf.— Vri'yiinn^h I" tlii< inlroiliir- 
 lion ol'lli'o now ityNli'inorii iiiii^inu iionny rnio of 
 lioiliii;!' ill IHll!), iiiiilor llir |irovinioiii« ol' tllii Arl 'i 
 A ;i Vict. 0. i\»', llio folloiviiij; rnli'H of |iimlnK<'i in- 
 rmininK iirojfroiwivoly niTonliiiK (o llio ili»lniii'o, 
 wiTo i-linrKiMl on nil lollrrH (iiol jirlvili'^oin I'oii- 
 vovi'il liy iKiKl IVoin pliico lo|ilnf«iii lironl Kriliiiii 
 mill ill I'rrlMiiil, mill iVoiii |iIiii-i<h in llronl llriliiiii 
 lo |iliUTM in In'Imiil, mill oonvi-ini'ly : — 
 
 Urnit llrituin. r,.i.».or« 
 
 MMf(l« li«ll«r 
 Fnutt RtlT |«t«l-4i(ni-«t III lirfMt MrlUIn fiimif ptilrii if. 
 
 Hill *«r»*4llll|{ N iiMl|i« lliilll MU'll ullli-» . . V 
 
 l-'iir mil illiliinrr mIhivi* 
 M iiilliia, mill iiul 9tv«*illli|| r*^ nillr^ « 4 
 
 \> „ VII .. ■ -a 
 
 VO .. Ill ., . -11 
 
 .•»<» ,, M „ ■ ■ 1 
 
 Ml „ HII „ . . N 
 
 Ml „ IVll ,, . i| 
 
 itn „ nil .. ' III 
 
 1711 „ V.1II „ - II 
 
 NO » 31)11 ., . • IK 
 
 Anil HO on in pro|iorlion, llio |lOlltll^'(| inrrpn,!,,, 
 |iioKroi«iivi'ly \<l, lor n iiiiiKin lindir f„r ever, il 
 inili'H. ' 
 
 lii'lliTH i-ontniiiiiiK oiiii iinolimiirn rlnirKcJ Hjti 
 '2 hIiikIo riiliin. l.<i|ti'rM I'linlniniiiK iimm ihnn ,J,. 
 iMirliiNiiro, mil! iiol I'xi'iiiMliii^ I iiuik-ii, ,.|,.p, , 
 Ihriio NiiiKlo rnliw. Li-Hiim PX('i-<M|i„^'"| 
 
 I 
 
 Willi 
 
 oiiiiiT, wlinlovi'i- lli«oiiiiliint.ii niiiy Ih', wiTnclur-H 
 Willi ■! HiiiKin mtvn; mid for rviiry \ (iimm ,|,n',',, 
 Hint woIkIiI) nn mlililsonni niiiKln miii wm clur > 
 iililo. *■' 
 
 Irrlitnit. „ 
 
 Kriiiii mif |iiw|.iiHli'» In Iralmiil lo unt |i|ili-# wllhin " "*''■*'" 
 III* «iiiiiw, mil iiai pmIIhii 7 Itlili iiillMlniMi mcli j. 
 
 Kftifirillnjl 7 aimI mil ph-miiIIiik II Irlili inlln 
 
 HI 
 
 41 
 M 
 (•'• 
 11% 
 IVIl 
 I. Ml 
 
 Vim 
 
 ■J Ml 
 
 » 
 
 .11V 
 
 <^ 
 
 M 
 
 n.i 
 111 
 
 IVll 
 
 1111 
 
 VIHI 
 
 v.ni 
 .imi 
 
 < 
 t 
 
 T 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 III 
 II 
 II 
 II 
 II 
 
 Anil for I'voiy 100 niilni, Iriiih ini'umin., nb,,,, 
 ■'too nilliiH, Ik fiirl.lior niiin of h/. Diiiihin gmj I 
 Iri'lilo lolli'rH olmri^oil nivoriliii({ lo lliiiii«iiicscj|e| 
 of iiilvnnon nn in Kiif^lniul. ' 
 
 (iltlCAT IIUI'I'AIN AND lUKI.ANII. 
 
 Jiiilen i\f I'oaliKjr tiilien in llw l\trrrnrv ofthf Unitril Kiniidom for the I'orl and <'<'Mi'rv(iii(?«(i/"/,rt/ff|l 
 iiMi/ /'iirAi'N III/ I'oul, from tiny I liiir in (Irfiit llriliiin to any I'lttr.e in Irrliiml, nr from iiny I'liul 
 in Irrliiml to mii/ I'liicr in (Irntt llrHiiln. I 
 
 IIUUIIC* 
 
 \i»( rti-MHlliiH 1.1 tiilliH, llillUli iiirtiKiirti - 
 Kli-«v«UnH 1-1 mill iinl ('KvvviIiii|| vii aiu-li iiillf>« 
 
 VII 
 .HI 
 
 lyii 
 170 
 vvi 
 .iim 
 
 41111 
 
 .vm 
 Aim 
 7IH1 
 
 .111 
 .111 
 mi 
 
 IVll 
 1711 
 V.lll 
 .1110 
 41111 
 .11 HI 
 
 III II I 
 7IIU 
 
 Nlii||l« l.rllrr 
 
 lliiiilik l4<lli*r 
 
 •. ./. 
 
 
 •4. 
 
 II 4 
 
 
 It 
 
 II .1 
 
 
 III 
 
 II li 
 
 
 II 
 
 II 7 
 
 
 « 
 
 II N 
 
 
 4 
 
 11 ■• 
 
 
 N 
 
 II III 
 
 
 H 
 
 II II 
 
 
 III 
 
 1 
 
 
 II 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 » 
 
 1 y 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 .1 
 
 
 n 
 
 1 4 
 
 
 N 
 
 1 .1 
 
 
 III 
 
 Tri'liln 
 
 l,run nr 
 
 nllirr iliiilpr Hit 1 
 
 Oil III'* 
 
 U'flKliI 
 
 «. 
 
 rf. 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 It 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 ■i 
 
 » 
 
 ^ 
 
 II 
 
 ^ 
 
 .1 
 
 ^ 
 
 K 
 
 .1 
 
 It 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 X 
 
 l':\rlii»i¥|i iif iin mlililliiiiAl t'ltiir|(» fur llir |inrhru jilylni^Jirlwrfin lliw I 
 
 On (-oiii|)ariiiK llio iiiiiiilii>r of non-|)rivilii(j:i'il 
 lollors I'onvoycil liy tlio ki'i^toI I'i"*t willi iho 
 ^ro.s.s mnoiiiit of |iii.slii^'o, it iippoiim l.liiit iiiiiIit llio 
 ulil .Hvntoni tlioy pniil ii:. avora^c rati) of aliiuit 'i<l, 
 or rji/. I'ai'li. 
 
 Kxflu.iivo, liowi'vor, of tlii-.so vati's of poslnn*'. 
 lotlors po.M|(>il ill Liiiiikm ami ollu'r larno Iowiim for 
 ilolivorv in .siioU lowii.i, woio I'liargi'il 'Ji/. oai'li in 
 l.oniloii, Hiiil III. oacli ill llio ollior towus in wliioli 
 liiioli local poHt.s were o.staliliKlicil. 
 
 In ailililioii, too, to the lollor.s on wliicli postnjjo 
 was cliar^tcil, all tlio principal ollicors of (Jovcrii- 
 nionl, ami llio inoiiilioi'.i .u IhiJIi Houses of I'arlia- 
 iiiciil, oiijoyod (either lo n jfrcator or loss oxioiil) 
 flio privili'gti of • fninkin^s' or of sciuliii); anil 
 rccciviiifj loltcm by lliu po.sl froo of posta^o, ami 
 this privili j;o wa.s very oxiciisivoly oxorciscil. 
 
 J'ost-ojlice lifvemii; — 'l"ho nros.s produce, ilo- 
 dncliii); overdmrjjo.s, of tho I'ost-ollico rovoiiiio of 
 tireat Uritain, oxchisivo of Ireland, in tho undor- 
 iiientiuiied years, was — 
 
 Kiw r„r7 (itnn 
 
 HVI|(lii.i«l(« 
 
 •»«TI I'lrln M 
 
 vlcrrillni in Du, | 
 
 III IVniki 
 
 I. I 
 
 I I 
 
 I I 
 
 1 II 
 
 > I 
 
 « I 
 
 .1 II 
 
 .1 I 
 
 ^ I 
 
 t 
 
 4 4 
 I I 
 
 5 
 i I 
 ) i 
 
 V«xn 
 
 l)ul; 
 
 Yetrt 
 
 Duijr 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 * 
 
 ITJJ 
 
 1 KOI.WI 
 
 1.S.10 
 
 S,aM,7J() 
 
 17.M 
 
 KIll.BM 
 
 m.n 
 
 »,III7,«77 
 
 i;r.i 
 
 .14.1„1V1 
 
 11117 
 
 1(.III.1,'MI4 
 
 KOI 
 
 74.1.V.1S 
 
 is.m 
 
 v,iii;,;!i.H 
 
 IHIM 
 
 i.um.iiw 
 
 1 S.1II 
 
 S,lli»,!)l.» 
 
 IHIII 
 
 t.Sli.OlS 
 
 I.HK) 
 
 1,VI<I,VIII 
 
 IHU 
 
 t.ilii.1,1.s7 
 
 IHII 
 
 1,.1(W,I.U 
 
 mw 
 
 l,9».1,HU 
 
 laiK 
 
 i,4i!),ir.« 
 
 uvt 
 
 «,l(lll,.1!MI 
 
 
 
 Tho protfroMH of thu Seololi liraiieli oC tlier«.| 
 olllco rovomio Iian liooii qiiilo oxlraiinliiian'. Ill 
 KiW, Sir Kobort Sinolair, of Slcvi'iimm, limliijral 
 from William III. of it.s iMitiro proiliici', niili a 
 extra nllowanue of IlOO/. a-year, mi roiiillin J 
 his kooping up Hie )iiihI. ; hut, after triiil, licali»l 
 dolled Iho uiiderlakiiif; as iliHiulvHiilagriiiu. Ill 
 ITO'.l Iho Scoteli I'ost-olUcc n'vcmic wiw inAJ 
 '.',0110/. ; whereas itsnnioiiiit in Idil.S wiu :"i.V)ll| 
 ;/ni.iii, and '.! 1 1, rilil/. nr^t — ImviiiK iiirrciisd mI 
 than a huiidrrilfold iu little niiiro tlmiincenKl 
 In I7HI tho (ilasf^ow pimt-onici! iirudiiccil t.<l 
 l,;lll/. I*. ;)</., -.vhilo ill IHJ'J it piodiiccd Ji.Wl 
 (Stark's I'icture of lldinbimjli, p. Ml ; CWuJ^il 
 Sliilinlim of Glatyow; Finance Booh for \&dt 
 lM!l;Af.) 
 
 The ex pcnses of coUccl ing the rost-ofareiwl 
 nniounlod, under the old Bvstcni, to from '24 It'l 
 per cent, on tlio gross rccciplfi. In 1842,hoi««l 
 they nniou:itcil, for tho United KiuKdmll 
 9()ti,7.')l)/., being no less than CO per ccnl, oiili| 
 gross reveniio, 
 
 Jntrtxlurtion of the Neio Si/stem.—V\i intWl 
 of Iho rost-ollieo revenue, as cvinwl bv ti»l«-l 
 going stateinents, has been very remarkable, iiij| 
 mostly, no doubt, to be ascribed to tlic iiicfewfll 
 population, the diffusion of ciliicntion, anil*! 
 growing intercourse among all classes of the«4 
 ■nullity ; though a good deal must alsobeJJ(ii*| 
 to the efTorts made in the early part of HiC'?! 
 
rOHTAdK AND I'OMT.OKKmK 
 
 111.1 
 
 ){ln li'llcr t'ur cvrry Iihi 
 
 iMiolimnrn clmrnfil wiili 
 iilnltiiiiK ><>"r<^ tl»n iw 
 
 1,1'tlt'M pxcp«liii(( 1 
 uti» nmy 111', wt'n> clut^nl 
 for I'vt-ry \ iimini ilmvf 
 
 llllf. 
 
 
 
 n anf fU.* • 
 
 lliln 
 
 
 luch 
 
 
 lAlilali inlln 
 
 
 t> 
 
 
 
 S% M 
 
 
 
 4'. 
 
 
 
 .l.> •. 
 
 
 
 (It 
 
 
 
 11^ ■> 
 
 
 
 \W 
 
 
 
 I -lit 
 
 
 •1IH> 
 
 
 VMI •> 
 
 
 - n 
 
 M»> 
 
 
 ■ It 
 
 \\m, Irinh im-nmirc, «W( 
 Kiiin <>!' !''■ l)<"ii>li "xl 
 kivorilliiK l» Min Mini! Ktlt I 
 iixl. 
 
 < mill ('<'iii"'.V<"ic« of bum I 
 „ I rfhnd, or from any PIm\ 
 
 „,l,l« LrtiM "r 
 illirr «ni<" •" 
 Duma W»l||li» 
 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 4 " 
 
 4 S 
 
 loiml'l"- 
 
 .1 
 li 
 » 
 II 
 
 H 
 II 
 II 
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 K 
 
 Km •«n «<M I 
 
 \V>l||l<l<Ml(> I 
 • V«T1 I'lclH «l ' 
 
 UlcrfuInK >n (>u* I 
 In Wfi|kl 
 
 I. J. 
 I I 
 I I 
 
 i 
 
 I I 
 
 « • 
 
 .1 a 
 
 i I 
 
 J ■ 
 
 « 
 
 « * 
 
 I I 
 
 s n 
 
 s I 
 
 i I 
 
 1„, SrotcU»irnnchoflhel«i 
 
 o,-i> <iuito cxttuiirilinar)'. HI 
 
 .•liiir,orStcvL'ii»im,liinUBn«| 
 
 i,f its entire iir»iluc(',«iili«| 
 
 ;»()«/. ii-y«nf' t'licomliiwj"! 
 ,H,!il.;l>ul,aflfrtrinUicab»l 
 
 uiiii: US .U»i«lvimt«|!c»us. J 
 
 „,„.mntml8!>S«<«a*l 
 
 ,„.«_lmviiin uirrcnsiKlWI 
 
 I'iu little more limn aMi^l 
 
 ;o,v po»t-oir.ce l>r">l"« *l 
 , ill l«3y it pruduMd i,ij| 
 
 ,u,.^ finance Book Jorm»M 
 
 oneotinRihelN.rt-«flic«*| 
 „„UUy»tea.,toJ ;; 
 
 Uril.«nCOperccnt.o.*l 
 
 I,, New ^%»"."'-;\''!S| 
 
 hfl«beenvoTyre".«kJ^J 
 ■o be ascnbeJ to tln!""'"TiJ 
 
 L good deal inu8talsM»q 
 [\eiu the early part of tM".1 
 
 f (Ifiirt,'!" III. I" i«ii|ipri<Hii Noiiiii of )lii< utivwr 
 „l,uHp« llml '•'•d Kf"*^" ""'■ "' "'" |ifivil<>K" of 
 fimikini;. i»"d "li" ""*f" '" •'"' nililitioiiH lliiil. wi-rt' 
 miiiiUilly "Hide tu till- riiti'Hiif |iiml,n^'e. Iliifor- 
 luiiaUlv,' however, 111" lilHer were, in llie eiiil, 
 farrii'il fiir lieyiiiid tlieir iiriijier liinllM, iin|iimitiK 
 jhcuvv hiinleil "It II'" I'lddie, wIMiiiiil iiii.v rorre- 
 jimiiiliiiK mlviinlii),'" I" t lie leveiuie, Tlim ih idi- 
 viiiiiH frein (lie t'let "f the |ii)il.iil11eo revenue 
 luvint,"'""' """'•' "'""""'">' '""■ "'" ''" yenriend 
 
 iiiK«illi IH.'l'.'; IIikiikI". Ironi the ({rent inereii f 
 
 miiiiilnlien '">'• i'"i"">eree ilnriiiK tlmt iierliid, il Ih 
 
 '.livioin, hnil ilie rnleH of poHlnne iiol, I n mh lliiil 
 
 uliiliiri'e rn'oiifNe In nlher iilinnnelN, (lie revenue 
 imi'thiive rnpidly inereiiHed from llie lerMilniUioii 
 „f tlid wnr (li(Wl>wnrd». When the riUen of poHlime 
 nnraiHlcrnle, the ^renter donp«telinnd weiirity of 
 ilmr cniiveyftiiee liv piml, prevent any eoiiHideralilo 
 iiuiiiluT (if li'llerH heiiiK Bent throii^li oilier elinii- 
 
 iioK Hut wlii'ii the rilled h iine oppreMHJve 
 
 uliin, fiif e.Mimple, « plmlll^;e (iit iiiulei- the liile 
 
 jVJli'in) dfll''. i« eliiirKed on Hie lonveyiiliee of n 
 
 (inKli! li'tlor liitween London lUid York, of lil</. 
 
 liplwofii Loiidiin and Kdinliuruli, imd ho on— ii 
 
 I *rioiw iiili'rriiptinn in n'^eli to I hut (iioilily of 
 
 inliTomine wliieli id no iniporliinl, nt the miine 
 
 (imp that a very liir^'e proportion of the corro 
 
 niKimlmn wliiili iH enrried on in iinavoidiildy 
 
 n«rcc(l intii priviiUi eliiinnelH. It wiih, no doidit, 
 
 |jltora|ilPil 111 prevent the tninsfer of letlern from 
 
 llhoH, 'ly l'orliiddin>,', under heavy penallieM, 
 
 ikit cimvcyniieo liy nrivalu parties, lint, aH 
 
 mi|!la have heen oiilleipated, lliiH proliiliition 
 
 icoiilil mil lid eiiforeed, and had little or no elleot. 
 
 C'diiJiilirini;, indeed, the faeililieH whieli have lonj^ 
 
 [exislcil fur llu! traiiHiniMHion of letleri in pareeN 
 
 ilwccn (liftVreiit imrlH of the eoiinlry, and Hie 
 
 ippressivc ralen of |)<mti' :e, the wonder in, not 
 
 hattlip [Kwt-dlllce revenue wan nearly Mlalionary 
 
 im-iniiHly to WM, lint thai, it did not fall oil'. 
 
 lltmiiKli, hmvpver, the nileH of poMlajje then 
 
 isliiHt-nmiiiiiitini,', a.i already Htated, to an 
 
 ivcragcclmriie iif iiliimt 7(/. or 7ji/. on ail Mingle 
 
 lien diiivcyeil liy llie >,'eiiernl pimt — were very 
 
 ciJoilly too lii(,'li, it did not lliereforo follow 
 
 lat an iiwiiriiilile rlmr(;e of li/., whether a letter 
 
 we I'onvcyi'il I mile or 1,0(M» inile.*, or HiiiKly 
 
 Willi lll/lllll olIuTs, wiiM the precise (:harf;e that 
 
 inulilliiive ken inipoMed. Hut, iiotwithslaiiditiK 
 
 lis was riishiiif,' blimll'nld from one e.vlreme, or 
 
 itlicriilisiinlily, Id uiiollier, and eiidaii);erin){ a 
 
 iruc amoiiiil iif revenue without any e<|iiivalent 
 
 ivanlaKi', Ilic iiijjenimm projeel, liroiiKht forward 
 
 Mr. I!>iwlii:iil Hill, rnraiinirorm penny piwlaj^e, 
 
 be |iiilit in .'kIvuiici', was ' ;erly adopted, Il 
 
 ist 111' admitted, tmi, that it had variouK reeom- 
 
 linns in its fiivdur. Iteinj? I'alenlated lo 
 
 nail tninlilp and .save expense lo the piiblle, it 
 
 iMni' il to lie (,'etierally aceeplable (what re- 
 
 itiimcii nation is not V), espeeially to inerean- 
 
 nicn ni Huts hnviiif? an extensive corri'spon- 
 
 icc Xii lilt, however, the sclienic was far 
 
 re imiebtc' ir its popularity lo the oppressive- 
 
 anfthcolii rates of postage, than to any in- 
 
 isic merits uf it.s own. Had these rates "been 
 
 ipcrly reduced in 1«;!7 or IHItH— Hiat i.s, bad the 
 
 ila|,'c of letters of ^ oz. weight paHHing between 
 
 itland and Ireland and lyoiidon been redueed to 
 
 i^r (id., and other letters in proportion, and 
 
 canlile circulars, advertisemcnls, and iiotieci 
 
 lales 4c. been allowed to pass under covers open 
 
 lie ends at Id. or 2c/. e.ieh— wo venture to Hay 
 
 theclamoiir forauniform penny pontaKc would 
 
 T have made any way. Hut (Jovcrnmeiit, 
 
 p hostile to the project, took no step calcu- 
 
 to stop the aKitatitiii in its favour. They 
 
 ler reduced the old rates of postage, nor at- 
 
 leiiipteil to ^ivo any inerensi'd faellitiei* fur Hie 
 eonveyanee of letlerH by piint. And il linpiMiniid 
 on tliiH, aH it nil but invariablv bappeliH oiiHiniilar 
 oeraHioiiH, that tliimii who ileeliiie iiinlilliK reason 
 able and neresNary eoneeHsionH at the oiiImiiI, are, 
 in Hie end, eonipelled toeoiicedn a )^riint deal more 
 than would have at llrst Ih'i'ii Natinlartory. .Siieli, at 
 all I'velitH, wai the ease in Iliin inilaiiee. 'I'lie ela 
 nioiir for a nniforni penny rate lii'eiiiiie too power 
 fill to lioreNiHteil ; and I'liiliamenl, wlietberit were 
 Hoinelined or not, was obliged to lend itN Kntietion 
 lo Hie ineaHiire. 'i'lie Acta Ik il Virt. v.. tri, for 
 regulating the duly on posta((e, iliil not Indeeil 
 enaet that Hie eliarge for roiiveying lelterN of n 
 given weight mIioiiIiI in all eases be redueed to 
 ill. ; but it wan iiitrodiieeil for the avowed piirpime 
 of enabling Hie 'rreaniiry to lake the necessary 
 NlepH to bring the eliange about with the leant In 
 «oiivenieiii>e to all parties. In HiiN view il gave 
 Hin TreaHiiry power lo alter and rediieo tlie rales 
 of poHtnt;e, wit bout rcferenee to HiediMlaneii wbieli 
 lelterN may be conveyed, aeeording lo Hie weight 
 of the letters, and not to the number or deHcriptinn 
 of their eiieloHiires; it also gave them power l^i 
 adopt Hiicli regulations an lliey might tliiiik ex- 
 pedient aa to alamped covem or eiivelopev, to Him- 
 |iend parliainenlnry franking Ar. 
 
 In virtue of tlio powers ho eoiiveyed.regulalioiH 
 were insiied (sanelioned by tlin Act il Jk 4 Viet, 
 e. llti) and Hiiiee Hiiglitly inodilhid,by wliieli all in- 
 land letters, without regard to tliu niiinber of eii 
 elosiireN or the diHinnce conveyed, providnil they 
 Ihi paid when posted or deHpatclieil, are:— 
 
 If not exceeding ^ o/.. weighty charged If/., I 
 oz. '2(/., I A o/„ :i</,, and ho on. Id. being added for 
 every additional k o/.. At the oiiUet of Hie sys - 
 teni all pncketH tliiil weighed niorti than III <>/.. 
 were Mciit lotlie Dead I.elter Odlce, except — 
 
 1. I'arliamenlary petitions and addresseH to her 
 
 Majesty. 
 
 2. I'arliamenlary proeeedlngM, 
 
 II. Letters and packelH addresHod to or received 
 
 from places beyond sea. 
 '1. LetlerH and puckula to and from public de- 
 partments. 
 ,'>. Deeds, if sent open, or in eovera open at the 
 Hides. They may be tiiMl with Hiring and 
 Healed, in order to prevent lnH|M!ction of tlie 
 contents ; but they must be open at the 
 Hides, thai it may be Heen they arc entitled 
 lo the privilege. 
 I>. Hankers parcels ilespatclied from I^mdon, 
 and specially delivered at the tieiieral I'ost 
 OfliiHi, under certain regnlntions. 
 Hut now (IKIi'l) there are no limitn to tint 
 weight, but merely lo tlio bulk of the parcels Hent 
 by post. 
 
 All letters not paid when they are posted or 
 deHpatelied arecliurgeil duuhlr.tliK almnc ru/e»; niid 
 if the payment in advance be iiiHulIieieiit, double 
 the delieiency is charged. 
 
 All parliamentary and ollirlal franking ban Ixien 
 put an end to; liutmemlx'is of either llousoof I'ar- 
 liament are entitled to receive petitions an<l nd- 
 dresHesto her Majesty, and[M'titions to Parliament, 
 free of charge, provided such petitions and ud- 
 (IreHses be sent in covers open at the ends, and do 
 not exceed .'12 oz. weight. 
 
 The punctual delivery of lettcrH may be insuritd 
 by getting lliem reijhtrred when posted. A fee 
 of 'b/., in the Hliapo of additional Htamps of that 
 amount, i.s charged for the registration of cacb 
 letter over and abuvo the rate of postage to which 
 it may Ixi liable. 
 
 To facilitate the working of the plan, Govern- 
 ment furnish adhesive Htnmp.s of id. 4c. each, 
 which being pasted on lettcr.s, they arc of courwo 
 
 \ 
 
 *!' 
 
 i;n 
 
 1 • 
 
 ! ! 
 
 'i^ 
 
 T 
 
 % 
 
 i-:ii ' 
 
1114 
 
 POSTAGE AND POST-OFFICE 
 
 1 » f - ■ 
 
 [' A'i> 
 
 
 •i ,.. *r 
 
 ! 
 I ■ * 
 
 
 fi- 
 
 delivered to those to whom they are addressed free 
 of any further charge fur pnstaKC ; and it also fur- 
 nishes ataniped envelopes at tlie low rate of 24 for 
 2<.8<^.,the3af. being for the paper and manufacture. 
 Hence, as any quantity of stamps or stamiHid cn- 
 velopai may, in most parts of the countrj', bo pro- 
 cured beforehand, the necessity that must otner- 
 wise have existed of paying the postage at the 
 moment when letters are posted, has been pretty 
 generally obviated. 
 
 Such are the more prominent features of the 
 new system ; and no doubt it has the recommen- 
 dations of simplicity (if wo may apply such a 
 phrase to a uniform charge for services costing 
 widely different sums) and cheapness in its favour, 
 and has greatly facilitated correspondence. But 
 it may, notwithstanding, be easily shown that its 
 adoption was most unwise. It is, no doubt, very 
 convenient for merchants, bankers, middlemen, 
 retail dealers, and indeed for most persons, to get 
 letters for \d. that previously cost them Id. or 
 TJcf. ; but their satisfaction is not the only thing 
 to be attended to in forming a fair estimate of the 
 measure. The public exigencies reouirc that a 
 sum of about 70 millions a year should be raised, 
 one way or other ; and so long as we are pressed 
 by an unreasoning necessity of this sort, it is not 
 much to say in favour of the repeal or diminution 
 of any tax, that those on whom it fell with the 
 greatest severity are delighted with the reduction. 
 Sugar has, in l^ngland, become a necessary of life; 
 and its consumption, to say the least, is quite as 
 indispensable to the bulk of the people, and es- 
 pecially to the labouring classes, as the writing 
 of letters. But would it, therefore, bo a wise 
 measure to repeal the duty on sugar, or to reduce 
 it to 1«. per cwt. V It has been alleged, indeed, 
 that taxes on the transmission of letters arc 
 objectionable on principle, and should therefore 
 be repealed, independently altogether of financial 
 considerations. But it is easier to make an allega- 
 tion of this sort than to prove it. All taxes, how- 
 ever imposed, if they be carried (as was the case 
 with the old rates of postage) beyond their proper 
 limits, are objectionable ; but, provided these be 
 not exceeded, we have yet to leam why a tax on 
 a letter should be more objectionable than a tax 
 on the food of the writer, or on iifty other things. 
 
 It was contended, when the plan was under 
 discussion, that there would be no loss of revenue, 
 and that the increase of correspondence growing 
 out of the reduction of the postage would be so 
 vast as fully to balance the reduced rate of charge 
 But, though there has been a gre.it incrcose in tlie 
 number of letters, it has fallen far short of this. 
 Notwithstanding all that has been said about the 
 furor scribendi, letter-writin.ij is generally looked 
 upon as a duty rother than a pleasure; audit docs 
 not follow, when the expense of postage is re- 
 duced, that the occasions for writing letters arc 
 proportionally increased. 
 
 The annexed table gives the total amount of 
 the gross and nett revenue from the Post-office, 
 and the total cost of management, in each of the 
 years ending December 31, 18C2, 1863, and 18G4: 
 
 Years 
 
 Gross Revenue 
 (after dediirtini; 
 •or Hctiini«l and 
 Alis-sent lAiiten, 
 Overcharges 8tc.) 
 
 Co^tof 
 Management 
 
 Nett Revenue 
 (includinii tlie 
 Postage c))a');etl 
 on the Public 
 Departments) 
 
 181.3 
 IS(;4 
 
 £ 
 3,6M,S89 
 3,874, '^'ja 
 4,109,026 
 
 £ 
 
 8,074,57.1* 
 V,0H«,463« 
 •.i,13fi,474* 
 
 £ 
 I,S5'J,016 
 1,791,836 
 1,97S,4S2 
 
 I « , 1 
 
 ' Thcae turns »t»j«rlualre of the cost of the packet service, which 
 amounted to 844,9(>1<. in 1861; 848,147/. in 1863, and 968,917/. in 
 1864. 
 
 The following is the amount, from the several 
 sources, of tlie gross revenue from the Post-office 
 
 m Great Britain and Ireland, distinguishinir th* 
 deductions for returned letters, overcharcet Ic 
 in each of the years cndine December ;ti iiro' 
 18C3, and 1864:— '^' oi, mi, 
 
 Sourcn oflUTffnue 
 
 Salt of pottAfi* itampi by 
 poifmaatcn, TcctiTcrit ftnu 
 wintlnwrnvn • 
 
 Ditto Inland Kevcnuf Deparl- 
 meni ... 
 
 Monty for poftUR* taken by 
 country pwtmftSten 
 
 Do, mctropoUun pMimaitm 
 
 Commiulon rccaiTcd on 
 money orders 
 
 MlicrllanMUi receipt! 
 
 HoAtuo char)(«d afabiil pub. 
 lie aepwtmenti - 
 
 Pmtafte collected hy pout- 
 routm and afrmts In the 
 colonlea, and foreign coun- 
 trl«« not hnvinK postal 
 treaties with Oreat Dritain 
 
 Po^taKe collectnl in Oreat Bri- 
 tain for credit of cotonlal 
 offirei not under the control 
 of the Imperial pott ofltre - 
 
 Balance for United Kingdom 
 
 Poitafte collected under |>ott* 
 al trcstiea by forctfpi post 
 offices for Great Britain • 
 
 Ditto by (ireat Hrtialn for 
 foreign post offices 
 
 Balance against V. Kingdom 
 Total receipts 
 
 Deductions for letters return- 
 ed,mls-sciitt and redirected, 
 and for overcharge* and 
 returns - • . 
 
 Total gross reTenua 
 
 187,253 
 
 _S0 1,883 
 
 11,630^ 
 
 3,650,'4SS 
 
 16,897 
 
 3,fi33,68g 
 
 3.886.741 i^^i^l 
 
 3.874,899 4,109,W6*; 
 
 We subjoin a detailed statement of the 
 office expenditure in 1866 and 18G7:— 
 
 Force and Expenditure, 
 
 FORCI. 
 
 Effective.— Stiift officers, poslmastcra, 
 clerks, sorters, stampers, messengers, 
 guanl^. Ii-tter carriers 
 
 AToji-J^c/tt'e.— Pensioners 
 
 CnsT OP C0M.KCTION AND DlLITIRT, OF 
 
 Manaormbnt, and or Monsv Ohdxr 
 
 BUSINSSS. 
 
 Salaries, wages, pensions, traTelHng al- 
 lowances, j>ound.-igc on sate of stamps, 
 comnii&ston on money order kusincM, 
 cost of imlform clothing, medical ex- 
 penRes, and cost of sulistitutfs during; 
 annual holidays or siclcness of officL-rs 
 and men. official (KMiage. law charges, 
 and incidental expenses 
 
 Manufacture of postage stamps i>e. print- 
 ting, paper, and miscellaneous charges 
 
 Staimnery - - . . 
 
 lluildtngs and repairs, rents, rates, taxes, 
 fuel, and light • . . 
 
 Total cost of collection, denverr, and 
 mnnagt>ment. and of money order busi- 
 ness • « * . 
 
 Cost op Convxvancb or Maiia. 
 
 Conveyance by coaches, carts, and omni> 
 buses ■ . . . 
 
 Conveyance by railways 
 
 Cost of supply and repair of mail bags 
 and boxes, totts, and ferryn^e. cost of 
 apparatus for exchange of bags con- 
 ve>etl by railwiiy, and miscellaneous 
 expenses . - . . 
 
 Conveyance of mail* by private ships and 
 by p.ickets undur contract with admi* 
 ralty or jiost office • 
 
 Conveyance of mails over Isthmus of 
 Suez and Isthmus of Fannnia and in I 
 other foreign parts, and salaries of m\- 
 mirally agents and other odlrers in 
 charge of foreign and colonial mails - ' 
 
 Total cost of conveyance - - j 
 
 Total cost of post office service - ' 
 
 1866 
 
 1,4U 
 
 £ 
 J,36S,157 
 
 2.1,231 
 34,989 
 
 1S2,6«: 
 
 m? 
 
 85,90? 
 Ir^i'J 
 
 i 
 3.1/133 
 
 
 
 1,609.00; 
 
 i,:i5,i«; 
 
 481),0S5 
 
 UVf'l 
 65S,i;3 
 
 1(1,335 
 
 K,t3l 
 
 8i7,l«; 
 
 ;S3,8I3 
 
 i%m 
 
 S5,TC4 
 
 i,m,s-A 
 
 l.'.Jl.'ikT 
 
 .1,'iOI,6«l 3,116.»'') 
 
 The total gross receipt of the post-office revenue 
 of the United Kingdom, deducting overchaii?es 
 and returned letters, amounted in 1838 (before 
 the changes began) to 2,346,278/., while the ex- 
 penses ol the establishment for the same year 
 amounted to 686,768/., leaving a neK revenue of 
 1,659,610/. In 1867, however. 29 .years after the 
 new system had been in full operation, and the 
 Post-office had been converted into a great cany- 
 
 «- li . 
 
«■ •! 
 
 POSTAGE AND POST-OFFICE 
 
 1116 
 
 id, distinguiiihing the 
 ttere, overcharge!, 4c , 
 ig December 31, 1862, 
 
 61 
 
 1S«J 
 
 IIM 
 
 « 
 
 e 
 
 X 
 
 .OH! 
 
 i,4««,6U 
 
 i,65e,t';e 
 
 fiW 
 
 :«,iT5 
 
 Jt7,;« 1 
 
 ,7H4 
 
 109,597 
 
 n3,7»7 
 lo;,;!)i 
 
 i,9S« 
 1,7111 
 
 Ut.W, 
 14,956 
 
 ISI.Mi 
 I7,4i- 
 
 J.367 
 
 IM.MJ 
 
 I95,«M 1 
 
 t,SI8 
 
 166,t8i 
 
 ITSiMS 
 
 n,7S7 
 
 «n,n99 ' 40,554 
 
 >t,sai 
 
 ue.mfi 133,011 
 
 ii7,u3 m,m ni»a ! 
 
 01,S83 
 
 ii;ii,44t 
 
 1 !4I,1U 
 
 1«,C30 
 
 11,547 
 
 1 Sl,4il 
 
 M,«II6 
 
 3,8«6,7tl 4,11tVJI 1 
 
 16,l<97 
 33,689 
 
 l«,44i l'.W { 
 I3,8;4,i99 4,109,016 
 
 d statement of the post 
 6andl8G7:- 
 
 Erpenditure. 
 
 
 1866 
 
 mi 
 
 mutcn. 
 
 
 
 iMngcn, 
 
 S5,5<I4 
 
 !5,90J 
 
 rmv, OF 
 
 1,413 I,ii9 1 
 
 I 
 
 r OncKii 
 
 
 1 
 
 lllnit >l- 
 
 
 
 >lam|>>, 
 
 
 
 )utine&s. 
 
 
 
 Ileal ei- 
 
 
 
 1 ilurinn 
 
 
 1 
 
 ofBi-eri 
 
 
 
 charsM, 
 
 1,368,157 
 
 1,4«,S5I 1 
 
 .e. prlnt- 
 charKW 
 
 23,MI 
 34,'J«1 
 
 33,0JJ ' 
 
 M, taxes, 
 PTV, find 
 
 1»2,6«7 
 
 vav. \ 
 
 
 ilc'r bujil- 
 
 1,609,007 
 
 t,:i5,i6:. , 
 
 Alli. 
 
 
 
 id oinnl* 
 
 l,W,»« 
 
 iifi,ro 
 
 . 
 
 586,0S5 
 
 iS'J,).J 
 
 lail liagi 
 
 
 
 ;, cost of 
 
 
 
 ags i-on- 
 
 
 
 •llancoui 
 
 1(1,536 
 
 K,t3l 
 
 him and 
 
 
 
 h adml- 
 
 817,167 
 
 753,815 
 
 hmu8 of 
 
 
 1 
 
 ii and ill 
 
 
 
 PS of mi- 
 
 
 ncer* li 
 
 j7,li9J S5,7tl 
 
 
 ■|,',m,671 l.'''!.''*' 
 
 
 S.^OLBSl 
 
 3,it6.S'' 
 
 of the post-office revenue 
 h, deducting overcliarges 
 mounted in 1838 (betorc 
 2,34G,27«/., while the cx- 
 mcnt for the same year 
 leaving a nc(( re^;enlle o 
 wever,29 years after tte 
 in full operation, and tne 
 
 rcrtcd into a great carry- 
 
 2, 
 
 \M eiUbllshmeot for tbe conveyanoo of boo)(8, 
 it it« B'"** revenue amounted to only 4,668,214/., 
 while ^^ expenses of the establishment for the 
 «uge year amounted to 3,246,860/., leaving a nett 
 revenue of only 1,421,864/., being no less than 
 238 IW. under its amount in 1838. 
 
 Acmnt of the Grou and Nett Post- Office Be- 
 vme, 1856-1867, from the Hth Report of the. 
 Poitmiter-General. 
 
 V«B» 
 
 Total PoiUl 
 Hetniua 
 
 Total Coit 
 
 oTFoatOfflca 
 
 Ijcrrlcoi 
 
 Nett RcTenuo 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 
 3,0.14,954 
 
 «,«N,7.1« 
 
 497,8Sa 
 
 
 .1,194,713 
 
 »,471>.9m 
 
 ati,HVi 
 
 11158 
 
 3,M 1,434 
 
 X,H94,4IS 
 
 347,117 
 
 
 3,461 ,9M 
 
 ie,iK)7,l6U 
 
 444,784 
 
 1H60 
 
 .1,531,164 
 
 «,Ml.l3r 
 
 700,088 
 
 11)61 
 
 3.6«4,IM 
 
 3,161,411 
 
 403,717 
 
 IDhS 
 
 3,761,004 
 
 ».93V,(>9S 
 
 831,909 
 
 
 3,999,454 
 
 i,Wt,llil 
 
 1,037,404 
 
 
 4,M1,44« 
 
 3.078,897 
 
 1,143.861 
 
 1865 
 
 4,4»3,6n« 
 
 !(,941,08« 
 
 1,4K8,581! 
 
 1866 
 
 4,499,667 
 
 3,V01,681 
 
 1,397,986 
 
 1167 
 
 4,668,^14 
 
 3,«16,»4t) 
 
 l,41(l,:i6t 
 
 
 
 
 
 It is plain, therefore, that the adoption of 
 the new post-offlce system for a long time 
 occuionel the sacrifice of from 238,146/. to 
 600,000/. a year of revenue, as compared with the 
 revenue of 1838. And, considering the extraordi- 
 nary progress of the country in tho interval, and 
 especislly the increase of population and commerce, 
 the loss will immediately be seen to be very much 
 greater— perhaps more than double that amount. 
 And though it be true that a sacrifice of this 
 amount might not, under other circumstances, 
 have been of much consequence, it is to be borne 
 Li mind that it was incurred when the revenue 
 was already inadequate to meet the expenditure, 
 and when, consequently, the deficiency had to be 
 otherwise provided for, though probably in some 
 more onerous way. We should not, however, 
 have thought the loss of revenue, nor even tho 
 inttoduction of a uniform penny rate, a valid ob- 
 jection to the new plan, had there been no means 
 other than its adoption of getting rid of the in- 
 convonicncca attached to tho old system. But 
 such was not the case. All its defects might 
 have been efTectually obviated without any, or 
 with but a very inconsiderable, loss of revenue. 
 Had franking been abolished, and the old rates of 
 postage 80 reduced that the average charge might 
 have been about 2J</. or 3d. a letter, the revenue 
 wouU probably not have lost anything, while 
 every really advantageous object efl'ected by the 
 present system would have been secured. 1 ndeed, 
 we see no good reason why the present rates of 
 postage should not, and very many why they 
 should, be doubled, or increased to 2f/. for a letter 
 weighing ^ oz., 4d. for one weighing 1 oz., and so 
 on. We are well convinced that, were this done, 
 and the troublesome practice of forcing tho prc- 
 pament of letters abandoned, the revenue would 
 b« nearly doubled, with little or no inconvenienco 
 to the public. 
 
 It redounds nothing to the credit of the new 
 M\stem that the post-office revenue increases 
 while it is maintained ; for this must necessarily 
 follow from the increasing population, wealth, 
 commerce, and education of the country. Tho 
 revenue would increase quite as fast under any 
 reasonably well contrived system; all taxes on 
 articles in general use are sure, provided they be 
 not excessive, to increase with every increase of 
 population and wealth. 
 
 The abolition of franking — which, however, is in 
 nowise connected with a penny rate of postage — 
 was by far the least exceptionable of the alterations 
 introduced in 1837. Franked letters were in most 
 
 instances addressed tp tho^c who could boBt afford 
 to pay the expense of postage, and who in this 
 way escaped a burden that fell with its full weight 
 on their less opulent and less known neighbours. 
 
 Money Orders, — The ((ranting of money orders 
 at tho different post-offices, for the payment of 
 sums of 10/. and under, is a very great accommo- 
 dation to tho public, and is very extensively re- 
 ported to. Such orders cost 3t/. if for 2/. or under, 
 6(/ for sums between 2/. and 6/., 9c/. for those from 
 bl. to 7/., and la. for those from 7/. to 10/. As orders 
 are not paid unless the parties in whoso favour 
 they are drawn, or other parties will known to 
 the postmaster by whom they arc payable, ap- 
 pear to receive payment, there is no risk of the 
 money getting into improper hands. 
 
 Despatching of Letters. — Full details as to the 
 posting of letters in London and elsewhere may 
 be found in tho Postal Guide, published quarterly 
 — a useful and valuable publication, to which we 
 beg to refer. It is sufficient here to state that, 
 speaking generally, letters may bo put into 
 the receiving-boxes of the different post-offices 
 throughout the country at all hours of the day, 
 and mortly, also, of the night. The mails for 
 particular places are made up at certain specified 
 hours, of which public intimation is given in the 
 Postal Guide, and letters put in after those hours 
 are not of course despatched till next mail. 
 
 We abridge from tho Postal Guide the follow- 
 ing statements, viz. :— 
 
 Inland Letters. — Tho rates of postage on inland 
 letters depend on weight only, and are as follows, 
 if paid in advance : — 
 
 Letter nelffhlng not more than ) oz. - - • irf. 
 
 more than I oi. and not eiceedinf 1 ox. . IM. 
 mote than 1 oz. and not ezcetdinK l&oz. > Sd. 
 
 and so on ; id. being charged for every additional 
 J ounce, or fraction of ^ ounce. 
 
 As a general rule, the postage, if not paid in 
 advance, is doubled ; and it the payments in ad- 
 vance be insufiicicnt, double the deficiency is 
 charged. 
 
 Petitions and addresses to her Majesty, for- 
 warded direct, are exempted from postage ; and 
 such petitions and addresses, and petitions to 
 either House of Parliament, if sent to a member, 
 are likewise exempted, provided they do not 
 weigh more than 2 lb., and are without covers, or 
 are in covers open at the ends. 
 
 Newspapers and other periodical Publications 
 bearing the Newspaper Stamp, — Although the 
 exclusive privilege of the post-office extends 
 only to letters, all periodical publications, includ- 
 ing newspapers, published in tho United King- 
 dom, at intervals not exceeding 31 days, and which 
 bear a stamp or stamps denoting the stamp duty, 
 may be transmitted and re-transmitted through 
 the post within the United Kingdom free of post- 
 age under the folloAving rules : — 
 
 Stamps impressed 
 on tlie l*ul)lication 
 
 Greatest Number 
 of Sheets 
 
 Oreatest Superficial 
 
 Kxtent of I^ttt'rpreu 
 
 on One Sidu 
 
 One penny - 
 'i'hrec halfpence 
 Twoptfiicc - 
 
 Two 
 Three . 
 
 Four 
 
 2,'^9A inches 
 4,591) „ 
 
 No publication, or portion thereof, can pass 
 through the post unless the stamp which it bears 
 be of the value of Irf. at least. 
 
 The title and date of the publication must be 
 printed at the top cf every page. 
 
 It must be folded in such a manner that the 
 whole of the stamp or stamps shall bo exposed to 
 view, and be distinctly visible on the outside. 
 
 It must not be printed on pasteboard or card- 
 board. 
 
 
 
 ill 
 
 is^l 
 
 ;.ii-i,. 
 
1116 
 
 POSTAGE AND POST-OFFICE 
 
 
 i ■ ,1 ■ I. 
 
 ♦;■.'' 
 
 t ■' 
 
 
 • I 
 
 1 
 
 . •* 
 
 M . ■ : . 
 
 (. 
 
 ■r-f r 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 5 
 
 It must bo posted williiii 15 days from tlio date 
 
 of isHIIO. 
 
 Il'thotie rules Im infriiiRcd, tho publication will 
 bo charged double, aa an unpaid Iraok-paukot. 
 
 It must have citbcr no cuvor or bo upcu at tbu 
 ends. 
 
 It must not contain any cnciosure. 
 
 It must Imvo ui. writiuK or other mark thereon 
 but tho name and address of tho person to whom 
 it is sent ; nor anything on tho cover but such name 
 uiid address, tho printed title of tho publication, 
 and tho printed namo and address of the publisher 
 or vendor who sends it. 
 
 If the publication be addressed to any person in 
 the place where it is posted, it is liable to a postage 
 of 1'/. prepaid, or 'id. if not prepaid. 
 
 Stamped publications can also bo forwarded per 
 book |)08t, bat then the impressed stamp does not 
 count. 
 
 Newspapers may also bo sent abroad by the 
 |)ost-oflicc. But tho regulations and posla;;R lo 
 which they are liable vary so often, that it would 
 bo useless to mention them here. 
 
 Parliamentary JProcfedinga, — Printed proceed- 
 ings of Parliament, with()ut covers, or in covers 
 open ut the ends, circulate within tho United 
 Kingdom, Id. being charged for every ^ lb, or 
 traction of i lb. 
 
 The words Parliamentary Proceedings must be 
 written or printed on the cover of the packet ; 
 otherwise it is liable to tho letter-rate of postage. 
 
 Prepayment when tho circulation is within tho 
 United Kingdom is optional; and if it be made 
 in part, the difference only is charged. 
 
 Parliamentary proceedings may bo sent as 
 books to all the colonics, and to those foreign 
 states between which and tliis country there is a 
 book ))ost. 
 
 BM>k Pott, including Newspapers and other pe- 
 riodical Publications, and also Parliamentary Pro- 
 *:eedings, — The postage is Id. for every J lb. or 
 fraction of i lb. 
 
 The postage must be prepaid in full, by means 
 of postage stamps. 
 
 Every packet must be sent cither without a 
 cover, or in a cover open at tho ends or sides. 
 
 A book-packet may contain any number of 
 separate books or other publications (including 
 printed or lithographed letters), photographs, un- 
 glazcd prints, or maps, and any quantity of paper, 
 ;iarcbmcnt, or vellum. And the books iic. may be 
 bound or unbound &c. 
 
 No book-packot to contain anything sealed or 
 otherwise closed against inspection ; nor any 
 letter, nor any communication of the nature of a 
 letter (beyond the name of the sender), unless 
 ijuch letter or communication bo printed. 
 
 No book-packet must exceed 2 feet in length, 
 la 1 foot in width or depth ; and if any packet of 
 greater dimensions be presented at a post-oflicc, it 
 will not bo received. 
 
 Any packet not open at the ends or sides, or 
 ■which hos any written letter or any communica- 
 tion of tho nature of a letter written in it, or upon 
 its cover, will be charged with the ' unpaid ' letter 
 postage. 
 
 Kxcept that the rotes of postage arc higher, 
 books can be sent to all liritish colonies and to 
 the vorious foreign countries enumerated in tho 
 Postal Guide. 
 
 Pattern and Sample Pos*.— Patterns and samples 
 maj' bo transmitted by the inland, colonial, ond 
 foreign posts, subject to regulations similar to those 
 affecting tho book post. 
 
 Registration. — IJy the prepayment of a fee of 
 4rf,, paid in stamps, any letter, newspaper, 
 book, or other packet on which the postajje has 
 
 been prejmif' in stamps, may bo rcglHterea to nnv 
 place in the United Kingdom. TIki rpmitrmi 
 of a packet makes its transmission more jociir'' 
 by renderinj? it practicable to trace it, vyjicii in' 
 Imid, from Jts receipt to its delivery ; and wheii 
 colonial, if not to its delivery, at lea^t to the iHirt 
 of despatch. The post-otllco does nut cuan ,! 
 the safe delivery of the letter. »''"«fa"'a. 
 
 l''or the rules and rates of registration of furoi m 
 letters, see table of colonial and foreign postauHi 
 the Postal Guide. ^ ' 
 
 Money 0;(A/-».— Applicants for money onlcM 
 should use printed * Application Forms,' whiih 
 save time, and offord greater security than verl„il 
 messages, against mistakes. These fonns arc 
 8upi)lied gratuitously at all money order ofliccs 
 
 'I ho commission on a money order not cxcotil 
 Ing 2/. is M. J 2/. to bl., (yd.; bl. to 7/., 9d,; ami;/' 
 to 10/., la. 
 
 No order is allowed to contain a fractional part 
 of a penny. 
 
 \V ilh few exceptions, no money order is issud 
 unless tho applicant furnish, in full, the auriiamc 
 and at least the initiol of one Christian name IhiH, 
 t)f the remitter who sends the order, and the pave, 
 (or person to whom the money is to be paid) to- 
 gether with the remitter's address. 
 
 An order once issued cannot be cancelled. 
 
 Money orders do not require a receipt stamp. 
 
 Payment of an order must be obtained lief ro 
 the end of the second calendor month after ihii 
 in which it was issued (for instance, if usueJin 
 January it nmst be paid before the end of March); 
 otherwise the order becomes lapsed, and a neir 
 order will be necessary, for which a second crnn- 
 missioii will be charged. Persons prcseiiiinjr 
 lapsed orders ore furnished with copies of i printed 
 notice headed ' Lopscd Money Orders,' conliining 
 directions how to proceed. If the ordfr lie not 
 piiid beCDre the end of the twelfth calendarmonth 
 after that in which it wos issued (for instance, 
 if issued in .lanuary, and not paid before the 
 end of next January), all claim to the money i> 
 lost. 
 
 No application is entertained for compensation 
 for alleged injury from the non-payment of s 1 
 money order at the expected time; and after onoe [ 
 jiaying a money order, by whomsoever presented i 
 the office is not liable to any further claim. 
 
 Money orders are issued at all money ctdtt 
 ofliccs in the United Kingdom on money orto 
 offices in Alexandria, Uahin, Iluenos Avres, Con- 1 
 stnntinople, Gibraltar, Hong Kon>,', Malta, JIois 
 Video, Pcrnnmbuco, Kio Janeiro, Shanghai, Sue; 
 and Yokohama, at a charge equal to threefold i!it 
 commission on inland money orders; ondordorsra 
 money order offices in our West Indian, Nonli | 
 Aniorioan, Australian, and West and Soiiik 
 African colonies, the Falkland Islands, and N. 
 Helena, at a charge equal to fourfold such cos- 
 mission. 
 
 All necessary information with regard to til 
 sailing of packets, the postage to foreign coiiniriw 
 <tc., may bo found in the Postal Gvldi, in Kellvi [ 
 Post-office Directory, and other publications, 
 
 Local Postal Guides, price one penny, contaii- 1 
 ing information special to the locality, are issuedit I 
 the post-offices at Birmingham, Belfast, Bristol, | 
 Cork, Dublin, Edinburgh, Glosgoff, Leeds, Linr- 
 pool, Manchester, and ShefHeld. 
 
 Offences against the Post-office.-n<!\mte-l 
 lative to offences against tho post-office m(t| 
 consolidated by the Act 1 Vict. c. 36, of the morel 
 important parts of which we subjoin an abstratt P 
 
 Contravening the Privilege of Pott-op'' \ 
 Every person who shall convev otherwise than Wj 
 the post n letter not exempted from theexcliisirti 
 
 >;■■ J "?"■•-- '^1 
 
POSTAGE AND POST-OFFICE 
 
 1117 
 
 • 1)0 ronintcreil to niiy 
 im. 'I'll" rPKHtrnlio'ii 
 Rinission more t^mf, 
 to trace it, when iii- 
 n delivery ; and wlicn 
 iry, nt lea^t tu llm |«>rt 
 ico dues luit guorauti'L- 
 cr. 
 
 f registrfttiun iit fntcun 
 1 uud foreign poslano m 
 
 ants for monpy onlcrs 
 jUcalion Forms,' whiih 
 tcr Bccurity than vcrlial 
 kes. Tlicttc fomiH ate 
 ill money order ofliccs. 
 noney order not cxconl- 
 d.; bl. to7i., 9d.;ami;/, 
 
 contain a fractional part 
 
 no money order is issued 
 nisb, in •'»'*> *''<* surname 
 f one Christian name Mi 
 Is the order, and llie pay(f 
 I money is to be paid) to- 
 t's address, 
 cannot be cancelled. 
 require a recciiit stamp. 
 f must bo obtained bef re 
 calendar month aaer ihi 
 1 (for instance, if issued ui 
 id before the end of Much) ; 
 iccomes lapsed, and a m 
 y for which a second crnn- 
 irecd. Persons prcseiiiing 
 .(hed with copies ofipnrtcd 
 i Money Orders,' conluning 
 oceed. U the order be n«i , 
 the twelfth calendar montti 
 it was issued (fur instaMc, 
 f and not paid belote itip 
 [)'aU claim to the money u 
 
 ntertained for compcMatioa . 
 
 rom the non-P»>f™' "'' 
 tnccted time; and after OM 
 t by whomsoever prescnieJ, ] 
 
 L'toanv further claim. , 
 
 issued at all money ord 
 1 Kingdom on money or it 
 k Bahin,I5uenosAvres,C<- 
 bllongKonp, Malta, Mo'.'.<' 
 ^Kio Janeiro, Shanghai. ^^ 
 1 charge equal to threeWt 
 imonev orders; ami order, 
 'in our West Indian, N^n 
 i,n and West and So« 
 
 e Falkland Islan*.""^^^'' 
 equal to fourfold such w- 
 
 feirroingham, B«l»j^ y 
 Lrgh, Glasgow, L«d8,u' i 
 
 \nd Sheffield. ,, ,^jte.| 
 
 Bhallconvevotherwe ,_,. I 
 ,t exempted from '""^^ I 
 
 Attmntoftht Number of Letter», and of Book*, Newxpapfrn, and Pntlrmn, delivered It/ the Foit- 
 iilScti throughout the United Kingdom, and Amount of Money Orderi jmid, in i80f)-lH(!7. 
 Extracted from MM Jie/mrt (18C8) of the Pottmailer-Uentrat. 
 
 S<oil,intl 
 
 'r'i-"l'Iill«t KInrKlom . 
 
 Tol«l NunilHT of I.MIfn 
 (U'llTervtl 111 lliu Viur 
 
 NiinilKTofBnok I'tcknn 
 
 Oni-lu'.liiH I'll trKenlitv Newt|i.i|ii>r«}, 
 
 Vtvm y*'W%\tty*r%t and I'ftckvta 
 
 Mill U< III.- rallrm I'mi, 
 
 dillirrnl in llie VtMt 
 
 Afnounl of Muni; Onim |>«lil 
 
 S97,»77,(lirp 
 (J.IMH.M'II 
 .•.6,l40,.'i<Ml 
 
 7«n,l«7,l«l7 
 
 lite« ion? 
 
 IlibS IHCfi 
 
 7i.nt.9o.i 7(;.itn«,n94 
 
 n,4!l'l,'.l4 ll,tH'.»,74'< 
 IV,',l(l(i,4fi> l.1,IU'<..1l!l 
 
 <iii..n>i,HHi im,7Ki,in5 
 
 inf.? 
 
 ISO.'! 
 
 M 
 
 IS.UI,4.^9 
 1 .'..'I'.I.H'II' 
 l,4fi.1,l<l.'i 
 
 IH,I44,.U0 
 
 IHfiS 
 
 t 
 
 lB,n,vj,Bis 
 l,ri'.(i,i,',i) 
 i,.'.<i|.'Jii 
 
 IU,'<l7.'ll»i 
 
 IK67 
 
 C 
 
 t«,467.<).t9 
 
 1,71)7.. Hit 
 
 1 ,.M .■>,4.V> 
 
 l'.»,«HH,7C'(i 
 
 M5,40o,nno fi40,v«»,4no 
 
 7n,l(Kl,i«lo 7'>, 4N,'I«I 
 .V'.,.MIII.iKIII AH,H'I7,.V»I 
 7.'ii 1,11(10,1 Kill 77 l,H.1l,()i«i 
 
 7(l,l«.fl9l 
 ll,47f H 
 IV,ll«»..,l'i 
 
 iiiv.«;.i..'Mii 
 
 P" 
 
 vilffie of tho postmnstcr-gcncrnl Blinll for | 
 I verv letter forfeit Id., and every person who shall 
 be ill the practice of so conveying lettem not so 
 exempted sliall, for every week during which tho 
 nriiflico shall bo continued, forfeit 100/,; niul 
 Iverv person who shall perform otherwise than 
 bv the post any services incidental to coiivey- 
 ii').' letters from place to place, whether by rc- 
 ce?vin;,', taking up, collecting, ordering, ilospatch- 
 inr'. carrying, re-carrying, or di'liverin.; a letter 
 not exempted from the exclusive privilege of tin; 
 postmaster-general, shall forfeit for every letter 
 ,i/.' and every person who shall be in the practice 
 i.l'fo performing any such incidental services 
 sh.iil, lor every week during which the practice 
 sball'bc continued, forfeit 100/, ; and every person 
 wlio shall send a letter not exein[)tcd from tho 
 exclusive privilege of the postniustor-generiil 
 iilhcrwise than by the post, or shall cause a letter 
 not so exempted to be sent or conveyed other 
 than by post, or shall tender or deliver n letter 
 not HI "exempted in order to bo sent otherwise 
 than by post, shall forfeit for every letter 5/. ; 
 and every (icrson who shall bo in the practice of 
 oommitti'iig any of the nct.i last mentioned shall, 
 for every week during Avhich the practice shall Ik^ 
 continued, forfeit 100/,; and every person who 
 shall maltc a collection of csemiited letters for 
 the purpose of conveying or sduling them other- 
 wise than by the post, or by tiie post, shall forfeit 
 for every letter 5/.; and every person who shall 
 be ill the i)ractice of making a collection of 
 exempted letters for cither of these purposes, shall 
 forfeit, for every week during whicli tlie practice 
 shall be continued, 100/. Aiul be it declared, that 
 the term post shall herein include all post com- 
 munieutions by land or by water (except by out- 
 ward-bound vessels not employed by the post- 
 office or the Admiralty to carry iM)st letters) ; and 
 the above penalties shall be incurred whetlier the 
 letter he sent singly or with anything else, or 
 such incidental service be performed in respect to 
 a letter either sent or to be sent singly or together 
 with some other letter or thing ; and in any pro- 
 secution for the recovery of any such penalty the 
 onus shall lie upon the party prosecuted to nrove 
 that the act, in respect of which the penalty is 
 alleged to have been incurred, was done in con- 
 fonniiy to the post-office laws. (Sec. 2.) 
 
 Ship Letten retained after delivering of Letters 
 lo Pott office.— Vyery person, being either the 
 master of a vessel inward-bound, or one of the 
 olBccrs, or one of the crew, or a passenger thereof, 
 who shall knowingly have any letter in his pos- 
 session not exempted from the privilege of the 
 postmaster-general, after the master shall have 
 sent any part of his ship's letters to the post-office, 
 shall forfeit for every letter 5/, ; and every such 
 person who shall detain any such letter after de- 
 inand made, either by the olRcer of the customs or 
 by a person authorised by the postmaster-general 
 to demand ship's letters, shall forfeit for every 
 letter 10/. Sec. 3.) 
 
 Penalties on Masten of Ships not taking Letter 
 Bags. — Kvcry master of a vessel bound to Ceylon, 
 tho Mauritius, the Kast Indies, or tho Caiie of 
 (Jood Hope, who shall refuse to take a post letter 
 hug delivered or tendered to him by an oflicer of 
 the post-odlco for conveyance, shall" forfeit 200/. ; 
 tho 'i ii'X Vict. c. OG extend.s this penalty to tho 
 master of rnery vessel outtrard \jk >jnd who shall 
 refuse to take ii post letter bag delivered or ten- 
 dered to him for conveyance. And every master 
 of ft veHs<'l who shall open a sealed letter bap, 
 with which he shall be intrusted for conveyance, 
 shall forfeit 200/, ; and every master of a vessel 
 who shall take out of a letter liag with which he 
 shall have been intrusted for conveyance a letter 
 or any other tiling shall forfeit 200*/. ; and every 
 master of a vessel who shall not duly deliver a 
 letter bag with the contents at tho jjost-ollice on 
 his arrival in port, without wilful or unavoidable 
 delay on lii.s arrival, shall forfeit 200/. ; and every 
 person to whom letters may have been intrusted 
 l)V the master of a vessel to bring on shore who 
 siiall break the seal, or in any manner wilfully 
 open the same, shall forfeit 20/. ; and every mas- 
 ter of a vessel who shall refuse or wilfully neglect 
 to make declaration of having delivered his ship'* 
 letters to the post-ollice, shall forfeit 50/.; and 
 every collector, comptroller, or officer of the «;.;.-. 
 tonis who is required by tho Act 1 Vict. c. H-l to 
 prohibit any vessel reporting until tha requisites 
 of such Act have lieen complied with, who shall 
 permit such vessel to report before the requisites 
 of such Act shall have been complied with, shall 
 forfeit 50/. ; and every master of a vessel (not hav- 
 ing been able to send his letters ashore previous to 
 his arrival at the port where the vessel is to re- 
 port) who shall break bulk or mcke entry before 
 all letters in board shall be sent to the post-offico 
 shall forfeit 20/. ; and every master of a vessel, or 
 any other person on board any ship liable to tho 
 performance of quarantine, who shall neglect or 
 refuse to deliver to the person or persons appointed 
 to superintend the (quarantine all letters in his 
 po.'iscssion, shall forfeit 20/. (Sec. 6.) 
 
 Penalties on the Carelessness of Persons engaged 
 or employed in carrying, conveying S^c. Letters. — 
 Every person employed to convey or deliver a 
 post letter bag or a post letter, who shall, whilst 
 so employed, or whilst the same shall be in his 
 custody, care, or possession, leave a post letter 
 bag or a post letter, or suffer any person, not 
 being the guard or person employed for that 
 purpose, to ride in the place appointe<l for the 
 guard in or upon any carriage used for the con- 
 veyance of a post letter bag or post letter, or to 
 ride in or upon a carriage so used and not licensed 
 to carry passengers, or upon a horse used for the 
 conveyance on horseback of a post letter bag or a 
 post letter, or if any such person shall be guilty 
 of any act of drunkenness, or of carelessness, 
 negligence, or other misconduct, whereby the 
 safVity of a post letter bag or a post letter shall b« 
 endangered, or who shall collect or receive, or 
 
 
 ,1 > 
 
1118 
 
 POSTAOK AND POST-OFFICI-: 
 
 \ ' 
 
 I J- 
 
 ■if 
 
 
 I 
 
 convoy or ilvliviT, a letter olbcrwinn limn in Iho 
 ortliriary courm- oi' the |iokI, or who hIiiiII k>V(! any 
 ftiNo inl'orinulion of iin iissiiiilt. or uttuiii|it at 
 rolibury u|Hin liini, or who Hhitll loiter on I ho 
 road or |ia.sNn){is or will'iilly niix.Hpi'nd tiix tiino ho 
 as to ri'lanl or tli'hiy the prci);riw.H or arrival of a 
 |)OHt li'tlcr imii or a post U'lli-r, or who nhall not 
 use iliio anil proper earn and dili^cncu tiaUdy to 
 ooMvey a pout letter ha;: or a jiost letter at the 
 rale of Kpeed ap|Hiinled by and aei'orUin^ to the 
 re^julations of the post-ollice for the time heinK. 
 heint? thereof convicted, nliali forfoit 'JO/, (See. 7.) 
 Clauses 8 to 'Jl inclusive impose (icniiltins on 
 hackney earriancH pl»in>; for hire opposite the 
 frcncrul post-ollice in London or Unlilin; exempt 
 mail coaches from toll; and direct how penalties 
 dhall bo sued for. 
 
 Opening or lUlm/imj Post LettrrH « lilUilrmcnnor. 
 — Kvery person employed by or under I he \mM- 
 otlice who shall, contrary to his duty, open or 
 procure or sutler to l)e opened a post lellor. or 
 shall wilfully detain or delay, or |)rociiro or null'cr 
 to be detained or delayed, a post letter, siiall in 
 luifrland and Ireland bu k»>''.v >'' i^ niisdemeanor, 
 and in .Scotland of a crime and otl'encc, and bein^ 
 convicted thereof shall sutler such punishment, by 
 tint or imprisonment, or by both, as to the court 
 shall seem meet: provided always, that nothing: 
 herein contained shall extend to the opcninij or 
 detaining; or delaying of n letter returned for 
 want of a true direction, or of n letter returned 
 by reason that the person to whom the same is 
 directed is dead or ciinnot bo found, or shall have 
 refused the same, or shall have refused or nofjlected 
 to pay the postaLce thereof; nor to the openiiif; or 
 dctainiufr or delaying of a post letter in obedience 
 to an express warrant in wrilint; under the hand 
 (in (Jreat Kritain) of one of the principal secre- 
 taries of state, and ii\ Ireland under tho hand and 
 seal of the lord-lieutenant of Ireland. 
 
 Kmbezzlemcnt &,-c. of any Letter or Packet, Fe- 
 lony. — Kvery person employed under the jiost- 
 olhce who shall .steal, or shall for any puqwse 
 whatever embezzle, secrete, or destroy a post 
 letter, shall in Kn(;land and Ireland be piilty of 
 felony, and in Scotland of a high crime and 
 offence, and .shall, at the discretion of the court, 
 either be transported beyond the seas for the 
 term of 7 years, or be imprisoned for any term 
 not exceeding; 3 years ; and if any such post 
 letter so stolon or embezzled, secreted or de- 
 stroyed, shall contain therein any chattel or money 
 whatsoever, or any valuable security, every 
 such olfender shall bo transported beyond the 
 seas for life. (Sec. 215.) 
 
 Stealing Money §'C. from or out of Letters, 
 Felony.— Every person who shall steal from or 
 out of a post letter any chattel or money or 
 valuable security, shall in England and Ireland 
 be puilty of Iciony, and in Scotland of a high 
 crime aiid oflcncc, and shall bo transported be- 
 yond the seas for life. 
 
 Per.Hons stealing Post Letter Bags S^c, to be 
 transported for Life. — Everj' person who shall 
 steal a post "letter bag, or a post letter from a post 
 letter bag. or shall steal a post letter from a post- 
 office, or from an otHcer of the post-office or from 
 a mail, or shall stop a mail with intent to rob or 
 search the same, shall in England and Ireland be 
 guilty of felony, and in Scotland of a high crime 
 and offence, and shall be transported beyond the 
 seas for life. 
 
 Persons stealing Post Letter Bags or Post Let- 
 ters to be transported for 14 Years. — Every person 
 who shall steal or unlawfully take away a post 
 letter bag sent by a post-office paclcct, or who 
 shall steal or unlawfully take a letter out of any 
 
 such bag, or who shall unlawfully upcn anv toIi 
 bag, shall in Kiigland ami Irulaiiil bv ({uiliy „: 
 felony, and in S<u)lland of a high crjmu „„,] 
 ollence, and shall he transported bryond i|ic j|.n, 
 for any term not exceeding 14 years". 
 
 Hrceivers of Properly sent by (he Poti „i„i 
 stolen or embezzlnl, guilty of Felitny.-.\:^^„^. 
 person who shall receive any post Ktltr ur iHi,'t 
 letter bag, or any chattel or money or valunli!,. 
 security, the slealmg or taking or eiiilHz/.ljn,,,,,' 
 secri'liiig whereof shall amount to a fcKinv iiikIit 
 the roHl-odiee Acts, knowing the Humc io hav,. 
 been feloniously stolen, taken, emkv./luil (t 
 secreted, and Io have been sent or iiitcniioil i„|,. 
 sent by the post, shall in Kiigliiml and {rv\m\ 
 Ik- guilty of felony, and in Scotland of a hi(;li 
 crime and olleuce, and may be indicted iiikIidii- 
 vieled either as an accessory after the fact nrfor 
 a substantive felony, and, in the lallor ca*, 
 whether the principal felon shall (ir shall mil 
 have been previously convicted, or shnll or M\ 
 not be ameimbli! to justice; and (^very nuth ri>- 
 ceiver, howsoever convicted, shall be liable lok 
 transport eil beyond the seas for life. 
 
 Fniuiluknily retaining, after Delivery thm<i 
 .Vc— Kvery person who shall fraudulently rolaii', 
 or shall wilfully secrete or kecj) or dctniti, "or kin;' 
 required to deliver up by an olliccr of tho |v.t". 
 ollice, shall neglect or refuse to delivcriip a ii-ri 
 letter which ought to have been delivered I.) anv 
 other person, or a post letter bng or [wsl Iciier 
 which shall have been sent, whether the imt 
 shall have l>cen found by the person soomiiif, | 
 keeping, or detaining, or neglecting or refusing lo 
 deliver up Iho same, or by any other person. -luU 
 in England and Ireland be guilty of .i nii-Je- 
 nieanor, and in Scotland of a crime anil Am, 
 and on conviction shall be liable to be |iiiDi)W 
 by line and imprisonment. 
 
 Stealing Sfc. printed Voles or iVwrn/iiijj in 
 Parliament A-c.— Every person employri in the 
 ]ioat-oflice who shall steal, or shall fur any pur- 
 pose cinbez/.le, secrete, or destroy, or shall wil- 
 fully detain or delay in course of conveyance w I 
 delivery thereof by "the post, any printed vota or 
 proceedings in parliament, or any printed news- 
 paper, or any other printed paper whatever, sent I 
 l)y the post without covers, or in covers oponii 
 the sides, shall in ICngland and Ireland be guilty 
 of a misdemeanor, and in Scotland of a aimi I 
 and offence, and on conviction shall suffer suet I 
 punishment by fine or imprisonment, or both, a j 
 the court shall direct. 
 
 Forging the Handwriting of the Receittr-Gm- 1 
 rat in Lngland or Ireland, Felony.— Evor per- 1 
 son who shall knowingly and wilfully fori.'etf I 
 counterfeit, or cause or procure to be forged Ml 
 countcrfnited, the name or haiiilwriting of tie I 
 receiver-general for the time being of the genenll 
 post-office in England or Ireland, or of anypeisij 
 employed by or under him, to any draft, instn-l 
 ment, or writing whatsoever, for or in order ml 
 t he receiving or obtaining of any inoney in tk* | 
 han<ls or custody of the governor tnd eonipo' I 
 of the bank of England or Ireland on accounts I 
 the receiver-general of the post-office, or sbil I 
 forge or alter, or shall offer, utter, dispose oMf I 
 put off, knowing the catr.? to be forged or ultciB | 
 any draft, warran'.; Or ord?r of such '"o*! 
 general, or of any person employed byorun*'! 
 him, for inoney or for payment of money, ™ I 
 intent to dafraud any person whomsoever, aw I 
 be guilty of fel6ny, and on coriviction sW "I 
 transported beyond the seas for life. 
 
 The remaining clauses relotc to the punMi 
 of accessaries, determine the mode in mien im| 
 postage duties shall be sued for, define teniuK 
 
 I. 
 
POST ENTRY 
 
 lawfully (ipon «ny «uili 
 il Iroliuitl l)c nu'iliy 111 
 of a liit^li <''r>>nii uiiil 
 ii)i>rl«'<l beyond the suaj 
 jr 14 ycnrx'. 
 
 //^ (>/■ Frliiny.—\i\i:\- 
 
 lUiy l>*"*'' It'tlct ur jHiil 
 1 or lutiui'y iir viilualili; 
 
 taking or tmlii/./Aui;; ir 
 ,iiu«iiil III 11 tVliiny UMiliT 
 iiwint? ll'i! '"""^' '" ''"*'• 
 , tftkwi, <'.mbi7./.leil, ^r 
 L>u M'lit or inli'iiileil III !»■ 
 in Knulaiul and Irclmni 
 il in Si^i'llaiid «f » Wu'i 
 nifty I'l' indicted ftiid oun- 
 (soiy al'tef tlu'fact nrfof 
 and, ill tl>« billor ca.<f, 
 
 IVlon .Hlmll tir shall noi 
 [nwiclcd, or Hlmll ot sliall 
 slicu ; nii'l ''vcfy "":'' ''"• 
 ieicd, slinll be liable lo k 
 
 BCBS lor life. . 
 
 m;, ofter Delivery thrM 
 
 shall I'raiidulently rflait, 
 c or kcqi or detain, or tan; 
 
 1 l)V uu olliccr of the i«i>l- 
 n'i'uae to deliver up a |»iit 
 
 hnvc been dclivcrcil In any 
 Ht letter bat? or post Icim 
 jn t*ent, whctber the mt 
 nl by the person sccreiiiif, 
 , or neglecting or rcfiisinj to 
 )r by liny other person, -hjll 
 
 land be guilty of f ™'J«- | 
 and of a crime ami oW. 
 ,,,11 be liable to be fmM 
 
 led Votes or PronfJi'il! ™ 
 erv person cmploycl "Uhe 
 :Bloil,or8hallforaBvp«t- 
 tc. ot destroy, or shall fi- 
 in course of convcvM"" 
 he post, any printcJ votes ot 
 
 Lent, or any printed M.H 
 Jrintcd paper >vl.ate«^»' 
 rovers, ot 11 covers open « 
 riand'aiidlrelamikguJd 
 and iti Scotland ot a cnw 
 
 Inviction sliaU »f-»* 
 or imptisonment, or i 
 
 Ireland, /'Wonj/.-l!'^"} F I 
 
 Uerira^i-iti'f^J 
 
 r time being of *Jg»;^l 
 ,d or Ireland, ore any p^w I 
 
 ethini,toanydraft,««»l 
 
 /ni/i I'o»t-uffu'e. — Tho most gniiw and «enn- 
 ,|aliiiin almscM wcrolonn pn!valc>nt in pvcrv depart- 
 nifiit of llie Irish IMJst'oilicp. i'hu Oommissionors 
 „l jii'Vi'iiuu Inipiiry t>xurted Hu'inselvcs to aliatu 
 tho iiiiiMUiie ; but, as it woulil apjx'ar from the 
 (tiilenco III' the Diiko of Kiclinmiid bol'oro the 
 ,'uiiiiiiitloe of Iho llouso of (y'oniinons on |iiiblic 
 -alarii's, witlioiit mueii clU'c^t. Mis (irace, how- 
 int'r and Hiilisequent |H>stniaHters, have lulioiiri'd 
 niih laiidabli! activity and zeal to iiitroduco 
 Mnii'ihing like honesty, order, and responHihiiily 
 mill thi» department, 
 
 L'MTKU Status. — Wo Riilijuin an account of 
 ilio rales of postage in the. Ilnilod .Status, under 
 Ad (if Congress of March ;J, IHlW. 
 
 Ruttt of Ihimeatic Pottiuje on Let'i-rs. 
 
 Vmljtil wrUhl iiftlnill' "'•• i "'■ ii»iilril\i|i..l,. 
 
 VioiAtir on kluKls-'iil*^ Ivttrr, IhTuiiKhi *. tlit' tJnileil KUItt 1 rrnU. 
 
 l,«iKh»ilililta»l )<"•"' 'l'<'-l)i"'„ • , ■ • 3 ,, 
 
 V.rtKum'il'op'l""'"''"'!"'"' '••'""''y' '"' 4"'' - ' '• 
 
 loirmliiiJillltal"'*"'' "''""''!""' ' ■ 'i „ 
 
 l\i.Wf Ml "Il Juiiirtll': iFlli'" num be iiri-|i.ilil l.j >lain|n. 
 
 links iif Neu'KjMilier Poiitaije (IhmieulU). 
 
 I'listaRe on papers to subBcribers, when |)n^|mid 
 
 (IHiirtcrly or yearly :— 
 
 ^.'t renin |irr qiiartt'r. 
 
 lUililTlimnllwPi-ll) 
 
 
 - HI 
 
 III ,i ) 
 
 
 - r.(l 
 
 Tri»iiklT 
 Vml-weflly 
 
 
 * l.'i 
 
 
 ■ lu 
 
 Wrtlll . 
 
 
 a 
 
 Weekly newspapers (one copy only) sent by the. 
 imlilisher to actiml subseribers witliin the county 
 where (irinted and published, free. 
 
 Staiwlaril weigiit for ii singlo rnle, 4 o/.. avoir- 
 iliiiKik For eacli aildilional weight of 4 oz. or 
 fraetion thereof, an additional rato is charged. 
 
 PosURpper quarter on newspapers and periodi- 
 l caN imtd less frequently titan oiire <i week, sent 
 I til aciual subscriUirs in any part of tho United 
 iSliites:— 
 
 I'OT.ATOKS 
 -the iinpuro carbonate of 
 
 tiig 
 
 potass of 
 
 Sfp:i-monthI"i, not o»rr -1 ox. 
 
 - Ci 
 
 I'lil^ 
 
 licr 
 
 jn.irt 
 
 OTt-r 1 III. ami not ovtr H 07. 
 
 - IV 
 
 
 „ 
 
 
 oTfT H <)/. and nut ofvr I'i 01. 
 
 - \s 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 Mon-hlj.nototerl 0/. 
 
 ' ^ 
 
 
 f, 
 
 
 oitT 1 02. nntl not otot K 01. 
 
 . li 
 
 
 „ 
 
 
 o>«T s (1/. niid not over 1 '2 tiz. 
 
 ■ 'J 
 
 
 „ 
 
 
 ^mneTli.niitoTpr 1 or. 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 oter 4 0/. aixl not over S 01. 
 
 - •! 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 uicr 8 oz. aiiil nut over 1 'I ox. 
 
 . 3 
 
 
 
 
 Postage as above must bo paid quarterly or 
 lyeariv m advance, either at tho oflice of mailing 
 |oriieiivcn', 
 
 ro.ST ENTRY. When goods are weighcil or 
 Imeasurcil, and the merchant has got an account 
 Ithereiif at the Custom-house, and linds liis entry, 
 lalteaiiy made, too small, ho must make a post or 
 iildilional entry for ihe surplusage, in the same 
 manner as the lirst was done. As a merchant is 
 pvaj-s in time. i)rior to the clearing of tho vcs.sel, 
 llo make his post, be should take care not to over- 
 pier, to avoid as well tho advance, as the trouble 
 f setting back the overplus. However, if this be 
 fhecase, and an over-entry has been made, and 
 Tidre paid or bonded for customs than the goods 
 leallv hmded amount to, tho customs ofticer must 
 ^gaify the same, upon oath made, and subscribed 
 fcr the person so over-eutered, that neither he, not 
 ^y other person, to his knowledge, had any of 
 Je said goods over-entered on board tho said ship, 
 _ anywhere landed the same without payment 
 f custom ; which oath must be attested by the 
 pUector or deputy, who then computes the duties, 
 pd sets down on the back of the certificate, first 
 ► words at lenfjth, and then in figures, the several 
 puis to be paid. Post entries are now almost 
 W wntined to cargoes of grain. 
 jPOTASH (Dan. potaske; Fr. potasse; Gor. 
 T^tasche; Ital. sale alcali; Span, potasa; Russ. 
 psoh). If vegetables be burned, the oabes 
 pviated, and the solution boiled to dryness in 
 p vessels, the mass left behind is tho potath of 
 
 comnierro- 
 I'beinisls. 
 
 It is intensely alkaline, soliil, and coloured 
 brown by the lidniixlure of a small portion of 
 v.-getable inllamniiililu matter, which generally 
 becomes moist. When potnsh is calcined in a 
 reverberatory furniu'e, the colouring matter is 
 ilestriiyuil, it. assumes a sixmgv texture, and ii 
 whlllsli pearly lustre t wbeiuie il j.i denominated 
 peiirl iisli. The latter genernlly ronlaiim from OO 
 to 8:i or HI jier cent, of pure eiirbonato of potass, 
 
 'I'lio ashes of those vegetables only whicb prow 
 at a dlslanco from tbti sea are employed in the 
 maniifaclure of poiash. Herbaceous plants yield 
 llie large.st porlliin, anil sliriilis more tliiin trees. 
 It is (irini'lpally mnnufactiireil in America, Ku^sla, 
 and I'oliind, the vast, forests of which furniilh an 
 inexlinustiblo supply of axlies. 
 
 In the year IH(!."), exclusive of nitrate Ac. of 
 potash, I 1:1,7711 cwt. of pearl and potash were im- 
 ported into the li'iiited Kingtlom. (')fthe.s«! I I3.1MA 
 cwt. were the iiroiluee of llritish North America; 
 Ihe remainder of lh(! United Slates ami France. 
 The highest price was realised on the colonial 
 liroduce. The potash im|iortod in IH67 crmsisted 
 <ir l7H,(ill) cwt. of muriate, cliielly from Hamburg, 
 .1,1) l'<i cwt. of pnissiate, ;j;t,'2l4 cw't. of sulphate, and 
 IDH cwt. of bichromate of potash. 
 
 Ashes from ('anada have always been duty free; 
 but lho.se from Kiissia and the United States used 
 to j>ay a duty of (U. per cwt., which, after being 
 reduced in IH-lii to M,, was linallv repealed in 1846. 
 
 I'OTATOIuS (tier, kartoll'ehi; Dutch, aardap- 
 p(den ; Kr. pommes do tcrrc , Itul. patato, pomi ile 
 lerra ; Span, patatas manchegas ; liuss. jabloki 
 semlenUe). The roots of the Solanum tubero»um, 
 of innumerable varieties, and too well known to 
 recpiire any description. 
 
 1. Ilistoricul Notice. — Tho potato, which is at 
 present lo be met with everywhere in Flurope, 
 and forms a principal part of the food of a 
 considerable proportion of its inhabitants, was 
 entirely unknown in this quarter of the world till 
 Iho latter ])art of the llith century. It is a native 
 of America, but whether of both divisions of 
 that continent is doubtful. (Humboldt, A'ouveUe 
 Espayne, liv. iv. c. 9.) Some authors allirm that 
 it was lirst introduced into Europe by Sir .lohn 
 Hawkins, in 1545; others, that it was introduced 
 by Sir Francis Drake, in lu7i! ; and others, again, 
 that it was for the first time brought to Knghind 
 from "Virginia, by iSir Walter Kaleigh, in IGHti. 
 Hut this discrepancy seems to have arisen from 
 confounding tho common, or Virginian |)otato (the 
 Solanum tubenmum of Linnaeus), with the sweet 
 potato (Convolvulus battatas). Tho latter was 
 introduced into Europe long before the former, 
 and it seems most probable that it was the species 
 brought from Nc^v Granada by Hawkins. Sweet 
 potatoes require a warm climate, and do not 
 succeed in this country ; they were, however, 
 imported in considerable quantities, during the 
 lUth century, from Spain and the Canaries, and 
 were supposed to have some rather peculiar 
 properti(-s. The kissing comfits of FalstaflT, and 
 suchlike confections, were principally made of 
 battatas and eringo roots. (See Collins' elaborate 
 note to Troilua and Vrtssida, act v. scene 2.) On 
 the wb(dp, wo are inclined to think that we are 
 really indebted for the potato (as well as for 
 tobacco) to Sir Walter Kaleigh, or the colonists 
 planted by him in Virginia. Gerarde, an old 
 English botanist, mentions, in his Herbal, pub- 
 lished in 1697, that he had planted the potato in 
 his garden at London about 1690; and that it suc- 
 ceeded there as well as in its native soil, Virginia, 
 whence he had received it. Potatoes were at 
 
 'I 
 
 i 1 
 1, -'il 
 
 ■is 
 
 ii 
 
 \ 
 
 
' J ••■> 
 
 '■ J 
 
 l« f* . * 
 
 I 
 
 ' * 
 
 
 1120 I'OTATOKH 
 
 llrnt ciiUivAtcd liy « very fi-w, niiil wcro lonki'd 
 upon iiH n K^'iit ili'liciu'y. In n ninniiHcri|il iic 
 (■(Mini of tlii> liiiiiHi'liiilil I xpcnHi'N iif Ijiiccn Anno, 
 wift' of .IftinrM I., will) ilji'il in KIIH, and wliii-li iH 
 *np|MiH('tl to liiivc li(-<-ii wriltrn in Kilil, tlic pnrcluuii' 
 til' Ik very Rinnll ipiantity of potntiK'it in iiicntioiicil 
 At tlin prico of '1$. per ixiiind. 'i'lii< Kiiyiil SiM-lcty, 
 in l(Ui:l, ri'ooniiiipndi'd tlu' extension or their 
 ciillivntion, ait n inennN of prevenlin^; fAniine. 
 I'n'viouMly, however, to ICiHI, they were rniHed 
 only in the (^nrdenx of the noliility nnd K*'i<'<ry; 
 but in that year they weru planted, lor the lirxt 
 tiin(>, in the o|it<n lleIdH in hnncaxhire, a eoiuity 
 in whieh they have lon^ been very extvnitively 
 fiilliviited. 
 
 rotatoeii, it in ponnnonly lhoii);lif, were not 
 inlrodneed into In-lnnd till 1)110, when a xniail 
 i|iiAntily WAM split by Sir Waller ItaleiKh to be 
 pbiiitt'd in a Kiirden on IiIn estate In the vielnity 
 of Voii^hal. TliPir rulliviition extended far more 
 rapidly than in Kn^Iand, and lia.^ loii); t'lirniHhed 
 froin thrpe-liftliN to foiir-liftlis uf the entire IikkI of 
 the |M'ople of Ireland. 
 
 I'olatot'H were not rained in Seotlnnd, except in 
 gardenx, till I7'2H, wlien lljey were planted in llie 
 open lieUlH by u person of the iinmo of I'rentiee, a 
 (III V labourer at Kilsyth, who ilied at Kdinbur};li 
 in 1 7it2, 
 
 The extension of the potato oiiltivation has been 
 partieularly nipiil diiriiij; the |>resent eentiirv. 
 Tlic (|iinntity that is now raised in .""cotland is 
 mippiised to bo from 1(1 to Vi. limes as threat as 
 the i|iiantity r' in it at the end of tlie 
 
 Ameriean war; I llion;,'li the increaMo in 
 
 Knf;land hn8 imi liei'ii nearly so fjreat iis in 
 Soot land, it has been jjrealer than diiriiij; any 
 previous period of eipinl duration. The inereasi' 
 on the ('ontinriit has lii'cii similar. I'oI»|ih-s are 
 now very larj^ely eullivaled in Kranee, I'riissia, 
 anilAniitria: there haviii)^ been devoted to their 
 eullivation, in France, ;1,(IM7,0I7 En},'lisli acres, in 
 I8(>J; rriissia, iMI^dll) acres, in IXliT; and 
 Austria (ex (Jalicia), I.IIOH.IIH acro.s, in l«(l(!. 
 They were introduced into India towards the 
 end <if last century ; oiul arc now successfully 
 cnUivatcd in llengal, and have been introduced 
 into Iho Madras provinces, Java, the I'liilippines, 
 and China, iiut the common potato does not 
 thrive within the tropics unless it be rai^'ed :i,(IO(l 
 or 4,000 feet oImjvo the level of the sea, so that 
 it can never como into very general use in these 
 rcKiiins. This, however, is not the case with the 
 Bwcet potato, which has also been introtiuced into 
 tropical Asia; and with such success, that it already 
 forms a considerable portion of the food of the 
 pcopio of Java and some other countries. iSo 
 rapid an extensian of the taste for, and the cul- 
 tivation of, an exotic, has no parallel in the 
 history of industry ; it has li.id, and will continue 
 to have, the most powerful intlucnce over the 
 condition of mankind. (For further details with 
 respect to the histor}' of the potato, see Sir 
 F, Jl. Kden On the State of the Poor, vol. i.p. 608; 
 }Iuml)oldt, Esiiai tur la .\ouville K»pagne, iii. 
 4(J0-4(i.'), '2nd cd. ; Sir Joseph Banks On the In- 
 troduction of the Potato ; Phillips's Ilintory of 
 CultimteU ]?'egcUihltt, vol. ii. art. ' Potato.') 
 
 2. Influence of the Cultivation of the Potato on 
 the Kumber and Condition of the People. — There is 
 a considerable discrepancy in the statements of 
 the best authors as to the number of individuals 
 that might be supported on an acre of land planted 
 with potatoes, as compared with those that might 
 l>e supported oti an acre sown with wheat; some 
 stating the proportion as high as itur to one, and 
 others at only two to one. According to Mr. 
 Arthur Young, 1 lb. of wheat is about eqiiol in 
 
 nutritive jwiwer fo 6 lb. of pntAtm's. |im j|, 
 Neweiihain, who hnn eari'fully iiivesii(fiii,'il ilu, 
 subject, stales that ':i lb. of k"i><mI iiinilv lHiliii„pJ 
 are, iiiidoiilitedlv, mure lliaii I'lpiivalr'iit'h, | ||, ,, 
 bread ' (Neweiiiiani 0« Ihr Poiiutulimi nf hrliiJl 
 p. ;1I0) ; and his estimate is ralli<>r aliovo Mr 
 Wukelield's. Sup|i<ming, however, thai I )h „f 
 wheat is fully ripial to four lb, of pnlalDM, ,|j|| 
 the dilVerence in lavour of the "uiierloriiuaiiiiivc,) 
 fiKxl derived from a given (|uantity of lmi(l|jlaniii 
 with the latter is very great. Accnnlln^' Ui SU 
 Young, the average iirodiice of polntocH in Irclnmi 
 may Ih> taken at H'2 barrels the Irish nmr, wlikh 
 at 'io stone the barrel, is equal to 'Jfi.'M'M ii, ; jmi' 
 this being divided by /<mr, to bring ji lo Hic'^iin, 
 standard, in point of nutritive power, iik wlic.n 
 gives .'■),7 10 lb, Mr. Vouiig furtlier csiimni,., n,, 
 average produce of wheat, by the Iriili iicrcai i 
 ipiarters; which, supposing the (pmrlcr In wiv), 
 •IHO lb., gives ill all l,'J'.'0 lb., or almiit \ |,nrt"i 
 the solid iioiiriNhmonl afl'orded liy an iii:ro(i|'|«i 
 tatoes. (7V)i/rm /'■c/hik/, Apnen. pp, 1:', '.'Ur 
 •Ito. ed.) This estimate iimsl, liownvor, be »onii- 
 what moditied, when applied lo (Jnat llniain; 
 the soil of which, while it is better ndnptal lutli' 
 growth of wheat, is generally siipp(wi'(l net to I. 
 ipiile HO suitabli^ for the potato as llwil of Inlanl, 
 Hut it notwithstanding admits of (lomimnlrjlMi, 
 that even here, 'an acre of fmlohn irill f„l 
 itoulili! Ilir number of indiviituiih thai ainlni.l 
 from an acre of wheat,' (Cienvral lie/iurt oj itiv- 
 land, vol. i, p." .17 1.) 
 
 Il is clear, therelore, on thu most moderate o». 
 timate, that the population of a imtalu Min; 
 coiinlry may Iwconie, otlwr Ihimj* brimj nUi 
 ei/iial, t'roiii 'J to 3 times as dense "us it wnull lie 
 were t lie inhiibilants led wholly on com. /Iiilit 
 is exceedingly doubtful wliellicr un iiimuf nl' 
 population, brought about by the sub-liiiiika of 
 the )iotato for wheat, be de.-iiralilp. In use is a 
 subordinate or subsidiary species ef l*«l is at- 
 tended with the iM'.st ellects— proiluiiiyMh an 
 increase of comfort and securilv; but llicre arc 
 certain circumstances inseparable from il, which 
 would seem to oppose the most furinidaUc nbsli- 
 cles to its advantageous use us a /irime artiolc ffi 
 subsistence. The di8CU8.sion of this .lubitTt cu 
 Imrtlly bo said properly to belong to a worliudhLt 
 sort ; but its im|)ortAnce may, perhaps, excuse ui 
 for mailing A few uliservationa willi respect to iL 
 It is admitted on all hands, that thu raKof 
 wages is principally dctcrmiiicil bv the npctiMi<| 
 food made use of in a country, Now, as ikiUmm, 
 form that species which is produced at the verrj 
 least expense, it may be fairly presumed, on kpd« ' 
 grounds, that wages will bo reduced to a minim 
 wherever the labouring classes arc mainly dq 
 dent on jiotatoes ; and the example of Ird 
 shows that this conclusion is as consistent wil 
 fact as with principle. It is clear, however. Il 
 when the crop of potatoes happens to be deliciei 
 in a country thus situated, the roiidition of il 
 inhabitants must be in the last de.!|:rce unfoi 
 natc. During a period of scarcity, men cannot 
 from a low to a high level : if they would elm 
 its pressure, they must leave the dcsrcranJri 
 to cheaper species of food. Hut to those »l 
 subsist on potatoes this is not possible; iheyhii 
 already reached the lowest point in the dcscem " 
 scale. Their wages being determined by 
 price of the least expensive sort of food, tlwyi 
 not, when it fails, buy that which is dearer 
 that it is hardly possible for them to avoid W 
 a sacrifice to absolute want The hi.storyof "j 
 land abounds, unfortunately, in e.xamples ot IDT 
 sort. Nothing is more common than to see if> 
 price of potatoea in Dublin, Limcrid ic, m, 
 
I'ltTATnKS 
 
 IILM 
 
 ,f polftlm'H. llul Mr. 
 u\ly ii>vf'<iii;Hii'c\ iiiis 
 
 I' j;'i>iiil ini'ii\y )iiit»liio» 
 II t'i|iiivilli'iit 1(1 1 III. "I 
 
 /'ii/iH/iiliiiii 'if Irtlimi, 
 i< tH riilluT ttlpiivi? Mr. 
 
 luiWi'VtT, llml I Ui u( 
 iiir Ui. i)f iiiiliilon, Hlill 
 
 Uiniiu|«;ri«)r(vi«iiiiiyiO 
 
 (luiuilily "f 'i»»l 1''""' ' 
 f»t. Afi'iiri\iiit; til Mr. 
 CO i)f viilfttoi'it ill Iffliui'l 
 i« the If'wl' ft''""' *''''■''• 
 cniiftl l» '^••^•'"''" >'' •' '"'' 
 r, to liriiit? II l« ll"' •»"" 
 
 itrilivo v"*''' "" *''"^'" 
 nj; fiirlliiT I'Nl'mialin lli. 
 lU, liy tlic lri<U mrt, n t 
 \\\^r the (iiiiirtcr to wi'ii;!' 
 !0 111., nr nlioul \ \an U 
 fforilf'l liv iiii ni-re "f I"' 
 ..</, Ai>l><". m'-l;-''-'*'' 
 . iiiU!<t,Ui>w<'vcr.bi'«"n»- 
 ; li..d to (inal Ur,u,i,-, 
 it !•* liittiTmlaiW""' 
 
 cm.tivtoni*llmi«f IMaiil. 
 , lul.niu of .lomonslrulwn. 
 ;,cr,- of t»>M"'' "•'' ';- 
 i,„;;,.i./«../.H ( ""'•'"".';• 
 
 . (Cencrul lifl"''^"]''"^- 
 , on ll»- mn^' mmUratc f»- 
 
 i',\.iiioi. of II ii»i:>i"-i'*'"-; 
 
 iVsnsaons.. as.t>sai* 
 fol wliollv on .Hini. liiiii 
 iCul wl.fliu-r an '"'"*' "' 
 „bull.vll>'"'"V""""" 
 
 '"'".V . ' i,.,.1m.'WI\ an 
 
 n,.9 u-«iw« ;>r.ra« article Of 
 li\,iol)clont'toawotl.ul">'-' 
 
 e\valioi>s«ithrc.rt; 
 „ all banils, ihnl tl»: '"' V 
 
 Vl^tol prcsume,l,on);e«rJ 
 ■ ■ the example ot w| 
 
 „„, .=, n« consistent y" 
 
 loiid 
 
 elusion IS 
 
 lie. 
 
 tatoca hapiiciis . . 
 
 luld elu 
 and If* 
 
 in 
 
 
 Ithis is not po* 
 lowest 
 «g beit 
 
 this 18 ""^ p-r- u ieacena 
 rsortoffood.th'!* 
 
 lute want .1''"' u oft 
 |rtunately..n"7,<,see 
 
 Dublin, Limencs* 
 
 ,111*1- "fa "cnirily. to U or C tinics their or.hnary 
 inn, mill Ih'' I"'"l''"' In h<' iiivnlvnl tiirhe c.'ilrciiir 
 ,,1 .iilViriiiL; ; ami vrl it riinlv h:i|i|»iis, ii|iiim Hiii'h 
 ',„,■llsilln^"tlwll l(n' |>ii'«' oi' iiirii is niiilrriallv 
 llicli'il, nr lliiit 'll|^ h""" <|ii:mlity lliiiii iniiul is 
 ■\l„rtn| 111 Kntjiiiii'l. 
 Il iii.iv Ih' saiil, |irrha|is, that, hnil |iiiIiiIih>h imt 
 
 I, ,,„ iiiirmhi I. wliral, or harli'v, or onls wmihl 
 
 liivi' lu'ili III'' lowr.'^l siii'iirs iit I'lmil ; iinilllwil, 
 
 iilioiH'ViT lliiv haiipi'iii'd 111 t'liil, I 111' |iii|Hiliil' HI 
 
 « iilil Imvc hull as ih'stiliili' as it' llicy hail linii 
 
 .iil.»i<tiiii,' no liolaliicH, Il iiiiisl, liiiwi'vir, liooh 
 
 M.r\iil, ilial till" |iro|iiirliiiii wliirli I lie iirirr of 
 
 ulioatiiir niiVH|i(>fi('S of uraiii, lirais lo ific iiricr 
 
 i.f liulcliiTs" nii'al, tea, lnrr Ar., is always tic- 
 
 liiliillv (,'roatrr than the |iro|iorliiiii which tlir 
 
 iiriiT iif pi'li'tooH I'lMirs to tlirso arlirlcs; ami il 
 
 lliircfuro r.illiiws.lhat a l>ro|.lc who have ailnplnl 
 
 « licit, nr an V Hpccies of corn, for the principal 
 
 |,;irl of tlioir'fiiiHl, aro niiicli hctlcr alilc to make 
 
 liiWiiiiml purchases of hiilchers' meal Ac. ; ami 
 
 «ill, conseipieMlly, ho mon' likelv to liave their 
 
 Miil'i flivalnl.so' as to coiisiiler I lie coiHum|ition 
 
 ui a ii'rinin (iiiniitity of animal fooil Ac. us in- 
 
 ilunpnsahle to exisl'encc. Ami he.ice it ajipears 
 
 Miunalilctouonclilile, Mint a pcnple who ohielly 
 
 MiWst on corn woulil, in most cases, mihsist 
 
 iiMlialiy w biitcherH* meal, and woiiM enjoy n 
 
 i;Mifr'iir li'iw quantity of oilier nrticlea ; 8o that 
 
 it vtiiiiM he posHible for them, in a period of 
 
 wanily, to make Hudi retrenchments as would 
 
 cnaliW Ihini to elinle the severity of itn pressure. 
 
 Hut, tlinu(;h the population in rorii-fecdiiij; 
 fiiimlriwwprc depenilcnt on the cheapest species 
 iif pain, not fur a part only, hut for the whole of 
 Ihoirfmiil, their situation would. notwitliHtandiiiK. 
 U Itss hainrilous than that of a population siih- 
 sislinf whollv on jiotatoes. 
 
 In thtyirj/ place, owiuf; to the impossibilily, ns 
 to all practical purposes at least, of proserviiin 
 jmtJtws llio suriiliis produce of a luxuriant 
 iTof cannot lio stored up or reserved as a slock 
 111 m«t anv siih.sequont scarcity. The whole crop 
 luii-t iififssarily be exhausted in a siiiKle year ; 
 .•Kilhal.nhcn tlie inhabitants have the misfortune 
 111 lio overtaken by n scarcity, its pressure cannot 
 W ,illcvi,;te<l, as is almost uniformly the ease in 
 (•m-fooilinf! countries, by hriiigint? tlio reserves 
 <if former hnr\'ests to market. Kvery year is 
 lliw left to provide subsistence for itself. VVIieii, 
 in the one hand, the cro|) is luxuriant, the siir- 
 |ilm is of comparatively little use, and is wasted 
 unpruClably; and when, on llic other hniid, 
 il il (li'ficicnt, famine and diseaso necessarily 
 pifvail. 
 
 In tlic ifcoiif/ plaoo, the Roncral opinion seems 
 
 til lie, that the variiitions in the quantities of 
 
 jprodiicc obtained frnm land planted with ]iotatoos 
 
 jarc greater than the v.iriations in the (piantitie.s 
 
 if |iri«luce obtained from land on which wheat, or 
 
 iiy olhir species of grain, is raised, 
 
 And/iM(/y, owinp lo the Rre.it hulk and weipht 
 
 if ivitatoes and the difticulty of preserving them 
 
 |n shiplxiard, the expense of conveyini; them 
 
 I'fini one country to another is so very preat, 
 
 Ihat a scarcity can never be materially relieved 
 
 '!' impurtinp; them from abroad. In consequence, 
 
 line Willi chiefly depend on potatoes aro practi- 
 
 dly fxHmled from participatiii}; in the bcnevo- 
 
 nt provisinn made by nature for ri|unlising the 
 
 in.itmns in the harvest of particular countries 
 
 j^ moans of commerce, and arc thrown almost 
 
 Wly on their own resources. 
 
 ^V' should, therefore, ho warranted in concliid- 
 
 'Mtvin thiiugh we were not possessed of any di- 
 
 'I evidence on the subject, from the circumstniici' 
 
 'lie potato being a crop that cannot be ke[)t 
 
 on hand, frmii its natural lick hrnes/i, and from llio 
 
 incapacity of importing; il when MiiHicienl, or of 
 e.xporliiiK it whi'ii in excess, that Ihi' oscilhitimis 
 ill its price iiiiMl he );realer lliiiii in the piiic of 
 wheat ; and such, in point of fact, i^ llie case. 
 The iKiill.iliiiii ill wheat is thought ^reat when 
 I's price is doiililed; hiil ill n si arce year the 
 piiliilii il lint iiiifreqiii'iiily ni.r limes as dear us 
 ill a pliiilifiil i.ne. {Minutvn nf Hriitinvr tithvn 
 hi fun till- Aiji iiiilliiriil ('iiiniiiillir of IH.'I, |i. 212.) 
 
 And 1 1 (iiiimiriilively frequent' rcciirri'iice of 
 
 scarcities 111 li'i'land, and the dcNliliilioii and 
 misery in which Ihev involve the pnpiiLiliiin, 
 alhiril lint Ion convincing; proofs of the uccuracv 
 of wlinl has now been slated. 
 
 It is, tliciefnre, of (he iilniost conscijuenoe to 
 the well bciiit; of every people, and to their pro 
 lecliiiii ill yi'iirs nf scarcity, that they sIkhiIcI nut 
 subsist principally oil the potato. In this coiiii 
 try, the pressiiri' of a .scarcity is evaded by re 
 sortinj; to inferior species of food, such as pota- 
 toes, and a lower standard of comfort; hut if our 
 people were habitually fed on the potato, thia 
 would he iiiipracticnble. The clmncis of famine 
 Would thus lie vititly increased ; while, owinfj 
 to the low value ol the potato as compared 
 with most other things, the labourers would 
 have less clianco of (irescrvinn or acqiiiriiig a 
 lasl(> for animal food, or other iiecesHaries and 
 luxuries; and, conseiiuenlly, of chanfrin;; at 
 any fiituru period their actual condition for a 
 better. 
 
 It is not easy to form any very accurate onli- 
 ninte of the profit nnd loss attending the cultiva- 
 (ion of potatoes to the farmer, as luinpared with 
 olhiT crops. This is a point as to which Iho 
 statements of those best qualilied lo give an 
 opinion ilifTcr very considerably. Mr. Loudon 
 says, ' They require a great <le«l of manuro from 
 the fanner; while, generally speaking, little in 
 ri't;irned by them; they are a bulky, unhandy 
 article, troublesome in tin lifting and carrying 
 proces,ses, and interfering with the seed season of 
 wheat — tlie most important one to the farmer. 
 After all, from particular circumstances, they 
 cannot be vended uiiIosh when rai,scil in the vi- 
 cinity of large towns; hence tlu^y are, in most 
 respects, an nnprofitable article to the agricul- 
 turist. To him, the real criterion is the prolit 
 wliicli potatoes will retiini in feeding beasts ; and 
 hero we apprehend the result %vill be altogether 
 ill favour of turnips and ruttiliai/n, as the most 
 prolitablo articles for that purpose.' 
 
 It seems diiliciilt to reconcile this statement 
 with the rapid progress of the potato cultivation : 
 but those who assent to what has been previously 
 advanced with respect to the nii.schicvous conse- 
 quences that arise from the mass of the population 
 liecoming dependent on tlie |iotato as a principal 
 article of food, will not regret though it should 
 turn out to be accurate. 
 
 Dr. Cohiiihoiin estimated the entire value of the 
 potatoes annually consumed in (ireat Itritaiii and 
 Ireland, at the close of the war (ended 181.">), at 
 sixteen millions sterling. Hut it is needless to say 
 that there arc no materials by which to form an 
 estimate of this .sort with any pretensions to 
 accuracy. The one in question ha.s been suspected, 
 like most of those jiut forth by the same learned 
 ))erson, of oxaggoration : and we incline to think 
 that, had he estimated the value of the yearly 
 produce of potatoes in the empire at twelve millions, 
 lie would have iM'on nearer the mark. But on a 
 ]ioint of this sort it is not possible to speak with 
 anytl.ing like confidence. 
 
 in IHi')7, we imported 1,371,223 cwt. of pola- 
 ' toes, chicll\- from France and Ilollaud, valued at 
 4C 
 
i;. 
 
 •1 ■ 
 
 11 33 I •( vrn; II Y 
 
 ll'.IT.III/, mill i'ii|mrl<il Vl!) cwt.; wtiilx In Ihn 
 Niniii' vi'iir, iK'c-iirilin^' Inllir |iiirliiiiiii'tiiiiry ri'liirim, 
 llicrr wi'io III llii' I'liilnl KiiiKiluin I,.'i00,tl'.' I ni'ri'x 
 ili'volril III |Hilnlii*'N, iif wliii'li till' nliiiri' III Iri'liiiiil 
 Wit* l,<M)l,.'il.i. Ill INtiH Ihu liillxr liiiil l,o:il,H[iil 
 nt-ri") ili'vnli'il III llinl i'r<>|i. 
 
 I'Hri'KIM. I I'.AimiKNWAliK; I'lllK'KI.AIN. I 
 
 IMUlNl'K. IS*Ni>.\ii.u ii.l 
 
 l'(U'NI». 'I'lii' imiiiii Kinii 1" II wi'li;lil iiwcl 
 
 IIS II Nliiiiiliiril III ili'liTiiiitii' llii< ^;nivilv iiiiil 
 
 <|iiiiiililv III IiihIii'ii. I U'l iiiiirN ANii Mka 
 
 hI'lll'K. I 
 
 I'tMlM*. A iiiiiiii'v I'l' lUTiiiiiil . '.'0». 
 I'OVVDKK, (;i'N. |(iiiNiowi.i.ii.| 
 
 I'liAriQii:. I iiiiLM III III *i III i i^'MisN 
 
 1 INI'. 1 
 
 rUI'.CIOi'M Mr.TAI.S. A ili".inhnlii>ii In- 
 i|iirnlly ii|i|ili<'il li> H»\tl mill xilvrr. Wr Iwivi- 
 Civi'ii, iiiiiirr llii' iirlirli'M liiiiii iiiiil Sli\l'li, it 
 Nlliirl iii'riMiliI III rili'li iiii<liil: mill wr tiiin |irii|iiisi' 
 liiviiii: 111 Inn' I lie ri mlrr hhiiik ilrtiiilM Willi ri'»|«'i'l 
 til llinr Hii|i|ily iiiiil riiiii<iliii|iliiili. 
 
 'I'll I'liliT liilly iiilo lliis lull I'l'NliMK ninl ililllciill 
 miliji'i-l MiiiiM n'i|iiir(' ii luii^ i'hkiiv, iir iiillirr it 
 InrKc voliiiiir. Mr. .liiriili'|Miiilli«lii'il, ill 1h:i|, nii 
 /linlmirtil //ii/iiiii/ iiitit the I'riHliii'linH iiml <'ii;i 
 miDi/iHon lit' III!' I'niidiit Miliils, in win. Ii hi- 
 tiiki'H ii|i till' Niiliici't lit lli<< rarlicNl (ii'iiinl. mid 
 i-<iiiliiiii("< ii III llii' tiliiivi' i'|Hii'li. Ami, IIiiiiikIi lor 
 I'ruiii liciii;; !<ii IriiiiH'd, roiii|ilrli', or Miili.-liirtiny lU 
 iiii»;lil litivc lii'i'ti rxiicrli'il, lliin uorU I'liiiliiiiiM a 
 Hiiiiil ili'iil 111 viiliiiililc iiil'oriiiiiliiiii. mill iIi'hitvi'h 
 llio allfiilinii ol lluwi< wliii taki> uii itilrri'^l in 
 Niii'li <'iii|iiirii's. Iliil williiii llio la.il ri^lil or li-ii 
 vi'ars I lie diiliji'i'l liiw a(-i|iiiri'il an iiili'ii'Kl anil 
 iiniiiirlAiifc wiili wliirli il wan not. prcvimiHly 
 invi'xli'il. 
 
 ■S'H/)/i/y n^Mr I'rreiom Metith. — .Siin-i' llic ilin- 
 rovi-iy 111 Aini'rira liy far llir mviiloi imrt of llio 
 Hii|i|ilit<ii III' ^iilil anil Nilvi'r liavi> Im'i'ii iloriviMl 
 I'niiii llml conliiionl, rrrvimixly in tho pnlilioa 
 linn of lluiiiholilt'H ^ri'at work, H»$»i iHilitiffiir 
 »nr III Nnuvfllr-hJt/HtiiHf, H'vern\ I'.itiniatcH, Home 
 ot' ihcm I'minnl liv itiiliviiliinli* of jrn'at inlclli- 
 Konco, wi'rc inciroiilntion, of tlio i|iiiinlilit'H of ^olil 
 and nilvor im|)orloil from Aniorica, Tlioy, liow- 
 ovor, dilTiTod wiili'ly from I'lii'li oIIut, and wi-rc all 
 franird from roinimralivply limitiMl KinircPH of In- 
 forinalion. Iliimlioldl {h'^mti mir la S'ourrllr- 
 KifHifinr, tonir iii. p. ■II'J) lirniiglit tlii'HO cNlinialcH 
 tofft'tlu'r n.i followii;— 
 
 nil'.rUM.S MKTAJ.S 
 
 KimwIm 
 
 MIH SUi 
 
 U'H IhVI 
 
 I4II1I I <iM 
 
 JM'i Ini; 
 
 Irit nmi 
 
 I I'll \tii< 
 
 i»ii' iji; 
 
 XUi IWlll 
 W'VI ITT.I 
 
 \V\ll,lll|iv,,l 
 I,''"MN11M«1 
 1.l»"l.l«l,l|«, 
 l.-.,U..iic„^,„ 
 I.IM.'in,,.,, 
 
 N.KKII.IHIII^HM 
 . .Vll.l|l<l.ll|,| 
 
 l.«iiii,iiiiii.iaii 
 
 ''^iTViiiii.iMi 
 
 IM4II1 
 
 i«„|„tf 411,1 
 KI,i*1I'm14 • 
 
 N««.iipiii 
 lUtiKl 
 
 ii.iU-iiMiit 
 
 Nr. k>> 
 
 limlN'ilt 
 
 liw iiiillxir of / >i N> I 
 
 .Uri.V > III! M.'in '. 
 
 »»r,', AiiKl. x;vi. I 
 
 lliil llii'.ir liiivi' Ih'I'Ii wliiilly HiiiM'rm'ili'il jiv ||,. 
 iniiii' rxli'iiHivr mill liiliiiriiiiis iiivi'iiij-iiii,,,!, .>i 
 lliiiiiliiililt liiniMi'lf riiis illiiHlijuiin iriivillii 
 lll'^•ill^s lii'illK ari|llllinll'll tvilli ||!I llial IiiiiIIm.ii 
 
 wrilli'ii on till' MiilijiTl, anil liavinj; nmly «,,, ,, 
 III iillii iai miiirrri nf iiiriirinal lull iiiikiinwii (., ih. 
 wrilriM alrrady iilliiilrd In, wat Will virniil mil,, 
 llii'iiry mid piailirr nf niiiiiii^, ninI irilirnllv >a 
 uniinrd Nrvrral nf llii> iiin.sl ii'lilinilcil hhh.m' ||,. 
 wiiN, lliirrfnii', iiiriinipiiralily lii'llir i|imliii,i| i;,r 
 fiiriiiiii); rnrri'il iniirlih-iniii us in ilir |iii,,| ;ii„| 
 pri'Ni'lll lirndlirlivriirMi nf llir min(„ Ihim iiiiv il 
 lliiiHi' wliii liad lillliri'ln Npi'i'iiluiiil nil ||||. ,|,|,|,,| 
 lIlM hlillrliiriilM liavr, illdrrd, lirrii ai'i'iiii'ilnri mi- 
 ){rlillinli: and wr ilirlilli' In lliiiik lliiil lliiri'iirr 
 f;rniindM fnr lirllrvin^; llial lliin rliarKi' in, iu M.iiir 
 liii'.iiiiir, Hill fniiinlnl, paitii'iilarly a-i ri-siurl,! lli. 
 ariniinli of llin prnlil.s nmdr liy liiiiiiiif;, ninl ■ 
 llii- I'Nli'iil In wliii'li llii' Hiijiplii'H nf till' iinrioinl 
 ini'lals iiiiiy ln' iiuri'aw'd, Itiil lliii i'tilii'i»m ll|^, 
 plii"!, if III all, in a vrry infrrinr ilr^'ni', i„ ivj 
 iirroiiiilH lliiinlinlill lias ).;ivi'ii nf llu' luiai |,ni.F 
 iliiri' of tlir mini's, and Ilir I'xpnris In Kuni|<',j 
 And iniikiiiK rvrry allntvmu'r fur llii' iiiijii'rfiTiii<ii| 
 inirpiralilr fioiii Hiirli iiivi'sli^iiliiiii'i, ii I* ..ijljl 
 Iriin llial llii' xlali'ini'iilH in i|iirHtiiiii, ainliln'rn-l 
 ipiirii'H on wliicli llioy art' fminili'il, an'aiiii'ii;;tliiil 
 iniiHl valiialdt' rontriliiilinii.s llial liavi' Uvii iiiadi! 
 In slatisliral m'irnri', 
 
 AcrnrdiliK In lllllillinldf (A'.i.'iiii inirkXm»lk-\ 
 Hn/nii/iie, iii. r.'H, '^'iiil I'd.) tlio amiiml iivirn;i' jii|)- 
 iilii'M of till' prrcioim nii'tala dciivci! Irum Aim'ilal 
 liavr lii'vn aa follow 
 
 Kiom MnHle l.tOII 
 
 i.iiHi i.M.n 
 
 I.M.I IlilHI 
 
 if'iKi Kim 
 
 Kllll I7MI 
 
 i;.',ii iHii.1 
 
 IVIUn ■ Vtir 
 
 Man .liiiiir. 
 
 (.1ll,nw 
 
 ■ .i,<tii.i<ia 
 . ii/»i,«n 
 
 . |k,IVIII,l>(l 
 
 . n.'i^i.iiiki 
 >1M^ 
 
 'I'lio followiii); ifl lliimlioldl'.s mlimnlo of L. 
 nnniinl prodiiro of llin mini'.'* of llu' New \Vorl( 
 at llu! bi't^iiiiiinK of tlio prcspiif iTiitiiry:- 
 
 .1 
 
 , ,1 
 ■' t 
 'if 
 
 i,! 
 
 '• i 
 
 ( i 
 
 '- * 
 
 i ; 
 
 I'dIIIU'*! illiUlont 
 
 Mim af 
 Oulllc 
 
 M 
 
 KlloKi. 
 
 Mllm 
 
 Valurodhfl^M 
 •ndlillminlUk 
 
 M«rriiif 
 l^ulll* 
 
 KlloKl. 
 
 Vlr«-cn;>lt; «r New HiaUn - 
 
 VUf -rojAliv III r,ru 
 
 I'dinu'll IJenrrnUhlpiif rhill 
 
 Vi(«.ioMiil]( of Huctiiw A;in^ 
 
 \'li'«'>roT*ltt of N»w (iTAiuila 
 
 llMlll ..... 
 
 7,0(10 
 .t.^ml 
 
 IV.VI',! 
 
 1l,yi)i) 
 
 «0,MI.1 
 tll.'HIll 
 
 I,R0!1 
 
 Mm 
 
 4,111 
 
 <i.'.;.i 
 
 1I,VII,1IVII 
 
 (ill,ll<lil 
 
 •i!l,7lHI 
 
 4HI,H.M) 
 
 14o.i;h 
 
 l\,H-ll 
 llO,Tlil 
 
 «,iinn,i<iii 
 
 4,ll,»,'«) 
 J,1»i,0i>l 
 
 ^i 11,1111 
 
 Tol«l 
 
 V'.ill 
 
 IT,»'ll 
 
 .■..IliO.HIO 
 
 H\!tn\ 
 
 l.l,V«l.l»l 
 
 n 
 
 Taking the dollar nt 4>. Gd,, this would ^'ivr 
 O,riri('i,000/. a.-^ the total annual producu of tlio 
 Amorionn miiirs. llnmboldt furilior csiimatcd 
 tlu> annual prnduc-o uf the Kuroprnu niini;8 of 
 llunj;nry, Saxony il-c, and those of Norllicrn Asia, 
 nt the same period at nlioiit l,00l),OU0/. more, 
 makiii); in round nunibcrti their entire produce 
 nearly 11,000.000/. 
 
 The quantity nf pold produced in America nt 
 the liOfiinninj; nf the century was to the qiiantity 
 of silver as 1 to 40 ; in Europe the ]iropnrtionH 
 were as 1 to -10, The value of equal quantities of 
 gold and silver wa.s then in the proportion of Xh 
 or loj to 1. 
 
 From 1800 to 1810 the yield of tl'c Amtriii( 
 mines continued to incrca.sc ; ami their [imIm 
 and that of the Kurnpcnn and UiiiisiBii iiiiiit'.», *(J 
 then prnhably ralhcrnbuve than Mow ll,0(Ki,lWj 
 Hut in the last-mentioned vcar the cimtivt M 
 which terminated in the dissolution of llie nfl 
 nection between Spain and her Aiiiprican coioiiief 
 The convulsions and in.seciirily ari.'sinit mit ;>' 'I" 
 8truf;);k' — the [iroscription nf Iho oU SpMil 
 families to whom Iho mines principallv bplonso 
 who repaired, with the wrecks of Ihcir fonuw 
 some to ('uha, some to Spain, and some lo w 
 ilejuix and the south of Frmicc-i'iusoil il| 
 abandonment of several of tiie mines, ui i 
 
'.TAli* 
 
 • 1 
 
 Ihillm 
 
 
 
 V4 
 
 '^,^.^•,l•llV>•l 
 
 
 ),'rfll.lllllMillfl 
 
 MA 
 
 l.iii>ijii»,i<ii 
 
 III 
 
 l.i.U..l»«l^li«l 
 
 imi 
 
 •tit^*.'^"'.'*"* 
 
 (If" 
 
 Il,«ili,i«ai^l«l 
 
 III 
 
 ^»Ul">t,"(ttl 
 
 wm 
 
 l,AiiigRai,tiiRi 
 
 7^^ 
 
 pi/ni."'»'ii»'ii 
 
 Hilly HlllHTKlllicI l'\ 111' 
 
 riiHiH iiiviKliniiliiiii' 'I 
 Ih illiiw(tiimi> Inmllii 
 will) iill '1»>' liiiillii'ii 
 i\il liuviiu; riMulv n... .. 
 null ill" >iiil*i'"«" '" ''" 
 1, wiin W'll vrrmil mil 
 lining, ""'I <'fi'''»"y '^ 
 ,n| ci'li'lintlnlmmin. II'' 
 •iilily lii'llir i|iiiilniiil I'" 
 l„„; „s III llii' I'lW 'i"'! 
 iC ilir ik'hii'" tl"»> !'">"' 
 siH'Culiiliil "" ll"'-»lr'' 
 |,.(il,lii'i'i>i»'''""'''"'''^''" 
 ,. |„ (liiuU lliiil lliiri'iitii 
 
 „il lliiH ilmtui' i». ill ~"i'"' 
 ,arti.'uliirly»HK'»l'"l''''"',I 
 ! um<l>' '"i' i»'>»''"t!i '""' 
 ,. MW\W* of till' l"'>'i"'i' 
 ,1 lint lliM ftltlOlMIl »ii- 1 
 ,r"v inl'iTi""' ili'j!"'!'. '" ''"I 
 
 m ,/ivru ..r n»' i"i:ii i"i-| 
 
 „l il,,- .'Niiiiris to \.m*.\ 
 „w»iuv liir 111.' u«)..Tfitii"n| 
 , inv.'sliniili''"*. ", '; '""I 
 
 ,,„H in .i>»'«l'""' '"""'"' '',"1 
 . ,ircfmiH'l«'.l,»f"M"i«'"i 
 ,„lioivH llualmvoUvaiiia.li>| 
 
 |,.,Ull(/v..i.i.»rti.Vi'««'[<j 
 
 IWUn • V»' 
 M w Aiimf- 
 
 »MIJ"1 
 . J,li|Ii,l<« 
 
 . l«JHli.i"l 
 
 ; . St,»«l/«l 
 
 1,0 miiKs of ilii>No»«»'il 
 1,1, present ''t'litiiry:- 
 
 KIluK*' 
 
 M7.M'' 
 141).i:» 
 
 ii,H<; 
 
 llll.TI'l 
 
 f5i>«i 
 
 Value of ih* I'''' I 
 inl Sil'" I" '"' I 
 
 ~ 1J,IWI.I>*' 
 
 «,i*',i"' 
 
 1 Vit*'.***' 
 
 4,1ii.l<>'_ 
 
 ^IJ,W.i"' 
 
 niKciiMis 
 
 ,\iriuiriliiii"v fiillliiK "IT In llio niiiuiiiil nl ihcir 
 hfiHlui'i'. liM'ri' iiri' no nii'iiiiN nf i'><liiiirilin)( llu' 
 
 'f,., xli'lll of III!'' ilt'i'ltlli'; Itill HnnrillllK In 
 
 Ii,i.k tvliK I'lilli'i'iril mill i'oiii|iiiri'<l III! till' 
 
 ixi-lmi; iiil'iinnnliiii Ho' Niilijirl, llir luliil 
 
 imm"!' proiliH'ii III llii' Aiiiriiriiii iiiini'H, nii'lii<i\ i' 
 iif |ir?i«il, iliiri"K ''"' •"•,V''iii« iiiiliiiK wllli Ihj;», 
 l„;iv III' ("illlllilli'il III l.tMll.HMM/, ji yi'iir i lii'illK 
 Ullmii i ilii'if |iroiliii'i' III llm ln'KiiminK of llir 
 oiiliirv. ('Iiii'il', 'i. ■-'''"■■) 
 
 ll liii^ iiowrsrr, lirrli hii|i|iiini>iI lliiif iiiiriili 
 „llin I'MinniTilH'il till' liilliiiK olV. Ami, ill nil 
 ('Miil4, IIk' Nii|i|iliri< III' liiillinii oliliiiiiril friiiii 
 |t|i>\|i'n mill Siiiilli Aiiirrii'ii lii'i'iiii loitirii'iiMi' Miiiiii 
 ,,llir llii' |iiililii'"li"i' of 111" "I'll* (l**iH). 
 
 ll n|i|><'iiii* Iri'iii till- lO'tiiniH Nriif Imnii' liy llii< 
 llnibli ('iiiisiiIn I lull H"' roiimur of >;i>lil /iml 
 .il.ii III till' MrNii'illl liiililK iliiloiiiili'il III (HI/ 
 liK'i.ll'.'il.lH'* iloli', ill INIH lo l',t,,ilM;,V,.l ilnli. ; 
 iiiil, iiriiiriliii;; lo Mr. Sccrrliii y ot Li'.'vilinn 
 
 Miiiillrliili.il llllliiilllli'il, ill llio llrHl :i I Ilin of 
 
 Iw,;, III ;l,'.lli'i,lli'li iloli. (>*<'<• liiH vuliiiililr //i' 
 i..rl'"f .liilv lll| IHI'iM.) Iliil II in Well hliowii 
 llial niiiKJili'tiilili' i|iiaiifilii'H of llii'Hii iiii'likli mil 
 raiMil mill " 'Vliorli'il ffoiii Moxii'o tvillii.iil lii'iiij; 
 lii"ii;'lil III III!' iiiiiilM to III' I'oiiinl. 'I'liKiiii; 
 llii. ilnii iiilo iiiriiiiiil, »ii nIiiiII mil, |ii'rliii|iM, 
 Ih' vrrv wiili' III llli' iillirK if we rHiiniiitr tin- 
 onliri' ih'imIiu'i' of llir Mr.xii'llll miIiii'm in IHl/ iiiiil 
 IHb nl njiiiiil r.i mill '-'U iiiillioii ilolliii'i, of i 
 nhirli iniiii 17 to '.'11^ inillioiiM v/i-rv in Nilvii'. 
 Anil, imUvilli^liiiiililiK llir nniii'rliy lliiil Uii-* imi ! 
 liuui'il III iircviiil ill I lid oouiifry, llicri) Iiiih on ! 
 
 iiicrAus 
 
 ii!<:i 
 
 linsc-uritvar... -^ "^ 
 
 llii< ii\rriiK<i liirii II ron>ltli<inli|i> iiii'ii'iiHn in llir 
 iiilrrviil. 
 
 Ill IN.iO (III' |ir<Hlnrc of till' IVriivliin inlnP'* 
 will inliniiili'il III iilioiil i;,OiMI,illM) ilnli. s mill II in 
 mil Mi|i|ionril lo liiiM' \iiiiiil iiiin li in llii> inlur 
 vi'iiiiii; jiitIoiI. 
 
 'Mil' |iioiliiri> of llio lloljvimi iiiiiii'N ii intiiiilly 
 
 riliiiiiili'il III. iiIhiiiI \ of fill' |iroi|iii f ItioHi' of 
 
 I'irii. 
 
 Ill IHi'iV llio vitlili' of llio );ii|i| mill Nilvrr in roiii, 
 liiiri, mill ori', rximrlril Irmn I'liili, mnoniitril, 
 iirriirilin^ lo llio < 'iihIihh linii'io riliiriiH, lo 
 'l,IN,i,'.>Nl iIiiIm. ; mill wo lii'lir\o wo hIiiiII iioI ho 
 fur wroii); || wo i .liimilo llio loliil |irii>|iiro of ilio 
 (.'liilliili liiilioH III ,'i,IHMI,IMIO ill, I.. 
 
 'llio olaliiiriilo 'liiniitoH ol llirkinyro, I 'lii'viilior 
 {Miniiiiiii; |i. '.':.'.X), mill ollior mitliorilH'^, in 
 ii'r.aril lo llio iiriHlni'o ol llio niiiioi of llrii/il nml 
 ollior |iurlH ot Anioririi, ilillor vory wiijily ; iiiiil 
 llioro 11, in Irnlli, liillo IiohhIom roiijoilnro on 
 wliirli lo I'lirin mi oiliiiiiilo. j'rolialily, liowovir, 
 il may miiniiiil (o\ <'aliforiiiii) lo alioiil l.iliMI.IHHI 
 iIoIn. TlioalioM' roNiill.x, \\ III n liroii^jlil tof-otlior, 
 nivo for 
 
 Mi'il'.i 
 
 I'i'iii 
 
 lli.llYin 
 
 ■liilliir« I 
 
 'i.1,IHHI,IHHI I lull 
 li.lKill.lHHl All i.lll.'r |i«il. 
 'V.lhlll.llllll J ,,, I 
 
 il'illan 
 . .I.INNI.IHI'l 
 - -t.lHill.irilll 
 
 ■ 4ii.*Hm,ii"rfr 
 
 Ilirkiiiyro'H I'tlinialo of llio jiioilnotiiin of llio 
 lirorioiiM inolalH in IHlt'i mnl iH.'iO, imo of lliit 
 iminf oliilioralo iiml valiiiililo liilliorfo iiiililiilioil, 
 ii|i|ioiiroil in till' 'I'lmiii of Ma\ I'.l, IH.'d. Wu 
 Niilijoin Homo of its |irin<-i|ial |ioriioim. 
 
 \U' Cnlridiiliim) i/i I'ulur nf fine Guld 
 
 CmiKinilirr Talilr, ihowinp llir Aniiiiiil J'riiilinr (ii/iiiniximiitr Cnlridiiliim) i/i I'alur o/' fine 
 ml Silrrr I'lir IHlli iiiiil IH.II), llir first lieiii;/ 'I'liui i'mrn Infiirr llir. Difriirrri) nf tlie Jlirh J)i\ 
 (if (liilil ill Calijiiiniii ; Ihr. litltrr, Two IrumuJ'lrt llir IHHriivrry. 
 
 ~j iMt m.w 
 
 Counllllt ■■ — — ■ - - - — - • . . - 
 
 rililofnii 
 l'|||l^l Mllft 
 Mfiko . 
 Ni-a liiuuiU 
 I'rfu . 
 IMiiil . 
 I hill 
 
 Uiuil 
 
 Tolil of Norlh mid Houlli 
 
 Anieiirl 
 
 Niini; . ■ . 
 
 NonhdnmaiiT • 
 
 Sllon) • . . 
 
 Auwtii - • . 
 
 fwilinont 
 
 ^]'|^n ■ . , 
 
 I mini Kinjnlom 
 
 Aim . . 
 
 Iluiim ... 
 
 A.I ... 
 
 MiliiTa 
 
 Siunuiu . . . 
 
 Aiin4mi.TTmqulii . . 
 
 I VuKHuiouiiinv. • 
 
 Toul ot Kutopf, Aftlci, and 
 An . . 
 
 Tiul uf Norlli and SuuUi 
 Amtnca 
 TMal . 
 
 Hold 
 
 V.'17,.1.Vi 
 
 MII.7M 
 
 H.'.v.in; 
 
 IHl, '41 
 
 l.li..1.'M 
 
 1 1 ■t,:ihb 
 
 JI.'i!l,K7 1_ 
 
 I, :WI,. ".(!!) 
 .Vlll,«'^7 
 
 "sw 
 
 •VH'U'ilt 
 I7.HII 
 Y.I'JII 
 
 Vll.'l.'Jdd 
 
 .iii;i,!Km 
 
 llMMUNI 
 7'<,«1I) 
 11.1.7 l!l 
 
 .^ll,.^»,-l 
 ill,U71 
 
 4,M3,l9'i 
 
 ijoi.sf.n 
 
 .'.,H«i,7M 
 
 hlltrr 
 
 4t 
 
 UVW 
 
 .1,'t.'i7,IIVil 
 
 Vl.'IVI 
 
 l.mKi.'.m 
 
 4iiii,ril 
 
 v!i;,ii(ii 
 
 t,i*a 
 
 .^,v6l,nl!> 
 
 l(17,H.11 
 
 S/kIIIi 
 
 I.IM.II/'/ 
 
 ■ •JH.VIHI 
 
 »ll'/,fl >4 
 
 7, in 
 
 »<7.|i|!l 
 
 lO'J.'IMiJ 
 
 l,ll.'>li 
 
 1,'iHI 
 
 .•il7 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 5.111 
 
 Sl.liill 
 
 S.'I.IHHI 
 
 1,«H,.'W« 
 
 A,iini,ni'.i 
 
 «,.'ilS.9'A'i 
 
 Tumi 
 
 lllll'l 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 I'^.IMlll.lNlll 
 
 '/.iii.'i'.ii 
 
 II 'i. nil 
 
 .1,71111,77.1 
 
 .IH'Mliil 
 
 m■\,^^li 
 
 •i'i/,lll7 
 
 l,lli|li,H'l 
 
 llll,'lll 
 
 ,'il(ll,illl 
 
 liii,V,7 
 
 'l«'/,llll 
 
 14.Vi1'' 
 
 H«I,H74_ 
 
 1IHiJ,llliH 
 
 ri.vi.i,i7it 
 
 1.1,11 l,i|H'l 
 
 ,i,.'.ii7.'r.H 
 
 4,IT.'i.Hlill 
 
 .ij,.iiii 
 
 __ 
 
 1.1H,17'I 
 
 .Vi7 
 
 I'lM.vim 
 
 
 !>i,r,,mi 
 
 'JHH,7llH 
 
 t!i:m'> 
 
 II.H4I 
 
 Vl<.l»Vl 
 
 •i.iiin 
 
 lii>j,(i'|i» 
 
 _ 
 
 iiii.ii'ifl 
 
 »1I1.||IKI 
 
 .1li7.4n4 
 
 .•Vl'-.M',!! 
 
 imi.'ii? 
 
 IIKI.IIIIII 
 
 7'^.hl4 
 
 ?•/,'/ Ill 
 
 Ii4 ,11411 
 
 1.1,7 1'l 
 
 m.m.'i 
 
 .10.\h4 
 
 II.1,!I7.". 
 
 .'.I1,'I7,'. 
 
 ,'i,7U'J,4'Jlt 
 
 ,^,1l'i,.'J33 
 
 (i,.',r..'?,l79 
 
 I.1,.H1,'I1'I 
 
 l»,irw,fl77 
 
 lH,l..-il,'.Vi 
 
 Hilvn 
 
 'I'ulal 
 
 g 
 
 t 
 
 1 t,mn 
 
 I'i.ni./.iim 
 
 11.411 
 
 r/ii,nn 
 
 .'(,111.1.11.1 
 
 ^1,71.1.. '(.II 
 
 l'i.!l/'l 
 
 'i'ti.i,-,(i 
 
 I,IIIIII.'|H.1 
 
 I.IKHl.h'M 
 
 41,11,011 
 
 .'>/ii,',i» 
 
 '^'IJ.IU'I 
 
 44V,I.I4 
 
 ■ixn 
 
 VIII, lU.t 
 
 7,'<Vi,IHI 
 
 iii.r,oi,si.i 
 
 I7I.KI7 
 
 '4,.1I7.I77 
 
 1', ,1.1 17 
 
 ,Ti.l.il7 
 
 im.ii'i'i 
 
 I1H,.17IJ 
 
 l'IM,'ll() 
 
 lUM.Vlm 
 
 mh^n 1 
 
 »7.*,l.7'l 
 
 7,411 
 
 «4,»'<.'> 
 
 4411,^10 
 
 44V. 7nH 
 
 11,11,111111 
 
 liiiVaHi 
 
 1 .0'lR 
 
 ■ill4,ll.'i6 
 
 l,'>HI 
 
 ;UI7.llll 
 
 .'il7 
 
 II 111, '.17 
 
 171 
 
 7'^,'.lt 
 
 1111 
 
 fil.lllll 
 
 fi1,ll,ll 
 
 Ml.ltl^ 
 
 H.I.IHJII 
 
 H.1,117.'i 
 
 l,'.^H,.','J2 
 
 (,,H40,'J73 
 
 7.«1'I,<IV4 
 
 Sll,«)l,>ll.1 
 
 ^,711,1 11. 
 
 'i7,44»,7Hll 
 
 I * Cula>i*t of China and JaiMii, whlcli produce laric« quantltlM uf gold and alWer, the amount of which la (|ultu unknown to Euro|ieanl. 
 
 'The quantities (if roIiI and Bilvur produced at 
 lie unilcr-mciitiiiiicd o|)Ot'lis were : — 
 rill IKOI tin: (|iimitiiv of pure >;old produced in 
 |iiicrMwiw4C,33l lli.'; in Kuroiie and NortluTii 
 >ia U.M'lusive of (Jliina and Japan), 4,!)!(; lli. : 
 
 N proiluco, .M,'>.|7 lb.=fi5,'J10 lb. British 
 
 fsn'l,iril(;iilil = 2,(;i'2,200/. 
 ■n 1«IU ilic iiuantitv of pure gold produced in 
 
 mirioa w.is •2,),,iU3 lb. ; in Kuropc, Africa, and 
 
 p (i.^iiusivc of China and .Japan), 8!t,171 lb. ; 
 
 1^1 iirodiicc, lM,ii7.l lb.= 125,108 lb. Uriiish 
 iMr(lj;old=.5.8-l()77:'/. 
 
 riiiK<iiJtlioi 
 
 luaiitity of pure gold produced in 
 
 America wan 2fil,7Jll lb.; in Europe, Africa, and 
 A.sia (e.Kclusive of (Jhina and .lap.in), 10l,'219 lb. ; 
 lotal iiroiliii'P, ;«;,'i,'t"jl) lli.r^.yi>'J,217 lb. IJritiah 
 .standard n<dd = IH.Ii.OI.ICii/. 
 
 ' The above (|iiaiilitii!s are probably IcsH than 
 the actual production. The dulicH on ({old in 
 |{iis.sia on the produce of the private miiiCH nro 
 heavy, varying from 12 to 24 per cent, ; in 
 Austria they amount to 10 per cent , in ISrazil to 
 ll per cent., and are undcr.stiKjd to lead to a ^jrcat 
 deal of Kinu^tj^ling. In other conntrieH, sucli a.s 
 the United IState.s, where there are no dulies, tho 
 gold and silver btatcd in the table are only the 
 4 c 2 
 
 ,4: 
 
 I 
 
 -. *i 
 
 \ 
 

 .<\ -■- '• 
 
 I; 
 
 / ) 
 
 
 ' 1 
 
 ■-■•:■ E { 
 
 i ^ 
 If 
 
 112t 
 
 niKcior.s jMi:tals 
 
 ilimntitios Iii-iiiikIiI to )1io niinU to Ik> ciuiiimI, 
 tliori' lii'iii^ no iiiriuis of (IcU-riiiiiiiii^ tlio (|<.iiiiitity 
 usi'il ill JL'WclUTy uiiil (illiur arts iiiiil mimiiriu'- 
 tiire.' 'I'lic lixrd" diitios on silver in Moxieo were 
 (in 1 H(i7 ) ahovc 17 \ per cent. 
 
 1 1 in, perhaps, uiiiieci -^sary to ohsorvo that nil 
 investipitioiis into mailers of this sort are lialile 
 to be ait'celeil by so many sources of error, tlial 
 even when they are most skiiuilly anil cautiously 
 oonibicted their results are not always to be 
 (lepoiuled on. Itiil speakiiif; ^'eneially, we are 
 dispo.sed to think that the forej^oiiif,' estimates are 
 raliier within than beyond the mark. And it Is 
 worthy of notice that they do not dilVer nuieli 
 from lliinibohlt's estimate" (4;i„')!)(l,()t)() dols.) of 
 the |)rodiice of the American mines ut the be- 
 ^inniiif; of this century. 
 
 Hus.siiin Jiliitcs. — Small siipjdies of the precious 
 metals have for a leiif^lhened period been obtained 
 from Hiissia. Ihit since 18.')(), and more ispe{-ially 
 8iuce IK'IO, the produce of the Hiissian mines and 
 washings, but principally the latter, has been 
 
 o only 'J-2,7(;« kllo^,'. a-year. (<)tre.sclilv„iv d 
 Or it df I'Arffi-Htflf.'i. 171). Tlic nullnir «:i, ;, 
 
 rapidly and larKcIy increased. 'I'hus iU pr,,,!,, 
 of Hold from the Siberian wnsliiiif,'s,iiii| il„. i,,';,,''^ 
 of the Ural, which amounted (aciordin.r |„ .i 
 olllcial returns) to ;t,H7r) kiloi;-. in lNi;(;"iii,i| j" 
 creased in IISIO to «,7.'lt> kilo^., ainl In |s|- 
 •27,;!tl-' kiloj,'. Since then, h<i\veviT, tlm iipmIii,,! 
 hiis rather fallen otf; and rliiriiif,' tin. ;( y, , 
 ciKJiMf; with IS.VI their averaj;e vicM m^,,,",,, ' ' 
 
 lo ■ ■■■ " 
 
 /•( 
 
 coiincillor of state in the service ol ihc. (,,,1^1 
 {''ormerly the value of the silver siippjiiii |,y {'J^ 
 sia ijreatly exceeded that of the i^i,\,\ ; l,,,] ^j',,"' 
 \H'M) tliis has not been the case; fur ivhili. ii, 
 jirodiiee of f;old has been so very f,'reatlvincnvN.' 
 that of silver has varied hut lii'tle (from I7,i)w|ii 
 lK,i)l)0 kilop. n-year), so that the value rirt'hii;,r. 
 niiT is now about twenty tiiiics tlial, of i|n, |,,||,., 
 'I'll!' followiiij; table, extracted troin tho ivurk (f 
 iM. Otresilikolf, is founded on ollicial ri'turin. .mii 
 jjives n view of the production ot tlic prrci'i',;, 
 metals in Uussia down to IHO.'i: — 
 
 ■ O- I I i r' J I ~ * '• 
 
 Account of the Quantity ami Value of the I'reciiiun Metals produced in Russia from I8IO/1) l»tj.l 
 
 iHin to 
 
 ISiS 
 
 ISIS 
 ISZ-I 
 
 Toiali 
 
 IS'2'. 
 IMS 
 ISM 
 
 klloK. 
 
 it;,iH.'. 
 
 tlSI.M.t 
 7S..'.«7 
 
 M.IIHS 
 
 4IS",KI0" 
 
 fr.inc4 
 
 M.SKI.IIH 
 
 :7.'.I4A,7S0 
 
 !(.'.«,I..14,JK0 
 
 307,VI)li,K'>fi_ 
 
 "7„m,M(i,7m 
 
 kllaR. 
 IS9,IN!) 
 
 .'..l.'I'.U 
 
 M.fiK 
 
 7ftl,K3fi 
 
 franrt 
 
 'js,,'ir,.-,,iiiiH 
 
 1 1 ,!IUS,.14S 
 
 l.'Vi 14,8111) 
 
 ilJ.HM.O.lG" 
 
 Anniul Mmer 
 of i oul IVoduH 
 
 frann 
 
 r,.i,w,H-,s 
 
 .V ,»«»,!/!( 
 Kl).Mi,3;ill 
 
 The Kussian authorities liave ascribed the falling 
 off in the produce of the mines and wa.shings since 
 1«17 to the exhaimtion of the deposits and the 
 un.<ikilfulne.ss of those enf;aj;ed in the business. 
 IJut though this be most probably the ease to 
 some extent, it is believed that it has been in 
 part al.so occasioned by the heavy taxes imposed 
 on the gold raised bj- private |)arties. These vary 
 in amount, according (o the productiveness of the 
 mines and washings, from about 12 to 21 or '_'.j 
 per cent., and arc most o|)pressive. 
 
 While, liowever, it may be fairly assumed th.it 
 these heavj- duties liave tended to lessen the pro- 
 duce of gold, there can be little doubt that their 
 princiiial effect has been to defeat themselves by 
 tempting the parties concerned to ado))t every 
 means for their evasion, which the notorious cor- 
 ruption of the revenue olliecrs renders an easy 
 matter. And in addition to theinllucnce of these 
 circumstances over the private mines, the depre- 
 dations and carelessness of the parties employed 
 to work the crown mines teii quite as much on 
 their produce ; so that we need not be surprised 
 that it has been doubted whether from a third to 
 n half, or more, of the gold furnished by the Kus- 
 sian mines und washings be not omitted in the 
 official returns. Ihit, taking the delicit at a fourth 
 jiart only, and supposing the olKcial ju-oduce of 
 the washings and mines to amount at present 
 (1869) to about 70,000,000 fr. a-year, the real jiro- 
 diice would be equal to 87,C-. J,000 fr., 01 ' 'I00,(t00/. 
 .'itcrling. It is said that the Kussian Government 
 iiif'^nd to throw open the crown mines and wash- 
 ings to the public, and at the same time to make 
 a large reduction in the duties on the produce ob- 
 tained from the private mines. This would be 
 sound policy ; and if it be adopted, a considerable 
 increase in the sujiplies of gold and silver may be 
 anticipated. 
 
 P'-oducc of Gold and Silver in other parts of 
 EurujK. — It might have been sujiposcd that the 
 late extra'>rdiiii.ry inllux ef tho j)recious metals 
 from California and Australia would have given a 
 serious check to their production hi Europe : such, 
 however, has nut been the case, but ou the contrary 
 
 it has considerabl3- increased within the la.ttra 
 i or twelve years. 
 
 j Lead ore always contains a groalor or li-i 
 
 I quantity of silver; and when the value of 
 
 1 the latter is sutlicient to repay the e.\ppn<i', 
 
 j it is usual to extract it by means of tlio [irnccst 
 
 of ' rctining.' This iirol'css has liitiirlv iHni 
 
 j much improved, and is now profitnlih afplioil 
 
 to ores to which it was formerly uiisiiitalile. M. 
 
 \ as silver in Kiirope is mostly ohtaiiieil fmrn W, 
 
 I this has been a principal' source of its laie 
 
 increase. 
 
 In 18-15 some rich mines of nrgonliformis loat 
 were discovered in the provinces (if Jluroia anl 
 Ciranada in Spain, not far from Aiioiint; ihoyiiM 
 of silver from which, and the iiihies in utha 
 parts of the peninsula, is bclicvcil to amoiiiil in 
 600,000/. or (;00,000/. a-year. The proiluiccfil,/ 
 Austrian and German gold and silver miius b 
 also increased ; those of Austria nloiie, in ISii), 
 being valued at upwards of (;,l()ll,Oiii) ll>rir.-, I 
 of which Hungary and Transylvania coiilribiiiw | 
 98 iier cent., and small quantities are fiiniishO'! 
 by Italy, France, Sweden, and other parts uf I'if I 
 Continent. 
 
 The reader may perhaps he siirpriseil to Ifjm I 
 that, in consequence principally of the im|)riivK 
 process of relining already referred to, no few 
 than 805,394 oz. of silver; worth 2I5.-100/.,iter( 
 obtained from lead in the United Kiii£;(loraiiilSii' 
 During IHliO we imported 0,49;) tonj silver « 
 mostly- from (Jhili, which were valiiedit :'7J,J11''.: I 
 and in 1807, ;>,393 tons. This, luiivevcr, is t" ^ 
 reckoned in the produce of Chili rather tban if | 
 ICngland. 
 
 The total production of the prceioiis melalgia 
 Kuropc, exclusive of liussia, may be rouf;lilv esli- 
 muted to have amounted iu 18G'() to l,40ti,0!ili/.or | 
 1,500,0:10/. 
 
 On the whole, therefore, it may reasonably be 
 concluded that the aggregate produoiion of tht | 
 precious metals (excluding the produce «l ll" 
 Culifornian and Australian gold lields) iii.\niei 'S, 
 \siatic Russia, and Europe in 18ti6, oinowiwl •' 
 about 15,000,000/., viz. ;— 
 
rUKCIOL'S 
 
 ,0(1. '\'\\u^ 111' ]irc»lii,'.i 
 ivn^liini^xiinil the iiiinn 
 itcil (iKVoriliii;; In 111,. 
 kiliv-;'. ill l**-i'>, liiiil ill 
 IuIdi;., mill in l.siT i,, 
 , liiiwcviT, tlic ]irn,!iir,. 
 i.\ (\iiri\i(r llic li vi iri 
 wiTiim' vii'M nmijiiiit'il 
 (■cur. ((')lrc-sclili(.lV. /) 
 17'.!. Tlic mitliiir \v;i. a 
 (> Hcrvicd 1)1' till' (Viir.l 
 I', silver miiiiilinl liy llu-- 
 ; (if thf niilil ; liul Aiu- 
 tlio case ; for wliilc lU' 
 so vory urciitly iniTonici!, 
 Imt little (from IT.OiWtn 
 fliiil tlic viiliu' iilthcfiir- 
 
 r tilliP^ tlllll. (if till' lalllT. 
 
 iracti'd trom llio work nf 
 i;il 1)11 iitlifial rcturnii, im^ 
 •oiliu'tioii ot the |iri'ci'i;;« 
 
 '.ns»iafrom 1810 (o l».Vi. 
 
 AnnuM Atmjp 
 of l otal I'ruducf 
 
 nnrs 
 IfiT.'tSil 
 
 'ir>:i,(HiH 
 
 J'JH,.H« 
 
 ii.-i.'iiin. 
 
 frjnci 
 fi.iHf,« 
 j;,il«'J.'JI« 
 
 )iH,IHMi,<N><( 
 
 iio.(*ViJJ 
 
 creased within the laat ten 
 
 •ontftins n greater or hi 
 and wlieu llic value I'f 
 
 It to repay the espen*f. 
 it !)}• nicana of tlie iiriWi* 
 prni'oss lia.'f liitifrly km 
 
 1 is now jirolitnlily apphoil 
 
 s formerly unsiiitaWe. Ami 
 mostly obtained from W, 
 
 •inciiial source of its liie 
 
 mines of nrsentiforoui W 
 lie provinces of Murcia wi 
 i far from Alioiinf,tlwyi.!l 
 
 h, and the mines in «th(i 
 la, is believed to amoiinl l« 
 a-year. The produce ntll' ] 
 n L'old and silver minvs l* 
 
 of Austria alone, ni m. 
 ,wards of (;,H"M««) ll"rir,.. 
 nd Transvlvama oiiitnl)'ii« 
 
 *iall quaiUities arc hiniisliC'. 
 eden, and other pails oltJt | 
 
 Icrhaps he surprised to Ion 
 ' prineipallv of the iaip'vw 
 nlrcadv referred to. no km 
 fsilver; worth 21o.W/,,«l 
 
 1 the United KinsJommlsv 
 (ported 0,495 ton., silver « 
 [hich were valued M -2.^.^* 
 
 Ions. 'l'l'i«-'>"^^T''Hn 'I 
 Iducc of Chili rather than » 
 
 lion of the preeioiis metal^'J 
 t IJ.msia mav be roushh f 
 lutc"lb'r8CGtol,W.«l.o. 
 
 |ereforc,itmayreasonaHvbe| 
 1 iimrreL-ate nrodi.ction on™ 
 
 1 Europe in 18ti6,oiiiouiit.M.' 
 
 KVi- '■— 
 
 Xj(),')(l().(NI() 
 
 . .^,'jlH),()lll) 
 
 l.'il>l>,l)(K) 
 
 jti:>,iiu(),() 
 
 A-iaili' llil»>l.l 
 Kiirul* 
 
 TuOl ■ 
 
 Vuldi'dii<'li"t? '■■'"" "''" "'"" *'"' '"'''' t'Stiinuted 
 ,.fn.luceof ihe.saiiH! ooiintrlcs in IHIIK, when tho 
 \imiiiiiii mines had attaiiu'(l the maxiniuin of 
 iWirnrodiiclivene^s pruvioiislv to the revoltiiioti- 
 ,„■ (listurhanees n2,.OUO,00()/.), there is au in- 
 
 ;„..,,, „fj,;)i"i,'imi/. 
 
 ill iiclilitioii to the supplies of the 
 
 pr. (!ioiis 
 
 niifils already Hlieeilied, further (|Uttntitle.-i are 
 
 -niiflied hy China and other parts of Asiii, Japiin, 
 
 ill, Kasterii ArcbijiehiKo >te., and also by various 
 
 ,,iri< (if Africa. There is, however, no autlioiilie 
 
 'lifurniutiiiii ill repiril to this iiroduee; and cx- 
 
 .viiiin" fiiiiall suindiesof gohi du.st bnuiKht from 
 
 v,memirt.s of the African eoast, Iho bullion of 
 
 liir eoiiiitries referred to has but little intluenee 
 
 111 tlie markets of the civilised world. M. (Jtret^ch- 
 
 l,i,|I estimates, or rather conjectures, that the 
 
 liroJuec of (,'oUl and silver in Asia (exeliisivc 
 
 lif Umsin), the Kastern Archipelago, (h'cjinica 
 
 ,te amuunted, at an averaKe of the four years 
 
 fiiiliu!,' «ith IKol, to IH,627,W0 fr. I :k1,()(I(I/.) 
 
 a-vear, and that of Africa to l.'t,:ifi(),(!7-.' it. 
 
 i.-i'ilii.liUO/.) a-year. (^Ue I'Or H tie I'AnjetU itt: 
 
 i.W7,Kl.) 
 
 .Sui)i)/« » of Gold from Califorma and Austndin. 
 -llic (,'(iU in these" rcj!ions is found in the debris 
 „( tk ([uartz rocks in which it has been cin- 
 IihIW, and in the rocks themselves. In the for- 
 mer rase it is found in the hollows to which it has 
 lieen carried down by ruins or stroums, at different 
 deiulis, foinelimes in grains or Jtakts, and somc- 
 liiiits ill lumiis or twi/yuts of vary in{{ but occasion- 
 allv vcrv considerable magnitude, (ilold may be 
 wii]^lit or iluK for (hence digyiiujii) either by single 
 or associated individuals ; but when cpiartz rock is 
 crushed to (ibtain (,'"•''» expensive machinery is 
 usually employed, and the work is for the most 
 jiart carried "on by companiei<. The business 
 "f the di(,'Kiii(,'» 'las very much of the (diaracter 
 of a lotterv, with many blanks and a few larj^c 
 prizes; but in the crusliint; of quart/, the returns 
 are less irregular, and the busiiuiss jiartakes more 
 of tlie character of an ordinary branch of 
 iiidusir;'. 
 
 The Califomiaii deposits were discovered late 
 in May or early in June 181« ; and notwithstand- 
 ing llie remoteness of the country, and the fact of 
 its being almost destitute of inhabitants, above 
 ■|,1WU iwrsons were attracted to the s[)ot by the 
 end of the season, who are said to have realised 
 above 1,000,1)00/. sterling. The news of the dis- 
 covery and of the unexampled richness of the 
 gold-tields having spread on all sides with elec- 
 trical rapidity, occasioned an extraordinary influx 
 of iramigriuiis from most parts of the world into 
 CaUforiiia. The supplies of gold attained to an 
 unexampled magnitude ; cities rose in the wildcir- 
 iiess as if liy enchantment ; the great bay of 
 !>an Francisco, which had hitherto been entirely 
 deserted, was crowded with ships and steamers 
 trom the most distant countries ; and California 
 >|)cedily became one of the States of the Union, 
 and had in 18G0 a population of 306,439. 
 
 But here, as elsewhere, we have to regret the 
 want of accurate intbrmation in regard to the pro- 
 duction of gold. It appears, however, from Mr. 
 Consul Booker's Report, that during the years 1860 
 and 1«67 treasure of the value of 8,402,830/. and 
 «,33j,'ia0(. was shipped from San Francisco. 
 ■iKain, Mr. Booker states that the receipts of 
 ^"Id and silver from the interior of California and 
 die neighbouring State of Nevada amounted to 
 .ii3,000/., and by sea from the northern parts 
 '1 laliloniia, Oregon, and Territories of Wftshing- 
 
 MHTALS ir.Ti 
 
 ton and Idaho, lo 1,M,SK,1(I0/. In ISlw the receipt of 
 gold and silver the produce ot California and the 
 adjoining Slates of Oregon and Nevada, and the 
 Territories of Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 
 amounted to I0,3lil,.'lt0/. exclusive of 7H;),«(;()/. 
 worth received from Itrilish Culumbia and 
 Mexico. The portion re('eive(l from Nevada, 
 valued at ;t,()(l(),0l)tl/., consisted mainly of the pro- 
 duce of the silver bearing lodt^s of that Slate. 
 (Mr. Consul Hooker's Ui/inrtii for IKtIli and 18t)7.) 
 And, in addition to thcse(iuantities, large amounts, 
 of which MO account is taken, are (•oiiveyed away 
 by parties returning to Mexico, to the Kasteill 
 Slates, Kurope, and China. Of these various es- 
 timates have been made; but the |)revah'nt 
 opinion in the best informed ((uarters seems to be 
 that, when they are incdnded, and allowance is 
 also made for tht- (piaiitity retained at home, the 
 total yifdd of gold in California in IHiit! and l«ii7 
 mav Ih- moderately reckoned at 00,000,000 dols., 
 or i '.',1100,000/. at an avor;ig(% 
 
 lUit vast as it certainly is, this production ha.s 
 been e(|nalled and sometimes surpassed by that of 
 Australia. The de|posits in the latter were not 
 di.Hcovered till I8i')l, and they were so very rich, 
 and the influx of immigrants so extraordinary, 
 that tlie gold fields of Victoria only are estimated 
 to have produced in 1«.')'2 no fewer than 4,'247,l.'/2 
 oz. ; which, at the then i)rice of 70». per oz., gives 
 a gross amount of 14,8()(),791)/. This, however, 
 has been the maximum amount of production 
 hitherto attained. In 18o8 the same gold fields 
 furnished only 2,4'21,40l oz. Ac(;ording to the 
 carefully compiled and valuabkt r(-tnrns of .Mr. 
 Ivhiill of iMelbourne, the yitld of gold in Victoria 
 from 1852 to l8o8 was as follows, viz. : — 
 
 
 Aicer- 
 
 i;..re- 
 
 Tolal 
 Ouni-ei 
 
 I'rire 
 
 Vi-ari 
 
 laiuttl 
 
 i i>rtlf<l 
 
 l*r 
 
 
 Ouiicii 
 
 ()un,:i:« 
 
 Ounce 
 
 tHr,i 
 
 .1,1.1'),™ 
 
 l.OSS.M,'. 
 
 *,in,v,'i 
 
 I. 
 
 711 
 
 IN.M 
 
 •i,'n\,i:,t 
 
 HKi.i'J't 
 
 :i.ii!)()..iei 
 
 '■'» 
 
 IH.OI 
 
 I.N.1 1,4.14 
 
 .Vil.'iM 
 
 v.mv.wj 
 
 hi) 
 
 IH6.'. 
 
 S.MI.Wfi 
 
 TOT.SIil 
 
 ■t,•«,l.n^!^ 
 
 Sll 
 
 1 H 'iH 
 
 i(,M(l,.1S.l 
 
 1.1)1 (."sin 
 
 .",'. .,"l,.'.5i7 
 
 SO 
 
 IK.'J 
 
 ■^,.11 1,117 
 
 ■iM,m3 
 
 v.':()i.,iiiii 
 
 sit 
 
 1S5S 
 
 v.a'i.i.ii; 
 
 iriK.sit 
 
 <,4'^l,161 
 
 HO 
 
 Value 
 
 14, Mill,:')!) 
 ll.'.SS.Vhi i 
 H,77I),7'JI 
 
 ii.s.'.n.jufi 
 
 ll,l.~>l,IO'^ t 
 '.l,liS.),S4i) < 
 
 Tlie following table, from the Emiyratinn Cir- 
 cular of 181)8, shows the (piantity of jjold ohtained 
 in Victoria from 18;J'J to June 30, 18li() : — 
 
 Year* 
 
 Per Encort 
 
 Kiponed 
 
 Value at 
 80«, iwr uz. 
 
 £ 
 
 
 f'T. 
 
 oz. 
 
 IS19 
 
 •i,'im,»l'i 
 
 ■i.-wi.'im 
 
 q.tvi.sno 
 
 ISM) 
 
 a,i»is,sir> 
 
 ■t,\M,i,m 
 
 S,f.'«i,(11l) 
 
 ISfil 
 
 1 ,K1'i,SS7 
 
 I,!l67,t'il) 
 
 7,S6'i,(iKi) 
 
 IhlVi 
 
 l.i'^ll.'ilS 
 
 1 ,(i.'iS,i()7 
 
 r„iiyi,HW 
 
 INIi.l 
 
 l,riu,3U2 
 
 1 ,iyiri,\Tt 
 
 (,,il)7,IHS 
 
 l«M« 
 
 — 
 
 l,.'>4l,li!ll 
 
 (i,17»,77(i 
 
 IMIl'i 
 
 .. 
 
 1,,')4.1,HI1I 
 
 (i.l7'>.'/l)» 
 
 isefi 
 
 — 
 
 I,I7'J,I9I 
 
 .5,»i(>,;;fi 
 
 * The e^corti from i'.-tslk'iiiaine, Snnilhurit. and llallarat were 
 illRCotitlnueit on .Murrh .11, IK04, iintl sincL- that (late the only encorti 
 arrivinff in Millyiurne are thUAe I'niiii the lleertivrorth and Wood't 
 roinIK Ui.tricK ; thercfure, the returiik ht'inK incoin|ilete are omitted. 
 
 In addition to the gtdd obtained from Victoria, 
 a supply which in 1852 amounted to .3,600,000/. 
 was obtained from the Sydney or New South 
 Wales district. The proJuce from this source, 
 however, declined for several years. The annual 
 value of the exports from New South Wales aver- 
 aged in the 4 years ending with 1807, 2,500,000/., 
 wliile the value of the exports from New Zealand 
 exceeded 2,000,000/. in each of 18G2 and 1863, the 
 2 years immediately following the discovery of tho 
 Otagu mines. 
 
 The following is an estimate of the production 
 of gold and silver throughout I'u world in 1866, 
 extracted from lioss and Drownc's Report! to 
 Congress on the Mineral Jlesvurcea of the United 
 States : — 
 
 II! 
 
 1 lilji 
 
 , I 
 
 ■,1 1 
 
 11' 
 

 I • 
 
 ■ I) 
 
 'i 
 
 :• i 
 
 ' r ■ 
 
 1120 
 
 prp:cious mktals 
 
 
 ooia 
 
 (loU. 
 
 HlWcr 
 
 Totol 
 
 
 ()otK. 
 
 (iDh. 
 
 Unllwl Sums 
 
 r:n,iMii),iKM) 
 
 Vd.n 'M.min 
 
 sn,niM),noo 
 
 M. ilm ami Sotiih Amerk-a 
 
 ,'..ii(X),(K(n 
 
 .lA.itnn.niiit 
 
 li),(iOii,iMin 
 
 AtisiriM.! • 
 
 G<l,<N)M,l)tM) 
 
 |,()(N>,(H)n 
 
 ()l,'MIII,ll|)l> 
 
 Hrjti->h America 
 
 A, III 10,01)11 
 
 ,'iOn .1)011 
 
 A,'inii.iiiiii 
 
 Sihfrift 
 
 l.'i.lHMI.MOn 
 
 l/iOO.HdO 
 
 1(i,,'ii 10,01 lO 
 
 KUewhere 
 
 .•i.iHWJ.IJOO 
 
 *^,0OU,OO<i 
 
 7,OOII,OINI 
 
 
 I.^OtlhKVHM) 
 
 60,000,000 
 
 'i 10.000,000 
 
 We inclino to thitik ihnt tlic produco of America, 
 Aiistnilia, and Siberia is ovor-eatiinatcil in tliis 
 statement, niiil WdiiUl (ilTor tlio following as a more 
 approximate estimate of tl'.o entire produce of 
 the precious metals iti dillerent parts of the civi- 
 lised world in 18G8, viz. : — 
 
 AiTiericn, exrhlding Caliturni.i 
 A SI. Kir Russia ■ 
 
 Caiifiirnia 
 Atlslr;i1ia 
 AiU anil Africa 
 
 Tolal 
 
 - jEln.nno.noo 
 
 .I.IHMI.IIIIO 
 V •••O.I'MI) 
 
 . I'j.iiiiii.eiK) 
 . lv,0(l<i,nul 
 . _l,l»l),^IO(» 
 ■ il()'liOI),U()(l 
 
 The question in regard to the probable conti- 
 nuation, increase, or diminution of this supply is 
 of tlio greatest interest. Unfortunately, however, 
 nothing but the vagucst conjectures can bo offered 
 wiili respect to it. Those wlio think that the sup- 
 plies of the precious metals are likely to inere.i •■ 
 may allege that, being very wi '.ely ditTuscd, fresh 
 de|)osit3 will ' i! successively brought to light ; 
 that the processes followed in the diggings, in the 
 crushing of qiuirtz rocks, and in the sn, citing and 
 relining of tlie metals, will be further improve.. ; 
 auf! ill. t the increase of population will make a 
 still grcfi er amount of labour be devoted to the 
 search after these metals. IJut while we ailniit 
 that there is a good deal oi j baoilily in these 
 statements, slill we tpiestion v nether tlic result 
 which they point at will be realised. Though gold 
 be very generally 'I^stributcd, it is cxtrenu''y 
 doubtful whether there be many places in which 
 the deposits are so rich and so extensive as in 
 California and Australia; an<I even in these the 
 produ"e, as alre.i' / seen, is either stationary or 
 has begun to decline. The myriads of adven- 
 turers '■ at ar-; .ittracted to pioliAc diggings being 
 all animated by the auri sacra fames, and putting 
 forth their entire energies, can hardly (ail, in no 
 very lengtliencd period, to ritle the richest beds. 
 And wlien this is done — when the excitement in- 
 spired by the original discovery is worn off, and 
 the greai. prizes in the gigantic lottery recur only 
 at distant intervals — then, unless new and ecpially 
 promising discoveries should be made, a serious 
 check will be given to the gold-seeking mania. 
 The process of quartz-crushing is believed ( ■ pro- 
 duce only iTioderate profits, and is not of a kind to 
 collect crowds of competitors. The few fortunes 
 that have been realised iu California and Australia 
 have not been made by the miners, but by the 
 merchants and others who have supplied their 
 real or imaginary wants, and bought their gold- 
 dust and nuggets on advantageous terms. Of those 
 engaged on their own account iu the search for 
 gold, very few have retired fron". the pursuit with 
 anj-tiiing like a competence. The great majority 
 have hardly realised tlie wages current in the dis- 
 tricts before the deposits were discovered ; and the 
 conviction seems to be everywhere gaining ground 
 that rjorc is to bo made by cultivating the surface 
 of the earth than by digging in ita bowels or crush- 
 ing its rocks. 
 
 Consumption of the Precious Metals. — Iu order 
 to form a reasonable conjecture in regard to the 
 probable influence of this vast supply of the pre- 
 cious metals, it is necessary to enquire into their 
 uses and probable consumption. And this enquiry, 
 we regret to say, is slill more difficult, and more 
 
 lik<'ly to be infected willi errors, than the onquir 
 in regard to (heir production. 
 
 The i)rccious meials are used .is coin orcuntm 
 to facilitate exchanges; as wealth which ma\ i'!. 
 convenientiv kept or hoarded; an,; they jird i;,,.,| 
 iu the arts in the shape of plate, and in L'iliiin, 
 and so on, '^' 
 
 The quantities employed in thcsi! I'lmctiyns ,irp 
 very large indeed. They vary, howpver, in dif 
 ferent countries and periods with tlio 'circum- 
 stances iieeuliar to each ; such, forexamnlo, .rsil,,. 
 greater or less .ibundance of paper ui(iiiev,aiiiltii„ 
 ilegree in which the use of coins is lessoriiiUni',! 
 various devices resorted to for ec()Mi)iiiisii|.r",,,|f 
 rency; the fashion as to plate and farnitiir"; ili, 
 feeling of security at the time ; am! a mnuliir i,f 
 other eiretiinstancefl, all liable to great ami Mjmi.. 
 tiiiii s sudden chan^jes. 
 
 The gold and silver employed in this coumrv 
 as currency, and in the cu.stomary rcserve.s in ihc 
 hands of the bankers, is supi)osed to amount to 
 from ;(),0(1(),()00/. to 70,000,000/. It has been c<ti- 
 m.-ited as high as 50,000,000/.; but the best uiitiio. 
 rities look upon this estimate as greatly bcvunij 
 the mark. In Franco, the p-.'cioiis mc'taL' em- 
 (iloycd in the same way iirobabi/ amount toncariv 
 double the sum now mentinued, or to 130,00ii,i«iii';. 
 or I (0,000,000/. It has been estimated by Levi.' 
 seur (p. 1 ( ii!) and others at no less t han lOO.OOO.nnn,, 
 Hut tliis includes a portion of the coins that hav' 
 been lioardcil,and which can no longer be rci,ku:n i 
 111 ihe currency. And wo believe that wo niav 
 sjifel^- estimate the entire sum employed as cur- 
 rency in Kurope, America (North and Suutln, 
 Australia, the Capo of (Jood llopc, and Al"cria it 
 from C.iO.()0('.,000/. to,)10,000,000/.,or500,Oy«.fJO'i/. 
 as a niediuin. It would be inconsistent «i;hilie | 
 objects of this article, and with the limits wittin 
 wldch it must be conlined, to engage in a disiui- 
 sion of the numerous and often contlictiii;' state- | 
 ments and details on which this e.stiniate lusbeeii | 
 founded. Some information with res|iect toitmir 
 be found in Chevalier's valuable troati^e /)« (; 
 iMimnaiu (p. ;''.*ii Ac), Paris I8.)0; in Stirlinij'i 
 Giihl Discoveries, p. 1«2 ; in the learned and ii- 
 cidlent tract of Tegoborski, J^ssiii dclu Dccmvtni \ 
 lies Giles aitrifrrcs en Califurnie et en .iustriilit itt. 
 p. ()."); Lcva.sseur, 7>e la Question f/c T Or, ii. Iijj: 
 ill the work of Otreschkoff, I)i I' Or etde I'Arjal; I 
 and a liost of other publications. The prccioiu I 
 metals iu circulation in IJussia in the earlyparlofl 
 1851 were estimated in the PetersfmrgGimltil 
 (October 12, 185-2) at 32fi,O00,000 roiibte, eiuil, | 
 at 40^/. per rouble, to 53,800,000/. The KMld 
 part (190,000,000 roubles) of this curroiiiT Ci* I 
 sistcd of gold. >fow, supposing tlii.H sum to'* I 
 employed as above stated, .as currency, we hsn [ 
 first to enquire into its jirobablc wear and tcaracJ I 
 loss, and Mien into the probable rate of its increa* | 
 And taking into account the extraordinary cxiai- 1 
 sion of navigation and emigration, and the pruixt- f 
 lional risk of loss from shipwreck and other casual- 1 
 ties, we arc dispo.sed to think that the annual «« [ 
 and tear and lossof coin may be estimated atalxui 
 Ih per cent, of the entire mass of thecunrnct; 
 which, taking the latter at 500,000,000/., wall I 
 amount to 7,500,000/. a-year. 
 
 It is diflicult to form any probable estimaie t/ 1 
 the race at which the bullion used as currency niit f 
 be likely to increase, supposing its value nottoM 
 otf. The extremely rapid increase of reiineaeB 
 and population in most parts of the civilisw I 
 world, and especially in America and Auslraliiii I 
 known to everyone. And it seem? pretty certain I 
 that some important countries which have hiitw" I 
 made comparatively little progress, are about 1» I 
 enter on a new career of industry and eiiterpiwl 
 
 \ -. 
 
errors, tliau the rnquirv 
 liiiii. 
 
 • iisoil as coin (ir (.■ur.'iney 
 us wealth whicli m.iy lie 
 
 ^rdcil ; aiii'. tlicy arc ii*il 
 of plate, aiul m ),'iWin|,', 
 
 :ed in these functions arc 
 ly vary, hnwever, ii\ dif 
 criods with the ciroura- 
 ; such, fdrexamiilo.asilic 
 ;e(if paiier mdliey.iiiulllii 
 of coin:* is les-soiii'ilhytht 
 I to for oconDinising our- 
 ) plate anil furniture; tlit 
 ic time ; ami anunitierof 
 , liable to great ami some- 
 
 employed in this countn.- 
 customary reservi's in the 
 is supposed to ammiiit to 
 ,000,000/. It hashcfticm- 
 0,000/. ; but the best aiitli(v 
 cstimute as greatly boyonii 
 ! the p".'cious metals cm- 
 J probabiv amount toncath 
 ■erilione(Corlol30,00iMW'l. 
 13 been estimated bv Levi- 
 at m< less than lOO.UOO.W"'. 
 rtion (if the eoina that have 
 ch can no hiusiT be rcckuntil 
 (1 wo t)elicve that wc may 
 iitire s\mi employed as cur- 
 ncrica (North and Soutk', 
 
 • Good Hope, and Alscriwt 
 UO,000,000/.,or500,OWi.Wi|. 
 uld bo inconsistent Ki;liii;e 
 
 ■ and with the limits iviitin 
 I'lined, to iMisasc in a &» 
 ! and often contiictni;' ftatf- 
 iwhicb this estimate lubbwn 
 Ration wilh respect to it my 
 
 cr'd valuable troati^e Di k 
 
 ■ ), I'.aris 1^)0; in Stirlin;'! 
 i«2; in the learned and ts- 
 )orsUi, Essaidetd Dkoumtn 
 
 Californic ft CH Australit tli. 
 i la (iiiestinii * fOr,!). 1ft; 
 ■Ukoff, /A /Orefrfe/'.Jri/nil; 
 
 ■ publications. Thcprccioia 
 in Uussininthectirlypartot 
 
 in the Petersburg GmSi 
 
 320,000,000 roubles, equal 
 
 , ,J3,800,000/. Thefireaiii 
 
 )ubl03) of this currency coa- 
 
 w, suppoain.i,' this sum to If 
 
 stated, its currency, we li»« 
 
 ts probable wear and tcatatJ 
 
 ,c probable rate of itaincrea* 
 ount the extraordinary csteM 
 ndemiKration,andtlicprop»M 
 "m shipwreck and otherc«^ 
 t o think that the inijuak 
 .„iu maybe estimated atatei 
 CtiTcmassoflhecurrentr; 
 lauer at 500,000,0001., «11 1 
 
 o'nn" any probable cstima;^; 
 bullion used aBCurrency^« 
 HUDDOsing its value not t«ffl 
 
 /rapKli.KVseofTete«j 
 ^mo^tpart^oftheag 
 Iv in Amer ca and Austraui" 
 :^ And it seem, pretty ««H 
 :tco«ntrieswhichhaveh* 
 
 y little progress, a e>o«U^ 
 jer of industry and e«terpn» 
 
 PRECIOUS MKTALS 1127 
 
 |,i i;„, sin, f(ir example, the measures that arc in menso ami rai)idly increasing demand for the 
 ,,r„.m*s for the construction of railways mid the articles referre<l to in this country and Europe 
 'iiiianiiimtion of the peasantry can hardly fail to generally, and in America and Australifi, will bo 
 iwken the dormant energies of the Intlei, luid ' ■■ " ■ '' -- ^' - - i^-' ■• ■•-• 
 
 to 
 
 [11 
 
 'ive new vigour to their exertions. And the ca- 
 pacities of tliat country are so very great, that it 
 \i not easy to imagine, were its resources at all 
 (Icvelonecl, to what an extent its wealth and popu- 
 'l,„i,„i might be increased. 
 
 k'ain, sonu' of the lincst, best situated, most ex- 
 ifosive, and of old the most populous and llourisb- 
 iiis; countries in the world, at present groan under 
 ilic deadly inllucnce of the superannuated but 
 ile-tructiv'e despotism of the Turks. It is dillicult. 
 lioivcver, to suppose, despite the elforts that may 
 l)cimide to bolster it up, that this miserable falirie 
 of superstition and tyranny should hold together 
 iniicli longer. .\nd were it overthrown, and any- 
 ii,iinr like an cllieient government established in 
 its sleml, a fruitful and all but Imnndless field 
 (vuiddlie laid open to industry and enterprise. 
 
 Hut without insisting on such prospective con- 
 sidcrations, and looking only to the advances that 
 arc now being made, we do not think that wo shall 
 cxjffieratc if we estimate the increase of currency 
 that'is now going on at 2 per cent, on its gross 
 amimnt (600,000,000/.), or at 10,000,000/. a-ycar. 
 
 It is impossible, however, supposing this esti- 
 mate not to be very wide of the mark at present, 
 to cimjecture how long the currency will go on in- 
 creasing in this ratio. It may, as we have seen, 
 be safely taken for granted that the sphere of 
 civilisation and commerce is destined rapidly to 
 extend. But its expansion will no doubt be ac- 
 companied with various contrivances for econo- 
 mising' the use of metallic money; so that the j 
 quantity of it in circulation may not increase for 
 anv very lengthened period at the rate above 
 stated. If it did, it would absorb an immense 
 supply of gold. In barbarous countries, .ind in 
 i tliosc which are entering on the career of civilisa- 
 tion, the coins .afloat may incre.isc at the rate of .1 
 j or per cent,, or more ; but in countries which 
 [ iiKinore advanced, their increase may be nothing, 
 j or less ])crhaps than even 1 per cent. 
 
 It is equally ditlicnlt to acquire any satisfactory 
 I informatlm in regard to the quantity of bullion 
 consumed in the .arts. .Jacob estimated its amount 
 in Kuroiie and America in 18,'!0 at about ,'),n00,000/. 
 ja-yciir. But it has since been repeatedly idiown 
 I by various intelligent writers that this estimate 
 I was in many respects wide of the mark, and that 
 I on the wliide it was a good clc.-.l underrated. 
 J And, supposing the consu.uption of the precious 
 j metals in the arts to have amounted to (5,500,000/. 
 lor :.Of)0,000/. in 1830, it must now bo very much 
 Ifircalcr. Plverywhere. indeed, but more especially 
 ■in England, America, (Jermany, and Russia, there 
 ■has been an extraordinary increase of population 
 land wealth during the last eight-and-thirty years. 
 IPlate and plated articles for use and ornanr.enta', 
 in'oses are now in extensive demand among a'.I 
 It the very lowest order.!. Vastly more pcrso js 
 ire raising themselves from poverty to competence 
 m alliuence than at any former period; and 
 Ihese are universallv large buyers of plate and 
 bthcr costly articles." A taste for gilded saloons, 
 magnificent glasses, and the gorgeous furniture of 
 heaRcof Louis XIV., is at present all but uni- 
 '"sally ditfused, and must have added greatly to 
 ine consumption of gold, which has been still 
 prther augmented by its increased outlay on the 
 ploing of earthenware and china, harnes'si, books 
 V- At the first blush of the matter, some of 
 pesc Items may not appear to the carele.ss obscr\-er 
 Ppeofmuch importance; but those who reflect 
 I'lttic on the subject, and who consider the im- 
 
 satislied that the total consumption of the previous 
 metals, and especially of gohl, in the way now 
 mentioned, must be (piito immense. I'^stimates 
 indeed have been made of the expenditure upon 
 some of these items, but the data on wliuli tliey 
 are fouiuled are too vague to entitle them to much 
 attention. 
 
 We incline tothink that the value of the precious 
 metals in (ireat ISritain in 18('>!) iu the simpn of 
 jilate, watches, jewels, and triidiets of all descrij!- 
 tions, may be safely estimated at about 1/. to e.uh 
 individmil of the entire jxipiilation, mtiUing in tlu! 
 aggregate a sum of about 100,000,00(1/., to wliieh if 
 we add 12,ono,0()0/. for Irelan<l, the whole will 
 amount to ir.>,(/00,000/. And vast as this sum 
 may appear, we believe it is insider the mark. 
 Silver spoons and forks, silver tea-services, with 
 trays &c. are iu)w universally met with through- 
 out the middle as well as the upper classes ; wliile 
 most families, of any .intiquily or consideration of 
 any kind, possess large quantities of onnimental 
 as well as useful plate. In the Continent and the 
 United .States the bullion invested in ihowaynow 
 stated is very greac indeed. In Italy and Spain 
 and some other countries the lowx'r < lasse.s, espe- 
 cially the women, though not gemn-ally so well oil" 
 as in England, spend more money upon massive 
 rings, chains, brooches, and such like articles, 
 which they regard much as girls in ICnglund do 
 their deposits in the savings bank, as a reserve 
 fund or capital. 
 
 We are aware that Jacob says, that ' in the 
 present d.iy in this country, the iiuantity of gold 
 and silver i.i actual existence, including utensils, 
 ornaments, jewellery, trinkets, anil watches, is 
 three or four times as great as the value of thase 
 metals which exists in the form of money.' {His- 
 torical Inquinj, i. 210.) And as the value of the 
 precious metals in Great lirilain, in the shape of 
 coin, is certainlv not less at present (IKtiO) than 
 70,000,000/. or 75,000,000/., the value of the bul- 
 lion in plate, jewellery Ac. ought, on this hy- 
 pothesis, to amount to at least 210,000,000/. or 
 280,000,()00/. Yet there can bo no manner of doubt 
 that the lowest of these sums wouhl bo far beyond 
 the mark. Tegoborski, indeed {Gites aurifires 
 etc. p. CiO), who is supported by Humboldt {Ks- 
 sai sur la Nonvclle-Kspagnc, iii. p. '1(15, ed. 1827), 
 estimates the value of the bullion vested in plate, 
 w.tcbes, jewellery &c. at only half the amount 
 vested in coin. This estimate, though not 
 perhaps very far wrong if a])plied to the jjoorer 
 countries of Europe, would undoubtedly, if applied 
 to (ireat Britain, bo as much under as that of 
 Jacob is above the mark. 
 
 Hut, without pretending to an accuracy which, 
 <m such subjects, is unattainable, we run little risk 
 in concluding that the expenditure of bullion in 
 the arts — i.e. in plate, jewellery, gilding iSrc. — in 
 Kuropc, America, and Australia, cannot at present 
 (18li!() be under, if it do not exceed, 15,000,000/. 
 or 16,000,000/. a-year. Now of this a portion, 
 estimated at about i or 20 per cent., is supposed to 
 be obtained from the fusion of old plate, the burn- 
 ing of gold and silver lace Ac. And hence, if we 
 deduct from the 15,000,000/. used in the arts 20 
 per cent, for the olil bullion, we have 12,000,000/. 
 for the total quantity of the supplies from the 
 mines annually disposed of in this way ; a con- 
 siderable portion of which, including that used in 
 the gilding of rooms, earthenware, books, harness, 
 buttons (Sec, cannot be again recovered or applied 
 to any useful purpose. 
 
 And however great it may appear to be, this 
 
. • ' if.' ' '' 
 
 ■f 
 
 1128 
 
 PR?:CIOUS MKTALS 
 
 amount will be largely increased with the increase 
 of |io|iiilation anil the spread of retincraenf in the 
 arte, and still more by anything like a consider- 
 able full in the value of bullion. 
 
 Hence it would appear, putting these items 
 together, that the annual eonsuniplion of bullion 
 as currencv, and in the arts, amounts to about 
 •J0,500,000/. viz. :— 
 
 Wenr an«l tear nnd tnu of coin 
 Inrrvase «f currtiicy 
 UmxI in the arts 
 
 Total 
 
 XT/iOo.nofi 
 10,n(>().ii(N> 
 
 I- 
 
 It will be difticult to show that the-ic estimates 
 are beyond the mark ; and supposing them to be 
 nearly correct, it follows, dc(luctin;; the above 
 sum from the previously estimated produce of the 
 mines (lOjOOO.OOO/.-'i'J.oOO.OdO/.), that we have 
 a surplus of 10,500,000/. to defray the sums re- 
 quired for hoarding, for exportation to the East 
 Ac. And there certainly seems to be little reason 
 for thinking that a supply of this amount will do 
 much more than meet the demands upon it. 
 
 It may be said, perhaps, that we must have 
 exaggerated the consumption of ihc precious 
 metals, inasmuch as the 8u.m which we suppose 
 is annually consumed considerably exceeds the 
 entire produce of the mines previously to the su))- 
 pliea from California and Australia. Hut, while 
 we admit the fact to be aa stated, wo deny the 
 inference which is attempted to be drawn from it. 
 The truth is, that while the discovery of the (,'ali- 
 foniian and Australian deposits has added in so 
 great a degree to the supply of bullion, it has also 
 added very largely to its consumption. It has 
 given an unparalleled stimulus to emigration and 
 commerce. The population of California and 
 Victoria has increased in a ratio hitherto unheard 
 of, or from next to nothing 20 years ago, the 
 former to 379,994 in 18G0, and "the latter to 
 OS-l.Tlt on September 30, I SOT. But despite 
 this increase, wages, owing to the general desire 
 to speculate on one's own account, continue to 
 be extravagantly high. In California in 18G7 
 miners readih' obtained from \0$. to 14s. a day, ac- 
 cording to their skill and capacity for eiuliiring 
 fatigue ; common labourers from 6s. to 8s. a day , 
 and house servants from 4/. to 10/. a month. (Vir. 
 Consul Hooker's Report for 1807.) For a while 
 most articles were proportionally high, so that 
 these extravagant wages were not so advan- 
 tageous to the parties receiving them as might 
 have been supposed. Hut there has latterly Ixx'n 
 a great fall in the price of manufactured' goods 
 and colonial produce: while, owing to the progress 
 of agriculture, provisions have also been greatly 
 reduced. Lodgings are still very dear, but not 
 so exorbitant as formerly. In Australia the state 
 of things for a while after the discovery of the 
 gold fields was not very dissimilar; wages, how- 
 ever, thoiigh still very high, are a good deal 
 lower than in California; while in other respects 
 there is but little difference between the two. 
 And if, in addition to these unprecedented cir- 
 cumstances, we take into account the unsettled 
 character of the population, with the absorbing 
 pursuit of wealth on the one hand, and the utter 
 recklessness of expenditure on the other, we must 
 be satisfied that the currency of these countries 
 cannot lie otherwise tlian excessive as compared 
 with their population. 
 
 Still the powerful influence of the late gold 
 discoveries is not confined to California and 
 Australia. The emigration to these countrier. .lud 
 the new and rapidly increasing markets wait 1 
 they affoi'l, have told effectually here, and intiL-ed 
 in every commercial country. In Kigland th. 
 rise of wages cannot be estimntci .'t Jess thai. 
 
 from 10 to 30 per cent., while in Ireland it !i,n 
 been a good dc.nl more. And thougli the rise iii 
 wagps in the latter be in part asoribable to \\„. 
 fnniiui' of 184(!- 17, and in a still greater dfjrret ii, 
 the emigration to the United States, yet, ns ii,,, 
 emigration has been powerfully proniiilcil bv ih,. 
 elHux of euiii^rants from the Atlantic States ■,. 
 California, it is clear that the gold of the laitir 
 has been at bottom a prominent eaus« of ilic im. 
 iirovcment in the condition of the Irish pcasaiitrv 
 The same may be said of the emigration fromtli'r- 
 many, which has latterly become of lirst-rate im. 
 portanci'. .\l iin average of the seven years pinli^l 
 with 18,V2, it amounted to I0;5,r)91 iniiivjiluaN ,i. 
 year; the numbers in IS.'jl and IH.r.' bcinf; r,.. 
 .spectivcly 120,708 and '.")O,7.'10, of wliidi liv lar 
 the greater portion was destined for the l.'iiitcj 
 States. {Bi'port of Kmig. Com. for l«.j;), p. ]ii| | 
 The number of emifjrants from llrenicii aluiit. iir 
 18(i(;, was 02,'_'"i t, nnu>-teiitlis of whom were lU. 
 tilled for the United States (Mr. Vice-('(iii,nl 
 Schwoon's Report for 180)!) ; and the emifrrann 
 from this country to the United States in liji;; 
 numbered l.")9,27i). 
 
 The rise of wages conseipient on thfsc extra- 
 ordinary mutations, and the increased expdrtjdf 
 produce which tlioy have occasinnod. have cm- 
 ci.sed a powerful iniluence in the United Statu aj 
 well Its in Europe. And there, consequently, at 
 well as here, a greater supply of bullion will !>• 
 required to serve us currency. Again, while ilii. 
 infiuence is operating on the one hand, m liic 
 other the swarms of parvenus who are cverv dav 
 rising to opulence contribute to swell the dcnianj 
 fcir all sorts of things, but especially for plate mi 
 plated goods, jewellery, and such like anidw. 
 What is probably of still greater iraportauce, 
 the metallic basis of the currency is evcrnflicre 
 being enlarged ; and the conviction ij fapiiilv 
 gaining ground in the United States as well as in 
 Europe, that no paper currency can be safe unless 
 effectual measures be taken to maintain such a 
 supply of the precious metals in the countries in 
 which it circulates as may be necessary to enture 
 its immediate conversion into coin. 
 
 Burying of Gold and Silver.— It is singuhr 
 that, in estimating the consumption of goldanj 
 silver, Jacob did not make any allusion to tlie 
 practice, which has uniformly' prevailed in all 
 countries harassed by intestine conimotinns (t | 
 exposed to foreign inva.''ion, of burjing treasure in i 
 the earth. Of the sums so deposited a verr I 
 considerable proportion has been altogether lost; 
 and this has no doubt been one of the principil | 
 means by which the stock of the precious metali 
 has been kept down to its present level. Kvciv I 
 one is aware that during the middle ages trcasart j 
 trove, or money dug from the ground, formed m j 
 inconsiderable part of the revenue of this anj 
 most other countries. (Hlackstonc, Com. b. l.t. 
 8, s. 13.) And though the buryi'ig of money hi! 
 long ceased in (ireat Britain, such has not been I 
 the case among our neighbours. Wakefield tflli [ 
 us that down to 1812 the practice was lommonin I 
 Ireland {Account of Ireland, i; p. 593) ; loJ [ 
 though much fallen off in the interval, it » 
 tinues to this day to be occasionally resorted to I 
 in that part of the kingdom. It has alnw j 
 prevailed, sometimes to a less and sometimes w« 
 greater extent, in almost everj- part of the Coa- j 
 tinent. (Storch, J^conomie politique, i. f. '"il 
 '.•:,.: I'll' nnarchy and brigandage that ««• j 
 compirR.l tht Revolution of 1789 made tbe I 
 wnnicii tf '.te 'nrried to an extraordinary e-*'' I 
 'ii 'ran'.« ; and li src, owing to varions caiuaj 
 w'l ..h .n Ujc nbviius to require being fomf 
 ■ir*-, J: 8 ii' D,<tii tains a considerable footing. 
 
 Tl 
 
PRECIOUS METALS 
 
 1129 
 
 Uilc in Ireland it liii* 
 .nil tliouKh tlic risi: ni 
 nnrt nscrihable tu tic 
 L still nfc"''^' i\c(;tci to 
 led Stales, yet, as \)m 
 rfiiUy iinimutcd by tli" 
 the Atlantic Statw \i. 
 the (;»iUl of the lattir 
 linciit cansi' of ilic im- 
 n of the Irish peasantry, 
 [heemigtatiimfnimiiir- 
 become of lirst-raie iir.- 
 of the seven years ciuW 
 () 10;!,.")9l imiiviilual'' a- 
 \:A and IHo-i hmf. r.- 
 ;,5,7;10, of which \>\ far 
 dcstiucil for tlie IJiitnl 
 g. Com. for WA p. HH.) 
 9 from Urcnien alum', in 
 .■uths of whom were 4i!- 
 Stnlcs (Mr, Yice-<'oiiMil 
 80()) ; ami <iie emictanls 
 ic United States in W>'t 
 
 nsc(iucnt on these extra- 
 il the increased cxiK.rts (J 
 sc occasioned, have nn- 
 icciu the United Stall sa< 
 lid there, consequently, ai 
 sui>l>ly "f huUion will If 
 rrcncv. Attain, while ihi* 
 on the one hand, on tin 
 jrvenus who are every day 
 ribute to swell the dcmanJ 
 but especially for plate and 
 rv and such like artute. 
 f" still (greater imjiortancc, 
 the cnrrency is everyirlifte 
 1 the conviction u rapUy 
 > United States aswcllMin 
 •currency can he safe antes 
 . taken to manitam s«c\\ a 
 s metals in the countnc* m 
 may be necessary to en^aic 
 lion "into coin. 
 ,,ml Silver.-li is snip « 
 l,c consumption of god and 
 „,ake anyatoon'o' 
 uniformly prcva.M m a^l 
 ,v intestine connnotioiu ;< 
 ;asion,ofhur)ingtreasur<im 
 I sums so depcsited 1 "i? 
 on has been altogether W, 
 'bibecnot.eofthepnnc^ 
 [stock of the precious met ^ 
 
 ' to its present Uvcl, iM^ 
 ■iuR le'^middleagestrea..^ 
 tL the f:roi.nd,fo™e>l» 
 ,f the revenue of thB* 
 ,. (Hlackstone, w»«. »• ''^ 
 [.htheburvLisofmon;^ 
 
 P Britain, ™^''J"' fil* 
 ncichbours. WaKefieUtelB 
 t'^lfc practice wascojo" 
 
 "oftheh^S- 
 
 [most every part of th^^^ 
 
 \onomie iKM-m',^'l ■■; 
 y andbngangc'^^. 
 
 Volution of 1'7„'" „t,iii 
 dtoancxtraordinao"^, 
 
 .re, owing ^J. I^ltrf' 
 
 So much was this flic case after 1818, that a 
 IliJiii^ruished authority says, ' ICn Kranco nous 
 ,".il'n!!i;;?"MS notrc argent dans nos eod'ros, on nous 
 ic caclions dans Ics niurs do no.s maisons ct Ics 
 sillons do nos champs, scion les vioilles coutumes 
 do rorient. 11 y a pcut-i'tre uii milliard (foktv 
 i„j//;„„j stnlimj) do notre ntinioraire rendu aiiisi 
 .-icrili'.' Oiipuyno'le, JJe la Muimiiie, du Credit etc. 
 i n, IM'.', Paris 18.').'i; one of the best of the lute 
 ifpiiclipiihlications on the important subjects of 
 wliicli it treats.) And yet wc doubt whetlier the 
 l.urving of treasure be at present as prevalent in 
 I'ra'nce as in many parts of Cicrmany ami in 
 Hungary, Hussia, Italy, Spain, and European 
 Tiirki'V.' The feeling of in.security_ that has 
 prevailed in all these countries, especially since 
 \>i\H, lias ),'ivcn a stimulus to this in-ncticc which 
 ni.lhins can countervail. Of the many millions 
 that were distributed among the countries round 
 tlie Black Sea during the Crimean War, the 
 i;re.itcr portion is believed to be as much with- 
 drawn from circulation as if it had never been 
 due from the mine. lUit the burying of treasure 
 in Europe is trilling compared to what it is 
 in the Kast. There the practice has prevailed 
 from tlic remotest nntif^uity down to the present 
 time, and has been and is carried to an enormous 
 extent. Hornier, indeed, and all the most in- 
 telligent travellers and enquirers who have visited 
 India. Persia, China, and the Kast, generally concur 
 in iirniking that this burying of the precious 
 metals is a main cause of their continued drain to 
 India ic,, where they never seem to become more 
 abundant, lUit as we have already noticed this 
 part of cur .subject at considerable length (ante, 
 E.tsT Isnil CoMi'ASY, Exportation of the Prr- 
 ciim Metals to India &c.), it is needless to dwell 
 further upon it. 
 
 It is impossible, of course, to form any estimate 
 of the sums thus annually placed, as it were, in 
 mortmain. They vary from year to year, and are 
 always greatest when 'wars or revolutionary dis- 
 turbances are in progress, or when their occurrence 
 is anticipated, or hut little confidence is placed 
 in the permanence of existing institutions. There 
 can, at ell events, be no question that the sums 
 which have been disposed of in the way now stated 
 in thedilTerent Continental and Oriental countries 
 of late years have been quite enormous, and have 
 far exceeded those absorbed by any of the other 
 channels of expenditure. 
 
 Etmrtatiun of Gold and Siloer to the East. — 
 
 Humboldt estimated that, of the entire produce 
 
 of the American mines at the beginning of this 
 
 century, amounting, as already seen, to 43,500,000 
 
 dollars, no less than 25,500,000 were sent to Asia, 
 
 17,,i(Ki,i)00 by the Cape of Good Hope, 4,000,000 
 
 Iby the Levant, and 4,000,000 through the Kussian 
 
 Jfrontier, Probably, however, this estimate was 
 
 la ^'(lod deal beyond the mark. ' Humboldt, ccla 
 
 jn'est plus douteux, cstimait trop haut la valeur 
 
 Ide I'or et de I'argent, qui s'c'coulaient an coni- 
 
 Imencement de ce siJjclc d'Europe en Asie, et 
 
 jportaient trop has la de'perdition qu'ils t'prou- 
 
 ^aient, dans le mcme temps, par le frottemcnt et 
 
 wir conversion en objets d'orfe'vrerie ct de 
 
 Ijyeuierie.' (Dupuynodc, De la Monnaie etc. i. p. 
 
 '5.) There is no longer, we believe, any doubt in 
 
 igard to the accuracy of the latter part of this 
 
 'atement; and it is pretty generally supposed 
 
 at the first part is also well founded. But 
 
 me years ago this immense drain began to 
 
 minisb, and iii 1832 and 18.83 it actually set in 
 
 'opposite direction. Then for a time it fliictu- 
 
 •«l, sometimes inclining to the one side and 
 
 'inetimes to the other. With the exception, 
 
 «wer,of the bullion received in payment of 
 
 the 21,000,000 dollars due to us by China, under 
 the treaty of 1812, there was not for some ycarf* 
 any very decided movement of bullion from 
 Europe to the East, or from the E.'i.st to Eiiroiie, 
 though, on the whole, the imports into the latter 
 appear to have exceeded the exports ; at least, 
 this was certainly the case during the 5 year.n 
 from 1814-45 to "1818-10, both inclusive. ItuL 
 more recently, or since 1850, the drain for bullion 
 for the East set in with renewed force ; and for 
 7 years down to the crisis of 18(it> the nvcrjige 
 was only 10,00(1,000/. This is evident from tlio 
 following statements : — 
 
 Total Ejrporti of JiiilU n from Great Britain to 
 the East. 
 
 V.ar» 
 
 (ioUl 
 
 Silver 
 
 
 e 
 
 £ 
 
 1S59 
 
 f.i.i.sn'i 
 
 Ifi.OOI.OJS 
 
 ISI.O 
 
 l.llll.SSii 
 
 s.m.a.w 
 
 IMil 
 
 "M.IM 
 
 7,VS1,H7V 
 
 1M.> 
 
 l.uni.iivi 
 
 ni,7lo,»i9 
 
 IM..-. 
 
 .i.'i7i,siii; 
 
 K,8v0,«4'i 
 
 IHdl 
 
 2,O.W,7'll 
 
 6,.10S,.1fiS 
 
 ISIi.'. 
 
 SSil.WJ 
 
 .t.KOS.tm) 
 
 ISI,« 
 
 4.'i7,')H 
 
 ■l,!<7,:.'iM 
 
 lsr.7 
 
 !(II,'II9 
 
 <.17,4I.'. 
 
 It is to be borne in mind that ulthough India 
 did not, for several years prior to 1850, derive any 
 considerable .>upi)ly of bullion from Europe, she 
 drew during that period large supplies from 
 China. This was a conseiiuenco of the vast 
 increase of the importatiims of opium into the 
 latter. With the exception of tea and silk, Chiiui 
 has few native products, other than the precioii.s 
 metals, lit for foreign markets. And the exports 
 of the former being for some years not much more 
 than sulficient to pay for the products sent to her 
 from Europe and America, a very considerable 
 part of the cotton and opium she imported from 
 India was paid for in bullion, the increased 
 exports of which were said to have latterly 
 brought her into serious diiriculties. lint the 
 circumstances are now (1809) entirely changed. 
 The demand for the silks, teas &c. of China, in 
 this and other western countries, has latterly 
 become so immense, and has so far exceeded the 
 value of the produce exported by them to Chinn, 
 that the balance in bullion received by the latter 
 on her trade with them, has enabled her to meet 
 with little or no didiculty the drain for bullion 
 occasioned by the increased impOTts of opium 
 from India. The following statements set these 
 results in a sufticiently clear poin., of view : — 
 
 Account of the Total Value of the Exports from 
 India to China, and of those from China to 
 India, in each of the G i'ears ending with 
 1800, showing the Excess of the former over 
 the latter. 
 
 Venn 
 
 Es|mrlsfrom 
 India to China 
 
 Kxirarts from 
 
 Kxre*» of 1 
 
 China to India 
 
 Indian Kxportc 
 £ 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 mm 
 
 U,*nv,9r,s 
 
 S,5'j0,3f;5 
 
 8,S!)'(,6ni 
 
 ls6'.t 
 
 10,lfi7,^<!) 
 
 4,:iu6,(ins 
 
 6,071,161 
 
 186 J 
 
 lV,lli7,.5'J7 
 
 4,567.80.1 
 
 7,5.W,7X4 
 
 I8(>4 
 
 10,595,li.Vi 
 
 S.Sl'J.llil 
 
 6,775,iJ4 
 
 1865 
 
 *10,871,65a 
 
 *4,a7S,965 
 
 6,595,687 
 
 1866 
 
 11,7*3,464 
 
 *8,845,V.-.8 
 
 i,885,3il7 
 
 * Including Japan. 
 
 Comparison between the Balance due hy China to 
 India, and hy the United Kingdom to China. 
 
 Veart 
 
 Thin. .„ ln.li, 1 ValfeA Klncdom 
 China to India , to China 
 
 1861 
 1862 
 18C.1 
 1864 
 1865 
 1866 
 
 £ 
 8,899,601 
 6,071,161 
 7,559,71; I 
 t,775,687 
 6,595,687 
 S,885,.'»H7 
 
 £ 
 
 4,1V9,998 
 8,899,759 
 10,087,5SS 
 1(1.683.971 
 6,175,(X)I 
 3,4S 1,08k 
 
 Tolul 
 
 .1S,;87,187 
 
 43,«llT.«81t 
 
 .:!!! 
 
" > 
 
 1 1 .^() 
 
 I'UKCf "S MKTAI-S 
 
 .Ivniiint iif llif Tuliil ]'iiliiv of llif HrimrtH ■•m lln I'liilnl Kimtilitm Id Ini/iii mul (%,„„ 
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 llif 7 )'i(iiii iiiiliiiii ifilh INI>7, Hliiiirhij/ /Ac Jfttitiiiivf in fUi'our i>f tlir lallrr. 
 
 ViMI. 
 
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 t'riun lliv I'liilnl Kiiiiltlnni In Cliinii, iniil <>/ 
 tlinsf f'li'lii ('liiiiil III lliv I iiiliil Kinililnm, in 
 vitfh (If' llii' 4 i'liir.i rniliiiji Willi \Mi, uliiiiriny 
 ttlmi the A'.vceii» of llir littler over the J'onimr. 
 
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 Aeciwnl of the Tittiil J'liliie of the F-nftortu 
 from the I'liiliil 'innilnm to Imliit. rmti nt' 
 those from Imliii to ttir I'liiti'il Kiiiiitl*im, t» 
 eit>h of' the 7 1 Vnr.'i muliiii/ leith IS(i',', »/»</•«■- 
 !/)(/ the /'y.ii'i'S.i of titr. hater. 
 
 Kxiiorlv iVxin i »»*,rlv liimt 
 
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 jr.'tiiH,?.^^ 
 
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 >,g»<M.*»»t7 
 
 t<,,y.ln,A7K 
 
 «.s,int:.a(« 
 
 t.O'UiMl 
 
 It is plain Irnm (licso staM'mfiits: — 
 
 I. Tlint. liiUiiii; liuliii .iiul Cliiiin tii<;rtli)T, llio 
 iniliorts Crimi tliriii into tins I'miiilry li/ivc iiicnlly 
 oxcoi'doil till" cxpurls, Icaviuir a ht-avy biilimcc to 
 1)1' (lisrlmrfjrd liy slii|.iiioiits , ifliwinlmii. 
 
 II. Ill ri'^;ar(l U> ('liiiiii, the iuifmirlf (Vom wliicli 
 so i;rrnlly exceed (lie exports, .xce^il in IH(I(! aiul 
 1M7. \vliieli, ill eoiisei|ueiiee ,11" tlie I'lmiraereial 
 frisi!", have been I'xeepiioiial, it is diflieiilt tofonn 
 iiiiy nntieipalioii (if « hat iii.'iv take plaee in I'uturc. 
 There enn, indeed, lie little or no -liuilit that, ^jreat. 
 as the inii><>rt.s ot silk and lea no«' are. iliey will 
 lieeonip niueli greaterin I'liliire. 'I'lie real (inestion 
 is. Will llie dcniaiid tor Hritisli jirodniets in China 
 extend in the same, in a le-^s. or in a i;re*ter pro- 
 portion ? And tlioii^;li the qiiestiun be by no 
 means free from dillieiilty, we ineline to think that 
 the intliienee of the late treaty, and thr' jjreatpr 
 facilities it alTords for the importation i>( foreign 
 products into China, will increase tlie aniount of 
 the imports, ititt wo have no idea lliat tiev will 
 if ever, at least for many years to eonic, !« i()iial 
 to the exports ; or that the balance between China 
 and I'ngland will cease to be largely against the 
 latter. 
 
 III. It is eiiually dinicult to cast the horoscope 
 of the future trade bet W(^pn India ard China. The 
 importation of opium into the latt^T is now lepal- 
 ise(i, and an increase of import.s may, in conse- 
 quence, be expected. Hut, on the other hand, 
 opium is beginning to bo extensively grown in 
 China ; and, if its home cuttu;e succeed, it is next 
 to certain that the importation from India will be 
 lessened. These, however, are biatlerg which 
 
 must be le-l 
 and decide 
 
 IV. On ili«" »li«ile, however, it aiipciini |„ n, 
 .-iilHieiently pliaiii. iM whilleviT way liiilli,,,, i,,,,. 
 Ik- ilistribllti-il Hiiiiiivg llie j'.ie (eiti eiiinitrics [L, 
 liif-T will ccoulmiuie. as hilherlo, In iiniii.n l.in,,, 
 Hupflilies from itUf Western wcrld. In iri,il| ,, ,' 
 
 raiirii •h.-aper hen-, llianintht- lOasl ; aiid I ,.! 
 
 so, it .11- advailtageiiwsri.expon it. Tlurcis i,ir,~ 
 fore oery prospeei lligit ||||, ,,rain „{ liulli,,,, ir,,,',, 
 the VV."«t to the Kai»l will i:(i on, with diva^i, „.|| 
 oscillaUKtis, for the ijnw to , (imc as it hm ,|«ii,.|ii 
 times giiiiw by; and rhiit it will Cdiiliniif tn.n!„„r!i 
 
 a very jrnrne propoWinu ot the prod „|- ,|„ 
 
 mines, penlmps as m Ii as ,-, ,,r (I niilli(m« ii vi ir 
 
 Though a coiisiderabiM- iW.ietion in lli(M,ii(iiiiii. 
 of lale years might ■!-■ aiilicipalcil, were vkmii 
 bei'ome less inilebled tji India |,ir wipiilicj ,.f 
 cotton. 
 
 It is seen Irom the p«revious slatemciiis Hut 
 silver forms by far the larger portinii dl' ilioW. 
 1 lion exported to the I'jisl. Hut tlii-i (|c|vnili ,iii 
 j peculiar eirciimstaiices ; and it is hy im moans 
 |«!lltaai-, nor indeed vcrv likely, that .silver will /w- 
 mmneiitly eonliiiiie. .e; heretot'ere, to lif .«il id 
 India and China in prel'erenee to gdiJ. tin tlic 
 contrary, i I seems to lie extremely pruh.*, pni- 
 vided there be any material or indciM scnsiWp j 
 decline in the value of gold, as evm\mA wiili ( 
 silver, that it will benm to be largeh cxi-rt. .w| 
 tli<'.se countries. It is extensively used iii lui- 
 doslan for ornaments and is preicrrcil li\ nunr, j 
 both ill Indi» and (.'liina, to .silver, iw liciji; iiuire j 
 |iortable ariit IVIter suited for lidiirdini;. In iiul 
 event, too, .>( these great comitrii's bwiiiin^',*! 
 it is all but •erfain they will do, liilier .imiI mml 
 (•iiiumercial, goi.t will no doubt be cmplui'ii.f 
 whether legal lender or not, to a less or ijri'awl 
 exient, in th«- .spttlement ol pecuniary mimiJ 
 fioiis. And, on the whole, we slioiilil In' iiifliii«i| 
 to anticipate that anything like .i cdnjiilmMtl 
 fall in the value of glild would make it (" till 
 gradually to supersede silver in sliipnu'nistiiilKl 
 ICast, and open for it in that iiuiirter an all Mil 
 boundless market. 
 
 In all speeiilatioiis in regard to tlii> jiriitatillj 
 future supply of gold, it should be oarol'iilly 1»«J 
 in mind that iinv ■ misiderable full i" n* >'«' 
 would unavoidably dieck its pr(Klucli(in.ainl.f>* 
 aeipiontly, tend to lessen or prevent its lart ' 
 fall. It is (ilaiii, for example, thut a ikvlincofUl 
 per cent, in the value of gold hoiiW. oa<«i 
 [laribus, occasion the abaiidoiiment l all il* 
 mines, diggings, washings Ac. whiili iniKviik 
 a licit profit (if that amount. )\'t' nr ■"' '' 
 owing to I he l>roductiou of goKI, as .ii ;'iw«l 
 carried on, ha\'ing inoro of a gambling ohirxtj 
 than pertains to most braurbes of indu.-trv, Uj 
 principle now stated would not oiwrate-"-!™! 
 as might, porhapa, be anticipated. U"' ' '"'' , 
 mate operation there cmi be no i]iio<lii'n. 'J 
 it may, therefore, be laid down that any rw«rl»< 
 iu the value of gold, which is not atwrnpanW ^ 
 a corresponding improvement in the meilw* « 
 
I'UHCrol.S MKT.M,S 
 
 li:i| 
 
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 lillK'rtii. Ill im|>"ri l;iw 
 .(■n wrlil. \iiln.ilniii 
 , in ill.- I'.nst; :iiiii Willi: 
 i.x|.i.n it. 'IVr.'is l,.n- 
 llic .iriiin "f liiilliim If.™ 
 \\\ "o on, wiiti i"'i'!i>ii iial 
 ,, loiomi' \\f it luHiimii'in 
 ,t it wil\ lontimii'toalw'ili 
 ,„ ,it U>f liri'ilui'i' I'f 111' 
 li an .1 1"' '' "lilli""" "O™- 
 r «.(lill'ti«i>l i" till' ■"""»"'' 
 u.- uuiiiMl»i'i"l. *''>•'•«""'. 
 u, lin\ii> t-'i- i'"Wli''« "' 
 
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 ;. lariMTV'""''"""'' ''' 
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 111 the I 
 
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 ton>eut ... rumat^,-- 
 
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 i;:^ru::ii;^r,.t.„. 
 
 ,^l >v>l\ ill.. vii'l>" »Y* 
 ' • aimlit U imvl"!* 
 
 ,t. 10 a li'^s '"' '^'*'*' 
 - 1 '•■Mia> 
 
 it in 
 
 that quarter ill' 
 
 ja.itsUou. b ar ". J 
 
 |,...i,.idernl.le W ' ;, 
 ,lu>ckits.proaucf.i* 
 
 .ami, ft* 
 
 cm It* '^'^Jfl 
 thataiteViaf'ij 
 
 l>rcvi 
 thai 
 
 L'OW 
 
 lessen 111 
 |r cxannil' 
 ^aliio of ff 
 ItUr abnii.l>'"«"'".',, 
 
 ainoiU't 
 lluctUm of f' 
 I nioro of 
 
 li, priiiliirii iiirviliilily tonil.s in nirroiit itHolf, 
 
 „H,i rlici'k or liiiiilor ils'l'iirlliiT rciliii'linii. 
 
 Siibsliliiliiin of (liilil fur ■S'lVccr. — IlilliiTio liiilli 
 MJiliiMili'ilvi'rriiiiit 'lavo Ihtii Ii'K'iI trinlcr in llin 
 rnili'il Slal""- '.''riiiiii', anil Huiiir iiihcr I'luiiiliirs. 
 tt'lii'ruvir Miili i^ '''o case, tin. viiliio nC llir cniiiH 
 111 ri".|«rl. Ill I'ai'li olln'i' lia^ 'o I"' Hxi'il liy aiillm- 
 riiv iliiil i'*. ii ''a^ I" I'l' oiiarli'd ilial ililili may 
 |rili.-i'lmrf,'i'i' liv |iaymrlils cilliiT ul (^nlil nr silvrr 
 iii„ii(.v, III till' r'lli' of ^|> many ilnllars In llio oa^li', 
 iraiiis 111 ilio Na|iiiU'i>n il'or, Nliillinns tu llii> 
 siiviriii,'!!. Ill"' ■*" on, an laul ilnwn in llir mint 
 fi,|,iiliin„ii»iil llii' ilill'iTcnl riimiliii's. Iliil. Iiow- 
 inrriirri'it atllii |iiTii"i:i wlirii llioy aro imiilr, 
 lliiM' valiiiitiolin sporilily lirriimi^ ilUMirrccI ; anil 
 iilinii'vri- siii'li i" llio I'aii', il is I'lir (iViTyb.^dy'n 
 iiih.iiilau'i'tii iiiako all his |iayiiirnls in tlir ini'lal 
 ivlii.li hiijijii'iis 111 ill! iivciviiliii'il as riimiiarni 
 \iilli till' iilhiT. Anil licni-i' Ihi' use of f,'iili| as 
 
 ,11, y in iiri'liTriirr In nIImt m I'liiKlanil, ainl 
 
 ,1 >ilVir in iiri'l'iTi'iii'i' to K"'''- 'town to a ruin- 
 Kiralivi'ly lull' pi'rioil, ill I'laiiro uiiil Ihi! I'niti'il 
 
 Null"!. 
 
 Ill llic iin|iriilial)li' I'vinl of llio niiiil, v/ilnaliniis 
 .if;;.J.I anil "ilviT riinliniiiiii; rmr any ron-iili'nilili' 
 iKniiilM 111' iii'arly iili'iilii'iil with I Ui'ir real valiirs, 
 ihe I'liriui'r amilil lirsnro loho |in il'irrrd as immry 
 111 till' latlir ill all ImH prlly traiisai-Viions. lii'in^? 
 iimrli niim' valiiahli- in |iiii|)iiriiiin In nts bulk uml 
 »ili;littliaii silver, Kiild is niorr i-UHily i-niiocakid 
 imil arriiil ahoiil. Wlim iinic- cirridatv of a 
 lim- viilui', till' ailvant;i^;o iinw ii'lcrruil In on the 
 siile 111' ({iilil is h'HS obvious. Hut siii;h low null's 
 arc in all ri'spi'ds mostnlijrfitinnahlo ; and w hero, I 
 as ill laiclaiiil, llu'ii: ar*- iio nnti's in cirriilat ion 
 fur li 'S lliiiii i")/., and in |i ranee, for less than 
 in) iraiiis. the use .if '^'M an innncy is aciini 
 pniiiiii with Ml many ;iiWanlane>i, llint we are 
 dispell III lliliik it would niaiirtain its plwe 
 itvi'ii iliiiii^'li it were soi»j<-what underrated us 
 icomi'm'il w-illi silver. l«ta.«HU«'h, however, a.s 
 ;ii|ii lias so niaiiy natural ^r.-Mi'ls of prel'erenee 
 |iin its siili', the Irne |iliiii is '■■'> make it the 
 y slamlanl, ami in n.se silver im-rely oh u snb- 
 jilian' ciirrciii'v. This plun has lieeii I'nllnwed 
 liuL'c 11^17 ill liiis .•nimtry with the ninst enni- 
 ilelc siiccpss; and there is no reaHoii In donlil 
 lial it may be elsewhere adopted with equal 
 'ivanlanc 
 
 ilii' late pxlraordiiiary demand for silver in 
 
 India lias bci'U i|iiilc cuoufjh to makcfjold be siilj- 
 
 |lilutcil fur it ill those iniintrics in whieli they 
 
 e niually Icjjiil teiiiltr, Jn France, for e.xuiiiple, 
 
 liorc ilic niclallir eiirrcney eonsisted, down to 
 
 aliiuist wholly of silver, it now oonsisls 
 
 'iiiii|iaily of gold. This is evident from the 
 
 "»im,'acci)imt of the gohl and silver coinage 
 
 tint impirc from IHOO down fn 1«,")7, both 
 
 liiu-ivt;— 
 
 ''.t'^l 
 
 vvoiiW. i** 
 
 ,i ill it* 
 
 only vi* 
 
 Wear, 'i^'"' „_ 
 
 liolil 
 
 (I. 
 
 «'i,l'J'i,-OI) 
 «'.ll.7ii9/>"l) 
 
 ■I'i.'Jfil.iW) 
 
 *iM'i;,s'«i 
 
 St«,«l,'l9(i 
 «,ll'l,e9,l,|yf 
 
 ,S1I»1T 
 
 a i;amWinfi 
 
 .,l,iacloW"t^«';^p,„ied. 
 ;,provement tnti"-" 
 
 jE109,i»J,Tln 
 
 fr. 
 8r.,4,0»,4ll.O 
 
 'i!),r><7,.^liH 
 71. 'I Is, 11.') 
 ?0,0UII,18ll 
 «,l'^:i,HS7 
 
 .'il,41li,Jt 
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 Xri,i||0,.1ll(t 
 
 Tout 
 
 ft, 
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 .1V.),(n(i.H7H 
 iJS,.MIi.71.^ 
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 Mt 7III,'^II9 
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 ifili.MS.'Oi 
 
 su« 
 
 4123,9.-1, Itll 
 
 * tmimt, Qutiii,,,, ,it nil «to, ji. lin, pMit Id.'iR. 
 
 ^ ttic United States the coinage of gold has 
 'ased 111 a sonicwliat aiinilar ratio, having 
 i NUI,nn7,7lil ili.l8. in 1849 III C'2,(ill,4y2 
 jiu 18i|l,iiml 59,ai3,4Gf) do)». In I8.5(!. In 
 'the vdlhe nf the gold coin prodiieed bv the 
 
 Jlnited Stales Mint was -'«,•«' 1 7. 1 H7 iloN., whil.. 
 Ibe value nf the silver eniii is-.|ieil wa-i but 
 !ihii,h7I iIiiIh. IIi'IH'i- f^old eoiii is now used in 
 these two roiiiilrii's, as it is used in Kii'.Jainl, in all 
 eiiiiideriible pavinenls wbiih are nnt elb'i'leij by 
 Holes or I'herpies ; while large portinlls nf llie silver 
 eniii Ihiil has in <'nnsei|iii'iii'e been diseligageil have 
 Iniiiid llieir way In I be |.'.asl. 
 
 This siibslitiilion of gold fur silver, while il 
 inaterially enlarges the liild for the ciiiplnyminl 
 of llie former, proporliniiiilly narrnw.i that for the 
 rinploynieiit of the liiller. ,\iid heiiee a viiy 
 eonsidirable permanent addilioii may be iiiiidi' lo 
 the eomparalive supply nf gol.i williniit lis value, 
 iiieasiireil in silver, being inalerially alVei'iid. In 
 the end, lin dniilil, file values nf bulb melals will 
 be pi'opnrtioiied, independenlly nf varialinns of 
 deniand, to the respeelive eoslsof Ibeirprodnrlion. 
 Itiit before Ibis eipialisalioii ean take plane, tliey 
 innst III! dislribnled among ihe various eoiiiiirie.s 
 of the world aeeording lo Ihe eireiimslanees 
 pei'idiar to eaeli, ineliiding llierein iheir peenliar 
 aplitiides for dilTereiit purposes, and the novel 
 ('nnditiniis of their supply. 
 
 Ill India, where wages have always been very 
 low, the great bulk nf Ihe eniii in. cireiilalinii liaH 
 consisted nf silver; and in iH'.i^i it was made llie 
 only legal tender. Hut tboiigb nut legal lender, 
 gold coins continued to circulate in India : and ii 
 proclamation iHsiied in IK II directed lliem to Ik; 
 received at tliepublii! treasuries, l/ittle attention 
 wna paid to this measure, at the lime; but after 
 I be discovery (if the gold deposils in Australia, it 
 III came obvious, if gold coins cniiliniicd to be re- 
 ceiv<'il by the public depart inenis, that eventually 
 none- elsi! would be paid into llieni; that silvor 
 would cease to be employed e.>iee|)t in petty pay- 
 ments; and that (iovernmi'iit, as wellasindividualH, 
 would be injured by any fall that might lake place 
 in Ibe value of gold. This contingency appears 
 to have alarmed the (ioveriiment; and notice was 
 accordingly given on Deccniber'J'i, 1K,")2, that from 
 an.'l after .January 1, iHoKjgold coins would nnt be 
 received on wcoiint of ta.xes or oilier payiiiints 
 due to the pul>li''. Silver has, cniise(|iiciitly, again 
 becniw in fact as well as in law the sole legal 
 lender of India. 
 
 ISiit lhe.se appear to be most iiia(lci|iiate grounds 
 fnr the course that was adopted. There are no 
 siilUcient reasons for supposing thai any material, 
 or indeed sensible, injury, would have resulted 
 either to the (ioverninenl or to individuals from 
 the contingencies referred In; and there are at 
 the same lime various circumslances wliieb make 
 It much lo be regr(!ttei| that an attempt should have 
 been made to exclude gold from the. currency of 
 India. Silver coins, being Ibe only ones lilted to 
 serve the purposes of the great bulk of the inhabit- 
 ants, must always be in exiensivi' ileinand in all 
 parts of the peninsula. Hut bad gold also been 
 allowed to circulate as coin, il is mnsl likely that 
 it would havebceiu'Nteiisivelyeiiiiilnyed in making 
 large payments, and it wniild alsn have been ex- 
 tensively hoarded, Kven .is it is, leaf and bar gohl 
 have been nf late largely imported into India from 
 China, to be used in the arts or liurted. In IK.'j.'i-G, 
 for example, the imports in question amounted to 
 no less than 1 ..")08,."i 1 1/. ; the fair prcsiimplion being, 
 that but for the suppression of gold as currency, 
 they would havi. been very much greater. And 
 if so, the increased demand for gold would, 
 on the one hand, have in so far counteracted that 
 fall in its value which has been so generally 
 apprehciuli'.i ; • "lilc, on the other, it would, by 
 lessening tb- .. .mand for silver, have checked any 
 tendency it may have had to rise. And for these, 
 and other reasons that will readily suggest them- 
 
 i 
 

 
 
 .J ! 
 
 I i 
 
 "t: 
 
 ^ .-■ 
 
 1132 
 
 PRECIOUS METALS 
 
 wives to the rotttlcr, it would Ito fjood jiolicy to 
 ro iiitHMluccn jjold currency. It in contrary lo idl 
 principle, und indeed to t\m pInincHt diclules of 
 connnon HenHe, to exclude it l>y forcililc meann 
 from u Held where it would otherwise Ik! Inrfjcly 
 Msed, the more, eKpccially ns by doint; I hist we 
 eieiitu nn unniitiirul demand for silver at llie very 
 time when it is siipjiosed to lie rising in viduu as 
 compared with gold. 
 
 A further Hiilistitution of jjold for silver may 
 prwbahly be efl'ectcd by usint? (jold coins of less 
 value than fornu'rly. In the L'nited Kingdom, 
 for instance, gold niinht be advantageously coined 
 into .'iff. pieces. The French have set us the (-x- 
 nniple by coining gold.'i franc pii'ces. It would be 
 inconvci'iient, pcrliaps, to have gidd coins worth 
 less thon this; but! of this value their eniplov- 
 nient is beni^liciiil, n» well by economising tFic 
 use of silver, as by their being mure convenient 
 and easily carried about. 
 
 Supposing that the substitution of gold for silver 
 now referied to were fully ell'ected, and that the 
 production of gold as comparerl with silver were 
 to go on tts it luis done since the discovery of the 
 Californian and Australian gold-ticlds, the value 
 ol silver, measured in gold, coidd haidly fail to 
 rise. This, however, will in great measure depend 
 on tlic demand for silver for the Kast continuiirg 
 nt about its late average amount, or on its not 
 falling oft', which it would be sure to do were 
 gold again made legal tender. And there are, 
 besides, but slender grounds for thinking that 
 gohl and silver will continue for any consider- 
 able period to be produced in the same propor- 
 tions that they have been during the last 20 
 years. The presumption, indeed, appears to be 
 rather in favour of the future increase of silver 
 than of gold. 
 
 We mav, perhaps, before proceeding further, 
 notice in this (dace the following estinnite, which 
 the Hank of Kngland laid before the Committee of 
 the House of (,'onimonson Banks in Iiib7-M : — 
 
 Ytarl 
 
 l«.M 
 inyi 
 
 IS'i.l 
 IKM 
 
 in:,r, 
 
 IHiS 
 1S.',7 
 Total 
 
 Imports from 
 I*r(i4luciti|f Coumriei 
 
 I Kljiortk to the Ka.t 
 fiulll (friMt Ilrilain .iiiil 
 t)it> MvUlterrancnii 
 
 Gold 
 
 £ 
 «/,.'.l,n(lO 
 I.M'ii.ooii 
 
 VV,l.V>,l«lll 
 ■iV,ll77,lKM) 
 
 VI,.16(i,IH10 
 T.-.0,S76,()fl(l 
 
 Silver 
 
 £ 
 
 4,o;fi,ooo 
 
 4,7IV,i»l<l 
 ■l,.T..'i,ll(iO 
 4,l'.IU,(lll<l 
 .1,717,<HIO 
 4,16l,OI») 
 <,IIS( ).' 00 
 
 •i9,s;ci,iK»i 
 
 Uold 
 
 £ 
 
 inv.nod 
 
 ICt.OOi) 
 
 i,i9y,(K)U 
 
 47'.I,IHXI 
 
 J'J'J.CMH) 
 
 .'i,IW,(H)0 
 
 Silver 
 
 £ 
 
 i,7ir.,ixKi 
 
 !i ■A'J.CHH) 
 
 4,'>S.'«,<IIHI 
 
 7,M1.0llo 
 
 |I,I(I8,U(IU 
 
 W,l IG.IKHI 
 
 .'i(i,fi76,(ll'll 
 
 Gohl, 
 
 The total Import of fin\il in M>vtn ycnn to ISCG Itns 
 hcfn, hny ..... 
 
 'J'he 1-KpoitK of |{olil bullion ami Itritish Kold cfllii to 
 Inilm, rhiiin, Aiisiralta, the Cap?, ItrazlU, ttw: U'e<^t 
 Inilii -^, Unittil .Suten Ate. niajr Ite taken ut - 
 
 U'hKhwoul-.! leave as the liicrea&e to the European 
 &to('k offifuld . - . . . 
 
 £ 
 
 I'ii/KXJ.OOO 
 
 18.000 .000 
 106,000,000 
 
 i,noo,o(io 
 
 'M 
 
 Siher. 
 
 The eiportf of lilvcr to India and China £ 
 
 liave lern - 40,l)l»IJItl)() 
 
 The imfiortK from the jirodudnK roiintriei 4l,' 'fn).t MHI 
 
 MakinK the amouiii of »ilver added to the Kurui>erfii 
 ilock ---.-. 
 
 Anil the estimated increase In the Europran stock of 
 Inilllon ..... 110,0(10,000 
 
 In .some respects this estimate might l»' advan- 
 tageously modilicd. But supposing it to be, as it 
 may be presumed it is, nearly accurate, still it is 
 obvious that, to get the total addition made to the 
 i-tock of European bullion during the 7 years 
 ending with 18(i6, we must add the bullion pro- 
 duced in Europe during the above period. And 
 the latter being taken at 1,, 500,000/., a-year, 
 makes im aggregate sum of 10,.500,000/., which 
 
 added to the above balance of lin,nOfl,ii()i|/,| ni,|(, 
 the total increase amount to 1 •J(),;"i(lo,()oij/ '' 
 
 Hut, though immense, the demands wiii|.i, thj, 
 fund has had to sustain have been criiiallyiiiiiniMinf 
 We have already seen that the coiiia;,'e'iir ,r„||| j,.' 
 France iluriiig'tho « years ending win, j^-- 
 amounted to no less than loy,l)H7,7|ii/, . mji 
 during the 7 years ending with 1«J7, tiiu Lriod 
 referred to in tlie Hank of KnglniiU e.itimalp it 
 amounted to 87,OKr>,201/. .\ purlioii ipf ilii/m. 
 gaiilic sum was derived from Dutch, i:ii;;liih, and 
 other European coin imported into Kr.wcc' iini 
 very considerable portions were exporti'ij, i.nrilv i,, 
 the Crimea, and thence to the adjacent Asiiiiic 
 countries, for supplies for the Krencii furocs in (|i,| 
 (piarter, and partly to the East by wny of Ivmit 
 Smyrna «tc. IStill, however, wo feel HntJHlii.(rili,it 
 we shall be far within the mark if wc ajsunic 
 that France has absorbed 3.'),0(i0.i)(M)/.(,f [ip,^ ..j,! 
 during the period in miestion, in the shape iifeij/ 
 which is partly emploj-ed as currency mul |ar!h' 
 hoarded. (See, in conlirmntion of ili,. statinum 
 now made, Levasseur, Lu Qmnimuie tOr p, im;,! 
 And if we be nearly right in ihis nssiiiiipiinii, i; 
 follows that only. ")ti,.''>."><l,()l)()/., orH.OVd.ooo/ a.^e,, 
 remains to supply all Imimih',— Nt, wiii, |,e„. ,„' ,! 
 (ex France); and to make good the wear and i.i.. 
 of the old coins ; 'Jnd, to supply the sums ri'i|iiirol 
 for ii:ic in the arts; and iird, to supply iliost/ihit 
 are hoarded and carried aw.iy in the poikciv: 
 emigrants d-c. Ac. A very considerable adJiu.i: 
 has been made to tie metallic currency (rf tit 
 (Jnitcil Kingdom during the lO years endiiij wiili 
 18(i(;, viz. hi,iHir),~HM. of gold, anil 3,7ll,liili/. of 
 silver ; total, ,')'),.')7!>,8!»-.V, Owiii;:, JHiwever, l» 
 our gidd coins being excii/plcd rr^m sti'norai.'i'. 
 they have no greater talue than uii equal neigiit 
 of standard bullion, and arc exported indillmiiilv 
 with the latter. Hence the accountidf ilie sura'i 
 coinetl throw, if taken by tlieinsclvo^, little ir 
 no light on the increase" or di.niniiii' i -i! tli 
 currency. 
 
 The item of coins carried away by cniiirrii:;! 
 is of much more importance than is putralt 
 su|pposed. Taking the entire niinibernfcmihTact! 
 from Euniiie to the United Sfatw, Auslralii ii;J 
 all other places at 400,00() a-ycar, it is prtir,' 
 certain that they do not take' with tlimmu 
 average, less than '21. to ,'i/. in coin, besides plia 
 watches, rings itc. Sonic estimates maiiei 
 exports of bullion by emigrants iiiuih pais 
 than this ; but even tm this very modwatf Mj*- 
 thesis it will anuiunt to 1,000,000/, a-year InM 
 only. 
 
 ilcnce, as compared with the outjoinp,!^ 
 supply of bullion in Furopc during' the last sira 
 or eight years, far from being in excess. Iiss i« 
 scanty rather than otherwise. Anil witli*! 
 diminution of the former, or nn increaso cf il* 
 latter, most people amongst us will lie builiiw 
 sensible of the influence of Caliloniian and la 
 tralian gold. 
 
 I'ast and probable future xnflueta nfit*- 
 creased supply of bullion on prices and i« * 
 value. — The previous statements .seem to lie*- 
 ticient to show that the present supply ''™j 
 precious metals is not more than adequate toW*i 
 the average existing demand, and that thtmi 
 there is no ground for anticipating a fall iuw^ 
 value unless the supply should be incra*' "] 
 the demand diminished. 
 
 It is now (1«(;!») 21 years since the in« 
 supplies of gold from '(,'alifornia, a:;u W i" 
 those from Australia, have been poured into " 
 markets of F.urope and America; and «"*1 
 has not, during that period, been anything 1*1 
 general rise of prices. On the coiitrari', t.ie 
 
to l-2l>v-.tHi,()()0/. 
 
 tho (U'liiaiuls wliii'H tl,i< 
 
 V«>M'<'»P'\"'''1'>' '"""''"*'■ 
 lit the I'liinuno" "f i;iiW in 
 .-(•nrs t-mliiiK with Ihj: 
 Imn lt)'J,',)H7,7Ht/, ; m\ 
 Xf, with 1«''T, till; \Kxh«\ 
 : of r.nnln'"i estimate, it 
 \l. A \)'irlitm iif llii< p- 
 Iniiu Uiitcli, I'.iinlish, and 
 iHiortctl iiilK Fninw'. a" 1 
 iiiH were cx\icirti'il,i>nrtly 1.1 
 e to thu ;iiljiieMil Aniaii.: 
 \,t i\\c FrtMifii forcM ill tli;.i 
 tlio Kast liy way of IC^yi.i, 
 ivcvor, we frpl »ati*tiiil tliil 
 n llic mark if wc af»um« 
 
 leation, in tlifi share i.fo 111, 
 lived as currciioy mul isinly 
 itinnnlioii of llie »tiit«uoiit 
 J.aQiiesliontiel'Or v.W.\ 
 ridit i"'!''" assumiition. It 
 
 -.tMioo/., or K,<»-'iM"'<". »-;■«■ 
 
 make good the wear ami 1"^> 
 
 l,tosui.p»ytl'<-»"»»/«'l»* 
 m„l3r.\,tostu.iilytlio«!'a 
 
 .rried a^^^■»y '"''''=, rtV 
 A vcrv cimsulcrable aiWi'i"" 
 
 !<■(. motiiHlo currencv ot ilij 
 
 ,,•„,.' the 10 years cmlins Mil 
 
 ofBoW.am\3,;it,l*".o! 
 
 i)8')-'r (.)wiiij:, li"«W'" 
 nJ,>;H.i|ilHirro.ns(W. 
 
 UT , alun ihau aiiefni»hfti(." 
 
 an arc exported indiftomuly 
 
 iei.).o account, .fik^utw 
 
 lakenby themsclveO.iite ' 
 
 L„a carried a>vay by tniLW.;! I 
 
 ■^importance than » P*'^ 
 the entire numhet of om..« 
 
 ;tnited States, Australu. 
 
 '!;;ta"t>cl,hcsido2^ 
 
 ,- Some c^timates ma^ - 
 ,; i.v emiL'rants much f mw 
 :^nithi^ery moderate jyr 
 
 1 «-ith the out!!iiin?i'^ 
 „parcd>*itl >c ,„ 
 
 In Europe ^l"' "" " |,,^,irt 
 rfrombemgmex^.^^,^, 
 an otherwise. An. ^ 
 
 .formeroMm '\„a^! 
 
 If bullion »'""■';" '^U^l 
 
 that the I'f «",, Sto4 
 , not tnore than Jg;^l 
 
 ,ting demand, md'^^^^^^ 
 ,„dforant.c>pat.nK^ ^<i 
 e supply should be 
 linished. ,1,5 incrtf^ 
 
 irala.have •^"randve"'*! 
 
 ferShS-^''*H 
 
 T'RKCIOL'H MKTALS 
 I'llie innjoi'ily of mtiilon arc a* low nt this moment 
 
 II a:) 
 
 a< lliPV were nt tlic Hiinio time iu IH.'/O, wlijlo 
 
 -iviraiare lower. .And of lluisu iluU have risen 
 
 ill price sinie the latter epocli, there i^ not ono of 
 
 wliuli till! rise may not lie natisfiu'lorily exjilaiiieil 
 
 |,v Mimethin;; |>eciiliar to itself, ami utl'ei'liii^j 
 
 cliliit iis ileirtaiid or the eomlitions of its supply, 
 
 „rliiiili. i'liiis. the risi' that lias taken plare in llie 
 
 rale el wup'S intiieal llritain and in Ireland is 
 
 ;iMriliablc, partly to the (;realer demand for lalnmr, 
 
 iKirllv ti' the extent to wliieh enii^ratioii has 
 
 liiTii eiirricd. and partly to the potato rot am! the 
 
 oiiisei|iii'iit famine in Irehiiid, and may he fully 
 
 aiciiiiiiteil for in this way. I'lierc is, in truth, 
 
 niitliiiit,' whatever, in compariiifj the prices of to 
 
 ilav with those of 211 years a^i), to entitle any one 
 
 to'otHmi that the value of jfold and silver has 
 
 uniler^'Diic any appreeialile chanj;e in the interval. 
 
 ■flial lliere is hilt little iirohnhility that prices 
 
 will be raised by a eontiiiiianee of the present 
 
 supplies of gold and silver, may he inferred from 
 
 wliattook place after the discovery of America in 
 
 149'.', It appears from the researches of Adam 
 
 Smilh (H'eulth of A'liliimH, 1 vol. «vo. p. HH), 
 
 and other authorities, that the influx of tlie pre- 
 
 cioiis metals had exerted its full ed'eet upon priees 
 
 previously to or about Uillt ; and yet this intiux 
 
 was raiieii greater then and .subsequently than it 
 
 had lioeii at any previous period. According to 
 
 the best information attainable, the average 
 
 annual importation of the precious metals from 
 
 America into Kiiri pe, from 1492 down to 1810, 
 
 mav be estimated as follows : — 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 f.TxnlUJtol.'ino . 
 
 
 '>l,3(ina.][ear 
 
 liiii r.i.s • 
 
 
 . fiil,lilK> „ 
 
 IJl-i lOcUl . 
 
 
 - v,.1S9,viill „ 
 
 iiw i;oii - 
 
 
 • 3,i;,'>,aio „ 
 
 i;i»i n.'io . 
 
 
 . 4,SS7,OWI „ 
 
 mt isiij . 
 
 
 . 7,fi67,l«l> „ 
 
 iKii:t ism . 
 
 
 - y.iiic.Mo „ 
 
 .Annual aftrage of the entire period (119'MS1U|, 4,I0'.I,IUW. 
 
 In 11)40 or HiuO, when the bullion of America 
 liadprwiuced its full elfect on prices in ICurope, 
 its annual iiiHux anioiintcd to about o.OOn.OOO/. 
 Ami yet, though its influx was neatly trebled 
 between that epoch and 1H()3, it is admitted on all 
 liiiHi, that, down to the last-mentiimed year, 
 there was no general rise of prices. The increased 
 il'inaiidofKiirope was fully sufUcient to take olf 
 liiis urcat increase of supply without any fall 
 I (akiiii; plftffi in the v.ilue of silver. Indeed, it is 
 I cimtendcd by .some high authorities that, instead 
 I of fallini;, ii rose in value during the period re- 
 ferred t(i, I'riees ruse in this country subse- 
 quently to IVUu ; bill this was entirely owing to 
 1 the diHieulties which the war then commenced 
 threw in the way of importation, the waste of 
 leapital and the shock given to industrial iinrlcr- 
 Itakinpi which it occasioned, and the disorders 
 1 of all sorts incident to national struggles. 
 
 There cua be no manner of doubt, not merely 
 Itaat the quantity of the precious metals employe d 
 lin Europe and America is incomparablv greater 
 Inow than in the seventeenth and eighteenth ceii- 
 [tiiries, but that the demand for additional quaii- 
 Ijitics is also incomparably greater. And when it 
 > seen that tlieii value c,"intinued stationary from 
 PtioO to 1800. (lesiiite the immense additionid 
 Jupplics that were thrown upon the market, there 
 I It is phun, little ground for wonder th.at their 
 lie mcreasc, great as it has been, has not afl'ected 
 fpw viiliic, or for anticipating that it will mate- 
 Tally decline in the course of the next lialf- 
 >ntiin,-. 
 
 A fall in the value nf the precious metals would, on 
 « ic/io/c, be ut/rantai/fOKS.— Should it turn out 
 m we are mistaken in these conclusions, and 
 "«t a considerable fall in the v.aluc of the precious 
 
 metals is about to commence, it is satisfactory to 
 know that there are no really tenable grounds for 
 supposing that smdi fill will bo publicly in- 
 jurious, his iiideeil impossible for any change to 
 take place in the measure of value without its 
 exercising an injurious intliieiice over a greiiler or 
 Ies4 number of individuals. ]hit if the loss it may 
 inllict. on A, II, and (', be countervailed by the 
 advantages wdiich it confers on X, V, and /, its 
 elfect in a public point of \ lew may not Ik- por- 
 ecptible. It is easy to see tlijif, in the case now 
 under consideration, the inconveniences resulting 
 from a fall in the value of gold and silver would 
 be a good deal more than compensated by the 
 advatil:iges of which it would be productive. 
 
 I. Iiithelirst place, we may oiiserve that the 
 mischievous influence resulting from a fall in the 
 value of the precious metals depends in great 
 measure on the rapidity with which it is brought 
 ulioiil. If it were to take etVect sudilenly, and 
 without giving any distinct warning of its ap- 
 jiroach, it would be much mure injurious than if 
 it look cITect slowly and gradually; for, in the 
 former case, it is ililllcult to take any measures bv 
 which to mitigate or avert the imiieniling cvii, 
 whcreos, in the latter, abundant opportunities are 
 afforded fur that being done ; and though these 
 were not taken advantage of, a change that is 
 brought about by n slow and all but insensible pro- 
 gress is but little felt, at least when compared with 
 one that takes place suddenly or rapidly. Now it 
 is Hiillicienlly certain, supposing the value of the 
 (irecious mcial.s to be in the end reduced, that that 
 reduction will be a very slow process ; and that 
 anyone likely to be injuriously ntrected by its 
 occurrence will have ample time to concert mea- 
 sures to secure himself, as far as may be practicable, 
 against its operation. That we are warranted in 
 coming to this concliisicn is obvious. When an 
 unprecedented influx of bullion has been going on 
 for twenty years without having had any appre- 
 ciable influence over its value, it would be <:on- 
 tradictory to suppose that it is at all liki ly to be 
 speedily and seriously affected by a continuance 
 of the influx, 
 
 '2. Ihit supposing that these anticipations should 
 not be realised, .ind that the HU|iplies of the 
 precious metals Khonld be largely and rapidly 
 increased, and their value reduced, the results are 
 not of a kind that should be- deprecated. 'Jii 
 every kingdom,' says Hume, 'into which money 
 begins to pour in greater abundance than formiMly, 
 everything tak'> a new face: labour and in- 
 dustry gain life, the merchant becomes more en- 
 terprising, the manufacturer more diligent and 
 skilful, and even the farmer follows his plough 
 with greater alacrity and attention. But when 
 gold and silver are diminishing, the workman has 
 not the same cmi)loyment from the manufacturer 
 and merchant, though he pays the same price for 
 everything in the market ; the farmer cannot dis- 
 pose of his corn and cattle, though he must pay 
 the same rent to the landlord: the poverty, 
 beggary, and sloth that must ensue are easily 
 foreseen.' {Kssay on Money.) 
 
 Hume appears to have supposed that the 
 stimulus he has so well describeii, which is given 
 by an influx of money to industry, is occasioned 
 by the additional money coming first into the 
 hands of capitalists, and enabling them to e.xtend 
 their businesses andcmploy more work-people. I5ut 
 though this would have some influence, the philo- 
 sophical historian seems to have overlooked the 
 mode in which an increase in the quantity, and a 
 fall in the value of money, principally contribute, 
 to excite industry and enterprise. Such fall pro- 
 portionally diminishes the many fi.xed money 
 
 "1,- 
 
 
 •' I; 
 
 V I 
 
 ■ ,l:. 
 
n.Ti 
 
 rUKCKH'S MKTAI.S 
 
 ( 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 ■ i 
 
 1 i 
 
 imyiiii'iiU tliitt. lint liitriK' liv llic imliisirioiii* I'liintcit, 
 rill' jiriiTH of I'ciintiiiiilil ii'K viiry willi viirialiniiH in 
 
 lilt' MlIlK' <>r lliollrv ; w IliTCIIS tllM'H, I'l'lltH, illiilt 
 
 pil^cM, 1111(1 iitlii'i' |ir< Hillary liiiriliiiH, ruiiliiiiir 
 Hialidiiiin' lor Ixii^rr or Hluirli'r jK'rioili. 'I'lir 
 liillcr art' ralril or N|ii'riliiMl in I'criaiii aiiioiiniH 
 III' iiiiiiii'V lliuM' to wlioiii llii'si' uri- line Ixiii^ 
 
 iilili^ril to ri ivr tlii'iii in |ia\nii'iil, (linii^li lliii 
 
 valiii' of tiKiiicy hIioiiIiI have lallni li to 11), or I'vi'ii 
 fid |Mr ( I'lil. Milici' llic (laic of llii' I'onlrart. or I'll 
 f^M^i'iiiriK in uliicli till' pay iiii'iilH orii;iiiaii' ; wliili' 
 llioHi' Ity wliiiiii tlii'v ari' iliir »ri' liciiiinl to |iiii 
 tlii'iii, liowi'ViT iiiiii'li tlir viiliii' of iiionry may 
 ha\r risi'li. Ili'iic'f I III' powiTl'lll iiltliirlici' of 
 varialioiiH in its \aliii' ovrr llic ililVcri'iil riassi s of 
 Hocii'ly. Wlirn il ili'i'liiu"<, llir ililitor |iorlion, or 
 lliosi' who liavr ti\>'il money |iaymi'nlH to make, 
 arc lii'iiclili'd al Ilir rspi'iisc of tlir rrrililor 
 poiiioii, or llio.M' who liavi' kik'Ii payiiu'iili lo 
 nrri\i>; ami conviTNily w lirii il risi'H. I''imil 
 liohlcrs, aiinnilantN of all Nurls, l:inilo\viii'rM iliirin^ 
 thr I'lirrriii'V of tlio Iimimch of tfirir istali'M, iiiorl 
 Haj;i'rs. thr army anil ii.ivy, civil Mivirr .It., wiillrr 
 lU'conliii^ lo IhiMliiiiinnlion in the \ ahii'of inonry ; 
 for, Ihoii^li Ihi'ir iiu'oinrs' anilclaimi coiiliimi' no 
 minally (ho Haiiii', thrir valni' is really rediKeil, 
 anil I hey no longer lia\e (heir former eominanil 
 over iieeesHarie.i aiiil eoiiveiiieiiee.i. Iliil while the 
 farmer pays the >'»iiie rent for his farm, anil Ihe 
 Hame taxes lo (iovernment, he sells his prmhiee 
 for a piiee inereaseil proporlioiially lo Ihe reihieed 
 value of money. Ami while inerchaiits, nianii- 
 faeliirers, ami Irailesinen pay (he same ilulirsoii 
 their piods, (he same )iorl and marUet dues, the 
 Mime tolls, I he same rent for shops and warehouses, 
 the same rate of interest for eapilal Imrrowed, and 
 so on, they olilain inereased priees for whatever 
 they have to veil. Ill other woiiIh, the eoiidilion 
 of these elasses is improved at Ihe expense of Iheir 
 landlords and ereilitors, and of iinniiitant.i, and 
 other reecivers of ineomeH wliieh am either teiii- 
 iHirarily or |H<rmitiieiitly ri'diieed lliroiij;h the full 
 111 the value of money. The greater Ihe fall, tlio 
 iiior" advantageous for Ihi'in ; nnd eonverselj-. 
 
 Now, as lixed or stationary payments inehide 
 the interest of the pnblie drht, lus well ns the 
 inaiiv outgoings of (iovernuK'nl which do not 
 readily niri'iiimodale themselves to ehaugcs in 
 tlio value of iiioney, with the runts of litriiiH and 
 houses let on Uiuie, or iiiiihT cipiivaleiit ngree- 
 meiits, feu-duties, the interest of mortgages, and 
 other Hialionary loans, the paymeiits to private 
 nniuiituiitii nnd clergymen, the fees of lawyers, 
 iihyBicians &e„ it is olivions that, in n country 
 like this, they miiHt amount in Ihe aggregate to 
 a vast Slim. No douht it KOinetimes, uiiil iiideeil 
 not unfreipiciitly happens, that individnals belong 
 to both classes, or thai they have lixed payments 
 lo receive as well ax to make, ami that therefnrc 
 neither the gnin to the one parly, nor the loss lo 
 the other, from tUictuatioiiH in the value of money, 
 is go great os might be at liist siipposcil. iStill, 
 however, there i.s no room for doubting that the 
 greater proportion hy far of (ixed payments is 
 iiiMile to the elasses not engaged in bu.siness or in 
 industrial undertakings by those who are; atid 
 hence the advantage which any considerable fall 
 in the value of money confers on the latter — that 
 is, on those whose well-being, and that of the 
 public, are commonly supposeil to be identical. 
 Such fall, by lightening the burden of taxation 
 and of all lixed charges, increases universally the 
 jiroductiveness of inihi>try and the rate of prolit. 
 And it is hardly iieeest:ary to add that this in- 
 creased prolit operates as a spur to produVtion, 
 that it (jnicken,'- all the operations of trade, and 
 occasioiis an increased demand iVr labour. 
 
 I'llICIlH 
 
 The opposili" ('(lects follow when, iiblcnd ,1 
 falling, the eiirrencv becomes niori' viilnal,;,, 
 Tiixisanil lived charges U'iii'^ ihen aii^'niriiii.,| j,' 
 an eipial di rce, tlh' prolltH of ihusi' In hI,,,, 
 they are pniic'ipally borne are prui,(,rii„||||||| 
 lediiceil, indiislry H depressed, and lliii hiiiiih. ,, 
 of ihe productive cliisses ehaiiged fur ||||. »,,,„. 
 Iliil though there eaiinol, as it appi urn In us !»' , 
 doubt thai a fall in the \ahie ol iihjiu'v, Ixiurv r 
 I injurious lo lainc classes, is on llli' wlml,. ;,,i. 
 vaulageoiis, we hope il will nut lie ilicin,. ,, 
 h'rred Ibal we an- disposed to a|i|inivi hj ;im 
 I degree of an intciilioiuil ri'iliiclioii nl iIh \,|{i|, 
 Money being the sijindard or measure i.rv,||||,.|„ 
 interfere wlili it, wbclher in the wjiv nf iiKtiii.. 
 or diminutioii, would he an act of ixtrvmi' m 
 |iistiee, (iovcrimieni is bound ti> prnliyi, jn ;,, 
 far as posxildc, the rights ami iuii hib „| ji, 
 classes of its subjects ; and il ciirMiut, wiiliiim 
 trampling on its most sacred duiv, u<i„|ii, |„ 
 beiielii one pari of I hem, iinv iiieaNiirc »lii,li 
 might be injurious lo another {lurl. Hut ii l.il! 1 1 
 Ihe value of the pricioiis nielals caiMilln':, 
 greater fai'ilily of Iheir proihutiou, ur liv ijii j,, 
 covery of new scuirces of siippU', is a wlmih 
 
 dilh rent nialtei', Il dcpciiils iu uimIi^ti ii ih,> 
 
 llieoriis of philosophers or the deci^iuiH lIjIhi v 
 
 I men or Icgisl.ilors, hut is ihe result nt lirniiii. 
 
 stances that are beyond hinniin ediilrnl. .liij 
 
 though, like a fall of r.iiii aflir a Imi:; ourn' 
 
 , of dry weather, ii may be pn;juihii,il tii ivniiii 
 
 classes, it is benelii iai to an nieiiiupiiniliK (;rr,iifr 
 
 I iHimher, iuclndniL; nil who are actively t'ii};%Miin 
 
 ' industrial pnrMiits; and i>, speaking Jfi'iieralh.iii 
 
 great public or national advantage. 
 
 Oil the whole, iherefore, we an' warraiKel in 
 ; c(Uichiding —I. That there has been no lull iii ilie 
 value of the precioii* nielals, and men' i'>nviallv 
 in that of gold, during the 20 years iiiiiii;- wiiii 
 lUdS ; •_'. That there do not appear In 1« :iin .•,,.1 
 grmmds for aniieipuliiig a speedy or c.ii-M rabK' 
 full in the value either of gold o- Mlm; anJ 
 ;i. That supposing a fall in the viihu' ol j;iilii«erc ^ 
 to take place, its advantages would niuili rni« 
 than countervail its disadvanlagemi!i iiilliuiw. 
 I'KKMIUM. ,' iNsiUANci:.] 
 THICKS. Hy the price ot a comnKKiily ii j 
 meant its value eiitimaled in niiuicy, ur, »iniplr, 
 the i|uantity of money forwhieli it will cxchm I 
 The price of u commodity rises whiii it liii'kii 
 more, and falls when it h'tehes less iiiwu'v, 
 
 1. I'rivK o I' freely /iri, lured Commmlities.-i.ii I 
 exchangeable vuliieof coimiKulities— tliaiislba 
 power of exeliaiiging for or hiiyin); other imb- 
 iiitxlitics — depends, alaiiy given period, partly m I 
 the comparative faciiily of tlieir produttiuii, anl 
 partly on the relation of the suiiply ami (lenuuii j 
 If any two or more conmiiKlitii's ri\<|wlii('.f 
 rc'piired the same outlay of capital and liiMift' 
 bring them to market, and if the siipjilv nl eiii 
 were adjusted exactly occordiiig lo the cffntul 
 demand — that is, were they all ir sufest 
 abundance, and no more, to supply ll.t »«ii;m< 
 those able and willing lo pay thi outlay B?a 
 them, and the ordinary rate el prolii ac lli n* 
 — they would each fetch llic sai.io puu. '' 
 exchange for the Banie i|unntity of any I'-'l 
 commodity. Hut if any single cumnimiity sli ' i 
 happen to reipiire less or more capital niiJ lal- '■ 
 for ils production, while Ihe i|uaiility nijuiriJ w j 
 produce the others coillinuod staiioiiarv.ilsviliK, | 
 as compared with them, would, in the hijUI*.! 
 fall, and in Ihe second, rii-e; and, sup|H«!i:yi'«j 
 cost of its production not to vary, it.- value m# I 
 be increased by a falling olf in the ."upply.orVI 
 an increase of demand, a'ul convurscly. ,. f 
 
 Jlut it is of importance to bear in uiinJ i.u' >" I 
 
 ' 1 
 
fllllDW Wlll'll, ill»ll«(l 111 
 i(MMllll''H liMirc Vlllllal.lr. 
 U'iu'-? tlu'ii iiii^'iiiiMU'il in 
 r(it\lt "if 'I"""' ''> "'"'"' 
 mriic iiri' |'r..i«.rli"ii;ill, 
 iri'NHi'il, i\nil nn\ Hiiuiii>''i 
 H clmnni'il l'"f llii'tturv, 
 
 I, lit ll ill'l"!"'" '" "*■ '"''^ 
 sulllr >'l IlliUli'Vt ll"«iVI 
 
 ,j.^ IH (111 till' Wllllll' .111- 
 
 II, will n'l' '"' III''"'!' Ill- 
 |,(Wi\ I" ni'liri'vc ill any 
 
 1,1 I'I'dlli'tidll (ll llK Milui. 
 
 iird (T 111' ii^iif "I vuliii.lii 
 icr in I'"' wi<^' "f '""'■•'■'■ 
 ln' iiii i»'i "' '■""'>'""' I" 
 m bmiii'l I" iiroU'cl, ill ii< 
 \^•\\{^ 1111.1 iiil'icHH .'( all 
 
 I • luiil ii ciiiMi'il. wiiliciii 
 nI wicrcd 'I'liy. ll'l't'' I" 
 ilicin, m'^ im'iwif' "IH'''' 
 lUKillicr \.ai't. lliit a 1.1" 111 
 •ioiiH iiicliilt ciui-"! I'y ''■>' 
 ir iir.i(lii''li"'>. "f '•> '''"'" 
 ,,^ „i Hiiliply. 1" •' «l"''jy 
 ilciicii'l" in ii'i '!''>;"'''""'» 
 TH (ir (lie (i('ci-i"in "iMiilv 
 
 ,iil in 111'' >■'•''»'' "' '■"■"""■ 
 vdud liimiiiii ('"iiirnl. Aiil 
 
 ;,f rain id'H'i' « '""^ ''"""* 
 ,.,v i„. iin'jii'li''iiil 111 orijui 
 ,1 l(. nil iiu'diiil'iiniMi CMlrt 
 
 II wild arc iii'livcly I'lW^lii 
 iind i^, Mliciilviim K''"'-'"''!;'''' 
 ,iml adviiiiliit;''- . 
 ...rcldfc, we arc Wtttniiilf.l in 
 , tlicrc lias liccn 110 lall mil'- 
 ', Miclals mill I"""' '^l"^'*".;' 
 ■„|.' tlic-^" v.'iirs.'iiJiii::*"'' 
 
 'idiidtapiicarloW™;^- 
 
 'i,l,("r (ifV'dl.l (-• silut; «ia 
 «lalli"tlicviiliii'"li!'''''''"* 
 Ldvaiitnuo'i wdiiM i>'"''l' »'" 
 ',dis.ulvaiilat;i'.m*iiiili"W. 
 
 'timntcd ill iiioiioy. «, .implv. 
 ovldrwliiel«il«"''* 
 
 I, il fcli-lio^ less 111""'-)-- 
 
 |..,-0(,.ii.ii."lili>^'-"'""''t!' 
 t'l fdfdr buying.*'* 
 
 t ('r.lleBU,.ply»l"l.i'■- 
 'l, ciiiimdaitics ro.r^ ^ 
 playofc«pi,»la;v^^'« 
 l,t,„„ditMVb'^^^ 
 
 Baiuc qimiX'ty 01 »^,, 
 „„v Kiiii;l'= C'lmm;*'" f.,, 
 ,;^or.i.'!^ecaii.laU^^; 
 
 diiU. the M"''""':,, t ^• 
 
 rti,e,ii,M"'il'l. "'" .ie 
 
 L,id,ri^e;«ml.Mil-,;,ii 
 
 Liidl tdVttr.N.i.-- ty 
 
 IdliiiC""'"""^""' 
 
 I""' ""' Lar in miii'l 
 
 I'KK 
 
 ¥«ti«li. "" <if I'fi'''' <»ri«i"K fr'H" niiy di»|ird|Mirti(in 
 
 in III'' Slll'l'ly »!"' >1<'I>IAII(I of Hlll'tl (-(1111111(1(111 ICH \iH 
 
 ni.n !»' I'ifi'/ii iirmluird in iiiil< lin,i(, iiiiiiiililiit, arc 
 (tiiiiKirdVy (iiilv ; wliilc III'" ilial arc (iccasidiicd 
 l,\ iliaiij:i's ill ll"^ <•""•■ "I ilK'ii' lirddiiclidii arc 
 iilrmuM"''. "'■ '•'""'^ "'' imii'li ho ;«■( lllc ctii^tc ill 
 vdiiili liny (iriKiiinlc. A nciicriil iicmiiiiin 
 
 (iT;i-iiiM» ll Iraiisiciil rim' In the |iri t lilack 
 
 fliili: hut sii|i|idsintr thai (he lashidn c' AcariiiK 
 IjIiuI. wi'ic Id (•"iiiiniK. IS |iricc wdiilii ' per 
 mam ,iiy vurv ; (or lii'iscwho |lrcvldn^l^ iiiami 
 iinhiircil hill" Hli'l hnuMi cl'illiH d-c wiiilld heme 
 l„til, liiaiiiilaclui-c (inly IdacU cldlh; nml iIk 
 ,iiii|,lv hdlil-' in this way iniicitM'd In llic hicnc 
 rxliiil lis 111'' dcniand, the prici- wiiiild ncKIc il 
 ih I'M li'i'l- llcnt'c llici iiii|»iriaiic(i i)( (liNtiii 
 Hiii'liiii}; K'livci I a viirialicn (il price orljjiniKinn 
 iiuiili.'iiii;'' "I l.t-'lii'"' •" dilicr iici'iijcnlal ciriMiin 
 >li,ii,v_,iich, lor cxiiin|il(', as a delicierit iiarvcHi — 
 iiiiiU v,iri;ili"ii di'i'asi'ini'il hy sdiiic change in the 
 01-1 "f |iri"liii'lidn. In ihi' I'driiicr caw, jiriccH 
 will, ;il niidislaiit pcrind, rcvcrl t.i their (ihl h'Nel ; 
 iiilhc liil'cr, llie vanalidii will he la^tliii'^, 
 
 Wlll'll ill'' /"■'('(' "la Irccly prddnccd Cdiniiiddily 
 n*is iir lulls, siK'h varialidii may cvidcnlly lie 
 luYinidiinl cilhcr liy NdiiielhinK alVcclill^; il.s 
 value, iir hy MPiiielhinn alVccliiin I he value of 
 iiiuiicv, lliil Mlicn the i^'ciicralily dt (•nininddilies 
 rii iirliill. Mill lair |ircsiiin|itidii is llial the change 
 i>mil ia liiini, hut in llic niiincy with which they 
 arc ''umiiiiriil. This cdiicliiHidii dues iml, lidivcvcr, 
 iipiilv ill all cases; and wc belii've llnil iiiiihI part 
 (i( llial lull ill the prici! of ('.(iininddilies, which has 
 t^lklll|||;ll•(•^illce the peace dl 1 IS I. 'i, and which has 
 bidiMiK'Hcrally ascrihcd In ii rise in llic value of 
 iDuiiiv. (ii('ii»idned hy a decline in the productive- 
 liffs (if llic niiiics, has hceii cnnsed hy, ihe in 
 crt.iNil iirediictivencs.s oC indnsiry, nrisiii^; Croni 
 tlinili.p|iiiiiii(il'(i|iprcHsive reslrainls (in coniiiierce, 
 till! ii|i(iiiii(,' of new and inere ahiiiidiuil sdiirce.H of 
 suinily, mill Ihc discovery of new iiican.i nnd 
 imiiruvoil methiKls of production. ( i'liKcioiis 
 Uktai.s.] 
 
 i. I'me iif monoiiuimrd Ciimmoditks. — Kxclii- 
 fivi', liiiweviT, of the comniodities now iillildcd to, 
 there il a ciiiisiiliirahlo class whoso priKlucers or 
 hiiMim enj(iy cither an uhanlutii or n }mitial 
 moiiiipiily (if the supply. When hiicIi is Iho case, 
 |iriccMlipciid culirt'ly or priiicipnily on llie pro- 
 IKirliiiii Wtween the' .supply and deinaiid, uiid 
 art nut liable to he inllueiioed, or only in a HPcoritl- 
 ary ilc(;roe, by diaii),'es in the cost, of prodiiclion, 
 .\iitiquj statues and pcnm; the pictiirca of the 
 ptat masters ; wines of n peculiar flavour, pro- 
 (lucnl ill sninll quantities, in particular Hiliint ioiiH; 
 an'lafew other articles, exist under what may 
 Ik! called absolute nionopdli a; — their supply 
 tamiiitbi' incroiised; and iheir price niusl, llierc- 
 I'lrc, (Itjjcnil entirely on the ciunpetilidii ol ihoso 
 Willi may wi.sb to buy llieiii, without heiiif; in the 
 8lit;litcsi degree iiitiucnced by the cost of their 
 prodiiciioii. 
 
 Jluiiii|i(iliea are sometinioii established by law ; 
 Mwliciithe power to supply the market Willi a 
 articular article is made over to one individual 
 ir society of individuals, wit lioiit any liniitution 
 nf ihe iiriee at which it may he so'd' ; which, of 
 wiirsc, enables those posacsied of the monopoly 
 |to «act the higl.est price for it that the com|ic- 
 tiliiiiiuttlie buyers will atVoiil, thoii^jh such price 
 fflaycscctd the cost of production in any (uui- 
 ttivable degree. Moiioiv lies id' this sort u.seil to 
 [Wciimiiioain Encland. particularly in the rei(,'n 
 [•fl'.lualidh: bui, tlipv were linallv abolished by 
 ;^lie laiiuius Act of the t\ .las. I.' c. ;i-an Act 
 f 'm-i, by cstablishiuK tl'« freedom of competition 
 11 nil businesses carried on ut home, has been 
 
 prodiiclive of the (^roatcKt ndvailtfli;;o, ( Mono- 
 I'oi.v. I 
 
 'I'lie ciirii laws esliiidlHhed i partial ninnopoly of 
 the Niipiily of lircal lliitiiin wllhcorii in fiiviiiirnr 
 I be HMincnlliirisI" ; but, ns ciiinpi litniii was can led 
 to as (;reat an i inil in iiLoiciiltnru as in any 
 oilier lln^<lneKS, ilii^ iiioiiiipoli ilid not enable 
 Ihein Id ohiaiii a hi),'her price tnr their produce 
 than wii^ fiilllciellt In pay the ( xpenscs of Its pro- 
 diiclion, llioii;;b, owlii); to the pcciiliiir circtiiii 
 Hiances iiiuler which this conniry lit placed, thin 
 price was hl^^hcr than Ihc price iu the Niirroiindiii:^ 
 coiintrieH. Ilciice It n •olti ll that the inonopuly 
 i«as lii{iirioiis In tin- public, wllliuiil IicIiik of any 
 advanla^jc In those eiinii^cd in the luiHinens of iinn- 
 
 cull lire. Neil her, ind I, cuii Id 1 1 be truly said to be 
 
 advanta^ is to the laiidliird'-. | < (Hin I. awn ani> 
 
 tlllllN 'I'l! MH-, (I'limillliH iif llii' Clilll /.llll'H).] 
 
 The il^dllH ciinvcycd iiy paleilt', hiiliietinies 
 eslalillsh a vulioible inniiopoly ; Inr tlii'V enable 
 Ihc iii\ ciiliir <iif iiii|irii' < d iiietliixhdf priMliiclinn lir 
 nialiilain, diiriii^ tbe i'iiitliiiiiiiic(< ,,( the paieiil, 
 
 I he prii f theartii'lc at a le\<| whi(di may be 
 
 nnich blKher than is rcijiiireil In alVord them Iho 
 oidinaiy rale of prolil. I'his ailvaiilii^,'e, however, 
 by .■dllinilaliiii; invention, and excltlii;.; In new 
 discoveries, of which il li the natural and appro- 
 priate reward, iiislead nf bcinn InjiirioUM, is beni!- 
 licial to the public. | rAiiNiH. | 
 
 I'here are also jiartial indiinpnlicH, depending 
 ii| HI sitiialidii, ciimiecllnn, laslildii fti 'I'liese, 
 and nther inappreciiible circiiiiistaiices, mhiiiI lines 
 nccasloli a dllferclice id 110 per ci Ul. or more In the 
 price of Ihc Maine article In tiluipn not very distant 
 troni lach other, 
 
 ticiierally speaking, llie Hiipply id' monopoliseit 
 comnioditlcs is less li.ilde to v;iry than tlm Hii|iply 
 of those which are freely priidiiced ; .'iiid their 
 prices are coniinonly more hieady. Itnl there are 
 various exceiilioiis I" this riih , and of these the 
 corn monopoly is niic. 'llie ;frcal variations in 
 the liarveNts of parlicnlar countries, and their 
 averaf^e eipialily llirniit^hoiil tic world, eX|(ose a 
 nation which shuts foreign emii out ol' its ports to 
 dcMtriiCiivc vicissilndes ol prii < , frmii which it 
 would enjoy a coiiipaiative exeinplion were the 
 (lortM open. I (NntN Laws ami (Jou.n 'i'liAiir., ^c. | 
 Sometiiiiesiliuexpiralidnofa monopoly — a patent, 
 for example — has occasiniied a midden and extra- 
 ordinary iiicrea.se of supply, and cnnseipient fall of 
 i)ric(< J , ntailiiifj, of <^onr>e, a serious loss on the 
 holders of large stocks of floods priKlui'cd under 
 the monopoly, 
 
 ii, iViw >'r)Mrrc» iif Supply. — The (dl'ect.i oil 
 prices prodiu'cd by the openiiif; of new markets, or 
 new HoiirccH of supply, are familiar to every one. 
 The fall that has taken plac'e in the price of pep- 
 per, and of most sorts of commodities bronf;ht 
 iroiii the Kast, since the opening; of the traih' in 
 IHM, is u conspicuous proof of what is now stated. 
 4. Inftuence nf Wiir on friccs. — The etfect of 
 war in ob.striictin;; the ordinary chnniiels of com- 
 mercial intercourse, and occasioniiifj extreme 
 lliictuntioiis in tho supply and price of com- 
 modities, is well known. In this respect, however, 
 Iho latter part of the war ended 181.') is, perhaps, 
 entitled to a pre-eminence. W'e had then to deal 
 with an enemy who had extended his sway over 
 most part of the Continent ; and who endeavoured, 
 by every means in his power, to shut us out of tho 
 Continental markets. Mr. Tooke has K'^en. >'»■ 
 his elaborate and valiiahlo work on //igh and Loiv 
 Prices, a variety of details which strikin^^ly illus- 
 trate the cftect that the regulations then adopted 
 by the belligerent powers had on prices. ' Among 
 the means,' says Mr. Tooke, 'devised by the 
 ingenuity and enterprise of adventurers to elude 
 

 i^'Vi 
 
 oA^ 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
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 I.I 
 
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 ■i' Bits 
 
 .1* IM 
 
 2.2 
 
 8 
 
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 1-25 1 1.4 II 1.6 
 
 
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 6" 
 
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 Photograpiiic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEUSTEti, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4SU3 
 
 iV 
 
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 <i. 
 
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 lUG PRICES 
 
 or overcome tlie obstncloM jjrcscnted by tl'a dccreca 
 of llic enemy, one in )iartii ular, which wns resorted 
 to on nu exicnsive scale, (tecrvcs mention, as 
 ilhislratinj; in a striliinj; manner the de;;rce in 
 •\vhicli those ohstncles were calculated to increase 
 the cost to the consumer. Several vessels laden 
 with suijar, cofl'ee, tobacco, cotton twist, and other 
 vahialile conimodilies, were despatched from Enj;- 
 laiid, at very hif;li rates of freij;ht and insurance, 
 io ISalonical where tlie floods were landed, and 
 thence conveyed on nudes and horses through 
 Servia and Hungary to Vienna, for tlie purpose of 
 beiiif,' distributed over (iermany, and, possibly, into 
 France. Thus it mi}{lit happen that the inhabit- 
 ants of that part of the Continent most contiguous 
 to this country could no. receive their f,np- 
 plies from ns wil'iout an expense of convey- 
 ance equivalent to what it would be if they weie 
 removed to the distance of a sea voyage twice 
 round the globe, but not subject to fiscal and 
 political regulations.' And in consequence of 
 these, and other causes of the same sort, Mr. 
 Tookc mentions that, the price of sugar in Franco, 
 and other parts of the Continent, during the latter 
 j'cars of tlie war already refencd to, was as high 
 as 5.1. and G.«. a pountl ; tiiat coffee rose to 7»., indigo 
 to IHs., and so on. 
 
 Hut the sums charged for freight and insurance 
 were the most cxtraonlinary. Mr. Tooke states 
 that he has known instances in which the license, 
 freight, and other charges on account of a vessel 
 of about 100 tons burden, making a voyage from 
 Calais to London and back, have amounted totiie 
 almost incredible sum of 60,000/. ! A ship, of 
 which the whole cost and outfit did not amount 
 to 4,000/., earned during the latter period of 
 this war a frross freight of 80,000/. on a voy- 
 age from Bordeaux to London and back. The 
 freight of indigo from London to the Continent 
 does not at present exceed Itl. a pound; whereas 
 it amounted, at the period referred to, to about 
 4«. Crf. (High and Low Prices, 2nd ed. p. 212.) 
 
 5. Influence of Taxes on Prices. — It is un- 
 JieccssaVy to dilate on a topic so familiar to every 
 one. When a tax is laid on a commodity, its 
 price necessarily rises in a corresponding propor- 
 tion : for otherwise the producers would not obtain 
 the ordinary rate of prolit, ami would, of course, 
 withdraw from the business. The rise in the 
 price of several of the articles in the annexed 
 table is principally to be ascribed to the temporary 
 increase of taxation. 
 
 These statements will probably suffice to give 
 our readers a general idea of the princii)los which 
 determine the value of commodities. To go 
 dee|)er into the subject would involve us in dis- 
 cussions that belong to political economy, and are 
 among the most intricate in that science. The 
 influence of speculation on prices must not, lit.v- 
 cvcr, be passed over in a work of this sort. 
 
 6. Influence of Speculation on Prices. — It very 
 rarely happens that either the actual supply of 
 any species of produce in extensive demand, or the 
 intensity of that demand, can be exactly measured. 
 Every transaction in which an individual buys 
 jiroduce in order to sell it again, is, in fact, a 
 speculation. The buyer anticipates that the 
 demand for the article he has purcha.sed will be 
 puch, at .some future period, cither more or less 
 distant, that he will be able to dispose of it with 
 a prolit; and tlic success of the speculation depends, 
 it is evident, on the skill with which he has es- 
 timated the circumstances that must determine 
 the future price of the commodity. It follows, 
 therefore, that in all highly commercial countries, 
 where merchants are possessed of large capitals, 
 and where they arc left to be guided in the use of 
 
 them by their own discretion and fircsii'lit tl 
 prices of commodities will fre(iuciitly b,, ' ° 
 much iiiHuenced, not merely by the nctiml no. '^' 
 rence of changes in the accustomed rclntidn 't(\]' 
 supply and demand, but by the aiitieipaii,,,, '"; 
 such changes. It is the business of the m,.,' 
 chant to acquaint himself with evor^- circiimstan • 
 affecting the p.irticular description of ccnimiiiiiiiM 
 in which he deals, lie endeavours to nbtajn I,.- 
 means of an extensive correspondence, the earlii? 
 and most authentic information with reshcctT 
 everything tliat may affect their supply nr it 
 ma.id, or the cost of their prodiictidn"; and if 
 lie learned that the .supply of an article li.ad fii],,,i 
 or that, owing to changes of fashion, or to tt 
 ojieningof new channels of commerce, tlic dcniini 
 for it had been increased, he would most lik,.|v 
 be disposed to become a buver, in nnticipatidn ' 
 profiting by the rise of price, which, under [C 
 circumstances of the case, could liardiv fail ,( 
 taking place; or, if he were a holder of tlie artielp 
 he would refuse to part with it niiless tor a liickr 
 price than he would previou.sly have a(;conipd If 
 the intelligence received by the merchant ba,i 
 been of a contrary description—if, for oxaranle 
 he had learned that the article was now r 'odnoed 
 with greater facility, or that there was a fallinf 
 off in the demand for it, caused bv a change of 
 fasliion, or by the shutting up of some of He 
 markets to which it had prcviouslv been admitinl 
 —he would have acted differentlv ; in this fi<e 
 he would have anticipated a fall of prices, aid 
 would either have declined purchasing ilio ariide 
 except at a reduced rate, or have endeavoured h 
 get rid of it, supposing him to be a holder, ki 
 offering it at a ower price. In consequence of 
 these operations, the prices of commodities, it 
 different places and periods, are bronglit com. 
 liaratively near to equality. All abrupt transitioa*, 
 from scarcity to abundance, and from ahundantt 
 to scarcity, are avoided ; an excess in one case i 
 made to balance a deficiency in another, and tlif 
 supply is distributed with a" degree of steadins 
 and regularity that could hardly have bea 
 deemed attainable. 
 
 It is obvious, from what has now been statei 
 that those who indiscriminately condemn all m 
 of speculative engagements, have never rclieWK 
 on the circumstances incident to tlie prosecutiij 
 of every undertaking. In truth and realitv, tlei 
 are all speculations. Their undertakers' ims 
 look forward to periods more or less distant ; ie; 
 their success depends entirely on the sapdir 
 with which they have estimated the probaliiiilvB 
 certain events occurring, and the intiuencenliii 
 they have ascribed to them. Speculation is 
 therefore, really only another name for forcsijlii: 
 and though fortunes have sometimes been m» 
 by a lucky hit, the character of a successful jpec- 
 lator is, in the vast majority of ii.staiices. duel' 
 him only who has skilfully devised thenieaniff 
 effecting the end he had in view, and who h 
 outstripped his competitors in the jiid{;nient»;:i 
 which he has looked into futurity, and apf* 
 ciated the operation of causes ])inducin),' dista 
 effect.''. Even in the securest businesses, suck" 
 agriculture and manufactures, there is, ami nf! 
 be, a great deal of speculation. An unlookeait 
 change of season frequently disappoints tlif ip- 
 parently reasonable expectations of tliose »t: 
 undertake the former; whib the equally* 
 pricious variations of fashion have to be enc«i«- 
 tered by those engaged in the latter; mid 
 is, besides, liable to be aU'ected by lepsliti" 
 enactments, by new discoveries in the ariiui 
 by an endless variety of cir 'imstaiicej ivliiclii 
 is always very difficult, an^.l sometimcj 
 
 
 •tv- .-■;;>! i 
 
impi 
 
 TRIC 
 On the wholo, indeci), the 
 
 •om whnt has now been Mitti 
 liscriminatcly condemn all i«rj 
 racemcnta, have never rcteic 
 ices inciilent to the proswuM 
 ■M". In truth and reality, to 
 Mis" Their undertakers m 
 erioris more or less distant; jk 
 ,cn(ls entirely on the sasaotT 
 lave estimated the probaliililvs 
 ■urrinc, ami the influence «tiii ] 
 iK-d to them. Speculations 
 only another name for forc3i;lii; 
 mcs have sometimes been ntt 
 ,e character of a successfubpw 
 
 ast majority of n.stauce^.''"' 
 as skilfully devised the n»M 
 I he had in view, and ivho te 
 :om,«titorsintlie.imlt;mei.t« 
 ookedinto f»t>'r.tv, a.>||^ 
 tion of causes VVoduenH!^^ 
 
 ,the securest hmmessev^'M 
 manufactures, there IS, an « 
 
 of speculation Anun oUi|J 
 bn frequently disappout^']- 1 
 
 ^:!^?fie"a£;dyM4 
 
 new discoveries in tlie ar^«^ 
 ■arctvof cifimstaiicesMl" 
 
 d l\ cult, and sometimes ,.« 
 
 KS 1137 
 
 cases, (if the utinost consequence. Without well- 
 authenticated (lata to go u))(in, every step taken 
 may only lead to error. The instances, indeed, In 
 which speculations, apparently contrived with 
 the greatest judgment, have ended in bankruptcy 
 and ruin, from a dcliciency in thio essential 
 re(iuisitc. are so very numerous, that every one 
 must b(! acquainted with them. Ilencc the 
 importance of selecting acute and cautious cor- 
 respondents ; and hence, also, the nec(^sslty of 
 maturely weighing their reports, and of" en- 
 doavi.uring, by the aid of information gleaned 
 from every authentic accessible source, to ascer- 
 tain how far they may be depended upon. 
 
 When a few loading merchants pundiase in 
 anticipation of an advance, or sell in anticipation 
 of a fall, the speculation is often pushed beyond 
 all reasonalile limits by the operations of those 
 who are inlluenced by imitation only, and who 
 hav(! never, perh.ips, reflected for a moment oa 
 the grounds on which a variation of price is 
 anticipated. In speculation, as in most other 
 things, one individual derives confidence from 
 auotlK^r. Such a cue purchases or sells, not 
 because he has any really .iccurale information a» 
 to the state of the demand and supply, but 
 because some one else has done so before him. 
 The original impulse is thus rapidly extended; 
 and even those who are satisfied tliiit a specula- 
 tion, in anticipati(m of a rise tif prices, is unsafe, 
 and that there will be a recoil, not unfreipiently 
 adventure, in the expectation that they vill he 
 able to withdraw before the recoil has begun. 
 
 It may, we believe, speaking generally, be laid 
 
 down as a sound practical rule, to avoid liaving 
 
 anything to do with a speculation in which 
 
 'ii'lOTabun Jaiice ; and though there' had been I many have alr'iady engaged. The competition of 
 
 sulli ii liificiciicy, the excess to which the price | the speculators seldom fails speedily to render an 
 
 adventure that might have been originally safe, 
 
 extremely hazardous. If a coinnnnlity happen 
 
 be at an unusuallv reduced 
 
 issihie, to foresee. ,. , , 
 
 ,,,„s of the undertakeis are so adjusted, that 
 fliose who carrv them on obtain, at an average, 
 1 common and ordinary rate of jirolit. Hut the 
 inciiiiality ill tl'« K"'"'' o*" individuals is most 
 ,'„,„nlv very great ; and while the superior 
 •t industry, or good fortune of some enables 
 ihoni to realise large fortune:*, the want of dis- 
 ,(ninie:it, the less vigilant attention, or the bad 
 iiiriunc of others fre()uently reduces them from 
 the situation of capitalists to that of labourers. 
 
 The creat cotton speculation of 18-2.'> took its 
 
 ri^orartlv and chielly from a supposed deficiency 
 
 in the su'pplv of citton, partly from an idea that 
 
 ■hire was li gr-atly iiuTeased demand for raw 
 
 cotton in this coii'itry and the Omtincnt, and 
 
 nartlv from a belief thiit the stocks on hand were 
 
 luusiiallv low. Now it is obvious that th'! 
 
 success of those who embarked in this speculation 
 
 (lopended cntirclv on two circumstances; viz. 
 
 Aral that they were right in the fundamental 
 
 \upposition on which the whole speculation 
 
 ,fl{n\, that the sup|)ly of cotton was no longer 
 
 oommcnsurate with the demand ; and scruiiJ, that 
 
 their competition did not raise the price so high 
 
 IS t« diminish the consumption by the manu- 
 
 licturcrs in too great a degree to enable them to 
 
 takeoff the quantitv to be actually brought to 
 
 inarket. If the merchants had been well founded 
 
 in tlieir suppositions, and if their competition 
 
 liail not nised the price of cotton too high, the 
 
 -iKcnlaiicin would cerlaiiily have been successful. 
 
 But, instead of being well Amnded, tl hypothesis 
 
 (111 whicli the wtiolc thing rested was pcrfccth- 
 
 visionary. There was no deficiency in the sup- 
 
 iv of cotton, hut, on the contr.trv', a great 
 
 was carried nius't have checked consumption so 
 I inndi as to occasion a serious decliiiv.-. The 
 I fallini! off in the imports of cotton from America 
 Wli seems to lia/c been the .source of the 
 I ilefciiiii. It was supposed that this falling oiT j 
 I was nil* accidental, but that it was a coiise- j 
 (liuncc of the price of cotton having been for a j 
 series of years so low as tn be inadefjuate to | 
 Idcfrav the expenses of its cultivation. The 
 I result showed tliat this calculation was most cr- 
 Ironcuns. And besides, in entering on the specii- 
 jlation, no attention was jiaid to Kgypt and Italy 
 I— countries from which only .nbout 1,100,000 lb. 
 Icf cotton were obtained in 1821, but from which 
 liio less than 23,«U0,O0O lb. were obtained in 1825. 
 Iriiis unlooked-for importation was of itself al- 
 Iniost enough to overturn the combination of the 
 Ispccnlators ; and, coupled with the increased 
 liiiiportatioa from America and other countries, 
 lactually occasioned a heavy glut of the market. 
 
 The risk to which mer'jhaiits are exposed 
 
 JMhen they cither s(dl ofT any lonimodity at a 
 
 IrertHccd price in anticipation of r. fall, or buy at 
 
 Tan advanced price in auticipati' n ( f a future rise, 
 
 ' ; a consequence principally oi' the extreme ditfi- 
 
 Iculty of ascertaining the Iruc state of the face 
 
 ivith respect to the grounda on which an abun- 
 
 |l.int or B dclicient supply, or an increasing or 
 
 Becreasing demand, may be expected. IJules can 
 
 licre he of no service ; everything depends upon 
 
 he tal(;iit, tact, and knowledge of the party. 
 
 Hie (picstions to be s(dvcd are all practical ones, 
 
 karyingin every c.isc from each other; the skill 
 
 W the merchant being evinced by the mode in 
 
 Vliich he conducts his business under such cir- 
 
 |iinistaiiccs, or by liia sagacity in discovering 
 
 lomiin; events, and appreciating their character 
 
 mJ ili6 extiMit of their intluencc. Priority, but, 
 
 |b(Vf all, .u\ar;u'y of intelligence, is, in such 
 
 to be at an unusually reiliiced price in any 
 particular market, it will rise the mnnicnt that 
 (lifVennit buyers appear in the field : and suppos- 
 ing, on the other hand, that it is fetching an 
 unusually high price, it will fall, perhaps far 
 below the cost of production, as soon as supidies 
 begin to be poured in by dilVerent merchants. 
 Whatever, therefore, m.iy bo the success of those 
 who originate a speculation, those who enter into 
 it at an advanced period are almost sure to lose. 
 To h.ave been preceded by others ought not, in 
 such matters, to inspire confidence; on the con- 
 trarj', it ought, unless there be something special 
 in the case, to induce every considerate person to 
 decline interfering with it. 
 
 The maintenance of the freedom of intercourse 
 between dilfercnt countries, and the more general 
 diffusion of sound instruction, seem to be the 
 only moans bv which those mis"nlculations, that 
 arc often productive of great national as well as 
 private loss, can be either obviated or mitigated. 
 The effects consequent on such improvident spe- 
 culations being always far more injurious to the 
 parties engaged in them than to any other class, 
 the presumption is that they will diminish, both 
 in frequency and force, according as the true 
 principles of commerce come to be belter under- 
 stood. But, whatever inconvenience may occa- 
 sionallj- flow from them, it is abundantly plain, 
 that instead of being lessened, it would be very 
 much increased, were any restraints imposed oil 
 the freedom of adventure. When the attention 
 of many indivMuals is directed to the same line 
 of speculation ; when they prosecute it as a busi- 
 iie:'s, and are responsible in their own private 
 fortunes for any errors they may commit ; tliej' 
 acquire a knowledge of the various circumstances 
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 astcailiiii'^s to them which it is easy to »co could 
 
 iiiit i,(. uttiiine.l liy any other nienns. It is 
 
 imitcriui, tiid, to boar in mind, as was previously 
 
 .tilted, that many, perhaps it mi«ht he said mosi, 
 
 „l those who press so caj;erly into tlie marliet, 
 
 wlieii any new channel of conimcreo is opened, ot 
 
 uhcn niiv considerable rise of price is anticipated, 
 
 itt nut merchants, but persons ennaijed in other 
 
 liusiiiesses, or living, perhaps, on lixed incomes, 
 
 who siiecuhite in the liopo of suddenly increasing 
 
 tlieir fortune. This tendency tr) gamblini; seldom 
 
 I'lils to hreak out upon such occasions; but, 
 
 lortunutcly, tlicso are only of comparatively rare 
 
 ciwurrcnce; and in the ordinary course of affairs 
 
 iiiMcaiitile speculations are left to be conducted 
 
 jv those who are familiar with business, and who, 
 
 ill exerting themselves to equalise the variations 
 
 (,f iiricc caused by variations of climate and of 
 
 >c;i.ons, mill to distribute the supply of produce 
 
 proporlionally to the etfective demand, and with 
 
 so much providence that it may not at any time 
 
 bt wholly exhausted, perform functions that arc 
 
 in tlie lii};hcst decree important and bencticial. 
 
 Tlicv arc, it is true, actuated only by a desire to 
 
 advance their cwn interests ; but the results of 
 
 their operations are not less advantageous than 
 
 \\\wf of the agriculturist who gives greater 
 
 iVriiiity to the soil, or of the mechanist who 
 
 invents new and more powerful machines. 
 
 7. Tables of Trices.— It is supertluous, perhaps, 
 t» observe, tlint the precious metals are liable to 
 all the variations of value already alhuled to. 
 Not only, therefore, are jjrices, as wa.s already 
 remarked, ail'octed by variations in the cost and 
 snp|dy of commodities, but they are also alVected 
 liv clianges in the cost and supply of gold and 
 .■■iivcr, whether arising from the exhaustion of old 
 or the discovery of new mines, improvements in 
 the art of mining, chaitges of fashion &c. Hence 
 it istliut tables of the i)riccs of commodities ex- 
 tending for a considerable period communicate 
 far less solid information than is generally sup- 
 t jKiscd, and, unless the necessary allowances be 
 I ni.ide, mar load to the most imfounded conclusions. 
 I Tlie cost or real value of any commodity depends 
 III. the quantity of labour required for its produc- 
 [ti<in; but supposing that we were to set about 
 juiferriiig this cost, or the ultimate sacrifice re- 
 j ((uired to obtain the commodity, from its price, it 
 Jiniplit happen (had the quantity of labour rc- 
 |<iuired for its production declined, but in a less 
 Idcgtec than the quantity reciuired to produce gold 
 [aiid silver) that its value would appear to rise, 
 hvhen it had really been diminished. When, how- 
 svcr. the rate of wages, as well as the price of 
 pmmoditics, is given upon authentic data, a table 
 pf prices is valuable, inasniueh as it shows the 
 pi:tt«t of the command over the necessaries and 
 lonvenienccs of life enjoyed by the bulk of the 
 wnimunity during the iieriod through which it 
 |xtends. The table embodied in this article, of 
 he prices of various commodities, and of the 
 ►ages ]iaid to diftcrent descriptions of tradesmen, 
 J (ireeiiwich Hospital, extending over more than 
 pO years, is the most complete of the sort that has 
 ^ published, and is one of the few that are 
 unded upon data the accuracy of which cannot be 
 hestioned. Unfortunately, it applies only to a 
 Tiall part of the country. Hut manv important 
 nclusionsniay.notwithstanding, be deduced from 
 I I he reader will find, under the more important 
 Jioles described in this work, pretty ample ac- 
 piiis of their prices. Sometimes, as in the case 
 yiirn, these accounts go back to a very distant 
 
 p hose desirous of detailed infonnation as to the 
 
 PRINTS 
 
 lUl 
 
 = s s 2 s 1 1 i ■ 
 
 prices of commodities in (ireat nritain,in remoter 
 ages, may consult the Flaboratc tables in the ;!rd 
 volume of .Sir I''. M. Kdon's work on the J'oor ; 
 and the 'Itli volume of Macpherson's Annals of 
 ('ommerce. ArbiithlKit's Tables of Ancient Coin's, 
 It'eiyhts, Measures, Prices iVr. lire well known ; but 
 the statements are not much to be depended n|)on. 
 The Traitc ile Miilrologie of M. I'aucton.lto. i'liris 
 17«l>, is tlie best work on this ciuious iiiid dillicult 
 .'^ubji'ct. 
 
 I'lMCK CUHHKNT. A list or eniimor.itiim 
 of various articles of merchandisi', with I heir 
 prices, the .luties (if any) payable thereon when 
 imported or exported, w.tli the drawbacks occa- 
 sionally allowed upon their exportation Ac. 
 Lists of this description are published periodically, 
 generally once or twice a week, in most great 
 commercial cities and towns. 
 
 I'KliMAGK. A certain allowance jiaid by tlio 
 shipper or consignee of goods to tho mariners and 
 master of a vessel tor loading the same. In some 
 places it is \d. in the pound; in otliers C</. for 
 every pack or bale; or otherwise, according to the 
 custom of the place. 
 
 I'KlNTiS. Impressions on paper, orsome other 
 substance, of engravings on copper, steel, wood, 
 stone Ac, representing some particular subject or 
 composition. 
 
 I'rints, like paintings, embrace every rariety of 
 subject, and diller very widelv in the" manner in 
 which they are engraved. 'I'heir prices vary ac- 
 cording to the style of the engraving, the fineness 
 of its execution, the goodness of tlie impression, 
 its rarity Ac. The art seems to have taken its 
 ri.se in the 15th century. Jhit, as a dissertation 
 on one of the most beautiful of the line arts would 
 be singularly out of place in a work of this sort, 
 we have introduced it for the purpose merclv of 
 staling the law with respect to the copyright 
 ofiirints. 
 
 This is laid down in the Acts 8 Geo. II. c. \^, 7 
 (ieo. III. c. 38, 17 Geo. III. c.hl, C A 7 \Vm. IV. c. 
 59, and 15 A KiVict.c. 12, Uythcse Acts, the copy- 
 right of all sorts of prints, including maps and 
 charUs, is secured to the engraver, or author, for 
 twenty-eight years. The 17 Geo, III. c, 57 declares 
 that every individual who shall, within the said 28 
 years, engrave, etch, or work, or in any other manner 
 co))y in the whole or in part, by varying, adding to, 
 oi" diminishing from the main design ; or shall print, 
 reprint, or import for sale, or shall publish, sell, or 
 ot lierwise dispose of any copy of any print whatever, 
 which has been or shall be engraved, etched, drawn, 
 or designed in Great Britain, without the express 
 consent of the proprietor thereof first obtained in 
 writing, signed by him with his own hand, in tho 
 presence of, and attested by, two or more credible 
 witnesses — then every such proprietor may, by a 
 special action upon the case to be brought against 
 the Dcrson so offending, recover such damages as 
 a jury, on the trial of such action, or on the exe- 
 cution of a writ of enquiry thereon, shall give or 
 a8.<!ess, together with double costs of suit. 
 
 In questions as to the piracy of prints, the 
 courts proceed upon the same principles that are 
 followed in those with respect to the piracy of 
 books. (IJooKs; see also Mr, Godson's excellent 
 work on the Lmw of Patents and Copyright, pp, 
 287-301.) The piracy of prints by photographic 
 copies is punishable by fine and imprisonment. 
 
 Regulations as to Importation. — Formerly, where 
 prints or maps were contained in and formed part 
 of a book, and served merely to explain or illus- 
 trate the subject of such book, they were to be 
 deemed a part of the work, and be charged with 
 duty, by M-eight, as books ; but when prints or 
 maps were bound or stitched together without 
 
 ,■ ■»■* 
 

 
 .^■. 1 
 
 It 
 
 I'lUSArrE 
 
 Icttcr-proHS, or 'v'licn the Icttcr-pres* was merely 
 (lu8criptivo uf the prints or inapx, then they were 
 to bu c-hnrKcd with duty by tale, a.s prints or 
 maps. (Milt. Com. Cut. iSoptembcr 6, IHi'J.) Dut 
 if satit;fttelory proof was adduced that prints or 
 maps, thoiif;li imported separately, really formed 
 part of a work, they mit;ht bo cliar^ed with the 
 i)o<)U duty by wcijjht ; but in other cases they 
 were to be charged with duty by tale. (Treaa, 
 Order, June 2, 1830.) 
 
 Pictures, sketches, and drawings, brought from 
 the Continent, and accompanied by the proprietor, 
 were to be admitted to enter free of duty, upon 
 jjroof, by oath of the proprietor, that the same 
 were wholly executed by him for his amusement, 
 and not intended for sale in this country. (Treaa. 
 Order, August?, 1817.) All duties on imported 
 prints have been abolished. Tlio importation of 
 prints and photographs is considerable, amounting | 
 in 18G7 to 'J,8'17,'J7,'t, of the value of ti2,825/. 
 
 rUlSAtiE or BUTLEKAGE was a right 
 of taking 2 tuns of wine from every ship im- 
 porting into England 20 tuns or more ; which 
 was changed by Edward I, into a duty of '!», for 
 every tun imported by merchant strimgers, and 
 called butlerage, because- paid to the king's butler. 
 The term is now fallen into disuse. (Uluckstone.) 
 
 I'KIVATEEKS. Ships of war fitted out by 
 private individuals, to annoy and plunder the 
 public enemy. But before commencing their 
 operations, it is indispensable that they obtain 
 letters of marque and ri-prisal from the Govern- 
 ment whose subjects they are, authorising them 
 to commit hostilities, and that they conform 
 strictly to the rules laid down for the regulation 
 of their conduct. All private individuals attack- 
 ing others at sea, unless empowered by letters of 
 marque, are to be considered pirates; and may be 
 treated as such, ciilier by those they attack, or by 
 their own Government. 
 
 1. Policy of Prhateering. — The policy of this 
 system is very questionable. It seems' to be a 
 remnant of that species of private war which is 
 exercised by all individuals in early ages, but 
 which gradually disappears as society advances. 
 And though by injuring individuals, it aggravates 
 the suffering inseparable from national struggles, 
 it has little or no tendency to accelerote their 
 termination. Privateers rarely attack ships of 
 war. Their object is merely to plunder and de- 
 strov merchantmen. And experience has shown 
 that it is not possible, whatever precautions may 
 be adopted, to prevent them from attacking 
 neutrals and perpetrating all sorts of abuses. 
 The wish to amass plunder is the only principle 
 by which they are actuated ; and such being the 
 cose, it would be idle to suppose that they should 
 bo very scrupulous about abstaining from excesses. 
 A system of this sort, if it be ever useful, can be 
 so only to nations that have little trade, and that 
 may expect to enrich themselves during war by fit- 
 ting out privateers to plunder the uieruhant ships 
 of their enemies. In all other cases it seems to 
 be productive only of mischief; though it i.«, of 
 course, most injurious to those states that have 
 the greatest mercantile navy. Instead, therefore, 
 of encouraging the practice of privateering, a due 
 regard to the rights and interests of humanity 
 has lately suggested to the great Powers the ex- 
 pediency of aliolishing it altogether. A few efforts 
 had, indeed, been already made towards this desir- 
 able object. Thus it was stipulated in the treaty 
 between Sweden and the United Provinces, in lG7o, 
 that neither party should, in any future war, grant 
 letters of marque against the other. In 1707 
 Russia obstauicd from licensing privateers ; and 
 in the treoty between the United States and 
 
 PRIVATEERS 
 
 Prussia, in 1785, a stipulation was inserted aj i,, 
 privateers, siniilar to that in tho treaty between 
 Sweden and the United Provinces in Id'.'i. (Jiar. 
 tens, Eiuii concernant lea Amtateurt, 17'J4.) |)j( 
 it required somes such convention and nKteemtm 
 among the great Powers as that which wm hap. 
 pily come to at Paris in 1856, to effect iti general 
 abolition. [Nkuthality.] Inasmuch, hownw 
 as the United States have not subscriheil tiii>' 
 declaration of 1866 against privateerin),', it imi^t 
 possible to say what might be the effect were a 
 quarrel to occur, if these continue the practice- 
 and hence the following statements may be al- 
 lowed to keep their place : — 
 
 2. Appointment of J'rivateen. — The captain ni 
 a pi-ivateer is nominated by tho owners, who niav 
 dismiss him at pleasure. The commissidn uV 
 letters of marque given to the owners authori>e 
 them to attack and seize the ships of the Power ir 
 Powers specified therein ; but they are not to louk 
 111^)11 them as tl.^'ir property, or to appropriate 
 them, nr any part of them, to their own use, tdl 
 they have been legally condemned. Iksidej the 
 stimulus alTorded by the hope of booty. Govern- 
 ment has been in tiio habit of allowing them 5,'. 
 for every man they may capture on board such 
 enemy's ships of war or privateers. (33 (jeo. 
 III. c. 6(5.) A privateer cruising under letters of 
 niurquc against one state may, on obtainin; 
 authentic information of hostilities being coin- 
 ineneed by her Government against another, ca> 
 tiire its ships with full advantage to herself, Tke 
 king has in all cases the right to release any prize 
 previously to its condemnation; this being an im- 
 l)licd exception in the grant of prizes by the 
 Crown. (Chitty on Commercial Law, so\.\.c.i\ 
 
 In some privateering adventures, the crew arc 
 engaged on tho terms no prize no pay ; and, in 
 such case.s the produce of what-soevr prizes may 
 be taken goes half to the ship (for the owners , 
 and half to the men, divided among them accord- 
 ing to the articles of agreement ; but ^vhell the 
 men sail for wages, the captures belong entirely 
 to the owners, except a small share, which is com- 
 monly stipulated to be given to the crew, over 
 and above their wages, in order to stimulate their 
 enterprise. Both ways of arming arc regiiUied 
 by the articles entered into between the owaeti 
 and crews. 
 
 Privateers arc forbidden from doing anything 
 contrary to tho law of nations, as to assaidt ai 
 enemy in a port or haven, under the protection of 
 any prince or republic, be he friend, ally, or neu- 
 tral ; for the peace of such place must be pr^ 
 served inviolable. (Molloy, de Jure Maritim. 
 book i. c. (5.) 
 
 When letters of marque are granted, it is usual, 
 in most countries, to exact security that therepi- 
 lations with respect to the conduct of privateen 
 shall be observed. In Great Uritain. a bond oiiisi 
 be given, as explained in Art. XV. of the anneseJ 
 regulations. 
 
 If privateers wilfully commit any spoil, depre 
 dation, or other injury, on I'rienifl.y or neutrjl 
 ships, or on the ships or goods of their fellow sub- 
 jects, they are to. bo punished, according to th( 
 crime either with death or otherwise ; luid lli( 
 vessels arc subject to forfeiture. 
 
 Whether or not a ship taken be lawful pnzf, 
 shall bo tried in tho Admiralty Court ; and no 
 ship or cargo, or part of a ship or part of a carpo- 
 is to be sold, or disposed of in any way, till m' 
 judgment h.is been obtained. . 
 
 If two ships with letters of marque accidentally 
 meet with a prize at sea, though only one um 
 and take her, yet the other, being in sight, sna" 
 have an equal share of the prize, though ne 
 
 Ix. , I; f 
 
 i 1 
 
^v^EERS 
 
 pulation was inscrteil as to 
 tliat in tho treatj between 
 1 Provinces in Itli.'). (Mar- 
 
 les Artnateurs, 1794.) lim 
 
 convention and in,'i(,'eiBcnt 
 era na tliat wliich wu hop. 
 in 1856, to effect iu general 
 i,iTV.] Inasmuch, liowcvir, 
 s have not subscrihul the 
 j^iiinst privatecriiii,', it \t ni,i 
 
 iniKlit be the effect were n 
 lle^^e continue the iiraciice; 
 finK otatemcnts may be al- 
 luce ; — 
 
 Privateers. — The captoin ni 
 led by the owners, who may 
 jaurc. The commisiii(pn or 
 ren to the owners authon« 
 ;ize the ships of the Power w 
 uin ; but they arc nut to look 
 
 property, or to appropriate 
 ■ them, to their own use, til 
 Uy coTuiemned. Besides the 
 • tho hope of booty, Govem- 
 10 habit of allowing them il 
 
 niay capture on board such 
 vat or privateers. (33 Geo. 
 Uecr cruising under letttrs of 
 e state may, on obtaininj 
 on of hostilities being com- 
 ornment against another, ca> 
 all advantage to herself. The 
 i the right to release anypriie 
 idemnation ; this bciing an im- 
 
 the grant of prizes by the 
 1 Commercial Law, vol. i. c. j,i 
 ring adventures, the crew are 
 rms no prize no pay ; and, in 
 luce of whatsoevr prizes may 
 to the ship (for the owners , 
 
 , the captures belong entirtly 
 pt a small share, which is com- 
 o be given to the crew, ow 
 ges, in order to .stimulate Iheir 
 wavs of arming are regulated 
 ;ered into between the owneB 
 
 )rbidden from doing anythinj 
 V of nations, as to assault ai 
 ■haven, under the protection rf 
 jlic, be he friend, ally, or neu- 
 of such place must be prfr 
 (Molloy, de Jure 3/unfa. 
 
 marque are granted, it is usual 
 to exact security that the rcpi- 
 
 i to the conduct of priv^tM" 
 
 In Great Britain, a bond mui 
 
 ned in Art. XV. of the annexed 
 
 Ifullv commit any spoil, deprf- 
 injufy, on friendly or neulri 
 ipior'goodsoftheirellowsj- 
 
 je punished, aceordinj: t» 
 death or otherwise; ar,d tie 
 
 to forfeiture. . 
 
 , a ship taken be lawful pm^ 
 the Admiralty Court ;a^^« 
 ,artofashiporpartof»c^; 
 sposed of in any way, uU »"'' 
 
 \\ obtained. •j„,,,ilv 
 
 h letters of marque accdca* 
 
 atsea,thoughordyon« J 
 the other, beinf:m« 
 hare of the prize, thou^n 
 
 puivati-u«:rs 
 
 afforded no asHlstance in the capture ; becauso his 
 
 1143 
 
 presence may be presumed to have .struck terror 
 into tho "nomy, and made him yield; which per- 
 haps he would not have done, had bin conqueror 
 kensingl"'' "" '''"*' "" "'''P* that arc; in siglit, 
 though they cannot come up to assist in the cn- 
 ijagemcnt. are entitled bv the lommoit law to a 
 distribui ion of the spoil, (bcawcs, Lex Mcreutoria, 
 ,irt. 'I'rivatecrst.') 
 
 If those to whom letters of marque are granted, 
 <hnuUI, instead of taking the ahi|) and goods ap- 
 pertaining to that nation ngain.st which the said 
 letters are awarded, wHfiilh/ take or spoil the 
 L'owls of anolher nation in amity \\ith u.s, this 
 would amount to /jiVary; and tho person^s so of- 
 finiling woiihl, for such fault, forfeit their vessel, 
 and the penalties in which their securities arc, 
 aivording to custom, bound on taking out such 
 '.jiters. Hut such pen.ilties would not follow 
 unless the capture were made in a piratical man- 
 nir. For if the circumstances incident to the 
 captured vessel were such as to atlord a strong 
 presumption that she really belonged to the couii- 
 trj- against which the lettcra were granted, the 
 captors woidd not bo liable to punishment, though 
 tliey might be to damages. ' It being possible,' 
 siys lioawcs, ' always to determine an affair of 
 this sort at spa, it is allowable to bring a dubious 
 Mplure into port, in order to more nice and just 
 •crutiny and inspection ; otherwise the goods 
 if an enemy would often escape. However, to 
 nuard against unlawful seizures, the Government 
 have wisely directed sHfHcicnt caution to be given 
 (as before mentioned) for the duo ob.servnnce of 
 the letters according to law, before they permit 
 their issuing ; and when there is a breach com- 
 mitteil. the penidties are inflicted.' {Lex Merca- 
 toria, art. ' Privateers.') 
 3, JiegulutimiH for the Government of Privateers 
 i i-c— The following instructions to privateers 
 1 were issued under an order in council, at the 
 I Commencement of the last war with France, May 
 IG, IHOS:- 
 
 Art, I. Against wlint, and where, Letters of 
 j ilarque mmj act Hostilely.—\t shall be lawful for 
 the commanders of ships autlioriseil by letters of 
 marque and reprisals for private men-of-war, to 
 set upon by force of arms, and subdue and take, 
 the men-of-war, ships and vessels, goods, wares, 
 land merchandises, belonging to the French re- 
 I public, or to any persons being subjects to the 
 j French republic, or inhabitants within any of the 
 j territories of tiie French republic ; but so "that no 
 Ihostility l)p ccimiTiittcd, nor prize attacked, seized, 
 lor taken ivitnui the harbours of princes or states 
 jin amity with us, or in their rivers or roads, 
 luithin the shot of their cannon, unless by per- 
 jniis.sion of such princes or states, or their com- 
 Imandcrs or governors in chief of such places. 
 I Art. II. Captures to he brought into Port. — The 
 Icoinmaiiders uf th.; ships and vessels so autho- 
 liisfd as aforesaid shall bring all ships, vessels, 
 land goods, which they shall seize and take, into 
 Isuch port of Emjhnd, or some other port of our 
 Ifloraiiiions, as shall be most convenient for them. 
 ■pn order to have the same legally adjudged bv our 
 •ligh Court of Admiialtv of England, or before 
 he judge of any other .adiniraltv court, lawfullv 
 puthonsed, within our dominions." 
 
 Art, III. Ciinduct of the Captors after the Cap- 
 [»re IS brovght into Port.—AhcT such ships, ves- 
 ffis, aiid goods shall be taken and brought into any 
 m. the laker, or one of his chief ofticers, or som'e 
 
 C" I'?'^?^- P'"^'"^"' ■■'' *•><' capture, ahall be 
 r"f " *" ''""S or send, as soon as possibly may 
 F' . or 4 of tlie principal of the company (wlicrc- 
 fi tnc master, supercargo, mate, or boatswain, to 
 
 be always -Jj of every ship or vessel so lire nglit in- 
 to port, before the judge of our High Court of Ad- 
 miralty of ICnglanil, or his surrogate, or before 
 the judge of such other admiralty court us within 
 our dominions, lawfully authorised aforesaid, or 
 such as shall be lawfully commissioned in that 
 behalt; to be sworn and e.xamincd upon such in- 
 terrogatories as shall fend to the discovery of the 
 truth, concerning the interest or property of such 
 shif) or ships, vessel or vcssid.s, mid of tiie goods, 
 merchandises, and other etTects found therein; 
 and the taker shall be further obliged, at tho time 
 ho produceth the company to be examined, and 
 bet'ori! any monitiim shall be issued, to bring in 
 and deliver into the hands of the judge of tho 
 High Court of Admiralty of Knyland, his surro- 
 gate, or tho judge of such other admiralty court 
 within our dominions, lawfully authorised, or 
 others commissioned as aforesaid, all such papem, 
 pas.ses, sea-briefs, charterparties, bills of lading, 
 cockcts, letters, and other documents and writ- 
 ings, .as shall be delivered up or found on board 
 any ship: tho taker, or one of his chief ofliccrs, 
 or some other person who shall be present at the 
 capture, and saw the said papers and writings de- 
 livered up, or otherwise found on board at the 
 time of the capture, making oath that the said 
 papers anil writings are brought and delivered in 
 as they were received and taken, without any 
 fraud, addition, abduction, or embezzlement what- 
 ever, or otherwise to account for tho same upon 
 oath to the .satisfaction of the court. 
 
 Art. IV. Not to break Bulk before Judgment. — 
 The ships, vessels, goods, wares, merchandises, 
 and effects taken by virtue of letters of marque 
 and reprisals as aforesaid, shall be kept and pre- 
 served, and no part of them shall be sold, spoiled, 
 wasted, or diminished, and the bulk thereof shall 
 not be broken, before judgment be given in the 
 High Court of Admiralty of England, or some 
 other court of admiraltj-, lawfully authorised in 
 that behalf, that the ship.s, goods, or merchandises 
 are lawful prize. 
 
 Art. V. Privateers toassist Ships in Distress. — 
 If any ship or vessel belonging to us, or our sub- 
 jects, shall be tbund in distress by being in tight 
 set upon or taken by the enemy, or by reason of 
 any other accident, the commanders, otlicers, and 
 company of such merchant ships or vessels as 
 shall have letters of marque and reprisals as 
 aforesaid, shall use their best endeavours to give 
 aiil and succour to all such ship and ships, and 
 shall, to the utmost of their power, labour to free 
 the same from the enemy, or any other distress. 
 
 Art. VI. Application to the Admiralty for 
 Letters of Marque. — The commanders or owners 
 of such ships and vessels, before tho tailing out 
 letters of marque and reprisals, shall make appli- 
 cation in writing, subscribed with their hands* to 
 our high admiral of Great Britain, or our com- 
 missioners for executing that ollice for the time 
 being, or the lieutenant or judge of the said High 
 Court of Admiralty, or his surrogate, and shall 
 therein set forth a particular, true, and exact de- 
 scription of the ship or vessel for which such 
 letter of marque and reprisal is requested, speci- 
 fying the burden of such ship or vessel, and the 
 number and nature of the guns, and what other 
 warlike furniture and ammunition are on board 
 the same, to what place the ship belongs, and the 
 name or names of the principal owner or owners 
 of such ship or vessel, and the number of men 
 intended to be i)ut on board the same, and for 
 what time they are victualled ; also the names 
 of the commanders and officers. 
 
 Art. VII. Correspondence with the Admiralty. — 
 The commanders of ships and vessels having 
 
 
 1 ,' 
 
 ■iihi 
 
IIU I'UIVATEERS 
 
 l"ttcrs of inari|iip nnd rc|ii'i'.nl.M as nfDrcsiiicl slinll ' Art. XIV 
 
 « ■ 
 
 ■i ' ; 
 
 hulil anil kvop, uiul ure horciUy viiiuinctl to lioUl 
 and kcop, n corrcHpoiidpnoc, l)y nil I'Diwciiiciiocs 
 anil upon nil orcnsioii-', with imr lii;;li ailniiral ot 
 Creiit Ilrittiiii, or our rinniniHsionrrii for I'xei.'ut- 
 iiif? thut odii'i' for Iho fiini- lii'inn, or tlu'ir secrc- 
 tnry, ho as from time to liino to ronder or (jivu 
 him or Ihcni, not only an ni'cinint or inti'lli;^onri> 
 of Ihi'ir raptures and procordin^^s hy virtm; of 
 such coinniission, but !\\m) of whatcvi'r I'isn hhall 
 sci'in unto lluMn, or bn discoviTi'l and di'i'lari'd to 
 them, or found out by tlicni, or by cxnniination 
 ot', or I'ouferenrr with, nny ninrincrs or passtnfjcrs 
 of or in the ships or vessels taken, or by any 
 other ways or menus whatsoever, toucbiiin or 
 conceroiiif; the designs of the eiii'uiy, or any of 
 their fleets, ships, vessels, or parties, anil of the 
 stntious, senports, and plaees, and of tlii'ir intents 
 therein; and what ships or vessels of the, enemy 
 bound out or home, or where cruising;, ns they 
 shall hear of; nml of what else material in ihisc 
 cases may arrive at their knowledge ; to the end 
 8ueh course may be thereon taken, and such orders 
 Kiven, ns may be requisite. 
 
 Art. VIII. fF/iat Colours a Privateer is to wear. 
 —No commander of any ship or vessel havinj,' a 
 letter of mari|uc ami reprisal as aforesaid shall 
 presume, ns they will answer it at their peril, to 
 wenr any jack, pcndnnt, or other eusi^jn or colours 
 usunlly borne by our ships ; but, beside the colours 
 UHunlly borne liy merchnnts' ships, they shall 
 wenr a red jack, with the union jack described in 
 the eantou, at the upper comer thereof near the 
 statr. 
 
 Art. IX. Not to ransom any Capture. — No com- 
 mander of any ship or vessel hnviofr a letter of 
 mari|iic and reprisal as aforesaid, shall ransom, or 
 agree to ransom, or quit or set at libertv, any ship 
 or vessel, or their cargoes, which shall be seized 
 and taken. 
 
 Art. X. To (Mirer their Prisoners to the proper 
 Commissioners. — All captains or commanding olH- 
 cers of ships having letters of marque and re- 
 prisals shall send an account of, and deliver over, 
 what prisoners shall be taken on bjnril nny prizes, 
 to the commissioners appointed, or to bo ap]>oint- 
 ed, for the exchange of prisoners of war, oi the 
 per.sons appointed in the seaport towns to take 
 charge of prisoners ; and such prisoners shall be 
 subject only to the orders, regulations, nnd direc- 
 tions of the said commissioners: nnd no com- 
 mander or other ofliccr of any ship, having a 
 letter of marque or reprisal as aforesaid, shall 
 presume, upon any pretence whatsoever, to ransom 
 any prisoner. 
 
 Art. XI. Commission forfeited for acting con- 
 trary hereto. — In case the commander of any ship, 
 having a letter of marque and reprisal os afore- 
 said, shall act contrary to these instructions, or 
 any such further instructions of which he shall 
 have due notice, he shall forfeit his commission 
 to all intents aud purposes, and shall, together 
 with his bail, be proceeded against according to 
 law, and be condemned to costs and damages. 
 
 Art. XII. Copies of Journals. — All command- 
 ers of ships and vessels having letters of marque 
 and reprisals shall, by every opportunity, send 
 exact copies of their journals to the Secretary 
 of the Admiralty, and proceed to the condemna- 
 tion ot the prizes as soon as may be, and without 
 delay. 
 
 Art. XIII. To observe all Orders, — Command- 
 ers of ships and vessels having letters of marque 
 and reprisals shall, \ipon due notice being given 
 to them, observe all such other instructions nnd 
 orders as we shall think lit to direct from time to 
 time for the better carrying on this service. 
 
 Viohitlml these ln.itniiii,i,i,_^Y^ 
 persons who shall violnte these or any nlhcr if 
 our instruelions shall be severely puiiiilii'd, ani| 
 also required to make lull rep.irnliiin to iiitjihI, 
 injured eontrnry to our iustruetioin, fur all ii,. 
 nuiges they shall sustain by nny laptiirc, em. 
 bez/.lenieiit, dcniurrnge, or otlierwi<e. 
 
 Art, XV. flail In he ijivrn. — llefore nnvlpltitMi 
 marque nr reprisal for the purpose afori'^ail Vi,i|| 
 issue under sea), bail shall be given wiih surnif, 
 before the lieutenant ninl judge of our Ilifthiou,' 
 of Admiralty of Kmjland, or his snrrujjaliMnili' 
 sum of ;t,()i)0/. sterling, if the ship eiirriw aljin> 
 ITut men; and if a less nundier, in iho sum ,.f 
 l,.")!!!)/. sterling; which bail shall be to the c,T,ii 
 and in the form following : — 
 Which duy, time, and place, personally appfatni 
 nnd 
 vho submitting themselvpi intli,. 
 jurisdiction of the High Court of Adinirnliv n 
 /■Jni/laiiil, obliged thcmselvi.'S, their heirs, oxnj. 
 tors, and administrators, unto our .Soverci;'!! I,ri 
 the King, in the sum of |,„ii;,i, 
 
 of lawful money of Great Ihitaiii to llii^ ffci; 
 that is to say, that whereas 
 is duly authorised by h'tters of Miiiri|iie aii.I re- 
 prisals, with the shi|> ealleil the 
 
 of the burden of about tnns. KllPr^ 
 
 of he the said goctli nuslr, 
 
 by force of arms to nttack, surprise, siizp, uJ 
 take all ships and vessels, goods, wares, iimlnH. 
 chamlises, chattels and effects, belonpn^' ii, li* 
 French republic, or to any jiersons bciiif; sulij^i 
 of the French re|)id)lic, or mhabiting within jir 
 of the territories of the French repnhlii.'i oxcf[(. j 
 iiig only ^\'ithin the harbours or roads iviiliin sli : 
 of the cannon of princes and states in amiivHiij 
 his Majesty. And whereas he the said 
 
 hath a copy of fcrtaiii in- 
 structions, approved of anil jtasacd by liis M,ijislv 
 in council, as by the tenor of the said IdtcrsJi 
 marque and reprisals, and instructions tlu-Mure- 
 hit ing, more at largo appearctii: if, thcrite,):- 
 thing be done by the said 
 
 or any of his ofllctrs, mariner-, ■• 
 company, contrary to the true nieaiiini; ol'i.'i 
 said instructions, and of all other iiisiruciii< 
 which may be issued in like mninicr licrMw. 
 and whereof due notice shall be given Iiini; 
 that such letters of mnrquc and rcprisuls af r'-a:. | 
 and the said instructions, shall in nil partiiu 
 be well and duly olxserved and perlomicil, a :i' 
 as they shall the said ship, master, nnd cuiDpir' 
 any way concern ; and if they sliall pve it 
 satisfaction for any damage or injury whicbis. I 
 be done by them or anj' of them to anv ili-- 
 Majesty's subjects, or of foreign states ia m, I 
 with his Majesty, and also shall duly anJ in;' I 
 pay, or cau.se to be paid, to his Majesty, or li [ 
 customers or oHicers appointed to receive tlie.>i:' 
 for his Majesty, the usual customs duelolj 
 Majesty, of and for all ships and good* w n | 
 aforesaid taken and adjudged as prize; anJns-j 
 over if the said 
 
 shall not take any ship or vessel, or any?*'! 
 or merchandise, belonging to the cnoniy, or mIib- f 
 wise liable to confseation, tlirongh constr " 
 clandestinely, or by collusion, by virtue, f- 
 lour, or pretence of his .said letters nf rai'i'' I 
 and reprisals, that then this bail shali'K''f| 
 and of none effect; auu unless they sliall.*'' | 
 they do all hereby severally consent ihat a- 
 cution issue forth against them, their l»*l 
 cutors, and administrotors, goods and cluiwi 
 wheresoever the same may be found, to thevii»l 
 of the sum of , ^T 
 
 pounds before mentioned; amiiDiNj 
 
 i 5 
 
lAatt! thcue or any nih, , . 
 1 Id- si'vcri'ly i(>i"i^li'''l :i; ' 
 (! full ropi\rati'm in i«r«i;, 
 
 iiiir iii!«triii;rnni-*. Inf iill 'li 
 iirttiiiii l)y nny taiiiiire, (lu 
 i;rc, or otlicrwi-'i'. 
 W (/(I'c/i. — lli'I'iirc jiiiylilt'T : 
 If {)ip niirpDsi^ uliprrtai'l >': I'l 
 I shall b(! i^ivfii Willi Miniii . 
 ; anil jmlt,"' "f "i" Hi^M'm 
 ijlimil, or lii^ siirM;;atMiiil 
 iiiK, il' tlif uliip '^"f"!'* ill'" 
 
 U'ss iiuniluT, in llie sum A 
 lidi littil sluiU lie to the cll',v. 
 owiiifj :— 
 inil I'lin-'e, iicrsonally appf.ir'1 
 
 Hiul 
 )aul>niitling tlipmsclvo<liitii 
 
 lli^U Court of Admirnllv.; 
 licmsolvc!', their huin, nm\- 
 utors, unto our Sovi'Minnl/.fi 
 im of , , l";:''- 
 
 f Great Unlain to lliis olfni; 
 ; whereas 
 
 hv letters of mariiuo aiM r*- 
 up ealleil thu 
 
 ,cu of about tons. wliif- 
 
 (;oettima>l', 
 
 to attack, surprise, «izp, iM 
 
 vessels, Roods, wares, anilriK- 
 » and effects, b^lonpnn 1" lb 
 ,t to any ncrsons beiii}; jul.j*! 
 imblic, or inlmbitin},' witliiii ai' 
 of the French repiiblu:; pxcepl- 
 he harbours or roads witliiiisl.! 
 princes an<l states in amii; wa 
 ;ul whereas he the said 
 
 hath a copy of certain in- 
 vcd of ami passed by lii>Maj<siv 
 
 - the tenor of the said ma J 
 ii«als, and instructions llicM""- 
 arue appearcth: if, tlictiU»,t. 
 r the said 
 
 ,r anv of his ofliccis, niarmer-,.! 
 irv to the true nieaiiim; oiu 
 s,-and of all other i.istrncM 
 issued in like ninniior hmm 
 
 .notice shall be K'ye"l»™;'« 
 of mnninc and reprisals aUM. 
 
 structions, shall in «« V^^^' 
 V observed and pertornicl, as M 
 ■ said ship, master, am «,^^M 
 
 trn; and if they shalU,i«»| 
 anv damage or injury whul. I 
 In "or any of them ioany>i-- 
 
 ■^cts or of foreign stales mm 
 tv and also shall duly anJtrd 
 
 .o-'be 'ud,toblsMajost)-,»t4 
 r"cers appointed to receive tlie.« 
 
 ■"X usual customs due to M 
 
 'i^u;:dg£S^"i- 
 an^i:;^t?:Sf^! 
 
 ,cc of bis ^ai"! 'rri l^S 
 Ihat then this bu.1 J' J ^^l 
 ffccf, anu unless thej M" i 
 
 |>rth against them, f '^...J 
 
 Jministrators, goods an ^^1 
 
 *ic same may be found, to '» I 
 
 uds before mentioned; «ndi.>* 
 
 I'ROMiaSORY NOTRS 
 
 i„,,in- <if the truth thereof, they have hereunto 
 ,i;!„cnlied llieir iiumes. 
 
 lly his Majesty's roniinaiid. 
 
 (Signed) lM;i,llAM, 
 
 I'KOMISSOKY NOTK.S. [ Hanks ani. Hank- 
 :m,; KxcitAVd!-.. I51I.I.S <ik.| 
 
 I'ltOTKC TlON'. In ('oiniiieniiil r.egislation, 
 .i:,aiis the proleetiiig or l)|pl^lerill,•,' up of certain 
 ' iiiichcs of dunie.-lic imlilstry by |irohiliiliii(; the 
 ,ii;i<irtatiim of the produce oi such liraiiches from 
 Krii.iil, (ir liiailing it when imported with heavy 
 iiiii's. 'Mils policy was at one time universally 
 •irivaleiit. liiU it^ extremely injurious inlluenee 
 „r.ii;a liein demonstrated ( ver and over again, it 
 i, < lurii abaiiiloned by all intelligent statesmen. 
 .\iiil iiiilivitlistaudlng" the powerful interests by 
 iihlcli il was supported, it has nearly, if not on- 
 linlv, disappeared from our legislation ; and il 
 vill.ii" dcMilit, eventually disajipeur from the Icgis- 
 lalioniif all eonntries, 
 
 liiMereaiitile Navigation, protection is a privi- 
 k',;e niaiileil to certain descriptions of seamen, 
 liv which they are secured against impressment. 
 
 iMI'liliSSMKNT.] 
 
 ' I'liUVISIONS. Under this tonn, taken in its 
 most extensive sense, in reference to man, may 
 !»• comprised all those artieles U'-ed as food by 
 the inhabitants of this and otiier comitries ; but 
 .mini;; IWlish merchants and in ])arliainentary 
 limi;ua;,'e il is understood to conijirise only Irosh 
 iiiiii sailed butchers' meat, hams and bacon, butter 
 .iiiil cheese, eggs, anil a few other articles. We 
 I shall, however, include with these, in the following 
 slalcmtnt, an account of the imiiorts of cattle. 
 
 Our readers are aware that prcvion.sly to ,hily 9, 
 
 1«I2, the imijortation of cattle, sheep, and hogs, 
 
 I ,in'l (if all sorts of fresh butchers' meat, was pro- 
 
 I liibiteii; and that a duty of Iv'a, i>cr cwt. was im- 
 
 PRirSHI.W ULUK lUr. 
 
 I po'od on all foreign salt meat when entered for 
 I consumption, anil of ''Hn, \h>t cwt. on bacon and 
 I hams. lUit in the I'arill' Act of IMI'.', v.-hieh canin 
 into operation nl the above da.e, the prohibition 
 I of importing fo; eign cattle, sheep, bogs, and I'resli 
 I meat was repealed, and their entry for home con- 
 ■ sumption admitted under reasonable duties; the 
 I duty on salteil meat being, at the same time, re- 
 I ilueeil from I '.'.4. to H.4., anil that on bacon and hams 
 I from •_'H.'i. to 1-1,1. per e\\t. We puldisheil at the 
 time n short Iniet (Mfniiiritiiiliiins an Me /jro/iuxci/ 
 I /iitrot/iirlioniif Fun ii/n Ilirf mill Cuttle), in which 
 we enileavoured to show, by eonipaiing the prices 
 of cattle in the adjoining countries and in Kng- 
 lanil, that this wise andlilicral measure would not 
 have the etl'eets that were anticipated in reduejng 
 the jirici' of slock in this country. I'.xpcriince 
 showed that we were right in this anticipation, 
 theim)>orts of cat tie and sheep being comparatively 
 inconsiderable. Sir Itobcrt I'eel, proliting by this 
 experience, repealed, in IHKi, the duties imposeil 
 in IHl'i on tlie importation of cattle, sheep Ac. 
 And the result has more than justilied Ibo sound- 
 ness of the principles on which that great niini.ster 
 proceeded in taking this step. The imports of 
 stock have been considerably, but not greatly, 
 increased in the interval. And, I'ar I'roni being 
 injured by his liberal proceedings, the grazing 
 farmers have gained immenseb ; audit is admitted, 
 on all hands, that calllo and .dieep b.-ive paid 
 better of late years (except during the cattle 
 plague) than ever they did at any antecedent 
 jicriod. It is, in truth, much easier to imporl 
 supplies of corn than of l)eef or mutton; and the 
 probability seems to be that our farmers will in 
 time to come apjdy themselves rather to the pro- 
 duction of the latter than of the former. The taxes 
 on butter, cheese, and eggs were repealed in 18U0. 
 
 Accamt of the Kumbera and Values of the. Cattle, Slieep, 
 
 Kingdom in 18G7. 
 
 Jlnyn ^'c. Iiiiporlcil into the United 
 
 Oim, Inilli, cowl, and cilven 
 
 Shwpanil lamln • 
 
 Hai-nii and liaim • 
 
 Hwf . . 
 Pork 
 
 Dullrr . 
 
 ^htt-^e ... 
 
 I'oultr, and ]{anie ( 1 8C6 ) 
 Tnlal - 
 
 No. 
 
 . No. 
 
 - t'Wt. 
 
 value 
 
 Impurted 
 
 n7,91» 
 
 .'.4ii,:5V5 
 .'.:S7,1I4 
 
 1,112,5(i'i 
 
 iJiW.WB 
 
 397,'J.14,5'il( 
 
 •.il6,S.1'J 
 
 Chief Sourrw 
 
 llollanti, ilanse Towns, Schleawig, and 
 Krnni-e. 
 
 H.imlHiT^, Beluiiim, and llolUnd. I 
 
 I llnlteil Stiitet and llniiiburi;. I 
 
 . United Staler ami llulLind. I 
 
 I Haml'uri;, Denmark, United Slaiea. France, I 
 
 and llelginn*. 
 
 Holiand, hrante, and Mamburf;. 
 
 llulland and Uidtitl Klatea. 
 
 Fram-e. 
 
 Unitetl Slates, }lamhurf>, and Italy. 
 
 UetKiuin and France. 
 
 It is impossible tosay in how great a degree these 
 Hraporiations may be increased in time to come ; 
 T)ut it is most probable that they will be gradu- 
 ally augmcntcil according as foreigners become 
 better acquainted with the qualities .suitable lor 
 eur markets. But we have no idea that they will 
 «vcr amount to any considerable proportion of 
 |»ur supply. The cheapness of cattle and pro- 
 visions ill foreign markets, of which we used 
 pi hear so much, was in great part imaginary ; 
 jiml where it did occur, it liepended more on the 
 pifficiiltyof conveying them to other markets, or 
 p their inferiority, than on anything else. The 
 |niports of fat cattle, though they were trebled, 
 ^ould not do our graziers the smallest injury; 
 nd the importation of lean cattle, far from being 
 taurious, would be highly for their interest. 
 Ihe groat existing desideratum in our agriculture 
 V this moment is, in truth, the want of markets 
 Jhence we might import lean or half-fed stock, 
 he demand in this country for all sorts of 
 utchers' meat is quite immense ; and the land 
 •iitableto the rearing of cattle is too circumscribed 
 
 to afford a sufficient supply. Hence the high 
 price of beef and mutton as compared with corn, 
 [HuKAn; Fish; Fruit; VKCiRTAni.Ks.] 
 
 PRUNES AND PRUNKLLOKS. A species 
 of dried idum.", of which there are many varieties. 
 The finest are imported from France, in Ihe south 
 of which this fruit is very abundant. The best 
 prunes are packed in hampers or baskets made of 
 white osiers, weighing from G to 10 lb. each ; the 
 second quality in quarters, and the third in 
 puncheons, 'i'lie duty on prunes, which was pre- 
 I vioHsly fixed at the extravagant rate of 27*. Urf. 
 per cwt., was most properly reduced in 183-1 to 
 7s. per cwt., the i)rosent rate. This reduced duty 
 produced, in 1867, (),878/.,showing that 19,047 cwt. 
 had been entered for consumjition. Previously to 
 the reduction of the duty, the entries seldcm ex- 
 ceeded 6,000 cwt. 
 
 PRUSSIA. [Koniosberg; Mkmel; Stet- 
 tin ; ZOM.VEREIN ; &c.] 
 
 PRUSSIAN BLUK or PRUSSIATE OF 
 IRON (Ger. Berlinerblau; Fr. bleu de Prusse; 
 Ital. azzurro prussiano; Span, azul de Pnisia; 
 
 i 
 
 

 I -1 
 
 ■ I 
 
 1140 I'RKSSIAN OOMMKIUiAL UNION 
 
 KiisM, lunur lIuxliiiHkuju). A bcuutitiil ilci'p liluo 
 
 Fov/dor, ncridt'iitnlly (lixcovt'rt'd nt Itcrliii in 1710. 
 t i.s of conaidcriiliU' iiiinorluiicL' in thu iirts, Itoiii)^' 
 vxtcnxivi'ly tisv<l bv |iuuiU'rM : it is inuiiulucluruil 
 In lliin country. Alany altcinplH liavu liuun miidc 
 to ri'nder rrnNHian bluo iivailublo fur tlic dvcint' 
 of broad I'loths, but H'itlioiil inucli Hncci'SH. Tbc 
 dilliculty is to (ILiriisn Ibc, colour equally over tht? 
 Rurt'ucu; for, iVoni its extraordinary vivacity aiul 
 lustre, tliu sliKbtest ine(|uulities Hlnke and oll'end 
 the eye. Prussian blue resists tbe nir and sun 
 extremely well ; but it cannot be used in tlic dye- 
 iuK of cottons, or any si.rt of stulT tbat is to be 
 washed witii suup, us the alkali contained in tbe 
 Hoiip readily dissolves und separates tbc colouring; 
 mutter. (Uaneroft On Coliniin, vol. ii. np. (iO— 91.) 
 nine is a Ihvouritc colour with tlii^ Chinese, 
 niid in 1K1I)-11 the imports of l'rus^i^n blue into 
 ('untoii Irom KnKlandamounte.l to l,K!l!> picids, or 
 'J53,'.'()0 lb. IJut tor some years past the Chinese 
 have not imported a sinfjle pound %vci({ht. The 
 cause of the cessation of the trade <leservcs to bu 
 mentioned. A common Cliincsesuilor who camo to 
 England in an iCast Indiaman, having freipiented 
 a nuinufactory where tlie druf? was pre|)ared, 
 leurned the art of innkini^ it ; and on his return 
 to China he established a similar work there, with 
 such success that the whole empire is now um|)ly 
 supplied with native Prussian blue. The Ucst 
 has derived mnny important nrts from the East ; 
 but we incline to think that tliis is the tirat well- 
 auihenticuted instance of any art having ever been 
 carried from the West to tbe I'^ast, by ii native of 
 the latter. Hut, in all that respects industry, 
 iufjenuily, and inventi ;ii, the Chinese are incom- 
 parably superior to every other people to the cast 
 of the Indus. 
 
 PRUSSIAN OK (;krman commercial 
 
 UNION. |Zoi.i,vr.iti;i.N.] 
 
 PUI5MCAN.S. Persons authoriscil by license 
 to retail beer, spirits, or wines. Un<lor "the term 
 publicans are comprised inn keepers, hotel keepers, 
 .ileliouse keepers, keepers of wine vaults &c. An 
 inn dillers from nn alehouse in this — that the 
 former is a place intended for the lodging us well 
 as the entertainment of guests, whereas the latter 
 is intended for their entertainment only. If, 
 however, nie or beer be commonly sold in nn iini, 
 ns is almost invariably the case, it ulso is an 
 alehouse ; and if travellers be furnished with beds, 
 lodged, and entertained in nn alehouse, it also is 
 an inn. It is not material to the character of nn 
 innkeeper that he should have any sign over his 
 door ; it is suUicient tbat hemnkesit liis business 
 to entertain passengers and travellers, providing 
 them with lodgings and other accommodation''. 
 
 1 . Licensiiii) n/Puhlicans. — The provisions with 
 respect to the licensing of public houses are cm- 
 bodied in the 9 Geo. IV. c. 01, of which we sub- 
 join an abstract. 
 
 General Meetings. — There .shall be annually 
 holden in county divisions, cities, and towns, a 
 special session of justices, to be called the ' Gene- 
 ral Annual Licensing Meeting,' for the purpose of 
 granting licenses to persons keeping or about to 
 keep inns, nlehouses <tc. ; such meetings to be 
 held, in Middlesex and Surrey, within the (irst 10 
 da^'s of the month of March ; and in every other 
 place between Auguit 20 and September 14, both 
 inclusive. 
 
 Notice of General Meeting. — Within every 
 division, 21 days before the annual licensing 
 meeting, a pcttj- session of justices to be held, a 
 majority of whom shall fix the day and hour for 
 holding the general annual meeting; and shall 
 direct a precept to the high constable, requiring 
 him, within it dtiys after the receipt thereof, to 
 
 I'UBLICAN.S 
 
 order the petty constables to aflix on tin (i„„ro 
 the church, chnix-l, or other puldic place, a •■ ^\\^, 
 of such annual meeting, and give or k'avc at the 
 dwelling-house of each just ice ui'tiiii; fur il,,. 
 division, and of each pcrsoii keeping an ii^ , 
 who shall hove given notice of Ins int(rili(,n u. 
 apply for n license to keep nn inn, a cupy of m\ 
 notice. (.See. 2.) 
 
 The annual meeting may bo adjourned, Uit il,,' 
 a<ljournc(l meeting is iu)t to be held on anyiifiho 
 .') days immediately following the ailjdurnnunt 
 and I'very adjourmnentto bo held in the nuntliof 
 Mnreh in Middlesex and Surrey, and in .Vii.mj.i 
 or September in every other county. (Sec. '.U 
 
 Se$aion$fi)r'J'ranH/erof Licenses'— Mlhemmii 
 meeting, justices to appoint not less tlj.iii I ii„f 
 nutre than « special sessions, to be held nn neat a* 
 possible nl e<juidistant periods, for tho purpuse u' 
 transferring licenses. (See. 1.) 
 
 Notice of holdin',' any adjounu'd mcclinjjs, ,,r 
 of nny special session for the traiisl'.T (if limil,,. 
 to be given in the same nianiu'r and to tlic <mf 
 parties as mentioned above. (.See. S.) 
 
 Justices ilistjiialified. — No justice who is a inm- 
 moil brewer, distiller, maker of mnit rorfjc. ^r 
 retailer of malt or any cxciseable li(|uor, BliiiHa ; 
 or be present at any unniuil licensing meitiii;-. or 
 adjournment, or spcdul session for tranHferrim; 
 licenses,_(ir take |)art in tho adjudication u[«.!i 
 any application for a license, or upon an ajipeal. 
 nor in the case of lic.iising nny house, nf whicd 
 he is owniT, or agent of tho owner, or nl anv 
 house belonging to any common brewer, niakc'r 
 of mnlt &.C. to whom he shall be. either liv IM 
 or marriage, the father, son, or brother, or wiih 
 whom he shall be partner in ani/ nlher imdr. in 
 anv of these cases knowingly or wilfullv to ait. 
 sulijects to a (lenaltyof 10(1/. Hut <lis(iuaiilioatiiiii 
 does not arise, where a justice, having no'mifftciu/ 
 inte -est in a house licensed or about to be lireiiscj, 
 holds only the legal estate therein lus truslecor 
 for a charitable or public use. (Sec. (!.) 
 
 When in any liberty, city, or town, 2 qualilin! 
 justices do not attend, the county justices niav 
 act. (Sec. 7.) 
 
 The power given to county jiHticcs But U 
 extend to the Cin<iuc Ports. (Sec. 8.) 
 
 Questions respecting licenses to lnMletirminei 
 and licenses to be signed, by a majority ut' tit 
 justices present. (Sec. il.) 
 
 Application for a Lictnse. — Persons intend- 
 ing to apply for a licen.se to a hous<! not Mm 
 licensed to aflix a notice on the door of sali 
 house, and on the door of the church or chiipdcf 
 t!i,i parish, nnd, where there shall be nu ciiurii 
 or chapel, im some other c(ins|)icuous place 
 within the parish, on three several Sumk'jiM 
 twecn January 1 and the last day of Fcbruan-in 
 the counties of Middlesex and Surrey, audeb- 
 where between .lune 1 and the last day of Julv, 
 at some time between the hours of 10 in lit 
 forenoon and 4 in the afternoon, and shall senei 
 copy of such notice upon one of the oversells 
 of the poor, and upon one of tho constables rf 
 peace-ofHcers of the par'sh, within ihcmontli'i 
 February in thecounties of Middlesex ami Sumf. 
 and elsewhere within the month of July, priori' 
 the annual meeting ; such notice to be in ale^iU* 
 hand, or printed und signed by the applioaii. 
 The ajiplication must state the Christian ml 
 surname of the party, with the place of bis te-i- 
 deuce, nnd his trnde or calling durini; tbe « 
 months previous to the serving of tlv" i '«*■ 
 (.Sec. 10.) 
 
 Notice to transfer /.icen-vc— Persons dcsirooiW 
 transferring a license, and intending to nppb" 
 the next special sessions, must, 5 days previouslv, 
 
.IC'ANH 
 
 tWn to allix nil tliciioiitri, 
 ithcr nul)lic place, a •• itiie 
 ^i, ami k'.vu or Icavv nt \\k 
 •h jiiHticc lU'tiiiK f,ir III,. 
 peritor. kcopiii); an inn, i.i 
 notice of liin inlciilidn to 
 keep nil ill") ft ciipy of nucli 
 
 may lie ailjmirned, but I'.io 
 not to be Ih'Moii iiiiy nl'th.' 
 ollowinn tlir ailjiiiinniiint, 
 t to bo licUl ill tlie nioitli if 
 niul Siirri'V, and in Aiinii-i 
 nlliiT comity. (Sec. ;i,| 
 r o/Aicfis' ■I — -i^' tt'c annual 
 [ippoiiit not lt's» tliiin I lint 
 csHioil^ to III' lii'lil as iicaia' 
 t porioil-', I'lir till! pnri«isci.l' 
 (Sec. •!.) 
 
 nnv iKljoiinicil inc('liii'.;<,w 
 I for tin- trimslT of litciiM., 
 inc niimiii'r ami to llic smt 
 (ibovc. (.Sw. ,"..) 
 
 ,y. No justice who is a ram- 
 
 r, tnnko'r of innlt t'lirjjc. nr 
 ly cxciscablc liiiuor, iihalh't 
 iiniiiial liceiisiiih' meetinjr.or 
 c.uui RC.'fsioii (or trannfcrriiii; 
 irt in the ailjudication u[h,ii 
 I license, or upmi anaiipeal, 
 iciiHint; any liouac, uf which 
 (Mit of the I'lWiicr, or of any 
 , liny common brewor. malier 
 in lie shall be cither liy \<\M 
 iitlicr, Hoii, or brother, nr Willi 
 partner in nni/ Dihertradr. in 
 knowiuKlv or wilfully to act. 
 V of 101)/. But distiualitication 
 •■(. a justice, bavins; notmi.ficiu/ 
 licensed or about tobe liaiijcj. 
 Ill estate therein (us tri.stwcr 
 imblicnse. (See. (U 
 'ertv. citv. or tow'i, •-' qu,iliW 
 tenll, the county justices may 
 
 n to county justices nut tJ 
 uD I'orts. (Sec. 8.) 
 tinn licenses to be iletvrminri, 
 signed, bv ft majority v\ tie 
 
 Sec.'.).) " . , 
 
 „ 7,.f.H.se.— Persons intend- 
 
 license to a house not bilon 
 
 notice on the door of smh 
 
 ■dooroftbecbiirchorcluFlrt 
 
 liere there shall be nocliurth 
 
 )mc other consiiicuous pto 
 
 ■^on three several Smdayl^*■ 
 
 ,nd the last day of February- u 
 
 iddlcsex and Surrey, and eU^ 
 
 land the last day of. My. 
 
 Eweenthe l>o»r^«V i im'i 
 the afternoon, and sbaU^er^M 
 
 ice upon one of the over.«B 
 upon one of the constable,. 
 he parish, within the mon*.^ 
 untes of Middlesex ami bur^y. 
 Ui„,he.uonthofJulyrn« 
 u; such notice to be ma^» 
 aid signed by the appl.* 
 mst state the Christian J 
 arty, with tbc place of l.M» 
 radc'or calling durin*; 
 
 rUIlLU-'ANS 
 
 1147 
 
 k; 
 
 to 
 
 the scrvin},' of tm' i 
 
 er Licen,vc-Person3teito«i|'f 
 
 .(•rve a h'iI ice upon one of the oversccrd ami one 
 (if iliB constables of the pariHii. rersomt hindered, 
 by nickiicss or other reasonable cnuse, from at 
 tfnilinK any lieeiisiiif,' meetiiiK, on ,iroof thereof 
 .niMucfd (iiiiKilli, may tliorim; amilheri< person to 
 jituiiil for them. (Sec. IL' ) 
 
 hiecnses to be in foive, in Middlesex ami 
 ^u^,.y, iriiiii April •> ; elsewhere from October 10, 
 („r onV whole year. (Sec. t.'l.) 
 
 I'mciiitin fur Ihitlh or nthir Citntinijrniy. — If 
 ;uiv iiersdii licensed shall ilie, or beeotne in- 
 injialile, or a baiikrnpl or insolvent, or if tu^ or 
 las heirs, executors, or assigns, sbull remove or 
 iii-lict to apply for a continimtioii of his license 
 \\v ' ' ' ' 
 
 ho 
 
 .r 111 anv new temiiil ; or if any man's House 
 ■Imulil be, or be about to be. pulled (hiwii for a 
 lulilie pnrpo.se, or rendered, by lire, tempest, or 
 itiiir unforeseen calamity, unlit for the purposes 
 il an inn, license may be granted to the occupier, 
 if he inteiiil to open anothei hou.se as an inn. 
 Siali transferred licenses shall continue only in 
 force to the end of the year; and in case of 
 removal to nuolher house, notice miivt be Riven 
 iiu Mime Sunday, w itliin (1 weeks before the special 
 session, in the 'niimner and form before dtacribed. 
 (Sec. II.) 
 
 I'mfor LiiTHjM.— The clerk of the justices may 
 lawfully K'ceive from every person to whom a 
 h :. ibe is Kranlcd, for trouble ami iM e^penttB, 
 the (ollowiny sums : — 
 
 a. (/. 
 
 rorconiubltof (ilBrii ji'tiliiKiioliii's • • * ! " 
 
 Kur I lerk of ju«U-p» l-ir iWi-n^t! - • • . ."i U 
 K.T |iri,i-|il 111 tlic hlKh rciiislulili', uml iioliiM lo be Ucllvirril 
 
 tiT Itie l»tlj roiHtiitik- - • • • - 1 fi 
 
 tlerlis (lemaniliiiK or receiving more than these 
 fees to forfeit ,'i/. (Sec. l,j.) 
 
 .No slieriirs ollicer, or oiTiccr executing the 
 [ l.rooe.ss of any court of justice, <iuali(ied to hold 
 ur use any liwiise under this Act. (Sec, U!.) 
 
 Excise Lictnsts. — No license for tlie sale of any 
 
 [ cxeiseablc Uniiors, to be consumed on the premises, 
 
 ; sh.ill be granted by the exci.sc to any person, 
 
 unless sueb person ' be previously licensed under 
 
 I ibis Act. (Sec. 17.) 
 
 i'(7w/(iM.— Any person without a liceitae scllinj^ 
 or exchanf,'in(;, or for valuable consideration dis- 
 poning ot any e.xciseable liquor by retail, to be 
 I ooniunicd on bis ])reiniscs ; ur with a license, and 
 I >o stllinft on premises other than those specilied 
 I in bis lieense,sbnU for every offence, on conviction 
 Ibtfore, one justice, forfeit not e.xceedinf,' 20/. nor 
 lless than 5/. with costs ; but the penalty not to 
 Ifitiacli in case of dcatli or insolvency, and sale 
 yiy tlie heir or assigns, prior to the next special 
 |8es<ions. (Sec. 18.) 
 
 i i'.very licensed (icrson shall, if required, sell all 
 lli'iuors by rcliiil (except in quantities less than 
 ! l)int) by the fjallon, ((uart, jiint, or J pint, sized 
 ■Li'ordiiij; to the standard ; hi default thereof to 
 Birfeii the illej;al measure, and pay not exceeding 
 IJiJs. with costs, to be recovered within 'M ihiys 
 lielor:! justice. (Sec. 19.) 
 
 Ill eases of riot, or probability of riot, houses 
 peensed in the neiglibourhood liiav be closed by 
 p order of 2 justices. (Sec. 20.) ' 
 .^ny person convicted of ajirst offence, hcfoto 
 I justices, against the tenor of his license, to 
 Neit not exceedinf; 5/. with costs ; guiltv of a 
 fmul offence within 3 vcars of the lirst, to 
 Priuit not exceeding 10/. with costs; and guilty 
 1 a third offence within 3 years, to forfeit not 
 Kcmiing 50/. with costs : or the case in the last 
 ptanee may be adjourned to the pettv sessions, 
 ■rt:ie annual ineeiing, or the general quarter 
 felons ; and if the offender is found guiltv by n 
 
 juri/, he may bo tlnod 100/., or adjiirtgrd to forfeit, 
 his license, or bmh, nml rendered ineapablo of 
 Helling any I'xcijeable liquor in any inu kept by 
 him for 3 ycfiM. (Sec. 21.) 
 
 Proceedings at the session in certain cases may 
 be iiirecte<l by the justices to be earrieil mi by the 
 constable, ami the expeiisca defrayed out of tho 
 county rrt/'s. (Sec. 22.) 
 
 lyitrwHuis refusing to attend without lawful 
 excuse may be lined not more than in/. (,S^M^ 23.) 
 
 Penalties against justices may be sued for in 
 any court of Westminster; a moiety to the king 
 and a moiety to the party suing. (iSec. 21.) 
 
 Penalties adjudged by justices may be reco''ereil 
 til" justices at speciid segsiim may grant a license I by distrcHH or the party imprisoned, 1, 3, or (J 
 1 ilic heirs, excculors, or assigns of such party, ' calendar months. (See. 2.').) 
 
 The next sections relate to the mode of proKo- 
 ciiting actions. 
 
 The last section of the Act enncts that the word 
 ' inn ' shall iniducle any inn, alehouse, or victualling 
 house, in which is sold b\ retail any exciseable 
 liquor, to be drunk or coiisumi^d on the premises ; 
 and the words exciseable lii|uor are to include all 
 such fermented or s|iirituous liquors as may now 
 or hereafter be charged with any custom or excise 
 duty. tSec, 37.) 
 
 The Act does not nffect the Universities, nor 
 the privileges of the Vintners' Company, excefit 
 those freemen who have obtained their freedom 
 by rcdemiition; and it does not alter the time of 
 granting licenses in the city of London. 
 
 Innkeepers are bound by the tenor of their 
 license to keep order in their houses, to prevent 
 drunkenness and disorderly conduct, and gambling. 
 If they fail in these respects, they forfeit their 
 license, and subject themselves to the penaltios 
 mentioned before. Allowing seditious or immoral 
 books to be read in an inn also forfeits the license, 
 and subjects to penalties. (3'J tJco. III. c. 71) s. 31.) 
 
 So far as S(M)tlaml is concerned, this Act has 
 been amended bv the 10 it 17 Vict. c. 07, and 25 
 it 20 Vict. c. 3J." 
 
 The closing of public houses in Kngland is 
 regulated on Sundays by l« & VJ Vict. e. 118, and 
 on other days by the Public IIou.se Closhig Act« 
 of 18tit amriSO.j. 
 
 2, iJuticHdJ' Innkeepers. — Innkeepers arc bound 
 by law to recciv 3 guests coming to their inns, and 
 they arc also bound to protect their property when 
 there. They have no option to reject or refuse a 
 guest, unless their house be already full, or thev 
 arc able to assign some other reasonable and sufli- 
 cient cause. Neither can they impose unreason- 
 able terms on such as frequent their houses : if 
 they do, they inaj' he lined, and their inns indicted 
 niul suppressed. An innkeeper who has stables 
 attached to his premises may be compelled to re- 
 ceive a horse, although the owner does not reside 
 in his house ; but he cannot, under such circum- 
 stances, be compelled to receive a triink or other 
 dead thing. IJy the annual Mutiny Act, cot.- 
 stables, or, in their default, justices of the peace, 
 may quarter soldiers in inns, livery-stables, ale- 
 hoiisos (tc, under the conditions and regulations 
 set forth in the statute. 
 
 3. Responsibility of Innkeepers. — An innkeeper 
 is bound to keep safely whatever things his guests 
 deposit ill his inn, or in his custody as innkeeper, 
 and until 18()3 he was civilly liable for all losses 
 exccjit those arising from irresistible force, or what 
 is usually termed the act of God and the kmg .-. 
 enemies,' The law on this subject, howevf r, was 
 altered by the 20 & 27 Vict. c. A\. It piovides 
 that the innkeeper shall not be liable beyond 30/. 
 for loss or injury to goods or p.iperty brouf:,!it to 
 the inn, except — Ist, when the goods or property 
 shall bo stolen, lost, or injured, i;lu:ough the wilful 
 
 • 
 
:-v^.J--,- ■ 
 
 1148 
 
 rUBLICANS 
 
 i . 
 
 '■;■' »,'■ 
 
 ■^ I 
 
 r ^ 
 
 ■I ' 
 
 net or neglect of the innkeeper or liis servant ; 
 and, 'JikI, where sucli floods or priperty shall 
 }iave been 'leposited expressly fur Hufe a.stoily 
 with Mieli innkeeper. ' It has luiij^ been holden,' 
 ."iiys W\t William Junes, ' tlia^. au innkeeper is 
 lnMiud to restitution, il' the trunks or piiiceU of 
 iiis quests, conimilted to hiui either ijersoniiUy or 
 throu<{h one of his ugeiits, be damuj^ed iir ids inn, 
 <u* stolcu out of it by any i)ersou whatever (except 
 tlie servant or comraiuon of the (jucst) ; nor shall 
 he (liscliar{,'e liiniself of this responsibility by a 
 refusal to take eare of !he goods, because there are 
 suspected jiersons in the house, for whose conduct 
 he canuet be answerable : it is otlicrwise, indeed. 
 It* he refuse admission to a traveller because lie 
 really has no room for him, and the traveller, 
 nevertheless, insist upon entering;, and pl,-,ec his 
 l)a,iIK"CT'' '" " chamber without the keeper's con- 
 mjiit. Add to this, that if be fail to provide 
 honest servants aiul honest innuites, uccordinj; to 
 the conlidcnce reposed in nim by the public, liis 
 ncj^ligence in that respect is highly culpable, aiul 
 he ought to answer civilly for their acts, even if 
 tlu'y shou'd rob the guests that sleep in tlieir 
 cliambers. Vigorous as this law may seem, nnd 
 hard as it may actually be in one or two p-rticular 
 instances, it is founded c a the great )in!:-;ple of 
 public utility, to which all private considerations 
 ought to yield; for travellers, who must be nu- 
 merous in r rich aud commercial country, are 
 obliged to reiy almost implicitly on the good faith 
 of innholders, ^vhosc education and morals arc 
 usually none of the best, and wlio might have 
 fre(iuent opportunities of associating with rullians, 
 or pilferers, while the injured guest could never 
 obtain legal proof of such con oiuations, or even 
 of their negligence, if no actual fraud had been 
 committed by them. Hence the jinetor declared, 
 according to I'omponius, his desire of securing the 
 public from the dishonesty of such men ; and by 
 Lis edict gave an action against them, if the goods 
 of travellers or passengers were lost or hurt by 
 any means except by inevitable accident (ilamiio 
 ftt'tuli) : and Ulpian intimates that even this 
 severity could not restrain them from knavish 
 practices or suspicious neglect,' (Essay on the 
 Law of Bailments, 2i'.d cd. pp. 95, 90.) 
 
 Kvcn if an innkee;icr bid the guest take the key 
 of his chamber and lock the door, telling him that 
 he cannot undertake the charge of the goods, still, 
 if they be stolen, he is held to be responsible. In 
 all such cases it is not competent to the innkeeper to 
 plead that he iou^ ordinary care, or that the^brce 
 whi(;h occasioned the loss was truly irresistible. 
 A gucsl. is not bound to deliver the goods in 
 special custody to the innkeeper, nor, indeed, to 
 acquaint him that he has any. If he have pro- 
 I>erty with him, or about his person, the innkeeper 
 Mast be responsible for it to the extent of 30/. 
 without communication. But the innkeeper may 
 require that the property of his guest be delivered 
 into his hands, in order that it may be put into a 
 secure place ; and if the guc t refuse, the innkeeper 
 is not liable for its safety. The guest exonerates 
 the innkeeper from liability when he takes upon 
 himself the exjlusive custody of the goods, so as 
 to deprive the inn!<ceper of having any care over 
 them ; thus, if a guest demand and have exclusive 
 ; ssession of a room, for the ; iirpose of a shop or 
 warehouse, he exonerates the landlord from any 
 loss Le may sustain iu the property which he 
 keeps in that apartment : but it Li otherwise if he 
 have not the exclusive possession of the room. The 
 innkeeper cannot oblige the guest to take charge 
 of his own goods ; for this, in effect, would be a 
 refusal to admit them into the inu. And it is no 
 excuse for an innkeeper to say that he delivered 
 
 the key of the chamber whence the iinipiriv wi 
 stolen to the guest, who left the duor wx'n \ 
 ease of this sort occurred a few years am it 
 IJiighlon. A lauy having left the' dour of hir 
 bedroom, of which she had the key, upon lur i 
 few miiuites, 5t)/. wereabslracted froiii her rittioil . 
 The innkeeper contended that the plaimill' bv 
 seleoting particular apartments, ami tiikiii'iii'. 
 key, had exonerated him from his liability. ''ni, 
 jiu-y found for the plaintilf; and upon anidii,'., 
 for' a new trial, Lord Tenterden said, ' Ijv tl, 
 common law of this country, ami al.-'i hy Hi,; |,|j.j| 
 law, the principle of the liabilily of iniikccurs 
 was founded on two reasons : (irst, to compel t!' ' 
 landlord to take care that no improper compaiiv 
 was admitted into his house; and socondh! t', 
 prevent collusion. The principle, as statcil iii t!i,. 
 civil law, was this—" Ne <piis(|uani |mttt };raviitr 
 hoc in COS constitutnm esse; nam est in ipsirrunKir- 
 bitrio nequcm recipient ; et nisi hoc essetsitatuiiiii, 
 materia daretur cum furibus, adversns mt (m,," 
 recipient, coeundi : cuiij ne nunc qniilcm abslineni 
 hujusmodi fraudibi'S." It was true that, in tiio 
 present state_ of sijjiety, it was very dilliciilt i., 
 prevent the intrusion of improper coinpaiiv intj 
 inns. ISut still the principle was such askltij 
 stated it to be, and it would be dangerous to rciaj 
 it ; and ho did not think that tlie takiii-,' roo„n jj 
 this wa\ was sulHcieiit to disciiarge tln' lamlli>ri 
 Then, as to the objection that the cases did ii,,t 
 extend to money, it was clear that money wa; 
 much within the principle as goods, aud' that t 
 substantial distinction coulil be maJo, Uc «.. 
 theieforc of opinion that the verdict was rylii, 
 — Knle refused. 
 
 A landlord may exemjit himself froii, jialjilitv 
 if he 'Jan show that the loss was ocoasion'J !)v ife 
 misconduct of the guest; as, if Lis gwdj are 
 stolen by his own servant or companioih 
 
 It has been decided that a man is a guest at sr. 
 inn, if he leave his horse at it, iliou},'li lit lias m 
 gone iute it himself. If a man orae to an " 
 and mukc a contract for lodging for a set timt 
 and do not eat or drink there, he is no pi^t, ta 
 a lodger, and, as such, not under the iuukcepci 
 protection ; but if he cat and drink, orpayfotb 
 diet there, it is othenvise. Any innkcperura!..- 
 house keeper, knowingly receiving and harbouric; 
 any person convicted of an otfence ajjiaiii-t it' 
 revenue laws, for which he has been iu prisun,!) 1 
 for which he has lied, shall forfeit 100/. audki [ 
 no license for the future. 
 
 4. Remedy of an Innkeeper against his G«il.- 
 An innkeeper may, without any agreciueiutotk I 
 effect, detain the person of a guest who lin tin I 
 in ' 's house, until payment; and he iiiayJott. I 
 san. by the horses in his stable. 
 
 An innkeeper is not entitled to recover k I 
 spirits supplied to his guests, of the vala»iifi« I 
 and u|>wards, unless supplied or contracted tUs I 
 onetime. (23 Geo. II. c. 40.) 
 
 IJy the custom of London and Exeter, if ami I 
 commit ". horse to an hostler, aiii thccNpensdi j 
 his keep become equivalent to his price, the hills 
 may appropriate the horse to himself upon lit I 
 appraisement of four of his iieii,'hbour9, or uf I 
 have him sold. But innkeepers iu other paiHi^ I 
 the country have no power to sell horsrs deiai«l f 
 by them. I 
 
 " A horse committed to an innkoeper caiinit In I 
 detained as a security for the board of his ini« | 
 
 It is enacted by 11 & 12 Wm. IIl.c. IJitaj 
 innkeepers, alehouse keepers Ac. refitsiin' 6 1 
 specify in an account the number of piati;'! 
 quarts for which demand Ls made, ct selliafiil 
 unmarked measures, shall have no powrtoiieMj 
 any goods cr ether things belonging othepersil 
 
 I I 
 
Ijer wlicnco llic iirdpcrly win 
 
 who Icift tho ildor (iMcI). A 
 ccjrrcd a few years m,'" ai 
 having left the door of hit 
 bUc had tho key, ojitn lor i 
 •e abstracted fri)iu Uit rdietlc. 
 :umlcd that thu \ilniiitilV, by 
 
 n\>artmoiits, ami tiikin;; uiV 
 I him fri)n» his liability. !l,p 
 |)laintilV; and upon ammi •! 
 )rd 'I'ciitcrdcn said, ' lly ili^ 
 
 country, and al.-o l)y tin: civil 
 of the liabilily uf iiini<f(|,.r, 
 i> reasons : lirst, to cmniicl t! •■ 
 ire that no improper coniiiany 
 ) his house ; and secondly, i , 
 
 Tbc principlp, as stated in tli.: 
 — " Ne (iuis(iuam piitot t;raviiir 
 uni esse; nan\ est iiiipsiirnmar- 
 >ient ; et nisi hoc csstt itatutiin,. 
 um furibus, adversus i-oi ^^a■'• 
 : cull) nc nunc <iiiidem abstinrat 
 ii'S." It was true thai, in tho 
 iojiety. it was very difficult i., 
 sion of improper company iiit) 
 le principle was such as hihai 
 1 it would he dan(,'eroustorila.; 
 t thinix that tUc tukiii« Mu.iis in 
 icicnt to discliarf,'c tin: laii(il*i 
 olMCction that the cases did im 
 , it was clear that moiioy \va i. 
 ' principle as noods, and that m 
 rtctiou could be made. He «.< 
 lion that the verdict was ri-ht. 
 
 IV exempt himself fmni lialjili'v 
 lat the loss was occasiorcJ bylht 
 the fjuest ; as, if his (;u«dj arc 
 ;n servant or companion. 
 !Lided that a man is a gueit .v. at 
 lliis horse at it, [hou<,'li he lias iM 
 
 nself. If a ">»" '■"^™'' '" """"■ 
 itract for lodging' for a sit lim 
 ir drink there, he is no i^ttMM 
 a such, not under the iinikofpci 
 if he cat and drink, or pay kb 
 othenvise. \ny iiinkc^Tota..;- 
 lowinirly receivinR and harbounr; 
 ivicted of an offence agamrf if 
 ,r which he has been in prisoii, i< 
 s lied, shall forfeit lOO;. and hiv, 
 
 ic future. . ,,.„,, 
 
 an Innkeeper against hs 0««ir 
 (av, without any af,'recraenttotla: 
 L«" person of a guest who Ills tJi« 
 itil payment; and he may u.u. I 
 rses in his stable, 
 r is not entitled to rowvet < 
 to his guests, of the val;|»..« 
 nless supplied or coutractoJ tit 
 
 Geo. II. c. 40.) 
 
 ,„ of London and Exeter, if »^^. 
 
 to an hostler. au.l tho eNp.'.><M 
 e equivalent to his price, the li.« 
 ,tc the horse to Inmscll upon " 
 
 f four ofhisneit;hbours,ot»r 
 But innkeepers iu other paiui 
 
 .cnopo^rtosellhorsrsdet»i| 
 
 imittcdtoani.mkecperoanB.J 
 
 ,llL keepers &c. :f^ 
 account the number fp^^ 
 ich demand Is made, or » I^V 
 Les, Shan have no po«* 
 vther things belonging otlieper>» 
 
 PUMICE STONE 
 
 from whom demand is made, but shall be left to 
 iheir action for recovery of the same. 
 
 I'U.MICK STONIC ((jcr. bimstein; Fr. pierre- 
 ,,„nce; Ital, pietra pomice; S, an. picdra pomcz; 
 Lat. pumc.x). A hgiU, spongv, vitreous stone, ; 
 found usiiidly in 'he nciglibournood of volcanoes. 
 It is used for polishing metnls and marble, anil 
 jniootliiiig the surface of wood and pasteboard. 
 It is said to form a good glaze for pottery. Tlie 
 i; hlf'r pumice stones swim on water, their spcci'ic 
 liravitv not exceeding 9-14. The ishtnd of Lipar', 
 ii' thcMediterranean, is chiefly formed of pumice 
 jtone and mny bo said to lie the magazine whence 
 all I'uri'pe is supplied with this useful nniclo. 
 
 QUARANTINE 
 
 1149 
 
 ThcfO 'ire sevcnd species <if pumi'-e '.cones; but 
 those o'lly that art light and spongy arc exported. 
 In 180/ we imported 525 tons of piimicu stone, 
 valued at 2,3GJ/. 
 
 rU'rCI10(JK. An article of this name is im- 
 ported in considerable (luaiitities from the norlli- 
 west coast of India into (;hina, and is regularly 
 quoted in the Canton price currents. It is the 
 root of a plant that grows abundantly in Siiiile. 
 When burned, it yields a fine sm<dve, and a (grate- 
 ful and diffusive smeil. The Chinese beat it into 
 a tine powder, which they burn as incense in the 
 temples of ttieir gods. (Ifaniilton's JS'eir Arcount 
 nfthc Kast Indies, v<d. i. p. Il'U.) 
 
 Q 
 
 d 
 
 QUARAN'TIXE. A rc.jlation by which all 
 commn.iication with individuals, ships, or goods, ^ 
 arriving from places infected with the plague, or ^ 
 oihir contagious disease, or supposed to be pe- [ 
 culiarly liable to such infection, is interdicted for j 
 a cirtiiin definite period. The term is derived , 
 from the Italian quaranta, forty ; it being gene- | 
 tally supposed that if no infections disease bretik j 
 out'within 40 days, or G wcoks, no danger need be [ 
 apprehended from the free admission of tho indi- 
 viduals under quarantine. During tliis period, too, 
 all the goods, clothes Ac. that might he supposed 
 capable of retaining tlie infection, are subjected to a 
 process of piirificritioii. This last operation, which 
 isamost iniportant part of the guartinlinc system, 
 is performed either on board .ship, or in e.<!iablish- [ 
 iiients denominated lazarettos. (See post.) 
 
 Mky of Quarantine. — The regulations as to ; 
 
 quarantine arc entirely precautionary ; tliey have j 
 
 their origin in tiie belief that various diseases, but | 
 
 cspoeially the plague, are contagious; and sup- 
 
 posinj; such to be ti'C case, tiic propriety of sub- I 
 
 jecling those comii.g from an infected or suspected 
 
 place to a jirobation is obvious. Indeed, no (io- 
 
 veinnu'iit could, until tlie belief in question be 
 
 proved to be ill founded, abstain from enforcing 1 
 
 precautionary measures, without rendering itself 
 
 liable to the charge of having culpably neglected 
 
 one of its most important duties — that of pro- 
 
 •■■idin;;, by every means in its power, for the 
 
 faffty of its subjects. Latterly, lu)wever, it has 
 
 been contended that the plague is never imported ; 
 
 tli.u it is always indigenous; originating in some 
 
 peculiar state of ttic atmosphere, or in something 
 
 jieculiar in the condition of the people; and that, 
 
 toiise(iuen'ly, (piarautin') regulations merely im- 
 
 pnse a he,ivy burden on commerce, without being 
 
 I of any real utility. But though there docs not 
 
 seem to be any reason for doubting that infectious 
 
 1 diseases have originated in the way described, the 
 
 fact that they have, in innumerable instances, been 
 
 carried from one place to another, seems to be 
 
 established bej ond all question. Even if the evi- 
 
 I deuce as to th% importation of infectious diseases 
 
 r-vcre less decisive than it is, or the opinions of 
 
 I medical nien more divided, it would not warrant 
 
 jiic repeal of the restraints on the intercourse witli 
 
 Ifiuspectcd ports. Tli:'» is not a matter in which 
 
 jinnovations should be rashly introduced ; wherever 
 
 Itliere is doubt, it is proper to incline to the side of 
 
 iBccumy. In some cases, perhaps, (]uaraiitine 
 
 liegulations have been carried to a needless extent; 
 
 ll)' * they have more frequently, we believe, been 
 
 Yi-i|.ro;jcrly relaxed. 
 
 hstttutiun of QMarantme.— The notion that the 
 plague was imported from the East into Europe 
 
 seems to liave prevailed in all ages, lint it would 
 appear that the Venetians were the lirst w1ij> 
 endeavoured tc guard against its introdnctiiiu 
 from abroad, by obliging ships and individuaU 
 from su!<pccted pliices to perform quarantine. 
 The regulations uiion this subject were, it is most 
 probable, issued for the lirst time in 14HI. (IJccl:- 
 mann, ///.«/. (;/" Invent. V(d. ii. art. ' (iuarantine.') 
 They have since been gradually adopted in every 
 other country. Their introduction into England 
 was comparatively late. Various preventive re 
 giilations had been previously enacted ; but qua- 
 rantine was not systematically enforced till after 
 the alarm occasioned by the dreadful jdague at 
 Marseilles in 1720. The regulations then aclopted 
 were made conformably to Ww suggestions of the 
 celebrated Dr. Mead, in his famous Discourse con- 
 cerning Pestilential Contagion. 
 
 Lazarettos or I'est-houses are establishment:* 
 constructed to facilitate the p' rforniance of qua- 
 rantine, .iiid particularly the puritication of goods. 
 They have usually a port in which ships from 
 a suspected place may anchor ; and, when perfec:, 
 arc provided with lodgings for the crews and 
 passengers, where the sick may be separated from 
 the healthy; and witli warehouses, where the 
 goods may be deposited ; all intercourse between 
 the lazaretto and the surrounding country being^, 
 of course, interdicted, e::scpt by permission of the 
 authorities. Thu lazarettos at Leghorn, Genoa, 
 and Marseilles are the most com|)lete of raiy in 
 Europe. The facilities they afford to navigation 
 are very great ; for, as ships 'rom suspected 
 places may discharge their cargoes in the lazaretto, 
 tliey arc not detained longer than tiioy would be 
 were tliere no quarantine regulations. The goods 
 deposited in the lazaretto, being inspected by the 
 proper ofiicers, and purihed, are then admitted into 
 the market. 
 
 Compared with these, the (\uarantine establish- 
 ments in this couatrv are exceedingly defective. 
 There is not, even in the Thames, a lazaretto 
 where a ship from a suspected place may discharge 
 her cargo and red' ; so that she is detained, fre- 
 quently at an enormous expense, during the 
 wliolc period of quarantine ; while, if she have 
 perishable goods on board, they may be very 
 materially injured. It is singular that nothinj^ 
 should hitherto have been done to obviate su'-U 
 grievances. The complaints as to the oppressive- 
 ness of quarantine regulations are almost wholly 
 occasioned by the want of proper facilities for its 
 performance. ^Vere these afforded, the burdens 
 it imposes would be rendered comparatively light ; 
 and we do not know that many more important 
 services could be rendered to the commerce of tho 
 
 
I 
 
 .ir)0 
 
 QUAU/vNTINE 
 
 \ ' ' j 
 
 '■i\l 
 
 count rv timn by construct iiiK a proper quarnntiiii.' 
 estiiblishmcnt on tlie Tliames. 
 
 JtWs nf /fealt/i. — Tlie period of q\mrantinc 
 vurica, oh respects ships eotnini; from tlie siime 
 plare, according tr) the nature of their bills of 
 health. These are documonta, or cert i titrates, 
 signed bv the consul or other competent authority 
 in the place which the ship has left, describing its 
 state of health at the time of her clearing out, 
 A cli'itn bill imports that, at the timeof her sailing, 
 no infcctioi.s disorder wa-* known to exist. A 
 suspected, or. as it is more commonly called, a 
 touched bill, imports that rumours were afloat of 
 an infectious disorder, but thr.t it had not actually 
 appeared. Afoul bill, or llu? ahsenn of clean bills, 
 imports that the place was infected when the 
 vessel sailed. [Bii.i-S of IIkai^th.] The dura- 
 tion of the qiuirantine is regulated by the nature 
 of these instruments. They seem to hav; been 
 first issued in the Mediterranean ports in 1GG5, 
 and are obviously of great importance. 
 
 Quarantine Jiegulations. — The existing quaran- 
 tine regulations are embodied in the Act G (ieo. 
 IV. c "8, and the different orders in council 
 issued under its authority. These orders specify 
 "rthat vessels ore liable to perform quarantine; 
 the places at which it is to bo performed ; and the 
 various formalities and regulations to be complied 
 with. The publication in the Gazette of any 
 order in council with respect to quarantine is 
 deemed suflicient notice to all concerned : and no 
 excuse of ignorance is admitted for any infringe- 
 ment of the regulations. To obviate, as lar as 
 possible, any foundation for such pica, it is ordered 
 that vessels clearing out for anj- port or place 
 with respect to which there shall be at the time 
 any order in council subjecting vessels from it to 
 quarantine, arc to be furnished with an abstract of 
 the quarantine regulations: and are to furnish 
 themselves with quarantine signal Hags and lan- 
 terns, and with materials and instruments for 
 fumigating and immersing goods. The fellowing 
 are the clauses in the Act as to signals : — 
 
 Every commander, master, or other person 
 having the charge of any vessel liable to quaran- 
 tine, shall, at all times, when such vessel shall 
 meet >¥ith any other vessel at sea, or shall be 
 within 2 leagues of the coast of the United King- 
 dom, or the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Aldemey, 
 Sark, or Man, hoist a signal to denote that his 
 vessel is liable to quarantine; which signal shall 
 in the day time, if the vessel shall have a clean 
 bill of health, be a large yellow flag, of tJ breadths 
 of bunting, at the niain-topmast-hcad ; and if 
 such vessel shall not have a clean bill of health, 
 then a like yellow flag, with a circular mark or 
 ball, entirely black, in the middle thereof, whose 
 diameter shall be equal to 2 breadths of bunting ; 
 and in the night time, the signal shall in both 
 cases be a large signal lantern with a light therein 
 (sucli as is used on board his Majesty's ships of 
 war), at the samemast-hcad : and such commander, 
 master, or other person, shall keep such signals 
 hoisted during such time as the said vessel 
 shall continue within sight of such other vessel, 
 or within 2 leagues of the said coast or islands, 
 and while so in sight, or within such distance, 
 until such resscl so liable to quarantine shall 
 have arrived at the port where it is to perform 
 quarantine, and until it shall have been legally 
 discharged from the performance thereof; on fail- 
 ure whereof such commander, master, or other 
 person sholl forfeit lOOA (Sec. 8.) 
 
 Every commander, master, or other person 
 having the charge of any vessel on board whereof 
 the plague or other infectious disease highly dan- 
 gerous to the health of his Majesty's subjects sholl 
 
 actually be, .shall at all times, when such vftBel 
 shall meet with any other vessel at sea ornh ' 
 be within 2 leagues of the coast of the (Jniil^.' 
 Kingdom, or the islands of (iuern.^cy, Jcf,j'y 
 Aldcrncy, Sark, or Man, hoist a sifrnal," to dcnu'ti' 
 that a vessel has the plague or other iiifocijo'n ■ 
 disease ; which signal shall be in the day tiinr " 
 flag of yellow and L'ack, borne (luarterlv u(l 
 breadths of bunting, at the main-t()|)mas't-hcai]- 
 and in the night time, the signal shall be '.' lar-c 
 signal lanterns, commoidy used on board 3M|i,ti 
 war, one over the other, at the same ma-st-li'-ad . 
 and such commander, master, or other ricrsoi 
 shall keep such signal hoisted during such time a. 
 the said vessel shall continue within si(,'ht ol sucii 
 other vessel, or within 2 leagues of the coasts or 
 islands aforesaid, while so in sight, or within sm h 
 distance, until such vessel shall Imve arrived at 
 the port where it i» to perform iiuarantinc, aii | 
 until it shall have been legally (li-vhariicd t'r„ni 
 the performance thereof; on failure whereof hi.Ii 
 commander, master, or other person shall I'oiiHt 
 100/. (Sec. 9.) 
 
 If any commander, mantcr, or other person 
 knowing that the same is not liable to the m 
 formance of quarantine, shall hoist such iii.-ml, 
 by dav or night, such commander or other iierson 
 shall forfeit 60/. (Sec. 10.) ' 
 
 IJut, instead of printing the Act, and the varimi.- i 
 orders in council that have grown out of it, imCl 
 bo suflicient to lay the following abstrnct of iliein 
 before the reader. This abstract has been pre- 
 pared by the Custom-house, and contains » di:- 
 tinct summary of the various rules and rcgulatiuoi 
 to be complied with. 
 
 Abstuact of Quarantine Ri:gulatio.n5. 
 
 It is in the first place to be observed that iil! 
 persons arc presumed to know, and arc boun 1 1 
 take notice, not only of the quarantine regulation- 
 established by Act of Parliament (as they are of 
 any other public Act), but likewise of crery ordtt 
 in council made for the performance of quaraniiii 
 and published in the London Gazette; and asii 
 is easily in their power to inform thcmselvw d 
 such regulations, and particular care is taken b 
 this and other means to promulgate suchoftheij 
 as apply to their respective situations, pmumlj | 
 to their being actually put under quarantine. whM I 
 they will receive directions for their guidanct f 
 from the quarantine officers, no plea of ignoranci I 
 will bo admitted as an excuse for anynej;lefi| 
 breach, or violation thereof; but, for the sake i I 
 example, and for the security of the pubhc healtt I 
 the pains, penalties, and punishments oi' thelai| 
 will be enforced with the utmost severity. 
 
 Duty of Commanders and Masters of Vmtk 
 
 Upon arrival off the coast of the United Kiif-I 
 dom, or the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderafr.j 
 Sark, or Man, 
 
 To deliver to the pilot who shall go on boaiii j 
 written paper, containing a true account of tin I 
 name of the place at which his ship loaded, aihii<i 
 all the places at which he touched on thehonK-l 
 ward voyage. Neglecting or refusing to delirs | 
 such papers, or making any false representation*! 
 wilful omission therein, subjects him toapeDiI?! 
 of 100/. I 
 
 Upon entering, or attempting to enter anyp* J 
 and being spoke by any quarantine officers, I 
 
 To give a true answer in writing or otlierMtl 
 and upon oath or not upon oath (according ajbil 
 shall be required), to the pnelimuiafy quesiwl 
 put to him by such quarantine officer, for tKl 
 purpose of ascertaining whether his vessel isMBl 
 not liable to quarantine. Neglecting or refii3H?| 
 
11 liincs, wlieii such vcjsol 
 )thct vessel ut sea, or nhall 
 of the const of (\w Unil'vl 
 inds <>f (luernsi'V, Jersey, 
 in, hoi»t a Hignal, to cltnii'tc 
 ! i)la(?ue or oilier infoctimii 
 L sUall be in the day limi: a 
 "ack, borne (luartcrly, u\ ^ 
 at tbo muin-toiimasl-huad: 
 e the signal shall he ,! lart:e 
 
 nmJy w*'*''^ "" *""*"' ^'''1" "' 
 Ucr, at the same mast-head ; 
 icr, master, or other iier«.i:i 
 lI hoisted (lufinn such lime a- 
 continuc within sit;ht ot sii.h 
 i,in 2 leasuos of the cnusts or 
 ,ile so in sight, or within sutli 
 vessel shall have arrived a; 
 ,j, to perform (luarnntiiic. an I 
 been legally di-^char-ed fr„ra 
 >reof ; on lailure whereof Mich 
 r or other person shall foiKit 
 
 idcr, master, or other -^am. 
 "anicis not liable to the pet- 
 intinc, shall hoist such signal, 
 ucU commander or other 1.CM 
 
 kec 10.) 
 BrintingtheAct,andthevan.j: 
 
 ^l,^havegro^vnoutoflt,ll^va 
 
 r This abstract has been pte- 
 stom-bouse, and contains a a.-- | 
 thcvarious rules and regulau* 
 
 ith. 
 Quarantine PvEGUlatiosj, 
 
 ir,t place to bo observed Hut all I 
 umedtoknow,andarcbflun4t 
 
 ct of Parliament (as they arc (J 
 .Act but likewise of eYeryorda 
 to the performance of quatamin. 
 
 r nowctto inform themselvo*! 
 tties,andpumshments.- 
 
 ,u,nders and Masters of Ve>^^. 
 
 off the coast of tJ^eW^ 
 nds of Guernsey, Jersej.Ai 
 
 ,,vhich he touched ^"'"li,, 
 
 ^^^'•^''i^vSbfrP^Jentatio.. 
 SrSctshSntoape^ 
 
 attemptingtoej^-^'^ 
 
 oath'("according«l« 
 
 QUARANTINE 1161 
 
 within n cnnvonient time aflor duo notice 
 given, incurs a penalty of 100/. 
 To repair in all cases to the proper quarantine 
 port, as hereinafter stated in the Appendix, ac- 
 cording as he sliall or sliall not he furnished with 
 a dean bill of hcaltii, and according to the port or 
 place to which ho shnll he bound, aa herein stated. 
 But if through ignorance, or by stress of wea- 
 ther, damage, loss, or accidents of the seas, 
 he shall have passed the proper (luarnntine 
 port, he may (having a clean bill of lieallh 
 on board, and upon giving satisfactory pmul 
 thereon upon oath, and by the oath Of the 
 pilot, if any on board, andthat the same was 
 not wilfidly or intentionally <lcino or occa- 
 sioned) bo permitted to proceed to some 
 other (piarantine port, in the discretion of the 
 quarantine otliccr, keeping the proper quaran- 
 tine siijnal hoisted during the whole time. 
 Upon his arrival .tt the proper quarantine port, 
 to give true answers upon oath to all the quaran- 
 tine (piestions, and io make oath to the truth of 
 - his lo{;-l)oi>k, and *iic times at which the entries 
 the i)ilot Hiat his vessel has were therein made: failing uerein, he incurs the 
 to quarsntine by reason of j penalty of wilful and corrupt perjury. 
 
 to bring his vessel to as soon as it can bo done 
 with safety, in obedience to the requisition of the 
 (luarantiuo otliccr, subjects him to a penalty of 
 
 Kefusing to answer such questions, or giving 
 anv false answer thereto (if not upon oath), sub- 
 jcf'ts liiir. to a penalty of 200/. 
 
 If upon oath, to the punishment for wilful and 
 comiiitperjuiy. 
 
 If any iiilectious disease shall appear on board, 
 tlio master is to repair to such place as her Majesty 
 fliiill direct, and make known his case to the 
 ollii'cr of customs, and ho is to remain at that 
 place until directions are given by the Lords of 
 ihc I'rivy Council. He is not to permit any of 
 ihc crew'or passengers on board to go on shore, 
 and he, his crew an<l passengers, are to obey such 
 directions as arc received from the Lords of the 
 I'rivy Council. 
 
 Ni'it acting in conformity to the regulations 
 herein diroctcil. or acting in disobedience to 
 sucli directions as shall lie received from the 
 I'rivy Council, lie incurs Mie |)enalty of I0(»/. 
 
 If infoVined liy 
 become lialilo 
 
 any proclamation made subsequent to his 
 
 departure, to hoist and keep hoisted a like 
 
 .-.iinal, under the same penalty of 100/. 
 
 Tiipve to the pilot coming on board a written 
 
 paper coiiiaining a true account of the differeri„ 
 
 articles eomposiiig liis cargo. Neglecting or 
 
 refusinR to do so, or making a false representation 
 
 I or wilful omission, subjects him to a ))enaltv o( 
 
 liW. 
 
 Masters of vessels liable to quarantine, and 
 I other persons on board them or having communi- 
 I cation whh them, are to repair to the appointed 
 I quarantine stations, and may be compelled to do 
 I so by force. 
 
 The master of any vessel having disease on 
 Iboard, on meeting with any other vessi 1 at sea, or 
 Iwithiii two leagues of the coast of the United 
 |Kiiigdiini, or the islands of Gueniscy, Jersey, 
 Alderney, Sark, or Man, is to hoist a signal to 
 
 lie is also to repair to the particular station 
 which shall be appointed by the quarantine 
 officer for the said ship or vessel. 
 
 To deliver up to the quarantine ofHcer his bill 
 of health, manifest, log-book, and journal. 
 
 Wilfully refusing or neglecting so to do, sub- 
 jects him to a penalty of 100/. 
 
 If not bounil to any port of the United King- 
 dom, or the islands aforesaid, and attempting to 
 enter any port thereof (except to wait for urders, 
 or in consequence of stress of weather or acci- 
 dents of the seas), he shall give satisfactory proof 
 thereof to the (luaruntinc officer, and give true 
 answers upon oath to the preliminary questions, 
 and .strictly conform to all such directions as he 
 shall receive from the quarantine officer, touching 
 his continuance at such port, or departure from 
 thence, or repairing to any other; and also with 
 respect to all other quarantine regulations; in 
 
 Icnotc that his vessel has such disease on bonrd, default of which, he may be comp died to proceed 
 
 
 Mtsuning ' 
 Lttaiantine. 
 
 od is to keep such signal hoisted during such 
 kirac as he shall continue within sight of such 
 pessel, or within 2 leagues of the coast or islands 
 iforfsaid, while so in sight or within such 
 listance, until the vessel shall arrive at the port 
 khereshe is to perform quarantine, and until she 
 Ball be legally discharged from the performance 
 hereof, Failing herein, the master incurs the 
 Wltyof 100/. 
 
 I If he shall refuse or omit to disclose the cir- 
 cumstances of such infection prevailing either 
 at any place at which he has been, or on 
 board his vessel, in his answers to the pre- 
 liminary questions put to him by the 
 quarantine officer, or if he shall wilfully omit 
 to hoist, and to keep hoisted, the proper 
 (quarantine sij^nal to denote that his ship is 
 liable to quarantin?, he incurs t!;e penalty of 
 _300;. ^ ' 
 
 Ippon attempting to enter any port which is 
 It the port at which he ought to perform 
 paminc, he may be compelled to desist there- 
 P, iu order that he may proceed to the proper 
 Jarantine ports, by guns being tired upon the 
 |p, or any other kind of force being used that 
 be necessary for the attainment of that 
 feet. 
 
 Uuitting or knowingly suffering any seaman or 
 passenger to quit his ship, by going on shore, 
 I M by going on board any othei vessel or 
 Iboat, before discharged from quarantine; or, 
 m repairing to the proper quarantine station 
 
 to sea by any means or by any kind of force that 
 shall be necessary for that purpose. 
 
 Having performed quarantine in any foreign 
 lazaret, the vessel is to be put under quarantine 
 at some of the ports hereinafter appointed, until 
 the master shall produce to the quarantine officer 
 the proper documents in proof thereof; upon 
 production whereof the said vessel shall not be 
 obliged to perform quarantine, but shall remain at 
 such station until released by order in council. 
 
 Unshipping, or moving in order to unship, any 
 goods from on board any vessel liable to quaran- 
 tine, subjects to a penalty of 600/. 
 
 Clandcstimly conveying, or secreting or con- 
 cealing for .;he purpose of conveying, any letter, 
 goods, or other articles, from any vessel actually 
 performing quarantine, subjects to a jxinalty of 
 100/. 
 
 Note. — Every commander or master of any 
 vessel clearing out or about to sail for any port or 
 place in the Meditciranean, or in the West 
 Biirbary on the Atlantic Ocean, or for anj' port or 
 place respecting which there shall at the time be 
 any order of his IMajcsty in council in force, 
 subjecting vessels coming from thence to quaran- 
 tine, is to receive from the principal officer of the 
 customs at such port or place this printed 
 Abstract of the Quarantine Regulations, which 
 such commander or master is to cause to be 
 affixed on some convenient and conspicuous part 
 of his said vessel, and to remain so affixed until 
 his return with lus said vessel to some port or 
 
j 
 
 QUARANTINE 
 
 
 [ilnco in the United Kingdom or the islands 
 uforcsnid. 
 
 And every such commander and master is like- 
 wiso to jjrovide and take on board 1 at least 
 of each of the proper quarantine signal Hags and 
 Inntoms, and likewise materiale and instruments 
 for fumigation and immersion, and to keep the 
 same on board, to be used upon his return to the 
 United Kingdom or the islands aforesaid. 
 
 Duty of Pihita. 
 
 Pilots are strictly to observe the following direc- 
 tions : — 
 
 To receive an account in writing from every 
 commander or master of any vessel c<iming from 
 foreign ports, of tlie places' ot which his vessel 
 loaded, and at which ho touched on his said 
 homevard voyage. 
 
 To give notice to such commander or master of 
 any proclamation, or order in council, made after 
 the departure of such vessel from the United King- 
 dom or the islands aforesaid, and then in force, by 
 which vessels coming from any place mentioned 
 in such account shall be liable to quiirantine. 
 N'eglectintr or omitting to give such notice sub- 
 jects them to a penalty of 100/. 
 
 To give a like notice of any proclamation then 
 in force, by which vessels having on board any of 
 the articles mentioned -in tlie master's account 
 .shall be liable to quarantine. Neglecting or 
 omitting to give such notice subjects tiiem to a 
 penalty of 100/. 
 
 To remain on board in the same manner as any 
 of the officers, crew, or passengers, and not to quit 
 tlic said vessel before or after tlie arrival, either by 
 going on shore, or by going on board anj' other 
 vessel or boat with intent to go on shore, until 
 she is regularly discharged from quarantine ; and 
 they may be compelled by any persons whatso- 
 ever, and by any kin<l of necessary force, to 
 return on board the same. If they ofl'end herein, 
 they incur a penalty of 300/. and G mouths' im- 
 prisonment. 
 
 Not to bring any such vessel into any port or 
 ])lacc other than the port or place appointed for 
 the reception of vessels so liable to quarantine as 
 stated in the Appendix, unless compelled by 
 stress of weather, adverse winds, or accidents of 
 the seas, of which the pilot, as well as the com- 
 mander or master of the vessel, is to give satis- 
 factory proof upon oath. If they offend herein, 
 they incur a penalty of 200/. 
 
 To bring the ship to, as soon as it can be done 
 with safety, in obedience to the requisition of the 
 quarantine officer. Failing herein subjects them 
 to a penalty of 100/. 
 
 Duty of other Persons. 
 
 When anj' infectious disease actually appears 
 on board any vessel, all persons on board are to 
 obey the direction of the privy council, under 
 a penalty of 100/. 
 
 Not to quit such vessel, either by going on 
 shore, or by going on board any other vessel or 
 boat with intent to go on shore, until regu .ly 
 discharged from quarantine ; and if they quit the 
 ship, they may be compelled by any persons 
 whatsoever, and by any kind of necessary force, 
 to return on board the same ; and are also liable 
 to a penalty of .SOO/. and 6 months' imprisonment. 
 
 Whether liable to quarantine, or actually 
 performing quarantine, or having had any 
 intercourse or communication with any sucli 
 persons so liable to or under quarantine, all 
 jjcrsons are to obey all such orders as they shall 
 receive from the quarantine officer, and to repair 
 to the lazaret, vessel, or place appointed for the 
 
 or 
 
 performance of quarantine. Wilfully rcfuMnc ot 
 neglecting to repair forthwith, wh. ii rLMnrrcli ., 
 to do by such oHiccrs, or cscaiiirig friMn or out of 
 such lararet, .-esscl, or place, may be comiiclloil ti 
 repair or return thereto by any kind of necu^sarv 
 force, and arc subject to a penalty of 2(io/. 
 
 landing or unshipping, or movin^' in "order to 
 the landing or unshipping, of anv goods nmkcts 
 packages, baggage, wearing appiind, books, l.itorj' 
 or any other articles whatever, Irotn V(>s.sp|s lial,i,! 
 to quarantine, arc liable to a penalty of ;ml 
 
 Clandestinely conveying, or sccriiintj or cnn- 
 coaling for the purpose of convovinj;, niiv mi»b 
 letters, or other articles as aforcsiiid, friim a,,,! 
 vessel actuolly performing quarantine, or froin i|j, 
 lazaret or other place where sucli goods or other 
 articles shall be performing quarantine, are liaU 
 to a penalty of 100/. 
 
 Having quitted or come on shore from an,- 
 vessel liable to or under quarantine, or liavin 
 escaped from any lazaret or other place appoini,,! 
 in that behalf, may be .seized and n|iprelicnrH 
 by any constable or other peace oOiccr, trr in- 
 any other person whatever, and carried Ufuioj 
 justice of the peace, who may grant liis wariam 
 for conveying such person to the vessel, laz, it; 
 or other place from which he shall Ijuve cscaiici' 
 or for conlining him in any place of safe custnii' 
 (not being a i)ublic gaol) until directions cinLo 
 obtained from the privy council. 
 
 Knowingly and wilVully forging or counter- 
 feiting, interlining, erasing, or altering, or pro- 
 curing to be forged Ac, any eortilicalc diryftcj 
 by any order in council touching qnarantiiip. n 
 publishing the same as true, or ntterinKainsiifh 
 eertilicoto with intent to obtain the tffiv't ef a 
 true certiticate, knowing its coiitciila to be lube. 
 arc guilty of felony. 
 
 U'ltat Vessels are liable to Quarantine. 
 Ml vessels (as well ships of war as all othfr.'! 
 with or without clean bills of hoaltli, coniing- 
 Froni or having touched at .iny place in &i I 
 Mediterranean, or the West Darbary ua t!i( | 
 Atlantic Ocean. ' 1 
 
 From any other place from w'lich his Mijctt 
 shall from time to time adjudge it proiial> 
 (and shall so declare by proclainatiun a 
 order in council) that the pkiguo, oraErl 
 other infectious disease or distcnipcr liigMr 
 dangerous to the health of his Majesty's -iii- 
 jecfs, may be brought. 
 Note. — They are considered .is liable to qlIa.J^| 
 tine from the time of their leaving any of lit I 
 said places. ' f 
 
 All vessels having communication with aijl 
 of the before-mentioned ships or vessels, or ul 
 cciving — I 
 
 Any person whatever from or out of !iii| 
 vessel, whether such person shall liav'ciiJ 
 from any of the said places, or shiill Mrel 
 gone on board of such vessel, either in im 
 course of her voyage, or upon her arrival'. 
 the coast of the United Kingdom &c.-Or 
 Any good.s, wares, or merchandise, paclu'J 
 packages, baggage, woarinfj npparcl, ;»^ 
 letters, or any other articles whatever, Irr 
 or out of such ship or vessel. 
 iVo<e.— They are liable to quarantine fromtl 
 time of their receiving any such persons or fW 
 All vessels coming from any port or pla«l 
 Europe without the Straits oVGibraltar.orcaiT 
 continent of America, and having on board- 
 Any of the articles enumerated (a list of km 
 
 articles see in the Appendix) ; 
 And not producing a declaration upon oath, i 
 by the owner, proprietor, shipper, or coniiail 
 
 i 
 
Wilfully icfusinR or 
 with, will II rei\uirii\ h. 
 csca\iiii(; friiiu ot 'ml nl 
 cc, miiylif TOiTHifllwl til 
 V nnv kind "I ncc^;^sary 
 ."pcniUvDfW/. 
 ., or inovini; in onlor to 
 jr, of any S"™'"- packet?. 
 
 UK niiiiK"''- *'""*'''• ^' "'■'■■ 
 itcvcr, from vessels lialAv 
 to II iionnlty of :ml. 
 \nv^, or secreting i>r mti- 
 of coiwevins:. nny \i""\'. 
 •s as aforcsiiitl, from any 
 Inj; quarantine, or from il.. 
 vrlicre sncli goods or ott-.^r 
 ming (luarantine, ate liaUle 
 
 come on sliorc from any 
 idcr quarantine, or liaviiu 
 ret or other id"*:'' &\<\>mui\ 
 ]c seized and nvi""'""'; ' 
 other pence olliecr, or U- 
 atevcr, and carried UU. a 
 .vUonlayRranth.s«r™ 
 ,cr8on to the vessel, W..'» 
 vhich he shall have escape . 
 ianvidaceofsafecu.t..y 
 
 f;aol)>>ntil'lifcctio"sM"^'' 
 rivv council. 
 'vilfvtUv furling or co>mm- 
 
 Vrasin", or alterms, or F*- 
 / &c anv certificate dtrort.l 
 Uil toticbiuK quaranuno,.: 
 c^\r«e,oruttermK..^™l^ 
 font to obtain the e««t " i 
 ^ itacoutcntstobelaUf. 
 
 owing 
 
 hie to QHaronliiit. 
 
 all otli«>'' 
 
 's are Uai 
 M shins of war as 
 
 f;l:£.rh»i*-;.¥, 
 
 "SfwU-iiivil: 
 
 in, or 
 
 feris:tg 
 
 or at' 
 
 or out of !ii| 
 ..hatcvcr ""'" °Luhav»c4 
 her such person l.aU^„ 
 
 ,vare?, ot me , .^. 
 
 baggape. wcarinS »i;i^,„,H,f:i 
 any 
 
 ^*';thcr article, whatever, 
 
 highly 
 
 nine f'^Lsi^^flibral'f"';* 
 utthe Stiai soi ^„i 
 
 America, and haun^j.^^^,,, 
 
 iclcs enumcrateit ^ 
 
 the Appcnd'x) , ^,,h 
 
 etntine cither that such articles am not the 
 L'rowtli, produce, or mnnufacturo of Turkey, or 
 (if aiiv place iti Africa witliin the Straits of 
 (iibraltur, or in the West IJarbary on the 
 Atlantic Occun, or stntinf,' of what place they 
 arc tlic growth, produce, or luanufucturc. 
 All vessels and boats receiving— 
 
 Aiiv of the said goods, wares, and merchandise, 
 (,r other articles enumerated. 
 Signals, 
 I'or vessels with the plague or othct 
 inl'pctious disease actually on bounl — 
 111 tlic day time— A flag of yellow and black, 
 Lome Quarterly, of 8 breadths of bunting, at 
 the mam-topinast-head. 
 Ill the night time— Two large signal lanterns, 
 with a light tliercin, such as are commoidy 
 used on board his Majesty's ships of war, one 
 over the other, at tlie same mast-head. 
 For vessels with clean bills of health— 
 In the dav time— A large yellow flag, of C 
 breadths" of bunting, at the raain-topmast- 
 head. 
 In the night time— A large signal lantern, with 
 a liglit therein, such as is commonly used on 
 board his Majesty's ships of war, at the same 
 mast-liead. 
 Fer vessels without clean bills of health — 
 In the day time— A large yellow flag, with a 
 circular 'mark or ball, entirely black, in the 
 middle thereof, whose diameter shall bo equal 
 to 2 breadths of bunting, at the niain-top- 
 mast-head. 
 In the night time— Same as for vessels with 
 
 clean bills of health, 
 il'ofe.— Every commander or master of a vessel 
 about to sail for the Mediterranean, or for any 
 place respecting which an order in council shall he 
 in force, subjecting vessels coming from thence to 
 (luarantine, to be provided with the quarantine 
 signals above mentioned, and to keep the same on 
 lioard, to bo used on his return to the United 
 Kingdom, 
 
 Any commander or master hoisting cither of 
 I the said quarantine signals, by day or night, 
 I knowing that his vessel is not liable to quaran- 
 I line, incurs a penalty of 50/. 
 
 APPKNDIX. 
 
 A Lis! of Arlicka enumerated, considered as most 
 liable to Infection. 
 
 Lute strings, baUiingt or har[) 
 strings 
 
 Maps 
 
 Mattresses 
 
 Alats and matting 
 
 AInhair yarr 
 
 Nets, new or old 
 
 Paper 
 
 Packthread 
 
 Parchment 
 
 Pelts 
 
 FlattinR of bast, chip, cane, 
 straw, or horse hair 
 
 Quills 
 
 Ra«s 
 
 Sail and sail cloths 
 
 Silk, vi/.: — cr;(|H>s and tUlanlps, 
 husks and knubs, raw silk, 
 thrown and orKanzine silk, 
 waste silk, raw silk 
 
 S:.ins. hides, and furi, and parts 
 or pieces of skins, hides, and 
 furs, whether undressed or in 
 part or whdly tanned, tawed, 
 or dressed 
 
 SiJonRes 
 
 Straw, or any article made or 
 mixtd with straw 
 
 Stockings of all sorts 
 
 Thread, tow, rtUuin, whisks, 
 wiiol, whether raw or anywise 
 wrougtit 
 
 Yam of all sotta 
 
 And all other goods wliatsoerer, 
 if ther shall have arrived in 
 or witn packages consisting, 
 wholly or m part, of any of the 
 said articles 
 
 QUARANTINE 1153 
 
 QUARANTINR PoUTS. 
 
 For Vessels liable to Quarantine not coming from 
 any Place actnalty infactei/, nor havini/ any In- 
 fection actually on Board. 
 
 lApivirel of sit kinds 
 
 lilniticial (lowers 
 
 ■put, or an; articles made thereof 
 
 kids, bracelets, or necklaces, in 
 
 1 itrinni 
 >1> and bed licks 
 
 |raoms of all kinds 
 ihesofallsuru 
 lurlrts 
 
 Jamltts 
 
 taenia wood 
 
 "Iw, not tarred 
 [Hton wool 
 n jam 
 kllon thread 
 
 111 anicles wholly made of or 
 Tnutil with cotton, silk, wool, 
 thread, or yam 
 iwn 
 Kihet! 
 I 
 
 Tim' waste 
 [•is'hair 
 
 dorsilrer on thread, cotton, 
 Mir, wool, or silk , or any other 
 f Nance hereinbefore men- 
 
 tram 
 
 I, calls, or bonnrts of straw, 
 fip.cane.oi anvotlier material 
 
 ^and horn tips 
 k of alt (oiu 
 
 ■hiT 
 
 Without Clean Bills nf Health. 
 
 All vessels, ships of war itc, as hereinafter 
 specilied, to perform quarantine at Standyate 
 Creek or Milford Haven, 
 
 Ships of war, transport.', or other ships in the 
 actual service of Government, under the command 
 of tt conimissionotl officer in the service of his 
 Majesty's navy, whithersoever bound, to perform 
 quarantine at the Motherbank, near Portsmouth, 
 at a place marked out by j'cUow buoys. 
 
 JrHh Clean Bills oj Health. 
 
 All ships and vessels bound to the following 
 places, to perform quarantine at IStandgatc 
 Creek:— 
 
 London, Kochester, Favcrshatn, or any creeks 
 or places belonging to or within any or cither of 
 the above ports. 
 
 All ships and vessels boimd to the following 
 places, to perform tpiarantincat Whitebouth Road, 
 between Hull and (Jrimsby : — 
 
 r.cig' 
 
 I.cigh 
 
 ,'MaTilon 
 
 Cl,Iche^ter 
 
 Harwich 
 
 Inswich 
 
 \voo<lbri(lKfi 
 
 Aldliorough 
 
 Suuthwolil 
 
 Yarmouth 
 
 lllakenev and Cley 
 
 Wells 
 
 I^nn 
 
 WIslieach - 
 
 Itnston 
 
 (irimsby 
 
 Hull 
 
 Bridlington 
 
 .Scarborough 
 
 Hliitliy 
 
 Stockton 
 
 Sundertand 
 
 Newcastle 
 
 Berwick 
 
 And any creeks or places belonging to or within 
 any or cither of the above ports. 
 
 All ships and vessels bound to the following 
 places, to perform quarantine at Bamboro' Pool 
 near Liverpool, or Milford Haven : — 
 
 Car'iile 
 
 Whitehaven 
 
 i.ancaster 
 
 Preston 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 Cheater 
 
 Rcaumaris 
 Isle of Man 
 
 And any creeks or places belonging to or ■within 
 any or citiier of the above ports. 
 
 All ships and vessels bound to the following 
 places, to perform quarantine at the Motht. bank, 
 near Portsmouth : — 
 
 Portsmouth 
 Southampton 
 
 And any creeks or places belonging to or within 
 any or either of the above ports. 
 
 All ships anil vessels bound to the follow- 
 ing places, to perform quarantine at St, Jusfs 
 Pool, within the mouth of the harbour of Fal- 
 mouth: — 
 
 Si.iiuUvich 
 
 Newhaven 
 
 Dial 
 
 Shureham 
 
 Dover 
 
 jXrundel 
 
 Kje 
 
 Chichester 
 
 Toole 
 
 \\'eynnouth 
 
 I.yine 
 
 Kxt'ter 
 
 Dartmouth 
 
 Plymouth 
 
 I<ooe 
 
 Fowey 
 
 Falmouth 
 
 Gweek 
 
 Penryn 
 
 Tniro 
 
 IVnzance 
 
 Scilly 
 
 And any creeks or places belonging to or within 
 any or cither of the above ports. 
 
 All ships and vessels bound to the following 
 places, to perlbrm quarantine at King Road and 
 FortshutePill',— 
 
 nridKcwater 
 
 IMiiiehtad 
 
 iJribtol 
 
 Olnucester 
 Chepstow 
 
 CardifT 
 Swansea 
 
 And any creeks or places belonging to or within 
 any or either of the above ports. 
 
 AH ships and vessels bound to the following 
 places, to perform quarantine at Milford 
 Haven : — 
 
 .St. Ivos 
 
 Ilfr.tcombe 
 
 Ml ford 
 
 Pndstow 
 
 Llaneliy 
 
 CL.diijan 
 
 lliileford 
 
 Pembroke 
 
 Aberystwitli 
 
 liarnsiaple 
 
 1 
 
 
 4E 
 
 m 
 
 *.'. 
 
J 
 
 r'i^-<{ 
 
 i 
 
 1154 
 
 QUAKANTINE 
 
 Or any creeks or places belonging to or witliin 
 any or either of the above ports. 
 
 All sliipa anil vessels bound to the following 
 places, to perform quarantine at the Motlwrbanh, 
 near Purtsmmtth, or St. Just's I'liol, within the 
 mouth of the harbour of Falmouth : — 
 
 Jersey 
 (Juermey 
 
 Sark 
 Alderney 
 
 Or either of them, or any part of them, or either 
 of them. 
 
 All ships and vessels bound to the following 
 places, to perform quarantine at Iiiverkeithiny 
 ■Bay:— 
 
 ni).l 
 
 The eiut(-Tn coasts of 
 Scotland, comlin*- 
 hmdinK the porta 
 of l.citn 
 
 Burrnwftioncu 
 
 Alloa 
 
 Pmibnr 
 
 Kirkcaldy 
 
 Anstruther 
 
 
 jirrbetKlinft the 
 
 I'restonpana 
 
 
 ports (if liiTtT- 
 
 Dimiifc 
 
 
 nesH 
 
 I'erth 
 
 
 Zfiland 
 
 Montroae 
 
 
 Orkney 
 
 A berdevn 
 
 
 <'!iil)infst 
 
 The northtm 
 
 porn 
 
 Stornaway 
 
 of Scotland, 
 
 com- 
 
 
 Irvine 
 
 Ayr 
 
 Camvlicll Totm 
 
 I'ort Patrick 
 
 1 il.an 
 
 Stranraer 
 
 Kolhesay 
 
 Wiiitown 
 
 I'urt William 
 
 
 Or any member, crci K, or other place belonging 
 to or within any or ciilier of the above ports. 
 
 All ships and vessels bound to the following 
 places, to perform quarantine at Holy Loch, in the 
 Frith of Clyde : — 
 
 The western coast 
 
 of Scotland, com- 
 
 prchenillnit the 
 
 ports of Glasgosv 
 Greenock 
 
 The south-west ports of Scotland, comprehend- 
 ing the ports of Dumfries and Kirkcudbright, 
 or any member, creek, or other place belonging 
 to or within any or cither of the above ports. 
 
 Preliminary Questions, 
 
 1. What is the name of the vessel, and the name 
 of the commander or master V 
 
 2. Are you the commander or master? Where 
 does she belong ? 
 
 3. From whence do you come ? 
 
 4. To what place are you bound ? 
 
 5. At what ports have you touched since you 
 left tho port of your ladiug on your homeward 
 voyage ? 
 
 6. What vessels have you had intercourse or 
 communication with on your passage, and from 
 whence did thoy come? 
 
 7. Did the plague or any other infectious disease 
 or distemper prevail in any degree at the place 
 whence you sailed on your homeward voy- 
 age or at any of the places at which you have 
 touched? If at any, say at which, and when. 
 Arc any persons on board your ship suffering 
 under any infectious disease ? or have any per- 
 sons died "or been ill of a disease of that nature on 
 the homeward passage? and if any, what number? 
 And if any have died or been ill of such disease, 
 were their bedding and clothes destroyed ? 
 
 [If the vessel sliall have sailed from any port 
 in Europe -without the Straits, or on the continent 
 of America.] 
 
 8. Have you on board any goods enumerated in 
 this list? 
 
 [ Handing up a list of articles enumerated.] 
 If you have, specify the same, and whether tliey 
 arc of the growth, produce, or manufacture of 
 Turkey, or of any place in Africa vithin the 
 Straits of Gibraltar, or in the West Barbarv on 
 the Atlantic Ocean, or of what other place ? Have 
 you any declaration to prove of what ])lace they 
 are the growth, produce, or manufacture ? 
 
 [If the vessel comes from the I^Iediterrancan, 
 or from any other ))lacc respecting which there is 
 any order "in council in force concerning quaran- 
 tine.] 
 
 9. ilave you any, and what, bill of health ? 
 
 10. Wliat number of officers, niariin!rs 
 passengers have you on boanl V ' 
 
 [And in cases of vessels coming frnm or liininr 
 touched at any port or place on the Cdniincnt o{ 
 America, or the islands adjacent thereto, tir ciiniin- 
 from or having touched at any jiorts in the UCt 
 Indies, the following questioiis are to bo imt jn 
 addition to the aforesaid questions: I ' 
 
 11. In the course of your voyage have anv 
 persons on board siilfered from "sifknoss of unV 
 kind? What was the nature of such siekncss'y 
 and when did it prevail? How many pirmi 
 were affected liy it? and liavc any of tlienulioii 
 in the course of the voyage ? 
 
 12. How long after sailing from your ptirt of 
 lading, or having touched at any port m {]>,. i.,,,,. 
 tincnt of America or the islands adjacent thcrrto 
 or any of the ports in the West Indies, wasth'' 
 first appearance of iliscasc observed ? 
 
 13. How had the persons attacked been rm. 
 ployed before they came on boarif? 
 
 I'l. Had they been employed in londint; or 
 unloading the vessel before they left tie 
 port? 
 
 15. Had the place which they inhabited, U-Lr/ 
 they sailed, the reputation of being licaltliv? ,r 
 was' it subject particularly to the fever incident to 
 the country ? 
 
 16. Had the fever been frequent in the place 
 before the vessel sailed ? 
 
 17. Did the persons who were ill on board your 
 vessel fall sick nearly about the same limo. r 
 within a few days of each other ? Or, did tie 
 disorder spread successively from one to I'notiier, 
 and increase considerably? Or, did it Aav. 
 gradually, and cease to multiply as the disiai: - 
 from the ports you sailed from "or touclnd at ,.^ 
 aforesaid increased ? 
 
 18. What was the greatest number of ftn-n 
 ill at the most sickly period of your voya^'t? 
 
 19. What was the whole number of \msm .3 
 board your vessel when you sailed ? 
 
 20. What is the whole number of persons ti 
 ill on l>oard your vessel ? 
 
 21. Can you state what were the sjinptcnii ! 
 illness with which your crew were Urst attnckn'; 
 and what was the daily succession and eiiaiig-j 
 them till their death? 
 
 22. Whether any and what medicines have te: 
 used? and what methods have been adopteJ:. 
 prevent its spreading among the crew? 
 
 23. Whether attention has been paid to det- 
 liness and ventilation on board your vessel? 
 
 24. When did you sail from the port or [is 
 whence you took on board your outward caff 
 and at what place did you touch before n 
 arrived at the port or place where you tooliinyiJ 
 present cargo ? 
 
 25. bid j'ou carry any bill of hcaltli with j? 
 to the port or place where vou took in tlit an \ 
 you have now on board'? From wliat [!»' 
 Were the said bills of health cli;an, uiicieu.-' | 
 suspected ? 
 
 Quarantine Questlins, 
 
 1. What is the name of the vessel, andthemif | 
 of her commander or master ? 
 
 2. Are you the commander or master? 
 
 3. To what port or place docs she belong 
 
 4. When did you sail from the port or fte | 
 whence you took on board your outward «• 
 and at "what places did you touch before y' I 
 arrived at the port or place where ycu tool h| 
 your present cargo ? . 
 
 6, Did you carry any bill or bills of healiN I 
 you to the port or place where you took'"* I 
 cargo you have now on board? froin»B| 
 
 f; 
 
 *i 
 
QUARANTINE 
 
 1155 
 
 ' officers, mariners, nr,.l 
 
 bonnl V 
 
 l'Ih comirif; frnm nr Imv'm:; 
 
 jilnce im the cimlincni of 
 uljacont thereto, (ircdmin; 
 
 at any ports in tlic Wi-t 
 mcstions arc to bo \i\it, in 
 (I questions : ) 
 f your voynfse liavc iinv 
 3(cd from sickness of miy 
 1 nature of such sickiii-«r 
 ,'ail ? How many pir-iiiH 
 and have any of them ilii'^l 
 .yancV 
 
 : sailing from your pdrt (f 
 ;he(l at any port on lluc"!;- 
 the islands adjacent tlicri'i". 
 in the West Indies, was ih 
 iicasc observed ? 
 
 persons attacked been fiii- 
 irac on l)oard'V 
 en employe'^ '" loiulint; « 
 isel before tbcy left tit 
 
 ! which thcv inhabited, liff p 
 utation of bcinK hialthy'.' r 
 ularly to the fever incident D 
 
 -r been frequent in tlie plaoi 
 
 )n3 who were ill on bonvd voir 
 arly about the same titno. : 
 I of each other ? Or, did t!* 
 •ccssively from one to "mk^ 
 siderably? Or, did ii alw 
 sc to multiply as tlic dislai; - 
 \\ sailed from or touched at .s 
 
 he greatest number of \mfi 
 kly period of your voya;;t? 
 he whole number of \mim i 
 when you sailed? 
 ! whole number of pctsom CI 
 
 vessel? , 
 
 ite what were the sympwni^ . 
 1 your crew were first uttnck; 
 c daily succession andcliaiigea 
 
 ith? ,. . , , . 
 
 n- and what mcdiemes have btt. 
 
 methods have been adopteJa 
 
 line among the crew/ 
 ttention has been paid to cl» 
 
 ition on board your vessel? 
 
 YOU sail from the port or [U 
 ton board your outward caifr 
 
 lace did you toucli before « 
 rt or place where you took inji. 
 
 •arrv any bill of hcaUlnvith h I 
 ace where vou took in the «J 
 on board'? From what jto' I 
 bills of health clean, una*- 
 
 uarantine Questions. 
 
 ,e name of the vessel, andttoBifi 
 
 .cr or master? 
 
 IP commander or inaste' 
 
 ort or place does she belong; 
 
 you sail from the pw^^^'J;, 
 lok^ii board yo..rouU>«J>^^^ 
 
 "^»"'' i-n „,i.iil«othea!ili'i^l 
 larryanybillorbil^oin^ ^l 
 
 »■ or place where ou i^'' J 
 
 ive now on board.' t'« I 
 
 idaios? Were the said bills of health clean, 
 „n,dean,fr«iispected? 
 
 i;. From wluit port or place does she now come? 
 Wlii'ii did you sail Irom such port or place? and 
 lit wliiit l'l'"'c or phices have j'ou touched in the 
 course of the voyngi' ? 
 
 7, Have you any bill or bills of health on board? 
 from wliat iilace or places? Are the same clean, 
 unclea.i, »r suspected? Produce them. 
 
 rif the vessel shall have sailed I'rom any port 
 or place in ICumpe without the Straits, or on the 
 conlinent of America.] _ 
 
 x. Of what articles docs your cargo consist ? 
 Iliive vou on board any goods enumerated in this 
 
 list? 
 
 [Ilamling up a li.st of articles enumerated.] 
 If vou have, sjiccify the same, and whether they 
 aro of the jO"^^'''', produce, or nianufuctnrc of 
 furkev, or of any idacc in Africa, within the 
 Straits of (iilualtar. or in tlie West Barbarv on 
 the Atlanlii; Ocean, or of what other place. Have 
 villi arv ilcclaration to prove of what place they 
 are the" growth, produce, or manufacture ? 
 
 11. At what idace or places was the cargo or an)- 
 part thereof taken on board? On what day did 
 vou arrive at the place or places where you took 
 in the whole, or any and what part of the cargo ? 
 And on what day did you sail from such place or 
 places? And what part cf your cargo was taken 
 in ct each place, and when V 
 
 10. Dill the plague or any other infectious 
 disease or distemper iirevail in any degree at 
 the plai'cs whence you sailed, or at any of the 
 plaocs at which your cirgo was taken on board, or 
 at which you touched? If at any, say at which, 
 and when. 
 
 11. Did yon hear of any report, or are you 
 aware of any suspicion having existed, at the time 
 of your sailing, that the plague or any other 
 infectious disease prevailed at the place whence 
 you sailed, or at any otlicr place iu the Medi- 
 terranean (or in America or the West Indies, 
 as the case may be) ? 
 
 12. What number of ofhccrs, mariners, passen- 
 gers, or other persons have you on board ? De- 
 scribe the number of e.ich. 
 
 13. At what port did you take on board your 
 passengers ? 
 
 14. Were they residents at the place, or had 
 they beeu embarked as passengers on board any 
 other vessel from any other jdaces ? and from what 
 pl.uea anil at what time ? 
 
 lo. Do the said cdliccrs, mariners, passengers, 
 
 I and other persons consist of the same individuals 
 
 as were on board at the port from which you 
 
 sailed upon your homeward voyage? If any other 
 
 IKisuns have been taken on board, or if any of 
 
 I your officers, crew, or passengers have quitted 
 
 jvoiir vessel since you sailed from such port, or 
 
 jbelorc your arrival at this place, or if any other 
 
 jalterations in that raspect have taken jilace, 
 
 Ispccity the same, the causes, and the time or 
 
 |tiniC3, of such alterations. 
 
 10. What number of persons (if any) have died 
 Ion board during the voyage outwards and home- 
 Tvards, or at any port at 'which you have touched? 
 jJVben, and iu what part of the voyage, did such 
 Tcrsou or persons die? Of what disease or dis- 
 »mper ? 
 
 1'. Have any of yonr officers, mariners, or other 
 arsons of your crew, who sailed with you on your 
 Jutward voyage, died or left the vessel ? 
 
 18. In the course of your voj-nge outwards or 
 lomewards, or at any port at which you have 
 Tuched, have any persons on board suft'ered from 
 kkness of any kind ? What was the nature of 
 pch sickness? When did it prevail? How many 
 
 persons were adecled by it? Are there any cmi- 
 valesccntti on board? Or, aro all persons on board 
 at present in good health? 
 
 I'J. Were any of those who died, or who have 
 been sick in the course of the voyage, or any port 
 at whicii you have touched, p.Oected, or suspected 
 to have beeu atlected, by any infectious disease or 
 distemper? Were the bedding and clothes of such 
 diseased and sick iiersons destroyed? If so, when 
 and in what manner were any of the iicrsons im- 
 mediately emploj-ed about the sick aftenvarils 
 taken ill? If so, of what disease? and in how 
 many days after having been so employed? 
 
 '20. At wliat precise time did such deaths 
 liappen ? In how maiivdays after being iiidispii>i'd 
 did the sick die? What were the most »d)v:ous 
 appearances of the disi nse? 
 
 21. Have you spoken to or otherwise had any 
 communication with an}' vc.-scls at sea during 
 the Toyage? Wi..il were the names of such 
 vessels? and tf, what country, port, or place did 
 they belong? From what ports or places were 
 they coming, or at what ports or places had they 
 touched on their voyage? and to what country, 
 ports, or places were they bound ? What ivas the 
 nature of the communication held? What do you 
 know respecting the state of health on board such 
 vessels ? 
 
 22. Have there been any letters, parcels, or 
 other articles delivered out of or received into 
 your vessel, from any vessel or boat met with on 
 the voyage, or before or since your arrival at this 
 place? And what were such letters, parcels, or 
 articles ? And where were the same delivered or 
 received? and into or out of what vessel or boat? 
 
 23. Have you any packages or parcels which 
 you have taken charge of ? If so, what arc their 
 contents? and when and where did you take them 
 on board ? 
 
 24. What pilots or other persons from the 
 shores of the United Kingdom, or from the islands 
 of Scilly, Ouernsey, Jersey, Alderuey, Sark, or 
 Man, have been, or arc now, on board your vessel, 
 or have had any coinmunicatioii whatever with 
 the shi])'s company, or any of the passengers, 
 during the voyage homewards, or before or since 
 your arrival at this place ? If any such pilots or 
 other persons have come on board, and have after- 
 wards quitted your vessel, speciiy the names of 
 such persons, and the time, ma'iner, .iiid circum- 
 stances of their so quitting your vessel. 
 
 25. Did you leave any ISritish vessels at any 
 of the ports you sailed from? If you did, 
 mention their names and the names of their com- 
 manders. 
 
 2(i. Were such vessels loading? were they 
 near their departure? and whither were they 
 bound? 
 
 27. Did you meet with any British vessels at 
 any of the places you touched at ? If you did, say 
 when, where, and what were the nanies and des- 
 tinations of such vessels ; and to what ports or 
 places (lid they belong? 
 
 28. Do you know whether any foreign vessels 
 loading at the port from which you sailed were 
 bound beyond the Straits of Gibraltar ? And 
 if so, whiit were they ? and whither were they 
 bound ? 
 
 29. Do you know whether any person whatever 
 employed in loading your vessel, or in bringing 
 any articles into it, or having any communication 
 on board thereof, was taken ill during such em- 
 ployment or communication? or whether, by 
 the absence of such pereon or persons iu the 
 course of such employment, any suspicion was 
 entertained of their having been ill? If so, of 
 
 u-hnt. (lisensp V 
 
 J I 
 
 4e2 
 
i - - 
 
 f 
 
 1 • 
 
 1] • 
 
 ■•} 
 
 I* 
 
 : ( 
 
 
 1 ' 
 
 ' 5 
 
 ,,., QUASSIA 
 
 „„v part thereof, uul ''^•' ' , "f if yoi. .lo. xay 
 hi long. ,H«\;\>:":'„r?h!rcr,r couveyea »r«n> 
 
 enS that ' Kverv ;■ X„ljrr "^ '■*'^^''"" •'"; 
 person afl-eetc.l with a Jan^tro . ^^^^ „,.„,„... 
 
 of the. Act ^-'■"- ^, V "•voyaRC or 1ms co.no trom 
 has not commencc.U er vo>n^ ^^^^.^^^j ^ , 
 
 ,f is bo«n.l for «7y ;'e p cvalcnec of yellow 
 ,\.,n-,.' On «^,^°""J '1, U-etal orders in council 
 fever in t»c ^Vest Jncl.e , ^v. ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^,^ ,c- 
 
 X;^^-"^XS;r^««c Baltic 
 
 ??ustccl to.tl^<:,^^'rScn? See reK"l'"i'"« J" 
 at Kinao in the ^,?tf S"»' ^ jy iao5, puh- 
 1 oard of Trade ""'"=« ttteSc^aUoQuarantine 
 
 ^°^:i quarantine .gul^aion^cc^^^ 
 
 ^5iSaff^^^^?9^sr^"^^^"^ 
 
 •or duriuK the session of l»w. j^^.^ .^g 
 
 'quassia («oj. .Ha „s a'^*''"''^"^''^! 
 quassie; Span. le«o de '^^^l \ North and 
 Vree («''«»'!'« Cuhc West Indies. The wood 
 South America, "^J^^J Luow coh.ur, and rn- 
 is dense, t.«g|,^of.^«J^alc^? ^ p^^^jy b,Uer. 
 
 SS ^''""''^^Sv emiiycd in the materia 
 nt is Ptetty extensn c^y em y^^^^^ ^^^^^ . j^ , 
 mcdica; «"'! »t is said by ur. ^^^^ ^„. 
 
 r all that any P"^ »"''. qZ^\^:) It has been 
 (Rees's Cyclopaedia, ''"•._^"d by the brewers of 
 
 fed that it iV''«>.t\^'dof or along with hops; 
 pale' and other a es,ms cad of^or^^^ B ^^, j 
 
 but the use of it jor ^"'f »^'j,dBeek.1 V^hen 
 under severe penaU^^s [ At « A ..^^^,y ^„ , 
 
 ^ported It IS >n Jille ;;j^^ ^^ '.g-.ps, or rasped by 
 
 being inftised, »« "'i^^ ;„ bond vanes fr""}/^' 
 
 the druggists. I'^P" ,,ibitory duty of 8'- !'»• ^ ^,- 
 
 to 30s. per c^*.- „^.^,i on quassia down to IH-l-. 
 
 per cwt. was i^^P^l^L c:, Uobertreel to 10s. 6d. 
 ?vhen it was reduced by Sir looe ^^^^^^^^ 
 
 (10s. + 5 per <=«»V V was abdishedln 18C0 In 
 1853 to Is. per cwt. It Y«^u of the artic k 
 
 1867 the i-^P^/^'t^elv to 1,055 and 715 cwt., 
 amounted respectively i" 
 
 valued at 296/. and 200^ fo^erly 
 
 QUEBEC. The eaP'tai oi w ^^rth-wcst 
 
 Canada East, orJ^Z^i^ronk about 340 miles 
 bank of the "^«' ^\-„^ 46° 49' 1" N., long. 71° 
 from its mouth, in .""•„, j.. ^qq 
 13' W. ropul''*"*","'^ a ridJe oi promontory, 
 ''Quebec i',«itua'ed on e*^ n^^^^^ ^J^_ and W. 
 forced by_thej,t L7rcm=^beE, Theextrem ty 
 
 foSVh^fesr^XTh^rs 
 
 345 feet above the le:^,^' "' extends trom the 
 the citadel is>«f --A noXcast direction, down 
 citadel, principally in a '^^'^e difference „f eleva- 
 to the water; and is, from u j^^^^ ,o,vns. 
 
 th.n, divided. into t^f^P^e very strong, extend 
 C fortitications, wh ch are '^eo^,^ ^^^^^^ ^^ 
 
 across {he penmsuk' F^omUieir situation rnany 
 
 QUEBKC 
 
 . «,n biillt of stone, with shiuRle roof). 
 'i""' .1 the mi licbuihlings arc eleKant, .n,hv.ll 
 Some o thi-I '"^ ,_*' The h.irhnur, or hiiMii. 
 
 r''''rtwe n t,Z ■""' ""''^^""'' "'■ '•'■'"'"''• 
 Vris rami coi"".'>di''''''-- tl": «•»;." .s aUmt -^S 
 
 f.,«nded bvlbe tr ^^ ^^,„^ restored in IC^J. 
 
 taken by tbe "^^'"^ \7''; ; ir„^Ush under ^iuv■u\ 
 
 s;ft«rtnSy-'^^''-^^^'"^^-^''' 
 
 ''Se^-lSiiicr^-!;^,!;:;^^^ 
 
 emigration /".I^P^'f'''^ »,,,,,,,«« between t^u.. 
 proportiona "cr .^LO I ^._^_^^^^._^_^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 Lee and ^b-ntri , »< 'rUc lirst steanilHiat ll,,; 
 ^'"^T ''TZ i-awfeiice was huuKhed in IKl- 
 ,,l,ed on »'«,.'''• ';^^' 'rent many steamers, somo. 1 
 but there are V°^' "*''*-" „^ove I in the eonvevan.c 
 n,em of lar^ burden o„^^^^ (j„„„J „„ 
 
 of goods and 1^^^**="" ;;„je between (Mebec a„i 
 Montreal, ami in the race ^^^^ ^,,^,,,,_ ,„.^ 
 
 llnlilax m ^^^^ /''"■"• vs And hv mmv.i 
 ,be advantages of rnl^^ "'anal^an unint,.rn>i,. ■! 
 the llideau and ^^ cl^ ^ ^^ »^'^" „^,,i ^,„ ',„, 
 
 r ftlSaiTAX'rsXrg, one of the nn.,e 
 
 than 1,5110 m'\«''\^^^"';;^tVrn extremitv of U, 
 Lake .""T., t%o5 n'^ifc bevond Amlwrstbur,; 
 Superior, about <00 m""^^ ^ ^f internal n;ui;i. 
 pvlingtoC^icbec aeommaml ? ^^^^^^^ ,^^^ 
 
 tion if ""' " el ee c o^-'* «^ "'« """^ "^^ ^'T; 
 „ftV,-ation at U"e"ee '^-' .^^ ^^^^j 
 
 bev or beg'nn"'« « ' .^^e? r eldom' f,„,, „;,, 
 Uelow Quebec "'« "^er . .^ ,^^^^|^^. 
 
 but the ";«>•«« ",""„td?eflux of the tia..M,aet 
 agitation by the ttu^ an ^^^^ ^.^ 
 
 navigation -P;"^;'-^^^^^^^^ ^Ju, point 0. M 
 Lawrence are ^cr^pu,^^ ^^^^ noblest nvHs il 
 and magnitude t ISO ^^.^.^^ ^^^ ^^,^,^^ .^ 
 
 the world. ("""^''"2 X Quebec is a free «<- 
 ^/nerira, vol. 1. p. ^'^O '^ 
 housing port. , j ^^ extensive. lus- 
 
 The tnt<\of Quebec i^y. tiretradt; 
 
 grosses, with Montreal, a m^a^^^^^^^^^^.,^^ 
 
 the province with the j,^^^,„„„,e, byrner' 
 
 Indies Ac. lt.nf\* „\^.,.ai am\ otlier,i«ris hoi 
 
 of steamers, ^^''t'' ^"'^^X," u Halifax a.«l«fe 
 up the St. Lawrence and 1 n ^^^^^ _^^^ ^^ ..^ 
 
 potts on the Atlantic. »'. ^. j^^^ ki„j,!,ss 
 gotten, that in «» ^^^^^If^^.^ada and Qu;W . 
 concerned, the traae > ^f ^i^i„„s a,„lteJi 
 in some degree, forced anu |_^j^^., 
 
 been a source ol proht,buti,c r^_^^^^ ^, ^ 
 
 years it was, i»,f„««^,7„^J .."our po?ts «nM'- 
 thscriminatmg duties laian f^ ^^^ ^^_..^ 
 from the North "f Europe, an ^^^^^^ ^^ 
 posterous aiTangm^^^^^ have been e«| 
 
 Britain and U""*^ i.nwever, some brancfct 
 unimportant. Now, howe^ e ^ ^^,.^ 
 
 the trade aPPear to bav "^ "^^etion of the d..^^^ 
 for notwithstanding the re'lue ^ 
 
 nating duties \'|.^„;*'^f',t Umber duties i«l^; 
 subse.pient aboh ion ot tn ^^^^^^ ^^. 
 
 the imports ^--""^f '"^fipinc, and of 1»< i» 
 British America «/ ^P', ^ latter, bave «x 
 spruce planks, especa >> tne ^^^^^^^ ^^ 
 
 very largely ^""tf t„ortant artictese.ti:« 
 
 ashes are the ™°«V.mte AconridcrAi^; 
 Canada, e^eepting timber. A ^^^^^^. 
 
 the corn ^iV^" Tnked S ates. The Pff 
 growth of the J^P^teil »i e„Kuto('« 
 Articles of import into C«^''^»,,, „an«fc«s 
 
 cottons, ^«»»«"^'/' oirit and ^s■m^<^^* 
 goods; glass ware, spirits 
 
QUEIJEC 
 
 1167 
 
 [>, with sWiirW rodfi. 
 c* arc i'\(!nmit, lunl will 
 . 'I'lic Imrlxmr, "r li!i<m, 
 il th(i i!<liiiul of Oilcan*. 
 r. On', walpr is hImuiI JH 
 
 10 ri^inK Iroii '' '" l** 
 
 11 2U to 20. (.^ii'bt'c wa.1 
 I, ifiOH. Ill 1 •'■-•• il wiH 
 lit wa« rcsturi'il in Ity.'. 
 ic l'"nnli»ii viniler Ijuicril 
 
 » ciiKiiSW"""'' '" '"■'■'• 
 to u» by tliu treaty of 
 
 if population in, ami of 
 L',aimila liaa (n'ciwuiic 1 a 
 
 intori'iiursc lictwti-n (^ii'- 
 il tlio Ciumiliaii (lurn n: 
 .. The llrst Htcaiiilmal lli r 
 ice was huiiuliiil in W'l: 
 ^nt iiinnv atcnincrs, sdUiPl 
 mplovcil in tlic convcyaiii c 
 rcrs lictwcin (Juolwc aii'l 
 'trade bi!twcfii (iucbn: aiii 
 tin. It now possesses, li., 
 ilwnvs. And l>y mi-am ! 
 nd t'anab, an unintcrni|ii ! 
 ideation i^ t'ornu'd liciwi :; 
 lerstburj;, one of the xmui 
 
 Canada, a distnncc (.1 w r- 
 ich is now extended tlin.i;.-! 
 
 western cxtrcinitv of Lui 
 miles bevond Amlirrstbur;; 
 command of internal navi.i. 
 
 that of New Urleans. Irt 
 c closes at the end of N'lvra- 
 December, and opens in .\pni. 
 
 river is seldom frozen "vcr; 
 tloatiiiR ice, kept in «inft,int 
 "and reflux of the tifcrniJet 
 icable. The waters of ibc St, 
 
 nurc ; and in point ot M' 
 ■s one of the noblest nvHs il 
 ictte's British Domvmm n 
 272.) Quebec is a ftM ^i"'- 
 
 c6ccis very extensive. It tt; 
 treal, almost the entire tras: 
 the mother country, tk J: 
 h a remilar intercourse, bjffiei.. 
 Montreal and other iior-s hi£f 
 
 ntic. Still, it must n;.tc:.- 
 fa; as th.; United K.|i?&? 
 Ue with Canada muUiuefe •■ 
 •o?ced and factitious, an b"; 
 nrofit, but the reverse, ini*. 
 act roainlvaconse.,m«»f" 
 
 f Vnrone- and hut for tte:,- 
 '^„t%e trade bet«nGr^ 
 fv^i^^uld have been e« 
 <^v however, Bome rancM 
 rWveacqu|mla^uH.^| 
 ling the reduction .nW^,, 
 
 JrfOKM< of the QuantUiei ami Value$ of the Prinripul Arliclt'» of Britith Produce and Manufac- 
 ture Exported from the l/Hited Kingdom to Canada in 18Gj, IHUO, and 18G7. 
 
 Pilnclpal ArllclM 
 
 Alkili,»fall»"'ti - 
 
 Sffut\ mil lulKirilxlnry 
 
 |Miwl>" ■ • • • 
 
 Hook., iirlnml • 
 
 luili,cimlen,. mil calm 
 
 I „|,|»i, wrouKlK »>"1 unwf oUKhl 
 
 I uiiW« •'"""'"■' ._ ■ . " 
 
 Culloni, eiiltltil lij '•" >"'! 
 
 •t iF.ilue ' 
 
 Dnmiinilclnnilrnl |iri»lucll - 
 tMtlimware nnd ikiic«i«1ii 
 l,lw iii«nuf.ii'lUf« - • 
 
 HvilwUM uul culler;, unvnuineralvd • 
 Iron, •rouKlil Mill unwrought - 
 U«l inil »hnt 
 
 Laihci, wiouuht anil unwrought 
 Liiim, nittrnl I'J >li" J«"l 
 
 al valUD 
 MKhlnnj and mill woik • ■ 
 
 I'u'nim' coloiin (nol olherwiw ilncrlbtil) 
 
 Pi|.>TorallM,m . . . 
 
 mklnandiaucM . •, . . " 
 
 ruie,vl»«l »ue,Jaw«><"7> uul o'lctiH 
 
 Silt . • • - • 
 
 MIk nrniufacluret 
 
 Nap . - • ■ " 
 
 SliUimcrj, uthn than iiipCT 
 
 SuK»r, reilnini - " - 
 
 Till |»iilw • ■ , " 
 
 Hwilmi, wilCTMl l)J the jaid - 
 
 I at valut 
 
 All «h«r article! 
 
 ' Total • : • 
 
 rwt. 
 
 *itlU« 
 
 liarl. 
 ewl. 
 Iiiiu 
 cwt. 
 
 yarili 
 valu* 
 
 rwl. 
 tuiit 
 
 Taluu 
 yArila 
 
 valut 
 
 Kal. 
 value 
 cwl. 
 value 
 
 tons 
 value 
 
 c»'. 
 value 
 
 cwl. 
 value 
 yarilH 
 vAlue 
 
 Uuinlltltt 
 
 IStft 
 
 39,236 
 
 7,472 
 
 2,1 IMO 
 
 I4I,'>2I 
 
 2.370 
 
 2,837 
 
 «d,987,'l28 
 
 16, .300 
 43,11.4 
 
 378 
 
 2,4.34,122 
 
 38,319 
 7,460 
 
 33,811 
 
 "2,131 
 
 "3,368 
 
 8,3.32,868 
 
 1866 
 
 33,918 
 
 7,778 
 3,170 
 151,179 
 4,llM 
 5,718 
 26,831,872 
 
 29,268 
 
 8i,.1»7 
 
 361 
 
 4,136,867 
 
 180,7.'i3 
 14,873 
 
 37,070 
 l7,13i 
 
 "2,492 
 
 10,993,789 
 
 1867 
 
 Declared Rial Value 
 
 64,870 
 
 18,29') 
 
 ^ 
 
 311,716 
 
 2,381 
 
 7,271 
 
 4,077 
 
 27,;32 
 
 138,(111 
 
 62,8113 
 
 2,Jtk) 
 
 10,196 
 
 3,.'i3| 
 
 8,472 
 
 23,080,506 
 
 46h,357 
 
 ^ 
 
 31,031 
 
 ^ 
 
 28,8.V( 
 
 •• 
 
 39,097 
 
 .. 
 
 17,2.K) 
 
 .10,661 
 
 79,451 
 
 99,837 
 
 322,881 
 
 613 
 
 6,997 
 
 — 
 
 9,083 
 
 3,328,394 
 
 87,033 
 
 — 
 
 9,908 
 
 — 
 
 12,462 
 
 178,213 
 
 6,070 
 
 ^ 
 
 19,014 
 
 2l,03t 
 
 23,s.16 
 
 ^ 
 
 7,181 
 
 -m 
 
 19,;6I 
 
 29,144 
 
 1 1 ,337 
 
 _ 
 
 37,935 
 
 8,511 
 
 2,l(,5 
 
 
 
 8,831 
 
 l(i,9.'rt) 
 
 6,711 
 
 ^ 
 
 27,1)10 
 
 9,177,220 
 
 510,132 
 
 — 
 
 31,976 
 
 — 
 
 161,414 
 
 ~ 
 
 2.118,077 
 
 1866 
 
 i 
 
 31,114 
 
 5 •,1,117 
 9,;3'i 
 31,173 
 76,091 
 17,1811 
 16,901 
 
 69<l..')lJI 
 6 1 ,.^95 
 40,8113 
 64,770 
 23,339 
 
 137,1181 
 
 6.')5,lll3 
 17,5«9 
 21,796 
 
 141,311 
 20,(>(i3 
 9,818 
 .10,1 198 
 76,891 
 51,143 
 12,742 
 27,011 
 23,9116 
 30,131 
 11,617 
 14.8.18 
 4,199 
 60,641 
 
 781,902 
 54,497 
 
 245,019 
 3,926,107 
 
 1H67 
 
 * 
 3t,ini 
 
 4H6,riii(i 
 13,548 
 41,913 
 69,791 
 ll,.SHll 
 I3,;02 
 
 499,',49 
 34,.'>4I 
 37,845 
 78,779 
 27,821 
 
 t37,780 
 
 637,039 
 13,451) 
 49,010 
 9li,097 
 18,966 
 14,692 
 28,357 
 36,1112 
 65,180 
 20,639 
 22,908 
 18,210 
 33,773 
 8,541 
 22,148 
 77,701 
 38,958 
 
 7(13,951 
 53,772 
 
 ^2615617 
 
 3,738,383 
 
 Accmmt of the Quantities and Viilues of the Principal and other Articles Imported into the United 
 Kingdom from Canada in 18ti5, 1806, and 18C7. 
 
 Frinci|Ml AtticlM 
 
 Quantltlet 
 
 Cumpulcd Heal Value | 
 
 1863 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1863 
 
 i8(;i; 
 
 1867 
 
 Aihei, pearl anil pot • ■ - cwt. 
 1 Bacon . - • - • „ 
 iwranii poik, lalted • • - „ 
 1 Mutttr - - • - • „ 
 1 ChNK • • • ■ - „ 
 , Copper ore ■ • - • ton* 
 Coto-Wlieat ... - cwt. 
 1 Uati . . . - „ 
 Peal • . . - „ 
 Maluor Indian corn . > „ 
 Other kindi • • - ,. 
 Wheatmeal and Hour - - „ 
 Oitmeal ■ - - - „ 
 Cotton, raw * * . ■ „ 
 Kiih . . . . - „ 
 Fruit— apples, raw - . • bshl. 
 hami ..... cwt. 
 Hida, tanned, tawed, currieil, or ilressnl - lb. 
 Iron and Keel, wrought or manufactured > value 
 Lard .... - cwt. 
 . Oil'ieedcake .... tuna 
 bklns and t'uri— 
 
 Heaver .... No. 
 Fo. . . . - „ 
 
 WaJlm 
 
 Otter - . . . ,, 
 _ Other wrti • - . Talue 
 Tallow ..... cwt. 
 Tobacco, manufactured, and cieaii - lb. 
 Wood and timber : 
 
 Not sawn or iplit • . > lo.-ida 
 Ucali, batteni «ic. Mwn or split - „ 
 Stavea ... . „ 
 Uthwood . . - „ 
 Walnut wood ... tons 
 1 n'ool, sheep or Imiba' . - .lb. 
 U All other ardclei ... value 
 
 113,913 
 
 9,188 
 
 1,118 
 
 31,560 
 
 10,733 
 
 217 
 
 306,763 
 
 37,056 
 
 280,923 
 
 307,173 
 
 177^257 
 
 359 
 
 579 
 
 98 
 
 3,356 
 
 1,077 
 
 276,133 
 
 ""354 
 1,481 
 
 « 1,669 
 2.063 
 
 11,087 
 2,731 
 
 M81 
 
 613,103 
 
 317,6.16 
 
 19^125 
 
 14,785 
 
 1,463 
 
 2,800 
 
 69,882 
 
 3,031 
 
 0,482 
 
 38,442 
 
 16,868 
 
 1,756 
 
 5,039 
 
 847.077 
 
 560,379 
 
 858,.57» 
 
 12,1,124 
 
 39,639 
 
 41,472 
 
 2,980 
 
 1.12 
 
 4,679 
 
 1,.100 
 
 291,877 
 
 ~226 
 S,295 
 
 .34,646 
 
 3,.185 
 13,980 
 3,357 
 
 6i066 
 62,863 
 
 503,703 
 
 298,599 
 
 25,252 
 
 9,541 
 
 1,.'>67 
 
 203,819 
 
 37,954 
 
 12,128 
 
 13,871 
 
 35,715 
 
 33,522 
 
 1,059 
 
 683,177 
 
 189,142 
 
 791,919 
 
 338,1137 
 
 378,.582 
 
 120,083 
 
 82,0(,9 
 
 4,878 
 
 12.783 
 
 30,790 
 
 2,647 
 
 73,914 
 
 2,721 
 1,242 
 
 62,910 
 11,873 
 18,948 
 4,;70 
 
 1,152 
 2,453 
 
 421,132 
 
 24.1,.197 
 
 20,431 
 
 7,5119 
 
 909 
 
 117,330 
 
 181,336 
 
 26,312 
 
 2,177 
 
 167,997 
 
 29,986 
 
 2,933 
 
 138,314 
 
 22,433 
 113,273 
 
 97,914 
 
 llS.UIt 
 
 166 
 
 4,923 
 
 197 
 
 2,490 
 
 2,9.',3 
 
 9,488 
 
 4,733 
 
 1,303 
 
 14,241 
 
 12,370 
 1,014 
 7,242 . 
 2,4.^9 
 
 13,896 
 
 ~30 
 
 1,876,186 
 
 946,912 
 
 155,124 
 
 19,797 
 
 10,097 
 
 187 
 
 30,993 
 
 4,013,3-2 
 
 126,312 
 
 8,403 
 
 14,812 
 
 163,.185 
 
 55,.13t 
 
 14,048 
 
 2,383 
 
 335„138 
 
 2.V.,III9 
 
 288,578 
 
 61,7.52 
 
 .17,498 
 
 23,672 
 
 27,200 
 
 328 
 
 2,997 
 
 3,433 
 
 10,(47 
 
 6,088 
 
 769 
 
 24,788 
 
 15,298 
 2,1 6 
 
 I0,fi61 
 2 ,673 
 
 17, 1.10 
 
 13,657 
 1,763 
 
 1,736 98 
 841 75 
 241 19 
 12 60 
 11 25 
 14 79 
 .12 70 
 
 £ 
 
 104,035 
 
 27,541 
 
 31,183 
 
 118,601 
 
 87,817 
 
 10,703 
 
 342,31)9 
 
 89,906 
 
 363.696 
 
 140,847 
 
 35,802 
 
 124,711 
 
 63,634 
 
 21,967 
 
 6,246 
 
 15,283 
 
 6,197 
 
 2.4S4 
 
 10,263 
 
 6,977 
 
 15,529 
 
 20,58.1 
 
 6,144 
 
 14,208 
 
 021 
 
 '319 
 84 
 
 1,336,301 
 
 639,258 
 
 185,355 
 
 9,503 
 
 6,390 
 
 6,9(i3 
 
 33,6.53 
 
 1 ToUl .... 
 
 — ; 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 4,407,972 
 
 1,373.299 
 
 Vahe, in Dollars, of Total Exports of Domestic 
 \ Produce from, and of Total Imports into 
 Canada, in 18C4-C7. 
 
 1 1861.65 
 
 1863-66 
 
 1866.67 
 
 BlporU . 
 Roports . 
 
 dols. 
 42,481,131 
 44,620,469 
 
 dols. 
 3l,440,.34t 
 33,798,880 
 
 dola. 
 48,486,143 
 39,048,987 
 
 E5.S»-=-' 
 
 irdware, sugar and tea (fee. The total value of 
 
 « exports from the United Kinfidom to Canada 
 
 1 18C7 amounted to 4,245,552/. When the imports 
 
 I cxceetl the exports to this country the ex- 
 
 i is principally paid for by the Treasury at ' 
 
 BO, and should be regarded as the means 
 
 sent out by England to pay the troops and meet 
 the other heavy expenses she has to incur in the 
 preservation of this great but unprofitable colony. 
 Reciprocity Treaty with United States, — It must 
 be obvious to anyone who takes up a map of 
 North iVmerica, and observes the long continuous 
 frontier of Canada and the United States, and 
 the magnificent lakes, or great inland seas, by 
 which they are in part divided, that the trade be- 
 tween them can hardly fail to be most extensive. 
 And such is the cose. Down, indeed, to a com- 
 paratively late period, the intercourse between the 
 two countries was subjected to various regu- 
 lations and duties, contrived fur the most port ia 
 
 iiiii: 
 
 ' , 
 
 i'ii 
 
 
 \.\ '¥. 
 
'■'^f-; 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 '!, 
 
 .•I 
 •J 
 
 » 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ( (.. 
 
 * « 
 
 S. i 
 
 1168 
 
 QUEBEC 
 
 Summary Stiitement of thr Biuiiu»» of Ihe Willanil, St. Liiwrence, ChamUij, liurlinnl 
 
 unit liiilmu Camh, St. Oiira and St. Anna I.ocAa, nlmwinij the Total 0„„i,li"!'' ?"""'" 
 iliHi-ription of l'rn/),rti/ pasuil thromjh and on the $ami; and Ihe Amount of T„jE % ""'' 
 dnrin;/ the h'Ucal War •ndfid Jnni' IIO, |«(;7. ■' ' ""* '"''nW, 
 
 VttittiA of .til kintli > 
 
 I'lUt llJXtT-t ( No. I • 
 
 Frutlurt' f»f turMt > 
 K-trni Stock 
 v^iikrri.il rriKiiice 
 Vt-Kfl iliU- C.MHt 
 Aurit iiliiir.il iiriKluclt 
 MjiinfiLlurti 
 Mi-rcli.mili'«v 
 
 Willjnd (.'anal 
 
 Tom 
 
 Toll. 
 
 
 ilola. 
 
 <jn,\iM 
 
 'i\,li<i 
 
 7.173 
 
 lifil 
 
 ■iW.irt 
 
 as.H If, 
 
 •tIM 
 
 li.1 
 
 K.'l.Ti 
 
 7.T. 
 
 .1II,!I7.^ 
 
 fil,.'.l7 
 
 vi:tM 
 
 'i.'I'i'i 
 
 IO\!l'.(» 
 
 •11,'in 
 
 l.'ili.fiHIl 
 
 WfiM 
 
 Ml. Lawrenctt ('anal 
 
 Toiu 
 
 SlH.t'/'l 
 
 1.7!"; 
 I, I'll 
 
 Hl,.-.llll 
 
 u»,th; 
 
 Toll! 
 
 (lull. 
 H.SII 
 U,II7 
 1.'>,>IV7 
 I S.I 
 
 M,7VI 
 7,l,,1(l 
 
 1.1,(iii7 
 6,.1H (I 
 
 rhambty Ciiial 
 and Si. ()unl.ack 
 
 n petty nnd Jealous npirit, by which its dcvolnp- 
 nic'iil wii.s crainpcit uiid iiTi|)eilcii. lint in IH.VI 
 tlio ISiciprcicity Trciity introduced u lii'ltcr ami 
 ini)ri' liberal svHtcm, but llii.'*, Biiico its ti'rmiiin- 
 tioii by tiolico Crom the IJiiitud StntuH, lia.s not 
 been rcrii'wed. It adiiiittcd the free transit of 
 several mo.st important articles from the United 
 State.s into Canada and the other provinces of 
 Uritinh North America, and. conversely, and the 
 reciprocal use of tlieir seas, rivers, nnd canals. 
 Tliis judicious and well-con.iidcrcd munHure led 
 to a vast e.xtension of the tra(io between the 
 United .Stales and what is now called the Do- 
 minion of Canada, or liritish North America, 
 and lias been )f signal advantage to both. We 
 subjoin a list of the articles which pu.ssed freely 
 across the frontier : ' Urain, Hour, niid bread 
 Btulfs of all kinds ; animals of all kinds ; fresh, 
 smoked, an<l salted meats ; cotton wool, seeds, 
 and vegetables ; undried fruits, drieil fruits ; tish 
 of all kinds ; products of fish and of all other 
 creatures living in the water; poultry; eggs; 
 hides, furs, skins or tails undressed ; stone or 
 marble in its crude or unwrought state ; slate ; 
 butter, cheese, tallow ; lard, horns, manures ; ores 
 of nictals of all kinds ; coal ; pitch, tar, turpentine ; 
 ashes ; timber and lumber of all kind.s, round, 
 hewed, or sawed, unmanufactured in whole or in 
 part; firewood; plants, shrubs, and trees; pelts, 
 wool ; li.^h-oil ; rice, broom corn, and bark ; gyp- 
 sum, ground or unground ; hewn or wrought or 
 unwrought burr or grindstones ; dye stutl's; tlax, 
 hemp, and tow unmanufactured ; unmanufactured 
 tobacco ; rags.' 
 
 The fol owing tabic shows the rapi.l incron.o,, 
 Ihe trade between Canada and the Uiiiiu,! s ., , 
 under the Heciproeitv iU't. '''•"'' 
 
 Imports from United States into Cuiiadu. 
 
 7.Hi..i,,|.,j " 
 
 '7..i(J(i,;iVi " 
 
 "i.7.1ii,wi " 
 
 '■"i.t«l.vii ' 
 
 "'.■'U.W. • 
 
 Wnr* 
 
 1».',| 
 
 IHV^ 
 IH.'il 
 IH.'il 
 IH.'.'> 
 IS.Vl 
 IH.'.7 
 
 1866-67 
 
 »i,8;a,5if 
 
 Exports from Canada to United Slatei. 
 
 Yean 
 
 IS.'il 
 
 \nrft 
 
 ISVJ 
 
 1S.'.7 
 18116-67 
 
 . Toi,l 
 
 ■•■?'«,i:idoi:u, 
 '-"'-■'I' , 
 
 l«.."Jl.li.H 
 
 aV'H.i.iKiu ; 
 
 Quebec IS a prmcipal port for ik i,m^rL,. 
 tion ot immigruuts, 20,8(;a having bteii lmi,le,l 
 there in 185(i, and 31,281 in 1867, aiM the total 
 number landed in Canada in 18C7 was 3075- 
 most of them re-emigrating to the United Stiit!' 
 In 18G7 there were 15,603 emigrants from ib 
 country to our North American coidiiiw tin 
 great majority of whom lauded at Quebec. ' 
 
 Value of Exports from and ImjHnta into Q«iJ,(, 
 
 isni-fi.'i 
 lK6.V(i6 
 IS66-67 
 
 doll. 
 10,671,861 
 
 y.iiV'J.H'/y 
 
 8,S6-^,J7() 
 
 (lo!l, 
 
 4,i;ii,»: 
 i,M<,;;i 
 
 Canadian Tariff of Cusinms, as in Force on October 1, 18C8. 
 
 Acid, fiulptiurlc. (c. jht Hi. 
 Acetic arid, I'l p.c. ad val. 
 Adverti^inx p unphlels, !,'> p.c. ail val. 
 Alab.i>ti.'r omanientK. 13 p.c. ad val. 
 
 Alcohol, on every gallon oV tlie Htreimth of proof of Syltet' hydrometer, 
 and so In proiKirtitm for any greater ilren^th and for every le»a 
 quantity than a g.ilIon. hl)c. (wr Kal. 
 Ale. m casks, 10 p.c. and 3c. per R.U. 
 
 in botttua (5 quarts or 10 pints to K<'^"oti) 10 p.c. intl 7c. 
 per Hal. 
 Atlabes tnot elsewhere mentioned) 16 p.c. ad val. 
 Azw, 1.3 p.c. ad val. 
 llaMatctle boards. 13 p.c. ad val. 
 Beir. it) caaks. 10 p.c. and fic. per ual. 
 
 In bottles (3 quarts or 10 pints to fttdtonl, 10 p.c. and 7c. 
 per ijal. 
 Benzole, 13c. per (;al. 
 
 Bibles, I'esiainents. i<rayer*books and devotional boDks,3 p.c. ad val. 
 Billiard tables, 13 p.c. ad val. 
 Bill-head^, &c. 13 p.c. ad val. 
 
 BlILt. printed. lithof(i'aplied. or copper-plate. 13 p.c. ad val- 
 Bitters coNtainini; spirit, vermouth, and other spirituous liquors, of 
 whatever strenffth, not othi-rwise specilietl. on every f{ullon of the 
 slreiiijth of proof of Sykea* liydrorneter, and m) In |>ruporlion for any 
 greater strength, and for every less quantity than a gallon. Soe- 
 ver Kal. 
 Bfacklnff. 13 p.c. nd val. 
 Bonnets. 13 p.c- ad val. 
 Books, copyright reprints of. 1?( p.c- ad val. 
 
 which are cojivriKhted in t'anada, 13 p.c. ad val. 
 printed periodicals anil pamphlets, not beinf( foreign reprints of 
 British copyright works, nor blank account books, copy books, 
 nor books to be written or drawn upon, nor Mrhool or other 
 IxHiks copyrlRhted In Canada, nor printed sheet music, 6 p.c- 
 nd val. • 
 
 Boots, 13 p.c. ad val. 
 
 Bracelets, 13 p.c. ad val. 
 Brads, 13 p.c. ad val- 
 Brald Stc. made of hair. 13 p.c. ad val. 
 Briuids (on every gallon of the strenKth of proof nfSvkei'hjdrac*. 
 uidso in proportion for any greater siteniitli, ami fur ttm « 
 i)iiantity than a gallon). 80c. per gal. ' 
 
 Britannia metal ware, 13 p.c. nd val. 
 Bronze ornaments, 13 p.c. nd vnl. 
 Brooms and brushes of all kinds, l.'i p.c. ad val. 
 Butter. 4c. per lb. 
 
 Caliinet ware or furniture, 13 p.c. .nd vnl. 
 Cables, hemp and grass, for ships only, 13 p.c. atl ral. 
 Cameos or mosaics, 13 p.c. nd v.d. 
 Candles and tapers of tallow, wax, or any other matoial, Ij u. 
 
 ad val- 
 Candy sugar, brown or white, 1 c. per lb. and 25 p c. ad tjI. 
 Cane juice, gc. per lb. and 'i3 p.c. od val. 
 t'aps. 13 u.c. ad v.d. 
 Car|«ts. 13 p.c. ad val. 
 
 Carriages, not elsewhere specified, 13 p.c. ad ral. 
 Cassia, ground, 'i't p.c. ad vnl. 
 
 unground, 13 p.c. ad v.il. 
 Cement, hydraulic, ground, and calcined, 13 p.c. ad val. 
 (|hatitleliers, 13 p.c, ad val. 
 ('harts, not elsewhere mentionetl, 13 p.c. ad ral. 
 Cheese, ."^c. per lb. 
 Chicory, or other root or vegetable used as coHix, raw or j,Tet3, jt 
 
 |>er lb. j 
 
 Chicory, kiln-dried, roasted or ground, 4c. per lb. 
 China ware. 13 p.c. ad val. 
 Chocolate. 13 p.c. ad val. 
 t'ider, 13 l>.c. ad val- 
 Cigars. value not over 10 dol. per mltle. S dol. per mi'Ie 
 
 value over 10 ilol- and nut over 'iO dol., 1 dol. per nulie 
 
 value over V(> and not over 40 dql., 3 dol. per a.ille 
 
 value over 40 dol., 6 dol. per mllle 
 
QUETEC 
 
 Cnniulittu Tariff of Cu*tnm$ — eontimird. 
 
 1159 
 
 blij, JhirUnijlun, (HUw. 
 ''iitill lliiiinUUj nf txvh 
 iwunt (>/ Tulli co//ii(ii/, 
 
 
 Ml. Aim'* lltuw4uvl 1 
 Luck Kl.ltau <:«t^. 1 
 
 
 Tuni 
 
 ■»"• Tom ;r.lU 
 
 \ 
 1 
 i 
 1 
 
 ) 
 
 H 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 ■ISil.Ol'l 
 
 11.1 
 
 7-ii 
 
 <,l7i 
 
 1,1171 
 
 \\,Mi 
 
 7,101 
 
 ii.u. aoi. 
 
 ,l'i7 ■.71,Mi ;,r.»| 
 ■'■1 WM a\ 
 
 s.lio l«,'j'X) o.Jaii' 
 -n 14 ll 
 .^5 1,«1 )!■ 
 
 '■^\ \fA; 111 
 
 .iiiiii i.i,ii.'.9l )y 
 
 linws tlio rnii'ul inorca^c i 
 111 mill tliu L'liikd State 
 
 iCt. 
 
 ed Stalet 
 
 !»<() Canada. 
 
 
 
 Totiil 
 
 7,'iri,uiijoi;in 
 Il,;i7,iir.l „ 
 7,lW'.i,ii''J „ 
 
 i7HiiNi,;i"i „ 
 
 IS,7.1il,131 „ 
 ■ill.HM.Jll „ 
 
 ir,,'.7i,w'. „ 
 
 lada to United Statu. 
 
 
 
 Toul 
 ■(.OW,iridol:.ln 
 4,WI,m.'J „ 
 WiTt.W „ 
 6,7JI,M'J , 
 
 rj.isMu „ 
 
 17,IH«,I'J7 „ 
 lH,»Jl.ii3t „ 
 
 a5,;)ii,i,i)iw „ 
 
 ;ii)ul port for llifi iuiiwrtJi- 
 20,8Ga having U'cn laiulel 
 1 281 in 18iJ7, au.l tlio total 
 "aiiada in 1SC7 wa* aO.T.i:, 
 'ratiiiR to tlio United Staiji. 
 'lu,50ai'migraiits from this 
 rlh American colonics, ihj 
 om lauded at Quckc. 
 
 rom and Jni/Knh into Q«i«. 
 
 E«i»'l» 
 
 ImvorU 
 
 doll. 
 4,4;il,5H)! 
 SpOHi.lvi 
 5,»6«.iil 
 
 ami. 
 
 10,671,8111 
 
 u,oa'j,Ki» 
 
 8,Sli'^a7" 
 
 icr 1, 1808. 
 
 X«?u>S'.'of proof <-fS!k";hld™« 
 
 Kdc. vfR"'- 
 
 |i.c. nil '!>'• 
 
 . .Ill val. , 
 
 kinill, l'> P-c. «> '"• 
 
 l.^ p.c ail val. , 
 
 alo'i.'wM.oran, otl.«....«nil,li,. 
 
 liw, leper ll'-™'''^''!"^-^"""'' 
 i vi p.c. ml »"!■ 
 
 pecifled, 15 pc. iul val. 
 1 val. 
 
 luC'knacalclnea.liP'^-*"^ 
 
 nuionwl, ISp.c.o'lval. 
 
 ,e|jct.blcu«dascoH«,ra««'i.TO5'l 
 
 ted or ground, li-- P« ""■ 
 al. 
 
 , ,inmi, ,rmin.l, ■i.^ p.c. «.l »«l. 
 
 uiurionil, 1-'* P""' "■' "'■ 
 ,",-fc, 1', it.c. .nl v«l- 
 ; ,: ' i,J, ami Kul'l, '■' I"'' "' '"'■ 
 iWhmiii'""'""*"''!"'"'''"""'' •■> ''•■>"'' or Mwlni machlns, l-l 
 
 rf'a,«n"h.irii">>fi>rnl'"", !'■ p.c. ail Viil. 
 r',l'.ll ili.illlnl. I""l««"l "'"I rrUii«il, lAc. ptrgal. 
 ,„»,, l.i|.c.aiH»l. 
 
 ,„„:,;".'ro.«.trrr,i-> .,-chi..i, i^ p.c. ..i „i. 
 
 (.iniiiwn "lip, '''"'• 1*' '.' V , . 
 
 ' imrl;i|..i..>r' . Ic. pir II,. ami ^.1 p.c. (d »«l. 
 
 I ..i.iuii. 111. ■"";■ I'" «''• 
 
 CmU I'' pf- '" '"'• , 
 
 I oiluni. n pc. ail v-il. . ,, . . 
 
 f"i"n iraril, coit.m iwl.i, and collon jam, Ht p.c. «d »«1. 
 
 rriirllef». 1 ' Pi'- "d '■*'• . . , , 
 
 1 ur.",p'ii-i>"i. "' «ii """• ' ' i'-'^- ■'' "'• 
 
 liwlhu.i'. I'lp-r'ad '.ll:, , ,. , __, 
 
 ,;;,". '"ot ;iMi.l.«. •p«l(l..l, 15 P.O. ad <al. 
 W«tiii.il«, li p.?' «J »"l- , ._., „.. 
 
 1 p.c. ad vat. 
 
 . ad Tal. 
 
 K'' S'li'li!^, I'liken, wiMllcn, wor.l«il and cotlon, 13 p.c. ad »a!. 
 
 Es::i;;.HJii>^t';!;vi'«'.vi'f.»<i"'- 
 
 f.,mlial ,.il. of .III klmU. 15 p.c. ad val. 
 
 {,mi«oi»l-aiulinlllhi.ty,15p.c. adval. 
 
 rjin«o<«l< and iniillintrv, vie i-.irilcliK cmlirolderid with gold, 
 
 ulinVorolh.r ini'l.il., I.^ P i'. »d val. 
 r«iii< mil! ijiiiniiii-iilal i-a*" .""d bo»c>. 1.1 
 Kun-; npc. "d v.il. 
 (rjihi.r^iiiil lliivviT*. 15 p.i". ail val. 
 
 K"»iin..nr»ll kliiil*. f'l'"' <Jrc.li lliHaln onlj, 15 p.c. ad val. 
 Htncr«n>, I'lp.i'. ."I v.il. 
 rirf.iiik., 1 ■< p.i ■ »d val. 
 CiJl.pMTviHl, 1,') p.c. ail val. 
 
 allnl anil •moked, Ic. pir lb. 
 F„tl.,l'.p.r.a<l val. 
 FralK trrf II ordrliHl, 15 p.c ail va . 
 lunil.blii|(«, nut rlJiwhrrc ;|iv,iliiil, 1.1 p. 
 Fuinilureor raliinct wari', l.'i l>.c. iid val. 
 (i.ii.li(liniii 15 p.c. ad val. 
 (,111 ion f'rrj ni""" <•' »l"ni;'li "f pr.Hifof SvkiV lijdroinrtw, and nn 
 
 InviopiniiiiiforanjRrcaltr ilrciiKth and for evttj lew quanlllj 
 
 tli»n»««lloli, '«)i-'-P'-''l',«lv 
 (imi;et,8iouiul, '^5 p.c. ail tal. 
 
 un^iountl. 15 p.f «d val. 
 (iiraniliile,, I '> p.c. ad val. 
 (ill. .inl |i>»« »arf, plate, and lilvned, ilalntU, palnttd or coloured, 
 
 iiii.r idvil. 
 
 (llii. pai«r anil «l.iM cloth, 15 p.c. ad »al. 
 
 (Irmd.ionn, 15 p.c ail val. 
 
 (liiiip,i«iler, 15|i.cad val. 
 
 (luii'.ltomlirralllrilain, 15|i.cad val. 
 
 )laiilw.iiv, iiiil cIvcwhcTc vpiTiticd, 15 p.c. ad val. 
 
 Hanieu and li,irnc». furniture, 14 p.c. ad val. 
 
 ll.inu, Ir.f'Tl!,. 
 
 Hal flu*, 1,', p.c ad val. 
 
 Hati, l&p.c. ad v.il. 
 
 Ho*., I > p.c. ad val. 
 
 IloiUij, I'l p.r. ad val. 
 
 llot«i, ISiloLwrhiad 
 
 Horaiil calilc, 10 dol. per head 
 
 Imiialiimofliather, 15p.c. ad val. 
 
 Inki of all kind), eicept printing liiki, 1 J p.c. ad val. 
 
 Iron c:i.ltn|i«. I.', p.c ad val. 
 
 Iron of Ihe dpKripllona fulliiwInK, '«• '— 
 
 ("anail.i pLites and tin plates, 5 p.c. ad val. 
 
 ihnl, 5 p.c. ad val. ... 
 
 wire, nail, and apike rod, round, iquare, or flat, o p.c. ad 
 
 "!■ , ■ ■ 
 
 tar, rod, or lioop, 5 p.c ad val. 
 
 bolKT plate, 5 p.c ail val. 
 
 rolkxl plate, 5 p.c. ad vaL 
 
 Japanni-d tinware, 15 ji.c. ad val. 
 
 Je»fllery, 15)1. cad val. .... 
 
 Kcrcini' oil, distilled, putlBeil, and refined, l.V. per Kal. 
 
 I.anl, leper lb. 
 
 Leillier, sole and iippir liallier, and cow hides, tplil and kip, not 
 dvewliere iUKtified, In i,.,-. ad val. 
 
 Lcatlier, vli. ilie«p.caif,Koat,aiid chamois skiiu, drcued, vamlihcd, 
 or enamclti-il, 1.5 p.c. ad val. 
 
 Linen, 15 p.c. ad val. 
 
 Locomotive enftinei, 15 p.c. ad val* 
 
 Mace, Wp.c ad vat. 
 
 Mararoni, 15 p.c. ad val. 
 
 Ala.-liine^, mowinji, thrashinK and reaping, 15 p,c. ad val* 
 
 Mall, loc. piThshl. 
 
 Manielplecn, 1 '• p.c. ad val. 
 
 aianufacliires of b^ne, hhi-ll, horn, pearl. Ivory, lira«, copper, caout- 
 chouc, india-rutilier, gulta (icrcha, ca.,hinere, fur, or of which fur 
 i, the priiicipr.l part, ftold, allver, electroplate, nrRcntlne, albata, 
 (ierroan silver, iinil plated anil gildeil ware of all kinds, of ^rass, 
 osier, palm leaf and straw, hair, mohair, imitations of marble, other 
 than roufth sawn slabs or blockn, leather, inciudini; boots and 
 slK*t, liamcus and saddlery, straw, except Plaits, whalebone, 
 willow, and of wood, not el>«where spi-clheil, lo p.c. ad val. 
 
 Manuf.ictures of panier-niiiche, 15 p.c. ad val. 
 Manufactures of reniied supar, ii 
 Ic. t>er It), and 'iti p.c ad val. 
 
 Manufactures of rehiied snf,ar, including succodes and confectionary. 
 
 ^^^:f^^- 
 
 dol. per «n»^'* 
 
 •Majis, not eliwwhiTi- mentioned, l.'* p.c. atl val. 
 
 Marble head and foot stones, ttjuariHl or cut to order, or columnsi 
 
 (hafts, or ))art& thereof, Id p.c. aU val. 
 Meals, fresh, salttd, or smoked, Ic. per \b, 
 
 preserved, 15 p.c. ad val. 
 Mrlailo, Jc. yn lb. and V5 p.c. od val. 
 Milliner)', V) p.c. ail val. 
 Molaisei, if ui«d for refining or for the manufacture of suf(nr» 73c. 
 
 per \m lb. 
 Molasses, If not so used, ^') p.c. ad vat. 
 
 concenirated, or syrup of, |r. iter It), and i5 p.c. ad val. 
 Mowing, reapine, and thrashing machinet, 15 p.c. ftd vitl. 
 , MmieaTtmxes, 15 p.c. ad val. 
 
 insirumentSf 15 p.c. ad val. 
 i Mmtard, l.'>p.c. ad val. 
 I Muilc,»heet, 15p.c. adval. 
 
 NaiN, I *! p.r, ad vul. 
 
 Naphiha, I '< • ptr it.il. 
 
 Nt'w<|>ntK-r<», forHttiu wnt otherwlie than through pott'Ofllcf, 15 p,c* 
 
 ml V ll. 
 Nu(>, drlvd. I ^ p.c. ad vat. 
 Nii(Mii-g«, 'if> p.r. Mil Vitl. 
 
 O, hri'«, whin ground or {'nUlnt-d. I'jp.p. ad vnl. 
 Oil cltiih*. 1^ p.r. ad t.tl. 
 Oils, any wny r»riltliil, i.»nip*''li rarkitl, lileftthftl, or prwutl, not 
 
 vlMwiifii* ftpvi Itiml, l.*! p ( . nd val. 
 Oils I nnl and lurmlno, dlatltknl, ptirllletl ^nul rcllmd. I V. pt-r gd. 
 OpIiMii, !■'> p.r. nd vitl. 
 Ornarmnti of hrunu-, alabatler, terrariitta, eomposllltm, 1*' p.r. 
 
 ail v.(t. 
 l'urk;im-»— htjttlM, Jars, dvmllcihiit, hritndy cask*, liarrotii nr oilnr 
 
 parkagvs, In wlilclt sptrltU'ius lltpmrs, winc* and ni.ili ll<|ii<>r<. ,)r« 
 
 [iinialiuti, and i- irlKty* urtiiiiinlng kulplturic acid, 15 p.t . ad val. 
 I'alnls, |,^ p r. lul val. 
 Paper and ni|M'r hanglnet, l■^ p.r. nil vnl. 
 l*>it>er, Inmik, tlMp, or nfWH -print lug, I '■ p.r. nd val. 
 I'ati-nt tniillrinea, ruinnidiiljr rallvtl palini niiHliclncfi. or any nit>di> 
 
 ilm-nr pri-pnr ttlon ..f width thv reiipc U kipt MTret, i>r Ihi- higri'- 
 
 diftitu wh»*rfof arc kept M'rrct, ri'foniiin-THU'd liy nilvrrtl^'nirntt 
 
 hill or Inlwt, for ihu ruUef or iurc of any dliurdir or ailmunt, VJ p,c. 
 
 ad vat. 
 I'nr'i'ols. 1,1 p.c. ad val. 
 I'fpper, ground, V'>p.c. ad val. 
 
 iingTound, I > p,i'. ad v.d. 
 rirfuincrv, not oKewln-rf "periftcd, 24 p.c. ad va!, 
 I'trfumed iplrit*. Id. "Hh-. prr gal. 
 reiroliMitn. crudp. Gc. in-r ual. 
 
 rellncd. purlded .Vr,, Kx'. pt-r gal. 
 I*irkl*>H ami naureH, |5 p.c. ad v.il, 
 I'linenio. ground, V5 )i.t-. iid val. 
 
 iiMground, 1 > p.r. nd vnl. 
 I'Ipes, tuharru, 15 p r, ad vnl. 
 
 I'Li-siiT of rarid, grnnnd and tnli-lnedi 15 p.c. ad vj|. 
 ri;iii>, rolled Iron, 5 p.r. ad val. 
 I'latifH, boitcrj 5 p.c. nd val. 
 
 ('nnada anil tin, ,'* p.c. nd v.iI. 
 I'Inying cards. V5 p-r. ml vnl. 
 Purler, In cankit, .5i-. )i«r g.d. and 10 p.c. ad vaT. 
 
 hi bottles ('} fjuariit oi* Hi pintsi tu a g,dlon)t7c. prr g^l. and 10 
 p.c. nd v.d. 
 r«rlat)le printing pnt\C4, 15 i>,c. in /al. 
 I'onttry, nn-^erved, I i y.c. ml val. 
 I'rL'served mealt, 15 p.c. ad v.il. 
 I'rlnlsnnd rngr.(vings, 15 p.c. nd val. 
 I'rodurM of petroleum, coal ihale and Ugnltei not otherwise BpiKl- 
 
 tletl, lOc. per gal. 
 Railroad cars, 15 p.r. ad val. 
 Hakes, lA p.c. ad vnl. 
 Ili<e, 15 p.c. ad val. 
 Hllles, l.*) p.r. nd val. 
 
 Hod, nail and spiki*, round, iquaro and flat iron, 5 p.c. od rat. 
 Hugt, hearth, 15 p.r. ad val. 
 Hum ton every gallnn of strength of proof of Sykes' hvdromeler, and 
 
 M) In proportion fur tvtry greater »trungih. and tor wiery lensiiuaii' 
 
 Illy titan n g'^linn) SUi'. pt-r gal. 
 Saddlery, 15 p.c. ad val. 
 Sails, ready made, 15 p.c. ad vol. 
 Satins, 15 ii.c. ad val. 
 Scythes, 15 p.r. ad val. 
 Hewing Ailk . J 5 p.r. nd val. 
 ShawU, 15 ii.c. ad vat. 
 Sheep, 1 dot. irt hi'ad. 
 Shellac, 15 p.c. itd vnl. 
 Shoes, 15 II. i", nd val. 
 Shovels, 1.5 p.r. nd vol 
 Sllk*. 15 p.c. ad val. 
 
 Sdk twlHt and idlk and mohair twist, 16 p.c. ad val. 
 Hmnll wares, 15 p.c. nd vnl. 
 Snaiths and scythes, 15 p.c. nd vnl. 
 SnuH' and snull' dour, dry, d.imp, moltt, or pIcUed, lAc. ptr lb. and 
 
 5 p.r, ad val. 
 Soap, fnncv and iterfumed, 35 p.c. ad val. 
 
 common, Ir. |ifr lb. 
 Spades, 15 p.r. nd val. 
 
 Spices, includlnk' ginger, pepper, pimento, uncround, 15 p.c. ad vat. 
 including ginger, pepper, pimento, groimd, V5 p.c. nd val. 
 not t'Ist'where enumeratetl, 15 p.c. ad val. 
 Spirits, perfumed, Id. VOc. |>er gal. 
 Spirits of tur))enline, 15 p.r. nd vnl. 
 
 Spirils of wine (on every gallon of strength of proof of Syke«* hydro- 
 meter, nntl so in proportion fur nnv greater strength, aiul for every 
 
 lesg quantity than a gallon, 80c. per gal. 
 Sprigs, 1 > p.r. nd val. 
 Starch, 'ic. per lb. 
 Stalionerv, 15 p.r. nd val. 
 Stoves, 1.^ u.c. ud val, 
 Svccades, ic. per lb. and 25 p.c. ad val. 
 Sugar candy. Drown or white, Ic. per Ih. and 25 p.c. ad Tal. 
 Sugar— all sugar equal to or ulxive No. 9, Dutcti standard, Ic. per 
 
 Ui. aiul '^5 p.c. ad val. 
 Sugar— all sugar equal to or Iwlow No. 9, Dutcli standard, Jo. per 
 
 II). and 'J5 p.r. nd vat. 
 Synip of sugar or of sugar cane, fie. per lb. and 25 p.c. ad vol. 
 Swine, ^ dol. per head. 
 Tacks, 15 p.c- ad val. 
 Tallow, Ic. iier Iti. 
 Tahour woric, 1 5 p.c. ad val 
 Tapers of tallow &c., 15 p.c. ad val. 
 Tea, green and .Inpan, "c. per Ih. and 15 p.c. od val. 
 
 black, .^ic. iwr lb. and 15 p.c. ad val. 
 Thread, and other article:! embroidered with gold, or for embroider 
 
 15 p.c. ad ral. 
 Thread, lace and insertions, 15 p.c. ad val. 
 Tinctures, f>^c. per gal. 
 Tin. Japanned ware, 15 p.c. od val. 
 Tobacco, manufactured, 15c. per lb. and 5 u.c. ad toI. 
 
 pipes, l.j p.c. ad val. 
 Toys, 16 p.c. ad val. 
 Type, 5 p.c. ad vat- 
 L'ndirellas, 15 p.c. ad val. 
 
 Vaniish, other than bright or black, 15 p.c. od ral. 
 Veffetnbleit, preserved. 15 p.c. ad Tal. 
 Velvets, U p.c. ad val. 
 Vermicelli, 16 p.c. ad vol. 
 
 1 
 
 ■'ti 
 
 . i 
 

 ' V 
 
 1100 
 
 •a 
 
 Haldivi, I A |i.i-. All vmI 
 
 Wrannit «i>|)ari(l, miaiI* bjr hAml nr «twln|{ muhlnvi 1.) p.c. 
 
 v«l. 
 W'til'kry (nn **frr ffalt'm nf ih« virmKlh nf priktr nf Hjk9%' hjrilrn* 
 
 invtvr, iiul %a It) imiiKirtlnn f»r iiiiv iir#ii»r itrtn||th, niiil fur vftry 
 
 QUERKC 
 Cnnttdian Tariff nf Cuifomf— conlinuol. 
 
 1 nf til k>n.l<, 111. Iiiillnn |ln(fr, <ir>n|>, !,„„„ «w,i_. 
 «li»rrj. r«.iil«trv,il.li'r .mil lurrwit oi.ia (■, .iii.tniiu 1 7^' 
 l« lo cmulii • |<l ), 10.-. )»i 141. «i,a'i,; ,,,,,"'""' 
 
 WInx i>r til k.n.lt, 
 ImiIIIih 
 
 valoriitii. 
 
 \Vlr«, ll.ll, fur KilnnKnv, obftrfil, I.) p.c. ad r«l. 
 U'millvn*! I.^ p.r. Ail «il. 
 Wlllliiil ilmki, U |i > . wl ol. 
 
 I«il liiil. «i 
 
 Itate» of Pilotage for and heloiv the Harbour of Quebec, 
 
 Piem 
 
 Illr liUnd. or jinjr nthrr pUr« h«lnw (ht 
 iinrliiir4Kii (if ihw llranily I'uUt oil' 
 llari- l>l.iml 
 
 Thii aiu'luiritt* ffrotinil At tlm llrRnilr 
 I'liU, lid' IUr0 KUriil, or ant (ilAcff 
 iibiivu Ili4> ftAliI mil lior.i||tf Krouiiil 
 ilMil b«low Nl. Kill li'a I'olnl 
 
 Rt. Iloi-li'* I'litnl, or Any jiIacp Atiorw 
 tilt* IKlinI Aiiil li«low 11)« I .'ulitlv- 
 ■111- I'lnt ' on ('ran* UUnil 
 
 ' I'otnta-aiii rtni* on Craiitf Ittaml. or 
 any I'lai't Ix'low HI. falrlck'i llola - 
 
 Thf anrhorAK* or moorlna irroiind In 
 Iha liaain or hartiour of Quelivc 
 
 T* 
 
 AnrborAK* or mnorlnir ffrnund In 
 lliv tia»m or h^vlwur of fjuvbvc • 
 
 Illc Itland, or Ihr plara whrra Iha 
 |tiloi kliall lia diM-harKMl in ilta 
 rlvi^r below ^uali^v. 
 
 forni'h Iboi of drauiiht of •m, 
 
 From May I 
 
 tu Noy. Ill 
 
 lit. 0<f. 
 
 rrom Nor. | Piom No.. >„-,, .!„,. 
 OioNo.. Ill II11...M...1.I . . '..'"'Ii: 
 
 lOioNov. |ij |i|lo.Marili| 
 
 «.K, Od. 
 
 Hit. Od. 
 
 ' «• May I I 
 
 lli.U. 
 
 } of Ihli lum « of ihli lum | of ihli lurn ( of ihj, , 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 
 lAl. !|d. 
 
 wt.gd. 
 
 t-it. M. 
 
 111. U 
 
 i I 
 
 : t 
 
 Table of Prohibltiont. — Tho folldwiiif,' nrticlcd ' 
 nrt! proliiliitcd to be imported under a ]ii'imlly of 
 Ml. tojjc'tlicr with tlio forfcitiirn of tlic fuircid 
 or pnckngo of ^oodii in wliioli tint niuiic may be ' 
 found : books nnd drnwin;;!*, paintin^H or printn i 
 of (III immoral or indtoont cliarautcr; coin, base ; 
 or counterfeit. 
 
 Money. — I'rovioualy to 1850 accounts were kept 
 in what was usually called ciirroncv, the 1/, 
 sterling LcinK reckoned at 1/. 'l^ •!(/. llut in the 
 Jour.ic of that year a new description of currency 
 was issued on tiie decimal plan. Tiie 1/. currency, 
 on which it is rai.ied, contains lOl'H'il grs. stan- 
 dard gold, or \i'l-Kn grs. pure pold. The 1/. 
 8terliii){ contains I23'274 gr. standard Rold, nnd 
 ll.'J'Oni gr. pure gold. Ilcnco, 1/. As. Ul. :!/,:: 
 r23-2"4 : 101-321, and I/. -U. Ul. : 1 : : ll.'i-OOl : 
 92-877. Tho pound is divided into 100 ceniimes; 
 and the new gold coins are for 100 and 50 cen- 
 times, with silver coins for 20, 10, and 5 ditto. 
 The value of these coins agrees pretty closely, but 
 not quite, with the values of the corresponding 
 American coins. And it is supposed by some that 
 it would have been better, seeing the intimate 
 connection between the two countries, tliat the 
 value of tho Canadian coins should have been 
 made to coincide exactly with that of the coins 
 of the United States. 
 
 List of Banki in Canada, with Statement of 
 authorised and jmid-vp Capital of each, o« 
 August 31, 1808. 
 
 Ilanki 
 
 Capital 
 Authorlaed 
 
 Capllal 
 |iald up 
 
 Bank of Montreal 
 
 Qualwr Bank 
 
 (Tity Bank . . - 
 
 (lore Hank - • • 
 
 Bankof llrillih North America 
 
 llanquedu Feu|ite 
 
 Niaxara niiti let Bank 
 
 MoUon'K Bank 
 
 Bank of Toronto 
 
 Ontaiio Bank 
 
 Kaslern Towinhlpi Bank 
 
 Bnnque Nalionale 
 
 Hanquc Jai-quos Carticf 
 
 Merchanla' Itaiik 
 
 Koyal Canadian Bank 
 
 Union Bank nf Lower Canada • 
 
 MechankV Hank 
 
 Canadian Bank of Commerce - 
 
 Bank of New Brunswick 
 
 HI, Stephen'a Bank - 
 
 doll. 
 «,(«HI,(K)0 
 S.IHXI.IXIO 
 1 1'JIXI.'XXJ 
 IJHXI.IKX) 
 
 4,Hi'.K,(i r>r> 
 
 l,6(XI,llOO 
 41X1,(100 
 
 l,n(Hi,iiixi 
 
 lilHin.lHX) 
 
 lt.(NX),(}IIO 
 
 40ll,(KX) 
 
 l,0(X),000 
 
 l,n(X),noo 
 
 6.0(X),0(X) 
 
 v.doo.noo 
 
 8.0(«I,(X)0 
 
 I,(l(X).(XIO 
 
 ],(H)0,0(10 
 
 ()(H1,(I00 
 
 noo.ooo 
 
 doli. cll. 
 
 f),(Hni,ono (XI 
 i,4;8,.i,t(i no 
 
 li'ilHMMH) (X) 
 
 Hug/^fiO 1X1 
 
 4,H(ifi,f;66 IX) 
 
 l,(mi,(xxi iH> 
 
 iOi.'ili 8fl 
 
 I,0(KI,(XX) IX) 
 
 8(X),(HX) 00 
 
 s.odo.noo 00 
 
 41X1,1X10 IK) 
 
 i,(Kxi,o<x) no 
 •lO'Vilo IXI 
 3,I1.1,K80 15 
 1,103,8.-0 00 
 gSll,U90 »8 
 'i~5,Mi} (X) 
 B.'ifi.lSS (X) 
 G(K),IX)0 00 
 
 viHi,ixx) no 
 
 Total 
 
 M.teii.liBH 
 
 aij,«Hi,7i7 ni 
 
 Weights same as in England. 
 Measures. — Standard wine gallon, liquid mea- 
 Bure of the province. The Canada minot for all 
 
 grain A-c. except where speiinlly aKrceil uixin 
 to tho contrary ; ami fliis mra.iiiro is nliom i 
 larger than the" Wiiulicster bushel, Tlio l.ru'li.h I 
 Winchester Imshol, when specially •if.'rcid h i 
 The Paris foot, for all measures of' laiulH granted 
 iirevious to tho coiKpicHt, and nil mcnsiirM 4 
 length, except an agr nent is made lo the con- 
 trary. The Kngli-h foot, for meaniirc of Jamli | 
 granted since the coiuiiiost, and wherever upodallv 
 agreed upon. Tiie staiidnid Kiigli.sh vanl U I 
 measuring all cloths or stulls sold by the v.iri 
 or measure of lengtli. Tho Kiiglish cll, vim 
 specially agreed upon. 
 
 MoNTHKAL is situdtcd on tho south side of 
 an island of the same name, in the St. Ijuvrcnci' I 
 about IKO miles above (Jucliee, in hit. I5°.31'X.| 
 long. 73° i>5' \V. Topulalion, in IHCd, ai.oxjl 
 lieing very coii.siderably greater than that o 
 (Jiiebcc, or of any other town in llritish Amerift I 
 Tho harbour is not large, but :.t is safe acil 
 commodious; the facilities for navjijntinn alTorwl 
 by the noble river on which it is situated ku;! 
 such, that vessels of GOO tons burden mnv asctti I 
 thus far without difTiciilty, The North Araerici:| 
 fur trade principally ceiures in Montreal, utidl 
 also enjoys tho principal f hare of the commircif 
 between Canada and the United States, iial 
 increasing fagter than Quebec, or than anycir) 
 in the Dominion of Canada. Tho imports iitf 
 Montreal in 18G6-7 were valued at •28,13!),s| 
 dollars, nnd tho exports at 8,104,(;22 (iollais. 
 
 QUEENSLAND. [Bbisbane; ColosieI 
 Imi'okts and Exroiirs; Tahiffs, Cowxial I 
 
 QUERCITRON HAHK. Tho l.nrk of as-f 
 cies of oak growing in many parts of XtrJ 
 America. It is uscil in dyeing yellow coIoeI 
 [Bark.] ' 
 
 QUICTCSILVER. [Mkrcury,] 
 
 QUILLS (Fr. plumes k ccrire; Gcr, po«| 
 fedem, kiele; Ital. pennc da scriverei l\m,rA 
 voli ; Span, cafiones para escriliir). The tel 
 and strong feather of the wings of geese.ostritlal 
 swnns, turkeys, crows itc. used in writing, H?! 
 are classitied according to the order in lUl 
 they are fixed in the wing. Tlie tirst is aptal 
 now totally unused (at one time niilliow ral 
 annually imported), tho second and third Mil 
 best and in general use. Crow quills are chiJI 
 used for drawing, and turkey quills for engrtssl 
 The goodness of quills is judged partly tail 
 size and thickness of the barrels, in theiiiiiii»| 
 factured state by the weight : hence tlic denoK 
 tion of quills of 11, 15 ic. 'oths per wWt.n 
 
llnffTi flf»nB». Wmon, |niH>l«m. 
 \iW- fwf ll't- *<^^ '<*' !**■ ■«■*!■ ^ 
 1, 11 p.c. t<l '•!• 
 
 ffcrr. 
 
 It fiKii of ilrtuiihi i>r «>iw I 
 
 nm No». I Ki»in N"'. 'Frrnn Muth 
 
 iiii. Oil. I «t<'n<i. 'joi, u, 
 
 RAfiH 
 
 milk con-intiiiK of I,()(U1 quillN. Tlip oM duty on , 
 I'Oinii '|uillt i>{ •'• ''"'• |«'f l,')<i(», nliiT lMiii({ 
 rnliifi'il to C(/. Ill 1NJ-, wa» wluilly rcpfali'il in 
 
 IKlH, I 
 
 III Ihi'h, 1 l,iil!t,'J(iO ^{ormo, nnd I,'.,.')!!!) mviin, I 
 iiiiilN wri' iiii|><>rt('il, viiliit'il nt I.*),',)!))/,, iiiiil of! 
 lhfi:> '.',U"",'l'lll KoiiHO (|iiillH WITH r« «'\|"irtn|. 
 
 (.iuIIIh nrt' principnllv irnpiprtcd from IliKii, Sf. ' 
 IVlVr-lmrfc', nml llntnlmrj;. 'I'lio licMt nrv. from j 
 Ki'ii: ilii'ir rlr<iiK>l> "«d iliiriibility rciulcr tlwiii ' 
 prrt'iTiilili' to niiy otluTN from llic Itiiltii; porix, 
 fliiiiie inipord'd by iho lliid.~'otrfi Hay i'ompiiiiy I 
 and milil nt their eRlvn arc for Btrtiigtlt Miiptfrior ' 
 
 III all OlIllTH, 
 
 RAILROAD 
 
 nil 
 
 We aiilijoin an accoiiiil of llip pricrit of the 
 
 various di'srriplioiiK nf iiiiniiuiiilin tiiri'd ipilll'i in 
 the Loudon nuirki'tN in Aii^^uitt ImDH;— . 
 
 I7nilm*i>il tf(M>«« illlllll, lin|Hirli'il £ t 
 
 rriiin Ihii luillt: uul AMurhil Midi 
 
 hllia 
 Mw in i)ullll. Inipiirint fruiii Itin 
 
 h.illii- «iu| MMirtnl Intii I111I14 
 UiMi«i< iiiilIU, iiiliril, lni|Nirlvil hi 
 
 llm MlKlMin't ItMy ('iiiti||.|iiy •tliil 
 
 Milil Nllhiitr nniiUAl tain 
 Miiml *w«ni|iiltUi lijr Um ■ante * 
 IrUh K'lii^* ijUilUi iidiihI • * 
 
 Knillltl) iruw 
 
 KiiMl'tti iliak 
 [I't.NS.] 
 
 .1. X I. 4. 
 
 I ii III ^ n prr nillto 
 10 I II |irr 1110 
 
 n n Mr initiif 
 
 II II ,, 
 
 I II ml lb. 
 
 » "1. 
 
 7 II „ 
 
 I (I „ 
 
 if ihlt lum i of >h'> •■"" t 'f >'>'> "'ix 
 I. l " It ■. ' 
 
 11 I •• I •• , 
 vni.Oil. ' l^i.'Jil. I l«iM. 
 
 R 
 
 vlicro upociaUy agreed upnn 
 ml tliis nii'ttciiro i« nbout i 
 flicstcr iMishcl. 'I'll" I'.nnli-li 
 whi'U cpwinlly 'icrml IV;. 
 ill mcftsuros nf lauds uranttl 
 nipii'itt, and uU mi'nmirM ! 
 cr ncnt is niadc to the con- 
 h foot, for measure of lanik 
 miiucst, aiu(\vb('rpver»iicciallv 
 . standard Kn«li.Hh yunl f.r 
 lis or stuUs sold by the y.wi 
 I'tli. The Knglish cU, wttu | 
 
 ion. , ., 
 
 litiiatcd on the south side o( 
 imc name, in the St. T.awTcii(f, 
 jovc Qu.bco, inlat. 15031'N. 
 I'opulnlion. it^ l«fd, 91,(«.', 
 dcrably greater than thai ii 
 other toivn in Hritish Amena 
 ,ot larRO, but 't m safe Jri 
 facilities for navigation afroric! 
 r on whioli it is Hituatcil btii: 
 of COO tons burden niay asfsi; 
 lifTicultv. The North Amew 
 »llv coiitrcs in Montreal, vftiti I 
 )riiKipal thare of the coinmtrcil 
 and tlie United States. lt» 
 than Quebec, or than any ciy I 
 , of Canada. The. mrortM^ 
 
 5G-7 were valued at •ii,WM 
 exports at 8,l0.t,m dollars. 
 «JU rBiiisiiANi;-, CoLosia 
 rxrouTS; Tahikfs, ColosialI 
 )N 15AHK. T'he bark of a H 
 jwinR in many parts of Vsl 
 ^ used in dyeing ycUow coto| 
 
 r plumes iv ccrirc; (^". p* 
 al%enncdascriyere-,to.* 
 
 »none8 para escnbir). Tb N 
 hcrofthcwinRsofgcese,Dstn^ 
 , crows ic. used in «rmng.T^ 
 kccordini: to the order in »M 
 Tthcwing. Thetirstisap* 
 
 I!,\(1S (Dutili, lomiien, Toilden ; Vv. fbilTci, 
 cliilfons, drapcaiix, drlllcs ; Ger, himpen ; llrl, 
 siracqi i liuHH. tri'pje; Span, trnpos, barapos). 
 Shrills or l'rnf,'inrnts of worn linen, woidleii, or 
 niilon cloth. Though commonly held in little 
 cslimatlon, rnRs arc of great importance in the 
 .Tts, bti.ig used for various purposes, but espr- 
 cially in the manufacture of paper, most of which 
 i» entirely prepared from them. As fhc mode in 
 which Uritish rags are cidlected must be well 
 kmiwn to everyone, the following statements 
 apply only to the trade in foreign rags. 
 
 WiHilkn Hiiffii. — Woollen rags arc imported in 
 
 cnnsiilerable quantities from the continent of 
 
 Europe, and from Sicily. Thov arc chiefly used 
 
 I for manure, especially in the cultur'' of hops; Imt 
 
 rafi.s of loose texture, and not too m, rh worn or 
 
 I decayed, arc unravelled and mixed up with fregh 
 
 wool in the making of shoddy; a practice more 
 
 favoiiroble to the cheapness than to the strengili 
 
 land durability of the fabrics into which this idd 
 
 I wool is introduced. Woollen rags are also used 
 
 j for making flocks or stiifllng for beds Ac: this 
 
 Iproccsa is performed chiefly by the niil of the 
 
 liame kind of engines that prepare pulp for paper ; 
 
 Ithcso wash the rags thoroughly, at the same 
 
 that they grind and tear them out into 
 
 ||oparnlo threads and fibres. The chief importa- 
 
 of woollen rags is from Hamburg and 
 
 Bremen ; and there are some got from KostocU, but 
 
 he quantity is trifling. The price ranges from 
 
 IOj. to 4/. per ton for such as are used for 
 
 panure; and from 11/. 12*. to 26/. for woollen ra;,'9. 
 
 Linen Riigi are principally imported from 
 
 Prussia. Hamburg, France, Kussia, ond Aus- 
 
 Tia, The imports amounted in lK(i7 to 13,509 
 
 bns, worth, at an average, from 21/. to 22/. 4». 
 
 |er ton, freight included. Exclusive of the 
 
 Bty large quantity collected at home, all the 
 
 ^ inportcd were, until very recently, em- 
 
 oycd in the manufacture of paper; but the 
 
 Tiericans, who have for some years been large 
 
 -orters from the Mediterranean and Hamburg, 
 
 isionally come into the London market, and 
 
 Jhasc large quantities. The duty on rocs Avas 
 
 phsned in 1H4.5. 
 
 '^v 'SP'"''''*! """gs are difTerent in appearance 
 
 [the English; but, being almost exclusively 
 
 len, they arc stronger, and bear a price disnro- 
 
 Itioncd to the apparent difTcrcnce in quality : 
 
 n diaproporfion has been materially augmented 
 
 :c the introduction of the process of boiling 
 
 irags ill ley, and afterwards bleaching them 
 
 m chlorine, has rendered foreign rags fit for 
 
 png line paper, and indeed, in some respects, 
 
 preferable for lliat purpose, by their nlfoidinj; 
 greater Mlreiigth of texture conibincil with equal 
 whiteness of colo.ir. 
 
 There is considerable variety in the appei.ranco 
 of rags from different ports ; but, in geiU'ral, 
 those from the nortli of Kuro[)o are darker and 
 stronger thau thocc from the Mediterranean jiorts. 
 The latter are chieflv the remains of outer 
 garments, and have become wliitened by ex- 
 iiosuro to the sun nnd air ; but siiue tho 
 improvements in bleaching, this docs not enhance 
 their value in the Itritish market. 
 
 Considerable nuantities of rags are impr.rtei) 
 from Turkey, Egypt, India, Australia, nnd 
 Jar.m, generally consisting of cotton and linen 
 mixed. The Japan rags are mostly strong blue 
 cotton jirints, very servieenblc for iiaper-making. 
 (Dr. Urisfowe's Rejiortt on A'liijuines whether the 
 Riiij Trade in of Injiuenee in Spreading Infec- 
 tious Disease.) 
 
 It is a remarkable circumstance, that though 
 
 the increase in the manufacture of paper within 
 
 the last /)0 years is more than fourfold, tho price 
 
 of fine rags has fallen from Ms. to 'I'is. per cwt. 
 
 in consequence of the extensive use made of 
 
 esparto (Spanish grass), straw, wood, and other 
 
 fibrous products in the manufacture of ordinary 
 
 pniier. [I'm-ku.] 
 
 Freight, 
 
 Talil rrom Franct, iImui v0>. prr inn. 
 
 Trieite Anil MislUerraiieuii !jQ*. |i«r ton. 
 lialOc, 50«. |ier ton. 
 
 RAILROAD, TRAM or WAGGON ROAD. 
 A species of road having tracks or ways formed 
 of iron, stone, or other s(did material, on which 
 the wheels of the carriages passing along it run. 
 Tho object in constructing such roads is, by 
 diminishing the friction, to make a less amount 
 of power adequate either to impel n carriage with 
 a greater velocity, or to urge forward a greater 
 load. For conveying passengers along railways 
 the locomotive engine is now the power universally 
 used. 
 
 Construction of Railroads, — Tho friction on a 
 perfectly level railroad, properly constructed, is 
 estimated to amount to from Jj; to i only of the 
 friction on an ordinary level rood ; so that, sup- 
 posing the same force to be applied in botli cases, 
 It would move a weight from 10 to 7 times as 
 great on the former as on the latter. Rut if thera 
 bo a very moderate ascent, such as 1 foot in 50, 
 which in an ordinary road w'lld hardly be per- 
 ceived,_a great increase of power on the railroad 
 is required to overcome the resistance that is thus 
 occasioned. The reason is, that the ordinary load 
 
 Ml 
 
 I 
 
 
•» 
 
 
 'I * 
 
 * « 
 
 '■ ( 
 
 f 
 
 > \ 
 
 A\ ■ 
 
 ;■ ji.j 
 
 
 .■ i 
 
 ;i ^ 
 
 . '.i ^f :••.' ^ 
 
 1162 
 
 KAILROAD, TRAM OR WAGGOK ROAD 
 
 on n Itvel railroad is about seven times as great as 
 on a common turnpike road ; so that when the 
 forc! of gravity is brought into operation by an 
 ascending plane, its opposing power, being pro- 
 portioned to the load, is 7 times as great as on a 
 common road. Hence the vast importance ol" 
 having railroads cither lovel or as nearly so as 
 possible. 
 
 It is also of great importance that railroads 
 should be straight and level, or, at least, free from 
 any abn pt cur\'c 3 or acclivities. Carriages boi'jg 
 kept 0.1 the road hv flanges on the wheels, it is 
 obvious that where the curves arc quick, the friction 
 on the sides of the rails, and conscjuent retarda- 
 tion, must be very great. In the Manchester and 
 Liverpool Kailroad, the curves form segments of 
 a circle which, if extended, would embrace a 
 cir-jumferencd of 15 miles. 
 
 Iron railroads, the kind now generally used, are 
 of two descriptions. The flat rail, or tram road, 
 consists of cast-iron plates about 3 feet long, 4 
 inches broad, and J inch or 1 inch thick, with a 
 ilaunch, or turned up edge, ou the inside, to guide 
 the wheels of the carriage. The plates rest at 
 each end on sleepers of stone or wood, sunk into 
 the earth, and they are joined to each other so 
 to form a continuous horizontal pathway. They 
 are, of course, double ; and the distance between 
 the opposite roils is from 3 to 4^ feet, according 
 to the breadth of 'Le carriage or waggon to be 
 employed. The edge rail, which is found to be 
 superior to the tram rail, is made either of WTOught 
 or cast iron : if the latter bo need, the rails are 
 about 3 feet long, 3 or 4 inches broad, and from 1 
 to 2 inches thick, being joined at the ends by cast 
 metal sockets attached to the sleepers. The upper 
 edge of the rail is generally made with a convex 
 surface, to which i'ue wheel of the carriage is 
 attached bj' a groove made somewhat wider. 
 When wrought iron is used, which is in many 
 respects preferable, the bars are made of a smaller 
 size, of a wedge shape, and from 12 to 18 feet 
 long ; but they are supported by sleepers at the 
 distance of every 3 feet. In the Liverpool Railroad 
 the bars are 15 feet long, and weigh 85 lb. per 
 lineal yard. The waggons in common use run 
 upon 4 wheels of from 2 to 3 feet in diameter. 
 Railroads are usually made double, one for going 
 and one for returning ; and when single they are 
 made with sidings, where the carriages may pass 
 each other. (See the able and original EsMys 
 on Railroads, by Charles Maclaren, Esq., in the 
 Scotsman for 1824 ; see aleo Mr. Booth's pamphlet 
 On the Liverpool and Manchester Railroad; the 
 articles on Railways in the Encyc. Britcnnica, the 
 Penny Cyclopiedia ; Brands and Cox's Dictionary 
 of Science; Ac.) 
 
 Speed of Carriages on Railroads Sfc. — The 
 effect of raUro ids in diminishing friction is familiar 
 to ev^ry one ; and they have long been used in 
 various places of this and other countries, par- 
 ticularly in the vicinity of mines, for facilitating 
 the transport of heavy loads. But it is only 
 since the application of locomotive engines as a 
 moving power that they began powerfully to 
 attract the public attention, and that their value 
 has been fully appreciated. These engines were 
 first brought into use on the Darlington and 
 Stockton Railroad, opened on December 27, 1826 ; 
 but it was not till the opening of the railway 
 between Manchester and Liverpool that the vast 
 importance of this novel mc^ns of intercourse was 
 fully perceived. This splendid work, though now 
 far surpassed in magnitude by other railroads, 
 cost nearly a million sterling. It has the ad- 
 vantage of being nearly level; for, with the 
 exception of a short distance at Rainhill, when; it 
 
 is inclined at tb rate of 1 foot in 96, there i 
 no greater inclination than in the ratio of 1 f()(,ti3 
 880. The length of the railway is nboiit 31 miij, J 
 and it was usual, from its operiing, to perform thid 
 ioumey in handsome carriages attached to tha 
 locomotive engines, '.a 1 J hour, or It-.d. So far J 
 indeed, as respects the facility of passing froml 
 the one to tiie other, this railway has lironi'hB 
 Manchester and Liverpool us near to eacli othei 
 as the western part of London is to the casta 
 part. 
 
 The opening of this railway havmf; more thaJ 
 verified the most sanguine anticipations as tj 
 the success of such undertakings, and j,'nnc far jl 
 fact, to strike time and space out ol' the cal'cui 
 lations of tl traveller, gave an unprecodenuJ 
 stimulus to similar undertakings in all |)artsol 
 the country ; and, in no long period, there iveif 
 hardly any two considerable places in GrtaJ 
 Britain, how distant soever, which it was doL 
 proposed to connect by railways. An immensT 
 number of companies were formed, and a \m 
 large amount of capital subscribed, for carrviii 
 on these undertakings ; and though, as was to b_ 
 anticipated, not a few of them appear to havl 
 been commenced without due consideration, anf 
 hold out very indifferent prospects to tliesiil 
 scribers, there can be no doubt that the countt 
 has profited v^ry greatly by the extraordinai 
 facilities of intercourse which have been afforded i| 
 the railway system, which is now in action in a 
 pai-ts of the civilised world. 
 
 Among the greater lines of railway now (1 
 existing in this country, may be specific! u 
 from London to Manchester, Liverpool, and Gk 
 gow : which, taking it as it at present stands, I 
 one of the greatest i>ublio works ever execulj 
 in any country, and is a striking result of ti 
 wealth, science, and civilisation of modern timej 
 The Great Western Railway from London to Bai 
 Bristol, and Exeter is also a magnificent work, a 
 is in some respects superior to any other in til 
 kingdom. Among the other leading rallwal 
 may be specified the Direct or Great Northern m 
 from London to Edinburgh ; the lines from Lol 
 don to Southampton, Brighton, and Dover ; t 
 line from Chester to Holyhead, with the tubul 
 b) idge over the Menai Straits ; the Great Eastenj 
 and the railways from Edinburgh to Giasg 
 and Ayr, and from Edinburgh to Aberdeca 1 
 Inverness. 
 
 The whole of these, except the Great West* 
 are on what is called the narrow gauge, havinRtl 
 rails 4 feet 84 inches asunder. The Great Wes 
 ern now (18G9) uses this aswellasthehroadgjoi 
 of 7 feet. ] 
 
 Railway Legislation, — But, notwithstandiogll 
 vast advantages which the opening of so mi^ 
 new and improved lines of communicatioB 1 
 conferred on the country, we cannot help thiaii 
 that these advantages might have been moj 
 greater, and that, in the instance of railn 
 legislation, the public interests have been on 
 looked to a degree that is not very excusable, I 
 is, we admit, no easy matter to decide hof J 
 the interference of Government should be car 
 in matters of this sort ; but, at all events, 
 much is obvious, that when Parliament is ( 
 upon to pass an Act authorising private pi 
 to execute a railway or other public wotk,!^ 
 bound to provide, in as far as practicable, thital 
 public interests shall not be prejudiced bvsij 
 Act, and that it should be framed so that it sf" 
 not, either when passed or at any future p 
 stand in the way of the public advantage. 
 believe, however, that a little considen 
 will serve to satisfy most persons that thii 
 
I of 1 foot in Of), tlicro ji 
 nn in the ratio of 1 f(u,t in 
 railway is about 31 milesj 
 |s opciiiiig, to pprform tlijJ 
 jjrriages attached t» tha 
 I if hour, or le;j. So fai/ 
 J facility of p.-using froia 
 Ihia railway has Ijroutjhi 
 Jiol as near to eacli ot'icl 
 iLondon is to the casterJ 
 
 ■ailway having more thaJ 
 uina anticipations as tJ 
 rtakings, and ;,'onc far, lil 
 d space o\it of the oalciil 
 
 gave an unprecoden;! 
 
 dertakinga in all iiariso 
 
 o long period, there wciJ 
 
 iderable places in (Jrcaj 
 
 [soever, which it was 
 
 |y railways. An immensj 
 
 were formed, and a verj 
 
 al subscribed, for carryj^ 
 
 and though, as was to b 
 
 of them appear to hav^ 
 
 out due consideration, J 
 
 rent prospects to thesahl 
 
 no doubt that the coimtt 
 
 satly by the extraordin»il 
 
 which have been afforded bl 
 
 rhich is now in action in a 
 
 ivorld. 
 
 lines of railway now ( 
 itry, miw b« specific'l l_ 
 Chester, Liverpool, and Gla 
 it as it at present stitndj, | 
 public works ever execuU 
 . is a striking result o! I' 
 civilisation oif modern timej 
 Jailway from London to BatJ 
 t also a magnificent work, I 
 'superior to any other in til 
 tho other leading iailwa| 
 Direct or Great Notthemli 
 aburgh ; the lines from Lol 
 Q, Brighton, and Dover; tr 
 ) Holyhead, with the tubal 
 ai Straits; the Great Easier^ 
 irom Edinburgh to Glas 
 Edinburgh to Aberdeen a 
 
 se, except the Great Wes 
 I the narrow gauge, having^ 
 es asunder. The Great We^ 
 this as well as the broad gaiu 
 
 on.— But, notwithstandingd 
 hich the opening of so ma 
 I lines of communicadon ? 
 mtry, we cannot help thii' 
 iges might have been m 
 
 ill the instance of railwi* 
 blic interests have been on 
 :hat is not very excusable. 
 isy matter to decide hr* 
 Government sht.uld be ( 
 
 sort; but, at aU events, 
 latwhen Parliament is r 
 ct authorising private pi 
 ay or other public work,il 
 n as far as practicable, tH 
 all not be prejudiced b 
 3uld be framed so that its 
 passed or at any future p 
 of the public advantage. 
 
 that a little consideii 
 y jnost persons that f • 
 
IiO 
 
 J". .:- - : 
 
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in tho case of railways, 
 „. most descripMons of public 
 in tliis country, all but wholly nc- 
 
 RA.ILROAD, TRAM 
 
 portunt principle hna 
 and iiidwd of ""Oi 
 works, been, 
 
 ^ I'lie prnctice is for o railway Act to outhoriso 
 til,' lompany in whoso favour it is Brantcd to 
 T, iivpri'i'ii certain lino of road, and to cliarge 
 wrtain specified rutcs uf toll on tho passengers 
 n;il uuods to be conveyed by suclj road, not for 
 15 •'» or even uO years, but ir all time to come, 
 \,iw 'ns it appears to us, this is a singulorly 
 iniii(iitioiis arrun|,'ement on tho part of the public. 
 l'i„ ru is, between any two or more places that 
 ,.,iv be named, a certain railway line that is 
 liatindjlc to any other which can be pointed out. 
 liir probability is tliat this lino will in all cases bo 
 tlw lir,-t to be selected ; and the Act that gives it up 
 ti, 11 c .mpiiny confers on the latter a virtual and 
 ;iili'iiantial monopoly. Tho rates of charge im- 
 •lusfd by the Act are calculated to remunerate the 
 pMectors, supposing everything to remain on its 
 irosent footing: but the probability is that 
 iiiaimracturcs and population, in the ijlaces com- 
 miiiiioating by most lines of railway, will continue 
 i„ imriase in time to come as they have done in 
 liiuc [last; and it is all but certain that great 
 iraiirovcments will be effected in tho construction 
 dt r»ail9 and engines. Whatever, therefore, may 
 be the I'bances of success at the outset, tho fair 
 prc-\iniption is that most great lines of road will 
 in the end be exceedingly productive. But, if wo 
 coiitimic to abide by the present system, the 
 public will be effectually excluded from all parti- 
 oipatiiia in these prosiiectivc advantages ; and a 
 l'e»- private associations will be able to make 
 enormous profits by monopolising improvements, 
 ami kcepiii),' up the expense of transit at an ex- 
 crbitiintly high level. It is idle to trust to com- 
 petition to remedy a grievance of this sort. There 
 may only be one practicable line of railway be- 
 tween two places; and if so, no other can, of 
 coiir.>e, come into competition with it. But 
 though this were not the case, a company in 
 po^sesjion of ihe best line might, if an oppo- 
 <itiou were threatened, reduce its rates till the 
 oppo.-ition was defeated, and then raise them to 
 the old level. Supposing, however, that a second 
 road is made, its managers would most likely 
 come to an understanding with the first, so that 
 the tolls, instead of being reduced by the in- 
 stnimcntality of tho new road, may be raised ; 
 and were it otherwise, the question is, was the 
 second road really necessary? Could not tho 
 hrst road have suiflccd for the whole traffic to be 
 carried on by both lines ;• If this be the case, it 
 is clear the second road has been merely resorted 
 to as a device for reducing the tolls charged on 
 the lirst; as a means, in fact, for doiug that, by 
 an outlay of some hundreds of thousands, or, 
 it may be, millions of pounds, which might have 
 been quite as effectually done by limiting the 
 duration of the Act authorising the first road, 
 or by inserting a clause in it providing for the 
 periodical revision of the tolls. 
 
 We arc clear, indeed, that no Act authorising a 
 private association to construct a railway or canal, 
 to lay dowu gas pipes, to convey water into a town, 
 or for any such purpose, should ever bo passed 
 without reserving to Parliament power periodi- 
 cally to revise the tolls granted under it. Such 
 revision would secure to the public a participation 
 m future improvements, not in the contemplation 
 of the parties when the project was entered upon; 
 and it would do this without in anj' degree clog- 
 ging the spirit of enterprise. Undertakings of this 
 sort are not engaged in because there ia a vague 
 exjiectation, or even a considerable probability. 
 
 OR WAGGON ROAD 
 
 1168 
 
 of their yielding 20 or 30 per cent, profit some 30 
 of 40 years hence, but because it is believed that 
 they will immediately, or in the course of a few 
 years, yield a reasonable profit ; that is, a return 
 of 8, 10, or 12 per cent. The chances of realising 
 more than this nt the distance of 20 or 25 years 
 arc rarely taken into account, and are worth very 
 litth indeed. This, however, is all that woulil 
 bo taken away by the revision in question; and 
 while a reservation of this sort would not stand 
 in the way of anj* legitimate enterprise, tho his- 
 tory of several ol our existing companies shows 
 that it may come to bo of essential service to tho 
 |)ublic. Had this principio been formerly act»,u. 
 upon in the formation of companies for the exe- 
 cution ofpublic works, the charges on some of 
 tho principal lines of canal might, long since, 
 have been reduced to less than half their present 
 nmuiint. Tho water brought into the city of 
 London by tho New Kiver Company might have 
 been sold for less than one-fourth part what it 
 now costs ; and so in a vast number of cases. 
 
 It hag been objected to the proposal now made, 
 that tho reserving to tho public of power to revise 
 tho charges (iii railways, and other public works, 
 would be of no use, inasmuch as the parties would 
 contrive so to swell their charges as to make their 
 revenue appear not more than a fair return on 
 their outlay. And such, most probably, would be 
 the case, were the statements of the p'arties to be 
 taken without examination. But who ever pro- 
 posed that this should be done? If charges are to 
 be revised. Government must be authorised to ap- 
 point parties to enquire carefully into the manage- 
 ment of all concerns with which it is proposed to 
 interfere : and it would be the duty of such parties 
 to proscribe every useless expense, and to ascer- 
 tain how the railway could be carried on, suppos- 
 ing it were wrought under a system of open com- 
 petition, and at the least expense, and to frame 
 their report accordingly. 
 
 And this principle, we are glad to say, was 
 sanctioned in 1844 by the 7 & 8 Vict. c. 85, 
 which gives to Government the option of pur- 
 chasing, on certain conditions, at the expiration 
 of 21 years from their construction, all railways 
 formed subsequently to the passing of the Act. 
 This statute also provides for the publication 
 of railway accounts, for the running of cheap 
 trains &c. 
 
 Regulations for the Prevention of Accidents.— 
 Consideruig the immense extent of railways in 
 this country, and the vast number of passengers 
 conveyed by them, the fewness of accidents is 
 most remarkable. Indeed their greater security 
 appears to be nowise inferior to their greater 
 speed. Still, however, this is a matter in which 
 as little as possible should b<> left to accident or 
 individual discretion; and considering the num- 
 ber 01 perso^is frequently conveyed by a single 
 train, and Ine tremendous consequences that might 
 ensue from a collision or other chance, all tliat 
 it is possible to do shoidd be done with a view to 
 secure the safety of travellers by railways. And, 
 should an accident occur, either through the ne- 
 glect of regulations for their guidr ice or from not 
 complying with their provisions, the offending 
 parties should bo subjected to penalties of a se- 
 vere and stringent description. A Government 
 which neglects enforcing precautions of this sort 
 neglects one of its most important functions, 
 and allows the lives of those whom it is bound 
 to protect to be endangered or sacrificed by 
 the cupidity, ignorance, or carelessness of the 
 managers and servants (how incompetent soever 
 they may be) of every railway association in the 
 kingdom. 
 
 
 > 1 1 . 
 
 
 ' '■ 
 
1 
 
 1104 
 
 hailtio.vd, tram or waggon road 
 
 / , 1 
 
 1 
 
 I '• 
 
 i' • 
 
 ii 
 
 ■ : I 
 
 I I f 
 
 ■ .■ , t ' 
 
 * (' 
 
 
 
 fi/r 
 
 Hailway Muuia of 1845. — Tlic mnnmpr nnil nii- 
 tiiniii of 184.') ar.(f tho cnrlier jjortion of 1840 
 wirneitttcd the rise and development of a mont 
 gijfnntic railway speculation or in.'inin. Various 
 circuRiHtunces conspired tu brin^' this iihoiit. The 
 ndvnntnuca which railways conferrfd on the coun- 
 try jjenerally, and especially on tho districts 
 throuffh which tlicy passed, recommended them 
 to tho public patrona^ro and support. Most 
 branches of industry were also, in Iwl.'), ii. a more 
 than ordinarily prosperous condition; and large 
 dividends (whether really derived from protits is 
 questionable) being paid by sonic of the principal 
 lines, their stock rapidly rose to n high price. 
 These circumstances inflamed tho cupidity of the 
 public, who began to imagine that speculation in 
 railway shares aflbrded the shurtest and easiest 
 means of acquiring wealth. Hence an extraor- 
 dinary RtimuluN was given to all sorts of projects, 
 which were multiplied with an almost inconceiv- 
 able rapidity. Of these a few were well devised 
 and Judicious, and were patronised by gentlemen 
 of wealth, respectability, and experience. Hut 
 the great majority were of a totally opposite de 
 Bcription, being got up by parties anxious only 
 to profit by tho credulity of tiie public, and 
 founded on plans which could not be executed, or 
 which, if executed, would bo ruinous. And yet 
 Buch was the disposition of the public to take 
 omne ignotum pro magnifico, that shares in these 
 swindling devices— for such was their real cha- 
 racter — were greedily bou;iht up at high pre- 
 miums, which, of course, went into the pockets of 
 the members of Parliament, attorneys, and en- 
 gineers, by whom the traps had been set and the 
 hooks baited. It is difficult, indeed, to imagine 
 any more disgraceful exhibition of fraud and 
 quockery on the one part, and of folly and vora- 
 city on the other, than was displayed during the 
 autumn of 1845 and the spring of 184C bv the 
 manufacturers and buyers of railway shares. 
 Some 700 or 800 new projects, requiring, it was 
 stated, a capital of about as many hundred mil- 
 lions, were spawned during this gambling satur-; 
 nalia; and of these it would.be a high estimate to 
 say there were 100 which held out any legitimate 
 prospect of remunerating their projectors. The 
 great majority of the others were never, indeed, 
 intended to do more than to transfer the money of 
 the unwary dupes who bought shares into the 
 pockets of the crofty directors by whom they 
 were issued ; and thus far some of them answered 
 the views of their projectors. Luckily, however, 
 this was not the case with others ; not a few of 
 
 those who dug the pit-falls having thom.M 
 fallen into them. *' ^wnwclvoj 
 
 Hut despite tho number of schemes tlwt 
 obandoneij, it is nevertheless triic ilmt in i^fr 
 and 184(! no fewer than 347 Act^ w,ro ■ , 
 through Parliament, outhorising th.^ cointr?/.? 
 of 7,064 miles of roilway, ot on cstimnt,! ' . 1 
 190,1144,087/. sterling. ' '='"">'"c'l cost of 
 
 Under ony circumstances, such ci 'nnti,. .„ i 
 generally ill-advised, undertakings mun I ll "'' 
 volved tlio parties in vast loss. In ihi, nl^T 
 depressing mflucncc of the heavy railway mIU 
 on the money market, having been iiicrcied bv 
 the fadure of tho potato crop of 184(;, ucrasinnM 
 the greatest difliculty in obtaining pecuniary 2- 
 coinmodation, ond led to tho crisis of \%\f \ 
 consequence many of tho projects for which *\ct« 
 had been obtained sunk into oblivion, while othpN 
 have been very imperfectly corned out An m 
 troordinary foil hog also taken place in'thevalun 
 of the stock even of tho best lines. And thii U 
 not to be wondered at. The vast expense whirh 
 monycomponies have incurred in overcoming the 
 opposition to their undertakings, and in the con 
 struction of their lines, occasioned an outlay which 
 if it were to bo met at all, could only be met hv 
 enforcing tho severest ecouomy in the fnanaL'cnieiit 
 of tho lilies. This, however, even when there is 
 a desire to enforce it, is carried out with difficulty 
 And in tho case of railways, tho interests of the 
 engineers ond others concerned in their man- 
 agement ore usually opposed to tiiose of the 
 companies ; so that it would be idle to expect 
 that the aftiairs of tho latter Hhoukl generally 
 exhibit any considerable portion of the c.ire 
 vigilance, and economy manifested in prirate 
 undertakings. 
 
 The recklessness, too, with which the directors 
 of the great or leading roilwoys have engaged m 
 subsidiory undertakings, or in the constmction or 
 purchase of branch lines many of which hayc been 
 ottended with heavy losses,'ha3 had a powerful 
 influence in depressing the value of their property. 
 For a while, too, all railway companies suffered 
 more or less ftom the discredit and suspicion 
 which, however undeservedly, have attached to 
 railway boards. It was found that some leading 
 directors, in whose sagacity and honesty the 
 public reposed all but unlimited confidence, had 
 been, in fact, nothing but gigantic swindlers; 
 their sole object (in which it is to be hoped thev 
 have teen disappointed) hoving been to enricu 
 themselves by defrauding and robbing their con- 
 stituents and the public. And 'hcse disclosures 
 
 Traffic on RaUway*. — Comparative Statement of the Traffic on the chief Railwayi in the Uniled 
 
 Kingdom in the 15 Years ending 1867. 
 
 Ycut 
 
 Length of 
 Line.op«n 
 at Uie end ot 
 each Year 
 
 Total Capital 
 Paid un (Sham, 
 IxNUlt&c.) at the 
 end of each Year 
 
 Number of Pasxengen Con- 
 Teyed lincluditiE NeaHin Ticket 
 
 ToUl of Traffic ReceipU 
 
 Total 
 of Working 
 Eipeniu 
 
 Nelt Rdaixi 
 
 i 
 
 Total 
 
 PermUa 
 
 Total 
 
 Permiie 
 
 1 
 
 
 milea 
 
 £ 
 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 t \ 
 
 IS5S 
 
 7,fi86 
 
 »7.V»4,514 
 
 10S,«86,C6n 
 
 1.1,318 
 
 18,035,879 
 
 8.316 
 
 Cannot be nircn 
 
 preriouilolui-) 
 
 1854 
 
 8,054 
 
 S86,068,7'J4 
 
 1I1,K06,707 
 
 13,807 
 
 80,815,784 
 
 8,510 
 
 9.i06,»i5 
 
 ilWJ,SI9 ■ 
 
 18M 
 
 8,2sO 
 
 )t97 ,584,709 
 
 I1S,.595,135 
 
 14,383 
 
 81,507,599 
 
 8,597 
 
 10,899,709 
 
 11,80; .fW 
 
 1856 
 
 8,707 
 
 807,595,(186 
 
 lM,347,S9i 
 
 14,855 
 
 83,165,491 
 
 8.660 
 
 iO,«3-,«6 
 
 1»,3J»,II3S 
 
 18.57 
 
 9,094 
 
 .■»I.5,I57,»5S 
 
 1.19,0118,888 
 
 15,395 
 
 84,174,610 
 
 8,659 
 
 11,840,8.19 
 
 iJ.WI.VI 
 
 185S 
 
 9.54!l 
 
 SS5,375,507 
 
 139,19.1,699 
 
 14,587 
 
 83,956,749 
 
 8,516 
 
 11,668,815 
 
 1«,1»8J1I 
 
 1859 
 
 lO.OOK 
 
 334.36»,9H« 
 
 149,807,148 
 
 14,980 
 
 S5,743,50« 
 
 8,573 
 
 (.Not MCI 
 
 nalned.l 
 
 IHCO 
 
 10,4.'«.1 
 
 348,l.'W,lt7 
 
 163.483,57* 
 
 15,669 
 
 S7,766,68« 
 
 8,661 
 
 1.1,187,368 
 
 M,«Ii.i>l 
 
 IK6I 
 
 10,H69 
 
 36^,3X7,3.18 
 
 173,773,818 
 
 15,988 
 
 88.565,355 
 
 8,688 
 
 I33«.i..n7 
 
 14,J»«/lli 
 
 
 isns 
 
 11,551 
 
 385,818,438 
 
 180.48.5,7»7 
 
 15,685 
 
 89,128,558 
 
 8,588 
 
 U,86H,4a9 
 
 lt,«6».l<» 
 
 
 1863 
 
 11(,S»» 
 
 404,915,80X 
 
 1I04,699,46& 
 
 16/118 
 
 31,I56,.197 
 
 8,5-^8 
 
 15,087,834 
 
 IMJSllfJ 
 
 
 1864 
 
 1»,789 
 
 4M,7I9,6I3 
 
 yX9,348,664 
 
 17,9.13 
 
 33,911,517 
 
 8,651 
 
 16,000,308 
 
 i;,9ll,l39 
 
 
 1865 
 
 13,«89 
 
 455,478.143 
 
 S5t,9S9,86« 
 
 |a,960 
 
 35,7SI,6S5t 
 
 8,691 
 
 17,H9,071 
 
 I(l,6«,i«l 
 
 
 186S 
 
 1.1,834 
 
 48I.87»,I84* 
 
 874,403,895 
 
 1!',/.14 
 
 38,164,354 
 
 8,754 
 
 18,811,673 
 
 ISiSM.**! 
 
 
 1867 
 
 I4.««7 
 
 Afl«,«6«,8H7 
 
 897.688.113 
 
 80,894 
 
 39.479,999 
 
 8,771 
 
 ig.Nin.'iM 
 
 i9.<;-'.«i. 
 
 
 * Several eompanlef made no return for 1 86610 the Board of Trade, but according to their lait retiinu their total capital |»lil ip " '>"'' 
 
 loam Itc. amounted to 1,058,4591., which ia not included In theie figure*. 
 Nvte.—Tht total capUal includes tubicriptioni by lome of the railwar com|ianl« to other undertaking*. ^ 
 
 t Eicluaive of 86..555/., the total traffic recei|^ of the Cork and Vougbal, which compan; made no return of worklivt nwiiilinRM 
 
 1S65, nnd of 111,9031., the aggregate traffic reicipu of two corapanlea which made no return to the Board of Tride « laeii """< 
 
 eipenditure fix 1865, owing to iheut Una being worked by contract. 
 
I r 
 
 -falls having thptiwclvps 
 
 bcr of aclicmos tlmt were 
 thclcss trim tl\iit in 1K15 
 III 317 Act^ wirn carried 
 itliorislnK Ui>' ciinstruction 
 ay, at an estimated cust of 
 
 tances, such Ri^'nntic, and 
 inilortaliiiin» mu-t have in- 
 ast loss. In \\w case the 
 (f the heavy railway calk 
 , having been increased by 
 to crop of 1840, occasioned 
 
 in ohlaininR pecuniary ac- 
 1 to the crisis ot' 1847. In 
 
 the prolects for which Acts 
 il( into oblivion, while others 
 rfectly carried out, An ex- 
 Iso taken place in the value 
 the best lines. And this \i 
 t. The vast expenses which 
 B incurred in overcoming the 
 ndcrtakinKS, and in the con- 
 s, occasioned an outlay which, 
 at all, could only bo met tiy 
 t economy in the manafiemeiit 
 however, even when (here is 
 ; 19 carried out with difficulty, 
 railways, the interests of tho 
 Bra concerned in their man- 
 llv opposed to those of the 
 , It would be idle to expect 
 r the latter nhould genetally 
 dcrablo portion of tne care, 
 jiiomy manifested in private 
 
 too, with which the directow 
 ling railways have engaged in 
 kings, or in the construction or 
 ' lines many of which have been 
 ivy l08ses,'has had a powerful 
 fsiiiL' the value of their property. 
 ill railway companies suflertil 
 m the discredit and suspicion 
 ndcservedly, have attached to 
 It was found that some leading 
 ,86 sagacity and honesty the 
 I but unlimited conhdence.hM 
 
 thing but gigaf « «^'"f j 
 In which it is to be hoped they 
 
 ointcd) having been to ciincn 
 Irauding and robbing their con- 
 'Jublic. And ''lese disclosures 
 
 chief JiaUtvayt in the t/^'W 
 
 imlla 
 
 Total 
 of Working 
 
 N«ttR<«P'''| 
 
 IcannotMKl'WP^a'si"' 
 I 9,40fi,J»i •Sl-'Jw 
 
 13,187,5*; 
 13,841..15' 
 14,'i6S,409 
 150»7,lli; 
 16UU0J0S 
 17,H9,II7J 
 IS, SI 1,673 
 lq,K««.i51 
 
 ll.flS.'; 
 
 Up"" ; 
 
 ll,«6il.« 
 16,119,1^ 
 
 1J,91I.S 
 1«,6«.?,< 
 19,3M.6". 
 19.SV ' 
 
 ,„«n»U«..touIc.pl»lP-^»P»'^ 
 
 lurn to lh« Boko of i>»" 
 
 
 RAILROAD, TRAM OR WAGGON ROAD 1165 
 
 iccouiil ihnw'ing the Extent in Mile» of each of the chief Hailivni/i in the United Kingdom open 
 ' un December 31, 18(!(5, and the Extent of the TriiJJic ami Uireipla on each in that I'ear, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Numb*! of Tralni run 
 
 
 
 lUcllpli 
 
 NunfofRallwiyCompanj 
 
 Numbn 
 of 
 
 
 Number 
 
 ofMiln 
 
 truvt'Mv.1 b^ 
 
 
 
 Tralni 
 
 (loa<l< 
 
 
 Prom 
 
 From 
 
 Tola! 
 
 
 
 Iraiiii 
 
 
 1 rami 
 
 I'ducngen 
 
 (ioolU 
 
 
 KmiI'AITD. 
 
 mllM 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 H„Mol ami Kielet - 
 imlnHil • • - " 
 
 l.tMt NurlliiTn 
 
 134 
 
 1,433,170 
 
 49,«I4 
 
 7,183 
 
 »6,4V9 
 
 1,WI,!)|3 
 
 S33„383 
 
 118,109 
 
 363,187 
 
 I3i 
 
 NIH,6KII 
 
 ll,3'J3 
 
 4,l,'.li 
 
 l.-.,'.l'i 
 
 t»i')i,H17 
 
 .'il,SI.', 
 
 .M,04H 
 
 I(is,8li3 
 
 TJ-i 
 
 19,Hn7,lHI 
 
 l'JV,l)lll 
 
 7»,VI'l 
 
 'i70,v.'CI 
 
 KM'J.iM 
 
 9;l,SIJ3 
 
 8n8,II1 
 
 l,H39,tll3 
 
 i:,H 
 
 7,3;u,isi 
 
 ll3,7lil 
 
 4 1 ,II8'< 
 
 t'1,1113 
 
 ><,'.'<l.;77 
 
 8IIP.',37 
 
 1,1711,431 
 
 1,0I1,(IH9 
 
 1 ,yi'i 
 
 l\>,Mi,lTi 
 
 ■iU3,tl7 
 
 Ill9,li!iri 
 
 101,1 13 
 
 13, ''07, ''Ml 
 
 1,9 17, 066 
 
 1,9.;0,4I'3 
 
 3,S!17,169 
 
 1 vicuhlrt nii.l Vi>ik>hlr» • 
 ,>.,Joinnil .Nurlli-MraliTn - 
 |,„„l„nan.lN.nill.«V«""„-,,„.., - 
 l.iraioii,rli,ilti..m.»'iil llov" - 
 Man hriltr, M"fll«l'l. "'l Llncoliuhlre 
 M«ll«ml • - • - 
 Ndtlh Kiii'n 
 S,itihnuHbri'.hlrt- 
 s luth lhf»>'n . - - 
 
 431 
 
 »»,4.16,67(> 
 
 »7»,CI10 
 
 lt,7,(i'.3 
 
 139,6li3 
 
 X.fi/.'IM 
 
 9H4,Pill 
 
 1,411,116 
 
 1,3'I8,968 
 
 l.3l» 
 
 M,.M{),341 
 
 13H,^tll() 
 
 379,013 
 
 8l;,')33 
 
 ll,7'."i,:".7 
 
 S.8I6,.V)() 
 
 .3,837,617 
 
 6,6-11,117 
 
 fillU 
 
 I1,I7h,IS'I 
 
 VU.VHI 
 
 .'il„')ll9 
 
 VI.8,7|IP 
 
 .'',4II..')18 
 
 ^OUO.HO'l 
 
 437,779 
 
 1,.')17,78I 
 
 «U6 
 
 lfi,7-^l,HI3 
 
 «74,llit 
 
 4I<,'<94 
 
 3vii,;-,s 
 
 4,1711,817 
 
 KN1,8B^ 
 
 139,101 
 
 1,111,067 
 
 133 
 
 1IP,'JIW,.WI 
 
 'Jt,3'i5 
 
 7,1IA 
 
 1(M,I,-,1( 
 
 •J 9,137 
 
 .397,196 
 
 9'>,8I7 
 
 493,013 
 
 V4I! 
 
 .'>,l'.l7,t70 
 
 77,fil7 
 
 fi7,SM8 
 
 1 l'>,',3'i 
 
 l,7il,'l/0 
 
 111,113 
 
 6.39,I,V3 
 
 9'.1,.M18 
 
 THII 
 
 H,»Vl),3,'i4 
 
 l'J7.76ti 
 
 I9i,.'>r^ 
 
 3'J7,3(i>i 
 
 rM;3.i'.9 
 
 997,1136 
 
 1,9.M,8.'.9 
 
 1,919,893 
 
 \,t\H 
 
 13,ri3il,livn 
 
 vii;,iiu 
 
 3H.'>,V.-.9 
 
 .'>'iV,-,l9 
 
 li,778,3M 
 
 1,079,338 
 
 i,6.19,nl 1 
 
 3,718,319 
 
 l.'<0 
 
 ll,44H,i30 
 
 4»,3I1 
 
 31,.1-li 
 
 7I,,C1S7 
 
 i,.lVC),T.W 
 
 107 „MI 
 
 113,613 
 
 3.33,116 
 
 lAI 
 
 l,'JM,l«'< 
 
 vi,<;m 
 
 11,818 
 
 3.-.,46'^ 
 
 WII,VD> 
 
 189,871 
 
 7I,;06 
 
 169,3hO 
 
 308 
 
 l7,»a4,UO 
 
 J77,IW 
 
 Kll.n.Vi 
 
 197,1101 
 
 3,lilO,,'JU 
 
 9J3,i;6 
 
 310,964 
 
 1,174,136 
 
 ScOTlAKD. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f.73 
 
 9,U7,W3 
 
 113,S1S 
 
 136,811 
 
 li.'ill,3S3 
 
 11,67.1,309 
 
 638,376 
 
 1,116,341 
 
 1,784,717 
 
 iii»«o» ind South- ^Veitem . 
 
 urA 
 
 v,mi/,inH 
 
 4I),'^83 
 
 7'.,3il3 
 
 ll,'.,6;8 
 
 a,934,T'>l 
 
 189,010 
 
 381,763 
 
 370,80") 
 
 HH\t 
 
 l,-3C,,al6 
 
 31,^17 
 
 l(l,38i 
 
 4l,6i!9 
 
 8H3,-37 
 
 87,341 
 
 81,997 
 
 171,.33') 
 
 Hl|(hl«nd . . - - 
 
 SwUiBrtUih 
 
 VVl 
 
 Ulti,4lll 
 
 l.'.,0S9 
 
 3,h;3 
 
 lH,i|3l 
 
 817,191 
 
 1118,119 
 
 81,974 
 
 190,li.3 
 
 733 
 
 8,IU6,«»I 
 
 ti8,ll7 
 
 181,839 
 
 339,'JJ6 
 
 6,148,949 
 
 061,183 
 
 813,317 
 
 1,.374,7UU 
 
 Imi.Asn. ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n«!hit ind Northern fountiet 
 
 IM 
 
 l,«S0,»M 
 
 iK,nis 
 
 t,36l 
 
 'in,61S 
 
 57»,.1S8 
 
 71,411 
 
 39,773 
 
 l.1«,?14 
 
 
 437 
 
 1,11 4, 4«4 
 
 19,177 
 
 8,669 
 
 18,146 
 
 l,9I.VVTi 
 
 19,t,48t 
 
 100,1116 
 
 493,300 
 
 
 IM 
 
 471,489 
 
 11,716 
 
 3,8hl 
 
 I.'i,6ll7 
 
 71I4,.')V7 
 
 .'>1AM 
 
 .36,016 
 
 107,604 
 
 
 314 
 
 ;ii,.')ri 
 
 14,419 
 
 .^,677 
 
 V( 1,1 116 
 
 1,178,911 
 
 149.118 
 
 13.1,863 
 69,133 
 
 184,111 
 
 riiier . • • • 
 
 IVI 
 
 1,^17,156 
 
 13,997 
 
 4,6.'.4 
 
 19,631 
 
 618,618 
 
 84,011 
 
 143,147 
 
 W wetfarA and Mmerlrk 
 
 l>(l 
 
 «7I,I)« 1 13,718 
 
 »,6'I3 
 
 16.113 
 
 .'il3,M,'i 
 
 S.'i,611 
 
 61„M6 
 
 110,178 
 
 also showed that, if the boards of directors asso- 
 ciated witii the parties now referred to did not 
 actively assist them in their fraudulent schemes, 
 (hi'v, at s'l events, opposed no effectual obstacle 
 to tlieir development. Hence the just discredit 
 iliat has attached to most railway companies. 
 Some of them put fnnvard detailed statements 
 of their affairs ; but these, how accurate soever, 
 obtained very little confidence. This ignorance 
 wai alike prejudicial to the public interests, 
 and to those of all really well managed com- 
 psnies, and was at once an incentive to and a 
 
 clonk for all sorts of nefarious practices. This 
 state of things is now, however, considerably im- 
 proved. Uut a vast deal still remains tu be' done 
 before tb'j constitution of railway companies and 
 the management of railways be placed on a satis- 
 factory footing. 
 
 At present (March 1869) the shares of by far 
 the greater number of railways are at a heavy 
 discount; and at an average, the dividends de- 
 rived from them are not sup^iosed to amount to 3 
 per cent. 
 
 Account, showing the Number and Description of Penonx Killed and Injured on all the Jtailwat/s 
 open for Public Traffic in the United Kingdom during the Vears 18C6 and 1867. 
 
 L 
 
 Description of Penoiu 
 
 ftuoifttt killed or Injured from causes bejontl their 
 own control - - - - - 
 
 Putcnxen kilted or injured owInK to their own mls- 
 conduiter want of caution - . - 
 
 TotsI number of passengers kilted or li\)ured 
 
 ; Smanti of companies or of contractors killed or tn- 
 juied from caUMn bejond their own control 
 Smanu of companies' or of contractors killed or in- 
 jured oTiag to their own misconduct or want of 
 uution . • . . . 
 
 •Jhtr penont crosslnK at lerel-ctossinits 
 Tl^palKn ■ . . . . 
 
 Suinile > . ■ . • 
 
 Mucellsncous - - - 
 
 Toul ■ . . . . 
 
 Total number of passen|{er,conTe;ed - •_ 
 
 1866 
 
 Killed 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 Injured 
 
 31 
 
 17 
 
 S3 
 
 10 
 
 i~< 
 
 .3 
 
 6 
 
 70 
 II 
 
 174,4I)3,S9'> 
 
 1867 
 
 Killed 
 
 Ii\|ured 
 
 J7_ 
 36 
 
 IS 
 
 90 
 
 10 
 
 41 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 689 
 8 
 
 61 
 
 28 
 X 
 ft 
 
 I 
 
 795 
 
 187,807,903 
 
 The number of miles of railw.iy oiien In the United Kliicdom on December 31, 
 DaimberJI, IbGB, was 13,841 i and on December 31, 1367. 14,117. 
 
 1847, amounted to 9,tl6; the number o|.en on 
 
 The total c.ipital (in shares and loans) raised 
 nnd laid up to December 31, 1867, amounted to 
 602,262,287/. •• 
 
 A duty is paid to Government, by railway 
 compiuiies, of 5 per cent, on all sums received by 
 them for the conveyance of passengers at fares 
 «bove Id, per mile ; the receipts derived from 
 passengers by cheap trains, or from fares not 
 exceeding Id. per mile, being exempted from the 
 "HIV- In the year ended March 31, 1868, die 
 railway tax produced 485,136/. This, however, 
 1^ maufScient to indemnify the companies for 
 
 the expenses of conveying the mails ; the charge 
 for this se/vicc having amounted, in 1807, to no 
 less tlian 5.'i9,.57ij/. When the Post-office and a 
 railway company difTor as to the sura to bo paid 
 to the latter for conveying the mail, the matter 
 is referred to arbitration. 
 
 Continental Railways. — The railway system 
 has made groat progress on the Continent and 
 in the United States. Paris, Uoucu, nnd Havre 
 have long been united by railway. Lines have 
 also been cotistiuctod from Paris to Orleans, 
 Tours and Uordeau.x, and from Paris to Lyons, 
 
 1 
 
 •1 
 
 i 
 
 
 t 
 
 1- 
 
 \ 
 
 
 i 
 
 Hi 
 
 il';. 
 
 ill: 
 
 t'" -1^ 
 
 .« . 
 

 ■'^ 
 
 ( • 
 
 ' K 
 
 . r 
 
 M . •■ . 
 
 I 
 
 'i ■ 
 f 
 
 ■•t-Jrr*. 
 
 ^^.F^-^l 
 
 4i 
 
 1166 RAILROAD, TRAM OR WAQOON ROAD 
 
 011(1 Ihciiro to MnrMillcii, TIiIm la.st lins lieoii of 
 pociiUnr iinp<irtnii('o to thlH coiintr)- 
 
 froiii ilii 
 iiilliicnco ill fiu-ilitaliiiK the oorri'Mionilcnco with 
 the KiiHt. A lar^u amount of IviguHh ciipitul hiiH 
 been invcfttcd in the Eiiropemi rnilwayH, nml 
 mnny of them huvo been cunNtructed by Kii(,'liHii 
 eiif{iiit'orn, 
 
 KclKium, lu everybody known, haH numerous 
 railways; and they liavo been extended in tier- 
 many, Itnly, Ifu.sMin, Norway and .Sweden, and 
 even Spain, to a degn'c that one cuuld hardly have 
 anticipated. At present, some very extensive 
 railways are beinfj constrrc'cd in Kiissiu. 
 
 The railways open in India extended to n,4.'i2 
 miles ill 18(iti, and most of our colonics have 
 adopted them, more or less. 
 
 Tho railways of tlio United States arc cxcmi 
 inf;ly numerouH, ami some of them are of ^xt i 
 lciij?"ih. Hut, spcakinn Kcnurully, ih«v aro not !, 
 Hubstantially executed, and liovu not ln'cii u,.,,,] '. 
 HO expensive, as those of this country. .\l„in. K 
 them coimist only of n sinKlo nair of tniu ^\1 
 double pairs ot certain intervals to ailiniilf n 
 trains possinj;. "' 
 
 Tiie following statement, which wc Imvc r.,m 
 piled from tho most authciilic sources ucips»ii,|,, 
 shows tho length of railroad constructed nM m 
 operation ot the end of IHfitJ in each coimirv into 
 which they have been inlroduced, nndilnir 
 relation to the extent and population of thccoun 
 tries respectively. Wo believe It to li« a,i uciriv 
 accurate as it is possible to make such a sunimlifv 
 
 
 Afllea 
 of Hailroad 
 
 Area In aquara nallea 
 
 Pepulatlon 
 
 Countrln 
 
 Abwiule 
 
 To Mile 
 of Hallruad 
 
 Abwlule 
 
 To Mil. 
 (/Hiilriwd 
 
 NOIITH Amuim. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cinarin .... 
 
 »,14S-4 
 
 3^7,s'^J 
 
 I6R 
 
 3,001,110 
 
 l,I.VI 
 
 >,o:i 
 
 104,H0 
 
 New Htunnwick . - - 
 
 i»S»i 
 
 il7,7iil 
 
 140 
 
 8<I4,IIH| 
 
 No»a Scotia 
 
 'JUS 
 
 lH,74fi 
 
 Wi 
 
 .i«s,;hi 
 
 Unitmt Sum 
 
 3(i,S!l(!-.T 
 
 3,0()l,c«P'i 
 
 SI 
 
 .38,8!m,.1(<) 
 
 Meilco .... 
 
 ;s-3 
 
 77!<,67H 
 
 9,888 
 
 S,84<I,08U 
 
 U'UT iKDlia. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cutis .... 
 
 S'jsa 
 
 47,«7S 
 
 119 
 
 1,449,864 
 
 8,8W 
 
 JaixislcK .... 
 
 13-S 
 
 6,«40 
 
 443 
 
 441,-^61 
 
 South Ahmica. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vmexuela ... 
 
 .U-0 
 
 i'lK.vtn 
 
 13,331 
 
 1,464,000 
 
 41,906 
 
 SH,IIII( 
 
 New (Iranada 
 
 47-.'» 
 
 4ii,'jno 
 
 lrt,9S7 
 
 8,797,471 
 
 UrIlUh Uulana 
 
 .M-fl 
 
 U«,3IKI 
 
 1 ,«os 
 
 141,1186 
 
 llraiil .... 
 
 i^^■3 
 
 8,973,400 
 
 6H,4!(9 
 
 10,044,1100 
 
 '^3,1 '.fit 
 
 Paragua; .... 
 
 Wi 
 
 SB.'JOO 
 
 1,866 
 
 1,. 1.17, 111 
 
 VH.HM 
 4.1,VIK) 
 
 Peru .... 
 
 .'-.'I-,! 
 
 49S,7no 
 
 9,IUS 
 
 %til»l^)0 
 
 Chill .... 
 
 3.-»«-7 
 
 ill9,'«K) 
 
 748 
 
 1,714,319 
 
 HYil 
 
 ArKCnllne Hepublic 
 
 Ml'O 
 
 1,1-46,300 
 
 4,876 
 
 1,449,344 
 
 e,3ia 
 
 EVROM. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Great Btilain and Ireland • 
 
 \x,wnn 
 
 H!,.vin 
 
 9 
 
 89,070,9.16 
 
 8,1)49 
 
 France - . . - 
 
 SpUHXA 
 
 ti3,'ini> 
 
 84 
 
 37,478,738 
 
 4,178 
 6,ll< 
 
 9,1% 
 3,lfi7 
 
 Hpain .... 
 
 3,ll(i-4 
 
 lS9,'>4il 
 
 60 
 
 16,031,867 
 
 Portiiffa] .... 
 
 4.-5.1-3 
 
 .-«».«.'>0 
 
 81 
 
 3,117,861 
 
 HwlUcrland 
 
 8«4-a 
 
 14,270 
 
 IS 
 
 8,410,194 
 
 lul; .... 
 
 3,'i\i-\l 
 
 10g,7S0 
 
 34 
 
 84,869,688 
 
 7,1 ').1 
 
 Austria .... 
 
 .-»,S.1()'J 
 
 !i40,a40 
 
 68 
 
 38,473,008 
 
 8,.KI3 
 
 South (jermany (eliewherc) . 
 
 »,MO-i 
 
 44,.^«0 
 
 17 
 
 8,481,460 
 
 .1,.1J,'j 
 
 PrusAin .... 
 
 4,79fS 
 
 13.^,S40 
 
 83 
 
 81,477,939 
 
 4,1 C* 
 
 North Oerman; (eliewhere) • 
 
 1,092-5 
 
 "f-"'! 
 
 83 
 
 4,670,.19l 
 
 Mici 
 
 Ueliflum .... 
 
 l,S9S.i 
 
 11,4110 
 
 7 
 
 4,940,470 
 
 .1,'m 
 
 Holland . . . ■ 
 
 700-7 
 
 in ,600 
 
 19 
 
 3,734,68'i 
 
 i.jk; 
 
 Deniiiark ... - 
 
 *)5-l 
 
 11,71(0 
 
 60 
 
 1,60H,09'. 
 
 .i,I.M 
 
 Swfxlen .... 
 
 I,0'iS-4 
 
 170,099 
 
 166 
 
 4,lli;i4l 
 
 i,IU\ 
 
 Norway - . . - 
 
 43'S 
 
 li3,»M 
 
 8,8.T.3 
 
 1,701,478 
 
 S,'i| i 
 
 Kusiia .... 
 
 »,77S-ii 
 
 1,464,800 
 
 ^64 
 
 64,863.181 
 
 »i,;.ii 
 
 Turkey in Europe - 
 
 170-fi 
 
 !(U3,380 
 
 1,189 
 
 14,70O,fl<X) 
 
 91,713 
 
 Aim. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Turkey in Art* 
 
 I4S-9 
 
 668,9!10 
 
 4,6ns 
 
 16,000,000 
 
 11I,9M 1 
 
 Briti.h India 
 
 3,V9-1 
 
 l,46,^,.Tfl0 
 
 43 
 
 180,400,(100 
 
 4.1,1111 ' 
 
 Java .... 
 
 101-4 
 
 4 1, .31 III 
 
 408 
 
 13,917,000 
 
 ii,;n 1 
 
 Cejion .... 
 
 3«'9 
 
 V4,660 
 
 616 
 
 8,3I'^,098 
 
 63,4;u 1 
 
 AVKICA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Edjpl - - . - 
 
 »81-2 
 
 649,000 
 
 2,314 
 
 7,464,000 
 
 86,6*1 1 
 
 Alireria .... 
 
 V7-V 
 
 S5,.'ilia 
 
 ,303 
 
 3,010,000 
 
 108,1'<) 
 
 Cape Colony . . - 
 Natal .... 
 
 84-5 
 
 101,930 
 
 149 
 
 867,100 
 
 4,110 
 
 ll-O 
 
 M,4U0 
 
 7,800 
 
 166,800 
 
 78,1W 
 
 Al-staalaiia. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Victoria . - . . 
 
 331-4 
 
 86,910 
 
 868 
 
 .174 ,.13 1 
 
 1.73! 
 
 New Jiouth Wales • 
 
 I4S4 
 
 .31i.1,4.17 
 
 8,8.10 
 
 378,931 
 
 8,61.1 
 
 South Auiitralla ... 
 
 73-4 
 
 3S3,3VS 
 
 4,814 
 
 110,116 
 
 l.»«> 
 
 Qucenstand 
 
 .New Zealand (Canterbury) . 
 
 il-i 
 
 f>78.(K)l> 
 
 15,99H 
 
 .19,718 
 
 I.I 19 
 
 16 ."i 
 
 ll)li,t.V.I 
 
 6,1411 
 
 174.,1.17 
 
 1(1,6/; 
 
 The following is a re litulation of the above | the total of each grand division for those oftit | 
 table, 80 far an length of railroad is concerned ; I countries named above, 
 but as relates to area and population, substituting ! 
 
 DUUIoiu 
 
 Milra 
 of Hailroad 
 
 Area In square mllei 
 
 FopulatloQ 1 
 
 Absolute 
 
 To Jllle 
 of Railroad 
 
 Absolute 
 
 ToJIiK 
 ofHsilrotl 
 
 North Amer.-a 
 
 Wmt Indio-i ... 
 
 South America 
 
 Total Americ 
 Eorope 
 
 Africa 
 
 Australasia . 
 Tot.il of world 
 
 39,114-1 
 
 410-3 
 
 1,011-9 
 
 7,600,000 
 
 1011,000 
 
 7,100,000 
 
 108-S 
 
 813-7 
 
 6,sl4-4 
 
 48,000,000 
 
 1,100,iK)0 
 
 88,400,000 
 
 1,309) 
 Sl,-9>l 
 
 40.866-3 
 
 60,1 17-S 
 
 3,(i60-3 
 
 376-4 
 
 607-7 
 
 14,SIH>,II00 
 
 3,600,000 
 
 17,40I>,I100 
 
 11,7IX1,0<IO 
 
 3,21)11,000 
 
 36i-l 
 
 71-S 
 
 4,7.11-7 
 
 31,166-7 
 
 4,861-7 
 
 78,110(1,000 
 
 8S.'i,0( 10,000 
 
 7SO.000.000 
 
 800/) 0,000 
 
 1,600,000 
 
 l,90!f 
 5,6866 
 
 !i.i,iw:-3 
 
 8.6J2l_ 
 
 94,787 
 
 .W.70IP,iHM) 4,10-8 
 
 l,114,6lNI,C00 
 
 I3J03I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unitcrt RtatcK «tc txewd. 
 loiDB of tliein nri! of ^jn iit 
 ■ mmoruUy, tliev ari- ii>>i i.. 
 i anil liavu nntlii'iiii ui;irly 
 of tliw coiinlry, Muiiy .*.f 
 
 I tinKlo ]"»•' "' '"''*' *i'l' 
 I intervBis to ailmit if iho 
 
 mcnt, which wc have rum- 
 uitUenlio sourccn uci'msiIiI,, 
 ri\ilroncl conutructcil ninl in 
 i,f IH(>0 in oftch c'lmitry inio 
 ccn introihiceil, nnil iImi 
 , and population of tlic c.iun- 
 Vo believe It to lie a.i uiiitU 
 bio to make such a sumniMy. 
 
 |>i>l>ul>ti<in 
 
 AbviluM 
 
 ToMllr 
 of Kwlrwbl 
 
 3,n<)i,uo 
 
 •i'l.'i.DIH 
 »fl,H',lfl,Sc'<l 
 
 441, '10 1 
 
 11,797.4'^ 
 10,04ft,llO() 
 
 1,714,119 
 l,4W,355 
 
 M,07n.9S6 
 37,471>7»» 
 J6,n31,ili7 
 3,117,»6l 
 V,AIU,I94 
 84,'i6a,fillH 
 
 «;,M1,460 
 »3,577,9S'J 
 4,fi70,39i 
 4,940rMO 
 3.735,n»'l 
 l,fi(W,09'> 
 4,111,141 
 1,701, 47H 
 05,863,181 
 14,-00,000 
 
 16,000,000 
 
 180,4fH),<l«" 
 
 13,'JU,000 
 
 »,3ri,0!)8 
 
 7,165,000 
 
 3,010,000 
 
 S67,10O 
 
 146,^00 
 
 1,131 
 l,4l|i| 
 
 i,o;i 
 I,"*' 
 
 1(U,III0 
 
 
 4«.00fi 
 6H,II<II 
 
 VJ.l'JH 
 
 JH,H95 
 
 4^,»l«) 
 
 iWl 
 
 6,31'J 
 
 5,ISU 
 
 4,17'J 
 
 S.Ut 
 
 9,'W6 
 
 3,167 
 
 7,.V'.S 
 
 «,,'ilU 
 \Mi 
 4,1 U 
 »,1W 
 3,IW» 
 5,J.10 
 J.lil 
 4,1111 
 3,'iU 
 M,731 
 91,713 
 
 111,96S 
 ,M,11« 
 1J,7« 
 (i3,«;D 
 
 Se.fi*' 
 
 10»,'"' 
 
 4,1111 
 
 78,1W 
 
 474,331 
 378,9*': 
 
 110,416 
 49,71* 
 
 17S,3.'>7 
 
 1,73! 
 S.61J 
 l,9i«i 
 l,tl' 
 lo.f,;: 
 
 chRtand division for those cti* 
 ;d above. 
 
 RAILROAD, TRAM OR WAGOON ROAD M67 
 
 Aemnt of Iht Qtptjal, Amount ptr Shitre, Sum» ixiid up, of th« Prineipiil Raiheayi of the Unitnl 
 himjilom tn iMtiO, and th,- Stlliaij J'rice per Share in 18GH. 
 
 Nmw of lUllw*; Ctunfmj 
 
 RKiiKin AUK Wti.m. 
 
 )ln.i„l «nd Km" • 
 I .mlitun . • • ■ 
 
 I, ml K«»i«ii 
 i,„ii Nonli'ra 
 
 l|„,,Wt.lrrn • • • 
 
 Ijii.Aihin'ml Vorlinir* 
 ,..„„ .ml North ;V"l"n . 
 ,„l„T.ii.lH.,uihWnl«ni - 
 l,d,»,, B.l,h..«i,.n.l^iillitwl.t . 
 
 il'rhriln, Mwlllclil, •■'■I l.lnr,)li;*lrt 
 '.1 ll^nd . • * - 
 
 \.,iii ■.uir.riUhlre • 
 
 «.rtitli !>»*<»" 
 
 r«<juUi-KMt»m . - - 
 
 Hci>TUKD. 
 
 ,, un> «i«l Snuih \V«l«rn - 
 i,iMl NMtli of ScoUumI 
 Hijhiiiia : • " ■ 
 
 isSlhlWlUi 
 
 Ilill^Nn. 
 WftK «nd NonhfTti rotinllw 
 {,1X1 Niiiih"n ■ii'il >V«um ■ 
 I lr.h Noilh Wm.rn , ,■ . 
 M dliml Urwl Wnlem of InUnd 
 
 ' i'lJlF • • • 
 
 Wilflfcnl unJ l-lnurlck ^ ^ 
 
 Ti ml /(ulhorlHil 
 C»|>l llyhh«r.i«iul 
 
 ■ban 
 
 Amwnl P»ld 
 
 AT*n««!<*lllii|l 
 
 Price, AuKUH 
 
 1868 
 
 A»»f«jl.> 
 
 IMTlili.fiil fin 
 
 (Irdin.iry 
 
 (:*|ili.<l 
 
 4 
 
 J 
 
 4 
 
 * 
 
 
 4,96I,M10 
 
 KK) 
 
 ■ no 
 
 83 
 
 U 
 
 4,M^,PtU0 
 
 IMII 
 
 K8I 
 
 V4 
 
 »'J,0fll,')3H 
 
 KHI 
 
 Km 
 
 37 
 
 ** 
 
 Il'i,i<ll,l<)l 
 
 IIMI 
 
 llHI 
 
 |ll(i 
 
 ?♦ 
 
 48,3111,1143 
 
 Kill 
 
 1(81 
 
 18 
 
 11,461,311 
 
 IIHI 
 
 Jim 
 
 1 19 
 
 61 
 
 43,01 4,'ITi 
 
 1110 
 
 lim 
 
 116 
 
 f.\ 
 
 I7,6.M),I07 
 
 lIM) 
 
 IlKI 
 
 9'l 
 
 ii 
 
 IH,3"i7,4n() 
 
 llJO 
 
 Km 
 
 4y 
 
 J' 
 
 18,167,1.99 
 
 too 
 
 1181 
 
 lit 
 
 
 1 i,ii;ii,i<m 
 
 IfMI 
 
 1(81 
 
 4'1 
 
 P 
 
 34,M1I,IK)3 
 
 IlKI 
 
 KMI 
 
 106 
 
 44,67 l,4,V) 
 
 IIKI 
 
 Khi 
 
 Kl'l 
 
 7,iiH7,W)il 
 
 Iriii 
 
 KKI 
 
 48 
 
 4 
 
 »,34l,38« 
 
 Km 
 
 Khi 
 
 4(1 
 
 '1) 
 
 u. 1*;. 9i. 
 
 18,819,973 
 
 100 
 
 loo 
 
 7« 
 
 41,799,87'! 
 
 im 
 
 ion 
 
 7M 
 
 fi I'lO 
 
 7,874,11)0 
 
 Km 
 
 IlKI 
 
 U«' 
 
 6| 
 
 3,«6a,01l9 
 
 urn 
 
 lou 
 
 li» 
 
 »,0t'l,88n 
 
 
 
 l' 
 
 tl,6C»,3IX 
 
 liib 
 
 IIH) 
 
 34 
 
 .. 
 
 1,913,831 
 
 4'l 
 
 M 
 
 
 a 
 
 fl,3IO,<HI.') 
 
 IIHI 
 
 Km 
 
 974 
 
 1,11 10,111 111 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 3,459.1181 
 
 100 
 
 1(81 
 
 eU 
 
 K 
 
 1,5111,1881 
 
 VI 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 1,3118,100 
 
 M 
 
 40 
 
 io 
 
 
 RAISINS (Fr. rnhms seen, ou pnsBds; Ocr. 
 roiiwii; Ital. "ve passe; Port, piisswis ; Rus8. 
 isjiim; Span, posas). Tho dried fruit ot'tho vino. 
 Thcv iiri! produced from various Htieeics iif vines ; 
 ilcriiim ilieir names partly iVum tlic place ivhrro 
 thi'v (;r««-, us Smyrn.is, Volenciiis tfcc. ; nnd partly 
 fruiii the species "f Krapo used, as muscatels, 
 blncms, lultaiias <Sjc, Tlieir (piality appears, Ikiw- 
 cvor, to (lepciiu more ou the method of tlieir cure 
 than (111 aiivthiiiK else. The lluo.sl raisins aro 
 furciliii nv() methods: either by euttinK the stalk 
 of th(! biiiu'lies half throuf,'h. when tho tria|ies 
 arc ii(>arly ripe, and leaviiif,' them suspended on 
 the vine till the watery part bo ovaporalcd, and 
 the sun dries and candies thorn ; or by gatlieriiif,' 
 the «rape^ wlieu they arc fully ripe, and dippiiij; 
 them in a lev made of tho oshcs of tho burnt ten- 
 ilnl-; al'icr'which thov aro exposed to the sun 
 to Irv. Tliosfc cured in tho (irst way are most 
 
 I cslai'neil. and aro denominated raisins of the sun. 
 
 The inl'erior sorts are very often dried in ovens. 
 
 (Thninson's Dispensatory; Brando and Cox's 
 
 Diftiomry.) 
 
 Rai-ins aro imported in casks, barrels, boxes, 
 
 [ami jars. Tho linesfc come in jars and \ boxes 
 
 Iwei.'hiiit,' alwut 25 lb. Some of the inferior sorts 
 
 (we liroiiglit to us in mats. 
 
 .Malaga raisins are in the highest estimation. 
 
 he muscatels from MulaRa fetch fully_ a third 
 
 nore than any other description of raisins ; and 
 
 the SmjTna black is the cheapest variety. The 
 
 briie depends much on tho season, and the iieriod 
 
 pf the year, \ Malaga.] 
 
 The duty ou raisins, which formerly amounted 
 
 20», per cwt. on the inferior sorts, and to A'is. Crf. 
 
 ifhe tineat, was reduced in 1834 to li)s. per cwt. 
 
 all classes. We took occasion in a former 
 
 ition of this work to remark on this measure as 
 
 bllows: 'This reduction h.is occasioned a very 
 
 pnsidcrablo increase of consumption; but the 
 
 pth is that the duty is still quite exorbitant, 
 
 king no less than 100 percent, ad valorem (aiul 
 
 Imetimes more) on tho price of most description.-i. 
 
 Visins are a luxury that can at present bo enjoyed 
 
 My by the richer classes. Itutwcre the dutv 
 
 Buced as it shoidd be to 10.<. per ewt., we aro well 
 
 Nured that they would be very lorgely consumed 
 
 J tho middle and even lower classes. Nothing 
 
 ' but tho mnffnltudo of the duties' provents them 
 from bccdiniiig of very considerabla iinpnrtnnco 
 n» an article or food ; and it is really quite mon- 
 strous that tho public should be dcbairod from 
 tl.o use of a desirable article on tho pretcn('e of its 
 lietiiK necessary, in order to keep up the revenue, 
 that it should be loaded with an oppressive duty. 
 We admit tho importance of keeping up the 
 revenue; butsofar from exorbitant duties having 
 such an olfect, they contribute more than anything 
 else to its reduction. They invariably limit llie 
 consum|)ti()n of the articles on which they arc laid 
 to tiio richest classes, or cause them to be clandes- 
 tinely supplied, or force recourse to other articles ; 
 reducing tho revenue as well as the consumption 
 far below tho level to which it would attain were 
 the duties moderate. IJut it is needless to reason 
 speculatively on such a point. . Have we n /t seen 
 the revenue derived from spirits increased by 
 reducing the duty from 5*. (id, per gallon to '2». Crf. ? 
 and tho revcmio derived fVom coffee quadrupled 
 by reducing tho duty from Is. Id. per lb, to lief.? 
 And, as most qualities of raisins are but little less 
 overtaxed, have we not every reason to expect that 
 a like effect would be produced by anUde({ur.te reduc- 
 tion of the duties by which they aro burdened ?' 
 
 This view of the matter was taken by Jlr. 
 Gladstone, w!io, in 1853, reduced tho duty on 
 raisins from 1.5s. 9f/, (15*. + 5 per cent.) to IDs. per 
 cwt., ; 11(1 in 18(;0 to 7s,, the pres'ent rate. 
 
 Kxclusivo of raisins, a considerable quantity of 
 undried grapes is annually imported from Si'iaia 
 and Portugal in jars packed, in sawdust. The duty 
 on these grapes, wliich produced, in 1857, 78/., is "id. 
 per bushel. 
 
 Since 1862 the imports of raisins have been as 
 follows, viz. :— 18G2, 278,7 10 cwt. ; 1803, 421,70(> 
 cwt.; 1801, 327,051 cwt.; 1805, 308,106 cwt.; 
 ISf.O, 359,216 cwt.; 1807, 392 '22 cwt. 
 
 Of tho imports in 1807, no fewer than 290,163 
 cwt. were brought from .Spain, 93,949 cwt. from 
 Turkey. 'Computed value of the imports 563,709/., 
 varying from 1/. 2s. Ad, to 1/, 8s. lOrf. per cwt. 
 Entries for consumption 312,543 cwt. 
 
 RANGOON. A commercial port and town of 
 British Burniah, about 26 miles from the sea, 
 on the left bank of tho eastern branch of the 
 river Irawaddy, in lat. 10° 40' N., long. 90° 17' E. 
 
 i'' 
 
 \'' 
 
 m 
 
 ;\ 
 
'3 
 
 1108 
 
 RANGOON 
 
 • ■ r 
 I. 
 
 - 1 ' 
 
 . ( 
 
 •f 
 . ' J 
 
 I' 
 
 . ■J 
 
 ■v.'. ■' 
 
 vH. "r 
 
 .1.1 ■*'' 
 
 The town ami liiiliiirl)^ rxtcnd lontflhwiic iiliotit 
 1 mile nlon^' llic limik oC llir rlviT, riiiiiiiiiK nhout 
 ^ of A mill' ilililiiil; l)iit llic lioiiNcK nro vrry iiii- 
 «'(|ia«Uy HCiiltiTcil iiviT lliitarrn. The tnwii, wiili 
 tliK D'Mt <il' lV(,'ii, wiiH (iikcii l)_v tlic llrili'tli IVcrti 
 tho Itiirtniiii ciMhiri' in M,V.'. it niipt'iirM, rroiii a 
 criiHiin tnUi'ii ii xlinrt timi' |iroviciii»ly lo llii* oniu- 
 inciK'i'iiK'iK. of till! wiir in IM'.M, tliut ilii! |i()|inlatliiii 
 yilia IM.UOO: it in now (iHtl!)) rHtinmlcil m '.TVIOO, 
 
 lUiiKooii is tiic cliicl' (iiirt of forclKM trnit.! Iti 
 llriliHli lliirniiili. Tliin |)rovini'c, ronititiift'd in 
 W)-2, extendi from '.'11° M' N. to 1(1^ fiO' H. Int., 
 «ontiiinin^ nn nren of iilioiit !lt),()00 mjnnro nillcs, 
 •with n popnhitioii of •.*,;i;iO,l.i:). The hltniition of 
 JtiuiKooii is I'XircMudy convenient for coininerrinl 
 |inr|i(isen. 'i'hon);h distant from tlie sen, it. in ensy 
 of neccHR, nnd coinniiinds iho luiviKOtion of tlie 
 Irinvnddy, whieii extends to Avn, » distnnre of 
 nearly Jidi) niilei. I!iini;oon is neeexsildi- to hliipH 
 of even l,2(MMons bi'iden ; the noviKution, while 
 Homewlint intricate, hcin^; anfe and |irncticable 
 with the nsHistunce of the ordinary nntivo jiilots. 
 A lifflithou.so has heeii erected on Algnada reef, 
 near the centre uf the river. 
 
 The town has many advantiifjes for shin build- 
 ing. At nenjis the tide rises and falls about IH 
 fei't, and at spriiiKs from '2(> to 30 feet. The 
 principal teak forests arc, at the Bninn time, 
 nt u comparatively hhort distance, nnd there is a 
 water conveyance for the timber nearly the whole 
 way. Ship-buihlin(; has, i;: fact, been carried 
 on at Ranpion since 17W0, and in the 38 years 
 which preceded our caiiliirc of it, there had been 
 ■built ill Buuare-ringed vessels of European con- 
 struction, the total burden of which amounted 
 tn above 35,000 t<iiH. Several of these were of 
 from 800 to 1,100 tons. Under the direction of 
 European mastt -s, llie liurmcBO were found to 
 make dexterous and laburious artisaiifl, in this 
 Tespcct Rreatl}' surpassing the natives of our 
 other Indian provinces, 
 
 There are two considernblo markets, where the 
 ordinary necessaries of life, according to Ilnrmcso 
 usage, are cheap and aliundaiit: these urc rice, ex- 
 cellent fish, ami poultry. 
 
 Monet/. — Before its Annexation to British India 
 the currencj" here, as in the Birman empire gene- 
 rally, consisted, for small payments, of lead; 
 for larger ones, of gold and silver, but chiefly 
 of the latter. There were no coins. At every 
 paj'ment the metal had to bo weighed, nnd very 
 generally assayed — a rude nnd verj* inconvenient 
 state of things. The weights used in the weighing 
 of money were the same as those use<l on ordinary 
 occasions; thek3-ator lical, and the paiktha or vis,, 
 faein^ bj' far the most frequent. Silver might be 
 considered as the standard. Gold was generally 
 held to be about 17 times more valuable than 
 silver. The weighing and assaying of the metals 
 used as currency gave employment to a class of 
 persons as brokers, money changers, and assayers. 
 Every new assay cost the owner, if the metal were 
 silver, 2 J per cent., U per cent, being the esta- 
 blished commission of' the assayers, while 1 per 
 cent, wos lost, or supposed to be lost, in the 
 operation. If repeated 40 times, it follows that 
 the original amount was wholly absorbed — a 
 fact which shows the enormous waste of metal 
 arising out of this rude substitute for coin. 
 
 Now that Rangoon forms part of the new 
 province of British ISiirmnh, its silver and copper 
 coinage is that lixed by the Act No. XIII. of 1802, 
 viz. the Government rupee and its fractional parts, 
 and the double pice, pice, J pice, and pie or j 
 pice, f Calcutta.] 
 
 IVeightii. — The weights in use at Rangoon, be- 
 sides the British Indiafi [Calcutta], arc osfollow: 
 
 « Hmall Rw4 (rail liMiii) m \ I mn R.j 
 i ■.•uadii. I. I 11,1 
 
 V M«l< m I ,\lu. 
 
 « J'"' - I M.t*. 
 
 Measures of capacity oro m foll„w:_ 
 
 •i t4iinyvttt m I f,am4, t fill 
 
 4 A.l«, . 1 l-jl. I 4 H.,u , 
 
 1 »«i. 
 
 This lust nieasii-1 is what is UHimljy rnii i i 
 ns 'a ba-kct.'nnd oiighi to wri^^h n; vU ,,f I 
 lice, or ;.H'| Ih.avoinhipoiN: it liii.i(„imi,„„i , '"" 
 reckoned at J a ewt All grainn. p„w,, ^V,,' ';'' 
 fruits, iialion, salt, and lime are l.,,,,;,!,, ^^a "{\ 
 by ineasiiic, other eoininiHlitii'n |,y wciLlu 
 
 The (,'iisioms Tarilf is that of 1no7, civ,,, i„ 
 detail iimler Calcutta. ' *'"^"' '" 
 
 Oiiiiniiirr.—A considerahlo iiitorc(iur«cl« cnr 
 riedoii Utwerii the Burmese nnd Chiniiic J, ml 
 iiioiis by an nnnual caravan, of wliid, ih,. mcr, li'inu 
 arc all Chinese. The imports from (hiiiacm.i!? 
 
 of manufactured articles. 
 
 tl'e chi.f ,.x|,„rt irom 
 
 Itiirinah being cotton wool. The tradi: wmm\ i, 
 carried on with the 'mrts of Cliittnudii.; |),,.. 
 and Calciittn In Bengal ; Madras, ninl Mn»u'li„'iJ|!n,' 
 on theCoromandel coast; the XioiLnr !,|ai„i, ■. 
 the Bay of Ifcngiil ; I'ennng, in tli,. straiti nf 
 Malacca; and "wasionally with tlio Persiaii nnH 
 Arabian (iults. The largest trade iswitliC'aliuiia 
 owing to the great consumption of trnk timlicriu 
 the latter, and the facility with wbidi nh,. „„, 
 plies the demand of the Burmese for Indian ail.l 
 British cotton goods. The articles cx|i(,rt(v| if„ni 
 Uangoon arc the following: Teak «,«,,) wm 
 japonica, or catechu, stick lac, l)ecs' wa.v, raV mi- 
 ton, orpinient, commonlv called in U\a hmn] 
 g(dd, silver, rubies, sapphires, eiephn .tli ami 
 liorses, or rather the small, hard' ,.\ t|,„ 
 
 country, which are much estecmci ■!,•« 
 
 Madras. By far the most imp .|if,j 
 
 commodities is teak timber; the quantitv of tliii 
 wood annually exported is said in Ue'euaal lo 
 7,500 full-sized trees, which, for the n.osi riart 
 consist of what Indian ship-bnilders call lUin. 
 which arc jilnnks hewn out of the lo;' with ilie 
 adze at an imtnensc waste. The teak fim> dI 
 Pegu are by far the most abundant in India. The 
 teok is nowhere to be found in the low alluvial 
 lands to which the tide reaches, but abouDili in 
 the high lands beyond its influence. It tern to 
 bo very generally disseminated thrnuKhoiit lie 
 Burmese dominions. In the tcrritorj- ceilul to 
 the British in Martabaii, there are scim line 
 forests, the timber of which is cut down forts- 
 porttttion, and where saw-mills have rcccntlr ben 
 established by some European settlers. Tteiro'i 
 accessible and extensive forests of teak in ik 
 Bunnesc dominions are in the pruvince of Sin- 
 wndi, about 150 miles to the north ofKangwi, 
 with which there is a water communication, lie 
 principal imports into Burmah are cotlon pi«e 
 coods from India and BritaiL, Dritisli vooliens 
 iron, steel, quicksilver, copper, cordapr, l)oris,!iil- ' 
 phur, gunpowder, saltpetre, fire-arms, ooawporce- i 
 lain, English gl;iss ware, ojiium, tobacco, cocoa lal 
 nreca nuts, sugar, and spirit;. Of thcw, br fu iIk 
 most important is cotton piecii goods. Tlicliurnirte I 
 have few cotton manufacture!: of their own, lod 
 appear, from very early times, fo have beta fii'- 
 iiished with the principal part of '.heirsupplvta 
 the Coromandcl coast. To tlics(- were aftenririi 
 added the cheaper fabrics of De'igal; andbotliiK 
 now, in a great measure, superseded by Bniiili 
 manufactures, the use of which has spread vbt I 
 rajiidly since the opening of the trade ia Wj, 
 and especinlly since the capture of Eanfjioon 
 1852. In 182G-7 the exports and imports of tin 
 
liANOOON 
 
 1100 
 
 I H>l 
 I Mu. 
 
 I K)/ll >n|<«T>CI>l. 
 
 ttc an (oUdw ;— 
 
 -ii Jl,ui.iH« <A« I'ii/m* in Riiiifr) of Ihe Hr/'ort* ./mi/ fmp^rh of JiiHiiJi Burmnh hy Sta 
 
 iim/Ktml H-ilh lHll.)-tl, 
 
 1 PjU m I *tlt. 
 
 wliol \* \i*»My I'alVd by 
 
 it to Wl'l^ll I'l ^i" "' 'I'lXl 
 
 iio'iH ; ii 1>'^'' ciiiniutinly Ijicii 
 ^U KTiviii*, \mW', iittiiin 
 I Unu' ivt« Ih'iinlii imA.iiilil 
 ,iiu)(lit'u'H bv wi it,bl. 
 f is Uittl of 1st)'. Kivtii 111 
 
 A. 
 
 ili\ptiiblo IntorcnuMc U car- 
 lurnu'so. ftni\ l'\>im'»i! ilmiii- 
 avftii, of wUii'\\ th(\ mcrdianit 
 , tninoTts from ( hina i'»n»i»t 
 ioU'S, tbe c\i'uf cxiwitt from 
 I wool. Tbi' Iraib^w'Wiitilii 
 .lortK of CbiltftC'inK. D:"'"'. 
 rill • Mttilftt^, nnil MivMilivislam 
 ■ottHf, tUiiNioibivrUWKiii 
 
 [ ■ I'f.nnan, i" t>>'' ^'f'"' ' ' 
 slounlly wilb llio Pi'wau »n.l 
 cli>rt;c»tttu(W IK Willi Uliuiu. 
 conMiimptioiioftPttktimWtiu 
 , fuciVity wilU wliieh h1«: .«i.- 
 nf the llurmoHc fur Indian ami 
 li, The nrtlclM cxv"f""l ''"i" 
 'fiAli3\v'mK; TtaU «i«m1, terra 
 
 Ti^onlv called in lii4ia hurial, 
 SpiurcH,cloi.b« "<l-..»l 
 
 •oinuchcstccmci K«t 
 
 i\io most imr . ;"".' 
 •nk timber ;«.(. quantity of b« 
 
 exported issaul t»bec,,«alto 
 K.ic,, vliicb, for the n.oii lart, 
 Indian gbip-buiWc" call ik;«l;«. 
 riicwn out of the kMvitUk. 
 Icnc waste. Theteak*i,o 
 tJ^ moBt abundant nilniiae 
 ' tobofoundintbclowalW 
 the tide reaches, but nboMdiW 
 ovond its influence. It** o 
 Uni88cmin«tedthrousho.|.t. 
 
 ons In tl'" ""'^'''J' *' ■ 
 Martaban, tbcrc ate mm m 
 
 ler, soltpevrt, 111 ^ 
 
 l,;swarc,opuimt«a ,(^0, 
 Uandspmt- Of nc_^ 
 t is cotton pewgwl-^^ 
 
 c princ pal part «:^^^^^^^^ 
 
 fcl coast. l">/,7 „ . . »n,\ belt w I 
 
 lVfabri«;fJJ;iT^^^^^^^ 
 
 Ut measure, ""P^/^; (ajTir; 
 
 Mrirhiflilbt 
 In, ft** 
 
 Il.VttM» 
 
 MfTchinill't 
 
 Ihnrttt* 
 
 lifaMi 
 
 
 HumPMii 
 
 
 UrllUhHutnuk 
 
 UfMUlTlMl 
 
 iiMva 
 1IH««-; 
 
 a • ~ 
 
 • • ■ 
 
 n.ii.x 1 1 
 
 UA,IV,A>II 
 43,!ll,lli<l 
 
 l,11,'<>l,lll 
 
 l,'iit',.i'«,'ii7 
 llll.lllt 
 
 .n.m.uiHi 
 
 S.ll.Ml. 
 
 ,1i«.Hii,n|| 
 .1»,vi,>)7l 
 
 i;,ti.hii 
 
 J5?S 
 
 i,77,!'i,irj 
 m.vi.'ivi 
 uii,aii.a;4 
 
 liifimn I 
 
 
 Momt Poru 
 
 ronlipi Paitt 
 
 ruiM«4 
 7I,s'i,h;7 
 7'<.ii;,.i;i 
 
 l,1,(iH,»,|CI 
 B,l)S,llll 
 
 7,li>,4IS 
 
 UrItKli lliirninh 
 r,iru 
 
 |cl,Ti,«.V» 
 4,111,51.1 
 
 .'Ml.ii.i.lil'i 
 ll.T'J.'JAl 
 
 1«,M,IM 
 
 OnndTMii 
 
 ClItllAA 
 llllllli-7 
 • > 
 
 llil(Hi-7 
 
 ■ • • 
 
 l,1«,u'i,'i.V) 
 
 in,'il),l(W 
 
 Mli.Ti.KtJ 
 
 Tii^,i)«» 
 
 TUliMa 
 >,fil,('l,ll7 
 l(,Vi,A<,Hllt 
 
 «,!)<!. '.'I'l 
 
 J.III.M.'ll't 
 
 M,S(I,.11H 
 
 Trai/i' w''A 
 
 ;«!.«( J Ihrniiijh (he I 
 
 'roiitier Cm»I 
 
 inn-houiei iij innyetm 
 
 ijii (tnil ioiiiiifiui, inuu- 
 
 ■u anil inuii-^. 
 
 Ctttlonu 
 
 
 EiiHin 
 
 Imlmlt 
 
 Tolnl 
 
 run«M 
 1,.H,'.I,AVA 
 1,II,74,'>9H 
 
 Ttujimjo • 
 
 rmi.'.fl 
 
 ll»lili-7 
 
 7.'),<.ii,i.i4 
 61,7.\.1l» 
 
 ruiiaM 
 r.l,ui,wi 
 
 47,01, .-.lU 
 
 IntttUf ■ 
 
 Tmingtw 
 
 111(11 (' 
 llKli«-7 
 
 1i),«7,1I', 
 7,H.1,A'.B 
 
 M.9i,7l« 
 
 Kl.lilV'I'i 
 
 V.IJ'i.HI? 
 IH,44,I'IS 
 I7,I'>,'.UI 
 
 ' IlklMH • 
 
 UrniKt • 
 
 ■ • 
 
 ■ HI 
 
 i,»V.-''i 
 
 l,»",09l 
 
 • rt of Rangoon were estimated each at the rote 
 
 iciHD.nou/. 
 TliiHxports from IJriti.sii liiirmnh in 18fl."»-f) aiul 
 l>.i;-; Ly son, incliuleil tbu following ortioU'H. 
 :1. vaiuM of wliic'h arc kIvoii in pouiiils stcrliiij,'. 
 
 Anii'lM 
 
 H63-8 
 
 
 * 
 
 i;,.-, . 
 
 2,117, n:? 
 
 I jTitur 
 
 H'.l-i.'tTt 
 
 1 utl»n, ra« - 
 
 ITt.lit 
 
 I'Hrolnmi 
 
 IB/1117 
 
 mich- 
 
 4:i,ao.i 
 
 1186-7 
 
 £ 
 l,«nl,99S 
 
 iii,;g7 
 
 B,W9 
 36,UA< 
 
 I'li'iif,* of the Prtncl/xil Iiiiporl.i nf Cotton and 
 Sillt I'in'C (JihxIh, (lurin,/ the t'cars 18G6-(i 
 iml li*G(i-7, t'« Founds Isterling. 
 
 Aitlcin 
 
 rijCf loodi, rntlon 
 
 .Ilk 
 
 woollen 
 1 1 Cwtm twisl and jam 
 
 ' Hi. -iH 
 
 ISCJ.fi 
 
 1860-7 
 
 £ 
 
 .'iSS,().V) 
 KH.I.WKI 
 
 S.1I,4HI 
 B7,.'i49 
 
 4B7,ni7 
 
 I'j.i,ri7i) 
 iiii.iii 
 
 IKN.HI 
 67,.i0S 
 
 From the above it will be seen that there has 
 
 |Ih;i a considerable falling' off in the trade through 
 
 iTli.ivotinyo ; even if allownnoo be made for the 
 
 Itinitli of April, the total decrease in the value cf 
 
 gmi'ort and export trade through Thayetmyo 
 
 p'luld be about 92,000/. The rebellion was tlie 
 
 fcliicf cause of this falling off, and the depression 
 
 n trade has continued over since. 
 
 It is a curious fact that the late Mr. John 
 
 Crawfurd, who supplied ua with materials which 
 
 |e gathered on the spot, for the account of l{an- 
 
 Vn in previous editions of this work, does not 
 
 m aUude to rice as an article of export. But, 
 
 bell has been the change in the interval, that it 
 
 1 now the principal article shipped from the town. 
 
 W while in the earlier part of this century the 
 
 ports of rice were little or nothing, thev 
 
 Bountcd to 58,503 tons in 1856, and the value of 
 
 llio exports of rioo from Ilritish llurmah (chiefly 
 I'roni IJangoon), in the year 1805-G, was '2,l'i7,i'Ml, 
 [Maul.main i Uu;k.J 
 
 1{A1'K. A biennial plant of the turnip kind 
 (Bnisaica nd/m.i, Linn.), but with a woody fusiform 
 root Kcarcelv fit to bo eaten. It i.f indigenoin, 
 (lowers in ftlay, and ripens its seed in July. It i.4 
 cultivatiHl in many parts of Kngland, particularly 
 in Lincoln and Ciiinbridge; partly on account ol' 
 its Bccd, which is cruslicd for oil, and partly for 
 its leaves as food for slicei). The culture of rape 
 for seed has been mucli olyccted to by Home, on 
 account of its 8up|)o.scd great exhaustion of the 
 land ; but Mr. Loudon says that, where the soil 
 imd preparation are suitable, Ilio afti r-cultiirc 
 properly attended to, ami the strilw and offal, 
 instead of being bnnit, as is the ooinnion practice 
 converted to the purpo.ics of feeding and littering 
 cattle, it may, in many instances, bo the most 
 proper and advantageous cro|) that can be em- 
 ployed by the farmer. The produce, when the 
 plant succeeds well, and the season is favourable 
 for securing the seed, amounts to from 40 to .10 
 bushels an acre. The seed is sold by the last of 
 10 quarters ; and is crushed in mills constructed 
 for that purpose. (Loudon's Ency, of Agricul- 
 ture.) 
 
 In 18G7 we imported 020,782 qrs. rane-secd, of 
 the estimated value of 1,597,289/. Tlic imports 
 from India were 429,13i qrs.. being much more 
 than half the supply. The residue was principally 
 supplied by Denmark, Russia, and VVallachia. 
 The exports during the same year amounted to 
 222,842 (lis. 
 
 The duties on rape-seed and rape-seed oil were 
 repealed in 1845. 
 
 Kape Cake is the adhering masses of the husks 
 
 of rape-seed, after the oil has been expressed. They 
 
 arc reduced to powder by a malt-mill or other 
 
 machine ; and arc used either as a top-dreasmg 
 
 4F 
 
 . ,^!. 
 
 .^f- 
 
 ',•• .i.i 
 
 i-\ 
 
.'%1'!' 
 
 
 1170 
 
 EATTAN3 
 
 RECEIPT 
 
 / 
 
 i:./ 
 
 4. 
 
 I i 
 
 i r 
 
 11 
 
 ■:'ii-i 
 
 ^■^; .< 
 
 
 'ii:;:: 
 
 '* 1' 
 
 fur crops of (UlTcrent kinds, or are drilled alon(j 
 uitli turnip seed. 5,057 tons were imported iii 
 
 KATTAN.S or CANKS. The lonj; slender 
 .shoots of n pri(^kly bush {QiIuiiiiih rntanij, Linn.), 
 lino of the most useful plants of the Malay jieuin- 
 siila and the Eastern islands. Thej' are exported 
 to UcuKal, to Europe, and above all to ( nina, 
 where tliey arc consumed in immense quantities. 
 Vdt cane work they should be chosen lour,', of a 
 bri{;ht pale yellow colour, well {glazed, and of a 
 small size, not brittle, or subject to break. They 
 arc purchased by the bundle, which oufjht to 
 ciintain 100 rattans, havinj; their ends bent tn- 
 L'^i'ther, and tied in the middle. In China they are 
 sold by the piciil. which contains from 9 to V2 
 bundles. .Such as are black or dark C(doured, snap 
 short, or from which the Kl"z'»rC ^l'''^ oft' on their 
 'mi,, bent, shouhl be rejected. When .stowed as 
 (luimajje, they are Rcnnrally allowed to pass free of 
 freight. (Miiburn's Orient. Coin. ; &c.) 
 
 In ISO? we imported 15,2(i2,2!t5 canes, whereof 
 7,l'!)4,251 were from British India, .Singapore, 
 and t!ie Straits Settlements. The exports are 
 inconsideraWe. 
 
 ' The rattan,' say.s Mr. Crawfurd, ' is the spon- 
 taneous product of all the forests of the Archi- 
 jielago ; but exists in gYeat jierfeetion in those of 
 the islands of Borneo, Sumatra, and of the Jlalayan 
 jieninsula. The tinest are produced in the country 
 iif the Bataks of Sumatra. The wood-cutter who 
 is inclined to deal in this article proceeds into 
 the forest without any other instrument th.in his 
 jiiinnig or cleaver, and cuts as much as he is able 
 to carry away. The mode of perlbrming the 
 operation is this: he makes a notch in the trco 
 ;it the root of which the rattan is growing, and 
 cutting the latter, strips off a small portion of the 
 outer bark, and inserts the part that is jieeled into 
 the notch. The rattan now being pulled through, 
 as long as it continues of an ecjual size, is by this 
 operation neatly and readily freed from its epider- 
 mic. When the wood-cutter has obtained by this 
 means from 300 to 400 rattans— being as mani- 
 as an individual can conveniently carry in their 
 moist and nndried state — he sits down, and ties 
 them up in bundles of 100, each rattan being 
 ildubled before being thus tied up. After drying, 
 they are fit for the market without further pre- 
 paration. From this account of the small labour 
 exjiended in bringing them to market, they can 
 be sold at a very cheap rate. The Chinese junks 
 obtain them in Borneo at the low rate of 5 Spanish 
 dollars per 100 bundles, or 5 cents for each 100 
 rattans, or 27 for Id. The natives always vend 
 them by tale ; but the European residents anil the 
 Chinese sell them by weight, counting by piculs. 
 '.ccording to their quantity, and the relative state 
 '-■;' ;..i)ply and demand, the European merchants 
 dispose of them at from IJ to 2A dollars the picul. 
 In China the price is usually about 3^ dollars per 
 picul, or 75 per cent, above the average prime cost. 
 In Bengal they arc sold by tale, each bundle of 
 about 100 rattans bringing about 20J(/.' (Indian 
 Archipelago, vol. iii. p, 423.) 
 
 IJEAL. In the Spanish monetary 8)'stem, a 
 real is of two sorts; viz. a reel of plate, and 
 a reid velton. The former is a silver coin, vary- 
 ing in value from about 6Jf/. to 5d. [Coins.] 
 A real vellon is a money of accoimt, worth about 
 2i</. 
 
 KEAM. A quantity uf paper. The ream of 
 WTiting paper consists of 20 quires, each of 24 
 sheets ; but the ream of printing paper, or, as it is 
 sometimes called, the printer's ream, extends to 
 2IJ quires, or 510 sheets. Two reams of paper 
 make a hundle. 
 
 An acknowledgment in witine , 
 la, mm of money, or other valii, 
 
 RECEIPT. 
 
 having received u mri oi money, or other valiiri i 
 consideration. It is a vouchor cither ofaii nlj , ' 
 tion or debt discharged, or of one inourrod '*''' 
 
 In 1795 duties were imposed on .iif „., 
 memorandums, or writings, given in acknowlM ' 
 meut of the receipt of money in payment of I i ' 
 And parties writing receipts on un'stamiK,! ,ir,n 
 or giving receipts for small.T sums tlian't'i 
 actually received, were subjected tn iirniiii""' 
 These duties have undergone various imitlii, !,'' 
 They usually varied according to tiic aiii„ii'i t ' 
 received ; but they were not fair a,i Valoi 
 duties, the sums charged on receipts for' J^\ 
 amounts being proportionallv much Kreatcr'thr 
 those charged on receipts for larger amoui t 
 Thus, while a receipt for 10/. was cljaryod nitl, i 
 duty of .3(/.. a receipt for 1,000/. was ,liar"('i 
 with a iluty of 10s., whereas had the hit"! 
 valorem principle been nroperly carried out i 
 should have been charged with a iluty ot'-'i* 
 
 In 1852 the receipt duty proiluccil m'm 
 including 14;{,4G7/. for England, IG.liiy/. (J^" 
 land, and 20,921/. for Ireland. "" 
 
 A good deal of dissatisfaction having boon U- 
 prevalent with the receipt duty, and bcin.' ai 
 very extensively evaded, it was chan-cd m m 
 to a duty of id. on all receipts for sunn of '/ ani 
 upwards. A new duty of Id. was at thi'laml 
 time, and by the same Act, 10 i- 17 ViVt . 
 59. imposed on all drafts or orders pav„l,lcto 
 order on demand. Such duty did not. IJonever 
 apply to drafts or orders payable at siqht- J 
 to checks or drafts payable to bearer, drawn irii^j.. 
 15 miles of the bank at which thev wore to W 
 paid, but by 21 Vict. c. 20 the dutv was e.\!*3j(,| 
 to iill checks. In the year ending March .il iVvt 
 these duties produced 418,619/.nett,bcin<';)iim;iv 
 for Great Britain, and 28,004/. for Irelaiii. ftf 
 nett revenue of the United Kingdom from mw 
 draft, and other Irf. inland revenue stanipi,i3[|if 
 year ended JIarch 31, 1868, was 562,547/. 
 
 By the 16 & 17 Vict. c. 59 the follouicilull 
 be deemed drafts or orders for the ii.iv« .■ 
 money within the intent and meaningoftlihit 
 and of any Act or Acts relating to tht mt 
 duties on bills of exchange, drafts, omrdeMt;: 
 shall be chargeable accordingly with tfeitJiii' 
 duties imposed by this Act, or .•mv^mhic!? 
 Acts ; viz. :— 
 
 ' All documents or writings usiiallv kbk 
 letters of creilit, or whereby any iiersnnt- «i: 
 any such document or writing" is or is ca». 
 to be delivered or sent shall be oiititlod. -itri:. 
 tended to be entitled, to have credit \\\\\mI 
 account with, or to draw upon any otliw [«-: 
 for, or to receive from such other pcrsou isv-a 
 of money therein mentioned.' 
 
 The Act also grants the followins exenfes 
 from the duty on receipt.s, viz. : ' R'cceipL' sira 
 for money deposited in any bank, or in tfete 
 of any banker, to be accounted for, ivlieihiri:: 
 interest or not: provided the same U.'ttti- 
 pressed to be received of or by the harni- ofEt 
 other than the person to whom thef.iraeiii » 
 accounted for: provided alw.nys that this w- 
 tion shall not extend to rcccpt.s or .icb.ik- 
 ments for sums paid or deposited for a w 
 letters of allotment of shares, or in refit (( 
 calls upon any scrip or shares of or in anrjit- 
 stock or other company, or proposed or iaaJd 
 company, which said last-mentioned ivm:b a 
 acknowledgments, by whomsoever givf; .-Mi 
 be liable to the duty by this Act cW m I 
 receipts.' ' 
 
 Stamps denoting the Duty ofld.mMfiii^^ 
 Drafts mat/ be impressed or ajixed.-'hi Jutie 
 
EIPT 
 
 .owlodfimcnt in witint; i f 
 f money, or other vaUmlilv 
 ouchcreitUtr of an ubVya- 
 
 or of one incurred. 
 e imposed »n all note-. 
 nps, Riven in siAnowlcl^- 
 iioncy in iiaymeut of .Ijlit, 
 •cipts on unstannicil ,i:ii« r, 
 
 smail'T sums than tlm-.- 
 •ro subjected t" \n'milii... 
 dcrgone various nmtali.ni-. 
 
 accordins; to tl\c am.uut 
 were not fair a<\ val'>v.i;i 
 irucd on rccei\its for jiiiall 
 rtionallv mucii greater tliaii 
 ■.ceipts'for larger amMimt-. 
 
 for 10/. was oliar^jcd ^vlIh :i 
 ipt for 1,01)0/. was ^MvM 
 , whereas had the I'uir al 
 ecu iiroperly carried out. it 
 arced with a -luty ot -Im. 
 int duty produced \*^'\m. 
 fur England, 10,103/. for Scot- 
 
 ,r Ireland. , . , , 
 ssatisfactiou havui^' bpen U: 
 
 receipt duty, and beins; aU.. 
 ,aded,itwasehan-edi..is:4 
 
 all receipts for sunn ot 'X an! 
 duty of 1'/. was at the -auiv 
 J same Act, 16 i 1. ^K..•. 
 11 drafts or orders payaUc to 
 ' Such duty did not, hovvmr, 
 r orders pavablo at sij/it; >t 
 ■ navable to bearer, drawn rntfe 
 )ank at which they w™ to « 
 rjct c 20 the duty was es^iW 
 the vcar ending Maroh:iU*A 
 iced 418,619/. nctt,bemg»v.W. 
 rand 28,004/. for iKtal. fc 
 he United Kingdom frcun^rtift, 
 ilrf. inland revenue stan;j)».Ktk 
 .h31, 1868, was &()-2,ol.'. 
 17 Vict. c. 59 the follow.; M 
 
 ts or orders for the v;y« ,' 
 ie intent and meamngoftta.A.i 
 
 t or Acts relating to th. m 
 f exchange, drafts, or 0*. Hi 
 
 ■^able accordingly with <te«, 
 by this Act, or any such .to ? 
 
 lents or writings usually t« 
 t or whereby any person t, 4 
 
 ' „f nr wntinc s or is «« 
 TrseutshiinfeentUW.;;^^; 
 bntitle , to have credit w«l,« 
 or to draw upon any other i«K 
 °c from such other person .v,a 
 
 .>in mentioned. 
 
 o chants the following cMfflp. 
 
 o grams iRecwt-i3M 
 
 JoSK-^-y ft lis 
 
 ■■ to be accounted wt.^^""' 
 
 REGISTRY 
 
 1171 
 
 of 1'/. hv this Act granted on receipts and on 
 drafts or'orders fur tlio payment of money respec- 
 tivolv may be denoted either by a stamp impressed 
 upon the paper whereon any such instrument is 
 written, or by an adliesive stamp aflixed thereto, 
 and the Commissioners of Inland Revenue shall 
 provide stamps of l)oth descriptions for the pur- 
 poses of denoting the said duties. (16 & 17 Vict. 
 C.59S.3.) 
 
 mere adhesive Stamps arc m-'t to denote the 
 Duties on Jieceipts ifc. — In an\ cn.so where an 
 ailhesivo stamp shall be used for the jiurijose 
 aforesaid on any receipt or upon any draft or 
 order respectively chargeable with the duty of lil. 
 liv tliis Act, the person by wliom sucli receipt 
 siiall he given or such draft or order signed or 
 made shall, before the instrument sliall be de- 
 livered out of his hands, custody, or power, cancel 
 or ohlitcratc tlie stamp so used, by writing thereon 
 his name or the initial letters of his name so and 
 in such a manner as to show clearly and distinctly 
 that siica stamp has been made use of, and so 
 that the .same may not be again used; and if 
 any person who shall write or give any such 
 receipt or discliarge or make or sign any such 
 draft or order with any adhesive stamp thereon, 
 shall tiot bona fide in irianner aforesaid effectually 
 ca.icel or obliterate such stamp, be shall forfeit 
 the sum of 10/. (Sec. 3.) 
 
 Penalty for committitig Frauds in the Use of 
 Stamps— ii any person shall fraudulently get oiff 
 or remove, or cause or procure to be gotten off or 
 removed, from any paper w hereon any receipt or 
 any draft or order" shall be written, any adhesive 
 stamp, or if any person shall affix or use any such 
 stamp which shall have been gotten off or removed 
 from any paper whereon any receipt or any draft 
 or order shall have been Avritten, to or for any 
 receipt, draft, or order, or any paper whereon any 
 such receipt, draft, or order, shall be or be intended 
 to be written ; or if any person shall do or practise 
 or be concerned in any fraudulent act, contrivance, 
 or device whatever, not specially provided for by 
 this or some other Act of Parliatnent, with intent 
 or design to defraud her Majesty of any duty 
 by thisAct granted upon receipts or upon drafts 
 or orders, every jierson bo offending in any of 
 the said several cases shall forfeit the sum of 
 20/. (See. 5.) 
 
 REGISTKV. In Commercial Navigation, the 
 registration or enrolment of ships at the Custoui- 
 liouse, so as to entitle them to be classed among, 
 and to enjoy the privileges of, British-built ships. 
 The registry of ships appears to have been first 
 introduced into this country uy the Navigation 
 .\ct (12 Ch. II. c. 18, anno 16C0). Several provi- 
 sions were made with respect to it by the 7 »fe 8 
 Wm. 111. c. 22; and the whole was reduced into 
 a system by the 27 Geo. III. c. 19, but this has 
 since been materially altered. To be admitted to 
 registry, and consequently to enjoj' the privileges 
 ind advantages that exclusively belong to a 
 iritish ship, all that is now required is, that such 
 hip be bona tide the property of one or more of 
 er Majesty's subjects in the United Kingdom or 
 ime of its dependencies. 
 
 The great, and, perhaps, the only original 
 
 )ject of the registration of ships was to facilitate 
 
 le exclusion of foreign ships from those depart- 
 
 lents in which they were prohibited from engag- 
 
 ig by the navigation laws, by affording a ready 
 
 lans of distinguishing such as were really 
 
 itish. It has also been considered advantageous 
 
 indi\iduals, by preventing the fraudulent as- 
 
 ment of property in ships. Lord Tenterden, 
 
 ever, has observed in reference to this sup- 
 
 1 advants ^e, that ' the instances in which fair 
 
 and honest transactions are rendered unavailable 
 through a negligent want of compliance with the 
 forms direi,ted by these and other statutes re- 
 quiring a public register of conveyances, make the 
 expediency of all such regulations, considered with 
 reference to private benefit only, a matter of ques- 
 tion and controversy.' (Law of Shipping, part i. 
 c. 2.) But these results are ascribablc rather to 
 the mode of registration than to the registry itself. 
 The latter appears to be necessary to give cer- 
 tainty of title ; a national and distinctive character 
 to shipiiing; and for the establishment of a uni- 
 foriii sy.stem of admeasurement, the charges on 
 shipping being almost always depcadcnt on the 
 registered tonnage. 
 
 The existing regulations as to the registry of 
 ships arc embodied in the Mercantile Shipping 
 Act of 18.J1, the 17 & 18 Vict. c. 104 (modified bv 
 the 18 &. 19 Vict, c, 91, 2.') & 26 Vict. c. 63, and 
 31 & 32 Vict. c. 129), as follows, viz. :— 
 
 lier/istrnrs of British Ships. — The following 
 persons are required to register British shijis, and 
 shall be deemed registrars for the purposes of this 
 Act, viz. : — 
 
 1. At any port or other place in the United 
 Kingdom or Isle of Man approved by the commis- 
 sioners of customs for the registry of ships, the 
 collector, comptroller, or other principal officer of 
 customs for the time being. 
 
 2. In the islands of (iucrasey and .Jersey, the 
 principal officers of her Majcsty's'custonis, together 
 with the governor, lieutenant-governor, or other 
 person administering the government of such 
 islands respectively. 
 
 3. In Malta, (iibraltar, and Heligoland, the 
 governor, lieutenant-governor, or other person 
 administering the government of such places re- 
 spectively. 
 
 4. At any port or place so approved, as afore- 
 said, within the limits of the charter but not 
 under the government of the East India Company, 
 and at which no custom-house is established, the 
 collector of duties, together with the governor, 
 lieutenant-governor, or other person administering 
 the government. 
 
 5. At the ports of Calcutta, Madras, and 
 Bombay, the master attendants, and at any other 
 port or place so approved as aforesaid within the 
 limits of the charter and under the government of 
 the East India Company, the collector of duties, 
 or any other person of six years' standing in the 
 civil service of the said company who is appointed 
 by any of the governments of the said company 
 to act for this purpose. 
 
 0. At every other port or place so approved as 
 aforesaid within her Majesty's dominions abroad, 
 the collector, comptroller, or other principal officer 
 of customs or of navigation laws, or if there is no 
 such officer resident at such port or place, the 
 governor, lieutenant-governor, or other person 
 administering the government of the possessioti 
 in which such port or place is situate. (Sec. 
 30.) 
 
 Substitution of Governor abroad for Commis- 
 sioners of Customs Sfc The governor, lieutenant- 
 governor, or other person administering the go- 
 vernment in any British possession where any 
 ship is registered under the authority of this Act 
 shall, with regard to the performance of aii}' act 
 or thing relating to the registry of a ship or of 
 any interest therein, be considered in all respects 
 as occupying the place of the commissioners of 
 customs; and any British consular officer shall, in 
 any place where there is no justice of the peace, 
 be authorised to take any declaration hereby 
 required or permitted to be made in the presence 
 of a justice of the peace. (See. 31.) The governor 
 4 V 2 
 
 till 
 
 
 \\ \ 
 • 
 
 • \ ' 
 
 ,11 ' 
 
 m 
 
 !»:■■ 
 
 ¥ . '■ 
 
' '.k'i' '-'■ I 
 
 ..T '■ 
 
 ■t 
 
 
 -I 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 V » ' 
 
 if 
 
 'J I ' *• 
 
 ; t 
 
 1 I 
 
 
 ".'" i I'.' 
 4 ;/' 
 
 lluC 
 iUl'l 
 
 ■^^^ , .• „»o in Bcvcralty of anj- iutercst in any s\iip cr 
 1 ^^^ ... -n. the covcrnment in any ^'»C ^hare or Bh^rcs therein in respect of wuich 
 
 * Hfmstrar to Aeep ^i^^tnvLwllod' the rc^Mstcr -No pcrso any f hare thercui until he has 
 
 ,nstrar8haUkccpabook,tobecaii herein- owner o a 8n^ J ^ declaration m the form 
 
 book? nn.1 enter therein the P^/'^'i^g Vict. c. 104 made am mV>s^ .ehedule annexed to this Act, 
 
 SrT':TC-P-or.a.atte 
 
 .iitiS'^^t^r-- of ^-^\Ji^s^^c^^:^i:^T 
 
 Sstoed ships (tUt .9 tojay) . „„j ,f '"'''' rBtatcmont that she is foreign-built. a„n 
 
 ''^/Before roRistry the name of each ijj^^^^ ^ ) ^ statciT. ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ , ,. 
 
 the port to which ^hc belongs, snai . ^^^^^^^ J*"^^!^. ^nd in addition thereto, in the case Ui 
 
 i Ponspicuotis part of her stern. "« »"^ ^^t less budding «"'^*it 'dement of her forcisu namo.ot 
 
 ?„' Xte or yellow letters of a length „ v. a JXTcondemned) a statonunt of 
 
 ^^nSi shallbe made in the name of any (-;KV-e%n/court at and by .« .. 
 
 registered ship. „ avoidable obU- ^vas co»J^;Xent of the name of the master. 
 
 ^%. ^o concealment, absence "^ ^^ j^^^j, 3. A «t«e ^^ ^^^^ ^er of shares ,n such 
 
 ^-'^'^^Tfof t£%t7oteroTescaWg c«P^-- "^'^ "" shfp 0I ^^ich ho is entitled to be registered a. 
 
 -F^he ship ^all not be deseribej 1^ ^1S " Vt-'^^'i^S^ ^ ^S^ "^^S- 
 thJ' knowl'lje of the owner or -^^^f/; Jeered, and b«l;.^f'X^nwncr to any legal or beneikial 
 
 ™ffS^!HSeK^M=^ 
 
 ''XprwationXorBeg'sn^^^^^^ «bip shall U^f^y^^^^Lusc ,f the port of registrj, tat U 
 
 Vverv application for » "^ refe's"^ ^ ^,,p person the c'Stom ,. . ^g jnthe presence of any ro(;ia- 
 Jn the case of individuals ^^'IJ^^^\, bv some beyond <^ba^ 'H^;**^^ '„f the peace. (Sec. ;is.) 
 
 snip "' "' ""J , ,,. 
 
 case of bodies corporate "yr';"nt,'"if appointed I tereti "»";;■;;;„;„ or other dtdy appointed i»lh.: 
 
 bv individuals, 7,," .„„ointors, and if appomtea ^ .^^ the pre 
 
 !"-'l"l^';^^^^:r-me instrument niid^ 5"' registry a de. 
 
 ncent; the auinon.j "* - "-hp,! bv some wmins "■■" — , „b body corporaiu uu^ .,.,..■. ™ 
 
 W individuals, to be ^^'.'''f'U andif appointed olhcer of sucn o i ^j t^e registrar .f tls 
 
 der the hands of the arP^'"„\°; imen^^ nnder -';f"^^^4 ^tr' a declaration in tlie fomi ™a,a 
 
 bv a bodv corporate, by ^^f^^^:.^^c. (Sec. 35.) 1 1'"^ "/, f,^ 'Viule aimexcd t.. this Acttel«nn;to 
 
 as mav from time f' Xcertilicatc shall be do- 
 lioard of Trade -, .a";^^ "i.^rregi^try. (Sec Sti ) 
 liveved to thcrogistra botore J, • ,,, _.i>bc fol- 
 
 10-ng.nilosshrmi^oJ^en .^ 
 
 -;fS^crStS^U.MtoownaB.. 
 
 ^1:- A statement of the I2>wjen.a,ulf:l^ 
 
 '"nulls as to Entries inmiszcr -";"•• r.^t to 1 where f'-'c};/'"!! tho time and place of tailb 
 
 1 The property m a ship shall .""'V ^'m^;, ? • and in addition there m tlie« 
 
 relating to the """"^er ol pe ^^ ^^^^.^,^,j ^o 1 1. 1" 
 
 registered as owners, and sna 
 
')■} 
 
 y iuterc8t in any 8\itp it 
 jrcin in respect of w'uicli 
 
 ay be tegistcrcd as ownti 
 (Sec. 37.) . . , , ^ 
 ship t>y indmdml Ou-ner. 
 ititW to be rei;istcrei\ m 
 Fhare therein until lie Ii:h 
 i, declaration in t\>o furm 
 dule annexed to tiiia Act, 
 described in the ccrtificulc 
 itaining the followini; par- 
 tis qualification to be an 
 aritish Bhip. 
 
 iie time when and the ;,lac! 
 uilt,or(iftheshipisf.mipi- 
 and place of buiUin« ii.it 
 that she is foreign-built. im\ 
 jw the time or place of litr 
 ition thereto, in the cafo .a 
 nent of her foreign name, (jt 
 n condemned) a statomont o( 
 court at and by winch sk 
 
 thenamcofthemastM. 
 (the number of shares in such 
 9 entitled to be registcrtJ a, 
 
 to the best of his kiiov.lc.l!:c 
 ,'ualificd person or body 01 )«- 
 Uncrtoanylcgalorbcneivd 
 • „, nnv share therem. 
 ^a ion' of ownership «!. 
 ,bcd in the presence of tfe re- 
 
 arant reside wthinouAso 
 
 of the port of registt;-, kt il 
 ■„^P in the presence of aiuit(;is- 
 ficc'of hcjeace. (Scc.;is,) 
 ownership t>y Body Co,^^^^^^^^ 
 tP shall be entitled to W Kfi=- 
 f%Xporofanysl.a.et».n 
 V or other duly appomtodvu ■ 
 bodv corporate has ntaa. » 
 ,om4senceof therepstiar.U: 
 '!KrationinthcformraatU 
 f.\nncxedtothisActtcl«nn;to 
 '^- Tin thecortilicatcuftasui- 
 Si'tKllo.uigrany.: 
 
 flip '*^'»^""":;,, til ICC of bite 
 
 t„kthet.mcandph«:,^^ ,^^^ 
 [locsnotkn w ' i^,,l,ecs 
 
 luhat,t<.lhcbost;, , 0, 
 UunquabUcd verso ^^^^^,^^,^ 
 
 \io he prodriZSS'M 
 try of a ship there sMi^^^ 
 
 ration of ownership, be 1' 
 
 ■idencc T "■'i^- J.-i.vitish-built s* " 
 case oi '' 
 
 KEGISTRY 
 
 rcrlificatc (which the builder is Iiorcby required 
 
 m L'raiit under his hand) containing a true account 
 
 t,h„ nmiipr denomination and of the tonnage of 
 
 1173 
 
 'f the proper denomination and or the tonnage 
 ucli sliip> as estimated by him, and of tlic time 
 when ami of the place where sudi ship was built, 
 t„-Ltlicr with the name of the party (if any) on 
 „h,ise account he has built the same, and, if any 
 sale or sides have tiikcn place, the bill or bills of 
 sale uncicr w! cb tlio ship or share therein has 
 become vested in the party requiring to be rogia- 
 
 t'rcil as owner. ., , . 
 
 ' ■> 111 the case of a foreign-built ship, the same 
 cvWciicc as in the case of a Uritish-built sliip, 
 uiiU<s the person requiring to be registered as 
 owner or, in the case of a body corporate, the 
 ii,ilv-aVpointed ofHccr, declares that the time or 
 i,laco of her building is unknown, or that the 
 liiiiklcr's ccrtilicate cannot be procured, in which 
 case there shall be required only the bill or bills 
 iif «ale under which the ship or share therein 
 Iiecanic vested in the party requiring to be re- 
 gistered as owner thereof. 
 
 3. In the case of a ship condemned by any 
 cciiipctent court, an official copy of the condemna- 
 tion of such ship. (Sec. 40.) 
 
 Penalty on Builder for false Certijicale.—U any 
 buihler wilfuUv makes a false statement in any 
 ceriilicate hereby required to be granted by him, 
 l-e ■shall for cverj' sucli offence incur a penalty not 
 - (Sec. 41.) 
 
 respectively interested, indorsed upon such certitl- 
 cate. (17 ■& IH Vict. c. 101 s, 44.) 
 
 Chaiipe of Oivners to be indorsed on Certificate 
 nf Reytstry. — Whonever any change takes place 
 in the registered ownership of any ship, then, if 
 such change occurs at a time when the ship is at 
 her port of registry, the master shall forthwith 
 deliver the ccrtilicate of registry to tlie registrar, 
 and he sliall indorse thereon a memorandum of 
 such change ; but if such change occurs during 
 tlie aljscncc of the ship from her port of registry, 
 then upon her (irst return to such port the master 
 shall deliver the ccrtilicate of registry to the 
 registrar, and he shall indorse thereon a like 
 memorandum of the change ; or if she previously 
 arrives at any port where there is a British 
 registrar, such registrar shall, upon being advised 
 bv the registrar of her port of registry of the 
 change having taken place, indorse a like memo- 
 randum thereof on the ccrtilicate of registry, and 
 may for that purpose require the certificate' to be 
 delivered to him, so that the ship be not thereby 
 (letainc<l ; and any master who fails to deliver to 
 the registrar the certilicates of registry a herein- 
 before required shall incur a penalty not exceeding 
 100/. (Sec. 45.) 
 
 C/iam/e of Muster to be indorsed on Certificate 
 of Registry. — Whenever the ma.ster of any British 
 registered ship is changed, the following persons, 
 viz. if such change is made in consequence of the 
 sentence of any naval court, the presiding oflicer 
 
 exceeding 1007, ^ • „ . n , » 
 
 Particulars of Entry in Register JJook.—As . . „ 
 
 soon as the foregoing requisites to the due registry of such court, but if the change takes place from 
 of a ship have been complied with, the registrar an}' other cause, the registrar, or if there is no 
 jliall enter in the register book the following registrar, the British consular oflicer resident at 
 ■ ' ■ ■ the port where such change takes place, shall 
 
 indorse on the certificate of registry a memorandum 
 of such change, and subscribe his name to such 
 indorsement, and forthwith report the change of 
 master to the Commissioner of Customs in London ; 
 and the officers of customs at any port situate 
 within her Majesty's dominions may refuse to 
 admit any person to do any act at such port as 
 master of any British ship, unless his name is 
 inserted in or indorsed upon the certificate of 
 registry of such ship as the last appointed master 
 thereof. (Sec. 46.) 
 
 Power i • grant new Certificate. — The registrar 
 may, with the sanction of the Commissioner of 
 Customs, upon the delivery up to him of tho 
 former certificate of registry, grant a new cer- 
 tificate in the place of the one so delivered up. 
 (Sec. 47.) 
 
 Provision in case of Loss of Certificate. — In the 
 event of the certificate of registry of any ship 
 being mislaid, lost, or • destroyed, if such event 
 occurs at any port in the United Kingdom, tlic 
 ship being registered in the United Kingdom, or 
 at any port in any British possession, the ship 
 being registered in the same British possession, 
 then the registrar of the report of registrj- shall 
 grant a new certificate of registry in lieu of and 
 as a substitute for her original certificate of re- 
 gistry ; but if such event occurs elsewhere, the 
 master, or some other person having knowledge of 
 the circumstances, shall make a declaration before 
 the registrar of any port having a British registrar 
 at which such ship is at the time or first arrives 
 after such mislaying, loss, or destruction ; and 
 such declaration shall state the facts of the case, 
 and the names and descriptions of tho registered 
 owners of such ship, to tho best of the declarant's 
 knowledge and belief; and the registrar shall 
 thereupon grant a provisional certificate as near 
 to the form appointed by this Act as circumstances 
 permit, and shall insert therein a statement of 
 the circumstances under which such provisional 
 certificate is granted. (Sec. 48.) 
 
 particulars relating to such ship ; viz 
 
 1. The name of the ship, and of the port to 
 which she belongs. 
 
 2. The details as to her tonnage, build, and 
 description comprised in the certificate herein- 
 before directwl to be given by the surveyor, 
 
 3. The several particulars as to her origin 
 stated in the declaration or declarations of owner- 
 ship, 
 
 4. The names and descriptions of her registered 
 owner or owners, and if there is more than one 
 sucii owner, the proportions in which they are 
 interested in such ship. (Sec. 42.) 
 
 .AuA'ofice taken of Trusts.— Ho notice of any 
 trust, express, implied, or constructive, shall be 
 entered in the register book, or receivable by the 
 ipffistrar ; and, subject to any rights and powers 
 appearing by the register book to be vested in 
 any other party, the registered owner of any ship 
 f.r'sliare tlicrcm shall have power absolutely to 
 dispose in manner hereinafter mentioned of such 
 ship or share, and to give effectual receipts for 
 »nv money paid or advanced by way of considera- 
 jtioii. (Sec. 43.) See also sec. 3 of 25 & 2G 
 I Vict, c, (i3. 
 
 Certificate of Registry to be granted. — Upon tho 
 I completion of the registry of any ship, the registrar 
 [shall grant a certificate of registry in the form 
 Imarked D. in the schedule to tlic Act (annexed to 
 ■this article), comprising the following particulars, 
 |viz. :— 
 
 1. The name of the ship and of the port to 
 prhich she belongs. 
 
 2. The details as to her tonna^, build, and 
 description comprised in the certificate hercin- 
 
 efore directed to be given by the surveyor. 
 
 3. The name of her master. 
 
 4. The several particulars as to her origin 
 'ated in the declaration or declarations of owner- 
 pip. 
 
 [6. The names and descriptions of her registered 
 Vncr or o\vners, and if there is more than one 
 
 «h owner, the proportions in which they are 
 
 i i " 
 
 ii 
 
 ill'-* 
 
 ir'il 
 
! 
 
 i 
 
 1174 
 
 REGISTRY 
 
 • /' i 
 
 ■u 
 
 
 ' i- 
 
 ■ . I 
 
 : ■ ( 
 
 ' ( 
 
 i \ 
 
 l\ 
 
 J'rovitional Certificate to be delivered up. — Every 
 such provisional certificate shall, within 10 days 
 after the first subsequent arrival of the ship at 
 her port of discharge in the United Kingdom, if 
 registered therein, or if registered elsewhere, at 
 her port of discharge in the British jiossession 
 within which her port of registry is situate, be 
 dcliveretl up to the registrar thereof, who slinll 
 thereupon grant a new one, as near to the form 
 appointed by this Act as circumstances permit ; 
 and if the master neglects to deliver up such 
 certificate within such time he shall inrur a 
 penalty not exceeding 50/. (Sec. 49.) 
 
 Custody of Certificate. — The ccrtiticftte of re- 
 gistry shall be used only for the lawful navigation 
 of the ship, and shall not be subject to dotciitiou 
 by reason of any title, lien, charge, or interest 
 whatsoever which any ownier, mortgagee, or other 
 person may have or claim to have on or in the 
 ship described in such certificate; and if any 
 person whatever, whether interested or not in the 
 ship, refuses on request to deliver up such certi- 
 ficate when in his possession or under his control 
 to the person for the time being entitled to the 
 custody thereof for the purposes of such lawful 
 navigation as aforesaid, or to any registrar, officer 
 (if the customs, or other person legally entitled to 
 require such delivery, it shall be lawful for any 
 justice, by warrant under his hand and seal, or 
 for any court capable of taking cognisance of such 
 matter, to cause the person so refusing to appear 
 before him and to be examined touching such 
 refusal ; and unless it is proved to tlic satisfaction 
 of such justice or court that there was reasonable 
 cause for such refusal, the oflFender slwU incur a 
 penalty not exceeding 100/. ; but if it is made to 
 appear to such justice or court that the certificate 
 is lost, the party complained of shall be dis- 
 charged, and such justice c- court shall thereupon 
 certify that the certificate of registry is lost. 
 (Sec. 50.) 
 
 3Iode of proceeding if detaining Party ahscond. 
 — If the person charged with such detainer or 
 refusal is proved to have absconded, so that tho 
 warrant of the justice or process of the court can- 
 not be served upon him, or if he persists in his 
 refusal to deliver the certificate, such justice or 
 court shall certify the fact, and the same proceed- 
 ings may then be taken as in the case of a certifi- 
 cate of registry mislaid, lost, or destroyed, or ns 
 near thereto as circumstances permit. (Sec. 61.) 
 
 Penalty for using improper Certificate. — If tlie 
 master or o^^mer of any ship uses or attempts to 
 use for the navigation of such siiip a certificate of 
 registry not legally granted in respect of such 
 ship, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and it 
 shall be lawful for any commissioned officer on 
 full pay in the military or naval service of her 
 Majesty, or any British officer of customs, or any 
 British considar officer, to seize and detain such 
 ship, and to bring her for atliudication before the 
 High Court of Admiralty in England or Ireland or 
 any court having admiralty jurisdiction in her Jla- 
 jesty's dominions ; and if such court is of opinion 
 that such use or attempt at use has taken place, it 
 shall pronounce such ship, with her tackle, apparel, 
 and furniture, to be forfeited to her Majesty, and 
 may award such portion of the proceeds arising 
 from the sale of such ship as it may think just to 
 the officer so bringing iii the same for adjudication. 
 (Sec. 52.) 
 
 Certificate of Skip lost or ceasing to he British 
 to be delivered up. — If any registered ship is either 
 actively or constructivelv lost, taken by the enemy, 
 burnt, or broken up, or if by reason of a transfer to 
 any persons not qualified to be owners of IJritisli 
 ships, or of any otiicr matter or thing, any such 
 
 ship as aforesaid ceases to be a British ship oi^en- 
 (lerson who at the time of the occurrence of any nf 
 the aforesaid events owns such ship or any shn 
 therein sholl, immediately upon obtaiiiinj; ij^^ '' 
 ledge of any such occurrence, if no notice ihererf 
 has already been given to the registrar at ilj 
 port of registry of such ship, give such notice tn 
 him, and he shall make an entry thereof in h' 
 register book; and, except ui cases where nl 
 certificate of registry is lost or destroyed th 
 master of every ship so circumstanced ok aforwaiH 
 sball immediately, if such event occurs in lort 
 but if the same occurs elsewhere, tlicn within 10 
 days after his arrival in port, deliver the ccrtitiaic 
 of registry of such ship to the registrar or if 
 there be no registrar, to the British consular ofliwr 
 nt such port, and such registrar, if he is not him 
 self the registrar of her port of registry, or such 
 British consular officer, shall forthwitli furnard 
 tho certificate so delivered to him to ihc rcLri<trar 
 of the port of registrj' of the ship; and cvctv 
 owner and master who, without reasonable o;, ise 
 makes default in obeying the provisions of this 
 section shall for each offence incur a penahv n, t 
 exceeding 100/. (Sec. 53.) ■ ' 
 
 Provisional Certificate for Ship becoming vf,t„l 
 in British Owners at Foreign Port. — If anv bin 
 Incomes the property^ of persons qu.ilifled to be 
 owners of British ships at any foreign port, ti,- 
 British consular officer resident at such portiiiav 
 grant the master of such ship, upon his applicanju 
 a provisional certificate, stating — ' 
 
 The name of the ship ; 
 
 The time and place of her purchase, anj tie 
 names of her purchasers ; 
 
 Tin. name of her master ; 
 
 The best particulars as to her tonnage, builj, 
 and description that he is able to obtain : 
 
 And he shall forward a copy of such ccrtiliate, at 
 the first convenient opportn"nity, to tli" Ciiii,inV 
 sioners of Customs in London : the certi;ii:i[f v, 
 granted shall possess the same force as a ccninoate 
 of registry until the expiration of il mciit!!-, oi 
 until such earlier time as the ship arrives at-ujie 
 port where there is a British registrar : Im ■im 
 the expiration of such period, or upon arrival ,it 
 such port, shall be void to all interns. {\::.U. 
 
 Transfers and Trayismifsioiis. 
 
 Transfer of Ships or Shares therein.— \ rra- 
 tcred ship or any share therein, when (li-i.*! 
 of to persons qualified to be owners of Uniili 
 ships, shall be transferred by bill of sale; an I •ti 
 bill of s.ilc shall contain such ik'scriptionoiilie 
 ship as is contained in the certilicate of ifct -ji- 
 veyor, or such other description as may hi -» 
 cient to identify the ship to the satisfaoti b rf 
 the registrar, and shall be acconliiii; to iheita 
 marked E. subjoined to this Act. or a m 
 thereto as circumstances ]>crmit. and slisll k 
 executed by the transferee in the preitme i< ui 
 be attested by one or more witnesses. (Sec.. iii 
 
 Declaration to be made bit 7V«Hs/'(rff.— .\oij- 
 dividual shall be ent itled to he re:,'isti'retl a? inc- 
 force of a ship or any share tluTein imiii lie hi' 
 made a declaration stating his ((ualilication w k 
 registered as owner of a share in a Britisli jhipi 
 and containing a denial similar to tlie denial Wb 
 required to be contained in a declaration of oiw- 
 ship by an original owner; and no bmlv lytiDUie 
 shall be entitled to be registered astraii/ewof 
 a ship or any share therein until tlie wrfiirr of 
 other didy appointed public ofHcer of mi Wy 
 cori'orate has made a declaration, ftaiii,' ''e 
 name of such body corporate, and >ucli iifi"J»- 
 stances of its constitution and biisine-' i< n>)' 
 prove it to be qualified to own a liritisli ilip. >™ 
 
REGISTRY 
 
 1175 
 
 1)0 a British hIiiii, i;vcn, 
 he occurrence of any of 
 
 sucli ship or any share 
 
 upon obtriiniuj; know- 
 ace, if no notice thereof 
 to the registrar at ilie 
 hip, fiivc sucl» notice to 
 
 an entry thereof in his 
 cpt in cases where the 
 
 lost i>r destroyi'ii, the 
 ircumstnncol as afore-^aid 
 ch event oerurs in '|iort, 
 Iscwhcre, then within 10 
 port, deliver the certificate 
 p to the registrar, or, if 
 the nritish consular offipcr 
 registrar, if he is not him- 
 t port of registry, or such 
 ■ shall forthwitli forward 
 tc<l to him to the registrar 
 y of the ship ; and tvtry 
 I without reasonable caase, 
 vin" the provisions of this 
 "offe'itce incur a penalty imt 
 
 .63.) 
 
 lie for Ship becoming rtiM 
 Foreign Port.—V any <hip 
 r of persons qualified ti Ijc 
 ips at any foreign port.tk- 
 Br resident at such port may 
 ich ship, upon his apphcaiwi, 
 itc, stating— 
 
 icc of her purchase, aii.l the 
 
 scrs; 
 
 naaster; ... 
 
 ars as to her tonnapc, buik, 
 
 • he is abletoohtani: 
 
 ardacopyofsuchcertihcatt.at 
 
 t opportunity, to th- i,^m>. 
 
 in London : the certiwit ». 
 
 ssthesameforceasacvitincatc 
 
 he expiration of omMuk 01 
 
 ,neasthcsVipamv(«at:« 
 
 a British registrar; Viri)*" 
 
 ;uch period, or ..pnn amvil ,,t 
 
 void to all intents. (X'.-.A 
 
 rs and TranstiwsioM. 
 
 ;ns or Shares they'nr-^''^ 
 l/ share therein, wh™ ;lw« 
 f vfio t to bo owners «1 UA 
 
 Pain ^>ch Wtu. *^ 
 Vain the certitoteot..^^^ 
 Tor description as mavh,-uB- 
 ►'the rf^P to tbc sati.(a«^ 
 
 mtained in .i ueui 
 ^alowier;.amMW ,^^^, 
 
 tobcrcgislei t^ , 
 
 Uare therein until t'e^^^,. 
 
 Lted public «2;'>;;ie 
 
 [made a ^^^^^^ ' ml 'uck >** 
 body corporate, and, «^ 
 
 'constitution and ^*,ti„i 
 .ualitiedtoownaBn"'" i 
 
 rontaining a denial similar to the denial hcrcin- 
 hefure required to be contained in a declaration of 
 iiwnership made on behalf of a body corporate : in 
 the case of an individual, the above declaration 
 shall he made, if h. reside within 5 miles of the 
 cu-stoni-touse of the port of registry in the pre- 
 sence of the registrar, but if beyond that di.stance 
 in the presence of any registrar or of any justice of 
 the peace : in the case of a body corporate, the 
 leclaration shall be made in the presence of the 
 reiristrar of the port of registry. (Sec. 5G.) 
 
 Reqiitration of Transfer.— EvcTV bill of sale 
 fit the transfer of any registered ship, or of any 
 share therein, when duly executed, shall be pro- 
 duced to the registrar of the port at which the 
 ship is registered, together with the declaration 
 kfore required to be made by a transferee ; and 
 the registrar shall thereupon enter in the register 
 lifidli the name of the transferee as owner of the 
 .hill or share comprised in such bill of sale, and 
 ■hall indorse on the bill of sale the fact of such 
 tiitrv having been made, with the date and hour 
 iher'iof ; and all bills of sale of any ship or shares 
 111 a ship shall be entered in the register book in 
 tbc order of their production to the registrar. 
 
 iSeo. 57.) 
 
 Transmission of Sltares by Death, Bankruptcy, 
 . r Marriage.— U the property in any ship or ni 
 anv share therein becomes transmitted in conse- 
 iiu'rtice of the death or bankruptcy or insolvency 
 ■t'anv registered OAvntr, or in consequence of the 
 marriage of any female registered owner, or by 
 anv lawful means other than by a transfer ac- 
 tording to the provisions of this Act, such trans- 
 mission shall be authenticated by a declaration of 
 ;lie person to whom such property has been trans- 
 mitted, and containing the several statements 
 licfore required to be contained in the declaration 
 ■f .1 transferee, or as near thereto as circumstances 
 icrmit, and, in addition, a statement describing 
 the manner in which and the party to whom such 
 jiroiierly has been transmitted ; and such declara- 
 tion .'hall be made and subscribed, if the declarant 
 resides at or within 5 miles of tb'> custom-house 
 of the port of rc;?istry, in the presence of the 
 registrar, but if beyond that distance, in the pre- 
 •incc of any registrar or of any justice of the 
 jicace. (Sec. 58.) 
 
 Mortgages. 
 Mortgages of Ships and Shares therein. — A 
 registered ship or any share therein may be made 
 j a security for a loan or other valuable coiisidera- 
 j lion ; and the instrument creating such security, 
 [hereinafter termed a 'mortgage,' shall be in the 
 I fonii marked I., subjoined to this Act, or as near 
 I thereto as circumstances permit ; and on the pro- 
 Iduction of such instrument, the registrar of the 
 Iport at which the ship is registered shall record 
 |the same in the register book. (See, CO.) 
 
 Murtqagcs Ut be registired. — Every such mort- 
 gage shall 111! recorded by the registrar in the 
 prdcr iif time in which the same is produced to 
 piin for that iiur])ose ; and the registrar shall, by 
 Biinorandum under his hand, notify on the in- 
 Itriiment of inortgage that the same has been 
 Vnrded by him, stating the date and hour of 
 Vh record. (Sec. 07.) 
 Eiitrii of Discharge of Mortgage . — Whenever 
 |iy registered mortgage nas been discharged, the 
 ;istrar shall, on the production of the mortgage 
 v\, with a receipt for the mortgage money 
 dorsed thereon, duly signed and att<^sted, make 
 > entry in the register book to the effect that 
 fch iiuirtgage has been discharged ; and upon 
 fch entry being made, the estate, if any, which 
 ped to the mortgagee shall vest in the same 
 ]son or persons in whom the same would, having 
 
 regard to intervening acts and circumstance.'', if 
 any, have vested if no such mortgage had ever 
 been made. (Sec. (i8.) 
 
 Priority of Mortgages. — If there is more tliau 
 one mortgage registered of the same ship or share 
 therein, the mortgagees shall, notwitlistandiiig 
 any express, impUed, or constructive notice, be 
 entitled in priority one over the other accoriliiig 
 to the date at which each instnnncut is recorded 
 in the register books, and not accortling to the 
 date of each instrument itself. (Sec. 09.) 
 
 Mortgagee not to be deemed Owner. — A mortgagee 
 shall not by reason of his inortgage be deemed to 
 be the owner of a ship or any share therein, nor 
 shall the mortgagor be deemed to have ceased to 
 be owner of such mortgaged ship or share, except 
 in so far as may be necessary for making siicii .ship 
 or share available as a security for the inortgage 
 debt. (Sec. 70.) See also sec. 3 of 2j &, 'Jti 
 Vict. c. G3. 
 
 Mortgagee to have Power of Sale. — Kvery 
 registered mortagee shall have power absolutely 
 to dispose of the ship or share in respect of which 
 he is registered, and to give effectual receipts for 
 the purchase money; but if there are more persons 
 than one registered as mortgagees of the same 
 ship or share, no subsequent mortgagee shall, ex- 
 cept under the order of some court capable of 
 taking cognisance of such matters, sell such ship 
 or share without the concurrence of every prior 
 mortgagee. (17 & 18 Vict. c. 104 s. 71.) 
 
 Mights of Mortgagee not affected by Bankruptcy 
 of Mortgagor. — No registered mortgage of any ship 
 or of any share therein shall be affected by any 
 act of bankruptcy committed by the mortgagor 
 after the date of the record of such mortgage, not- 
 withstanding such mortgagor at the time of his 
 becoming bankrupt may have in his possession 
 and disposition and be reputed owner of such ship 
 or share thereof; and such mortgage shall be pre- 
 ferred to any right, claim, or interest in such ship 
 or any share thereof which may belong to the 
 assignees of such bankrupt. (Sec. 72.) 
 
 Transfer of Mortgages. — A registered mortgage 
 of any shi|i or share in a ship may be trausferr'.'cl 
 to any person, and the instrument creating such 
 transfer shall be in the form marked K., subjoined 
 to the Act, and on the production of such instru- 
 ment the registrar shall enter in the register book 
 the name of the transferee as mortgagee of the 
 ship or shares therein mentioned, and shall, by 
 menioraiiduin under his hand, record on tiie instru- 
 ment of trausfer that the same has been recorded 
 by him. statin;;- the date and hour of such record. 
 (Sec. 73.) 
 
 Transntissiun of Interest of Mortgagee hi/ Death, 
 Bankruptcy, or Marriage.— li the interest of any 
 mortgagee in any ship or in any share therein 
 becomes transmitted in consequence of death, 
 bankruptcy, or insolvency, or in consequence ol 
 the marriage of any feuiafe mortgagee, or by any 
 lawful means other than by a tran.sfer according to 
 the iirovisioiis of this Act, such transmission sliall 
 be a ithenticated by a declaration of the person lo 
 'vhom such interest has been transmitted, and 
 containing a statement describing the manner in 
 which and the party to whom such proiierty has 
 been transmitted ; and such declaration shall be 
 made and subscribed, if the declarant resides at or 
 within 5 miles of the custom-house of the port of 
 registry, in the presence of the registrar, but if 
 beyond that distance, in the presence of any 
 registrar or of any justice of the peace, and shall 
 be accompanied by such evidence as is herein- 
 before required to authenticate a corresponding 
 transmission of properly from one registered ownier 
 to another. (Sec. 7-1.) 
 
 I. 
 
 J 'I 
 
 •i 
 
 ' t 
 
 H 
 
 m 
 
 nili i 
 
 lil; 
 
 'li 
 
1 
 
 1176 
 
 REGISTRY 
 
 I 
 
 !■.• 
 
 
 I 
 
 i ' 
 
 < K 
 
 
 ■..'^f 
 
 .1 i .-•. 
 
 
 ■ 4 ' 
 
 1 
 
 i .' 
 
 l^' 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 I 
 
 ■'n.^ 
 
 
 i^^i , 
 
 ' i 
 
 li- 
 
 t. 
 
 $ f 
 
 .-s. 
 
 [• 
 
 i ! 
 
 .■ ^j■'•&f. 
 
 ■■■ : ••1 -if.) 
 
 M 
 
 Entry of transmitted Mnrlriape, — The registrar, 
 upim tlio receipt of such deolaration niid the pro- 
 duction of siicli evidence as aforesaid, shall enter 
 tlio name of the person or persons entitled under 
 such tran.smi!<sion in tlie rcf^ister book as mort- 
 gagee or morf<;nf;ecs of tho ship or share in re- 
 spect of which such transmisMoa has talten place. 
 (Sec. 75.) 
 
 Ccrtljiaites of Mortguyc anil Sale. 
 
 Powers of Mortgage and Sale, conferred bg 
 Certificate. — Any refjistered owner, if desirous of 
 disposing by way of mortgage or sale of the ship 
 or share in respect of wiiieh he is registered at any 
 (place out of tho countrj' or possession in which 
 tho port of registrj' of such ship is situate, may 
 apply to the registrar, who shall thereupon enable 
 him to do so by granting such certificates a^ are 
 lifter mentioned, to be called respectively certifi- 
 cates of mortgage or certilieates of sale, according 
 as they purport to give a power to mortgage or a 
 power to sell. (Sec. 7fi.) 
 
 Requisites for Certijicutes of Mortgage and Sale. 
 — Previously to any ccriitieato of mortgage or 
 sale being granted,' the applicant shall state to 
 the registrar, to be by him entered in the register 
 book, the following particulars: viz.: — 
 
 1. The names of the persons by whom tho 
 power mentioned in such certificate is to be 
 exorcised, and in the case of a mortgage, the 
 maximum amount of charge to be created, if it is 
 intended to lix any such maximum, aiul in tho 
 case of a sale, the minimum price at which a sale 
 is to be made, if it is intended to fix any such 
 minimum. 
 
 2. The specific place or places where such power 
 is to be exi-rcisc<l, or if no place be specified, then 
 that it ma)' lo exercised anywhere, subject to the 
 provisions he einafter contained. 
 
 .'5. The limit of time within which such power 
 may be exercised. (.Sec. 77.) 
 
 litstrictions on Certificates of Mortgage and Sale. 
 — \o certificate of mortgage or sale shall be 
 granted so as to authorise any mortgage or sale 
 to be made — 
 
 At any jdace within the United Kingdom, if 
 the port of registry of the ship be situate in the 
 United Kingdom; or at any place within the same 
 liritish possession if the port of registry is situate 
 within a British possession ; or 
 
 IJy any person not named id the certificate. 
 (Sec. 78.) 
 
 Forms of Certificates of Mortgage and Sale. — 
 Certificates of mortgage and sale shall contain a 
 statement of the several particulars hereinbefore 
 <lirected to be entered in the register book, and in 
 addition thereto an enumeration of any registered 
 mortgages or certificates of mortgage or sale 
 aflecting the ships or shares in respect of which 
 such certificates are given. (Sec. 79.) 
 
 Rules as to Certificates of Mortgage. — The 
 following rules shall be observed as to certificates 
 of mortgage, viz. : — 
 
 1. The power shall be exercised in conformity 
 with the directions contained in the certificate. 
 
 2. A record of every mortgage made thereunder 
 shall be indorsed thereon by a registrar or British 
 consular officer. 
 
 3. No mortgage bona fide made thereunder shall 
 be impeached by reason of the person by whom 
 the power was given dying before the making of 
 such mortgage. 
 
 4. Whenever the certificate contains a specifi- 
 cation of the phice or places at -which, and a limit 
 of time not exceeding twelve months within which, 
 the power is to be exercised, no mortgage bona 
 fide made to a mortgagee without notice shall 
 
 be impeached by rca.-,pn of tho bankruntcv ( 
 insolvency of tlie iicrson by whom the power' \in 
 given. 
 
 5. Kvon' mortgage which is so rogistorcd n 
 aforesaid on tho certificate shall liavc iirioritv 
 over all mortgages of the same siiij) or sliarccroitoil 
 subsc(|uontly to the date of the entry of tljc ccrti 
 flcale in the register book ; and if t'licie l,e iii„rn 
 mortgages than one so indorsed, the resncctiv,. 
 mortgagees claiming thereuiider shall, iidfwith 
 standing any express, implied, or consiruciiv,. 
 notice, bo entitled one before tho othtr accorilin ' 
 to tho date at wliich a record of each instrumcii't 
 is indorsed on tlio certificate, and not aoc()riiii> ' 
 to the date of the instrument creniin" lU 
 mortgage. ° 
 
 0. Subject to the foregoing rules, cvcrv mort"!! 
 goewho8(! mortgage is registered on the'certiliait,. 
 shall have the same rights and powers ami be 
 subject to tho same liabilities as lie would liavc 
 ha(l and lieen subject to if his mortgage had boon 
 registered in the register book instead of on tlic 
 certificate. 
 
 7. The discharge of any mortg.ige so ro;;i<teroil 
 on the certificate may be indorsed theremrby anv 
 registrar or liritish consular officer, upon the i ni- 
 duction of such evidence as is hereby rcqiiind ti 
 bo )iroduccd to the registrar on the entry of i!,. 
 discharge of a mortgage in tlie register Ijiiok ; mii 
 upon such indorsement being made, the estati, if 
 any, which passed to the mortgagee shall vc-t in 
 tho same person or jiersons in wiioin tfic saiD,. 
 w;ould, having regard to intervening acts ui.l 
 circumstances, if any, have vested if no smli 
 mortgage had been m'adc. 
 
 8. Upon the delivery of any ecrtirtcalo rf 
 mortgage to tl- j registrar by whom' it was j^nniM, 
 he shall, after recording in the register bink ia 
 such manner as to preserve its prioritv anv 
 unsatisfied mortgage registered thereon, 'caiicti 
 such certificate, and enter tho fact of such canol- 
 lation in tne register book ; and every ceniiioit.; 
 so cancelled shall be void to all intent'. (Sec. x .i 
 
 Rules as to Certificates of Sale. — The folluwin,' 
 rules shall bo observed as to certificates of sal<! 
 viz. : — 
 
 1. No such certificate shall be granted cxcojt 
 for tho sale of an entire ship. 
 
 2. The power shall be exercised in coiiformitv 
 with the direcilons contained in the certificate. 
 
 3. No sale bona fide made to a purch.iscr f r 
 valuable consideration shall be impeaclipJ by 
 reason of the person by whom the power «jj 
 given dying before the making of such sale. 
 
 4. Whenever the certificate contains a spcciii- 
 cation of the place or places at which, and a lira:: 
 of time not exceeding twelve months within wliif!;. 
 the power is to be exercised, no sale bona tiiii 
 made to a purchaser for valuable consideraiioi 
 without notice shall be impeached by reason oftle 
 bankruptcy or insolvency of the person by nluu 
 the power was given. 
 
 6. Any transfer made to a persoi. qualified to 
 be the owner of British shi|is shall be by bill w 
 sale in the form hereinbefore luentioncd, or a- 
 near thereto as circumstances pern it. 
 
 6. If the ship is sold to a party qualified to liil 
 British ships, the ship shall be registered anc«; 
 but notice of nil mortgages enumerated on ilw 
 certificate of sale shall be entered in the rcgiiW 
 book. 
 
 7. Previously to such registrj' anew there M\ 
 be produced to the registrar required to make tte 
 same the bill of sale by which the ship is trans- 
 ferred, the certificate of sale, and the certificate o( 
 registry of such ship. . 
 
 8. Such last-mentioned registrar shall retain tje 
 
REGISTRY 
 
 1177 
 
 n of the l)ankru\itcy t.r 
 by whom the power was 
 
 hicU is so To^istproil .-n 
 icnto sliall liavc iiriority 
 snmc ship or share croiitod 
 a of the tutr)' of tlie ccrti- 
 uk -, and if tlicrc 1)0 nvm 
 
 iiulorscil, the respeclivc 
 hereunder shidl, imtwiili- 
 
 in\pUcd, or constructiv.' 
 before the other accoriliii^ 
 record of cnch instrumint 
 tificiite, mid not nocDrdii:; 
 
 instrument creating the 
 
 jgoinf? rules, every miirt:;;i- 
 fCfristcred on the ccrtiliai' 
 rifiiita and powcr^^ ami U' 
 iaGilitiea as he wmild liaw 
 10 if Ids mortgage liad Ij.cii 
 ster book instead of on tlic 
 
 any mortgage so rcgistercil 
 r be indorsed thereon l)y any 
 ansular officer, upon llic i ru- 
 nee as is hereby rcqmro'l ii 
 eeistrar on tlic entry c( u- 
 Rge in the register hooli;:iiK 
 nt being made, tlie cstat,, ii 
 ) the mortgagee shall \m ;ii 
 
 persons iu whom tlw smw 
 r\ to intervcnini; acts ,i:i.! 
 i,y, have vested if uo siicl. 
 made. ... . . 
 
 livcrv of any cevtUicalo of 
 istrar"by\vhomitwas(;rumo.l, 
 Tding in the register bo..lv m 
 •„ prcscr\-e its pnonty a.ir 
 CO registered thereon, cancJ 
 i enter the fact of such cmvl- 
 ;cr book; and every cm.« 
 • void to all intent^. (Seo.^'. 
 Zates of Sa/«.-Thc UUm, 
 rvcd ai to certificates ot ^ak 
 
 ficatc shall be granted except 
 
 'airbf exercised in confora-ity 
 contained iu the certihoato 
 i fide made to a purchase . 
 ition shall be impcackd h 
 rson bvwhom the power « a, 
 J the making of such sa^e 
 
 ic certiticatc contains asp 
 or places at which, and ak. 
 
 .-^elv.mon.h^h;ni^- 
 
 j-T'Sj.riidei.^ 
 
 .^ij^sTiSiia- 
 
 ffcumstanccs pcm i ■ ^^^ 
 
 shall be entered m the rcg 
 
 to such registry- anew the.. IJ 
 
 l.ctegistrarreqii dt "^„^^^^^ 
 
 - sale by ^\l"<='\V\lfceW«' 
 licateofsale,aiidthecen 
 
 ^2ioned registrar sballretainf.! 
 
 1 
 
 cfrtifiontosof s.ile and registry; and ntlcr having 
 iidurswl on both of such instruments mi entry of 
 tliefai'tof as.-ilc having taken place, shnil forward 
 the ,«iid ccrtilicatPH to the registrar of tho jjort 
 n'l'ieaiin!,' "H such certilicates to be the former 
 I'nrtofnjiistrv of the ship, and such last -mentioned 
 '■(.('i-trnr" li;dl therciiiion make a memoninduni of 
 ihc .ialo ill hi'* register book, nnd the registry of 
 liie ship in such book shall bo considered as 
 (loseil. except as far as relates to an.v unsatisfied 
 iji,,rli'ngi-i or existing certificates of mortgage 
 ,ntcrrtl therein. ,,..,, 
 
 ;i. On sneh registry anew, the description of the 
 -hiii cimlaiiitil in her original certificate of registry 
 niav be transferred to the new register book 
 v.iiimiit her being re-surveyed, and the (U'daration 
 1 1 he made by tlie jiurc'.iaser slmll be the same 
 u would !ie required to be made by an ordinary 
 iransl'cree. 
 
 10. If the ship is sold to a party not qualified to 
 1)0 tlie owner of a liritish ship, the bill of sale by 
 which the sliii) is transferred, the certificate of 
 ■ale. and the certificate of registry shall be produced 
 trt some registrar or consular officer, who shall 
 retain tiie certilicates of sale and registry, and, 
 kvini; indorsed thereon the fact of such ship 
 hiviii'' been sold to persons not qualitietl to be 
 .wnei-s of liritish ships, slinll forward such certili- 
 taios to the registrar of the port appearing on the 
 rtT.ilicnte of registry to be the port of registry of 
 >ucli ship ; and sucli Ir 5t-mentioned registrar slmll 
 dicreupon make a memorandum of the sale in his 
 rcpisterbook, and the registry of the ship in such 
 i'uek -hall be considered as closed, except so far 
 M relates to any unsatisfied mortgages or existing 
 certilicates of liiortgage entered therein. 
 
 11. If,npon a sale being made to an unqualified 
 lierson, delimit is made in the production of such 
 ccrtilicato.? as are mentioned in the last rule, sucb 
 iinqualllicd person shall be considered by I'riti.li 
 law as having acquired no title to or interest in 
 the ship; and further, the party npon whose 
 application such certificate was granted, and the 
 persons exercising the power, shall each incur a 
 penalty not exceeding 100/. 
 
 1:'. if no sale is made in conformity with the 
 certiticatc of sale, such certificate shall be delivered 
 to the rei^islrar by whom the same was granted ; 
 ii'.ul such registrar shall thereupon cancel it, and 
 enter the fact of such cancellation in the register 
 book ; and every certificate so cancelled shall be 
 void to all hitents. (Sec. 8!.) 
 
 i'mi'cr of Gimmissioners of Customs in case of 
 Loss of Certificate of Mortgage or Sale. — Upon 
 proof at an.v time to the satisfaction of the 
 Comiiiissioncra of Customs that aii.v certificate of 
 mortf;age or sale is lost or so obliterated as to be 
 useless, and that tho powers thereby given have 
 never been exercised, or if they have been exercised, 
 then, upon proof of the several matters and things 
 ihat have been done thereunder, it shall be lawliil 
 fir the registrar, with the sanction of the said 
 commissioners, as circumstances may require, 
 either to issue a new certificate, or to direct such 
 entries to be made in the register book, or such 
 other matter or thing to be done, as might have 
 been made or done if no such loss or obliteration 
 liad taken place. (Sec. 82.) 
 
 Revomtimi if Certificates of Mortgage and Sale. 
 —The registered owner for the time being of any 
 ship or share therein in respect of which a certifi- 
 cate of mortgage or sale has been granted, 
 specifying the place or places where the power 
 thereby given is to be exercised, maj', by an 
 instrument under his hand, authorise the registrar 
 by whom such certificate was granted to give 
 notice to the registrar or consular officer, registrars 
 
 or consular officers, at such place or places, that 
 such certificate is revoked ; nnd notice shall bo 
 given aceordiiigly; nnd all registrars or consular 
 officers receiving such notice shall record the same, 
 and shall exhibit the same to all persons who may 
 apply to them for the purpose of effi'cting or 
 obtaining a mortgage or iraii.sfer under the said 
 certificate of mortgage or sale : and after such 
 notiiru has been so recorded, the said certificate 
 shiill, so firr as concerns any mortgage or sale to 
 be fhercofier made at such place, be deemed to bo 
 rovokc.i and of no effi'ct ; and every registrar or 
 consular officer recordhig any such notice shall 
 thereupon state to the registrar by whom the cer- 
 tificate was granted whether any prevhius exercise 
 of the power to which such certificate refers has 
 taken place. (Sec. 83.) 
 
 llcgistry anew, and Transfer of Riglstri/. 
 
 Alteration in Ship to be registered. — Whenever 
 any registered ship is so altered as not to corre- 
 spond with the particulars relating to her tonnage 
 or descriptiem contained in the register book, then, 
 if such alteration is inado at a [lort where there is 
 a registrar, the registrar of such port, but if made 
 elsewhere, the registrar of the first port having 
 ii registrar at which the ship arrives after her 
 alteration, shall, on application made to him, and 
 on tho receipt of a certificate from the jiroper 
 surveyor siieeifying the natnire of such alteration, 
 cither retain the ohl certificate of registry and 
 grant a new certificate of registry containing a 
 description of the ship as altered, or indorse on the 
 existing certificate a memorandum of such altcra- 
 thm, and subscribe his name to such indorsement; 
 and the registrar to whom such application as 
 albrcsaid is made, if he is the registrar of the port 
 of registry of the ship, shall himself enter in bis 
 register book the particulars of the alteration so 
 made, and the fact of such new certificate having 
 been granted or indorsement haviiig been made on 
 the existing certificate; but if he is not such last- 
 mentioned registrar, he shall forthwith report such 
 particulars and facts as aforesaid, accompanied by 
 the old certificate of registry in cases where a new 
 one has been granted, to the registrar of the port 
 of registry of the ship, who shall retain such old 
 certificate (if any), and enter such particulars and 
 facts in his register book accordingly. (Sec. 84.) 
 On Alteration, Registry anew mag be required. — 
 When the registrar to whom application is made 
 in respect of any such alteration as aforesaid is tho 
 registrar of the jiort of registry, he may, if he think 
 fit, instead of registering sujh alteration, require 
 such ship to be registered anew in manner herein- 
 before directed on the first registry of a ship ; and 
 if he is not such registrar as lastly hereinbefore 
 mentioned, he may nevertheless require such ship 
 to be registered anew ; but he shall, in such last- 
 mentioned case, grant a provisional certificate or 
 make a provisional indorsement of the alteration 
 made in manner hereinbefore directed in cases 
 where no registry anew is required, taking care to 
 add to such certificate or indorsement a statement 
 that the same is made provisionally, and to insert 
 in his report to tho registrar of the port of registry 
 of the ship a like statement. (Sec. 85.) 
 
 Grant of Provisional Certificate in respect of 
 Alteration. — Every such provisional certificate, or 
 certificate provisiondly indorsed, shall, within 10 
 days after the first subsequent arrival of the ship 
 at her port of discharge in the United Kingdom if 
 registered in the United Kingdom, or, if registered 
 elsewhere, atlier port of discharge in the British 
 possession within which her port of registry is 
 situate, be delivered up to the registrar thereof, 
 who shall thereupon cause such ship to be regis- 
 
 I' 
 
 
 t fi 
 
 ■}■■. Pi; 
 
1178 
 
 REGISTRY 
 
 ■r-h/ 
 
 t ■» V 
 
 Vt.: 
 
 ■ ;'i ' 
 ' , i . 
 
 • . - :■ '•■•: I ■•'■ 
 
 -■r- :, : . ;i f '! ■ ■■ i. 
 
 ■■' ■ •' .A^:? 
 
 ■'k...;M 
 
 'i ■ ■ 
 
 
 tcred anew in the Hanici mnnncr in all rrspcctH a» 
 licrcinbefore required on the first registry of anv 
 ship. (Sec. 8G.) 
 
 Vontequeme of Omitsioit to Register anew. — On 
 failure cf such rcgistrj' anew of any ship or resist ry 
 of alteration of any ship so altered as aforesaid, 
 such ship shall be deemed not duly registered, 
 and shall no longer be recognised aa a British ship. 
 (Sec. 87.) 
 
 Oh Change of Owners, Regittrij anew may he 
 granted. — If u))on any change of ownership in any 
 "ship the owner or owners desire to have such siiip 
 registered anew, although such registry anew is 
 not required by this Act, it sliall be lawful for the 
 registrar of the port at wliich such ship is already 
 registered, on the delivery up to him of the 
 existing certificate of registry, and on tlie other 
 requisites to registry, or such of them as tlic 
 registrar thinks material, being duly complied 
 with, to make such registry anew, and grant a 
 certificate tliereof. (Sec. 88.) 
 
 Registry may be trans ferred from Port to Port. — 
 The registry of any ship may be transferred from 
 one port to another upon the application of all 
 parties appearing on the register to be interested 
 in such sliip, whether as owners or mortgagees ; 
 such application to be expressed by a declaration 
 in writing made and subscribed, if the party so 
 required to make and subscribe the same resides 
 at or within 5 miles of the custom-house of the 
 port from which such ship is to be transferred, in 
 the presence of the registrar of such port, but if 
 beyond that distance, in the presence of any 
 registrar or of any justice of the peace. (Sec. 
 89.) 
 
 Manner of Transfer of Registry. — Upon such 
 application being made as is hereinbefore men- 
 tioned, and upon the delivery to him of the 
 certificate of registrj-, the registrar of the port at 
 which such ship is already registered shall trans- 
 mit to the registrar of the port at which such 
 sliip is intended to be registered notice of such 
 application having been made to him, together 
 with a true copy of all particulars relating to 
 such ship, and the names of all the parties 
 appearing by his book to be interested as owners 
 or mortgagees in such ship; and such last- 
 mentioned registrar shall, upon tlie receipt of 
 such notice, enter all such particulars and names 
 in his book of registry, and grant a fresh certi- 
 ficate of registrj', and thenceforth such ship shall 
 be considered as registered at and belonging to 
 such lost-mentioned port, and the name of sucli 
 Inst-mentioned port shall be substituted on tlic 
 stern of such ship in lieu of the name of tlie port 
 previously appearing thereon. (Sec. 90.) 
 
 Transfer of Registry nnt to affect Riyhts of 
 Owners. — The transfer of the registry of any ship 
 in manner aforesaid shall not in any way aflect 
 the rights of the several persons interested either 
 as owners or mortgagees in such ship, but such 
 rights shall in all respects be maintained and 
 continue in ' the same manner as if no such 
 transfer had been effected. (Sec. 91.) 
 
 licyistry. Miscellaneous. 
 
 Inspection of Register Books. — Every person 
 may, upon payment of a fee to be fixed by the 
 Commissioners of Customs, not exceeding Is., 
 have access to the register book for the purpose 
 of inspection at any reasonable time during 
 the hours of official attendance of the registrar. 
 (Sec. 92.) 
 
 Indemnity to Registrar. — No registrar shall be 
 liable to damages or other^vise for any loss 
 accruing to any person by reason of any act done 
 or default made by him m his character of 
 
 registrar, unless the same has happened thronr,! 
 his neglect or wilful act. (Sec. 03.) " ' 
 
 Return to be made by Reyistritm to Co 
 mittioners of Customs. — Every registrar in th" 
 United Kingdom shall at the expiration of cvcrv 
 month, and every other registrar Miiill without 
 delay, or at such stated times as may l/c tixed 1 
 the Commissioners of Custom.-", truiisniit tu iP 
 Custom-house in London a full return in siJi 
 form as they mav direct of all rouutJ' 
 transfers, transmissions, morigngos, ami (.(U 
 dealings with ships which have Ijcen rop,ttri'i 
 by or communicated to them in tlnir clmracitnt 
 registrars, and the names of the pirsims wli',, 
 have been concerned in the same, and .such dthcr 
 particulars as may be directed \,v the sai.l 
 Commissioners. (Sec. 94.) 
 
 Clause 95 directs the mode in which re(,'i.ira. 
 tion fees arc to be applied ; and clau.,cs {It; to 99 
 inclusive give power to Commi.ssioners of Cus- 
 toms, registrars &c. to act in certain siiecilicd 
 circumstances. 
 
 Liabilities of Owners. — Whenever any porwju i, 
 bcLcficiall}; interested, othtnvise than by wav o( 
 naortgage, in any ship or share therein registeml 
 in the name of some other person a.^ owner, the 
 person so interested shall, as well as th ■ naj. 
 tered owner, be subject to all pecuniary pcnaltiei 
 imposed by this or by any other Act on owners of 
 ships or shares therein, so nevertheless that pro. 
 ceedings may be taken for the enforcement of 
 anv such pecuniary penalties against Luili „: 
 either of the aforesaid parties, witli or witl.out 
 joining the other of them. (Sec. 100.) 
 
 Forgery. 
 Punishment for Forgery, — Any perion »b» 
 forges, assists in forging, or procures to he fortet 
 fraudulently alters, assists in frauduicatly alter- 
 ing, or procures to be fraudulently altered, m 
 register book, certificate of surveyor, cortilicaleif 
 registry, declaration of ownership, liill of .'ale, 
 instrument of mortgage, certificate of niericEr 
 or sale, or any entry or indorsement reijuirfillir 
 this Act to be made in or on o<:y of the aUe 
 documents, shall for e/ery such oflenct !• 
 deemed to be guilty of felouy. (Sec. 101.) 
 
 National Characttr. 
 
 National Character of Ship to he diilm 
 before Clearance. — No officer of custcjm- ■lull 
 grant a clearance or transire for any jihip miil 
 the master of such sliip has declared tn *: 
 officer the name of the nation to whicli he i,m 
 that she belongs, and such officer shall tlicreiin: 
 inscribe such name on the clearance (jr tr,in;ip; 
 and if any shin attempts to ])rocee(l it a 
 without such clearance or transire, any ■«! 
 oflicer may detain her until sucli declaraiicn e 
 made. (Sec. 102.) 
 
 PcimUies. — The ofTcnces hereinafter mciiiixi 
 .shall be punishable as follows : (that is tns,ir' 
 
 1. If any person uses the Itriti.'-h fa^ill 
 assumes the liriti.sh national character en la'. 
 any ship owned in whole or in part Iv iif | 
 persons not entitled by law to o'vn liriti.-h ii;.'. 
 for the pur[)o,se of making such ship api«.'ii» I 
 a British ship, such ship shall be forfeittJ ;!:;■' I 
 Majesty, unless such assumption lias been n:'- 
 for the purpose of escaping capture by an entsv 
 or by a foreign ship of war in exercise (f ^x [ 
 belligerent right ; anci in any proseedit.' '■> I 
 enforcing any such forfeiture, tho biinltaM 
 proving a title to use the British flag .inti wb | 
 the British national character shall lie iiM*! 
 person using and assuming the same, 
 
 2. If the master or owner of .iinUrkeli it? I 
 
has happened thtouKli 
 
 (Sec. 'J3.) 
 hi/ Rei/mli'im to Ciiin- 
 -Evcry ron'^*^'*' '" *^'' 
 ,t the cxiiirutiiiu of cvcty 
 r registrar uliall without 
 times* as may lie lixwlhy 
 Dustom^, tru'usmil tn thV 
 Ion a full return in sucli 
 direct of all ro^istrifs. 
 9, morc^nRes, ami (.ihci 
 hich have licen tci;i-,tcri 1 
 , them in tlu ir <'\mracift di 
 jimcB of the person, A, 
 n the same, and sii<h (^tlicr 
 be directed l>y tlm m\ 
 
 . 94.) 
 
 he miido in winch re^iwra- 
 
 nlicd; andelau..es%to;j;i 
 
 • to Commissioners ol iw- 
 
 to act in certain 81«iI'hi1 
 
 ,„ —Whenever any \)crsi.u i- 
 d 'otherwise than by way o! 
 in or share therein registe»! 
 d other person as owmT.ife 
 , shall, as well as tl.' up*- 
 ect to all pecuniary pmte 
 'v any other Act on owners..! 
 ^L, 80 nevertheless that,, I. 
 aken for the enforccmcD <i 
 ^ ^nalties against hot . 
 ;7airpartAe8,wiUior.>.lM 
 
 rthem. (Sec. 100.) 
 
 Forgery. 
 
 Forneri/.— Anv person «k 
 ■nrS or procures to 1.C tat. 
 fSts in fraudulently altei- 
 t' be fraudulently alt.mU»y 
 
 mcateof Bu^veyor c« 
 
 Atyoffclouy. (Sec. 101.) 
 
 ialional aarackr. 
 
 "■"t^'o office rif custu™^ M 
 
 ^aiS'neh officer shall W 
 «-o on the clearance .U^. 
 
 J-tlr'un^U'dto. 
 
 [Soflcncc^hereinajcr-J^ 
 .ablcastolloNV^-(giU^.l 
 
 ss-ir^^i^rS 
 
 B""*" ',f»yp'»=««', 
 
 EEOISTRY 
 
 Ctrliflcate ofRegiitry (ante, s, 44). 
 
 1179 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Did. of HtrlMlni. 
 
 
 
 
 
 N>inii>rS)ilp 
 
 BtlUih or ranAgn bulll 
 
 Port of Roglilr; 
 
 How |iro|i«llt<l 
 
 
 
 
 By SItam or Saili, ami Ifhy SItam, 
 KMIurby PaJilli or Scrtw. 
 
 Nunil«ri)n)«.H- 
 NumtotofMaiU- 
 Kl|ll|in« • 
 
 Naluf <tf, anil KMtur liaivllng o, 
 
 running bvrvivrit. 
 Rttuiul, tquare, ttr other dttcrlption. 
 
 Build • ■ • Car.y/wc;mc»jr. 
 Gallery . . . Df«ri|,((un "/. 
 Head . . . Kimln/: 
 Kramewotk - . tVood ar clhir Maliriol. 
 
 JU/dturrmrn/A. 
 
 t .nirth from tlie Forcnnrt of Stem under the liowijirlt lo Uie Afuldfl of th» llvad of the Htcrnpoit 
 
 Fttt T.nthi 
 
 1 
 
 I Tonnofie. 
 
 '• 1 onnam under TonnMf Deck * . ., ' , ' 
 tlie ln-!'vw«-' "'"'" "■• Tonnagf Deck, if ony, vU. i- 
 Spaee ot Spacet between Decka • 
 Poop . . • • - 
 
 I (Hliet inclMul Spacet, If any, namlMK Uiem 
 
 I Total - . ■ • 
 
 I 'AdJIIional Parllcularijiir Sliameri. 
 
 Dtdurtlon for Space required fur Propelling Power (aay whether 37.100th» or .12.100thi, or ai 
 I nMturedj ...-•-.-.. 
 
 'uinihrfEngineRoom(lfmea»ured) ....... 
 
 Enjtines ..-•••"--•■ 
 Ccmbincil Power (ettimatnl Horie-power) ■ - - - - - - 
 
 No. of Ton* 
 
 Tom 
 
 Keet 
 
 Tenths 
 
 Number of Engine* 
 
 No. of flortei- power 
 
 HaUter TonnaKO (after maklnR deduction for 
 space for propelllnK power In iteamen).* 
 
 • Omit thli part if the ha> no Steam Power. 
 
 1 ih# imdetilmed A.B., reglttrar of the port of , hereby certiljr that,— 
 
 I TheihiD thedetcrlptlon of which U prefixed to thia my cettiRcate, hu tieen duly surreyed, and that tht aliofe deicrlptlon U true. 
 ,. ,,i .._K> r j^ ji^^ uiaiter of the laid ihip. 
 
 J. CD. of 
 
 ,1. The uld ihlp , 
 
 .11 built 11 [lumitnf 
 
 !l(fourtlruaiiiip'.'«] on the 
 diof and her forelim name 
 
 UHiie word* lo be added 
 iJ'tlutltipUfortign^ 
 
 I The wieral peT<on« and bodlea corporate whose name» ate hereunder written [nr emh'ried] arc owners of the aboTe ship, in the 
 ,rovo.U«i.,« opposite their re.p«!tlven«nes. ^^^__^^^^^ R,gi„,ar. 
 
 ■O'V 
 
 Is forelAn-built, and the time when and the 
 place where she was built are not ' 
 and her foreign name Is 
 
 and the) I was ccndemned by the court of [namfiuf 
 known,>i<r/roiir<],on the day of 
 
 I (at 
 
 (Signed) 
 
 Xime, of the (ereral fhv ners above [or within] mentioned 
 
 i.Vjm(.j 
 
 Number of sixty. fourth Shares held b,- each Owner 
 
 t'hirltf-tivo- 
 
 Sixteen. 
 
 F.iK''l- 
 
 lUtdat . 
 the 
 
 (Sjpied) 
 
 Hegistrar. 
 
 day of 
 
 Vitjte A cfiiif'ciic of registry granted under the Merchant Shipping Act, IS'it, Is not a document of title. It does not necessarily 
 
 lantun notice ofutt changes of ownership ; and in no case docs it contain an official record of any mortgages aflecting the ship. 
 
 does or permits to be done any matter or thing, 
 jor carries ur permits to be carrisd any papers or 
 documeuts, with intent to conceal the llritish 
 rharactcr of such ship from any person entitled by 
 pritish law to enquire into the same, or to assume 
 1 foreign cliaracter, or witli intent to deceive any 
 uch ficrsoii as lastly hereinbefore mentioned, 
 Uch ship sliall be forfeited to her Majesty ; and 
 be Tuastcr, if he commits or is pnvy to the 
 bnmii.non of the offence, shall be guilty of a 
 iisJemcunor. 
 
 1 3. If any unqualified person, except in the case 
 1 such transmitted interests as are herc'iibefore 
 Btitioned, acquires as owner any interest, cither 
 pi or beneficial, in a ship using a British flag 
 1 assuming the British character, sui,-' interest 
 '1 be forfeited to her Majesty. 
 
 If any person, on behah'of himself or any 
 |ier person or body of persons, wilfully makes a 
 V declaration touching the qualification of 
 dsdf or such other person or body of persons 
 ■own British ships or any shares therein, the 
 ^arant shall be guilty of a misdemeanor ; and 
 
 j the ship or share in respect of which such 
 I declaration is made, if the same has not been 
 I forfeited under tlie foregoing provision, shall, to 
 I the extent of the interest therein of the person 
 I making llie declaration, and, unless it is shown 
 I that he had no authority to make tho same, of 
 I the parties on behalf of whom such declaration is 
 I made, be forfeited to her Majesty. 
 
 .\nd in order tliat the above provisions as to 
 
 forfeitures may be carried into clfect, it sliall be 
 I lawful for any commissioned officer on full pay in 
 : the military or naval service of her Majesty, or 
 
 any British officer of customs, or any British 
 
 consular officer, to seize and detain any ship 
 I which has, either wholly or as to any share 
 j therein, become subject to forfeiture as aforesaid, 
 I and to bruig her for adjudication before the High 
 j Court of Admiralty in England or Ireland, or 
 I any court having admiralty jurisdiction in her 
 j Majesty's dominions ; and such court may therc- 
 I upon make such order in the case as "it may 
 j think fit, and may award to the officer bringing 
 
 in the same for adjudication such portion of the 
 
 'M 
 
 X 
 
 l:f 
 
 i:. 
 
1180 
 
 rEOLSTRY 
 
 1 
 
 'K 
 
 
 '•I* 
 • r 
 
 • i 
 
 • «• 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I*. 
 
 ■■I 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 '1 J 
 
 'II 
 
 M.. 
 
 U 
 
 ■i 
 
 .1' 
 
 jirocccilM <if tho Hdln of ony forfeited nliip or 
 Hliuri' II.S it limy lliitik riKlit, (Sec. In:),) 
 
 OJfiirr tint liiillu for iini/ Sii:un^ marie nn 
 rmiuiniilile (lioiiiiiln. — No Hlltil oOli'rr IIS llfori'Hniil 
 fihiill 1)0 ri'HpoiiHihIo, citlior civilly or crijiiiimlly, 
 to liny pcr.-ioii whomsoever, iii'ri'spoct of tin- 
 Hi'i/uro or (Ictcntion of niiy htii|> tlmt Iioh Imtii 
 HL'izcd or iliMiiincd by liiin in |iiirHiiiuic(< of the 
 ])rovisionH luTciii conluinnl, iiotwillistnniliii^' tlmt 
 Hiich Kliip is not liron^lit in for luljiidicntioii, or, 
 if HO brought in, is ducliired not to lie liiiblu to 
 forfi'itiire, if il be shown, to the satisfnetion of the 
 Jiidne or court before whom iiiiy trial nlatiiif; to 
 Kiich hhip ur nnch sei/iire or Jcteiitiuu is held, 
 tlmt there were rensonable urouiidM for such 
 Hciziire or iktenlion ; but if no mucIi /grounds are 
 ^<hown, Hucli Jud>;o or court miiy award payment 
 of coHtH and daniiifics to anv party afjtjrieved, and 
 make 8uch other order in t[iu prciniseM an it think 
 just. (Sec. 101.) 
 
 Penally for earrying improper Cohur>.—lt any 
 coloum usually worn by her Majesty'd nhips, or 
 any colflurn rcscndding 'those of Iter" Majesty, or 
 any distinctive national colours, except the red 
 ousit,'n usually worn by merchant ships, or except 
 the union jack with a white border, or if the 
 pendant usually carried by her Jlajesty's ships, or 
 any pendant in anywise rcsembliiifj such pen- 
 dant, are or is hoisted on board any shij) or boat 
 btlonginj; to any subject of her Majesty without 
 ■warrant for so doinjf frmi her Majesty or from 
 the Admiralty, the master of such ship or boat, or 
 the owner thereof, if on board the same, and 
 every other ))crson hoisting; or joining or assist'^T 
 in hoisting; the same, shall for every such ofTcnci. 
 incur a penalty not exceeding 600/. ; and it shall 
 bo lawful for any oilicer on full pay in the 
 military or naval service of her Majesty, or anv 
 Jiritish otliccr of the customs, or any liritisli 
 consular ofHcer, to board any such ship or boat, 
 and to take away any such jack, colours, or 
 
 Cendant; and such jack, colours, or pendant shall 
 e forfeited to her Majesty. (Sec. 106.) 
 Effect <if Declaration that a Ship shall not he 
 recognised as a British if/ii/>.— Whenever it is 
 
 Table 
 
 RKVKNri-: AND KXI'KNDITURK 
 declared by this Act that a Hhin belmnjin,, ,„ 
 person or body corjioratp, qoalided a.rcnll,!,, 7 
 this Act to lie owners of llritish ships, kIuiH ii,,t i 
 recou'liised as a Uritish ship, such HJiip ^|iall not' 
 be entitled to any benelits, privileges, advuilairr 
 or protection usually enjoyed by Itriii,'}, m,","' 
 and shall not be entitled to u-ie tlii; liritish fl,,,, ' 
 assume tlii^ llritish national clmrncter- lim ."^ 
 far as renanls the payment of dues, ijie lial,i'ijj 
 
 to pains luid penalties, and the 
 offences committed on board siiel 
 
 iiiiii-limont iif 
 ship iir liv ,ii|.. 
 person belonging to her, such ship shiill ImmI,.,], 
 with ill the same manner in all respects as if si . 
 were a recognised llritish ship. (Sec. \W,\ '" 
 UKl'Dirr. In C'oinmeicial Navigation, a |,(ii,i- 
 delivered by the masters of all «hips arrivin 
 from parts Ix'yoiid seas to tho ciistuni-li'iiM., f,,,," 
 lainiiig an account of the cargo mi |,(iari|' ,v.' 
 (It! & 17 Vict. c. 107 ss. 60-64; ante, Imioiiti! 
 
 TION ASK KxfiillTATIOS.) 
 
 KKl'lMSALM. Where the people of „iien,iii„„ 
 have unlawfully seized and detniiieil prnpirtv 
 belonging to another state, the subjects ot n,;, 
 latter are authorised, by tho law of imtintH, u 
 indemnify themselves by seizin;; the prii|unv,| 
 the subjects of the state aggressing. '1|,j; j, 
 termed making reprisals; and cmnmissioiH t. 
 this effect are issued from the / dmiralty. rt'/;|. 
 
 VATK.I'ntH. I 
 
 IJKSl'ONDl'NTIA. [Dottomi'.y axi. i;,. 
 
 SrONDKNTIA.] 
 
 KKVKNUE AM. KXl'KNDITrHi:. TlinuJ, 
 not iiroiierly b.-Ionging to a work of tliis sti, 
 wo believe we soall do an acceptable rorviiv iii 
 our readers by iayiiig before tlem n '|;,i,|,. 
 of the Kcvcnuc ami Kxpenditure of the [iiitid i 
 Kingdom. 
 
 Subjoined is nn account of flic grnsj public 
 income of the United Kingdom of (ircat llriiaiii 
 and Ireland, in the year ended the 31st (!av of 
 March 18CH, and of the actual issues ivitliin'tht 
 same period, exclusive of sums applied tu thv re- 
 demption of funded or jmying oil iiiifuiuliM .kli, 
 ond of tho advances and rcpaymeuta for 1«1 
 works, &c. 
 
 No. I. 
 
 Ki|)cnditurir 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 «. 
 
 J. 
 
 Cuitlomt • • • 
 
 
 
 !H,(i.'s>,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kxcise . - - 
 
 
 
 B(),lM,lliiO 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 Nlanip« . . - 
 
 
 
 !l.5ll,mKI 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 TaxvH (land &nd assessed) 
 
 
 
 3,iOU,llOU 
 
 
 
 
 
 ProperiT li : 
 Vm\ otlU-e 
 
 
 
 6,177,(X10 
 4,li.'MI,IKlO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 Crown land:! (nett) - 
 
 
 
 3i:>,>XJU 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 JVIKrellnneous: 
 
 £ 
 
 «. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 
 MUUnry and nnva* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 eitra receipts and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nroceedii of old stores 
 sold 
 Amount recel?«l from 
 
 S6G.680 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 llic revenues of India 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 on account of ilie 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ellective nnd non- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 etfectWe charges of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ilrlltith lioopH ser». 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ing in that country 
 
 850,500 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 Allowance out of prn- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fitHof iMue,n>ceived 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 from the Jiank of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KnKland, per Act 't\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vict. c. .1 
 
 IM,573 
 
 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 
 Other miscellaneoui 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.1O,.0fiO 
 
 1 
 
 (1 
 
 2,SgC,21R 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Total reTenue - 
 
 C9,CUU,'^1S 
 
 1 
 
 Excess of total ex]>endlture over Income 
 
 
 
 
 in the jear ended March 31 , 1H68 
 
 . 
 
 i.URjn'a 
 
 IS 
 
 6 
 
 (irand total 
 
 
 £ 
 
 71.76r.,!ill 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 Inti'TMt and managemuit of Itie 
 
 |iL>rmanent ilvlit 
 Tinriiiinalili* annuilin > 
 Intervkt of eichv^iuer hnndl 
 li)tLn'e«t of ciclufiuer bilU 
 IntL'i'e^t or Hank uilviincci for 
 
 dttiL-U-ncj - 
 
 CilAROaa ON rONtOLIDATBD 
 
 Fund : 
 CiTll lUt . 
 
 Annuities and jienKions 
 Salaries and al]owani.-ea 
 lllploinalic salaries and l>cnslons 
 Count of juslico 
 Miscellaneous charf;es • 
 
 SUFFLY SanVICBR t 
 
 Army - - . 
 
 Navy - - - 
 
 Aliysfinian ex)«dUlon - 
 MihcellaneouH civil scrvires 
 Salaries, superanns. Arc. of cus- 
 toms anil inland revenue 
 ]>o. of post i/lllce - 
 Packet service 
 
 ,«(;S,9M 16 7 
 
 ,ii7,-<;o (I i 
 
 >il,'lM (1 
 
 16A,U1S 13 
 
 !,3S7 to n 
 
 4a',,7Sl 5 
 
 !isi;,s.i9 1 III 
 
 1. 3,4 Ml S U 
 
 I74.li.',3 I 4 
 
 iiTifitS 13 S 
 
 111 1,3115 13 7 
 
 ,4H,AS1 17 1 
 
 ,lfis,i|1ll !) 
 
 ,<1II(),IHI0 II II 
 
 ,4'J1|341 11 7 
 
 ,1S1,I.S li 
 
 ,4(W,I1'>I 9 J 
 
 HllS,il7 13 » 
 
 Total ordinary expenditure - . . 
 
 Expenses of fortificalinnK provided for by money 
 
 raised rer Act <s & '^U Vict. c. (it 
 Total expenditure ^. ^ 
 
 46,'-71,:M I ) 
 
 l,8!U,!9l 3 >i 
 
 I 
 
 Table Xo. II. is an account of the balances 
 of the public money remaining in the exchequer 
 on tho 31st day of March. 1867 ; tho amount of 
 money raised by additions to the funded or un- 
 funded debt, and the amount applied towards the 
 redemption of funded or paying off unfunded debt 
 
 in the year ended the 31st day of March, 1 
 the total amount of advances and rcpayraenii on I 
 account of local works «tc., in the saiiii! periinl; I 
 and the balances in the exchequer on the Slsiiii? I 
 of March, 18CH. 
 
CPENDITUUK 
 
 hIiip lieViiiKiHtr til (iiiy 
 quiiVitlt'il lU'i'Jiriliiii; I i 
 rilirtli »biiH,hliiiU nut li'' 
 i|), nui'li hIi'hi fliiill n.ii, 
 liriviU'K''". '>''^»">"U'<'', 
 ovi'il tiv \lriiiili hliiiw, 
 I) u,*c till! llrilisUrtn^ur 
 iml I'liivrncitr ; liui, m 
 111 iif iliii'!'. il»' liiilnliiy 
 uul tlic iiuii'i^hmcnt ,,1 
 mill sui'li hIi'M' '"■ '■>■ ■*">' 
 Hvich fili'l' "'■"'' '"' '''"'''^ 
 r in all ri'K\it'i'l'* iv^ if »ln; 
 1 ^liip. (S.'o. H'l'i.) 
 rciul Niivinaliiiii,o\.i\v<- 
 •rs of all nhiiH iirrivii,. 
 Id tlio iMi»tiii»-l>"»-''- C'li- 
 tl\i' cnrj;.! mi bimnl, Ac 
 rt f)0-54; ante, iMi'oiiTA- 
 
 >N.) , , 
 
 .,, tlic pcoiiiii "1 one ni\ii(iu 
 li nml ilclniiu'il \m\»r\\- 
 stiite, tl>o Hulijic'" "'' ""-■ 
 by the law <it' natiim-, h< 
 by ttci/.iiii! tli«Vf"l'':''.y'<' 
 itiitc. nnKrc9sin«., Hn.i h 
 <ftls- ni>il tummisaioiM tu 
 rom'tUc/tlmiralty. [Pi;i- 
 
 [UOTTOMI'.Y AM) Ri;- 
 
 i'Xl'l'.NDl'n'ltr.. Tlwujli 
 
 'x% lo a W't'^ "f *'"■• *'"• 
 
 ',lo nil accei.lnble .crvioc tu 
 
 •i„L' before lb m a hUt 
 
 Kxpendituteof thcliiitcd 
 
 iccount of tbc Rro.s vubiic 
 I Kin««lom of Groat Itaiui 
 
 tbf actual i«suos witlim tk 
 voof 8um«avplic'l'""^;f 
 
 i^sCulrepaymetUsforM 
 
 EEVENUE AND EXPENUITURE 
 
 7\ihle Ml. //. 
 
 1181 
 
 . , iMit-Ssi t' J. 
 ' iinH),iioo i; » 
 
 '^"'"•'■;? 2 'il 
 ii.«iK.<!';' ,", 5 
 
 . "7i,'06,iii i; ' 
 
 TOTlil'ed tor bJ n""*' I -,„,,>io « 
 
 ''•"•" . f|-7U6«;5nTT 
 
 1 tl,n31st dav of March, 1» 
 
 •works Ac-i '" ' ^iupjujjt 
 , in the exchequer on the iu , 
 
 Ineomt 
 
 •,1,Pt'lS,«01 M 1 
 l,«il>,4.V) IH II 
 
 110,000 (I 
 
 ' lUiwcM in ilM iirlnqutr on 
 M.r.h Jl. ""''' 
 ^,,|„|l.,nJ"fKni(l«n.l - 
 
 1 Jc ll» llan' ■•' lr«l«ml 
 
 imLiMr;* ;■".■.""*" 
 
 I Kuiiili'l "•'" ■ 
 
 ' g, iM rinlluK "f Itrmlnnbl* 
 
 l''„nui.l«,l«'«"V,*;"' 
 
 I VI I. c. <il II" |i'"»lil" fi" 
 
 „n,l," f.,iimiaii.;n.l, li. 
 
 ! Annuliy commmcing AprH 8, 
 
 An ill" roramtncUlf Ot lolwr 
 
 ^iV. ;: : : 
 
 I jui. IC, IJM • '.'il 
 
 i:nfiind«l dflil ' 
 
 EltMu" ''""''■' '""'■'* I;' 
 
 I oer .\a '" Vict. c. Sf, 
 I Zri I).«iol*r m. IHf.r, 
 ■ ™l (XJllilil UecnnI)*! I;, 
 
 l>l>1 ■ . ■ n ' 
 
 KuhMuef I'oniU |s«tl« ".I, 
 , .,1 A.t .Tl Vict. r. 31, 
 
 I |<i!>blc MmcIi a7, 1S7I) - 
 
 ! Bini.mHiu on nccount of a.l»oncM for Iho pur- 
 
 ,|iu«i)f liulllon. '«"1 '"' I'"'"' »'°'"" '?'■■ ». • 
 
 Bms.mtni. Ml account <.f aii»»nce« for Now 
 
 ' HM'mnii* on nciount of adiuicn fot Oncn- 
 
 I Vicb Ho»|ilt«l . • ■ - 
 
 Tot»l . . • d 
 
 l.io,non 
 
 .VIilKHI 
 1IHI,IHKI 
 
 II (I 
 
 liiii,uiio i> II 
 
 700,0()0 II (I 
 
 l.nnn.nno o o 
 
 ;,«»t,isi to II 
 
 tmfioo 
 
 1,700,000 
 
 l,173,OC.'' 18 10 
 
 S7i,000 
 
 I l.M 4t g 7 
 
 ITAi7,ri6ii 17_J> 
 
 • IncluJini! 10,000/. of the monejf ralltd for fottKlcatiom. 
 
 A more couiprehciiBive and instructive tabic 
 than that nuirkud No. I. was framed according to 
 the <iu<:i,'08tion, and printed for several years upon 
 the motion, of Mr. i'usey; nnd there uro not 
 vorv many Members who can refer to so useltil a 
 mimorial of tlieir Parliamentary career. ''"hi.H 
 m cimtiuued by air. ^V. Williams, but dropiicil 
 in his death. Annexed is a 
 
 Stakmat, showing the Estimated or Actual 
 Btienue and Kxtienditure of several Foreiyn 
 Coiinlries at differctU recent Periods. (AU'- 
 Iruikd from It'iports of Secretaries of Lega- 
 tioM on Finance.) 
 
 Counlrln 
 
 Yeart 
 
 IWrenuo 
 
 Eltiendlture 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 AnWs • Mtlmnleil 
 
 1S67 
 
 40,7Vli,7no 
 
 4.1,.189,finO 
 
 
 1MB6-7 
 
 a,yj.i,siii 
 
 X,HH,fi!l,1 
 
 
 IHIi? 
 
 8H,riNS,.1ll'^ 
 
 ij(>,,'i(;i,7s» 
 
 HaiUnd • „ 
 
 IHUi 
 
 9,r,:i.i,iii7 
 
 n,sa,i,(;n 
 
 Ku,tia • ebUm&teU 
 
 lSfi7 
 
 !)'^,'Ji',,\l^ 
 
 ,',ll,ISII,IIV'i 
 
 
 lS(i8-0 
 
 •i.'..K.|fi,7l7 
 
 K0/.(il,787 
 
 lulIfY - „ 
 
 IS(i4-,'i 
 
 1 i.'jsu.s.')/! 
 
 It,!'^.'.,."!'^* 
 
 lnit«l 1 actual 
 
 1»C7-S 
 
 fi?, 1111,0.11 
 
 (il, 771,7714 
 
 l«CH-il 
 
 6(l,t)IHI,(ll)0 
 
 47,7IX>,IHI1> 
 
 
 lSfi7 
 
 .'1,19 1,. '.SI 
 
 li,lM7,70S 
 
 PtTU • „ 
 
 IM7 
 
 a,fi»o,ii8,i 
 
 .1,lll.'i,l'il 
 
 KlIUBARR (Dutch, rabarbcr; Fr. rhubarhe; 
 Ital.raliarb.iro, reobarbaro; Span, riiibarbo ; l!ii.<3. 
 licwcn; Arab, rawcnd; Chin, ta-hwaiij;). The 
 root of a plant, a native of China and Tavtary. 
 Three varicticu of rhubarb arc known in the 
 fho|«; viz. Uussian, Turkey, and East Indian or 
 Chinese rlmbnrli. The first two resemble each 
 fither in every rcspc!"t. They are, in fiict, the 
 same article, bciiif; both derived from Tartarj*. 
 The portion designed for the Petersburg market 
 oeing selected and sorted at Kiachta, acquires the 
 name of Russian rhubarb; while the portion that 
 is sent from Tartary to Smyrna and other places 
 ill Turkey is called Turkey rhubarb. The best 
 pieces only arc sent to Petersburg ; and according 
 to the contract with the Government, on whoso 
 account it is bought, all that is rejected must be 
 1 burnt ; and that which is approved undergoes a 
 Eecond cleaning before being finally packed up for 
 
 ■iiMiidllun. 
 
 Iwiinl '^t lh« comnuuloncr* 
 tor ttitf Tvtliic'.ioit i>f Ihi, 
 N.itional lltUi to lit, b|i 
 |ill«fl lo Iha fetli'niiiUon of 
 thtt public Jtiiil 
 
 Dwluct— ftmounl noiiIlMl In 
 rvimyntrnt ut Itnr k ad* 
 vane** '.'or iltillcli-u. y 
 
 Earliequt'l bonil. |iatil ofl*, 
 
 tif. I 
 NvrlM K. tialvd NoTvinlior H, 
 
 inlil • 
 ttorici M. dali>l March 117. 
 
 IMili . 
 
 El.liriun bllli paltl oir In 
 monvy ... 
 
 .\itirancei for (jurchnM of 
 liulllon,nn^l for local worki 
 Ac. - 
 
 Ailvnni',4 for Saw Courti of 
 JustlcH • . - 
 
 AilvanrM tot Urncnwlch 
 llukpltal 
 
 Kireu of total txpendlture 
 over Inroine hi tho year 
 ended .March .11, IHlj^ • 
 
 llatnncM In the pxchequer on 
 .March 31. IhliH t 
 
 At the Hank of KoKland • 
 A* the Hank of Irttland 
 'I'olal • 
 
 l,7<)0,IOt U 4 
 
 90I,1IM 4 
 
 7UI),U<I0 
 1,1100,0110 
 
 J. if. 
 
 t.'l,7».'5,9l7 19 .1 
 
 iflsiitm 11 II 
 
 It9l,76« 
 
 1,700,000 o 
 
 4^700 II 
 
 I,i'4«.*i8n t * 
 
 317,1100 O O 
 
 81.'),1I3 8 7 
 
 iiiaCftii V 6 
 
 4,781,81.1 1.1 8 
 
 ll,.'i.1 7,li'il> 17 ft 
 
 t No bftlance remaining of the moneji ralied for fortlflcjilonf* 
 
 Petersburg. The best pieces of Russian and Turkey 
 rhubarb are roundish, and perforated ■with a large 
 hole, of a reddish or yellow colour on the outside, 
 and when cut or broken exhibit a mottled texture, 
 and alternate streaks of rca ana j^cy. Il.i odour 
 is peculiar. It is finely gritty umlnr tlie tcetli, 
 and its taste bitter, faintly astriiigcni, and aro- 
 matic. It should not bo porous, but ratlicr com- 
 pact and heavj". East Indian or Chinese rbubarb 
 IS in oblong (lat pieces, seldom perforated ; lia.s a 
 stronger odour and is more nauseous to the tasto 
 than the other; it is heavier, more compact, breaks 
 smoother, and atfords a powder of « redder shade. 
 (Thomson's Diapenmtory \ Ainslie's jVu^ /nt/ica; 
 British Pharmacopieia, 18G7; ifcc.) 
 
 In 1807 the imports of rhubarb amounted to 
 227,GC3 lb. valued at Cl,90G/.,chietly fioin France, 
 nnd the exports to 211,'221 lb. It was formerly 
 charged with a duty, which, after being reduced 
 m 1W2, was repealed in 1815. 
 
 KICl:^ (Fr. riz; Ital. riso; Arab, aruz ; llin. 
 chawl). One of the most valuable of tlie cereal 
 grasses, the Oryza saliva of botanists. It is 
 raised in immense quantities in India and China, 
 and most Kiistern countries ; in the West Indies, 
 Central America, and the United States ; and in 
 some of the southern countries of Europe. It, in 
 fact, occupies the same place in most intertropical 
 regions as wheat in the warmer parts of Europe, 
 and oats and rye in those more to the north. 
 Forming, as it does, the principal part of tbe food 
 of the most civilised and populous Eastern na- 
 tions, it is more extensively consumed than any 
 other species of gn.in. It is light and wholesome, 
 but it IS said to contain less of the nutritive prin- 
 ciple than wlie.1t. When rough, or in its natural 
 state in the husik, it is called paddy. There is an 
 immense variety in the qualities of rice. That 
 which is principally exported from Bengal lias 
 received the name oi cargo rice. It is of a coarso 
 reddish cast, but is sweet and large-grained, and 
 is preferred by the natives to every other sort. It 
 is not kila-dned, but is parboiled in earthen pots 
 or caldrons, partly to destroy the vegetative prin- 
 
 }\ 
 
 i 
 
 I ; 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 I . 
 
 I '! 
 
 ' It 
 
 
 ■;!i; 
 
 ;■ tit 
 
 • :■ Hi 
 
1182 
 
 UICU 
 
 .1 ^ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 u . 
 
 V:,'^\ 
 
 -, I- ■ 
 
 t '. 
 
 i/:,:'^ 
 
 ;:, 
 
 •f ; 
 
 . • '•* 
 
 :;l 
 
 \ 
 
 u 
 
 l\ 
 
 A. 
 
 ■: ! I 
 
 I 
 
 a" ; ■ 
 
 if 
 
 ■■■| 
 
 «;l|)l(', HI) that it mny koop iM'ttor, and parlly to 
 facilitatit Ihu proccHsi uf huxkiiiK. rntiiii ricn is 
 more CHti'cinoil in Murunu tliaii any otiicr nort of 
 rici! ini|u)rti'<I from the KuHt. It It .■>niall-(,'riiinrd, 
 Kitlicr li)n>{ iiml wiry, anil ivmaikabiy white, 
 lint the rice raised on the h)W inariliy ^'rounds 
 ot'Soutli Carolinn is iini|iiO!ttionnl)ly vory (tuinrior 
 Id any tjroii;r|it from atiy jiart of India. It 'nay, 
 pfrliaps, bi) worllt nicntionitiKi that riuf, i; ic 
 Avlieat, oal.s, and liarley, is nut indi^^i'nutis to 
 America. It was lirst raised in South Carolina 
 from Heeds hroii;;ht from Madajfaxear m.ar the 
 end of the 17th eentiiry. lis eulluri! increased so 
 rapiilly tliat in ITiM no fewer tliaii IM.IIOO tierces, 
 or barrels, were exported, (i'itkin's Anuriidii 
 Stiitintict, IH.'t.'i, p. 11)0.) Accordiiift to the re- 
 turns under the census of IHlil, the total unnual 
 proiluco of rice in the tj'nitcd .States was e-ti- 
 mated at 80,HlI,t'.''J lb., whereas nmicr the census 
 of IMO it was estitnatcd nt '.'l.'<,;il-.',710 lb., or 
 above '.10,000 tons, uf which l.VJ,'J3O,0l;) lb. were 
 raised in South Carolina. However, this crop 
 seems to liavc been diminished by the Civil War, 
 and the value of the exports of rice from the 
 United States amounteil, in lHO."i, to 03,130 dols. 
 
 Tlie produce of lands naturally or artificially 
 irri'ated is, as far as rice is concerned, from ."> to 
 1(( times greater than that <lf dry land having no 
 ('(miinand of water; and hence the vast import- 
 ance of irrigation in all countries where this grain 
 is cultivated. But it is worthy of remark, that, 
 owing to the not uid'rccjuent occurrence of severe 
 droughtij, there is a greater variation in the crops 
 of rice than in those of many other species of 
 grain. Those who, like the I findoos, depend al- 
 most entirely on it for subsistence, are conse- 
 quently placed in a very precarious situation. 
 There can be no doubt that famines arc at once 
 more frequent and severe in llindostau than in 
 any other country, Ireland excepted. 
 
 The exports ot'rice from India have greatly in- 
 creased since 18C1. 
 
 Table, showing the Value of ExpinU of Rice 
 from India in the 10 Years ending with 1800. 
 
 UIOA 
 
 and in IHW, hr 
 
 111), to <!(/. i)er cwt, 
 ised the (lutics at 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 £ 
 
 ISS7 - 
 
 ■ V,3UI,IH'4 
 
 186'.! . 
 
 . 3,M3,075 
 
 IH5H ■ 
 
 - 3,l49,171i 
 
 1 SU.I - 
 
 . 3,37H,1'J« 
 
 IMU . 
 
 - V,433,HS 
 
 1861 - 
 
 . 3,!i73,,V,5 
 
 ISI.II • 
 
 . ■J,'nii,'i<M 
 
 llillS ■ 
 
 . ',i73,.'..37 
 
 1861 ■ 
 
 ■ •i,'j6i,\'r, 
 
 l»(i(i - 
 
 - ),!)0'J,iU'i 
 
 For a considerable number of years oar supplies 
 of cleaned rice were principally derived from 
 Bengal ; but now we get mucli the larger propor- 
 tion from Pegu. We subjoin — 
 
 An Account of the Imports of Rice into the 
 United Kinydom in 1867, speciji/ing the Quanti- 
 ties brought from each Country, 
 
 cwt. 
 Hremen .... S(i,749 
 
 Hollanil .... ■J.>,033 
 
 United States .... 9,,')l)'. 
 
 Br»/U .... 11,767 
 
 BrltMi I'ossnsions in South Africa • '^l.lsn 
 
 India «ic. ■ - • •'ifi'i\,i\'i't 
 
 Cochin Ihlna . . ■ . 37,7i« 
 
 .Mauritius ... - 1*1,179 
 
 Other partJ - . - . li),3J9 
 
 Total . - - 2,77S,754 
 
 During the same year 44,943 qrs. of rough rice 
 were imported, of which 5 came from India. We 
 make these imports from being in possession of a 
 method of detaching the husk, which throws out 
 the grain clean and unbroken. Carolina rico sells 
 in London at from 35s. 8rf. per cwt. when Ben- 
 gal rice sells at from 14s. Id, per do. 
 
 The duty on foreign rice was formerly quite 
 excessive, ifiaving amounted, previously to 1842, 
 to 16». j)er cwt., while that charged on rice from 
 a British possession was only is. In 1842 Sir 
 Robert Peel reduced the former to Cs. 3f/. and the 
 
 latter to fl^rf.j ana in i«i(i i,r furthw n urH 
 the duty on loreign rice to l«., nud that on pni,,,,;,. 
 
 '■V«^^»''-<^'«'''t»nee' 
 
 \^d, per cwt. A like cnur 
 was followed with the duty on roii^h rico wf.i'k 
 in 1«I2 amounted to L>0». tier qr. on tImtVrnm » 
 foreign countr}-, and to only 1,/. p,.r,i„, „„ „ " 
 from a colony. Sir Kobort Peel mln,:..,! t|,„ f ' 
 iner in I«l'2 to 7». \\d., ami in iMKi t„ i, . ^^ ^' 
 afterwards flxcd at 'M. per qr. without ref.ri.h^ 
 to its origin. The duties on both were alx,ll«h^,i 
 in 18t)0. '^' 
 
 In consequence of tho reduction and (ivenimi 
 abolition of the ilutles, the consiini|itiuii of ri,',. 
 has be(!n greatly increased; fornnrly it runh 
 exceeded (excent in IH47, when it. wa., iaf,^:|- 
 imported into Ireland) 550,000 cwt., whenai It 
 amouiitod, at an average of \m\ and iHij; |„ 
 •-', j'.'3,'J 10 cwt. n-year, exclusive of ll.'.'il;) nr.' J 
 rice in the husk. 
 
 KKJA. A city of Kuropcan Bussin. the capital 
 of Livonia, on the Dvina, about U miles fnim tW 
 sea, lat. M'^ 57' N., long. 21^ «' 5" IC. l'„|,u!ati„„ 
 ill l«(i:), excluding garrison, 77,4(iH, 
 
 Harbour. — A lighthouse has k'on crectcil nn 
 Fort (Joiiiet, on the western side of thi' nidiit!] 
 of the river. It has 2 lights: the first, el, \ in,,] 
 about 104 feet (English) above the level of iIk 
 sea, may be seen under favourable eircunistan.rt 
 at the distance of 4 leagues; and the sinnl 
 lighted in 1803, nioy be seen at the distmKv ,'> 
 :> miles. The bar at the mouth of the rivor In 
 usually from 12 to 13 feet water; ami v(-.,i. 
 drawing more than this frequently load aii'l im. 
 load part of their cargoes by means of light(r> ;i! 
 Bolderaa, a small town on the west side of tht ri\ i r. 
 near its mouth. There is a fainvay beacon wuh 
 nut the bar, in 5 fathoms water; and witliia ,li 
 channel is buoyed with black and white bums ; tt 
 black being left on the light or starboard side wh.- 
 entering, and the white on the larboard. W-i 1 
 bound ibr Biga take pilots at Bolderaa, wh,, ,.n 
 them to their anchorage. Xo ballast is all .«,,;: 
 be discharged except at Poderague. Keguln ;;. 
 as to clearing ic. similar to those .it Peter-ljiir. 
 (Coulier Sur les Phares, 2nd cd.: lieyiilatimu'! 
 Russian Authorities ; Admiralty List, 18lJ'.l.> 
 
 Trade. — Owing to its advantageous siiuati u 
 near the month of a great navigable riwr, ;|, 
 trade of Biga is very extensive ; heiiu. . I '!, 
 Bussian towns on the "Baltic, in this respect sim:! 
 only to Petersburg. The trade is chiitlyiarrk'J 
 on by foreign merchants, particularly" by ih 
 English. The principal exports arc t!ax aiiij tnnf, 
 linseed and hemp-seed, timber, corn, tolmcco.hid^. 
 wool, tallow 4c. ; the imports arc salt, mis. 
 coffee, and groceries of all sorts, herring?, inJi;", 
 dye-woods, cotton and cotton twist, silks, harJ- 
 ware, iron, coals, mncs &c. 
 
 The mast trade is extensive. The burghfrs"; 
 Biga send persons who arc called mast brokei! 
 into the provinces to mark the tree?, which at- 
 purchasecl standing. Thej- grow mostly in iti 
 districts which border on the Dnieper, art -rt; 
 up that river to a landing-place, transportf 1 > 
 versts to the Ouna, when, being formed into rafc 
 of from 50 to 200 pieces, they desce'id the strmi 
 to Riga. The tree which produces the largsi 
 masts is the Scotch fir. Those pieces whiili « 
 from 18 to 25 inches in diameter are called m&- 
 under those dimensions, spars ; or, in EngW 
 Norway masts, because Norway exports wvm I 
 more than 18 inches in diameter. Great skill i: I 
 required in distinguishing those masts that J" [ 
 sound firom those which are in the least intenul,'' I 
 decayed. They are usually from 70 to 8li l«t n | 
 length. 
 
 i 
 
 ]?! 
 
sKi Ik' I'lirtlnir n lu 'i,! 
 li„nuil ll\ii< imoolimiiil 
 6a Mr. (ilaiUtonff>iiii»l. 
 icr cwt. A \\V.v cuiir«t 
 ity '111 Min{h rii'P, wliii'.h 
 ). IK'f V- "" '''*' '''"" " 
 n'lAy \il. 1"'' ''"• "" "'"^ 
 crt'l'wl ri'iluctMl till' (ir- 
 ,11(1 lu 1«W t') 1«. ■. it wib 
 iiet nr. willuiui. rctVnnci! 
 A on botli wi'ti' ulxili^hcil 
 
 n reduction ami nvcntiiul 
 
 the oonimniptiiiu nf rv<' 
 •ftsi'il; I'otmirly it niPlj 
 847, whon it ww larH'lv 
 
 OOO.OtXt owt., wliff^a* 1! 
 ntfc of l«t>''' «"'' l"'"''" 
 exi'luHivo of ll.'illS 'ir., „! 
 
 uroiH-ftu Itussiii, thn oui.iial 
 in.i, a>)t)Ut 'J uiilcH from tlie 
 H. 210 «' o" H, I'oiiulalbm 
 rrinon, 77,46H. 
 thouso bii« liocu crocii'd ,„, 
 western nide "t tlv m.«ii!, 
 2 \WhU: til'- llr^«t, .;Uv:,i.,l 
 Iwh) alwvo tho Iwel n: tl„ 
 let favouriiblc iircumstar,,,.. 
 
 leagues; and the »wun,l 
 V be seen at the ilwtano' .,i 
 Uhc mouth of th. nvM lu< 
 13 feet water ; and vis'tU 
 
 this frequently loa.lun4un- 
 inrocsby means ot liKhUr. ^. 
 wnontbc.vcstsidcorthenv,.r. 
 here is a fainvay beacon «>.i. 
 
 homa water; and wuhmJv 
 ffilacl. and white bu"vs-.tW 
 height or starboard ..d^,*r. 
 
 hUoonthelnrboard. V-.- 
 cpilotaatUoldcraa.ww;.; 
 nZc No ballast Hall";ve.lt 
 
 .!?ft"Poderat!ue. Kegulitw;.- 
 ^limUar othosoatPe.cr%r: 
 
 S:2ndcd.;iM«;"-.' 
 
 'tVts^»vantageous.iiu.t.u 
 /a great navigable rn.,< 
 vcrv extensive; bcu.;i,vt* 
 SaUic.m this respect «« 
 r^ Thc^rade is chic;rtycarm^i 
 
 randfo^tl twist, ski.. 
 Avincs &c. bureiwii 
 
 ^ '^ toCrcilJl ^astU 
 '"*r mark the trees, ^^•hieha^ 
 
 r*° They grow mostly in .b 
 
 ''"^•, ^n the Dnieper, are « 
 border on t",«„^7 "J 'n.portel " 
 
 ,na, when, bemt, ^ J ,^^,„effl 
 pieces, they Qesce > 1 
 
 Jc f i VoTe P "^^^^^^^^^^^^ I 
 otch hr. Ihose pi J )^a-»; 
 KhesindmmetetareM^^^^l^q 
 
 mcnsions,spaM, 0. „„K« 
 
 because ^lojway«=^ltJl, I 
 nches.mdminetc^- ,b„«, 
 
 Btinguishmg those m .^^^^^ 
 Uwhicharemtheie^ ^^(^^,J 
 [y are usually trom <" 
 
 RIO 
 
 I'll, lii.u kind of tUx nhippetl from Uina i» 
 'MM II ill While KuHNia, and \* called Orimna 
 tnkii/.cr; '•' eoliiiir it very white, and the thrradH 
 ImiH, liio'i "'"' loosi', l)ut it ha.4 minietime^ Idack 
 (Miit,^; ilo' next nuiility, coining from ilio pro- 
 uiK'i' III' IroeKic ill Mlhiiaiiia, in called l.illiii- 
 wi;iii rakit/ir, and i» very little inferior to I )riianH, 
 i„„ iH.iiliiur i< a liltle brown: of thlit kind the 
 |,i..t «i)rt is 'rhie'<eiiliau.'*en, Tho \wM kind of 
 I irtirlnml Hax ^hi|i|icd from Kih'a is Marieiibiirn ; 
 iliiit u'rowii in l<iviiiiirt is inferior. There uro two 
 Urii|< (if linseed: liiat of the hint crop, which is 
 uwil fur -I'wi":;; "I'll that of former years, fur 
 .nhhiiii.'. I" pn'Vciit ilecc|itioii, the year of its 
 ■rirtvtii is .•taiiipeil ml the barrel by .sworn iiisjiec- 
 l^.h I '"■I'l *•''■■''•• lleni|i-sced is mostly sliitipcil for 
 IJilliiuil. Hi^a wlieat is inferior to that of hatitzic 
 |w.i ,|('-.Tiptioiis are shipiiod — one the );rowth ol 
 llu«»iii, the oilier of ( 'oiirland ; the lust is the 
 l<'*t, bciiii: larger-bodied and of a brighter colour 
 thiiii lie Kus-'iaii : still, however, it niukex biii 
 iiiililfcriiit lloiir. Oats arc of a good iiuality, and 
 ate largely exported; peon arc also ocoa.sionally 
 ixjiiirti'il. 
 
 Ill ■liijipinK mn.sts, the rest of the cargo geiie- 
 nillv iMiisists of deals and wainscot logs: the 
 lan'crart much exported to Kngland, and arc very 
 .iMU'riiir. 
 
 .1/o/ifv.— For the moneys of Higa, sec Petkus- 
 
 Bl'llO. 
 
 tt'tKlhln anil Meaiuref. — Tho commercial pound 
 is iliviildl into 'i niarcH, or 32 loths ; and also into 
 halvis i|iiarters Jtc. It contains (!,4'i"2 English 
 ),'rain<. Hence 100 lb. of Kiga = 92-17 lb. ovoir- 
 ,li|«,is=ll'8 kilog. = «C'32 lb. of Ilamliurg-- 
 mijl lb, of Amsterdam. Tho li.spound = 20 lb.; 
 the .slii|)pimnil = 20 lispounds. 
 
 Tho Idijf is the measure for grain : 48 loofs = 
 1 la.'it cif wheat, barley, or linseed ; 45 loofs = 
 I iu't cf rve ; and )iO lo'ofs " 1 last of oats, malt. 
 
 A IIH!) 
 
 and beoiin. .Vccordliig l.i Kelly, the loof - li);l7') 
 Wincluviter bushel; mid con"»e(iii<iilly the Inut 
 of wheat -U•^12.^ (piarlcrs. Nelkenbrecher dooi 
 not value the laxt i{iiil)> so high M Kelly. 
 
 The fuller, ihc mea'<iir)> for lii|iiidii, is dividod 
 into 4 ahms, 24 ankers, 120 (jiinrtu, or 720 .sto<)f». 
 The anker-WO Kiiglish wine galloiw. 
 
 The f(«it, of KigiiaUKy Kii^lijih Inchen. The 
 ell -2 fw't; the ciafter-(! feet. 
 
 The number of llrilish \e.sHeU of all classes 
 arriving iit this port during the years from l«til 
 to 1M(I7 inolusivo was an followH :— 
 
 ^..lr, 
 
 VmwU 
 
 Tonnilf* 
 
 Cnmt 
 
 IH6I 
 
 ,\30 
 
 M.dOT 
 
 a, '131 
 
 
 ,181 
 
 TD.I.la 
 
 3,1113 
 
 
 3>.3 
 
 74,311 
 
 3,111 
 
 ISi.l 
 
 ,'.S,» 
 
 l|i,9'l,i 
 
 4,7Hil 
 
 \nl,< 
 
 41l» 
 
 lll.'i,/.1S 
 
 4,'illl 
 
 
 471 
 
 iiih.in'. 
 
 4,al3 
 
 
 431 
 
 IO<,7Si 
 
 — 
 
 The niitnlier nf vessels of oil nations arriving 
 at this port during the years from IMtll to IH(J7 
 inclusive has been m follows :— 
 
 Vnn 
 
 VmwU 
 
 Tonnaff« 
 
 ISIII 
 
 1,S70 
 
 ■JH.'>,U'K) 
 
 1 s(,a 
 
 1,71.1 
 
 aHii,'>'>a 
 
 lMf.3 
 
 1,711 
 
 aS3,3N.< 
 
 
 l,l»'.o 
 
 ,33H,,1aS 
 
 
 «,30S 
 
 4.3a,silH 
 
 
 vja7 
 
 4il),'.7'i 
 
 11167 
 
 a,06ti 
 
 37»,7«a 
 
 Vuliic of Er/Mrt Trade 'of Riga l«fil-()7. 
 
 isni . 
 
 iKf,a • 
 
 1S(13 . 
 
 lHli4 • 
 
 sHt. roub. 
 
 - at,aii3,3()i) 
 
 • a.i,»07,4iu 
 
 • av,a,i7,'J6.'i 
 
 • aJ.auA.oiM) 
 
 ISK.t 
 1S6A 
 11)67 
 
 mIW, roiili. 
 
 - 3i,ir,(i,a,',o 
 
 ■ 3S,l77,ai)0 
 
 • a7,ai'j,;(Ki 
 
 The total import trade of Riga during the year 
 1HG7 shows a marked incrcaso as compared with 
 lH()(i, the lljjures being respectively 7,073,000 
 silver roubles m lUGU, and 12,Dj8,800 silver roublca 
 in 1807. 
 
 Atcouiit nf till' Huantity of the Principal Articles Exported from Riga in 1865, diatinguishimj 
 
 those sent to different Countries. 
 
 Counlrli?, 
 
 FUl 
 
 Hem {J 
 
 Cniihlng 
 
 and Sowing 
 
 Hwd 
 
 Hempscitl 
 
 To- 
 bacco 
 
 tons 
 
 ai 
 
 «66 
 
 "h 
 
 40 
 
 S3r, ~ 
 
 Com and 
 Uruin 
 
 40, 11 a 
 liuS6 
 
 3a;47a 
 
 103 
 387 
 
 3Ia>U 
 
 and How 
 lipriu 
 
 Plankn and 
 IXali 
 
 Timber 
 
 picreA 
 7,lt,,331 
 15,618 
 44,497 
 399 
 
 380 
 
 75,oaa 
 
 a.aaa 
 
 16a 
 
 197,631 
 
 l.n(i,VnU 
 and l'l)i« 
 
 Slo»et 
 
 pieces 
 i7,551 
 117,739 
 
 as,.ii'7 
 
 184,6',iS 
 141765 
 
 ao,(»s 
 
 1 ,400 
 610 
 
 (milBriulii • 
 
 Innrf 
 
 WKium 
 
 V)i. 11 .iml Tartue-^l 
 
 S»r,li u ami .\orw,ly - 
 
 l)nini.iTk 
 
 Hollinil 
 
 Han« Toiriu • 
 
 Diieri 
 
 ToUl . 
 
 torn 
 4n,a»n 
 
 8,1'J6 
 
 5,019 
 
 3,',H 
 
 7a6 
 
 616 
 58 J 
 
 136 
 
 toni 
 ia.9nfi 
 a.ars 
 ai« 
 
 SS7 
 3,a,T0 
 l,03lt 
 l,3i» 
 l,U40 
 1,333 
 
 imu, qrt. 
 
 43,6SS 
 
 14111 13 
 
 1«,663 
 
 6 
 
 n,a44 
 
 4,483 
 37,4').', 
 
 a7n 
 
 4,196 
 
 '"■^■i3.r- 
 
 4i;3i.'< 
 
 ao,a33 
 
 'asD 
 afii 
 
 6,461 
 
 lal 
 
 auo 
 
 pItcM 
 
 4(;a 
 
 3>a 
 
 .vt 
 
 is- 
 
 a'4*s 
 
 h'h'i 
 
 plMM 
 1,33,043 
 
 ir>a,is6 
 
 111,-iia 
 
 «,53a 
 
 a.aoa 
 asa,.',4a 
 43a,»«'> 
 
 33,138 
 
 P 46,160 
 
 a4,06O 
 
 131,79(1 1 7a,lOO 
 
 103,-00 
 
 a,isa 
 
 l,4H7,6fiO 
 
 405,058 
 
 The quality of» timber denominated * crown fir 
 timlicr ' lias latterly become very scarce, so that 
 tlic 1,'rcatcr iiart of the Riga exports consists of the 
 socomi (juality. or what is called ' Vcrschiffun^s 
 brack timber.' There is no essential difference lu 
 the quality 'if crown timber and timber of the 
 I second quality, except tliot the latter is knottier 
 I than the former. 
 
 Bv decision of the Council of the Empire, of 
 I Afril 10 (22), 18G7 :— 
 
 I 1. Seven descriptions of taxes borne by the 
 [commerce and navigation of Riga were abolished. 
 I II. On account of the tax for the benefit of the 
 [city of Riga, onlv jf per cent, to be levied from Janu- 
 larj" 1, 186ti,on all goods imported and exported, tho 
 Itown Liking upon itself to keep up the mercantile 
 Icourts and police of Riga ; to increase the police 
 land fire brigade as mty be necessary. 
 
 III. The commerce und navigation of Riga 
 rill continue to pav the following taxes :— 
 1. For the Benefit of the Croum.—^l) A laat- 
 pge duty of 5 copeclis per last on aU vessels 
 
 measuring 10 lasts and upwards ; (2) A tax of 90 
 
 copecks for the stamped naper used for ship's 
 
 pass, and 15 copecks on tno declaration of the 
 
 : captain ; (3) A tax of J per cent, on the value 
 
 1 of merchandise descending the Duna by river 
 
 I carriage. 
 
 2. Taxes levied to be administered hy the Ex- 
 change Committee. — (1) The second J per cent, on 
 the value of imports and exports, on the condition 
 that tho ministers of the interior and finance shall 
 M-atch that the amount received shall be cspe"ially 
 applied to the payment of the interest, and to ex- 
 tinguish the loans raised by the body of merchants 
 for the construction of the Winter Harbour, the 
 building and furnishing of the Exchange, or for 
 other expenses directly beneficial to commerce 
 and navigation ; (2) The third and fourth taxes 
 of \ per cent., as well as that of ^ per cent, on 
 the value of imports and exports, under the con- 
 dition that the local authorities shall report to 
 the minister of the interior relative to the pos- 
 sibility of suppressing these three taxes, so soon 
 
 1': 
 
 %' 
 
 ^w ■■ i. 4 
 

 ■t ' 
 
 
 •'•i 
 
 arc uu hiJilen 
 
 ate n 
 
 iss wiiliai 
 
 3 aiiswH an 
 
 cUisivcly aPPf V,'; ;u;j5o3C. " , .^ ,„p. 1 imil of ^o't Santa «^ru., - - --t,;,„,. .nuy tta 
 river and to no other pu I ^^^^.^,^ Ssrcr questions that .ma> Do V"^ ^^^i„,, „, ;, 
 
 5. To rep ace the ta ^^^^^ 5 '^'''^''toU as 1 fo'=<^'''^ ^""^^ .Tt br ni to, or come t(,ari(^ 
 
 pressed, and ^^orf^n fridge duties, as ^cU^^^^ ^^.,..,,1, they must bnnfet ,^^^ ^_^^^^ 
 
 Sue? 100,000 are s^ave. IJ- 1 a. -^r2:te^.crly -.S^^^^^^.^iw-i^U 
 
 one of the fmcbt m "'V ,„, all sorts of ^^hsc , . i,„tlattorly it has "^" wliorcsu iafe:' 
 capaciousness and «c-n v or^ .^ "l^ o"iniy ^^^^^^;^^'TZ. oaA 5 
 
 m coming ['-""/raK u^s nearly K. ot «";.,uc amounted to 1^ f cxmrt frum Uina.«' 
 
 Ml in iiie to™ "f «,3:"„ ,w .».;, •■' ;»"■'. .rtid«. ■ii» 'X ,1,1c ir «-.".'■ ■'• 
 
 ^ i ^vest side; ^^te -^; ,,f „j,„„t u n^!"^ ^ ^^^^^ very consular., o^ -^ - - ^,^,5, 
 
 s do of the bav, ^^ ^ic^Usta ^^^^ nocompan mg t 'o^^^^^ ,,, pru.cn.ali> ^M'^ 
 
 i, the fort o ^^"^^^^ chart pubhsUed bv ^^ ,„^,j.,i„_ 
 
 cn.irraving. taKcn ^"^o"^ .^,,, gives a muclv bcttc i ^^^^ ^^^^. ,, j, 
 
 Produce J':xporM J> 
 
 Cleared 
 Outward!* 
 
 Cofl-M Sunar i 
 
 Hides 
 
 nice 
 
 'idbfc- < 
 
 cases > 
 (ir)i;«t.) 
 ' 14,53'J 
 8,115 
 
 H,-ll 
 '.,S4S 
 .'.,'JT'J 
 
 li.'iS'i I 
 
 is.iinu 
 6,iva ' 
 
 H.'iOO 
 6,1 6S 
 
 I s 
 
 
•bour than couVl be olitainta 
 
 //,„-/«)Hr.-Ve^sils \;ouna fut 
 c N sli«)u\a, att.T roumlin,; 
 \\ \iv\i\\yA iiboiita liaL'HM 
 ,il Jlicv c.mo wiU.in ;. ii f. 
 'n orFlatlalawl,lyuii;n\m"5t 
 
 ; u of i»i«i"«'"""' '"'>■;*'*■ 
 
 flo be clevat-'.l nearly oiinfe 
 fthc sea, was creciv'i 'm t,i>i 
 
 ' ovt of Santa Cr«.ibel>. 1,1 
 :,! elevated about oOUotaU... 
 
 oUncinthconnrav..„;ma.K 
 
 tbc harbour. There ar.Mv. ,« 
 
 and as tliere arc u. l.iila 
 
 'land, their services are k 
 
 ,'n", vessels must pa.s .uta 
 
 •^ V. ,, fobe readv toanswHffi 
 
 '\vbe'iut to them, ■nuytfea 
 
 r^iSanUon. below or .v,s. 
 
 \ l.rina to, or conic to auAi, 
 
 rs'\oc"'nc'along.i.lcUu.N 
 
 jats I" , J ^.g rcceivd/.-;. 
 
 fe of unchovage for i^^^ 
 
 S^^^SetSobb. llul.. 
 '* „t -2 in the aftcnioon. 
 
 ''«^™-i^Lvears. Ui^ii"'i'':« 
 '"'"^- no!tultaticlo.^vteV^.l• 
 
 ^;.s;(i.utai!>;« 5,;;,,',,: 
 
 ,; terns »■»'»"; ,|„,„„|,i.. J 
 
 '" • if ex\H.rtfr.rtiil!i" ••'•■:, 
 : articles ol ex ,„„i etlut.ir 
 
 ;u'o., vum, Ul> .'•'^. ,i,,„,,,, 
 
 ,,,„usuU^nd ,- jf,,,te 
 
 arc iirincivaiiv ^- i | 
 
 in— J. 
 
 Hum \ ^mA 1 '■"•'■'"■' 
 
 lb. ■"'■■'^" I 
 ,- ,-sl ' l'*>'' 'Jl 
 
 I l.«'i ",;■■„, :(« 
 
 ii,>'>' 
 Cm1;i 
 
 ibolish' 1. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 /< 
 
 »* 
 
 a* 
 
 
 RIO !)E .lANElKO ""'^ 
 
 HARBOUR ' '. 
 
 
 ■■»■■.. 
 
 iO 
 
 JH 
 
 rj 
 
 14 
 
 4i •' , i*' J" 
 
 } .das tnchaaeu S*2 
 
 ^->^ JO 
 
 
 
 vcr'NiTfirfJ*«<n' 
 
 ./ B a V ; OLi-flp 
 
 .'•1 P r:a i a 
 
 .V 
 
 
 I . > not„fM,o ./^- ■ fi .'' ,,!_ ' 7 8 4 \\ < 
 
 
 JH 
 
 e 
 
 " 7 
 
 " , '" ' s 
 
 JO Ji 
 
 w 
 
 JO 
 
 u 
 
 lO 
 
 !> 
 
 12 
 
 n 
 
 ta 
 
 ja 
 
 13 
 
 lO 
 
 1* ^ i?.J 
 
 I, .■*i-ll.T l.i'hi.^' 
 
 j^ttAon Litrtiimttiiir S- ' 
 
 <.^:A in it. 4 
 
^ 
 
 
 , I 
 
 • r 
 
 i I 
 
 :* I, 
 
 .. \ 
 
 i -■% 
 
RIO DE JANEIRO 
 
 1185 
 
 2. That part of the provisions of April 20, 
 Jiilv 20, ami November 15, 1814, wliicli has 
 notlwcii altered by decree continues in force. 
 
 Mimrij, Wtighta, and Meamirea. — Payments are 
 maile in Iiaper money, which has been over-issued, 
 011(1 i.' excessively depreciated. Hut the average 
 rate of e-xchaiipe may be assumed at about '2a. iid. 
 fterliiiff per milreis. A new copper coinage was 
 introduced in 1808. 
 
 IFeiffhta and Meaaurea. 
 
 Thi r.ibM ^ I 'III 2 lb. aToir. 
 
 Arroha = .11MS „ 
 
 Ouinljl = 1V9-SI „ 
 
 Alqulvre (of Rio) c= 1 Imii. buth. 
 „ or C.uuar = l-H^i imp. nat. 
 Oitava = 56*33 graiiii 
 
 Statement of the Value of the Principal and 
 Other Articlea (including Bullion and Specie) 
 Exported from Brazil in each of the Yeara 
 18G1-2, 18i)2-3, and 1803-4. 
 
 Articks 
 
 18G1-S 
 
 1 862-3 
 
 186,3-1 
 
 
 mllrelt 
 
 milreii 
 
 milreia 
 
 Spirit' 
 
 K.')S,37I 
 
 819,231 
 
 6.60,271 
 
 ( >iiti»n, raw 
 
 7,7li6,li)l 
 
 1B,81:,S0H 
 
 88,335,609 
 
 
 7,399,630 
 
 6,009,866 
 
 4,C02,7.'.fi 
 
 brown - 
 
 li,93ri,lfi9 
 
 13,271,162 
 
 16,242,027 
 
 Hair, human and ]iors« 
 
 346,013 
 
 318,932 
 
 431,911 
 
 <:oti« 
 
 6S,7IG,993 
 
 S6.674,935 
 
 44,130,681 
 
 Cotoa 
 
 I,41V,I)59 
 
 1,678,937 
 
 1,308,742 
 
 Hide, lilted - 
 
 S,S,'i2.7.')l 
 
 4,834,689 
 
 5.226,074 
 
 dry - 
 
 a,S33,:70 
 
 2,416,846 
 
 2,721,618 
 
 Diamondj 
 
 4,211,V48 
 
 4,116,176 
 
 4,128,724 
 
 Tolncco 
 
 ■1,S78,BI9 
 
 «,202,II10 
 
 3,512,636 
 
 India-rubber • 
 
 !(,'138,1S9 
 
 3,276,913 
 
 3,695,373 
 
 ■lacarandadilanl) 
 
 9S7,837 
 
 782,067 
 
 670,232 
 
 I'anjtuaf lea - 
 
 1,101,376 
 
 1.611,781 
 
 1,510,108 
 
 k\n\\ in du.i and liar - 
 
 2,141,399 
 
 777,626 
 
 111,036 
 
 lllherarlicia 
 
 Tolal rmilrcU 
 1 £ 
 
 3,.'i07,397 
 
 3,170.131 
 
 3,189,669 
 
 1W,719,9IS 
 
 122,479,996 
 
 129,470,699 
 
 13.680,993 
 
 13,778,999 
 
 14,666,453 
 
 The following is the estimated quantity and 
 ^alue of exports from Rio de Janeiro during the 
 • 1867. (Taken from the Report of Mr. Paken- 
 iim, Secretary of the British Legation.) 
 
 
 Ih. 
 
 Qnantity 
 
 Valj. 
 
 Mfn 
 
 421, .5.- 1,680 
 
 £ 
 
 8,776,.590 
 
 Uitar 
 
 ,, . 
 
 8,980,960 
 
 1I)6,6.V4 
 
 AtlOIl 
 
 „ 
 
 9,240,(HIO 
 
 360,0110 
 
 «m. 
 
 . pipet 
 
 3,865 
 
 40,01)0 
 
 died hidei • 
 
 no. 
 
 4,200,000 
 
 57,540 
 
 rj hides . 
 
 1, 
 
 260,1100 
 
 8,250 
 
 ■pioca 
 
 • barrels 
 
 11,294 
 
 »5,0li6 
 
 srni 
 
 no. 
 
 116,860 
 
 1,519 
 
 Bhicco 
 
 - t.il..s 
 
 01,616 
 
 151,845 
 
 hmnndt ■ 
 
 - oitavos 
 
 5,704 
 
 .■'7.000 
 
 Tolal . 
 
 - 
 
 9,568,287 
 
 riic exports from Pemarabuco, Pard, Bahia, 
 btos, and Kio Grande do Sul during the same 
 pod amount to about 7,000,000/. 
 Kiporti of Sugar, — Though the exports of 
 V from Kio have decreased, that is not tlw 
 1 with the exports from Bahia and other pori 
 the empire. In proof of this, we beg to sub- 
 [ the following accounl f the sugar exported 
 lirazil in the undenncntioned years, ending 
 S30. 
 
 entrusted to its keeping. It charges 2 per cent, 
 for its trouble. 
 
 The principal article of import consi.sts of cotton 
 good.s, the value of which amounts to about a 
 third part of the total value of the imiwirt.s. Next 
 to cottons are woollen, linen, and silk maniifac- 
 turca, wines, jewellery, and ironmongery; flour, 
 meat, llsh, butter, and other articles of provLsion ; 
 spirits, salt, earthcnAvare, paper, and a host of 
 other articles. 
 
 The exports have iiicre-ised materially within 
 the last few years ; notwithstanding labour has 
 become scarcer and dearer, in consequence of the 
 greatly increased difiicultics thrown in the way 
 of the importation of slaves. The exports of 
 cotton were, for a lengthened period, nearly sta- 
 tionarj'. They arc now, however, pretty exten- 
 sive, and supplied us in 180G with 011,808 cwt. 
 Hides are a very important article of export. 
 
 Value of Importa {including Bullion and Specie) 
 into Brazil from varioua Countriea, in each of 
 the Yeara 1803-4, 1804-5, and 1805-0. 
 
 I 1863-1 
 
 Ure.at Britain and Uritlih 
 
 I'osMfHiiions - 
 France and French Pos- 
 
 hesalons 
 Han&e 'J'owns - 
 I'ortugal aiul Portuguese 
 
 Posaeuions • 
 Spain and Spant.h Pos. 
 
 tesainnl 
 Helf{iuin 
 
 •Sweden and Norway 
 Italy ■ 
 
 United States - 
 Chill . 
 Peru . 
 
 Kio de la Flat.i ■ 
 Huuia 
 Austria 
 Denniaik 
 Holland and Dutch Pos- 
 
 aeisions 
 China - 
 Puita of the Empire 
 
 not siiccitied 
 Africa. 
 l;'islieriei 
 
 Total - ( milreis 
 t £ 
 
 milreis 
 
 64,83S,109 
 
 2,3,110,413 
 6,163,869 
 
 6,346,413 
 
 2,250,074. 
 
 1,805,904 
 409,988 
 778,40.» 
 
 6,259,481 
 146.682 
 22,979 
 
 9,062,371 
 
 776,.543 
 132,420 
 
 110,092 
 
 986,597 
 
 270.013 
 
 209,621 
 
 9,896 
 
 12.1,046,876 
 1.3,842,661 
 
 1864-6 
 
 milreis 
 
 63,638,014 
 
 30,616,087 
 4,911,909 
 
 6,289,430 
 
 2,187,816 
 
 2,318,566 
 
 401,696 
 
 760,526 
 
 6,325,936 
 
 373,409 
 
 11,700,203 
 
 7,242 
 
 1,012,781 
 
 30,512 
 
 70,260 
 
 74'6,648 
 
 26,166 
 
 217,478 
 
 249 
 
 131,594,157 
 14.801,342 
 
 milreis 
 
 73,761,:i3» 
 
 22,450,410 
 6,769,412 
 
 7,114,844 
 
 2.180,035 
 
 1,082,778 
 
 137,211 
 
 426,.35» 
 
 6,606,722 
 
 175,508 
 
 2.0O 
 
 13,672,105 
 
 13,990 
 
 1,184,135 
 
 62,914 
 
 88,000 
 
 1,0.50 
 
 8.36,721 
 
 2,483,671 
 
 169,146 
 
 138,095,966 
 I.5,6.'t6,79.6 
 
 Value of Principal and other Articlea (including 
 Bullion and Specie) Imported into Brazil, in 
 1803-4, 1804-5, and 1805-0, 
 
 lb. 
 
 
 211,318,532 
 
 1851- 
 
 144,162,191 
 
 1852-,'. 
 
 166,711,089 
 
 18.53-54 
 
 18l,ii5.S,,-iS6 
 
 1861-55 
 
 2.19,211,174 
 
 18.'..5-56 
 
 22;,,')00,928 
 
 lSCl-62 
 
 127,162,452 
 
 1862.63 
 
 2lfi,241,US4 
 
 1863-64 
 
 272,180,768 
 
 1864-65 
 
 255,791,762 
 
 1865..66 
 
 317,051,720 
 
 
 lb. 
 S38,75!),72S 
 3 1 1 ,8U3,(H)8 
 2.56,510,048 
 254,76.5,.')04 
 236,520,928 
 312,320,388 
 318,793,113 
 2.51.625,610 
 237,018,669 
 284,860,265 
 
 Brazilians are great eaters of sugar, and 
 i is wasted in the interior. Hence the mag- 
 1 of the exports is not influenced merely 
 I state of tlie crops, but .ilso bv the prices in 
 ■e and the United States. \Vhen they are 
 I larger proportion of the produce is exported. 
 [Bank of Brazil has its head-quarters in 
 '. has power to issue notes ; and all disputed 
 ' belonging to dead or absent parties is 
 
 Oils . 
 
 Cod, and other tish 
 Spirits - 
 Hosiery 
 .Meat - 
 ('o.ils (stone) 
 Hats • 
 
 Hides and leather 
 l)ruf!S 
 
 Wheat, flour - 
 Cutlery and hardware 
 Iron, raw 
 
 Glass and glassware 
 Machinery 
 Butter 
 
 Cotton manufactures 
 Woollen „ 
 Linen „ 
 
 Milk 
 
 Miied „ 
 
 Com - 
 
 Gold and silver work 
 Silver in bars - 
 Paper - 
 Gunpowder 
 Apparel 
 Salt - 
 V\'ine - 
 
 Other articles - 
 Total 
 
 (milreis 
 
 I £ 
 
 IS63-4 
 
 milreis 
 1,1.50,426 
 1,. 189,333 
 1,721,0.50 
 1„382,S83 
 7,174,500 
 1,936,092 
 1,481,862 
 
 959,314 
 1,7.14,670 
 4,268,093 
 4,942,692 
 
 686,906 
 1,6.59,135 
 
 834,604 
 2,105,211 
 26,947,944 
 4,43.1,187 
 .1,191.028 
 2,481,897 
 3,291,698 
 20,074,937 
 I, .587, 187 
 
 765,238 
 1,246,9.50 
 
 595,911 
 
 1,6.50,979 
 
 1,. 132,321 
 
 5,925,661 
 
 18,8 73,047 
 
 126,61.3,6,56 
 
 14,131,535 
 
 1864-5 
 
 milreis 
 
 847,561 
 1,104,0.19 
 1,.')92,105 
 1 ,698,062 
 7,441,309 
 3,699,217 
 1,881,296 
 
 926,593 
 1,488,920 
 5,626,364 
 6,60.5,201 
 1,286,268 
 1,9.30,041 
 
 869,628 
 1,978,689 
 36,.171,456 
 6,711,692 
 3,965,555 
 2,456,863 
 .3,644,184 
 8,476,466 
 3,915,311 
 
 87.1,821 
 1,384,815 
 
 560,511 
 1,910,097 
 
 939,790 
 
 5,626,554 
 
 17,769,866 
 
 131,600,464 
 14,805,052 
 
 1861-2 
 
 milreis 
 
 581,305 
 1,166,8,16 
 I,6.'i8,66l 
 1„5!I0,4M1 
 y,624,55'i 
 4,042,726 
 2,864,318 
 
 744,276 
 1, 310,17s 
 5,487,593 
 3,842,227 
 1,367,067 
 1,505,.508 
 1,237,296 
 2..304,629 
 30,.503,062 
 6,870,222 
 4,647,266 
 1,.575,1I8) 
 4,9.1.1,429 
 22,669,071 
 1,375,941 
 
 799,.'i83 
 1,016,513 
 
 460,6111 
 
 1,047,218 
 
 1 ,049,376 
 
 6,943,099 
 
 16,877,596 
 
 138,',>95,965 
 
 15,536,795 
 
 Port Regidationa. — The captain of every ship 
 entering liio, or any other port of Brazil, is 
 ordered by a law enacted in 1830 — 
 
 1. To go directly with his vessel from the 
 entrance of the harbour to the anchorage ground 
 in Franquia ; and if, on account of the title, con- 
 trary wind, or any other just cause, he should be 
 4 G 
 
 I f 
 
 •;!' 
 
 )i ; ,' 
 

 1186 
 
 mo DE JANEIRO 
 
 ',-i ,) 
 
 i \ 
 
 compelled to come to anchor, and f-h.'.U remain 
 anchored for 12 hours after said hindrances iirc 
 removed (except in caseof bcinfj quarantined), he 
 shall pay a flno of 100,000 reis, and shall be com- 
 pelled, by the fort, or by a Government vessel of 
 war, whichever may be nearest), to proceed imme- 
 diately to the Franquia anchoring gfu'id. 
 
 2. llo shall not sutler any kind of vessel to 
 Doard him, nor any person to como on board or 
 leave his vessel, beioro he has been visited from 
 the custom-house, excepting only the pilot, health 
 officer, the head officer at the entrance, when there 
 is one, and in the case of shipwreck, or for the 
 saving of lives. 
 
 3. Even after the custom-house visit on nrriviil, 
 an<l until the vessel is discharged, he shall allow 
 no person to come on board without a written 
 permission from the inspector of tlie customs ; and 
 this permission shall be given in the following 
 cases, viz. : — 
 
 (a) To allow the buyers of goods to go on board 
 to examine the cargo they wish to purchose, 
 when sufficient specimens cannot be seen on shore. 
 
 (6) To workmen or labourers necessary to put 
 the cargo in order, taking care to have them 
 examined when they go on board and return. In 
 case of the infraction of the above regulations, a 
 fine shall be imposed on him from 100,000 to 
 200,000 rcis for every vessel he allows to board 
 him, and of 500,000 for each person who shall 
 enter or leave his vessel without license, unless 
 he bo a passenger or belonging to the crew : and 
 every other person who goes on board or leaves 
 the vessel shall pay 100,000 rcis fine, and be kept 
 in custody until payment is made. The one-third 
 part of these fines shall be divided amongst the 
 watchmen or military who shall have taken up 
 the offender. 
 
 4. He shaU leliver to the giiardainor (chief 
 customs officer), when he makes his visit on 
 arrival, his passport and cargo-book. 
 
 5. He shall deliver to the commander of the 
 guard boat without the port, if he be there, or 
 at the Franquia, if he be there, the manifest as 
 described below. 
 
 6. He shall enter at the custom-house, within 
 24 hours after the giiarda-mor has been on board, 
 not coimting the days on which the custom-house 
 is shut, and present himself to the inspector, and 
 swear, or affirm, that he has not on board of his 
 vessel any merchandise other than what is de- 
 scribed in the manifest he has delivered, and that 
 he has no further declaration to make ; and if he 
 do not enter within the 24 hours, he shall pay. 
 100,000 reis for each day's delay additional. 
 
 7. If he shall detain his vessel at either of the 
 anchorages more than 24 hours, when he shall be 
 directed by the guarda-mor, or his representative, 
 to remove thence, he shall pay 100,000 reis for 
 every day he delays. 
 
 8. He shall discharge no part of his cargo but 
 by an order ni writing from the inspector; and if 
 he land any without such order, he shall pay 
 100,000 reis for each package so landed. 
 
 9. He shall give notice to the ofHcer attending 
 the discharge of the vessel, os soon as his cargo is 
 discharged, that he has nothing remaining on 
 board. If he omit to do this on the same day, so 
 tliat the vessel may be immediately examined, ho 
 shall be fined 100,000 reis. 
 
 10. The master of every vessel going with a 
 cargo to any part of the empire, must have two 
 manifests ol' the cargo, exact copies of each other, 
 exhibiting the name, class, and tonnage of the 
 vessel ; the name of the captain, whose signature 
 must follow the date ; the name of the port where 
 the articles stated in the manifest were taken on 
 
 board ; the nomo of the port or ports for wh 
 the vessel is destined ; the marks or counter m i 
 and numbers of the packages, and thiir dcm', 
 tion, aa bales, cases, pipes, half-pipes, barrels & 
 a declaration of the quantity and quality of 
 merchandise of each package, or several simi 
 ones of the same mark, and also of what u 
 board in bulk ; the names of the consignees oi 
 order ; all to be written in length, except 
 numbers of the packages. 
 
 11. When the vessel has taken in her cargo 
 more than one port, there must be two niaiiii', 
 from each port. 
 
 12. At tlie end of the manifest, the capi, 
 shall declare the number of passengers, wbiii 
 cabin or steerage, and the baggage for the u^-e 
 each, and in addition any declaration nccew 
 for his security ; and in good faitli he s-Lall dtda 
 whether he has any package to add to the nui 
 fest, or whether any are delicienf, with tliocau 
 of it, as no after declaration will relieve liim fro 
 responsibility, for he will not be exempted tiric 
 the vague declarations frequently made, whidii 
 not account for deficiencies or diirercncc3, 
 
 13. The captain of any vessel bound to Brari 
 when he has completed his cargo in the [nn j 
 ports from which he is to sail, and made ih 
 manifests, as required in the 9th article, Ai 
 present his documents to the Brazilian cwsa 
 residing in the port, who shall examine tiieni,iij 
 if agreeable to those regulations, certify tliea 
 
 14. In those ports where there is no Brazilia 
 consul or substitute, the manifests aliall beceni- 
 lied by two Brazilian resident merchants; or, if 
 there be none, by two merchants of the place: in 
 either case, the signature to be authenticate ly 
 legal authority. 
 
 15. Should any greater quantity of {looJife 
 found on board than are stated in the mar.ifeitj 
 the declaration of the captain, the overplus M 
 be seized and divided amongst those wlio m. I 
 them, after paying the duties, and the cafiiia 
 shall pay a fine"of half the value of the goo(k 
 
 16. If there are any goods missing of te 
 stated in the manifest or declaration of the 
 tain, they shall be reputed to he coiiccaW 
 smuggled, and he shall pay the value thersfii 
 those who have discovered the dclidency, mi 
 half the value to the national treasury. Tiw 
 condemnations shall take place on thesimpltfu 
 of there being an overplus or deficiency of ^i 
 without further proof being required. 
 
 17. For each difference in thoquahtvorml 
 of the passage, the captain shall pay i,i») r- 
 although in every other respect the g(»Jj 
 charged maj' agree with the manifest. 
 
 18. The captain whose manifests are not f 
 formable to these regulations, sliail be irnik 
 100,000 reis to one conto de reis, at the willtfis 
 cidlector, according to the degree of c 
 that shall appear, and he camiot dischar,'< c: 
 the fine is paid. 
 
 19. In case the captain brings no manilki 
 may still be allowed to discharge, bypaviajj? 
 cent, on the value of the cargo, in addition »= 
 usual duties. 
 
 Fratiquia, — Vessels proceeding to BraziU" 
 when it is wished to dispose of their cari' 
 different ports, must clear out for ' Brazilami 
 ports,' or for ' Pernambuco, Bahia, RiodeJi.:'] 
 and other ports.' They arc then enti(leJt» 
 privilege of Franquia, and may laiiii a I* 
 their cargoes at one port, paying duife 'j 
 on the goods so landed, and proceed with lis'' 
 mainder to other ports. But if they elcaroJ: 
 one port only, they are compelhd to mat;!-^ 
 plete entry, and discharge the whole of itf* 
 
RIO DE JANEIRO 
 
 le port or potts for wliv 1: 
 the marks or counter iiKitlH 
 lackapieB, and th.ir (ksri,,- 
 
 quantity and quality M t ,« 
 package, or several mmiUr 
 ark and also of what is .,;, 
 nmcsofthcconsigmcs.MW 
 rittcn in IcnglU, except lU 
 
 filhaa takcninhtrcatp.at 
 there mustbct\vomaml,.|, 
 
 of U>c manifest, Uie capiai.i 
 umber of pa^^senRcr. wbdlw 
 
 ?VsSti:t::;: 
 
 :n.fio»Uhe.UaUa.W. 
 
 ^varcdelicient.wilU l|e«.e 
 Xration^viU relieve lumi« 
 he will not be excmpted;ii.a 
 .IVs frequently niaj^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 frits :^^^^ 
 
 ^' >Mu the 9th avticlo, M 
 ^'^"''1 to the Brazilian «=d 
 ""i'^^hn shall examine thm,»l 
 
 'f /where there is no Brazic 
 
 '^"r;.mr"identraerchaut.;.V.i 
 raz.lian resm ^^^ 
 
 ,'^i^::t«Ttobeattthent«Uy 
 
 dthanarestatca ^^^^^,j 
 
 ^ ° *:*5^'iongst those 'hosffl 
 
 ''^V"Li?thevalu;ofthego.k 
 '° of halt me ^ ^, ^^, 
 
 " "*•/«/ nf declaration of ttao;- 
 , manifest or dccia ^^^^^^^j^, 
 
 ,all be rcputtd to ,, 
 
 '''''to he iSnal ireasurv, fe 
 *''*Lu take place on the ampkK 
 ?ranteriKor deficiency 0.,. 
 
 ach difference m M ^^ 
 
 e^ ' :tv> Hip manifest. 
 ,. agree Y^^JV^Jifests are note;- 
 :aptain whose mani»^^^„^^, 
 
 these reguations,»a.j|,. 
 tooneco««orferes,a ^j 
 
 bSndrci.«. 
 Coie captain hri;^--j;, 
 
 *t_Vessels P-ceef "^|,^SJ,1| 
 ';vishedtod.sposeo A^.,,,J 
 ,rts, must clear out tor ^ j^^| 
 p.'pernambuco,Bja,K^.,,j,J 
 
 ports.' f'^'^y", r,vlamlM*l 
 ,5 Franquia, and ma)^ i,,,! 
 
 U'^rTod'°-^;i? ceed^i>t.l 
 
 1187 
 
 [n proceeding from one Drazilinn port tonnothcr, 
 it U necessary tliat a bill of health sliould be taken 
 I,, 111 ilic local authorities of each port ; and wliero 
 ■iiiv part of the cargo is landed, the same must bo 
 mitivl 0" the original manifest by the customs 
 .fct of the port. _ , . „ 
 
 .l;iiAi)r(((/('.— I'orcign vessels pay, m all parts of 
 ilii' tiiipirc, 10 reis per ton per day, from the 5th 
 ilav ni'liT their entry. 
 
 iMhthoiise.— The lighthouse duty, 100 reis per 
 ton. for all vessels over 40 tons ileparting from 
 ,„Tts where there is a lighthouse. Vessels under 
 111 tuns arc exempted from this duty. 
 
 Vorl-diilij.—Ow all vessels not crossing the bar 
 
 ,f tlic harbour of Itio de .Janeiro, the following 
 
 tharfjes arc levied, viz. of .'} mabts, Ji'.fitJO reis; 
 
 iill' masts, IMiOO reis ; and of 1 mast, C, JOG reis. 
 
 j>,/,_Tlie duty is 40 reis for every written 
 
 hall'-slicet. 
 
 /fai/(A.— Visit of the physician is lixed at8,-200 
 reis; but in case tlio vessel is made to ptiforin 
 quarantiiiP, then another sum of 8,200 reis is 
 iiiivablc ou the admission of tlie vessel to free 
 liratiqiic. 
 
 i Hospitals.— X vessel of 3 masts paj's 6,000 reis ; 
 l)ri"s, corvettes, and yachts, 4,000; pinnaces, 
 I2..W); barks, 1,280. 
 Each one of the ship's company of vessels sail- 
 D!,' for a foreign port pa}'3 400 reis. 
 l/sujt« nf Merchants. — It is customary that the 
 ixpen'se of landing and shipping a cargo on 
 teiglit shall be paid by the vessel, unless the con- 
 ran- be stipulated in the bills of lading. 
 W'iien hard Spanish dollars are bargained for, in 
 »!itracts of freight, they should be so expressed 
 the instrument of contract, to prevent dispute. 
 Purchases of produce are paid for in cash, and 
 Ici are made on stipulated credit, but nominally 
 ca~li. 
 Ilf bills on London are sent out for the purchase 
 prmluce in Ih-azil, the credit must have the 
 itirmition of the London house. 
 lintlioruge Dues tn Brazilian Ports. — The an- 
 wa^c ilues lixed by law of October 22, 1830, are 
 ■ii]K;rse(!ed by a tax of 3 rix-dollars per ton, 
 fable, one-half on entering, and one-half on 
 ling, by all merchant vessels on foreign trading, 
 the following restrictions : — 
 lips arriving in ballast, and going away the 
 e, will pay the old anchorage ; if taking car- 
 tluy will pay half the present dues. 
 
 Ships entering to get fresh provisions, or in 
 Framiuia, to try the market, but not disoharging, 
 pay only the old anchorage. If they meroly ilis- 
 cliarge part of cargo, pay only ha'lf of iirosciit 
 dues. 
 
 Ships entering under average or in distress, pay 
 nothing if they do not discharge, or only discharge 
 the necessary for repairing. 
 
 Ships carrying colonists subject to some modili- 
 cation. 
 
 Ships entering three times in one year, only 
 pay anchorage dues tlie (irst two voyages. 
 
 The Government is autliorised to modify tlic 
 impost as soon as the treaty with (ireat Britain 
 expires, as may seem most suitable for the encou- 
 ragomoiit of the national ship[)iiig trade to foreign 
 ports, or to the wlialn fisheries. The anchorage 
 dues on foreign sliipping mav not be increased. 
 
 lUo, June 2t>, 18 13. 
 
 Hates of Commission charged at liio. 
 
 per 
 
 CL'tlt. 
 
 On sates of mcrcliandise - . . . 
 
 Uii piireliaM! ut'iiiurcliamliHo, with funds in hand, on amount of 
 
 c'o^t iind ch iryt 8 - . _ . . 
 
 (iu iranty on amonnt ol'salL-s on credit 
 Fur drawing or L'n()ur>liiu, ar.d ni-^ottatinf; hills 
 On imrch!u>e or h ilt- ot" vessiU liy privale contract 
 tin amount of vessels contlcniiied l>y :,urvtyors . • 
 
 On procnrinu or coUeclin^ freiglits . . . - 
 
 On disbursements of ve^^cls in common ca-.es, with funds in 
 
 liand -•-.... 
 On disltursements of v.'sseU when funds are advanced, or in case 
 
 of condemnation, or in vev,fls entering for repairs only 
 On receiving and furwartiinK eiKjtls .... 
 On amount of respoUMliilities incurred thereon 
 On receiving and paying money on wtiich no other commission Is 
 
 derived ....... 
 
 tin purchase or sale of sjiecie - - . . 
 
 For elt'fcting marine insurance on the amount insured : and when 
 
 the prcmiuin exceeds Itf i>er cent., .'i jier cent, on the amount 
 
 ofiirenliunl ...... 
 
 On remittances on liilts not endorsed ... 
 
 t>n consignments of inerrhandise witlidrawn or reshlppeil, full 
 
 cotnniissioii to lie cliaiged to ihe extent of advances or lesponsi- 
 
 bilities incurred, and half coiiimisjiion on tltu residue of the 
 
 vntiie. 
 On all cash advanced, per mcnih . . - - 
 
 No interest allowed on money on ilcpo,it. 
 
 Storage en all dry goods ..... 
 In the case of tliscnarging and ri shipping the cargoes of vessels 
 
 in distress, on Ihe invoice amount . . . - 
 
 '.;J iier cent., or half the commission charged on sales of mer- 
 
 cliaiidise, will he returned to supercargoes, but nuUling on in* 
 
 vestments or other business. 
 
 Remarks on the Trade, Finances §*e. of Brazil. 
 — The imports into Brazil, wl-.ich, excepting Hour 
 from the United States, are chiefly from Great Bri- 
 tain, consist principally of our cottons, woollens, 
 linens, iron antl steel, hardware, machinery, butter, 
 giiiipowtler, coal, and other articles, amounting in 
 all (of British produce), in 18G6, as seen on p. 1188, 
 
 ount of the Quantities 
 
 and Values 
 
 of the Pri 
 
 ncipal Artie 
 
 h-s Imported from Brazil into the 
 
 United Kingdom in 
 
 each of the 3 Years en 
 
 ding with 1867. 
 
 
 Principal .tVrticles 
 
 Quantities 1 
 
 Computed Ileal V.ilue | 
 
 1«65 
 
 1SC5 
 
 ISG7 
 
 1805 
 
 1S06 
 
 1867 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Ho, roll and flag - cwt. 
 
 379 
 
 CSS 
 
 1,559 
 
 2,393 
 
 .VJ73 
 
 7,154 
 
 m, ra|iivi • • „ 
 
 1,702 
 
 \»2\ 
 
 953 
 
 15,7S9 
 
 18,409 
 
 9,110 
 
 1 of animals and fish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t*pt whaltfiiu) - tons 
 
 6,.103 
 
 5,318 
 
 12,7S2 
 
 42,498 
 
 32,336 
 
 78,204 
 
 WOOtt - - ft 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 117 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.02S 
 
 chouc ■ • cwt. 
 
 ■13,015 
 
 .'17,111 
 
 40,424 
 
 345,822 
 
 384,215 
 
 589,965 
 
 tl). 
 
 S5.1,-.!)5 
 
 4I3,SII| 
 
 311,SS5 
 
 l.'.,S,-)5 
 
 11,003 
 
 7,373 
 
 ti 
 
 10,a.'i9,55,i 
 
 9,fiiil,4!ll 
 
 17,142,12.'. 
 
 310.1,15 
 
 211,236 
 
 4IO,.303 
 
 ,raw - - cwt. 
 
 494,671 
 
 61l,!tOS 
 
 628,761 
 
 4,373,Sll 
 
 4,806,0(i5 
 
 3,3ll,i06 
 
 ttins 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ,952 
 
 lorie - - cwt. 
 
 2,542 
 
 2,101 
 
 l.lsil 
 
 I2.S3I 
 
 11,'iOO 
 
 »,74« 
 
 noti3nncd - ■ „ 
 
 li;3,14'J 
 
 135,152 
 
 121,03'J 
 
 112,723 
 
 33S,b68 
 
 337,321 
 
 horn tills, and pieces 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ims . . tons 
 
 .ist; 
 
 210 
 
 3IS 
 
 II.ISI 
 
 f.RVl 
 
 a,'.15 
 
 unha . • lt>. 
 
 M,'J7.1 
 
 30,701 
 
 43,055 
 
 2I,-.'S7 
 
 17.0111 
 
 19,318 
 
 i • - - cwt. 
 
 580 
 
 «!)3 
 
 701 
 
 12,109 
 
 14,877 
 
 15,763 
 
 id kemeU, not pat- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ulj f numerated - yaUic 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 i!),o:.6 
 
 4,S0O 
 
 28,589 
 
 m . . rwt. 
 
 4,031 
 
 
 
 4G1 
 
 7.009 
 
 _ 
 
 S95 
 
 i-tona - . Talue 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 100 
 
 300 
 
 •d - ■ toiiii 
 
 l7l'-'4 
 
 203 
 
 311 
 
 1 1 .709 
 
 1,884 
 
 3,305 
 
 Inrefined - - cwt. 
 
 l,oio,i;o7 
 
 ■ 1,333,2!I6 
 
 1,091,730 
 
 1,017,217 
 
 1,221,719 
 
 1,083,175 
 
 II 
 
 !i»,(i42 
 
 W.S'.l 
 
 25,950 
 
 63,9.-, 1 
 
 40,675 
 
 58,037 
 
 „ 
 
 i.lCi 
 
 3,10") 
 
 5,1106 
 
 0,101 
 
 8,024 
 
 13,812 
 
 .unmanufactured, lb. 
 
 SI ,'j;'J 
 
 210 
 
 17,037 
 
 r.s 
 
 4 
 
 376 
 
 factiiretl, and cigars ,» 
 
 SB,.',41 
 
 25ri.S75 
 
 1211,169 
 
 4,325 
 
 8,065 
 
 3,000 
 
 «|i and lambs' . lb. 
 
 5,1,070 
 
 15S,VJ3 
 
 109,794 
 
 ■Ifi-.l 
 
 5,912 
 
 3,103 
 
 'arUclet - . talue 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 83.932 
 
 57,452 
 
 67,9 13 
 
 Totd . 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 ti,797,2lf 
 
 7,237,793 
 
 .VJ"2,0I1 
 
 i Hi 
 
 'H^ 
 
 t! 
 
 hw- 
 
 4q2 
 
 
l' ' Ji 
 
 I 
 
 
 1188 
 
 jlccounl 
 
 BIO DE JA>-E1R0 
 
 mo Vrj JAni^i"" 
 
 . ■ 1 ^f TlrilUh Produce hxported frmn 
 
 '•^Z Uintcd Kingdom to BiM'iJ^^^ . r- S^il^diioan;^"" i 
 
 'if 
 
 \ llMT omi nl« ■ . ■ 
 
 CLw man""'''"'":,,,,,, unenuincialcd 
 
 ' Jute ni»nufiicturM 
 «■«»"'»"'' :';"u|,ht n™l unwrouuLt ; 
 U„.n». entered t,,.l>o;'" . 
 
 Machinery :J|>-;-K^ - 
 Mu»icanMtrunien«_ ; 
 
 Silk ilianuf"'^""" • 
 
 All other nilic'es 
 Total 
 
 There can, Iwwcver, be Uttiou ^^.^^^ „. 
 
 c-oascofpopulat.onand Ucmn ^^^.^ .^^ ^^i 
 
 The commwcal po '<=y " ^,^ „nports 
 
 ^vlu.lc, decidedly Ij'i^f^Jay Moderate, and have 
 and exports liavc I'ccu mostly m ^^^^^^^ ^^ 
 
 U,cu Jposed """^^/^^^tUa large rcductiou m 
 
 of nrotection. Sl>e has m ui t, fj^. 
 
 tuJ tonnage dut.cs en. »»« g^^ 15 per 
 
 (lucnting her ports, nas rq)^ exporta- 
 
 "nt. imposed in some prounces o ^^ 
 
 Won of bides, and has ewncea ^ ^^ ^ i 
 
 i':neraUy a free commemal s^ am .^ , 
 
 nf the discnmuiatmg uwy ' • ^ t ,c cqua- 
 
 Kingdom. ^ formerly much mjured 
 
 'n,c wade of Brazil J as u„.enoy and her 
 
 1„. the ^vretchcd «^f^,?, °;,,,^;/,cmaini in a very 
 nances; ancUlioug tt^ f"™er r ^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 unsatisfactory <="" '^X'e her finances have been 
 
 as well as the trade "' '^^f, '^^i , co«diti<.n, and 
 ,ome years past mm^^^^ .,f other 
 
 ...ontrast most fa%o"['7yj.-or several years prc- 
 S,-atli American sta e^. *o ^^^^ ^,„. 
 
 vions to the ^^o'"™* S .he and her allies ^vcre 
 satisfactory ^var in;) chs^^^^^^ ^^,^^ , „ t 
 
 eniragcd with I •»'»-"' the revenue. In 183. it 
 ,,ontinuous increase >" 'l'<; [fi,^ ^i.^ amount f<;r 
 an.nuutcd to.l.4'«.28-'-' j; [ 5,900,000/. 'Hns 
 lH,W-9 is «"f^"\"*£„^\nv ncreasc of taxation, 
 l,as rcsuUe.1, "o* ^""^^^v^isation of the country, 
 '•"\r,igSe1le^lopment of its resources 
 :S"a&on.mercialsvse^^^^ ^i^^ 
 
 ""it is, also, hi«Wy ';y<=£^^^^^ paid the 
 
 (iovemment th^vt tlex have j,^^^^ ^ ^„,i 
 
 interest due on the public ^l^^^^^^ ^^^ ; ^,,1 mp- 
 ri^ Sftt:e"SKbt of tho empire, .hich 
 
 . 1 ♦. nhniit 12,000,000?. sterling inlJJi, 
 """'•"MTesSmatcd at 47,595,318/. 
 was in 186/ cstmi ^^^^ throuRli Ihf mn 
 
 stimatcd at ii,ojo,oi.m. 
 " "A;^** V.i" Vathwavs formed throuRli Ihf mn 
 
 try,^vith more o_J l=^^»J^,7„,i^;,, &e.kr« 
 the transit of indiwttu , ^^ ^^_^ . ^,^^^ 
 different places, incj ^^^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 form-from. n'^^' f ^°^ Jnl, interrupt^ V 
 paths, «'J"'<^;i^Xt, a^d almost impracic*.; 
 every pett> "V"'"' ,„„ to smootli, bMM 
 any but f'"'';.Pas7!,crs t ^^^^.^^^^^,^ 
 
 S?inS^--5- passage of carri.... 
 
 all sorts of goods. . gj roatU, and to 
 
 The laying out ot »"V ^f,),,, 
 
 construction «-^^^Veld^^l e„lM„co™,fc 
 denominated these en ^^ ^^ ^^ 
 
 a3 it would ^«Xls as to the formation oW 
 cuter into any details as to . ^^^^ 
 
 reader tne ioiio«"j-^ . j 
 
 ance in a commercia^o nt ot v. ^^^^^ ^_ 
 
 \ Importance ««'' . ^'f'^^ of moicv, and # 
 Next to tbe in roduc ion pf^n^f .;j ,„,, 
 and i"casurcs, the lorn ^ -jitv to mbb 
 
 bridges f .^:«,^, %Cpowerf..lly; r<rtaF.» 
 and <:9ntributcs tnore p ^^ 
 
 anything else *» "'° P'na^cd national veai 
 They have ^^ attc^arc not mote ^f^ 
 arteries; and the 'f/Yndividuals, tbn m» 
 to the existence of lnd^WY^^^^(,l,.^ 
 communicationsaretoaheal^^.^^^ 
 
 economy. It ^*^'^,, ^..vantages dcnvo4toi 
 in detail the various -I'lya'^j^ thanm'i 
 eLy means of «?'"'""S:k dHriet th..i. 
 
 indebted to others' fo'»^^^,t''eomm** » 
 even of some ot ^^;« I'Srals, tinteca' 
 sides the coals, m«tals, romera , ^^^ 
 
 conveyed from «"« l"'^^^^ ie s^r ^.,««^ 
 
 by sea, if"'"«I''*'^,J"int«ir bvroa.t»!»' 
 piacc to place m the intmor, • ^^^^ 
 
 lu\ every i'^'^^E Jy the san>e ef<^« 
 
 ^ B t 
 
ROADS 
 
 nfl!t 
 
 ,;, Produce Kxporltd from 
 ding w'"' ^**'^"- 
 
 . . lOOOO.OOOLstcrUnginlvA 
 
 bout lf>7V7 r,a5,in«(. 
 
 individual cami^. ,,„;,,; 
 
 1^"^"*"^ mountains, a«dcarr.:iorc 
 through tnount^^^^ ^^^^.„ ^ 
 
 ^'^■■''' "^v nassage of canias«^>" ! 
 t tl»c casj passub 
 
 Luods. ., „„.nved roads, atiiin 
 
 , forms an iniy .^ g„^i„cciiK.t 
 lithe sccnccoUm^^ 
 
 \ be quite ^^'^'tijcfoimationil* 
 Ly details fto;?i^,l,vln|.M<i^ 
 
 nee and I'M^V J ^oncy, and- 
 Le introduction "' ^j ,jssg 
 
 libutcs more v°^^ •„{ i,p,vd 
 else to the progv i„„jivasi^ 
 
 Ld t\.e latter ate ^^^„^ 
 
 tistcnce «f *"'\ caUhv staKot*? 
 Ltions ate to »! he* ;^,„^t to Y^ 
 ' It were vain ^" dcnvci!i«.i 
 
 l\lw various adyantat,e,,,i,. 
 
 f Thercisnotasint. (,,^5 
 
 MO others for a lar^ V',o„,„** 
 
 c coals, nictas,nu^^^^p„„^ 
 
 '.d from one V*" "S^j ate c*< ''' 
 
 immense ^^*S bv toa-b i'^, 
 , raceinthointer'or,oy MkH 
 
 rv improvement eficc ^^^^a 
 ,t of commoiUties ^ ^^ ^t,,,. 
 they arc raised or 
 
 WlHTOvcrthc menus of internal rnmmunii-ntidn 
 nrc (lelii'iont in a country, the inbnbitnnt.s must 
 nnaVdidiiMv disperse themselves over ths surt'ttte. 
 ('itii's wcre'oriKiniilly fo»n(lo<l by indiviiluals con- 
 LTfCatini; miiro, porlmps, for llic sake of mutual 
 .Kl'itice iiiid i)rotcctinii, than for any other cause. 
 Hut ill coiuitrii's where pood Kovcniniont is osta- 
 Whlicil, and pro|x;rty is secure, men resort to 
 ciViM only from a sense of the ndvniitnf,'os tliey 
 ul'urd. I'l'e scale on which husiness is conihu'ted 
 ill ilic'm presents facilities that cannot he else- 
 wliorc nffiirdi'd formnkinfj a fortune ; and the ex- 
 tiiit til which the sub-division of employments is 
 larriid upcns a licld for the exercise of all sorts of 
 talent, at the same time that it iui])roves and 
 lictfccts all sorts of arts, whether subser\'ient to 
 imluslrious or scientific pursuits or to those of 
 |ka.''iirp and dissipation. It is this that attracts 
 iho aspiring, the industrious, tie fjay, and the 
 iiitliL'tttc, to cities — that tills them with the best 
 and the worst jmrt of the species. The competi- j 
 tii.n tliat takes place in a great town, the ex- 
 fitcmcnt tiiat is constantly kept up. the coUi- 
 ;i(inof so many minds brought into immediate 
 if.ntact, and nil endeavouring to outstrip each 
 nilicr in their respective departments, develops 
 nil the resources of the human mind, and renders a 
 i.'reat city a perpetually radiating focus of intel- 
 Hficiice and invention. There arc, liowevcr, con- 
 siderable clogs upon the continued increase of 
 litifc'. The food and fuel made use of by the in- 
 liaWtants, and the raw products on which their 
 industry is to be exerted, must all come from the 
 rojiitrv; and according as the size of a city in- 
 creases, tlie distances from which its supplies have 
 M he lirnnsht become so much the greater, that 
 nliimately the cost of their conveyance may bo 
 great as to balance or exceed the peculiar 
 vantages resulting from a residence in town. 
 encc the impossibility of a large or even a con- 
 idcrable city existing ai'vwhere without possess- 
 up extensive means of communication either with 
 e surrounding country, or with other countries; 
 hence, too, the explanation of the apparently 
 ijnilar fact, of almost all large cities having been 
 lundcd on or near the sea, or a navigable river. 
 lad London been an inland town, 50 miles 
 im the shore, it is abundantly certain that 
 le tould not have attained to one-third part 
 present size ; but the facilities nflForded, by 
 admirable situation on the Thames, t'or the 
 lortation of all sorts of produce from abroad, 
 well as from other parts of Knf^land, will 
 le her, should her commerce continue to 
 per, to add to her colossal magnitude for 
 ;uries to come. 
 
 t all towns cannot be founded on the sea 
 
 It, or the banks of navigable rivers : and the 
 
 th of thosu in inland situations must, in all 
 
 depend on their means of communicating 
 
 the surrounding country. Without our ira- 
 
 id roads, the great inland manufacturing 
 
 with which Kngland is studded, such as 
 
 ihester, Leeds, Birmingham, Sheftiehl, Bol- 
 
 ^rcstoii &c., could not exist. They enable 
 
 " abitants to obtain the rude products of the 
 
 id the mines almost as cheap as if they 
 
 in country villages. There is thus nothing, 
 
 t to nothing, to detract from the advan- 
 
 which the inventive and enterprising ar- 
 
 may expect to realise from resorting to 
 
 ,grcat hives of industry. And, owing to 
 
 ';antic scale on which all so'-ts of industrj' 
 
 iducted in them, the scope atTorded for the 
 
 ~ icnt of the most powerful machines, 
 
 appropriation of particular sets of work- 
 
 evcry separate process, however minute, 
 
 manufiicturinff industry is carried to a degree of 
 perfection that almost exceeds Ixditf. 
 
 The iutlucnce which the growth of a lar^e town 
 exercises upon agriculture is^reat and striking. ' In 
 the nei^thboiirhood,' says I'aley, ' of trailing towns, 
 and in those districts which carry on a conimuni- 
 cation with the markets of trading towns, the hus- 
 bandmen are busy and skilful, the peasantry labo- 
 rious; the land is managed to the best ailvantatrc. 
 and double the quantify of corn or liorlinge (arti- 
 cles which arc ultimately converted into human 
 provision) raised from it, of what the mw soil 
 yields in remoter and more ncfjlectcd parts <.. tlu' 
 country. Wherever a thriving manutactory (inds 
 means to establish itself, a now vegetation springs 
 up around it. 1 believe it is true, that nRriculturc 
 never arrives at any considerable, much less at its 
 hif^hest, dej;rcc of perfection, when it is not con- 
 nected with trade ; that is, when the demand for 
 the produce is not increased by the consumption 
 of trading cities.' {3loral rftilosophy, book vi. 
 c. II.) 
 
 But the fact of their being mainly conducive to 
 the Rrowth of cities, is not the only ndvantane 
 which improved roads confer upon agriculture. 
 Without their aid it would be impossible to carry 
 to distant places sullicient supplies of such bulky 
 and heavy articles as lime, marl, shells, and other 
 manures necessary to fjive luxuriance to the crops 
 of rich soils, and to render those that are poor 
 productive. Not only, too, would inferior roads 
 lessen the market for farm produce, and conse- 
 quently the quantity raised, hut a larger propor- 
 tional number of horses or other cattle would lie 
 required to convey the diminished produce to 
 market. It is plain, therefore, that pood roads an 
 both directly and indirectly a prime source of 
 agricultural improvement; directly, by incrcasin;; 
 the quantity and reducing the cost of manure, 
 and by increasing the quantity and reducing the, 
 cost of conveying farm produce to market ; and 
 indirectly, by providing for the growth and inds- 
 tinite extension of cities and towns, chat is, of the 
 markets for agricultural produce. 
 
 Increased speed of conveyance is one of the 
 principal advantages that have resulted from the 
 formation of good roads, the invention of steam 
 packets &c. Suppose that it takes 2 days to 
 travel by an uneven, ill-made road between any 
 2 places ; and that, by improving the ro.ad, the 
 journey may be accomi)lished in 1 day; the 
 etfect is the same as if the distance were reduced 
 one half; and there is not only a groat saving of 
 time to travellers, but also a great saving of cost 
 from the more speedy conveyance of commodities. 
 This latter is a point of much more importance 
 than is commonly supposed. It is not possible to 
 form any correct estimate of the value of the jiro- 
 ducts that are constantly in the act of being car- 
 ried fron: place to place in Great Britain and Ire- 
 land. It is certain, however, that it is very great ; 
 and evcrj' additional facilitj' of conveyance, by 
 bringing such products more rapidly to their des- 
 tination, and enabling them to be sooner applied 
 to the purposes for which they arc intended, 
 renders large quantities of capital available for 
 industrious purposes, that would othcnvise be 
 locked up. 
 
 Mode of defraying Costs of Roads. — Roads of 
 one sort or other must, of cours?, exist in every 
 country emerged from barbarism — hut in Kng- 
 land, the statute of the 28th of Philip and Mary, 
 which is still in force, is the first legislative enact- 
 ment in which a regular provision was made for 
 the repair of the roads. The preamble to this 
 statute declares, that the roads were tedious and 
 noisome to travel on, and dangerous to passengers 
 
 i Ml 
 
 I 'i' 
 
 1 
 
 1 i' 
 
 „li,i„ 
 
 i'»; 
 
•r. > ■* 
 
 1190 
 
 ROADS 
 
 i- 
 
 ,1 •■V- 
 
 V 
 
 fi ', 
 
 and cnrriiiRPs: and therefore it ciinctn, tlmt in 
 every piiri.Hli 2 siirveyorH of the lii^cliwftVH 8lmll 
 he aiiiiiinllv choHcii, and the inlmhilanrs nC .-ll 
 ]i,iri.shes ohlif^cd, ai'cordiiiR to tlidr respective 
 ahility, to provide Inhoiireis, cnrrianeM, tooli Ac. 
 for four (lays each year, to work u|hiii iIk; rouds, 
 iiiHler the direction of the wiirveyimi. Tliii kvh- 
 teiii, tliou,',di in many respects exeeedini;ly (h'fee- 
 tivc, was at the time justly considered a jcreat 
 iiniirovenient, and answered pretty well till lln' 
 rei^'ii of Charles II., wlien, owni^ to the in<reas(' 
 of earriaj^es, particularly about London, it iH-eaine 
 necessary to adopt more ellicient measures for t he 
 fornnition and repair of roads; and the j)lan of 
 iinposin;; tolls upon those who made use of liiem 
 be^an tiien to bo adopted. Hut this system was 
 not carried into full cU'ect, and placed njion a solid 
 footing, till about 1"(!7, when it was extended to 
 the Rreat roads to all parts of the country; the 
 contributions of labour imder the Act of I'hilip 
 and Mary beinR tlicn appropriated entirely to the 
 cross or country roads. A money pavmentis now, 
 however, very frequently made," in tlic case of the 
 latter, instead of a contribution in labour. 
 
 When the plan for c.xtendiuff turnpike roads 
 from the metro|)oli8 to distant parts of the country 
 was in agitation, the counties in the neighbour- 
 hood of London petitioned Parliament ajtainst it, 
 alleginf; that the remoter counties would be able, 
 from the comparative cheapness if labour in them, 
 to sell their produce in London at a lower rate 
 than tliey could do; and that their rents would be 
 reduced, and cultivation ruined, by the measure. 
 Luckily this interested opposition proved inell'ec- 
 tual ; and instead of beinj; injurious to the coim- 
 tics adjoining the metropolis, the. improvement of 
 the roads has been quite as beneticial to them as 
 to those at a distance, inasmuch as, by providing 
 for the indefinite extension of the city, it has ren- 
 dered it a far better market for their peculiar pro- 
 ductions, than it would have been had its growth 
 been checked ; which must have been the case 
 long ago, had the improvements in question not 
 been made. 
 
 The plan of making and repairing roads by 
 contributions of labour is not peculiar to England, 
 but wai at one period general all over Europe. 
 By an Act of the Scotch Parliament, passed in 
 1GG9, all persons engaged in husbandry were 
 obliged to labour six days each )'ear, before or 
 after harvest, npon the iiublic roads : the farmers 
 and landlords being, at the same time, obliged to 
 furnish horses, carts &c. according to the extent 
 of land occupied by them. The inconveniences of 
 such a system are many and obvious. Those who 
 get no pay for their work, and who jierform it 
 against their will, waste their time and industrj- ; 
 and there is, 'x'sidcs, a great loss incurred by the 
 interruption of the rcgidar pursuits of the labourer. 
 A sense of these disadvantages led, in the early 
 part of the reign of George III., to a commntation 
 of the labour contribution for a money tax on laud, 
 rated according to its valuation in the cess books. 
 I'his measure has been productive of the best 
 effects. Previously to its taking place, the roads, 
 even in the best-cultivated districts of Scotland, 
 were in the ivorst possible state, whereas thej' are 
 now about the very best in Europe. 
 
 A similar system has been followed on the Con- 
 tinent. When Turgot entered on his administra- 
 tion, he sent a circular letter to the road surveyors 
 and engineers of the different provinces of France, 
 desiring them to transmit estimates, framed on the 
 most liberal scale, of the sums of money for which 
 the usual repairs might bo made on the old roads, 
 and the ordinary extent of new ones constructed. 
 The average of "the estimates showed that a money 
 
 contribution of niiout lo.nnn.oon liv 
 
 ron (i-voar 
 
 would sullico for these objects; whereas 'l'iiV",,f 
 chowc<l, that the execution of (|ips(, repniri ml\ 
 eonstnu^tioiiM, iiy contributions of forced lulmur or 
 nici'A'.i.cosl iidi'lcss than ■ii),i»M,nm livres i ',', 
 'Taxation,' A'nci/. Jlrit.) ' *' ' 
 
 There is still, however, a great deal of la!,,,,,, 
 perl'orined on the cross and (diuitry mniN of |',wf 
 land under the system cstablislipi'l by t|,p ^^|,', K 
 I'hilip ami Mary." Its conlimiaiice i^'nidst iimln- 
 bly to bo ascrilied to the want of any rea'lvi;iinu' 
 for its commutation. 
 
 It is the duty of (Jovornment to furnish niwist- 
 ance towards the fonnatioii of roads and bridnts 
 in parts of the country where they are ncccssarV 
 and where the funds recpiircd for" tlieir furmaiinj 
 cannot otlu^rwise be obtained, lint it U in s^.i, 
 cases extremely desirable, in order tti |irevtiit 
 (iovernment from being deceived by iiitiTestiHJ 
 representations, that those more iinniediatdv o(,,i. 
 corned in the undertaking slmuUI be IjoiinJ i„ 
 oontribute a considerable portion of its ex|,in;i 
 This has been done in the case of tin; IIi;'lil;ii, i 
 roads. Down to a very recent period, InrgiMnic!. 
 in the Highlands were quite iiiaceossiWe, i„iii 
 were, consetpicntly, in a great inoasure sliut out 
 from all improvement; wlule the rii;;;,'C(l nut,,,,. 
 of tho country and the poverty of the inklmanii 
 rendered any atterajit to construct ini|irovc(l mad, 
 an imdertak'ing beyond their means. Under these 
 circimistances, Government camo forward ami ci 
 gaged to advance half the expense of niakin^rwi 1, 
 and bridges in certain districts, on contlition tha: 
 the landlords and others interested should advanw 
 the other half, and that the work sliinild be e.\(- 
 cuted under the direction of parliaiiuntan- o™- 
 missioners and engineers. Tins arranf;cnieiii lias 
 been highly beneticial. Through its means aliove 
 GOO miles of excellent roads have been constmotcd ; 
 and, in consequence of the easy means of commu- 
 nication they afTord, a spirit of imfrovomcnt has 
 been excited even in the wildest mid least-fte- 
 quented districts, 
 
 Adam Smith seems to have inclincil to the 
 opinion, that the roads of a couatry w.mli be 
 better attended to, and more ccononiicallv him- 
 aged, were they placed under the control of Gj- 
 vernmont, than when thev are left to be pbraif! 
 and superintended by private individuals. li;it 
 this opinion does not seem to rest on any cowl 
 foundation. It is, perhajjs, true that a few oi the 
 great roads between the principal towns of a eoiin- 
 try might be better laid out by goveriiraeut siir- 
 vej-ors, than by surveyors appointed by thepra- 
 tlemcn of tho diflferent counties through ivhiih 
 they pass. Hut those great roads bear but a ven' 
 small proportion to the total extent of cross anJ 
 other roads with which every country cither is, 
 or should be, intersected; and, besides, it t abun- 
 dantly certain, that when the formation of lie 
 great roads is left, as in Great Britain, to the care 
 of those who, either by themselves or tlieir tenants, 
 have to defray the greater part of the expense of 
 their construction and repair, they will be man- 
 aged, if not w ith greater skill, at lca.it wi'h far 
 more economy, tiian if they were entru.?tecl .o tht 
 agents of Government. M. Dupin has set thii 
 matter in the clearest point of view, in his re- 
 marks on the administration of the roads in France 
 and England. In the former they are entirely 
 under the control of Governmeiil ; and thcera«- 
 quence is, that while there is a us(des3 expenditure 
 upon a few great roads, the cros.s roads are alinosi 
 entirely neglected, and the facilities of internal 
 intercourse are incomparably inferior to ours. 
 
 Sir Henry Pamell, who published the best 
 treatise on road-making in the English langua^'e. 
 
 '?■ ! 
 I ; 
 
 k.. 
 
ROADS 
 
 1101 
 
 t 1(1,01)0,(100 livrcfl fi-yoar 
 sc (ilijiM'ts; wlitiTiu Tii"r-,,i 
 ■ouliiiM (if tliow ri'|mir< niiil 
 riljutimi!* (if forcL'd liilMiur,(jr 
 Imu lO.OOO.OUO Uvrc8. (.\rt. 
 
 jver, n K^cut deal -if l;i!i ,rr 
 iH luid CDdiitiy rimili nt l.n;; 
 Mil established by the Aci 1 1 
 IS conliiiiiaiicc in movt]iriibi- 
 tlic want of any ready i!i(aii< 
 
 lovorntnciit to fiini'i'di nssi>t- 
 fiualion of nmds nml brid^o 
 ry wlioro they nri^ ni'cc<sarv, 
 rofiuired for llicir fiirmaii";i 
 obtained. Itiit it in in sucL 
 sirablc, in order to iirevtiii 
 )einK deceived by interejtiHl 
 , tlios(! iDore immediately con- 
 rtakiiif^ should be boiiiid t.> 
 ■rablo portion of its expenw. 
 ill the cane of the Iliglilanl 
 •cry recent period, \nrff: traols 
 were quite inaeeessilile, ami 
 in a Rreat measure »liut out 
 ?nt ; while the rii^'i;e(l niitiiri- 
 the poverty of the inhiliiwim 
 it to construct iniprovcil ^l^1ll^ 
 ond their means. Uwlfsrllicic 
 irnniciit camo forward and tn- 
 ilf the expense of making' niali 
 dii districts, on conditiuii tlia; 
 thers intere.tled should ailvance 
 that the work shoulil bi! ixf- 
 rection of parlianuiitary cm- 
 incera. This arranncraciit lias 
 :ial. Through its means aliovc 
 nt roads have been constructed ; 
 e of the easy mean;* of conmu- 
 [d, n spirit of improvement hu 
 I ill the wildest aiid least-fte- 
 
 oms to have irtcliiKn; to tlii! 
 roads of a country would be 
 and more economically ni.ia- 
 aced under the control o( Go- 
 en thev arc left to be pbraio.l 
 by private individuals, liat 
 not seem to rest on any pM 
 perhaps, true that a few of the 
 the principal towns of a conn- 
 laid out bv government -iir- 
 -irveyors appointed bythepra- 
 ^rent counties through wlmli 
 -so great roads bear but a vcn- 
 , the total extent of cross anu 
 which every country either i-, 
 ccted; and, besides, it iiabiin- 
 It when the form.ition of the 
 as in Great Britain, to the care 
 bv themselves or their tenants, 
 
 creator part of the expense ot 
 and repair, they will be man- 
 Rreater skill, at lea.it ffi'lilar 
 n if they were cnlru,sted.o the 
 nent. M. Dupin has set this 
 mrcst point of view, in his le- 
 listration of the roads ni France 
 the former they are entirely 
 • tlovernmoiit ; andthccon^- 
 le there is a useless expomtoire 
 lads, tlic cross roads are almo> 
 and the facilities of iiiteri;ii 
 miparably inferior to oiirs. 
 lell. who published the bed 
 iking in the English lanS^^i* 
 
 lilo he approves of the system of local trusts, ] material ohrid^'mcnt of the powers of the private 
 
 ' ' ' trusts, 
 
 LrnptU of lioaih, Co.if ^y.— The total Icnpth of 
 tli(! (lilleroiit jiavcil streets and turnpike roads in 
 Kn^'land and Wales amounts to about '.'(V)00 
 miles. Tlic cxiienditiire bj- the trustees, on ac- 
 count of thcs( roads, ill 180(!, amounted to 
 1,071, 77il/.; the revenue for the same year beiiit; 
 l,(t,".;j,(ll)l/.: of the total expenditun", 11'2,07«/. 
 went to defray interest (d' debt. Tlo.' len^'lli of the 
 various cross roads and other highways, exclusive 
 of turnpikes, is estimated at about !t."),oUO miles. 
 In IHOt!, the expenditure on tnrnpiko roads in 
 Scotlan I was '.>(M,1)07/., and tlie icvcnuc 21.1-.'«U/. 
 
 proposes that measures should be taken for increas- 1 
 In.' the resfMinsibilily of the trustees, and that i 
 fvefi* trust should be obliged to submit its ac- 
 counts to the inspection of some public board. \V« 
 have no doubt that this plan would be in several 
 p-.pects advantageous. I'crhaps, however, th( 
 
 (biect in view, in obliging trustees to submit their 
 ;i,r,.iiiilstoa public board, might be attained by the 
 ffii'tion of local tribunals for their inspection. We 
 dmuld be extremely jealous of any plan, how ad- 
 vantageous soever in other rcsjiects, that might 
 Irjd to the employment of government surveyors 
 'encr.iUy in the laying out of roads, or to any 
 
 ^tntment extracted from the \~th General Heporl on the Tiinijii/te Trusts nf Emilnnd and North 
 n'lileH, showing the Compnratiec Condition of the Trusts in Emjtand 'and North Wales ia 
 Ihf Year I8.'!7, a7ic« the Highest Amount of'ltevenne from Tolls was received, and in IHllt, 
 1861, and 18GG respectively. 
 
 Vvdrt 
 
 IM7 
 
 1819 
 
 £ 
 1,0'J7,4SJ 
 5(7,711 
 1 1 filVl 
 4l,li.1 
 
 18(11 
 
 18C6 
 
 RlCXlFTf. 
 
 ;ToIi. ,, 
 
 Piri.'i ltd • - 
 
 1 Money 1) Trowed . . - . 
 ! Other rweljits . - ■ - 
 
 £ 
 
 1,009,98-1 
 
 »4,9.'i'2 
 
 1.14,041 
 
 .10,447 
 
 I.M9,428 
 
 £ 
 1,0.18.980 
 .10,6 Ul 
 19,47.6 
 a7.0H4 
 
 £ 
 
 •J4.5,1,',S 
 
 .1l,'^14 
 
 •i.Vii 
 
 37,.19» 
 
 Total ra-ciiits - • . • 
 
 1,177,981 
 
 1,11(1,149 
 
 1,016,'^9I 
 
 KfPBNniTUHl. 
 Repiill . . • . - 
 lm)iro»ements .... 
 s.iiariei . . - - - 
 \m f hariie.i - - . . 
 ■ InlTMtofcUtit .... 
 Hmdul debt |inld otF 
 Other I'avmenla .... 
 
 9.18,910 
 
 9.i,riSi 
 .n,n.i 
 
 S91,7'ir. 
 
 X'i\,%r,\ 
 
 (i(,G9l 
 
 1 ;7 i'i,«.i7 
 
 niO.'iOO 
 41,9110 
 H-,41i 
 V6,,1V.1 
 
 Mi,ii;o 
 
 l/0,'^97 
 49,1S1 
 
 B76,«.11 
 
 4(i,'l(l() 
 
 7ll,(i'iV 
 
 Vll,94.1 
 
 1.M1,(I<.1 
 
 iy,,nr, 
 
 .19,7S4 
 
 SKO.Sfifl 
 .11,'iU 
 74,80/ 
 !i'),118 
 108,971 
 179,(91 
 .14,874 
 
 Total ex|icTuliture - - . 
 
 1,1SH,9'J.1 
 fl,18V17" 
 
 1,149,109 
 
 1,01-,,117 
 
 Boniled ilclil .... 
 
 7,011,>l8'i 
 
 (..'i1V.89,'» 
 
 .1,.'i1(i,,07i 
 
 I'npalil interest 
 
 l,ll|'J,'i(iS 
 
 1,.'.H7,010 
 
 719,919 1 .18.1,404 i 
 
 Td/Zs.— In fixing the rate of tolls, great care 
 slionbl be taken to keep them as low as possible. 
 When they are either too much multiplied, or too 
 hisli. they" have a very pernicious influence. They 
 then (i|ic'rate as a most oppressive and unequal 
 tax on commerce ; and obstruct that intercourse 
 they nre intended to promote. The same remark 
 is.ippiieable to all sorts of dock and harbour due.s, 
 fuhtbnuse dues «S:c, When coiilincd within due 
 bounds, they cannot justly bo objected to; for no- 
 thin? can be fairer than that those who benclit by 
 sueli increased facilities and security in the prose- 
 cution of their business should pay for them. Hut 
 vrhencvci tiicy exceed the proper limits, they 
 tempt the navigator to resort to ports where the 
 chaijres are lower, and to direct his course through 
 mw insecure but less costlv channels. 
 
 Improtement of Roads. — \t is not easy for those 
 .lociisfomcd to travel along the smooth and level 
 roads by which every part of this country is now 
 intersected, to form any accurate idea of the diffi- 
 culties the traveller had to encounter a century 
 aio. Roads were then hardlv formed ; and, in 
 summer, not imfre(piently consisted of the bottoms 
 of rivulets. Down to the middle of last century, 
 most part of the goods conveyed from place to 
 place in Scotland, at least where the distances 
 ' were not very great, were carried, not by carts or 
 wagons, but on horseback. Oatmeal, coals, turf, 
 and even straw and hay, were conveyed in this 
 way. At that period, and fora long time previously, 
 single-horse trafflekers (cadgers) regularly plictl 
 bijtween different places, supplying the inhabitants 
 with such articles as were then most in demand, 
 •IS salt, fish, poultry, eggs, earthenware A-c. : these 
 were u.^ually convcye(i in sacks or baskets, sus- 
 pended one on each "side the horse. But in carry- 
 ing goods between distant places, it was necessary 
 to ornploy a cart, as all that a horse could carrv 
 on his back was not sufficient to defray the cos"t 
 w a long journey. The time the carriers (for 
 S'lcli was the name given to those who used cart.s) ' 
 
 usually required to perform their journeys seems 
 now almost incredible. The common carrier from 
 Selkirk to Kdinburgh, thirty-eight miles distant, 
 rcipiired a fortnight for liis journey between the 
 two places, going and returning. The road ori- 
 ginally was among the most perilous in the whole 
 country ; a considerable extent of it lay in the 
 bottom of that district called Gala- water, "from the 
 name of the principal stream, the channel of the 
 water being, when not flooded, the track chosen as 
 the most level, and easiest to travel in. 
 
 I'h-cn between the largest cities, the means of 
 travelling were but little superior. In 1(578, an 
 agreement was made to run a coach between 
 Kdinburgh and Glasgow, a distance of 44 miles, 
 which was to be drawn by six horses, and to per- 
 form the journey from Glasgow to Edinburgh and 
 back again in six days. Kvcn so late as the mid- 
 dle of last century, it took l.J day for the stage 
 coach to travel from Edinburgh to Glasgow — a 
 journey which is now accomplished in 4J or 5 
 hours. 
 
 So late as 1703, there was but one stage coach 
 from Edinburgh to London, and it set out only 
 once a month, taking from 12 to 14 days to per- 
 form the journey. Before the ojiening of the 
 railways, by which they have been in a great 
 measure superseded, there were, exclusive of 
 steam ptickets, smacks &c., 3 or 4 coaches which 
 set out each day from Edinburgh for London, and 
 converselj', performing the journey in from 45 to 
 48 hours. (Robertson's Rural Recol. pp. 39 — 44.) 
 
 The effects of this extraordinary improvement 
 in the means of travelling, especially since the in- 
 troduction of railways, have been as striking on 
 the manners as on the industr3' of .ill classes. The 
 remark of Smith, that ' man is the least transport- 
 able species of luggage,' is no longer true as applied 
 to Great Britain. During spring, the metropolis 
 is crowded with visitors of all ranks and orders 
 from the remotest provinces ; and during summer 
 luid autumn vast nurnbrs of the citizens are 
 
 ! !' 
 
 i 'ii 
 
 •M 
 
 f 
 
 I ! 
 
 4riJ 
 
I- 
 
 
 1102 
 
 iiurK 
 
 ROSTOCK 
 
 I/. 
 
 .. ! 
 
 Kprrnil ovor the country. Hence it Is, tlmt innn- 
 ncrs, nn vvrll n» pricf.t, arc rciliiceil ncnrly ti) ilic 
 Hiuno Hinnditril. A reii|iectiililc family in IVn/ance 
 or InvcrncHti livn very nuicli in tlio Hoinc way an 
 a n>specfablo family in I/)n(li>n. I'oculiarilieit of 
 all BortH linvo disappenred ; cvorylliini? is, an it 
 were, liroii^ht to a levi-l ; the faMliious ami opin- 
 iiins (if thu metropolis aru immediately dil)'iisi>d 
 over everv part of the eoiuitry, while tlione 
 which orffjinate in the latlcr powerfully in- 
 tliK'nco the former. 
 
 KOl'l'i cimxidtH (if hemp, hair ^e, npim into 
 thick yarn, of which Heveral Mtrin^fi aru twlHted 
 tiiuether by ineanx of a wheel. When made very 
 finidl, it is called a cord ; and when very Ihiek, n 
 ciihle. All the did'erent kindn of this mamifauture, 
 Irom a (iHhin^j-line, or whip-cord, to tlu^ cable of a 
 tir.st-rate Hliip of war, go by the general name of 
 cordage. [CAni.i:. | 
 
 KOSlvS (OIL, KSSKNCK, or ATTAU OF). 
 An oil obtained by distilling the leaves of damask 
 roses. It is lim|)id, of a li^ht orange (U)loiir, and 
 bas an extremely jjrateful and powerful perfume, 
 'i'liis, which is the most expensive article of 
 Oriental luxury, used to bo principally made at 
 Tunis and (Jhaziporc in India, liut though it 
 be still very extensively produoed at these places, 
 and more especially at the latter, what may be 
 called the foreign demand for tlio oil is now 
 almost wholly supplied by tlii! districts of Kski 
 /aru and Ilassanhk in ISulgiiria. There the 
 culturu of roses is carried on uiwn n very largi; 
 Kcalo. Inasmuch, however, as it is said to require 
 about 300,(100 roses to yield an ounce of oil, the 
 (|uantity produced does not exceed (.."lOO lb. in a 
 good ond 3,000 lb. in on ordinary year. Tb 
 genuine article fetches an enormous price; a:iu 
 is in consequence very generally, or rather, we 
 should say, uniformly adulterated. When the 
 adulteration is effected by means of the oil of 
 geraniuii'.3 and other fine volatile oils, the fraud 
 is not easily detect( d except by connoisseui-, 
 unless the foreign matter be in excess. Sonie- 
 times it is alleged that attar of roses has been 
 sold as genuine when above HO per cent, of other 
 oils was mixed up with it. That which is hawked 
 about the streets of Constantinople and .Smyrna is 
 seldom anything better than olive oil scented with 
 roses. Some of the more expert dealers in the 
 article will tell within 2 per cent, the foreign 
 oil in any parcel given them to examine. The 
 value of the exports of this curious product from 
 Turkey has been estimated at from 400,000 to 
 ■'iKO.OOO dollars a-year. (I!lan(iui, Voyage en 
 Itulgark, p. 230 ; Hunt's Commercial Mitguzine.) 
 
 in )SEWOOD (Ger. rosenhol/. ; Fr. bois de rose, 
 do Khode; Ital. legno di rosa : .Span, leno de 
 rosa; Port, pao de rosa) is produced ni Itrazil ; the 
 Canary Islands; in Siam, whence it is pretty 
 largely exported bj" the Chinese ; and in other 
 jjlaces. It is in the highest esteem as a fancy 
 wood. The width of the log imported into this 
 country averages about 22 inchen, so that it must 
 be the produce of a large tree. Kosewood has a 
 slightly bitterish, somewhat pungent, balsamic 
 taste, and fragrant smell, whence its name. It 
 should be chosen sound, heavy, of the deepest 
 colour, in the largest pieces that can be procured, 
 and of the most irregular knotty grain. The 
 small, light-coloured and large sliivered pieces 
 should be nyected. The more distinct the darker 
 j)arts are from the purple red, which forms the 
 ground, the more is the wood esteemed. It is 
 usually cut into veneers of nine to an inch, (Mil- 
 burn's Orient. Cum.; &c.) 
 
 Kosewood, which is one of the dearest as well as 
 most beautiful of the fancj' woods, is principoUy 
 
 used in veneering. 
 (?reascd from about 
 
 It.i 
 
 ronsumpfiofj ha* ;„. 
 
 . , 7 tons iu IH'M, t„ Tmh i„ 
 
 iHUi. lliiH mcrease is nrineipally owing tn the 
 abolition of the duties. These, after beini,'rci|iio<.,i 
 in |M2(1 from 10/. to •!/. ))er ton, and in 1k|-.' ut )/ 
 were repealed in 181(1. liut In. per tmi liaviiii' 
 been imposed on Its import in IHllo, this tux «h 
 abolished iu IH(i(i. The price vories from 9/. 17,, i;^ 
 to Iti/. 12X, 0//. jKT ton. 
 
 HO.SIN. ' '1 his substance is obtniiiod frnm ilii- 
 ferent species of lir; as the J'inu» ahien, ii/lveatr j 
 larix, halmmea. It is well known tliiii a rc^inout 
 juice exudes from iIk; Pinu» itylveHlr'm, or cumriKui 
 .Scotch lir, which hardens into tears, 'jho 
 
 riiiiii 
 a mo 
 
 exudation appears in the Pinus «/)iVj, or simii 
 tlr. These tears constitute the Hubsunpc I'ulli.i 
 thu», or frankincense. When a portion ofilie Imrk 
 is stripped olV the.se trees, a liquid juice lions, .ui 
 which gradually hardens. The juice has oljinmi ,i 
 different names, according to tlnj plant from wjii, K 
 it comes. The Pinna ni/lreslris yiclils ciiniinurf 
 turpentine; the /urir, Venice turpentine | iiii. 
 imc.ntink] ; the hahamen, balsam of Ciimdii 
 f Hai-samJ Ac. All these juices, wliicli arc mxn- 
 nionly distinguished by the name of tiirpiniine 
 are considered as composed of two ingredients' 
 niunely, oil of turpentine, and rosin. When il,o 
 turpentine is distilled, the oil comes over, atid tlic 
 rosiu remains behind. When the distillatidii U 
 contimu'd to drynes.s, the residuum is known W 
 the name of common rosin or cnlophonimH: \m 
 when water is mixed with it while yet lliiiil, ai:i| 
 incorporated by violent agitation, tlie nr. s i* 
 calle(l ydlow rosin. During winter, the woiimis 
 made ni the tir trees become incnisted iviili ,i 
 
 hite brittle substance, called fcarnij or j«/i;»r. 
 
 ■nsisting of rosin united to.i small portion ni'niL 
 I'he yellow rosin, nuule by melting and nsiLitiii:; 
 this substance in water, is preferred forni'Htnur" 
 poses, because it is more ductile, owinj;, jrohahlv, 
 to its still containing some oil. The usps'lrosin 
 arc numerous anil well known.' (Tliomsiin'a 
 Cyie/«i."i/n/.) 
 
 In 1807 we imported, chiefly from the I'nitcil 
 States and France, 000,117 cwi. uf rosin vidiml 
 at 371,770/. ; the overage prices being from lii|.to 
 Us, per cwt. 
 
 KOSTOCK. Long one of the Ilansc town* and 
 now the principal commercial city of the UraiiJ 
 Duchy of Jlecklenburg Schwcrin. on tlie Wiinnw, 
 about 9 miles above wliere it falls into tliu lialiir, 
 lat. ,")lo N., long. 12° 12' K. Population, in W. 
 20,390. A large fair for m.^ndiamlisc is ainidh- 
 held at Whitsuntide; and there are wool tnirs a', 
 other seasons of the j'car. 
 
 The outport of Kostoek is at WaracmunJi, at 
 the mouth of the Warnow. The depth uf watit 
 at the latter varies from 10{, to 12 feet ; but aiilw 
 end of the west pier it varies from 12 to 14 ki. 
 In the river from Wamemundc up to Ifnstrnk 
 there is usually from « to 9 feet: so tliai vis-rit 
 drawing more than this must be lif;litincii lo 
 get up the latter, Rostock has a good liarbout • I 
 and commodious quays. 
 
 Money. — Kostoek ami all Mccklcnbiir); reel; n 
 by ri.x-dollars new, two-thirdu of 18 sti illiii6 
 The ri.x dollar contains 190'1 grains puri^ <ilvrr. 
 and is worth nearly 2s. 4(/. (2s. 3'8(/.) sterliii!,'. 
 
 lyeights. — The commercial wcigbtsarc llit.-airr 
 as those of Hamhuro. There are, liowevor, oikti 
 weights, introduced in 1757, wlii' li are i> ix'tcent. 
 heavier than the above. Tliev arc iirincipaily 
 used in the trade wiili hussia. 
 
 Measures. — The Kostoek foot = 11'38 Enj. 
 inches. The ell = 2 feet. The last contains Wi 
 schelTels: the last used in the measuring of oals 
 = 14 J imp. quarters = 42 hectolitres; tlic la-i 
 
 :,. I 
 
COCK 
 
 ;s fiinHiimptidn hn* in- 
 tern'' ill Wi'l, t" ri.iM ill 
 iiriiu-ipiilly llwill^; to tin' 
 'riu'HO, after Ix'in^' rodiicp.l 
 ler ton, nml in 1m l.' in 1/,, 
 Hut l.«. I'lT tun Imvin^; 
 
 port ill IH'l". till* t!lX WHH 
 
 [iricf vnritM I'mm S/. ITs. iW. 
 
 tnncc in ohtainod from ilil- 
 tiie I'inut iiliiei, njlrealr «, 
 well liuown lliut a r('>inuiM 
 f'lHMH K^/rc.i'n'.t, or coraniiiii 
 (MIS into tearx. 'I'lic Mim 
 tlic rinim uliiff, or siiniic 
 tituU) till' Hutisianee I'lvlli"! 
 When a \)ortion nf llw' l)iirk 
 ees, II liiiuid juice tiown.ui. 
 ens. The juice lias ciljiaim il 
 ,\i„(r to till! plant from wliirh 
 s !>illvestri» yicliU cciimiinh 
 • Venice tur\>entine I'lii;- 
 ^ainvii, l>al>am of Ciiimilii 
 iliesc juices, wliicli an; cum- 
 1)V tlu! name, of turpentine, 
 niposod of two int;rc(lifnts 
 itini', ami roxin. Wlicn il,o 
 I, till' nil <'(>nies over, aiidtlic 
 il. AVheii itio ilistillatiiiii is 
 « the rcsitluum is known In- 
 n rosin or coloplwniiim; Imt 
 ■cl with it while yet lliiiil, ami 
 
 )lent aKititt'O"' I'"* ™''* '* 
 During winter, the woiiikH 
 0C3 become incruatod wiih a 
 rtiice, called barms or gnlfit. 
 inite<l to a small portion (it nil, 
 luulc bv meltinR and aBitaliii;' 
 liter, is prefcrretl fur nmst pur- 
 more ductile, owinfr 1 r('l>al>ly, 
 »C some oil. The usfs.il mmh 
 I well known.' ([Imras'ini 
 
 .rtcd, chiefly from tho I'mtod 
 G'U;,117 cwt.of rosin vaUuil 
 oriigc prices being from Itij. to 
 
 iiL' one of the Haiise tommnd 
 
 commercial city of the ii™»i 
 juru'!5chwcrin,onthc\\iira"«, 
 ,. where it falls into tlie Italiic, 
 "o 12' K. l>oi>uliition, m icii-t, 
 iir for ni-'rcluindise is nmimlly 
 «le; and there are wool tairj a'. 
 
 Rostock is at Wamcmuml, at 
 Warnow. The depth c( «j 
 HfromlO^toUtcetibuanl.;. 
 ier it varies irom 1-2 to l^-^ 
 a Wamcniumlc up to U<,M 
 torn « to'Jfecf. 8othan>Y. 
 a" this must bclijitoc'o 
 UostockhasaB«odhaib«"l 
 
 !kmulallliIccUlcti')urKmi'« 
 
 »ltvo-thirduof-18sehH. 
 
 liins 190-1 Rrains pure/ «r, 
 
 [lis id. (2s. 3-8J. sterlms. 
 i,Sn;rciilwei,hlsar=.^* 
 ,URO. There are, however,* 
 cdhi 1-57, wlr..h are per « 
 ? above. '^K,^ are pri.icpaU) 
 
 with liussia. r 
 
 he Uosiock foot = 1138 tn^ 
 
 L" feet. The last contai'fc 
 t used ill the measuring of ' 
 
 ^tr« =12 hectolitres: the la=< 
 
 ROSTOCK 
 
 ii.pd ill the mensurin;.'' of other urn'M » 11 imp. 
 iiuarnrs or .'l"'.'! hectiditres. (Kelly's Citmliiat. ) 
 \Ve iiiibjoiii an account of tliu <|UUlititiuH and 
 
 nOTTKRDAM 
 
 1103 
 
 value* of tic priiu'iiml nrticlen imported from 
 Mecklenburg Sehwerin into the Uniti'd Kingdom 
 during tacli of the 1 ye.irs iiidint? wiili IrtOT. 
 
 I'tlnclpal and olhtr .VrliriM 
 
 Ulimi nf anlmnl* "nij flih 
 (ncri't wluli'lin"! 
 
 l>a,l«j ■ 
 
 uhtr kiniU of corn 
 nlul Kriilll 
 (t,l-.wlrafce 
 HiWtt, r»i't» 
 va I lh«r «'!« '•* • 
 Tolnl - 
 
 ton« 
 cak 
 
 iwl. 
 
 .|T. 
 
 value 
 
 
 UuMiUUn 
 
 
 
 »'.tiii|,i,t,.,l 
 
 Itral Vnlua 
 
 lltfi 
 
 M 
 
 4.v/,iil0 
 
 l.tM 
 
 I.HIII 
 
 (i,'.7l 
 
 ■«il 
 
 16.1,1,(1, 
 
 1 
 
 IM4 
 
 01 
 
 ori!>,;iii 
 
 1,760 
 
 Alt; 
 
 ma 
 
 \»m 
 
 IS87 
 
 IShI 
 
 t 
 
 33I,!I.1N 
 SSO 
 
 i.rw 
 
 »,I)'J3 
 .Illl.lUH 
 
 IHfi-i 
 
 / 
 
 337, m 
 
 1,171 
 V.IUfl 
 
 31.'i,|iiv 
 
 IMT 
 
 OS 
 
 6I7,«H'V 
 
 K.'ilH 
 
 7.1.1, '^;l 
 
 11,6111) 
 3,111.1 
 V,tA.'> 
 
 l!l« 
 
 ex, Mi 
 
 S9,«.TV 
 
 :: 1 
 
 M 1 
 OT7 
 190J70 
 
 l.i.l.in 
 
 1,IK0 
 
 »;fi»7 
 
 ~7iii»,.'>;o '1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Tlic value of the total ilirect exports from this 
 
 riiinitrv to Mceklenbiirt,', tliouKh increasing, is 
 miahk'ss considerable, havinj; been in 1«G7 
 
 i'li.KjW. 
 
 Immrli.— The principal articles of import arc re- 
 liiiid »uj,'ar, cofl'ee, and other colonial products ; 
 ottons woollens ; with iron and hardware, coal, 
 (.•.nlunware. salt, horses *c. from ICnf^lund ; hemp, 
 itax, tallow, oil, sail-cloth ito.froin Kus.sia; alum, 
 liaistimlicr. lime, tar itc. from Sweden ; licrrinjfs 
 ;;;i(iiish "il from Norway; wine, brandy, molasses, 
 iinii;* ic, from France ; with ricb, rum, groceries 
 .■vi, from Copeidiajjcn and Haniburj;. Tlio total 
 valiic of t.ie imports by sea may bo estimated at 
 aboa 3UO,itOO/. 
 
 »;*'r(s.— These consist chiefly of very good 
 tcdivwat, with smaller quantities of barley, jicas, 
 rapo-ft'il. and oats; wool, ra};s of a superior 
 i|ii,ilii}'. nil cake, rape oil, bones &c. At an 
 average the value ol the exports may be estimated 
 at (iiiU.U'Jd/. 
 
 Shippmg.—Tho port of Rostock had, in Janu- 
 ,m- lW.5ti, 390 ships, 376 of which measured 
 4;i,"5 la.sts or 149,32 J tons. These trade with most 
 Kurepcan nations, tlio United States, and Hrazil. 
 
 At the beginning of the same year Wismar 
 liail .i7 ships, of which 63 measured •>,r)02 lasts or 
 I'.t.atx) tons. 
 
 Pnrf CAar(?(;.«.— These on a vessel of 100 tons 
 biirJen arc as' follow, viz. : — 
 
 
 rrlvllcged 
 
 Not PrlTlleRed 
 
 
 tiiilol. 
 
 .ch. 
 
 ri«.iIol. 
 
 ich. 
 
 Invinl with carfto ■ 
 
 Ill 
 
 •i 
 
 10 
 
 •i 
 
 Outuard ilitto 
 
 M 
 
 11 
 
 3.! 
 
 n 
 
 linaril In liallott 
 
 Vi 
 
 li 
 
 \t 
 
 n 
 
 • tutward ditto 
 
 19 
 
 .16 
 
 31 
 
 10 
 
 IMtu uilhout either ■ 
 
 17 
 
 3a 
 
 liS 
 
 41 
 
 /JiifiM.— Previous to the annexation of Jlcck- 
 Idilmrf; to the Pru.ssian Customs Union, these 
 wore e.\lrcmcly moderate. On most imported 
 iiniolcs they amounted to only 3 per cent, ad va- 
 liircni. An export duty of aliout 0(/. per ipiartcr 
 was charged on corn, and of nliout -Is. Hil. per 
 li(i;;«li('a<l on wine. AVool was not subject to 
 any iliitT on export. Gootls imported in vessels 
 11"! privileged paid f)0 per cent, additional on the 
 iilinve duties; that is, they paid 4^ instead of 3 
 jict cent, ml valorem. For existing duties sec 
 
 Zol.I.VF.IiKl.S. 
 
 Wismar, the second sea-port town of Mecklcn- 
 burp, at the conlluencc of the river Stor with the 
 sea, in lat, W;iO ^y r," x„ long. 11° 27' 7" F^. 
 Population l;),i;i3 in 1804. The harbour of Wis- 
 mar is comnioilioiis and safe, being nearly land- 
 loclicd by the islands of Pocl and Walfiscb. Close 
 to the town there is from 8 to 8), feet water; in 
 the inner roads there is from 12 to 1 3 feet ; and in 
 the outer from 13 to 20 feet. The port charges 
 on a native or privileged vessel of 100 tons amount 
 to about 30 rix-dollara. The articles of import 
 and export arc the same at Wismar as at Kos- 
 
 tock; but owing to the proximity of Lubrek, 
 from wliicli Wi->niiir is not nmrc iliaii 27 niile.i 
 ilistant, her foreign trade is comparutivelr 
 limited. 
 
 (Iciiiral liemnr/m on tlie Tr<iih: of the Diichiea.— 
 Mecklenburg is essenliiilly an agricultural, wool- 
 growing, pra/.iiig.and brt eding I'oiintry. In some 
 places it is sandy ami barren ; but it is ftir tlio 
 most part fertile, and the crops and pastures are 
 both luxuriant. Having few niaiiiil'actures, her 
 imports necessarily consist principally, as already 
 stated, of nianufaetiircd goods, and her exports of 
 raw produce. Owing to the eircnmstancc of Ihi^ 
 south-western part of the province being bounded 
 by the I'Mbe, and approaching to within 30 mile.i 
 of Hamburg, most of the maiiufnctured goods, a.i 
 well as a large pronortion of the colonial products 
 used by the population (r)(i(),12;i in 18G7), am 
 imported by way of Hamburg, Hence, in Meck- 
 lenburg, as in Prussia, the direct foreign trado 
 carried on b_v the sea frontier forms but a limitetl 
 part of the entire tr.iile of the country. It is im- 
 possible, however, to form any precise estimate of 
 what Iho latter may amountto. Probably thoro 
 was no European cimntry so little fettered by 
 customs regulations as Jlecklcnburg, down to its 
 incorporation in the Zollvcreiii. The duties on 
 articles imported by sea amounted only, as already 
 stateil, to about 3 per cent, ad valorem; and thoso 
 entering by the land frontier were subiect merely 
 to a trifling charge, on account of toll, of which 
 wo have not seen any account. It is iinjio.s-. 
 siblc, indeed, that anj' commercial system coulil 
 be bottomctl on more liberal principles; and 
 this enlightened policy, and her situation near 
 the mouth of the IClbe, and on the western 
 frontier of the Prussian League or Zollvcrcin, 
 gave to Mecklenburg far greater importance, as a 
 commercial state, than was indic.ited by the 
 amount of her population, or her internal con- 
 sumption. 
 
 ROTTERDAM, on the north bank of tho 
 Macscy in lat. 51° 55' 19" N., long. 4° 29' 14" E. 
 Population, December 31, 18(13. 112,728. Rotter- 
 clam is tho second commercial city of Holland. 
 It is more advantageously situated than Amster- 
 dam ; being nearer the sea, and the canals which 
 intersect it are so deep as to admit of the largest 
 vessels coming up to the quays and warehouses 
 of the merchants. Its commerce, during the last 
 25 years, has increased more rapidly than that of 
 any town in Holland. The exports and imports 
 are similar to those of Amsterdam. The white 
 Zealand wheat shipped here is of a peculiarly line 
 qualitj' ; and it is the best market for madder and 
 geneva. Our imports of madder from Holland in 
 1867 amounted to 20,244 cwt., most part of which 
 came from Rotterdam. [Madder.] Geneva Ls 
 sold by the aam ; but it used, for the convenience 
 of smuggling to lingland, to bo divided into 
 ankers and J ankers. The b gitimate imports of 
 
 ■I ! 
 
 I, ! l 
 
« ' 
 
 noTTMRDAM 
 
 Kfiicv.'i frcini lliilliinil in |Kr.7 nnumTif«'il di !iU7,W),'> 
 KnlliiiiN. KiittiTcl/wn lilt!* n ri'){iilnr uiid rri>i|iii'iit 
 inlcrciMirxc, liy iiiiiiiih (if nti'iiiiHTH, willi Loniloii, 
 Livrqiixil, Hull, Lritli, llAvrc, Hamburg' t(<'. 
 
 N.ll.— I'lio riiantic'l iVdiii tlusm'A to Kottcriluiil 
 iHi'xIiiliiti'il in ilic cliiirt i>r till' Dutch coiiiot in tlin 
 niii|i iif Kuropi^ ill tliin wcirk, 
 
 'j'lu' worki III iniprovf tlm xvn rnlrniiri' for 
 lliiltcrdaiii, oiirrlcil mil mi (iiivcriiiniTit iio'iiiiiil, 
 wi'i'i' Nliirli'd in lH(i;l. Tlii'v nrc osliinnli'd lomst 
 ('v'lOO.OdO IJiirH. ; mIiicc iMC.il, '.'.ViHI.iMHI M.irt. Iiiivc 
 Im'i'II t<|ii'iit, 'I'Iki workH nrc tn Ik^ liniHlicd iIiIh 
 yi'iir ( IM(l'.i). 
 
 Monri/n, lyiiijht*, and Memiirrn. — Si'c tin- nrli- 
 clc Amstkiiiia'm, (or an account of the ciirrcni 
 iiioiicv*, wci^liU, and nica.siircs of ilollaiid. 
 
 'I'wo dilVcrciil coinnicrcial lbs, wcic lornicriy 
 UKcd nt Kottrrdani : <inc> was llic Aninlirdani 
 wciKbl, 10(1 lb. of wliu'li=1(m-'.»;i lb, avoinliipoit ; 
 the other, iiM'd bv retailers, was 6 per ci'iit, 
 lighter, lUO lb. o^ it being =»lo;j-18 lb. nvuir- 
 dupuiM, 
 
 RUHY 
 
 be Kiiiierdam l'«<t of corn- looij WinrhMi.r 
 biiNlieU, '" 
 
 Tlin n/tin-.'ld KnKli-.h winn p;nllonH vorvncnrlv 
 
 A lio>;Bliend of llaxseedi t,ii„i, fnuu' 71 i,,J 
 
 WincheHl,.r bushels. Kock Knit i. Hold ,„.r Vroni 
 hundred ol MM iimalen, coiiiaiiiiiiK fr.mi ■.>! u^ •>■! 
 tons. Coals per hoed ,4 a ehaldroa of \,,w 
 rnslle. 
 
 The lli|iili| nionniirPH wore divided in th,. „„,,, 
 manner an al Anislerdain, but were larger • thu. 
 lUOsloopi of Kollerdain were-^C,?^ I'-MKli^lMvin ' 
 Kiilloiis. llrnndieH were Mold pi.r !t() viertd,^ 
 whale oil per UO htixips ; ve;,'eluble oils ,„.f ;(,,,; 
 
 HtoojIH. 
 
 ■rile ell is the mime as at Amsterdam. liMif,,.. 
 of liotterdniii.- 10114 f,.,.|, of Aiiisleidum, ..r lii« 
 ICllKlish feel. 
 
 We borrow from .Sir 1£. V. 'I'lirin-'n CVw./ur 
 Hri>iiit of April '2'.), iKIiH, the fidlowiiin aeeoiintof 
 the iinporlH and Hloek of iho jirineipal uilideH 01 
 coiniiieree at Kotturdam duruiir the veurs iKiii 
 IMIiti, and l«(i7. 
 
 
 AniclM 
 
 ilklM, Kut liKlla row and liiitfUo 
 
 K.iit tmlln 
 Cotlon, North Ainvrtnl • 
 
 WVftt Ititli.t &L'. - 
 Colli'C, Kil>t ItltllA - > 
 
 W't'it IiullJt 
 Pe|>|i«r 
 
 rvtrolmim ... 
 Hl>»i Esil India 
 Sai||irln, dilll • 
 KUK>ir, tUvannah 
 
 llrsill . 
 
 Java 
 
 lundrltt 
 
 *, 
 ca*k* 
 
 " rhe^U 
 
 . Itaokrta 
 
 ball'* and iiiati 
 
 ,, . . . liluU. 
 
 of ali dni-rltiUoni comblnetl n mi 
 
 Tobacco, AmiTtfan • . lihtU. 
 
 tundrlet * packaK^ 
 
 Java - - ,, 
 
 Tm, ofalldiiirliilloni - Iciimu 
 
 Tin, llanra ; • 'l.'bn 
 
 Imporiail during 
 
 \Mi 
 
 I 
 
 I.VI.ilSO 
 
 111,1 1 'l 
 (1,1111 
 
 !l,l,».li() 
 
 4 1 1, 'Hill 
 
 VH.IIIHI 
 
 II,.1!I7 
 
 I.I.OIH) 
 lllfi,7INI 
 
 n,w 
 
 ■il.l.MJil 
 
 l'^,4l.'. 
 
 .17 A 
 
 47,71111 
 
 »,')ris 
 
 l),.1NI 
 
 .tC,ll'.lll 
 
 »»,9MI 
 
 1I«,8S1 
 
 IMS 
 
 Ind.roo 
 
 l'<,ii<iii 
 
 1(11, UK) 
 .1.1 1. .Till 
 
 11,170 
 
 4.'i,.KHI 
 .Ili.lllKI 
 
 .I.VHH 
 
 l,4N'i 
 
 l'JI,1HH 
 
 19,1.17 
 
 4.11 
 
 4l,)lll(l 
 
 7,;a', 
 
 '!,ivn 
 
 .V.,1f,1 
 
 lii,iirKi 
 
 Ul.l'i.l 
 
 11167 
 
 lim,.ioo 
 
 ll,illHI 
 
 vs,niii 
 
 l|i|,IMO 
 
 7,!10(l 
 KMOII 
 
 )ii;,Hiio 
 
 .Tl.l.OdO 
 l(l,(iOI 
 
 'i.i8 
 
 lf,9,.1ll^ 
 
 6,.1M 
 
 1.19 
 
 .17.(11 Kl 
 
 (),7'JII 
 
 4,118 
 
 8.1,(19.1 
 
 li>l,4IIO 
 
 (I'MVI 
 
 Hlocki on riMtmbn 31 
 
 1.1,19,1 
 
 t'.im 
 (iri,siKi 
 
 B,.1iil) 
 
 .'l,l»". 
 
 ,'.l .11 
 
 l,»xi 
 
 s,i7; 
 'ill 
 
 35,1.19 
 M 
 
 r,«iHi 
 11,'iOH 
 
 1,977 
 
 9(11! 
 
 7,B.VI 
 
 «S,9II.'> 
 
 Ill6(i 
 
 111,(1.111 
 111,111111 
 499 
 9,I.VI 
 It.KIO 
 
 v.miii 
 
 1,.1.10 
 8,.1<XI 
 4/* 10 
 10,11(1.1 
 
 491 
 
 si.|i;i 
 1,111 
 
 i'.itn 
 
 V,'/.1 1 
 
 ■i.-tm 
 
 7,791 
 
 )I,1UI 
 
 S.1.>».) 
 
 ls«; 
 a,w 
 
 4,«11 
 
 «.'ip 
 
 1,IM 
 
 H,t>l 
 
 .1,1111! 
 
 y,\m 
 
 i],n< 
 
 m 
 
 UMJ 
 Vll 
 
 l.'l'm 
 
 11.13 
 
 *■' 
 I, I'll 
 
 WVI 
 
 Tares and AUowanea, 
 
 Arllclm 
 
 Calfee I 
 Surinam 
 Si. llominf{o 
 llourtion 
 Mu, I1.1 
 J.iva 
 
 Supar : 
 
 ,Tatn;li(-a 
 
 Hurinatn 
 
 Ka-t India, in ba»s 
 
 Havre chcit* bi-low 4.1 
 lb. 
 a',oTe 
 
 Martininue • 
 
 St. LlomlnKo 
 Cotton - 
 
 Hides, lluimns Avrp« 
 Toliarco, \'irf;ii)ia 
 liOHWond 
 Pimenlo 
 Indl^u • 
 Pepiier - 
 VVhalf oil 
 Madderk • 
 
 Tun 
 
 G per cent. 
 
 in lb. pet b de 
 
 'il III .. 
 
 11 III. inT bale of 
 
 ■r,o lb, 
 
 IH per cent, 
 w „ 
 10 „ 
 
 80 lb, per rlietl 
 1,1 Iter cent. 
 
 IS percent. 
 
 (1 „ 
 
 'i lb, |ier hide 
 
 ,1 |M-r oent. 
 
 real t.ire 
 ,1 tier cent, 
 ,1 lb, per bale 
 1 per cent. 
 
 real tare 
 
 Draft! 
 
 Allow- 
 anren 
 
 per c ul. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 :i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 •i 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 •i 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 With tho exception of the sbippinR interest, the 
 trade of Kotterdara, and of Holland f,'cncrally, is 
 now, on the average of years, in a comparatively 
 fli)uri,shing state. The judicious management of 
 the Netherlands Bank, the only establishment in 
 the country authorised to issue notes, and the 
 prudent conduct of the merchants, caused her to be 
 comparatively little affected by the crises of 1857 
 nnd 180)0, though she suffered in 1866 and 1867 
 by the stagnation consequent on the war in Ger- 
 many nnd the commercial crisis. The depressed 
 state of the shipping interest in particular is a 
 consequence partlv of the extremely injudicious 
 encouragement given by Government to the 
 trading company, but far more to that mania for 
 
 ship-biiildinic; which prevailed for some years In 
 Holland, as it did here nnd in the Unitei Statu, 
 Hence there is everywhere a glut of ihij.|iin(;'; 
 and it is idle to seek, in want of reciprocity, nr 
 anything else than this, a reason for the lownitf 
 of freight, and the inndequnte demand for slii|i- 
 jiing, so universal during the last two or tlinc 
 years. On January 1 , 1 867, the tmnl Netli(rlahH> 
 mercantile marine comprised 2, 178 ships of -iTO,"!:' 
 tons {Kqwrt of Mr, .Secretarj- of liCgntion W.w:, 
 of February- 1,5, 1867). It may bo worth while i" 
 mention tiiat the iron steamers built her; m\ w. 
 Amsterdam are said to be quite equal to tlio bf>t 
 of those built on the Clvde and the Thamo. 
 For a detailed account of the trade of the LnikJ 
 Kingdom with Holland down to 1865, m 
 
 A.MaTKIlDAM. 
 
 Hy way of supplement we add a statemont n! 
 the value of our imports from nnd total n\m\i 
 to Holland in 1866 and 1867:— 
 
 IKdf, 
 1.1C7 
 
 Imports 
 
 iCI 1, 768,9 1.1 
 
 lO.Siii.MN 
 
 Eiporli 
 ll,9|S,s»l 
 
 In the first ten months of 18G8, Hollanii im- 
 ported from Java 84,261,000 ponds of raw, 'urar, 
 62,2-l.'},000 ponds of coffee, 12,lU3,000 ponds of rke. 
 and 1,686,000 ponds of tobacco, showing a de- 
 crease in her supplies from that colony in all the* 
 items, except sugar and rice. 
 
 KUBY. A precious stone, verj-hii^'hlyestccnifil; 
 but under this name a variety ol minerals luvo 
 not unfrequently been sold, winch diirercsstniiiilly 
 in their characters. 
 
 The Oriental Ruby is, in fact, a red variety of 
 the sapphire. When perfect, its colour is a cochi- 
 neal red, presenting a richness of hue the ami 
 
w\iin (jnllnti'* vcrynrnrlv . 
 ■d ('iiMtiiiiiK rnnii 7^ til > 
 K'W Kttlt ii mill |iir ureal 
 L'cmliiininn from il t>> .:.' 
 . ^ Ik clmiilrun of Ncw- 
 
 wcrc (liv'idi'd in llio narni' 
 n, liul wiri' larutT: thus 
 I won' -iH] \■.u^^\\>\\ will, 
 re Hiilil iH'"' •"' vicrU'U ; 
 It ; vi'j<t'tal)l>^ oiU (k r 'iw 
 
 « at Am»itcnlnni. lonfi.t 
 el of Aiustfitliiin, nr InJ 
 
 r U. F. 'l'iiriii.;'i* Oin««/ijf 
 8, Iho foUnwiiin airiiuntol 
 [if tlio i)ruu'i(iiil uitiflin 01 
 iiu during the years 1HC5, 
 
 ItUM 
 
 llOA 
 
 Ktocki on Pwtinlm Jl 
 
 M 
 
 ineii 
 
 1%; 
 
 if it 
 
 m.ii.vi 
 
 ii,m 
 
 ■y}!> 
 
 iD.iKKl 
 
 4,*ll 
 
 
 Wt 
 
 (..''1 
 
 li'iH 
 
 S.I.VI 
 
 1,1S0 
 
 mio 
 
 »,M«) 
 
 «»,N(«I 
 
 yn 
 
 V.HIIII 
 
 S.lirt 
 
 iiti'. 
 
 1,.1M 
 
 3,ll>l 
 
 !,ttn 
 
 fi,:iiiii 
 
 W,|ivi 
 
 .vtn 
 
 I^KIO 
 
 
 ,177 
 
 lO.IKl'l 
 
 n,ii< 
 
 S'll 
 
 4'll 
 
 4'M 
 
 ,1 .'j'j 
 
 si.sn 
 
 im: 
 
 ,nr,7 
 
 I.I.M 
 
 j,:'il 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 »,l(«l 
 
 
 I.'KIH 
 
 v.-Mi 
 
 !IH 
 
 ,'J77 
 
 i)(il> 
 
 7/01 
 
 
 ;,'>''>" 
 
 J, Km 
 
 1,V,I) 
 
 H.IMl.'l 
 
 s.'j.-as 
 
 \'l.m 
 
 nrcvailod for some yiats in 
 ;rc and in tiie United Siuti ■». 
 ■vwliorc a k1<'' "f *liH'V''"l! ^ 
 ,^k, in want of reciprocity, ur 
 Lliis, a reason for the low nu 
 nndcquntc demand fnt sliil'- 
 urinK the last two or tlmo 
 1, l8G7,tlic total Nctli(rlau'i» 
 npriscd 2,178 sliipsof -iKV'l'- 
 
 Secretarj- of Lcfintion War.!, 
 ,). It tnay be worth while i" 
 |,i> steamers built IiM'^ nn' ■•' 
 
 to b(i quite equal to tlubosi 
 iue Clyde and the Itac. 
 
 It of the trade of the Lnit«l 
 
 dland down to 18Co, no 
 
 Lent we add a statetnont ■• 
 Iports from and total cxforii 
 ■indl8C7:- 
 
 £11.708,91.1 
 10,S'ii,3'JS 
 
 Eipotti 
 
 <;14,«77,»' 
 
 ll,'JIS«l 
 
 Lonthsof 18G^Hollanum^ 
 14.261,000 ponds of raw suriir, 
 loflce; 12,103.000 ponds of ri.e. 
 
 K of tobacco, showiiif: « *■; 
 Ts from that colony in all the,. 
 
 fcSveryiii.i.ly^'toc™M. 
 lea variety of minerals h.n^ 
 tn.^old, which ditlercssentmllj 
 
 L i.s, in fact, a red variety of 
 P;efect,itscolounsacoc^^^^ 
 ■ a richness of hue me w 
 
 fV\M 
 
 liic niid iiiiriviiUi d ! it In, hiiwrvor, in j,'.!!!' 
 
 rill, miiri' 
 
 iir li'vs liali'. rtir liliie viiriity, or Mip- 
 
 |,|,irc'. lit frj'ili" 
 
 ,it I* lliiit p'irt 
 or< 111'' pineoiiH 
 
 Iv liirl vvilli; hut lh>' iiiihI valii 
 it'iilnr nliinli' ciilliil liv the 
 
 bl'i 
 
 wliii'li IH a puri' ilci |i 
 
 ii,li ri'd.wi'h""' any ndinlxturt' of blue or vi'llow. 
 \ niliv "t I camtH is worth InHu Kiit/. to I.Mt/. I 
 
 1.. till 
 riinv 
 
 rihr lliiiu an 
 
 V oilier Miliifnil, cxccpl llic dill- 
 
 .. I. Iji»ily friiin.'il'le. Sprciru' j;r,i\ily frdiii 
 Kiln •1"JM;I. Ilil'uHilile bel'ore llir lilinvpi| 
 
 Dru' 
 
 .lllll V:l 
 
 iitiil riibiis 
 
 f l(» rarats are exlrrnnlv riin^ 
 
 liiiiM 
 
 Oiii' of '2'2 grains has bi 
 
 i>ld for 
 
 |i;ii/. Uiil'i' t III 
 
 li>t'<, linliiiii <'iit, or sniiill n'\/.v*, and 
 
 olilill'iTiMt iiualitics, are at all limes In be liiiil, and 
 rfll at Iri'iii U)ii. t" (l.'i.i. a earal ; but a perfect htcine 
 if a rami, or (i grains, may be deemed rare, and 
 f;ill< little^hort of Iho value of tlie dlaiiioiid ; nay 
 
 hies III' 2, .'t, <ir t carals, if vrri/ 
 
 III Millie eases, rii 
 
 fi»p, are niiieli scarcer, and even mure \iiluablc, 
 
 limn (lininoiids of e(iiial weight. The liiiesl ruby 
 
 ill i;ti«l.iiid, or perhaps in Kiiropc, was in ilu^ 
 
 ciiUictiiiii of Ihu Into Mr. liopo, the milhor of 
 
 ■Aimstasiu'' 
 
 I'liere arc 
 
 two other stones resembliiif); the riibv 
 
 iMr 
 
 flavour < r the fruit ; and heni^e the dciti|;iiall<in, 
 Itiiif-iiii/i/v rum, 
 
 Kuiii is also priuliiced in and iinporle<l from 
 the .MaiiriliuN and the Knst Indies, lint that of 
 the latter is more nearly allied ti> arrack than to 
 ^'eniiiiK! rum. 
 
 Kiiin is nnld to bo much adulterated by the 
 rcl.'iil dealers in I'.ii^land, soinelimes with com 
 spirit ! but it diiiic Willi iiiiilas'es spirit, the tastes 
 of liiitli are so nearly allied, ihat tiic cheat is not 
 ea-ily discovered. 
 
 ('iinMiiiii/ilioii of, mill llntlm vjmn, Hiiiii ^Sr. — 
 The folliiwin); tables show tin' ipiaiilities of rum 
 eonsnined in the |:iiit,ed Kinijdum at clilVireiil 
 iieriods since IN'J I, thi! rales of iliily elmrgcd upmi 
 It, and tho produce of the duties, 
 
 ArciiKHl, nlitled in fiii/Hriiil I'rimf (i'llhim, of l/ii' 
 limn iinniiiilli/ inlrrnl fur lliimr Cimnumptiim in 
 llir I'liili'il kimiiliim, from 1821 Ui 18l'J unil 
 J85t! to IH('>7 liolh indunirv, with the Uiitm of 
 Ditlii jMii/nhIc thv.reim, and the I'roilure of tin: 
 liulim. 
 
 Oiilleil thi' Sjilnrllf and Ihilniii rubies, but iMr. 
 i:niaiiiiol states that they are stones of an entirely 
 ,l;il, nut nature and form of erystallisatinn. lie 
 nil that the terms ruby and carbuncle were in 
 ,ii,.iriit times applied iiuiiseriminntely to all red 
 Mi.ne-. Its colour is a tine full carmine or rose 
 lul, Imt it never presents that rich niellow^ tinKo 
 atH'iiihiii,' the Oriental ruby. It is also inferior 
 1,1 the latter in hardness' and H|)ecilic Kf^vity. 
 Sioiut of ;t carats and upwards are rare and 
 valuable. 
 
 The so-called Bitlaia liuhy is a palo variety 
 nf the S]iiiiclle. It varies in colour from lit;ht 
 mI t) yellciwisb ri^d. Thouf{h not so rare as 
 the S|iiiiille, it is by no melius common. It is 
 raiKhadniired for its aftreeable tinj;e of colour; 
 iind, when pure and perfect, fetches a hi(,di 
 price, though considerably less than the other 
 varieties. 
 
 l;ul)ie3 arc not found in any considerable (|uan- 
 tity cxceiit in Ava, and the very finest arc Uur- 
 nie«e. Hence, one of tl.c titles of the Kill); of 
 liurninh is Lord of the Kubies. [S.vi'iMliui:. \ 
 (.Mawc 0» Diamonds, 2nd ed., pp. !)•>, 101 ; Kma- 
 nml On Precious Statics, pp. 101-7; Thomson's 
 Clicmiatri/,) 
 
 hl'll. A well known and hif;hlv esteemed 
 spirituous liquor imported from the VVest Indies, 
 iit'whii'h it forms one of the stajile jirodiicts. It 
 i< obtained by means of fermenlutioii and distilla- 
 ti"n. from molasses, the refuse of the cane juice, 
 and jiortions of the cane, after the sugar has been 
 extracted. The llavour and taste peculiar to rum 
 ap' derived from the essential oils carried over in 
 di^tillation. When the distillation has been care- 
 lessly performed, the spirit contains bo large a 
 (|iiantityof the grosser and less volatile part of tho 
 oil as to be unlit for use till it has attained a con- 
 Mderabb' age. When it is well rectified, it mellows 
 miieli sooner. Kura of a brownish transparint 
 ciildur, smooth oily taste, strong body and consist- 
 ence, goo<l age, aiid well kept, is the best. That 
 vhich is clear and limpid, and has a hot luingent 
 ta*te, is either too new, or mixed with other 
 spirits. Jamaica rum is the first in point of 
 quality; the Leeward Island rum, as it id called, 
 beiii;,' always inferior to it, in flavour, strength, 
 and value. The price of the latter is usually 20 
 per cent, below that of tho former. Wc import 
 alinust all our rum in puncheons, containing from 
 M to 90 gallons each. It is customary, in some of 
 ilie West India islands, to put sliced pine-apples 
 "1 puncheons of rum : this gives the spirit the 
 
 
 HMnlned fur 
 
 lUin i.r 
 
 
 Ytan 
 
 ('on.>um)itluit 
 
 Uulv |Hr llal. 
 
 Nctl Produce 
 
 
 Unllnl 
 Kln)(iluni 
 
 uf llie Uulioi 
 
 
 ITnilet) KloKilam 
 
 
 
 ii.iU. 
 
 <. if. 
 
 t >. if. 
 
 I«»4 
 
 «,vii,iiin 
 
 1^ 7i ■ 
 
 l.mo.a'M 1.1 7 
 
 ISAl 
 
 U,(\9^,l'ltJ 
 
 
 l,»sl,r,<7 18 s 
 
 IS'^'i 
 
 4,.10,'.,.-illl 
 
 »" C 
 
 l.M'iH,H7s a g 
 
 IHV7 
 
 11,VSH,l>0li 
 
 .. 
 
 l,.19n,,',7(l H 11 
 
 1S7S 
 
 .■i,«:7,iivi 
 
 .. 
 
 1,19.1,1. '1.1 17 a 
 
 iH'^n 
 
 .■(„i;.'i,H(iii 
 
 ., 
 
 1,411,78^ 1.1 1 
 
 Is.lll 
 
 .i,(i)h,'r.s 
 
 'J 
 
 l,«0ll,1,1| 9 11 
 
 IH'il 
 
 .1.I1JI,.'.'J7 
 
 .. 
 
 l,(i«9,HHI 9 S 
 
 IHI^ 
 
 3,.'il.1,U(l,i 
 
 .. 
 
 1..'|8II,.1SII 3 9 
 
 IS.1.1 
 
 .1,4»V,I!I.1 
 
 9 n 
 
 1..^70,797 
 
 1S.11 
 
 .1,11'|,I77 
 
 u n 
 
 l,.'iOi,1.19 IB ; 
 
 IS.l,i 
 
 .1,4Ul,'l(i6 
 
 9 
 
 i,.'i.i7,ri9i 18 g 
 
 IHIfi 
 
 .1,.1'^1,71'J 
 
 9 n 
 
 l,49(i,l.^.'S 14 1 
 
 1S.17 
 
 .i.iKi.ri.') 
 
 V 
 
 l,4.H.9V9 n 
 
 IS.IK 
 
 .1,l,T.,(i'.l 
 
 ? " 
 
 l.iii.iiiii; n 
 
 IH.VJ 
 
 i,HM,V,:i 
 
 S Froii. ,|o. ( 
 
 l,ll;3,(li7 
 
 1810 
 
 S,.'>1V,%0 
 
 l,li.Vi|,-i 
 
 1841 
 
 K,'^77,07O 
 
 l,0fi.1,nS7 
 
 IHI'i 
 
 'i,09;,717 
 
 9 (I 
 
 97»,9.VJ 
 
 
 
 (iron! IlrlLiln 
 
 (irnu 
 
 ISiO • 
 
 .•J.iai.nrs 
 
 H U 
 Irilnnil 
 
 l,:;s9,ii3 
 
 IS.'i7 
 
 .'5,VJ7,ll.', 
 
 Ii 4 
 U. KInuiloin 
 
 1,.1-S,'J4I 
 
 
 
 Apvil 19 
 
 Nilt 
 
 IS'iS 
 
 :',4n,4ii3 
 
 8 i 
 
 l,.ii)(i.os7 n 
 
 1S^9 
 
 .1,175,fiSO 
 
 ( Matih 6 \ 
 
 l,l.i9,7Uli 
 
 18CU 
 
 .1,78!),I71 
 
 j S .'5 
 S July 17 
 lu 'i , 
 
 1,69^17.1 
 
 18(11 
 
 .1,4.Vi,575 
 
 
 I,7.'it,.'il4 
 
 ISh't 
 
 .■?,1'J0,.1.5(i 
 
 
 1,687,490 
 
 1 Hd.l 
 
 .I.IIO.MIO 
 
 
 l,7.18,Oi'i 
 
 18GI 
 
 .'»,7.10,.'5IO 
 
 10 2 
 
 l,8'l.'i,.VJl) 
 
 IKfii 
 
 S,Gf)H,n iS 
 
 
 1,870,6.1^ 
 
 ISliO 
 
 4,llfS,4IS 
 
 
 S,097,80.1 II 
 
 18117 
 
 4,,'!l(i,0,',8 
 
 . 
 
 lf.l9l,9i.li 
 
 Though rum has not been so much over-taxed 
 as brandy, geneva, and wine, still it is pretty ob- 
 vious that, even in its case, taxation wa.s carried 
 beyond its proper limits. During the 3 years end- 
 ing with 1802, when the duty in (ireat Britain was 
 about Da. per gallon, and in Ireland Gs. SJt/., the 
 consumption of the United Kingdom amounted to 
 ,S, 150,000 gallons a-ycar; while, notwithstanding 
 the great increase of iiopiilatiou, during the 3 years 
 ending with 1823, when the duty in (Jreat Britain 
 was 13s. 11 J(/. per gallon, and in" Irehind 12ii. Sjrf., 
 the annual consumption amounted to only 
 2,307,000 gallons. The reduction of the duty in 
 182G to 8.1. Gel. increased the consumption from 
 about 2,000,000 to about 3,500,000 gallons. 
 
 The falling olT in the consumption in 1839 and 
 the immediately subsequent years wos not owing 
 to the trilling addition of 4d. per gallon then made 
 to the duty, but to the Bcarcitj- ond high price of 
 rum itself. 
 
 From 1800 down to 1813, the duties on rum in 
 Ireland were much lower than in Britain, ond the 
 
 I ■ 
 
RUM 
 
 I ' 
 
 coiKsiimptinn in the formnr appears tlion tn have 
 licoii muc'li greater than afterwards, wlien tlio 
 duties were raised in Ireland to the same level a.s 
 liere. Hut though there can be no manner of 
 doubt tliat tiie increase of duty in Ireland tended 
 to reduce its consumption, wo have no idea tliat it 
 did so to anything lilic the e.xtent whieh ap- 
 pears on the face of the account. The trutli is, 
 thai while the duty was lower in Ireland than 
 in Itritain, rum was extensively smuggled from 
 the former into the latter ; and this smuggling 
 having ce.i.sed when the duties were equalised, 
 the apparent, though not tho real, eonsump- 
 tion of rum in Ireland, was proportionally di- 
 minished. 
 
 In 1817 Government was induced, in compli- 
 ance with the representations of the West Indians, 
 to assimilate the duties on colonial rum to the 
 duties on home-made spirits, which varied in the 
 .liflfercnt divisions of the United Kingdom, Hut 
 the facility with which clandestine d::;tillation 
 may be carried on in Scotland and Ireland was 
 
 (■(II 
 
 ill" only oxcii-o ('.ind its validity ws vpr\- (|(,i| 
 hil) for the duly on hpirits having licfii i^., 
 them than in England. No such pictcnce 
 bo put forward for varying tho diitjpH (,n ru 
 and it wouhl be in all respects quite as rcasomi 
 to reduce the duties on the brandy, tea, aiidsiic 
 used in Scotland and Ireland below the Kurrf 
 I vel as the duty on rum. The srhonu', in ]., 
 was neither more nor l(.'ss than a elmnsv, uiiil 
 hand device to compensate tho WcstirnHn 
 without appearing to do so, for some small nuni 
 of the injii.stiee of which they have liccr, Uicy 
 tims. We are glad, therefore, to have td aii,| ,1, 
 from April 'Jl, 18,5.'), the duty on rum in .Scija, 
 was raised to the level of that in I'.iiglamI (,r 
 ; 8s, 2rf, per gallon; and in 1858 (from April i 
 1 the duty on rum in Inland was, also, rai:-e(l toil 
 i same level ; sj that, both in respect of linnie .m 
 of colonial and foreign spirit.s, the duiifj jj 
 ! now (1809). though increased in the interv.il tli 
 same in all parts of the United Kingdom. W 
 subjoin — 
 
 An Account uf the Quantities of Rum Ini]iorted into the United Kingdom, Exported as Mefclmdis 
 deVwered from Ships' Stores, and fur the use of the Navy or Army, with the Qiuinlilies rtlnk 
 iiimption, the liates of Duty chargeable thereon, and Sett Amount of JJuti/ rucici 
 
 for Home CoHsiih.j , ._, ^ ^ 
 
 in each Year from 1813 to 1807, both inclusive. 
 
 \ Quantities 
 
 ' importftl 
 
 Years ' into the 
 
 I United 
 
 Kingdom 
 
 1S4.1 
 1841 
 1S4.5 
 lS4fi 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 1849 
 1 s.'>n 
 IS'il 
 1 Hr,i 
 
 iHiS 
 
 ISSt 
 
 18SS 
 
 IS/iS 
 1S,'.7 
 IKM 
 IS.'.9 
 IHBO 
 ISIil 
 ISlif 
 l«IS 
 lsf4 
 1S63 
 ISOli 
 
 is6r 
 
 proof gals. 
 .1,7i9,7.'i4 
 .1,il."),()IO 
 4,Sim,7U8 
 .1,«55,464 
 
 6,64!,907 
 
 e,SJS,98I 
 
 5,,inB,857 
 4,l!ll,f,S.1 
 
 i,4!)U,Ut 
 
 4,506,248 
 
 8,685,907 
 
 8,714,.137 
 
 -,IB9.nn'i 
 fi,.si,%';s.i 
 7,->ll,2l9 
 7,tl7S,i,SB 
 7,3i9,(i73 
 8,114,8'i.- 
 7,765,099 
 7,191, 7.1H 
 .i,199,N7'2 
 6,S9H,.'>99 
 7,68,0, ISO 
 c'.,845,.')02 
 
 Quantities 
 ex,mrletl 
 as Mer- 
 chandise 
 
 proof gais. 
 
 l,o;'J,'^.'K) 
 741,vll 
 77»,'l.'il 
 79.'.,!)iJI 
 
 974,614 
 
 I,SC3,M0 
 
 1,618,485 
 
 1,1S7,(IS.'> 
 1,. 110,7.17 
 S, 199,997 
 
 2,IW.(,786 
 
 -,10.1,.133 
 
 3,209,U0I 
 
 .1,916,411 
 a,4,'i4,V,-iO 
 2,S.')7,.'j04 
 1.926,,094 
 5,148,882 
 2,.117,6h9 
 2,S9:i,100 
 2,14,, 721 
 2,12V,()I1 
 2,102,'14S 
 1,976,1(18 
 2,468,478 
 
 
 Quantities 
 l.-livered 
 
 for the 
 use of the 
 
 Na*y or 
 
 Qnantitie* 
 
 sTiipiH'd as 
 
 Stores 
 
 proof (J?, s. 
 
 Army 
 
 proof Kats. 
 
 2ii,i;'.i!) 
 
 1'1H,9 1 1 
 
 2(i.1,7T7 
 
 3-.9,921 
 
 2.'i,'.,7(l7 
 
 4.-.6,947 
 
 22!s,u:6 
 
 407, 'j62 
 
 216,232 
 
 366,796 
 
 207,267 
 
 287,517 
 
 20'.,629 
 
 .1 1 1 ,666 
 
 187, .'.71 
 
 361,82.1 
 
 184,.177 
 
 70,701 
 
 2(l.'),2l5 
 
 191,631 
 
 21.1,079 
 
 183,630 
 
 208,609 
 
 936,607 
 
 246,1.')6 
 
 1,101,523 
 
 21.'), SSI 
 
 2.15,'iOi 
 
 2il'i,4(ll 
 
 2 1 ,90i 
 
 171,178 
 
 21, .106 
 
 168,810 
 
 531,486 
 
 160,671 
 
 5I5,!I69 
 
 r.9,'il8 
 
 217,025 
 
 161,(167 
 
 270,220 
 
 167,467 
 
 2'>5,615 
 
 15.5,902 
 
 297,159 
 
 140,821 
 
 282,5.10 
 
 155,218 
 
 271 (,859 
 
 161,210 
 
 316,222 
 
 Hates of Duty, per (iailon, on the Quantities entered 
 for Consuniptiun 
 
 Of Itrilish West Indies, Mauritius, or those 
 
 Hrltish Possessions 'n the Kasi Iiulies Into 
 
 which the iinpurt^iti' m oI Foreign Sugar is 
 
 proliilnted 
 
 3,328,985 
 
 2,986,979 
 
 3,(1.19.862 
 2,9(i2,(iC.l 
 2,»8((,425 
 2,899,684 
 
 (In Kn^land 
 < ScotLind 
 
 I Irelantl 
 
 I In Knirland 
 ■I Siotlaiid 
 
 ( Ireland 
 
 R 10 
 
 8 7 
 
 4 5 
 
 4 5, 
 
 8 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 U 
 
 3,232,457 From April 21 
 
 I In Enjfland 
 < Scoil.iiid 
 
 3,226,591 
 
 3,421,107 
 3,.196,.537 
 3,427,').'9 
 3,575,6811 
 3,729,4-1 
 3,452,575 
 3,32(1,356 
 3,I19,8(HI 
 3,7.1(1,316 
 3,698,855 
 4,128,415 
 4,316,1158 
 
 {In England 
 Scotland — from IMay 8 to 26 
 from May 2ti 
 Ireland — from Mav 8 
 
 ,,=,{•■■■ 
 
 :!i,'i'l\'i:5 From Ay 
 
 In Knuland 
 
 Scotland 
 Ireland 
 
 3 
 ;ii 
 
 From April 19. IJnited Kinpdom - 
 Frotn .March S, 18110. „ „ 
 I From July 17, I860. „ 
 
 Forripn - "(1*^1? 
 I'roduie ' Wi'Bl 
 
 „ •• ■I.IJJJIO 
 
 •• ;iJii,lio] 
 
 l.l.^iil 
 
 I l,l(«,iJl 
 1 i;'/i.»i 
 
 ■ IKVn 
 
 j U'm 
 
 l,W/»J 
 
 I 
 !,!;(,»] 
 
 Km 
 
 i,5i>,ii:. 
 
 i,ijs^;si 
 ma 
 
 i,«,i«i 
 !,:'>« 
 
 Account, showing the Quantities of Hum Im- 
 ported into the United Kingdom in 1807, the 
 Countries whence they came, the Entries 
 for Consumption, with the assumed Prices 
 at which their Values were estimated, and 
 their Values. 
 
 Countries whence 
 Imported 
 
 Imports 
 
 Knlrles 
 ibr Con- 
 sumption 
 
 Kates of 
 Valua- 
 tion of 
 
 Imports 
 
 Total 
 Value of 
 Imports 
 
 Tuba • 
 
 Dutch (lulanas • 
 
 .Mauritiuii 
 
 Porto Rico 
 
 StrailA Settlements 
 
 llritish Wnt India Is 
 
 lands 
 llritish Ciuiana- 
 Ollier I'arts 
 Miied in llon4 
 Total - 
 
 proof (tals. 
 
 728,828 
 .-6.2.10 
 
 262,374 
 27,144 
 89,807 
 
 2,742,42! 
 
 i, 886,4 75 
 72,02! 
 
 proof gals. 
 il,lll5 
 13,969 
 45,776 
 2,105 
 57,309 
 
 1,688,8,19 
 
 2,078.8.10 
 
 10,252 
 
 377,963 
 
 .. rf. 
 1 9 
 1 8 
 1 7 
 
 1 9 
 
 1 n 
 
 2 5 
 1 9 
 1 7 
 
 63,470 
 3,003 
 
 2(1,659 
 2,176 
 7,.VJ3 
 
 311,515 
 
 265,072 
 
 5,858 
 
 ^,M5,.'.03 4,316,058 
 
 — 
 
 692,366 1 
 
 The following were the prices of rimi in bo 
 London, in Sept. 1808; — 
 
 Hum in linnd (duty Kit. 2if. pcrgal.) ». .1 i 
 
 •lamalca, Ttry line - . . ,', i, to! 
 
 .10 to 3(i per cl. o. pf. - . - .T II I 
 
 21 28 „ . . - OT 
 
 Ilemer.ara proof - . - I il 1 
 
 I.eeward Island, proof - . -1:1 
 
 Kast India, proof ■ - . < ; ; 
 
 Foreign, 5 to 10 per rt. o. pf. - -Is; 
 
 pri 111 under . -17, 
 
 liiim may not be imported unless in sliip-ofS 
 tons buriicii at least, and in casks or otlicr vtsii 
 capable of containing liquids, each of siichcii 
 or other vessels being of tin; size or cnnlifltifiJ 
 gallons at the least, and duly reported, or in. 
 bottles or stone bottles noi "e.xcecdin;; the ■«;'*' 
 three-pint bottle, and being really p.irl J lit 
 cargo of the importing ship-, and (iiiiv rcpcrtei 
 (10 & 17 Vict. c. 107 s. U.) 
 
 13fcfore anv rum shall be entered as kinj i'' 
 
 .i-. . I 
 
RUSSIA CO:MrANY 
 
 RYE 
 
 1197 
 
 lul its vnliility w-s vrn- ilmilit 
 rm .'•|)irits liaviii^; lici'ii less iji 
 land. No such iircleiice cuul,! 
 It varying the dutios on rum; 
 
 all respects quite as rcascnihli 
 e» (in tlie brandy, tea. aiidsni-iir 
 and Ireland below the Kn^li-ii 
 
 ou rum. The soliouu', in liict, 
 : nor less than a clumsy, umlfr- 
 compensate iho West ImliiuK. 
 ^ to ill) 90, for some small pdrtii r 
 :' which they have l>«in the vit- 
 ad, tlicretbre, to have lu aiM ih.n 
 55, the dniy on rum in Scotland 
 J level of that in l',iif,'lan(l, (t ii. 
 1 ; and in 185H (from April l!i, 
 in Ireland was, also, rai-cil ton,,. 
 hat. both in respect ot' home ,iik 
 
 foreign spirits, the (Uilicj a^; 
 if;h increased in the interval, iht; 
 IS of the United KiMj,'(liim, Wt 
 
 ngdom. Exported as Merchmiit'm. 
 [nil!/, with the Qiiaiitilies nhiitni 
 nd iWM Amount of Duhj rtmn,/, 
 
 allon, iin the Quantilies entered | 
 Conhurnjitioit \^^ 
 
 .,, Maniilius or tliwe 1 j ''"'« 
 
 the K.ist Inili" into F"";'pn ; ""^J 
 
 A of FotciBn Sugar i» I'rodute ■"<:«« 
 
 ibited I 
 
 1. i. \£ I. I i 
 
 . U 4 I i hi MS' 
 
 H 10 
 
 S 7 
 
 4 5 
 
 4 .') 
 
 8 '2 
 
 4 II 
 
 3 U 
 
 ■ ■ i.liijin 
 Ij l,il),Ml 
 
 ' l,l!(,Ml 
 
 Enulanil 
 Scotl.nul 
 Ireland 
 
 |a» R toiG 
 lav '^ti 
 ,I«v S 
 
 Knuland 
 .■otlatid 
 
 Ireland 
 
 liled Ivincdorn • R '^ 
 
 l,ll«,«l 
 
 ! Wi':,'iJi 
 |l,iWll 
 
 IWS, 
 
 
 ig were the prices of rum 
 pt. 18G«:- 
 
 ,lut> IIH. 'id. perRalO 
 
 V line 
 
 l'i. o. pf. - - 
 
 (Hlf 
 
 ind, itroof - 
 troiif • 
 
 10 IH-r ft. o. I'f. 
 nd intder 
 
 not lie imported unless in >liip^'!f 
 itleast,andinc.isksorotW 
 mt.iining liquids, each 01 .lie >^ 
 •Is being of ihcsizeorcoiitwtJ.S 
 least, and duly rcportcti, or in tta 
 
 ,„o bottles ma exceetetli"- , 
 
 ,ttlc.", and being re.nlly pMl "■ 
 
 importing shim and tli.I.vKFr.>i 
 
 t. c. 107 s. -14.) . I, 
 
 rum shall be entered as km, 'f' 
 
 possession abroad, the; being fi.xed in the months of January, February 
 March, ami sometimes even April. 
 
 Jull's are assorted or bracked when received 
 according to their did'erent qualities, into dave, 
 Honval, Mnljtt, and Dumashna. The lirst three 
 sorts are again divided into lieavij and I'njht Clave, 
 heavij and iujht llosval &e. Doniashnu is the 
 worst, and eonsequenlly tiie cheapest .sort. It 
 often happens that JuH's are bought unassorted, and 
 then the prices arc regulated according as the 
 quantity of iJomashna contained in the lot is 
 greater or less. I'ersoas well acquainted with the 
 nature of Kussia leather prefer purchasing it in 
 this state. 
 
 JulTs are sold by the pood, which consists, as it, 
 is commonly expressed, of 4, 4^, 4,J, ,">, b\, and .5,^ 
 hides. 15y thi.s is understood that so many hides 
 make a pood, calculated upon the whole lot; and 
 it is to be observed that the lightest jiitls are 
 esleennd the best in quality. Heavy jutl's, or 
 those of 4 and 4^ hides, arc ahippcdfor Italy: 
 the lierinans, on the contrary, prefer the lighter 
 sort. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 niinWi! 
 
 ,. ,1 1, i. 
 
 ,', 1, [u 'J ■■ 
 ,-, 1 i 
 
 11 I'.l 
 1 ; 1 ' 
 
 1 
 
 1 s 1 - 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 ' 
 
 
 rroducc of any Hrltisl . 
 
 r..,i|or of the ship importing the same must de 
 livtr ,1 certilieate of origin to tlie collector orl 
 iiintrollir that the goods are tin" iiroduec of 
 ',,„1,' ,,iflcc. (1(3 A 17 Vict. c. 107 s. 77 &<•.> 
 '\ ]; _'l'lii' duty upon all kinds of ruin, whether 
 ir,ni llritish possessions or from foreign ports, 
 .■direct importation, is now 10s. 2(/. per proof 
 ' iUiin; if not imported direct, 10s. bd. jier proof 
 ' lUtiu ; and there is now no differential duty 
 iiitvoo'ii Kngland, Scotland, and Ireland. 
 
 !;i:SSlA COMI'ANY. A regulated company 
 ori'liiatcd for conducting the trade with Kussia. 
 It was lirst incorporated by charter of Philip and 
 Mar\', sanctioned by Act of I'arliament in 1500. 
 Iho' statute 10 & 11 Wm. III. c. enacts that 
 (virv l!ritis'.i subject desiring admission into the 
 llib.-ia Company shall be admitted on paying hi. ; 
 ,i'iid cvcrv individual admitted into the Company 
 i„n,iucts"his business entirely as a jirivate ad- 
 veiituror, or as he would do were the Company 
 .ilinlislicil. In truth for business purposes this 
 O'Uipnny lias ceased to exist, its only meeting 
 r.(i«- lipiiig an annual social gathering. 
 
 KUSSIA Ll'^ATHEM (Fr. cuir de IJu-ssie; Ger. 
 iiichien; Itah cuojo di Kussia; Pol.jachta; Kus.s. 
 voiift; Span, cuero de Moscovia). The tanned 
 iiidi's ofo.xen and other kine. denominated by the 
 Kussians yoiifts or juff's—a designation said to be 
 derivoil from their bcmg generally manufactured 
 in iiair^ Tlio business of tanning is carried on 
 inmost towns of the empire, but principally at 
 M(i,*cow and Petersburg. Kussia leather is soft, 
 li,i,s a strongly prominent grain, a great deal of 
 liisiro. and a powerful and peculiar odour. It is 
 [.tiiicipally either red or black : the former is the 
 liest, and is largelv usi d in this and other countries 
 in bookbinding ; for which purpose it is superior 
 10 every oilier material. The black is, however, 
 ill vcrj'cxttnsivc demand in Kussia; large quan- 
 tities being made up into boots and shoes. The 
 proecss lollowed by the Prussians in tho preparation 
 111' this valnablc commodity has been frequently 
 ikicribed ; Imt notwithstanding this circumstance, 
 and the fact that foreigners have repeatedly eii- 
 'fiiged in the bnsiness in Kussia, with the intention 
 if making themselves masters of its details, and 
 undertaking it at home, the efforts made to intro- 
 duce tlij manufacture into other countries have 
 liilherto entirely failed. One of the best tests of 
 penuine Russia leather is its throwing out a 
 fUiing odour of burnt hide upon being rubbed 
 a little. (Hicard, Trnllii General du Commerce, 
 time i. p. ■J75. cd. 1781.) 
 
 We borrow from Mr. Borrisow's work on the 
 Cimiiifrce of Petersburg the following details with 
 iv'*|)ect to "tliis .'irticlc : — Kussia leather forms one 
 of tlie principal export commodities of Petersburg. 
 But since the ports of the Black Sea have been 
 o|iined, the exports of leather from this port 
 have considerably decreased ; Italy, the ])rin- 
 cijial consumer, supplying its wants from Otlessa 
 ami Taganrog more easily, cheaply, and expe- 
 ditiously than from Petersburg. The chief e.x- 
 piittation from the latter is to Prussia, tiermaiiy, 
 and ljv,'laiid. Frankfort on the Maine and 
 Leipzii; arc of great importance as respects the 
 trade in Kussia leather, ou account of the fairs 
 held in them. 
 
 Jull's are never bought on contract, but always 
 on the spot at cash prices. It nevertheless often 
 hapiiens that agents, in order to secure o lot of 
 nlt^, pay a certain sum in advance, and settle for 
 the amount at the lirst market i)rices ; no prices 
 
 Juffs are parked in rolls, each containing 10 
 hides; and from 10 to 15 of these rolls are packed 
 together ii ii bundle, which is well secured by 
 thick matting. There are rod, white, and black 
 juffs ; but the red are most in demand. Their 
 goodness is determined by their being of a high 
 red colour, of equal size, and unmixed with small 
 hides ; they must also be free from holes, well 
 stretched, and equally thin. In a well-linished lot 
 no thick head or feet parts should be found. If 
 spots resembling flowers are seen on the red hide.s. 
 it is an additional sign of their good quality j and 
 they are then called bloomed juffs. Tim lusitle 
 .should be clean, soft, and white, and, when taken 
 iu the hand, should feel ela.stic. The best con- 
 noisseurs of Ku.s.sia leather can nearly determine 
 the quality by the smell alone. 
 
 Great attention must be paid, in shipping juffs, 
 to secure them from being wetted, as damp air 
 alone is suflicient to injure them. 
 
 Sixty rolls of juffs m.ike a last; 88 poods nett 
 weight, when shipped for Italy, make a last ; and 
 44 poods a ton in Kngland. 
 
 The v.alue of the Kussia leather exported frcni 
 Asiatic Kussia, in 1863, arao mted to 533,205 silver 
 roubles. 
 
 In 1807 we imported 132,393 lb. of Kussia 
 leather, of the value of 17,100/., directfroiu Kussiii, 
 and 14,050 lb. from other parts. 
 
 KVE (Ger. roggen, rocken; Dutch, rog, rogge; 
 Fr. scigle ; Ital. segale, scgala; Span, centeuo ; 
 Kuss. roseh, scl, jar; Lat. secale), according to 
 some, is a nati\ o of Crete ; but it is very doubtful 
 if it bo fouiul wild in anj- country. It hi.s been 
 cultivated from time immemorial, and is considered 
 ■IS coming nearer in its properties to wheat than 
 any other grain. It is more common than wheat 
 in many parts of the Continent; being a more 
 certain cro|>, and reipiiring less culture and 
 manure. It is the bread corn of Germany and 
 Kussia. In Britain it is now very little grown, 
 being no longer a bread corn, and therefore of 
 less value to the farmer than barley, oats, or 
 ]ieas. (Loudon's Ency. of Agriculture.) In 
 1807, 100,457 cwt. of rye were imported into the 
 United Kingtloin, the chief sources of supply 
 being Kussia, Prussia, Turkey, and the United 
 States. 
 
 [For the 'cgnlations as to the importation and 
 cxiiortation of rye, see Cokn La^vs and Coiix 
 Tkadi:.] 
 
1198 
 
 SABLE 
 
 SAGO 
 
 s 
 
 SAHI.E (Gor. zobul; Fr. ziboliiic; Itiil, zibel- 
 lino; Kuss. soliol). An aiiimnl of the weasel 
 tribe, found in tlie nortlurn parts (if Asiatic Hiis- 
 ^ia and America, hunted for the iraivc of itM fur. 
 Its colour is generally of a deep f^lossy brown, 
 and sometimes of a tine flossy black, which is 
 mo.«t esteemed. Sable slvins have sonieliuus, 
 tliciuKh very rarely, been found yellow, and white, 
 i'he liner sorts of the fur of sables are very scarce 
 and dear; .'),1.")9 skins, valued at G,l'.l~)l., were 
 imported iutotlie United Kingdom in IH()7,chietiy 
 from Hamburg and Holland. [ Fun Tkadk. ] 
 
 SADDLES (Fr.selles; {ier. siittel ; Ital. sellc; 
 Kuss. sildla ; Span, sillas). Seats adapted to tlie 
 horse's back, for the convenience of the rider. 
 Those made in England arc reckoned the best. 
 Sherborne and Eynn used to be remarkable for 
 this manufacture ; but it is now principally carried 
 on in London. 
 
 In 1SG7 wo exported saddlery and harness 
 (chiefly to Australia, India, and South America), 
 valued at 21!>,S(i-.>/. 
 
 .SAFFLOWEK or lUSTAlID S.MFKOX 
 (Ger. saflor, sadlor; Dutch, salUoer, basterd saf- 
 I'ran; Fr. safrau batard ; Ital. zaiVrone ; Span, 
 alazor, azafran bastardo; linss. polerroi, iimstoi 
 schafran). The flower of an anni. d plant (Car- 
 thamiis tinctorius, Linn.) ;/ro\ving in iMdia, Egypt, 
 America, and som>; of the warmer [lartsof I'-urojie. 
 It is not easily disiinguishcil from sa (Iron by the 
 eye, but it has nothing of its smell or taste. 
 
 The flowers which are sometimes sold under the 
 name of saff'raiioii arc the only parts employed m 
 dyeing. 'I'hey yield two sorts o^" colouring matter ; 
 one soluble in water, and producing a yellow of 
 hut little beauty ; the other is resinous, and !h t 
 dissolved by the fixed alkalies . it is flu last 
 which alone render; .alllower valuable in dyeing ; 
 as it affords a red colour cxccci'.i ig in delicacy 
 and beauty, as it does in costliness, and which can 
 be obtained even from cochineal, though much 
 inferi'ir to the latter in durability. The colour of 
 safllower will not bear the action of soap, nor even 
 that of ;he sun and air for a long time; and being 
 very costly, ii is principally employed for imi- 
 tating upon silk the fine scarlet {ponceau of the 
 French) and rose colours dyed vith cochineal upon 
 woollen cloth. 
 
 The fine rose colour of safllower, extracted by 
 crystallised soda, precipitated by citic acid, then 
 slowly <':ied, and ground with the purest tide, 
 produces the beautiful rouge known by the name 
 of ivufjc rigctale, 
 
 Safllower shoidd be chosen in flakes of a bright 
 link colour, and of a smell somc.hat resembling 
 tobacco. That which is in powder, dark c(dourid, 
 or oily, ought to be rejected. (llassel(|uist's 
 Voyages. Eng. cd. p. 3.32 ; Uancroft's Permanent 
 Colours, vol, i, pp, 28G-289 : Milburn's Orient. 
 Com.) 
 
 In 18G7, 0,310 cwt, of safllower, valued at 
 54,400/., were imported into the United Kingdom, 
 and (),05G cwt. exported. The duty of Is. per cwt. 
 formerly charged on its importation was repealed 
 in 184.5. 
 
 SAFFRON (Ger. safran ; Dutch, salfraan ; Ital. 
 zafTerano; Span, azafran; Fr, s^afran ; iluss. 
 Echafran). A sort of cake, prepared from the 
 
 stigmas, with a proportion of the style, of a pcni, 
 nial bulbous plant (CVoci/s saticus, Linn.) ciK 
 vateil to a small extent in Cambridgeshire. 
 
 It is also imported from France, Spain ami 
 Italy; but the English, as being frc.liLT, 'ni,,r„ 
 genuine, and better cured, is alw.iys pni'crre.j 
 Wlun good, saffron has a sweetish, jniwcrfui ar '. 
 matic odour; a warm, pungent, hitieri.di t.i«tc'' 
 and a rich, d( cp orange yellow colour. It >|i,,u|(i 
 be chosen fr;sb, in close, tough, ciim|iaet takw 
 moilerately moi -t. and possessing in an obviun,' 
 degree all the above-mentioned (|iialiiits. d 
 being of a whili,-h-yellow or bkickish [i.lu, 
 indicates that it is bad, or too old, Siitlroii is 
 used in medicine, and in the arts; hut in tiiis 
 country the consumpiion seem.s to be iliniinisliini' 
 It is employed to colour butter and chocse, and 
 also by pauiters aiid dyers. {Dritiih Phmwi- 
 (■((//«•(>(, 18f)7 ; Thomson's />/j*/jt'Hsa(o/y ; bouj(,a' 
 Kncy. of Ayrieultiire.) 
 
 In 1807 we importoi; ',',401 lb. of .saffron va- 
 lued at j7,9G3/., and exported 6,2'JO lb ' 
 
 S.MJAPENUM (Arab, sugbenuj). k comcic" 
 gum resin, the produce of an unknown IVr-ian 
 jilant. It is imported 'Vi'ii Alexandria, Snvr.i 
 itc. It has an odour oi garlic; and ,i lint, ,i,ni 
 bitterish taste. It is in ngglulinateil d;,,),,; o,' 
 masses, of an olive or brownish-vtlli,iv luluiir 
 slightlv translucent, and breaking wiih ,i jinnii 
 fr",ctu. , it softens and is tenacious b>:i ■ ttv. ih ■■ 
 lingers, melts at a low heat, and bums wiili ;. 
 crackling noise and white flan;., giving oat abui; 
 ilance of smo'-.e, and leaving behiuu a light -[jim;-,- 
 charcoal. It is usi.d only in medicine, ' 
 son's Dispensatory.) 
 
 SA(;0 (Malay, sagu ; Jav. sagu). A i\m^ 
 of meal, the [jroduce of a palm (jUtlro.i-i/lijnmi' 
 indigenous to and .abundant in such of tlii; !. :■ 
 cm islands as ]iroduce spices, wijere it supilnsi 
 principal part of the farinaceous fowl of the ialia- 
 bitanta, 
 
 I'he free, when at maturity, is about 3il fn: 
 high, and from 18 to 22 inches in diameter. E-ire 
 the formation of the fruit, the stem cousifts ijlu 
 external wail about 2 inches thick, the wliii in- 
 terior being tilled up with a sort (jf <pon(;y itcia!- 
 lary matter. When the tree attains to I'natun:;-, 
 and the fruit is formed, the stem is quite hullii. 
 Heing ci't d iwn at a proper period, ihe mcJuiiiij 
 part is extracted from the trunk, and reduced iji 
 powder like sawdust. The lilamonts are ta. 
 separated by washing. The meal isthenlaiJ;* 
 dry; and being made into cakes a:ul bakcJ. ii 
 eaten by the islanders. For exportation, the eie; 
 sago meal is mixed with water, and the fi-ii 
 rubbed into small grains of the size uml lom li 
 coriander seeds. 'I'his is the species iirinoiiali.t 
 brought to England, for which market it sWI 
 be chosen of a reddish hue and readily disiolviii 
 in hilt water into a line jelly. A process hailnfl 
 invented by the Chinese for refining sago, siii 
 to give it a line pearly lustre; and the Nigo.^ 
 cured is in the highest e.-limatioa in alii; 
 European markets. It is a light, whiJiViK 
 nutritious food. It is sent from the i-'to 
 where it is grown to Singapore, where it i.<i,™''' I 
 lafed and bleached by the Chinese. Tiie eXiVit [ 
 trade to Europe and India is now principsl.' 
 
 ^lIlu!l^ 
 
3AG0 
 
 rliun of the stylo, of apcnn- 
 Jrncus siitivus, Linn.) cil'i- 
 iit ill Canibrul(,'esirue. 
 il from Fninop, Spain, an,l 
 lish, an liuing I'n.-licr, niiT- 
 cureil, is always ijrerenua. 
 luis a swcetitili, (iDWi-rful aiu- 
 m, pungent, bitturisli t;i-ii'; 
 v^i'. yellow colour. It slmuM 
 close, tongli, ciiiiiiiaet cakvs 
 ml pos^iC'-.'-ing in an obvi..u- 
 vc-incntiuned ipialilics. li: 
 .U-v('llow or blackish c4.;,r 
 
 biiil, or too old. SiilVrun i- 
 ind in the arts; but ia tliis 
 pi ion secHitf to be diminisliiii;;. 
 colour butter am" clifosc, mi 
 ml ilyrrs. (British Pimm- 
 nson's JJinpensaiory ; LuuJoa's 
 e.) 
 
 lortP'"' 'm'01 1^' of saffron, va- 
 ,1 exported 6,200 \b. 
 (Arab, sugbenuj). A coiicici; 
 oduce of ail unluK.wn I'lT.-iao 
 ,rlcd frc-n Alexandria, Smma 
 lour 01 yarlie ; aad a liul, aai.1, 
 t is in agglutinatf.1 ilr-ips or 
 live or browuish-yilK'W loiNiir. 
 lit, and breaUiiig with ,i liurny 
 n-i and is tenacious b-i tfuk 
 
 a low heat, and bums \niV a 
 id white flau,., givin-wtabuii- 
 nd leaving behiuu a liglit-jwngy 
 isid only in Tucdicine. (.llw.ii- 
 
 ^ gagu ; Jav. sagn). A n>«iti 
 lice of a palm (Mrtro.rul«Hiim 
 I abuncUint in sucb of tlit '.. :■ 
 ,duce spices, wii<;roitsupi'l«a 
 the farinaceous tuud of the mii- 
 
 >n at maturity, i» about M fe 
 8 to -'-i inches in diameter. Utt 
 the fruit, the stem consiftsola 
 out 2 inches thicl<, the w1i«kE- 
 luDwithasortof-'poiigyiv*."-- 
 ■hen the tree attains t.. niaiun!;'. 
 formed, the stem i» quite l*w. 
 
 at a proper period, tbe meJu*iy 
 1 from the trunk, and reduced,..* 
 wdust. The liUimouts are iia 
 
 .1 ng. The meal is then W 
 ' made into cakes a;ul baW 
 nnders. For exportation, the*. 
 
 tixed with water, and the pi. 
 'all grains of the s.™ and ta 
 
 l-his is the species imnaa 
 kbind. for wlii>di market it ^ w 
 Ssh hue and readily a..oh^ 
 
 , a line jelly. Aproeessha=to 
 e Chinese for rdinmg sag • « ' 
 no iiearlv lustre; and tle^.*" 
 
 e d"li^-8t e>i;imationmff'- 
 ttritisali^ht,*^* 
 
 1. It is sent from tie * 
 vutoSingapo.T,wlvereU.m. 
 
 ■bed by the Cliinc»e. IM V 
 .pc and Itidia is .wv l-nncp^! 
 
 SAILS 
 
 aniincd to that settlement. The sago palm seems 
 to thrive on tiie northern coast of .Sarawak. 
 /\in-lie's -V«/. Indien; Crawford's -ftus/. Archip. 
 v'ul. ii. pp. 383— .IDS, vol. iii. p. ;! l.S ; Bell's Heiufiv 
 ,,( the Commerce of Ihngiil ; Purl, lieturns; Cuii- 
 <'»,'(ir •i'<7«"''"'' 1*^01; &c.) 
 
 l.cniint of llie Qiiaiilitiis of Siir/n Imported 
 iiiio ami Ke-exported from the Uiiltitl King- 
 ,\m (liirimj each Year f mm 181.5 to 1807. 
 
 SALMON 
 
 1199 
 
 Years 
 
 TotJl Imjiorts 
 
 He-p\liorts fronl 
 Ui)itt(t Kirig4lu)il 
 
 OiiaiitiiiM 
 rc-miiiKl tor 
 Consuii))ition 
 
 -~ " 
 
 cwt. 
 
 fwt. 
 
 »w(. 
 
 !St.'» 
 
 4.1,il3 
 
 I.V.IS 
 
 4.1,'iim 
 
 isl^i 
 
 .lH,,'i!)..> 
 
 li.1l 
 
 4.'.,'JSS 
 
 IM" 
 
 M,\l]i 
 
 a.Tli.l 
 
 41, IK!) 
 
 h44 
 
 i;.V.oi 
 
 'i,Wi 
 
 filt^iCt 
 
 ISI'J 
 
 H.1,7II 
 
 .'i,.117 
 
 ~'i.'.ll'> 
 
 IHW 
 
 S'J.H.H 1 
 
 .I.Sii'i 
 
 8l,liVI 
 
 1S51 
 
 »,V,^ 
 
 C.O.'iB 
 
 SO.'JIH 
 
 Wi't 
 
 SS.'i.'iS 
 
 .'.,I(1S 
 
 IM.IIO 
 
 1M.1 
 
 •11,70.1 
 
 %^V, 
 
 KI.IOK 
 
 IS'I 
 
 l'iS,7Si) 
 
 H..-.7.1 
 
 l'.:l,Ulli 
 
 l»5i 
 
 !li,S()il 
 
 4,sia 
 
 10S,l9lt 
 
 1 ax 
 
 1.17,06S 
 
 4,,WU 
 
 1.10,698 
 
 1«57 
 
 119,41B 
 
 ln,70G 
 
 1.14 ,061! 
 
 l»iH 
 
 \Ti,M3 
 
 7,'.iTO 
 
 l.18,H(i.1 
 
 \&) 
 
 llid.Sii.'j 
 
 K.lTi 
 
 IJJI.SIO 
 
 i lSf.O 
 
 I7'J,S« 
 
 Ifi.lM 
 
 lf.4,li'.i7 
 
 1 1S«1 
 
 H'J.lf.'i 
 
 7,546 
 
 172, -.'^l 
 
 W<t 
 
 181,.0S2 
 
 S,'il7 
 
 1.17,779 
 
 h63 
 
 nfi.osi 
 
 lo.om 
 
 100,1.14 
 
 1 h6l 
 
 14.5,'JOl 
 
 11,.117 
 
 IAS, MS 
 
 i-W 
 
 1 18,.'i»'i 
 
 7,107 
 
 1.07,3'.'4 
 
 1 ■ >,(, 
 
 l&l.'JSII 
 
 7,1.76 
 
 1.19,716 
 
 l»o7 
 
 IM.Ui 
 
 7, '^7 2 
 
 1K«,107 
 
 1811, the iluly 
 Iff ,.iit. ; since th.vt date to 1S63 it was (ij. per cwt., aiid t>ince that 
 
 was It. p.r rwt., plus ."i 
 
 I'ffnousl.i Irt March 19; 
 [ff.rtit.; since th. 
 liaitiJ. percwt, 
 
 It ia seen from this table that the consumption 
 
 (f fayo has much increased since 181.'); and 
 
 the iiicrcase will appear still greater if we go a 
 
 i little lurther back ; lor, at an average of 1820 and 
 
 \P.\, the consumption amounted to only about 
 
 1 1.500 cwt, a-ycar. This extraordinary increase 
 
 ii in part to bo ascribed to the eircctiial reduction 
 
 if the heavy duties with which sago was formerly 
 
 Ikrilotied; but more, perhaps, to its being found 
 
 I ti. be a desirable article of food. It is said to be 
 
 jcnpioyed to some extent in the adultcratior of 
 
 .-ugar. The price of common sago varies from Us. 
 
 Ito I's., while pearl sago fetches from lG.v. to 
 
 llCs, 1"(/. per cwt. ; but the price is liable to great 
 
 Iduitnali'in, 
 
 S.VILS. Coar.se linen or caiiva.i sheet.s attached 
 I the ma:.t3 and yards of ship.s, the blades of 
 windmills ic., to intercept the wind and occasion 
 'Icir movement, 
 
 .^ail«, when formerly imported, were (rharged 
 »iih an ad valorem duty of 10 per cent. Hut tliis 
 l^iity was repealed in 1853, and their importation 
 I now free. The duty on cordage was tlieii, also, 
 (epealed. 
 
 (^.\L1•".P, A species of powder prcjiared from 
 |ie dried roots (if a plant of the orchis kind ( Orchis 
 'amihi. Linn.). That which is imported from India 
 1 white oval pieces, hard, clear, and pellu, id, 
 rtthiui smell, and tasting like tragacantli. As an 
 Tticlo (if dift, it is ,>iaid to be light, bland, iind 
 atriiioiw. The plant thrives in Kngland, but it 
 I not cultivated to any extent: and very little is 
 liportcd. (Ainslie's Mat, Indica ; Jlilbiirn 3 
 neiit. Com.) 
 
 S.\LMON (Ger. salm; Fr. saumon ; Ttal. 
 Wne, sormonc; Span, salmon; Kusa. lemga). 
 "3 excellent lish is too well known to require 
 dci-cription. It is found only in nortliein 
 '. being unknown in the Jlediterranean and 
 per warm regions. In thi.s country it is an 
 tele of much value and importance. It is said 
 W exceedingly abundant in Japan and Kam- 
 tatka. 
 
 ISalmon fisheries,' Alarsball observes, ' arc copi- 
 1 aud constant .sources of huniau food ; they 
 . next to agriculture. They have, indeed, one 
 
 advantage over every other internal proihice — 
 their increase does not les.scn other articles of 
 human subsistence. The .salmon <loes not prey on 
 the produce of the soil, nor does it owe its size an(l 
 nutritive (jualities to the destruction of its com- 
 patriot tribes. It leaves its native river at an 
 early state of growth ; and going, even naturalists 
 know not where, returns of ample size, and rich 
 in human nourishment ; exposing itself in the 
 narrowest streams, as if nature intended it as 
 a special boon to man. In every stage of 
 savageiiess and ci\ ilisation, the saiinoii must 
 have been considered as a valuable benefaction 
 to this country.' 
 
 Such salmon as are taken in estuaries or rivers 
 are, of course, the property of tlniso to wlioin Iho 
 o.-.tuaries or rivers belong, the lislierics in them 
 frequently letliiig for very large sums ; but of late 
 very consideralilo quantities of .salmon h.ivo liceii 
 taken in bays and in the open sea, wlicie the lish- 
 iiig is free to any one who chooses to engage in 
 it. T'be London market, where the consiimptif^i 
 is immense, has been, since 171)0, prineipallv sup- 
 jdied frtim the Scotch rivers. The Tweed Msliery 
 is the lir.^t in point of magnitude of any in the 
 kingdom ; the take is sometimes (|uito astonish- 
 ing, several hundreds having been fre(iiienlly 
 taken by a single sweep of the net. .Salmon are 
 despatched in steamers or fast sailing vessels from 
 the Spey, the Tay, tlio Tweed, and other Scotch 
 river.", for London, jiacked in ice, by which means 
 they are preserved quite fresh. When the season 
 is at its height, and the catch greater than can 
 be taken oil' fresh, it is sailed, pickled, or dried ft.r 
 winter consumption at home, and for foreign mar- 
 kets. Formerly, such p;irt of the Scotch salmon 
 as was not consumed at lionK^, was pickled and 
 kitted after being boiled, and was in this stato 
 sent up to London under the name ot Newcastle 
 salmon; but the present method of disposing of 
 I llie lish has so raised its value, as to have neaily 
 deprived all but the richer inhabitants in the en- 
 virons of the lishery of the use of salmon. Within 
 the memory of many, now living, salted saliiioa 
 formed a material article of houseliold e( oiiomy in 
 all the farm-houses in the vale of the Tweed ;" in- 
 somuch that in-door servants used to stipulate 
 that they should not lie obliged to take more than 
 I wo weekly meals of salm<in. Its ordinary price 
 was then 2s. per stone of It) lb. ; but it is now never 
 below 12.S-., often 3(!s., and sometimes 12,?. jier stone. 
 This rise in the price of the lish has producetl a 
 corresponding rise in the value of the salmon 
 li.sheries, some of which are very valuable. There 
 are considerable fisheries ii. some of the Irish and 
 English rivers ; but inferior to those of Si;otlaiid. 
 {Geneial lirpurt of Scotland, V(d. iii. p. 327.) Tlie 
 Scotch salmon (islieries .seem to have attained 
 their maxiiiinm value towards the end of the last 
 war, when the lisherit s in the Tweed were let for 
 from l."),000/. to 18,000/, a-year ; and those of ibo 
 Tay, Uee, Spey &c. were proportionally valuable. 
 But the value of the Scotch salmim fisheries has, 
 speaking generally, dc' 'lined greatly of late years ; 
 in consequence, partly and principally, of a dimi- 
 nisiit<! supply of fis'.i in the rivers, but in some 
 (legre(>, also, from the greater facility of the com- 
 raunicatiou between London and Liverpool, and 
 the conseciuent importation of Irish salmon into 
 the London markets. 
 
 J)ccrease of the Siippli/ of Salmon, Poaching S;c 
 — Tlic decrease of salmon in the English and Scotcli 
 rivers, particularly of late years, is a fact as to 
 wliicli iherc can be no manner of doubt. (Iteport 
 of Committee of I/ousc of Communs on Scotch Sal- 
 mon f'luheri/ in 1813.) JIuch uiisafi.-factory dis- 
 cussion took place as to its causes, whichwcre^ 
 
1200 
 
 SALMON 
 
 Statement of the Qudiilltics of Salmon received in London (boxes of say 1 net. each) fmrn 
 to 1SG8, the Sources whence derived, and its Price per lb. 
 
 Yean 
 
 8i-iitch 
 
 Irish 
 
 Dutch 
 
 Norwegian 
 
 Welsh 
 
 Total 
 .ii,.',.',n 
 
 3.1,740 
 
 ii'.I.VSI 
 .Ki.DIS 
 .1.1,(I'JI 
 11.141, 
 
 1SI.1 .... 
 
 IMil . 
 
 ISfi'j .... 
 lH(if> .... 
 l«f,7 - . . . 
 II(6S - 
 
 Total .... 
 
 Toi'il arrivals of lalmon In I.on(l»n 
 
 friim 1N.11 to mO'i, both }eart 
 
 inclusive ... 
 
 Uranil Total 
 
 Annual averaRe for .l.'t years . 
 
 \'J,nn'j 
 !il,7M 
 Vl.OOti 
 
 (!'.1,78C 
 7'I'/,1VS 
 
 8,18,1 
 8,.-, II 
 
 a,.ii(i 
 
 S,4U 
 
 .1,487 
 
 41,CU<J 
 
 114,'JH 
 I.V,,,','j| 
 
 l.'JDI 
 
 1,17'J 
 
 1,77^ 
 
 !i;.1 
 
 HU7 
 
 181) 
 
 8.17 
 
 l,o(;',) 
 
 l.OT.! 
 407 
 
 fid.l 
 
 l,,''(i,i 
 
 «,40'J 
 1,7a', 
 
 7,46i 
 11,101 
 
 i.Vii 
 
 7,'J7(i 
 .1.M9 
 
 Wl.lal 
 
 785,810 
 M86,U.18 
 
 lH,.V,b 
 
 8,V50 
 
 II.1V& 
 ,118 
 
 Ti.i. 1 1 
 
 1,17.1 
 
 .',30 
 
 «.1B 
 
 M.IOS 
 
 Mrll 
 
 1. J 
 
 I 
 
 1 1 
 
 I 'I 
 
 -iji 
 
 prol)abIy, of a very diversificil cliaractcr. A good 
 deal lia.s been a-scribed to the iiierea.se of water 
 machiiitry on the baiiku of the dinerciit rivers ; 
 but ive hardly tliink that this could have miicli 
 influcnco, except, perhaps, in the case of the 
 .smaller class of rivcr.s. Weirs, or salmon traps, 
 have also been nruch objected to; though, as wc 
 have been assured, with still less reason. On the 
 whole, we are inclined to think that the falling oft' 
 in the supply of this valuable fish is principally 
 to be ascribed to the temptation to over-fish the 
 rivers, caused by the high piico of salmon ; to the 
 prevalence of poaching; and more than all, to the 
 too limited duration of the close time. In 1828, 
 after a great deal of discus.sion and enquiry, an 
 Act was passed (9 Geo. IV. c. Jil)), which nas done 
 a good deal to remedy these defects — in so far, at 
 least, as respects the Scotch fisheries. Tlie rivers 
 were shut up from September 11 to February 1 ; 
 and every person catching or attempting to catch 
 fish during that period forfeited not less than 1/. 
 and not more than 10/. for every offence, besides 
 the (i.sh, if he caught any, and such boats, nets, or 
 other implements, as ho might have made u.se of. 
 Pecuniary penalties were also inflicted upon 
 ])oachers"and trespassers, ami provision made for 
 tJie watching of the rivers. This Act had a very 
 good cfl'ect; though it is believed tliat it would be 
 bettor were the close time cxtemlcd from Septem- 
 ber 1 to tlie middle of February. 
 
 After public attention had long been turned to 
 the question, inspectors of Engli.sh salmon fisheries 
 were appointed under the Act 21 & 25 Vict. c. 109, 
 and they have already done much to put down 
 poaching and other i)racticcs destructive of the 
 lisli. 
 
 The close season in England and Wales, so far 
 as net fishing was concerned, was fi.xert by that 
 Act from Sp|)teiuber 1 to l''ebriiary I following. 
 
 .Simitar Acts were passed for Scotland, viz. 25 
 A 20 Vict. c. 97 ; 20 it 27 Vict, c; 50 ; 27 and 28 
 Vict. c. 118, and 28 & 29 Vict. c. 119, the Act of 
 .'il & o2 Vict. c. 123 being the latest. 
 
 IJy the 20 & 27 Vict. c. 10 the exportation of 
 salmon caught in close time is ))rohibited. 
 
 In Mr. Bucklaiurs Hejwt of March 14, 18G8, it 
 would apiKJar tliat 3,790 men were then employed 
 in tlie salmon fisheries of England and Wales ; 
 and in the ]jrevious year 25-1 prosecutions had 
 bei'n institutetl lor breaches of the laws for protec- 
 tion of the fish. 
 
 In Mr. Walpole's Jteport of March 14, 1808, the 
 avtv;,ge wholesale prices obtained ;"or salmon by 
 one c the dealers in Uillingsgate in the following 
 JTonths of 1807 were: — 
 
 •i .1 per lb. 
 
 February 
 
 M arch 
 
 April 
 
 Way 
 
 June 
 
 .July 
 
 AtiKi'-'.C 
 
 51 
 
 Previously to 1842 the importation of forci 
 salmon was prohibited; but among ilio im „,„,' 
 and beneficial changes effected by tlic Tariff I 
 of that year, th j repeal of this prohiljiti(,n^ aiiiltl 
 admission of foreign salmon to our mariictsr 
 payment of a duty of lOg. Grf. (including the j J 
 cent.) per cwt., was one of the foremost, flie ji, 
 |)ortation has not, however, been "early so ctmi- 
 was anticipated. 
 
 In 1852 the imports of salmon of forciRn taiij, 
 amounted to only 320 cwt. The import.s Juric' 
 the same year of salmon of IJritisli taliinc vm 
 2,298 cwt. In 1853 the duty on the former ivis 
 repealed j and salmon, liowevcr taktn, ma,- 1,,^' 
 like any other fish, be imported duly free, Fore™ 
 salmon is principally brought iVom flolljji 
 Norway, and Denmark. Tliese supplic, isre 
 increased very much, for wc find that in i^j; 
 we imported 138,004 cwt. of fresh lisi not of 
 British taking, and valued at 150,400/., a co:Biiier- 
 able portion of which wa.s salmon. 
 
 SALONICA. A large city and siaj^f.rt of 
 European Turkey, at the north-cast Mitrmitvof 
 the gulf of tlie same name, lat. 40° 3*' jr X., 
 long. 22° 57' 13" E. ropulalinii estinuij jj' 
 70,000 in 1800. (Almanuch de Gotlm) 
 
 This city, origiiiiillv called T.'icrir.a xA »•• 
 wards Thessalonica, is celebrated buili in iicrs! 
 and profane history. It was visited Iivm.PjeI 
 who has addressed two of his epistles ; lit 
 Thessalonians. In the days of its prosptDirii 
 liad an amphitheatre, an extensive liip|x<i4f. 
 numerous temples and triumphal arclics.thcKiii 
 of which sufficiently attest its ancient spki :;. 
 (Clarke's Travels, vii. 441—478, 8vo. cd.) 
 
 Being the principal cinporiuni of Jlacf! :ii 
 Salonica has always had a considerable m 
 and to this circumstnnce may he ascrilKdij:;- 
 tinned and comparatively i)ro.spcroiis exi-is- 
 notwithstanding the many vicissitudes i; ii' 
 umlergonc. 
 
 There is no port at Salonica, but tliere k a- 
 cellent anchorage in the roads opposite I* is I 
 town. The access to them is by no ineaiisiliifi; 
 and i)ilots are seldom employed. The tSfvE 
 principally consist of wheat, of which larje iffi- 
 titles are sometimes shipped (the priop periji'- [ 
 ter, free on board, being 35s. in ISdtii, bariev.r: 
 Indian corn, raw cotton, wool, dw silk.tciiiiv, 
 olives, and olive oil &c. The imports areiift I 
 coft'cc, dyewood.s, indigo, muslins, caIico«,i«i| 
 twist, iron, coal, lead, tin, watches &c, I 
 
 The following is a statement of the i'ss I 
 price (free on board) of grain andofsomejnii'j 
 of raw produce, at the port of SaluiiiaJi'iii| 
 
 1800 :- 
 
 1.1 
 
 . |iCT qujrttt 'j " 
 
 Wheal 
 lUrley 
 Mni/e 
 Cotton 
 
 Wo.)l 
 .<Silk 
 
 9 -H'i 
 
say 1 <'^'^* *^'^^''*) /'■""* ^^''' 
 
 Total 
 
 tirr lb. 
 
 si.'.w 
 
 1 
 
 33,710 
 
 1 "» 
 
 U'.I.VS.l 
 
 1 i 
 
 ,Vi,ll\H 
 
 1 1 
 
 n.i.u'ji 
 
 1 U 
 
 ni.it'i 
 
 1 '! 
 
 Ml.l'i't 
 
 •• 
 
 7B5,mi) 
 
 gjo the iniportation of foni.-ii 
 biteil- l»it ani""" ''"" '">l'""aii'- 
 mucs effected by tlip rariff A.t 
 •CDCftl of this prohibition, ana t!,.- 
 ei.ru salmon to our markcuon 
 v^of lOs. Crf.(inel"Jingthcop(r 
 ;-„g one of tlie foremost. Tlwim. 
 t', however, been nearly so great a 
 
 inorts of salmon of foreign taking 
 ,lv 32G cwt. The nnporis Junc^ 
 of salmon of Hntish takmR.fR 
 1853 the duty on ihelonncrwai 
 ,almon, liowcvcrtak«.,mayr.«, 
 sh be imported duty free orekTi 
 nci'pallv brought Irom IlctoJ, 
 Wonmark. T'i'ese supplKS have 
 
 mud. for we find that ir. I.i: 
 iMCoi cwt. of frcsli Bh K;t ui 
 and valued at l6(VlC0/..a«der- 
 ■ which wan salinoii. 
 
 A large citv and myA of 
 \\^ nt- the north-cast exttemiiyd! 
 Knename,W.40Oo»«, 
 
 13" 1' Topulatioii esumittJal 
 ) I Almanack deGolha) 
 
 ■ ■ ..iiv ciUcd T icriEa ami lite- 
 rs -'s ccebratcd botlnn 'act^. 
 
 *rS t^vo of his .epistles vih 
 li In the days of its prosF.:yr. 
 •.i.patrc an extensive 1iWE». 
 S"uiumphidarote,.to 
 &v attest its aiicient spto- 
 
 / vii 4'll-4'8. 8vo. cJ.) , 
 ^'•;Sn^;^ emporium of to ;a 
 
 , '1 vavs had a consider bk;. 
 • ,„»nnpp ,n.iv )ea3cnMl^.•■ 
 r""nrXclvprospcrou5e.;■;<:^ 
 
 r''^:to\l^^=misbTno-.U*H 
 
 Vonsist ol wucu, 
 
 Lctimes .sluPF-i ''4,^'' ,y.: 
 
 Iboard, being 3,)». in .«'^K;^;^,J 
 
 1"^', indi^,musUns,calic^V^'^'l 
 
 ii ■ 
 
 SALONICA 
 
 ^(•ff)un< "/ ''«! A'uiiiljtr and Tontuiije. of thv 
 I'fjSf/.' "/ different A'atinnH Entered and 
 Ckiired at Salonicu in IWCG, 
 
 SALT 
 
 1201 
 
 Countries 
 
 i Itrltivh 
 
 Siramera 
 I itvnch 
 I Steamers 
 
 Steamers 
 Italian 
 
 Steamers 
 Helltnic 
 
 Steamers 
 i Ru»*ian 
 I j'ruw'n 
 
 IKturiMI 
 
 Mwnicr^ 
 TotiS 
 
 Inwards 
 
 Outward.. 
 
 Sliipi 
 
 Toin 
 
 Sliifis 
 
 Ton* 
 
 SK 
 
 5,807 
 
 n 
 
 .'.,^07 
 
 1 
 
 ■I3i 
 
 1 
 
 ir>'.i 
 
 ,1 
 
 1,1 V2 
 
 .'» 
 
 I.l'^'^ 
 
 IPI 
 
 i'J,f,ll» 
 
 110 
 
 A'.l.f'OO 
 
 r.i 
 
 7,^171 
 
 .-..1 
 
 7,'>vo 
 
 '^7 
 
 1 .1,MI2 
 
 V7 
 
 l.1,Slli 
 
 .Hi 
 
 7,K71 
 
 S't 
 
 8,ll«) 
 
 1 
 
 71.1 
 
 1 
 
 71.1 
 
 l.'ll) 
 
 si,ii(;o 
 
 U'.l 
 
 20,i|S-. 
 
 W('> 
 
 7,S(HI 
 
 '^t^ 
 
 7,soo 
 
 a 
 
 l,'i»l 
 
 4 
 
 •I'l * 
 
 » 
 
 ■l"l 
 
 y 
 
 4'll 
 
 I.'iS 
 
 n.ll,'. 
 
 l.'iS 
 
 l!l,ll ' 
 
 SI 
 
 .1 1 ,l|i >U 
 
 81 
 
 31.fioi) 
 
 l.lil 
 
 1SI,7SH 
 
 6(>ll 
 
 ■"nrniiio- 
 
 A considerable minibcr of small vo.^sel.s uiiilcr 
 liicdltoman and Hellenic llaLts, the furiner owned 
 ;;;;(! iiavif,'atcd by (.'liri.'^tian subjects ol'tlie Torte, 
 ari' employed in the coastiii;,' trade, eliietly in 
 oarrvini,' ;i:rain, charcoal, timlier, lirewoDil, and 
 I'ruii; :i,l'.Vt of these vessels under the Otiiiman 
 llair, of an aggregate burden of .'jTjHI-J tons, and 
 l:;i vessels under the Ilellenic (lag, (if an aggre- 
 LMtc bimicii of 3,()i!7 tons, arrived at Saluiiica in 
 
 iMilJ. 
 
 Aocording to the statement of the English con- 
 Mil, llie aggregate values of the imports and 
 i.\|»irl' bv sea in IHliti were as follow: imports, 
 i::'.i;,illl/,:"exp(n-ts, l,-.'.M.llt<2/. Wiieii Uhiciiii's 
 1 valualile work on Turkey wa.s published (lA-ltreK 
 \yirk y'lir^HiV, i. -I'.'.'j), the imports and exports 
 amnitod jointly to 1«,',":)0,IM)0 fr. The trade of 
 the siiborilinate ports of La Cavale and A'olo 
 [.imiiiiilcd during the sanio year to 7,50'J,7l)8 fr. 
 jdliifir.i. p. •I'ill; Sir. Consul Wilkinson's lleport 
 lof April -.'7, KS(;7.) 
 
 Mituij, Weiijhts, iinil Pleasures. — Accounts are 
 Ikpt in piastres of 1(1 i)aras, or I'JO aspers. The 
 IceiiiR arc those of (^).N.sTAN'TiNori,i-;. 
 
 ■flic weights and measures are the same as those 
 - ".yriia. except that the kisloz, killow <ir corn 
 I). . :;reof S.alonica = ii"78 kisloz of Smyrna. 
 (l-nnmlinc livtjidationK. — On the arrival of a 
 !iVi--i I at tlu; piort, she !s visiteil by the boat of the 
 fceailliolfice, with the Turkish flag in tlie stern. ;ind 
 llie yellow flag in the bow. The captain of the 
 fciiterin^' ship may, however, put a yellow flag in 
 fiinv (if liis boat, and go with liis papers to the 
 luar,intini' station (if he is much pressed for time), 
 rWre he will obtain praliiiue. if with a clean bill, 
 Ifttrhe lias answered the usual inte.rogatioiis. The 
 la-ters of ve.»s(ds. on their arrival, must deliver 
 jt'.icir hillsof health to tlic fiuaraiiliiie ollicer, and 
 Eev will be returned to them, upon application, 
 Jeliire sailing. It is re(|uired that masters of 
 ."els going from one Turkish port to another 
 Iniisli tlicinselvcs with Turkish bills of health, 
 Tlienvi,~c they will subject themselves to the same 
 irautinc as vessels with foul bills. 
 
 Cost of Turkish Bills of Health. 
 
 Ve<«els ofy;, Ions 
 'i'l ton. to 7.'i „ 
 
 il" .. 17.-. „ 
 
 111'' „ M() „ 
 150(1 and U|iwur(U 
 
 hrhonr, Depth of Water, TiV/cs.— Vessels 
 
 hor very near the walis of the town, though it 
 
 Jrudont not to come too close in, owing to the 
 
 nber of small craft at anchor. The depth of 
 
 |er a cable's length from the sliora varies from 
 
 3 4, and at 2 cables' lengtli from 7 to 8 fathoms, 
 
 nee to Cape Carabournm it varies from 12 to 
 
 jfnthoms. There is very little rise : owing to 
 
 Iiinst. t. 
 
 ,1. 
 
 . 'i = u 
 
 41 es. lOOj 
 
 ■ C = 1 
 
 1 
 
 '4 
 
 - 10 = I 
 
 - 1'^ = 'i 
 
 • \r, = ^ 
 
 • vo = .1 
 
 idi 
 
 - 21 = 4 
 
 7 
 
 the rivers which empty iheni.sclves into (he Lriilf, 
 the currents setting out are at times .strong, and 
 in light winds sullicicnt to impede the way of ilie 
 ves.sel. 
 
 Uiillitst, consist ing of wet sand, may bo had at 
 I.') piastres (2.s. Hid.) per lioat of from 2,^ to ,'! tons : 
 eiyageineiils may be madel'or a lump sum, to fiit 
 the vessel down to a certain in.irk. If a master 
 reipiire iiiiichb.allast, the hitler jilaii is the best, tor 
 th(! ballast-men arc all .lews, and it is the only 
 means of having any cheek upon them. 
 
 Shij) liread. — Masters wanting ship bread must 
 apply for a permit, which is obtained through the 
 consul, for which the Turkish authorities charge 
 lU idastres. 
 
 t'reiiihtu are payable cither at the list rate rif 
 exchange receiveil from (Jonstantinoplc pri' • to 
 the arrival of the vessel, or if the post come hi 
 after the ship's arrival, at the latter rate. 
 
 liil/s. — liills on London .-ire at 3 months' date. 
 The exchange on London varied in IHtid from Ic'.H 
 to lU piastres per pound sterling. At that pi ri'd 
 there was no bank in Macedonia other than a 
 braiieh of the Imperial Ottoman. 
 
 Cuinminsion. — (.'ommission on freights ,'! per c' lit. 
 
 The gates of the town are opened at snucise an.l 
 closed at sunset. 
 
 Water is excellent: there \a a fountain at or 
 near the wharf, and two others a short distama; 
 from it. 
 
 SALT (Ger. salz; Dutch, /.out; Fr. sel ; Ital. 
 sale; .Span, sal ; Ituss. sol; Lat. sal; Arab, iiiclb; 
 Chin, yen ; lliii. nimmuek ; I'er. nun), the 
 chloride of sodium of modern chemisti, lias been 
 known .iiid in common use as a seasoiier and pre- 
 server of food from the earliest ages. Immense 
 masses of it are found in this and many other 
 countries, which retiuire only to be dug out and 
 reduced to powder. In that state it is called rock 
 salt. The water of the ocean also contains a great 
 deal of salt; to which, indeed, it o\vi\s its taste, 
 and the power which it possesses of resisting 
 fri'e/.iiig till cooled down to 28'o°. When this 
 water Is suliiciently eva|>oraied, the .salt prcci]ii- 
 tates in crystals. This is the common process by 
 whi(di it is obtained in many countries. There 
 are various processes by which it may be obtained 
 quite pure. Common salt usually crystallises in 
 cubes. Its taste is universally known, and is 
 what is strictly denominated salt. Its speciilc 
 gravity is 2'120. It is soluble in 8'82 times its 
 weight of c(jld water, and in 2'7C times its weight 
 of boiling water. (Thomson's CVicHn's/ry ; Watt's 
 Dictionary of Cheniistnj.) 
 
 Besides its vast utility in seasoning food, in 
 preserving meat both for domestic consmnplioii 
 and during the longest voyages, and in furnishing 
 muriatic acid and soda, salt forms a glaze for 
 coarse pottery, by being thrown into the oven 
 where it is baked; it improves the whiteness and 
 clearness of glass ; it gives hardness to soap ; in 
 mclthig metals, it preserves their surface from 
 calcination by defending them from the air, and 
 is cm;doycd with advantage in sfinie a.ssays ; it is 
 used as a mordant, and for improving certain 
 colours ; and enters more or less into many other 
 processes of the arts. Blany contradictory state- 
 ments have been made as to the use of salt as a 
 manure. Probably it may bo advantageous in 
 some situations, and not in others. 
 
 Salt 3Iines, Springs &'c. — The principal salt 
 mines are at Wielitska in Poland, Catalonia in 
 Spain, Altemontc in Calabria, Loowiir in Hungary, 
 in many places in Asia, Africa, and America, and 
 in Cheshire in this country. The mines at 
 Wiclitska arc ui.niii a very large scale ; but the 
 stateraer ts that liavc frecuiently been published, 
 4 11 
 
120;: 
 
 SALT 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 .'V • 
 
 'I 
 
 of tlicir cnntaiiiinp; villnfje.s inlial)iti'4 by coloiiios 
 of millers wlio never saw tlio lif;lit, nro ultoi^etlior 
 williiiiii f Jiirnluliun. Thrso niiiiea h(iv(t bi'on 
 Avri)M;,'lit fur more tliaii GOO ycar.i. (Coxe's Travih 
 in the Xorlh of Kiiropi; vol. i. Il!l, 8vo. cil. ; Mr. 
 Secretary .Midilli^tini's Report on the Sult-proilufimj 
 JJi.itricIs of Mexico ol' Decemlier 31, 1H()7.) 
 
 The sail iiiiiieM in ilie neiglihonrlinod of Xortli- 
 wii'li ill (Jliesliiro an; very extensive. Tlicy liave 
 been \vroii;;lit. siiuc 1C70; and the (luaiitity of 
 salt olitaiiied from (luin is f^reater, probably, tliaii 
 is oblaiiied from any other salt mines in the world. 
 In its solid foini, when diiR from the mine, 
 Cheshire salt is not snllicieiitly pure for use. To ' 
 ]iiiril'v it, it is dissolved in sea water, IVoni whieli 
 it is al'ierwards separated by evaporation and 
 crystallisiilion. The greater part of Ibis salt is 
 exported. There were sent from Chesbire <lown 
 the river tVeaver, in the year eiideil Mareb .'il, 
 1K(!H, i»l«,l.')S tons, beinj; considerably above the 
 average (|nantity, wliile Worecstcr.shiic prodiucd 
 '.'■J."),'i.')0 Ions. {Miint's jMincnil Stdtistics, I.SG7.) 
 
 .Salt spriii).js arc met with in several eonntries. 
 Those ill Cheshire and Worcestershire furnish a 
 Iarf;e proportion of the salt made use of in (ireat 
 Ibilaiii. The brine, beinj? pumped up from v<'ry 
 deep w(dls, is evaporated in wroni;lit-iroii pans 
 from 20 to ;>0 feet sipiare and 10 or 12 iiichi^s 
 dcef), placed over a furnace. 
 
 Most of tlie salt used in Scotland, ]irevious to 
 tile repeal of the (Inly, was oblaiiuil liy the 
 evaporation of sea water nearly in the way jiow 
 mentioned; but most part of the Scotch .-i It 
 
 .SALTPETRK 
 Imvo iiinco been rclinquii-hcd. 
 
 f Irish salt vn -o exported from Delfu,' 
 
 works 
 tons ( 
 l.S(17. 
 
 In warm eountrii 
 evaporation of soa-w 
 and llii- ervstalsof s ill 
 
 I.'J'j: 
 
 it in 
 
 salt is ohtaitifd hv d,,, 
 rby thclwar uf t!w m,,,. 
 
 ..,hfeinthiswavarr.tr..,r,'. 
 perleet, and imni, Iroin i\u: greater -Imvnrsj „! 
 the proi-css. French salt is luaiiufacliifcil in n^., 
 mode, and it has always b^-en in i'.,.nsi(|HrahL 
 demand in this and other countries ; bur, thii |,rm. 
 cilial impfirts of foreign s.alt into (Jrea. Krltam 
 at present are from I'ortugal. lu 1k«7 tiji! iu[;,| 
 import was I(i,lli) tons, valued at Mi,lli)/. 
 
 Consumption of Suit. — The con^unuiition ^if <^\; 
 in Ibis country is immense. Neckiw «miiihi,tJ 
 the consuinpiion in those provinei'- ,i» fri,,,,^ 
 wliieli had purehati-«l an exeniptnw ifrom i||.. 
 ijiilielle ipni/s fntnn ri'dimis) at uum;;; lij, ]{, 
 (Kiig.) for each individual. (AdniiH,.i»niUi« Je', 
 Finances, tome ii. p. li.) B'rom all ihiir Hrliiurc 
 been able to learn on tUe siiNjeut, we b'tUtw-ihij: 
 the consumption of tine jiemple of tluii (uimim^ 
 may be esliinat'-d a Iktle lni^ihiT. or at ".'.m'' 
 ibe dillerence in mir foixil' and imliits, asconiimrej 
 with the I'lench, fully aecouuiiing for tin. m. 
 crease.! allowance. On this suppn.siiiijn, ..m; 
 l.ikiiig t!ie population at 30,0iniL,|.)i.lii, the timit. 
 consumption will amount to G8iM(l0,U00 lb., -t 
 upward* of Z'MM»u tons. 
 
 E.xclusive of tUw immonso home cMiiisumriiii.n. 
 wo annually ■■xpmn very larg(; iiiiamitio, ilit 
 export in I'iGr lutvinjj been 72 l,o4o ton.'', t4 Hit 
 value of 4lJ.il'lL/. 
 
 Account iftlic Qunnliliis tuul Voluc of the Salt Ejcported from the 
 
 of the 1 Years emlinr) with I8G7. 
 
 finited Kingikmi duri:,ne„d 
 
 
 l.,.M 
 
 ' Quoiitiiw 
 
 1 > 
 
 l)ecl«r.<i 
 Value 
 
 W'i '.v.: 
 
 Countriia 
 
 Quantity 
 
 n(H:lared 
 Value 
 
 £ 
 
 Quanlity 
 
 IWilurci 
 Viluo 
 
 Quaniio 
 
 llw'ar. 
 
 
 loiu 
 
 tMHf 
 
 £ 
 
 tnns 
 
 £ 
 
 loni 
 
 
 Himi.i .... 
 
 •i-t.'f^X 
 
 37,011 
 
 .')ii WT 
 
 'iS,381 
 
 ■\|^>,^^^^ 
 
 iH,|,',7 
 
 7'j,vj; 
 
 It.,. 
 
 NorwAy , . - . 
 
 l),VI)7 
 
 ■I.I.VJ 
 
 ii(,jnr. 
 
 fi.alH 
 
 H,0')a 
 
 S,!SII1i 
 
 
 
 I>eim.iirk- 
 
 11, fill) 
 
 11,1, VI 
 
 'j.riiii 
 
 !i,y\i I 
 
 13,1.133 
 
 7,r.S7 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Sctik-tvviff-IIolttein 
 
 i.lll 
 
 1 ..-.sfi 
 
 .">,''*( 
 
 1,'J3.') 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 ._ 
 
 
 rr..>.ia *, . - . 
 
 v.fi'jr, 
 
 'Jl.!li,ll 
 
 .',.1,1111 
 
 T>.-n\ 
 
 40,710 
 
 V'-MSI 
 
 iii.'ii(i 
 
 »,'.'■" 
 
 Hollaml .... 
 
 iX.riG 
 
 S,l'ili 
 
 •,!l,.il5 
 
 i;,3vi 
 
 'ji.e.ifi 
 
 7,7 1'J 
 
 •.■7,.l.i1 
 
 ih' 
 
 lielKiiiin - . . - 
 
 V,,bH\ 
 
 ',VM 
 
 .•'1,11a 
 
 7,734 
 
 J4,iill 
 
 7, .'»').'■ 
 
 l!7,lif.S 
 
 *-*,l' 
 
 Wesl.m AfricM (forpij.'n} - 
 
 ai,(i,').'j 
 
 Hi,7:i7 
 
 ir.if.* 
 
 !I,S71 
 
 13,aiil 
 
 U,II81 
 
 l.vi.r. 
 
 If,,'.' 
 
 Unilcd ^jUies : North Ailantir Ports 
 
 7«,1».T 
 
 .-•3,iilli 
 
 51, 173 
 
 -7,ilil 
 
 «a,i'Jll 
 
 .'.7, -.87 
 
 '.Ml II 4 
 
 6!,:, 
 
 South Atl.ititic I'orts 
 
 U,17.5 
 
 .1,0.11 
 
 7l^J7 
 
 na,'.Ki'> 
 
 rs.iiii 
 
 13,1. HI 
 
 Oi,v'l« 
 
 .■^,l :■ 
 
 Tadllc I'ortH 
 
 330 
 
 'iM 
 
 17(1 
 
 ut 
 
 S'JO 
 
 fil2 
 
 •i.tri 
 
 1,- 
 
 nriti^h India: HfnRal and Fe«u 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 „ 
 
 — 
 
 w,t» 
 
 13Mr 
 
 Hritisli I'osses^iion* in South Alrica • 
 
 V,3S0 
 
 a,.33S 
 
 l,l-.« 
 
 1,117 
 
 „ 
 
 _ 
 
 
 „ 
 
 India, Sin^rr.poie, and Ct-ylon 
 
 1S3,13S 
 
 Sl.ii.l.J 
 
 IW.H'r- 
 
 'j>l..->4S 
 
 1,1V) I'i 
 
 7(»,'.'31 
 
 _ 
 
 -. 
 
 Australia - • - - 
 
 •^I),617 
 
 17,.^i.7 
 
 11 ,.137 
 
 iJ.lll.'i 
 
 aii,tios 
 
 l'i„'iS.'i 
 
 18,*"" 
 
 I'.i: 
 
 Itriti»h North America 
 
 OS, 'JOS 
 
 S!l,0!)7 
 
 8a,llll 
 
 *r.'<^- 
 
 sa.iof. 
 
 5 1 ,'2113 
 
 S.%Oli 
 
 11,' 
 
 Other countries 
 
 a3,'>74 
 
 l.^^lll 
 
 IS.SIT 
 
 ItJJUR 
 
 a7,S;,U 
 
 ai ,1143 
 
 .'i.l.HJI 
 
 
 Total - . - 
 
 5!)6,aiO 
 
 '.(7li,'i';'J 
 
 57S,UiU 
 
 -iii^r 
 
 601,440 
 
 SMAH 
 
 7'a4,3» 
 
 n . 
 
 The cheapness of this important necessary of 
 life is not less remarkable tlian its dilfusion. Its 
 present cost may be estimated, at a medium, at 
 from lis. to 1I.S'. per ton. 
 
 Duties on Salt. — In ancient Kome, .salt was 
 subjected to a duty {vectigul snlinurum ; see 
 IJurman, Dissertalio de V'ectir/alihus Pop. Horn. 
 c. fi) ; and it has been heavily taxed in most 
 modern States. The gabellc, or code of salt laws, 
 formerly established in France, w.as most op- 
 pressive. From 1,000 to 5,000 persons are calcu- 
 lated to have been sent annu.ally to jiriaon and 
 the galleys for offences connected with these law.s, 
 the severity of which had no inconsiderable share 
 in bringing about the Revolution. (Young's 
 Travels in France, vol. i. p. 598.) In this coun- 
 try, duties upon salt were imposed in the reign of 
 William III. In 1798 they amounted to 5s. jier 
 bushel; but were subsequently increased to ].~>s. 
 per bushel, or about thirty times the cost of the 
 .salt. So exorbitant a duty waf productive of 
 the worst effects, and occasioned, by its magni- 
 tude, and the regulations for allowing salt, duty 
 
 free, n> the fisheries, a vast deal of siwr;!;!: 
 The opinion of the public and of the IL u- 
 Comincjiis having been strongly proii..ui!i 
 .against llie tax, it was tinally repealed in \xt'< 
 
 That tljc repeal of so exorbitant .t liuiv :: 
 been prudmctive of great advantage, mi mi'' 
 'loubt ; but seeing tliat a large revenue mil'! 
 raised, wt nuestion whether ( loveninii'iii r. 
 wisely in totally relinquishing the ta.v. llaJi 
 duty been r<-'liiccd to 2.s'. or 2.v. GiA por liibli.'l.:: . 
 no duty-free -alt allowed for the lislicrii-. ii::: 
 drawbaelv givi " on tli'; lish expurled, a riv . 
 1,00(MHI0/. a Nt.ir might hav been lieri' 
 this .source with but little injur)'. It iva- ..Ji 
 nature of the salt iii.x, Imi the absurd exten: : 
 which it had been .arried, that renilorcil iiju-ii' 
 odious. When at the highest, it prediu'e'laWI 
 1,500,000/. a-year. „ , 
 
 SALrPKl'ino or NITRATE OF I'Ol.VM! 
 (Ger. salpeter; Ir. nitre, nalpetrc; Ital. mi'M 
 snlnitro; Span, nitro. s.ililre; Kiiss. scnitra; 1'^ 
 nitriim; Arab, ubikr ; Hin. shorah). V ^J-'l 
 well known in commerce, .and nf very ^iv:it i"- 
 
ccn roliiKiui^lu'il. i:i,7',i; 
 o' cxp'irt''"' from Iklfust in 
 
 salt U obtiuni^l liy ih' 
 "T by the Vifnt of llw -uu; 
 1 vuri't^ in this wav ar.' n. ;, 
 ,m ihc pircatcr -liiwn.s' mi 
 na\t is ii-i:uiul'ai;UitOil in il, • 
 l\vny> '"■''" '" I'Misidi^alii.' 
 iluT countries; Imr, lln' i rii<- 
 ,i,rn salt into (ircn.. llrir,i;'i 
 l"ortU!,'iil. I" ^^^~' t*io III il 
 ns valued »t lit..,U9(. 
 ,/( _'rhe coa-unuiition «( -:il; 
 
 lliose ]>n)viiiiw it Iwivc 
 ,-1 an cxempUii* &"m tt 
 
 , ,v'('i'»'-'s) "'• ■'*^'""' ''''^ ''"• 
 ivitlual. (.li/i/iiw"-'"''''''"" <^''< 
 )-».) From all tlmv «-li:i..' 
 ,n tiic Mif'ii'ct, wc b.illiiri- na 
 ,1' tb>e i»""liU' "*' ■''»" ""'""")' 
 
 a liittk hiiRh.T. or at r a: 
 ,r fo..4 and l»»'>'i«' "" ccmnuwJ 
 
 fuUv aocowiiiini; l'.>r llm :- 
 
 On thia siipiiosition. „i 
 
 ition at 30,()tM".M'"», the av:. 
 
 amouut to C«.'iaJttO,W0 lb., 
 
 tons. 
 
 ,v* immense home cimsiirapti";i. 
 
 juvins hocn 721,;i'lo ions, M '.he 
 
 fc« Vnitid Kingdom dun. :i 
 
 A 
 
 tTe ,mW« and of the ll.'u; 
 
 |i.S Len st.-cm,lv pr<;.>;;|;' ■ 
 ' l^va8flnallvrol..^aled.nl'^- 
 ;eal of so exorbiumt a ... i- 
 U of Kreat advant:.s;c-, n.M., - 
 r. ihatalarffc revenue ii...-.; 
 
 ..r miKht l.av, been lan ^ ^ 
 
 '""" ""'r,r:i "aliurdcteo:;' 
 halt '*^ '"',,, \e,„ier.'.r.'i"''>^ 
 
 T or NITRATE OF, 2S 
 nitro, ^ahtre ; »^"'*'A' ; '^^ 
 
 [.'ubikv; ""'• .^'^^S-S^'t'* 
 L conmierco, and ot >»? (- 
 
 SAT/rrETRE 
 
 piirtniicc. It may be rcpjanlcd both ns a natural 
 'mil ail iirtilii'ial nroduetioii ; beins found on llic 
 •iirOu'o of tlio siiil ill many iwirtn of India, i''.tiy\>t, 
 ItalvAi'.; but ill lliese and otlicr places all that 
 IS kiioWM ill (iiininercc is obtained by an artilieial 
 iiroi'o<.S "' ''^ lixiviating earth that lias been 
 Unieil into tiitrc beds. The salt|K'tre eonsiitned 
 in r.iijiiiiil is brought from Helical in an impure 
 «l;ito, but crystalli'^ed, in ba.ijs, each containint^ 
 MM 111. Salljietre forms the principal ins^'redieiit 
 ill iln: niainilacture of f,'iinpo\vder, and is used in 
 •.irimi.s arts. It is also of fiTcnt utility in the 
 oniiiiorce of India, from its fiirnishint; a lari;o 
 iiii.iiiiit ef dead weii^lit for the shippiiij,' oiiiAa^-ed 
 lull. Saltpetre [Hissesses considerable anlisepti(' 
 jnwor. That which is of the best (piality ami 
 «.n refined is in loiij; transparent, crystals; its 
 (;i-'.e i.'i slinr)'- bitterish, and cooliiij^-; it llamcs 
 niiuli whin thrown iipcm burniiii,' coals; is very 
 riirk'; i-piiilic Kf'''\''y l'^^''- It ii not altered 
 ixposurc to the air. 
 
 lleikmaiiii loiitends. in a Imi^c and elaborate 
 
 ii^^ertation (Hht. of Incvnt. vol. iv. pp. iyi'o — iM'\, 
 
 1.111::. oil.), tlinr the ancients were unaeiiuainled 
 
 with saltpetre, and lliat their nitniin w.'is nally an 
 
 kiJinc si't. Kill a^ j-altpetn^ is produced iiatii- 
 
 I Iv in consideralile ()uantitie8 in K^ypt, it is 
 
 iriii'ult to suppose that they (!iiiild be entirely 
 
 .miiiuit of il : thoujih it would appear that they 
 
 .mliiumk'il it with other tilings. It lias been 
 
 kiiiiwn ill the KasI from a very early period. 
 
 ii'ikinaiin caiciirs in opinion with those who 
 
 viifvc that j;uii|iowiler was invented in India, 
 
 ml iTouKht by the Saracens fniin .Africa t" ibe 
 
 iiri'liean,-. who inipnived its inanufaclure, and 
 
 Willi.' it availubk^ for warlike |)ur|ioses. (Vol. iv. 
 
 i-..-.ri.) 
 
 riie consumption of ."altpetrc during jieriodn of 
 ivar is vtry n'cat I'S [irice is conseiiuentlj 
 liable to extreme lliictunlion. In remarking oa 
 ik varieties in the price of saliiictre, Jlr. Tooke 
 joUnos, ' It leached its greatesi height in 1795, 
 viz. 17i)s, per cwl. ; in 1790 it fell at one time to 
 l.k. and rose attain to yij.s-. It seems to have 
 lliciii allkted considerably by the scale of hos- 
 |tilitii's oil the (Jiiiitmeiit. But in consequence of 
 lllio (li.-*(ivcries in (liemistry, by which the French 
 jivfre enabled to dispense with a foreign supply, 
 anil by 'he inerea.sed importal ion from India to 
 lilib country, by which we were enabled to supply 
 till' Khl (if the Continent at a reduced cost, the 
 [irJc( declined permanently after 17!)«-9, -when it 
 m readied l-ius. ; and never after was so high 
 I'lii.i., except during tlio short interval of 
 !pwui;itiiin in export, during the peace of IHIJ, 
 ui'i again u|ioii the breaking out of the war 
 Iwminated by the battle of Waterloo.' The 
 jrii't (if riiu^ii saltpetre in the London market 
 prioil, in iHiiT, from lis. 'Jd. to l«s. Hd. per cwt, 
 Diinii'.' IxCiT we imported 214,()01 cwt. saltpetre, 
 "lii'li 199,105 were from India. The exports 
 I'lii ihe United Kingdom during the same year 
 mmnted tii8l,7.> cwt. 
 
 i'..xclii8ive of .saltpetre, we import considerabh! 
 
 lii.iiitics of nitre, or nitrate of .-oda, consisting of 
 
 Itne aiid and soda, ^vllc^e,^s sab pt'tre consists of 
 
 Itrii uad and pui.ish. Like salt|:#etrc, it i.s found 
 
 ftive in various countries, but especially in the 
 
 sorts of Tarapaca, in Chili, and Atacauin, along 
 
 ' coa.stof SuuiIri-ii Peru. The deserts in ipies- 
 
 ». f.iiifist of a v.vM sandy plain, exteiiiiiug be- 
 
 hn Ike shdie and the 'foot ol the Andes for 
 
 f'veeu liiii and odO miles. This plain la more 
 
 Jio.ouii feet above the level of the sea; no niili 
 
 n lulls uiion it; and except along the bunks of a 
 
 ijlrcainsb) which it is intersected, it is quite 
 
 ■"f. In most parts, however, it abounds with 
 
 h I 
 
 SALVAGE 1203 
 
 nitrate of soda, which sonictimc'i appears on tho 
 surface, hut is more commonly covered with .1 
 stratum of clay and sand, with which the salt is 
 freipiently mixed. The principal mines ;ire 
 within about 'J 1 miles of tlie Peruvian port of 
 liiuiipie, ill •Ji° oil' ,S. hit. and 71^^ 12' W. hmg. 
 After being dug up, the salt is pnlverisiMl, 
 dissolved ill boiling water, and allowed to 
 crystallise in sbiiUow woodei: troughs. Its price, 
 free on board, iiicludiiig an export duly of 
 about I per cent., varies from 'J to 'J.J or ;i ibds. 
 the qiiii.tal of llM) lb. Having a tendency to 
 attract moi-liire, it is not so suitable as saltpetre 
 for tho niaiiiilacturo of gunpowder; but it is 
 extremely serviicable in various (lepartmenls of 
 the arts, and is particularly valuable in a coni- 
 inercial point of view, from its allbrding a return 
 cargo for ships which might otherwise have had 
 to come Inline in ballast. 
 
 During l«i!7 Ihe imports and exports of nitre 
 Ccubic nitrate of soda or cubic sail pel re) ainoniited 
 respfctively to 1,2 1 7,7.")-' cwl., valued at i;ri7,:i.'iri/,, 
 and ;;i,'.K)2 cwt. The price during the same year 
 was iiboiit ll.t, per ewl. The duty formerly 
 charged on saltpetre and iiiire was suppressed m 
 |X1."». (Watt's DiitioiMiii of Vlii'iiiistrit.) 
 
 .^.VLVAtii;, as the term is now understood, 
 is an allowtuice or coinpeiisation made In ibo-e by 
 wli(i~<; .'•xertioiis ships or goods, have been saved 
 from tl'we dangers of the seas, lire, pirates, or 
 enemies. 
 
 The propriety and justice of making such an 
 allowance must be ubvioiis lo everymie. It was 
 alliiwed by the la«vs of Khodes, Oleron, and 
 W'ibby; and in tlus respect they have been 
 followed by all nioilerii maritime slates. At 
 common law, tin- party who has saved the goods 
 .if another froin l.ss or any iinmineiit peril has a 
 imii upon them, and may retain I hem in bis pos- 
 session till |)aynient of a rea-oiiable salvage. 
 
 Sulmigi: ii/ion Losses by I'liih of the Sea. — 
 In lixi'ig the rate of salvage, regard is usually 
 had. not only to the labour and peril inclined by 
 tb*' salvors, but al.'^ to the situation in which 
 th«-;- may hajipen to stand in respect of the 
 proiii^ny .saved, to the prinqititiub- and jikacrity 
 manifested by them, and to the value of the ship 
 and cargo, as well as the d'^gree of danger from 
 which they were rescued. In sonic cases asnuich 
 iis a lid/f of the |)roperty saved has been allowed 
 as salvage ; and in others not more than a tenth 
 part. 
 
 The crew of a ship are not entitled to salvage, 
 or any unusual remuneration for the extraordinary 
 efforts they may have made in saving her; it 
 being their duty, as well as interest, to contribute 
 their utmost iijion such occasion, the whole of 
 their possible services being pledged to the 
 master and owners. Neither are passengers en- 
 titled to (hiim anything for the ordinan/ dssistanre 
 they may be able to afford to a vessel in distress. 
 But a passenger is not bound to remain on board 
 a ship in Ihe hour of danger, jirovided he can 
 leave her; and if he perform any exlraordinary 
 services, he is entitled to a proportional recom- 
 pense. 
 
 All cases with respect to proceedings for salvage 
 may be brought cither in tho lirst instance, or by 
 appeal, before the Court of Admiralty, provided, 
 in the liHt case, the sum in dispute exceeds 50^ 
 But the delays and expenses attending the pre- 
 eeediiiuM of this court are such, that tbvy have 
 occasioned niiicli dissatisfaction anions, commer- 
 cial men. To obviate them, efforts which had 
 been previously made were renewed and extended 
 in I81() by the 9 & 10 Vict. c. OV. This statute 
 authorised salvage claims, for sums udcr 200/., 
 4 11 2 
 
1 
 
 ■i^^'4' 
 
 1 
 
 
 „ aiflorint ix.ns to '1''^ '^ \\ <.,,„,,,on BiiUngc | tU. bUU' __^ ^ .^^ ^_^^^,^ where, hucIi slni. or 1.,.. 
 TlK.sc nttem,;t8 to «i;';' J^^-c Imaall tUc succe. 
 
 111- 
 
 , aiflorint l>orlH to 'l*^^? '"'„"', ,.i,pa„(.n Httlvngc tU ■ Bliiy ' ■■ euacs where. hucU slop or Wt 
 
 'IC V oAdnun.Uy Court Acts o «' •\.:vc been U- . «n.n r ». n> a^_ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ,,, 
 
 , \i;»^.^i«:i"i"'y « :r;rirbu™.. "'«'"',■-„,* „,„*,.rij™' «' <« -""^■" 
 
 t ...u nnarost tlic 
 
 .=s£..iii iiili igs 
 
 IStiiSipSili':, 
 
 ^"'^- , . .,an<o CO the sm«c efloc^ has been cm- 1 tl;-^^,„^ .f ^lilJIir'Si!; ", ml^oMuL .■ 
 ,^i^ L £ Merci^ant Shi,.in, A.t.^^^ ^^^^^ ^,,^ ^^f'^rlX^'Xt tllli'^ is a iU - .o^^ 
 
 ^ss^i-s^;:vin.ca^^ 
 
 Whenever any sl'M' ' ;,;,"r„,e of anv sea or 
 .,„,or,vise in '"stress on - Sriin.it. ' of tl'^ 
 ,„U,i ^vatcr 7'""'° ,'',^. "ices are rendcval by 
 Knited Kiii-doni, and scrMu.^ 
 
 :inv person, _ , , . . i,|,,,t : 
 
 r''""lom of such ship i^av)- . .... .,,,„i, .xtend to all ^' 
 
 ■n" Mv shall be pay aide h^ • ^^ '^^^ „ i,y 1 . S 
 
 .....„* pnnro. apparel, or ^>rctK, to^ i „,„,„red 
 
 c.\p('nses mcui 11.11 j 
 
 their claim. , ^t to s^f^ 
 
 d,V,,o« >» nXi.voviHions contained nnlN 
 
 1 Miv,it --»—■- ) ■ 
 
 .,,vner. of such ship >^<^y)-g i,io„s >^^"J\^;^*S^;lvS<' 
 
 ■n,,,, .hall oe pa> .^."v. ., --- ^,,^ ,,on by 1- ^'^^ ',, t,,^ value "/ ''^'^ PXi u. ihfS» 
 
 -•^-^^^KS^ir^ of U.e,n avc_renderM | -,^ exceed 1,000/., a^«|;^^^, __ 
 
 or boat, carf;o, "I'l"""' „ f t„e„. a.v, ...-- 
 ,vhom such '^""'i'^Vr'^^V saved, a reasonable 
 ,„ ,,v ^^•hom s"^-»\^"^'„^^t .^ ,v.th all expenses 
 anx.imt of ^"^^'f ^- '?£' " the performance of 
 l,ro,.erly incurred b h.m " i^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^, 
 
 Kuc I services or the ''aj'nS « ' p^ges to be 
 
 -"""^ ^I rcase"oYd1puto'in manner herein- 
 
 (letcrmined m case oi v 
 
 mentioned, {hcc. 4o8.) 
 
 3. 
 
 rendered wnbiu tht iwm 
 Kini;dom or not: ,^^,j jijj^, 
 
 It shall be lawful for one 
 
 l 
 
nrcscrvnlioii i'l' >''>■ '''« '" 
 
 ,ilV„l)le l.v tU.' I'WU'i' I 
 tity tonlliiiliiVilaiinHtut 
 lUcrc. Huch i*\iii) i>r l)"ni i- 
 vnlue iliiTi'iil is ..riii- 
 
 of Uu) aiUuA cx\«iiMS 
 .niov.nt <if "Olvnp ;\",'' ','■ 
 
 lives, tlip li'i^if'l (if Ini.lf 
 ,vnr.\ to tl»' «:«l^"f? "' ;,'"•'• 
 ,. Mcrciintilc Maiinc liin.i 
 
 ',K.enis lit. ill >v>"il'"" !'■"' 
 iniounl of saivi.p; s" l,li 
 ,,h life or live. (NO. l;'. 
 
 ,,. to snlviii;c^ nriMim >u 1m;, 
 
 ::,:.UUT in ^vhuU U. -an. 
 aclorminea; »'"> .'^^ ''',:. ' 
 
 wncv» of any »">••>; '''"IN"; 
 
 ; ,u,unt of Hulv.t;.', m.l . 
 :.,ecannotu,nr a. «.l. 
 ,v nrl.Uratum ot o 1> ..^ 
 
 ,,c d-ermltotla.arb.ira.;.,u: 
 
 rrsiaont at or neat tli. 1 *^ 
 S3Jrcatoany.|.iprW 
 
 '"riatfl? -e'H-'"™-'!'''" 
 :;:tUeof t>- ^1-'" ''-^'"*' 
 
 ;|:.:.;^e.l-clive agent. .^ » 
 
 n>c,rov^'^"^i",ivin^-«»?Sl 
 TinncuKii. '^^ „n\vauecasc^»'-, 
 
 nuoces.--ryaP«f3f„iio,vsltW''' 
 liiiU lie auicinlca an 
 
 „v,,v siona snail I,.,, 
 
 crcd witbui tUt i"" 
 jdomornot: of I'M *r 
 
 ill be lawful for on« 
 
 u 
 
 V 
 
 prini ipal «o. rrlnrlcs of hlato, or in Jri'lnml 
 
 Cor till' l-onl Lieutenant or other eliiet' 
 
 governor or pivernors, to iiiipoint out of 
 
 tlio jiisliiM's lor any Ixiruunli or eounty ii 
 
 rdta of ju>liii's by whom Inrlsdii'tion in 
 
 salvflK'e eases siinll be exerci>eil : 
 
 t, \Vlieii no sueli rota is niipoiiiteil, it siniU l)e 
 
 lawful for the salvors, liy wriiini,' aildresseil 
 
 to the jnsliee's elerk, to name one justiee, 
 
 and tor the owner of the I'roperty wivcil in 
 
 Hki- tnaniier to name the (ptiier: 
 
 ,■, If eillier party fails to name n justiee within 
 
 H reasomilill; time, the ease may be tri('il 
 
 liv two or more Justices at petty sessions : 
 
 (i, it sliall he eomiictent for any stipcntiiary 
 
 iiiau'islrale, and also in EiKjIaml for any 
 
 unmlv court ju(lj?c, in Siotlaiiil lor the 
 
 sheriti' or shcrid' substitute of any county, 
 
 nail in Inlnml tor tlic recorder of any 
 
 liiir(iuf,'h in which there is a recorder, or 
 
 fur the chairman of quarter sessions in any 
 
 ciiunly, to exercise tlie same jurisdiction 
 
 ill salVa,L,'c I'ases as is given to two justices : 
 
 7, it >liall lie lawful for one of lier .Majesty's 
 
 |iriiicipal secretaries of stale to diMerniine a 
 
 Male of costs to l)e nwarth'd in salvage 
 
 cases liy any such justices or court ns 
 
 nfuresaid : 
 
 f. All the provisions of the principal Art 
 
 .elating to summary jiroccedings in sal- 
 
 v.i(,'o cases, and to iho prevention of 
 
 uiineccssury njipeals in sucli eases, sliall, 
 
 exiept so far as llie same are altered by 
 
 lliis Act, extend and ap|ily to all such 
 
 prucoedinii's, whetlier under the princ'pal 
 
 Ad or this Act. or liotli of such A<'ls. 
 
 Milliner in u-liiih JuHliirx vim/ dcciilc Disputes. 
 
 -Whenever, in pursuance of tliis Act, any dispute 
 
 ! •■' salv,nj,'e is referred to tlie arbitration of two 
 
 i;i-ii..of, tlii'v may eitlicr lln'mselves detcrmii.e 
 
 ihesame, with the power to call to tluMr nssist- 
 
 aiicenny person conversant will\ maritiino affairs 
 
 aja«<e?kir, or they may, if a dill'erencc of opinion 
 
 arise lii'twein them, or without sucli dillercnee. if 
 
 they tliini; lit, api niid some person convers.iMt 
 
 vviiii iii.iritiiiie alfairs ns niu|iirc to decide tlie 
 
 Y'WW. in dispute ; and such justices or their umiiin- 1 
 
 ihali iiialie an award as to the amoiuit of salvage j 
 
 p.i):i'i|('. wiihin the following times, that is to 
 
 say, llie siiid iustiees witliiu ■\>< hours after such 
 
 (li'pute liiis lieen referred to them, and the saitl 
 
 ani|iire witiiin 18 hours after Ids appointment, 
 
 widi pmver nevertheless for such justices or 
 
 jtim|iiri' by writing tmder their or his liands or 
 
 laiiiltn extond the lime willdu which tliey and 
 
 ic are hcvohv respcctivelv directed to make their 
 
 ir iiii award'. (17 & bS Vi(!t. c. Kll s. •Itil.) 
 
 Omh of Arbitration. — '] hero shall bo paid to 
 
 fcry assessiir and umpire wlio may bo so 
 
 "lintcd as al'oresaid, in respect of his services, 
 
 ■lisum, net exceeding hi., as the Hoard of I'mdo 
 
 i.iy Irem time to time direct; and all the costs 
 
 Mil li arbitration, including any sucli payments 
 
 af.iresaid, sliall ho paid by the parties" to the 
 
 piite, in such manner and in such jiroportions 
 
 till! ^aiil justices or umpire may direct bv their 
 
 bi- award. (See. .102.) 
 
 tbisf -h!;) authorises justices or their umpire 
 I'all j'ur dneuments, .and administer oaths. 
 Jieccn-rrmaijdiiptiiiita Valuer in Salvai/e Cases. 
 iWuiiever any salv.igo cpiestion arises, the 
 WT iif wreck fur tlic district mnv, upon 
 boaliim from either of the parties, appoint a 
 nor to value the property in respect of which 
 i .'^alv.age claim is mide,"and shall, wiicn tho 
 uaiiiMi has been returned to him, give; n copy 
 lie valuation to both parties ; and anv copy of 
 
 SALVAGE 1205 
 
 such valuation, purporting to he signed by Iho 
 valuer, and to be atte-tiil by the receiver, shall be 
 received in evidence in any suliseipient pro- 
 ceeding; and tliire shall be 'paid in respect of 
 such valuidion, by the parly applying for Iho 
 .same, such fee as the Itmird ol Trude'inay direct. 
 
 A/)/ieiil til i'liiirt.H iif .lilminillii. — If any person 
 is agurieved by llic award maibi by such'juslH'es 
 or umpire, ho n)ay in Ijigland "appeal to the 
 High Court of Admiralty of I'jiirhuid, in Ireland 
 to the High Court of Admirally of Ireland, and 
 in .Scotland to the Court of Session ; but no sin h 
 appeal shall be allowed mdess the su'u in dispul.' 
 exceed ."ill/., imr uidess within ID ilay^ after the 
 dale of the awanl the appellant ^ives notice to 
 the justices of his inteiiiiun Id appeal, i.or unless 
 the appellant proceeds to take out a nionilion, or 
 to take such olher proceeding as according to 
 the )practicc of the coint of iippi il is neeessarv 
 for the institution of an apjieal, within '.Ml days 
 from tho date of the award. (17 tk J8 Vict, 
 c. 10 J 8. KM.) 
 
 K.vlemUnri 17 .S' IS Virt. c. Id I, as to Claims 
 for Salvaye of Life. — AH the provisions of 'the 
 ftlerehant Shippii'ig Act IH.M,' in regard to sal- 
 vage of life from any sliip or bout wiihin llu! 
 linuts of the United kingdom, shall be extenileil 
 to the salvage of lite from any Jiritisit shi-i or 
 boat, wheresoever the services' nwiy have lieeii 
 rendered, and from any foreign .ship or boat, 
 where the, services liavo been rendered either 
 wholly or in part in Ihitish waters. 
 
 Jiiristlietion of Court of Session in Salrnoe 
 Cases. — The words ' Court of Session ' in the ttlHtli 
 section of the principal Act shall be deemed to 
 mean tiiul include cither division of Iho Court of 
 Session or the lord onlinary oliiciating on the bill.s 
 during vacation. 
 
 Clauso -biu of 17 & 18 Vict. e. 101 directs tlio 
 ju.itices to transmit copy of proceedings and 
 certilicato of value to court of appeal. 
 
 I'lnimeiit of Salvage, to whom made in case of 
 Dispute. — Whenever tho aggregate amount of 
 salvage payable for salvage .-erviees rendered in 
 the United Kingdom has been linally ascertained 
 eithi r by agreenunr, or by the award <if such 
 justices or th(ir umpire, but a dispute arises as 
 to the .'ippointmeiit thereof amongst .several 
 elainianfs, then, if the anioiint iloes not execdl 
 ■_'ni)/„ it .shall be lawbil for the party liable to p.ny 
 Iho amount to apply to tho receiver of the distriit 
 for liherty to pay the nmount to him; and ho 
 shall, if ho think lit, receive tho same accorilinglv, 
 anil grant a certilicato under his hand, stating tin- 
 fact of such p.ayment and tho .scrvifes fur which il, 
 is made ; and such certiiieatc shall be a full 
 discharge and indemnity to the person or persons 
 to whom it is given, and to their ,shi|i. boats, 
 c.irgo, appar(d, and eflicts, against the claims of all 
 persons wliomsocver in respect of tho services 
 therein mentioned; but if the amount exceeds 
 ■,!i(i)/., it shall be apportioned in manner after 
 mentioned. (Sec. -Kiti.) 
 
 Apportionment of Siilraf/e. — Upon tho receipt of 
 any s.iidi amuunt as aforesaid, tho receiver shall 
 with all convenient speed proceed to distribute 
 the same among tho several jiersons entitled 
 thereto, upon such evidence and in such shares 
 and jirojiorlions a.s bo thinks lit, with power to 
 retain any moneys that may appear to him to be 
 p.ayablo to any alxsont parties ; but any distribu- 
 tion made in pursnanco of this section shall be 
 linal and (oiu'lusive against the rights of all 
 persons claiming to be entitled to any portion of 
 tho moneys so distributed. (Sec. •I(i7.') 
 
 Manner of enfurcini) Payment of Sah'afje. — 
 Whenever iniy salvage is duo to any |)erson 
 
 ^1 
 
 ..,■,■■.!. I.li 11, 
 
r > 
 
 1206 
 
 SAIA'AOE 
 
 uiidiT this Act, the receiver Bimll act an AiIIdwn : 
 viz. :— 
 
 1. ir iho muiio is due in renpcct of gcrvieca 
 rciuk'rvd in nsHixtin^ any tiliip <ir boat, or in 
 Miivinff (lie liven of |iei'.siMm licloiigin)^ to tlio Humc, 
 or tliu cnr^o or niipanl lliereof, 
 
 lie HJiall deliiiii hihIi .ship ur boat and (lie cur^o 
 rnd apparel belon^'in^ thereto until payment is 
 nuide, or proee»» has been Issued by some eoni- 
 peieiit court I'ur the Uulentioii of Huch Mhip, boat, 
 earjjo, or apparel. 
 
 '2. If the Hnme is due in res|iect of the saviti)^ of 
 any wreck, and such wreck is not H(dd as un- 
 elainu'd in pursuance of tho ]irovisiun!i hcrein- 
 aliir contained, 
 
 lie Hliall di'tain such wreck until |iaynient is 
 made, or piucess has been issui'd in manner ul'ore- 
 ^aid. 
 
 Jhit it nhall bc\ lawful for the receiver, if at any 
 time previously to the issue of HUch process 
 Kccurity in ^'iveii to his satis fiu:tioii for tlic 
 ninoimt cif salva^ce due, to release from his 
 custody any ship, boat, cargo, apparid, or wreck 
 detained by him ; and in cases where the claim 
 for salvage exceeds 2(IU/. it shall bi^ lawful in 
 England hir the High Court of Admiralty of 
 Kiigland, in Jrelaml for . the lligli (Ji>urt of 
 Admiralty of Ireland, and in Scotland for the 
 Court of Session, to determim^ any (piestion that 
 may arise concerning the umomit of tiie security 
 to be given or the sulliciency of the sureties ; and 
 in all cases where bond or other security is given 
 to tho receiver for an amount exceeding -JDH/., it 
 Bliall bo lawful for t'.io salvor or for the owner 
 of the jiroperty salved, or their res|iective agents, 
 to institute proceedings in such last-mentioned 
 courts for tlie purpose of having the (piestions 
 arising between them adjudicated upon, and the 
 said courts may enl'on-e payment of the said bond 
 or otlier sccurilv, in the same maiiiur as if bail 
 had been given in tlie said courts. (Sec. lilH.) 
 
 J'oirer nf HeiiUtr to sell I'mpciti/ stilni/. — 
 Whenever any ship, boat, cargo, apparel, or 
 wreck is detained by any rec.eiver for non-pay- 
 ment of any sums so due as aloresaid, and tin; 
 parlies liable to i)ay the same are aware of such 
 detention, iheii, in tlie foll'iwing cases ; viz. : — 
 
 1. Jn case* when; the amount is not disputed, 
 and paynu'iil iIk reof is not made within 'JO days 
 after the same lias become diu^ : 
 
 2. In cases where tlu' anuiunt is ('.i>iiuted, but 
 no a|ipe!il lie> IVcjiu the lirst tribunal to which the 
 dispute is referred, and |iayment thereof is not 
 made wiil^in I'U days after the decision of such 
 lirst tribimal: 
 
 3. In cases where the aiuoniit is disputed, and 
 an ai)peal lies from the decision of the llr>l 
 tribunal to some other tribunal, aiul payment 
 thereof is not made within siidi -U days as last 
 aforesaid, or .'■uch niouillon as lareinbel'ore 
 mentioned is tiot takin out within such 'M days, 
 or such other proceedings as arc according to the 
 practice of such other tribunal necessary for the 
 |irosecution of an ajipeal are not instituted 
 within such 20 days, 
 
 'i'he receiver may forthwith sell such ship, boat, 
 cargo, appani, or wreck, or a sullicient part 
 thereof, and out of the proceeds of the sale, after 
 payment of all exjicnses thereof, defray all .'-ums 
 of money due in respect of expenses, fees, and 
 .salvage, i)ayiiig the surplus, if any, to the owners 
 of the property sold, or other the parties entitled 
 to receive the same. (Sec. 4Q'J.) 
 
 ISul/jcct to J'ui/meiit of J'Jujtcnscs §'0., Owner 
 cntitliJ to ff'it'cL — Subject to the j>ayment of 
 such cx|ionses, fees, tind salvage as aforesaid, the 
 owner of any wreck who establishes his claim 
 
 thereto to tlie Hatisfaction i,f tho receiver within I 
 year from the dali! at which such wreck Inn.,,,. 
 into the possession of the receiver, hlmn i , 
 entitled to have the name delivered ui) in i,i,l' 
 (17 & IH Vict. c. Jill s. 171).) ' '""• 
 
 Ihlivenj of \\"i>thliii Hwtlrrr not to i,rri„,i;„ 
 7'/V/c.— Upon di'livi ry of wreck or of the | nuTci, 
 of wreck by any receiver to aii> person in imr. 
 suance of the provisions of the ei;;litli parr of i|„ 
 priiu'ipal Act, such receiver shall U, diselinrK,!,'| 
 from all liability in respect thereof, imi muI 
 delivery shall not" be deemed lo piejuiliee iir aihri 
 any (piestion conceriiiiig the right or title f., ii,,, 
 said wreck which may be raised by iliird iinriii., 
 nor shall any such deliverv prejudice (,r ^ff^i j^J 
 ipiestion concerning the mle lo the soilou«||j,l, 
 the wreck may have been found. 
 
 None of the previously nientioiiod clause* lave 
 any force within tlii'. Ciiupie I'orts; but ilioUpl 
 Warden is directed by slat. 1 & 2 (ieo. jy, t' ;,; 
 toappuint three or more substantial persnnsinijuli 
 of these towns, who are authorised to decide iii„,i 
 all <'lainis for services of any surt or desiriniiMi, 
 rendered to any vessel, or for saving or iiri.irv 
 iiig, within the jurisdiction, any goods or ni.r 
 cliuiidi.se wrecked, stranded, or cast aw.iv, .r 
 bringing anchors or cables ashore &c. Ninvni. 
 missioner can act for any other place than iLa! 
 in which, or within a "niilu of whiili. In j, 
 resident. Either party may, witliin « ilav, „■; 
 the award, ilcclare his'inteiilion of liriii-iii;' i], 
 matter befuru some competent Court ni .{llim 
 ralty ; selecting, as he may judj^o be-i, ili, 
 -Admiralty of England, or that of th': ( in n, 
 I'orts. The provisions in this statute h.ne I.' n 
 eulogised by Lord 'J'entenlen for Iht cIm|i ainl 
 ea.sy means they ullord for settliuj,' such ijius- 
 tioiis. 
 
 Sitlcagc 1)1/ Ships of War. — A i;oo(l deal of 
 discussion has taken ]dace in regard lo tlit d.iiim 
 preferred by ships of war for salvairo. hiiKri'»l. 
 of war, when Ih-itish nierch.inliiieii tliat Imvr 
 been captured by enemy's ships are re-capturfilliv 
 liriiish ships of war, the l.itter a'o alluuvrla 
 salvage of one-eighth part of tlie ruciiptiirnUlii;- 
 and cargoes. (f5lat. -i'.i (ieo. Ill, c. lije.) Th,. 
 same statute allows a .salvage oi'ijiie-sixili |w;i'; 
 their vidue on ships re-captured ly primtit-. 
 We subjoin the clause of the Act ;— 
 
 ' J I' any ship or vessel taken as jirizc. "r ,ii:\ 
 goods tbereiii, shall appear, iu the t'nurt 'l 
 Admiralty, to have belonged to any if hi- 
 Majesty's snliji'Cts. which were l-el'ii.-c lakui !.v 
 any of his i\lajesty"s enemies, aiul at any liiiit 
 iifterwards retaken by any ol' liis Majesty'.* -uips 
 or any privateer, or other ship or ves.sel undfrlj' 
 JIajesty's protection, such slii|iH, vessels .i';i 
 goods shall, in all cases (save as liereafirr 'X- 
 cepted), be adjudged to be restored, and .sliall K- 
 accordingly restored, to such former ohiht 'T 
 owners, he or they paying for salviige, if MaMj 
 by any of liis Jlojtstfs slii/is, one-eighth ]ari "i 
 the true value thereof, to the flag oflicers. capiain.- 
 ifcc, lo be divided as the same Act directs; aiilii 
 retaken by twy privateer, or otlier sidp or vi->fl. 
 otie-sidth part of the true value of such shif and 
 goods, to be iiaid to the owners, otliccrs and 
 seamen of such privateer or other vessel, wiihimi 
 any deduction ; and if retaken by the joint 
 operation of one or more of his Majesty',s sliipN 
 and one or more private ships of war, the juils'f 
 of the Court of Admiralty, or otlier court li.ivin: 
 (•ognisauce thereof, shall order .such salvage, aiiil 
 ill such proportions, lo be paid to the captors by 
 the owners, as he shall, unuer the circimistanici 
 of the case, deem lit and reasonable ; but il ■ud 
 recaptured ship or vessel shall apnear t" luve 
 
SALVAfiK 
 
 1207 
 
 ion '.( thn roccivcr williin i 
 (vhiili Huch wreck Inn mih. 
 of tliti rcrciviT, ^lluU ii 
 Hiumi diliviri'il iip t(i liiin, 
 1. 170.) 
 
 Ill/ /(('Cf I'l'iT «(>< ti) prijiiili. . 
 
 Ill' wivck or 111' till! I r-.u'ici, 
 
 •Ivcr ti) nii\ (icrsdu m (mr 
 
 lis 1)1' the ciu'litli imn 1.1 il,: 
 
 CWivlT rtlmll U) lii^lliiir,. 
 rps)ioct lliiivdf, bill -n, 
 U'l'iiu'il ti> (ui'juiliii' nr all.. 
 iiiK tlic. riKlil "t li'li: ' '' 
 y bu rili^l'il I'.V tllinl Jiar 1 
 
 livprv |iri'jiiili(i' or ail'vn xw 
 
 till' llllo 111 tl'« SuiluU will, i; 
 
 biicn iDund. 
 
 iiisily inciiluHicil clause- l.u 
 Cinqiin I'orls; Imt iliv l,.r' 
 by Hint. 1 & 'i til'". IV. t. ;• 
 orusulwliiiuiiil iicrsiinsiiniiiii 
 aru nullioriswl id dwiile u]...!! 
 CM III' niiy Hurt or ilcscri|iii.ii 
 iscl, or lui- siivinj; or iin-rv- 
 isdictioii, any i,'uoil» or ni.r- 
 htriitiacil, nr <:nst away.i.r 
 r cables aHlmro itc. Niic.iii- 
 I'lir luiv other |iliico than ihai 
 in a iiiilo "'' wliiili, lie b 
 iinrly may, williiii « il.ny< ..f 
 bisiiileiilioii of liriiKin;; til.: 
 comi'i;^^'"'' ^''""■' "' ■^''"''' 
 
 'land, or that of the Ciii.|iie 
 Jims ill this »tatutc li.ive l.r.ii 
 [ TeiitcnkMi for tlic cli.ap iiml 
 ttlVotd for scttliu;; sutli nms- 
 
 tins of iror.— A I'ood i\wl uf 
 en place, in regard H. tk chmn 
 of war for salva^'e. liii«'n".U 
 ■iti-li nier<lianlmcn iliat liav 
 neniv"s»l"'l'^''r«'''--*^''i:l""''\'';' 
 war," the l!'tt>r "''^ alWt.la 
 |,thliartoftlicrc-ca(iture.lsk' 
 
 at. !i:5 «;oo. 111. cHitM ll>", 
 vsaBalvaKCol'imc-sixllM'iir;"! 
 nips r(;-ca|>liire(l by iifivaUT-. 
 ause of the Act :— 
 
 vessel ti'Ucn as prize "t .ir.} 
 Iiidi appear, in ihe ^"^ '.'■ 
 
 avc liclon^iod to any il k- 
 
 < which were Icfori' lakm l.y 
 
 ;,v's enemies, and at any iimt 
 
 ..'l.vanvof hi. Majesty Y"f 
 „■ ot her ship, or vessel uiitlvr.. :• 
 
 ,iun, such ships, vessels .r.l 
 111 cases (save "^ ''^''f.-y;^, 
 ed to 1)0 restored, ami sli.i" '' 
 .'red, to such lurmer ipvn.r;: 
 •V paying fur salvn^'c, i ra.i«. 
 
 ;i(of:^othellagoflicors,cap.a». 
 
 as the same Act directs; aii.l 
 .n-rater, or other sc.iporviv 
 tlie true' value of sue. Slip- 
 ill to the owners, orticcr>. a" 
 
 ■Vitecr or other vossoUvit.»« 
 ifi? retaken bv. M- 
 
 „rn>oreof hisJLijesv ,. 
 
 private ships o w'ar, the ^^, 
 iduiiralty. or other co«t«^- 
 
 ■of shall ord.'r such saha^e.aw 
 us I bcpniatotliecai.iorsb 
 
 ^■^,:;l^.l:>cr .lie «... 
 
 ,, lit and reasonable; bit 
 
 or vessel shall appear t.i wm^ 
 
 ;. 
 
 |»fii Hit I'li'ih by the riiciny n* » Bbl|) or vcsiiel of 
 war, the said cliip "i" vessel shall not be reHtorcd 
 10 thi' forinor owners, but shall in all caws, 
 whellicr ret liken b' ;uiy of bis Majesty's ships or 
 „nv privateer, be .oljud^'cd lawiul pri/.o for the 
 l„.li,.||t of the captors.' 
 
 Siitt, it is conteiuU'd lliat if FalvnKC from (mtiIs 
 . I' the sea be allowed lo (^iieen's ships, it should 
 ii.f in iinv case exceed iliis aiiiiiuiil. Hut it is | 
 il iic'tl bs others, that salvatre to (Queen's ships, I 
 ilvii to this extitif, is objeclioiiable; that they 
 r. luiploved by the publi.^ (..r their security and , 
 ir..licti"n'; and' that, when theyan! assisting; in 
 ,iviii.' lives or priipcit\ from .-hipwreck or oili.,! . 
 ,.i-iiu~ty, thev are iinrely doi i^' (heir duty, iiml I 
 ar.iiot ciilitled to any peculiar Kraliiityor reward. 
 \nil on irciieral principles we are imliiied to ; 
 iliiiikthal this is the correct view of the mailer; 
 ami thai it is the boiiiideii duty of (Queen's ships j 
 t.. nniler (gratuitously every assistaiic. in their 
 l„„i r to inercliaiilmeii in distress. 
 
 this, however, is a lu-actical nil In i than a 
 
 lliiiiretical(|uestion. And the zeal of .sailors in 
 
 iho (li>charne of « perilous duly may, perhaps, be 
 
 .|ii|.. ned by their beiiij,' aware that by its 
 
 .,„-,i'.«3lul |ierformaiice they will enlitlc. tliem- 
 
 «lvis,not merely to the public thanks, but to a 
 
 luiisiderable ]iecuniary reward. I!ut it cnuld not 
 
 ■urdv he meant that ollicers and men beloiitiinK 
 
 t.. tilt royal navy w ere to be allowed eipial claims 
 
 for salvafjo as private parlies, or that they were 
 
 I.) be enriched at the e.xpenst' of those wlio.se 
 
 |.riiptrty tlicy liad done their duty in helpinj,' to 
 
 rave. And yet cases have occurred which it is 
 
 vory (lillicult to explain on any other |uinciple 
 
 lliiiii tliis. It is not, therefore, siirprisuif,' that 
 
 tlic claims for salvage put fi.rward by (jueen's 
 
 ^hijis should, of late years, have been much 
 
 canvas.sijd and objt^cted to. Wo subjoin the 
 
 ^^•ulatioiis wliich the Merchant Shipping Act of 
 
 l.Ml has laid down in regard to the in.iking up 
 
 .'Kill iiruseciilioii of such claims. l!ut though it 
 
 kb aniendeil some (d' the abuses complained of, 
 
 inviU notsnllice fur their eradication. Nolliinu' 
 
 wimlil he so ciVecuial for this )iiirpose as to limit 
 
 the raiuiinHHi claim lor salvage juit forwiinl by 
 
 Ijiiieen's ships to one-eighth part of the vaho: of 
 
 llio properly saved, as in cases of re-capture. It 
 
 isd'lliciilt III see what gri iier merit can attach to 
 
 saviii); property from shipwreck than to recover- 
 
 ii:;.'it lioiii an enemy. 
 
 Sulragebi/ liir Mii/i'sli/'s Ships. — In cases where 
 salva;;e services are rendered by aiiv ship belong- 
 iiii,'to her JIaie-.ty or by the commander or crew 
 tiiercof, no daiii ball be made or allowed lor any 
 los*, damage, or risk thereby caused to such ship, 
 urtu the stores, tackle, or furnituro Ihereof, or lor 
 the use of any stores or other articles belonging 
 to her .Majesty sii|iplied in order to ell'eet such 
 brrviee.<, or for any other expense or loss sus- 
 laiiial bv her Majesty by reason of such services. 
 (Sei'. m.) 
 
 Cliiimxfor Siili-a(ie by her ^lajcsti/'s Oflicrrs not 
 (n he ilrtcrmimd without. Comsciit of Admiralti/, — 
 No elaiiu on account of any .salvage services 
 ruidercd to any ^bip or cargo or to any appurte- 
 imucesof any siiip by the commander or crew or 
 pan of the cr(\v of any of her Miije.sty's ships 
 shall be iin; "•• •■idjudicatcd upon unless tlie 
 cuiiseut of t'ue Admiralty has lirst been obtained, 
 such consent to ;.i signilled by writing under the 
 hand ot the sec. tary to the' Admiralty ; and if 
 •iny jierson \vho '.las originated proceedings in 
 respect of any such claim fails to prove such 
 ft.ascnt to the satisfaction of the court, his suit 
 
 all lue 
 that ttnv 
 
 v.'u^'wii 10 iiie saiisiacuon ot tlie court, iii; 
 diall stand dismissed, .and he shall pay al 
 costs of such proceedings; provideu "thai 
 
 document pur)><irtini; Id kIvo hucIi ronseni and to 
 bo signed by the .secretary to llo" Adminiliy slnill 
 bu priniil facie evidence of such consent havh.g 
 been given, (.See. 'Wi.) 
 
 Sti'pa tu be lii/iin when Saleaffe Servicei have 
 berit rvmhrid Ai'. — Whenever .»ervi(^<"!i for which 
 solviige is claimed are rendered to any ■'hip or 
 . I go, or to any part of tbein. or to any appurte- 
 nances 'f any ship, at anyplace out of the I'niled 
 Kingdi.rn and the four seas adjoining llorelo, by 
 the commander or crew or part of the crew of any 
 of her iMajeslv 'h ships, the property alleged to be 
 salved shall if the salvor is Ju^lilied by the 
 circuinstanc. f ihe case in detaining it at all, 
 be taken to ■ mo purl wliere there i.s either a 
 consular ollicn or a \ icc-ndmirally court ; nud 
 williin Jl hours after arriving at such port, the 
 ■-aid salvor and H.e iiKHier or other person in 
 • barge of the proimiy alleged to be salved shall 
 each deliver to the consular olliecr or vice-admi- 
 ralty Judge, there, a statement verilied on oath, 
 specifying, so far as they respectively can, and so 
 far as the particulars rei)uired apply to the ease, 
 
 1. I'lie |)lae... condition, aud circumstances in 
 which the said ship, cargo, or property wa- at 
 llie time when the services were rendered !or 
 which .-alvage is claimed. 
 
 2. The nature and duration of the sctvico.') 
 rendered. 
 
 And the salvor sli.ill add to his Hiatcinent, 
 
 ii. The iiroportioii of the value of said ship, 
 cargo, and property, and the freight whiidi he 
 claims fur ^.llvage, of the values at which he 
 estimates the said ship, freight, cargo, and 
 lu'operty respectively, .uid the several amounts 
 that he tlaims for salvage in respect of the same. 
 
 •I. Any other circumstances he thinks relevant 
 to the said claim. 
 
 And the said master ot other person in charge of 
 I ho said ship, car;;o, or property, shall add to his 
 statement, 
 
 ;!. A coiiy of the certilicatc of registry of thi^ 
 said ship, and of the indorsements thereon, 
 staling any chango which lo Ids knowled^iMir 
 belief) has occurred in the particulars ciutained 
 ill such ccrlilicate; and slating also, to the best 
 of his knowledge and belief, the state of the title 
 to the ship lor the time being, and of the in- 
 euinbrances and cerlilieatcs of mortgage or .sale, 
 if any, all'ecling the .same, and the names and 
 places of business of the owners and incum- 
 lirancers, 
 
 •1. The name and place of Im Iness or residence 
 of the freighter (if ;iny) of the said ship, and the 
 freight to be jiaid for the voy.ige she is then on, 
 
 ."». A general account of the quantity and 
 nalure of the cargo at the time the salvage 
 services were rendered. 
 
 II. The name and place of business or residence 
 of the owner of such cargo and of the consignee 
 thereof. 
 
 7. The value at which the said master esti- 
 mates the s.iid ship, cargo, and property, and the 
 freight respectively, or, if lie thinks lit, in lieu of 
 such eatiniated vrduo of the cargo, a copy of the 
 ship's manifest. 
 
 ». Tin. amounts which the master thinks should 
 be paid as salvage for the services rendered. 
 
 U. All iiccuiate list of the property saved, in 
 c.a.se.s where the ship is not saved. 
 
 IC. An account of the proceeds of the sale of 
 till! said ship, cargo, or properly in cases where 
 the same or any of them are sold at such port as 
 aforesaid. 
 
 11. The number, capacities, and condition of 
 the crew of the said ship at the time the said 
 services were rendered. 
 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MA!N STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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 12 OS SALV 
 
 I ■-'. Any other cii-cumstaiiccs he thinks relevant 
 t) t!i(' matters in question. 
 
 11). A statement of his v.-illin-jness to execute a 
 bond, in the form in flic table marked W. in the 
 schedule to this Act, in such amount as tho siid 
 ciini^ular olliccr or vice-admiralty judge inav fix. 
 
 (Sec. m;.) 
 
 Oiiisuhir Officer nr Judge to fix Amoiiut for 
 which a Ihiiil is In he yiven. — The said consular 
 oliiccr or judi;e, as the case may be, shall, within 
 4 days after receiving the aforesaid statements, (Ix 
 the amount to 1)0 inserted in the said bond at such 
 sum as he thinks suflicicnt to answer the demand 
 for the salvage services rendered ; but such sum 
 shall not exceed one-half of tho value which in his 
 estimation the said ship, freight, and cargo, or any 
 jinrts tliereof in respect of whica salvage is elaiined, 
 are worth ; and the said ollicer or judge may, if 
 eith(>r of the aforesaid statements is not delivered 
 to 'lim within the time hereby required, proceed 
 ex-parte, but he shall in no case under this Act 
 re(piiro the cargo to be unladen ; and tho said 
 consular oflicer niaj', in any proceeding under this 
 A( t relating to salvage, take affidavits and rcLcive 
 artirmations. (Sec. 487.) 
 
 On blaster executing Bowl, the Right of Deten- 
 tion to cense, — The said consular oihcer or judge 
 shall send notice of the sum which he has lixeil 
 as aforesaid to the said s.llvor and the said 
 nla^tcr ; and upon such master executing a bond 
 in form as aforesaid, with the said sum inserted 
 tlicrein, in the presence of the said officer or judge 
 (wl.o shall attest the same), and delivering the 
 same to the said salvor, the right of the said salvor 
 to detain or retain possession of the said ship, 
 cargo, or property, or any of them, in respect of 
 the said salvage claim, shall cease. (Sec. 48S.) 
 
 Provision for additional Security in Case of 
 Shij}S owned hij Persons out of her Majesti/s 
 Dominions. — If the ship, cargo, or property in 
 respect of which the claim for salvage is made is 
 not owned by persons domiciled in her Majesty's 
 di minions, the right of tho salvor to detain or 
 retain possession thereof shall not cease unless 
 the master procures, in addition to the said bond, 
 such seci'.rity for the duo performance of its con- 
 ditions as the said officer or judge considers suffi- 
 ci'Mit for the purpose, and places the same in the 
 pos-'.-sion or custody of the said otlicer or judge, 
 or, if the salvor so desires, in the possession or 
 custody of the said ollicer or judge jointly with 
 anv other person whom he appoints for the pur- 
 pn^e. (Sec. 489.) 
 
 Documents to he sent to England. — The said 
 consular officer or judge shall at the earliest oppor- 
 tunity transmit the said statements and documents 
 so sent to him, ard a notice of the sum he has fixed 
 as aforesaid, to the High Court of Admiralty of 
 England, or if the said salvor and the .said master 
 or other person in charge as aforesaid agree that 
 tho said bond shall be adjudicated upon by any 
 vic'»-admiralty court, to such court. (Sec. 4'90.) 
 
 H'hom the Bond sliall bind. — The said bond shall 
 bind the respective owners of tha said ship, freight, 
 and cargo, and their respective heirs, executors, 
 and administrators, for the salvage adjudged to be 
 payable in respect of the said ship, freight, and 
 cargo. (Sec. 491.) 
 
 Clause 492 specifies the court in which such 
 boiiils are to be adjudicat"'' on. 
 
 Clause 493 gives power to the High Court of 
 Admiralty to enforce bonds, 
 
 f>aving Clause. — Any salvor of any ship, cargo, 
 or I roperly who elects not to proceed under this 
 Act shall have no power to detain the said ship, 
 cargo, or property, but may proceed otherwise for 
 t'.'.i' enforcement of his salvage claim as if this Act 
 
 AGE 
 
 hail not been passed: and nothing in lliis .', 
 contained shall abridge or affect the riglus , 
 salvors, except iu the cases by it provided fi, 
 (Sec. 491.) 
 
 Documents free from Duty. — All bonds, st.iu 
 ments, agreements, and other documents iii.aile „ 
 executed iu pursuance of tho eightli part ol" i 
 .Act [Wiux'n AND Salvagi;], shall, if sonincli: 
 executed out of the United Kingdom, be excui; 
 from stamp duf J'. (Sec. 49.5.) 
 
 Pttiiishmcntfor Forgiry andfahe Ri<nresent(iliim< 
 — ICvcry person who, in any iiroceechiig under tli' 
 provisions contained in this Act relating to salvaTe 
 by her Majesty's ships, forges, asfsists in for;,'iii;f, 
 or procures to be forged, or fraudulently nltircii! 
 any document, and every jicrson who in'any siuli 
 proceeding ])uts off or tnukes u.-.e of any smli 
 forged or altered document, knowing the same to 
 be so forged or altered, or who gives or makes,,,, 
 assists in givingor tuaking, or procures tobepveii 
 or made, any false evidence or re])rosuntalion, 
 knowing the same to be false, shall bo punislialjlo 
 with imprisonment, with or without hard labour 
 for any period not exceeding 2 years, or, if miiii- 
 marily prosecuted and convicted, by imprisonimnt. 
 with or without hard labour, for any jKri d in^t 
 excoiding months. (Sec. 490.) 
 
 Voluntary Agreement may be made which sUI 
 have 'he same Effect as the Bond aliove mtnlimi 
 — Whenever services for which salv.igc is claiiml 
 arc rendered either by the commander or crew fr 
 part of the crow of any of her Majesty's shi|)5(jui' 
 any other ship, and the salvor voluntarily aijroa 
 tJ abandon his lien upon the ship, car^n, .and \iti>- 
 perty alleged to be salved, upon the master or 
 other person in ch ~.rge thereof eutcrin;' inlo a 
 written agreement attested by two wiiiiesses to 
 abide tho decision of the said High Court . f \d- 
 miralty or of any vice-admiralty tmirt, anil 
 thereby giving security in that behalf to such 
 aniotrat as may be agreed on by the parlies to tho 
 said .agreement, such agreement shall bind the nuI 
 ship and the said cargo and the freight payable 
 therefor respectivel)', and the respective ov,iitr< of 
 the said ship, freight, and cargo for the lime beinc, 
 and their respective heirs, c.tecutors, and admiiii-- 
 trators, for tlie salvage which may bo adjudfrcd lu 
 bo payable in respect of the said ship, i;argo,aiKi 
 freight respectively to the extent of the security 
 so given as aforesaid, and may be adjudicateJ 
 upon and enforced in the same manner as the bumw 
 previously provided for in the case of detention iVr 
 salvage services rendered bj- her Majesty's sliifs; 
 and upon such agreement being mac'e, the sah ■: 
 and the master or other person in charge as afurr- 
 said shall respectively make such statements !■ 
 before required to be made by them in case of a 
 bonJ being given, except that such statemont' 
 need not be made upon oath ; and the salvor shall. 
 i.s soon as practicable, transmit the said pgreerac;.'. 
 and tho sa-d statements to the court in whioli 
 the said agreement is to be adjuilicated upmi. 
 (Sec. 497.) 
 
 Powers for Courts to apportion Snhaye.—Vt'hm- 
 ever the aggregate amount of salvage payable 
 in respect of salvage services rendered in tje 
 United kiuirdom has been finally ascertained, ami 
 exceeds 200/!, and whenever the aggregate amount 
 of salvage payable iu respect of salvage seriiM 
 rendered elsewhere has been finally ascertained, 
 whatever such amount may be, then if anydelav 
 or dispute arises as to the apportionment thereol, 
 any court having admiral ty jurisdiction n:ay cause 
 the same to be apportioned amo.igst the persons 
 entitled thereto in such manner as it thinks just; 
 and may for that purpose, if it thiiili fit, «i'l«""' 
 any person to carry such apportionment intocHeotf 
 
iod ; and notliins in this Ai 
 
 bridge or atVect tlio rif;lit< if 
 
 the cases by it provided l'.,r, 
 
 from Duty- — All bonds, stale- 
 ," and other doeuincnts luailt .,r 
 imce of the ei};litli part of il,i< 
 Sm.vagi;], shall, if so made ui 
 c United Kingdom, be ex(iii;t 
 
 (Sec. 49.').) 
 
 ^orgiry andfahe ncprenenUitinn^. 
 
 ho, in any prdCcetUnj? under li:- 
 
 ;d in this Act relating to salva^i. 
 
 ships, forges, asfsists in for^jm;. 
 
 forged, or fraudnlently altiMl. 
 
 il every jicrson who in any siu h 
 
 )ff or makes u.--e of any smh 
 
 locunient, knowini; the same -.j 
 
 ;ered, or who gives or makes •' 
 
 r making, or procures to be ji'wn 
 
 Ise evidence or reprcsentuliiiii. 
 
 to be false, shall bo i)iniisli,ilji,' 
 
 it, with or without hard laljour, 
 
 t exceeding 2 years, or, if suiii- 
 
 and convicted, by iniprisonimni. 
 
 hard labour, for any i)cri d iwt 
 
 hs. (Sec. 490.) 
 
 cement may he made which sUI 
 
 ect as the Bond above menlimi 
 
 ices for which salvage is clairaid 
 
 ir bv the commander or crew or 
 
 if any of her Majesty's ships (J uf 
 
 nd the salvor voluntarily a;'rca 
 
 in upon the ship, car;;o, and [ini- 
 
 be salved, u|)on the master er 
 
 eh irge thereof entering' iiiio a 
 
 it attested by two wiinesses to 
 
 n of the said'lligh Guirt .f \d- 
 
 any vice-admiralty cmirt, and 
 
 security in that bulialt to such 
 
 )e agreed on by the patties to the 
 
 luch agreement shall bind the nikI 
 
 i cargo and the freight payaUi' 
 
 ely, and the respective owners «i 
 
 Hht, and cargo for the time bein.-, 
 
 VQ heirs, executors, and adnuiii-- 
 
 vage which may be adjuJfcil i" 
 
 pect of the said ship, ■;arg'^ aiiJ 
 
 ly to the extent of the sccnnty 
 
 •said, and may be adjuilicatci 
 
 . in the same manner as the bnii;- 
 
 cd for in the case of detention tr 
 
 ■endered by her Majesty's sliii'>; 
 
 Treement being mat'e, tlie salv : 
 
 other person in charge as alurt- 
 
 ively make such statements a^ 
 
 be made by them in case of a 
 
 I, except that such statemonts 
 
 upon oath ; and the salvor shall, 
 
 ible, transmit the said ;>greeiiioiii 
 
 temcnts to the court m wlmn 
 
 at is to be adjudicated upon. 
 
 ■Is to apportion Salvage.— Vi^>^- 
 tc amount of salvage payable 
 irage services rendered iii i'"' 
 has been finally ascertained, aiM 
 whenever the aggregate amouiu 
 c in respect of salvage 8cr^•l«^ 
 re has been finally asccTtaiDwi, 
 onnt maybe, then if any dela; 
 13 to the apportionment therwi, 
 idmiralty jurisdiction n:aycau.t 
 )portionedamoiigst the persons 
 such manner as it thinks ju^i. 
 
 purpose, if it thinic fit, apRo"- 
 such apportionment into etlca. 
 
 SALVAGE 
 
 -id mav compel any person in wlioso hands or 
 mider whose contrcd such amount may be, to dis- 
 tribute the same, or to bring the same into ,^ourt, 
 l,i lie there dealt with as the court may direct, 
 v-A mav t'or the purposes aforesaid issue such 
 ninnitiniis or other processes as it thinks lit. (17 
 ilHVict. c. l()4s. 4ys.) 
 
 The agent for her Majesty's ship or his sub- 
 a-ent is'iuitliorised to take steps and proceedings 
 ivi llic part of tlie oUiccrs and crow in case of 
 -alva"e services rendered to any ship or cargo, or 
 o:hpr:visi'. within the meaning of the enactments 
 ir the time being in force relating to mercluint 
 >hi;.ping. (-' ^ -« Vict. c. 24 s. 1l>.) 
 
 Distribution of Salvrifle, Bounty, I'rize, and other 
 money. 
 
 Taxation aiiu Payment of Costs of Officers and 
 Creu; Agents §'c.— Where, in any of the several 
 ea-ej'aforesaid, any money is distributable among 
 tiu olficers and crow of any of her Majesty's 
 -hips of war, the costs, charges, and expenses 
 ot lite oHicers and crew and of the ship's agent, 
 a'lil all other (if any) costs, charges, or expenses 
 pr<)|)crly chargeable against that money, shall be 
 paid tliereuut before distribut'on thereof, all such 
 costs, charges, and expenses being iirst taxed and 
 allowed by the proper olHcer of the court having 
 jurisdiction in the case, and if there is no such 
 eourt, thdi by the ISogistrtir of tl:c High Court of 
 .■Vdniirall\. 
 
 Siikag'c, Bounty, Prize, and othe> Money to be 
 ikirihuted according to Order in Council Sfc— 
 la the several cases aforcsdd, money distri- 
 butable among the officers and crew of any of her 
 Miijestv's frhips of war, so far as full provision 
 resiiecting the distribution thereof is not made by 
 or under any Act of Parliament other than this 
 Act, shall be diblributed under the direction of the 
 Lords of the Admiralty in the sba.-csin that behalf 
 specilied in any royd proclamation or order in 
 coio'cil. 
 
 Prize Salvage. 
 
 Siiknge to Re-captors of B<-itish Ship or Goods 
 frm .V«(i;i;/.— Where any sh'p or goods belonging 
 to any of Iter Majesty's subjects, after being taken 
 a> prize by tlie enemy, is or are retaken from the 
 wciny by" any of her Majesty's ships of war, the 
 same' shall be restored by decree of a prize court 
 ti the owner, on his paying as pris;e salvage onc- 
 ci;;lith part of the value of the prize to be decreed 
 and ascertained by the court, or such sum, not ex- 
 ceeding one-cightli part of the estimated value of 
 tlie prize, as may be agreed on between the owner 
 and ilie re-captors, and approved bj" order of the 
 ci'urt: pro-idod that where the re-capture is made 
 under circnmstances of special difficulty or danger, 
 the prize court may, if it thinks fit, award to the 
 re-captors as prize salvage a la' g vr part than one- 
 ci-'hih part, but not cxceedirg n any case oiie- 
 fiinrtli part, of the value of tli.! prize. 
 
 Provided also, that whore a ship after being so 
 taken, is set forth or used by any of her IMajesty^s 
 enemies as a ship of war, this provision for resti- 
 tution shall not apply, and the ship shall be ad- 
 judicated on as in other cases of prize. 
 
 Pimission to re-capturcd Ship to proceed on 
 roy.^w.— Where a ship belonging to any of her 
 Majesty's subjects, after being taken as prize by 
 tlie enemy, is retaken from the enemy by any of 
 b r Majesty's ships of war, she may, with the 
 Consent of the re-captors, prosecrto lier voyage, 
 and it shall not be necessary for the re-captors to 
 proceed to adimlication till her return to a port of 
 the United Kingdom. 
 fhe master or owner, or his agent, may, with 
 
 SANDAL WOOD 1209 
 
 the consent of the ro-captors, uidoad and dispose 
 of tliegooils on board the ship before adjudication. 
 
 In case tlw ship docs not within six months 
 retiun to a port of the United Kingdom, the 
 re-captors may nevertheless institute proceedings 
 ng.ainst the ship or goods in the High Court of 
 Admiralty, aiul the court may thereupon award 
 prize salvage as aforesaid to the re-captors, and 
 may enforce payment thereof, cither by warrant of 
 arrest against the ship or goods, or by moi'ition 
 and atta(diinent against the owner. 
 
 In the case ofnentral ships captured by an enemy 
 and retaken by Uritish men-of-war or privateers, 
 the Courts of Admiralty have a discretionary power 
 of allowing such salvage, and in such proportions, 
 as, under the circumstances of each particular case, 
 may appear just; but there is no positive law or 
 binding regulation to which parties may appeal, 
 for ascertaining the rate of such salvage. 'The 
 maritime law of England, ' says Lord StowcU, 
 ' having adopted a most liberal rule of restitution 
 on salvage, with respect to the re-captured property 
 of its own subjects, gives the benefit of that rule 
 to its allies, till it appears that they act towards 
 British property on a less liberal principle ; in 
 such case it adopts their rule, and treats them 
 according to their own measure of justice.' (Rob. 
 Adm. Rep. 54.) 
 
 ,Sal"age is one of those charges which are usually 
 )iro7ided against by insurance.' When, however, 
 the salvagro is very high, and the object of the 
 voyage so far defeated, the insured is, by the laws 
 of this and all other maritime nations, allowed to 
 abandon, and to call upon the insurer as for a total 
 
 loss. [AnANDOSMENT.] 
 
 For further information with respect to salvage, 
 see Abbott On the Law of Shipping, part iii. c. 10, 
 and Maude and Pollock on do., c. 10. 
 
 SAMPLE. A small tjuantity of a commodity 
 exhibited at public or private sales, as a specimen. 
 Sugars, spirits, wine, coffee, and, indeed, most 
 species of merchandise, are sold by sample. If 
 an article be not, at an average, equal to the 
 sample by which it is sold, the buj-er may cancel 
 the contract, and return the article to the seller. 
 
 Subjoined is a list of most articles that may bo 
 warehoused, and of the quantities that may be 
 taken out as samples. (Customs 3Iin., Oct, 11, 
 18-.':).) 
 
 Arrowroot • 
 
 K.iisin.i 
 
 Saj,M) - 
 spirits 
 
 Suf^iir, forL•i^;n 
 
 - 4 111. per (larknge. 
 
 - ii o/. pt-r l)Ri,'. 
 
 - A II). i>L'r {lai-k.iae. 
 
 - j lb. each mark. 
 • U lb. pt.r pile. 
 
 5 Kills from each cask. 
 
 ('i VI. per hat;, 
 .-1 
 
 . oz. per box not oxrceilins ■'» »wt. 
 I S oz. per box or clK'^it exceeding; 5 cwl. 
 'lead. 
 
 r I\ lb. per Iiogj-hei 
 I lA lb. per tierce. 
 { -i lb. ptr chfst. 
 I I'i (il. iier barrel. 
 
 Dilio. Hritisli pl.intatioii 
 
 1 1' , 
 
 . lb. inolaue* pt-r ithd. or cask. 
 
 Tapioca • • To/, per package. 
 
 'I'ta • - • 3 oz. uf each dcitcription and quality. 
 
 liut in London samples are allowed according to the scale follow- 
 ing, vi/. :_ 
 
 lb. oz. 
 From 10 che<^t!t or 20 small ratty boxefe - <> fi 
 
 VO „ 10 „ - O I'i 
 
 10 „ so ,, - I '2 
 
 «0 „ IIHJ ». - I 8 
 
 SI nn!\ upwards, or 101 and upwards - 2 
 
 Hut other rt'jjul.uions exist, fouiuUd on the requirements of the 
 trade. 
 
 Wine • ' ^ ^itl^ P^r cA<'" c.isk. 
 
 Vermicelli • • 1 o/. per pekase. 
 
 j^-(,/f._Sample.i of spirits aiiduf wme art* of .> ciUs each ; hut addi- 
 tional samples are allowe<l duty free, n» the Roods are required— for 
 home cunaumptiun, removal under bond, or vxpL>rtaiion. 
 
 SANDAL ^VOOD. The wood of a tree (Santa- 
 lum albuniy Ll.n.) Imving somewhat of theappcar- 
 nnccof a large myrtle. It is of a deep yellow colour, 
 and yields an agreeable perfume. The tree, when 
 cut down, is usually about inches in diameter at 
 the root, but sometimes considerably more. After 
 
 lis 
 ■I 
 
 i I 
 

 1210 
 
 SANDARACII 
 
 *> » 
 
 !.• 
 
 ■, I 
 
 bi'in;; MIcd, it is bnrkod, cut into billets, :m(l 
 buried in a dry pluco fur about ii couplu of inunths, 
 durinj; which time the white ants eat ofl' the outer 
 wood, without touchiuf; the lieart, which is the 
 sandal. It is then taken up and sorted, according 
 to the size of the billets. The deeper the colour, 
 and the nearer the root, the hif^hcr is tiic perfume. 
 Keject such pieces as lire of a pale colour, small, 
 decayed, or liavo white wood about them ; niul 
 take especial care that it be not mixed with wood 
 resembling; snndal, butv.ithout its perfume (Mil- 
 burn's Oritnt. Com.) 
 
 Sandal wood is extensively employed by the 
 Hindoos 08 a perfume, in their funeral ceremonies. 
 But the Chirjse arc its principal consumers. 
 Tliey manufacture it into fans, and small articles 
 of furniture, and use it, when ground into |)owiier, 
 as a cosmetic. During; tlic year ended Dec. 31, 
 1&J8, there were imported by llrltish vessels into 
 Canton 20,73J piculs of sandal wood, valued at 
 207,400 dollars (see ante, Cantos) ; and the 
 imports in some years aro more than twice this 
 amount. The average importation into Calcutta 
 is about 200 tons a-year. It grows principally in 
 Malabar, in the mountainous country at a little dis- 
 tance from the low sea coast; in Timor; and in the 
 Pejee Islands in the South Sea. Calcutta is prin- 
 cipally supplied from Malabar, while China derives 
 the larger portion of her supplies from Timor and 
 the other islands. It is seldom brought to Jiurope, 
 except by individuals for their own use, or as 
 presents for their friends. (Bell's Exterttal Com. 
 cf Bengal, pp. 49 and 85 ; Crawfurd's Indian 
 Archipelago, vol. iii. p. i21 Ac.) 
 
 There is also a red sandal wooit which is used 
 for dyeing, of which \vc imported 1,191 tons in 
 1867, valued at 5,870/. 
 
 SANDARACII. Aresinous substance, common- 
 ly met with in loose granules a little larger than a 
 pea, ofawhitish yellow colour, brittle, iiUlaramable, 
 of a resinous smcU, and acrid aromatic taste. It 
 exudes, it is said, in warm climates, from cracks 
 and incisions in tl;e common juniper bush. It is 
 used as a varnish, dissolved in spirits of wine, 
 and the powder is used under the name of pounce, 
 to give writing paper a surface after erasure. 
 (Ainslie's Mat, Indica ; Brande and Cox's Dic- 
 tionari/ of Science.) 
 
 SANliVVICH ISLANDS. This remote but 
 interesting group is situated in the midst of the 
 I'acilic Ocean, between 18° 50' and 22° 20' N. lat., 
 and 155° and 100° W. long. It comprises 8 in- 
 haliitcd and 4 uninhabited islands ; Owliyhee, 
 wliero Captain Cook was killed, being the most 
 considerable. They are of volcanic formation, 
 and mountainous, some of the jieaks rising in 
 Owhyhee to between 13,000 and 14.000 feet in 
 luight. By census of 18G1 the total popxilation 
 was (10,800, of whom 07,084 were natives. It is a 
 curious fact that the native population has been 
 rapidly decreasing for some years past. The is- 
 landers are honourably distinguished among the 
 I'olynesian nations by the advances they have 
 made in civilisation, and particularly by their 
 ])rogress in manufactures, navigation, and com- 
 merce. Christianity wis introduced by the 
 American missionaries in 1820, and is now the 
 rcl.gion of the state; schools have been estab- 
 lislied, churches have been built, and the forms 
 of religion are pretty well observed. European 
 usages have become fashionable ; and the cos- 
 tume of the better classes, women as well as 
 men, closely resembles that of the Americans. 
 The chief products of the islands are sugar, wool, 
 cotton, coffee, oranges &c. 
 
 The principal port is llri.olulu or Ilonororu, on 
 the south side of the i land of AVoahoo, in lat. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO 
 
 ?lo ;)0' N., long. 1 58° VV. ropuhition ostiniati.l a 
 14,000 in 18G3, Americans, and other i'iir. i.-n.-r, 
 The harbour, to wiiich the jdace owes all iis im 
 portttuce, has a narrow entrance, but it is e.isv: 
 access at all time.) of the tide to vcssc Is not ilrm- 
 ingmore than 18 or 19 feet water. Tlic llawaiiu' 
 Government com|)leted in 1800 the cnotiim i 
 most excellent wliarf suitable for stiiuinTs. Tli, 
 bar at its mouth, on which tliero is a depth ol'; 
 feet, being narrow and composed of suit (.'onl, 
 might easily be made accessible even U,t Hmvif. 
 battle 8hi|)s. Coal could bo had here iu Jsijij 
 at from 44s. to 50.s-. per ton. 
 
 The Sandwich Islands have been visiicil fir ; 
 considerable number of years jiast by tli(> Hliaiin 
 ships and traders in the Pacific. Since the selik-^ 
 incnt of Oregon and CVIifornia, and the iliscdv.rv 
 of the gold liclds in the latter, tlioy liiivo aioiiinil 
 great additional importance, from tlieir peculiar 
 aptitude to serve as a station for the ships .iii.l 
 steamers engaged in the trade between these tijiiii^ 
 tries, Australia, and China. In coiiseHpance, 
 town of Honolulu has increased so that the srwiiil 
 around the harbour is entirely occiipip.l ivith 
 houses and warehouses. The produce if ih, 
 islands has also risen rapidly in value Um\ i-. 
 being in great demand for the pruvisiunin, > i 
 ships ; and in the view of increasiufj its .•.;;]"iJv 
 and of making up for the deficiency of the iiaiiv'c 
 po)iulation, it has been proposed to imrniiu' ■ 
 Chinese labourers into the islands. The frei|iic:ii'v 
 of desertion among their crews has heen ili'e 
 principal obstacle in the way of ships toiidiin. 
 at Honolulu ; but this, no doubt, will nnh !;._ a 
 temporary evil, and will end with tlio'avM- 
 tion of the p'lculiar circumstances to wbidi it 
 owes its origin. A considerable niimler i.f -hips 
 belong to the port, owned partly by iiaiivi,-. but 
 princiiially by foreigners. 
 
 From the Ileport'for ISGGof the British Consul- 
 General resident at Honolulu, it would .ijipear 
 that the trade with the United States is steadily 
 increasing, and that both the exports and im- 
 ports for 18GC were greater than tlio.v ul' \K\ 
 the exports of cotton, in particular, haviiij; 
 doubled. 
 
 The ai^tual expense of producing srgar on an oVi 
 plantation, free from encumbrance, ]irohaljly lir- 
 not cxcei'd 3 cents (equal to l^rf.) per lb. Iir ::" 
 grades manufactured. 
 
 According to a table published in tlio'Onii- 
 mcrcial Advertiser' of Iloniduhi, 3:J sii},'ai' plaiua- 
 tions arc in operation or getting ready, lli uf 
 which report 10,2GC acres planted with caiii. and 
 the monthly expenses 49,917 dollars, cqualliu,' iu 
 English money about 9,801/. 
 
 'i'lic capital invested, including two cstaltsujt 
 reported ni the above, is over 2,000,000 doliar-.-i; 
 in English money 400,000/. (Mr. Consul-Giiurd 
 Wodeliousc's llcport.) 
 
 A. newspaper in the English language is ]A- 
 lished in the town, in which we have iwtiatl 
 advertisements of ladies' shoes from raris. <au 
 dc Cologne, ices &c. The sovereignty of ilnso 
 islands was ceded, in Eebruary 1813, ii tlic 
 British; but the cession was (iecliueJ by ilie 
 admiral commanding in chief in the raulic. 
 King Kamehameha V", at present (18i)S) rci-'us 
 over them. {Geographical Dictivitanj, art. 'Poly- 
 nesia ; ' Simpson's Sandwich Lhnds ; Coiisuhr 
 Report.) 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO. A city and seaport of 
 the United States, in California, nii the south 
 promontory, dividing tlio great bay »i i?s'j 
 Francisco from the I'acilic, inside th( bay, aiM. 
 a short way to the south of its entrance, Ihc 
 latter, now called the Golden Gate, little nwie 
 
 ^■11 VI 
 
r FRANCISCO 
 
 3\V. roinilation osliniatdlat 
 icricnns, uiul otliov Inn iuii.-r-, 
 ch the place owch all its im. 
 ow entrance, but it is t.\-\ ,.\ 
 )( the tide to vessds nut dr'aiv. 
 
 19 feet water. Tlic ]la\v,ui;i'. 
 ctcd in 18(i() tlie oivotiun i" a 
 irf suitable for siiaiiuTs. Th, 
 in which thorn is a dejitli ol'.'l 
 jnd composed of suit cor.il. it 
 do accessible even fur lim-,.!'. 
 I could bo had heru in 1m,.; 
 per ton. 
 
 ilands have been visited U a 
 )T of yeara past by the wliaiin, 
 1 thcl'acilic. Siiiru tlie witit- 
 d Crlifornia, and the i|iscw.,rv 
 I the latter, they have ncr|iiir,il 
 nportance, Ironi their [Htuliar 
 as a station for the shii)s aii.l 
 n the trade between tlicaecuiin- 
 d China. Tn coiiseiiuoiio', tlic 
 lias increased so thattlip;;rniin,! 
 )ur is entirely occiiiiif.l with 
 louses. The prodiioe cil' the 
 iscu rapidly iti value Irom is 
 cmand ibr the pruvisioniii; if 
 I view of iiicrcasin<; its sii|i|il\- 
 for the dclicieiicy of the native 
 s been proposed to imnuliiii' 
 into the islands. The frei|Me;i(T 
 ng their crews has hocn iht 
 
 in the way of sliips tniicliiii; 
 ; this, no doubt, will only he a 
 ind will end with the cos-a- 
 liar circumstances to wliicli it 
 A. considerable numhir "f ships 
 •t, owned partly by iiaiivts. hut 
 cif^ners. 
 •t for 18GG of the British Consul- 
 
 nt Honolulu, it would aiipear 
 Ih the United States k steadily 
 liat both the exjiorts and ini- 
 greater than tlio.v uf ISiJJ. 
 
 cotton, in particulav, havin^' 
 
 use of producing srgar on au old 
 
 am encumbrance, prohablyiiiT.- 
 
 (equal to lid.) per lb. h't all 
 
 cd. 
 able published in the'lj.ia- 
 of Honolulu, 3:5 Piii;ar idaiita- 
 
 ation or getting ready, > «i 
 acres planted with caiir. and 
 
 ises 49,917 dollars, cqualliu- iii 
 
 jut 9,80 W. 
 
 •sted, including two estates C'jt 
 
 ivc, is over 2,000,000 dollars 'J.- 
 
 .00,000/. (Mr. Consid-Generd 
 ■t) . , 
 
 the English language is ]■«!>- 
 11, in which wo have noticed 
 ladies' shoes from Tans, can 
 c. The sovereignty of ues'; 
 . in February 1813, h t^« 
 cession was declined hy the 
 ng in chief in the I'aubc. 
 V. at present (WC9) reu-iis 
 {uiihical Didiuiian/, art.' Tc y- 
 ^Sa7idwich Mmds; Co»s»l<ir 
 
 ICf). A citv and seaport of 
 in C'alilbrnia, on the south 
 ■ng tlie great bay of t-^ 
 Iracilic, inside th( bay, an. 
 I south of its entranee. Hw 
 [lie Golden Gate, little m,..c 
 
 SAN I'lJANCISCO 
 
 than a mile in width, hns, on its south side, an old 
 .Spanish fort, with a light, in lac. :J70 -18' :U" N., 
 h'n ', r.'2° 27' 38" W, There are also lights on 
 linuila and Aleatras Island. Having jiassed the 
 li.rl the course to the town is nearly K. from 3 to 
 •I 111., ami then S. and \V. about as much more. 
 The eitv is at the bottom of ii bay, skirted by ex- 
 tensive" Hats, some of which have been formed 
 into (locks. Its growth has been quite exf raonli- 
 naiv. I'^arly in 1848 it consisted only of a few- 
 rude ValJins ; whereas it has now an exchange, a 
 theatre, a cu.st'im-hou.se, sundry eliurcheB and other 
 public buildings, with great numbers of private 
 houses, many of wood, but many, also, of adobe 
 (sun-dried) and burnt bricks, and a vast number 
 of tents and booths. And while such is the nieta- 
 inornhosis on shore, her w.iters, formerly quite de- 
 serted, are crowded with shiiis and steamers from 
 all parts of the world. Over 100 stcaineis are 
 employed in the inland waters of the State, 87 
 of which, measuring 20,460 tons, are registered in 
 San Francisco ; and the customs receipts in 1807 
 amounted to 7,442,881 gold dollars: the total 
 internal revenue for the same year being 3,899,()2('> 
 dollars currency. San Francisco is indebted, as 
 everyone knows, for this all but miraculous 
 transforaiation, to the discovery of gold deposits 
 in the beds of the tributaries of the San .loaciuin 
 and Sacramento rivers, which fall into her bay, 
 and in the quartz of the contiguous mountains. 
 [such, however, are the advantages of her situation 
 and the fertility of the adjacent country, that the 
 exhaustionof the gold deposits, though it might 
 cheek for a while, would not iiermaiicntly atl'ect 
 the growth of the city, or the cx.teut of her 
 
 trade. 
 
 To obviate the shallowness of the water el se 
 to the town, a wharf 2,300 feet in leiigl li has 
 been projected into the bay, and to it all sorts of 
 vessels are safely moored ; and besides ilocks, every 
 elTort IS being made to jirovide the aeeoiiimodation 
 necessary for the rapiilly increasing trade of the 
 town. San Frmicisco stands on a sandy level ; 
 and during the rainy season, when it is most 
 cvowdcd, tlic streets were at lirst mere puddles, 
 into which carriages sunk to the axles ; while, 
 in the dry season, the annoyance Irom dust was 
 all but intolerable. These iiicouveniencos have 
 til a treat extent been obviated by Ihioriiig the 
 slieels, or covering them with stout planks— a 
 process which has been carried to a great extent, 
 and has had the most complete success. The 
 city has sulfered much from tires, by which, 
 indeed, it has been repeatedly laid waste. These, 
 however, li.ave been speedily re|iaired ; and in a 
 lew weeks no traces arc seen of the most de- 
 stiuetive coiitlagrations. As houses of brick or 
 stone are substituted for those of wood and fur 
 touts, lires will doubtless become less freepient 
 aiid less destructive. 
 
 The iiopulation of San Francisco is the most 
 motley that cin be ini.igined ; for, though Ame- 
 ricans i)redoniinate, a large admixture is to be 
 seen of adventurers from all parts of the world. 
 tliimbling is very previJent, and is, perhaps, 
 capied on to a greater extent here, during the 
 lauiy season, than in anv other place either of 
 the New or the Old World. But this is the 
 natural result of the circumstances under which 
 the population has been brought together ; and the 
 passion will, no doubt, abate as the circumstances 
 ill which it originated ehaiigo or lose their in- 
 iliieuee. Lynch law has been here reduced to a 
 system, and carried to a greater extent than 
 anywhere else. Yet, despite the gross abuses to 
 i^hicli it unavoidably leads, it is the general 
 opinion that it could not have been dispensed with. 
 
 1211 
 
 A sense of its necessity has led, not only to its 
 being adopted, but to its being geiieriilly approved. 
 And the fewness of the crimes, coiisideriiig tho 
 many desperate chanicters in the place and the 
 temptations in their way, is ascribed to the 
 promptitude and severity of the punishmept with 
 which tlioy are mostly lulluwed. 
 
 Nowhere in the worlil was there so great a 
 disparity between the sexes as in San Francisco; 
 there being at one time from 3 to .'i men for 1 
 woman. lUit this disparity has greatly lessened, 
 as will be seen from the; annexed table, and with 
 it .some of the worst features in the condition of 
 the population. 
 
 Tlie population of the city differs widely <lt 
 ditl'erent periods, the wet and dry seasons. The 
 following statement, extracted from the local 
 Directory, is given in Air. Consul Hooker's lie- 
 port of March ISliS : — 
 
 Wliite mail's over 'it yt'arsofitRe 
 Wliitc frmalo-, HUT IS vLMrs ot'ii^'t? 
 ^V'llilL' III. lie, .iiul t'l-in.ilL-s under lvi\i 
 Ctiitu-se Ml.lt,'^ ami Oin.ilcr. - 
 roluure-il lildlL'^ ami t'tiiiulf!! - 
 Floating imputation 
 
 Total 
 
 IS.OOO 
 
 v-,COI) 
 '10,OIH) 
 
 .i.iaio 
 
 •^,,'.00 
 1,1.000 
 131,100 
 
 Though by far the largest and most imiiortant 
 town in the State, it is not its capital. That 
 distinction has been conferred on Sau Jose, because 
 of its more central situation. 
 
 The newspaper press is as active and nourishing 
 in San Francisco as in the otlicr great cities of the 
 Union. The AItu Califonita, in particular, and 
 some of the other papers, display considerable 
 ability. 
 
 Th(3 bay of San Francisco, though, as alreaily 
 stated, ithas a narrow entrance, expands within 
 into one of the noblest b.asins that is anywhere 
 to be met with, having a co.ist line of about 275 
 miles. The town has become the seat of a very ex- 
 tensive trade, and will coiitiiuie, most likely, to be 
 the grand emporium of the vast territory be'onging 
 to the United States on the I'acitic. The trade 
 with t;iuna, Australia, the Kastein Archipelago, 
 and the I'olynesiaii Islands, is even now very 
 extensive, and several ships have been titled out 
 for the whale-lishery. In 1807 was established 
 regular steam comniunication with Hong-Kong 
 ill six days. At ]>reseiit, the principal trade of 
 the city is with I'anania o:i the one hand, .and 
 Oregon on tho other; bringing immigrants and 
 .ill sorts of m.anufaciured goods from the former, 
 and corn and other raw produce from the latter, 
 tho steam passage to the former being from ten 
 to iiftcen days. l!ut she lii;s alsei an extensive 
 trade with Chili, the Eastern portion of the 
 United States, and with Europe by Cape Horn 
 as well as by I'anama. The importation of 
 many .sorts id' products has been completely 
 overdone, and occasionally some varieties of 
 manufaVlured goods have been bought in San 
 Francisco .as cheap as in Liverpool or Havre. 
 This, however, is a species of miscalculation in- 
 cident to tho opening of .ill new markets, and 
 will speedily correct itself. Oold bullion, with 
 small but increasing quantities of (|nicksilver, and 
 hides, have hitherto been the all but exclusive 
 articles of export. 
 
 Exjwrts of Gold.— It is extremely difKcuU, if 
 it be not impossible, to form any very accurate 
 estimate of the e.ciiortsi of gold from Califoniia. 
 Hut it appears that the following amounts have 
 been manifested and shipped in steamers and 
 sailing vessels, viz. : — 
 
 1849, to December 31, ISJO 
 
 , 11' 
 
 i 
 
 From April I 
 III 1S51 
 In ISS'i 
 
 In 18i.3 (first 6 monllis) 
 staking ,T total of - 
 
 doU. 
 ,14,570,255 
 54,49^,634 
 45,S01,,T^i 
 
 1 1,1.863,764 
 

 ,•'1 
 
 i-^ 
 
 ■ ■■ r 
 
 '!.■ 
 
 1212 
 
 Af{uiii 
 were : — 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO 
 
 the 5 years 18G3-G7 tlio exports 
 
 ISM 
 
 I Km; 
 l»67 
 
 £ 
 
 ii,ni,i,'>i> 
 
 m,n(i.',h:i(i 
 (I,335,lli0 
 
 Tlic vnliic iif the rrcoijits frum nil puint.'), ntthia 
 port, of the precious lueials wusas follows, viz.: — 
 
 18113 
 1SI'4 
 ISfi.l 
 18b(> 
 
 X 
 
 n.Mi.niK) 
 lii,;ii'j,K(iii 
 ici,;7.vi:() 
 li,(is'j,;3i 
 
 SAPAN AVOOD 
 
 Hut to this have to ho added the larjje sums df 
 which no account is taken, carried hy miners nn,] 
 others leaving; San Francisco for oilier pnrisnf ti,(, 
 United [States, Mexico, Chili, China, ami d.^,!. 
 where. This has been variously esllinatcil; Imt 
 It is believed lh.it in takiii;; it at 15 per crnt. ivo 
 shall be considerably willdn the mark: on tlilj 
 hypothesis the total exports in IHiu will have lictn 
 '.>,'r)8.5,.W8/. It has beciiestimat(Ml by w 'll-iiifiiiin(.(| 
 persons that the total shipuieiils in tlic course of 
 iHV>H would not be less than from 7u to jij 
 million dollars. 
 
 Account of tlie Value uiul Destiiuiti 
 
 ion of Exjmrts frum San I'l 
 5 l^eitra ending with 18li7. 
 
 'rancinco, other than Treasure, in tie 
 
 KA<ttern Pcrti of the Union 
 (irenl llrilairi 
 Auttr.ilinn L'olonitM 
 ( hina ■ 
 
 Sandwich I^laniU 
 llrlli>h CiilunihU ■ 
 Mviicci . . . 
 
 South America 
 Othur i-oumrii'H . 
 Tc.tal . 
 
 1803 
 
 £ 
 
 SIS, tin 
 
 !l",.51ll 
 
 !ii!),r.ii 
 
 s.siio 
 
 71,I7S 
 
 3(1."',9jO 
 .',f.,.')ll) 
 
 isni 
 
 V,<U3,a61l 
 
 £ 
 
 I,n33,-W') 
 1UI,I7II 
 
 a7I.MiO 
 
 y.'jiii) 
 
 l.-.l,!)IK) 
 3il'J,i.'ill 
 4I3,IV.'> 
 
 r,-2,nr> 
 
 __ TU,77i 
 a>ill,V65 
 
 186.5 
 
 X 
 
 •.i.l.'),l.1U 
 
 al(i,7.')l> 
 
 l4'J,(i.1l) 
 Ml, 101 1 
 4 lti,,V.I) 
 lll'>,300 
 1 1A,0JU 
 
 V,»IO,760 
 
 ISGfi 
 
 £ 
 
 l,llM,S7.'i 
 
 S'Jl.H'ill 
 
 .'•33,V'Jl) 
 
 3li.\mil 
 
 Vlr,7.'.ll 
 
 17S,'JS1) 
 
 •^l-.',(i7ii 
 
 3 ll),i„V) 
 
 7(i,ri.'i 
 
 117,701) 
 
 3,ie(l,83n 
 
 IW 
 
 £ 
 l,.Vi;,iiH 
 i.iiii3,:.-.ii 
 
 s«,ii;(i 
 \f,%:m 
 i:i.\(i;j 
 
 i'W.IIIW 
 
 .•i9ii,5;-i 
 151, ini 
 
 4,<9.MSll 
 
 The I'lilue of the Imports from Great Britain 
 into Sun Francisco in 1800 and 1807. 
 
 .1 
 
 I .-. 
 
 ■)■■■ 
 
 • ' ; 
 
 * 
 
 • ' i ' 
 ' 4 1- 
 
 
 
 - i 
 
 
 I86G 
 
 1807 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 1\[nit li(]uon 
 
 47,.'>03 
 
 is.ini 
 
 t'olinn KMKiii 
 
 ,'i.H,.'i3« 
 
 Vi'^,4l)'^ 
 
 Linen kikmI* 
 
 ACil.'JIi? 
 
 ill'l.'il'j 
 
 llajt^inf; nooiU 
 
 li.'i,'l7S 
 
 3H,Sll!) 
 
 Woollen fitKxU 
 
 3',.'i,7M 
 
 3U 1,781 
 
 Hardware • 
 
 l.W.TOS 
 
 l6'i,Mf) 
 
 W inea and liquarA - 
 
 3.-i,'^.'.fi 
 
 n.nn 
 
 Coal 
 
 'iH.lM 
 
 S7,7«V 
 
 Sundries ... 
 Total 
 
 1,-47, 14(i 
 
 1,81V,HS 
 
 3,.'i«>,llKI 
 
 3,7U4,<Jll 
 
 The chief imports in 18G7 other than these 
 from the United Kingdom were: sut;ar o32.8!)l 
 cwt. ; tea 2,027,332 lb.; coffee 90,012 cwt. ; rice 
 141,415 cwt. 
 
 The most noticeable features in the exports 
 from San Francisco are the great increase in the 
 value of shipments to Englanii, and the extension 
 of traile with Japan : the former is caused by 
 the large shipments of wheat and Hour, and the 
 latter by tlie new steam communication. The 
 value of the principal articles of Calilbruian pro- 
 duce exported iii 1807 was as follows : — 
 
 Flour . 
 
 - ini3,173 
 
 Wheat - 
 
 . ),s'.)ll,.'i|i) 
 
 K.irlpy . 
 
 13, -.70 
 
 (lals 
 
 •2 .'.II 10 
 
 Wool . 
 
 - ilJ.lUU 
 
 Hides 
 
 OniekitilTer 
 
 Ores 
 
 Tallow 
 
 Wine 
 
 £nr,,fior. 
 
 18«,'^..0 
 
 ll>0,.~>MI) 
 
 (1,0110 
 
 a7,400 
 
 Passengers. — Arrivals at San Francisco by sea 
 in 1807, 35,083. Passengers leaving San Fran- 
 »:isco by sea, 20,419. llxccss of arrivals bv sea 
 15,204. 
 
 fort Charges. — Pilotage (half to be paid if no 
 pilot be emjiloyed) : vessels under 500 tons, 6 
 dollars per foot draught ; vessels over 500 tons, 
 7 dollars per foot ; harbour dues, 4 cents (2(/.) 
 per ton. Wharf tolls : vehicles drawn I); one horse, 
 25 cents each ; by two, 50 cents ; by four, 1 dollar. 
 -Ml goods landed on the wharf and taken there- 
 from in lighters, or taken direct from the ship in 
 lighters, pay TiJ cents per ton. The port wardens 
 charge. 15 dollars for each survey, but the total 
 charge on each vessel must not exceed 76 dollars ; 
 for all separate certificates of survey rctjuired by 
 the consignees of cargo, a charge of 2J^i dollars 
 is made, and for each order of sale I'o dollars. 
 The coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington 
 boast 17 fixed lights and 3 revolving lights, and 
 two more were in 1808 in course of erection. 
 
 Account, showing the Number of Vess"h Ihnt 
 arrived at San Francisco in 1KU7, their Xatian- 
 alitg, their Tonnage, and the Value 0/ thdr 
 Cargoes. 
 
 Nationality 
 
 \'eR«el« 
 
 Toniuge 
 
 \ Vilueor 
 Car.[oft 
 
 I'nited Statu 
 
 in 
 
 •i-i\eM 
 
 1 t 
 '.IVI.I.ll 
 
 l nitid Kingdom 
 
 117 
 
 7I,0.',1 
 
 I'tr,."'! 
 
 France 
 
 13 
 
 6,'Ji 1 
 
 O'..'"" 
 
 Kus.sia ... 
 
 .1 
 
 I.S.'.I 
 
 r,v«i 
 
 Ili-lKiuin ... 
 
 1 
 
 'iKt 
 
 I'O 
 
 Hainlturi:!' • 
 
 10 
 
 4, .'.If. 
 
 j;,:vi 
 
 Italy 
 
 (i 
 
 S,017 
 
 11,'HW 
 
 l'ru%sla ... 
 
 10 
 
 3Air 
 
 i;,-"p 
 
 Ilrenieil ... 
 
 , 
 
 3,710 
 
 3-.,".. 
 
 Spain 
 
 1 
 
 3.17 
 
 (i.'ni 
 
 Auitrla 
 
 1 
 
 177 
 
 1,1'ji 
 
 Norway and Sweden . 
 
 a 
 
 ■07 
 
 
 Holland 
 
 t 
 
 1,189 
 
 iJ.V" 
 
 •Mclico ... 
 
 4 
 
 •Ifi'J 
 
 i,;i<i 
 
 t'ohnnbia ... 
 
 4 
 
 1,11.1* 
 
 IM'i' 
 
 S.indwich M.indl . 
 
 17 
 
 6,Tl'> 
 
 3S.;''I 
 
 tieor^'lan I.sland» 
 
 3 
 
 4118 
 
 ':.''!.' 
 
 San Salv.idor 
 
 .1 
 
 2,tlH 
 
 ?\ .; 
 
 Uualemala ... 
 
 " 4.^1")" 
 
 579. 
 
 I.VO 
 
 Total - 
 
 Xl,lii\ 
 
 iflu;-'! 
 
 Dockage, 
 
 Vessels front lon tons lo I.^.O tons per reRistcr 
 
 I.IO 
 
 ••'110 
 
 •iM 
 
 .-lOO 
 
 400 
 
 .'.00 
 
 lilll) 
 
 700 
 
 800 
 
 1 ,(100 
 
 1 ,'iM 
 
 1,500 
 
 l,7.'.0 
 
 li.ouo 
 
 '^00 
 
 '<!50 
 
 .-.(lO 
 
 41H) 
 
 .')00 
 
 (^10 
 
 7110 
 
 8(10 
 
 1,(100 
 
 1 ,«')» 
 
 I, .50(1 
 
 l,7.'.0 
 
 »,ll(JI) 
 
 •i,.i()U 
 
 doli. 
 71 per iij» 
 
 . 10 „ 
 
 ; \l' :; 
 
 17 „ 
 
 . V< „ 
 
 •il „ 
 
 ■ 'il „ 
 
 m „ 
 
 •i* ,. 
 
 31 .. 
 
 'Il ,. 
 
 49 „ 
 
 if .. 
 
 ft) ,. 
 
 Hate of Interest on Money. — By an Act |i.'i"''l 
 March 13, 1850, the rate of interest on iiioiif} wis 
 fixed at 10 per cent, where there iva.s no I'oci.il 
 contract, but ' parties maj' agree in wriiii ;' f"r 
 the payment of any rate of interest wlialcvtr on 
 money due, or to become due on any coiitr.i('t. 
 Any judgment rendered on such contract shall 
 conform thereto, and shall bear tlic interest agrefJ 
 upon.' 
 
 W'e arc much indebt(?J in the compilation of 
 this article to the Reports of Mr. (dn.sul Uookcf- 
 
 SAPAN WOOD is obtained from a .rcics 
 of the same tree that yields the Ilrazil wooil 
 (Casalpinia Sapan, Linn.). It is a miiMIe-''™ 
 forest tree, indigenous to Siam, Pcgii, the I'li'l'l'- 
 
 
VN WOOD 
 
 ) 1)0 added the Inrpe siinm, (,r 
 Inki'ii, carried by iiiimn mi.i 
 rancisco lor (ithcr piiriHuf tii, 
 ico, Chili, Cliiiiii, and tW. 
 vn variounly esliiiiatccl; Imi, 
 takinfi it at 15 iior cctif. wp 
 ly wit hin tlio niarU : m\ ihi, 
 .'xports ill Wu will haveliccn 
 ciu'stimat(Ml by w U-iiirdimi'il 
 il shipments in the cDiirsi' uf 
 I less than from 7u to i'l 
 
 :o, other limn Treasure, in iL 
 
 
 IHCG 
 
 mr,; 
 
 
 e 
 
 / 
 
 
 l.UH.ST'. 
 
 i,rivi;'i 
 
 
 ^)-'l,H*iO 
 
 \M\"il 
 
 
 .'..1.1,'ilJII 
 
 U.&«i 
 
 
 3ii.^,hl(l 
 
 sf.;.,ii;(j 
 
 
 •it>,".0(( 
 
 1M.*«I 
 
 
 17H,')SI1 
 
 1 ^\ni) 
 
 
 '^l•i.(iV' 
 
 I'.li.SlH 
 
 
 3 10,1.,'^ 
 
 :.:i»,j;-, 
 
 
 Tfi.VW 
 
 i.')i,ii«i 
 
 1 
 
 in.ioi) 
 
 liJ.'Wi 
 
 u 
 
 3,4CO,HSO 
 
 4,<9Mi(l 
 
 the Number of Vess'h that 
 ■'rancisco in 18(17, tlieir Aiit'm- 
 niuje, and the Value of tliar 
 
 
 1 
 
 Tonane ■ 
 
 Value of 
 
 
 2'J1 
 
 i-iVM 
 
 e 
 
 ',i;<),ii>i 
 
 
 117 
 
 71, DM 
 
 f«,',:.>i i 
 
 
 1.1 
 
 5,'JVl 
 
 )}>-i.i 
 
 
 S 
 
 l.HM 
 
 :,,>.! 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 •iV, 
 
 4,0 
 
 . 
 
 111 
 
 4,.'ill". 
 
 5;,:vi 
 
 . 
 
 G 
 
 ii,ei7 
 
 41,i«»l , 
 
 
 III 
 
 xrM 
 
 4;,ji'i 
 
 
 
 3,7111 
 
 Si,M„ 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 317 
 
 6,:a^) i 
 
 
 1 
 
 177 
 
 4,l'«i . 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 707 
 
 !,l>«l 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 !,lll<) 
 
 M,Si>l 
 
 
 4 
 
 y,') 
 
 i,;i<i 
 
 
 t 
 
 I.IOS 
 
 H>H 
 
 
 17 
 
 6,'i'Ji 
 
 SMH 
 
 
 .1 
 
 41 IS 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 S,41H 
 
 
 
 '. 
 
 579 , 
 
 
 . I'i^fT 
 
 ."i7,li-il 
 
 1 Sfln-'" 
 
 Dockage, 
 
 10 I'lnionsiwrreRis 
 
 vol) 
 
 
 'iM 
 
 
 ."no 
 
 
 41H) 
 
 
 ,',00 
 
 
 COD 
 
 
 7110 
 
 
 HIIII 
 
 
 1,001) 
 
 
 l.l'iO 
 
 „ 
 
 l.'iOII 
 
 
 1,7 V) 
 
 „ 
 
 V.illlO 
 
 „ 
 
 ii,;,()o 
 
 
 • 7)1' 
 . HI 
 
 ■ lil 
 . 1.1 
 
 • 17 
 . ill 
 . il 
 . 'H 
 
 ■ sfi 
 . •I'. 
 
 . 31 
 
 . 41 
 
 . 4'J 
 
 . M 
 
 . W 
 
 . on Mone\i.—V,\- an Act \i''"\ 
 10 rate of interest on moiuy «;«> 
 It. wlicrc tliere was no .in'ciiil 
 •ties may agree in wniui,' '"t 
 iivratc of interest wliiitevet on 
 
 become due on any cnutnfi. 
 iidered on such contract shai 
 
 id shall bear the interest agrecil 
 
 indebted in the compilation of 
 llemrts of Mr. ('"nsul li«"^ r. 
 D is obtained from a s;icuc 
 that yields the Ite'^:" J 
 
 ,, Linn.). It is " "^t^T 
 ioustoSiam,lVg.i,theriul.l'- 
 
 •t 
 
 SAPPHIRE 
 
 pino Iiijands d'c. It has been cmployod for ilycing 
 ill ilie ^xeaivx part of -^lia for many centuries. 
 It I'oniid its way into i.iirope some time before 
 ilic discovery of America; and tiio imiiorla are 
 iiiiw very considerable. Its colouriiij; matter 
 ililUrs little from that of llrazil wood, but the 
 liot sapan wood does not yield more than half the 
 (luantiiv that may be obtained from an ciiiial 
 wii'lil of Brazil wood, and the colour is not (piite 
 ■^11 lirif,'ht. (Uancroft On Cohium, v(d. ii. ji. 320.) 
 Ill I«t)7 the imports of sapan wood amounted to 
 J,.|S',) tons, valued at ]l,Hl;!/. 
 
 SAl'l'lilUK (tier, .saphir; Dutch, saflicrstenn ; 
 I'r, liaiiliire; Ital. zailiro; Span, zaiiro, zaiir; Hiiss. 
 jai'lianl; Lat..saiiphinis). A precious stone, in very 
 liigh estimation. It is identically the same stone 
 ,"..4 the ruby. It dilTers in name from the latter 
 nil account of its colour, which varies from white 
 t,i ilic deepest blue or black. (Knianuel On 
 Diaiiwiids S;c.) It occurs in blunt-cdh'ed pieces, 
 in rouiulisli i)ebbles, and crystallised. Varies 
 Iriim transparent to translucent. Itefracts double. 
 AlUr diamond, it is the hardest substance in 
 iiatiiiv. lirittle ; speeilic (:;ravity A to 'l-i. 
 
 It, is found iirincipally in CeyliMi, and also in 
 lldhcniia, .Saxony, France &v.\ but the red sapphire, 
 (if Oriental ruby, is not found in any considerable 
 i|iiaiitity anywhere except in Ava. Next to di.i- 
 nmnd, .snppliiro is the most valuable of the gems. 
 The v.bite and palo blue varieties, by expo.sure to 
 Ileal, oecouie snow white, and, when cut, exhibit 
 foliigli a degree of lustre, that they arc used in 
 ]ilace of diamonds. The mo.st highly prized 
 varieties are the crunson and carmine red ; these 
 are the Oriental »-«6// of the jeweller; the next is 
 fiipphire ; and last, the yellow or Oriental topaz. 
 The asterius, or star-stone, is a very beautiful 
 variety, in which the colour is gcneraliy of a red- 
 ili>h violet, and the furm of a rhomboid, with 
 truncated apices, which exhibit an opalescent 
 lustre. Professor Jamesoii says, in his Mineralogy, 
 that sonic peculiarly beautiful sapphires arc found 
 ill the Capclan mountains, in Pegu. 15ut wc are 
 nut aware that there arc any such mountains in 
 any part of the world ; and, in point of fact, there 
 are no mountains in Pegu, nor have any precious 
 siuncs been ever found in it. [ItUBY.] 
 
 The Russian treasury possesses some sapphires 
 (f c'lorm'^us size. 
 
 Mr, Crawford gives the following details with 
 respect to the sapphire and ruby mines of Ava ; 
 ' The precious stones ascertainecl to exist in the 
 Uiirmese territory are ehictly those of the sapiiliire 
 family and the spinelle ruby. They arc found at 
 two places, not very distant from each other, called 
 5Iii!,'aiit and KyatpCan, about live days' journey 
 iViira the capital, in an E.S.E. direction. Prom 
 what I could learn, the gems are not obtained by 
 any regular mining operations, but by digging and 
 washing the gravel in the beds of rivulets or small 
 brooks. All the varieties of the sapphire, as well 
 as the spinelle, are found together, and along with 
 them large quantities of corundum. The varieties 
 ascertained to exist are the Oriental sapphire; 
 the Orient.!! ruby, or red stone; the opalescent 
 ruby, or cat's eye ruby ; the star ruby ; the green ; 
 tlic yellow and the white sapphires ; anil the 
 Oriental amethyst. The common sapphire is by 
 (ar the most frequent, but, in comparison with the 
 ruby, is very little prized by the Burmese, in 
 which they agree with other nations. I brought 
 home with ino several of great size, the largest 
 weighing no less than 3,630 grains, or above 907 
 carats. The spinelle ruby (zebu-gaong) is not 
 iinfrequent in Ava, but is not much valued by 
 die natives. I brought with me to England a 
 I'Cifect specimen, both as to colour and freedom 
 
 SAI{.SAPA1{ILL.V 
 
 1213 
 
 from flaws, wii^^.iing 22 carats. The sappliire 
 and ruby mines are coiisidiTed the property of tlu; 
 king; at le.is' he lays claim to all stones that 
 exceed in value a viss of silver, or 100 ticals. 
 The miners, it appears, eiuhMvoiir to evade this 
 law by breaking the large stones into fragments. 
 In the royal treasury there are, notwithstanding, 
 many tine stones of both descriptiims. The year 
 before our visit, the king received from tlie mines 
 a rubv weighing 121 grains; and tlu^ j'ear|)roci'il- 
 ing tliat, H good ones, but of smaller size. No 
 stranger is jiermitted to visit the mines ; even the 
 Chinese and Mohnnimedans residing at Ava are 
 carefully excluded.' (Journal of an Endiasny to 
 the Cou: ' of Ava, p. 412.) 
 
 SAKiJOCOLLA. A subviscid, swecti.-ih, and 
 somewhat nau.seous gum resin. It is lirouglit 
 from Arabia and Persia in i-niall grains of a pale 
 j-ellow colour ; the whitest, as being the freshest, 
 IS preferred. It is but seldom imported. (Mil- 
 burn's Orient. Com.) 
 
 SAUUINES or SA1{I)IN1.\S ((Jer. sardellcn ; 
 Fr. sardines; Ital. sardelle ; .Span, sardinas), A 
 species of tish of the herring tribe, but smaller. 
 Tlicy are taken in considerable quantities on our 
 coasl.s,aiid are exceedingly plentiful on the coasts 
 of Algarvc in Portugal, Andalusia and (Iraiiada in 
 Spain, and along the shores of Italy. The small 
 sardines, caught on the coast of " Provence, in 
 France, arc esteemed the best. From 1,000 to 
 1 ,200 lishing smacks are engaged in catching the.se 
 fish on the const of Hrittany, from .June to the 
 middle of October. The French fiequeiitlv cure 
 them in red brine; and when thus iirepariid. de- 
 signate them anclioisi'cs, or anchorietl sarilines. 
 These ,are packed in vessels previously empluyed 
 for holding wine, and exported to the Leviint. 
 When perfectly fresh, sardines arc accounted ex- 
 cellent fish ; but if kept for any time, they entirely 
 lose their (lavotir and become (juitc iiisi))id. 
 
 SAUDONY'X. A precious stone, of n.'ihli.'jh- 
 brown colour, consisting of alternate layers of 
 chalcedony and carnelian. Its name is Ilerived 
 from the union of the sard and the onyx. (Emanuel 
 On Diamonds §'e.) 
 
 The ancients selected tliis substance to engrave 
 upon, no doubt, from its possessing two peculiar 
 and necessary qualities, viz. hardness and tenacity, 
 by which it is capable of receiving the finest touch 
 or stroke of the tool without chipping, and show- 
 ing the art of the engraver to the highest i)erfec- 
 tioii. (Mawe On Diamonds, 2nd ed. p. 121.) 
 
 They are much used for signet rings, and for 
 cups, vases, knife handles, beads itc. (Emanuel 
 On Diamonds tS'c) 
 
 SAUSAPAHILLA (Ger. sasaparille ; Fr. .salsc- 
 pareille; Ital. salsapariglia; Span, zarzaparrilla). 
 The root of the Smilax SarsapariUa, a plant 
 growing in Central and South America, and the 
 West Indies, Ceylon &c. It is imported in bales. 
 It is known in the London market by the names 
 of Lisbon, Honduras, and Vera Cruz, but it is also 
 brought from Jamaica. The Lisbon root, which 
 is the produce of Brazil, has a reddish or dark 
 brown cuticle, is internally farinaceous, and more 
 free from fibre than the otiier kinds : the Honduras 
 has adirtj- brown, and sometimes whitish, cuticle ; 
 it is more fibrous, and has more ligneous matter, 
 than the Lisbon and Vera Cruz. It has long 
 slender roots, covered with a wrinkled brown 
 cuticle, and has a small woody heart, The 
 Jamaica ditlcrs from the others, in having a deep 
 red cuticle of a close texture; and the red colour 
 partially diffused through the ligneous part. The 
 root is scentless, and has a mucilaginous, very 
 slightly bitter taste : the bark is the only useful 
 part of the plant; the ligneous part being taste- 
 
 I :; 
 
/ T 
 
 1214 
 
 SAHHAWIAS 
 
 5. 
 
 1 1 
 
 ■, V ! 
 
 ■•M 
 
 IrsH, irurt, woculy lihrc. (Ilrilish I'linniiiiin/iiiiit 
 'riioinsDn's I'i.i/wnsdiiiri/.) A duly of (Ul, ptT II). 
 on ils iiii|niil«liiiii, illcr liciiit; rriliiccd in lHt2 to 
 l(/., wnt rc|ir!ili(l ill \>*i'K 'llic imports ami px- 
 |i(irls ill lH(i7 Wire nspiM'livciy UU),!!!!! lb., vuIikmI 
 jiL I t.!l'.'7/., Jinil ■-M(l.7ti."> II). 
 
 SASSAKKAS ((icr. iiiid Fr. snssjifMs ; Ital. 
 KiiMHiirnisso ; .'^piiii. siilsiiCnis). A Kpci'icM oC liiiircl 
 (l.diiriis Siissii/nm. t.iiiii.). ii imlivcorilii' Houllu'ili 
 pints 111' Norlli Aiiuiirii, ('ncliiii-dli'liii, mid scvcrid 
 of till" liidiiiii i>lj|iids. S:iH>^a('raM wood, rout, and 
 liark liavc a IVa^iaiit odnnr, and nHWiTlisli iiiu- 
 ni.ilic t/islc. 'I'hc wood is of n brownisli-wliilr 
 colour; ;iiid llic li.irk f.iriiKiiious witliin, spoiij^y, 
 and divisililo iiilo liiytrs. 'I'licir sciisilili' (pialillcs 
 Jiiiil virtues dcpi ml on an essential oil, «lii<li may 
 lie ohlaiiu'd sepinate liv dislilliiif; the cliips or the 
 barU willi water. It is very fivmrani, hot, and 
 penetratint; to the taste, of a p;il(^ yellow colour, 
 and heavier than water. It is used only in tlii^ 
 inaleria niediea. ('Ihonison's />/.s7i('».w//()///.) lin- 
 jiorts and e.N[iorts in 'HOd, respectivelv, W'J.'J and 
 71 ewt. 
 
 .SArNDKII.S (KICD), (Arab. Huiidal-ahmer ; 
 II in. ii.rkul-elinndniii). 'I'he wood of a lolly 
 trvi' (I'll rnitnpiin siDilnlhiiis), in(li;j;eiioiis to vari- 
 ous parts of IiidLi. Ceylon. 'I'inior Ac. 'I'lio wood 
 i.s bronf;hl to I'.urope in billets, which are very 
 Jieavy, and sink in water. If is extreniidy hard, 
 of a line grain, jiiid a brij;ht garnet red colour, 
 whii'h brif^lilensoii exposure lo the air. It i.s em- 
 ployed to dye lasliiif? reddish-brown colours on 
 wool. It yields its colonriiif; inatler lo ether .niHl 
 alcohol, but not lo w.aler. (Thomson'.s Dhjiviisa- 
 iori/; liaiicroll Uii CdIoid-s, vol. ii. p. 'Jlili.) The 
 quaiilitv imported is inconsiderable. 
 
 SAVINMJS HAN'KS. | I!anks.J 
 
 SCAMMONY (tier, skainmonium; Fr. scam- 
 inoiie'e ; Ital. scammonea ; Span, cscamonca). A 
 {411111 resin, the produce of a species of convolvulns, 
 or creeper plant, which ^.^rows abnndaiitly in Syria. 
 When an incision is made into the livinjj; roots, 
 they yield a milky juice, which being keiit, grows 
 hard, and is the scammony of the .shops. It is 
 imported from Aleppo in what arc called drums, 
 weighing from 7.") to 1 '_'.") 1!). each; and from 
 Smyrna in cakes like wax. jiacked in chests. The 
 former i.s light and frial)le, and is considered the 
 best; that from Smyrna is more compact and 
 ponderous, less friable, and fuller of impurities. 
 It has a peculiar heavy odour, not unlike that 
 of old cheese ; and a bitterish, slightly acrid taste. 
 The colour is blackish when (try, changing to 
 dirty white, or lathering when the surface is 
 rubbed with a wot linger. Its specific gravity is 
 1'2,'3."). It i< very liable to be adulterated; and 
 when of a dark colour, lieavj', and splinter}', it 
 ought to be rejected. It is u.sed only in medicine. 
 (Britinh Fhanmicnpma, 18t)7 ; Thomson's JJispcn- 
 satori/.^ The duty on scammony, after being 
 reduced in 1H32 and 18-13, was abolished in 1815. 
 Imports, in 1867, f).3,l-21 lb., valued at 80,901/.; 
 and exports 810 II). 
 
 .SCULPTUli'FS. Figures cut in stono,metal, or 
 other solid substance, representing or describing 
 some real or imaginary object. The art of the 
 sculptor, or stntuary, was carried to the highest 
 pitch of excellence in ancient Greece. For- 
 tunately, several of the works of the Grecian 
 sculptors I'.ave been prcscrvcil, and serve at once 
 to stimulate and direct the genius of modern 
 artists. 
 
 Models arc casts or representations of sculp- 
 tures. 
 
 The Act 64 Geo. III. c. 56 vests the property of 
 sculptures, models, copies, and casts in the pro- 
 prietor for 14 years ; provided he cause his name, 
 
 SKAL J'lSIlHUY 
 
 with the dali', to be put on them before thov nrp 
 published; wilh the same term in adililli.n, || {,,. 
 should be living at I he end of the lirst permd. In 
 aclioiis lor )iiracy, double costs to he given, 'ff,,, 
 .\et was amended and extended by III iV 1 1 Vj^t^ 
 c. Id I, which ])rovided also for the Kegistiiiiiniii.i 
 Sciilplnre Models \'C. 
 
 SM.Mj (l.af.sigillum). Astnno, piece of niii,i|, 
 or oilier solid substance, generally roiiiil urdlir)^ 
 Ileal, on which is engraved the anus, eresl, ii,ini(. 
 devii'c iS(e. of soiiK! sla.'c, prince, piihlic |i,j,|v, ^r 
 |)ri\ate inilividiial. It is employed as a slaiiintd 
 make, an im[)ression on sealing wax, ihcnjiv 
 authenticating public acts, deeds \c. or l.i dusj 
 lei lers or packets. Seals were very early iiivintdl 
 and mueh learning has been employed in irarlii" 
 their hislory, anil explaining llie liguiis iiM„ii 
 till 111. (See ]iarlieiilarly the work of ll(i|ikiiiik, 
 /)>■ Sliiilloriim Prism it Xovo Jure, Ite. IfA-U 
 They are now very generally used. 
 
 The best are usually formed of |ire(ioiis slniipi, 
 on wlileh the eresl or arms, or the iniliids ul'iji,' 
 person's name, are engraved, set in gdld. |!i;t 
 iinmeiise nnnibers are formed of staineii i,dii-.j, .•iinl 
 set in gill copper. They arc nijiimracliinil ai 
 London, liiriniiigham Ac, and are exlcnslvili- 
 exported. 
 
 SHAl; FISIIKKV. The seal (l,;il. pli,«',i: !>, 
 veau luarin), an amphibious animal, nf wiikli 
 llu're are niauj- varieties, is found in vast niiiulorj 
 in the seas round Spil/.bergen, and on the ixiaslj 
 of I.!d)r;i(lor and Newfoundland. As it freqiirnn 
 tli(> lirilish shores, it is well known, and liibfidi 
 repeatedly desc-ihed. Seals are |irinci|i;illyhiiiil,.| 
 for their oil and skins. When taken in llii>prip,' 
 of the year, at which lime they are fatlost,,i lull- 
 grown seal will yield from 8 to 12 gallms of oil. 
 and a small one from 4 to 5 gallons. Ilieiiil. it 
 exinicled before ])iitrefaction lias coiiimoiiroil. is 
 beaulifnlly transpareut, free from smill, ami not 
 unpleasant in its taste. Tlieskin,wli(';- niiiiicil, is 
 extensively employed in the making of sliois;. mil 
 when (Iressi'd with the hair on, .serves for ilii' 
 covering of trunks Ac. For an accimul; of llie 
 imports of seal-skins see Sicixs. 
 
 'To the Esquimaux the sctl is of ;i,i miiui 
 importance as bread to a ICuropwin. lis i!r': 
 forms their most usual food; tlie fal i-^ par;iy 
 dressed for eating, and partly consumiil in th r 
 lamps; the liver, when fried, is csteonio.l, in i 
 among sailors, as an agreeable dish. Tlio *kii;. 
 which the Escpiimaux dress by processes por.iliar 
 to themselves, is made waterproof. With tlio liair 
 oft', it is used as covering.s, instead of pliuik-. f ' 
 their boats, and as outer garments for thim- 
 selves ; shieliled with which, tlioy can iiivor; 
 themselves and canoes iu the w'ater, witlic: 
 getting their bodies wet. It serves al.-o lir 
 coverings for their tents, and for various otiic 
 purposes. The jackets and trousers maiie li 
 seal-skin by the l')aquimaux are in great reiiue-t 
 among the whale fishers for preserving tlioui Iroiii 
 oil and Avet.' (Scoresby'a Arctic Region!, vol. i. 
 p. 510.) 
 
 Seals in line weather prefer the ice to tfo waier. 
 and vast herds of them arc frequently Uw\ 
 lying on the field ice; the jilaccs where ilijy »"; 
 met with being thence called 'seal moajow.-. 
 The seal hunters endeavour to surprise thoin 
 while sleeping, and to intcrooiit their reireat to 
 the water. They attack them with niuskeis anil 
 bludgeons, but principally the latter, they dan? 
 easily despatched by a blow on the nose. 
 
 The seal fishery has long been prosecuted to a 
 considerable extent in the northern seas by ships 
 from the Elbe and the Weser; but very few smps 
 hare been sent out from England for scalii'i oWJ'i 
 
, JTSIIKRY 
 
 |iMt (111 lliem licfiiri; tlnv urc 
 ami' li'i'iii "1 inliliiii'ii, ir hi. 
 w cikI i>1' tl"' •'"■"l piTicid. In 
 iiililf, <''>^l^ "> '"' (,'ivi'ii. 111,. 
 Ill cxlcndt'il liy l;i \ 1 1 \ ill, 
 III iilso for tho KcgiHtmiinn . i 
 
 im). AHtdiii', ]ii(rp "f nid.il. 
 iK'c, gi'iH'riiUy rmiii I cirilli|,- 
 
 irriivod lliii nniiH, itcnI, ii,i , 
 
 dale, l>riiiri', luihlio li idy, .,r 
 
 It is (Miiiiloyid HH iisiimipiii 
 111 on nciiliiifi-wftx, llit'nli\ 
 n; m:ls, (1<m'(Is I'^c, nrlud.j-i. 
 ■((•ills wcri' very early iiiviiiiMl, 
 Im.s lu'cli ('iii|iliiyc(l ill iracii.; 
 I'xiiliiiiiiiii; 'Ik' lii,'iii'i'< "I'll 
 iliirlv lilt' work nl' lloiikiinl. 
 SCO it iVow ./(/re, ltd. Iill.'.i 
 pMUTiilly usimI. 
 illv foniu'd III' jircriiiiK fUm.-. 
 vv nriiis, or tlic iiiilialsni'ili 
 
 (■ll^'nlVL•ll, si'l ill (,m1iI. Ili.t 
 ire loniicd of staincil i,'1iisj.;iiiiI 
 '. 'I'licy lire liiiiiiiirac'liirrd :il 
 am &c., ami arc cxIciiMwly 
 
 Y. 'I'lio seal (l.al. i4iocii; Ir. 
 anipliiliioii.'i animal, nl' wiii'li 
 ficlics, is I'diiml in vast niiiiil..n 
 SiiitzlxTt^oii, and on llm <'';i-ii 
 [fwroiindlaiul. As it. fn-qiiuiH 
 it is well known, and li!bli":i 
 •d. Seals are iirinc'i|ialU- liiiiii .| 
 \n^. When taken in tlir-prir.,' 
 ich time they are fattest, ,i lull- 
 eld from K to 12 ^alii'iis of oil. 
 •oni 4 to 5 gallons. l'li(oil. it 
 imtrefactioii has coniinfiuv,!. is 
 areiil, free from snu'il, ami not. 
 ,asto. The skin, wli(';M;iiracili< 
 ■cd in the making of shois; and 
 1 the hair on, serves fiT iln 
 s &v. For ail acccmiit of tliu 
 lis sec Skins. 
 aiix the seal is of as mutli 
 ad to a luiropcan. Its llcsh 
 usual food ; the fat is partly 
 , and ptirtly eniisnmed in th.ir 
 'when fried", is estcenioil, ov,n 
 an agreeahlo dish, llic <kir, 
 mux dress hy processes peoaliir 
 tiado watcrpoof. With the hJ;: 
 covering") mstcad of iilaiii;-. t;^ 
 as outer garments for ilum- 
 with which, they can invor: 
 canoe.s in the water, witliui 
 .dies wet. It serves also w 
 ir tents, and for various otiiv: 
 jackets and trousers mM 'i 
 '.squiraaiix arc in great teiiJfit 
 lishcrs lor preserving thcuili-om 
 ;oresby's Arctic Regwii!,':A.i 
 
 athcr prefer the ice to II o^^iW; 
 
 of them arc frcquentlv t.im.t 
 ice; the iilaccs where ih;v »"; 
 
 thence called ' seal mcadmi>. 
 
 ., endeavour to surprise tlura 
 
 td to intercept their tetrea o 
 1 attack them with Bi^f'^-^^l 
 iincipally th.i latter, they '^.n. 
 Ibv a blow on the nose. 
 > has long been prosKijtcJ » 
 
 U in the northern seas b; ^ 
 
 . the Wcser; but very eiv=lii^» 
 
 ■t from England for Wi«:n">l>' 
 
 m 
 
 SRALTXO WAX 
 
 ili,,imli occasionally some of the wliah^ ships have 
 
 SKAMKX 
 
 12 1. l 
 
 ;,k.n large .jiiail 
 
 titles of seals. Lallirlv, 
 
 d lisliery has lieeii prosociiteil (in a hirge 
 
 >,.;ile, ail' 
 „t iV.'iii 
 
 I with extraordinary siici 
 
 IV VCSSCll 
 
 i;il to I'.'O tons eaili, having crews id' 
 
 fr.iiii Id t" "ill men- titled out from tlie ports of 
 
 iidlaiid, Novji Scotia Ac. 'I'lic business is 
 
 I willi a good deal of risk, and ill.^lam'es 
 
 of tli(! vessels being criished to 
 
 We 
 
 S.«l»ii 
 
 lllli'lldt'i 
 |r,,|i|i'lilly occui' 
 
 hv the (' 
 
 ollisioll of llie Ihdds of ic 
 
 1, and llic p.'iyiiii lit of llndr wajcs. 
 'I'lipso regiilalioiis dillir in dillerent countries; 
 
 while on 
 
 but in all, thcv have In 
 
 tended fo olivi,il( 
 
 the disputes ihiil luiglit ollierw i^c arise belwcrii 
 masters and scimcn in regard to the terms of tlic 
 contract between tlicm, lo secure due iduMlielice lo 
 the orders of iIk' former, ;iiii| to interest tlii' hitler 
 
 th< 
 
 iiinplcliiiii of ihi' voy.ige. 
 
 The mure, imporl.inl |iariiculars in the law (d 
 I'.ngland in regard to seiiincn ari! embodii'd in the 
 17 A- IH Vict. e. 
 following article 
 and notices id' allcralions in the law idVeidcd bv 
 
 lot, and will be found in the 
 with some occasional remarks 
 
 i,,w the following details from Mr. liliss's 
 
 I ell the 'I'ntdi; Sliitisliin ^-c. nj' Cinnnlit iinil 
 ■ Siirl/i Amtiivitii J'linscnniiinii, 
 
 ■fliiic is aiKdhcr departineiit of iIk! colonial j subseipicnl -^latiitex, (be Mei'cliaiit .Shipping .\cl. 
 
 li.li,rv HliKdi li. 
 
 IS originaled williin no di-lant ami .Vinciidmeiil 
 
 & I'll \'i 
 
 i;;! Ai 
 
 III the 
 
 Land is now of great extent an, I imporl.ince. , lirst. place it is ncc(\ssary to cniiuire. by whom they 
 
 fudds of ice which, in IIk^ months ol 
 Marth and April, drift soiithwaid from the I'olar 
 
 I1-. arc accotnpamei 
 
 hv many herds of seals; 
 
 arc found sleeping in what lire calle(l the 
 -,al meadows of the ice, and are there attaidicd 
 aiulslaiiglitiredin vast unmbers. I'ort hi.; purpose 
 
 may 
 
 lind. 
 
 I. Il'liii 1111(1/ hire Siiimcn. — Seamen have long 
 
 been snbjci'tiMl I 
 
 sition from the fraudulent 
 
 the li>he 
 
 rs of Newfoundland, from wide h island 
 
 tk.. 
 
 voyages are principally made, without 
 
 miting till the return (d spring slnill have opened 
 ■lir harlionrs, saw (di;inn(ds through the ice I'or 
 ihiir vessels, and .set sail in (piest of those drifting 
 litl.'s, tliroiiiih the openings of which they work 
 1 passage, attended with great dillicnllies and 
 ,lani;ii: till lliey encounter their ])rey on the seal 
 meaduHS. This bold and hazardous enterprise 
 leeins well cnnipensated by its success. The 
 immhir of seals thus taken is almost incredilde. 
 ,ind is greatly on the incre.ise ' (|i. 70). There 
 wore oajitureii bv the Newfoundland tishcrmen, in 
 WW. ;;7J,;i(il sisals; ill l«:i'.», ■i:!7,r)l)l. Large 
 '|ii,intitics are also taken by the Nova Scotia and 
 Liibr.idor (ishrrmcn. 
 
 Sec also ;jl'(iregnr's lirilish America, 2nd edit. 
 viil. i. p. Ki7 itc. There is a good account of the 
 sell in Laing's Voyayc to iipitzbergcn. For the 
 prici' ,)f seal oil, see Oil. 
 
 Si;.\LIN(i WAX ((Jer. .siegellack; Fr. cire 
 d'Kspagne, cire a cacheter; Ital. cera laccn, eera di 
 Spapa; Span, lacro: Huss. surgulsch). The wax 
 u.«cd fur sealing letter.s, legal instruments ,1'c. It 
 is a tompoaition of gum lac, melted and incorpo- 
 rattd with resin, and afterwards coloured with some 
 pigmem, as vermilion, verditer, ivory black itc. 
 [Lac] ■ 
 
 .'<F.AMI'',N'. The individuals engaged in navi- 
 '.•ating ships, barges Ac. npim tho high seas. 
 Iliose emjiloyed for this purpose upon rivers, 
 lali's. or canals, are denominated watermen. 
 
 Fontierly a Ihillsh senman was a natural born 
 ■ulijectof her Majesty ; or was naturalised by Act 
 I' I'arliatnent ; or made a denizen by letters of 
 Ifnizalion; or had become a llritish subject by 
 tlic conquest or cession of some newly acquired 
 territory ; or (being a foreigner) had served on 
 board her Majesty's ships of war, in time of war, 
 firtlicspaccof 2 or3 years. But tlieso distinctions 
 «cre entirely done away in 1855. It is no longer 
 necessary that British ships .should be either 
 ivhiiUy or in part manned by Briti.sh siilyccts. In 
 this respect the greatest possible license has been 
 ;,'iven to our shipowners, who are at full liberty 
 to employ all descriptions of hands, ivhcthe'r 
 native or foreign, in navigating their ships. 
 Hence the term 'seamen' now includes all persons 
 (except masters, pilots, and apprentices duly 
 imlciitured and registered), without regard to 
 their origin, 'emploved or engaged in any capacity 
 M board of any ship.' (17 & 18 Vict. c. 104, 
 Introd.) -^ « \ 
 
 Various regulations have been enacted with 
 lespect to the hiring of setvmen, their conduct 
 
 practices of persons oll'eriiig to lind them employ- 
 ment, by falsely lepresenting theiiHelves as agents 
 for, or as having an interest in ccrt;iin ships, and 
 engaging or preti'iiding to ongjige seamen to serve, 
 lliendn. Ill the view cd' obviating such practices 
 in fiiliire, il is laid down in th(' .Merchant Shipping 
 Act. the 17 S: \H Vict. c. l(ll,tliat the Hoard id' 
 Traile may gr.iiit licenses to sue h individuals as 
 it thinks lit, empowering them to engage or supply 
 seaiiKU or apprentices to inerchant ships. But, 
 with the exception, 1st, of the parties .so lieenicd; 
 2iid, of the owner, master, or mate, or iiersims 
 ill the bona tide and coiistiint einploymont of the 
 owner of a ship reipilring men or apprentices; 
 and lird, of a regularly .'ippoiiited shipping master, 
 all other parties are prohibited, under a pinalty 
 of 20/., from engaging or supplying .seamen. 
 The fidlowing an; the clauses having reference to 
 this subject. 
 
 JJiiiiril of Trailc tiutij lifciise Persons to procure 
 Seamen. — The ISo.'ird of Tnide may grant I > such 
 persons as it thinks lit licenses to engage or 
 sui)ply se.amen or npprentici^s for merchant ships 
 in the United Kingdom, to continue for such 
 jicriods, to bo upon such t(>rms, and to be revocable 
 upon such conditions, as such Board think.s 
 proper. (17 it !« Vict, c. 101 ». 111!.) 
 
 Fcnalties for supplying Seamen without License 
 ^•c. — The following ollences shall be punishable 
 as herein mentioned; viz. : — 
 
 (1) If any person not licensed as aforesaid, other 
 than the owner or master or a mate (d' the ship, 
 or .some ]ier.son who is bona lido the scr\'ant and 
 in the constant employ of the owner, or a.-^hipping 
 master duly appdnted as aforesaid, engages or 
 supidies any seaman or apprentice to be entered 
 on hoard any ship in the United Kingdom, he 
 .shall, lor each seaman or apprentice so engaged 
 or snp])licd, incur a penalty not exceeding 20/.: 
 
 (2) If any ]ier.son einph)y any unlicensed person, 
 other than persons cxce|)tc(l as above, for the 
 purpose of engaging or supplying any seaman or 
 apprentice to be entered on bo.ard any ship in the 
 United Kingdom, ho shall, for each seaman or 
 apprentice So engaged or supplied, incur a penaltj' 
 not exceeding 20/., and if licensed, shall in addition 
 forfeit his license : 
 
 (3) If any person knowingly receives or accepts 
 to be entered on board any ship any seaman or 
 apprentice who has been engaged or supplied 
 contrary to the provisions of this Act, he shall, for 
 every seaman or apprentice so engagecl or supplied, 
 incur a penaltj- not exceeding 20/. (Sec. 147.) 
 
 Penalty for receiving Remuneration from Sea- 
 men. — If any person demands or receives, either 
 directly or indirectly, from any seaman or appren- 
 tice, or from any person seeking employment as a 
 seaman or apprentice, or from any person on hia 
 
 .i)l!i 
 
 'ii 
 

 1210 
 
 si:a:sii-:n 
 
 ■i 
 
 ir 
 
 ■it 
 
 .: I 
 ' ! 
 - J 
 
 . 1 
 
 ■*'. .1.1 
 ... (j , 
 
 bilinlf, nny rcmunprntinu wlintcvrr, otlicr than 
 tlu! fops lieretiy iiiitliiiri^oil (or iirovidini; liini 
 ■with (•tii|ih)ynR'iit, he sliall. fur cvory hul'Ii (ilIViicc, 
 incur It iicniilty not cxccrdhi^; fi/. (Sco. IIH.) 
 
 'J. Conditions under which Siumin iirf to he. 
 eniidf/cd. —li\ 1h;1;) nn Act wuh pnswd (Ti & (! Wni. 
 IV^. I'. 19) of mncli iinportancu to Noan\('n, ami to 
 fKrsoMs conin'cti'd witli navigation. It laid down 
 the various forms and rcunlations to ho ohsirvcd 
 in hirinj,', payinf;, and disi:har(;int; Hoanion; c.-tah- 
 li.-'licd an olllcc for their rcj^istry; and priv^crihed 
 tilt! modi' in whicli li.sts of crews were to bo 
 transmitted to the rofii^trar. It also regulated the 
 fondilioMs under wliieh seamen nii),'ht, in certain 
 cases, he left in foroipi parts, witli a variety of 
 other particulars; at the same time that it repealed 
 sundry statutes, the provisions of which had be- 
 come ohscdete. 
 
 Further modifications were made in this system 
 in lull, by the 7 fc H Viet, c. ll'J, and again by 
 the Mercantile Marine Act of 1«,'>(), 13 & 14 Vict. 
 c. !K). The existing law regulating the conditions 
 in the agreements to he nnule with seamen, is 
 end)o<licd in the Merchant Shipping Act, 17 it \H 
 A'ict. c. 101, and the Merchant .Shipping Amend- 
 ment Act, 25 it 2(i Vict. c. 03 and 30 i- 31 Vict, 
 c. 12 1, and is as follows, viz. : — 
 
 Agreements to be made with Seiiinen, — Tlie mas- 
 ter of every shi]), except ships nf less tlnm 80 
 tuns registered tonnage, exclusively employed in 
 trading between dill'erent ports on tlic coasts of 
 the United Kingdom, shall enter into an agree- 
 ment with every seaman whom he carries to sea 
 from any port in the Unite<l Kingdom as one of 
 liis crev.' in the manner aftermentioncd; and 
 every such agreement shall he in a form sanctioned 
 by the Hoard of Trade, and shall he dated at the 
 time of the first signature thereof, and shall be 
 signed by the master before any seamen signs the 
 same, and shall contiiin the following particulars 
 ns lerms tlicreof, viz. : — 
 
 (1) The nature, and, as far as practicable, the 
 duration of the intended voyage or engagement : 
 
 (2) The number and description of the crew, 
 specifying how many arc engaged as sr ilors : 
 
 (3) The time at which each seaman is to be on 
 board, or begin to work : 
 
 (i) The capacity in which each seaman is to 
 serve : 
 
 (5) The amount of wages which each se.iman is 
 to receive : 
 
 (()) A scale of the provisions which are to be 
 furnished to each seaman : 
 
 (7) Any regulations ns to conduct on board, and 
 as to fines, short allowance of provisions, or other 
 lawful punishments for misconduct, which have 
 been sanctioned by the Hoard of Trade, as regu- 
 lations proper to bo adopted, .ind which the parties 
 agree to adopt : 
 
 And every such agreement shall be so framed as 
 to admit of stipulations, to he adopted at the will 
 of the master and seaman in each case, as to ad- 
 vance and allotment of wages, and may contain 
 any other stipulations which arc not contrary to 
 law ; provided that if the master of any ship be- 
 longing to any British possession has an agree- 
 ment with his crew made in due form according 
 to the law of the possession to which such ship 
 belongs or in which her crew were engaged, and 
 engages single seamen in the United Kingdom, 
 such seamen may sign the agreement so made, 
 and it shall not be necessary for tiiem to sign an 
 agreement in the form sanctioned by the Board of 
 Trade. (Sec. 149.) 
 
 Agreements for Foreign-going Ships to be made 
 before and attested by a Shipping Master, — In the 
 c.^se of all foreign-going ships, in whatever part 
 
 of her Majesty's dominions the somenri; ivj,'i.|,i 
 the following rules shall be obsc(ve<l with rep 
 to agri'cinents, viz. ; — 
 
 (1) Kvcry Hgrcciuent made in the riiiinj Kii 
 doni (except in the cases of a^recniciits widi . 
 Hlitutes hcreiiiaflci- provided for) shall ho ni-i 
 by each seaiiiaii in the i)reseiico of a Dliiiipi 
 master: 
 
 (2) Such shipping master shall cause tlic a^r, 
 meiit to 1)1' read over and explaiiiicl lo iaili"".i 
 man, or otherwise ascertain thai eadi mMm 
 iiiidcrslands the same before he sigin ji, auihiu 
 attest each signature : 
 
 (.'() When the crew is first engaged tho n'7( 
 meiit shall be signed in duplicalc, niul iiiiim,iii 
 shall be retained by the shipping iiiaitir, and ili 
 other part shall contain a speciid place or I'ln 
 lor the descriptions and signatures i>( .•(iil].<iiiiii( 
 or persons engag ^ subsefpienlly t,i |||(. |j^ 
 departure of the shii), and shall be ilcliveailtoiln 
 master: 
 
 (I) In the case of substitiiteii cngngod in ili( 
 place of seamen who have duly signeil the itTif. 
 ment, and whose services are lust wiihin Jl hoars 
 of tho ship's ])ut(iiig to sea, by death, desertion, 
 or other unforeseen cause, llieeiigageincii; -liaH 
 when practicable, be made bcfipn! .snnii! .sliippJDi; 
 master duly appointed in the mariner horeiiibtl'iia' 
 specilieil; and whenever such last-riU'iitioiKxlrn. 
 gagement cannot be so made, the iiia.stor -iall, 
 before the shiji jmts to sea, if practicable, aiiJ if 
 not, as soon afterwards as po.ssilile, c;iim liie 
 agreement to be read over and expluiiuil in ihc 
 seamen ; and the seamen shall thereM|iun «i;'n tin- 
 same in the presence of a witneas, wlio«li.ili.iire!t 
 their signatures. (Sec. loO.) 
 
 Foreign-goinq Ships making short Vi'mismij 
 have running Agreements. — In the ci'sofioreiiin- 
 going ships making voyages avernfriiii; loss tiian 
 () mcmtlis' duration, running agreeninits with the 
 crew may be made to extend over twner moro 
 voyages, so that no such agrecinciit jliall extend 
 beyond the next following 30th oi June, er M 
 day of December, or the first arrival of the skip 
 at her port of destination in the United Kiiii'lsi 
 after such date, or the discliargc of car-n coch- 
 qiieiit upon such arrival ; and every persiin enrtri"? 
 into such agreement, whether ciigiijicd upon th; 
 lirst commencement thereof or dthcrwise, 4ill 
 enter into and sign tho same in thenianiicrlitril'.v 
 reipiircd for other foreign-going ships ; .and (Ten- 
 person engaged thereunder, if (lif('liar;,'Cil in iht 
 United Kingdom, shall hediscliarjjcd in theiiui- 
 ner hereby required for the discliar{;e nf scimen 
 belonging to otlicr foreign-going ships. (S\'. IJU 
 Engagement and JJisrharge of SiWiien in 1^ 
 meantime. — The master of every furei>,ni-i,'ein;'l'.il' 
 for which such a running agreement a.* afor«;i 
 is made shall, upon every return to any pert in il» 
 United Kingdom before' the final termiii.iii'ii "1 
 the ngrecment, discharge or engaRo hefw tii? 
 shipping master at such port any seaman wiionnie 
 is reiiuired by law so to discharge or cu;'a?f, an ' 
 shall upon every such return indi.'so un tlif 
 ogrecmeat a statement (as the case ni(iyl<"eitlier 
 that no such discharges or engagements have been 
 made, or ore Intended to le made, beierc tlieslu? 
 again leaves port, or that all such disebar^fs «' 
 engagements have licen tlulv made as hereinWoff 
 required, and shall deliver the agrwmciits) in- 
 dorsed to the shiiiping master; ami any mi'tcr 
 who wilfully makes a false statement in fflcli 'n- 
 dorsement shall incur a penalty not e.\oecdin^ 
 20/. ; and the shipping master shall alsiy'^'" "" 
 indorsement on the agreement, to the ft ert '■"^ 
 the provisions of this Act relating to siicli agre - 
 ment have been complied with, and sliaU 
 
iiiuiiius llu- some nri' ivni-t.rcl 
 sliiiU bo obscKVcd Willi n.'i.i' • 
 
 iieiil made ill iln' I'imIhI Kiii^ 
 
 CIISCM 111' imri'rli\iilts Willi > III. 
 
 • i"iri>\ iili'il l>in sliall ho "i.'m i 
 
 ,11 iliu i.r.'^cnoc of a »lii|tiii; 
 
 jrrniiistPf shftU cau«ptlip axru- 
 ivcr luul oxiila'iiitMl to vavli •■ i 
 . iijiccrtiiiii Unit caili w.in.,,, 
 iiuii before be higii- it, uuil-iiali 
 
 ;re\v is first cnsaKod tlio airrc. 
 i-neJ ill iUii>lii'al''> »'"' "if l.ir; 
 ".y tlie Hliii>\)iii^!; master, iiml ili" 
 jcmtnin ii siiocial iilaw nrwmi 
 us mill signal uris "I' »iili;itiiuii< 
 (f I sul)^i'<iii»''i'ly to till' li^: 
 bip, ttiul sliall be diliwitd tntk 
 
 of substitutes rnnnsinl in lit 
 ivlu) bave duly Nipicil the ai'w- 
 
 servii'es arc b'st williin .'Umur! 
 
 liiij; to sea, by dcalli, il('-(rti"r, 
 ^cn eauso, tlie eiii;ancinciU -yi. 
 , be made bcl'«iri' .soino >liiii|im; 
 i/iutcd in the uianiicr liorciiilH :t 
 •believer sucb last-niomi(iiii<l.ri- 
 It be so made, the niibtcr -ImIL 
 puts to sea, if iirai'ticiiblo, anl if 
 terwards as l)ossilll^^ c;uw lac 
 , read over and exijlaiiinl t'' m 
 c seamen sliall tlierHiiii.n <i;'n ilio 
 ,cnee of ft witness, wliu.h.ill.il!ist 
 I. (Sec. 150.) 
 
 1 Ships making shnrt hmis i"ii!/ 
 „r<'enu'H(.'..-lntbec:wofl..r>i!:n- 
 
 iniiK vovanes avcraf/im li>' tlian 
 lion, rumiiii!,' agroeiiMiK Willi t.i" 
 
 Hade to extend ovor l«" er nuir 
 t, no sucb agreement Aall «to • ' 
 
 [t following 30th olJiin;,;'!"': 
 
 [,er, or the first arrival ut the •;! 
 
 lcstinationintbcL'iiitcaKiivl.i 
 or the discliargc of caru^ i"i;v 
 , arrival land every person enter, 
 cmcnt, whether entias^ed. mm 
 
 '-ment thereof or „tlicr«bo. -hJ 
 ,imithcsamcintli<'mani,M».v 
 
 lurlorcipn-goinf^sliir^-^l''':; 
 
 thereunder, il';«^''f "l! I 
 L, shall be discliar^'cd 111 the iiiM 
 
 Qedfortliediscliar,'col«* 
 her forei-n-KoiuK ships, (sot, u. 
 
 ' „„d nisrharye «/ i«"" * 
 master of every l"rfij,ni-i;'^"V^|l' 
 a runniuf: agreement a* ;*^^J 
 upon ever v return to any port!* 
 rbeforc the final torm.n*! 
 
 discharge or cngape bel « ' 
 
 I atsuchport'^.v^^'^"""':!" 
 law so to discharge or e.WJ,^ 
 
 ory such return ^^^^^ 
 'atemcnt (as the casern v^' 
 
 tschargcsorcngagem »^ ;^^i 
 Lcndedtolemade . re . 1 
 
 lort, or that all ^"''V' ,, U'fore 
 laveton<lulyraadea..h °^ 
 
 feball deliver the ag«n'^^,,, 
 
 Bhipping n'«^»^V' n^hin- 
 Lkesafalsestacmm.fn-; 
 
 fu incur >» P'^^'^l^y fal-^''^ an 
 fshipping master Bhalf^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 In the agreement, to tin 
 
 %f this Act relatngtjy^c. 
 ■en complied with, ani^ 
 
 SF.VMIO. I:; 17 
 
 ,i,.i|vor the ngreomcnt »o indorsed to the m:i.'<tcr. seaman is engaged any otVuial .shipping ii.a -Icr or 
 ,<.,.c, I,VJ.) other o'llcer iliily appointeit fiir the purpose of 
 
 Dupliailff I'f running Agrrcmviiln, — In rases in shipping seanieii" engage such seaman before Mich 
 vliiih mcli running agrecinenls are made, the . shipping master and if tin re i^ no Mieli sliipi iiig 
 iliiiiliiale Hgrcinient ri tallied by the shipping master or ollieir, then before some oi'leer of eiis- 
 ma^liT upon the first otigngenieiii iif the erew shall I tonis ; and the .-aiue rules, <pmlitieations, and 
 filhcr lie traiiMnilted to the registrar-general of 1 penalties in arc- liereiiiheliire spei'ilied with respect 
 .(■amen iiiiiiieiliately, or In" Kept by the shipping to the engagi nn lit of se;inieii before^ sbippi'ig 
 inx.ter until the expiration of the agreement, masters in the I'niled Kingchmi, shall apply to 
 a, I'll' lle.ir.l of Trade directs. (See. I'l.'!.) sncli eiigageiiieiil-i in a Ilrilisb possession ; and 
 
 fi'iid) /'!• jiaid im such iinniln'i Agi-imfnts. — npon e\ery such engageineiit siieb shipping mas- 
 ter or ofiieir i\* afore-aid shall indorse upon tlii^ 
 
 I'.irtliP purpose of determining the lees to be paid 
 ii|«in ilie engagement and di'^cliarge of seamen 
 ;ioliin!,'iiig to foreign-going s'lips which have riiii- 
 nin;,' 'igreenieiits as aforesaid, the crew shall be 
 iMiwiliTeil lobe engaged when the ngreeineiit is 
 lirsl sigiieil, and to i)e discharged when the agree- 
 niint linally terminates, and all intermeiliiUe en- 
 ja 'Piiiriit sand discharges shall be coiisiiUred to 
 iic'i'ngaKPinenls and discharges of single seamen. 
 
 (See. l.il.) 
 
 In Ihiiw Tnttlii Ship» Agreement to he. entered 
 ind) /if/iirc a Shi/ijiing Mitfler ^T. — In the case of 
 Immc trade shi|is, crews or single Renmcii may, if 
 the maiitor thinks lit, be engaged before a .shipping 
 master in the manner hereinbefore directed with 
 f^pect to foreign-going ships; and in every case 
 iimbieh the engagement is not so made, tliemas- 
 tcrftiall, before the ships put to sea, if practicable, 
 anil if hot, as ?oon afterwards as possible, cause the 
 a;;rocmciit to be read over and explained to each 
 •lanian, and the seaman shall thereupon sign the 
 -aiM' in the presence of a witness, who shall attest 
 liis signature. (Sec. 15,0.) 
 
 .V;ifrin( Agreements for Home Trade Shl/).i he- 
 Imjiiiy to mme Owners. — In eases where several 
 liiiiui; trade ships belong to the same owner, 
 itic ajrceinent with the seamen mav, notwith- 
 Maniling anything herein contained, Lo made by 
 ihc owMor instead of by the master, and the 
 Jiamrn may be engaged to servo in any two or 
 juiro of siieli ships, provided that the names of 
 lie shijis and the nature of the service are specified 
 ill llie a,i;recmcnt ; but with the foregoing ".\cep- 
 lion, all provisions herein contained which relate to 
 wjinary agreements for home trade ships shall bo 
 ijililifablc to agreements made in pursuance of this 
 'OcdiMi. (Sec. lf)G.) 
 
 I'rmhijfor Shipping Siamen withnut Agreement 
 iluhj t.reaited. — It in any case a master carries any 
 seaman to sea without entering into an agreement 
 lilli him in the form and manner, and at the place 
 anj time hereby in such case required, the master 
 ill the case of a foreign-going ship, and the master 
 <ir owner in the ease of a home trade ship, shall 
 for each such oflVnce incur a penaltv not exceed- 
 ing 5/, (Sec, 157.) 
 
 Changes in Crew to he reported.~Thc master of 
 wry forcign-giiiiig ship of which the crew has 
 Men engaged before a shipping master, shall before 
 filially leaving the United Kingdom sign and 
 send to the nearest shipping master a full and 
 iceurate statement, in a form sanctioned by the 
 1 (larJ ol Trade, of everv change which takes place 
 in liisercw before finallv leaving the United King- 
 ilom, and in default shall for each offence incur a 
 penalty not exceeding ,'',/. ; and such statement shall 
 He admissible in evidence, subject I 
 wptions. (,Scc. Vn».) 
 
 bjcct to all just ex 
 
 Smmen engaged in the Cohnies to be shipped be 
 pre some Shipping ^faster *-c.— Every master o 
 
 of 
 
 a slap who, if such ship is registered in'tlie United 
 wngdoni, engages anv seaman in any Ilritish 
 l.l«ssc.«sion, or if such shin belongs to any British 
 pwsession, engages any seaman in anv British 
 Pwscsaion other than tfint to which the ship be- 
 ™gs, shall, if there is at tlic place where such 
 
 ilore-aiu sliall inilorse n| 
 agreement an ;itleslalioii to the ell'eet that the 
 same lias been signed in his presence, .•uul other- 
 wise made as lureliy leipiirnl; and if in any case 
 such attestaiimi is iml nmde, the burden nf pniving 
 that the soiniMii was duly engaged a* hereby re- 
 ipiired shall lie uiion the master. (See. 15!l.) 
 
 Ncinnrn engngeil in Foreign I'orts to lie shi/iped 
 with the Sdneliiin iind in the I'lesenee of the Con- 
 sul. — ICvery master of a British ship wlio eng.ages 
 any seaman at any place out of her Majesty's 
 dominions in wliiel'i there is a British consular 
 ofilcer shall, befure carrying such seaman to sea, 
 procure the sanction of such otiicer, and shall en- 
 gage siieb .seaman before such ollicer ; and the same 
 rules as are her"inbefore contained witli respecl 
 to the engagement of seamen before shipping 
 masters in tlie I'liiied KingdiMn, shall apply to 
 snch engagements made before consular otlicers ; 
 and upon every such eng.agement the consular 
 otiicer shall indorse upon tlie agreement his sanc- 
 tion thereof, and an attestation to the elVect tha' 
 the same has been signed in his presence, aid 
 otherwise made as hereby reipiired ; and eveiv 
 master who engages any seaman in any place in 
 which there is a consular officer, otherwise than 
 as hereinbefore reipiired, shall incur a penalty 
 not exceeding 20/. ; and if in any case the indorse- 
 ment and attestatiiMi hereby re(|uired is not made 
 upon the agreement, the burden of proving the 
 engagement to have been made as hereinbefore 
 re(]uired sh.all lie npon the master. (See. KiO.) 
 
 liuU'S IIS to Production of Agreements and Certi- 
 ficates. — The following rules shall be observed with 
 respect to the production of agreements ard certili- 
 cates of competency or service for foreign-going 
 ship", viz. : — 
 
 (1) The master of every foreign-going ship shall, 
 on signing the .agreement with his crew, produce 
 to the .ship|)ing master before whom the .same is 
 signed ilio certificates of competency or service 
 which the said master and his first and second 
 mate or only mate, as the case may be, are re- 
 quired to possess; and upon such production being 
 duly m.ide, and the agreement being duly executed 
 as hereby required, the shipping mn.ster shall sign 
 and give to the master a ccrtiticatc to that ctlcct. 
 
 (2) In the CISC of running agreements for foreign- 
 going ships, the shipping master shall, before the 
 second and every subsequent voyage made after 
 the first commencement of the agreement, sign, 
 and give to the master, on his complying with 
 the provisions herein contained with respect to 
 such agreements, and producing to the .shipping 
 master the certificate of competency or service of 
 any first, second, or only mate then first engaged 
 by him, a certificate to that effect. 
 
 (3) The ma.ster of every foreign-going ship shall, 
 before proceeding to sea, produce the certificate 
 so to be given to him by the shipping ma.ster as 
 aforesaid, to thccoUector or comptroller of customs ; 
 and no officer of customs shall clear any such ship 
 outwards without such production; and if any 
 such ship attempts to go to sea without a clear- 
 ance, any such oiliccr may detain her until such 
 certificate a.s aforesaid is produced. 
 
 41 
 
 • Ii 
 
 I V"- 1 
 
 1 :■ 
 
 it if 
 
^1^, 7T ' — ^ 
 
 ) •• 
 
 •• . 
 
 S/iiiK. -'\h, 
 wilil rrslMi 
 
 ri's|M(t Id till' 
 
 CrrlirKillcs dl' 
 • (niilf .-liipH, 
 
 'il 
 
 l;!IH SKAMKN 
 
 (1) 'I'lic iiiiixliT (iC rvirv I'liri'iijn (f"l"*? '•'•i;' 
 hIwiII, Milliiii IM liniii's iillcr liir hlii|i'Hiirriviil ill, liiT 
 lllllll |»>i I III ili"<liii.ilii>ii ill llir I'llilrij KillKiliiiii, 
 or ii|iiii| llir ilisi'|iiir;'.i' III' till' I'll \\, tvliirlii'M r lir^l 
 liii|i|M'iis, lirlivir Kill II ii|;iiriiiriil III II Hlii|i|iiii({ 
 iiiiiiirr Ml till' pliirr : iiml iin'li hlil|i|iiiii; llla^ll'r 
 sliiill llirrrii|ii>ii y;\\f l<> llx' iimiIit ii n rliliriitr nl 
 Mirli ili'livrrv ; ilMil III! iillii IT III I'li-'liiiii'i lllllll rii'iir 
 iiiiv fiiri'i);ii (,'<iiii|? ^Iiip iiiwiinU willimil llm |irii 
 iliirliiiii I'l mil II rirlilii'Mli'. 
 
 Ami il' llii' iiiii-Irr nl' iiiiy ('nri'itjM-i^iiiMK Mlii|i 
 I'llilH III ilrllvi'l' llii'.'l(;ii riili'lii In a ^lii|i|iill|; mil' lir 
 III, till' lillir Mini ill till' liiaiilirr lnnliy iliirrlnl, In' 
 mIi.iII lor rvrry iIi'IiiiiIi iiinii ii |h nail v iml I'M'rril 
 iiiir '<!. (Sit. ir.l.) 
 
 liiiliH UK III /'niiliiiliiiit <;/' Aiinrmi iih iiiiil 
 (' ;/»7irii/('.i I'lir llumi- VVin/i' .S7/i/i';. - 'I'lir riillnvv 
 ilij; liilrrt hllilll liii iili'irvnl «i 
 lirniliii't inn III' iii^rri'iiii'iiN am 
 fiillljirli'iiry or m'lvirr Inr Im 
 vi/. ;— 
 
 ( I ) III till' I'asn III' liiiiin' Irailr sliiiiinrtnori' than 
 Kll tniii liiirili'ii, mi a);n Tiiniil hIiiiII rMrml lirMHiil 
 lllll m'\l rnllinvillf; :lOi||ii|',llim' nr iilsl nf |»i ri'lll 
 lirr, or llin lir^l iiirival nl' llin ^liiji al Inr lin.il 
 ili'sliiialimi in tint I'liilcil Kin^ilniii al'lrr mhIi 
 ilatn, iir tlin iliscliari^c nl' rar|;ii i'iiliHri|m'iil ii|>nii 
 xiH'li iinival. 
 
 ( J) Till' niaslcr nrowiicr nl' rvrry sinli 'iliip nIliII, 
 wit hi 11 'J I I lays al'lnr llin .'illlli nl' .liiiii' ami I lie .'ilsl 
 nl' hiri'iiilirr ill I'Viry yrar, Irair-mil ur ilrlivii- Id 
 siiinc xlii|i|iiii;; iiiasiir in tlir I nili'il Kiii^ilnin 
 
 I'vcry iifircrnii'iil imnli' wilhiii Ii nil Iiir iimnlliM 
 
 nrxl pn Tcilinj; siicli ilayrt ri'spi'ilnily, ami Hliall 
 also, ill I 111' cas',' nl' Innni' liailn pa: iii^jiT ship". 
 prnilin'i' 111 llic Hliippiii;; iii'siiT llin rnlilicali's nl' 
 i'iiiii]ii'li'm'y nr srrvirn i.liiili the .siiiil nia.sli'r anil 
 his lirsl iir niily iiialc, as llin ciisn may lin, iirii 
 licrcliy iripiii'i'il 111 pii'isi's'i. 
 
 (It) Till' sliippiiifjniasl IT shall llicrriipnii f^ivr In 
 the niasli'r nr owmr a ci'rlilii'aln nl' miiiIi ilclivcry 
 and pinihiclinn ; ami mi nUircr nf tiislnnis shall 
 Uraiit a (Iraranfc nr Iransiri' I'nr any ship as last 
 al'orosaiil wiljKiulllmpriKhu'liniinr.siii'h I'nrlilirali'; 
 nnil it' liny smli ship atlrmpls In ply (ir ^ii to si'ii 
 williniil siii'h I'lcaraiu'r iir Iriinsirn any sinh nllici'r 
 may tlclain lior nnlil I he said ci'rliru'ali! is pro- 
 ilnccd. 
 
 And it' till' iif^p'omriil. fur any Imini' tradn ship 
 is nol drlivi'ri'il nr transinilli'il hy llin inaslcr nr 
 iiwiirr III a shippiii^^ ni.isli'riil (ho limn and in thn 
 nianncr licrcliy diri'i'lrd, such inastir or nwiHT 
 shall I'nr I'vnrv ilcfaull incur ii pcnallv nnl, cxcci'd- 
 \\\^ Ul. (Sec." I <;•-'.) 
 
 Altiriillitm to III' void iiiilisa nllintid lo Imrv 
 lifin miulf irilli lite ('I'li.icnl of' nil I iiiiiis. — I'lvnrv 
 I'lasiiic, iiilcrliiicaliiiii, nr ajlcralinn in any siicli 
 aiiiccimiit with seamen as is rcipiircd liy llin third 
 jiarl nf this Act (except addilions sn made as 
 liereiiibefnre dincteil I'nr shippin;; snlislitnles nr 
 liersniis eii^'nged siiliscipiently In (ho lirsl departure 
 nf the ship) shall lie wholly innperalive, unless 
 proved lo liave lieeil made with the consent nf all 
 the ]ursnns interoslcd in sncli erasure, inlerlinea- 
 (ion, nr allcralinii liy the wrilleii ntleslalinii (if 
 made in her Majesty's diiinininiis)nf sonic shippiiit; 
 iiiaste;', jiistiee, ollicer of ciislnms, or other pnlilic 
 functionary or (if made out of her Majesty's do- 
 iniiiinns) nf a lirilish eonsiilar ollicer, or, whore 
 there is no such ollicer, of two respcctablu Itrilisli 
 iiiorchanls. (See. l(i;!.) 
 
 Pmalli/ forJ'iilsifi/iiKi Agreement. — I'' very person 
 who fraudulently alters, assists in fraudulently 
 alterintr, nr procures to ho fraudulently allored, <ir 
 makes, or assists in niakiiif:;, or procures to bo made, 
 any false entry in, nr delivers, assists in delivoriiifr, 
 or'procuros to be delivered, a false copy of any 
 
 lllllll, 
 
 iU'.ri'i'nii'lll, sliall for each niicIi nnViiice In 
 ({Hilly nf a MiiMlemi'anor. (Sec. (ill.) 
 
 Siiiiiiiii mil lit I.I- hoiinil III /iiiiiliiii- .liiriinirni 
 Any seaimiii may hriii^; torwanl ivhIii'm-,. t,, 1,^,] 
 the c iiiliiiN of iiiiv ai^rri'iiieiit nr iiilii'rHi<i.|„ . '! 
 port his case, williiiiil prnduciii); or Liiviiii; ||„(:' 
 III piniliict! llie ii^n eiiHiil, or any enpy tliir,,', 
 (Sec. Mill.) 
 
 ' '"/','/ <'/ •IHriillinil III III- llliiili- iir,;„il,l, I 
 
 (Vi'M.- 'the inasler sliiill at llircoimiii imni „ 
 
 every viiyiif,'!' or ennau'eimiit cause a li i;il)|i ,■„,!! 
 Ill' the ajjieeiiielll, (iilliiltin^; the sii,'iiiituns) |„ |; 
 placed nr polled up ill hiicIi pari nf tin sli||, „, |^ 
 he acccMsilile In the crew, and in del'aiill ■,||;||| f„ 
 each oU'eiii e incur a peimlly iiul cnci nlin.' •,/ 
 
 (Sec. ii;i;.) 
 
 Siiiiiiin ilUiliiiriinl livfnri- I'lii/iii/f In Im,.,. j;,,^, 
 lininiiliiin. -Any Maiiiaii who liiis sinned an n^,,,,, 
 nieiil, and is aflerwards diseliar),'i'il lieinn. ||„ 
 coiiiiiieiicemelit nf the vovane, i,r lielnri' i,|ii< 
 I I iiiiilli'.H wa;'.ei are earned, willnml fjiuji „„ |,j, 
 I part juitifyin^jc such di'<cliar),'e and wiilinm i,;, 
 I ciiliHi'llI, sliiill leelililled to receive liiiiii |||iii|;|,. 
 j ter nr nwinr, in iidililioii in any wa:,e,i {»■ i,,,,, 
 have earned, due cniiipensalinu I'nr ihe i|;iiii;|,',. 
 I tlierehy caused In him, unl e.xei'ediii;; ciiie iininiij'^ 
 I waj^cs, and may. on addiiciiit,' such eviili'iicpai ilic 
 cniirl lieiirin;; llic cine deeiiiH satislacli rv "! |ii< 
 j having heeii sn impropei 1\ iliscliar(,'eil nsiilnri>s'ii,|, 
 I reciiver such compi'iisation as if il Were wiifjcs (July 
 earned. (Sec. I I'm.) 
 I Tlin Hlaliite does nnl render a verbal ndriPiiiont 
 I fur wa^ji's alisohilely void ; Iml it impii'i'»..i|i,.||3i|v 
 
 on I he master if a wriheii aj;reemeiii 1 1 1„.|,|,', 
 
 .And no wriileii a;;ri'eiiii'iit ennirarv 1" llii'.\i'i. In- 
 j which a seaman should reiiniiiice aii.v jii>i iu'lii, 
 such as his claim to wanes in ilie c;iM'iiHliiiMiis 
 of the ship. III sal\ 11^0 itc., would hiMMlil. Wlini 
 a wrillen anreemeiil is made eoiifnrmnlily li' the 
 .\el, it liecnines the, only evidence nf llir luniarl 
 between the parlies; and a scain.iii raimut rr- 
 I cover aiiylhiiiK agreed lo he niviii in ri'Winl 
 for his services, which is lint specilioii in ;|ie 
 nrticlc-i. 
 
 I A seaninn who lins otiKaRnil to serve mi hoarla 
 iiliip, is bound to exert himself In lie.' ii|niii,t in 
 j the service of such ship; niid, tlierol'.iri', ,i ;r - 
 mis(^ made by llie master of a ship in J:>ir 
 lo |iay an extra sum to n seam.in, as .in iiMi. 
 nienl lo extranrdiiinry c.xcrtinu nii his pan. ii 
 wlinlly void. 
 
 ;i. Ciiiiiliiil of Siinnrn — It is essi'iitiiil In l!ii' 
 business of iiavinalioii that llie innst |iri>m|il,i'il 
 ready obedience should he paid In llio Invfnl i '. 
 inands nf the ma-li^r. Tn this efl'ecl il i- " 
 iianled in tlii^ arlicles of nKrceiiii'iit i>ro\i i- 
 ri'l'erred In, that 'the crew eiii,'at,e tn I'D'ii. 
 themselves in an nrderly, faillil'iil, lieinst, i.iri' 
 and sober manner; and to he at all liiiii'^<liii:i: 
 in their respective duties and sla'.inns. ,iiiil l" 
 nbedieiit (o llii^ lawful eniiinianils nl' llu' ni:i-> 
 in evcrylliiuf^ relaliiif; to the said ship, ai; i ::: 
 materials, stores, and cargo thereof, whrilior u I 
 hnard such ship, in boats, or on sliorc.' 
 
 In ease nf disohediciice or di.'ionlt'rly I'l'".!-!! 
 on the part nf (Ik; seamen, the masler eiay iW 
 them ill a reasnnablo inaiiner. Such iintliiin;.vs| 
 alisnlutely necessary for (he safety ef thi' >hiii 
 of those on board. " It, Imwever, l)cli(voMlier*-j 
 ter to employ it with k'''''1' delilier.'itiun..W'l i ■! 
 to pervert the powers wiili wliicli ho i^ iiiini*J| 
 for the K<'i>'l <'l ''"' "hnle, 1.. cniol or viiulicmfl 
 purpoHO.s. Masters abusinK iheir aiithonryinB| 
 answer at law fnr the coii.''e(iiioiicc? ; .iiiil. oxiffj 
 under very grave and urgent eiroum';i.ini'i'>. luf 
 iiilliclion of chastisement willioiit I ' ' "J 
 (luiry should be carefully avoided, Bnt m ciitui 
 
 I i- 
 
SKAMKN 
 
 ■li n\\f\\ iilT«'iiii' 1«' ill II I 
 
 ,r. (S.'i'. Ii'il.) 
 nil Ik inoiliiir .li/rnminl. 
 , |,,r\viirili viilriirilni.riiu- 
 v.iiiiiil (.riMlii'rvvi'O'l" ;, 
 pr.iilurim; "t niviiit; H'U.. 
 iiinil, "f iiiiy ''ty lli'f "1. 
 
 7 l„ hr H"i'/i' iti'i>"ililr h. 
 mil 111 ll"' I'l'iuiniiii'iimul ..i 
 ^(.|m■lll I'liii'"' •> I't;'!''' '"I'V 
 i.iltint,'lli«' >-iniii>l>i><M I" Ih 
 , „,„.l, ,,;.rl ..!■ llM -IniMH iM 
 r,\v, nii'l ill (I'Imill -liiill (■ r 
 I liiiiillly 'i"l '■'<'•" il'"- ■'• 
 
 / hrfiirc \'i<;iiiiif l» 'i'"''' <'"" 
 
 vviinlt aisrliurt;iil l"l"f Hi. 
 ,1„, v..viiu>', '■>■ ,'"'"'" ';'" 
 ,.iinic.l,'wiilii"il liiiill nil 1.1- 
 
 I, ,U^>'lii>>-^;'' I""' ""'""" '" 
 ,,i\,.,lt<>r.'iTivf Iri.iutliMii;!- 
 ,,,,i,i„„ i„ uiiy «a..'s I..' iu:iv 
 ,.,„„,„.„s,ili..ii U>r 111.' il.im:u- 
 '„„,,,^,,„MlMi-m.rnumi > 
 
 ,,,,„. .l.M'ius «iUi-.liiHaV", 1;h 
 
 ,,r„i,rvlv.li>"'l'"fj;'">"^ '"""'■;"• 
 ;,,„ati.mii«irilwn'WW^'l"l; 
 
 ',;\„.t. rcn.l.T 11 vcrlul affimm 
 
 .ivv.iKi; I"'''" ■mn"'-«'''i'i''™"y 
 
 ,,,.,...M.c'..f"">'-iirvi"il"-\"'^ 
 
 . wilMCM ill I 11' fi^''"l 1'"'"" 
 K;;^^'u"»l->'-v,.li!.Wli;n 
 
 ' .,l.lv.■v.a...l^■"|>l-;""»;• 
 ',i,.s; uiul 11 HOiiinmi .;ami.l I- 
 '1,-o.Ml tol«' Hiv.-..,m'.-:>r' 
 ' Vl.idi i. 1i..t ^l-'""" '" ■'" 
 
 I? "rUimsrirtollieu'''-.'^ 
 
 ',,. uiK^-'''- .'l-'V^M'""'-'- 
 ^'n^tou-amanasimi... 
 
 . r. .. It i< cHfont'ml 111 t!«> 
 
 tlu-somm'M.Uicm^ j.,,^ 
 
 ,it^vitll groat ' ',,, j, bim*'^ 
 .„„vrrs «■''''"'" „a or viiufetiv* 
 
 mil nr I'I'i II lllilliliy, tir nf ^rcms MiiNi'iiMcliii I hy 
 . (irW III' any liart nl' llii'iii, it iiiiiy lii' iiiiiiiii 
 
 III Mil llii' ma 
 
 . r''V nil 
 
 ill r to art III iiiii'i' willi all lln 
 
 I ijiriNliill III wliirll III' i^ rii|ialilr. Ill 
 
 ill iiriliiiliiiiair raT< liM n 
 
 'Hlaiir 
 
 1,1 Hill llrtrlli' 
 iii-ri|llilii'i"< 
 
 iml 1.4 
 ill ill It 
 
 Ih 
 
 '•friillir* MM 
 
 iiiisiilirrij ill nil 
 
 III r « 
 
 liiil III' \ , w. Till' I inii 
 r'tlliriiii ami \\ i^liy ilrrhirr llial ii iiiiiii 
 huslriltri III'' iiialir hliiill iidiir pay a (iiir 
 .V lii-i ri^lit liaiiil , a HiiiKular nn will an 
 liirl,iiri.in alliriiiitivi', iiiiUiiiiwii in iiioilcrii juris 
 
 |iriHliiiii'. 
 Iliil iillluiiiKli ""' 'iia'''''' may liy I'liric risiraiii 
 
 Ihr iiiiuiiii Mipii III' I'll <, III' lia^ Mil Jiiil'rial nil 
 
 lli'irilv iiM'T iir ri^lil tu |iiiiii-li lln' rriiniii.'il, Iml 
 1, liwii'iiil III Hi'i'iiri' 'li'* |ii'i'iiii ami liriir; liiiii lir- 
 iMfi' u |irii|ii'i' liiliiiiial. Anil nil jiiilirri <>\ II 
 
 li ilay< |my or an,- ix|iriisr.s 
 
 ivliirli 
 
 lii'i'ii 
 
 I'JMI 
 |iii> 
 
 I riy iiiiiiiriil in liiriin; ii Milwlitiih'. 
 
 (li) {'or iisaiilliiii; liny iiiantir nr inati' ln' sliall 
 III' lialili' III ini|irisiiiiiiii>iil |i>r imy iiiriiiil iml r\ 
 I rciliii); I'i ucili^, uiili III- williiiiil liaiil l.iliniir. 
 
 (V) I'lir rnmliiniii^; «illi any nll.rr nr nlln'ii nl' 
 
 till' (Tew In ilisiilirv lliwrnlrnllinianili. nr In ni;',|rrl 
 
 lllll \ , 
 
 II 
 
 nr In iniliri 
 
 ll'll 
 
 ir liavi(;alinn 
 
 till' '-lll|i nr 
 
 IT nil: I'lin.n 
 
 wi'ri'il III irri'ivK inl'nrnwilinii 
 
 i"ii(liiiiK niiy ''Ii'l'i |iiiai'>'i lilniiy, nr rnli 
 
 jury ii|iiiii llii^ ^''''ii 
 
 anil In niiiniiit tlm nlVin 
 
 iiimiit mil 
 
 trial 
 
 0//; 
 
 /V«i.</iiH>'"/- — NVIii'iii'Vi'i 
 liiin 
 
 „/ S 
 
 I /Ifi/iniitin H mill Ifti'ir 
 
 any M'aiiian wlm lias 
 
 laHliilly i'ii;,'ani'il or any a|i|iri'nl iiT In llir 
 
 m |irn"ii-.( III' tlir vnyanc. In' ^liiill lir lialilr In 
 iin|iri .niiliii III I'nr any jutI'mI tml. «\ii nlill;; \i 
 Weill", .,:tli nr uillim'il linril l.ilii.iir. 
 
 (H) I'nr wiH'iilly dam it;iiij; lliii t'lii|i, nr iin- 
 lii'/./linj; nr wiltiilly i|ania:;iiii; any nl hir Inrr-i 
 nr riir:>n, III' ^liall Im li;il>|i' In In'rl'iit mil nl' liiH 
 wa^'r-i a :. lllll I'ljii'll ill aillninil In Ilir In^s llirrrliy 
 
 Hiislaini'il, an 
 
 lal- 
 
 ll till' ili-irl'i'tlnn nl' till' rnlirl, 
 
 In ini|iriMiiiiiii'iit liir any |ii riml iinl. cxri 
 Will. I, Willi nr williniit. Iianl liilmur. 
 
 ('■>> \' 
 
 it' hiniltitirni;;- 111' wliirll llll I.H 
 
 n MTVin 
 
 rniiniiilM any nl llii' Inllnwin;^' i 
 
 llnii 
 
 cnnvirliil, .'iiiij will ri liy lim nr llama;;!' is ncca- 
 
 innril In Ilir nia-'lrrnr nwiirr, III' MJiali lilt iialijn 
 
 In |iay In sni'li nia^lir nr nwnrr mhIi a sniii ai U 
 
 ■ iilliiii Ml In ri'iinliiirHi' llir iiiaslir nr nwinr I'nr 
 
 Mill In-.s nr llama;.''!' ; ami ilir wlinlr nr 
 
 a |iin|inr- 
 
 liniiali' |iarl nl IiIh wa;;i'^ may I"' rrlaiiiril in sail i 
 rai'li'iii nr (III airntiiil. nl' -iii'li lialiilily witlimil. 
 Iiri'inilli'i' In any I'lirllH'r rrninly. (Srr". 'Jl.'l.) 
 
 J-.'illl 1/ nf (llliiiiil III In: iniiilf ill Oj/i' ill/ /.III/. — 
 l'|inn III!' I'liiinni-iiinn nl' any nf Ilir nll'iiici:! I'liii- 
 iMirali'il in llii' la-il. pri ri lii'ii; siiiimi an nilrv 
 llnri'iil' shall Im iiiaili- in tin' nllirial In;; Imnk 
 I l.iMi, Oil i< i,\i, |, mill shall In' si(j;nii| hy the 
 lilM'-Irr anil .il>n liy llii> iiial<' nr nun nl ihit rnw ; 
 ami lint nll'i'iiili'i', il' slill in tin' ship, shall, lii'lnrit 
 llll' next ariiv.il nl' Ihi' Nlii|i at any pnri, nr il' slin 
 i^ at llll' llnii' in pnrt, Inlnrit Inr ilcparliiii', rillirr 
 lin riirnishi'il with a mpy nf siirli (tnlrynr li;iv(! 
 Ihc sanii' nail nvrr ilislinilly ami amliMy In him, 
 ami may thcnnpnii m;ihit sni'li reply I herein as he 
 IliinUs I'll ; ami a slalcim nl. that a enpy nl' Iho 
 saiil eiilry has lieen sn I'lirni-iheil, nr I hat the saino 
 has liei'ii sn reail ever as alniesaiil, ami the reply 
 (if any) in;|i|i' liyllie nlleiiiler, shall likewise ho 
 eiilereil ami si;;ni'il ill inaiiiier alnre-'aiil ; ami in 
 aM3' snhseipieiit le;;al prni'eecliii;;s the entries liere- 
 iiilielnre riijiiiri'ij shall, il' praitlii'iihle, he prmlnceil 
 nr priiMij, ami in iliiailll. nf xinli prmlilelinii or 
 prnnl' the eniirl hearing; the ease may. at. its (Hh- 
 eretinii, nln^e to reeeive cviikliee. ol' llni oll'ulict', 
 (See. -J II.) 
 
 Siiiiiint \i; irhoiii .^ranli'tH nf Sliijif lire I'oin- 
 jiil/vil III iiiiirii/, III In: niilijrit In J'lnnltiis J'lir 
 Hiviiili of DUi-ipliiif. — Kvery sealarin^ per.snii 
 wlinin the mailer of any Hliip is, mnler the aulhn- 
 rily III' this Aet nrofany nlher Ail nl' I'Mrliameiit, 
 eninpilled In take nil hnaril ami ennvoy, and every 
 |iersnn who i^nes to sea in aiij' ship withdiit tho 
 enireiit. nf the iiiasler nr owner nr otlior I'cr.son 
 eiililled to (;ive siieli consent, phall, .so InliH as he 
 ri.'m.iins in siieh ship, he. su'ijoet to tho same laWH 
 and re;;iilatiniis for preservini; diseipline, ami to 
 tint same penalties ami piini.shineiit.s fnr nU'eiicoH 
 enn^tiliitiii;; or lending; In a hreaeli of disei- 
 pline. In wliieli ho wcailil ho suhjeet, if ho were a 
 ineinher of iho crew and had sigiit'il tho ngreenieiit. 
 (See. -jir..) 
 
 Miinlir or Owner miiy iipprehoul Ih'si'rli:rs, 
 williiiiit Wiirriinl. — W'heiiover, cither at tlio com- 
 inemement nr ilnriiiK tho prnjjrcss of any voynfjc, 
 an .' seaman or apprentice iiej^lects nr refiises to 
 jnin or deserts frnni or re fuses to proceed to sea 
 in any ship in which he is duly cn;;a;;cd to servo, 
 or is found ntlienvise ahseiitiiif; himself tliitr, fn<r»' 
 without leave, tho master or any mate, or llio 
 owner, ship's husband, or consi(;p'e. may, in any 
 
 . place in her Majesty's dnniiniiris, with nr without 
 
 ( 'JL^'Wience or iicgU'cl, either a sum not exceeding the assistance of the local in,)ico officers '."' con- 
 
 ' 4i 2 
 
 III' sliiill II' lialile In he punished siiiiimarily lu 
 InIIiiu's viz. :— 
 
 (1) Kdrileserlimi he shall he liaMe In inipri-mi- 
 
 iiiiiil liiniiiy 1 1 riml iml exeeediiu; I'.! weeks, with 
 
 ti.r miliuiil. Iiaiil lalimir, ami alsn In firleji all nr 
 
 ,WV |i.lll III llle einllies and ell'eels he le.'IVes nil 
 
 imlinl, .'lllll nil nr any pari nf llie wa;,'es nr emn- 
 
 lutnnil-i whiili hit has I hen e.'iriied, ami al .n, if 
 
 -lull ili'sirliiJll lakes place ahrnail, nl the ili.-ere- 
 
 limi (if llll' I'lilirl, In Inrleil all nr any p.'irt nf Ihe 
 
 «,iL'(ii.r I'liHplumeiiis he may earn In any nlher 
 
 »lil|i ill wllii'll lie may he einplnyed nillil his lie.^t 
 
 Miini to the li'niled Kiiigilniii, ami to satisfy 
 
 any i'.xiwh nf wag"s paid hy the master nr 
 
 uniliT nf tlie ship Irnni whieh he deserts to any 
 
 ■iili-litiitc i'iit,';igeil ill his place at u higher rale nf 
 
 «;ii;i» lliiin the rale slipiihiled In l«' paid In him. 
 
 rj) Fnr iii';,'leelilig nr refnsini,', willmnl reasnn- 
 
 alil' riiuie, III jnin his ship, nr In prneeed In sea in 
 
 III- -lllll, nr I'nr ali.seiiee williniil leave at any lime 
 
 uiiliiii '^1 hears of the ship's sailing fmin any 
 
 l-rl ritlicr at the cnmnieiieemeni, nr ilnring the 
 
 I'fi L.'1'i'vs nf any voyage, or Inr ahsence at any 
 
 liiiii; williniit leave ami wii'lmut siillieieiit rea-nii 
 
 irm his sliiji nr frnm his duly iinl amniinling In 
 
 iliMTlinii nr lint treated as such hy the master, he 
 
 -li'ill III' lialile In iniprisnmnent fnr any period nm 
 
 'XiiiMin;; III weeks, willi or without liaid lahmir, 
 
 .'iii'l al-n, at the (liseretinu nf the court, In fnrli'il 
 
 "It "I lii.s wages a sum nnl, exceeding the .'inn. nut 
 
 "I i liuy.s' pay, and in addition, for every 'l\ hours 
 
 "I ali-cnce, either a Hum not exceeding II days' 
 
 |!iy, nr any expenses whieh have been properly 
 
 iiiriirnil ill hiring n suhslilute. 
 
 'i) For (|uitiiiig the ship without leave nflitr 
 hir arrival at her port of delivery and ln'fnre she 
 is jilaciil ia sceiirily, ho sliall he liiihlo to fnrh'it 
 nut nf his wages a sum mit exceeding 1 month's 
 |iay. 
 
 (Ij For wilful disohcdienec to any lawful com- 
 maiiil he shall he Ijahle to imprisnnnient I'nr any 
 wnnl tiot exeeiiliiig \ weeks, with or wit limit 
 lianl laliniir, and also, at the discretion nf the 
 I'liiin. In forfeit nut of his wages a sum tint ex- 
 Ctfijiii;; 2 days' ])ay. 
 
 '■') Fnr toiiiiiiued wilful (lisoljedicnce to lawful 
 "inmanils, nr tontiuued wilful neglect of duty, 
 hall lie liable to iinprisniiment fnr any pel iml 
 jM ixcfciling VI weeks, with or withnut hard 
 "ilmur, .■uiU also, at the discretion of the court, to 
 '; "lit, fnr every ".it hours' continuance of such 
 
 1,1. 
 
i 1 
 
 
 ■f 
 
 ■ •■■•!:• :f ';;.'- "i 
 
 ^■! 
 
 
 .^ . 
 
 , 
 
 *;. ( 
 
 •a 
 
 
 .1 
 
 
 1 I. 
 
 ,. 1 1 
 
 
 .:.^r 
 
 
 
 '-.'.'»■ 
 
 5 
 
 
 V >li 
 
 i 
 
 li 
 
 ; a : 
 
 1220 
 
 SI'.AMl'^N 
 
 BlablL , wlio arc hereby ilircctPvl to give the anme, 
 if ipqiiirod, nnd (ilso at. any place nut of her Ma- 
 jesly'.-i iloiMiuioin, if i"iil so far as the laws in 
 I'oro- at siiili |i1m(.'o will permit, appi'dicii'l liini 
 nilhoul lir^t procuriiifj a warrant; and may lliorc- 
 upon in any case, and uliall in Viw. lie so r. iiircM 
 aiid il is |irailieabU', oouvev him before some 
 eourl capable of taking; eo^nisanee of the mailer, 
 '.o bo dealt with acconljiii to law; and may, for 
 the purpose of conveying hin> before suili court, 
 detain liim in custody for a period not e-a-eedini; 
 21 hours, or Kueli shorter time as m.'iy be iieces- 
 :w>ry, or may. if he di.es not so require, or if there 
 is no cucli court at oi near the place, at onrc con- 
 vey him on bo.ard; nnd if any such apprehension 
 appears lo flic court before which the case is 
 brou;{lit to Imvc been made on improper or on iii- 
 siirticiont g.'ounds, the ma^ ler, mate, owner, ship's 
 husband, or consignee wlio makes the same or 
 '•auses the same lo bo made, shall incur a penalty 
 not cxcccdin;; 20/.; but such penalty, if inllicted, 
 Hh.all be a bar to any action for false imprison- 
 ment in respect of such apprehension. (Sec. 
 2-10.) 
 
 Deserters mm/ be sent on board in lieu of being 
 imprisoned, — VVliencvcr any seaman or apprentice 
 is brouglit before any court on tl.e ground of his 
 having neglected or refused tx) join or to procee<l 
 10 sea in any ship in which he is cng;;!,cd to 
 sci'vc, or of liaving deserted or otherwise r.Vsent- 
 cd himself thereironi without leave, such court 
 na.iy, if the master or the owner or his agent so 
 requires, instead of committing the offender to 
 prison, cause hi n to be conveyed on board for the 
 purpose of proceeding on the voyage, or deliver 
 him to the master or any mate of the ship, or the 
 owner or liis agent, to be by them so conveyed, 
 and may in such case order any costs and ex- 
 penses properly incurred by or or behalf of the 
 master fir owner by reason of the offence to be 
 paid by the oHeiider, and, if necessary, to be de- 
 ducted from any wages whicli he has then earned, 
 or which, by virtue of liis then existing engage- 
 ment, he maj- aftcnvards earn. (Sec. 247.) 
 
 Seamen imprisoned for Dtiertion or Breach of 
 Discipline may be sent on board before Termina- 
 tion of Sentence. — If any seaman or apprentice is 
 imprisoned on the ground of his having neglected 
 or refused to join or to proceed to sea in any ship 
 in whicli he is engaged to serve, or of having 
 deserted or otherwise ab ,ented himself therefrom 
 without leave, or of hi.i having committed any 
 otiier breach of discipline, and if during such 
 imprisonment and before his engapremcnt is at an 
 end his services are required on board his ship, 
 any justice may, at the request of the master or 
 of tlie owner or his agent, cau.se such searran or 
 ap))renlicc to be conveyed on board his said ship 
 for the i)urpoPe of proceeding on the voyage, or 
 to bo delivered to the master or any mate cf the 
 khip or to the owner or his agent, to be by tliem 
 so conveyed, notwithstanding that the termination 
 of the period for which he was sentenced to im- 
 priiionment lias not arrived. (Sec. 248.) 
 
 Jintries and Certificates oj Desertion abroad to be 
 copied, sent home, and admitted in JKvidencc. — In 
 all cases of desertion from any buip in any place 
 abroad the master sliall produce the entry of such 
 desertion ii; the oflicial log book to the person or 
 pertoiis hereby required to indorse on the ague- 
 mcnt a certificate of such desertion; and such 
 ]K'iM)ii or ;)er?ons .shall thereupon make and cer- 
 tify a f ,>y of such entry and also - copy of the 
 said cert ilicalo of desertion; and if .such person 
 is a public functionary he shall, and in other 
 cases the said master shall, forthwith transmit 
 such copies to Iho registrar-general of seamen in 
 
 I'.ngland; and the said registrar .shall, if rcriiii;o,i 
 cause the Si.me to be produced in .'.ny lci;,il -r 
 cceding; and such copies, if purportir.;^ to ji,. 
 'iiado and cerliliea as aforesaid, and crrtiiicd l, 
 have come from the custody of the :.ai(l rcjl.^irar 
 sliall in any Icgi.l jirocccdiiig relaliii:,' (o miI,' 
 desertion be recci\td iis eviilencc of the cntrii'. 
 therein apjiearing. (See. 219.) 
 
 Facilities for provinii Desertion, so far as om 
 eerns forfeiture of Waijes. — Whenever a qiiiMi(,n 
 ••irises wlietlier the wages of any seaman i r a-,- 
 |u-eiitice are forfeited for descrtioii, it shall lip Miifi. 
 cicht for the parly insisting on the Ibrfcitur,. i 
 show that such seaman or a|)prenticc was univ 
 ennJiged in or that he belonged to the sliip friim 
 wliicli he is alleged to have deserted, ami tliai 
 he quitted such sliip before the compleiion of (1,,. 
 voyage or engagen'ent, or if such vovagewas ti 
 terminate in the i'nited Kingdom a'lul the -Vi, 
 lias not returned, that he is absent fmin lar, an • 
 tliat an entry of the desertion has heon diilv 
 m.ade in the official log book ; and thcroiipnn lU 
 desertion shall, so far as relates to anv fdrlVitun' 
 of wages or emoluments under the' p^ovi<i^)ll^ 
 hereinbefore contained, be deemed to be proved. 
 unless the seaman or apprentice can proiliioo ;i 
 ))ropcr certificate of discharge, or can othcreiso 
 show to the satisfaction of the court tli.it lipiial 
 sufficient reason for leaving his ship. (See. iinj 
 
 Costs of procuring Imprisonment may to il,' 
 extent of 61. be deducted from Wages. — Wliciifvor 
 in any proceeding relating to seamen's waRos it i< 
 shown that any seaman or apprentice li,is in ttf- 
 course of the voyage been convicted of any oi- 
 fente by any competent tribunal and riKJii'iiiilv 
 punished therefor bj' imprisonment or otiifmisr, 
 the court hearing the case may direct a part of 
 the \>ages due to such seuman, not exceeding; "/,. 
 to be applied in reimbursing any cost: [iropcrly 
 incurred by the master in procuring such ton- 
 viction and punishment. (Sec. 251.) 
 
 Amount of Forfeiture how to be ascirtmned 
 when Seamen contract for the K'-<nof.— Wtion- 
 ever any seaman contracts for wages by tlio 
 voyage or by the run or by the shiiii', and im 
 by the month or other stated period of tiiiK, ilie 
 amount of forfeiture to be incurred under tli:> 
 Act shall be taken to be an amount beariiv: tiw 
 same proportion to the whole wages or share .i- 
 a calendar month or other period (aa the o,i'i 
 may be) bears to the whole time spent in tlie 
 voyage; and if the whole time spent in ilii 
 voyage docs not exceed the period for whali tin 
 pay is to bo forfeited, the forfeiture shall exicnl 
 to the whole wages or share. (Sec. ?52.) 
 
 Application of Forfeitures. — All clothe.'!, clf.ct-. 
 wages, and emoluments which under the provi- 
 sions hereinbefore contained are forfeited fur lie- 
 sertion e'vill be applied in the first instance in ^r 
 towards . e reimbursement of the expenses mca- 
 sioiied by sucli desertion to the master or onner 
 of the ship from which tl'c desertion has taken 
 place ; and may, it earned subsequently I" the 
 desertion, be recovered by such master, or by the 
 owner or his agent, in the same mnnner as the 
 deserter miglit have recovered the same il tli'y 
 had not been forfeited ; and in any legal proceed- 
 ing relating to such wages the court may order 
 the same to be made accordingly; and, subiect lo 
 such reimbursement, the same shall be pani "'I" 
 the receipt of her Majesty's cKcliequer in su:h 
 manner as the Treasury mav dir<(t, and shall "i- 
 carried to and form part of the cuiLsolidated liiml 
 of tie United Kingdom ; ami in all other cases, ol 
 forfeiture of wr.ges under the provisions herein- 
 before contained the forfeiture shall, in i™ " >- 
 sence of any specific directions to the contrarj, l* 
 
SEAMEN 
 
 r-'iji 
 
 ill ro^'i^lMf shall, if ioi|iii,,a, 
 e proiliiocd in -'.ny lci;iii , ;,. 
 •opioM, if purportir.i; toll, .. 
 [\s iifiiroaaid, and eprliliiil t,, 
 cuslddy of tlu' ;-ni(l rc^'l^irar, 
 proi'i'i'dinj; relalin:,' to m,,!. 
 (I as ovidcncc of the cmr; > 
 (Spc. i>l!>.') 
 
 riiKj Desertion, so fur as om- 
 ll'iiyen. — AVlioncver a quiMimi 
 wa^cs of any sonmaii i r ;i;,- 
 il for desertion, it shall lio mii!:- 
 insisting on the fdrfciturr i , 
 :imnn or apprenticf wns duly 
 he belonged to the slii|i tiim 
 d to have deserted, ami iIi.h 
 p lieforc the coinplelion of ili, 
 'ent, or if such voyage was i . 
 'nited Kingdom aiul tlie ■!i;ii 
 liat lie is absent from livr, anl 
 the desertion has been duly 
 I log book ; and thereupon !!,■ 
 far as relates to any fiirtViiurc 
 lumcnts nndcr the provisijii, 
 lined, bo deemed to be pruvii', 
 1 or apprentice can prodiicc a 
 of discharge, or can othcr«is» 
 iction of the court that ho ha I 
 ir leaving his ship. (Sec. 'i.i".i 
 ring Imprisonment may lo (*' 
 ducted from IKapfS.— Wliciiovor 
 relating to seamen's wages it i* 
 ;aman or apprentice has in the 
 yagc been convicted of any ol- 
 npetcnt tribunal and rlKhiiiuly 
 • by imprisonment or otlienvi-c, 
 J the case may direct a part i>l 
 'such seaman, not exccedinij V.. 
 reimbursing any cost,! properly 
 master in procuring such con- 
 bment. (Sec. 251.) 
 arfeiture how to be nscerl.iiiipd 
 ntract for the r-'acc.JYhen- 
 rt contracts for wagc:i by tlio 
 run or by (he shai.', and na 
 other stated period of lime, tlie 
 tare to bo incurred imdet llr- 
 n to be an amount bparin;;ili'' 
 to the whole wages or shaa' a> 
 I or other period (as the ca.i 
 ) the whole time spent m t ic 
 the whole time spent iii i h 
 pxceed the period for whuh tlir 
 pted, the forfeiture shall extcnl 
 >3 or share. (Sec. ?52.) 
 {Forfeitures.— KVi clothes, efiat-, 
 'irocnts which under the provi- 
 contained are forfeited for w- 
 >plied in the lirst instance in ^r 
 iurscmcnt of the expenses («a- 
 
 isertion to the master or mne 
 , which the desertion has tak. 
 it earned subsequently to lie 
 ..credbv such master, or by no 
 
 nt,in the same manner a> 
 ive recovered the same il m 
 ited;andinanyle§alproc«- 
 ichwage^ the court may or 1 
 
 kdc accordingly; and, «ibic 
 fnt, the same shall be paid in 
 Ir Majesty's exchequer. U| 
 >surymaydir.ot,an sla "^ 
 in part of the cnisohdated ta 
 ■gdL;imdinalIothe«» 
 
 sunder the provifn' too ^ 
 
 the forfeiture shall, .n««^ 
 
 directions to the coutran.iH- 
 
 f,r the b'ncfit t' the master or owner by whom 
 il,f wages arc pp^yable. (Sec. •J.'i.'i.) 
 
 Quntiiiiis of Forfeitures may be tlevidrd in Suits 
 i;,r irni/cs.— Any (lucstioii fdiicorning the for- 
 Viiture I'r or deduelioiis from the wages of any 
 - ainan nr apprentice may !•" di'tcrinincd in any 
 1,'occediiig lawfully instit'itod with respect lo 
 -mil wages, niit'vithstauding that the orj'eiico in 
 riihcet v'f v,diica .nich question £,rises, though 
 litrcbv made )i'.inishahle by iinprisoninent as well 
 ,ii lorlViturc, has not been made the subject of 
 'ii„v criminal proceeding. (.See. '.',"1.) 
 
 'l\naltil for false Statements <is to lust Ship ■:r 
 .Yirwc— if any seaman on or liefore being engaged 
 iiiliiillv and fraudulently makes a I'alse statement 
 „f the "name of his last ship or I'lst alleged ship, 
 (r\nlfuliy and fraudulently makes a false state- 
 imiit III' his own name, lie shall incur a penalty 
 imt exceeding 6/. : and such iieiialty may be 
 iliductcd from any wages he may earn by virtue 
 if such engagement as aforesaid, and shall, 
 Mdjcct to reimbursement of the loss and ex|ienses 
 ■ if any) occasioned by an; cvious desertion, be 
 paid and applied in the t ao manner as other 
 penalties pi.yable nndcr tins \et. (Sec. 205.) 
 
 fines 10 he deducted from Watjex, and paid to 
 iHiipping Muster. — Whenever any seamiui com- 
 mits an act of misconduct for which his agree- 
 ment imposes a lino, ami whieb '.t is intended to 
 punish ly enforcing such lino, an entry thircof 
 -hat! be made in the odicial log book, and a copv 
 if such entry shall bo furnished o.' ilic same shall 
 be read over to the off,.ni.",or, and an entry of 
 -uih reailing over, and of the reply (if any) 
 made by the offender, shall be made, in tlie 
 manner "and subject to the conditions licrein- 
 liforc spccilied v;;th respect to the ofl'ences 
 ij'aiiist discipline spccilieil in and punishable 
 under this Act ; and such line shall be deducted 
 iind paid over as follows: viz. if the ott'onder 
 is diicharged in the United Kingdom .ind the 
 litfence and such entries in nspoct thereof as 
 aforesaid arc proved, in the case of a Ibreign- 
 going ship lo the satisfaction of the shipping 
 master before whom the offender is di: charged, 
 and in the esse of a honic trade ship to the satis- 
 faciion of the shippmg master at or nearest to the 
 place at which the crew is discliaigcd, the master 
 or owner shall deduct such line fr..in the wages of 
 the oCFendcr, and pay the sa nc over lo such 
 .•hipping master ; and if before tlie linal discharge 
 of the crew in the United Kingdom any such 
 offender as aforesaid enters into any of her 
 Majesty's ship3, or is discharged abroad, and the 
 olTtnce and such entries as aforesaid are proved to 
 the satisfaction of the ollicer in command of the 
 :^!.ip into which ho so enters, or of the consular 
 officer, officer of customs, or otlier person by whose 
 sanctii.n he is so discharged, the lino shall tlure- 
 iip<>n he deducted, ard tho entry of such d.aduclion 
 >liall then be maile in the official log book (if any) 
 a;id signed by such officer or other person ; and on 
 the return of the ship to the United Kingdom, the 
 master or owner shall pay over such line, in the 
 tascof foreign-going shipj to the shipping master 
 k'ture whom the crew is discharged, and in the 
 Mseof home tride ships to the slii|iping master 
 at or nearest to tlie place at which the crew is 
 u.scharge<l ; and if any ni.ister or owner neglects 
 w 'efuses lo pay over ai;y such line in manner 
 iii-resaiil, he shall for each such oflence incur a 
 rcnalty not exceeding j times the amount of the 
 tlie retained by him : provided that no act of 
 misconduct for which any such ilno as aforesaid 
 MS hccn inflicted and naid shall be cM'crwisc 
 IHinibheil under the provisions of this Act. (See 
 
 I'eualiij fi,r (idUiiig to deseri, and hurboHrinij 
 Deserter;. — ICvery person who by any means 
 whatever pcr.-uailes or attempts !o ji rsuadc any 
 seaman or apprcii.ioe to neglect or refuse to join 
 or to piiiceed to sea in or to desert from bis shi|i. 
 or otherwise to absent himself from his duty, shall 
 for each such oliuiKe, in respect of each such sea- 
 man or apprentice, incur a peiialfy not exceeding 
 10/.; and every person who wilfully harbours 
 or secretes any lam.an or apprentice v/ho has 
 deserted from his ship, or who has wilfully 
 neglected or refused to join or has dcsertei' from 
 his ship, knowiii!; or having rea-^on to beliovr 
 such seaman or apprentice to liave so dime, shall, 
 for every suidi seaman or apprentice so harboured 
 or secreted, incur a penally not exceeding -U<. 
 (.-'ec. -.iOT.) 
 
 I'enalti) for obtiiining Passage surreptiliously. — 
 Any person who secretes himself and goes to sea 
 in any ship without the consent of either the 
 owner, consignee, or master, or of a mate, or of 
 any person in charge of such ship, or of anv 
 other person eiitilleil to give such consent, shall 
 incur a iicnalty not exceeding 201., or be liable 
 to ini|iris'innieiit with or without hard labour for 
 any (leriod not exceeiling i weeks. (Sec. 25>?.) 
 
 On Change of l\'asters, Documents heriby re- 
 quired to be handed over to Successor. — If during 
 the progress of a voyage the master is sii|ierseded 
 or lor any other reason quits the ship and is suo 
 ceedcd in the cominand by some other person, ho 
 shall deliver to his successor the var-.ous docu- 
 ments relating to the n.avig.ation of the ship and 
 to the crew thercuf which are in his custody, and 
 shall in default incur a penalty not exceeding 
 100/.; and such successor shall immediately on 
 assuming the comi'iand of the .ship enter in tlio 
 olliciai log i> list of the documents so delivered to 
 him. (Sic. 25'J.) 
 
 Desertion has long been, and continues to be, 
 very iircvaknt, and is, in truth, l;y far the 
 greatest dra\>back on the shipping interest. Mr. 
 Lindsav, whose knowledge of tlio subject is alike 
 extensive and minute', re, Marks upon it .as follows : 
 — •Desertion is now so great an evil, and so 
 detrimental to the best interests of our maritirnvi 
 ciiinincrcc, that vigorous measures should be 
 adopted to suppress il. It is a crime which is 
 rarely committed alone, and is too <'requcntly the 
 (irst step towards others of a much worse nature. 
 Even the seamen almost inv.ariably repent of it 
 when too late. 'J'liey feel that they have broken 
 faith, lost that sidf-rcspect which is essential to 
 the maintenance of order, drown their feelings 
 in intoxication, and thus become demoralised and 
 worthless. The country loses in various ways. 
 In our tratlc with Australia particularly, by 
 paying materially oidianced rates of freight and 
 passage, for the desertion of the crew was the 
 only fear whicli the ship-owners at one time had 
 of sending their vessels to that colony. The 
 moral standaril of a class of men, alike valuable 
 during perieids of peace and war, is malcriallv 
 lowered, and we lia\o lo maintain, from our narisli 
 resources, the panpciised wives and children of 
 deserters. 
 
 'This subject was much considered by Govern- 
 ment when framii'i,' tlie Mercantile Marine Act, 
 and various clauses were introduced into that 
 statute liaving reference to it. The one which 
 come.s most to the point is the 71st clause (ante, 
 sec. 210), which enacts, " that whenever a scamar- 
 or apprentice neglects or refuses to join, or absent.s 
 himself without leave, or deserts from any .ship in 
 which he is engaged lo serve, the master or mate, 
 or the owner, ship's husb.ind, or consignee, may, 
 I for the purpo.so of carrying liim before a justice, 
 
 1 
 
 U^ 
 
 iii 
 
..3'*'» ■ • 
 
 ,f I • 
 
 1222 
 
 SE.UIEN 
 
 •■. ■'!■' 
 
 1 
 
 y,,-;v 
 
 ■>••;• . < 
 
 -■.'i 
 
 
 V ■■■■(! • 
 
 i k 
 
 * 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 appiclicnd or rcriuiro niiy police oflicer or 
 ciinstiiblc to apprehend him willioiit tir.st |>ro- 
 curiiii; n Avarnuit.'' Alasters may, also, without, 
 warrant, heizo (les(rlers and carry thorn either 
 bet'ore a magistrate or on board their ships, lint 
 ■\vlieti seamen desert, they i;encrally get out of the 
 way of seizure till the vessels whieli they have 
 deserted have left the port. They know full well 
 that the extent of their punishment, even if they 
 be talicn, cannot exceed o inonlhs in what to 
 tlieni are C(]nifortable quarters, and that very 
 likely, judginj; by iirccedent, it may not exceed 
 1 month — n trillinj,' ]ienalty for so serious an 
 otVence. liesides iu:|irisonmcnt, tiic deserter is 
 also liable to forfeit such clothes or ell'eets as \w 
 may have on board, and such wajjes or emolu- 
 ments as he may have earned. If the desertion 
 take place abroad, lie forfeits whatever wajios and 
 emiduments he may earn in any other ship in 
 which he may return to the United Kingdom, 
 and he further becomes liable to satisfy any 
 excess of wages paid by tlie nnister or owners of 
 the ship from which he deserts to anv substitute 
 engaged in Ins phcc. .Such is the full extent of 
 the punishment. We should, however, have less 
 to say against its insutlicicncy, were the means 
 of convicting oH'endcrs less complex. V/hile they 
 remain in their present state, seamen will con- 
 tinue, as hitherto, to desert when it suits their 
 purposes. No more convincing jjroof need be 
 given of the inelHcacy of the laws bearing upon 
 desertion, than the fact that one firm only, Messrs. 
 Pollock, Gilmour, and Co., of Glasgow, engaged 
 in the North American timber trade, have had, 
 during 1 year, upwards of 100 seamen deserters 
 abroad from their ships ; that the consetiucnt loss 
 entailed on the tirm exceeded 3,0UO/., merely in 
 the liigher wages they were compelled to pay to 
 seamen to sujjply the place of the deserters; "and 
 that they only succeeded in arresting 1 1 out of 
 the 100 deserters.' {On Our NavUjution Laws and 
 Jlercuntile JSIurine, 2nd ed. p. ^o &c.) 
 
 This is a very striking statement. But in 
 truth and reality, desertion is an evil with which 
 it is very diflicult, if not im|.ossible. to deal. It 
 may be palliated; but more lU'cd hardly be 
 expected ; and we incline to think that the clauses 
 jireviously quoted go quite as far as it is advisable 
 to go in attempting its suppression by penal 
 enactments. When seamen arrive in a |iort 
 where their services are in great recjuest, and 
 wages double, perhaps, what they are serving for, 
 how can it be supposed that they should be 
 generally proof against such overpowering tempt- 
 ations y But as commerce becomes more extended, 
 the ditferenco of wages in dillercnt seaports will 
 decline; and the more they approach to equalit}', 
 the less temptation will there be to desert. Mr. 
 Lindsay suggests as one modeof dealing with this 
 diificult subject, that all seamen returning to this 
 country previously to the arrival of the ships in 
 which they had sailed, who cannot produce 
 certidcates of their discharge, or otherwise .account 
 satisfactorily for their return', should be held to 
 be guilty of desertion and punished accordingly. 
 
 A regulation of this sort would, probably, be 
 some check on desertion, though we doubt whether 
 it would amount to much. But we believe that 
 nothing short of that equalisation of wages to 
 which we have referred would do so much to 
 lessen its frequency and to make it more an 
 object of piddic reprobfition, as an improvement in 
 the character of the masters. The drunkemicss 
 and brutality that have been so often manifested 
 by tholatter, though happily on the decrease, create 
 a presumption tlut seamen guilty of desertion 
 have been driven to it by ill-usage, and indisposes 
 
 the public to increase the penalties on tlmr)fl',.|„.o 
 And hence it may, pcrhai)s, Iw questioned Hli(.t||,.r 
 anything will b(! moic likely to render ii as i' 
 ought to be, a serious matter in the pul)li'',,^[j" 
 maiion, than the measures that have hciii (,i|;,,„ 
 and with good ell'cct, to raise the qualiliciitions of 
 the masters, and to maiio t'leir conduct niuro in 
 accordance with their ])o>ilion. 
 
 It is admit led, indeed, by all legislaturs (im,1 
 jurists that gross misconduct, or syslcnialic an,! 
 extreme ill-trentment on the |)art of the niiiMcr 
 ^^;ll justify the seamen in resisting his niitlioriiv 
 or deserting tlie ship. The duties and obligation's 
 of master and men are reciprocal : tlie latter are 
 bound lo give due obedience and respect to nil ilip 
 reasoiuible commands of the master, and even t(j 
 those that may ai)pear to bo unreasonable; Ijut 
 they ar<' not bound to obey orders that would 
 obviously compromise their own security or that 
 of the ship. ' Desertion,' said Lord Keiiyon, < is „ 
 forfeiture of wages; but if the captain' conauct 
 himself in such a way as puts the sailor into tlnit 
 situation tb.ut he camiot without daninL;o to bis 
 personal safety continue in his service, {Innnan 
 nature speaks the language,) a servant i> ju,,tiiiud 
 in providing for that safety.' The necessity (,( 
 securing on all ordinary occasions the most prompt 
 compliance with the orders of the master i-, 
 however, so very urgent, that no procnciliiif,' (Pii 
 the part of the latter, unless it be of the nmst 
 unwarrantable description, will justifytbc seamen 
 in deserting or resisting his commands. Dis- 
 obedience to the latter is uniformly jiresumcd lo 
 be an ollencc of the gravest kind : and :iotliin" 
 but the most overwhelming necessity will vin- 
 dicate the seamen by whom it maybccnmiuittod. 
 * The, court,' to use' the words of Lord Slowell, 
 'will be particularly attentive to preserve that 
 subordination and discipline on board ship wbidi 
 is so indispensably necessary for the preservation 
 of the whole service, and of every persoa euii- 
 cerned in it. A peremptory or harsh tone or an 
 overcharged manner, in the exercise of authority, 
 will never be held by this court to justify tesi-'t- 
 ance. It will not be sulBcicnt that there b.n 
 been a want of that personal attention and ci- 
 vility ^vhich usually takes place on other occa- 
 sions, and might be wishcdgoncrallytoatter.il 
 the exercise of authority. The nature of the ser- 
 vice requires that those persons that enitaije in it 
 should accommodate themselves to thu circum- 
 stances attending it, and those circimistances are 
 not uiifrofpicntly urgent, and create strong sen- 
 sations which naturally lind their way instron.' 
 expressions and violent demeanour, the persons 
 subject to this species of authority are not to fc 
 captious, or to take exception to a neglect "f 
 formal or ceremonious observances.' (Dcl'ou's 
 Admiralty Reports, ii. 20 1.) 
 
 If the cargo be embezzled or injured by thf 
 fraud or negligence of the seamen, so that tho 
 merchant has a right to claim satisfactiou from 
 the master and owners, they may, by the custom 
 of merchants, deduct tlie value thereof from the 
 wages of the seamen by whose misconduct the 
 injury has taken place. And a clause to this 
 etleet is inserted in the form of agreement feued 
 by the Board of Trade, as folhnvs : ' It is hereby 
 agreed that any embezzlement, or wilful or negli- 
 gent dcstrucliou of any part of the ship's cargo or 
 stores, shall be made' good t<i tho owner out ot 
 the wages of the person guilty of the same. 
 .Seamen arc, therefore, res[ionsihle for themselves 
 only. Nor can any imioccnt party be called upoii 
 to contribute a portion of his wages to make good 
 the loss occasioned by the misconduct of others. 
 
 The oflcnces of running away with the ship, or 
 
the penalties on tlicolTciHT, 
 linjis 1)C qucHtiiiiiodwlictlii r 
 c likely to rwulcr il, in ii 
 1 niatler in tlio |iiil)lio csli- 
 s\in'S llint Imvo Ikmii taken, 
 to raise tlio (iiialilicatinns ot 
 liilic, t'u'ir coniluel iin.re in 
 ]H»ition. 
 
 Iccil, l)y all leiji^liiturs iiiiJ 
 ,so(iiitliiet, or sy^tiiiialic aiiil 
 t on the \rM'l of tin' nia^lrr, 
 '11 in resistin},' liis autlmrily 
 The ihilies and oUigatiuih 
 re rceiproeal : tlie latter ar.> 
 wliciiee and respect to all the 
 s of the master, and even U 
 car to be unreasonable; luit 
 to obey orders lliat wouli! 
 w their "own security or thar 
 tion,' «aid Lord Kenycn, ' is ii 
 ; bnt if the captain coiuliirt 
 IV as puts the sailor into tliui 
 iinnot without dania,L;e to li'- 
 liime in his service, (limn.m 
 inguafie,) a servant i^ juMiiitil 
 lat safety.' The necessity ..l 
 lary occasions the most promjii 
 he orders of the master i-. 
 irt^ent, that no proceciliii;;- tm 
 tter, unless it be of llicninst 
 ription, will justify tlie seamen 
 'sistinj; his comniamls. Dis- 
 itter is unifuruily iiresumo(l l» 
 lie gravest kind: ami !icitliin;,' 
 rwhclmin.i,' necessity will via- 
 bv wlioni it maybccomiuitteil. 
 Be- the words nf Lord Stowell, 
 riy attentive lo preserve that 
 discipline on hoard sliip whicli 
 necessary for the iirescrvation 
 ice, and of every \,m'Ai coii- 
 neremptory or harsh tone or an 
 cr in the exercise of authority, 
 bv this court to justify rcsi-t- 
 u bo sufficient that there h;H 
 hat personal attention and ci- 
 Uv takes place on other ocoa- 
 be wished generally to attend 
 thority. The nature ot the sir- 
 those persons that cn^a-e nut 
 late themselves to tlie circum- 
 it, and those circiimstau'^cs aro 
 ur.'cnt, and create strong scn- 
 urrUvlind their way in stror,; 
 iolen't demeanour. Ihe^W; 
 Tics of authority are no to Ix 
 ^akc exception to a ue|ecM 
 ,niou3 observances.' (Uol-oU' 
 
 '' cmS/iled or injured by to 
 ice of the seamen, so hat 11k 
 ri.^it to claim satisfaction iron. 
 "uers,tlieymav,bytheou.oa> 
 
 Uicl 
 
 lers, tuey ■»".'. -j •;■ , 
 ...ot the value thereof 1 om 
 men bv whose misconduel tti> 
 
 place. Ana a tuiu- 
 in the form of agreement is^cd 
 
 Trade,a8tVdlows:'ItHto 
 
 ^mbezzlemcnt, or wlfa'T ''=>'. 
 of anv part of tlie ship's can,'0°' 
 
 . ..oodtothcowiii'routn 
 
 ,1.»U( f,ouu ,_ 
 
 ortiouofhiswagestonak^ 
 .dbythemiscmuluct "-J^^ 
 iruuningftwayv,itiiinL i> 
 
 vdlmitarily yielding her up .o an enemy, or 
 makin" ft'revolt, have in all cases liecu visited 
 with ^he severest pnnishment. Tlie stalute 
 11 4 1- ^^'ni. III. c. 7 enacted — 
 
 'That if any commander or master of any sliip, 
 or anv seaniim or mariner, shall in any pla<'('. 
 where the ailiniral bath jurisdiction, betray liis 
 tiiist and turn pirate, enemy, or rebel, and 
 iiralically and feloniousl)' run away with bis or 
 ihiirship or ships, or any barge, boat, ordnance, 
 amnuiiiiticn, goods, or merchandises, or yield 
 tkni up voluntarily to any pirate, or shall bring 
 ,iiiv seducing messages from any pirate, enemy, 
 it reliel, or consult, combine, or confederate with, 
 or attempt or endeavour to corrupt any com- 
 mander, master, oflicer, or mariner, to yield 
 up or run away with any ship, goods, or mer- 
 iliandises, or turn pirate, or go over to pirates : 
 or if any person shall lay violent iiaiuis on his 
 oonimander, whereby to hinder him from lighting 
 ill defence of liis ship and goods committed to Lis 
 irusi, or shall conline his master, or m;ike or 
 oiidei'ivour to make a revolt in the ship; shall be 
 ii(liud;,'ed and deemed and t .ken to be a pirtite, 
 (il('ii,"and rdibcr, and being convicted tliereof 
 according to the directions of this Act, shall have 
 and suffer pain o( death, loss of lands, goods, and 
 chattels, as ;)i>a/es, ./WoH.'!, and robbers, upcn the 
 seas (inf,dit to h,ive and sutler,' 
 
 Ihit h\ the 7 Wm. IV. & 1 Vict, c, 88, the penalty 
 forlhisofl'cnce has been changed to transportatum 
 hovdiid seas for life, or for not less tl'an la years, 
 (T to imprisonment for anv term not exceeding 'i 
 viars The Acts 12 & 13 Vict, c. 9G, and 2.'! & 21 
 Vict, c. ^%, provide for the trial and punisliment 
 in the colonies of India of such offence. 
 
 The wilful destruction or loss of the ship lias, 
 in all countries, been punished by death. But 
 dmibts having been entertained whether the (!e- 
 firuction of a ship that had been insured came 
 within the scope of the previously "xisting sta- 
 tuics, they were repealed by the 4.3 (ico. IlI.e. 113, 
 and the following provision substituted in their 
 .-lead ;— 
 
 ' That i.' any person or persons shall, from and 
 after July IG," 1803, wilfully cast away, burn or 
 ollicnvise destroy any ship or vessel, or in any- 
 wise Counsel, direct, or procure the same to be 
 done, ,ind the same be accordingly done, with 
 intent or design thcrcbj' ^vilfully and maliciously 
 to prejudice any owner or owners of such sliiji 
 or vessel or any owner or owners of any goods 
 laden on board the same, or any jierson or jiersons, 
 hndy politic or corporate, that hath or have uii- 
 dirwritton or shall undcrwTito any policy or 
 policies of insurance upon such ship or vessel, or 
 on tlie freight thereof, or upon any goods laden 
 onboard the same, the person or persons o'lending 
 therein, being thereof lawfullj' convicted, Bliall be 
 deemed and adjudged a principal felon or felons, 
 and shall sutler death, as in cases of felony, with- 
 out benclit of clergy.' 
 
 After various subsequent changes of the 
 law, the penalty for this oB'ence ii now, 180'.), 
 transportation for life, or not less than 3 years, or 
 imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years, 
 with o: without hard labour and with or without 
 solitary conlinement, and if committed by a male 
 under IG years, with or without whipping. (21 
 & 25 Vict, c U7 89. 42 & 43.) 
 
 4. Payment of Seamen's Wages §'c. — In order 
 to stimulate the zejil and enterprise of seamen, 
 most maritime states have made the payment of 
 their wages depend on the successful termination 
 of the voyage ; and for this reason, the insurance 
 of their wages has been uniformly prohibited 
 (-\rnould Oh Insurance, i. 208). Hence the maxim 
 
 SEAMEN' 1223 
 
 that freitjlit Is the oiili/ mother of waijcs. ' If 
 freigiit go,' said Lord Stowell, 'everything goes. 
 The mariner lias no step further, if 1 may say 
 so, in the (baracter of insurer, to sn))ply the 
 loss.' (2 Dodson's Ailiiiintlti/ Jte/iorts, 510.) And, 
 therefore, it used to be laid down in general terms, 
 that when by any disaster happening in tlie course 
 of a voyage, such as the loss or capture of the 
 shi]), tlie owners last their freigiit, the seamen 
 also lost their wages. 
 
 lint this general rule was subject to numerous 
 (pialific-itioiis. Thus, if a voyage miscarried, and 
 the freight were lost, through tlie inconijietency 
 or fault of the master; or if, after being entered 
 n|HMi. and in part completed, the voyage were 
 abandoned by the owners ; or if a vessel were sent 
 from one port to another, lo be freighted, where 
 no freight was to be found : in these and otiier 
 ca^os of the same sort, the claim of seamen to 
 payment of their wages was too obviously reason- 
 able not to be generally admitted. Inasmucli, 
 too, as owners may inolect themselves, by in- 
 surance, against loss by shipwreck and other 
 casualties, it would appear tj be hardly fair or 
 equitable that the wages ci seamen, who cannot 
 avail themselves of this resource, should be wholly 
 s.aciiliced in the event of such catastrophes occur- 
 ring. Anil this hardship appears the greater 
 from the circumstance of the lives of the seamen 
 being most commonly involved in the safety of 
 the ship. It is, no doubt, contended by Valiii. 
 who has argued in favour of the (dd rule, that if 
 seamen ceased ' d'avoir intcret h la conservation 
 dii navire ct de ses marchandises, au moindre 
 peril dont ils scroient menaces, ils no soiigcroient 
 qu'i\ sauver leur vie, sans se mettre en peine du 
 rests; il etoit done juste, et du bieu public, 
 d'attacher leur fortune h celle du vaisseau.' {Com- 
 mentalrc sur V Orilonnanee de 1G81, liv. iii. tit. iv.) 
 lint it may be safely allinued that the desertion 
 contemplated bj' Valin is not practicable iii one 
 case out of twenty. In storms and collisions at 
 sea escape is very rarely possible; and it is not 
 often iiossible oven in cases of wreck by vessels 
 being driven on shore. Henco, in the vast 
 majority of cases, it may be fair'.y presuined that 
 a regard to their own personal security, inde- 
 peiMlent altogether of any consideration in relation 
 to wages, will make seamen exert themselves to 
 the utniost. 
 
 And none, it must be borne in mind, has ever 
 proposed, as A'aliii would seem to assume, that 
 the iiayment of wages in cases of loss should be 
 irrespective of the. conduct of the seamen. They 
 are liound in all cases, and es|)ecially in cases 
 of daii,ger, to make every possible effort for the 
 safety of the ship and cargo. If they fail in this 
 most es.sential part of their duty, they plainly 
 f'U-feit all claim to wages, whether freight be 
 e.irned or not. Hut, in the event of their doing 
 their duty, and making every possible exertion to 
 save the shi]) and cargo, it does not appear that 
 the loss of tlie latter should exempt the owners 
 from the claim of the seamen for wages. On th.j 
 contrary, it would seem that in such cases the 
 payment of wages is consistent alike with the 
 interests of navigation and of the public. 
 
 Hut, however brought aboiii, tlie old doctrine 
 of the absolute dependence of wages on freight 
 has been gradually losing its authority. After 
 various modifications, it was enacted by the 7 tfc 8 
 Vict. c. 112 that in cases of shipwreck or loss of 
 the shij), whether freight had or had rot been 
 previously earned, seamen should be entitled to 
 their wages down to the occurrence of the casualty, 
 on their producing a certilicatc from tho principal 
 surviving officer of the ship, that they had exerted 
 
 'A\ 
 
 :\ 
 
 ^i!-!: 
 
;. y 
 
 1224 
 
 SE/LMICN 
 
 .<•< 
 
 ■I' •■/"■'■ 
 
 m'. : 
 
 .if' 
 ' I 
 
 
 
 llicmsclvog to the best 'i( their ability to save the 
 Khip mill cnr^o. Hut a condition of tliis sort 
 hftvin;; li'd to much difliculty and abuso, it liiis 
 boon laid down in the 17 & iH Viet. c. 104 ». \Ki, 
 that the right of seamen to their waters shall 
 not depend on the fact of frciffht boiuf,' eariu'd ; 
 and that in casea of wreck, and los.s of the ship, 
 they shall be entitled to their wajjes, unless proof 
 bo brought to show that they did not exert 
 themselves to the utmost to save the ship 
 an.l cargo. At present, therefore, it may be eon- 
 eluded, that nothing save their own misconduct 
 can defeat the claim of seamen to the full pay- 
 ment of tlie wages stipulated in their agreements. 
 
 A Fcainan impressed from a mercliaiit ship into 
 the royal service, is entitled '.o receive tlie jiortion 
 of bis wages due to him at the time of im- 
 pressment, provided the merchant ship arrive in 
 sqf'eti/ at the port of her discharge. 
 
 The following clauses in the Mercantile Shipping 
 Act relate to tlie allotment, payment, remittance 
 &c. of seamen's wages. 
 
 Regulations as to AUolvie.nt Notes. — All stipu- 
 lations for the allotment of any part of the wages 
 of n seaman during his absence which are made 
 at the commencement of the voyage shall i)e 
 inserted in the agreement, and shall state the 
 amounts and times of tlie payments to be made; 
 and a\\ Allotment Notes shall be in forms sanctioned 
 by the Board of Trade. (.Sec. 1C8.) 
 
 Allotment Notes may be suedim summarili/. — The 
 wife, or the father or mother, or the grandfather 
 or grandmother, or any child or grandchild, or 
 any brother or sister of any seaman in whose 
 favour an allotment note of part of the wages of 
 sucli seaman is made, may, unless the seaman is 
 shown in manner aftemientioned to have forfeited 
 or ceased to be entitled to the wages out of which 
 the allotment is to be paid, and subject, as to the 
 wife, to the provision after contained, sue for and 
 recover the sums allotted by the note when and 
 as the same are made payable, with costs, from 
 the owner or any agent who has authorised the 
 drawing of note, either in the County Court or in the 
 summary manner in which seamen are enabled to 
 sue for and recover wages not exceeding i)(J/. : and 
 in anv such proceeding it shall bo sutHcient for 
 the cfaimant to prove that he or she is the jjorson 
 mentioned in the note, and that the note was 
 given by the owner or by the master or some 
 other authorised agent ; and the seaman shall be 
 presumed to be duly earning his wages, unless the 
 contrary is shown to the satisfaction of the court, 
 either by the olticial statement of the change in 
 the crew cause<l by his absence made and signed 
 bj' the master, as "by this Act is required, or by a 
 duly certified copy of some entry in tlio otHcial 
 log" book to the effect that he has left the ship, or 
 by a credible letter from the master of the ship to 
 the same effect, or by such other evidence, of 
 whatever description, as the court in its absolute 
 discretion considers sufficient to show satisfactorily 
 that the seaman has ceased to be ontitled to the 
 wages out of which the allotment is to be paid : 
 provided that the wife of any seaman who deserts 
 her children, or so misconducts herself as to be 
 undeserving of support from her husband, shall 
 thereupon forfeit all right to further payments of 
 any allotment of his wages which has been made 
 in her favour. (Sec. 1G9.) 
 
 Discharge from Foreign-going Ships to be made 
 before Shipping Master. — In the case of all British 
 foreign-going ships, in whatever part of her 
 Majesty's dominions the same are registered, all 
 seamen discharged in the United Kingdom shall 
 be discharged and receive their wages in the 
 presence of a shipping master duly appointed 
 
 iiiuUr this Act, except in cases where sunir. com 
 petciit court otherwise directs; and anv master 
 or owner of any such ship who discharges anv 
 seaman belonging tlioreto, or, except as uforesaiij 
 pays his wages within the United Kingdom in 
 any other manner, shall incur a penally nut ex- 
 ceeding 10/.; and in the case of homo trade sthip* 
 seamen may, if the owner or m.nster so desires ho 
 discharg((l and receive their wages in like maiiiier 
 (Sec. 170.) 
 
 Master to ilelircr Account of tf'iuics. r,ver\' 
 
 master shall, not less than 24 licmrs bi lure layiri" 
 off or discharging any seaman, deliver to him, up 
 if he is to be discliarged before a ship|iiiig master' 
 to such shipping master, n. full and true account 
 in a form sanctioned by the Board of Trade of his 
 wages and of all deductions to be made Ihcrefrein, 
 on any account whatever, and in default slinll f(]i' 
 each offence incur a penalty not exceciliii" ,V.- 
 and no deduction from the wages of anv seaman 
 (except in respect of any matter happcuing after 
 such delivery) shall be allowed unless it is in- 
 cluded in the account so delivered ; and the master 
 shall during the voyage enter the various matters 
 in respect ol^ which such deductions are made, with 
 the amounts of the respective deductions, as tlicv 
 occur, in a book to be kept for that imrpusc, ami 
 shall, if required, produce such book at the time 
 of the payment of wages, and also iipmi the 
 hearing before any competent autlioritv of anv 
 complaint or question relating to such pavmcats 
 (Sec. 171.) 
 
 On Discharge, Masters to give Seamen Certifi- 
 cates of Discharge iVr. — Upon the (liscliar;;e of 
 any seaman, or uixin p.iyment of his wa^jes, the 
 master shall sign and give him a certifieatc of his 
 discharge, in a form sanctioned by the Hoard of 
 Trade, specifying the period of his service and 
 the time and place of his discharge; and if any 
 master fail to sign and give to any such seaniaii 
 such certificate of discharge he shall lor each Buch 
 ollence incur a penalty not exccodins 10/. ; and 
 the master shall also, upon the discharge of every 
 certificated mate whose certificate of eompelencv 
 or service has been delivered to and retained hv 
 him, return such certificate, and shall in default 
 incur a penalty not exceeding 20/. (Sec. 172.) 
 
 Shipping Master mag decide Qitestioiis tdiich 
 Parties refer to him, — Kvery shippingmastershall 
 he.ir and decide any question whatever between a 
 master or owner and any of his crew which hoth 
 parties agree in writing to submit to him ; and 
 every award so made by him siiall be hinc'in;: on 
 both parties, and shall, in any legal proceeding; 
 which may bo taken in the matter before anv 
 court of justice, be deemed to be conclusive as to 
 the rights of the parties ; and no such submissinn 
 or award shall require a stamp ; and any docu- 
 ment purporting to be such submission or award 
 shall be prima facie evidence thereof. (Sec. 173.) 
 
 Masters and others to produce Ship's Papers to 
 Shipping Masters, and give Eviderice.— la any 
 proceeding relating to the wages, claims, or di.'^- 
 cl' ,'e of any seaman carried on before any shii' 
 ping master under the provisions of this Act, such 
 shipping master may call upon the owner or h:.< 
 agent, or upon the master or any mate or oihcr 
 member of the crew, to produce any los buok.s 
 papers, or other documents in their respective jios- 
 scssion or power relating to any matter in question 
 in such proceeding, and may call before him and 
 examine any of such persons being then at or nrar 
 the place on any such matt( r ; ami every owner, 
 agent, master, mate, or other menibcrof the crew, 
 ■who, when called upon by the shipping master, 
 does not produce any such paper or document as 
 aforesaid, if in his possession or power, or does 
 
SEAMEN 
 
 123,0 
 
 u cnsps where snmr, com 
 rtirocta; and niiy master 
 ship who (lisclmrnca any 
 to, or, except as aforfsaii'l, 
 the Unilcil Kiiit;(lom in 
 I incur a penally wit cx- 
 c cusi! of lionie tradn uliip* 
 lor or master so (k'siriv, bo 
 their wattes in like iiianmt. 
 
 (■count of Wiiijex. — F.voiy 
 lian i\ hoiir.-i bil'ure iniyiiif.': 
 senniaii, ili'livcr to him, or, 
 ;l lictore a .-■hippiii;; master, 
 T, a full and trim account 
 y the Hoard of Traile of his 
 itions to he made therefrom, 
 ver, and in default .'<liall for 
 penalty not exceeding;,'!/.; 
 I the wages of any scum.in 
 any matter haiipeuing after 
 be alloweil unless it is in- 
 jo delivered ; and the master 
 ^e enter the various matters 
 Lih deductions arc made, with 
 ispcctivo deductions, as tlicy 
 kept for that piiriiose, ami 
 duce such hook at tlie time 
 wages, and also upon the 
 •onipetent authority of any 
 I relating to such payments. 
 
 aters to (jke Seamen Certifi- 
 er. — Upon the discharge of 
 \ payment of his wnijcs, the 
 A give him a certilirate of his 
 sanctioned by tlie Ii(jard of 
 10 period of his service and 
 3f his discharge ; and if any 
 and give to any such seaman 
 (Charge he shall for eac'a such 
 iltv not exccedins HI'. ; and 
 I, upon the discharge of every 
 osc certilicate of competency 
 Iclivered to and rctanicd liy 
 rtilicato, and shall in default 
 3xceeding 20/. (Sec. 172.) 
 may decide Questions which 
 —Every shippingma.stcrshnU 
 qucstio'n whatever between a 
 ■ any of his crew which both 
 ing to submit to him; and 
 l)y him shall be bint'in-rt!i 
 all", in any legal procecilmi; 
 n in the matter before any 
 ieemcd to be conclusive as to 
 ties; and no such submission 
 ire a stamp ; and any dccu- 
 ic such submission or aw.ir'l 
 ■vidence thereof. (Sec. l.o-) 
 to produce Ship s Papers to 
 nd give Endence.-ln tiny 
 to the wages, claims, or dis- 
 n carried on before any shii-- 
 ic provisions of this Act, sirfi 
 call upon the owner or h:;- 
 laster or any mate or other 
 •, to produce any log book?, 
 nents in their respective pos- 
 ring to aiiv matter mquostioi 
 nd may caU before bim an. 
 Vs""8 being then at or near 
 tk matter; and every o«r, 
 or other member ot the crv 
 
 ,on by the shipping master, 
 "suchpaperordocun.cn as 
 
 ,08session or power, or does 
 
 not appear and give evidence, shall, unless he 
 ~hows some reasonable excuse for sudi default, 
 i„r each such oflonce incur a penalty not exceeding 
 ;,/. (Sec. 174.) 
 
 Siltlement of Watjes. — The f(dIowing rules 
 -h:ill be observed with respect to the settlement of 
 „ai,'cs (that is to say) :— 
 
 (1) IJKiii the completiim before any shipping 
 master of any discharge and .settlement, the iiias- 
 II r or owner and each seaman shall respectively 
 in the presence of the .shipping ma.stcr, sign in a 
 furni sanctioned by the Board of Trade a mutual 
 rilcise of all claims in respect of the past voyage 
 If engagement, and the shipping master shall 
 iJso sign and attest it, and shall retain and trans- 
 mit it as herein directed : 
 
 (i) Such release so signed and attested shall 
 i.pcralc as a mutual discharge and settlement of 
 all demands between the (larties thereto in respect 
 i,rthe past voyage or engagement : 
 
 (3) A copy of such release certilied under the 
 liand of such shipping master to be a true copy 
 -hall be given by him to any party tliereto rt>- 
 i|ii!ring the same; and such copy shall be receiv- 
 ai.ile in evidence upon any future question touching 
 .mil claims as aforesaid, and shall have all the 
 ilVnt of the original of which it purports to be a 
 iij|iv : 
 
 ^'4) In cases in which discharge anil settlc- 
 nuiit bel'ore a shipping master are hereby rc- 
 i|uirod, no payment, receipt, settlenient,or discharge 
 iithcrwise made shall operate or be admitted its 
 eviilence of the release or satisfaction of any 
 ilaim : 
 
 I.".) Upon .any payment being made by a master 
 lidurc a shipping master, the shipping master 
 -hall, if required, sign and give to such master 
 a siatemcnt of the whole amount so paid ; and 
 -iicli statement shall as between the master 
 .aul his employer be received as evidence that 
 !ic h.is made the payments therein meutioncd. 
 (Sec. 175.) 
 
 .Vaster to make Reports of Character. — Upon 
 rvcry discharge effected before a shipping master 
 the master shall make and sign, in a form sanc- 
 tioned by the Board of Trade, a report of the 
 roiuiuct, character, and qualifications of the persons 
 liiseharged, or may state in a column to be left 
 for that purpose in the said form, that he declines 
 to give any opinion upon such particulars, or 
 upon any of them ; and the shipping master shall 
 transmit the same to the registrar-general of 
 .-eamen, or to such other person as the Board of 
 Trade directs, to he recorded, and shall, if desired 
 to to do by any seaman, give to him or indorse 
 on his certificate of discharge a copy of so much 
 'jf such report as concerns liim : and every person 
 who makes, assists in making, or procures to be 
 made any false certilicate or report of the service, 
 i|ualitications, conduct, or character of any sea- 
 man, knowing the same to be false, or who forges, 
 assists in forging, or procures to be forged, or 
 jVaiidulcntly alters, assists in fraudulently alter- 
 ing, or procures to bo fraudulently altered, any 
 such certificate or report, or who fraudulently 
 makes use of any certilicate or report, or of any 
 copy of any certificate or report, which is forged 
 or altered or docs not belong to him, shall for each 
 such offence be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. 
 (Sec. 17C.) 
 
 Remittance of Wages and Savings Banks 
 
 for Seamen. 
 
 Facilities may be given for remitting Seamcn^s 
 
 rai/es.— Facilities shall, if the Board of Trade so 
 
 '"[fits, be given for remitting the wages and 
 
 (•tacr moneys of seamen and apprentices to their 
 
 relatives or other persons by means of money 
 orders issued by shipping masters ; imd llm Board 
 of Trade may make regiilatinn.s concerning such 
 ordcr.s, and the penjoiis by or to whom, and the 
 mode and time in and at which the .same are to he 
 paid, and may from time In time repeal or alter 
 any such '.egulations; and all such ivgulatioiiH.so 
 long as they are in force, shall be binding upon 
 all persons interested or clainiing to be interested 
 in such ordcr.s, as well as upon the olliccrs cm- 
 nloycd in issuing or p.'iyiiig the same; and no 
 legal proceeding shall liu iiistitiitod against thi^ 
 Board of Trade, or against any shipping master or 
 other public olUccr employed about such order-, 
 on account of any such regulations, or on account 
 of any act done or left undone in pursuance 
 thereof, or on account of any refusal, neglect, or 
 omission to ])ay any such moiioy order, unless 
 such refusal, neglect, or omission arise from 
 fraud or wilful misbehaviour oi. the part of the 
 person against whom proceedings arc instituted. 
 (.Sec. 177.) 
 
 Power to Pay when Order is lost. — Tho Board 
 of Trade may, in any ca,sc in which it thinks fit 
 so to do, cau.se the amount of any such money 
 order as aforesaid to be paid to the person to whom 
 or in wliose favour the same may have been 
 granted, or to his personal representatives, Icga- 
 tee.s, or next of kin, notwithstai ding that such 
 order may not be in his or their possession ; 
 iuid in all such cases from and after such pay- 
 ment the Board of Trade and every shipping 
 master or other ollicer of the Board of Traile shall 
 be freed from all liabilitv in respect of such order. 
 (Sec. 178.) 
 
 Penally for issuing Money Every shipping 
 
 master or other public officer who grants or 
 issues any money order with a fraudulent intent 
 shall in England or Ireland be deemed guilty 
 of felony, and in Scotland of a high crime 
 and oficncc, and shall be liable to be kept in 
 penal servitude for a terra not exceeding 4 veiirs. 
 (Sec. 179.) 
 
 Savings Dunks for Seamen may be esta''ished. 
 — The (Commissioners for the reduction of the 
 National Debt, or the comptroller -general acting 
 under them, may on the application and recom- 
 mendation of the Board of Trade, establish savings 
 banks at such ports and places within the United 
 Kingdom, cither in the shipping oflices established 
 in such ports or elsewhere, as may appear to be 
 expedient, and may ajipoint treasurers to receive 
 from or on account of seamen, or the wives and 
 families of seamen, desirous to become depositors 
 in such savings banks, dcjiosits to an amount not 
 exceeding 150/. in the whole in respect of any one 
 account, under such regulations as may be pre- 
 scribed by the said commissioners or comptroller- 
 general; and such regulations shall be binding on 
 all such treasurers and depositors ; and the said 
 commissioners may remove such treasurers, and 
 appoint others in their place ; and all tho provi- 
 sions of the Acts now in force relating to savings 
 banks, except so far as relates to the annual 
 amount of deposit, shall apply to all savings banks 
 which may be established under the authority of 
 this Act, and to such treasurers and depositors as 
 aforesaid. (Sec. 180.) 
 
 By the 19 & 20 Vict. c. 41 the immediate 
 miinagement of the savings banks for seamen is 
 placed in the Board of Trade, which has power to 
 establish central and branch savings banks and to 
 make regulations for their conduct. 
 
 In March 18G5, the Board of Trit Ic issued io- 
 structions to our consuls at certain ports, to enable 
 seamen, when paid abroad, to remit their wages 
 home by money orders. 
 
 ■ ': k! ' 
 
.^■c-- 
 
 »»» 
 
 122G 
 
 SEA-AIEX 
 
 ■ 'i 
 
 I ' 
 
 ■ • , ; 
 
 if- 
 
 I ; .1 
 ■ i • 
 
 :-::{■ 
 
 
 
 Legal Kiyht tn U\itjes. I the lime of his disclmrgc be onlitlcil to be pniij („, 
 
 lililhtto Jr,ipeiiaHil'l'rtwiaions,whin to bf(jln.— \ '^^'<^"»rLi a sum cciual lo one-fourth pan of the 
 A seamnu's right to wages and ]irovi»ions sliall balance (lu(! to him ; and every master or ohih.v 
 be taken to comnieiu'c ciliier at the time at wlu) negleets or refuses to make payment in njnii. 
 wliicli be commences work or at the time speci- 1 "cr albresaid, witliout suHieient cause, sliall pavtd 
 lied in tiic agreement for liis oommeucenicnt of I the seaman a sum not exceeding tlie amount of •' 
 work or i)rcscnco on board, wliichevcr first ! days' jiay for eacli of llie days, not excecdin;,' in 
 happens. (Sec. IHl.) (biys, during wliicli i)ayment is delayed hcvun.l 
 
 Seamen not to yive vp certain i?»//i/».— Xo sea- t'"^ respeelivo periods aforesaid, an<l sudi'Mi,,, 
 man shall bv any agreement forfeit his lien upon shall be recoverable as wages. (Sec. 187.) 
 
 the ship, or be deprived of any remedy for llic 
 recovery of his wages to which he would otherwise 
 have been entitled ; and every stipulation in any 
 agreement inconsistent with any provision of this 
 Act, and every stipulation by which any seaman 
 consents to abandon his right to wages in the case 
 of the loss of the ship, or to abandon any right 
 which he may have or obtain in the nature of 
 salvage, shall be wholly inoperative. (Sec. 1S2.) 
 
 Jfitges not to be dependent on the earniiiff of 
 Freight. — No right to wages shall be dependent 
 on the earning of freight ; and every seaman and 
 apprentice who woulil be entitled to demand and 
 recover any wages if the ship in which he has served 
 had earned freight, shall, subject to all other rules 
 of law and conditions ajiplicable to the case, be 
 entitled to claim and recover the same, notwith- 
 standing that freight has not been earned; but 
 in all cases of wreck or loss of the ship, proof 
 that he has not exerted himself to the utmost to 
 save the ship, cargo, and stores shall bar his 
 claim. (Sec. 183.) 
 
 In case of Death, Wages to be paid. — If any 
 seaman or apjirenticc to whom wages are due 
 under the last preceding enactment dies before the 
 same are paid, thcj' sliall be paid and applied 
 in the manner after specified with regard to 
 the wages of seamen who die during a voyage. 
 (Sec. 181.) 
 
 Rights to Wages in caseof Termination of Service 
 by Wreck or Illness. — In cases where the service 
 of any seaman terminates before the period con- 
 templated in the agreement by reason of the wreck 
 or loss of the ship, and also in cases where such 
 service terminates before such period as aforesaid 
 by reason of his being left on shore at any place 
 abroad under a certificate of his unfitness or in- 
 ability to proceed on the voyage granted as after 
 mentioned, such seaman shall bo entitled to wages 
 for the time of service prior to such termi- 
 nation as atbrcsaid, but not for any further period. 
 (Sec. 185.) 
 
 Wages not to accrue during Refusal to Work or 
 Imprisonment, — No seaman or apprentice shall be 
 entitled to wages for any period during which he 
 unlawfully refuses or neglects to work when re- 
 <iuircd, w'hether before or after the time fixed 
 by the agreement for his beginning work, nor 
 unless the court hearing the case otherwise directs, 
 for any period during which he is lawfully 
 imprisoned for any offence committed by him. 
 (Sec. 186.) 
 
 Period within which Wagei are to be paid. — 
 The master or owner of every ship sliall pay to 
 every seaman his wages within the respective 
 periods following (that is to say) ; in the case of 
 a homo trade ship, within 2 days after tlic ter- 
 mination of the agreement or at the time when 
 such seaman is discharged, whichever first hap- 
 pens ; and in the case of all other ships (except 
 ships employed in the southern whale fisher}' or 
 on other voyages for which seamen by the terms 
 of their agreement are wholly compensated by 
 shares in the profits of the adventure), within 3 
 days after the cargo has been delivered, or within 
 6 days after the seaman's discharge, whichever 
 first happens; and in all cases the seaman shall at 
 
 Mode of Recovering Wages. 
 
 Seamen mag sue for Wages in a summan/ maninr, 
 — Any seaman or approntico, or anv pefioii dulv 
 authorised on his behalf, maj- sue in a suninmri- 
 manner before any two justices of the poace aclin ■ 
 in or near to the place at which tlie service Im" 
 terminated, or at which the seaman or appreiitii' 
 has been discharged, or at which any jiersoii iiii n 
 whom the claim is made is or resides, or in S"i 
 land cither before any such justices or bcforo il, 
 •sheriff of the Louiity within which any such |.l,iiv 
 is situated, for any amount of wages "due to siicli 
 seaman or apprentice not exceeding I'M. over .ml 
 above the costs of any proceeding for the recoverv 
 thereof, so soon as the same lieconios pavaUc'; 
 and eveiy order made by such justices or sheriii' 
 in the matter shiill be final. (Sec. 18K) 
 
 Restrictions on Suits for Wages in Siijicrior 
 Courts. — No suit or proceeding for the rccoven- «( 
 wages under the sum of 50/. shall be instituted liv 
 or on behalf of any seaman or apprentice in anv 
 Court of Admiralty or Vice-Admiralty, or in tlic 
 Court of Session in Scotland, or in any superior 
 Court of Record in her Majesty's dominions, un- 
 less the owner of the ship is adjudged banlirupt or 
 declared insolvent, or unless the ship is under 
 arrest or is sold by the authority of any fucli 
 court as aforesaid, or unless any justices actin:; 
 under the authority of this Act refer the case tol" 
 adjudged by such" court, or unless neither [he 
 owner nor master is or resides within 20 miles oi 
 the place where the seaman or apprentice is dis- 
 charged or put ashore. (Sec. 189.) By '21 Vioi. 
 c. 10 s. 10 the High Court of Admiralty is declaml 
 to have jurisdiction over anv claim for wages, |ir(- 
 vided always that if the plaintiff do not recover 
 50/. he shall not be entitled to costs, unless tli; 
 judge shall certify that the case was a fit ouciu 
 be tried in the said court. 
 
 No Seaman to sue for Wages abroad, except «. 
 Cases of Discharge or of Danger to Life. — Xo sea- 
 man who is engaged for a voyage; or enij.igcmeiii 
 which is to terminate in the United Kiii;,'iloni, 
 shall be entitled to sue in any court abroad I'er 
 wages, unless he is discharged with such sanction 
 as herein required and with the written consent of 
 the master, or prove such ill-usage on the part of 
 the master or by his authority as to ivamnt 
 reasonable apprehension of danger to the liiV of 
 such seaman if he were to remain on board: Irat 
 if any seaman on his return to the United King- 
 dom proves that the master or owner has been 
 guilty of any conduct or default which but for 
 this enactment would have entitled the seaman to 
 sue for wages before the termination of the veiyagc 
 or engagement, he shall be entitled to recover in 
 addition to his wages such compensation not ex- 
 ceeding 20/. as the court hearing the case tliiiiKs 
 reasonable. (17 & 18 Vict. s. 1 !)n.) 
 
 Master to have same Remedies for Mam «•< 
 Seamen. — Every master of a ship shall, so far as 
 the case permits, have the s.-ime rifxhts, hew. ana 
 remeelies for tue recovcr^• of his wages wliion by 
 this Act or by any law of custom any scaiuan, not 
 being a master, has for the recovery of his wages; 
 and if in any proceeding in any Court of Admiralty 
 
mt^ 
 
 ;t:amen 
 
 12'J 
 
 c be entitled to be paiil on 
 o one-fourth part nf tli. 
 nd every master or uwini 
 to make paynitiit in nimi 
 ullicient cause, sliiiU pay tn 
 extcedinj^ the amount cf:' 
 he days, not oxcccilin^,' 1m 
 lynient is delayed licvuml 
 'aforesaid, and sudi"ai;ni 
 ■wages. (Sec. 187.) 
 
 rcovcring Wages, 
 Vayrs in a suiiDiian/ maiiuir, 
 rentice, or any person diil;, 
 alf, may sue m a suniniarv 
 ) justices of the poace aclin!; 
 10 at which the service Im, 
 :h the "leaman or apprcmif 
 )r at which any person ii|.i'ii 
 [idc is or resides, or in Simi 
 ,' such justices or bcfuro ih ■ 
 ivithin which any such plao, 
 mount of wages (iiic to sijcli 
 not exceeding Ml. over aiiil 
 ' proceeding for the recuvory 
 the same becomes payable •. 
 e bv such justices or slierii;' 
 . final. (Sec. 18H.) 
 lits for Wages in Su/zcridr 
 iroceedinp; for the recovery fif 
 , of 50/. shall be instituted liy 
 jcaman or apprentice in any 
 or Vice- Admiralty, or in the 
 Scotland, or in any superior 
 lor Majesty's dominions, mi- 
 ship is adjudged banlinipt or 
 or unless the ship is under 
 r the authority of any such 
 ir unless any justices actin;- 
 of this Act refer the case to U- 
 court, or unless neither tlif 
 or resides within 20 miles m 
 seaman or apprentice is di-- 
 •0. (Sec. 189.) By'MAict. 
 Jourt of Admiralty is declared 
 over anv claim for wages, pn • 
 f the plaintiff do not recover 
 , entitled to costs, unless tli: 
 hat the case was a lit one tu 
 court. 
 
 efor Wages abroad, except ». 
 )r <)/■ Danger to Life.-'So sea- 
 .1 for a vovago or engaKcmeiu 
 ate in the United Kuipiom. 
 sue in anv court abroad kt 
 dischargcd'with such sanction 
 nd with the written consent 0, 
 3 such ill-usage on the part ot 
 his authority as to uarran 
 lision of danger to the ite e 
 vcre to remain on board; but 
 is return to the United M"S- 
 lie master or owner has been 
 uct or default which hut fo 
 Id have entitled the seaman to 
 -the termination of the voyage 
 shall be entitled to recover in 
 ;c3 such compen-sation not v 
 court hearing the case tlmiKs 
 18 Vict. s. 1!)0.) „, 
 asterof ashi|,shall,sofar 
 
 ivethc same rights, hiY'. 
 coverv of his wages ^rt,ohl^ 
 law or custom any scam Mt 
 
 , for the recovery oh«: 
 ding in any Court otAdmirait) 
 
 fir Vice-.\dmiralty touchinp the claim of a master | hours at some foreign port or at some port in her 
 
 Majesty's (Idininions abroad lielbro coniiiig to anv 
 port in the (,'iiitnl KitiLriloin, th(! master sli.ill 
 report liic (•a>c to the Itritish consular ollinr or 
 oIliciT of oiistoiiis there, as (lie case may lie, and 
 shall give lu such ollieer any iriformatiou ht^ 
 reiinires as lo the deslinntidu" of tlic Hhi]) and 
 pnibnMc Icngtli <if llic voyage; and such ollieer 
 may tliereuiMPii, if he eonsideis it oxpediciit so to 
 do, reiiuire the said elVecls, money, and wages lo 
 be delivered and paid to him, and sliall upon siirli 
 delivery and payineni give to the mast or a receipt, 
 aiul the master shall within dlS hours afler his 
 arrival at his per* of destination ii. the United 
 Kingdom produce the same to the shipping master 
 there; and such consular oflicer or ollieer of cus- 
 toms sliall in such ease indorse and certity upon 
 the agreement with tin; crew such particular., 
 with respect to such delivery a'ld payment as the 
 Hoard oC Trade reqilres : 
 
 {'■>) If ."iieh oditer as aforesaid docs not require 
 such payment and delivery to be made to him, 
 the master shall take charge of the said clVecls, 
 money, and wnge,s, and shall within '18 hours after 
 Ins arrival at his port of destination in the United 
 Kingehini deliver and pay the samcto thcshiiiping 
 master there : 
 
 (1) The master shall in all cases in wliieli any 
 seaman or apprentice dies during the progro.ss of ii 
 voyage or engagement give to the Hoard of Trade", 
 or to such ollieer or shipping iriaster as aforesaid, 
 an account in such form as they respectively re- 
 quire of the crteets, money, and wages so to bo 
 delivered and pah! ; and no deductions claimed in 
 such account shall be allowed unless verified, if 
 there is any oliicial log book, by such entry 
 therein as hereinbefore required, and also by .such 
 other vouchers (if any) as may bo rca.sonably 
 required by the lioard of Trade, or by flic officer 
 or shipping master to whom tho account is 
 rendered : 
 
 {!)) Upon due compliance with such of tho 
 provisions of this section as relate to acts to be 
 done at the port of destination in the United 
 Kingdom, the shipping master shall grant to t\w 
 master a certilicato to that efl'cct, and no officer of 
 customs shall clear inwards any foreign-going shii) 
 without the production of such certificate. (Sec. 
 195.) 
 
 J'enaltics for tiot taking charge of, remitting, or 
 accounting fur such Moneys ana Jiffects. — If any 
 master fail" to take such charge of the money 
 or other effects of a seaman or api)rentico dying 
 during a voyage, or to make such entries in 
 respect thereof, or to procure such attestation to 
 such entries, or to make such payment or delivery 
 of any money, wages, or effects of any seaman or 
 api>rcntice dying during a voyage, or to give such 
 account in respect thereof as hereinbefore respect- 
 ively directed, ho shall be accountable for tho 
 money, wages, aiul cflcets of the seaman or ap- 
 l)renticc fo the lioard of Trade, and shall pay anil 
 deliver the same accordingh'; and such master 
 shall in addition for every such offence incur a 
 penalty not exceeding treble the value of the 
 money or effects not accounted for, or if such 
 value is not ascertained, not exceeding 50Z. ; and 
 if any such money, wages, or effects are not duly 
 paid, delivered, or accounted for by the master, 
 the owner of tho ship shall pay, deliver, and 
 account for the same, and such money and wages 
 and the value of such effects shall bo recoverable 
 from him accordingly ; and if he fail to account 
 for and pay the same, he shall, in addition to his 
 liability for the said money and value, incur the 
 same penalty which is hereinbefore mentioned as 
 incurred by the master for the like offence ; and 
 
 towages any right or set-off or counterclaim is 
 M t up, it shall he lawful for siieh court to enter into 
 ,iiul adjudicate upon all ipiestions and fo settle all 
 ncwuiiis then ari-ing or oiifsfaiulingnnd unsettled 
 Utwcen the parties to the proceeding, and fo direct 
 iiavinent of anj- balance which is found to be due. 
 
 Isec. vn.) 
 
 Ui'liifto Seamen's Families out of Poor Hates. 
 
 lli'liit' to Seamen's Families to he churgeiihle on 
 I'ioi»irlio>i of their Wages. — Whein.ver duriog the 
 :;lwnce of any seaman on a voyage, his wife, 
 aiildien, and step-children, or aiiy of them, be- 
 , lino or becomes cliargeablo to any union or 
 Kirisli in the United Kingilom, such iiiiiou or 
 larish shall he entitled to be reimhursod out of tho 
 iva"es of such seaman carncel during such voyage; 
 anv sums properly expended during his absence in 
 ilic niaiiitenancu of his said relations, or any of 
 them, so that such sums do not exceed the "fol- 
 luwing proportions of his said wages, viz. : — 
 
 (1) Ifonlyoneof such relations is chargc.-ible, i 
 of such wages. 
 
 (2) II two or more of such relations arc charge- 
 able, § of such wages. 
 
 liut if during tlie absence of the seaman any 
 sinus: have been iiaid by the owner to or on behalf 
 111' any such relation as aforesaid, under an allot- 
 ment note given by the seaman in his, her, or their 
 favour, any such claim feir reimbursement as afore- 
 said sliall be limited to tho excess (if any) of tho 
 pruportion of the wages hereinbefore mentioned 
 over the sums so paid. (Sec. 102.) 
 
 Clause 193 directs the mode to be pursued by 
 ilic guardians of the jioor ttc. to obtain reim- 
 bursement of advances to relations of seamen. 
 
 Wages and Effects of Deceased Seamen, 
 Masters to tahj charge of or sell Effects of De- 
 ceased Seamen irhich are on board. — Whenever any 
 ■cam.'in or ni)prenticc belonging to or sent home 
 in any British ship, whether a foreign-going ship 
 or a home trade ship, employed on a voyage which 
 is to fcrmin.atc in the United Kingdom, dies 
 during such voyage, the master shall take charge 
 of iill money, clothe.', and effects which he loaves 
 on board, and shall, if he think lit, cause all or any 
 of the said clothes and effects to be sold by 
 auction at the mast or other public auction, and 
 sh.all thereupon sign an entry in the official log 
 book containing the following particulars, viz. : — 
 
 (1) A statement of the amount of the money, 
 and a description of the effects so left by the 
 deceased : 
 
 (2) In case of a sale, a description of each 
 .article sold, and the sum received lor each : 
 
 (3) A statementof the sum due to the deceased 
 as wages, and the total amount of the deduction 
 (if any) to be made therefrom : 
 
 And shall cause such entry to be attested by a 
 mate and by one of tho crew-. (Sec. 1!)I.) 
 
 Such Effects and Wages to be paid either to 
 Consular to Shipping Master, with full Accounts. — 
 hi the cases provided for bj' the last preceding 
 section, the following rules shall be observeil 
 (that is to say) : — 
 
 (1) If the ship proceeds at once to any port in 
 the United Kingelom, without touching on the 
 W at any foreign port, the master shall within 
 48 hours after his arrival deliver any such effects 
 as aforesaid remaining unsold, and pay any money 
 which he has taken charge of or received from 
 such sale as aforesaid, and also the balance of 
 wages due to the deceased, to the shipping master 
 It the port of destination in the United Kingdom : 
 
 (2) If the ship touches and remains for 48 
 
 Hi 
 
 ill 
 
 in 
 
 ■W 
 
 I' 
 'll 
 
 I 11 
 ! I 
 
 ; !^ 
 
T 
 
 ♦.», t 
 
 1228 
 
 SKAMMN 
 
 ( 
 
 V^t-, 
 
 ri-\ ■■■■' 
 
 
 .; l.v i 
 
 i ■■ 'Ji 
 
 nil moiioy, wage*, and cITcrls of any sraiiinn or 
 a|i|)r(Mili('c (lyiiif? diiriii); u vnynKo xluill bo rccovcr- 
 aiilo ill tlio Hnrnv fiiiirts, atid liy tlio xaiiu! niixli's 
 • il" proccodin^ hy which somihcm arc horcliy ciial>h'd 
 1(1 recover wnpcs diip to Ihcin. (Sec. llMi.) 
 
 OD'ifem of ('untumn ami ('loniitu to Inke thuriir of 
 Kffrits lift liif Scdiiini <il>ioiiil.— ]( any Hiioh 
 Hcariiaii or apprentice an last al'uresaid die abroad, 
 at any place either in or out of her Maje.sly'd 
 tloininioiiH, leuviiif^ any money or tllects not on 
 board ln» Nhip, the thief ollicer of customs or tin; 
 KritiHli conHulur otiicer at or nearest to the place, 
 aH the case may be, nhall claim and take diarneof 
 such money and ell'ects ; and such i>t)icer shall, if 
 be think lit, sell all or anv of s\ich ell'ects, or any 
 ellects of any deceased seaman or apprentice 
 delivi'red to biin imderthe provisions before con- 
 tained ; and every such oiliccr shall, quarterly, or 
 at such other timcH as the Hoard of Trade directs, 
 remit to her Majesty's paymaster f;eneral all 
 in(mcy.s LelonKinj; to or arising from the sale of 
 tlio effects of, or paid as the wa>,'e.s of, any de- 
 ceased senmait ur apprenticen, which have come to 
 bitt hands under the provisions hereinbefore con- 
 tained, and shall render Huch accounts in respect 
 thereof asthe lioaidof Trade rvipiires. (Sec. 11)7.) 
 
 lywjcs unit Kff'i:cts of Jhttusitt Seamen, — The 
 107th section of the principal \cl shall extend to 
 seamen or apprentices who within the (J months 
 immediately preceding their death have belon^jed to 
 a Itritiah ship ; and such section shall be construed 
 us if there were inserted in the first line thereof 
 after the words 'such seaman or apprentice as last 
 aforesaiil,' the words ' or if nny seaman or ap- 
 prentice who has within the (! months immediately 
 preceding his death belonged to a British ship.' 
 (25 iSe 20 Vict. c. G3 s. 20.) 
 
 If^a/iet and Kffccts of Seamen di/ing at home to 
 liefiaid in certain Cases to Board of 'j'rads. — When- 
 ever any seaman or apprentice ilics in the United 
 Kingdom, and is at the time of his death entitled 
 to claim from the master or owner of any ship in 
 which he has served any unpaid wages or cflects, 
 such muster or owner shall pay and deliver or 
 account for the same to the shipping master at the 
 port where the seaman or apprentice was dis- 
 charged or was to have been discharged, or to the 
 .Hoard of Trad', or as it directs. (17 & lij Vict. c. 
 101 s. 198.) 
 
 Recovery of Wages §t. of Seamen lost wilh their 
 Ship. — The wages of scomen or apprentices who 
 .■ire lost with the shi)) to which they belong shall 
 be dealt with as follows (that is to say) : — 
 
 (1) The Board of Trade m.ay recover the same 
 from the owner of the ship in the same manner in 
 which seamen's wages are recoverable : 
 
 (2) In any proceedings for the recovery of such 
 wages, if it is shown by some oflicial return pro- 
 duced out of the custociy of the registrar-general 
 of sc.imen or by other evidence that the ship has 
 12 months ov upwards before the institution of 
 the proceeding left a port of departure, and if it is 
 not shown that she has been heard of within 12 
 mouths alter such departure, she shall be deemed 
 to have been lost with all hands on board, either 
 immediately after the time she was last heard of 
 or at such later time as the court hearing the case 
 may think probable : 
 
 (3) The production out of the custody of the 
 rcgistrar-gcnejal of seamen or of the ISoard of 
 Trade of any duplicate agreement or list of the 
 crew made out at the time of the last departure of 
 the ship from the United Kingdom, or of a cer- 
 tificate purporting to be a certilicate from a con- 
 sular or other public officer at any port abroad, 
 stating that certain seamen or apprentices were 
 shipped in the ship from the said port, shall, in 
 
 the id)s(ii(r of proof to the contrary, lie Huflii;iiiit 
 proof that Ihi^ seamen or appientices tliorcii; 
 iwimed were on boanl nt the tiino of the loss : 
 
 (I) The lloaril of Trade shall deal with mhI, 
 wages in the manner in whicli thi'v iKal wiii, 
 the Wiiges of other deceased seamen ami a|i|ircii 
 tices under thi! principal Act. (2.) & 2UVic't.c i); 
 S.2I.) 
 
 If lens than .'id/.. Wages anil I'loptrtij ofilcunx,,; 
 Seitinen mag lie jiaid over wilhout J'rulilile nr Ad 
 ministration to Persons entitled. — If theinom y.-iii ' 
 elVe<'ts of any deceased seaman or apprentirc |iai,i. 
 delivered, or remitted to tlie Hoard of 'I'radi! orii 
 agi'nt.", including the moneys received fur niiv par; 
 of the said ellects which have been soKI ('iilur 
 before delivery to the Huard of Tradi' or by iiv 
 direction, do not excce<l in value the sunt el .On/, 
 then, subject to the provi'iions after Cdntiiiiieil.ai. : 
 to all 8u<'h deductions for expenses ineurrcii i : 
 respect of the seaman or apprentice or of hia saiil 
 money ami elVeclM as the said board iliitiks prditr 
 to aUow, the said board may, if it think tit, p,iv 
 and d(!liver the said money and cIl'ectH eitlior n 
 any claimants who can prove themselves in the 
 satisfaction of the said board either to lie lii. 
 widiiw or children, or to be entiiled to the ((lie;, 
 of the deceased under his will (if any) or iiiidir 
 the statutes for the distnivatioii of tlie olTirts i ; 
 intestates, or inider any other statute, or atiom- 
 mon law, or to he entitled to procure probalc cr 
 take out letters of administration or eoiilinniitiui:. 
 although no probate or letters of admiuistrnlion.r 
 conliimation have been taken out, and .vhiill In 
 thereby discharged from all further liiibiliiy ii 
 respect of the money and etlecta so paid "aii'l 
 delivered, or may, if it thinks (it, re(|iiiri.' prnbad' 
 or letters of administration or conli.'niatioii to lie 
 taken out, and thereupon pay and deliver the sail I 
 money ami effects to the legal personal representa- 
 tives of the deceased; and all claimants to whom 
 such money or effects are so paid or delivered shall 
 apply the same in due course of administration, 
 and if si'.ch money and effects exceed ia value tlif 
 sum of 50/., then, subject to the provisions hen in- 
 after contained and to deduction for expenses, tir 
 Hoard of Trade shall pay and deliver the san.o to 
 the legal personal representatives of the dceea^n 
 (17 & 18 Vict. c. 101s. lyi).) 
 
 3Iode of Payment under Wills madeby Seamcv. 
 — In cases where the deceased seaman or a| pnu 
 tice has left a will, the Huard of Trade shall liav' 
 the following power.s ; viz. : — 
 
 (1) It may in its discretion refuse to pavdr 
 deliver any such wages or effects as aforcsaia to 
 any person claiming to be entitled thereto iiiultr 
 a will made on board ship, unless suc'li will is in 
 writing, and i» signed or acknowledged by tln' 
 testator in tlu! presence of the master or first or 
 onl}' mate of the shi]), and is attested by smli 
 master or mate. 
 
 (2) It may in its discretion refuse to pay w 
 deliver any such wages or effects as aforesaiil to 
 any person not being related to the testator by 
 blood or marriage who claims to be eiititlcil 
 thereto under a will made elsewhere than onboard 
 ship, unless such will is in writing, and is ii^md 
 or acknowledged by the testator in the prejcncrl 
 two witnesses, one of whom is some sliippi"r 
 master appointed under this Act, or some 'niiiistcr 
 or officiating minister or curate of the pLw ni 
 which the same is made, or, in a place where 
 there arc no such persons, some justice of m 
 peace, or some British consular olHcer, or soine 
 officer of customs, and is attested by such wit- 
 nesses. . . 
 
 Whenever any claim made under a wm " 
 rejected by the Board of Trade on account of the 
 
• 'M 
 
 »bc contrnrj', be fiiifllcit nt 
 n or nppn'iitioos tlicri'iji 
 ; the timo of tlio loss : 
 ndo Hbiill <1i'al willi vuli 
 ill wliirli tlii'V lie ;il wiih 
 :>HBO!l Hi'iiiiii'ii mill iipprcii 
 \ Aci. (.!■'> it •^iiVici.,.t;; 
 
 cj andJ'ii'prrtij ofili'iiin(,i 
 ir irilliout J'rnliitle or An 
 entitled.- W tlio iiionc y ,ii: ' 
 itciiiiiiiii or n|)|iri'iili('c |iiii.'. 
 
 tlio lionril ot'l'mdi' ori; 
 loiiovrt received r(iriiny|i,ir; 
 ich liavo becii ^otd t'illiir 
 
 Hoard of 'I'radi' or by ii~ 
 d in vnliie tlin sum nl M. 
 )vi-iioiis after C(iiitaiii«l,iir. ; 
 s lor expenses imiirrcil i: 
 or apprentice or irf liia saiil 
 he staid hoard lliiiika pruptr 
 d may, if it think (it, pay 
 Tioney and cllecl-t eitlior in 
 in prove Ihomsulvcs tii tic 
 lid hoard either to he hi- 
 to he ciitilh'd to the (HVc,- 
 r his will (if any) or umlir 
 listriivation of the etlwts i\ 
 ny other statute, or at tom- 
 jtled to procure probate a 
 (iiinistralion or conlimmtioi;. 
 )r letters of admiuistration > r 
 ■en taken out, and .-hall l«' 
 rom all t'urtlier liability ii 
 y and ell'ecta «(i paid aii'l 
 ft thinks lit, reipiiri! probah' 
 ration or conliriimtion to be 
 ipoii pay and ilelivor the saiil 
 the lej^iil personal rtprtscnta- 
 ; and all claimants to whom 
 are so jiaid or delivered shall 
 [ic course of administratiim. 
 d effects exceed in value tlif 
 jcct to the provisions here in- 
 
 1 deduction for expenses, tla 
 pay and deliver the san,e t« 
 rescntatives of the dea'ascn. 
 
 s. ID!).) 
 
 inder mils made by Smim: 
 
 deceased seaman or ai'pnn 
 ic Board of Trade shall liav^ 
 viz. : — 
 
 discretion refuse to pay «r 
 res or effects as aforesaid i.' 
 
 ,) he entitled thereto iimiir 
 
 ship, unless such will is m 
 
 ^d or acknowledged by H" 
 
 nee of the master or first "f 
 
 ip, and is attested by suili 
 
 discretion refuse to pav w 
 res or effects as aforesaul to 
 r related to the testator bv 
 'who claims to be enUtlw 
 lade elsewhere than on bnari 
 
 i is in writing, and is sii'"' 
 ;hc testator in the prcscncr I 
 
 of whom is some shippnit 
 Icr this Act, or some 'mnistc 
 
 ■ or curate of the pKu" » 
 
 ,ado, or, in a p ace * 
 persons, some justice of tu 
 
 'sh .consular "H «", »'/»f. 
 
 nd is attested by such ^Mt 
 
 aim made under a ^J J 
 1 of Trade on account cl wo 
 
 *aid will niil lieiii:,' niadi' .md ntte.ted as herein- 
 liifiiro required, the watres anil ('lli'cls cif tlicdc- 
 oawd cball he dealt with as if no will had hecn 
 , ,,,;if. (See. '.'•)().) 
 
 t'laiisi^ -01 dii'ecl;4 the procedure to he fnllowed 
 ,11 ilcalint,' with the claims id' the iTeditur.s of 
 l,.,riuscd ..eamen. 
 Clause '.'d'.' lays down the mndfi of tlealliiK ^*'th 
 ,:,c|aiini'd waists of deceased seamen. 
 
 t'linislimcfit I'lir I'orijiTii niiil fnhf Jli'iirrm'nlii- 
 lilt) to oliliiiii irni/e.i and J'ropvili/ nf diciiisi-d 
 y, „„,,„, — JCvi ry person who. for the purpose of 
 I'ltainin;:, either for himself or for another, any 
 moiiev or elVeets of any deceased seaman or ap- 
 )ircnl'ice, forces, assists in forninj,', or procures to 
 Ul'iirp'd, or fraudulently alters, assists in (Vaiidii- 
 luiitlv allerintr. or procures to !)(• fraudiileiilly 
 altered, any document piirporliiiK toshow or assist 
 |:i slidwiiiK a f'Kht to Hiich wastes or i tVects, and 
 ,.virv person who for the pur|)ose aforesaid makes 
 ihc ol any such forf^ed or altered document as 
 al'(.rosaiil,or who for the purpose aforesaid (jives or 
 makes or procures to he Kiven or made, or a.ssistR 
 111 ijiviiig or makinj; or proeurinj; to be given or 
 ma^le, any false cvideiiee or rPprcscntation, know- 
 iiii,' iliu same to he false, shall l)« punishable with 
 'leiial scrvitudo for a term not exceeding 4 years, 
 Iir with imprisonment with or without hard labour 
 I'ar any jieriud not exceediuK 2 years, or if num- 
 marily prosecuted and convicted, by imprisonment, 
 with or without hard labour, for any period not 
 exceeding fi months. (Sec, 203.) 
 
 t'lause 201 euacUs that the effects of seamen 
 discharged from navy arc to be elisposed of by 
 aii'nun'ant-gcneral of navy, 
 
 a. Leaving Seamen abroad [Masteu], — The 
 .l,«ertion ot their ships by seamen, when abroad, 
 H an offence which, as we have seen, has been 
 much and justly complained of. I5ut the seamen 
 mav themselves be deserted; that is, they may 
 be left when on shore with leave or for some 
 mwssiiry puriiose, or they may be forced on shore 
 In the master, and then left by him. These being 
 oifonces of a very grave character, there can be no 
 (liiubi that they 'should bo visited with some suit- 
 able punishment. It is, also, highly expedient 
 liiat such seamen as have the misfortune to be 
 shipwrecked or left abroad, should bo conveyed 
 back to their mother country by the first oppor- 
 tunity. And hence all maritime codes concur in 
 imposing penalties on masters, when abroad, 
 forcing seamen on shore, or leaving them, without 
 just cause ; and they, also, make provision for the 
 rciuni home of such shipwrecked or deserted sca- 
 nioii. The following clauses of the Merchant 
 Shipping Act have these objects in view :— 
 
 0)1 Discharge of Seamen fthroad, by Sale of 
 Ship or otherwise, Seamen to be sent home at Ex- 
 pme of Oiratr.— Whenever any Hritish ship is 
 tranfferrcd or disposed of at any place out of her 
 Majesty's dominions, and any seaman or appren- 
 tice belonging thereto docs not in the presence of 
 some British consular officer, or, if there is no such 
 consular officer there, in the presence of one or 
 more respectable British merchants residing at the 
 place, and not interested in the said ship, signify 
 his consent in writing to complete the voyage if 
 eontiniied, and whenever the service of any seaman 
 or apprentice belonging to any British ship ter- 
 raiiiijtcs at any place out of her Majesty's 
 ilominions, the master shall give to each sucli sea- 
 man or apprentice a certificate of discharge in the 
 firm sanctioned by the Board of Trade, and in the 
 case of any certificated mate whose certificate he 
 mi retained shall return such certificate to him, 
 Mil shall also, besides paying the wages to which 
 such seaman or apprentice is entitled, cither pro- 
 
 SKAMKN 1220 
 
 vide him Willi adei|ii,U(' employment on board 
 ther llritish ship bound to the port ill her 
 
 iiniue 
 
 Miije^tty's doriiiuioiis at, wliieli he was originally 
 shippeil, i>r to siieli oIIht port in llii' I'nited King 
 doni as is imrcnl upon by hiiii, or furnish III" 
 means III' seiiliiig hiinliark "tn siiih purl, or providi- 
 liim with a passage hoiiir, or dipusit with siiili 
 eiiMsular nUliir nr siiili nvrclianl or merchants ai 
 afiiresaiilsiirli a •-iimiif nininy in is liy :iirh olliecr 
 or merelianls diMiiied siillirie'iit to defray the ex- 
 penses of his sulisi'teiiee and passage home; and 
 such ninsnlar oilier or nnriliants shall iiidnrse 
 upon the a;;rei iiieiil of the ship which the seaman 
 or nppreuliee is leaving the parlieulars of Hiieli 
 pavmi'nt, provisinn, or deposit; and if the muster 
 relnses or negleets to comply with the reipiiie- 
 meiits of this si'ction, t,ueh tjxpenses as last afore- 
 Hiiid, if defrayed by such consular ofiicer or by any 
 oilier persiiM. Mhall, unless such seaman ornppren- 
 tiee has been guilty of barratry, be a charge upon 
 the ship to which such seaman or apprentice 
 belonged and upon the owner for the time being 
 thereof, and may be .'overed against such owner, 
 with costs, at the .iiiit of the consular ollieer or 
 other person defraying siieh expenses, or, in case, 
 the same has been allowed to the consular otlicer 
 out of the public moneys, as a debt due to her 
 Majesty cither by ordinary process of law, or in 
 the manner in which seamen arc hereby enabled 
 to recover wages ; and such expenses, if defrayed 
 by the seaman or npprentiiie, sliall he recoverable 
 as wages due to him. (Sec. 205.) 
 
 Forcing Seamen on Shore a JUisdemeanor. — If 
 the master or any other person belonging to any 
 British ship wrongfully forces on shore and leaves 
 behind, or otherwise' wilfully and w.ongfully 
 leaves behind, in any place, on shore or at sea, in 
 or out of her Jl.ajesty's dominions, any seaman or 
 apprentice belonging to such ship before the com- 
 pletion of the voyage for which such person was 
 engaged or Ihe return of the ship to the United 
 Kingdom, he sh.iU for each such oU'enco be deemed 
 guilty of a misdemeanor. (Sec. 200.) 
 
 i\'(» Seamen to be discliargcdor left abroad without 
 Certificate of some Functionari/. — If the roaster of 
 any British ship does any of the following things, 
 viz. : — 
 
 (1) Discharges any seaman or apprentice in 
 any idace situate in any British possession abroad 
 (except the possession in which he was shipped), 
 without previously obtaining the sanction in 
 writing indorsed on the agreement of some public 
 shipping master or other ollieer duly appointed by 
 the local government in that behalf, or (in the 
 absence of any such functionary) of the chief 
 officer of customs resident at or near the place 
 where the discharge takes place : 
 
 (2) Uischargcs any seaman or apprentice at 
 any place out of her M.ajesty's dominions without 
 previously obtaining the sanction so indorsed as 
 aforesaid of the British consular officer there, or 
 (in his absence) of two roepectable merchants 
 resident there : 
 
 {S) Leaves behind any seaman or apprentice at 
 any place situate in any British possession abroad 
 on any ground whatever, without previously ob- 
 taining a certificate in writing so indorsed as 
 aforesaid from such officer or person as aforesaid, 
 stating the fact and the cause thereof, whether 
 such e.iuse be unfitness or inability to proceed to 
 sea, or desertion or disapjiearunce : 
 
 (4) Leaves behind any seaman or apprentice 
 at any place out of her Majesty's dominions, on 
 shore or at sea, on any ground whatever, without 
 previously obtaining the certificate indorsed in 
 manner and to the effect last aforesaid of the 
 British consular officer there, or (in his absence) 
 
 i '1 
 
 !r 
 
 t !i| 
 
 I 1:1 
 
 
 HI 
 
 I' 
 
 ti ' 
 
^ 
 
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 • I 
 
 
 
 it • k 
 
 '» . . . 
 
 .Vy 
 
 (• 
 
 >.-r;t 
 
 V i 
 
 Ai 
 
 1.-! 
 
 ,i 
 
 1230 
 
 of two roflpfctnlilo mrrclinnM, if tlicro U nny kucIi 
 nt or nrnr llic pinci' wlicro tlio ship llioii is: 
 IIi'nIiiiII fiiri'iicli hiu'Ii (Id'iitilt b" (IcciikmI ^'iiiltv of 
 n mi-iilciiu'iinor; iiiiil llio Miid fiiiictiiinarhH nIiiiII 
 mill tlio siiiil nicrchniits may oxiiiiiiiic into the 
 jrriimiilM (if such pnipuscil iliMcliiirf;^ or inin llic 
 alli'^atiiiti iif.Hiicli unlilni"^-', iiialiility, (lisi'itiiin, or 
 (li.>'app<'aiaiico as afurcMaiii, in ii suiiimary war, 
 and may lur that purpnM', if liny lliink lit, ail- 
 iiiinistrr (latlis, iiiul nmy iJlluT j^raiit <ir refuse 
 micli saiu'iliiii or ccrtiru'alo as appears to tliem to 
 be iii.-t. (See. 2(17.) 
 
 i'rtxif' of HHch Cerllfienle to he upon the Master. — 
 Uiiiiii llietrial of aii'v informal ion, indielinetit, or 
 oilier proceediiifi a^'iinst any pcrxoii for iliNeliar^;- 
 iiij; or leaviiij; behind nny seaman or apjirenliee, 
 eimtrary to the provisions of this Aet, il shall 1m' 
 upon such person either to prodnee the sanelion 
 iir eertilicale herel)y reipiired. or to prove that he 
 hail obtained the sam<! previonsly to liavinn dis- 
 eharj^cd or left behind siieh seaman or apprentice, 
 or that it was iitipraeticable for him to obtain snch 
 t^nnetion or certilieate. (See. '.'(18.) 
 
 ty^oijes lo tie paid when Seiimeii iire lift Itrhiiiilon 
 Ground of Imdntiti/. — Kvery master ol nny I'.ritisli 
 ship who leaves any seaman or apprenlieo on 
 shore at any pbiee nbrond in or out of her Ma- 
 jesty's dominions, under a eertilicate of his iinlit- 
 iie«s or inability to proceed on the voyage, shall 
 deliver ' > one of the funetionnries aforesaid or (in 
 \\\o. nbsonon of such functionaries) to the mer- 
 cliaiits liy wliom such certilieate is signed, or, if 
 there be but one respectable merehant resident nt 
 sucli place, to him, a full and true account of tho 
 wa^PS due to such senmnii or aiipreiilice, snch ac- 
 count when delivered to a consular ollicer to be in 
 duplicate, and shall pay the same either in money 
 or by a bill drawn upon the owner ; and in the 
 case of everj' bill so drawn, such functionary, 
 merchants, or nmrchnnt as aforesaid, shall by in- 
 dorsement certify thereon that the same is drawn 
 for monej' duo on account of a seaman's wages, 
 and shall also indorse the amount for wliidi such 
 bill is drawn with such further particulars in re- 
 spect of the case as tho IJoard of Trade requires, 
 u|)on the agreement of the ship ; and every such 
 master as aforesaid who refuses or neglects to 
 deliver a full account of such wages, and ii.iy the 
 amount thereof in money or by bill, as hereinbe- 
 fore required, shall for every such offence or de- 
 fault be liable, in additicm to the payment of the 
 wages, to a penalty not exceeding 10/. ; and every 
 such master who delivers a false account of such 
 wages shall for every such otTcnce, in addition to 
 the payment of the wages, incur a penally not ex- 
 ceeding 2()/. (2.') & 20 Vict. c. 63 s. 2U'J.) 
 
 Payment of Wages to Seamen abroad under Sec- 
 
 8KAMKN 
 
 eeived in evidence, nnrl shall he deeniod fn j,,, 
 primii facie eviileiicu of tho facts hIuIciI in syft, 
 
 tion 20!) of Principal Act. — The payi 
 men's wages required by tho 209lh s< 
 
 indorsement. 
 
 Clause 210 of 17 A- 18 Vict. c. 101 directs n,;,, 
 such wages are to be tn'nted as money (lui> t„ |i„, 
 seamen, subject lo payment of expense oftliiir 
 subsistence and passiiL'e home. 
 
 JUatresaid Srnmen fninil Aliroadminjhr relinnl 
 anil sent Home at the Pidilie K.rpinse. — flic .r,,. 
 vcrnors, consular ollicers, and other olliecrs of lur 
 Majesty in loreign countries shall, ami in |ila,.,,, 
 where there are no hucli governors or nflicor'i an\- 
 two resident llrilish merchants may, pniviili< ji,V 
 the snhsi-teiiceof all seamen or appreiuices, lur . 
 subjects of her Majesty, who have been *\»'- 
 wreeked, disehnrgi'd, or left behind at anv plmv 
 abroad, wlu'tber from any ship empln-eirin i|,, 
 merchant service or from any of lur .MiiJ.Mv- 
 shi)is, or w ho have been engaged by nny iicr- 1;; 
 aeling eillnr as principal or agent to' serve in am 
 ship lieloiiging to any foreign power or to tlio >i,h 
 ject of nny foreign slate, and who are imlisin— 
 in any jduee abnuid, until such liiiie as llnvnr 
 able to provide tin ni with a imssn^'e lininp, ninl i.r 
 ihnt )iurpose i-liall cause snch seamen uriippnn- 
 tices to li(^ put on board some ship liiliiiiniM:: in 
 any subject of her Majesty bound lo anv |inn i,f 
 the United Kingdom, or to the I!riti>li possis-ion 
 to which Ihey belong (as the c.isc rcqiiins), wlii.li 
 is in want of men to make up its coniplcmciit.anil 
 in default of any such ship shall proviik tlirni 
 with a passage home as soon as pnssililo in sonio 
 ship belonging lo a subject of her Majesty liminil 
 as aforesaid, and shall indorse on tho n^TPcimnt 
 of any ship on board of which nny scniniiii i.r np- 
 prentice is so taken or sent the' name nf every 
 person so sent on board thereof, with sinii parti- 
 culars concerning the case as the lio.inl of Tr.i.lo 
 requires, and shall be allowed for tlie suL-istomi! 
 of any such seaman or apprentice such sura jn r 
 iliem as the Hoard of Trade from time to lime ap- 
 points ; and tho amount duo in respect of ?mli 
 allowance shall be paid out of any moneys appli- 
 cable to the relief of distressed Ih-ilisli'scaiiRii, 
 and granted by rarlinment for tho purpose, on 
 the production of the bill of the disbursement-. 
 with the proper vouchers. (17 & 18 Vict. c. im 
 s. 211.) The 22nd section of 18 i 19 Vict.c.lH 
 
 frovidcs for the return of distressed Lascara ii 
 ndia. 
 Masters of British Ships compelled in take thai 
 — The master of every liritish ship so boiiml a* 
 aforesaid shall receive and afford a passa{;e aiiJ 
 subsistence to all seamen or apprentices whom lio 
 is required to take on board his ship under the 
 provisions before contained, not exceeding one iW 
 every 60 tons burden, and sluiU during the pas- 
 sage provide every such seaman or apprentioe 
 
 ymcnt of sen- 
 vages reiiuired by the 209lh section of the | with a proper berth or sleeping-place clTectually 
 principal Act shall, whenever it is practicable so j protected against sea and wcalhcr; and on tin 
 
 to do, be m.idc in money and not bv bill; and in 
 cases where payment is made by bill drawn by 
 the master, the owner of the ship shall he liable 
 to pay the amount for which the same is drawn 
 to the holder or indorsee thereof; and it shall not 
 be necessary in any proceeding against the owner 
 upon such bill to prove that the master had autho- 
 rity to draw the same ; and any bill purporting 
 to be drawn in pursuance of the said section, nncl 
 to be indorsed as therein required, if produced out 
 of the custody of the Board of Trnde or of the re- 
 gistrar-general of seamen, or of any superinten- 
 dent of any mercantile marine office, shull be re- 
 ceived in evidence ; and nny indorsement on any 
 such bill purporting to bo ninde in pursunnce of 
 the said section, nnd to be signed by one of the 
 functionaries therein mentioned, shall also be re- 
 
 production of a certilieate signed by any govcriicr, 
 consular officer, or merchants by whose direciiims 
 nny such senmnn or npprentice was received on 
 board, specifying the number nnd names ul such 
 senmen or apprentices, nnd the time when each of 
 them respectively wns received on board, am', on a 
 declaration made by such person before a justice, 
 and verilicd by the registrar-general of sean'on, 
 stating the number of days during which each 
 seaman or apprentice received subsistence and was 
 provided for as aforesaid on bo.ird his ship, and 
 stating also the number of men and boys fornimg 
 the complement of his crew, and the number ot 
 seamen and apprentices cmployoil on board his 
 ship during such time, iiiiil ovi ry variation (if anv) 
 of such number, such person shall be entitled to be 
 paid out of the said moneys applicable to thereUet 
 
 • I 
 
(1 nhnll liP ilfomccl fn li,. 
 r tlio fuctH Hliltcd ill Midi 
 
 8 "Vict. c. 10 1 (lirocts thai 
 ■cnii'tl na inoiioy (lii« in t lie 
 niiciit of cxiH'iise of tlnir 
 I' hiimc 
 
 iiiml .ilinuiil mwjbr ci/iVr. r/ 
 I'liM'w Krpiiiiiv.—'l'iU' i;, 
 TH, niul otiicr cilliccrs i<(\,. . 
 iiitrio!* Hliali, anil in |>!.iri . 
 rli novoniorH cir nflicorH ni; 
 iiiTilmiitH iiiiiy, priiviilo j i 
 lOamin or niiprpiilii'iM, In i' - 
 ■•stv, who linvt' hff.n Aw. 
 )r'li'(t lu'liiiiil III any pin 
 
 any sliip cinplii.'iil in il . 
 from any of lur .Miiji'-i\ ■ 
 ccn onunH'"'! ''.v any |iei-n,'i 
 ipal or nn''iit to servo in any 
 I'orci^jii iiowi'f or to tho si,!,- 
 ntr, and who are in illsir.- 
 until Kiii'h tiiiin as liny ;i: 
 witli a jiassanc lionic, aii'l ll r 
 uiM' such MMiincn or appriii- 
 )oaril sonic ship licliiiiuiii.- 1" 
 lajoNly b(niiiil to any \i<>n if 
 , or to the l!riti--li po-sr<-iM;i 
 
 (as the case reipiiros), wliirji 
 make up its I'omplomint.aml 
 ,cli ship sliall )iruvi(le tluni 
 > na soon as iiossilik in soiin' 
 silhjcet of her Jlajcsly Inmn I 
 nil iiKlorse ou thn a;;rt'cm( iit 
 
 of which any scaiiiiiii it a\- 
 I or sent the' name v! cvory 
 lard thereof, with mk'Ii parli- 
 ic case as the lioaril of Trailc 
 JO allowed for tlic siibsistciico 
 
 or apprentice ■■■\k\\ sum v t 
 f Trade frotn lime to time a^- 
 pount duo in respect (if siuli 
 Uid out of any moneys apiiii- 
 [.f distressed lirilish sraiinn, 
 rlianicnt for the purrnso, on 
 he bill of the disbursement-, 
 chcrs. (17 & 18 Vict. o. 101 
 section of 18 & 19 Vict, c.in 
 
 urn of distressed Lascars !> 
 
 Ships compelled to take thm. 
 lery Hritiah ship so bounJ as 
 ivc and afford a passage and 
 amen or apprentices whom it 
 
 on board his sliip under the 
 ntained, not exceeding one l-r 
 en, and shall during the pas- 
 ■ such seaman or appreniioc 
 
 tx or sleepin<;-pl«<:e df"'"''' J' 
 lea and weather; and on tfe- 
 ilioatc signed by any povcnior, 
 m.rchants bv whose directions 
 ,r apprentice was received on 
 ,i; number and names nl fucii 
 ■es, and the time when each o 
 las received on board, ami on a 
 V such person before a justice, 
 ^ rcRistrar-Reneral of sean-n, 
 r of days during winch c.adi 
 -,;c received subsistence and as 
 
 uresaid on beard hi. s>P-^ 
 
 ^ber of men and boys form "I 
 
 ■ his crew, and the mm b^r 
 
 ,,ices employed on hoad 1 
 
 fcie .11111 evry variation (lanj) 
 
 ■"'person shall be entitled to be 
 
 moneys applicable to therehet 
 
 ifili^trrsspil nrifishtoamrn, in roHpcct of the suh- 
 .istcni'o and passage of every seaman or apprcntici' 
 „i .mvcycd, subsisted, and provided lor by liiui 
 I xioeiliiifr the number (if any) wanted to uiiiko up 
 liiiM'omplement of his crew, such huiu per diiin as 
 il.c iloard of Trade from time to time aiipoiiits; 
 111(1 if any person haviiij; cliarj,'!! id' any such ship 
 liih or refuses to receive on board his ship, or to 
 ive a passage lionie, or lubsistence to, or to pro- 
 vide for any such seaman or apjirenticoas al'ore- 
 .ud, contrary to the provisions of this Act, he 
 .hull incur a penalty not o.sceeding I'Ml, for each 
 .raman or apprentice with respect to whom he 
 makes such default or refusal. (17 & 18 Vict. 
 .■.'mts. '.'I'-M 
 
 Heliffcf IJIstrcssril Seampn lo lie reijuhiird hi/ 
 llmiril I'j'TrniU: — Whereas under the 'J II III ami 
 ■Jl.'ih sort ions of tho principal .\ct, and llie Kith 
 iertion of 'The Mereliant >Slii|)piiig Act .\ineiid 
 iiH'iit Aft IH.")."),' provision is made for ndieviiiu' 
 ainl sending homo seamen fmiiul in distress abroad ; 
 and whereas doubts arc entertained whetlnr 
 ;u\ver exists under tho said sei'tions of inakiii;,' 
 rriilalioiis and imposing conditiim.i wliicli are 
 iiivis«arv lor the prevention of desertion and niis- 
 .vndiict'and the nniliie expenditure o'.' |iiililii' 
 iiiiiey; lie it enacted, and it is hereby dii'larcil, 
 liiat the claims of seamen to be relieved or sent 
 trae in pursuance of the said sections or any of 
 ilitiii shall bi^ subject to such regulations and dc- 
 
 11 lulent on such conditions as the Hoard of Trade 
 In.ivfrom .irne to time make or impose; am', no 
 -fjman shall have any right to demand to bo re- 
 Ikvedor sent home except in the cases and to the 
 i\tint provided for by such regulations and coii- 
 .iitions, 
 
 Volunteerhii/ into the Navy, 
 
 Seamen allowed to leave their Ships to enter the 
 ,Y|,r,/,— Any seaman may leave his ship !ur the 
 furpnseof forthwith entering into the naval ser- 
 vice of her Majesty, and such leaving his .ship 
 >liall not be deemed a desertion therefrom, and 
 -hall not render him liable to any punishment or 
 furfciture whatever; and all .stipulations intro- 
 duced into any agreement whereby any seaman is 
 ilccinred to incur any forfeiture or be exposed to 
 any hiss in case he enters into her Majesty's naval 
 service shall bo void, and every master or owner 
 who cnu'ca any such sti|)ulation to be so intro- 
 duced shall incur a penalty not exceeding 20/. 
 iSec. 2U.) 
 
 Clause 215 directs that the clothes of seamen 
 entering the navy are to be delivered at once, 
 and that wages arc to be given to the (Jueen's 
 iiiicer on account of the seamen. 
 
 llauses 217, 218, 219, and 220 relate to the 
 proceedings to be taken by owners who claim ex- 
 tra expenses for having substitutes to replace the 
 seamen who have entered the navy. 
 
 It may be m-.ked, Is the power granted by these 
 clauses any longer necessary ? And is it not 
 likely to lead to great abuses? Numerous in- 
 stances might bo mentioned where its exercise 
 onlirely destroyed that discipline so essential to 
 the good management of merchant ships, and 
 phicedtht! ship herself in peril by the reduction 
 of the crew, Xo provision is made for tho pl.ice 
 where the ship may be at the time, or the danger 
 involved by being under-manned, or the diflieiilty 
 — n.iy, it might be the impossibilitv— of obtaining 
 other seamen to fill the places of 'those who had, 
 under the provisions of this Act, violated the 
 terms of their agreement, and entered Ler Majesty's 
 service. 
 
 We are aware that the Admiralty instructions 
 •ire to tho effect that the captains of our ships of 
 
 SRAMKN 12.31 
 
 war are to be cautinut how they rxerclso thn 
 power of withdrawing seamen from iiu reliant 
 vessels at distant stations; but we have no hosi- 
 lalion in stating that, however tniicb that power 
 may have been rei|iiisite in times past, the neces- 
 sity for its exercise no loii;^er exists, and if nut 
 etitindy alMilished, it should be ciinliiii'd to periods 
 of war. No such powi r cm be iicccssaiv lor tho 
 welfare of the state during a lime of peace. 
 
 (1. J'niriiiioiiii, llin/lh, ami Affiiinninihiliiin on 
 7?i)(ir(/.— These important objects are now pro- 
 vided lor as fidlows, viz.: — 
 
 Siirvfi/ iif i'idi'IhIoiih nnil Wiiler nil ('iiii/ihtiiit 
 iiiiiile, — Any three or more of tln^ crew of any 
 Ihitisli ship may complain to any olliccr in com- 
 mand of any of lier Majesty's shins, or any llritish 
 ciiiisiilar olliccr, or any shipping master, or any 
 I'biif olliccr of cusloiiis, that \\n'. provisions or 
 water fur the use of the crew arc ai any time id' 
 bad (piality, iiiillt for use, or dcliciciit in ipiaiility; 
 and such ullicer may tbcrciipon I'xnminc the said 
 provi' ions nr water, or ciiisc tliciii to be examined ; 
 and if on exaniinatioii such {>i'iivi>iiiiis or water 
 are found to bo of bad (pialily aiil unlit for use, or 
 to be delicient in (|ii;intity, ilic pcismi making 
 such examination shall signify the same in writing 
 to tho master of the ship ; and if such master does 
 not thereupon provide other proper |iro\ i-ioiis ,ir 
 water in lieu of any .so :.igiiilicd to be of a bad 
 quality and unlit for use, or dues not procure the 
 rcquisito (|iianlity of any s./ sigiiilicd to be iiiMilIl- 
 cieiit ill fiuantity, or uses any provisions or water 
 wliich have been so signilled as aforesaid to be (d" 
 a bad quality and unlit for iisc, ho shall in every 
 such case incur a penalty not exceeding 20/. ; and 
 upon every such c>:aminatioii as aforesaid the 
 ollieers making or directing tluf same shall enter a 
 statement of the result of the exainiiiation in tho 
 I'liieial log, and shall send a report thereof to the 
 Hoard of Trade, and such report, if produced out 
 of tho custody of such Iloard or its ollieers, shall 
 be received in evidence in any legal procccdiig. 
 (Sec. 221.) 
 
 Forfeiture for Frivolous Comphiint. — If the offi- 
 cer to whom any such complaint as last aforesaid 
 is made certifies in such staterni^nt as aforesaid 
 that there w.as no reasonnbh^ ground for such 
 complaint, each of the parties so complaining 
 shall be liable to forfeit to the owner out of 
 his wages a sum not exceeding ono week's wages. 
 (Sec. 222.) 
 
 Allowance for short or bad Provisions. — In the 
 fidlowing cases, viz. : — 
 
 (1) If during a voyage tho allowance of any of 
 tho provisions which any seaman has by his 
 agreement .stipulated for is reduced (except in 
 accordance with any regulations for reduction by 
 way of punishment" contained in the agreement, 
 and also except for any time during which such 
 seaman wilfully and without siillicient cause re- 
 fuses or neglects to perform his duty, or is law- 
 fully under conlinement for misconduct, either on 
 board or on shore) : 
 
 (2) If it is shown that any of .such provisions 
 arc or have during the voyage been bad ni quality 
 and unlit for u.se : 
 
 Tho seaman shall receive by way of compensa- 
 tion for such reduction or bad quality, according 
 to the time of its continuance, the following sums, 
 to be paid to him in addition to and to be recover- 
 able as wages ; that is to say : — 
 
 (1) If his allowance is reduced by any quantity 
 not exceeding one-third of the quantity specified 
 in the agreement, a sum not exceeding id, per 
 day. 
 
 (2) If his allowance is reduced by more than 
 one-thirn of such quantity, 8rf. per day. 
 
 1 ! 
 
 i^ 
 
 t M 
 
 M; 
 
 ill 
 
 .11 
 
 !•! 
 
 iii 
 
 ■- /. ■: 
 
• » I ( , ,,. 
 
 I'i.rj 
 
 SKA 
 
 i-l 
 
 (;i) III p>H|ii>i'i <>r Mii-li liailoiiality ait arorcMiiil, a 
 Mini not (>.\t'<'oiliiit; If, per liiiy. 
 
 Hut if it. in hlidwii (ci llio Hnti^rnctioii of tlin 
 court lH'fi)ri' wliicli Un- riioc ii liii'il, that niiy prci- 
 viHiiiii.4 till' iillowiin r of wliirli Iiiih lircii riiliici'il 
 riMiM not lie |irii('iirril or Hii|i|iliril in |ir>i[ii'r i|uiiii- 
 litii'M, unit that prnprr nn<l ri|iiivali'iit xuliMtiliilrt 
 wrru Miipiilii'il ill lirii llirri'iiC, Il ■ nmrt hIi.'iII lakr 
 Niir.li virciiiiiKlaiu'es iiilo cuMNiilrralHin, ami shall 
 iiiiiiliry or rrfiiHO cimipiii^niiiiii iis thr jiiHiicn of 
 llio caHo may rripiiro. (Src, 'J'.M.) 
 
 Mfilii'iiiin, l,iiiie or Liiii-n Jiiitc, Suiiiir, unil 
 llinynr. Id tiv prorii/iit unit lupl on lioitril rrrtiiin 
 Sliips. — 'I'hi- liilliiwin^; iiiirs Hhall Im' nlwi'rvril with 
 I'l'^pi'i't III ini'iliriiii-i, iiu'diriil Htorr^, uiiil aiili- 
 firi)rl)iitii;.s ; ihal \h tn nay ; — 
 
 (1) 'i'lii' lliiaril iirTrailc !<hiill rroiii liiiiR In tiiiio 
 isHiic iinil (',.u.'<i' til Im' puliliHiiril u Hi'ali' III' iiii'ili- 
 I'itii'H and iiii''ll(':il Mturrs Miitalili' In acciilciils ami 
 iliMcaHi'H ari.siiij; uii Hia • oyiigi'H. (See Tuhic 
 hclow.) 
 
 (2) 'I'lio owner of every ship iinvi(;nlinK between 
 the IJiiited Kiiiffdoin iiiid any pliiei! out of the 
 name »lmll pnividi' and eniisi) to be eotiHlaiitly kept 
 
 v,n bonrd iiieli iihip a mipply of iiueh mcilieim ,,n„| 
 meilieul riore.i in neeordftiien with tho naid mili 
 (17 il IH Viet. <•. lOlH. y.'J.) 
 
 Ill lieu of the reKuIiitioiid (;l and I) in the |7 ,v |h 
 
 Viit. e. Kil M. -J'.' I. ns to the i.^ie of li'mmi jiii,,. 
 
 I and other aiiil-seorhiiliiM, the Merehiiu MiinpinJ 
 
 I Ai't of iHti; cm A :ii Vin. .•. iji) i,,\ , ,|„«ii cor 
 
 lain filler wliieli will lie f..uiid nl length umjir 
 Jl'iri: UK l.i.MDSs. 
 
 'Ihe iMerehiiiit Shipping Ait of lHii7 providoH 
 iiIhii for the ceaiiiairH expenses in ea.ie nf hi, j||. 
 nei<.'« thriMinh llie iietjh'et of owner or nin.Mcr, aiiil 
 ilei'larei the forfeiture of hii wii^'ei wlicil in. 
 I'lipalilii for duly llirounh illness enused |,v hn 
 I own default. It also provides lor |irii|Mr nmini. 
 modal ion for seamen on board ship, and layii iImh., 
 rules for the inedieal inspeetion of seaiMii)'. (nn- 
 He(|ui'nt on this Art. the Hoard of 'Iradn iHiii,.| 
 inslriic'tions in Nov. IM(17, fur ohtainin;.', ti'-lin > 
 nnd preserving lime or lemon Juice for use in lh,i 
 merelmnt serviee. 
 
 MmUrt to heip WviiihU and Meamrei imlhtinl, 
 — Kvery mnstcr hIihII kcc;i on Imnrd |ir»|.ir 
 wci;;ht« and nionnure!) for the purpose of (ici.r 
 
 
 if' 
 
 
 rA»tOT oil - 
 KpitOiii kiitU 
 rHlonu'l 
 
 I'oWllut of jlllilp 
 
 ofrhutinrli 
 Hftinn li'avt'H 
 ('r' ..in »f lAltar 
 '.ulphur 
 Alii'n 
 
 I'nwdprrd h''"(I*'' 
 Hiiliihale nf qiiitiiiip 
 
 fur vfftifU irAdtiii; lo (tir 
 fn«( or west caii«ift of 
 Africa, to the rnjit of 
 rhina antl Itorni-o 
 HaUam of ('o)Milia • 
 (^aU'liHtl ritii|{ni-^i.i - 
 I.iquJd .itninonid 
 Oltvruil . 
 Spirit of lurpentini* 
 LaudaDUin 
 JtlrarboiiatP of ftuJ.i 
 'I'artarlc acid 
 Citric acid 
 Nltrme of hilTrr 
 Opium pillit, vach tn rontain 
 
 of opium 1 Kr-i< 'tiiile )tuup 
 
 Qiiantien rtquirMl, 
 
 M-L-ordlnit (11 the N 
 
 of rfr»nn/on bo.iril, 
 
 tarTtnn 
 
 umltrr 
 
 vl>> fur 
 
 VnKll carrel nK Ij 
 
 r. Mm, 
 
 AboTt IJ, 
 
 
 fnA 
 
 but 
 
 Abofc 40 
 
 uiidtr 
 
 unilir 40 
 
 
 1 III. 
 
 ■t lU. 
 
 .1 lb. 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 1« 
 
 tn/. 
 
 1 (11. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 •I 
 
 
 t 
 
 .1 
 
 i: Ol. 
 
 l.t 
 
 li 
 
 S 
 
 Vl 
 
 it 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 51 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
 '< i 
 
 II 
 
 \L 
 
 III 1 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 \'l 
 
 t 
 
 H 
 
 \i 
 
 s 
 
 Vt 
 
 l>> 
 
 H 
 
 \t 
 
 in 
 
 •i 
 
 4 
 
 )i 
 
 H 
 
 16 
 
 t\ 
 
 II 
 
 Vl 
 
 Hi 
 
 t 
 
 li 
 
 H 
 
 » 
 
 4 
 
 ' 
 
 i iloi. 
 
 3 xWi. 
 
 .T iloi. 
 
 1 
 
 Kmetic powdeni eaih tocnn- 
 
 lalti ipicacuanh.i t kcruplf. 
 
 vmetic tartar "i tiy*' 
 I'ufKi-iM ptHi. c-,iLh tn ron. 
 
 tain of the coni|>ound 1 1- 
 
 tract of injucjnth ■\ ^n.^ 
 
 cAlomet \ ^r. • 
 PurKlntt tMiwUcri» each to 
 
 contain of (,ili>rn«-l 'I uri., 
 
 compound )iowdi-r of Ja up 
 
 1 dr. • 
 ('om|Hmnd ihalk powder 
 Oovir'i powder 
 Kteencc of |)»ep|ternilnt (cifh 
 
 oum'c to contain 1 draihin 
 
 uf ihe uil) 
 Hlmple ointment - 
 Mvrrurlal oInintcnC 
 llailllcon ointment 
 
 U»«ntllln r»fiuirH, fjir^lfiff 
 
 WTorUlnR to the NumUr 
 
 of i'vrsiint on lnMnl, m. f.,t 
 
 VMMlicarryinic 
 
 II) Men, 
 
 and 
 
 llliat«ring pl.iihttT 
 
 :i 
 
 Conreniratvil chloride of xlnc 
 (Humrtt'»k<>lulion) 
 (Double the alKiw nu;m< 
 tilm of chloride of iinc 
 to hv taken in »tfamer».) 
 Arrowroot tn tin cases 
 IViirl bailey ,, 
 Hice 
 I Muitard ,, 
 
 lot. 
 I 
 
 I 
 4 
 4 
 
 Uptv 
 
 Above I.V I , 
 
 under 40 
 
 3doi. 
 
 '.'8 pb. 
 
 4 lb. 
 U 
 
 3 
 
 In addition to tlip .iIiotp, ilie following McditlnPsaTC tobe«uppliid tn WsatU carr>inR a Mur^eon, and harini upwards of 40 Frrtoni 
 
 uii liuard. 
 
 Nitric elhiT 
 Acrtnte of lend 
 t'roion oil • 
 t>m)»hor • 
 Tartar enntlc 
 
 Set of K-ale« and wri;;!!)-, 
 (trndunted drop mciusure 
 Wint-sLiKK, Kcaduatt-d 
 I'air of iM.'iuur« 
 SjrrinKei • 
 l^anretK • 
 
 ItandaK**! of different ^izen - 
 Yurdii of raliin 
 (lanrifl 
 I'auers of nuedlL-:^, pins, nnd 
 
 thread* - 
 Tourniquet 
 OiletUifk • 
 
 
 •• 
 
 ■i dn. 
 
 
 1 1 u/. 
 1 lilr. 
 
 
 Alticlct toaccor 
 
 1 no. 
 1 
 
 I no. 
 
 1 no. 
 
 1 
 '^ 
 
 ■^ 
 II 
 
 (i 
 
 1 
 t 
 t 
 \t 
 1! 
 U 
 
 I 
 
 'i 
 t 
 I'i 
 fi 
 
 li 
 
 1 
 
 1 jil. 
 
 1 J*. 
 
 •i 
 1 ]d. 
 
 Iljrdrlodatf of potnvs 
 KrKotnfrip 
 Tincture nf<|l((ll.ili< 
 I'oudi'r of iiHHT^u u.nth.i 
 ^ulphate of /in' 
 
 Adhenire titaiiter - 
 
 I.liit 
 
 Sponn* . 
 
 (Cotton wool 
 
 Set of common Hplints 
 
 OhsfKi'* of tarcine lymiili ' • 
 
 Truun limglo) 3<i lnche> In 
 
 girth - 
 Idoublel.dlllo 
 Knema ^yrinKo. with piintid 
 
 dlrectlonk for it^ use 
 Blatllc catheter. No. ». 
 
 I jd. 
 ilb. 
 1 c/. 
 ■i lb. 
 I 
 ■i 
 
 ■e jdi. 
 
 I lb. 
 
 i 01, 
 4 n,. 
 I 
 
 • i 
 
 * > 1 '. 
 
 '2' 
 
 ..» : -i * \' ■ ■ 
 
 4 ,>.. 
 
 mining the quantities of tlio several provisions 
 und nrtielcs Hcrvcd out, and shall allow tho same 
 to be used at the time of serving out such 
 provision.s and articles in the presence of a 
 iwitnesH whenever any dispute ari.ses obout such 
 quantities, and in default .shall for every offence 
 incur a penalty not exceeding 10/. (Sec, 225.) 
 
 Board of Trade and Local Boards may appoint 
 Inspectors of Mmlkines. — Any lecnl marine board 
 
 may, upon being reciuired by the Bonrd of Trailo. 
 oppoint and remove a medical inspector of sluf'' 
 for Mie port, and may fix his rcnuinorntioii, sii'li 
 remuneration to be subject to the control of tlie 
 Board of Trade; and at ports where there arc in' 
 local marine boards the Hoard of Trado nwy 
 appoint and remove .sueli inspectors, ami li.x iht'ir 
 remuneration ; and it shall be the duty of .Miiii 
 inspectors to inspect the medicine.', muliial 
 
ily of iiuoh moiln'inr . ■:,i\.\ 
 iiK-n with ttiH Duiil Kiiil). 
 
 i(.f;lnniU)i" tliei: A Ik 
 
 till' Ikkiii^ iif li'iniin jnin', 
 
 1, lilt' MiTchiiit Shlviiiii;,' 
 
 rt. I'. I'.'I) lii> •■ iliiwu iir 
 
 t'uUiicl ttt It'tintli umln 
 
 ,nn Art of lHti7 yiMvMis 
 xiicnsi'H ill ''I"!' oiliit ill- 
 t 111' owner ipr iiinstcr, f\ti.l 
 1(1' liit wii'^i's wlii'ii III 
 ({li iUiU'si* ciuiKi'il liv lih 
 riiviiii'!^ I'l'r I'Tiipcr mcdii! 
 I»)nril uliii). nnil Iiivk iImwi 
 ^pi'olioM ot Hi'iinuii. t I'll 
 lie Itoiinl ol' 'ImW i^-ii'l 
 HliT, I'lir (plitiiinitit.', ti'-liiii, 
 r luiiioii juifo fur iiHuinilu' 
 
 ;/i<.i and Mftwiret on /i. .ir.(. 
 
 1 ltcc,i on liiiiifil iiri'i«r 
 1 for tlio imrposo of Jitcr 
 
 Qiiintlll'i wnul'"!' "'jl"* 
 
 MTordlnK tu th« NumUr 
 
 of I'erstin* on Im.iTil. »i/. li>f 
 
 IS Mm, 
 unit 
 
 Aim" IV I 
 liul I 
 unOtr «U 
 
 •t iloi. 3 dm. 
 
 :(ii(. 
 
 ^ 
 
 J 
 
 • 
 
 'lot. 
 
 Sol. 
 
 ',"' 
 
 I 
 
 % 
 
 1 ■> 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ' 
 
 H 
 
 IG 
 
 •i\ 
 
 4 
 
 K 
 
 \t 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 • 
 
 
 1 1 pl«. 
 
 4 
 4 
 I 
 
 'JS »l>. 
 
 4 1b. 
 
 iG pit. 
 
 I'i 
 
 3 
 
 , md liatinn iip«a'J' »' " f"''"' 
 
 1 J.I. 
 Jib. 
 
 1 CI. 
 
 •i lb. 
 
 1 
 
 ■I 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 lb. 
 
 In 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 1 
 
 o.l„ircrtbythcnondofTr 
 
 mnvtixhis rcmimornti.m,siili 
 nul\i'.tto.hooontrolo,te 
 md at ports wliore there ariMV. 
 
 ■c such inspectors, ami t.Ml; 
 
 itBlmllbcthcdutyo .. 
 
 ipect the meaicinci-, mul.ai 
 
 cl 
 
 ,i„r.«, lime or l.iivin liiiiT, or other iirtii lea, nuniir 
 
 mil viiH'ijar, re<|iiirea to be kept on hoiinl niiy 
 
 It'll 'liijii »'* iilori"<ni<l I anil "iieli inspection, if 
 
 in.iile at pliicoi* wheru there nro locnl ninrinu 
 
 Ia'uril4, nhail he innile uililer their ilirection, ninl 
 
 ,l.!,i ill ttliv Hpeciill eil»e'< iimler the ilirectiiill of 
 
 ill.' Iliiuril of Irnili', anil if niaile at places wheru 
 
 tl„ri' are im local marine IniariU, hliall he inaile 
 
 ii.ltrtlie ilireetiiili of the lluiinl of 'I'raili'; anil 
 
 vili mi'ilical inipi'ctorH Nhall, for tlie imrposes of 
 
 .ikli iiiMiectiiili, liavi! the naiiie |M)«ers a* the iii- 
 
 .iinliirK iippiiinleil hy the lloanl uf 'I'railc iiinler 
 
 'IK limtliarl of thi^< Act; hut fverymnh in.tpectoi', 
 
 : rriiuircil hv timely notice in writing frmii iIil' 
 
 iiiiiHii'r, owner, or coii-.i^neo, hIiiiII make his 
 
 iiHK'ctiiin three ilays at least hcforu the sliip pm- 
 
 011. U to se«, anil if the result of the iiis[M'clloii 
 
 i. NitiKfuctory shall not apiiii make iii.ipectioii 
 
 Ifiiretlu'coininenci^mcnt of the voyage, unless he 
 
 lii.. ri'a.4i>a to suspect that some, of tne articles 
 
 jii.iit'Cli'il liiivp Ix'eu Buhs(.'i|iicntly removeil, in- 
 
 'iircil, or ilestroytd ; and whenever any such 
 
 miilical iiispectnr is of opinion that in any ship 
 
 iriliv rt'iiiiircd to carry such articles as aforesaid 
 
 111.' saiiic ur any of them arc delicient in (piantily 
 
 r nualily, or are placed in improper vessels, he 
 
 •liall *if;iiify 111" same in wrilill); to the I'hiel 
 
 iiicir of eustmnH of the port where such ship is 
 
 Ml,;, aiul also to the master, ownttr, oi cmisi/iiee 
 
 linrviil', and thereupon the master of such fliip, 
 
 k'furt' |iriH'e''(liiit; lo sea, shall produce to such 
 
 diiit' (illli'cr of cusliiins a certihcate under the 
 
 I..1111I uf such nil dical inspector or of some other 
 
 nii'iiii'iil iiis|ici'lor, lo the ellcct that such (lellclency 
 
 liai Ixt'ii siiiiplied or remedied, or that such iin- 
 
 irii|H'r vc^.-el.-i have U'cii rc|ilaced hy proper ves- 
 
 .'1-, as tilt' case may reipiire ; and such chief 
 
 iliariif customs shall not fjruut a clearance for 
 
 '.ill i-)iip williiiut the prodiiclion of such certili- 
 
 iif. ami if such ship attem|its •'> fro to Hca 
 
 wiliuiil a clearance, may ilelam her until such 
 
 iirtilitati' is produced ; and if such ship proceeds 
 
 'iisca witliimt the )iroduction of .such certilicate, 
 
 tk' owner, master, or coiisi(,'uec thereof shall incur 
 
 ;i jdiiilty not e.\cccdi!!){ 20/. (Sec. 220.) 
 
 Priulli/ fill- silliiip §'c. Medkinea ^-c. of had 
 fiiiHtij,—\>\y person who manufactures, sells, or 
 k«p3 or olVcrs for sale, any medicines or medical 
 •Kirus, as aforesaid, of had quality, shall for each 
 MK'b olTincc incur a penalty not excecdintj 20/. 
 (Sec. b of au it 31 Vict. c. 124.) 
 
 Ejptnw of Medical Altcitdaitce S^'C. how to he 
 i'i/rai/f(/.— 'I'lie following rules shall he observed 
 ivitli ri'.<pecl to expenses attendant ou illues.s and 
 ili-alli, vu. ; — 
 
 (1) If the master or any seaman or apprentice 
 rcctives any hurt or iiijuiv in the Hcrvice of the 
 ship to which he belongs, the expense of pro\ idiiip 
 the necessary surgical and medical advice, ■with 
 iiumlancc and medicines, and of his subsistence 
 iiiitil lie is cured, or dies, or is brought back to 
 •I'Uic jiort in the United Kingdom, if shipped in 
 •lie United Kingdom, or it 8hi|iped in some 
 Uritish possession to some port in such possession, 
 and of lli.^ conveyance to such port, and the ex- 
 I^nse (if any) oi' his burial, shall be defrayed by 
 ilic owner of such ship, without ony deduction 
 un that account from the wages of such master, 
 seaman, or apprentice. 
 
 (-) If the master or any seaman or apprentice 
 is ou account of any illness tcmiiorarily removed 
 [rom ids ship for the [lurposc of preventing 
 nifection, or otherwise for ihc convenience of 
 the ship, and subsequently returns to his 
 iluty, the expense of such removal, ami of 
 iroviding the necessary advice with attendance 
 lUid medicines and of his subsistence whilst 
 
 SKAMli.V 12.13 
 
 away from iho ihip, ilmll bo defrayed in lilu* 
 inannrr. 
 
 (.'I) 'I'ho exnenne of nil niediciiieit and mirKieal 
 or medical nilvieu ami atleiulaiico given to any 
 master, seainiin, or apprentice whilst ou board Iik 
 sliiji shall Ih' defrayed in like niunner. 
 
 (I) 111 all ollii r ca.ies any reiHoimhh expenseii 
 duly iiinirred by the owner for any H'limaii in 
 respect of illiie>'., iiiid aUo any reasoimblo ex- 
 penses dul..' incurred by the owner in ri">pect of 
 the burial uf any M'aiiiaii or apprentice who die.-i 
 whilst on service, sliall. if duly proved, he deduc- 
 ted from the wages of such seaman or aiipreiiliee, 
 (17 A IH Vict. c. 10 1 M. 22W. See olsoUO itt Ul Vict, 
 c. 121 ss. 7, .1.) 
 
 J-'j/ii iiDiii, if /xtid hi/ Ciiiish/, to hr rirorrrahh 
 from Oiriiir. — If ni'V b'tIi expenses in respect of 
 the illness, injiiiy, or hurt of anv seaman or 
 apprentice, as are 10 he home by tlie owner, are 
 iiaid by any cini-'ular otliier or other persin on 
 behalf of her Majesty, or if any other expenses in 
 respect of the illness, injury, or hurt of any 
 Hcaniau or apprentice whose wages are not ac- 
 counted for to such ollicer under the pruvi'iong 
 before eiiiitained are so paid, such expenses shall 
 be ri'iiaid to such oliicer or other pirsoii by the 
 master of the ship, and if not so repaid, tho 
 amount thereuf, with costs, shall he a charge 
 upon the ship, and be recuverahle I'mni the sail 
 master or from the owner of the ship for the time 
 being as a debt due to her Majesty, and shall 
 be recoverable either by ordinary process nf law 
 or in the inanncr in which seamen are hereby 
 enabled to recover wages ; and in anv pniceeding 
 for the recovery thereof the proilnetion of a 
 certilicate of the facts, signed by such ollicer or 
 other person, together with such vonclieis (if 
 any") as the case rcunires, shall be sutlieient proof 
 thi'i, the said expenses were duly paid by such 
 consular ollicer or other person as aforesaid. (17 & 
 18 Vict. c. 104 s. 220.) 
 
 Certain ShijtH to tarry Medical Practiliiincn, — 
 Kvery foreign-goMig ship having 100 persons or 
 upwards on board .shall cany on bnaril as part of 
 her coniplenient some person duly authurised by 
 law to ]iractise as |ihysician, surgeon, or apothe- 
 cary ; and ill default the owner shall fur everv 
 voyage of any such ship made without such 
 medical ])ractitioner incur a ])enalty not exceed- 
 ing 100/.: provided that nothing herein contained 
 shall in anywise afVect any |irovision contained 
 in the ' rassengers Act 1S52,' concerning the 
 carriage of medical practitioners by the class of 
 ships therein named pa.sscngcr ships, nor shall 
 any such passenger ship, if not thereby required 
 to carry a medical practitioner, be hereby required 
 to do so. (Sec. 2;{0.) 
 
 Place appropriated to Seamen to hare a certain 
 Sparc for each Man &•<■. — 'I'he following rules 
 shall bo observed with respect to accommodation 
 on board liritish ships, viz. : — 
 
 (1) Every place in any ship occcupied by 
 seamen or apprentices, and approjirialcd to their 
 use, shall have for every such seaman or appren- 
 tice, a apace of not less than 72 cubic feet, and 
 of not less than 12 superlicial feet, measured on 
 the deck or iloor of such |)lace. 
 
 (2) Every such ploce shall be such as to make 
 the space aforesaid available for the proper accom- 
 modation of the men who are to occupy it, shall 
 bo securely constructed, properly lighted and 
 ventilated, properly protected from weather and 
 sea, and, as far as practicable, properly shut off 
 anil jirotected from eflluvitim which may be 
 caused by cargo or bilge water. 
 
 (3) No such place as aforesaid shall he deemed 
 to be such ns to nulhorise a deduction frora 
 
 4 K 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I ' 
 
 ii 
 
 Ml : 
 
 •HI I 
 
 1 : 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 ii 
 
 ■Ip 
 
 1 
 
 1^ 
 
 .;l 
 
♦• > 
 
 I . ' ■ 
 
 ( ' 
 
 
 1234 seamp:n 
 
 rpj;istcrcJ tonnoRO, iiiulor tiio provisions licrcln- 
 at'liT ciintniiicd, unless tliere is or nrc in tlio Khip 
 one or more properly ronstnictwl privj' or privies 
 for tlie use of the crew ; hul'Ii jirivy or privifs ti; 
 be of such number nnd of such construction as 
 may be approved by tlio tiurveyor hereinafter 
 mentioneil. 
 
 (I) Kvcry such place shall, wheniver the ship 
 is registered or re-ref;istered, be inspected by one 
 of the sur^•cyor3 appointed by the IJoard of Trade 
 under Part IV. of tlic principal Act, who shall, 
 if satisfied that the sama is in all rea])ccts such 
 ns is re(|uircd by 'liis Act, give to the collector o( 
 customs a certiiicate to tliat eflect, and thereupon 
 such Jjiacc shall be deducted from the registered 
 tonnage. 
 
 (f)) No such deduction from tonnage as afore- 
 said shall bo authorised unless there is jiernitt- 
 ncMtly cut in a beam, and cut in or |)aintcd on or 
 over the doorway or hatc'liway of every such 
 place, the number o'.' men which it is c<mstruetpd 
 to accommodate, with the words, 'certified to 
 accommodate seamen.' 
 
 (tJ) Every such place shall bo kept free from 
 stores or goods of any kind, not being the ])er- 
 soiuil property . f the crew in use during the 
 voyage. 
 
 "(7) Upon any complaint conconiing any such 
 place as aforesaid, one of tjic surveyors ap 
 lioiiited by the Board of Trade may inspect 
 such place, and if he finds thu^ any of the pro- 
 visions of this Act witii respect to ihe same are 
 not complied with he shall report the same to the 
 Collector of Customs at the port where tlie ship 
 is registered, and thereupon the registered ton- 
 naivc shall be altered, and the deduction aforesaid 
 in respect of apace disallowed, unless and until 
 it shall be certified hy such surveyor, or by some 
 other survoj-or appouited by the JJoartl of Trade, 
 that the provisions of the Act in respect of such 
 place are fully complied with. 
 
 (H) If any such place in any ship is not kept 
 free from goods and stores as aforcs;;id, Ihe master 
 shall be deemed to be in fault, and shall for every 
 sucli failure to comply with the provisions of this 
 section forfeit and pay to each seaman lodgeil in 
 such plaice the sum of one sliilling a da3' for each 
 day after complaint made to him by any two or 
 more of such seamen during which any goodj or 
 stores, not being the personal property of the 
 crew, are stored or kept therein. 
 
 (U) If in any other respect the provisions of 
 this section arc not observed with respect to any 
 such place in any ship the owner shall be deemed 
 to be in fault, and shall for every failure to comply 
 with the provisions of this section incur a penalty 
 not exceeding 20/. ?80 & 31 Viet. c. 124 s. 9.) 
 
 Power of making Complaint, 
 Seamen to be allowed to go ashore to make Com- 
 plaint to a Justice. — If any seaman or apprentice 
 wUilst on board any ship states to the master that 
 he desires to make complaint to a justice of the 
 peace, or '^onsular olHcer, or naval ollicer in com- 
 mand of any of her Majesty's ships, against the 
 master or aay of the crew, 'he said master shall, 
 if the ship is then at a place where there is 
 a justice or any such officer as aforesaid, so 
 soon as the service of the ship will permit, and 
 if the ship is not then at such a place so soon 
 after her first arrival at such a place as the 
 service of the ship will permit, allow such seaman 
 or apprentice to go ashore or send him ashore 
 in proper custody, so that he may bo enabled to 
 make such complaint, and shall, in default, incur 
 a penalty not exceeding 10/. (17 & 18 Vict. c. 104 
 d. 232.) 
 
 Protect i<m of Seamen Jroin ImjiosiliiDi, 
 
 Salt nfai.tl Charge upon Wages to be inrulid.^ 
 No wages duo < ■ accruing to any seaman nr nii- 
 prentice shall bo subject to attachment or nrriN[. 
 ment from any court ; and every payment (jf wa'n 
 lo a seaniiin or apprentice .iludl be valid In i,.. 
 notwithstanding an- iirevioiis sale or asslj;!,!,,, i,.' 
 of such wages, or o* any attachment, iiicumliramv 
 or arrcslmer.t thereon ; and no assigiiniciit (irsil' 
 of such wages or of salvage made prinr to ii,,, 
 accruing thereof sliall bind tlic party iiiiikiii;,' {]„< 
 same; and no power of altorncv or nullmriiviir 
 the receipt of any such wages or salvage .-iliallLc 
 urevocablc. (Sec. 2.'!;J.) 
 
 No Debt exceeding 5». recoverahte till Enil nf 
 Voyage, — No debt exceeding in aiiKiunt m. iii- 
 cunv.l by any seaman after he lias enj^iiged tosirvc 
 shall be recoverable until the seivice agroel fur is 
 concluded. (Sec. 231.) 
 
 Penalty for Overcharges by Lodgiiiq-hnuse Km)- 
 t'r».— If any porson demands or receives from iiiiv 
 seaman or apprentice to the sea service, imninit 
 ill respect of his board or lodging in the iio'uso (.f 
 such person for a longer period than such scainaii 
 or apprentice has actually resided or boanlwl 
 therein, he shall incur a |)enalty notexcecdiii'ln/ 
 (.Sec. 235.) 
 
 Pcnidtyfor detaining Seamen's J'^{f'ects.—\hm 
 person receives or takes into his possession or umk'r 
 iiis 'jontrol, any moneys, documents, or elTocii ' 
 any seaman or apprentice to the sea scrvico, m\ 
 does not return the same or pay the value llicrwf 
 when required by such seaman orapiirpntico, siili- 
 ject to such deduction as nia\ be justly due lo 
 him from such seaman or apprentice in respect ul' 
 board or hvdging, or othenvise, or at.comls tliere- 
 with, lie shall incur a penalty not cxcecdinj; 10/. ; 
 and any two justices mav, besides in/iicling .<i:Hi 
 penalty, by summary order, direct tlic amouiit of 
 value of such moneys, documents, or elVtcl?. siil)- 
 jcct to such deduction as aforofaid, to be furlhwitii 
 paid to such seaman or apprentice. (Sec. Xiii.) 
 
 Persons not to go on board before the final Ar- 
 rival of Ships without Permission. — livery i)ersoii 
 who, not being in her Majesty's service, i.iul nut 
 being duly authorised by law for the purpiisf, 
 goes on board any ship about to arrive at the place 
 of her destiiiation, before her .ictiial arrival m 
 dock or at the place of her discharge, without the 
 penni.ssion of the master, shall for every .«uoli 
 offence incur a jjenalty r.ot exceeding 20/. ; an J 
 the master or poison in charge of such ship may 
 take any such person so going on board as al'iire- 
 said into custodj', and deliver hira up forthivi!li to 
 any constable or peace officer, to ho by him i,ikoii 
 before a justice or justices or the slierilf of iho 
 county in Scotland, and to bo dealt with accordinj 
 to t'.io provisions of this Act. (See. 23/'.) 
 
 Penalty for Solicitations by Ixidging -house Ketji- 
 
 ers If, within 24 hours after the arrival of any 
 
 ship at any port in the United Kingdom, anypor- 
 son then being on board such ship solicits ajiy 
 seaman to become a lodger at the lioiisc of any 
 person lotting lodgings for hire, or takes out of 
 such ship any effects of any seaman except under 
 his personal direction and'with the perniissi"'! of 
 the master, he shall for every such otfcnec incur a 
 penalty not exceeding 51. (Sec. 238.) 
 
 For the next four clauses, see Mastkr. 
 
 7. Crimes Committed on the High Seas mil 
 Abroad.— Clauso 207 directs that nil offences 
 committed bv seamen at sea or in forcifrn ports 
 shall bo within Admiraltyjurisdicticui ; and by the 
 subsequent Acta already cited tho.se crimes are 
 now punishable in the colonies and India. 
 
 Conveyance of Offenders and mtnesses to 
 United Kingdom §-c.— The following rules shaU 
 
SEAMEN 
 
 1235 
 
 ■amcti from ImjxiiiUmn, 
 ! vpoii U'lir/fa to be intuM.~ 
 ;niiiig to niiy sonmnn or np- 
 joct to iittiK'limt'iit, (ir nrrc-t- 
 ; niul every iiaymont (ifwii;'n 
 oiitiec ;iliall be valid in Irv, 
 previous Hale or assijiniiu iit 
 my attacliment, iiuiimliraiin', 
 n \ anil no as.sii^iiniciit or siil ■, 
 ■ salvaKC made prior to tin' 
 11 bind the party milking,' tlio 
 • of attorney or autlinriiy i .r 
 iieh wages or salvage .^ilalll^ 
 
 ;:5;i.) 
 
 g 5«. recovcrahk till Knil ,<i 
 exceeding in anuunit in, iii- 
 n after lie iins entra^ed to sitvi> 
 until the set vice agrwl furi^ 
 
 '■'•) 
 
 harym hy Loih)iii(i-luiu.ie Krqi- 
 
 demands or receives from any 
 
 ;e to the sea serviee, |mymoiit 
 
 ird or lod^in!! in the imuso of 
 
 iiper period than such scainaii 
 
 actually residcil or himM 
 
 ur a penally not cxcccdin;; in;, 
 
 ning Seamen's 7''//'cc(s.— Il'any 
 kes into his possession or uiidi r 
 ncj's, documents, or elToclH ' 
 rent ice to the sea service, ami 
 same or pay the value tlurci'f, 
 uch seaman orapprpiiticc. suli- 
 tion as nia\ be juslly due id 
 nan or apprentice in rcspri't "f 
 r otherwise, or aL.coiiils llicrc- 
 r a penalty not cxcocdiii!,' liV. ; 
 es may, besides inflicling .-urli 
 iry order, direct the amouiit of 
 eys, documents, or olVect?. sidi- 
 ion as aforc?;iid, tobcfortliwidi 
 In or apprentice. (Sec. iiii.) 
 
 on board before the ^nal Ar- 
 
 mt Permission.— \\\nx)- liersim 
 
 her INIajcsty's service, i.nd nnt 
 
 rised by law for the purpn*. 
 
 ship about to arrive at the place 
 
 before her actual arrival in 
 
 „ of her discharge, without the 
 
 master, shall for every fiicli 
 
 lalty not exceeding 20/. ; ami 
 
 n in charge of such ship may 
 
 m so going on board ns al'ore- 
 
 md deliver hira up forthwith tn 
 
 ace oflicer, to he by him lakwi 
 
 usticcs or the sheritT of ihi' 
 
 and to be dealt with accordin;^ 
 
 this Act. (Sec. '23(".) 
 
 tationa by lA)dying-hn\mhet\i- 
 
 hours alter the arrival of any 
 
 the United Kingdom, anypor- 
 
 board such ship solicits .my 
 
 a lodger at the house ot aiiv 
 
 ■ings for hire, or takes out of 
 
 _s of any seaman except imder 
 
 m and'with the pcrnassi"'! ot 
 
 for every such olfcnce incur a 
 
 ng5/. (Sec. -238.) 
 
 clauses, see Master. 
 
 kted on the High Stas «m 
 
 07 directs that all offenc^ 
 
 ,en at sea or in foreign pom 
 
 niralty jurisdiction; and by the 
 
 Tcadv cited these cnmes are 
 he colonies and India. 
 Offender* and »»'''»f''«,.^ 
 c— The following rules shaU 
 
 lic ohscrvcd with respect to offences committed 
 on the high seas or abroad, viz. :— 
 
 (1) \Vhenovcr any complaint is made to any 
 Uritisli consular oinccr of any offence on the 
 h'.di seas having been committed by any master, 
 <eaman, tr apprentice l,!>longing to any Itritish 
 diiii, such consular officer may cnquiri! into the 
 case'upoii oath, and may, if the case so requires, 
 lake any steps in his power for the purpose of 
 lilacing the offender imdcr necessary restraii't, 
 aiid of sending him as soon as practicable in 
 -lie custody to the United Kingdom, or to any 
 itritish possession in which there "s a court 
 capable of taking cognisance of the oiTv,.ice, in 
 auvship belonging to her Majesty, or to any of 
 her subjectit, to be there proceeiled against ac- 
 
 curdintc to law- , •, , , 
 
 (2) For the piirpo.se aforesaid such consular 
 ollicer may order the master of any ship belonging 
 to anv subject of her Majesty, bomul to the 
 L'lnteil Kingdom, or to such British possession 
 a aforesaid, to receive and afford a passage and 
 Mibsistcnce during the voyage to any sucii 
 oifciidcr as aforesaid, and to the witnesses, so that 
 such master be not required to receive more thi:n one 
 iitfemi. • for every 100 tons of his ship's registered 
 iminagc, or more than one witness for every 50 
 tons of such tonnage ; and such consular ollicer 
 shall indorse upon the agreement of the ship 
 such particulars with respect to any offenders 
 or witnesses sent iu her as the Hoard of Trade 
 roiuircs. 
 
 (11) Every such master shall, on his ship's 
 arrival in the United Kingdom, or in i.uch British 
 possession as aforesaid, give every offender so 
 coramittcd to his charge into the custody of some 
 police officer or constable, who shall take ilic 
 offender before a justice of the peace oi other 
 raajistrate by law empowered to deal with the 
 matter, and such justice or magistrate shall deal 
 with the matter as in cases of offences committed 
 upon the high seas. 
 
 .Vnd any such master as aforesaid who, when re- 
 quired by any British consular oflicer to receive 
 .iiiii afford a passage and subsistence to any 
 offender or witness, docs not receive him anil 
 afford such passage and subsistence to him, or 
 who docs not deliver any offender committed to 
 his charge into the custody of some police ollicer 
 or constable as hereinbefore directed, . hall for 
 each such offence incur a penalty not exceeding 
 ji!/., and the expense of imprisoning any such 
 offender and of conveying him and the witnesses 
 to the United Kingdom or to such British pos- 
 session as aforesaid in any manner other than in 
 the ship to which they respectively belong, shall 
 be part of the costs of the prosecution, or be paid 
 as cost j incurred on account of seafaring subjects 
 of her Majesty left in distress in foreign parts. 
 (Sec. 268.) 
 
 Empiirij into Cause of Death on board, — When- 
 ever any case of death happens on board any 
 fireign-going ship, the shipping master shall on 
 the arrival of such ship at the port where the 
 crew is discharged enquire into the cause of such 
 death, and shall make on the list of the crew 
 delivered to him as herein required an indorse- 
 ment to the effect cither that the statement of the 
 cause of death therem contained is in his opinion 
 *'" T otherwise, as the result of the enquiry 
 Kiiuires; and every such shipping master shall 
 'Of the purpose of such enquiry have the power 
 hereby given to inspectors appointed by the 
 ward of Trade under the first part of this Act ; 
 m if in the course of such enquiry it appears to 
 lim that any such death as aforesaid has been 
 MUMd by vioLace or other improper means, he 
 
 shall cither report the mattev to the Board of 
 Trade, or, if the emergency of the case so re- 
 quires, .shall take immediate steps for bringing 
 the offeniler or offenders to justice. (Sec. '269.^ 
 
 Depositions to b>. received in Evidence when 
 Witness cannot be produced. — Whenever in the 
 course of any legal proceedings instituted in any 
 part of her Majesty's dominions bcfoin any judga 
 or magistrate, or before any iierson authorised by 
 law c>r by consent of i)arties to receive evidence, 
 the testimony of any witness is required in 
 relation to the gubjcet-raattcr of such proceeding, 
 then upon duo proof, if such proceeding is insti- 
 tuted in 111". United Kingdom, that such witiu'ss 
 ('.'iiinot be found in that kingdon, or if in any 
 British possession, that he cai'.iiot be found in 
 llu! .«amc pos.session, any deposition that such 
 witiic*;' may have previously nuido on oath in 
 relation to the same subject-n it or before any 
 justice or magistrate in her Majesty's dominions, 
 >ir any British consular oflicer else vhere, shall be 
 admissible in evidence, subject to the following 
 restrict inns, viz.: — 
 
 (1) If such deposition was made in the United 
 Kingdom, it shall not be admissible in any £iro- 
 cecding instituted in the United Kingdom. 
 
 (2) If such a deposition was made in any British 
 possession, it shall nst be admissible in any pro- 
 ceeding instituted in the same British possession. 
 
 (;$_) If the proceeding is criminal, it shall not be 
 admissible unless it was made in .the presence of 
 the person accused. 
 
 Every deposition so made as aforesaid shall be 
 authenticated by the signature of the judge, 
 magistrate, or consular ollicer, before whom the 
 same is made; and such judge, magistrate, or 
 consular oflicer shall, when the same is taken in 
 a criminal matter, certify if the fact is so, and 
 that the accused wiis present at the taking thereof, 
 but it shall not be necessary in any case to prove 
 the signature or official character of the person 
 appearing to have signedany such deposition ; and 
 in any criminal proceeding such certiticiite as 
 aforesaid shall, unless the contrary is proved, bo 
 sufficient e.-idence of the accused having been 
 present in maiuier thereby certified ; but nothing 
 herein cont.iined shall affect any case in which 
 depositions taken in any proceedings are rendered 
 admissible in evidence by any Act of Parliament, 
 or by any act or ordinance of the legislature of any 
 colony, so far as regards such colony, or to inter- 
 fere with the pow^er of any colonial legislature to 
 make such depositions admissible in evidence, or 
 to interfere with the practice of any court in which 
 depositions not authenticated as hereinbefore men- 
 tioned are admissible, (Sec. 270.) 
 
 S. Registration of and Returns respecting Seamen. 
 [Log, Official.] — Establishment of RegLiter 
 Office. — There shall be iu the port of London an 
 office, to be called the •General Register and 
 Record Office of Seamen,' and the Board of Trade 
 shall have control over the same, and may appoint 
 and from time to time remove a registrar-general, 
 and such assistants, clerks, and servants as may 
 be necessary, and may from time to time, w^ith the 
 consent of the Treasury, regulate their salaries and 
 allowances ; and such salaries and allowances, and 
 all other necessary expenses, shall be paid by the 
 Treasury out of any moneys, to be granted by Par- 
 liament for that purpose; and the Board of Trade 
 may direct the business of the register office at any 
 of the outports to be transacted at the shipping 
 office, or, with the consent of the Commissioners of 
 Customs, at the custom-house of the port, and may 
 a|)point the ship{)ing master, or, with such consent 
 as aforesaid, some officer of customs, to conduct 
 the same ; and such business shall thereupon be 
 4k2 
 
 ;. ■ 
 
 ! i' 
 
 I ill 
 
 i ! 
 
 ih t 
 
i\ K 
 
 »• « 
 
 ..■■.P 
 
 .'^■U""*'^ 
 
 1230 
 
 SEAMEN 
 
 iC 
 
 
 <'. .. .. I (- , .J 
 
 conducted accordingly-, but slmll in all cases be 
 subject to the immediate control of the Uoard of 
 Trode. (Sec. 271.) 
 
 Register of Seamen to he kept, — The said regis- 
 trar-general of seamen shall, by means of tlic 
 agreements, lists, ond other papers to be trans- 
 mitted to him as herein directed, or by such other 
 means as arc in his power, keep a register of all 
 persons who serve in ships subject to the provisions 
 of this Act. (Sec. 272.) 
 
 Lists to be mmlefor all Ships, containing certain 
 Particulars. — Kvery master of every foreign-going 
 whip of which the crew is discharged in the Uniteil 
 Kingdom, in whatever part of her ftlnjesty's 
 dominions the same is registered, and of every 
 home trade ship, shall make out and sign a list in 
 u form sanctioned by the Hoard of Trade, contain- 
 ing the following particulars, viz. : — 
 
 (1) The number and date cf the ship's register 
 and lier registered tonnage. 
 
 (2) The length and general nature of the voyage 
 or employment. 
 
 (3) Tlie Christian names, surnames, ages, and 
 places of birth of all the crew, including the mas- 
 ter and a|)prentice.<^ ; their qualities on board, their 
 last ships or other employments, and the dates 
 and places of their joining the ship. 
 
 (4) The names of any members of the crow who 
 have died or otherwise ceased to belong to the ship, 
 with the times, places, causes, and circumstances 
 thereof. 
 
 (5) The names of any members of the crew who 
 have been maimed or hurt, with the times, jjlaces, 
 causes and circumstances thereof. 
 
 ((j) The wages due to any of the crew who have 
 died, at the times of their respective deaths. 
 
 (7) The clothes and other eft'ects belonging to 
 any of the crew m-Iio have died, with a statement 
 of the manner in which vhey have been dealt 
 with, and the money for which any of them have 
 been sold. 
 
 (8) rhe name, age, and sex of every person, not 
 being one of tlie crew, who dies on board, with the 
 date and the cause thereof. 
 
 (9) Ever)' birth which happens on hoard, with 
 the date thereof, with the sex of the infant, and 
 the names of the parents. 
 
 (10) Every marriage which takes place on board, 
 with the date thereof, and the names and ages of 
 the parties. 
 
 Lists for foreign-going Ships to be delivered to 
 Shipping Master. — In the case of foreign-going 
 shi|)s, the master shall, within 48 hours after the 
 ship's arrival at her final port of destination in 
 the United Kingdom, or upon the discharge of 
 the crew, whichever first happens, deliver to the 
 sliipping master before whom the crew is dis- 
 charged snch list as is herein required, and if he 
 fail so to do shall for every default incur a penalty 
 not exceeding 51. ; and such shipping master shall 
 thereupon give to the master a certificate of such 
 delivery ; and no officer of customs shall clear 
 inwards any foreign-going ship, without the pro- 
 duction of such certificate, and any such officer 
 may detain an)' such ship until the same is pro- 
 duced. fSec. 274.) 
 
 Lists to be delivered by home trade Ships half- 
 yearly. — The master cr owner of every hometrailc 
 ship shall, within 21 days after June 30 and 
 December 31, in every year, transmit or deliver to 
 some shipping master in tiie United Kingdom, 
 such list as hereinbefore roijuired for the pre- 
 ceding half-year, and shall in default incur a 
 penalty not exceeding 5/.; and such shipping 
 master shall give to tlie master or owner a cer- 
 tificate of such transmission or delivery ; and no 
 oflicer of customs shall grant a clearance or 
 
 transiro for anv home trade ship without the pro. 
 duction of sucfi certificate, and any such oIliccrinHv 
 detain any such ship until tlie same is produa-ij 
 (Sec. 275.) 
 
 Lists to be sent Home in case of Transfvr ofSliii, 
 and in case vf Loss. — If any ship cease, byriu^n 
 of transfer of ownership or change of I'liiiili.v. 
 nient, to fall within the definition of a fonii'u- 
 going or of n home trade ship, the master or owner 
 thereof shall, if such ship is then in the L'liited 
 Kingdom, within 1 moiitli, and if she is elxewhcrp 
 within t) months, deliver or transmit to tlie shin! 
 ping master at the port to which the ship luisbc- 
 longed such list as before mentioned, diilv madt 
 out to the time at which she ceased to boa iorclLii. 
 going or home trade ship, and in defj'.ult shall f,,r 
 each olTenco incur a penalty not excccdiiif; lo/,' 
 and if any ship is lost or abandoned, ihb m.iJiiror 
 owner thereof shall, if practicable, anil as soon as 
 possible, deliver or transmit to thesliippi- , master 
 at the port to wiiich the ship beluiiged such list 
 as hereinbefore mentioned, duly made out to the 
 time of such loss or abandonment, ami in default 
 shall for each ofl'cnce incur a penalty not e.xctcdim; 
 10/. (Sec. 27(!,) ^ 
 
 Shipping Masters and other Officers to tmnmit 
 Documents to liegistrar. — All shippiii" iiiaslcrs 
 and officers of customs .shall take charge of all 
 documents which arc delivered or transmitted t.) 
 or retained by them in i)ursuanceof this Act.anJ 
 shall keep them for such time (if any) as m.iy|)c 
 necessary for the iiurpose of settling any husiiicis 
 arising at the place where such document-! corac 
 into their hands, or for any other proper purjKw. 
 mid shall, if required, produce them for ,inv of 
 such purpos^es, and shall then transmit tlieii to 
 the registrar-general of seamen, tn he hv liim re- 
 corded and preserved ; and the said rcs:is(rarshall, 
 on p.iyment of a moderate fee to he li.-;cd hy the 
 Boai-(l of Trode, or without jiay mciit of any fee if 
 the Uoard of Trade so direct, allow .wv penoa to 
 in.«poct the .same; and in cases iu which the pro- 
 duction of the original of any such document iii 
 any court of justice or elsewhere is essential, shall 
 produce the .samCj and in other cases shall make 
 and deliver to any person recpiirinh' it a ccrtiiitJ 
 copy of any such document or of any part thereof: 
 and every copy purporting to be" so luaile and 
 cercified shall be received in evidence, and shall 
 have all the eft'ect of the original of which it ]i;ir- 
 ports to be a copy. (Sec. 277.) 
 
 i>fficers of Customs to make Returns.— l\\r col- 
 lector or comptroller of customs at every port in 
 the United Kingdom, shall on or before February 
 1 and August 1 in every year transmit to ilie 
 registrar-general of seamen a list of all sliips 
 registered in such port, and also of uU ships whose 
 registers have Ijeen transferred or cancelled in siicli 
 port since the last preceding leturii. (Sec. I'llf.) 
 
 Agreements, Indentures, and Assiitr nmlf, m 
 Arrival at a foreign Port, to be deposited uilh the 
 Consul; at a Colony, with the Officers of Custom!,— 
 The following rules shall be observed witbrcspcct 
 to the delivery of documents to BritLih consular 
 oflicers (that is to say) :— 
 
 (1) VVheneverany sliip, in whatever (lai* of her 
 Alajesty's dominions the same is rcfjistercd (cx- 
 cej)t ships whi/se business for the time benig is 
 to carry p.assengers), arrives at any foreign port 
 where there is a IJritish consular nllicer, or at any 
 port in any itritish possession abroad, and remain? 
 thereat for 48 hour.s. the master s'lalL nitlnn« 
 hours of the ship's arrival, deliver to such consular 
 officer, or to the chief officer of ciistomi (as the 
 case may be), the agreement with the creff, and 
 also all indentures and assignments of appren- 
 ticeships, or, ill the case of a ship bclonguig to a 
 
mm 
 
 SEAMEN 
 
 1237 
 
 B trade »l»il> without tlie pr,). 
 Icute, and any such olliottmay 
 ) until llic same is producej. 
 
 me. in case n/ Tramfvrof SIni, 
 —It any slup coasc, l)y reaion 
 jrship or change of employ- 
 n the definition of a foriit;'ii- 
 trade ship, the master or ownf 
 h ship is then in the L'nitei 
 month, and if she is elsewberf. 
 eliveror transmit, to the sliip- 
 port to whie\i the ship has bo- 
 i iH'fore mentioned, duly iiiadi 
 viiicti slic ceased to he a l,irei;.'ii- 
 le ship, and in defi'.ult shall U 
 a penalty not cxcccdiiiR 101.; 
 ost or ahan(U)neu. thi-, mii^lirir 
 I, if practicable, and as swni u 
 transmit to the shippi- , master 
 fli the ship belonged such list 
 cnlioned, duly made out to the 
 )r abandonment, and in ikfiiult 
 ee incur a penalty not cxctcding 
 
 ra and other Officers to trmmit 
 (/(s/cur.— All shipiiing iiiasitr^ 
 i-tonis shall take charge of all 
 arc delivered or transantted to 
 ;m in pursuance of this Act, an! 
 it such time (if any) as maybe 
 purpose of settlinf; any business 
 ce where such dociiiaents come 
 or for any other proper iiuriK)Sc. 
 uired, produce them fur any of 
 lul shall then transmit tiiem to 
 iral of seamen, to be by hina rc- 
 ved ; and the said rcsislrarshali, 
 moderate fee to bo li.-.cd by the 
 )r without itaymenl of any fee it 
 de so direct, allow any (icraon to 
 ; and in cases in which the pro- 
 iginal of any snch document ui 
 ice or elsewhere is essential, shall 
 S; and in other cases shall niakc 
 V jjcrson reciuirin^' it » <''"'''':' 
 document or of any partlhemil; 
 purporting to be so luailc and 
 received in evi;leuce, and sliall 
 of the ori({ina. uf winch it pur- 
 .,. (Sec. 277.) 
 itoms to make Returns.~Tn( oil- 
 Uor of customs at every port :n 
 ;lom, shall on or before I'obruary 
 in cverv year transmit W the 
 of seanien a list of all Aw 
 M,ort, and also of all ships «liosc 
 en transferred or cancelled ni smU 
 it preceding return. (,N;o. .'*■) 
 
 ndentures, and ^s>'f "^"^'f 
 eign Port, to be deposited ufh Ik 
 
 ,!^,with the Officers of Mom.- 
 ilcs shall be observed wth rep t 
 
 f documenu to Brituh consular 
 
 °ar/sld7.in^^'l>''^«^'«'P''''''u!!" 
 lions the same is repstered x 
 e business for the tune beni J 
 ■ers), arrives at any loreisn !»« 
 British consular nllicer, or "^ 
 3hpo.ssessional,road,at.dcM.m 
 
 ourlthemasUTsMallv "« 
 •s arrival, deliver to suchcnsid» 
 
 chief officer of eustoms (a* ^^^ 
 
 ,0 aKreemc.it witli the cre>r, aw 
 
 .roH an.' issignments of appKi 
 
 rttecaseol-a'hipbelong-g'"* 
 
 Dritish possession, Siicli of tlic .said documents as 
 such ship is provided with. 
 
 (2) Such oHicer shall keep such documents dur- 
 iiiif the ship's stay in such port, and, in eases where 
 any indorsements upon the agreement are hereby 
 required, shall duly make the Hnnic, and shall 
 rituni the said documents to the master a reason- 
 able lime before his departure, with a certilicnte 
 imlorscd on the agreement, stating wlicn the same 
 were respectively delivered and returned. 
 
 (3) If it appeur,4 that the required forms have 
 been neglected, or that the existing laws have 
 been transgressed, such officer shall make, an in- 
 dorsement to that ellcct on the agreement, end 
 forthwith transmit a co]iy of such indorsement, 
 with tlic fullest informatio-.i he can collect regard- 
 in" such neglect or transgression, to the rcgistrar- 
 
 eneral of seamen. 
 
 " And if any master fails t,o deliver any such 
 document as aforesaid he shall, for every snch 
 default, incur a penalty not exceeding 20/. ; and in 
 an'- prosecution for sucli penalty it shall lie upon 
 the master cither to produce the certilicate of the 
 consular oHicer or officer of customs hereinbefore 
 required, or to prove that he duly obtained the 
 'ame, or that it was impracticable for him so to 
 do. (Sec. 279.) 
 
 9. Regulations tn regard to taking Apprentices 
 m hoard Ship.— Wo have already noticed, under 
 the 8-ticlc Ari'KKy iCE, the important fact that 
 it is no longer nec>;si ary f'at any ship, whether she 
 be above or below 80 tons burden, shoidd take on 
 boanlany apprentice or apprentices. But though 
 no longer compulsor)', they may be, and continue 
 to be, taken. The following clauses of the Mer- 
 chant Shipping Act relate to the binding of such 
 apprentices, more especially of those which are 
 apprenticed by guardians or overseers of the 
 poor. 
 
 Shipping Masters to luslst in binding Appren- 
 tices,— M\ shipping masters appointed under this 
 Act, shall, if applied to for the purpose, give to 
 any board of guardians, overseers, or other persons 
 desirous of apprenticing bo\'s to the sea service, 
 and to masters and owners of sh.ips requiring ap- 
 prentices, such assistimcc as is in their power for 
 taciliiating the making of such apprenticeships, 
 and may rccei> e from persons availing themselves 
 of such "assistance such fees as may be determined 
 by the Hoard of Trade, with the concurrence, so 
 far as relates to pauper apprentices in England, of 
 the poor law board in England, and so far a^ 
 relates to pauper apprentices in Ireland, of the 
 poor law commissioners in Ireland. (Sec. 111.) 
 
 Indenl'tre nf Apprentices to Sea Service by 
 Guardians §r, to be witnessed by 2 Justices. — In 
 the case «( every boy bound apprentice to the "oa 
 setN'icc by any guardians or overseers of the poor, 
 or other persons having the authority of guardians 
 of the ixjor, the indentures shall be executed by 
 the boy and the person to whom he is bound in 
 the presence of and shall be attested by 2 justices 
 of the peace, who shall ascertain that the boy lias 
 consented to be bound, and ha.s attained the age 
 of 12 years, and is of sufflcient health and strength, 
 and that the master to whom the boy is to be 
 bound is a proper person for the purpose. (Sec. 
 
 Indentures of Apprenticeship to be exempt from 
 Stump Duty. — All indentures of apprenticeship to 
 the sea scr\ice shall be exempt from stamp duty ; 
 and all such indentures shall bo in duplicate ; atnl 
 every person to whom any boy whatever is bonnd 
 »s an apprentice to the sea se'rvice in the United 
 Kingdom, shall within 7 days after the execution 
 of tlw indentures take or transmit the .same to the 
 legistrar-gcueral of seamen or to some shipping 
 
 master ; and the said rci;i.strar or shipping -nastcr 
 shall retain and record one copy, and shall indorse on 
 the oUier that the same has been recorded, and shall 
 re-deliver the same to the master of the appren- 
 tice ; and whenever any such ir.denture is a.ssignc(l 
 or cancelled, and whenever any such apprentice 
 dies or deserts, the master of the apprentice shall, 
 within 7 days after such o-ssigtmient, cancellation, 
 death, or desertion, if the same hniipens withii. 
 the United Kingdom, or if the same happens else- 
 where so noon afterwards as circumstances per- 
 mit, notify the same either to the said registrar 
 of seamen, or to some shipping master, to be re- 
 corded ; and every person who fails to comply with 
 the iirovisions of "this section shall incur a penalty 
 not exceeding 10/. (Sec. 14IJ.) 
 
 Jiii/es to govern Apprenticeship of Paupers in 
 Britain and Ireland. — Subject to the provisions 
 before contained, all apprenticeships to the sea 
 service made by any guardians or overseers of the 
 poor, or persons having the authority of guardians 
 of the ])<)or, shall, if made in Great Britain, be 
 made in the same manner and be subject to the 
 same laws and regulations as other apprentice- 
 ships made by the same persons, and if made in 
 Ireland .shall be subject to the following rules; 
 viz. : — 
 
 (1) In every union the guardians of the poor, or 
 other persons duly appointed to carry into exe- 
 cution the Acts for the relief of the destitute poor 
 and havmg the authority of guardians of the poor, 
 m.a}' put out and bind as an apprentice to the sea 
 service any boy who or whose parent or parents is 
 or arc receiving relief in such union, and who hos 
 attained the age of 12 years, and is of sufficient 
 health and strength, and who consents to be so 
 bound. 
 
 (2) If the cost of relieving any such boy is 
 chargeable to an electoral division of a union, 
 then (except in cases in which paid officers act 
 in place of guardians) he shall not be bound 
 unless the consent in writing of the guardians of 
 such electoral division or of a majority of the 
 guardians (if more than one) be tirst obtained, such 
 consent to be, when possible, indorsed upon the 
 indentures. 
 
 (3) The expense incurred in the binding and 
 outlit of an apprentice shall be charged to the 
 union or electoral division (as the case may be) to 
 which the boy or his parent or parents is or are 
 chargeable at the time of his being upprenticed. 
 
 (4) All indentures made in any union may be 
 sued upon by the guardians of the union or persons 
 having t' c authority of guardians therein for the 
 time being, by their name of office, and actions 
 brought by them upon such indentures shall not 
 abate by rciison of deat'i or change in the persons 
 holding the office ; but no such action shall be com- 
 menced without the consent of the Irish poor law 
 commissioners. 
 
 (5) The amount of the costs incurred in any such 
 action and not recovered from the defendant, 
 therein, maj' be charged upon the union or elec- 
 toral division (as the case may be) to ^/hich the 
 boy or his parent or parents was or were charge- 
 able at the time of his being apprenticed. (Sec. 
 144.) 
 
 Apprentices and their Indentures to be brought 
 before Shipping Master before Voyage, — The mos- 
 ter of every foreign-going ship shall, before carr\'- 
 ing any apprentice to sea from any place in the 
 United Kmgdom, cause such apprentice to appear 
 before the shipping master before whom the crew 
 is engaged, and shall produce to him the indenture 
 by which such apprentice is bound and the assign- 
 ment or assignments thereof (if any) ; and the 
 name of such apprentice, with the date of the 
 
 . .11 
 
 
 "il! 
 
 
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 ♦»:» 
 
 ■» - 
 
 • i ' 
 
 it , : 
 
 '3l ; 
 
 
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 .i it 
 
 •I '•>.«■( 
 
 A"'! 
 
 1 i 
 
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 ■;"M. ■ 
 
 
 
 
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 -.-i.^i. 
 
 1238 
 
 8K«VMEN 
 
 indenture and of the assignment or nssignmcnts 
 thereof (if any), and the name of the port or porta 
 at whicli the same liavo been registered, slmll be 
 entered on tlie agreement ; and for any default in 
 obeying the provisions of this section the muster 
 shall for each oH'encc incur a penalty not exceeding 
 bt. (Sec. IJr.,) 
 
 Seamen (Corporation for Relief of). — During 
 the reign of George IF. nn establishment attnohed 
 lo Greenwich Hospital was erected by the 20 (Jeo. 
 II. c. 38 'for the relief ttnil support of dimhled 
 seamen, and the widows and children of siirh as 
 shall he killed, slain, or drowned in the m^-rrhant 
 service,' To provide a fund for this charitable 
 institution, every ])erson serving in any merchant 
 ship, or other ])rivate ship or vessel, belonging to 
 any of liis Majesty's subji--ts in England (except 
 apprentices under the age of 18, persons employed 
 in boats upon the coast in taking lish which arc 
 brought fresh on shore, or in boats within rivers, 
 or upon boats on the coasts, and pilots — except 
 persons employed in the service of the Kast India 
 Company, and who were not entitled to the bcnelit 
 of this institution, being provided for by a fund 
 established by the Company), paid Orf, per mouth, 
 which was deducted out of liis wages by the 
 master, and paid over to the persons ap])ointod 
 under the authority of tlic Act at the port to whicli 
 the ship belonged, before she was allowed to clear 
 inwards. For the munagcmcnt and distribution 
 of this fund, a cori)oration was created, composed 
 chiefly of eminent merchants, with power to pur- 
 chase lauds and cr^ct an hospital, and to provide 
 for seamen rendered incapable of service by sick- 
 ness, wounds, or other accidental misfortunes, and 
 decrepit and worn out by age, cither by receiving 
 them into the hospital, or by pensions : and also 
 to relieve the widows and children of seamen 
 killed or drowned in the merchant service, provided 
 the children are not of the age of 14 years ; or if 
 of that age and upwards are incapable of getting 
 a livelihood by reason of lameness, blindness, or 
 other inlirmity, and arc proper objects of charity ; 
 and to make reasonable allowances to those who 
 shall lose an eye or a limb, or be otherwise hurt or 
 maimed, in fighting, defending, or working their 
 ships, or doiug any other duty in their service, in 
 proportion to their hurt ; so far forth as the income 
 and revenues of the charity will extend for these 
 purposes. Uut no person is to bo provided for as 
 a worn-out seaman who has not been employed in 
 the merchant service five years ond paid the con- 
 tribution. And in providing for this class a pre- 
 ference is given to such as have served longest and 
 contributed most. 
 
 In order to ascertain the times of service ard 
 payment of the contribution, the mitstcr was 
 obliged to keep a muster-roll of the jicrsons cm- 
 jiloyed in the ship, and had before her departure 
 to deliver a duiili'.'ate to the collector or receiver 
 of duties for the seamen's hospital at the port ; 
 and, during the voyage, to enter tlie time and 
 l.lace of discharge, quitting, and desertion, and 
 of receiving other persons on board, and of any 
 hurt, damage, death, or drowning; of which he 
 had also to deliver a duplicate at his return, under 
 the penalty of 20/., to the truth whereof lie might 
 be examined upon oath by the collector. And in 
 case any person employed on board any ship or 
 vessel should, in doing his duty on shore or on 
 board, break an ar:r. or a leg, or be otherwise hurt 
 or maimed, he was to be properly relieved until 
 Bufliciently recovered to be sent to the place to 
 which tlie ship belonged. 
 
 But, notwithstanding the praiseworthy princi- 
 ple on which this establishment was founded, it 
 ■was not founil to be productive of the benefits, in 
 
 •"■| 
 
 tt practical point of view, that had been antici- 
 pated. I'erhups this was to bo in part cxplainwl 
 iiy the circumstance of its being attached to 
 Greenwich Hospital, which is peculiarly intoiideil 
 as a retreat for the worn-out and disabled ncamm 
 beloi. ;ing to the Uoyal Navy. Hut, however this 
 may be, it appears fVom accounts laid befurc I'm- 
 liament, that -n iH21i, when the merchant ncaiiicn 
 jiaid an annual contribution of 2G,137/. to ihc 
 hospital, there was not one of them within Its 
 walls, except such as had also served on boar! 
 linc-ol'-battlc! s'lips. The system was, in coiiv . 
 quence, much complained of bv the seamfln and 
 others interested in flic merchant service; and 
 it is obvious that these complaints were not un- 
 fomidcd, and that the seamen reaped no advan- 
 tage from the institution at all equivalent to tlie 
 sacrifice they made for its support. 
 
 To obviate this itato of things, a new svstom 
 was intrwluced in .'836, when it was ordered, In- 
 the Act 4 & 5 Win. IV. c. (M, that the enntribuiioii 
 of (!(/. per month by seamen in the merchant scr- 
 vice to Greenwich Hospital shoidd cease from 
 January 1, 1835; and that 20,000/. a-year should 
 bo advanced from the consolidated fund to the 
 Hospital to make good the deficiency caused by 
 the cessation of such contribution. 
 
 New Establishment for Support of Merchant 
 Seamen §-c. — And to provide still more cll'cot. 
 ually for the relief and support of niaimol and 
 disabled merchant seamen, and of the wiijow 
 &.C. of those killed or drowned in the mcrcliant 
 service, the Act i & j Wm. IV. c. 52 was pasod. 
 This Act repealed tic 20 (Jeo. H. c. 38, except iii 
 so far as it related to the establishment of the 
 corporation of the president and governors for the 
 relief of maimed &c. mercliant seamen, and of the 
 widows and children of seamen kUlcd or drowned 
 in the merchant service ; and it also repealed as 
 much of the Act 37 Geo. III. c. 73 as related to 
 the wages of seamen. dying while craplovcd in 
 ships trading to the West Indies. And "hariiy 
 thus cleared the way, it proceeded to inuoduce a 
 new system, which was further extended m\ 
 perfected by the C & 7 Wm. IV. c. 15, and the 7 
 & 8 Vict. c. 1 12. Under this system, all wasters 
 of British ships, whether owners or not, and all 
 British seamen employed in navigatuig the s-ino. 
 were oblif 1 to contribute certain sums jiit n! 
 their wages to the support of the Merchant Sea- 
 men's Fund. In tho case of seamen this contri- 
 bution, which, in the first instance, was only til/. 
 per month, was subsequently "iseil to '.'«! per 
 month. And in addition to th ,sc cuntribidii.ns, 
 the wages and other eflects of deceased seamen 
 were, in the event of their not being claimcil by 
 their relations, paid over to the fuiul. 
 
 In' a former edition we stated that the coniri- 
 bution to this fund amounted, in 1842, in LonJoa 
 and the ports under the management of the so- 
 ciety, to 1C,93(!/. ; and that a large additional 
 sum was also collected at the outports. And 
 we pointed out tho abuses connected with \u 
 management, and especially that the expenses oi' 
 collectin.,' seemed to be quite enormous, auiount- 
 iug to from 8 to 10, and sometimes even 15 jier 
 cent, and upwards, of the sums received. 
 
 These abuses were not rectified ; and in conse- 
 quence partly of their operation, and partly of loo 
 large a proportion of the available funds of the 
 society having been dl 'ributed among the widows 
 and children of the seamen, the system became 
 very unpopular among tho latter. And Govern- 
 ment, being aware of the reasonableness of this 
 feeling, passed an Act in 1851, for winding up the 
 fmid. 
 
 Another institution for the benefit of merchant 
 
 M* 
 
Si:AWOIiTUY 
 
 1230 
 
 ■icw, tliat had been anlici- 
 ivas to bo in part cxplaiiidl 
 of its bcinf? attuclicd t'l 
 vhich is peculiarly iiiipmkil 
 jrn-out ami disabled scatnin 
 il Navy. But, howver tins 
 m accounts laid befure I'ar- 
 , when the merchant waiin'ii 
 ribution of 20, U7/. to llu- 
 iv)t one of them within iis 
 3 bad also served on boaril 
 Tlio sj'stem was, in ci)ii>. 
 uned of bv the scamun ami 
 the merchant service; ami 
 cso complaints were not mi- 
 ii! seanxcn reaped no advaii- 
 iliou at all equivalent to tbc 
 or its support, 
 tato of thnifp, a new systom 
 K;!5, when it was (irdcritl, in 
 V. c. iU, that the cnntrilmii'iii 
 • seamen in the mcrcliant sir- 
 Iloapital shoidd cease Irura 
 id that 20,000/. a-ycar sliould 
 the. consolidated fund to the 
 rood the deficiency caused by 
 li contribution. 
 Hit for Siipjmrt of Mmhant 
 to provide still more cUtot- 
 f and support of maiincil and 
 seamen, and of the \vidii\vs 
 or drowned in the merchant 
 Si j Wm. IV. c. 52 was passoJ. 
 tic 20 <ieo. II. c. 38, txccpt in 
 d to the estabUahmenl of tlie 
 president and governors fur the 
 c. merchant seamen, and of the 
 en of seamen killed or drowned 
 service ; and it also rciicaled as 
 37 Geo. III. c. 7b asrcktcd to 
 mcn.dying while employed ia 
 the West Indies. And liaTiii,;; 
 ay, it proceeded to inuoducc a 
 ch was further extended ami 
 C & 7 \Vm. IV. c. 15, aud the 7 
 Under this system, all niastfB 
 , hetlier owners or not, and all 
 ,ploved in navigating the s-iue. 
 ■ont'ributc certain sums out nl 
 „ support of the Merchant t*a- 
 lIio case of seamen this coutn- 
 tlie first instance, was only id. 
 subsequently "ised to 'is. per 
 iddition to th -se contribi'tiuu-s 
 icr eflccts of deceased seamen 
 of their not being claimeilby 
 id over to the fund, 
 itio.iwe stated that the contn- 
 d amounted, in 1842, mLmJoa 
 ler the management of he >o- 
 , and tliat a large adduwna 
 Jlected at the outports. And 
 the abuses connected witu ib 
 especially that the expenses! 
 to be qiute enormous, auwun- 
 10, and sometimes even U per 
 s. of the sums received. 
 .^ronotrecti.ied,andmcon*- 
 ,hcir operation, and par lyot 00 
 
 n of the available funds ot be 
 end: 'ributed among the jvid 
 ?hc seamen, the system bc«m 
 ^monf? the latter. And^Oo^« 
 re of the reasonableness ot tms 
 Act i.'1851,for winding «?')'<' 
 ition for the benefit ot merchant 
 
 .^oamcn U the Scameu's Ilonpitul SociHi/, csta- 
 iilislied in 1821, and incorporated by the 3 4 4 
 Wni. IV. c. y. It i.s supported by voluntary con- 
 iribiitiona, antl by a payment from tlio Treasury 
 mnal to the sums annually paid into tlie exdic- 
 iiiicr en account of fines or penalties inllictcd 
 I'lidir the Mercantile Shipping Act of 1851 Ac. 
 
 I'rovisiiins fur alVording aid to merchant seanum 
 nhcii abroad and in distre,s.t are enibodiinl in the 
 VIS 17 A- 18 Vict. c. 101 ss. 21 1,212, 18 & I'J Vict. 
 ■ in, f.. ICi, and 25 & 2ti Vict. c. (13 h. 22. 
 
 SKAWOKTllV, A term applied to a ship, 
 indicating that she is in every respect lit for iier 
 v„va"e. It is provided in all charterparties, tliat 
 til,'. vessel chartered shall be 'tight, staunch, and 
 •trnng, well apparelled, furnished with an ade- 
 iiuatc number of men and mariners, tackle, pro- 
 vi-ions Ac' If the ship be insuilicicnl in any 
 „t iliese particulars, the owners, thougli ignorant 
 (if tlic circumstance, will be liable, for wliatever 
 damage may, in consequence, be done to the 
 '(H.ds of the merchant, and if an insurance have 
 i",rn cll'ected upon her, it will bo void. 
 
 Whether the condition of seaworthiness be 
 in the clmrtcrparty or not, it is always iinplie<l. 
 • In everj' contract',' said Lord Kllenborough, ' be- 
 tween a person hohl'ng him'^elf forth as the owner 
 ,.f a liglitcr or vessel ready fo carry goods for 
 hire, and the person putting goods on board, or 
 (■niiiloving his vessel or lighter ft r that purpo.^e. 
 It is a term of the contract on the pi'rt of tlie 
 liL'lilermiin or carrii.T implied by Ian; tlmt his 
 ve-scl is tight, and tit for the purpose for which 
 he offers and holds it forth to the public; it is 
 the innnediate ft)undation and subsiratnni of the 
 (iinlract that it is so : the law presumes a protntse 
 U thaletfeet on the part of the carrier, tvithniit any 
 ttdml]irmf; and every reason of sound policy and 
 yM'k convenience requires tiiat it should be so.' 
 Not onlv must the ship and furniture bo sufti- 
 cknt for the voyage, but .she must also be fur- 
 ui-hcd witli a sulBeient iiuniber of persons of 
 iiimpetcnt skill and ability to navigate lur. And 
 fur sailing down rivers, out of harbours, or through 
 roads &c., where either by linage or the laws of 
 the country a pilot is rciiuircd, a pilot must be 
 Liken on board. ^Sut no owner or master of a 
 fhij) shall be answerable for cny loss or damage 
 by reason of no pilot being on board, iitdess it 
 siiall be proved that the want of a pilot shall 
 have arisen from any refusal to take a pilot on 
 Imard: or from the negligence of the master in 
 Hut heaving to, for the purpose of taking on 
 hoard any i)ilot who shall bo ready and ofler 
 to take charge of tlic ship. (48 (Jeo.'l II. c. 104.) 
 A ship is not seaworthy unl'jss .she be provided 
 wilh all the doeumentsor papers nocx'ssnry for 
 theniauifestatiiin of the ship and cargo. Neither 
 is she sciiworth ., if, during war, she 1)0 not 
 Mijiplied with the sails required to facilitate her 
 fse.ipe from an enemy. ' It is not sulKcient to 
 ikt'eat the liability of the owner, that he did not 
 know that the ship was not seaworthy, for he 
 ousht to have kno\vn that she was so at the 
 time he chartered her. The sufliciency of the 
 ship is the foundation of the contract belwcen 
 the parties, and a ship not capable of conveying 
 the giiiKls in a proper state is a failure of the 
 conditif.n precedent to the whoh? contract. The 
 seaworthiness of the ship is not a question ,)f 
 iraud or good intention, but it is a positive 
 stipulation that the .ship shall be so; and, tliere- 
 'iire, although the owner may himself have been 
 ilcecived by the shipbuilder, repairer &c., if the 
 vessel be, in fact, unseaworthy, have an insulli- 
 >ient bottom or unsound timbers, it is a breach 
 of a preliminarj- condition: and is fatal, as such, 
 
 to the contract.' (Holt's Law of Shipping, 2nd 
 ed. p. 383.) 
 
 It is imly necessary, to gimrantee the owners 
 from los.s, that the ship shotdd be seaworthy at 
 the time of her departure. She may cea.sc to bn 
 so in a few hours, and yet they nmv not be lialdo, 
 Tlw; (jueslion to be decided in such cases always 
 is, wiiether the ship's disability arose from any 
 defect eKisting in her hefore her dei)arture, or 
 from a cause which occnsicned \l afterwards. Hut 
 if a s' ip. within a day or two ol' her departure, 
 become leaky or ftiunder at sea, or be obliged to 
 put back, without any visible or adecpiatc! cause 
 to produce such an elVect— sucli as the starting of 
 a pliuik or other aciddeiit to which the best sliips 
 are liable, and which no human prudence can 
 ]>r('vent — the fair presumption is that she was not 
 seiiwortby when she .-ailed; and it will be incum- 
 bent on the (;>vncrs to sh )W that she was sea- 
 wortliy at that time. They are liable for damage 
 occasioned by every injury arising from any 
 oriijinal ilefeet in the ship, or fnun bad stowage; 
 but they are not liable for any injury arising 
 from the a t of Uod, the king's enemies, or the 
 perils of the sea. 
 
 It is further to be observed, that how perfect 
 soever a ship may be, yet, il', from tbc nature 
 of lier cons! ruction, or any oilier cause, she be 
 incapable of perfonijng the proposed voyage, with 
 the jiroposcd cargo on board, she is iiots('awortby. 
 She must In; in all resperts, fit for the traile in 
 u'liieh she is Meant to In: employed. And it is a 
 wholes(nnc rule, that the owners sboidd be held 
 to a pretty strict i)roof of this. 
 
 It has been alrea.ly observed, that any defect 
 il point of .-^eaworthiiu'ss invalidates an insurance. 
 There is not only an express but an implied 
 warranty in every policy, that the ship shall 
 be 'tight, staunch, and strong' ic. ; and tbc 
 lea.son of this is plain. 'I'bc insurer undertjikes 
 to indemnify the insured .against the extraor- 
 dinary and unforeseen perils of the sea ; and it 
 would be absurd to suppose that any man would 
 insure against those perils, but in confidence that 
 the sliip is in a condition to encounter the ordinary 
 perils to which every ship must be exposed in 
 the nsu.nl course of tlic iiroposed voyage. 
 
 By the old law of France it wa.s directed that 
 every merchant .ship, before her departure from 
 the ]daee ol her outlit, should bo surveyed by 
 certain seaollicers appointed tor that purpose, and 
 reported to be .seaworthy, 'en bon clat de naviga- 
 tion; ' and that previous to her relum, bcfirc she 
 took her homeward cargo on board, she slio\ild be 
 again surveyed. Valin has sho\vn (Tit. /ViV, 
 art. 12) that very little conlldeiiec could be iilaced 
 in these survey.s, which, he tells us, were only 
 made u'lon the external |)arts, for the ship w is 
 not iinsheatlKd; and, therefore, her internal jnd 
 bidden defects could not be disclosed. This ]irac- 
 tiee .seems now to be abandoned by the French ; 
 at least there is no .allusion to it in the Code de. 
 Commerer. It is, one woidd think, much bolter 
 to leave the question as to the soaworlhiness of 
 the ship to be .a.scertained, as in Englaiul, afler a 
 loss has happened, by an investigaticm of the 
 true cause of such loss, than to permit so import- 
 ant a question to be <lecided upon the r.;port of 
 ollieers without any motive to enquire carefullv 
 into her actual condition. A ship ni.ny, to all 
 appearance, be perfectly capable of performing a 
 voyage ; and it is only after a loss has happened 
 that her latent defects can be discovered, and 
 her true state at the time of her departure ren- 
 dered manifest. Indeed, the survey made by the 
 French was not deemed a conclusive proof that 
 the ship was, at her departure, really seaworthy : 
 
 Hi 
 ■ii 
 
 ; '1 
 
 
t ! 
 
 ,..wv._. 
 
 •• . •'*■" 1.1 •"■ 
 
 i t-i' 
 
 \!r.r 
 
 
 t I 
 
 't. ■■; • 
 
 !■' .' 
 
 '.;i 
 
 
 I 
 
 > ■ ,: ! 
 
 -L. 
 
 \ ■■ 
 
 ; ! si' 
 
 ;•;■,<. 
 
 1240 
 
 SEEDS 
 
 it merely ra'iHed a preiumption that such was the 
 rftsi> ; but it was still open to the freighter or the 
 insurer to show the coiitrar}'. 
 
 For further information upon tliis point, the 
 rendiT is referred to the ahle and excellent work 
 of Cliief Justice Abbott (Umi Tentcrden) on the 
 Law of Shipping, part iii. c. 3 ; Holt On Shipning, 
 part iii. c. 3; and of Rfr. Serjeant Marshall On 
 Inmrancf, book i. c. f). [ Siiira ; Stkam Vksski.s.] 
 
 SEKDH. In Commerce, the grains of several 
 siiccioa of gramina. Tlioso of most importance 
 are clover seed, flax or linseed, hemp heed, rape 
 seed, tares, mustard seed &c. ; for which, sec tlie 
 respective articles, But it may bo useful to sub- 
 join the following 
 
 Account of the Imports and Exports of the Prin- 
 cipal Seeds in 18157. 
 
 neaps, kiflney or French bunhels 
 
 Imporo 
 S7,18I 
 
 Kxportl 
 
 410 
 
 Hanarjr - - - c«l. 
 
 .1fi,»ll.) 
 
 .vni 
 
 Carraway • • ,, 
 
 1S,.1lt 
 
 l^'l 
 
 CloTfr - - • .. 
 
 i.'ill.HBH 
 
 4,.1H(i 
 
 
 'J^fii^ 
 
 ilS 
 
 FlaxsKd and Unwed - cwl. 
 
 I.nw.sco 
 
 .w,no7 
 
 
 »I17,.">VI 
 
 S,717 
 
 Grass - > . - cwt. 
 
 r, tM't 
 
 37,l)«() 
 
 Hemp • - - qr. 
 
 I.S.DIS 
 
 u\o 
 
 Lentils - • bustii'ls 
 
 SnH.ll!) 
 
 XiO 
 
 Millet ■ - • CWI. 
 
 .It.S.ll 
 
 _ 
 
 Muktard • - ,. 
 
 Sl.tiS!! 
 
 »,vss 
 
 Poppy - • • qr. 
 
 V9,li7S 
 
 i 1,4^7 
 
 Rape • - " ». 
 
 fi'JI).7Sil 
 
 mM'i 
 
 Tares . - • ,. 
 
 ■Ill,s7i 
 
 3,161) 
 
 Trefoil . - - cwt. 
 
 U,lil3 
 
 .■)7 
 
 Not partlruTarly descrihetl ; 
 
 
 
 commonly used for «• 
 
 
 
 pressing oil therefrom - qr. 
 
 i\tr>'> 
 
 .1.278 
 
 The total value of the seeds imported in 1667 
 was 6,918,433/. 
 
 SEGAKS or CIGARS. [Tobacco.] 
 
 SENNA (Fr. sene; (Jer. sennablUtter ; Ital. 
 senna ; Span, sen ; Lat. cassia senna ; Arab. suna). 
 Tlie plant (cassia senna) which yields the leaves 
 known in commerce and the materia medica by 
 the name of senna, is an annual, growing wild 
 in the interior of Africa, and is more especially 
 a, native of Upper Egj-pt. The leaves are col- 
 lected by the Arabs frequenting the deserts to 
 the eastand west of the Nile, and sold by them 
 in ba.^kets at 3». or 4s. per 100 lb. to Egj'ptian 
 traders. It is packed and sent to Cairo, where 
 it brings from 10*. to 15s. per 100 lb. Here 
 or at Alexandria, it is repacked in bales and 
 .=ent to Europe. A great deal of senna grown in 
 Southern India is imported from Calcutta and 
 Bombay. {British Phnrmacopceia, 1807; Thom- 
 son's JJispensatory,') Senna is very extcnsivel}' 
 used in medicine. It is mixed with' other leaves, 
 some of which are nearly equally good, while 
 otiiors are very inferior. In 18G7, the imports 
 and exports of senna amounted respectively to 
 704,305 and 445,061 lb, An import duty of Is. M. 
 per lb., after being reduced in 1832 to Crf., and 
 m 1842 to Irf., was wholly repealed in 1845. 
 
 SHACJREEN fGer. shagrin ; Ital. zigrino ; 
 Russ. Fchagrim senagren). A kind of grained 
 leather, used for various purposes in the arts. It 
 i.^ extensively manufactured at Astrakhan in 
 Russia. (To'oke's Russia, vol. iii. p. 403.) 
 
 SIIANGILVE 
 
 SHAMMY OB CHAMOIS LEATHER ((j 
 sUmischleder ; Fr. chamois ; Ital. cnmosci 
 Russ. smschanUi, koshi). A kind of Iratl 
 dressed in oil, or tanned, and much eslcoineil 
 its softness, pliancy, and capability of bcaii 
 soap without hurt. The real shammy U prppar 
 of the skin of the chamois goat, ihit leail 
 prepared from the skins of the common l'o; 
 kid, and sheep, is fretiucutly substituted in ; 
 stead. 
 
 SH AXGIIAE or SHANGHAI. A city nndriv 
 port of China, jjrovince Kiang-su, on the Wiximh 
 river, 40 miles bv water from the sea, and 1: 
 miles E.S.E. Na'nkiii; lat. 31° 15' X,, l„n 
 121° 26' E. Population estimated in 18G1 nt I'ru 
 370,000 to 400,000. It stands in a level and wcl 
 cultivated plain, producing good crops of eoitip 
 rice, and wheat. Immediately outside the wall I 
 which it is enclosed are several popidous suijurb 
 Streets narrow and lilthy. Foundling liospii.il 
 tea-gardens, and vast ice-houses are the oljjcc 
 most worthy of notice in the city. It has a min 
 with manufactures of silk, vegetable oils and oi 
 cake (of which vast quantities are annually sci 
 into the interior), iron ware, glass, papcr/ivur 
 ware Ac. 
 
 This is the most northerly of the five Chine.! 
 ports which were opened to foreigners by th 
 Treaty of 1842, and it is also the most impoVianl 
 The river, which may be navigated by ships o 
 450 or 500 tons for a considerable distance aliiivi 
 the town, crosses the Grand Canal, so that Shai: 
 ghae is an entrepot for all the vast and fcriili 
 countries traversed by the canal, and by thp (,'rea 
 rivers, including the Yang-tse-Kiang and thi 
 Hoang-Ho, with which it is connected, jjoiici 
 the present importance of the eniporium, aiic 
 hence, also, the indefinite extension to which it; 
 foreign trade may probably attain. Its inlanc 
 and coasting trades are both very extensive. \< 
 is said to be annually visited by from 5,Ui)0 ti 
 6,000 canal and river boats, some from very ijrca 
 distances, and by 1,500 or 1,600 coasting" junks 
 The province of Kiang-su, in which Shan;;bac i: 
 situated, pioduces great quantities of siik; aoi 
 besides supplying most part of the northern pm 
 vinces of the empire, the shipments of silk v 
 the foreigner are much greater from this thai 
 any other port. It is, also, well situated lor tlu 
 trade in green and black teas ; and in their ex 
 port, as well as in that of silk, it has shut I 
 ahead of Canton and the other cmpDriuni- 
 Among the other exports are oil and oil-caki 
 cotton, drugs, porcelain, copper and cup|Hr-\vare 
 nankeens, gold thread, alum, fans, liams, drin 
 fish d'c. Of the imports opium is by far ili 
 greatest. The value of the British cottons iraportti 
 during 1867 amounted to 3,495,255/., and thati 
 the woollens to 2,365,742/. But despite tl-c.^c an. 
 other articles, the excess of the value of the ex 
 ports was so very great, that immense quantitie 
 of silver were imported. The followini,' table 
 show the progress of the import and ex|)or 
 trade of China and the great comparative m 
 portance of Shanghae. 
 
 I. 
 
 Value of the Imports, Exclusive of Treasure, into Chinese Ports in the Years 1863 andli^ 
 
 Years 
 
 Canton 
 
 Amoy 
 
 Foochowfoo 
 
 NinRpe 1 Shanghae 
 
 Hankin 
 
 Toul 
 
 18fi3 
 1S64 
 
 £ 
 
 S,281,3.')4 
 V,4tII,4H'^ 
 
 £ 
 
 s,n4(;,o.i3 
 
 !i,.V)l,!*l3 
 
 £ 
 
 2,616,fi37 
 !i,37S,()44 
 
 £ 
 
 .l,34H,6nl 
 3,4111, MH 
 
 £ 
 
 S9,7ll!l,.575 
 li 1,6 10,757 
 
 £ 
 
 3,308,778 
 3,fi'ill,7:iS 
 
 43,11W 
 
 IL— Value of Exports from the same Ports, 1863-64. 
 
 Years 
 
 1863 
 1864 
 
 Canton 
 
 £ 
 3,S6»,039 
 3,414,SM 
 
 Amoy 
 
 £ 
 994,129 
 9l.t,rj4 
 
 Foochowfoo 
 
 £ 
 
 4,531,203 
 4,374,68.i 
 
 Ningpo 
 
 £ 
 1,454,569 
 ii ,083,435 
 
 Shanghae 
 
 £ 
 12,2^7,153 
 13,^82,589 
 
 £ 
 
 4,217,302 
 4,184,475 
 
 Tolsl 
 
 t 
 
 S«,iS3,51l 
 
HIANGH.^ 
 
 CHAMOIS LEATHER (()«, 
 Y chamois; Ital. camosein; 
 , koshi). A kind of leather 
 tanncii, and much esteemed fi,r 
 ncy, and capability of beaiiii^ 
 t. " The real wlmmmy is prepan i 
 ho chamois goat, lint leutlur 
 lie skins of the common unai, 
 is frc(iucntly substituted iu it^ 
 
 nrSHAXOHAI. AoitynndrivH 
 jvinco Kiang-su, on tlie Woomii:^ 
 bv water from the sea, and hn 
 ;ankin; lat. SP 15' X„ l.i,,. 
 nlation estimated iu 18G1 at Inira 
 )0. It stands iu a level and well- 
 producing good crops of coltdii. 
 Immediately outside the wall by 
 )scd arc several populous suliurbS. 
 and lilthy. Foundling hospiiaN, 
 1 vast ice-houses are the nl)ject- 
 notice in the city. It has a mint, 
 res of silk, vegetable oils and oil- 
 vast quantities arc annually sent 
 )r), iron ware, glass, paper, ivon- 
 
 lost northerly of the five Chrac^c 
 ere opened to foreigners by the 
 and It is also the most important. 
 ch mav be navigated by shipj nf 
 ! for a considerable distance .nbuvc 
 cs the Grand Canal, so that Sb;ii- 
 trepot for all the vast and fcriilo 
 reed by the canal, and by the great 
 ng the "Vang-tse-Kiang and the 
 ith which it is connected. Hence 
 nportance of the emporium, and 
 B indclinitc extension to which its 
 may probably attain, Its inland 
 rades are both very extensive. It 
 .annually visited by from 5,000 t« 
 d river boats, some from very i,'rcat 
 by 1,500 or 1,GU0 coasting junks, 
 of Kiang-su, in which Shan;!hae ij 
 uccs great quantities of silk; and 
 ing most part of the northern pm- 
 empire, the shipments ot silk v, 
 are much greater from this than 
 It is, also, well situated tot the 
 and black teas ; and in their ex- 
 .19 in that of silk, it has shot (at 
 linton and the other emporiums. 
 ithcr exports are oil and oil-cak(, 
 porcelain, copper and coppir-«ii, 
 d thread, alum, fans, hams. Jwi 
 the imports opium is by lar av 
 . value of the British cottons imports 
 .mounted to 3,495,255/., and tbatj 
 
 :o 2,365,742/. «»* despite h»a'^ 
 theexcessofthevahieofthc ^■ 
 •erygreat,thatimmenscqMntt' 
 P imnortcd. The following table, 
 ?o^^ of the import and exijo^ 
 la and the great comparatiNC im- 
 [hanghae. 
 'oris in the Yean 186W]^t 
 
 Toul 
 
 
 1'^ 
 
 '■I, 1 
 
 ,* i'_. /■ :-i i'i 
 
 t.WtfU^r I.itho^' 
 
 .ik'fuii^n JiLVttjiniiti.\- d- f'c. 
 
I^^ 
 
 mmsmmm 
 
 •i 
 
 ( 
 
 ■.': 1' ■:^'; .'.•'.' 
 
 " :.. ' «' * 
 
 : Iv*-': 
 
 ■ f ' 
 
 f I ^ 
 
 *• • 
 
 . f ' » 
 
 •l" 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 ^* 
 
 ■.'] 
 
 1! - 
 
 ■i- : 
 
 I' 
 
 
SUANGHAE 
 III,— Account of the Tea Exported from 7 Chinae Ports, 18G3-4. 
 
 1241 
 
 Vun 
 
 Caiilm 
 
 lb. 
 69,n2fl.0'14 
 64,68 1.M.I 
 
 lb. 
 70,OR9,IOO 
 
 6i,9c;,sn<) 
 
 Foochowfoo 
 
 Nlnnpo 
 
 lb. 
 4,846,2.11 
 
 7,'l62,/i61 
 
 Nhanghu 
 
 lb. 
 H.l.ll.W 
 7,I.VI,IH9 
 
 IliuikIn 
 
 Kln-kUnn 
 
 Toltl 
 
 IMS 
 
 IMl 
 
 lb. 
 21,477.411 
 1.1,') 19,924 
 
 lb. 
 40,48 l,A«.t 
 .T.„.l.W,U2.'i 
 
 lb. 
 t\4;H,8IO 
 17,HM,373 
 
 lb. 
 169,U'.H,20.t 
 
 li7,nsi>.73l 
 
 
 Null Th« ti|>orla of tn at the w|i>nl« poru Intluda ihlpminu ham iwrt lo |>ort. 
 
 mam 
 
 \\ — Table, contrasting Exports of Tea from Shanphae and the Yang-tsze Ports to Great Britain 
 and the United States for the Years 18G5, 18GG, and 1807. 
 
 
 UiNI Diltaln 1 
 
 United RtatM { 
 
 
 186S 
 
 IB66 
 
 Ih. 
 46,122,900 
 |i),M3,((00 
 
 1«67 1 
 
 I86S 
 
 1866 
 
 Ih. 
 
 13,769,2(11 
 13,796,8(10 
 
 1867 
 
 BUck • 
 
 lb. 
 43,169,000 
 11,990,300 
 
 lb. 
 4.1.069,103 1 
 11,697,929 
 
 Ih. 
 
 327,«)0 
 13,120,000 
 13,447,800 "" 
 
 Ih. 
 
 .12,227 
 1.1,946„14» 
 
 Toul 
 
 A»,l39,60O 
 
 .17,136,70(1 
 
 47,667,0.12 
 
 l.l,97M..'.76 
 
 X.—Account of the yumher and Tonnage of British and Foreign Vessels Entered and Cleared at the 
 Port of Shanghae in each Year from 1801 to 18G5, and in 18G7. 
 
 ENTEHGD 
 
 Y»n 
 
 IKI 
 
 m\ 
 
 IMl 
 
 Brillih 
 
 Veueli 
 
 810 
 1,1.12 
 l,T9fl 
 1,476 
 1,116 
 
 981 
 
 Ton* 
 
 «tS,A94 
 .190,119 
 ,13(1,921 
 ,1.11.983 
 497,022 
 481.937 
 
 American 
 Vcuela Ton« 
 
 119 
 806 
 821) 
 .173 
 319 
 .181 
 
 95,818 
 226,0.16 
 272,428 
 277,177 
 2H.1.710 
 221,(182 
 
 Other Countrln 
 
 Vmaclt 
 
 617 
 36(1 
 790 
 617 
 3.16 
 380 
 
 Tom 
 
 91,907 
 1"7,941 
 I6(I,<J60 
 131,167 
 86,9(X) 
 92,118 
 
 VnteU 
 
 1,806 
 2,N!I8 
 3,4(H) 
 2,696 
 2,(l'<l 
 1,715 
 
 Toni 
 
 4I'),639 
 724,1.18 
 964,.109 
 941,027 
 8(19,632 
 801,3.17 
 
 CLEARED 
 
 1^61 
 
 782 
 
 l«62 
 
 I, ,111 
 
 IViS 
 
 1,810 
 
 l<6l 
 
 1,407 
 
 1«S1 
 
 1,160 
 
 me; 
 
 994 
 
 229,775 
 389,280 
 514,716 
 496,797 
 527,669 
 490,660 
 
 314 
 
 8115 
 884 
 396 
 All 
 
 378 
 
 92,105 
 226,0.16 
 287,021 
 287,065 
 291,298 
 221,413 
 
 621 
 .160 
 813 
 633 
 380 
 362 
 
 86,1 15 
 107,943 
 153,1.13 
 146,(120 
 91,003 
 91,388 
 
 1,717 
 2,896 
 .1.447 
 2,636 
 2,081 
 1.7.14 
 
 408,1!)5 
 723,279 
 996,'III0 
 929,882 
 9D<J,970 
 806,661 
 
 YI — icconnt of the Number and Tonnage of Vessels of each Nation, tvith Cargoes and in Ballast, 
 Entered and Cleared at the Port of Shanghae in the Year 18C7. 
 
 ENTERED 
 
 CLEARED 1 
 
 
 Wiih CarKoet 
 
 In Ballait 
 
 Total i 
 
 With Cargoea 
 
 In Uallast 
 
 Total i 
 
 NatlonjlHs of Veueli 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 468,111 
 
 7,2.10 
 
 217,229 
 
 1,255 
 
 77,029 
 
 10.580 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 7,S.11 
 1,741 
 5,.11H 
 
 281) 
 4,188 
 
 791 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 175,946 
 
 8,991 
 
 222,347 
 
 1.1.11 
 
 81,847 
 
 10,526 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 422,929 
 
 8,166 
 
 210,860 
 
 9(MI 
 
 71,254 
 
 11.079 
 
 725^)88 
 
 1 
 
 lis 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 29 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 BtiUih ihipplnd -...„• 
 Ninii« Ihmk im(l(?r BrllUh lln« 
 
 American ihipv'i^K " '„ ' 
 Nincvo bold under .\mprican flag 
 
 Shi|.iiin[i of other counlriw 
 Nmilpo Skmu umler tarious llain 
 
 844 
 8.1 
 
 344 
 17 
 
 190 
 
 161 
 1,641 
 
 31 
 21 
 16 
 7 
 12 
 14 
 
 875 
 106 
 .161) 
 2t 
 20i 
 178 
 
 754 
 100 
 3.13 
 14 
 171 
 175 
 
 38,107 
 
 958 
 
 8,S7S 
 
 775 
 
 11313 
 440 
 
 81,271 
 
 869 
 105 
 334 
 24 
 200 
 182 
 
 181.3.16 
 
 9,.124 
 
 219,738 
 
 1,675 
 
 S3,0H9 
 
 11,319 
 
 806,661 
 
 761.451 
 
 101 20.081 
 
 1,745 801,1.17 
 
 1,.147 
 
 1.734 
 
 \ 
 
 i ( 
 
 Vll.-raWe nf Exports of Silk from Shang. J in 
 18C7. 
 
 ToEneland • - • 88,3.18 
 
 France ... 6,HS9 
 
 llotnbav - . - 881 
 
 Hong Kong • • - 291 
 
 Total - • S6,619' 
 
 \'ll\.— Imports of Opium into Shanghae in 18GG 
 and 1867, and Value of the Imports in 18G7. 
 
 1 
 
 , M«l»a, Impotlri 
 iBnipl \, 
 1 Pmlm 
 
 1866 
 
 chests 
 28,079 
 11,096 
 
 1867 
 
 cheitl 
 30,019) 
 10,439 
 117 
 
 Value 1867 
 
 * 
 4,910,000 
 2,25ll/)0O 
 
 18,840 
 
 Tl» hiihat price of Malwawai in February, 1867 • eOOtaeU 
 
 lo«(!U „ „ Norember • 488 „ 
 
 hishestpriceof Patna wasln March • - 620 „ 
 
 lowest ,, ,, .lune - - 440 .. 
 
 The Fmlui b generally lold at 100 taeU below Malwa. 
 
 The inhabitants of Shanghae are much more 
 hospitable and better disposed towards foreigners 
 than those of Canton ; and strangers maj- travel 
 for miles into the interior all round the city with 
 perfect security. Some very fine brick houses 
 
 have been built by the British and other foreign 
 merchants in the suburbs. 
 
 We are indebted for some of the foregoing par- 
 ticulars to Consul Winchester's Report of March 
 31, 18G8. [Canton ; IIoso Kouo 4c.] 
 
 SHARKS' FINS form a regular article of 
 trade to China ; and are collected for this purpose 
 in every country from the eastern shore of Africa 
 to New Guinea. In the Canton price currents 
 they arc as regularly quoted as tea or opium ; and 
 the price of late years has been, according to 
 quality, from 15 to 18 dollars per picul, equal to 
 from 50». to G0». per cwt. In 18G7, the value of 
 the British imports of these fins into Shanghae 
 from Hong Kong was 9,864 taels, or 3,'288/. The 
 shark fishery is now carried on to a considerable 
 extent along the north and north-west coasts of 
 Iceland, but chiefly for the sake of their oil. 
 
 SHAWLS rOer. shawle; Fr. chals, chales; 
 
 Ital. scialli ; Span, chales). Articles of fine 
 
 wool, silk, or wool and silk, manufactured after 
 
 I the fashion of a large handkerchief, used in female 
 
 I dress. The finest shawls are imported from India, 
 
 v^,,. 
 
 ,-t'. 
 
 ■!.■:. 
 
 ,•(!: 
 
 ;. ^ 
 
ma^m 
 
 I i 
 
 »« 
 
 ' • .'♦ 
 
 i» 
 
 ,1 
 
 
 " t 
 
 1 r » 
 
 ■ * 
 
 'I " 
 
 J '• 
 
 
 
 • 1 r 
 
 1J12 SHAWLS 
 
 wluTfl tlicy arc liMily cstccmod, nnd nwt from M 
 t(i .'100 ^^iii'iidiH. Hut tint Hritisli HlinniN innMiifnc- 
 tiircil nt Norwich, I'nUlcy, luul piirliiiilarly ImIIu- 
 Imruli, linvo rccLMitly liti'ti very luiicli iiniinivi'd ; 
 1111(1 tfHMl^,'ll utill iiil'criiir in point olfiuiility to the 
 titicHt HiiirimciH brou^lit from liic, lOnst, they Icxilt 
 Will, unci aiv nnicli clniipcr, Tlic native kIuiwI 
 iniiiinfiK'tnrc i.s of vi'ry oonHiilcrabli! value and iiu- 
 piirtanci'. 
 
 Caslwu-re Shuwh.—TUp uluiwl maniifn('tnri> is 
 liclievcil to liavo originated in tin- valley of ChsIi- 
 niere, the ancient Oa-'pira, in the north-west of 
 India, helwcen the .'tllh and II.V decrees of north 
 lalilnde, mid the 7;)rd and "(it decrees <if east 
 longitude, 'i'hon^'h not so tloniishiiin as it once 
 was, the niainifacture is still prosecuted in this 
 province to a very consideralile extent. The 
 shawls are the very best that are niadi-, possessing' 
 nneipialled lineness, delicacy, and waruilh. They 
 are formed of the inner hair of a variety of 
 the coninion K""' (C<i/ira /n';rM«), roared on the 
 eidd tiry table l.uid nf Thibet, from 1 1,000 to 
 ICr.OOO feet above the level of the sea. The f;oat 
 thrives sutlicieutly well in many other countries; 
 but in tlio sullry plains of Ilindostnn it has 
 hardly more hair than a frreyhound; and thon^Mi 
 in hij,dier latilndes the hair is more! abundant, if 
 is for the most part shatrKy""' coarse. It is oidy 
 in the intenselv cold and dry climate of Thibet 
 that it yields the peculiarly soft wo(dly hair that 
 constitutes the material of the Indian sluiwl. We 
 do not, therefore, suppose that the cIVorts to 
 naiuralise the shawl-fjoat in Franco will turn out 
 well. On the contrary, wc believe tlie chances of 
 success would be about eijual were an allenipt 
 made to breed beavers in n hot country, without 
 water, or camels in a moist country, free from 
 heat and drought. 
 
 The inner or line wool is covered over and pro- 
 tected by ft quantity of lonjf shaj;gy hair, wiiich 
 is, of course, carefully separated from it before it 
 is manufactured. 
 
 The Pennine shawl wool has been imported into 
 Ibis country; and the linest Kdinburj;li and 
 I'aisley shawls have been produced from it. liut 
 it must be admitted that shawls have nowhere 
 been made that can come, as respects tpuility, into 
 HuVcessful competition with those of Cashmere. 
 The manufacture has been established at IJellii 
 nnd Lahore for some years ; but notwithstanding 
 it is carried on by luitive C'ashmcrians, and though 
 the material carried on bo (|uite the same, the 
 fabrics are said to w.tnt the fineness of those made 
 ill Cashmere, aiul to have a degenerated, coarse 
 appearance. It is ditlicult to account for this 
 superiority. It has been ascribed to some peculiar 
 quality of the water in the valley of Cashmere ; 
 but it is most probably owing to a variety of 
 circumstances, which, though each may apiiear 
 of little importance, collectively give a character 
 to the manufacture. 
 
 The following details as to the manufacture of 
 Cashmere shawls have been extracted from au 
 English paper published at Delhi : — 
 
 ' The great mart for the wool of which shawls 
 are made, is at Kilghet, which is said to be a 
 dependency of Ladak, and situated 20 days' 
 journey from the northern boundaries of Cash- 
 mere. There are two kinds of it : that which can 
 be readily dj'cd is white; the other sort is of au 
 ashy colour, which being with difficulty changed, 
 or, at least, improved by art, is generally woven 
 of its natural hue. About 2 lb. of either are ob- 
 tained from a single goat once a-year. After 'he 
 down has been carefully separated from the hairs, 
 it is repeatedly washed with rice starch. This 
 process is reckoned important ; and it is to the 
 
 ipmlity of the water of their valley ihat tlie ('n<h- 
 meriann attributes the pei'uliar and iiiiniiiahle 
 llru'ncss of tins falirics produced there. At Kiii;||(.t 
 Ihe best raw wool is scdd for about 1 nipc. 1,,,^ 
 pianid. IJy the preparation ami washiui,' rcirrrnl 
 to, it loses tj, and the remainder bciu); Hiiun !! 
 rupees weight of the thread iit considered Wdrtli I 
 rupee. 
 
 'Shawls nro nuide of various foriui, siz,, a^| 
 borders, which ans wrought separati^ly, with ilii< 
 view of adapting them to the dilVirciit laarlii* 
 Those sent In Turkey used to be of tlio »oft,.,t 
 anil nuist delicate texture. Carpets aiiil ciiiiiiiir. 
 panes are fabricated of the hair or coarser purt i,f 
 the wool. I''rom a variety of causes, luiiniii; 
 others the destruetiou of the .Fanissaricn, wh,, 
 dressed much in shawls, the Ionh of myailv in 
 Cabnl, and the ruined linances of I.uck'iiiw, It jj 
 certain that the demand for this eK-:iiit idpi- 
 nuiditv has greatly declined of late years. ['n,|»f 
 the Mogul emperors, Cashmere fiiund work tin 
 .')0,00() shawl looms. In the lime of tlm AlVhan 
 kings, the ninnber decreased to 1H,(M)(). TluTe 
 are now not more than t'),000 emplnyed. I hIhiiiM 
 attribute little of this dimimition tii tlii' .sijc gf 
 Knglish imitations among the Asint'c imtidnj. 
 When these coiniterfeits lirst appeared, tin; prcitv 
 patterns and brilliancy of tins cnlours tiuik lli'e 
 fancy of sonu', but their great iiilcridrity in tlie 
 softness and warmth which marks tbc '(,'enuinc 
 shawl, soon caused the new article to be iKxlwlei 
 
 ' The average value of shawls expnrtij Iruin 
 Cashmere amounts annually to I,Hilli,lloii riniec*. 
 Ifniijeet Singh took ij in kiiid as iiiirt uf thvurm 
 revenue of the province, which wi' < almut :'j lam 
 a-year. lie is said to have sold j of what lie lliu.s 
 received, and to have kept the reinaimlir fur liis 
 own court. C)f those disposed of by liiin and left 
 for sale in the valley, 7 lacs wurtli wi^nt to 
 Bombay and Western India; :! to llinil.islan, 
 chiefly Oiide; 4 lac each to Calciittiu Caljiil, 
 Herat, and Halk, whence Ronie were carticil lu 
 neighbouring countries. 
 
 'A curious caliulation of the micccs^ive ex- 
 actions, from Cashmere to limiibay indibivc. 
 which niagnify the ]irice of shawls," is lictt«itli 
 subjoined. 
 
 ' Actual cost for materi.'ils and labour in nialiing 
 a pair of reel shawls: — 
 
 Four Furrukatiiut HctTn of wuf>l 
 rliMninf;, wiuhiiif{, niut .spliuiinK 
 IKeinc • - _ . . 
 
 U'aKfa to wenvtrs - - - . 
 
 Toldl . . . - 
 
 Outies on the nan'u ;— 
 
 (In salt and Inipurtatlon to Cashmere - 
 
 (111 the IhriMll .... 
 
 Wliilf the fahrir i-t ill (111- lofiin 
 
 Fifs to I'liowdrlCM. brokers, nvsi-ssnrs iVi'. 
 
 Total amount of lUilit's In Ciklmicrc • 
 
 Ilntii'S frnm Ca^-hinere to Amritslr 
 From Anirilsir to Huinb.iy ... 
 At Koinli.iv .... 
 
 Total from Anirilsir to Uombay 
 
 Todl from KllRhet to Bomhaj, 171 IS ami Si It) 
 
 I'liine tost - - - - - 
 
 l>ro)inr(ton of ca[ria);c . - . 
 
 InsuraiK'u - - - - - 
 Total cost 
 
 ' A pair of such shawls might sell for 500 nipooj 
 at Amritsir, and in Hombay for 'JW. The aniouiit 
 of the imposts; and the "sums levied by eacli 
 (lovornmeiit, will appear n'ore in relief if statcil 
 as they affect a camel load in its prugicsi". It 
 consists of 14J cutcbu maunds. ami contains, at 
 an average, 2,000 shawls of ditfercnt kiiuls, 
 valued, on reaching Bombay, at 28,500 Furruka- 
 bad rupees. 
 
 ' The Government of Lahore exacts U «• 
 1,6G4 G ; Patialah, 61 ; Bikencer, 43 ; Jou(ii»rr 
 
 f.l. 
 
 r*. 
 
 11 
 
 H 
 
 :t\ 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 11 
 
 5'il 
 
 S 
 
 '"i 
 
 II 
 
 ,1 
 
 II 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 '4 
 
 7" 
 
 (1 
 
 »b 
 
 l;i 
 
 rj 
 
 J'l 
 
 
 11 
 
 1) 
 
 11 
 
 il 
 
 1) 
 
 ,;ii» 
 
 al 
 
(if their vnlli'v llmt tin; Ctuh. 
 tliu iift'iiliiir am) inliniMlile 
 ■^ lirciilucc'l IliiTf. At Kil^!li(i 
 4 wild fi)i" iiliiiiil 1 riipc' |„r 
 lariiliiiii lUi'l washtM^; rtiirrd 
 till! rfiimiiidcr Ikmiii; »|iiin, l 
 L- ihrt'uil i" i'iiii>iiii'iii(l Wdttli 1 
 
 lo of variouH foriii«i, nlw, ani 
 wriiiiKlit st'paratily, wiili i|h. 
 iciii til tlii^ (liflVrciit mart'., 
 kcv uwd to 1)1' 111' till' s(ifi,.i 
 fxtiiri', t'ar|«•t^ aihl I'uum.r- 
 I (if tlu; liair (ir cuarscr pan if 
 a variety (if caiiscs, mni.iii; 
 lidll (if t'lie .lanin^iiiricji, wlh 
 liawl^ till! l(i-s lit niyally m 
 led liiiaiices (if i.iu'K'iuw. it i< 
 leiiiaiid fur liru el(;,aiit cnm- 
 dci'liiicd (if late years. l'ii,|«r 
 jrn, CuMlinicre fiiiiiid wcirk ur 
 I. In the time nf tlm Al'ubn 
 r decreased tii IH.nijO. 'iVr.. 
 liaii ti.lKIO cm|iliiyed. I slmuM 
 this (limiiiutiim In llie sijc i( 
 s nnioii^ thfi Aslat'c; iiiilinii). 
 r-rfeiti first nppcareil, the prctly 
 iaiu'V (if tli(^ ciiliiiirs todk tlir 
 .1 their ureal iiilerinrily in llu: 
 nth which marks the jimmw 
 I tlio new article, tci be iii'clcilcl. 
 value iif shawls cxportcl Irum 
 ;s annually to l,H(iii,(in(irii]ie(-. 
 ik 'i in Uii'ul as part nf tlngn'M 
 rovince, whi(^h we ' iilmut :'.) l:ics 
 (1 to have sold i iifwluthctlms 
 have kept the remaiiulortiirliis 
 uise disposed of liy lii'H i""' 'i^"^ 
 vallev, 7 lacs wnrtli wiiit to 
 estern' India; ■'> to Hiiiiluslaii. 
 lac each to C'alcutt;i, I'alml, 
 whence Romc were! emki\ lu 
 ntricH. 
 
 .(Illation of the siiciwivc cx- 
 ishmerc to liimibay iudu-ivi', 
 he price of sliawLi," is heMvitli 
 
 materials and labour in nialiiDg 
 kvls:— 
 
 [if WlMll 
 
 IihiiiinK 
 
 to Cashmere - 
 
 IC Iwlll 
 
 LTs, n^s«i^nrs iVi'. 
 Int of iluliM In Cnilinicrc • 
 
 loAmriUlr 
 
 InlMy - 
 
 lAnirllslttoHombiiy 
 Lmbaj, 171 IS una s:. l^S 
 
 fd. n. 
 
 » « 
 
 M 
 
 II 
 
 3 II 
 
 « I 
 li'p I) 
 » 
 
 1) 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 t| 
 
 :ii 
 
 n 
 
 Hi 
 
 1:1 
 
 r'l 
 
 y\ 
 
 ••' 
 
 II 
 
 ii 
 
 li 
 
 i\ 
 
 I) 
 
 ,m 
 
 -:'*l 
 
 I shawls might sell f..r son nipM 
 linUombayfo.'JOO. Thcam- 
 land the sun>slcvi«'l^/;£ 
 
 II appear n-ore iii relief if mate 
 
 I camel load in itV^"«S, 
 Ltcha maunds. and con a.n . at 
 1)00 shawls of ank'ront k * 
 l„g U.;u.bay,at2«,500Furru.U- 
 
 Lnt of Lahore exacts UJ- 
 Ih, 61;Bikencer,43;Jou¥'f 
 
 SHEA BUTTKR 
 
 1'2I 4; HhowniiKKiiri -" ; total 1,80D; Bombay, 
 
 10 
 
 |i(>r ((lit. ad valorem, 'iiHOO.' 
 Ilv treaty, the ruler of Cnslir 
 
 llv treaty, llie ruler or I'nHlimcro is hdiind to 
 ii'iiil to '"'f Mfjesty every year 5 NliawU, as an 
 jikiiowledKmeiit of the Uoyal Hiipreniacy. 
 
 Ilie value cif llie C«."hin('re shawls expi'irted from 
 llriiiiili liiiha by sen in the 6 y cars eiuliiii; with 
 Ihiiii, was as fdlliiw s : — 
 
 mi 
 i«i.i 
 
 |W,1 
 
 £ 
 4VI,t4l 
 
 .11 1.1, 1. 'i7 
 •W.'i.VJl 
 
 ISIfV 
 indM 
 
 t 
 
 'i1l,MI7 
 'i'JII.II.'i 
 
 III the aceoiint of tlie exports of Ilrilish niaiiu- 
 ,11 lures, lliiise of handkerchiefs and shawls are 
 liii.M'il, ii'd in 1>*''7 we exported «0,77H dozens of 
 llioearlicle.", valued lit 111, .'12 1/. 
 SllI'lA lUn'TKU or VKlil'/l'AUr.K TALLOW. 
 Ill, iircidiice (if the nut of tlu^ Jiiis»iu I'lirhii, 
 liiliiii;;in(; to the natural order SiipuUiirw (if 
 JKiiamnt.s ; a scrubby KfowinK tree, iiidif{eMous lo 
 \\w interior of West Africa as the oil imlin is to 
 the Kca coast. It is found in ^reat nlnnidniiee, 
 oiverin^; imnieiise tract.s, both of hill and plain. 
 
 The Baiutia J'lirkii is covered in the seasiui with 
 ilinse Iwails of whitish (lowers, which have a 
 Irajtrunce similar to that of the hawthorn. The 
 iruit, which ripens in May or .luno, is said to 
 rc.iiuble an ovcr-ripc pear, is exceedingly sweet, 
 ami is eaten by the natives. Tho nuts or kernels 
 liav(! tho shape, and the exact eohiur, of the liorsc- 
 ilic.>tmit, but are a little larger. After beinf{ 
 froi'd Iriiiii their shells, which is ell'ccted by 
 llirashin^' or brnisinn after they have been fur 
 wimc time exposed to the action of a shiw heat, 
 thi' kernels are coarsely crushed, then boiled ; a 
 toy matter is tlicrenpon thrown to the surface, 
 ttlii'di is skimmed oil', and |int into earthen pots. 
 It .*ocin hardens into a solid mass, when it has 
 the colour and consiHtcnce of animal talUiw. It is 
 then lit for use, and possesses the valuable (juality 
 ufiiiit getting raucid by keeping. 
 
 The small (quantities of .Shea butter nt first iin- 
 l«nc(l into tins country' commanded a price of .")/. 
 |«r ton above that ol palm oil ; bui the larger 
 [larcels which have since been received Imvc not 
 brought so much. It is, however, said to be quite 
 Mvalimhle as palm oil, and possesses this siipeii- 
 'irity that, for the purposes to which it is npidicd, 
 it (Iocs not, like the oil, require to undergo the cx- 
 pusive finiccss of bleaching. 
 
 It may be used for any of the piiriioses to which 
 falra oil is applied, and might be procured to any 
 extiiit, were there cheap means of transport from 
 llic interior of Western Africa to the coast. 
 (Prkate hiformaiion.) We imjwrted in 1HU7, 
 
 HHKUllV 12'13 
 
 only 707 cwt. of vegetable tallow, valued at 
 I, -I,'):!/. 
 
 .S|||;i'',r (tier. Hcliafe; Kr. brcliis, Im-'Ics il laine, 
 iiKiulons ; Ital. peeure | Span, pccdra.s, iivejas; Kuss. 
 (iw/ll; Lat. (ives). <M the dcime^tic animals 
 lieliiiigiiig t(i (ireat liritiiiii, .>li('('p. with the 
 exceiilidii of hiirses, and perhaps cattle, arc by 
 fartlie mii..-l impurliiiil. 'liny ( mi be reared in 
 siliiatiiiiisaiid iipnii --uils wlierenllieraninwils would 
 licit live. Tliey iill'drd a larne supply (if fnud, and 
 one (if the principal niati rials cif cliithiiig. Wi ol 
 has lung been a staph' ediniiiiiilil \ (if this ('(iiiiilry, 
 and its maiiiifaclure iiiiploys an imniensi' nninber 
 of peiiple. 'The dics.Md >.Uiii,' ,s,iys .Mr. reiiiiaiil, 
 ' I'ciriiis dill'eient jiarts (if our iipparel : and is iisiil 
 f(ir covers df budk.s. The ciitrail-, pruperly pre- 
 pared and twisted, serve liir sliiii--. Im- s'aridim 
 musical iiistrumcnts. Tlic liiine>, ealciiicd (like 
 (illier bdiies in general), furin malerinls I'm- tests 
 fcir the reliiier. Tli(^ mllU is thicker than that 
 (if cows, and cdiisecpieiitly yields a greater 
 ipiantily nf Imiicr ami cbicM", iiiiil in .-nine places 
 is Si> neb, thai it will iini picidiiiM' the cheese 
 witlidul a mixture of water to make it part fnini 
 the whey. The dung is a rcniarkalily rich manure; 
 inasniueli that the fnldiug uf Nlucp" in becnnic tdo 
 useful a branch df husbandry fur tlu; farmer to 
 neglect. To Cdicjliidc; wlietli(r we cniisider the 
 advantages that re-iilt fnini this animal to indi- 
 viduals ill particular, or tu these kingddiiis iu 
 general, we may, with ('dliiniella, cdiisider this, 
 in one sense, as the tirsi df the ddincstie quad- 
 rupeds.' (I'eiiiiant'siiri7i.s/i XihiIiiiji/.) I'dstmajoreg 
 (|uadrupedes ovilli pccuris sccumla ratio est ; quio 
 prima sit si ad n-agnitudiuem utilitatis rcfeias. 
 Nam id priecipuc contra fri^oris vidlentiam pro- 
 tegit, Cdrp(iribus(jue iiostris liberaliora ]iriebet 
 velaniiiia; et . . . nii^iisas jiicnndis et, niinierosiu 
 (lapibiis cxornat. {Dc Jit llustin'i, lib. vii. cap. 2.) 
 The importutuin of .sheep was prohibited until 
 lHl'2, when they were admitted on payment of 
 duties (sheep 'As. a head, lambs '.'.«.), which woro 
 iciiealed in 18 Hi, [C.\ni-i:. ] fi;!!l,7"J(i sheep and 
 lambs were imported into the United Kingdom ia 
 IS(i7. 
 
 Ill conseiincnce of the iircvalcnce of slicep pox 
 on the cdiitineiit of Enrop(^, an order in council of 
 August 2(1, 18(i.S was isMie(l,pnlilisliing (piarantino 
 aiul diher rcgiilatiiins in regard td the sheep to bo 
 impiirted thence into this country. 
 
 'J'lie number df sheep in (ireat llritain, ns 
 returned (in June 25, IStJ.s, was oO,7l l,;i'.)ti ; adding 
 to this 1,822,1) 1 for Ireland, and 7o,'J72 for the 
 Isle (if Jlau and Channel Islands, we have a grand 
 total for the L'nited Kingdom of iilo,(;07,812. 
 
 Namot of Breeds 
 
 Tiiswater • 
 
 l.iiu'uin 
 
 llbhlcT. or New Lcimiter 
 
 CotswoUl - 
 
 Koimify .M,l^^ll 
 
 llanmoor, or lliani|itoii 
 
 r.imoor 
 
 lllack Faciei, or lltiilh 
 
 Hmfotil, Hjilatul - 
 
 Morf, Shroihliire - 
 
 Ilor,«l 
 
 Wlllj 
 
 link! 
 
 S"uih Down 
 
 N.iifolk 
 
 Ifcnlwick > 
 
 CtlCTlot 
 
 llun-l'ared * 
 
 SheUand . 
 
 Spanlth 
 
 l)'lto, croM • 
 
 Ileail 
 
 No born* 
 i"\o liurn.. 
 No horns 
 No horiLs 
 No lioriiH 
 No liorna 
 llometl 
 Horned 
 No lionis 
 Homed 
 Horned 
 Horned 
 No liorn.s 
 No lioriu 
 HurneU 
 Homed 
 No liorna 
 No horns 
 No horns 
 Raiiu homed 
 
 Colour of Face and 
 
 While faro and Ii'k^ 
 \VhUe face and It-Ks 
 W'hKe face and Icks 
 While f.ice and Icks 
 \\'hi(e face and leys 
 White face and le«H 
 White face and lt'({s 
 lllack face and lifi^ 
 White face and icifs 
 Hlack and h|H-cklt.-d 
 White and siH'cklcd 
 White and aiiei kled 
 Hiack and white 
 SiiecklL-d and white 
 lllack and white 
 Siieckled and white 
 W'hiteface and ic^^ 
 Ilun face and ietts ' 
 Various coloured ditto 
 White 
 
 Wool 
 
 f.ont; woo! 
 
 I.on^; wuol 
 t on^ wool {line) - 
 Iaiiik wool (tiiifi - 
 f.onK wool (line) - 
 lx)ii|{ wool jlinc) * 
 Jvunf; wool (toar^el 
 J,oii({ wool (CO irsc) 
 Short wool (hue) - 
 Short wool (line) - 
 Short w«il (line) - 
 Short wool (mid.) • 
 Lon^ wool 
 Short wool 
 Short wool 
 Short wo<d 
 Short wool 
 Short wool 
 Kine cottony 
 Short wool (super.) 
 Short wool (fine) ■ 
 
 Witt, of 
 tfeece 
 
 Wethrs. 
 
 Ai;e 
 klMed 
 
 per eir. 
 
 lb. 
 
 lb. 
 
 years 
 
 !) 
 
 lis 
 
 ■i 
 
 10 
 
 •/r: 
 
 li 
 
 N 
 
 n 
 
 li 
 
 y 
 
 •n 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 Ti 
 
 11 
 
 •J 
 
 25 
 
 n 
 
 « 
 
 in 
 
 li 
 
 ^ 
 
 IS 
 
 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 H 
 
 3 
 
 )V 
 
 3 
 
 .■'1 
 
 IS 
 
 li 
 
 .-, 
 
 •M 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 IX 
 
 «) 
 
 ".il 
 
 IK 
 
 li 
 
 '.! 
 
 IS 
 
 3 
 
 
 •i 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 
 s 
 
 IR 
 
 4 
 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 
 31 
 
 14 
 
 « 
 
 
 1 aj 
 
 If! 
 
 « 1 
 
 The above table exhibits a compendious view 
 of the more prominent characteristics of the prin- 
 cipal breeds of sheep in Great BriUin. 
 
 For further details as to the number of sheep, 
 the quantity and (luality of wool &c., see Wool. 
 SHERRt. [VViSE.] 
 
 :ii! 
 
 IIP 
 
 ll 
 
 ■..iii 
 
? .r,' ' 
 
 :-,^^-t,. 
 
 A '. 
 
 'I 
 
 1211 
 
 sinrs, 8iiiiM'iN'(i. 
 
 I, SIIII8 (Ol.NKIlAI, A<COt'NT OK), 
 
 II, Siiii H (Ci.A.H.HiKirATioN or), 
 HI. Siiii's(Sahty ok). 
 IV. 8iiii'ri:«.' Dkkm.'ks. 
 
 V, Siiir»' rAITUH. 
 
 I. Ships ((Sr.KKnAL Accoukt ok), 
 Nnutirnl tnt'ii iipply tlx; tcrniKliip to ili.-liiiKoi"!! 
 
 SIIIPM, SIIIPriNG 
 
 to no piirpnito, ovpn if niirlliiiilA pcrmitt«il, tn ^nifr 
 iiil<i any dt'tnilii with rvHtwrt ti> tlio uliippinu "i 
 Ktiftlniiii pri'vioiiKly to tlin Ui'voliiilcin. ■\\^„,„ 
 will) wiili to I'xnniiiit' tint Milijcrt, will t|ii,| ^,„, 
 of the BcntlcriMl initiros of coiitoniponiry wrihr. 
 <'ollpctc(l l»y AiiiliT'^oii, in his (VifiiWiwui 
 ll'mlory of (.'nminiTce. Tlio mcrcniillli! nmV nf 
 Kn^'lniicl "lirdt ln'canu! cotiHiiltTHhli! in t|ji. li., „ 
 III' Klizalu'tli ; niicl Kmitiinlly iiicrcnitcil uiiilir Im 
 Nuuor^wirM, Jiiini'n I. iinil Clinrli's I, At ili(< |^ 
 Ntoralioii, tli(t Kritisli Kliippiii^ cIcariMl nutwgnjj 
 nnioiinti'il *o '.t.'i.'.itil! toiiH; hut niich wna tlii! inmait 
 ot' iinvi^'ntioii during tlin rciffim ot'CMiarJcn II. jn,! 
 
 with Hiiils; iiml it is in tliiH Horisu tlwit wo now 
 t'lniiloy it. 
 
 JliTfliiinl Sh!j)». — It Im hardly poKsible lodivido 
 TiiL'rchaiit xliips into cIiimmcs, at U'atit with niiy 
 doK"'" "f pi'i't'isioti. Their size, Hhii|H<, thi' Jtioilc 
 of thi'ir rinniiiK *'■■> dcnoiid not niorcljj 011 the 
 pnrtiLuliir irndc for whicli they nre destined, but 
 
 plioii of twoHiiort iH'rioiiH iiuriMK tiip wiiriif i;;i:i 
 mill the AinerioMi war, froi;; the licKiniiint! 01 
 InHt I'Piitury down to the present iliiy. 
 
 The llrxt really authentic aecouiit'i>rtliomii:Ki. 
 lude of tho eonimereial navy of KnKlaii<l ,iu 
 obtained in 1701-'.', from returns to Liriiilnrldiin 
 of the ComniiHsiinierH of ('uHtonm, ImhuciI in 
 lannnry of that year. From these it niiiicara ihtt 
 
 ,,.; there belonged, at tho period in iiucstiun, to 4 
 fl, *''" I""''' •'' '•'"Kln'i'l ""il VVales, ;|,2H1 v^fpli, 
 ""*^ " measuring (or rather estimated to measiirr) •.'fjl.-.'jj 
 
 tons, anil carrving '27,l!(() men ami fi,(iio gmu, 
 
 Uf tiicso there belonged to 
 
 i'Drti(l;Ot-l| 
 
 Lnntlnn • 
 niMol . 
 Vnnnuulh 
 KlilH - 
 Hull 
 Whilhy . 
 
 l.ifPTpfKll 
 
 Ht-AllHirnURll 
 
 Vnwii 
 
 WO 
 l«l 
 113 
 I'^l 
 11.1 
 
 no 
 
 I0'< 
 im) 
 
 Torn 
 
 Hl.liHt 
 
 U,!)l« 
 7,107 
 1,'M 
 
 N,i;i» 
 
 c,iica 
 
 Mm 
 
 1(I,I1U 
 
 )li 
 
 w 
 
 ill 
 
 1,1111 
 
 on the varying tastes and fancies of their owners, 
 Tho shiiis employed in tho China and India 
 ore the largest and lliie.st merchantmen belongi 
 to this eoiiiiiry ; those in tlio Australian trado 
 raivk next, then follow the vessels cmjiloyed in the 
 trade with tho I'acillc, tho Mrazils, West Indies, 
 and Mcditerronean, and among tho worst descrip- 
 tions of sailing vessels are those engaged in the 
 'Canadian, Italtic, and coasting trades. Hut such 
 vessels have bei n to a large extent superseded 
 by screw steamers, though those that remain, 
 especially in tlie coal trade, are very inferior, and 
 in too many instances unseaworthy. 
 
 Tho reader will ilnd, in the articles Navigation | None of tho other ports had 100 vcswl.i ; oiul 
 Laws, and Kk.oi.stuv, on account of the privileges , there is some mistake in the returns m to llio 
 fiijoycd by Uritish ships, tho conditions and j tonnage assigned to Nowcastlo ami Ipswiih, in 
 I'ornialities" necessary to be observed in order to the Hull vessels, HO were ot the lime laiil u|, 
 ncquiro ami preserve those privileges, the mode of which accounts I'or the small nnmk'r of imii in 
 transferring property in snips Ac. And in the that port. (Macpherscn's Aniiuh of (iimmm'. 
 articles CiiAiiTicitr.utTV, Fkkiuiit, Mastkhs, ' aiino 1701,) 
 OwNKR8, Skamkn, Skawokthv &■'., the law with Tho Table No, I, following, of the British aiiJ 
 respect to ships and shipowners, iii their capacity foreign shijiping cleared outwards from WA I 
 of carriers or public servants, and tho reciprocal IKll, both inclusive, is taken from the libt ciiiii'ii 
 duties and obligations of the masters and crews, of Chalmers' Comparative Kstimalr, It i;ivrj 1 
 is prettv fully expounded. In this place, therefore, | very coinpletoviewof the progress uf the iiavi^.tiiin 
 •»ve sliall content ourselves with laying before the of the country; and from the atteiilioii paM U 
 reader some official statements exhibiting tho \ the author to such subjects, and the faiilitk' 
 progress and present magnitude of the mercantile ^ which his situation in the Hoard uf Trade pst 
 navy of Great Britain. j for acquiring authentic iiifomiatiun, its accuncv 
 
 Increase of Shipping in England. — It would be 1 may be depended on. 
 
 .V,' 
 
 ! i ■ ,■ 
 ' • i 
 
 . '.' i;' i 
 
 • . ;■; ' ■ 
 
 <■ ' n *, 
 
 \ 
 
 v.'i.I 
 
 
 ,' ? i 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■•■ i 
 
 
 ~l 
 
 
 
 I,- 
 
 -Table oj 
 
 Ships Cleared Outwards from 1CC3 to 
 
 1811. 
 
 
 
 Vun 
 
 Uriti.'- 
 
 Voreign 
 
 Tot .1 1 
 
 \tm 
 
 UrllUh 
 
 Foreinn 
 
 Total 
 
 Yean 
 
 BrItlUi 
 
 Foreldi 
 loot 
 
 Tool 
 
 
 torn 
 
 tons 
 
 tout 
 
 
 tont 
 
 torn 
 
 ton* 
 
 
 torn 
 
 loni 
 
 160'Ji 
 
 9.%SG6 
 
 47,631 
 
 1 12,900 
 
 17G0 
 1761 
 
 410,211 
 482,020 
 
 107,237 
 122,7.14 
 
 647,178 
 7114.744 1 
 
 1786 
 1787 
 
 1,11.1,074 
 1 ,279.11.13 
 
 121.197 
 
 i.-.«,vw 
 
 l,i.>:,!il 
 l,li;,li! 
 
 lASH 
 
 10O,.M.1 
 
 9.'>,2(,7 
 
 2S.'i,S(lO 
 
 1762 
 
 413.441 
 
 121,916 
 
 668,.170 
 
 1-88 
 
 1.111,689 
 
 12H,!W7 
 
 Ir^Iit.'iK 
 
 1607 
 
 UI.VCI 
 
 llNI,.Ji4 
 
 tU.lM 
 
 1 1763 
 
 631,721 
 
 91,493 
 
 723.317 
 
 1789 
 
 1 ,414,1121 
 
 103,722 
 
 l,6H,;i! 
 
 i;uii) 
 
 
 
 
 1-64 
 
 662.4.14 
 
 79,800 
 
 742,234 
 
 1790 
 
 1,421,912 
 
 118,919 
 
 i,i;j,«!i 
 
 17UlV 
 
 173,693 
 
 ■I.-,6:,3 
 
 317,328 
 
 1764 
 
 726,402 
 
 72,214 
 
 798,617 
 
 1791 
 
 1,111,216 
 
 181,729 
 
 l,Mi,l.S 
 
 170v) 
 
 
 
 
 1766 
 
 748,081 
 
 66,143 
 
 824,2)4 
 
 1792 
 
 l,4>il,l4H 
 
 17MW 
 
 i,;»,w 
 
 170!) 
 
 i^^fi<>l 
 
 4.'>,65.'i 
 
 2S>I,3I8 
 
 ; 1767 
 1768 
 
 724,8.34 
 
 68,006 
 
 79.1,S41 
 
 1793 
 
 1,210,2112 
 
 I87,l>.1« 
 
 i,i<;.iM 
 
 I71S 
 
 «ti,l,2l) 
 
 VJ.IU 
 
 30i,73i 
 
 761,786 
 
 77,984 
 
 8.19,770 
 
 1791 
 
 1 ,.182, 166 
 
 2H,077 
 
 i,ft>.,tij 
 
 1713 
 
 
 
 
 1769 
 
 804 ,.304 
 
 68,420 
 
 873,725 
 
 1794 
 
 1,14,1,150 
 
 .H2,567 l,-'!».i"; 
 
 1711 
 
 421,131 
 
 2n,.o;3 
 
 448,004 
 
 I77U 
 
 806,494 
 
 63,176 
 
 869,671 
 
 1796 
 
 1,244,621 
 
 47«,.1M ■" 
 
 I.IJW'' 
 l,W''' 
 
 i,s«i,»;« 
 i,7i;,w 
 
 J.lWU 
 i,IX«l 
 
 «■»"•»''' 
 j,ik;,s» 
 
 2/lil,l3S 
 
 <,il51,i;' 
 
 1,W,J" 
 J,«3ll.»"< I 
 2.7S«.*I)I 
 
 17IA 
 
 
 
 
 1771 
 
 877,001 
 
 66,898 
 
 94.1,902 
 
 1797 
 
 1,103,781 
 
 .1'J«,J7I 
 
 I7S6 
 
 
 
 
 1772 
 
 923,446 
 
 72,931 
 
 996,387 
 
 1798 
 
 1,319,141 
 
 .164,719 
 
 17«7 
 
 iS'i.HM 
 
 'i-,V,l 
 
 456,483 
 
 1773 
 
 874,421 
 
 .'•7,994 
 
 932,114 
 
 1799 
 
 1.302,.141 
 
 411,774 
 
 17KS 
 
 
 
 
 1774 
 
 901,016 
 
 68,402 
 
 969,418 
 
 18011 
 
 1,444,271 
 
 6SJ,0.)1 
 
 17.16 
 
 
 
 
 1774 
 
 882,479 
 
 68,034 
 
 940,613 
 
 1801 
 
 i,.ii.v;2i 
 
 80i,«iin 
 
 17.17 
 
 476,911 
 
 26,627 
 
 S03,.',63 
 
 1776 
 
 872,108 
 
 74,323 
 
 916,431 
 
 1802 
 
 l,«2G,966 
 
 461,123 
 
 17.1S 
 
 
 
 
 1777 
 
 827,01.7 
 
 102,638 
 
 929,704 
 
 1^(13 
 
 1,45.1,1)66 
 
 571,142 
 
 I73» 
 1710 
 
 
 
 
 1778 
 
 :32,Vi8 
 
 93,778 
 
 826,!l3<i 
 
 I8UI 
 
 1,46.1,286 
 
 587,819 
 
 3S4,I91 
 
 87,2CO 
 
 471,431 
 
 1779 
 
 612,981 
 
 1 19,010 
 
 791,021 
 
 I80j 
 
 1,495,20'J 
 
 605,821 
 
 1711 
 
 
 
 
 17N0 
 
 731,286 
 
 1.14,111 
 
 884,.-,97 
 
 IH06 
 
 1 ,486..102 
 
 56*,i;o 
 
 1719 
 
 17.W 
 
 
 
 
 17111 
 
 608,219 
 
 170,774 
 
 778,994 
 
 1»<.'7 
 
 1,421,1113 
 
 (31.910 
 
 609,; 98 
 
 ai,:;8G 
 
 661,184 
 
 178U 
 
 614,1.00 
 
 22>,446 
 
 810,606 
 
 180t 
 
 1,372,810 
 
 282,1 1) 
 
 1751 
 
 
 
 
 178.T 
 
 864,967 
 
 170,938 
 
 1,0.17 ,91 14 
 
 1809 
 
 1,111,1.12 
 
 699,7311 
 
 17.H 
 
 
 
 
 1781 
 
 9.32,219 
 
 118,268 
 
 1,1140,187 
 
 1810 
 
 1,624,274 
 
 1,138,52' 
 
 17.56 
 
 1 49';,VS4 
 
 76,tJ6 
 
 872,710 
 
 178» 
 
 1,074,862 
 
 197,181 
 
 1,182,316 
 
 1811 
 
 1,107,353 
 
 696,U> , 
 
 IJ47 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •' 
 
SHIPS, smriMNa 
 
 \i^^ 
 
 r oiir llniUd pormllteil, In mn 
 ih rfHIH'ft to llin hhippiiiK 1 
 r to llio lU'vnlution. lli„. 
 tic llui hiil'Jrrt, will llu.l m.i. 
 iliiTS of rontt'iniioniry wni.r. 
 
 rrSlPll. ill •''!♦ (Viri)wV.;llni, 
 
 rcf. 'ri"" tn('rrniill\ii imw if 
 nil! iM)ii!iiilt'riil)l« ill till' 111 II 
 
 ^;rnlllmlly iinTt'iWfil uiiclirl.r 
 
 mill ClinrU'x I. Ai ili" l„. 
 
 inh HliippiiiK fU'urfil "uiuir • 
 
 toim; liutmieh wii« llii'. iiuni. 
 i(f tlu' rolniw of Clmrii'it II. a,i 
 t till! Kcvoliition, ili(! |iriii,|| 
 urtln nnioiinteil to IliO,.');!;! t,in., 
 il liy tlin treaty of iCvtwiik, i, 
 
 iiroKroKit. H"' •""iiii'i'Ti'i' :ii'l 
 
 tfttllily nilvftlU'L'tl, with llli' .r. 
 
 t (xTiotlH iliiriiiK llic wiir.if Kn 
 II wnr, froi.. tlio liP^'iniiinK' ■' 
 to the present iliiy. 
 niitliGiilic iicoount of the ma.ii- 
 niiTciiil niivy of KnulaiM ..k 
 ;, I'rom roturim totiriiilnrlittrn 
 lioiitTS of Custoinii, ismicl \i 
 car. Kroni tliose it nii|»'ar.. thai 
 it the porioil in (lucstioM, |.i ui; 
 ;lniul uiul Wales, ;),'2H| vi-il., 
 iicf cstimntcil to measure) ■M::ii 
 iiK '27,l!)t) men and 5,()ti) t;iin*. 
 longed to 
 
 VnttU 
 
 IKS 
 ll.t 
 I'JI 
 IIA 
 110 
 l(N 
 llM 
 
 Torn 
 
 Mm 
 
 ltl,HHt 
 
 lo.nM 
 
 17,"il 
 
 l.w 
 
 U,»U 
 
 M 
 
 7,1117 
 
 il* 
 
 7,'ifi( 
 
 ii; 
 
 »,vn 
 
 j;i 
 
 ll.6l<l 
 
 1,101 
 
 CMO 
 
 NK 
 
 itlier ports had 100 vessd.i ; and 
 listako in the retiinis as lu tho 
 il to Newcastle and Ijiswidi. 01 
 s, 80 were at the time laU u], 
 lor the small niimk'r of mm in 
 Clihcrson's AnmU of Commru. 
 
 I. following, of the British mJ 
 . elcarcil outwards fruni Wtijt' 
 sivc, is taken from the lint caiii"ii 
 hmvurativr. Kslimate. It 1,'ivw a 
 L'W of the progress u( the iinvii.-atinn 
 
 anil from the attculion |iaiil U 
 such subjects, and the facilmc< 
 
 ion in the Hoard of Trade i;avi: 
 ithentic iiifomiatiun, its accuracy 
 
 I on. 
 
 1GG3 to 1811. 
 
 ^Aii Account nf the Total Numhrr nf Vrurit Kniliii/nl in the Fnrriijii iinil Coloninl Tmile of thf 
 llnilril Kinijiiim, with the .tmouiil of' their /'(iiiiuijie iki./ Ihe Xnmher of Men unit tioijt 
 eiHiiliiiirit in Aiivijiiitinii Ihe mine, that Entered Inifitnl* from nil I'nrlt of Ihe h'urlJ, in tht 
 nrririil \'eiir» from IHll lo IHlv', /xi/A inelii»irr, ilinliiniiiiHhinij llriliah from toiriyn. 
 
 Y«iin 
 
 mil 
 
 |ill« 
 |ii«) 
 
 ll.«) 
 IMI 
 
 \*n 
 
 IU.1 
 Ian 
 
 mvi 
 
 IMfi 
 
 wi 
 
 1H.1'J 
 
 into 
 
 l«ll 
 Ml 
 
 V«Mll 
 
 «,I17.1 
 K.IIH'I 
 1 1 ,«/V 
 1.1.- Ill 
 l.l.'.IH 
 II, IIS 
 I1..17J 
 I.^.IIU 
 l.l.'lll.l 
 
 ll.i'|^ 
 11..^ 17 
 11.1^1 
 Ili.llU 
 
 I7.li.^^ 
 
 I7,HH.1 
 
 Itt.'.v* 
 
 IN,>1>I7 
 
 llrliMiaml lilih Vnolt 
 
 
 Kurtltfit \'*^««U 
 
 
 Tuiu 
 
 Mm 
 
 VHMh 
 
 Tutu 
 
 Mm 
 
 l,'Jii<),1llit 
 
 IW,7OT 
 
 A.tun 
 
 .Vl(),7«7 
 
 MM"i 
 
 1,.1;»,I'M 
 
 M.-tVII 
 
 6,1 II 
 
 T'll.^'iK 
 
 41, mm 
 
 l.r.f.H.iwo 
 
 |IN),^«1 
 
 wit 
 
 4I7,«II 
 
 tl7,HM 
 
 v.in,ii7 
 
 ^■l^,nn 
 
 II.IPHI 
 
 DVl.ll'i 
 
 hi, Tit 
 
 »,l»ll,IH'J 
 
 \•lt^o^ 
 
 I,.!!'! 
 
 7 *»,<•('< 
 
 4I,«70 
 
 ■i.llJ.SVi 
 
 XM.l.tl 
 
 B,IISA 
 
 Ii7l,',ii. 
 
 47,4M 
 
 y,iHt,ii>iii 
 
 \ll,V>\ 
 
 1>^l'> 
 
 (I1il,()7'l 
 
 71..vi'i 
 
 V.IS.'I.NII 
 
 rji>,i'>) 
 
 7li».ii>ii 
 
 4 1 .'illM 
 
 H:l'.>n;tl\^ 
 
 Ui..',l-I 
 
 A,I||J» 
 
 f^^^,'^ >^ 
 
 4A,»'i; 
 
 il,lr<,7.il 
 
 ni.i.iH 
 
 H,ii<lt 
 
 uminuii 
 
 47,131 
 
 »,.VI.'i,l71 
 
 IA7,,'.V) 
 
 7,l.tl 
 
 »1H,>1!|'I 
 
 M,'«l 
 
 V>I7,I>''! 
 
 i . ..1i'( 
 
 7 -in 
 
 |,llil'>,i|4i| 
 
 6(,,77l« 
 
 'i,7N,'l,,1H7 
 
 lil.l'I'l 
 
 It.ll7't 
 
 l,'<ll,''i'l 
 
 IM,*lUI 
 
 ,1,llll,l>.1ll 
 
 I7ll,"'l 
 
 |ll,.1<ll 
 
 1, 111 ,11.1 
 
 7^(,'..10 
 
 a,MI7,*rfll 
 
 \H,i >t 
 
 IIM'IH 
 
 l,l'ln,V'i| 
 
 HI, •<').'» 
 
 .1,MI,<II 
 
 I7i(,0'lli 
 
 »,V/7 
 
 l,7i||,ll.'> 
 
 7.1,11.1 • 
 
 .i,'/'.ii,;v.i 
 
 17H.*HI 
 
 H,n',l 
 
 l,/ll'>..' IV 
 
 i> <,'y>t 
 
 \\\.~An Aeroiin' of Ihe Xiimher of Venneli wul of Iheir Tonniiije, Unlit iinil Uetjinlereil in, unit 
 hihiuiinij to, Ihe different J'orl» of Ihe liriliuli F.mjiire, from 1M2,') to IM.'iV, holh inil.mire, 
 unit oho in \M7, h/hi ifi/inij the Xumlier of Iheir Crewi>,und ilialiiiiiiiinhiny heliveen tho»t of the 
 Briliuli latiind* and I'oiUtniont in Knrope and thoie of the ColomtM, 
 
 •'-~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 VniwU •nil llwir l.'nai b*l(>il||ln|| lo llw Uilll.h Knipira 
 
 
 Vttn 
 
 I'nIuJ Kln,(. 
 
 llWII UHl 
 
 PuMvwIoni In 
 Kliruiw 
 
 
 
 Unlldl KhiKiliim 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Cul.illlvi 
 
 Tout 
 
 aiiil rmMFwiiiiu 
 II. Kuro|Hl 
 
 CuloniM 
 
 Tol»l 
 
 Crcwt 
 
 
 
 ■him li>n« 
 IJKI.1 I'll.liM 
 
 alllim 
 
 IIIIIM 
 
 ftlltlM 
 
 lOIH 
 
 ■liljw 
 10,,ll| 
 
 tim« 
 
 Htll|)4 
 
 ton* 
 
 >lll|H 
 
 ti.n* 
 
 
 mv 
 
 .■..1« 
 
 )lll,H'l.1 
 
 l,1.1tt 
 
 '1111,1111 
 
 V,.1VS,H07 
 
 ,1, .7'l 
 
 VM.K71 
 
 VI.IXO 
 
 'i,1.11,(,S'l 
 
 K.fi.UI 
 
 7511 1 
 
 77,111 
 
 3(17 
 
 .iw,;i!i 
 
 1,117 
 
 l|ll,l.-,ll 
 
 I'.|,I7I 
 
 V,'lill,1!l1l 
 
 4,117 
 
 .1,111,117 
 
 '11,7 II 
 
 '^,'.1I,H|.J 
 
 I6I.SI* 
 
 nil 
 
 7VII 
 
 U«,I7I 
 
 4.11 
 
 .1'l,l7(i 
 
 1,1 VI 
 
 141,(117 
 
 ri,i;H'i 
 
 '1,171,101 
 
 4,6:16 
 
 .Vi1,V7« 
 
 VI,.1S.1 
 
 V, 1.1 1,1; 7 
 
 I6I,IHI|I 
 
 Hub 
 
 1111,710 
 
 ■>»1 
 
 fl'.,ill7 
 
 1,1.11 
 
 11H,.V17 
 
 1!),!I7.1 
 
 '^,1 11,1-1.1 
 
 .1,OM) 
 
 101,7 M 
 
 V1,| 1.1.1 
 
 .'1,716,11111 
 
 16H,(I61 
 
 tl'i 
 
 r^l,7'<l 
 
 41.1 
 
 (i.1,'l.1(l 
 
 1,171 
 
 lHI,i|.1V 
 
 V.1,.1II0 
 
 '1,160 ,.1J 11 
 
 .1,111 
 
 41.1,111 
 
 '1.1, '.11 
 
 'l,7H1,7l.l 
 
 17l,ii'lii 
 
 
 lill,i,.'.fi 
 
 411 
 
 (;(i,(i<ii 
 
 1,I.'KI 
 
 l.1(l,V10 
 
 *i(l,.1Ni4 
 
 '1,1||.I,M9 
 
 .1,111 
 
 41i,h:i7 
 
 V.1,K10 
 
 'l,T'll.6lll 
 
 170,617 
 
 lh!7 
 
 l,l'll^ 
 
 l.1.'.,ij^i 
 
 ,110 
 
 7l,.1iifi 
 
 1,61.1 
 
 illl7,'lVK 
 
 •il),.1.1ll 
 
 V,1.11,S1I1 
 
 .1,',01 
 
 4.17,4'I7 
 
 V6,ii.17 
 
 'i.7lll,lll>l 
 
 171,'.U6 
 
 l«1H 
 
 1,117 
 
 llll,4VJ 
 
 riiin 
 
 7!*,!) 17 
 
 1,711 
 
 VII, 11m 
 
 '.l'l,IJIi 
 
 V,rio,7.'.ll 
 
 .1,',!l7 
 
 46iJ,>tl'l 
 
 V6,l,0') 
 
 ■/,SWl,(,lll 
 
 WSrll.T 
 
 
 l.'^H 
 
 liiC'Jii.l 
 
 711.1 
 
 l(l»,il'1.1 
 
 l,!mi 
 
 11«.1.|J'1H 
 
 VI, 670 
 
 'i,.170,6.1'> 
 
 6,071 
 
 4'1'1,7'JS 
 
 V7,7 11 
 
 .1,1 II.S, 1,11 
 
 1111,'IHI 
 
 
 MIH 
 
 llill,Oi,l 
 
 771 
 
 4.1,VHS 
 
 •.1,'lliJ 
 
 .1(,.1,.1.V^ 
 
 Vl.lill 
 
 •1,T6»,V6'1 
 
 r>,.1oH 
 
 »I.1,V76 
 
 V>l,ll61 
 
 3,111,'..1H 
 
 VIII, .140 
 
 
 \,W\ 
 
 IGS,.1M<I 
 
 6fill 
 
 .1'1,H.'.7 
 
 l,H(kl 
 
 .ioi,i(;ri 
 
 V1,16l 
 
 •.(,'I11,.1'J9 
 
 6,.1iJl 
 
 477,0»l 
 
 10,ll,'i'l 
 
 l.ll'l.lHO 
 
 VIII, iim 
 
 hW 
 
 971 
 
 l.13,»7.1 
 
 6,111 
 
 7.1.(11.11 
 
 1,.1'IU 
 
 '.i(m,«.i7 
 
 V1.'.I14 
 
 .1,1111, 1'lO 
 
 .1,X61 
 
 47H,4.1(I 
 
 .1o,>(l1 
 
 1,6I!),H,10 
 
 lHI,ol7 
 
 lull 
 
 7.16 
 
 S.1,V7.1 
 
 4!ll 
 
 A.I.UOl 
 
 1 ,'l.'iO 
 
 1)1,177 
 
 ■11,H!)H 
 
 .1,ll()7,.'i»l 
 
 7,IIH.1 
 
 .1110,806 
 
 .1ll,<J»1 
 
 .1,.1>IN,1'.7 
 
 VI1,:i77 
 
 
 7.11 
 
 »e,H7B 
 
 .V^» 
 
 «U.H',7 
 
 l.'l-.li 
 
 16(1,7.1.1 
 
 '11,01(1 
 
 .1,1114, TJ'l 
 
 7,101 
 
 .lO'i.M.TJ 
 
 11,1 '1.1 
 
 .1,617,'ill 
 
 VI6,3,-MI 
 
 lill^ 
 
 1190 
 
 UI,»||J 
 
 fi.lM 
 
 !)0.(i'((i 
 
 1,.V1H 
 
 !II.S,H|.1 
 
 !11,.1HII 
 
 1,IV.1,1HII 
 
 7,4'1'J 
 
 .1'J0,H«l 
 
 1I,HI7 
 
 .1,711,061 
 
 VV4,0IKI 
 
 l^lti 
 
 HII 
 
 rj7,i!m 
 
 71.1 
 
 ll,1,1',H 
 
 l,.1S(i 
 
 1 1 1 ,0.1(1 
 
 Vl,77l 
 
 1,I!)!I,7K.1 
 
 7,7'IH 
 
 617,Ti7 
 
 .1V,I'J'I 
 
 3,HI7,IIV 
 
 V'.''.I,V76 
 
 
 urn 
 
 U'J,'.l'il 
 
 71(> 
 
 l.V.,11.1 
 
 1,7.17 
 
 .1il.1,a.17 
 
 'l.i.'lOO 
 
 .1,.107,»ll 
 
 7,7KS 
 
 6l4,Uil1 
 
 .H,!)HS 
 
 3,'J'.'.'.,1'l| 
 
 VIV.NOO 
 
 
 l)7H 
 
 I'j.VJio 
 
 (i.Vi 
 
 tlll.iJHH 
 
 1„1.11 
 
 1I»7,'.I1IH 
 
 '.1.1,6,1s 
 
 .1,400,H0U 
 
 H.11.11 
 
 611,161 
 
 31,671 
 
 4,ll,1'l,160 
 
 V16.II6.J 
 
 
 771 
 
 lVl,V(i(i 
 
 (.01 
 
 IM.HIil 
 
 l,4<'tl 
 
 «11,I30 
 
 S1,ipiil 
 
 .1,IH1,iJ.'iS 
 
 H.ISH 
 
 6'.S,I67 
 
 II.I.MO 
 
 4,111,116 
 
 V.17.071 
 
 
 71'> 
 
 1.17,,'i.KI 
 
 714 
 
 l/l,!l,'.,1 
 
 l,4.1!l 
 
 KKV.IS.I 
 
 •1.1,1)77 
 
 .1,.1«1,l.11 
 
 H,.10t 
 
 1,67, HV9 
 
 31,'JSS 
 
 4,'111.i)l.'l 
 
 VIU.tN.I 
 
 l^'tl 
 
 Wi 
 
 IM,'.C,1 
 
 .iir> 
 
 lri,17(i 
 
 I.IIIH 
 
 »7.1,1.19 
 
 'i6,OI3 
 
 .1,66V,.144 
 
 K.'lOl 
 
 C6>J,74I 
 
 .11,141 
 
 4,.13l,iim 
 
 V4II, IIH 
 
 
 71i 
 
 l?0,4'M 
 
 (J7 
 
 4.1>t,llHI) 
 
 l,4l» 
 
 .loU.IHIl 
 
 '.1(1,0H6 
 
 ,1,7.VJ,'17N 
 
 S,1I6 
 
 66.1,111 
 
 11,4.l'l 
 
 4,4'11,.1'ri 
 
 V41,JlV 
 
 1 ll'll 
 
 Hill 
 
 «07,M» 
 
 7a.1 
 
 l,1i,S.1i| 
 
 1,5.1.1 
 
 MiJ,7S» 
 
 V6,6liH 
 
 4,IM10,'1II4 
 
 H,70l 
 
 711,11" 
 
 36,.1U'.I 
 
 4,761,41'1 
 
 VII.KOli 
 
 < is^l 
 
 8.VI 
 
 VOI,70.1 
 
 7.11 
 
 \>\><,1Vl 
 
 1,.1H1 
 
 ,1SU,975 
 
 'i6,HVI 
 
 4,'ilK,7.10 
 
 <J,I0I 
 
 7;il,6lO 
 
 .1.1,1/1.1) 
 
 6,01.1, !7I» 
 
 ',166, lUI 
 
 n'ii 
 
 1,1 Vi 
 
 .Vi7,om 
 
 744 
 
 i(i4,ar,H 
 
 1,S70 
 
 4Ul,06'i 
 
 V.l.iJIH 
 
 4,1|||,.11I 
 
 ■J.Tll 
 
 Ml 1,11 'J 
 
 .16,i,i'l 
 
 6,V'.o,.1.11 
 
 '^61,101 
 
 h>ii 
 
 l,IHi 
 
 •< 17,97(1 
 
 b<.l 1 
 
 17.1,(illi 
 
 l,>i;ii 
 
 4».1,1'J(1 
 
 516,177 
 
 4,16ii,'l56 
 
 IJ,H.V. 
 
 9|.1,4Sll 
 
 .16,0 1'< 
 
 6,1l'l,4.1« 
 
 »67,673 
 
 l«li 
 
 I.VJI 
 
 M,'i,.V-.7 
 
 711 
 
 iri7,!iio 
 
 a,oi.i 
 
 4'^.1,I77 
 
 '17,0')7 
 
 4,.1.'iN,740 
 
 'J,'JI7 
 
 »60,414 
 
 37,014 
 
 .'.,610,111 
 
 VS1.I36 
 
 1*7 
 
 1 1:111.1 
 
 «74,MI> 
 
 77H 
 
 I.IH.H'll 
 
 1,96.1 
 
 41.1, INO 
 
 '1S,77.1 i S,7.M,'J71 
 
 11, mi 
 
 I,46I,.1I5 
 
 40,(.H4 
 
 7,1106,1l« 
 
 316.779 
 
 N.Il.— The falling off in tho number of ships or otherwise destroyed: so that a good miinv ship? 
 .ifipr IH'.'o i." apparent only. The numbers re- were at all times on the register, which, in tact, 
 lurnt'd ill ilio previous years were those that diil not exist. The Uegistiy Act pa.s.scil in lUl'O 
 .-.lilioiircd on the registers. ISiit a ship when once i obliged all owners of ships to register them anew ; 
 llaci'd on them, remained till evidence was nro- when, of course, the names of tho.tu that bail 
 liiiccdof her having been sold to foreigners, lost, , ceasctl to exist disappeared from the books. 
 
 IV,— /IcfoiiHt of the Total Tounat/e of Tiritiah and Foreign Vessels, from 1810 to 18(17, Ao/A in- 
 chisi\'e, tlislinyitishing between each, Entered ami Cleared, whether with Cargoes or in Ballast, at 
 I'orit in the United Kingdom, 
 
 v«..| 
 
 Enltrtd 
 
 (Mcdml 1 
 
 'I'otal j 
 
 llrillih 
 torn 
 
 Koriiiin 
 toiti , 
 
 Toul 
 
 Brillih 
 
 Fonifin 
 
 Total 
 
 BrilUh 
 
 tons 
 
 Foreign 
 
 Tout 
 torn 
 
 torn • 
 
 tons 
 
 tons 
 
 tons 
 
 Ions 
 
 1110 
 
 .i,i'j7,'.ni 
 
 I,46IV19I 
 
 4,B6-,7'J6 
 
 ■'.S9V,084 
 
 1,4»8,,SHS 
 
 4,781,87V 
 
 6,400,186 
 
 2,9IO,IHV 
 
 9,110,667 
 
 l«ll 
 
 .i,.iiii,'ili 
 
 1, vol, 16,1 
 
 4,661,176 
 
 3,4»0,'179 
 
 1,.1.16,S0V 
 
 4.766,171 
 
 6,7011,100 
 
 '1,618,067 
 
 0,118,647 
 
 IK It 
 
 1,V91,715 
 
 1,V(I,1,1(I1 
 
 4,.100,0VS 
 
 3.376,V70 
 
 1,V1V,176 
 
 4.6V7.416 
 
 6,6(0,006 
 
 V, 1,17, 170 
 
 0,IV7,474 
 
 l»11 
 
 J,.11.'i,1l6 
 
 1,. 10 1.9.10 
 
 4,K47.V96 
 
 3,6.16,811 
 
 1,311,113 
 
 4,977,V66 
 
 7,181,170 
 
 V,613,.183 
 
 0,8'14,.1CV 
 
 mil 
 
 3,(ii;,lH3 
 
 I,40l,11» 
 
 .1,049,601 
 
 3,N.1V,8V1 
 
 1,111,316 
 
 5,V0;,I68 
 
 7,5l/0,'18.1 
 
 V,816,IS1 
 
 10,116,769 
 
 IM3 
 
 4,110,6.10 
 
 1,7.1.1,079 
 
 6,01.1,71s 
 
 4,'«.1,46l 
 
 1,706,116 
 
 6,011,187 
 
 8,616,000 
 
 3,,'.3I,VI6 
 
 1V,077,105 
 
 1«|6 
 
 4,'l'll,7.13 
 
 l,^n6,VH'i 
 
 6,101,016 
 
 4,103,115 
 
 1.0V1,1.16 
 
 6.1 11, .171 
 
 8,688,148 
 
 .1,7'17,158 
 
 lV,416,.18fi 
 
 1817 
 
 4,01'l,i:it 
 
 V,VS1,9.19 
 
 7,106,0.13 
 
 4,770,370 
 
 V,3ri,703 
 
 7.081. i(;a 
 
 9,7IV,46l 
 
 4,,'.I16,7.'V 
 
 11, '^79,106 
 
 
 4/*V..13 
 
 l,0(,U,4IV 
 
 B,6'16,0I6 
 
 4,7V4,IIV7 
 
 V,066,«64 
 
 6.780,681 
 
 9,'l8o,66tl 
 
 4,017.066 
 
 11,.1i 16,626 
 
 lhl9 
 
 4,llM,'.'in 
 
 V,II36,69II 
 
 6,010,000 
 
 4,78.1,1'IS 
 
 V,!10n.(«lO 
 
 7,084.188 
 
 9,660,618 
 
 4,131,7.10 
 
 I4,(<0I,1S8 
 
 1\'0 
 
 4,;i»i,l90 
 
 V,4(KV177 
 
 7,100,176 
 
 4,74V,146 
 
 V,6l,'i.ll3 
 
 7,404,188 
 
 9, 14V, '.11 
 
 6,061,610 
 
 11, 60 -.,064 
 
 
 4,91H,1S6 
 
 '.(,013,70« 
 
 7,»7V.OU4 
 
 4,H8»,i90 
 
 .1,'1'16,6I4 
 
 8,108,104 
 
 9,8'10,87fi 
 
 6,160,1-i^ 
 
 1.1,980,198 
 
 
 4,!111,ll«3 
 
 S.01i,6«l 
 
 7,>i»7.4l7 
 
 5,061,106 
 
 3,101,106 
 
 8.v4V.70'i 
 
 9,986,960 
 
 6,141, !8(l 
 
 16,1.10,149 
 
 
 6,'r.,1,3l1 
 
 3,lt«7,763 
 
 »,94.1,I06 
 
 5,VIV,08O 
 
 4,V3I,I'^I 
 
 9,447,104 
 
 I0,'16S,3'11 
 
 8,1V1,8S7 
 
 18,.1'J(1,'J10 
 
 
 6„174,.MI 
 
 1,7S6,HI6 
 
 0,161,366 
 
 6,370,198 
 
 4,I17,1V3 
 
 9,607 .7V1 
 
 111,744,819 
 
 7, 0'l 1,^.18 
 
 18,660,087 
 
 
 S,V7ii,7'JV 
 
 3,61111,417 
 
 8,961, '.'Sa 
 
 5,648,010 
 
 3,t"'0,'10l 
 
 9.518,V1I 
 
 10,910,71'^ 
 
 7,.1fiO,7.1S 
 
 18,489,470 
 
 
 6,.1'Jll,715 
 
 4,in'i,410 
 
 Ul,.1.1.1,13l 
 
 6,5.'.6.ll6fi 
 
 4,ISO,S60 
 
 11,03.1,916 
 
 IV,OI6,7 71 
 
 8,611,V78 
 
 VI,689.0IU 
 
 lkS7 
 
 6,«51,:o6 
 
 4,611,401 
 
 11.1-6,109 
 
 6,SI0,4flV 
 
 4,863,101 
 
 11,703,103 
 
 13,691, 107 
 
 0,41(1,686 
 
 V1,I78,70V 
 
 
 6,I19,VI)1 
 
 4,1VV,100 
 
 1II,J61,7U0 
 
 6,15V,V04 
 
 4,806,077 
 
 11,3I8,'J8I 
 
 IV,801,4O6 
 
 9,418,176 
 
 VV,.1II9,081 
 
 
 6,6H1,IIV 
 
 4,6.Vi,HI0 
 
 1I,'1V1,0'1V 
 
 6,7'^6,731 
 
 4,066,606 
 
 ll,68V,3.17 
 
 13,311,813 
 
 0,.10V.416 
 
 S'^OOl.VIO 
 
 
 6,HII9,U(I9 
 
 6,1«.3,770 
 
 14,17V,786 
 
 7,OV5,014 
 
 6,4911,603 
 
 I«,516,507 
 
 13,914,0'11 
 
 IO,771,.169 
 
 SI.680,'1'JV 
 
 
 7,7VI/i.1S 
 
 6,4-.S,S64 
 
 1.1,17»,.1H0 
 
 7,600.1'J7 
 
 5.716,6.16 
 
 l3,4l6,n6V 
 
 16,4VO,.11V 
 
 11,176,109 
 
 V6,101,641 
 
 
 7,11,16,619 
 
 6,V1I,46I 
 
 11,091,000 
 
 K.O'JO.VVl 
 
 5,3.14,1'iS 
 
 13,444,319 
 
 16,946,860 
 
 10,688,679 
 
 V6,'.36,419 
 
 
 
 4,8V1,917 
 
 11,V16,II63 
 
 S,689,VI0 
 
 4,«9.1,1V4 
 
 13,48V.670 
 
 17,O19,.10'i 
 
 0,719,.141 
 
 !fi.73S,733 
 
 
 
 4,1X6,911 
 
 11,616,01 1 
 
 9,173,675 
 
 4,5I6,9V3 
 
 13.689.408 
 
 18,'101,67.'i 
 
 o,iiov,sii 
 
 V7,'104,509 
 
 
 !1,CS1,13« 
 
 4,691,464 
 
 14,317,«S6 
 
 S,7.16,1V3 
 
 4,843,683 
 
 14,5:9,V06 
 
 19,168,0,16 
 
 0,138,137 
 
 V8,897,09V 
 
 11.67 
 
 10,li01,10V 
 
 4,0«0,068 
 
 16,6IV,170 
 
 10,66.1,681 
 
 5,086,6.16 
 
 l.1,6.10,V8U 
 
 »l,'1.15,7Vii 
 
 10,(HI6,7V4 
 
 3I,V6V,4.10 
 
 
 6,I40,9.1V 
 
 I6,31S.S17 
 
 Il.l71!.'ill6 
 
 6,V46,O0ll 
 
 16,417,V96 
 
 VV,37O,O70 
 
 10,3S6,04V 
 
 3V,7.16,n'.i 
 
 I 
 
 1 1 
 
 M I 
 
 if! 
 
1^ 
 
 mgmw 
 
 
 ■' 1 
 
 ( 
 
 r ♦ 
 
 * -i* 
 
 > • 
 
 I ' '■'■ . 
 
 ■ ,' !• '. ■ 
 
 *•»:.! ' • 
 
 f 
 
 ■it'.;, '■ • 
 
 ,V,r ; . ) 
 
 SHIPS, SHIPPING 
 
 A lictum of the Number and Tonnage of Sailing ani Steam Vcmlt 
 Prenented at each of the variouB Ports of the Colonies of the United Kingdom, on Dennhn 
 31, 181)7, distinguishing iHween those under and above Fijty Tons Register, and between Sailing 
 and Steam Vessels, 
 
 1246 
 
 V. — Colonial Shipping.- 
 
 Ports 
 
 Sailinic Vessels 
 
 Steam Vessels 
 
 or and under SO Ions | Above SO Tons 
 
 Of and nnder 60 Tom 
 
 Above WTnnj i 
 
 Vessels 
 
 Tons 1 Vessels 
 
 Ton. 
 
 VesseU 
 
 Tom 
 
 VCIMIIS 
 
 • T<n 
 
 Knoland : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Abcryitn-lth 
 
 tl6 
 
 ?,984 
 
 291 
 
 37,521 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 s 
 
 «7< 
 
 Arondel . . - 
 
 34 
 
 'J95 
 
 42 
 
 6,845 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 Bamsuple . • - 
 
 61 
 
 2,043 
 
 31 
 
 2,866 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 Beaumaris - - - 
 
 13.1 
 
 4,406 
 
 168 
 
 14,921 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 Berwick . - . 
 
 13 
 
 4?< 
 
 16 
 
 1,657 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 ^, 
 
 ,, 
 
 BIdeford - 
 
 SB 
 
 1,854 
 
 T> 
 
 ii.UH 
 
 
 
 
 ,, ' 
 
 Boston 
 
 83 
 
 2,894 
 
 57 
 
 4,.',27 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 91 
 
 Bridgwater - 
 
 n 
 
 2,803 
 
 S7 
 
 10,046 
 
 3 
 
 53 
 
 2 
 
 SU 
 
 Bridport 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 9 
 
 1,430 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 „ 
 
 Bristol 
 
 163 
 
 4,712 
 
 156 
 
 52,301 
 
 20 
 
 563 
 
 27 
 
 3,Jl« 
 
 Brixham - - - 
 
 U 
 
 500 
 
 69 
 
 9,954 
 
 
 
 
 
 Caemnrvon 
 
 170 
 
 5,649 
 
 361 
 
 38,289 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 2 
 
 m 
 
 Cardiff 
 
 30 
 
 857 
 
 65 
 
 17,960 
 
 33 
 
 606 
 
 5 
 
 !33 
 
 Cardiiian - 
 
 89 
 
 2,587 
 
 61 
 
 6,454 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 CarlUle 
 
 S 
 
 288 
 
 14 
 
 1,883 
 
 1 
 
 I 27 
 
 5 
 
 1,175 
 
 Chepstow - . . 
 
 35 
 
 941 
 
 lU 
 
 798 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 Chester . . . 
 
 60 
 
 1,804 
 
 74 
 
 5,526 
 
 2* 
 
 59 
 
 8 
 
 !,iir 
 
 Colchester - 
 
 237 
 
 4,589 
 
 96 
 
 12,934 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ., 
 
 Cowes 
 
 146 
 
 3,876 
 
 63 
 
 7,124 
 
 5 
 
 175 
 
 2 
 
 m 
 
 Dartmouth . . . 
 
 111 
 
 1,976 
 
 148 
 
 19,3'.'2 
 
 6 
 
 165 
 
 1 
 
 uo 
 
 Deal . - • 
 
 4 
 
 97 
 
 8 
 
 969 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 .* 
 
 Dover 
 
 30 
 
 80S 
 
 25 
 
 3,111 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 i« 
 
 Eieter . . . 
 
 31 
 
 827 
 
 83 
 
 12,829 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 ,,■ 
 
 
 Falmouth - - . 
 
 41 
 
 1,279 
 
 88 
 
 14,045 
 
 7 
 
 214 
 
 
 •• 
 
 Kaversham . - - 
 
 2UI 
 
 6,219 
 
 196 
 
 28,855 
 
 S 
 
 22 
 
 
 •• 
 
 Fleetwood - 
 
 40 
 
 1.206 
 
 37 
 
 8,003 
 
 I 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 Lmii 
 
 Folkestone • 
 
 r. 
 
 84 
 
 25 
 
 3,645 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 •' 
 
 Fowej 
 
 37 
 
 1,28« 
 
 141 
 
 14,744 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ., 
 
 'k 
 
 11 
 
 44* 
 
 2 
 
 114 
 
 8 
 
 145 
 
 J 
 
 Uloucatei - 
 
 866 
 
 7,55!ll 
 
 68 
 
 7,828 
 
 6 
 
 143 
 
 I 
 
 
 (ioole 
 
 196 
 
 8,129 
 
 S99 
 
 22,095 
 
 7 
 
 169 1! 1 
 
 Vlt 
 
 Grlmsbj ... 
 
 17« 
 
 5,660 
 
 98 
 
 6,638 
 
 8 
 
 109 
 
 11 ' 
 
 4,1W 
 
 Countries 
 
 Hailing Vessels 
 
 Steam Vessels 
 
 or and under 60 Tons 
 
 Above 50 Tons 
 
 or and undei 50 Tors 
 
 Above 50 Ton, 
 
 VesseU 
 
 Tons 
 
 VesseU 
 
 Tons 
 
 VeiieU 
 
 Tons 
 
 Vessels 
 
 Torn 
 
 KUROFR 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Malta . . . . 
 
 58 
 
 1,0.10 
 
 102 
 
 30,753 
 
 1 
 
 48 
 
 2 
 
 131 
 
 Uibraitar ■ ■ . . 
 
 30 
 
 821 
 
 35 
 
 8,822 
 
 3 
 
 31 
 
 2 
 
 ArnicA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sierra Leone 
 
 28 
 
 610 
 
 7 
 
 8.'.3 
 
 1 
 
 38 
 
 1 
 
 lit 
 
 Hathiirst ■ - . . 
 
 IH 
 
 410 
 
 12 
 
 l,4Ht 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 Cape <if tiooil Hoiie 
 
 15 
 
 „■"' 
 
 47 
 
 11,943 
 
 1 
 
 .13 
 
 1 
 
 IM 
 
 Mauritius • . . . 
 
 72 
 
 2,263 
 
 5; 
 
 12,896 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
 Asia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bombay - - • . 
 Cnlrutla . - - - 
 
 4 
 
 102 
 
 142 
 
 126 
 
 .17,512 
 81,1,11 
 
 1 
 
 38 
 45 
 
 13 
 
 32 
 
 2JI.1 
 
 Cochin . . . . 
 
 
 • ■ 
 
 31 
 
 7,097 
 
 ,. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 (^orlnga - - - - 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 5 
 
 1,2.',6 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 1' 
 
 Madrai . • - . 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 3 
 
 830 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 '* 
 
 Fennnf; - - - . 
 
 It 
 
 577 
 
 64 
 
 12,2111 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,[ 
 
 " 
 
 Hlngnpore - - - . 
 
 63 
 
 2,168 
 
 1117 
 
 27,792 
 
 ! 
 
 32 
 
 5 
 
 3W 
 
 Ceylon . - - . 
 
 191 
 
 6,318 
 
 118 
 
 1V,4I4 
 
 
 ,, ■ 
 
 2 
 
 Moulmeln . . . 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 4 
 
 2,692 
 
 
 .. 
 
 1 
 
 11)0 
 
 HonK Kong 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 69 
 
 22,848 
 
 *i 
 
 41 
 
 16 
 
 i,»9; 
 
 Austrama 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sydney . . . - 
 
 203 
 
 5,401 
 
 318 
 
 59,898 
 
 2.1 
 
 619 
 
 58 
 
 i2,.v): 
 
 l,f,i.S 
 l,S19 
 
 143 
 
 3,853 
 
 315 
 
 51,713 
 
 I.T 
 
 360 
 
 16 
 
 Hutmrt Town 
 
 85 
 
 2,228 
 
 «5 
 
 12,.1U8 
 
 2 
 
 75 
 
 6 
 
 I.aunccston . . . 
 
 38 
 
 885 
 
 13 
 
 2,582 
 
 U 
 
 64 
 
 
 Adelaide . . . . 
 
 39 
 
 984 
 
 57 
 
 11,571 
 
 H 
 
 243 
 
 19 
 
 s!i31 
 
 Frcmimlle 
 
 .32 
 
 664 
 
 5 
 
 1,068 
 
 V 
 
 35 
 
 
 Mew Zealand ... 
 
 ,212 
 
 6,404 
 
 92 
 
 13,407 
 
 15 
 
 491 
 
 2*7 
 
 3,016 
 
 Amrrica 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 British Northern Culontes; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Newfoundland - 
 
 ifin 
 
 31,993 
 
 497 
 
 49,695 
 
 3 
 
 101 
 
 < 
 
 1,119 
 
 17,II8J 
 
 3,«t3 
 
 l,W 
 
 K18 
 
 Cnnad.i , - - 
 
 3H1 
 
 12,5.12 
 
 '.Ii8 
 
 101,041 
 
 .W 
 
 1,265 
 
 89 
 
 New Itnmswick 
 
 XV) 
 
 8,940 
 
 618 
 
 2U8,3.',7 
 
 14 
 
 263 
 
 17 
 
 Nova Scotia and C.ipp Breton 
 
 l,li.'.7 
 
 4.'.,727 
 
 I,6S8 
 
 3.13,400 
 
 4 
 
 143 
 
 10 
 
 Prince Kdward Inland - 
 
 108 
 
 3,176 
 
 174 
 
 .14,571 
 
 ,. 
 
 ,. 
 
 3 
 
 British \Ve>t Indies : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Antigua 
 
 59 
 
 831 
 
 7 
 
 633 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 Barhadoes 
 
 14 
 
 455 
 
 41 
 
 7,285 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 661 
 
 Dominica - _ - 
 
 6 
 
 142 
 
 2 
 
 380 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 Grenada . . - 
 
 26 
 
 431 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 .. 1 
 
 
 Jamaica . • . 
 
 86 
 
 2,152 
 
 41 
 
 .',,483 
 
 ., 
 
 
 
 Vsj 
 
 Montserrat 
 
 
 • ■ 
 
 3 
 
 171 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 
 
 Nevis - . - . 
 
 "2 
 
 39 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 St. Christopher . 
 
 15 
 
 254 
 
 '14 
 
 1,976 
 
 ., 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 St. I.ucia 
 
 8 
 
 258 
 
 1 
 
 2.'.0 
 
 ., 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 '' 
 
 St. Vincnt ... 
 
 23 
 
 462 
 
 2 
 
 275 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 Tobago 
 
 ., 
 
 .. 
 
 1 
 
 57 
 
 .. 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 Tortola 
 
 17 
 
 196 
 
 5 
 
 761 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 Triniddrt 
 
 55 
 
 891 
 
 8 
 
 1,014 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 ijl 
 
 Bahamas ... 
 
 352 
 
 6,655 
 
 233 
 
 .16,223 
 
 ., 
 
 
 11 
 
 3,658 
 
 Bermuda 
 
 9 
 
 279 
 
 46 
 
 8,611 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 
 Demerara ... 
 
 45 
 
 1,21)2 
 
 26 
 
 3,737 
 
 *2 
 
 '75 
 
 3 
 
 'iit 
 
 Bcrblce 
 
 17 
 
 3110 
 
 2 
 
 133 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 Huatan ... 
 
 16 
 
 207 
 
 1 
 
 183 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 '.'. 1 
 
 Belize . - - - 
 
 31 
 
 -17 
 
 7 
 
 614 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 .. 1 
 
 VI. — A Return of the Number and Tonnage of Sailing Vessels Registered at each of the Ports of 
 Great Britain and Ireland, including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands, distinguisiiin} 
 those under and those above 50 Tons Register, on December 31, 1867. Also, a similar Return 
 of Steam Vessels and their Tonnaae. 
 
 r^' 
 
 .'■' i 
 
■ e^'Twr'^r'^f, f j ■ 
 
 SHIPS, SHIPPIJ^a 
 
 1247 
 
 aiZino on-f Steam Vtmh 
 ed Kingdom, on Dtrmher 
 gUter, and between Suilmj 
 
 Slram VeueU 
 
 kUi 50 Topi I A boTC M Tom j 
 
 Vnuli 
 
 Torn 
 
 
 48 
 
 '2 
 
 MS 
 
 
 31 
 
 U 
 
 131 
 
 
 38 
 
 1 
 
 lit 
 
 53 
 
 1 
 
 lU 
 
 
 ' 
 
 S'J 
 
 58 
 
 13 
 
 2,3n 
 
 45 
 
 yt 
 
 S,S6i 
 
 32 
 
 "a 
 
 'im 
 
 
 'i 
 
 31S 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ii« 
 
 
 41 
 
 16 
 
 s,»'j; 
 
 
 519 
 
 58 15,30: 
 
 
 360 
 
 16 l,6i'S 
 
 
 75 
 
 6 l,M9 
 
 
 64 
 
 .• •• 
 
 1 843 
 
 19 2,:31 
 
 1 35 
 
 • * •• 
 
 
 491 
 
 'i- 
 
 3,016 
 
 
 101 
 
 6 
 
 MIS 
 
 
 J,M5 
 
 89 
 
 M,m 
 
 
 463 
 
 17 
 
 3,SM 
 
 1 
 
 143 
 
 ID 
 
 1,M 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 818 
 
 75 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 3,658 
 
 ^tered at each of the Ports of 
 
 [Channel Islands, distingumng 
 
 1867. Also, a similar Ritun 
 
 Steam Vetuk 
 
 
 
 
 
 under 50 Tom 
 
 Abo«WTt<B_ 
 VeueU ' 1'°" 
 
 
 U Toot 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 "l5 
 
 
 •• ; 
 
 
 n 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 "is 
 
 53 
 
 
 •91 i 
 "' i 
 
 
 563 
 
 27 W« 1 
 
 
 "54 
 
 606 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 ■33 1 
 
 
 i*« 
 
 5 
 
 i.V-i ! 
 
 
 ■59 ■■» 
 
 j,iil 
 
 
 I75 ■■« 
 
 in 
 
 13U 
 
 
 165 » 
 
 .. 1 
 
 
 ■'«» '■' 
 
 iH 
 
 
 13 
 
 ' 
 
 
 ai4 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 l,slll 
 Vol 
 
 
 145 
 
 
 S3 
 
 1 143 
 1 169 
 
 K 
 
 4^U 
 
 
 1 IW 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hailing VewU { 
 
 Steam VeuaU | 
 
 Forll 
 
 Of and under 5n torn 1 
 
 AboTa SO torn 
 
 orand under 50 tons 1 
 
 Alwft 
 
 5(1 torn 
 
 
 V'esaeU 
 
 Ton* 
 
 Vi'«iel< 
 
 Tom 
 
 Ve«eU 
 
 Tom 
 
 Viwll 
 
 Tom 
 
 EminiiB-coMniuJ : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HartlnKwl - 
 Dillo, Wnl 
 
 4 
 
 96 
 
 96 
 
 23, 11)7 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 3 
 
 2,1.11 
 
 .'. 
 
 147 
 
 71 
 
 15,015 
 
 4 
 
 55 
 
 17 
 
 6,.'i31 
 
 liiTWil'll " " * 
 
 61 
 
 2,074 
 
 63 
 
 6,710 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 7 
 
 3,.1»4 
 
 H<i*le - ■ ■ 
 
 ., 
 
 
 25 
 
 3.169 
 
 ., 
 
 ,, 
 
 4 
 
 816 
 
 Hull 
 
 3K2 
 
 12,129 
 
 180 
 
 .32,164 
 
 16 
 
 280 
 
 g< 
 
 46,210 
 
 
 52 
 
 I,6.'i3 
 
 127 
 
 14,165 
 
 6 
 
 262 
 
 4 
 
 355 
 
 30 
 
 1,081 
 
 1.17 
 
 26,123 
 
 3 
 
 70 
 
 5 
 
 1.116 
 
 :.ifff]>o<>i • 
 
 l.ljnt'ily ■ " " 
 
 267 
 
 9, 122 
 
 2,221 
 
 1,274, 194 
 
 63 
 
 i,9l'l 
 
 378 
 
 218,0!I7 
 
 20 
 
 flB 
 
 TO 
 
 111,133 
 
 5 
 
 ill 
 
 2 
 
 212 
 
 Lowestoft - 
 
 21)1 
 
 6,117 
 
 65 
 
 7,'.37 
 
 4 
 
 86 
 
 2 
 
 569 
 
 1.1 mc " ~ ~ 
 
 5 
 
 177 
 
 9 
 
 918 
 
 ., 
 
 ,, 
 
 ., 
 
 ,, 
 
 Lmn * ■ " 
 
 62 
 
 2,161 
 
 81 
 
 11,0,19 
 
 .. 
 
 , , 
 
 
 
 Maiiloii 
 
 107 
 
 3,576 
 
 66 
 
 7,715 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ., 
 
 MlTJllOTt 
 
 n 
 
 22 
 
 113 
 
 2.-,097 
 
 4 
 
 99 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 MidilUborou^h 
 
 14 
 
 4.'.7 
 
 .19 
 
 10,321 
 
 21 
 
 571 
 
 14 
 
 4,606 
 
 MilfoTil - • " 
 
 72 
 
 1,877 
 
 246 
 
 7,'i9t 
 
 2 
 
 51 
 
 1 
 
 281 
 
 ^e«.^^Mle - - " 
 
 l.'i5 
 
 4, ITS 
 
 91 
 
 111, .178 
 
 102 
 
 2,016 
 
 51 
 
 22,111 
 
 Newhafen • " " 
 
 iff 
 
 286 
 
 21 
 
 3,.141 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 1,271 
 
 Ne*;Hirl - ■ ■ 
 
 16 
 
 613 
 
 99 
 
 22,612 
 
 2 
 
 47 
 
 3 
 
 381 
 
 Padjtow - • " 
 
 45 
 
 1,H«1 
 
 88 
 
 111,161 
 
 ., 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 Penunifi - " " 
 
 •i9 
 
 7'i7 
 
 75 
 
 8,881 
 
 1 
 
 '20 
 
 ,. 
 
 ,, 
 
 , riunouth - " * 
 
 ■no 
 
 6,,S95 
 
 192 
 
 41,018 
 
 12 
 
 397 
 
 1 
 
 59 
 
 ■ I'oolt 
 
 3S 
 
 i,0H8 
 
 57 
 
 8,8.19 
 
 2 
 
 45 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 rort^mouth 
 
 154 
 
 3,962 
 
 112 
 
 13,126 
 
 6 
 
 135 
 
 5 
 
 321 
 
 \ Prp^ton - • " 
 
 48 
 
 1,818 
 
 M 
 
 5,176 
 
 7 
 
 182 
 
 1 
 
 279 
 
 Kimyj;ite - 
 
 145 
 
 4vV,7 
 
 28 
 
 3,317 
 
 1 
 
 III 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 i Kocliwler - 
 
 672 
 
 M,7I7 
 
 85 
 
 9,979 
 
 7 
 
 188 
 
 3 
 
 639 
 
 1 Kuncorn 
 
 23 
 
 901 
 
 54 
 
 3,613 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ., 
 
 .. 
 
 ' Rw 
 
 40 
 
 865 
 
 46 
 
 4,910 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 Si. Un • 
 
 61 
 
 1,083 
 
 71 
 
 7,091 
 
 ,. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 Silriimlie ■ " " 
 
 5 
 
 1.'.9 
 
 37 
 
 7,695 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ScMboiouRh " • 
 
 121 
 
 4,.^i86 
 
 97 
 
 28,210 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ViUy - • • 
 
 IS 
 
 316 
 
 31 
 
 .7,714 
 
 .. 
 
 
 1 
 
 67 
 
 Shield* 
 
 20 
 
 .',54 
 
 553 
 
 167,.1.10 
 
 146 
 
 2,699 
 
 8 
 
 2,751 
 
 liiito, South 
 
 5 
 
 1.13 
 
 263 
 
 91,276 
 
 33 
 
 698 
 
 5 
 
 839 
 
 ^^OTrh.■m • " " 
 
 26 
 
 5.13 
 
 139 
 
 32,372 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 
 ^, 
 
 1 Southaniiiton 
 
 132 
 
 3,734 
 
 •JO 
 
 12,029 
 
 13 
 
 409 
 
 38 
 
 13.388 
 
 1 Siuckion • ■ ■ 
 
 7 
 
 179 
 
 12 
 
 3,2.19 
 
 7 
 
 207 
 
 6 
 
 3,169 
 
 Sunilerland - 
 
 101 
 
 3,029 
 
 767 
 
 217,986 
 
 48 
 
 7118 
 
 ■60 
 
 2S,rill6 
 
 Svaiifea - " " 
 
 24 
 
 702 
 
 156 
 
 40,259 
 
 18 
 
 424 
 
 10 
 
 2,lll3 
 
 ! Teipiinoulh 
 
 1 Tniw - - - 
 
 6 
 14 
 
 144 
 
 432 
 
 61 
 51 
 
 6,,1.39 
 5,162 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 
 •• 
 
 [ Weill 
 
 60 
 
 1,831 
 
 72 
 
 8,514 
 
 3 
 
 "37 
 
 .. 
 
 
 UVtmotith • - " 
 
 22 
 
 581 
 
 45 
 
 5,034 
 
 2 
 
 49 
 
 5 
 
 '573 
 
 '\rtiibt - 
 
 j Whileharen • 
 
 49 
 
 1,-62 
 
 325 
 
 67,011 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 1,967 
 
 15 
 
 341 
 
 165 
 
 26,299 
 
 2 
 
 48 
 
 2 
 
 ,120 
 
 1 \Vnl*ach - 
 
 9 
 
 372 
 
 31 
 
 5,0.16 
 
 2 
 
 38 
 
 5 
 
 2,458 
 
 ' Wmlbridp! 
 
 33 
 
 1,078 
 
 31 
 
 2,270 
 
 • > 
 
 .. 
 
 ,• 
 
 .. 
 
 Workington 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 78 
 
 19,777 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 Yarmouth - " " 
 
 509 
 
 1.1,819 
 
 \es 
 
 18,764 
 
 H 
 
 168 
 
 2 
 
 327 
 
 LaidOH 
 
 S19 
 
 7,5'i2 
 
 28,516 
 239,'>96 
 
 1,7116 
 
 790,916 
 3,67.1,956 
 
 185 
 
 5,169 
 19,987 
 
 5 15 
 
 i;-,60 
 
 _28I,1I4 
 
 668,522 
 
 Tttal, Eniilanil 
 
 12,516 
 
 818 
 
 \ ScoTLAsit ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .(betdem • 
 
 10 
 
 3,'.8 
 
 216 
 
 92,368 
 
 ft 
 
 84 
 
 11 
 
 3,932 
 
 Ulloa 
 
 12 
 
 398 
 
 22 
 
 9,718 
 
 2 
 
 43 
 
 2 
 
 159 
 
 i.Cbroalh . 
 
 4 
 
 164 
 
 78 
 
 1 2,703 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ; Aidrouan ■ - - 
 
 41 
 
 1,148 
 
 45 
 
 9,417 
 
 4 
 
 98 
 
 2 
 
 310 
 
 Air 
 
 14 
 
 490 
 
 42 
 
 9,3'^4 
 
 .. 
 
 ., 
 
 2 
 
 386 
 
 iBwIT 
 
 20 
 
 613 
 
 103 
 
 13,781 
 
 ■ • 
 
 ,. 
 
 • • 
 
 ., 
 
 BorrowstoTicss 
 
 16 
 
 467 
 
 30 
 
 4,777 
 
 3 
 
 79 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 t impUitoirn 
 
 23 
 
 795 
 
 6 
 
 .394 
 
 ■ • 
 
 ,, 
 
 "4 
 
 514 
 
 Dumfries . 
 
 47 
 
 1,441 
 
 47 
 
 10,329 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 Vundte ■ 
 
 9 
 
 287 
 
 164 
 
 40,515 
 
 3 
 
 US 
 
 25 
 
 8,117 
 
 tiliif;Dtf . . • 
 
 161 
 
 5,613 
 
 383 
 
 238,933 
 
 61 
 
 1,895 
 
 229 
 
 106,154 
 
 (iranitetnouth 
 
 13 
 
 399 
 
 31 
 
 7,893 
 
 7 
 
 161 
 
 7 
 
 2,432 
 
 (jrmlon . . • 
 
 1 
 
 38 
 
 4 
 
 524 
 
 ., 
 
 , 
 
 ., 
 
 .. 
 
 (irttnock . 
 
 161 
 
 4,895 
 
 191 
 
 96,689 
 
 17 
 
 393 
 
 15 
 
 1,942 
 
 InTemess . - - 
 
 134 
 
 3,099 
 
 88 
 
 8,784 
 
 • • 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 Irrne 
 
 9 
 
 291 
 
 14 
 
 .3,128 
 
 1 
 
 "15 
 
 ., 
 
 ,, 
 
 Krkaldj - 
 
 15 
 
 427 
 
 21 
 
 3,4.18 
 
 3 
 
 107 
 
 2 
 
 480 
 
 Kirkiill . 
 
 29 
 
 868 
 
 18 
 
 1,416 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 69 
 
 Leilh 
 
 56 
 
 1.730 
 
 80 
 
 2 i, 3.17 
 
 22 
 
 489 
 
 53 
 
 21,310 
 
 lerwlck - 
 
 62 
 
 1,870 
 
 20 
 
 i,.176 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 .Muuroie . . - 
 
 6 
 
 214 
 
 108 
 
 17,106 
 
 2 
 
 '40 
 
 .. 
 
 
 Pmh . • 
 
 11 
 
 271 
 
 38 
 
 4,159 
 
 .. 
 
 
 ,; 
 
 ,, 
 
 Peterhead • 
 
 16 
 
 459 
 
 54 
 
 7,855 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 4 
 
 I,0S1 
 
 Porttilasgowr 
 
 20 
 
 679 
 
 9 
 
 8,172 
 
 6 
 
 168 
 
 4 
 
 652 
 
 isiomowaj . 
 
 27 
 
 693 
 
 9 
 
 1,034 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 Stranraer . - . 
 
 30 
 
 1,035 
 
 19 
 
 2,934 
 
 ., 
 
 ., 
 
 
 ., 
 
 Troon 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 10 
 
 2,240 
 
 
 
 "1 
 
 161 
 
 Witk 
 
 19 
 
 S.W 
 
 46 
 
 5,266 
 
 i 
 
 '44 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 WiitDm . 
 Total, Scotlanil 
 
 Iriland; 
 
 41 
 
 1,266 
 
 11 
 
 1,.161 
 
 • • 
 
 ^,74() 
 
 1 
 36- 
 
 284 
 148,489 
 
 1,007 
 
 30,604 
 
 1,9.35 
 
 637,824 
 
 1.18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lUllina . 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 1 
 
 37 
 
 . 
 
 .. 
 
 B»:fat 
 
 179 
 
 5,994 
 
 3.33 
 
 85,172 
 
 6 
 
 120 
 
 12 
 
 2,603 
 
 Colerainc • 
 
 2 
 
 79 
 
 6 
 
 635 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 fork 
 
 175 
 
 4,352 
 
 159 
 
 21,963 
 
 17 
 
 492 
 
 29 
 
 8,Y49 
 
 Di«h»h . 
 
 4 
 
 90 
 
 32 
 
 3,258 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 5 
 
 1,.108 
 
 Dublin 
 
 340 
 
 10,070 
 
 203 
 
 29,1.10 
 
 18 
 
 476 
 
 43 
 
 14, .195 
 
 Dundalk . 
 
 5 
 
 103 
 
 27 
 
 2,.3.10 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 4 
 
 1,598 
 
 Ilalwa, . 
 
 7 
 
 225 
 
 4 
 
 1,001 
 
 , , 
 
 ,. 
 
 1 
 
 67 
 
 lanieri.lt . 
 
 25 
 
 743 
 
 14 
 
 4,786 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 3 
 
 1,281 
 
 lamdondettj 
 
 7 
 
 224 
 
 S3 
 
 8.032 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 4 
 
 891 
 
 Ne«rj 
 
 »™ . 
 subbaetn . 
 Sliltp . 
 
 Walerford . 
 
 Jjei/ord . 
 V««,lial . 
 
 Tou.i,lreliiid . 
 iKannelliUndj . 
 
 69 
 
 J.IOO 
 
 33 
 
 2,.-73 
 
 2 
 
 36 
 
 3 
 
 398 
 
 2 
 66 
 
 39 
 1,631 
 
 7 
 2 
 
 1,746 
 110 
 
 ;• 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 S 
 It 
 
 47 
 
 213 
 
 335 
 
 1,1.19 
 
 14 
 '75 
 
 3,316 
 7,919 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 "78 
 
 'ia 
 
 "3 
 42 
 
 773 
 25,V5S 
 
 S 
 
 121 
 
 1 
 
 142 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 16 
 
 652 
 
 Rl 
 
 9,701 
 
 2 
 
 52 
 
 1 
 
 207 
 
 1 
 971 
 
 48 
 
 32 
 
 4,1.17 
 
 ., 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 28,185 
 
 1,1)46 
 
 158,824 
 
 it 
 
 1,390 
 
 1.10 
 
 57,233 
 
 S6S 
 199 
 
 6,64« 
 »,49.T 
 
 .W 
 333 
 
 4,083 
 6.1,602 
 
 3 
 
 "38 
 
 5 
 2 
 
 1,492 
 171 
 
 :l!!i. 
 
 
 (i 
 
 .:■ I,!, 
 
1 
 
 rt 
 
 1248 
 
 SHIPS, SHIPPING 
 
 r; ,*■' 
 
 i '■•- 
 
 ' ♦ * 
 
 
 • « 
 
 {.■ 
 
 1 ' ' 
 
 I ■ ; i- ■ • • 
 
 T ■ ■'. )■ i' 
 
 'i^f.r. 
 
 1 I 
 
 fi; 
 
 
 
 '••* 
 
 » ? 
 
 •:'rj i ■■ ' 
 
 V '. 
 
 VII.— ,/4n Account of the Number of Veaaela, with the Amount of their To?inaffe, and the Xi,^. 
 her of Men and Boys usually employed in Navigating the same, that belonged to the jtccni 
 Ports of the British Empire on December 31, 18(J1, 18C5, and 1866, respectively. 
 
 Po,;. 
 
 
 1864 
 
 
 
 1865 
 
 
 1866 
 
 
 TeHeU 
 
 tons 
 
 men 
 
 Teskcls 
 
 tons 
 
 men 
 
 TeaseU 
 
 tons 
 
 
 Ennland 
 
 22,113 
 
 4,A73,4S2 
 
 Wifi'Jt 
 
 •iiMli 
 
 4,ftM,mi 
 
 l!l'J,736 
 
 !IV,44 1 
 
 4,6(11,994 
 
 i>K;,.V)i 
 
 Ncolland 
 
 3,4'i7 
 
 7»3,K17 
 
 MMS 
 
 3,131 
 
 7B6,'J7.i 
 
 36,1)73 
 
 3,4«« 
 
 781,K,'jO 
 
 .H,l;( 
 
 Ireland 
 
 «,1U7 
 
 !t4.),60<> 
 
 I3,yii 
 
 «,1U» 
 
 V 16,087 
 
 13,887 
 
 H.WJ 
 
 1145,166 
 
 13,tll 
 
 l&leii of Guerniry, Jer- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wy, and ,Man 
 
 sn/i 
 
 Sl.fi'.'g 
 
 S,747 
 
 919 
 
 93,436 
 
 5,958 
 
 899 
 
 8',3S7 
 
 VSW 
 
 Brilith I'laiualloni • 
 Total ■ 
 
 l!i,Mi 
 40,Sli7 
 
 I,47.'i,761 
 " 7,l(l3,i!61 
 
 90,431 
 3II,4'<I'J 
 
 H,477 
 41,lifi"l 
 
 I,.V,!(,H9S 
 
 94,369 
 
 11,911 
 
 1,518,617 
 7,S97,9S1 
 
 *',rjs 
 
 7„3tj'i,fi(ll 
 
 3.'>0,l)73 
 
 40,9Hi 
 
 siii.TS" 
 
 VIII, — An Account of the Shimiing employed in the Trade of the United Kingdom, exliiliHinq tk 
 Number and Tonnage of Vessels that Kntcred inwards and Cleared outwards {including tlmm. 
 pealed Voyages), se/Hirating British from Foreign Vessels, and distinguishing the 'Trade rM 
 each Country, in 1867. 
 
 Countiles 
 
 RuMla 
 
 Sweden - 
 
 Norway - 
 
 Denmark « 
 
 PniuUi - 
 
 Germany - 
 
 Holland • 
 
 BelKium - 
 
 Channel Islands * 
 
 France 
 
 Portugal - 
 
 Spain 
 
 Gibraltar - 
 
 Italian States 
 
 .Malta 
 
 Ionian Islands 
 
 Greece 
 
 Turkey - 
 
 Wallachia and ^Moldavia 
 
 Syria 
 
 Africa 
 
 Asia * • • 
 
 America : 
 British Northern Colonies 
 
 British West Indies 
 Foreign West Indii-s 
 United Stales - 
 Central and Southern Stales 
 Falkland Islands ■ 
 Whale Fisheries - 
 Total 
 
 (Steam 
 IHallini- 
 /Steam 
 t Sailing 
 I Steam 
 \Kailing 
 
 i Steam 
 Snilini; 
 Steam 
 Sailing 
 {Steam 
 Sailing, 
 {Steam 
 Sailing 
 {Steam 
 Sailing 
 I Steam 
 (Sailing 
 
 {Steam 
 Sailing 
 I Steam 
 I Sailing 
 
 i Steam 
 Sailing 
 Steam 
 Sailing 
 ( Steam 
 (Sailing 
 
 {Steam 
 Sailing 
 {Steam 
 Sailing 
 i Steam 
 Sailing 
 Steam 
 Sailing 
 f Steam 
 ( Sailing 
 /Steam 
 (Sailing 
 ( Steam 
 ISallitig 
 
 {Steam 
 Sailing 
 
 (Steam 
 (Sailing 
 t Steam 
 (Sailing 
 
 {Steam 
 Sailing 
 {Steam 
 Sailing 
 f Ste.im 
 (.Sailing 
 (Steam 
 (Sailing 
 (Steam 
 (Sailing 
 
 Inwards 
 
 For.!ign 
 
 Outwards 
 
 llrillsh 
 Vessels Tons 
 
 34,4^7 I 11,197.865 «4,511 5,14(),95'^ 
 
 31,'- 
 1,1511 
 137 
 i,')3 
 119 
 'J17 
 148 
 4'^S 
 
 a95 
 
 708 
 
 l,V3l 
 
 1,(IS8 
 
 1,40'^ 
 
 1,083 
 
 1,014 
 
 690 
 
 431 
 
 86'^ 
 
 5,68'. 
 
 4,/97 
 
 189 
 
 671 
 
 151 
 
 1,110 
 
 109 
 
 ^M) 
 
 ?74 
 
 £68 
 
 3« 
 
 154 
 
 9 
 
 35 
 
 SO 
 
 71 
 
 99 
 
 1(5 1 
 
 15 
 
 a3 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 S92 
 
 1,060 
 
 37 
 
 1,8UU 
 
 70 
 
 1,010 
 
 19 
 
 561 
 
 34 
 
 46'. 
 
 .356 
 
 6!i7 
 
 1011 
 
 1,063 
 
 4 
 11 
 18 
 
 Forelipi 
 
 Vessels 
 
 'J2 1,863 
 
 ■i65,6ll<l 
 
 80,016 
 
 51,44V 
 
 68,432 
 
 30,4',(5 
 
 61,653 
 
 7H,159 
 
 1 lO.'iH'i 
 
 9»,9.38 
 
 .'i56,l83 
 
 198,799 
 
 491,155 
 
 163,176 
 
 357,731 
 
 85,361 
 
 85,577 
 
 69,37 1 
 
 1,434,695 
 
 6ll|,lN4 
 
 77,iJ9(l 
 
 88,3.16 
 
 6(l,91ti 
 
 253,33'! 
 
 60,995 
 
 4!(,956 
 
 138,774 
 
 143,365 
 
 !i4,2l6 
 
 62,426 
 
 5.048 
 
 6,884 
 
 10,913 
 
 28,979 
 
 90,239 
 
 ■0,264 
 
 8,888 
 
 4,192 
 
 1,631 
 
 7,817 
 
 291, ,388 
 
 360,418 
 
 27,530 
 
 1,658,177 
 
 7'2,753 
 683.4',f2 
 
 19,351 
 181,999 
 
 61,1155 
 174,174 
 680,603 
 419,7111 
 
 78,723 
 414,849 
 
 'l',153 
 4,S,'.8 
 
 4,857 
 
 .33r'i02 i ll,178,'i05 
 
 83 
 1,5.VJ 
 
 ,Tll 
 1,176 
 
 21 
 2,6'J(I 
 
 (ill 
 3,5'Jl 
 
 1,5M 
 
 313 
 •i,Mu 
 
 111 
 
 597 
 52 
 
 '« , 
 
 311) 
 
 4,114 
 
 3' 
 .^1!. 
 II' 
 
 \l\ 
 90O I 
 
 y ' 
 
 "w I 
 "r< I 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 1 
 
 491 
 1 
 
 37';i 
 
 51 
 1 
 
 413 
 «S 
 5U5 
 9 
 5',i0 
 
 .ont 
 
 85, .91 
 SIJ.WS 
 
 ll,ltO 
 Wl.HIl 
 
 'Ml 
 Soo.sa) 
 
 «,;;« 
 
 SMll 
 
 Jn.iri 
 \:w, 
 
 3.i.:io 
 .i;,(ii 
 9i,9;j I 
 
 Ml! 
 
 ":» 
 
 9I,W 
 
 '■ij,:!! 
 
 I'.iii i 
 6,(»7 ! 
 
 3UI3 
 9','-19 
 li,V<8 
 
 io;,iiii 
 Cm 
 
 !U 
 152,'* 
 
 m 
 !ie,siii 
 
 3,',vi| 
 IV"' 
 
 16; ji' 
 ii;,w 
 
 flS.IJO 
 
 I !!! 
 
 24,817 I \JlW 
 
 IX,— A Return of the Number and Tonnage of New Vessels built in the United Kingdom, ami ct I 
 each of the British Possessions respectively (distinguishing Timber from Iron, and Sim \ 
 frorr bailing Vessels), and Registered as British Slips, in the Year 1867. 
 
 
 Countriei 
 
 Sailing Vessels 
 
 Suan 
 
 VMseli 
 
 Timtwr 
 
 Iron 
 
 Timber 
 
 Iron 
 
 Vessels 
 
 Tons 
 
 Vessels 
 
 Tons 
 
 Vessels 
 
 Tons 
 
 VesseU \ T» 
 
 United Kingdom : 
 
 England .... 
 
 Scotland .... 
 
 Ireland .... 
 
 Total for United Kingdom . 
 
 Channtil Islands ... 
 
 Total for United Kingdom and BritUh 
 Possessions ... 
 
 606 
 
 121 
 
 16 
 
 71,908 
 
 24,'i35 
 
 1,010 
 
 !) 
 
 61 
 1 
 
 36,685 
 
 40,4-3 
 
 163 
 
 44 
 
 7 
 
 1,607 
 1,712 
 
 "3,219^ 
 
 1,758 
 
 ISO 
 98 
 10 
 
 t 
 
 (ii,l« 
 
 36,l'.Vi 
 9,lli| 
 
 743 
 
 97,153 
 
 135 
 
 77,321 
 
 51 
 
 HMO 
 
 28 
 
 4,835 
 
 
 
 (« 
 
 752 
 
 136,552 
 
 3 
 
 252 
 
 18 
 
 i 
 
 SW 
 
 1,521 
 
 «38,.M0 
 
 138 
 
 7r.573 
 
 69 
 
 5/107 
 
 SM 
 
 9«,0'9 
 
leir Ton)iage, and the Xm- 
 that belonged to the lecml 
 866, respectively. 
 
 'nited Kingdom, exhiliitk;) Ik 
 d outwards {including their n- 
 distinguishing the Trade teith 
 
 It in the United Kingdom, »dd\ 
 Timber from Iron, and bim 
 the Year 1807. 
 
 SHIPS, SHIPPING 12ia 
 
 v_ Uemint 0/ the Aiimliir of Vesseh, with the Amount of their Tonnage, that were built and 
 ' '~ iri/iaiered in the several Ports of the Jlrilish Umpire in IWio, l8U(i, and 18(;7, respectively. 
 
 I'orH 
 
 ISfi.'. 
 
 1M!6 
 
 1H07 1 
 
 s.iiihml ... 
 [.ic uf <iu«n«ey,.Tfm;)i, md Man 
 \ UtUuli iilauiiitioiw 
 
 vewls 
 1,1111 
 
 .1.1 
 
 S'l 
 
 •isn 
 
 «nn. 
 
 l(lli,.~fil 
 ii..i;9 
 
 •J'lh 
 •i'.l.', 
 
 yt 
 
 .1H 
 8UI 
 
 Ion* 
 
 S.OIlli 
 4,4'^'.! 
 
 lr.l■,,l\■i'^ 
 .'>ii,'ii-. 
 
 8111 
 
 mm 
 77 
 
 •JH 
 
 7-H 
 
 l.CM 
 
 tons 
 
 1(1,«S 
 
 .'.,.110 
 
 1.18,8 i« 
 
 411,180 
 
 v,.T^^ 
 
 I..11l,.'.l 1 
 
 Sliin-building.—S\uu]cT\mi\, Lomloii, (ilasgow, 
 Vwoa.^tlc. Liverpool, Hull, YnrinouMi &c. arc the 
 ^liiiMiwil builJiiiir ijoits. Tlic busiiics.s has iii- 
 
 liiincipal 
 
 builJhij; poi- 
 cruiscil with cxtrnonliiiary rnpiility at Sunder- 
 land: so much so tliat while only (JO ships, of the 
 Imrileii i>( 7,r)GU tons, were huill in that i)(irt in 
 laH), no fewer than 152 .ship.s, of the burden of 
 (IsVd tons, were built in it in ISoIi, and 1.^8, of 
 50068 tons, in 1867. Ships built in London, Liver- 
 pool, llristol, and other western ports, are, however, 
 111 lii),'licr esliuiation tlian those built in the Tyiie 
 ami the Wear, at least for those branches of trade 
 where the best ships are .equircd. We subjoin 
 
 Account nf the Ships and their Tonnage 
 
 Years 
 
 An 
 
 m 
 
 (Wiiually built in Sunderland in various 
 since 1848. 
 
 Viars 
 
 Shiis 
 
 Torn 
 
 AvcraKe Tons 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 .17,878 
 
 MRl 
 
 isia 
 
 18.^0 
 
 i.V, 
 
 44, .1.1.1 
 
 WH 
 
 1,^8 
 
 .■•1..174 
 
 yi'.l 
 
 
 llfi 
 
 Sl,8i,1 
 
 
 
 U-i 
 
 6f.,»;4.5 
 
 .lysj 
 
 i8.51 
 
 lyt 
 
 r.S,(79 
 
 4.'ih 
 
 18M 
 
 1.11 
 
 (i6,a'^(» 
 
 41.11 
 
 18.^5 
 
 l.'.l 
 
 61,1 'I'J 
 
 4(1,'.* 
 
 is.te 
 
 I.'.l 
 
 fil.dlll 
 
 4I19J 
 
 18A7 
 
 141 
 
 51,780 
 
 .1S.1 
 
 ;ms 
 
 no 
 
 4-.(,00.1 
 
 3SIJ 
 
 1«67 
 
 1.-S 
 
 sn.iiBS 
 
 304 
 
 \Vilirm the last 20 years the bnildinf; of iron 
 vessels has been immensely extended on the 
 rvM, the Wear, and the Clyde; and although the 
 latter still maintains the lead, the former places 
 liave made extraordinary strides since 1851). In 
 1SJ3-4, when we became involved in the Kussian 
 war, a very great impetus was siven to the 
 construction of iron screw steamers, v.hicli lias 
 licen fiiUv maintained ; and although the shipping 
 interest since then has passed through more than 
 one period of much dciircssion, there has been no 
 rotroKTcssioii in the numliers anmi.iUy launched 
 of tliai particular description of vessels. 
 
 State of the Shippi/ig I'lterest in 18G9.— When 
 the 1859 edition of ihis woik was published the 
 sliipping interest was very depressed, ns it is at 
 present. The cessation of the Itussian war, by 
 1 \tting an end to the extraordiiiarj' demand for 
 -<.hf> for the conveyance of troops, was followed 
 . .n immediate tail of freights. And though 
 1.S fnU was in part, it was not wholly, counter- 
 ai' by the demand for ships to convey troops 
 '1 Ilia to quell the revolt of the Bengal native 
 ,!r..iv. Concurrently, too, with these circum- 
 stances, the revulsio'-. ",>hich at that time took 
 placL in the trade with Australia disengaged a 
 considerable number of ships, while the vast ad- 
 ditions made by the Americans, Norwegians, 
 Danes, Swedes, Dutch «tc. to their comnicrcial 
 marine contributed still more, by increasing com- 
 petition beyond the demand, to lower the rate of 
 nvi;,'lit, 
 
 liut independent of these transitory ciici'm- 
 st.inccs, we apprehend that the grand cause of the 
 depression of the shipping interest in this 
 countn* especially, is to be fouml in the too great 
 increase of shipping. The truth is, that ship- 
 liuildinf; is periodically completolj* overdone. It 
 should be borne in mind that in consequence of 
 
 the more extensive employment of steam nhips in 
 the coasting and oversea trades, the same amount 
 of tonnage iierforins a much greater amount of 
 work. The mere substitution of steam for sailing 
 ships, though there had been no increase of 
 tonnage, would have been really eciuivalent to a 
 large addition to the latter. Inasmuch, however, 
 ns both the proportion of steam ships to the total 
 tonnage and the amount of the latter have greatly 
 increased, we need not be surprised at tlic existing 
 depression. 
 
 liut there is no ground for thinking that the 
 latter will be periiiaiiont. The continued increase 
 of our trade will aflbrd employment to a still 
 increased amount of shipping;' and the check 
 givn to building in the mean time will powerfully 
 assist in bringing about ilie desired equilibrium 
 between the deniuud and supply. 
 
 Kvcr since we repealed our navigation laws 
 in 1849 our course as a whole has been onwards, 
 and with a rapidity of which wc could have had 
 n(> conception previous to that time. 
 
 In 1841, when these laws wen; hi full force, the 
 numbiT of vessels registered as belonging to the 
 United Kingdom was 23,401, with a tonnage of 
 2,935,39!); the num'jer of men then employed was 
 172,341. In 1851, when the navigation laws were 
 abolished, the number of vessels fell to 18,184, but 
 their tonnage had increased to 3,380,395, while 
 they were worked by t?'e reduced number of 
 141,937 men ; but from the customs returns lately 
 published we learn that in 1807, 40,942 ves.scls 
 were registered in the British empire, requiring 
 340,000 :ncn, representing a total of 7,277,098 
 tons. Of this large number of vessels 27,918 
 belonged to the United Kingdom, 855 to the 
 Channel Island.^, and 12,105 to British planta- 
 tions. A total of 32,750,112 tons of shipping 
 entered inwanls and cleared outwards during the 
 year. Of this amount 11,197,685 tons British 
 and 5,140,952 tons foreign entered inwards; and 
 11,172,205 British and 5,245,090 foreign cleared 
 outwards. 
 
 Some very important changes have since 1850 
 been made, and are vet in progress, in the con- 
 struction of ships, 'fhey are now built of a much 
 larger size than formerly, of finer models, and 
 with a power of sailing of which no just idea 
 could previously have been formed. But in re- 
 gard to size, as in most other things, we apjiear 
 at one time to have run from one extreme into 
 another ; and from being too small, our ships, and 
 those of the Americans, became too large and 
 unwieldy. And, speaking generally, they arc 
 now being built of a less, though still large, and 
 more couvenieiit size than was customary a few 
 years ago. 
 
 Even the Great Republic, built in New York 
 about 15 years ago, though not one quarter the 
 size of our Great Eastern, was found to bo mucli 
 too large lor the ordinary purposes of commerce, 
 and the sailing vessels of the United States of 
 Aincrica seldom now e.xceed 1,200 tons register. 
 But while we have been moving onwards with 
 astoni.shiiig rajiidity, the merchant navy of that 
 country, wliichatone time bade fair to exceed our 
 own, is now verv little more than half of what it 
 4L 
 
 ; 1: • I 1 
 
 "I 
 
 ^ .,il 
 
 ■ ■ , iii 
 
 m 
 
^ 
 
 I • 
 
 •'.; . . 
 
 ii 
 
 ! I 
 
 
 ■■» 1 
 
 
 -.'■J , 
 
 »;.■ 
 
 1L',')0 SHU'S, s 
 
 was in IKdO. 'rirHrfiiimrUiilplr'clfcliiic, lliou^rli in Ihi' 
 rirsfin.slaim" cjiiiwd liy llic liinii'ntaMo oivil war 
 which l)nik<( mil in Ihal year, is in a very ^fal 
 niniHuri' to lu^ attriliutcti to I he hi;,'h lariIVs whirh 
 liavo rrccnily bt'i'ii inipuscil npuu alnicisl. every 
 artii'K'. leiiiiind Cor ship-liiiildinK pnr|K)seMi ami 
 uiih'ss the Unileil Slates revert. h> a policy nl' free 
 Irailc, they can never apiin hope to rival this 
 connlry in ils maritime coninierce. 
 
 Iron ships are also, as previously slaleil, and 
 exhibited in 'ralilo iX., very extensively con- 
 sirncted; and ships arti now tre(pii'nlly lilled ont 
 wilh scn^ws ami steam engines to he used only as 
 annhsidiarv power in calms, and against contrary 
 wimls. 
 
 Most, sorts ol" sliorl passaj^o trallic an? now 
 carried on hy sleainers; and it is prohalile Ihal in 
 llieend lliey will enjjross the f,'realer pari, of lli(^ 
 eoastinji;' traile <il' tnosi conntries ami of the trade 
 lietween l'orei:,'n connlries adjacent, to each otlier. 
 lint it is liilieved liy many piod jud;;es that llu! 
 inii)roved class (d'sailinj; ships have lillle to (ear 
 iVom the cdinpelition ol' steamers in all the more 
 distant hranches oC trade. This, however, would 
 appear to he very donliiriil. 
 
 Sliiltiiiiiih <>/ S/ii/Hiiviiirs. — ll will not excite 
 I ho reader's surprise lo he told Ihal. a }.;real. many 
 crude projecis have heen put I'orjvrrd in the view 
 orrcinoviiif{tlie dislress to which shipowners have 
 heen periodically sulijeetcd. l!ut it nnisl lie left lo 
 time and to the elVoil-. of the parlies concerMed lo 
 set it lo rif^hts. It would be much w<irse than 
 useless lo alli'm|it to improve their siluation hy 
 cnj;ajjin;; in retaliatory procee<linf;s aijainst Spain 
 and those countriesi that lay discriminating duties 
 on articles > iveyed to thi'in in tV.-cif,'n ships. 
 Such iiroceedings woidd scru)usly injitn' ourselves 
 without havinj; any favourable iiilluenee over the 
 li)rei)>nor. (."eriaiidy ho will not abandon the 
 )n'otective system because we complain of ils 
 operation, Ihoiii^h Ihal. nii;;lit very probably tempi 
 him to extend it. still Curtlier. lint, there can bc! 
 little doubt that he wiil eventually renounce it, 
 when he sees that our commerce and shippinfj, 
 ilwiiito the temporary checks to which all deparl- 
 menu of indusiry are ne<'essarily liable, luive 
 vastly increased under a free and liberal system. 
 
 llesides their reasoniiif^s in favour of coercive 
 mpa.sures, it has been the habit of shipowners to 
 put forth slatemrnts intended to.show that shippers 
 only profit by a fall in the rateoffreij^ht, anil that 
 ita rednctiiin redounds in no dejja'e to the advan- 
 ta(;e of ihe consumers. Supiiose. to illii. Irate this 
 extraordiiiarv statement, that the freinlit of the 
 barrel of Hour from New Vork to Liverpool gener- 
 ally amounts to fi.s. or lO.v., but that it falls, from 
 soino cause or other, to l.s-. . lhoshi|iowiiers contend 
 that the exporter will pocket tlie whole of the 
 ditlVrenco (lU. or 7.s.) between the high and the 
 low rate of freight, and that the liritish public will 
 in no wise prolit by the fall. And siicli would bo 
 the case for the moment ; but it is not possible 
 that the exporter should continiu'. to enjoy an 
 advantage of this sort for any length of time : for 
 the tall of freight, by addir.g so iniicli (!l.<. or Ts. 
 per barrel) to the profits of the s!iip]iers of Hour, 
 would give such a stimulus to its exportation, anil 
 create so much competition in the trade, th.at its 
 price would forthwith fall in Knglaiid. And there 
 can bo no manner of doubt that it v.ould continue 
 to fall till the New York shippers realised only the 
 same prolils that are realised by the shippers of 
 other articles either foreign or coastwise ; that is, 
 till the price of tlonr has been reduced 7*. or 9s. 
 ]ier barrel, or freight has risen to that amount, or 
 till the c(|uali.sation has been brought about partly 
 ill the one way and partly in the other. To 
 
 llll'l'iNd 
 
 HiippoNe it shoiihl he otherwise is to suppiis(> what 
 is evidently coiilradiclory and absurd. 'I'lic prj,.,. 
 of articles not coiisiinied on Ihe spot where ili,... 
 are produceil is made up of the I'osl. <i|' ||.,,|f 
 production and carriage; and any reiluclinii of 
 llu! latter v.hiili is not niomenliiry (inly, \\iu 
 precisely l\\r same iiillueiice over Ihe pri< e of an 
 article as if the expen.se of pnnhieiiig it «.,.,•,, 
 diminished to the .same exii'iil. One nallv (n\- 
 ashamed to havi^ to stale what is so very (iiivi.,ir, 
 ll is not credilabh^ lo Ihe shipowners ilnii ilii.y 
 put forlli statements so paljiably alisiinl as |||.,°; 
 now referred lo. 'I'hey can hardly fail one .'.liipulil 
 think, to be themselves aware of Iheir I'allaiv; 
 and tliev count too niiicli upon Ihe igiinraricc Hf 
 others if they sii|ipc)se that Ihey will not. In; a|i|,r,;. 
 cialed at I heir exact value. 
 
 SiiK'o till' last, edition of this work was inili. 
 lishecl, it has airorded iis no ordinary |>l('asiir(> i,> 
 note Ihal our shipowners, instead nl ilaiiKiiiiinr 
 for a resloralion of protection, have in niu^t ja- 
 slanees, and with great success, set to work i„ 
 adapt their vessels lo this altered posniuri, aail 
 are now producing a class of vessels va.sllv su- 
 perior lo any we hitherto posse.ssed, and «ii!i 
 which we need not fear to compcU; wilh iIk. 
 vessels of all oilier nations. 
 
 Kraiiee loo has followed our ex,iiii|i]e in Urc 
 navigation; and in .seeking to ell'ecl ihi, cIkii^,. 
 no one was more zealous than Mr. W. S. I,iiii|,;iv. 
 formerly M.l*. for Suiiderhiiid, and liini-rll ,i'i 
 extensive shipowner. See his I.eller t.i Uii' in; 
 pi'ror of ihe Krencli, priiiled as a I'ariiaiiuiiMrv 
 l'a|ier. 
 
 11. Ci..vssiKi('.\ii<).N <ii.' Siiir.s. 
 
 To insiiH' a sliipon right |irilieiples, eria -iicli;! 
 way that the premium shall he the fair ciiiiiviilcat 
 of Ihe risk, is no ensy matter. TIk^ si !. ilijKinls 
 partly on lliecondilion of tlu' ship and Ihciaiaiilv 
 of the master and erew; partly on tlicMiiiuriM,f 
 the cargo she has lo take on board; and parily nn 
 the voyag<' she has to perform. Tlii! la>l iw.i 
 circumstances dischise themselves, .iiul tliir iiillu- 
 enee may be appreciated, at least with silliiitM 
 accuracy for practical luirpo.ses, Hilhcpii anv 
 dinicnlly ; but it is far otherwise wilh tnc o'li- 
 ditioii of the ship, and the capacity of ihc ina.>irr 
 and crew. It is essential to the adjiisliiii; el aii 
 insurance on fair terms, that tlie.se sliuuH Im 
 known; and it is, at the same time, cxiwiliii;;!; 
 diflicult tu acquire any accurate iufuruiaiioii uiiii 
 respect to tlicni. 
 
 It is plain that there is but one mode in whidi 
 anything satisfactory can be learned wilh rcs|vr! 
 to the condition of ships, and that is. by lluir 
 inspection .iiul exr.minalion by persmis iiriomih'- 
 teiit information as to such matters. Tu aciniire 
 a just character at tirst, a ship should lie rcpcatnily 
 surveyed while she is being built ; and lo li 'u 
 hercondition at any subsequent period. shiirmiI'iIio 
 planks should be taken oil', and her hull mil ri:;- 
 ging subjected to a thorough exaniiiial inn. Tiiis 
 is the (ilily method to be followed if wc wish lo 
 arrive at results that may be safely (k'|ioiidoil iii. 
 The iir/e of a ship should not be ov'.'rI....L.! iu 
 estimating her condition; hut it is a I'i'orion 
 that, taken by itself, is worth scarcely aiivthiiii.'. 
 There is the "greatest possible dill'erence in the 
 materials of which did'orent ships arc liiiilt, ami 
 in the way in which they are Iniilt, andind'C 
 wear and tear to which tliey are exposed. Sonic 
 arc so very bad, that they aire almo.-^t iin*awonliy 
 on their tirst voyage ; <illiers, willi (lilliciiltv, last 
 for ;!, 4, or 7 years ; and others, again, rnn Inr 10, 
 Ift, and even 20 years, and upwards, wiili I"" 
 little repair. It may bc presumed that the urn- 
 
»T 
 
 nil's, .siiiri'iMi 
 
 U'.)l 
 
 icrwiHe i.H to su|>|m>s(' wlmt 
 rv »ii'l iibsiiril. 'I'lic |iri(v 
 it'dii llic «1''>'' wliiri' iliiv 
 lip of tlit^ fosl, of ih.ir 
 re; ami iiiiy rciliu'liim i.f 
 lol inoiiU'iilMry imly, li;i, 
 iiclicf ovi'i' llif iiii.i' (if an 
 use <ir \)iiMliiciiit; il wvw 
 . extent. One leiilly M- 
 lie wlmt i>*«o very iiIai.,ii-. 
 ) (lie NliiiHiwiier.i lliiil liny 
 «> )iiiliml)ly alisiinl ns tli.i; 
 • eaii Imnliy liiil one slmuM 
 ■es iiware of llu'ir fnllai'v; 
 neli m>on llif iu'norami i-l 
 thai. Iliey will not lHaii|iri 
 
 ■alue. 
 
 1,111 (if tli'iH worU wiK (luli 
 
 IIS no orilinary iilensiiri' I . 
 ners, insteail of rliiiiKunin,' 
 irotcetion, liave in iiui.M iii- 
 reat nuel■e^s, set 1" wnrlc w 
 (I this altereil posiiiiiii, mil 
 I elass of vessels Vii.slly m- 
 ithertii possessetl, :ili<l wii'i 
 
 fear to coiuiiele with ill, 
 iitions. 
 
 .Uoweil our example in far 
 seekint; to etVe''l- tliis eliin:.' 
 il.ms than Mr. W. S. l.iiia.-;iv, 
 Siinilerlanil, and liiins.ll an 
 f. Soi' hi^^ l.cll'T '" I'll' ''1"- 
 , jiriiiteil as a I'arliiiiiicman 
 
 i.'U'A'i'ioN i>l' Siiirs. 
 m ri;;lil prineililes, ur iii~iiili;i 
 iini shalllit' the fair niiiivaliiit 
 ■isv matter. The ri. '.. 4' |vn4s 
 ioiuifthe i<hipan(ltlaH.\;a.ilv 
 crow, iiiirtlv on tlic iiiuir.M,f 
 J take on hoiml; and iiattly .ni 
 [is to perform. 'I'lif In-' <*' 
 ,so themselves, .and llKirmllu- 
 ciatcd, at least with sUkkM 
 tical purposes, wUluui any 
 a far otherwise wuli tnc o.ii- 
 iiul the capacity of tlic ma.lrt 
 ssontial to the. adjnslmt; ol ;m 
 terms, that those slumld be 
 at the siiiiH^ time, cxioeiluijiiy 
 any accurate inforuiaiion wiili 
 
 llierc is but ono mode in wl"ili 
 Irv can be learned with rcsi«.;'. 
 [/ships, and that is. hy tl^ir 
 Imiualiim by persons ol o'mp>- 
 V to such matters, lo acqul^- 
 first, a ship should I..' roi.o:U«l) 
 
 ' is boins built ; ami lo 1. > 
 k- subsequent period. sonio old. 
 
 t,Uen oir. and borbulj and n - 
 thorough oxamuuitioii. 1' 
 [d to be followed . I ^vo WIS. 
 
 Va may be safely depo.uloJ; • 
 
 p should ""t j'^'^'-'-'Xri n 
 
 luhtiouihut it 'vv;, 
 
 ■If, is worth soar<>ely any lln V 
 'et possible ailVerencc m 
 dilVorent ships arc hu>l , •""' 
 
 •hich thcv are exposed. Ni 
 
 at^thov arc almost ..nsfiwort'') 
 
 ^e oilers, with. lillicultv.a-^ 
 
 I*: arui others, npun run r; 
 
 years, and ^^V-f^^^ 
 \my be presumed thai m 
 
 illtieii of ships built of similar materials, on the, 
 ^.„„i. plan, and employed ilithe same ilepartments 
 iirirude, will depend materially on their a^es, but 
 I iliiiiisand circumstances conspire to defeat this 
 prcniiniptioli ; audit would be ludicrous to siippo.se 
 ihat it sliouKI apply ut all in the case of ships 
 .iinstiiicted of Uill'ereiit materials, and cnpif^ed in 
 Jitlerelil lines. 
 
 lliii, notwithstanding Ihccnii'rioii ofa(;e is thus 
 roallv worthless as a rule by whiidi to jud;;e of 
 •I ship's condition, it is almost the only one Ihat 
 was referred to in this country ilowii to a lalo. 
 irriod. l''rom about the year 17lli), or perhaps 
 larlier, down to IKM, ships were arranj^ed, by the 
 nii.lerwriters at Lloyd's, in classes marked by the 
 liters A, K, i, ami ( >, ami the lisures I, 2, and .'i ; 
 ilii: feriiier rcferrinf{ to the hull of the ship, and 
 ill,, laller to the rij;Ki'>K' -^ >*^"\> marked A I 
 was ill the liif;li<'st class; that is, lier hull and 
 ij,r.r|iijr ^vere bolli declared lo he in the. best con- 
 (liluiu; ships marked E 1 were in the. next class ; 
 iho.^e marked 1 1 were in the lowest availabli! 
 ilassiir the class fonneclof such as were (it only for 
 .arrvin^' coals, or other j;oods not liable to sea 
 ,!iuiiat;e aloii^ thi^ coast; ships marked () wcri^ 
 iinscaworlliy. Ibit to t;et into the hi^jhest i lass, 
 iiiK'xaaiiiialion of the ship, or none worthy of the 
 iiaiiic, was required. Unless some very llat,'r!int 
 (Idi'ot was obvious in their construction, all ship., 
 wire tiililled, when new, to be marked in tht^ 
 liluliest class; and they wen^ entitled, whatever 
 iiii^'lit be their real condition, to stand in it for a 
 nrlaiii number of years, varyint; from tJ to 12, 
 a.vunliii},' to the i>iiit in which they happened to 
 lo Imilt. It is not easy to imaj;inc anything 
 iimrc nliaurd than such a cla.ssilication; hut the 
 wlidle extent of llii^ injury arising from it is 
 i!«t immediately obvious! The f,'reat nmjority of 
 iiwaliaiits and underwriters have not, and could 
 ii'it he expected to have, any personal knowled;;e 
 cf dill'erent ships, and have nothing to trust to hut 
 ilic ilassilied accounts. Suppo.se, iu)w, that two 
 >lii|i.< were built at the same time in London or 
 ,inv other port; that one was constructed of the. 
 WJ-t materials, and in the best nay, while the 
 uibcr was constructed of the worst matcM-ials, and 
 in the most defective manner: these two »l;ips 
 were jilnecd side by side in the class A 1 ; the 
 iiiidorwriters, seeing them there, were ready, witli- 
 iiut liu'-lier enquiry, to insure them at the same 
 liimiim, and the inerchauts we.c, for the sanu: 
 naxm, ((uite as willing to cmplo> th(' one as the 
 illier, A bounty was thus giv.u on the constriu;- 
 li'inofwhat have been called slim-built ships, or 
 jliips of an inferior class. For a half, or, at most, 
 uvo-iliirds, of what would be rccpiired to construct 
 a i;oinl and rcallv suiliciont ship, a shipowner got 
 an interior vessel of an e(|ual burden sent to sea ; 
 anil, owing to the matchless absurdity of the sy.s- 
 iiniof classilication, the inferior was ))laced in the 
 siine rank with the superior ship ; enjoyed all the 
 a ivantaj."'s such distinction ec aid give; and was, 
 in the public estimation, deemed quite as good and 
 ai deserving of employment as the other. This 
 lia.s been a more copious source of shipwreck than 
 all the currents, rocks, and fogs that infest our 
 "las ; but it was not the only one. At the cud 
 of a eeriuin immber of years, depending (as 
 alro,ndy stated) on the port where the ship was 
 built, both the vessels referred to above were de- 
 ^Taded to the elasj E ; and yet it might hapjicn 
 thai the superior ship was, when so degraded, 
 hitter entitled to continue in the class A than the 
 inlerinr ship was ever vo bo in it. But even this 
 does not exhaust the whole absurdity of this 
 I'l'oposterous scheme; lor, supposing that the 
 superior ship had been so thoroughly repaired as 
 
 lo be as good as the day she came oil' the stucks, 
 and that the inferior shi|i had got no repair at all, 
 still Ihey were both placed, side by side, in the 
 classic. Alll'ieannals of idl the marilinii! ii.uions 
 of llur world, from thi^ I'hiiiiicians downwards, 
 furnish no example of a more perverse, contra- 
 dielory, and absurd regiilalioii. That it should 
 have exislid amongst us fur the grealer part of a 
 eeiitiirv strikin;,'ly e.xemplilies the power of habit 
 In procure luliratiop tor the most (lest nidi vejirac- 
 lii'i's and errors. 
 
 1 1, may be said, perhaps, that whatever Hystem 
 of elassilieiitiiin is adopted, there must be great 
 numbers o\' inferior v(^ssels ; for, though we did 
 11. ..foreigners would build them; and, being conse- 
 qiiiiilly al>le III .sail them <lieapcr, would (!rive us 
 totally out of ail trades in which Ihey could come 
 f.iirly into competition with us. This is true ; but 
 provided lliey iie not engaged in the coiiv(^yanceof 
 passengers.wlioever thoiighlof proscribing inferior 
 ships, or of dictating lo the shijiowner what sort 
 of ships he shmild build, or to tlii! merchant what 
 sort he slionid emphiy-y W'e do not object to infe- 
 rior ships, bill we do oljjc^ct lo the sdiiie citaracter 
 being given to llu'iii that is given losupi'rior ships. 
 This is |iraelising a gross fraud upon the public, 
 and gives an unfair and unjust advantage to 
 the owners of inferior vessels. The interests of 
 navigation and of humanity imperatively require 
 that ships should be correctly idassilii'il ; tliattho.se 
 tliat are not seaworthy should Hot be classed with 
 those that are, l)utllmtthere«/»(«/e of each should 
 be distinctly set forth in llie register, and be made 
 known to everyone. If this be done, the mer- 
 (diantand the umU^rwriler may be .safely left to 
 deal with them as they think tit. 
 
 In consequence of the laudable ex trtions of 
 Mr. Marshall and other gcnllcnien, the attention 
 of the princip.'d merchants, shipowners, and under- 
 writers itc. of the metropolis was some years ago 
 directed to this subject; anil in 1H2I a committee, 
 consisting of representatives from these tlitVcrent 
 bodies, was appoinled to empiire into and report on 
 it. The committee eollected a great deal of valu- 
 able evidence, and laid an aiile Keport before a 
 general meeting of merchants, shipowners iSic. 
 on .June I, lh2(i. W'e subjoin an e.xtract from 
 this Ueport, which more than beais out all that we 
 lia'c stated: — 
 
 ' From the absence of all control on the original 
 cmistruction of shi[)s while building, and the 
 im|)Ossibility of ascertaining, by any inspection 
 alter completion, their real quality, it appears to 
 be indisputably proved, by an almost uniform 
 concurrence of testimony, that the iirst character, 
 or A 1, is indiscriminately extended to ships 
 diirering wididy in strength, durability of mate- 
 rials, and all those ({ualities on which character 
 ought to be depend<:nt ; that many ships to which 
 the first class is assigned are deeidediy inferior to 
 others which are placed, from lapse of time al aio, 
 in a lower chiss ; that man)' become totally unfit 
 for the conveyance of dry cargoes, long before the 
 expiration of the period during which they are 
 entitled, according to the present system, to re- 
 main on the fust letter, in which they are notwith- 
 standing continued; that instances are on record 
 of lirst-class ships which have been uutit from 
 their origin for the conveyance of dry cargoes; 
 and some are declared to have been hardly iit, when 
 new, to proceed lo sea with safety. One case is 
 even adduced, in which, from ill construction onil 
 insutliciciicy of fastening in a new aiiip, her in- 
 security was (n-edicted, and she actually foundered 
 on her first voyage ; and yet thi.s identical vessel 
 was ranked, according to the indiscriminate system 
 [lursued, in the first class, 
 4 I, ■> 
 
 "I'l 
 
 ' m 
 
 ! li h 
 
 i ^1 
 
 ;1 
 
'.■■■-■ 1 ■ 
 
 V 
 
 "'.'> 
 
 i'l '' 
 
 !l 
 
 ^ ' 2 
 
 
 
 J'-' 
 
 ,1. 
 
 'it 
 
 ' Such, as rcupccts new ships, npponr \>y the 
 cvidencu to he tlio priuMical rcsullH of a Hystciii 
 V. hir!i, aisiiniMi^; to (li'sif;nalii l)y niiirliM their iii- 
 i.iriMir (|iiniily, pio\i(U's no inenii.s of actiiiilly 
 ii rirlMininn lliat ((iinlity ; Imt oilers, in edect, « 
 premium for the builiiinff nf inffrior itml iiimif/ieit'iil 
 fhi'/is, hy the iiuhiccmenl it. iioM" forth to friiutlu- 
 U>jil coDatruetioii and by liie quality of charaeter 
 it indiserinniialely extciul.s to the liv.st and the 
 wi.rst ships Imilt at the same port. 
 
 • Nor, yoiir eomiuittce re;;ret to have to report, 
 i< the evidence of tlie errors, iin:on.>-istciieies, niid 
 erils arising frimi 'he. exislinj; system, as applied 
 to old ships, by any means less eonchisive. Ity 
 tlie rrfiiml to rcati>re eharactcr, in conuquence of 
 r.'pnir.i, however crlensive, thi! inducement to main- 
 tain ships in an ctlieient slnt(! is removed ; whilst, 
 from the absence of all regular jmivision for stated 
 <r periodical examination, their cnieicncy or ir-"f- 
 liiiency is rendered dependent upon the var.. .ig 
 views, the caprices, or the interest of the proprie- 
 tors. Hence, though the second cliaracter, or K, 
 is declared hy the rules of the system to be the 
 designation of ships which, having lost the first 
 character from age, are kept in perfect repair, and 
 a|)pear, on survey, to have no defects, and to be 
 ccjmpletely calculated to carry dry cargoes with 
 safety, the whole body of cviilence distinctlj' 
 l)roTC8 that character to be, in very numerous in- 
 stances, assigned to ships which, from original 
 defect or want of icquisitc repairs, are utterly unfit 
 titul unsafe for dry cargoes ; while others, whicli, 
 from sound constitution or efficient reparation, arc 
 pronounced in the evidence to be superior to many 
 new ships, are indiscriminately classed witii the 
 actually worthless and unseaworthy. Hence, too, 
 the employment of ships, after they have passed 
 the period' prescribed by a fallacious standard of 
 dassilication, becomes uncertain, precarious, and 
 difticiilt; the shipowner is injured; the shipper 
 and underwriter misled ; the buihiing of superior 
 ships, capable of long service, is discouraged, and 
 direct inducement is held out to the construction 
 <if those of an inferior description ; the general 
 character of our mercantile marine is degraded ; 
 aiul it is to be feared that, could the system be 
 traced to its ultimate results, it would be found to 
 be proiluctivc of a lamentable loss of property and 
 life.' 
 
 It may have seemed surprising that, despite the 
 ciintinued complaints of the lowncss of freights, 
 and the want of employment for shipping, so many 
 new ships should be annually built. Ihit this 
 was, to a considerable extent at least, occasioned 
 by the system of classitication now described. In- 
 stead of building a really good and durable ship, 
 tiie principal object used to be to construct one 
 that should, at furthest, be, as the phrase is, run 
 off her legs in about 10 years or thereby; inas- 
 much as, whatever might be a ship's condition, 
 she was then degraded from class A 1, and it 
 was hardly possible, in most departments of trade, 
 to tiiid a merchant to emplov, on anything hke 
 reasonable terms, a shij) to which these symbols of 
 imaginary excellence were not attached. Hence, 
 tfce shipowner, instead of rejmiring his 10-years 
 old ship, sold her for what she would fetch, and 
 built, a new one. But the person who purchased 
 the ship degraded to E 1, forced her, though at an 
 enormous reduction, into business ; so that there 
 were two bad or inferior ships in the field ; where- 
 as, under a reasonable systom of elassiticatioi>, 
 tliere ivould most likely liave been only one gooil 
 ship. The injury that this practice did tt> the 
 shipping interest is' too obv.' lus to require to be 
 jiointed out. It has been infinitely more hostile 
 t(i it than all those reciprocity treaties, and that 
 
 SHIPS, snirpiNO 
 
 foreign competition, about which there ha.i \,n 
 so nnich nntiiunded cliimour. ' If the system u 
 classification were founded on the principle i, 
 intrinsic mirit, if the real elllcieney of the Hhii 
 formed the basis on which charaeter was };ivori 
 the con3C(pience, in luimeroiis instances, woiddln 
 tluit, instead of supplviiig the place of those sliip: 
 that at present lajise J°roin age only into the neeniii 
 class with new ones, the owiu-rs woidd enVetuulK 
 repair the existing ships; so flux there wenli 
 speedily be not only a material ii.sprovenieiit in 
 the construction of ships, but a material incrcuji 
 in the amount of tonnage, anil ii corres|jiinilj|i^ 
 increase in the rate of freight.' (Marshall's Slate, 
 ments, p. 1!).) 
 
 The conclusive Report and exposition referred 
 to above did iiol pro luce the consequences ilmt 
 nii;;ht have been anticipated. tJovernineiit, fur 
 reasons known only to itself, but whicli apiicnr l<i 
 have licen of a very questionable (le.seriptiun, 
 seems to have concluded that this was nnl n sub- 
 ject with which it should interfere; and it h-,h 
 laid aside for some years more. Ihit ilic sijii 
 increasing amount of shipwreck, and the loss nf 
 life and jiroperty consequent thereon, again rou<hl 
 the public attention to the subject; and at Icusili 
 the principal merchant.s, shiiiowners, (I'ul utniir- 
 writcrs succeeded in setting on foot machinery In 
 which a classilied account of shipping ha.s Voii 
 obtained, founded on more correct nrincipln.i. i'lip 
 public owe much to the individuals who iinpiwM 
 on themselves this difficult and important task. 
 Notwithstanding the obstacles with which ilin- 
 had to contend, they have done a great deal ii> 
 improve the character of our mercantile ni.iriiii', 
 and to lessen the disasters incident to a fu'.iliriin' 
 life. 
 
 2. Kew Si/stem of Classification, — Tliis new 
 classification is conducted under the direction nnd 
 superintendence of a committee of nierohants 
 shipowners, and underwriters, established in 1831. 
 JIany objcelions were frequently inado tn tlie 
 manner in which this committee was eheson ; ami 
 in the last edition we expressed an opinion tluii 
 its composition might be improved, and tliiit con- 
 sequently it might be nia<le to enjoy a larpr 
 share of the public eo-.fidencc; but important 
 changes have since then been made in the niiiiiwc- 
 mentofits afTairs. It establishes rules forcla^silv- 
 ing ships, and appoints, controls, and dismissoj tk' 
 sf.rveyors by wliom they are inspected and ex- 
 amined. It is plain, therefore, that the powr 
 wiiich it exercises over shipping is very consider- 
 able, and that it is of the greatest importance tliai 
 it should be placed on sound principles, and exer- 
 cised with the greatest discretion. A clns.'iitiol 
 register is annually published, which should be- 
 come more and more complete ; and the cxpen,=e; 
 attending the institution are defrayed, partly I' 
 the fees charged on making an entry in the rep- 
 ter, partly by the profits on the .sale of the register 
 or book, and partly from voluntary sources, lint. 
 as the subject is o"f much importrncc to even-one 
 interested in commerce and navigs'ion, we think 
 we sholl do an acceptable service to our readoii 
 bv laving before them the statement iirelixei' iy 
 the society to their register. It fully e.NpI.nn" 
 their objects, the principles on which theyproceed, 
 and the means they profess to ailopt for carri-iiii,' 
 their views into eftV.ct. 
 
 Cliissification of Ships: Rules mill Regulatiom 
 
 for, in IBM. 
 After announcing the formation of tlic society, 
 the oflicial statement goes on to say, that— 
 
 S. The superintendence of the aflairs of tl:'" 
 sdi-iety is to be under the direction of a comimili^i' 
 
 ■d 
 
^^^ 
 
 about wlii>-li tlicre hiu h on 
 cliimoiir. ' If tl"« «y«tt'in nl 
 mimli'il oil tlio priiuiiilc ..| 
 10 real i'Hicioiu'y of tlie Hlii|, 
 1 wliii'li cliiirm'ttT wiu j;ivoii, 
 iiiimcrourt iiistimecs, wihiIiUk. 
 IviiiK ll)« I'l"™ of ''""'• i*''il'> 
 froiii lip' only into tliP3ocoii4 
 till" owners woijil cnVoluiilly 
 s\iips ; Hi> <l'i t ^'"''" "■""''' 
 V a niatorial ii.iimivrincm i;i 
 "sliipM, but ft niiiU'rinl imniiM 
 tonnajjp, anii a corrcspoiiilin- 
 of fruigbt.' (Marsliull's Stak- 
 
 |{oport and cxpoaitioii rtfirroil 
 i)ro Uicc tbc consequences lliat 
 anticipated. Cioverinneiit. fi.t 
 ,' to itaolf, bnt wbich ninnar 1" 
 vvrv questionable (lesoripliim, 
 lud'cd tbat tliis was not a sul,- 
 t should interfere ; ami it \w 
 10 yeara more. Hut tlic still 
 ; of shipwreck, and the luss »t 
 onscfiucnt thereon, again rousca 
 ,n to the subject ; and at linsili 
 chants, shipowners, and umlir- 
 in setting on foot nincliincry In 
 account of shipping has 'locii 
 on more correct prineiplo.i. Thp 
 to the individuals who iiiipijs.il 
 Is diflScult and important la-k. 
 the obstacles with which tiny 
 thcv bavo done a great deal i< 
 •acter of our mercantile nuriiu', 
 disasters incident to a walmiii; 
 
 „ of Classif cation. — ^\n^ new 
 jnductcd under the directum ami 
 of a committee of merclani*, 
 lindcrwriters, established in 1831. 
 v;erc frequently mml- tn ilif 
 this committee was chosen ; and 
 )n we expressed an opinion tliai 
 light be improved, and that con- 
 rbt be made to enjoy a larpr 
 Sblic oo-.fidcncc; but important 
 CO then been made in the nianai.- 
 , It establishes rules for cla^Mlv- 
 )"oint9, controls, and dismisso^tl..' 
 lom they are inspected and ex- 
 plain, thcreloie, that the m^- 
 4 over shipping is very colit- 
 is of the greatest importance tit 
 ed on sound principles, and cxr- 
 reatest discretion A clas«t;l 
 ally published, which should bi; 
 ^o^Uplcte,andthecxven.- 
 
 stitution arc defrayed, parti ) 
 on making an entry in the r| 
 e profits on the .sale of the rear 
 
 ^Iv from voluntary sources, m ■ 
 o^f much importpce toe™ 
 
 bjuUe^^"-^^^ 
 
 EsrTUy^i 
 
 eftVot. 
 
 fSh!p>: Rule> and Regulations 
 
 for, in 18t!H. 
 ,ing the formation oi- the SOCK.) , 
 
 mentgoesontosnytha^- ,, 
 
 mtendencc -I the •■"""" mtc 
 luder the direction of a commm 
 
 siiir.s, siiii'PiNo 
 
 of incrclitiiits, shipowners, and iinderwriters : 
 tn'ontv-l'our elected in London, and tdeveu at the 
 nriiu'ijiid outports. The chalrinaii for managing 
 ilie atViiirs of I<h)yd'«, and the rliairinan of the 
 CiMU'ral Shipowners' Soeii'ty, l,oii(l(jn ; also the 
 ,'li:iirinaii and depuly-elmiruian of the Liverpool 
 iMinrnittee, and the chairman of the Liverpool 
 ilassilication committees for the lime being, to be, 
 cx olHi'io, members of the eommittt^e. 
 
 '.1. Si.v of the nieniliers elected in London, 
 naiuelv, two of eaih of the coiistitneiit parts of the 
 I'liniinillee, to go out riniiiially bv rotatiiin, but to 
 lie (digihle to l)o re-elected. i"be vacaiiiies so 
 aiisini; to bo tilled up bv the election of two 
 iiiiilerwriters and one, iner<'liant by tlwi coniinittee 
 l(pr managing tbc alTairs of Lloyd's, and two sliip- 
 nwners and one merchant by the conwiiltteo of 
 ihc (leneral .Shipowners' Society. 
 
 10. The members electled at the outports to 
 retire at the end of every yiiwr years, but to be 
 elii,'ible for re-election. 
 
 il. The committee to appoint from their own 
 lioilv, annually, a chairman and depiity-chairinan, 
 and also a uhairnian for u sub-committee of 
 classilieation. 
 
 r.'. The eoinmittee to appoint a sub-committee 
 (if cla--8ilication, to be so regulated that each 
 incmberof the general cimimittec may, in rotation, 
 lake his turn of duly therein throughout the 
 vcar, 
 
 13. The secretary, clerks, and servants of the 
 society, and the surveyors, to bo appointed by and 
 Ijc under the direction of the general committee. 
 
 11. S|)ceial meetings to be convened by order 
 (if :he chairman, or deputy-chairman, or <m the 
 rcduisition of any three members. 
 
 l.'j. All elections and aiipointnients to be made 
 hv ballot. 
 
 It). No member of the committee to bo per- 
 mitted to be present on the decision of the classi- 
 lication of any ship of which he is the owner, or 
 wherein he is directly or indirectly interested. 
 
 17. The committee to be empowered to make 
 .<nch by-laws for their own government and 
 imicecdings as they may deem requisite, not 
 lieiiig inconsistent "with the original rules and 
 rch'ulations under which the society was esta- 
 blished; but no new rule or by-law to be intro- 
 duced, nor any rule or by-law altered, without 
 f[K'ci.il notice being given for that purpose at the 
 meeting of the committee next preceding that at 
 which such motion is intended to be made; such 
 notice to be inserted in the summons convening 
 the meeting. No new rule, or alteration in any 
 existing rule, materially atVecting the classification 
 of ships, to take eft'ect until the expiration of six 
 months from the time it shall have been de- 
 lermined upon. 
 
 18. All reports of survey to be made in writing 
 by the surveyors according to the forms p''e.- 
 scribed, and submitted for the consideration of 
 the general committee, or of the sub-committees ci' 
 dassilication ; but tlic character assigned by the 
 latter to be subject to condrmation by the general 
 coinraittec. 
 
 19. The reports of the surveyors, and all docu- 
 ments and proceedings relating to the dassilication 
 yf ships, to be carefully preserved, and parties 
 proving themselves to "be interested therein to 
 have access to the same under the direction of 
 the chairman or deputy-chairman. 
 
 Copies of the original reports (if the ships be 
 already classed, but not otherwise), so far as 
 relates to the dimensions, scantlings, fastenings, 
 and materials, in cases where the correctness of 
 the reports in these ])articulai's is ccrtilied by the 
 builder.", arc granted on application. 
 
 'JO. Kdriign ships and ships built in llie r.ritisli 
 possessions aliro.iil where there is not a suiveyor 
 (see also sec. ."il), to be surveyed on tlieir 
 arrival at a pmt in the I'liitid Kingdom; but a 
 due regard is lo bi' hail to the circiimstami' of 
 llicir having been e.\cinpled from the supervi-imi 
 while bnihling to which all Itritish ships n:e 
 Hubjeeted, ami the <'haraet( r to be a.-sigiied to 
 them is to be regulated acccirding to their iulrinsii; 
 quality, and from lliv. best iiiforniuli 'ii the cora- 
 inilt(!e. can obtain. 
 
 '.'1. In every cas(! in which the character 
 assigned to a ship may be proposed. • survey, to 
 be, reduced, notice is' to b(! given in >,ritiiig to 
 the owner, master, or a^eiit, with an intiiiialiou 
 that if the reduction bi: objitcted to, the C(mi- 
 mitteo will lie ready to direct a special survey, 
 (111 the owner, master, or agent agreeing to [lay 
 the expense.H allending the .same, provided on the 
 said survey there shall appear sullicient ground 
 for the proposed reduction. 
 
 2'2. When the surveyors consider repairs to In; 
 requisite, they are respectfully to communicate 
 the same in writing to the owner, master, or agent ; 
 and if such repairs be not entered upon within a 
 reasonable time, a corresponding report is to be 
 made to the committee for their decision thereon. 
 23. Parties considering tlie repairs suggested by 
 the surveyor to bo unnecessary or unre.isonable 
 may appeal to the committee, who will direct a 
 sjieeiui survey to be held ; but should the opinion 
 of the surveyor be conlirmcd by the committee, 
 then the expense of siiili special survey i:* to be 
 paid bv the parly appealing. 
 
 2-L 'riio surveyors to llie society not to bi^ 
 permitted (without Ihe especial sanction of tli<- 
 committee) to receive any fee, gratuity, or rewar.l 
 whatsoever for their own use or benelit, for any 
 service performed by them in their capacity of 
 surveyors to this 'ociety, on pain of immediate 
 dismissal. 
 
 2.5. The surveyors will be directed to attend liii 
 special surveys of ships while building or iintlir 
 ilamage or repair, when reipiired by merchants, 
 shipowners, or underwriters; the charge for 
 which is to be regulated according to the nature 
 and extent of the service performed. In all eases 
 the application for the assistance of the surveyors 
 must be made in writing addressed to the secre- 
 tary. 
 
 20. The fupds to be under the authority and 
 control of the committee, ami a statement of the 
 receipts and expenditure to be annually printed 
 for the information of the subscribers. 
 
 27. The follov.iug fees to be charged to the 
 owners of ships prior to I heir vessels being class..d 
 and registered in the book : — 
 
 For Kiitfring and Ctassinf/ Ships, and f.r 
 Kntering and Classinfl Uliipn surveyed fur 
 I Continuation, or the Character A in red, or 
 reiptircd for Hestoration. 
 
 Tor (iflch slillt umlpr iniliomA't 
 
 ol 101' toiu and under '.'110 „ 'i il 
 
 voo „ 5110 ,. r» 
 
 Tidi' ,. 400 „ 4 
 
 400 „ .' 1 upwajilii U 
 
 For Registering Repairs. 
 
 For each ship under .10') tons JCO ID 
 
 uf .^OOtonsand undtr M(l ,, I U 
 
 .^110 „ 1,1100 „ If U I) 
 
 1 ,000 „ and upwardi 3 U 
 
 For Re-classing Ships (except jo/ien repaired) the 
 Characters of which have been e.rpiingcd, cr 
 Change of Owners, 
 
 • : i 1: 
 
 1 
 
 'M 
 
 I \'. 
 
 For each ship under 200 Ions 
 of „ 
 
 und cibove 
 
 £■) 10 
 I 
 
^wmr-^^p 
 
 ;i 
 
 I 
 
 
 ■ if « ■•'4. 
 
 ■:i 
 
 i ' • 
 
 :n 
 
 
 '- i 
 
 ,1, 
 
 t. 
 
 .t i 
 
 I- 
 
 '.■yi> 
 
 
 
 
 .! 
 
 ■ ' 
 
 :? 
 
 -.1 
 
 ., 
 
 '■ I'. ': 
 
 1 
 
 '-'-■i 
 
 iU . 
 
 
 I'i.U .SHIPS, SiriPlTN'fl 
 
 Cf.^.iul San'cyi. 
 
 'J8. For HliipH Imilt iiiidcr llio sppiMul siipor- 
 iiiliiKUiiK".' of llio Mirvcvors (id nililli' tlicrii ti) 
 till' ilistinctivb mark >{<), In. per ton. 
 
 For Hiirvi'vs tor (iiiiii!ij;i', or for ollipr siirvrVM, 
 lu'Ul nt tlio ri'ipioKt r)f tliv owners, niiil for tlio 
 survey of Hliipi for restoriilion, rontinuatioii, or 
 till! ctiaraeter A in reil, a cliar^'e (in mlililioii to 
 t!ic fee for entry) will 1)0 made, nccorcliiif; to tlie 
 nature niul extent of the service performed. 
 
 In eases where the laulkin^; of ships is super- 
 intended and tested liy the surveyor; ii special 
 eliai'i^e will he made, areonliii;; to the toniiai;c of 
 the ship. All repairs « hieli may l)i' reiiuiicil on 
 the survej-s above referred to must lie perl'ormed 
 under tliu Bupcrintendeiico of tlic society's sur- 
 veyors. 
 
 •JO. (Vrtitientea of clinrncter, of the form No, 7, 
 signeil by the elmirman of tlin general committee, 
 or by the chairman of the sub-committee of 
 classiticntion, and countersif^ned by the secretary, 
 will bn p:raiite(l on application, the charge lor 
 uhich will be as follows:— 
 
 I'or ships untliT *^()i> tons 
 
 (if ve'> ., •inil nlinvL* 
 ('i)]>ic» of original reptirfn, iiH yvv stc. 
 
 ol. C/i«r«c/er».— The characters to be assigned 
 to ships t« be, as nearly as possible, ii correct 
 indication of their real and intrinsic c|ualitics 
 — (ships which arc not built in accordance with 
 the princi|)le3 of the society's rules will be marked 
 in the register book tlius ' [Kxpl. B. iS'.] ' de- 
 noting that the}' are built cxperiinciitally, and are 
 classed subject to beiiif' surveyed biennially) — 
 and to bo in all cases fixed (not by the surveyors, 
 but) by the committee, after due consideration of 
 the reports of tlio surveyors and such other 
 documents as niuy be submitted to them, ami will 
 be distinguished as follows : — 
 
 Ship» A to consist of new ships, or ships 
 continued, or restored. (Sees. 31, 64, 56, 67.) 
 
 Ships A in red to consist of ships wliich 
 have passed the period assigned on the original 
 survey, or continuance, or restoration; and also of 
 ships not having had an original character, and 
 which are found on survey of superior description, 
 tit for the conveyance of dry and perishable goods 
 to andfrmn all parts of the world. (Sec. GO.) 
 
 Ships JE to consist of ships which arc found 
 on survey tit lor the safe conveyance of dry aiul 
 perishable goods on shorter voyages. (.Sec, 01,) 
 
 Ships E will conijirise ships which shall be 
 found on survey tit for the conveyance of cargoes 
 not iu their nature subject to sea damage on any 
 L-oyage. (Sec, G4,) 
 
 Ships 1 to consist of .sliips fit to carry cargoes, 
 not liable to sea ilaniage on shorter voyai/es. 
 (Sec, GG,) 
 
 32, Jn flush-decked vessels having either one, 
 two, or three decks (not being spar or awning 
 decked), the tonnage under the upper deck, with- 
 out abatement of the tonnage of the spaee for the 
 crew, or for the propelling power of steam vessels, 
 is to regulate all the scantlings of the hull, and 
 also the equipment of the vessel. 
 
 In vessels having a raised quarter decli, or a 
 jHiop, or top-gallant forecastle, or deck houses, or 
 awning deck, or spar deck, the total tonnage below 
 the tonnage deck is to regulate the scantlings of 
 the hull ; but the register tonnage, as cut on the 
 main beam of sailing vessels and of steam vessels, 
 with the addition of the tonnage of the sjmce required 
 for propelling power, is to regulate the equipment, 
 and also, in iron or composite vessels, the size of 
 the main piece of rudder and windlass, and the 
 keel and keelsons and their number, and the 
 
 scantling ci the si I'ingor plates on the upperaivj 
 lower dei:k lieanis, and the rcqii.ruineiiLs lu lo 
 double riveting. 
 
 Ihil ill vessels where tlieloiinngeof lhoerectiiin< 
 above the tonnage deck is less than tliat rec|iiirc,| 
 for crew space, then tlin difference between i|| . 
 tonnage ol these erections and the loniiui.'(< nf 
 the spaee allowed liir crew is lo \w added U\ tlic 
 register tonnage, cut on the main beam, fur Wv. 
 tonnage that is lo regulate the etpiipment ami ilic 
 si/.e ot' the main piecir of rudder and winill,'is.'<,iiiii| 
 the keel aii<l keelsons and their mimlH r, ||||. 
 scantling of the stringer plates on the iippi'riiiiil 
 lower deck beams, and the reipiireineiils tW 
 doul)le riveting. 
 
 Hides lor Classification. 
 
 33. Ships .1 will consist of new sliips iiii,| 
 those wliicli have nut passed a presoriheil i:,". 
 provided they are kept in a state of ciim|ilii, 
 repair and ellii'ieucy. The character A will ini, 
 however, he granted to any vessel unless .-.im.. 
 factory evidence of the dale and build anil pLi^ 
 where built is ))rodiiccd. 
 
 31. The niimlH'r of years to lie assigned for this 
 character to be deter.nined with reference to ilu 
 original construction and quality of the \c>M\ 
 the materials employed, and iliemoileof hiiilili::^: 
 anil their continuance fir the time so assifji.nl in 
 depend upon its being shown by ot'casiwii,,! 
 surveys (annually, if practicable) tlua their illi- 
 cieiicy is duly m.iintaincd. 
 
 The characters of ships classed A will be strmk 
 out of the register book unless they be subniilini 
 to the following intermediate survey, ivilliiii 
 jieriods not exceeding four years in tlio a>f cl' 
 vessels classed ei^ .t years and under, cither i)ri;'iii- 
 ally, or on rcst'oraiion, or on continunlicii.aiil 
 within periods not exceeding half that ussigin't 
 in vessels classed for longer terms. 
 
 This regulation is applicable also to slii|'< 
 classed A iu red. 
 
 The survey will be noted in the register \m\ 
 thus— 'ir. T."' (half-time), with the date of tlii 
 survey affixed. 
 
 JIatf-time or intermediate survey. — The ship 1 1 
 bo placed on blocks in dry dock, or on ways, s.i 
 that the keel and bottom may be seen anil propirlv 
 examined (unless she h.is been thus surveytil liy 
 the society's officers within the previous tivclve 
 months) ; the hold to be cleared, and pr('|*r 
 stages made both inside and outside; the liinlvr- 
 and all air courses to be cleared ; and if the fliip 
 has not already got the air courses, describeil in 
 rule, sec. 37, they are now to bo made; lln' 
 outside planking to be scraped bright where liii' 
 surveyors niay consider it to .>o ncccssan' friiin 
 any apparent defect; bolts of lower deck (if o; 
 iron) in number not less than si.x on each siilc. 
 and treenails in niuiibcr not less than twelve «n 
 each side, to be driven out at various parts of tlii 
 ship. The attention of the surveyors is to be tlin 
 particularly directed to the state of the upper n.' 
 main deck and comings, the upper ami lower llel■^ 
 bolts, whether of iron or copper, and the outsiU' 
 planks through which they pass, and to all uliif 
 parts of the ship, so far as'they can be exnnii'ml; 
 the windlass to bo unhung and wood lining 
 stripped ; the condition of the caulking is also In 
 bo ascertained. The cables to be rciiioveii from 
 the lockers nud ranged, and, with the anchors aiul 
 general equipment, examined so as to be sati-- 
 factorily reported upon. 
 
 36. New ships are to be surveyed while baildipg, 
 by the surveyors to this society, in the following; 
 three stages of their progress, or they will bo 
 liable to lose one year of the period to which tiny 
 
IX 
 
 lil> 
 
 111'' 
 
 111- 
 .■Ill j 
 
 rr plutoH on thn upper an 1 
 ,il tlic reiiu.rcmeiiw us i„ 
 
 tlio.ti)iiniiK''"f tli<'<'i'''i''i 
 li is li'ss than tliat ri(|in 
 llid <li(fereiice bclWMcii 
 •tions'uii'l tlio tiiniiii'.'i 
 <;r('W is to l)c iiililiil I" 
 ivn tlio main beam, lir 
 ilaK^ tlicotpiipnifnl ami 
 of milder and winillass. 
 IS and their nmnht r, 
 ;cr phitu.s on i\w iippir 
 Inil th(! recinireniciils 
 
 • Clamiljicntion. 
 
 (•(insist of new sliipM aiil 
 
 ,t pussc'il a preflcrilicil ,1:;. 
 
 'pt in a state of cnmiili^. 
 
 'I'iie. eliarnctcr A will m t. 
 
 to anv voMcl nnless sin- 
 he dale and build ami ihi' 
 ;cd. 
 
 ' vears to be assisntd fi)r tlli^ 
 lUined with reference to ili; 
 1 and ((iiality of tlie vosol-. 
 ed, and the mode of Imililii:^; 
 e f.)r the time so assip.nl in 
 leinj; shown by occi\''i"iial 
 
 practicable) that their clli- 
 nincd, 
 
 iliips classed A will be slriirk 
 00k unless they he submilitil 
 ntermediatc survey, wiiliiii 
 tX four years in tlio cn-i' 1 1 
 tears and under, citlioriiri;'iii- 
 ion, or on continiiaiinii. iuil 
 exceeding half thai lusii;""' 
 r longer terms. 
 lis applicable also to shii- 
 
 • noted in the register \*< 
 inie), with the date ul' tin 
 
 'mediate survey.— Iht. Kliipi' 
 in dry dock, or 011 ways, *i 
 .torn may be seen and properly 
 le has been thus sur\-eyeil 1'}' 
 within the previous twelve 
 . to bo cleared, and rropcr 
 side and outside; the liiiilOT> 
 ,0 be cleared ; and if the jliil' 
 the air courses, descrilieJ m 
 are now to bo made; tlfc' 
 be scraped bright where ilie 
 ider it to .,e nceessarj' mm 
 .; bolts of lower deck (il'i: 
 .It less tliiui six on each suli'. 
 mbcrnot less than twcln-Lii 
 ■en out at various parts of tli ■ 
 of the surveyors is to be tlii'i 
 II to the state of the upper n. 
 ings, the upper and lower de^ 
 ,nor copper, and the outsiii' 
 ch thcv pass, and to all iHi;' 
 faras'theyeanbccxamiTHi; 
 
 .c unhung and wood hmng 
 
 tion of the caulking is also to 
 
 c cables to bo removed troiu 
 
 'ed, and, with the anchors anil 
 
 examined so as to be sati- 
 
 8IIIPH, SHIl'PINt} 
 
 (o 
 
 y. 
 
 Ihr 
 
 •nlLdit other. v'lM! Ik: entitled. (Sec. fi.').) Ships I siiiiis (o ri'inain mi 
 iiilciidi'd to b(^ built under d/wc/d/ KiiriT^, must bo | tindiers to cxti'iiil Ici tin 
 iiliici'd under llio suiveyor's in^<pcclion Iniiit their 
 !.Miini'i>i'<'»>''i<l. so that all parts of the liiidiers, 
 ,l,.:„|\u«id, keel, stem he. may be (examined. 
 
 y,.,/. When the frame is completed, liir.'iers 
 
 .liiMiid fair inside and oulHi<le ready to receive 
 Uiiikiiii;. aud before atiy plaid<ing is wrouglit. 
 '",,,,.„„ j._\Vhi^i» the beams are put in, but 
 l,.|,,n^ the decks arc laid, and with at hast two 
 
 iralvi'sof the plank of the ceiling between the 
 
 lnvcr deck and the bilgc' unwroiiglit, to admit of 
 
 iiicxaiiiiiiation of tlie iimcr surface of the plaids 
 
 „fllic hotloMl. 
 yy,;,.,/._\Vlien eomph'tod, and before the plank 
 
 l„. naiiitcil or payed. 
 All ship^ for which a higber charnetcr tluui 10 
 
 v.ars' A n.ay be claimed, must be surveyed by an 
 
 iMlnsive olllcer of the society, twice at least 
 
 uliili' 'iiiililiiig; nauudy, at the lirst imd at the 
 
 ., mild .' tiiges of tlieir iirogress as above prescribed. 
 
 liiii. iicitfc nuist be given by the builder or owner 
 
 ,1 ilii'ir being ready for this additional survey. 
 :;i;, A full statement, agreeably to Form No. •!, 
 
 ,1' the dinii 'isions, scantlings itc. (d'ldl new sliips. 
 
 v.rili.'d liy the builder, is to be transmitted by the 
 
 j,irviv(ir, and to be kept as a record in the olUccof 
 
 ihr. NPciety. 
 
 Rnleti to he observed in building Ships, 
 
 :;;. The whole of the timber is to l)e of good 
 
 quality and properly seasoned, of the descripthms 
 
 vhiiwii in Table A, as appliiNible to the several 
 
 icriiis iif years for which ships may respectively 
 
 !ic appi 
 
 "'to be surveyed while building, 
 thLociety,intlicfollowmf| 
 
 ■ir progres.s,or thc.v^,'! . 
 ,r of the period to which tlu.v 
 
 ^Kiin'ied to remain on the character A. TTn- 
 wi.rki'naiiship to bo well executed, and e()ually so 
 fur all grades. Defects in workmanship or (piality 
 (ftii..lKT will involve a reducli(m of class, to be 
 il.tcrmined bv the committee in each case. 
 
 Ill .^hipn cliiiining to stand 12 years from their 
 timlier materials, the stem, sternpost, beams, 
 traiMims, apron, knightheads, and keelsons are to 
 iKciilirelv free from sap and from all defects. TIk; 
 Krt iif the frame to be well squared and fri'O from 
 sap; Mch set of timbers to be frame-bolted toge- 
 tlicr ihrmighout their entire length ; the butts of 
 th'^ timbers to ho close, and not to be less than ^ 
 (if the entire moulding at that place ; and in cases 
 wiiere the heads and heels of the timbers which 
 (omc together are square, a dowel (to be of the 
 ilianieter from \ to i of the moulding of the 
 timlicr) must be introduced into the ends of such 
 timbers in order to connect them. 
 
 All ships building for classilication to bo well 
 oross chocked with a proper butt at each end of the 
 (hock, each arm not to be less in length than 
 mice and a half the moulding of the timber.i tliey 
 cdiinect ; in all cases the chocks are to be of ii 
 description of wood equal to the best material 
 required by the rules for the timbers which they 
 unite, excepting the tloorhcad chocks, which may 
 lie of the materials allowed by the rules for lirst 
 fddthooks. Where the timbers are .scariihed, the 
 scarfs to be of proper length and with a butt at 
 each end. 
 
 Ill all ships an air course must be left all fore 
 ami aft, below each sot of clamps, or between the 
 clamps and spirketting of each tier of beams, and 
 in the hold, at each end of the ship, between the 
 keelsim and hold beam clamp, to have in addition 
 1 or 2 tiers of air courses for | of the entire length 
 of the ship. 
 
 In the construction of top-gallant forecastles 
 and poops, the timbers must be of the same ma- 
 terials as are required by the society' ! Table A for 
 tlic top-timbers of the frames of ships according 
 to the several terms of years appointed for such 
 
 rbaracter A, all the said 
 lilaiikshecr. All the 
 oiitsidi' planking of top-gallant forecasllcs, and 
 the sheerstrako, pliuik.-hrcrs, and spirkilting of 
 lop-giilliint fdrecaslles and poops, must bi^ of the 
 materials reipiired bv T'libb^ A lor the topsides of 
 the said sbiii; and the shelf and clamps of jioopH 
 and lop-gallant loncnstlcs may be of tlii^ same 
 (pialily as ihoxi; nlhiwiMl in T'lible. A for the shelf 
 and chimp of the upper deck. All Ihe beams of 
 top-gallant foreca^lle.;, and the iii.isl beiilUH, 
 breast be.ims, and tiiiiisom beams of poop-i, to be 
 of the materials required by T'able A for the beani.H 
 of the said ships ; the remainder of Ihe licanH and 
 the water-way of the jioops, and Ihe rcmaiiidi'r of 
 till! plaiiUing of |ioiips and top-gallaiit foreeastlea, 
 may be of cedar, inahogany, lJ;illic, or American 
 red pine, pitch pine, larch, liaikmalack, tamarac, 
 or cowdie, and rock-elm for such rcmaimh'r of 
 beams only, and yellow pinu or Amerii^an white 
 spruce in :;!ii|is below the seven years' grade. 
 This rule ddca not apply lo raised (piarler-ch^eks, 
 the materials of which are rcipiiied lo bo of the 
 same (pialitv as those named in Table A for the 
 main bo(iy nf the ship. 
 
 '.>x. T'lie, seanlliiigs of the timbers, keelson and 
 keel, (bickness of planking A-c. are not to bu less 
 than those shown in the s.ndely's T'able It. 
 
 Ill the inside and outside iifankiiig, waterway.s, 
 planksheers. and Hat of deck of raised cpiartor 
 decks, a reduction of ] from, the thickness re- 
 ipiired by the society's Table H for such parts in the 
 range of the upper deck in ships with two deck.s 
 will be allowed. 
 
 Ill the inside and cutside planking, water- 
 ways, planksheers, and llat of dock of full poops 
 and top-gallant forecastles, a reductiini of ;\ 
 from the ibickiiess required by the Table ]J for 
 siudi ]ilaiiks ill the range of the upper deck in 
 ships with two decks will be allowed ; and in the 
 siding and moiihling of the t<ip timbers and beams 
 of full |ioops and top-gallant forecastles, a re- 
 duction of }- will be allowed. Parties desirous 
 of making any alteration in the construction of 
 poops, with a view to diminishing the weight (but 
 ]irescrving the retpiisiie strength), may submit 
 their |dans for tint cdnimittee's consideration and 
 approval. The united lengths of poop and fore- 
 castle arc not to exceed l- of the entire length of 
 the upjier deck. (Sec. 11.) 
 
 Ill vessels having three decks or tiers of beams, 
 where the sjiaeo under the upper deck is to be 
 used only for the accommodation of crew and pa.s- 
 seiigers, or to enclose the engine openings of steam 
 vessels, the .scantlings are to be regulated as per 
 section ;>-'. The total depth of hold in spar-decked 
 ships must not exceed ijj nor be less than Ig of 
 the ship's extreme breadtli. 
 
 In the construction of spar decks, the timbers 
 must be of the same materials as are required bj' 
 Table A for the top timbers of the frames of ships 
 according to the several terms of years appointed 
 for such ships to remain on the character A. If all 
 the said timbers extend to the plankshecr, their 
 siding and moulding may be reduced ^ at their 
 heads; but if only the alternate timbers run 
 up to the top height, then a reduction of 1 
 only will bo allowed in their moulding at their 
 heims, and in that case there must be a per- 
 fect covering board worked all round the ship 
 at the middle deck; and in all cases the middle 
 deck must be a perfect deck laid and ca-alked. 
 All the outside planking, and the sheerstrakes, 
 planksheers, and spirketting must l)e of the 
 materials roijuired b}- Table A for the topsides of 
 the said ship ; and the shelf and clamp may be of 
 
 .ill 
 fii 
 
 :lli. 
 
 ,.>';. II lir Hi! 
 
I I 
 
 I., 
 
 j • 
 
 I 
 
 > 
 
 iv 
 
 -i ■-;■. 
 
 
 -. -^.1 
 
 t 
 
 '.-Mf' 
 
 
 
 , i 
 
 i 
 
 I ':- i 
 
 ''. 
 
 • ; -S 
 
 
 '.'.;'•- "5 
 
 •$ • 
 
 •-. ? 
 
 rj,-.i! Hiiil's, .siiii'i'iNd 
 
 till' xiiiiii' i|ii;iliiy n-< llinsc iilli>»'i'c| ill rulilc A lor 
 tli<< nlii'ir anil rlnill|i III llic iiiidillr ilccK. All Mli' 
 
 lu'iiiiH licl'iiri' llii> I'limiiii.'it, iiMii llu> Mill'*! Im'iiiii-<, 
 liiilt'h lii'iiiiiH, mill triiiiiiMii liriiin, iiiii>l In- ol' tlic 
 iiiiilrriiils r<'i|iiiri'il liy Tiilili' A lur llir liriiiii-* nf llic 
 hniilhlii|H; mill till' rriiiaiiiilcr lit' llir lii'iiiiM mul 
 iIk' wiiltT-wiiy of Npar ilcrk, ami llir rriiiaiinlcr ol 
 III!' |ilmikiii);, may lii' of rnl ci'ilar, iiialio|{aiiy, 
 llallir, or Ainirii'iiii ml |>iiii', |iitrli piiii', larrli, 
 limkiiialarli, lainarai'. or iiiwillr; iilnl in nlil|H 
 lii'liiw I III' 7 yi'ars' ^railf, I In* Naiiic may In- ol 
 yi'llow iiiiir, Aiiirricaii wliiln N|iriii'i', or while 
 en I II r. 
 
 Ill T'jiar ili-t'kH llicrtMiiay Ih^ a iliminiiliiui of J 
 from (III- ilimriiNioiH, ',. <l •iiin;;'', ami Itolls jirc- 
 Ni'riliril ill III!' tnlili'M fur ilii- ii|i|ii'r ilci'li of Hliips 
 with two ili'i'ks (t'X<'<'|i| ill till' siiliiif^ of the H|iar 
 iti'ck iM'Mmx) ; hut if tlir oiitniili' iilaiikiiiK he of 
 I'.' y rars' woiiil, tlii'ii ii rriliictioii of ' m.'iy ho niailo 
 in the lliii'kiicM.s from tliat iirt'Trihi'il iti Tahh' 
 Ii for till' iiiaiii Nlircr.'trakt's nl niii'Ii vcs-ii'Is, 
 
 l>rrkhoiiM's or other erect ions are iillowril mi 
 spar ileeks, hut only to the extenf of '- of the 
 total Hii|ieillelal area of the npar derU, an<l are not 
 to exeeeil 7 feet in height. 'I'hey are not to he 
 plaeeil iicnrer to eitlier of the ends than ' of the 
 entire le,n^;lh of the vessel. 
 
 Vessels lo wir.ili this rule applies, as ref,'ards an 
 entire spar deck, will he noted in the register hook 
 thus — ' S/nir ileckfil.' 
 
 ;i!>. The iiitermediato iliincnsionM for the scant - 
 lin>; of timl>or.s U'tween tlie lloor heads and the 
 fliinwale to he rej^iilatcil in proportion to the dis- 
 tance from the two point I. Should the tiinher and 
 space he increased, the .'idiiin of the timhers to lie 
 increased in proporlion. Whenever ships are 
 hnilt with ilonhle tloors, thick strakes (Tahlo H) 
 must he worki'd inside, to extend from the lower 
 jiart of the short lloor-head chocks to the upper 
 part of the loli^ (loor-liead chocks, and he well 
 iiolted thron^'h aiul cli iiched, with one holt at the 
 head of each lonp; and short arm of tloors, and at 
 the heel of each lirst and second foothook wliieh 
 conie upon them, from tlie foremast exiendiny; u 
 distance aft oipial to three-tilUiH of the len(;th of 
 the ship : in such cases, the limher strakes need 
 not he throii;;!) holted. 
 
 Ship» of (iirat l.niijlh in pro/mrliim to their 
 Jh-ftulth or Urpl'i. — All ships, the lenf;tlu>f which 
 (measured from the fore [art of the stem to the 
 jit'tcr part of the stern|io»t on the rnii^^e of upper 
 deck) shall exceed it times their extreme 
 hreadtli, or 8 times and under !t times their depth, 
 shall have dia);;unal iron plates closcdy inserted 
 (iiitsitli: the frame. Parties ohjectiiif; tolit theiroii 
 jilates on frames as prescrihed ahovo.arcat liherly 
 lo submit, throngh the resident surveyor, lor the 
 committee's consideration and approval, such 
 compensation lus will, in their opinion, render the 
 introduction of the iron plates (innecessary. The 
 said jilates to extmd from the upper side of upper 
 tier of beams to the lower part of chocks at lirst 
 foothook heads amidsliip and to the same perpen- 
 (licnlur heij;ht forward an I't, measured from the 
 lower part of the keel. When ships are constructed 
 with Ion;,' and short armed floors, the said idatcs 
 arc to extend to half-way between lonj? lloor heads 
 and lirst foothook heads; the sizes of the plates 
 not to be less than as follows, viz, : — 
 
 Jn ihipl of 100 tops and under ttOO tons 
 
 V(VI „ 
 
 4110 „ 
 
 ;iHI „ 
 
 ),IK)0 ., 
 
 k.Odll and .ibr 
 
 4IHI 
 
 ;co 
 
 l.il'O 
 
 x.neo 
 
 31 1'j jr. '"• 
 111 
 
 4 „ In. 
 4J „ I in. 
 .'. „ ] In. 
 
 !>\ n ly 111. 
 
 fi ., "iln. 
 6) „ i in. 
 
 and to be fastened with bolts, one at each end alter- 
 
 iiale tiiiiher, not less iiidiaiiieler tliaii the .'tr 
 t^iveli lor lliiKinili Imtl IiiiIIh ill ihe sociclVK fiiM 
 I). The plati'S In he will prolecled l,y pruji' 
 I'oatin^;. likewise the timlicrs to he coaled imii 
 s< es which are to n i\i' the said plates, 
 
 The nnniliir ol philes In he in proportion i>f nn 
 less llinii one pair li> every U I'l et of the Khiii' 
 elilil'e lelli^lh taken hm ahove, but not In In' ili«i< 
 than H lii'l asunder measiirnl on a sipinri'; i|„ 
 said plates are to he placed ilia'40iially, at ai 
 ani4:li' ot not le^s llian l.'i ili'i;ri'es, iheir liitt.r I'liij 
 |loilllill;; to the afler ellil il' Ihe keel ill llii' ni'i,, 
 iiody, and to the fore end of the keel in iji,. f„p 
 body, four pairs cro-siu;r each other aiiiiiMii|iii, 
 
 .Ml such ships to have hlielves and walcrwiiv* 
 to each tier of lieanis, eii h eipi'il in ciiiiliiii, '|„ 
 the transverse seclional area of the he.iiiis nl'ijicir 
 respective ili'ik't at tlii'ir ends; eacli of ili,' ..m,) 
 shelves and waterways to he holted tlirmi^'li ||i,. 
 outside plankini; at cMry limber, willi linli* „; 
 the si/.cs ni\en in 'I'.'ihl" It; likewise tlie sliifis .| 
 inside and onl^ide planking not to he Ic^h lliam; 
 feci, iinlc-s IJii'te he a stnike wroii;;lit kilwiHi 
 I hem, and then ii dislame tif ,'> icft will I,,. 
 allowed. 
 
 In ships Ihe len^'lh of which shall cxcccil ,i^ 
 limes their extreine Iirciiillh, or nine liiiu'.i mi,! 
 under ten times Iheir depth, the nuiiilieriif |i|iiicn 
 must he mil Irss than one pair to every 111 t'>t'h>i 
 the ship's entire leii;;lli taken as ahnve, Imt iiii 
 to he more than Ii feet asunder nieiisiiriil mi h 
 sipiai'e, ami to be (ilaced ilia;;oiially i\* n\\m 
 desciihed. In cases where Ihe len^jtli of llii'>|;i|i 
 exceeils ten limes the depth, liie liiiililir< nr 
 owners are to sulimit, thron^;h the reslili'iit Mir- 
 veyor, for the coinmiltee's approval, ihiir |i1.iih 
 for Kivinj; the vessel the iiecessaiy >!rrii;'(h 
 lon^Mludinally. And in addilion to tlii' ri'i{iilrc- 
 iiients for ships of live times their lin.'ullli in 
 length, such ships must he titled willi ;i viilcr 
 keelson, tir a pair of sister keelsons, at llii' niuidii 
 of Ihe owner, Ihe transverse sectiiuiiil iircii iil 
 such rider keelson or sisler keelsons I'luli tu In 
 equal to K of that rei|uired in Table II fur main 
 keeksoiLS. If a rider keelson headopleil, LiMlolic 
 tii.stened with a Ihrounh holt (of the size r'(|iiirfil 
 in Table I) for keelson bolts) in every I'rnrae; or 
 if the owner prefers it, every iiiteriiiciliato liolt 
 may he short, passing only throu);h tlio mulnaiul 
 rider keelsons. In all cases i which a liiltr 
 keelson i.-t titled, it must be fastened ns pro.scrikil 
 above, irrespective of the relative (iimeiisiniis ol' 
 the ship. If sister keelsons be litteil, llicy nra-l 
 be fastened with through bolts, in inunhi'r nil lrs< 
 than one in every alternate timber, niul nl' ik' 
 size reipiired in Ti.hlo I> for scitr/ihs (ifliecUi:c. 
 
 4(1. The sizes of the deck and hold bciiinsliavi) 
 been roKulated so as to be delerniiiied bv tin 
 leiif.(th of the beams amidships, as shuwii in lalilf 
 t'. The beams will be required to bo of the sift' 
 of Ihe midship beam, except those at the al'tir 
 end of the ship, which may be reduced in |'ro- 
 portion to their length. If beams of ffTun or 
 yellow pine are nsetl, the sidiiij; at .such ln'ini' 
 shall Ih; i hirger than is prescril)ed by the aim"' 
 Table, or be increased each way, siding' and 
 inoultling, equal in area to that amount. 
 
 In eases where iron beams are lilted in vooJ 
 ships, the beams of each deck are to be J I'l 
 an inch thicker than is required by tlic rules 
 for ships built of iron, in consideration el ihf 
 greater space between ; and the depth of 1mm 
 deck or hold beams is to he iiinvascd one incii. 
 The spaces between beams of the several decks 
 not to exceed the spaces at present allowed for 
 wood ships, as per rule, sec. 41. Kach tier »' 
 beams must have stringer plates rivetcil on their 
 
mm 
 
 im^ III tlillllU'llT lllllll ttiP - /,■, 
 i,iill IiiiIIh ill IIk" wicirly'ni.iW. 
 
 I lie Will |iriiliM'tril l.v |ii"|.r 
 he liiiiliiTs til ln^ I'liiilcil ill III,. 
 
 II ri'C'iM' till' Hiiiil |iliiU'!*. 
 i|mIi"« III I"' ill iirniMirtiiiii i>l' hhI 
 r to cvrrv IJ I' i'< I'f till' >lii|i- 
 II iH iiliiivi', lm( not In lie III. r. 
 liT ini'il^iiri'il III! Ik ^«|llllrl'; ili. 
 
 II liii iiliircil (liii'^niiiilly, III .III 
 jiiin l."i ili'ttri'cM, lln'ii' linv.r iii.l. 
 
 [rl- cliil |.t' III!' lii'i'l ill till' lll'll 
 
 liiri' ciiil iif till' •»<■''• "1 '111' I"!' 
 iiixsiiiK I'lirli iillicr iiiiiiiMii|w. 
 
 III liiiM' kIu'Ivc-i iinil walii\v:i;< 
 
 'lllll^, I'.li'll t'<|ll'll ill I'lillll'llU 1., 
 liiililll lircil 111' llii' liriilil'' iil'linir 
 III llicir ciiils; rili'll nl lln' mi; 
 rwavH til 111' lii'llt'il tliriiiii;li ili. 
 
 nt <'\rry liitilirr, with Imjn „ 
 1 'I'.'ilil" r>; liKi'wiHc^ tlic »hil'h : 
 ,' plaiiMii;^ lint III III' li'!<H IIiiiim: 
 ' lie II striiUi' wriiii^'lit luiHin. 
 
 a iliHtiiiKU III' •'> t'i'ct will III. 
 
 Ii^jlli of wliirli hliiiU I'xri'i'il -i 
 .ini' lirciiillli. or iiim' liiiK'. m 
 lii'ir ili'plli, till' iiiiiiilicr III |ilaii 
 llmii our pnir to I'Viry in |.ri .i 
 It'll;;! Ii tnUi'ii 111 iiliiivc, lull ii. i 
 I Ii li'ct iisiiiidcr mi'iisurnl mi a 
 lie iilaccil iliii;,'oiially an .iliov. 
 
 ISI'S wlllTC 111" ll'll^tll Iif llll'>l.i|i 
 
 U'S till' ilt'|illi, till' liiiililiri irr 
 iliinit, iIii-oiikIi iIh' vi'siiliiit -»'■ 
 ,iiiuiiillri''s iipiiroval, llicir pliih 
 vi'ssrl the iici'CH.saiy i.lriiii,'lli 
 Anil ill iiilililion to tin- rii|iiiri'- 
 iil' live times tlieir liriiuitli in 
 i|H must 1)1! litled witli ii viiVr 
 r of siller kecl.son.i, at ilu' milinn 
 lie Iriiiisverst! sectional urea "! 
 nil or .lister keelsons ciu'li tn li. 
 lit reiiuireil ill Tiilile It li't ni.iiii 
 iiler Ueelsiill lie miolileil, Ii. islol* 
 hroiiuli liolt (of till' size I'liiiircl 
 ieelmiii bolts) in every frame; it 
 cl'er.s it, every iiiternioiliati! Iiol; 
 .ssiii^ only tliroii);li the mainaihl 
 111 all i'lix'!* ; wliicli a liJit 
 it niiist be fii.steia'il as prcsailiC.I 
 i-e of the relative (iimensimis "f 
 ler keelsons be lilted, llieynm-i 
 tbroiiKli bolts, in miniln'r nil lo- 
 cry alternate timber, aiul nl' A'l 
 rUdo 1) lor satr/ilis of hecia ir. 
 of the deck nnd hold bcnins liav.' 
 80 ns to be determined bv Hit 
 iins nmid.ships, ns sliuwii in laliK' 
 rt'ill bo required to he ef the hik 
 beiiin, except those at tlio .iltir 
 , which may be reduced lu pro- 
 leiinth. If beams of spriire i" 
 used, the sidinj,' at such Ix.™' 
 than is prescrilwd by the iil'"*> 
 nereiised each way, sidini,- "ml 
 in men to thnt nmonnt. 
 re iron beams are titled m vi.*.^ 
 13 of ench deck arc to be i( I'l 
 than is required by the ru.os 
 of iron, in consideration ol W 
 letween; and the depth of li.«r 
 mnsist.i beiii.mi^edone.nch. 
 ween lnan.s of tli. fvwal -cck. 
 the spaces at prosont alloiv J fo 
 
 ■^pcr rnle, sec. 41. !•>''''" 
 ■e stringer plates riveted on ihcir 
 
 SKI I'M, H 
 
 oiiiK mid lie-plntei, forn iitiil lift, on eneli Kiile rif 
 
 • hi. lialiliwilVH, ill accoriliince willi the iiiles I'nr 
 iriiil nhips, »'ei'. I.'i, ami In be of llie iliMieiisiiilis 
 priiiind ill Table (i, or of Hlreii^;lli equal tlierelo. 
 I'.iriiis are I" Mibiiiil. Ibriiii;;li llie reideiil fiir 
 J Mir, 111! ir pliiii* lor atlaebiiij; iimi Ih ms in ilii 
 .hiii'ii si'lcH, for the ciiiniiiilleeV apjirnval. 
 
 II, 'llie beani.s nf all decks In be in iiiiiiilier ami 
 
 .;.,. as Inreinafter Hpri'illed, ami be securely 
 
 li.trlli'il to till' sides eilher with Imlniiit; knees of 
 
 ir.ia or woml, or with i\ shelf iiieeit and water 
 
 «;ivs, or willl U hIicII' -pieci' aiid knees, or with 
 
 M.iiii' oilier Hi'i'iirity eipial Iherelo; and, in ad 
 
 iliiiiiii, all ships of l.'iil tons and iilinve to liiivc 
 
 nrliial knees to the deck Is'iiins ; and tliuse of 
 
 'iiiii liiiiH and above III lii.t'o vertical knees tn the 
 
 ImM lii'UMis, in niiniber as slinwn in 'I'lilde I'). 
 
 Uliiii lie' transverse seclioiml area of the slielf- 
 
 iiii.Ts and waterways are e.ich eqiiiil in cniiteiils 
 
 ti ilii' transverse seilional area of the hrains of 
 
 tlnir respective decks at tlnir ends ns niveii in 
 
 Tiihli' (', and the heaiiis are either dowelled or 
 
 iliivi'liiiled tn their shelf-pieces and w.ilerways, 
 
 aiii! lliu shelves and waterways are pmperly 
 
 -hirinl. scarpheil, and throti^'h bolted, haviii{Lr also 
 
 II li;iiij;iii|; knee to the lower side of every beam 
 
 iii.l. lliiii lo.l^;in^,'-kIlees may he dispensed with, 
 
 i\ii|ii, in the mast moms. In ships of oOil inns 
 
 iiiil iimler, where lod^;illK-kIlees properly liidtid 
 
 .ir.' iipplied, the ordinary |dniik-chinips may he 
 
 ii.iil, but 'lie thrniiH;li boltinj? of tlieiii at alternate 
 
 iniilicrH, as per 'rahle M, cannot be dispensed with. 
 
 hi vrssi'ls of 111 feet, and under l.'i feet bold, the 
 
 ^|sii'iiiK of the hold beuiils not lo c.vceed « feet 
 
 .■i|isrl.nnd the deck heains •! feet : in vessels of l.'» 
 
 flit and under IH feet bold, the spneiii;; not to 
 
 oxmil H feel and l feet ajiart alternately, or in 
 
 lliat |iropiirtion ; the deck beams lo be placed one 
 
 iivrr L'very hold beam, and one in all double 
 
 >]iari's: in vessels of \H feet hold and above, the 
 
 «liiuiii|,' of the beams not to exceed i feet II 
 
 iiulii's; the deck beams to be one over every hold 
 
 I'Min. The depth in nil such cases to be deter- 
 
 niiiuilby takiii(,' Ihe measure from the top of the 
 
 limlicr-strake (the thickness of which, for inea- 
 
 'iinmcnt, to be taken as iiresi'ribed in Table IS) 
 
 111 tlie top of the iipp.i deck beains. .Ships 
 
 liaviii),' a depth of liold, iiieusiired from the 
 
 liiiiliiT Urake tn the iiiuler side of the lower deck 
 
 i)t,ini, uliiive K! feet but not exceeding l.'i fiei, 
 
 miift be secured with iron riders of the .sizes, and 
 
 lie fctciiid, ns shown in Table l'\ and in number 
 
 Hilt loss than one on every fourth lloor, on each 
 
 siilf, from fore side of fore-mast lo aft side of 
 
 niizoii-innst, to extend from the lower deck beams 
 
 ilowiiwards, so ns to receive not less than two 
 
 Iwllj ill n substantial jinrt of the Hours; or by 
 
 "rliip bcaniH, sullicient in number and properly 
 
 firiircd. All ships having two decks (viz. upper 
 
 .■uiil lower deck), niid exceeding 24 feet in depth 
 
 frrnn the top of the limber-strnko to the top of 
 
 llic ii|ipcr deck beams, or li.aving three decks (viz. 
 
 upper, middle, nnd lower deck), and exceeding 21 
 
 fci'l in depth from the under side of the middle 
 
 ilcek, to have orlu]) benmfl, the number to hi; in no 
 
 cascle.ss than one-half the number of lower deck 
 
 beams in the spncc between the foremast nnd the 
 
 nii/cn-nmst, except in the case of flii.sh-dcck 
 
 ships, whou a depth of 25 feet will be nllowed, 
 
 provided in eith'r case the lower hold does not 
 
 exceed 15 feet, mcnsured as above from the limber- 
 
 ►trakos to the under side of the lower deck beam. 
 
 f'lujukl a house be con.struetcd on a Hush-deck 
 
 sliip for lodging erew or for store-room, the same 
 
 nut to extend nft beyond 10 feet from the mizeii- 
 
 mast. The npplicniion of this rule to liritisli 
 
 ^nrth American built ships and fir ships will not 
 
 IIII'l'INti 
 
 Vi.M 
 
 exetniit them from the full operation of the riilr, 
 
 Hfi', li'J. All dinii'iisiniis, f;isteiiin:;s, nnd bull., ot* 
 the liiiildle ilei'K ill vessels havilli; three decks 
 (vi/. upper, mi Idle, and lower deck) lo be llio 
 
 siiiiie III ill drscrllied ill Ihe Tables liir the 
 
 upper dt'ck of ships bavin;; iiiily two diiks; and 
 II rediielioii of ,\ finiii the iliiiieii^inil'i. I'a'l 
 ciiiii;;s, iiml bulls pre.icrilieil in the Tables, I'lr 
 the upper deck of les-els bavin;; only Iwn (viz. 
 upper and Imver deck), will be iillnwcd in llio 
 
 lliird or upper deck, by sm nlbd a spar deck. 
 
 The middle deck In be a perfect dick laid and 
 caulked. The iiniled len;;llis nf poop and fore- 
 caslle not III exceed ! of llie eiilire length i.f 
 the upper deck (sec. ;lH), All tiiiiliirs of lliii 
 I'l'miie inelnding poop and fiireca.<lli' In extend 
 In Ihe exlreine lieighl. I'',very ship exceed- 
 ing l.'iO Inns to have al lea-'l oiie criiteli I'nr tlie 
 seeiirily if the keels nf llie iiller linilier of llio 
 I'raine; one pair of puinli rs in ailililinii Inn kiieii 
 lit each end nf the wiiii; tr.iiisiiin In euiiiieet the 
 stern Irame with Ihi' iili< r lnnly of the ship; and 
 a Iriinsniii nvi r the ki'U of the rierii liinhers 
 properly kneed. The linls of Ihe c.nil limbers 
 Innvard and aft In bo iitepped into the deaihvoisl 
 and biilli'd throngli, 
 
 I'J. Shifts of tiiiibir in ships of 'Jill) tons ntiit 
 upwards, lo be not less ihnn ', nf the main bri'iidlb; 
 and in ships under 'Jiin Inns, tn be mil less than 
 Ii of the main breadtli. 
 
 I'tnnk. — l.'i. The mil ide planking; tube of good 
 ipi.'ilily, of the des(;ri|ilinii prescribed in Table A, 
 to be clear of sap and free frniii all delects. 
 
 'II. 'llie inside planking In be of th.' description 
 shown in Table A, and frei; frnm all fnxy, driixy, 
 or decayed knots. With regard to the ceiling 
 lilank, and the elticiency of its fastening, it will 
 lie reipiireil ihat iho phinkiiig .shall be properly 
 shifted and fastened, snlliat I here shall be at leiust 
 either trei'iiails or tlirnii;;li bolts, or short bidt.-, in 
 each plank of the ceiling in i;very timber. 
 
 't.'i, .No butts tn be nearer than 5 feel lo ( acli 
 other (sec. IJil), unless there be a strake wroiiKlit 
 
 between them, ami then a dislani f 1 I'eet will 
 
 be allowed; and no bulls to be on the same 
 timber, unless there be threi' strakes between, 
 as more particularly shown in the diagram an- 
 nexed (see I'late), hut vessels iiiiiler '.'I' tons will 
 be exempted from the full opeiatinn of this rule; 
 and in shipsof larger lonna;;e a literal compliance 
 with it will be dis|i<'n.s(';l with in cases wherein it 
 iiiay bo satisfactorily proved that the departiiri' 
 from Ihe rule is only "pari iai, being conlincd to the 
 ends of the ship, or the planking of the topside, 
 and does not iiijnrioiisly all'ect the ship's general 
 strenglh ; but such relaxalion will not be sanc- 
 tioned unless an accurate description of the .shift- 
 ing of the plank be trnnsniitted by the surveyors, 
 to eiinblc the eonimittcc to form a proper judgment 
 o: thccnse. 
 
 The thickness of the plnnk, according to the 
 toiningi; of the ship, is not in in any instance to bo 
 less than is proscribed in Table 1!. 
 
 The breadth of the wales in every case is to be 
 regulated as under, viz. : — 
 
 When the extreme length of the ship, measured 
 from the fore-part of the .stem to the after-part of 
 the stern-post on the range of iqiper deck, is six 
 times her depth of bidi' (and under), the wales 
 are to bo in breadth 3 uiches to every foot of the 
 de|itli of bold. 
 
 When the extreme lcni;th of the ship is eight 
 times her depth of hold, the wales are to lj«; in 
 breadth 3^ inches to every foot of the depth of 
 hold. 
 
 When the extreme length of the ship is ten 
 times her depth of hold (and above), the wales are 
 
 .!ii' 
 
 
 '\n 
 
 ■;;■;■ 1 
 
I ! 
 
 •♦'' 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 V I 
 
 SIIII'M. SIIII'I'INd 
 
 llll t ill. Ill 4 (ii I'Xi'lV fiml III' llll> 
 
 iiiti<riiiriliiiii' iliiiuiiHiiiiit ill ilii'Hit 
 
 <: I » 
 
 if : I 
 
 »i> 111' in lirrM 
 
 <l>'ptll llt'llnlil, 
 
 \miI iillicr 
 
 |irii|ii>rliiiiiH, 
 
 I^'iihIi iiiniiH, 'til. 'i'iri'iiiiir< III Ix' III' );iiiii| ijiiirjil V, 
 mill III n ilrHiriplliiii n|iiiil In llii> IumI iiiiilrriMl 
 llii'Mii'.li nlili'li llii'v iiiinm: il, liumvir, in Mlii|i'i 
 liiiill III llll' lliili'li Nnrlli AtiK'iiriili rnlimirH, nr 
 tit III I ii'i'iitiiirt lie iiti'.l nt iiitili'ri.'ilt iiiil iiil'rriiir In 
 (lii>-'i'i'iiiii|itiHi'il ill jiiii' No, '.Mil Tiilili' .\, liirliiillni; 
 iix'ii'-l iiiiij nil .\u<liiiliiiii mill li'i>|>iriil IdihI wiimh 
 III' iliiialili' i|iiiililt , mill liriili ill llll' III lliiiii iiiil 
 liii.'lii'i' llimi lliiiir lii'iiili. a iinliiliiiii nl' ' l/niil 
 U luui t'liiiiiiiln ' \\{\\ III' iiiHi'i It'll ii);iiiiiMl llll' 
 itliiii's nmiii' ill till' ii'^;i'<l I I' Imnlt. Tin' Iri'i'iiiilU 
 llir 111 III' striiii;lil miil lirrilliir, lirill;;- I'illii'l- 
 i'ni;iiii' liirnril, riiiii|iri'HMi'il, nr jilmii'il, imt ^^niiii 
 till nr kiiiiiiN, :iiiil mill III' liri' riniii 'iMji miil 
 lii;lill\ iIiIm'IMIikI in nil i.rr^ llii' inrii.'iils iirc In 
 III' rllli'ii'llllN I'lllllUril III' Urilf^nl nlllsilli'. III llll 
 t'liirt ill »liirli jiliinUs iiliiiM' II inrlii'i in «vlillli 
 hIi.'iII III' nsril, lIli'N iniisi In' ilmilili' ImkIi'IuiI ; miil 
 lliiisi' iiliDM' M i;;i'|ii's iiiwiillli must lii' I ii'i'iiiiili'il 
 iliMililr illiil siii'li', r\ri {i| Imlls inli'ivrlit' ; ainl il' 
 li'ss llian thai »iiltli, llini in lir Irrriiailnl r>iin;li', 
 Nnl Ir^s lli.'in i III' llll' iri'i'iiailM nrr In lii' 
 tlrivi'ii llii'niii'.li llll' iiisiili' |ilaiiKiiiir. I'laniiit Af. 
 I'.vi'n' ImiII ill t'.'irli iml-'iili' |ilmil\ in Im t'aiti'liril 
 «illi Iwii linlls, mil' III' wliirli m.'iv In' in lln' ail 
 
 jnlllill)^' tilllliiT, .'Itlil I'lli'ln III' llirnll^ll allll I'li'llrlll'il. 
 
 W lii'ii' lliirU naiiiiianl m|i.'iUi'm arr ii-iil. ilir'. inii't 
 III' linlli'il liini/niilallv tlirim);li Hit' kcrl mi.l I'arli 
 
 nllliT. Till' liili;!'-! In 111' Mi'ini'il «illl Imlls NO 
 
 |ila('i'il llial li'nin lli" innni.'i'^l, I'Mriiiliii;;' ii ilii- 
 laili'ti all i'i|lial In I nl' llii' li'lli;lli nl' llli' ki'rl, 
 lliiTi' shall, ill Hliips iiiiili'r IIIHI imiH, lii< al Ira.sl 
 mil' linll lliriiin;li mill I'li'iii'liril in rarli llr.-i| I'nol ■ 
 llnnk ; ailil llial ill .--lll|i| nl .'IHH tnlls allil n|i\varils 
 tliiTc hIwiII Ih' al Irasi J Imlls ilniin^li .mil I'li'iirlii'il 
 I'nr t'ai'll sr nl' IiiiiIhtm in nnr nr nllnr nl' llir tliirU 
 liili;i' slraki'j. All llif linllM nl' llu' kncr.s, liri'.'isl- 
 linnkH, crnlilii's, riili'is, iran-inins, iminli'rs, miil 
 ki'i'lsnns, slii'lt' |ii.i'rs, w.iti'rwavs, Inrls nl' liniliir 
 .'liV'iin.st t'nrt' anil allir ili'.'iilwnnil, ami nl' all nllirr 
 inali'rial la.s|rninj;s. an' In In' ihivrii tlirniif^li ami 
 rli'iii'liril nil riiii^s nl' tlii' s.'iini' milal as tlu' IhiIIs, 
 Till' np anil ilnwn Imlls In lln' Unrr-t In lirmiiM nrr 
 iml ri'i|iiii'('il In 111' llirnn;;ll llii' ili'ik, Iml »lirllirr 
 flriii'lit'il npnii till' lii'ains, nr npnii llli' iliik. lliry 
 lUiist 111- I'linrliril nil riiiL^M nl llin .sanir milal as 
 till' Imlls. Till' ■_' Imlls, llio nr.iirsi In llii' rrnwns 
 <i|' tlii'])inllrs mill lirai'i'.s nl' llif nnliU'r, aii' alsn In 
 111' lliriiiij;li anil ili'inliril, llinsi' lliniii;;Ii llic lir.'U't'M 
 In 1)0 ill llir lii.'iin piiii' nl' sirrn pn.sl. I'lir limlii'r- 
 sivaki'-i III III' Imlli'il ilnivn In lIu' llnnis, ami mii' 
 linlt in I'Vfrv llnnr.nii rai'li siilt'. In lii' tlirnnf;li ami 
 I'lrr.i'lioil. U'alrri'iiiirsi't ,'iri' tn lu' ]irii|ii'rlv t'nriiiril 
 nt iiniliTsiilxiirall tlnnrs ami tniitlinnks al tlii'litn- 
 lii'rs nil oai'li siili' nt' miililli' liiii', .'<ii as In allow 
 u.'iti'r tn ri'ai'li tin' iiiiin|is I'rii'ly. When llir IiitIs 
 I't" till' first rnotlinnks nu'it, at tin' niiiUUi' lino 
 tm tlio kofl miller tlio ki'olsnn (oitlior with I'nll 
 niniililiii!; nr with luittoil I'linoks) llio throiij^h 
 linliiiif; of llu' linibor-strakes may bo (li.spciisoil 
 with. 
 
 .\ii aililitiniial yoar will ho allowoil tn all ship.'< 
 ft' tho A ili.arai'li'r, it' fastoiioil oxiornallv with 
 troonails. ami willi onppor nr yollmv inoi.'tl linlln 
 ami ilinnps. tn tho oxi'ln.sinn nt' irnii, I'rniii tho 
 In'.vor part nt' ko 1 np lo the lii'i;;lit, nl' j nl' 
 llio iloplh of holil, lii'low tho upper siilo of the 
 upper ilook, in ono. or two, or tlireo.-tlookoil sliipft 
 (not hi'iii^ spar-iloi'koil ships), aiul hoUnv upper 
 Hide of tho main or tonnajie-iliek in spar-ileokoil 
 ."hips, above whioh all fasieiiini;s of every doserip- 
 tii'H onlsule, mill the whole of the iiisido fasteniiiKfi 
 must be properly jjalvaniseil, except the frame 
 
 liolli, anil till' Imll I in imn ''liaji-i mi iimj,,., 
 otiirrn i 'O ailinitlr'l nl in .. 
 
 Anil two vi'iiri will In' ii'lilril In till' A rli.iriii't,, 
 if, in lii'ii oi Iroi nails iiIiom' llm llnnr lii;ii|., d,,, 
 wlmlo of Iho plaiikiii)' is lasloiii'il »illi |i,,||,„, 
 I'nppir, nr yi'ilnw imtal. In llio iiIhim' ||^,|,„.,| 
 hrii'lil, ami hIiii\ I' siii'h lii'i^'hl Willi imipi'rjv if||{ 
 vanisiil iron Imll', ,M1 iiisiilo lasiinnuis liiilnti,, 
 
 ailiiiilli'il III ir imliiiliin; all I'laiiii' Ihi|i<, iiim 
 
 linlli ill iron slrapi mi linilii'r<,iir frlni'i'n |^^, 
 llilikiiiH .OS of iiiilsiilo planking, niuii ^|,„ |, 
 proporly jralvani nil. 
 
 In all i'H'i'i nl i lilpi ilaimiiiK oMra liim. ,,,1 1||, 
 .\ I'liarai'lrr, tho rhaiii iiml proviiilir Iu.Im iir,.|„ 
 111' 1. 1 prnpirly calMini od iron, Iml llu. |m,||^ j,, 
 
 liri'ls of timhir iilinlliin; ai;iiiiis| ijiniht | |;,, 
 
 wiiril and all, iiiiisl lio nl' onppir nr \i1I.ih niiinj 
 
 In all Ml. Il rasi'H nl' snlisiidiiimi, j|„. |„,|,., ,,^^^^^ 
 bo in mimliir Iho sanio as is alnaih iirisirilmi 
 above for troonails; llio pni|iorliiiii'ii|' ijifiin^i, 
 bolls must bo al loasl Iwn Ihirili (wlniu'Vir 
 nirl.'d fisli'iiiiii^s lire lo ril in lion oj' irri'Miiilt ijij, 
 pnipiirlinii miisi bo nburvoil) ; aiidall (li|.||ir!,ii|,|, 
 iii'lls inii'l bo nf malloablo niolal, and rli'tiiln.,! mi 
 rinifs (nl'tlio same niol:il) iiisnlo. 'I'h,. sj/cs niii,,, 
 eoppor or iiii\"'l niolal bolls niiist. ho n!i innlir, 
 vi/.. : 
 
 111 sit))., ..| I '.Il l.iti. .titti iiiiili-r '.'llniiiiiq 
 ■.'IWl ,, .Tilt ,, 
 
 .■^Ml ,, .Mi.i ,, 
 
 .Mill „ ;i.ii ,, 
 
 7I1II ,, 'iiiii „ 
 
 'l.ill llltl .llt.iv,' 
 
 and the loiiKllis of tho short holts iml l.ii iji.in » 
 follows, vl/.. :— 
 
 ^ III . 
 •J in.,. 
 
 1:' '"• ■ ' 
 
 ;?Ni 
 
 I.. In. 1 ; 
 1 III. '' ' 
 
 \t'll.'ll null III I'lllik i,tuiU>. I" 
 
 ■1 .. 
 I 
 
 ' In. l.'itK 
 
 1 . .illliT ll.i,!, 
 
 Imlls r('i|llirr.l III li 
 OSS tliaii is ^lun^l: ri 
 
 mid '11 on in prnpnrtion for 
 nossi's. The si/OS of tin 
 several parts iiiiisl not bo 
 I'alilo I). 
 
 17. In every ease where the hnit iiml lii'^vliili 
 are mil Ihrniiuh and elonoliod, niie yi'iir will !« 
 dodiiitod tniiii the porind whii'li wnii'lil uthipiiv 
 be nssi^;iiod in the elassiliealinii nl' tlio vi'-iil. 
 
 IS. 'I'lie soanlliiHjs and dinionsiiiiii f,.r ;il| ,.i,:i'l 
 vessels to be pio)iiirlinnaloly ro^jiilatoil, ^Tmlili 
 In Iho snoiely 's Tablo II. 
 
 •111. Shi^is siirvoyod while biiililin^', in wliiihnll 
 tho niateiials roipiirod for a I'.' years' <!ii;. -Ii.ill 
 have boon used, and innsl nf llio oilier rr.|ui-iii'' 
 fur thai unido fiillilled, lint whioh, Iroin |.:ii!ul 
 dotieioneios, may lint aiipoar In ho in all u-yut' 
 onlillod tn the lull (lorioil, although su|iiri.'r|i'l!)' 
 deseriplion of a II) vears' ship, may lie ni.irk..: In 
 the book tlins, 1 1 A ; llloreliy tloiintilli; lli.lt lli.v 
 are to remain on that ;;raile II years. |iri'\i.l>''' 
 they bo kept in n state of eirieienl repair. 
 
 .^11. Ships .surveyed while hiiililin);, In wliiili 
 every allornato sot nf timiieis are Iraiiu'-lulwi 
 toiielhor lliion^rhimt their eiiliro lenjilh.'i, aini A' 
 soanllin(j; and shifts of tho limhers, tlio tlll,■kln'^■ 
 and shifts of the planl-s, and si/.e of fastiiiiu:- 
 may be Iho .saino as are roipiirod liy llie rnli'.s an' 
 tlio de.seriplion of materials preserilioil in I'alilo .\ 
 shall also have boon used, loit in wliieli ihi' fraraf 
 is not so well sipiated as is rt iniroil for I'.' yoar- 
 ships, but whieli sludl lie in oilier rospi'clj O'lual 
 thereto, shall be marked ID A : tlu-n-by ilciiotin.' 
 that they are to n niiiiii nii tint grailo for 1" 
 years, provided they ho kojit !'.• a .«lato of litem 
 repair. 
 
 r>l. In all other ea.scs .-hips surveyed wlino 
 
 «'! 
 
SHIP 
 
 >llll'l'IN(i 
 
 I •.'.in 
 
 I < III iiMii .'<liii|>i on tiiiili.r 
 III III .. 
 
 II III' mlilril 111 III!' A iliiiriiftft 
 
 Jl^ llllIlM' ill" lllior lli'lllji, ilir 
 
 >iiit! U lll^<l<'lll'll uilli In.lu,. 
 iikIiiI, 111 111'" iiliiiM' ii;uiii : 
 
 III li liin;lil will" jiii'iiirU I'li; 
 All iii-i'li' liiiti'lilii;,'H liiilmi.. 
 
 iiiclinliMi; nil riiiiiii' Ik>|i.,.iiv 
 
 •1 im liiiiliiTi, ur IuIhiiii In 
 
 iHiilii |iliiiiUiiiK, iiiiHl iiKii !, 
 
 I. 
 
 iji'i cliiiiiiiiu; rsirn lliiii' i,n ili 
 
 mill mill jirrvrillrr liii||< ;irM . 
 
 uliiJM'il iriili, lull llli' Imlh i,' 
 
 iiitiiiu; iii;iiiiii| iIi'iiiIhiiiiiI, i'iit 
 
 1 I I' CiilHirr ur Vi llnu lll.hil. 
 
 Ill' Kllllslillllillll, till' IhiIH IIMI-, 
 
 ' Hiinii' iH ix iilrriiily iiri'-irllml 
 -i; iliii |irii|iiirliiiii 111 lliriHuii 
 I IimihI I«ii lliirili (wliiiin.r 
 re II' I'll ill lii'ii 111' Iri'i'iiiiil-i, till, 
 > iili'.rrvi'il) ; mill nil llii>ilirHii-l. 
 lalli'iilili' iiu'liil, ami i Iruiliiil m'i 
 iiii'lal) iiiHiilr. Till' sizMuiili,' 
 iiii'lal ImiIIh iiiuhL III' A* iiiiii'T. 
 
 lii.lir '.'111 liilln 
 .Til) „ 
 .'ilHI II 
 
 ; 
 
 '• 111 . 
 
 i;! '"'!.! 
 i'l'l." 
 
 1'. 
 
 II. In, 
 
 rilif hIuii-I Imll^ lliil 1 
 
 III i.l.ink iir'Mlii' I"'-' 111. I"ii|l 
 
 Hull ;;- 
 
 irliimfiir \ ■'lli''f I'li 
 
 III' llii Imll.i rt'ijiiirril ill il 
 st mil ln' !i'Ms limn i.i shown in 
 
 ISC wluTP llir Imit imilliili;i'l'ili< 
 Miiil rli'iiclii'il, mil' .vi'iir will !'■ 
 
 Iii'riiiil wliii'li woiilil nllii'PiK 
 las!<irK'iiliiiii ill' till' vi'-<i'l. 
 ii|.;s ami ilinu'ii^iniH fiT all r:yi 
 
 rliiinatolv ii'Kiiliileil, imroaUy 
 al.U- II. 
 
 ■il wliili' liiiililin^'. iinvlHilKill 
 iiiriMl fur a I 'J vcnvs' iliii' ■''''" 
 mil imisl 111' tlic'iilliiT rniiii-ili" 
 
 llilli'il, liiit uliii'li, frmn i'iirii:il 
 
 ii|i|U'ar 111 111' ill nil 'I'-l'"'* 
 
 11 |ii'rioil,allluiUi;lisiiiu'rii'ri.'llh' 
 II vi'ar.s" Nlii|i, iiiiiv lio iiiiirki'lin 
 1 A ; llKT.'liv iliMi.'.tiiii; ili:il ih'V 
 
 tlmt Kfi'ili' " y™'^' 1''"" 
 sitatn of I'lVicii'iil ri'piiir. 
 (.v.'il whilo luiililiii!;. in «l;'>'l 
 .«ct of liin'.iiM-s arc fraim'-l"';;''' 
 mt their I'liliri- li'iiclli-S a"'' '"' 
 ri.sdf tlio tiiiilicrs. lliotlu.imss 
 nlaiil's, ami sizo of fa.<Miiii.'- 
 asarero.iuiro.llntlioruW.'.tn 
 
 ' luatoriftU I""!'*''"'"''' '" ' '' 
 .,.„ „s,.il, b'lt ill wlii.'h tho trarai; 
 latotl as is n imri'ii for I'-! vcar- 
 shall 111' ill I 111''"' ""-"l'""'* 'H""' 
 niarkoiUOA; ihoreby .loiiotm^ 
 
 , n main on tin! gnw;' ''". ' 
 U.'v iM'k.'iit'va.-tati'.'litVii-'H 
 
 l.iiililiii)(. iiinl •'••ii''lriii'l<'<l of lhi> inali'rlal.4 nf i^iumI 
 
 1,1, IV, ilmwii ill till' wiclt'lv'H 'I'alili' \, Hilj III' 
 
 illiiwril I'll' "I'^if"' I'TIIH 111' yi'iiri n ".|in II', I'ly 
 
 iiiimiiili'ili |iriiviili'il llii'y 111' krjil ill II Hiali' n!' 
 
 .ili'iiiil rr|iiiir. \li "lii|M I liiiili lir niirM y, 
 
 wliilliir in Ihi' I'll III! Kiiii'iluiii nr iilinuiil, lor 
 uliii II II 1 liiirai 11 r may In' rliiiiiiiil, iiiiimI lio (ilaroil 
 ,„,l,v iliii'k I r lanl on lilorUn in nrilir lliiil lliiir 
 l.iliiiiiii liiil,*' '"' "''I'" '""' ino|"''''> I'xaniiiii'il ; 
 llii'v will alio 111' n'i|iili'i'il tiilia\i' lliiir liiiilH'r< 
 .iiiiiiildily I'^jiiKi'il 'i" •'VMiiiiiialioii, liy II |ilaiilt 
 „i li-liMK, 111 thi' Miirvryur (ulm iiiiisl lie an I'x 
 ,|,i,ni' (ililri 1 of till' Niirii'ls I iiiiiy dirii'l, liiiii'; 
 Ijkiii mil, I'lllnr iii--iili' nr i. 'iMiili', all Inri' iiinl nil, 
 „nliiilliiiiili"i' i'i|ii<il Ilium' I'l.iiri' slinki', nl llir lir-<l 
 l,i.lliiHik Innli. mill anolliir littwriii ilr.'ltM, iiinl a 
 1,« iiriiiaih niii-'l liKr»i-'i' 111' 'Irivi II mil, so lliat 
 till' "iirvi'viiF'', liom iii'lmil iii'<|ii'rlioii, may ho 
 ,.iu-liri| wlii'lliir or iiol liny arc of llio i|iialil\ 
 III! iii.iki' jiri'si rilii'il liv till' rnli'sj ami llir hiiiiii' 
 liiiii; lliiii iiirrrlaiiirii, shall In' ri'|iiirli'il In Ih > 
 miiiiiiillri', anil " rharai'li r ii-si(^in'i|. If I ho shi)! 
 1,1' |IH) liiiH ami ii|i« arils, llm siirNoy iiiiisl, ho 
 nimli' hv two niirvrynrs, ami tlnir ri'imrt nIkiiihI 
 ;i,'i'iirliii;:ly. 
 
 .,.'. .sliijis hnill iiiiiliT II Hiili-<laiilial ami I'lliiiriil. 
 ri'ol, ki'pl ill i;o'iil ri'jiair, uliiili hliall iiroji'il al 
 
 irli I'li'l hi'V I tho Ii'IikIIi, ami mi oaili khIo 
 
 Ih'MIiiI till' linaillli, a i|iiaiilily rijiial In half I ho 
 liri'.'iillli iif till' vi'ssi'l. shall liavo I yoar inlilril tn 
 Ih'' iHriiiil iiri'sirilinl, |iriivi'lril lliov shall havo 
 lii'ii Mirvrvnl whilst hiiililiii);', ami hliall havo 
 IK "iipii'il a liirioil of mil h"!'* than I'J iminths in 
 till irnniilriirl ion. ami ill whli'li no plunk, i'\ri'|il, 
 
 ]. Iii||ii»^, sliall liavr I II worki'il iiiilil tl \ 
 
 liMliiiii iif III li asl ;i Mioiilhs altrr tlii' friinio was 
 r.im|ilrloil, viz.: not iiioro lliaii 11 straki's nf 
 liil.i I'laiiLsanil ~ slrakcsnf inilsiilc plank in tho 
 \ii\ iiiiai'h liiT of hoaiiis, also llir rlainps iiisiilo, 
 •iiili.il Ihi' lii'iiins may ho put in tlnir pliii'is. In 
 ^lli|ls lint I'xi'i'i'iliii^' •liiK tons, n ri'laxatinii of iho 
 Mriinl liiTiiii nipiinil may lio allnwi'il (hnt not, 
 ix<T<'>rni^' 1 iiiiiiiths) priiviili'il a|i|ilii'ali<iii ho iiiailo 
 t'lihi riiiiinilhi', who will appoint, a spooial siir- 
 vi'v, ami who will ri'ipiiro ix ri'piirl. of tin" ihito 
 uliiii llii' liinlirr was I'l'llnl, its ('omlitinii iiflor 
 |<illL'^illl'll anil moiilili'il, ami ntarknl for wasoii- 
 iii;. anil iiImi wIioii in fraii'i'. 
 
 il. >lii|H hnill ill the rnilcil Kiiif;i|iiiii; or in 
 ijiiiiii'i'; III SI. .loliii. New llriinswii'k ; ur Mi- 
 niiiii'lii, ami iinrllii'in ports of New nninswick, ur 
 III I'riiii'c I'.ihvaril Ishiinl, or hnill in Nova Srolia 
 Jll'T INDI; anil not sii; vrynl whiUi hiiihliii^; hy 
 ill" Mirvcyors tn this so('i"ly, nml alt ships, tho 
 iiivinT-iiir liiiiliirrs of which may havo nfiisnl or 
 'ii'diiii'il to iicriiiit. iIh'iii tu ho siirvcyi'il at tho 
 -rviral ]iorioils pri'scrihoil hy tlm rules, will Imvo 
 I yrar ili'iliii'tod from tho |H.'rio(l which woiiM 
 otliinvisc linvo hocii assinncil, in coiiscipioiico of 
 tlifir not liaviii;; hoonsnhiiiittcil In survey iliirint; 
 ihtir constriii'lion. In mi i.'a.se, hnwevir, will a 
 liifliiTcraile than 1(1 A he nssi;;no(l to ships hnill 
 iniiio I'liiti'il Kiii;;ilom wliicli hIiuU not have heeii 
 wvcycd whilo liiiililiii}^. 
 
 Omtinualimiif Slii/iH A. — ."il. If, nn the fertni- 
 natiun III' tlio iicrind of i)ri<^iiial (lesi);iintiuii, or 
 il at any sub.ncquent perioil, not exceeding; \ of 
 Itip niiniliir of years nssiKued oriKimilly, or (in 
 ttsliiraliun, nii owner should wish to have his ship 
 remain, i.f lie roiilaccd on the letter A (see. i'llt), ho 
 iitiisi'mla written notice thereof tn the secretary, 
 11"! the (.'iimniiltec .shall then direct ii special 
 survey, a.'j follows, to ho held by not less than two 
 tiim|K;tciit pi'rHons to be appointed by the cnin- 
 mittcc, one of them to lie u Huiveyor, tho exclusive 
 ifct of the society :— 
 .S'lirrfy.— Xo. l.—Tho ship to be cither placed 
 
 III dry duck or laid on lilmks, nu Ihiil the kei-l 
 liiay he < s.'imiiii'il, iiml he Hcrilpi il ur dnhheil 
 hri'lil fioiii Ihi' |j|;lil wiilir mark iipwanh. In 
 ilmliiii; llio plank ihiin ami waterways, ho as In 
 expii.i'tho Miirliii' III ihi' |.|;iiik lu \ ii w. Il llic 
 •.hip Ini'. h.'iii sliialhi'il wilh wood over foil, 
 
 III ili'iii'il will ppir or miMil no lid iiaili. williiii 
 
 iipiriod ul .1 M'.iri, and Ilio plaiil, (ruin the licht 
 walir mark iipw'irdi sliall. wlnii lo f-hiallnil, 
 
 have hi'i'ii hri hti I, and iIh' nimliliun ul Ihe 
 
 111 lit s, plaid.iiir, Iri'i'iiail Mind ranlkiiii; iiici'itiiiiii'd, 
 
 and liHDiiriihly ii'iiurlid ii| hy Iho siirveynrs ; 
 
 and piiiviih'il Hull Ihr fhnliii", which cover'i Hie 
 liimliii', hulls and rail purl', and n Htrake of 
 •dii'mhiii'; all lino and aft on each side under Iho 
 Willi's 111' ri'iiiiivi'd, nml li 'lin;;s uf Hheathim; ciil 
 iiiil at liiioil I'lnls : iiml Iho ;ilaiikiii^, fa .leiiin^s, 
 and laidkiiij: so expusoil shall jirovc In In- in i;uod 
 ci.mliliiiii ! thin, on appliialion In the coiiiiiiiltee, 
 Iho sirippiii ' rriiiii Iho lir.ht water mark iipiviird< 
 iiiay ho di pill I'd willi ; hiii inIii'Iii'Vit I he slnalli- 
 
 iii;; is ri'imivrd, ll nl .iile plaiikiiiic ii to he 
 
 scr.'ipi'd or diihhi'd liri(;lil, mid exaimmd an pre 
 Hcrilii'd liy Iho iiliu\i' iiilc. 
 
 If Hie ship ha-'. Iieeii Mhoallied with imlal nilhiii 
 a poriud 111' :'. years "ml il '•hall appear In Ihe siir 
 veyni-t Ihal slrippiii); f'ruiii Hie li,;|il waler mark 
 iipwai'ds may he dispeirseil with, Iho la^o will 
 receive duo cuii .idcri.l inn uii ap|ilii','ilii,n tn |he 
 ciitiimillee. A li-.rniir, I imhei wide. In ho cut uiit 
 111' ceiliii;; III each I'lid uf Ihe liuhl rm hulli sides, 
 ,'. the eiiliro leii^'lh uf |l|e ship, lielwccii Ihe 
 kcelsrii and air course under linld heam cliiinp. 
 Itnlls, if of iruii, in iniinlier not Ici.i in iinv ea^ie 
 I hail li on ciii'li sidi'. in e.ieh raii).;e of deck la'deii 
 iii;;s, tn he ilriven mil ill ships of .'jlMl Ions and 
 iimler. and iiicn i . d In nninhir in prnporlinii In 
 the si/.e ul the ^ ' , , and one tnemiil tn he driven 
 nut in every .ii|irii.'ile fninie or fiinrlh liniher 
 helween Ihe. M|i|ii r ei!;;i' of I he wales and iilaiik- 
 slieers, and one in every allernale fraiiie or I'onrll. 
 limlier hoMveeii Iho upper cdKo of the wales and 
 the li>;lil walei' mark, and at Kmii ullier parls at 
 ihe linlloni as the Hiirvcyuis may direct, so as to 
 eiialile a jnd^meiil lu ho hirined a.< In the ^jeneral 
 slateuf the Ireemiils, liiiihers,aiiil of Ihe plalikin({ 
 ill the Ireeiiail holes. The hold tn ho cleared, aiiU 
 proper slii'.jes to he made liolh inside iiiid outside. 
 .Ml air ciinrses and Ihe liiiiher.s to he cleared for 
 the examination of Iho limhers. 'I'tic. wimlla.sM lo 
 he iiiihiiii^', and the wuud liniii|;s strip|>ed. The 
 III leiil ion of I he snrvcyur.s shall I lien he particularly 
 ilirei'ted tn the slate of the npiier <ir main deck 
 and coniin^rs, Ihe upper and lower deck holts, 
 whelher uf iron or copper, and the outside planks 
 tliron^h wliicli they pass, Ihe plankshners, water 
 ways, ami hcaiiis, so far as liny can h(^ examined ; 
 the hawse liniliers, kiii;;lil-lieads, lireastliooks, and 
 transoms; the Hours and keelsoiiH; the keel, 
 rudder, and windlass; the plaiikiii;^ oiil.siiht and 
 inside, and the treenaits; and the fiuiiie, and inner 
 surface of the nntside plaiikiiif;, whi're lliey can 
 he seen ; and the sheer and ({ciicral form of the 
 ship; the cnmlitioii of tin; oakum and caulking 
 also In he aseerlained, and lh<'shi|i to be eflieicntly 
 repaired with .suitable materials, an hereinafter 
 slated. Anchors, I'liblcs, and ^jeneral equipments 
 to lie iilteiided to as preserilied in hoch. 71 to 7(1. 
 
 Ill Itrilish North American built 8hip.s and lir 
 ships where tho middle line holts are of iron, their 
 condition is to be a.sccrtained; and if thiH be not 
 practicahle, additional holts ufKunicicnt iiize must 
 be driven throiiKli the keelson, tloors, and keel, in 
 each alternate frame, also through the iiteni, apron, 
 Htenipost, and dcadwood. 
 
 The surveyors shall Iransmit to tho committee 
 a detailed rc|)ort, aceompunicd by such observa- 
 
 ■III 
 
 ! J 
 
 ij 
 
 i 'i 
 
 J! 
 

 
 - I 
 
 i I 
 
 1 1 
 
 » iK- 
 
 .it:-::.- 
 
 
 
 120" 
 
 lions ns may occiir to lliciii, rroiii iiisiicctinii iif 
 tli(t N!ii|), or fniiii iiir<>rniiitiiiii nf V.w repairs ..hv. 
 iimv liavc rcct'ivcvl. If, rnmi (lie. rc|i(irt nf hiu'Ii 
 s|i('('i.il survey, llic Hlii|) nIi;i11 iip|i(iir hi lie in ii 
 Kciiiiiil and ('llii'icnl sliitt', llic I'lHiuiiilli't' sliall 
 continue Nticli nliip (in tlii' Idler A l'(ir Hiirli furl her 
 pcriiiil m tliiiy may tliiiik lit, imt. (•xcci'dii'LC. 
 iidwovcr, If ot the imnib'.;r iil' yearn uliieli liail 
 lieen iiri^iiially as.si;;nej, Huljecl tii llm nsual 
 animal survey. Sliips clasMcd A fur •! years, 
 \vill be allowed a conliimiilion lor 2 years, pro- 
 vided llnit, ill adililion to tlie above reipii.silions, 
 llie owners sliall have removed a sirake in IIk^ 
 topsid(s, fore and all, on bolli sides; Ibis, however, 
 will not. exempt, ships liiiilt in the Itrilish North 
 Amcriean colonies from the operation of the rule. 
 (Sec. C.I.) 
 
 .Ships so ronliiiued sliall bo <lisf.infrnishod in the 
 register "(ook by tlie niiinber <if years for v.hieh the 
 eliaraeier is exteiideil, bein(i; inserted sep.'iralely 
 under the number assii^ned on the ori{;inal elia- 
 raeier, thereby ilenolinf^ that the ship has been 
 found on survey in siieh )j;ood and ellieient order 
 as to en'itleherlo bo eontiiiiied for years. 
 
 The period assii^neil foreonlinnation will, iijion all 
 oeeasions, eommeneo from the lime the ship may 
 have {;oni! otVtho letter A, without roj^ard to the 
 dale when the survey lor tilis purp<ise uiay have 
 been held. (Kor periodieal surveys, see see. '.M.) 
 
 Siirvri/. — No. 'J. — Ihit should ft shipowner at 
 the period for coiitinualion as above deseribeil be 
 willing to sidijeet his ship to the followint; survey, 
 Ihe cominillee will eontiniie sueh ship for a longer 
 time, vi/. not cxeeedin;; jj beyond the term 
 ori^'iiinlly assigned, provided applieatioii bo lirst 
 made to the eonimillee for siieh survey. 
 
 And tortile purpose of holiliii^ such survey, the 
 ship must bo placed in dry doek or laid <iii Idocks 
 upon ways, so that the keel maybe rxaminod ; 
 all shoalliinK to bo cntireh' stripped ofTlho bottom 
 and elsewhere; nil the <iutsidc planking from li^lit 
 water-mark upwards, ineliidinj; tlio planksheors 
 and waterways, to be seranod or dubbed brij^ht ; 
 all tlio air courses and tho lindiers to bo cleared ; 
 the limbers of tho frame to be further exposed to 
 view by tho removal of (ilaukin;; equal to one 
 prrako fore and aft, on each side above the walos ; 
 a short plank in each biittoek ; n strake of planking 
 to bo removed, <ir listini? of outlieient breadth, not 
 less than '1 inches, all fore and afl, on each side, at 
 the discretion of tho surveyor, in the ceilinjj 
 above the iloor heads (or if the shipowner should 
 prefer it, a fltrnko of planking outside at the same 
 lieight), and a ro.isonablc number of treenail.s, in 
 addition to tho.so above nniiiod, so as to uscortniii 
 the state of the, lower timbers of the frame ; and in 
 crderto luscerlain the condition of the beam ends, 
 either a strnkc of deck next the waterways on each 
 sidr to III' ;,.kon out, ornn examination to be made 
 by boring each end, at the option of the shipowner; 
 iron bolts and treenails to bo driven out nt the 
 various parts as proscribed in Survey No. 1 ; ]iro- 
 por stages to be made both inside aiul outside; the 
 windliuss to be unhung, and the wood linings 
 stripped; and when in tlic stale above described, 
 the special survey to l)o held, as directed in Survey 
 No. 1, upon all the parts exposed to vicv ; the con- 
 dition of the oakum and caulking to bo ascertained ; 
 the ship to be otliciently rep.iirod with suitable 
 materials, as hereinafter stated. 
 
 The surveyors on these points sh.ill transmit to 
 tho committee a detailed rcpoii, .■.;-coinpanied bj' 
 such observations as may occur to them, from in- 
 spection of the sliij), or from infonnation of the 
 
 If, from the report 
 
 snil'8, SIlIIMMNd 
 
 wo ! 
 
 comniillee shall cniiliniie sueh ship nu the |(.|| 
 lor,Mueh further period as they lliink lll.ndi 
 ceoding, however, Iwo-lbirds of tlie niinili,, 
 years which had been originally as^j.;ii,.|| vj 
 so eiintiniiid shall IkmIIsI in'.',;iisbed in ||||. r,„ 
 book bv thi^ niiiiiber of yeais by wliicli Hi,,"', 
 racier is exii'iidi'd, bcMig iiiserled Mpaialilvm 
 the nuinber assigned <in th(^ original ihlir;,, 
 Ihereliy donoliiig that Ihi! ship h;i^ lie,.|| i,,!,,,, 
 survey in sui'h good and elliiieiil on ler jw i„ 
 title licr to be coiitiniicil Cor veiir.<, 
 
 period a.ssigned for cimtiuualioii will, iiimn ;|j] 
 casioiis, commoiii'e from llii' lime ilic shjii i, 
 have gone oil' tilt! letter A, willmul ic^;aril in 
 date when Ihe survey fur Ibis pnrpd.si' niav |i, 
 been held. (For periodic:d .^^urvevs, 
 III.) 
 
 In cases of th(\ repair of sliips furcdiilinu.itinn 
 characler under the riib'~i. se.'. .M, iiial('ri;il,s nf 
 inferior des(M'i|ilioii (but not below lliosc prosrrili 
 for the six years' graile) may be perniilicil i„ 
 used in those parts whicli must of neccssilv umi 
 the operation of tho rules, sec. ,'i(!, Ii,> '(.iiij,,. 
 removed on a rejiair for restoration; siilijirt, boi 
 ever, to tli(? shipowner in every iii'tiiiiii. inntit 
 a special application to the eiiiMiiiillco lur tin 
 previous sanetion. 
 
 Siinri/.— titi. '..'.— /•'()/■ Jliili^h Xnrlh Amirin 
 limit Sliipii iiHii Fir Slii/is. — To cntlilc «uc 
 ships to continuation for a pcrind i,f ^' iiu 
 originally a.ssigned to them, tliey nmsl,iii;i,|,|iii,', 
 to the examiiialion prescrilied alidvc, IumIiiijMi, 
 diagonally from the keel to abdve llic liM str,ik 
 of lower deck spirkolling. The (l(iiililiri;,'tii|j(>() 
 the thickness, and bo fastened a.s imwriW ii 
 sec. I'lK; or, if the owner objeels to (Ulilci hi 
 sliip, she may be submitled to the rull.)«iii(;siin'cv 
 viz. : — 
 
 The ship must bo placed in ilrv (Ixk or laid ni 
 blocks upon ways, .so that the kcol inavlic c.x 
 aininod and jiroper stages made lioili uisiilo am 
 outside; all .sheathing lobe eiitirelv »tri|i]ipj oi 
 the bottom and olsewhore; all the ouhiili' |il,iiii,- 
 ing from the lower part of eliniks nt liuor lia! 
 upwards, iiudiKling the plaiiksliteis ami mwr 
 ways, to be scrapetl or dubbed biiglit; the tiinberi 
 of the frame to bo exposed to view l/ythcrcmod 
 of thoplanksheerorof i)lankinge(|ualtoniicslr3kJ 
 fori' and aft on each side, ab'ive llio walcsfrilbel 
 inside or outside, at lhediser('ti(iii(irilic.siirm(ir| 
 also a sirako outside all fore and aft bctweeJ 
 the wales and light water-mark, a sliort iJankiJ 
 each buttock, ami planking or listini.'of .Miliidenl 
 breadth on each side at the diserelidiiof tli( -iirl 
 voyor, in tho ceiling above the tlnor licads allfiin 
 and aft (or if the shipowner sliould prolW il| 
 nlanking outside equal to one strakc at the an 
 lieight), and in order to ascert.iiii thecdiidition"! 
 tho beam ends, a strake of deck next tlicMl(| 
 waj'S on each side is to be taken nut ; !iiid a sul 
 cieiit number of treenails lobe (lri\ en out l'n)i| 
 various jiarts of the bottom, so as to a.mt 
 their condition, and that of the plank.sandtiiiilioi 
 through which they pass; the windlass to be nil 
 hung, and the wood linings stripped, and »lieni 
 the state above described, the spicinl survey tof 
 liehl upon all the parts exposed to view; tlicciil 
 dition of the oakum and caulking to beafccrtaiM| 
 the treenails from the upper p.art of ciiocks 
 second foothook heads to tlie lower par: ofchoci 
 at Iloor lieads to be renewed witii throiigli tref 
 nails of hardwood lor nt least Ii.alf the 16111,1111 
 the ship amidships, niikss ihoy are alroady f 
 hardwood and prove to bo in good condition ;ii 
 where the middle lino bdts are of iron, their w[ 
 
 repairs she may have received ... 
 
 of su-;h special' survey, the ship shall appear to be dition is to be ascertained, and if this he not pri 
 
 in a •■oiind and thoroughly cllicicnt state, the ticablo, additional boltj of sufticicnt size muit 
 
 A .f 
 
SHU'S, siriiMMNo 
 
 I2(>1 
 
 ,ntiiiiicsucli.-lii|' '111 till' IciiH A 
 
 ii'rioil II-* '•"'>' ''""'" '''•'"" '^ 
 (wo-tliiriii "•' I'k' iiiiiiilict "f 
 wm (.ri'jiiiiilly iis-i-iifd. siii|N 
 llir, iliMtiii'-':'"^'"''' ill "I'TiitiMir 
 licr 111' vi'iii^ '">' ^^''''''i ""■ •'!''! 
 1 iic'iif; iii^''i''''"'^''l""''''''y""'i'i 
 lt'iiciI oil tlu^ (iri^'iiiiil rh;ir.ui,r. 
 
 • tliat lll>' "'''I' ''■'" '"'''111'"!'!'!'!! I 
 
 ',,11(1 aii'l <'Hici>'iil iird.T uslu..;.- 
 coiitiniu-a I'xr y,i>rs. |iv 
 
 or coiitiimiili"" ^^'"' »l""> ■»'" 
 loc IVoni till' till"' 'li'' i-liil' iKi 
 ,, l,,ll,.|- A, williiiiil ri'Miinl liHl:,. I 
 iirvi-y fur llii-i iiiiriiMsi' may lijw 
 Air jiiTioilioal surveys, sco «<r, 
 
 the mil'-*. ^>'''- •'•'' iiii"''"!ilsi'fm| 
 ion (l)iil ii"l- lu'low 'li'"*'' li'cstniwl I 
 •s' t^mil'') iii'iy '"' IKTiiiilit'ili'l*! 
 irtswliii'li iin'isl ot'ni'(Tssily,niii!ir| 
 „f tilt! rul("*, see. .'iti, 111' cnliMyf 
 cniiir for ri'stonilioii; siilijwt, liim- 
 iiiowmT in i'Vitv iii^lancc making 
 wilion to llu' iMinmiillw liir ll»:r| 
 
 on. , .r 1 1 I 
 
 I 2, For llritish Nam .^iiunfiiiij 
 
 mil Fir N/i /'/'.•••.— 'I'o *'iitiilt' mrfil 
 inuatioii for n l>iri"'l "f 5 'liitl 
 irncd lo Uu'ni. Ilify miisl.inaiUilnnl 
 iiition iircsi'i-il"''! almvc Im iWiWl 
 M llic keel to alinvi' tlu' I'lM Mrakel 
 Hiiirluaiin^'. 'I'lo'. .luul.iin),M.il.p«fl 
 anil l)f. fasloiicil as iircsribnl inl 
 V lliu owner oliitols tu duiililo hisl 
 be sulmiitlea to tlie l.ill.iwirigsun-oy, 
 
 lust boi>lai'eain<lryil«korlaiiloii 
 ways, -so that tlir kM n,ayW cx-l 
 liroiter Htanen niailc Imlli msuW aii 
 sheatliiiif,' to be dilircly strii.vo|l «« 
 nd elsewhere; all tli.Miulsuli'iiank 
 lower vntl of rliocks nl liwit liojJ; 
 
 lu.liiiu' lli« I'li'iil^*'''"'" •■","' T 
 erane.l or dul)l.e>lbn};lit;tlic unite 
 t.ibeexiioseiltovicwliythercmon 
 
 ,,i.or<.r..flib»i>l<i"i;'''l»al'«,™V"f' 
 ,„eaebsl.le,alv.vetliowaWs(.* 
 
 ,ide,nttbe(lis.Tctionoltlio™«y<">J 
 
 'coutsidcall f>>";aiulaltbot«e. 
 
 dlidit water-mai-k.ashortiilanU 
 
 \^a,.lHnkii-.'orli.tin,oU,« 
 
 u.bsidcaltbeais.retu.n..ftlj 
 
 ,,,-UnL' above the ll..or.oaasllf 1- 
 
 , the sbipowuer slumUl prokf . 
 
 shlceq«altoonostrakcattl.c« 
 
 1 in order to ascertain the coml.t.0 
 
 rrstrake of deck next tl.M«H 
 
 rsdcLtobetakennut;anda«^l 
 
 -^if treenails to be drnonouW 
 
 l-inS»^at:S. 
 
 oakum and caulkni;; ^'' ,,f 'wks 
 Is from the u,>iicr part ot a.ocw 
 ;ookhcad.totlu.lo«-cr,> - * 
 
 'r".i'b;T;i:i^bi:Kf 
 
 ■dwo.il lor .It lea ^^jj 
 
 »• //. — Fir.ll 
 expi. .lion 
 periiid 
 to 
 
 iJi 
 
 iliniMi tlii'iii!;li 111'' ke'l-on, doors, and keel, in 
 
 li.liiillifii"''' fraiiii', al-olliron),'h llio.Mlem, apron, 
 
 ''.' ,i,i(ii.|, anil ili'aihviiiiil ; and if tlie .sbip in oilier 
 
 '.iirilslie elliiifiitly ripaired wilb Hiiitable iiia- 
 
 ilriils slie will bn allmveil ('oiitiniiiitiiiii lor a 
 
 j'^iil' ,„il (.xeeiiliii^; Iwiitliirils of (he term of 
 
 .,4iiriL'iiiallv assiL;iieil, milijeiM In illimial siiivey. 
 
 ;|„r|iiTiiiilii'iil .surveys, see see. :il.) 
 
 Ittstordtiiiii iif Slii/m I" Ilir ('liiiritrl. 
 l{iilf,—'M. If, id any liiiie before Ibi 
 ,1 Ijiif the inmibir of years beyond tin 
 iri'iiiallv a»siniiid, an owner be ilisinins 
 1 ivf liis ship restored to llie A eliarailer, Hiicb 
 ,i.liirati"ii (oil '■■•^ eonseiiliiiK to lln> speeial siir- 
 vi\ lifri'inafler descrilied, to beheld by two siir- 
 j,'viirs anil perfiiriniiiK the repair.s t'ouiid reipiisile) 
 will 111' (,'rnnleil for a period not exceediii); (wo- 
 tliiiJMif tlietime ori;;iiially assif;iied, tliC' same to 
 1, 1 ;li'iiliil'''l liDiii the dale ol'siieh repairs. 
 
 I'timiaili's I'lir /{islonilioii. — .')(!. All the bolls in 
 lln faime iif e.ii'b d''ck to be driven out, and the 
 iJaub liikeii <iiit ; Hie upper deck waterways, and 
 ilaiikslieeis and spirUettinK, and the slrake next 
 ilewaU'rwiiys on the. lower deek in the midships, 
 I., lie taken out; the sheathin^f to he cnlindy 
 -iriiiiioil olf the botloni ; nil the outside plankinj; 
 fr„ni tlic li(;ht watur-inark upward, to Im^ serapisl 
 liii'hl ; a strake in the upper course of the bottom, 
 Mwi'c'n the wab-s and the li^ht water-mark 
 (itc ami nft, and a plank in the ceiliii;,' at the 
 
 SiW licails lU'li siile, to be taken out, the. liin- 
 
 Utt t" lie clear, and the hooks forward to bo 
 i.\|«i.'i.'il; the windlass to be unhung, and the 
 Mittl linings stripped ; and in that slate the 
 rfiili til be siibniilliil to a speeial siirvi'V and 
 exaraiimli'iii, at which the atlentioii of the sur- 
 veyors appointed by this society i.s to he ]iar- 
 lic'uUrly (lirecleil to tin- state of the decks, the 
 iiMiiii'iiK plaiik of the topside.s, the wales, upper 
 ■MKCs, and treenails, and other fnstenin;;s ; also 
 lo the state of the frame, hawse limbers, and 
 kiiii;lithoads, keelson, tloors, foothooks, eeiliiif,', and 
 ta.slliooks, the rudder in uU its parts and haiif;- 
 iiigs. hi ships built entirely of teak, and iron 
 fislt'iuil, if a sullicieiit uumbcr of holts in t he raiiK"' 
 iif cidi (leek he driven out, and the plankshcir, 
 also the strake of deck next I he waterways or next 
 die binding strake, on the main and lower cU'cks 
 nnboth sides, be removed, also the throat bolts of 
 jllkiicisbe driven out, and the other reipiisitions 
 Klitiiii; to the bolloni, ceiliiiR &c. be carried 
 into ciTeet, the furlher removal of fastenings, bolts, 
 and planks may, under the snncl ion of the eoni- 
 niiltce, be dispensed with, provided theireonditiuii 
 W carefully ascertained and favourably reported 
 «l«iii by the surveyors. 
 
 la the case of ships fastened with copper or 
 yillow luclal, and galvanised iron, in conlormily 
 niditlic rnle, sec. 40, where there is no poop ur 
 forccasllc, if tlie whole of the planksheer and spir- 
 j teliiig (if upper deck and outside plaiikiiiK' e(|ual 
 to one .strake nil fore and nft be removed in way of 
 fai'.eniuj; bolts to each tier of beams, below the 
 I iipptr (leek beam.s ; and where there is n poop and 
 , forecastle, then if the whole of the idanksheer and 
 spirketting of iioop furei'astle, and waisi, and ii 
 strake of outside planking (in way of fastening,' 
 boltsto upper deck beams), the entire lengths of 
 the poopand forecastle, and outside planking eipial 
 tooneslr.iko all fore and aft be removed in way 
 Dffastcning bidls to each tier of bcama below the 
 Upperdcck beams; and in all easi!s n strake of 
 deck next the waterway of each deck, on both 
 sides, be removed, also llie throat belts of all knee.s, 
 together with the ollur rerpiisitions relating to 
 I the bottom, ceiling .Vc., the further removal of 
 
 Ifasteuiu^'s, bolts 
 
 an.i planks m.^v, under the 
 
 saneliiiii of the eoniniillee, be dispensed with, 
 provided their ('01111111011 be cnn^fidly iiscirtaiiieil 
 and favourably reporleil upiiii by the surveyors. 
 
 'I'll!' alio\<' iil.ix.'itiiin ', so far as they relate In 
 the removal of plank ami lasteniiii's in the range 
 of the lower ileiU, will he exfeiidiMl to all ships in 
 which all the lower deck fMsteiiings are of ei'l)pi'r 
 or vellow nnliil. 
 
 If, afler Hie above exainiiiatioii, the owner 
 kIioiiIiI ciiiisent lo lake mil all planks, timbers, 
 beams, knees, waterways, fastenings, and ollnr 
 p.irts that ni.iy be found defei'tive, or objected lo, 
 and replace I hem willi materials of lliesamespeei(vs 
 or of eipial ipialily with I hose of which the ship 
 was originally const riicled, such ships to b(' en 
 tilled to rcsliiration /or a period proporlioiiale to 
 llieii' real condilion and the extent of the repairs 
 performed; or if limber of an inferior diseripliun, 
 or second-hand luiglish or African oak or teak b(! 
 used, then for a period not exceeding that for 
 which .such materials would have entitled n new 
 ship 10 sland A uceording to the tables, subject in 
 either (!ase to the ship being at all limes tbereallcr 
 kepi in a stale of eflieient repair. (Kor periodical 
 surv(?ys, see .see. 'M.) 
 
 Scronil Rule. — 57. I f, nt any age of a ves.sel, an 
 owner Ik; desirouH to have Ids ship rcston-d, such 
 restoration (on his consenting to the speeial survey 
 liereinafter described, lobe held by twosurvtyors, 
 and performing the repairs llu'rcby found re- 
 ipiisiK;) will be granted for so hing a period as 
 may be deeniiMl expediiMit by Ihe committee, 
 not PXOTcding, in any case, the term of eight 
 years. 
 
 Heijuisiten for Jirslnrution. — ,')8. The whole of 
 the outside plank of the vessel lo be taken oil" as 
 low as the second foothook lieads. The nMnainder 
 of the planking, either outside or inside, together 
 with all the decks, to be removed, .so as to expose 
 the timbers of llui frame entindy to view, the 
 windl.iss to b(' nnhiing, nnd tlu^ wood linings 
 stripped, and in Ihalslate the ship lo be submitted 
 to a spi'cial survey and exaiiiinalion by the sur- 
 veyors appiiinli'd by this .society; and if, after 
 such examination, all timbers, beams, knee.s, 
 keelsons, transoms, bre.Tslhooks, remaining pl;nik, 
 inside or outside, or other parts found lo be de- 
 fective, be replaced with materials of the .same 
 Miiecies, or of eipial (lualily with tho.sc of which 
 tile ship was originally conslrueled, and all th'' 
 treenails driven out and renewed, sueli ship may 
 be restored. Hut if timber of an inferior descrip- 
 I lion, or se(^ond-hanil Knglish or African oak or 
 1 teak be u.ied, then for a (leriod not exceeding that 
 for which such materials would have enliih^d a 
 new ship to stand A according to the Tables, 
 subject, in either case, lo the sliip being at all 
 times thereafter kepi in n state of ellicieiit repair. 
 (l"'or periodical surveys, .see sec. ;M.) 
 
 lii'storatmn of liritish North American huill 
 Slii/in null Fir Ships to the Chiiriictcr A. — First 
 link. — .0.").* At any time before the ex|iiration of 
 Jj of the number of years beyond the period 
 originally assigned, a ship may be restor(^d to the 
 A eharacler, on being submitted to the special 
 survey hereinafter described, lo be held by two 
 surveyors, and performing the repairs found requi- 
 site 
 
 Jteijiiisites for liesloration. — 50.* All the bolt.<l 
 in the range of each deck lobe driven out, and the 
 planks taken out. The upper deck waterways, 
 and planksheers and Kjiirketting, and the strake 
 next the waterways on the lower deck in the mid- 
 ships to be taken out. In the case of ships fas- 
 tened with copper or yellow metal and galvanised 
 iron, in conformity with the rules, sec. "ICi, wlnre 
 there is no poo;) or forecastle, if the whole of the 
 
 • It 
 
 I'L: 
 
 1 ( 
 
 i|ll: 
 
 
 I !..'t 
 
 itrr: 
 
9 ^ 
 
 mm 
 
 rjivj 
 
 H II ITS, SHIl'l'ING 
 
 i ■ 
 
 . i' 
 
 
 J. 
 
 v.k ■ 
 
 
 :i 
 
 a 
 
 . i 
 
 s 
 
 
 5 
 
 s 
 
 ■' i " 
 
 k 
 
 ■\ ■■ :: 
 
 !■:. 
 
 i a 
 
 .■'I 
 
 
 Ui-1 
 
 lilnukslitor and spirkftliiif,' of upper deck and i>ut- 
 Hulu planking ('i|iial In tmc. straku all lore and alt 
 bo removed in way of fa«tcninn bolts to cich lior 
 of beams, below tliu upper deck beams; and where 
 there is a jioop and forecastle, thm if the whtdeof 
 the pinnksheers aiidspirkcttin^of poop, foreeastle, 
 and waist, and a straku of outside plankin;; (in 
 way of fastening bolts to upper deck beams), the 
 entire lenj^tha of the jxxip uiid foreeastle, and out- 
 side planking equal to one sfraki^ all fon; and aft 
 be removed in way of faslenint; bolls to each tier 
 of beams below the upper tWvk beams; and in all 
 eases a strake of deck next the waterway of each 
 deck on both sides be removed, also the throat 
 Ixdts of all knees, together with the other re(|ui- 
 siticms relating to the bottom, ceiling (\:c., the 
 further removal of fastenings, bolls, and planks 
 may, under the sauition of tlie committee, lie dis- 
 pensed with, provided theireonditiou be carefully 
 ascertained and favourably reported upon by the 
 surveyors. 
 
 The above relaxations, so far as they relate to 
 the removal of plaiik and fastenings in the range 
 of the lower deck, will be extended to all ships in 
 which all the lower deck fastenings are of copper 
 or j-ellow metal. All sheathing to be entirely 
 .stripped (dV. All the outside phiiikiiig. from the 
 light water-mark upwards, to be entirely dubbed 
 bright. A strake in the bottom, between the 
 wales and the light waler-nnirk fore and aft, to be 
 taken out. rianking, cither inside or outside, at 
 the discretion of the surveyors, in (|mnitily ecpial 
 to one entire strake fore and ah, on both sides to 
 be taken out in nudships immediately above the 
 turn of the bilge, and forward and aft at such 
 licight as may, in their Judgment, best cx[)ose 
 the timbers of tlie frame to view. '1 he lindiers to 
 be clear, and the hooks, tiansoms, and crutches to 
 be exposed. The windlass to be unhung, and the 
 wood linings stripped ; and in that state the ship 
 to be submitted to a special survey and exami- 
 nation, at which the attention of the surveyors is 
 to be particularly directed to the state of the 
 decks, the remaining plank of the topsides, the 
 wales, upper courses, and treenails, and other fas- 
 tenings; also to the stale of the frame, hawse 
 timbers, knighthcads, apron, breast hooks, tran- 
 soms, and crutches, keelsons, lloors, footliooks, 
 and ceiling, the rudder in all its parts and hang- 
 ings, and also the general sheer and form of the 
 ship. Where the middle line bolts are of iron, 
 their condition is to be ascertained, and if this be 
 not practicable, additional bolts of proper size must 
 be driven through the keelson, tloors, and keel, in 
 each alternate frame, also through the stem, 
 apron, and sternpost. 
 
 If, after the above examination, the owner 
 should take out all materials and fastenings that 
 nuiv be found defective, or objected to, and replace 
 them with materials allowed by tin; rules for the 
 jieriod for which the vessel is to be restored, such 
 ships to be entitled to restoration for a period not 
 exceeding f of that originally assigned to them. 
 
 In addition to the above reipnrements. ships of 
 500 tons and upwards must be doubled diagonally 
 from the keel to above the lirst sirukc of lower 
 deck spirkctting. The doubling to be of the 
 thickness and be fastened as prescrihed in sec. 
 OH. If these regulations be complied with within 
 the lirst period to which the yes.sels may be 
 entitled to be continued, under sec. 51, "they 
 will be allowed restoration liir a period equal to 
 the number of years originally assigned. The 
 restoration will, in all such cases, dale from the 
 termination of the originid peri(jd ; but at the 
 expiration thereof they may be entitled to a 
 continuation of one-third of the period of original 
 
 designation, under sec. 51, Survey No. |, | 
 the case of doubled ships, or ships of |)|.,.|,|j. 
 construction, special application may hi^ iiiaihi 
 the committee. (For periodical surveys s* 
 se.'. ;ll.) 
 
 Siaiiid Ilulv.— ')!.* If, at any age of a vp!i,sol,a; 
 owner be desirous to have, her resiorcd, <,|,| 
 restoration (on his consenting to the ^i^jj 
 survey hereinafter described, to be li,l(| jiy n,, 
 surveyors, and performing the repairs (funiii 
 found re(iui»ite) will he granted for a poridil nJi 
 exceeding that originally assigned to hir. 
 
 Uti/iiiitit'S for livstoriiliini. — M.' The wlnlii jI 
 the outside phudi of the vessel to be taken nil as 
 low as the second foothook heads. I'lii^ remiiiiidir 
 of the planking, either outside or inside, and aj 
 the treenails, together with the decks aiKhiaur. 
 ways, to be removed, so as to ex|l^^(• die 1,^,,,^ 
 and beams entirely lo view. The « imlluss to l« 
 mdiinig, and the wood lining striijpcd; ainl ij 
 that state the ship to be sidimiitcd to a mi nil 
 survey aiul examination, and all iii.iterial* anj 
 fastenings found to be defective must be ri'|ilai(,l 
 with materials of the same species, or vf ciiiui 
 (|Uidily with those of which the ship was orii;iiia!Iv 
 constructed. If timber of an interior ilescrijinuii 
 be used, a period luit exceeding that wliieli-uili 
 materials woulil have entitled a new ship lu itami 
 A according to the tables will be grauteil. (For 
 periodical surveys, see sec. 31.) 
 
 i)'J. Ships which have been restored shalilx) 
 entitled to continuation, subject to the same mn- 
 ditions of survey and examination as arc prcs;riW 
 for ships proposed lo be coiitiiiueil at the tx- 
 (liralion of the period lirst assigiioil tolhtiii (sec. 
 61) ; but in like manner, the term of sikIj e.xteudcd 
 continuance shall he limited to a 1*™! not 
 exceeding V or Ij ol' the number vt' voars lor 
 which the ships may respectively Lave been re- 
 stored, without any riM'erence wliatever to llio 
 period originally assigned to them. 
 
 At the termination of the several periiHlsa.-;>i|.qic.l 
 to ships for remaining on the eharaetcr A, or A in 
 red, they will have the word 'ejjiired' iiwritJ 
 against them ; and if not survcycil (•rior to ike 
 reprinting of the register bypk, tlicy will apixiir 
 without any character. (The terms uf yiorj 
 assigned to ships on the character A, lauiiilie.1 
 previously to July 1, 1859, also of ships launcM 
 during the first G mouths of the years l(iiii), 1*1. 
 18ti'J, and lHti'3, will expire on December 31 of iht 
 last year of the periods assigned to them res|)K- 
 tively. The terms assigned I o ships launchcddurin,' 
 the last ti months of the years 18511, 1 800. ISiJ!, 
 and 1802, will expire on June liO, next alier the 
 last year of the periods assigned to llicm rt- 
 spectividy. In the case of ships lannclicd on aw 
 after July 1, 1803, the period originally as.<i,i.iMl 
 to them on the A 1 character will in every a« 
 date from the month in which the vessel iiiayle 
 launched, ond will expire at the end of Ihccom- 
 sponding month in the year at wliicli tlie ptriotl 
 assigned terminates.) IJut if, during the te 
 twelve months of the period as-signed to them, ike 
 owners of a ship shall, in coiiseiiiionee of net 
 being about to proceed on a distant loroif.'ii voysit. 
 apply to have her surveyed for continuation ce 
 the letter A, or for the character A in red, aspecial 
 survey shall be held conforniahly to the rule. if. 
 51 or"0(», as the case may he; and if, 'rom Hi' 
 report of such special survey, the ship shall appeu 
 to be in all respects m a sound and cllicicnt suit. 
 such OS is required bv those rules, the conimittet 
 shall, from the perimi'at which die ship's cliaracler 
 would terminate, cotiiinue heron the letlerA,ct 
 assign to her the character A in red in .nccuriiaiuv 
 with the rides referred to. 
 
 i. 
 
SHIPS, SIIII'1»1N(I 
 
 126S 
 
 r sec, Til, Survey No. 1. 1;: 
 lod sliipH. «r sI'M'^ "'" I'Milwr 
 III applioiition may be nwdiin 
 (For jteriodiciil Hurveys, y, 
 
 -)-;.* If, at any ngc i>f ii vcsseLaj 
 IS lo liavc. liiT rcsiiircil, *ii !, 
 liis fuitsontiuK tn tlic, -\nui 
 •t dL'Scribc'il, to bi; liild liy Hv. 
 p(;rt'ornlill^; the ri'puirs tdinliy 
 ivill b(! uraiKcd for a ]ii'rii»li;i 
 ifr'niallv as^-iniied to her. 
 l{isl(initii>ii.-^>ii.' 'I'hc wli„l,-,f 
 i of llu! vossfl to be takiiK.il :l^ 
 footbook beads. TliiTomaii;! r 
 uitber outside or ill,^ilU', nml aj 
 ellicrwitb tbc (UcUs ami \\,i;.r. 
 Dveil, so as to eximse llict Iran,, 
 I'ly to view. Tbe wimliui* lu ir 
 [: wood liniiif? stripiu'd; aii4 h 
 ii|) to be subMiiit<'il to a s|i ml 
 iniiuition, and all material ani 
 lo be defective luusl be riplaol 
 uf ibe same spceics, or of «iiial 
 ic of wliicli tbe ship was oriL'iiially 
 timber of an iiili'rior docriiiiui 
 id not exfccdiiig that wliiili Mid 
 have entitled a now ship lu -laiii 
 ;hc tables will be ^'raulol. (Fir 
 ,-B, seo sec. 31.) 
 licb have been restored shall Ic 
 iiiualion, subject to ihe same luii- 
 and examinatiou as arc iirixTiW 
 sed to be contiuui'il at the ix- 
 pcriod first asaif^neil Ui them (set. 
 manner, tbe term of siioh cxtcuikJ 
 all bo limited lo ii period not 
 • 'i of tbe niunbcr I'l' years toi- 
 ls' may respectively have been re- 
 ; any rcd'erence wbiitcver to llie 
 y assigned t« llieui. 
 ation of tbc several iicriiHl»as>iiniei ] 
 laining on tbe character A, or A in 
 have the wortl 'i:ipirer iii>enta 
 and if not surveved [.nor to ikf 
 lie register b()i>k, thoy will aivar 
 character. Cl'he terms of yotj 
 ins on tbc character A, lauiicW 
 ulvl, 1H59, also of ships launchtfl 
 •rmontlis of the years 180(1, W. ' 
 fc will expire on Uecetnber ol ollte 
 ; periods assigned lo them resiw- 
 ,ns assigned to ships laiinchcddums 
 
 ths ..f tbe years 185'J, 1« 1»'M 
 expire on June 30, next alter ite 
 he periods assigned to them te- 
 I the case of ships launched on ao 
 Htiii, tbe period originally a^*i?«>< 
 , A 1 character will in every *^ 
 month in which the vessc 'iia;-te 
 will expire at the end ot the cort^ 
 
 a. inthVvear.''t>V''^'''t'';H 
 
 Inatcs.) but >'.. '1"™« l"^! 
 of the period assigned to the.^,te I 
 
 dnp shin, in c'"'^7"^."f,^, '" 
 proceed on a distant toreigna,^ 
 
 ^icr surveyed f"r '■"""""ffjia 
 fortliecliaracterAmrcd,a wj 
 
 ;heldconforu,ahlytothcru. . 
 
 p,ecasemaybe;a".J>. ;-;*^ 
 specialsurvey.tesipg g 
 
 perio.1 at which tl.e ship »c'act 
 
 ,l,e,mu,iuehero.,.heW^^^^^^^^^^ 
 he character A ui red m accoi | 
 rcfcrreil to. 
 
 I vry 
 fverv 
 
 I'D. Sh'ipn -'', in red. — Ships that liave pa.Jsed 
 
 V perioils which liav(i or might liuvc been 
 
 I Wp'ikhI to them for the character A originally, 
 
 ,r I'll continuation, or for restoration, and shall be 
 
 toiind on survey to bo of a superior description, 
 
 L.ini' lit for the safe conveyance of dry and 
 
 '■jj^"lii,l,|e ^'oodstoand from all parts of the world, 
 
 I 'hall be classed A in red, as the second description 
 
 "I'the lirst class. (For I 'tish North American 
 
 I built ships and iir ships, see Second Survey, latter 
 
 1 W'l-) .... 1 . . • 
 
 luall cases m which the owner may claim this 
 
 I thuraotcr, the ship must undergo a special snr- 
 
 bv two surveyors (to be appointed in 
 
 rv instance by the committee), one of whom 
 
 .liall In' an exclusive ollicer of the society, and 
 
 ',■ Milijcct in other respects to a compliaiuM^ 
 
 t itiili tlic undermentioned requisitions of survey, 
 
 lint Sunn/ for A, in rtiil. — 'riic ship to be 
 (idler placed in dry dock <)r laid on bhicks, so 
 I iliatthc keel may be examined, and be scraped or 
 ihibhed bright from the light water-mark upwards, 
 imluding die plaiikshecrs and wattr\va.\s, so as to 
 I (.N|iO<e the surface of the iilank to \iew, (If the 
 •iiin has been sheathed with wood over felt, 
 fasleiicd with copper or mixed inelal nails, wilbiii 
 I aw:'"' of 5 years, and the plank from the light 
 waler-i. ark u|iwards shall, when so sheathed, have 
 ken brightened, and Ihe condition of the bolts, 
 jlaiiking, treenails, and caulking ascertained, and 
 lavniirablv reported upon by the surveyors ; and 
 fruvided that the sheathing which covers the 
 liiniiiiif; bolts and raft ports, and a strako of 
 •htathing all fore and aft on each side under the 
 wales bo removed, ami listings of shealhing cut 
 ,iiit at liood ends ; and the planking, fastenings, 
 andeaulking so exposed shall prove to bo in giioel 
 lunilition, then, on application to the committee, 
 the stripping from the light water-mark upwards 
 may be dispensed with; but whenever the shcath- 
 inj; is removed, the outside ])laiikiiig is to be 
 scraped or dubbed bright, and examined as pre- 
 scribed by the above rule. If the ship has been 
 slicathedwilh metal within a period of two years, 
 mill it shall appear to the surveyors that stripping 
 frum the light water-mark upwards may be dis- 
 pensed with, the case will receive due consideration 
 onapplication to the committee.) IJolts, if of iron, 
 in number not less in any case than (J on each 
 •iilc. ill each range of the deck fastenings to be 
 driven out in ships of 500 tons and under, and 
 iiMeii«ed in number in proiwrlion to the size of 
 iheship, and one treenail to be driven out in every 
 alternate frame or fourth timber between the 
 iipfiiTeilKcofthe wales and plankshcers, and one in 
 every alternate frame or fourth timber between the 
 upper edge of the wales and the light water-mark, 
 and such other parts of the bottom as the surveyors 
 may direct, so as to enable a judgment to be 
 I'limied as to the general state of the treenails, 
 timbers, and of the planking at the treenail holes. 
 Tlic hold to be cleared, and proper stages made 
 lioth inside and outside. The windlass to be 
 miliunf;, iind the wood linings stripped. The 
 attention ofthe surveyors shall tiicu be jiarticularly 
 directed to the state of the upper or main deck 
 and comings, the upper and lower deck bolts, and 
 the outside (danks through which they pass, I he 
 plankslicers, waterways, and beams, so far as thoy 
 tan be cxainined; the hawse timbers, knight- 
 htads, breasthooks, and transoms ; tbe floors and 
 Wsons; the keel, rudder, and windlass; the 
 linking outside and inside, and the treenails ; 
 anil the frame and inner surface of the outside 
 t'lankiii!,', where thev can be seen ; and the sheer 
 ™u general form of the ship; the condition of the 
 
 oakum and caulking also to be ascertained, and 
 tlu' ship to be ellicieiitly repaired with suitablo 
 materials as hereinafter stated. 
 
 The term for which a vessel may be assigiicd 
 the character A in red upon a compliances with 
 the foregoing retpiircmciits, will not exceecl 
 i the number of years beyond that assigned 
 originally, or on restoration. (For periodical 
 surveys, see sec. 'i\.) 
 
 Scrond Siirvfi/ fur A, in red (iiflitr two-thirds 
 the nmidier of yeitrx hri/oml Ihtil <t.iiiiinerl orii/nmllji, 
 or on Itestorntion, hare expired). — ISiil when a 
 period of jj of the iiiinibcr of years beyond thai 
 originally assigned for a veswd's retaining the 
 A character, or if a period of ^ the number 
 of years beyond that assigned on restoration has 
 elapsed, an owner be desirous to have bis ship retain, 
 or lie placed upon, this character, application must 
 lie made lo the coniniilli(s in writing, who will 
 direct tli(! survey to be made by two surveyors, 
 one of whom shall bo an exiliisivo ollicer of Ihe 
 society; and for the )mrpose of holding siudi 
 survey, Ibe ship must be placed in dry do<di, or 
 laid on blocks upon ways, so that the keel may be 
 examined ; all sheathing to be entirely stripped oil" 
 the bottom and (dsewhere ; all lli<! ou'sido planking 
 from light water-mark upwards, including the 
 lil.'iiiksheers and waterways, to be scraped or 
 dubbe<l bright; tlio limbers of \\w frame to be 
 cxjioscd to view by the removal of jilankiiig equal 
 to one .strake fore and aft, on ca(di side, above llu- 
 wales, either inside or outsider, at thi' discretion of 
 the surveyor ; a short plank in each buttock ; a 
 plank or listing of siinicient breadth, on each side, 
 at tbe discretion of the surveyor, in the ceiling 
 above the floor lie.ids all foro and aft (or, if the 
 shipownisr should prefer it, a plank outside at the 
 same height), and a reasonable number of tree- 
 nails before and abaft the same, so as lo ascertain 
 the state of the lower limbers of the frame; and in 
 Older to ascertain the condition ofthe lieaiii ends, 
 either a strake of deck next the waterways on 
 each side to be taken out, or an examination be 
 made by boring, at the option of the shipowner; 
 iron boils and treenails to be driven out at the 
 various parts as prescribed above (in the case of 
 doubled ships, or ships of peculiar construction, 
 special application may be made to the committee); 
 jiroper stages to be made both inside and outside ; 
 the windlass to I unhung, and the wood linings 
 strip[ied ; and when in the state above described, 
 the special survey to be held as above directed 
 upon all the parts exposed to view ; the condition 
 <if the oakum and caulking to be ascertained; Ihe 
 ship to be efliciently repaired with suitaUe ma- 
 terials, .as hereinafter stated. And to entitle them 
 to continue this character, such vessels will be re- 
 quired, in addition to the usual annual survey, to 
 undergo a special re-survey, as prescribed above, 
 within a period (from the (late of the last special 
 re-survey) not exceeding two-thirds of the several 
 terms of years originally assigneil to them, or 
 earlier, if, in the judgment of the surveyors, upon 
 a careful examination of the ship, the same shall 
 appear to them to be necessary. (For periodical 
 surveys, .'ce sec. ;51.) 
 
 In the repair of vessels for the above character, 
 no materials m.iy bo used of a description inferior 
 to I hose allo\vc(l in new ships for the G years' 
 grade, except in the case of ves.scl3 originally 
 classed for a shorter period than G years, when 
 materials equal to those used in the original con- 
 struction will be permitted. 
 
 British North American built Ships and Fir 
 Shipn. — All ships built in the British North 
 American colonies and all fir ships seeking the 
 character A in red, must be submitted to the 
 
 ' II ! 
 ii|i| 
 
 ^i 
 
T 
 
 } 
 
 J • 
 
 ' * ■.! !'■•'' 
 
 !.* ^i'- 
 
 .j • .:.-f .-- ) 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 i i 
 
 mm 
 
 •'■- .; 
 
 ! !• 
 
 . i '■■ 
 
 \ " 
 
 
 t. ;- 
 
 
 .V'> 
 
 •■ ', ^ 1 ' 
 
 ■ ■ ■ ■ I ■ 
 
 IL'Gl 
 
 Npcrinl Hurvcy desciilipil in Survey No. ! 
 Kritisli Nurtli' Aniciicaii btiill niiil lir sliipM 
 f)!. 
 
 If ill nddilion to llu^ oxamiiiiition tlioruiii re- 
 quired the Hliip lie diiuld(>il dia;;oiiiilly, as per 
 nee. (is, I'nmi tlie Keel to iihovc llic lir«t Mraku 
 of lower deek NpirKellinf,', nlie will be iillowed llie 
 cimnicter A in red lor ii period ofpiiil to lliiit 
 originally aMsi<;iu'il lo her; mid in siieli eases llu- 
 renewal of the treenails I'roin iippfr iiart of ehoelvM 
 nl .second footliook heads to the hnvor jiart of 
 clioeliH at tloiT head will not iieecs.sarily be re- 
 quired. 
 
 In no ease, however, will a IJritisli Xortli 
 Aineriean built ship, or lir ship, of l.OOO ton.s and 
 upwards, be allowed the eharaeler A in red Jifter 
 the e.Npiration of Iwiei^ the niuiiber of years 
 iirifjinally assif^iied to her, unless she be doubled 
 (linf^onally as above. 
 
 N.IJ. — At the Icrinination of the several periods 
 a.ssijjncd to sliips for remaining on tlie eharacter A 
 in nnl, they will liavc tlio word 'e.rptinl' inserted 
 against them; and if not Hurveyed prior to the 
 roprintiiif; of the regiiiter book, they will a|>poar 
 without any eharaeler. 
 
 01. S/ii/is JE. — Ships that have passed the 
 prescribed age for (he A character, but have not 
 uiulerjj;ono the repairs wliicli would have entitled 
 tliein to be continued or restofed; or havinj,' been 
 eontiiuied or restored, and the nchlitionul period 
 tltuH assigned expired, and also such sliips as 
 liavc never had an original character, which sliall 
 bo found on survey lit for the conveyance of tiry 
 and perisliablc goods on shorter voyages, shall be 
 distinguished by tli'.' diphthong J','; and a careful 
 survey will be re<|iiiied to be made annually, or 
 on the return of tlie sbip from every foreign 
 voyage, by one of the surveyors of this society, 
 w\ut is lo state disiinctly and separately the 
 actual coiidilion of the upper deck fastenings, 
 waterways, sidrUctting, idankshcer.s, tojisides, 
 upper <leck with its appendages, lower de<;k 
 f-istenings, wales, counter, plank, and treenails 
 outside to the water's edge, rudder, windlass and 
 capstan, be.ims, breasthook.s, transoms, and tim- 
 bers ; but if not ;uirveycd within twelve months, 
 .such ship b.aving been during that time in some 
 port ill the United Kingdom, the character will 
 lie omitted until such survey be held; or, as the 
 ttise in.ay be, she will be allowed to pass in the 
 class K. 
 
 (i2. Ships built in the Itritisli North American 
 colonies, and all ships wherever built, the frames 
 of which arc composed of lir, of -iW) tons and 
 above, fdiall, in order to entitle them to be classed 
 in the register book of the society, be secured in 
 tlieir bilges by the, application of iron knee 
 riders, or hanging knees and riders to cover the 
 joints of the floor and footliook head.s, to extend 
 from the height of the hoUl beams to the tloors so 
 as to receive not less than two bolts in a substan- 
 tial ])art of the floors ; the number of iron knees 
 and riders to be not less than one of each toever^- 
 hold or lower deek be;un on each side. The 
 knees to be connected with the riders or not, at 
 the option or convenience of the owners ; but if 
 not so connccte<l, the side arms of the knee:' are 
 to be of the length and to lie fastened as pre- 
 scribed in Table F. The number of knees lo eacli 
 deck, and of riders, also their dimensions, and 
 number of bolts, are fully explained in T;ible F. 
 All sliips built in the colonics will be considered 
 as iron fastened in their centre lines, unless it 
 shall be s.itisfactoril^' shown to the contrary, 
 either by the exposure of some of the bcdts, or by 
 a certificate to be produced from the builders. 
 Shii>s which proceed to sea wilbout being 
 
 .SHIPS, SHIPPING 
 
 for 
 sec. 
 
 fastened witii tlir iron knees and riders prpucri; 
 I' ' the rules, will have one year dediictiil |, 
 the period to which they would otlicrwIiK; 
 eiilitled lo be classed in the register liiiok. 
 
 Ships built in the lirltish North Amorii 
 coloiiie,M, and all ships, the frames of which i 
 composed of lir, of (KM) tons and upwarcN, ninl 
 ships (wheri'ver built) the length of ,,||j 
 (measured Ironi the fore part of the Hlcin i,, j 
 alter part of I he slerii-post on the rang(^ (,|' i,,,, 
 deck) shall exceeil live times their ,,;^|f|,j 
 breadth, or eight (iines and under ninn tim 
 (heir depth, shall liave diagonal inui pint 
 closely inserleil outside the i'ranio. ih,. ,„, 
 plales to extend from the iipjier side of iiiipcnj, 
 of beams (o (he lower part of cliiicks iit lit 
 foodiook heads amidship, and (o (he siiuk- iirrpri 
 dienlar height forward and aft, luefisurcil ftoi 
 the lower part of (he keel. When ships nriicoii 
 structed with long and short armed tlimn ifc 
 said plates are to extisnd to half-wny bitttcei 
 long door heads and first footliook IiouiI'IMIk 
 sizes of the plates not to be less tliuii as foliuw.v 
 viz. : — 
 
 In il)l|i<i of 100 tons .ind under '200 tons 
 
 SOO ,. 
 
 Iim „ 
 
 701) ,, 
 
 1,0IIU „ 
 
 1 ..'.no „ 
 
 '2,(I0U anil aliufL- 
 
 400 
 700 
 
 1,000 
 l,.'ilHI 
 
 2,000 
 
 < „ (in 
 '. .. I». 
 
 •'1 .,rj «. 
 
 f , '' 
 
 1". 
 
 and to bo fastened with bolts, one at rnch alier- 
 natc timber, not less in dianietor thiiii ilie ski:< 
 given for thrungh butt boltn in Table ]). The 
 jilates to be well protected by pro|)iT loalini;, 
 likewiso the timbers to be coated in (Ijc scuros 
 which arc 'o receive the said plates. 
 
 'J'be nui.ibcr of plates to lie in proportion of not 
 less than one pair to every 12 feet of the ship's 
 entire length taken as above, but not to be mure 
 than 8 feet asunder measured on ii sipiare; ilit 
 sai<l plafes are to be placed diagonally, at an angle 
 of not less (han -I.) degrees, their lowor mils 
 jiointiiig to the after end of the keel in tlic afier 
 body, and to the fore end of the keel in ihc fore 
 body, four jiairs crossing eaeli other niiiiilsliip. 
 
 All such sliips to have shelves and walerwav 
 to each tier of beams, each e(|ual in ccmloiiiit. 
 the transverse sectional area of the heaiiisnfihii 
 rcs|iective decks at their ends ; e.icli nf (lie saii 
 shelves and waterways to be bolted throu;'li ttf 
 outside planking at every timber, with bolls of 
 the sizes given in Tabic I): likewise thesliiflsof 
 inside and outside planking not to be less iIkuii; 
 feet, unless there be a slrako wroiii,'lit bclimn 
 them, and then a distance of 5 ieet iviii be 
 allowed. 
 
 _ In sliips the length of which shall cxoee 
 times their extreme breadth, or nine tiiiiej x 
 under ten times their depth, the nunibcrof [ 
 must be not less than one pair to every 10 feitnl 
 tlie shiji's entire length taken as above, but ml 
 to be more than (i feet asunder nieasureil on 
 square, and to bo placed diagonally .is .il»iv( 
 described. In cases where the length of flic !lii| 
 exceeds ten times its depth, the builders 
 owners arc to submit, throiigli the fes'.ileiii sur 
 veyor, for the committee's approval, their plai! 
 for giving the vessel the necessary slrcni;!' 
 longitudinallv. And in addition to Ihc requiK 
 meiits for sfiips of five tinn-s their brcailili 
 length, such ships must be fitted with a riJt 
 keelson, or a pair of sister keelsons, at the o|)ti' 
 of the owner — the transverse sectional area 
 such rider keelson or sister keelsons each to I 
 eipial to 3 of that reiniircd in Table 1! f 
 main keelsons. If a ri^lcr keelson be adoi'ti 
 
 
HIP 
 
 iron knees ami riilor:! prcvriln i 
 liHVC one yonr (IimIucUiI iri.ii 
 
 lich lliiiy wouUl titlicrwisc I 
 
 <c(l in lli'c, rc};i>*tpr Imok. 
 tlio l!rilis)i Nortli Amcricn, 
 
 .slii|w, tlii^ I'riiincs of wliich ai. 
 
 ,(• ('ii)i) Ions mill upwaril^ mnlaM 
 built) tlio loiiKlli ol' \vlii,!i 
 
 hv foru imf' "' ''"' "'''"' '" ''' 
 slorn-ipost on llic, riinj;!' nf \ii|,r 
 khmI iivo tinuM tlicir cxlnm 
 it, tinu's luiil \iniU'i- iiino tiiii . 
 ill liiivi! (lintional inm [.jr.. 
 oiitsi(l(! tilt", rruiiic. Till! sii! 
 from till! npiicr siil« of uppirtir 
 (\ lower ])iirt of clmcks ut lir-t 
 niiilsliip, mid to llu! snm\ iicrpf;:- 
 orwnrcl niul nft, iiicrisiircil Itui; 
 ' till! Ui'i!l. Wlii'ii siri|w nroo'iii 
 mfi nntl short nrmcd lldurs tli? 
 to extend to Imlf-way bitwtoi 
 ■1 and lirst foolhook lioaiU;llii> 
 rs not to bo less tluui as folluw-, 
 
 SHIPS, SIIIPPINO 
 
 jt H to 1)0 f;islef.('<l Willi a lliroiiKli bolt hit the 
 sjjc rcqiiiri'd in Table I) for keelson bolts) in 
 rtory frnnie ; 
 
 V2(ir, 
 
 A under 'WO toi» 
 
 4m „ 
 7111) .1 
 
 I l.'ilH) i> 
 
 li.iino „ 
 
 nil,,.! 
 
 ,11,, i- 
 
 •'■1 „ii 
 
 f . 
 61 „ 
 
 1». 
 
 lied with bolts, one at onch allir- 
 t less in diameter tlinii the .-b'- 
 iqh butt bolts in Table I). The 
 /ell protected by proper loatinj;, 
 tnbers to be coated in llic scores 
 ;eive the said jilates. 
 of plates to 1)0 in pnniortion of not 
 pair to every 1"2 feet of the ships 
 uken as above, but not to he mm 
 under measured on a sipiare ; llio 
 ito be placed dini,'<iiially, at aaanslc 
 |an •!.') doKiees. tlu'ir lower avl 
 after end of tlie keel in the afer 
 le fore end of tlie keel iii the fcte 
 
 4 crossing each other aiuidship. 
 
 05 to have shelves and waterways 
 beams, each eipial in contfiils iji 
 
 sectional area of the beams utthir 
 is at their ends -, each of tlie siU 
 itcrways to bo bolted tliroui,'li ttf ' 
 11. r at" every timber, with hollsof 
 i7i Tabid): likewise the sliilis 4 
 •ide plaiikiii!,' not to bcle.-s Mni 
 lere be a strako wrought bclivwn 
 en a distance of 5 lect will W j 
 
 length of which shall cxceol<isl 
 ctrcme breadth, or nine tiiiiej r.i 
 ■s their depth, the nuuilier of i«« 
 ss tlian one pair to every 10 fftti* 
 ire leiiKlh taken as above, but not 
 lan feet asunder iiieasureil on J 
 bo placed diafiimally as .nl«« 
 eases where the Icii.uth ot tlio jtap | 
 iiues its depth, the bmUiers o:i 
 submit, throusl. the res..lem* 
 coniinittee's approval, their p» 
 ic vessel the necessary sircn^" 
 And in addition to the reqiuR- 
 .is of five limes their breadth '» 
 hips must be litted with a ret 
 lairof sister l(e.lsoni.,_at the op. M 
 -the transverse sectional area « 
 elson .0- sister keelsons each 4 
 
 f that required m Tabic 1 M 
 If a rider keelson be aaoptt..] 
 
 ,,,,. , , iir if llie owner prefers it, every 
 
 iiilerniediale bolt may be. short, jiM.sing ihroiiKn 
 the main and rider keelsons. (In all cases in 
 nliieh a rider keelson is litlei', it must be fastened 
 ,^^ prescribed abov., irrespective of tlic relative 
 illnienaioiiH of the ship.) If sister keelsons be 
 lille'l, tliey must be fastened with tlirough bolts, 
 III number not less than one in every nlternate 
 limber, and of the siiic reipiircd in 'lublc I) for 
 
 C;i. .\11 llriti^h North American built ships, 
 iihieh have (;one, or nuiy p) ofl' the list of ships 
 if the A ciiaractcr, or which may be of an age 
 rxivi'(liii(,' the period for which tliey might have 
 li.iil ilaims to be put upon that grade (whether 
 ,l:is.*eJ or not), shall, as from time to time they 
 ,,,inc under examination, bo subjected to a care- 
 Ijl survey, to be made by one of the surveyors to 
 tlijj .lociety ; and no further character shall bo 
 ,i--iKneil tfi,!m unless a survey shall bo held as 
 l.,lluivs; and planking, either inside or outside, at 
 the iliscretioii of the surveyors, in (juantity C(|ual 
 III line entire strako fore and aft on both sides, 
 siiiil be removed; to be taken out in midships 
 immediately above the turn of the bilge, and at 
 Mich beiglit forward and aft as may, in their 
 iiiil;;mcnt, best cxpo.so iho timbers of the frame to 
 iiiv; that a special report of the state of these 
 iinliers, and of the general state and condition 
 ,1' the upper deck fastenings, watcrway.s, spir- 
 kettinK, Dliuikiheers, topsidc.s, upper deck with 
 in appeiulages, lower deck fastenings, wales, 
 (imnter, plank and treenails outside to the water's 
 nl;;e, ruihler, wiiidla.ss, and capstan, beams and 
 lirca-sthooks, shall be transmitted by the sur- 
 vevurs to the committee ; and on the receipt of 
 'uch report the character shall be ossigned. If 
 tlie ;E character be then assigned, it shall be 
 .Miitiiiiied (subject to an annual survey) for a 
 itriid not exceeding the number of years origi- 
 i.ally assigned ; at the expiration of which the 
 iliar,icler will be discontinued, unless a similar 
 simcv and examination of the frame be "gain 
 .'iilmiitlcil to. 
 
 III. Ships K will com|iriso all ships which 
 shall be found on survey fit Cor the conveyance of 
 largoes not in their nature subject to sea damage 
 (ill any voyage. 
 
 (!,"i,, Subject to occasional inspection, at least 
 iiiict in every i years, ships will continue in this 
 da.\< so king as their condition shall, in the 
 I'ljiiiion of the coniinittee, entitle them thereto. 
 
 OC. Ships 1 will conipri.sc ships which shall 
 lic found on survey lit for the conveyance, on 
 •Imrter voyages (not out of I'-nrope), of cargoes in 
 iiieir nature not subject to seadauiagc. 
 
 117, The bottdiii of every ship is to bo caulked 
 ince in every u years, unless wood-sheathed and 
 filled, anil then once in evt!ry 7 years, except in 
 llii'ca.<cof teak-built ships, upon which a special 
 1 si;nty may have been requested, and the siir- 
 vpyors having ascertained, by the removal of a 
 tirakc of sheathing fore and aft under the wales, 
 and a strake at the first foothook heads, and by 
 causing listings to be cut out nt the wood's end, 
 1 that such caulking is not required, the same may 
 then be dispensed with. In cases where ships 
 have been doubled with doubling of less thickness 
 llian is required by, or not fastened in accordance 
 ™h,thc rules, it will not be imperative that such 
 iloublinj; be stripped at the expiration of 7 years, 
 as required for ordinary sheathing; but if, upon 
 j siir\ey, the doubling be found in good condition, 
 the period for its remaining on may be extended, 
 imh the sanction of the committee, to a term not 
 
 exceeding 10 ye;irs, provided the doubling below 
 the Wales be copper or yellow inetal fastened or 
 Ireenailed. If any ship shall bo'stripped wilbin 
 the periods above mentioned, her bottom is to be 
 caulked, if necessary. 
 
 tiH. In all cases in whi(!h ships mav be doubled, 
 doubling of not less tliaii the thickness bereiiiaf'ler 
 mentioned will be required, the same to be pro- 
 jierly wrought and fastened ns follows: in everv 
 instance the doubling is to bo at b'ast single 
 fastened either with treenails ur with bolts, anil a 
 throiigb bolt in every butt. Ships hereafter 
 doubled, if llio doubling be iron fastened, will 
 lose their cliiiracter, if such fastenings be cofi- 
 percd over. If treenails be used, every treeiiiiil 
 must, if practicable, be u through fastening; and 
 if bolts bo used, then i of them from the lower 
 part of the bilge upwards must bo through and 
 clenched on the ceiling in addition to the bntf 
 bolts. In all eases of doubling, the rudder braces 
 are to lie removed. 
 
 The throat bolts of iron knees, anil the bolts of 
 iron books, crutches, and pointers, must be re- 
 newed through the iloubling. 
 
 The thiekness of tlio doublings fur the wale.i 
 and bottoms, on ships 
 
 I'mler 100 loni lo I.e doI Ips^ than . 
 Of llN) „ nntl uniliT fiUU toM • 
 (jtl<) ., onU ntmTu 
 
 - V in. 
 • 'H in. 
 
 i)n the topsides of .ships not exceeding 300 tons, 
 tlie thickness may be 1^ inches. 
 
 If the doubling'bc applied diagonally, it will be 
 allowed to be of the following thicknesses, viz. ; — 
 
 III hhiptuniliT .'>00 Ions - . - 1', in. 
 
 ■Mil) tonit anil under 1.0011 tons - - V in. 
 
 I.IKIO ton» and u|twjir(U • • > *i^ In. 
 
 No ship hereafter doubled shall bo entiiled to 
 the character A, or A in red, unless at the time of 
 doublhig it be ascertained, in either case, I bat the 
 Cramc is capable of securely retaining tlie J'asteii- 
 ing.s, by one treenail being driven out in every 
 alternate frame or fourth timber between the uppiir 
 edge of tlie wales and the light-water mark, and 
 nt such otiier [lartsof the bottom as the surveyors 
 may direct, so as to enable a judgment to be 
 formed as to the general state of the treenails and 
 timbers, and of the planking in the treenail holes ; 
 or should the state of the treenails indicate de- 
 fective timbers, or should the outside plank be 
 b(dt fastened, then, by cutting out listings or 
 plank at the discretion of the surveyor. 
 
 Diagonal doubling on ships built in tlie British 
 North American colonies, or on ships built of Iir, 
 is to be fastened as under, viz.: — 
 
 If worked not above 11 inches broad mny be 
 single fastened with a through bolt at every biilt, 
 every fifth fastening to bo a through bolt or a 
 through treenail of hardwood; the distance be- 
 tween these through fastenings not to exceed t 
 feet G inches. The remaining fastenings to consist 
 of through treenails or 2 long and 2 short dump 
 bolts ; the length of the short dumps may be J 
 an inch less than the combined tbickness'of tlie 
 doubling am' the original outside plank, and that 
 of the long dumps to be not less than tlie thickness 
 of the doubling added to twice the thickness of 
 the original outside plank. 
 
 Ucfore doubling, the original fa.stenings in the 
 outside planking and the rider bolts should be ascer- 
 tained to be in elficient condition, or be made good, 
 but all treenails, from the lower part of the chocks 
 at the floor heads to the upper part of the chocks 
 at the second futtock heads, throughout the bilges 
 for one half the length of the ship amidships, shall 
 be renewed throngh the original inside and outside 
 planking with hardwood treenails, unless such 
 4 SI 
 
 • '! 
 
 !fi 
 
 lit 
 
 i\ 
 
 1 ;i| 
 .'is 
 .11 
 
 
 ^ 
 % 
 
 ! J 
 
 •M 
 
mm 
 
 t^ 
 
 I !■ 
 
 1266 
 
 SIIII'S, SHIPPING 
 
 * .■ 
 
 treenails were originally of hardwood or have been 
 recently reiiew«d — then application may lie niuile 
 to the committee with the viewof diapcMmn),' with 
 thia reqiiireraent. In all casea the throat bolts 
 and the bolt next thereto in the iron knees and 
 riders must bo renewed through the doubling. 
 The uj)pcr ends of the diagonal doubling to be 
 worked against a fore and aft stroke of doubling, 
 the upiier edge of which is to be let into the 
 original plank sufticicnt to form a caulking seam, 
 say not less than 1 J inch. The lower ends of the 
 diagonal doubling to be worked against 2 strakes 
 of fore and aft doubling, the lower edge of the 
 h)wir strake being rabbeted into the keel, and 
 to be not less in thickness than one-and-a-half 
 limes the thickness of the doubling. All diagonal 
 doubling to be of rock elm or of equally suitable 
 material, and be wrought on hair felt. 
 
 (!!). Iron-fastened Ships. — All ships, although 
 inm-fastened (except as hereinafter mentioned), 
 shall be classed in the same manner as copper- 
 fastened ships, so long as they remain unsheathed 
 with copper, provided they are, in all other re- 
 spects, constructed in accordance with the rules ; 
 but when shootlied with copper over the iron 
 fastenings, the words 'coppered over iron bolts' 
 shall be added to the character in the register 
 book, and continued until the, ship be thoroughly 
 copper-fastened. 
 
 70. Ships built in India, although fastened 
 with iron, shall be permitted to be c )pper-8heathcd 
 without any mark being placed in the book, pro- 
 vided the bottom be felted or chunamed and 
 wood-sheaiiied, and subjected to a careful exami- 
 nation of the iron fastenings on every occasion on 
 which the sheathing is stripped off, for which 
 purpose some of the bolta and nails arc to be 
 taken out of the lower part of the bottom, and to 
 be seen by the surveyor ; but no such ship shall 
 be permitted to continue cither on the A or on the 
 A m red class for a longer period than one-half 
 the number of j-eara beyond the term originally 
 assigned for her remaining on the A character, 
 unless the bottom shall have been doubled, or the 
 whole of the iron fastenings taken out or properly 
 secured, and the bottom refastened with bolts, 
 or treenails, or both, including the middle line, 
 breasthook, and crutch bolts. 
 
 71. Equipment.— KW vessels are required to 
 have their masts, spars, and rigging, the rudder, 
 pumps, windlass or capstan, scuppers, and hawse 
 pipes, in good order, and sails in sufHcient number 
 and in good condition. 
 
 Windlasses, if of wood, are in all cases to have 
 a square iron spindle passed right through them, 
 the diameter of the spindle to range from 2i to 5 
 inches, according to tonnage. 
 
 72. Every ship ia to be provided with anchors, 
 cables &c., of approved qualitj^, properly tested at 
 a public machine (see notice in Appendix at end 
 of register book), in number and length, as set 
 forth in the society's Table, No. 22 amiexed. (See 
 also sec. 32.) 
 
 A certificate of all chains and anchors having 
 been tested, and of the strain applied to them, 
 must be produced before the ship is classed. 
 
 73. The length and condition of the chain 
 cables are to be ascertained by removal from the 
 lockers on every special survey for classification. 
 
 74. In all cases where hempen cables pre used, 
 1 more in length will be required. 
 
 75. Boats. — All vessels luider 150 tons to be 
 provided with one good boat ; and every vessel of 
 150 tons and above to have a suitable number. 
 
 76. The e£Scient state and condition of the 
 whole of the ships' equipment will be designated 
 by the tigure 1 ; and where the same are found 
 
 insufficient in tjuantity, or defective in quality i, 
 the tigure 2. 
 
 77. Ships navigated by Sleum. — Steam ships jf 
 to be aubjoct to the same periodical survers j 
 sailing vessels, and whenever the boilers arc tiJiei 
 out, the vessel is to be submitted to a partii'uliii 
 and speeial survey, in order to ascertain hn 
 general condition. 
 
 78. That with respect to the boilers ami m,i- 
 chinery, the owners are required to produce tuti' 
 surveyors at the above-directed surveys, a ivr- 
 tilicatc from some competent engineer, (lescrili;! - 
 tiieir state and condition at those pericxis ; m\ i' 
 which certificate it is desirable there sl]ouli||»a 
 description of the particulars of the same, as far 
 as may be practicable, in the manner and foriB 
 annexed, No. 8 ; to be appended to the rcpdri rf 
 survey, and delivered to the committee, who nil| 
 thereupon insert in the register book the knm 
 ' M.C.,' denoting that the boilers and macliiiifn 
 have been inspected and ccrtitied to be in "ml 
 order and safe working condition ; but if no cirti- 
 licate of their condition be furnished by the owner 
 or master, then no character can be assigned k 
 the machinery. 
 
 70. Hull. — The surveyors are directej to (x- 
 amine and report the scantling of timbers, plant, 
 and fastenings, and to state where built, ami In' 
 whom, in tlic same manner as directed for jailin ' 
 vessels. ' 
 
 80. The surveyors arc required to report ilic 
 number, size, length, fastenings, and mode of ar- 
 rangement of the engine and boiler sleepers, aad 
 the description of timber of which they are com- 
 posed, and whether diagonally trussed wiih \mi 
 or iron, and to what extent ; the length, size; and 
 fastenings of shelf-pieces and paddle-beams ; and 
 whether the vessel be constructed with sponcings, 
 and how they a- j formed ; and to give the length 
 and shifting of the plank outside and inside, 
 
 81. Materials and Equipment. — The surveyor.- 
 are to examine and report the number and de- 
 scription of the masts, sails, anchors, cable-, 
 hawsers, warps, and boats, as directed to be dun' 
 for sailing vessels. For weight of anchors, size 
 and length of chains, see Table No. 22. 
 
 82. The surveyors are to be particular in ex- 
 amining and reporting the condition of the boats 
 
 , of all vessels employed in carrying passengers. 
 I Foreign-built Ships. — It having been deemeJ 
 desirable that foreign-built ships, which have not 
 been constructed in accordance with the rules of 
 the society, should nevertheless be entered in die 
 register book with a character of efficiency if their 
 condition be such as to entitle them thereto, the 
 following regulations have been adopted for their 
 survey and classitication, viz.:— 
 
 Foreign-built ships which have not been con- 
 structed in accordance with the rules, and have 
 not been surveyed by the surveyors to thia society 
 while building, for which the owners are desirous 
 of a character of condition or efficiency for .sea- 
 going purposes, will be surveyed for entry in the 
 register book on application being made to the 
 committee, in writing, stating the name of the 
 vessel (and if at any time she had any other name. 
 such is to be inserted in the application) ; lilie»w 
 where and when she was built, and her lcnj,ih, 
 breadth, depth, and tonnage (whether British or 
 foreign). 
 
 The committee will then direct a special survey 
 to be held by two surveyors, to be appointed in 
 every instance by the committee, one of whom at 
 least shall be an exclusive officer of the society, 
 and the ship submitted to a compliance witli the 
 undermentioned requisitions of survey-, viz. :— 
 
 lu all casea the ship must be placed in dry 
 
SHIPS, SHIPPINO 
 
 1207 
 
 tj', or defective in qualiiy, l.y 
 
 dby S<e(im.— Steam ships ar. 
 e same periodical Hurveys j. 
 vhenevcr the boilers arc tak.- 
 be submitted to a partkuli' 
 ■ in order to ascertain h.r 
 
 ■spect to the boilers and mi- 
 are renuired to produce to t! 
 ibove-diri'cted surveys, a ,■.■ 
 •ompeteiit engineer, descril i, . 
 ditiou at those pcriiitls; audi. 
 t is desirable thcrc! should !»• a 
 particulars of the same, as lar 
 iblc, in the manner auJ form 
 bo appended to the report . ( 
 red to the committev, who will 
 in the ngister book tlie letur- 
 hat the boilers and machimn 
 ;ed and ccrtilied to be in fml 
 ■king condition ; but if no ccrii- 
 lition be furnished bythoowmr 
 
 character can be assigned I .- 
 
 1 surveyors are directed to (x- 
 the scantling of timlwrs. idaiik. 
 
 nd to state where built, and W 
 le manner as directed for sailii;,' 
 
 vors arc required to report t!io 
 ■gth, fastenings, and mode of .ir- 
 a engine and boiler sleepers, and 
 f timber of which they are com- 
 ber diagonally trussed iriih \m«\ 
 hat extent ; the length, size, and 
 Blf-pieces and paddle-beams; and 
 jol be constructed with sponcings, 
 . formed ; and to give the length 
 he plank outside and inside. 
 I and Equipment— Ut suneyors 
 and report the number and dc- 
 e masts, sails, anchors, caWw, 
 and boats, as directed to bedi'ii' 
 els. For weight of anchors, size 
 ains, see Table No. 22. 
 rvors are to be particular in «■ 
 wrting the condition of the boats 
 ploved in carrying pas.iengcrs, 
 Ships.-n having been deemed 
 ,rcign-built ships, whicli have uo 
 i in accordance with the rules 
 uld nevertheless be entered in th 
 th a character of ethciencydthei 
 ch as to entitle them thereto A 
 lUions have been adopted for their 
 
 silication, viz. : — 
 shTps which have. lot been coj. 
 
 ordance with the rules, and ha 
 %d by the surveyors to this s(.,^ 
 for which the owners are des.»u> 
 o? condition or efficiency tot ^^^■ 
 
 wm be surveyed for entry ntt. 
 m application being madMo 
 writin-', stating the name of tlie 
 rrny time she had any other rnw 
 
 eSintheapplication);h|cew.. 
 
 >n she was built, and her In** 
 and tonnage (whether Br.t.h 01 
 
 ee will then direct a special sitfj? 
 Two surveyors to be appou^j;^ 
 by the committ..'. on««';Sv, 
 in exclusive othccr of the « 
 Emitted to a comphancew'l^'''' 
 
 1 reauisitions of survey , ^ Z; • 
 \Kip must be placed in dn 
 
 1,1 'k or laiii on block.s, so that the keel and bottvjm 
 niav be seen and properly examined ; tlie hold to 
 beVleared, and proper stages to be made botii 
 iusidc and outside; the limbers to be cleared, 
 
 Uts and treenails to be driven out at ditrerent 
 .f(s of the ship, and in sutHcient number to 
 'Enable the surveyors to nsccrtaui tlieir condition ; 
 L condition oi" the plank and timbers in the 
 ircnail holes also to be ascertained; the beam 
 tills in ships of 4 or more years old must be ex- 
 amined bv boring. The surveyors must then cx- 
 iiiinc nud report upon the chip, as to the state of 
 tlio timbers of the frame (where examined), plank- 
 in- inside and outside, decks, watenvays, beams, 
 kiiVs keel, keelsons, stem, apron, hawse timbers, 
 kuiLditheuds, breasthooks, transoms, rudder, and 
 vuiidiass, the sheer and general form of the ship, 
 particulars of materials and scantlings, so far as 
 ibev can be ascertained, and spacing of tiraliers 
 ai d' beams, tliickness and shifting of plank, mode 
 ,,1 lastening, sizes and condition of bolts and tree- 
 nails, and state of caulking in nil parts of tlie 
 
 "urvcv No. 1. If the ship is less than 4 years 
 1,1,1, a listing of not less than 4 inches wide and 
 ,-iii'al to i of the length of the ship on cacii 
 •iJe to be cut out below each set of clamps or 
 helves in such parts as tlie surv-eyors may rc- 
 uuirc, sutlicitut to enable them to ascertain the 
 -izc and condition of the frame. 
 Suriev No. 2. If the ship is 4 or more years 
 i.H«lie"must be scraped bright from the light 
 mter-inatk upwards, including the plankshcers 
 ifil watenvavs, and a listing of not less than 4 
 inches wid.? must be cut fore and aft below each 
 ;ei of clamps or shelves, and at the bilges at the 
 feretion of the surveyor, and a short listing out- 
 side at each buttock. This must apply to all ships 
 if 4 or more years old, whether they have had the 
 :liort listings previously cut or not. 
 
 if after such examination all repairs arc done 
 i,j the satisfaction of the sur\-eyors, so as to enable 
 tlcin to make a favourable report, a class of elK- 
 ciencv will be granted by the committee, and 
 tateii'l in the register boo'k, which class will be 
 retained for 12 months only, unless it shall be 
 made to appear by the owner that the ship has not 
 been in anv port in the United Kingdom during 
 that period; but in no case will it be continued 
 t.>t more than 2 years, unless the vessel be re- 
 •nrveycd as above ; but upon such re-survey the 
 cfeni'ngs described therein will not be required to 
 repeated be within a period of 4 years. 
 
 There will be three designations of condition or 
 character, uistiuguished thus : 
 
 1 F 
 
 2 F 
 
 3 F 
 
 1 F denotes ships which are found on survey to 
 be of a superior description, fit for the conve}-ancc 
 ofdr}- and perishable goods to and from all parts 
 ol the world. 
 
 2 F denotes ships which, although not eqnal to 
 the foregoing, are nevertheless found on survey to 
 be in a good and eOicicnt condition, and fit for the 
 conveyance of dry and perishable goods, on shorter 
 voyages. 
 
 3 F denote* ships which shall be found on sur- 
 iv fit for the conveyance of cargoes not iu their 
 
 taiure subject to sea damage. 
 
 It is to be distinctly understood that the fore- 
 going regulations will be confined in their appli- 
 "tion to foreign-built ships. 
 
 To entitle the ships to the fig. 1, they must be 
 supplied with stores in accordance with Table 22, 
 attached to the rules. 
 
 Xo one can question the advantages that re- 
 
 sult fnmi carrying a plan of this sort completely 
 into execution, or those that have already been 
 derived from tlio extent to which it has been 
 carried. We confess, however, that we incline 
 to think that the classification of ships shoidd be 
 eH'ooted by (Jovernmeiit agents. It is invidious 
 to impose on one set of merchants and shipowners 
 the ta.sk of deciding upon the condition of the 
 ships or other property belonging to others ; and, 
 though we iinve every contldence in the integrity 
 of the gentlemen composing the committee, tlic 
 most h(moiirable mvn are liable to bo intlueuced 
 by an esprit ('.a corps, and by insensible biases. 
 Wp, theref(/rp, cannot help thinking that the 
 sciieme would have a much better chance of 
 .success, and that the clnsjsilication would be more 
 likely to be correct, were it managed bv indivi- 
 duals nowise connected with business. I'lic sur- 
 veyors, on whose capacity and honesty the whole 
 scheme principally depeiids, should be quite inde- 
 pendent of the good or ill will of tlifisc on wliose 
 property they have to report. But can that be 
 said to be the case at present ? and can it be fairly 
 presumed tiiat merchants or shipowners will deal 
 by the property of tiieir friends and neiglibours 
 as it might be dealt with by ollicers appointed by, 
 and responsible only to, Cloveriiment ? We appre- 
 hend that liuth these questions must bo answered 
 in the negative ; and hence our conviction that 
 this is a matter in which Government should in- 
 terfere. No one can doubt tliat it i* bound to do 
 everything in "its power to promote the safety of 
 navigation, and to jireserve the lives of our sea- 
 men. In this view it erects lighthouses, and 
 prescribes regulations as to pilotage iS;o. lUit, 
 liow indispensable soever, these arc not more 
 essential to the interests of navigation than a 
 proper classification of ships ; and, if other means 
 should fail fully to etfect this desirable purpose, 
 Government will certainly neglect a most im- 
 portant duty if it do not interpose. In the mean- 
 time, however, tlie mercantile and sliipping in- 
 terests are deeply indebted to the gentlemen who 
 have done so much to obviate the abuses of the 
 old system. (For a further discussion of this 
 important (juestion, see the article on the ' Fre- 
 quency of Shipwrecks,' in the 122nd number of 
 the Edinburgh Review; see also the Reports of 
 the Commons Committees of 183G and 1843 on 
 Shipwreck, and other Parliamentary Papers.) 
 
 III. Ships (Safety of). 
 
 The self-interest and the security of the owners 
 and masters of ships may, perhaps, be supposed 
 to afford the only real guarantee against the 
 occurrence of accidents. But this guarantee is 
 not alwavs, nor perhaps in most instances, to be 
 depended upon ; and to obviate in as far as possible 
 the calamitous results that might be occasioned 
 by the carelessness of owners and the ignorance 
 or misconduct of masters, the Legislature has 
 enacted certain rules in the view of securing the 
 proper fitting out of ships and their management. 
 But it is needless to say that a vast deal depends 
 in such cases on the way in which the rules are 
 enforced. And it were better that they did not 
 exist at all, and that passengers and others were 
 left to depend on their own estimate of the 
 parties, than that they should be taught to place 
 an undeserved reliance on rules which are not 
 properly carried out. The following rules on this 
 subject are embodied in part of the Mercantile 
 Shipping Act of 1854, the 17 and 18 Vict. c. 104 
 of the Mercliant Shipping Act and Amendment 
 Act, 25 & 2G Vict. c. 63. (See also Akciiors nud 
 Cablf.s.) 
 
 Application of Part IV. of Act 17 & 18 Vict. 
 4 M 2 
 
 ' ii 
 
 ; I! II I 
 
 ■i d 
 
 ' 
 
1368 
 
 SHIPS, SlIIPPIN'O 
 
 ;i 
 
 I ■ ". 
 
 
 i: ■■■■■' : 
 
 ,»••». 
 
 .'4 
 
 • » 
 
 '.. .j. 
 
 ■•: i 
 
 (').■ I 
 
 >/ 
 
 ■ ■-':■.. I- 
 
 
 
 '. ' _• h 
 
 
 c. 101.— Tlifl fourth imrt of tint Art nhnll npply , nor lens in tlieir cubic contcntH limn tlip Ii,nt„, 
 
 to nil lirilicii siiifix; nml uU forciK" Mti'din | number nnd cubic coiitcntH of which arc ^|)pcili 
 
 iihin.H iiirrvinjt (ms»cnj,'cr» l)ctwccn jilftccH in the 
 
 irnitcd K"inK(lom, nlmll be subject to nil Iho 
 
 provinioni conlnincd in the fourlli part of this 
 
 Act, find likcwiHO to tlio nnme proviKJons with 
 
 rcitppct to the cortitlcntes of the masters and 
 
 mates thorcof to which Uritish steam ships are 
 
 subject. (8ec. 'JO I.) 
 
 DiHitaJor Sea-guint) Sliip.i, 
 Unlet at III lioatiand Lij'e Huoiji — Thefidlow- 
 in>; rules shall be obKcrved with respect to boats 
 and life buoys, viz. : — 
 
 I. No docked ship (except ship!* used sidcly as 
 steam U\ft,» and ships cn^nfjed in the whale tishcry) 
 shidl proceed to sea from any place in the Unitcil 
 Kingdom, iiidess she is provided, atTordinn to her 
 tonnage, with boats duly supplied with all re- 
 quisites for use, and not "being fewer in number 
 
 in the following Table: 
 
 •J. No shin carrying more than ten iim^tn^j 
 shall proceed to seii from any place in iho I'nli 
 Kingdom, unless, in addition to the lumti ab.> 
 re(|uired, she is also provided with a lifi> \ma f,. 
 niched with nil requisites for use, or iinlc«si,|„, 
 lier boats above required is rendered buoyanuft, 
 the manner of a lite boat : 
 
 ;t. No such ship as last aforesniil »liii|| p,,,,^ 
 to sea unless she is nlso provided wiili iu„iij 
 buoys : and such boats and lite buoys Aa\\ i, 
 kept so as to be at all times lit and ri'iiiiy I'.iriut 
 provided, that the enactments witli fospiii i 
 Ixiats and life buoys herein contiiiiicil nlmll m 
 apply in any case in which a ceriilicatn ha* ^ 
 dulv obtained under the lOih »(,., i,f ,i, 
 ' Passengers' Act,' Mh'i (the 15 it l(! Vicl.c.H 
 s. HI). I I'AssK.Ndi'Jts.] (Sec. •."!:'.) 
 
 Number timl I)imen$ions of liiuitD with nhich Seiujoimj Shipt are to he Pnn-lileil. 
 
 Regt^terril 
 
 'I'lmnBge 
 
 Nailing 
 
 To In rsrrlfil liv S.iiUnR Shipt 
 «nil .sttaiu Shiji, 
 
 Steam 
 Shl|n> 
 
 S(N) anil 
 upwnrilt 
 (Ml to HIHl 
 IIHI to l'(H) 
 VH) lo 4110 I 
 IIH) 10 '^IHI '■ 
 Uniirr KM) < 
 
 (oni 
 
 l.rKKIanil 
 
 upwiirdt 
 
 8UU tu 1 ,000 
 
 sno lo sno 
 
 .Ifill lo .'illO 
 '^41) lo 3lio 
 ivn la «40 
 fiOlo I JO 
 ITniIrr liO 
 
 ft. ft. In. 
 
 ,1 « 
 
 S G 
 
 .1 6 
 
 .1 fi 
 
 !i 
 
 !> O 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 ft.tn, 
 a K 
 
 n (i 
 r, f, 
 
 5 B 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 ft.in. 
 
 'i n 
 
 •i s 
 
 2 r. 
 
 ■4 C, 
 •i i 
 
 CoitMN *i 
 
 To be cwrrletl hy 
 
 Silil.iiK Shlpa iinil 
 
 Sli'iin Shi|»ii wtttii 
 
 Ihey do not carrv 
 
 lioau in cul. 3' 
 
 f.atmrhe« 
 
 ft. ft. In 
 
 S fi 
 8 U 
 
 •ir, s 
 
 i"> 7 
 
 ui r, r, 
 
 ■ill K 
 
 Hi! H G 
 
 To lie carrlrfl hy Mii>nm 
 
 Slii|H wlticti d'l not riirty 
 
 lite liuat ill cul. -i 
 
 llonli 
 
 I 
 
 ft.in. 
 
 .1 S 
 .1 8 
 
 .1 S 
 .1 (i 
 
 3 » it ft 
 
 ft. iOc 
 
 .1 6 
 
 .t G 
 
 .1 f. 
 
 .•> fi 
 
 .'. fi 
 
 1 fi 
 
 5 a 
 
 & 
 a 
 
 ft.in 
 
 i fi 
 H G 
 
 'i fi 
 ■I fi 
 
 n 
 t e 
 
 IMt iloati 
 
 ft 
 
 ■i -m 
 
 ft. In 
 
 8 r. 
 
 T«il I 
 .N'li»I»ti( I 
 
 
 1 flr J 
 
 1 1 or s ; 
 13 or I I 
 1JM5 
 :'Ur,l ' 
 
 '1 ; 
 
 yote, — In sailing ships carrying the number of 
 boats above speciticd, and steam ships carrying 
 the larger of the two numbers above s|)ecilic(l, the 
 boats are to be considered sutiicicnt, if their aggre- 
 gate cubic contents are equal to the aggregate 
 cid)ic contents of the boats specitied. 
 
 In steanj ships carrying the smaller of the two 
 numbers above specilled, one of the boats must be 
 a launch of the capacity specitied in col. '2, 
 
 In sailing ships of 200 tons burden and under, 
 not carrying passengers, a dingy may be substi- 
 tuted for the boat in col. 1. 
 
 In sailing ships of 150 tons burden and imder, 
 not carrying passengers, a substantial boat ot 
 c.ipacity sutiicicnt to carry the crew niiiy be sub- 
 stituted for those above specitied. 
 
 In all steam ship.s, two paddlebox boats maybe 
 substituted for any two of the boats in col. 3. 
 
 Penalties on Masters and Owners S\-c. neglecting 
 to provide Boats and Life Buoys.— hi any of the 
 following cases, viz. : — " 
 
 1. If any ship herein required to be provided 
 with boats or life buoys proceeds to sea without 
 being so provided therewith, or if any of such 
 bojits or life buoys are lost or rendered unlit for 
 service in the course of the voyage through the 
 v:ilful fault or negligence of the'owner or tnaster ; 
 or, 
 
 '2. If, in case of any of such boats or life buoys 
 being accidentally lost or injured in the course 
 of the voyage, the master wilfully neglects to 
 replace or rejiair the same on the "first opportu- 
 nity ; 01, 
 
 3. If such boats and life buoys are not kept so 
 a.<« to be at all times fit and ready for use ; 
 Then, if the owner appears to be in fault, he shall I 
 
 
 incur a penalty not exceeding 100/,, anil if il 
 master appears to be in fault, lie sliall incur 
 j)enalty not exceeding 50/. (Sco, 29:),) 
 
 Officers not to clear Ships not co'niilim} ti- 
 the above Provisions. — No oflicer of cujtiniu -lal 
 grant a clearance or traisirc ^dr any.^liipliir 
 rctpiired to bo proviileil n'ili. bo.nts or «itli iii 
 buoys unices the same is ilulyso pruviilcil ; wl 
 any such ship attempts to go to .'on williuntw 
 clearance or transire, any such ntliecr inny Jtuii 
 her until she is so proviilcd. (.Sec. •-".M.) 
 
 Lights and Fog Signals, and Meetimj mid Tat) 
 Build and Equipment of Steam Skips. 
 
 Iron Steamers to be divided hij Wutn-tnk?;' 
 titions. — The following rules shall lio "I'-irvti 
 ■with respect to the build of iron stiam ;lii;* 
 viz. : — 
 
 1. Everv steam ship built of iron, of I'O w 
 or upwards, the building of which ooninieiii* 
 after August '28, 18 10, and every .steam >bip k. 
 of iron of less burden than 100 "tons, tlip IniiHi- 
 of which commenced after August 7, !8il (os«i 
 ships used solely as steam tugs), slmll be <\mk 
 by substantial "transverse watcr-ti.irlu partiiion 
 .so that the fore part of tlie ship sh.ill li.> soi"'*' 
 from the engine room by one of .smli |'artiii|rj 
 and so that the after part of sncli -liii' slw" • 
 separated from the engine room by auotiicrufsJ' 
 partitions: 
 
 '2. p;very steam ship built of iron, the biiiJn 
 of which commenres afto :lu' passini; ot m -k 
 shall bo divided bv such partitions as m^i] 
 into not less than three equal parts, or a.i nearl; ■ 
 as circumstances permit : 
 
 3. In such lost-mentioned ship each fiicn I 
 
MHpes;*"' 
 
 SHIPS, aillPPINO 
 
 12G9 
 
 nibic contcntH liiaii tlic Imm, ti,, 
 c' conlciitH of which arc >\mlhl 
 rnhhv. , ^ 
 
 rrvin;; more thnn ton |iat»(!iiafr, 
 loii from niiy pliifc in tlic Innhi 
 i, in ndilition to tli« lioni* ab.it» 
 I'lHd iirovitlcil with ii life bnai lij. 
 I'fjiiiMilc'i* for iisi', or unl('.«„i> ' 
 rciinirpd is renilcri-d buoyamifcr| 
 
 lili. liont : 
 
 ii) nH Inst nforcsniil slnill \,vnA\ 
 ic i« niso proviilcil Willi tw . ... 
 ch hoots nml life himys >h;i,| <| 
 
 nt all times tit and nmly I'lr u.. 
 
 the fnuoiinents witli fosiin : 
 buoys lierciii contiiincci uliall i 
 (0 in which a cpriificati! Iiiu uA 
 
 unilor the 10th »cc. of ilj' 
 •t ' 1M5-2 (the 15 it IC) Vitl.f 
 ;N.ilcK8.] (Sec. -."••.'.) 
 
 S/ii/M lire to he Pmriiled. 
 
 Cui.t MM 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 T«il 
 
 
 
 To In orrlrrt ti.» Sipsm 
 
 Nt%l,u! 
 
 hhii" «l'l'''' '1'""' '•'"> 
 
 
 llie Ilual 111 tul- '^ 
 
 
 no»u { 
 
 i.ir« noait 
 
 1' 
 
 j3 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 JZ 
 
 ■g 
 
 s. 
 
 % 
 
 1 - 
 
 jl Hhii- 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 V. 
 
 5 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 f 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 n. 111. 
 
 ft. In. 
 
 
 ft 
 
 fl.ln 
 
 ft. Ill 1 j 
 
 1 .'■ 6 
 
 « fi 
 
 t't» 
 
 a r, 
 
 .16 1..'; ^, 
 
 1 A 6 
 
 * 6 
 
 
 ■■ 
 
 .. . ..,5 
 
 I S fi 
 
 'I B 
 
 ..!.. 
 
 ,. 
 
 .. It lor.', 
 
 < .^ fl 
 
 I Ii 
 
 .. ..I .. 
 
 
 i 1 (i 1 ti >i 1.. •■! •• 
 
 .. Slliir:^ 1 
 
 N 5 « 
 
 Ii 4 
 
 !• 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 i ■.; 
 
 
 tv not exccediiiK 100/., ami if i 
 ri to be in fault, lio sliiill incur ( 
 ccccdingSU/. (See. 'iM.) . 
 
 ; to clear Sliip» not comjilwi} m 
 ;isiotts.—'So otliccr nf cibtmiu •!»■ 
 incc or trnisirc f<n m\\ M'^'-'"i 
 ,0 provided 'vit'. ho.its or miIi iiiii 
 tliosainoisdiilyso]iroviW;EN 
 1 attempts to p) to so.i williuul 'o;| 
 rnusire, anv siicli otliccr may J.iJil 
 is so provided. (See. i'M.) 
 
 ,g Signals, and Mvetmi wiJM^ 
 
 nd Equipment of Uttum l^hips. [ 
 
 er.i to he diviikd hij M «/<r-(i.*M 
 
 followinp rules shall lio "l-n^ 
 
 to the build of iron steam m 
 
 team ship built of iron, of Ww 
 tho building of which cowen^ 
 ■2S, 18 IG, and every steam ship M 
 ,s burden than 100 tmi_stli«tai^ 
 
 .mcnced after August < , ll*;^' l'^" 
 lelvassteamti.Ks)islmllbe. 
 
 „1 -transverse wntcr-t..u>n" J 
 
 ,rcpartoftheslni.sh..lli.>2J 
 rineroombyoneof.sml.vamiu«1 
 
 the after part of sucl. -"'I' . j 
 ,n the engine room by auotberol all 
 
 iteam ship built of iron, the b,,24 
 ,meneesaftt>:hcpassin|,'«t*i^ 
 ■ided bv such partitions^ a '^. 
 than three equal parts, or a-^earlyl 
 
 "TXTnUoned .hip each ..chf 
 
 liiiiin M aforesaid uliall be of cnnnlstroiiKfii Willi 
 i|ii' liilc plates of the ship with which it i.s in 
 O'Mtiict : 
 
 4. Kvcry screw steam ship built of iron, the 
 iiiiUiiiK of which eonimences alter the passing of 
 ihi^.Vct, .iliall ill addition to the ahovii purtilioiis, 
 I,, litlcil willi a small water-tifjlit ronipiirlmeiU 
 ,.nlii!tiiit; ilic "ficr e.xtreniity of the shuft : 
 
 ,\ml no olliitr of customs or other imthou shall 
 , liini a clcaranco or f rniisiro for any iron stenin 
 ,ii,,i ri'i|uirtd to be divided or fitted as aforesaid, 
 uiiltwi the .".'line is so divided and lilted ; and if any 
 ■uoh ithip attempts (o ply or )^'o to sea without such 
 ilcui'iuicc or Iriiiisire, any such olliccr may detain 
 bii until she is so divided and fitted; and if any 
 ^,,..,n) .ship lurein reijnired to Ix- so divided or titled 
 |i|ii:< or goes tu sea without bvin^; so divided or 
 liiicil, the owner shall incur a penalty not excced- 
 iit- 1(10/. (.Sec. 300.) 
 
 ilif fDHowinjc axv the refjiilalions for preveniiiif; 
 iiillisiuns at sen, embodied in Tabic C appended to 
 ilio '.','■) k 2t! Vict. c. 6iJ. 
 Art. 1. I'nliminaru, — In the followinf^ rules 
 vtrv stoaiii ship which is under sail and not 
 luiilir stcani is to be considered a sailing; ship ; 
 Mill every steam ship which i:* under steam, 
 whether under sail or not, is to be coii.sidered u 
 -hip under steam. 
 
 .\rt. '.'. Uulm concerning Lights. — The li;,'hts 
 i;ifiiliimcd ill the following articles, and no others, 
 ■liall he carried in all weathers between sunset 
 anil sunrise. 
 
 .\ri. :i. .Seagoing steam ships when under weigh 
 •hall carry : 
 
 (ii.) .lithe Foremost //rm/, abri.uht white lifjlit 
 ,-.)li.\ecl us to show an uniform and unbroken light 
 uvtr an arc of the horizon of I'O points of the eoin- 
 pass, so lixcd as to throw the light 10 points on each 
 siJc I'f the ship, viz., from right ahead to 2 points 
 jbaft the beam on either side, ond of such a 
 iharacter as to l)c visible on a dark night with a 
 .icar iitmnspliere at a distnnoo of at least live 
 Mih'< 
 
 on their resprctivo sidc.i of the vessel ready fur 
 instant exhibition, and shall, on the approach of 
 or III other vc-isel.s, beexhil)ite<loii llii'ir respective 
 sides in siilllcieiit lime to prevent collision, in 
 such manner as in make Ihein most visible, and 
 so that Ihe Krcen li^lil shall not bu seen on the 
 port side, nor thir red liKht on the starboard side. 
 
 To make the use of these portable lights more 
 certain and easy, they shall each be painted out- 
 side w ilh the colour of the linht they respectively 
 contain, and shall be (irovided with suitable 
 screens. 
 
 Art. 7. .Ships, whether steam ships or sailing 
 ships, when at anchor in roadsteads or fainvays, 
 shall between sunrise and sunset exhibit, where 
 it can best be seen, but at n height not exceeding 
 twentv feet above ihc hull, a white light in ii 
 globular lantern of eif^ht inches in diameter, and 
 so constructed as lo show a clear uniform and 
 iinliriiken li;;ht visible all round the horizon, and 
 at a distance of at least one mile. 
 
 Art. H. Sailing; pilot vessels shall not carry the 
 lij;hts required for other sailinj; vessels, but shall 
 carry a white light at Ihe mast head visiiih; all 
 round the horizon, and s!:all also exhibit u tlarc- 
 u|i light every lifteen minutes. 
 
 Art. 'J. Open lishiii;; boats and other open bouls 
 shall not be required to carry side lights required 
 for olhcr vessels; but shall, if they do not carry 
 such li^lils, carry a laiiliir. having a green slide 
 oil the one side and a red sli'ie on the other sidr ; 
 and on the approach of or to other vessels such 
 lantern shall be exhibited in suilicient time lo 
 prevent collision, so that the ^reen lij^ht shall not 
 be .■-ecn on the port side iior the red light on tliu 
 starboard side. 
 
 I-'ishing ves.sels and open boats, when at anchor 
 or attached to their nets and stationary, shall 
 exhibit a bright white light. 
 
 Fishing vessels and open boats shall, however, 
 not be prevented from using a Hare-up in addition, 
 if coii.sidered expedient. 
 
 compass, so lixed as to throw the light from right 
 ahead to two points abaft the beam on the starboard ] 
 ^iile, and of such a character as to be visible on a 
 darknif,'ht with a clear atmosphere at a distance ' 
 ofatlca.it two miles: t 
 
 (c.) On the Port Side, a red light, so con- 
 »truoicd as to show an uniform unbroken light 
 over an arc of the horizon of ten iioints of the 
 Oiimp.is?, so fixed as to throw the light from right 
 
 1 
 
 Art. 10. Rules concerning Fog Signals.— \\\\a\\- 
 (//.) On the Starhoard Side, a. green light, so j ever there is fog, whether by dav or niKbt, the 
 fuustructed as to throw a uniform and unbroken j fog signals described below shall be carried and 
 ht over an arc of the horizon of ten points of the I u.sed, and shall be sounded ut lest every live 
 
 minutes; viz.: — 
 
 («.) 8team ships imder weigh shall use a steam 
 whistle placed before the tunnel not less than 
 eij.jht ft et from Ihe deck. 
 
 (J>.) Sailing ships under weigh shall use a fog 
 horn. 
 
 (c.) Steam shipr, and sailing ships when not 
 under weigh shall use a bell. 
 
 Art. II. Steering and Sailing Hules. — If two 
 ilicadto two points abaft the beam on the port side, sailing ships are meeting end on, or nearly end 
 ami of such a character as to be visible on a d.irk on, so as to involve ri.sk of collision, the helms of 
 iiirdit with a clear atmosphere at u distance of at both shall be put to port, so that each may pass 
 least two miles : on the port side of the other. 
 
 (rf.) The said green and red side lights shall Art. 12. When two sailing ships are crossing 
 he fitted with inboard screens projecting at least so as to involve risk of collision, then if ihcy have 
 three feet forward from the light, so as lo i)rcvent | the wind on ditterent sides, the ship with the 
 these lifjhts from being seen across the bow. j wind on the port side shall keep out of the way 
 
 .K\.'. StcamBhipswhentowingothcrshipsshall I of the ship with Ihe wind on the starboard side, 
 carr twi bright white mast-head lights vcrticolly, ' except in the case in which the ship with the 
 in aildition to their sidelights, so us to distinguish I wind on the port side is close hauled and the 
 them from other steam ships, Kach of these other ship free, in which case the latter ship shall 
 
 keep out of the way ; but if they have the wind 
 on the same side, or if one of them has the wind 
 aft, the ship which is to windward shall keep out 
 of the way of the ship which is to leeward. 
 
 Art. 13. If two ships under steam are meeting 
 end on, or nearly end on, so as to involve risk of 
 collision, the helms of both shall be put to port, 
 so that each may pass on th« port side of the 
 other. 
 Art. 14. If two ships under steam arc crossing 
 
 mast-head lights shall be of the some construction 
 and character as the mast-head lights which other 
 >teani ships arc reipiired to carry. 
 
 Art. 5. Sailing ships under ■weigh oi being 
 towed shall carry the same lights as steam ships 
 under weigh, with the exception of the white 
 mast-head lights, which they shall never carry. 
 
 Art. 6. Whenever, as in the case of small vessels 
 diiriiig bad weather, the green and red lights 
 cannot be fixed, these lights shiUl be kept on deck 
 
 I I 
 
 II 
 
 <!: 
 
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 tl,. 
 

 i * ^ 
 
 •\ 
 
 :i.^ 
 
 i. 
 
 
 1970 
 
 Nil iiM to iiivolvd rihk iif I'lilliHiiiii, tlio i,lii|i wliicli 
 liiiN the iiIIkt dm licr nwii nliirlnianl niiIc nIiiiII ki')'|i 
 nut of tlio niiy oC ilii< ullii'r. 
 An. I.'i. ir iwii Hlii|iM, iiiit^ of wliii'li is n nnilint; 
 
 tiliip mill tilt' kiIhtii sit'iiin nliiii, iirt' |iriM liii^- in 
 
 Hiirli ilirci'lliiiH iiH III IiiviiIm' iimU uI' t'lilllninii, ilic 
 Kti'iitn Mliiji kIiiiU U('i'|i mil of tlimviiy iit' ilic tmiliiih' 
 
 Mllilt. 
 
 Art, Iti. Kvcry kIciiiii hliiii, wlicii ii|p|iriini'liiiin 
 nilotllcr Klii|> .111 iiH III iliviilvi' rink ni I'lillisiiiii, 
 nIiiiII Hliu'kcii licr h|i('nl. III', ir lu'i'i'hxary, Mtnji iiiiil 
 rrvrr.ir ; ami cvrry ^ll^llll Klii|i >liall, wlii'ii in a 
 liiK, Ki> lit M iiiiiilrriili' NiHTil, 
 
 Art, 17, Kvcry vcnmI iivcrliikiii>,' iiiiy nilirr 
 voHHcl nIiiiII k('i'|) (lilt III' llic uiiy nl' tlir hiiiil la.-il - 
 
 lllt'lllilllKMl VI'S-l'l. 
 
 An, IN. U'licrc liy llir ahovi' riilcM mu' nl' two 
 hliipH is to kt't'p (Mil III' llir way, lllr ollirr sliiill 
 kicp lii'r ciiiirsi', Hiilijcrl III till' i|imlili('iiiiiiii.-< 
 ciiatiuiicil ill the rolliiwiii); arliclc. 
 
 .\rl. I'.i. In olicyiii^ iiiiil ruiihtniiiiu; Ihc.io riilcH 
 line rt'i^iinl iiiiinI Ik- liiul to all daiif^iTs of iwi\ i- 
 
 .SIIII'S, .M|III'IMN(t 
 
 forcai'li ili'faiilt in any of llif aliovi> ri'minit,, ,||^ 
 ou'iicr xliall (if lit; it|i|it'urK to lii< in fimli) i,|,,|,^ ^ 
 |i('iinlly not ixccrtliiiK Inn/., ami llif iiwiiIit n|||,|| 
 (if lit' ajipi'ar* to lie in fault) incur a pi'iniltv n,,, 
 fxccnliiiK fid/. (17 A IH Vict. c. |(l» n. ;iiii ■) 
 
 I'inallij I'lir iiiifirofHT It'iiiihl oh Su/iti/ K(i/r,,_ 
 If any pcrMim placcHan iiiiiliio wiikIiI on tbc.iiif,!|, 
 valve of any ntcam nliip, nr, in the ca-r nf sdm,. 
 nliipH Miirviiycil an lii'ninafli'r mcntiniiiij, ini'nii,f, 
 Hiicli weight U'yiiml the liinitx lixcil hy hiuIi ,1,. 
 jfinccr «nrvi'yor iih hereinafter i.ieiiliiiMi'i|,hp»||(||]" 
 
 in ailililioii in any oilier lialiililicH he 
 
 'liny iiinr 
 
 hv Hii lining', incur a penally not cxci'i'ijinir id,,/ 
 (.Sec. ao-j.) • 
 
 lOvcrv Hicam Hliip which in rcipiireil hytli, |; 
 /t |H \ iet, c. 101 to have ft inaMler pii'-iis-iiii; i 
 certilieale, hIiiiII alwi have aneiiKiiieei (iri'iiiiiimr. 
 iioKHCH.sin).; a ccrlilicftlo or cerlilieales Iruni iht 
 lloaril (if Traile, ('.'.l & 'J(i Viol. c. M s, j.i 
 
 Siiri'vi/ of Ptimrnijrr Slmmrr». 
 IhfhiUioii of Pamiriuirr Sluimrr. — iMir iIioiiik. 
 
 ^'aliiiii; anil due regard niiiHt also lie had I" any | poseoftheeiinelnicnlMhereiiicoiitaiiieil witlir(«i|„,.i 
 -' ■ .-i -^ . 1. ' liiMirveyHaiidcerlilicalcs of paHHcii),'cr »lcniii.|ii|i, 
 
 j the word ' paM.ienjjiTs ' shall lie li(>l(| in inrluilianv 
 persoiiH carried in a iiteain nliip, nthcr tliiiii ih'e 
 
 I master and crew and llie own r, his Liinilv ail 
 servants ; and llio e.xpre.ssinn ' iL-iHsciiycr steiinnf' 
 shall he held tn iiielndi! every Itiiiish steam -liin 
 earrviiiK |iassenj,'ers In, frnni, nr helwiriiuiiv plaiv 
 (irpIaiTH 111 the United Kingdnin, excciiiliij; steam 
 ferry hnal.s workiiiK in chains, i mimilv isllnl 
 
 special ciiTiinistaiices which may exist in any 
 particular case rendering a dcparliire fmin the 
 aiinve rules necessary in nrder tn avnid iinniediule 
 il.'iiif;cr. 
 
 .Vrt, 'JO, Nnlliinn in these riile.n shall exnm rale 
 any ship nr the nwiier or iuiisIit nr crew thennl' 
 finm the cnnse(|ii"nces nf any nej^leci in carry 
 linhls nr sij^nals, or of any ncjjlrcl In keep a 
 proper look-iiiil, or nf the iie^lcel nf any pre- 
 eaiitinii which may he reipiired hv the ni'dinary 
 practice nf Hcameii or hy thu Mpccialcircunidtanccs 
 of tlin caHC [Coi.i.isKiN, I 
 
 /.'i/Hiy;/HC»/ of Steam Shifin. — Sleaiil ships shall 
 he prnvided as fullnws (llial is In say): — 
 
 1, Kvery steam ship nf which a survey is 
 lurtliy reipiired, shall lie provided with a safely 
 valvo iipnii each holler, sn const riicled as tolieniit 
 (if the cniitrnl (if the eiif^incer when the steam is 
 up, ami, it such valvei.s iniKklitinii In thu ordinary 
 \-.ilvc, it shall he so cniistriiclcd as tn have an .'ilea 
 lint less and a prcssnie not greater ihaii the area 
 nf and pressure nn that valve. 
 
 :.'. Every .sea-};oiii;; slcim ship employed to 
 carry pasMiijicis shall have her cniiipas>os |irn- 
 pirly adjusted from time In lime : such ailjii>tuii'iit, 
 ill tiie case of ships surveyed as :il'ter ineiitii.ned, 
 
 steam hridnes. (17 & IH Vict. c. ini .. ;)ii:|.) 
 
 I'nmuiiuier St>'<tmcrs to In: mirm/iil Kvcrv 
 
 passenger steamer shall he surveyed Iwinai l|i;i,"t 
 III each vear in iiianiior after iiientiiiiiiil. iSr 
 
 ao-1.) 
 
 Hoard of Trade to iwf)oinl Survriidn ml fu 
 their Himuiieratloii. — Tlie Hoard nf Trmj' nijiv 
 from time In time appnint such luiiiilur uf tlimiil 
 proper iicrsmis to be shipwriKlil siirvcyots ainl 
 cni^iiieer surveyors for the purposes of this Aci 
 at such pnrus nr places as it thinks proper, ami iii;e 
 alsn appnint a snrveynr-f^tcncral fur tlir riiii,il 
 KiiiK>lnm, and may from time tn tin. ■ remm. 
 such snrveynrs or any of tlieiii, ami tiiav frrni 
 time tn time li.x and alter the rates of remiiiii;:uiii 
 to he received by such surveyors. (See. .'l"j.; 
 
 Sini'ii/orH to fiiive Power to ins/icit.—U >li;ilUi 
 
 tu he made tn ihe salisfaciinii nf the shipwrifxht ^ lawful for the said surveyors in the cxcrnii,!! , 
 -iirveyor, and accordiiif^ to such ie,i;ulatiniis as | their duties in (;n onboard any steam ship iu iH 
 
 iii.iy he issued by the linaril nf Trade. 
 3, Kvery sea-piiiij; steam ship (unless 
 
 ; .ilely as a steam liij;) shall he prnvided with a 
 linse adapted fnr the purpnse nf exliii/^iiisliiii;; lire 
 in any jiart of the ship and capable of being con- 
 nected with the eiihiiies of the ship. 
 
 I. Kvery sea-gniiif{ ship eniplnyed In carry 
 pa>seiif;ers shall he prnvided with the fnllnwint; 
 means nf makint; sif,'iials nf distress; viz. I'i blue 
 1i;:hts or 1'2 port tlr^s, and I caniinii with aniiiiu- 
 nilinli fur at least 12 eliar;;c.s, nr, in the diserelinn 
 nf the master nr nwiicr nf such ship, with such 
 ntlier means of niakiiif,' signals (if iiny) as may 
 h.ive iircvioiisly been approved by the linard of 
 Trade. 
 
 ■"i, Kvery home trade steam ship employed tn 
 carry passengers by sea shall be provided with 
 such slielur for the prntoctinn ul deck p.'isscngcrs 
 (if any) as the Hnard nf Trade, having regard tn 
 the nature nf the passage, the number nf deck 
 passengers tn be carried, the season of the year, the 
 safety nf the ship, and the circumstances of the 
 case, may require : 
 
 And if any stuam ship as aforesaid plies or goes 
 to sea from any port in the fnited Kingdom 
 without l)eiiig so provided as herein reipiired, then 
 
 leasnnahle times, and tn ins|'ect llie saiiicur ai;y 
 used ! fiart iherenf, or a.iy nf the machinery, i)iial:<,i'i|ui; ■ 
 
 iiients, or articles on bnard Iherenf, nr any cuiiii- 
 eates nf the master or mate tnwliieli the pi'iivi-iiii- 
 nf this Act nr any nf the rcgulalimis In lie iii:i 
 by virtue Iherenf apply, not iiiiiiecessarily iliiiiii- 
 iiig nr delaying the ship iroiii pinceeilini; mi my 
 voyage, and, if in cnnseipieiiee nf any aroii! ir. 
 to any such ship or for any nilier leasnii thcv i::- 
 sidcr it necessary sn to dn. In reipiiic the >hip t' 
 he taken into dock for the pu^pll^e nf snrv 'iii. 
 the hull tlierenf; and any iiersmi wliii liinikMniy 
 such siirveynr frnm gning on Imanl any -ikIi 
 steam ship nr otherwise impedes him in thitxi- 
 cutinn nf his duty under this Act, shiill incur i 
 penalty nnt exceeding u/. (See. 30(i.) 
 
 ]!otird of Trmie to regulate Motif of Miiin;; 
 Siimi/s. — The said snrveynrs shall extcntctliir 
 duties under the direction of the Iioaril nf TraJi;. 
 and such bnard .shall make regnlalioiis :i< to it 
 manner ill which the surveys nlur meiitinnoil.-liall 
 be made, and as to the notice tn hegiveu ro ti;' 
 surveyors ■when survey- are rei;iiircil, and ^h ' 
 the amount and p.a.Miieiit nf any travulliii;; ' 
 ntlier expenses incurred by such .surveyors in lie 
 execution of their duties, and may thereby iletcr- 
 
mmmfi 
 
 liy iif lilt' lilmyi' rr.mi-itc.'h,. 
 |i'|i('ur!< til l>'^ >*> ll'illl) incur ,, 
 i^r liMi/., mill till' niii'tli'r .111! 
 ill I'liiilt) i"«'iir » l"'iiiilt\ I; . 
 
 ii \H \w.t. 1'. !<»•» '«. ;iiii.') 
 
 f),T H'lii/ht i<n Safitii i'lilr- 
 iilliilliilin' wt'iwlit <m llx'-iil.i 
 
 1 MJlijI, or, in t'"' <'" f"!'!!! 
 
 I'ri'iiinrii'r incnli'inril, incnu., . 
 I ilic liiiiilH lixfil \<y hikIi Hi. 
 liiTciiml'tfr i.u'iili'iiiid,|i(i,||,; 
 (illur lliiliilitii'H lie limy n, „, 
 a lu'imlly ii"' i'X"'<'.liiiK iix/. 
 
 p wliU'h i« winirnl liy tl' i, 
 to Imvo ft iniiMliT |iii-'.i»-iiit' I 
 () liiivc nil viiK'"<'<'' "f ''iii-'iiiiii' 
 Icnln <ir <'»'flill''iili'« Iruni tiii 
 '.»:, A '.'11 Vii'l. f. t'^t *.:<.) 
 
 if I'lisanujfr Slfiiimm. 
 iHni'iiili'r Stfiimir.— V\\t llii- 1 ii, 
 iitrtliVn'iiu'oiitainccl willirc-in' 
 ilioiilt't ol'imHsi'ii(,'i'i- !*ti'niii-lii|i., 
 DM ' Hlmll Ik' ll«lil I" illiluiliMiiy 
 n HlPftiii fliii), (itlicr than I r 
 mill ill" own r, liU laiiiily mA 
 
 iclmlo ovi-ry iliiiisli stcmn .hih 
 rs to, I'roiii, or lii'twi'iiumy |.b. 
 iiitod KinplKin. cxi'ciilinj; -timi 
 liK ill diiiiiiH, coiiimuiilv lallnl 
 17 & 18 Viol. 0. l(il.-.;)(i;l.) 
 iiiitrs Id III' dwri'i'i/t'/.— lAin' 
 r hIiiiII l)C Miirvi'vi'd twin' ni lea-'; 
 iimmicr iifliT iiiwitiuiicil. iSr. 
 
 lie to timxtint Sumiiors ami p 
 ,)H. — TliL' lloiii'il iif rrml" luny 
 > ivii|i<iiiit siu'li iiiimliir nf til luul 
 J bi! Hlii()wrij;ht. biirviyot* ami 
 rs for the |mriio8t's of thb Act 
 liici's fts it tliiiikMiiro|ier,miiliiiav 
 mrv(ryor-K»!ii'"'i>l f'"' ""' ' """' 
 niiy Vroin timi' to tin. • jvww 
 .ir liny of llioTU, ami may I'mm 
 ml ulttT tho rates of ri'iimm';:iii' ii 
 Hui'li surveyors. (Sio. lini./ 
 I'f I'ower til inspni.—U ^lialltv 
 il surveyors in the exiiuiniii i; 
 (111 lioaril any steam ship ai :i;l 
 ami loiiispeet the same "t ;ii;y 
 ly of the iiuK'liiliery, i,o;UM"Hu;- 
 )'on boanl tliereof, or iiiiy I'tTiin- 
 er or matetowhiehtheiiri.vi-nii- 
 IV of the retJiilai'Kiiis '"'* '"■';'' 
 "apiilv, not nimceessavily iKiim- 
 ship iroiii pnM'eedini; oil any 
 ill eonseciueiii'e of any art'iil'K 
 or for an vol her reason tlivvcv;- 
 
 so to ilo, I" i-e'l'>'«' •'"' ''"'''' 
 U for the piiri)o>e "t >i'f^' :•"'- 
 anil any I'ersoii who hiiKktsanv 
 
 Tuiii Koini; on hoanl rniv '«<•' 
 lorwiso, impedes liim m thr rxv 
 V uiuler this Aet, shall niciir i 
 
 -.'JdiiiK ill. (^c--- ^"9 ,. , , 
 
 t„h ill requlale Miidi- ot «« "'J 
 
 Hid surve'yor^ ^1>"" exenito tli^it 
 
 Illrcction of the Hoard ol Ira*. 
 
 ilmll make re-nlatioiw a^ to * 
 the surveys alter ineiiti.mciUtoi 
 to the notice to he >;-iveu to ..• 
 «urvev- are rojuircd, and ■- 
 pavnunt of any travelhii. ' 
 ncurre.1 by siieh «""-yeyo« .n ^ 
 •ir duties, and may iherebj dcta 
 
 HIIII'H, HIIII'I'INd 
 
 the persons liy wliom and tli<' eoiulilioiis 
 
 1 27 1 
 
 h 
 
 I 
 
 iiiiiliT whh'h Hiii'li payiimnt hIuiII lie iimdr. (Hv-\ 
 
 I'lMilli/oH Siirrrifiirii rtrtiriiuj tftt uiulawjulli/, 
 -Kurvsiirvevor wliiideinuiulHor reeeivesdireetiy 
 Miihreetly from lln' owner or ninstcr of aiiv ship 
 .iirvcved hy liiin iiinler the provi.sioiis of tins Aet 
 ,,iv I'lr or'feiiiiilieralioii whalsoi ver fur or in re 
 iii'vt of siieli Ninvey, otherwise ihiin as (he <.'tllier 
 inilliv the direelioii of (he Hoard <>f Traije. nhall 
 iiiiirli penally not e.xeeedhi),' Ml. (See, ;ili«.) 
 
 ()i/'Bi'< liiliiii'i' •'>'«ri'r//» «i(i</<' III/ Slii/iivriii/it iiinl 
 I'liiiiiifi'i' Siirrri/iirf iS'i'. — The o\Mi« r of every pas- 
 ,„,r|.r vlianier mIihII cause the .same lo lie Miir 
 , Mil III the times liereiiiafler ilireeteil liy one of 
 hi. said shipwright surveyors and by one of the 
 ..iiil eiiK'iiiei'r surveyors ap|ioiiiii'd as aforesiiid ; 
 lah sliipwriKlil surveyor bein^;, in the case of iron 
 .ir.linirs a person u ho is, in the judgment of the 
 I'.niinl ef Trade, properly ipialilieii (o survey siieh 
 .|ii|w; an<l .sueli surveyors shall thereupon, if sutis- 
 y,\ lliiit they eau wJlli propriety do so, j^ivc to 
 .iiili iiwiier del hiriilioiis ns follows : — 
 
 rill' (lei'laralion of tho shipwrinht surveyor shall 
 Hiiitniii statements of the fidlowin^' particulars 
 filial it to say) ; — 
 1, Tliat the hull ol llic ship is siidieicnl lor the 
 irvii'i' intended and in ^'ood condition. 
 .'. Thai the parlititm.s, boatu, life buoys, linlils, 
 iHiial-.niinpasses, and shelter for deck pas.seii(,'ers, 
 mil the eerlilieates of the master and iniite or 
 iiiatt'.H, are Mieli, and inHiicli condition, as required 
 |.v lliU Act. 
 
 ',■!. The liuic Cif less tlinn six innnlliH) for which 
 tilt .said hull and ei|nipments will be sudieient. 
 
 I. The limits (if any) beyoinl which, as re^rards 
 
 :lic hull and eipiipineiits, ilie ship is, in lie iiir- 
 
 vivorVjiidKinenl, not lit to ply. 
 
 il. The iiumher of pa.s.sen(;ers which the ship Is, 
 
 niho indupienl of the surveyor, tit to carry, dis- 
 
 'iiitjiii^liint;, if necessary, between the respective 
 
 iiiiliirs to he carried on llu^ deck and in the 
 
 laliiiK and in dilTeient parts of the deck anil 
 
 ibins; such niiinlieis to be subject to such con- 
 
 .iiiiipiis ami variation.s, aecordiiifr to the time of 
 
 ' lar, Ihi' nature of the voya^'c, the car;;(i larried, 
 
 iillur circninslanccs, as the case recpiires. 
 
 Anil the declaration of the engineer surveyor 
 -liill omitain stalenieiits of tlwi following; par- 
 'ii'iilars (Mial is to .say) : — 
 
 1. Tliiit the inachiiiery of the ship is suflicieiit 
 :> the service intended, and in f,'ood condition. 
 
 '.'. flic time (if less tliaii six months) for which 
 -rli niailiinery would be siillieient. 
 
 ;i. That the safety yalves and lirtr hose are siieli 
 ..iiiliii such eondithm as are reipiired by ibis .Act. 
 I, file limits of the Heij,'lit to be placed on the 
 silVly v.ilvo.s. 
 
 a, flic limits (if any) beyond which, as re;,'ards 
 iliinmrhinery, the ship, in the surveyor's] iidnineiit 
 '<■• Iml lit to ply. 
 
 Anil such declarations shall be in such form as 
 .lie lliinrd of Trade directs. (See. liO'.l. ) 
 
 Tnmsiiiinniim i/' Decltiriitiims In Dniiril nf 7'iiif/r. 
 -Ilii' *aiil owner shall transmit such derl.iralions 
 lu i!n Hoard of Trade within 11 days alter the 
 date, of the receipt thereof respectively ; and in 
 ilifaiilt shall forfeit a sum noc exeeedinn 111.'*, for 
 everyday that the sending of such declarations is 
 lelaycd; and such sum shall be jiftid upon the 
 ililivciy of the certificate hereinafter mentioned. 
 in aililition to the fee payable fur tho same, uiul 
 -li.ill be applied in the same manner ns such fees. 
 (Sec. 310.) 
 
 Times ajipointeil fi,r Surveys itnd TniiismisHion 
 if Decliirations.—ih all cases where it is possible 
 the said half-yearly surveys shall be made in the 
 
 months ot April and of f)i lolnr, nml the declu 
 ration 1 "hull b,. iraiiHmltiid on or bcfop' April .'ID 
 and < •etobcr .'11 ■■rspcitlvely ; but if tin owll'T ol 
 aiiv passen^iT deanier is iiiinbli' to have (he same 
 survived In the month of April or October (as 
 Ihi'ca-'e liny III), either by ren-oii of s'lch '•bip 
 bi'iiit; alis-.'iil from the llniled Kiiiu'dom diiriiiK 
 the wlioie i.t tliosc periods respiclivcly or by 
 rciisoii oi'siiih ship or I he machinery thereof beiiin 
 iiiidi r const nii't ion or repair, or of siicli ship being 
 laid up in do. i>, or lor any other rea-on snlisfactory 
 to llir Itnanl of rniilei then he shall have the 
 saiiii' ^iirviyrd as aliirisaid as soon thereafter ns 
 possiblr, iiiid .-ball IraiiMnit such drclnrulioiis to 
 till' Hoard ol Trade williin II days after the ^'el•ipt 
 ibiri'if, together with a Htat<-nienl ol the nasi'UH 
 whicb iiavc prevcnlid Ibc survey of such sJrip at 
 I he liiiie 111 lure prescribed, and shall, in case ol 
 • li'lay ill iraiismittiiig thedcclarnlions, Inliableto 
 a forl'i'ilnre similar to that mentioned in tin- last 
 sect ion. (.Scc. .'tl 1.) 
 
 llixinl iij' 'I'riiilf III inmir Ci'rtlflciilvn. — I, 'pun the 
 recei|jt of such ileclnratiotis, the lioaril ol Trade 
 shall, if satisrnd that the provisions of the fourth 
 part of this Act have been complied with, cause a 
 certiticate in ilii|iliiale to lie jircpared and issued, 
 111 the elVecl that the prov isioiis of the law with 
 respect to llie survey of the ship and the Irans 
 mission of declarations in respect thereof have been 
 eoiiiplii d with; and such certilicate .shall state the 
 limits (if any) beyond which, according to the 
 deelaration of the surveyors, such sli'p is not lit 
 to ply, and shall also contain a ntatement of the 
 niiniber of passengers which, according to the 
 declaration of the shipwright surveyor, such ship 
 is lit to carry, (listingiilKliing (if necessary) be- 
 tween the respective numb, i.i ii. be carried on the 
 deck and in l lie cabins and in ditfei^'iil parts of the 
 deck and cabins, hiicIi nnmlH^r to be. subject to 
 such condilioiis and variations nccordiiig to the 
 lime of ye.ir, the nature of the voyage, the cargo 
 carried, and other circumstances, as the ca.se re 
 ipiires. (.See. ;H'.'.) 
 
 Jssiii' mill Trtinsiiiisiiinn of CiTlifiralKS, — The 
 Hoard of Trade shall transmit .such duplicate cer 
 lilicale to the shipping master or lo soiiie other 
 public ollii'ir at such |iort as the owner may men- 
 lion lor the purpose, or at the port where the 
 owner or his agent resides or where the ship wa.s 
 surveyed and is for the time being lying, and shall 
 cause notice of such transmission to be given bv 
 post or otherwise to the master or owner or his 
 agent ; and the said shipping master or ollicer shall 
 ileliver such duplicate eertiliealc to the said owner, 
 inaster. or agent, on his ajiplying and jiayiiig the 
 lees anil other sums (if any) herein meiilioiied as 
 payable ill that behalf; and in proving the due 
 issue and lra:^sniission to the owner, agent, or mas- 
 ter of such certilicate, il -hall be sullicieiit to show 
 that the same has been duly received by such 
 shipping master or public ollicer as aforesaid, and 
 that due nolice of the transmission thereof to such 
 shi|ipiiig nia>tcr or odicer has been given to such 
 owner, niasier. or agent. (Sec. itllJ.) 
 
 Fees to In: jiiiiil fur Ctrtificaliit. — 'I'lic owner of 
 every passenger . '.eainer re(|uiriiig a certilicate 
 under this Ad shall pay for every cerlifieate 
 granted liy the Hoard of Trode such (ve:> as such 
 Hoard directs, not exceeding the fees undermen- 
 tioned : — 
 
 Knr ntcimiT^ not i-xn PiIlnR inn tons - 
 Fur sli.;iiiu'rs fXi-i-t-diiiK lllii .inil nnl exreeilitlK 3011 tons 
 For ^tt■.lllllT^ i.x< rnliiii; r^oil ami not ex<'(MMlin|! (iOU tuns 
 •Villi lur I'vcry nililiti.-nal ."^O'l tuns an ad(lition.-vl 
 
 X'i 
 
 4 
 
 ■ i; 1 
 
 -iL 
 
 J!!" 
 
 iiti 
 m 
 
 (Sec. :ill.) 
 
 How liiiii} Cirlificati.a to continue in force. — No 
 such eortilicate sliall be held to be in force for the 
 
 ^ 'Hh 
 
mmm^ 
 
 127a 
 
 HIIIRS, .Slin'lMN(J 
 
 !' ' »♦•' 
 
 ;f 
 
 I 
 
 ii::^' 
 
 '■if 
 
 
 s ••;■;•■ .^ 
 
 ■VI 
 
 al'l- 
 
 miriKiHrii of thin Art boyoiicl the ilnto flxnl liy ilip 
 llonnt iil'Triiilc for lln* r\|iiriiliiiti iliiTc-of; uml tm 
 •'(•rtilliiUc nIiiiII 1(0 in I'lircc nllcr iiiili''i' h jjivrii 
 liy llif lloiiril >i( Ti'jiilr III I 111' ciwiiiT, /i^i'iii, <ir 
 iniiHli-r iil'llii' ^<lii|i til uliirli llii> miiiiii' rrliiti'^. Hint 
 siirli liiiiinl liii'4 I'liiii'i'lli'il iir rcviikcil tin- Niitiic: 
 |iriivii|ril, ilmt if miy inisiiii^^cr xti'iiincr in alm'iit 
 iViiiii ilio I'liitcil KiriKiliiMi iit tlio iiiiii> wlirii Uvr 
 <!i'i'li(ii';it)' (>x|iir('?<, III! pi'iiiill.v nIiiiII lin iiiciirn I 
 fur tlio wnnt nf u n'rlilii'iilo until nIu> lir^t lic^'ins 
 to |ily with passfiiniT!* iiftor licr ni'xt Hiil)si'i|iii'iit 
 rt'tiirn to tlic llnitcil KiiiKiloiii; ami tho llmiril 
 of 'I'railo innv rciiuirt' any ccrtilii'ati' wliirli lin^ 
 pxpiri'd, or lins lit't'u ri-voknl or canct'llt'il, to 
 lie (li'liviM'ril up n* it iliri'ClM; anil any uwiut 
 or inantcr wlm, wiiliont ri'nminaliii" I'antc, uc;{lrcirt 
 or n-fiitiM til ciiinpiy with purh ri'iinircnii'nl, 
 Hhall incur a pcMaiiy not cxt'cfilinn lu/. (Sir, 
 
 :iir>.) 
 
 HiHirit of Trade may rancrl Certifivittef. — 'I'hr 
 Hoard of TriiiU" inny ri'volcc ami canal wmh ccr- 
 tilii'atrH ill any catm in wliicii it lias iia-ton to 
 hc.linvi', 
 
 1. 'I'liat tlio (lorlaratiiiiH of the Miinh'ii'iicy ami 
 \HMi\ t'onilitioii oftlu! hull, (>i|uipmpnts, ami ina- 
 chincrv <if any pasNcnt^or Htcanicr, or citlicr ot' 
 tlivui, liavu bci'ii traiulultntly on rroncously inado; 
 or, 
 
 2. That Riirh ccrtitlcato has otiicrwi.M! liccii 
 itisnod upon U\Uc or ononcoin inrorniaiinn ; or, 
 
 X That diiu'c tlic niakiiiL,' of siu'h dorlaralinns 
 thi* hull, cipiipmi'iits, or inaohiiit'ry of Nurh ship 
 have siintainoil any injury, or are olhcrwisi! in- 
 Hutllcioiit. 
 
 And in ovory such cnso the Hoard of Trmlc mav, 
 if it think (it.'rcipiiro the mviu'r to have tlin hull, 
 iM|uipnu'nl.M, or inarliiiii'ry urdiirli Khip n^cain Niir- 
 vi'Vfil, and to tr.iiisinit a I'lirilii'r di'rinration or 
 di'tdarations of llu' i<iilli>'i<ticy ami ^ood comlitioii 
 tliprcof, bi'fori! ri'-is.siiiiiK any ccrtilicati' or (jrant- 
 iii^ a frc.-h oiu' in lion thori'of. (Soc, ;il('i.) 
 
 (';;)!/ itf Ctilijiiiite to be jiliciil in roim/iicunun 
 Part of Ship. — Till' owner or niaslcr of every 
 pasieiijjer stranier sliall forllnvilli, on the traus- 
 niinsion of any such certiticate as afore?aid to him 
 or his aneiit, cause one of the duplicates thereof so 
 transmilted to In* |iut up in some conspicuous part 
 of I he ship, Ho a.s to he visilile to all persons on 
 Ixmrd the same, and shall cause it to be ci'!!*'nued 
 so put up so loiifi as such ccriilicate rcii'.' is in 
 I'lirec ami such ship is in use; and in del'uul. such 
 owner or master shall for every ofVenco incur a 
 penalty not cxceeditit,' lU/. (Sec. i[|7.) 
 
 Ship not to procvvil on her Voi/ayv without Cer- 
 lijii-ate. — It shall not be lawful for any passeiif^er 
 SI earner to ])roceed to sea or upon any voyaj^e or 
 excursion with any ]iassengcrs on board, unless 
 the owner thereof lias transmitted to the Hoard of 
 Trade the declarations betbro required, nor unless 
 the owner or master thereof has received from 
 such board such a certitlcatc as is before pro- 
 vided fur, such cerlilicate bein;; a cerliticate ap- 
 jilicalile to the Voyage or excursion on which such 
 ship is abinit to proceed; and no olRccr of customs 
 shall grant any clearance or transire for any pas- 
 senger steamer unless upon the prcduction of such 
 certiticate ; and if any |)a8senger steamer attempts 
 to ply or go to sen without such production, any 
 such oflicer may detain her until such certificate is 
 I)ri)diiced; and if any puss(-ngor steamer plies or 
 goes to sea with any passengers on board, without 
 Imviiig one of the duplicates of s-.'.ch certilicato 
 ;is aforcsiud (being a certilicato then in force, 
 and apidicablc as aforesaid) so put up as afore- 
 said in some conspicuous part of the ship, the 
 owner thereof shall for such offence incur a penalty 
 not exceeding 100/., and the master of such ship 
 
 shall also incur a further prniilty not oxcppiliiiir:<o 
 
 (Sec. ;l|M.) 
 
 I'liialti/ for rnrri/iiii/ /'i/jmivii/cr* in AVivii n 
 \umliern »perifieil in Crrlijivatr. — If the 11W1117 ,i 
 master or other persnii in charge of anv pixHi'ni. 
 steamer receives on board Iheri'of, or if smji „|,|| 
 has on board, any nunibi'r of pasHeimiri hIii,!, 
 having regard to tlie liiiie, nccasjuii, ami I'lrum 
 stances of thtt case, is greater than the iiiiinlH.r 1,1 
 passengers allowed by the cerlilicate, l|ii> inMn.f,,, 
 
 master shall incur a penalty not exi .|iii^> ;im; 
 
 and also an addilional penally not exi'i'i>iliii;' \ 
 for every passenger over and above \\w imtiiliff 
 alliiwed'by the cerlilicate, or, if the Inn' of miy 
 of the passengers on board exceeds .''i.*., imi e\ivi,j 
 ing double the ainiiiint of I he fares of all llii' pt^ 
 seiigers who are over and above the iiuiiiImt «„ 
 allowed asuforesnid, such fares to be estinmti'dit 
 the highost rate pavnble by ony |iasseiigeri)iil«ijri| 
 (See. ;ll',».) 
 
 t'orijfry of Ih'claralion or Cirtifiinlf ,1 )li„i,. 
 vinnior. — Kvery |M>rson who knowingly uml wij. 
 fully makes or assists in making or prmiiroHiulir 
 made a false orfraudiileul ih'claralion nri'iTiliiiiiir 
 with respect to any passenger steamer ri'i|uiriiii;t 
 certilicato under the foiirlh part of lh|< Ai'l.'or 
 who forges, assists in forging, or prniuri'i in j). 
 forged, fraudulently alters, assists in fraiiiluli'iiilr 
 altering, or proeiires to be fraudiilenily iijicrni, 
 any declarati<iii or certilicato rerpiired by ilii> foimli 
 pari of this Act, or any words or ligiirw in mv 
 such declaration or cerlilicate, or any .«i;;iiu'iii« 
 thereto, shall bu deemed guilty of a luisdi'incii'or 
 (Sec. a-.'o.) 
 
 Siirvemirttn make lieturni of the huildimilMlin 
 I'articularn of Steam Shipn S^v. — The viiil Mir- 
 veyors shall i"rom time to time make sih'Ii Miinw 
 to the Hoard of Trade as it requires wiili ro<|»vt 
 to the build, dimensions, draught, biinln. riiu: ol 
 sailing, room for fuel, ami the naliiri' imil pir 
 licnlars of machinery and equipments of iW ►! i| 
 siirveyeil by them; and every owner, in.Klcr, mil 
 engineer of any such ship, shall, on dciiiiinil, ciu' 
 to such siirvevors all such infiirmaticm iiinl a'sw- 
 ancu within lii< power as they rei|iiiii' fur lli' 
 purpose of such returns; and every siuh iirtiir, 
 master, or enginei^r who, on beuig applied lu k 
 that purpose, wilfully refuses or neglects to pii 
 such information or assistance, sjinll lie liable 1 
 penalty not exceeding a/. (.Sec. Il'.'l.) 
 
 J'enaltleH on I'ernons forcinij ITai/ on lioDnl. 
 ri'/i/siH(/ to quit the Ship. — The following' nlti'ii i ; 
 VIZ. : — 
 
 1. Any pcrsim who, after having Ik'imi rohi- : 
 admission intoany steamer by tlie(iwiii'riir|nr-iii 
 in charge thereof or by any perami in tin' cmii!"! 
 of the owner, on account of such sidimor bciii^ 
 full, and after having had the full ainmiiit nl'liista' 
 (if he has paid the same) retunieil or liailori'iiin 
 him, nevertheless persists in attempt in;; tiionur 
 the same ; and 
 
 2. Any jierson, having got nii board my 
 steamer, who, upon being reqnestcil 011 tlio lil>' 
 account by the owner or person in diar^'o tliiwJ 
 or by any p<'rson in the employ of tlio uwnor ; 
 leave such steamer before the saniu li.is quitd'i 
 the place at which such person got on board, an! 
 upon having the full amount of his fare (if hi In- 
 jiaid the same) returned or tendered to liini. "'fu.-i- 
 to comply with such request ; 
 Shall for each such offence iiu-iir a penalty iv 
 exceeding 40»., to b»; paid In the s.iid imnor. 
 (Sec. 3-2-.».) 
 
 I'enalty for avoidimi Faymeni of Fares.— hf 
 following offenders, viz. : — 
 
 1. Any person who fnivels or nltonip!.< to 
 travel in" any passenger steamer which has bern 
 
■thcr pcniHy not otcpcilim- x 
 
 •i/iim I'littnufrr* in AVcn, „f 
 n l\rtijiiiili:—yf '•"' "wmr ■■< 
 Kiiii ill rlirirni- iil'iiiiv |iii«in:, r 
 I iHMird tliiTccir, or if Kiiili »',i|, 
 liiiiiili'T i>r |i:i'<Hciii{iT< will i|, 
 111' liiiii'. iicc'ilHiiiii, itiiil rirnini 
 , I'* ^'rriiirr tliiiii till' iiiiiiiiii'r .,! 
 
 llV till' ClTlilllNlll', 111!' iPWIicf .r 
 
 ii" iifiially iii'l I'Xi liiiK Ji.', 
 
 oiiiil |pi'iiiilly not <'\i'iiiiiiii;' , 
 >r ovrr mill n'lovi' llii' iiiinilri 
 Tlilloftlr, or, it' till' fiiri' uf an, 
 
 III |)oari|rxrri'il-ir).'i..lliil imitJ 
 omit ot'llii' fiiri's 111' iill III. |,,i. 
 )ViT mill hIiovi' III!' iMiiiil»r <.. 
 Ill, Hiicli fini's to 1)0 I'.Hiiiimli'ilv 
 y iilile l)y ony imi*«'ii(,"'r mi l«iar.l. 
 
 litriitiitn or Cntijiinlf ii MM- 
 K'rHoii wlio kiiiiwiMmly mill ml 
 ii»tn ill miikinn or iirmiiriiiiul.' 
 luiluU'iit lU'i'lftriiiioii or I'lTiiiiiii. 
 
 IV |mssi'iin«r striimiT rciiuiriiiM 
 till- I'lMirlii imrt of lliii Ail, n; 
 H ill for^;illK. or (iMiMin < tii !• 
 lly altori*, iinniils in fraiiiliiliiiiK 
 iri'H to lit' frmiiliili'iiily uliir i, 
 r ccrtillfrtti' riMiiiiriMl hy ilif UtrM 
 or any wonls or liniiri'^ in aiiy 
 
 or ccrtilioiili', or any Hjjim'ur' 
 lU'i'ined guilty of a iiiiHiliiimMt. 
 
 like lltlitrn* of the huilil ml iillm 
 team Sliips 'iir.—'\'Ue mU -nr- 
 1 tiinc to tinii; niaUi' ."inh n'liinw 
 Triulc as it rcnuiri's «itli rc'juvt 
 iciisioiiH, ilraiiKlit. Imrilii. nilc of 
 r fiK'l, ami tlin niiliiri' mv\ \nT 
 iiiorv aiuleiiuipincntH nf ^ll^•^hl 
 In ; "anil cvorv owner, ni;nlor, mi ! 
 trni-li Hhip, Hliall, on iliMiiainl, fw 
 all such infiirmatiimiiiula^M- 
 power ns tiicy rciiiiiu' for th' 
 
 rctiirii.i ; anil c'Vi-ry such mm. 
 
 locr who, on br'nif? iipplii'il in i" 
 
 Ifiillv ri'fusos or nonlwH tu p^ 
 
 or ii.isistancp, •'lialt '>»? ''"^i' i 
 .oiliMj? ^i/. (Sec. ;l'il.) 
 
 "ernoiis t'orriiui ii^itij on Ihinl. 
 
 he .S'/iiyf.— Tlii'l'i.Uiiwiii:-' "I't'ii' ■ 
 
 I who, after having; l»".'ii rrl"- 
 iiv steamer bv the uwiiiTiiriHr-" 
 ,f"or bvnnv person in tin' pniiil'* 
 I aecount'of sueli ctpamcr Ihk 
 viiiL'hadthcfiillniiiimiitiillii*!"' 
 the same) retnriieil nrumleroili' 
 sa persists in atteniplni,!,' tu ™i« 
 
 on, having got on boar-l jijy 
 ,pon being reqiiestcil on tho lil> 
 owner or person in elunije tlutiui 
 n ill the employ of tlie ownot :; 
 imcr before the same has mn» 
 ioh sueh person P't on tori «^ 
 e full amount of his tare (if he in; 
 returned or temlcrcd to liini.nfu.'" 
 
 such request : 
 
 8ueh offence incur a po";'")': 
 to U: paid ti. the sai.1 owner. 
 
 hi-o;./;-r/ I'<'!/m,;U of /'unx-Tte 
 
 in ' who'ravels or ath-nipino 
 passenger steamer which has been 
 
 NIIIPS, SlHFPINa 
 
 iliilv Kiirvoyrd in confnrinliy with ilie proviiiionit of 
 
 \h\i Alt, witlioiit haviiit; previously paid hii f.iie, 
 ;,nil Willi illl' lit •" "*"' ' P"y">elll ili'Tiof ; niid 
 
 '. Aiivpirioii who, having paid hi i fare for a 
 
 ri'iiiin di'tiiniT, know iiijjly and wilfully pr ds 
 
 III iiiiv Hii'h steamer brymid siieh ilistance, without 
 nri'vi<>ii'<h paying the additional fare liir the addi- 
 lioiial iliViaiii e, and with inieiit to avoid paynieiit 
 ihiri'iil': nii'l 
 
 :i. Anv iHrxoii «ho knowingly and wilfully 
 fi-fiiniH or neglecti, mi airivin,' at Iho poiiil to 
 • hii'li he has paid his fare, to ipiit ony such 
 
 »ti'iimiT; , . , ., ^ 
 
 .1,1,11 fi,r every siiili olrenco iiieiir a penalty not 
 fXi'ooiliiig '<»■'■ hi addiliori to the fare payalile by 
 him, micli p<iialty to be payable to the owner of 
 such Klennier. ( See. .'12:1. ) 
 
 I'tnnlli/ on I'l r»on» rrfiitinij to ijive their Nitmt 
 ,ml Ailllrim.—V.vtrv person who, having coin- 
 mllted nnv of the oll'eiiees mentioned in the two 
 lii.Hi nri'i'i'iling sei'lions or eilluT of them, refuses, 
 (ill onplieftlioii of the master of the ship or of any 
 , lliir pprsnii in the employ of the owner, to give 
 hh iiamfi am' addres-i, i>r who on such applicalioii 
 t'ivi',1 n false ii.ime or address, shall incur n penalty 
 iiiit i'xi'oidiiig -••'.| *" 'i« l>'"'l to "'* "Oil' owner. 
 (Sit. 3'24.) 
 
 Pnurr to rifiite or remiire I'lisuenqert who are 
 drunk or miffontliict themtelrea. — 'rile master ol' 
 iinv homi' trade jmsscnger steam ship may refuse 
 tii'recoive on bo.ird thereof any person who by 
 rciuwn of (Iriiiikenness or otherwise is in siuli a 
 jtjtc, or misconducts himscH'inBncli a manner, as 
 til caiw annoyance to other passengers on board, 
 or if such person is on board, inav put him on 
 ihiire at any convenient place; and no iierson ho 
 rcfiiseil ailniiltance or put on shore shall be en- 
 titled to the return of any I'aro he may have paid. 
 (Sw. li'i.'i.) 
 
 Arritltntt to Steam Shi/m to he reinirted to Hoar J 
 i.f'i'raJf.— Whenever any steam ship has siistuined 
 irraunod anv accident occasioning loss of life, or 
 ,inv serious injury to anv person, or has receive I 
 ,in'v nmlerial damage alfecling her seaworthiness 
 nr her elliciency either in her hull or in anv part of 
 hfr inai'liiiicry", the owner or master shalf, within 
 'H hours after the happening of siicli accident or 
 il,imaf;i', or as soon thereafter as possible, send to 
 the Hoard of Trade, by letters signed bv such 
 (iwner or master, a report of such accident or 
 ilamaRC, niid of the probable occasion thereof, 
 .^lutiii); tho name of the ship, tho port to which 
 she hi'lon(,'s, and the place where she is ; and if 
 such owner or master neglect so to do, he shall for 
 such ofli'iice incur n penalty not exceeding Ml. 
 (Sec. S'.'ll.) 
 
 Xntice in he piven nf apprehended Loss ofSleam 
 5/ii/)j.— If the iiwner of any steam ship have rea- 
 jon, iiwhig to the nonappearance of such ship, or 
 tn anv other circumstance, to apprehend that such 
 ship li.as been wholly lost, he shall as soon as con- 
 veniently may he send notice thereof in like man- 
 ner to the Hoard of Trade, and if he neglect so to 
 do within a reasonable time he shall fur such 
 nlTencc incur a penalty not exceeding oO/, (.Sec. 
 327.) 
 
 ColHsioni to be entered in Official Lag. — In every 
 case of collision, in which it is practicable so to do, 
 the master shall immediately after the occurrence 
 cause a statement thereof, aiid of the circumstances 
 under which the same occurred, to be entered in the 
 olRcial log book (if any), such entry to be signed 
 by the maiitcr, and also" by tha mate or one of the 
 crew, and in default shall iiicui a penalty not ex- 
 ceedinR '20/. (Sec. 328.) 
 
 Prominm to prevent carrying dangerous 
 Cmds without due Aotice,— No person shall be 
 
 r.'7.'J 
 
 rnlitleil to carry In any thlp, or t.i rnqiiiic the 
 ina>li'r or owiii r of any ship to carry therein, any 
 lllplal'llrli^ oil i«f vitriol, gunpowder, or any other 
 giHidi Mhirh, in the jiidgiiient of sin'li master or 
 owiiir, are of a dan;;erous naliire; and if any pri- 
 son iiirriis or seiid.i liy anv ship any gooil< of a 
 ilaiiuiToiis iiitturi'. withiiiil ifiiliiiclly marking their 
 nature KM the oiilside of the package niiiiainiiig 
 the same, or olherwisr giving notice in writing to 
 the iiia:«ter or owner at or belnre the time ofrarry- 
 iiig or si'iiding the nmiiii' Io bo shipped, he shall 
 for every siirli oll'eiiee incur a penalty nut i xceed- 
 ing Ion/., and the master or owner of any chip 
 may refuse to take on iMiard any parcel tiiat he 
 
 siispei'ts til contain g Is of a dangerous nature, 
 
 and niav I'l'iiiiire them to be upviied tu ascertain 
 the fact'. (.See. ;r2l»,) 
 
 IV. Sill I'll N(» Okkioks «tr. 
 These were established bv the l.'J <it It Vict, 
 c. '.i:l. Their olijeel, as explained iMdow, was to 
 alVord fiii'ilities tor llie cngagemiMit of seamen and 
 apprentices ; to keep all aci'iiuut of their names 
 and I'liararters; to seu to their being on board 
 when required; and generally to promote their 
 interests and those of the masters. The following 
 dailies of the Mercantile Shipping Act, the 17 fc 
 IH Viet. c. lljl, relate tu this nubiect, viz. : — 
 
 Marine Hoards to eatahlish Shipping tijfiim. — 
 In every seaport in the l7iiitod Kingdom, in which 
 there is a Local Marine Itourd, flucli board shall 
 establish a shipping olllcu or shipping oiHces, and 
 may for that purpose, subject as after mentioned, 
 procure the requisite premises, and appoint and 
 from time to time remove and re-apnoint siqier- 
 iniendents of such olliccs, to be called shipping 
 masters, with any necessary deputies, clerk.s, and 
 .servants, and regulate the mode of cundiicting 
 business at »ucli oIUcch, and shall have complete 
 control over tho same; and every act done by or 
 before any deputy duly appointed shaU have tliu 
 same effect as if done by or before a shipping mas- 
 ter. (Sec. 122.^ 
 
 Board of 1 rade to have partial Control over 
 Shipping Offices. — The sanction of the Hoard of 
 Trade shall be necessary so far as regards the 
 number of persons appointed by any Local Marine 
 Hoard, and tho amount of their salaries and wages 
 and all other expenses; and the Hoard of Trade 
 shall have the immediate control of such shipping 
 olllces, so f:ir as regards the receipt and payment, 
 of money thereat; and all shipping masters, depu- 
 ties, clerks, and servants appointed as aforesaid 
 shall before entering upon their duties give such 
 ■security (if any) for the due performance thereof 
 as the Hoard of Trade requires ; and if in any case 
 the Hoard of Trade has reason to believe that any 
 shipping master, deputy, clerk, or servant ap- 
 pointed by any Local "Marino Hoard does not 
 properly discharge his duties, the Hoard of Trnde 
 may cause the ease to be investigated, and may, 
 if it thinks lit so to do, remove him from his oHice, 
 and may provide for the proper perfonnance of 
 his duties until another iieraon is properly nji- 
 [Xiinted in his place. (Sec. 123.) 
 
 Business of such Offices Genendly. — It shall b" 
 the general business of shipping masters appointed 
 as aforesaid — 
 
 To afford facilities for engaging seamen by 
 keening registries of their names and characters." 
 
 'Ill superintend and facilitate their engagement 
 and discharge in manner hereinafter mentioned. 
 
 To provide means for securing the presence on 
 board at the proiier times of men who are so 
 engaged. 
 
 I'd facilitate the making of apprenticeshiiia to 
 the sen service. 
 
 1*11 
 
 ii 
 

 '^:? ,. 
 
 /}4 
 
 v>l 
 
 .1. 
 
 1274 
 
 SHIPS, SHIPPING 
 
 T(i ])(r((irm nucIi other duties rclatinfc to mer- 
 chant Hcamen and morcliant ships as are liereliy or 
 may horeal'tcr under tlie powers herein contained 
 be committed to them. (Sec. 124.) 
 
 Fees to be paid upon KngagemenU and Dh- 
 ch(ir;ies, — Such fccB, not exceeding tlic sums spc- 
 cilied in the annexed Table, as are from time to 
 time fixed by the Hoard of Trade, shall be payable 
 upon all engagements and dwcharges effected be- 
 fore shipping masters aa after mentioned, and the 
 Board of Trada shall <muse scales of the fees pay- 
 able for the time being to be jirepared and to be con- 
 spicuously placed in tlie shipping ofliccs ; and all 
 shipping masters, their deputies, clerks, and scr- 
 rants, may refuse to proceed witli any engagement 
 or discharge unless the fees payable thereon are 
 first paid. (Sec. 125.) 
 
 Fees to he charged for Matters transacted at 
 Shipping Offices. 
 
 1. Engagement of crews. 
 X 1. 
 I 
 
 £ t. 
 
 1 1'. 
 
 •i II 
 
 ■Z 'i 
 
 '-' III 
 
 •i !.'> 
 
 Under f tons . .1 I ,',nn to (inn tons 
 
 BOtoini) „ .071 6nil to Till) „ 
 
 100 to am) „ - (1 1,'. TOlMo SIM) „ 
 
 !iOn to .100 „ - 1 I ROO to i.lllO „ 
 
 .ton to nil) ,, . 1 .'i I 9(10 to 1 ,01X1 „ 
 
 ■I'.IOtoSiiO „ . 1 U) : .■Ibovl- 1,0110 „ . .-> II 
 
 And so on for shijis of larger tonnage, adding fur evcrv lOO tons 
 aliove 1,000, i<. 
 
 'i. Engagement of ^eamen separately. 
 
 •it. for ^aih. 
 
 *. piM^harge of crews. 
 
 £ t. £ t. 
 
 4 1 .'jOO to fifin tons • 1 l.'i 
 
 a 7 600 to rill) „ • 'i 
 
 1.1 7IK)lo ROO „ - 'i !t 
 
 1 I HIKI to <liio ,. - 'i 111 
 1 .'■ '.mil lo 1,000 „ • -i I'l 
 1 10 Alxxe 1,00) „ ..'10 
 
 Under 60 tons 
 r.Dtolno „ 
 
 looto'jno „ 
 •^00 to :ioo „ 
 
 .100 t<i 400 „ 
 100 to 500 „ 
 
 And so on for ships t.f larger tonnage, adding for erery lUO tons 
 alio¥u l.OiX), 5j. 
 
 4. Dischargo uf seamen separately. 
 •2i. for each. 
 
 Masters to pay Fees, and to deduct Fart from 
 Wages. — Every owner or master of a ship engaging 
 or discharging any seaman or seamen in a ship- 
 ping office or before a shipping master, shall p.ny 
 to the shipping master the whole of the fees hereby 
 made payable in respect of such engagcincnt or 
 discharge, and may, for the purpose fif in jiart re- 
 imbursing himself, dc(hict in respect of each sucli 
 engagement or di.scharge from the wages of all 
 ])ersoiis (c-xcejit apprentices) so cni.,agod or dis- 
 ciiarged, and retain any sums not. exceeding the 
 sums spceilied in the preli.xed Table, provided tiiat 
 if in any cases the sums which the owner is so 
 entitled to deduct exceed the amount of the fee 
 IJ.ij'able by him, sucli excess shall be paid by liiin 
 (o the siiipping master in addition to such lee. 
 (Sec. 12(!.) 
 
 Sums to be deducted from Wages bij wai/ of'partial 
 Repayment of Fees in preceding Table. 
 
 1, In respect of engagements and discliarges of 
 crews, upon each engagement and eachdiscliarge. 
 
 From wages of any mate, purser, engineer, sur- 
 f;eon, carpenter, or steward. Is. M. l<'roin Avages 
 of all others except apprentices, Is. 
 
 2. In resjiect of engagements and discharges of 
 seamen separately, upon each engagement and 
 each discharge. Is. 
 
 Penalty on Shipping Masters taking other Remu- 
 neration. — Any shipping master, deputy siiipping 
 master, or any clerk or servant in any shipping 
 odice, who demands or receives any remuneration 
 whatever, either directly or indirectly, for hiring 
 or supplying any seaman for any merchant jhip, 
 e.xcepting tlic lawful fees payable under this Act, 
 shall for every such offence incur a penaltj* not 
 exceeding 20/., and shall also uc liable to be dis- 
 missed from his ofliec by the Board of Trade. 
 (Sec. 127.) 
 
 Business of Shipping Offices may be lraiiHiirt( 
 (it Custom-houses. — The Board of Trade may, wii 
 thecon.sent of the Commissioners of Customs, ilirp( 
 that at any place in which no separate slilppi], 
 oflice is established, the whole or anv p;irt of tl 
 business of the shipping otUoe shall lie coiiduoti' 
 at the custom-house, and thereupon the same iha 
 be there conducted accordingly; and in rcspocti 
 such business such custom-house shall for M m 
 po.ses bo deemed to bo a shiiiping office, ami th 
 ollieer of customs there to whom such bii>in,.sji 
 committed shall for all purposes be deemed t(, |,e; 
 shipping master v'ithin the meaning of this .\ci 
 (Sec. 128.) 
 
 In London Sailors' JTomes may he Sliiimliti 
 Office,^. — The Board t)f Trade may aiiimim .mi 
 superintendent of or other person coniieeicil witi, 
 anv sailors' home in the ])ort of London to ho a 
 shipping master, with any necessary ilopniic., 
 clerks, and scrv.'ints, and may appoint anv nilinti 
 any such home to be a shipping oflice ; and all 
 shipping ma.sters and shipping offices so niipiiiiii(.,| 
 shall be subject to the immediate control nl' tin.. 
 Hoard of Trade, and not of the Local Marine lioarii 
 of the port. (Sec. 129.) 
 
 Dispensation with Shipinng Master's Siiinrk- 
 tendcnce. — The Board of Trade may from time m 
 time dispense with the transaction "before a ship- 
 ping master or in a shipping office of any maiieri 
 required by this Act to be so transacted ; linil ili, re- 
 iipon such matters shall, if otherwise diilv trans- 
 acted as required by law, be as valid as if iran.t- 
 acted before a shipping master or in a .iliippini' 
 oflice. (Sec. 130.) 
 
 v. Ships' Papers. 
 The papers or documents required for tlioniani- 
 festation of the propertv of the sliij) .mil cargo 
 itc. are of two sorts; viz. 1st, those 'quirul by 
 the law of a jiartitnilar country — as the coniiioatV 
 of registry, license, cliarterparty, bills of lailin;, 
 bill of health itc. — (sec these titles)— r(i|uiri J 
 by the law of I'Jigland to be on board liri;i-h 
 ships; and, 2ndly, those required by the lav cf 
 nations to be on board neutral ships, 'o viinliiMtt 
 their title to that character. Jlr. Scrjiin! 
 Marshall, following llubner {Dela SaisiedesBih- 
 mens neutre.>\ i. 241 — 252), has given tli?li'il"« 
 ing description of the latter class of docimioni-:- 
 
 1. 'J'lie Passport, Sea Brief, or Sea Lillrr.- 
 This is a permission from the neutral state i :i' 
 captain or master of the ship to proceed iii :i. 
 voyage jiroposed, and usuall}- contains hi- iiii;: 
 and residence; the name, property, de<in|ii.r 
 tonnage, and destination of the ship ; the uatiir. m 
 quantity of the cargo, the place wheiio' it lii;-' 
 and its destination ; with such other m.ittor.- as ;i: 
 practice of Ilie place recpiircs. This dnainMi: i 
 indispensably necessary for the safety nl ivori 
 neutral slii|). llubner s.iys that it wasthoinii 
 jiaper rigorniisly insisted on by the Darlwy o- r- 
 sairs; by the iiroduction of which almie lliur 
 friends were protected from insult. 
 
 2. 7'hf Proofs of Property. — Those oiii'lit !> 
 show that the ship really belongs to tlic suliir* 
 of a neutral state. If she ap)«'ar i.i 1"K 
 belligerent to have been built hi the eiifiDv's 
 country, proof is generally required that she was 
 purchased by the neutral before, or captureilM^ 
 legally condcniiied and sold to the neutral aiiit. 
 the declaration of war; and in the latter ease t:» 
 bill of sale, properly fuitheiiticated, oii),'lit le w 
 produced. Hubiier'admits ih.-it these prools iw 
 so essential to everv neutral vessel, for (lie ['^ 
 veiition of frauds, tliat such as sail without tlw 
 have no reason to coniplai.'i if they he iiitemiiit*'! 
 in their voyages, and thei. neutrality di<p;ili'J. 
 
 
mmm 
 
 minq Officii may lie Irnmmtrd 
 -Tlie UiWd of Trade may. wiil, 
 'omniissioncrs of Custoiiiii, (lireci 
 in which no separate sliijipii _• 
 1, the whole or any purl ot ii,,. 
 pping ollice shall be cihiiIiioIhI 
 le, an<l thereupon the same "liii;! 
 I nccordinply ; and in rospwt i(, 
 1 custom-house shall fur all pur 
 o be a shipping ofticp, and il;. 
 there to whom such lui>iii,M i, 
 )rall purposes be deeini'd ti,ii,M 
 "ithin the meaning of this Aci, 
 
 tUorit' IIomc» via;/ lie Shipii'm 
 ird of Trade may npimini anv 
 ' or other person eonnocltil wiit. 
 3 in the port of London tii lie a 
 with any necessary (Ippnti'-, 
 Its, and may aiipoint any o;liivi:i 
 
 be a shipping olUce; aiiJail 
 and shipping offices so nii|i(aiiii,l 
 to the immediate control i<f t!i. 
 ,nd not of the Local Marine livarJ 
 i;. 129.) 
 
 I'lV/i Shipfniiri 31<ister's .S«;«ti«- 
 loard of Trade may from tini.- ii. 
 th the transaction befori' a ^hip- 
 i a shipping oilico of any maiirrj 
 let to be so transacted ; ami ili. re- 
 's shall, if otherwise dnly trac;- 
 
 1 by law, be as valid as it' irn;-- 
 hipping master or in a slii|ipin!; 
 ».) 
 
 . Ships' PArEUS. 
 documents required for tlip mmi- 
 propertv of the ship aiwl carpi 
 sorts; viz. 1st, those rcquirvilby 
 :icular country — as the cmii'uai.' 
 ISP, charterparty, bills of lailin^'. 
 ;..o._(scc these titles)-rciiuir(d 
 I'^ngland to be on board Itriii-h 
 ly, those required by the lav if 
 board neutral ships, U> vimlioatc 
 tliat character. Mr. SiTirini 
 ingllubner {De la SaisiedesBiti- 
 2H— 252), has given th.o f •il-w- 
 if the latter class of (hiciiniom-;- 
 wrt. Sen Briff, or Sm Ltlf- 
 <si(m from the neutral state I'l''^ 
 cr of the ship to proceed m :i.» 
 I, .ind usually contains his iisiii- 
 the name, jiroperty, dcsiTi]iiri, 
 !tiuationoftheship;theu!itur.n!i 
 c.ivgo. the place wlien<'e it liii';-. 
 in ; with such other matters iis ;;; 
 ilacc KMiuircs. This dociun. n: i- 
 KH'i'ssarv for the salVty ol .vor- 
 Hulmcr"savs that it wastho.nly 
 V insisted on bv the Barbaryo* 
 production of whicli alone tli«r 
 )tccteil from insult, 
 /s 0/" P»-o/)frty.— Tbfse oudit '- 
 diip rcallv belongs tothcsuW* 
 fate. If she m^w l.' i"!" 
 have been built in the eiieiiiv; 
 s generally required that she' aj 
 ,10 neutral before, or capturca:inJ 
 lied and sold to the neiuwl aiui. 
 of war; and in the latter easf t.i- 
 ipcilv nuthenticated, ouglit to k 
 bner "admits that these pwH " 
 every neutral vessel, for tlie^ 
 ds, tliat such as sail without tleffl 
 to complain if they be niternitM 
 s, audthoi neutrality dispiit.* 
 
 SHOES 
 
 .3. Till' Miixlcr Roll.— This, which the French 
 call ri''lf il'i'quipa<ie, contains the nancs, ages, 
 quality, place of residence, and, above ah, the place 
 of I'ir'tli, of every person of tlie ship's company. 
 i'his document is of great use in asccrfainmga 
 shiji's neutrality. It must naturally excite a 
 strong suspicion if the majority of the crew bo 
 fuunil to consist of foreigners, still more if they 
 lie natives of the enemy's country. [ Skamkx.] 
 
 4. The Charterparty. — Where the ship is char- 
 tered, this instrument serves to authenticate 
 many of the facts on which the truth of her 
 neutrality must rest, and should therefore be 
 iilwavs I'nund on board chartered ships. 
 
 'i. The Uills of Lading. — By these the captain 
 icknciwlcdges the receipt of the goods snecilied 
 therein, and promises to deliver them to tlie con- 
 si).niee or his order. Of these there are usually 
 -iveral duplicates ; one of which is kept by the 
 .apiain, one by the shipper of the goods, and one 
 iransniitted to the consignee. This instrument 
 liein^' only tiic evidence of a private transaction 
 between the owner of the goods and the captain, 
 does not carry with it the same degree of authen- 
 ticity as the "charterparty. 
 
 ti." The Invoices. — These contain the particulars 
 and prices of each parcel of goods, with the amount 
 (iftlic frei^dit, duties, and other charges thereon, 
 nhich are usually transmitted from tlie shippers 
 iri their factors or consignees. These invoices 
 prove hy whom the goods were shipped, and to 
 whom consigned. They carry with them, liow- 
 rver, hat little authenticity: being easily fabri- 
 cated where fraud is intended. 
 
 7. The Log Bonk, or Ship^s Journal. — This 
 miitains a minute account of the ship's course, 
 v.ith a short historj* of every occurrence during the 
 voyage. If this be faithfully kept, it will throw 
 OTt light on the question of neutrality ; if it 
 be in any respect fabricated, the fraud may in 
 general be easily detected. [Loo, Official.] 
 
 8. The Bill of Ihallh.—'nn?, is u certificate, 
 properly authenticated, that the ship comes from 
 a place where no contagious distemper prevails; 
 raid that none of the crew, at the time of her 
 lieparturo, wen' infected witli any such disorder, 
 it is generally found on board sliips coming frmn 
 ihe Levant, or from the coast of Uarbary, where 
 the idagne si; frequently prevails. 
 
 A ship using false or simulated papers is liabU; 
 to contiseation. (Marshall On Insurance, book i. 
 c. 9 s. (I.) [Stkam Vessels. ] 
 
 SHOES (Uutcli, sclicenen ; Fr. sou'.iers ; Ger. 
 ■chiihe; Ital. scarpe ; Ituss. basclimaki ; .Spun. 
 /apatos). Articles of clothing that are universally 
 ■viira.aiKl require no description. The shoe manu- 
 facture is of great value and importance — much 
 more so. indocil, than is gciiprnlly supposed ; for 
 it ranks in tlu> public estimation far below many 
 iranches to which it is really much superior in 
 iiiirinsie value. This results from the circum- 
 ■laiiec of machinery being hardly introduced 
 into the business, and from its being principally 
 
 arrieil en cither in potty ivorkshoiis, or, .is is the 
 'I' re usiud practice, in'tho houses of the slioe- 
 i-ikers. It is very extensively practised in the 
 iiitiropiilis, whore the best shoes arc made ; and is 
 uiifusei over every part of tlie country. North- 
 swi'tonsiiirc ami Sfallbrdshire h.ave attained to 
 "iiisiderable distinction in the business, large 
 ijiiantities of shoes being made in them, partly 
 I't the sujiply of the metropolis and other large 
 ■'"wns, where they are sold 'ready made,' aiid 
 I'irtly foi exportation. Shoemaking'(boot-makiiig 
 is always included) is the most extensively prac- 
 tisnl of all the common trades, next to millinery- 
 and dressmaking. By the census of 18C1 no 
 
 S HUM AC 1276 
 
 fewH- than 27!l,.V)3 persons (238,090 males, and 
 41, '173 females) were engaged in Great Kritain in 
 boot and shoemaking, exclusive of 90,!>7() slioe- 
 makers' wives. In L<indon tiic business furnishetl 
 employment to 42,091 persons, atid in Northamp- 
 tonshire to 1 7,237. 
 
 The estimate given, in the art. Leatiikh, of 
 the value of the .-hoes annually manufactured in 
 the United Kingdom is 10,000,000/., so that 
 the share of (Jreat liritain mav at iiresent (IXOH) 
 be safely estimated at above 13,()()0,()1I0/. If 
 we reckon the wa!;es of the 270,.0li3 iiorsons 
 employed in the business at 20/. a-year at .m 
 average (which, as young people and "women are 
 extensively cmplnyed. is probably not far from 
 the mark), their total amount will be 5,.'.;il,2(!0/., 
 to which has to be added the value of the leather 
 and other materials. 
 
 Hoots and shoes used formerly to be prohibited, 
 but they are now admiited duty" free. Of boots and 
 shoe", we imported in 1807, c'liielly from France, 
 282,9o3 pairs for women, W,;>1'\ pairs for men, 
 and oi>i pairs for children, besides 7.j,324 p.airs 
 of boot fronts, the whole valued at 89,324/. 
 The exports of boots and shoes in the six years 
 ending with 1807 were in (piantity and value 
 as follows : — 
 
 Years 
 
 QuanUUes 
 
 .'.,375,747 iiairs 
 
 \'aluo 
 
 ISfiJ 
 
 i,(;-7,,',,5i 
 
 1SC3 
 
 ■),4ia,i!'ji „ ■ 
 
 l,in'.,si9 
 
 ISI'.I 
 
 ■1,Sl',),(.a) „ 
 
 l,ISl,4'.il 
 
 INIi.'. 
 
 .%a7i,.vjs „ 
 
 l,1fii,10.'< 
 
 lliOfi 
 
 ,i,.')»i),i;is „ 
 
 9<.lll,88)t 
 
 1S(,7 
 
 .V.!SS,l.-0 „ 
 
 95'..'.SOt 
 
 The chief consumers being our Australian and 
 We.-t Indian colonies and Brazil. 
 
 Ma.ssachiisetts is the grand seat of the .shoe- 
 making business in the United States; and large 
 quantities of shoes arc annually shipped from 
 Boston for Xew York and the Southern p\)rts. 
 
 Though many, and some very ingenious, ell'orts 
 have been made to manufacture shoes bv the 
 aid of machinery, they have hitherto hall but 
 little success. This will not .ippear surprising 
 when it is considered that the size and shape 
 of the feet difl'er extremely in dillerent persons, 
 and that, consequently, the articles to bo proiluced 
 are destitute of that sameness in their correspond- 
 ing parts tli.at is .so essential in work piroduced by 
 machinery. The latter has, however, been a\\- 
 plied with considerable ailvantnge to the manu- 
 facture of shoes or clogs with wooden soles ; 
 .ind it ni.ay also be applied, though with no 
 great advantage, where line w;ork and accurafi? 
 fitting .arc little cared for. On the v.holo, it 
 would scein that the craft of St. Crispin is not 
 very likely to be disturbed by those inventions 
 that have so greatly changed so many other 
 handicrafts. And the vast improvement in the 
 shoes of modern times, compared with tbo.se used 
 ill anticpiity, seems rather lo result from the 
 superiority of the leather, or material of Avhich 
 they are made, and the greater skill and dexterity 
 of the workmen, than from the improvement of 
 their tools. 
 
 SIIUMAC or SUMAO'.i (Ger. schmack, 
 sumach ; Fr. sumac, roure, roux ; Ital. .'^omniacco ; 
 Span, ziimaqiie; Ituss. .sumak). Common sliumac 
 {liiiun coriai-ia) is a shrub that grows naturally 
 ill Syria, Palestine, Ilung.ary, Spain, and Por- 
 tugal. That which is cultivated in Italy, and 
 is improperly called young fustic, is the ii/iM.s 
 Cotinus. It is cultivated with great care : its 
 shoots are cut down every year quite to the root ; 
 and, after being dried, they are chipped or reduced 
 to powder by a mill, and thus prepared for the 
 
 
 I 
 
 ■ t: 
 
 I 1; 
 
 i'*i' n 
 
I- 
 
 . .1 , 
 
 
 '■, •• ) : <• 
 
 U 
 
 
 1-78 
 
 SICKRA LEONK 
 
 luirpdsiM of ilycin;^ and taiiiiiiig. Thu Hliiiiiiac 
 riiltiviitcil ill lliu ii('i>;)il)uurli(K)(l of Mmitpi'llior U 
 callid ri'ildiil or roiitlo. Sliuniiic inny lio cim- 
 ^ilU'l'('(l III' f^ood (piality when iu odiiiir im xtroii^, 
 cdlcmr 1)1' ii lively Kf'''''^ '•'* ^*'<'" ttrouml, iitiil f'rci; 
 I'ruMi ^^l:llk:<. lliiliiiii hiiuiiiao Im iisi'il in dyeing; ii 
 I'liil liif;li yclliiw, api in moiling to tlio onuiKt'i u|iiin 
 wiMil cir clolli ; but tlu' I'liliiiir is I'linitive. Ciun- 
 iiiiin sliunuio is iiscl'iil l'(ir drali and dnvp nilnuM 
 in I'alici) piinlin^j, and is alsii i-apablo of ilycinj^ 
 l)lac-k. (ItaniTofi, On Cohiin, vol. ii. p. 10(».) 
 
 Of I."?,! 10 tons of slminac iniimrtod in lK('i7, no 
 fewer I ban ll.HIl wore from Italy. In IHliT we 
 re-exported I,(i7',t tons. The price of slniniac varies 
 from 11/. i.'is. Id 'Jl/. per ion. 
 
 Tbe dnty of Is. per ton on .sbuniac was rc|)Ciile(l 
 in I SI,'). 
 
 SIi;i;i;.\ I.KONK. An ICuKlish .settlemont, 
 near tlio month of llio river of the same name, 
 <in till' west eoast of Africa, Int. H'^ oO' N., lon^. 
 \:>° ]H' W. There is a fixed lifiht on the cajie 
 visible 1,') miles nil', and a small f^ruen light un the 
 Government wharf erected in IMI!;!. 
 
 Ohjfiis iif'llir Ciiloni/, — This colony was founded 
 .partly as u connnercial establishment, but more 
 from motives of humanity. It was intended to 
 consist principally of free lilaeks, who, being in- 
 structed in the Christian religion and in the arts 
 <if Kurope, should become, as it were, ii focus 
 whence civili-iativ/U might he difl'usuil among the 
 surrounding tribes. About 1,'JUO free negroes, 
 who, having jnineil the roynl standard in the 
 American war, were obliged, at the termination of 
 that contest, to take refuge in Nova (Scotia, were 
 conveyed thither in 17'.l'_': to these were afler- 
 ivards added tlie ^[aroons from Jamaica; and, 
 since tbe legal abolition of the slave trade, the 
 negroes taken in the captured vessels, and liberated 
 by the mixed commission courts, have been carried 
 to the colony. Tbe total iiopulatioii of the colony 
 in 18!iG amounted to -ll,KtM!, all black or coloured, 
 with the exception of about l.'iO whites. 
 
 iiucce.is of the Kfl'ortu tn civilim: the Bhichs. — 
 (ireat efforts have been made to introduce order 
 and industrious habits amongst these persons. We 
 ■•ire sorry to be obliged to adtl, that these ef- 
 forts, thonj;h prosecuted at an enormous expense 
 of blooil and treasure, have been signally unsuc- 
 cessful. There i.s, no doubt, some discrepancy in 
 the accomils of the progress made by the blacks. 
 It is, however, suiliciently clear that it has been 
 very inconsiderable, and wu do not think that 
 any other result could be rationally anticipated. 
 Tlieir laziness has been loudly complained of, but 
 without reason. Men are not industrious without 
 a motive ; ami most of those motives that stimu- 
 late all classes in colder clinrites to engage in 
 laborious employments are uidinown to the in- 
 dolent inhabitants of this burning region, where 
 clothing is of little importance, where snOicient 
 sujiplies of food may be obtained with compara- 
 tively little exertion, luid where more than half 
 the necessaries and conveniences of F,nro|ieans 
 would be positive incumbrances. And had it been 
 otherwise, what progress could a colony be ex- 
 pected to make, into which there h.-'ve been annu- 
 ally imported crowds of liberated negroes, most of 
 whom are barbarians in the lowest stage of civili- 
 sation V 
 
 Influence of the Colony upon the illicit Slave 
 Tnuie. — As a means of checking the prevalence 
 of the illicit slave trade, the establishment of a 
 colony at Sierra Leone has been worse than use- 
 less. The trade is principally carried on with the 
 countries round the liightof iSiafra and the Itight 
 of Uenin, many lumdred miles distant from 
 Jiierra Leone ; and the mortality in the captured 
 
 ships during their voyage to the lali.er is oflc 
 very great, 'i'he truth is, that thi:! tralllc wil 
 never be effectually put down otherwise, than h 
 the great Towers declaring it to be ;>'>«c^, iini 
 treating those engaged in it, wherever «ii(| \y 
 wlionisoover they may Ims found, as sea rolilicrs „ 
 pirates. Such a declaration would he (guitc run 
 i'orm.'dile to the spirit of the declaration put funl 
 bv the Congress of Vienna in IH'.M. [Si.wi 
 'I'ltADK.] Ihit the jealousies with respect tn i|., 
 right of visitation imd search are .so very j^rc.ii, 
 that it i.-i exceedingly doubtful whether tlic riinrj. 
 time I'owers will ever he brought to concur in mn 
 declaration of the kind now alluiled to; milcv, 
 however, Hometliing of this sort be done, we«|>|iri. 
 heud there are but slender grounds for Hiippubiii' 
 that the trade will be speedily suppressed. 
 
 Climate of Sierra Leone, — The soil in the 
 vicinity of Sierra Leone Hecnis to be of jiiJif. 
 t'erent fertility, and the climate is alxiul tlu' 
 most destructive that can lio imagined, 'I'lie 
 mortality among the Africans sent to it .'ivtim 
 umisually great; and amongst the wliitcn it is 
 ipiite excessive. Much as wc desire the improvt- 
 ment of tlu' blacks, we protest ogaiiist its luiiy 
 attempted by sending our countrymen to ('(<rt,iin 
 destruction in this most pestiferous of all |KMi. 
 fcrous places. It would seem, too, tliut it i3(|uiip 
 uimecessary. and that blacks may be emplouiliu 
 till the ollicial situations in the colony, lluiir 
 otherwi.se, it should be unconditionally aliaiulniml. 
 
 Commerce of Sierra Leone and the H'eat Cm^ 
 of Africa. — Commercially considered, Sierra I.oniip 
 appears to quite as little advantage us in dilirr 
 pomts of view. \Yo import from it teak vm], 
 palm oil, ginger, and ground-nuts, with .»uuj| 
 cpiantities of camwood, ivory, hides, gmn rojal, 
 anil other articles; but their value is imviisidfr 
 ridile, not amounting to more than from 7v.iM>/.tii 
 Ki),llUO/. a-year. Talm oil is the great iirtidfol' 
 export from the west coast of Africa; ami bvl'ar 
 the largest portion of it is furnished by tliora\.-i 
 to the west and south of the IJio Viiltii, imiiv 
 hundred miles from Sierra Leone. We lUbi. 
 indeed, whether the coimnercc with the latter will 
 ever be of ranch importance. At all events, in 
 hardly think that it can he expected matoriallv 
 to increase if it bo conducted in the way in ivliiii; 
 it is allirmed that the intercourse with the lii*- 
 rated negroes is at present conducted. {HijHirUe 
 Colonial I'osscssions, 1851, p. 17,'),) Ifthori'licu 
 some mistake or exaggeration in the st.itiniiiii 
 now referred to, nothing can be conciivfil ninro 
 disgraceful. Should it, however, lie nsicrlaiiivj 
 that an establishment, is really reipiirctl t'lT ili' 
 advantageous prosecution of the trade to Wi^lira 
 Africa, it is abinidantly obvious that it slwiiliHr 
 placed much farther to the south than .Srrn 
 Leone. The island of I''ernaiid(i I'li li;is Ihc 
 suggested for this purpose; but, after the tlrJr- 
 bought experience we have already had, itistiii^ 
 hoped tluit nothing will be done »ith re.ipccl t»i: 
 without mature consideration. 
 
 In l«Gl and IStiU the export.! of p.ilm liilfwi 
 Sierra Leone to all parts amounted to liiO.IWasI 
 .'io8,IH0 gallons. The exj)ort8 of liriti.^h pioJw 
 to tbe colony consist principally of cottons, i|>|i.wl. 
 and haberdasherv, arms and annnuiiitiun, aula:' 
 but inconsiderable. In 18G7 their value amouiiW 
 to '22i>,iJiJJl., but that wxs much above tlie ,ivi:r.i* 
 The only nianufaeturc that can be said if rt'-' 
 in the colony is the expression of the oil iMt 
 the ground-nut by means of macliiiiery. [.Ni'k. 
 
 CJltOUNI).] 
 
 Expenses incurred en account of Sierrn U'^' 
 — The pecuniary expense ocoa^iioncd hy l'"* 
 colony, and our' unsuccessful cirjrts to siiiTf" 
 
 • v.i 
 
 ii ;' 
 
voyapo to tlio liillcr is oftm 
 truth in, tliul llii:' tiiidic will 
 
 put <li)«n tilliorwisi'. lliHii liy 
 iln'liiiiuK if <" '"' /"'■'"■J/i iiii'l 
 ;nK<'il ill it. wlicrcvcf and hy 
 nay l«i louiul, lis son idUIhts .ir 
 ccliiriitioii would lie (luitc am- 
 rit of the <lei'liiri»liou put furih 
 of Vieiinii ill l«'-*t- (Si.avi 
 1 jfiiiousifs witli lusprcl t<i lli,. 
 
 and sonrch urn ho very f^rni. 
 Hiy ilimbtful wliialicr the iii:iri 
 vi'r 1)1' l)roiiK''t I" <:oiH'iir in am 
 
 kinil now iiUudeil to; ulll(■>^ 
 p (if I his sort 1)0 doiio, we iipim 
 , sk'iulur Ki'onii'l" 'or Huppuhin- 
 , be speedily mippri'sscd. 
 rm /vconc— The soil in tl ■ 
 
 Lcoiie Becius to he of iuilii- 
 lid the diumte is almul tli, 
 
 that can lie iniaKiuid. TIk 
 the AlVioaiiH sent to it, s«iii. 
 
 and anioiiKst the whites it i. 
 
 Much as wc desiri'theiiniirovi- 
 xs, wc protest against its luin,' 
 diuK our countrymen In (crlam 
 in most pestiferous of all (K'-ii 
 
 would seem, too, that it is i|Uiic 
 that blaoka may be enipluuil i.i 
 .tuations in the colony. Hut if 
 Id be unconditionally aliHiulinicil. 
 itcrru Leone tind the West Cucul 
 nercially considered. Sierra l.cniif 
 
 as litlie a(lvauta(j;e as in ullur 
 
 Wc import from it tciik hvh!, 
 ', ami t;roimd-nuts, with Miiall 
 nwood, ivory, hides, f^iiin iii|al, 
 '9 ; but their value is inroiisiJi- 
 linn to more than from To.inrti.. 
 
 I'alm oil is the threat attioleuf 
 west coast of Africa ; ami k fat 
 in of it is furnished by tlw coan 
 , south of the liio Viilla, niaiiv 
 from Sierra Leone. We doubi, 
 the commerce with the latter will 
 
 importance. At all tvcms»t 
 xt it can be expected materially 
 )c c(uului-tc(l in the way in wlii.t 
 at the intercourse with the liii- 
 It present coiiducteil. {Rr)MrUm 
 
 ions, 1851, p. 17o.) lftliereliei;ut 
 r exapgeralion in the stntemin! 
 , nothing can be conceived nwro 
 lould it, however, he nsicrlauni 
 ihmeiit, is really rciiiiircd I'lr ilio 
 •osecution of the trade to W^^tini 
 iidantlv obvious that it slioulJU 
 irlher'to the south than M.m 
 
 laiiil of Feniaudd I'o li:is lu" 
 his purpose ; but, alter the iliat- 
 ice wc have alreadv hail, it is in i* 
 
 inn will be done with re^^iiea tut 
 
 consideration. 
 
 .8(iG the export.* of palm oillto"] 
 
 all parts amounled to 1(IG,I'J2» 
 . The exports of liritish piAl:;- 
 asist principally of eotton.s ■mf" 
 TV, arms and animuiiitiun, m w 
 
 l)le. In 18(57 their value, aiiwunW 
 
 , that was much above tlic aver:i;<. 
 
 facturc that can be said le '.^''^ 
 
 is the expression of the oil Ir-n'. 
 
 by means of machinery. [M'l^i 
 
 urred on (iccnunl of Sierra Ia>«- 
 uv expense occasioned hv i™' 
 ir" unsuccessful clTorts to sappW 
 
 SIHUIU LKONE 1277 
 
 Anoiintofl/ii: Quantitiet and Values of the Vrinciiud Arlichs Imported into the ITnitid Kin'/r/om 
 from Sierrii Leone in euch of the .'( I'ears endinij with 18U7. 
 
 ArllclM 
 
 
 
 QiMntltln 
 
 
 romputett lUdl Value 
 
 \MS 
 
 men 
 
 isfi; 
 
 IKC'i 
 
 mr.n 
 
 lHf,7 
 
 ramwiMMl . - - - 
 
 1 (iiiwfr ■; • ■ • 
 
 Ion II 
 iwl. 
 
 
 III 
 
 10.1. 'V 
 
 I'll 
 10,'i.n 
 
 X 
 
 1.171 
 l.'>,.'i/0 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 .i.ofi'; 
 
 Hum, loiul . - 
 1 Nuti iinil kt'mi'U, fi»r »«jirrs^inK oil 
 
 *' 
 
 l,fitil 
 
 •.i,,'iO'J 
 
 l.li.tU 
 
 .V'll 
 
 !),1U'J 
 
 Ml.', 
 
 llterHiciii 
 
 tnnl 
 
 l,BK'. 
 
 1,TI'I 
 
 1.070 
 
 11,1.11 
 
 ir,,ns7 
 
 ii!)..1(l(l 
 
 
 • Oil, ralin - • 
 1 TifOi. i-li'iilinnl»' - 
 
 tf 
 
 111,'.) II 
 61 
 
 11,1101 
 4) 
 
 1",I'/S 
 
 11'/ 
 
 V'J.dl.l 
 1,.'.7'. 
 
 .IV.'llfi 
 
 WimhI; lu'wn, oak - 
 1 ii'Kk 
 1 All olhw nrllilM - 
 
 Io.kIi 
 
 1 
 
 ■I.'..'. 
 .1*8 
 
 UK 
 
 Vi 
 
 K 
 7,08.'i 
 .1,10.1 
 .1,!1.1 
 
 liiiii 
 
 l|714 
 
 
 " 
 
 ■• 
 
 . - . •• - 
 
 • ■ 
 
 le.'iii 
 
 S'/.IIU 
 
 T'J.lllil 
 
 the foreign slave trade, have been ultoffetlicr 
 iiiiiriiioiis. .Mr. Keith Douglas is reported to liave 
 slated ill the IIoii.se of Commons, so loii}; ago as 
 July 1H;II, that 'down to the year 1821 thu civil 
 ixpnnses of .'Sierra Leone amounted to 2,2(!8,0')(l/. ; 
 and that the same expen.scs had ainountcd, from 
 ix-.;i to 18;!0, to 1,<)8'.',0()0/. The naval expenses 
 Irom l«(t7 to 1821 hud been 1 ,(i;{(),OIJ()/. The pay- 
 ments to .Spain and Portugal, to induce them to 
 lellmiuish the .slave tr.'ule, amounted to 1,2;JO,000/. 
 file expenses on account of captured .slaves were 
 ;i,')j,09'-'/. The expenses incurred on account of 
 the mixed commission courts were 198,000/. Al- 
 lii:,'ellier, this e-itablishment had cost the country 
 (even at tliat time) nearly 8,000,000/.' Tlie ex- 
 penditure on .iccotint of Sierra Leone in 18GG was 
 
 aiito'Jl. 
 
 The prodigality of this expenditure is iin- 
 matclicd, except by its usejessness. It is doiibt- 
 I'lil whether it has prcventcil a single African 
 irom heiiiR dra^Kcd into slavery, or conferred 
 the smallest real advantan'- on Africa. It, how- 
 ever, eiiableil the sovereigns of Spain and I'or- 
 tiii,'iil to turn their mercenary liuuianily to good 
 luvoiint. 
 
 I'or further details with respect to Sierra Leone 
 and the trade of Western Africa, see the Ueport 
 of the Si'h'ct Comiiiiltec tf the Jloiise of Coiiimoim 
 (ill the lyest Coast of Africa, Sess. 1812, and 
 the Parliiimcntarij I'ujiir for 1851, already re- 
 I'crreil to. 
 
 Sll/lv. (Lat. sericui.i, from Seres, the su|iposed 
 .iiieiciit name of the Chinese; Fr. sole; Ital. seta ; 
 .SpaK. scila; tier, seide). A line gloss}' thread or 
 hiamcnt, spun by various species of caterpillars or 
 larvieof tiic I'ludicnu genus. Of these, the Fha- 
 hcna iittiis produces the greatest (piantity ; but 
 the I'huUcna homlnjx is that commonly employed 
 lor this purpose in Europe. The silkworm, in its 
 caterpillar state, which maj- be considered is 
 the lirst stage of its existence, aftir iicquirn.:; 
 its full growth (about '■'• inches in leiifith), (iro- 
 oceds to enclose itself in an oval-shaped ball, or 
 eocoon, which is formed by ai ' xceedingly slender 
 and long liLiinent of tine yclh silk, emitted from 
 the stomach of the insect pr- iratory to its as- 
 .<uraing the shape of the chry.- lis or moth. In 
 this latter st.age, after emancipai g itself from its 
 silken prison, it seeks its mate, \.liich has under- 
 gone a similar transformation ; and in two or three 
 days afterwards, the female having deposited her 
 e^gs (from 300 to 500 in number), both insects ter- 
 inhiate their existence. According to Keaiimnr, 
 the phulwna is not the only insect that all'onls 
 this material — several species of the aranua, or 
 s]iidcr, enclose their eggs in verj- line silk. 
 
 lliw SUh'm produced by the operation of wind- 
 ing oif, at the same time, several of the balls or co- 
 coons (which are immersed in hot water, to soften 
 the natural gum on the filament) on u common 
 reel, thereby forming one smooth, even thread. 
 
 When the skein is dry, it is taken from the reel 
 , and made up into lianks; but before it is lit for 
 weaving, and in order to enable it to undergo the 
 processor dyeing, without furring up or separating 
 the (ihres, it is converted into one of three forms; 
 vi/. nini/ian, tram, or orgamine. 
 j Sini/lca (a c(dlectivc noun) is formed of one of 
 I ho reeled thre.id.s, being twisted, in order to give 
 it .strenglli and firmness. 
 
 Tram is formed of 2 or more thre.ids twi.^led 
 
 ^ together. In this .state it is commonly used in 
 
 ^ weaving, ns tiie sliont or urfl. 
 
 I Thrown iSiV/i is formed of 2, ."?, or more singles, 
 
 ' according to the substance required, being twisti-d 
 
 together in a contranj direction to that in which 
 
 the singles of which it is eompo.sod are twisted. 
 
 1 This process is termed organ/.ining ; and the tilk 
 
 so twisted, orijiinzine. The art of throwing was 
 
 originally conlined to Italy, where it was kept a 
 
 , .secret for a long period. .Stow says it was known 
 
 ; in this country since the 5lli of t^ueen Elizabeth, 
 
 ' when it was gained from the strangers; ' and in 
 
 I that year (15()2) the silk throwsters of the nietro- 
 
 ; polls were united into a fellow.ship. They were 
 
 j incorporated in the year 1(!20; but the art coii- 
 
 , tinned to bo verv imperfect in Englam! uiilJ.l 
 
 171!». (.See po.-t.)' 
 
 I. Historical slivtchofthc Manufacture. — The art 
 of rearing silkworms, of unravelling the threads 
 s])iin by them, and manufacturing the latter into 
 articles of dress and ornament, seems to have been 
 first practised by the Chinese. Virgil is the earliest, 
 of the Itoman writers who lias been supposed to 
 allude to thciiroduction of silk in China, and the 
 terms he emphiys show how little was then kiiowu 
 at Kome of the real nature of the article : — 
 
 \*i.|ltT.iriue ut foliistlfix-'CtaiU ttnuia Seres? [Ororf;. lib. ii. lin. I'/l.) 
 
 15ut it may be doubted whether "Virgil do not, 
 
 in this line, refer to cotton rather than silk. 
 
 ' I'liny, however, has distinctly described the I'or- 
 
 ! Illation of silk by the bomhijx. (/list. Alt//, lib. xi. 
 
 c. 17.) It is uncertain when it first began to be 
 
 introduced at Home ; but it was most probably in 
 
 I the age of I'ompey and .Tiilius Ciesar, the latter 
 
 of whom displayed a profusion of silk.s in some of 
 
 the magnificent theatrical spectacles with which 
 
 he sought to conciliate and amuse the people. 
 
 ; Owing principally, no doubt, to the great distance 
 
 of China from Home, and to the dilTiculties in the 
 
 ; way of the intercourse with that country, which 
 
 I was carried on by land in caravans wluise route 
 
 I lay through the I'ersian empire, and partly, per- 
 
 ^ haps, to the high price of silk in China, its cost, 
 
 when it arrived at Kome, was verj' great; so much 
 
 I so, th.it a given weight of silk was sometimes sold 
 
 for an equal weight of goM ; at first it was only 
 
 used by u few ladies eminent for their rank and 
 
 opulence. In the beginning of the reign of 
 
 Tiberius, a law was passed, ' no vestis serica viro.s 
 
 fa'darct' — that no man should disgrace himself by 
 
 
 . I 
 
 '111 
 
 ii^ 
 
 Ml ! 
 ■! I' 
 
 l.iil 
 
1278 
 
 SILK 
 
 iy 
 
 ■I 
 
 wearing a tilkcu garment. (Tacit. Anna!. lib. ii. 
 c. 3U.) Hut. tlm protligato Ilcliogabalii.t despised 
 tliin law, and was tlic lirst of tlie Kuiiiaii emperors 
 who wore a dress com|)osi'd wholly of silk (liolo- 
 Mriciim). The example once set, the custom of 
 wearing silk soon became general among the 
 wealthy citizens of Kome, and throughout the 
 provinces. According as the demand for the 
 article increased, etl'orts were made to import 
 larger quantities; and the ))rice seems to have 
 j)riigres,sively declined from the reigii of Aurclian, 
 Tliat this must have been the case is obvious 
 from tlie statement of Ammioniis Marccllinus, 
 that silk was in his time (anno 370) very gene- 
 rally worn, even by the lowest classes. ' Scricum 
 ad usuni antehac n'obilium, nunc ctiain inlimorum 
 sine ulla diseretione prolicicns.' (Lib. xviii. c, (J.) 
 Till tlio (ith century, Clhina continued to draw 
 considerable sums from the Koman empire in re- 
 turn for silk, now become indis|)ensablctu the Wes- 
 tern World. About thcyear550, two Persian monks, 
 who had long resided in China and made them- 
 selves acipiainted with the mode of rearing the 
 silkworm, t'ncouraged by tlie gifts and promises 
 of Justinian, succeeded iu carrying the eggs of the 
 insect to t'onstantinople. Under their direction 
 they were hatched and fed ; they lived and laboured 
 in a foreign climate ; asutUcient number of butter- 
 tli(!s was saved to propagate the race, and mulberry 
 trees were planted to atlord nourishment to tlie 
 rising generations. A new and important branch 
 of industry was thus established in Europe. Ex- 
 perience and reflection gradually corrected the 
 crrwrs of a new attempt; and the ijogdoite am- 
 bassadors acknowledged, in the succeeding reign, 
 that the Komans were not inferior to the natives 
 of China in the education of the insects, and the 
 manufacture of silk. (Gibbon, Decline and Fall, 
 Vol. vii. p. 99.) 
 
 Greece, particularly the Peloponnesus, was 
 early distinguished bv the rearing of silkworms, 
 and by the skill and success with which the inha- 
 bitants of Tiiebes, Corinth, and Argos carried on 
 the manufacture. Until the 12th century Greece 
 continued to be the only European country in 
 which these arts were practised ; but the force of 
 Roger, king of Sicilv, iiaving, in 1147, sacked 
 Corinth, Athens, and" Thebes, carried off large 
 numbers of the inhabitants to Palermo, who 
 introduced the culture of the worm, and the 
 manufacture of silk, into Sicily. From this island 
 the arts spread into Italy ; and Venice, Milan, 
 Florence, Lucca &c. were soon after distinguished 
 for their success in raising silkworms, and for the 
 extent and beauty of their manufactures of silk. 
 (Gibbon, vol. x. p. 110 ; Biographie Universelle, 
 art. ' Roger II.') 
 
 The silk manufacture was introduced into France 
 in 1480; Louis XI. having invited workmen from 
 Italy, who established themselves in Tours. The 
 manufacture was not begun at Lyons till about 
 l.O'JO ; when Francis I., having got possession of 
 Milan, prevailed on some artisans of the latter city 
 to establish themselves, under his protection, in the 
 former. Nearly at the same jieriod the rearing of 
 silkworms began to be successfully prosecuted in 
 Provence, and other provinces of the south of 
 France. Ilenrj' IV. rewarded such of the early 
 manufacturers as had supported and pursued the 
 trade for 12 years with patents of nobilitj-. 
 
 Silk Manufacture of Kngland. — The manufac- 
 ture seems to have been introduced into England 
 in the IStii century. Silk had, however, been 
 used by persons of distinction two centuries pre- 
 viously. The manufacture does not appear to 
 have made much progress till the age of Elizabeth ; 
 the tranquillity of whose long reign, and the in- 
 
 flux of Flemings, occasioned by the disturbances in 
 the Low Countries, gave a powerful stimulus t,, 
 the manufactures of England. I'lie silk thiowstt'r< 
 of the metropolis were united, as already observed. 
 in a fellowship, in 1502; and were incoqwrateilin 
 1G29. Though retarded by the civil wars, tile 
 manufacture continued gradually to advance ; ani' 
 so flourishing had it become, that it is statpil in n 
 preamble to a statute passcil in 1GG6 (la ,t 14 
 Ch. II, c. 15), that there were at that time nu 
 fewer than 40,000 individuals engaged in tlic 
 trade. And i', is of importance to observe, tliat 
 though the importation of French and other l»rci;'n 
 silks was occasionally prohibited during tlii' reigns 
 of James I. and Charles L, the Protectorate, ami 
 the reign of Charles II., the prohibition was noi 
 strictly enforced ; and, generally spcakinjr, their 
 importation was quite free. 
 
 A considerable stimulus, though not nearly so 
 great as has been commonly supposed, was f,'iven 
 to the English silk manufacture by the revueatiun 
 of the Edict of Nantes, in 1G85. Louis XIV. ilrdVe, 
 by that disgraceful measure, several hundreds li 
 thousands of his most industrious subjects to seek 
 an asylum in foreign countries ; of whom it i> 
 supposed about 50,000 came to England. Such uf 
 these refugees as had been engaged in the silk 
 manufacture established themselves in SpitaliieiJs, 
 where they introduced several new branches uf the 
 art. When the refugees fled to England, Corcitm 
 silks were freely admitted ; and it appears fnim 
 the Custom-house returns, that from OUii.iiiin/. 1 , 
 700,000/. worth were annually imi)orted in di. 
 period from 1C85 to 1G92, beiiig the very |nii.»l 
 during which the British ^ilk manufactuP' ni:i ii 
 the most rapid advances. But the uianiifacturc 
 was not long permitted to continue on tbisloiiiiiic. 
 In 1G92, the refugees, who seem to have beenijime 
 .IS conversant with the arts of monopoly .is witli 
 those either of spinning or weaving, obtaiiuni ;i 
 patent, giving them an exclusive right to niauii- 
 facture lustrings and il-la-modes, the silks then in 
 greatest demand. This, however, was not enini;;h 
 to satisfy them ; for, in 1G97, Parliament ymt'i 
 an Act, in compliance with their soliciratinns, 
 prohibiting the importation of all French aiul 
 other European silk goods; and in 1701, thepni- 
 hibition was extended to the silk goods of Indu 
 and China. 
 
 These facts show the fallacy of the opinion, sj 
 generally entertained, that we owe the introduciior. 
 and establishment of the silk manufacture to tho 
 prohibitive system. So far from this being the 
 cose, it is proved, by statements in numerous Acts 
 of Parliament, and other authentic documcntj. 
 that the silk manufacture had overcome all tlic 
 dilBculties incident to its first establishment, had 
 been firmly rooted, and bad become of great value 
 and importance, long before it was subjected ti 
 the trammels of monopoly ; that is, before the 
 m.inufacturers were taught to trust more to lisca! 
 regulations, and the exertions of custoni-imu-i 
 olRcers, than to their skill and ingenuity, lor t!i!; 
 .sale of their goods. 
 
 The year 1719 is an important epoch in tho 
 histor)- of the British silk manufacture: apteiit 
 being then granted to Mr. (afterwards Sir f honisi 
 Lombe and his brother, for the exclusive property 
 of the famous silk mill erected by them at Derby 
 for throwing silk, from models they had clai)- 
 destinely obtained in Italy. At the cxpiratiuu oi 
 the patent, Parliament refused the iictitiouof >ir 
 Thomas Lombe for its renewal; but granted him 
 14,000/. in consideration of the services he had 
 rendered the country, in erecting a machine winch, 
 it was supposed, would very .soon enable us to 
 dispense wholly with the suiiplies of thrown silk 
 
 ..I 
 
SILK 
 
 1279 
 
 oncd by the disturbancis m 
 ,ve a powerful stimulus to 
 n;land. Tlic ailk tbiowstir- 
 united, OS already obscrviil. 
 • ; and were iiicori)orat(!il ii: 
 led bv the civil wars, tbi 
 
 I gradually to advance ; am' 
 ;comc, that it is stated in a 
 
 passed in 1*566 (W it l! 
 here were at that time n., 
 idividuals engaged in tli, 
 importance to observe, tha; 
 
 II of French and other liirci-i, 
 prohibited during tlu' iei;,'ii~ 
 C3 I., the I'rotectorate, an.l 
 1., the prohibition was nm 
 d, generally speakin;:, tlKir 
 ! free. 
 
 nulua, though not nearly s.i 
 imonly supposed, was niveii 
 inufacture by the revocatiMU 
 , in 1(585. Louis XIV. ilruvr. 
 leasure, several hundreds i,\ 
 : industrious subjects tn seek 
 1 countries ; of whom it i- 
 9 came to England. Sucli < 
 id been engaged in thi- silk 
 icd themselves in SpitaliielJi. 
 \ several new branches uf the 
 rccs fled to England, lorfi;;!; 
 nittcd ; and it appears fmra 
 turns, that from OUO.tHin/. i , 
 c annually imported in th.^ 
 1092, being the vcr\- iwiMil 
 itish silk manufacturi' niaiit 
 inces. But the uianul'acturc 
 ed to continue on this loiitiiit'. 
 , who seem to have bcemiuito 
 he arts of monopoly as with 
 ning or weaving, obtaimii a 
 an exclusive right to niauu- 
 i-la-modes, the silks then in 
 "his, however, was uotemni^'li 
 , in 1097, Parliament iMssej 
 nee with their solicitation-, 
 portation of all b'rencli an.l 
 goods ; and in 1701, tlie pro- 
 ed to the silk goods of India 
 
 ,he fallacy of the opinion, so 
 
 1, that we owe the introducimn 
 
 the silk manufacture to the 
 
 So far from this being the 
 
 statements in numerous .\ctj 
 
 other authentic docmnent?, 
 
 facture had overcome all tbi; 
 
 to its first establishment, haa 
 
 md had become of great value 
 
 ig before it was subjected t. 
 
 mopoly; that is, before the 
 
 taught to trust mote to tisca. 
 
 exertions of custom-hoiw- 
 
 skill and ingenuity, tor t.'- 
 
 I an important epoch in the 
 khsilkmanufactuie:ai.atcii 
 o Mr. (afterwards Sir Ihonisl 
 icr, for the exclusive property 
 dU erected by them at Derby. 
 
 from models they had clan- 
 ^ Italv. At the expiration^ 
 rnt refused the pet'""'"!',^ 
 Us renewal; but tfrant^'' " 
 ■Rtioi. of the services be ai 
 ., in erecting a m.tchine«tah, 
 
 ould very soon enable us ^^ 
 the .supplies 01 thrown sUk 
 
 n 
 
 lit Imd previously been in the habit of importing 
 from Italy : but instead of being of any advan- 
 tiwe. it is' moat certainly true that the cstablish- 
 picnt of throwing mills in England has proved one 
 (if the most formidable obstacles to the extension 
 ,1 the manufacture amongst us. These mills 
 loubliiot have been constrifcted unless oppressive 
 liuiies had been laid on thrown or organzinc silk ; 
 and the circumstance of their having been erected, 
 and a large amount of capital vested in them, was 
 successfully urged, for inoi*e than a century, as a 
 tiindusive" reason for continuing the high duties. 
 Ffciiu this period down to 1824 the history of 
 ihi' silk manufacture presents little more than 
 c..mplaiiits. on the part of the manufacturers, of 
 the impintation of foreign silks; of impotent 
 ill'orts on the part of Parliament to exclude them ; 
 and of icmibinations and outrages on the part of 
 ihe workmen. Among the multitude of Acts that 
 were jiassed in reference to this manufacture, 
 iroin M97 to the era of Mr. Iluskisson, we believe 
 it wonld be exceedingly dilHcuIt to point out one 
 tliai is but turned on anything like sound principle, 
 or that WIS jiroductivo of any but mischievous 
 e. n-eqiieiices. The French writers estimate the 
 ;i>ent;c exportation jf sillis from France to 
 InL'land. during the period from 1088 to 1741, at 
 aiioiit li,.>00,00() francs, or 500,000/. a-ycar. In 
 ITdo attempts were made to check tlie prevalence 
 (i( tMHiiit'ling; and the silk mercers of the me- 
 tropolis, to show their anxiety to forward the 
 -ilknie, are said to have recalled their orders for 
 foieiu'n goods. It woidd seem, however, either 
 ihat their patriotic ardour had very soon cooled, 
 or tlRv had been supplanted by others not quite 
 w scrupulous ; for it appears from a report of a 
 (omuiittee of the Privy Council, appointed, in 1760, 
 to en.|uirc into the sulijcct, that smuggling was 
 itnii carried on to a greater extent than ever, and 
 ihat 7.t)7"2 looms were out of employment. The 
 -ame committee reported, that though the French 
 wore decidedly superior to us in some branches of 
 the trade, we were quite equal, and even superior, 
 10 them iu others ; but instead of ]>roposing, con- 
 >i-tently witli their report, to admit French silks 
 ,.n a reasonable duty, a measure ■which would have 
 jToved very advantageous to those branches of 
 the manufacture in which we were superior, or 
 nearly equal, to the French, without doing any 
 material injury to the others, which were already 
 in the most depressed condition, they recommended 
 the continuance of the old sy.steui ; substituting 
 ah-oliite prohibitions iu the place of the pro- 
 hibitory duties that formerly existed. Whatever 
 imniediate advantages the manufacturers might 
 have reaped from this measure, the ultimate 
 lemleney of which could not fail of being most 
 iniurious, were efl'ectually countervailed by the 
 turliident proceedings of the workmen, who suc- 
 ccded, in 177o. in obtaining from the Legislature 
 an Act wbicli, by itself, was quite sufficient to 
 have destroyed even a jirosperous trade. This, 
 which has been commonly called the Spitaliields 
 Act, entitled the weavers of Middlesex to demand 
 a fixed price for their labour, which should be 
 settled by tlie magistrates ; and while both masters 
 and nun were restricted from giving or receiving 
 more or less than the lixed price, the manufacturers 
 were liable iu heavy penalties if they employed 
 weavers out of the (listrict. The monopoly which 
 the luaiuifactiirers had hitherto enjoyed," though 
 incomplete, had bad sufficient inilucnce to render 
 niveiith.ns and iliscoverios of comparativelv rare 
 oceurrence in the silk trade ; but the Hpitaitiehls 
 Act extiniriiished every germ of improvement. 
 'aiiiameiit, in its wisdom, having seen tit to enact 
 'nat n manufacturer should be obliged to pay as 
 
 much for work done by the best maehiiierv as if 
 it were done by hand, it would have been tolly to 
 have thought of attempting anything new ! It 
 is not, however, to be denied that Maccleslicld, 
 Manchester, Norwich, Paisley ttc. are under 
 obligations to this Act. Had it extended to the 
 whole kingdom, it would have totally extirpated 
 the manufacture; but being confined to Midulesex, 
 it gradually drove the most valuable branches 
 from Spitaliields to places where the rate of wages 
 was determined by the competition of the parties, 
 on the principle of mutual interest and com- 
 promised advantage. After having done in- 
 cilciilable mischief, the Act was repealed in 1824. 
 ilad it continued down to the present day, it 
 would not have left employment in the metropolis 
 for a single silk weaver. 
 
 Ihit, as the eflcct;, of this Act did not imme- 
 diately manifest themselves, it was at first ex- 
 ceedingly popular. After 178.'>, however, the 
 substitution of cottons in the idacc of silk gave a 
 severe check to the manufacture, and the weavers 
 then began to di.scover the real nature of tlie 
 Spital(\elds Act. Ueing interdicted from working 
 at reduced wages, they were totally thrown out 
 of employment; so that, in 1793, upwards of 
 4,000 Spitaliields looms were quite idle. In 1798 
 the tratie began to revive, and continued to ex- 
 tend slowly till 1815 and ISlti, when the Spital- 
 iields weavers were again involved in sutVerings 
 far more extensive and severe than at any former 
 period. 
 
 It appears from this brief sketch of the progress 
 of the English silk trade, that from the year lti9.'> 
 dowii to our own times it has been exposed to the 
 most appalling vicissitudes. The reason is ob- 
 vious. The monopoh- enjoyed by the manu- 
 facturers, and the Spitaliields Act, effectually put 
 a stop to all improvement ; so that the rrianu- 
 facture continued stationary in England, while on 
 the Continent it was rapidh' advancing. When- 
 ever, therefore, the markets were, either from the 
 miscalculation of the manufacturers or a change 
 of fashion, overloaded with silks, there were no 
 means of disposing of the surplus profitably 
 abroad, and the distress became extreme. Xot- 
 withstanding the unparalleled advances we had 
 made in other departments of manufacturing 
 industrj', it was affirmed, in 1820, by the member 
 for Coventry (Mr. EUice), in his place in the 
 House of Commons, ' that there were in that city 
 9,700 looms; 7,500 of which were in the hands of 
 operative weavers, who applied their manual 
 labour, as well as their machinery', to the manu- 
 facture of ribbons. These looms were, for the 
 most ])art, of the worst possible constrvction ; and 
 it would scarcely be believed that the improved 
 loom in France would, in a given time, produce five 
 times as much ribbon as the common loom in 
 England with the same manual labour. He 
 could also state that there existed an improved 
 manufacture in (iermany, by which one man could 
 make forty-eight times as much velvet as could be 
 made in an equal time by an Knc/lish machine. 
 What chance was there that the English manu- 
 facturer could maintain such a competition? ' 
 
 Perhaps these statements may have been 
 somewhat exaggerated ; but there can be no 
 doubt of their sulistantial accuracy. Surely, 
 however, no one believes that the inferiority of 
 the machinery used by the English manufacturers 
 was ascribable to anything except that the pro- 
 tection they enjoyed had m.ide them indift'erent to 
 improvements. Xoone believes that the French or 
 (Jermans are superior to the English ui the con- 
 struction of machines; on the contrary, their 
 inferiority is admitted by themselves, and by 
 
 '\'' 'I 
 
 m 
 
 I \ 
 
1280 
 
 SILK 
 
 ,*•( 
 
 cvcryl)ii(ly tlso. Thnt llint xpirit (if iiivoiitinn 
 whicli has cllVotod such astunlsliiiit? rcHiills in llic 
 cotton mnnufiicture Khoiild Iinvc been f>o lim^ 
 wholly unknown in that of silli, is entirely to be 
 n8cribe(l to the fact of the former never linvint; 
 been the object of legi.slativo protection. The 
 cotton manufacturers were not bribed into the 
 adoption of n routine system ; they could not rest 
 satisfied with mediocrity ; but beinf; compelled to 
 l)ut forth all their powers — to avail themselves of 
 ever}- resource of seicnco and of art — tliey have, 
 in a few years, raised the British cotton maini- 
 factnrc from a subordinate and trilliiif;, to the 
 vory first pl.ico anion^^st the manufucturos, not of 
 this country only, but of the world, 
 
 Cliati(/e,'iii IH'H'i, of the Monnpnli/ Si/item. — At 
 ienpth, liowevcr, the impolicy of the system by 
 which the silk manufacture had been so lon^ 
 depressed, became obvious to every intelligent 
 iiuiividual. The principal manufacturers in and 
 about London subscribed, in ltS2't, a petition to 
 the House of Commons, in which they stated that 
 'this important manufacture, though recently 
 considerably extended, is still depressed below 
 its natural level, by laws which prevent it from 
 attaining that degree of prosperit)- which, under 
 more favourable circumstances, it would acquire,' 
 Fortified by this authority, by the experience of 
 130 years, during which tlie prohibitive system 
 had been allowed to paralyse the energies of the 
 manufacturers, and by the sanction of Parlia- 
 mentary committees, iMr, Huskisson moved, on 
 AInrch'8, 1824, that the prohibition of furtigii 
 silks should cease on July 5, 182(>, and that they 
 should then be admitted for importation on pay- 
 ment of a duty of 80 per cent, ad valorem. On this 
 occasion Mr, lluskisaon observed : 'The monopoly 
 had produced, what monopoly was always sure 
 to produce, an indill'erence with regard to im- 
 provement. That useful zeal which gives life 
 to industry, which fosters ingenuity, and which 
 in manufactures occasions unceasing clVorts to 
 produce the article in the most economical form, 
 liad been comparatively extinguished. To the 
 prohibitive system it was to be ascribed, tliot in silk 
 only, in the whole range of manufactures, wc were left 
 behind our neiyhbuurs. \Ve have here a proof of 
 that chilling and benumbing ell'ect which is sure 
 to be produced when no genius is called into 
 action, and when we are rendered indifleront to 
 exertion by the indf)lent security derived from 
 restrictive regulations. 1 have not the slightest 
 doubt that if the same system had been continued 
 with respect to tlie cotton manufacture, it would 
 have been at this moment as subordiiiate in 
 amount to the woollen as it is junior in its intro- 
 duction into the country,' (Speeches, vcl. ii, 
 p, 249,) 
 
 We have already alluded to the enormous 
 duties imposed, n 1719, when Sir Thomas Loinbe 
 erected his throwing mill at Derby, on foreign 
 organzine silk. These, though subsequently re- 
 duced, amounted, ill J 824, to no less than 14s. 7Jrf, 
 per lb. There was .ilso, at the same time, a duty 
 of -is. per lb, on raw silk imported from Bengal, 
 "Jf/. per lb. on that imported from 
 
 e.Tcrtcil in the <lutie« charged on most of iht i 
 stuffs usi'd in the ruanufacturr. 
 
 It is to be regretted that Mr, Huskisson did, 
 propose that the reduction of the duties (ni r 
 and thrown silk, and the legalised imjiortntidn 
 foreign silks, should be simultaneous and iiun 
 diale. During the interval that was allowed r 
 manufacturers to make preparations for the elnnj 
 the French accumulated a large stock of ff„„[f 
 pour into our markets. To quiet the alarm ucr 
 sioned by this eircuinstance, a singular dcvi 
 was fallen ujion. The French had long Leon n 
 customed to manufacture their goods of a ccria 
 length ! and, in the view of rendering their ate 
 niulated stock untit for our markets, a law v. 
 [lassed in 1M2C, (irohibiting the import :iti(jn (pfji!, 
 silks except such as were of entirely diflirci 
 lengths from those commonly manufaetiircd li 
 the French, IJo one can regret that this wnlclie 
 trick, for it deserves no better name, eiiiirel 
 failed of its object. The French manufatlurer 
 immediately commenced, with redoubled zeal, ib 
 preparation of goods of the legitimate linj;ih 
 and the others, having become unsaleable atanv 
 thing like fair prices, were purch.nsed upliyths 
 smugglers, and imported, almost entirely, iiitotliis 
 country. 
 
 Hut no permanent injury arose from tliiscircuiB- 
 stance ; and, on the whole, the effect of the oponini; 
 of the t rade has been such as to juslitV all the 
 anticipations which the advocates of the iiieaMjre 
 had formed of its success, 
 
 Effects of the Change of 182(1. — We iln not 
 ex.iggerate, we only state the plain matter nlfaii, 
 when we atlirm that the silk manufacture dumio 
 1K,')2 made a more rapid progress after the ahditk 
 of the prohibitive system in 1820 than it liiuM.iiie 
 during the preceding century. The fdrnifr lii" 
 parity in fjnality between goods of Fniidi acii 
 Knglish make had been materially abateil in nw 
 articles, while in some the superiority was on. nr 
 side. The majority of our readers will, prubai;!-, 
 be rather surprised to learn that the real drdccbrii' 
 value of the silk goods of liritish manufacture ex- 
 ported to France in 1852 amounted te 2.'i7,riJV. 
 
 Ihit though a great step at the time, llieoiiffi;? 
 of system etrected in 182G was far from l»: ,: 
 sufliciently complete. The duty then iiniK-.o ! 
 ">0 per cent, on the importation of foreign silk' w. 
 at least, double what it should have Ixin. V;> 
 expenses of smuggling silk goods iiitu Eiiciar.J 
 may, speaking generally, be estimated at ai 'i: 
 12 or l."> per cent, ; so that the high duU. iiL*i 
 of excluding them, acted as a bounty u\\ iKif 
 importation through clandestine cLaniiii^: i 
 probably occasioned, by the temptation wiiiiii 
 iield out to gambling adventures, a larjjer iiuai:tin 
 to be im)K)rted than if the duty had bveii raw 
 nearly proportioned to the expense of j rmuriliii.' 
 We ventured to contend in a former cdiiiniite 
 in ' the event of the duties being reduced to 1-'' 
 15 iior cent, ad valorem, the legitimate impomi 
 foreign silk goods would be considerably hnmi- 
 and their clandestine importation nion' tlian;:' 
 portionally diminished ; and the apparent [iroiati'i 
 
 given to the manufacture being redu-^ed, a ir' 
 
 - - - -- - - - ' jj). 
 
 and of f) 
 
 other (ilaces. Even li.id the manufacture been j stimulus would be applied to iiidustiv aa 
 
 otherwise in a flourishing condition, such ex- vcntion,' We had predicted that, undirsucii 
 
 orbitant duties on the raw material were enough , system, in no very long time, perhaps not niw 
 
 to have destroyed it. Sir. Huskisson, tlierelorc, [ tlian o or G years, our superiority over !«:* 
 
 proposed, by way of preparing the manufacturers j in some important departments of the filk m* 
 
 for the approaching change of system, that the facture would be little less decided than io it' 
 
 duty on foreign-thrown silk should be imine- of cotton, 
 
 <liately reduced to 7». Cti. (it was further reduced | It was not, hoHever, to be supposed thjiia^ 
 
 .« - I 
 
 to 5.1. in 1820), and the duty on raw silk to ii(/. 
 per lb. These proposals were all agreed to ; and 
 considerable reductions were at the same time 
 
 departments of the silk manufacture ivouU 1< 
 equally benefited by the change of system I'roni pro- 
 hibition to i\uX\w.—Non omnia posmm-js. It-!*" 
 
 i. ! 
 
SILK 
 
 1281 
 
 .« clinrj;(;d on must of ilic- il.o 
 iniiufuctiire, .^ , . 
 tctltlint Mr. Huskissoiidulii •. 
 reiluction of the dulies dii r;uv 
 
 id the Ic^ftlised imii(irlati( 
 
 il be siuiulliiiicous and iiirnn- 
 
 intcrvul that wns allow m1 wir 
 ake prcparnlions for tin- tlwutr, 
 dated n lar^'o stock of koc.Is;,, 
 ctn. To (luiiit the nlariridoia 
 rcinnstnncc, n siiinnlur divKu 
 
 The French had l<in« ktii a.'- 
 ifacturc their Roods of a certain 
 ic view of reiidcrhiK their iiwii- 
 fit for our markctH, a law wa* 
 jhibitiiiK the iinimrtiiti.in of ;,..)■ 
 I as were of enlirely iliflirm; 
 ISO commonly manufacturcil liy 
 Mu can regret that tlii.-i wnlHic ', 
 ^rves no hotter name, eutirtly 
 ct. The French muiuifatlurtr- 
 iiionccd, with rcdonblcd zeal. i!ie 
 3ods of the IcKilimato li'n;:th; 
 ^viiijr become iinsaloablc at any- 
 Iriccs, were purchased u\i\\\\b. 
 nported, almost cutiroly, intotlia 
 
 cnt injurv arose from thisoirciw.- 
 he whole," the effect of tin- "ponin; 
 been such as to jiistily all iL- 
 ich the advocates of the iiua-i::- 
 j success. 
 
 ! Change of 1H■2(..~^\^• «l" r •: 
 mlv stale the jilain iiiaftir.l l,i ■. 
 that the silk mnnufaoturoili.mi; 
 ri' rapid pro},'rcsa after the al«JiM 
 e system in 182G than itliail.lw 
 •cding centurv. The I'driiior ili- 
 tv between goods of Fmh'Ii and 
 lid been materially abatui in \m 
 u some the superiority was in c 
 ,ritv of our readers will, pru.iii-y. 
 sed to learn that the niil mdvca:.. 
 c Koods of British maii\ifactiif.x- 
 ein 1852 amounted te '2,1., -w J. 
 Kreat step at the time, ilu' eliar:' 
 ted in IH'iC was far from !• •-■ 
 plete. The duty then iini-o--''. i 
 le importation of foreign ^llk^ >"^ 
 c what it should have li«n- }■" 
 lUflgling silk goods into KngiarJ 
 ^.enerallv, bo estunat.Ml at a.< 
 nt. ; so that the high duty.m.*il 
 hem, acted as a boimty ^^ t >'! 
 irough clandestine cbaiinil-: j • 
 ioned, by the temptation uW. • 
 ibling adventures, a lar-cniiiaM 
 I than if the duty had been »* 
 ,oned to the expense of snmu 11^ 
 contend in a former cat* 
 ,fthe duties being reduced to ..' 
 v.ilorem, the legitimate impon'f 
 ,as would be considerably iiK^»;>; 
 
 lestine importation nn^J' J^:; 
 linished; ami the apparent i,o,u 
 
 "lanufaeture being redu^d, 
 
 manuiaciun: ucn.t, •--• - , ■ 
 ,1 be applied to mdustiv m\» 
 hatl predicted that under ;u^l 
 vcTV long time, perhaps '.^ 
 
 taut dcnartments ot IIicmik '» 
 be little less decided thai. m't. 
 
 however, to I'^^'M'PflSfl 
 ,f ilic silk manulactutc i"""^; 
 ;'d -thechangeofsys.enll«™J: 
 
 l,,l,ililv was, that the trade, placed on a proper 
 liiiiliiii would bo divided between ihe Knglish 
 niiil French. In point of substantial excellence, 
 ilii- plain silk goods manufactured in Kngland are 
 iniial t" those of France; and the difference in 
 fivourofthe Litter in point of y/wiVi has become 
 li-is perceptible ; while in all mixed maniifiicturcM, 
 i,f (.ilk and wo(d, silk and cotton, silk and linen Ac, 
 ,,!ir iisccrideiicv is admitted bj- the French thein- 
 mIvcs. Cu the other hand, the ribbons, ligiireil 
 'Miw, and light fancy goods, manufactured in 
 i'ranc", are superior to those of this countrv. lint 
 i.ven in this department wo havo made great 
 iiriiffress: and fancy goods arc now produced at 
 Siiitiillield.". (Coventry, and other places, contrasting 
 itiost ailvantageously, in point of taste and beauty, 
 ivith those produced" previously to the introduction 
 ,i|' the now system. Still, however, wp are not 
 sin^'uiiic in our expectations of our eountryinen 
 siein;; ahle to maintain a successful competition 
 uiiirour neighbours in the manut'acture of this 
 ,l;iss of articles. The greater attention paid to 
 ilie art of designing in Lyons, the conse(|uent 
 In tter taste of the artists, nnd the superior bright- 
 ness and lustre of their colours, give them advan- 
 tat;(n with which it wUl bo very dilHcult to 
 contend. ... 
 
 Hut snpposmg the trade to bo partitioned 
 lictwccn the two countries in the way now stated, 
 it was easy to sco that a large share would belong to 
 in, and that that share would be more valuable 
 tliaii the whide manufacture formerly was. Proofs 
 (i| theaccuracv of these statements have .since been 
 siipidied ill ntundanco. Notwithstanding the de- 
 cline of Ihe trade at a few places, the manufac- 
 ture, taken as a wh(de, greatly increa,scd. During 
 is;i, 18'2'2, and 182:t. when the restrictive system 
 was in its vigour, the imports of all sorts of raw 
 and thrown silk amounted at an average to 
 1399,00011). a-vcar. But, despite the sinister 
 preilictions indulged in with respect to the ruin of 
 ibc manufacture, the imports amounted, at an aver- 
 jcocf 1850. 1«,')1, and l':52, to above 7,000,000 lb., 
 ,imlthfi consumption to above 6,000,000 lb.; being 
 an increase of more than 250 per cent, upon the 
 (luantity consumed during the monopoly. 
 
 The " manufacture of silk in France also 
 niatirially improved, and a large increase took 
 place in "the value of the silks exported, which 
 amounted in 1852 to about 280,000,000 fr., or 
 ahout 11,200,000/. Hut it is satisfactory to 
 know that we wore able to make head against 
 tills formidable competitor, and that, while the 
 value of the exports of our silk goods amounted 
 in !8'23, when the monopoly system was in full 
 vigour, to only 351, 40!»/., it amounted in 1852 to 
 l„^jl,84()/.. being an increase in the interval of 
 nearly .")00 per cent. In fact, we undersold the 
 French in .some of the hcivier and more important 
 species of goods in overj* market equally accessible 
 to both parties. The value of our exports of silk 
 podds to the United States amounted in 1852 to 
 4('4,M0/. ; and does anyone suppose that the 
 Americans would havo bought so largely of us, or 
 that they would have bought anything at all, hatl 
 the French or any other party been able to supply 
 Iheni on lower terms V 
 
 When we formerly ventured to recommend a 
 reduction of the duty of 30 per cent, on silks, we 
 were inclined to think that it might, perhaps, 
 oblif^c some of the manufacturers of Sine and fancy 
 goods to relinquish their employment; and we 
 endeavoured to show that that was not too great 
 a sacrifice to incur to place the trade on a proper 
 footing. Happily, however, no such sacrifice was 
 required; and writing in 1853, we stated that there 
 vas no department of the manufacture in which we 
 
 had anvthingtofenr, with the then existing duty, 
 from tile competition of the foreigner. Indeed, 
 the fair presumption then was that the duties 
 migh* lie advantngcoiisly reduced. 
 
 No doubt, however, the improvement of the 
 manutacture li;iil at that time been considerably 
 promoted by the total abolition of the duties on 
 raw and thrown silk ell'ccted in 18 15. 
 
 Sliite of Iht: Silk Triide prev'muitlij to 182(5. — 
 Those unacquainted with the history of the silk 
 trade, who iniiy have looked into t lie pnmiihleta 
 and spocchi's of lliose opposed to the alterations 
 ill 1825, will pridmbly be disposed to think that, 
 Ihoiigli more limiteil in point of numbers, the 
 condition of Ihe workmen engaged in Ihe ' do 
 was belter previously to 1825 than afterwards, 
 lliit tlio.se who have looked, however cursorily, 
 into the history of the trade, must know that such 
 is not the fact ; and that the situation of those 
 engaged in it has been most materially improved 
 since 1825. We have already adverted to the 
 state of the trade in 1793 ond"l8IO. At the la.st 
 mentioned jieriod, 7 years before any relaxation 
 of the monopoly had "been so much as thought of, 
 the distress in the silk tra<lc was intinitcly more 
 severe than it has ever been since the introduction 
 of the new system. In proof of this, wo may 
 mention, that at a public meeting held for th"e 
 relief of the Spitaltlelds weavers, at the Mansion 
 House, on November 2G, 1816, the secretary stated, 
 that two-thirds of them were witliout employment, 
 and without the means of support ; ' that some 
 had deserted their houRes in despair, unable to 
 endure the sight of their stor\-ing families ; and 
 many pined under languishing cliseases brought 
 on by the want of food and clothing.' And .Sir 
 Fowell Buxton stated, at the same meeting, that 
 the distress among the silk manufacturers was .so 
 intense, that ' it partook of the nature of a pestilence, 
 which spreads its contogioii around, and devastates 
 an entire district.' Such was the state of the 
 workmen under that monoply system that has 
 been the worthless theme of so much eulogy. lint 
 such, we are glad to say, is not their state at 
 present. The trade, being no longer conducted 
 under an artilicial system, is comparatively secure 
 against revulsions : it would, indeed, " be an 
 ab.surdity to imagine that measures that have 
 about trebled the manufacture, should have been 
 otherwise than supremely advantageous to the 
 workmen. 
 
 We have already noticed the smuggling of 
 foreign silks carried on in the oarlv part and 
 towards the middle of last century. 'I'ho evil was 
 not afterwards abated. The vigilance of the 
 custom-house oflicer was no ma*ch for the inge- 
 nuity of the smuggler ; and at the very moment 
 when the most strenuous efforts were made to ex- 
 clude them, the silks of France and Hinlostan 
 were openly displayed in the drawing-rooms of 
 St. .James's, and in the House of Commons, in 
 mockery of the impotent legislation which sought 
 to exclude thorn. « I have lately,' said Mr. Hus- 
 kisson, in an able speech in vindication of his 
 policy as to the silk trade, ' taken some pains to 
 ascertain the quantity of smuggled silks that has 
 been seized inland throughout the kingdom during 
 the last 10 years ; and I find that the whole doe.s 
 not exceed 5,000/. a-year. I have endeavoured, 
 on the other hand, to get an account of the 
 quantity of silk gomis actually smuggled into this 
 country. Any estimate of this quantity must be 
 very vague; but I have been gr.-en to understand 
 that the value of such goods as are regularly 
 entered at the custom-houses of France, for ex- 
 portation to this countrj", is from 100,000/. to 
 150,000/. a-ycar; and this, of course, is exclusive 
 4 N 
 
 !;' 
 
 '- ^■■')i 
 
 m. 
 
 \\ 
 
 VA 
 
i.!8a 
 
 SILK 
 
 iif lliit fur qrfiilrr kh/i;i/// wliirli Ik piiiiri'il In 
 lliriiiiftliiiiil all llir rliiiiiiii'lt «l' nniii^',Kli>Ur< t*illi«iil, 
 Iii'Iiim; niiIiJimIi'iI Id any nilry. In iai'l, l<> niiiIi an 
 I'MrnI Im lliix illii'll Irailr carricit, llnil thrrc |h 
 Ni-an'i'ly a lialirnlaslici's nIiii|) In tlii< hmuiIIi'iI 
 vlllar.i' ■'! ll«' I'nilril KinKilnni, in wliicli |iiii 
 IuImIi'iI hIIKn aii< nut nulcl ; ami tliiil In llir lin'i' uf 
 iliix , anil lo a vciv I'linHiili'iiililc r\liiil. 
 
 'Till' liiiniinralilo nicmlirr Inr Cnvciilry (Mr. 
 I llii'i') liaM nM'niiiiiii'il llic nilli i^ihiiIm I'liini Inilia 
 ii'illiiMC UKainsl. wliii'li anyllun); Inil |iri>lillnlliiii 
 Moulcl pi'iiM' an iinavailiii)'; |iriili'r(ii>n, Nnw, In 
 my ci|iniltin, ll Im xi'arri'ly |ni'ij.ilili' In ciiiui'lvr n 
 sliiMi^cr caMi' lliini IIiosk vny hIIUh I'nrniNli aKahiHl. 
 
 I III' linniinralili' nn'niliri'':< nwiiar^nlni'lil. I lirlirvf 
 
 II is nnivi'isalh' Itnnwii llial a lari',!' i|naiililv nl' 
 Itanilana liaiiilltrrrlili'ls arr hhIiI rvi'iy yrar, Inr 
 i'\|iiii laliiiii, liy llm Masl IihIIm <'i>ni|iany. Iliil 
 iliMM any ^[liitli'nian niiiiihim' iIimI llii'sr llMiiilaniiM 
 arc wnl li> llir ( 'niilinrnl lin llii< |ini|iiiM' nl' mnain- 
 in^V llii'irV Nil Nihil lliliij', ! riiry aii' .■■nlil al llii< 
 ('iini|iany'H nalrn, In llin niiiiilirr nf iilimil MOO,IHM) 
 or l.lltni.lMlO a yi'ar, al almnl l.i. r.nli ; lliry art' 
 inniiriliiili'ly ^lii|i|iril nIV Inr llaniliiii'i',, Anl»t'i'|i, 
 llnllrrilatn, Oslnnil, or (Ini'rnm'y, iniil ihi'iirr lliry 
 nearly all illicilly tliiil llicir way liai'U lo IIiIn 
 cniinlry. 
 
 ' Mark, llirii, llin cll'i'i'l of IIiIh liraiilirnl Hy.sli'in. 
 'riii'MC lliiMilaiias, wliii'li linil |iri'viniisly Immmi niiIiI 
 I'nr oNpnrlalinn al In., ai" linally iliNlrilMilcil in 
 I'clail lo I lie |i('0|ilo ol Kn^lani' al. alioiil. Mx. carli : | 
 
 mill llin roNiilt. of IIiIn proliiliilinn N In Irvv u 
 Mm cnnxunirr n lav, anil lo k'Vi' IIiiiho wlm livi 
 fvailin^ your liiu a lioniily ol' In, iiiMin I'luh im 
 kcrrlitrl' Hiilil in lliiH cnnnlry,' ( '^/"ccAi'ii, viil 
 |i. f.KI.) 
 
 'I'liiH, no iloiilil, nan all very trim nml d 
 Nlriltiii^;, Hill liail Mr. lliiHkiMMon liiin in 
 lloiiMi' ol' Cnmninii'i In IHII, lin nil^'.lil liiivi' ii 
 nrarly llm Nariir liinKiia^r. Ili' Nrolrliiil, Inn , 
 noi. lull, till' Niiakr. I'lm IIO prr rcnl. ail miIkii 
 ilnly U'liirli III' t'Hlalilixliril, vinn liiil lilllr |i'.,h |,| 
 iliii'l ivi'of Hiniifti'.llMK lliitn llm |iroliiliiliiiii whi'i, 
 I'i'lii'iili'il ; anil Iniii/; alioiil iloiililn llii' i'\|m'||.u. 
 
 ll I.'imlrnlilir iin|iiirlalioii ol' l'orri);li hiILh, ),m 
 
 riNi' williin llm |iorl ol' l.oinlon, anil, inilccil, niili 
 llm vrry walln ol' llm ciiHlotn Iiihihi', In a Hyshm 
 I'rMiiil iiiiiiniis aliUi< lo llm iiilfrrnlH ol' llii' rf\iiii 
 
 ami nl' llir Iioih'mI. ilrali'iH, 'I'lio aluit mIIiiik 
 
 lill IHI.i, >,|ii'n Sir Itolirrl, I'ci'l rnlin'i'il iIh'iIih 
 In l.^ jirr rnil. ail valonni. Ami wliili' lliii wUm 
 lilii'ial inraMiiri' wi'iil lar lo Hiip|iri'NM Miin),'^|iii 
 anil III iilaro al! chiNHrH ol' ilralrrH mi ||||. ...m, 
 rooliii)^, ll iliil mil. nialiriiilly inrrcaMc Ilic Iiii|i„ii 
 ol'Hilk f;;nni|N In IKIlO llir iliilirn on lonit'ii .m||, 
 nl' I'vi'ry kiml wrr,' ulinliHlii'il liy Mr. IIImiIkIhiu. 
 
 Sinrc Ilii* ri'pi'ul in IHIfi ol' llm iliillcs hii r;ii 
 anil llirnwn hIIK, ll. i;i no lon){i'r pnKsiliK' i<i::i(i 
 any ai'i'onnl .if llm I'xaol. i|nant.ilii'N iiiliniiiril i. 
 rotiHiiniplion. Iliil llicy may, ni>lwilliHliMi(liiii;.lii 
 Icarnril wllli Niilllrit'iil prt'riiiiiin Inr *n'i'ry iirai'iiiil 
 piU'poMi rrnin Ihu rnllnwiiif; Hlalrnicnlii, 
 
 I, — .1 1HH^ ilhistriitivr of the I'ro(;rr»H of l/io Silli MiiniiJ'iirttift; hIiowIhi/ thr (iiiimlilirn nf Har, 
 
 H'liste, mill I'liiiiiin iS\//t liniioiiril III ilijfiri'iil I'rrioiln. (Hrfiort of IHJI'2 i/M Sith 'J'mili; ii, hi, 
 
 mill liilir I'ml. I'lifwr.s.) 
 
 Avptuffi' lni|iiit'U 
 
 17(•^« I7r>(<, I7(<7, lirtnK llic I'l'iilnu'ticciiMiiil iir llir nttMiliilii pnihllillloit 
 I7tl\ 17'"., I7»; ....-.- 
 
 ImM I.. 111V ....... 
 
 IHI ', IHII., i.Hi;, ImiMii liny yimn nRfr imihibUlim, aiiil llm Dm .'^ )i>iir> nf 
 
 IX'.it-tt .-...-.. 
 
 IHVt, ISVV, IH-.'.l, Iti'iilK niii wiirN tiitni»illAtfly |irrvlitu« l,i lltp niMilllliHl nf III* 
 
 linihltillliin ....... 
 
 I«.'<t. 1K,^V, l.s.ll ....... 
 
 IWI, IN4II, INII ....... 
 
 IHMI, iK.'tl, 1H,%V ... ... 
 
 IHHI, iHliv, llll>.'>,MiUi'<|unil tiillimilHilltluiiur llii'ihilli'i - 
 IHt>.%, IXIiti, |!I67 
 
 lUw 
 
 III. 
 .■^.^».ll(l(l 
 
 .VM.OIKI 
 7I>II,IIIHI 
 
 l,ll'l.'i,(M)ll 
 
 l,ii7ii,fino 
 .1,1.17 ,'^7 1 
 :l,.'>IK,ll7(i 
 .".,l'i7,7(i1 
 V.I.I 1, 11 11) 
 
 li„M.^,,1lMl 
 
 ."»'".".: 
 
 Wmw 
 
 Thrown 
 
 III. 
 
 III. 
 .1(l.i,i»iii 
 .m;.iii»i 
 .i.'iii.iiim 
 
 V7,llll» 
 
 VlM.IHIll 
 
 7<,llllll 
 
 (iH»„1(i'l 
 
 l,ll.'i.'i.7.17 
 
 i.i.^i.-i.iin 
 
 l,.'MII,l,1ll 
 »,l».'i,7.W 
 
 .1'i'.,MHII 
 
 .14.1,7,-11 
 
 iiii.m; 
 4»7,I.Vi 
 H'AIKil 
 I07,7lli 
 
 rmi 
 
 111. 
 7r.,«io 
 
 VJ!.1»«I 
 l.lltlWO 
 
 l,(l)M> I 
 
 i.ni.iiii I 
 <,.'m,«)j I 
 
 7,»l«,'i»l I 
 lll.HtiV^IA 
 
 • '.^ .■ f 
 
 11. 
 
 -AiTount of' thf (itiiiiititir) of Uiiir, IFiiii/r, and Tlinmm Sil/i rntttril for Ihtaumptim in 
 iinilirmeiihonril i/iiir.i luiirmi IKI.'i niul 1811, trilli the Total Amount of Dull/ rereirtd m 
 mwic. (I'lirl. I'lifier, i\o. 'Jilli, Sim. 181'.'.) 
 
 
 Vwtn 
 
 Haw 
 
 Wuw 
 
 Thrown 
 
 II.. 
 
 TiiMlarilllBatU 
 
 ll>. 
 
 UulT nccltid 
 
 
 II.. 
 
 ll>. 
 
 e 1. J. 
 
 IKI.I 
 
 1,111.11 ,.'.!)(■• 
 
 y7,'i7i 
 
 .177,Hri 
 
 1.47.V1H!) 
 
 .Mll,ll.'7 VI 11 
 
 INVO 
 
 i.iiii»,;(iii 
 
 •ll,HH.1 
 
 .lilll.ll.l.l 
 
 V,(«l7,fi.1.% 
 
 ni 1,1711 t.'i : 
 
 IKV.% 
 
 »,H4H.,Ml(i 
 
 lll.l.'llll 
 
 ^^'l.(lni 
 
 .1,lilll,ll.'iN 
 
 «4(.,i.iii 11 i 
 
 IS.11) 
 
 .1.7 71, 111.'! 
 
 4H.1,|>I1 
 
 41li,,'..1.1 
 
 4,li!).1,.'il7 
 
 K<),.'||| (1 !t 
 
 I».1.^ 
 
 4,I.M,IHIH 
 
 i,.ih<,k;v 
 
 «.'.4.,17lt 
 
 ,'^,7I(»,4.^H 
 
 m.iM 11 i 
 
 IS.Ki 
 
 4,.171l,."Hll 
 
 l,.VIH.7Vl 
 
 V1II,V.1H 
 
 ii,viiri,ii;ii 
 
 (i6,(l.'..l .1 1 
 
 1.S.17 
 
 .1,7.1ll.4V7 
 
 H7.1,rHI 
 
 VI1,.1I1H 
 
 ^,Hl!l,.^7fi 
 
 M/M 111 Ii 
 
 M.VS 
 
 .1,tis,1,7.1'l 
 
 '.11111,147 
 
 V11,'i7l) 
 
 4,HS7,l.')li 
 
 M,1V> 18 ; 
 
 IS.MI 
 
 .1,4H.1,1(.1 
 
 1,I14V,M1 
 
 >»!),<) Ill 
 
 4,7.1', ll.'.H 
 
 SI.I1J7 17 
 
 I.H4II 
 
 9,NK(.,1IKII 
 
 74.^,VI.1 
 
 «HH,1IHI 
 
 4,H'.I.'>,'«II 
 
 6,1,(101 111 9 
 
 IHII 
 
 .1,«)!I,HH.1 
 
 1,179,114 
 
 Kn7,.1.1,1 
 
 4,H,Mi,.1.T2 
 
 .Vl,HWl K .1 
 
 < ..'.'I ; 
 
 ■ '- f*^-.- 
 
 111. — Account of the Importi and KxfHyrts of Haw and Thrown SilA duriny each of Iht 1 iu 
 
 endinq with I8U7. 
 
 Silk 
 
 1861 
 
 IMl 
 
 IH6.1 
 
 1864 
 
 IHliA 
 
 III. 
 7,71V,1'.0 
 
 till, 1. Ill 
 7.1<li,M» 
 
 1S66 
 
 he: 
 
 IiiilKirli: 
 Haw 
 Tl.iown • 
 
 ruui 
 
 •_ 
 
 11.. 
 8,71(1,611 
 l'il,.i7l 
 
 K,'iii.i.v,i;i 
 
 111. 
 1(),17»,IM 
 
 r,i.ii..v.i) 
 
 ll>. 
 O.i'.'l.ll.l 
 
 .MI.1H1 
 '.1,77 1 ,ViH 
 
 III. 
 
 .'j.ii.Vi.ioi 
 
 71,1611 
 ~,1,7'/8,.'»V| 
 
 III. 
 
 .■..L'/LBIH 
 66,H,.0 
 ,1,5Wl,li.i4__ 
 
 l,qfi.'i,.T<l.1 
 .14.'.,47» 
 »,■ 111.567" 
 1,810,087 
 
 II.. 
 ■VSi'i'i' 
 
 "ii.i'i.\'.' 
 
 Kiwrls : 
 lUw 
 
 Thrown • 
 loli.! 
 
 • 
 
 ■i,n<i6,«n'i 
 
 «1I1,7.H 
 
 _4,7llt,7il>_ 
 
 4,U6,.1i'.l 
 
 s,'iii.i,K(;i 
 
 7N.MIII 
 
 .i.s.'.»,in'.) 
 
 (.71.(171 
 
 .-,'V2'i,110 3,I17,S!) 
 Hll.1,1111 li76,H7 
 
 i,6m."ii 
 .i,;«i,w 
 
 .'..ll'Jd.lK!.'. 
 
 4 ,') . 1 .Ml 
 
 4,7.1(l,li.l1 3,H1I,164 
 l)!m,.TiS 1,1178,416 
 
 KeinAiiiB fitr Ouiuutni.|li>n 
 
 . 
 
 4,111,18.1 1 4,;in,!l16 
 
 
 . .•»,«! 1.IJ7 lb. «-je«r. 
 
 
 _ 
 
^^^ 
 
 HII.K 
 
 m iirolillillliiit 1" ••' '•'*;• "I" 
 iinilloKivl'"""' «'>"•>»'■ liv 
 
 K .Hinilry.' (N/""'"". v.,| „ 
 
 wiw III! very inir ami vn, 
 il Mr. IIiimKIm""" •"'"■" ii' I'" 
 
 ,„ i„ IHll.ll'^ "«'«''' I'liviii.! 
 
 ,„p;.i,lK<'. """ >'"'Ui"l41 
 
 llli' !"• l"'' •'•'"'• '"' ^"'""* 
 ll.liHlir.l. WKhlM't lit'l'l'"!'" 
 luCllllUl III" I'"""'"'"""" "'"'''' 
 
 ,,, iiImiiiI •loiil'l" " M""" ' 
 
 ,,;„.|„(i..ii ..r l\.r.'iKn «iIKmm>. 
 I „|- |,onili)n,m>tl, I"'"'™. "Ill* 
 liociiMliiin liniiw, to finvMim.i 
 ,. Ill 111" iiiliTcMH ol lliirrdiiiii 
 
 I (liMlll'lH. 'I'll" llllll'"' l'""lll"l"l 
 
 ir KoIhtI. IN'"! K'.Uu-nl iWiluu 
 ,„l..r.i.i. AiiilNvliil<-llni«i*:ml 
 
 yrlll lur l« »llll|'f''»« MllUCKllll , 
 
 iMiiHm-N of (li'iilrrH nil till' sain. 
 
 ii,ii(<riiillv iiKOTiiMr 11imui|«iI 
 , IHl'iO 111" iliili"" '"I '"ii'U." Mil 
 ,,•,• utioliHlii'd liy Mr. iHiuIsIi'ik. 
 .u\ in IHlfi 111' 111" 'lull'"' ""'•'» 
 
 il, i.{ iKi I"IIK>'>' )i"i^'<ilil<' I" :iv' 
 llii> cxiirl (liimililifH iiiliiiiu.ai. 
 Uil llicy limy, ii"lwiili«iiii"liiii;'" 
 liciciil iir""iHi<'i> for ovcry iirmlkal 
 , fnllowinn Hliil"m«iitN. 
 
 ,rt of lH!t'-5 <»» '"*''* ''■"'''.;''"• 
 
 1 :»8.1 
 
 WmW_ 
 
 VT.IMIIl 
 
 74,1 •'HI 
 
 (.HS.^Ii'l 
 
 1,1I.V'>.7.M 
 
 i.i.!i:f.iiii 
 
 Thrmrn 
 111. 
 
 IM'ill.lllHl ' 
 
 Tiail 
 Ih. I 
 
 l.llWMI 
 
 ait.^.iHui i.iiJ.*"' 
 
 n'l'>.l«l" 
 .■n,%,v;ii 
 
 Vlil.lW. 
 4V7,1.V. 
 H'i.lHil 
 
 111;,;" 
 
 »,vn,i«i 
 
 i.rii.'iiit 
 
 W.»I..,M« 
 
 ,„tnril for Coimmflm in lir 
 Amount of Duty rvmvM on Ik 
 
 .li%l i.f nil Hi"" 
 
 III. 
 I,47.->,S"!> 
 ■2,(1^7,fi.1'* 
 .1,11(1 1, ".'it 
 4,KI.'»,.M7 
 .tJKH.I.'i'* 
 
 li.Slifi.lfi'l 
 
 4,Kl!l,.S7fi 
 
 •l,HH7,l.1'' 
 
 4.7.1 '.'.l.'iH 
 
 4,H'.l.'i.Wl» 
 
 4,H.Mi,.'>.V2 
 
 BulY nwlfeil 
 
 f,ii,i7H IS ; 
 
 ]4i:,I.MI W « 
 
 Ki.l,'pil .1 
 
 .W.WW II s 
 
 (i«,8.'i3 .1 < 
 
 .Ml.ti".'' 11 * 
 
 .14,^11'.' I" ■ 
 
 SI.IH! 17 I' 
 
 6,1,1,111 111 ' 
 
 .Vl,"WI t ' 
 
 ,„ Silk during each of iht 7 
 
 I'ljfi 
 
 1868 I [2-. 
 
 ••',„i;sO I !*■'»" 
 
 Simrrr»of Ihf Siip/ili/ of .Vi/*.- 'I'lic riilliiwiiiK | ilrrivc our Hii|i|ilii'H ul rnw niiij «f loriitiii Hirowii 
 Inlili' nliiiwi lliii Hiiiirci'H wlii'iiri' nn illicrlly nilk. 
 
 IV, li''!"'"' of Ihr Qioiiilitiin if liiiw iiitil Thrown Silli liiiimrliil iiilii ihr linihil h'iniiilniii in 
 null of Ihr W Vroin rniliiiij wilh IHIi/, nimifi/niij Ihr ('iiiiiilrim iilirnri Ihn/ irirr liiiiiii/hl, unit 
 Ihr Hiionlilirn hioiiiiht from riiih. 
 
 iK'I'i 
 
 i mm ,' " ,, 
 
 llil..«.iiiil.t«|Mii . „ 
 
 lllltrr I 'Htlllll'* - t> 
 
 Tciliil • - ., 
 
 tl.ulv, hnlllHl, NMll llll,k4('W|. 
 
 iKIi'i 
 
 ft.ir.l.i'.l 
 
 V,lll'l.7m 
 
 I7'l,'ll!) 
 
 ■Ihh.W.l 
 V.;v;.l,ii 
 
 .11,41* 
 
 IDMi 
 .1,ICI'.,H'IH 
 
 l,;in,iil 
 
 I7(.,l'll, 
 
 «ln,v/'i 
 'i,rii.K(,i 
 
 /I, 417 
 
 Inn; 
 
 I.HMI.VHI 
 
 l,>lll'f,H'.H 
 41,. VII 
 
 7 ^:iu>\ 
 ■..Hi'i.i. m 
 
 vi.ml 
 
 rininK 
 
 mill', . 
 rm.il 
 
 1 Nil', 
 .'i.l.nii') 
 
 IHI.I, 
 
 4>ti.1li'l 
 
 l.,7l.l 
 
 IH.IHI 
 
 Ml.l.lll 
 
 Iff., '.'HI 
 
 I 111/ 
 
 I7II.IJ.-.I1 
 17.1 Ml 
 
 I'Mr.lHH 
 
 V. ...Ill "iiiil of Ihf QioiHliliin llllll \ llllll H if till- Silk (liioils /irii,li„nl in Ihr 1 1 nihil Kini/ihiin unit 
 Kr/iorliil Ihrirfrom in inrh of Ihr .'t J'nir.i rniliiii/ wilh \Mi. 
 
 Silk XIiiiiiiImi Iiiti 
 
 JIllMll llllll' «'»'ll<i 
 Vl'1,1'1 llllll I'll ' - 
 
 ,iml KiWlllN I 
 
 Artt.li'tolMlhtiinlv, I 
 tiili'itil lit viihic 1 
 
 I SiU Ill-till l'.irtui'u>> iiiln'il 
 , Silk lliKiwii - 
 
 Silk, IwIkI. mill 3'itni 
 
 rmilllili-, til wlili 
 
 h II 
 
 
 |H.,l,-ll 
 
 
 innr, 
 
 lliilliil .Mliilri - 
 
 Ml'l< 
 
 l.l)'/^.oll1 
 
 i:«ii'i • 
 1, 
 
 
 7 11. ,1111 
 ■/.•Ii,lnl 
 
 Ollii'i 1 iimilrl|.« 
 
 ,. 
 
 l,lll7.liCi 
 
 liilill 
 
 .. 
 
 ,).l)K'i,ll'i 
 
 lllilli'il H|,|||.. ■ 
 
 111. 
 
 .11,7)1 
 
 AlolKiILl 
 
 .. 
 
 VI, 417 
 
 Ollii-r I'liiiiltli-, 
 I'lil.il 
 
 " 
 
 .17,1.11/ 
 1111,7117 
 
 l«v|.l 
 
 ,. 
 
 ,. 
 
 llhllril Nl.ifi', ' 
 
 
 
 UllllH tllllllt,ll'« 
 
 .. 
 
 
 I'llllll 
 
 
 
 Willi iiilii'r iiidli'ii.i 
 
 , 
 
 
 Mi.ll.iiiil 
 
 |-'|4III D 
 
 (llln.r l'IIUItllll'4 
 
 III. 
 
 I.ll.lli'i 
 (I1.7I-. 
 
 '• 
 
 171,1171 
 
 'I'liUI 
 
 
 .1/11,1/1 
 
 Krniiii' 
 
 IMIht riilllllrli'i 
 
 " 
 
 ■iri.vn 
 
 777,'l|i| 
 
 I'lilitl 
 
 ^, 
 
 411.7 11. 
 
 Tiilnl vnlii(i« 
 
 ,r i.„i" 
 
 1. Ill' .Ilk K'lm 
 
 IKIi'i 
 
 l.'/'.l.'.'il 
 
 ■I'I'.KI I 
 
 I'll.'il I 
 
 'I-.,, nil 
 
 I.IMi.'IVi 
 
 .11.717 
 
 I'i,li5/ 
 
 .1'l,7n 
 
 H/,ll'l'l 
 
 ii'i.im 
 1l,,l>l7 
 177.11/ 
 
 77.1. ''/V 
 71 ..Vlli 
 Il7,l"l'i 
 .1lill,'2ll 
 
 I Hi, 7 
 
 t.'ri.'iii 
 
 41 1,1 'I. 
 
 HI. 11,1 
 
 N.I. .■.Ml 
 
 7.iii.ii,v:u 
 lll.lll'l 
 
 .%.i|7ll 
 7»,M.'i 
 •il ,771 
 
 'ill. 7-1 1 
 
 V.iliii.. 
 
 Ml, 
 
 .'ill 
 
 '/'ri,7K'i 
 
 .|II1.I|'I7 
 MH.IM'I 
 III.'. I') 
 
 7ii.t,7im 
 
 IHIi'i 
 
 XIMH/iVI 
 
 I/1.HIII 
 
 l/.'.'l/ 
 
 lll.'.IHI 
 
 411.111 
 
 1 1 .1. 1 1 
 
 14,111 
 
 n,ii.|i 
 
 lI'Mi.l 
 
 l'/ii.4;l 
 ■I /.'.'I I 
 
 '/'lO.'ll'l 
 114, 7H| 
 
 7'Jl...|7li 
 
 171,777 
 ii»i,' ;•. 
 
 '<MMHS 
 
 r//,'i'iii 
 
 17.-1.7111 
 1 1. 1,7 '.K 
 
 7H.|.|I.H 
 
 5l,'i.'4'(,.1llll 
 
 IHIili 
 
 IK',7 
 
 iCI I'll. '.11.1 
 I'll, Ml/ 
 II. ■'•.K 
 l''l'.l/ 1 
 
 i"'i.ll',l 
 
 I'll., Ill', 
 
 I|,',1H 
 
 I1I1,"1T 
 
 4Ni'.n/ 
 
 11',,/ II 
 
 47.|i|.| 
 
 '/i,r/i 
 
 47.'l'll 
 
 11, '71 
 
 H.I'M 
 
 1''.'.C, 
 
 1 11.1171, 
 
 III..1IIII 
 
 lli|,,il.> 
 7I.I'IH 
 
 ■;ii'..'i;i 
 
 .-■'17,71.1 
 
 .Ml .1,71 
 
 7 1 .7 1 .1 
 
 |.|l,77.» 
 
 V7'i.',l,t 
 
 7I.I,.7'.| 
 
 llll.'IIH 
 
 nii.d'iK 
 
 Mi..',ll7 
 
 li'i.iim 
 
 4'i4.1',H 
 ll'i.'71 
 71,1111 
 
 117,1,' IH 
 
 /l77.i|',l 
 
 IM.I'm 
 
 11/, 7117 
 
 71.117(1 
 ll,H.I7l 
 
 ■il7,l«17 
 
 IHI.I'll 
 
 i.mi.i./iMii 
 
 l,77ll,4li'i 
 
 JmportH of Siih into thv. IfnUvd Kitujthm, 
 
 Kuro)irnn : 
 Silkinilitiil liY wrluht 
 
 Iiiilliiii 
 "ilkinitiTnlliy tlieiilrro - |ilriT* 
 
 MliiTllitliruliKi 
 nilirr«ilk kihmIh, whi'iuTMi 
 I'lt-r linjHHttii 
 
 
 IHi.'i 
 
 IHMi 
 
 - III. 
 
 .1,()'J(l,7(i(i 
 
 1,44V,rilll 
 
 Iilri'rt 
 
 w),^•l^ 
 
 iiri,4ii) 
 
 vnliii- £ 
 
 l.tHII,,!';!! 
 
 Mi;,7r>ii 
 
 silk MmiuriiclurM 
 
 I 
 
 I Kuroi* 1 
 
 IItiihiI tlud*. Nllk nr 
 I Mill - - III, 
 
 K,ui/.-. rrA|H'. iir 
 Ti.|vil . ,. 
 
 nil.lK,n<.i,r nllk llllll . ,. 
 I'luili f.,r iiinkinK li,tli .. 
 
 j I..illiii 
 
 IbnihiiA,. i-nrnlu, ('liiip|iiu, 
 riimnU. 
 ■ iilei^in 
 
 luuiiro rliitltR, 
 ■ml lilllilln 
 
 l,CI)'2,(ilW 
 
 'i'M ,.'••/« 
 7lll,nil!l 
 •Jli.l.'iS 
 
 8fi.ll.',7 
 
 lin|mrt«l 
 
 V,(ll(i,'iWi 
 
 'i'lli.7M 
 
 (,'111,441 
 
 ;i7,U4(i 
 
 .•i7.«in 
 
 IHl,7 
 .l.'i.llt.Wi.', 
 fi.1,(i74 
 
 8(i4,'/,'i(l 
 IHIi7 
 
 1 ,7n!),!)r,.i 
 
 .111,11,7 
 
 i,lii,r/'i 
 
 .',i,||'/ii 
 
 V(,7fil 
 
 AmiigcNi'tt Weiijhl of Silk Jialra (fom Siijifiic- 
 ment to KamomiU, March 1 1, lH(i(i). 
 
 
 111. 
 
 
 Ik'ncM 
 
 . I.MI 
 
 Ja|inti - 
 
 Nlll.lll ■ 
 
 . Itl'i 
 
 r,it('iit llnilii, • 
 
 1 )iin.i T.IW 
 
 - Ill'7 
 
 ItiilUn 
 
 thrown - 
 
 - Wl 
 
 I'lrrhluii (ballut) 
 
 ( aiiliiii 
 
 - III! 
 
 
 III. 
 I I'll 
 
 'I'lic silk exportfiil from (Jliiiia coii.HJHtfl of (.wo 
 If.iiliiij,' varitlicH, known in coinintrcc liy lliu 
 nami'.s (if Caiittiii anil Nanking. Thn (ir.sl, wliicli 
 is raist'd principally in the; province of Ciinloii, is 
 ivi'lcd iuti) live NortH. The Niiiikinn wilk, pro- 
 iliicwl ;:> ihe province of Kiaiif^nan, i.s dividctl 
 nitii two sorts, known in commerce by the iiniiie.s \ 
 of T.sitlcc and Taysnam. It iH very Hiiperior to I 
 tne ullitr, and usually fetclien more "than double | 
 'ispria'. It is wholly imported from Slmnghiic. ' 
 
 'riic chief jiiirts for tin' ex|Hirl. of l/hincHe HiIkH 
 are .Sliiiii(;hiii' iiinl ('iinloii. 'I'liiiM Ihe e.xporlH of 
 raw Hilk ill IKIIli wi'ic, from iSliiiiiKhue, \>.\ !)2!l 
 pii'iil.H, valiirdiit IO,!Kt'l,7i'iOlai'lH; anil froinl laiil.tni, 
 l'l,!i:i'.l picul.s, valiii'ilat ri,i;7l),70l laelH. 'i'he Hilk 
 f;riiw('r IiiokH III I he home market for fixing; the 
 valtii- of his |iriidiii'i', and prices ran^e according 
 UN I hat dcniaiiil is active or dull, little or no ell'eet 
 beiii;;' prothii'ed liy the fnrei^ii exportation, (xcept 
 aniiiiiK Hpi'i'iiliitive htililei'M at thi! ports, 
 
 I'iaNl India native Hilk conicH almiiHt wholly 
 from llcn^al and re^ii. About the year ITliO, 
 the |''.ast India ('oinpany introduced the lt.aliaii 
 mode of nt lin^ Hilk, which waH productive of u 
 very i^trai improvi'ineiit in the (|uality of the 
 article; but w(i an' not aware that any hiiIihc- 
 (jtieiit iinproveineiit. hiiH been efl'ecled. The Hilk 
 ^ooils briiii;;lit from linliu are not only inferior, 
 in point of ijiialily, to thoM; of I'.nrope, but uIhu 
 to those of driiia. The total value of the ex- 
 portH of raw hIIU from liritiHh India by K"a, in 
 l«(i(i, was Vir),i'M,'i/., and of Hilk f{oodH'««,'J8!)/., 
 both, iiiiwev(>r, bi'iiiK eon.siderably below Ihe 
 averiif;'' of the previous H yearn. As will bit sei'ii 
 from ihe forcKoiiifr Hialcnient, I'-t^ypt Hiipplies moru 
 tliiin a half of our whole Hupplles of raw Hilk. 
 
 Turkey Hilk wholly consisled some yjarH back 
 of what i.s termed lon^r reel am! Hhort reel brutia, 
 a rather coar.si! dcHcriptlon, suited to few buyers, 
 and ehietly used in the ribbon trade of Coventry ; 
 but of late it ban been imported of )i very far 
 Hiiperior texture and (jiiality, comiiif? succeHsfully 
 into competition with Italian and ('liinaHilk 'I'he 
 (jiialitii'H now known as brulia.s may be classed /m 
 followH ; viz. loiif? reel brutia, short reel brutia 
 loii)^ reitl Me.-ttui) (bein^ a liner thread than com- 
 iiioii brutia), short reel Mestup Seli; (a (iner sort, 
 generally in loo.se Hkein.s), Demirdask (a superior 
 kind). 
 
 '1 N '2 
 
 ! »' 
 
 ! I 
 
 i 
 
 il 
 
 5 
 
 
.:• •■ , .fv 
 
 I . ' 
 
 'i 
 
 i'-';i s:i.K 
 
 'I'lic |)!iiiiiH nC Mriina (llic sr.il of lln- nilU 
 iTMilc ill Asiii Miiioi'l, fiinl till- ikIJiii'I'IiI. villjip's 
 proiliiri' (lilVnriii (|ii,'ilii i<"<, Miiviinr ccniHiilrr- 
 lililv ill -i/.c, I'lliiiir, ami i|ii:illl\, 'I'lir \illii)^i' 
 III |lciiiiril:i'-U irmliii'i't till- lltii"-t, iiiviiii; III 
 fill" Ciirr lillu'ii liy tlir ll.llivrs in srlrrlili;; till' 
 |ii'>l iiiiiiiitiH, Mini Ml Iriiiliiit; ciiiliilly III iIh- 
 I'Miilir-w ol' llii' ihri'Mil iIhhii^jIhiiiI Hi' |iriirits 
 III rrrliii^; ri>ii~:n|iiriillv lliis ilrxrri|illiiii cinii 
 iii.'iiiiN II lii;;li priri', nml i< ii|>|iriivr(| liy luir 
 lliMWj'li'rt. 
 
 'I'lir tvali'i' iiI'iIiIm pliirr in ciiiHiili'ii'il r:iM>iiriilili' 
 Jii 111!' liri;;liliii'HS mill |;lii'<''illi'ss iif llir silk, liy 
 wliiili il ni.iy lir ili liiijjiil'-liril rruiii llml (if ItriHii. 
 'I'll!' nilk III llrii->a is lakrii liy llic iHiMilry |ii'ii{i|i' 
 ill Miiall parirN In llir lirrlirslar nr riiHtniii'*, 
 vlii'ic il I'ayM iliily. Tin' ]>rii|ii'ii'liir willi a 
 |iri>l>i T llitMi laKr< il in llio silk lia/aar, wliiTr il i-< 
 liaiiilril rniiiiil III llii' ililVi'iiiit slamls ami nuIiI In 
 (111' lii.',lu':tt liiiliirr, n-^i'liililiiii;, in lliis ti'siktI, llii' 
 iiKiili' III' Hclliii^ ilii' nrt'N ill ('(iriiwiill til ilio ililViT- 
 
 I'lll MMIt'lttTS. 
 
 A iK'imiii liiiyiiii; /iMmirts an wrll as lit' ran llic 
 ililli'ri'iit i|iiiililii"< t'nr |iai'kiii);. Il i^< p'lii'rally 
 linti^lil liy itnri'iilaliirs t'nr tin* ( 'iiiistaiiliiii>|ili' 
 market, ami is t'nrwiirilt'il In (ilii'inlrk nii caimU 
 I'nr Hlii|inii<iit JUT .sIcnmcrH in ('niislaiiliiin|)lr, 
 wlirri' il tiiuls its way tn tlic !\li/aiii or hiiiiic 
 lirnkrr'x rnniiis, In lie moIiI tn llir ililVirriit. iiirr 
 c'liaiits. Tlie tiiu'Mt iniiijM arc ninstly linin^lit t'nr 
 the Krrlii'li niiil Kiissiaii iiiarkriH, f^ciicrally tin' 
 latter. 'I'lic Iniij; htIm iiri' (jniiitr "nt nf use in tills 
 I'oiinlry, hh tlir iiioro niudcrn iiiacliincry im nnt 
 ailaph'il tn its iiso. 
 
 'I'lu' I'rrsiaii Milk rmp of IHIiM-l is stated by 
 Mr. Alilinl In have yielileil l,|-.",>„'i:ll! lli, val" ' 
 III T.'tl.ll'S/. Average priee per lli. I'.-'i. In 
 lii'sl ipiiilily \f<f. Of this ]irnilni'e llMl.liliil 
 were shippeil tr <!reat. Ilrilaiii, ;tl),OIM) lb. In 
 Kraiiee, iiinl Ml, HOD lb. to Kiissia. 
 
 liy far the (greater part nf the raw nnil thrown 
 hi Ik that collies In us iVnni France is nof llic 
 >,'rn\vtli nf ;lint cuiiiilry. but of Italy. 'I'lic Italian 
 .silk crnp of IMliV, wliieli (ex. Vcnctia) yiclilcd 
 nlinni MI'J,I!)'.J iiiyriaLrraninies or l.'i'.l.KlN <'\vl., 
 Hlinwed nil increase nf over (i per <'cnl. beyninl the 
 a\er;i^e annual prniliiee ilurint; (he I I years .since 
 I.^^N, when llic iliseasc of the silkwnrni (irst 
 iipiM'aieil. (Hi/uiit of Mr. t'niisnl Colna^rhi nf 
 ■l.iniiary (i, IHllH. .Sec iilsn lli/iort nf April IHI'iS, 
 by Mr. .Seeretarv <if l.epitinii Merries on 'I'/ie 
 Jiidii.itriul Conililion of lliily.) The |iroiliicc ol 
 cni'nonsiii Krnnee ilccliiicd from 'JI.'J.'ill.OOD kilns in 
 iN.iL' tol,000,(ll») in IHCi;'!. TIioiikIi silk, or material 
 Imvinjj silk for a coniponciit part, was never in 
 more fjenernl use than at presenl, no iimiiufaetiire 
 used lor (lrc.s.s is tnorc liable than this to sillier in 
 one or more nf its brandies from the sudden ca- 
 jiriics of fa-'liioii. If there be a nin upon ribbon, 
 ]iinb;ibly down pics laee, and vice versfl. 'I'lic 
 nil! seals of (lie mannfaeture, ton, arc apparently 
 snliject to serious mutations of fortune. Tlins 
 llic Lyons silk weavers have cxpcrieiieed a sad 
 ilediiie of prnsjicrity since IS.'ai; the produce of 
 their trndc- in tli.it year, as ennipaied with IMii.'), 
 beiii)^ as 7t In II ( Times of Oclibcr 2(, IHI'ili, on 
 the authority nf the Sulut Public nf Lyon> ). < >li 
 the other hand, the iiiamifactiir» hcciiis to thrive 
 .steadily both in .Switzerland (especially in and 
 near Zurich) and in the Ikhenish provincca of 
 I'russin. 
 
 The following table of the prices of silk is 
 extracted from the very romprohcnsivo circular 
 of Jan. 7, IHIili, issued liy Messrs. T. it H. Little- 
 dale of Livor|KH>l, to which we have been indcblcil 
 also for information regarding the crops and 
 price- of sugar i-c. 
 
 SIFA'F.lt 
 
 m>M-rl|)l iM 
 
 Cliliin [ T«iiili*t^ 
 'I .i«>ii.iiii 
 
 < 'idtnll > 
 
 (•'III 
 
 lltrnwii ■ 
 IViOiii - 
 h.ilniii ll«*rK. ami iMiliit, raw 
 
 I •it-mMltroiMX, nw 
 
 llid^aii, ttltiiri m I • 
 
 inrHiixiii • • 
 
 lltitf 
 fluHnn rrri 
 
 rriig 
 
 <. 4. 
 
 * 
 
 •1>\ It 1 
 
 1 /(i 
 
 •11 II 
 
 M 
 
 17 1. 
 
 ■l\ 
 
 HI) II 
 
 't' 
 
 11 11 
 
 Vil 
 
 VI 
 
 H 
 
 •m II 
 
 vt 
 
 IV II 
 
 I'l 
 
 i^ II 
 
 M 
 
 n II 
 
 'K 
 
 Vt II 
 
 .'.'I 
 
 ^V II 
 
 lli>^,Tl|)llnl1 
 
 Null 
 I'hii 
 
 ri* nml 
 
 Hill III 
 
 Kdr.iiM. ,n 
 
 m.i.,,,.. 
 
 
 1. il 
 
 <. .1. 
 
 ', .', >. ,1 
 
 Ili'tiUil : II.IIiIimIi • ■ 
 
 1,1 II 
 
 .■III. 
 
 
 IMI'l.l'llf . 1 1 li 
 
 II. II 
 
 17 iii»nii 
 
 1' Iill/.II . .'III! 
 
 III II 
 
 17 11 IK, 
 
 li.'llllC.t • - 1 1 li 
 
 1 . li 
 
 1 7 II \\ II 
 
 iiiiiii|i.iiii . . n II 
 
 lli II 
 
 17 II VI ,1 
 
 .lii.i«.|...rii . . II It 
 
 III II 
 
 1. 11 VI li 
 
 K.i.liMiKiiiv . . , II It 
 
 Hi II 
 
 lli li ,tl II 
 
 Nllicl.ili . • ' .. 
 
 — " — 
 
 -»1" ."U 
 
 lli-M-rliillim 
 
 I'rlrti 
 
 
 
 • il. 1. 4. 
 
 Kori'lilit ; (lunt wii>Il' • • 
 
 I'lT III. 
 
 t ,1 III k ,i 
 
 lllttii, )'ii<ttl III lliii* • 
 
 ,, 
 
 1. \ % II 
 
 Hill, 1. Iiiiill... mil hii.li< ■ 
 
 „ 
 
 V II 1 r, 
 
 'I'lirlii-y ilillii 
 
 „ 
 
 ,10 7 II 
 
 K. I. * liasiiitii ■ 
 
 ,, 
 
 IV 1) 
 
 K. 1. IlKCHlll. 
 
 ,, 
 
 V II 1 1| 
 
 Silk rii*,-v K<MN) * t'lirnhft, litri-riiir ■ | 
 
 "T iiirr* 
 
 Mil I'lil 
 
 fjllr lit ^'iknI 
 
 ,^ 
 
 lli li mo 
 
 ri)ii|*|inh« nntl llmiiliiniiM'*, iiiri'ntir - 
 
 „ 
 
 II 1 IM , 
 
 HiilH'rlur • 
 
 ■• 
 
 I'l II (III' 
 
 SILVl.i: (Cer. Hillicr; Dutch, /.iWcr; Dan. 
 snlv ; Swell. Mlfver ; l''r. argent; llal. iir),i'iil,i, 
 Span, plala; I'nrt. prata ; K'liss. scri',ro; l',|. 
 srebrn; Lat. anjentiini ; Or. "/lycn ; Arab, l'« 
 /eh). A metal nf a line while enlniir, tvillimit 
 til her taste or .snicll ; being in |iii|iii uf 
 brilliancy iiiferinr tn iiniic of the tiielallir (.Kin's, 
 if we except polislicd .steel. It is siiflir lli,m 
 copper; but liaidcr than gold. Wlnii niili, ! iN 
 Hpccilic gravity is II1-171; when haiiiiiiinil 
 In iiiiilieability, it is iiiferinr to miiip nf ili' 
 iiictals. it" wi^ except gtild. It may be lii'iiinimt 
 illtn le.ives niily „„J,„„ of an inch lliiii, li. 
 iliietilily is cipuilly rcinitrknblc ; it niny lii' ilr.m:! 
 iiiil illtn wire iiiiich liner than a liuiiiiiii li:iir: < 
 line, indeed, thai a .single grain of .•.ilvcnii.n 
 extended abmil 100 feet in lengtli. lis Iri'i.i; 
 is such, lliat a wire of t-ilver (I'II7H iii'li i, 
 ili.iniclcr is capable of siippnrliiig a \\wj,\\\ •'. 
 IMTM.'l lb. avoirtliipnis wilhniit breaking'. Si!i,r 
 is easily alloyed with copper by fii.siini. li 
 compnnnd is harder and more ViiniiruiH ibr 
 silver, and retains its while cnlmir evii whnili. 
 prnpnrlinii nf enpper cxeccils \. The liapliii" ■ 
 at a iiiii.\iiiinm when the enpper iiniimiits t,,' 
 fipli nf the silver. The stambiril iir sUrlinK-^'^ ■ 
 nf Itrilain, of which coin is niinle, is a iniii]' a;: 
 nf \'1\ parts silver and 1 cupper. Its >|h'ii 
 gravity is lO-J. The spccilic ;;nivily nf I'n" 
 .stainlard .'<ilvcr, composed of 1)17 parts .lilv.ri:); 
 7 copper, is |0'I7.'). The Freii-'h silver cein iliiri:. 
 Ilie 111. I tiiivernnient was nnl nearly sn lino, I 
 compn.-icil of •.'I'll parts silver ami '11 coiiiwr,! 
 parts silver to 1 p.irl. copper. The Aii-:rj::| 
 silver cniii cniilains .-'J!; nf Clipper. I'lu' ■ii'i' 
 coin of the ancients was nearly pure. anl:ii';'™l 
 not to have ln^enniixed with iilloy. llo.-iili '!'■•■ 
 ■.i.seil as coin, or money, silver is cMi'ii-i' ' 
 employed in the arts. The value of llu' m"'' 
 pliiie annually manufactur.d is very ('oii*-| 
 able. Large quantities arc iiKn iliimI in pialiii.' 
 
 The most prodiiclivc silvci iiiiiios nro i" •*°*l 
 ri<;a, p.irticulnrly in .\Ii \ico, Peru, anil I'.-ilii'"'^! 
 There are aLso silver iiiues in lliingar.Vi ■"''''' '".'l 
 .Spain, Norway, ami ntlicr part.s of Kiir'i* '■'■I 
 in Asiatic Kussia. In 18t>7 we exported, c^olusv.f 
 
 ii'^' ■ k 
 
■MIJJII]..., 
 
 illA'F.U 
 
 I'lIlM 
 
 1. <l. 
 
 1. 4 ' 
 
 ■ill 111(1 
 
 ■1. It 
 
 71 11 
 
 .11 " 1 
 
 17 li 
 
 Vl 1. 
 
 t') II 
 
 i; II . 
 
 \1 II 
 
 VII n 1 
 
 •i\ n 
 
 V, 11 
 
 •iH 
 
 ■^ II 1 
 
 I'J II 
 
 I'l "1 
 
 Oil 
 
 11 II 1 
 
 o (1 
 
 '■1 II 
 
 4<l II 
 
 .VI II 1 
 
 — 
 
 Nrtilti 
 
 IM..I 
 
 KllHtl!.-'!! 
 
 
 r<iiiiniMn riuiiiii' 
 
 ■ 
 
 «. if. 
 
 i. J. 1. U. 1 it 
 
 * ' 
 
 \^ ■> < 
 
 ill <• 
 
 
 1 ^ '• 
 
 It. II 17 HioV'i It 
 
 
 11 i> 
 
 III II W ii /I ■ 
 
 
 n 11 
 
 1 > fi 17 n M 
 
 
 n >i 
 
 l(i 17 11 i< <i 
 
 
 1 1 II 
 
 tii 1) 17 1) iU> 
 
 
 1 \ " 
 
 U, Mi (i M " 
 
 1 
 
 
 y*! » 1 'i 
 
 
 
 
 
 l|itt<m 
 
 
 Vrlcti 
 
 
 
 
 1. ,1. 1. J 
 
 . 
 
 
 ,.i<r lit. 
 
 S .1 t.i 1. << 
 1, .1 1 1' 
 
 " 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■( II 1 1 
 
 
 
 J, 
 
 SB 71 
 
 
 
 »i 
 
 1 t »< 
 
 JO (' 
 
 nb«,lnfi'ri<»r • 
 
 iBT i>irce 
 
 nil i>< 
 
 fmr 1- 
 
 HII|H 
 
 
 ,. 1 I'l II '(1 1 
 
 r hUIht; Dntrli, /iWer; Ibii 
 Vcr ; !•>. arixi'iit ; Hal. nnjnii'. 
 
 irt. V"''"; "'"'*'• •'*'''''''■'■",• '.'■• 
 culiim; *ir. "in"!'"' ; Ar;il>. i,i. 
 of a tiiii' wliili- nilimr, Kiilim 
 . Miirll; »»''"n; '" ,1,"","',' 
 ,r to iii'iit' "I" "»' iiK'l""" '"">"• 
 ,„lisl,ril .-t.'.'l. 11 i-* w'f";' ii'"' 
 ■iliTllmn (;"'"'• NVIi.'H "u ii|!u* 
 irt UflTl; wluMilmmmi'Ml. . ■■'!. 
 it i< inferior to iioiio u! ili' 
 ;,.oi.t ^.il.l. Iti.mylH'lH'i';'"";; 
 
 .. 1 of Jill llllll I link. I' 
 
 m "n.'nmrkiil.l.- ; itmayWiir.w 
 mVhfmrr Hum ii Imniim kur: - 
 
 ' Mm iWl ill liMiiith. llsi.i'ii 
 „ ,vin- .if -ilvf »•"•'* "."/,. 
 ,ml.l« of sui.l">r!;"t! " «^''S"; 
 r.iuiioiH \viil«">'l liniiKmi;. N. ■ 
 ,,,, \,i,i, ..oi-iior l.y 1U.UI1I. l^ 
 
 ins its wl.il.' '■'.lour. ;v.',.«l>' 
 
 „,,,,,r ..x.M...,l.. h. ■"-'■ 1'^' '— . 
 
 whru tlu'CoiMH'r nm.mni^'li ■ 
 
 ,,r ■ri... slanilar.li.r.'^UTliii'.'-i." 
 
 «-lii.-h iM.in is mailiMS a '■""'>,; 
 
 ,iiv..r ai.a I ''"iM'^- .y* :' :,„, 
 
 - 'I'lic six'cila' t,'ravil> I'l !■'■ 
 
 I-:, TlK-Kr.M..'l.silv.T.v^"W;- 
 inu'iit was not iionrlv so limy • - 
 I, .arts silver and ■.'Vowor,-';, 
 
 ...tains -''- •'• ''"IM"''- '"' 
 ''irwas„..arlyp..r.-.nn:l»n« 
 
 ;::!u.■.l^v.tl..;lloy..H-*; ; 
 
 or ...onoy. s.lvcr » x 
 
 *'- -^^n i'"':':,Ms'v;^;*..* 
 
 .juant.t.osar.'.i!-'.i"">'"'l ^„,^ 
 ,rlv.,. .^^^ico.lVr,.,anU»l 
 
 , „,ul o.l.or part.s " -'^r „ 
 ia. In 1S6TWC exported, cxuu 
 
 i.f linllion, .1,.'l!i;t tons of hilvrr ore, rliirtly froii 
 ( liili, valiinl al 1(1 . iMT/. | I'lil.i'iiii's MiiM.s. 
 Aiiit wi" lia\r iilrcaily hi in | I,i;ai>| llial rnn-nli r 
 llllll' i|lialilili''s of hilvrr liiiM' lull, iilil.iiiiiil ji 
 this llllll. try liy I lie rrlliiiii'; ol Irail. In iiroiif oi 
 
 llllH, Wl' Hlllljllil. till' lolloHJll^ Mlall'llll'.ll of till' 
 
 hIIviT |iroiliir('il Iroiii oirs riilTil in tin' I'liilnl 
 Kiii'iloin ilnrlni; cai'li of tlii' I vrais <'iiiliiii; uilli 
 
 .■ .11 ' l#;....... It /..'<'... iMi^ii 1,1 
 
 HINfJAI'OUK 
 
 12M 
 
 |\|ll.,'l"lll "" "'*i ^ ' ' / 1 1 ...III. ... 1 
 
 IM'iV. (Hunt's Miiiiiiij Urmiil.i fur |H(1M Ar.) 
 
 I^ail iim 
 KiihUihI 
 tt*".'. 
 
 Iirlil'ul 
 !»rilllilllil ■ 
 
 Mr ..r Man 
 Kilrrl i.t|.i • 
 
 Val 
 
 SINti.M'Ol!!''. 
 
 I hi, I 
 
 IK. 
 
 .■l'i.'.,«IKi 
 
 l.lii.n'i.'i! 
 
 I'l. •■.II 
 
 T.SVl 
 
 l'<.,ii'/li 
 
 INI,.> I 
 »». I 
 
 .vi;,7ii.i. 
 
 Ir/,ii7 
 
 li.,>.-.il 
 
 H.illll 
 
 l-n,ril\ 
 
 I "'..'Lill 
 
 l.ll.'.ss _7vl.sMl ' 
 4'i;ii,"i'i ji'.'i,~.'. 
 
 1./. 
 
 ,^VI.,l'/'. 
 |.TI,.1III 
 
 r..ii.Ti 
 
 »,; 'I 
 
 i«;,.'.ii. 
 
 l..V..>.H' 
 I I. 1,1. 1 
 
 111.; 
 
 |lr'l,l.|7 
 
 1 1.. "Ill 
 I ',ll" 
 
 ll.l'H 
 I(.'..I7II 
 
 Hll 
 
 •'II 
 
 is one of Hi'Vi'iiil llrili>.|i dr- 
 
 iii'iiiliMi'ii's, t'allril ll.r Srir-MTH Si.li'i.i ,Mi;Ni s, 
 
 riicM' all' -ilnali'il in tlir .Slrails of .Malana, ami 
 
 iiuipri'M' .*^iii^'a|iiiir, I'cnaii;;, nllnrwic nillril 
 
 I'rinri' iif Wall's' Isl.iiiil, ami Malarra, all foriiirrly 
 
 iiiiilir tlir){<>vrriMiiriit of llio I'.a.t Imli.i ( 'oiii|iatiy. 
 
 Ihi'-i' iiossr-sioiis rami' iiinlrr ll^ili^ll nilo al 
 
 ililVi'i't lit. iirl'iiiils, lint wrrr in iM'Jii nnilril into 
 
 iiic t;iivrrn.iii't.l. iimlir an ollii'ir will, the llllii 
 
 i>t (iiivrriior of I'riiim of Wali'i' Inliiml, Siii- 
 
 ',';i;iiiri', ami Malan'.i, ami for sour' years al'lor 
 
 Miirils raiiUi'il as an Imiiaii jni'si'lrnry. In in, ID 
 
 llii' |iri'Mili'iii'y was aliolisl.ril, wlien llio incor- 
 
 |.iir:ili'<i scllii nii'iits lirranii' siilionlinati' to llrii^^al, 
 
 ml Wire siilwi|iirnlly iiliiceil in iliieet eoiii- 
 
 >|iiinilriii'e will, llie .Sn|iri'ine (iii\ irnnirnt of liiill.i. 
 
 Ill Niveiiilier lH.i«, when llie f<oMriiiiiinl of llir 
 
 |,;i.-l lllilia ('iiin|iaiiy was aliolislied, lliese sillle- 
 
 imiili, ill I'liiiniion with all the other ferrilories 
 
 lii'liniK'i..); to it, eanie iiniler the iloiiiinioii of 
 
 till' Criiwii, li.it were still ailn.inislereil hy the 
 
 iiiivcriiimiil of Inilia. The inlialiilaiils, howevei', 
 
 luiviii^' |ir('vioiisly |i('titioin'il I'arliaineiit that, the 
 
 M'Ulriiii'iits ill the straits sho.ilil lie fornieil into a 
 
 ilinrl (le|ienili'iii'y of the Crown, ami this liavili;; 
 
 liirii ai'i'iileil to, "they uere. ill Aiiril IKllT. trans- 
 
 li'iTiil to till' Colonial Olliie.aml now forin the 
 
 ii.li'iiviif the Straits Seltleimiils, nniler a (.loviriior 
 
 II iiiinissiom il hv lier iMiijesty. 'I'lii.-i ihan^'e 
 
 linuiK'lit aliiiif,' Willi It tlie |iower of iii.'iUir,;^ laws 
 
 lur tl'o eoloiiy, siihjeet to ('oiitinnalion l>y the 
 
 Criiwi;, and led to tlie inlrodnelion of ihe usual 
 
 niiirliiniTy for that, |inr|io-.|., in Ihe sliape of a 
 
 k'L'i.'^liilivc I'lmiii'il, l)^l'^illed over hy the pivenior. 
 
 TiiiMiHiecr has his resiileiiee in Siii;^a|iori', «iili a 
 
 ruuli'iiaiilf,'iivernor iiiider him al eaili of the 
 
 lillicr slatiiuis. \\\- sli.-iU now proeeed to give 
 
 >iinii' n>-i'iiiiiil of the three iil.iers .•■iji/irately, and 
 
 lii'^rin will. Siii^^apore, wliieli in its eoniinereial 
 
 nhiliniis is iiidi.'ipiiuibly' tliu most intereslin;; nml 
 
 iiii|iiirtaiit of them. 
 
 Sinpi|iiire is an island at the smitli-eastirii 
 ixtrciuily of the sliails 111 .Malaeea. Ihe Imvii lie- 
 <' in la't. 1° 17' W-l" N., and in loiii,'. \u:V-> ."ill' -17" 
 I:., ami ahoiit i!ll miles distant tVoiii the most 
 MiiilliiTly point (if the Asiatic roni .icnt. It is of 
 anflliptiijil fciriii, ahoiit "Jo miles in its f^reatest 
 k'ii;;lli,iiml 11 ill hreadtli.eonlainiiifcan estimaled 
 iinatif 'jini sipiare miles. Ihit. the lirilisli setlle- 
 nii'iit I'liihraees a cireunifeieiict! of 1_'0 inile.s, in 
 which lire iiuiiiilcd idiont 7o islets, with here and 
 tlitcca scattered searariiinpopiil.ilion, and the seas 
 iiml .straits williin in miles of the prineipal island. 
 Tlii^ latter is separated from the. iiiaiiil.'iml liy a 
 >traitiif tlicsame name, of small lireadthtliroii^'h- 
 |iut,aiiil less than half u mile w ide in ils narrowest 
 I'iirt, which, in the early iieriod of I'airopean 
 iiavijjutiiin, was the Uioroiif^lifare between India 
 iaiil China, liiit the L'rand coinmereial lii-hwav 
 
 lielweeii till' eastern itnil wrKleni piirlsiif iiiarillinc 
 Asiii iiov im^'is nloin; the .voiilli side of the 
 islanil on wliieh ilie town is Imili, In iween ll iiimI 
 a rli.iin of i-ilands alioni I'.' mil' i ili-ilaiit ; the 
 sale.t and mo I emivi iiliiil ehainiel lii>iii){ en near 
 III Siii({apiiri llllll ships in pa~siii^ nml i'epas--iii';' 
 eiillie eliise to the ro.ids. iSill^'apore lllls liei'll 
 friiiii ils foiindatioii a free purl, in the widi t 
 hi ii--e of Ihe liriii, open lo ihc ila;is of ivi ry mitimi, 
 and wilhoiit eillni iinp^irt or e.\piirt ilnlies oil 
 ;;iiiids, Ihe oiilv linporl !.• iiij; ii trivial eliiir),'' on 
 ships, lowarili Ihe maiiili'ii.'inees ol (he linhlhiiiiM'» 
 on the lasierii and west cm approai'lies to lliii 
 roailste.nU. To tin eireiinihlini'i', coniliined willi 
 the niaiiilold advaiila^es of ils immiIIoii, and tliii 
 ah^eliee up to this Ihiieof nil ve.saiioni or Irolllde- 
 siiiiie re;;iilatiiilis, the seltlemeiit n indehted for 
 its rapid rise to a eoiiiinereial prospeiity wliiih i.s 
 witliont e\aiiip|e in the ea leni seas, and has 
 e.liised ils progress lo lie likiiieil rallier lo that of 
 an AiiiiTii'an than an Asialie setlleinent. It has 
 thus lieeoiiie at. eiilrepol in whieli are liron^dit 
 tom'lher and i'\eliaiinii| the iir.idiiets iind inanu- 
 failures of the wi".ii'rii world, of India. Cochin 
 China, Mam, the Malayan peiiin.Mila, and of Ihe 
 w hole wide ri'i^iiin ol the Kaslern .Ariliipela^o Iroiii 
 ils HisliTii limils in Snniatra, lo Ihe meriilian of 
 New (iiiiiiea and the I'liilippines. 'I'lie eoiiiiner- 
 eial pan of llie town ( iipies a site on the 
 
 wc-tdii hank ol ,i river, or nitlnr salt-waler en ek, 
 and on ils sonlhern side faei'«< the sea, the enek 
 heiiif? liavij;.ilile for u eoiisidcrahle (li'.laiiee fniin 
 ils iiilraiie.', so as to admit of li^jhters ili.seliarniii}; 
 their iar;;oes on the ipiay in front of the ware- 
 lionses. llesidi'H ihe liallles light on (,'oiiey Islet 
 in the. Si rait of .Sing'apore, there li.is lieeii, siiieit 
 IK'.,,, a lixed light on I'oit Canning' fl" 111' l;V' N. 
 Int., lOT-. ,011' i)7" !•;. long.), seen lor l.'i miles in 
 clear weathei-, and visilile Iroiii Sl.,Iiihn's Island lo 
 .loliore shoal. Theie aie nUo '2 olher lights lie- 
 longing 111 ihe iSnaits .Srltlemi ills, one oii Capo 
 Itnehada, and anotlier on St. r.inl llill, Mida ea, 
 Ihe former visible for 'J:'i and the l.itler for 1'2 
 miles. Ships li(! in Ihe roads or open harbour, 
 ihoseof the largest finding M'eiire anchiMage iit 
 a liislame ot two miles from the town, wlii!" 
 tlioM! of inl'evior ri/e approarh within a mile of ii, 
 or even less, ihe smaller erali Iviiig close to the. 
 shore. 'Ihe a-.-i'-lance of a niimiier of eonveiiii iit 
 lighlers, which are always in readiness, enabl.'S 
 them to load and unload with scarcely any iiiler- 
 riipliiiiis ihroiighoiit tlii^ year, the anchorago 
 ground, open as it is, being never troubled liy 
 slorins. Of late years, mori'over, means liavci 
 been in progress by which Ihe facilities for di^- 
 chargiiig and mil Hiding ships have been largely 
 added lo, and will be still fnrllier increased, lie- 
 sides the open madslead already spoken of, llio 
 purl inclndes an inner harbour, to which the name 
 of \iiv tldiliiiiir has long been given, and which 
 lies II t\'\v miles to the westward of the town, 
 formed by the mainland of .Singapore itself, and a 
 chain of i.slcts facing its southern shore. Here 
 con-iderable lines of wharfage liavi^ alreailv been 
 eoiislructed, ailmitling of vessels of Ihe largest 
 burden being leceived alongside, while more ex- 
 tensive works of a similar kind are nmlerstood to 
 hi^ in confeniplation in the same locality. The 
 prenii.ses of the I'cninsularaiid Oriental Company, 
 of tlie Me.ssa/^erii's Impi'riales Company, the I'ateiit 
 Ship and Dock (,'oiiipany, tlit^ Uorneo Company 
 (limiliid), the 'I'anjoiig I'aggar Company (limited), 
 uud of other Imporiant establislinients, urenll situ- 
 ated on the shores of Aeitt lliirliiiiir, and a railway, 
 of which the length will not exceed iij miles, has 
 been projected, to connect the whole with the tosvn, 
 and with which a line of telejjraph already coin- 
 
 I 'I 
 ! I' 
 
 ■\\ 
 
I -inn 
 
 HlNiJAl'OHK 
 
 r" 
 
 •i 
 
 '■■<l 
 
 ■ f 
 
 • ■' "i ,■ 
 
 2 1 
 
 iniinicnlcM, 'I'lui port Iimh alwnyK alTorih'il ri'inlv 
 iiK'iiiiM I'or lliii ri'|iiiiriii); of iiii'rchiinr HliijtH, Itiil 
 till' >'iitii|)li'tiiiM of lli(« liirKc mill I'li-illy <l<H:ki of 
 ilic I'lUi'iii. Mlii|> mill MiirU CiMiifimiy, mill III' till' 
 'rmijiiii^ i'li^l^iir Diirk ( 'iiiii|iiiiiy, now ollirM I'aiili 
 IM'N for tlii< rrjiiiir III' HJiips III' llic liir;;i"4l. Iiiinli'ii, 
 wIkiIii'I- liiillt III' wimmI III' lit' iritii, iii well its of 
 Hiriiiii iiiiirliiiirryi <'>|iiiil iitiliaps lo uiiy thai arc 
 availalilr in tlir castrrii hi'h*. 
 
 Till' Hl'lllrlllt'lll ullii'll <'\llillilM tllOHl! Hi^lial 
 
 iiiarUs III' pniKpcrily ^va-> riiiiiiiliil on Frliriiary )!, 
 
 IMI'.i, at HJiii'li tiiiii' ihi' i^laiiil was nivt-rcil liy a 
 
 priiiii'val t'lirrxl, wliili' ll-i mily iiilialiilaiits nm 
 
 xisli'il III' a Irw liiiiiiliril Alaliiy li^liiTiiirii, nrrnpy - 
 
 ill;; llir Mingle vilia!4;rs mi itM ('lla^lM, ami \tliirli' 
 
 liaii lii'i'ii riiiiiiili'il iinriirllirr liai'ktiiaii IN||. riir 
 
 ri^iit III' llii' llriti-'li In liiriii a '•I'llli'iiiriit. mi llii' 
 
 i Mia I III wiiK at I III' I i nil' iliHpiilcil liy I lit' Ni'tlicrlaiuli 
 
 (iiivrrilllll'llt, nil I III' ;;riillllil lil' ilH print ('I'KsiliM til I 
 
 Ihi'iiisrlvi's liy Mil' nalivi) »iivi'rri:;ii. Iliil llirsr . 
 
 iiliji'i'limi'i having Ini'ii uilliilrawn, tlii> islaiul of 
 
 SiiiKapnrr, Avilli iiniiii'rmis ailjari'iit isli'lx, urrr 
 
 ccilril ill alisiiliili' properly ami sovcrri^^iily In ilir 
 
 Masl liiilia Coiupany liy a Inaty roiu'liiili'il in 
 
 Aii^nnt IH2I, with Iho Iwn .Malay princes In uliniii 
 
 it hi'liiiip'il. 'I'licy rci'civcil ill cxl•llaIl^cc a Niim 1)1' invoices dclivereil to the siipcrinteiuk'ut 
 
 liO.liiMI ilollar.s ill iiimiey, ami an aiiiiiiilv of r.'.riHO i ports ami e\porl.s. 
 
 ilollar.s In llic one ami nlKI to the olfier, ilnrln;; ' 
 
 (lliiiiew mill Aral) morchaiilN, miil iinporiaiit tiii>i 
 eaiililceitlaliliHliliienlN coiiihictett liy Jews, I'arsts'i 
 ami III hers. The Nhopkeepers am moMlly CliiuiHi 
 mill KIliiKS, the roriiicr tireilniiiinatiii^, ami u|, 
 imliiiliiiK ihe iiiosl Mihiahh- pnrlioii nl' ||, 
 lahoiiriiii; pnpiilatinn, 
 
 Accorilin^ to Ihe otliiial returns for IHIm^;i; 
 llic iiile.xt III prcNi'iil liilore the piililie, the niun 
 her III' (lliiiicne iiiiiiii|rraiils llial arriveil at Siii^r,) 
 pore ilnriii^ thai year is reporlcil at no less ilm 
 I I, '.'7'.), incliiiliii;; Ii.'i5 h'liiales. 4)1' these, nvii 
 'l,;liMI I'oiiml I heir way In Malacca, reiiaii^;, ui],| 
 Ihe iinnieilialc iiei^lihomhooil, while ahiiut .'Ui 
 eiiiliai'keil I'nrlhe MaiiriliiiH. 
 
 'I'lie lioatineii are chielly natives nl' Ihe (',,^1^ 
 inanili'l cnasi ; ami the Malays eiiiploy t|„,n|. 
 i-elves as lishernicii, in cull in;; liinlier, ami m 
 supplying the xeltlenii'iil willi Ihe mile prixlmv 
 nt Ihe neiL;lihiiinliiin(l, 'I'licre arc ;{iiim| (luilt 
 iiiarkcls, open III all hours, ainl well snpplieij hhJ, 
 ve;;elaliles, I'riiils, Traill. Hill, pork, ami ;;rriii 
 tnrlle; llii; laller, llic cheapest animal I'linil ilm 
 can he prneined. 'I'licre is a re^jistry ol' iiii|iiirt« 
 
 ami exports conipileil Irotii rcporls maili 
 inaslcr allcmlaiit hy tliu iiia.stci'H ol' vi' 
 
 III tk 
 ■U. ml 
 III' iin- 
 
 In llic one ami nlKI 
 their natural lives, willi nther inciilciilal ailvaii- 
 tap's. The selllcineiiL having; lieeii iiri;;iiially 
 rniimleil liy ,Mr. (al'lerwards Sir) Slainroril Itallles, 
 then lieutenant ;;ovcriior ol' Korl Alarlhiiriiii;;h, 
 llcncooien, it was in (he lirsl iiiftaiicc a ilcpcii- 
 ilency ol' lliat (ioveriinu'iit ; hut liciii^' .siihsc- 
 tpienlly Iransrerrcil In Itenp'il, it reiiiaiiieil iiliilcr 
 lliat presii'leiicy until its iiicnrporaiion with tlio 
 other two seltlcnicnls in llic si rails as ahove. 
 
 Ileiii;; oiih' KO miles t'ruiii the eipiator, there i.s, 
 of course, III tic variely in the wasoiis, hut the 
 climate, tlioii;;li Iml, is reinarkatily salnhriouH, an 
 ailvaiitap! which is no iloiilit owiiif; to the 
 llioriiii;;li veiitilatioii which the islami receives 
 rrniii the chaii^ju of inonsnniis. Then" are no 
 rc;;iilar periodical rains, hut showers fall lliriiii;;h- 
 oiit the year ; ami during the prevalence of the 
 N.K. nioiisoon, I'rniii (tdoher till Jlarch, raiiicoincH 
 down in sulliciciit quantity for tliu inhahilaiits tu 
 mark that period of the year as their most rainy, 
 as well a.s their coolest Hcasim. The ran(;o of 
 Fahrenhoil's ihennonictcr is frmii 71° to H'J°, 
 
 Five years after the fonmlatinii of the settlc- 
 nieiil the lirst census was lakcii, when the popu- 
 lation was found to aiiioiint to ll),(iH:l, In IHoU 
 it had approxinialed lill.llOO ; and the following 
 details of the last I'cnsns, which was taken in 
 18(1(1, will nt once exhihit the continued increiuse 
 of the po|iulalioii, ami the various nationalities 
 which it includes: — 
 
 Eun>|<e.iiit anil Kura^inn 
 furlUKueM*, Arinviiians, 
 Mjiliiy.4 .... 
 
 I^liiiiri (nr nativei of tlif I'oroinaiulel cimsI) 
 llrnK^ltS'S .... 
 
 (■Iiinrsr (inrlitdinit Cm bin riiiiii*sc| 
 lliiriilf ^e anil SiaineH,? • 
 lltiltifc innlivr* ofCt'lt'ltt'i) 
 JavAnene ami llojrantfiie - 
 jirabt .... 
 
 Total 
 
 Irni-lutlinff Iiulo-ltrilona, Jewa, 
 l^»rs»1■^ iVc.) - - • 
 
 '^.ll'i 
 
 III.HHH 
 
 ll,71.'l 
 
 I .'^tli 
 
 .'Xlilll,! 
 
 II 
 
 'lllli 
 
 .1,1118 
 
 n? 
 
 hil.V'J'J 
 
 The number of Kuropeans included in the lirst 
 of the ahove items was only 3(J() ; but it is belii'ved 
 that a more than iiroportionntc increase has since 
 taken place in that branch of the population. 
 The population in iHl!.') was estimated at 90,700, 
 anion;; whom were 58,000 Chinese, 13,500 Malays, 
 and . about 800 Kuropeans. 
 
 The Kuropean mercantile body comprises British, 
 Americans, Germans, French t&c., and the former 
 includes the principal tirms. There is also a 
 considerable number of respectable and opulent 
 
 COINS, WKIOIITS, AND MKASUHES. 
 
 jMiiwi/, 
 
 Ciiiiis, — .Vccouiits an- kept in Indian currcnw 
 and Spanish dollar-i, as follows : — 
 
 ll)|ii(-ii niaku I rnpniiit. 
 
 HI i-ojiun^H 1 SpaiiMi ilollar, i<|u;il lu 'n. Nterllnit. 
 
 Kxchaiuje. 
 
 I Spanish (l.>nar 
 Kriinl III III li; illllo 
 
 I llillo :;: 
 
 '2 Minat ruiiti"* " am 
 10 ktiir imK'Hi.u. 
 lioiinil iK'iihiii. 
 = YiiJ minnt r 
 IIKI illllo illllo -— '2l<l)«li'ra 
 
 lim ^piiiUli iliill.irs ^ 'J'^ilJ lloiiili.i, riiimi. 
 IIHI hl.ir puKiiila^ =3 '1'^'') t-urrent „ 
 
 Mrasuri's J'lir Grain, Oil ^r. 
 
 iiiiiki 
 
 1 I hnpni 
 III uinliitu 
 
 '/'iiiiiioorncv 
 
 '10 pt'i-ulsiir I'liKi 
 'i qrn. .ivolnlupKli 
 
 1 Kanloii =; 1^ K'lll'iii* 
 
 I p.irali. 
 
 1 lifl|{ =! 1 ppnil. 
 
 I lovatiK — '.' lonsof 7i-wl. 
 or .'i.-l'^.l rti. In a coymiK ul' ruT. 
 
 IViiijhta, 
 
 II 
 
 ITi tapli make I r.itlv. 
 llNI (Mllll>« 1 ptvi'il. 
 
 '20 ptTiilii 1 fojaiiK ot:i,yi^ III. nToirihUHiit. 
 
 rtip lal){« piiul, Iiy wliiih tin anil pi'p|'t-r aru Mild, wti^ht 
 
 .1hrf{fiH>cuI.4 ii);ikt> 1 ti.-iliarof I'^l lli. avoirdiijiuii 
 
 AUo— 10 ganlintl^ make 1 pirnh, 
 
 HO imialiH I ro>iinii, 
 
 I liaK ofsalt WfiKhl llm lb. aroinlupoii. 
 
 1 iMKofriiv nil „ 
 
 1 liaKorillioll llii „ 
 
 I hiuar inaunil H'i) „ 
 
 1 MMT 'I III. 1 oz. afuirduiioit. 
 
 lit mlant make 
 VII tiuncali 
 
 Gold and Silver ffeiylitu. 
 
 1 buncal : 
 I can; 
 
 I oi. ij doK, III) 
 I U\f OT.t \i ilwb 
 
 ;rain*lroi, 
 (jraini. 
 
 lAind MKisure. 
 
 \'l M\, a. make 
 
 '.:OJutnbas 
 
 1 JuiiiIki. 
 
 i orlon;;--^ of Ktiylish acre. 
 
 Goldamith'a Weiyhts, 
 
 1 2 itai^as maku 1 mlam = .'i'2 ifraln* troT. 
 
 Hi ml.-imx I liiinral or 'I Spanish doU. ^ S3'i)ratni. 
 
 '^Ubuncals I call; ^ Ili.Uto isralns. 
 
 A catty of p,o\A is heavier than the common 
 cattv in the proportion of 105 to 78. 
 
 At Atcliet, .Siak, Malacca &c., places on iliccast 
 side of the Malay peninsula, the buncal and Mlly 
 weights arc about 10 per cent, less timn the al»ivo. 
 There is also a buncal measure, which is in Ire- 
 queiit use amongst Europeans and native tradfiS 
 to the eastward, and which is found to weigh vcn' 
 nearly 2 dollars, or 832 grains troy. 
 
MlNdAI'OKK 
 
 1287 
 
 r.hiuilH. null im|)iirtuul im<r. 
 
 ,i>ii.iii.i<<ii'y.ii'wi4,r«r<.v», 
 
 liWiiixTH lint mcmtly i'\mn- 
 
 ',.r urnloiiiiiii'lii'H- '""' "'•" 
 
 Miliiuld.' iM>rtii>n of III!' 
 
 olll.'ial r.'tiiriH U IHIm-i,!,, 
 iM'luri' 111'' |»il'l'''. ""' »""> 
 ^rriiiii-' lliii' i'f>iv'''l "I ^i"^:i 
 r in rrporlfil ul im Iihs iluu 
 ,-,5 (Vi.mlfs. «ll' tli'"<'. "Vir 
 i,V Id Miiliu'i'ii, I'.iiiiiin, iiii'l 
 irixMuliMiiil, wliiU' iiliouL ,%il 
 luriliiiK. 
 
 iliirllv imtivcs "I till' » oro- 
 1 till' 'Maliiys <'mii\.>y llum- 
 I ill fiiUiiik' t'>i>'l"'f. "'"I '" 
 I'liii'iil Willi ll"' f'"'*' I'f'"'"'' 
 i„„l. 'I'liiT.' iirr hckmI .liiilv 
 hmirt, mill wi'll Niiiiplinl wih 
 
 ,-ruiii. li-li. l"'f'^' "'"' "'"" 
 ll,. I'licaiii'st aiiiiiiiil loud ilial 
 riicrc is a rrninlry »( 'm\MU 
 l,.,l (Voiii iTiMirls iiimli' In ilii 
 ,v till! iiia.-.U^rs (if \v:-M\ mil 
 io till'. siiiiiTinti'iiili'iil "I ill! 
 
 KJIITH, ASK MKASUllLH. 
 
 s nn- kept in IinliuM <'urrcncy 
 r^, iw I'dllows :— 
 
 (hmmrrriiil lyrii/hla. 
 
 Exchamjr. 
 
 ui 'i Minat Tui'tf* " an* 
 ililln = III •liir|'«ll'«l"- 
 ,,,„ u, I i«.uiul -LMlliill. 
 ,11,,, ^ •;|sjum«lru|ii». 
 ,i,li„ ^ ■2l'lUl.i« , .. 
 
 "V, 1 ,r- -- ""i 11'>"''''X "'I'""'- 
 
 ;,„i« = i"* ••"""" ■• 
 
 rvnj'or Grain, Oil Sfc. 
 
 „uik« U-anlcm = IJr.iH""' 
 1 var.ili. 
 IMK = IV"'!- ,. ,^, 
 
 IVmjhta. 
 
 iiiikL- 1 citiy. 
 
 1 ImanK of .-..SM Ih. '"»i"'">"''l,i.„ 
 wl.Uh ll" •"'! l"'l'>"' »'° "■' • * 
 
 M.arafWUI>-»«'""'"l'"'' 
 
 make I V""''- 
 I I'oyiiim. 
 
 wfllllH 111' ll>- """'illll""' 
 nil !■ 
 
 ""' "ii' ll>. 1 oi!'a»olraui»i.. 
 
 / and Silver Jl'tiijlitn. 
 lAtnd Miwuri'. 
 ohUmitU's mtghtn. 
 ,1.1 is heavier than the conimon 
 
 Id which is found to wc.gh^c^ 
 or 832 grains troy. 
 
 I iwl nniljr 
 li; iurU iti«k« I • «ii> 
 I ullln I nwlay |<mI 
 
 III. 
 
 ii«. 
 
 ilr. 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 «1 ainlt 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 11 M 
 
 141 
 
 III 
 
 l"» .. 
 
 un 
 
 II 
 
 1) M 
 
 rill' Miilav cutty wclKhs '21 S|miiisli ilidlarM ; 
 llifCliiiirsi' --ii lii'iii'i' I"' Malay iiilllis n|iiiil 
 hi Chiiii'^i' lly tint Malay or lar^i' I'l'iul ol 
 lljjlli. iiviiirdiiiMiis, iiiortlianlH |iiircliaHi' iiipinr, 
 'ill' if., from nalivi' vi'sstdii, liiil mII liy llio 
 (jliini'no or lla/ar |iriiil of lillt^ lli. uvoir,lii|M>lN. 
 
 Miuturr of CiiimrHi/. 
 
 ■ III.. 
 
 4 rh'tl'i" iiiaki' 
 lint uiiiifiinH 
 rij. .|ii,i>a ll iliilil,''! Inl" 
 
 • In. hrn. 
 
 1 Kiiifoii ';,ii>'i 
 
 I I oyniiK VI 7.1 ;ll 
 lialvri anil i|u.,rl,-rs, A |inriil, (a 
 inl i,i«.liurel uf |ll||.ii)li)n.. hut kuiiuliiitm cuil^UU uf />, 1.'.. ur 
 
 ':ii|tinlulil> 
 
 TaiiijI Mriisun', 
 
 Thf luil.1 Iff rul.ll I'lilaN IH KiiltlWi liii lii'«. Iiilt Hit- Clilnno nhnp- 
 li,|«r.iwlli<' KiiKllOi J.itil. 
 
 Limit Mfiiniiri: 
 
 4 \\A\\\^ iiiaku 
 H clfimlK 
 '^ijiiiiiUi 
 
 I ilqioll 
 
 I I la 
 
 I .itl.iiiK 
 1 riMMl 
 
 ■I l;ii,jM.h yariU. 
 
 MM (III. iir I nrrc. 
 I'^IKri'li,'. KiikII»Ii. 
 
 Wii/ii iif CiMnmimiiiiii iil Hiiiiiiifiitrt lultt/ilnl nl a 
 (li'umil Mfflinii iif Mfrih<ittl»,i>n t'lliniuri/ 111, 
 \KV), unit rrviaril III! Ilu- Sinijiiimrr Chiimlirr of 
 i'lmt/nvri'i'f im Mity H. Ih.i.'i. 
 
 I','r 
 
 tviil. 
 
 . ■> 
 
 : ;i» 
 
 . /i 
 
 ■ I 
 . 1 
 
 ■ I 
 
 I',iii;lisli wi'i^jhls and mcaHiiroB nrr frcinii'iilly 
 
 iisiil in ri'lVri'Ui.'i" til Kiiniiicaii ('oiiimoililii's. 'I'lio 
 
 Tiiiulciif Iniiisiifitint; linsiiii'sx anions tlio I'liiroiioon 
 
 iiHrrhiiliti is Hiinplc and ('(riciciit. Iiisli'iid ol" 
 
 iribliiiK llii'ir ad'airs to native iiki'IiIs, as in other 
 
 |iurts of liidiii, tliey Iransaet lliein in persnii, witli 
 
 iho (Hcasiiiiiul assistance of a (Jhiiiese rreide as an 
 
 intcrprctpr mid lirokor. The ICiirojieaii niiTeliants 
 
 iraiiwil Itiisiiiess mi their own aci'oiiiil ; lint n 
 
 ;Mit ilfttl of tlii'ir em|dovnient ooiisisls in ai'linn 
 
 ;i. a(;('iits for houses in London, l.iverpool, Clas- 
 
 -iH, AiimU'rdam, Antwerp, llninlmrg, t'alcntla, 
 
 iimiiliiiy, Madrns, Canton, and Ilatnvia. 'I'lieyare 
 
 :il-ii iini'iits lor numerous insurance olliccs at all 
 
 iliiM'lilaecs, and iiolieies of insurance to any extent 
 
 Miiiy Ixt cli'i'i'leil williimt diUiitully. The lan- 
 
 .'uiiui' of cominrrcial intercourse, where any of 
 
 ilii' imtivcs 111' till! Kast are concerned, \» niiiver- 
 
 mIIv Miilny— a simple am! easy dialeet, of which 
 
 all iIr' ri'iiiilcnt merclmnls have a suflicieiit ac- 
 
 iiuiiintancc to enable them to transact ordinary 
 
 liii-iiii'ss. 'I'lie Straits Tiiiiea, a daily newspaper, 
 
 is imw the only journal pnblislied in SiuBapore; it 
 
 oiilaiiisa prico'current, nn account of the arrivals 
 
 aiij lipparturcs of sliippiii(j;, and an oflicial detail of 
 
 the cxiiorta and imports id' tlie preceding week. 
 
 riic ailministration of justice is entirely Knulish. 
 
 A su|ircmi; ciuirt lias been constimted for the 
 
 .ulony, of which the chief justice resides at 
 
 Singapore, and Roes on circuit to Malacca, the 
 
 (iiliiT judj;e of the court being pcmianeutly rcsi- 
 
 iloiit in I'ciianR. 
 
 Commodities nnd Prices. — Singapore is cliielly 
 fn entrepot, having, with the exception of pearl 
 >a|.'o manufactured on the spot from the raw 
 laalrrinl imported from the north coast of .Suma- 
 tra, iinplcnunts of agriculture, and some others 
 fabricated by the Chinese Iroin I'^iiropean iron, 
 lilh gambicr and catechu grown nnd manu- 
 factured on the island, lew commodities of its 
 iittii for exportation. Large quantities of teak 
 irom the ncighliouring forests are disposed of here, 
 ami much of this has been used lutclv for the 
 construction of railways in the East. "^I'lio grain 
 produced on the island not being suflicieiit for the 
 consumption of the inhabitants for n week, their 
 supplies of rice, wheat 4c., arc mostly all imported, 
 principally from Java and Calcutta. 
 
 I. iH, III! .alci iir ii,ir,*hiura, nr^ a« nih«rwl«« |iro«l'l*,l Air 
 '. Oil )iiin li'iiv iiruiMHU ur iirmtitiv I'.ir rulurn* 
 .1. III! . lie i<r |iil,riia««* iif ii|iliiiii . • - * 
 
 I I In Ml',' or |itiri liiiM- i.f «lii|n, vi's.i-lt, hfi„4tii, ur lan,l« 
 
 '■■ llll ■..llr, I'tiri llNM-, llf kI|||II,I,>III l.r lllllllill, ■ 
 
 i>. I III « tit- tir |Mir, liHW'if iImmiciiiI., jfw.N \(-. • • 
 
 ;. On rciiir'ii 11, Irviuiif. Uullliiii, •>, tiiiu 
 H. On .lit Ko"*!' rii,i,iKii*->l itilil wltlxlrilwii - liairrinnini«^l"'<- 
 <l. I III .at,'. imrrliaMS iii iirudliallii,! ut t.ill, (ii't mviviiik fur |iur* 
 rli.iM* iiI'k.mhU iir |if,Mlui'„ 
 
 10. Oil 111 ((imhI. Milil liy Hurlli'i, III nitilitliHi to Ilia aliiii'ii 
 
 1 1 . On tfr/ (■rr./#rr, or Kuar.tnliviiiM mitr^ 
 \'t, hliroll.i.f.', I |i,-r iiillli'. 
 1,1. On all ailV'tiii r. or iiitini', f"t tlir |ii,r|iin,. of trnilr. Mlit'llirr 
 
 'ti,. uihnU at,. riin^iKiiiil to llii' )ii|r„t or not, anil wlivrv a 
 roiiinii^liin of '> p*'r I i>,tt. U nut ( liarKcl • - 
 
 II. Ot, nriliHiiKKn"'!''! ur *ii|"'tliit">il iiK On' lullllmani iif l'iin< 
 
 It'll It wtiriii ,1 no otlivr I' i,iiitl.iiiiiili<lrrl«,.tl • • 
 
 I'l. On Kii,,ri,iili>i'niK lilIN, IioiiiIn, or oilier i',iKa|ii'iii<*,lt>. anil nn 
 
 licroniliiM Mfi'tirl'y for tin* ailinliniti.itlnn of i-ni-tlf^ or In 
 
 tliivfrniiienl nr ItnlivliliiaU for lonlrai t«. iiuni-iinniH An*. ■ 
 
 III. On at tlnit r>>r llii- CKtatnof |a-rMiiiii iU>i vjimiI a. ,-ifriili'r» or 
 
 ailiiintiilr'itor. - , . . . 
 
 17. Oil the lii.ill,tKi>iili-lll of rstalr^ for ntlicrt, nil tin' -linoUnt re- 
 
 iilvoil - - . - l 
 
 IH. On iiriH-nrlnK frt'lulil. or ailvi'rti.ltiu nt tin- ,,«i'tii i,f owncra 
 or rotiiitMiiili'ri— III) III,- aniiiiiiii of fn-lulit, wh,-tli,-r tin, 
 ■lain,. iin^nTH ilirouiili tlio hainls ol tin* ii^i-nt or nut - ,^ 
 
 In, On (-lmTtiTliil(ftlll|i.7iir otiittr liar . ' 'A 
 
 '>o. On ell'i I lliiuTlikiit.ini'i', lit Mrilinu oriliTi for tlltto ■ . ^ 
 
 '^1. On M'tthiiK liuiirain'o liis«i-.i, toiiil or |i.irli.il. anil on liro- 
 
 rurkiiK return nl|iri'iiili,iit • ^i 
 
 ti. On ilelil,. when 11 iirmm* ut l.iw or iirhilrillinll Uneee-Jirv 9i 
 |i4'r tent, nn the uiiiuiiitt rl-ilineil, anil if rcuvvrril hy ,uel, 
 liirnii% • - . • - - .^ 
 
 7.1. On htllk ofeli'liaiiKv iiotetl or |iroteala,l ■ • • 1 
 
 '^1. On rnlhi-tlnu huUM'-reitt . > • ■ .'i 
 
 v'l. On Klii|i*Mll,liiirneinttnh, • * - • . .'i 
 
 '^ii, lllttn when In InniU - • • ■ t) 
 
 77. On neirntlatliiK loam nn res|innileiitl.i • • .V 
 
 'iS. Ihi lelti-r% (if t;re(llt uranteil for ntiTrantlle pnriMMM - 9| 
 
 '/'.I. On piirehaKin,,' or m-IIIiik ttovemttient niit'iirltlci, or on et- 
 
 chiniulnK nr tr.inifirrrliiK theiainr - • .A 
 
 .10. tin ileliverlllK ll|i <ln, - • ■ { 
 
 ."^l. On all ailv.iiHei nut tniiu-lnaily 'o|tiiiL,t,-il, the aKent In have 
 the n|itlon »f (haraliiK ,i mv onil ,oiinntsi.ion. nin)Min a fn^h 
 HiW.inee. Iirnvldeil tint t-|l,ir,{i.< la; only lliailc otiiu In Ihu 
 Haiiie ,e.ir, 
 ."I'i, On tian,lii|i|ilnK all Knntlit ur imaliui' - . . I 
 
 ^'<. lllttn triMMire . - -4 
 
 .11, At the u|itinn (if thtf ngent, on the amount detiiletl or rro. 
 iliteil wtlhh) the year, hnliiiUnu linen ^t.aiiil exee|ilinKniilv 
 kill ll IteiiiH on which at least 'i\ per rent, ha, iM'en eInirKed 1 
 (ThUiharKe nnl In ii|i|ily to |in,lni( uver a h.tlaiiire ilue on iiii 
 nrroutit ininle nil In a |iaTllrlilnr )i rlnil, uiiie.s wheru ftui ll 
 liiilalice in wtihtlrawn without rea,unablti tiotire.) 
 .I.'i, On tnlu-ctnm freight • • - • '^\ 
 
 I .Iti. On fieluht of vt^nelt conHlKintl In an aifeiil In Si!in.i|iorf, Imvl'ili 
 (the fri-lKllt havliiK Iteeii |Mlil at the |mrt uf lo.iilinKi, when the 
 ve.nel U luadeil nu/teijri/j hy anutht-r atcetit. nr )iriHW,U eUe- 
 where ftir a entun. In alteenco of any tiarial aKrit'iiient • U\ 
 .17. ( In .'iitvaiK-et inail,' to account of cuiitractK for iirnihice, the unual 
 
 KU ir.inti-,' coininis.ion anti Interest to he cliar,{etl. 
 ,1S. In {inrcha.lnu iiriMtilce. the cuiinniMlun tu liu cliarf{e(l on the 
 hivulctf, ilitlutliiiK chaiKi'N, , 
 
 Wharfage, 
 Sviili' of Cliitrijes fur Landinri, Shippiiiij, and 
 ii'iirrliHiisinii Hoods at the ft'hiirevs in AVu' 
 Harliuur, and for Storing ('mds §•<•. 
 
 thi every Inn of car|{u laniletl or Hhl|ipeil - 7.'i cents 
 
 'I'rensure \c. - • • - 7J jH'r cent. 
 
 0|iiuin |M>r rluHt . . - lOcenli, 
 
 llormn and cattle, each . - . *i.', ,, 
 
 (lodowHs. — Vessels lying at the wliarf have 
 free use of llie godowiis alongside, for cargo. 
 
 (ioods remaining in the godowns over seven 
 days, or stored then' for a lixed perioil, pay store 
 rem and lire iii.siinnice, at about halt' the rates 
 aiitlioriseil by llic Chamber of Commerce, 
 
 Treasure aiul other valuable articles are stored, 
 nt the risk of parties placing them in the go- 
 
 lloWIlH. 
 
 No articles of a dnngeroits nature, such as 
 gunpowiicr, sulphuric or other ncids &c., arc 
 roceiveil. 
 
 Coals. — Store rent on coal is d per cent, per 
 inontli. Coal is stored, with ventilators through 
 the iieaps, in sheds of small width. 
 
 Cooiy hire di.scharging coal ships is I'iJ cents 
 per ton, and storing, I'Ji cents per ton ; removing 
 irom sheds and putting on board ship, 25 cents per 
 ton. 
 
 •Steamers requiring great despatch can be sup- 
 plied with coolies at 6U cents per day and 75 
 cents per night. 
 
 1 i 
 
 m 
 
 :i\ 
 
! 
 
 t ... : , 
 
 
 ,-(.•1. 
 
 '4S 
 
 li. 
 
 ■■ i 
 
 ; f 
 
 ■1 I 
 
 1288 SINGAPORE 
 
 IJoat liiro or cartnsp from llio wimrf to ilic 
 town ol' Sin(,'at)ore is U) cents per koynii, tlio 
 M\mp an boat hire from tlic roadstead tu godowns 
 ill town. 
 
 Thu iolIowiiiK is a fitntcmentof tlio prices of the 
 priiu'i|ial artielcs of I",«s tii produce at Siii};apoic 
 on December 8, ISOH, from I'aleraon, Simons & 
 Co.'s circular of tliat date. 
 
 IlvwHiiOnn of Produce 
 
 Retrlnut ■ • piciil 
 
 r«„,,i,„,,chi,m{'-«»,jf^^ 
 
 Oolltf, Hnlly . piiul 
 llii^ii, I'ari 
 
 I'arl ■ „ 
 
 Il"iit>ne - M 
 
 Caiiip.ir . ,, 
 
 (Vrd.ige. Maiiill.t • », 
 
 ('IdVi'M, /.iii/iliar > tt 
 
 KImiiiv. tifyloii • „ 
 
 (iaml'tirr « * m 
 
 (tamtiitT cubes in baActs „ 
 
 O.imbdUBe - 
 (lullu I'LTl-lia 
 
 (iuiii, lH?n.].iiii)n 
 
 (Iniiiiiiar or 
 roiml 
 Iliilo, lHiir,ilo 
 
 Hnrnx, luitralo 
 India ruhlier 
 Motlier-(if- pearl hhflU 
 Oil, roi-o;innt 
 0|iiuiii, Ht>n.ireA 
 
 Present Price* 
 
 ill. rt. 
 I ;.)ta 
 
 in n 
 
 1'^ '^11 
 
 H o 
 
 14 .'>il 
 
 7 II 
 
 ill. cl 
 
 •i (I 
 
 2(5 ,'i(l 
 
 !) iO 
 
 Hi n 
 
 W Id 
 
 •.) I) 
 
 l/i 
 
 7 .VI 
 
 1 T.I 
 
 At Kxi-h.in){p, 
 li. 6J. i>«r diillar 
 
 lns«. 9if. per c« 
 Kli. 'I<f. „ 
 
 111. I,/. „ 
 
 •''■"'■ >• 
 
 I'ti. rut, i»er cwl. 
 
 in bales 
 VI >a. 1./. 
 
 nt'tt 
 
 )wr cwt. 
 
 iliest 
 Turkey - }iicul 
 Pepper, hl.tck - ,, 
 
 '.vtiite - M 
 
 Rice, Kanfjoon cn^'go kuy.in 
 Saipin I, „ 
 
 Siarii ,, ,, 
 
 Rattans, Hani.lrnl.ts^in,•; picul 
 
 Stra'its - ,, 
 
 Ss^o, Hour • - „ 
 
 iieirl - - „ 
 
 .Sandilwnud, Swan 
 
 river - - ,» 
 
 Hapnnwood, Si iin • ,, 
 Spjjars, .Manilla .N* '. 
 
 V Cortadm - millc 
 Se^nrs, .Manilla No. 
 
 V Habnnas • „ 
 SuKar> Si.im, white - picui 
 
 vellnw iiirtt • ,, 
 iirown • ,, 
 
 Sticklac, Si.iin 
 'iV,i , . 10 cty. Im)x 
 
 Tin, Mnl.icca - 'picul 
 
 1'a'i.iiii.' \c. - I, 
 Tallow, l.ull'.d.i - „ 
 
 vcKelalklo ■ ,, 
 Torlr.l-c-.liell - „ .'I 
 
 Tiniltt-r - - - ! 
 
 'ill II 
 
 10 
 
 10 I) 
 
 11 O 
 II 
 
 II All 
 
 VJ .'ill 
 
 W 
 
 7 II 
 
 ,',7 
 
 .'i 
 
 II o 
 
 •i (ill 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 I I I'^l 
 
 111 11 
 
 41 II 
 
 41 .'.(I 
 
 •8 II 
 
 111 II 
 
 .'j.'i II 
 
 .'.H II 
 
 Gil II 
 
 .'i 'l.'i 
 
 4 .Ml 
 
 'i m 
 
 .1 II 
 
 \l 
 
 12 
 
 U ,'.ll 
 
 7 .'ill 
 
 6 II 
 Vi .'ill 
 
 7 .VI 
 
 19 a 
 
 It II 
 
 s;,r In It. 
 
 per lb. 
 
 •J'.rf. 
 
 .'.I.'- IH'r lb. 
 
 III;. 111/. |ierri\t. 
 1/. ^\tl. per 11). 
 
 Wi. 11./. |HT lb. 
 .V. per lb. 
 4JJ. „ 
 
 1 u. Trf. pi-r cwl, 
 III*. Iiirf. pt-rcMt. 
 in boxes 
 
 9j*. 9(/. per cwu 
 
 I'k.n.vxo, another of tlic Straits Settlcinonts, is 
 an i.slaiid at tlie Nortli-wcsterii end of tlio .Straits 
 of Malacca, of which the chief port, called (Jeor^^'c 
 Town, lat. fi° 24' 15" north, 100° 'Jl' east loiif,'., is 
 distant from the oiipositc mainland of the Mal/iyan 
 peninsula 'iliiiiit 2 miles. Tlic island is between 
 ];i and 11 miles in lenf^th, and from .'i.^ to about 
 10 miles in breadth, and contains an area of over 
 08,000 acres. There is, liowever, belonpiif^ lo the 
 settlement, a strip of territory, called rmviiice 
 Welleslcy, on the main lainl, wliich is much more 
 extensive, and is estimated to conlain loO,0(IO 
 acres. The island is inountaiiKiiis. and the sum- 
 mit of the hifjhest of the liills is about ;>,000 fiut 
 above the level of tlie si-a. rrovince \V'elIc.-'lcy 
 is, on the contrary, an alluvial flat, onlv a few 
 feet above the level of the sea, but its soil is well 
 adapted for the j4rowth of the sugar cane, as well 
 as the production of rice and other tropical articles. 
 The liarbour of I'enanglies in the channel formed 
 between the island and the opposite mainland, and 
 is exceedin;:(lv' spacious, well sheltered, and com- 
 modious, the depth of water allowin<^ vessels of 
 large burden to apiiroach within n very short 
 distance of the town. Abundance of water and 
 provisions, including excellent lish, is easily pro- 
 cured. 
 
 Penaiig owes its existence as a British settle- 
 ment to the enterprise and sagacity of Francis 
 
 Light, the master of a nierchantmnn, wlio, in pn 
 suit of his avocations, had become well aci|imiiii,; 
 witii the resources of the surrouii('>ng ciuiuirit. 
 His reconmiendatioiis to found a settlement i 
 I'enaiig were tirst addressed to and favipiralil 
 iTceived by AVarrcn Hastings, when ( invorniii 
 (iciieralof Keiigal, though not acted upon until ti, 
 adniinistration of his successor. The islnmlj ||,p| 
 uninhabited and covered with dense ,jiiii;,'lp, \r;i 
 formally taken po.s.-iession of, ,Iuly 17, 178i;, |u 
 (!aptain Light, in ttie name of the Knst linii'; 
 C(im|iany, to whom it had been ceded and solj In 
 the J{iijah of Qiiedah or Keddali. subject, li(nvii\tf, 
 to an anniiid quit-rent of 10,000 doll.irv, whicti 
 from tli.'it il.iy to tliis has been regularly paiil t,i 
 him.sclf ami his descendants. Captain Lifjlit saii' 
 in ihe new .settlement — 'A port favmirublo ii 
 commerce — a jilace of refuge for iiiercliaiit ,v|ji|i< 
 where they may relit and be supplied with pro 
 visions, Wood, and water, and protected frum the 
 insults of eneinies; and an emporium contriciijlv 
 situated, where the merchants of all natiiiiijinav 
 conveniently meet and exchange their ommit. 
 ilities.' He was not deceived in these aiiticipiitidn?. 
 The new settlement began to increase riipiillviii 
 trade and population, the imports being rcpo'rtoil 
 of the value of l.'iOjOOO/. within three yeari after 
 its foundation. In IKIO the annual viilucufth<> 
 trade had reached 1,107,000/,; but tliirtyvMrs 
 later, it had not advanced beyond about \,h'}^\Vti 
 It toiiU a new start from lH."iO, since whioh it liaj 
 steadily increased, averaging over 3,OUiV)0ii/, in 
 the live years ending IHtiO; and considcralilvoicr 
 4,000,000/. in Mie succeeding live years! In 
 lHI!r>-(i(i, the imports and export's , ailied 
 4,;i04,',).J7/. ; and in ISO", 5,341,<;,j0/.; ih,. par- 
 ticulars for which year are showti in thefulluiiinif 
 table:- *" 
 
 lictiirn of' the lvalue of Imports Into and Eipnrti 
 from Prince of f yules' Is/and or Peiiuiiijm liiiiT. 
 
 Vd\ti 
 
 Countries 
 
 Imports 
 
 Kilniili 
 
 
 doll. 
 
 il(i'>. 
 
 liri-at Itrilain 
 
 1,3.11,27.1 
 
 2,'i:l9,ill7 
 
 North .-\nierii-.t 
 
 r>,9lll 
 
 
 Europe - - . 
 
 83,«12 
 
 .11,1111 
 
 Calcutta - 
 
 til Pi, 111.% 
 
 7li;,0H 
 
 ,Madr.is • 
 
 2.11, Vli7 
 
 2l<,llil 
 
 Hoinbay - 
 
 t>,r,'ii> 
 
 lii.TM 
 
 Hon^'knni; 
 
 .142,7X11 
 
 i!;,SM 
 
 (^hiiia {other ports) 
 
 2III,HI2 
 
 eij.i'i; 
 
 Si.ini 
 
 l,lll<l,7KII 
 
 '}y},m 
 
 llritish Iturni.ili • 
 
 77i),i;.-u 
 
 I.O'iC.lll 
 
 Siinialra • 
 
 l,44'l,f;|«l 
 
 7,f/l.filll 
 
 M;il.iyan Penin.iila 
 
 467,9,1(11 
 
 7»,«ll 
 
 SinKajiore anil .Makicca 
 
 l,li>l,'.,7.-.1 
 
 1,1U1I,»I 
 
 Ceylon . 
 
 14,211 
 
 «.i;m 
 
 Aralili - 
 
 3,800 
 
 i\»tl 
 
 Hatavia - 
 
 
 
 •Mil 
 
 Nicobars 
 
 i,:m2 
 
 l.'.rn 
 
 Uoa 
 
 2.ll2li 
 
 v,;,-i3 
 
 Total 
 
 K,5J.1,7.>.1 1 
 
 16,(11,1,119 
 
 or, XI, SI 1,. Ill I 5«.3.;. or, «,5jO,.i;9 3».-»i 
 
 Popiihilio)!. — The first census, in 1810, incliideii. 
 as every subsequent one has dune, the proviiioo.!' 
 well as the island, the iioiiiilation iiiiiiMinliit' ts' 
 yi,(ioO. In lt<.'ir), it numbered ,'),^,;),)l, aini 
 census of 18(10 gave 1"-' 1,772, exclusive of it; 
 military. Of this population tlie Malay.ifiirm llif 
 cliief piirlion, tlie C'liiiiese ainoiintiiig Uial/init^i' 
 tl.e whole, thi niaining population lonsi.iiiii;! 
 iiiitives of IJengal and Madras, Arabs, liiinini. 
 Siamese Ac. &c., besides Europeans anil thi 
 descendants. The English are the prineii.al 111* 
 chants ; while some of the Asiatics, such as tlic 
 Chinese, Arabs, &c. also carry on extensive trafie, 
 and frequently attain consid'^ralilccipulcnce. lliw 
 are several bank agencies, and numerous bramkes 
 of Sea, Life, and Fire lusuraiice cstablinlicd in lli« 
 settlement. 
 
mmm^ 
 
 a mprclmntman, who, in pur- 
 rt, liiui become well iiciiuiiiiUni 
 uf the surrouiK'MiK eimiumj. 
 „s to found a Bettlemtm in 
 luldresscil to nml fnvoMrnbly 
 1 lliistinus, when (lovcninr- 
 lounh not acted upnu iintililr 
 is Huccessor. Tlic i>lim(l, ilicii 
 )vered with dense jun^'li'. va. 
 (session of, .Tidy 17, 17»;, 1 v 
 tlio, name of the Kast liKii:, 
 it liad licen ceded and soM l,y 
 di or Keddali. sidyoct, li(iw';\tf, 
 -rent of 10,(1110 doUiirv, whirii 
 liis has been regularly paid ; . 
 scendants. Captain LiKlit ^a«■ 
 ,„P„t — ' A I'ort favduiiiblc i) 
 B (,f refuse lor meroluuit dii]- 
 e'.il ami be suiiplicd witli |in:- 
 
 I water, and protected fromilw 
 ; and an emporium conlrically 
 le, merchants of all natimis may 
 t and extdianfje their cunimo- 
 t deceived in these aiiticipiitiiin<, 
 nt began to increase riipiilly in 
 ion, the imiiorts beiu;; topdrtol 
 !(t,0O(l/. within three yearj nlnt 
 
 II 1810 the annual value of ili> 
 d 1,107.000/.; but tliirlyyiir* 
 ilvaneeil bevond about IfiRWi 
 rt from IH.^O, since wliicli il lias 
 d, averaging over 3,()00,i)ni)l. in 
 ling IHOO; and considerably. «r 
 le, succeeding live years. In 
 mpoi-ta and exports . ailiod 
 
 in 1807, 5,341,C)iJ0/.; tin' par- 
 1 year arc shown in tbelUlmiiiiij 
 
 ilue of Jmporfs into and Exprli 
 '■' fFahs' Island or FenanD'm Wu. 
 
 
 
 i'alue 
 
 \ 
 
 I in|iort:t 
 
 
 El|Hlttl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ilcils. 
 
 
 (InN. ; 
 
 
 l,3.-5n,'i7:? 
 
 
 2,'i'W,"M 
 
 
 fi,')(l» 
 
 
 
 
 RH.Sli 
 
 
 ."il,"!! 
 
 i 
 
 fiim.lii.'i 
 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 Mi.'iiiy 
 ll.fi'" 
 
 
 4",TM 
 
 
 .14'^7l>i) 
 
 
 !,!%MX 
 
 
 WII.SI'^ 
 
 
 eit.v; 
 
 
 i,HKi,7Ki> 
 
 77(),*i."0 
 
 
 l,0',6.Ut 
 
 
 1,44'I,6|C, 
 ■I57,'.ISI) 
 
 
 7,l'il.l»l) 
 
 ■r.,141 
 
 c-ca - 
 
 l,SH.'i,7...1 
 
 
 l.im.''" 
 
 
 3,8IJO 
 
 
 ■v;. 
 
 
 1,512 
 
 
 l.iiTll 
 
 
 •J.CI'ili 
 
 
 •j,;v! 
 
 
 S,.M.1,7."'.T 
 
 
 lfi,fil.l,M9_ 
 
 i.r,i:i,Slt 
 
 ,,1111 5l.W. 
 
 or 
 
 ,£^,i■M^1^■' 
 
 The livst census, in IHIO.inclmloi- 
 lent one has done, the pn,vn'.«r,< 
 
 ,„d, the iK-pulatiou amuunli.i-' =■ 
 ^,5, it numbered oo.:).'.!, .i"' ' ^• 
 LMve I--' 1,77--', exclusive i.t U 
 ,is^population tlic Malays ovrah^, 
 eCliinese amounting l^al;""'.' 
 -maining population tomunn^^ 
 ;al and Madras, Arabs, Bu n • 
 c, besides Europeans am 
 11.; English are the prmcH* 
 ,omc <if the Asiatics, sue! a t^' 
 &c.alsocarryonextemuctA 
 .ttaincoiiBiu.^rableopulciioeT ^ 
 agencies, and numeroubramW 
 lire luBurance established in tte 
 
 SINGAPORE 
 AijrU-iillure §'e.— The cuUivation of the clove 
 iinii i"'""fK' ^*'"'' extensively prosecuted in the, 
 i^iaml, hut after a long time of apparent prosperity 
 it resulted in complete failure, ami the produce of 
 iliP soil incluilcs little beyond the Malavnn fruits. 
 It has heen othcrwi.so in rrovincn Wellesley, 
 uliire cultivation has been extensively carried (in 
 ill several branches, particularly in that of the 
 fu;,'ar cane, several thousand tons of sugar being 
 niiiiually exported. Tapioca is also jiroduced ami 
 ixpiirtcd ill large iiuantities, and attention is 
 boiiit; turned to the more extensive production of 
 lici'; Kuropean capital and skill bearing a large 
 .'.bare ill promoting these results. 
 
 JI,\L.\C(:.v. The town and territory bearing 
 Ihis name arc situated on the western side of the 
 
 Malavaii peninsula. Tlie town, built clo.se on the 
 Ha shore, in lat. 2° M' North, and long. 102° 12' 
 
 K.vt, is distant about 100 miles from Singapore 
 
 aiul 'JtiO from Penang. There is a light vessel in 
 
 Mabicca Straits 2° .12' JtO" N. lat., and lOP E. 
 
 iiiiifc. Malacca was in former times a large com- 
 
 raorcial emporium, and possessed an extensive 
 
 iiule, when the small river on which it lies must 
 
 b.ue afl'ordcd important facilities, as it is capable 
 
 111' aiiniittiiig trading vessels of some burden. 
 
 Diit, tliougli a free port, its trade has now long 
 
 ('e.istd to he of any relative importance, and is 
 
 aliiiDst wholly conlined to the two neighbouring 
 
 Mtilements of Singapore and Ponang. There is 
 
 \w harbour, properly so called ; but though sliips 
 
 lie in an open roadstead, the anchorage is safe, 
 
 anil exposed only to the sipialls wliicli mark the 
 
 liic.iking up of the monsoons. The climate is 
 
 nuteil fur its salubrity. 
 Malacca, as is well known, w.ns first of all a 
 
 I'drtugiicse possession, having been captured from 
 
 the Malays by Albuqueriiue in Iflll. In 1041 it i Trade of Singapore. — The following Table i,-» 
 
 nu taken by the Dutch, who continued its mas- j extracted from the Annual Report on the Adnii- 
 
 ters until 1795, when the town was surrendered to ! nistratUmof the Straits Settlements for 18C5-CG : — 
 
 Camixirative Statement of the Vidue of Imports and Exjiorts of the Straits Settlements, during fht 
 Official Years 18G4-C.5 and 18()6-C6. 
 
 si.\u.\roiiK, I 
 
 1280 
 
 a liritish force, and remained, with its territory, 
 ill our pos.sessiiin niilil INIH. Then it was again 
 given up to the Dutili, under the treaty of Vienna. 
 It finally returned to our |iosscssioii in 1H2.'), as 
 arranged by treaty witli the Dutch of March 182 1. 
 'Mie territory stretclii's over 40 miles along the 
 coast, exteiuliug inland in breadths of from 10 to 
 28 niile.s. 'J'he soil is not fertile, but produces flic 
 tropical fruits in great variety and abundance- 
 Pepper as well as rice is grown ; mid attempts 
 liavuof late years been made to extend cultivation 
 to other branches. Tin mines have also been 
 worked in the interior to a considerable extent, 
 b.it trade latterly has been declining. Whatever 
 may litive been the former claims of Malacca to 
 importance in other respects, it has certainly in- 
 creased in popnlatioii since it became a British 
 settlement. In 1828 the population was esti- 
 mated at under 30,0U0 ; in 1847, at o5,000 ; and 
 by the last, census, in 18(10, it numbered 
 07,01!", and is understood to be still im the in- 
 crease. The greater proportion, perhaps p, of the 
 wliole population consists of Malays; the Chinese 
 being certainly the most numerous, and con- 
 stituting the principal traders as well as workers 
 of the fin mines. 
 
 The f'l I'ciwing is a statement of the value of the 
 trade of Al.dacea for the five years ending with 
 1805-0(1, from the latest returns published: — 
 
 Vmis 
 
 Imiiorts 
 
 fixtmrU' 
 
 'i'ol,il 1 
 
 
 Kk. 
 
 Its. 
 
 ,1,5,1,<,74.5 
 
 U«. 
 
 IRfil-M 
 
 4,'.15(,II9D 
 
 S,OI7,SI4 
 
 ^nli^i■l^,^ 
 
 4,,'>',i6,.')ll 
 
 .i.vjs.iun 
 
 «,r^i,'/.-.i) 
 
 18li3-(il 
 
 4,,M'^H19 
 
 .\w.,nii 
 
 H,l,lK,M,n 
 
 iKiu r>> 
 
 4„W5,I6I) 
 
 3,Cli.1,8'/B 
 
 X,'i\l';'tSr, 
 
 isfi5 ns 
 
 4„'iS'i,,-|.1l 
 
 XHHIi.WI 
 
 K,'il,8,7,'S 
 
 I Orfit Hrilain . 
 
 ' North .Ainerii;,! 
 
 I Kuio)i« 
 
 1 Australia 
 
 I Cilfiitta 
 
 I ,M,idni 
 
 i llomliay 
 
 ' I'hiiia 
 
 I Cochin-China - 
 
 ^iam • 
 
 Manila 
 
 I .'ii.i, llhio, Ilall) .Vi' 
 I Hornw 
 
 t'elrl« 
 
 Sumatra 
 
 Milaran rertinsul.i 
 
 llriti.h Biiriiiah 
 
 Miuttlaneoua . 
 Total rupcfs 
 
 !ini>orts 
 
 lS61-(i,'> 
 
 Tuttet'-s 
 
 is.i.'i.i.i.in 
 
 12,1.1(i'> 
 
 4,,^7.1,!).W 
 
 4,606,OH,5 
 
 4'JO,0,10 
 
 1,274,711* 
 
 8,,ii6,'j(;» 
 
 I,'^.'>!),t7.1 
 
 i.ve.i.isi 
 
 .'i07,.1S6 
 ",Oi6,S4» 
 l,t)6l,llll 
 
 SJ4,li.'if> 
 1,167,711 
 l,43l,li<IS 
 4,4(i,'i,7(iO 
 b,S'^i,ll,')l 
 
 " 66,182,177 
 
 iHn.'i-fir, 
 
 19,022,5". 1 
 
 l,l,-i,,',.-,.-. 
 4,117,1, 7Vi) 
 
 1(9,111.1 
 6,967,91,'. 
 
 2'.'4,9l)(i 
 l,.'ill.'>,98l 
 S,79.1,ll.'.!l 
 1,1,W,I1H 
 2,717,218 
 
 6,1U,17!I 
 
 10,81. 1,.17ll 
 
 l,9Sl,4l.'t 
 
 870,2111 
 I,0,'..'>,828 
 l,801,5,'i2 
 .1,912,429 
 9,1)87,078 
 
 75,000,132 
 
 Kiports 
 
 ISf.l-fi.i 
 
 186.^66 
 
 nii» i-s 
 
 ni)tee« 
 
 7,6.H2,6.',2 
 
 9,ssii,9r.:) 
 
 1,H(I9,1"-' 
 
 1,170,147 
 
 (ill,iiii ) 
 
 1,1118,671 
 
 2.'>7,49(i 
 
 1111,199 
 
 lC,.-i97,4.'j-. 
 
 11,I93,'^I3 
 
 ,',01,419 
 
 210,470 
 
 1,. 142,11,19 
 
 .VA11,.173 
 
 ll,,S.'iS,4(IS 
 
 Il,.'i71,ll9S 
 
 .1,212,631 
 
 3,2(15,759 
 
 6,9,11,ili2 
 
 5,048,517 
 
 105,11 1 
 
 14'i,ll91 
 
 .1,9,51,6.') 1 
 
 4,678,1 1."; 
 
 i,7.'i3,ll'<5 
 
 2,(126,809 
 
 9S8,,1,'i« 
 
 1 ,073,057 
 
 914,710 
 
 1,121,128 
 
 1,694,809 
 
 1,694,022 
 
 2,0.:9,256 
 
 1,425,06! 
 
 9,151,401 
 
 8,929,463 
 
 66,339,578 
 
 ■ <.i,'j24^75 
 
 VKN.\NO. 
 
 Countrlts 
 
 fittat Ilritaln . . . . 
 .North AtiiL'Tica . . . 
 fcunipe - - . . 
 ('iifuda . . . . 
 Madras . . . . 
 Bombay - . . . 
 China . . , _ 
 Cochm-China • . . , 
 Siam • - - . . 
 Hritiih Rurmah - . . 
 hn, Rhio fitc. ... 
 Uomm .... 
 Sumatra - - . . 
 Malajan Pmlniula - . . 
 JliscellanTOUi, Including Siniiapore, Ma- 
 lacca, t\r, - . . . 
 
 Total nit-m ... 
 
 Iinpona 
 
 1864-G5 
 
 rupeen 
 
 1,790,(155 
 
 4,190 
 
 1,176,210 
 
 1,865,745 
 
 .1in,4,15 
 
 142,277 
 
 991,578 
 
 2,R()S,315 
 2,048,533 
 
 8,251, 1,'in 
 1,125,575 
 
 3,511,360 
 
 18,01H.425 
 
 1865-66 
 
 rupeeji 
 1,211,921 
 
 71,109 
 
 2,.5(I7,9.S5 
 
 391,765 
 
 33,835 
 1,203,055 
 
 2,3l"6,n,',0 
 2,528,405 
 
 l,769,9fin 
 881,980 
 
 4,46l,'y22 
 17.419,087 
 
 Exitorts 
 
 1861-65 
 
 rttpeea 
 
 4,772,797 
 
 224„11K) 
 
 417,715 
 
 2.181,(195 
 
 388,755 
 
 .151,705 
 
 2,327,602 
 
 4,9'i4,265 
 1,190,640 
 
 4,519,480 
 2,259,750 
 
 5.322,,530 
 
 •;li,'ll3,fi14 
 
 1865-66 
 
 1,091,965 
 127,910 
 
 1,085,130 
 
 395,198 
 
 21, .145 
 
 8,528,532 
 
 8,11*9, 1,« 
 2,279,025 
 
 5,022,410 
 1,738,843 
 
 4,181.885 
 
 III 
 
■ ■■ ■»"!■■:; 
 
 ( 
 
 •f * 
 
 1290 
 
 SINGAPORE 
 Value of Import! and Krpurta of Straitu Settlemnits — continued. 
 
 MALACCA. 
 
 Cdunltln 
 
 Iinporu 
 
 Giporti 
 
 IMC. 1.0,'. 
 
 t8M.B(i 
 
 IHM-6S 
 
 ISC.VM 
 
 Arntila ..... 
 
 ^!lll.l3r peninsula . . - - 
 Sviniatni ..... 
 <'hiiia . . . . • 
 SlnK»I>oiJ and rennittf ... 
 lUnguuii ..... 
 Total nipeca ... 
 
 KU|H>CA .... 
 
 rU|>L'L>h 
 
 WlV.llfi 
 
 7N,J.-.S 
 
 rupee* 
 
 iJlVBl 
 117,0« 
 
 .1,4B.'i,SH7 
 l.^.tlMI 
 
 ruiHM.>s 
 
 ri()!-i",ii7« 
 
 177,<US 
 
 2,8r,'i',iii) 
 
 ■IDfilH) 
 
 rupiw 
 
 ai.'.,r,ii 
 iA'j'i'.m 
 
 4,'i.1.1,ll.l) 
 
 l,.'.M»,',.ll 
 
 .l,(i8.1,8.'(i 
 
 
 
 .4'J.illL 
 
 ■•,-si 
 
 The following statotnont shows the total vnliU! j 18fi,'>-()(>. {lieport of the Progress of the Sirai 
 <if tlio import and export trade of SinKaporc. and Settlements, p. II.) 
 of I'enang and Malacca for the 7 years ending 1 
 
 I, 
 
 Ynn 
 
 is.vi-m 
 
 • IKIll) (il 
 
 isi;i-(i.t 
 
 i«(;,i-(ii 
 iH(>4-i;.'i 
 
 Singapore 
 
 PenanK 
 
 Malacca 
 
 KxpnrU 
 
 ruiwes 
 .'.,(i,'i,1.1,SS'i 
 4,IH,7K.7IS 
 •l,!l(i,l.'),.'.V!l 
 .'i,,'i.'),.',.\7.-.6 
 fi,.TJ,77,4.1H 
 B,ii.i,:s!),.',7S 
 «,'Ja,«l,.17.'. 
 
 Imports 
 
 Kximrts 
 
 Imporu 
 
 Kiporta 
 
 rupufa 
 .ii,.Vi,.vj(; 
 S'i,iri,a'.7 
 
 .i.'..'i8,4(i(; 
 .v.,')r,,i)ii 
 
 .16,8ri,«l7 
 
 Irapom 
 
 nippT^ 
 
 •l,71.ii'M.1:i 
 
 .'i,SI,l!li,Sjll) 
 .')..'>7,W,llll 
 (i. i(;,l7,'iiil 
 
 li,l. 1,8^,177 
 7..-.ll.l»),.1.TJ 
 
 rujiwM 
 
 l,!).'i,l)M,()ll(l 
 l,(ili.ll(i,.'i7:) 
 V,".-.,li1.li.'i." 
 l^..T'.Vl.lW(i 
 
 v,'j(i,so,'^70 
 v,(lr.,l.Vi.1l 
 ■i,.'i6,.'JI),V'J8 
 
 rup. !■ 
 I,.')N,llii,(ill() 
 l,1l,'.'(l,lil7 
 l,fiH,S7,1.11 
 
 l,i:8,i.'i,!m<i 
 
 l,71,9«,6.')() 
 I,80,18,lli.'i 
 1,74,I'J,»87 
 
 rupcw 
 
 4l,.'>C.ioi 
 4.MMII 
 
 4.'),3J,1«) 
 4.'i,8!All 
 
 ' [- 
 
 ^ n'i 
 
 Account of the Quantities itnil' Viilues of sovi" <f the Prinei/Hil Articles ['Exported from the UnikJ 
 '{i'li/Jom to ISiujiajmrc, in 18G6, ISlUi, und 18C7, 
 
 Prtncljial Articles 
 
 
 ApiiarW and hahcrdaHlicry - 
 
 value 
 
 ArtiiH and ainniunitiuii : 
 
 
 tiic-arms (small) 
 
 no. 
 
 ^iinpiiwder 
 
 Ih. 
 
 llefratidale 
 
 Mrn-; 
 
 ('o.ils, ciiidtTs, and ctilm 
 
 tons 
 
 (.u|i|H'r, wrouKtit and tinwrouhlit 
 
 cwt. 
 
 Cotton yarn 
 
 11). 
 
 Oottonn, entered hy the yard 
 
 vanU 
 
 at value - 
 
 
 Kartlicnwarp and |>urci-lairi 
 
 
 (Tints man 11 far tu reft 
 
 ,, 
 
 Hardwares and cuiItTv, tnenumerated 
 
 cwt. 
 
 Iron, wrought and uiiwrinifjtit 
 
 tons 
 
 I.hienN, enteretl !>▼ the yard 
 
 y a rill 
 
 Machinery: sieam-engmes • 
 
 ¥alue 
 
 all niher sorts - 
 
 
 Woollmi, entered t«v the \ard 
 
 vards 
 
 All other arilctei 
 
 value 
 
 Total - 
 
 
 Quantities 
 
 4, Oil 
 
 aii.i'.i7 
 
 i>,781> 
 
 44,941 
 
 ll.SliS 
 
 ,5!'J7 ..TOO 
 
 ,2 17, 088 
 
 4,:iir, 
 
 (1,(100 
 l,0'.ii,f;(i'^ 
 
 .TJl),599 
 
 I8C6 
 
 1,45.1 
 
 1,X19,U8I 
 
 .1,5M 
 
 Gl,r>l7 
 
 4,.-.r..i 
 
 l,7.VJ,9.'-4 
 5\),M1 .'■■Hi 
 
 6,.'>21 
 l,"08,til3 
 
 1,088,42.') 
 
 1867 
 
 1,646 
 
 321,700 
 
 •J.d.lB 
 
 811,74.1 
 
 11,161 
 
 3,111,11.10 
 
 71, '1.10,21 -.J 
 
 2,4!19 
 .^..174 
 
 9'_.,0'.!9 
 
 899,00.1 
 
 Declared Ileal Valua 
 
 £ 
 11,787 
 
 2.'). CBS 
 
 12,116 
 
 2.1,'in2 
 
 &l,li(l4 
 
 127,181 
 
 918,«B6 
 
 S,!l!i:) 
 
 7,109 
 
 7,lil 
 
 19,321 
 
 .'.i;,OI9 
 
 4.'...16B 
 
 11,SP1 
 
 4,678 
 
 311,636 
 
 _ 72,267 
 
 1,410,118 
 
 1866 
 
 £ 
 1S479 
 
 l,37fl 
 
 34,1 '.2 
 
 11,9.1'J 
 
 .16,^88 
 
 I9,.144 
 
 17.1,010 
 
 1,331,779 
 
 18,213 
 
 1 1 .273 
 
 I0,8.'>a 
 
 26.077 
 
 i«,()82 
 
 41,979 
 
 6,949 
 
 8,S67 
 
 90,885 
 
 92,!10() 
 
 1 ,986.KU2 
 
 18«J 
 t 
 
 Ml! 
 
 l'),iw 
 («,13! 
 ItM'J 
 1!>.«W 
 I.W.t'l 
 IVKI 
 
 ii,<i; 
 WJ 
 
 . 11,110 
 .M,III 
 51,J!! 
 
 s,ii; 
 
 6,i»i 
 
 6ilJ(» 
 
 71,150 
 
 Accmint of the Quantities and "'ulue-. of the Articles Imported into the United Kingdom jm 
 Singapore and the Straits Settlements in 18()5, 18G(J, and 18U7. 
 
 Principal Articlet 
 
 
 
 Quantities 
 
 
 Compul-I Heal Value 
 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1865 
 
 £ 
 435 
 
 1866 
 
 usr 
 
 Antimony, ore • 
 
 tons 
 
 .W 
 
 31 
 
 10 
 
 £ 
 
 279 
 
 t 
 
 1(0 
 
 i.amphor 
 
 <»t. 
 
 .503 
 
 404 
 
 
 
 2,<98 
 
 2,175 
 
 _ 
 
 Canes, rattans, not (ground - 
 
 no. 
 
 1.5,021,749 
 
 15,620,033 
 
 6,792,030 
 
 .17,728 
 
 •iW>i 
 
 III*! 
 
 or sti(:k<i, other M)rts • - 
 
 value 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 15,0,'.8 
 
 I2,75l( 
 
 6.(1" 
 
 (Caoutchouc 
 
 cwt. 
 
 4,119 
 
 3.99!) 
 
 ,1,515 
 
 27,315 
 
 38,8*J7 
 
 59,911 
 
 Coffee - . . . 
 
 Il>. 
 
 1,665,917 
 
 971,125 
 
 2,301,814 
 
 48,'/61 
 
 26,55.1 
 
 0^,?O 
 
 Cotton, raw 
 
 rwt. 
 
 1,6.16 
 
 4,157 
 
 212 
 
 1,774 
 
 17,749 
 
 m 
 
 Cutch .... 
 
 tons 
 
 472 
 
 320 
 
 62 
 
 1 1 ,638 
 
 9,730 
 
 Vfl ' 
 
 (iambof^ 
 
 cwt. 
 
 173 
 
 1 
 
 101 
 
 1,642 
 
 W 
 
 .!,«; 
 
 <jum, Iten/c'in - .. - 
 
 ,, 
 
 1,353 
 
 1,167 
 
 2,293 
 
 12,l'.'5 
 
 12,804 
 
 n,;:i 
 
 ro; .1 
 
 ^, 
 
 1,18S 
 
 1,609 
 
 277 
 
 5 492 
 
 6.156 
 
 1,"*, 
 
 slick, lac - 
 
 „ 
 
 165 
 
 1,701 
 
 1,7 
 
 316 
 
 4,842 
 
 la! 
 
 other sorts 
 
 ,, 
 
 1,111 
 
 1,'260 
 
 741 
 
 2,805 
 
 7,445 
 
 3,3;i 
 
 Outia i>ercha 
 
 „ 
 
 21,585 
 
 12,211 
 
 12,487 
 
 119,810 
 
 62,tiJ3 
 
 7f,MI 1 
 
 Hides, not tanneil - 
 
 „ 
 
 15,213 
 
 12,1.15 
 
 11,125 
 
 56,146 
 
 41,1185 
 
 39,««)| 
 
 Horns, huf n tips, and pieces of horn - 
 
 tons 
 
 127 
 
 184 
 
 115 
 
 3,768 
 
 6,035 
 
 .Vl! 
 
 Isinula&i - . • - 
 
 cw . 
 
 459 
 
 440 
 
 255 
 
 8,143 
 
 7,3-5 
 
 4.tli ! 
 
 Ma.e .... 
 
 Ih. 
 
 15,870 
 
 26,989 
 
 17,719 
 
 1,1.52 
 
 2,855 
 
 J,l" , 
 
 .Mother-of-jicarl shi'lU, rouKh 
 
 cwt. 
 
 1B3 
 
 423 
 
 9 
 
 1,180 
 
 l,'i07 
 
 !l 
 
 ^utlnfgli 
 
 Ih. 
 
 286,998 
 
 212,090 
 
 190,838 
 
 18,818 
 
 14,863 
 
 |],lll 
 
 ();!, chemical, c&sential, and i>erfumed 
 
 ,, 
 
 2,3.'>0 
 
 4,.S02 
 
 5,W4 
 
 845 
 
 894 
 
 !,!« 
 
 rept»er .... 
 
 „ 
 
 16,9l9/.75 
 
 13,008,363 
 
 12,531,749 
 
 213,9.18 
 
 192,315 
 
 1M,!« 
 
 KKe, not In the hubk 
 
 cwt. 
 
 .17,1.58 
 
 44,899 
 
 1 
 
 17,689 
 
 25,182 
 
 
 Sa^o - - . . 
 
 
 106,409 
 
 151,788 
 
 112,844 
 
 89,162 
 
 126,.18t 
 
 119,B 
 
 Spirits, rum ... k^Ho"' 
 
 100,040 
 
 144,428 
 
 89,807 
 
 7,740 
 
 10,2.10 
 
 '■'S 
 
 SuKar, unrefmed - - - 
 
 cwt. 
 
 37,535 
 
 15,981 
 
 22,095 
 
 39,3.56 
 
 15,379 
 
 "•2^ 
 
 Tapioca - - - - 
 
 
 18,191 
 
 14, .14 6 
 
 15,660 
 
 27,509 
 
 2.i,695 
 
 MfH 
 
 •lek .... 
 
 n>. 
 
 105,535 
 
 .1,774 
 
 ._ 
 
 8.022 
 
 306 
 
 - 
 
 Terra jauonica (or gambler) 
 
 t.MIS 
 
 13,110 
 
 12,189 
 
 13,161 
 
 31'1,843 
 
 2:16,519 
 
 w,w 
 
 Tin \ ." . - 
 
 cwt. 
 
 96,993 
 
 J 2,229 
 
 85,262 
 
 4,'.0,101 
 
 ■i'Jl.M'i 
 
 "■'S 
 
 Tortolseshell or turtleshell, unmanufaci 
 
 . 111. 
 
 4,512 
 
 6,706 
 
 4,057 
 
 3,056 
 
 4,3J() 
 
 !,«! 
 
 Wood, teak 
 
 loads 
 
 48,052 
 
 28,693 
 
 12,201 
 
 552,539 
 
 276,244 
 
 "HI 
 
 sapan wood 
 
 totis 
 
 281 
 
 837 
 
 436 
 
 3,176 
 
 12,031 
 
 4J-( 
 
 All other mrtlclw ... 
 
 Total - 
 
 value 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 82,121 
 2,1.55,931 
 
 28,010 
 1,609,813 
 
 1W« 
 '|,4JUI) ! 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 I ; 
 
—continued. 
 
 Eiiwrtt 
 
 IHri4-6S 
 
 r,()V,n7» 
 17 7. ion 
 
 2,sr,'r,l 10 
 .lO.r.iKi I 
 
 ~3;iiS3,((iii ' 
 
 lHf..'..r,ri 
 
 TUVWf 
 
 'l\'.,fA\ 
 
 2,S«V,n9 
 '.l,'..15_ 
 
 .i,r.sr,,'fli7 
 
 .^,f■^J,SM 
 
 of the Proyress of the Strah 
 
 Malacca 
 
 ISsports 
 
 rupeM 
 
 1l,.Vi.Mlfi 
 ftAf>X<l 
 3,'.,1.'>,74^ 
 3,',,'IS,4()r> 
 3.'.,'Pfi,'>ll 
 
 .i(i.s:,,svri 
 
 3(i,Hn.W7 
 
 Importi 
 
 rupOM 
 
 41,'i'i.ioi 
 4.'.,l'i,n'j:l 
 4M6,SII 
 4.'i,ia.su 
 4,',,3J,1U1 
 
 lilies Exported from the UnM 
 I 1867. 
 
 into the United Kingdom jim 
 IHC)!), and 18G7. 
 
 SINOI'K 
 Ihi. iiiiiiilicr of ."(pmrc-riffjii'd vosscIm, inclmliiiK 
 the \\K* "' '■'^''"'y '''""■I'l"^"'' 'iiiiriti'"" imtion. a.s 
 well M of Arubia. llliiim, (Jnnibodia, .Siain, and 
 diili,' wlii''li arrivi'd in lliu mails of Siiiu;ap()r(! 
 iliirini; lMi;.J-6i!, amoiiiitcd l.o t7;ill, and cdiiiprLsed 
 ';:;s,iiis;i tons, of which 1,03(! (if ;W(),52'J toii.s were 
 
 It iniiv lio roni.'irk(Ml that, a coiisiih'rahli' port ion 
 
 1 „fihitr":li' whitili im'd at an carlictr period tn lio 
 
 1 oarriiil "O 'i' '"'t'^ " v<'s.sid.H, has of hitc years Ikm^ii 
 
 jiiisffrrcil li> Hiioan'-ri|LCf;cd Vf.ssol.-*, ownwl and 
 
 I liiuddul liv rcsidcnr Chinese traders. 
 
 Muili cot'iiniunii'ation willi l',iir()]ie is kept iij) hj- 
 
 1 th' i-lciiiKi'i'-'* "'" the I'oniiisnlaiaiid Oriental Coiii- 
 
 TUivamli'f the Messa.^eries Iinpcrijilt^s Company, 
 
 I Ltli of whi.'li arrive and depart twiee every 
 
 iiKinth; mill tln^ Netlierlands India .Steam Cdin- 
 
 laiivri'in a line of sti'ainers, limed to meet tlie 
 
 I arrival ami dt'imrliire of the lOiirope mails, het ween 
 
 Ui;i(;a|i(iri'. lialavia, and the prineipal oiitports of 
 
 Ih. .Iri^hipolano. , . , 
 
 iVli'u'r.'pl'i'" communicatiim throiifjhont .Ijiva 
 
 lbs liw'ii fur some years estahlished by tlie(io- 
 
 Ivciiinu'iU (if the iNetherlaiids India, and more 
 
 jreaiillv c.'itemU'.d to .Snmatra, where a junction is 
 
 Ipriiiioswl with a line from .SiiiKaiiore, in eontimia- 
 
 llinn III' the iniliaii .system of telegraphs, which 
 
 Ijlfoaily readies Moiilmein. And the Knropeaii 
 
 linlia' tiiiitsef .Sinf;apor(! look forward with eon- 
 
 liildite til the iinihmgation of the line from .lava 
 
 tiiilie .Vustri.lian colonics, as an immediate mn- 
 
 M]iKnieof the early connection of Eiif^land and 
 
 iiiilia hv siibinariiie telegraph. 
 
 The straits within which the tliree settlements 
 
 arc .-ituatod arc formed hy the Malayan penin- 
 
 ifuh III! '.ho east, and by the large e.\tent of 
 
 Sumatra on the we.st. They bear in a direction 
 
 fMii aorlli-west to simthca.st, and their e.\treiue 
 
 kclh niav be stated at 500 miles, with numerous 
 
 liiiN at" both ends, particularly at the .south- 
 
 i-iirh (inc. 'I'he straits vary in breadth from 
 
 ) III iiuil miles, and, as already .shown, are lighted 
 
 ilKtieiitly to reiiilor the navigation safe. 
 
 The j,'reati'r portion of the materi<ils for ibis 
 
 irlide have birii kindly sujiplied by a gentleman 
 
 re-ideiit in, and well aeipiainted with, Singa- 
 
 «c. Sw also Pari. Pujicis on Straits Scltlu- 
 
 leiit.s ic. I 
 
 Sl.Nliri;. A town of Asia .Minor, on the south 
 
 Mi.fthe lilack .Sea, hit. 12° ■-'' ^0" N., long. 
 
 .''/ 10" K. I'opulation uncertain, estimated at 
 
 O.olW. Sinope is situated on a low narrow 
 
 ithmus, connecting the high rocky promontory of 
 
 h with the mainland. Its port, which is the 
 
 it 111! this coast, on the south side of the town, 
 
 lirutecteU from the north and north-east j,ales 
 
 ly the isthmus and promontory already nv.ii- 
 
 iicil. Ships anchor within i mile of the town, 
 
 Irora 13 to 17 fathoms; or nearer to it, in froni !) 
 
 7 fathoms. TTiere is a roadstead on the ne.'tli 
 
 idc of the isthmus, but it is open and exposed, 
 
 iinoiK! is one of the principal stations of the 
 
 'u.liish lloet, and there arc docks and arse.ials 
 
 irits accommodation and outfit. Hut the fori ili- 
 
 liuiis can afford sutiicicnt protection neither to 
 
 ic town nor the shipping. This was strikingly 
 
 ;om|ilitieJ in the latter part of IHoo, when a 
 
 iiiu squadron attacked, and, without any 
 
 laterial loss to itself, totally destroyed, Turkish 
 
 igatcs with several transports at anchor in the 
 
 Ills. Its exports are inconsiderable, the priii- 
 
 ' being timber, salt, cordage, lish oil &c, 
 
 ancient times, Siiiope was a city of great 
 
 [ealth, magnitude, and importance. It was the 
 
 •"'.hplace of Diogenes the Cynic; and Mithri- 
 
 ites made it the capital of his dominions. After 
 
 ' conquest by the Romans under LucuUus, it 
 
 SKINS 
 
 11!!) 1 
 
 became the seat of a cohmy ; and continued for 
 a lengthened period to enjoy a good deal of 
 consideration. 
 
 Should civilisation and the arts once more 
 revive in tlie ancient I'onius and the other coun- 
 tries to the snutli of tlie IthuHt Sea, the exeellenci! 
 of its port eiiiild not fail lo restore to Sinope smne 
 |iiirlion of its former grandeur. Kveii now a eon- 
 siilendile intercourse is begiiming to take pliuHi 
 with the coimtries east and south of .Sinope. 
 Diarbidn- on the 'I'igris, in hit. .IT" . 'if N., long. 
 ;!1)° ;").'>' l.V l''„, is one of the principal se.Us ol 
 eastern eommeree; and caravan.s set out regularly 
 from it fur .Aleppo, Smyrna, ami Constantinople: 
 but anyone who consults a map of .\sia ftlinur, 
 and of the iiintignoiis countries, will see at once, 
 tliaf Trcbi'iiind and the, neighbouring ports on the 
 soutb-i ast ciiasl of the jjlaek .Sea are the nalural 
 cbanmls tbrongh whi<:b Armenia, Koordistan, and 
 the north-western ports of I'ersia may best main- 
 tain ail intercourse with ICurope. We stiall after- 
 wards show that the dimgerto vessels in the roads 
 of Trebi.sond has been very miieb exaggerated. 
 I TniciiisiiNi). I In the event, however, of the 
 commerce witli the countries referred to becoming 
 of any considerable importance, Sinope would be 
 an advantageous entrepot to which goods might 
 be brought, and whence they might be conveyed 
 in proper vessels, and at proper times, to the other 
 ports. At idl events, it is of material importance 
 that a direct intercourse with the southerii coast of 
 the lllaek Sea should be established, and that, the 
 trade with it should not be carried on, as hitherto, 
 through (ide.ssa. (Kor further particulars as to 
 .Sinope, see Tournclort, t'iii/<iiji: me I^itriiut, toni. ii. 
 pp. 202 — 212; and Norie's ISuiliny IJirectiuns for 
 Ihv liliH-lt Sen.) [Ti!K.itis().M>, I 
 
 .SKINS. The term is apjilied in commercial 
 languages to the skins of those animals, as deer, 
 goats, kids, lambs Ac, which, when nrcpared, are 
 used in the lighter works of bookbinding, the 
 manufacture of glove.i, parchment itc. ; while the 
 term hides is applied to the skins of the ox, lior.se 
 Ac. which, when tanned, are used in the manufac- 
 ture of shoes, harness, and other heavy and strung 
 articles. Lamb and kid skins are princi|ially used 
 in the glove inannt'acture; 12U skins being sup- 
 posed to produce, at an average, 18 dozen pairs of 
 gloves. I Lkatih-.i:.] 
 
 Accmmt of the Quantities of the Chief Kinds of 
 Shins Jiii/ioited into the ifnited Kingdom iliirinij 
 IStiCi and 1807, speeifi/inij the Countries whence 
 they were hroiijht, and the Quantities brought 
 from each. 
 
 '■oiintrit'^ 
 
 Depr (untlressed) : 
 llriti I. Iiulill 
 taller eounineH 
 Total 
 (jont (umircssiiO; 
 Norway 
 IlanibiirK 
 IlolLiiul 
 Jtet^iiim 
 Fr.ince 
 
 .■\ustrian territories - 
 lurkey I'rotier 
 Ka.st foa.st of.Vfricii - 
 ItrilUh l»osM's-ioiis in S. 
 ilritiiili liiili'i : 
 ho.:;',ay ;iml Sinile - 
 Madras 
 
 lli-nijiil .mill IV^u ■ 
 Otlier'coiimnes 
 Total 
 Kill (unilresseii) ; 
 UainhurK 
 Hrilisli Inilii 
 Other countries 
 Total 
 KiiKdri'Ssed): 
 France 
 
 Other countries 
 Total 
 
 ISfiB 
 
 1807 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 
 Il,(i29 
 
 1«,7S9 
 
 2 1,4 IS 
 
 — 
 
 •!0,74'i 
 63,1.'>S 
 42,li!)li 
 
 180,99.'. 
 .13,041 
 27,fiOO 
 
 HH.S.'iH 
 11,4110 
 
 .102,010 
 
 2.20.1 
 .14 ,6 It! 
 7S,050 
 
 9,111 
 
 22,43S 
 74,093 
 4,009 
 20,032 
 30,073 
 
 Oii44U 
 
 .121,090 
 
 1,700 
 OS, 100 
 12S,4.18 
 2.'.,169 
 
 1141, USD 
 
 702,442 
 
 ,12,016 
 3,000 
 2,000 
 
 .17,016 ' 
 
 71,499 
 
 11, UK) 
 
 3,910 
 
 80,SO9 
 
 257,032 
 9,2S3 
 
 313,376 
 10,2.10 
 
 2fi6,2S', 
 
 329,012 
 
 i I 
 
 1*1 
 
■t t 
 
 1L'02 sr,ATK 
 
 Qiuinlilii':< of S/tiim — ooiitiinicil. 
 
 ( 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 
 CiiiintriM 
 
 
 ISIiG 
 
 iKii; 
 
 l-iutiti tiinilri".hfil) ; 
 
 No. 
 
 No 
 
 Mniitliiir^' 
 
 
 .M.lll '• 
 
 11,1117 
 
 1 r.niff 
 
 
 ifi.lii'li 
 
 1 IV. 71.1 
 
 Tt.tiv Anil the ltali.li) isl.iiuU 
 
 
 (itP-.HM 
 
 IV.niiil 
 
 luikcy 
 
 
 I'll.Mii 
 
 Vfl.HKI 
 
 <)lht-r i-inintrtcH 
 
 
 III.'iDS 
 
 7.'.'l,.'.'.S 
 
 'I'nlal 
 
 
 l,W!l,llir. 
 
 1,111 1..HIH 
 
 Sell (iiiKlri^sitn : 
 
 
 
 
 HrilUti N. Aiiii'riiMti rtiluiiirs 
 
 
 .TM,')7ll 
 
 IW.'.'M 
 
 'I'lic uh.ilr tMivrii-B • 
 
 
 (M,.'ill) 
 
 1(1.1,117 
 
 OlliiT (oiintTirit 
 
 
 IVS.'.Bl 
 
 V11,l 111 
 
 Tiiliil 
 
 
 .'. 1 ^.^>l 1 
 
 -I.L.'.II 
 
 Shtfp (u)l(t^('^M'll): 
 
 
 ' ' ' 
 
 " 
 
 llilllitiiirf; 
 
 
 n,.'<'it 
 
 _ 
 
 Miill.iiiil 
 
 
 111,11.1 
 
 1(1. ^IHl 
 
 Ht'l^ulrll 
 
 
 Vli.l^Alll 
 
 I,''.'..l,'l'l 
 
 Kr.iiu'i' 
 
 
 •iin,!'yi 
 
 llt.l.V. 
 
 'I'urkcv I'roiitT 
 
 
 Vli.l.Vi'J 
 
 (i;,s,i,ii 
 
 Ki!>|i( 
 
 
 1. 1.(111'. 
 
 — 
 
 M(iriH-r«i 
 
 
 IV,.1l(i 
 
 — 
 
 I'ruull.y 
 
 
 yMn,(HH> 
 
 4 '..'.,■; I-. 
 
 \TKi-iitinp Cotifitlcration 
 
 
 l,ti;i,'Mi.'> 
 
 ■JI.-|,(IIS 
 
 IMnlln 
 
 
 n.dV.'l 
 
 
 Il'ilUh ii.isM'.iioin In S. Afri 
 
 ca 
 
 ;(:-/,!i(ii 
 
 s(iv,7 v; 
 
 lllill.h Inili.i 
 
 
 'iii.iiiv 
 
 •it\i,'i:> 
 
 Australia 
 
 
 IKII.'I.V. 
 
 Vl(l,'l».1 
 
 Uthi-r (Duritri ■» 
 
 
 •il.lSi 
 
 .'./,'^IK 
 
 Ttiinl 
 
 
 .1,0(11, .-..'.v 
 
 1..11K,I1S1 
 
 SlHi'pdiUitUHl.lawitl, (irdicHKnl): 
 
 
 
 Ilaiiii'iir^' 
 
 
 lll'i.O.K) 
 
 183,370 
 
 llri-tiH-ii 
 
 
 y.l.tl.'ili 
 
 — 
 
 lloll.iiul 
 
 
 111.1, .'ill 
 
 IV7.XS1 
 
 Hi-lKiltilt 
 
 
 l.'i.lV.I 
 
 (r7,vii'.! 
 
 Fr.iH.f 
 
 
 <I.1,.'.S.1 
 
 111'1,'irs 
 
 Fn-nrli imssisviniis In Ittiliii 
 
 
 4ll,liN,'> 
 
 6It,,'.lHl 
 
 lltilisll liiili.l : 
 
 
 
 
 Hmnliav and Situtc • 
 
 
 V.INN) 
 
 l.'.,llii 
 
 Mnilr..K - 
 
 
 i,iai,i7i 
 
 l,r,.s;i,iiii 
 
 ltfiit{.tl aiul l'i'f;ll 
 
 
 a,t;.',i) 
 
 r. ,()()( I 
 
 t'l'yloil 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 
 
 Au»trnlm 
 
 
 4I,STI) 
 
 .'.H,7'l 1 
 
 Otlier cuutilrlcs 
 
 
 10,7.1.1 
 
 11.11711 
 
 Total 
 
 
 i,7ni.sf.,-p 
 
 r.'|.,alc'.l In LSI 
 
 ■;!,'J7i:,iiiii 
 
 Tlu' (iiilv on f.V\\u Iiavinj; («■ 
 
 n 
 
 1, till' i|iiantiti(i> 
 
 rui.iiiail Itir cotisuiiipiidii caiiiioi lit' hinu-d. 
 
 ,SI,.\Tr, (KOOK), (C.r. .xclii.'C.T; Kr. iinluisc: 
 Ilal. l;ivjii;iia, liisd/i : .Span, iiizaira). A ('u.s.'-il tir 
 Cdiiipaot stdiic (ar,';ill!ioi'oii.-> .scliistiis) lliat may In: 
 ri'adily ."lilit into I'vcii, HiiUKitli, lliiii laiiiiiu'. 
 ThtTc arc .■several varictiindf llii.'i v.iliialilc iiiiiicnil, 
 till' provailiii;; t'lilciiirs bciii^fircv, bliu'. and liriiwii. 
 lint till' tints lire very vuriiuis ; and ^lati's arc 
 til'li'ii niarkod will' streaks (if ii dilVorcnt (■dltinr 
 t'nmi flip f^rniind. Slate is piiniipally used in tlic 
 cdvcriiif; ol'luiusi'.s, fur wliicli piirpdsi! it is intinitcly 
 siiiioridr to tliatcli or tiles, ami is far less expen- 
 sive than lead, (idod ronliii}^ slnto sliould ntit 
 Jilis(irl) water ; and it should lie so eiinipaet as not 
 to lie deeoinpuseil by the aetioii of the atniospliere. 
 When properly selei^ted, roof slates are of ahiiost 
 jierpetiial duration; but those wliieh are spoii;;y 
 and imbibe moisture siwcdily Ki't I'overcd with 
 moss, ami require, at no very distant period, to be 
 renewed. 
 
 The use of sl.ntes in the eoverin;; of liiiu.st\s 
 is entirely I'.Kropean. From the Hellespont to 
 China inclusive tliereis not a siiiL^lo .'-Inteil house; 
 and this does not arise iVom any want of slate, 
 wliieh is as iilinudaiit iii Asia as in I'',iiiopp. 
 
 Slates carried by laud have never been sub- 
 jected to any duty; liiit those carried eo.islwise 
 were, until l.S,'il, charf^ed wiih diit its varviii)^ ae- 
 eiirtliiif^ to their size and species. The iuiiistiee of 
 this distinction, and llio impolicy of laying any 
 tiuty on an article of this sort, are obvious. The 
 revenue it |iroduced was quite inconsiderable, not 
 c.vceodiiiLi; io.OlIU/. a-year. It was repealed at the 
 .laiiie time as the liuty c.i coal carried coastwise. 
 
 Since the repeal of the ilnty, the consumption of 
 slate has been materially increased ; audit is now 
 extensively employed for various imrpcsca to 
 whieii it Wius not formerly made i.pidicable, such 
 as the doorintf of wareliou.ses and vauil.s, the pav- 
 iiij; of itrcets, the formation of cisterns, the cover- 
 inf; of worn or decayed lloors, and of the walls of 
 houses in exposed Bituations &c. The sl.de used 
 for these purposes is cut by the circular saw 
 
 ,si,.\VKS .AND SLAVE TRADK 
 
 into pieces of from J an inch to '2 ineliis 
 Many limidred tons have been iisetl in thii 
 of the last few years in jinviii;^, tldiirin;; A'c, 
 l.ouilou Ducks, and other lar^e eslalili>liiiii 
 
 The principal slate tpiarries in (inat I 
 are in Caeniarvonshire. Those beliiiii.'i 
 Colonel I'eiiiiaiil (now l.oiil reurhyn), iie.irl! 
 employ about I..'ill0 men and boys, mid a 
 most extensive and valualde in the t Mi|iir(. 
 oilier iiiiarries in thn same county eiii|i|iiy 
 l,li\!0 men and boys: and there are .simic j'n 
 parts of Walr^. There are also e\teiisiviM|i 
 at ITverstoiie, ill Lancashire; mid nllicrs, 
 firiorinii;;iiitiide, in various parts of We.ttnioi 
 and Ciimberl'ind. 
 
 The priiicipiil slate tpiarries in Sc.illjind 
 Kasdale and Italacliulish, in Ar^jyle.diire. .S|». 
 generally, the ■Scotch tpiarries ilo not all'nnl 
 of the size anil siiiddlhiiess tif these uhlaint'il 
 the Welsh tpiarries; and the wiKnlwdrl; d 
 rddfs cdvered with them rcipiires to he stniii' 
 
 Ildollng slates .'ire of dill'erent sizes, am 
 ileiidmin.iteil Imperials, ()ueens, I'riiuvssoi 
 Their price, supposing; theirquality In he in 
 respects eipi.nl, liepeinls pjirlly tni their >uf 
 |iarlly tin flieir wei;;ht. In IHi;7 we m 
 (ciiielly to the, I'liited .States anil .Viisiralia 
 sides i')',:!(il. 01)11 slates by tale, II,i;-JS tnnsul'sl 
 tlie value of the whole bein;,' «!,.'il,s/. 
 
 SLAVICS AM) SLAVK TliADK. .\ .,|,,r 
 the ordinary sense of the term, is an iinliri 
 at the absolute disposal of aniillipr, wlhi t 
 riicht to employ anil treat hiui as ]k pjn 
 Ihit the slate, of slavery is susce|itililcDfii 
 merable iniidilieations; and it has been usm 
 most countries where it has been InniroliiWw 
 to limit ill viiridus ways the power nf the im 
 over the slave. The nldi'e ^/-(k/i' is, of «iiro\ 
 business of those who ileal in slaves. 
 
 Oiiiiiiiof Shireri). — A f^reat ilealef loarniii,' 
 been employed in tracing the liislury nl'.^lm 
 tlioiigh the subject is still far fmin e.\!i:uistnl. 
 seems most iirobable that it origiiiiilly umv 
 of a state of war. In rude imeiviliseil epiiiniiiiii: 
 where the passimi of revenge aci|iiires ;i stw 
 unknown in more ailvanced stjilei of sii 
 captives taken iu war are a(ljuil;,'e(l to Wn 
 the vielnrs, v.ini may either put thi'iii 
 sword, or reduce them to a stale ulsiTvitiH-. 
 antiquity, the ideas of war and sliuvrv 
 inseparable. I'robably in very riinmo 
 prisoners were most comnididy put tn 
 imt the sellish gradually pretltiiiiiiialoii li 
 nidie passionate feelings, and for iiKiiiy 
 was usual to reduce them to the oimlil: 
 skives; being either sold by their o:i|il f 
 others, or emiiloved bv them, as llicy 
 think tit. 
 
 The practice of ri'ducing lupii to a .-k: 
 slavery, having once begun, was extoiiJ 
 various ways. The iiiogeiiy of sliives 
 women iu a state of slavery were .sl.ws: 
 bom free might .sell themselves iU .slave: 
 parents had authorily, in .Juikea iiiiil Ita 
 dispose of their chililren for the s.'iinr |«r 
 (Michaelis On tin: Laiis of Mom.-:, ii. 'tiJ, IJ, 
 It was the law of Koine, and el nn'-t 
 ancient states, that the persons ol' ilcbtof 
 had contracted obligations which thovcoui 
 discharge, shoukl become the pniiiciiy of: 
 creditors. ' Servi,' says .liistiiiiau, 'aiiMt 
 nascuntur aut liiint : nascuntur ex aiu'illi- "^ 
 fiunt aut jure geuiium, id est ex captiviiato: 
 jure civil], cum liber homo major viKimi *: 
 ad pretium partici' it'itv. scse venuniiari pi 
 est.' {Instil, lib. i, ii; ,'>.) 
 
 Treatmvnt j .%• c.».— 'i'Ik trCl.tlM.t ofin 
 
; AND SLAVK TRADE 
 roui inn iiu'l. t') '2 in<lus (1,1,^1 
 OHM have liri'H ust'(\ i" I'lcvw.. 
 •ours ill linviii^', tlooiiii^' A'c, at it, 
 ,111(1 (.UuTlarni''stal)h>lim('m., 
 I ulalc iiuiirrics m tioat l:riin| 
 irvoiisliirc. 'I'li'is.' liclmiL-M,.. 
 1 („(i\vl.<>iiM'''"'''y"")' '"■■"■ "■"'^' I 
 1 r.lMt iiic'ii ami iM'Vrt, ami ;in' i:, 
 
 ivud valuabU' in tin- Hupin. | 
 ill till saiiif I'Oiiiily ciiiiili.vaiii 
 l„,vs: and IIkT'' arc .sniiic iii"!'- 
 'i'lirri' arc also i'\l<'li;<iV(' (purr 
 
 ill l,aii.-a^hin'; ami iiiIkT'*. i! ; 
 Ic, in various pavtH nl'NN cntiiK/tutl 
 
 il ilal.' (luarrics in ScdUuiut arr,: 
 ,ilacliiilisli.inArf;yl.Mlnp'. Siin.,'; 
 
 Sfiitrh (iiiarrii'rt do mil allurd -IihI 
 I siii..ollinc'Ssoftlios(M,l)lamKll:n| 
 iarri»'<; an<l lln' wocnUvcirk dl ■• 
 nilU llu'in rciiiiiri'S lo lie stmnf.;. 
 lies arc i'( dilViTiMil sizes, aiiilH| 
 
 liiiii.Tials, (>iii'c"s. rriiHv-M'< i:. 
 ,i,,,,osiiiKllicir(iualilylol«Miii;;,: 
 1 .ici.cnds i.arllyoii tlicir m// ,:: 
 ,cir wci-ht. In IHiiT wc .xk-I| 
 u> I'liitcil Slates ami Aii^tnilaii- 
 III slates 1)V talc, M.C.-.'H tiiiis,ilM>, 
 
 the wiioio'i>'''"K «'.■";*/• . , , 
 
 AM) SI-.WK TKADK. A.-hval 
 Heiiso of the. term, is an imliviiall 
 lute disi.osal of aimtlier, wlioh-il 
 iplov and treat liiin as lie pKw.l 
 lie of slavery is siisce|.lil.lc uliE-l 
 lilieatioiis; and it lias be.ii i:<iu;.ii| 
 ies where it has heeii loii.i; ( M.ii : 
 ^•iirloiis wavs the i.owcr et tlieiiu/l 
 V,. The slitvi- trntU is, ot ciiiir,-.li:l 
 those who deal in slaves. I 
 
 S/,,nT//.-AKrcatdcalctkarm:i.-hil 
 k-ed ill traein-tlieliiM"r.v»l*l:iwT 
 ^iihiect is still larfn.iiiex!i;insl»l. 
 '„r."d)al)lo that it ..riKiniiUy i;^ ;«l 
 war. Inrudciiiieivilise.U-miiuaMl 
 •si,, 11 of revenue aecpiuvs ii slr>r.-J| 
 more advaiieeil states ^'! ^' 
 en ill war are adjiid'ccd t.. K. 
 who niav eitluT imt Hum 
 ,h,ee thciirtoastate.,l..^ervit*k. 
 ,e ideas of war and slaviTV va 
 I'robaldv ill v.'vy pnu'io r 
 .,.re niost 'coininoiily I'Ut t.' W 
 ,h "radiiallv iiredoiiiiiiatcii .Af. 
 ,„atc leelii,;^. and lui; imuiv g 
 to reduce them t,. t lie cmlwj 
 ,„. either s,dd hy tlieir oaiit* 
 em ployed hy them, as tlu'.v fflJ 
 
 ,,i,o of redm'int: moi. to a «J 
 
 ,vii,K onee l.e^.m, was >nM ' 
 
 :. The i.rof,'eiiy ol >liv«« 
 
 stale of slavery were slave,. 
 
 1,1 sell themselves as .daW'; 
 
 i'unthorilv. in .Imtei an.l Koi-' 
 
 heir ehihlr..n t;;r tl.e.s;.™' H 
 
 , l;,w of Uomc, and o n' > 
 
 ites that the i.er.^ons ol .Ubt « 
 
 ''ed\hlif;Mm>^>vliichtheyc* 
 
 ^^;V"rr,£iS;';:» 
 
 .iriinni, nas..:uarexan*^^ 
 sesevciiunOanp 
 
 SL.WIvS AND SLAVK TUADH 
 
 I in (inl'ii|in'.'''t •*" '" f"'""" modern limes, dilTered 
 y^rv widely in dilVerent eoiintries and periods, 
 ,iiiij jiiiiiiiiLC (lillcrciit classes of slave i in I he same 
 ■.iiuilrv and at the sain,' lime. A nre.it deal also 
 i|,p,,i„|,,(| on the character of particular niaslers 
 
 ri'iiiai 
 1 whrll 
 
 1 partiev -^■'■■r^ 
 
 ,i.totyi 
 
 sliivi's hrcd nil m the lioiise or family of the 
 
 ! iiKbters were uniformly treated willi ^fa'cr 
 
 iiuliilLteiiee than others, and liccame enlillcil, hy 
 
 lU.toiii, to several imporl.int privileges. .\t 
 
 Mlii'iis, slaves appear to have hen lieller treated 
 
 I iliaii in aiiv other ancient stale ; ami I >cmi)-.tlieiics 
 
 i.lliriiis, ill his seconil I'hilippii', tlial ' a slavi' was 
 
 i,i|,Tiill'al .\tlieiistlianil free citizen in many other 
 
 omntrics.' In rcpiihlican Home, the ni.isicrs limi 
 
 I ihi' iiowiT of life and death over their .slaves, who 
 
 v.cri' "Ilea treated with tlin inoft deleslahle 
 
 l.arlmritv. It was not an uncommon practii'ii to 
 
 li-xiiiiso old. useless, or sick slaves to starve in an 
 
 li-laiiil in llie'l'iher. \Vc may, as Iliinie lias Just ly 
 
 larkcil, ■ im.ii.',iiie what others would practise, 
 
 it was the professed ni.ixim nf I lie elder 
 
 I (at" to sell his siiperannnated slaves at any price, 
 
 I ralliiTtliiin maintain what he esteemed a useless 
 
 1 luiiilcn.' (rititnreli, in V'Hu dttinik.) I'JninsliiIn, 
 
 lur iliiiif,'i'oiis, where slaves were ciiilincil and 
 
 lihaiiml at iiii,dit, and where they were soniclimes 
 
 Iniailuto work in the day, were oomnion all over 
 
 I Italy. tNihnmdla advisi^s that they he alwiiys 
 
 : uiiiler (ground (lib. i. e. li) : and remains of 
 
 lllicni are still seen in the lower stories of ancient 
 
 I kililin!,'s in Italy and .Sicily. Hundreds of slaves 
 
 Iworesiinietiinesput to death for the crime of one 
 
 ■: and they were exposed, when they eom- 
 
 Imiltcil any petty fault, to all the violence of the 
 
 |ni(i-t capricious and unrestrained despotism. 
 
 It was not uncommon in the liarharoiis n^'es to 
 limmiilate captives on the tonih of such chiefs as 
 Iliail fallen in battle; and nia.L;iiilieeiit j^'ames were 
 lel'liratfd on these ocea.sions. (Achilles sacrilieed 
 Itwilvc Trojan captives on the tomb of I'atroelus. 
 |i/i,ii/,rili. xxiii.) The Kl'idiatorial exhibit ions, so 
 Icomiiiim at Kome after the I'miic wars, seem to 
 lliave ^Town out of this practice. These were 
 Icoiilc-ls between .slaves, denominated gladiators, 
 ItraiiKil to lif,dit in public tor the amusement of a 
 |firi)cio,is populace, who took the (greatest duli;;ht 
 ■ill ilii'ir sanguinary combats. Thousiuids of ini- 
 Ifurtunatc wretches' were amninlly sacrilieed in this 
 liiihiiinan sport. After his triumph over the 
 JD,ician«, Trajan exhibited spectacles, in which no 
 ncivcr than 11,(100 wild beasts of ditlerent kinds 
 Kcrc kiljpd, and 10,000 gladiators fought. (.\(him's 
 hman Antuiuitien, p. iJlT.) 
 The cruelties intlicted on the slaves occasioned 
 |fro(iimit revolts, attended by the most dreadful 
 Vxci'sscs. Sp!irtactis, a Thracian captive, destined 
 fiir the profession of a gladiator, headed a rebellion 
 pf t;laiiiatora and .slaves, which continued for three 
 pars, and -oiiuired tdl the force of the republic to 
 •uppross. When linally defeated by (,'rassus, about 
 WO of the pladiator'a followers were nailed to 
 Iho cross, in double rows, that extended almost 
 li.'iii Capua to Kome. (Ferguson's Ilomnn Re/iiililir, 
 ■ hi.) No one acquainted with the manners of 
 picHinns can be surprised at the atrocities of 
 I niaiiy of the emperors. The wo'st of them 
 |ri'atc(l the citizens better than the latter treated 
 ilieslavcs. Humanity could not be looked for in 
 'k rulers of a state in which luimiiu lifi^ was held 
 pi contempt, and human siiffeiing made tiie stib- 
 ject uf popular sport. 
 In consequence jiartly vif their ill-usage, and 
 «rtly ol' its being accounted cheaper to buy than 
 'breed flaves, vast numbers were annually im- 
 »ned into Italy. Thrace and the countries 
 Nid the Black Sea furnished large supplies of 
 lie best slaves ; and numbers were obttiined from 
 
 12!):i 
 
 I'.gypl, .Syria, liritain, flaul, and other countries. 
 The famous islamj of Dclos, in tin? ci'utre of I hi! 
 Cyilades, was I hi- ijretitest slave m.'irket of an- 
 tiquity; lis uiiiiiy as 111,000 slaves havi' bein 
 solil there in a sii'inle day. (.Sir.iho, lib, xi\-.) 
 
 It slioiilil, hdwever, lie oliscrved, lllilt slavery 
 among ihe ancients was vitv dill'erent from 
 the slavery ,if iiioilirn times", at least finiii 
 the slavi'ry ilitit lately existed in our West 
 India islands, tli(> riVitcd Slates, (hib.i Ac 
 Slaves in anlii|iiily were phy.ically identi(!al 
 with friiiuen, and were disiTiniiiialed only by 
 peculiar marks, or by the charachrof their eiii- 
 ployniciits. (Slaves wore their beards and hiiir 
 long; and when niaiuiiiiitled, they shaved tin ir 
 he.nd and put on a cap, wIjhIi has in cunseipicnci^ 
 beciime Ihe symliid of lihi'ity. lirnlus, after the 
 assassiiijition cf (';esar, coined money, on which 
 the ligur,' iif a cjip was iinpresseil, to inilii^ate th l 
 the pi'iiple had hi-cn rcmlcred free. See Adam's 
 .l;i/i,/»///'<.<, p. .uli ; see, also, Ihirlamaijiii, J'riii- 
 ri/ifn (lit Dniil lira (lins, iv. I."! 1, where the rea,|er 
 will remark a singular error.) It was truly said 
 of them, ' Servi homilies sunt, et ii'ijik- uniim 
 laclctm biheninl, etiamsi illns niahim latum oji- 
 presserit.' (I'elroiiins, imI. jiurni. cap. 71.) lint 
 moilern slaves belong to a dilVenuit variety of the 
 linmaii race, the distinction between them and 
 Iheir niaslers being ibvioiis and striking. Owing 
 to this ditl'erence helweeu the slaves of ancient 
 and modern times, the iullueuce of slavery at the 
 two periods has been materially difl'erent. 'I'he 
 freemen of antiiiuity, who were accustomed to 
 tyrannise over persons in all respects (exc'ept 
 tlieir social rank) on a level with themselves, 
 (Miiild harilly fail to acquire a ferocity of dis- 
 position, and co.irseiiess of manner, that cither 
 disappear, or are much softened down, in a society 
 wheri^ all are eipial. Ihit such results do not 
 certainly follow lo the .same, nor perhaps to any 
 extent, I'roiii I In; practice of moih'rn slavery. In 
 this case the niaslers do not tyrannise over ther 
 equals, lint over tlios(! who dilfer from the class 
 to wliii'h they belong by the broadest and most 
 dislincllv niiirkcl characters; and their behaviour 
 towardf; their slaves is foninl to have very little 
 iiillnenee over their behaviour towards their 
 fellow-citizens. The white iiihaiiilaiiisof Virginia, 
 for extimple, so lately slaveowners, are quite as 
 gentlemanlike in tlii'ir manners, and observant of 
 the respect due to others, as their countrymen of 
 New York or New Kngland. IiuUhmI, if there be 
 any dilVerence belwcen them, it will probably be 
 found to he in favour of the former. 
 
 Although, therefore, there can be no doubt that 
 the slavi'ry that exist mI in the ancient world had 
 a hrntidising iiitluencc over the maimers of the 
 jieople, and gave them a degree of ferocity to 
 which happily we have long been strangers, it by 
 no means hdlows thiit the slavery which prevails 
 in the New World should have the same inlluence. 
 In the former case, masters and slaves were of the 
 same variety of the species; but in the latter, the 
 masters belong to one variety, and the slaves to a. 
 totally distinct, and most probably lower, variety ; 
 so that the domination of the one set, and the 
 subjection of the other, partake in some measure 
 of the character of the supremacy exercised by 
 man over the lower animals, and have com- 
 paratively little inlluence over the morals or 
 conduct of the masters. There can be no manner 
 of doubt that the slavery that existed in the 
 ancient world was unfavourable to the progress 
 of arts and industry. In the most celebrated 
 nations of antiquity, the greater number of me- 
 chanical employments ■>vore principally carried on 
 by slaves and the dregs of the free population ; 
 
 H ! 
 
 ! I ■ 
 
 •i -i 
 
■;■ J ! 
 
 / •-, 
 
 1294 
 
 SLAVES AND SLAVK TRADE 
 
 so tlmt, while the workmen employed in them 
 wore without, cnuihition or invention, the eui- 
 ploynicntH tticniHclvcs were h)oke(l upon as mean 
 una Hcrvilt". To such an extent liid thi.t prcjiidiee 
 operate, tliat in Homo, tSparta, nnd otlier ecli'- 
 brutcd Htates, ftjrricuUure and arms were llu^ oiilv 
 occnpationH that, were reckoned worthy of a frei- 
 nian, or in which ho conhl eiiga^'u without hchif^' 
 degraded. 
 
 But the principal difTerencc between tlie shivery 
 of the ancient anil modem world eon-iists in the 
 tact (Init in the tbrnier freemen were quite as will 
 wuilid as Hlaves for earryinf? on every art and 
 employnient; while in the latter the ])eeuliar 
 constitution of Iheslaves fitthem foreiiiployiiienis 
 which, though of the hif^hest importance, cannot 
 he carried on by their masters. The ^neater 
 intellifjcnce of the whites enables tliem to exercise 
 ii decided superiority over the black or coloured 
 natives of toe torrid zone, notwilhstandinn the 
 latter arc incom|)arably better adapted for the 
 ladsecutioii of those laborious occupalioris whicli 
 are iudii;enous, as it were, to the soil they «icciipy. 
 it is doubtful whether the eonstitutiim <>( tlie 
 whites will ever be so neconnnodated to the 
 elimate of the tropi<'s as to enable them to 
 eufjaf^'o in that tield labour, carried on in the 
 lower ai;d hotter districts (/icnrH.s cu/iiiitiii), which 
 is eonf;enial to the blacks. At all events, no such 
 accomuiodatiou has hitherto taken |ilace ; and, 
 therefore, it would appear that some niodilication 
 of slavcrv, or that a su[iply <if suitable compnlsory 
 labour of some sort or other, is necessary to eu;it)le 
 civilised man to occupy, nnd to turn to a uselid 
 account, some of the most fertile and exteus- '' 
 rcfjions of the earth. And hence the propriety "( 
 enquiring into the policy of institutions like this, 
 nnd of carefully considering the peculiar conditions 
 or circumstances under which they are to be acted 
 upon. Slavery in Europe may be, anil we believe 
 is (notwithstanduig the opinion of Michacllis to 
 tlie contrary), in all respects most objectionable ; 
 but it is quite another matter with slavery in 
 i,,ouisiana, Cuba, and Brazil; the circumstances 
 under which they are placed are so very different 
 from ours, that an institution exceedingly in- 
 expedient on this side the Atlantic may he 
 especially suited to them. 
 
 The establishment of Christianity contributed 
 more, perhaps, than anything else, 'first to miti- 
 gate, and finally to suppress, slavery in Europe. 
 But, witlnn no very long period after its abo- 
 lition had been completely effected in this part 
 of the world, it began to bo establisheil in 
 America. 
 
 The African Slnve Trade was commenced by 
 the Portuguese in 1442. It was, however, but 
 of trifling extent till the commencement of the 
 sixteenth century. In consequence, however, of 
 the rapid destruction of the Indians employed in 
 the mines of St. Domingo or Hayti, Charles V. 
 authorised, in 1617, the introduction into the 
 island of^African slaves from the establishnu^nts 
 of the Portuguese on the coast of (iuinea. The 
 concurrence of the emperor was obtained by the 
 intercession of the celebrated Las Casas, bishop 
 of Chiapa, who laboured to protect the Indians 
 by enslaving the Africai:s : though, as tlie latter 
 were certainly more vigorous and capable ol 
 bearing fatigue than the former, the measure 
 was not in reality so contradictory (Us it would, at 
 first sight, appear to be. (Kobertsoii's Hiator;/ 
 of America, book iii.) 
 
 The importation of negroes into the West Indies 
 anil America, having once begun, gradually in- 
 creased, untill the traflic became of great extent 
 and importance. Sir John Hawkins was the first 
 
 Englishman who engaged in it; and hv\\ 
 the ardour with whi'h our countryuien l.ill,,, 
 his t'Nample, that tin ■• exported fnim Africa m 
 than ;iO(l,()(lll slaves hveeii tlu- years klwi , 
 17(H>; and between IV and ITHtl, (ilO,OI)() Afric 
 were irn|)orted into J. uniea mil)' ; to wliji'li ,, 
 iiig till- imports into He "llier islands md i 
 continental eoloiiie>, :iiia llmse who died on t|| 
 passage, the iiuiiilier carried from Al'riijii will j 
 pear iinmenHe. (liryaii Edwards, H'mttmi of \ 
 H'mt IiKlien, ii. (11.) The ini[>«irtutionH liv (,(|] 
 nations, purticularly the Erencii luad l'iiirtuj;u,. 
 were aNo very gie.it. 
 
 We do iKit iiileiid, though tlw Mjbjfot (ic (ji 
 of llie higlifst inierest, to make any leiiplK,^! 
 en(|uiries as lo the I. ^itiuiacy or illevjitiuiiiiT, t| 
 ]i(dicy or inipoliey, •<( the slave tnuii-. W'r ma 
 jiowever, sliurtly oljx'rvi! that iheii" 'aiu li» i 
 iloubt that slavery lutw always existen: j; Aln.: 
 and it is siilliciently well known thiui )»n'''vii.ii. 
 to the comniencenieiii of tlue trathe, smim „ ;;, 
 captives t.iUen in war an eoiilkl not be adiviiimm 
 ously employed as slaves vhftii most 'tdMimiini 
 put to death — cannibalism, alie exposun- nhii 
 I i'aiils, and hiiuian r-acritieeit, Ueing then uImi-.u- 
 Ireipieut. I'lie slave tra«le, \rr wiK'iiiiig » rtau' 
 and protitalile market for slwvcs, assisU'il a 
 I putting an end lo tht^si' eiiormiraes. tbuu;;)! It lie 
 ! at the Nunc lime, irue that the di«»trc of ;prolilinj 
 by their sale lias tempted the |>wity princes to 
 make wax on ■•aeli other for the clumce of makiui; 
 captives, ajtd iiax yrjvwi a stimulus in aian-slealiii}; 
 and other atrnrrtiwi. (Gmr/rnphhul Dkliomni, 
 art. ' Africa.'/ rU<-r« cjui, however, lie »u reason- 
 alile doubt thnl.eix-.usatJun has been, on tlnivhole. 
 a/lvanced by the praeti<;e of the trjuJi It all 
 e' eiits, no evidence eialier has been, or, nvMievi', 
 .an be, produced to shi'W that the stai'' il Alrici 
 Would iiuive lieen |ierr!eprjbly improvci liaij the 
 I n«ve trail< never been (leaed'ol. Hut it is (juite 
 ivrtain, had such been the c.as ■, that tluro wuuld 
 I hierc been a wide dill'ereiice in tiiecondilioiioltbi 
 I Wftst Indies, the Southern .States of Xurtli Ani'- 
 ( ni.-ii- Brazil A... it will, we apprehciul, be timrl 
 I thar the cultusn' of sugar and other f;rf;it oolm 
 stapii'-s cannot be prolitably earrieil cm in te 
 counrrifs, nor, perhaps, anywhere within 
 ir.'pKs. without a supjily of compuiN'iry lalwurNi 
 »oiue sort, or other (see ante,Ci.)U)Siio;. Xeitlifr 
 we apprehend, can there be a qucstnm ihat I 
 extensive culture of these staples ass 
 greatly to the comforts and convenie*(*s 
 uihaibitanits of most civilised coiintti«i; »1 
 this additjiin to their enjoyments has be«ieffi«» 
 with«»ut injury lo the slaves, it will nut Iv '■■ 
 a matu-r a.* has been supposed to show 
 policy of the trade. But those who cnquir? i 
 passionately into the subject will iimbiiblyion! 
 to the cirticlut^ion that, instead of licinp injurf 
 the slaves have gained by being carried rriim t 
 Old to the New World. Speaking generally 
 negriK's are in the lowest stale of aba-i 
 possessing in#?rely the rudiments of the rmst ' 
 dispensabU; arts, a prey to the > W>i saMcrsiitii 
 and tyranny. Aitliout any tinetiirc of lo.imin. 
 and with littlv '<r no regard for the fatiirt, 
 circumstances uiiiler which they are j/'acoil 
 their native land may, perhaps, account for I 
 low^ state in which we find them ; but, lioiferi 
 explained, the genuine negroes of Africa an' 
 milled, even by iIiom least inclined todeprf; 
 tlieni, to be, for the most [>ari , ' cither iVrni ' 
 savages, or stupid, sensual, or indolent.' (Fnc 
 ■.iri\, //istori/nfAfn,. ii 2;W, ;ird ed.) K-wplii 
 the violence done to their habits and indiiiatioi 
 no one who knows anylhin.-C of their i<talo 
 Africa and in the westerli hemisphere cuiipossit 
 
 .)! l!,'. 
 
 ;il;- 
 
 Tt 
 
 ■It 
 
 "it 
 
 ■*. L 
 
SLAVES AND SLAVK TRADE 
 
 pnuagcd in it; »"•! *•"':'> wu 
 hi, h our comitrymoii follnwc! 
 hfv exixirtftl t'r'"" Africa mon 
 
 17, iiiul l7W),tilO,0(H)Al>vari~ 
 ,J: iinifiU "Illy ; lowliiih v'.l- 
 „(,, n .itlicr i^undu iinil •;„• 
 ■s iiid lli'iHti who (linl III! t;,.;- 
 „.'r'ciirricil from Alriwi will ;, 
 Hrviin KdwaMs, Wi.irin/ i.nd, 
 |\' 'I'lic ii\i[«irtuli<>ii» liy mhi: 
 ■I'v the Frencii ami I'nirtu^u.-t, 
 
 ■mi, tliouMjli ll>*' H«l'ji'rt bo w 
 iicr'cs!. to miiUf amy leii)r.lifiini 
 ,. l^.^tiinufV or illfSitiniiirv, tlie 
 
 V ,rf llic sliive truii. We may. 
 ' obf-'rvt^ lluit ihi'i"' •aiii I" iw 
 
 V \\iui iilwnvs cxist.cJi x, M'ma; 
 itlv wfll Utiown tlmv. \)»--:m-v 
 ■niViH "1' t'"*' trutli's ^<mui\ oiilif 
 
 I war as> »'""i<l "••' '"' a't'^'^iW- 
 iis slav<':< \vwre in>ist '<iiiimiimly 
 aiinilialt-'i"' «li« i-xiioxoK' '" «'■ 
 
 II ,-acrili«»'S '>«->«'K tl>''» u''" ■" 
 
 slave trade, l.v «lR'iiini; u rf: 
 
 markcl lor slwves, us»i*Uil j 
 to ihtM' cnorniuuws. tlioii};li itit 
 (. nrw iliat I lie iteniru of '.'rolilii;; 
 iiH wmvtotl till', r«ty priiHfs 1 . 
 c'h other lor the clni«s<:c "t masins 
 ,„ csveii a stimiiluH lo iiiaii-slealiii}; 
 frtirs. (Giwjrnpliirat Dictiomn. 
 
 TW-r« c-4111, however, be no reason- 
 .eivasxatuon has heen, on tlic wholf, 
 he i)racti<!e of the tradf At all 
 ,.„,.,. eiaher has been, or, we Wicvo. 
 ,,l,osh.'W that the stai.M.l Alnca 
 pen ner-'ieptiblv improvci liad ihc 
 ;er heeu Maud ol. Hat it is .imti> 
 ich been the c.as ■, that tlimMNou (l 
 (le (lifl'erciUM- m tliecondUioii"ltlii 
 he Southern Htates of Xoith A""- 
 It will. «■<■ aiiprcheiuUwt.w.l 
 re of .suuar and other jrreat col.miiu 
 'be prolitably carried "" |" "'f* 
 perhaps, anywhere withm tkc 
 
 , i.upplvofcompul...rylal«ur. 
 
 'L,r(.Uante,CoiA.N.H.>Vite, 
 
 cai» there boa q"f"™'",: 
 ture of these staples Ms a 
 comforts and convemeote^ ^ i 
 most .'ivilised counttie*. ac,l.i 
 ;.,eniovmentsha8be«ueff««^ 
 .,, the olives, it will tH.tb.M>,.^ 
 ,s been svipp-sed to show r^.«- 
 tiide Birt those who cnqur?o,r 
 , to the subject will probably c.d.' 
 
 " ,that,irLteadofbeit^n,,a«i 
 ,. trained by beinscrrtcd ; 
 
 la,,,l ...»y, |»rl,.|* ««»""£*| 
 „r ttie most pan . eitlicr iir , , 
 
 b' 
 
 doubt that they have Kained most rantcrially by 
 
 thiir transference to the latter. 
 
 lint, snpposin>r their eliaracter to be such as 
 ronri'scntcil, still it may be contended that their 
 weakness or inferiority givea the whites no riylit 
 to lord it over them, to convey thctii to foreiftn 
 countries, and to reduce them to n state of bond- 
 n.re; and "" •h'ul't it i»< exceedingly dillicult to 
 «iH'cifv ill how far the civilised portion of mankind 
 mav be entitled to control those that are decidedly 
 le,^ iiitellifient and advanced than themselves. 
 Iliat they have done so from the carlipst a^es is, 
 hnwever, indisputable ; and everyone who has any 
 ai<|iiaintaiu'e, however alight, witii tiie history of 
 .(icictv, is aware that the consecpiences of this 
 ,„ntrol have lieen in the hi(;hest degree advan- 
 la'ciMis; for, lliougli polished nations h.'ivo too 
 
 ,;un abused their superior power and intelli- 
 irencc. still it is abundantly certain that but for 
 tiwirdictalini,' to and subjugating others, half the 
 
 vior, 
 
 sovoro penal law against the trade. No diud)t, 
 too, the slave population in Cuba and Krazil has 
 of lat(^ been (|uito large enough to furnish, with 
 proper treatment, an adequate supply of labourers, 
 how rapidly soe.'er we may suppose them to 
 advance in tin.' career of imiustry. 
 
 We have ventured to submit" these statement.-* 
 to the consideration of the reader, not because 
 wo have any desire to extenuate the evils in- 
 separable from a state of slavery, or the cruelties 
 of which slave-dealers and slavt -proprietors may 
 bo justly accused. Hut. after making every 
 allowance for these drawbacks, it is evident, if 
 the iireceding statements be well founded, that 
 slavery as it 1ms existed in more modern times, 
 and stdl more as it might bo established, is not 
 tlicun(|ualilied abuse it has almost uniformly been 
 represented. On the contrary, we are disposed 
 to regard it as being, under jiroper modilica- 
 tions, all but indispensable to the prolitable eiilti- 
 
 iwilised world wotihl at this moment liav(' been | vation of the western countries in which it is still 
 
 ■or the most pan . >- "•- , ^^.i 
 
 7^ ---i,- r" S KxS4 
 
 ilonetotlKM-habtsan J 
 
 knows anythm.- '' f'[,,„o»iHrI 
 , the western hcmi'^pbcre can po.. .^ 
 
 iiomtrsed ill the grossest barbarism. Ihit w itbout 
 HiM-rin^' into any di.-eiissioii respecting tbi^ appli- 
 ,ation "f tliis princiide in the (;ase of Africa, it 
 1- eaouRli to know that the Kuropeans did not 
 untftnat'' ^''"^■'"T '" '•'"*'' continent; the Africans 
 ifne enslaved and disposed of as other goods and 
 flwtcls for centuries l-xfore they began to be pur- 
 ihaiwd liy the former: and the conduct of the 
 wniips is to be determined by the nature of the 
 irtatmcnt which the slaves received at their 
 liamla. 
 
 Now, though it be abundantly certain tl»at this 
 ;uis birn on the whole indulgent, it is not to be 
 denied 1 hat very many enormities have been per- 
 pctratcil. which the law should have prolii-ited 
 anil severely punished. The crowding of sUves 
 losethcr in their passage across the Atlantic, and 
 the enieltios which some worthless masters have? 
 tan accustomed to commit, are of this descrip- 
 tiun. But these ontragf-s are not of the essence 
 of slavery; and they might and should, no 
 doubt, have been suppressed. An institution is 
 not to be confounded with its abuse. The object 
 ofthc slave trade was to procure a supply of 
 compulsory labourers for the service of the colon - 
 iit.sin the' West Indies and other tropical coun- 
 trici; but it did mit, therefore, follow that the 
 colonist,') were to lie under no restraint, either as 
 i«i the methods by which they sought to firocure 
 fiich bondmen, or as to the power wliich they 
 niif;ht exercise over them. 
 
 Neither docs it follow, because the slave trade 
 may have been for the general advantage of man- 
 kind at a particular period, that it should lie 
 iiidelinitely extended. When as large a supply 
 "f negroes lias been importeil as may be necessary 
 to supply it.s markets with labour, there can be ho 
 good reason for allowing their further importation 
 into a country, at the same time that there seem 
 to be sundry good reasons why it should be put 
 a stop to. " By jireventing the importation of 
 fresh slaves, the proprietors may find it for their 
 interest to te more attentive to the condition of 
 those already in their po.ssession than they might 
 i otherwi.« be ; for it is evident that in such cases 
 they cotfl'l only look to ihe natural increase of 
 their slaves for a supply of labour in future, and 
 that they could not expert to supply by foreign 
 1 imp'Ttalions the place of those who might perish 
 I by had treatment. On these' grounds we are in 
 flinc/f (/( tbiiik that the English and Americans 
 I act<;d yvit^, r,in»/. (18 muoli prudence as humanity, 
 j in fnrbiddiii)£, in 1«()7, the further importation of 
 slaves into their dcininions. In consequence of 
 the operations of our cnusers in lirazilian waters, 
 I the Braziliiin Government in 18.")0 also pa.sscd a 
 
 met with. It is to no purpose to say that free 
 labour is cheapi'r than slave labour. ' We more 
 lliiin ddiibt whc^tlier, when applied to them, there 
 be any fuundation for sueli a statement; but that 
 is retilly immaterial, the fact being, that, were 
 slavery abolished, few or no free labourers would 
 be found to engage in the great departments oF 
 initiistry carried on in the slave-holding countries. 
 It wocdd, indeed, be a contradiction and an absur- 
 dity tn' suppose that it should be- otherwise. In 
 countriws with a fruitful soil and under a tropical 
 sun, the principal wants of the inhabitants are 
 supplied with but little exertion, and the dolce 
 farnicnte is their littmmurn bonum. In sucli situ- 
 ations industry is a sickly jdant; and instead of 
 employing their surplus lime in the production 
 of articles of ostentation and luxury, the inhabi- 
 tants most commonly waste it in idleness and 
 apathy. Were ll>e slaves cmipletely emancipated 
 in Brazil, as tiny iiave lately been in the Southern 
 States of America, and are about to be in Cuba, it is 
 all but certain that the culture of sugar and cotton 
 would be as completc-Jy abandoned in them as in 
 Ha^■ti. And if the change were accompanied by 
 a •.oiisiderablc improvement in the condition of 
 tiin' black population, the sacrilice might not, 
 perti«|is, be deemed too great. Hut where is the 
 ground for supposing that such wouhl be the 
 case ? Indeed the fair presumption seems to bo 
 the other waj-. hittle, at all events, would be 
 paineil by turning a laborious well-fed slave 
 into an idle, improvident, and perliops beggarly 
 freeman. 
 
 There may, however, be such a thing in a 
 colony as a quasi emancipation of .slaves, or, which 
 is the same thing, regulations may be enacted 
 giving the slaves freedom, and at tho same time 
 excluchng them from the possession of that which 
 can alone make that freedom of any practical 
 value. Speaking generally, the blacks in our 
 colonies have litth^ or no capital ; and, therefore, 
 they must live either by occupying patclies of" 
 lanil on their own .account, or by working for 
 others. And provided they be debarred, by 
 regulations ellectiial to their object, from actpiiring 
 or occupying sniiill portions of land, they will 
 necessarily bo compelled, how much soever they 
 may dislike it, to en;;iige as labourers on the 
 estates of others. This, liowevcr, is probably the 
 very worst .sort of compulsory labour. It gives 
 the blacks enough of freedom to make them in 
 the last degree dissatisfied with th.: regulations by 
 whii li it is sought practically to nullify it, and 
 makes fhein ;il once discontented, retVsictory, and 
 idle. Ihlf, wretched as it is, we fvljeve that at 
 this moment the obstacles that have been and 
 
 M 
 
1 
 
 1206 
 
 SLAVES AND SLAVE TRADE 
 
 
 ■ . I 
 
 may bo tlirown in flic wny of llio Idacka obtnininK 
 Viitclics (if land nro the priiicinttl (l(>p(!ii(lonco (if 
 tliQ coldiii.tlH in uur West India ixlandH for tliu 
 contiiiucd ciilturo of colonial HtapIcH, 
 
 W'ithont entering; fiirtlior on a Hiilijcpt wliicli 
 would roquiro n lon^ rn<ay for itw discnssion, wu 
 may remark tliat a f;ood work on tli(! Hiilijcct of 
 Hluvory is a dcsidtTalinn wliicli will not, iirolmliiy, 
 liu speedily HMppiicd. In this country it lias liccn 
 trratod as if it wore ('vcry\vlii'r(^ tiic same, and 
 as if it. were in cvitv case an unmixed evil, 
 and an outrage on liumanity. 'I'iiis, liow- 
 vvvr, is lo confonnd tlio most oljvions (iistiiiction.s, 
 to Hulistitntc ftlmse for reasoning, assertion for cn- 
 <piirv, and prejudice for principle. Those who 
 i'liipiire dispassionately into the matter will, per- 
 haps, sec aliiindant reason for agreeing in opinion 
 wilh Mii'liaelis and (Irotiiis (l)e Jure JMlifhh. ii. 
 cap. 27), that while slavery has its evils, it may 
 also have its advantages, and that if there be 
 countries and states of society in which the former 
 very decidedly preponderate, there are those also 
 in which the preponderance is ns certainly on the 
 side of the latter. 
 
 Abolition of the Slave TrtiiU: — Notwitlistanding 
 the sanction it received from Tarlianient, and the 
 .snpinencss of the public, the slave tradi; was frc- 
 <|nently denounced by dislingiii.shcd individuals, 
 in this and other countries, as essentially cruel 
 and unjust. 
 
 The tirsi niof ion with relation to it in Parliament 
 was made in 177(j ; but the subject was not taken 
 up systematically till 1787, when a committee 
 was formed, of which Mr. (Jranville Sharp and 
 Mr. Clarkson, whose names arc imperishably 
 associated with the abolition of the slave trade, 
 were members. This committee collected some 
 highly coloured evidence of tlii^ enormities produced 
 by the trade, which they circulated throughout 
 the country, and thereby succeeded in making a 
 great impression on the public mind. After a 
 number of witnesses on both sides had been ex- 
 amined before the Privy Council, Mr. Wilberforce, 
 on May 12, 178!), moved a series of resolutions 
 condemnatory of the traffic. They were supported 
 by Mr. Burke, Mr. Pitt, and Mr. Fox. IJnt not- 
 withstanding the resolutions were carried, nothing 
 was done to give them effect. The friends of the 
 trade having obtained leave to produce evidence 
 at the bar of the House, contrived to interpose so 
 many delays that the session passed off without 
 anything being done. In the following sessions 
 the struggle was continued with various success, 
 but without any definite result. At length the 
 triumph of the abolitionists was linally con- 
 Biimmated in 1807 ; a bill for the total and imme- 
 diate abolition of the slave trade, having been 
 carried in both Houses by immense majorities, 
 received the royal assent on March 25, being the 
 last Act of the administration of Mr. Vox. and 
 Lord Cireiiville. 
 
 America abolished the slave trade at the same 
 time as England. 
 
 But notwithstanding what had been done, 
 further measures were soon discovered to be 
 iieccssarj'. The Spanish and the Portuguese 
 continued to carry on the trade to a, greater 
 extent than ever ; and British subjects did not 
 hesitate, under cover of their flags, to become 
 jiartners in their adventures. An eftbctual stop 
 was put to this practice in 1811, by the enactment 
 of a law introduced by Mr. (afterwards I^rd) 
 Brougham, that made trading in slaves punishable 
 by transportation for 14 years, or by confinement 
 to hard labour for a term of not more than 6 years 
 nor less than 3 years. And since that jjeriod the 
 British Government has zealously exerted itself 
 
 for the suppression of the slave tr.idfi in ( 
 part of the world. But, in dcli.iiicc of its r| 
 considerable numbers of slaves continued fiiri 
 years lo I'" carried across the* Atlantic to I 
 and ('uba, and it will be no easv matter w 
 to suppress the trade. Provided, Indeed, t|iO| 
 Powers were to con(?ede a mutual right oCu* 
 and lo make the trafllc in slaves piracy, it n 
 be elTectually imt down ; but there art' all bn 
 siiperable prejudices and jealousies in thcMj 
 their consenting to adopt such measiin's, 
 llandinel's work on the Slave Trade cunliiins 
 clearest and best exposition that is aiiywiici 
 be found of its rise, progress, and siippri'iis 
 and of the cll'orts made by the British (jIovltiih 
 lo induce other nations to abandon it.) 
 
 The British laws relative to the slavp ti 
 were consolidated by the Act r)(ieo. IV. c, 113, 1 
 as the greater part of this Act was siiperspilec 
 the slaliite for tli(! extinction of slavery (3 
 Win. IV. c. 7.'t)i we shall merely lay before 
 reader the clauses still in force relating to deal 
 in slaves. 
 
 JJeiiliiii/ in Slaves in the IHtjh Sem ^'e. i„ 
 deemed Pirari/. — And if any subject or siibjpcti 
 his Majesty, or any person or jx^rsons rpsillinr; 
 being within any of the dominions, forts, sen 
 mcnts, factories, or territories, now or lierem 
 belonging to his Majesty, or being in his Majesii 
 occupation or possession, or under the governrnJ 
 of the United Company of Merchants of Kii-;|ji 
 trading to the East Indies, shall, except in sii. 
 casea as are by this Act permitted, after Januari' 
 1825, upon the high seas, or in any liavcn, rivi 
 creek, or place where the admiral liasjurisdictM 
 knowingly and wilfully carry away, coinvv, i 
 remove, or aid or assist in carrying awiiv.oii 
 veying, or removing, any person 'or wrsoiiV «j : 
 slave or slaves, or for the purpose of lii'i, her.n 
 their being imported or brought as a Am a 
 slaves into any island, colony, country, tprritni 
 or place whatsoever, or for the piir|iii.*i.i I 
 her, or their being sold, transferred, used, or Ju 
 with as a slave or slaves ; or shall, after the- 
 January 1, 1825, except in such cassis asar.' 
 this Act permitted, upon the high seas (inni, 
 the jurisdiction aforesaid, knowingly and wiltiij 
 ship, embark, receive, detain, or coiili'iio, or assi' 
 shipping, embarking, receiving, detainini.',oro. 
 fining, onboard any ship, vessel, or boat, anvfifr- 
 or persons for the purpose of his, her, ortheir he.: 
 carried away, conveyed, or removed as a slave 
 slaves, or for the purpose of his, her,orlli(irb«: 
 imported, or brought as a slave or slaves inios 
 island, colony, coun:ry, territory, or fiiao'tij 
 soever, or for the purpose of his, her, ur : 
 being sold, transferred, used, or dealt niih a 
 slave or slaves ; then and in every sucIkkmi 
 persons so offendiiuj shall be deenifj and adjuk 
 yudty of piracy, felony, and robberv, amilo) 
 voiivirted thereof shall suffer death williMthitj 
 of derffy — and loss of lands, goods, and chaltsk! 
 pirates, felons, ond robbers upon the seastnisi 
 to siifTer. (Sec. 9.) 
 
 Persons dealing in Slaves, or eiportiiij c" 
 porting Slaves ij-c. puilttf of felu!ii/.—.\:\Hi:^ 
 m such special cases as ,'re by this Act iwmiii* 
 if any persons shall deal or trade in. purtte 
 sell, Ijarter, or transfer, or contract for thoW 
 or trading in, purchase, sale, barter, or irawfe 
 slaves, or persons intemli-d to be dealt mili; 
 slaves ; or .shall, otherwise than as aforsi 
 carry away or remove, or contract for Ihemr 
 ing away or removing of slaves or otlifrKU* 
 as or in order to their being dealt with assllt*^^ 
 or shall inport or brinu, or contract to ' 
 importing or bringing, into any place wliatiofll 
 
1 of the slftvc trade in t\m 
 
 Hut, in (li'tl.mce of itH c<Xm^. 
 
 prs of Hlftvca continued fur main 
 
 d ncross tlio* Atlantic to Itni/d 
 
 will lie nocaHV niallprwluiliv 
 dc I'rovidi'd, iiidppd, tlioj;r.at 
 mcVde a niutunl rinlit of scan li, 
 ralllc in idavcs piracy, it miii,1,.. 
 
 down ; »)ut tlicre arc all l.ul m- 
 ci'snnd joulousics in tlicway.i 
 
 to atlol.t siH'l" nicasurr.. ^Mr, 
 m til'! Slave 'l'ra<lo conliinw ih, 
 
 cxportition timt is aiiywlun' ii 
 
 rise, pronrosM, and Kiipiirr«4i 
 
 made bv llie Uritisli (ioveniiuin'. 
 lations to uliandoii it.) 
 „w» relative to the slayo trade 
 iH.vtlin Act r.deo.lV.o.llo. liar, 
 irtof this Act was Hupcrwlcl I; 
 the extinction of 8lavery (;1>H 
 we shall merely lay licforo ih- 
 c» still in f<'f*;c relating to dcaliii;' 
 
 laves in the lli'lh Saa ^-c. I,, h 
 _\nd if any subject or siibii-cmf 
 any person or persons rosidiiw.* 
 iiV of the dominions, forts, mt'.e- 
 I or territories, now or litreimii 
 a Majesty, or beinf,' in hn Majc^tvi 
 .oascssion, or under the B(.vcrmn™t 
 'onipany of Merchants of l.iiitol 
 Eiist Indies, shall, ex.-cpt in sri 
 this Act permitted, after January 1, 
 > hiirh seas, or in any liavcn, niu 
 "•where the admiral lias juri^lifiM, 
 1 wilfuUv carry away, comvy, i 
 d or assist in carrying' a^n). on 
 lovinK, any person or Frs"ii< i* i 
 s or for the purpose of lii^-.lior,! 
 niported or brought as a Avni \ 
 nvisliind, colony, country, tfrnw. 
 fsoever, or f..r the puri,o.*.lU 
 ,einL' sold, transferred, iis(>(l,orJ.M 
 ■eorsluves; or shall, after the »ii 
 i->-}, except in such case's ware t 
 ,itted,,ipon the hi^h sens orMH 
 Ml aforesaid, knowiiiKly and wWr 
 receive, detain, or eouliiio, nr ai'i'tn 
 jarUinK, receiving, detaining, ot» 
 d aiiv ship, vessel, or boat, anyp'ti 
 "bSosc^'flii; her, Ortega 
 conveyed, or removed as a sb«< 
 
 'trpuvposeofhis,herorthe.tN 
 brought as a slave or slaves into..y 
 
 country, territory, or l,la«*• 
 ^' Xc purpose of his, hor, or tke 
 
 l^insL'^.d.^scd, or dealt iv.t>^ 
 
 PS- then and in every sue. a.^^ 
 
 n Ji,u, shall be <hemf'''>'l''<'m 
 
 :ii^,:;Si:n&.anarS 
 
 H, and robbers upon the scajM»i 
 
 •ial cases as .'re by this Act J^JI 
 ,„s shall deal or trade inpm» 
 or transfer, or contract fotkg 
 „, purchase, sale b.m;r,^r.^ 
 
 persons inteiKled '■'••"'"'" ,f„g,il, I 
 
 '^shall, otherwise than a> f'^l 
 
 or remove or ..nra; J- 
 
 r removiiii; of »"'^,'"^,''' ■,|, j5s||«ii| 
 er to their being dealt >>t«^^l 
 
 ,port ot brinu, or "^"^ I'^^U 
 ; bringing, into any plaM«»'' 
 
 SLAVlvS AND SLAVI': TUADK 
 
 1 -'97 
 
 . laves or other (lersons, ns or In order to their 
 |,.iiij; dealt with as hIiivcs; or sliidl. otherwise 
 than as aforesjild. ship, Irmiship, embark, receive, 
 (li'tiiiii, or eoiirine on hoard, or eoiilract for the 
 »hi|i|iint:, transhipping, I'lnbarkin;.', receiving, 
 il^iiiiiiiiig, or conliiiiiig oil board of any ship, 
 ,(.-si'l, or Imi.iI. slaves or other persons, tor the 
 Hirrfsp of tlnir being carrii'd away or reiiioveil, 
 ns.rinordor to their being dealt with as slaves; 
 „r>hnll ship, tranship, embark, receive, detain, or 
 iinlim: <in board, or contract for the sliipping, 
 iraiisliipping, embarking, receiving, (letaiuing, or 
 nmliniiig on board of any ship, vessel, or boat, 
 saves <ir oilier persons, for lluj purpose of their 
 liiiii;; ini|iertcd or bnnight into any place wliatso- 
 ivcr. asor in order to their biding dealt with as 
 •lave^; or shall lit ont, man, navigate, Cfpiip, 
 ,! -patch, use. employ, let, or take to freight or on 
 lire, iir contract for the litliiig out, nianiiing, 
 lavi^'aling, eipiipping. despatching, using, eiii- 
 ]iliiviiit,', Kiting, or taking to freight, or on hire, 
 aiiv ship, vessel, or boat, in order lo accoinidlsli 
 anvef the objectM, or the contracts in rel;itioii to 
 ilii' olijecis, which (ibjects and contracts have 
 lureiiiliefiire been declared unlawful; or sli.-ill 
 kniiwiiit;ly and wilfully lend or advance, or be- 
 fimii' security for the loan or advance, or contract 
 |i,r llie lending (iv advancing, or bccoiniiig se- 
 turitv lor llie Icin or advani'e of money, goods, or 
 (Hi'its employed or to be employed in nccom- 
 fli-iiin!; iiiiv of ll.e objects, or the contracts in 
 rilalioii to the objects, wdiich objects niid con- 
 traits have hereinbefoio been declared unlawful ; 
 ir shall knowingly and wilfully become guarantee 
 iir-i'(iirityiOr contract for the liecomingguarante(' 
 nr weiirity, for agents employed or to be employed 
 ia a'oomplishing any of the objects, or the con- 
 tracM in relation to the idijecfs, which objects and 
 iiracts have hereinbefore been declared nnlaw- 
 I !ul, r in any other manner to engage, or contract 
 I lo ni(;ft;,'(', directly or indirectly, therein, as n 
 iaitiKT, agent, or otherwise ; or shall knowingly 
 aiii wilfully ship, tranship, lade, or receive or 
 |iit iin biinnl, or contract for the shipping, tran- 
 Ail.]iiiig, hiding, receiving, or putting on board of 
 any ship, vessel, or boat, money, goods, or etl'ects, 
 I 111 lie employed in acconipli-bing any of the 
 iljiels, or the contracts in vekition to the objecfs, 
 I wliiehohjects and contracts have bereinbefore been 
 1 ikliireil luilawrul ; or shall lake tlic charge orcoin- 
 linaiiil, or navigate or enter and embark on board, 
 I or contract for the taking the charge or command, 
 lorfirthn n.ivigating or entering and embarking 
 loa biianl of any ship, vessel, or boat, as captain, 
 Inia^tor, male, surgeon, or supercargo, knowing 
 jthat siieli ship, vessel, rir boat is actually ein- 
 jll'iycd, or is in the same voyage, or up<ni tbc 
 jranic occasion, in respect of ivliich they slirJl so 
 llala' the charge or command, or navigate or enter 
 j.imi cmtiark, or contract ,so to do as aforesaid, 
 jinlcndeJ to he employed in accomplishing any of 
 Ithc olijccts, or the contracts in relation to the ob- 
 lj«ts, which olijecis and contracts have hereiiibe- 
 Ifiirebocii declared unlawful; or shall knowingly 
 Inndivilfully insure, or contract for the insuring, 
 |«f any slaves, or any )iroperty or other subjc<'t- 
 Iniatter engaged or employed" in accomplisliiiig 
 Inriynf the objects, or the contracts in relation to 
 Ithc ohjcct?, I'vliich objects and contracts have 
 Ikri'inbeforc been declared unlawful; or shall 
 liviiliilly and fraiulnlcntly forgo or countcrl'eii. any 
 Ttrtilicaie, corlillcale of valuation, sentence or 
 jOtirte of condemnation or restitution, copy of 
 pentpiice or decree of condemnation or restitulion. 
 pr a;iy receipt (such reciipts being required by 
 Jis AcH. or any part of such certilicate, cortili- 
 K^e of vahiatiun, sentence or decree of condeni- 
 
 nalioii or reslitiilioii, cupv of sentence or ilecrci) 
 
 of condcmiiiilinn or re>titutioii, or receij)t as al'ore- 
 
 ' said : or shall knowingly and wilfully utter or 
 
 publish the same, knowing it lo be " forged or 
 
 'counterfeited, with intent to defraud his .M.ijesly, 
 
 I or any oilier person or persons whatsoever, or any 
 
 body politii! or corpor.iie; tbcii, and in every siicU 
 
 ' case, the persons so olt'endiiig, and their proenrers, 
 
 , coun,s(dlors, aiders, and abettors, shuil hr fi/ims, 
 
 iiiiU sliiill hr tniiis/mrtid (iiT a term not exeecliiig 
 
 1 I years, or shall be conlined a, id kep* lo bard 
 
 labour for a term not exceeding .") or less than 11 
 
 years, at the disiTetion of the court bifire whom 
 
 I such ofl'eiidcrs ^llall be tried. (.Sec. IIM 
 
 I SftiiiiiH i,-i\ serviiiji on Initirtl mirli Sliip% ijiiilt;/ 
 
 I of MMvmninor. — And Ce\eepl in siieli siiecial 
 
 ! caseii or for siudi special piiposes as arc by this 
 
 Act permitti'd) if any person shall eiilr'r and 
 
 embark on board, or contract for the entering ami 
 
 embarking on board of any ship, ve-si-l, or boat, 
 
 as petty ollicer, seaman, marine, or servant, or in 
 
 any other capacity not licreiubelore specitically 
 
 nienlioned, knowing that such ship, vessel, lir 
 
 boat is actually employed, or is in the same 
 
 voyage, or upon the saiiii' occisiou. in respe.'t of 
 
 wliii^li tliey shall so enter anil enibiirk on board, 
 
 or contract so to do as aforesaid, inl ended to be 
 
 eniployiid in accomplishing any of the objects, or 
 
 the contracts in relation to the object-, wh;. Ii 
 
 I objects and contract have liereinbiforu been de- 
 
 "■lared unlawful; I hen. and in every such case, 
 
 I the persons so oflciidini!;, and their procurers, 
 
 counsellors, aiders, and abettors, shall be giiiliy of 
 
 j a misdemeanor only, and shall be punished" by 
 
 I imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 vears. 
 
 i(Sec. 11.) 
 
 I Aliulit'um of Sliivvrij.- ' I'e have already alluded 
 (ante, Coi.oniksi toihe iieniorable Act'of \WSi, 
 for the abiilition of slavery thrinighont the 
 liritisli colonies. In enaciiiig this celebrated 
 statute, Parliament endeavoured to reconcile tho 
 apparently conllicting claims of bniiiaidly ai:d 
 justice, by providing for the emancipation of the 
 slaves, wilbont iirejndice to tli", just rights and 
 claims of their proprietors. 'J'liis was ell'ecled by 
 assigning to the latter the sum of tmnti/ miHio)is 
 sterling, wliicli w.is distributed amongst them on 
 their comidyiiig with the provi.-ions of the Act. 
 This is. ])erhaps. ilip greatest |iecuniarv s;icrilico 
 ever v<diiiitarily made by any nation in vindica- 
 tion of tho right of pr iperly. IJut it was not too 
 great for the olije<'t in view: for had that right 
 been viol.ited in this instance, a precedent would 
 have been set for iis violation in others, and the 
 Consequences would have been most disastrous. 
 The measure, in fact, reflects quite as miicii 
 credit on the wisdom and himesty, as on the 
 generosity, of the liritisli nation. In addition to 
 the famous statutes already cited, we may men- 
 tion that the following also bear on tiie sub- 
 ject viz., i> & C> Vict, c, 101, for preventing 
 the importation of slaves into India by sen, 
 G & 7 Vict, c, 08, and H & \) Vict, c. 'J.'j"ss. 88 
 and 89. 
 
 We gave, in the previous cilitiim of this work, 
 an abstract of this celebrated statute, to which 
 wc beg to refer the reader who may wish to 
 become minutely iuqnainted ivith its provisions. 
 It is siillicient, now, to mention tliiit it enacteil 
 that .slavery should cease in all our possessions on 
 .\ugust 1, I8:il ; when the slaves were to become 
 apprenticed labourers, their fin.al and complolo 
 eni;incipati.)ii taking place partly on August 1, 
 1838, and partly on August 1," 1840. Ihit a 
 c!am(nir having been raised against the duration 
 of ♦lie apprenticeship, its period was shortened, 
 and the blacks became nniversallv free in 1838, 
 40 
 
 (I 
 
 ^^ ! 
 
 ■^H: 
 
I> • 
 
 f 
 
 4 
 ( 
 
 i 
 
 \: : 
 
 1208 
 
 Ditt'ihution 
 
 HMAT/rZ 
 
 nf Slave ('i)mitcn.iiiliiiii,~-'l'\\p 
 (MiiiiiniN!4iiiiu'r.s tor (lies nppiii'lioiiiiicnt of (lii< 
 •.'O.iioc UUit/, K'"aiit''il '>>■ I'arliiiiiii'iit, as (•oiiipen- 
 Hiitioii to (tluvo owiicri, uinlcr tlin Act ;i A l Win. 
 JV, V, 73, iHiiuiHl the l'ulli(wiM({ Tublu, Mliuwiiig tlio i nri'ivt'tl by eiicii colimy, 
 
 MMUOflMNfi 
 
 iivcrnccn Vftliio ..f a xliivo iu ciu'li oolimy ; ihn 
 liiimlxT of (tiavr.i ill oacli ; {':,.•• Intal viiliic of i|j^, 
 Hlnvt's, Niipiiosiii)^ tlio uiiniiiil vuluo iil' cikIi weti; 
 rciiliHcil; itiiil till! priiportiuii of tlio 2O,U00,wa/| 
 
 Colony 
 
 lt*rmu(l« • 
 
 )1.ih.imiu • 
 
 .I.ITII.lll'H 
 
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 DuriiiB the civil war in the United .Stnlos of 
 Aiiicricn, II law was paa.sod aliiilishinK ulavcry 
 tlir(iii(4;liout llii.s li'rrilory, uiiil llu'Xi! can lie lilthi 
 (limhr, lliat tlic .Spanish ruviilulioii of IHtlH will 
 lend ti) tlii> fxtiiR'tiiin of .slavery in Cuba. 
 
 SMAi;r/ (ir .S.MALT ((icr. sclmiaiz; Dutch, 
 small; Kr. smalt; Ilal. smaltii az/urni, suiallino; 
 Span, esnialli.', u/.ul a/.iir; lluss. Inziir;. An (ixidc 
 of odbatt, ini'ltcd with sihci'ims carlh iiiiil putasli. 
 U is a sort of kIiihs, oi' a bcantiftil deep bliiu 
 ccilour; and bciiij; ;^roiind very line, is known by 
 tluMiamc of powikr blue. The colour of small/ 
 is not airect'.'d by lire; and it is consequently in 
 ureal demand in the paintiiif,' of earthenware. 
 It is also employed in the colouring,' of paper, and 
 for other purposes in the artii. ISoeidnann lia.s 
 proved lliat tlie, jiroccss used in the prejiaration 
 of snialtz was invented about tiie end of the l.'jth 
 or ihe botjinninK of the Kith century ; and that 
 the blue f^lass of tiio ancients owes its colour, not 
 to the presence of cobalt or of sinaltz, but to that 
 of iron. {/list, of Jnventiuns, vol. ii. art. ' Coljalt.') 
 Snialtz is principally nianufactiirod in (jer- 
 many and Norway. 700 cwt., of the value of 
 r),3(!i!/., were imported into the United Kingdom in 
 1807, and the exports in the same year amounted 
 to .50 cwt. 
 
 .SMLKUiLING. Tlie ofl'enee of importing pro- 
 liiliited articles, or of defraiiding the revenue liy 
 the introduction of articles into consumption, 
 without paying the duties chargeable upon them. 
 It may be' committed indifferently either upon 
 the excise or customs revenue. 
 
 Origin and prevention of SmuijijUng. — Tiiis 
 crime, which occupies so prominent a place in the 
 criminal legi.slation of all modem states, is wholly 
 tlie result of vicious commercial and linancial 
 legislation. It is the fruit either of prohi- 
 bitions of importation, or of opprcs.sively high 
 duties. It docs not originate in any depravity 
 inherent in man; but in the folly and ignorance 
 of legislators, A prohibition against importing a 
 commodity docs not take away the taste for it ; 
 and the imposition of a high duty on any article 
 occa.",ions a universal desire to escape or evade its 
 payment. Hence the rise and occupation of the 
 smuggler. The risk of being detected in the 
 clandestine introduction of commodities under 
 any system of fiscal regulations may always be 
 valued at u certain average rate ; and ivhencver 
 the duties exceed this rate, smuggling imme- 
 diately takes place. Now, there are plainly but 
 
 two ivftvs of checking this practice— cither ilo 
 temptation to smuggle must bo dimini.sliocl In- 
 lowering the duties, or the diiricidtics in lliew.iv 
 of smuggling must be inereascd. 'I'he lir.4 IhiJ;. 
 vioiisly the more natural and ellieieiit iiriImiI hi' 
 ell'eeling (lie object in view; but the spi'(iiiil|i,is 
 been iiio.>t generally resorted to, even in raioi 
 wlieri! the duties were ipiile excessive, (lovtrii- 
 nu .'Its have uniformly almost consulted tlio i»r- 
 soiis employed in the collection of llin ifvuiuc 
 with respect to the best mode of reiiilen'n;' t/i.\M 
 etVectiial; though it is clear lliat tlie iiiiorc.<i.s 
 prejudices, anil peculiar habits of sinli pirsotM 
 utterly disipialily them from formin;,' a smiml 
 opiiiiiiii on such a subject. Tlicy cantiut rccum- 
 ,nend a reduc'tion of duties as "a means cf ri'- 
 pre.ssing smuggling and increasing revenue, wiili- 
 out ackiiowliilging their own incapacity to iktirt 
 and defeat illicit practices; and llio "rcault li.v 
 been, that, instead of ascribing the prcvalcnriMii' 
 smuggling to its true causes, the olliccrs ni 
 customs and excise have almost univer.ii i'.v 
 ascribed it to soiiio defect in the laws, or in the 
 mode of administering them, and have propi^'d 
 repre.s.sing it by new regulations, ami by in- 
 creasing th(' number and sever'ty of the peiialliH 
 affecting Ihe smuggler. jVs iiiight have bwn 
 expected, these attempts have, in the grrat 
 majority of case.s, proved signally uiisua'cs:-fiil. 
 \iu\ it has been invariably found, that \\« 
 vigilance on the part of the revenue olliccri, .ml 
 no severity of punishment, can prevent tliesmii; 
 gling of such colnmoditi(^s as are either prnhibiml 
 or loaded with oppressive duties. The sirnif;:;!' r 
 is generally a popular character; and whaUvif 
 the law may declare on the subject, it is ludicroiH 
 to expect that the bulk of society shoidd ever lie 
 brought to think that those wlio f'liniish them witli 
 cheap brandy, geneva, tobacco &c. arc guilty uf 
 any very heinous offence. 
 
 ' To pretend,' savs Adam Smith, ' to have iiiy 
 scruple about buying smuggled goods, thou|,'!i a 
 manifest encouragement to the violation of tlie 
 revenue laws, and lo the perjury which almu-t 
 always attends it, would, in most countries, be ri- 
 garded as one of those pedantic pircc.s of byp"- 
 crisy, which, instead of gaining crolit with any- 
 body, seems only to cxpo-e the porsmi who affeen 
 to practise them to the sii-jdcion of liiin^'ngrcatir 
 knave than most of hi.s neighbours, lly (hi- 
 indulgence of the public, the smuggler is often 
 encouraged to continue a trade, which he is thus 
 
 t I 
 
 i ^^■ 
 
liivo i« <■'»«''' *'"l"''.v i 111' 
 
 oh; til'' totul Vllluf 111 III, 
 
 immml vuluo of oikIi wr, 
 poriioii of Iho '20,UOo,oi'ii/. 
 
 Ill Khlch Mch IuImij I. I'lHillnl 
 
 U. 
 
 t •■ 
 
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 liH.rMi) 7 
 
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 Ptfflcient fra*-|ioni ■I'H 
 
 ' 'iii|iiiiii|imi II I' 
 
 I'l-ll 
 
 ' ; II 
 
 »y,V) 
 
 iiiR this prflctico— cither iln 
 rirle iiiutt I'O liiMiiiiisliPil I'y 
 ''(ir tlic (liinciiltics ill tlwwa; 
 be iiiiTciisLMl. 'I'lic first ill, li- 
 itiiral ami fllii'ii'iit inclli.«l if 
 in vi(!W ; but tiu' scimiiiI 1i;i* 
 y rcsorti'il to, oven in 'a->s 
 .Tfi (luilo I'xccssivc. (lovim- 
 nly almost coiisiiltiil the |Kr 
 ;lio coUci'tion of the icveiiu. 
 best iiioilc of rciulerin;; taxe< 
 it is I'lear that the iiilerwi>, 
 i-uliar habits of sueli porsi.iH 
 them from forminj; a simml 
 sulijci^t. They cannot rccuiii- 
 ,if 'diilit's as "a mcaiH of k- 
 ' and iiioi-casiiiK revenin', wiili- 
 Ihcir own incapacity to ilctiM 
 practices; and thi) result ki- 
 „f ascribing the Tirevnlciifi' "i 
 true, causes, the oiKcc.-s 'i 
 iso have almost univcr-illy 
 . defect in the laws, or m l.i.> 
 rinj,' thorn, and have prop()> ;il 
 new roRulations, ami by i;,- 
 crmulsevertyofthepciiiilti- 
 i-'ler. A= might have Ik'" 
 iTt'cmpts have, in the t^>-^ 
 ^ proved signally iinsucecvlui. 
 „ invariably found, that n. 
 art of tho revenue oflicers, anl 
 shmcnt, can prevent the stnu.'- 
 lodities as are either ptoliAiU' 
 iressivc duties. Ihe stnup^i 
 ,ular character; ami wlwu^.' 
 re on the suhject, it ih uiIkh i^ 
 bulk of society should evtrix 
 ,at those who furnish them « It 
 
 ,eva, tobacco &c. arc guilt} <-! 
 
 ;S.U smith,' to ha^•^ln; 
 iiiE amuKglcd poods, thout;. i 
 ;cment tf tho violation 
 i to the per ury which a m . 
 would, in most countries, - 
 
 those pedantic f'-'.^^ J' ^ . 
 
 ad of Kni»"'S '■^'■■''\;''''S, 
 cxpo-i- the perM.n who atli 
 .l^su.piciouonieingaBtcW 
 
 of his'neighhours 1^' 
 
 . public, the smuSKl" "i,7^^ 
 ti„ueatr«de,>yh.chbeistliu= 
 
 I 
 
 ,0 
 
 »>IUflOl,FNf> IJOO 
 
 f.iui-ht to cmiitidcr a», in iiotno mpiisuns, biMdcont 1 1 TJiu rcpeiil of the prohililtioii win n iiiohI jndiciimx 
 ,ii,| when the severlly of llic rovemie Ihwk is | trieasuro ; hut llic duty bclnj; mif<)rtunnt<lv li\e<l 
 r.jiilv to fall upon him, In- is freqiirntjy disposed i at i.m liigh a litnil," it gave an overwhilmiin? 
 1,1 ilcfeiid with violence what he has liorii uc- stiniiiliis lo »muKKliiiK. Hefon" Ihe abolition of 
 lustiiiiied to rp>far<t as his ju»t )>ro|ierty; and i the duty on silks, thn CNpeiisi' of their ctinid("i|ilio 
 
 iinpiirtatloii from Kraiico wa^ ri. uglily ostiiiiated 
 at aluMit l,'i per criit. ad valnfi'in ; ami as the 
 dii'y III! silks, ilii.vii til iKI.'i, was doulih- (hat 
 
 irnni Ixingat llrst i.ither impriui' iit Ihaii criiiii- 
 ■ ill. he, at last, liMi oCtrn becomes one of the most 
 ...urniiiicd violators of the low.i of iKR'iely.' 
 Jiiiillh of Natiimn, \\. MUk) 
 
 in create by means of lil;;h duties an over- 
 
 vlii'liiiiiik^ ti'iiiptation to iiidul(;(< in crime, and 
 
 ilii'ii lo punish men for iiiduli;in;c in it, is a pro- 
 
 ii',iliil({ completely siibviTsive of everv (uiiiciple 
 
 .iJHHiicc. It revolts Ihe natural feclm^'s of llie 
 
 |ii'ii|ile; and leaches them to fi <l an iiileivst in 
 
 ::ii' worst characters — fur siielt, sniun({ler-i j^cMi - 
 
 fillc arc — 10 espouse their i aiiso, and aveli^^e 
 
 iliiir wroni{s. A punishment which is imt pro- 
 
 |iiirtiiiiieil to the oU'eiice, and wliiili does not 
 
 , irrv the ^.luction of |uiblic opinion aloiij^ with it, 
 
 1,111 ni'Vir lie pioiliii'liv<! of am jjood elli vt. The 
 
 iMi' ;iy to put down f.inii(;KliiiK '^ to a ikIit it 
 
 iiii|iruiilahle ; to diminish tlui tcm|)l.ition lo 
 
 iiij;ii^'c in it: ami this is not lo be done by 
 
 Mirrnunihnf; the coasts with cordons of troops, by 
 
 :iii' miiliplicatioii of oaths and penalties, and 
 
 iiiako),' the country the theairoof ferocious and 
 
 Mmiilv contcst.s in tho Held, and of perjury and 
 
 ijiicanery in the ciiurls of law; Imt by 
 
 rr[Kaliu(i [mihihitions, and rediicintt duties, so 
 
 llwit thiir collection may he enlorced with a 
 
 iiiiHierute d^igreo of rifjilance; mid that tho 
 
 lurl'eilure of tho article may bo a sullicient 
 
 iciialty upon the smiif^'K'er. It is in this, and in 
 
 \\\\i unlv, that we must seek for an elVcclual 
 
 .heck to dlicit trallickiiif^. Whenever the prolit.s 
 
 . I the fair trader becomu nearly equal lo tiiosc of 
 
 ilic smuKK'f ■'< f '"' I'tttcr is forced to abandon his 
 
 liazanldiis profession, lint so lonj,' a.s prohibitions 
 
 r oppressively hi>;li diitiiis are kept up, or, which 
 
 I- ill fact the same tiling. ■«> lonj; as /ii</h Imiintics 
 
 arc lii'Ul out to encourage the adventurous, the 
 
 liivh', anil the prollif,'ate to enter on this career, 
 
 «,^ inay he assured that armies of excise ami 
 
 ,iM.'iiw olFicers, backed by the utmost severity of 
 
 liic revenue laws, will bo insullicieiit to hinder 
 
 thi'iii. 
 
 It would he useless to enter in this place into any 
 1 iiKthened details to prove the truth of these 
 -lalenieiits. Unluckily tlir entire linancial and 
 iiiinmercial history of this country and others 
 .ilioiuiils with instances in point, many of which 
 mu-t lie familiar to every reader. The prohibition 
 'i I'liroi^jn products, or tho imposition of heavy 
 utiii iin fureit;ii or native products, docs not take 
 a'Miv the taste i r them. On tho contrnrj', it 
 ".iiilil seem as if the desire to obtain prohibited 
 I r iiver-taxcd articles acquired new strength from 
 ilie obstacles opposed to its gratitication, 
 
 I'lT (l.imn,-t. Iter cirdw, nb i]iso 
 Uui'it o)Kii iLniiiiuiniiUf ferru. 
 
 Tho prohibition of foreign silks whicli existed 
 I rtviiusly to 1820 did not hinder their importation 
 ill immense quantities. The vigilance and inte- 
 ;riiy of the custom-honsc officers were no mntch 
 i'l t'.ic ingenuity, daring, and douceur^, of the 
 smugglers. And at the very moment when the 
 most strenuous elforta were made to effect their 
 CNclusion, the ."illks of France and Ilindostan were 
 "1" iilydisplavcu i.. Almack's, in the drawing-rooms 
 "I St. .James's, and in tho House of Commons, in 
 mockery of the iiii'otent legislation by which it 
 was .ittcmptcd to shut them out. There is, in 
 triith, great room for doubting whether the sub- 
 stitution of an ad valorem duty for the whole .sys- 
 tem of prohibicion was at first productive of any 
 material increase in the imports of foreign silks. 
 
 'unl, or JO per cent., we need not wonder that 
 II was ■ ■.liinali'd, by well-informed parlies, thai 
 from a rliird to a half of the •utiil (puiutity of 
 imported silks escaped the duty. Indeed, I'very- 
 oiic is aware Ihal their clnii<fesiini' iinportaliou 
 was carried o' to a great extern, »iiliin ibe jsirt 
 of l.iiiiiliiM, in ihu custom-hoiis'j itself, by 
 
 the ciinuptiiiii :ind coniiivniicu of tho ollicers. 
 And this, wo may he assured, was not a Holi- 
 lary instance. The eiirru|ilion of the oHicers U 
 ill truth ail inevitable coiisciiucnco of the ovcr-ta.x 
 hvstem. 
 
 The enormous duties that were imposed pro- 
 vioiisly to IH-.M on home-made .Scotch and Irish 
 ^liirits produced, as is weii in the art .SnuiTS, an 
 e.Ment of smiigj^liiig and deiiioralisation of which 
 il is not easy for those who have not alleiided to 
 siu'h matters lo lormau idni. At present, however, 
 the duties on tobacco, braiiily, and hollaiids, imt 
 es|)ecially the first, are the" great incentives to 
 smuggling. The preventive wnler-nuard is kept 
 up at great exncnso fi.-r little other pur|)ose than 
 to hinder the clandestine importation of these arti- 
 (des. Hut notwithstandinfi its efforts, considerable 
 quantities of them find their way into the country 
 without being subjected to any duty. And bow 
 shoulil it be oiherwisc? Tho price of tobacco in 
 the contiguous conlineiiMl ports may, at an ave- 
 rage, be taken at Irom .'^./. to U)il. per lb. ; and as 
 Ihe duty on tobacco i> from '.is. i'ut. to ,"is. per lb., 
 need we be surprised to learn that, allowing fm 
 the o.xpenses of smug;;ling, if one car^'o out of 
 three be safely landed, the business is as prolitablo 
 as it is adventurous iilid cxcitini; ? ' But it is not so 
 much by the introduction of tobacco from abroad 
 as by its admixture or adulteration with other 
 articles that Ihe contrabaiul dealers endeavour 
 to defeat the dutv.' (Treatise on Taxatior, ilrded, 
 p. 317.) 
 
 It may, however, be right to state that it must 
 not be imagined that the mere dimiiiutiim of an 
 ojipressive duty im any article will put down the 
 smuggling to which the duty may have given rise. 
 The diminution may not be "sullicieiitly great ; and 
 if so, it will have but little influence. Thus, 
 taking, as above, tho cost of Hmu.'.'gling French and 
 other silks into Kngland at 15 per cent, ad valorem, 
 a reduction of the late duty of 30 to ib or oven 20 
 per cent, would, it is idain, have done little or 
 nothing to prevent their clandestine importation. 
 JJut its reduction, in 18fr», to 15 per cent., by 
 taking away the supposed advantage on tho side 
 of tho smuggler, all but de-stroyed his occui)a- 
 tion. In reducing duties, cither for tho preven- 
 tion of smuggling or tho increase of consumption, 
 the reduction must be effectual to its end ; that is, 
 in the former case, it mnst be such as to bring the 
 duty below, or nearly to tho level of, the cost of 
 smuggling, and in the latter it must bo such as to 
 bring tho article within the command of a de- 
 cidedly larger class of consumers. A reduction of 
 5». or "6s, from tho late duty of 22». 10</. per gallon 
 on foreign brandy and hollands would have been 
 of no use ; for it would not have had any sensible 
 inlluence either in lessening smuggling or increas- 
 ing consumption. Even the reduction effected in 
 1815, by Sir Kobert Peel, of 7.v. lOrf. per gallon, 
 though advantageous, was too small to have tho 
 desired effect. It should have been 10». per gallon. 
 4o2 
 
 iriiili;!!! 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 
 
 f/. 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 14 i 
 
 ■M |25 
 
 :^ 1^ 12.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 1-25 1.4 1.6 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 6" 
 
 ► 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 
 ^1^ 
 f 
 
 1>' ^17 
 
 ■^ 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14380 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
,: -i^ >■ 
 
 I I 
 
 r 
 
 I! 
 
 M ■ 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1300 ISMUUGLINO 
 
 Tliose cdiisiderntioiis show the degree of weight ' 
 ■which hlioiihl be attnclied to the statements ot" 
 tlio.HO who endeavour to excuse or apologise for 
 exorbitant duties by sliowing tliat they have 
 Biinietitnes been reduced witliout any material 
 iucrease tal<ing place in tlie consiinii)tion of the 
 articles on which thev are laid, or any material 
 diminution of smuggling. In exemijlilication of 
 this, it has been stated that though the duty on 
 tobacco was reduced in li^-T) froin'l.v. to 'Js. jier lb., 
 the consumption was not increased in anything 
 like the same ])roporli()n ; and that notwitlistaiul- 
 iiig the rapid growth of i',o[)ulation, a period of 10 
 rears elapsed before the tobacco revenue rose to 
 Its forni'jr level, liut no one acquainted with the 
 facts could have anticipated any other rcsi'il. 
 Taking the cost of tobi.eco at an average at (icy. 
 per lb. (which is beyond the mark), the duty 
 previously to and since the reduction has been 
 respectively 8(J0 and (iOO per cent, ad valorem. 
 And it is needless to say that the least of these 
 duties holds out an overwhelming temptation to 
 smuggling and fraud. The truth is, that the 
 reduction of duty in 1825 was an ill-adviseil 
 measure ; and there is perhaps no great reason to 
 conclude that the further reduction of the ])rcsent 
 duty of 3s. per lb. to 2*. would be much wiser, or 
 that, while it sacriticcd revenue, it would be at 
 all sutlicient to suppress illicit practices. It is 
 idle, therefore, by referring to instiinecs of this 
 sort, to endeavour to make it be believed that an 
 adeciuatc diminution of taxation is not followed 
 by a corresponding increase of consumption. 
 liad tlie duty on coll'ce, instead of being reduced, 
 in 181)8, from Is. M. per lb. to 7r/., been reduced 
 only to Is. Sil. (the proportion in which the 
 tobacco-duty was reduced), the ofl'ect would have 
 lieen all butimperceptiblo; and instead of the con- 
 sumption being immediately increased from about 
 1,000,(100 lb. to 9,000,000 lb., the presumption 
 is it woidd not have been increased to 1,500,000 
 lb. In taxation, as in everything else, unless the 
 means be adeqiuite to the desired ends, the result 
 will be nothing. If you offer a premium of 8 to 
 1 on sniuj,gling, do you imagine you will abate 
 the imisance you have called into existence by 
 rciliicing the premium to G to 1 or -1 to 1 ? It will 
 be found in every case in which a reduction of duty 
 is not followed by a more than corresponding 
 increase of consumption, that the article continues 
 to be over-taxed, or that the duty left upon it 
 eillier exceeds the cost of smuggling, or places 
 it beyond the reach of thctse who might otherwise 
 become its consumers. \Vc are bold to say that 
 MO instance can be found in the linancial history 
 of this or any other country of an adequate reduc- 
 tion of theduty on an over-taxed article not being 
 f<dlowed by a cessation of smuggling and a great 
 increase of consumption. (See Treatise on Taxa- 
 tiutu by the author of this work, part ii. c. 9, 
 3rdcd.) 
 
 Liiw as to Smuggling in England.— The pe- 
 nalties imposed on illicit dealing in commodities 
 subject to duties of excise have been spccilicd in 
 the articles on such commodities. The following 
 extract from the Customs Conscdidation Act, 
 the IG it 17 Vict. c. 107, refers expressly to 
 smuggling. The importance of the subject has 
 induced us to give a full ".botract of the clauses. 
 
 Kkstkictions on Small Chakt, and Tiiii 
 
 li'UGUI.ATIONS FOlt THE rilliVliSTlON OF 
 
 JSmloolisg, 
 
 Commissioners mug make General liegulations 
 for Vessels and lioais not exceeding 100 ions. — 
 '1 he Commissioners of Customs may from time to 
 time, by order under their hands, make such 
 
 general regulation'* as ihcy shall deem cxpedii'i 
 in respect of vessels and boats not exceeding Ki 
 tons burden, for the purpose of prescribing, wit 
 reference to the tonnage, build, or description i 
 such vessels or boats, the limits within which tli 
 same may be employed, the mode of navigatji.i 
 the mamier in which such vessels or boats shall Ij 
 so cmphiyed, and if armed, the iiund)er and i{( 
 .•■cription of arms, the quantity of amnnuiitim 
 and such other terms, particulars, conditioin, nn, 
 restrictions as the said commissioners may thin] 
 lit, ami also from time to time may revoke, alii; 
 or vary such regulations; and the general rrguli 
 tions made under anj' former Act, and in force w 
 the time of the pa:"smg of this Act, shall rcniaii 
 and continue in force until altered, varied, o 
 revoked. (.See. 19G.) 
 
 Vessels and Jlnats used contrary to Ucijukitiim 
 forfeited. — F.verj- ship or boat which shall be ii<f 
 or employed in aiij' manner contrary to the rcf,'ula 
 tions ]irc"scrilied by the Commissioners of 'Jiist'im. 
 shall bo liable to forfeiture, unless the saaic shaj! 
 have been specially licensed by the Commissiom is 
 of Customs to be so used or employed as ncx: 
 hereinafter provided. (Sec. 197.) 
 
 Commissioners of Customs mag grant Spcnil 
 Licenses on Term}, — The Commissioners of Cus- 
 toms may, if they shall so think (it, grantliceii-« 
 in respect of any vessels or boats not excccdi';.' 
 100 tons burden, upon such terms and condilin;:., 
 and sidycct to such restrictions and stipulatiua.. 
 as in such licenses mentioned, uotwithstandin,- 
 any general regulations made in pursuance of tl.i- 
 Act, whether the said regulations shall be rcvukMl 
 or not ; and if any v ;ssel or boat so licensed sliail 
 not comply with" the conditions imposed bv w 
 ex|pres8cd in any such license, or if such vessel or 
 boat shall be foimd without having such ucaa 
 on boanl, such vessel or boat shall be forfeited. 
 (Sec. 198.) 
 
 Commissioners mag revoke Licenses. — The Com- 
 missioners of Customs may revoke, alter, crv.irv 
 any license or licenses granted under any I'lirnuT 
 Act, or which may hereafter be granted inidcrthk 
 or auv other Act relating to the customs. (Sec. 
 1911.) ■ 
 
 Vessels made use of in Removal of uncustomed o^ 
 prohibited Goods forfeited. — If any such vessel nf 
 boat shall be used in the importation, lamliii:;, 
 removal, carriage, or conveyance of any iiiiiu ■ 
 tomed or ]irohibited goods, the same shpll be f r- 
 feitcd, and the owner ami m.astcr of every sm! 
 vessel or boat shall each forfeit and pay a penally 
 ccpial to the value of such vessel or boat, not in 
 any case exceeding 500/. (Sec. 200.) 
 
 liegulatio/is to e.viend to Channel Islands.— .\\\ 
 the rigulations which shall be so made by the. 'si 
 commissioners of customs relating to vessoln am 
 bjats, and the power to grant, revoke, or vary 
 such licenses, shall extend to the Channel IslaiiJ-. 
 (Sec. 201.) 
 
 Ships not to sail from Channel Islands icilinni 
 Clearance. — No ship or boat belonging wholly nr 
 in part to her Majesty's sidyects shall sai' Imra 
 the Channel Islands without a clearance, wl.cthir 
 in ballast or having n cargo; and if with car;'. 
 the master shall give bond to her Jl.njcsty i)i 
 double the value of such cargo for the due liimliii,- 
 thereof at the port for which such ship or hf. 
 clears; and every such ship or boat not havii 
 such clearance, or which, having a clearance ir 
 her cargo, shall be found light, or to have (!i>- 
 charged any part of her cargo beiVre arriv.al .'it I'l? 
 port or place of discharge s,iecilied in the clear- 
 ance, shall be forfeited. (Sec. 202.) 
 
 Boats of Vessel's to bear Name oj Vessel, Po't' 
 and Muster.— 'I'ha owner of every ship belongin.;' 
 
 i> >,.--*'i.t... i 
 
IIS lliev shall ikcm expi'difut 
 und b'oats not exceediiii,' 101) 
 > purpose of prc«;ribinK, with 
 iniiKf. ''"'l''> "'■ '•cscriptidii (,; 
 ts. the limits within which tin 
 ovuil, the mode of navif;iiti..ii, 
 ill such vessels or boats sliull U; 
 if armed, the number ami ik- 
 the quantity of ammuiiilioi!, 
 Tia, particulars, conditioi's, ainl 
 said commissioners may lliiiik 
 ime to time may revoke, altir, 
 itions; and the general r((,'ul,i. 
 any former Act, and in force r 
 l.^slnf; of this Act, shall renwin 
 f(ircc until altered, varied, or 
 
 its used contranj to Hcflukitum- 
 ship or boat which shall be ii<r i 
 ■ manner contrary to the rcnuh;- 
 ,• the Commissioners of Ciistmr. 
 foifoiturc. unless the satnc ^hal, 
 I- licensed by the ComniisMou, .. 
 
 so used or employed as i:cx; 
 led. (Sec. 197.) 
 pf Custovis may grunt Spm:^ 
 J. The Commissioners of Cii- 
 
 shall so think fit, grunt liwii-.; 
 • vessels or boats not exeecilr . 
 upon such terms and comliii";' , 
 ich restrictions and stipuliiti.n-, 
 ics mentioned, notwitlistaiidii;. 
 lations made in pursuance of lU 
 said regulations shall bo rcvnl . I 
 IV \ ;ssel or boat so licensed bha;! 
 i" the condition? imposed bv ^r 
 such license, or if such vcsni •- 
 nd without having such no ;i 
 essel or boat shall be furidtui. 
 
 mill/ revoke Licenses.— The fVia. 
 stoms mav revoke, alter, tr vary 
 cnses granted under any l'»rnK 
 IV hereafter be granted lu.dir ihi. 
 , 'relating to the customs. iNc. 
 
 sc of in Remnval ofuncuslomd,r 
 
 fo'rf''^ited.—\l any such ves^il : 
 
 ;od in the importation, lamhi., 
 
 c, or conveyance of anv iinni ■ 
 
 ted goods, the same shidl be f r- 
 
 iwntr and master of evory siiA 
 
 ill each forfeit and pay a pciKiii; 
 
 ue of snch vessel or boat, not h 
 
 -,'-,00/. (See. 200.) ^ 
 
 ciieitd tu Channel Ma nits.-. u\ 
 
 liich shall be so made by the -a; : 
 
 customs relating to vcssob a;/l 
 
 lower to grant, revoke, or van 
 
 ill e.>ttend to the Channel L-hmJ-. 
 
 ,.,7 fmm Channel Islands inM »i 
 diii) or boat belonging whyllvT 
 ajostv's subjects shall s.ii twi 
 ids w'ithout a clearance, wlAthor 
 ing a cargo; and if with car|-. 
 11 give bond to her Jl.ijesti i.. 
 of such cargo for the due lund.iu- 
 ,ort for which such ship or b'u. 
 V such ship or boat not haviin; 
 jr which, having a clearance t 
 be found light, or to have. -• 
 |ofhcrc.irgobcf.'rcarnv-ali"* 
 discharge s,.eciried in the clear- 
 
 feitcd. (Sec. 202.) 
 
 ..h to bear Name oj Vessel, m 
 
 ,e owner of every ship belongm. 
 
 S.MUtiGUNG 1.301 
 
 nliiiUy or in part to any nf I. or Majosly's subjects | tificatc fur Iho same shall he deemed to bo spirits 
 vhall iiaiiit or oaiise to he painted Mp(pii llie ciiitside I (ir tcibiicco respectively liable to and unshipped 
 i.r the stern of every boat belonging to smli ship ! without pa\ lueiit ofduiy, unless the parly 
 
 ilie name of such ship and the port or ))lnce to 
 wliidi she belongs, ami the master's name witliin- 
 vide tiie transom, in while or yellow IJoman 
 lotiers. not less than 2 inches in length, on a black 
 .jniuiKl, on pain of the forfeiture of every such 
 boat not .so marked, wherever the same sliiill be 
 i;.mid. (Sec. 21):! ) 
 
 whose povse-siou the same shall bo found or seized 
 shall prove to the contrary. (Sec. 207.) 
 
 Jiitiliitttil (iiHiih to he ilceiiieil run. — All goods 
 
 the importation of which is ui any way re- 
 stricleil, which .are of a description admissible lo 
 duty, ;iiid which shall be found or sei/.ed in the 
 United Kingdom under any law relating to tlm 
 Ihat not ticlontjing to Sliip.t to hare Xamc nf' customs or excise, shall, for the purpose of pro- 
 Oinur and Port thereon. — I he owner of every | ccediiig for the forfeiture of them, or for any 
 l.uat not belonging to any ship shall paint or j penalty incurred in respect of them, be described 
 cause to be painted upon the stern of such boat, in i in any information exhibited on account of such 
 white or yelloiv Koinan letters, of 2 inches in ! tbrfeit'ure or penalty as and on the trial or hearing 
 Icnclh, ona black ground, the name of the owner | thereof ho deemed and taken to bo goods liable to 
 iif the boat and the port or idace to which she j and unshipped without p.ayment of duties, uiile>s 
 
 In Inn;,'?, on pain of the forfeiture of such boat 
 not so marked, wherever the suiiie shall be found. 
 (Sec. 20 1.) 
 
 British Vessels having secret I'hices for roncenl- 
 i:vi or Devices for running Goods, and Foreign 
 lCs,s(7.< having Goods in secret I'hircs, forfeited. — 
 Ail ships and bouts belonging wholly or in )iart to 
 hir Majesty's subjects having false bulkheads, 
 lalsc bow, double sides or bottoms, or any secret 
 ill- disguised place whatsoever, adapted for the 
 purpose of concealing goo.ls, c;mstructed in .'■uch 
 ^llips or boats, or having any hole, pipe, or device 
 in or about such ships or boats .adapted for the 
 jiuipose '){ running goods, shall be forfeited ; and 
 all foreign shins or boats coming in' ' any port of 
 the Liiitcd Kingdom having on boai.i any goods 
 lialilc 10 the payment of duties, or prohibited to 
 lie imported into the United Kingdom, concealed 
 ill false bulkheads, false bows, doidjh sides or 
 iiottoms, or in any secret or disguised place what- 
 siiovcr, constructed in such ships or boats, shall bo 
 I'.irfcitcd. (Sec. 20,5.) 
 
 Goods unshijiped without P . /mrnf of Dufi/, and 
 prohibited Goods, liable to lurftiture. — If any 
 puids li.able to the payment of duties shall be un- 
 i^hippcd from any ship" or boat in the United King- 
 '!um (customs or other duties not being lirst paid 
 cr secured), or if any prohibited goods whatsoever 
 -bal' be imported or brought into any part of the 
 liiited Kini;dom, or if any goods whatever which 
 f'.iall h.tvo been warohousetl or otherwise secured 
 iu the United Kingdom, either for home consump- 
 tion or exportation, shall be clandestinely or 
 illii,'ally removed from or out of any warehouse or 
 lilaec of security ; or if any goods which arc pro- 
 liiliitcd to be exported shall be put on board any 
 ^liip or boat, with intent to be laden or shipped 
 tut exportation, or shall be brought to any quay, 
 wlmrf, or other pl.ace in the United Kingdom, in 
 irilcr to l.e put on board any ship or boat for the 
 purpose of being exported ; or if any goods which 
 :;re prohibited to he exportfo shall be found in 
 aay package produced to any o'Kccr of customs as 
 containing goods not so irohlbited ; or if any 
 plods subject to any duty or restriction in respect 
 ct'import.ation, or which are prohibited to be im- 
 purtcd into the United Kingdom, shall be found 
 <ir discovered to have been concealed in any man- 
 ner on bo.ird any ship or boat within the limits of 
 any port of the United Kingdom, or shall be found 
 lither before or after lauding to have been con- 
 cealed iu nnj' manner on board any such ship or 
 boat, within such limits as aforesaid ; then and in 
 every o'' the foregoing cases all such goods shall 
 he tiirfcited, together with any goods which shall 
 he lomul packed with or used in concealing them. 
 (See. 20«.) 
 
 Spirits anl Tobacco found removing to he 
 ilmiied run.— All s])irits an 1 tobacco which shall 
 (»e found removing without a legal permit or cer- 
 
 tlie contrary bo proved. (Sec. 20.S.) 
 
 y'csscls found within certain Distances of the 
 Coast of the United Kingdom or Channel Islands 
 with certain Goods on board forfeited, with the 
 Goods. — If any ship or boat belonging wholly or 
 in p.art toiler Majesty's subjects, or having half the, 
 persons on board subjects of her JIajesty, shall be 
 found or discovered to h.avc been within 4 leagues 
 of that jiart of the coast of the United Kingdom 
 which is between the North Foreland on the coast 
 of Kent and lieaehy Head on the coast of Sussex, 
 or within 8 leagues of any other part of the coast 
 of the United Kingdom, or if any foreign ship or 
 boat having one or more subjects of her Majesty 
 on board shall he found or discovered to have been 
 within 3 leagues of the coast of the United King- 
 dom, or if any foreign ship or boat shall bo found 
 or discovered to have been within I league of the 
 coast of the United Kingdom, or if any ship or 
 boat shall be found or discovered to have been 
 within 1 league of the Channel Islands, any such 
 ship or boat so found or discovered, h.iviiig on 
 board or in any manner attached thereto, or 
 h.tving had on board or in any manner attached 
 thereto, or convoying or having conveyed in any 
 manner, any sipirits, not being in a cask or other 
 vessel capable of containing liquids of the size o- 
 content of 20 galhms at the least, or any te.i 
 exceeding G lb. weight in the whole, or any 
 tobacco or snutl'not being in a cask or package 
 containing 200 lb. weight of tobacco or snulf at 
 the least, or being separated or divided in any 
 manner within any cask or package, or any 
 tobacco stalks, tobacco stalk Hour, snuU" work, or 
 any cordage or other articles adapted and pre- 
 pared for slinging or jinking small casks, or any 
 casks or other vessels whatsoever of loss size or 
 content than 20 gallons, of the description used 
 for the smuggling of spirits, then and in every 
 such case the .said spirits, tea, tobacco, snutf, 
 tobacco stalks, tobacco stalk flour, and snuff work, 
 together with the casks or packages containinj; 
 the same, and the cordage or other articles, casks, 
 .".nd other vessels of the description aforesaid, and 
 also the ship or boat, shall be forfeited. (Sec. 
 209.) 
 
 ^'e.sscls or Boats arriving within an;/ Port of 
 the United Kingdom or of the Channel Islands 
 having prohibited Goods on board or attached there- 
 to forfeited. — If any ship or bo.at shall be foimd 
 or "discovered to have been within any port, bay, 
 harbour, river, or creek of the United Kingdom 
 or the Channel Islands, having on board or in 
 any m.anner attached thereto, or having had on 
 board or in any manner attached thereto, or con- 
 veying or having convoyed in anj" manner, any 
 spirits, not being in a cask or other vessel capable 
 of containing liquids of the size or content of 20 
 gallons at the least, or any tobacco or snufT, not 
 being in a cask or package containing 200 lb. 
 
\t 
 
 I I 
 
 1- 
 
 -I 
 
 ■ ->'■ 
 
 u 
 
 13C2 
 
 SMUGGIJNO 
 
 weight of such tobacco or siiufT at tlic Icnst. or 
 bcin^; separated or divided in any manner within 
 any casit or paekaRp) or any tobacco stalks, tobacco 
 stalk flour, or snuff work, every such ship or boat, 
 and such spirits, tobacco, snufl", tobacco stalks, to- 
 bacco stalk flour, and snufl" work shall be forfeited; 
 but if it shall be made to appear to the satisfac- 
 tion of the Commissioners of Customs that such 
 spirits, tobacco, snuff, tobacco stalks, tobacco stalk 
 flour, or snuff work were on board without the 
 knowledge or privity of the owner or mast'^r of 
 such ship or boat, and without any wilful neglect 
 or want of reasonable care on their parts, then and 
 in such case the raid Commissioners siiall deliver 
 lip the said ship or boat to the owner or master of 
 the same. (Sec. 210.) 
 
 forfeiture not to extend to Ships and (inndn in 
 certain Cases. — Notliuig herein contained shall 
 extend to render any ship of I'JO tons burden or 
 upwards liable to forfeiture on account of any 
 tobacco coming direct frotn the East Indies or the 
 Turkish dominions, including Kgypt, if in pack- 
 ages each coiWaining not less than 100 lb. nett 
 weight of such tobacco; nor on account of anj- 
 snuffor ncgrohead tobacco the proiluce of and im- 
 ported direct from the United States of America, 
 if in packages each containing not less than 150 
 lb. nett weight of such snuffor tobacco; nor on 
 account of any tobacco imported from l\Ialta in 
 packages each containing not less than 80 lb nett 
 weight of such tobacco; nor on account of an"\ 
 tobacco the produce of Porto Kico, Mexico, South 
 America, St. Domingo, Cuba, the British pos- 
 sessions in America ind th i West Coastof Africa, 
 if in packages each containing not less than 801b. 
 nett weight of such toluicco, and imported direct 
 from those places or from the United States of Ame- 
 rica ; nor on account of any cigars, if in packages 
 each containing not less than 100 lb. nett weight 
 of such cigars ; nor on account of any cigarillos or 
 cigarettos, if in packages each containing not less 
 than 76 lb. nett weight of such cigarillos or ciga- 
 rettos ; njr to render any ship of 150 tons burden 
 or upwards liable to forfeiture on account of any 
 tea, or of any spirits in glass bottles or stone 
 bottles not exceeding the size of 3 pints each, such 
 tobacco, snuff, cigars, cigarillos or cigarettos, tea, 
 and spirits being really part of the cargo of sucli 
 ship ; nor to render any ship liable to forfeiture on 
 account of any spirits, tea, or tobacco really in- 
 tended for the consumption of the, seamen or pas- 
 sengers on board during their voyage, and not 
 being more in quantity than is nccessarj' for that 
 purpose ; nor to render any ship liable to forfeiture 
 if really bound from one foreign port to another 
 foreign port, and pursuing such voyage, wind and 
 weather permitting. (Sec. 211.) 
 
 Ships in Port witha Cargo and afterwards found 
 in Jiallast,and Cnrg'i miaccuimted for, forfeited. — 
 If any ship or boat whatever shall be found within 
 the limits of any port of the United Kingdom with 
 a cargo on board, and such ship or boat shall after- 
 wards be found light or in ballast, and the master 
 is un.ible to give a due account of the port or place 
 within the United Kingdom where such ship or 
 boat shall have legally discharged her cargo, suuh 
 ship or boat shall be forfeited. (Sec. 212.) 
 
 Certain Ships from which Goods are thrown over- 
 hoard to prevent Seizure to be forfeited. — Every 
 ship or boat belonging wholly or in part to her 
 Majesty's subjects, or having on board one or more 
 of her Majesty's subjects, which shall be found or 
 discovered to have been within 4 leagues of that 
 part of the coast of the United Kingdom which is 
 between the North Foreland on the coast of Kent 
 and Beechy Head on the joast of Sussex, or within 
 8 leagues of any othei part of the coast of the 
 
 I'niled Kingdom from which any |)art of tin. 
 lading of such ship or boat shall have been lliruuu 
 overboard, or on board which any of the goixls 
 shall be staved or destroyed to prevent seizurf 
 shall be forfeited. (Sec. 213.) 
 
 Ships throwing overboard any Goods durm] 
 Chase, forfeited, and Persons escaping deemed Hult- 
 jects. — Wlieu any ship or boat belonging wjinlh 
 or in part to her Majesty's subjects, or having ]iiilV 
 tlic persons on boarcl suiyects of her Majesty shiill 
 bo found within 100 leagues of the coast uf thi' 
 United Kingdom, and shall not bring to upon 
 signal made by any vessel or boat in her Majesty's 
 service or in tlie ser\'ice of the revenue, hiisii'iif; 
 the proper pendant and ensign in order to brin;- 
 such ship or boat to, and thereupon chase shall Iji 
 given, if any person or persons on board such shin 
 (ir boat so clia.sed shall during the chase, or Lcfurr 
 such sliip or boat shall biing to, throw overbourd 
 any j)art of her lading, or sliall stave or dcslrnv 
 anv]iart of such lading, to prevent seizure therci'i', 
 then and in any such case such ship or boat shali 
 be forfeited ; and all persons escaping from aiiv 
 such sliip or boat, or from any foreign ship or boai. 
 during any chase made thereof by any vessel or 
 boat in her Majesty's service or in the service of 
 the revenue, .shall be deemed subjeeta of her 
 !Maiest^•, unless the contrary be proved. (Sto 
 211.) 
 
 Ships not bringing to may be f red into.— \( anv 
 ship or boat liable to seizure or examination under 
 this or any Act for the prevention of emu^'plinj 
 shall not bring tc when required so to do,on beiiiK 
 chased by any vessel or boat in her Majesty '.snaw 
 having the proper pendant and ensign of hJr 
 ^Majesty's shijis hoisted, or by any vessel or \n: 
 duly employed for the prevention of smuirgliiiL'. 
 having a proper pendant and ensign hoistal, ii 
 shall be lawful for the captain, master, or other 
 person having the cliarge or command of such 
 vessel or boat in her Majesty's navj-, or employed 
 as aforesaid (first causing a gun to be fired as a 
 signal), to fire at or into such ship or boat, and 
 such captain, master, or other person acting in 
 his aid or by his direction, shall bo and is licribv 
 indemnified and discharged from any indictracnt, 
 pcnaltv, action, or other proceeding for so doijiL. 
 (Sec. 215.) 
 
 Ships may be searched within the Limits of tk 
 Ports. — Any officer or officers of the army, navv. 
 or marine duly employed for the prevention i 
 smuggling, and on full pay, or any officer or 
 officers of customs, producing his or tlioir war- 
 rant or deputation (if required), may go on IxiarJ 
 any ship which shall be within the limits of m^y 
 port of the United Kingc'om, and rummage and 
 search the cabin and all other parts of snch sliip 
 for prohibited or uncustomed goods, and remairi 
 on board such ship so long as she shall continue 
 within the limits of such port. (Sec. 216.) 
 
 Officers of Customs may, on probable Cause, stop 
 Carts Sfc, and search for Goods. — Any officer of 
 customs or excise, or other person acting in his or 
 their aid, or dulj' employed for the prevention of 
 smuggling, may, upon reasonable suspicion, stop 
 and examine anj- cart, waggon, or other mer.is 
 of conveyance, for the purjjose of ascertainiiig 
 whether any smuggled goods are contained 
 therein ; and if no such goods shall be found, the 
 officer or other person so stopping and cxamininj; 
 such cart, waggon, or other convcyaiicc, havin,' 
 had probable cause to suspect that such can. 
 waggon, or other convej-ance had smuggled goods 
 contained therein, shall not, on account of such 
 stoppage and search, be liable to any prosecution 
 or action at law on .tccount thereof; and all 
 persons driving or conducting such cart, waggon, 
 
 •.-; fij.- 
 
SMUGGLING 
 
 1303 
 
 ini which nny imrt of th.. 
 boat shall hnve been tlirowii 
 inl which any of tht k"""!* 
 ostroveil to prevent seizutf. 
 5ec. 213.) 
 
 'crbnard any Goods diirmi 
 I'ersons escaping deemed tiiil)- 
 ip or boat belonKinf; win illy 
 isty'a subjects, or huvin;; Iwiii 
 subjects of her Majesty slui; 
 
 leagues of the coast of tl.r 
 nil shall not brinj; tu h|)oi; 
 k-csscl or boat in her Majosiy'^ 
 vice of the revenue, hnisliiiL 
 uul ensifin in order te briii. 
 and thereupon chase sliall l]( 
 or persons on board sucli shiji 
 ill during the chase, or bol'iin 
 all biinfj to, throw overbuiin! 
 n;;;, or shall stave or ilostriiv 
 ng, to prevent seizure tlicrni, 
 h case such ship or boat shall 
 L persons escaping from any 
 
 from any foreign ship iTb.ini, 
 ado thereof by any vessel cr 
 's service or in the service oi 
 
 bo deemed subjects of her 
 2 contrary be proved. (Sec. 
 
 r to may he fired info.— If any 
 ) seizure or examination uiiuir 
 
 the prevention of smu^ipliim- 
 hen required so to do, on iieiii;; 
 A or boat in her Majesty's navy 
 
 pendant and ensign of h.r 
 sted, or by any vessel or hii: 
 the prevention of smui;gliii,L'. 
 ;ndant and ensign hoisted, ii 
 
 the captain, master, or oilitr 
 
 charge or command of siith 
 r Majesty's navj-, nr cniployeil 
 ausing a gun to be lircd as a 
 r into such ship or boat, aiil 
 
 ,.', or other person aclin^ in 
 rcction, shall be and is hereby 
 
 charged from any indictmeut. 
 
 other proceeding for so doiiij;, 
 
 rchcd within the Liinitt of ik 
 or officers of the array, navy. 
 iploved for the prevention >. 
 full pay, or any officer er 
 producing his or thoir war- 
 ^.{ required), may go on Iward 
 ill be within the limits of air- 
 Kingt^om, and rummage an! 
 id all other parts of sucli sli^P 
 mcustomed goods, and reniam 
 so long as she shall coniinue 
 such port. (Sec. 216.) 
 ns may, on probable Cause, Mp 
 rch for Goorfs.-Aiiy officer el 
 jr other person actnig m lib er 
 inploycd for the prevention oi 
 pon reasonable suspicion, sto;> 
 cart, waggon, or other inev> 
 the purpose of asccrtaimn;: 
 iggled goods arc contained 
 such goods shall be found, ilv- 
 ion so stopping and cxammin}; 
 , or other conveyance, i.im"^ 
 fc to suspect that snch can. 
 )nveyancft had smuggled !,'»o<i> 
 shall not, on account of sue 
 ,, be liable to any prosccutio 
 on account thereof; and au 
 conducting such cart, wa^'gon, 
 
 „i- other conveyance, refusing to stop or allow 
 anv such examination when required in the 
 Oiiccn's name, shall forfeit the sum of 100/. (Sec. 
 
 "17.) 
 
 Officers authorised by Ifrit of Assistance may 
 joire/i lionises for uncustomed or prohibited Goods. 
 —Any officer of customs, or person acting under 
 the (iirection of the Commi.'<sioncrs of Customs, 
 liaviii" a writ of assistance issued from the Court 
 ,it' Exchequer, may, in the daytime, enter into 
 anil search any house, shop, cellar, warehouse, 
 r.iom, or other place, and in case of resistiince 
 break' open doi-rs, chests, trunks, and other pack- 
 a.'cs, and seize and bring away any uncustomed 
 i,r nrol'.iliitcd goods, and put and secure the same 
 ill the Oueen's warehouse, and may take with him 
 niivfoii'staWe, headborough, police, or other public 
 
 he Coininissioners of Customs of his having so 
 detained the said goods, with the particulars of the 
 same; and immediately after the trial of such 
 offender all such goods shall be conveyed to and 
 deposited in the customs warehousic as aforesaid, to 
 be proceeded against .according to law; and in case 
 nny police officer making detention of any such 
 goods shall neglect to convey the same to such 
 warehouse, or to give the notice of having stopped 
 the same as before presciibed, such officer shall 
 forfeit the sum of 20/. (Sec. 222.') 
 
 Notice to be i/iven by seiziny Officer to Owner of 
 Ships or Goods seized, and Seizures to be claimed 
 within One Month. — Whenever any ship, boa', 
 or goods shall be seized ns forfeited under this or 
 nny Act relating to the customs, the .seizing olKccr 
 
 ^^,_ , .... shall forthwith give notice in writing of such 
 
 i'|)[ecr, duiy sworn as such, who may act as well j seizure, and of the grounds thereof, to the master 
 without the limits of the parish or other pl.iec for or owner of such ship, boat, or goods, if known, 
 which he shall be so sworn as within such limits ; either by delivering the .same to him personally, 
 anil all writs of assistance so issued ."hall con- or by letter addressed to him at his place of abode, 
 tinue in force during the reign for which they j if kiiown, and transmitted by post; and all ships, 
 were tcrnutcd, and for six months afterwards, j boats, or goods so seized under any law relating 
 (.Sec. 218.) I to the customs .shall be deemed and taken to be 
 
 Ships and Boats used in Bemoval of run Goods , condemned, and may be S(.ld, in the manner 
 /.I be forfeited.— AW ships, boats, carriages, or , directed by law in respect to ships, boats, and goods 
 other "means of conveyance, together with all | seized and condemned for breach of any law 
 horses and other animals made use of in the ! relating to the customs, unless the person from 
 removal, carriage, or conveyance of any goods 1 whom such ships, boats, and goods shall have been 
 
 seized, or the owner of them, or some person 
 authorised by him, shall, within one calendar 
 
 liable to forfeiture uniler this or any other Act 
 relating to the customs, shall be forfeited. (Sec. 
 
 :!Hi.) 
 
 Ships, Boats, Goods, and Persons may be seized 
 m detained, and Goods delivered to the proper 
 Qjiccr.—A\i ships and boats, and all goods 
 whJitsoover, liable to forfeiture, and all persons 
 liable to be detained for any offence under this 
 iir .any other Act relating to the customs, si all 
 and mav bo seized or detained in any place, 
 either upon land or water, by any otlieer or 
 (I'.licers of her Majesty's army, navy, or marines, 
 duly employed for the prevention of smuggling,^ 
 and' on full pay, or by nny officer or officers of 
 eu-toms or excise, or by any pc-son having 
 autlioritv from the Commissioners of Customs or 
 Inland Revenue to seize, or duly employed for 
 the prevention of smuggling; and all ships, 
 boats, and goods so seized shall, as soon as 
 cunvcnientlv may be, be delivered into the care 
 of the proper oificer appointed to receive the 
 sime; and the forfeiture of any ship or boat 
 
 month from the d.iy of seizing the same, give 
 notice hi writing, if in London, to the person 
 seizing the same, or to the secretary ors(dicitor for 
 the customs, and, if elsewhere, to the person 
 seizing the same, or to the collector, comptroller, 
 or other chief officer of the customs at the nearest 
 port, that he claims the ship, boat, or goods, or 
 intends to claim them. (Sec. 223.) 
 
 Commissioners of Treasury or of Customs 
 may restore Seizures. — The Commissioners of the 
 Treasury or of the Customs may, by any order 
 made by them for that purpose, direct any ship, 
 boat, goods, or commodities whatever seized under 
 this or any Act relating to the customs to be 
 delivered to the proprietor thereof, whether con- 
 demnation shall have taken place or not, upon 
 such terms and condititms as the said com- 
 
 missioners respectively may see fit. (Sec. 221.) 
 
 Ships and Goods seized may be disposed of as 
 Commissioners of Customs direct. — All ships and 
 shall i)C deemed to include her tackle, apparel, and j boats and all goods whatsoever which shall have 
 furniture, and the forfeiture of nny goods shall bo been seized and condemned for breach of any law 
 deemed to include the package in which the same relating to the customs shall be disposed of, as 
 are found, and all the contents thereof. (Sec. soon as conveniently may be after the condem- 
 •J20,) _ , niitionthereof,insuchmannerastheCommissioners 
 
 of Customs may direct; and anj nets, dredges, 
 instruments, or implements of li.shing liable to 
 seizure or forfeiture and seized muter the Act C & 7 
 Vict. c. 79, and the convention and articles therein 
 referred to, shall and may be sold or otherwise 
 disposed of, as the Commissioners of Customs may 
 direct, unless claimed within one month after 
 seizure thereof, or within one month after the 
 passing of this Act as to such as may be then under 
 seizure, such claim being made in the same manrier 
 
 PoUee Officers seiziiiy Goods to carry them to the 
 Customs lyarehnuse.—U any goods liable to for- 
 feiture under this or any other Act relating to the 
 customs shall be stopped or taken by any police 
 iiilicer or other person acting by virtue of any Act 
 "f ParUamcnt, or otherwise duly authorised, such 
 goods shall be cirricd .to the customs warehouse 
 next to the place where the goods were stopped or 
 taken, and there delivered to the proper officer 
 appointed to receive thj same, within 48 hours 
 
 after the said goods wore stopped and taken. 
 
 (Sec. 221.) 
 Goods stopped by Police Officers may be retained Act. (Sec. 225.) 
 
 vniU Trial of Persons charged with stealing them. — 
 
 If any such goods shall be stopped or taken by 
 
 any police otlicer on suspicion that the same had 
 
 been feloniously stolen, the said officer may carry 
 
 the s,ame to the police office to which the offender 
 
 is taken, there to remain until and in order to be 
 
 produced at the trial of the offender, and in such 
 
 ease the officer is required to give notice in writing 
 
 as is prescribed by the 223rd sec. of this Act with 
 respect to ships, boats, or goods seized under this 
 
 As TO Officscij-j committed by and 
 
 Pr,X.\LTIES ATTACHING TO PlUlSONS. 
 
 Persons may be searched if Officers have Reason 
 to suspect smuggled Goods are concealed upon them. 
 — Any officer of customs, or of the army, navy, or 
 marines, duly employed in the prevention of 
 
■;■-,-; 5" 
 
 »• < 
 
 ■i' 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 . .> 
 
 1 ' 
 
 laot 
 
 smiiKK'"!;; •'I'lil "11 f'l" !"iy. '"•ly snrrh niiy prr^nii 
 oil l)(i;ii(l .iiiysliip or lnuit widiin llir liniils iil any 
 port ill llio I'liilcd Kiiifjduiii or tlio ('li.'iiiml 
 J;<!;iniN, or miy person ivlioslmil liiivc l.iiiilid Iroiii 
 any sliip or lioiit, proviilcd siicli oHiccr uliiiU have 
 Ijood rc'isiiii to siipjMiso tli;it siicli iiirsoii Ims any 
 iMU'ns'oiiii d or pn.lnMlcd ^'noils .-iiTcInd alioiil liis 
 person ; and il' any person shall olistrm-t any siicli 
 odu'cr ill poinir, reniainini,'. ur nliirniiif; from on 
 lioiird, or ii: scarcliinf? siieli ship or hoat or person, 
 cvpry siieli pi rsoii shall forfeit the Mini o! lU!:/. : 
 anil if any passciifier or other | or; on on hoard any 
 .such shi|) or hoat, or who may have lar.ded from 
 any ciieh ship or boat, sliall, .ipon heiiif; queslioneil 
 by any siuli (.lli<'or whether he has any foreif;n 
 ;;(iods upon his iicrson or in his possession, deny 
 the same, anil any siieh ppods shall afler such 
 denial bo diseovered to be or to have been upon 
 his person or in bis possession, siieli jroods .shall 
 be forfeited, and siuli person sliali forfeit (relile 
 the value of such fjoods. (Sec. 'J'J(!.) 
 
 Person brfiire Search tiuiy rei/iiirc to lie tiiheii 
 lirfiirc a Jiistiee or OJJtccru of Ctintoms. — IJel'ore 
 any pcr.son .shall be seandied by any such ollicer 
 as aforesaid, sneh persoi; may reipiire sueli ollicer 
 to take him or lier before any justice, or before the 
 eidlectm-, c:iniptioller, or other acliiii; principal 
 ollicer of the customs, wlio .shall, if he sec no 
 reasoiiabli! cause for search, (lis(!liarf{e such person, 
 but if otherwise, direct such person to be searched, 
 and if a female, .she .shall not bo searclied by any 
 otlier tliaii a female. (Sec. 'J-J7.) 
 
 I'enaltij i<n Offiecmfor Misronduet. — Any ollicer 
 required to take any .sucli person before siudi 
 justice, collector, comptroller, or other superior 
 ollicer of customs shall do so with all reasonable 
 despatch ; but if such ollicer sliail require any 
 
 8.MUGGL1NG 
 
 If Cooih h 
 
 unveil I'rinr fo /\.r'iihiiiiilk„ 
 I'eiKillii ii/ioii tite I'orti/ nmeerneil in t/ie Jtenutrnl 
 — r'.vi'ry per.-^on wlio shall remoxe any };oiiils j|„. 
 
 poilei 
 
 1 into the. I'niled Kingdom from 
 
 ii'iy nhiis 
 
 ipiay, wharf, or other |ibiio previous ti> tlif 
 
 examination thei I' by the proper ollicer of 
 
 • •usionis. unless niider llu! care or anllinrity if 
 siiidi ollicer, or who.'hall remove or withdraw i'rnin 
 ■•my (pnn, wh.avf, or other pl;ice any ^'omls |,,|. 
 tered li> lie v.'arehou^ed alter the l.'mdiiii,' llicrfnf 
 so that no sullicient account is taken tliiTinf In' 
 the proper oliieer. or so that the s;ime are iini iji,],. 
 waridiouseil, and every person who shall assist lir 
 be ollierwis(^ concerned in such removal or \vii||. 
 drawid, or shall knowinLjIy liarhonr, koeii, nr 
 conceal, or shall knowiui^ly permit or siilUr, ur 
 cause or procure to be harboured, kept,..ri'i.iii'|..||,.,| 
 any such floods, ur to whose ])ossessiou any ,sndi 
 goods shall knowiuftly come, every such persun 
 shall forfeit either treble the value thereiif dr (l,,. 
 penally of lUO/., nt the election of tlu' coinnilssi,ijuri 
 of customs. (.Sec. J.'iO.) 
 
 I'emnns viis/iippinij or concernril in the eani/int 
 iiiriii/ or eiiiieeiiliiKi Spiriln or Tiihncro to fiiilrit 
 10(1/. mill 111111/ lie ileliiinvil. — Mvery persiii'i win, 
 shall unship or bo aidin!^ or eoiicerneil in tlic 
 iiushippim; id' any s)iirits, tob-icco. sniilV, tulinecn 
 stalks, tobacco stalk Hour, orsinilf-work. iirnfaiiv 
 lea, such tea l-ein}^ of the value of 10/. nr ii|nMiri|s, 
 liable to forfeiture under this or any otlur Ka 
 reUtiiif; to (ho customs or exci>e, or who fbH 
 cany, convoy, or conceal, or he aiilini;. asslstm- 
 or concerneci in the earryin;^. eonveyinj:, or ciiii- 
 re.aliiif; of any such S|)irits, tobacco, snulV, tohiipcD 
 stalks, tobacco stalk Hour, orsnnn'-work, orofanv 
 .such tea as aforesaid, shall forfeit for eaeli jucii 
 oll'eiice treble the value of such f;ood.s. or ihc sum 
 f 100/., at the el.'ctiou of thn comniissinmrs i 
 
 person to be searched, not havinj; reasonable sronm 
 to .suppose lliat he lias uncustomed or prohibited | customs; and e»-ery kucIi iicrsoii may bn detainoi, 
 piods about liis person, such ollicor shall forfeit to be dealt with as licreinafur ilirectcd. (;>it. 
 and pay any sum not exceeding; 10/. (.Sec. 'JiH.) j 231.) 
 
 Persons einieerneil in imjxirlinp prohihited or \ Persons fonnd or discovered to have been n 
 restricted Hoods §'C. to forfeit treble the Value, or \ hoard l^essets liable to Forfeiture subject tnbe ,\k,- 
 UIO/. — Kveiy person who shall he concerned in ' iiiitted to ant/ House of Correetion. — Kvcrv siiiijii : 
 imporliiiff or bringing into tlie I'liited Kingdom of her Majesty who shall bo found or disrovori'l 
 any proiiibited goods, ir any goods the iinpor- i to li.ave been on board any sliip or boat liaMiM' 
 talion (d' which is restricted, contrary to such pro- j forfeitnri! under this or any .\ct relaiiii;; to l!i 
 liibiMon or restriction, and whether the .same be j customs for being found or discovered lo liaw 
 unshipped or not; and every person who shall j been within any of tli' distances in this .\i! 
 iinshi|i or assist or be otherwi.sc concerned in the mentioned from the United Kingdom or llit 
 imshippiiig of any goods which are iirobibiled or i Cliannel Isl.ands, having on hoard or in nnv 
 of any goods which are restricted and imported i manner attached thereto, or liaving h;ul on limrl 
 contrary to s icli restriction, or of any goods liabli! j or in any iiuinner attached thereto, or convi'viii.' 
 to duly, the duties for whidi have not been paid or having conveyed in any manner, sucIi i;ooi|Mii 
 or seemed; or who shall knowingly harbour, kce|i, I things as snliject siiidi sliip or boat to forl'ci'im', 
 or conceal, or shall knowingly jierniit or sutler or 1 or who shall bo found or (liscovered to liavclifin 
 
 cause or procure to be harboured, kept, cr con- 
 cealed, any Mich goods, or any goods a\ bich shall 
 liavo been illegallj" removed without payment of 
 duty from any warehouse or place of security in 
 w hich they may have been deposited ; or to wlio.se 
 Jiands and possession any such goods shall know- 
 ingly come; or who shall assist or be concerned in 
 the illegal removal of any goods from any ware- 
 house or pLacc of security in which they shall have 
 been deposited as aforesaid ; or whi shall be in 
 imy way knowingly concerned in conveying, 
 removing, depositing, concealing, or in any manner 
 dealing with any goods liable to duties of customs, 
 with intent to defraud licr M.ajisty of sucli duties 
 or any part tlareof ; or who shall be in any way 
 knowingly concerned in any fraudulent evasion or 
 attempt at evasion of such duties or any p.irt 
 thereof; shall in each and every of the foregoing 
 cases forfeit either treble llio value of the goods 
 or the iienalty of 100/., at the election of the 
 commissioiieis of customs. (Sec. '22'.t.) 
 
 within any such distances as aforesaid on hnal 
 any ship or boat from which any part of the car:" 
 or lading shall have b.en thrown overboard, ir 
 staved or destroyed, to prevent seizure, anil enry 
 jiorson, not being a subject of lii-r Majesty, wlii 
 shall bo found or discovered to have been on bn.iri 
 any ship or boat li.ible to forlciture for any of ti.o 
 causes l.-ist ntbresaid within one leagne of lln' 
 coast of the United Kingdom or of the t'liamnl 
 Islands, shall, upon being dnh convieteiloraiiyiif 
 the said olTences before any justice, he adj'ul^'oil 
 by such justice, for the first of such olfenecH. in In- 
 imprisoned in any house of correction, ami there 
 kept to hard labour, for any term not Icisihaiiti 
 nor more than 9 months, and for the .sci'omlof 
 such oll'eiices for any term not less tliwi '.I nw 
 more tlyin 12 mcnth.s, and for the third or any 
 subsequent olfence for 12 months : and evory suoli 
 person may be dctainiul, and taken bcl'iire any 
 justice, to Ijo dealt witli as hereinafUT (lirtctfil. 
 (Sec. 2;i2.) 
 
 I.'i^ 
 
!•(■(/ I'rhr III /■■■r'imiiiiil'ii n, 
 III iDiicirnrtl in tin' Jlvmnnil, 
 jiliall rcinovi! niiy fioinU iip.. 
 cd KJi'.i!il<iiii Ir'"" "">■ fliil', 
 ipr pl'ic'c. iirpvioiH to il,,. 
 liy till! iiriipfr (ilVic'iT of 
 (T tlu: "'lire (ir luilli'irily .f 
 mil niiuivi' or willidriiwirfiin 
 1,1 hcl- l'l:li'<' llliy ^'(ii«U III. 
 ■f(l Miter tin' hiniliii^' llirri'ni, 
 (iciMiiiiit, is tiikrii tlicri'iif |,v 
 SI) tli;it the suiiir ari' iidt iIdIv 
 I'V (icrsim will) slmll ii.-sist .,r 
 ii'i'd ill micli ri'iiiiival nr wiih- 
 iiowiiiijly liarlioiir, ki'0|i, ,,r 
 (iwinuly iH'niiit iir siillVr, .r 
 linrliourcd, Ui')>t,<.r('iiiii'|.;ilni, 
 (1 whiwP poKsi'SsiDii any >uili 
 :;ly come, fvcry siicli iut-idi 
 n'lilc the value Ihc-.-ciif (ir ih.. 
 le cU'CUoll ol'tlie eoiiiliii«Muii,T, 
 
 ;ii).) 
 
 (7 or concerned in the cnrnjiwi 
 Spiril.f or Tohncco tn furfrit 
 Itliiimil.—V.y^'ry jier-'nii «li„ 
 : aidiiiLC or coiicornod in iho 
 s<]iirils, toliacoip, smilV, tiilinccii 
 Hour, oramill'-woi-U. nrofaiiy 
 )t'tlii! value of U)/. or \ipwani-. 
 under this or any otlar Act 
 4toms or cxci^ie, or wlio «li,ill 
 iiiceal. or be aidinir, llssi^lnl.•, 
 > earrying, eonvcyint:, (ir roii 
 1 spirits, tobacco, snulV, U<km<) 
 i Hour, orsnulT-wf.rU, ofdlam 
 r.d, sliall forfeit for enrli muIi 
 aliio of such poods, or llie Mim 
 ■ction of tlin coiiinus^imuTs ni 
 T tueh i)crsoii may bo detaincii, 
 m licrciiuifler diiocteil, {.<k. 
 
 ■>r (li^rm-cred to have ken m 
 to Forfeiture suhjeet to he cm- 
 3 ()/' Correction.— E\oTy siilijcv. 
 o "shall bo fouiitl or disoovoroil 
 aard any ship or boat lialilf li 
 is or aiiy Act rulalin;' t" l!. 
 found or discovered to liav,' 
 of til' distances in tliis .\e\ 
 llio United Kinf^dem (T the 
 havinjj; on board or in any 
 lereto. or liavinj; had on luflrJ 
 attached thereto, or convoyiu.- 
 il in any manner, suc'.i 'fivnliK 
 uch ship or boat to furl'i'i'im', 
 ind or discovered to liavo liMi 
 istancps as aforesaid en Imarl 
 om which any part of the car:" 
 vc b.cii thrown oveilioanl, it 
 d, to prevent seizure, anil ovm 
 a subject of hitr Majesty, «li" 
 iscovcrcd to have been on boaru 
 .able to forfeiture for JUiy nlti.f 
 aid within one leasuc <if iK' 
 'A Kingdom or of the Cliainirl 
 !i bcini? diiK convict eddi any of 
 leforc'any "justiw. l'« inli'i'ls-'™ 
 the first of such olt'enccs, Ki te 
 house of correction, ami tl'crt 
 ur, for nnv term not lesjthanii 
 months, and for the sccon.l ot 
 anv term not less tlw.ri II nnr 
 .nths, and lor the thinl or anv 
 , for 12 months : and every siuh 
 Ictaincd, and taken bclorc any 
 It with as hereinaltor dircctni. 
 
 SMiXiciLiNu mos 
 
 Prmiis on liimnl }'es.ieh nilhia Ports (/ </ie j .shipping,' or for a'llin;; o' bein;; concerned in the 
 I'mli'il Kiixjilom irilli Coii/riihiiinl Arlicle.%siiliject I unshipping- u{ anv sjiiiits or tobacco liable to f ir- 
 („ j'aialliiof \ml. (111(1 l> ■■ Klinii.— V.wry person ' feiture under this'cir any other Act relating- to th- 
 ,vli» shall be found or di--rcivcrcd to \\.\\c. hem on cnstoiiis or exci'e, or li-r cnrryiii;,', coincN it'^,', <ir 
 
 cnnc'i'aliu',', or lor aidin'; or bciiif^ concerned in the 
 carryin;:, c'onvey in;;, or i oneealin;^ of any such 
 npirits or loliacuo, and il :Iki11 a| pear to siicli 
 ju-l:ee that Iho ipiaulily of spirits in res|iect of 
 thicli su'h iiersmi lias liccii so detained iVv* not 
 
 !i,,iril any ship or boat liable to forfeiture uiidcT 
 
 ;liiH or aiiy other Act relalin;.,' to (he customs for 
 
 1,11111; fouiid or discovered to liavii been within 
 
 iiv port, bay, haibonr. river, or cre( U of tlo' 
 
 ('.'.iicd Kiii'^doui, or of the Cliannel I-l.and', 
 
 \,■,^\■\\^\i on bonid or in any in.anner attached there- 
 
 i,,, 1,1- liavinj; had 0:1 board or in any mann"r 
 
 aiiaelied thereto, or conveyin;,' or havini,' cou- 
 
 v.Md in any manner, such j;oods or thin;,'s as 
 
 ,,il,j,.cl such ship or boat to forfeiture, or who 
 
 liail be I'oinid or discoverc<l to have been on 
 
 i,,aril any of her Majesty's ships or vessid^, or on 
 
 imard any ship or vessel in her Miijesty's eniploy- 
 
 1,1, lit (irperviee. or 011 board <d' any foreiicn post- 
 
 „lii(r I'acliet. bein^c ;i national vessel, cnildoyeil in 
 
 ,arrvii:i,' llic mails between any foroif^n country 
 
 anilllie I'niied Kinj,'doni, such last-mentioned 
 
 >iii|iS vei'Sels. or packets being foiiml or dis- 
 
 iMVcred ti) have been within any port, b;iy, 
 
 iiarlNiur. river, or creek of the United Kingdom 
 
 „r il'.e CliaiMiel Islands, h.iving on board or in 
 
 ;\iiv manner attached thereto, or hr.ving had on 
 
 Imiiril or in any manner attached thereto, or 
 
 miivcving or having conveyed in any niamior, 
 
 anv spirits, not being in a cask or other ves.sel 
 
 laiiabie of containing liipiids of the size or con- 
 
 t,iit of "20 gallons at the least, or any tobacco or 
 
 MmlV. not being in a cask or (lackage containing 
 
 .Mil II). of Kueli tobacco or snulVat least, or being 
 
 -fparaled or divided in any manner within any 
 
 ,a?k or package, shall forb it the sum of 1110/.; 
 
 anl every such iicrson shall ami may be <lctaineil, 
 
 ii;iil lakeii before any justice, to be dealt with as 
 
 luninarter ilireeled. (Sec. '_';!;!.) 
 
 I'crsiiiis in her Miijeslfs Service (hliiined, lo he 
 :,t\milon board until tl'drrant procured. — Where 
 anv person or persons, Ijcing part of the crew of any 
 if liir M.ijesly's sbijis or vessels, or of any ship or 
 vi-<il in her" Majesty's employment or service, 
 anl liable to detention, shall liave been detained 
 miller any law relating to the customs, such 
 i+ison or persons, upon notice thereof by the 
 i:Ha:iiingolIicer to the commanding oliicer of the 
 >iii|i or vc.-sel, shall be placed in security by such 
 mnmamling oliicer on board such ship or vessel 
 until fucli letaining oliicer shall have obt.ained a 
 warrant from a justice lijr bringing such person or 
 iw.-iinsbefire him or any other justice or justices, 
 111 lie ilcalt with according to law, which warrant 
 Micli jnstice is reipiircd to grant upon complaint 
 made to liim by such oIKcer of customs stating 
 ilioolTenco for which such person or persons is or 
 arc liable to ilctention. (Sec. 'J.'f I.) 
 
 Anij Person esc(ipii((j nnnj aj'tenrardu he detained. 
 -If any person liable to be detained under this 
 ■ rany other .\et relating to the cu.stonis shall not 
 lodotaineil at the time of committing the oll'euce 
 •ir which lie is so liable, or shall after detention 
 make Ilia ese.ipe, such person shall and may at 
 any time afterwards be detained and taken before 
 any justice, to be dealt with as if detained at the 
 limoof coinniilting such otVence. (Sec. '2l>.'i.) 
 
 MiKjistriitcs to proceed to Vonriciinnof Smvg- 
 ijrrsin certain Coses irithnul on Order of C((stoniii. 
 — Whoncver any person shall have been detained, 
 
 execrd ■_' f,;:illons. or tli.at the ipiantity of tobacco 
 in respect of which such person has be; n .so de- 
 tained does not exceed 10 lb. wei'.;lit, sncli jii'tici' 
 may proceed summarily upon \\n\ case without 
 any iid'ormalion, and aliliongh no direction shall 
 h.avebee- given by IheConimissioucrs offjistoms, 
 and coi.virt such person of such olVeiuv, and 
 adjudge that such person shall, in lieu of any 
 other penall\-, forfeit anv sum not less than the 
 ■I 
 
 ng'e value nor mm-e than treble the viduo of 
 such goods, includitig the duties of iinportalioii 
 due thereon, ;ilid in default of p.ayincnt of such 
 sum of money coniniit snih person to any of her 
 Majesty's ga.ds for any tinie not ( xceeding one 
 month, {^cc. ■.'."iti.) 
 
 Where Persons ore tiihcn ticforc d .fustice under 
 (III!/ Act rc/iiliii;) to the Customs, such ,/uslii-c viiii/ 
 order them to he ditiiiiied d reosoiiiilih: Time, or 
 admit to Ihiil. — When any person shall have been 
 detained for any oil' nee against this or any other 
 .\ct relating to the cusloms, and taken before any 
 justii'C, such justice may, if he sei' reasot'.able 
 cause, order such person to be detained in gaol, or 
 in the custody of the police or constabulary force, 
 a reasonable time, to olttain the order of the Coin- 
 mis.doners of Cusloms or Inland Keveiuie, and to 
 prepare the necessary informations, conviitions. 
 and warrants of commitment, and at the exiura- 
 tioii of such time to be brought before him, or any 
 other justice or justices, wiio may then linally 
 hear and determine the matter: but any|)ersonso 
 detained may be liberated, on giving, by recog- 
 nisance, security to the satisfaction of such justice 
 in the sum of 100/., or in the amontit of the 
 penalty sought to bo recovered, to apjiear at such 
 time and ])lace as shall be appointed by such 
 justice for hearing the case. (Sec. 'J37.) 
 
 Penulti/ on persons offering (loods for Snie under 
 Pretence (flieing run or prohihited. — Ifany [lersoii 
 shall oll'er for sale any goods under |)retence that 
 the same are prohibited, or have been nnsbipped 
 and run on shore without payment of duties, all 
 such goods (although not liable to any duties or 
 prohibited) shall be forfeited, and every person so 
 oll'ering the s.anie for sale shall forfeit treble the 
 value of such goods. (Sec. 'J;J8.) 
 
 iVo sulijects except OJIicers to tolie up Spirits in 
 siiudt Cds/is sunk or jiodting upon the Sea. — Xo sub- 
 ject of her Majesty, other than olllcers of the navy, 
 customs, or excise, shall internieddh! with or take 
 iiji any spirits, being in ca.sks of less content than 
 •JO gallons, which m.ay be found iloating upon or 
 sunk in the .sea within 100 leagues of the United 
 Kingdom, and if any spirits shall bo so inter- 
 meddled with or taken up, the same sh.all lie for- 
 feited, together with any ship or boat in which 
 they jirc found. (Sec. 'iiiO.) 
 
 Commissioners of Treasury or Customs may re- 
 store Seizures tj'e. — The Commissioners of the 
 Treasury or Customs may mitigate or remit any 
 ami taken belorc any justice, for being found or | pemilty or tine, or any ]iart of any penalty or 
 ibsfincrcd to have been on board any ship or boat | line, incurred under this or any Act relating to the 
 ivitliin anv port, bay, harbour, river, or creek of j customs, or release from conlineinent any )ierson 
 
 committed under this or any Act relating to the 
 customs, on such terms and conditions as to then 
 shall appear proper. (,Scc, 240.) 
 
 Persons signalling Smuggling Vessels may be do- 
 tained, and forfeit 1 00/.. or he kept to Hard Labour 
 
 . ( il 
 
 ihc United Kingdom or the Channel islands, such 
 >liip or boat li.aving on board or having had on ] 
 Imaril siiirits or tobacco in such casks or p,'ickages 
 as would, uiiilev this or any other Act relating" to 
 .iMon!!!. si'.lijoct the same" to forfeiture, or for un- 
 
I 
 
 1. 
 
 \'i 
 
 t 
 
 ladC SMUGGLINC 
 
 for One I'ear. — Xo ptr.son blmll, ni'tcr suiiMcl niiil 
 before BUiirisd between September 21 and April 1, 
 or after tho hour <>' 8 in tlie evening ami before 
 the hour of C in the mornin;; at any other time 
 ofllio year, malve, aid, or ossiot inmaliiiiK any 
 8i;,'niil in or on board or from ony Kliip or boat, or 
 on or from any i)art of tliu coast or shore of the 
 United Kinploni, or witliin l> miles of uny part of 
 Huch coast or sliore, for tiiri purpose of K'^nif? 
 iioti('P to any person on board any f.muKKlinK sliip 
 or boat, whetlicr any person no on boaril of sucli 
 .-•liip or boat be or not witliin distance to notice 
 anv sudi signal ; and if any person, contrnry to 
 tins Act, sliall nialic or cause to bo made, or aid 
 or assist in malcinj^, any such .signal, sucli person so 
 ofleiidiim BJiall In; f^uilty of a misdemeanor; ami 
 any person may sto|), arrest, and detain the person 
 .so olfending, and convey liini before any justice, 
 who, if he see cause, sliall commit tlie oil'ender to 
 the next county f;aol, there to remain until de- 
 livered by due course of law; and it shall not be 
 necessary to prove on any indictment or information 
 in sucli case that any shi|) or boat was actually on 
 the coast ; and tlie oflender beini; duly convicted 
 shall, by order of the court before whom he shall 
 be (Convicted, either forfeit the penally of 10U/.,or, 
 at the discretion of such court, be committed to 
 the common gaol or house of correction, there to 
 be kept to hard labour for any term not exceeding 
 one year. (See. 241.) 
 
 I'roof of a Sigtml not being iiitciitkd on Drfcn- 
 (laiit. — If an}' person be charged with or indicted 
 for having made or caused to be made, or for aiding 
 or assisting in making, any such signal os ofore- 
 said, the burden of proof that such signal so 
 charged as having been made with intent and for 
 the ]iurposc of giving such notice as aforesaid was 
 not made ■with such intent and fur such purpose 
 .sliall be upon the defendant against whom such 
 charge is made or sucli indictment is found. 
 (Sec. 2'I2.) 
 
 Any Person may prevent Signals, and vnlvr 
 Lands for that I'urrmse. — Any per.son whatsoever 
 may prevent any signal being made as aforesaid, 
 and may go upon any lands for that purpose, with- 
 out being liable to any indictment, suit, or action 
 tor the same. (Sec. 213.) 
 
 Persons assembling to the Kumbvr of 7'hrce or 
 mure to run Spirits, Tohaeeo, or obstructing Offi- 
 cers, to he sent to House of Correction. — All 
 jiersons assembling to the number of 3 or more, 
 lor the jjurpose of unshipping, carrying, convey- 
 ing, or conce.iling any spirits or tobacco, or any I 
 tea or .'^ilk (such tea or silk being of the value of 
 10/. or more), liable to forfeiture under this or any 
 other Act relating to the customs or excise, and 
 ever}- person who shall by any means procure or 
 hire, or .shall depute or authorise any other person 
 to procure or hire, any person or pcr^ons to assemble 
 for the purpose of being concerned in the landing 
 or unshipping, or carrying, conveying, or conceal- 
 ing any goods which are prohibited to be irajiorted, 
 or the duties for which have not been paid or 
 secured, and every person who shall obstruct any 
 otlicer or oilicers of the armj', na\ y, or marines, 
 being duly employed for the prevention of .smug- 
 gling, or any officer or officers of customs or excise, 
 or any person acting in his or their aid or assist- 
 ance, or duly employed for the prevention of 
 smuggling, in the execution of his or their duty, 
 or ill the due seizing of any goods liable to for- 
 feiture by this Act or any Act relating to the cus- 
 toms, or who shall rescue, attempt or endeavour 
 to rescue, or cause to be rescued, any goods which 
 have been duly seized, or who shall before or at or 
 after any seizure stave, break, or othenvise destroy, 
 or attempt or endeavour lo break, stave, or other- 
 
 wise destrov, any goods, to prevent the scijiir. 
 thereof or liie securing of the same, Mlmll, unun 
 iHiiiig duly ronvicted of any of tlio said uirdifi. 
 before anv justice of the peace, be adjii(l|,'(.(| ly 
 such justice for the llrst offence to be imprisdniii 
 in any lioiise of corrcelioii and tliere kepi lo han 
 labour for any term not less than li nor nicirc Ibi; 
 '.) months, anil for the second offeiici! for anv tirni 
 not h'ss than 'J nor more than 12 months, liini („, 
 the third or anv s.ibseijuent offence for 12 iiiontlu 
 (See. 211.) 
 
 Three or more armed Persons assembled tn /mrf 
 or rescue smuggled goods guilty o/'/'i/ooy.— If jn,, 
 person.-), to the number of 3 or more, armed uiiii 
 lirearms or other offensive weapons, shall, Hit||. 
 in the United Kingdom, or within the liiiiii< „: 
 any porl, h.-irbour, or creek thereof, he a.s.sitnbkii 
 ill order to be aiding and a.ssisting in the ilKijai 
 landing, running, or carrying away of any pr,- 
 hibited goods, or any goods liable to any diiiki 
 which have not been paid or secured, or in rescuing 
 or taking away any such goods as aforeiaid aliir 
 seizure i'roin the officer of the customs, or oikr 
 officer authorised to seize the same, or Inmi .inv 
 person or persons emi)loyed by or aasistiiif^ liuni, 
 or from the place where the same shall liavokm 
 lodged by them, or in rescuing any per^dii win. 
 shall have been apprehended for any ollVmu niai!o 
 felony by this or any Act relating to the cii.'.Ioiiin 
 or ill the ))reventiiig the apprehension of aiiypti. 
 son who shall have been guilty of such olfoice.iir 
 in ease any persons to tiic number of .'Jdrniurt 
 so armed as aforesaid shall, within the \lm.\ 
 Kingdom, or within the limits of any port, har- 
 bour, or creek thereof, be .so aiding or .issi^tinr. 
 every person sooffendiiig, and every person .liJiDi. 
 abetting, or assisting therein, shall, being tlicrc',!' 
 convi<;ted, be adjudged guilty of felony, and shall 
 be liable, at the discretion of the court befure which 
 he shall be convicted, to be transported kviml 
 the .seas for the term of his natural life, or for any 
 term not less than 15 years, or to be ira|iriii)iiej 
 for any term not exceeding 3 years. (Sec. 2W.) 
 Pcnons shooting at Boats belonging to iVar^ cr 
 Revenue Service, guilty of Felony. — If any [itrsju 
 shall maliciously shoot at any vessel orioal bo- 
 longing to her Majesty's navy, or in the service nf 
 the revenue, within 100 leagues of anv piirtdfihc 
 coast of the United Kingdom, or shall maliciously 
 .shoot at, maim, or wound any officer of the army 
 navy, or marines, being duly employed for llu 
 pre\ention of smuggling, and on fuUpaj-, v: .iiiy 
 officer of customs or excise, or any person .ictiii,' 
 in his aid or assistance, or duly employed for thf 
 prevention of smuggling, in the execution of hi- 
 olHcc or duty; every jierson so offending, and every 
 person aiding, abetting, or assisting therein, shall. 
 upon conviction, beadju<lged guilty of felony,,mJ 
 shall be liable, at the discretion of the court lie;ori 
 which he shall be convicted, to he transported bi- 
 yoiid the .seas for the terra of his natural iil'. 
 or for any term not less than 15 year.-*, or to 1- 
 imprisoned for any term not exceeding 3 year-. 
 (Sec. 2-lG.) 
 
 Any person in company with Four others, hirim 
 smuggled Goods, or with one other, armed or dn- 
 guiseil, guilty of Felony. — If any person in oeni- 
 pany with more than 4 others he found witli any 
 goods liable to forfeiture under this or any other 
 Act relating to the customs or excise, or in 
 company with 1 other person, within .0 inilt^i of 
 the sea coast or of any tidal river, and earryin; 
 offensive arms or weapons, or disguised in any 
 wav, every such person shall be actjuelged puiliy 
 of felony, and shall, on conviction of such olicnco, 
 be transported as a felon for the term of 7 years. 
 (Sec. 247.) 
 
 ■s j 
 
 9 1 
 
 !i '.it-* 
 
SMI'UOLINO 
 
 1307 
 
 ;ui)iIb, to prevent lliu seiziir' 
 riiin (if tho same, (tlinll, unn 
 .(1 of Hiiy of tho Hiiid i.ll'rn.i. 
 !)f tliu peace, be ailjiidpd l,> 
 I lirat offeiiee to be iiii|iri-(,iiHi 
 •rcelion and lliere kepi !« lur! 
 not less than ti iior nmro tlin, 
 ,he second oifence fcir any imn 
 more tlian 12 months, m,\ u 
 jae(iViciit oflencc for 12 moml,< 
 
 •med Persons asscmbted tn Imil 
 ponds ijuilli/ of /'iVo/i;/.— If aii\ 
 liber of ■') or more, armed wiu, 
 iiffensive weapons, sliall, witli- 
 ^;dom, or witlnn the limii. „; 
 "ir creek tlicrcof, he assiniljkil 
 nfj; and assustinf; in the iilipl 
 or carrying away of any iir - 
 imy f;oo(ls liubUi to anydini'- 
 
 III i)aid or Hccurcd, or in rescuing 
 
 IV Huch K"o<\» aa afurcaaid aliir 
 I'lliccr of llio cuatoms, or uiliit 
 o seize the same, or Inim any 
 employed by or aanistinn ilmii. 
 .vliere'lho same shall liavo liiiii 
 or in rescuing any per-im «!■ 
 iprehcndcd for any ollVno; iiud 
 my Act relating to the euMuiih, 
 iifj the apprehension of any \m- 
 e been guilty of such oIVmiw, ^r 
 na to the number of "> or imri 
 ■csaid shall, within the Uuiu'. 
 bin the limits of any port, liai- 
 proof, be so aiding or ivihur. 
 fl'eiiding, and every person ai.liii.'. 
 ting tlierein, shall, being AtttA 
 idgcd guilty of felony, and sliaii 
 acrelion of tho court before wIjHi 
 ■ictcd, to be transported bcy.nd 
 erm of his natural life, or for any 
 n 15 years, or to be impriiuma 
 exceeding 3 years. (Sec. 210.) 
 a at Boats belonging to JSmij if 
 guilty of Felony.— U any pirs u 
 
 shoot at any ves.sel or boai 1- ■ 
 
 ajesty'snavv, or in the service .J 
 
 tin 100 leagues of auv partoldjf 
 
 ed Kingdom, or shall maliaously 
 
 )r wound anv officer (d' the army. 
 
 i, being duly employed for llir 
 
 .uggling, and on full pay, or any 
 
 s or excise, or any person aiun.' 
 
 stance, or duly employed for tb. 
 
 ugirling, in the execution ol In- 
 
 .rv person so offending, and every 
 
 )etting, or assisting therein, slial.. 
 
 lie adju.lged guilty of filonv.aiiil 
 
 the discretion of the court lieljTv 
 
 ■ convictiid, to be transporlcd b.- 
 
 ,br the term of his natural iL. 
 
 not lcs.H than 15 years or to i ■ 
 
 my terra not exceeding a .vcai-. 
 
 company with Four others, hmm 
 or with one other, armed or o'- 
 Felony. -K any pers"" I''/'* 
 than 4 others be found will' ■■■ 
 orfeiturc under this or any otli. 
 
 the customs or wciso, or » 
 
 other person, witbmr, mile 
 of anv tidal river, and carry . 
 ir wcApons, or disguised in a 
 
 perso'n shin be adjudged pmU 
 all, on conviction of such^otoM. 
 
 a felon for the term of.. ^w^• 
 
 I'dsiins (tssiiiitting Officers by Force or ]'iohncc 
 maybn transported.— 1( any |)eraon hIi^U, by force 
 nr violence, assault, resiat, or obstruct any ollieer 
 (,f the army, navy, or marines, being duly cni- 
 lili,ved for the prevention of Hiiiugglinf;, and on 
 lullliav, or any olUcer of customs or excise, or 
 illier person duly employed for the prevention of 
 -iiiu"gl'"g) '" '''" ^'"" execution of his or their 
 iliiiv" or any ]iersou acting in his or their aid, 
 IV, rv person Hooirending, being thereof convicted, 
 j|.,ll 1,0 transported for 7 years, or sentencetl to 
 I, iiniirisoned in any house of correction or coiii- 
 
 1 Hiiol, and kept to hard labour, for any term 
 
 i|,i exceeding .'i years, at (he (liscretion of the 
 ,,nrtlieloi'e whom such oll'eiider shall be tried and 
 ,,iiiviiled as aforesaid. (Sec. 21H.) 
 
 (Clause 21!) enacts that ihe conimandingoniccrs 
 „i Ikkih for the prevent ion of smuggling may haul 
 ):i,.iii on ^liore without being liable to be sued for 
 
 su dding. 
 
 l lause 250 authorises ofliccrs of army, navy, 
 and marines, to patnd the coasts for the pre.ven- 
 tiMiKjf Miuiggling without being lialde to suit for 
 
 su doing. 
 
 As to Compensations and liewards. 
 Oficers wounded to he provided for i(c. — If any 
 (illii'er or .seaman employed in the service of 
 ilic curiums or inlunil revenue shall be killed, 
 maimed, wounded, or in any way injured in the 
 ilueo.\ec'iitii n of his ollico, or if any person acting 
 in hii aiil, or duly employed for the prevention of 
 >mu(,'gling, shall be so killed, maimed, wounded, 
 nriii any way injured while so aiding such officer 
 ir seaman, or so employed, the Commissioners of 
 I'lisloms or Inland Kevenuo respectividy may, 
 witli the sanction of the Commissioners of the 
 Treasury, make such provision for such oilicer or 
 l«rsiin, iir fur the widows and families of such as 
 hall lie killed, as thfy may see lit. (.See. 251.) 
 lUwards for detaining Smugglers. — The Coin- 
 cii>-ioucrs of Customs may award to any oilicer or 
 iiiher person detaining any person liable to deten- 
 licn under this or anj' other Act relating to the 
 eu,-ionis, if convicted, such reward as they may 
 tliiiik lit, not exceeding the sum of 20/. for each 
 Itcrsoii. (Sec. 252.) 
 
 lldfiinh out of Penalties. — The Commissioners 
 il l.'ihtoina may order such reward aa they see lit 
 ml of any ])ccuniary penalty or composition to 
 any oilicer or other person by whose means the 
 >aine is recovered. (Sec. 253.) 
 
 Hewards to OJIieers making Seizures. — The Com- 
 missioners of Customs may order to be paid in 
 rtsficct of any seizure made under this or any Act 
 reking to the customs, to the person or persons 
 making the same, such rewards as they may see 
 fit, niit exceeding the value of the goods or things 
 so sfized, and for this jiurpose the value of spirits 
 and tdbaeco seized as aforesaid shall be deemed 
 and lakcii to he such as the Lords of the Treasury 
 I'" the Commissioners of Customs may think lit, 
 
 iSeC. 'JM.) 
 
 Huw Value is to be ascertained. — In all cases 
 ivliere any penalty the amount of which is to be 
 dtlennined by the value of any goods, is directed to 
 lie sued for under any Act relating to the customs 
 iir excise, such value shall, as regards proceedings 
 in any court or before justices, bo estimated and 
 taken according to the rate and price for which 
 t'lKHlj of the like kind but of tho best quality upon 
 which the duties of importation shall have been 
 laid were sold at or about the time of the offence, 
 w according to the rate and price for which the 
 like sort of goods were sfdd in bond at or about the 
 time of the offence, with the duties due thereon 
 aildtd to such rate or price in bond, except as to 
 
 tidiacco stalky tobacco stalk Hour, and snuff-work, 
 the value of which shall, for the purpose of any 
 suit or proceeding under this or any Act rehiting 
 to the customs, be estimated at the same rate as 
 that of iiiimanufaelured tobacco upon which tho 
 (hit ies of importation shall have been paid. (.See. 
 2.05.) 
 
 All Rewards and Seizures /Mtyuble to Officers of 
 .trnti/, Navy, or Marines to he regulated by Order 
 i'«C'uHnr.(V.— l",very reward or .ih'art! cf aiiy sucU 
 seizure, or of the value thereof, payable "to any 
 oilicer or (dlicers, iioii-eoiiiiiiissioii(;d ollii^ers, petty 
 ollicers, seamen, or privates of her Majesty's army, 
 navy, or marines, oracling under tho orders of the 
 i.,ord High Admiral or (Commissioners of liie Ad- 
 miralty, shall be divided and distributed in siieli 
 l)roportions, and according to such rules, regu- 
 lations, and orders, as her Majesty shall, by royal 
 proclamation in that behalf, be pleased to" direct 
 and appoint. (Sec. 25li.) 
 
 Commissioners may distribute Officers' Shares of 
 Seizures xo as to reward J'ersiois not actually 
 /iresent. — The Commissioners of Customs or lidand 
 lieveliue respectively may, in case of any seizure 
 of .-hips, boats, or goods, or of the afipr(diension of 
 any parlies, under this or any other Act relating 
 to the customs, direct the "^distribution of the 
 seizor's share of such ship, boats, or goods, or of 
 any i)enalties or rewards that may lie recovered 
 on account of any seizure, so that any other person 
 through whose iiilormation or means such seizure 
 shall have b(!cii made or penally recovered or 
 jiarty a|)prehended, and who may by them be 
 deemed to be so entitled, may participate iu such 
 proportions as the said Coiumi.ssionera shall re- 
 spectively deem expedient. (Sec. 257.) 
 
 Rewards tol'ersons giving Information of Goods 
 floating or sunk in the Sea. — If any person shall 
 di.scover any spirits in cask.s of less content than 
 20 gallons found iloating upon or sunk in the sea, 
 and shall give information to any officer of tUe 
 customs, or other jierson duly authorised to make 
 seizure of such spirits, so that seizure shall bo 
 made of the same, the person giving such infor- 
 mation shall be entitled to and shall receive sueli 
 reiward as the Commissioners of Customs may 
 direct. (Sec. 258.) 
 
 As to Collusive Seizures, 
 Penally on Officers and Persons making collusive 
 Seizures, or taking Bribes, and on Persons offerinef 
 them. — If any oilicer of customs or excise, or of the 
 army, navy, or marines, duly employed for the 
 prevention of smuggling, and on full jiay, or 
 any other person or persons whomsoever duly em- 
 ployee! for t he prevention of smuggling, shall make 
 any collusive seizure, or deliver up, or make any 
 agreement to deliver up or not to seize any vessel 
 or boat, or any gooels liable to forfeiture, or fhall 
 take any bribe, gratuity, recompense, or reward for 
 the neglect or nonperformance of his duty, or con- 
 spire or cimnive with any person to import or bring 
 into the United Kingdom or the Channel Islands, 
 or any of the British possessions abroad, or be in 
 any way concerned in the importation or bringing 
 into the Uniled Kingdom, or tho said islands or 
 possessions, of any goods prohibited to be imported 
 or liable to duties of customs for the purpose of 
 seizing any ship, boat, or goods, and obtaining any 
 reward for such seizure or otherwise, every such 
 oilicer or other person shall forfeit for every such 
 offence the sum of 500/., and be rendered incapa- 
 ble of serving her Majesty in any office whatever, 
 either civil or military ; and every person who shall 
 give or offer, or promise to give or procure to be 
 given, any bribe, recompense, or reward to, or shall 
 make any collusive agreement with, any such offi- 
 
 I . I 
 
 

 • a' 
 
 »' ' 
 
 1308 
 
 .SMYRNA 
 
 I' 
 
 .- 
 
 ' f 
 
 !t'- 
 
 - -• i ,■ . 
 
 
 cir (irppfMiii n;i afdrcsaiil to iivliico liiiii in nny w:iy 
 III iiij;lc'i:t lii.t iliilv, iir to do, oimrciil. or idiiiiivc at 
 any ail \vlii rcl)y any of ilic provNidiiH (ilnny Act. 
 of rnrliuiiiciit nlatiiij^ to IIm; ctistiMin may Im' 
 <:vai|cil, .•'liaU I'orl'i'it tlin siiiii ut' .Mio/, (Spc. '.'.")!».) 
 
 .SMVliNA. A larf;<: <!ity aiiil ncaport of Asiatic 
 TiiiUcv, on till! wcslcrii Mv. ot' .\^ia Minor, lat. 
 ■M° 2?>' :t(i" X., loni;. '^l^ tl' ■!:." K. ropiilallon 
 ••stiiiiatcdaU'rom l;ju,(l()(l to l.'iO.OlMl.olwliomi may 
 lie 1 iirlid, ami llu: nniainder (Irccks, Aniiuiiiaim, 
 I'laiilis, .(cw.s Ac. Smyrna is hiliiatcd at ihn bf)t- 
 lom of a deep k"" i I'"' cnirancc. to wliich lies 
 lictwct'ii MvtilcMc on till! Moitli, and {'i\\)(\ Cum- 
 lionrim, in iat. M'^ 11' IJU" N., lon^'. '.'(P -Jl' K., on 
 I lie. s<iutli. la addition to tin; li^lit placed on 
 Simjalc Kalcssi in IHIM, tlicru wcro llirpc other 
 lij;lit.s |iiaccil in the ^nll' in iHlio, viz. a lii;litliou»e 
 on t'apc Merniinji, ;ih° ;J7' X. lat., 2tj'^ -It/ '.'()" E. 
 loMf,'., and two lin'it vessels, one otTTani Kedesse, 
 ami the other on Sanjalt Spit. The accompany- 
 in),' ilhistralion fjivo.s ii belter idea of the (iull' of 
 •Smyrna than could be deriveil from any deseripl ion. 
 The dotted line shows the course inwards. The 
 passano between James' Castle (D) on the houiIi 
 .•ind tlic ojiposile sand-bank is n.'irrow ; but there is 
 from 'J tu JO fathoms water, vitli blue day bottimi. 
 Merchant ships anchor abreast of the city "in from 7 
 to H fathoms; but tlie water fs so deep tliat they 
 may come close to the (piays. The iiibat, or sea 
 breeze, blows from mornin^j till eveninj;, an<l is 
 always waited for by ships goinn up to the city. 
 There la excellent an<hora.c;o in most parts of the 
 gult", merely avoiding tiie shoals on the north side. 
 
 Smyrna is a place of great antiiiuity. The excel- 
 lence of its port, and its admirable situation, have 
 made it to be several times relmilt, after being 
 destroyed by earthijuakes. On approaching it 
 from tho sea, it has the appearance of an am|ihi- 
 thcatrc; the castle is at the back of the town, 
 which it cu'iimands on tlic lop of the hill ; but it 
 is in a state of decay, and could oppose no resist- 
 ance to an invading force. The interior of the 
 city docs not correspond to its external appear- 
 ance ; the streets being, lor the most part, narrow, 
 dirty, and ill-paved. Owing to the want of clean- 
 Jiness, and of all sorts of precautions, on the part 
 of the Turks, Smyrna is fretjuently visited bv the 
 plague. Jii 1811 (rom .')(),U()0 to (W,M>>) of tin 
 inhabitants are said to have been cut olf by this 
 dreadful scourge. The trade of this city is more 
 extensive than that of any other in the Turkish 
 empire, and Smyrna is the great steam ccnire for 
 the wlude Levant. The caravans from I'ersia are 
 chiclly composed of Armenians. 'J'hcy arrive and 
 depart at fixed perioils, which are nearly identical 
 with those of the arrival and departure of most of 
 the foreign ship.s fre(|uenting the port. ]!ut it is 
 now connected by railway with (iliuzel-IIissar, or 
 Aidin, near the Mendere, G2 miles S.E. of Smyrna, 
 JSargains are iirineipally elVected by Jew brokers, 
 manj' of whom have amassed considerable for- 
 tunes. Tlie princij)al articles of import consist 
 of furs, iron, butler &c. from Odessa anrl 
 Taganrog; and of cotton-st nil's and twist, silk 
 and woollen goods, coffee, sugar, cochineal, and 
 ■dye-woods, iron, coal, tin and tin plates, ruin, 
 brandy, paper, cheese, glass, wine &c. from 
 Oreat lintaiii, France, Italy, the United States 
 &c. The exports consist principally of cotton, 
 which is the most valuable article, madder, dried 
 /'ruits, valonia, opium, sponges, carpets, silk, wool, 
 box-wood, emery-stone, drugs, yellow-berries, 
 galls, wax, copper, hare-skins, goals' wool, &e. 
 
 We are indebted to Jlr. liolleston's Report on 
 Smyrna, to Mr. Consul Cumberbatch's Report of 
 June 2U, 18G8, and tu private information, for 
 most part of the following details. 
 
 'The business,' says Mr. Itolleslun, 'of oxpuri. 
 ing anil importing goods to and from ICuruijci, 
 lieciiming more and more monopolised hv iln 
 (iniU mirchants. They are compelled hy ii,,, 
 conditions of the insurance companies to (liii,!,,,. 
 iMiropean Imttonis ami sailors to transport iiuj, 
 freight, and they have a line of Englisli sicamer, 
 in their emiiioyment. It is in great measure iIk,- 
 local knowleili;(! anil connections which eii;il,|. 
 tliem to ciiiiipete with merchants of other imiii,i], 
 at HO great an advanta^'c in this parlicular brnn^li 
 of business. Tlieri! are many instames tu I,. 
 pniiiicil out in Smyrna of (ireek merclmiits wh,i 
 iiave raised themselves by their own exertions aiil 
 industry from a very jioor eonilition tu one uf 
 opulence, and on the other hand it is saiil that 
 their very wealthiest merchants are in the Imiij 
 of furthering their own interests by metlniii 
 which, thongli not positively dishonest, nru vet 
 such as none but the jiettiest trailesmaiirf 
 another race would condescend to einplny.' 
 
 lint this natural result of the brutal' tyraimv 
 under which (thanks to the jealousies and sollijli'. 
 ness of the principal Christian I'owers) llioyli,nv 
 so liiiig groaned, is now rapidly wearini; iiwav; 
 and at the present time there are m:iny (irnii 
 merchaius who arc not more distinf^inslicd liv 
 their intelligence and enterprise than liy tlieit 
 straightforwardness and integrity. 
 
 Mr. Uollcstoii snys that batreil of the Turks ii 
 so deeply rooted in the heart of every tintk a« 
 to constitute a part of their moral iiutiiri;; iinuj! 
 would have been extraordinary indeed had sutl 
 not been the case. 
 
 'i'hc Turkish population is almost wholly ocoa. 
 liied in agricultural labour, or in the ruilost <<! 
 of nianuhictu.es. The porterage of Sniyrn.i fiits 
 empliiynient to about 3,000 of the lowest order (i 
 Turks. 
 
 Sales are cneoted bj* a merchant's broker, ani 
 what is termed a street or out-door broker; th« 
 former receiving his instructions from tlie sfUfr, 
 and the latter acting on behalf of the buyer. 
 When tho terms are mutually agieed upon. lli« 
 real buyer and seller personally nice;,; .it 
 bond or obligatory note stating the terms ani 
 nmoiint of the transaetiim is drawn out aiij 
 signed by the buyer; and when not nuicli .'i]i- 
 jiroved of, one or more signatures are rci|uitc'li« 
 the bond, who individuallv and coUectivilv k- 
 eomc responsible for the fullilnieiit of it. 
 
 J'liic/uisea arc similarly made, except tliat ili* 
 ]>;irchascr or agent himself, in the tirst iibtame. 
 and his brokers, inspect the goods he is aliuiiitu 
 treat lor: cash down is generally expcclcil; aiil 
 it is but seldom that a short credit of 1 or i 
 couriers is obtained : it not unfreqiiently li:i|i|«n!, 
 also, that ^ or even i, of the purchase (iinuinilii 
 advanced to the seller, when an iiisullii mil 
 quantity of the article wanted by tho buyer i~ii 
 the place, and which must then he iirocured frin 
 the interior or place of growth. Tlio ramiey 
 advanced (which is to be returned if the qiLilitv 
 does not suit) is sent by a conliilential per.-"iiiii 
 the part of the jmrcha-scr, accompanied "iilurly 
 the seller in person, or by some one reprcscniiii: 
 him. 
 
 B'lrtcrH are generally attended with delay, im- 
 pediments, and sacriticcs to the Kinopean awni 
 who exchanges his constituents' goods for native 
 produce, and are never completed witlimii liii 
 paying a large portion in cash, which is mosilyl, 
 sometimes even 3> hut never less tliaa i "[ il" 
 full amount; besides alwavs paying a liiglif 
 price for the produce than if it were bouf;litiot 
 ready money. On the other hand, so far m the 
 agent's transaction goes in goods, the priie ii 
 
imm 
 
 rtftv.s Mr, I!(ilIostiiii, 'of f\|i, -: 
 i; "noods Id ami tVnin liuni).. ,. 
 ind mori; iiii)n(i|iiilis('i| hy li, 
 . 'I'lu'y lire coiiiiJiillcil liy ii, 
 
 instiraiicf coiupiuiii'rt to iiiiiiln, 
 s liiiil sailoM Id Inuispdrt ili,.ir 
 liavo II liiK' "f J'.nf,'li^li .sicatnir. 
 •nt. It i.s ill Kri'iit iiicasiiri' ih,,- 
 and (i(ii)iicrli(iii,< wliicli nni., 
 with iiicroliants of (illior iialiun. 
 .■oiila^jc ill llii.^ imrliciilarlir.ri , 
 crt! iiro many instaiu'iM tn L 
 nyriia (if (ireclv iiierclmnt* wlj., 
 fivL'.s liy their own cxcrticiiK m\ 
 vrry jioor condition to (iiic if 
 
 tlif other hand it is saiil tin; 
 iest nieixhaiita arc iii thu iui- 
 leir own interests hy mctliMi, 
 ot positively dishone.-t, nr.; vit 
 imt tlie |iottiest trailcsmaiin! 
 Id coiideseend to enipldV.' 
 ral result of the hrulal tyranny 
 inks to the jealousies andsflii-li'. 
 ipal Christian I'owcrs) llioyliavti 
 
 is now rapidly wcarini; awav; 
 Mit time there are many dr. 1; 
 are not more distinj^uislu'd I.- 
 1! and enterprise tiiaii liy tiar 
 OSS and inte(.;rity. 
 soys that hatred of the Turks ii 
 
 ill the heart of every (Inck a- 
 art of their moral mitiiii!; aimi: 
 1 extraordinary indeed hail m.Ii 
 e. 
 
 lopnlation is alino.st wholly ntoa. 
 
 iral lahour, or in the rudost surit 
 
 'I'lie portcrajio of Smyrna l'ivis 
 
 ibout 3,000 of the lowest ordirif 
 
 [^ted by a merchant's hmkcr, ar.; 
 a street or ont-door broker; tli? 
 liis instructions from the sillc, 
 actiii}^ on behalf of the buver. 
 i are mutually agiecd iiiioii, llie 
 
 seller personally mco!, ; anj a 
 tory note stating the terras aci 
 
 transaction is drawn nut aiil 
 buyer; and when not iiiiicli sj- 
 : iiiore hignatures are reiiiiiaii') 
 individually and collectively fc- 
 3 for the fullilmcnt of it. 
 ! similarly made, except that ili" 
 ent himself, in the lirst iibtan* 
 inspect the goods he is alioutui 
 down is generally expected; anJ 
 ni that a short credit of 1 or i 
 nod : it not unfreqiiently h:i|ii<n-, 
 ivcn h of the purchase niiiinint is 
 he seller, ■when an iiisullii loiii 
 article wanted by the buyMi'iii 
 i'hich must then be prociireil fri« 
 
 place of growth. Tlio ramiey 
 h is to be returned if the quality 
 i sent by a conlideiitial ppr.-"iu'ii 
 jmrchascr, accompanied "iilifrly 
 ■son, or by some one reprcsciiiiiis 
 
 enerallv attended with delay, in- i 
 sacriticcs to the European agcni | 
 his constituents' gonds fur nativi 
 iro never completed witlimit liii | 
 portion in cash, which is mostly i, 
 I I, but never less than J nt tin 
 besides alwavs paying a liii:'* ] 
 roducc than if it were bouglit M 
 On the other hand, so far m ttie 
 tion goes in goods, the Ficc iJ 
 
 y 
 
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 SMYHNA IIAHIumH 
 
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SMYKNA 
 
 «{ilrli IkmiI^ii nilvnnccH, it in (M|Uii1 Id nii advaii- | ik>lvaiita(;coiiN barter can 
 
 i:i(fli 
 
 I'lVi'i tcil, a-t a iniii'li 
 !ii''omi4 1'"''!' "'■'''> <l('>l>i<:li»K ili'^ciiiiiit ; but mill i lur^'ir i|iiaiilily of colt'co will Im^ taken in oxi'lian^n 
 i„ri(i<iH, iiH wr have jnst Mtatc<l, on tlmt part of , Inr iiriicliice iliiin alniuHt ony oilier item of lAirii- 
 j|ii. (jiiiriiiion wliieli Biil)J('eli« liini to llio ncr ssiiy |ii','ui inriclianilisc. 
 ,f civiiifi rcailv inoiu'y fi.r Biich part of llir .Vi/i/ni- i-< tin- next in cunsoci'.icnco, 
 ,,fi«';ici' in rcniain-t above till' ronnlir-vmne ^'ivcn ■ 
 
 H : 
 
 rilis arlirln 
 ppliril Iroin the wmie «imriTi an I'ollei', nnil i-t 
 'I'l i;iKiil-i, al ft liij,'bi'r rale llian it i worth in tlie ' alliiiileil in its ilisposal with siiiiiliir reiiill.H. 
 ' I, market. linn the ni|vantai,'n is all in ^ While ern-iheil, white llavainwih, brown ilo.. while 
 'niiiir iif Ibis eoiiiitry, iiml a;;ainst .he ii^iiit. lia^t linlia. relineil in niiiiiII loaves of 't lb. amt 
 liiilipl, barters are Heliloni imilertakeii inibMs I in lar^e of H lb. eaeh : the 'J biller are iiioMly 
 tvli'ii a prnlitabh! result is aiiticipateil, when ! .shipped from .\iiieriea nnil KiiKhinil. 'I'liu bruwu 
 luriiiitaii pioils are ilillienit In be plaeeil upon i umi orilieiry wiits are not .so i-nrreiit. 
 iviiiL' ("iiiliiioiis, either from the. want of ib //k/k/k always meets a reaily sale, nnil not 
 
 liiaiiJ i" " k'""''*' "'If'*'''. '"■ when (which is I nnfri'i|iienlly iiprolilable one ; it in atlemleil like 
 „iii.tlv llie ease) the holibr of diii'li nooils has wisewillii.li the nilvantanes ami faiilitiiN allaiheil 
 
 oll'ei! anil Hiinar, ami i» biniisheil by Ktiropo 
 
 of them to remit them in 
 
 „rJ.r!irriini Mie owners o1 
 
 i.ruiliui'. all'' ''"'^ realise llieir property, if not 
 Li,i, prciiLilile terms, at least without the risk 
 ifj-im; I'reiii bail debts; .lomelime.s, also, oiit- 
 .liimlinh' bonds are taken in jiart |mymcnt, to the 
 i.\t(iit iiiia-ionally of If ; another \ is lakeu in 
 ■m»[* at nil advance of from fi to li) or 12 per 
 out, aliiive eurreiit price.s ; and the reniainiiiK ,\ 
 \i\ttiA\ iifjaiiL-^t produce, at from ."< to 1(1 per ceiil. 
 ii.(iro than it fetches in the bazaars. However, it 
 ;. Iiv I'lirtcr alone Ihat any extensive Iransaclion 
 n'cr takis place, or that it can be either readily 
 ,r.;ilWv clb'cled. 
 
 Sdli't UK Cinlit. — The terms of credit vary eon- 
 jMiral'lv, am! depend enlirrly upon the quulily of 
 iho pidi'ls which the af^ent sells. 
 
 Siilii I'lir f '(/.i/i.— 'I'liesi' Mrv scldiim occur 
 ii,,:c',(l, aiid then only when money is abniidant, 
 „r liiiarliLlc Mild scarce and in ^reat demand ; in 
 ;;i!. mil 1 ■'•ale in lOU is made on these terms; and 
 ,11 iiliiiiit the same ratio is a discount Inkcn oil' 
 :,m;ii a bazaar bond at even an exorbitant rite, 
 .iiuvtr sliiirt the period may be that it has to 
 ji,n; iicneionally a sale i-i. however, etVected for 4 
 i.-li, iincl the other J short credit, for sume very 
 
 ■ ;;rii;llt goods. 
 
 Import), 
 
 Tlic value of the imports in 18G7 was less than 
 
 iiilKCdby lSG,7iiO/. 
 
 0,|/iT.— This is one of the most current articles 
 r. '(ivi'd hi're, and is sent from Kngland, France, 
 II 11:111(1, Trieste, Marsi'illc.s Lefjhnrn, Genoa, and 
 .\mciiia; but first, and iiriucipally of late years, 
 iruiu the lutter country— (iOO sacks, although 
 iioaMonally that amount is doubled. Franco 
 1 lliiws, but im a U'ss exten.sive scale ; and Austria, 
 ll"liaml| and the, Biiiall ports in the south of 
 KuM|)C, ilo nut tof,'ether export more I ban 4 dif- 
 f relit i|ualitips of coU'ee in the market; namely, 
 .Midw, .St. Ui)mii>},'o, llavannah, and Brazil : the 
 lir.-t !■! fciit friini Alexandria, and by American 
 v(s*ls, and but .nddom from Europe ; the con- 
 Mira|iiioii U, liowevcr, limited, and docs not c.-icced 
 (n.iiUU okcs annually. At Constantinople the 
 wiL^umplinu is much j;rcater. An Asiatic cannot 
 i!o«itliout bis coffee ; and it is well known that 
 in hiiiyriia alone not less than perhaps 4011,000 
 raps (if it are daily drunk, which, computed at 
 ihe cost iirice of '.i paras each, amount to 20,000 
 iuslrcs. St. Doiiiiiifio and llavannah coffees are 
 Ktferred to the Iha/.il. allhough, when the latter 
 i-ol'afair roniid (piality, there is not more than 
 ■ijicr leiit. (lili'ciL'iice in price; the small green 
 West India berry certainly commands a re.idy 
 wW; but, for the finest sort, not more than or 8 
 fit cent, can be obtained above the middling; and 
 Miuuil i|uality. Collee is amcm^jst the very few 
 ankles which occasionally meet with a partial 
 siiJ entire cash sale and short credit ; and is, 
 niureovtr, bom llio means and character of the 
 ftalersin it, the least liable to risk from insol- 
 VL;iev, It is also the easiest throu'di which an 
 
 to coiice an 
 
 and America, but principallv by lint^land. T'hr 
 (pialilies received consist of Last India purple nml 
 copper, (lit Id "oimnon, and (iuuteniala. The liisl 
 of the .) is the kind bent adapted for our markets, 
 and is placed soimcr and belter than tin; other 2 ; 
 but, as is the ease with eolTee, the re/-// fine, will 
 not pay rost jiricc, and oiiuht Iherebire never 
 to be sent. The (licccs suited for oiir buyers 
 (>u;;lit to h: good si/.cd, with about an e(pial pro- 
 portion id" purple and copper in each piece. 
 
 JMtinii/dvluiiH. — Wbili! or imprinted cotton 
 goods an^ most in demand diiniig the warm 
 weather, and the coloured or jirinted sliiIVs duriiiy 
 winter, allhoimh a consideriibb! qiinntity of nil 
 .sorts is regularly and largely void thronghout the 
 wliide year. lOast Indian niaiiid'actnres are sup- 
 plied by America and TJiglmid exclusively; the 
 latter country also sends biir imitations of the 
 ICast Indian loom, in long cloths, seersuckers \c. 
 The native consmncrs are exceedingly fastidious 
 ill their choice of designs and colours, which ought 
 very fre(|iiently to bo altered, in order to ineel 
 their capricious taste. Mminfaetnrcd goods are 
 always sidd at long credits, but large barters are 
 often elVected through them. A person desinniv 
 of entering into this item of our cominerce is 
 almost certain ultimately to reap an advantage; 
 but he must have patience, a large cajjital, and 
 must not bo disheartened at the Inst or second 
 result of his enterprise, should it disai>point bis 
 hopes of prolit. He must also cuter into the 
 thing with spirit, and keep his agent always 
 supplied with the goods ho may recommend; and 
 he is to remember that many months must elapse 
 before he can expect a return by bills of exchange, 
 but sooner if he order a barter. The capital 
 employed must also at least be to the amount of 
 20,00(1/. to do any good; and Curthor, this snu> 
 ought to be disbursed l.y li!m without any pecu- 
 niary embarras.smcMt or inconvenience. ' For a 
 person w illing to undertake .such a step, he would 
 reipiire to be regularly furnished with iiattenis. 
 and advices of the manner in which they ought to 
 be printed and varied ; and with competent means, 
 a real desire to fidlow the branch up lirmly, and 
 full information of what is required, a most exten- 
 sive and linally lucrative busmess would be done. 
 Cotton TiL'i^i forms no inconsiderable article in 
 this trade, and is supplied exclusively from Eng- 
 land. Mule twist has, however, superseded, in 
 some degree, the demand which formerly existed 
 for water twist, and is consetpiently more iir 
 request. Water twist is nc\*crthcle.ss saleable, 
 and both qualities ought to be of rather high 
 numbers. This article is often given in barter, 
 but mostly sold at rather long credits, and hardly 
 ever for cash. 
 
 Iron, vMchiiicry, and coal arc all largely ii..- 
 port' d, especially since the commencement of the 
 railway to Aidin, They are •.vhoily .supplied by 
 England. 
 
 Vv- 
 
..• y;:' ■,'.:■ 
 
 : tij 
 
 1310 
 
 SMYRNA 
 
 hi 
 
 ■■ ■ u , ? 
 
 i I .' i ■ I 
 
 r:M 
 
 A t 
 
 Hum and Brandu. — Leeward Isliind a:icl 
 Jaiunica i o furnished by Amnricu and EriKlaiid; 
 tl'i! t'ormer particularly in tho lower qualities, of 
 ■wliicli wo liuvo a full maxVX at low prici.'H. Tiie 
 better kind and brandy are supplied from England, 
 but do not obtain a proportionate advance coni- 
 pnred witli tlic common Horts. Urandy Ih bu? of 
 limited demand, and 2 or 3 punchcona arc sulHcient 
 at a time. It ought, as well as rum, to be deeply 
 coloured. 
 
 Spices are all saleable in small parcels at a 
 time, particularly pepper and pimento; the latter 
 of which, in small sound berries, is dem.indeu at 
 gootl prices. Nutmegs are very abundant, and 
 ortering very low -wit.iout liiuling purchasers. 
 France, America, and England supply spices, but 
 France more cloves than other kinds; and it may 
 be remarked that the (|uaiitics received from 
 England arc preferred. Credit on selling is gene- 
 rally short. 
 
 Cochineal is a fair article now and then in small 
 quantities ; ind when in demand, at times fetches 
 good prices, occasionally a ci>sh sale, and always 
 one of the shortest credits. Annual consumption, 
 4,500 okes. 
 
 In concluding our observations on imports, we 
 could wish to impress the conviction that a poor 
 man's purpose cannot be answered :n speculating 
 to this country; for, should his circumstances 
 require a speedy remittance in bill.*, he must 
 submit to a heavy sacrifice, in order to meet ..is 
 want?, by selling his property for whatever it may 
 fetch in cash ; and such a measure cannot but be 
 .-ittended with very heavy loss. On the contrary, 
 when an opulent person linds that his property 
 cannot bo realised at saving prices, he can afford 
 to wait until a more favourable moment presents 
 itself ; and such a moment, in less than 12 months, 
 is almost certain to arrive, when ho retires his 
 money with an advantage more than ;qual to any 
 inU'iest he coidd obtain for it in Europe. 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Values of the 
 Articles Imported into Smi/ma in 1800. 
 
 Artic-lfs 
 
 
 Quantities 
 
 Value 
 
 Iron sliot, nails Sec. 
 
 ( iiack.iKes 
 
 31,fi70 
 12,;«'< 
 
 £ 
 } 397,810 
 
 Mnnuf.ictu>cs. silk See, 
 
 liackaj;es 
 
 34,320 
 
 861,280 
 
 Biittt-r and rheese 
 
 „ 
 
 S,'.i9.5 
 
 150,807 
 
 Wiioi anil timber 
 
 „ 
 
 S4l,5lil 
 
 4.'>,7.S1 
 
 Coffee . 
 
 bags 
 
 70,3.'>l 
 
 36l,.'>22 
 
 Coctiineal, indiuo &c. 
 
 packages 
 
 1,971 
 
 13,381 
 
 Coals • 
 
 t. ns 
 
 45.75a 
 
 30,f.;l 
 
 Cloth, cotton. stufT. linen . 
 
 packs 40 
 
 8,600 
 
 4fi2,352 
 
 DruMS and niedii^ines 
 
 „ 
 
 7,309 
 
 95.372 
 
 Flour. wMe.it, rice &c. 
 
 
 61.t-9 
 
 225,352 
 
 Stoneware. kIass &c. 
 
 
 12,367 
 
 60,520 
 
 «old wire, watches &c . 
 
 cases 
 
 157 
 
 42,550 
 
 Dried lish &c. . 
 
 packages 
 
 3,567 
 
 30,565 
 
 Skins - 
 
 
 !(,751 
 
 40,722 
 
 Furniture, hatdwan, sta- 
 
 
 
 
 tionery, firearms &c. 
 
 
 40,781 
 
 440,721 
 
 Rum. brandy, and spirits - 
 
 barrels 
 
 19,780 
 
 2. 1,-82 
 
 Sufiar ... 
 
 „ 
 
 18,2(10 
 
 95,672 
 
 Tobacco, snufT&c. 
 
 bales 
 
 3,200 
 
 70,960 
 
 
 (packages 
 
 21,750 
 
 ) 
 
 Sundries 
 
 { pieces 
 
 29,781 
 
 > 74,707 
 
 Total - 
 
 ( tons 
 
 2,750 
 
 i 
 
 — 
 
 3,762,530 
 
 Uxports, 
 
 The value of the exports in 1867 exceeded in 
 value those of 1866 by 818,930/. 
 
 Figs are exported in larger quantity for America 
 than for England, but those intended for the 
 English market are of a finer quality. A con- 
 jiderable quantity of tho figs intended for America 
 are shipped on bo*ard the Liverpool line of steamers 
 for England, and are subsequently transhipped at 
 that port The certainty and expedition of this 
 route to America have begun to cause a diminution 
 in the number of clippers employed in the fruit 
 trade between America and Asia Minor. 
 
 Carpets. — England takes more than § of tlie 
 
 carpets maniifactiired in Anatolia. These carpcti 
 are made in tho interior, and by tho aid of verv 
 simple machinery, maniinl labour entering larpfv 
 into tho means employed. Orders ar-^ given W 
 an agent, and it is g"nerally necessary 'ur hini 
 on account of the poverty of tho workcri, tu 
 atlvanco a considerable sum of money to cnaulf 
 them to purchase materials. As much as S „f 
 tho entire value of tho carpets is th.,s advanwi! 
 sometimes previously to their completion. Aj 
 regards the dyeing of the carpet, tho red colour i 1 
 the Turkey carpet is generally, and ought u, 
 bo always, produced by madder. Logwond is 
 also employed, and cochineal; but wlicre ih. 
 latter is mailo use of, tho colour of the carpet i*!||,t 
 to fade, nine comes from indigo, and yilloir 
 from the yellow Persian berries. 
 
 SM. — Much of tlie silk exported from .Smvnu 
 is brought from lirusa and other places in' \,\„. 
 interior; but within the last few years a good deal 
 has been prepared in Smyrna. 
 
 Drugs and Gitms form a principal branch of 
 commerce, and are almost entirely in tho liaiiil* 
 of tho Jews. It is only when gum-aralic an'l 
 intistic are scarce, or tho demand for cxpoitaiimi 
 very brisk, that much variation exists in the price 
 of drugs. Trieste, and occasionally America, con- 
 sume a considerable portion of gums, hut tiin 
 largest quantity goes to the English market-. 
 liarters arc often effected through this modi™. 
 It is impossible to ascertain the quantities of drri 
 received in Smyrna, and equally so to know tijc 
 quantity remaining, as they are dispersed allovfr 
 tho city, and consumed so irregularly in Eurup^ 
 as bids deliaiice to all regular calculation. 
 
 Opmm.— The produce in 1867 was about !.iOit 
 chests, and of good quality, and exported princi- 
 pally to China, Europe, and America. 
 
 S^onies are an article of considerable moment, 
 particularly for the English markets, and a ; 
 found among the islands in the Greciun Archipj- 
 l.igo, brought heve, and cleaned for exportaii-.n. 
 They vary in price from 6 to 90 piastres per okc. 
 .according to fineness and (juality : the better sori.< 
 alone answer for speculation, and t^oy aro, from 
 the considerobl'! quantity sent to London, VitvA 
 to good account. The produce depends so cntirciv 
 on chance, that no correct estimate of the yearly 
 (juantity can be formed ; however, we are selddiii 
 in want of a moderate supply. The malpracticts 
 of the sponge agents at Smyrna in loading tliem 
 with black sand and gum water lead to mucli 
 litigation. 
 
 Galls are shipped in considerable quantities 
 for tho English, German, and French markets; 
 the two forme.', however, being the largest con- 
 sumers : for England, the blue galls are tho>e 
 ;~rincipally sent. Annual produce of all son;, 
 5,500 kintals. 
 
 Valonir employs more British shipping for full 
 cargoes Oi inly one article than any other species 
 of produce, if we except, perhaps, fruit. It can 
 be had to any extent, auil at all periods. 11'-: 
 crop of 1867 produced 32,0u0 tons, half of wliicii 
 was exported to Europe. 
 
 FruU. — This is an article which occupiw tlw 
 attention of nil Smyrna, more or less, and pro- 
 duces, during tho season, great interest ami 
 activity. Figs come .,0 market early in Scptemljer, 
 and raisins are ready for shipping early in Cciote; 
 the former are procurable only at Smyrna, where 
 the latter in all their qualitie." may be procured; 
 but the shipments are generally made at Cesne'i 
 Vouria, Carabourna, Usbeck &c., from which ports 
 the raine of the raisin takes its origin. Large 
 sums are frequently gained in fruit speculations; 
 and when the demand in England is brisk, and 
 
 '- 'i-fr 
 
SMYRNA 
 
 1311 
 
 d ill Anatolia. Tliese cnrpcn 
 irior, nnci by the aid of very 
 laniinl labour entering largilV 
 iloycd. Orders ar-. Rivon by 
 g"nerally necessary *'or hirii. 
 poverty of the workers, i,, 
 able sum of money to cnaiA' 
 materials. As much as j ..■ 
 the carpets is th.is advaiunl 
 dy to their completion. A< 
 of the carpet, the red colmir i i 
 t is generally, and ouglit tu 
 ed by madder. Logwooil i* 
 id cochineal; but where ih' 
 f, the colour of the cnrpct i<Hi,t 
 DCS from indigo, anil yflloiv 
 rsian berries. 
 
 ,ho silk exported from Smyrna 
 Jrusa and other places in ih.; 
 ntho last few years a gooddal 
 in Smyrna. 
 
 us form a principal branch if 
 e almost entirely in the liaiiiN 
 is only when gum-arabic aii'l 
 or the demand for expoiiatimi 
 ich variation exists in theprii;.; 
 and occasionally America, cun- 
 ble portion of gums, but iii'; 
 goes to the English markc;-. 
 effected through this mcdiun!. 
 ascertain the quantities of ilru-i 
 la, and equally so to know tli; 
 ig, as they are dispersed allimr 
 sumcd so inegularly in Euruft 
 ) all regular calculation, 
 iroduce in 1867 was about \.iw 
 od quality, and exported princi- 
 urope, and America, 
 article of considerable moment, 
 the English markets, ami a ; 
 islands in the Greciun Archip.'- 
 i-e, and cleaned for exponaii n, 
 ce from 6 to 90 piastres jier okc. 
 less and quality: the better sorts 
 speculation, and t.-.'y arc, from 
 luantitv sent tc London, f^reed 
 
 The produce depends so cntirciy 
 10 correct estimate of the yearly 
 formed ; however, we are seldom 
 eratc supply. 'l"he nialpracticts 
 ;nt3 at Smyrna in loading them 
 
 and gum water lead to much 
 
 )ped in considerable quantities 
 
 German, and French raarketj; 
 
 however, being the largest con- 
 
 ;land, the blue galls are tho-e 
 
 Annual produce of all sen;, 
 
 ys more British shipping for fuH 
 iie article than any other species 
 B except, perhaps, fruit. It can 
 extent, ami at all periods. H'.^ 
 ducod 32,0U0 tons, half ot whicli 
 liurope. . , . ,, 
 
 ,3 an article which occupiw tte 
 Smyrna, more or less, and pro- 
 he season, great interest m 
 ome .0 marketearly in Septemte, 
 adv for shipping early in Octobe , 
 :ocurable oiily at Smyrna, Avhee 
 
 their qualities may be procured; 
 .ts arc generally made at Ce^ue, 
 :na,Usl^ck&c., from, which port^ 
 raisin takes its origin, l.arge 
 itly gained in fruit specuUlio"*, 
 lemandiu England 13 brisk, and 
 
 liic prices and tiiiuliiy fair with us, it very seldom 
 i,appein indeed that any loss ia sustained ; it i.«, 
 liiwi, er, attended vith risk; must be ahipped 
 ilrv ; and ought only to go in a very fast, sound 
 voVel, as much depends upon a first, or at least an 
 iiiv arrival, which obtains in general a higher 
 irk'e than the latter arrivals. The quantity pro- 
 lluceJ. i3 always uncertain. 
 
 iccount of the Qur.ntilieii and Valuen of the 
 ArticlcH Frporlei! from Smyrna in '.860. 
 
 Articles 
 
 M.iililcr roots 
 WhMl.hiirU'y, flour 
 ;:„i.iioa Ac. 
 i.ilM - 
 U,.i.;:um*. cans 
 !:nu*. ojiiiim So:, - 
 
 (ilioiifroMi 
 HjfruilJ • 
 
 Vr'MW l)«rTies &c. 
 »ivl, hiir lie. 
 tjiiiij ^kiiw iif' 
 iv<.)om, lilk l^*^' 
 i\,n<tsclothlliC. - 
 Vr.nnia 
 
 \Vi w, ipiiits &c. - 
 •undr.a 
 
 b.ilGS 
 
 tuni 
 
 itiwoa 
 
 hates 
 
 packages 
 
 Iwxes 
 
 • pncka^L's 
 
 boxes and ra^os 
 
 b.n([» 
 
 bales 
 
 • packaRos 
 tons 
 h.^rreP 
 ^packrtir: 
 tuii.- 
 
 Quantilies 
 
 20,741 
 2.1,118 
 4,809 
 
 .TI,S')0 
 S,llfiU 
 
 l.'.,'JSI) 
 
 D.irii 
 i.-.i 
 
 1M,11«) 
 
 68ll,4V0 
 
 4U,S7i 
 
 Hfi'M 
 
 3,070 
 
 410 
 
 l,ftl,i 
 
 'iS,!ISO 
 
 •{- 
 
 i.Tcn) 
 
 •i'>,.120> 
 2,04,'.) 
 
 Valuo 
 
 £ 
 2.'>0,7I4 
 
 l.STII.I 
 4,050 
 Ml, Km 
 I22,.i27 
 i87,9ll) 
 2.17.78.'. 
 .1,1, '.I I 
 fi.')2,fi8,T 
 lS2,t'5l) 
 128,fi7,') 
 
 30,,')S2 
 
 7,5,S90 
 lfil,7S0 
 3«5,3fil 
 
 24,200 
 
 ^20,193 
 
 37iUfi.2tO 
 
 Prices of 0\e Principal Exports at the Port of 
 
 Smyrna in the 1 ear 18G6. 
 
 Ilirley • 
 Ik-.tni • 
 llanM - 
 Itoxwoud 
 I'lrvets 
 I'hrrtinc oic 
 I ncooni 
 
 riii - 
 
 Kailins, red 
 
 blnrk - 
 sult'uias • 
 l!>:ll - 
 liunu - 
 I.iiliiorlre 
 Mrtilderrools 
 Opium - 
 Ouo of roses 
 H^in ■ 
 top - 
 Rup - 
 Si-ammony 
 Se«l, cotton 
 
 canary 
 
 hemp 
 Silk, waste 
 Sponnea 
 Mcnx - 
 SioiiCN, emery 
 Toliscco 
 Valonia 
 Wine - 
 Wool, (toats' 
 sheep's 
 cotlon 
 Skim, lamb 
 Vdiuw berries - 
 
 imp qr. 
 
 ton 
 
 sq. pike 
 ton 
 cwt. 
 
 ca:ie 
 
 cwt, 
 
 11.. 
 
 oz. 
 
 b.irrtl 
 
 fWt. 
 
 piece 
 
 lb. 
 
 ton 
 
 imp. qr. 
 
 lb. 
 
 ft 
 
 cwt. 
 
 toil 
 
 lb. 
 
 toix 
 
 barrel of 40 ffals. 
 
 lb 
 
 bale 
 cwt. 
 
 £ M. d. 
 
 1 II n 
 
 1 1 
 
 3 10 
 Goo 
 1) 9 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 2 II 
 1 5 
 
 9 
 
 1 1.5 O 
 9 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 1 15 
 
 17 U 
 
 1 16 
 
 1 15 
 !) 15 II 
 6 
 
 18 11 
 
 2 
 2 10 
 
 1 12 
 6 
 IK 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 3 10 
 3 U 
 10 
 10 
 
 Hi 
 
 4 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 .\ccount3 are kept in piastres, composed of 40 
 faras and 80ths. 
 
 Exchange. 
 
 London, 108 to llOJ piastres pen: £ sterling in 
 
 Enijlish Equivalents of Weights, Measures, and 
 Sloneys. 
 
 Weights, 
 
 1 oke or 100 ilj.Tins = 23 lb. 
 
 1 caniar or 44 okes = 1 crt. 8 lli. 
 
 Itdioki =2cn't. 13Jlb. 
 
 81 kilos 
 
 1 piastre 
 'A piastres 
 110 „ 
 
 Dry Measure. 
 
 = 1 Imperial quprter 
 
 Currency. 
 
 = 2i;. 
 = u. 
 
 - II. sterling 
 
 Shipping in 1866 and 1867.— The total number 
 cf vessels which entered the port of Smyrna, by 
 :tcam and sail, in 1866, was 1,606, of 600,31.' tons. 
 
 The total number of tho.sc wiiich left it was l,.0O8, 
 of 600,630 tons, as follows :- 
 
 Nationality 
 
 Ilritish 
 
 ■American 
 
 Austrian 
 
 Hutch 
 
 French 
 
 (Ireck 
 
 H.moverian 
 
 H.tnse Ti.wns . 
 
 Italian 
 
 iMc>:klenI>ur({ • 
 
 tllileiiliurtf 
 
 I'riissian 
 
 Russian 
 
 Spanish 
 
 swedisli iinil Norwcitia 
 
 Turkish and Egyptian 
 
 Total - 
 
 Kntered 
 
 \7i 
 
 6 
 
 191 
 
 III 
 
 IW 
 
 'iVl 
 
 2 
 
 .lli 
 
 2 
 
 (i 
 
 6 
 57 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 .•.f.7 
 ,.'»Ofi 
 
 Tons 
 
 ,665 
 
 HHfi 
 612 
 480 
 ,727 
 ,7.12 
 266 
 460 
 ,963 
 462 
 701 
 ,310 
 ,wil 
 ,620 
 ,037 
 ,5311 
 
 92, 
 
 I, 
 
 122, 
 
 I, 
 36, 
 
 .1. 
 
 I 
 175, 
 6IIII, 
 
 Cleared 
 
 Vessels 
 
 161 
 
 fi 
 
 I9li 
 
 10 
 
 int 
 
 265 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 36 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5!) 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 571 
 
 1,508 
 
 Tons 
 
 9.',,954 
 
 i.SS6 
 
 122,028 
 
 1,1811 
 
 99,174 
 
 50,.T.O 
 
 266 
 
 460 
 
 10,870 
 
 46,! 
 
 7111 
 
 l,->lll 
 
 .■;.';,s,',2 
 
 3,620 
 
 1,0.17 
 
 17.'),'/I10 
 
 6011,630 
 
 Comparison of the Navigation and Trade of 
 Smyrna in 1866 and 1867. 
 
 
 Kntered 
 
 Cleared | 
 
 Years 
 
 Num- 
 ber 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 Vnluc of 
 Cargoes 
 
 £ 
 
 3.5S9.690 
 3,103,900 
 
 Decrease 
 
 186,790 
 
 Num- 
 ber 
 
 1,508 
 1,121 
 
 Tonnai,T* 
 
 600,6.-0 
 513,804 
 
 Value of 
 Cargoes 
 
 IS66 
 1867 
 
 1,.506 
 l,4lit 
 
 600,-, 17 
 531,917 
 
 £ 
 
 3, '.,'.8,610 
 1,10/ ,570 
 
 Incrcisr 
 81S,9.'"J 
 
 
 De. 
 
 crease 
 
 42 
 
 Pecrease 
 
 68,100 
 
 De- 
 
 rrcHse 
 81 
 
 Decrease 
 
 86,826 
 
 Coasting Trade 18G6, 1867.— The native coast- 
 ing trade is not included, and may be stated as 
 follows : — 
 
 Entered.— IfiOS small craft, of 23,506 tons, valuo 
 of cargoes 17i,840/., in 1866; and 1,423 small 
 craft, of 21,00i tons, with cargoes worth 161,280/., 
 in 1867. 
 
 Cleared.— l,r)7G small craft, of 22,602 tons, 
 value of cargoes 47,600/., in 1866; and 1,396 .small 
 craft, of 20,584 tons, with cargoes worth 58,630/., 
 in 1867. 
 
 Port liegulaiiuns, — Xo alterations liavc taken 
 place in the port and qujirantine regulations ar'.l 
 dues since 1805, which are as follows : — 
 
 Masters can anchor their vessels in this port at 
 discretion. Immediately after their anchoring they 
 are requested to proceed to the health ollice, to 
 produce bill of health, and to perform certain other 
 formalities in order to obtain free entry. 
 
 No master is allowed to throw ballast overboard 
 in this port. 
 
 Charges on Entrance. Anchorage. — A fee of 
 6d. is payable by every vessel ."nchoring. 
 
 For obtaining Pratique the following fcos are 
 payable by the master : — 
 
 For a Tessel not exceetiing 75 tons - 4^ 
 
 otrer 2,10 Ions 
 
 200 
 250 
 
 O .1 
 I 10 
 3 8 
 
 Charges on Clearing. Bill of Health. — Vessels 
 clearing for a Tuiki&h port are required to be 
 furnished with a Turkish bill of health, the charge 
 for which varies as follows : — 
 
 For a xessel not exceeding 25 tons - O 
 
 75 „ . 1 
 
 125 „ . 1 
 
 175 „ . 2 
 
 250 „ .2 
 
 300 „ . 3 
 
 over 300 tons - - 4 
 
 d. 
 
 t» 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 S 
 
 If provided from any otlier Turkish port with such 
 a document, the san^ i can be used, :ind then half 
 of the above is payable. 
 
 Consular Fees (British). — For every vessel: 
 entrance and clearance fee, lOs. ; hospital dues, 
 3d. per ton. This latter payment is not demanded 
 from vessels which arrive and depari, in ballast, 
 which do not receive any benefit from the 
 hospital. 
 
 1 :■ ' 
 
 t ih 
 
 ii! 
 
 i«ii 
 
 t:;i, 
 
 ■ 4' 
 
131'-' 
 
 S.MYKN.A 
 
 i 
 
 '.\ 
 
 1, 
 
 : ^ 
 
 . I 
 
 / 
 
 J 
 
 /,/(//(< Dues arc imyalilc nt llii.i poll by all 
 vessels before cleariiif,' as follows : — 
 
 About I'/. I'lT ton for pnlry ; 
 
 I J. IttT I"H1 for tloaTlli;; ; 
 
 but fur every ton I'xtiecdiiif? 800 tons llm dues are 
 lediiicil to one-half ilie above amounls. 
 
 Quantiithiv. — The following expciiscM are to h" 
 (lefniycd by the ship, in case she is placed in 
 qtiaranline : — 
 
 Por y piinrd^ on Itoanl, ^jpr dny, eni 
 I{eslil(.'& on L'VLTjr vi'^si.-! not c&iJt'oUiiig 
 
 
 
 t. ./. 
 
 enr'h 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 T> mil. 
 
 
 1 l\ 
 
 ""' 
 
 
 1 111 
 
 IM „ 
 
 
 •i ') 
 
 K". „ 
 
 
 .1 S 
 
 V.Ml ,, 
 
 
 1 li 
 
 Ovfr 3(10 tons . - • (i J 
 
 GoolU are required to be landed at the lazaretto. 
 
 For 1 balo not weighing over 1 in lli. 
 ^■.'11 ,, 
 ^311 „ 
 Above tho&o WL.>i(;1ili 
 
 >l. 
 
 (loods of value, from which disinfection is dilli- 
 cult :— 
 
 Karli bale not eii'codiiig 110 III. - 
 '.J.'ii „ 
 .'.iU „ 
 i...'r 310 ton< 
 
 (iUitnli for diltu li'requirt-il, c^ioli |icr (t.iy 
 
 at the 
 guard 
 
 Pasacnpern must be landed likewise 
 lazaretto: each room per c'.ay, 8«. 2(/. ; 
 reqiiin il per day, As. Ail. 
 
 Pilots. — There arc no regular pilots at this port, 
 but some are procurable ; they are genenilly 
 engaged by masters merely to assist in navigalin^ 
 their vessels free of this gulf, and are landed lieCora 
 getting out of the same, for vhicli the t'eo is 
 about 1/. 
 
 Shiiis can likewise Vie provided at tlio entrance 
 (if the Gulf of Smyrna at the cost of 'il. for 
 bringing their vessels to this anchorage. 
 
 The miniber of Ikitish vessels entered and 
 cleared in 18GG and 1807 was as follows: — 
 
 Kntercil 
 
 i;ic.ireil 
 
 Vessel* 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 •I'j.fin/i 
 
 1 17,'! II 
 
 Value of 
 Cargoes 
 
 £ 
 
 l,lf,.'i,.'il)0 
 l,'JI7,UfiJ 
 
 Vessels 
 
 Tonn.tgo 
 
 V.iluo of 
 Cargoes 
 
 161 
 
 VIW 
 
 U.I.O'il 
 ll.i.K'iS 
 
 £ 
 
 i/i'iiiom 
 
 1,7; 1.1. '0 
 
 Of wlilch 76 were steamers. 
 
 Lines of Steamers. — Austrian, French, and 
 Knglish call regularly at Smyrna. Most of the 
 nirr haiit steamers carrying thither tlie Austrian 
 or the French flag belong either to the Austrian 
 Lloyd, or the Mcssageries Imjieriales Company-. 
 IJothtliese companies are richly endowed by their 
 rcspeetivo (iovernmeiits, and the latter of the two 
 has for some time carried the English mails. 
 Though these steam companies aim especially at 
 securing pa.sscnger trafiic, they nevertheless atlord 
 considerable facilities for shipping cargo, and 
 goods of all kinds are weekly exported and im- 
 ported by their agency. 
 
 There arc several lines of steam-ships between 
 Sniynia and Liverpool. These ships are all, 
 wiliioiit exception, propelled by the screw; the 
 majorily are bar(|ue and a few ship-rigged. 
 '1 heir average tonnage is much larger than that 
 of the other two lines, and they direct their 
 attention to the securing of good I'reights rather 
 than passengers, who, tluiugh well provided for in 
 other respects, might bo inconvenienced in these 
 boats by the long stay which their waiting for 
 cargo sometimes entails upon them in Smyrna 
 and Alexandria. The Liverpool ships generally 
 go to Constantinople tirst, and having discharged 
 cargo there, they return bySmjnia. If they 
 succeed in getting .t full cargo there, they return 
 
 eviTv 
 
 SNTFl'' 
 
 direct to England; but if not, they go niiinil |,y 
 /Mexanilria. Besides tin- 10ngli>h lines hclnnjrjn', 
 to English houses, there is also, as aln^iuv 
 ineiitioiied, a line of I'jiglish steani-slijps in |||',. 
 employ of a company of (Jrcck and .Vriiiani.in 
 merchant.s. Though there is no regular line .f 
 steam communication between Smyrna and Lm- 
 (1(111, yet this means of intercourse betwwn il,. 
 two places does exist, -.iid about once 
 iiionth a steamer sails direct for London. 
 
 The profuse supply of steam-ships has hcfjim i. 
 affect the interests of sailing vessels cngn^'cl ji, 
 the Smyrna trade. A good average pa.ssai;e :;,, 
 .1 sailing vessel, when favoured by the win,! 
 from England to Smyrna, may be estiiii:iiei| ai 'Si 
 days; it, is not nnfreqiiently done in less ijnir 
 and we have heard of an instance in wlii,], j 
 ship arrived in Smyrna in -M days after loavin- 
 (^arditV, Hut these are all voyages peii'i,rnKJi 
 under favourable conditions, and these favDiir.iM 
 conditions are very freiiuenlly wanting. 'J'),,. 
 Liverpool steamers will, under the most umiucnr. 
 able circumstances, reach Liverpool within IT 
 days from the date of their leaving Snivniii. 1; 
 it obvious tjiat sailing vessels must conijicte wit'' 
 great disadvantage with these sieainer>, ii, ali 
 cases where certainty and expedition arc re- 
 (piired ; and in the fruit trade it is said tbt 
 steam will at no distant period ciijuy ainn.st a 
 monopoly in freights. The merchant in .\meric,i 
 liiids it answer his jnirpose better in many ca<ps 
 to have his cargo of tigs slii|)ped in a ste.ii)iorat 
 Smyrna for Liverpool, and snbseiiiiently tran- 
 shipped at the latter port, than to have them I 
 brought direct without any transhipment in 
 sailing ship from Smyrna to" Anuriea. Tiie sam. 
 causes will operate still more powerfullv upon ll; ■ 
 luirope.m fruit sliip.s. Li fact, the iwiiliariii,. 
 of the Mediterranean navigation seem to rcquir" 
 steam more than most other seas. 'Ihe .McJi- 
 terranean jiossesses no trade winds, aiul is, i.n 
 the contrary, especially liable to .sudden chan;'(s 
 and dead calms. Schooners and brigs wire ili? 
 favourite class of vcsseLs employed in the .•iinvrai 
 fruit trade, but have been superseded by a sj; 
 what higher st3-le of vessel. 
 
 liailiiai/s.— The Aidin and Smyrna Railnjv 
 was open to Aidin in September 18GG, as well ■'.> 
 the i'asaba line to Casaba. The result of !!;.■ 
 former has not been satisfaetorv, as tliccx|u:h 
 arc barely defrayed; but it lias not vet hail 
 fair trial. Nearly half of the trafiic of this dUtiia 
 is still carried on by the camels. 
 
 The Casaba line was more successful, and dh- 
 tains at least nine-tenths of the trailio from that 
 district, realising about 7 per cent, upon t'ue 
 capital expended. 
 
 In his Lettifs stir la Turquie (i. 42.5). tlicwfll- 
 informed M. Ubicini estimated the value ef llw 
 imports into Smyrna in 1851 at 28,173,000 fr., aiiJ 
 that of the exports at 3(5,082,(100 fr. The coastin,'; 
 trade, as that between Smyrna, Constantincple, 
 Syra, Alexandria, and the" Leva'it geiicwllv i- 
 usually denominated, is almost entirely '11 tin 
 hands of the (irceks, and is very e.\tc.'$ivc. 
 Ubicini reckoned the value of the illlnon^ if 
 English and Swiss cottons at above M,OOO,0«ilfr.: 
 the other leading articles of import arc Eiifjli-li 
 mul German woollens, French silks, and ciihuKl 
 products. 
 
 SNUFF (Ger. schnnpftabak ; Fr. t.ibac ci 
 pouilre; Ital. tabacco da naso; Span, taljam iv 
 polvo ; Kuss. nosowoi tabak). A powder loriiuiiy 
 in very general use as an crrl'.ine. Tuliacc" is ihi' 
 usual basis of snuff; but small quantities of olhtf 
 articles are frequently addeil to it, to vary its pun- 
 gency, flavour, scent itc. Though fiibitaniially 
 
SNV'l'K 
 
 mt if not, they ^o miiikI l,y 
 ) till' iMifjll-ll lilii'S l)(liiii>;inl; 
 thcri! is iil^o, ns alrcany 
 Kiifllisli sti'iiiu->liiiH in tli,- 
 r.v uf lireck and Armenian 
 tlicre is no rofjiilar lini' .• 
 Ill lit'twccn Smyrna (unl Im 
 I of intcrcourso bctwwn il. 
 <ist. Uul llbdilt unco every 
 lis (lirrct for l.onilon. 
 V of stoiim-sliips ll!l^^ licftnn u 
 of Hailing vessels vw^n^;] in 
 A Rood averafic pnssuirc I'.ir 
 ilien favonred by llic wii,!. 
 iiyrna, may l)c cstiniiitiil nl :, 
 fretiuontly done in less lime; 
 d of nil instance in wlii h ,i 
 ^•rna in "21 days after hmv.: 
 a arc all voya;^cs |icrl'ciriiiH; 
 jiiditions, and these favouniM 
 y fi-cciuenily wantiiis. Tli. 
 will, niidcr the most uiiriivmir 
 reach Liverpool within i7 
 'of their leaving' Sniynia. I; 
 iiifT vessels must compete wit' 
 [> with these «lcanior>, in al! 
 inty and expedition are r- 
 hc 'fruit trade it is said \k:\ 
 distant period enjoy alnn-t a 
 its. The merchant in Anicrii:! 
 purpose better in many ca-- 
 of flfi;s shipped in asteauiirat 
 rpooi, and subsciiuently Iran- 
 itter port, than to have ilioiii 
 ithout any traiifhipment in a 
 Smyrna to" America. The saar 
 u still more powerfully nprni tl: 
 liips. In fact, the pcculiariii.- 
 lean navigation seem to rcquir- 
 most other si'as. The Medi- 
 cs no trade winds, and is, nii 
 ;cially liable to sudden eliaii:c> 
 Schooners and bri;;^ were i!;' 
 , cssels employed in the Sniyrai 
 ive been superseded by ft »vm' - 
 of vessel. 
 
 , Aidin and Smyrna liailMv 
 n ill September 1«6G, as well ;.^ 
 to Casaba. The result of il> 
 ■on satisfactory, as the cxjh'!-'- 
 cd ; but it lias not yet lia., ;' 
 half of the traffic of this dbtiitt 
 ov the camels. 
 ic" was more successful, and "'•- 
 tenths of the trailic frmn tlu: 
 about 7 per cent, upon li.e 
 
 dni estimated the value of tli' 
 ma in 1851 at 28,173.000 fr., ana 
 
 tsat8G,(i8-J,(iO0fr. The coa>tii;,' 
 ;twecn Smyrna, Constaninny.e. 
 and the I.eva-it frencrally ^- 
 u'lcd, is almost entirely -ii ili^ 
 reeks, and is very extcsi"., 
 1 the value of the ininon- 'i 
 L cottons at above 14,0(>0.(H«i.r.: 
 
 ' articles of import arc iit;;'!-" 
 lUcus, French silks, and co.onit.i 
 
 schnnrftahak: I'r. tabac « 
 .ftcco da naso, Span, l*'^" ';. 
 
 owoitabak). Ai";;yf^':['"; 
 
 .seasanerrhine. '1;;'.""^"', 
 ,ff;butsm.iU.i"anl.t.eso 01 ' 
 
 eniVaddedtoit,tova.y M -^ 
 
 I 
 
 SNUFF-COX K,S 
 
 (he same, the kinds and names of .iniifT are infinite, 
 lU'.il are perpetually ciinniiin;,'. 'Ihere are, Iiow- 
 ovcr, three principal sorts : the first, i;;raniilatcd ; the 
 jeconil, an impalpable powder; and the third, the 
 l)ran or coarse part remaining after siftin^^ the 
 spciiiid sort. Unless taken in excess, no bad con- 
 seiMK'nccfl result from its use ; but the fashion of 
 snidling hP8 been for some years rapidly on the 
 dc.diiu'. 
 
 Tlic customs duty on snuff is notr (1809) from 
 3s. 'Ml. to 4s. Grf. per lb. 
 
 It would appear, from the 12th Customs' rc- 
 imrt, published in IMOS, that the exportation of 
 MinlThas materially increased since the introduc- 
 tion of the drawback on that article in 18(j;{. 
 In IS07 '.TO exported 225,.')70 lb., and imported 
 •,'1,023 lb. of snuff. Manufacturers of tobacco 
 i'ln'd snuff pay license duty (according to the 
 amnimt of business done), from 5/. 5s. to 31/. 
 Ills. 
 
 Dealers in tobacco and snuff arc obliged to take 
 out a license, renewable annually, wliich costs 
 5<. U. (an occasional license to sell off the pre- 
 nises inay be had at the rate of 4d. jier diem). 
 Thov must have their premise . duly enrolled, and 
 liave tiicir names written in large legible charac- 
 ters over their door, or on acme conspicuous part 
 of ilieir house, under a penal ty of 50/. The dyei ng 
 of snuff with ochre, amber, or any other colouring 
 matter except water tinged with colour, is prohi- 
 bited und^r a penalty of 100/. ; and its inter- 
 mixture with fustic, yel'ow, ebony, touchwood, 
 sand, dirt, leaves <tc. is prohibited under a penalty 
 of 100/. and the forfeiture of the article. (1 & 2 
 Geo. IV. c. 109.) If snuff be found to contain 4 
 pet cent, of any substance, not being tobacco, and 
 other than water only, or water tinged with colour. 
 or flavoured only, such snuff shall be deemed 
 adulterated, and "shall be forfeited, and the parties 
 subjected to a penalty of 100/. over and above all 
 other penalties and forfeitures. (lb.) No qunn- 
 liiv of snuff weighing above 2 lb. shall be re- 
 moved by land or water without a permit. (29 
 Geo. III. c. ()8.) [Tobacco.] 
 
 SNUFF-BOXES are made of every variety of 
 pattern, and of an endless variety of materials. 
 \Ve only mention them liere for the purpose of 
 giving the following details, not el.sewhere to be 
 met with, with respect to the manufacture of 
 Laurenceliirk or Ayrshire boxes. These are made 
 of wood, admirably jointed, painted, and var- 
 nished. These beautiful boxes were first manu- 
 factured at Laurencekirk, in Kincardineshire, about 
 fii) years since. The original inventor was a cripple, 
 ami instead of curtains, his bed (rather a curious 
 \fork?hoi)) was surrounded with benches and 
 receptacles for tools, in the contrivance and use of 
 wliich lie discovered the utmost ingenuity. In- 
 stead of taking out a patent, the inventor confided 
 his secret to a joiner in the same village, who in a 
 few years amassed considerable property ; while 
 the other died, as he had lived, in the greatest 
 l«verty. The great difficulty of the manufacture 
 lies in the formation of the hinge, which, in a 
 genuine box, is so delicately made w'.s hardly to 
 he visible. Peculiar, or, as they are called, secret 
 tools, are required in its fcrmalion ; and though 
 greatly Improved bj* time and experience, the 
 mystery attached to their preparation is still so 
 studiously kept up, that the workmen employed in 
 one shop are debarred having any communication 
 vdth those employed in another. 
 
 About the bcgmning of this century, an in- 
 genious individual belonging to the village of 
 Guinnock, in Ayrshire, of the name of Crawford, 
 having seen one' of the Laurencekirk snuff-boxes, 
 succeeded, after various attempts, by the assistance 
 
 SNUFF-BOXra 
 
 1313 
 
 of a watchmaker of the same \ illage, wh.i made 
 the tools, in producing a similar bux ; .I'ld by his 
 succes.s greatly enriched his native parish and 
 province. Unfortunately, however, ho did not 
 improve his own fortune by his ingenuity ; and 
 died earlv in 1844 in verv poor circumstances. 
 For a while, the Laurencekirk boxes were most in 
 demand; but Crawford and his neighbours in 
 Cumnock not only copied the art, but so improved 
 ami perfected it, that in a few years for every ho.x 
 made in the north there were," probably, 20 "made 
 in the south. In 182G, the Cumnock" trade was 
 divided among 8 master manufacturers, who cm- 
 ployed considerably more than 100 persons. Hut 
 after bavin'.; greatly declined in the interval, it did 
 not in 1859 employ more than 5 per cent, of that 
 number, and now (18G9) this bu.siiie.ss is extinct 
 in Cumnock. The manufacaire is almost whidly 
 confined to Alauchline, and about 380 hands arc 
 cngJiged in it and in the manufacture of work- 
 boxes, tea-boxes, and fancj' wood work, prin- 
 cipally the latter. The popularity of tlic boxes 
 has of late years declined in Britain (they never 
 had any sale in Ireland) ; but, on the other hand, 
 the taste for them uas gained ground in several 
 parts of the Continent and In America, and the 
 demand for them is brisk and gradually increasing. 
 The manufacture is also carried on, though to a 
 very limited extent, at Auchinleck, and one or 
 two other places. Plane is the wood in common 
 use, and the cost of the wood in an ordinary-sized 
 box does not exceed Id. ; the paints and varnish 
 are rated at 2rf. ; and though something is lost 
 by selecting timber of the finest colour, the 
 whole expense of the raw material falls con- 
 siderably short of 4 per cent, on the return it 
 yields, which consists almost wholly of the wages 
 of labour. 
 
 The snuff-box manufacture, like most other dc- 
 partmentn of industry, has been greatly facilitated 
 by the division of labour ; and in all workshops of 
 any size four classes of persons are employed — 
 turners, bos-makers, painters, and checkers or 
 polishers. When Crawford first commenced busi- 
 ness, he obtained almost any price he chose to ask ; 
 and many instances occurred in which ordinary- 
 sized snufT-boxes sold at 2/. 12s. 6</., and ladies' 
 work-boxes at 25/. But is the trade increased it 
 became necessary to employ apprentices, who first 
 became journeymen, and then masters ; and such 
 hare been the effects of improvement and competi- 
 tion, that articles such as those specified above 
 may be obtained at the respective prices of two and 
 twenty-Jive sliillinga ; while common boxes, which, 
 in 1837, sold for 18s. a dozen, might, in 1850, be 
 bought for 7s. By means of the Pentagraph, which 
 is much emploved, the largest engravings are 
 reduced to the size most convenient to the work- 
 man, without injury^ to the prints ; so that a snuff- 
 box manufacturer, like a Uunfermline weaver, can 
 work to order by exhibiting en wood his employ- 
 er's coat of arms, or any object he may fancy 
 within the range of the pictorial art. Some of the 
 painters display considerable talent, and, when 
 they put forth their strength, produce box- lids, 
 worth being preserved as pictures. At first, nearly 
 the whole subjects chosen as ornaments were 
 taken from Bums's poems ; and there can be no 
 doubt that the ' Cotter's Saturday Night,' ' Tam 
 O'Shanter,' ' Willie brewed a peck o'maut ' &c. 
 &c. have penetrated in this form into every qu-irter 
 of the habitable globe. Now, however, the artists 
 take a wider range ; the studios of Wilkie, Land- 
 seer &c. have been laid under contribution ; land- 
 scapes are rs often met with as figures ; and there 
 is scarcely a celebrated scene in the country that 
 is not pictured forth more or lessperfectly ou the 
 
 ! i 
 
 i(<; 
 
1 
 
 •I ' 
 
 i > 
 
 , 
 
 .' ) -. 
 
 4 
 
 1314 
 
 SOAP 
 
 lid of an Ayrshire sn'jfT-box. Some very wretched 
 iinitntions of Ayrshire hoxca hiivc Ijipu produced 
 ill dilTeiTiit parts of England ; but they can deceive 
 no <'(»' who ever saw a f;cnuine box. The liinge, 
 as well an t5\e (ijiisliiiiff, in clumsy in the extreme. 
 
 Tiie article on this curious manufacture in our 
 former edition was written \i\ live late John 
 jM'Diarmid, F.sq., editor of the Jiiiinfritu Caiirkr: 
 but tlie business has materially cliauKeil during 
 the last 21) years. Tlie xiatcments in tlie present 
 article have been derived from Maucliline. 
 
 SOAl' ((Jcr. scife; Fr. savoii; Ital. sapono; 
 Span jabon ; liuss. mdlo ; Lat. sapo). The soap 
 met with in commerce is j^enerally divided into two 
 sorts, huril and nofl: the former is made of .soda 
 and tallow or oil, and tlio latter of potash and 
 similar oily matters. Soap made of tidlow and 
 soda h:is a whitish colour, and is, tlierefore, some- 
 times denominated white soap: but it is usual for 
 soap-makers, in order to lower tlie price of tlie 
 article, to mix a considerable portion of resin with 
 the tallow ; this mixture forms the common yellow 
 soap of this country. Soap made of tallow ic. and [ 
 ])otash does not assume a solid form ; its consistence 
 is never creator than tiiat of hog's lard. The pro- 
 perties of soft soap as a detergent do not diflcr 
 materially from those of hard soap, but it is not ' 
 nearly so convenient to use. Tlie alkali employed 
 by tlio ancient Gauls and Germans in the forma- 
 tion of soap was potash ; hence we see why it wa.s 
 described by the Konians as an unguent. The oil 
 employed lor making soft soap in this country is 
 ■whale oil. A little tallow is also adiled, wliich, ; 
 by a peculiar management, is dispersed through 
 the soap in lino white spots. The soap made in I 
 countries which jiroduce olive oil, as the south of . 
 France, Italy, and Spain, is preferable to the soap | 
 of this country, which is usually manufactured I 
 from grease, tallow Ac. (Thomson's Chemistry.) \ 
 
 For a full account of the manufacture, ccc LVi 
 Dictionary, by Hunt. 
 
 The use of joap as a detergent is well known' it 
 may, in fact, be considered as a necessary uf Ijfp. 
 Its consumption in most civilised couiitriw i* 
 immen.se. I'liny informs us that soap was lirsi 
 invented by the (iauls; that it was compo.scj i.f 
 tallow and ashes ; and that the German soap was 
 reckoned the best. (Lib. xviii. c. 51.) 
 
 Down to 18;};5, n dnty was charged on haril soap. 
 which is by far the most cxton.sively usej, of a,./ 
 per lb., or 2Hs. per cwt., while the price of snjp 
 duty ])aid rarely exceeded C</. per lb., or Mj. ]« 
 cwt., so that the duty was fully 100 per cent, lim 
 besides this high duty, the substances of wliich 
 soap is made, viz. tallow, barilla, and tur|)(.<iitiiir, 
 or resin, were respectively charged with dutlMof 
 'M. ■!(/., 2s., and 4». 'id. per cwt. ; and takinj,' tlitse 
 indirect taxes into account, it may be truly utatej 
 that soap was taxed from 120 to 130 per cent, aj 
 valorem. The imposition of so exorbitant a dutv 
 on an article indispensable to the prosecution of 
 many branches of manufacture, and to the comfort 
 and cleanliness of all orders of persons, wa.s in ilie 
 last degree inexpedient. During the five jtars 
 ending with 1832, the consumption of duty-paiil 
 soap was nearl}' stationary ; though there can be 
 little iloubt, from the increase of manufactures anj 
 population during that period, that it would liave 
 been very considerably extended, but for the in- 
 crease of smuggling. This practice was facilititwl 
 by the total exemption which Ireland enjoyed from 
 this duty ; for it not unfrequently happciitd that 
 the soap made in this country, and sent to Ireland 
 under a drawback, was again clandestinely intp> 
 duced into Great Britain. It is, perhaps, lieedlwi 
 to say that nothing but the effectual reduction of 
 the duty could put a stop to the smuggling and 
 fraud that had been so generally practised. So long 
 
 An Account of the Quantity of Soap made in different Towns of Great Britain, distinguishing 
 between Silicated, Hard, and Soft Soap, during t/ie Year ending January 5, 1862, 
 
 Towns 
 
 Silicated 
 Heap 
 
 Other Hard 
 8uap 
 
 Soft Soap 
 
 Towns 
 
 Silicated 
 Soap 
 
 Other Hard 
 Soap 
 
 Soi'lSoar 
 
 Enolano. 
 
 lb. 
 
 lb. 
 
 lb. 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 lb. 
 
 lb. 
 
 Balh 
 
 
 409,050 
 
 ,, 
 
 Yarmouth - 
 
 • • 
 
 65,890 
 
 
 Hempsteail - 
 
 
 lil,6S7 
 
 ., 
 
 Oiford 
 
 • • 
 
 4,350 
 
 „ 
 
 Birmtnuliam 
 
 
 36.1,1 in 
 
 .. 
 
 Hlymouttl - 
 
 ,. 
 
 3,851,820 
 
 3fl» 1 
 
 Hmethwick - 
 
 
 S,17.1,7'^0 
 
 64»690 
 
 I/Ukeird 
 
 • • 
 
 
 l,S60 : 
 
 Uliirkbum - 
 
 
 3Ti,!M) 
 
 ,, 
 
 WalllnKford- • 
 
 
 '12,278 
 
 
 Burnley 
 
 
 311,780 
 
 ,. 
 
 Greenwich - 
 
 .. 
 
 8,712,1.10 
 
 .. 
 
 HMslinKtlen • 
 
 
 fil4,<i40 
 
 ., 
 
 Sheffield 
 
 7 
 
 ^ 425,546 
 
 " 
 
 St. Helen'. - 
 
 
 
 111,010 
 
 Bury 
 
 
 168,31 H) 
 
 „ 1 
 
 Bilstol 
 
 
 12,898,6.10 
 
 4o;,yuo 
 
 uiiwlch 
 Brentford 
 
 7,710 
 
 572,1110 
 
 
 Canterbury - 
 
 
 531,040 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 4,440,4,50 
 
 .. 1 
 
 Chester 
 
 6,480 
 
 651,fiS0 
 
 .. 
 
 Honiham 
 
 ., 
 
 24,420 
 
 
 Derby 
 
 
 •S97,.1'JO 
 
 .. 
 
 Staines 
 
 a. 
 
 11,420 
 
 ,, 1 
 
 Dorcttester - 
 
 
 194,fi8ll 
 
 .. 
 
 Wandsworth 
 
 ,, 
 
 3,484 
 
 • ■ 1 
 
 (t.itesliead - 
 
 
 7,131,590 
 
 ,« 
 
 Brighton 
 
 .. 
 
 »1 1,490 
 
 .. ! 
 
 Braintree - 
 
 ejono 
 
 fi,OIO 
 
 .. 
 
 l.ewes 
 
 • ■ 
 
 360,8911 
 
 i 
 
 Maldon 
 
 .■^.SIM) 
 
 8li,950 
 
 ., 
 
 Taunton 
 
 ., 
 
 20,(120 
 
 '• 1 
 
 Clare 
 
 3.1,880 
 
 Sl'J,(i.10 
 
 ., 
 
 Brldffewater - 
 CanlTir 
 
 • , 
 
 12,190 
 
 
 (iloucester - 
 
 
 1,.54.1,-.10 
 
 ,. 
 
 4,650 
 
 97,270 
 
 
 .Stamfonl - 
 
 
 464.310 
 
 
 Llandilo 
 
 ,, 
 
 4,620 
 
 .. ' 
 
 llr.idf..ril - 
 
 
 .. 
 
 i^seV/.Tn 
 
 BromsgTOTe « 
 York 
 
 .. 
 
 1,749,183 
 
 
 Hud(liT.field 
 
 Arundel 
 
 Oosport 
 
 
 278,8,10 
 44H,.'>(X) 
 
 ;*^G»9»o 
 
 •• 
 
 833,040 
 
 
 
 *' 
 
 
 4^.297 
 
 125,485,099 
 
 11,1.15,™ 1 
 
 Fort.smoulh 
 Hull 
 nriillinKfon - 
 
 
 406,710 
 34,4(K1 
 
 155"3G0 
 
 lAjnAon ■ • 
 
 899,736 
 
 44,034,102 
 
 i39,,'iW I 
 
 
 Total, England - 
 
 1,^320,033 
 
 169,519,201 
 
 1I,874,93J 
 
 Southnin{)ton 
 
 
 4,l'20 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 
 l'rc>too 
 
 
 S25,'I70 
 
 .. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 
 
 
 I-eeds 
 
 
 935,880 
 
 774.yiO 
 
 Al>prdeen • - 
 
 *" 
 
 ** 
 
 u:,w 
 
 WakefleUl - 
 
 
 3,795,810 
 
 .. 
 
 Ayr 
 
 (ireenock 
 
 
 
 am 
 
 I^cester 
 
 4,550 
 
 34,700 
 
 • . 
 
 ^J 
 
 lVl,045 
 
 31(11*1.1 
 
 Oakham - 
 
 
 '^,060 
 
 • > 
 
 Paisley 
 
 ,, 
 
 698,270 
 
 661,<,W 
 
 Dudley 
 
 
 809,1(00 
 
 .• 
 
 Leith 
 
 ^_ 
 
 2,297,480 
 
 W,i»' 
 
 Weiliiesbury 
 
 
 633 .OfO 
 263,1180 
 
 • • 
 
 (ilasgow 
 
 7,150 
 
 10,642,219 
 
 5,S60,M 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 Preston P.ins 
 
 
 874,910 
 
 .* 
 
 Louth 
 
 
 405,790 
 
 • • 
 
 LinliihRow - 
 
 ,, 
 
 3.18,650 
 
 mw 
 
 Sliilsby 
 I.iverliool • 
 Birkenhead- 
 Holt 
 Afanchoster- 
 
 3W,250 
 
 26,070 
 
 39,.184,595 
 
 290,8'i4 
 
 15,600 
 
 1,14.1,5.50 
 
 7.37A,270 
 163,043 
 
 Dunfermline 
 
 Total, Scotland - 
 
 .. 
 
 243,490 
 
 •• 
 
 7,1.50 
 
 15,206,064 
 
 7,150,119 
 
 
 
 
 Salford 
 
 
 779,010 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 Totib CoUected 
 
 
 Newcastle - 
 South Shields 
 Towccster - 
 
 
 3/)8 1,040 
 
 1,0;6,SS() 
 
 S9.'i.10 
 
 •* 
 
 KnKtand • 
 
 
 
 
 1,320,033 
 
 169,519,'.i0l 
 
 11,874.9,12 
 7.15)1,119 
 
 lluncom 
 \V arrinston 
 Norwich 
 
 S',970 
 
 11,787,360 
 5,147,090 
 1,S4I,.5.W 
 
 jl 
 
 Scotland - 
 
 7,150 
 
 15,206,061 
 
 1,327,183 
 
 184,725,265 
 
 19,025,051 
 
 I.owestoft - 
 
 
 1 '^9,260 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
^"mm. 
 
 of the manufacture, cce Urpi 
 t. 
 
 a determent is well known ■ i; 
 sidcrcd as a ncccssnry of lif, 
 1 most civilised couiitrii> i< 
 iforms us that 8oa|) wiis lii,; 
 luls; that it was composcl < f 
 nd that the German soap w.n 
 (Lib. xviii. c. 51.) 
 iity was charged oiihard sofl|,. 
 most cxtonsively usuj, of ;l.', 
 cwt., while the price of «..r, 
 ceedcd Gil. per lb., or 5Gj, nr 
 ty was fully 100 per cent. I'.iu 
 liity, the substances of wliih 
 tallow, barilla, and tiir|)entiik, 
 3tively charged with dmios ,i 
 4(1. per cwt. ; and takinj? tlio^ 
 iccount, it may be truly st;Ui 1 
 d from 120 to 130 per cent, al 
 osition of 80 exorbitant a duly 
 pensable to the prosecution o: 
 nanufacture, and to the comfur! 
 dl orders of persona, was in ili. 
 dient. Uurmg the live yiar> 
 the consumption of duty-pail 
 ationary ; though there can Ijc 
 lie increase of manufactures and 
 that period, that it would htm 
 ably extended, but for the in- 
 '. This practice was facilitittJ 
 tion which Ireland enjoyed from 
 lot unfrequently happened that 
 ;his country, and sent to Ireland 
 was again clandestinely intro- 
 Jritain. It is, perhaps, needlijs 
 5 but the effectual reduction o( 
 ; a stop to the smuggling and 
 1 80 generally practised. So long 
 
 ■ Great Britain, dish'njiiWinj 
 iding January 5, 1862. 
 
 SUicated 
 Soap 
 
 Other Hard 
 
 Soap 
 
 7 
 V,710 
 
 4,650 
 
 4'i0,297 
 
 1,320,035 
 
 7,150 
 
 7,1.'>U 
 
 lb. 
 65,890 
 5,350 
 3,851,820 
 
 8,7lli,l30 
 
 4i5,.'>46 
 
 ■ 168,300 
 
 57l!,lllO 
 
 4,440,450 
 
 S4,4'20 
 
 ll,4'^0 
 
 3,484 
 
 811,490 
 
 360,8ill) 
 
 S0,020 
 
 1»,190 
 
 97,270 
 
 4,620 
 
 1,749,183 
 
 833,040 
 
 Soi'iSmp 
 
 lb. 
 
 3,n«) 
 
 1,560 
 
 125,485,099 
 44,034,102 
 
 169,519,«01 11,8H,S3S 
 
 111,045 
 698,270 
 8,«97,4>t0 
 10,642,219 
 874,910 
 338,650 
 443,490 
 
 15,406,064 7,IW,1>9 
 
 iw;o 
 
 Totals Collecttil 
 
 1,340,033 
 7,150 
 
 1,347,183 
 
 169,519,201 
 15,206,061 
 
 11,874.952 
 7,150,119 
 
 SODA 
 
 as ilic prolit to be made by breaking the law woa 
 i;iilii"li IIS I'.'O or lift) per cent., so long was it sure 
 t.ilK'"briikcn, despite thc'nuilliplioatinn of penalties 
 and the utmost activity and vigilance of tlie 
 (ilHcors. Hut the duty having been reduced iiO 
 ii,rrcnt. in IHIJ.'i, the temptation to smuggle was 
 niiUcriiilly diminislied. And the increased coii- 
 -nnipliiii' which followed the reduction of duties 
 liindereil the revenue from <lecliiiing more than 
 Itli, or -.'< per cent. Hence the advantiiges rcsult- 
 II! 'I'ldiu the dimiiii.shcil temptation to smuggling 
 niol fraud, and the inlluciicc of the reduced price 
 'iU\w iirliele, in facilitating manufacturing iiidus- 
 trv am! '" promoting habits of cleanlinesH, were 
 iiUaincd without i\uv very considerable sacrilicc. 
 
 1ji a former edition of this work ivc took leave 
 tn uliscrve that ' the entire repeal of the soap duty 
 would bo a popular measure ; but, seeing that a 
 luiu'i' amount of revenue must be raised, and that 
 tliir,o ta.\es only are productive which all'ect all 
 classes (d' the community, wo should not be dis- 
 hi.sed to rocoinmend such a measure. It is not. the 
 
 SPIRITS 
 
 1315 
 
 iMiwiST 19,025,W1 
 
 lax it-^elf) hut the oppressi-e exteut to which it 
 was carried, that made it objectionable. Instead 
 (,f proposing its repeal, we think it should bo ex- 
 tended to Ireland. The exemption of one part of 
 the empire from a duty of this sort imposed on 
 anoilier part, is contrary to all principle, and is 
 iniught with perincious results. It will be 
 impiL-sible to get rid of smuggling so long as this 
 uniust distinction is suftered to exist. Were the 
 iliitv extended to Irelaiul, the necessity for grant- 
 ini;' drawbacks on the soap exported to it, and 
 of lavinj; countervailing duties on that imported 
 from it, would, of course, fall to the ground. And 
 vc feel pretty confident, that though a still further 
 deduction were made from the rate of duty its 
 urodiictivcness would not, under such circum- 
 ■tances, be impaired, even in England.' 
 
 Government, however, not feeling disposed to 
 suiiport an unpopular, and, in some respects, an 
 oli;ectional)le tax, consented in 18.53 to its repeaL 
 The Table on preceding page is interesting, inas- 
 much ;i3 it shows the extent of the manufacture 
 during the last year but one that it was subiect 
 to a duty, and as it will be an authentic standard 
 with which to compare its future progress. 
 
 The total nett revenue derived from soap 
 amounted in 1852 to 1,126,046/. In 1851, 
 13.4»7,270 lb. soap were exported, the drawback 
 on which amounted to 88,468/. 
 
 Drawbacks and allowances were also made 
 during the same year of 104,420/. to tlic woollen, 
 filk, ttax, and cotton manufacturers ou account of 
 ilie soap used by them. And the trouble to the 
 manufacturers arising from this system, with the 
 opportunities which it afforded for the commission 
 of fraud, constituted the principal objections to 
 the dutv. 
 
 The 'declared value of 219,372 cwt, of soap 
 exported in 1867 amounted to 289,206/. 
 SODA. [Alkai.i.] 
 
 SOUTH SEA DUTIES. The Actof the 9 Anne, 
 c. 31 establishing the South Sea Company, con- 
 vcved to them the exclusive privilege of trading 
 to the Pacific Ocean, and along the east coast of 
 America, from the Orinoco to Cape Horn. 
 
 This privilege was taken away by 47 Geo. III. 
 c. i'i ; and to raise a guarantee fund for the in- 
 demnification of the Company, a duty of 2 per 
 cent, ad valorem was imposed by 55 Geo. III. 
 c. o7 on all goods, except those from Brazil and 
 Dutch Surinam (the provinces of Rio do la Plata 
 were afterAvards added), and except blubber, oil 
 ic. of whales, or fish caught by crews of British 
 or Irish ships, imported from within the afore- 
 said limits. A duty of 1». 6d. per ton was also 
 
 imposed on all vessels (except in balla.st or iin- 
 (lorting the produce of the fishery of l!iiii>h 
 subjects) entering inwards or clearing outwards 
 from or to places within the said limits. The 
 duties ceased when the guaranteet'und was eom- 
 jileted. 
 
 SOY. A species of sauce prepared in China and 
 .Japan from a small bean, the jiroduce of the 
 iJiiliclios ioja. It is eaten with lish and other 
 articles. It should be chosen of a good flavour, 
 not too salt nor too sweet, of a good thick con- 
 sistence, a brown colour, and clear: when shaken 
 ill a glass it should leave a coat on the surface of 
 a bright jellowish-brown colour ; if it do not, it 
 is of an inferior kiml, and should be rcj"clcd. 
 Japan soy is deeuicd sujierior to the Chinese. It 
 is worth "from 3s. to 4.«. per gallon. It is believed 
 to l«j cxWus/rely couiiterfeited. In 1867 we im- 
 ported 11,4113 gallons of wiy, v.'iluedat 1,795/.. and 
 exported 2, Kill gallons. (Milburn's Orkiit. Cum,; 
 Cliiiirse ItejHisitiirt/; &c.) 
 
 SPAIN. [Amcanti: ; Hai'CKLOXA; Cadiz; 
 SIai.aga ; Ac] An order of the Spanish Pro- 
 visional Government is published in the Londmi 
 Gazette (March 23, 1869), extending to the ships 
 of every nation the power, hitherto enjoyed by 
 Si)aiU3h vessels only, of going to foreign ports 
 with cargoes from foreign Americe, and with 
 cargoes of dried lisli from the same ports, with 
 a consular register under the same rates and 
 formalities as are established by 'Articles 8 and 
 260 of the customs ordinances, and by a subse- 
 quent decree (see JmhcIoii Gazette of April 8, 
 1869). Hriti.sh vessels coming from IJritish India 
 arc entitled to national treatment in respect of 
 tlic payment of port and navigation dues on the 
 Spanish colonies. 
 
 SPELTEIJ. A name frequently given to Zinc. 
 
 SPERMACETI (Gcr. wallrath ; Fr. Wane de 
 baleine, sperme de baleinc ; Ital. spermaceti ; Span, 
 esperma de ballena ; Russ. spermazet). A product 
 obtained I'rom the brain of tiie Physeter macroce- 
 phaliis, a species of whale inhabiting the Southern 
 Ocean. The brain being dug out from the cavity 
 of the licad, the oil is separated from it by drip- 
 ping. The residue is crude spermaceti, of which 
 an ordinary-sized whale will yield 12 barrels. 
 After being brought to England, it is purified. It 
 then concretes into a white, crystallised, brittle, 
 semitransparent, unctuous substance, nearly inodo- 
 rous and insipid. On being cut into small pieces, 
 it assumes a flaky aspect. Its specific gravity 
 is 9'433. It is used in the manufacture of candles, 
 in medicine &c. We imported in 1867, besides 
 320,081 lb. of spermaceti, 3,226 tons of sperma- 
 ceti, or head matter, valued at 373,367/., of which 
 2,822 tons were from the United States. 
 
 SPICES (Ger. spczereien ; Dutch, specerijen ; 
 Fr. e'piceries, (Apices ; Ital. spezj, spezierie ; Span, 
 especias, especerias ; Port, especiaria; Russ. priinlle 
 korenja). Under this denomination are included 
 all those vegetable productions which are fragrant 
 to the smell and pungent to the palate ; such as 
 cloves, ginger, nutmegs, allspice &c. These will 
 be found under their proper heads. 
 
 SPIRIT OF WINE. [Alcohol.] 
 
 SPIRITS. All inflammable liquors obtained 
 bj- distillation, as brandy, rum, geneva, whisky, 
 gin Ac, are comprised under this designation. 
 The term British spirits is applied indiscrimi- 
 nately to the various sorts of spirits manufactured 
 in Great Britain and Ireland. Of these, gin and 
 whisky are by far the most important. 
 
 The manufacture of spirits is placed under the 
 
 surveillance of the excise, and a very large revenue 
 
 is obtained from it. The Act 23 & 24 Vict. c. 114 
 
 lays down most of the regulatiooa to be followed 
 
 4p2 
 
 
 e .1 i 
 
 ':i)i 
 
 !ii 
 
 
WW 
 
 «• I 
 
 1310 
 
 SPIRITS 
 
 r ' 
 
 
 f •• 
 
 •* i 
 
 
 
 
 l)y the distillcre in the mnnufactum, and l)y tlic 
 (lilici-rs in chnrgint; the duties, 'i'liis Act is of 
 /rrcnt leiifffh, hnvinf^ no fewer th.in "i'-'a I'lnuses : 
 it is, hesitles, exceedingly e(>ni|illcated, and tlie 
 iicnidtics in it ninount to intiny thousand pounds. 
 It wouhl, therefore, Ik* to no purpose to attempt 
 jjivin^' any abstract of it in lliis place. Kvery- 
 oiie carrying on the business of distillntion must 
 have the Act in his possession, and bo practically 
 iie(|uaintcd with its operation. 
 
 Several subsequent Acts, such as the 21 & 25 
 Vict. c. 91 8. il ; the 28 & 2!t Vict. c. iMi s. 27; 
 and the 31 & 32 Viet. c. 121 s. [>, refer more 
 especially to methylated spirits, 
 
 1. Spirit U'ltieil Consumption nf^l-itish Spirits 
 in Great Brititin and Ireltind. — There are, per- 
 haps, no better subjects for taxation than spiri- 
 tuous and fermented liquors. They arc essentially 
 luxuries; and while moderate duties on them 
 are, in consequence of their bein^; very generally 
 used, exceedingly productive, the increase of price 
 which they occasion hos a tendency to lessen their 
 consumption by the poor, to whom, when taken 
 in excess, they arc exceedingly pernicious. Few 
 (governments, however, have been satisfied with 
 imposing moderate duties on spirits ; but, partly 
 ■with the view of increasing the revenue, and partly 
 with the view of placing them beyond the reach of 
 tlio lower classes, have almost mvariably loaded 
 them with such oppressively high duties as have 
 entirely defeated both objects. The imposition 
 of such duties does not take away the appetite for 
 spirits ; and as no vigilance of the oflicers or 
 severity of the laws has been found sutKcient to 
 secure a monopoly of the market to the legal 
 distillers, the real effect of the high duties has been 
 to throw the supply of a large proportion of the 
 demand into the hands of the illicit distiller, and 
 to superadd the atrocities of the smuggler to the 
 idleness and dissipation of the drunkard. 
 
 During the latter part of the reign of George I. 
 and the earlier part of that of George II. gin- 
 drinking was exceedingly prevalent; and the 
 cheapness of ardent spiriti<, and the multiplication 
 of public houses, were denounced from the pulpit, 
 and in the presentments of grand juries, as preg- 
 nant with the most destructive consequences to the 
 health and morals of the community. At length 
 ministers determined to make a vigorous effort to 
 put a stop to the further use of spirituous liquors 
 except as a cordial or medicine. For this purpose 
 an Act was passed in 173G, the history and effects 
 of -which deserve to be studied by all who are 
 clamorous for an increase of the duties on spirits. 
 Its prciimblc is to this effect :- 'Whereas the 
 drinking of spirituous liquors, or strong water, \\ 
 become very common, especially among people of 
 lower and inferior rank, the constant and excessive 
 use of which tends greatly to the destruction of 
 their health, rendering them unfit for useful labour 
 and business, debauching their morals, and inciting 
 them to perpetrate all vices; and the ill conse- 
 quences of the excessive use of such liquors are not 
 conlined to the present generation, but extend to 
 future ages, and tend to the destruction and ruin 
 of this kingdom.' The enactments were such as 
 might be expected to follow a preamble of this 
 sort. Thev were not intended to repress the vice 
 of gin-drinking, but to root it out altogether. To 
 accomplish this, a duty of twenty shillings per gal- 
 lon was laid on spirits, exclusive of a heavy license 
 duty on retailers. Extraordinary encouragements 
 were at the same time held out to informers, and 
 a tine of 100/. was ordered to be rigorously exacted 
 from those who, were iteven through inadvertency, 
 should vend the smallest quantity of spirits which 
 had not paid the full duty. Here was an Act which 
 
 might, one should think, have satisfied the Imtir. 
 est enemy of gin. Hut instead of the anlici|intc(l 
 effects, it produced those directly opposite, 'lt,e 
 respectable dealers withdrew from a trailo prn. 
 s<Tibed by the Legislature; so that the spirit Ijiui- 
 ness fell almost entirely into the hands of the 
 lowest and most profligate characters, who, amhev 
 had nothing to lose, were not deterred bv |ieimlliM 
 from breaking through all its provisions, iin, 
 popidace having in this, as in all similar cases, cs- 
 poused the cause of the smugglers and nnliccusei! 
 dealers, the oflicers of the revenue wore (i|ienly.'u. 
 saMlte<l in the streets of London and oilier (;reiit 
 towns ; informers were hunted down like wild \m\iU; 
 and drunkenness, disorders, and crimes incrcaHil 
 with a frightful rapidity. ' Within two vearsof 
 the passing of the Act,' says Tindal, 'it fiad be- 
 come oilious and contemptible, and policy as well 
 as humanity forced the Commissioners ol'Kxcisfta 
 mitigate its penalties.' {^Continuation of Rajjin, 
 vol. viii. p. 3.J8, ed. 1759.) The same "liistiirian 
 mentions (vol. viii. p. 390), that during the tivo 
 years in question no fewer than 12,000 persons wore 
 convicted of olfences connected with the i-ali; ol 
 spirits. Hut no exertion on the part of tliercvtiwij 
 ofKcors and magistrates could stem the torrent of 
 smuggling. According to a stotemcnt made by 
 the Karl of Cholmondeley in the House of l,on|.i 
 (Tiniberlund's Debates in the House of Lord.i,\ii\. 
 viii. p. 388), it appears that at the very lime 
 when the sale of si)irits was declared to lie illegal, 
 and every possible exertion made to suppress ii, 
 upwards of skven millions of gallous Merc 
 nnnually consumed in London and other pans 
 immediately adjacent. Under such circumstam' s 
 Government had but one course to follow— to (;iv; 
 up the unenual struggle. In 1742 the tiijili 
 l)rohibitory duties were accordingly repcalCil, and 
 such moderate duties imposed as were calculated 
 to increase the revenue by increasing tlic con- 
 sumption of legally distilled spirits. The bill k 
 this purpose was vehemently opposed in the House 
 of Lords by most of the bishops, and many uttier 
 peers, who exhausted all their rhetoric in (le;iictiii;,' 
 the iniscliievous consequences that would re<ult 
 from a toleration of the practice of gin-drinl<ini;. 
 To these declamations it was unanswerably replitd, 
 that whatever the evils of the practice niijilii be, 
 it was impossible to repress them by proliibit"ry 
 enactments ; and that the attempts to do so had 
 been productive of fur more mischief than had 
 ever resulted, or could be expected to result, Irirni 
 the greatest abuse of spirits. The consequences of 
 the change were highly beneficial. An insiaiit 
 stop was put to smuggling ; and if the vice of 
 drunkenness was not materially diminished, it has 
 never been stated that it was increased. 
 
 But it is unnecessorj' to go back to the rciftn of 
 George II. for proofs of the impoteiicy of lii,i;li 
 duties to take away the taste for such an article, 
 or to lessen its consumption. The occurrcnccs 
 that took place in later reigns, though the} would 
 seem to be already forgotten, are equally decisive 
 as to this question. 
 
 Duties m Ireland. — Perhaps no country has 
 suflered more from the excessive height to whicii 
 duties on spirits have been carried than IreW. 
 If heavy taxes, enforced by severe fiscal repib- 
 tions, C()uld make a people sober and iiidustri'iu^. 
 the Irish would be the most so of any on the face 
 of the earth. In order to make the possessors ol 
 property join heartily in suppressing illicit di^til■ 
 iation, the novel expedient was here resorted lo, 
 of imposing a heavy fine on every parish, town 
 land, manor land, or lordship in which an un- 
 licensed still was found ; while the unfortuuaie 
 wretches found working it were subjected to 
 
Ilk, have satisfied (he Imt.r. 
 iitinsteatl of the anticipaM 
 lose directly opposite. The 
 fithdrcw from a triidn prn- 
 (lire; so that the spirit liu.i- 
 rclv into the hands of the 
 i^atc characters, who, asihoy 
 ero not deterred hy peiialiiiM 
 i^h all its provisions. 'iW 
 lis, as in all similar cases, os- 
 he smujiglcrs and unliecnsci! 
 ■ tlio revenue were openly iu. 
 1 of I<onilon and oiIut lirrat 
 3 hunted down like wild bouMs; 
 lorders, and crimes iiicrta>t.| 
 ditv. ' Within two roars nf 
 iCt,' says Tindal, ' it had bp- 
 itempt'ible, and policy as will 
 wc Commissioners of Kxeisoto 
 ;8.' (^Cimtinuation «/ i{u;«n, 
 1759.) The same liisicjrian 
 p. 390), that duriiiR the two 
 fewer than 12,000 persons wore 
 s connected with tlie i-ale oi 
 •tion on the part of Itie revcniii! 
 ates could stem the torrent of 
 ling to a statement made hy 
 iideley in the House of \/mU 
 ttei in the House of Lnrd.'i,\«\. 
 spears that at the very litiic 
 irits was declared to lie illegal, 
 exertion made to suppress ii, 
 < MILLIONS of gallons were 
 1 in London and otiicr parts 
 nt. Under such circumstaiit s 
 t one course to follow— to kIv? 
 truggle. In 174-2 tlic hi|;h 
 were accordingly repealed, aiiJ 
 es imposed as were calculated 
 ivenue by increasing tlie con- 
 <i distilled spirits. The bill I >r 
 •hcmcntly opposed in the Hiium> 
 if the bishops, and many othr 
 edall their rhetoric indf.iictins 
 onscquencps that would result 
 if the practice of gin-drinkim;. 
 ons it was unanswerably reiilh J, 
 evils of the practice mi);lii l)f. 
 to repress them by prohihii'irv 
 that the attempts to do so had 
 f far more mischief tlian had 
 mid be expected to result, l'r"m 
 of spirits. The consequences of 
 hichlv benelicial. An insiaiii 
 muggling; mid if the vice h 
 ot materially dimmished, itha> 
 that it was increased. . 
 
 ssarytogobacktothcrei!,'not 
 
 ,ofs of the impotency of hi^di 
 
 IV the taste for such an artidf, 
 
 %nsumption. The occurrcncos 
 
 later reigns, though the) -.vould 
 
 forgotten, are equally deci>ue 
 
 [„rf._Perhap3 no country has 
 ' the excessive height to wli't" 
 avebeen carried than IreW 
 if.irccd bv severe liseal repil"- 
 a people" sober and UKlusiri*. 
 -the most so of any on the lace 
 
 cirdertomaketheposse^- 
 ilv in suppressing illicit di i 
 Sedient"wasl.ererosort.m 
 
 avy line on every pwisM"*'' 
 
 or lordship in,«'h"^h a "; 
 found; while the unforiuna 
 vorking it were suojected to 
 
 SPIRITS 1317 
 
 Hut instead of been in every point of view most successful. It 
 
 transixirtatiim for $even years. 
 
 iiutting down illicit distilUti<in, these unlioard-of will be seen that the increase of duty fnim'J.*. 10</, 
 ' • -"ndered it universal, and tilled the to is. Ad. in l«;l(l perceptibly diminished llio 
 
 ' Itis 
 
 av 
 
 Dxp 
 
 ievtrities rendi 
 
 country with bloodshed, and even rebellion, 
 stated by the l{ev. Mr. Chicliester, in his valiinble 
 pamphlet on the Irish Dislillery Imws, published 
 In IHIH, that ' the Irish system seemed to have 
 been formed in order to perpetuate smuggling and 
 anarchy. It has culled *'.ie evils of botli savage 
 and civilised life, and rejected all the advantages 
 which they contain. The calamities of civilised 
 warfare arc, in general, inferior to those proihiced 
 
 perceptibly (Iiminislieil llio 
 fiunntity of spirits brought to the charge; and as 
 it was found to give a considerable stimulus to 
 illicit distillation, which had previously been 
 nearly extinct, the duty was reduced to 2i. 4d. in 
 'H,'J.5. The extraonliimry decrease in the coii- 
 suiniition of spirits after 1839, though in sonio 
 degree, perhaps, ascriliablo to the addition of Id. 
 per gallon made to the duty in IH 10, was no doubt 
 iirineipally owing to the exertions of Father Ma- 
 
 hy the Irisli distillery laws ; and I doubt whether , thew, and the siirend of temperance societies ; and 
 aiiv nation of modem Ivirope, which is not in a j notwithstanding th^ loss of revenue it ( 
 
 aiiv 
 
 state of actual revolution, can furnish instances of 
 Ir'al cruelty commensurate to those which I have 
 rrpreseiitedV (I'p. 92-107.) 
 
 Tliese statements are borne out to the fullest ex- 
 tent bv the (iflicial details in the Reports of the Ke- 
 miue'Commissioners. In 181 1, say the Commission- 
 ers (fi'/'M lieport, p. 19), when the duty on sjiirits 
 was •.'.«. ti'A per gallon, duty was paiil in Ireland on 
 C.'iiliUlil gallons (Irish measure) ; whereas, in 
 IK'W, when the duty was o». (if/., only 2,910,483 
 palhms were brought to the charge. The Commis- 
 sioners estimate that the annual consumption of 
 spirits in Ireland was at this very period not less 
 than TKN MM. MONS of gallons; and, as scarcely 
 Ikm millions paid duty, it followed that seven 
 millions were illegally supplied ; and ' taking one 
 million of gallons as the quantity fraudulently 
 furnished )iir consumntion by the licen,sed dis- 
 tillers, the produce of tlie unlicensed stills may be 
 estimated at six millions of gallons.' {lb. p. 8.) 
 Now, it 13 material to keep in mind that this vast 
 amount of smuggling was carried on in the teeth 
 (if ihc above barbarous statutes, and in despite of 
 the utmost exertions of the police and military to 
 ffcvent it ; the only result being the exasperation 
 of the populace, and the perpetration of revolting 
 atrocities both by them and the military. 'In 
 Ireland,' say the 'Commissioners, ' it will 'appear, 
 from the evidence annexed to this report, that 
 parts of the country have been absolutely dis- 
 urganised, and )ilaced in opposition not only to the 
 civil authority, but to the military force of the 
 (iovcrnmont. The prolits to be obtained from 
 thecvasion of the law have been such as to encour- 
 age numerous individuals to persevere in these 
 desperate pursuits, notwithstanding the risk of 
 proiierty and life with which they have been 
 allcnded.' 
 
 To put an end to such evils, the Commissioners 
 recommended that the duty on spirits should be 
 reduced from 5s. (id. to 2.v. the wine gallon (2». Ad. 
 the imperial gallon), and (tovernment wisely 
 consented to act upon this recommendation. In 
 1W3 the duties were accordingly reduced ; and 
 the official account given on p. 1318 will show 
 what has been the result of this measure. 
 
 It may appear, on a superficial view of this 
 tahie, asif the consumption of spirits in Ireland 
 had been nearly trebled in consctiuence of the 
 reduction of the duty in 1823 ; but in point of 
 fact it was not in any degree increased. The 
 rtductionof the duties substituted legal for illicit 
 distillation, and freed the country from the per- 
 juries and other atrocities that grew out of the 
 l«viou8 system ; but it would be wholly erroneous 
 to say that it incrciised drunkenness. We Lave 
 already seen that the Commissioners, who had the 
 best means of obtaining accurate information, 
 estimated the consumption of spirits in Ireland, in 
 1823, at TEN millions of gallons ; and when 
 greatest, in 18.08. 15 years after, the consumption 
 'M only 12,296,342 gallons. No doubt, therefore, 
 fte measure deserves to be considered as having 
 
 occasioned, 
 the change was certainly of great public ad- 
 vantage : provided it had Ijcen maintained, it is 
 not easy to suppose that anything could have 
 occurred better titled to impro'vc the physical and 
 moral condition of the people. The addition <if 
 \s. per gallon madetotlie duty in 1842 was repealed 
 in 1814; for while it gave a stimulus to clandes- 
 tine distillation, it was jiretty obvious it would 
 not have added anything to tlie revenue, or given 
 anj- additional impetus ;o the temperance move- 
 ment. The apparent effect of the additions to the 
 duty in 1858 and 18(i0 on the consumption in 
 Ireland was a fall from 0,783,207 gallons in the year 
 ended March 31, 1858, to 5,418,409 gallons in li.e 
 fidlowiiig oflicial year, and a further fall from 
 .■,9.J0,241 gallons in the year ended March 31, 
 1800, to 4,191,500 gallons in the succeeding year. 
 
 Duties in Scotland. — The experience of Scoiland 
 is hardly decisive as to this (piestion. The ex- 
 orbitancy of the duti?s produced nearly the same 
 effects there as in Ireland. Mr. John Hay Forbes, 
 sheriff-depute of Perthshire, and after^.■al■ds a lord 
 of session, .stated in evidence before the Commis- 
 sioners, that, according to the best information he 
 could obtain, the quantity of illegally distilled 
 spirits annually produced in the Highlands could 
 not amount to less than two millions of gallons. 
 In corroboration of this, he stated that, in 1821, 
 only 298,138 gallons were brought to the charge 
 in the Highlands; and of these, 254,000 gallons 
 wore permitted to the Lowlands, leaving only 
 44,000 gallons for the consumption of the whole 
 country — a supply which, we are well assured, 
 would hardly be sufficient for the demand of two 
 moderately populous parishes. In a letter of 
 Captain Sfunro of Teaninich to the Commissioners, 
 it is stated that, 'at Tain, where there are 
 upwards of 23 licensed public houses, not one 
 gallon had been permitted from the legal distilleries 
 for upwards of twelve months,' though a small 
 ijuantity of smuggled whisky had been purchased 
 at the excise sales, to give a cobiur of legality to 
 the trade. The same gentleman thus expresses 
 himself in another part of his letter : — ' The moral 
 effect of this baneful trade of smuggling on ilie 
 lower classes is most conspicuous, and increasing 
 in an alarming degree, as evidenced hy the 
 multiplicity of crimes, and by a degree of insub- 
 ordination formerly little known in this part of the 
 country. In several districts, such as Strathconan, 
 Strathcanon A'C, the excise officers are now often 
 deforced, and dare not attempt to do their duty ; 
 and smuggled whisky is often carried to market 
 by smugglers escorted bj' armed men, in detianee 
 of the law.s. In short, the Irish system is making 
 progress in the Highlands of Scotland.' 
 
 To arrest the jirogresa of demoralisation, Govern- 
 ment, pursuant to the judicious advice of the Com- 
 missioners, reduced tlio duties on Scotch to the 
 same level as those on Irish whisky ; and the 
 consequences were equally salutary. The prefixed 
 statement sets the influence of the reduction 
 of the duty in 1823 in the most striking point 
 
 •i,l 
 
 1 1 
 
 I. 
 
■'.'f-'h: 
 
 I • 
 
 '.'< 
 "( 
 
 ■■i 
 
 » '. 
 
 -.1 .. 
 
 1.318 
 
 SPIRITS 
 
 of virw, the consumption of diity-pnid Bpirits 
 Imviiin' more tliiin (limliloit in the <'oi"irs«'of 2 yi'iirn, 
 nt till' Hnin(> tini(* tliiit illicit <li!<tilliiti<in wiim all 
 but siippri'.sMcd. Itiit we iniu'li dmibt whctlior tlu^ 
 I'xistiii),' duties (IHO!)^ he not ii urciit deal too 
 IiIkIi. TIk'V lire now, it is true, more cnsily col- 
 li'cli'd tliiiii fornicrly, mid spirit dri'ikin){ ix, no 
 (loiil)t, iniich too prcvnlcnt in Scotland; but tlic 
 latter will not bo IcHNcned by iiiiv increase uf duty 
 tliut givi'ii u .stimulus tu 8iiuigi;liiig. 
 
 Diitim in EnijIitHil. — I'ri vioinly to llip rodiictiuii 
 of till! diitv oil IriNli and Scotch Hpirits, tin. ,||,,,. 
 .... i:....\:..\. ....:.:>.. 1....11 i.:..f 11 .. . ' 
 
 on Knglisb spiritH bad been as bigfi as \\n. t'll.M 
 gallon. This high duty, and the re.ttiiciioH, 
 under which the trade was placed, were prmliu.ijyQ 
 of the worst etl'ecls. Tliey went far to eii,il]|i. tij,, 
 distillers to llx the price of spirits, ' niid omsc. 
 (liieiitly ' (we ipiote the words of the ('ijiiiinj.^. 
 sioncrs of I'^xeiso lnipiiry)*to raise it iiiiieli l.ivdiul 
 that which was Hiilliciciit to repay, with a liriiiit 
 
 I. — An Account of the Qiiantitien of IIitmi:-maik Siiiritu chun/id with Consuni/jtiiiu JJiiliis, „,„; 
 upcrifi/iiit/ the Jliitis of Duty in each JJicisinn of the Kmpirf since 1800, with the Tutut 
 Amount of the Duty. 
 
 
 
 Engluul 
 
 Hrotland 
 
 Imland 
 
 liiiiierial 1 
 
 UnllKl 
 
 KliiKilom 
 
 Imiwrlal 
 
 
 Iin|itfrial 
 
 
 
 
 Vc-irs 
 
 ILllloin 
 
 t-h.trgiHl 
 
 with Ton- 
 
 huiii'.iIdii 
 
 Kale of I>ul; 
 
 (i.lllnn. 
 
 t-liaritt il 
 Willi ('cm- 
 t>uinptl<in 
 
 Kate of Duty 
 
 liallotii 
 rliarKetl 
 
 Willi Clin. 
 
 suiiiptloit 
 
 Kale of Duty 
 
 Tntnl 
 tialiuiu 
 
 Tulal 
 Amiiunt 
 
 oriiui} 
 
 
 Duly 
 
 
 
 llul; 
 
 
 l)ut> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 liOwlnniU, 
 
 lllllil.lndi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 liur Kallon of Hill tuntuiil 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f. it. : d. 
 
 
 £ 1. d. 
 
 £ I. i. 
 
 
 » d 
 
 
 
 I8U11 
 
 4,1M,888 
 
 4.10J?-,}5.41^ 
 
 1,277,596 
 
 61 16 4 
 
 7 16 Oi 
 
 I,3.10,'iOO 
 
 2.1i' 
 
 6,960,984 
 
 W!l),0,',| 
 
 INUI 
 
 a,5SS,'JV0 
 
 5-4lfs 
 
 295,931 
 
 ,1 
 
 per Kal. of fif.lrits 
 
 per|ial.orM>lrl» 
 
 3,M,106 
 
 „ 
 
 3,206,957 
 
 7SB,a9! 
 
 ISd',' 
 
 3,981,072 
 
 II 
 
 l,l.')8A'i8' 
 
 3.ioji-;;v 
 
 5.u.y;i 
 
 4,715,098 
 
 2.10J 
 
 9,854,728 
 
 1,93«J1J 
 
 1SI)3 
 
 .'..370„177 
 
 5.4i-^8.UjJ5 
 
 2,024,409 
 
 tl 
 
 II 
 
 4,313,095 
 
 2-lOJ 3.6J 
 
 11,735.SS1 
 
 VMt.W, 
 
 ISDI 
 
 3,6'JO,74i 
 
 H-Ojjlj 
 
 1,HS9,757 
 
 s-oj^ll 
 
 5.01A 
 
 3,513,599 
 
 3.6J 4.1 
 
 •J,12I,1UI 
 
 ii,«,s,ii3; 
 
 IW, 
 
 4,(r.2,6l.^ 
 
 II 
 
 l,625,'m7 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 3,686,233 
 
 4-1 
 
 10,211,865 
 
 VitMl' 
 
 IMJIi 
 
 4,ll'JI,!IN.'i 
 
 II 
 
 1,812,M7 
 
 ^-xJli 
 
 .'.-01.,V.11J.15 
 
 .1,858,107 
 
 „ 
 
 tf,76,'i,129 
 
 2,s;;,iijil 
 
 1807 
 
 4,747,36.'. 
 
 » 
 
 2,653,478 
 
 5,597,204 
 
 .» 
 
 12,998,017 
 
 3,S6.1,ii;3| 
 
 I«IW 
 
 .'i,19l),SS4 
 
 *l 
 
 2,683,312 
 
 >l 
 
 4.11jiS 
 
 !,575,I30 
 
 ., 
 
 11,649,656 
 
 .\sri,ii'.i| 
 
 IHll'.l 
 
 4,ll3.'i,S2.'> 
 
 „ 
 
 1,315,1,15 
 
 |> 
 
 „ 
 
 1,360,386 
 
 ,, 
 
 6.711 316 
 
 i.'in.iir' 
 
 IHIII 
 
 I,787,.0.'>.'J 
 
 S0Jbj""-''3t5 
 
 1,748,140 
 
 5.85l5f8.0j]5 
 
 It 
 
 4,728.522 
 
 4-1 2.6,) 
 
 11,2114,217 
 
 a,ii,".,ri 
 
 IHII 
 
 4,776,330 
 
 1,951,092 
 
 ■•-I'i.Jsfi-Tlii 
 
 6,378,479 
 
 2.6J 
 
 13,105,901 
 
 a,!icj,iaj 
 
 ISI'2 
 
 5,24'i,47u 
 
 '"••^2to 
 
 1,687,9115 
 
 '■"1,15 
 
 (■'■Hi 
 
 4, 009 ,,-01 
 
 2-64 5-lJ 
 
 10,9.19,676 
 
 4,i7f,'j;;! 
 
 IS 1.1 
 
 4,2!)'.',477 
 
 
 1,231,291 
 
 ,, 
 
 „ 
 
 .1,158,693 
 
 5-1 i .0-75 
 
 8,685,461 
 
 .1,0'«,i|S| 
 
 ISII 
 
 4,'Ji6,l)65 
 
 
 1,174,187 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 5,3J.1,711 
 
 5-7J 
 
 11,824,865 
 
 4,5i*,0ll' 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ix>wUn(l« itnd IliuhtaixU 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 ■. 
 
 5,16f,M7 
 
 II 
 
 1,591, Its 
 
 y-iis 
 
 4,.123,844 
 
 .5.7 6.U 
 6.1 3 .',.;i 
 
 11,383,979 
 
 t.v,:^' 
 
 1 ,1 1 (1 
 
 4,74'i,IHl 
 
 II 
 
 918,85!) 
 
 
 1,557,200 
 
 9,221,513 
 
 .VJIl.'.M 
 
 ISI7 
 
 4,1.1.1,1103 
 
 }| 
 
 I,9ll6,!),'i0 
 
 0*2 
 
 3,586,9,-2 
 
 5.71 
 
 9,626,915 
 
 .-',:j;,;.i; 
 
 1NI8 
 
 b,'iV>Mi 
 
 »** 1/> 
 
 2,066,988 
 
 »i 
 
 4,284,347 
 
 
 11,610,997 
 
 I,!!)!.,;*! 
 
 181'J 
 
 4,146,505 
 
 •6-2!^ ".siW 
 
 2,125,150 
 
 w 
 
 .1,676,516 
 
 II 
 
 9,948,171 
 
 Mij,;oi 
 
 IS'.!II 
 
 4,284,798 
 
 >i-silS 
 
 1,863,987 
 
 » 
 
 3,299,650 
 
 11 
 
 9,MS,4.V. 
 
 I.OIS.X 
 
 Wil 
 
 4,I2.'.,6I6 
 
 
 2,385,195 
 
 ■* 
 
 3,311,162 
 
 „ 
 
 9,822,573 
 
 4,iivi,i;;.i' 
 
 iii-n 
 
 4,694.05-. 
 
 »• 
 
 2,225,121 
 
 C.2 2-4.5S3- 
 
 lr,9l0,185 
 
 II 
 
 9,829,662 
 
 4,2i'.',()lu! 
 
 IKM 
 
 3,803,312 
 
 II 
 
 2,303,286 
 
 3,590,,-76 
 
 5-:i -^-nh 
 
 9,696,971 
 
 3,iii;,ns 
 
 Wit 
 
 4,392,611 
 
 II 
 
 4,150,301 
 
 i-^ii 
 
 6,690,315 
 
 '■'•'S55 
 
 15,133,227 
 
 3,S9;,!.i' 
 
 I8M 
 
 3,681,019 
 
 ,^ 
 
 5,981, .549 
 
 «no 
 
 9.261,744 
 
 
 1S,9«,3I2 
 
 .1,1M,<-.I 
 
 l^'iC, 
 
 7,107,201 
 
 7-0 
 
 .1,988,788 
 
 6,8,14,867 
 
 2.io 
 
 18,210,»'i9 
 
 1,l•;,■l,V'^ 
 
 Wf 
 
 6,671,562 
 
 
 4,752,199 
 
 t« 
 
 8,/60,6li 1 
 
 
 19,681,415 
 
 *,[;\m 
 
 in'ix, 
 
 7,759,687 
 
 >* 
 
 5,716,180 
 
 «i 
 
 9,9,-)7,903 
 
 ,^ 
 
 23,41.1,770 
 
 4,!)M, '.i 
 
 W-i'J 
 
 7,700,766 
 
 *t 
 
 5,777,280 
 
 
 9,212,2^4 
 
 ,, 
 
 22,ll90,'i7l) 
 
 4,iis.:m 
 
 1S.1() 
 
 7,7.12,101 
 
 7-0 7.6 
 
 6,007,631 
 
 2-10 .VO 3.4 
 
 9,OOI,.'.19 
 
 2.10 3.0 3.4 
 
 22,741,271 
 
 ,V;i,'i,),.i 
 
 1N11 
 
 7,431,1117 
 
 7-6 
 
 5,700,(189 
 
 3-1 
 
 8,710,672 
 
 3-4 
 
 41,845,408 
 
 ,'i,hW,l 
 
 1S.-.2 
 
 7,2S1,9(K) 
 
 ,, 
 
 5.407,097 
 
 
 8,657,756 
 
 
 21,346,-,',3 
 
 5,o;i,v 1 
 
 IS.1.1 
 
 7,717,3113 
 
 ,, 
 
 5,988,556 
 
 It 
 
 8,I68,,')96 
 
 
 21,871,455 
 
 i.I'ij.'.l."! 
 
 IS.H 
 
 7,614,301 
 
 tt 
 
 6,015,043 
 
 n 
 
 9,708,116 
 
 3-4 2.i 
 
 23,,197,7liO 
 
 i:ii',r" 
 
 1 mr, 
 
 7,315,053 
 
 If 
 
 6,013,9.12 
 
 H 
 
 11,181,223 
 
 2-4 
 
 21,7111,2118 
 
 .Vi;,'.;:'! 
 
 1H.16 
 
 7,87.'.,702 
 
 tt 
 
 6,620,826 
 
 •• 
 
 12,218,772 
 
 
 26,745,,-ilHP 
 
 5,lsi,"i 
 
 IS.->7 
 
 7,1.1.1,869 
 
 It 
 
 6,121,0,15 
 
 »» 
 
 11,215,6.15 
 
 
 24,493,,'i39 
 
 i,(«,,i/.: 
 
 is.-,s 
 
 7,9,10,190 
 
 
 9,259,711 
 
 tt 
 
 12,296,112 
 
 
 26,186,513 
 
 S.lil.M 
 
 IS.TO 
 
 S,186,,',52 
 
 , 
 
 6,1«8,5,S2 
 
 
 10,M5,709 
 
 
 25,190,811 
 
 5,,V.,-i,V.' 
 
 ISIU 
 
 8,278,1 tS 
 
 7-fi 7-10 
 
 6,180,138 
 
 3.4**. "5 .« 
 
 7.401,051 
 
 '2.4 2.» 
 
 21,11 ,',9,.1.17 
 
 ,i,':il*,'i) 
 
 1811 
 
 8,166,985 
 
 7-10 
 
 5,9S9,<'0,-> 
 
 3.» 
 
 6,485,443 
 
 V-8 
 
 20,612,3,13 
 
 5,11,1,1.11' 
 
 I8I'J 
 
 7,9511,051 
 
 „ 
 
 5,,')9.5,I85 
 
 I* 
 
 5,290,650 
 
 *i H 3.K 
 
 18,84I,SW) 
 
 5,1116,-1,- 
 
 1813 
 
 7,724,051 
 
 ,, 
 
 5,593,798 
 
 n 
 
 .'.,516,483 
 
 3-S 2-8 
 
 18,S6I,.132 
 
 4,!ira.';"i 
 
 1814 
 
 8,231,410 
 
 J, 
 
 5,922,918 
 
 tl 
 
 6,150,117 
 
 U-ti 
 
 2O,'i08,525 
 
 i,i:i.i»! 
 
 INia 
 
 9,076,.18l 
 
 it 
 
 6,441,011 
 
 II 
 
 7,605,196 
 
 J, 
 
 21,122,588 
 
 },;i'i,M 
 
 1846 
 
 9,179.5.-0 
 
 tt 
 
 6,975,091 
 
 11 
 
 7,952,076 
 
 J, 
 
 21,1116,697 
 
 6,WI.JVi 
 
 1847 
 
 8,409,165 
 
 
 6,193,249 
 
 II 
 
 6,037,383 
 
 ^^ 
 
 20,639,797 
 
 .',,'i3l,'«'.' 
 
 1818 
 
 8,581, .127 
 
 „ 
 
 6,,',48,190 
 
 
 7,072,933 
 
 >i 
 
 22.202,4,'i(l 
 
 i,Xi1,i7'i 1 
 
 1849 
 
 9,0.'.3,676 
 
 ,, 
 
 6,9.15,001 
 
 II 
 
 6,973,333 
 
 
 22,962,012 
 
 i,TI!,Slsi 
 
 18.00 
 
 9,331,512 
 
 ,j 
 
 7,122,987 
 
 II 
 
 7,408,086 
 
 jj 
 
 23,8i.2,5«5 
 
 .'i.ais.is; 
 
 1851 
 
 9,595,368 
 
 jj 
 
 6,8,10,710 
 
 >i 
 
 7,550,518 
 
 ^^ 
 
 V3,976,5'J6 
 
 6,111 ;.■;'* 
 
 \M'l 
 
 9,820,608 
 
 »i 
 
 7,172,1115 
 
 
 8,208,2:16 
 
 n 
 
 25,2(10,879 
 
 (;,i'u,;r- 
 
 I8M 
 
 0,1.';i),307 
 
 )) 
 
 6,514,'i48 
 
 3-8 "4.S 
 
 8,1,16,362 
 
 S.8 3-4 
 
 25,(l21,."il7 
 
 r.,;6",r;.'. 
 
 IS.JI 
 
 0,889,611 
 
 
 6,,'.53,239 
 
 4-8 .5-8 6.0 
 
 8,440,7.11 
 
 .1.1 4-0 
 
 25,8K3,,iM 
 
 7,(i'l),7T. 
 
 18.M 
 
 0,.1S1,I0.) 
 
 7-10 8-0 
 
 5,.144,319 
 
 6-U 710 8.0 
 
 6,2^8,8,'i6 
 
 4.6 6-2 
 
 2l,9,',7,27i 
 
 7,..i:,'| 
 
 18,',U 
 
 9,343,.',49 
 
 8-0 
 
 7,175,931 
 
 8-0 
 
 6,781,068 
 
 6-2 
 
 23,31 KI,J 56 
 
 «,(;'>,i'ii 
 
 I8S7 
 
 0,I99,.'j65 
 
 ■ * 
 
 7,030,822 
 
 „ 
 
 6,920,046 
 
 I, 
 
 24,150,413 
 
 9,iiv;,,-,v. 
 
 IS.W 
 
 0,028,.')9I 
 
 tt 
 
 6,781,879 
 
 ,, 
 
 6,402,142 
 
 C-3 8.0 
 
 2.1,21 W!" 
 
 9,1(11 i.t!'>, 
 
 1859 
 
 2,576,318 
 
 
 5,404,174 
 
 „ 
 
 5,748,534 
 
 8.0 
 
 •23,729,1126 
 
 'J,4!ll,i",l'l 
 
 1860 
 
 1 ,894,385 
 
 8-0 «-*l 10.0 
 
 4,729,705 
 
 8-0 8-1 10.0 
 
 J,7 14,358 
 
 8-0 8.1 100 
 
 21,.1,1I1,I4S 
 
 '1,1(11,75(1 
 
 1861 
 
 0,816,605 
 
 10-0 
 
 4,410,998 
 
 10-0 
 
 4,286,598 
 
 lO-O 
 
 19,514,291 
 
 9,7>7,liV) 
 
 1862 
 
 0,458,892 
 
 ^j 
 
 4,100,271 
 
 If 
 
 3,977,021 
 
 ,^ 
 
 18,8.16,187 
 
 il,)lS,"'J' 
 
 186.1 
 
 0,.'i6 1,204 
 
 
 4,693,950 
 
 
 3,862,937 
 
 
 19,118,1192 
 
 9,^111,016! 
 
 1864 
 
 1,098,252 
 
 „ 
 
 5,014,121 
 
 M 
 
 4,090,119 
 
 „ 
 
 20,2112,492 
 
 lo.im.ii''; 
 
 186,') 
 
 1.4,18.10 5 
 
 
 5,198,607 
 
 ■f 
 
 4,.174,I43 
 
 
 211,811,155 
 
 l(l,li)i|,i77 
 
 1866 ll,7l7;ill| 
 
 (■ 
 
 5,462,465 
 
 M 
 
 5,0.16,814 
 
 ,* 
 
 22,2I6,.VJU 
 
 ll,|IM,l!'5l 
 
 1667 ll,3i.1,715l 
 
 »• 
 
 4,983,009 
 
 tt 
 
 4.892.654 
 
 
 81,199,176 
 
 in.s'ja.ii'iH , 
 
 1859-66 years ended March 31. 
 
 ». . , ,' 
 
UnllHl Kiniidom 
 
 Ulc of Dulj 
 
 l'i,!)'JS,017 3^63,11 
 
 SPIRITS 1310 
 
 U.—An Aeeonnt of the Foreign, Colonial, ami Channel Island SpirttB Imported into, Erjmited 
 from, and Retained for l/oine Coniumptum in the United Kinijdom ij-c. in the Year ending 
 ' December 31, 1H(J7. 
 
 Nplriu 
 
 J Hum : (If llrlllth vouestioni, and mixed in bond 
 
 ; FdihiI'i - - - • 
 
 llnnily . - - • • 
 
 iMliCfA . - - - - 
 
 othtrforfiioi ■ndcolonlaj iiilriu - 
 
 1 AllMirli . - • - 
 
 i Tolnl - 
 
 Quanlltim 
 linliOTteil 
 
 |>ronf Kntn. 
 
 i;,ip'..i.-iii 
 
 It'J.iiH 
 
 (i,H4.'i,9(l.1 
 l3,Ofi7,3U 
 
 Quantllln 
 
 fiir lloMiu 
 
 t'iin^uni|i* 
 
 tlon 
 
 prnofK.itt. 
 
 1,W>,:)ip'i 
 
 .'i7.IIHil 
 
 .l,lK(i,.');i 
 
 71 1, .I'll 
 4,.1l6,n',s 
 "h,.1IA,|M 
 
 QU'inlitiiii 
 
 ftpnrltll 
 
 a. .Mrr- 
 thandi*4i 
 
 pTuof ({.lit. 
 
 36.'),.11B 
 
 Qiinntltlm 
 sliitiiieil ut 
 
 proof i^ali. 
 
 7fi,V.| 
 III.MIU 
 till, '^11) 
 
 proof (tall. 
 
 3,7SB 
 
 'Ji 
 
 SIK.UU 
 
 proof gall. 
 
 7,iv^'.r..i 
 lin.vn 
 
 uTiiii.n.ir 
 
 the cost <if the manufacture and the duty advnncod i too much of a piiritmiirnl spirit nhou 
 
 to the Crown.' And, in proof of tliis, thct'oiiniii.s- | cxik'cI Id hriii); that rcformntioii nl)out liv dint of 
 
 DUt thoni ; and 
 
 ,„ . . , , „ )out liy dint of 
 
 sioners mention, that in November W>'.\, ' wlion , police re;;ulations, that wouUl lie more liliely fobe 
 
 idfii spiriti* miftiit be purchased in .Scotland for j introihiced and promoted by a less ofliciouMsv^'tcm. 
 ahiiut ■-'•'. !'»'• I)er gallon, raw sjiiritu could not bo An Act was passeil in 'lH.J3. the It! & l*" Vict. 
 liircliasDd in KiiRland for less than 4a. Grf. ready o. (i7 (applicable to IScolland only), which, amon^ 
 miiiiov, and 4.*. 'J(V. credit, oniittirii;, in both cases, Other things, gave the justices of the peace 
 (he duly.' In consequence of this state of things I increased |.>ower i 'r the licensing of public 
 \\\K iiJiilieralion of spirits was carried on to a ! houses, and adilcd considerably to the duties on 
 
 licenses. Much iliscussiou has taltcn place with 
 
 u'leut extent in England; and the large prolits 
 made hv ihe smuggler occasioneil clandeslino im- 
 iKTtaticin in considerable quantities from (Scotland 
 and Ireland. To obviate these inconveniences, 
 and at tlie same time to neutralise the powerful 
 additional stimulus that the reduction of the 
 dutici in Scotland and Ireland wouhl have given 
 tu finugghng, had the duties in Kiigland been 
 cunliiiued at their former amcmnt, the latter were 
 
 respect to the real intluenco of this very question- 
 able measure, and there would seem to bo no 
 little exaggeration in the statements both of its 
 opponents and defenders. It has certainly reduced, 
 though in a very arbitrary maimer, the number of 
 licensed taverns ; and if the facilities for getting 
 whisky or aught else bo diminished, the chancci) 
 are ten to one that its consumption will also be 
 reduced, iu 1X20, toT.'t. per gallon, facilities being at ] diminished. Hut it is alleged that the diminution 
 the same time given to the importation of spirits i in th(! number of jmblic houses in Scotland is not 
 from the other parts of the emiiire. Many com- ' real, but apparent only ; and that while some have 
 
 been legally shut up, an equal number have been 
 surreptitiously opened, anil that the latter are at 
 the same time of a comparatively worthless de- 
 scription. And the convictions that have taken 
 place of parties for selling spirits without licenses 
 show that this statement lias some foundation, 
 and that in endeavouring to put down one form 
 
 iilaints have been made of the intluenee of this 
 
 measure in increasing drunkenness, but iiothimr 
 
 can be im.igined more completely destitute of 
 
 tuiindalion. The Commissioners "Sliinatcd the 
 
 ron^uraption of IJritish sjiirits in England and 
 
 Wales, in 18-23, at 5,000,000 gallons (Supp. to 
 
 Fifth Ripurt, p. 8) ; and it ajipears from the jire- 
 
 lixed account that it amounted, for the year eniling 
 
 .liinuary .S, 1844, to 7,724,051 gaUons, producing 
 
 3,o.'5,245/. of revenue ; so that, making allowance 
 
 for the increase of population since 1823, ttn<l for 
 
 the check given to adulteration and smuggling, 
 
 and considering, also, that the consumption of 
 
 foreign spirits was not greater in 1843 than in 
 
 \&l'i, it ma^' be safely attirmed that the practice 
 
 of spirit-drinking hail not increased in England 
 
 during the 20 years ending with 1844 ; nor has it 
 
 inoveiiscJ in the 10 years ending with 1807. 
 
 Xu doulit, however, it is still a great deal too 
 
 prevalent, and large sums of money are wasted 
 
 hy the poor on gin whici: had far better be 
 
 CNpcnded on other things. Hut how much soever 
 
 ive may deplore the prevalence of gin-drinking, 
 
 we may be assured that the evil is not one that 
 
 can be' cured, or even mitigated, by increasing 
 
 the existing duties on spirits. Such increase 
 
 would substitute illegitimate for legitimate 
 
 channels of su|)ply; it would injure the public 
 
 revenue, and diffuse among the populace the 
 
 idle, disorderly, and predatory habits that mark 
 
 the character of the smuggler ; and it would do 
 
 all this without lessening in any degree the vice 
 
 of drunkenness, 
 
 Siiirit Drinking in Scotland. — The extraordinary 
 prevalence of spirit drinking in Scotland, and the 
 many abuses to whicli it gives rise, have occa- 
 sioned a great deal of discussion, and led to sundry 
 efforts for its diminution. But, speaking generally, 
 wc doubt whether these have been bottomed on 
 sound principles. They all, or mostly all, have 
 
 of abuse, we may introduce another and a much 
 more dangerous one in its stead. 
 
 The better, as well as the more constitutional 
 plan, would be to make an end of the system of 
 niterference. Why should not A, or li, or C be 
 entitled to open a house for the sale of spirituous 
 litpiors, and be permitted to keep it open so long 
 as he pays the license duly, and conducts his 
 establishment in an orderly and proper manner ? 
 To weaken the taste for liquor, let all sorts of 
 cheap, interesting, and innocent amusements be 
 jpen to the public. To prohibit the sale of spirits 
 on Sundays, and at the same time to shut up 
 museums, iiarks, and public ]daces, and to prevent 
 as far as possible (as is done at Glasgow) all 
 travelling by sea or land, is a contradictory as 
 well as an oppressive policy ; and wherever it is 
 carried to the greatest extent, there the population 
 is the most briilalised and debased. 
 
 It is not easy, since the equalisation of the 
 duties, to obtain any .accurate information in 
 regard to the consumption of spirits in any one 
 of the great divisions of the empire. But though 
 great in Scotland, it is not so very great as is 
 commonly supi)osed. Spirits m.ay be sent from 
 one part of the United Kingdom to another under 
 bond, under permit, or under certificate from the 
 dealer's stock. In the first case the duty is not 
 paid till the spirits are taken for consumption ; 
 whereas in the last two cases it is paid before the 
 spirits are removed. And hence, unless we knew 
 the quantity of spirits removed from and brought 
 into Scotland under permits and certificates, the 
 
 ill 
 
 mma 
 
13iO 
 
 SPONGE 
 
 •• • 
 
 fact of MO many (^allnnii )iavinf( bcrn charged in 
 it willi ttio (MMiHurnption duty, would not cniililu 
 us to H|M'city wliot tlio c-i)UNUtn|ilioii really 
 otiioiintcil to. Thuft, in IM.'iN, iluty was pniil in 
 Kcolliind on t>,H;l(!,0,'t7 ^'iilloii.t; but tliu (^'ouinii.i 
 Hioncr.s of Inlan<l Itvvcnue, aflor making the |ire- 
 vIoumIv nivntioiied allownnnvn, pstiinatiMl tlio oon- 
 iiuin|)tion at only /iiSOl, ()()') gallons, iIiIm ninount 
 Ix'iii;;, of course, pxcluNive of forulun fpirito, and 
 nf all Hucli Urilinli HpiritH an niiKlit imvo buon 
 ill (iMy brouKliI into ('orisuin|ilion. 
 
 Kiiitidiiuition of llie Duties on Splriln. — It would 
 rc((uiro very coKciit rensonn tovindionto tho noliey 
 of iniposhi); ditfcrLMit duties on thu Humc article in 
 tho dilTerent divisions of the United Kin);dom. 
 And it was nupposeii that in thcM'aso of the duties 
 on Hpirlts, thu f;reater I'acilitius fur illegal distil- 
 lation in Suotland and Ireland afforded a valid 
 plea for the duties beiiij; less in them than in 
 Knp;hind, Though this may have been the case 
 formerly, thu more perfect eivilisalioii of both 
 ctunitries hiw doubtless tcmled, in this resppct, to 
 ns-iinilate them more and more to Kn^rlnnd. 
 And there cainiot, as we think, be a doubt of the 
 expediency of the recent equalisation of the duties, 
 lint it does not, therefore, follow that H.t. or 
 llijf. per gallon is a proper sum at which to tix 
 the general duty. We anprehend that either will 
 be found to be ton bih''>i i"'! tbat while a lower 
 duty wo'dd yiehl as larjfe, or perhaps a larfjer 
 revenni , it would do this without stimulating 
 drunkenness, by checking smuggling and adul- 
 teration. 
 
 Trade in Spiritii. — The <dd law, fi Geo. IV, 
 o. HO, as to recfying, dealing in, and retailing 
 spirits lias been "repealed, and the Spirits Act 
 ("23 & 24 Vict. 0. Ill) already referred to contains 
 the present regulations for the guidance of those 
 connected witli these branches of the business. 
 
 For tho regulations as to the importation ite. 
 of foreign spirits, and duties thereon, see Uuanuy, 
 GksI'IVA, and Hum. 
 
 SrONGK (Ger. schwamni; Fr. Sponge; Ital. 
 spngna; Span, csponia). A soft, liglit, very 
 porous, ond compressible substance, readily im- 
 bibing water, ami as readily giving it out again. 
 
 It is found adhering to rocks, particnlarlv in 
 the Mediterranean Sea, about the islands of the 
 Archipelago. It was formerly supposed to be a 
 vegetable production, but is now classed among 
 the zoophytes ; and analysed, it yields the same 
 principles as animal substances in general. The 
 inhabitants in several of the Greek islands have 
 been trained from theirinfancy to dive for sponges. 
 They adhere firmly to the IJottom, and are not 
 detached without a good deal of trouble. Tht 
 extraordinary clearness of the water facilitates the 
 operations of the divers. Smyrna is the great 
 market for sponge. The price varies from (i to 10 
 piastres per okc for ordinarj- and dirty, and from 
 ijO to 100 piastres per oke for fine and picked 
 specimens. Sponge is also fished for in the Ked 
 Sea. (Ure's JJiclionari/ ; Savary's Letters on 
 Greece, ling, ed. p. lUt); and private communica- 
 tions.) 
 
 About 20 miles S.E. from Napoli di Romania 
 (Nanplia), in tho gulf of that name, is the small 
 town of Cranidi, the inhabitants of which are the 
 principal sponge-fisliers of the Archipelago and 
 Levant. The fishery is carried on partly by spear- 
 ing, and partly by diving: the latter Hccnriiig the 
 sponge free fnim injury, which is not the case with 
 the former. The Cranidiots are most expert divers, 
 and anecdotes approaching to the marvellous are 
 told of their feats. After the sponge is fished up, 
 when perfectly free from sand, and dry, it is so 
 very light that large pieces of it are rrioved with 
 
 HTADE 
 
 the slightest breath of air. It is customary, luiir. 
 ever, to impregnate it with sand. This is doiicliy 
 stringing ihespoiigtis togetlu r, and laying ilicin 
 on the saiiil to allow the ripplo of the seu to siibli 
 them with the finest particles. They nro ihon 
 plained in heaps umler piles of stones which |ir<',s 
 them closely together, so that they Ik'ciiuk., wlicn 
 (Irv, hard and flat, and have to lie healeii and 
 sif'ted. Hut though this be iloiie, and tliriii;f|| di,,^. 
 are sometimes further washed and sifted, ilicv will, 
 though apparently (piito clean, wei-h tli'iie i,r 
 four times their original weigiit. it is, iiiTliiip-, 
 needless to add that they aru always sol I \,\' 
 weight. 
 
 Sponge is used in surgery, and for a variety nf 
 purposi's ill the arts. It was formerly eliar:,'i'ii 
 with a duty of (»/. per lb., which was reiKaNMfiii 
 1HI.5. In 1.S07, our imports andex|iorts iirs|>(iiii,'i' 
 were respectivelv !)M0,2.";!) lb. and liy.'Jtis lli 
 viiluedat mV.'OI/."uiid 15,l,')l/. 
 
 StiUIf.L (Ger. meer/.wiehel ; Fr. scillc, oiKiioii 
 marin; Ital. scilhi, cipolla marina ; Span, cvliwll,! 
 alburruna), or, as it is sometimes dcadiniimtiil, 
 the Sen onion, is a [ilant with a large pi'ar-slia|i((l] 
 bulbous root, which is the only part that is umvI, 
 
 It grows spontaneously on sandy shores in S|miii 
 and the Levant ; whence we areaiinuallysuppliid 
 wiin tho roots. They should be chosen lari;.', 
 plump, fresh, and full of a clammy juice ; some nro 
 of a brownish-red colour, and others while; Imt 
 no dillerence is observed in the (pialitics of the liv.) 
 sorts. The root is very nauseous, intensely bittir, 
 and acrid ; miieli handled, it ulcerates the «kiii. 
 The bulbs are brought to ICngland preserved ffnli 
 in sand. The acrimony of the roots, on wliicli 
 their virtue depends, "is partioUy destrovcd Iv 
 drying'and long keeping, but if e'xposed roiulih- 
 recovers moisture. SquiU is one of the must 
 powerful and useful remedies in tlie mntcria 
 mcdica. (British I'liarmucojmia, lHli7; Lewis's 
 Mat. Med. ; Thomson's Dispensatory.) 
 
 STADK, A small city of Hanover, on the 
 Schwinge, 22 miles \V. b"v N. of Ilaniburtc, lat. 
 53° 30' 32" N., long. 9° 2"8' 34" E. Pop. (1801) 
 8,424. It has very little trade, and would 'je 
 quite nil worthy of notice in a work of this sor', 
 except for the circumstance that a toll or duly, 
 charged by the Government of Hanover (belore 
 it fell into the hands of Prussia), on goods con- 
 veyed up the Elbe to Hamburg, whether I'ur 
 consumption or transit, used to be charged at 
 the castle of Ilrunshausen contiguous to this town. 
 
 All vessels bound for Hamburg had to heave to 
 (and those of some countries to anchor) in passing 
 the guard-ship opposite to the costle, and senl 
 their papers, including manifests, bills of ladin;;, 
 cockets (tc, on shore, that the duty, which was 
 in general about 4 per cent, ad valorem, miglii lie 
 computed from them. This being done, the shi|i 
 was allowed to proceed, and the duty was paid at 
 Hamburg. 
 
 On former occasions we expressed our stirpri-c 
 that an obstruction of this sort should have been 
 tolerated for so long a period. The duties till 
 heavily on certain descriptions of goods; and were, 
 at an average, decidedly higher than the dutin 
 charged in Hamburg. They were must objection- 
 able, however, from their requiring many troublf- 
 some regulations to be comphed with ; the unin- 
 tcntioual deviation from any one of which exposed 
 thecargo to confiscation, and never failed to occasion 
 a great deal of del.iy, trouble, and expense. As 
 the principal part of the foreign trade of the Elbe 
 wos in our hands, we were, of course, principally 
 aflected by the Stade toll ; and considering tlie 
 sourcoof thenuisance, itwas not a little astonishing 
 it should not have been abated long ago. The 
 
 > .f..; 
 
■»▼■ 
 
 r. It 1« cuntomnry, Iww. 
 illiHnnil, 'I'liin Uilnn.'liy 
 iHetlu r, ami liiyint; tliim 
 I rii)i)lo of tlic si'ii ti) »lii«li 
 iiirtiolcH. Tlioy nri! llioii 
 iloM of Htoiifii wliifli |in'>s 
 (I that they iH'cimic, when 
 il liiivi! to Ik! hcHli'ii ami 
 1 1)0, ilimo, ftiul tllipu;;ll tlicy 
 iislicd iiikI Hiflcil, ihcy will. 
 
 to clflVll, Wci-ll tlllli' IT 
 
 il wciKlit. It \i, |)crliaii- 
 
 X: 
 
 llicy oro alwuya sol i 
 
 rfjcry, nnd fur n variety (if 
 It wiw foriiii'rly rliar';;nt 
 ll>., which WHS ri'iKrtlcil in 
 |M)rtrt nii(lcx|i()rt» (if s|iiiiii;i' 
 i,-.>.VJ II). ami lllVJIiS II)., 
 15,1.") I/. 
 
 r/.wiobcl ; Fr. scillc, oiKiidii 
 )lla inariiin ; Span, eelmlla 
 H Hoiiiutinu'H (lG:i()ininnli'ii, 
 it with a liifKC pcar-sliaiicil, 
 the only part that is ux-d, 
 sly on sandy slioa's in Spain 
 ,ce wc arc nunually supplied 
 y should be dioscn lar};i', 
 i' a clammy juice ; sumc ari' 
 )ur, and others white; lint 
 :i\ in the (lualitica of the \k» 
 y nauseous, intciiBcly l)itt(T, 
 died, it ulcerates tlic "kiii. 
 , to KnKland prc^'servcd fr"^li 
 ny of tlio roots, on wliidi 
 , 'is partially destroyed liy 
 (iiiR, out if exposed readily 
 iijuill is one of the iiiost 
 rcmediea in tlie materia 
 ariniicupiiiti, IHliT; Lewis's 
 s Dispennatory.) 
 
 citv of Hanover, on the 
 \\'. bV N. of Ilaniburj;, lat. 
 90 -28' 34" E. Pop. (180t) 
 little trade, and would ')e 
 ticc in a work of this sort, 
 istance that a toll or duly, 
 rnment of Ilanuvcr (bcl'otu 
 of Prussia), on ffmU cmi- 
 to Hamburg, whether lor 
 lit, used to bo charped at 
 isen contiguous to this town. 
 )t Hamburg had tohcareto 
 untrics to anchor) in passmi,- 
 •ite to the castle, and soul 
 g manifests, bills of ladin--, 
 , that the duty, whicli was 
 cent, ad valorem, miyht Ui 
 This being done, the shiit 
 d, and the duty was paid at 
 
 IS we expressed our surpri-e 
 
 this sort should have bwii 
 
 . a period. The duties loll 
 
 icriptions of goods ; and wero, 
 
 idly higher than the duta' 
 
 They were most objeeiiou- 
 
 heir requiring miiny trouldo- 
 
 e complied with ; the unm- 
 
 >in any one of which exposed 
 
 lu, and never failed to oceasuni 
 
 , trouble, and expense, -w 
 
 the foreign trade of the !•- be 
 
 e were, of course, principally 
 
 Ic toll ; and considennj? the 
 
 ■^itwas not a little astonishing 
 
 leeii abated long ago. the 
 
 STARCH 
 
 mm which Iho Hanoverian <Jovcrnmont (h'rivod 
 fn>m the duticH was but trilling compared with the 
 injury they iu'l'cted on our trade; and we xug- 
 Lwtcd that the llritish (iovernnK'iit Hboiild buy 
 an oxoinplion from ho vexatious a duty ; as fi-w 
 thing's would do more to extend onr trade with 
 lianiliurg than the completion of an ariangoment 
 .,f I hi* sort. 
 
 Ilv nil agreement clTectcd with Hanover in IHll, 
 iho Ilutii's were reduced and placed on an improve(j 
 t-niiinn; and llritish vessels, with those bciong- 
 inj; to countries having reciprocity treaties with 
 lianover, were no longer obliged to lirare to in 
 iiaKKing the guard-ship at nruiinhaiisrn, but might 
 pnicei'd diretl to Hamburg, and pay the d>ities in 
 the toll-ollice in that city. Still, however, this 
 arrantjement was merely an improvement of what 
 was in il'' nature incurably bad. This toll on the 
 Kllic was an outrage on all commercial nations; 
 m\ the precedent set by the abolition of the 
 Sonnd dues was fcdiowcd, and the different coiiiv 
 irics which trade with Hamburg, bv a self-imposed 
 (unlrihiition in proportion to tlie number of 
 their ships engaged in the trade, at length bought 
 
 it up. 
 
 but it is not enough that the Stadc dnlieahavc 
 been aholij-bcd. All the duties imposed on the 
 tralhc carried on by tho Kibe above Hamburg 
 ou;;ht, also, to bo Buppressed. This great high- 
 wa"- should be open to the free use of those who 
 ni.iv be inclined to avail themselves of the facilities 
 which it allords for the importation and exporta- 
 tiuti (if products into nnd from the centre of Europe. 
 It U quite monstrous that it should be in the 
 power of the governments of petty states to shut 
 1,]) or encumber one of the principal channels of 
 the trade of this quarter of the world. (For full 
 details with respect to the Stado dutv, see the 
 Ri]Hirti){ the Committee of the HouscofCommons 
 to the subject, Paper No. 429, Sept, 18.JS, Mr. 
 loiisiil Ward in his last Uepnrt holds out a hope of 
 sptwly abolition of the tolls in the Upper Kibe.) 
 
 STXHCII (Ger. amidan ; Fr. amnion; Ital. 
 amodi, amito ; Span, amidon, almidon ; Kuss, 
 ktuchtnal). A substance obtained from vegetables. 
 It lias a fine white colour, and is usually con- 
 creted in longish masses ; it has scarcely any smell, 
 and very little taste. When kept dry, it continues 
 fi'ta loiig time uninjured, though exposed to tho 
 air. It is insoluble m cold water; but combines 
 with boiling water — forming with it a kind of 
 jelly. It exists chiefly in the white and brittle 
 parts of vegetables, pni'ticularly in tuberose roots, 
 and the seeds of the gramineous plants. It may 
 Lf extracted by pounding these parts, and agitating 
 ikra in cold" water; when the parenchyma or 
 tib'ous parts will first subside; and these being 
 temoveil, a fine white powder diffused through the 
 water will gradually subside, which is the starch. 
 0; the pounded or grated substance, as the roots 
 of potatoes, acorns, or horse chestnuts, for instance, 
 ni.iy be put into a hair sieve, and the starch 
 wa.-hcd through the cold water, leaving the grosser 
 matter behind. Farinaceous seeds may be ground 
 anil treated in a similar manner. Oily seeds re- 
 i|uire to have the oil expressed from them before 
 the farina is extracted. Potato starch goes a good 
 deal further than wheat starch — a less (piantity of 
 it sufficing to form a paste of equal thickness with 
 ^^ater. It has a very perceptible crystallised ap- 
 pearance, and is apparently heavier than common 
 starch. (Thomson's Chemistry ; Ure's Dietionury.) 
 Starch was charged, down to 1834, with an 
 c.teiso duty of SJrf. per lb. ; but the injurious in- 
 tiuenec of the duty, the nctt produce ot which did 
 not exceed 85,00(i/., having been forcibly pointed 
 out by the Commissioners of Revenue Imiuiry, it 
 
 STKAM v]:.ssi:ls 
 
 132» 
 
 was repealed in the course of the above year. In 
 1h;):i, duly was paid on M,()70,tf.'(J lb. hfarch. Tho 
 maniifiKuiire lins since, however, been greatly ex- 
 tended. Ill IHilT we exported 1 l,!)0.")cwt. of starch, 
 valiitMl at l:),4<'i8/. 
 
 sr,\ TIONKIlY. A term which is not very well 
 deliiie(l J but which is now commonly understood 
 to desigiuite the pens, ink, (laper, wax, wafers, 
 and other iniileriiils necessary to the writing of 
 letters, inchiiling pen-knives, erasers Ite.. Formerly 
 the term had a wider sigiiilication, stationer and 
 bookseller Indn^; held to be synonymous. (.I(jhn- 
 son, voce ""tationer.') And" hence it is that tho 
 Stationers' ('(im|)nny fdmicrly comprised, and 
 continues to comprise, all the nioreemiiieiit book- 
 sellers and luiblishers of the metropolis. TIkx 
 mime has no doubt been derived from the itntUmrn 
 (stations) that were assigned in the forum at Konio 
 to th(' vendors of books, which were classed among 
 tli>! mercium viliimimarum. (I)ucange, vi. 715, voce 
 ' iStationarii.') 
 
 lies ides the vast (piantities of stalioiiery con- 
 sumed atliome, ihc value of our exports amounted, 
 in 1M(!7, to 9i3,()()"J/., while our imjiorts, chiefly of 
 paper, were valued at 5(il,4«(')/. [I'ai'K.k ; Ac!] 
 
 The stationery for the llritish (iovernment is 
 supplied by a peculiar department called the 
 'Stationery OfHce,' which has, also, tho charge of 
 the public printing. 
 
 STKAM VESSELS (ISEC.UI.ATION' OF). 
 Subjoined are those pa-.soffhe Merchant Ship- 
 ping Act of 18.54 (17 Si 18 Vict. c. 104) and the 
 Merchant Shipping Act Amendment Act of 18(12 
 ('J5 it 2d Viet. c. liit) which refer more especially to 
 the regulation of steam navigation, and the lights 
 itc. to be carried by sea-going vessels. 
 
 Duard of Trade may appoint Innpectori. — Tho 
 Board of Trade may from time to time, when- 
 ever it seems expedient to them so to do, appoint 
 any person, as an inspector, to report to them 
 upon the following matters (that is to say) : — 
 
 (1) Upon the nature and causes of any accident 
 or damage which any ship has sustained or caused, 
 or is alleged to have sustained or caused : 
 
 (2) Whether the provisions of this Act, or any 
 regulations made under or by virtue of this Act, 
 have been complied with : 
 
 (3) Whether the hidl and machinery of any 
 steam ship are suflicicnt and in good condition, 
 (Sec. 14.) 
 
 Powers of Inspectors. — Every' such inspector as 
 aforesaid shall have the following powers (that 
 is to say) : — 
 
 (1) He may go on board any ship, and ma}' 
 inspect the same or any part thereof, or ony of 
 tho machinery, boats, e(iuipmcnts, or articles on 
 board thereof to which the provisions of this Act 
 apply, not unnecessarily detaining or delaying her 
 from proceeding on any voyage : 
 
 (2) He may enter and inspect any premise* 
 the entry or inspection of which appears to him to 
 be requisite for the purpose of the report which he 
 is directed to make: 
 
 (3) He may, by summons under his hand, 
 require the attendance of all such persons as he 
 thinks fit to call before him and examine for such 
 purpose, and may require answers or returns to 
 any en(|uirics he thinks (it to make : 
 
 (4) lie may require and enforce the production 
 of all books, papers, or documents which he 
 considers important for such purpose : 
 
 (5) He may administer oaths, or may, in lieu 
 of requiring or administering an oath", require 
 every person examined by him to make and 
 subscribe a declaration of the truth of the state- 
 ments made by him in his examination, (Sec, 15.) 
 
 The Board of Trade have issued a Book of 
 
 J i; 
 
 ,!. 
 
 
1 
 
 ■ '^ "*■'■:, 
 
 'I <>• 
 
 f 
 
 ■ ',■■ 1 
 
 
 1.T22 RTKAM VESSELS 
 
 ItisiructiimN to thnir «iin"'>iir.s of ntcntii vcisci. 
 iiiiilrr tlm Mcri'lmiit Slii|P|iiri),' Art nt' IH.'il, pur. 
 •1. Sec nUti ICi'^ulutioriH as to I'aitNCMifiT Slii|i.s, 
 
 [I'AMHK.NdK.llM.] 
 
 Alliiiriiiur fur F.iiii'ini'. Hoom In SlrnmiTi. — In 
 every Hliip |irii|)tllnl liy Nicum or otlirr iiiumi- 
 m|iiiriiiK' <'iiK>iit< rniiiii, an iillnwancc .sliiill he 
 iiiiido fur till' s|iiic(! (pciMi|ii<'i' 1)V the pnipcllinj; 
 powrr, mill till) nindiiiit ^'0 nliowcil hIiiiII Iw 
 ilciliictt'il from iho j;rcws toimii^i' of tli(> M]^ 
 nsccrtniiicil u.t aforcsniil. iind the rcnmiiulcr ilmll 
 bn (Icrmcit to lie tlirrcj;i»'.'r tonimt^c of Micli ship; 
 and .siicli ticdiiriiiiii hIuiII bu vHtiiniitiMl a.i fcillntvs 
 (llmt in to nay) : — 
 
 ((() To he rtttenlih in orillniiry SlntmrrH, — As 
 rc^jarilM Nliips propi'lli'd liy jiaddlo wIjccIm in 
 wliiili the Idlinntjo of llic Hpacf hipIcIv occupied 
 by and necessary for llii^ proper workin;,' of tiic 
 boilers and machinery is above LMI per cent, 
 and niidor ;I0 per cent, of the f;roys lonnaf;e 
 of th(! uliip, Hiich deduction hIuiH be --^'^ of hucIi 
 gross tonnnjje; and in«hips propelled by Ncrews in 
 uhicli the toinia^o of ttnch space is above 111 per 
 cent, and under 20 i)cr cent, of such ^jross tonnage, 
 such deduction shall be ^J-Jjof such uross tonnage : 
 
 (2) In (•«»(' (</■ gi/Mirtitit Com/iiirtmi iiln, — If in 
 any sbip in which the spacL afofesai<l is to be 
 inensurcd the engines and boilers are lilted in 
 separate compartments, the contents of each ^hall 
 be measured severally in like maiiiu'r, according 
 to the above rules, and 'he smn of their seveial 
 residts shall be deemed to be the tonnage uf tbo 
 said space: 
 
 (3) Shaft Trunk of Screw Steitmrr.—\n the 
 case of screw steamers in wbicli the h|)ace afore- 
 said is to bo measured, the contents of the shid't 
 Irunk shall bo added to and deemed to form 
 part of such si)acc, and shall be ascertained 
 Ity multiplying together the mean Ijiigtb, brcadtli, 
 and deptli of the trunk, and dividing the product 
 by 100 : 
 
 (4) Alteration of Kntiine liooni. — If in any 
 ship in which the space aforesaid is to be measured 
 any alteration bo made in the length or capacity 
 of such space, or if any cabins be lilted in sucii 
 space, such shin shall be deemed to be a ship not 
 registered until remcasurcment: 
 
 (5) Penalty for curriiintj Guodn in siicli S/iarc. 
 — If in any ship in which the space aforesaid is ( j 
 be measured any goods or storea are carried in 
 such space, the master and owner shall each bo 
 liable to a penalty not exceeding 100/. (Sec. 23.) 
 
 Power to rcmeaaiire Knyine Rimms imiimjwrli/ 
 extended. — If it appears to the Commissioners of 
 Customs that in any steam ship measured before 
 this Act comes into operation store rooms or coal 
 bunkers have been mtrodiiced into or thrown 
 across the engine room, so tliat the deduction 
 from the tonnage on account of the engine room 
 is larger than it ought to be, the said Commis- 
 sioners may, if" they tlinik lit, direct such engine 
 room to be'remcasured according to the rules in 
 force before this Act conies into operation, exr 
 eluding the space occupied by such store rooms 
 or coal bunkers, or may, if the owners so desire, 
 cause the sbip to bo reraeasurcd according to the 
 rides hereinbefore contained, and subject to the 
 conditions contained in the last jireccding section ; 
 and after remeasurement, the said Commissioners 
 shall cause the ship to be registered anew, or the 
 registry thereof to bo altered, as the case may 
 ref|uire. (Sec. 28.) 
 
 Q/ficers may be appointed and liegulatiniis made 
 for Measurement of Ships. — The Commissioners 
 of Customs may, with the sanction of the Treasury, 
 appoint such jjorsons to superintend the survey 
 and admeasurement of ships as they think fit ; an'd 
 
 ■y 
 
 (REOULATION OF) 
 
 inav, with the a|itirovnl of llin Hoard of Trado 
 make Mueh regtihitions for that purpose as ih.ivIni' 
 necessary; and also, with the like approval. ril,i|(,j 
 sui'h inodillealioTis and alleralions as from tlnut 
 to lime lieconK! necessary in the toimap' mini 
 hereby preserilieil, in order to thip more neciirijii, 
 and unil'orni applieation thereof, and the rlfii'innl 
 carreing out ol the prineiplu of adineasnriuKiit 
 therein adopted. (.Sec. 21».) 
 
 liiiilil and Ki/Hi/nnrnt of Steam Shiim, 
 
 Iron Stutnirrs to lie diiideil In/ Wiil,rl'ml,i 
 Piirliliiiiis. — The following rules shall be olwcrvKl 
 with resnect to the build of iron steam ships (that 
 is to sav) : — 
 
 (I) livery steam shiji built of iron, of mo |,,in 
 or upwards, tbo building of which cpjuiini'Mriil 
 after .\iigiist -X, IM 1(1, and every steam .-liiii Imilt 
 of iron of less burden than IIHI tons, thi! InnMin- 
 of which commenced after August 7, |s;,f 
 (exi'ept ships used solely as steam lugs), «||,ili |,o 
 diviiU'd by substantial transverse water lij^hi nnf. 
 tilioiis, so that the fore |)art of the ship shfili l,e 
 se|iarated from the engine room by niii> of Mich 
 partitions, an<l sj that the after part of siuji si,,., 
 shall be separated from tho engine rnom li' 
 another of such partitions : 
 
 (•-M r.very steam ship built of iron, the IjiiiMii!- 
 of which e(mimences alter the passing (irtlii.(,\," 
 shall be divided by such partitions as aCorcsaii 
 into ncit less than 3 ecpia' parts, or a.H nearly io as 
 circiinistaiices permit : 
 
 (3) In such last-inrntioned ships each such 
 partition as aforesaid shall be of eipial 8triii(;i!i 
 with the side plates of the ship with which it it 
 in contact: 
 
 (1) lOvery screw steam ship built of Ir.n, ihr- 
 buililing of which commences after the pa-iin^'df 
 this Act, sliall, in addition to the above partiiiniis, 
 be titled with a small water-tight coiiiiiartmeiit 
 inclosing the aftcr-e.vtrcmity of the shatt; 
 
 Officers of Customs not to ij rant Certijicatnacrft 
 so diviiled. — And no odicer of customs or (itlur 
 person shall grant a clearanco or transirc tVr aiiv 
 iron steam ship rc(juired to be divided ur litlcil m 
 aforesaid, unless the same is so divided and llllnl; 
 and if any such ship nttemjjts to piv or ^i\ hi -la 
 without such clearance or translrc, any sinh 
 (jllicer may detain her until she is so dividi 1 ail 
 litted ; and if any steam sliij) herciiibefDrr \» W 
 so (livided or lilted plies or goes to sen witlnia 
 being so divided or litted, the owner sliiill imura 
 penalty not exceeding 100/. (Sec. 3(10.) 
 
 L'quijment if Steam Ships, — Steam ships .-liall 
 be provided as follows (that is to say) :— 
 
 (1) Softy Valve. — Every steam "slii|) ef wliicli 
 a survey is hereby rciinired "shall be piuviilnlwitli 
 a safety valve upon each boiler, so cdiistriu'tdl t 
 to be out of the control of the engineer win ii ;l r 
 steam is up, and, if such valve is in addili"" i ' 
 the ordinary valve, it shall be .so constructed a- 1' 
 have an area not less and a pressure not groakr 
 than tho area of and pressuru on that valve: 
 
 (2) Compasses to be adjusted. — Every sca-piin;' 
 steam ship employed to carry passen;,'ors »lia!l 
 have her comimsses properly adjusted fpnn liiiit 
 to time; such adjustment, in tlie case (if -li:]'^ 
 surveyed as hereinafter mentioned, to be iiiado ti 
 the satisfaction of the shipwright surveyor, ;iiil 
 according to such regulations as may be issued i'V 
 the Hoard of Trade : 
 
 (3) Fire Hose. — Every sea-going steam sliip 
 (unless used solely as a steam tug) shall he fpi- 
 vided with a hose adapted for the juirpixe uf 
 extinguishing lire in any part of the ship, and 
 capable of being coniiecteii with the engines uf the 
 ship : 
 
 
 >i« 
 
nl <if lli«! IViiinl of 'rriul.', 
 t'lir llmt iiiir|i").-i(> iih iii;iy Ik' 
 itii till' lil<<' ii|)|iriivul.iiiiilti! 
 I iiliiTiiii'iiiH ns fniiii tinii- 
 Nsiiry in iIk' toiimip' nil ■, 
 iiril'V ti> till' iiiiirc ariiir:ii' 
 III tliiTiMif, mill tliii rlVnlii.il 
 irini'lplu lit' liilmuiinutfmijit 
 ;. -ill.) 
 
 \iment of Steam S/ii/),t, 
 he dhiiliil III/ Willi rli'jlit 
 winU ruU's mIiuII Iii' (iliii'r\. I 
 ill! of iron stoum siii|i.H (tlwt 
 
 liii liiiilt iif inm, of l<)iM"n< 
 limn "' ^vliich cuMiiiiciiiiil 
 I, mill every kU'iiiu .-liip Imilt, 
 
 lliaii HID tiiii.i, tliii liiiiMiii; 
 (.(I nl'tor AiiKiiNt 7, l«.il, 
 ili'ly lis Kiciim tuns), >.1m11 Iw 
 ,1 trftiisvermi wiitrr li^lil par- 
 iro part of lli»' dliip "liiill U: 
 oiiniiii! room liy oin' nf ^luli 
 U. tlie after part of siidi shi;i 
 
 from the engine ruom ly 
 tionx : 
 liip built of iron, tliP liiiililii!;; 
 
 at'trr the ^m^<sin^; oflliiH A'l, 
 
 Kucli partilioiiH a.s afori'^ail 
 oipial parts, or as nearly Ma-i 
 
 t: 
 
 -mcntioncil (tliipn each such 
 1(1 slinll be of eiiiial stuiyi!! 
 of the Hhip with which it U 
 
 steam ship built of imii, tlio 
 ommenc's after the pa--iii-..l' 
 Iditicn to the above iiirtiiiniis, 
 nail water-tinht o(iiii|ianmciit 
 Bxtiemity of the shatt: 
 in not toyrant Certlfimlai'ieept 
 () otru'cr of eu.stonis ur ntli.r 
 
 I clearnneo or transirc iVr any 
 uircd to be diviiled or tittcil h 
 > same is so divided ami littnl; 
 p attempts to ply or ff> in -la 
 ranee or transirc, any -luh 
 ler until she is no diviiK'il uJ 
 steam ship hereinhefon' t» W 
 
 plies or noes to sea witlim;! 
 r litted, the owner shall incur a 
 inglOO/. (See. 300.) 
 Clin «/((>«.— Stcnin ships M\ 
 )W9 (that is to say) t— 
 e._Every steam ship of wnu'li 
 rei piired "shall be proviiliil villi 
 
 II each boiler, so coiistructHl a- 
 mtrol of the ciigiiuir wluii tin' 
 f such valve is in adiliti"" i' 
 .itshallbesoeonstriicti'a.iM'' 
 
 less and a pressure not i;r^'»''f 
 id pressure on that valve; 
 ■J he adJmtefl.-Vsi^ty sca-piin.' 
 \-ed to carry passensors "IlHi 
 ^s proiicrly adjusted fr..m u.nc 
 iistmeiit, in the case ot f\" 
 alter mentioned, to be niaUo i.| 
 the shipwriKht surveyor, I'.iM 
 re;,'ulation8 as may be issiitJ ") 
 
 l^Kvery sen-going stcani fWp 
 r as a steam tug) shall Do |.r' - 
 adapted for the p»n»^;; 
 , in any part of the.sl"F" " 
 ■^imiected with the engines of tw 
 
 STKAM VI':RSKr,S 
 
 (I) .S(i/«u/«.— Kvery sen-Koi'i(,' "leuni ,i|iip em- 
 liliiyid to carry passeiigers shall be |irnvlili<.| with 
 die lollowiiig UK'aiM of making nigiials of iliilre.tH 
 itliat i^liisav): I'.' blue llglitrt or I'.! port tires, anil 
 I r:iiiiioii \vll)i ammunition for at bait I'Jchargei, 
 1 1, ill I III iliMTi'ticiii of the mailer or owner of such 
 .;,ip. Willi siii'h other means of making signals (if 
 ,in I ai may have previously been approved by 
 ill,'. Hoard oV'J'rnile: 
 
 i.'i) Shrill r fur Ihilt I'liimrni)) m. — Kvery home 
 iriiiii' sliaiii ship enipliiyeil lo carry passengers by 
 
 ,1 ^liall be provided with such (Jiellcr lor thu 
 ITiii'i'iioii of ihck passengers (If any) as thu 
 |;,,ari| of Trade, having regard to the nature of the 
 I i--agi', the iiiiiiiber of deck passengers to bo 
 .arrii'il, ihe season of the year, the salely of llio 
 .liip, and the circiirnslances of the case, may 
 fiipiiic; and if any steam ship as aforesaiil 
 jilii* or goes to sea t'roin any port in the I'liiled 
 l\iiii,'il"Mi without being so proviileil as herein- 
 liriure reipiired, then fur ea'.li delaiilt in aiiv of 
 llii' above reipiisites the owner shall (il' ho 
 
 ippiai's to Ih' in I'aiilt) incur a penally not cx- 
 ,i,(liiig 1(10/., and the master shall (if lie appears 
 ti. he ill fault) incur a penalty not exceeding Ml. 
 
 (Sir. am.) 
 
 I'eiiiillijf'irimpriijwr Wvliiht im Sufili/ J'd/cc. — If 
 M\ pirsnii places an undue weight mi the safety 
 valve of any steam ship, or, in the case of bteaiii 
 !.|iips surveyed as hereiiiafler mentioned, increases 
 siuli weight beyond the limits lixed by such 
 iiinineer surveyor as hereinafter mentioned, ho 
 :-liall, ill addilioii to any other liabilities ho may 
 incur liv so doing, incur u penalty not exceeding 
 
 ml. (Sec. yo-.'.) 
 
 Survei/ of Pa»senger Strumers, 
 
 Definition of ' rdnaiiiijirs ' nnil ' Pauvngcr 
 >7iiirair.'— l''or tlu; purpose of 'he enactments 
 hirein contained with respect t/ surveys and 
 ariilieatcs of ])nssenger steam ships, the word 
 'pa<-engers' shall be hehl to include any person 
 carrieil in a steam shi[i, other than the master and 
 iTi'W and the owner, his family and .servants ; and 
 ihe expression ' passenger steamer ' shall be held 
 to include every Uritish steam ship carrying 
 pa-scngers to, from, or between any place or 
 places in the United Kingdom, excepting steam 
 I'lTry boais working in chains, eoninioiily called 
 stia'm bridges. (Sec. 303.) [I'.vsskxokus.] 
 
 hijsenger Stiamers to be Hurvcycil. — Kvery 
 nas-enger steamer shall be surveyed twice at the 
 Irast in each venr in manner liereiiiafter mcn- 
 tiiuieil. (Sec. 301.) 
 
 Board uf Trade to appoint Surveyors, and fix 
 I'luir lianuneration. — '1 he Hoard of Trade may 
 frum time to time appoint such number of lit and 
 proper persons to be shipwright sur^-eyors and 
 eii(,'inecr surveyors for the purposes of this Act at 
 such ports or places as it thinks projier, and may 
 also appoint a surveyor-general for the United 
 Kiii;,'ilom, and may from time to time remove 
 sucl: surveyors or any of them, and may from time 
 to time lix and alter'the rates of remuneration to 
 be received by such surveyors. (See. 305.) 
 
 Surveyors to hate Power to inspect. — It shall be 
 lawful for the said surveyors in the execution of 
 tlitir duties to go on board any steam ships at all 
 reasonable times, and to inspect the same or any 
 part thereof, or any of the machinery, boats, 
 equipments, or articles on board thereof, or any 
 leriiiicatcs of the master or mate to which the 
 priivisiou'i of this Act or any of the regulations to 
 lie made by virtue thereof apply, not unnecessarily 
 detaining or delaying the ship'from proceeding on 
 any voyage, jind if in consequence of any accident 
 to any such ship or for any other reason they 
 
 (RKOULATION OF) 1323 
 
 eonsidcr it necessary so to do, to reiiulro the -hip 
 to be taken Into dock tor the purisise of mirveying 
 tlio bull thereof; ami an v person who liiiideri aiiv 
 sii. Il Mirveyor fniiii going mi bnanl aiiv <ui'1i 
 steam ship, or otherwise imiieiles him in llie exe- 
 cution of bis duty under tiii^ Act, shall iiieiir a 
 penalty not exceeding iil. (Sei-. 30ii.) 
 I 307. Jlixirdiif I'mdr to riijulate Mode of miiliitlf) 
 I Siirvii/.-i. — The said surveyors shall execute llieir 
 I iliiiiei miller till' direct loll of the Hoard of 'I'raile, 
 and siieli Hoard xliall make regiilatliiiis ns to the 
 maimer in which the surveys hereiiiafler men- 
 . tioiied sliidl be made, and as to the notice to bii 
 given to *be siirveyiirs when snrveysiire reipiired, 
 , and as to the ami iint and paymeiii. of any travel- 
 ling or oilier expenses ineurred by such surveyorn 
 I In the exii'iilion of iheir diilies, .iml may thereby 
 I delerniinc lliep.'rsons by whom and tlieeoiiditioiis 
 uiiiler which such payment shall be made. 
 
 Piniilli/ IIH SiirieyiHK rereii'ini/ /■'res iinliiw- 
 fullij, — I', very surveyor who deiiiiiiids or receives 
 directly or indirectlv from the owner or master of 
 aiiv slii|) surveyed l)y him under the provisions of 
 this Act any fee or remuneration whatsoevei fm 
 or ill respect of such survey, otherwise than as Iho 
 ollicer ami by the direction of the lloaid of Trade, 
 shall incur a'peiially not exceeding .')0/. (Sec. 3ilH.> 
 Oivnem lo hiive SiireiyH mii/le hy Shi/nrriiilit 
 ami Kiiyineer Surveyors, and Surveyors to ijive l)e- 
 cliiriilions. — The owner of every piisscnger steamer 
 shall cause the same to be surveyed at the times 
 hereiiiafler directed by one of the said shipwright 
 surveyors and by one of tla^ said engineer sur- 
 veyors so nppoiiilCd as aforesaiil ; such shipwright 
 surveyor being, in the case of iron steamers, a 
 rierson who is. in the judgment of the Hoard of 
 Trade, properly ipialilled to survey such ships; 
 and such surveyors shall thereupon, if satislleil 
 that they can with projiriety do so, give to such 
 owner declarations as follows. 
 
 Till! ih'claration of the shipwright surveyor shall 
 contain statements of the following particulars 
 (that is to say) : — 
 
 (I) That the hull of the ship is siilllcient for 
 the service intended, and in good condition : 
 
 (i) That the partitions, boats, life buoys, lights, 
 signals, comiiasses.and shelter for deck jiassengers, 
 and the certiticatcs of the master and mate or 
 mates, are such, and in such condition, as rciiuired 
 by this Act : 
 
 (3) T'lie time (if less than months) for which 
 the said bull and euuipmcnts will be suillcient: 
 
 (1) The limits (if any) beyond which, as re- 
 gards the hull and equipments, the ship is, in the 
 surveyor's judgnicnl, not lit to ply: 
 
 (.'>) The number of passeiigerij which the ship 
 is, in the judgment of the surveyor, lit to carry 
 distinguishing, if necessary, between the respective 
 numbers to be carried on the deck and ii. the 
 cabins, and in dill'erent parts of the deck and 
 cabins ; such numbers to be subject to such con- 
 ditions and variations, according to the time of 
 year, the nature of the voyage, tlie cargo carried, 
 or other circumstances, as the case requires. 
 
 And the declaration of the engineer surveyor 
 shall contain statements of the following parti- 
 culars (that is to say) : — 
 
 (1) That the machinery of the ship is sufTicient 
 for the service intended, and in good condition: 
 
 (2) The time (if less than C months) for wluch 
 such machinery ■vvill be sutlicieut : 
 
 (3) That the safety valves and fire hose arc 
 such and in such condition as are required by this 
 Act: 
 
 (4) The limits of the weight to be placed on 
 the safety valves : 
 
 (5) The limits (if any) beyond which, as re- 
 
 
 Ill 
 
'.i 
 
 
 ■I 
 
 »».» 
 
 /; .' ; ./. 
 
 . ./ 
 
 1324 
 
 STEAM VESSELS 
 
 I ;:■::: 
 
 A- 
 
 i 
 
 ■ > '■ 
 
 1 ■ t 
 
 
 gards the machinery, the ship is, in the surveyor's 
 ju(lKn><^°^ not lit to ply : 
 
 And such declarations shall be in such form as 
 the Hoard of Trade dir'xts. (Sec. 309.) 
 
 Tianatniaiiinn of Declarations to Board of Trade. 
 Pfiuilty for Delay. — The said owner shall transmit 
 such declarations to the Hoard of 'I'rado vithin 14 
 days after the dates of the recci|)t thereof re- 
 spectively, and in default shall forfeit a sum not 
 cxcetdinK 10*. for every day that the sending of 
 such declarations is delayed ; and such sum shall 
 be paid upon the dcliveiy of the certificate herein- 
 after mentioned, in addition to the fee payable for 
 the same, and shall he applied in the same mauner 
 as such tees. (Sec. 310 ) 
 
 Tirnen appointed fur Surveys and Transmission 
 of Declarations. — In oil cases where it is possible 
 the said half-3'carly surveys shall bo made in the 
 months of April and of Uctobcr, and the declara- 
 tions shall be trausmiltcd on or before April 30 
 and October 31 respectively; but if the owner of 
 any passenger steamer is uiiablc to have the same 
 surveyed in the month of April or October (as the 
 case may be), either by reason of such ship being 
 absent from the Uniic(l Kingdon. during the whole 
 of those periods respectively, or by reason of such 
 ship or the machinery thereof being under con- 
 struction or repair, or of such ship being laid up 
 in dock, or for any other reason satisfactory to tlie 
 Dourd of Trade, then he shall have the same 
 surveyed as aforesaid as soo'i thereafter as possi- 
 ble, and shall transmit such declarations to the 
 lioard of Trade within 14 days after the receipt 
 thereof, together with a cuitement of the reasons 
 which have prevented the survey of such ship 
 at the time hereinbefore prescribed, and shall, in 
 case of delay in transniitiing the declarations, be 
 liable to a forfeiture similar to that mentioned in 
 the last preceding sedition. (Sec. all.) 
 
 Board of Trade to isstit Certificates. — Upon the 
 receipt of such declarations the Hoard of Trade 
 shall, if satisfied that the provisions o*" the fourth 
 part of this Act have been complied with, cause a 
 certificate in duplicate to be prepared and issued, 
 to the effect that the provisions of the law with 
 respect to the survey of the ship and the trinsmis- 
 sion of declarations in respect thereof have been 
 complied with; and such certificate shall stntc 
 the limits (if any) Ijeyond which, according to the 
 declaration of the surveyors, such ship is not fit to 
 ply, and shall also contain a statement of the 
 number of passengers which, according to the 
 declaration of the shipwright surveyor, such ship 
 is lit to carry, distinguishing (if necessary) be- 
 tween the respective numbers to be carried on 
 the deck and in the cabins and in different parts 
 of the deck and cabins, such number to bo subject 
 to such conditions and variations according to the 
 time of year, the nature of the voyage, the cargo 
 carried, and other circumstances, as the case re- 
 quires. (Sec. 312.) 
 
 Issue and Trausmissiun of Certificates. — The 
 ISoard of Tiade shall transmit such duplicate cer- 
 tificate to the shipping master or to some other 
 public officer at such port as the owner may 
 mention for the purpose, or at the port where the 
 owner or bis agent resides or where the ship was 
 ..urveyed and is for the time being lying, and 
 shall cause notice of such transmission to be given 
 by post or otherwise to the master or owner or his 
 agent; and the said shipping master or ofticer 
 shall deliver such duplicate certificate to the said 
 owner, master, or agent, on his applying and pay- 
 ing the fees and other sums (if any) herein 
 mentioned as payable in that behalf; and in 
 proving the due 'issue and transmission to the 
 owner, agent, or master of such certificate, it shall 
 
 (REGULATION OF) 
 
 be sufficient to show that the same has been dulv 
 received by such shipping master or public ofHccV 
 as aforesaid, and . lat due notice of the trans- 
 mission thereof to such shipping master or otliccr 
 has been given to such owner, master, or aL'cat 
 (Sec. 313.) ' 
 
 Fees to he paid for 1 ' :rtificates. — The owner of 
 every passenger steamer rcijuiring a ccrtiticate 
 under the fourth part of this Act, shall pay for 
 every certificate granted by the lloard of Trade 
 such fees as such Hoanl directs, not exceeding; tiie 
 fees mentioned in the Table marked T. in the 
 schedule hereto. (Sec. 314.) 
 
 IIow long Certificates to continue in Ybrce.— No 
 certificate shall be held to be iii force lor the pur- 
 poses "f tlie fourth part of this Act beyond the 
 date fixed by the Hoard of Trade for the expiraiiui' 
 thereof; and r.j certificate shall be in force after 
 notice is given by the Hoard of Trade to tlw 
 owner, agent, or master of the ship to which the 
 same relates, that such Hoard has cancelled (ir 
 rv,"iked the same : provided, that if anv passonKcr 
 steamer is absent from the United Rin^'dnni at 
 the time when her certificate expires, no penaitv 
 shall be incurred for the want of a certificate until 
 she first begins to ply with passengers after her 
 next subsequent return to the United Kinfjdnra; 
 '.nd the Hoard of Trade may require any cirtilicai'i 
 which has expired, or has been revoked or can- 
 celled, to be delivered up as it directs; and anv 
 owner or master \.-ho, vithout reasonable cause, 
 neglects or refuses to comply with such rcqui^^ 
 ment, shall incur a penalty not excecdini; 10/. 
 (Sec. 315.) 
 
 Board of Trade may cancel Certificates and 
 require fiesh Declarations. — The Hoard of Trade 
 may revoke and cancel such certificatcp, in any 
 case in which it has reason to believe — 
 
 (1) That the declarations of the sufficiency and 
 good condition of the hull, equipments, and n'a- 
 chinery of any passenger steamer, or cither of 
 them, have been fraudulently or erroneously made; 
 or, 
 
 (2) That such certificate has othcnvise bien 
 issued upon false or erroneous information ; or, 
 
 (3!) That since the making of such declarations 
 the null, equipments, or machinery of such ship 
 have sustained any injury, or are otherwise in- 
 suflicicnt : 
 
 And in every such case the Hoard of Trade mav, 
 if it thinks fit, require the owner to have the hull, 
 equipments, or machinery of such ship nguin sur- 
 veyed, and to transmit'a further declaration cr 
 declarations of the sufficiency and good condiiinn 
 thereof, before re- issuing cnycertificate orgrantini; 
 a fresh one in lieu thereof. ' (Sec. 316.) 
 
 Copy of Certificate to be placed in conspicuous 
 part of Ship. — The owner or master of every pas- 
 senger steamer shall forthwith, on thetranamissiiai 
 of any such certificate as aforesaid to him or his 
 agent, cause one of the duplicates thereof so trans- 
 mitted to be put up in some conspicuous part of 
 the ship, so as to be visible to all persons on hoard 
 the same, and shall cause it to be continued so 
 put up so long as such certificate remains in foroe 
 and such ship is in nse ; and in default such oivnc 
 or master shall for every offence incur a penalty 
 not exceeding 10/. (Sec, 317.) 
 
 Ship not to proceed on her Voyage without Cer- 
 tificate.— It shall not be lawful for any passenger 
 steamer to proceed to sea or upon any voya^'c or 
 excursion with any passengers on board, unless 
 the owner thereof has transmitted to the Board 
 of Trade the declarations hereinbefore required, 
 nor unless the owner or master thereof has re- 
 ceived from such Board such a ccrtifi'^te as 
 hereinbefore provided for, such ccrtiticate bcinu 
 
STEAM VESSELS (REGULATION OF) 
 
 1325 
 
 it tl)c same hnH been duly 
 
 ng master or public ottice'r 
 
 due notice of the traiis- 
 
 ghippint^ master or otlicer 
 
 li owner, master, or agent, 
 
 I irtificatet.—the owner of 
 icr re(iuiring a ccrtilicatc 
 
 of tluH Act, shall pay for 
 cd by the Hoard of Trade 
 i\ directs, not excccdin); tlio 
 > Tabic marked T. in the 
 '. 314.) 
 
 g tn continue in /orce.— No 
 1 to be i.i force lor the pur- 
 irt of this Act beyond the 
 il of Trade for the cxpiratim' 
 ficate shall be in force after 
 he Board of Trade to the 
 er of the ship to which the 
 ich Board has cancelled nr 
 jvided, that if any passenger 
 )m tlic United Kin^'clom at 
 rtiflcate expires, no i)eiialty 
 he want of a ccrtilicatc until 
 ly with passenficrs after her 
 rn to the United KinKdnm ; 
 de may require any certilicai'i 
 )r has been revoked or can- 
 d up as it directs; and anv 
 10, v'ithout reasonable cause, 
 comply with such rcquire- 
 
 penalty not exceeding 10/. 
 
 viay cancel Certificates nnd 
 •«<io«s.— The Board of Trado 
 ncel such certiticatet, in any 
 reason to believe— 
 arations of the sufficiency aud 
 le hull, cfiuipments, and n^a- 
 tsentjer steamer, or cither of 
 idulently or erroneously made ; 
 
 Ttificate has othcnvise been 
 erroneous information ; or, 
 
 making of such dcdaratioas 
 or machinery of such shii) 
 
 injury, or are otherwise m- 
 
 case the Board of Trade mav, 
 re the O'.vncr to have the hull. 
 linerv of such ship af,'ain sur- 
 smit' a further declaration cr 
 ulTiciencv and good condiiinn 
 uing cnv* certiticate or grantnii; 
 hereof." (Sec. 316.) 
 te to be placed in conspicmM 
 owner or master of every p- 
 forthwith, on thetran»missii n 
 late as aforesaid to him or Ins 
 he duplicates thereof so tran*- 
 in some conspicuous part n 
 risible to all persons on boiird 
 I cause it to be continued so 
 ich certificate remauis n; toroc 
 ,se; and in default such owM' 
 every offence incur a penaliv 
 
 (Sec. 317.) „ 
 
 ed on her Voyage without Cij 
 
 at be lawful lor any passeng 
 ■^to sea or upon any voyage 
 k- nast-encers on board, unies 
 h^^Smitted to the Boar 
 .rations hereinbefore rcqu red, 
 er or master thereof has i«^ 
 Board such a ccrt.fl'^ate ^ 
 led for, such certiticate bc.nb 
 
 a certificate applicable to the voyage or cxcur- i person in charge thereof or i>y any person in tlio 
 sion on which such ship is »bout to proceed; employ of the owner thereof, on account of such 
 
 and no olHccr of customs shall grant any clear 
 aiice or tranaire for any passenger steamer unless 
 luion the production of such ccrtilicatc as afore- 
 said (being a certificate then in force and appli 
 cable as aforesaid) ; and if any passenger steamer 
 attempts to ply or go to sea without such pro- 
 duction, any such olHccr may detain lier until 
 such ccrtiflcate is produced ; and if any passenger 
 iteamer plies or goes to sea with any passengers 
 ou board, without having one of the duplicates of 
 such certificate aa aforesaid (buir.g a certiticate 
 then ill force, and applicable as aforesuld), so put 
 up as aforesaid in some conspicuous part of the 
 ship, the owner thereof shall for such offence incur 
 a ticnalty not exceeding 100/., and the ma.ster of 
 euch ship shall also incur a further penalty not 
 exceeding 20/. (Sec. 31«.) 
 
 Penalty for carrying Passengers in Excess of 
 yumb'.rs specified in Certificate. — If the owner 
 or master or other person in charge of any pas- 
 senger steamer receives on board thereof or ou or 
 in any part thereof, or if such ship has on board 
 ihereof or on or in any part thereof, any number 
 (it p ssengers which, having regard to :he time, 
 O'.'casion, and circumstances of the cast, is greater 
 ihan the number of passengers allowed by the 
 ccrtiflcate, the owner or master shall incur a 
 penalty not exceeding 20/., and also an additional 
 penalty not exceeding o». for every passenger 
 uver and above the number allowed by the certi- 
 licate, or, if the fare of any of the passengers on 
 Iward exceeds 6»., not exceeding double the 
 .■iniouut of the fares of all the passengers who are 
 (iver and above the number so allowed as uforc- 
 .-aid, such fares to be estimated at the highest 
 rate of fare payable by any passenger c:i board. 
 (Sec. 319.) 
 
 Forgery of Declaration or Certificate a Mis- 
 dmeanor,— Every person who knowingly and 
 wilfully makes or a.ssi8ts in making or procures 
 to be made a false or fraudulent declaration or 
 certificate with respect to any passenger ttearaer 
 rs,airing a certificate under the fourth part of 
 tills Act, or who forges, assists in forging, or pro- 
 cures to be forged, fraudulently alters, assists in 
 fraudulently altering, or procures to be fraudu- 
 lently altered, any declaration or ccrtilicatc 
 required by the foilrth part of this Vet, or any 
 Words or figures in any such declaration or 
 ceriilicatc, or any signature thereto, shall be 
 deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. (Sec. 320.) 
 
 Surveyors to make Returns of the Build and 
 oilier Particulars of Steam Sfiips, and Owners 
 and Masters to give Information for tluit purpose. 
 —The said surveyors shall from time to timj 
 make such returns to the Board of Trade cs it 
 requires with respect to the build, dimensions, 
 draught, burden, rate of sailing, room for fuel, 
 .".nil the nature and particulars of machinery and 
 c.yaipments of the ships surveyed by thnin ; and 
 every owner, master, and engineer of aiij' such 
 ship shall, on demand, give to such surveyors all 
 such information and assistance within hi.s ])owcr 
 as they require for the purpose of such returns; 
 and every such owner, master, or en!;in<'er who, on 
 being applied to for that purpose, wilfully refuses 
 iir neglects to give such information or assistance, 
 sKn'l be liable to a penalty not exceeding 5/. 
 
 Misconduct by Passengers in S'eamers. 
 
 Penalties on Persons forcing way on board, or 
 refusing toquU the Ship.~The following offenders, 
 that is to say— 
 
 (1) Any (lerson who, after having been refused 
 Jidniission iito any steamer by the owner or 
 
 steamer being full, and after having had the full 
 amount of his fare fif he has paid the same) 
 returned or tender .;d to him, nevertheless persist.) 
 in attempting to enter the same ; and 
 
 (2) Any person, having got on board any 
 steamer, who, upon being requested on the like 
 account by the owner or person in charge thereof 
 or by any person in the emploj* of the owner, to 
 leave such steamer before the same has quitt.'^d 
 the place at which such person got on board, nnd 
 upon having the full amount of his fare (if iic has 
 paid the same) returned or tendered to hiin, refuses 
 to comply witli such request ; 
 Shall for each such offence in.;ur a penalty not 
 exceeding 40s., to be paid to the said owner. 
 (.Sec. 322.) 
 
 I I'Hiilty on avoiiling Payment of Fares, — The 
 following oflcnders, that is to say — 
 
 (1) Any person who travels or attempts to 
 travel in any passenger steamer which has been 
 diilv surveyed in conformity with the provisions 
 of this Act, without having jjrci'iously paid his fare, 
 and with intent to avoid payment thereof; and 
 
 (2) Any person who, having paid his fare for a, 
 certain distance, knowingly and wilfully proceeds 
 in any such steamer beyond such distance, with- 
 out previously paying the additional fare for the 
 additional distance, and with intent to avoid 
 payment thereof ; and 
 
 (3) Any person who knowingly and wilfully 
 refuses or neglects, on arriving at the point to 
 which he has paid his fare, to quit any such 
 steamer ; 
 
 Shall for every such offence incur a penalty not 
 exceeding 5»., in a<)ditiou to the fare payable by 
 him, such penalty to be payable to the owner of 
 such steamer. (Sec. 323.) 
 
 Penalty on Perstms refusing to give their Name 
 and Address. — Every person who, having com- 
 mitted any of the offences mentioned in the two 
 last preceding sections or either of them, refuses, 
 on application of the master of the ship or of any 
 other pet "on in the employ of the owner thereof, 
 to give his name and address, or who on such 
 application gives a false name or address, shall 
 incur a penalty not exceeding 20/., to be paid to 
 the said owner. (Sec. 324.) 
 
 Power to refuse or remove Passengers wlu) are 
 drunk or misconduct themselves. — The master of 
 any home trade passenger steam ship may refuse 
 to receive on board thereof any person who by 
 reason of drunkenness or other>visc is in such a, 
 state, or misconducts himself in such a manner, 
 as to cause annoyance to other passengers on 
 board, or, if such person is on board, may put him 
 on shore at any convenient place ; and no person 
 so refused admittance or put on sliore shall be 
 entitled to the return of any fare he may have 
 paid. (Sec. 325.) 
 
 Accidents. 
 
 Accidents to Steam Ships to be reported to 
 Board of Tiade. — Whenever any steam ship has 
 sustained or caused any accident occasioning loss 
 of life or any serious injury to any person, or has 
 received any material damage atl'ecting her sea- 
 wortliiness or her cfliciency either in her h.:ll or 
 in any part of her machinery, the owner or 
 master shall, within 24 hours after the happening 
 of such accident or damage, or as soon thereafter 
 as possible, send to the Board of Trade, by letter 
 signed by such owner or master, a report of such 
 accident or damage, and of the probable occasion 
 thereof, stating the name of the ship, the port to 
 . which she belongs, and the place where she is ; 
 
 iili' 
 
 \n 
 
 
 i i!;, 
 I' 
 
 r 
 1 1 
 
1826 
 
 STEAM VESSELS 
 
 ' i 
 
 
 
 i'% 
 
 
 -'•■ ■«.;! '■. 
 
 and if such owner or master neglect so to do, he 
 shall for such offence iiicur a penalty not exceed- 
 infr 50/. (Sec, 326.) 
 
 Notice to be given of apprehended Logs of Steam 
 Ships. — If tlie owner of any stcatn ship liavc 
 reason, owinR to the non-appearance of sucli Hhip 
 or to any otlior circumstance, to appro'icnd tlint 
 such ship has been wholly lost, he shall as soon 
 as conveniently may be send notice thereof in 
 like manner to tlie" Board of Trade ; and if he 
 neglect so to do within a reasonable time, he shall 
 for such offence incur a penalty not exceeding 50/. 
 (Sec. 327.) 
 
 Collisions to he entered in Official Ixtg. — In 
 every case of collision, in which it is practicable 
 so to do, the master shall immediately after the 
 occurrence cause a statement thereof, and of the 
 circumstances under which the same occurred, to 
 be entered in the official log book (if any), such 
 entry to be signed by the master, and also by the 
 mate or one of tlie crew, and in default shall incur 
 a penalty not exceeding 20/. (Sec. 328.) [Col- 
 lision.] 
 
 Carrying dangerous Goods, 
 
 Provisions to prevent the taking dangerous Goods 
 on hoard without due Notice. — No person shall be 
 entitled to carij' in any ship, or 'to require the 
 master or owner of any ship to carry therein, any 
 aciuafortis, oil of vitriol, gunpowder, or any other 
 goods which, in the judgment of such master or 
 owner, are of a dangerous nature ; and if any 
 person carries or sends by any ship any goods of 
 a dangerous nature -.vithout distinctly marking 
 their nature on the "utside of the package con- 
 taining the same, or otherwise giving notice in 
 writing to the mastc or owner at or before the 
 time of carrying or sending the same to be 
 shipped, he shall for every sush offence incur a 
 penalty not exceeding 100/. ; and the master or 
 owner of any ship may refuse to take on board 
 any parcel that he suspects to contain goods of a 
 dangerous nature, and maj' require them to be 
 opened to ascertain the fact. (Sec. 329.) 
 
 Certificates for Engineers {Part III, of Merchant 
 Shipping Act, 1854). 
 
 Steam Ships to carry Certificated Engineers. — 
 On and after June 1, 18C3, every steam ship which 
 is required by tlie principal Act to have a master 
 possessing a certiticate from the Board of Trade 
 shall also have an engineer or engineers possessing 
 a certificate or certificates from the Board of Trade 
 as follows (that is to say) : — 
 
 (1) Engineers' certificates shall be of two grades, 
 viz. 'first-class engineer's certificates,' and 'second- 
 class engineer's certificates ': 
 
 (2) Every foreign-going steam ship of 100 
 nommal horse power or tipwards shall have as its 
 first and se 'ond engineers 2 certificated engineers, 
 the first possessing a ' first-class engineer s certi- 
 ficate,' and the second possesi-ing a ' second-class 
 engineer's certificate' or a certificate of the higher 
 grade: 
 
 (3) Eveiy foreign-going steam ship of less than 
 100 nominal horse power shall have as its only or 
 first engineer an engineer possessing a ' second- 
 class engineer's certificate ' or a certificate of the 
 higher grade : 
 
 (4) Every sea-going home trade passenger steam 
 ship shall have as its onlj' or first engineer an en- 
 gineer possessing a 'second-class engineer's certi- 
 ficate ' or a certificate of the higher grade : 
 
 (5) Every person who, having been engaged 
 to serve in any of the above capacities in any such 
 steam ship as aforesaid, goes to sea in that capacity 
 without being at the time entitled to and possessed 
 
 STETTIN 
 
 of such certiflcite as is required by this section, 
 and every person who employs any person in any 
 of the above capacities in such ship withou' 
 ascertaining that he is at the time entitled to and 
 possessed of such ccrtillcate as is rcquiroii bv 
 this section, shall for each such offencR incur 
 a penalty not exceeding 50/, (25 & 2(> Vict. 
 
 C. 03 S. 5.'> [I'ASSKNGEKS ; SKAMKN ; SlUPPIXG.l 
 
 STEKL (Fr. acier ; Gcr. stahl; Ital. acciajoi 
 Lat. clialybs ; Russ. stal ; Span, acero ; Swcd. 
 sttti) is iron combined with a small portion m' 
 carbon, and has been, for that reason, calieil car- 
 burcttcd iron. The proportion of carbon lias not 
 been ascertained with much precision. It is 
 supposed to amount, at an average, to -1-, 
 Steel is so hard as to be unmalleable while coid; 
 or at least it acquires that property bv hm'^ 
 immersed, while ignited, in a cold liquid: for 
 this immersion, though it has no cfl'cct upon 
 iron, adds greatly to the hardness of stcnl. it n 
 brittle, resists the file, cuts glass, affords spariis 
 with flint, and retains the magnetic virtue for anv 
 length of time. It loses this hardness In- bein]; 
 ignited, and cooled very slowly. It is nalleaWi; 
 wlicn red hot, but scarcely so when raised to a 
 white heat. It may be hammered out into mucli 
 thinner plates than iron. It is more sonoroiis; 
 and its specific gravit; when hammered isgrc.iiir 
 than that of iron — varying from 778 to 7')<l, 
 Steel is usually divided into 3 sorts, according' lo 
 the method in which it is prepared; as nahml 
 steel, steel of cementation, and cast steel. The 
 latter is the most valuable of all, as its texture is 
 the most compact, and it admits of tlie finest 
 polish. It is used for razors, surgeons' instruraents, 
 and similar purposes. Steel is chiefly cmploycj 
 in the manufacture of swords, knives, and cutiin^ 
 instruments of all sorts used iu tlie art^; for 
 which it is peculiarly adapted by its hardness, 
 and the fineness of the edge which may be given 
 to it. We imported from Sweden in" 18G7, ex- 
 clusive of manufactured articles, 4,056 tons of 
 unwrought steel, valued at 09,042/. (Thomson's 
 Chemistry ; see also Ure's Dictionary by hunt.) 
 [Iron.] 
 
 STETTIN. A city of Prussia, on the left bank 
 of the Oder, about 3t> miles from its mouth, in lat. 
 53° 25' 8" N,. long. 14° 34' E. It is well built, 
 strongly fortified, and had in 18G7 a population, 
 including military', of 73,581. 
 
 Stettin is the seat of an extensive and groirinj; 
 commerce. She owes this distinction mainly to 
 her situation. The Oder, which fiows through the 
 centre of the Prussian dominions, is navigable as 
 far as Katibor, near the extreme southern bound- 
 ary of Prussian Silesia, and is united by mcins 
 of canals -with the Vistula, the Elbe, the Spree 
 4c. Stettin is, consequently, the principal em- 
 porium of some very extensive and flourishinj 
 countries ; being not" only the port of Franki'ort- 
 on-the-Oder, Breslau &"c., but also of Berlin, 
 She is also the centre of an exirjnsivc system 
 of railways, communicating with Berlin and the 
 west parts of Germany on the one hand, and on 
 the other with Posen, Bromberg, and Danaic, 
 Hence, at the proper seasons, her whar\-es .irc 
 crowded %vith lighters that bring down the pro- 
 duce of the different countries traversed by the 
 river, and bring back colonial products, and othtr 
 articles of foreign growth and manufacture, 
 Vessels of considerable burden, or those drawing 
 above 7 or 8 feet water, load and unload, by means 
 of lighters, at the mouth of the river, at Swi'ic- 
 munde, the ontport of Stettin, on the east coast 
 ofthei.sle of Usedom, in lat. 53° 65' N„ loug. 
 14° 15' 15" E, Formerly ihere were not more 
 tlian 7 feet water over the bar adjacent tt; Swmc- 
 
«l '■ ( 
 
 DETTIN 
 
 is reciuireil by this section, 
 i (imiiloys any person in any 
 ities in such ship witliou' 
 g at the time entitled to ami 
 irtiticato as is reqiiirpil In 
 or each such oflfcnce incur 
 eding 50/. ('25 & 2(i Vict. 
 3EK8 ; Seamkn ; Siiippixg.I 
 ■ ; tier, stahl ; Ital. acoiaji,. 
 stal ; Span, accro ; SwkI. 
 cd with a small jiortinn of 
 1, for that reason, called ear- 
 proportion of carbon has nm 
 ith much precision. It is 
 it, at an average, to J-. 
 ) be unmalleable while colil; 
 ires that property by bcin- 
 nited, in a cold liquid: f.iv 
 ough it has no ctl'out uiicii 
 the hardness of «tc«l. it is 
 lie, cuts glass, affords sparli- 
 is the magnetic virtue for any 
 loses this hardness by beini; 
 very slowly. It is mallealik' 
 scarcely so when rnisetl to a 
 f be hammered out into niudi 
 1 iron. It is more sonorous; 
 'iti when hammered is great r 
 —varying from 778 to 7'fl. 
 'idcd"into 3 sorts, accordin;' to 
 ich it is prepared; as mtuml 
 '.ntation, and cast steel The 
 aluabie of all, as its texture is 
 , and it admits of the lintsi 
 or razors, surgeons' instruments, 
 ses. Steel is chietly cmploycl 
 I of swords, knives, and cutiiii!; 
 I sorts used ii. the arts; I'ur 
 arly adapted by its hardncs, 
 ■ the edge which may bo given 
 ed from Sweden in 18C7, k- 
 fctured articles, 4,(!56 tons if 
 ■alued at 69,042/, (Thomsons 
 30 Ure's Dictionary by Hunt.) 
 
 !ity of Prussia, on the left bank 
 3tj miles from its mouth, iniat. 
 g. 14° 34' E. It is ^¥ell built, 
 and had in 18G7 a population, 
 , of 73,581. 
 
 at of an extensive and growing 
 )wes this distinction mainly lo 
 e Oder, which flows throa?ii •> 
 siau dominions, is navigable .is 
 ir the extreme soutliem bounJ- 
 lilesia, and is united by means 
 e Vistula, the Elbe, the bptee 
 •onscquently, the piincipiil em- 
 verv extensive and flounstnng 
 not" onlv the port of FraMiort- 
 slau &c., but also of Berlin, 
 centre of an exionsivc systm 
 mnicating with Berlin and tuc 
 many on the one hand, and on 
 ?osen, Bromberg, and Danunc. 
 roper seasons, her whams .i.c 
 liters that bring down the Pa- 
 rent countries traversed by 
 ick colonial products, and ot « 
 ■rn growth and manufacture. 
 Arable burden, or those drams 
 
 rater, load and unload, by me "> 
 -e mouth of the rim, at Sw 
 
 ,rt of Stettin, on the^east a^^ 
 
 %lom, in lat. 53° 5o N., 
 Formerly Ihcre were not nw« 
 
 over the bar adjacent to bwine- 
 
 STETTTN 
 
 1327 
 
 mundc ; but the harbour of the latter has recently 
 been so much improved by the con.itriiction of 
 riicrs and breakwator.i, dredging &o., that it is 
 iidW tlic bn.st on the rrus.sinn const, and ndniitK 
 vessels drawing from 18 to 19 feet water. A 
 lit,'hthi)use has been erected at the extremity of 
 t!ie eastern pier, in 5.S° .50' N. Lit. and 11° 17' 
 i;. long,, visible 10 miles off, and there is another 
 (visible for 21 miles) situated a mile and ii half 
 south of the Mule Light. There arc nlso two 
 liL'bt-hips between Swinemundc and Stettin. 
 .Stettin is a free port ; that i.s, a port into and 
 tViiin which all sorts of goods may be imported 
 ant', re-exported free of duty, (iood.s brougi.t 
 through the Sound, imported at Stettin, and 
 entered for home consum[iti(m in the I'ru.s.'sinn 
 ' .(cs. used to be charged with 2i per cent, less 
 duty than if they had been imported through any 
 other eh.innel. This was intended to reimburse 
 the merchant for the Sound duties, and to en- 
 courage importation by this direct route in pre- 
 ference to that carried on through Hamburg and 
 Kmbden; but as the Sound duties have been 
 abolished, it is probable that goods imported at 
 Stettin will no longer enjoy this preference. 
 There is a great wool fair in the month of June 
 each year. 
 
 Miniri/s, Weights, and Measures, .same as at 
 i)AXTZic. The Bank of Berlin has a branch at 
 Stettin, and there are also insurance oifiie.i. 
 
 Imports and Exports. — The principal articles of 
 import at Stettin are sugar, coffee, dye-woods, 
 wine, iron, and hardware, oil, tallow, cotton and 
 eotton goods, herrings, spirits, linseed, coal, salt &e. 
 The principal exports arc corn, e.specially wheat ; 
 spirits, seeds, spelter, timber cScc. 
 
 Shipping Dues. — In 18G3, the shipping dues 
 itcrc considerably reduced, viz. the sea dues 
 J7 per cent., and the river lues 2.5 per cent. 
 
 On December 1, 1867, a still greater reduction 
 took place ; the dues to be levied on and from 
 that day being fixed by a royal edict, as 
 follows : — 
 
 Sea Dues for all Vessels entering and leaving 
 the Harbour of Swinemunde. 
 
 IVith cargoes— 
 
 On entering 
 
 On li-aviiiH 
 In ballast— 
 
 OnleaTlME - - • - 2 „ 4 
 
 Ud entering - • - - '^ „ 4 
 
 Per normal last— about 1| register ton. 
 
 River Diirs. — The river dues for vessels navi- 
 gating the Swine, Peene, and Divenow, and the 
 ll?lf— consequently for all vessels r>rocceding from 
 Swinemunde, to Stettin, and from Stettin to 
 Swinemunde — which amounted to 1 groschrn 
 and ij groschen per last, are abolished. 
 
 The present rate of 4 groschen per last would 
 be about 20.?. 8rf. per 100 reg. tons. 
 
 Vessels above 40 lasts burden have also to pay 
 9 Pi'ennige per last — about bs. per 100 rcg. tons — 
 for port charges at Stettin. 
 
 By another royal decree, which came into 
 operation on March 1, 1808 — 
 
 1, Vessels under 40 la»ts are to pay one-half of 
 the dues levied on vessels above that burden, i.e. 
 2 p-oschen and 1 groschen. 
 
 2, Vessels with cargoes consisting ontirelj- of 
 coals, coke, turf, slates, tiles, bricks, paving and 
 qnan^- stones, granite, limestone, gypsum, chalk, 
 clay, sand, raw sulphur, or salt, to be charged the 
 same as vessels in ballast, viz. 2 groschen per 
 last. 
 
 3, Xo dues to be levied : — 
 
 (a) On vessels in ballast that enter the har- 
 bour of Swinemundc in search of 
 height, and leave it in ballast. 
 
 Groschen (Jroschen 
 
 - 4 Instead of K 
 
 - 4 „ S 
 
 (6) On vessels that enter the harboiir to 
 receive orders and leave it without 
 cither dlschiirging or taking in cargo. 
 4. Vessels nliovi^ W la.sts pr)ceeding directly 
 between any of the following port.s, viz. Swine- 
 munde. I'lilhergermunde, St(di)munde, Kugen- 
 walde. Diintzic, and Xeufahrwa.s.ser, arc exempted 
 from the entrance dues of the harbour to wliicli 
 they nrc bound. 
 
 As the river dues arc now nboli.sliod, and the sno 
 dues reduced ,50 per 3ent,, and vessels with cargoes 
 (if coals p,iy the same dues as vessels in btillast, 
 and as almost all tlie British ves.sels that, discharge 
 at Swinemuiide arrive at that port with coals and 
 leave in ballast, the reduced ciiargcs for such 
 vessels Avill amount to Ot),i jicr cent., and for 
 vessels bound to Stettin, witfi other cargoes thao 
 coals, slates &c., to 55,^ per cent. 
 
 I'itutage, 
 
 From Stettin to Swlncmimile> .„ , 
 
 Swincmumlc to Stettin } "!' '" 10 Lists, 2 r. dots, 
 
 from 11 to 'JO „ 5 „ 
 
 •i\ „ .T( „ .IJ „ 
 
 .11 „ 10 „ 4 „ 
 
 11 „ I.W „ 
 
 anil upwarils, rorcacii 10 lasts. \ itollar more. 
 
 Ships of more th.in 1 ,50 lasts burden to pay the 
 same dues as those of 141 to 1;50 lasts. 
 
 Stettin is one of the principal shipping port» 
 in the Prussian dominions, and is connecteil with 
 Berlin by railway. Sec also Dantzic. 
 
 Port Regulatiom. — All vessels arc prohibited 
 entering Swinemunde unless forced by stress of 
 weather, without prtiviously heaving to for, and 
 receiving a pilot on board. But when compelled 
 to enter without a pilot, the master is to observe 
 the signals made from tlie beacon erected on the 
 eastern and western moles as follows :— 
 
 Notice, 
 
 1. ^^^1en pilots cannot put to sea, and captains 
 of ships arc nevertheless resolved to enter the 
 harbour, a red flag will be hoisted on the direction 
 beacon of the eastern moie. 
 
 2. The captains 'viH then steer until they find 
 themselves A.E. by S. on the compass, from the 
 lighthouse placed on the utmost point of the east 
 mole, taking care to keep the outermost great 
 white buoy, situate on the end of the western 
 ground in a depth of 16 feet, on .,iu starboard, 
 and the next black buoy, in an oblique line to- 
 wards the lighthouse, on' the larboard. 
 
 3. In tbit situation of the vessel the two new 
 beacons coverthemselves in the direction of S.S.E., 
 and in this course, keeping the two beacons com- 
 pletely covered, the captdns sail int^ the port up 
 to the second landing berth of the eastern mole, 
 four cables' length beyond the lighthouse, keeping 
 oft' the mole half a cable's length. 
 
 4. At that place, the captains, taking care to 
 remain a little South, are expected by the pilots 
 to go on board of their vessels. 
 
 6. On entering the port all the white baoys are 
 to remain on the starboard side of the vessel (see 2). 
 
 6. For facilitating the finding and keeping the 
 directions given in this instruction in case the 
 buoys should have been removed by sea, or taken 
 up on account of the advanced season, signals will 
 be given with a red flag from the direction beacoT» 
 on the eastern mole. 
 
 7. The captains must follow the signals in so far 
 as to steer to that part where the flag is hoisted 
 perpendicularly, 
 
 8. Should there be no pilot at sea, and no flag 
 hoisted on the beckoning beacon, the captains 
 must not attempt to enter the port at all, but 
 either anchor in the roads or remain at bea. 
 
 'ill' 
 
 !ill 
 
 if'i 
 
 .v: 
 
|.:V 
 
 ' » 
 
 '.« ■' • 
 
 •r.t , 
 
 >. i 
 
 '■ ,. 
 
 .<.r 
 
 1328 
 
 STKTTIN 
 SlIirpINO AND Navio.vtiox. 
 
 Account of the dumber, Tonnage §c. of British Vessels arrived at Stettin and Swinemunde In 18M 
 
 and 18U7. 
 
 Deicrlpllon of VcucU 
 
 1868 ' 1867 1 
 
 Number of ,_ 
 \e..iU ronnan* 
 
 Nuinlier of Numlwr of 
 Crewit eiclu^lve Vi-iaeU 
 iif Mukteri 1 
 
 Tonnatftt 
 
 Number of 
 
 Crew, .iclujn 
 
 of iMuien 
 
 Stcltin— 
 Hleainen > • • • 
 HiihnK v«mU 
 
 Tola! .... 
 
 Hwinemunde— 
 
 Nte.imvrii ... 
 
 Sailing veucls ... 
 
 Tolal . - . . 
 
 (irand Total - 
 
 137 
 263 
 4IIO 
 
 11 
 
 167 
 
 66,318 
 
 2fi,70S 
 
 9.1,024 
 
 8,034 
 41,077 
 
 V,105 180 
 1,29.'> , 298 
 
 83,858 
 30,955 
 
 3,116 
 
 M»rt 
 
 ^,■C^I 1 478 
 
 111,811 
 
 12,825 
 19,392 
 32,217 
 M7.()2k 
 
 K--U~ 
 
 261 S3 
 
 1,3' 12 HI 
 
 4711 
 49S 
 
 1,ll7(i 
 
 5,81H 
 
 181 
 
 49.111 
 
 l,.il,6 1 IU4 
 5,266 i .582 
 
 581 
 
 142.1.15 
 
 I«n SUtllii In ballast— 
 
 Vessels Tons 
 
 1865 - 71 . 20,386, or 22-78 per cent, of the total tonnige enlsred. 
 
 1866 . 38 . 11,011 „ 11 '83 „ „ 
 
 1867 • 52 • 14,452 „ 12-58 „ n 
 
 Account of the 3Tercanlile Marine of the Province of Pomerania on January 1, 1808, distinguinhing 
 Steamers from Sailing Vessels, and Seu-i/oing from Jiiver and Coasting Craft, statinij Tonnut]t 
 of each in Prussian Lasts, and contrasting the Amount of the same with the Amounts on Januiwil 
 1859 and 18G7. "^ ' 
 
 
 Steamers 
 
 S.iilinn Vessels 
 
 
 Ports where the Managing Owners 
 
 Sua 
 
 •Bulng 
 
 R 
 
 ver 
 
 •Sea-going 
 
 Coasting (under 
 W lask) 
 
 , Totjl 
 Januarjl,lJ6i| 
 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 
 Number 
 
 
 Number 
 
 
 
 
 
 of 
 
 
 of 
 
 Lasts 
 
 of 
 
 LasU 
 
 of 
 
 Lasts 
 
 of 
 
 Uu 
 
 
 Vessels 
 
 
 Vessils 
 
 
 VesMlt 
 
 
 VesseU 
 
 7 
 
 
 Vnu-U 
 
 Stettin . - 
 
 18 
 
 2,487 
 
 28 
 
 385 
 
 155 
 
 26,115 
 
 216 
 
 2118 w.mi 
 
 StraUund 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 I.'i3 
 
 23,493 
 
 22 
 
 718 
 
 17fi 
 
 
 liarlh, Franienburg District • 
 (ireifswalde ... 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 131 
 
 48 
 
 21,610 
 8,661 
 
 114 
 9 
 
 2,610 
 220 
 
 216 
 57 
 
 
 Uckermunde ... 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 14 
 
 43 
 
 7,701) 
 
 ., 
 
 ., 
 
 41 
 
 7,7 ll 
 
 Woliiast 
 
 1 
 
 188 
 
 2 
 
 45 
 
 48 
 
 6,689 
 
 II 
 
 288 
 
 62 
 
 ",VI'( 
 
 Huffenwalde . . - 
 Nwlnenmnde - • • 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 ■ • 
 
 25 
 
 4,486 
 
 20 
 
 430 
 
 45 
 
 4,<fl6 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 25 
 
 4,270 
 
 17 
 
 3(;3 
 
 41 
 
 4A^) 
 
 KolberK 
 
 Minor Ports ... 
 Total in 1868 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 18 
 
 2,899 
 
 17 
 
 .331 
 
 35 
 
 
 1 
 20 
 
 60 
 2,735 
 
 7 
 
 S20 
 
 43 
 
 689 
 
 6,514 
 112,137 
 
 171 
 
 4,484 
 
 222 
 
 n,i7H 
 
 42 
 
 721 
 
 388 , 9,66<l 
 
 1,1.19 IJS.MI 
 
 „ INfi7 
 
 21 
 
 2,590 
 
 43 
 
 761 
 
 698 
 
 111,415 
 
 395 9,871 
 
 l,l,''7 Hl.7li7 
 
 :; 18,59 
 
 15 
 
 1,898 
 
 28 
 
 887 
 
 672 
 
 101,131 
 
 288 1 4,629 
 
 1,003 109,515 
 
 Account of the Number and Tonnage, in Prussian 1 great articles of export from Stettin iM com, 
 Jjostt, of all Sea-going Vessels, except Coasting timber, and spirits. 
 Craft, entered at Swinemunde in 1865 and 18U(S. 
 
 Account of the Quantities of the different Varitlics 
 of Corn Exported from Stettin \n 1866, tfecifii- 
 ing the Quantities sent to Great Britain 'mil 
 to other O ntries, in Imperial Quarters, 
 
 NationalilT 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 Number 
 
 
 Numbei 
 
 
 
 of 
 
 LasU 
 
 of 
 
 Lasu 
 
 
 Vessels 
 
 
 Vessels 
 
 
 Pruuian - 
 
 1,082 
 
 124,683 
 
 919 
 
 115,608 
 
 Kritiih 
 
 586 
 
 85,872 
 
 666 
 
 86,.'>4> 
 
 (ierman States 
 
 297 
 
 22,512 
 
 237 
 
 19,7,14 
 
 Dutch 
 
 116 
 
 11,929 
 
 88 
 
 12^)63 
 
 Swedish and Nor. 
 
 
 
 
 
 weidan - 
 
 S,W 
 
 9,026 
 
 146 
 
 7,383 
 
 Danish 
 
 143 
 
 4,276 
 
 107 
 
 5,812 
 
 Kussiun 
 
 13 
 
 1,209 
 
 14 
 
 1,864 
 
 Other nations 
 Total - 
 
 22 
 ■-',509 
 
 1.878 
 
 15 
 
 2,092 
 
 904 
 
 261,3.15 
 
 249,910 
 
 Of the vessels entered at Hwtnemunde, there arrived at Stettin— 
 In 1865 . . 2,078 veueU, of 182,543 iasU 
 
 1866 • • 2,(143 ,. 175,954 „ 
 
 1867 - - 2,214 „ aOO,487 n 
 
 Trade. — The abolition of the Sound dues, and 
 the improved communications by means of rail- 
 wavs with the interior, have led to a great increase 
 ill the trade of Stettin. This is evident from the 
 following account of the imports and exports of 
 the town by sea : — ' 
 
 
 1866 
 
 Tolslln 
 
 mi { 
 
 1 
 
 Articles 
 
 To (ireat 
 Britain 
 
 To other 
 Countries 
 
 T.-al 
 
 Wheat 
 n,e - 
 Barle; 
 Oats . 
 
 Imp. qr. 
 
 315,861 
 
 6,180 
 
 269,650 
 
 51,424 
 
 qr. 
 53,688 
 73,120 
 29,101 
 
 8.221 
 
 qr. 
 367,549 
 
 79,500 
 298,754 
 
 59,617 
 805,450 
 
 33!l66 
 
 16,480 
 
 8.55,296 
 
 qr. 
 !19,.Mi 
 
 ■o,9;t 
 
 |l)7,0tS 
 
 «,7IW 
 
 496,UI 1 
 
 3,1711 ! 
 
 SSJ61 ; 
 
 17,!l(l [ 
 ,M9.J(1 
 
 Total Corn - 
 Buckwheat, 
 
 vetches 
 Peas, beans 
 Potatoes 
 
 641,315 
 
 »7',4S5 
 22 
 
 164,135 
 
 5i94l 
 16,158 
 I86..514 
 
 Total 
 
 668,762 
 
 Years 
 
 Imports 
 
 Exports 
 
 Total 
 
 
 £ 
 
 A. 
 
 1855 
 
 ■ 2,601,934 
 
 1,011,969 
 
 3,646,902 
 
 18,56 
 
 3,602,567 
 
 I,;n9,693 
 
 4„3 12,260 
 
 1857 
 
 4,208,«i36 
 
 2,72^,451 
 
 6,931,088 
 
 1R6S 
 
 6,905,776 
 
 2,420,969 
 
 9,326,745 
 
 1866 
 
 4,395,,346 
 
 .\2.17.119 
 
 8,612,765 
 
 18i7 
 
 8,371,547 
 
 4,665,773 
 
 13,0'0,3',-0 
 
 This is a very extraordinary increase. In the 
 import trade it has principally taken place in the 
 articles of coals, iron, and raw cotton, from 
 England ; oils, seeds, coffee, potash i&c. The 
 
 The total quantity of com exported in 186" 
 was 972,076 quarters. 
 
 In addition to corn, timber, and spirits, the 
 principal a: tides of export are spelter, oil-caku 
 bones, clover and other seeds, wool, glass Ac. 
 
 We also send to Prussia large quantities o( 
 foreign and colonial produce, the value of the ex- 
 ports thereof in 1867 having amounted to 2,498,165/. 
 Sometimes, however, thr_" are much greater. But 
 it can hardly be necessary to add, that a large 
 (though not 80 large now as formerly) portion of 
 our trade with Prussia is indirect, being canicd 
 on through the Hanse Towns, Holland Ac. (Much 
 of the information in this article has been derived 
 from Mr. Consul Blackwell's very instructive 
 Report of March 25, 1868.) 
 
mmm 
 
 STETTIN 
 
 ttin and Swinemunde in isr,i; 
 
 1867 
 
 BTOf 
 tit 
 
 Tonnaic* 
 
 Number of 
 
 Crew% •■icIii.lK , 
 
 ol .Muicti 
 
 
 83,856 
 .10,955 
 
 3,il6 
 MJ'l 1 
 
 
 111,811 
 
 12,825 
 
 19,.392 
 
 32,217 
 
 117>02i 
 
 KVt ! 
 
 
 
 4;« 1 
 
 591 j 
 
 l,i];(; ! 
 i.eiH 
 
 le ent«reil. 
 
 anuary 1, 18fi8, dhtinguhhkj 
 lasting Craft, xtutinij Tonnitrit 
 ilh the Amounts on Janunryl, 
 
 eueti 
 
 
 
 CoutinK (under 
 
 Jinuarjl.lsss 
 
 40 tub) 
 
 
 
 Vumber 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 or 
 
 Lwu 
 
 or 
 
 Uiu 
 
 Veueli 
 
 
 VflM'U 
 
 
 7 
 
 216 
 
 21 IS 
 
 M,TO1 
 
 22 
 
 718 
 
 176 
 
 21,^(1 
 
 114 
 
 8,610 
 
 216 
 
 rt.tr. 
 
 9 
 
 820 
 
 67 
 
 fi.««i 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 41 
 
 7,711 
 
 11 
 
 888 
 
 62 
 
 ",Vlil 
 
 80 
 
 430 
 
 45 
 
 1,VI6 
 
 17 
 
 3t;3 
 
 41 
 
 l.iiKI 
 
 17 
 
 331 
 
 35 
 
 .1,»3(l 
 
 171 
 
 4,484 
 
 222 
 
 ll.JH 
 
 388 , 9,66(1 
 
 1,1.19 H5,MJ 
 
 395 1 9,871 
 
 1,157 J'il.Tu; 
 
 288 
 
 5,629 
 
 1,003 
 
 109,5(5 
 
 sport from Stettin im corn, 
 
 itities of the different Varietiei 
 from Stettin in 1866, specify- 
 r sent to Great Britain nnd 
 in Imperial Quarters, 
 
 
 1866 
 
 
 Total In 
 11165 
 
 It 
 
 '. 
 ) 
 ) 
 l_ 
 
 > 
 
 ! 
 ! 
 
 To other 
 CounuiM 
 
 43,688 
 
 73,120 
 
 89,101 
 
 8,223 
 
 T.-al 
 
 qr. 
 367,519 
 
 79,500 
 898.754 
 
 69,617 
 805,450^ 
 
 33i366 
 
 16,480 
 
 8.55,296 
 
 qr. 
 
 S19,.VW 
 
 70,9;i 
 
 157,0(6 
 
 8,7l» 
 
 164,135 
 
 5',911 
 16,458 
 186 ,.534 
 
 496,M1 
 
 3,17" 
 WJ61 
 
 ty of com exported in 1867 
 
 arn, timber, and spirits, tlie 
 
 ■ export are spelter, oil-caki., 
 
 her seeds, wool, glass &c, 
 
 "i Prussia large quantities of 
 
 produce, the value of the e.\- 
 
 having amounted to 2,498,165/. 
 
 , thr" are much greater. But 
 
 jjcessary to add, that a large 
 
 f now as formerly) portion (>f 
 
 ssia is indirect, being canied 
 
 le Towns, Holland (Sic. (Much 
 
 n this article has been denveil 
 
 Blackwell's very instructive 
 
 1868.) 
 
 Direct Trade of the United Kingdom with Prussia.— Account of the Quantities and of Ih 
 puted Values of the Principal Articles Imported from Prussia into the United kinoi 
 each of the 4 tears ending with 1807. 
 
 1329 
 
 le Com- 
 igdom in 
 
 Principal Articin 
 
 t lleer.ipruce ■ - - Rali. 
 
 I ilonc* uf ^nimaU and tMn(eice]>t 
 
 wtiAlftint) - - Inns 
 
 I Com;-Whi-at • - i »1. 
 
 Harify - - „ 
 
 ' llati ■ ■ • „ 
 
 Hye - - • „ 
 
 I'vat and lieanii - „ 
 
 IVhVi'U Muur - • . , 
 
 FUl, <!'««<'- , ■, - •• 
 
 TouKh or undresHOtl . „ 
 
 tow aitil t-odilla of . ,, 
 
 Hides nut tanned • • ,, 
 
 uiUf turpentine • • „ 
 
 rapiv-fd - - • lun* 
 
 DilMvliake • - - loii^ 
 
 l„,k,»ilied - ■. . , • ■■"" 
 
 Rius ;">ti other materijila, for 
 
 inakind paiier 
 
 Sewii-'l"*"'' 
 
 f.iiiiieed anu flaxseed 
 Kapa 
 'I'arel 
 Sjirlipr or jinc 
 ^pints, unenumerated, not 
 
 iwretened 
 ti'rtxl unil limber:— 
 not KAwn or split 
 (Irali, tiattent, boarda &c.. 
 
 uwn or split 
 iisre, 
 
 lattiwood . - . 
 
 Wml. shf-'p and lamlis* 
 Wuullrti r<^, torn up, to be usei* 
 
 as wool • 
 Allotlierartii'lcA 
 lolal 
 
 tons 
 
 cwt. 
 
 qr. 
 
 p.l. 
 
 value 
 value 
 
 Quant 
 
 1861 
 
 1K65 
 
 116,736 
 
 01,788 
 
 1,149 
 
 2,614 
 
 l,ni5,32S 
 
 5,103,911 
 
 7116,911 
 
 7 '9,'ilo 
 
 1 -.1,779 
 
 lil.mi 
 
 .'.17,419 
 
 (•2,lt7 
 
 651,442 
 
 366,917 
 
 33,557 
 
 66,267 
 
 
 1,101 
 
 86,179 
 
 51,299 
 
 5,16i 
 
 3,378 
 
 2,951 
 
 3,201 
 
 1,1.10 
 
 2,290 
 
 1,891 
 
 811 
 
 7,610 
 
 4,810 
 
 9,677 
 
 12,151 
 
 7,181 
 
 7.002 
 
 5, .123 
 
 2, 162 
 
 89,.'.0| 
 
 73,920 
 
 51, .1.111 
 
 7,0.-.3 
 
 12,961 
 
 13,609 
 
 1,291 
 
 5.9.'i2 
 
 ■;5,077 
 
 419,001 
 
 279,271 
 
 389,170 
 
 39,087 
 
 63,351 
 
 22,638 
 
 21,617 
 
 12,707 
 
 17,1111 
 
 420,423 
 
 279,611 
 
 .-'16,912 
 
 676,032 
 
 
 T. 
 
 68,884 eS.-S.l 
 
 4,727 
 
 4,4111,10 I 
 
 l,6HI,'i.17 
 
 496,1.-,' 
 
 74.969 
 
 493,288 
 
 65,675 
 
 2,23-, 
 
 48,3»1 
 
 3,103 
 
 5,6'.6 
 
 2,1.17 
 
 1,918 
 
 .5,258 
 
 8,977 
 
 9„103 
 2,677 
 61,115 
 91,556 
 11,503 
 5,601 
 
 213,616 
 
 271,385 
 
 67,002 
 
 29.905 
 
 8,656 
 
 1,097,502 
 
 761,712 
 
 4,181 
 
 >.572,2i.3 
 
 513,1111 
 
 313,8,19 
 
 I2,IHI 
 
 268,175 
 
 4l,ll(,7 
 
 3,220 
 
 89,750 
 
 1,220 
 
 5,653 
 
 2.688 
 2„137 
 2,117 
 
 6,3:3 
 5,527 
 67, .536 
 85,189 
 11,188 
 5,610 
 
 3:, '■,64 
 
 227,278 
 
 75,056 
 19,611 
 
 __8,206 
 375,789 
 
 628,768 
 
 Computed Real Value 
 
 1861 
 
 £ 
 
 22,761 
 
 8,315 
 
 8,197,017 
 
 210,172 
 
 13,107 
 
 127,8113 
 
 8.53,2(il 
 
 20,993 
 
 22.l',017 
 12,295 
 13,97 1 
 3,7111 
 83,666 
 57,911 
 22,'JI6 
 
 169,960 
 Il,h56 
 1S8,I99 
 16^/IJ2 
 2 1, .'.S3 
 .10,523 
 
 5,039 
 
 1,051,'J07 
 
 I2S.2I3 
 
 2:.IM36 
 
 2.5,165 
 
 5'J,1I3 
 
 1 1 ,339 
 _ 92,(ipi 
 5,862,919' 
 
 1865 
 
 18fi6 
 
 £ 
 19,889 
 
 11,511 
 
 2,77s, 53 1 
 
 2SS,I0I 
 
 •!3,(.21 
 
 19,I'I6 
 
 151,11.-, 
 
 4,'..l./7 
 
 4,s-,i 
 
 136 hSO 
 
 5,1.17 
 
 1.1,190 
 
 3,>>62 
 
 39,1180 
 
 38,613 
 
 31,248 
 
 l.">7,891 
 
 7,'J09 
 
 169,002 
 
 21, .101 
 
 2S ,098 
 135,5 ,3 
 
 27,917 
 
 l,i86,210 
 
 185,716 
 300,1193 
 
 31,7:.) 
 
 26,710 
 
 13,SS5 I 1!,070 
 _1_L6,I91 I 1.1 8,1151 
 6', 1 26,206 6,866,761 
 
 £ 
 11,926 
 
 "■^,550 
 
 :.8I0,S5I 
 
 776,617 
 
 2116,416 
 
 28,881 
 
 2tl7,l.'.8 
 
 48,408 
 
 8,112 
 
 131,693 
 
 8,581 
 
 21,228 
 
 5,315 
 
 81,8(2 
 
 40,vl I 
 
 25,200 
 
 811,102 
 8,592 
 119,871 
 251,671 
 21,279 
 121,'J35 
 
 1 2,821 
 
 807,813 
 
 190,618 
 
 363,632 
 
 15,837 
 
 106,001 
 
 1867 
 
 £ 
 
 16,11!) 
 
 21,013 
 
 4,759,806 
 
 299,773 
 
 179,288 
 
 5,4 12 
 
 llh,376 
 
 39,081 I 
 
 1 1 ,270 : 
 
 2l5,iJ73 
 
 :.,050 
 
 19,620 
 
 105,914 
 19,015 I 
 6,972 
 
 137,917 1 
 18,213 ; 
 1118 ,69^ 
 
 2.10,577 1 
 2il,2S I 
 127, .107 
 
 8,815 
 
 587,076 
 
 209,088 
 
 221,553 
 
 15,075 
 
 33,952 
 
 8, .366 
 97,759 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Values of thr. Principal Article:, of Domestic Growth and Manu- 
 facture Exported from the United Kingdom to Prussia in each of the 3 Years ending with 1867. 
 
 riinclpal and other Artlclet 
 
 (Quantities l| Declared Ileal Value | 
 
 1865 1 1866 1 1867 [i 1S65 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 .(Ikall.ioda . • - - cwl. 
 Kerr and lie • - - - barn-Is 
 llorsi, iBlineil In the United Kingdom - lb. 
 IVmmt .... iwl. 
 r«li, cinders, and culm - - tons 
 li.|,prt.wTOU)!hlandunwrou|(ht . cwt. 
 CotlMijam - - . • • ">• 
 
 at raluo - - value 
 nruai and chemical producia • - .. 
 Fish, herrinp • - - Inrr.U 
 lliidw«Manoc«tlerj, unenumerated - iwi. 
 Iron, vrnuBlit and unwrouijht - - tons 
 
 1 l.nJ and shot - • " ,•• 
 L«llhtr, »rou|ht and unwiought - v,ilue 
 
 > I.int'n jam . • • - lb. 
 
 ,l.in«ni. entered bjUiejard - - yards 
 .Maihinetj ; steam eoKines - - value 
 
 all other Kinds - - ,• 
 Mi)la.i« .... rwt. 
 Oil, Med - - - ,- R"'!'^"" 
 
 1 Pilntm'coloun(nc.otherwliedesCTibed| value 
 Salt . . . . • toiii 
 Tin, unwrought - ■ . (;wt. 
 
 1 Tin plaies .... value 
 
 ' Woollen and wonted yam - - li». 
 
 1 WoollBii, entered by the yard - - .«"rds 
 at value - - vjliie 
 
 , All other articles - - - ,. 
 
 1 Total • • - value 
 
 182,981 
 3,168 
 2,019 
 
 188,788 
 
 .597,771 
 
 3,312 
 
 ;. 121,121 
 
 933,236 
 
 159,824 
 
 7,000 
 
 72,088 
 
 131 
 
 957,765 
 773,137 
 
 6,093 
 876,319 
 
 67,110 
 2,591 
 
 688",! 7 7 
 402,682 
 
 78,113 
 
 2,«09 
 
 1 ,'578 
 
 t9:,,858 
 
 48I,V'2S 
 
 3,613 
 
 4,181,2.10 
 
 6611,222 
 
 17~,731 
 
 4,803 
 
 41,177 
 
 691 
 
 6lT,076 
 752,120 
 
 7,113 
 856,113 
 
 40 740 
 1,<J80 
 
 392] 123 
 375,111 
 
 196,031 
 
 2,195 
 
 2,8iJ5 
 
 117,813 
 
 507,91.9 
 
 6,511 
 
 7,029,086 1 
 
 3,970,9;8 
 
 25'6,575 
 
 5.969 
 
 48,09fl 
 
 67 
 
 1,517,615 
 901,660 1 
 
 888,119 1 
 
 47,916 ' 
 4,278 ' 
 
 1,21~,891 
 1,111,0.14 
 
 £ 
 
 70,6!i9 
 
 10,280 
 
 5,522 
 
 23,322 
 
 2i7,392 
 
 1.5,773 
 
 2'J0,192 
 
 26,216 
 
 7,498 
 
 ' 1,779 
 
 ■2.V,,I5S 
 
 32,329 
 
 311,8,59 
 
 8,618 
 
 2,067 
 
 69,101 
 
 41,191 
 
 31,119 
 
 156,158 
 
 5,169 
 
 1I2,|J73 
 
 2,259 
 
 25,271 
 
 12,.V.S 
 
 11.619 
 
 109,1 12 
 
 31,9'J5 
 
 4,201 
 
 166,210 
 
 £ 
 
 39,613 
 
 9,292 
 
 4,180 
 
 1I,I'|6 
 
 2i;li,n4 
 
 111,600 
 
 .■.80,9.10 
 
 20,9181 
 
 8,615 
 
 10,088 
 
 870,830 
 
 25,1.16 
 
 272,261 
 
 12,lli3 
 
 801 
 
 43.918) 
 
 42,101 
 
 5,960 
 
 96,762 
 
 6,765 
 
 38,311 
 
 2,310 
 
 82,164 
 
 8,699 
 
 4,1.19 
 
 63,576 
 
 35,002 
 
 4,803 
 
 1 36,008 
 
 £ 
 
 89,838 
 
 9,018 
 
 8,723 
 
 16,706 
 
 281,157 
 
 29,4.13 
 
 701,0,8.3 
 
 122,050 
 
 12,.185 
 
 13,623 
 
 374,421 
 
 32,2.15 
 
 260,052 
 
 1,327 
 
 1,824 
 
 • 18,103 
 
 5",450 
 
 .ia,065 
 
 210,664 
 
 10,071 
 
 4'1,042 
 
 4,334 
 
 30,953 
 
 19,635 
 
 12,102 
 
 19J,545 
 
 91,709 
 
 2,787 
 
 136,985 
 
 '8,8!7,ll 1 
 
 1 - 
 
 8,095,320 
 
 1,800,499 1 
 
 STOCKHOLM. The capital city of Sweden, 
 situated at the junction of the lake Maelar with 
 an inlet of the Ualtic, in lat. 59° 20' C" N., long. 
 18° 3' 7" E. ; a well-built, handsome city. I'opu- 
 lationinl865, 133,361. 
 
 The entrance to the harbour is intricate and 
 ilatiRcrous, and should not be attempted without 
 a pilot ; but the harlour itself is capacious and 
 excellent, the largest vessels lying in safety close 
 to the quavs, which can accommodate several 
 liundreds. "The depth of water in the harbour 
 varies from 5 to 6 fathoms. ' Kodjupet,' directly to 
 the north of Stockholm, is the passage which de- 
 termimis the draught of vessels bound for this port. 
 The highest water line at Kodjupet is from 28 to 29 
 fct, but in consequence of the sudden bends in 
 tlic passage it is not safe, especially for vessels of 
 
 much length, to attempt to pass with a ijrcater 
 draught than 2i feet. Oif (Stockholm is the 
 Svenskar Bjorn light- vessel, in r>9°35'N. lat., and 
 19° 46' W. long. Stockhuliii possesses from a 
 third to a half of the foreign trade of .'•'wedeu ; 
 but this is conliiicd within comparatively narrow 
 limits. The Government was long accustomed to 
 endeavour to promote industry by e.xcluding 
 foreign products; latterly, towever, th^s system 
 has been very considerably relaxt'd, with great 
 advantage to the trade of the country, and the 
 well-being of the people. Notwitlistanding the 
 general inferiority of the soil, and the backward- 
 ness of the climate, agriculture has, within the 
 last 20 years, mad'j a more rapid progress in 
 Sweden than in, perhaps, any other country of 
 Europe ; and instead of importing, as was formerly 
 4(2 
 
 i 
 
 'I 
 
 9 
 
 if. : 
 
 '£ ' 
 
-YV*!* V 
 
 
 , ^ 
 
 1330 
 
 STOCKHOLM 
 
 
 J •• 
 
 ^ .:.'.. 
 
 ^;. 
 
 tlip onsp, she now exports largo quuntiliod of oats 
 nrid (itlipr Krain, (Sno post, for her exports of 
 com to KiiKlaml.) .Still iron, timber, anil deals 
 form tlic principal articles of export. Swedish 
 iron is of very superior (pialily, and is rather ex- 
 tensively used in (Ireat Hrilaiii, our imports of 
 \>\ix and har iron from Sweden amounting, in 
 IKiw, to upwards of "(),•'! I.'! tons, exclusive of 
 •l.firit; tons of steel. In addition to the above 
 leading articles, Stockholm exports pitch, tar, 
 co|>per &c. The timber is inferior to that from 
 the southern ports of the lialtic. The imports 
 principally consist of colonial products; cotton 
 stuffs and yarn ; iron, hardware, machinery, and 
 cnal. mostly frou' lOngland; -with woollens, wine, 
 silks, suit, hides, ;;iiano, lish, brandy, wool, fruit itc. 
 
 I'i/olafic, — I'ilols may be obtained by vessels 
 coniiiif; ironi the north, at Arholm and Siideram ; 
 and by vessels from tlie east and south, at Laiiil- 
 sort, llufvudsUilr, and Sandhanni. 
 
 The entrance fnmi Sandhanni is the shortest 
 .and straigbtest, and therefore the easiest and 
 cheapest passage to Stockholm. 
 
 Pilotage Charges. 
 
 
 From Lnndsort 
 
 In Siockliolni, 
 
 7'^ KngUsh 
 
 Miles 
 
 rksdl. Ure 
 
 .a 
 
 From 
 
 S,in(lh.-inin to 
 
 Storktioln), 
 
 38 KnKlisli 
 
 IMiln 
 
 rksdl. (lie 
 
 Hi 
 
 From 
 
 .\rtu)liu In 
 
 Stoi-kholni, .0(i 
 
 Ull^lisll .Miles 
 
 
 
 ikxll. (Ire 
 
 c 
 
 30 110 
 
 r. 
 
 If. 00 
 
 r, 
 
 21 SI) 
 
 7 
 
 ,■57 80 
 
 7 
 
 HO 00 
 
 7 
 
 31 20 
 
 8 
 
 iri .10 
 
 s 
 
 'il W 
 
 8 
 
 37 60 
 
 (1 
 
 ,W 80 
 
 9 
 
 ss .10 
 
 9 
 
 44 10 
 
 10 
 
 60 40 
 
 10 
 
 3'i 10 
 
 10 
 
 .01) 70 
 
 11 
 
 67 91) 
 
 ! 11 
 
 ,16 (iO 
 
 1 1> 
 
 .07 ."0 
 
 VI 
 
 75 .0(1 
 
 12 
 
 ■1(1 70 
 
 ! 12 
 
 63 10 
 
 1.1 
 
 8.1 10 
 
 : 13 
 
 44 SO 
 
 13 
 
 70 .10 
 
 14 
 
 90 an 
 
 14 
 
 49 00 
 
 14 
 
 76 90 
 
 |.'> 
 
 98 TO 
 
 1 '* 
 
 .03 00 
 
 15 
 
 S3 .10 
 
 l(i 
 
 lO/i 60 
 
 IB 
 
 .07 TO 
 
 1 16 
 
 89 70 
 
 17 
 
 11.1 .10 
 
 i '7 
 
 61 .10 
 
 17 
 
 96 30 
 
 IS 
 
 \m 70 
 
 1 IS 
 
 6.0 .01) 
 
 IS 
 
 102 90 
 
 19 
 
 las .10 
 
 i '9 
 
 6!) 60 
 
 19 
 
 109 40 
 
 •iO 
 
 13,5 90 
 
 ' '.JO 
 
 73 70 
 
 il) 
 
 11.0 90 
 
 For vessel.^ clearing outward in ballast, the 
 above charges are reduced by one-half. An extra 
 charge of 1 riksdalcr 50 iirc is made for attesta- 
 tion. 
 
 The winter clmrf^es, dating from September 1 
 to April 30, are increased by 2.5 per cont. from the 
 sea to the lirst pilot station inside the buoys. 
 
 Pilot's return fares, abr)iit 12 riksdalei. 
 
 Vessels bound to any place on the line of pas- 
 sage up to Stockholm must lake pilots at Land- 
 sort. 
 
 Light Dues. — Inwards — 84 riksdaler ; outwards 
 with cargo— 84 riksdaler. 
 
 Outwards in ballast — 42 riksdaler. 
 
 Lock Dues. — For the vessel — Under SO Swedish 
 nj'lilst, G ore per nyliLst; for every nylttst above 50, 
 35 (in, per nylast. 
 
 For the cargo — For every nylitst, 30 ore per 
 nyliist. 
 
 Shipping and Character of Sailors. — In 1806 
 there belonged to Sweden 3,323 vessels, of the 
 aggregate burden of 447,795 English tons. 'I 
 would,' says the British consul at Stockholm, ' beg 
 to remark, that in consequence of the superior 
 education of the masters and mates of Swedish 
 mercantile vessels, the subordination and steadi- 
 ness of their crews, combined with great care in 
 loading and unloading their cargoes, they and the 
 Norwegians have become favourite carriers with 
 merchants of all nations. This preference is not to 
 be attributed to a lower rate of freight, though 
 they offer that advantage also, but to the conti- 
 dence reposed in the zeal and intelligence of the 
 masters and crews.' This is the true cause of the 
 
 freat increase, of late years, in the number of 
 wedish ships bringing cargoes from foreign coun- 
 tries to England. 
 
 Tiihte. showing the Number ami Tonnage of lirilit 
 Venaels which arrived at the Port of ^tocMwt 
 in the Decade 1858-t)7. 
 
 Yean 
 
 Number of 
 
 SiilliliK 
 Veuell 
 
 Number of 
 Meaiiiern 
 
 Tolal 
 
 'tjWflHI. 
 1 oni>if;e 
 
 IKOH 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 3,.WI 
 
 IHO'I 
 
 2H 
 
 I 
 
 29 
 
 •0.M.1 
 
 ISIil) 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 3,31,1 
 
 I8i:i 
 
 2i; 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 fi.HPl 
 
 Hl,2 
 
 43 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 9,4'J'l 
 
 1K63 
 
 39 
 
 .0 
 
 44 
 
 lll.'lll 
 
 IS6I 
 
 31 
 
 .0 
 
 .19 
 
 'J,07U 
 
 1 86.0 
 
 63 
 
 18 
 
 81 
 
 21,(i|J 
 
 1866 
 
 48 
 
 2U 
 
 68 
 
 2II.HI 1 
 
 1867 
 
 .0,1 
 
 21 
 
 76 
 
 V0,I)I|1 
 
 Ctirrciiri/. 
 
 riiH unity l< the rikvilnlpr divliled inlii 100 lire. 
 T'lkini; tiie exrti.tnic' at ]y.\r, 18 rikiduler tu the £ sterling'. 
 J ilksdaU-r = It. IV. Knulisb. 
 1 Ure=',ib<iut Ji/. linKlUli. 
 
 JV^eights. 
 
 Tbemilly it the skalpund (100 ikalpunil =i')1-7l 17 lb. .itoiiilupoi,! 
 'I'lieskalimndlssulidivldi'd mio lllilort. and lO.IIIK) kom ; lUDitl 
 
 )iiiim1 make 1 rent'ier, and lil,l)llil ftk il|iiind I ii)llist. 
 I niilM = about S3 cwt. "0 lb, nvo rduii.il,. 
 I ii-ntner = 93 1b. 1 1 nz. a»olrdu|iol... 
 
 1 skalpiind = 1 1 oi. 7 ilr. 2 «c. 9 ffc. avairdu|mit 
 
 1 akipimnd = 400 Swedish skal|iuiul. 
 
 3feasures. 
 
 /.mil- .W(n«ii>'.-'l'he unity It Ibe fot (Km fot = 97-410 EnRliJi feet', 
 
 'J'bi- tot issubdividetl inio III mm, and lul) liidLr. 
 
 IDfnt make I ntan^, and 100 fot 1 ref. 
 
 I lef = aljout 1.0 fathoms I yd. 4 in. 2 barley-corns Enjjlish, 
 
 1 slani!= 1 fitbom 1 yd. 4 in. 
 
 1 fot =: 11 In. 2 barley-corns. 
 
 I luni — 1 in. 
 
 Sijti'ire .WfiUHrc— The unity of Swedish super(1ci.-tl incaiuivmciit i 
 Ilie ,qu-»re Int. 
 
 I I -fiiiare fot = i3fi-6.",P'iH Knulish square inches. 
 
 Til ' square fot is subdivided into lOU square liini, and lO.oO') sfluir 
 
 li,der. 
 11 II) square fut make I square stanji, ,ind i(l,l)l>)squ.irefot 1 'quarerei 
 1 square ref =: about 3,0 squarernds, 4 yds, 2 ft. Hlin. 7 barley, coroi 
 I square stanK™ 10 sq, yds. 4 ft. 127 in. 7 bariey-comi. 
 
 1 sijiiarc ftit = l."6 in. (i bar'ey-rorns. 
 
 j square turn =^ 1 in. 3 barley-corns. 
 
 Ciil>ic .Ufdiiire.— Applied to the measurement of dry (foods liquid. 
 
 and solids. 
 The unity is the cubic fot (100 cubic fot e<lual lo 92 Enijliih cubn 
 
 feet_7 13-1 1 17 Inches). 
 The cubic fot is suhdiviiled into 10 kannor, l.tKlO cubic turn, m 
 
 l,ll()i),l)l)l)cul>ic linier. 
 1 cubic fot = 1.097' !9ni7 Kll^Iisll cutiic inches. 
 
 1 cubic kannor = 1.09'719II7 „ 
 
 For dry floods ; — 1 tunna = ,0 cubic fot 6 kannor, Swedi.h. 
 l-'or liquids :— 1 tunna = 4 cubic fot S kannor, Swedish. 
 
 AVc export tr Sweden considerable quantitic 
 of colonial and foreign produce, the value therco 
 having amounted in 1861! to 71(5,717/,, ,intl ii 
 1807 to 752,889/. 
 
 The Swedish smelting furnaces and iron-work 
 are licensed to produce certain quantities, som 
 being as low as 60 tens, and others as high as 400 o 
 600 tons ; and some fine bariron-workshave license 
 for 1,000 tons each. These licenses are granted li; 
 over all the College of Mines, which has a coiitm 
 iron-works and mining operations. The iron-ni.n- 
 ters make annual returns of their manufacture 
 which must not exceed the privileged or liceiisci 
 quantity, on pain of the overplus being conliscatod 
 The college has established courts of mines ■: 
 every district, with supervising officers of varioii 
 ranks. All iron sent to a port of shipment inii? 
 be landed at the public weigh-house, the superin 
 tondent of which is a delegate of the college, j^ 
 that it is impossible for an iron-master to seni 
 more iron to market than his license authorises 
 It is true that sales are made to inland consumer 
 at the forges, of which no returns are made nut 
 antJ in so far the licenses are exceeded ; but it i 
 not supposed that the quantity so disposed of o-x 
 coeds a few thousand tons a-year. Every fiirnae 
 and forge pays a certain annual duty to theCrowii 
 Its amount is fixed by the college when the licens 
 is granted ; and care is taken not to grant th 
 license to anyone unless be have the comraniid o 
 forests equal to the required supply of charcoa 
 without encroaching on the supply of this materia 
 required for the existing forges in the neighbour 
 
 it !■;:,- S. :! 
 
mmm 
 
 e Number and Tonnage of JJritiili 
 arrined at the Port of Stockholm 
 18o8-ti7. 
 
 of 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 hieaiiivn 
 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 •^9 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 M 
 
 •i 
 
 i'> 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 SU 
 
 IH 
 
 HI 
 
 m 
 
 118 
 
 tti 
 
 7ii 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 •Vol 
 
 K.HVl 
 9,4'J'I 
 lil.'IH 
 
 9..'.;'j 
 
 VI,'M7 
 Vil.HII 
 
 Ciirri'iir;/. 
 
 liT ilivlili'il iiilii inoilro. 
 
 t V'lr, IS rikiiluk-r tu ttiL* £ iiterlln^. 
 
 kh. 
 
 Weights. 
 
 ind (100 skalimnd =;0T71 17 II). .uoinlupoi,), 
 
 liilwl into IliiPnrt. anil 10,11110 kotii ; lOUsl.il. 
 
 r, and l<l,00il sk ilpund 1 n>liist. 
 
 cwt. 7.^' lb. .Tvo rduimis. 
 
 lb. 1 1 nz. nroirdupol.^. 
 
 o/. 7 dr. 'i sc. 'J KT. avoirdupoii 
 
 [lUh skalpund. 
 
 Measures. 
 
 nilj In tbe fol (lim r.il = 97-llO EnijIlA for. 
 
 nio to nun, .ind 100 linlLr. 
 
 id 100 fol 1 ref. 
 
 iniiiA I yd. 4 in. 2 barley. corns Engli<ib, 
 
 mm 1 yd. 4 in. 
 
 2 barley corns. 
 
 ' unity of Swedish super(lci.ll inpjisuremcnt i. 
 
 .POS Knulish square Indies. 
 
 ivided into 100 square tuni, and lO.OOO mhiiic 
 
 square stanfr, and I O.oon square fot 1 ^quan- r^f. 
 
 .".'I square rods, 4 yds. '2 ft. 10 in. 7 barlt7.corib. 
 
 10 sq. yds. 4 ft. 127 in. 7 barley-conii. 
 l."(» in. (i bar'ey-rorns. 
 
 1 in. ?> barley-corns, 
 led to the measurement of dry goods lli^uids 
 
 c fot (100 cubic fot equal to 92 Enijlith cubic 
 
 s). 
 
 ivitied into 10 kannor, 1,000 cubic turn, and 
 
 T. 
 
 ■101117 En^Ilsli cubic Inches. 
 
 •719117 
 
 na = ') cubic fot fi kannor, Swedish. 
 
 =: 4 cubic fot (i kannor, Swedish. 
 
 ■ Sweden considerable quantities 
 breign produce, the value tliercof 
 2d in 186(! to 71(),717/., and in 
 
 smelting furnaces and iron-wnrks 
 produce certain qiiaiititio.'i, some 
 
 tf'Us, and otliers as high as '100 or 
 neflne bariron-workshave licen^s 
 ch. These licenses arc granted liy 
 lege of Mines, which has a contmi 
 nining operations. The iron-ma" 
 al returns of their manufacture, 
 
 exceed the privileged or liceiisnl 
 a of the overplus being confiscated, 
 s established courts of mines ''.i 
 ith supervising officers of various 
 
 sent to a port of shipment must 
 ! public weigh-house, the superin- 
 h is a delegate of the college, so 
 ssible for an iron-master to send 
 irlcet than his license authorises. 
 lies are made to inland consumers 
 
 which no returns are made nut, 
 B licenses are exceeded ; but it is 
 at the quantity so disposed of e.\- 
 isand tons a-year. Every furnace 
 , certain annual duty to the Crown. 
 ced bv the college when the license 
 
 1 care is taken not to grant the 
 e unless he have the command of 
 I the required supply of charcoal 
 liing on the supply of this material 
 existing forges in the neighbour- 
 
 
 'tS,'^-' 
 
 \ »•,'■■' 
 
 ^^' 
 
 ■J4 
 
 «4 , 
 
 nntwtrtt 
 
 
 / 
 
 Hofklir 
 
 1S^ 
 
 It 
 
 a 
 
 » !?. 
 
 (irrmlaw Light J14 ff i^ ^ 
 
 ■•.*.»■■• ■ .-J?- 
 
 U 
 
 M „ 
 
 io 
 
 :• k <^^^' fji^^^, 
 
 
 n 7 
 
 
 
 
 Ci 
 
 
 S T O (; K II O L M 
 
 '"^ its approatilies 
 
 
 :!n 
 
 vMi^'H Ajutianiii/ts ,S- t 
 
 .w,.;i>-i- l.ith-tg;' 
 
i 
 
 ^;rr-., 
 
 
 
 , "'i -^t 
 
 I. ' 
 
 -I 
 I 
 
^STOCKHOLM 
 |,r(ii(H< "f ''"' yiiliif of the ImpnrU iind K.r]xirl.i of 
 
 1331 
 
 f the Viilucs of the Importt anil Kj-ixirls of Sireilen in \Hi'u)-C>, frnin anil to each Cimnlry 
 traded with ; ahowinij the Averuyc Amimnin of the 5 l:'ear$ ending with IStiS, 
 
 I J,'„iil*m (itTinany anil the llan. 
 I ■ Willi- l'own« • • ■ 
 
 i ii[Srk,'8chle.wiK.lloUteIn • 
 
 1 iiriwrni Klnl|.mi 
 
 I H.,„ii .mil r.ircuKul 
 
 , iniwl MalM ,.•.„" 
 ; L-„| iii.iii-^anil Auhlr.iHa • 
 
 lW,..lliiillil 
 ,w-iit'li(>Oil 
 ,1 rallar anil Malta 
 illhetSnlf" 
 
 Total - 
 
 
 lS«i 
 
 \%r,n 
 
 ATcmtfe AvrTlKB 
 Kjj.uru Ini|Kirl« 
 
 rlkulnlpr rlkulalrr 
 
 Eiporu 
 
 Ini|>otu 
 
 rlknilaln 
 
 Eiporti 
 rlkuUIrr 
 
 lin(iorl» 
 
 rIkMlaler 
 
 rlkuUIn 
 
 53,'i 1 1,(11)0 
 
 .11,141,0011 
 
 .'j.1,'>:l),0(H) 
 
 .1.'>,K.-..1,IHI0 
 
 44,(.ijli,000 
 
 X4,*i'J,V'IO 
 
 H.'ilt.lKIO 
 
 .T2,H.1t,n(H 
 
 H,7Sl,ni*) 
 
 yi,'itr,,im} 
 
 7,iW),noo 
 
 3.1,RS7,<'i')0 
 
 11,.1I1,|HH) 
 
 .1,7l^,i""l 
 
 ia,(./,-i.i)(«) 
 
 .i,ji'i,iiiii) 
 
 ](),UHII,IOO 
 
 V,.17H,>IOll 
 
 lll.l.'ill.lKXt 
 
 in,o?'j,c).Kp 
 
 'J,IIH'., 
 
 l",.ii'Miiin 
 
 7,KKii r,m 
 
 H,si:.,sii(i 
 
 3,.'i!lil,ll(l0 
 
 .'•,HH 1,111 HI 
 
 4,71.1,0110 
 
 (i,'.H|.IHKI 
 
 •ifiJl.VM 
 
 .'>,.'iv(i,iMin 
 
 1 ,!l.'i 1 ,IMI(I 
 
 A.lli;,!!!"! 
 
 V,OS-.,IHIO 
 
 »,ii.i,i»i'i 
 
 a.iVH.viio 
 
 B.'IH 1,100 
 
 ri.iiM.iKHi 
 
 A,l.'iH,000 
 
 .'i.fiH.IIINI 
 
 i,M;ri,niiii 
 
 ."i.ll.l.Mlll 
 
 ,'i,i)iri,noo 
 
 6,167,1100 
 
 1,VII1,0II'I 
 
 .1,(i01,()llO 
 
 l.ll.V'OO 
 
 .'),U'i.'i,0Oi| 
 
 I,l'i7,'iii0 
 
 l,U»li,il(lll 
 
 (iMG.1 11)11 
 
 ■.',;»li,OIK) 
 
 li '11,11011 
 
 l,.1.1n,fNiil 
 
 l,fil7,M)0 
 
 .10,1 IIKI 
 
 .1,0<i-^,0IH) 
 
 — 
 
 .1,'*i|,iii«i 
 
 3I,M(HI 
 
 7>,Mil'i,V»l 
 
 lilKMIIH) 
 
 'DCiiUOO 
 
 l,,vri,iioo 
 
 •wi 
 
 l,'i.'.7,V00 
 
 81.1,'iOO 
 
 l(ill,lill() 
 
 — 
 
 .IS.imO 
 
 4W,1)II0 
 
 ,vjH/im 
 
 7,H0O 
 
 A,'i,OiiO 
 
 — 
 
 7V,illlil 
 
 — 
 
 IIK.HKI 
 
 VOU 
 
 .i,»;a,(K)0 
 
 IU»,08li,IIUU 
 
 (!,H9.1,l)flO 
 
 8,16iJ,i'iill 
 Io7,niir,ooir 
 
 (;,i'r,,(Kin 
 
 V,S'J.'»,U(H1 
 
 fi.oKH.nio 
 HM.yiiflOO 
 
 10J,)163,UU0 
 
 II'.M)I(1,IH)0 
 
 'Ji, I67,0UU 
 
 
 
 X.'i,Ul>t,lll 
 
 £ll,'iVi.V1 
 
 
 
 Imiiiiil I'l' the iluantitieH iinil Values of the I'liiieipal Articles Iinpnrled from Sweden into the 
 United Kingdom in each of the il I'ears ending with 18ti7. 
 
 I'rlncl-ial Attlclm 
 
 Animals: oini anil ImlU 
 cows ami f alvt-H 
 torn: whi-al - 
 
 liarlry - 
 I oat\ 
 
 oilier kinds 
 loiipirore 
 I i«lon, raw • 
 lion, ore 
 
 III liars, unwrou«lit 
 
 V'f 
 
 liloonl 
 
 .ml, unwrouclit - 
 liiiifiriiil wioil 
 
 ui. . tell fake - - " " 
 
 1 ,|.er, of all sorts 
 
 «',«! ,inil ilnilier, not sawn or spilt 
 .l,,il„ battens, boarda fcc, sawn or split 
 
 Ml'WOOll " " ' " 
 
 :,llllvVllOll . • • • 
 
 All jiher articles - - • 
 
 Total - - -. 
 
 tun-. 
 
 CMl. 
 
 tuns 
 
 cubic feet of packaites 
 
 tons 
 
 lasts 
 luails 
 
 value 
 
 .1,1110 
 
 1.'.7 
 
 Sfi,7Nli 
 
 171,.1«'.i 
 
 .1,tl(i9,^Mt 
 
 US.1 
 
 gi 
 
 B,3.1S 
 
 4.'i,01« 
 
 7,'.!Sl 
 
 li,7.1.'i 
 
 4,.110 
 
 12i,')0U 
 
 ■WO 
 
 ■2,(i.'.7 
 
 .-.0!) 
 
 214,.1li.'> 
 
 50fi,44O 
 
 .v,,aii 
 
 '^i,51U 
 
 Uuantltlcs 
 
 1 
 
 CoropuMil Krai Valu* 
 
 IKIiC 
 
 me; { 
 
 I!I6J 
 
 IHCn 
 
 1867 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 5,l.'i1 
 
 4,1 '.9 ■ 
 
 f,l,9l3 
 
 9N,'.,'il 
 
 S'1,974 
 
 I.Vi 
 
 7KI 1 
 
 l.tiSi 
 
 1,'I17 
 
 4, I'll 
 
 V!),'i.'iS 
 
 IH.V.VI 
 
 ii,'j7(; 
 
 I. ',,9 12 
 
 12,:VJ3 
 
 !(l(i, 1.1.1 
 
 X'i'j.tyi 
 
 111,117 
 
 121,4(i'i 
 
 (iS,HI3 
 
 !i,V'JI,aU 
 
 3,46.H,7!I6 
 
 1,U<I1,>)I(! 
 
 9l,ft,12li 
 
 I,.1H9,I41 
 
 7,'illB 
 
 li.llll 
 
 10,170 
 
 .i,i(;(i 
 
 2,9SI> 
 
 '.i,o!i:i 
 
 1,101 i 
 
 la.iM 
 
 20,1127 
 
 11,010 
 
 V.l 
 
 ,, 
 
 HI.', 
 
 I.M 
 
 
 4, OS.'. 
 
 30'> 
 
 12.M(i 
 
 6,74(i 
 
 47.5 
 
 5I,.').13 
 
 CO.O.'iO 
 
 5(IV,1.'.0 
 
 S2'.,.VII 
 
 r,(ll,.'.14 
 
 (i,9.').1 
 
 16,'^S7 
 
 43,704 
 
 31,93.'. 
 
 m,in 
 
 .1,41;'. 
 
 3,Wi I 
 
 2I,6H 
 
 27,7«3 
 
 2.'i,29(i 
 
 U.'KHi 
 
 4,(i.S0 
 
 (i1,'«3 
 
 41,093 
 
 li9,OI2 
 
 lliS,K»8 
 
 17l,.'>17 , 
 
 S3,.'J.T^ 
 
 11,(ii;0 
 
 .12,723 
 
 1,0X0 
 
 SI,-, ' 
 
 7,.'iCll 
 
 «,707 
 
 fi,H'>'> 
 
 (i,!).19 
 
 13,177 
 
 .'1,171 
 
 11, .'.71 
 
 33,N7.1 
 
 '.^1 
 
 11. '> 
 
 .1,1 VO 
 
 211 
 
 990 
 
 iM,Ml 
 
 204,1(12 , 
 
 4')ll,.-.'j.'i 
 
 433,111 
 
 432,112 
 
 M^,^r,^ 
 
 iSO,419 
 
 1 iMHiYjri 
 
 1,499,(121 
 
 l,5fi9,9f,2 
 
 .n,a7'i 
 
 4I1,.'.H2 
 
 31,117 
 
 2H,H.17 
 
 .12,4(i(i 
 
 1I,'<U0 
 
 13,701 
 
 .')2,2II3 
 
 2ll,'i29 
 
 21,981 
 
 .. 
 
 1 
 
 8,S,Ui2 
 
 90,992 
 
 66,441! 
 
 
 
 4,199,794 
 
 4,UOI,8A(i 
 
 4,7.'>6,SU3 
 
 iccount of the Qmntities and Values of the Principal Articles of Domestic Produce and Manu- 
 facture Exmrted from the United Kingdom to Sweden in each of the 3 Years ending with 18G7, 
 
 Princiiial Articlet 
 
 Alkali. *oda 
 
 .\|ii>artl and haberdashery 
 
 Bri-ii manufactures - • - 
 
 t uil^, cinders, and culm 
 
 ('opi*r, wrought and unwrouglit 
 
 loiinn jam - ■ " 
 
 lixioni, entered by the yard • 
 
 at value 
 Hirdware* and cutlery, unt.mmerated - 
 Iron, wrought and unwrouK)<t 
 Lead anil shot - * " 
 
 Michinerj : iteam engines 
 all other sorts 
 n.l.ieed - - - , ,^- 
 
 ' Hiinters' colours (not oth«rwIse describeu) 
 ! Tin, unwrought - - ■ 
 
 ■ Tinp'ate* . . - • 
 
 Wool, iheep and lambs* 
 , Woollen and worsted yarn 
 Woollens, entered by the yard 
 : at value 
 
 All ither articles - - • 
 
 I Total - - 
 
 
 
 Quantities 
 
 1 
 
 
 1865 
 
 186G 
 
 1867 
 32,388 
 
 cwt. 
 
 23,096 
 
 32,313 
 
 value 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 783 
 
 700 
 
 332 
 
 tons 
 
 261,982 
 
 274,2H5 
 
 273,899 
 
 cwt. 
 
 3,113 
 
 3,161 
 
 3,6 IS 
 
 lb. 
 
 1,431,710 
 
 1 ,599,888 
 
 1,099,170 
 
 yartU 
 
 1,511,980 
 
 2,297,505 
 
 1, -537 ,97 7 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 cwt. 
 
 7,026 
 
 4,131 
 
 3,905 
 
 tons 
 
 25,024 
 
 12,4.50 
 
 8,175 
 
 ,, 
 
 91 
 
 109 
 
 77 
 
 value 
 
 .. 
 
 .• 
 
 
 Kallonj 
 
 58,781 
 
 32,756 
 
 21,527 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 cwt. 
 
 473 
 
 544 
 
 310 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ., 
 
 ,. 
 
 lb. 
 
 38,781 
 
 32A1t 
 
 .13,417 
 
 
 111,435 
 
 85,455 
 
 34,656 
 
 vards 
 
 71)8,632 
 
 696,975 
 
 735,627 
 
 value 
 
 ■ • 
 
 • ■ 
 
 • • 
 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 1865 
 
 Declaretl Ileal Value 
 1866 
 
 £ 
 
 9,837 
 
 41, .18 7 
 
 3,84 1 
 
 1 1(1,879 
 
 11,218 
 
 129,687 
 
 ,17,762 
 
 8,121 
 
 42,027 
 
 201,021 
 
 l,99U 
 
 22,015 
 
 24,771 
 
 7,993 
 
 2,909 
 
 2,334 
 
 6,455 
 
 4,474 
 
 19,708 
 
 74,513 
 
 838 
 
 127,584 
 
 "903,307' 
 
 13,182 
 
 30,170 
 
 3,090 
 
 133,855 
 
 11,919 
 
 1.16,317 
 
 62,469 
 
 11,278 
 
 48,.'j69 
 
 108,907 
 
 2,483 
 
 4.1,.V)4 
 
 56,676 
 
 4,723 
 
 2,056 
 
 2,516 
 
 6,396 
 
 3,2.14 
 
 14,183 
 
 62,874 
 
 £61 
 
 81,096 
 
 823,188 
 
 1867 
 
 £ 
 
 I2,3i6 
 
 20,(171 
 
 1,599 
 
 137,2.15 
 
 1 1,365 
 101,807 
 
 45,S9H 
 7,982 
 
 26,303 
 
 55,103 
 1,607 
 
 12,772 
 
 42,3.10 
 .3,487 
 2,094 
 1,4.19 
 6,823 
 2,5f6 
 6,198 
 
 Sl,746 
 263 
 
 93,401 
 647,318" 
 
 Liiod. As the supply of pig-iron is limited to the 
 quantity licensed to be made, the college, in grant- 
 ing new licenses to bar-iron works, always takes 
 into consideration how far this may be done with- 
 out creating a scarcity of pig-iron. Hence, the 
 erection of new forges depends — 1st, on having a 
 supply of charcoal, without encroaching on the 
 fimsta which supply your neighbouii. ; and 2nd, on 
 ilie quantity of pig-iron which the college, knows 
 lube disposable. The courts of the mines decide 
 all disputes that arise among the iron-masters re- 
 garding the exceeding of their licenses, encroach- 
 ments lie. ; an appeal to the college lying from 
 
 their decision, and ultimately to the king in coun- 
 cil, or to the supreme court of the kingdom. 
 
 It is needless to dwell on the impolicj' of such 
 regulations. No doubt it is quite right for Govern- 
 ment to interfere to prevent the waste and de- 
 struction of the forests ; but, having done this, it 
 should abstain from all other interference, and 
 leave everyone at liberty to produce as much iron 
 as he may think proper. Mines of any importance 
 are usutuly held by a society of shareholders. 
 Some of them are only worked occasionally ; and, 
 as the labour is performed by peasants, who "live 
 ostensibly by industry, it is impossible to form any 
 4q2 
 
 ;ii-; 
 
 4 :J 
 
 Ml! 1 
 1 M i 
 
 'I r 
 
 n ■' 
 
 .'i- 
 
 r-\ 
 
. ; 
 
 
 !■: 
 
 ) ■•• 
 
 
 '■I <y 
 
 il 
 
 I ,; 
 
 
 '^M. 
 
 i 'i ; ■ 
 
 1332 
 
 STOCKINGS 
 
 coirrct cstimntc of tliPiiunibrn' vn^mril in miiiiiif; 
 iiiiliiHtrv. Swidfii now (IMiiK) boiivts ii|Pwnr(U of 
 1,<IU0 iMiulinli mill's of riiilwiiv. 
 
 .ST()CKIN(iS, iiH cvcryoiK! knows, nn' covcr- 
 iriK" lor the li'us. 'I'lu'y lire formrd of onlv one 
 tlirpnd cnlwini'il, ko an to form ii HpccicH of tissue, 
 cxtri'mcly cliistic, nml rondily luliiptiiiK ilsclf to 
 tlip tinuTv of tli« piirt, il is ciniiloycd to cover. 
 This tisHne riiimot l)e eullcd elcilli, for it liiis 
 iieitlier warp nor woof, liiit it npprouelies closely 
 to il; niid for tlie jiurposes to wliieli it is applied, 
 it is very superior. 
 
 I. llmtoricul Hhilih of the Slfkliig Manu- 
 fiiiiiire. — It is well known that llu 'toninns ami 
 other ancient nations had no imrtic.lar elutliin); 
 for the lef,'s. Dnrin^ the nn<ldle iif{es, iiowever, 
 hose or /njiiiiii/n, maile of cloth, hepni to he list il ; 
 mill at a later period the art of knitting; Ktockin;;s 
 was discovered. I'lihickily, iiothin;^ certain !■' 
 known as to the indiviihial hy whom, the place 
 where, or IIk^ lime when, this important in- 
 Tcntion was made. Howell, in his llmtorij nftlii- 
 World (v(d. iii. p. 2J-'), says that Henry VIII. 
 wore none but cloth hose, except there came from 
 Spain by jtreat chance n pair of silk stocking's; 
 that Kir Thomas (iresliani, the fainon.s merchant, 
 ])rc.sciited Kdward VI. with a pair of lout; silk 
 8lockinf;s from .Spain, and that ihti iirescnt was 
 much taken notice of; and he adds, that (^ueen 
 Klizabclli was presented, in the third year of her 
 reiKii, with a pair of black knit silk stockings, and 
 that from that time she ceased to wear clolli 
 hose. It would appear from this circumstantial 
 accoimt, that the art of knitlinji stockings, or at 
 least that the lirst specimens of knit stockings, 
 had been introduced into I'.nglaiid from Spain 
 about the middle of the Kith ceiiturv; and fucIi 
 Hccms to have been the general opinion, till nil 
 allusion to the practice of knitting;, in the pre- 
 tended poems of Howley, forged by Chattcrton, 
 made the subject be more corefully investifjated. 
 The result of this investigation showed clearly 
 
 the concern got into difnculties, and I,cc died jn 
 poverty at Taris. A knowledge of the niailiine 
 was brought back from France to Mnghmd liv 
 some of the workmen who had emigratecl wjili 
 I.ee, and who established themselves in Notlinj;. 
 hainsliire, which still continues to bo the principal 
 scat of the muiuifaetnre. (Ileckniann's Intn- 
 liiiim, vol. iv. pp. !llll-!l'.'l; ami Lellrm (,n tlu 
 l/lilili/ and I'ohcy of Mnchinn, I.ond. 1H7(I,| 
 
 During the first century alter the inventiciii if 
 the stocking fiaine, few iinprovements were innili) 
 upon it, and two iiii'ii were usually einpli>vii| it, 
 work one frame. Hut in the course of la^t ci'iiinrv 
 the machine was very greatly iuiiiroved. i||',. 
 late ingenious Mr. .ledeiliah .Sirutt, of Herliv, \s\n 
 the first iiidivi<hial who suceecdeil in adapting; it. 
 to the manufacture of riliied Hlockings. 
 
 ■J, Stiitintinil View of the Slorliiiiii Tiwlr —h 
 is not possible, perhaps, to obtain any virv 
 satisfactory information in regard to tlii' Cmi'ii'i 
 or value of the stocking trade. It einhraccs imi 
 only stockings, jiropcrly so called, but a great iriimv 
 other articles, including woollen ami cuitiii 
 drawers, gloves, mitts, nightcaps, socks, kiiiitnl 
 shawls Ac. And even a.s respects st()ckiii;,'.H, ih,: 
 varieties are so very numerous ninl ilillVr >o 
 wiilely, comprising all sorts, from those of tiic 
 finest to those of the coarsest silk, cotton, iiiirt 
 wool, that nothing better than u roiigii estinialj 
 can be formed of their value. 
 
 In ln;t2, Mr. Kclkiii, of Nottingliain, who iiiinl- 
 maiiy elaborate enquiries into the subject, esli- 
 niated the number of frames at work at ,'!;i,ooii, 
 and the total value of the hosiery prixhiced at 
 1 ,!l'.ll ,000/. This estimate was piohal.ly unijir- 
 rated at the time ; and is now, there iiia bo \i« 
 doubt, greatly below the mark. From tho I*-! 
 information we can obtain, we incline to think 
 that the entire value of the hosiery produccil in 
 Great Dritnin, whether by frames or otliiTwi.i'. 
 ■nay (1H08) amount to somewhere aliuut 
 (J,f)00,000/. a-year. Tho average consumption 
 per individual of hosiery in the same divisiuii uf 
 the empire may, it is believed, be taken at about 
 '1.1. a-year; and if wo take the popiilatiim at 
 %'> millions, this will give .5,000,0(1(1/. for llnir 
 consumptiou; and adding to this 1,000,01)11/, lor 
 the value of tho exports to foreign countrii- 
 (l,20O,(i27/. in IStitl), a sum of 500,000/. will 
 remain to defray the cost of those sent to Irclaml. 
 We are pretty well satisfied that this estimate i' 
 not far from the mark. And moderate as it inay 
 secm to be when compared vritli others that liavr 
 
 that the practice of knitting was well known in 
 England, and had been referred to in Acts of 
 ]'arliament, a good man;,- years iirevioiisly to the 
 period mentioned by Howell, liut it had then, 
 most probably, been a])plied only to the manu- 
 facture of woollen stockings ; and the general use 
 of cloth hose shows that even these had not 
 been numerous. There is no evidence to show 
 whether the art is native to England, or has 
 been imported. (Heckmann's Inventions, vol, iv. 
 art. 'Knitting, Nets, and Stockings.') 
 
 It is singular that the stocking frame, which, been put forward, it sets the great importance m 
 even in its rudest form, is a very comjile.x ami the manufacture in a very striking point of view, 
 ingenious machine, that could not be discovered Of l,20ti,ti20 dozen pairs of cotton and wiiuiltii 
 accidentally, but must have been the result of ; stockings and socks, of the value of 4-l!<,iL''i/.. 
 deep combination and profound sagacity, should exported in 18U7, 334,9,'>1 dozen pairs, wuiili 
 have been discovered so early as 1.08!); before, in l.'Jl,4l;>/., were shipped for Australia. Of lli>' 
 fact, the business of knitting was generally in- ■ residue, which were sent to a great many iilacis 
 troduced. The ''iiventor of this admirable , the United States and the Argentine Confcdcn- 
 
 machine was Mr. William Lee, of Woodboroiigh, < tion took the largest number 
 
 in Nottinghamshire. He attempted to set up an 
 
 establishment at Calverton, near Nottingham, for 
 
 the manufacture of stockings, but met with no 
 
 success. In this situation be applied to the 
 
 queen for assistance; but instead of meeting 
 
 with that remuneration to which his genius and 
 
 invention so well entitled him, ho was dis- 
 couraged and discountenanced ! It need not, 
 
 therefore, excite surprise that Lee accepted the 
 
 invitation of Henry IV. of France, who having 
 
 heard of the invention, promised him a ma;,iiili- 
 
 cent reward if he would carry it to France, 
 
 Henry kept his word, and Lee introduced the 
 
 stocldng frame ut Houen with distinguished 
 
 success; but after the assassination of the king, 
 
 In Sir. Felkin's paper on the stale of the hte 
 and hosiery trades of Nottingham, read at lln' 
 meeting of the Social Science Association licW 
 in )8G0, he says: — 
 
 'In the hosiery business of Nottingham ilicrt 
 were at work in 1805 11,000 narrow haul 
 machines, emphiying domestically 7,500 men ami 
 3,500 women oriil yontho, at wages from Gs. 'f 
 '20»., averaging, by the statements of the accdiiiiis 
 of the hands themselves, 40*. Crf. weekly; al^i 
 4,250 wide hand machines, likewise domcsiic.illy 
 employing 4,250 men, from 10». to 30s., nvcrnj|;iii|.'. 
 according to the workmen's statement, 1 js. weekly 
 wages. These 15.250 hand frames were placed m 
 4,020 shops, in 80 parishes spread over the 
 
i^^^ 
 
 T'-nf 
 
 llcuUifx, nii'l I.<'c <li"l in 
 i(i\vlc'il«f '>•' tl'« iimiliiiii" 
 II Fruiici' tn Kiinlniiil In 
 wliK liiiil i'mi(.'iiitiMl Willi 
 a tlifiiiM'lvi'rt ill Notliin; 
 ntiniK's to lio tlio iTiinijiil 
 iro. (Itri kninim's linn- 
 -;j'.' 1 ; uik' I'l'lli'i"' iin Ml- 
 fiuliiiirs, L'lnd. lH7(i.i 
 iirv "ll''' 'i'" iiivfiiiidii if 
 ' iiiiiirDVciiU'iit:! wen iiiii.lo 
 were iiHiiiilly cmiiliiyi il i., 
 11 tliiM'iiiirKciif la-l (•(■iitiirv 
 y ^'ri-allv inipriivcd. Hi.. 
 •diiili Stfult, of Drrliy, wik 
 ) Niicci'i'dcil ill adiiiiliii-it. 
 iVyfccf/ itlocUiiiK". _ 
 nf'tlie Storliinii Tmili—h 
 l\ui<, to iil)tam iiiiy viry 
 II ill n-niird to tlir iMiiit 
 ii)i trndo. It (Miiliriu'i's imi 
 ,• M) cttlicul, but a Kf'id iii:i)iy 
 lint; woollen and cuttiii 
 s, iii(;litoai)s, »mV.*, kniltnl 
 II as rcspi'Cls .slnrl<in;,'S, llii", 
 
 ■ iiiiiiiiToiis and dilVcr mj 
 II sorts, from \\w*v of llio 
 V. coarsest silk, cotton, and 
 ttor than a roii^di fstiniau 
 
 ■ value. 
 
 1, of Nottiiitiliani, wlio mailc 
 iries into tlic Kiibjoct, csli- 
 ' frames at work at li:!,!!!!", 
 of the hosiery iirixliici'd at 
 imatc was prolud.'iv umlcr- 
 iiid is now, there lun be \\<> 
 the mark. From the lic-i 
 obtain, wc incline to tliiiil 
 of the hosiery producoil ia 
 licr by frames or otlitrwi-r, 
 int to somewhere alioui 
 The nvcrane consiimiilion 
 iiery in the same division dt 
 9 believed, be taken at about 
 wc take the popnlatinn at 
 11 ffive .5,000,011(1/. for lluir 
 "ding to this 1,000,011(1/. I'T 
 xports to foreign couiitrn* 
 ), n sum of 500,000/. will 
 co!^t of those sent to Irdaiul. 
 atisfiedlhat this estimate i. 
 „. And moderate as it may 
 iiiarcd with others tlwit liavp 
 sets the great imporlanec «! 
 , Ycry striking point of view. 
 n pairs of cotton and wuolltii 
 ,, of the value of 448,(ii'*(.. 
 334,951 dozen pairs, woijli 
 ped for Australia. Oj Hi" 
 sent to a great many \m^'- 
 nd the Argentine Confwlcri- 
 numbers. , . i . 
 
 nner on the state of the Ian' 
 ,f Nottingham, read at tii'| 
 :ial Science Association 1:ch 
 
 isiness of Nottingham ilicrt 
 
 1805 11,000 narrow Uan. 
 
 I. domestically 7,500 men ai. 
 
 •outh., at wages iroiu bs. ' 
 he statements ot Ibe accoum- 
 
 elves, 40«. Crf. weekly; ^ 
 3hines, likewise domcsiicali 
 n,fromlO<..to30s.,avirai;i"j.. 
 
 .men's statement, lo».«;ee^ 
 ,0 hand frames were placed m 
 
 parishes spread over U'^ 
 
 STORF..S 
 
 I'oiinty <if Notlinghnni. The cutlre nvernge 
 wii;ii'S of 4'J,000 frames in IM 44 was ahoul (t.v. a 
 wiM'k oiil\'. These two classes of liand nin< liincs, 
 il 14 euiMpiited, give eiiipli)ynieiit to aliniit '.'(l,(iiii| 
 v/iiiiien and girls as wiiniers and seamers, earning 
 .|«, (Mill oil an average. There an* about l,li(i(l 
 Hid,' power rotary frames, employing 700 men, at 
 froiii '-'Oi. 'o •'I-''.; anil about id.ilOO girls and 
 •wdiiien, scamers anil wimlers, on an aver.ige of .Ss 
 
 1333 
 
 out and heme will not be less than 40 days : pro- 
 vided such stores he duly iHirne upon the ship's 
 vietiinlliiig bill, aiiil be shipped ill such i|iiaiitilies, 
 and subject to such directions and rei'iilalioiis, as 
 the ('iiiiiiuissiiiinTs of (.'iisioiiis shall direct ami 
 apiioiiil. (K! «t 17 Vict. e. 107 s. 110.) 
 
 Itiim of the llritisli |d:iiitatiuns iiniy be delivered 
 to the scaridier, to be shipped as stnrcs for any 
 ship, wilhoiit entry or pnyiiicnt of any duty ; ami 
 
 weekly. 'I liere arc about l,"J()() (-els of circiibir | any surplus stores of any ship maybe didivereil 
 -Mind' powiT frames improved, einplnying .100 j lo'llio ci'arclier, to be ro shipped as' stores for the 
 men ami 500 youths, at from Via. to W'ta. weekly : j same ship, or lor the s.iiiic niii-tcr in another ship, 
 • I 1,(1(10 women, getting I'.N. to '!»». weekly ! without entry or payineiit of any duty —such rum 
 
 mid such surplus slore< being duly Imrile upon 
 the victualling bills of such sliijis respectively; 
 and if the Kbip, for the future use of which any 
 surplus stores have been wareliinised, shall have 
 been broken up or sold, such stores may be so 
 delivered for the use of any other ship beionging 
 to the same owners, or may ln^ eiilcted for pay- 
 ment of ilnty, and delivered fur Ibe private use of 
 such owners or any of tliem, or of the master or 
 purser of the ship. (Sec. 17.) 
 
 The searchers in London, on clearance of 
 vessels eoaslwise to take in cargoes fur foreign 
 parts, arc to apprise the eoMectors of cus- 
 tom:! at the outports where the vessels may bo 
 bound, of the i|nanlity and description of the 
 goods which may have been sliippeil as stores 
 on board such ve.tsels, and that Jiond has been 
 given by the masters of the vcs.iels that no jiart 
 of such stores shall be consunied by the crew.s, or 
 aiiieiniteii in 1H()5 to about 3,000,(1(10/. The two j any package opened or altered, until the ves.sels 
 
 „ii"es. Till! winders, cutters, meiiders, anil 
 ciliers attached to these are about, 11,0(1(1 women 
 and girls, averaging 7)i. to r.'o. a Wfek. And 
 time are about 400 warp machines making 
 liii-iery hv power, employing 100 men, at IIk. to 
 ;;,i,<. ; 'and' 'JOO youths, at l'_'s. to -.'Oii. ; besides 400 
 waipers &c. (iiicii), gaining about '.'5.1. ; and also 
 •j.iKiO women and girls_ still liiiig Ac, at H.i, a week 
 <.n an average. It is prolialilc that there are 
 •.1,0(10 men emiiloyeil in bleaching, dveiiig in\, 
 and lis porters ic, at I'Os. to 35.i. weekly ; besides 
 .'i.iKiO menders, folders iVc, working in warehouses, 
 at Iriiin ><». to Via. weekly. To these must be 
 lidded the warehousemen and clerks in Hti e»ta- 
 blishnicnts for tinishiiig and sale of goods in 
 Ntilliiigbain. The Xottinghiim hosiery business 
 is iiow belii'vcd to be giving employment to 
 about 17,000 males and 44,000 females— to- 
 tellier 1)1,000 workpeojde. The estimntcd returns 
 
 flaple trades of Notlingluim, therefore, distributed 
 ill return an amount of somewhat mine than 
 }t,(ii)(l,0(iO/. sterling last year, and furnished, in 
 the aggregate, employment to nearly 200,000 
 Workpeople.' 
 sroHAX. [lUi-s.VM.] 
 
 •STOUKS, MILITAUY ANn NAVAL, include 
 •iinis, ammunition «tc. It is enacted that the 
 iniportatioii of arms and nmninnitioii iiiav be ])ro- 
 liiliited by proclamation or order in council (s.'l5), 
 and the "exportation, or carrying coastwise of 
 niilitnry and naval stores, niiiy bo prohibited in 
 the snino way (s. 150), and the importation of 
 j,'nii|iowdcr, animiinition, arms, or utensils of war, 
 into llritisli America or the Mauritius, except from 
 the United Kingdom or any Hrilisli possession, is 
 absolutely prohibited fs. 1.59). (1(J it 17 Vict. c. 
 10', or I'listoms Cimsolidation Act.) 
 
 .Sl'Oltl'^S. In Commercial Navigation, the siip- 
 jijies of ditFcrent articles providcil for the siib- 
 .•■isiciice and actumniodation of the ship's crew 
 and ])nsseiigcrs. 
 
 It is laid down, in general, that the surplus 
 stores of every ship arriving from parts beyond 
 ffii.'i are to be subject to the sume duties nnd 
 re^'niations as thiue which affect similar roni- 
 inoditics when impori<^d as mcrchnndi.sc ; but if 
 it shall appear to the collector of customs that 
 the iiuaiitity of such stores is not excessive, nor 
 unsuitable, under all the circumstances of the 
 voy.ige, tlicy may be entered for the private use 
 (if the master, purser, or owner of such ship, on 
 liayment of the proper duties, or be warehoused 
 for the future use of such ship, although the 
 fame could not be legally imported by way of 
 merchandise. (10 & 17 Vict. c. 107.) 
 
 For such places as are not included in the an- 
 nexed list, the same allowance should be granted 
 a.s is given to the place nearest thereunto. 
 
 (iooda delivered into the charge of the searchers 
 tnhc shipped as stores, may be so shipped without 
 «ntry or payment of any duty, for any ship of the 
 biirilpii of 60 tons a*' least bound upon a voyage 
 to foreign parts, the probable duration of which 
 
 have Bclniilly been cleared on their foreign 
 voyages ; nnd the collectors of customs at 
 the out-ports are in like iiiaiiner to cause a 
 similar communication to be iiiiide to the ports 
 where the outward cargoes arc to bo taken on 
 board, and the otlicers at such ports arc to take 
 care to ascertain that the several goods so shipped 
 arc actually on board the vessels on their arrival, 
 and have neither been consumed nor run on shore 
 during the coasting voyage; and if so, to report 
 the Kamo to the llotird. (.l//;i. by Cum, of 
 Customs, February 19, ltJ33.) 
 
 List of Foreign Goods allowed {with the addition 
 of "25 per rent, to guard agiiinsl Ike casualties of 
 a sea voyage) to be shipped as Stores from the 
 bonded Warehouses free of Duty. (Customs 
 Minute, November 29, 1K32, and numerous 
 subsequent orders of that Hoard, and the 11 & 
 12 Vict, c, 122.) 
 
 Tea, \ (17.. ; coffee or cocoa, or cocoa paste, 
 
 1 07.. per day for each person on hoard, with tho 
 option to ship the entire ([imntity reijiiired for tho 
 voyage of either species of these articles, half an 
 oz. of tea being considered equal to one oz. of 
 cofl'ee or cocoa, or cocoa paste. 
 
 fyine, 1 quart jier day for the master, eoch 
 mate, and cabin passenger. 
 
 Wine may be shipped instead of spirits, or a 
 proportion of each, 1 pint of wine being equal to 
 4 pint of spirits. 
 
 Wine bottled in the bonded warehouses for 
 exportation may be shipped asstores, in packages 
 containing not less than I doz. reputed <|uarta or 
 
 2 doz. reputed pint bottles. 
 
 Spirits, viz. brandy, geneva, rum (British 
 
 Clantation), ^ pint per day fur each person on 
 oard. 
 
 ISritish plantation or East India rum or British 
 spirits to he in the proportion of 4 of the whole 
 quantity of spirits ship|ied. Spirits imported in 
 bottles, or bottled in the bonded warehouses for 
 exportation, may be shipped as stores, in pack- 
 
 Um 
 

 I 
 
 in34 
 
 HTORKS 
 
 A Lilt hi/ which ^>_ calrulalt the Amnunt of Sloreii for the' ftimated Average Xiimbrr of Dnut' 
 Duration of it Voyoiji- from !/„■ l/nilij Kinijilom to the. ilifferent I'orti enumerated and bath. 
 
 I'orli of Dttilliutlun 
 
 Hail 
 
 ruii« of IlnilnaUuii 
 
 'T 
 
 I'oru III DnllDMlan 
 
 '¥ 
 
 Poru tl DmiimUmi 
 
 \y 
 
 AIh.. 
 
 VojaiC 
 
 Cnp^nhaiivn • 
 
 Vu,a,p 
 
 Imi 
 
 
 Voyaj. 
 
 »(11 
 
 
 U^ 
 
 Malahar 
 
 Homw 
 
 . m 
 
 1 IIH) 
 
 1 nil 
 
 IWI) 
 
 1 Vi 
 
 l«l) 
 
 IWI 
 
 imi 
 
 will 
 \H 
 Will 
 I'CI . 
 
 I'll) 
 
 IIKI 
 IHU , 
 Ht 
 
 mi 
 win) 
 
 Will 
 
 Iwi , 
 nil 
 
 iHII 
 
 I "II 1 
 
 At H|l1lll'll, Kfvill'O 
 
 iM 
 
 ('<H|UllllllO 
 
 IIHI 
 
 , Mal..ira 
 
 4INI 
 
 Hu(.ii 
 
 Ale itiiilrriin - 
 
 IHI) 
 
 InrlM l>ll> 
 
 liiii 
 
 IMalaua 
 
 l(() 
 
 Nt. .(nilerii • 
 
 A'viitiiilrU ■ 
 
 IM) 
 
 I'or^U'.i lal« . 
 
 im 
 
 Malta 
 
 1411 
 
 HI. Andrew, N»niun( 
 
 AIki»m 
 
 IWI 
 
 I'liruitna 
 
 Ml 
 
 Manualur* 
 
 1(, , 
 
 Mt. Aiillualina'a llay . 
 
 AlUiiiit 
 
 III) 
 
 rriin<laat 
 
 IIKI 
 
 Manilla 
 
 tVII 
 
 Nt. Jtartl<iiltjiii«w * 
 
 Almrrlil 
 
 ■ Ml 
 
 ( Ml.n 
 
 Vlll 
 
 M.iraiihaiii • 
 
 mo 
 
 hi. t hrntoidwr'. 
 
 AHm 
 
 no 
 
 Cuililaior* 
 
 4IKI 
 
 Maneit.iUntt < 
 
 Inn 
 
 Nl. (nut 
 
 Aiuiiit<i . • 
 
 IMI 
 
 (uinana 
 
 tm 
 
 IMaraellle* 
 
 IHI 
 
 Hi. llninliiKu > • 
 
 Annitlxni.t 
 
 lid 
 
 <'uiav<.a 
 
 mil 
 
 Martlnlcii 
 
 IMI 
 
 HI, K.u-lalia ■ 
 
 AntiKua 
 
 IMI 
 
 1 y]irn« • 
 
 mo 
 
 Maiitili)i.iiani • 
 
 4IHI 
 
 Nt. Ilalina ■ 
 
 AnhMiiuvt 
 
 l«ll 
 
 llaul/li- 
 
 IIHI 
 
 Maiiiitiuk • 
 
 w;i) 
 
 HI. John, New Hriini. . 
 
 mil 
 
 lla<u'»Nlr>'-- 
 
 will 
 
 M»niel 
 
 lIH) 
 
 Nl. Jdhn'B, Nawtouiiil, 
 
 A-vc«n>l(m I»ii- 
 
 'ill! 
 
 IWIawan- ;la» 
 
 IVI 
 
 Messina 
 
 1.10 
 
 Nt. I.ucia 
 
 AllHUtliDV'n ItilV 
 
 i.'iii 
 
 llvint'rHra • 
 
 I.VI 
 
 MiOc.i. ri./< Vara 
 
 
 Ht. Martin 
 
 Au'trMl'.i 
 
 *w 
 
 l>oiiilini-a • 
 
 mo 
 
 (Til/ and .Viapulcu. 
 
 
 Ht. .Mary'. . 
 
 HI. Mil hi Viorn . 
 
 Aiori-n ItltM • 
 
 w 
 
 llrunlliflm ■ 
 
 IIHI 
 
 .Mlniirca 
 
 110 
 
 |l«h<iit4lit«» 
 Hiihlit 
 
 I.MI 
 
 Klliu Mil 
 
 I.VI 
 
 .MIrntnlclil • 
 
 IHU 
 
 HI. Halvador, or Uahia 
 
 ilHI 
 
 KlhinK 
 
 !}!> 
 
 •Moclm 
 
 .1(i.) 
 
 HI. Hebat ..,!• 
 
 HmONKxt 
 
 \H\ 
 
 KUiiii*iir 
 
 II'O 
 
 .Mouadore 
 
 IIM 
 
 Ht Tlioinaa • 
 
 llattNiilfm 
 
 IKO 
 
 KmlxliM 
 
 4W 
 
 .MoL'iMlnre 
 
 IWO 
 
 bl. Uwr. 
 
 ll«rt'vl(>n« 
 lliircvlur 
 
 nil 
 
 K»M<|uilin 
 
 mo 
 
 Moni«VIJ«Q« 
 
 W.1II 
 
 HI. Vliii.'tni'> • . 
 
 M!t 
 
 KaiklaiHl I»li>4 
 
 VIO 
 
 AInntrval 
 
 Kll 
 
 Hain ^ . 
 
 ll.iUfU 
 
 4IIII 
 
 ■•'.■ri' Nl 1^1 .N. Srn - 
 
 IIHI 
 
 l\t(iiitM.rral 
 
 ■ Ml 
 
 Halarno 
 
 ',; ' 
 
 li.iy tirCnmpcarhv 
 
 mil 
 
 Farn KlaiiJ^t t .in.irlva • 
 
 m 
 
 Nanie* 
 
 NO 
 
 Halunica 
 
 i^'i 
 
 H.y of K..»r> - 
 
 no 
 
 Kmal 
 
 mi 
 
 Na|.le. 
 
 I.1II 
 
 Handwhh Mw 
 
 IVI ' 
 
 I.'Vi 
 I.VJ 
 
 1>U} 
 
 Hnyoniitr 
 
 Nil 
 
 K«rn.inilu I'u • 
 
 mo 
 
 NarlMtnne • • 
 
 1.10 
 
 HatiiA .Martha 
 
 HlMK^l 
 
 4110 
 
 hi'rrul 
 
 HI) 
 
 NrK.iliatatn - 
 
 4IM) 
 
 hardiiita l>U ■ 
 
 Hcrlilte 
 
 1811 
 
 Krirnilljr l«lan<U 
 
 4 wo 
 
 .N.vl. 
 
 mo 
 
 Savannah 
 
 llvrften 
 
 imi 
 
 <iulhl>(j|| 
 
 mo 
 
 .New llrnniiwirk 
 
 IWO 
 
 Hcaiiilaruon • 
 
 Htriiiuila 
 
 nil 
 
 (l.MiK'M'atain • 
 
 IIHI 
 
 Newroutiilland - 
 
 Iwo 
 
 Henetcal 
 
 IHI) 
 
 HllltOA 
 
 HO 
 
 (irntMl 
 
 1.10 
 
 .New Itulnia - 
 
 4IIU 
 
 Hierra l.«on« • 
 
 iVi.', 
 
 Itomlmy 
 
 .1(1.1 
 
 (lllirallar 
 
 IIHI 
 
 New (Irleana . 
 
 lUl) 
 
 Hinga|iorv 
 
 litltM 
 
 I'.'ll 
 
 (in* ■ , 
 
 .1(1.5 
 
 New|uirt 
 
 IWO 
 
 Hinyrna 
 
 iHl) 
 
 Itordi-atix !• 
 
 NO 
 
 (iori-e 
 
 IW) 
 
 New Trovldellfff 
 
 KiA 
 
 Hociety thland* 
 
 4'jll ' 
 
 Ildrnholni 
 
 IIM 
 
 (t6lten|jurt{ 
 
 luo 
 
 New Sdiilli Wales 
 
 \m 
 
 South Hea Klihvri 
 
 J TttAH ■ 
 
 Jtmton 
 
 IVII 
 
 (iii-vk lil.niiN, nnil 
 
 
 New Vork 
 
 IWO 
 
 Stettin 
 
 liottny lUf - • 
 
 till 
 
 (ir«f« 
 
 INU 
 
 New Zealand . 
 
 100 
 
 Htockliolin • 
 
 llN) 
 
 llraillK 
 
 WHO 
 
 (Irei'iiland Fl-hirv 
 
 mo 
 
 Nice 
 
 1.10 
 
 Sumatra 
 
 'I'l'l 
 
 lircmt-n 
 
 \i 
 
 Orcn.uia 
 
 IM) 
 
 .North lletKcn 
 
 IHO 
 
 Hurat 
 
 
 HufnotAjrt* 
 
 illO 
 
 Oiiadalnunu • 
 
 mi) 
 
 Nnia .Scotia • 
 
 IWI 
 
 Huu 
 
 ivo 
 
 ('«ili/ 
 
 ill) 
 
 (tnavH.(uii 
 
 4V0 
 
 ( lilenaa 
 
 kio 
 
 Swan Hlftff - > 
 
 36,1 
 
 (UUIiar 
 
 mo 
 
 llalllVit 
 
 IWO 
 
 tlijorto 
 
 HU 
 
 Nydnty, N.S. Wain ■ 
 
 I'll ' 
 
 i:«ii-utid 
 
 4<iO 
 
 llaiiittnru 
 llavaiinall 
 
 ■\% 
 
 DtalKlle 
 
 4WU 
 
 Hyra 
 
 |%i) 
 
 Callao 
 
 iim 
 
 W(H) 
 
 (Iwlnhee 
 
 4wa 
 
 Hyracuie 
 lanHln 
 
 ll'i ' 
 
 I'annrjr Iitn • 
 
 '.IS 
 
 llavli 
 
 Will 
 
 I'atvrino 
 
 1.10 
 
 r.'i 
 
 CnnUta Itle - 
 
 Hill 
 
 llt-liKulanil 
 
 it 
 
 Tanania 
 
 4W() 
 
 Tarrauona 
 Tcllicharry • 
 
 11" 
 
 Canton 
 
 4VI) 
 
 lloliart 'I'own • 
 
 4(HI 
 
 I'ara 
 
 I8.t 
 
 3C'» 
 
 ('a|Hr(;oa*( CbMIo 
 
 WHO 
 
 llonUurat 
 
 WIU 
 
 I'ellew l.landt 
 
 4 wo 1 
 
 TnnariHa 
 
 y> 
 
 ('aiieor (ifMHl Ho|>t 
 
 J 10 
 
 lludkon'a Itay- 
 
 Will 
 
 rennacola 
 
 IKO < 
 
 Timor 
 
 4'^!) 
 
 C«v«Jlavtl . 
 
 ■J 10 
 
 Iceland 
 
 Kill 
 
 r«rnanilnu-o • 
 
 I'lO 
 
 'robauo 
 Tonnlitnn - 
 
 Ihl 
 
 CiipoSi, RUry 
 
 IhO 
 
 Ionian hlea • 
 
 l.Kl 
 
 I'eru 
 
 IllO 
 
 11 
 
 Ca|w lie Vt-rdu Intandi, 
 
 
 Inlands ill the Arclllp. 
 
 mo 
 
 retenhurg 
 l'liil.idel|iilla ■ 
 
 IIH) 
 
 'I'lirloia 
 
 lltti 
 
 il«.:- 
 
 
 IkleufSahlt' - 
 
 Iwo 
 
 130 
 
 Toulon 
 
 i,"(> 
 
 Rt> Antonio • •) 
 
 
 Inlet »)(■ 1- raiue antl 
 
 
 riiilliiiihiu iNlands 
 
 4W0 
 
 1 ranquebar ■ 
 
 Xm 
 
 Ht. J>Ki> - •> 
 
 100 
 
 Itoiirliun 
 
 WTO 
 
 rtllau 
 
 IIH) 
 
 Tili'ste 
 
 1&> 
 
 ><«. ViniTnt - 
 
 
 llalj 
 
 1.10 
 
 riacentia Harbour - ' 
 
 IWO 1 
 
 Trliicoinale« * 
 
 >ii 
 
 CarlHcronu 
 
 100 
 
 lTl<;a 
 
 no 
 
 roiiiii.hirry - 
 
 400 1 
 
 Trinidad 
 
 Ihit 
 
 rwnhiiKfnii • 
 
 100 
 
 Jamaica 
 
 WIU 
 
 rort-au-rrinre, Hnyti 
 
 mo 
 
 Trinity llay - 
 
 IVf 
 
 Canli«Keiia, N|ianlih 
 
 
 Java 
 
 4IHI 
 
 Tort .s.1. .lohn, New- 
 
 1 
 
 Triiioll 
 
 1.) 
 
 niiiin 
 
 !ilO 
 
 KliniK^berir • 
 
 lini 
 
 foundland - 
 
 IWO 
 
 Truiillo 
 
 4I'> 
 
 Cayenne 
 
 INIl 
 
 la I'linri'iuion 
 
 4110 
 
 I'ortu Hello . 
 
 WIO 
 
 Tunis 
 
 Ivii 
 
 Cvphalunia - 
 
 Will 
 
 l.adronm 
 
 4.10 
 
 I'orto Kuo 
 
 WIU 
 
 Valdivia 
 
 lifii 
 
 <'«ll<! 
 
 1.10 
 
 J^a (iua>Ta 
 
 Will 
 
 Prnvidince, Bahama 
 
 
 Valencia 
 
 lilt : 
 
 Ctviin 
 
 IWC 
 
 l.e^horn 
 
 MU 
 
 Ji>laiid« 
 
 l(iO 
 
 Valparaiso 
 
 41" 
 
 r«>Ion 
 
 .1(14 
 
 Lima 
 
 4IHI 
 
 tiueliec 
 
 1 uecn Ann's Toint . 
 
 fievol 
 
 l.so 
 
 Van Diemen's Land • 
 
 %'' 
 
 Cliarlestnwn - 
 
 IWO 
 
 Mthon 
 
 Ml 
 
 mo 
 
 Venexiiela 
 
 'ilU 
 
 Che-aiiiMkc Uiiy 
 
 IKO 
 
 I^nnK Ikl.tnd • 
 
 1.11) 
 
 IIHI f 
 
 \'enice 
 
 itin 
 
 Ihill 
 
 31,0 
 
 lulwck 
 
 IllO 
 
 Ithodci Island 
 
 ISO 1 
 
 \'era Ciua 
 
 Vti" 
 
 Chin;. 
 
 4V0 
 
 M-ial^lriHiin • 
 
 IIHI 
 
 IliKa 
 
 mo 1 
 
 Vino 
 
 M 
 
 ».'hrli»ll.inil - 
 
 1110 
 
 .Mad.iuiUcar - 
 
 w-ii 
 
 Itio (trnnile - 
 
 WIH) 1 
 
 Wyburn 
 
 1H» , 
 
 Clviia Vtciliia 
 
 1,10 
 
 Madeira 
 
 110 
 
 Hio Jaiit'iro . 
 
 woo 1 
 
 /(tnic Ulo 
 
 lliU 
 
 Coloinliia Hivur 
 
 ;iiii 
 
 Madras 
 
 4IHI 
 
 Klver (iaiidiiu 
 
 I'jo ; 
 
 Zara • 
 
 Itxi 
 
 Columliu 
 
 .Id.'. 
 
 .Majorca 
 
 110 
 
 Kocliellc 
 
 NO 
 
 Zea - - 
 
 m 
 
 CoHhtantinopIe 
 
 mo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Iff 
 
 .>!> 
 
 Vi •'■; 
 
 ngea or cases contnining not less i.!,n:i 1 dozen 
 bottles each. 
 
 Raw Sugar, Bastard, 2iefinci.'. 'tn^i Molasses, 
 Cane Juice or Syrvp {inyvtlicr or syjrale), 1 lb. 
 per week for tnch jiersoii on board. 
 
 Dried Fruits, 2 lb. per ivctk for each person 
 on board. 
 
 Rice, 2 lb. per week for each person on board. 
 
 Foreign or British Scgar.i, J oz. per day for the 
 master, each mate, and each cabin passenger. 
 
 The entire (iiiantity of foreign scgars allowed 
 as stores for each voyage to be shiiiped in one 
 package, 
 
 A List of British manufactured Goods to be 
 
 allowed to he shipped as Stores on the usual 
 
 Bounty or Drawback, 
 
 British refined Sugar, 3 oz. per day for the 
 master, each mate, and each cabin passenger. 
 
 British manufactured Tobacco, \ oz, per day 
 per man. 
 
 British exciseable Goods, viz. beer, ale, iiin! 
 porter (together or separate), 1 quart ]it;rdav kr 
 the mast ^r, each mate, and cacli pa.ssenger. 
 
 Viiieyai; ,J pint per week for eacli pcrsuu lu 
 board. 
 
 For Temperance Ships, Brandy 1 of tlie nllnw- 
 nnces of spirits of all sorts i.ssued to other slii| -. 
 
 Sugar, JUotasHS, Cane Juice, or Syrup, o ui.. 
 per day. 
 ! fSTlUITS SETTLEMENTS. [Sisgapoue.: 
 
 STKANDING. In Navigation, the ruiiniaj,' ni 
 a ship on shore, or on the beach. 
 
 It is the invarialilc practice to subjoin ilio 
 following memorandum to policies of iiisiiraniv 
 executed by private individuals in this couiiiry; 
 'N.B.— Com, fish, salt, fruit, flour, and scul 
 are warranted free from average, unless general, 
 or the ship be stranded; sugar, tobacco, liomp, 
 flax, hides, and skins are warranted free from 
 average under bl. per cent, ; and ail other 
 goods, also the ship and freight, are warranted 
 
Iverage Xiimbrr of Dui/h' 
 tnumtrattd and bacK 
 
 10 
 
 I'oiM of DwIlnMlM 
 
 Itomu 
 
 Hu(t.ii 
 
 SI. .Vnilifi" • 
 
 W. Anilii-w, N.lliUM 
 
 Hi. Augu»liii»'« Itay ■ 
 
 HI. It«llhcilull>»» 
 
 hi, < lirl«i>|>l»''> 
 
 Ml. Crmi *- 
 
 Hi. llnniinK" • ■ 
 
 HI. K.u»l«u« - 
 
 Hi. HtUim • „ 
 
 HI. Jcihn, N«« Hrun». ■ 
 
 HI. John'!, NMl'ouml. 
 
 HI. I.ui'la 
 
 HI. M«iiln • 
 
 HI. .MW>'> •. 
 
 Hi. M li-rimi •, AlorM • 
 
 Hi. H*l«a<lnr, ur U*hl« 
 
 Hi. Huba'i .11 " 
 
 Ht I'litiliitu • • 
 
 Hi. Vim 
 
 hi. Vliii;tnr» - • 
 
 H«lt« > • 
 
 ft*l»rno 
 
 HAlunirii • 
 
 Himlwiili Ul* • 
 
 Huilii Miirtli* 
 
 ••■rilinla l>l« • 
 
 Havmiimh - ' 
 
 Hcaiiitiirufin ■ 
 
 Hvnviinl 
 
 Hiciru Ltone • 
 
 Hingui'ofu 
 
 HlllJMIA 
 
 HociBli( Miiml« 
 HouUi Mt» buhtrj 
 ' sutlln 
 Hlockholiii • 
 Humtua • 
 Hu»t 
 Hum 
 
 hwin Blft» -., , 
 Hyaiwj, N.S- Wal« 
 S>t« 
 Hyracuse 
 
 Tanattuna 
 Tellicherry • 
 TeneriHe 
 Timor 
 i'ol>a)ia 
 Ti>nnlnKcn - 
 'I'dTtola 
 Toulon 
 1 Tniiquebar • 
 'i'lU'ste 
 
 TrIiH'oiniilM - 
 TfiniJaU 
 TflnitJ Bay ■ 
 Tripoli 
 TruxlUo 
 TunU 
 Vai>li«>» 
 Valencia 
 
 ValiuiraUo • 
 
 Van 1) lemen'* Lana 
 
 Vi>nf«viijla 
 
 Venue 
 
 Verii Ciu* 
 
 VlBo 
 
 Wjliuru 
 
 Zi.nU' Mo 
 
 /ara * 
 I Zea - 
 
 |i.,. 
 
 V... 
 
 \m 
 m 
 I '/'I 
 
 I VI 
 IIHI 
 IWI 
 
 IKII 
 'Jill 
 
 Ian 
 
 VIII 
 
 In 
 111) 
 hii 
 
 IHil 
 
 liiii 
 
 HII 
 IWI 
 I, II 
 1^ 
 
 I mi 
 1*1 
 
 Kill 
 ITl 
 I VI 
 IHII 
 (III 
 IHil 
 Jl,,'i 
 llil 
 
 4;ii 
 
 3 Yclh 
 
 lim 
 
 3M 1 
 vm 
 
 I III I 
 l-.'ii 
 11" 
 M'J 
 
 9') 
 4*1 
 llki 
 
 i; 
 
 l«i 
 l.'i) 
 
 lllo 
 
 {(III 
 Sail 
 lul 
 1*1 
 1.1 
 410 
 
 IVII 
 
 4WI 
 
 I III I 
 
 tin 
 
 Jfil 
 
 ill) 
 
 lOil 
 
 ■10' 
 
 m 
 
 IHI 
 
 Ibl 
 ll'i 
 
 Goods, viz. liccr, ale, iii"'. 
 iepatatc), 1 "lunrt jierdayi.t 
 ic, and tiich passcniier. 
 ,cr week for each person "a 
 
 Ships, Brandy i of the «n»^v- 
 sorts issued to other slu, -• 
 Cane Juki:, or Syrup, o m. 
 
 LEMENTS. fSTNOAPout.;. 
 lujSaviKation, thcrunnr.ib'>'i 
 
 II tlie beach. . . , 
 
 iblc practice to subjoin il"'- 
 Lm Jo policies of lusuran.r 
 [individuals in tins counirj- 
 
 isalt, fruit, flour, and « ' 
 trom' average, unless gcncn 
 \ded; sugar, tobacco, hen r, 
 
 npr cent, ; and all otncr 
 •^a^ld freight, are .arranted 
 
 frop iif nvvrnKc uihIit :I/. piT cent, iinleHX );cnt>ru1, 
 iir thf »hif) he stranded' 
 
 It IK, iheri'fori', of the Kreatcut lm|)ortnti<'(! acru- 
 rat> ly to define what nhall lie ili'i'nieil a HtriindiiiK. 
 ItuI tiiis in no ea^y mailer; anil iniirli ilivn'Mil y 
 nl'i'|iiniiin lia.-t hern entirliiiiieit wilh respect toil. 
 It wiiiilil, however, appi'iir thai nieri'ly Btrikini: 
 n_','iiii't a riH^k, hank, or ■'liore, is not .straiiiliiitf ; 
 aiiii llial, til ciinstiliili' it, the ship iniiit he iiiiim 
 ilii. rmk ite. fur Hiiine lime (limv lnn^ ?). Sir. 
 .Iii.|i(c Park has the fiillnwin;; nlmcrviitinns on 
 ihn siilijeit ; ' It is nut every luiiclihin or strikini; 
 ii|iiiii a llxed liodv in the sea nr rivrr lliiit will 
 
 mtiliile a siraniliiig. 'I'hus l.nrd l''.lleiihiii,iii^Mi 
 
 liilil, liiat in order to estalili-li a stniiidliii;-, the 
 
 ~iii|i imi»t 111' sliitiniiiui/ ; fur thai merely striking 
 
 ,," II rm'k, and rnnniniiKj lliirv it slinrl liinf (as 
 
 ill till' lasu then at the liar, ahniit a minute and a 
 
 li.ilf), and llic'i passing un, ihnuj^li the vi'ssrl 
 
 may liave received some injury, is mil astrand- 
 
 iuj;'. i.iird Klleid)orong'rs language is inipurliint. 
 
 —Hx ri liTinini Miranding means lying on the 
 
 -liiiri', iir Mimetliing anaiogdus to thai. To use a 
 
 viil^'iir phrase, which has hccn apjilied In this 
 
 -uliii'Ll, if it he i«"c/» itml i/o wilh the ship, therr 
 
 i. Mil stranding. It cannot he enough tliat the 
 
 •hip lie for a few moments un her heain ends. 
 
 Iaitv htriking must neeessarilv proiliice a retar- 
 
 ihtieii of the Hhip's uiotion. If hy the force of 
 
 till' rlcinciits she is run aground, and hecomes 
 
 ylatiuiiary, it is immaterial whether this he on 
 
 liik's, iiM the mudily bank of a river, or on rocks 
 
 iin the sea shore; hut n mere sirih'niij will not do, 
 
 iWicm'fr that may happen. I eaimot look to 
 
 llio consequences, without considering the lausu 
 
 nmsant. There has been a curio.sity in the cases 
 
 about stranding not creditable to the law. A 
 
 link' common sense may dispose of thcra more 
 
 -atisfactorily.' 
 
 Tills is the clearest and most satisfurtory state- 
 ment we have met with on this suhjccf ; still 
 it is very vague. Lord Kllcnhorough and Mr. 
 Justice Park hold, that to constitute a strand- 
 ing, the .ship must he stationary; but llicy also 
 kild, that if she merely remain upon a rock &i: 
 for a ii/ior< time, she i.s not to bo considered as 
 liavinf,' bei.i stationary. Hence everything turns 
 ;i|iun what shall be considered as a short time. 
 Ami we ciiinot help thinking that it would t)c 
 bottei, ill order to put to rest all doubts upon the 
 sulijpct.to decide either that every striking against 
 a rock, the shore &c., by which damage is done 
 t" the ship, should be considered a stranding; or 
 that no striking against a rock he. .should lie 
 ODnsiilcrc'il as such, provided the ship be got oil" 
 within a specified time. Perhaps a tide would be 
 tin nicist proper period that coiiUl be lixed. 
 
 fhc insurance companies excludi^ the words 
 •Krlhc sliip be stranded' from the inenuinindum. 
 Ixsiit.vNci;, M.VHiNi:. I 
 
 ' STUK(il':oN riSllKRY. The stuigeon is n 
 lart'o, valuable, and well-known lish, of which 
 there arc several specie.s, viz. the sturgeon, 
 properly so called, or Aeipenser sturo ; the 
 Ixliiga, or Aeipenser huso ; the sevrnga, or 
 Alipnser steUatus Ac. The sturgeon aiuiually 
 asceiuls our rivers, but in no great number, and is 
 taken by accident in the salmon nets. It is 
 plentiful in the North American rivers, and on 
 ihc foiithcrn shores of the Baltic .• and is met 
 with in the Mediterranean &c. But it is found 
 in the greatest abundance on the northern shores 
 of the Caspian, and in the rivers Wolga and Ural; 
 Slid tiiere its fisherv employs a great number of 
 hands, and is an important object of national 
 industry. Owing to the length iand strictness of 
 the Lonts in the Greek Church, the consumption 
 
 .Sl-flAU I. 3.1,-1 
 
 of tlsh In Rnuia is iinmenw; and from its cpnirnl 
 positiiin, and the fneilitieK nlTorded fur their riin- 
 vcyaneo by the Wolgn, I hi- products of Ihn 
 Caspian lls^n-ry, and those of its trihi.iary slrcams, 
 are easily diKirihiitcd over n vast extent of 
 eoiintry, lli'-idcH the plrUled cnreasses i.f tho 
 li-<h, caviar is prejiared from the roes ; and isin- 
 •ri\n-', of the hot i|ualily, from the sounds, and 
 linlh are largely expurteil". The caviar made by 
 the Ural Cii-i-iirks is reckoned the Ix'st. TIlC 
 bi'liigas are snmetime.i ut' a very large si/e, 
 weighing frmn l,OIM) lb. to l,.M)0 l)i.; and yield 
 a good deal <if oil. The seal lishery is also pretty 
 extensivelv prosecuted in tin; ('aspinn. The 
 reader will liiid a detailed aeeoiiiit of the miide in 
 wliirh the li><herv is carried on In this sea, and 
 ill the rivers Wolga and I'ral, in Todke's Uitssiit, 
 vol. iii. pp. 'Ill-T'.'. 
 
 Al, Tegoburski eNlimatcd tho total value of the 
 priidiii'i! of the lisheries iiiiw referred to at 0,000,1)00 
 silver roubles a year. In 1M(!7, '-'J,l!(2 ewt. of 
 caviar were expurteil from Taganrog. In lH(i7 
 we impnrled I'-'O iwl., valued at \,Hli\l. 
 
 Si;t;('.VI)i;S, l >f suceadis and I'oiifectionery 
 (including fruits and vegetables jireserved in 
 sugar, juid exclusive of ;i|l,T!)i» lb, of preserved 
 ginger (valued at •l'),l\VM.), we imported, in IHt!?, 
 l,();i(i,IM,'. 111., valued at 81,7(11/. f)f these, 7'Jl,l(i7 
 lb, were entered for home consumption, paying a 
 duty of \d. jier lb. In l«(i7 wc exported l,<i";t(i,fi't'l 
 lb. of British, and l,r>18,!)77 lb. of foreign confec- 
 tuinery, worth in all 130,.'n2/, 
 
 .SUtJAU (l'"r, Sucre; (icr. zucker ; Ital. 
 ziicchcro; Bu.ss. snchar; .'span, aziicar ; Arab, 
 sukhir; Malay, soola; Sans, sarkara), A sweet 
 granulated substance, too well known to require 
 any parLcuhir description. It is everywhere in 
 extensive use ; and in this country ranks rather 
 among the indispensable necessaries of life than 
 among luxuries. In point of commercial im- 
 portance it is second to very few articles. It is 
 chielly prepared from the expressed juice of tho 
 arundo snvehiirifira, or sugar cane ; hut it is also 
 procured from an immense variety of other plants, 
 as maple, beet- root, birch, parsnep itc. 
 
 I. Species of Siiijar. — Tlic sugar met with in 
 commerce is usually of four sorts — brow^n, or 
 muscovado sugar; clayed sugar; rclincd, or loaf 
 sugar; and sugar candy, 'i he dirt'erence between 
 one sort of sugar and another depends altogether 
 on the dillercut modes in which they are 
 prepared. 
 
 1. Itroicn, or Mnseovado Sugar. — The plants or 
 canes being crushed in a mill, the juice, having 
 passed through a .st.'ainer, is collected in tho 
 elarilier, where it is first exposed to the action of 
 a gentle fire, after being ' tempered' (mixed with 
 alkali), for the purpose of facilitating the separa- 
 tion of the liquor from its im|iurities. It is t)icn 
 conveyed into the large evaporating copper, and 
 successively into two ntliers, each of smaller size ; 
 the superintending boiler freeing it, during the 
 jiroccss, from the scum and feculent matters 
 which rise to the surface. The syrup then 
 re.achcs the last copper vessel, called the 'striking 
 tache,' where it is boiled till sutlicicntly concen- 
 trated to be capable of granulating in the cooler, 
 whence it is traiisfcrrcil with the le.lst possible 
 delay, to prevent charring. Her: it soon cea.scs 
 *o be a liquid ; and when fully crystallised, is put 
 into hogsheads (called ' potting '), placed on their 
 ends in the curing-house, with several opertures 
 in their buttoni.s, through which the mola.sses 
 drain into a cistern below. In this state they 
 remain till properly cured, when the casks are 
 tilled up, and prepared for shipment. 
 
 2. Clayed Sugar is prepared by taking the 
 
 P 
 
.^.■•^•' 
 
 fj »);,i ■ "'■'.■ 
 
 133(i 
 
 .SUGAR 
 
 
 jiiicp, n» in the rnso of mii.-icovMdo siitjar wlicn 
 l)()il('d to a proper fousistonry, niul pourinj; it into 
 (.'oiiical poU wiili the npcx dowiiwarclH, These 
 pot.H have a hole at tlie lower extremity, tliroiifjh 
 whicli the mola.s.soH or syrup i.s allowed to drain. 
 Alter this drain has eonlinued Cor some time, a 
 KtratuMi of moistened clay is siiroad over the 
 surface of the pots ; the moisture of which, jierco- 
 latin^ thronf^h the mass, is fuund to contribute 
 powerfully to its purilication. 
 
 3. Refined Smjnr may be prepared from musco- 
 vado or clayed sufjar, by rcdissolving the sugar 
 in water, anil, after boiling it with some purifying 
 Hubstancci", pouring it, as before, into conical pots, 
 which are again ('ovorcd with moistened clay. A 
 rcix<litiun oi' this process produces ilouble nfineil 
 sugar, IJut a variety of improved processes arc 
 now resorted to. 
 
 4. Sugar Candy. — Solutions of brown or clayed 
 sugar, boiled till they become thick, and then 
 removed into a hot room, formed upon sticks or 
 strings put into the vessels for that puriwse, into 
 crystals, or candy. 
 
 11. llistorictd Xotlrr of Sugar. — The history of 
 sugar is involved in a good deal of obscurity. It 
 was very imperfectly known by the (ireeks and 
 Komans. 'Ihcophrastus, who lived about 320 
 years before the Christian era, tlw lirst writer 
 whose works have come down to us by whom it 
 is mentioned, calls it a sort of 'honey extracted 
 from canes or reeds.' Strabo states, on the au- 
 thority of Ncardius, Alexandcr'H ailiniral, that 
 'reeds in India yield honey without bees.' And 
 Seneca, who was put to death a.c. (ii"), alludes to 
 sugar in a way which shows how little was then 
 known respecting it (Kpist. 84): — 'Aiuiit,' says 
 he, 'inveniri apud Indos mel in arinidinum foliis, 
 tpiud aut ros illius cocli, aut ipsiiis arundinis 
 humor dulcis et pinguior gignat.' 
 
 Of the ancients, Dioscorides and I'liny have 
 given the most precise description of sugar. The 
 former says, it is ' a sort of concreted honey, found 
 ii|)on canes, in India and Arabia Felix; it is in 
 consistence like sail, and is, like it, brittle between 
 the teeth.' Anil I'liny describes it, as ' honey 
 collected from canes, like a gum, white and brittle 
 between the teeth ; the largest is of the .sizo of a 
 hazel nut: it is used in medicine only.' (Sac- 
 charuni ct Arabia fert, scd laudatius India; est 
 auteni mel in arundinibus collcctum, giinimium 
 niodo candidi.ni, dentibus fragile, ampli<simum 
 niu'is avellan.'c mngnitudine, ail meilicinie tantum 
 usum. — Lib. xii. c. 17.) 
 
 It is evident, from those statements, that the 
 knowledge of the Greeks and K'omans with re- 
 spect to the mode of obtaining sugar was singularly 
 imperfect. They appear to liave thought that ft 
 was found adhering to the cane, or that it issued 
 from it in the state of juice, and then concreted 
 like gum. Indeed, Lu'-an exjircssly alludes to 
 Indians near the tJangcs — 
 
 Qtiique bilmiit tcnera tlulces .ib arundine niccot — I^il>. iii. *i^T. 
 
 ]!iit these statements arc evidently without 
 foundation. Sugar cannot be obtained from the 
 cane without the aid of art. It is never found 
 native. Instead of flowing from the plant, it 
 must be forcibly expressed, and then subjected to 
 a variety of processes. It is not, however, quite 
 to clear as has been generally supjjoscd that the 
 Komans were wholly unacquainted with the mode 
 of procuring sugar. The remarkable line of 
 Statins— 
 
 Kt qu.is |>ercoquit Ebusla cannat— S>lr. lib. I. t. K",. 
 
 h.is been conjectured, apparently o.i pretty good 
 grounds, to refer to the boiling of the juice "of the 
 
 cane. But the passage has been differently read, 
 and is too enigmatical to be nmch depended on. 
 
 Dr. Moselcy conjectures, apparently with nnich 
 probability, that the Mgar described by I'liny 
 and Dioscorides, as being made use of at Unnw, 
 was sugar candy obtained from China. Tlii<, 
 indeed, is the only sort of sugar to which thtiir 
 description will at all apply. And it ivoulii sci'in 
 that tlie mode of preparing sugar candy has been 
 uiiderstood and practised in China from a vcrv 
 remote antiquity ; and that large quantities of it 
 have been in all ages exported to India, whenip, 
 it is most probable, small quaniities fouiiil thfir 
 way to Koine. (Treatise on Si/f/ac, 2nil cilit. iki. 
 (!(i-71. This, as well as Dr. Moseloy's TrcuHum 
 Coffee, is a very learned and able work.) 
 
 "Kuroi)e seems to be indebted to the Saracens, 
 not only for the first considerable Hupplics of 
 sugar, but for the earliest example of its manu- 
 facture. Having, in the course of the 9tli centurv, 
 conquered IJIiodes, Cyprus, Sicily, ami C'relo, 
 they introduced into them the sugar caiic, with 
 the cultivation and preparation of whicli ijuv 
 were familiar. It is mentioned by the Venetian 
 historians, that their countrymen impetcil, in 
 the r2th century, sugar from Sicily ul .. clicapnr 
 : '.to than they could import it from E^jypi. 
 (Kssai de VllhUnre du Commerce de Ve'niit, 
 p. lUO.) The Crusades tended to spread a last! 
 for sugar throughout the Western world; bill 
 there can be no doubt that it was cultivated as 
 n.iw stated, in modem Kuropc, antecciiently tu 
 the a!ra of the Crusades; and that it wasalsn 
 previously imported by the Venetians, Amaili- 
 tans, and others, who carrieil on a coninii'n'ial 
 intercourse, from a very remote epoch, will, Alox- 
 anilria and other cities in the Levant. It was 
 certainly imported into Venice in 9"JU.— (.i^ijc tlic 
 Kssdi, iv. ]). 70.) 
 
 The art of refining sugar, and making what is 
 called loaf-sugar, is said, by Dr. Moseley, to bo a 
 modem Kuropean invention, the discovery of a 
 A'enetian about the end of the 15th or tlit'l)e),'in- 
 ning of the Kith centurj-. (Moselcy, p. OG.) Dut 
 this is doubtful, for Le Grand d'Aussy has shewn 
 that white or, as he calls it, relined "sugar [mre 
 lilanc ou rqffine), had been introduced into and 
 used in France for more than a century ami a 
 half previously to the date assigned for the disc- 
 very of the processor refining iu Venice. (I'lV 
 pr'wie dcs FranfoU, ii. 198, eil. 1815.) lint while 
 sugar is not necessarily, as Le Graiiil d'Au>-y 
 seems to suppose, relined ; it may be nicioly 
 clayed, like Ilavannah sugar, whicli is as wliile 
 as refined sugar. This sugar was imported from 
 Fgypt principally by Italians; ami the pni- 
 bability is, that the latter were the lirst ICuronoans 
 who practised the art, which, however, wuiilil 
 appear to have originated iu the Fast. 
 
 The cane had, as already seen, been intrndiicpd 
 into Sicily, and its culture practised, previously t" 
 the middle of the 12th century. It also was 
 carried to Spain and cultivated "by the Saracens 
 soon after they obtained a footing in that country. 
 The lirst plantations were at Valencia ; but tliey 
 were ofterwards extended to (Jranada and Murcii 
 5Ir. Thomas Willoughby, who travelled oyoi 
 great part of Spain in "l6C4, has given an in- 
 teresting account of the state of the Spanisli suiar 
 plantations, and of the mode of manufacturing ili 
 sugar. 
 
 Plants of the sugar cane were carried by the 
 Spaniards and Portuguese to the Canaij- Islands, 
 and Madeira, in the early part of the 15th cen- 
 tury ; and it has been asserted by many, that 
 the"se islands furnished the first plants of the 
 sugar cane that ever grew in America. 
 
 S --si 
 
lina l)ccii differently read, 
 to be nmch dopcndod on. 
 res, app.ircntly willi nnuli 
 Mgor (l«scri\)eil by I'liny 
 11^' maile wa of ut Uonu', 
 ained from China. Tlli^ 
 rt. of su^ar to wliii h llnir 
 ,pplv. And it ivoiiUl (ici'm 
 ariiiK BURar candy lias Wen 
 iscd in China from ii very 
 1 that larj;e nuantitios of ii 
 exported to India, wheiito. 
 nail (pianiities found their 
 itiae on Si/i/ac, 2nd edit. n;.. 
 as Dr. Moseloy's Treatise mi 
 cd and able work.) 
 ; indebted to the Harnccii-. 
 St considerable supplies uf 
 •licst example of \U mniiu- 
 ho course of the 9tli century. 
 Cvprus, Sicily, and Crelo, 
 them the sii(,'iir cnuc, with 
 preparation of which tiny 
 mentioned by ilic Vcncliaii 
 ir countrymen irapc tcil, m 
 gar from "Sicily ui, >. clicapor 
 lid import it from K^'yjii. 
 re du Commerce de Venisr. 
 Ie3 tended tt) spread a last 
 It the Western world; bill 
 ht that it was cultivated as 
 Icm Kuropc, antecedently U 
 sades; and that it was alsn 
 1 bv the Venetians, Am,alli- 
 •ho'carrieil on a connncnial 
 ,-ory remote oi>och, with Alex- 
 ities in the Levant. It w 
 iito Venice in 990.— (i" the 
 
 Iff sugar, and mailing what i< 
 said, by Dr. Moselcy, to be a 
 Invention, the discoverv of a 
 end of the 15th or tht bepn- 
 nturv-. (Moseley.p.CC).) liut 
 • Le "Grand d'Aussy has shewn 
 J calls it, refined sugar (su.re 
 md been introduced uito ami 
 r more than a century and a 
 he date assijjned for the dw ;■ 
 ' of relinins in Venice. (\'< 
 ii. 198, ed. 1815.) Ihit while 
 isarilv, as Le tiraiid d .\u^-; 
 lelined -, it may be niereh 
 nah sugar, which is as ffhu^ 
 This sugar was imported troni 
 bv Italians; and the. pr.>- 
 latter were the first Kiirow.^ 
 art, which, however, would 
 inaiediu the Kast. 
 
 already seen, been introducel 
 culture "pnictised. previously t. 
 
 , 12th century. It also wa 
 „d cnltivat^'d by the Sarace 
 uncd a footing in that coun. 
 .swere at Valencia ;l.«tl; 
 tcndedto(JranadaandMn.c... 
 loughbv, who travelled a 
 in in "16G4, has given an in- 
 "he state of the Sp«|v^;«^;: 
 themodcofmanufactimngii' 
 
 ■•^"'^"""toXVanS'lS 
 
 'been Uerted by many, t « 
 ihcd the iirst plants ot ttie 
 er grew in America. 
 
 SUGAR n;57 
 
 Hilt though it is nuflioipntl^ established fliat ] total produce of pnrhaps 2,000,000 tons, ot even 
 
 more. 
 
 Loaf or lump sugar is unknown in tlie Kast, 
 sugar caiidv being the only species of relined 
 sugar that is made u.se of in India, China Ac. Tlin 
 manufacture of sugar candy is carried on in Ilin- 
 dostaii, but tlie piocess is extremely rude and im- 
 perfect. In China, liowcver, it is manufactured in 
 a very superior manner, and largo nuantities are 
 exported. Wlieii of the best description, it is in 
 large wliite crystals, and is a very beautiful arti- 
 cle. Two sorts of sugar candy are met witii at 
 Canton, viz. Chiiichew and Canton ; the former 
 being the produce of tltc provuice of t'okien, and 
 tlin liitler, as its name implies, of that of (/anton. 
 The ChiiK'hcw is by far (lit,- best, uii<l is about 50 
 per cent, dearer llinn llie oflier. Chinese sugar 
 
 the Spaniards early conveyed plants of the .sugar 
 cane to the New Worhl, there can bo no d(iul)t, 
 ni'twithstanding Ilumlnddt seems to incline to 
 the opposite opinion (AVtui I'oliliijue sui la A'om- 
 rt//f Kfiwgm; liv. iv. c. 10), that this was a work 
 iif supererogation, and tliat the ^-ane was indige- 
 nous both to tlio .\merican continent and islands. 
 It was not for the plant itself, which nourished 
 spontaneously in many parts when it was di-i- 
 covcrcd l>y Cidumbus, liiit for the art of making 
 Mi"ar from it, tiiat the New World is indebted to 
 the Spaniards and rortiigue.se; and these to the 
 nations of the Kast. (Lafitan, Mfriirs des 
 Siiiiram'ii, tome ii. ]). 1.50; Kdwards's Jt'vsl Iiiilic.i, 
 
 vol. ii. p. '■!■•!« ) 
 
 llarlmdoes is the oldest Rettlemeiit of the 
 Knplish ill the West Indies, We ttxik |posse.ssioii j candy is extensively coiisuincd by Kiiropeaiis at 
 of it in 1027; and so early as KMd began to the dilTerent settlements tlirouglKUit the Kast. 
 
 export sugar thence to Kngland. The trade of 
 liarbadoes attained its maximum in lt!70, 
 furnishing, it is said, employment, at that period, 
 fi,r lOO sail of vessels, averaging 150 tons 
 burden; but this statement is mo.'.t probably 
 exaflgcrated. 
 
 Jamaica was discovered by Columbus, in his 
 second voyage, and was first occiii)ied by the 
 Spaniards." It was wrested from them by an 
 expedition sent against it by Oomwell in llioG ; 
 and has since continued in our possession, tbriniug 
 bv far the most valuable of our West Indian 
 iidonies. At the time when it was conquered, 
 there were only .'t .small sugar |dantations upon it, 
 Imt. in conseipienco of the influx of Knglish 
 sttlcrs from Itarbadoes and the mother country, 
 fresh idantalions were speedily formed, and conti- 
 nued rapidly to increase. 
 
 The siigiir cane is saitl to have been first 
 cultivaled in St. Domingo, or Hayfi, in 1500. It 
 Mueeeded better there than in any other of the 
 West Indian Islands. I'etcr Martyr, in a work 
 iml'lished in 1530, states that, in 1518, there were 
 •>» sugar-works in St. Domingo established by 
 the Spaniards. ' It is marvellous,' says he, ' to 
 ciiusitlcr how all things increase and prosper in 
 the island. There are now 28 sugar pres.ses, where- 
 with great plenty of sugar is made. The canes or 
 reeds wherein the sugar growetli arc bigger and 
 iii;'her than in any otlicr place ; anil are as big as 
 a man's wrist, anil higher then the stature of a 
 man by the half. This is nu..e wonderful, that 
 whereii's in Valencia, in Spain, where a great 
 (limntity of sugar is made yearly, whensoever 
 they apply themselves to the great increase 
 llic'rcof, yet doth every root bring forth not ptist 5 
 111 G, or at most 7 of these reeds; whereas at St, 
 Dnniingo, 1 root beareth 20, and oftentimes oO,' 
 (\',ng. trans, p, 172.) 
 
 Sugar from St. Domingo formed, for a length- 
 ened period, the principal part of the Kuropean 
 Mipplies, l're\ iously to its devastation in 1790, 
 nil fewer than 05,000 tons of sugar were exported 
 from the French portion of the island. 
 
 Ill, Sources tclience the Sitppli/ of Sugar is 
 ilerked.—'ihe. West Indies (including Cuba), Lou- 
 isiana, Java, Brazil, ^Mauritius, Madras, the Isle 
 dc Heuiiion, and the I'liilippines, are the principal 
 fuurcGS whence the foreign supplies required Cor 
 the European, American, and Australian markets 
 arc derived. Hut of late years the supplies of 
 tropical sugar brought to Kurope have been ma- 
 terially increased by tlie beet-root sugar raised in 
 France, Belgium, (icrmany, Kussia Ac. 
 
 On tVo whole we incline to think that we shall 
 be saflicieiitly near the mark if we estimate the 
 pfiiduce of sugar in 1808 at about 1,000,000 
 t'us cane, and 400,000 tons beet-root, making a 
 
 With the exception of 1H.)2, when 2,(185 tons raw 
 sugar were imported from China, very little has 
 latterly been brought to our markets from that 
 empire. It seems, indeed, to be pretty well un- 
 derstood tlia' the sugar of China is unable to 
 withstand the competition of that of .lava, lirazil, 
 and Cuba. 
 
 Ci>ii«iii)ij)tion nf Trnpicid Siitinr, — It is exceed- 
 ingly dilliciilt, or rather we sluiuld say quite im- 
 possible, to get any correct information with 
 respect to the consumpthm of sugar in most 
 countries. In as far as regards this country, the 
 subjoined tables furnish amjile information. It 
 ai)pears from ihein that, at an average of the "> 
 years ending with 1841; the consumption of sugar 
 111 the Ciiited Kingdom amounted to about 200,()()i) 
 tons a-year, exclusive of about 10,000 tons cf bas- 
 tard or inferior sugar, obtained from boiling mo- 
 lasses. In the course of the cn.suing year Sir 
 IJobert Peel reduced the duties on British colonial 
 muscovado sugars from 25jf. 2?(/. to 14a'. per cwt., 
 a considerable reduction being made, at the same 
 time, in the duty on foreign sugar the produce of 
 free labour. In consequence of this reduction the 
 entries of sugar for home consumption increased 
 from 200,472 tons in 1814 to 242,830 tons in 1845, 
 exchisive in both years of molasses equivalent to 
 about 15,0U0 tons. In 1840 further changes were 
 made in the duties by the admission of foreign 
 slave-grown sugar at a reasonable rate ; and in 
 1854 the entries for consumption amounted to 
 410,019 tons. Hut they declined during the next 
 ,'i years. The entries in 1858, however, rose, in- 
 cluding rctined. to about 437,000 tons, and in 
 1808, with iowur duties, they reached, including 
 the ()uaiitities n.sed in breweries tic, OUO,000 ton.s, 
 to which about 20,000 tons may be added for 
 molasses. (See post.) 
 
 The statements given by Schuitzler (Statistiqiie 
 de la France, i. 290) show that, at an average of 
 1840 and 1841, the consumption of colonial and 
 foreign sugars amounted in France to 73,139,000 
 kilog., or 71,425 tons a-year ; and adding to this 
 quantity the produce of the beet-root plantation.s 
 for the-so years, amounting to about 30,000,000 
 kilog., the whole consumption would be about 
 103,000,000 kilog., exclusive of the quantity sur- 
 reptitiously introduced. But the home supply of 
 sugar has greatly increased in the interval; and it 
 further appears t"<iat, in 18G5, 209,585,832 kilog. of 
 foreign ami colonial sugar were entered for home 
 consumption. Perhaps we should hardly be 
 justified in estimating the imports (minus re- 
 export.s) ov foreign and colonial sugar into France 
 at above 20(i,00(j tons in ordinary years, making, 
 with beet-root, the consumption about 360,000 tons. 
 The Low Countries, Germany, and Austria are 
 supplied through IloUand, the Hansc Towns, the 
 
 '! : llil 
 
■■■F^^ 
 
 ! 
 
 ,*•'*• 
 
 lli.'iS 
 
 SUQAll 
 
 I • 
 
 * 
 
 .1';-':: 
 
 H>:. 
 
 1 > . 
 
 
 portH (111 flic HOiith slioro of tlio Hall ir, niul Trirsto. 
 MoHt part of tlio produce of llic Dutch coldnios in 
 iin|H)rto<l int<i Ilollnnd, nn<l consiiifriibU- <|ii!intiti(>H 
 nro also imported from otlip.r couiiirit's; so that, 
 oil the. whole, the imports ' ito the Dutrh ports 
 may bo fairly ostimatcd at from !)(),(I00 to 100.(100 
 (!»7,!)1'2 ill IHtio) tons n year. Tlio imports into 
 Ilamliiir^, Itrrnion, and Liibcok, ainotiiit (iiiohid- 
 iiifj rotinod), at an avcraf^c, to about "iri.OOO tons 
 a-ycar, and thoso into Mi'luium to above '_'0,0(Mt 
 tims. There is also a considerable importation of 
 siifjar into Stettin anil other Haltie ports ImIom^- 
 in{j to (Jerinany and Prussia. The imports into 
 the Austrian dominions through Trieste anil other 
 clianiiels may be taken at about .'tO.OOO tons. 
 
 The consumption of siipir in Spain was esti- 
 mated bj' RIontveran (Sliilistiiiin' ilis ('(i/aviis, ]>. 
 !1'J) at ll.OriO Ions. Itut, despite the coMsidenible 
 eonsiiniptioii of cocoa in Spain, and the mode- 
 ration of the duties on sufiar, we have little or no 
 doubt that this estimate at the tinu^ was beyond 
 the mark. I'robably, were the consumption now 
 stated at ."iSjOOO tons, it would bo ipiite as 
 much as it amoinits to. We may, perhaps, 
 estimate the consumption of I'orlugal at about 
 12,000 Ions. 
 
 In 18();i duty was paid in Kussin on nearly 
 3i5,000 tons of raw sufjar, exclnsive of what is 
 clandestinely imported, and exclusive, als<,, of the 
 clandestine imports of relincd sugar. This, with 
 beet-root sugar, mav raise the total supply to 
 70,000 tons. 
 
 Table showing the Quantities ami Values of the 
 Imports of Foreign Sugar, of all Sorts, into 
 JCuropean liussia, e.rehisire of Finland, in Itjtil, 
 18G2, 18(i3, and l«o5. 
 
 tlnntm-k, Sirtlln. KttnlKtilirra, ntiil n.l.rr Ions 
 ixirlft nri Ihu llalhr, IncluiUnK Oi** lut- 
 porlit rrnm lldllniiil nnil Ihu llaiike 
 'I'owiii .... ln,(l<lll 
 Aiinri.i hj Trli-.to - - - .lil.iHHl 
 
 llwiriNit - - • IOO,(l<KI 
 
 Simin .... 
 
 I'urniKal .... 
 
 Hu^Bla, liH'luiUrtK lievl.root 
 
 Driintfirk iinil Swfdfii 
 
 llnly, Sirlly, iM.illn 'I'urkpy. (trei'Ct*, and 
 
 Oi't! I^'viitit K( rwrally 
 UniliHl SlateH 
 ('•iiiililn, AuftlrnlU. ('.i|i« uf (luod Hope 
 
 itc, .... 
 
 Years 
 
 Uuaiitilies 
 
 Values 
 
 infil 
 isea 
 is(i:i 
 
 18C.'> 
 
 pnoclit 
 l.lHia.l.lfi 
 
 i.'Mi.'icia 
 
 X.I.Ml.Silfi 
 '.' 1.1,7 i8 
 
 sliver roubles 
 
 (i.I'.'l.'IIS 
 lli,7fi'l,ll'2 
 
 1,7 IS, (HIP 
 
 To the average, or 9.50,000 poods, baa to be 
 added about 3.5,000 tons of beet-root sugar raised 
 in the empire, besides what is smuggled. 
 
 During the year ending .Tune ;i0, J8(!,">, the 
 United States imported (principally t'nmi Cuba and 
 Porto Kico) ()()7,!);{7,(i7l lb., of which .30,;!,iO,08 1 
 lb. were re-exported, leaving 577,587,.')!)0 lb., or 
 upwards of 257,000 tons, for the consumption of the 
 Union. Put r.n addition to increasing iiiiports of 
 foreign sugar the United States draw a large por- 
 tion of tlicir supply from the jilantalions in Louis- 
 iana, the produce of which had inere.-ised rapidly 
 down to the commencement of the Civil War. 
 Perhaps the produce might then be estimated at 
 about 180.000 tons at an average. Mr. Consul 
 Donohoe, of New Orleans, in Feb. 18G7, says that 
 the production in 18()(> was greater than in 18(1,5, 
 but that there is no foreign export of sugar and 
 molasses from that port. The whole shipments of 
 native raw and refined sugar from the Union dur- 
 ing the 3'ear c ided June 30, 1801, amounted only 
 to 2,328,483 It)., or about 1,040 tons. Tlie States 
 derive a further supply of 18,000 or 20,000 tons 
 of sugar fnmi the mapie. 
 
 On the whole, therefore, we shall not perhaps be 
 far wrong in estimating the consumption of colo- 
 nial, tropical, and beet-root sugar as follows, viz. : 
 
 tons 
 The United Kingdom, inclusive of distilleries 
 &c'. - - . . . 
 
 France, Inrtudinjc beet-root 
 Colonial suf;.irs fur the Netherlands. llelKium. 
 (ierinliii}, IVussia. Austria, HtinKiiry, and 
 It.ily, per Dutch ports, deducting re ex. 
 poru to Hussia and other countries . 70,01)0 
 
 Hanse Towns . - . ,10,11110 
 
 BelKium .... w.OdU 
 
 ,^50,noo 
 
 35U,0UU 
 
 Sf.O,llOn 
 
 A'>,( INI 
 
 lll,lkil 
 M.m.i 
 
 1 1,1 Ml 
 ilMI,!*)! 
 
 .'.n.fvr) 
 
 Now, supposing these statements to bo roasnn- 
 ably correct, it would appear that the aggrcfjntp 
 supply of sugar so far excii'ds the (h'tiiand, Ihaiji 
 may lie fairly presumed tliat tbi; perinissiim nuiv 
 given to employ sugar in our distilleries aiii| 
 breweries, at an exeisi! duly of 3,». (W/. per iiwt,, 
 c!in lipve no lasting iiitliienct! over its price. Tlio 
 tpi^intilies taken fur this purpose have liitlicvin 
 been inconsiderable, viz. in I8o(), l,'!l,(12,'{ cHt.; 
 1 8157. .5,22,5 till. ; 1 8.5H, 1 7,.5,5,'t do. ; and in tlie voar 
 ended March .'(l, 18(i8, 3i)(i,(m8 do. It i.s no 
 doiilit, true that the demand for sugar is rapiillv 
 increasing in this and most other countries; Ijui, 
 as the power to iiicrea.se its supply (so lonj;. at 
 least, as ('iiba and Pra/il are supplied with .si,ivr 
 labour) !s all but illimitable, no perniaiicnt rise of 
 prices need at present be aiilieipatcd. 
 
 'J'aking the price of sugar at the rate of niilv 
 20.1. per cwt. or 20/. ])er ton, the prime cost ol tli 
 article (1,8'1(),000 tons) to the people of Kuro|io, 
 the United States, and other ce intrit'.s ' 
 mentioned, will be .•!(i,!)20,000/. sterlii'.;- (■ • 
 adding ,50 per cent, for duty, its tol 1. cos! . ,. iic 
 0.5,380,000/. This is siillieicnt to prove the pan- 
 mount importance of the trade in this artido, 
 Kxclnsive of sugar, tlio otiicr products of Ilic 
 cane, as ruin, molasses, treacle &e., are of very 
 great value. 'l"ho gross revenue derived by liic 
 Krilish treasury from rum alone, anioiiiili'il, in 
 the year ended March 31, 18(!8, to 2,137,,5:i,V. 
 
 Progressive Consumption of Sugitr in dm'. 
 Britain. — We are not aware "that there are .•iiiv 
 authentic accounts with respect to the prti'o 
 period when sugar first began to be used in Kiir- 
 land. It certainly was imported in small quanti- 
 ties by the Venetians and (Jenoesc in the lltli 
 and loth centuries (in iMarin's Storia del Cim- 
 mercio ite' Veneziani, vol. y. p. 306, there \i an 
 account of a shipment in.ade at Venice for Kiii;- 
 iand in l.'Ui), of 1(H),00() lb. .sugar, and 10,()(II)1Ij. 
 sugar candy: the sugar is said to have licon 
 brought from llie Levant); but honey w.is tlnn. 
 and for long alter, tlie principal ingredient nii- 
 ployed in sweeteuMig liquors and dishes. Jivcn in 
 the early part of the 17th century the juuintity of 
 siigiir im|)orted was very ineonsidoraiilc ; ami it 
 was mnile iiseof only in the houses of the riilianJ 
 great. It was not till the latter part of the eentnrv, 
 when coII'jO and tea began to be iiitrodiieoil. tliai 
 sugar came into general demand. In I7UII lln' 
 niiantily coi.sumed in (ireat liritaii! was almii' 
 10,000 tons, or 22,400,000 1b.; whereas, in W'. 
 the consumption amounted to above o.sl.Sl'itJti'i-, 
 or more than 1,310,000,000 lb.; so that .'iigir 
 forms not only one of the princi|)al artiilos if 
 imporlntioii and sources of revenue, but an im- 
 portant I jcessary of life. 
 
 (ireat, however, as the increase in the use m 
 sugar has certainly been, it may, we tliiiili. lie 
 fairly presumed that the demand for it is still .1 
 good" deal below its natural limit ; and now tliai 
 the duties are reasonable, and the trade placed 011 
 a proper footing, we confidently anticipate lli.it 
 the coi.sumption of sugar, and also the revenue 
 derived from it, will yet be considerably increiuseii. 
 
cliiifiiiK 111' '"'• 
 mill IhB lUine 
 
 toni 
 
 in.iHio 
 
 .111,"!"' 
 |00,(H)ll 
 
 not • " 
 
 rkry.tirww.anil 
 
 y,,< 111 
 7n,iH<i 
 
 I l,IM«l 
 
 .V'i,r.lHl 
 AlHI.INM 
 
 osp stntonn'iita to 1)C ronson 
 1 Hiiiiciii- that tlip ii^'frrcpiti' 
 r exceeds I lie (ieiimnd, tliaii! 
 led that tlie llerIni.-^^i(m^nnv 
 iL'iir in our distilleru's and 
 ;.ise (\ulv of 'M. <".(/. per c:wt., 
 iiitliieiu:e over its price. Vv 
 ■ thin piir\«>so have liitlii'vln 
 
 viz. ill !>*'">''> li'l.'i-'' <■"'•; 
 K, 17,r)f>;t do. ; and in llie your 
 hCiS, ;)5f.,l)«« do. It Ih, 110 
 > doniaml for HU(;ar is rapi.lly 
 ,d most otlier countries ; but, 
 crease its supldv (so loiiK.at 
 5ra/il are supplied witli sl.ivf 
 iuiilalilc, no pcrniaiicnt rise il 
 nt be anticipated, 
 i of suKar at tiic rate of only 
 
 per ton, tlic prime cost of lln' 
 oiis) to the people of Kur"i*, 
 1, and other e> liitries ' ■> 
 ;!(i.'.)-20,0()0/. sterl'u'^- '" ' 
 , for duty, its tola; cos'. , .,ih- 
 
 is sutlicicnt to jirovc the para- 
 . of the trade in this artulp, 
 ir, the otiier products of lln^ 
 asKCs, treacle &c., arc of viry 
 
 L'ross rcv(!nuc derived by llie 
 fitnu nun alone, amountccl, m 
 Uch31,lW>«, to2,U!7,f):U 
 
 jtumptum of Smiur m (.mi' 
 
 not aware that there are any 
 
 with respect to the prt;.i'o 
 
 iirst began to be used in Imir- 
 
 ' was imported in small quaiiti- 
 
 lans and (Jenoese in the llili 
 (in Marin's Storia dd t"m- 
 
 J, vol. V. p. 306, there is ;m 
 
 meiit made at Venice tor l.nit- 
 
 .0,000 II '.sugar, and 10,00011'. 
 
 sugar is said to have been 
 
 ,cvaiit) ; but honey \yas tlioii. 
 
 ■ the principal ingredient (in- 
 ng liquors and dishes. I'Acnni 
 
 he 17th century the ;uiant.tv 01 
 
 as very incon-sidcramc ; ainl i 
 ,lv in the houses of the rail iin.l 
 ,ll the latter part of the century, 
 ca began to be introduce., t 
 reneral demand. In l.UO Hi 
 'l in (Ireat Britain was about 
 
 ..100,000 lb. ; whercps in «'V 
 ,mo,mtedtoabovcos.,«t.bt.'i>, 
 
 10.000,000 lb.; so that sugt 
 ;ne of the principal artuteo" 
 iources of revenue, but an im- 
 
 "ll''the ivxrcase in tho u* j 
 ly been, it may, ;ve think, 
 hat the demand for It IS >t 
 its natural limit, and now 
 feonable, and the trade p « « I 
 
 we confidently ant'^'I""'- ' 
 ^f .ugar, and also the rej.« 
 
 ill vet be considerably incrcM.'". 
 
 During tlic first half of last century tlin con- 
 suin|itionofHiigarincrcascdlivu-fuld. Itamoiinted, 
 M aircadv stated — 
 
 In IJO , to 10, »() 
 |71>I, II.IHIII 
 
 17S4, 4.<,(HHI 
 
 1711, .'i.1.»70 
 
 I7;e-7.'i, Ti.:<»(> iaimift) 
 I7H»<J(I, HI.OIIU „ 
 
 III. 
 
 or li'^.tKlii.lxJO 
 
 .1l,.1l.iJ,l)lHI 
 
 •Jl.Oitll.llO') 
 
 lliJ,.TiO,(Kl') 
 
 l(i'^,.'|IIO,(MIO 
 
 lfll,.'iOII,IKIII 
 
 In the reign of Queen Anne, the duty on sugar 
 aiiiiiuiilcd to iid. .'if/, per (^wt. Small additions 
 witii made to it in the reign of (leorge !!.; but in 
 ITSil it was only Os. Ht/. hi 1781 a considerable 
 ,.,ililiti"ii was made to the previous duly ; and in 
 i;h7 it was as high a.s 12.f. b/. In 171)1 it was 
 r;ii>(.il to ITis. ; and while its extensive and 
 
 suoAU i;;:;9 
 
 more productive had Ihoy been lower. In 17!t7 
 the duly was raised to 17«. (>il.; two years after, 
 it was raised to 'iOn. ; and by successive augmen- 
 talions ill IKOII, IKOI, and 1 HOC, it was raised to 
 30.11,; lint in llie last-mentioned year it watt 
 enacted that, in the event of the market price of 
 sugar ill bond, or exclusive of the duty, being for 
 the four months previous to January .'i. May .'i, 
 or Seplember 5, below •lU.s. per cwl., the lords of 
 the Treasury might remit U. per cwt. of liio 
 duty; that if llie prices were below ■IM.'i., they 
 might remit _'.«. ; and if below 47.s. they might 
 remit 3.S., which was the greatest reduction that 
 eiuild be made. In l«'2(! the duly on West 
 India .sugar was <leclaied lo be emistant at '27s., 
 
 iiiric'isiiig consumplion pointed it out as an without n^ganl to price; the duly on sugar from 
 ariide well titled lo augment llie public reveinie, ] the Alaiiritiiis being then also reduced lo 27.«. In 
 llii' iircssare on the public linance.s, caused by the 1«30 llie duty was reduced to 2t.«. on West India 
 Fri'i.cli war, occasioned its being loaded wilh | and Maiiriliiis sugar, and to 32,i. on East India 
 iluiics, which, though th'iy yielded a large relurn, sugar; and in IK.'KJ the duty on the latter was 
 wiiiilil, there is giMjil reason to Ihiiik, have been , reiliieed lo ihc .same level as that on the former. 
 
 .•lmii(H< o/" '/"' Qnanl'''y of Stiijnr retninvil for Home CoHsum/ilion in Gnat Britain, the Ntit 
 Jtevcnuc derived from it, and the Ititles of iJiUy wilh which it tvas cluirtjed, iii each Year 
 from 178'J to 18M, Imth inclusive. 
 
 Vi'iirs 
 
 Uuinlillei rwalnwl 
 
 Cor lloine<:un- 
 
 ftutn|ilioti 
 
 Nett UfveiiUL' 
 
 Urllisli rianla- 
 tluii ^nlnltr 
 
 llalcj of Dill J 
 
 \'Ml India SllKur, 
 Incluilinf; .MniirilillK 
 
 
 
 
 
 in-r cwl. 
 
 per cwl. 
 
 licr rent. 
 JU v.iloreiii 
 
 
 
 IWl. 
 
 £ 1. it. 
 
 C .. ./. 
 
 £ f. d. 
 
 X 1. it. 
 
 
 17H'J 
 
 I,.'>47.109 
 
 mt,f.M II 11 
 
 Vl 1 
 
 
 37 Hi 3 
 
 
 l/W 
 
 l.'i.-.fi.V.Ti 
 
 !l(m,'l3l 17 4 
 
 .. 
 
 ,. 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 I'lJI 
 
 l.lo.l.Kll 
 
 1,071. 9113 Ifi 
 
 1.'. 
 
 II 2 8 
 
 .37 IB 3 
 
 
 nn 
 
 l,.1fil,AU2 
 
 l,01'<,.'>.->8 Vi 1 
 
 .. 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 \1•J^ 
 
 l,(i-7.ll!)7 
 
 l,31ti,'ifl'^ 14 .3 
 
 .. 
 
 ,. 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 1794 
 
 l,IS!),.1iJ'i 
 
 1,031, 1'l'i 4 l 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 I7M 
 
 IA16,MI) 
 
 94!l,;iill 16 1 
 
 .. 
 
 . • .. 
 
 
 I79e 
 
 l,.W4,0fi'i 
 
 \;ti\-t\i 7 .'> 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 1797 
 
 l,.i7.1,7aa 
 
 1,WIJ,7I4 O 7 
 
 17 fi 
 
 (1 .'. 'l 
 
 37 IB 3 
 
 
 1798 
 
 l,47li,.'..'.U 
 
 1,7KI,9!,(I \h U 
 
 19 
 
 II .'. 'l 
 
 40 IB 3 
 
 
 1799 
 
 i.lTi.tM 
 
 «,3'^l,9.35 Ifi .'. 
 
 1 
 
 'l (i 
 
 4'^ IG 3 
 
 
 18110 
 
 l,.VI(i,')'il 
 
 l,H3.'i,ll'2 11 1 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 
 1801 
 
 u,n\7'jr, 
 
 •i.n-i.'iM IS 1 
 
 .. 
 
 „ 3 i 
 
 \i IB 3 
 
 
 I80S 
 
 V^'io..iil 
 
 «,'^lll,801 B 11 
 
 ■ • 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 180.1 
 
 l,4Uli,.'.(i.'. 
 
 1,.'>.'.I,I.'.7 17 11 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 r, 4 
 
 1 4 
 
 
 1)111 
 
 1!,14 1,3(11) 
 
 •i,i:in,\'i\ IS 3 
 
 1 fi U 
 
 1 9 1 
 
 1 fi n 
 
 
 ISU'i 
 
 'i,07«,l".1 
 
 V,13'.l,7'.i5 1 in 
 
 1 7 
 
 1 9 8 
 
 1 7 
 
 
 18(IC 
 
 '.(,801,747 
 
 3,01l7,.'i!IO .3 li 
 
 .. 
 
 ., 
 
 
 
 I8U7 
 
 •.i,V77,lii;'i 
 
 3,l.'iO,7.')3 3 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 181 1» 
 
 1I,84'^,H13 
 
 4,177,91ii 3 4 
 
 
 1 111 
 
 1 
 
 
 1809 
 
 •J.'iO 1,507 
 
 3,'J73,U'J.', 'i 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1810 
 
 .3,4 89,3 1'i 
 
 .".,117,3.311 1'.! a 
 
 1 1 HO 
 
 1 I'i 
 
 111 II 
 
 1 u 
 
 
 1811 
 
 3,Tin,7:>7 
 
 3,339,'218 4 3 
 
 1 7 
 
 1 10 
 
 1 u 
 
 
 • IHl'i 
 
 '.i.fiol.niH 
 
 3,93il,9.-ll 17 i 
 
 
 
 ., 
 
 
 1813 
 
 •i,ii0'J,0ll3 
 
 3,117,'i(;il » .'> 
 
 1 10 
 
 1 13 
 
 1 I) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iier cwt. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i XI 10 
 
 I 
 
 11811 
 
 1,997,999 
 
 3,V7(;,il3 n 5 
 
 " 
 
 { i 1 
 
 1 
 J 
 
 }Silf;;ir used In diatillerie* included in these jiears. 
 
 ( ()/ the Quantities of Supar Iinfmrted into the United Kingdom from the lyeat Indies and 
 ilish (luiana, distiui/uishin;/ the Qiuintities from each Cohny, in the undermentioned Years, 
 
 Acmint 
 British 
 from 1815 /() 1807, both inchisiv 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sunar, unrelliieU 
 
 
 
 
 :)|iorted 
 
 1845 
 
 IS.'iO 
 
 18.'..'. 
 cwl. 
 
 1862 
 ~wt7' 
 
 1863 
 
 IWt. 
 
 1861 
 cwt. 
 
 1865 
 cwl. 
 
 1866 
 cwt. 
 
 1867 
 cwt. 
 
 
 cwt. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 A ill 
 
 •!10,0I3 
 
 I'i3,srai 
 
 ■i 111,9.39 
 
 'j.'i8,i;sn 
 
 UilV,.')60 
 
 .5.2,6.50 
 
 1 40,695 
 
 '251 ,607 
 
 11(4,7.36 
 
 11 ■ . . 
 
 3il,lS5 
 
 i'il.B.'iS 
 
 59'^,.'ili7 
 
 701 ,.i.'i.'. 
 
 61»,!)B1) 
 
 5.3.1,706 
 
 661,761 
 
 750,515 
 
 745,S.23 
 
 i>.>in;i..,t 
 
 .17,883 
 
 ,-il,SlB 
 
 .0,-.,!l7S 
 
 .'.7,44.^ 
 
 .'i(l,.')B8 
 
 411,6.311 
 
 .55,991 
 
 54.75'2 
 
 58,556 
 
 
 71,'2.W 
 
 H!i,8.'iO 
 
 fiB,9Hl 
 
 .'i8,V00 
 
 ■JO, 181 
 
 85,383 
 
 74,516 
 
 81,591 
 
 96,613 
 
 
 74S.»B7 
 
 !>7!i,l)Tt 
 
 iiU.Wi 
 
 553,013 
 
 All, .'..51 
 
 4 71, .5-21 
 
 4'2I.305 
 
 570,'208 
 
 495,510 
 
 MonLserr.li 
 
 ll.^B.'i 
 
 1,B07 
 
 r<i 
 
 .5,117 
 
 B,B47 
 
 7,!IG7 
 
 8,309 
 
 19,.1.8fi 
 
 1 0,500 
 
 NVtii . 
 
 ,30,8.')H 
 
 15,'il8 
 
 33,98'^ 
 
 3.5,7.33 
 
 39,r2i 
 
 16,119 
 
 ■29,718 
 
 35,951 
 
 S3,701 
 
 ^1. rhristiiiiher - 
 
 li'^773 
 
 70,717 
 
 111,785 
 
 18fi,913 
 
 '200,1161 
 
 !I6,SIJ(I 
 
 '203,791 
 
 ■22.2,998 
 
 16-2,4 15 
 
 M. Lutij . 
 
 71,'«) 
 
 .'i3,903 
 
 6.'>,9'.li 
 
 97,367 
 
 9.5,711 
 
 85,Slil 
 
 99,471 
 
 ll;l,99'2 
 
 101,923 
 
 >t. VilKl'Tlt 
 
 13'i,(i73 
 
 I.39,,'i81 
 
 98,1^1 
 
 14,'.,liSH 
 
 13B..2.',3 
 
 1.23,.3.1fi 
 
 I -21, 622 
 
 170,679 
 
 168,1.39 
 
 Tobago . 
 
 6i,709 
 
 44,1197 
 
 39,3.34 
 
 7'2,.303 
 
 47,533 
 
 4.T,357 
 
 •19,749 
 
 79,478 
 
 «8,063 
 
 lortola . 
 
 7,177 
 
 1,406 
 
 
 1,718 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iriniilad . 
 
 361, ISi 
 
 366,'^lfO 
 
 41S,9i|.^ 
 
 687,441 
 
 601,030 
 
 67'2,7'26 
 
 558,155 
 
 814,944 
 
 752,893 
 
 Bdhatnas . 
 
 1,659 
 
 
 
 1.70 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 478 
 
 
 
 Hennuilas 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 li 
 
 ,, 
 
 -611 
 
 3 
 
 1,086 
 
 I 
 
 ,. 
 
 UdnCTara 
 
 499,10'2 
 
 47»,75n 
 
 C7.'i,«.'.l 
 
 ST3,-,S9 
 
 889,08' 
 
 9«,991 
 
 1,0.35,377 
 
 1,104,711 
 
 890,848 
 
 lltibice . 
 
 1*),57.'> 
 
 i5,2l5 
 
 8.5,461 
 2,9ia,.'>91i 
 
 i.'^ll,4-.i9 
 3,8li.5,188 
 
 97,9.39 
 
 99,334 
 3,'261.478 
 
 97,758 
 .-.,.5(19,088 
 
 l'2'l,009 
 
 1 '21, OHO 
 
 Total 
 
 V,«.J7,703 
 
 3,61iJ,778 
 
 4,410.8.55 
 
 3,8.24, 170 
 
 We had occasion, in a former edition of this 
 TOrk, to rc.,.."-k on the impolicy and injustice of 
 charging sngar from our posseBsions in the East 
 Indies with a higher rate of duty than was laid 
 on sugar from the West Indies, "llut, as already 
 
 seen, this distinction was suppressed in 183G, and 
 the sugar of our various colonial possessions and 
 dependencies is now admitted for consumption on 
 the same lenns. 
 Previously to 1845 the duty on sugar froi»i a 
 
 1 
 
 Mi;' 
 
 ^ 1- -M- 
 
into 
 
 SUGAR. 
 
 
 •I . 
 
 
 - v--,.,, 
 
 ■ I 
 
 ■J, 
 
 I t 
 
 '. 'i' 1 
 
 4J' 
 
 ■" g §" 
 
 ~a c ,^ 
 
 . ■£> . 
 
 ■ .*~i5 
 :|^'^ 
 
 § « 2 
 OS g 
 
 « §^ 
 
 s « « 
 -5 ss«, 
 
 s:s =^ 
 •§§ S 
 
 III 
 
 '^3 8 
 
 s 
 
 U i 
 
 ■ZE 
 
 s| 
 
 11 
 
 l\ 
 li 
 1^ 
 
 Total 
 Quantity 
 retained or 
 en'ered for 
 
 tion. 
 
 CM 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 
 QO 
 
 
 
 
 
 C0 
 
 
 too 
 
 "I* 
 
 .1 
 
 0* 
 
 SS5=S 
 
 s 
 
 ic(0-«e4 -• ci^-*o — 
 
 R 
 
 
 •3 
 
 c 
 »-< 
 
 1 
 
 -1" 
 
 1 
 
 1-? 
 
 i-«o 
 
 O 
 
 8 
 
 u:; tl -N -■ to 
 
 1 
 
 — Ofi 1- »ooaec« 
 
 CN 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 2^ 
 
 P. 
 
 S* 
 iJ 
 
 «■:''.«-*'■; 
 
 (o«: — «^ ♦ 
 
 ^ f. O 9* — 
 
 e* »* ?< M t-. 
 
 3 
 is 
 
 pcy— p t-^iiOCiC 
 
 aS 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 D 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 ¥ 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 ■"'5 5 
 
 H5 
 
 s 
 
 «" 
 
 too 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 10 
 
 
 u 
 
 oT 
 
 5 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ;S 
 
 
 
 IS'* 
 
 CIO 
 
 Is. 
 
 5 
 
 
 to 
 to 
 
 t*oi2rt d 5frf)-wto(o 
 
 « — N « >0«<r94M 
 
 9* 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 94 CD 
 
 s 
 
 »•»* 
 
 s 
 
 0C9J — QOO 
 »•— IO»T.oO 
 
 I-. (O 94 ^ r^ 
 
 904 3>«M:4 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 a; 
 
 
 1 
 
 •c 
 
 *s.._ 
 
 
 
 
 . J 
 
 
 iN«tC9e o 100040'- 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 li>«H n pMap{iuo3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 >* 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 a 
 
 9 
 
 
 s" 
 
 r. 
 
 
 
 >• 
 
 2 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 C4 N*«>t J* 
 
 3 
 
 iiliiliiii 
 
 
 
7 ■ I 
 
 SUQAtt 
 
 1341 
 
 
 
 5CCC=> 
 
 rt f. r. « rt 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 at (ot-*-- ^"^ 
 ^ (a (D f. "^ ■* 
 
 ¥ I- SI'-".". 
 
 S S^p^iei; 
 
 ^.^! 
 
 
 m 
 
 ¥ «««•« 
 
 
 SSSSSk 
 
 
 9« In SmmjImm 
 
 
 >fl n 4BV — (COV) 
 
 
 
 "^ 2 ** - ' ' 
 •^ "O lO •o >o 
 
 _• — I*: 1^ N ■>* 
 
 I 
 
 ■a ^; 
 
 
 S 
 
 ■H = 3 = C = 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 ■a .. 
 
 ■aS = = T3 
 
 
 ^Ti.o.j^r>.n 
 
 mao^cc 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,1.^ 
 
 to 
 
 y.- 
 
 * 9 
 
 
 ^1I 
 
 111 
 
 
 
 ^-o 
 
 
 ^= 
 
 11 
 
 
 "«2 
 
 
 — 2 Ci k: ^ t- 
 >0 f)' (OtOioteioiC 
 
 S R 
 
 
 at«0 3( 9> 
 
 8o» -*0O«> — WSi 
 ff» w ^ S no o 
 
 — ^ '— " *— u^ r^ wi %— J w "r *^ 
 
 et — aetoi" •'; i^oi — « 
 
 
 (••■nflifflp 
 
 o- <N off* i-r(,*»r« 
 
 «;^ — •l*^'^ y* "0 1^^ 
 
 
 
 - w ffi o o — <e 
 
 
 S I 
 
 
 
 
 s" 
 
 "5. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 «-• a* ««-.»i-^f- 
 
 iT t^ t'. >♦ -« Ci I- « »^. K) 
 
 w — to-^qo t^rwi^i"-? 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 »o » r- ft M "O «.•: 
 
 1-2 N K-. — (T I- 1^ — 1^ 
 
 
 
 oe ^ ff» i^ oi p 
 gt ao Si*.*^ *1 
 
 
 
 S?.Ss25s? 
 
 PM M •■!* •'^O -i^a^ 
 0* »^ C*S^'«r-ri0 7« 
 
 1*1 *i w ?« lo rt n"ic n iQ 
 
 
 f r t^ .. ^ .. 4 
 
 ocoCflOxqe wocacacao 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
J 
 
 i 
 
 
 \ ." ■ I 
 
 •< ■,....' 
 
 I 
 
 I". 
 
 ' - '. 
 
 
 -f: 
 
 1342 
 
 Hl^OAR 
 
 Itriliith nossOMHioii was (Icfidcilly too lii^jli, liriii^; cITiM't, ; nnci siiicc ISI.'i tlicri' lias In'i'ii ii vory (jrpftt 
 
 111) li'sM liii4ii 'J/i.*. 2(/, (21,1. + 5 per iK'iit.) |irr cwt. , iiirreasc in the exjiortH ol' siifjar Crom lliHl'jslaiid, 
 
 Hill wlictlicr this wr'(! K(( or not, tlicriM'aiiiiol, »•(• [I'oiiT Louis.] IJiit dcspitii tliis (•ir(!iiniHiiiiic('. 
 
 ii|>pr('hcnil, lio .so iiiiicli as llu: sliadow of a <loulit anil llio incrraxo in Ow. imports of siipir irimi 
 
 tliai tilt' duty on InreiKu sugars was llicii nmrK India since IHio, tliu di'cri'asc in the iinporls iniiii 
 
 lliaii Iwicu a.s );rt'ut as it, slioiild have been. 'I'IiIh tin* West Indies was not, for n i-onsideralile tinu', 
 
 <liily, wliii'li aniimiitcd for a Iciintlieiied period to fully roinpensatcil. On llie one hand, then lure, 
 
 <i.'i.«. per I'wI., wa.s, in faet, intended to he pro- \\v had a raiiidly iiiereasinj; population, ami on 
 
 hiliilory; and so lon^ as our forei);ii dependencies the other we had that population onlined bv n,| 
 
 furnished so niiieli sii};iir as not only to supply the oppre^^sive duty to a ni:irket lor siijj.'r, the ,sii'|i|i)(- 
 
 niarket.s of the IJniteil Kingdom, hut to furnish, of which had been diiniuislied. The eonM'i|iii>n('ii 
 
 liesides, ii considerable excess for exportation to were such as every man of si.tise ini;;lit have iin- 
 
 others, there was liille to object to in the inanni- tiiipatcd froin the outset. The business of rciinin' 
 
 tiiile of the duty. Lalterly, howevei-, it liecmiie ■■■■•• ... 
 
 Most oppressive in its operalion. In conseipieiici., 
 IIS already seen, of the measures connected with 
 the einancipalioii of the sl.avi's, the imports of 
 .siifjar from the West Indies declined from 
 •I.II'I.T'K; cwt. in IH.'SI. to l.',«.")7,7(i;i cwl. . 
 [.•^I."). Owiiif; to the iinmif^raliou of hill-t'ixdie-, 
 
 !ind other circumstances, the emancipation of the subjoin an 
 
 slaves in the Mauritius had comparatively liille I 
 
 AtaiiiiU of the Qiiitntilies of Siifliir ritniiiiil for I'liiisiimjitUiii, of thi- Xelt Product' of the T)ulm 
 tliiriiin, mill of t/ic I'riiii. jii'r Ctrl, of llnlish Siii/nr \i:.f Duly), anil Itrnzil Suijiir in Jlonil in 
 1B4'.', 1843, 18M, with lite Averai/c of these o I'niis. 
 
 fortius Ibreii^ii market, and our export Ira'liiii 
 sii;^ar, were all but ,'innihilaled, while the avi'i';i;.n. 
 (ia/.eiu* price of muscovado sii^ar a(lnii>-ili|i> in 
 IIk^ l';nj,'lish markets amouiited diiriiii; l!ie ;! y.ars 
 eudliii; with IKII to about double the prliv if 
 |iireii,'n MiM-arin bond, of eipuil or superior i|iialitv. 
 We hi';;, in illustration of what is now slated in 
 
 Yean 
 
 QumtUlcs 
 
 iNctt Kwi'iiul' rrniit I)ullt^ 
 I'll SiiKjr 
 
 X 
 
 4.n;i.si2 
 .'.,ii;(i..Tiii 
 .•'.'im.'iri 
 
 AvernKe rrl.'t'H or llrltUli i Avfr.iiti' l*rii-i>i nt' Iln/i! 
 .Mll^rovatlu SuKnr ;Suj,Mr tilrowii.ui.l V.-llow) 
 
 isr2 
 
 IKI.- 
 ISII 
 
 cwt. 
 
 •i.M.s.i.-.; 
 
 •l,lliS,.1il7 
 
 •l,la'.V<'.il 
 
 ""li.ii.'(i,;.-.s 
 
 .'i.HliS.'Jl'^J 
 
 .. ,1. 
 W II 
 
 .-.1 .T 
 
 t. ,1. 
 IS ,1 
 17 'i 
 17 
 
 Total 
 
 i.'.,i,',i,3iiii 
 
 111.1 IM 
 
 '7 'J '"' 
 
 AfcMpi' of ,". )f ars 
 
 ,'.,(i;.i,i.'i.ij 
 
 .11 7i 
 
 Now, it appears from this staleinciil. (hat while 
 the |)riee of lirilish siifjar (exclusive of tliily) 
 amounted tliiriiij; the >'! years endiiiti with 1811 to 
 ;!l.v. 7^ii. per cwt.. the price of Ibazil (anti Cuba) 
 sugar was tmly I ".<..'■)§(/. jier tlo. .\ml hence it 
 fi.liows, that, had the then prohibitory iliily of 
 (pJt.s. tm foreign sugar been retliieeil to the .same rate 
 {?„'}s. 'id., or Us. + T) per cent.) as the then tluty 
 on liritish sugars, the people of the United King- 
 <lom might h.ivo bouglil thesamp tinanlityof sugar 
 for 17s. ty'jid. that cost them 'Ms. 'id. ; that is, they 
 might have got about 2 lb. of sugar for llu; same 
 sacrilice it cost them to get 1 lb. The .aggregate 
 lo.ss to the public from this iireposteroiis arrange- 
 ment of the sugar ihitics, during the period in 
 question, was quite oiiormoiis. It appears from 
 the above account that the average consuniplioii 
 of sugar, during each of the 3 years ending 
 with 1844, nmountetl to 4,008,912§ t3wt., which at 
 34s. 7jrf. cost G,944,G0.5/. 14.s. M. But had we 
 been alloweil to go into the foreign market for 
 sugar, wc might have got the same quantity for 
 3,502,230/. 13j«., being a saving in 1 year of no 
 less than 3,442,375/. \s. bit., and in .'! years, of 
 1 0,327, 12.i/. 4.«. 'Ad. l!ut it may, perhaps," be said, 
 that had our ports been open to the frcy im|X)r- 
 tatiuu of Brazilian and other foreign sugars, the 
 l)rice of the latter would have been raised : and 
 so probably it would ; though, considering the 
 vast extent and productiveness of the lielil from 
 which sugar may be brought, wc doubt whether 
 this effect would be very sensible. But, sup- 
 posing that the opening of our ports had raised 
 the price of foreign sugar from 17s. 5J(/. to 22s. 
 per cwt., still the saving would have amounted 
 to 2,534,801/. 16». 9d. a-ycar. 
 
 Under these circumstances there could no longer 
 be a doubt that the reduction of the old prohibitory 
 duty of C6s. per cwt. on foreign sugar was impera- 
 tively required; this was partiallj cBcuted in 
 1844, wlien the duty on foreign sugar, if produced 
 by free labour, was reduced to 35s. 8JfA per cwt. ; 
 
 I ami when, in 'iMH, the duty on British eoldiiinl 
 I sugars was reduced to I Is. "per cwl., that on iVco 
 ; labour sugar was further rediiceil to '.';(.«. M 
 i per cwl. 
 
 Kilt though these reductions of duly elTcctcil a 
 great improvement in the old system," llicy wire 
 inadeipiale to place it on a saiisfaclory fiwliii^'. 
 The reiluctioii of the duty on foreign sugar n|i])lii! 
 to that only which was jiroduced by free lali ui. 
 the sugar protlueed by the labour of "slaves (um1.>- 
 wo happencii to be bounil bv treaty to admit il ,i- 
 the low tluty) continuinf^ subject "to the old pri- 
 hibilory tluty of tiOs. per cwt. Nothing, Ikiwcvi i. 
 coiiltl be more inexpetlient than this ilistiiitiiii;, 
 on which we took the liberty to animadvert a- 
 follows in a former edition of this work :— 
 
 ' We take, without any scruple, the cnttmi, 
 tobacco, rice, antI other products of slavc-liuliliii^' 
 countries ; and such being (he case, it is not very 
 easy to sec on what ]irinciplc we refuse to take 
 their sugar. Tht-e is no reason li> think that wi 
 are at all likely to hasten, by this refusal, tlic 
 emancipation of their slaves (even if that wort 
 certainly desirable), or to improve their coiulitimi : 
 our policy in this respect is injurious to ourselve-. 
 without being of the smallest advantage to ain- 
 oiie else. 
 
 ' But the truth is, if we look a little narrowly 
 
 into the circumstances, wc shall linti that wc il" 
 
 the very thing we pretend not to do. We annually 
 
 export large (juantities of British produce to Ciiii:. 
 
 and Brazil; but the sugar of those coiiiitrity, the 
 
 principal article they have to sentl us, bein;; ix- 
 
 cluded from our markets, we cannot bring ittlircci 
 
 to this country, but w. carry it to Haraburf,' a.ul 
 
 other continental emporiums, and there cxchaugc 
 
 I it for wool, flax, and other articles wc are allowed 
 
 1 to import ; so that, in effiect, we transmute ibi' 
 
 j slave-grown sugar into other things, and consumt' 
 
 it under its new form. We do not employ it to 
 
 j sweeten tea and coffee ; but we clothe ourselves 
 
 with wool and Hax, manure our lauds with bones. 
 
sua All 
 
 1.-113 
 
 hen- lm» iH'on ii very nxni 
 ol' siiRur from tlml island. 
 lU'siiito tlii« firciinisiaiKv, 
 (• imiiortu of HiiKiir limn 
 ■crfiiw in ll"' i">l»"''^ if"'ii 
 lit, fur II ooiisiiltiraliU? iini'. 
 ii'tlii^ imu Imiid, tlicr.lnr.. 
 ■fusing; |iiiiml'.iti<>iii ""'I "i: 
 nopiiliilion i;. Mfincd In ili 
 arU.'t for HiiK.'r, flic sui^l 
 illisllfil. 'ril.M'ollsniuiii..- 
 „ ,if m'><>"0 nii;;lif liavc iiii- 
 ,,( . 'I'lii- liunim'-*'* of idiniii, 
 .|.'iin<l oiir export Ira^li' i;; 
 nihiliilftl, wUilf llu' nvcni. 
 niviulo su^iir mlmi-iM.' i- 
 .momitnl ilurhii; IV ;ly.ai- 
 aboul (lo\ilili' III" pruv .1 
 of <Miuiil or siiiuTimi|iialm. 
 m of wlmt in now sliilud, i ■ 
 
 Xelt rroduce of the Oulut 
 ,/ Uriizil Sittinr in l{imtt,in 
 
 lorUiitMi 1 AmtW TriiM of lln/i 
 '"' '" ■Suu.irlllra«n,ii»IV.U««l 
 
 III SuKiir 
 
 il. 
 II 
 •Jl 
 .1 _ 
 
 iu 
 
 n' 
 
 ,. ,1. 
 
 IH .1 
 
 17 a 
 
 17 
 
 "" 17 :•{ 
 
 tho ilutv on llrilish coliiiia! 
 to 1 l.s. "por cwl., iliiil "11 If" 
 further rcducpil to tis. 1('. 
 
 ^ rptUictions of iliity cfl'cdi'l a 
 
 in the, old hvsIcui, tlicy \sm 
 
 y it on a satisfiiclory fnoiuii;. 
 
 e dulv on foreign sugar niiiilu'l 
 
 wa« "pr"'l"««'' ^y '"''' '"7"' 
 by the labour of slaves (uiil' >• 
 bound bv treaty to admil ii a' 
 linuinH Hnl'jcot to the »M vr"- 
 , pcrewt. NothinK,ho«.v,i, 
 -cpedicnt than this dislinclini., 
 the libcrtv to aiumadvcn ib 
 edition of this work:- 
 ,out any scruple, the cot 
 )ther products ol slavc-liuWui!; 
 11 beiiiL'thccasc, ilisnotm; 
 at principle we refuse to Uke 
 "is'no reason to think that 
 „ iiasten, by this refusaUlio 
 reiUves fove." if that ^rc 
 , or to improve their conauioi. 
 ■espcct is injurious to ourseho, 
 hcsmallest advantage to am - 
 
 ,, if we look a little narrowly 
 les we shall find that «c 
 
 Sinottodo. Wemnijuib 
 ities of British produce to U 
 
 e sugar of those countncM^^ 
 eyhaveto8cndu8,ben.t^ V 
 irkcts we cannot bring It dine 
 '.»carrvitto Hamburg' a "1 
 »;;^rirs^andtherec=.J..; 
 
 Bl'^l^Vcrwe^t^anTuiit'bo 
 tnto^£Vngs,andcons«- 
 Iform We do not employ 1 w 
 'off^;- but we clothe. oursebo 
 :;Suureourlands with bone. 
 
 miii:li, however, as the latter was iiiade<|iiale to (he 
 supply of llie Ignited Kingiloiii, the ell'cct of this 
 rcgulalloii was io add Dn. \il. per cwt. to the prl(M! 
 of all tlie.simar, Urilisli as well as foreign, ('iitcred 
 for I'liiiMiiiiplioii. And it was hardly to b(t sup- 
 posed, alter the striking rei'o;;nilioii of the priii- 
 eiplcs of free trade given bv the Kegislaltire in 
 passing the Aet for the ab<ilitioii of the eoiii 
 laws, that the. |iroleetive Hystem would be per- 
 mitted III I'oiitiiiiie for the sake- of the KU;;ar 
 coloiiii's. The abiililinn of lb(' former was, Im 
 Iriilb, all bill eipilvaleiit to tlut ubol'' i| of 
 llie lalhr. And llie 1) A 10 Viet. e. (I;), relerriil 
 111 .ibove. wbieli put an end to the d^^tinciioii 
 beUveni free and slavo-growu sii^ar, provided 
 also for llie eipialisatioii of Ibe diilies on lirilisli 
 and foreign sugars, wliieli, had it been main- 
 laiiied, would luivo been lliiully ell'eetcd on Jiilv 5, 
 l.s.il. 
 
 'Ibis last Aet, however, was afterwards siiper- 
 sedi'il by the 11 it \l Viol. c. !)7, whieli, exclusive 
 of some ebaiigcs in thi; duties, deferred their 
 eomplete. etpialisation till IHol. 
 
 (\»iipiirittivt: Kfficirneii iif I'rcc iinil S/urc Liiliour 
 In lliv I'riirliicllon of Sii</(tr. — Ihil, tlioii(^h it was 
 not to be expected that a (liseriniiiialing duty in 
 favour of the sugar of our cidonies would b<! 
 tolerated, it is by no means clear that its abolition 
 has not been an injustice to the latter. 'I'he 
 eipialisalioi; of the iliitioa would have been in all 
 res|ieets iiiiolijectionable, were the eirciiinstaiiees 
 miller wliieii tlic planters iu our colonies are placed 
 identical with or similar to those under whieb 
 their competitors arc placed in Cuba, Hrazil, and 
 Java. Siieh, however, is not the ease, 'ibe instru- 
 ments of proditelion possessed by the lalter are 
 totally ditl'erent from tho.se possessed by the 
 former. In Itrazil and Cuba the planters are 
 furiiislu'd with slave labour, and in .Java the popu- 
 lation, though not enslaved, is subjected to com- 
 ]iiilsory service. Unless, therefore, it can be 
 shown that free labour is as cflicient in the |iro- 
 diiction of sugar in the West Indies and Dinie- 
 rara as slave or compulsory labour, it will ne- 
 cessarily follow that the equalisation of the duties 
 on llritish and foreign sugars wa.s an injustice to 
 our cidonists. 
 
 It has been alleged over and over again in vin- 
 dication of this equalisation, that free labour is at 
 once cheaper and more ellieientthan slave labour; 
 and without enquiring into the truth of this alle- 
 gation, we .shall admit the greater cheapness of 
 free labour in countries where freemen and slaves 
 arc equally suited to the employments carried on 
 in them, and where these employments would be 
 spontaneously followed by the slaves were they 
 emancipated. But the conditions under which 
 the production of sugar is carried on in the intor- 
 liuy cotton and other things, without cnipiiring tropical rcrlons of the New World are entirely 
 \m. or by whom, it is produced. We may be ^ diU'erent irom those now stated. Whites are n<it 
 i-Mireil that we should give ns little encourage- capahic of field labour in such climates ; and the 
 
 raising of sugar is not an employment that woiihl 
 be voluntarily undertaken by free blacks. The 
 latter have few wants. They reckon as useless 
 incumbrances many articles in-'ispcnsable in cold 
 or temperate climates. Hence the curia acuens 
 mortalia corda, so powerful in Europe, has but 
 little inlluencc in Jamaica and Trinidad. Men 
 are not instinctively laborious or enterprising, 
 ludustrv is with them merely a means to an end, 
 a sacrilicc they make to obtain supplies of the 
 necessaries and conveniences of human life. 
 Whenever the sacrifice required to procure food, 
 c'othes, and other necessary accommodations is 
 considerable, the population is generally indus- 
 trious ; and a taste for labour being widely 
 diffused, those whc are not obliged to apply 
 
 ami niiinufaeture our paper of rags, which are all 
 
 Liiiiglit by it. But suppose we were a lit lie more 
 
 iiiiixiilie, and that after getting the s'.igar we 
 
 ijircw il into the si'a, the result, as respects Cuba 
 
 ,11,1 Mrazil, wouhl be Ibe same. We ^ive, by 
 
 JMiviiig their sugar, all the eiicouragrineiil in our 
 
 ,„«i.r to the slavery that exists in thei'i; what 
 
 iv.v^liiill <lo with the siii^ar is our own alVair; anil 
 
 will llier we use it, sell it to others, or destroy it. is, 
 
 i, lar as slavery is coi' eiued, (piile iiiinialerial. 
 
 il.it it is by no means immaterial as respects our 
 
 null' with slave-holding countries; Inasiiiu.li as 
 
 jl,. iirelereuee we give Io llii- siij^ars of others 
 
 ;,iii|its tlieiu to lay diseriniinatiii^ iluties on our 
 
 ■ t iiliuts, and to (liseouragi- ;inil embarrass our 
 
 nail', '^"d even were it otherwise desirable, it 
 
 {,i;iv be doubted whether it bi^ in oer power to 
 
 iM hide slave grown sugar, (^ertitieates of origin 
 
 «ill. we .'ipprehend, bi^ rather a slender seeiirity 
 
 1, rlliis result. Ihitsiipposing ibeni to beell'eeliial. 
 
 ;|ii iciiiseiiueiiee will be thill a greater quantity 
 
 ,1 .lava and Manilla sugar being colisuiiied in 
 
 lji.;laMil. less of it will remain to be sent to the 
 
 I uMliiieiit, where, by means of our jioliey, a corre- 
 
 -iiiiidiiig market will bo opened for slave-grown 
 
 MiL'ar. 
 
 ■ but admitting that something might be found 
 iisay in favour of the policy of wholly excluding 
 -lavi'-;;iii"'ii sugar, we, in elTeet, .'ibandoii il, by 
 .ilraitling the slave-grown sugar of the United 
 Si;it('s and other countries with which we have 
 inaties of reciprocity; so that, after all, our 
 I'liiy ill litis respect is pndiibitive only of the 
 Mi,'ars of Cuba, I'oito Kico, and lirazil. If the 
 AincTicaiis chose to send us the wliide sugar grown 
 ill l.nuisiaiia, every ounce of which is the produce 
 l>l:ive labour, importing in its stead sugar fnmi 
 die llavuiinah and lialiia, it would bi- freely 
 ailmittod to our markets, lleuec it is that, while 
 iiMxclude the slave-grown sugar of those friendly 
 •uiilries of whose trade we might, if we chose, 
 lavi' a virtual monopoly, we admit the .sl.ave- 
 ,Tiwn sugar of our rival.s — of the only people wlio.':e 
 ivmniircia! marine can come into competition 
 with our own. And to show that this conlradic- 
 ii"ii is not imaginary, we may mention that, during 
 iliiitlicn) present j'car (ISI.'^i) about .'!00 tonsof the 
 Mii;ar of Louisiana" (the quality of the latter is not, 
 IS now prepared, well suited to our markets) and 
 Viiiozucla have been adiniited to consumption 
 uiiiltr the new Act. Is it, we beg to ask, possible 
 1" speak too harshly of such a ))oliey V to imagine 
 r.n iliiii}; more perverse, contradictory, and ab- 
 surd r 
 
 ' It were really, therefore, to be wished that we 
 sliould cease to rave, as we have done for the last 
 il years, about slavery ; and that we should allow 
 wir merchants to buy sugar, as we allow them to 
 
 niml to slavery by so doing as wo give by our 
 irosent system, while wo should, at th(! same 
 dme. ),'ive greater facilities to our trade, and full 
 s'lpi' to the late, and in other respects, wise and 
 lil*ral measures,' 
 
 We are glad to have to stat« that the prin- 
 dlilc contended for in the above paragraphs 
 ill* since been fully admitted by the Legislature ; 
 ihc Act of 184G, 9 & 10 Vict, c, 03, having 
 n|iialised the duty on all descriptions of foreign 
 ^a;ars. 
 
 It wU further be observed that under the system 
 
 *pted in 1845, a discriminating tluty of Ms, Ad. 
 
 F*'civt. was imposed on foreign muscovado sugar 
 
 j admitted to consumption over and above the duty 
 
 dh, per cwt.) imposed on British sugar. Inas- 
 
 1 I 
 
 * i i 
 
 '11 
 
 il!, 
 
 'H 
 
 ♦ 
 
>ri . 
 
 1314 
 
 SUGAR 
 
 
 ■.\-J ■ 
 
 -1 ■ i 
 
 \ 1 
 
 i 1 
 
 
 f i 
 
 
 
 ^•^i 
 
 F 
 
 
 -1 S-: 
 
 > 
 
 : 'i 
 
 
 ■• ■ 
 
 i-^--i 
 
 themselves to tho product inn of nofcsaorios, 
 enf^a^o in the proilnction of HiipcrlliiitioH, Itiit 
 wherever the prinripnl wants of ninii may 1)0 sup- 
 plied with but little exertion, indolence beconu's 
 
 opportunity, nnd will, while employed, indulge aj 
 much as poiisible in idleness. 
 
 llcncc it would Hoem llinf, whether slave nml 
 conipulsory labour be cheaper or dearer thnii t'ro' 
 
 the distingnishint; characteristic of tlic population ;< labour, it is indispciiHable to the pnxluctidii (jf 
 
 sunnr. We do not presume, in mnkni^ this .state. 
 mcnt, to give any opinion in regard to the policy or 
 impolicy of tho sui)prcssion of slavery in our 
 colonics. The frcctlom of the bluckH may l)e ,1 
 more than sullicient compensation for the ccsHnliun 
 of supplies of sugar from them. Hut, whither it 
 be so or not, we regard il as the merest illusion i,, 
 suppose that the severe drudgery of Migar |ilimtin;' 
 
 and, instead of employing their spare lime in the 
 
 production of articles of ostentation and luxury, 
 
 they usually waste it in idleness and apathy. 
 
 Now this is the precise state <if the blacks in the 
 
 West Indies, 'I heir necessities and desires are of 
 
 a very limited description ; and are generullv 
 
 indeed fully satisfied by the produce of a small 
 
 patch of land, requiring but little lalxuir in its 
 
 cultivation : and such being the case, it would be | will ever be eflicicntly carried on in tlii' West 
 
 contradictory to suppose that they should volun- Indies by really free labourers. 
 
 tarily employ themselves in tl'ic hard labour! The mere exclusion of slave-grown sugar woull 
 
 necessary to produce sugar. (Consistently with not, however, as many seem to suppose, have In 
 
 what is now stated, we lind that llayti, or St. i any degree obviated the Imrilships to which uur 
 
 Domingo, though the most fruitful of the West 1 planters have liceii exposed. It would nieriiv 
 
 Indian islands, and though, when n colony of;liave forced a larger (piantity of the sugars (if 
 
 France, it furnished immense supplies of sugar, j .lava and China upim our markets, and opened a 
 
 docs not export, now that it is occupiid by frw larger liehl for the consumption of slavc-(;romi 
 
 blacks, a single ton. This, also, is the case in sugar on the Continent. Justice to our cdlnnists 
 
 Mexico: and what reasonable ground have wc ' re(|uired that either a discriminating duty nhouH 
 
 for supposing that the result woidd be different in i have been imposed in their favour on all t'(irci;;n 
 
 .lamaica, Cuba, or Urazil, were the blacks free .nid ; sugars, or tliat they should Lave been compoiisatnl 
 
 able (which is not tho case in our islands) easily , in some other way. But as the former method of 
 
 to obtain patches of land V The possession of tho | dealing fairly bv them would have been repugnant 
 
 latter is requisite to enable them to exist without to the national feeling and highly objcctionaMe, 
 
 engaging in laborious service ; and in the event of 
 
 their not being able to obtain land, they may be 
 
 forced to employ themselves in the culture of 
 
 sugar; though, as it is against their inclination, 
 
 they will withdraw from their work on the llrst 
 
 at the same time that it is more 'ban douljiful 
 whether it would have done real service to ihe 
 planters, some less offensive and more clliiipiit 
 alternative should have been resorted to, We 
 subjoin 
 
 An Account of the Quantities of the different Descriptions of Unrefined Suqar entertd fir 
 Consumption in the United Kingdom during earh of the 35 /cars ending with 18C7 ; with on 
 Account of the Amount of Duty received on the same, the average Price of Muscovado Sum 
 in Bond §-c. 
 
 
 QunnllllM mlercd for Comum|ilian 
 
 Nett Rcvrnue 
 
 ATwaijtl'iKO 1 
 
 
 
 
 of BriiKh 
 
 Yi-ars 
 
 Brieiih Plan- 
 
 
 
 
 from lluties 
 
 MuicoTldo ' 
 
 
 tatlon (including 
 
 Kasi India 
 
 Foreign 
 
 Total 
 
 on Sugar 
 
 Sugar 
 
 
 Mauritius) 
 
 
 
 
 
 per rwt. 
 
 
 cwl. 
 
 c«rt. 
 
 cwl. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 1. i. 
 
 18.1S 
 
 3,574,^29 
 
 ;!),iiiio 
 
 1)04 
 
 3,644,4.-1 
 
 4,394,.1.18 
 
 17 8 
 
 IS.1.1 
 
 3,443,4.'i() 
 
 9S,'.'S3 
 
 71 
 
 3,641,804 
 
 4,414,.ln2 
 
 1 •) » ' 
 
 ISM 
 
 3,6^0,4'^',^ 
 
 121,007 
 
 .40 
 
 3,741,479 
 
 4,449,392 
 
 1 !i } ; 
 
 18.1S 
 
 .1,747,841 
 
 »8,6sn 
 
 31 
 
 3,S46,462 
 
 4,667,9: JO 
 
 1 1.1 i 
 
 1836 
 
 3,37S,144 
 
 110,222 
 
 33 
 
 3,488,.199 
 
 4,181,164 
 
 2 III 
 
 18.17 
 
 3.681,712 
 
 270,044 
 
 43 
 
 .1,944,810 
 
 4,760,464 
 
 1 14 7 
 
 IN.18 
 
 3,491,224 
 
 418,374 
 
 64 
 
 3,9iMI,664 
 
 ,646,891 
 
 1 1.1 * 
 
 1839 
 
 3,348,298 
 
 477,242 
 
 49 
 
 3,824,499 
 
 4,4S>i,9.1fi 
 
 1 19 ! 
 
 1840 
 
 .1,074,198 
 
 418,320 
 
 i,316 
 
 3,494,8.14 
 
 4,149,070 
 
 2 9 1 
 
 1841 
 
 2,91)2,203 
 
 1,1164,414 
 
 26 1 
 
 4,047,878 
 
 .4,iu,.vm 
 
 I 19 K 
 
 1812 
 
 2,932,186 
 
 934,948 
 
 104 
 
 3,868,437 
 
 4,874,812 
 
 1 ir, 11 1 
 
 1843 
 
 2,972,464 
 
 1,044,667 
 
 76 
 
 4,028,307 
 
 .4,076,326 
 
 1 1.1 9 1 
 
 1844 
 
 .1,084,1.19 
 
 1,014,206 
 
 98 
 
 4,129,413 
 
 4,20.1,270 
 
 1 1.-, « 1 
 
 184.^ 
 
 3,448, 111 
 
 1,231,176 
 
 ;7,.107 
 
 4,846,624 
 
 3,,474,471 
 
 I 12 II 
 
 1816 
 
 3,l7(i,60« 
 
 1,140,909 
 
 602,739 
 
 4,220,248 
 
 3,896,780 
 
 1 11 5 1 
 
 1847 
 
 3,623,066 
 
 1,182,123 
 
 974,019 
 
 4,779,408 
 
 4,404,237 
 
 1 8 .1 
 
 184H 
 
 .1,471,481 
 
 1,349,741 
 
 1,220,964 
 
 6,142,296 
 
 4,447,.137 
 
 1 ;. » 
 
 1849 
 
 4,044,981 
 
 1,341,228 
 
 436,478 
 
 4,904,687 
 
 .1,9I2,i;' 
 
 1 4 4 
 
 IMU 
 
 3,786,002 
 
 1,397,094 
 
 9118,394 
 
 6,091,492 
 
 .1,884,41, 
 
 I 6 1 
 
 18.^1 
 
 3,496,868 
 
 1, •.'47,038 
 
 1,379,041 
 
 6,2.13,447 
 
 3,979,141 
 
 14 6 
 
 1N.» 
 
 4,684,329 
 
 1,432,012 
 
 6H2,426 
 
 6,898,867 
 
 3,893.836 
 
 12 5 ! 
 
 184,1 
 
 4,379,4S1 
 
 1,361,373 
 
 1,431,979 
 
 7,272,833 
 
 4,083,836 
 
 1 4 6 
 
 I8J4 
 
 4,4'I9.064 
 
 990,403 
 
 2,4.19,291 
 
 8,i)»S,74S 
 
 4,741,747 
 
 1 2 8 
 
 18ii 
 
 4,174,241 
 
 763,460 
 
 2,.-.2 1,434 
 
 7,2.'>9,148 
 
 4,048,400 
 
 1 i 1 
 
 1846 
 
 4,334,917 
 
 849,773 
 
 1,618,7411 
 
 6,81,1,470 
 
 4,129,646 
 
 1 III 
 
 1847 
 
 3,131,971 
 
 1,073,147 
 
 2,616,172 
 
 7,121,490 
 
 4,0.44,034 
 
 1 6 11 
 
 1848 
 
 4,427,308 
 
 94l,«21 
 
 3,117,127 
 
 8,490,246 
 
 4,876,940 
 
 1 7 6 
 
 1849 
 
 4J26,.137 
 
 940,074 
 
 3,374,408 
 
 8,641,926 
 
 4,944,893 
 
 1 5 1 
 
 1860 
 
 4,317,192 
 
 774,SIO 
 
 3.41.1,8.40 
 
 8,406,882 
 
 4,8.18,199 
 
 1 6 i 
 
 1861 
 
 4,941,049 
 
 417,1)91 
 
 5,439,149 
 
 8.9S7.30* 
 
 6,1.1.1,227 
 
 I 2 4 
 
 1862 
 
 4,1U2,0U9 
 
 417,679 
 
 4,261,9.14 
 
 9,111,622 
 
 6,239,740 
 
 I 1 ; 
 
 1K63 
 
 4,923,479 
 
 316,438 
 
 3,962,6(W 
 
 9,202,423 
 
 6,2i4,979 
 
 1 n « 
 
 1864 
 
 3,949,082 
 
 387,219 
 
 4,491.012 
 
 8,937,313 
 
 4,164,102 
 
 1 6 10 
 
 1864 
 
 4,696,993 
 
 467,121 
 
 4,714,819 
 
 9,878,933 
 
 .4,201,174 
 
 1 2 
 
 1866 
 
 4,419,119 
 
 »9S,559 
 
 4,479,.').1S 
 
 10,t97,196 
 
 4,392,626 
 
 1 
 
 1867 
 
 4,332,011 
 
 .194,445 
 
 6,1;)!),2.17 
 
 10,92.4,793 
 
 4,484,386 
 
 
 Sugar Duties.— The 11 & 12 Vict. c. 97 regu- 
 
 indeed, seems to be quite the othc 
 
 r way. And ii 
 
 lated and materially reduced the duties on colo- 
 
 must be admitted that when fairl 
 
 V imposed, aiiJ 
 
 nial and foreign sugars, lint the war with Kussia 
 
 not carried to an extravagant hcig 
 
 it, these duties 
 
 occasioned their subsequent increase. And though 
 
 afford one of the least exception 
 
 able means h' 
 
 tliev have since been thrice reduced, viz. bv the 
 
 which a large revenue may bo nios 
 
 t convenienih' 
 
 20 & 21 Vict. c. 61, the 27 & 28 Vict. c. 18, and by 
 
 raised. The sugar duties at prescr 
 
 t arc as foUo"', 
 
 the 30 Vict. c. 10, it is very doubtful whether that 
 
 viz, :— 
 
 
 reduction wi 
 
 11 be permai 
 
 lent. The p 
 
 robability, 
 
 
 
 
 
■^^^ 
 
 5!UGAK 
 
 iiiir) 
 
 hilc cmploTCtl, indulge m 
 
 1 llint, whoUicr slave nml 
 licni)<T or ilcnrcr lliim Irtc 
 iblf to tlic product inn (,f 
 luinc, in mnkmn tlii^< staf- 
 :)iunrennratothci)iilmiir 
 rcsMon of Blovcry in our 
 n of tl>c blacks may l)o i 
 iipcnHationforthpccfsali.!! 
 ,„n them. But, wli.thtTit 
 1 ii as the merest illiisum t» 
 Mlrudn^rvof f^uRarvliuitin,' 
 iy carried on in the Wi-t 
 ilinurcr.i. 
 
 of slave-Brown sugar woul 1 
 v seem to suppose, liavc in 
 the hardships to wlucli .mr 
 exposed. It would merely 
 • '(luantitv of the »u(;m «< 
 I iiur markets, and openod a 
 consumption of slavc-Ktnwn 
 "lit. Justice to our ciil(itii>H 
 a discriminating duty xIihiM 
 in their favour on all fnrciRn 
 ihouUl have been coniiicn«ai..l 
 But as the former nictliod iif 
 m would have been re|mKiiant 
 iv.c and highly objectional.le, 
 hat it is more Mian dcmbtful 
 lavo done real service tdllic 
 oftensivc and more olhcipiit 
 have been resorted to. \\c 
 
 Inrejhied Suaar enteml for 
 rs ending with 1867 ; with m 
 ,je Price of Muscovado iiijor 
 
 Nell Rtvrnue 
 
 from llutles 
 
 on Suxar 
 
 of llrili'li 
 
 hUKar 
 per r«!. 
 
 £ 
 
 4.4H,Wi 
 4,.'i.')9,.VJ'i 
 4,667,9:10 
 4,IHI,lriS 
 4,7fiO,'i6.'> 
 ,fi.M.«91 
 4,5»»i,9.1fi 
 4,149,070 
 .•>,1I4,»>0 
 4,S74,Sl'i 
 ,').07i;.318 
 
 .■5,.')-4,171 
 .1,H9fi,7S0 
 4,40.'i,837 
 4,.'>.'.7,M7 
 .■?,91'^,I7" 
 .•5,8«4,4l. 
 3,979,141 
 3S9.1.BSB 
 
 4,os:i.»i6 
 
 4,74l,7i7 
 
 .^.O'lHf'iOO 
 
 S,1«9.64S 
 
 .5,O.W,0.1» 
 
 ,5,876,950 
 
 ,',,944,89.-i 
 
 S,8.1S,199 
 
 6,»33,"227 
 
 6,439,751) 
 
 6,«.4,979 
 
 b,\6!},\ni 
 
 .'i,'/01,174 
 
 S39ii.6S6 
 
 .5.5S5,5Hn 
 
 £ I. J. 
 
 I 7 » 
 
 1 9 » 
 
 1 'J i 
 
 1 n s 
 
 ii u in 
 
 I 14 1 
 
 1 IJ « 
 
 1 I'J t 
 ■i 'J 1 
 
 1 19 H 
 
 1 l>'i II 
 
 I 13 9 
 
 1 n H 
 
 1 Vi II 
 1 II '1 
 
 ) » .•! 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 6 I 
 
 I i 6 
 
 • * i 
 
 1 4 6 
 
 1 i » 
 
 I J 1 
 
 1 III 
 
 1 6 II 
 
 7 6 
 
 5 I 
 
 6 i 
 i 4 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 f. 
 r, 10 
 
 1 II 
 1 
 
 befluitc the other way. AndiJ 
 d that when fairly iropos«<l.l 
 extravagant height, these dut 
 eCt exceptionable means 
 
 Huto at present arc as foil.', 
 
 Custoim Duties on Suf/ar Imported into Creut 
 Brititin and Ireland, impvaed iy Act IJO Vict. 
 c. 10. 
 
 Catnl». I'rown «f while, retined siiua. , or siiu,ir 
 
 rrritlervil l)T Any |>roi-t,w equal in (|ii>)li(> lliLTkti), J. il- 
 
 piiil iiMniil'acluvM urrt-linvit .u^.tr • cwt. 1'^ u 
 
 SiiK.ir mil Hjual lu rclhu-ti : — 
 
 Klrilcl««» • • - . „ 1 1 .1 
 
 SmtnilcLlM - - • - „ HI '• 
 
 ■riilril cluM - • • • „ 9 7 
 
 FuiirUtcliiM, liiclualMK cineju.cv - • ,, K l» 
 
 MiilaMW • • - • ,, .1 Ii 
 
 F.i 
 
 Diiliea on SHf/iir made 
 Kimidoiii, 
 
 in the (United 
 
 laiiilt, liniwn or whili', ri-tiin-d 'ti,<.ir, <«r siiuar 
 tHiJerfil In any pnu e^« ninal In quality lln rilu, 
 i.ml manufai lurOT of ri'liin^l suuar - - cwl. 
 
 sitfar not equal In reflnwl, Ht-i-orilin|{ In the 
 »lant1ar(l samples approTed liy the l.nnU nf 
 (lie Treaiury fuf asstossliiK the dutit.^ of ens- 
 lom^ on MiKar linpurted liittj ihe United 
 Kinildum, vii. l- 
 Viritoiaw- - • • • ,, 
 
 ,s,.|ond <1.<''» " - " • ,, 
 
 riiin. c l.i-i - • • • ,, 
 
 li.nrtl. ^la^1 • - - -I, 
 
 .Mola^»l• • ■ - " ■ ,• 
 
 The ([ua.itity of sugar consumeii in (ireat Itri- 
 laiii. privioiisly to the change in 1H1,J, allowing 
 f.ir the quantity sent to Ireland, was more than 
 ilmlile what it'was in 1790. Hut had the duty 
 ci.iitiniied at 12». 4f/., its amoimt in that year, 
 there cannot, we think, be much doubt, jirovided 
 hni'^i sugars had also been admitted under a 
 rpasoiiahle duty, that the consumption would have 
 l)ceii trebled or more. During the intervening 
 [itriod the population had been little less than 
 Jmililed. and the proportion which the middle 
 olas-es bear to the whole population had been de- 
 cidedly aiignieiitcd. The consumption of cofr^o — 
 ,vi article in the preparation of which a great deal 
 f 5u;ar is used in this countr}' by all who can 
 ,;i;,ril 't— is about SH times as great now as in 
 l?,iii; th.nt is, it has increased from under 
 l.ijuO.OOi) lb. to about 3.5,000,000 lb. The con- 
 -iimiition of tea is more than sixfold ; and 
 ilicre lias been a groat increase in the use of 
 liipme-made wines, preserved and baked fruits &c. 
 Iii-tead, therefore, of having done little more than 
 increase proportionallv to the increase of popula- 
 tion, it may be fairly presumed that the con- 
 ^uiiiption of sugar would, had there not been some 
 inworfiil countervailing cause in operation, have 
 iucreascil in a far greater degree. Instead of 
 amounting;, in 1844, to little more than 4,000,000 
 .«t., the consumption of Great Britain should 
 iiavc .imoimtcd to about 0,000,000 cwt. 
 
 Takiii;; the aggregate consumption of sugar in 
 llrat Britain previously to 184,5 at 400,000,000 lb., 
 r.il the population at 20,000,000, the average 
 consumption of each individual would have been 
 about 20 lb., ex molasses. This, though a far 
 ,;rcater average than that of France, or any of the 
 cfntiiieiital states, was but small compared with 
 what it was supposed it would amount to wheu 
 'iipplied under a more liberal system. In work- 
 kiuws, the customary annual allowance for each 
 individiinl is, we believe, 34 lb. ; and, in private 
 taiiiilies, the smallest separate allowance for do- 
 mestics is 1 lb. a-wcek, or 52 lb. a-year. These 
 tacts strongly corroborate what we formerly stated 
 as to the extent to which the consumption of 
 sugar would probably be increased under the new 
 s.vstem ; and others may be referred to, that are 
 little less conclusive. 5Ir. Huskisson observed, in 
 Ms place in the House of Commons, on Mr. Grant's 
 motion for a reduction of the sugar duties, May 
 '-■i, 1829, that ' in consequence of the present 
 enomioiia duty on sugar, the poor working man 
 with a lar^e family, to whom pence W"re a serious 
 consideration, was denied the use of that commo- 
 dity, and he believed he did not go too far when 
 ^ stilted that two-tiiird8 of the poorer consumers 
 
 "f cnif'ee drunk that beverage without »ugnr. If, 
 then, the price of sugar were reduced, it winilil 
 boromi! an article of his consumption, like many 
 oilier articles — woollens, for example, which aro 
 now u.'i'il for their cheapness — which ho was for- 
 nn'rlviumblc topuicliasi'.' (,s7«'t'c/i('ji,vo!.iii.p.4."i.').) 
 .Mr. IliisUI'.soirs ooii'dusions arc now in the way of 
 being fully realised. In IHIl, for example, tin- 
 coii.-<iiniptioii of the I'nitcd Kingdom amounted to 
 l'(li;,.i,2 tons; in 1817 it had iiicrtased to 290,W- 
 toiis; ill 1850 to 310,31)0; and in 18.>1, when tbo 
 duties were equalised, it amounted to 4lil,437 tons 
 raw, and ir>,lK2 do. rclincd; while in the year to 
 March ;il, IHOH, our consumption of sugar of all 
 kinds exceeded GOO,OI)0 tons. And this, it will bo 
 observed, is exclusive of about 20,000 tons mo- 
 lasses entered for consumption. And we may 
 add, in illustration of the way in which this ex- 
 traordinary increase has been on'ecled, that while, 
 in London a;;, I other parts of the country, tlio 
 sales of sugar by the grocers who supply the 
 higher chissos have been but little extended, the 
 sah's by liiose who iirincipally deal with the lower 
 classes have augmented from 50 to 100, and, in 
 .some oases, to 1,50 and 200 per cent. This is 
 the best jios-iblo jiroof of the salutary as well as 
 of the powerful iiilluencc of the reduction of the 
 duties. But it is only what might have been an- 
 ticipated ; inasmuch as the consumption of the 
 more opulent classes was but little all'ected by the 
 previous high duty. 
 
 In Irehind, especially, the most, beneficial effects 
 have resulted from the reduction of the duties on 
 sugar. The direct importations of sugar into 
 Ireland did not, previously to the late changes, 
 exceed IH,i)00 tons; and, adding to these (l,.piiO 
 tons *or the second-hand importations (including 
 bastards) from Great Britain, which, we believe, 
 was ipiito as much or more than they amounted 
 to, the entire consumption of that countrv would 
 be 25,000 tons, or 57,000,000 lb., which, taking tlio 
 then population at 8,000,000, gave 7-125 lb. to 
 each individual ; or nearly \ of the average 
 consumption of each individual in Great Britain. 
 So singular a result must, no doubt, be principally 
 ascribed to the poverty of the Irish; but there 
 can be no doubt that it was partly, also, owing to 
 ovcr-tax!ition. And the reduction of the duty, 
 though it occasioned an immediate loss of revenue 
 in Ireland, was sure in the end to be productive 
 of its increase, besides being attended with other 
 and still more bcnelicial consequences. Next to 
 the suppression of agitation and assassination, the 
 'one thing needful' in Ireland is to inspire the 
 population with a taste for the conveniences and 
 enjoyments of civilised life ; and the first step to- 
 wards supplying this desideratum is, if possible, 
 to make articles of convenience and lu.xury at- 
 tainable by the mass of the people. If this be 
 done, whether by a reduction of duties or other- 
 wise, we may expect that the desire inherent in 
 all individuals of improving their condition will 
 impel them to exert themselves to obtain them. 
 A taste for such articles will be gradually diflfused 
 among all ranks ; and ultimately, it may be pre- 
 sumed, it will be thought discreditable to be 
 without them. It is probable, owing to the late 
 extraordinary decrease of the population in Ire- 
 land, .hat the deliveries of sugar may not be 
 so great now as formerly ; but if it be inain- 
 tainud at near its old level, it will show a great 
 increase in the consumption per individual. 
 
 The Board of Inland Kevenue made some ela- 
 borate enquiries with respect to the comparative 
 consumption of sugar and tea by the higher, the 
 middle, and the lower classes. But it would bo 
 wrong to lav much stress upon the conclusions 
 4R 
 
 I ' 
 
 II ■ I 
 
 '.I 
 jl! 
 
 ii; 
 
 ,'i 
 '.II 
 
 !il, 
 
 ■n" 
 
 ".. I 
 
 
 , 1 
 
 4 
 
 ; 1 
 
 i \ i '■ 
 
 
 • ;' 
 
 
 ,iii 
 
 '. - ' 1 
 
 ■ \\': 
 
 t. -i . ( 
 
 
!•; 
 
 .. > *■ 
 
 1340 
 
 aunAR 
 
 
 ^'- .1 
 
 ■ f . 
 
 I i ■ 
 
 rcsiiltiii),' from Hiich iiivi'ntl(,'atii)ii,«. At tlic lust 
 they nIiouIiI Im ri'Kardi'd tmly in very nidi' 11)1- 
 |ir>ixiiiiiitiri)H. KvBii iH siii'li, hiiwi'viT, llifv arc 
 drwrviiiK 'if atti'iitiim. We Kulijuin the rrsiilt of 
 111!' Ildiird'.s rmiiiirit's in nn far iw they relate to 
 HUK'ir. 
 
 'I'll diiido tlii-i |i(iint. W(! must kiinw Iho «tiick<r,' 
 
 (\»tsiiiiii<lii»i of Sut/ar ill (Iri'iit 
 itiiin III/ the lliijliir, the Middle, and /Ac 
 J'lionr or Woikhiii Clitmci, 
 
 I'lDitiiitUnml 
 jii 
 
 The upiicr cl.u>r4 rnn 
 ■tiMie 
 
 Thf poorpr t>r mi'klnft 
 Tolnl . 
 
 KnKl.inil 
 
 iwr t-fiit. 
 
 4n_ 
 ino 
 
 p«r cent. 
 
 V7 
 
 
 Orrai Ilrlinin 
 |ti-r cint. 
 
 Hill 
 
 Mr. Offilvic, a very intelligent customs ofllcnr, 
 has made tho fuliowiii^ nliHurvntions in r('(»aril to 
 the conHiimptiiiii of Hii;;ar: — 
 
 ' In Knf^land, Pii^ar is ncncrnlly used by llu" 
 workini; cluaiies in tlie raw or iiiirofinod stati\ 
 though tile prcfereiicc for refined sunar is gradually 
 and extensively increasing;. In Londim and other 
 larf;e tovins, when relimd siifjar can bo piirehaHeil 
 for Gil, per lb., it is universally preferied ; but 
 when the jiriee rises iibove that,, the poor are 
 obliged 10 fall baek upon the raw. 
 
 ' In Scotland, raw su;;ar is but little used, ex- 
 cept by tho very poorest: inferior qualities of 
 rclinedj known ns "erushed lump "and "bastards," 
 being ^;cnerally used by the middling and lower 
 classes, the use of loaf s'lgar being confined to the 
 wealthier classes. 
 
 ' In the north of Ireland, particidarly in tho 
 manufacturing districts around llelfast and Lon- 
 donderry, tho produce of Liverpool and Greenock 
 refineries meets with a large .sale. In Limerick it 
 is stated that t»vo- thirds of the consumption consist 
 of refined loaf and crushed ; but In the other parts 
 of Ireland raw sugar is the chief article of con- 
 sumption among the working classes, loaf sugar 
 being consumed only by the rich, and by tho 
 better classes of mechanics and farmers in their 
 whisky punch. Among all classes, sugar is more 
 an article of consumption than tea, because tho 
 poor use it with coflfee and cocoa as well as with 
 tea, and among the rich it enters largely into 
 many culinary preparations.' {Pari Puper, Nt). 
 184, sess. 1857.) 
 
 United States, — Next to Great Britain, the 
 United States are now, as previously seen, by far 
 the largest consumers of sugar; and Louisiana 
 had become, previous to the commencement of the 
 civil war ancf the abolition of slavery, a principal 
 producing country. 
 
 Allowing 36,000 tons for molasses and maple 
 sugar, and taking the population of the Union 
 at 35,000,000, the total average consumption in 
 1868 has been estimated at nearly 31 lb. for each 
 individual. 
 
 The crops of sugar in Louisiana arc very 
 fluctuating, being apt to ' e injured by frost. 
 Probably the average pronuce may not, as pre- 
 viously stated, exceed from 170,000 to 180,000 
 tons. The refining business has made rapid pro- 
 gress in the United States ; so much so, that 
 the produce of refined sugar has been estimated at 
 about nf^-OOO tons. 
 
 It may, perhaps, be proper to state that these 
 estimates, like others of the same kind, though 
 nearly, are no* to be considered as being entirely 
 accurate ; and ti •', best of them always differ more 
 or less from each other. Again, it does not follow 
 that quantities entered for consumption in any 
 one year are actually consumed in that period. 
 
 end of the wnr. an; 
 • or ver\' dilli. Ill' • 
 
 convert them to any purpose to which 
 be applicable. This has hitherlo been 
 
 haiiil at the lie^riniiiiig and 
 these it is eilher iiiipimsibl 
 li am e.xai'tly. 
 
 ITsf itf Siiiinr in Dlstilli'riin mid /yrc/cinVj,— [, 
 a former edition of this woik we expn-i^e,! i,,,,. 
 selves oil this Hubjeel iis follows: 'The »■■■ 
 sugar ill these eslalilisliiiieiits, thoii^^h iini j, 
 liilely prohiliiteil, is at present placed imilir 
 Hlrietious wliieli are eiiuivalent to u piulnlm; 
 There can, however, be no doiiiil tliii ii,, .. 
 restrictions slioiilit he abolisheil, and trn' |i ,1 
 given to the growers and importers of Mi,'iir;ii ! 
 inohisies, ami, indeed, of eviirylhiiig il-i. •, 
 
 lIll'V Mill 
 lljOVIhl 
 
 to, I'xi'i'pt ill periods of scareilv. partly fr.jin a 
 wish to promote the interests of llie barley urcuv. r- 
 i>nd maltsters in this country, and partly Irdiii iln' 
 alleged risk of smuggling and loss to the rfViim.. 
 Hut now that the policy, or rather iiii|iiili-v, f 
 protection has been renounced by the l,i;;i-|,iiiir 
 and that foreign barley may be iiii|iiiriivi ml 
 employed in any way, under a nearly iinin:;,,! 
 duty, there is plainly no ground or pritiiKv 
 which the agriculturists can object to liieiiMr; 
 sugar ; and as respects the risk of Iraml anil In-. 
 to the revenue, we do not think it aiiuiuiil- ii> 
 much. In cases where uugar only is to lie umiI a 
 distilleries and breweries, the risk of I'nnul inuM 
 hardly amount to anything; and in the la-i-ii 
 which it is partly used along with malt "t rrv 
 grain, or both, it would bo easy, seeing lli.ii iln 
 capacity of sugar to produce spirits ami Ikit, i- 
 compared with malt and grain, is well knuHii, \; 
 take such precautions as would prevciitany uiiiuiint 
 of fraud worth talking about. IJiit, Imwuvir 11 
 may be carried into etlect, it would scoiii im lie 
 indispensable thut tho distilleries and lirewiri' ■. 
 as well as cverj' other legitimate clianiii 1 ul i 11- 
 Humption carried on in the kingdom, slimilil 'c 
 open to all who raise or import sugar, or anythiit; 
 tdse, on their paying the customary rates oiMiity. 
 This is tho only way in which the interests ntilie 
 consumers, which are identical with those u( tlip 
 public, can be etfcctually secured ; and it isubvii us 
 that, to carry out the great principle of the freeiKm 
 of industry, it is not merely necessary to pennii 
 the free importation of colonial ai I other prixluois, 
 hut to allow them, after being imported, to lie 
 employed in any way their owners may tliiiik lit. 
 Under this system justice will be done to all 
 parties, and the public be supplied with the In-: 
 and the cheapest articles.' And we are glad 10 
 have to state that this principle has since bciii 
 fully carried into effect by the Acts 10 Vict. c. .1, 
 11 ■& 12 Vict. c. 100, 27 & 28 Vict. c. 18, and i') 
 Vict, c. 10, to which we beg to refer. 
 
 Adulteration, — Sugar is an article which is 
 especially liable to adulteration; and its high 
 price during many years, coupled with the liyH 
 duty, gave a powerful stimulus to this nefariniis 
 practice. Perhaps we might not he far from tlu' 
 mark, were we to estimate the quantity of forciiii 
 matters intentionally mixed up with sugar, an.'. 
 sold as such in this country, previously to the late 
 reduction of duties, at 10,000 or 1-J,000 tons a- 
 year. Sago and potato flour are the articles 
 which have been most extensively used fur tins 
 purpose. When mixed with sugar they give it a 
 whiter and finer appearance; and, unless the dose 
 be overdone, increase its price about is. per c«t. 
 It is extremely difiicult to deal with nil aliuse ot 
 this sort. No doubt the fall in the price of supir 
 following the placing of the trade on a proi«r 
 footing, and the reduction of the duty, have 
 lessened tho temptation to adulterate. But they 
 
vn must, kiinw Ihn Bfocki r,n 
 ij; anil <iiil "f tli<' vnir, niil 
 i|)()«sil)li^ or viTv (lilllciili 1, 
 
 'i!itilkrii:i tinil //rcw'cri.j.- 1 , 
 his wcirU we, (•X|iri"'*i'il dir. 
 (I iiM lullow* ; ' Till' M-i' i' 
 lisliiiiriitM, lli(m;;li mil ah. ,. 
 lit prcsriil iiliim-d iiiidir u: 
 ciiuiviilciit t(i a pidhibiii I!. 
 r, l)(> 111) <liiiil)l tliiil tlii.i 
 10 abiilislicil, anil I'rtv |i,iv 
 1 ami inipiirKTu ol' Mi;.'iir mil 
 L't'd, ol" uvlirytllill^; else, ti 
 ' piirposp t" wliic'li tlii'v inn 
 
 < lioa liitlicrli) bi'in (iliih';(,| 
 Is of scarritv, jiarlly IViin ;\ 
 iiitiTCHtsof llii'liarli V crmv.r. 
 
 < t'ouiitrv, ami partly Iriiin ilr 
 j,'linj; ami loss to llii' ri'vcnu' 
 lolii'y, or rat her iiiipdliry, if 
 reiiouia'cil by tlic l,r;,'i-liitiirc. 
 jrluy may be iinpdrioil mil 
 'ay, uniltT a nearly nnmnul 
 
 ilv no (jrouiul or pnlcm i; 
 
 riKls ran objet't I" Ihciisri; 
 !Cta the risk of t'raiul ami li- 
 do not think it aninunl- ii> 
 
 ero tiu);ar only is to Iki iind m 
 series, tho risk of I'rauil ooulil 
 nythiiiK; nnd in ihc ousts in 
 ised along with iiiult cr r;nv 
 ould bo easy, seeing tliai thu 
 9 produce spirits ami liwr, ii 
 t and grain, is well kiiuwii, iij 
 IS oswouhl prcventaiiy iiiiiMunt 
 kinp about. Hut, Imwuvir it 
 effect, it would seem tu lie 
 the distilleries and lirewtr;' s 
 tier legitimate channel of m\- 
 n in the kingdom, shcmW 'c 
 c or import sugar, or anytliiii;,' 
 the customary rates ol' iliiiy, 
 . in which thc'interfatsul'ilio 
 re identical with tlmsc "f ilic 
 iially secured ; and it isobvimiJ 
 e great principlp of tho freedim 
 ot merely necessary to permit 
 of colonial ai I other products. 
 , after being imported, to 1* 
 ay their owners may think lit. 
 justice will be done to nil 
 )'lic be supplied with the \x< 
 rticles.' And we are glad lo 
 this principle has since been 
 rect by the Acts 10 Vict. c. .i. 
 I, 27 & 28 Vict. c. 18, and i'> 
 we beg to refer, 
 igar is an article which i> 
 I adulteration; and its his;li 
 years, coupled with the liib* 
 ful stimulus to this ncfarnm- 
 we might not be far from tin 
 itimate the quantity of fortuii 
 y mixed up with sugar, at. 
 country, previously to the m 
 at 10,000 or 12,000 tons a- 
 lotato flour are tho articlcj 
 ^ost extensively used for tii« 
 xed with sugar they give it a 
 learance; and, unless the duse 
 se its price alMiut 4s. per c«t. 
 cult to deal with nn abuse ut 
 _ the fall in the price of sui-'ar 
 ng of the trade on a mxt 
 eduction of the duty, have 
 ,tion to adulterate. But they 
 
 SUGAU 
 have not wholly icmovnl it, tho iiiiilirials cm- 
 |,|,iyi'd lo adiiltcTalu ImIii;; dicidcill v ilioapir ihiiii 
 
 ■un'iir, liowi'vor siiiiplicd. hi Ihi's, a-( in st 
 
 r.w> of lb" sort, the best wciirity at,'iiiii^l iiiliil- 
 i,r:ilioii i< to deal only with grocers of llui liiylu'st 
 iliaractiT. 
 
 lijinimj of Siiijar fur Ilnmr ('iiimiimiilioii.—Of 
 liiif years the rellniiigof llritlsh (•oloiiial Hii;;ur for 
 (\|iiirlalioii lias wholly ceased. Iiidi'id the tide 
 l,;is now tiiriicil the other way. In lN,"i7, I I.M'.Mi, 
 anil in IHti7 .'W,.')Tt), tons foreign reliiicd sugar, 
 litinciiially from Holland, France, and lieluinm, 
 wiro taken for oiirfonsiiniplioii, while wo only ux- 
 |,iirtt'd M,(>32 tons of Uritish rellned and candy sugar. 
 Hut des|iito this circuiiislaiice, the reliiiiiig of 
 Miliar for home use is extensively earri.'d on, aiiil 
 has increased considerably siiico the redncijon of 
 llic duties. At presont (ist'iM) there are iipwanls 
 if ,')ll rellniiig establishiuents in (ireat Itritaiii, 
 uilh a capital probably e.xeeelin;,' I, .Mil I, (mil/, ji 
 i; supposed that tlie.se establislitneiils will use ie 
 till! course of tho ctirrciit year from '.Md.tllMI to 
 ■.','in,00il Ions raw sugar, which will produce, ex- 
 clusive of niidas.ies and bastards, frum about 
 isii.iiiii) to '.'IHI.CIMI tons reliiied sugar. A lar^e 
 iriipurlioii of this proilucu consists of what is 
 rallcil 'crushed lumps,' a variety u( retliied sut,'ar 
 ivliicli IS rapidly superseding the liner desi'riptioiis 
 if liast Indian sugar, and oven of West liidiun 
 mmcovadiM's. lU'lined sugar is now used bv verv 
 many liimilieii by whom it was formerly" never 
 tasted. 
 
 .Vcconliiig to the moan of several estimates— 
 
 LTi; 
 
 ll>irwt, (ifvii^ar, iloubte-reliiieil (or rorreftpundiiiK in qiiiility 
 
 toil<>i)tiii' ri>liii,^il) ar<- tsiuAl to I'^'J cwu. rtw .sugar. iw|... 
 
 liHfcwls. uf atiKar itiiKlc-reHned • - .110 
 
 lUI „ lu>t.irds • . . . N.'. 
 
 lUO „ niul.i»»e« • - . . .~i<j 
 
 Drnwhack or liounty on the £.rportulUm of 
 Krjined Siipar.— It may be doubted whether tli'e 
 liiisiness of relining sugar for exportation has 
 ever bi-cn productive of any material national 
 .idvantage to us. It was long suspected — and 
 ihc fact seems to have been suflicieiitly esla- 
 Wislied— that the drawback formerly allowed 
 dU the exportation of refined su,i;ar was greater 
 than the duty charged on the raw sugar u.sed in 
 ils manufacture J the excess being, in fact, a 
 lounty paid to those engaged in the tr.ide. I're- 
 viuusly to 1820, the drawback on double-retincd 
 siit;arwas 40?. per cwt.: it was then reduced to 
 13s.; but there is reason to think that that was 
 siill considerably above the mark. The average 
 jirice of sugar in bond in this country was, for 
 scvtral years, from on. to 6». per cwt. above what 
 -u;;ar of the same quality brought on the Conti- 
 tinent ; a difference which, as we then exported 
 ■ugar. could not have been maintained, had it not 
 iicen for the bounty. The same conclusion was 
 (stalilished by trials made at a sugar-house taken 
 y the purpose by Government; and in conse- 
 Huence the drawback was reduced to what was 
 siiliposcd to be the fair equivalent of the duties 
 paid on the raw sugar; a measure of the ex- 
 Hieney of which no doubt can be entertained. 
 
 Ihe existing bounties or drawbacks on the ex- 
 prtation of British refined sugar arc as follows, 
 viz, ;— 
 
 U[inn Niii-h iuuiir pniintlv,l,rrii«h«.||, nt lirrihrii 1,1 
 n wnri'lii>iiM> i,|i|iriivisl hv llit- I ..niiiil,.t'Hii',» nl' 
 i'luloiii*. ,iM li iim.tr liiivititf Ittvit thvrr llr\l In- 
 •p.'i liftl Im iliii ii|l|c,.r% III" I'ustiiiiis In 1mim|>, iir 
 I0.1V0., .1, ir t'.ir iiiiiiirilliii. •Iii|iiiu'nt. anil ilim 
 pii k|.<l tiir ii|iortall<ifi III lit.. iirv»«ni« iil' mill 
 titllrrritHMil iti iliM «>«|t«ns«ttr llii' rllnirli-r I ,niil 
 U|inn I Mnilv mill alMi u|hin aiitfiir rrllni.tl liv lit,. 
 I rniriniiiil iir h) .ni> iiiliif jriKru, .iinl inn In 
 iinjr wa) Infitrliir I'l lln'ripiilt >l,iiiilaril ..ininin 
 No. I apiirorni hy llmliiiil. iirUi. Iri-.i.nrj • t 
 l'|Hin n.Hnisl Miliar unslnvvtl, iimniiliil. < tu^h|.|l, 
 nr hriilivn, nnit mil In any w.,v Inl'trmr In lliv 
 i-llHiri >l,nnl.iril i>ani|ilii .Sn. I aiiiirn'iKl liv iIm' 
 l.rlln .if Iho Trr.i.nij. ami v>ln, h >liil( nm 
 I (Milain innrr lltan llvt- |a.r ii'iil. nf in.i.tnrit 
 f'lvr .mil .ilmve ninil itin .ainv wnuiil tnnl..ni if 
 IhnrnUMlilv (Irlnl In 11)1, stiisH 
 t')iunnlhi-r r. tlnnl snu.ir unshivi-il, lit mix tin tariU 
 
 nr |)l|.riM, Kruilnil. nnHiU.rml, iir i riuttwl i 
 ^nl In an, way infurlnr In ilii. f<|iii,i Mnuliril 
 
 k.ilnplt .No. ^ ali|>rnv,-il hy ihu tnnU nl Ihn 
 
 I rv.uury 
 .Not in any wa> Infinlnr lo Itu' i..|i.irl miiinl ril 
 
 ><ini|ili No. I a|i|iru>i.|l liy ili,. l„riK ol ihu 
 
 I refl.urv ■ . . . 
 
 .Not In am nay Infrrlnr In ilu. , t|iorl >i I. nil 
 
 «;ini|ilii .Nil. ,1 a|i|iriivi'il liy ih,. lunl, ,if i\,„ 
 
 J rra.ury 
 Inltrlor to tin. nliOVL* l.ist-nifiitioiit.tl •l.uiiliril 
 
 N.1I1I|||U . . . . , 
 
 Most foreij,'n eoiiiilrief have 1 iiileiivnured to 
 bolster up the relining Ijusiiiess, imt iiierelv by 
 excluding foiei),'ii rcMiiml sugars irmii ilii'ir 'mar- 
 kets, but by f;raiiliiig the iiiosi l.ivisli Imuiilies 
 oil the expuftatioii of su;;ar reliind at'lioiiio. In 
 KraiH'c, this sort of policy, if we niav ho call it, 
 was (.'arried so tar, that mit u( a kimss" revenue of 
 about l(l,(HHI,iMli) iVaiies (l,."i70,(ltll)/.) paid into the 
 tnasiiry on aeeimiit of the sugar duties in IK;!'.', 
 alniiil I '.1,(1(10,(101) (TCO.OOO/.; were returned as 
 ili.iwbaek on the export of nlined Mi-ar. As tho 
 l''reiicli (Jovernnieiit couM not alVird to lose the 
 sugar duties, which would verv speedily have been 
 swallowed up by the drawbiu'k, necessity com- 
 pelleil them to modify their system, by making 
 the allnwaiico to the exporter more nearly corre- 
 spond with tho duty. The relining of sugar has 
 been carried on within the last f.w years toa very 
 great extent in Holland; but here also the busi- 
 ness has received an unnatural extcnsiou, by 
 artilicial encouragement. 
 
 Prussia, and most parts of (Jermany, to which 
 we formerly exported large (luaiiiities of refined 
 sugar, no longer admit it except at a high duly. 
 
 lJi;KT-K(K>r SuoAU.— The inanufacturc of sugar 
 from beet-root is carried on to a very eonsiderablo 
 extent in several parts of the Cont"ieut, par- 
 ticularly in France and the Xortli of IJermany. It 
 began in France during the exclusion of colonial 
 liroducts in the reign of Napoleon, and received a 
 severe check at the return of peace, by the admis- 
 sion of West Indian sugars at a reasonable duty. 
 It is probable, imlecd, that it would long since 
 have been entirely extinguished, hut S»r tho 
 additions made to the duties on colonial and 
 foreign sugars in 1820 and 1822. After the last- 
 mentioned epoch, however, the production of beet- 
 root sugar began rapidly to increase; and such 
 was its progress, that though, in 1828, its produce 
 diu not exceed 4,000,000 kilos., it amounted in 
 1838 to 39,l!)y,408 kilos. But this extension of 
 cultivation, instead of being of any advantage, 
 entailed a heavy loss on the public, inasmuch as 
 the beet-root growers sold their sugar, which paid 
 no duty, at the same rate that the colonists sold 
 theirs, which paid a large revenue to the treasury, 
 
 n,„; 1 /; J 1 .1 . . .,n Tr- . ,^ I It was not pos.siblo that such a system could bo 
 
 Drawbacks allowed by the Act iO V,ct. r. 10 on \ permanent. And the well-founded complaints of 
 
 Kejined Sugar when hxported to foreiyn Fnrt^, the colonists of the iiijin.ico of which they were 
 
 or removed to the Isle of Man for Consumption the victims, enforceil by the rapid decline of the 
 
 """" "' "—'•'-''•" ^' -• "'-"' '•- revenue derived from sugar, which, indeed, was 
 
 threaiencd with total extinction, occasioned tho 
 imposition, in 1838, of a duty of 10 fr. 50 cents, 
 per 100 kilos, 'about Cs. 9rf. per cwt.) on beet-root 
 sugar, which, in 1840, was increa.sed to 27 fr. 50 
 cents, (about lis. per cwt.). But even this last 
 4r2 
 
 therein, or Deposited in Customs' Warehouse for 
 Delivery ns Ships' Stores, or for the purpose of 
 metening British Spirits in bond. 
 
 Upon n-Hned siiitar In loaf, complete and whole, 
 " lumos iluly letneil, havinil been perfii tlj 
 ilailliol ami ihorounlilv dried In the stove, anil 
 liemf,' t'f a unilorm whiteness throughout, and 
 
 U I 
 
 !» ! 
 
 .Ill 
 
 IS 
 
.f ■* i 
 
 1S48 
 
 SUGAR 
 
 J 
 
 I •■ 
 
 
 i- ■ 
 
 incrciiHc left n (lilTiTontiiil duty (or liounty) of '.'n 
 fr. |icr 100 kiloN. ill favour of liocl-root Hu^jflr, ns 
 iMiii|iarr<l Willi riiloiiiul raw Hii){ar ; ko that, ulitli' 
 the licot-root ciillivatori afllmiRd tlicy shniild Im' 
 riiiiU'il, tlio coloiiiMt!* vt'licroeiitly coiiiplaiiicil ol 
 till- pri'fcrcnrt! that was niven to tlicin. It wa*, 
 itiilcfd, known, from ihu fncilily with whicli the 
 hcct root itrnwvTit had |irovioiiidy coiitrivcil to 
 ■iviidi) tlio duty, tliat itH iiicreilii« wouhl not be ho 
 iiijurioiiit to thrill m wns HuppoHcd ; but tliu 
 iiinnufurturo oufituinpil iiotwitliHiandinK a fovcrv 
 chi'rk, and nuiidry plaiitntiona worn ahnndonod. 
 
 Hut further and Htill inure consiilcrablo chan^'Pft 
 li.'ivo siiici' l)P(>n made in tho conditions under 
 nhirli the culture of lieet-ruot i.t curried on. In 
 IHI'J it \va» proiioMed. in order to ffot rid of the 
 dllliculticd in wliich it had involved the country, 
 to );ruli up the plaiitaiioiiH, paying the plantcn 
 ■10,0011,000 fr. (1,000,000/.) 09 an indomnitv for 
 their h>f<!i. And this wait at the time conHidored 
 by many an the beot anil most equitable inodo of 
 dealing' with what 'va^ confessedly a very difllcult 
 matter. It was not, however, adopted ; nnd next 
 year it was resolved annually to raise the duty on 
 beet-root su(;ar by 6 IV. per 100 kilos., till tho 
 duty on it should he ei|uaUged with that on 
 colonial siignr. This new system came into 
 oficration on Au^'ust I, 1811; and in August lH-18 
 the nominal equalisation of the duties was cDccted. 
 It was very jfenernlly believed at tho time thot 
 this measure would {{o far to annihilate; the pro- 
 duction of bcct-root sii^nr ; but such has not been 
 the case. The fullin<^' ofl' in the supplies of 8U(;ar 
 from the French colonies which took place in tho 
 !> or years immediately posterior to 1848, when 
 the slaves were emaneipiited, and tho high differ- 
 ential duty on forei^tn sujrars, were very favour- 
 able to llio lieet-root (growers, and jjave them, 
 indeed, n mod *ieil nionopolv of the home market. 
 These, which wjre uncertain and evanescent ad- 
 vanta^ccs, disajipeored with the increased produc- 
 tion of Bu^'ar ill the Isle if Reunion (l)ourboii) 
 and tho diminiitiou of the diflerential duties. 
 Owing, however, to the very great improvements 
 that had been effectcil in tho interval in the pro- 
 duction of beet-root sugar, it was not injuriously 
 affected by these circumstances, and has continued 
 not only to keep its ground in competition with 
 colonial and foreign sugars, but to make a rapid 
 increase. It is affected, of course, by variations in 
 the seasons, in the price of com, ontl other circum- 
 stances. But such was its progress, that in 1858 
 (certainly an unusually favourable year), the crop 
 was estimated at 151,514,436 kilos., or about 
 150,000 tons ; and in 18G8 sufficientland was sown 
 to expect a production of 300,000 tons. And be- 
 sides France, the production of beet-root sugar is 
 largely carried on, and is increasing in Belgium, 
 which produces about 40,000 tons per annum, and 
 in Uermany and Russia. A table in the Report of 
 Mr. Secretary of Legation lioillie, of December 
 1868, shows that the production of raw sugar in 
 the Zollvcrein, in the 2 years from September 1 to 
 August 31, 1806 and 18*07, was 3,713,912 centners 
 and 3,900,000 centners. See also Mr. Secretary 
 of Legation Fenton's Iteport of June 1868, on the 
 manufacture of beet-root sugar in the States of the 
 Zollverciu. Hence it wouhl appear that what was 
 long considered as a E^rt of exotic industry, intro- 
 duced when colonial sugar was excluded from the 
 Continent, and depending in great measure on 
 custom-house regulations, will most probably 
 become a well-established, leading, industrial pur- 
 suit. This is a very unprecedented result, and 
 one which we certainly did not anticipate. There 
 are very few instances in the history of industry, 
 of any important business or employment, origi- 
 
 nating under such peculiar r''nuinst«nces, heing 
 able to maintain its ground after they have eraMj 
 to exirit. Whether, indeed, it be really worth tW 
 sacritlces that have been incurred in its e^talijiih. 
 inent, may bo fairly dcmbted. At all ev(>iit«, 
 in this ease they appear to have been sutliciiui 
 to insure their object. 
 
 Hut, though the beet-root sugar of France an.l 
 tho Continent generully were loaded with thn wui. 
 duty as colonial sugar, and though its ciiUuri 
 wore notwithstanding extensively proseouteil.thut 
 wouhl give no coiinteiinneu to the opinion ol thow 
 who contend that free labour is univerHally a< 
 effective ill the production of sugar as Mlavc or 
 compulsory labour. Tho ipiestion which the 
 Legislature and pcoulo of America had to con.siik'r, 
 was not between tlio efficiency of free ond KJavc 
 labour in Europe, but between free and slavp 
 labour in tho intcrtropieal regions of ilm \ew 
 World, Admitting that the free hiboiircn i<t 
 Franco and Prussia raise sugar as cheaplv an the 
 slaves of Cuba and Hra/il, docs that allnrd my 
 solid ground for concluding that the blacks of 
 Louisiana and Texas, now thot they arc nallv 
 free, will be cuually successful in their eoinpcliijin 
 with them ? There is plainl}^ no analogy lietvrci ii 
 tho cases. And our conviction is, as previuuslv 
 stated, that without compulsory labour uf tunio 
 sort or other, not a pound of sugar will eventual!;' 
 bo raised either in Louisiano, or in our cukmies I'r 
 anywhcro else in America. 
 
 Sugar raised in the United Kingdom is chaa-cj 
 with the like duty that is laid on colonial tu^ar. 
 
 Mapi-k Sugar.— A species of maple (Am 
 taccharinum, Linn.) yields a considerable i|uanlity 
 of sugar. It grows plentifully in the UiiiicJ 
 States and in Canada; and in some di«triiti 
 furnishes the inhabitants with mo - of the supar 
 they make use of. Though infer' th in ^m 
 and strength to that which is p from thi> 
 
 cane, maple sugar granulates bi i that <)f 
 
 the beet-root, or any other vegeuuue, the cane 
 excepted. It is produced from the sap, which i< 
 obtained by perforating the tree in the sprini;. t" 
 the depth of about 2 inches, and setting a ve;*l 
 for its reception. The quantity afl'ordcd varie* 
 with the tree and the season, (roin 2 to 3 ;.'al 
 Ions may be about tho daily average yield ol 
 single tree, but some trees have yicdded moreihaii 
 2U gallons in a day, and others not mure than : 
 pint. The process of boiling the juice does not 
 differ materially from what is followed with tht 
 cano juico in the West Indies. It is iiecesw' 
 that it should be boiled as soon after it is drawn 
 from the tree as i^ossible. If it be allowed to 
 st'ind above 24 hours, it is apt to under;,'o tlit 
 vinous and acetous fermentation, by which in 
 saccharine quality is destroyed. (Boiichctte- 
 British America, vol. i.p.371 ; Timber Trm mi 
 Fruits, Library of Entertaining Knowledge.) 
 
 The following is an extract and relative list of 
 prices in Januarj- 1868 end 1869, from the Circular 
 of Messrs. T. & H, Littledale i: Co., of Liverpool. 
 Januarv 7, 1869 :— 
 
 ' iSuortr.— The past year ('1868) has been one if 
 general disappointment to the importer and relint' 
 alike. In the spring there was a rally of !«• i" 
 2»., but it was soon lost, large arrivals subsiquentiv 
 taking place in excess of genei-al expectation, anJ 
 chiefly from Cuba, where thn crop turned ru: 
 75,000 tons larger than the previous year, bcin: 
 estimated at 670,000 tons, against 5!)o,0U0 torn. 
 The total import has been about 55,000 iomgrtaUr 
 than in 1867, and the consumption, partly throusli 
 an indifferent fruit season, 20,01U tons less. lii« 
 stock in the four ports is 147,000 tons, apamst 
 123,000 last year, 178,000 in 18C7, 189,000 m 
 
 ..•■ 1 
 
■■IP 
 
 •culinr <•' ■(•umntanrp*, beinu 
 rmmd iiftor they lm\ c icasi'il 
 riclcod, it hn ri'ally wtirtli th.' 
 ;cii incurrra In iU ittaliliHli 
 y (Imil)fd!. At all ovont., 
 pear to liiivL' 1)«m;ii Hiiilichin 
 
 !'ot-r«M)t MUKar of Krnnrc on.! 
 ilv wcrn louilcil with tlin itau: 
 ri'ir, unil tliDUuli il« cuUiir. 
 \ oxtciisively prom-cutcil.thsi 
 ■iinncu to llio opinion ot iho-. 
 reo labour in univornally i- 
 iuction of HURar as *\&\k w 
 Tlio cpioHtion wliicli th 
 lo of America Imd to c(m»ii|. r, 
 « pfHcicncy of free and hla\. 
 but lictwccn free and *\a\<' 
 tropical roKicms of ilw Nm 
 
 that the free luboiircn •! 
 raise cunar as elumpiy as tl,. 
 
 Hraxil, dooi* that allcird oii\ 
 DncliidinB that tliu Idacln ; 
 OS, now that ihcy are nally 
 successful in their cmnpetitii n 
 \i plainly no analogy I'ctwo u 
 r conviction is, as previoush 
 it compulsory labour of mw 
 pound of sugar will cventuall;- 
 Louisiana, or in our culonies ' r 
 morica. 
 
 he United Kin(,'dom ischarLci 
 that is laid on colonial mf,w. 
 —A species of maple [Act 
 I yields a considerable (luantitv 
 ffs iilentifuUy in the Uiiiu! 
 maua; and m some di»triitj 
 bitants with mo • of the suuai 
 
 Though infer! th in k'":''' 
 
 at which is p from tlif 
 
 granulates l)« ' '1"' '• 
 
 iny other vcnemoie, the caw 
 oduced from the sap, which i* 
 ating the tree in the spriut'. t' 
 
 2 inches, and scttinR a stM 
 
 The quantity aft'otdcd vane* 
 he season. From 2 to 3 ca.- 
 t the daily average yield oi i 
 ne trees have yiiddwl raoreihau 
 V, and others not mote than ;i 
 ; of boiling the juice dees ii'it 
 rom what is followed with tls. 
 
 West Indies. It is neces^ar- 
 wiled as soon after it is dra«a 
 
 ,K)S3ible. If it be ullowe.l t« 
 ours, it is apt to under^'o ili.' 
 us fermentation, by which it; 
 V is destroyed. (Bouchette* 
 ;-ol.i.p.371i Timber Tneyn,i 
 'Entertaining Knowledge.) 
 I an extract and relative list ot 
 
 1868 rnd 1869, from the lircuta 
 
 Littledale *• Oo., of Liverpool. 
 
 wst year (■1868) has been one. f 
 
 tment to tbe importer and rel.* 
 
 .ring there was a rally ot i>. '; 
 lost, large arrivals subsequent. 
 
 xess'of general expectat.on-al 
 |,a, where thn crop turnel ■ 
 r than the previous }>«>; 
 000 tons, against 59o,000 ton ■ 
 [asLenaUt .^5,000 tons jmj 
 the consumption, partly thro It 
 
 It season, 20,010 tons '«»• .'"": 
 ■port^i's 147,000 tonB again. 
 
 r, 178,000 in 1867, 189,0«0 m 
 
 Sl'OAU 
 
 |*;i;, niid 'JlJ.oni) in IHi'i."). The out tnr.i iV.pin 
 |„.|.t win 10,01)0 loiH V'M than in \M1, being 
 (..titiiiiti'd at tiHo.niii) loMM, nuiiliMt iMiViiiii, niid 
 fur till' proti'iit McaMiii is expcitc d to hbnw a 
 liirihiT di'llciency of itO.OtIO t<iii'<. 'Hh! niroimlH 
 irmii .MauritiiiH point to a drllclency of '|(i,iiil(l 
 I, III', till' estimate iil thi' erop lulng 7.'),iMl0 tun-', 
 ii.'aiiih'l ll.'i.OtH). 'Ilio Ciilia crop i-> again lilgbly 
 .piikiii <d'; but tiicrc Is coiiMJiicrablc aiixii'ty in tin- 
 l-laiiil, ni'iM.'^iohi'd by the parlial rcvcibiiiniiary 
 
 pirit aiiioiigtt tbr slavt'H. 'I'll nsiiiiiiitinii nniii' 
 
 liillid Stales has linii 7li,"llO toin In cncc""! ol 
 iSo prcvioiH year, nml "III ali-orb iiiiy iiiffci-. 
 irniii l.ciiii.'<iaiia and otbi . pnjdiii'lii:,' ilNtihis in 
 iliut ciiuiitry.' 
 
 SYDXKY 
 
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 valtlm • 
 
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 (llinK 
 
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 ' Ilii.iim.l ■ 
 
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 (irflin;f 
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 Oriliniry and mUl 
 
 dllng 
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 moUt 
 
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 I A ' 1 I II I A 
 
 I'rkn Ciiirint of the difffrent I'liriillcs iif Siiijiu 
 in the Loinhn MarRet, on April J, IMlV.I. 
 
 SuL'ir, \in((le rilint.<l . 
 Itrown luni)i» 
 liri). t.iy ,. 
 ILiriiliro' lu.irei 
 
 illlllT, 
 
 WVt luinin - 
 
 lxi.i«|,i, Ihiirh 
 Fri-nrh 
 
 l'ipr«-4 
 
 lluliriU 
 
 l>ii.hnl (Imndi 
 
 lIuirhcru^hKl (Ikii^iI) 
 iirarlr, liiltlsh 
 
 Scum for fi^vdinff - • 
 
 .Mulitvifa, Wif^l Indi..t 
 
 Kau Iniiia and Forelfcn 
 W'w India raw : 
 
 lincye.iiiw - 
 
 K'kkI „ - 
 
 luw loinlfldlinK 
 
 ^'ood tirown • 
 
 Irown 
 
 Ct\blalliH!d - 
 
 .M.iuritiii«, brown 
 
 ^elloiv 
 
 lirainy ■ - • 
 
 FenaiiK, tirown 
 
 Jdlmv 
 ]Ui.innah, whib^ (in bond) 
 
 Il.'reu (duty paid) 
 
 l.rown itnd jellow (duly paid) ■ 
 Bihia, white . 
 
 lirown and vellow • 
 
 IVmaiii and raraiha 
 Manilla rlaytd 
 
 unclaved' 
 .lav.i . ' . 
 
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 N.li.— Whatever may be thought of the specu- 
 lative parts of this article, we flatter ourselves 
 
 tliat its prai'tii'al and mori' iiiiiiorlrtiit |iorlioii 
 will be rniiliil to be iii acciinite us it tould well 
 lif iiiihIi'. 
 
 M'l.I'lllJKor l;|{I.M.ST().Ni:(Fr. siiufrotdiT. 
 -rliwelc! ; Ital. /ull'n, nolfn; S|iaii. a/iil're ; Arab, 
 kibriii). A iTyxl.illixcil, haril, lirit;l<' Mib-tiiiicf, 
 niniiiionlv of a greeiiiuli yidluw eoliiiir, wilbiml 
 any niiiiII, and oi u weak tbuiigli pi-rri'ptilile 
 taste ; it.t Hpirilii! gravity n iVi.m I'D In 'J'l. 
 
 It burns with a pnle'liliie tbiuir. and I'lnits ii 
 UTial i|iiaiility of piiiigiiit, iiilV.iialiii;; >apoiiri', 
 III ^miH' jiiirts'iit Italy and .'-ieily it is dug up in 
 a .'<tati' of i'orn|iarativi' purity. That wliirli is 
 iiiiliiiil'aiUireil ill this eoiiiilry is nliliiiin'il by tlie 
 rua-liiH,' of pyriti'M. It i-. limuiiiiiiatid inuijlt or 
 ;ii// siil/iliiir,' {'r«\i[ its lifiii^' (n«t in I'vliiiilrical 
 iiioiilils. 'i'lie Italian rull niilphiir diici not coii- 
 taiii iiiorc than .'I per cent. hI' a siiii|>lr carlb. and 
 is ill higlii r esliinaliiiii than the l,iif;liili, When 
 roll Kiilplmr is piirilii'd, it roieives the immo of 
 sulilimid siil/iliiir, mul is In tin.' t'oiiii ot' ii bright 
 yellov piiwiliT. (I'lionisiui's C/iemintri/ ; Watts'* 
 Diitiiiiuiry of Chcmialri/ \ &>:) 
 
 Sulphur is of great iniportaiiee in the arts. It 
 is used exteiisivi ly In tlie iiiamifailiire of gun- 
 powder, nnd ill the fornintion of siilpbiirii' neid, or 
 oil of vitriol. It is also used e.xtiiisively in 
 iiH'dii'ine, and for other |iiirp>isi's. Tlie entries for 
 lif:iiie. coiisiiinptiiin ainoiinted, at uii evcrngo of 
 the tiirce venrs eliding willi INIJ. to ;!:i.'l,7;)l cwt 
 ii-ye,'ir. riie duty on reliiied or 'roll brimstone 
 was rediu'ed in iMli to •J.i. per ewt.; and that 
 on rough l.iiniftoiie to i'lJ. per cwt., nnd they 
 have since been wholly repealed. In lHii7 our 
 i iinportH amounted to l,irili,720 cwt., valued ut 
 il8i),5H.U, of whiidi 1,152,111 cwt. were brought 
 from Sieil^'. 
 
 The iiiiiH'. of sulphur in Sicily have been 
 wrought for .several centuries; but it is only since 
 1820 that any considerable quantity has been pre- 
 pared for exportation. Subsefpiently to 1833, the 
 trade with this country increased so much that 
 the export of sulphur to the United Kingdom rose 
 from 19,120 tons in that year to 38,(154 tons in 
 1838. We have elsewhere [I'ai.kiimd] noticed 
 the way in which this rapidly growing trade was 
 interfered with by the Neapolitan (iovcruraent. 
 Luckily, however, the monojioly in favour of the 
 French corapnny was abcdished in 18-11, and the 
 trade, as .«eeii above, has since reverted to its old 
 ehnniiel.s. The total exports of sulphur from 
 Italy (almost entirely from Sicily) in 1865 were 
 H.''),!! 10,035 kilos, 'fhc prodncii of .sulphur in 
 Austria in 1804 was 37,802 Vienna cwt. (See also 
 Mr. Secretary of Legation Middleton's tteport of 
 December 31, 1866, on the Sulphur Deposits of 
 Mexico.) 
 
 SYDNEY. The capital of New South Wales, 
 and of the Ilrilish settlement? in New Holland, 
 or Australia, on a cove on the south side of 
 Port Jackson, about 7 miles from its mouth, lat. 
 Srfi 51' S., long. 151° 14' E. Population in 1850, 
 53.358, and in 1861, including suburbs, !i3,202. 
 
 Owing to a want of attention at first, the streets 
 of Sydney were laid out, and the houses built, 
 according to the views of individuals, without 
 any fixed or regular plnn. But latterly this 
 defect has been to a considerable degree remedied 
 in the old streets; and the new ones are syste- 
 inntically laid out. The town covers a great 
 extent of land; almost every house having a 
 considerable piece of ground attached to it. 
 Schools for the instruction of poor children have 
 been established, and there arc, besides two es- 
 tablishments digniticd with the pompous titles 
 of colleges, numerous seminaries, some of them 
 said to be very well conducted, for the education 
 
 li' 
 
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 '-■*•' , 
 
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 „•'? •. 
 
 ■ 1 
 ' 1 
 
 ! 
 
 1350 
 
 SYDNF.Y 
 
 of the tnitldli! and iiiiiicr classes. 'Jlimc an- 
 several newspniiors aiul other periodical piililica- 
 ■,ions. 
 
 Sydney is ndmirably adapted for the capital of 
 a pre at tradinf^ colony. I'ort, JackKon is one of 
 tin- tinest natural basins in the world. It 
 Htrctchos about l/i milcH info the country, and 
 has numerous creeks an<l bays ; the anchorai^o is 
 everywhere excellent, and ships are protected 
 from every wind. The entrance to this One bay 
 is between two gigantic ciill's, not quite 2 miles 
 apart. On the most southerly, in lat. 33° r>l' 11" 
 .S., long. 151° 1«' IT)" IC, a" lighthouse, with a 
 revolving light visibli! 21 miles off, was erected in 
 1817, the lantern of which is elevated 70 feet 
 above the ground, and about 315 I'ect above the 
 ."ca ; and on the inner south head there is a fixed 
 light visible lor 11 miles. The bay is navigable 
 lor ships of any burden to the ilistancn of 15 
 miles from it.s -"ntrance, or 7 miles above Sydney, 
 nj) what H called the I'aramatta '.{ivcr. Ships 
 coma close up to the wharves and stores of the 
 town, their cargoes being hoisted from the ship's 
 hold into the warehouses. Svdney is consoipiently 
 the emporium of all the settlements in this part of 
 Australia, and has a very extensive trade. 
 
 Down to the discovery of the gold (ields in 
 1851, wool was by far the most imporlftnt product 
 raised in the colony. The increase of cattle and 
 sheep, but especially the latter, in Australia, has, 
 in truth, been altogether extraordinary. IVe- 
 viously to the arrival of the English settlers in 
 New South Wales in 1778, neither horse nor cow, 
 sheci> nor hog, had ever set foot on the continent. 
 The stock they brought with them was limited in 
 the extreme, crnsisting only of 7 horses, 7 head 
 of cattle, 2i) sheep, 19 goats, and 74 pigs. And 
 
 from this lale and scanty stock, assisted by a few 
 subsoipient iniporiations, have been derived all 
 the vast numbers of sheep and other usclul 
 animals now to ho found in the Australian 
 continent. For a while the rate of increase was 
 comparalivelv slow. Hut from 1810 down to 
 the present tune, the midliplication of slice p and 
 r'her stock, especially tlu^ former, has been rapiil 
 beyond all precedent. This is shown by iln. 
 following 
 
 Arcdunt of the Sheep's Wool Annually Iiiijiorled 
 from Australia into the United Kinijdum sinvr. 
 '1818. 
 
 ISIS 
 IS'^ll 
 
 I S'^ ■. 
 
 IS'^fi 
 IK. '7 
 ISJS 
 ISj'J 
 1H.10 
 
 IH.Vi 
 IS.1,1 
 
 mil 
 isr.r, 
 
 1H.17 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Year. 
 
 lb. 
 
 
 H(i/,25 
 
 ISM 
 
 !I9,1IS 
 
 isra 
 
 ,T^.1,!19/. 
 
 I mo 
 
 l,lll(i,.Wi 
 
 IHII 
 
 .'.r^.T.'.S 
 
 iH4a 
 
 1,.')7I,1HG 
 
 IS 1.1 
 
 l.f.lH.tjIli 
 
 ISII 
 
 I,!I67.2:9 
 
 IM.'> 
 
 ■i,:>\\,M.'t 
 
 IH4f! 
 
 •/,.177,t),07 
 
 1H47 
 
 .1,.')l(i,Kli!) 
 
 IMIH 
 
 .1,iis,091 
 
 IHI9 
 
 ■l,'ill).,1(ll 
 
 IS.'jl) 
 
 ■l,<.i;'li,f>15 
 
 1H>1 
 
 7,lHi(),5v5 
 
 18.5'^ 
 
 Quantity 
 
 11). 
 
 7,".17,4M 
 1II,II!S,771 
 
 '.l,Ti\,Vi^ 
 l'.j,.19!l,09(l 
 lli,9.0y,67l 
 1 7, IT1.7N0 
 l7,.'>S!l,7lli 
 21,I.')ll,tiH7 
 KliNliSV?" 
 a(.,»^fi,Sli 
 .■V),ll,TI,.^f.7 
 .1V71.S71 
 .19,(11 S.'i'^ I 
 4I,S!II,I.17 
 4.1, 197, .101 
 
 Vcan . Quanlliy 
 
 1S',.1 
 1H.'>4 
 
 I S.'..'j 
 IS.'ifi 
 I8.'.7 
 IS.'iH 
 IS.'>9 
 IKIid 
 IHfil 
 ISI,^ 
 ISH.I 
 1861 
 
 ISllli 
 
 imi7 
 
 lb. 
 
 .n:«,nii) 
 
 ■lS'J.(i.')M 
 
 ,iiv,-ji(; 
 
 ■J.IM 
 
 i,iii:i,ii.Vi 
 
 ,7lill.Hl 
 ,1C.-.,!).VJ 
 ..'i"ii,;« 
 
 ,171,416 
 ,0.17,l'i9 
 ,;.14,W| 
 
 ,iiis,i;s 
 
 Down to 1851 the colony of New South Wales 
 comprised the extensive province of I'ort I'liillip. 
 now Victoria. Hut the latter was then .•^cpurauil 
 from the former, and formed into an inde|iemlcnl 
 State, with a governor and legislature of il.s uivn. 
 And the district called Moreton, on the norili, 
 Wiis separated from it in 185'.), and formed int' 
 I he independent colony of Queensland. [.See al-n 
 Uin.snANK ; Mki.uoukne.] 
 
 We sulyoin a 
 
 
 Tithlc Illustrative oj 
 
 the Progi 
 
 ess of the 
 
 Colony from 1815 to 18G6 inclusive. 
 
 
 Years 
 
 IRI.-i 
 
 II.V) 
 1 SW 
 ISdIi 
 
 I'nluc of 
 ,, , . JOxihirts 
 l'„|.uhu.on |^.„.,,',«ivi, of 
 
 1 
 
 \-.llMl' (.f 
 
 liDjiurt!, 
 
 \'.-illlu of 
 
 Inipitns, 
 
 rroiUii f or 
 
 .ILiniitarturc 
 
 of IheUiiitid 
 
 Kit)t,'iloni 
 
 \.\ni\ in 
 Cultivation 
 
 Value of 
 
 Eziioris of 
 
 Wool 
 
 Value of 
 
 Exiiorts of 
 
 ■r.illow 
 
 Prwluce of 
 Liiud Sales 
 
 ltCit-l|)|S 
 
 tVoni 
 
 I.iieiM's, 
 
 iiiitl (Jmi 
 
 lifiH* 
 
 lSl,.Mn ' I,I9.',1S9 
 •,!l..'.,.')iM i l,n.i7,7M 
 ySf»,H7.1 1 .~,l."iU,SSII 
 ■1,11, U'i ' 5,lfi'.!,(il,5 
 
 £ 
 
 !)S'i,,Wl 
 
 I,.V..1,111 
 
 5,41:0,971 
 
 »,«n7,o7i 
 
 £ 
 CI •-',91 '2 
 
 9fii,r.ei 
 
 .1,47.'>,.1.'>') 
 a,yl7,.'i77 
 
 acre* 
 l.-.S,V17 
 111,617 
 l».'.,l)l.'. 
 
 £ i £ 
 filVIM 9(1,479 
 7SS,(l.'il l(:7,S'iS 
 
 l,3(i.1,.170 137,'JU'i 
 
 'i,,laB,l().5 
 
 £ 
 11,101 
 
 .15,«1 
 
 £ 
 '.'11,(11 
 41,1," 
 
 Tlio value of the exports of tallow in ISfi.j amounted to 131,970/. 
 
 The revenue of the colonj* amounted in 1800 to the late district of Port Phillip, now the colnnv 
 3,2.5.3,179/., and the expenditure to 3,012,571/. of Victoria, down to tlie year 1850 inclu.sivc. aiiii 
 
 N.B, — The returns of the population include that of Queensland down to 1850. 
 
 li 
 
 Ti-ade of the United Kingdom with A'ew South Wales. 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Values of the Principal Articles Imported into the United Kingdom 
 from JVeui South tyales (exclusive of Queensland) in each of the 3 Years ending with 1807, 
 
 I'ri... ip.,. .Vrtii-Ies 
 
 
 (Juantitiw 
 
 Computeil Real Value 
 
 
 \H(ir, 
 
 1866 
 
 1S67 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1S67 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! ^ 
 
 £ 
 
 e 
 
 J3onrft of animals and fish (except 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 whalelins- 
 
 tons 
 
 .Tin 
 
 182 
 
 149 
 
 ; 2,252 
 
 1,'.'61 
 
 l,'iS(| 
 
 Copper ore and rcgulus 
 
 „ 
 
 1,917 
 
 .1,009 
 
 2,870 
 
 1 3 1 ,057 
 
 ,18,811 
 
 ,1I,1,V. 
 
 unwroii^ht and p.irt wronght - 
 
 ,, 
 
 Ml 
 
 .'121 
 
 1,0.17 
 
 i 19,101 
 
 41,037 
 
 7V,.Vil 
 
 Cotton, raw . - - 
 
 cwt. 
 
 1,304 
 
 3,8(i6 
 
 5,169 
 
 1,1,1.16 
 
 27,01.9 
 
 SIt.lil'J 
 
 Gum, kowrie - - . 
 
 
 18,.''<4() 
 
 13,928 
 
 10,283 
 
 43,568 
 
 31. .1.18 
 
 Jl,»lj 
 
 of other sorts - - - 
 
 
 740 
 
 70 
 
 l.'iS 
 
 1,301 
 
 200 
 
 I,,1I9 
 
 Hides, not tannul ... 
 
 „ 
 
 71,,'il)9 
 
 71,892 
 
 55,3,i6 
 
 1 131,516 
 
 1.14, 1.M 
 
 10'I,J73 
 
 tanned, tawetl, curried, or dressed 
 
 Ih. 
 
 21,386 
 
 97,413 
 
 231,121 
 
 809 
 
 3,794 
 
 8,sVil 
 
 Iron,cliroinateof • 
 
 tons 
 
 ISI 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 706 
 
 -. 
 
 _ 
 
 Oil, cocoa-nut ... 
 
 cwt. 
 
 n,!>:.l 
 
 24,557 
 
 30,067 
 
 50,696 
 
 51,645 
 
 68,1 7(1 
 
 spermaceti or held matter 
 
 lun.s 
 
 lil 
 
 i 
 
 42 
 
 11,851 
 
 «92 
 
 L.'iSK 
 
 train or u'ubber ■ 
 
 „ 
 
 4 
 
 11(1 
 
 — 
 
 19 1 
 
 4,9X1 
 
 — 
 
 Skins, sheep, uiidiessed 
 
 no. 
 
 .13,2-7 
 
 52,808 
 
 55,869 
 
 4,902 
 
 H,.'.S7 
 
 ».f(iS 
 
 Tallow .... 
 
 cwt. 
 
 86,268 
 
 23,514 
 
 27,602 
 
 181,926 
 
 51,181 
 
 .»,I77 
 
 Tortoiseshcll or turtleshelt, unmanufact 
 
 iU. 
 
 '.,■'',05 
 
 4,045 
 
 7,106 
 
 2,92 1 
 
 2,,'il.8 
 
 A,nlt , 
 
 Whalelins . . - . 
 
 cwt. 
 
 119 
 
 102 
 
 173 
 
 2,414 
 
 2,135 
 
 2,910 
 
 Wood : stringy h irk, red and blue gum. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lo.ids 
 
 687 
 
 .'i4(l 
 
 lfi'2 
 
 6,370 
 
 1,817 
 
 972 
 
 Wwil, sheep and luiiibs* 
 
 lb. 
 
 26,028,103 
 
 25,529,528 
 
 3'2,OSO,I37 
 
 2,l52,9lil 
 
 2,326,105 
 
 
 All other articles 
 
 Total - 
 
 vaUie 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 39,.5.1l) 
 
 52,372 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2,703,247 1 
 
 2,78,1,291 
 
 ,1„1lli.l'l(i 1 
 
• < IP I 
 
 r stock, nssisled by a U'W 
 
 h'lve liocn derived all 
 
 diecp and otlicr ":*<'tiil 
 
 uiid in tlio Auslraliaii 
 
 tlic rato ol' incrciisc \\;i, 
 
 Uit from IHU) down u 
 
 idtiplifatioii of slii'<ii an.l 
 
 hi^ former, has bceu raiiid 
 
 This is shown by llu 
 
 Wool Annualli/ Imimrlnl 
 the United Kinijdum shm 
 
 Quantity 
 
 III. 
 
 l(i,ll!S.771 
 (),7al,I'/3 
 la,3'J'l,(l!li) 
 la,'J.VJ,87l 
 17,li:^.7«0 
 17,.'i««,7IK 
 21,I.')ll.fiH7 
 'il,»('.'.,'^7ll 
 iei,ll'iC.HI5 
 .■Ml,ll,11,sri7 
 
 .VJ.OIS/i'^l 
 41,SI(I,137 
 4.1,1'J7,30I 
 
 Ycari : Quamlij 
 
 
 Ih. 
 
 IS'iS 
 
 47.07 iI.Ol'l 
 
 IM.'il 
 
 •17,lS'J,f.')ii 
 
 IHM 
 
 4'M l.'.-J* 
 
 1 S.'ifi 
 
 57,il,Vi,138 ■ 
 
 w>^ 
 
 4!),ail),fiSi I 
 
 in.'iS 
 
 .'il.llll.'iM) 
 
 l«.'l» 
 
 .V.JIID.ISI 
 
 ISfiO 
 
 1 .VI,16\!I.VJ 
 
 IHfil 
 
 ' ftS.')"fi,.'V^ 
 
 IHI.i 
 
 ■l,.T.'j.iiOj 
 
 1SB5 
 
 7Mr',llli 
 
 1861 
 
 uii.ir.T.r.'j 
 
 ISrJS 
 
 iii'.i,;.ii,'ifii 
 
 INlili 
 
 li.i.7;a,Mi 
 
 iw;7 
 
 i.i.i.iiis.irii 
 
 olony of New South Wales 
 ve i)rovine(! of Port I'liillip. 
 10 latter was tlion scparaicil 
 formed into an iiideijeiidciu 
 r and Icf^islaturc of its nwii. 
 led Moretoii, on the iiurtli, 
 it in l«5'.t, and foriucd iiil' 
 ly of Quccuslund. [See aU 
 
 ItNE.] 
 
 to 18G6 inclusive. 
 
 VnluBof i.,„luccof 
 
 ExiKirts ot ( ,|i jjnii^i! 
 
 ■lallow 
 
 £ 
 14,1114 
 
 :,5,»i 
 
 llotrlVls 
 from 
 
 l,lien.i.^, 
 
 iiiitl Ouil 
 
 Ktntt 
 
 £ 
 
 11,1." 
 
 G/. 
 
 Port Phillil). now the ciil»nv 
 the year IKoO inclusivo, aim 
 [own to 1850. 
 
 \Wuks. 
 
 rted into the United Kingihn 
 Years ending with 180i. 
 
 t:omimteil Ktal Value 
 
 1H66 1*6' 
 
 SYBNKY 1351 
 
 ■Ucount of the Qiniiitilies and Vnliir.H of thr Piiiirijiiil Forciijn Articles K.rpurlid from the United 
 Kiiii/iliiin Id -ViM' Siiuth Ifii/is diiriii;/ each of the ',i Yedr.i endiiiij with !K(17. 
 
 rrincl|ial Arlic'« 
 
 
 Quntititlcs 
 
 
 Cm 
 
 nimteil Htal \'ttl 
 
 10 
 
 
 tSfi.'i 
 
 ISfiH 
 
 18fi7 
 
 £ 
 
 18«; 1 
 
 £ 
 
 1867 
 
 
 — ■ 
 
 
 
 
 Jt" 
 
 
 
 cwt. 
 
 4,117 
 
 7,S1I 
 
 .'i,7«'l 
 
 Ki.l'J'' 
 
 li(i,8!lS 
 
 •il.:W 
 
 
 
 
 Ht 
 
 •i-fl 
 
 '^lil 
 
 nil! 
 
 V,784 
 
 '2,MM 
 
 
 ,l,i.-.Ty ro.i.t.aornronml - 
 
 11.. 
 
 ■jii.'i,(n'i 
 
 f4-*,.'i!lli 
 
 llli!,!lilO 
 
 'i,5li.-i 
 
 5,.V»7 
 
 1 ,'287 
 
 
 
 i'ii,r'.j-> 
 
 l!ll,13S 
 
 74.77S 
 
 7,-|l.'i 
 
 7,'^M) 
 
 ■2, Hilt 
 
 
 1!^:-. rt-.i'ly 'ii.nU* - 
 
 I'lirniU!" • • " 
 
 \\ h I iiri'ii. uneniiinerntiti - 
 
 ,, 
 
 .t,sm; 
 
 4'<,7'iH 
 
 .Tl,7nil 
 
 l,8Ti 
 
 ■ifiXI \ 
 
 ■2,1.11 
 
 
 cwt. 
 
 N,.'ll 
 
 1 9, 111.-. 
 
 l.l.H.'.'i 
 
 7,11,-,!) 
 
 I'.l.ll.l 1 
 
 r2,.'i82 
 
 
 
 '-',n;i4 
 
 .'i,OHS 
 
 84 11 
 
 ■.i,s,-57 
 
 •i\li>i 
 
 4,3'.I8 
 
 
 
 
 ■IS'I 
 
 .'.,'.'1 
 
 •tlVi 
 
 088 
 
 i.iri 
 
 .181 
 
 
 (^ll^. wimliMV 
 
 ,, 
 
 llii 
 
 UII7 
 
 liW 
 
 .1.1.1 
 
 771 
 
 I.IU 
 
 
 H,slTU"iinet!iofstrnw 
 
 ihiln-ii ■ , * 
 I'ili.r, mit hancmiis 
 
 III. 
 
 
 .. 
 
 ., 
 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 "11 
 
 .'lO 
 
 ii41 
 
 181 
 
 I.'ll 
 
 im 
 
 
 tUIIH 
 
 I.I 
 
 .■1!) 
 
 .'i.l 
 
 .-,ii;'j 
 
 Vii* 
 
 .",■-'!!« 
 
 
 111. 
 
 'i.'i.l.l 
 
 .'iSD 
 
 Nil 
 
 1,000 
 
 48.1 
 
 •l!l,i 
 
 
 cwl. 
 
 I7!l 
 !!,.-•• 1 
 
 
 87'i 
 
 :i,'ji.i 
 
 ZfiVi 
 
 .'il7 
 7,0.1.1 
 
 1,781 
 
 
 , Sin ii'aniitV(ur.-i : 
 
 liro,..i sliirt^ -mtl rllitmns - 
 ijipirirsirutn • proof 
 
 III. 
 
 l,'."ll 
 
 I,0'i7 
 
 nut 
 
 •i.rri'i 
 
 .'1,011.1 
 
 210 
 
 
 i;nllons 
 
 .'if, '•,•1111 
 
 •i\R,w:, 
 
 27'i,8l4 
 
 .'i4,l1(i 
 
 1!I,7WI 
 
 28,04 1 
 
 
 „ 
 
 lllli.MI 
 
 !ll,.1.'il 
 
 4ii,oi:. 
 
 ■i8,lllli 
 
 '.i'/,S.1H 
 
 13,.1lll 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 111, '.(17 
 
 7«,1S!I 
 
 11,1^7 
 
 li,l.il 
 
 7,«1U 
 
 1,1 liU 
 
 
 
 111. 
 
 lili,7lil 
 
 (i,'.lS.5 
 
 4,511 
 
 ■2,11117 
 
 .121 
 
 .1411 
 
 
 <ii riilci 
 
 b.iiTcU 
 
 llli 
 
 .l.'iii 
 
 li.'i 1 
 
 418 
 
 4711 
 
 493 
 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 '^■■.7.'il 
 
 .170 
 
 4S.'> 
 
 v,iii; 
 
 .10 
 
 38 
 
 
 n.l.uvi'. unmaiiuf'.irli'red - 
 
 ,P 
 
 lal.'."il 
 
 lW,,ll\h 
 
 m.'s.'i.'i-i 
 
 «, 111:1 
 
 S,l!l7 
 
 6,310 
 
 
 „ 
 
 |-iS,li-.l) 
 
 iss.i.-.i; 
 
 3111,117 
 
 8,1,11 
 
 (1,'ili'J 
 
 10,118!) 
 
 
 U.«Kl.'i.»wnor>i>Iil 
 
 |;illlfilis 
 
 17H,<'.|i> 
 
 I i i,7.ii; 
 
 ti.'>,i.'.i 
 
 4S,1«I 
 
 3i, 1.1(1 
 
 1!),76H 
 
 
 liKuU 
 
 ."J I 
 
 ■n:t 
 
 lUll 
 
 US'.' 
 
 6.16 
 
 ■270 
 
 
 U'.iolli'n ininili'ii''u'''^ '* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 enli-reil liv Ihf I'ici'L. 
 
 liieces 
 
 (ISli 
 
 •n 
 
 S'l 
 
 ■i,'MII 
 
 15,1 
 
 431 
 
 
 
 value 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 l.ll.'l 
 
 n,r,(ii) 
 
 662 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 .'. 
 
 .-•J.l.al 
 
 .1.1,'JUI 
 
 23,173 
 
 
 Tolnl • 
 
 •• 
 
 .. 
 
 V(i.1,i..Ti 
 
 ■218,361) 
 
 I65,'2U!) 
 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Values of the Principal Articles of British Produce and Manu- 
 fiictiire Exported from the United Kinijdom to New South Wales (exclusine of Qucenshmd) 
 during each of the 'i Years ending with 1800, 
 
 rrincipa: Articlea 
 
 
 
 Ijuantities 
 
 
 Detl.ired lU.al Valiie | 
 
 
 
 IbCA 
 
 1866 
 
 1S67 
 
 1M65 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 jE 
 
 
 l^lMrclai'dhi-ilnnlaOifry 
 
 value 
 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 714,048 
 
 637,867 
 
 3 411,792 
 
 
 \m- iiul aniniunition 
 
 »» 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 31,666 
 
 26,106 
 
 11,761 
 
 
 lii^. ttnvty . - - • 
 
 Iviraml .lie . - - - 
 
 do /ens 
 
 s•^,^)^,'i 
 
 .'i'^»un'i 
 
 iftf'i^n 
 
 711,982 
 
 42,1.911 
 
 33,!167 
 
 
 h.irrfls 
 
 ■iT.n'ju 
 
 ■ii/ts:^ 
 
 nH.|()7 
 
 ISl,0ii-2 
 
 182,113 
 
 11,1.9V! 
 
 
 
 cwt. 
 
 '^,v.i7 
 
 'A nil 
 
 l,H(i7 
 
 27,61 I 
 
 26,877 
 
 21,17 4 
 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 'JU,'»'iii) 
 
 r.r.i.ii'^ 
 
 2fi5,SlH» 
 
 .1,221 
 
 11,611 
 
 10,776 
 
 
 t'arni:""^, of all sorts • 
 
 no. 
 
 <il 
 
 It 
 
 as 1 
 
 6,4.11) 
 
 1,771 
 
 13,884 
 
 
 
 value 
 
 
 ., 
 
 .. 
 
 11,210 
 
 C,.136 
 
 4,211 
 
 
 (niitier. wrought and imwrnilRht 
 t. ni : gr;im, iiifal. and (lour - 
 
 cwt. 
 
 r,/,3o 
 
 5,014 
 
 •1.071 
 
 24,191 
 
 a'2,19.1 
 
 17,125 
 
 
 vaUiu 
 
 
 , , 
 
 .. ; 
 
 20.91.1 
 
 26,81« 
 
 12,128 
 
 
 ('.Htoiis enti-red l>v th.- yard 
 
 yard^ 
 
 8,r.i!i,r>i; 
 
 S,rMI,».'>7 
 
 fi,7aO,'2C!) 
 
 260,281 
 
 268,321 
 
 180,119 
 
 
 at value 
 
 value 
 
 
 ., 
 
 
 .17,876 
 
 41,.127 
 
 4.1,,176 
 
 
 Ihis^nntl olu-mical I'nxlncts - 
 
 It 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 16,946 
 
 .17,8,!,1 
 
 31, '26 2 
 
 
 tanl'i'H 1 art' and v*" cclain 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 ••■ 
 
 41,118 
 
 .111,897 
 
 l,'i,3.1» 
 
 
 Kun:inirtf : cil-im-I and ui>hoIsttTy wares 
 
 f. 
 
 
 
 
 19,664 
 
 20,360 
 
 7,116 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 19,766 
 
 49,217 
 
 32.621 
 
 
 il;lriU■.r.■^ .aid rtulfry, unonumorateil 
 
 cwt. 
 
 y^,9'X^ 
 
 Ul,S->i 
 
 10,782 
 
 132,719 
 
 97,085 
 
 .10,714 
 
 
 
 dozens 
 
 ."ii/^fiy 
 
 y^.-ni 
 
 111,721 
 
 68,'2S1) 
 
 51,71 • 
 
 41,116 
 
 
 Iron. Hr.>m;lil and unwrouRht - 
 
 (un& 
 
 u.yi.T 
 
 19,:^I3 
 
 li,'iSS 
 
 228,923 
 
 232,032 
 
 167,93,1 
 
 
 
 >• 
 
 7no 
 
 :.i(» 
 
 3'22 
 
 16,101 
 
 12,86.1 
 
 6,978 
 
 
 I«ihLT, wrounlit and unwrouglit 
 
 value 
 
 
 
 ., 
 
 32'2,VOii 
 
 121,911 
 
 1.18,097 
 
 
 srtddlerv and liarne.ss - 
 
 It 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 61,.191 
 
 .1!) 810 
 
 S3,700 
 
 
 
 \ard9 
 
 3,171,'^S9 
 
 'I.-iUiJC.G 
 
 1,191,.171 
 
 118,'J0,1 
 
 80,958 
 
 .16,,101 
 
 
 MiVliinerv and niiit work 
 
 value 
 
 .. 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 83,'i11 
 
 3 1 ,983 
 
 .30.371 
 
 
 Mutual itutiunienls - 
 
 >• 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 17,689 
 
 19.096 
 
 9,799 
 
 
 Pa[«r of all siir^ linc'luding paper haii|;i 
 
 iKs) cwt. 
 
 ID.KIj 
 
 23,011) 
 
 18,607 
 
 s.i,7:o 
 
 61,379 
 
 4.1,6117 
 
 
 liikle^ and >auiTs 
 
 value 
 
 
 
 
 42,321 
 
 60.721 
 
 31,168 
 
 
 Silk inAimfaclures 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 l'2,8ll 
 
 9,967 
 
 7,909 
 
 
 si'irits 
 
 - gallons 
 
 is,"3 
 
 '21) ,'^01 
 
 ■28,041 
 
 .1,797 
 
 1,(1.14 
 
 3,689 
 
 
 ; Suiionerv, otlier than vapcr - 
 
 value 
 
 .. 
 
 ,. 
 
 .. 
 
 13,818 
 
 17,731 
 
 1 3,228 
 
 
 ] Wo-Hfiis, entered bv tin; yard - 
 
 Yards 
 
 O.S'^l,Sl'J 
 
 4, 06 1, .120 
 
 2,907,9,13 
 
 .169,1.17 
 
 2.'.5,5 45 
 
 20,1,282 
 
 
 at value 
 
 v.dut 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 23,, 1.18 
 
 1 6,^197 
 
 11, .198 
 
 
 All oilier articles 
 
 " 
 
 *• 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 441,249 
 
 .161,727 
 
 27.1.111 
 
 
 Total 
 
 •• 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 3„171,i;.3 
 
 2,917, 'i77 
 
 < 2,0,10,820 
 
 
 !>lttlriiicnt of the Quantities of Gold Exported 
 friiin Neio South Wales and Victoria since the 
 (ommencement of the Discoveries in 1851. 
 
 
 New Sou 
 
 ()ii.intity 
 Kxiiortwi 
 
 th Wales 1 
 Value 1 
 
 Victoria 
 
 V«,r 
 
 Ouantitv 
 Ei|mrt«l 
 
 oz. 
 
 Value 
 
 
 07, 
 
 £ 
 
 1V,1 
 
 111,120 
 
 168,.1.1B 
 
 115,137 
 
 438,777 
 
 1«! 
 
 962.873 
 
 3,600,175 
 
 1,988,526 
 
 6,1.15,728 
 
 HV, 
 
 .lls.ni'i 
 
 1,781,171 
 
 2,197,723 
 
 8,611,529 
 
 l«,il 
 
 2,17.910 
 
 773,209 
 
 2,141,699 
 
 8,255,5.10 
 
 1^5i 
 
 6I..-.SI 
 
 209,2,10 
 
 2,7 51. .1.15 
 
 10,901,150 
 
 ISVi 
 
 1'2.1B3 
 
 138,007 
 
 2,985,991 
 
 11,913,1 .8 
 
 ; is.'.7 
 
 2.11,,16l 
 
 983,850 
 
 2,762,160 
 
 10,987,191 
 
 K\ 
 
 211, '1117 
 
 9!)1,9GII 
 
 2,528,178 
 
 10,107,836 
 
 1»,V) 
 
 131,915 
 
 1,698,078 
 
 2,280,9.10 
 
 9,122,037 
 
 isni 
 
 183.012 
 
 1,876,019 
 
 2,128,166 
 
 8,513,861 
 
 Ufil 
 
 48S.2!)1 
 
 1 .890,908 
 
 1,978,864 
 
 7,915,1.12 
 
 bfi* 
 
 699, .66 
 
 2,715,0.17 
 
 1,662,118 
 
 6,619,62 4 
 
 ISIi.l 
 
 601,722 
 
 2,.161,919 
 
 1,627,066 
 
 6,.108,261 
 
 1V.| 
 
 721, •«? 
 
 2.951,671 
 
 1,141,419 
 
 6,206,237 
 
 Ml 
 
 68^2,121 
 
 2,617,668 
 
 l,.1.'i6,737 
 
 6,226,918 
 
 ISMI 
 
 742.2.H) 
 
 2,921,891 
 
 1,180, VJ7 
 
 5,928,918 
 
 
 161,775 
 
 2,170,165 
 
 1,1.1.1,687 
 
 5,738,9!I3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Toul 
 
 7,H2S,70I 
 
 3U. 85,374 
 
 .13,11'8,7I3 
 
 1.10,228.066 
 
 Tlie cstablishini'iit of a mint at Sydney will 
 acconnt for the small amount of gold exported in 
 18,1,3 and 18,")0. 
 
 The colony is naturally better suited for paa- 
 turimc than for till.i^o, and, in consotiuence, 
 considerable quantities of corn and rice are im- 
 ported from Van Dicmeii's Land and other 
 places. IJut we may remark, by tiie way, that 
 the ])reference given to pasturage has been in no 
 inconsiderable degree occasioned by the policy (if 
 so we may designate a worthless compound of 
 pedantry and nuackery) that has been pur- 
 sued in regard to the sale of waste lands in the 
 colony. W'a have elaewhero shown that when 
 the minimum piice cliargcd for these waste lands, 
 4 or 5 acres of which arc required to depasture 
 a single shecpwas, li.xed at no less than 20s. 
 an acre (!), tlie purchase of land for agricultural 
 purposes comparatively ceased ; and it was taken 
 
 ,. I 
 .1 .1 
 
 li 
 
 ^■i 
 
 ; I 
 
 i:l 
 
 I ! 
 
 1I 
 
 1. • 
 
 w 
 
 '; i 
 
 ■ 1 ; 1 
 ' '-if 
 
 i- 
 
 .' ■ I 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
^ 
 
 1352 
 
 syDNP:Y 
 
 t. ••••;^,). ; 
 
 i 
 
 t > 
 
 • :'{ 
 
 
 
 in larf,'c tracts for grazing by lesaccs, nr squatters. 
 In conscqucnci! the progress of cultivation, and 
 the settlement of the eolony, have been Horionsly 
 interrupted by this system; wliile, insteail of 
 concentrating the popuhition, as wo wore told it 
 would do, it led to its all but indefinite dispersion. 
 Hut a fi'h-ile-se. policy of tliis sort cannot be long 
 niaintiiined. And when it l\as been abandoned, a 
 Iresh stimulus will be given to agriculture and 
 emigration, and the prosperity of this anil the 
 other Australian colonies will be materially in- 
 creased. 
 
 Ciuisidering the character of a large proportion 
 of the pop\ilation, one need not be surprised .'it 
 the circumstance of drunkenness being a preva- 
 lent vice, and consequently that spirits and wines 
 are very largely imported. The other great articles 
 of importation are manufactured goods and appa- 
 rel of all sorts, hardware, earthenware, saddlery, 
 books and stationery, carriages A-c, from IJigland ; 
 tea from China; and sugar from the Mauritius 
 and Calcutta. 
 
 The value of the imports into Sydney exceeded 
 for a lengthened period the value of the exports ; 
 the excess of the former being, in fact, the 
 amount of the remittances from this country on 
 account of the convict cstid>lishment. IJut since 
 the latter was suppressed, the value of the 
 exports has been equal to that of the imports, 
 and now greatly exceeds them. Occisionally 
 there has been a great deal of overtrading at 
 Sydney ; and the revulsions consequent thereon 
 have been quite as ruinous there as in Kngland 
 and elsewhere. There arc several banks in the 
 town, and a savings' bank. 
 
 Population ^-c. — Tlie Jlritish settlements in 
 New South Wales were originally intended to 
 serve as penal establishments, to which convicts 
 might bi' transported, and employed in public 
 and private works ; and wore, till very lately, 
 wsed for this purpose. The (irst vessel with 
 convicts arrived at JJotany Hay in January 1788; 
 but it having been found to be (piite unsuitable 
 as a site for a colony, the establishment was 
 removed to Port Jackson. Convicts of all sorts 
 continued to be sent to the latter till 18,'J9; but 
 from that period down to 1843 none were sent, 
 except those who had been conlined in I'enton- 
 ville and other penitentiaries. In the last-men- 
 tioned year the system entirely ceased ; and 
 from that period no convicts have been sent to 
 Sydney. l)uring the period that transportation 
 continued in force, 54,683 convicts, of whom 
 •17,092 were males and 7,401 females, were 
 carried to Sydney. In 1846 the convicts of all 
 classes in New South Wales amounted to 10,555, 
 of whom G,500 were liber.itcd in 1848; and the 
 residue had been reduced to 1,708 in December 
 1851. Convictism (to borrow a colonial phrase) 
 has, therefore, terminated in New South Wales ; 
 but the taint it has imparted to the population 
 will not be easily eft'aced. 
 
 The total population of the colony of New 
 South Wales, ex Victoria, amounted, in 18GG, to 
 431,412, of whom 23!»,820 were males. The 
 progress of the colony has been much more rapid 
 than might have been anticipated, considering 
 the character and habits of the convicts aimually 
 landed upon its shores, the difficulties which the 
 great distance from England interposes in the way 
 of an immigration of voluntary settlers, and the 
 inferiority of the soil. Owing to the circum- 
 stance of the great majority of the convicts and 
 other emigrants being males, a great dispropor- 
 tion has always existed between the sexes in the 
 colonv, which 'has materially retarded its progress, 
 and been, in other respects, productive of per- 
 
 nicious results. Government, however, availing 
 itself of the assistance of benevolent individual] 
 at homo and in the colcny, has within these few 
 years materially lessened the disproportimi re 
 ferred to, by sending out considerable numbers ni 
 young unmarried females free of expense. Much, 
 it was obvious, of the influence of this mca^urr 
 was tf depend on the discriminalion with whiiii 
 the female emigrants were selected ; and variiMb 
 precautions were taken, by the organiKatiiin i,t 
 committees, and otherwise, to cxchiile |r(ir,i 
 amongst them those whoso character was j^ 
 any degree suspicious. It could not be expeoipii 
 that these precautions should be c()m|ilot(lv 
 successful ; and very conflicting accounts lia\v 
 been received as to the coiuluct of the fcmalo. 
 on their landing, and the influence of tl.oir iuj. 
 migration on the colony. IJut though the result- 
 of the scheme mav, in some respects, have t'alkn 
 short of the anticipations of its more sannuinr 
 promoters, there can be no manner of ilnulit 
 that it has been, on the whole, decidedly advanta- 
 geous ; and that it has tended both to incroase 
 the population and to improve the morals of 
 the colony. 
 
 ICinigration to New South Wales, indcpondenilv 
 of the allurements of the gold iit-lds, holds oui 
 several advantages to the in<lustrious enii;;rant, 
 which, again, arc partially couiitcrvaild liv 
 some disadvantages. There has betii at all timei 
 a pretty brisk demand for labour; wages, thoufli 
 not extravagant, have been high ; provisions, ex- 
 cept in years of drought, have been inodcratolv 
 cheap; and the climate is mild, moderately 
 healthy, and suitable for European constitutions. 
 The drawbacks are— the immense distance from 
 Europe, and the conseciuent cost of the voyage; 
 the general inferiority and exorbitant pnte of 
 land, which will no doubt be shortly obviated; 
 the frequent recurrence of droughts; and, pi-r- 
 haps, also, the taint of convictisni, in a large 
 portion of the population. The greater luilJ- 
 ness and salubrity of the climate appears to Ic 
 the principal recommendation in favour of emi- 
 grating to Australia rather than to Canada or the 
 United States. Whether this be a sulBcitv. 
 counterpoise to the disadvantages attending it is 
 a point which we do not presume to decide, but 
 which deserves the serious consideration of m- 
 teiiding emigrants. It seems to be the imanimoas 
 opinion of everyone acquainted with the colony, 
 and entitled to be heard upon such a subject, that 
 ' in every case, emigrants of every sort wilt pul 
 it for their interest to come out married.' 
 
 The stimulus given to immigration by the di" 
 cover}' of gold has been less felt here' than in 
 Victoria; but it has, notwithstanding, been very 
 powerful. Still, it is impossible, to form any 
 conjecture in regard to its continuance, as that 
 must in great measure depend on the future pr.> 
 ductiveness of the gold lields. But whether it 
 continue about stationary, diminish or incre.is, 
 it is plain that the demand of those eiiga;.*! 
 in the search for gold, for provisions and other 
 articles of accommodation, cannot fail in the 
 end to give a corresponding impulse to evtry 
 branch of industry, and to re-establish that general 
 equality, taking* all things into ticcount, whioli 
 usually subsists between wages and prulits in 
 different departments. How prosperous soever 
 the ' diggings ' may be, the labourers drawn u> 
 them in the first instance from agriciiltnre mI 
 other pursuits will be sure to be restored to the 
 latter, or replaced by others. 
 
 Moneys, IVeights, and jl/easures.— Accounts .irc 
 kept in sterling money; the Sydney mint coining 
 large quantities of sovereigns, which are now cur- 
 
vommciit, however, availiiy 
 ICO of bPiicvolnnt indiviilual- 
 lolcnv, lias within these ftv,- 
 jscnc'tl the ilisproportion ro- 
 ; out consiiinrable numhors i.| 
 nales free of pxpctise. iluch, 
 he intlnence of this moa-iun- 
 ic (liscriminali<in witli wliiili 
 ts were sclcetcil ; and Viiri.ii, 
 iken, l)y the organisiticm c 
 )thcrwisc, to excliule lrn(,i 
 3S0 whiise character wa< ii\ 
 us. It could not be expeou-.! 
 tions shoulil be complotcly 
 rj' confiietinf? accounts Imv,- 
 j'the conduct of the femalf- 
 iid the intluenco of ti.eir im- 
 ilony. 15ut thou^li the result- 
 
 in" some respects, have falKn 
 •ipalions of its more saiiKuinp 
 ;an be no manner of douht 
 
 the wliole, (leeidedlv advanta- 
 t has tende<l botli to inorca-i 
 d to improve the morals .jI 
 
 cw South Wales, indcpcndenily 
 I of the Rold fields, liolils ouL 
 a to the industrious enii;;rant, 
 3 partially countervnikd liv 
 3. There has been at all time* 
 and for labour ; wages, thoii-h 
 lave been liish ; provisinn?, tx- 
 Irought, have been moderatily 
 
 climate is mild, moderately 
 ble for European constitution-. 
 re— the imraen.se distance from 
 ;onse«iuent cost of the voyasic: 
 iority and exorbitant price if 
 10 (ioubt bo shortly obviated; 
 irrence of droughts ; and. [aT- 
 aint of convictism, in a lar;;' 
 ppulation. The greater ralH- 
 W of the climate appears to it 
 immendation in favour of emi- 
 lia rather than to Canada or ilio 
 
 Whether this be a sufficitn; 
 no disadvantages attending it is 
 
 ■ do not presume to decide, Inu 
 10 serious consideration of in- 
 . 1 1 seems to be I lie unanimoiii 
 me acquainted with the colony, 
 
 heard upon such a subject, that 
 migrants of every sort will find 
 t to come out married.' 
 ivcn to immigration by tlic liiv 
 as been less felt here than m 
 las, notwithstanding, been very 
 
 it is impossible, to form any 
 ard to its continuance, as tlia: 
 ■asure depend on the future pr- 
 10 gold fields. But wlicther it 
 tationarv, diminish or increase. 
 
 the demand of those eii(raa4 
 
 gold, for provisions and other 
 nmodation, cannot fail m Hit 
 orresponding impulse to e\») 
 
 -, nndtore-cBtabHshthatgemr; 
 
 all things into account, whi'H 
 
 between wages and iiroliH m 
 
 ^ents. How prosperous soe^ r 
 
 nay be, the labourers drawn i.| 
 
 ■ instance from agriculture .hk 
 11 bo sure to be restored to tin | 
 
 by others. , 
 
 ^ds,and Measures.-AccomUj^ 
 noney; the Sydney mmtmmg 
 ,f sovereigns, which are now ur I 
 
 SYRA 
 
 rent coin, and legal tender in the mother country, 
 as well »•* Australia, but Spanisli dollars are 
 almndaiit. They pass current at. o.v. eieli. The 
 weights and measures are the same as those of 
 ];Di;land. 
 [Oiii.oNiKs; Taiufks; Cor.oNiAi,.] 
 SYIiA. the ancient Syros, one of tlie i.slauds of 
 the (ireek Archipelago (part of the modern 
 kingdoni of (Jreeee), w .se s;ilubrily and fertility I 
 have been celebrated by llonicr (I'ope's Oili/ssri/,\ 
 liiiok XV. 438 Ac.), in the group called the I 
 Niiilhcrn Cycladcs, 1.5 miles W. from tlie greater i 
 Uelos, its port, on the c.ist side of tlio island, being 
 in lat. 37° -IC 30" N., long. 21° 57' K. It is from | 
 |) to U) miles in length, by about h in breadth, i 
 Though rugged, it is carefully cultivated, and : 
 iiroduces garden stulTs, wine, olives, tigs, cotton ; 
 Ac, with a little barley. The population in 183(J 
 was set down by Mr. Urquliart at 4,500 ; but in 
 iw;i it had riseii to 18,.'jll. 
 
 It is indebted for this e.xtraordinarj' increase of 
 popHlation to the convenience and excellence of its 
 port and its central situation, which have made 
 It a considerable commercial entrepot. Tliough 
 small, its harbour is accessible to line-of-battlc 
 ships. The holding ground is good, and it has in 
 its centre about 10 fathoms water. Merchantmen 
 of friitn400 to 500 tons burden moor within about 
 100 \ irds of the wharves. Winds from the S.E. 
 round to li.X.E. throw in a hcavv swell; but 
 the port is well protected from winds from all 
 other points. A lighthouse, with a revolving light, 
 visible '20 miles oil', has been erected on (jaidaro 
 island, about U mile S.E. from the port, and 
 there is a red lixcd light on the East Mole. Most 
 part of the trade that formerly centred at Scio, is 
 now carried on liere ; and the i-sland has not only 
 received numerous immigrants fr«m Scio, but also 
 from many other parts of Greece. Great Britain 
 and moat European Powers have consuls in Syra : 
 and it also is the principal seat of the Protestant 
 missionaries to the Levant, The town is on the 
 X. side of the harbour. The oldest portion occu- 
 pies the summit of a conical-shaped hill, probably 
 the site of the acropolis of the ancient city. (See 
 the sketch iiiTournefort, Voyage du Levant. i.32I.) 
 But the new streets and houses, of which there 
 are many, come down to the water's edge. It lias 
 an appearance of great bustle and animation. Its 
 
 TAGANROG u:>i 
 
 copious spring of pure fresh water ha.s poen eulo- 
 gised by Clarke. {Travels, vi. 15.'!.) PliereiTile.i, 
 one of the most celebrated of the aneiout (ireek 
 jihilosophers, the disciple of I'ittacus, ai.d tlii^ 
 master of Pythagoras, was a native of this island. 
 
 For Port Uegulatlons, Quarantine, Tunnatu 
 Duty, Tariff Sfc., sec I'ATitAS. 
 
 J'i/i)t(tge^—'tUcTc are no fixed dues for pilotnge ; 
 but when a vessel makes a signal for a pilot, the 
 harbour master sends liis boat to i)ilot the vessel 
 in, for which service a fee of 5 Spanish dollars is 
 paid. 
 
 ireights and Measures same as nt Patuas. 
 
 .'V few miles to the cast of Syra lies Ddo'-, 
 This island, regarded in antirpiity with peculiar 
 veneration from its being the birthplace of Apollo 
 and Diana, is no less celebrated in the com- 
 mercial than ill the religious history of aniient 
 Greece. Its sacred character, by insuring its 
 imniunity from hostile attacks, and its central 
 situation, made it a favourite mart for the pro- 
 ducts of the states of Greece, Asia Minor, 
 Phoenicia, Egypt &c. IJeligion, pleasure, and 
 trade had all their votaries at its festivals ; which 
 were famous throughout the ancient world for 
 the splendour of thorites and processions, and the 
 magnitude of the business transacted. It were 
 too much to expect that Syra should ever attain 
 to equal importance, even as an entrepot. Ihit 
 as she enjoys most of those advantages of posi- 
 tion that c(mtributcd to render Ddos one of the 
 principal eniporiums of antiquity, it may be hoped, 
 now that there is a reasonable prospect of good 
 order and freedom Ixjing again established in 
 Greece, that she may also accpiirc some portion of 
 her celebrity. It may be worth while mentioning, 
 as strikingly evincing the mutability of hninnn 
 affairs, that at present both the great aiul the 
 little Dclos are uninhabited. And Tournefort 
 states, that the inhabitants of Myc(mc were, in 
 the early part of last ccutur}', in" the habit of 
 holding the greater Dclos, for the purpo.scs tf 
 pasturage, paying to the Grand Seignior a rent of 
 20 crowns a-year for that famous island. (Tourne- 
 fort, Voyage du Levant, 4to. ed. tome i. pp. 200 — 
 325. There is a good account of the religious 
 rites celebrated nt Delos, though but a very 
 indifferent one of its commerce, in the Travels qf 
 Ajiacharsis,) 
 
 T 
 
 T.\CAMA1IAC. A resin obtained chiefly from 
 the Fuflura oolandra; and formerly in use for 
 fumigation and plasters. There lire two sorts, 
 the West and East Indian, the latter being, how- 
 ever, uneonimou. It is of a light brown colour, 
 very lirittle, and easily molted when heated. 
 When pure, it has an "aromatic smell, betw(^en 
 thiit of Lavender and musk ; and di.ssolvcs im- 
 perfectly in alcohol, but completely in ether, water 
 iiaving no action upon it. (Thomson's Chemistry ; 
 Watt's Dictionary of Chemistry.) 
 
 T.VGANROG. A city of European Kussia, on 
 the north coast of the .Sea of Azof, near the mouth 
 of the river Don, lat. 47° 12' 48" N., long. :i«o 30' 
 K, Its population has been estimated at 24,.'!()4 
 in IWS, but jMr. Consul Carruthcrs, writing in June 
 1808, says, that without statistical information 
 there arc no precise data to rely on. It has a naval 
 hospital, a lazaretto fee. ; and there are annual 
 lairs in May, August, and November. Taganrog 
 is a place of considerable commercial importance 
 
 It was intended by its illustrious founder, Peter 
 the Great, to replace Azof, the ancient emporium 
 of the Don, the port of which h.id become all but 
 iniicccssible; and its whole consequence is de- 
 rived from this circumstance, or from its being 
 the entrepot of the commerce of the countries 
 traversed by that great river. The largest 
 portion by far of the, trade is carried on with 
 Constantinople, Smyrna, and other Turkish ports; 
 but a good deal is also carried on with the Italian 
 and other foreign ports; and there is an ex- 
 tensive coasting tr.ade with Odessa and other 
 Hussian ports. In 1808 the exports to foreign 
 countries comprised, amongother articles, l.G.^2,541 
 quarters of wheat, 91,108 lb. tallow, (),117,2iM lb. 
 wool, 25.134 cwt. caviar, 200,029 quarters linseed 
 &c. The highest price per quaii r of the best 
 hard wheat in 1808 was 2/. I2.s-. 7d., and the 
 lowest 21. 3». 7d., both free on boanl. 
 
 Seeing that Taganrog was built, to obviate the 
 diflicultics that had to be encountered bv vessels 
 
 ii 
 \ 
 
 I ; 
 
ur,i 
 
 TAGANROG 
 
 •:' . 
 
 ■ *•■ 
 
 i % 
 
 
 f!it(;rin^' llie Don, tlirouuli tlu- Hlmllowiicss of llic | voy«(l to it in linlitors. llutexpcripncn hnaslnnvn 
 ■\V!il<r, it nii;;lit liavi- liccii puppuspd that care i lliiit tli..< expoptalion is not dostined to l)c realised; 
 •would 1)1' takin to placo it in a )position in wliich llm clmriros attending thn lirinffinK of produce to 
 it should he, in as far as possildc. free from this the Straits of Yciiikalil by means of lighters, nnu 
 <l(f('ct. This iniportanl ('(insideral ion seems, how- its transhipment, l)einff so very heavy that niipro 
 ever, to havo lieen to a great degree overlooked, than JL of the 8hip|)ing that arrive at Kerlsch 
 The (.ulf of the Don is seldom navigahle by vos- pmrcorl to load at Taganrog, Mariapol, and ether 
 sols drawing tnore than from 10 to 11 teet water, ports on the .sea. Kcrlscli has ii ])opidali(iii nf 
 and even these ('annot jippronidi within less than , about 'Jd.OOO. 
 
 about 7*111 yards of the town. They are principally ! It is not surely too much to expect that the 
 loaded by carts, drawn each by a single horse, the ■ J^ussian (lovernmcnt will see the advantage uf 
 expenses being fio ^'cry considerabU^ that it, costs i removing nil obstructions to the navigation of one 
 from 120 to loO copecks to ship a chetwert of , of the principal channels for the commerce of the 
 wheat. Without altering the jpositicm of tlu; enijiire; and thus to permit its .subjects to avail 
 town, the.se defects might, as was suggested in j themselves of those gigantic means of production 
 the last edition of this work, be obviated with but j which a less illiberal policy would enable tlum 
 little difliculty, by constructing a wooden pier by j fnlly to command. It is i)lain that ships may 
 which ves.sels" in the ronds might be sheltered, and j load and unload at Taganrog with a.s little dniiKtr 
 from which they might b(! 'lulfn. However, Mr. I to the health of the contiguous provinces as at 
 
 Consul Carruther.s, in his /^/lort of .January 10, 
 18()'.>, intimates that at length a new mole is being 
 constructed, and the numicipality. under some 
 extraordinary impulse, has al.so contracted for 
 lighting the streets with gas, a branch bank has 
 been established, and a railway to connect Tagan- 
 rog with Kharkort" has just been commenced. 
 
 Sea nf Azof. — Anyone who takes up a map of 
 Russia in Europe will at once pcrceiv* the vast 
 im]iiirtance of this sea (the i'((/«,f Mwoth of the 
 ancients) as an outlet for the products of the most 
 fertile provinces of the empire. At its N.K. ex- 
 tremity it receives the Don (an. Tannin), which, 
 with its navigable tributaries the Donetz, Jledvc- 
 difzii ^c, (lows through an immense extent of 
 fruitful territory. Peter the Great was fully sen- 
 sible of the paramount importance of this channel 
 of communication ; ami he not only, ns stated 
 above, founded Taganrog on the estuary of tlie 
 Don, but Joined the latter to the \V(dga by me.ius 
 of a canal, uniting in this way the (,'asp'an with 
 the sea of Azof. It is singular, howev r, that the 
 Russian Government, which has, in other res])ects, 
 so sedulously followed up the |d:uis of the great 
 father of his countrj', would seem of late years 
 rather to have discouraged the trade of the Sea of 
 Azof. As evidence of this, wo may mentinu that 
 no etVorts have been made to ilee|ien the channel 
 
 Kertsch; and such being the case, why sluiiild 
 they not bo permitted to sail direct for the I'or- 
 mef ? Through the efforts of the Hritisli Consul 
 in IHfl", much of the extortion and injustiee prac- 
 tised at the Quarantine and Customs bepartincnts 
 was sujiprcssed. 
 
 The Sea of Azof is usually shut by frost for 
 about 3 months in winter, an<l it is besides shal- 
 low, and in parts encumbered with sand lianks. 
 Hut it may, notwithstanding, bo navigated hy 
 vessels of considerable burden with but little ri.-k 
 or difficulty. Its greatest depih in the middle i> 
 about 7 fathoms : but it shoals gradually to th<' 
 sides, and at Taganrog there is only from 10 toll 
 feet water. Its depth is, however, materially 
 affected by the direction and strength of wind>-. 
 The only entrance to this sea is by the Straits ot' 
 Yenikale, the Bo \>nrus Cimmerius of the ancients 
 a narrow and difficult passage, having in some 
 1 daces not more than 13 feet water. Owing to the 
 great quantity of fresh water poured into the Sea 
 (d" Azof, and its limited magnitude, its water is 
 rirackish merely. (Norie's Sailitii) Directions for 
 the Mediterranean and Black Sean; iVe.) Jlr. 
 Consul Barrow called attention in 18(30 to the 
 fact that the revolution of the Yenikale lii;ht 
 occupied 2' 14", and not 1 minute, as given out, but 
 no doubt the defect has been remedied. 
 
 It is impossible to form any estimate of th(> 
 
 over the bar at the mouth of the Don, to remove 
 
 the other obstructions to the easy navigation ot j fnttire magnitude of the trade of this sea, were it 
 the river, or to im])rove any of the ports on the |)laced under a more liberal policy, anil reasonable 
 .sea; and though all vessels entering the s>'a are ' facilities afforded for its extensuin. No doubt, 
 no longer obliged to perform a lengthened (piaran- , however, it would be very great; it being the 
 tine at Kertscli on the W. side of the Straits of ; imtural seat of the commerce of some of the nioft 
 Yenikale'. still the delays to shipping consequent ' extensive and fertile countries of Eastern Europe. 
 on the defcctiim and vexatious arrangements as to ! The subjoined returns .show that even now it is of 
 pilotage, lighterage and quarantine, are loudly the first importance; and with a little encouragc- 
 complained of. (Mr. Consul Harrow's Report of mcnt, or with the mere absence of obstruction, it 
 January I, 1867, and Eebruarj' 10, 18G8.) The would no doubt rapidly incre.i.se. It may, indeed. 
 Russian Government wished to make Kertsch a be fully concluded that sooner or later Taganrog 
 depot for the produce of the various ports on the is destined to become one of the first com-ship- 
 Sea of Azof, which it was supposed would be con- ping ports in the world, if not the very first. 
 
 Statement, showing the Quantities of the Princijml Articles Exported from Taganrog during i 
 
 of the 5 Years 
 
 ending with 
 
 186S, with their Total i'alue 
 
 'n Pounds Sterl 
 
 i,g. 
 
 MlTL'tliitldiite 
 
 IHIil 
 
 Mil-,:, 
 
 isr.i; 
 
 isri7 
 
 IH'A 
 
 Wheat - - qr. 
 
 [)T,3XI'' 
 
 a(!i..isi; 
 
 l.lSi.SSS 
 
 1,3.11;, iiH) 
 
 l,i\:^t,w 
 
 Hye . . . „ 
 
 l,M4 
 
 4,7.-).-. 
 
 >.ii,g:>i 
 
 31«,S.H9 
 
 3.'iO,60S 
 
 
 .MS.I 
 
 lfi,'-'l^ 
 
 70,.TII 
 
 '1,748 
 
 
 t)als - . . „ 
 
 1.1,4'^4 
 
 W.i.i 
 
 75,.'iSS 
 
 .. 
 
 
 l,insc«(l - ' „ 
 
 I!)l,Nlfi 
 
 146.»WI7 
 
 VJ3.i'2- 
 
 20(i,6'« 
 
 iiii.SBl 
 
 
 41,7.'.5 
 
 .1i,7.T. 
 
 l-',740 
 
 iiO.fiSI) 
 
 
 W.iol . . - lb. 
 
 6,(;k.1,4(PO 
 
 5,91.1,7*) 
 
 8,7.'51r'04 
 
 r.,117,W4 
 
 
 'r.il;ow - - cwt. 
 
 (iS,.SVO 
 
 77.'I...T 
 
 10'.',.-)00 
 
 S7,iiin 
 
 
 UuttlT • - ), 
 
 31,'^'Jfi 
 
 -.in, no 
 
 37,H.17 
 
 5.1,(i7(i 
 
 
 Tiiviar - - it 
 
 1 1,053 
 
 11,'JO.I 
 
 a.1,195 
 
 ■22,192 
 
 2,'i,1.14 
 7,014 
 
 nuit"*- - - ,» 
 
 S'^6 
 
 Sfili 
 
 1,1 19 
 
 124 
 
 Flour- - - Bacltj 
 
 4,.'^) 
 
 i,n3i 
 
 7,500 
 
 15,900 
 
 
 .Mac-ironi&c. - . cwt. 
 
 1,U.')4 
 
 l,9i8 
 
 l.HO 
 
 Sll 
 
 9,.108 
 16,357 
 
 
 11, ATI 
 
 K,3m 
 
 7,4.57 
 
 6,7(i3 
 
 
 U,648 
 
 5,.113 
 
 8,794 
 
 4 ,.107 
 
 Hit,-! - - - ., 
 Total »,iliie in jE Uerling - 
 
 3,t1H 
 
 3,551 
 
 n,594 
 
 3,111 
 
 •• 
 
 2,H3.1,S7r. 
 
 •.i,.ioi,.'>no 
 
 ,1,3>S,513 
 
 4.726.fi." 
 
 5.»;7,1W0 
 
Unt experience has bIiomti 
 lint destined to bcronlisod; 
 lie liriiig'.nn of proiliicc to 
 bv means of liKl'tf'''*' aim 
 s"o very heavy that iiKiro 
 ^ tliat. arrive at KitisiIi 
 nroK, JIariapol, and c'tlid- 
 ■tscli lias H popiilntiiiii i.i 
 
 much to expect tlmt the 
 trill see the advantnp' nt' 
 lis to the navigation ornno 
 IS for the commerce nf the 
 crmit its subjects in av.iil 
 jantic means of prudiictiim 
 policy would enaljle tluni 
 is plain that ships iimy 
 anroj; with as little daiiKtr 
 continuous provinces as at 
 ing the case, wliy shnuM 
 1 to sail direct for tlic Inr- 
 ITorts of the Hritish Cimsiil 
 ttortion and iniustico |irao- 
 Mind Customs IVpartiiKiiis 
 
 1 usuallv shut by frost for 
 liter, and it is besides slial- 
 unibered with saml linnk>. 
 standin.i;, bo navii;ato(l liy 
 burden with but litllo ri-k 
 itest depih in the midillc i> 
 , it shoals gradually to tlii' 
 ; there is only from ID tu 11 
 til is, however, materially 
 ;ion and strength of wind--. 
 this sea is by tlie Straits ot' 
 IS Cimmerins of the aiuii'nts. 
 It passage, having in snmr 
 13 feet water. Owing to the 
 h water poured into the Sea 
 ted magnitude, its water i^ 
 forie's Sailhig Directions 1i>r 
 id Black Sean; &<.:) Mr. 
 I attention in 18f)0 to the 
 tion of the Yeniknle lii;hi 
 itl minute, as given ont, hut 
 as been remedied. 
 . form anv estimate ot the 
 the trade of this se.i. were It 
 iberal policy, and rcasoiiahle 
 • its extension. No lioiiht, 
 c verv great; it beiiii; the 
 nimer'ce of some ol tlie nio?t 
 countries of Eastern Europe. 
 , show that even now it is ol 
 and with a little encourage- 
 >re absence of obstruction, it 
 Jlv increase. It may, mileed, 
 nit sooner or later Taganro;: 
 c one of the lirst com-ship- 
 rld, if not the very lust. 
 
 from Tagunroy during emi 
 Founds Sterling. 
 
 T.A.GANROO 1355 
 
 i-cninil of the Number of Vcssih, iiinl their 'J'oniiiii/e, that htivc visited T'liiftiitroij in ciieh ofths 
 
 l,3M.ion 
 
 31li,SH9 
 '1.718 
 
 20fi',6'i9 
 •iDfiM 
 
 S7,sm 
 
 n.i'J'i 
 w 
 
 15,900 
 
 Kll 
 
 6,76.1 
 
 4..1UI 
 
 3,111 
 
 IS'iH 
 
 i,iir.'i,.'>ii 
 
 3.'>U,6n5 
 l(,'ii.,016 
 
 t'W.si;! 
 
 7,0V/,:'lil 
 
 ■JI.IGH 
 
 .•W,»HI 
 
 2,'., I. 14 
 
 ;,oH 
 
 9„10li 
 16,3J7 
 
 Vcars endini) with 1S()8. 
 
 Xflllon.ilitjf 
 
 Unii-li - 
 
 III!. 1111 ■ 
 
 I, ..■•■» • 
 
 lla.ijn 
 
 'u.Tili li'Tiii.in 
 
 s.rtili ^uiil .NiirwcgUn 
 
 -.inilrles - - 
 
 Tulol 
 
 Hlilpi 
 
 •.!7-. 
 
 IC.li 
 •ft 
 IK 
 
 _(m 
 
 H17" 
 
 64 
 
 
 1N6.1 
 
 ixnii 
 
 1 
 
 867 
 
 ixr.s 1 
 
 Tont 
 
 Hhlpi 
 
 Ton.t 
 
 Shl|» 
 176 
 
 Tona 
 ~~.Vi,6H 
 
 SIll|il 
 
 2.19 
 
 Tom 
 
 :s,.iQ'i 
 
 MiiVH 
 
 'lims 
 
 4n,67!» 
 
 no 
 
 .11t,.1HI 
 
 :><H 
 
 Ini.V.ii 
 
 1 l,-.-,H 
 
 .'.I 
 
 li.ni 
 
 6^ 
 
 l.'.,-'al 
 
 e.", 
 
 i.'s'iri 
 
 m 
 
 '.(1,7111 
 
 •il.MI'l 
 
 '^17 
 
 .'.s.iir.i 
 
 .i:i6 
 
 !).1.'.i'll 
 
 .11 1< 
 
 fiS.HO'i 
 
 .170 
 
 SV.'.llli 
 
 ■ls,.'i'<7 
 
 1S1 
 
 iV.SVi 
 
 V70 
 
 7.*,'M.H 
 
 lil.2 
 
 Ht,'i<17 
 
 '.ii.i 
 
 <iii,lli9 
 
 \,'.\m 
 
 11 
 
 »,.1VS 
 
 .-9 
 
 \:,s;n 
 
 71 
 
 W.SIII 
 
 7!l 
 
 '.!7,'ll6 
 
 .i,;9'i 
 
 ■I'i 
 
 10,.-7.1 
 
 •u 
 
 III,' 11 1 
 
 .'>1 
 
 1 K.S.IS 
 
 O'l 
 
 ni,7!l'( 
 
 l7,'i'iH 
 
 U.'i 
 
 18,o().', 
 
 S7 
 
 1 -Ifi'iH 
 
 S6 
 
 '.'(1,1.' 1 
 
 177 
 
 .'■ll.Oll 
 
 l'jy,vu'i 
 
 766 
 
 i96,7IU 
 
 i,iia 
 
 " 5(69,7 17 
 
 1,0SI 
 
 .111,! .S 
 
 1 ..1,-i!) 
 
 ii.s,sio 
 
 Stttt'}iiciit i.vhihiting the l'rini'i/i(d Artichu Imported into Taganrog in the ti Years ending with 
 ]Si\', iind the Total Ksli)nutid I'ahie in J'ounils Sterling in those Vears and 18G8. 
 
 Mircliiniiise 
 
 IS6.1 
 
 IH6I 
 
 lSfi5 
 
 ISC6 
 
 1867 
 
 |niil..<lrii-l • - cwt. 
 
 i;,.,ll • - I""'"' 
 
 p,. „!„.,. - • cwl. 
 
 rj.'.iiis 
 
 III.Mli 
 
 !IO,.1'('i 
 
 !i1,l«4 
 
 2fl,9'('l 
 
 .-.T,^77 
 
 .11, Mill 
 
 ■^'.,'111 
 
 17,7'(7 
 
 .19,.1lll) 
 
 VH,.1V7 
 
 •iT.im 
 
 .15,991 
 
 .V(,071 
 
 .1il,V!IO 
 
 '^■"'■'"\,:;'^; : K!: 
 
 -r,' 1,-11 
 
 37S,7IX 
 
 1UI,I7S 
 
 1I1,'(>I6 
 
 3').1,'|9S 
 
 .10.M1 
 
 V'l.SOII 
 
 •i'l,|||^ 
 
 .1li.7'^S 
 
 3,'i,loil 
 
 I^r. - • '^«''- 
 
 .'.'.Mil 
 
 7-1,0011 
 
 9„ViS 
 
 •19,1111 
 
 H,995 
 
 1.1. IS 
 
 •.',SII.1 
 
 ■^.9o» 
 
 5,7 '19 
 
 3,M)6 
 
 
 l,7'i.'i 
 
 •i.\7l 
 
 '.!,S19 
 
 •i,i;M 
 
 3,115 
 
 >,,, 11111.11 . ^ _ 11^^ 
 
 l.V.,.'>lll 
 
 no.mi) 
 
 91,1^9 
 
 ss.'m 
 
 23,1.16 
 
 111,.-. - - •^«'- 
 
 •J,T'i'.l 
 
 '.(,175 
 
 ■^,171 
 
 i.im 
 
 3,'(.".6 
 
 0,171 
 
 
 
 Tii 
 
 j^ 
 
 
 Hs't 
 
 771 
 
 •2r,n 
 
 ISl 
 
 •in 
 
 I ' '' - - II 
 
 va 
 
 IIH 
 
 41,', 
 
 •(01 
 
 3(1 
 
 Kir-- . • - »• 
 
 ToI'vro - • » 
 
 Iinflftiient'. ? • * 
 
 ^^ih'" '- ■ .-- 
 
 'J.IS'i 
 
 961 
 
 i,.'.n 
 
 6!l.'i 
 
 1,'(JS 
 
 .",('.ii 
 
 .1,976 
 
 ■i/i!i3 
 
 1,7.'..J 
 
 3,621 
 
 6'.,n(/o 
 
 ,'j5,I00 
 
 n.mn 
 
 35,000 
 
 .',0,5111 
 
 io6,.',on 
 
 2,100 
 
 II, M7 
 
 '.'07,750 
 
 Ms,mi 1 
 
 •i.irn! tiUniii istiTlmi! 
 
 i;6.'.,-C(0 
 
 511,1.11 
 
 ■111,006 
 
 -I71,'(lfi 
 
 .',911, KiS 
 
 N.ll. Ths lot.ll value of the Imports in 186S was SSI,Oon/. 
 
 I'pv far ilic largest iiortioiis of the wlnMl and tallow 
 .yiiirtiil rrmn ports on the Sea of Azof are shipped 
 •V r.ii-laiid. ( Eor an account of the imports from 
 Siiitirilussia, sec art. Pktkh.sbuhg.) In ISGC 
 •Ij. ,,i,rts oil llie Sea of Azof were visited by l,»2l 
 Uriii-h ami loieign shins, of the aggregate burden 
 ,1 ;iii:!.71.s tons, of whicii only 7,<')0i» were Kussian. 
 Win; the navigation of tlie Don improved, and 
 lacilities f;ivcn to foreigners entering the .sea, the 
 (Xijurts might be largely increased, even with 
 reciiit priies, ;vhich have been nearly the same 
 as tb'se of Odessa. The harvests in the south of 
 Kiis^ia tliictuato very greatly. [Odkssa.] 
 
 Till' inipnrls into the Sea of Azof arc but incon- 
 .-ilcraiile, prinuiiially consisting of tobacco, Greek 
 wine?, oils, dricil fruits, and such like articles. 
 
 Thi- llmperor Alexander, whose reign will al- 
 \v,ivs I'urin a wcmorable and brilliant era in the 
 histnrv of Kiissia, expired at Taganrog on No- 
 vduhir 11), 1825. (For further particulars see 
 Schniztlcr, La Russic,^. 717; Ilagcmeister On 
 At Trade of the Black Sea, p. 31 &c. ; liussian 
 Official Accounts; and Reports by the British 
 Consuls at Taganrog and Odessa.) 
 
 Munci/s, Weights, and Measures, same as those 
 ot" Petersburg. 
 
 Cuspiun Sea, Magnitude, Forts of §-c.— The 
 Cafpiaii Sea, or rather Lake (the Mare Ilyrcanum 
 of the ancients), extends lengthwise from north 
 ti. south about 740 miles, varying in breadth from 
 Hi to T,:> miles. In some parts, particularly on 
 tiie jiiiiiliem shores, it is so very deep that a line 
 uf-ljii I'athomswill not reach the" bottom; whereas 
 in the nnrthern parts, and opposite to the mouths 
 of the Wolga, it is comparatively shallow ; and 
 owiii;,' to the frequent occurrence of shoals, it is 
 iiot.«at'ely navigated by vessels drawing more than 
 li) or l',!"l'eet water. Its level had been variously 
 e;timatC(l by Olivier and L(>witz at from C4 to 53 
 tVct below that of the Black Sea ; but the obser- 
 vaiimis of 11. Humboldt made the difference of 
 Itvtl between them no less than 300 feet. This, 
 however, was supposed to involve some mistake ; 
 anil its level has since been ascertained by an cx- 
 fcJiiion lilted out bv the Kussian Government to 
 
 be 110 feet below the level of tlio lilnck Sea, The 
 water of the Caspian is not salt, but briu'kish 
 merelj'; it has no tides, but gales of wind raise a 
 very heavy sea. It is extremely prolilio <if fish 
 aiul seals. The value of the sturgeon i-anght in 
 the Kussian fisheries amounts to a very large sum. 
 [Stukgkon Fisiiiutv. 1 They proceed in shoals 
 up the rivers, where they are raptured without 
 the least apparent diminution of their numbers. 
 The s.ilmon is reniarkubly line ; and lierrings are 
 in such abundance, that, after a storm, the shores 
 of the Persian provinces of Ghilan and Maznnde- 
 raii are nearly covered with them. (Kiuiieir's 
 Memoir of the Persian Umpire, p. (! ; Memoir on 
 the Caspian Sea, ill Malte Brun's Geography ; 
 Humboldt, Fragmens de Geologic §'c.) 
 
 Astrakhan is situated on an island of the Wolga, 
 more than 50 miles from the mouth of that river; 
 and owing to the extensive command of internal 
 navigation it possesses, it is a place of very con- 
 siderable commercial importance. In 1»(J.'5 the 
 value of the imports into Astrakhan was 1,330,036 
 silver roubles, and of the exports 287,277 silver 
 roubles. Baku, acquired by the Russians in 1801, 
 is, however, the best port on the western side of 
 the Caspian. It is situated on the southern shore 
 of a peninsula that projects far into the sea, in lat. 
 40° 22' N,, long. 51° 10' K. The harbour is s|)aciou8 
 and convenient ; and its central and advanced 
 position gives it superior advantages as a trading 
 station. Prodigious quantities of naphtha are 
 procured in the vicinity of Baku. It is drawn 
 from wells, some of which yield from 1,000 to 
 1,600 lb. a-day. It is used as a substitute for 
 lamp oil ; and when ignited, emits a clear light, 
 with much smoke and a disagreeable smell. Large 
 quantities are exported in skins to the Persian 
 and Tartar ports on the south and east shores of 
 the sea. 
 
 Vessels. — The largest class of vessels by whicli 
 the Caspian Sea is navigated are called" by the 
 Kussians sclnii/ts, and belong wholly to Astrakhan 
 and Baku ; their burden varies from 00 to 150, 
 ; and, in some instances, 200 tons. They are not 
 ; built on any scientific principle, and ' are con- 
 
 ill 
 
 Si;; 
 
 1 '1 ! , 
 
 : li 
 
 i , ■!■ 
 
 •f; 
 
 tii ■ 
 
 ill 
 
 il::!-! 
 
13oG 
 
 TALC 
 
 I 
 
 I .. 
 
 i. i 
 
 
 f-.. 
 
 
 . * i 
 
 Rlriictcd of the wnr^t inalcriiili', that is, of the 
 tinihcr of the barks tlmt brin^ j^raiii ilnwii Ihc 
 Wolfja to Astrakhan. Tlicro arc mipiiosed to be, 
 ill nil, uooiit KiO sail of these vessels. There is n 
 ci t'oiul elass of vessels employed in the trade of 
 (he Caspinn, called razchives. 'I'liey earry from 
 lO to 110 tons, and sail better than the jichnyts. 
 'riiilr nnnibcr is estimated at nhont 5'). ICxelu- 
 sive of the above, there are ;rrcat mmdiers of 
 small eraft employed in the constiiif; trade, in the 
 rivers, in the lisheries, and in netinj^ ns lifjliters lo 
 the sehiiyts. Ste.nn boats arc extensively em- 
 piiiycd on the Woipn; and they arc now also 
 found in mo.-t parts of the (/aspian. The masters 
 and erews of the vessels employed on this sea are, 
 for I he most part, as ifjnorant as can well b<! ima- 
 (lined. 'I'hev arc generally quite incapable of 
 making an observation, or of keeping a reckoning; 
 80 that accidents frequently occur, that mif^ht l)o 
 avoided by (he most ordinary accpiaintancc with 
 the iirincipU's of navigation. ('I'liesc statements 
 are made, partly upon odieial, and partly upon 
 private anthorily: the latter m.ij-, however, be 
 safely relied on.) 
 
 The trade of this great sea is entirely in the 
 hands of the Kussians ; by whom it is carried on 
 from the ports of Astrakhan and Hakii, with the 
 Persian ports of Astrabad, Balfroosh S:e. on the 
 south ; and with the Tartar ports of Mangishlak, 
 ISalkaii itc. on the east. It is very insignificant, 
 compared with what it ought to be ; the vahic of 
 tho total imports into Asiatic Kussia having been 
 3,799,1^0/., and that of the exports 2,1G9,2.5G/. On 
 the whole, hoivevcr, a gradual improvement is 
 taking place; and whatever objections may, on 
 other grounds, be made to the encroachmcuts of 
 Kussia in this q^uarter, there can be no manner of 
 doubt, that, by mtroducing comparative security 
 and good order into the countries under her autho- 
 rity, .she has matfially improved their condition, 
 antl accelerated their progress to a more ailvancctl 
 state. 
 
 TALC. This mineral occurs both crystallised 
 and massive. It is soft, smootli, greasy to the 
 feel, and mav be split into line plates or leaves, 
 which are llexible, but not clastic. It has a 
 greenish, whitish, or silver-like lustre. The 
 leaves arc transparent, and are used in many parts 
 of India and China, as thev were used in ancient 
 Rome (Win. llkt. Nat. lib. xxxvi. c. 22), in 
 windows instead of glass. In IJeugal, a seer of 
 talc costs about 2 rupees, and will sometimes yield 
 a dozen panes 12 inches by 9, or 10 bj' 10, accord- 
 ing to the form of the mass, transparent enough to 
 allow ordinary subjects to be seen at 20 or 30 
 yards' distance. It slmidd bo chosen of a beautiful 
 pearl colour; but it has, in general, either a yel- 
 lowish or faint blue tinge. Its pure translucent 
 Hakes are frequently used by the Indians for 
 ornamenting the baubles emploj'cd in their cere- 
 monies. Talc is eniy)loyed in the composition of 
 rouge veactal. The Homans prepared with it a 
 beautiful blue, by combining it with the colouring 
 fluid of particular kinds of testaceous animals. 
 Talc is met with in Aberdeenshire, Perthshire, 
 and Uanflshire in .Scotland ; and in various parts 
 of the ( Jmtinent, where rocks of serpentine and 
 porplnry occur. The talc brought from the 
 Tyrolese. mountains is called in commerce Venetian 
 talc. Several varieties are found in India and 
 Ceylon. fThomson's Clwmistry ; Rees's Cyclo- 
 pedia ; Milburn's Orient. Com. ; Ainslie's Materia 
 Indica ; Watt's Chemical Dictiunary, ed. 1868.) 
 
 TALLOW (Fr. snif ; Ger.talg; Ital.sevo, sego: 
 Kuss. sale, toplenoe; Span. sebo). Animal fat 
 melted and separated from the fibrous matter 
 mixed witli it. Its quality depends partly on the 
 
 TALLOW 
 
 animal from which it iias been prepaivd. i,,,) 
 more, perhaps, on thei.:'" taken In its purilicalinii. 
 It is llrm, hriule, and has a pornllar heavy ii,|i,iir 
 When pure, it is white, la.iteless, and nearly 
 insipid ; but tho tallow of commeriM' has u-iiiillv 
 a yellowish tinge; ami is divided, aecoriliii); t'j 
 tho degree of its |)urity and consistence, into 
 candle and soap tallow. 
 
 Tallow is an article of great im|iortance. Itjj 
 mimufaetnred into candles and soap, and is ox- 
 lensively used in the dressing ul leather, and m 
 various processes of tho arts. Besides our ex- 
 tensive supplies ot native tallow, we aiiiiiiallv 
 import a very large quantity, principally i>i,nj 
 liussia, the Kiver Plate, and the Aii<traiian 
 colonies. JI, Tegoborski estimated the nvfrai;f 
 annual exports of tallow from Uussia ai IJ,k|ii,iji)i, 
 poods, of the value of 13,871,000 roubles; that is, 
 taking the rouble at 3». 2<i., 2,19G,2I1/. sttrlinf, 
 {Forcen produclii'cs de la liusaie, i. 242.) And 
 the total export from European Kussia (ex Fin- 
 land) in 18(!."i was 2,938,077 poods, vahud at 
 1 l,7.i"-',308 silver roubles. Of this immcn>c sunly 
 by far the largest portion is brought to Ijifiland; 
 the remainder baing exported to Prus-ia, Irancp. 
 the llanse Towns, Turkey he. 
 
 We. borrow from the work of Mr. liorrijow on I 
 the Commerce of Petersburg the following' iletails 
 with respect to the tallow trade of that city:— 
 
 Tallow is divided into different scjrts; namciy. 
 white and yellow candle tallow, and eomnioii aiij 
 Siberian soap tallow ; although it is alloved that 
 the same sort often differs in quality. 
 
 Tallow is brought to Petersburg from the in- 
 terior ; and tho best soap tallow from Siberia, by 
 various rivers, to the Lake Ladoga; and thence. 
 by the canal of Schlusselburg, to the Neva. 
 
 An ambare, or warehouse, is appropriated to tl.e 
 reception of tallow, where, on its arrival, it i* 
 selected and assorted (^bracked). The ca.<ks arc 
 then marked with three circular stamps, wliid 
 state the quality of the tallow, the periiJ « 
 selecting, and the name of the selector {bmchfi 
 
 The casks in which while tallow is bwu.'ht 
 have a singular appearance ; their funn li'iii: 
 conical, and their diameter at one end about il 
 feet, and at the other only IJ foot ; the casks I'l' 
 yellow tallow arc of the common shape. Tlnre 
 are also others, denominated ^ cask-.. 
 
 To calculate the tare, the tallow i.s rcrandl 
 from a certain number of casks, which are \vi'i:,'li 
 and an average tare is Tnence dedueod fur the «li 
 lot. A cask weighs 8A, 9, 10, or 11 jier cent., but 
 the average is generally about 10 per cent, of ilie 
 entire weight of tallow and cask. 
 
 Account of the Quantities and Values of ih' 
 Tidlow 'imported into the Uniled Kiiuidom m 
 1807, specifying the Countries whence it icis 
 brought, and the Quantities and J'uliics Jur- 
 nished by each. 
 
 CouiKriw 
 
 UllSsi I 
 
 Krrtnre 
 
 lUoriK'co 
 
 UiiitMl Stales : 
 
 .\. .Atlantic ports 
 S. .Vllanlic piirtH 
 I'nrts on tile I'acifit' - 
 
 ttra/il 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 Arfft'ntine Confederation 
 
 Australia • • ' 
 
 Canatia 
 
 Other parts - - i 
 
 Total • 
 
 Total 
 Quantities 
 
 rwt. 
 
 7,lll'i 
 li,S8.1 
 
 .'l.llS 
 
 1,1 '.111 
 
 V5,94(l 
 144,(l.'>l 
 lll.MI 
 
 43,273 
 1,15'^ 
 
 l,lllS,158 
 
 Yellow candle tallow, when good, should be 
 clean, dry, harif when broken, and of a fino yclloit 
 
■■ip 
 
 I..:'" tukon in il-i l>iirilifati(iii. 
 I linH o i.iM'iilinr liciivy iiamir. 
 vliiti', liMti'lcMs, ami iicirlv 
 o\v of ccmiMHTi'i' liiit iiMially 
 1111(1 U iliviilod, iifotirdinn i^ 
 )urity and cousistcin'i', ir.i.i 
 
 le of fire.ni impurt.infc. It n 
 [•amllfM and simi>, and In ex- 
 ,, dressing id U'allii'r, iiii'l in 
 f tlio arts. Hi'sidfs our n- 
 native talli>w, we aniiiially 
 'e quantity, i>rincipally Ir^i;; 
 ' Piute, and tliu AiHlriilian 
 borski estimated the «virai;c 
 dlow from Knssia at ;i,Hii),iiiM 
 of 13,871, Otto roubles; that K 
 It 3s. 2(i.. 2,10G,-211/. sicrlinK. 
 g (le la li»snie, i. 'JIJ.) .\nj 
 )m European Kussin (ex Fin- 
 is 2,938,07" i)oi)ds, valunl ai 
 lubles. Of tliia imincn>e iiui|ly 
 portion is brought to KiiKliind; 
 fX exported to Prussia. I'raiHT, 
 Turkey &C. 
 
 1 llu! work of Jlr, I'orrisuw o;, 
 'etersburg tlie followiii'; ilctail- 
 I tallow trade of that city;- 
 ;l into different sorts; iiiim,!v. 
 nandle tallow, and coiniiioii aii.l 
 w ; although it is allovtd tliat 
 1 differs in quality. 
 Tht to Petersburg from the la- 
 st soap tallow from Siberia, by 
 the Lake Ladoga ; and tliun.. 
 hlusselburg, to the Xcva- 
 .•arehouse, is appropriated to tl.e 
 w. .vhcre, on its arrival, it if 
 rled (^bracked). Thn casks ate 
 h three cireular stamps, winch 
 ' of the tallow, the perwd ot 
 name of the selector (bmchr. 
 which while tallow is bmiutt 
 appearance ; their form i.ni; 
 • diameter at one eml about ■-[ 
 )ther only 1* foot ; the c;i-ks>'l 
 
 of the common shape. li"r'^ 
 Buoininated i casks, 
 le tare, the talhnv is rcmivi., 
 nberof casks, which are wei-U' ■ 
 re is r.ience deduced lot the wliolo 
 dis8J„9, 10,orU per cent.. l>jit 
 iieraliy about 10 per cent, ol the 
 
 allow and cask. 
 
 Quantities and Values of (*' 
 ed into the United kmildom m 
 the Conntrics whenee it ii'« 
 7„; Quantities and Values Ji'r- 
 
 . tallow, when good, should J 
 when broken, atid of a fine )dloM 
 
 TALLOW 1367 
 
 Recount of the Quantities of Tallow Imj)orted into the Uniled Kingdom in each of the (J Years 
 
 ending with 1807. 
 
 Tilio* 
 
 I.IH.VMT 
 
 IHG3 
 ,ll.n,WI'J 
 
 1861 
 
 l,l>ll,'>f'.> 
 
 1H6.^ 
 
 I ..Ilil.'MH 
 
 taiifi 
 I.^'i/.I77 
 
 IN67 
 
 l,lll'i,l5H I 
 
 odlour throughout. The white candle tallow, 
 when good, is white, brittle, hard, dry, and 
 okan. I'hc best white tallow is brought from 
 Woroneseh. As for soap tallow, the more greasy 
 and vellow it is, the better the quality. That 
 t'tom Siberia is the purest, and commonly fetches 
 ,1 liit,'her price than the other sorts. 
 
 Formerly the oil ami tallow warehouses were 
 ihc»amc;'and this occasioned great dilKcultics 
 ill shipping, because all vcs-sels or lighters taking 
 in tallow or oil were obliged to haul down 
 to tlic ambare and wait in rotation for their 
 cargoes. The consequence was, that when much 
 business was doing, a vessel was often detained 
 lor several weeks at the ar.ibare before she 
 could KCt ''«■ cargo on board. Now the tallow 
 ,iud oil warehouses are separated, and every 
 article has its own jjlacc. When a shipment 
 of tallow is made, the agent is furnished bv 
 ihe selector (braeker) with a sample from each 
 
 Captains, in order to obtain more freight, usually 
 load some casks of tallow upon deck ; but it is 
 more for the interest of the owner to avoid this, if 
 jioisiblc, because the tallow loses, through the 
 
 heat of the sun, considerably both in weight and 
 quality. 
 
 One hinulred and twenty poods of tallow, at 
 gro.si weight, nink(! a Peiersbuig last, and 63 
 |)oods an Knglish t'lii. 
 
 Uefore the abolition of the duty tallow from 
 foreign countries was chargctl wUh a duty of 
 Is. Grf. per cwt., while that from a Hritish pos- 
 session was charged with a duty of oidy \d. jier 
 cwt. In a tlnancial point of view, the.so duties 
 were of little importance ; but they were imposed 
 on an illiberal principle, were justly olVeiisivc to 
 other countries, and provoked them 'to retaliate. 
 
 The price of tallow fluctuated very much during 
 the last European war, and during the Russian 
 war. This was occasioned, principally, by the 
 obstacles that were at dirt'erent periods "tlno'wn in 
 Ihe way of supplies from Russia. The i)rice of 
 tallow IS also aftected by the state of the seasons. 
 Some very extensive speculations have at various 
 periods been attempted in tallow ; but seldom, it 
 IS believed, with much advantage to the parties. 
 Yellow candle tallow was worth, in the London 
 market, in April 18G9, from •l(!.s, to 4(),i: (!(/. i)er cwt. 
 In 1867 we imported 707 cwt. of vegetable tallow. 
 
 l/mdon and Licerpool Prices, Stocks ^-c., of Tidlou; in the Years undermentioned. I'rtim Circular of 
 January 9, 1869, issued by Messrs. Laird and Adamson, Brokers, of Liverpool. 
 
 
 LlVBKPnoL (all sorts 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 Tallow, In Caikt 
 
 I8js lauj 
 
 18U6 
 
 lst,7 
 
 I8GH 
 
 Pnct?*v*r cwt- Dicemlwr 31 
 1 Mockion Drcember .11 
 1 Imports from Jun. 1 to Dec. 31 
 1 (on-umi'tion and Kxport, |ier annum 
 
 46«. toiSi. M. 43«.lo47«. W. 
 t!,15() m.i.oo 
 'ii:mi 4(i,.'>s(i 
 
 »l,l.-iO 45,IS') 
 
 Vl: to 4fii. Gd. 
 1.1.U7I 
 .■H,II1.5 
 41,311 
 
 Vit.U. 10 l.'n.Cd. 
 4,'iilO 
 41,770 
 .'.I.Vll 
 
 4fi<. M. to 4K>. 
 4,311) 
 
 .'.!,; 1 'J 
 .'.l.l'Jfi 
 
 London (all ftortt). 
 
 I'riCM i»r .-«!. of 1'. Y. C. on Dec. 31 
 1 ^:ofkion Deci-niber .11 
 ' InipoTU from Jan. 1 to Dec. 3i 
 
 Ilfliverres from do. 
 
 5li. 
 
 .1.1,7.'i7 
 lt)3,K.1l 
 lOO.M!! 
 
 4ii. till. 441. 9il. 
 .'./i,.1liO WJDUt 
 Si,ll« •Jl,.'>71 
 Sl,7(il !IV,l!i» 
 
 i'it. <id. 
 
 40,(117 
 
 s.'>,4(>7 
 
 47.. 3,;. 
 1-^,173 
 <J3,nil 1 
 llO.S'Ji 
 
 T.iLLY TKADE. The name given to a sys- 
 tom of dealing carried on in London and other 
 large towns, by which shopkeepers furnish certain 
 articles on credit to their customers, the latter 
 agreeing to pay the stipulated price by certain 
 weekly or monthly instalments. 
 
 In the metropolis there are about 60 or 70 tally- 
 shops of note, and from 500 to 600 on a smaller 
 scale. They are also spread over the country to a 
 tuiisiderable extent, particularly in the manufac- 
 turin;; districts. The customers of the tally-shops 
 arc mostly women ; consisting, principally, of the 
 Mives of labourers, mechanics, porters &c., servant 
 t'irls, and females of loose character. Few only 
 of the more respectable classes have been in- 
 fatuated enough to resort to them. Drapery 
 soods, wearing apparel, coals, household furniture, 
 hardware itc. are furnished; and even funerals 
 are performed ; but few or no articles of food, 
 ex»pt tea, are sold upon the tally plan. 
 
 rt'e believe that this is the very worst mode in 
 ivhich credit is aftbrded. The facility which it 
 .tives of obtaining an article when wanted, and the 
 notion 60 apt to be entertained that the weekly or 
 monthly instalments may be paid without difH- 
 culty, make those who resort to the tally-shops over- 
 look the exorbitant price, and usual bad quality, of 
 the articles they obtain from them, and generate 
 tiabits of improvidence that seldom fail to involve 
 
 the parties in irretrievable ruin. It is not going 
 too far to sav that nine-tenths of the articles 
 supplied by tally-shops might be dispensed with. 
 As already observed, women are the principal 
 customers ; and it is not easy to exaggerate the 
 njischief that has been entailed on the families of 
 many industrious labourers by their wives having 
 got entangled with tally-shops. They buy goods 
 without the knowledge of their husbands; and 
 these are not unfrequently pawned, and the pro- 
 ceeds spent in gin. So destructive, indeed, is the 
 operation of the system, that the establishment of 
 a tally-shop in any district is almost certain to 
 occasion an increase in the jiaupers belonging to 
 it. Even the unmarried females who do not pay 
 are demoralised and ruined by the system; be'- 
 causc, if a woman who buys 3 gowns pays for the 
 2 lirst, and runs away from tlic payment of the 
 last, she gains nothing in point of saving, while 
 she becomes indift'erent to an act of dishonesty. 
 As tally debts can only be collected whilst a 
 supply of goods is kept up, as soon as that supply 
 is stopped the debtor either Hies to another 
 district, or awaits a summon.s. Where the wife 
 has contracted the debt, she usually appears 
 before the commissioners, who in general order 
 the debt to be paid by weekly or monthly instal- 
 ments. But it often occurs, from the wife not 
 beuig able to keep up such payments, that execu- 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 •i!|f 
 
 Hi 
 
 11 : 
 
 iJi-'-ii 
 
 ' I 
 
13fi8 
 
 TALLY TUADK 
 
 'i ■ 
 
 ft. 
 
 ■'»!■: 
 
 
 ) ! 
 
 i 
 
 tioii i.ssiicH, anil the. iiiinr IhimIhiikI is rr('(|iiditly 
 nrri'stt'd iiml l(i(lv;rit in |>rimin t'xr ii ilclil ol' tlii' 
 I'xi.'-liiicc (if wliicli Iw wiiN ciilirrly inniiianl. In 
 this way iiuniln'if. nt" lln' wdrkiii^ <:l:i;->(!s arr 
 coin|pU;l('ly mined ; tlii'V lose; their ein|iliiyineiit, 
 anil thinr- Ives and families are reihu'itd tii he^- 
 Karv. 'I'Iri intelligent keeper (if Whileeross-htreel 
 Prison (Mr. ISarrett) .stated that from l;)ll to '.'HO 
 l)er.s(>ns are annually imprisoned (here for tally- 
 Hhop dehts, in Bums of from lll.f. to [tl.. an<l that in 
 one year !t() prisoners were at the suit of one 
 tiilly-.shop alone. Sueli ininrisonmeuts, however, 
 are now niueh decreased, in consequence, as is 
 lielieved, of the (Jourt of Keipiests di.seouraKinn 
 the tally system hy ordering; claims of lliin kind 
 to he paid hy e.vtrcmili/ niinill instalments, and 
 these at oeii/ d'mtant intervals ; and aL^i in conse 
 qiienoe of no composition beiuK allowed hy the 
 charities for the relief of poor prisoners with 
 reference to sneh debts. 
 
 It is c'timated tliat in Lcmdon alone about 
 85(1,000/., or nearly 1,000,000/. sterling is annually 
 returned in this trade. From his lar^u proliis 
 (generally from 'ih to -10 percent.), it is ohvious 
 tlwit in a U-\\ transactions the tally-shop kee|K'r 
 heconu'M independent of the existing; debt; and 
 with capital and K<"»t nuuiagement, it is said that 
 some have realised considerable sums of money in 
 this business. 
 
 Aceordinj; to the custom of the trade, MondavH, 
 Tuesday.s, Wednesdays, and Thursdays are the 
 days set apart for collecting' money from the 
 customers. The tally-man sends round his col- 
 lector throu{;h the ditl'erent ' walks,' and the 
 amomit of a collection which keeps the collector 
 enf,'ayed from moriun;^ till nif^ht, even in a, good 
 tally concern, .seldom exceeds 4/. a day. The 
 payment.s are invariably uuide in ahilliiiys and 
 xixjienccs — but the people seldom or never pay 
 at the tally-shops; they rarely call there unless 
 something else is wanted. The tally-shop keeper 
 trusts one party ou the recommendation of 
 another; but giuirantees are never reipiired — 
 certainly no written uuarantecs ; and a verbal 
 guarantee is, according to Lord Tenterden's Act, 
 not binding;. It is part of the collector's hu.siness, 
 besides getting money, to beat up for fresh custo- 
 mers in his walk. 
 
 The greater niunber of the small t/illy concerns 
 are kept by Scotchmen : it is a curious fact, that 
 when a • tally-walk ' is to be sold, whi";!! is often 
 the case, a Scotchmon's walk will bnng 15 per 
 cent, more than an Knglishman's. It is believed 
 to contain a better description of customers. 
 
 From the causes above mentioned, assisted, 
 perhaps, by the salutary influence of savings 
 banks, this obnoxious trade is understood to be 
 rather on the wane. It will never, however, be 
 completely rooted out except by adopting the 
 plan we have previously suggested [Chedit] for 
 placing all small debts beyond the pale of the 
 law ; and the fact that the adoption of this plan 
 would have so benelieial a result is an additional 
 and powerful recommendation in its favour. In 
 cases where failures take place, the creditors of a 
 tally-shop keeper are in general terrified into the 
 acceptance of a small composition. The very 
 sight of the tally ledgers, from 10 to 20 in 
 number, containing debts from 5«. to 5/., dotted 
 over the pages like a small pattern on a piece of 
 printed cotton, and spread over every district in 
 and round London, determines the creditors to 
 accept of any otler, however small, rather than 
 encounter the collection of such disreputable 
 assets. In an affair of this kind, concluded a few 
 yearg since, where the business was under the 
 management of a respectable accountant in the 
 
 TAIl 
 
 City, the whole debt.s due to the ccmh ctii, (»ii,if 
 liail, anil doiilitfut, amounted to H,700/.. wliili' t|],, 
 niimlier of debtors was 7,liO(), giving an avirvt 
 o( ■_'•_'». UH each. 
 
 N.H. — Thi.s article has been compiled wliuUv 
 from priruli; but niithintic, iiifhrmnliiiii. 
 
 TAAIAULNI)S((ier.tamarinden; Kr. I.iiiiiirins; 
 Ital. and Span, tamarindii ; Arab, undilli". ||j|i,|, 
 tintiri), the |)re«erved pulp of the 'J'limiinnik, 
 Initial, a tree which grow.s in the Fast iniil Wm 
 indies, in Araliia, and Egypt. In th(> West liulirt 
 Hie pods or fruit, being gatheied when ri|ii, anj 
 treed from the shelly fragments, are pliuvil m 
 layers in a cask, and boiling syrup |ioiiri'ili)Vf( 
 tbeni till the cask bo tilled; the syrup |iirv*|.j 
 every part (juite (hiwn to the bottom : ,'iiii| wlicn 
 cool, the cask is headed for sale. The Fii.-r luiha 
 tamarinds are darker coloured and drier, nuil Mt 
 s.iid to be preserved without sugar. Wliiii ;m„|, 
 lamarinds are free from any degree of iiia-iiiu.j; 
 the ^eeds are hard, tiat, and clean; tlie sirinus 
 toiiLch and entire; and a clean knife thru4 nilo 
 them does not reci'ive any coating of iii|i|,fr. 
 They should be preserved in closely covend jar.. 
 (Thomson's Dnipensitlor;/ ; liritinh I'hunmn- 
 pvciu, IH(i7.) The duty on tamarinds, idtcrUini; 
 greatly reduced in IH-J-J, was wholly rciiwilci in 
 lH.');t. Our inijiorts of tamarinds in l)Sil7,iinuiiiiiei| 
 to I,701,(i7it lb., valued at 17,V81/. 
 
 TAI'KKJ.'V. A species of starch or white ooar.y 
 powder derived from the roots of the bittenas-ava 
 {Jtmipim vinni/iot), an American pl.inl, rai-cM ,i|| 
 over South America, but princi|ially in llrazil, 
 where it is called niandioc or maiiinc, aii.l in 
 Siiiga|)ore and the Eastern Straits Seltkinnii*. 
 The roots of the plant, being peeled, are siibjuitl 
 to pressure under water in a kind of bag iii,ii!i' if 
 rushes; the juice which i.s forced (Jiil by ilii- 
 process being a deadly poison, and emiilovnl ,is 
 such hy the Indians to poison their arrows. I![i; 
 the residuum, or farinaceous matter reinainiri; 
 after the expulsion of the juice, is perfectly hIioIc- 
 8ome, and makes excellent bread. Ta|iiin,i. a< 
 stated above, is prepared from this resiiluiim- ami 
 being nutritious, and easy of digestion, is uxitii- 
 sively used in the making of piuld'r.j,-s. Wiien 
 dressed, it is not easily <listin .(uish'jd tiom >ai;o. 
 The imports amounted in ISt!" to '2.'>,7i<'.' i«i.. 
 whereof ir>,()l!0 cwt. were from Siiigaimro am! 
 the Straits Settlements, ami 5,0UG cwt. I'ruai 
 Brazil. Duty 4Jd. per cwt. 
 
 TAIi (Fr. goudron; Ger. theer ; Ital. catramo: 
 FoL smola gesta; Russ. degot, smola sliitkaia: 
 Swed. tjara). A thick, black, unctuous substaiitf, 
 chiefly obtained from the pine, and other tur|)ii;- 
 tine trees, by burning them in a close suiothcriii!,' 
 heat. 
 
 The tar of the north of Europe is very siiix'iii r 
 to that of the United States, and is an article of 
 great commercial importance. The process Al- 
 lowed in making it has been described n.s I'lillmv* 
 by Dr. Clarke :— ' The inlets of thcfiiUf (liotliiiia) 
 ever3'where appeared of the grandest cliaracior. 
 surrounded by noble forests, whose tall tm-, 
 fl(mrishing luxuriantly, covered the .soil qiiito 
 down to the water's edge. From tlio iin ' 
 southern parts of Westro-Hothnia to the iioriliita 
 extremity of the Gulf, the inhabitants arc ii- 
 ciipicd in the manufacture of tar, jiroofs of wliii'li 
 are visible in the whole extent of the coast, lue 
 process by which the tar is obtained is viry 
 snuple; and as we often witnessed it, wi' .'■liall 
 now describe it, from a tar-., ./rk we haltui i'' 
 inspect ujion the spot. The situation niostfavoiit- 
 able to the process is in a forest near to a mar; i 
 or bog ; because the roots of the fir, from wliii" 
 tar is principally extracted, are always nie-t 
 
'J'All 
 iH due tu tlio c<pnifrii, ({.. r 
 iimilitcil to H,7()0/.. wlnlr ;h. 
 vu» 7,000, Hiving' an iivrri;. 
 
 hiw l)OW' ciiinipili'il "iuily 
 thintU; informnliiiii. 
 or. tmiii»riii(U'ii ; l''r. tamarii:.; 
 iiriiuio; Arab. uniMii'; lln.i, 
 ,-e(l imlp •''^ '^'"' '^'""'<"'»<''» 
 , jrrow.H iu tlic K»!«' and U,-; 
 „l Kfjypt. Ill lh<' ^ViM liuliis 
 ■iiij; (iiithuii'il when ripi, imj 
 lly frimnict") ""■ l'''"''l I'l 
 iiA lioilinn syrup vtiiirnhA.r 
 lio tilli'il; till! Kyniii lurval., 
 ivn to tlui bottom ; iiiiil \\\\i\\ 
 iidcd for sale. Tin' llaM liMia 
 ,cr coloured and drier. m\ nv 
 i viihout suKrtr. ^Vll(n -.".1, 
 I'rinn any ilcureo ot imi>iiii..«; 
 I, Hal, and ck'an ; tliu -trim- 
 aiul a clean knife tliru-l inii 
 eeivo any coaliiif,' ol n,|,|„r. 
 Li.scrved in closely covctkI jir-, 
 ensutori/ ; HrithU I'lMnm.;.- 
 duty oil taniarinds, iilurliii!.- 
 
 1 1H42, was vlioUy niitiilnl in 
 H ol'tainarindrt in l»ii7 aniuiiiitu 
 dued at 17,V8l/. 
 species of slnrcli or white rw.t 
 mtlic roots of the biltenii-i.vi 
 I, an American plant, rai-i I ai: 
 iea, but principally in Urad, 
 A mandioc or miiHioc, aii.l in 
 ic Eastern Straits Settliimiii'. 
 lant, being iiceled, are sulij.iul 
 water in a kind of bat; nu.l- i 
 I which is forced out I'v il"- 
 leodly poison, and employ, 4 h 
 ms to poison their arrow-i. ilr 
 
 farinaceous matter reinainii;; 
 n of the juice, is perfeitly wli^k- 
 1 excellent bread. Taimni, j< 
 repared from this rcsiilmim- -m. 
 and easy of digestion, is ixan- 
 e making of piuUl!r.,;s. U.w 
 
 easily distin ^'uish'jd lii'Ui -ap. 
 DUiited in 18i;7 co '.T-.TX.! .»^. 
 cwt. were from Siiigaport am: 
 
 lements, and u,OGG cwt. Irini 
 per cwt, 
 
 roii; Ger. thecr; Ital. catramc: 
 
 • Ru88. dcgot, smola sliitkau; 
 
 thick, black, unctuous mhmn. 
 
 rom the pine, and other tur|w:- 
 
 ning them in a close HDiotliwiu; 
 
 north of Europe is very sup';"" 
 IniledStatcs, andisanarticii'i 
 1 importance. The pr()cc^» 1..- 
 it has been described as I., l>l«• 
 ' The inlets of the Gulf (ll"tliim) 
 ared of the grandest chara«r, 
 loble forests, whose tal t ■ 
 riantly, covered the .•^ml qmt 
 Ler's"edge. . Frotn '1'; "- 
 Westro-Hothnia to tlic nnriKt.i 
 J Gulf, the inhabitants are |<- 
 mfactureof tar, proofs of uliK 
 whole extent of the coast, . ■ 
 the tar is obtained is u 
 often witnessed it, wo M.' 
 from atar-,..r,kwelmM 
 spot. The situation nios fa 
 8 is in a forest near tea 111 rf 
 the roots of the fir, from wba 
 extracted, are always met 
 
 h 
 
 we 
 
 TAR 
 
 prmluctivn in such places. A conical cavitv i-i 
 
 then made in the urnuml (generally in the siih' of 
 
 a bank or hlopiiiK hill); and the routs of tlic lir, 
 
 Ki^ellier with lugs and billets of thu Hanie, bcin^ 
 
 iii'iilly trussed in a staok of the wirai^ eoiiieal 
 
 jliftpc, are let into this cavity. The wholr is then 
 
 nivered with turf, to prevent the volatile parts 
 
 Iriiiu being dissipated, which by means of n heavy 
 
 tuiiideii mallet, ami a wooden slainper, worked 
 
 „|inriilely by two men, is beaten down and ren- 
 
 (Icreilas linn asiiossibleabovelbewood. Tbesta<'k 
 
 III hillets is then kindled, and a slow combustion 
 
 III' the lir takes |ilace, without Maine, as in niakin;; 
 
 ihanoal. During this eoinbiistion tin: tar ex- 
 
 iiili'S ; and a cast iron pan being at the bottom of 
 
 the funnel, with a spout which projects rlirou^h 
 
 ilie side of the bank, barrels are placed beneath 
 
 ihis spiiiit to collect the fluid as it cotncs away. 
 
 As fa'*! as the barrels are lilled, they are bunged 
 
 and ready for immediate exportation. From tliis 
 
 ik'seriptioii it will be evident that the mode of 
 
 iibtaining lar is by a kind of dislillalion per dc- 
 
 smimm ; the tur|)eiitine, melted by lire, inixiii)^' 
 
 with tin' sap and juices of the tir, while the wood 
 
 ilsilf, heconiiiig charred, is converted into char- 
 
 loal. The most curious part of the story is, that 
 
 lliis 8im|ili' method of extracting tar is precisely 
 
 that which is described bj* Theophrastus and 
 
 UioscMiriiies ; and there is not the smallest difler- 
 
 iiiee between a tar-work in the forests of VVestro- 
 
 Uolli'iia and those of ancient Greece. The Greeks 
 
 made stacks of pine; and having covered them 
 
 willi tiirf. they were sutrered to burn in the same 
 
 .nuithere<l manner ; while the tar, melting, fell to 
 
 thebiittoni of the stack, and ran out by a small 
 
 tliamiol cut for the purpose.' 
 
 Tar was charged, previously tJ 181}, on being 
 inlraitled to consumption, with a duty of 15«. jier 
 liarrel; but this duty being repealed in the 
 iiiiirsc (if that year, it has since been admitted 
 iliilv free. It is ]iriiieipally brought from Kussia. 
 Tluis iif li)5,.'(72 barrels, valued at llli,!!!!)/., im- 
 ]ii)i:ted ill IWd7, 1 13,8 14 were sunplied by liussia. 
 N.l), The last contains 12 barrels, and each barrel 
 j1.^ (lallous. 
 
 TAKE. An abatement or deduction made from 
 ihc weight of a parcel of goods on account of the 
 weight of the chest, cask, bag &c. in which they 
 are eontained. Tare is distinguished into real 
 kte,cuiiiimarij tare, and average tare. The lirst 
 is tile actual weight of the package ; the second, 
 its supposed weight, according to the practice 
 amoiif; uierchants; and the third is the medium 
 tare. de<luceil from weighing a few packages, and 
 takiiij,' It us a standard for the whole. In Am- 
 sitrdam, and some other commercial cities, tares 
 are generally fixed by custom ; but in this coun- 
 try, the prevailing practice, as to all f;oods that 
 tan be niipucked without injury, both at the 
 I'ustom-liuuse and among merchants, is to ascer- 
 tain the rial tare. Sometimes, however, the 
 buyer anil seller make a particular agreement 
 about it. We have, for the most |)art, spccitied 
 the d. til. 'lit tares allowed upon (larticular com- 
 raodilies, i.: the descriptions given of them in this 
 work, (li'or the tares at AMfiTKUDAM, Uouokaux, 
 Sic, sec these articles; see also Am^owancks.) 
 
 T.\KK, VKTCII, or FITCH. A (daiit {Vicia 
 ffllica, Linn.) that has been cultivated in this 
 I'ountry from time immemorial, iirint'oally for 
 its stem and leaves, which arc used in the feeding 
 iif sheep, horses, and cattle, but partly also for 
 its seed. Horses are said to thrive better upon 
 tares than upon clover and rye grass ; and cows 
 that are ted uiion them to give most milk. I'he 
 seed is principally used in the feeding of pigeons 
 and other poultry. The imports in l8Gti amounted 
 
 TAiUl-'F 
 
 1.3.09 
 
 to l.'i,t)ll i|rs. from Denmark, Prussia, the Ilaiisc 
 T'owns, iind France. 
 
 TAKIKF. A table, alphabelically arraii;;ed, 
 specifving I he vaiiuun iluties, drawbacks, boun- 
 ties ^c. chai'f^ed and alluwcd on the iinpurlalioii 
 and exportalion of articles of foreign and doineslic 
 pruduce, 
 
 I. TAKIKI', ItltlTIttll. 
 II. TaiUI Ks, Col.d.NIAt,, 
 
 III. Tauiki's, Foukion, 
 
 I. DiiiTi.sii Tauikf. 
 
 The first two columns of the subjoined Table 
 contain an account of the duties existing on 
 .laiiuary I, IHlllt, on the various articles cbaif;c<l 
 with duties on being imported for consumption 
 into the United Kiiij;iloin, dislinguisliiiif^ between 
 the duties when the articles come from foreign 
 countries and from colonial possessions. 
 
 Those who compare the lidlowing tariff with 
 the tarill's in the copies of this work issued pre- 
 viously to 1H12 will be forcibly struck with the 
 vast dill'ereiice betweiMi them. ' Not withstanding 
 the imiirovemeiits etl'ected by Mr. lluskisson, the 
 tarilV colli inned, down to the epoch now referred 
 to, on a most olijeetionable footing. Hundreds of 
 articles were loaded with duties which, while 
 they brought little revenue into the public 
 treasury, opposed formidable obstacles to the 
 extension of coiiiinerce ; a host of other articles, 
 including live cattle and fresh provisions, were 
 wholly prohibited; hi^;li duties were laid on 
 various articles of consumption, and on others 
 that were necessary to the prosecution of some of 
 our principal manufactures ; and .some most im- 
 portant articles, including corn, sugar, and timber, 
 were burdened with duties imposed not so much 
 for the sake of revenue as of protection. Hut the 
 change in these respects since 1812 has been 
 greater than any one, however sanguine, could 
 have anticipated. Then Sir Kobert Peel began 
 that course of commercial reform which will, 
 for ever, distinguish his administration ; and 
 such were the energy, skill, aiic' success with 
 which that j^reat minister prosecutes Vis plans, 
 that ill the brief space of -1 years ho obviated, 
 with but little sacritice of revenue, almost all 
 the defects alluded to above, and effected a 
 vast and most s.ilutary change in our commercial 
 policy. 
 
 Sir Robert Peel's commercial reforms were 
 principallv embodied in the Acts 5 & G Vict. c. 
 47, 8 Vict", c. 12, 9 & 10 Viet. c. 22, and 9 & 10 
 Vict. c. 2(5. The Jirsf. of these Acts permitted 
 cattle, sheej), liog.s, beef, salmon, and other 
 articles that had previously been prohibited, to 
 be imported under reasonable duties; tlie second, 
 or the 8 Vict. c. 12, repealed the duties on about 
 420 different articles ; and though many of these 
 were of comparatively trifling importance, the 
 list comprised others of a very different class, 
 such, for example, as ashes, barilla, bark, flax 
 and tow, cotton wool, hemp, hides, indigo, 
 madder ; palm, (dive, and train oil ; sago, salt- 
 ])etrc, raw silk, all sorts of skins and furs, straw 
 for platting, all sorts of fancy woods, with a host 
 of others : the third of the above-mentioned 
 statutes, or the 9 it 10 Vict. c. 22, is the famous 
 Act for the inodilication and repeal of the corn 
 laws : and the fourth and last, the 9 & 10 Vict, 
 c. 23, is the Tarilf Act of 184C, which cntirely 
 repealed the duties on cattle, sheep, hogs, beef, 
 bacon, and other leading products ; at the same 
 time that it reduced the duties on silks, butter, 
 cheese, and nearly 100 other articles. 
 Sir Robert I'eel also reduced the duty on 
 
 il 
 
 i! 
 
 1 ; 
 
 i 
 I ! 
 
 I 
 
 i il 
 ■ i\ 
 
 ■Mi 
 
 I •■ i 
 i . I 
 
 I 1 1 
 
 ! • :i 
 
 i ' • ll 
 • I' I 
 
 I-i; 
 
 -n; :f||i 
 
]■ 
 
 .^ ■;,, 
 
 ^'^■■'V 
 
 i : : : 
 i 
 
 i , 
 
 Mi- 
 
 ■,-;v- 
 
 fi' 
 
 
 i;jGo 
 
 TAKIFF 
 
 Tiibh hUhiliiiiuif thtt Duties Paijuhle tnt Jumiaiif I, Ihtil», on (iittuU^ H'ltreH^ mid MviThnmHnf 
 Imporhit intit thu United Kmtjilum^ Jhtm i'orv'nin J'lirtu, nud from Hriliit/t 1'iHneHHHtnn ; ai,,! 
 t/io$e J'ai/aOlu on the $ame Artivlen in 1«1D and 17^7 wken Jm/Mtrtrd from lorfttjn PnrU. 
 
 Artlclw 
 
 AInioiul*. (lAftlt of • 
 *Arri)wrM<it - 
 
 ♦ H.irkv.imrka 
 tHit-r Aim Hie 
 
 Hpriice 
 Uf nthfr MnrtH 
 *lti^' till aiul hrrnd • 
 Cards pl'iytiitf 
 
 t'fiMiivii |i<iwu«r • . - - 
 
 ('hfrrle^, ilrlwl .... 
 Chlriiry. or Ally ollirr vrKPlabI* matter a|<i<lt- 
 i ahii* to ll>u itus of ctiicory uf L'ollei- 1 
 Haw of kiln tlilnl 
 liiMsitHl or ^ruutul 
 Clil'irufunu - . . - 
 
 CtAoa . . . . - 
 
 lluitkk mill oht'iU ■ - 
 
 I'ititc or chocuUio 
 CoHw? . . • . . 
 
 Kiln dritUf routttl or ground 
 ('nllmlion - - . . • 
 
 roniflU. dry - . - . 
 
 Conrecilonery - . . - 
 
 *('om. Krain, nx-nl, anil flour: 
 
 \Vhr.)t, li.iTtfV, oatH, rye, iwaMr, lieant. 
 mitizv or Indian corn, IJuckwhcati bear or 
 blKK - • ■ - - 
 
 W'htf.d meal and flour, barlrymcslt oat niiMl 
 and KTont<i, r>f menl and flour, |ifa iiumI. 
 Itean iiie.il, iiiaiie or Indian corn nieaU 
 burkwhf.it .neal, and meal not otherwik^* 
 unumi'tateU ur dncribcU • • ,, 
 
 ("urrann - - - - - ' .. 
 
 Kwii-nce of *|iruce - - fur tvurj AliiU value 
 
 • cwt 
 bnrrvl 
 
 cw|. 
 
 do/, pncki 
 
 - cwt. 
 
 lb. 
 
 lb. 
 
 gnKon 
 
 lb. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 Eiher, tulpliuric 
 
 V\^% .... 
 
 Htf cnke .... 
 
 (tintfi'r, |irc*ervtMl - 
 
 >M.ici'aruni, »re Vermicelli. 
 
 Malt .... 
 
 *.Mnndloca flour - . - 
 
 *;\Iann.'i cruup . - . 
 
 IMnrinnlAttf 
 
 Milk, iireuTvttl (as roiirectioncr)) 
 
 Naubtha or methilic alcohol, iiurilietl 
 
 Flcklen) prehvrvtfd in vintr^ar 
 ofuold 
 bllfer 
 
 ■ Rail nil 
 cwt. 
 
 quart IT 
 
 cwt. 
 
 K'^llon 
 
 I'ldtCi ofuold 
 
 Inms. commonly callt'il French plums and 
 pruni-llot>ft - - - - cwt. 
 
 Dried or prcftcTTcd (ricrpt in sugar}, not 
 
 otliPTnri!»e enumerated • - ,, 
 
 Preservtd in lUKdt - • - lb, 
 
 ♦ I'litAto llitur .... cwt. 
 
 **l'owder, huir • - • - i» 
 
 )terfiimid - - . ,, 
 
 uneniitner.itefl, applicable to the same 
 Uies as starch - • ' *• 
 
 I'ninc* - - • -11 
 
 H;usins - - - * ». 
 
 *t<ice (lu«( and meal ■ • • >, 
 
 *SiiKo anil i»ago flour or meat - - ,, 
 
 ♦Seinrdina - - - • ■ „ 
 
 hpiritii and strong watern : 
 
 Spirits or >tronK waters not IwinR swretentd 
 or mixed with any article so that the 
 df((re-_' of 6trenKth thereof cannot be asrcr- 
 talncd by Mykes's hydrometer, for every 
 
 f:ailoii of the strength of prtHif bv such 
 lydroini ter, and so in proportion for any 
 Kreaier or le^s strength than the strcniith 
 of proof, a» ( for any );reatcr or Icis 
 quantity than a gjllon: 
 llrandy ' - . . . f{;illon 
 
 (ieneva - - - - »» 
 
 Hum of and from any foreif^ country, being 
 
 the country of Its production - - m 
 
 Hum from any country not bt- ing the countrv 
 
 of its production • - - „ 
 
 Tafia, of and fioin any colony of France - ,, 
 Hum and Spirits of and frotn a Hrltlsh 
 Possession in Americii or the Island of 
 Alauriiiiis, and rum of and from any 
 R^ili^h ToRseuion within the limits of the 
 Kasl India Ooinpany'i charter, In regard 
 to which the conditions of the .Art 4 Vict, 
 r. S hare or &haU have been fulfilled - ,, 
 Unenumerated • - > ' „ 
 
 (hht't Kpirits, being sweitened or mixitt m> 
 that the deiiree of Ktrtngth cannot l>e 
 oscert.iinpd as aforesaid : 
 Hum shrub, liqueurH and cordials, of and 
 from a British Fi>sse!.sion in America, or 
 the inland of Mauritius, or a Itriiish Poti- 
 smsion within the limits of the Kast India 
 ('onipanv's charter, In r* sard to which the 
 conditions <(t'the Act 4 Vict. c. 8 have or 
 shall have l«*n ful6lled - ■ n 
 
 Perfumed spirits, to be used as perfumery 
 
 only . . - . . ^, 
 
 \\ aier, Cologne, in (laski or otherwise, to be 
 
 charged as *perf\iRied spirits" - • „ 
 
 Unenumeratea - . > . „ 
 
 *Starch - - . - . cwt. 
 
 (lumof, torrifiedorcalcbied - - „ 
 
 I Ruccadi's, including all fVulta and T^p^tables, 
 
 1 preserved in hugar, not otherwise enu- 
 merated - - . - lb. 
 
 HatMof Doty nn 
 
 Jan. 1. IHti'l 
 
 M *• d. 
 
 O I 
 
 n II i\ 
 
 n i\ 
 \ n 
 
 1 O 
 
 I o 
 n It 11 
 
 II ^ •» 
 II o -1} 
 
 u u 1 
 
 1 fi r> 
 
 4 
 
 o ^ 
 
 o n ! 
 
 t l> 
 
 (I 'i 
 
 o o .1 
 
 t 
 
 1 4 
 
 O (► 1 
 
 (t I 
 
 3 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 M 
 
 (1 
 
 7 
 
 If 
 
 II) 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 •, 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 1) 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 .1 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 *\ 
 
 (1 
 
 1. 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 , 
 
 II 
 
 (1 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 .'1 
 
 II 
 
 1) 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 17 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 
 II 
 1 
 
 1) 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 u 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 44 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 (1 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 in 
 u lu 
 
 II 111 .'; 
 (I 1(1 t 
 
 in 2 
 u lu i 
 
 10 2 
 OHO 
 
 14 
 
 II 11 
 
 (I II 
 
 
 
 lt.iln urilul; In IHl'l 
 
 4t «. i/. 
 
 fill II (iiwr IIH)/. ..1. 
 
 II II 't |>«r III. 
 
 II 17 li p«r I'wi. 
 
 I I % ymt IMIKI 
 
 1 « 
 
 4 H 
 
 'li H 
 
 ill II II |HT ifilt. 
 
 Kxchi;. 
 I rrohibitnl. 
 
 'i r, QXciu: 
 
 S 1 4 
 
 'Jll O II 
 
 I 'i G 
 
 3 u per lb. 
 
 li II 
 
 n Id » per oi. 
 
 U G 4 „ 
 
 7 
 
 7 II 
 
 fl l.'» n i»ci cwt. 
 
 1.1 13 „ 
 
 n 9 10 
 
 1 7 6 
 
 
 Hiilx iif llul; In its; 
 
 £ >. ,1. 
 
 U1 III <l IWT ri>i)t. 
 
 '.■7 111 11 „ 
 
 II H 111 
 
 u .'i n 
 
 II li II 
 
 rrohlbltiiil 
 
 4 ,■> 
 
 II II li 
 I'rohil.llvl. 
 
 I 
 
 ■i7 
 
 1 
 
 lu 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 III 
 
 ■J 7 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 II II hi; 
 
 Frohll.iinl. 
 rrutilbllHl. 
 
 K n 
 s 
 
 ar 10 n Kr Wl. 1.1' 
 U \i i 
 
 II (I 111] 
 II io| 
 
 J II 6 
 
 6 
 
 • The Chancellor of the Exchequer thU jear ( ISC'J) propose, to abolUh the duties marked thus ', and lo reduce those marked ihui |. 
 
H'liret, iiiid ^Vcir/i.im/ii. 
 llriti»h I'limemiiiini ; iiml 
 •J from I'orriyn i'nrU. 
 
 11 
 
 tie* 
 
 „f huij ii> 
 
 i7s; 
 
 
 il 
 
 ■n 
 
 ■.'7 
 
 II 
 u 
 
 «. .'. 
 
 Ill ll|WT 
 III II , 
 
 H III 
 
 .'1 » 
 
 Mil. 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 I'r 
 
 ililblli-tl 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 * .1 
 
 
 
 ■n 
 
 {I'l n 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1) li 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 rolill'llxl. 
 
 
 11 II 4 
 
 I ^ \ 
 
 U1 lU II 
 
 n H III 
 
 ■7 10 II 
 
 II U 3 
 
 II 11 i(i; 
 
 I'rohil.iinl. 
 I'TulilUllnl. 
 
 1 S I) 
 
 I » 
 
 •i' 10 n \KT wi "'■■ 
 a It i 
 
 1 X 
 
 II II iii'i 
 II luj 
 
 fi 
 
 TAUIVr 
 TiihU exhiMiiitf the IJulirt VaijiMe on Januuiy I, 1S<)9 <iT.— continuoil. 
 
 1361 
 
 Ailltln 
 
 lUtMof DulT on 
 
 No.. I.IHliH 
 
 : >uiliiri rindv, lirown or whIIVt rrllnnl tuK-ir, 
 
 ior Mitf ir rtnilrrBtl h]r any priiciM* n|iiHl In 
 uimIiii llieieio | iin«l iii«nuractur«« uf rvliiivil 
 iu«« •. . • • • c*l. 
 
 liuitr not r<|uiil la raAnnl ■ 
 I >it,i cl>»> • • • - M 
 
 I VcofltlrlHU • " • • M 
 
 Tliml ''I"" • • • • >' 
 
 \ fnurtlitloxiini'lumnnr.incjulct „ 
 
 Mtil'iun • • • • n 
 
 I .uitA« iini, or ilniiiU'tton root, we rlil.-ory. 
 
 Ir.i Iwi'lioui "n; nllownnra for ilriifl) ■ lb. 
 
 l.liKio, uiiiiiiinurAiturnI I tU'ininiil or 
 tiripiKtl, i-uiitrtlnitiK III II). or llliin.- of 
 iiiiKUin In ctiTj lim lb. wilnht lliiwuf, 
 II. I' inllowiiig ilu'J pli>« "> )'" '■•II'' - >• 
 
 r ii.l.iliiln« If" Ih'ii II' '••■ "' inol'lll't' I" 
 urty ll»' III- "tlll'll llurrof „ 
 
 iiti'lrniinttl, ronlainloK Hi lli. or mori' of 
 nuire IncTt-r* l"ii 111. weitfht llu-rer»l' - „ 
 
 I .ilt;Jllinu IcsH tll.lli III lb. of moisluiv ill 
 
 , V. 'IV III'I l>>> wi'litht tliurtof - - 11 
 
 iii,wiil.ii lutnl I M'uarn - • - ,. 
 
 ..i.mUishaoclni'RrohMil -,.,. • _ • >. 
 
 'null', ruuiitiiiloif liiori' tni|o< l.llh. of moisture 
 
 In rvrry IIH' 111. o^ vrtlKlii tlietcor • „ 
 
 I not cnii'alnliitf Mu.rptban I.T lb. of mols- 
 
 luraiii fvery llNi lb. we((hl Ihcrt-of - „ 
 mhft iiianufacturitl lotmcuo • • „ 
 
 uitnituli or nfUrohfHcl lobarro, ninmifiic- 
 Inntl In Iton<l In the Unltvil KlnRibiin from 
 iinniiiniifiilurnl lolmiroi on lh« iiilrj 
 Ihirruif f'lr liomo rollMlinpllon • - „ 
 
 I \'nnilOi, contalnhiK Riijr (|uaiillt]r of alcohol or 
 
 •Vlril . - - - • (lall.in 
 
 *\'rfiiii<*lll and mai-caroni - - . r»u 
 
 ' Vliirj«_; ; :: : ^Kiijbm 
 
 U'inr I n r.llli4 or liolttr^), cnntnlnlnR In* tli.in 
 lhef.'llowin« rat*"ictf jiroof ii)nrllA, Tt-ritli'il 
 I \f ^\kiM'ih>ilrnmeli>ri rrtlaiid whilv wiiif, 
 I anil ihelivi (if I'lch win* • |;atli.n 
 
 fur wr) ilw. r<f Mrmmh bgynnil A% ili'g. I«r x^il. ."• '■ 
 
 (I Vi 
 
 II II 
 
 II III 
 
 II u 
 
 n 
 7 
 II 
 f'l 
 'J 
 
 3 
 
 .1 
 
 .T 
 
 n ,1 
 
 II .'( 
 
 II 4 
 
 3 
 
 n 4 
 
 Rttnofliui]ilnllt9 
 
 HalnoCDttlylnin; 
 
 M : </. 
 
 t >. ./. 
 
 1 « 
 
 u « 
 
 '•• 
 
 •• 
 
 « IN 
 
 n ik « 
 
 Elclw. 
 
 Kirlw 
 
 • • 
 
 Kai i.f. 
 
 .1 « 
 
 Klilw. 
 
 1) .1 « 
 
 U Vi 
 
 '.i 6 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 Vi 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 v. I 
 
 e(r«!» 
 
 T.T la Ui'irlun. 
 
 1 
 
 4'i lU>|{rct'9 
 
 I'UI; In IHIU 
 
 £ 1. d. 
 
 7« 7 7 liiT tun, 
 
 7'J 7 7 
 
 Duly In I7N7 
 
 '£ t. d. 
 
 X'l .1 7 iwr tun. 
 
 411 U A „ 
 
 * The Chancellor of the Exrli»''i'icr ihi-. year, 18i;;i,|iropnse»lo abolish IhutUilk*.; marked thus*. 
 
 as ' , and lo tfl"" "'«« "'"''*' '''''■" '' 
 
 niiiscnvailo Biigar from a British po.sscs.^ioii, fmrn 
 :.)j. 2d. to M». jier cwf., at tho Kamo tiniu that 
 \v maile a very great reduction in the tluty on 
 (•(■rtaiii (Itwripf ions of foreign sugar. And Lord 
 Jiihn Kussc'Il subsequently followed up tho policy 
 III' hLs prcilcccHSor in tliis respect, by muliing au 
 cud of the distinction between free and .^lavo 
 ;;rii«ii siignrs ; and providing for the gradual ^ 
 .i|uali.<.itiiin of the duties on sugars, without i 
 rtu'arcl to tiioir origin. 
 
 Imlcixiidcnt of the powerful influence which 
 ilii' rojical and reduction of the duties on bo many I 
 impiirlaiit articles has had on the well-being and ' 
 iiniusirj' of the people, it must always bo borne in 
 minil tliat owing to the reciprocity which is of | 
 'lie c-.<cnco of all commercial transactions, it is , 
 im|Ki.s.-ible to increase the importation of foreign ' 
 iirticks, without at the same time proportionally i 
 iuorta.siiij,' tlie exportation of the native products j 
 with whicli the former must be paid. It i.i, there- ; 
 I'lri', ni) easy matter to estimate the future I 
 iiitliunco of fuch extensive changes on the trade | 
 ami |ir()S|iiiity of the United Kingdom. It has 
 already been, and there can be no doubt that it ^ 
 will continue to be, very great. And beside | 
 < 'iiiributing to improve our manufactures, it can 
 hardly tail to deepen and enlarge the existing 
 ibamicls of comnn'rcial intercourse, and gradually 
 to open others with which we may now, perhaps, 
 1)0 wholly unacquainted. 
 
 Sir liobert Peel left but little for others to do in 
 the way (if commercial reform , and that little has 
 >iiicc betii ill great measure accomplished. The 
 ilatyontea was the only very objectionable one in 
 ilic aineiKleJ tarifl" bequeathed to the country by 
 Sr Udbcrt Peel ; and he had merely deferred to a 
 uKire convenient opportunity his determination 
 topl.ico it on a more reasonable and equitable 
 f""tiiif;. He did not, unhappily, live to cflect 
 tills olijcct ; but it has since been effected by 
 "thcrs. 'i'lie reduction of the tea duties formed a 
 striking feature in the budget proposed by ^fr. 
 
 Disraeli in 185'2, and after the rejection of tho 
 latter, the project wns introduced inJo the budget 
 of Mr. Gladstone, and was pas-icd in'o a law. 
 llut, among its other bad conseqiieneca, the war 
 witli Kiissia unfortunately interfered to prevent 
 this reduction being carried out so soon an it 
 otherwise would have been ; and made the re- 
 tention, and, in sonic instances, even the inereaso 
 of customs duties, not of the most unobjectionabl'' 
 ilrscrlption, a matter not of clioicc but of neces- 
 sity. However, in the interval between the 
 peace with Itussia and tho present time, a host, 
 of trifling articles have disappeared (rom our 
 taritl", and the duties on the rest have been in 
 many cases materially reduced, so that tobacco 
 '.s now (1869) the only decidedly over-taxed 
 article in our tariff; though, except in the check 
 it would give to smuggling and adulteration, the 
 reduction of tho duty on it is of secondary im- 
 portance. 
 
 W'c liave excluded from the following table 
 numerous articles which are now (April 1869) 
 duty free ; and we have annexed to the table of 
 existing duties two additional columns ; the first 
 exhibiting the amount of the customs duties in 
 1819, as fixed by tho Act ,59 Geo. III. c. .52 ; and 
 the second, their amount in 1787, as fixed b\- Mr, 
 Pitt's (Vmsolidation Act, the 27 (ieo. III. c. jy. 
 The reader has, therefore, before him, and m.iy 
 compare, the present customs duties with tli'e 
 duties on the same articles as they existed after 
 tlio termination of the last European war, and 
 of the American war. It must, however, bo 
 carefully borne in mind, that this table does not 
 fully represent the customs duties as they existed 
 ill 1787 and 1819. It exhibits those duties only 
 which were charged at the epochs in question on 
 the articles now (April 1869) subject to customs 
 duties ; whercastlie tariff embraced'in 1787 and 1810 
 more than 500 articles not included in the present 
 tariff. No t.ilile of this sort is to be met with in 
 any other publication, unless it be purloined from 
 4 S 
 
 
 J' 
 
 
 ¥. 
 
1 
 
 13G'2 
 
 TAUri'K 
 
 
 1^ . 
 
 ■ '''i 
 
 f I ■ \ 
 
 thin. It wnn fiirnii<hi>(l In it» iiioro I'xiiinlcd 
 t'oriti fur n ruriiior nlition of tliiM ucirK liy llio 
 Into Mr, .1. I>. Iliimc, nlilin llonnl of 'rrinlc. 
 
 Tint tliitii'!* ill tlit^ pn'rediiif; tiiblu liuvc liccii 
 ini|iiHt'(l l)V viiriiiiis Htiitiiti'H, 
 
 Tlic ruin.'* milt ri'^iilalioim lo \>e fullnwcil in 
 rf^.'inl to lliK iin|ii>rtiitiiin find t'^ixirlalinn of 
 ^jimxIn nro fmlHidiod in tlioCiislonis ('<inHiilicl(iliiin 
 An. of iKf).'!, and Kiil>.i('i|iii'nt. AcIn; and nill lio 
 fciiiiid in llii:<\v(irk under tin- lu'ud Imi'ohia tion 
 AM> lixroitTAiioN. Hut it may lie iiMcfiil In 
 Hulijuiii tlu^ I'lilliiwin^ cIniiNi! in ro^ard to llio, 
 iinniirtation (if duty-free f;(ioiU, viz.: — 
 
 I'lirtirulitm of Kiifn/, — Tiii! iin|i<irt(r of iiiiv 
 f^ciodH not )<ul)ieet to duties of rU!<ti>ins, vr Iiih 
 »ment, hIuiII deliver to tiie eollector a liill of entry 
 of Hiieli piods in tlie xanie manner and form and 
 rontainin^ tlie name iiarlii:ular.i aH are re(|uired 
 on tlie entry of diiliablo ^oodn, so far an tlie !<auio 
 in practicaliln, wiiicli entry, bo far an regards llie 
 pioiis, hIuiU bo n transcript of tlu^ report, and 
 Hliall therein describe sucli jjoodn ni'cordinK lo 
 the feriiiH upon whicli such fjood.s are free of duly, 
 and tlie value of siicli );oods aH Hlmll have been 
 previously chnrgeublu with duty at value ; and 
 mieli l)ill of entry, when Hipied by the colle(!tor, 
 Khali be transniiited to the proper ofliccr, ami be 
 ]m.s warrant lor the delivery of the j^oods mentioned 
 therein ; mid the importer, owner, or conKiKnee of 
 xueh );ood», or his agent, shall within 14 days after 
 the entry and landing thereof, deliver to the eol- 
 lector, or other proper olflcer of customs a full 
 and true account of the goods ho landed ; provided, 
 that at Liverpool, ami with the Bunction of the 
 CommisaioiuTs of CusloniH at any other port 
 where the docks, quavH, and wharfs shall in like 
 manner lie wholly or principally under the control 
 nud management of one and the same corporate 
 body, the owner, master, or consignee of tlie 
 im|iorting ship, or his agent, shall sign anil leave 
 with the cidlector of the customs, within 14 da^'s 
 next after the linal discharge of such goods, a 
 full and accurate list thereof, stating the quantities 
 
 /(•(.'prililf nt-tttrr 
 1 i.t" ihlrorv or 
 >il(iil KltiKtloin, 
 
 and diHiinguishing the widghts and conlenis Ijv 
 ineasiiremeiit of siirh goods, if any, conipri-cil 
 liierein, as shall be clmrgi'able by ui'i({|ii i,r 
 
 by measurement for the freigbt payable I her i, 
 
 and the iianies of the coiiHigneeN (according' in 
 the bills of lading), or the names of the percmi, 
 iii'tiially paying Irriglit for tlin same; aiiil in 
 I'li'lure to leave sucli list, such owner, niuntir, 
 consigiiee, or agent shall forfeit the sum of 'Jul 
 (.See. CO.) 
 
 Jnliinil Ri-i'rniir. (I'l.rcinr) Jhitift in the (fnilnt 
 Kiiiiiilnm, Jiiniiitry 1, IHUU. 
 
 Chlrory, or niiv "iiIm i 
 
 upeiu'iihli, li> tiM' ii> 
 
 ritlll>i>, KTnwn hi 0<i- I ' 
 
 r.iw or hltti ilrti-d 
 lLlrkni-> rarrtuKM, l.(iiHton 
 
 ir niii tiicil on 
 
 Sltllll tV4 - . . , 
 
 M.ill iiiiiiiu from Imrlry - • 
 
 U> tr ur liiftft 
 ri.ile, Ifnhl, wroliKliI - 
 
 silver, wroi.ifhi . > . 
 
 U.i(*,' ll'trw^ ■ - . . 
 
 l(jiilwii>H, In Mii(>1.inil and Srnllnnd, on 
 
 hnnn Tfcfivfd i,.r roiivfjanrt' ol' pHt. 
 
 MniKir, - - . . 
 
 Spirit*, niiule ill (irt-nl Hrlt.lln nr Irt'tniid 
 
 (iiifiiiM'v, .lirirVi Aldi-r- 
 
 iiry. or H.irk, Inipuned Into (Jri-nt 
 
 ltrtt.iln nr Inland - • . 
 
 StJlUf (Mrrliim** 
 
 HuKnr, ln;i«lL< in tlm ITnitcd Kinftdom, 
 Hpinl toTfllntil ... 
 Not i-qtial to relinifil— 
 
 Claw 1 • • - 
 
 •t . 
 .1 • 
 
 1 . . . 
 
 Suiiar iis«1 liy Any hrewi-r of b<*er f 'r tale, 
 in Itie ltrewlnf{ ur mailing of lietT 
 
 Mol.HiifS .... 
 
 * 'J'luse articlm am iint'Jn-t to nn mlilitiunal duty of .^ (wrrenl. 
 
 The excise or inland duties are repaiil, or. us it 
 is termed, drawn back, on the goods lieini; a- 
 iiorted. The drawback <in the malt u^ft) in 
 brewing is computed at the rate of on. tlio bairoi 
 of ."JO imperial gallons. 
 
 Duties rrpeiiled. — We subjoin n list of tl,» 
 articles the tliitii's on which w-ere reiiealcd in l'<l.). 
 1«4U, 1853, iKI'iO, and down to l«(;«. bv the Ai- 
 8 Vict. c. 12, il it 10 Vict. c. 'J:), IC. &"l7 Vid,., 
 IOC, and 23 & 24 Vict. c. 110 *c. A-c. 
 
 
 1 1, t. 
 
 rwl. 
 
 I>cr wufk 
 
 I 1 ^ 
 
 II 7 1) 
 
 per wwk 
 lihl. 
 hill. 
 
 or. tmy 
 Of., triiy 
 
 11 (1 n 
 
 •II V 7 
 
 •II i II 
 
 II li; II 
 
 11 II i; : 
 
 .1 17 II 
 
 IH-r ci»nt. 
 
 1 
 .1 n II 
 n vt 11 
 
 Ril. 
 nillu 
 
 II 10 \ 
 U II l)| 
 
 cwl. 
 
 11 
 
 M 
 ,1 
 
 11 n ,1 
 
 II 111 11 
 
 II '1 7 
 H 11 t 
 
 ;: 
 
 n J fi 
 
 11 .1 « 1 
 
 Asatos or cunieli.in*, u't or not set 
 AU'Um'ii 
 AltinoDliilU Ht'tl 
 S\U\\ 
 
 .Alkatift rcHft 
 
 Almoiitl . Iiittpr, swcv't iSic. 
 Jnrdaii 
 
 AlOl'H 
 
 Ahiiii 
 
 Aluminium 
 AriilhT, rouuh 
 
 tiiiiiuif.ii.turtil, cMi'pt liemU 
 AmtHTjtriii 
 Aiiibo>nu wooil 
 AmmutiiiioTi, s\\qX, l.irue nnd Ninnll, lend 
 
 Irnii 
 
 l(H.'kpN nnd olhi-r nuiilmstililcH, I'ur pur- 
 (losenot war, Hot eiiniiierattil 
 AnrhovifH 
 
 Antft*li(-<i. not randittl 
 AniiimiAt living; viz.: 
 
 A-sften 
 
 ffoals 
 
 kids 
 
 oxen and bulls 
 
 cow* 
 
 calvis 
 
 hortc-a, marcs, geldin[;K, colts, foals 
 
 miilt-!i 
 
 nhifp 
 
 Innihs 
 
 KM'ini' nnd Imifs 
 
 lilffs, virkrnR 
 Ann, tint, roll or Ajr 
 Antimony, ort <'t' 
 
 crude 
 
 rr;;ulus of 
 Apiile.H, raw 
 
 drifil 
 Aquafurtii 
 ArKol 
 
 Arisiolochia 
 Arms, viz. : 
 
 fiwords, cutlassrs, matrhetti» hayonpi^, 
 Kui)-i>arrpl'>. (tJn-Iocks, cannun, and 
 niortars of iron, not mounted nor ac- 
 companied with cnrriage* 
 
 cannon an<l inortarn of hraM, not mounted 
 nor accompanied with carrlaftes 
 
 cannon and mortan, mounted or ac> 
 fompani'tl Miih carriages, and other 
 tire armsiTiz : muskets, rlflei|CarhiiieS( 
 
 nnd inicinnncratt'il 
 
 fowlinfrpicci'S. or Runt of nny oilier 
 sort nut enuuK-ratt^d, aiitl pi^tuK 
 Arnenin 
 Art, Work* of 
 A-he^, (wnrl ind j-,ot 
 
 Mf.ip, wetnl, ami wood 
 
 unenunii-rand 
 Am'I^iIiuui or Itiii <n Jud.iiiuni 
 Haron 
 Balsam, Canada 
 
 capivi 
 
 IVru 
 
 Ki({a 
 
 iolu 
 
 halm of Gilead, 
 bditani 
 BnmlstrinKlwiit 
 Ihtrilla 
 
 Hark, oxlrart of, or of other vr^elahle nuh- 
 stimrt-H, to l)f used tor tanning or other 
 niamiCncturintf pnrpo--fi 
 
 for tanners' or d)i!r!i' uj>e 
 
 ra<vcarilla 
 
 Peruvian 
 
 of other sorts 
 Bar wtMid 
 
 Baryies. sulpliato of, cn-onnd 
 Basket ruiiii. |>et'leil und unpc(K<d 
 Bankets 
 
 Basil rofie*. twines, and strands 
 Bi'ads iiiul luiKle>of jjlass 
 Beads, vi?. : 
 
 arauKo 
 
 ciiral 
 
 i rvstal 
 
 let 
 
 not otherwise enumeraled or described 
 Beef, fresli or slightly salted 
 
 salted 
 rt'cfwoo*! 
 BerrfiN, hay 
 
 juniper 
 
 yellow 
 
 unenumrr.itc(l 
 Birds, sinKing 
 Bitumen 
 Blai'kmK 
 filar k\vo(Kl 
 Bladders 
 Bonis (except whale Hn^}, whether burnt or 
 
 not, ur as animal charcoal 
 Boracic acid 
 
 Books, of rdillotu printed prior to 1> . 
 
 Iionml or uiitMJund 
 Bornt, refitieil 
 Mor.ix or tinral, unrrfini-d 
 Biitllei of K'^^> *^<>rlh, and itnne, ciii))t,r 
 Boxi-H 
 
 brass 
 Box w<km1 
 Bran atui jinllard 
 
 Jlrass, ni^mufaciures of, not otlieru'i.>'. vm- 
 meratiHl 
 
 powiitT of 
 
 old, tit only to be remanufaidiml 
 
 wire 
 Brazil wood 
 Bra/ileitii uimmI 
 Brickior clinkers 
 
 1 hitch 
 
 oth' r norts 
 Brim-'tnne, relinetl in rolU 
 
 in Hour 
 
 not rrlinrd 
 Bristl**-*, rnuuh, or in any wav soruil 
 BriM adeof Kuitt or silver 
 Bron/e. all works of art 
 
 manufacture)) of, or of metal tironniir 
 laccpicred 
 
 powder 
 Bronnis and brushes of all sorts 
 Bulrushes 
 
 ttulliou and forelRn coin of roM or siUer 
 Butur 
 
 Buttonx nnd stud.4 
 <; diint't ware 
 
 Calilts, not beinff iron cables, tarred cr un- 
 tarred, old and new 
 
 iron 
 rimeoi, not fet 
 ('amoniile tlowen 
 Camphor, reliucd and unrefined 
 ( 'am wool 1 
 Candles 
 
 spermaceti 
 
 filearine 
 
 tallow 
 
 wax 
 Candlewicic 
 (Amelia alba 
 CancA, bamboo 
 
 reetl 
 
 rattans, not grow"*l 
 
 or sticks, unenurneratetl 
 
wm 
 
 (■ wi'it;lilH mill rontpiin liy 
 I Koods, if niiy. »-<miiiriv.i 
 cimrt'riililo l>y wi'inlii ..r 
 till' frciuli' piiynliU' llicnim, 
 10 i!oimij?iii!CH "(iicccirilinn i., 
 ir the niimcn of tins pcrKnn, 
 ;hl fcir tlin Hiimn; iiiiil <ii 
 \\ lint, »u<-li (iwiu>r, niiisiir. 
 ihall forfeit tlio sum of I'n/. 
 
 cine) Dutiet in the Unilnl 
 Jiinuitnj 1, 1H69, 
 
 PI ilil.- lil.iltlT 
 
 lit" tlili'ory or 
 111 KluKiliiin, 
 
 ir niit iitnl on 
 
 I Rrollanil, on 
 I'yanrt; of pjii- 
 
 ,ilii nr Iri'livml 
 .hl»ev, Al'liT- 
 nl Into (irtnC 
 
 Ited KinRdom, 
 
 of l)i'(>r f >r sale, 
 iiK of Iwir 
 
 Hi lo nn mlilitliinal iliiljr of :< )«r rem. 
 
 iiiid duties arc rt'imid, w. us ii 
 mcli, on tlin floods IioItilTix- 
 •Imck on the malt u-irt in 
 !d rit Uic rati; of oa. tlio biirril 
 ms, 
 
 Wo sulijoin a list of t'" 
 
 m which were reiieidod in 1^1'. 
 kul <lown to 18I1S. liy tlio A i- 
 Vict. c. 'i:\, IC. ctirVi.t..'. 
 ict. c. 110 4c. A'c. 
 
 lokl. of rilitloMi V'l'"'''' 1"'°' '" " ■ 
 
 lioiiml or uriUoutul 
 rat, reliniKl 
 
 •;u or linral, linreflnifil 
 
 itli'H of glass, earlh, ami stone, I'liiiif* 
 
 lirass 
 11 wood 
 
 ■an and prillard t , „„ 
 
 a<», inanufaclurM of, not olher«l>f «"■■ 
 nieralttl 
 
 nowiit-r of , 
 
 )l(l, lit only to be rt'inaiiut.i*'liirL'ii 
 wire 
 ■azil wood 
 ■a/ilt'll" wooil 
 k.or liinktrs 
 imtrh 
 
 olhvr «orl« . 
 im~tnne. roliniHl m rolls 
 » flour 
 not rt-rtnrd , 
 
 ,,tli.s rouuli, or in any wiiv «ortiil 
 u.adeofKoldor silv.r 
 
 ^.'.^•nSvTu'r^ofror of metal brona... 
 
 laciiiH-reil 
 •ooi'm and bruslies of all sorts 
 "l™",, mid forelpl coin of roM or .ll.« 
 
 Ultrr 
 
 iTlioTK and studs 
 
 ;',',i.",';',*?MnB Iron caWos, tarred cr »n. 
 tarred, olil and new 
 
 iron 
 
 iiuicniile Howert 
 
 mililior, rt-rined and unrefined 
 
 iitnwooti 
 
 audi*'* 
 
 sicarine 
 
 lallow 
 
 wax 
 
 andlewirk 
 
 ;mflla albii 
 
 ii>«, bamboo 
 
 reed 
 
 rattans, not ground 
 
 or Slicks, unenumeratfcl 
 
 1 Aiir*. tiinbrvlla nr parii*ol iilrh« 
 
 «4ihini( r.mt« or kilrii*, moiinUil, 
 ),iii.iiitli or uihtrwlM ornaintnwd 
 
 I mllitiriiM 
 I i.Hit. ' "tic . 
 
 ni.inul»rltiriHi«f 
 1 ,,,rn, !'«' luiliiitt III* pUiltf 
 
 t irtnin* 
 
 I irrliiKt"* or nil torti 
 
 I ,*»', -"M'tr 
 
 tt«iul4 
 I ul*>V . 
 
 t t*ii tif l>uita. tiatuM, or flt^urif . 
 
 I ilrcliil 
 
 r.iiiit.ri 
 
 1 1, itk iii'iiiufiirturnl or unninnur*rturi><l 
 noi uihi'iwlM tnumtntrtl 
 
 I hftw 
 
 ( herriw. r»» 
 
 I hftry ttooti 
 
 t Idi^i or t'nn-eUln war», plain, pnlntifd, Kilt 
 orii I'lu-nlnt 
 
 iM..ria''«»fHrnr 
 
 (hip, sr willow. »u» pI-iliiiiK 
 
 iitJef 
 
 ('innibamn»ll»ft 
 
 I iiiMinon 
 
 I iitiitfcf lime 
 
 i;iirtc . ci'l . , L . 
 
 I itTon, jirwtrtid with »uU 
 
 Cifrt 
 
 riocki 
 
 (uiiscutm.andclnden 
 
 nr.- of 
 
 oilile of 
 rothlnf.ll 
 
 du»l 
 
 lITinllla 
 l(k-hintll.iwood 
 ( A iM nut* 
 (^yulu* Indlrui 
 t'uir To|<«-> twine and itrandi 
 ( ) « tnlt) 
 t III urn Iw root 
 (*i|iI»eT, ore of 
 
 ll^Ullll of . , 
 
 f>l(t, 111 unty In be manufarturrd 
 unwrouKhi, vix. in bnfks or piff*. rose 
 
 co|i|)«r, luiii nil catt ropptT 
 111 )Mrt wrou|(bl, viz hm, rods, or 
 
 intiiit<i, linininfred ur ralbetl 
 In jjl.ircit .inil t'oln 
 liiiiiiifactureH I'f copjMT, not otherwUc 
 
 itiiuneraied or deitcribed, and copper 
 
 \ \i\B% engraved 
 
 i i>\'\Ai-\', lilue 
 
 while 
 Coril, ^»ti<>lf, eicrfit bcad.i 
 puli'hfd 
 
 Ull^t^ll^h«l 
 
 in ii.iuinenti 
 rordjiie, Lirred or untarred 
 
 t'uTk 
 
 (orkt, Te\A'j made 
 iqiiarott tor ruUs^ding 
 ti«li"Tiiien'i 
 Cuio'i, T iw, inaniificturM, y\t, : 
 
 nrn .111(1 Kuit Iniiin pifce goods, dyed or 
 ' coloured, vi?.— r.illcoes and inualinii, 
 
 naiikix-n> and handkL-rcliitfi 
 fringe 
 
 manufactures of, not being nrllclen 
 wlioll; or in part made upi not othcr- 
 vlw charged with duly 
 ploYc* of I'luion or thread 
 iiofkmRiiof ri-tt«n i>r thread 
 v>ck>>or half host', of cotton or thread 
 aniclt^ or manufactures of roiton, 
 wholly or in p:\rt made up, not other- 
 wise charged with duty 
 Cowriei 
 Cranberries 
 rrvoiu 
 
 *ri- 101 of tartar 
 i>t(iai, ,iz.T 
 ruuitli 
 
 cut or manufactured, cxcqit bead* 
 fu!*t« 
 I iiliii- riiire 
 
 'u urnbcrs, prescrtfd in sa!t 
 'utch 
 
 iU.utrreotfpe plates 
 Diiti 
 
 !>:» 
 Ili'iditi 
 
 l'rii;tin'i l>Iood 
 
 lira«itit;s 
 
 [*rui;t, unenumerated 
 
 ij'thetiware, not otherwise enumerated o- 
 
 'Ifricnliwl 
 Eoonj 
 
 r. Jcrflower water 
 
 Imbroiaery and needlework, Til, : 
 m silk or lilk mixed with other materials, 
 not being Ulk 
 
 T.MilKK 
 
 r'nibrolilrry unil nfrillt<wittk( *l'.' 
 
 kilk nt-t. ftKurwl Willi ihr nmliv, inillAli tn 
 
 Wr, itmt nn|i li-« thfrmf 
 rolioii net, Dtfitrvil with lli« niwiUw, hwing 
 
 )inli4il<in Ui-t', and artit Ir^ tbrrti.f 
 t-uri.titi's, i oinmimir t iltnl hwli., irii 
 
 l>rt>ltt*r*-d on mtiMtn nr nvl 
 all iiiht>r i-inliuKl«ry nut vnumcf.tUtl 
 Knit-r* 
 Kiiiinvl 
 Knurtitinga 
 l-iU'irt 
 
 I lu'%tniit bflrb 
 '|iirr< iir«ii lisirk 
 I.i(iw<nmI 
 MilTlouir 
 
 hark, \i-. fur tanning 
 Keaih' It tor XmUt \\\ Iwila or olberwUi' 
 otiru h, dri>«4Vil 
 
 imdrw-Md 
 padiiy tiird.ilriNt.. d 
 
 imilrixtinl 
 linen iimeralvd and undrvtiid 
 Fl*h I Prh 
 turlmt* 
 
 of I'lrvi^it rik'ng, Itnportid fnnn foreign 
 pl.u'i-ain utiur ibaii lltlung vetovlt, «u< 
 oyiirn 
 saltnuii 
 
 MitM 
 
 tiirilo 
 iriOi 
 ciirfd 
 
 of MrliUh taklnir 
 Flax and tow, or omIIMa nf 
 dre^keil and lUldrl■^>>l'd 
 I'IihA lur papt-r hlaini-r« 
 KICK- k 4 
 riuwi-r^, ariitlclal, wheihcr of bilk or other 
 
 nialertiU 
 Flower riMitii 
 Frainrs fur pictures, prints, nitrron, or 
 
 ilniwlngi 
 Fruli, raw 
 Furniture word*, rn-ept Okli, lieccli, llnli, 
 
 elm, uak, waln^rul 
 Fnrnliuru 
 Fu«ilc 
 
 (iaillr itowder 
 tialU 
 (ininlilor 
 ttanihoge 
 (tarancine 
 
 Oarneu, rut or uncut, nut net 
 tiaureofthri-ud 
 Ovlailne 
 (tciui.in 
 (linger 
 (iin*fng 
 (ilats, viz. t— 
 
 any kind of window gInM, wliiie or 
 siaintil nf one culutir onlv |exi'i'|it platf 
 or rnilttli, anil kbadt'-i and cylliitlcra 
 ariii \v% ui green ur cuininuii gl.tM 
 pninieil 
 
 l>tati' glau, caAt or rotUnl nf whatcrcr 
 thickness, whether kllvt-ted, poluhrd, 
 or rouRh 
 white flnit kI ift!i botllen, not rut, engraved 
 nr oilicrwiKC ornamcntt-d, and head 
 inul liUKlCi (if g1a«s 
 wiiif iflnKSi'^, ttunblfr'*, and idl other 
 wbltf Hint glass ^ooili, not cut, tn- 
 gr.ived, or otl>t>rw|.>c onianienled 
 flint cut glasii, tlint roinurtil titasii, and 
 fancy orn.inn-ntal Kla.v,iit'whatever k Ind 
 bottlcH nf gl.xst covered with wit ker (not 
 being cut glats), ur of gri,-«n or cum 
 mnn glass 
 mnnuf.ictiircs not otherwi.to enumer:itpd 
 or dt".cribed. and old brokun glaNS, lit 
 only lu lie reniaiiufactured 
 Uluc 
 
 clljipings, or waste cf any kind, fit only 
 for gluu 
 (io'd leave:!, and ore nf 
 (ionus 
 
 (joods uni'niinierati'd, not being cither In 
 part or whully tnanut'actured, not enu- 
 merahd nr pr'oliililutl 
 (iralns, (iuinea and I'aradi^e 
 lir'i|ieH 
 (frcasc 
 
 (ireavei for dogs, and tallow greaves 
 (ironnd nuta 
 <TU.ino 
 Oum.anjmi 
 Arabic 
 assafd'iida 
 nnim>'iiiacum 
 copti 
 
 eupbnrbiuin 
 cuiiaruni 
 kiino 
 lac dye 
 n)a<iiic 
 seed lac 
 stick lac 
 ^etieual 
 shellac 
 tnigacanth 
 uneminieratcU 
 (lunpowiier 
 
 (iun-HtockH in the rough, of wood 
 Gutta pi-rclm 
 
 n>?nufaciures of, not moulded, such iU 
 
 b.irdH, st>eels, solejt, tubing 
 ariicltrtt moulded 
 (iypsum 
 
 Hair, cainrl hair or wool 
 cow, ox, bull, or elk 
 
 llatr. \\nf\9 
 liiini-in 
 
 iihinnfactiirrs nf, of K<tt«' wmt|,nr nf linir 
 nr ir>Mii«' wool itnd ant <i(h*>( m lUrlal. 
 nut parib tit irlv rniiinir.itt'd, ur '>tbvr* 
 wU' I'linttftNt with duty 
 ICani«nf .11 klnil« 
 
 Maip tiriMK^ nr luio ilrlni;«, kilvvrvd 
 Hats or tioniiais— 
 off hip 
 
 ») b<(si, C4ni>, or horio hair, 
 of itr.iw 
 
 nf fell, balr. wool, or beaver 
 inadw nf •Ilk, Kllk "bau lUd fl|inn flK, 
 Imwn, nf oiber maieiial 
 May 
 
 Heath, for bru«titfS 
 Hrlittbnri* 
 Hemp, UrMsett 
 
 rouuh or undn»*i'(|. or any oili. r vegei 
 ahio lub^unn• of the lialnre Htnl 
 i|ii.ill(y nf unilreiit-d lirnip, and applic- 
 able lo ihe *<nTie iiurpoMS 
 tiiw and cudllla nf hemp 
 jule 
 Hidei, or pieoD Ihrrrnf, tawe<l, currl«di 
 vamlilupd, lAt>ann»tl, and > nameU«d 
 Afu^rnvy nr lluti'la hbl*H,or pi«ie« iher«- 
 i)f, tanned, rnbmrwd. shavatl, or other- 
 wue drwftMT'l, and hide* or plvr*t there- 
 nf )n any way tlrei^vd, nut nlher^lia 
 cnumvralt.ll 
 not iMnne<l, iaw*<t, r!urriiMl,or in any way 
 
 ilreiifteil, tlry anil w«t 
 l.«M>h hidea 
 nr piecett of hiib'i, raw or iindreised, and 
 
 unenumerated 
 tiilU, bull'allii, bull, cow, nr nx 
 tinned, not othirwlM) driiwM.>d 
 Hone* 
 Honev 
 
 Hi.oUof rntllo 
 HtHipt of wood 
 H.ips 
 
 Horni—born lips, and pieces of hom 
 lie 
 
 Indigo 
 Ink for printers 
 
 Indian 
 Inkle, wrought 
 
 uiiwrought 
 
 lii'triimi tiU 
 
 IpeiMcuanha 
 
 Irtni, bloniii 
 
 Cl-t 
 
 chriimati- of 
 
 in bars, unwronght 
 
 wire 
 
 hoou, 
 old br 
 
 roken, and old cost Imn 
 
 pig 
 
 hilt or hammered into rods 
 rough rasilngs. 
 Iron and steel, wrought or inanuffcturod 
 innchlnery 
 wroughi laitlngi 
 
 ttKltll 
 
 niilerjr 
 
 other manufactures not enumerated 
 
 fancy omimenlal articles oflronoratMl 
 
 mamifaciure of, coaiod with brua tn 
 copper by any galvanic pruceis 
 Tslngla.vt 
 Ivory 
 .lalap 
 
 •'apanned or lacquered ware 
 .let 
 
 Jetvels, emeralds, and all other precious 
 ttlone-, set 
 
 emeralds, and all other precious blones, 
 unset 
 Juice of JL-mons, Unics, or oranges 
 Juie 
 
 Kingwood 
 h.tc ; vif. hticktac 
 Late, Viz. : 
 
 mobair or worsted 
 
 thread or cotton pillow lace (not being 
 lirussels )Ktinl or Saxon hone lace) not 
 ex(-ee«linff I inch In width 
 
 exceeding T inch in width 
 
 silk pillow lace (not being Saxon wire 
 ground lace), and ap]ilicatian 
 
 hilk Saxon wire ground lact*, and all 
 lace known as Malteite 
 
 Ilrus'ieis point, and other laco made br the 
 hand, not otherwiitc charged villi duty 
 Lamp black 
 I.apiA c.ilaminarls 
 Karil 
 J.atten 
 
 shaven and wire 
 l.aveniier llowers 
 Lead ore 
 
 red 
 
 white 
 
 black 
 
 piK and sheet 
 
 cbromate of 
 Leather manufactures, viz : 
 
 bonis, shoes, and calashes 
 
 women's bootn and c.d ishes 
 
 slioes, with cork or double soles, quiltetl 
 htioeis and clogs 
 
 women's shoeii of silk, satin, jean, or other 
 stufFi, kbi, morocco or other leather 
 
 girls' hoott, shoes, and caUuhes, 
 
 men'H l>oots and shoes 
 
 boys' iKMits 
 
 boys' shoe* 
 
 A\ 
 
 II 
 
 .<.t 
 
 ti 
 
 'IS ' \ 
 
i 
 
 ' ♦■, 
 
 : I 
 
 '. 
 
 . -; , 
 
 
 if 
 
 
 1364 
 
 LeAther m -nuracturM, rlLt 
 
 iMKlt lt,li k> 
 
 boot froniH 
 gloTM uf le-iitiiT, vix.— 
 
 Imbit mint 
 
 tiahit f{lnTe« 
 
 fiH'n'i *ilove* 
 
 women*! fttOTM or mtttt 
 
 nny artlcirt made of lealher. or nny 
 inanufariurf^ wherrof le^ithmr U ttie 
 nuM T.-iluahlf p»rt, notolherwU* cnu* 
 iiifr.iiiHl or dctcribitl 
 Lt-AToi. of rusct 
 
 I.emlN 
 I.))tnuii) vitre 
 Miiuii 
 l.inen ; v\f.. i 
 
 cninlirict unit lawm, rommonty CAlltil 
 
 French l»wn*>. |i1iilii 
 liorderetl hamlkerchiefs 
 ilnmiuk 
 cl.iiu;i!ik dinjier 
 H.iili nfnll >urt< 
 Liwiis of any wrt, not French 
 htnyn 
 cambric bandkerchtefi) hemmedtorhem* 
 
 Ktltchi>d» not trimmed 
 ]>1.-iln linen or diAper, whetber chequered 
 or ttriff^l with dye yam or not, imil 
 manufiiciuffft o*" linen, or of linen 
 mixed with ootiun or with wool, not 
 |tariiciilBrlT enumerated, or otherwise 
 chnrKed with duty, not bein^r articles 
 wholly or In part made up* 
 litquorice rtuit i 
 pniite 
 juice 
 powder 
 I.ilharfte 
 Jiive creatures iUuatr.itive of natural hittory 
 
 IjOflWOtxt 
 
 tjosh hldr« 
 
 Luclfers of wood, the rutiic foot of externiil 
 
 pachnRt', meaMiri'd iniernally 
 Marcnronl and vermicelli 
 Mace 
 Madder 
 Madder root 
 Afa^na ^rivcia waru 
 MahoKany 
 Af anfianesc, ore of 
 Mann.i 
 
 Manure<t, uncnunurateil 
 Afanu<tcriiit!( 
 Maps aiiit charts, or parts thereof, plain or 
 
 coloured 
 Maple wood 
 Mai.4 and maaing 
 Maltrcstes 
 Meat, salted or fresh, not otherwise de«crihwl, 
 
 or preserve*! In anj other way than salted 
 MedaU of any sort 
 Medlar- 
 Mercury, prepared 
 Metal. l>ell 
 
 leaf (not gold) of all kinds 
 Mill hoards 
 
 Minerals and fo\r,iU, luietiumcrated 
 Mot'.elA of cork or wood 
 Morphia and its salts 
 Moss, lichen Islandicns 
 
 uthei than rm'k or Iceland tnoss 
 
 rock, for dyerit' use 
 Mother*o*-i)earl shells 
 Munieet 
 Musical instruments: 
 
 musical botes, bin.ill, not cxceiditi^ 1 in. 
 In lent;th 
 
 larf,f 
 
 overtures or extra accompaniments 
 
 jiianufurtes, hurizuutal grand 
 upright or square 
 
 harmoniums or scr.iphinft 
 
 accordions, commonly called Chinese 
 
 other sort^, includlnf^ flutinas, and com- 
 mon Herman coiuertinas 
 
 bras^t mstruments. nil sorts 
 
 not otherwise enumerated or described 
 Mu.k _ 
 
 Mustard flour 
 
 niiieil or manufactured (cxccjtt flour) 
 Myrohalan 
 Myrrh 
 Naphdia 
 
 New Zealand wood 
 Nicaragua wooil 
 
 Nickel, arsenlaie of. In lumps or powder 
 toeing ill an unrefined slate 
 
 metallic, and oxide of, refmetl 
 
 ore of 
 Nitre, cul.ic 
 Nultnt-gs 
 
 wild, in the shell 
 
 wild, nut in thtf shell 
 
 or other spices or admixtures thereof, 
 ground 
 Nuts : 
 
 kernels of walnut^, and of peach stones, 
 and of nuts or keriiits thereof, unenu> 
 merated, connnonly used for expressing 
 oil ttieret'runi 
 
 cocoa nuts 
 
 I'iittachio 
 
 small nuts 
 
 walnuts 
 
 nuts and kcmeli, unenuineratcd 
 Nux vomica 
 Oakum 
 Ochre 
 Oil, animal 
 
 TARIFF 
 
 01l» castor 
 cocoa nut 
 oHve 
 UrtI 
 
 palm 
 
 paran 
 
 rock 
 
 reain 
 
 train. I)lid)t>er( spermaceti ol), or htad 
 matter 
 
 hempseed 
 
 hnseetl 
 
 ra(H>seed 
 
 wnlnut 
 
 or spirit of inrper.iine 
 
 seeii, unenuineraied 
 
 of almurvL'i 
 
 bays 
 
 chemical, i-ssenilal, orperfUmetl 
 
 of cloves 
 Oil cloth for taliK* covert 
 Oil seed cake 
 Olilianum 
 Olive wood 
 Olives 
 Onions 
 Opera glasses, single 
 
 double, and all marine and race glatsci 
 not being telescopes 
 Opium 
 
 Orange flower water 
 Oranges and lemons 
 
 peel of 
 Orchal 
 
 t Ire, unenumcrated 
 Orpiment 
 Orris root 
 Orsedew 
 I'ainter^* colou s, unrnnmrrattd, nrmu* 
 
 facturcd or umnanuf.tciuriil 
 ralmetto thatch 
 PaWoetto thatch maimfactures 
 Taper : 
 
 brown, made of old rc^tc or cordage only, 
 without htparntin:; or extrncllng the 
 jiilch i>r tar ihcrrf'rom,aiiil without any 
 mixture of oilur niaicrlaln therewith 
 
 printiil, painted, or stained paper hang- 
 ings, or flock |inpi-r 
 
 w.iMe, or paprr of ;inv other sort not par- 
 ctiUrly enutnt'rati'd or dt-scnbeil, iu>t 
 oiherwisi- charged with tluty 
 
 gilt, stained, coUiuretl, emhossetl, and all 
 fiiicy kinds, nut being paper hutigings 
 Parcliincnt 
 Partriilfie wood 
 Pasieltu.trd 
 Pearls 
 Pears, raw 
 
 dried 
 I'enclls of slate and other sorts 
 Pens 
 
 Pe)>per of all sorts 
 Peri-uvsion caps 
 
 Perfumery, nut otherwise enumeratcil 
 Petroleum 
 Pewter, manufjclur s of, nut otherwise cnu- 
 
 merateil 
 Phosphorus 
 Pickles preserveil in vinegar 
 
 and vegeutbles prc!>Lrveil in salt 
 Pictures 
 Pimento 
 Pink root 
 Pilch 
 
 Hurgundy 
 Plantains 
 
 Plants, shrubs, sud trees alivn 
 Plaster of Paris 
 Plate, battered as bullion 
 
 wire, cilt or i'l;itid 
 Platina, and ore of piatini 
 Platting, of chip, not being of greater value 
 than tid. |)er piece of Ml yards 
 
 or other manufactures of straw, chip, or 
 other materl ds to be used in. or proper 
 for, makii'g or ornamenting hain or 
 Imnnets, not otherwise enumeralLd or 
 chargMl with dutv 
 
 cordonet, single ai'd twist of strawi or of 
 other niatcriaU 
 
 Willow squares 
 Plumhago 
 Pollard 
 Pomatum 
 Pomegranates 
 
 feel of 
 , fresh 
 
 FBlted, not hams 
 Potash 
 Potatoes 
 Pots, melting, for gold^miths 
 
 of stone 
 Poultry, game, and rabbits, alive or dead 
 Precious stones 
 Prints and drawini>s, plaiti or rotouted 
 
 adinitteil uiuler treaties of international 
 fopvright 
 
 or andut the option of the importer, single 
 
 bound 
 Puddings and sausnges 
 I'tirple wooti 
 Pyrites 
 
 8ua^si,i 
 uicksilvcr 
 Quills, goose 
 
 swan 
 Quinces 
 r.uinlne 
 
 Radix contrayorvip 
 enulie c.iinpaiij; 
 
 Kadix erlnull 
 
 iiH-cai iianhiB 
 
 Tliatnnini 
 
 senekiB 
 
 ser|H'n(arln* or *nike root 
 Rags, old roins or Junk, or ol't fishinj: i ei^ 
 tit nnl> for making paper or pasteboard 
 
 pulp of 
 
 wfNillen 
 Rape t>f grapes 
 Ilea wiMiii or guinea woo<l 
 Rhubarb 
 
 Rice, except du:<t and tnval 
 Rose wnt**! 
 Rosewood 
 Rmin 
 
 Sai't'tiarum sntumi 
 SalTlower 
 SatlVon 
 Kal ammoni;ic 
 
 limnnunt 
 
 prunella 
 Salep or s;ilop 
 Sniicine 
 Salt 
 
 Salipptre 
 Sandal wood 
 Sanuuis draconii 
 Santa Maria wood 
 Sapan wo<mI 
 Sarsapaiilla 
 Sas-atrAs 
 Satin wood 
 
 Sauces, not otherwise enumerated 
 Saunders' retl 
 
 white or yellow 
 Sausages or pudilin^r^ 
 Scaleboarils 
 Scannnony 
 Seeds ! acorn 
 
 anisitnl 
 
 Wans, kidney or French 
 
 burnet 
 
 canary 
 
 rarraway 
 
 carrot 
 
 cl»ver 
 
 colchicum 
 
 cole 
 
 comnder 
 
 croion 
 
 cummin 
 
 darl 
 
 fenugreek 
 
 flax 
 
 forest 
 
 gnnlen, unrnumerited 
 
 f;rass seeds of all sorts 
 lemp 
 leek 
 lentils 
 lettuce 
 
 tinseeil and llaiLS'-ed 
 lucerne 
 hi])iii 
 maw 
 nullet 
 mustard 
 onion 
 ]iarsely 
 ponpy 
 quince 
 rape 
 
 sesamum 
 shrub ur tree 
 tares 
 trefoil 
 uncnumerated, commonly used Tt ti- 
 
 pressing oil tlierefto:n 
 worm 
 
 not particularly cnumerr.lpil or di-ivjriUil, 
 or otherwise charged sMtli i!utj 
 Seneka root 
 Senna 
 
 Ships, Itrltish, broken up or to lie Intkn: t, 
 
 with tackle, apparel, aiul tuniauriui- 
 
 rept sails) 
 
 foreign ship* or vessels 
 
 llritlsh ships, or vessels eiiiiiUil to I* 
 
 registered as such, not Ii iviii^! lietii 
 
 built in the United liingiiuiii 
 
 Shumau 
 
 Silk, raw 
 
 knubs or husks, and waste silk 
 thrown, not dyedi and dyed, viz. : 
 singles or train, organztnc or crape 
 corahs, choppas, bandanr.-s, \\i:^OTt 
 
 clothes, ronials, and tallat^es 
 
 China crape shawls, scarfs, h.uiilktrchiif, 
 
 and pieces, vi/. : 
 
 plain and damask 
 
 embroidery 
 
 daiiia-sk 
 
 pongees, vi/. ; 
 
 articles, manufactures of silk, or of m^' 
 
 and any other maieri.il, not Ikiih: sf 
 
 tides wholly or in part inadp u)i. ii 
 
 particularly enumerated or otheri « 
 
 charged with dutv 
 
 manufaclur(>s of ^ilk, or of >ilk anil anr 
 
 other material, not particui.irlv 
 
 merated or otherwise char;;«l »wi 
 
 duty , , 
 
 manufacturcsofsilk.ornf-illf iiiiitil"''^ 
 
 metalor any other ni.iiirial lliei'rwlu.e 
 
 of Kurope, viz.: 
 
 silk or satin, plain, striptd, fi^'urti'i ' 
 
 hroc:ided, vi/. : 
 
 bioad siuMs 
 
 articles tt.eieof nototlierMiie •:■■'• 
 
 me rated 
 
W" 
 
 Silk 
 
 nrlncll 
 
 iH-ninriif nr «n-\Vn Tool ... 
 il|i of 
 
 eict'vl J»»i ""t* '"*■■** 
 
 vooil 
 
 lanim kntuinl 
 
 iwer 
 
 on 
 
 minoniiic 
 
 ininnuin 
 
 irimtll.i 
 
 I ur k.ilt>p 
 
 ■ine 
 
 [trtre 
 
 lal wood 
 
 lulidriiconi* 
 
 [in wo*mI 
 Miiailll-t 
 afras 
 
 "esll^t nllierwKo enumerated 
 
 whim or ypliow 
 
 ilclinnrili 
 iinmony 
 Us: ncorn 
 
 ftniSlH.Hl 
 
 lienns tiUlnt-y ov Fniicli 
 
 imnu't 
 
 iflinry 
 
 rarmwny 
 
 carrot 
 
 coll hie um 
 
 cole 
 
 coriindtT 
 
 croion 
 
 cummin 
 
 ilari 
 
 fcnuKreek 
 
 lias 
 
 forest , , 
 
 uanlrn, unciumieratca 
 
 urasssfetl»o(»ll ^ur'* 
 
 hemp 
 
 leek 
 
 lentils 
 
 Mtuce 
 
 linseetlandiliixv'ctl 
 
 hueme 
 
 lupiii 
 
 miiw 
 
 millet 
 
 mustard 
 
 onion 
 
 Varsc'ly 
 
 quince 
 Tape 
 
 hesamum 
 ibrub ur tree 
 tare* 
 
 unw'umer.Uetl. comnmnly used tx h- 
 jiressint; oil tliert:iro;ii 
 
 noT'iVarticularly cnumerr..r,l oMle^iiUJ, 
 nr otherwise chargid suih itutj 
 ;eneka root 
 
 '*' ' wUh t "-kle, ai.,.arel. a.ul luru;iur. la- 
 reiit M»ih) 
 
 ri'i!i.liTnl as such, not luMiifc «'•' 
 Im.ll in llie t'liitcd KiniiJoui 
 ihumac 
 
 '"^n'bs or husks "nd «»?'""' . 
 thrown, not il«d, on.l f>«», Mt • 
 sinjl" or tram, orsanjine or ' "!» 
 
 cot1h». ch.>iM>--». >;»"','!';■:'' '"" 
 
 Chin" craK »ha,vk, scarf«.h.">Jk.rcl,..^ , 
 and |ncce>. vi/. : 
 p|;un imd damask 
 embroidery 
 
 KsHlc.«r.<^.i;k;«rj.>a 
 and any otlior matoviil. ""' ''''^„,, 
 Ucl« wholly or iu l'"'V"r olhr ' 
 varticulaily eoumiratiJ or oimt 
 charRedwIth.lu.y „r „f -ilk ™Ui. 
 
 manuftclurm "V"'', ' r.na itlv i"- 
 other matfrial, not.P" ",;:^^ „,t 
 merateil ur olhcrwiM' ili.ir„iu 
 
 n,^;;Sact„r«of;^l^orof.iM<n,i,ri^* 
 metal or ant other in.ut nai u.v , 
 of Kurojic, vi/-.; , f,,„,,,^nt 
 
 Rilk or satin, iilain, btniud. M^. 
 brociided, vi/.. : 
 
 articles tv.eieof notollicrAi.e 
 incriitfd 
 
 );.iii/F, misrd with tllk, viiln, or other 
 iiiiierials, «i/. : 
 liritiul itutt'i 
 
 aiiicle* theTeof not otherwise «nu- 
 liter >tleU 
 Yflvi't. I'Uin or lIxuTtfd, vli. t 
 i.rii.td itutlft 
 
 articles thereof not olhcnviM enume- 
 rate*! 
 l>TO.-i(l stufPi, the foundation of which li 
 wholly compmed of cotton, or other 
 materiali than iilk 
 r'llionii, flain silk, f>f one rolour only 
 iiliiin ftiiim, of one rolour only 
 kilk or satin itriptHl, tifftired, or bro- 
 cadetl, or plain rlt)boiii uf more thun 
 one i-olnur 
 Kauteor crape, plain, tiri pod, figured, 
 
 or brocadeil 
 gaure nmed with ftilk, latin, or 
 nlhcr materiali 
 «,lvet ar )ilufth, wholly of itlk, or of tllk 
 iiiiietl with cotton, vix. : 
 lilaid, urembotBcd by depreulon, «iih. 
 
 out satin or fancv edfte 
 tiBured. brucadeti, ur ttriped or 
 limited, or with f.inty or latin edge, 
 and tilk ribbonit In any way mixttl 
 or ornamented with vclf el or 
 plush 
 111 inufac lure* of sUk, or of illk and any 
 other niiteiial called pluth, not bctn}{ 
 rililwns 
 4Ttir1e« thereof not otherwise enu- 
 merated 
 t)l.irk I'luhh, commonly used for making 
 
 hati 
 fftiirj *ilk net or tricot 
 ..Iain Mlk lace or net called tutla 
 iitMsnlLind iimbrclla'i 
 dani,isk of tilk and wool, or of lilk and 
 
 otlHT materials for furnituie 
 millinery "f «dk, or of which the preater 
 |p.irt ol'the materials i?. of lilk, via. t 
 lurbans or caps 
 bau nr bonnets 
 (lr*^»et 
 mMiuf'ictiires of silk, or of silk mixed with 
 any other material 
 Sllkvoriti gut 
 hil«r 
 
 bkimnndfurs, tix.i 
 prlis aiul laili 
 marten, undrenMil 
 tenl, in the hair, nut tanned, tawed, or 
 
 tqinire) or (-alal)ar, undressed 
 
 liftdRer, uiidrevwd 
 
 l(tar,iiniire5sed 
 
 Ireaver, umlressed 
 
 c.it, tintlri-^seil 
 
 cliinnlla. undres-ied 
 
 i\intj, undresied 
 
 (l«T, ^Ildrl■!l^ed 
 
 4i<v 111 :he hair, not tannctl, tawed, or 
 
 ilrtvsed 
 (loutish, undrcsied 
 «lk,undre*Md 
 
 emiine, dressed or undres.'^ed 
 timber, uudretsed 
 tiU'h, undressiil 
 fox, undressed 
 fai tails, undressed 
 putt, raw or undressed 
 toose, undressed 
 liarv, ntidresM'd 
 hu^-f, iiiidres.%ed 
 |['int!aro<i, undrt.-&.^ed 
 kill, in the hair, undressed 
 kolinski, un<lie»H.ti 
 lei>|>;ird, undres-seii 
 linn, undressed 
 l}ni, undressed 
 Jnarien tails, undresH.'d 
 mini, undreuitl 
 irole, undresM^ 
 iiiUM|ua»li, undressed 
 nutria, undressed 
 oiipf, umlressed 
 ounre, undressed 
 V-ii>ther, undressed 
 l*li», undressed 
 raifjon, uiidres'ed 
 ^.^l)l^■, undressed 
 > ii>> talis or tips, undreiucd 
 Hi^irrel or calabar, tails of, undreH&ed 
 ^«Jn,undreslfd 
 I'l^tr, undre&ied 
 wiM-el. undressed 
 uoir, iindreand or tatred 
 
 TAHIl'F 
 
 Skins and furs, vl;r.: 
 
 wnlTerlnus, umlre'Sed 
 
 dier, Ind \n, half iireosed.tannetl, tawed, 
 
 or In an; wav drei,M-d 
 ermine, dressed 
 
 kid, drensed and d>ed or cotourutl 
 lamb, t<inneil ur t.twttl 
 lamb, dyed or cotoureil 
 
 dressid in oil 
 mini, dressed 
 pells, tannid,tnwe(l, or In .-int way dreued 
 
 float, tanneil, tawed, or in any way dressed 
 nmb, imdressed, in the wfN>l 
 sheeji, undresseil. In the wool 
 
 tannetl or tawetl, dresMil in nil 
 tqulrrel or calabar, undrehM.'d, taweil 
 wulf, tawed 
 
 hid, (Ireased, and dted or coloured 
 and fun. or pieces ihereof, unt-nuinerated, 
 
 tanned, tawed, currir<l, or dressetl 
 »nd furs, or pieces thereof, tawed or un* 
 dressed, unenumerated 
 Smalts 
 Soap, hard 
 soft 
 Naples 
 
 scented or f.mcy loau 
 Soda 
 >oy 
 
 Spa warn 
 Specimens of minerals, fouUs, HIuitratlTe of 
 
 natural history 
 SpiH-kled wood 
 Sjrt'ctarles 
 
 Sjwlter, manufactures of, not othfTwIse enu- 
 merated 
 S|ielleT or zinc, rolli-d, but not otherwise 
 manufactured 
 rru[|e, in cake-i 
 oiide and white uf 
 rods for Iwtts 
 Spermaceti 
 S|Kin«e 
 
 Siiullli, drird or not drie<i j 
 
 March, gum of, torritied or cnlcimd 
 Stationery i 
 
 Staresacre 
 
 Staves, not eicet>dini> 7'^ inthe^ in Ien|ilb,nor 
 7 inches in breadilt, nor oi inclies in thick - | 
 ness 
 Stays or coiicts of linen or cotton, or of linen 
 
 and cotton mixed 
 Stearinc 
 
 Steel, unwrought 
 hcr,^p 
 
 nianiifaciures of 
 Stones in lumps, not in ant manner hewn, 
 includtnf; stones to he Usetl for liiho^^'-.apliy 
 in blo..'ks, Siiajied or rough sralped 
 stone and btaie, huwn 
 niiiTblv, i-awn in blabs, or otheiwise ma* 
 nuf.ictiirvd 
 Straw or K'ass I'u/ platting 
 Suf^ar of lead 
 Siilpliur impressions 
 Sweet wtxKi 
 Talc 
 'i'allow 
 
 Tallow, Tegetabte 
 'J'^iinaiinds 
 Tar 
 
 Uarbadocs 
 Tnrras 
 Taitarlc acid 
 Teasles 
 leeib, eletdiant.s* 
 
 sea cow, sea-horse, or sea morse 
 TelescojHM 
 Terra Ja|Hmica 
 Sienna 
 verde 
 umbra 
 Thread, not otherwise en'.itncrated or de- 
 scribed 
 Tiles 
 Timlwr 
 Tin, ore and repvilui of 
 
 in blm-k;*, ini>it(.s, bars, or stabs 
 manufactures of, not otherwise cnu- 
 
 meratetl 
 foil 
 Tobac(»-plpes of cl.iy 
 'I' on sues 
 Turn«al 
 
 'J*ortoise-shell or turtlu-shell, unmanufactured 
 Toys 
 
 marbles 
 all other toys 
 Truflles 
 Tulip-wood 
 Turmeric 
 
 1365 
 
 Turnery, not othcrwUe described 
 Turpentine 
 
 of Venice, Scio, or Cyprus 
 Twine 
 I'lt-.i marine 
 Vanilla 
 V'anelloes 
 
 Varnish, not nthrrwise descrH»«l 
 Vase^, ancient, nut ut stone or wood 
 \'egt-talilri 
 
 all vrget.iMes not enumerated or de- 
 srrlli>>it 
 
 pre-trrved in salt 
 Vellum 
 Venet-rs 
 
 \'lTdlgTiS 
 
 \>rjuire 
 
 Vermilion 
 
 Wafer* 
 
 Walnut wood 
 
 Washing balls 
 
 Waichi's of gold, silrer, or other metal 
 
 Water 
 
 llologne. the flask 
 when not (n tlasks 
 mineral 
 Wai. I.leacbed 
 unlileavbcd 
 myrtle 
 sea line 
 vegetal lie 
 Weld 
 Whale fins 
 Whipcord 
 Wire, gilt or plated 
 
 silver 
 Woad 
 
 \\'ood f<ir ship tiuildlng, vU. ; stringy bark, 
 r<il ancl blue gum, green hart, mora, 
 and locust wimmU, and wnods formerly 
 admitted at the same duty as teak 
 treeittiils of -vliingy hark, red and bine 
 gum, and locust w uds, and all trcvnaila 
 of and from llritish poMesblons 
 shovel hilts 
 \Vootl : 
 
 birch and fir, hewn. Impnrttfl foe th» 
 »)le purpose of making lierring barrcia 
 for the use of liAhcrie<i 
 wisie wood 
 h<K»ps 
 
 firewood of and from llritUh possesslana 
 teak 
 
 tiinlwr and wood, not Ifcing deals, batienn, 
 
 boards, staves, handspikes, (»ai<i, tatlt- 
 
 woud, or oilu-i tiuilier or wooii s.twn, 
 
 split, ornttierwibe dres-icd, except hewn 
 
 deals, battini, boards, or otiier tiititier or 
 
 wtKMl &awn ur split 
 SI lives 
 lirewoiid 
 handspikes 
 knees 
 l.iihwwxl 
 oar* 
 
 spars or j»ole« 
 spokes for wlmcU 
 
 wooil planed or otherwise dressed or pre- 
 pared for use 
 Wool, l)eaver 
 
 cut and combe<l 
 gowns' wo(j1 or h.tir 
 kh)«p*s or lambs' wuol 
 conev 
 hares' 
 
 cotton and waste of cotton wool 
 Woollens : 
 
 articles or mannfnclures of wool (not 
 being goats* wool), or of wool mixed 
 with cotton 
 carpets and vugs 
 
 kbawis, bcarfx, and li an kerchiefs, plain 
 )irinted 
 
 gloves, wholly or in part m.tde up 
 Yarn ; 
 
 cabloyam 
 
 camel or mohair 
 
 raw linen 
 
 woollen or worsted, scouted, bleacln^d, or 
 
 coloured 
 not scoured, bleached, or coloured 
 Kilk and worsted spun together, and not 
 
 dyed 
 worste<l, raw, not dyed, oi only partially 
 dyed, and not being fit or jiruiicr for 
 embroidering or other purposes 
 Veasl, dried 
 /.afire 
 /.ebra wood 
 /!iiic 
 
 The following^ resolutions of tlic Chancellor of 
 thy Exchequer have been approved by the House 
 of Commons, and will probably become law during 
 the current session (1809). 
 
 1. That the duties of customs chargeable upon 
 tlio articles undermentioned, imported into Great ; 
 liritain and Ireland, shall cease and determine, I 
 viz.:- 
 
 Com, Kwin, meal, and flour, and articles of the ! 
 
 like character, viz :— i 
 
 \V)it;at. i 
 
 Biirlev. I 
 
 Oats. 
 Kyc. 
 reuse. 
 Beans. 
 
 Maize or Indian corn, 
 
 IJuck wheat. 
 
 Hear or bigg. 
 
 Wheat moal and flour. 
 
 llarley meal. 
 
 Oat meal and groats. 
 
 live meal and tlfjur. 
 
 I'ea meal. 
 
 i' \ 
 
♦ - 
 
 ! «• . 
 
 . 
 
 |..: 
 
 ts% '■. \l ■ 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 li ■ :•• i •' 
 
 If'' 
 
 'i [ '" 
 
 .» -'.i 
 
 1366 
 
 TAllIFF 
 
 Uenn mcnl. 
 
 Maize or Indian rorii mcnl. 
 
 Buck wheat nuiil. 
 
 Meal, iKit otherwise enumerated or described. 
 
 Arrow rodt, 
 
 Harley, pearled. 
 
 Biscuit and bread. 
 
 Cassava powder. 
 
 Maccaroni. 
 
 Maiidioea llour. 
 
 Manna croup. 
 
 I'otato llour. 
 
 Powiler, viz. hair, 
 perfumed. 
 
 nor. otherwise enumerated or described 
 that will servo tlic came purpose as starch. 
 
 Kicc lUist and meal, 
 
 Satjo. 
 
 Semolina. 
 
 Starch. 
 
 gum of, torrilied or calcined. 
 
 Tapioca. 
 
 Vermicelli. 
 
 2. That, in lien of the duties of customs now 
 charfieable on beer aiul ale, as denominated in the 
 tarift^ on iraportatiou into Great Britain or Ireland, 
 the following duties shall be charged) viz. : — 
 
 Beer imd ale, viz. ; — 
 
 Mum, thebirrel of .T> R.iiioin • 
 ispnicc, the barrel of Hti yalluns 
 
 Of Other sorts, viz, : — 
 
 £ : ,1. 
 - I I II 
 • 1 1 u 
 
 llwr, the woru of whirli were before ferrnrnralion 
 of a siiecihc gravity iitit exceviiin^ l,(l(i.>, the 
 b.irTel of .Ifi Rations 
 
 ElceediiiK t,()(>.'i", iiiid not eicenling 1,1100°, tlie 
 barril of Titi Rallonii 
 
 Exceeding 1 ,U9U.', the barrel of oO gatloiis 
 
 n tt 
 
 I(i 
 
 Grant of Income Tax. — H, That, towards raising 
 the sujiply prantcd to her Majesty, there shall be 
 charfied, collected, and paid for one year, v'oni- 
 mcneitig on April (J, 1869, for and in respect of all 
 proiieriy, profits, and gains mentioned ordescribed 
 as chargeable in the Act passed in the sixteenth 
 and seventeenth years of her Slajesty's reign, 
 c. 34, for granting to her Majesty duties oti 
 profit arising from property, ))rofessiouH, t.adcs, 
 antl offices, the following rates and iluties (that is 
 to say) : — 
 
 For every 20*, of the annual value or amount 
 of all such property, profits, and gains (except 
 those chargeable under Schedule (B) of the said 
 Act), the rate or duty of M. 
 
 And for and in respect of the occupation of 
 lands, tenements, hereditaments, and heritages 
 ehargcable under Schedule (B) of the said Act, 
 for every 20s, of the annual value thereof, in 
 luigland, the rate or duty of '.id., and in Scotland 
 iinil Ireland respectively, the rate or duty of 2^1/. 
 
 Sidiject to the provisions contained in sec. 3 of 
 the Act 2G Vict, c, 22 lor the exemption of persons 
 whose whole income I'roni every source is under 
 100/, a-yenr, and relief of those whoso income is 
 under 200/, a-ycar. 
 
 licpcal of Assessed Taxes. — 4. That the d tiies 
 of assessed tuxes now payable in Great Britaiti 
 shall cease to be assessed m respect of male ser- 
 vants, carriages, horses, mares or geldings, mules, 
 hair powder, and armorial bearings employed, 
 kept, used, or worn respectively after April 5, 1809, 
 in lingland, and after May 24, 1869, in Scotland, 
 and on persons using or exercising the trade an(l 
 business of a horse dealer after such days respec- 
 tively. 
 
 Repeal of Excise Locomotion Duties. — 6. Th.'it, 
 on .Janu;iry 1, 1870, the following duties of excise 
 shall cease to be payable (that is to say) : — 
 
 Upon licenses to let horses for hire in Grcai 
 Britain. 
 
 Upon licenses to let to hiro horses for the pur- 
 pose of travelling post by the mile, or from stago 
 to stage in Ireland, 
 
 Upon licenses to keep, use, and let to liim 
 hackney carriages, v/ithin the limits of the me- 
 tropolitan police district and the city of London, 
 aiul also the weekly diitic;, payable in respect gi 
 such hackney carriages. 
 
 Upon licenses to keep, tsc, and employ stage 
 carriages in Great Britair , and also the mileage 
 duty payable in respect of such stage carriages. 
 
 Grant of Excise Unties on Male Sirvnuls, 
 Carriages, Horses, 3Tules,and Armorial Batringt, 
 and on Horse Dealers. — 6. That towards raising iln. 
 supply granted to her Majesty, there shall k 
 granted, charged, levied, and paid on and after 
 January 1, 1870, in and throughout Great Hritain 
 the following duties of excise upon licenses to Ixi 
 taken out annuall}* by the persons who shall em- 
 ploy any male servant, or who shall keep anv 
 carriage, or horse or mule, or who shall wear or 
 use any armorial bearings, or who shall exercise 
 or carry on tho trade of a horse dealer. 
 
 Male Servants. 
 
 £ I. d. 
 For eTery male serrnnt employed either wliolly or |mrll-illy 
 ill any of ttie followinK ca|iariliiN, viz. :— inaltre U'tiulel, 
 hou&e steward, master of the horse, groom of the cliain- 
 iwrs, valet <le ihamlire, t>utler, under Imtier, clerk of the 
 kilt'lien, confectioner, cook, house porter, footman, iiafie, 
 waller, coacliinati, Krooin, postillion, stable boy or liel)itt 
 in the stables, KViIencr, under gardener, park keeper, 
 game kipper or game watcher, huntsman and whiinter- 
 in, or if) any capacity involving the duties of anv of the 
 above descri|itioiis of servants by whatever style the per- 
 son acting in such capacity may be called 
 
 li 
 
 Carriages. 
 
 For every carriage drawn by a horse or mule, or bv horsei 
 or mules (esrefit a WBKRun, cart, or other vehicle used 
 solely tor the conveyance of any rooiU or burden in the 
 course of trade or husbandry, and whereon the Chrlsii;iu 
 name and surname, and pl&ce of alHjde or place of t>uM- 
 ness of the owner, shall be visibly and legibly painteiD- 
 Ifhuch carriage shall have 4 or more wheels, and shall 
 
 be of the weight of .1 cwt. or upwards - - 1 i 
 
 If such carriage shall have less than 4 wheels, or 
 having 4 ur more wheels, shall be of less weight tli;iii 
 3 cwt, - - - ■ - U I 
 
 Horses and 3Iules. 
 
 For every horse or mule (including a horse or liony of <uiy 
 sex or (tescription or age, but not including a foal, colt, or 
 lilly, or mule, whicli shall never have been tised fur any 
 inirposeof draught or riding) - - -0 10 
 
 Armorial Bearings, 
 
 i i II 
 1 1 
 
 For armorial beatings (including any armorial be iri"PS 
 crest, .,1- ensign, by whatever name the same sb.il! be 
 calledl— 
 Jf such iirinorlal bearings shall lie painted, inarkcil, or 
 
 aflixt^ti oil or to any carriage 
 If suci) armorial bearings shait be otherwise worn or 
 used ...... 
 
 Horse Dealers. 
 
 Every horse dealer in Great Britain - . - 
 
 Repeal of the Percentage Ditty on Fire hsi 
 ranees. — 7, That, on June 25, 1869, the stamp duty 
 at the rtitc of Is. {')d. per cent, per annum, now 
 payable in respect of insurances against loss or 
 damage by fire only, shall cease to be payable. 
 
 Repeal of Excise Duties on Tea Lmmes.—i 
 That, from July 5, 1809, tho duties of cxci-^-enov 
 p.iyablc upon licenses to be taken out by persons 
 trading in or selling coffee, tea, cocoa nuts, choco- 
 late, or pepper, shall cease to be payable. 
 
 For Tariff of the Isle of Man, see Man, Isi.e of, 
 
 n. Takiffs, Cor.oNiAr-. 
 
 See also Adulaidic, Cape Town, JIklbcurse, 
 Tasmania »Sic. 
 
 .Statements showing tho alterations on colonial | 
 tariffs are laid before Parliament periodically. 
 
 For Indian Tariff, see Calcutta. 
 
£ 1, d. 
 
 i horses for hire in Great 
 
 to hiro liorscs for the jiur- 
 i by tho mile, or from stage 
 
 «ep, uso, and let to hir. 
 ithin tlu! linuta of the m,- 
 ict and the city of Ldndoii, 
 lutic:, i^ayahlo in respect .n 
 
 tcep, ISC, and employ st;,p> 
 ritair , and also the mil.a-i' 
 ^ct of such stage carnat;cs. 
 
 JJiities on Male Sfmmls, 
 [uUs,and Armorial Iimnng>, 
 _6 That towards raisiiiKtk' 
 her" Majesty, there shall W 
 vied, and paid on and after 
 md throughout Great Hritain 
 of excise upon licenses to be 
 av tho persons who shaU cm- 
 rant, or who shall keep any 
 r mule, or who shall wear or 
 tarings, or who shall exercise 
 'o of a horse dealer. 
 
 ale Servants. 
 
 .utltr. under Imtlir. cK'in oi iiu 
 So "wponcr, footman. v»«i-. 
 °,,„«mlon, .table bo, or help, 
 iniler garilener, paik keeiier, 
 
 rant-sb, whatever ttsle the per- 
 Itj ma, be called 
 
 Carriages. 
 
 h,ahor!eornnite,orbvhorfi.j 
 ^ %irt nr Other vehicle uscil 
 ^rofamBo^Korburdmlnthe 
 >;dr,?"ndv'bcreonthe(;hri,...m 
 liilice of abode or (.lace of 1 .w- 
 l^ J^.lbl, and leKibly P»hit« 1- 
 h!«4oJmore»heeU.aud.lall 
 
 hUl!i!.harbe_ofle««elghttha,. ^_ ,, 
 
 orses and 3Iules. 
 
 linrludine a horse or lion, of any 
 
 .'Eutnm'includinK a ^o-l. "••;;; 
 
 llall never have biwu^ed for any ^ ^^ ^ 
 
 idinn) 
 
 'inurial Bearings. 
 
 irinis, shall l«r'>in'«''' ■""'"''•" 2 ■: '> 
 ;SV'"hall be otherwise «orn or ^ ^ , 
 
 2 i 
 
 Jlorse Dealers. 
 
 real Britain 
 
 TAKIFF 
 
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 I 
 
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 b. " 
 
 
 
 
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 Percentage Vuty on Fire /|i>«- 
 onJune25,18(i9.thestampcta) 
 
 L, iiU. per cent, per annum. "'^ 
 ct of insurances against tes « 
 aly, shall cease to be payaU>. 
 
 5 1809, the duties of «ci^«* 
 fAsestobetakenoutbyp-^^ 
 ling coffee, tea, cocoa nuts, cho.o 
 
 hall cease to bo payabk. 
 
 lie Isle of Man, see Man, isit't. 
 
 Sn^c";-Tow.,Mr..BOUK.. 
 
 owing the alterations on colonial 
 °forc Parliament pcr.od.oalU. 
 
 iriff, see Calcutta. 
 
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 iiioi'i' <'<° 1'''*'^ (U'tiiil, uiiilcr till' tiilliiwiii); licadt, 
 viz, Itvr.vviA, Ni:w Yxuk, I'lvriiitsiiuiKi, iiinl 
 unilor lisi'ATlKH, MCc mib-liciulH, Austria, Uclyium, 
 Cliiiiii, h'riiiiri; Mitrniin, Siitm, 
 
 lliii ilii'sc tiirifls, liki- {\w. C'loiiiiil, nro Niilijrct 
 III fiiiisliiiil L'lmiiffp, lis limy \w. him'ii from tin; 
 iiniKT-' "'< ''"^ Niibjcrt liiiil lict'iiri! i'arliamcnt rroiii 
 time li' tii'i>'. '"* well an by llic Hoaril of 'I'rnili' 
 iiiiticc's wliii^li appear in alniost every niimlier of 
 the; I.iiiitliin (I'azilte. Tliu most important, that 
 liiij ii|i|iiare(l in tlio llmrtlc, between April 1 and 
 l.', If'ti!', it tho followiiij;, uh to the increase of 
 duties oil oxiiorts from Cuba : — 
 
 TASMANIA 
 
 1371 
 
 Siiaar, licr iKil . ,' , ," 
 MiiMiivadn mijcnr. In lloftsllciuU, 
 " i„r .int'lia nf V.Mti. • 
 l^'.il i„li.U'ni,|>('ri|llitilal, llllllh. 
 Mcil K-i''. i«r lin)(»h«id of I'ill HUl. 
 Hum. I" r <.'>l' "f •'"' »""'i»5 ; 
 
 n HpnnUh Hhlp» 
 
 do), CIS. 
 
 7.'i 
 
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 1 II 
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 I II 
 
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 dul. rtN. 
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 I II 
 
 T.MM'AH. [AitoAi,.] 
 
 TA.SM.VXrA or VAN UIKMEN'S LAND. A 
 liirtjc island bcUmgiiijc to (irent ISritain, forming 
 hurt iif Australia, IviiiK betwoen 41° 20' and 
 1:10 .1(1' S. Iat.,and Ml°l()'and 148° 20' W.Ioiik. It 
 .•.iiilaiiw ■_'(!,•-'•'' •'«l"''ifc mile.i. (See the Merattor's 
 Ouirt prelixed to this work.) 
 
 Tills land wa.s disciiveroil by tlio Dutch naviga- 
 (urTasinan in 1G12, and was named in honour of 
 Aiitliimy Van Dicmen, at that time govcrnor- 
 Ct'iural of the Dnteh jiossr-tsions in tho Kast 
 liulit's; liiit it is now usually called Tasmnnia, 
 Ifom it.s discoverer, rrevimisly to 1708 it was 
 sippiiscdto form part of New Holland, bnt it was 
 tlicii asceriained to be an i.sland. It was taken 
 pcisessiou ot by tho Uritiah in 1803; and in 
 18041 liiliart 'Ibwn, the capital, was founded. 
 
 Till' surface is generally hilly and monntainous; 
 but, lliou^h none of the land bo of tho (irst (piality, 
 there are several moderately fertile plains, and u 
 gODil ileal of the hilly ground is susceptible of being 
 culliviited. On the whole, however, it is not 
 supposed that more than about u third part of tho 
 entire surface of tho island can bo considered 
 arable ; but about a third more may bo advanta- 
 pnusly useJ as sheep pasture. As compared with 
 N'lW ilullaiid, it is well watered. The climate, 
 ihou-li v.iriable, is, generally speaking, good, and 
 suitable fur iMiropean constitutions ; and it is not 
 cxposeil t(i the tremendous droughts that occasion 
 sij uiueh mischief in New South Wales, Wheat 
 is riiiscil ill considerable quantities; though wool 
 is .It present the staple produce of tho colony. 
 
 Vau Dieineii's Land, like New South W.'ile.s, 
 wa.s oripually intended to serve as a penal colony, 
 aiul it received between 1823 and ]8"i0 no fewer 
 iliau a8,J18 convicts. It has also receivoil, espe- 
 oially of late years, large numbers of free settlers. 
 
 In 18(17 tho total population of the island 
 aniounled to 08,l"il. 
 
 I'or some considerable time great di.ssatisfaclion 
 was fell by the colonists at the (■onlimied iiii|Mii- 
 taliiin of convicts; and previously to IH.'iO very 
 vigorous measures wero taken to clVcct its aiiii- 
 pressiiiii. It was finally abandoned in 18;).). In 
 truth, lifter the discovery of tho gold lielils in tho 
 ailjiiiningcontinent, it could no longer be continiied. 
 'I'hi! convicts laniled in Van Dienien's Land very 
 speedily escaped to Victoria or No'.v South Wales; 
 where a largo proportion of them recommenced 
 the same career which had led to their ejection 
 from their mother country. A nuisunco of this 
 sort eoiilil not be toleriitbd. And however our 
 criminal population may be disposed of, it it. .10 
 lunger to be [lennitted tocontnmiualcund brutaliso 
 the Australian continent. 
 
 llobart Town or Ilobnrton, us it is usually 
 termed, is situated in the southern jiart of the 
 island, on the west side of the river Uerwent, netir 
 its jiiiictioii with Storm liay, lat. (Fort Mulgrave) 
 42" &;)' i')'' S., long. 147° 2l' fi" lO. Tho water i.s 
 deep, and the anchorage good. A jetty has been 
 constructed, accessible to the largest niiips. Tho 
 situation appears to liavo been very well chosen, 
 and tho town has been judiciously laid out. In 
 18G2 llobarton contained 19,449 inhaoitants. 
 The houses aro supposed to bo worth, at an average, 
 i'lO/. a-ycnr. There aro several printing establish- 
 ments in tho town, and various ne\v.,spapeis, some 
 of them very well conducted. There aro also ji 
 Hook Society, a Mechanics' Institute, and several 
 res|)ectablo schools and academies. Tho Vaa 
 Diemen's Land Hanking Company, the Austral- 
 asian Hank, the Union Hank, the Commercial 
 Hank ic, have oflicos in llobarton. They aro 
 joint-stock companies. A lighthouse, with a 
 lixcd light 70 feet in height, has been erected on 
 Capo Direction, on a small island about G miles 
 S. from llobarton, 
 
 Launceston, tho second town in the island, i^ 
 situated in the northern part, at the head of the 
 navigable river Tam.ir, which falls into Port. 
 Dalrymplo, Its population amounted in 18('i2 ti> 
 10,3f)9. It has a considerable trade with .Sydney 
 and llobarton, and with England. 
 
 Tiaile of Van JJiemcns Liinil. — In 1807, G4.'l 
 
 I vessels, of 107,903 tons, entered tho ports of Tas- 
 
 I mania. Haberdashery, apparel, cotton and linen 
 
 goods, hardware, malt liquor, tea, sugar, wine Ac, 
 
 form the principal articles of import. 
 
 i Here, as in New South Wales, wool forms by 
 
 far the most important article of export ; next ti> 
 
 it are Hour and oat.s, live slock, timber, sperm oil, 
 
 IHitatoes, mimosa bark, and various less impurttiiifc 
 
 articles. The usual excess of tho imports over 
 
 the exports is accounted for by ihe remittance* 
 
 to defray the cost of the convict establishment. 
 
 I We subjoin accounts of the principal irtiiles 
 
 ; exported from, and imported into, the two chief 
 
 I ports of Tasmania in 18G4, 18G5, and 1800. 
 
 Acamiit of tlic Qiumtitki mid Vuliifn of the Principal Articles Frpnrted from llobart Town and 
 Liiuuccston in each of the Yearn 1801, 180;,, and 1800. 
 
 •c - c E - - - 
 
 'f.<<i 
 
 Atiicln 
 
 
 
 Quantillfs 
 
 
 
 Valiif 
 
 
 
 ISfil 
 
 18(15 
 
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 . • 
 
 ■ • 
 
 1371: 
 
 TASMANIA 
 
 Aeci'iiiil of the Qmiititiii and Vuliicn of the J'riuilpitl Aitide) lin/mrted at the Porta of Uohiirt 
 Town ami jMunceaton In iiiih of the years IHli'l, 1«05, and IHGO. 
 
 
 
 
 OuillMlllvt 
 
 
 
 Vuluii 
 
 
 A 1 til-! It 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ISIil 
 
 iwn 
 
 WA 
 
 IURI 
 
 IMS.) 
 
 IHCH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JC 
 
 
 e 
 
 AlM'Uil .mil Oop* - 
 
 Til HP 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 
 «i;,'Mi 
 
 il.li.ll 
 
 vj.mi 
 
 III** 1 .m<l pr.iti'.kitnf 
 
 m |t:ictin(;i*H 
 
 .1,'..1i 
 
 \,r,:r, 
 
 
 
 
 l.rn 
 
 litm t iiiid lioi'a 
 
 VIlllIU 
 
 .. 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 lid.H.VJ 
 
 ii;,'»ii 
 
 (aiiviU >ihI l>iii.'uiitK 
 
 fliiuk.i«f» 
 ^ v.ikU 
 
 ( 
 
 ,, 
 
 • • 
 
 4,11'JS 
 
 y,Hi7 
 
 i,'jri 
 
 Ui.'iiv r* • 
 
 V.llllt' 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 viil ,i:.ii> 
 
 lC(i,s'i-> 
 
 ll'l'l,17l 
 
 Iron <tiiil 1 11 
 
 (l>IH 
 
 IM 
 
 :;') 
 
 .'.SJ 
 
 H,.1IH 
 
 H,tlV 
 
 !l,l'l.1 
 
 Ir.iMiiitinu rjf nnil limluiar 
 
 >• V'tlllV 
 
 
 
 
 .Vijl.'l 
 
 4li,'.IU 
 
 4H.WJ 
 
 J.ivi si..> k iMili- - 
 
 miMiliiT 
 
 i,s;7 
 
 v.'is: 
 
 l.'ll.l 
 
 47.71.11 
 
 Jll,l(il 
 
 I4.''7il 
 
 
 M 
 
 11. i\* 
 
 'J,'U 
 
 l.i..'.W 
 
 11,1711 
 
 K.IIH 
 
 l'.,"ll 
 
 Mnli iqiiitr 
 
 V.lIUf 
 
 
 
 
 l.'i.HliH 
 
 l.-,,ll'll 
 
 K.i'i; 
 
 Oilrn (!>'. -ivTVt 
 
 „ 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ll,n;'i 
 
 l.lllt'i 
 
 H,;.vi 
 
 HtiilioiU'iy 
 
 Tuliie 
 
 
 
 ., 
 
 Vl.lvl 
 
 •id.lilll 
 
 Kl.MW 
 
 Sim ir, r.iw 
 
 fpack.iict'* 
 ■ \ rwt. 
 
 li.lL'* 1,1. (i.T 
 
 4II/I7I1 
 
 :.■■:..,:} 
 
 value 
 
 nii,i77 
 
 Kfl,lfri 
 
 mi.-9 
 
 Tr« • . 
 
 ■ i 11.. 
 
 } •• 
 
 
 .. 
 
 (iH.-.lil 
 
 41,ail 
 
 41,081 
 
 TtlI»,MM> . 
 
 v.iliie 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 ,, 
 
 4l,r,(i7 
 
 li,ii.-.r, 
 
 H •)'/! 
 
 
 • *• 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 l'M.!l< 
 'jllS.vli'. 
 
 7ri7,i;'. 
 
 l.'l.ISi 
 
 'I'nMt T/lllie ■ 
 
 .- 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 !IH,III7 ~ 
 
 Of tho iiiiports, nlioiit j nrc fnim tlin I'nited 
 KiiiK<l<iiii, mill iiioro tliaii i} of tlic rr.^tiiliic from 
 Jiiilia niiii (itlirr llrilisli nosscsaimis. Abimt ^ nf 
 llie cxiKirH nrc dcsliiioil tot tliu IJiiiti'd Iviii;;- 
 4loii), niul tlin rest for our coUmics nnd pnssi'sision.s. 
 
 In 18(i7 the vnliic of tlin totnl iinportH into iIk; 
 United Kingdom from Ta.smnnia wa.s 40(!,i;i(i/.i 
 and tlint of the totnl exports from iIia I'lijtdi 
 Kingdom to Tasinnnin '2?S,!.i23/., of wliioli 21C,8J0/. 
 represented ISrilish produce and manufactures. 
 
 jS'iwttifr and Tonnur/e of Ve.tsrl.1 Kniircd mid Cleared, with Cargoes and in Ballast, at eurh of 
 the Two Chief Ports of Tasmania i;»"l8tiC.. 
 
 I'oru 
 
 Knured 
 
 i;irarnl 
 
 With rar^oct 
 
 III n.ulait 
 
 Total 
 
 With CarKotfl 
 
 »MH'Iii Ion* 
 iilii .Ill.lliS 
 .1H9 4'),>sa 
 mS 911,911 
 
 In Ilallaii 
 
 Totnl 
 
 Ilolmrl Tnwn 
 
 I'nl.ll 
 
 TCllM'll 
 
 lH't 
 
 i'.s 
 11(1 
 
 torn 
 
 4«.H.'.II 
 4K.1WI 
 
 sji.d'i; 
 
 Ti-steU 
 
 l.'i 
 I'.S 
 
 tn>M 
 7,711 
 II.IIM 
 
 l.s,s;ii 
 
 VOSSI'll 
 
 •i:- 
 4lri 
 
 111) 
 
 tuns 
 .'.4,.-.fiS 
 .'i.1..1.15 
 1117.911.1 
 
 VCMOIl 
 •ill 
 
 1 
 
 '^7 
 
 tons 
 4,I1S^ 
 1.4.19 
 
 li.l^l 
 
 .Tlli 
 
 Innt 
 .^MUI 
 
 The ili.Hoiivery of the pihl (ii'hU in Vit'luria and 
 New South \ValeH had an iiistanlaiiPiius and 
 jiowcrful effect on Tasmania. All sorts of indus- 
 trious undertakings \\ ere paralysed. The einifjra- 
 tion I'Min the colony wa.s sudden and excessive ; 
 nnd many farmers were all liut totally deserted by 
 their l.iliourers. Hut, thoiifjh exposed for n while 
 to preat difliculties, a revulsion soon began to take 
 clfect. in favour of the Tasmanian colonists. An 
 iinlimiti'd market, at greatly advanced prices, was 
 opened in the adjoining coniinent for their grain, 
 potatoes, timber, antl other products, llence 
 
 many of tho better class of labourers a:;.iiii 
 returned to the colony, some with con.siilcralild 
 sums of money. And the emigration had the 
 effect of ridding the island of tho worst purtinii of 
 tlie conviet.s, who were found carrying on tluir 
 depredations at the 'diggings,* on the roml.s, and 
 in the towns of Victoria nnd New South Walon, 
 (See the valuable work of Westgnrth, entitled 
 Vietoria, its Gold Mines §'c., cap. vi.) The emi- 
 gration, however, has had a marked effect on tlic 
 imports nnd exports of tho colony, as will bo »vn 
 from the foregoing as well na tho following taliV. 
 
 Statement of the Declared Value o^f Inifmrts into, and E.rports from, Tasmania, and the Jtale 
 per Head of Population, fur each of Ten Vears ending with 1800. 
 
 Years 
 
 Imports 
 
 Eiiiorts 
 
 I'opulalion 
 
 Kate per Head of 
 
 Imports 
 
 Kxporli 
 
 is.'i? 
 1 k;,s 
 1>'.9 
 
 I Mill 
 
 Islil 
 
 1 'li'i 
 l^li.T 
 IMil 
 
 1 si;,-, 
 
 ISIiti 
 
 £ 
 
 l,V7 1,087 
 
 l,l'iS,lil'i 
 
 1, 111.1. 'Jl 17 
 
 I,ilf.S,4ll 
 
 9'i.1,il7 
 
 N.',7,IM 
 
 !IIIV,'III» 
 
 Mis.vi:.', 
 ;ii:,.".;'. 
 
 e 
 
 i,Tii,fi'i-p 
 1,1 '11,1.119 
 
 1, 19.-.. VIS 
 !l(i'M7ll 
 9.l.,lliT 
 919,1; 19 
 999, '.I 1 
 9?.'.. 7.111 
 SSIl,9';.'i 
 Ml.i.l.li 
 
 Ri.ni.! 
 
 Nl,4'_'il 
 
 Kii,rii 
 
 SS,(l.'>.1 
 9ll,.^ll 
 9ll,7iS 
 91, M9 
 9.1,.1ll7 
 9'.,'iiil 
 i*7 .."lis 
 
 £ •. rf. 
 l.'j 4 II 
 1.'. 14 9 
 1.1 9 .1 
 li » » 
 10 II 41 
 9 9 1) 
 9 17 .1 
 9 11 n{ 
 H II 'i 
 9 1.1 (ij 
 
 / 1. <;. 1 
 
 Id ( 111 : 
 1.1 U 111 
 1.1 16 Vj 
 111 IH lil 
 111 II 1 
 HI t H) 
 III III J 
 III 9 1 
 
 9 !, « 
 
 H II i 
 
 Tariff. — Tha Legislature of Van Diemen's Land, 
 after advising with the other Australian colonies, 
 jias.sed an Act, which came into o|ierntion in 
 reliriiarr 185.3, siinplifj-ing nnd reducing the 
 tariff. It proceeds on the principle of imposing 
 duties on a few articles in extensive demand, 
 jiiid more especially on those belonging to the 
 da.ss of stimulants, and exempting the others. 
 Hence ardent spirits have attracted the marked 
 .ittentiim of ihe Tasmanian liiianciers, for the 
 stale of duties is as follows, viz. : — 
 
 llranilv, per yal. . . - 
 
 Ili.Uaiiiis, riitii. Kin, and all other spirits, per f{al. 
 IS'inc. in udod 
 
 bottle, per di.r.. 
 
 ». (/. 
 
 U 
 1^ II 
 
 
 4 and H 
 
 Toliarco, per ll>. 
 
 SiiKar, raw, pur cwt. 
 
 'i'ea, tn-r lb. 
 
 ('(.flee, per lb. - 
 
 .Malt liiiuor, In wood, per Kal. 
 
 per doz. 
 Dried fruits. |«r lb. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 . 6 
 
 
 . II 
 
 
 . II 
 
 
 • (1 
 
 
 and 'i 
 
 
 - U 
 
 1) 
 
 St-e furiher under TarifTit, C0l0ni.1I. 
 
 Jiate.^ of Pilotage, Harbour Dues Sfc» 
 
 n'hatfoftt. 
 
 £ i. rf. 
 
 On landln^C carh caAk. bale, or packafte • <> <> *^ 
 
 Iron, uer ton - • . (i ') 11 
 
 (tlllt „ - - . 5 II 
 
 timber, per I, 'KH) feet - - •» d 
 
 On shipping eath cask, bale, or package ' " " jl 
 
 Iron, per ton • ■ - .1 
 
 salt ,» . . - I 
 
 Cotnnlnt produce, when landed or ahlpped, Unot mlijwtedtoJi 
 
 rhar^e, i-xcept Ibr a suftenmci'. 
 
TASMANIA 
 
 'I'ATTA 
 
 1373 
 
 <ll 
 
 </.« i'i)r<3 
 
 I'f Unhurt 
 
 tnJ IHtiO. 
 
 
 J 
 
 V.lUB 
 
 
 mc.i 1 
 
 IHCII 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 ii.ini 
 
 VitW 
 
 '. '1 1 
 
 l.ri'i 
 
 l^n.^.''.! 
 
 ll.,'iHl 
 
 3,H77 
 
 i.'j;» 1 
 
 ICll.H'I'i 
 
 I'ri.'iTi 
 
 K.M'i 
 
 
 4ti,'.)I.S 
 
 4H,'i»'J 
 
 i<l,\li't 
 
 
 H.lllt 
 
 r.,"it 
 
 
 i.'i.ii'pi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vll.l.'fll 
 
 VI, Mil 
 
 
 M.Wt 
 
 lii.f'j 
 
 
 A\.t\* 
 
 «1,0SI 
 
 II.IC.B 
 
 lH,i)JI 
 
 ^1,1 !'■ 
 
 l.'l.lM 
 
 — ;iv;,3;V 
 
 '.pi-i,iii; 
 
 Ftil. 
 
 the total importH into \\w. 
 n Tasinaniii wan 4()(i,t:io/„ 
 il exports from ttie VnWiA 
 I '22S,".V23/., of wliidi '.'1G,8JU/. 
 roducc nnd mamifttctures. 
 
 md in Bullast, at each of 
 
 dcarctl 
 
 In llallalt 
 
 an 
 
 _7_ 
 
 •i 
 
 TiitM 
 
 toni I ve*«*U Ion* 
 4,(iS'« -^Vi .y.,lill 
 
 l.n a I »iiiJ__.Mi.!iM 
 
 ICvii I i;."a I iiBi.ifi'i 
 
 r class of labourers a^'ain 
 
 ony, some with coiisidcraMi' 
 
 ^nii the emigration had iln' 
 
 island of tlic worst portion i|t' 
 
 rcrc found carrying on tluir 
 
 ai(rgiii(rs,' on till! roads, and 
 
 roria and New South Wales. 
 
 kvork of Wcstgarth, entillcd 
 
 \lines §•(.-., cap. vi.) Tliccnu- 
 
 is had a marked efipct on the 
 
 of the colony, as will lie set" 
 
 13 well as the fiiUowing tiililc 
 
 \om, Tasmania, and the Jhle 
 ng with 18G6. 
 
 Kate per Ilea»l uf 
 
 fj. 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 'J 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 11 
 
 41 
 
 '1 
 
 II 
 
 17 
 
 Ji 
 
 It 
 
 11 
 
 'i 
 
 13 
 
 i>\ 
 
 Exiwrli 
 
 ifi 1 "1 
 
 1.1 \t 10 
 1.1 IB -A 
 10 IH B| 
 10 II I 
 
 111 a «J 
 
 10 IH !> 
 
 Ill a 11 
 
 !t !> »} 
 H 11 9{ 
 
 - 6 
 
 - " 
 . 
 
 i'l' '. ■ " 
 
 llieriial. - _ , „,„j.j 
 
 : . - u 
 
 Ir under Tarim, Colonial. 
 
 \tage. Harbour Dues ^c. 
 
 iVKarfage. 
 
 £ •■ f- 
 
 9 
 
 II ') 
 
 I' 
 
 •>. II 
 
 (I ' 
 
 .1 c 
 
 ;ianJ«l or MVV^, '• ""'"'"V"* '° « 
 
 'nice. 
 
 :. bale, or package 
 I ton 
 
 licr 1,000 f«" 
 
 Ik, bale, or package 
 
 1 ton 
 
 A (ufft-r.tnre to lanil «r *liiii uimkU 
 \ wair:(T<t Id ri'iiii'vc ui^nIs frtiiii umlrr iMiniP 
 On lamlmtcenrli »-rt*k or |iii(-k.(K<' I'f -I'lrH* "' *lnt 
 On the re«i*lrj "I' »("**i'U nni in ,*,liii« HI Imn - 
 «Im,»i. 10 liin^i, iit-r tun • 
 Totheihl'-f' li*ik. <tn the it'Ki^lry tif vesMfli 
 (111 lml<ir-l"|| ihoip' "f 111 inter 
 
 £ 1 
 
 II I 
 
 O I 
 
 II II 
 
 t II 
 
 II I 
 
 II III 
 
 II II) 
 
 lliil.t „r niMiint III Iht lltrntnl. 
 
 Tlio chief exports nro rice, shawls fioiii (!nsh- 
 mcri'. opium I'rum Malwiih, hides, k'"'!', cnttiiii, 
 goats' Willi!, furpi'ls, drut;s Ac. I'lilclinclv, an 
 artirlo larnfly consumed in (Ihinn, is a peculiar 
 e.xpiirl of .Siiiile. Tiie imports comprise A \ ariety 
 iif articles, but the (piantitics are trilliii;; : llicy 
 tMiiisist principally of spices, dye stuffs, liartlware, 
 till, iron Ac., Iiroad cloths, Kii^lish coltoiis, silks 
 Ac. Ihit at present the trade is tpiile iiicousith'r- 
 able; ami no one could believe, ii priori, that the 
 natural einporiuin of ho ^reat a river as llie Indus, 
 traversing many extensive countries, would cut so 
 insi^nilicauta tlKuro in thctradiri<;wiirlil. It may 
 be siiiil to he well nijrh superseded by Kiirriichcc, 
 whii'b How biiusts railway eiimniiinication with 
 llyili-riiiad and the Iiitlus, and telcj^rapliic com- 
 inuiiiciitioii with Aden, 
 
 Aiiriiliilli>n itiiil 'J'niile nft/in Indus. — 'I'lie liavi- 
 ^ratiiJii iif this iiiii;;iiilicciit river by the fleet of 
 I Alexander the (ireat lias coiiferred on it a clas- 
 If tlie pilot does not luiard the vessel outside I sieid celebrily not to be nintelied by any other 
 the niiilille j;round at the Heads atdeorKo Town, I river of the Kast. Its mii;,'niluile, ton, is" worthy 
 i,r, tlio weather not permittiiif? his noiiif^ outside, ! nf ii^ fame. It may bt! ii;ivit,'ated by tbit bot- 
 if he lie not ready to show the channel by keepiiif; I tiiineil boats as far "as Attnok, and its tributary 
 hi* boat in the fair way until Iho ship can be j .stream the Uavee is iiavi(,'able lo Lalmre, both 
 
 llr.iiiKlii I'l 
 
 H liter 
 
 
 Into 
 
 Jt 1. ,1. 
 
 fi'ft .lint uiul 
 
 r 
 
 
 .3 II 11) 
 3 3 l{ 
 
 
 
 
 3 H 3 
 
 ;• 
 
 
 
 3 l.'i i;i 
 
 4 .'. .'.i 
 4 I'l lU 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 .', 17 
 
 
 
 
 7 1 It 
 
 
 
 
 H 13 llj 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 III 1 1 ti 
 
 1, 
 
 
 
 13 3 3 
 
 dill 
 
 M : 
 » 7 
 'i !l 
 
 ■i 13 
 
 U IS 
 
 ■I r. 
 
 3 17 
 
 4 \: 
 
 f, !) I 
 
 I! II 
 H Ii 
 III 4 
 
 .<( ;'.ir( tUllriimflr 
 .(-I'ltlinK nUive WliirliKMl llench 
 
 7 f,i t anil uniliT • 
 AI..,ifT liH, I'er fill 
 
 £ >. 
 
 •I .'■ 
 II )> 
 
 III 
 •J 
 
 Ki'inalninu 
 
 lii'l.iw Wliiri- 
 
 piKil Ue.lrh 
 
 £ I. :l. 
 
 I 10 4 
 
 II I I 
 
 Imnriled, he shall forfeit half the iiilola^^e inwartls. 
 For every number of inches below li, no charf;e 
 H to be made ; for J a foot and upwards, 1 foot 
 ii to be eliarKcd. 
 
 Colonial vessels are cxcinpted from the payment 
 (if pilolane, unless the master shall make the 
 -ipial for a pilot and accept his service. 
 
 Tlie.«e details have been |iartly derived from 
 the S/u<is(i(s of the Coloiii/, published nt llnbart 
 Town; and partly from iSlr. Westgarth's book, 
 and difTerent l'arluimr.ntnry Papers, 
 
 TATl'A or TATPAII. A town iii the territory 
 (if Siiide, situated about (!0 miles in a direct Hue 
 Iroiii the sea, at a .short tiisLiiicc from the western 
 liank of the river Indus, in lat. 21° W X., loiiK. 
 \\>P \\. ro)iulalion uncertain, probably about. 
 .\0i)O. The sireels are. narrow and tlirtj- ; but 
 the lioiisi's, lliiiu^di built of mud, cboiiped straw, 
 and timber, are superior to the low huts : ecu in the 
 iuljoiniiit,' towns and villntjcs. 
 
 'yVu(/c.— lii'in^' situated a little above the 
 
 ]art wlien; the Indus divides into the two great 
 
 hianclies by which its waters are poured into the 
 
 Imli.in Ocean, it ini};lit be supposed that, Tatta 
 
 viiiuld be a (ilace of ^reat trade ; but, owinf.r to 
 
 ihe imwiiidesdinciiess of the climate, the barbarism 
 
 1,1' the tribes on its banks, and other causes, its 
 
 cnniiiierce lias never corresponded with what niif;ht 
 
 liavcliecii anticipated, looking; at its posilionoii 
 
 liie map. It had probably attained the aciiio of 
 
 its iifosperity in the beginniiif; of the Kith century. 
 
 In loo.O, the I'oitiigue.se, by way, as they stated, 
 
 i,f avon},'in(,' the treachery of the king of ,Siiide, 
 
 inhumanly nias.sacred 8,000 of the inhabitanls, 
 
 and liiirned the town. {Cimnuitcs des I'ortuijuis, 
 
 liime iv. p. l.s;!,) It is probable that Tatta never 
 
 liillv recovered from this dreadful blow ; but Mr. 
 
 Hamilton nicnliotis that in the 17th century il 
 
 !v,w extensive and populous, possessing iiiucli 
 
 lommcrec, with nianufaetnres of silk, wool, anil 
 
 cahinet ware. The decayed state in which wc now 
 
 lindil, has been a eoiiscqucacc of the misgoverii- 
 
 intnt Riul rapat'ity of its late rulers, tiic Ameers 
 
 if Siiide, uniler whose sw.iy it fell more than .'A) 
 
 years before it became, in 1811, Rritish tcrritnry. 
 
 In ll'i;!,'! the English established a factory at 
 
 Taua, ill the view of facilitating the disposal of 
 
 '('lollcns nr.d other goods in (he countries traversed 
 
 'ly the Indus; and the building occupied by the 
 
 lactory, thoufjli far from magnilicont, was recently, 
 
 if it be not still, the be.st, not in Tatta only, but in 
 
 the whole couutrv of Siiule. 
 
 places being above 1,01)0 miles from the sea. I!ut, 
 nnforliinately, its navigation is extremely tlillieulf, 
 and it may be doubted whether it will ever realise 
 any eon>^i(lerable porlioii tif the ailvantages wliitdi 
 have of lale years been anticipated from its being 
 opened. The inoullw of the river are ill-deliued, 
 shallow, and infested with movable sand-banks, 
 while the violeiiee of tlu! lion; or tide, makes their 
 entrance nt all times a matter of ditliiiiilly for 
 vessels of a small draught of water suitable to their 
 navigation, and during the period of the western 
 monsoon they are all but im|iracticable. What- 
 ever oilier cbanges may have taken plact: in the 
 river, the tides at its moiilli woiihl seem to have 
 been nearly the same in anliipiity as at present 
 Their vioknce created the greatest alarm in the 
 tleet of Alexaiiiler ; and occasioned, indeed, the hiss 
 of several vessels. (Arrian, lib. vi. c. 19.) This, 
 no tloiibt, is Ihe reason that for eeiiturics past the 
 n.'ivigation from and to the sea through the delta 
 of till! Indus has bi!eu almost wholly abandoned ; 
 iiiiil that all products brought down the river anil 
 tlestined for exportation by .sea arc conveyed from 
 Tatta overland to Kurraehee. a seaport a little to 
 the north of the most northerly nioutliof the river, 
 nbiiiit (10 miles in a direct line from Tatta; and 
 thai all tlio.se coming from jiarts beyond sea and 
 destined for countries on the Indus art! coii- 
 veyeil fnun Kurraehee to Talta by the s;inie 
 route, or by the railway to Hyderabad already 
 referred to. 
 
 l^ven after it has been entered, the navigation 
 of till! Indus is peculiarly diflicult, partly from the 
 strength of the current iluring the period of the 
 imind.ition, and p.irtly from shallows, and the 
 siiilden and constant shifting of the channel : what 
 was a navigable p.assage one day is not uiifre- 
 (luently tpiite niiiiavigable a day or two after, 
 'i'lu! diiiiidres, or native craft, by which the river 
 is navigati d, though of very small burden, fre- 
 tpieiitly g(!t aground. 
 
 If the Indus should ever becmne a consiJeriible 
 commercial highway, it will, mo.st probably, bo 
 brought Jibout by the intervention of suitable 
 steamers ; audit seems to be the opinion of the 
 best judges, that, jirovided the steamers employed 
 be Hat bottomed, and do not draw more than 28 or 
 liO inches water, they might, 3vith proper precau- 
 tions, be navig.'ited from the sea for nearly 1,000 
 miles inland. Ihit exclusive of the physical ob- 
 stMides t'l the navigation of the river, the back- 
 v,ard ^tate of the country through which it flowa, 
 
i". 
 
 
 .1 
 
 - .i 
 
 1H7I 
 
 TKA 
 
 tiixl llii' |ii>v> rl V .'Hill liiuliiiriMm nf llit> inliiiliiliitit", 
 HIT iMrillicl.ililc iiliilililri til Its lircoiliilij; nC liiiii'll 
 ilii|Mirtiiiii r a-- (i ruiniiuiiial lii){liwav. 'I'lii' iii- 
 lialiilaiilH aloiii; itn liaiik.-i li/ivn liiilr la^<tl' I'nr 
 forri^'ii ruiiimiiilitii-i ; anil cvimi if ilicy liml, ilnv 
 have Ci'W liriiiliiilK siiitalilr tur i'\|i>irt tn cxchaiipi 
 I'nr tlii'iii. No iliMilil, sliiiiilil ri'^iilar );ii\riiiiiirnl, 
 iliiliisiiy, .'iiiil I ivili>alii>ii Im^ iiilriidiurd iniu tlm 
 J'liiijali, Caiiliiil, ami tlit' cinHii^iiuiis rinintrii'^, 
 till' in--i' tiii(;li( III' vrrv illllirriil, anil I lie liaili' nl" 
 till' lllilllH Miiijit iiiTuinc III' very riill^iilrralilr ilil- 
 ]iiirlaii<'i', II. il llii..', il' il lie cvrl' clVi'rlril, iiiiMl 
 l'ri|iiirr a Ii'iii^rllii'iii'il prriiiil In liriti^^ il aliniil ; mi 
 lli'il lliiisi' uliii liiiiU Inr iiiiv iiiiili'i'ial nilililimi 
 lu'iii^ H|iri'i|j|y liiaiii' In our Iriuli', nr In thai, nl' 
 liiilia, li\ till' ii|H iilii;; III' lli(> liiiliiM, will, llirrr Ih 
 tiMi iiiMcli ri'.'iMiii III I liiiiL, III' ciiliri'ly ili-.a|i|iiiinlril. 
 (Sir, I'm' liirllnr iniriinilar.", llw all, 'Imliis' in 
 (lir (liiiiini/i/iini/ /iiilliiiiiirn, ami tlir ,'iiilliiiiilii"* 
 till I'r nirriril In; MT ainii I 'a|ilaiii l'n~taiis' wnrk 
 <i|i .'-iiiiilo; ami i's|i<'i'iall\ llii' nicimiir in tin' ,'i|i 
 |irii.li\ (|i. :u;\) nl ('a|ilaiii t'aili'-s, On llic Smu- 
 t]ftli>in I'/'l/if /tti/us,) 
 
 Mr. I!iii>l, lliii very well iiiforincd t'llilnr nl" 
 till' /luni/iiii/ 'rimes, in liis work on llin IJiitisli cn- 
 |ii'iliiioii lull) AlV^lianiHlan, iiiaili' llir I'nllnwin;; 
 nliM'rv.'il inns nil till' Iniilo ol the Imlns: — 
 
 'Till' jjlnwin^ ilt'sirijitions of I!iirni"< ikpiicar In 
 Ii.'ivn ;.',ivrn .'i viry cxaiacrraU'il lilra nl" llic Viiliin 
 nl' till' inti'i'lL'il trallir nl' llio connlrirs Imynml llii' 
 liiiliis. Il >\as rnr^;nll('ii that wlun ilnii' was nn 
 imiiistrv, nn inannl'arlinrs nr iniiui.il wiallli, no 
 M'ji-cn.'isl nr rivirs in |iirinit t'.\|iiirialinn, iIii'IT 
 <'iiiilil III' link' or iinlliinf,' In f;ivi' in rxi'han^'r lor 
 iin|iiii't.s ; ami llial llu' »anls ol' a iiopiiLilinn 
 pnnly noniaili' nuist at all limes b<' ."imiili' ami 
 .--Inuiilaily I'cw. Tin' wliolr ol' niii' iniiiniirrc 
 A\illi rrisia lias never exeeeili il •J.IIOO.diKi/. sler- 
 linn' a-ye.ir. rarely almve 1 Oll|l,(lil(i/. ; ||m' tnlal nl' 
 <inr t r.'iile willi All'i;liaiiisl.'iii eerlamly never i'\- 
 i'leiUil 1,(1(111,(1(1(1/, annually, ami lias very rarely 
 ;niiniiiileil In luiieli inniv 'liiiii llie IimU'oI' I.IMIll.llIld'/, 
 liesiiles lliis, the Imlns in ri'alily was never 
 ilose.l ,s;ive liy its nwii daii^jerons eiilranecs and 
 .■■liallow deplli ol' water. J.ord Klli'nlinrnnf,'li lias 
 npened llie Imlns as far as Millien Kole; ami llie 
 .SiilleJ. in eniil inn.it inii of this, to the .Markiniila, 
 ■when' il erases In lie navif^ahle for the .sniallesl, 
 vrafl. Vet the ^ross valine of the Urilisli j^onils 
 ronsiinied liy the eoiintries adJoiniM^; does not. at 
 jiresoni .'1111011111. to a ipiarler of l,i)iiO,(i(Ml/. sler- 
 Jiii.;'. and will nnt in all likelihood he donhled for 
 1(1 years to eoiue : the expense nl niaintainintr 
 Ironps lielwixl Knrr.-ieliei' and iiiikkiir, hotli 
 slalioii.s ineluiU'd, execedini; (ili(l,OI)(>/. a~year ; 
 >\illi a less fori '0 il wnnlil he unwise tn think of 
 Iveej'iiii; these stations at all. The yreat line nf 
 frallie was not aloiiLj lint aeross the Indus, liy the 
 
 Wiiijhtti mill Mriuurc* tamt ai at Cukutln. 
 
 Ari'ouiit* iiri- ki'pl In ru|ti' 
 .111 I inv.iU -•' I ru|ii i., I'll 
 I |.l. r. 
 
 «. liirlv.i'Ai Niiil plrrt I'i |>li'«>=il r^rlvjil t 
 rlt.% iirv I'lirri'iil Iti .'iiiiiU*, IH cnwrln Ji 
 
 'it M 
 
 fi lliitti'*'^ 
 
 1.1 .M.IU.H 
 
 small Itrl^hlM. 
 
 imi I llllllr 
 
 I .Mll.Ml 
 
 I l.iUh 
 
 nriMf ifrlifliti. 
 ■I I'iri* . : I .Vnnl 
 
 III Ann. II - '- I rinrAM<i>r 
 4il!4i-|.|» -I M.iiiiiil. iir 71 III. 
 
 .'i iti, 7 Uwls. iiviiiritii|itji« 
 
 l.itng Mmiurf. 
 
 1 
 
 l.ll.'l' 
 
 -. V hulirii 
 
 ll: 
 
 ..llll'l 
 
 -. 1 (ill/ : l.iil 
 
 
 1 liii/ ilulli - 
 
 .".I In.iit I'.illii 
 
 (•riiifi Vriiiurt, 
 
 I I'llllOI". . r^: 1 TwIl'T 
 
 •1 'l'wl|.|.| - : . I liik^il 
 
 (;i>i:ii»j« . .. 1 I ,irV'il nf will. It ; ,ir J 
 
 I'Ui'r.l MilinilU, nr 'VI ll.iitili.iy |.|ir ill, 
 niitiiimilv .iml iK'.irK .irn no'il Ik IiiiIiIi.k iiiiiI riilti'..M s liul.i,a,= 
 
 I lllllrli. illMilll 'i fjl^. 'I'riiJ, (iMlltiliril'a tirietit. (.'umirlrr, r. ) 
 
 'I'l'". \ (ill one ( 'hiiie.se dialect elia, in iinnllipr 
 le; Diili'h. te; Ji'r, the; ital. te ; l.'iiss, iilmi; 
 Hill, elia ; iSlalny, li li). 'I'liu tciives nf th,. \u.y. 
 or sliriih '/'/(((« ciriilis, l.inn, 
 
 I. Ill scniiTiiiN 111' iiii'. 'Vi:\ l'i,.\N r. — 'I'liA 
 'I'ilmh; HI' China. 
 II. l.'isi; AMI l'i:ii(ii:r.s.s <i|' iiii: lliri risii ri:\ 
 I'liAlii:. — ('ii.;.si ^ii'TiiiN 111- I'lA. 
 
 III. I'^Asr I.NDIA I'UMI'ANV'.S .MllNlllMlj.v.— In- 
 
 I'l.i'i Nci; OK, ON rill', rnicf. ok 'I'rA— 
 
 ('oNI)lriliNS IINl)i:il WHICH IT WAS 
 
 iii.i.ii — .\ti"i.i'noN Ol'. 
 
 IV. Dl'TlliS ON 'I'|:A. — ('ONSI'.MITION 
 
 Till-: Unitkii KiNiiiioM, riii: 
 .NKNT, Tin: llNirKi) hrA'iKs i:rc. 
 
 I'l'. IV 
 
 ( 'i i.vri • 
 
 I'ellii frontier, or par.'tllol tn il at 
 llill miles, hy Snnineaiioe .tnd Kelal 
 tries lieynnd the Indus, lie.sides, have always lieeii 
 <i|ii'll In the free ;idniissi(,ll nf every v.'irielv nf 
 ('nrei;j;ii iniporls on paying; a moderate lixeil lUity. 
 'J'lie eliief nlisl rnetioii in roai'hiii^ these is irre- 
 iiiedi.'ilile hy treaty ; and .'iri-ses from the .'ill.iiks 
 of tlie iilnmlerinn' trihes in the passes, whieli 
 cannot he reslraineil save liy the payiiient of a 
 lilaek mail or snhsiily,' 
 
 The delta of the Indus lias little in onniinon 
 uitli the drlla nf the Nile, except its sh.i|n'. 
 Nnt a fniirth part of if is enltivalcd, and its few 
 inhaliilants ]iriiieipally leail a pasinral life. If 
 is overci'iiwii willi tatn.irisks and otlier wild 
 slinilis ; and tliiin,i;li intersected hy the niiinerniis 
 ni'inths of till' ri\er. its surface is dry and ariil, 
 and it is in a fjreat ileyroe destitnte uf i'rosli water. 
 ( KiKUAi iir.i:.] 
 
 iK.scitivnoN OK run 'ri';A I'l.ANr.— Ti:a 
 TitAiH.; OK China. 
 
 DiHcrl/ilii'ii of Ihc rittnl. — /'/<(it.« irlnri' il is 
 nitlinitii/. — The le.'i plaiil ordinarily throws tu 
 the hi'ii;lil of from .'i lo (i feet, and has ,'i ijiiiinil 
 rrM'inhl.'inee to llie myrtle, ii.s the latter is sii ii ia 
 eniif,'eiiial sitnatiniis in the .sntilhern coiiiiniis nf 
 I'hirnpe, It is a polyandrous plant, of the iialiinil 
 order Coliimni/iiti; and has awhile Idos^niii, with 
 vellow style ;md anlhers, not iinliki' llnisi nf .i 
 .small dof^-rose. The .stem is bushy, with iiiiiiur- 
 ons liranelies, ami very leafy. The Icivi's an' 
 .'illernate, on short, thick, ehamielled fmilslalki, 
 I ver.ijreen, of a lonnisli elliptie form, with a Muiit, 
 nntched ))oinl, and serniled except at the li.i-c. 
 These leaves are the valnalile part of the |ilinit. 
 The CiiiikI/Iiis, particularly the CitiiuHin Sus'iii- 
 ijiKi, i)i the .same iiatihal t'amily as the lea trei', 
 and very closely re.senihliiifj it, are the only 
 lilants liable to be coiifonnded with il hy a ciin fiil 
 observer. The leaves nf the particular eanii'llia 
 dislaiice of ijiisl iiaincd fire, indeed, often used in .smiie p.'irls 
 The eoim- I of China as a substitute for tho.se of tlie toa 
 tree. 
 
 'J'he effects of ten (in tlic human frame nrc thn.'^o 
 of il very niihl narcotic; and, like those nf many 
 niher narcotics taken in .small (piantities— ovtii nf 
 opium itself — I hey are exiiilaratinf;. The {jn I'li 
 varieties of the plant ]iossi'.ss this ipiality in .1 
 hif^her degree than the black ; and a litrmfji'i' 
 infusion of do former will, in most eoiisliliilieii-i 
 liroduce considerable excilemcnt and wakefuhir^N 
 Of all narcotics, however, tea is the lea-l pinii- 
 cious ; if, indeed, it be so iu any degree, wliidi we 
 very much doubt. 
 
 The tea shrub may be described as a very harily 
 cverpeeii, growing readily in the open air, from 
 the eiiuator to the AtM\ degree nf latitinlo. I'or 
 the last GO years it has been reined in this conu- 
 try, ■\vithout ditHculty, in greenhouses ; and thriv- 
 
TKA 
 
 i:i7.-. 
 
 „„„e (If at Ciilciitln. 
 
 liittiiil luhimt". IHiii»ilf. 
 
 I Kiillif 
 
 J 11 "Ul. 
 
 Ighl,. 
 
 1 Aiii'l 
 I rii. I .* ^piT 
 ■ IM I...r7lllw 
 
 1 (In/; I'll' 
 -.1 In. .11 TiilLl 
 
 - I Twlit 
 
 : ■ II iirV.il "f «l';' 'I ; '" , ' 
 M,i,imU,.'tVl |l,Mnl..i. i""l'. 
 
 , i,ulilM» mill null' ■>i iliiil'l'J»= 
 mil » Ori'"l' fVmiiirrK'.l 
 
 , iliiilci't rliii, ill minllirr 
 
 ; lt!ll. Il'; ''"^^- ''''•''' 
 " 'I'lll'. ll'llVfS 111' till' Itli' 
 nil. 
 
 UK. Ti:.v I'lam-.-Tka 
 
 A. 
 
 SS (>!• Till' 1»1'H'I>'I 'l'^ 
 IMl'TKlN 111' I' A. 
 I'ANY's MoNlU'illV.— iN- 
 
 ■( ■riiK I'ltici- "'•' '''i'^" 
 Ni>r,u wiiHii II "■^'^ 
 
 ON III'- 
 
 .—('oNsiMrri'iN I"' '"* 
 
 'K1N<11'">'. I'll I'lNTI- 
 111-.1> hTAIKS 111'. 
 
 nil'. Tka Vi.ANi-.— Ti.a 
 oi- China. 
 
 i,li,iil ..riliiiaiily uniws tn 
 C, l\'il. anil liii^ i" LViU'tjil 
 
 1,1, as llu'liitK'risMTiiin 
 tlu! si.ulliiTn cmiiitnis » 
 .IrnuMilaiil. "'■""■ "•""., 
 lmsii>vliit.'lil"'-'""'''^',''' 
 ■rs, mil iiiililM' III"-'' "' "■ 
 
 ,„; is Imshv, Willi iiiii'>''f- 
 ,,,„V. 'li.o linvcs w' 
 
 ,,U, duiuiulliil l."il>;;>ll^;' 
 ..llipticlVirni. Willi ,•'''""'• 
 rai 'a o.so..,,t lit ilH' l;^'-'; 
 
 iilv llui CwkIIki iil>'"i- 
 ,1 lhm.lv as II"' l;-'' '"'f: 
 
 ,„„l,,lwiU..i '.va.':m 
 ,f 111.' parti.'uhii- i';iiiH'll''' 
 often uswl in snnio V^ 
 .ute for those <.l W U,i 
 
 ,1,0 luimau frame an- tli'''<; 
 ,'. .„Hl, liUo thos.. 1.1 i»ii"} 
 in .small <iuaniiti>',J-<'^'^;"; 
 " .xhilaratinj;. 1 ;;• >' "" 
 , „ossoss this (li':>l"> '" ■' 
 thl black; aiul a stronsn 
 ' -n inmostcimsutii"""-' 
 i,^..nt.ul.aUi.i;;:. 
 
 boacscvihcdasavoryharay 
 
 Padilviuihi. oi»:"'' •'■^1 
 
 »thci..gr.H.i.flaun; -J,! 
 
 ,,s been reared m W' 
 y',ingrccuhou3es;anatlmv 
 
 liii'l. 
 
 lull 
 
 ill); |i1imU :>r it nrn U> l>o nrch in tlio ^rnrihuit of 
 
 ,liiva, Siiii,'iipor(i, MaliiC'il, iiiid I'ciinii^' ; nil \Mih- 
 
 iii (lit;r('e« nf the I'unalcir. 'I'lu! cliiiiali' iinisl 
 
 ,nii);i'iiial III il, houiiver, Ht'i'niM tiihelhal lii'twiiii 
 
 lliii il.'iih ami 'J^lrd ilcurccH nf laliliidc, jinli'.iiij; 
 
 I'roiii ill'' siii'i'i'ss iif im i-uilivalinii in Chinii. I'nr 
 
 llii' i^i'iii'ial |iiir|ii>.si'M of coiiniiiTee, ihr ){riiulh of 
 
 i;.Hiil I'Mi i>* 'oiilineil lo Cliiiin ; anil is Ihere re 
 
 flritl''d to f> iiriivinei's, or rather parls of |iiii- 
 
 '.iiicii, vi/. I''iikieii mid ('anion ; hiil innri' jiarli' 
 
 iiiliirl\ ihe lirsl, I'ur Idaek t(iu; ami Ki.iiiK nan, 
 
 Kiiiii' "'• "•"' I'he kii; i(C, Imt rhietly the lirsl of 
 
 ilu'v, fir ^ri'''ii. 'Ihe lea distriels all lie lii'twi'cn 
 
 llii' liililiiiles Just ineiil lolled, and Ihi' ll.^illi mid 
 
 I:;:'iiil deKr«'''s of I'^ust lonnilndr. However, al • 
 
 in,,.i| I'verv in'ovinei' of Oliiiia iiro'lneis more or 
 
 |i>Alrii, lint generally of an inferior ijiuihly, and 
 
 fur liii'iil I'on.iiiniplioii only ; or when of a Hii|ii'riiir 
 
 iiuillilv. like soini' of the line wines nf I'raiiee, 
 
 lusiiif,' il^ llavoiir when ex|)orled. 'Ihe plant is 
 
 ;i|.ii r\|i'iisi\ely enllivat'-d in Jajiaii, 'ronipiin, 
 
 ^iiiil ('ei'liiii I'hina; in India, and in some of the 
 
 iiiniiiiliiiiioiis parts of Ava ; the people of wliiili 
 
 I'nunlrv ii-e it lai>;i'ly as a kind ni' /licklc priHvrrnl ] 
 
 i/i oil. I 
 
 lu IHIl.j (! ttie Kast India Coinpnny tried as 
 iuu'.\|i('rimeiit tlioeiillivalion of tea in ihe North 
 wi'sl I'riivinces, and so mieeessfnlly, lliat in IH',<) 
 ■J.j.W iiiris were under ciiltivalion ; the chief pru- 
 (Imt lii'iiif; holiea. Ihit it is calenlatod that 
 Ijrili^li liiilia comprises wellnij;h 1,(1(1(1,(100 acres 
 siitiil fir lea cult lire. 
 
 Iliilaiiically (Miisidcred, the tea tree is a Hinj,'le 
 .|iirics ; tlie^'rcen and l>la':k, with all Ihe divr- 
 iiiis of 'acli, lieiiiR mere varielii's, like the vari'- 
 li. -I 111' I lie. ^;rape, produced hy dilVerence of cli- 
 iiiaic, Kiiil, l'i''arity, a}j;e of the crop when taken, 
 siiil iiiiiilen of iii'eparalioll for Ihe market,. (lon- 
 Mlind as an ohject of ai^rictiltiiral produci', Ihe 
 1 :i |iiaiil hears a elo.sc resemhlanee (o the viii''. 
 hi till' liii.-li.indry of (!liiiia it may he said lo 
 l.iki' llic siinu' place which llie vine occn|iies in 
 llif foiilli'iii countrieHof ICnrope. Like the iattei-, 
 ilj;;riiwlli is eliielly confnied to liilly tracts, not 
 suilnl 111 llii' f^rowlh of corn. 'I'lie soils capahle of 
 liPKliiiiii',' till' liiicst kinds are within j^iven dis- 
 1/ii'ls. liiiiileil, and partial. .Skill and care, both 
 ill liiiNlianiiry and preparation, are ipiito as neces- 
 siry lu the production of good tea as to that, of 
 ,'i'oil wine. 
 
 I'lll' licst wine is produced only in parliciilar 
 
 Ur.tuili's, as is the best tea; alllioni;li, perhaps, 
 
 iho latter is not restricted to an eipial de;^iee. 
 
 (Inly llic must civilised nations of I'liiroiie li:ive ii.-. 
 
 yet (•uccccdi'il in iiroduciiif]; fjood wines, which is 
 
 aliii (lie case in iho Mast with tea; for the M|.criciil- 
 
 tiiral aail inamifacliiriii;;- skill and industry of Ihe 
 
 Clmiosc are there mupiestioiiahly pre-eminent. 
 
 'llioc lirciinislaiiees deserve to be al tended lo in 
 
 '■limatiiif; the dillicnltie.s which must be eiicoiiii- 
 
 ti rill ill any attempt to propa.uate Ihe ti'a plaiil 
 
 in ('(ilnnial or oilier pos.sessions. These ililliciillies 
 
 :iri' iibviiiusly very ^real ; and. iierhaps, all bnl 
 
 iiiMi]«'ral)le. INlostof the alteniiits hitiierln made 
 
 I" r;UM! it in l"rei(;n counlries were not, indeed, 
 
 I'.' a sort from which much was to be expected. 
 
 ( Mii^iikTable ell'orls, however, have been made by 
 
 iht Dulch Government of .lava to prodiu'c t<'ii 
 
 'Il the hills of that islaii'l ; and haviiif; the assist- 
 
 Mct (if Chinese cultivators from Kokien, who 
 
 I'lrm a considerable part of tlie emit^ranls to 
 
 •'avii, a (Ic^Tcc of success has attended them 
 
 liyiiiid what might have been rxiieeted in so 
 
 varra a climate. 'I'ho Brazilians have made 
 
 Hinilar cffurts ; havinj; also, with the assistaiK^e 
 
 t'K'liiiipse labourers, attempted to propagate the 
 
 lia ilirub ni'nr Hio de Janeiro ; and a small quaii- 
 
 lity of (olerildy kooiI tea Iium lieen prndiiced. 
 Mill owing to the high prii'o of labour in Ainerir.i, 
 and llie ipiaiitity reipiired in the ciiltivniion ami 
 niaiiipiilalion of ten, there is no pruhahilily, even 
 wire Ihe soil niiilable to the plant, (hat its trulliire 
 can be prolil;ilily curried on in ihat counlry. 
 
 It may, perhaps, sneceed in Assam, where U^ 
 I'ldliire is now being atli'inpteil; hir liili'Hir is 
 there comparatively cliea|i, and the hilly ami 
 tahlii hinds are said tu bear a elo^ie resemldance 
 to those of Ihe lea di^lriri< of (Miina; but we 
 are not sanguine in our e\peclatioiiH as lo the 
 resnll. 
 
 In IHt;o about 'LOdO acres in .\Msam were 
 di'Voleij III the growth of tea. but Ik d produced 
 was snid lo be not so Huitable fur use separately 
 or ill its pure stale as fur mixing willi other tias 
 of less strenglli and characler. 
 
 .S'/dci'c.ii ()/' 7'ii(. — Afiniiiir in uhiih Ihe;/ arc 
 maiiii/ailiiinl, — I'lie A/.nA teas usually exiiorteil 
 by I'lnropeani (rum Caiilun are as I'ulluws, liegin- 
 iiiiig with llie liiwt'Mt ipialilii's : llolii'a, Cimgou, 
 Suuchiing.anil I'ekoe. 'riie(/ni;i ti as an Twaiikay, 
 llysoii .skin, yuimg liyson, Hyson, Imperial, and 
 (imipow'h'r. 'All ihe'bhick leas exported (wilh 
 the e\eeption of a (iiirt of the buhi'a, grown 
 in Woping. a district of Oimloii) are grown in 
 h'okien — a hilly, maritime, populous, and imliis- 
 Irious piivinee, bordering lo llie nurlli-east on 
 ('aiiton. Owing to the peeiiliar nature of llio 
 Chinese laws as to inherilaiuM , anil probalily, 
 also, in some degree, lo (lie ilespotie genius of 
 the (ioveriimenl, landed properly is iniieh sub- 
 divided throughout the empire; so thai tea is 
 generally grown in gardens or plantations of no 
 great exieiit. The plant comes to malnrily and 
 yields a crop in from 2 to It years. The leaves 
 .•ire jiicked by the cultivator's l.imily, and imme- 
 iliately convej'cd to market; where a ela-s of 
 persons who maki' it thi'ir particular business 
 purchase and (Nillect them in i|uanlilies, and 
 maniK'aedire lliem in part; lliat is, expose Ihmn 
 to be dried under a shed. A seioiid class of (ler- 
 sons, eummuiily known in the Canton m.irket as 
 ' the tea merchants,' repair In the 'listricls wliero 
 (he tea is prodneed and purchase it in its half- 
 prepared s(a((' trom the iirst <l.iss, and completo 
 the manufacture by garbling the liillerent (|uali- 
 ties; in wliirh operation, women anil ehililreii 
 .■ire eliietly employed. A final drying is Ihen 
 given, and llu! lea Jiaeked in chests, ami divided, 
 ;iii'uriliiig to ((iialily, into [larcels of from loo lo 
 (100 chests each. These )iarcels are stamped wilh 
 the name of the district, grower, or maniifacliirer, 
 exactly as is [iraelised with the wines of l!ur- 
 deaiix and Ihirf^undy, the indigo of lieiigal, and 
 many oilier coinmoiliiies ; and. from this iMrciim- 
 slance, get the name of c/ki/m', the (.Chinese term 
 fur a se.al or signet. Suim^ of the leaf-buds of 
 Ihe linest bl.ack lea idanls are picked early in 
 Ihe spring, before they expand. These coiwli- 
 tul(^ pekoe, or black tea of the highest ipiality; 
 someliiiU!! called 'while-blossom' lea, t'luiu lliere 
 being intermixed wilh il, to give it a higher per- 
 fume, a few blossoms of a s[iecies of olive {Olea 
 /'nii/raiis), a native of CJIiina. A second crop is 
 taken from the .same plants in the beginning of 
 May, a third about the middle of ,Iiine. and a 
 fourth in August ; which last, consisting of large 
 and ohl leaves, is of very inferior llavour ami 
 value. The younger the leaf, the more highly 
 llavourcil, and consequently the more valuable, is 
 the t(!a. With some of the cunguns and sou- 
 chongs is occasionally mixed a litile pekoe, to 
 enhance their llavour; and hence the distinction, 
 among the London tea dealers, of these sorts of" 
 tea into the ordinarv kinds ai;d those of ' I'ekoe 
 
 ii J;,. 
 
I 
 
 ia7(i 
 
 'I'KA 
 
 tInviMir.' Iloht'd, or llio luwcst. Iilmli li'ii, in 
 piirllv iiim|i(iM<'(l (if llic liiwrr utikIi" . tliiil it>, «( 
 llii- tiMirlli i'i'i>|i III' llii' Iras III' Kiikit'ii, Irll. iiiinuM 
 In llii' iiiarki'l nl' (iiiiIhii jiI'Iit lliit hi'iiiihi uI' <'\- 
 IHirlMiiiiM lint |iii-<Ki'il ; mill juirlly <i|' ilir Iras nl' 
 llii' iljhirirl III' Wii|iiiiK III ('niijoii. 'Iln- ^'rrrii 
 Iras nrc ^'rnMii ami niilrrlnl ill llid Hiiiiii' iiiannrr 
 as llir lilai'li, In »liirli llii' ili'«('rl|iliiiii tinu ^ivi li 
 iiiiii'i' |iai'liriiliii Iv 11 lirs ; anil tlif ilillcri'iil i|iiali 
 lii"i arisi- Iriiiii I lie saiiii' raiisrs. 'I'lir ^iin|iii\vil('r 
 lli'ic stailiis ill till' |ilai r III I III' |ii'l<ii(' ; liciii^ I'liiii 
 
 Iiiisnl III' till' iitiii|>i'iinl liiiils III' llic i<|iriii^ rrii|i. 
 iii|>i'rial litsoii, aiiil viaiii;: livwm, iniisisl nl' tlic 
 Hi'i'iiiiil iiiiil tliinl ('rii|>s. Till' li^lii ami iiirorinr 
 li'Mvrs, Ni'|iaralril rrmu tin' livsmi liy a wiiiiintvin); 
 inarliim', I'niislitiiti' Iivmiii nUIii, an articli' iti rmi 
 hiiliriilil)' ilriiiaml aimniiJCsl tin' Amrrii'aiiN. 'I'lir 
 |irniTss nl' ilryiii'; llii' j;ri'rii Iras ililVcrs I'nmi llial 
 nl' llic lilai'li ; tilt' lirst In ni;^ ilrii'ii in irnii jinls nr 
 viiM's nvcr II lire, llin npi r.iinr cniiliiiiially Nliniii^ 
 till' Iriivi'M witli his iiai>i'ii liainl. 'I'Im' niH'i'alinn 
 i^ mil' nl' I'nii-iilrralilr iiiiilv, |iartii'iilailv willi 
 tilt' liiirr lias, ami is lurlnriiii'il by pfrMilis wlin 
 iiiakt> it llii'ir i'M'liiHi\i' ImsinrsH, 
 
 Till' Inllnwin:; is Mr. Hall'M (Ciilllrtillnit iiinl 
 MiiiiiiJ'iiiliiir cf 'l'i(i) Miiiimary tit' llit' |irnfisM nl' 
 iiiamilai'tiirt'. • I'lat't' llin li'avi's in a hirvt', fx- 
 I'liM' llii'iii In ilii' Mill ami air, Inss amitiirn llii'iii, 
 IIS hay, Iht'ii jilai'i' lliriii In tlif fliaili' till llii'y 
 f;ivi' nut It frrlaiti ilt'grt'r nl' I'rnmaiiri' : llini rna.si 
 llit'iii ill an irnii vrs.-il, mil tlit'iii wilh hainls nr 
 I'i't't, aiiil liiially tiry iht'in nvfr ii tliannal liif — 
 ami vi'ii will liuvi' raircnn^nii tna.' I'nnr |innnils 
 tif In >li It'jivi's niakf I lli. of tea. IMr. W'ray 
 I'aii'iilali'H llial tin- t'nnsniii|>linn nf tra in China 
 il.sclt' is nnt li'ss than 'J.OIIII.IIlMI.Odi) Ih., anil I lit' 
 iiri'ii nvt'r wliii'h it is onllivati'd ii.s I'linal In 
 '.','i.iM)(i,oiil) arri'*. 
 
 7'i(f '/'nnlf ill C/iiiiii. — 1 III" It'll incrfliiiiitH foin- 
 innnly rii'iivi' ailMiiifts Irnin tlif (irinfipal iiit'r 
 
 wlii'it' tliti uni'ii IfrtH art' thrown in ('iiiilnn in pri>. 
 Iialilv lint li'ss ihaii 70(1 milt's; mir thai nt tin; 
 lilai'K It'll, iiM'r a iiiniinlaintiiis iniinlry, Ir-s ijian 
 '.'00 inili's. 'lilt' It'll iiDTt'lianls hi'^iii tti iirrivi' in 
 Cailtnil ahnill lliii iiiitlilli' III' (li'tnlirr, ami ih,, 
 liiisy hfa^iin t'niiliniit'S iiiilil tlif lirninnin;; nf 
 Mari'li ; hfiii)^ hriskfst in NnvtnilH'r, Urninliir 
 ami •liiiiiiary. 'I'l'ii, I'nr llin iiinst |iiirl, inuhj 
 |iri'\ iniiNly It) till' lalf flian^fs, niily lif linii^'jit 
 Irniii tlif llniiK or lifr'iisi'il iiiiTt'lianlH : Imi ,un\r 
 nl' tlii'sf, I III' Ifii^l, |irnspirniis in llitir liniini- 
 Klaiifi's, wiTf Hiippnrlfil liy wi'iillhy mWdinV mi.f. 
 I'lianl-, as liny iir<i calliil; ami thiis'lhf li';ii|,. h,^ 
 fniisiiliriililN fMriiilfil. 'j'hf prii'f s in Ihc ('.iiiImh 
 ami nllnr inarkflH vary Irniii ynar In vi ar Miih 
 llif fmp, tlif Htnck nil liaiiil, ami llir lAdnial 
 ili'inaiiil. ii~> ill any nlhiT arlirli's, iiinl in .,|,^. 
 nihcr niarki'l. At'lfr llin Hfiisnii is n\ it, nr ulnii 
 llif wi'i-lirly niniisiinn miIh in, ilnriiij,' Ilif iiinnlli 
 nl' IMarrh, ami iinpfilt'H thf ri'i,'ular inlirinuisc nf 
 Inrfiniifrs wilh ciiina, tlifm is a I'all in ilh'|iriii' 
 nl' tt'a, mil, niily arising; I'rnni this tiriiiiiiiiaaci', 
 lint Irnin a ffrlain ili'|iri'i'ialiiiii in i|naliiv, iroiii 
 llif a^'f «•' tilt! lea; which, like tiinsi i,|||,., 
 vc^ci'lalilf pinihiclinns, is injnrcil liy 
 piirlicnlarly in a linl ami iliiinp cliinalc, 
 
 I'linii/ii 't'nii/i: in 7'rii. — 'I'lurf hciiih In Iw 
 lilllf iii\>lfi'y in Hit- st'lcclinii am! parclia-i' nf 
 Ifa.s; Inr till' hnsiin'ss i.s hnlii halciy aiul iirii'. 
 lively accniiipli.-'ht'tl. nnt only liy ihc 'sii|iin;ir;,'ni'.< 
 nl the American HJiips, hut iVfipicnlly liy^llu' 
 nia>lcrs ; ami it was Mscfrlaincil hy tlii' sain iit 
 llif I'.asl Imliii llniisi', that tlicrf was im lijil'ir- 
 cncf hilwicii llif i|iialilifs of the leas piinliiiMl 
 liy thf cninnminlirs ami tilliccrH of the l'(iiii|iaiiv'.s 
 ships willidul any assiHlancu Croni tlif nllimu'df 
 llif t'aclnry, and ilinsf pnnrhaHfil fur tlif (.Jniii'anv 
 liy llif iailfr. An iinnsiinl df^^rci! nl' f,'iMiil laitli, 
 inilffil, appears In he iilistTVcd, nil the part nf ihc 
 
 Chiiifsf iiierchants, willi rospcet to iIiIh i 
 
 ninilily; I'nr it WHS iirnvfd liol'iirc tlic nlirt 
 
 '■I'IM- 
 
 haiits anil nther capilali~ls ol' t'anlnn ; Inil, willi 
 
 this excfplinii, lire iiUnnelher inilcpemlent of cnininillcf nf the llnn.s« of Conimmis. in ls:;ii, 
 
 Ihein; nnr have tlie laller any exclusive privi-j llial it was the rej;iilnr l)rnflicf nf Ilii; ilnii,' 
 
 Icfif or claim nf pre finptinii. 'I'lify iirf vfry , iiic rcliiinis to rccfivt) buck, nnd reliirii (,'iieil tea 
 
 niimfrniis; tliose cniinecleil with the j^reeii lea , Inr, anv chest or imrcel nniin which aiiv Traiin 
 i: 4..- 1 . _.i ... I. ■. . ^ _i. .., t/ii. ; :..i '1*1... I ...:,!.. 'i I 1!.. 1 . , • I * .■ 
 
 ■tricts iilniie lieiii^ nliniit 100 in miinber. 'I'lie 
 lilaek lea merchanls are less nnnieriins, lint ninre 
 weallhy. Tilt' j;realer part nf the tea is brought 
 to ('aiilnii by lanil i'arria;;c, or iiilanil n.ivi^aliiiii, 
 but cliielly by llic lirsl : it is ciiiiveyeil by purlers; 
 llie mails nl' C'liina, in the soulbern pmviiicf.s, nnt 
 j,'cner.illy admitliiif,' of wheel earria^'cs, nnd beasts 
 nf biiriieu liciiif^ very rare. A .small t|uaiitity of 
 blick lea is brnnglit by sea, but probably sniil^,'- 
 
 inii;lil liavt! been ]irii(;ti.sfd, which .siiiiieliini's 
 happens in the eonveynnct! of thf leas I'r.nri 
 ('anion on hnaril sliip. Siicli reslilnliiui Ili.!!','- 
 cisionally been inado even nt the ili.slancc nf I vr 
 •_' years. The Cnmpiuiy enjoyed nn ailvaiila,'.' 
 over other pnrchn.sfrs in tliii (.'aiilnn inarki; 
 except llial wliieh llie larj^e.st piireliiiMT lias in 
 every market, viz. a Nelcotion of the teas, on llio 
 paymiiit of the same prices lis others; anil llii 
 atlTanlaj^e they enjoyed only as rosptcis tin' 
 
 llic lai\'i>t 
 
 i;leil; Inr this elieaper inode of trnnsportalinn is ^ 
 
 liisoiiurai^ed by linvcrnincnl, wliich it ileprivcs nf black teas, the Amuricnns bcin, 
 
 the transit ilntifs levied nn inland carriiif^e. 'I'lic | purchasers nf f^ree n teaH, 
 
 leii!:tli nf land carriiifie Irnm the |iriiicipal tlistricts I NVcsiibjnin ii'l'able forenleiilatin};thecost(iftiM 
 
 Ci'iiiixiiifoii of '/'t' ('"•''' '7" 'i''" }"">' i'l'i'"! ('-'''.^ "'• Avninlii/iois) ivilh the Hate ]ur I'oiiwl » 
 
 Tvn of ;» Cwt, or 1,008 //). fwr Ton. 
 
 ,1 
 
 /"'' 
 
 iKirlinntie If. iwr Iltil. KkcImiiho 4#. ^d. ptr IKjI. Kit-li. •!«. 4.1. ytr l)«l. 
 
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•ri:.\ 
 
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 (frown l<' *'i«"l"'' '" I""- 
 
 iiiili'i; ii'>r tlml i>l tin- 
 liiKHii* rciiiiitr.v, 1«'^m |Ii;iii 
 .•liiilil'* Infill •" ""'*'' '" 
 11,. 4il' (K'liilur, iiiiil III.' 
 until the li.Kiniiiii;: .1 
 in Noviiiil«'r. I><'"i»l"f. 
 ,r tlio Mi'i.il I'l'rl, '"iii'l. 
 I'lmnnt'H, "I'ly '"' '"'"i;l'i 
 H.d iiuTilmiiiM ; liul -Mill. 
 in|i(riPiin ill ll»'ir lirium 
 I by wciillliy oiilHiii, imr 
 .1; mill lliiu'lli'- ll-ii'l'ttl« 
 'I'lii' |iriri':< ill llii' l':iiil"ii 
 V (rum yi'iif '" >■'•"■ ""'' 
 li liiuul.'iuiil 111'' lAliriul 
 ilirr iiriii-li'H, ami in mv 
 liii nriin(iii i^ owr, ur wImm 
 
 H.IH ill, cliirini^ till' iiionili 
 I tliii ri'Hiiliir ililiiiouiM 111 
 
 tlicrc U a Cull ill iliii'n.i- 
 ^^t I'nmi lirn tiriiini-liiiin', 
 i.rc.'iiiliuii ill <lii:ilil.v, irmn 
 ; whic'li, lil»i' iiii'-l "ill" 
 I, if! iiijiirnl liy Urijiiiv, 
 ml ilimiii rliiimii'. 
 
 7Vll.~-'l'll>l''' M'CIIH 111 1»' 
 
 Hfli'cliiiii ami iMirilia-i' nf 
 
 s irt liiilh hiilfly mill I'lTii- 
 
 ic.t (Piilvl>v 111'- siiii(iv;ir};i«K 
 
 |,^, biit iVtMiiii'iilly I'v till' 
 
 asi'i'iiaiiii''! liy tin' ^iil'i "t 
 
 ir, that tli'Ti' was ii" 'lillVr- 
 
 litii'H of tli'i t''a>< imri'liiisM 
 
 iiiil DUifi'i-Hot'tli'' I'diiiiniiiy's 
 
 wistaiico froi" Hi'' "iVuTrs "1 
 
 .' |mrcluiH(''l fort lie Ciiiii|':iny 
 
 iiiiisiml (l('Kn'«i "f P""l '■""'• 
 
 oliscrvoil, on III'' part nl lln- 
 
 with rosiu'i't l'> llii^ """- 
 
 provi'il liofori^ 111'' "'';' 
 
 ,oiisc of Coniiiums, in l'*:'.ii, 
 
 'iilar vrft'"'''''" "' "'"' """' 
 V. Iiiuk, mill roiiirii t;i»"l I'l 
 ari-i'l iMion wliioU iniv Iran.. 
 i.raclis^ii, wlii''li m"Iiii'Iii'i" 
 Ivovnnce of ll"' t'"H Ir.'m 
 i,,.' Such roHtiluli'iii li.i^" - 
 . nvcu nt Uic tlislaiuv nt 1 . r 
 .pmiy cnjovcil ii" iulvaul.u 
 ,'.rs in t'lic Cam"" ",'■"•'".' 
 tlu! larROst imrclub'T lia* m 
 i sclccti'm of llio tons, on the 
 no price* M otluTs; ami i ii 
 ,iovo'l onlv as t>rsi.CTts th-' 
 inoricaiis tein- tlic l:iip>t 
 
 t'''»"' ■ .I'.,, 
 
 forcnk'iilatiiif;tli''f'i^t""'^: 
 
 Ih til.' lt"tc i> 
 
 rr I'oiiii'l I""' 
 
 f'idil \flt tt'iii/lit mill MiiiHiiniii, III nf n t 
 "J 'l',ll''"'"l tliiiriiiHiiiia 11/' '/ill. 
 
 7i.»^ 
 
 JUl.t.l, Wlli.lli I lM.«t» 
 
 I'll.. 
 II. .1.1 
 II...... 
 
 I.lilk 
 l.u..|- . 
 
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 Tliii 
 
 ii.i 
 
 kill 
 
 II. I. '111! 
 
 wniilil 
 I .itlii.« I .^ • 
 „ HI 
 
 Kill, m.'i 
 f..i.l « 'I 
 
 III . 
 1.1 III ft 
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 VI 
 
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 l„ ,','/. 
 
 1 1 1. III! 
 H, JH. 
 
 |iir [11 
 
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 '•■t 
 Hi I 
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 71 
 
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 Hill 
 
 lim 
 ■1171 
 7(11 
 
 Ii/. pir iliillar 
 iiiiii 
 
 liillar, I tail jiir piriil \* vi\w\\ 
 
 II. Kni: .VM' I'liiKilil ss iik rill.; Iliiirisii 'I'i;a 
 
 'I'lLVIIl;.— t'llNHIIMITKl.N 111. I'lA. 
 
 Till' lal'' ris(. anil |iri'.ii'iit niaK'iiitii'li' of tlir 
 linii-li li'.'i Iraili' ari' iiinnii;; llii' iiinst rxtranriii- 
 iiiiv |ilii'iiiiinriia in llii> histnry of I'lunini'rci'. 
 |,;i was wliiilly iiiiKniiwn In tlii' (iri.t'Ks an. I 
 |;i.iiiaii.<, ami i'mii In mir aiicrstnrM |iirviiin-lv In 
 till' I'liil nf III'' llilli or III'' lii'^iiiiiiiij.; Ill llir JTlli 
 iiiiliiry. It Mii'iiH 111 have Ihtii orijjinally iin 
 iLrlrliii siiKill iinnntitirs hy thi' Diilcli ; liiil was 
 iniilly Kilo" 11 in this ''iiiiiilry till allrr Ml.'iii. In 
 jiiii, liiiwrvrr, it lii.t;aii to lir iim.iI in cnllri' 
 lii.ii-i's; I'nr, in mi Art passi'il in ihal ytar, a ilnly 
 
 ,,| ,Si/. is liii.j on cvrry (;alliiii of 'riilli'i', rli lair, 
 
 ^liirliii, mill I'M,' ni.'i.li' miil nolil. Itnl il is 
 .■i..iiuilaiilK cviilriil that it was tlicn only lir- 
 (.luiiiii^; III I"' iiilroilnii.'l. 'I'lir fnllowinic I'lilry 
 ,,lin.:ii's ill III'' jii.'iry of Mr. rcpys, tuirrtary lo 
 .111' .Viliniially :— • Si.|ili.niliir 'J.'i, li'iill, I m'IiI (ur 
 ;, i'ii{i i.f Ira (M Cliiiia ilriiiK,', of wliich I liinl 
 1. v.r ilriiiiK li'fori'.' In li'il'il, lint j'.asl. Iinii.i 
 r.iiiip.iiiy lioinjlil 'J 111. •_' 11/. of lea as a prrM'nt for 
 111. lMaj^^ly. in IlliiT, llioy ivsiinl ihi. first 
 rf.li'r 111 iiii|iorl li'a, ilirrcl'.'l to lliiir n^nit al 
 ll.iiiiaiii. Ill llii' rlli'i'l that hr shonlil sniil linnii' 
 Iml 111. nf llii' li|.>t ti'.'l 111. ••oill'l M|.|,! (Milliliril's 
 {Irieiil, Com, ii. W.W; Mai'iihcrsoii's Hist. Il/' Vkiii. 
 mill liiiliii, pp. l.'lt)-l;iL'.) .Siiii'i. thin, 111!' 
 r.iMsiiiiililiiiii s'.'.ins to havo fjoiii' on rri^iilarly 
 il:.iiit;li sliiwly iiirn'M^in^,'. In HiH'.l, iiiMlcail of 
 
 rliiir;;iiiK a 'Inly "11 ih'' <l xM ion ininli' froni Ihi' 
 
 liiivi'.'-, an cxi'Im' ilnty of .O.v. per Ih. w.'is liiiil on 
 lhi. Iia ilsi'll'. 'I'hr iin|iorlaliiiii of Ira from l7lo 
 il..win\Mrih is cxliiliiti'il in tlio liiilowinL; 'I'alili's. 
 
 fill' niliii'lioiis niaili' in tlir ilntlrs on li'.i in 
 ITI.'i anil IT.SI, strikin;;:ly cviiir.. Ilic siiprrior 
 I r.iiliiclivi'iicss of low iliili(-: on artii'Ii's in (,'rii('ral 
 ill iniiiiil. mill ari', in that ii'spi'i'l, '■spii'lnlly worlh 
 ii;:i'iiliiiii. I'rrvioiisly lo 171."), tr.'i was cliiirpjril 
 villi an fxrisi' ilnty of no less liian 'l.v. per Hi., 
 mill with a ciistoiiis duty of II piT cent, ail 
 val..r('ni; anil il ;ip|n'.'irs tli.'il al an iivirai;!' of thr 
 .". vi.;irs I'liiliiif,' MiilsmiiiiK.r, ITI.'i. Ih'- Iras I'litcrcil 
 l..r riiiisuni|iliiiii amoiinlcil to Tti.-^.n'.'o Ih. .n-ycai', 
 vi.'Miii.; an avi'r.'iL;i' cxi'isi' ami cnsloms rrvciiii'. 
 i.f 17.V-''.i'.'/. a-yar. lint |1iiiiil,'Ii IIm' tasli; f.r 
 Ua was tlicii '■omparativi'ly litllo (lill'nscil, il, was 
 we'll kiiiiwn that ils claniU'sliiii' imporlalinn w.'is 
 pxlMiEivt'ly oarrii'il on, ami that its rral was 
 tiiucli firrnl'-r llian its apparriit consnniplion. 
 Tiu'licck tliis illi'i^'iliniatL' trallii', which cnrlcln'il 
 llio smiiirtilcr at thccxpcnsi' of the rcvi'iinc aiiil of 
 llic fair traili'r, a hill w.is carrioil throiiLth I'arlia- 
 iiiont in 1(4.'), ill piirsnancc of the rrcoiiimcmla- 
 liiiiHif .iCiimmittrr of till' House of Ci.ininoiis, hy 
 wliicli thi' I'xeise iliily on tea was rt'ihiced frmn 
 ■li. to Is. |ii>r II). anil -.') p'.r rent, ad valorem ; ninl 
 as tlie iirii'i> of the teas sold at the (Company "i 
 wk's was llieii jilmnt •!.<. |ier Ih., the '_',") per cent. 
 Wilkin I'ai't, ei|iiiv,.|leiit to !,«. per 11)., maliiiiK the 
 iH'W excise duly '.'s. per Ih., heinj; a rediiclioii of 
 .'ill per am. Tliis ineasiui', whieh had in a ),'reiit 
 ilcgri'C Uiu merit of orieinality, wu.s eminently 
 
 uni'i'essfnl. In Ihi' year iiniiiidhilely aflir the 
 reijiii'liiiii (if ihii diity, Ihe eiilriis ol lea li>r 
 I'liii^iiinpiioii miiiiiinli'd In ahoiit I.Miio.iinn Ih., 
 hriii)^ II arly lliri'e liinis as iniieli as liny hail 
 ainiiiiiiliil to in Ihe ia.<t yi.ir of the Ini^li ihitles; 
 and the inrre.|.<i' in the nii'iiihI and lliird years of 
 the new sysli'iil W.ls iilso iiiimI sI rillill^,', Mill In 
 Het the operiilion o| this wejl-i'iinsiiliri'il mea-.iiru 
 ill lliu I'iearesI point of view, Wii Hillijnill — 
 
 /III .IiiiiiihI of till- (^iiiiiililiin nf Till eiilirrit fur 
 ('I'lisiimiiliiiii, mill II f l/iv t'liiiliiir nf till' /,'.iiii» 
 mill ('linlnllli IhltiiH lllilrnn illlliili/ iililt nf iho 
 i'ti'V } I'lirs /in'11'ilinif^ mil/ Hiilnn-iiui-iil In Miti- 
 miiiimir, 17 1. 1, ifliiii llir /'.'.n i.«|. Diili/ im Veil 
 inn riiliiviil friiin In. tit 'i». pvr III. (M'l'illhioll, 
 <ht 'J'ii.iiiliiiii, ji. II.'I'J.) 
 
 \tiin 
 
 1711 
 
 i; 11 
 1.11 
 i:ii 
 I ; 1. 
 
 'I'mIiiI 
 
 ATrriii:" III '. >u.ir 
 
 i;il, 
 
 i;i7 
 
 I7H» 
 
 I . I.l 
 
 ir.iii 
 
 Tiii.il 
 
 Avrr.'iHi. i.r 'i jri'ilr 
 
 OiiinlUKi 
 111. 
 
 HHII.TINI 
 
 KM., '/mi 
 T'l.'.l.N) 
 
 ;iis,- 
 
 I.^I.IHHI 
 
 I.HI'/.I.UII 
 
 ■.I.S.'.'ill 
 
 I, Ml'. .mil) 
 ■^.1.1.11.111111 
 
 '4.f...||,.HII) 
 
 •I TiHl.llil.) 
 ■^,,1.11.111111 
 
 I I.H'HI.IHHI 
 
 ■^i" 
 
 .1111 
 
 IKIIIM 
 
 
 t 
 
 I'lii.i.'i.T 
 
 isi,;m 
 
 It.l.'i .H 
 
 Ml,' 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 HI 
 II 
 
 n 
 
 H7(..lli 
 
 (1 
 
 Mu'Ui 
 
 t) 
 
 V -(..IHI.I 
 
 ^'•^i, 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 II 
 II 
 II 
 
 ,Vi<Mii)l 
 
 rvl'i.iivi 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 • III 17 IH, ,'( |,i.r ifiit. wii« nilili..! In ll.i. rii«l..tii% iliit]. 1.11 ilrt ((.k*.!*, 
 
 lull \l\ IMlllldti .■ ..II II' I w.ls l.l.tt i.. lllllM'l. It.lll.l... 
 
 t III 17..^ Itii'i'iiliic. 111. ii.i^.il III ..,.i"|j.il..ii II.. 
 
 Iliil iiolwitlistaiidin^r this iinanswenihh. ileinon- 
 slratioii of the Miperior prodiiilivinesiH of low 
 iliilie", lliey were a^;aiii iiiireasiil in I7.")!l; anil 
 lliii'lmil''il, hi'tweeii Ih.'il (.{loi'h and I7H|, from 
 ahiiiil li.') to I'JII per eeiit. ad \ .ihiriiii. 'Ihe eHiils 
 whieh f.illowed this iiii.rdiii.'ile exlension of Ihe, 
 duties an* iijiially iiistrnilive with those whieh 
 followed their re.liiiiioii. 'Ihe reMiiiii. iv.'i; not 
 iiurea-ed in anything; liUe a eorrespoinliii;; pro- 
 porliiin; and as the use of tfii had hieiiiiie 
 eiimparalively ^reni r.il, .sinii;,;;;lin^; w;is I'.irried In 
 an iiilinitily f^reatir extern lli.in at any fnrnier 
 peril. d. In the i//«i' vears |.i'ei'eilin;^ 17'^it, .'ihove 
 IIH.lillO.doil 11). of le.'i wer.. exp.irled from Chinii 
 In f^lirnpi' in ...llips hi'lnli;;ill|^' In the eiilltiliellt, aiul 
 ahnllt .''I'l.niMI.IIIIO Ih, ill .slii|is heloIli.,inf,' In I'JIj;- 
 hnid. Ihit. Irniii the hest inl'nrni.'ilinii all.'iiiiahle, 
 il appears that, the real i'nnsiiiii|.iiiiii was aliiinHt 
 exaitly th'^ reverse nf the i|iianlirn'S impnrlid; 
 and that while thi. ('nnsinii|.lii.n nf Ihe Itrilish 
 dniniiiinns ;iiiiiiiiiili'd tn al.nve l.'l.lMlll.illill Ih. n- 
 year, the eniismiiplinii of the < 'mil iiieiit did luiL 
 exeeed i'),.")(lll,(l(l(l. If this ,s|aleinenl, he neiirly 
 enrieel, it h.llnws that nil aiinnal ,siip|ily of almnt 
 liijlil inillinii II). must have hc'ii ilandestimly 
 iinpnrlcd iiiln this emintry, in delianee of tlio 
 revenue laws. Itnl this w;is not ihe worst, ed'ect 
 of till: lii;;h duties; for inanv nf the iilail dealers 
 will) piirehascd tea at ihe K.ist India Cnmpany'.s 
 ■sales. Ill in j,' in a .;reat ineasiire healen mil nf the 
 marlsel, were, th.'il they nii;;lit put tlieinselves in 
 a eniiditinii In slaiid ihe eniiipelilioii of the siiiiit;'- 
 j.;li.rs, templed to adiillerat'' their tens hy mixiiif^ 
 tliein with .sloe ;ind ash leaves. (.Mai'lihiTsoii's 
 '■ Cniiimvrci' iritk liiilin' p. 'JIW ; Milhiini's ' 0;i'- 
 iiiliil i'liiiiiiiirri;' Vol. ii. |), ,')|o.) At length, in 
 17HI, ininisicrs. h.'iviii;,' in vain tried every other 
 resoiiree for the siippressimi nf .sniii),'i;liii;,', re- 
 .snlved In Inllow the preeedent of 17h'), and 
 redneeil the duly nil tea from 1 1'.l to 12,^ per cent. 
 Tliis measure was as siicee.ssfiil as the former: 
 smii;,'f;linir and the praetieu of adiilteralinn were 
 imni'di.ilely put an end to. 'I'lie folinv.iiiK 
 btateineiit .shnws tluit the qiianlltij of tea sold by 
 
 tr lb. 
 
 liri'ii 
 

 .n-^ 
 
 t» > 
 
 1378 TE. 
 
 llip Kn.st Imlin CDinpmiy wns nbout tnhled in tlio 
 toiirsu of tlio two yi'iii!) iiiinic'iliat';ly follow iiit; , 
 tlu! reduction. I 
 
 Quantity of Tea told at the Enst Imllu Company's 
 Suits. 
 
 il>. III. 
 
 17«l . . .'i,n •.1,111) 1 iTsi . . i(;.:iii7,i.i,-i 
 
 17«-^ • - li.iS.l.i.M ITtll . . l.'i,l.'l,l,'r,< 
 
 17V. . - .'i,s .r.vs.-) i;n7 - . iii,i,'jj,r;i,j 
 
 l;Hl(iln'iMTOlui:piO 1IM1^.•;'.7 i 
 
 Wliilc tlui (luaiility of ten sold at the Com- \ 
 Ij.iiiv'h sales Mas thus rapidly aiis^mcntrd, in 
 i'iiiis('(|iipnr(' of tliii rciliK'tion of tlic duty, tlic 
 (|iiainily of It'll iin|iorl('d into tlic (/"onliiicnt from 
 ("liiiia, \vlii(!i liad, in I7S1. anionntcd to l'.),(CJ7.:)(i() 
 lb., <li'clua'tl willi slill irreater rapidity, and, in 
 17!il, was rcd'icod to onlv, ■_',;i91,500 lb. (Ibid, 
 p. L'lO.) 
 
 The duties on toa, at an avcra^i- of the .1 or (! 
 ycart prccedini; \1M, proiluct'd about TOOiU''^/. 
 
 a-yoar. And, on their being rcduoed to ll'.J pfr 
 (•('lit., an additional duty, estimated to produce 
 (1(1(1,0(10/., was laid on windows, as a commiilntinn 
 tax, to compensate for tlie defu'ienry wlii.li it 
 was Mijiposed woul(i take ]dace in the rcveniio 
 derived from tea. Hut, instead of the duties 
 fiilliiij,; oil' in the pro[)orlion of I !!• to l'.'.;,, or fnim 
 700,0110/. to 7:i,00()/., tliej- only fell otV, in cnn.*. 
 qiience of lluMiieieascd coiiHtiniption, in tlic pro- 
 portion of about tivo to imr, or from 700,0(1(1/. (,) 
 !M0,000/. The ('ommutation Aet lias been alivays 
 refjardeil as one of the most sneeessfal financial 
 measures of Mr. I'itt's adniiiiisi ration. 'Hie plan 
 wa-; ^;i'ner.'ill.",' understood at the time to liuve 
 been sdiifiested by Mr. Ilic'liardson, aeeoiiiitaiit- 
 ;,'eneral of the Ijist India Company; liut the 
 popiilnrity of the mcasuie was so f;n'at as to 
 iiKhiee several other individuals to elaim this 
 honour, and even to oceiision some hot disputoi) 
 on the .subject iu the House of Coimin ii.s. hi 
 point of fact, however, the merit of orijjinally 
 
 Account of lilt' (iiKinliti/ of Ttii ictainrd for Tfonir Consumption hi Great lirilnin from 17.S0 tn IS.'i^ 
 and of tlic Qiiuiilitii tliiit paid Duly for Iloinv Consiimjilion iu Ireland from 178!) to 1827; jpni- 
 fyiny the Aelt I'roduee if tlie Unties in each Country, and the Hates of Duty. 
 
 nsn 
 li'ii) 
 i7!n 
 
 IT'l'.! 
 ITIl.T 
 17'JI 
 17!)'. 
 17Uti 
 
 17117 
 
 I7US 
 1709 
 
 ISUO 
 
 ISO I 
 
 ISO'i 
 1S03 
 ISOl 
 
 1S05 
 
 iRnr; 
 
 1MI7 
 IKIIS 
 ISOD 
 
 iRin 
 
 Hill 
 
 IS 15! 
 ISl.T 
 IHU 
 ISl.) 
 ISIIi 
 1KI7 
 ItlS 
 
 l.SI'J 
 
 ]SOT 
 
 1>l^l 
 
 Ili-il 
 1S2-. 
 IS'ili 
 
 is;7 
 
 1.S2S 
 IS'.!!) 
 IS.'iil 
 1S.1I 
 
 Q(i.-mti(ics 
 
 retiiinecl (or 
 
 llonu' ('on- 
 
 s'jmptk'ii 
 
 III. 
 ll,.'i.1l.fini 
 1 I. B!) ■■,•;!)!) 
 I.'i,li'li;,'i|l) 
 l.'i.Si'-'.lll'i 
 l'i,ill,!l.-I 
 lll,i;i7,!l!..T 
 1S,.-!11,.'.T! 
 lH,(lil'J,'J!)J 
 
 i(;,.-)(;s,i)n 
 
 i!),.'-f.(;,'j.-3t 
 \o,'>nn,r>'.o 
 
 2ll,3iS,70'2 
 
 •il.llS.'JI.'i 
 
 ■it,rii7,'m 
 
 18,501,901 
 !il,0'J,'i,,-.SO 
 
 'il1,-.'i'i,0.-iS 
 
 i'),'r>!),.ii'2 
 iii,ny.i,'jm 
 
 19,S(i'J,1.11 
 
 19,0nS,?14 
 'J0,7()-i,SlW 
 •.((),I11S,'.''.1 
 
 lio.i 1.1,'j'ji; 
 
 l!l,!Cil,l.'il 
 
 ■j'j,.">7«,.-ii:i 
 
 '-'Il,'^|l.,l4t 
 '.ill,S!'^,!l.1'i 
 ?J,(i'ii),177 
 
 ■.!'j,f;-i.4i;r 
 •^a.j.o'.'.o.ii) 
 
 '^V!,S!lli,!ll.1 
 V.1.9II,SSI 
 '.;.-,7ri'^.17ll 
 '^.■!,7SI,S.-,S 
 ■;l,K,-n,llf' 
 •2:t:ir,t,ot;T 
 
 i;(i,7!)ii. ISl 
 
 '2'J,l!)i.l!)'l 
 
 :ii,iii7,ii7'i 
 
 '.!9,!I!I7,II)<) 
 .■ll,.'.IS,lll'l 
 
 (iriiat liril.iiii 
 
 Ned .Ainouut of 
 Duly 
 
 £ .1. . 
 
 sn.'.n.is II 
 
 .'il7,'i"0 I 
 
 mi", 130 s 
 
 (;ui,7;,'. c ' 
 
 hu'l.Mii .', 
 
 f.'iS.lIM , 
 
 I'lll'i.lllS .'i !) I 
 
 »;;.Hi.! 1.-, u • 
 
 i,n.'S,ni,() 9 
 
 l.lll.S'iS !) 1 
 l,i7n,sr,i 9 9 
 \,\y!,'2iii II 
 
 l,'2S7,!il)S i! C 
 
 1,1.V1,'.'VJ 7 9 
 
 l,7.'i7,'.'.'.7 IS t 
 
 •i,."lH,(lUI 4 » 
 
 ■i.n'i.VJH 17 9 
 
 .".nos.i'is n 'i 
 
 .->,iii.-.,'rii n ." 
 
 .->,.17ll,tilii () III 
 
 3,1.1ll,lil(i 14 9 
 
 :\,iv>,iyi 1 1 
 ^.-ii'.i.i'.n I) !) 
 
 -,'i,'iS,7!l."> 'i II 
 
 !(>'u.^(oins r('roril>l 
 (li-strovcil. / 
 .-,l'iS,-i.-ii; S 4 
 
 'I'iti. 
 
 !<l) 
 
 .",!)'i;.:i!) II 
 .-.en.-i.'.'iO IS 
 ,",3'.!!,.'iSS 10 
 
 •'.v.Ar, 
 
 VZ 10 
 
 .1,1'2«,1I9 17 II 
 
 .i,'i7.'.,iii'i 17 i; 
 
 ."..111.!!!'-' 1!) Ill 
 
 .',4'l7,')s.'^ I s 
 
 .1,l'2',<ii-. 1111 
 
 .■!,'''-!r.'lll I M 
 
 .1,'/'ll,sl."> 1!1 'i 
 
 .-..;0.1,/j(i I'l .-, 
 
 .",l77,I7'i S '1 
 
 .•!,.■!.• I, ;ri '.! 'i 
 
 ",riS7,ii'l7 IK 9 
 
 .i,.iii,'iis r^ !i 
 
 .",')irj,s,"l 1.1 7 
 
 KntLSofDuly 
 
 I'i/. 111., inrcfi.l. 
 
 !J(I/. per cent. 
 
 At or nliiivo ','j. (',/, perl 
 III. .""/. iiir cfiit. 1, 
 
 (."lldlT >1. I.,l. IKT III. ( 
 
 '.i'l/. per ditto. f 
 
 At or .ihovf 'U, till, per^ 
 
 III. .".'i/. jier rent. t. 
 
 Undi-r 'li. (;,/. pir 111. ( 
 
 ■it\l. ptr dido. ) 
 
 <>ii.iiitl(y I I 
 
 Jmru'inl with Ned Amount i 
 
 Duty Cor of Illltv I 
 
 iliilli.' Colt' IBriliik flirr«lf.!/.)l 
 
 suiiiplioil 
 
 It.ites of Duty 
 
 I l.\t or .nliovc 'it. r,,l. pcr4 
 
 1 } III. IM/. iMjr cent. I 
 
 i l.'ndtT '.ii. tut. pi*r III. j 
 
 ( Ml. |ier ditto. J 
 
 /.At or aliove 2*. Ctl. per) 
 ) III. ,'.tl/. per cent. t. 
 '\ rndir '.'J. I'll, per IIi. I 
 [ '.ill/, per ilido. I 
 
 ^.Vt or aliove '2s. Ciil. per) 
 J 111. !l''/. per cent. ( 
 ■) Under -li. CI. per lb. f 
 
 \ (i.'i/. per tent. ) 
 
 f At or .lliore 2*. 6il. perl 
 I 111. 9.0/. !!». (;<(. piTj 
 ( e,nl. ^ 
 
 I ruder 'Ji. t:,l. per 111. i 
 I iVil. '.'J. t:,i. per ditto. J 
 On all te.is Ut'it. per tent. 
 
 /At or nndir '..'j. per IIi.l 
 ! !)li/. per ecnt. ' 
 
 \ .Ibove -Ji. p'T 111. mil/. 
 ( I'er ditto. ; 
 
 III. 
 l,9:n,s9S 
 l,-.-|.,7!"i 
 l,!l!ll,7S7 
 1,S1I,'.!)S 
 ',',IIS,7.'.'> 
 ■i.llll.'i'.H) 
 ■./.!I7II.7I)I 
 '.',.TiO,."illB 
 
 'i,i9!,T,i 
 
 'i,9'jC,lGC 
 
 -,109,Sl)l 
 .-.i7i;,773 
 .->,'.>.".9,'I37 
 .■..■i.-J.l'i'i 
 o.'im.H-i 
 
 2,r,ll,4.'i8 
 
 3..'i.'i.'i,I'.!9 
 .-i,71ir;,77l 
 3,391,663 
 
 £ I. d. 
 
 3S,!i.1S 1 1 3 
 
 33,1.V2 Vi -i 
 
 4.-i,'J9.'i VI 4 
 
 3.'i,l|0 fl 
 
 .39,'.'74 9 r, 
 
 43,S9'^ B 'i 
 
 61,093 16 111 
 
 4H,6.33 14 9 
 
 6I1,S17 6 5 
 
 1I)-,0IG rt 
 
 1III,7'.'7 11 
 
 69,SJ1 17 
 
 13.'i,fi:i2 3 
 
 l.S2,',!14 17 
 
 I7'i,3,',5 15 
 
 2.'il,7."4 8 
 
 4Il,'^'J,'i 1 4 
 
 .34S,'JI'2 7 
 
 476,919 4 
 
 53 1, GUI I 
 
 462,0«8 12 
 
 2,n22,.'.68 
 
 43.''i."07 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 3„'ii;,3SI 
 
 5ii'.!,k:6 
 
 16 
 
 II 
 
 3,7.''S,I99 
 
 .107,186 
 
 11 
 
 (i 
 
 2„35i,294 
 
 5'il,299 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 .1,"S7.0I2 
 
 5-.!9,sl8 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 .-.,ll'.-.;,77li 
 
 .'531, ,',.10 
 
 l.l 
 
 2 
 
 2,9!)",.'.S'I 
 
 4(1.'.,777 
 
 16 
 
 .-^ 
 
 .-,1 ll,i|-.-| 
 
 4!r,7l3 
 
 
 .'", 
 
 3,ii.'.l,l.'l 
 
 51li,Il),', 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 3,'A-iS,l98 
 
 4,';3,.-i71 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 3,l.'i0.3ll 
 
 -')S,74'<! 
 
 r, 
 
 '1 
 
 .3,I9.-|,!I'; 1 
 
 •Iii-'.sl'l 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 3,81' ,'ll.li 
 
 ,'.li,'.;'i9 
 
 ,', 
 
 2 
 
 3,367,710 
 
 440,1,3!) 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 3,"is7..''lo 
 
 I|-|,'J7I 
 
 l.'i 
 
 11 
 
 ",SS'(,6'iS 
 
 ,')l),1.il71 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 3,8"7,"S.'i 
 
 4 li;,'-'-'9 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 3,liS7,9J.') 
 
 44'J,.-)S2 
 
 14 
 
 IU 
 
 Al! Soils: j 
 
 Soltl at or i Sold unilcr 
 above 'is. Oi.'. I it. III. I 
 
 per III. i ]i>r III. 
 35/. per ,'ent. 'ill/, pir cent, 
 ad val. 
 
 Illack : 
 til. per lb. 
 
 4J./. I'l'er III. 
 
 till, per 111. 
 61'/. i.'erlb. 
 
 j\il. per lb. 
 
 7<I. per 111. 
 
 I 
 
 ad v,il. 
 3S/. I'lj.- 
 
 2.:/. 10«.- 
 
 51/. Ilj.— I 
 
 1 
 
 On aU Tens : 
 93/. per rent, ad v,d. 
 
 96/. per rent. .id. valorem, 
 and Iieneefortll t'.e S.UIU' 
 as in Great ilritaiii. J 
 
iiitr rcilupc(! to 11' i per 
 (.slimnto.l to \im\we 
 (Idwu, as u ciimiiiiiliitinn 
 hi! ili'lifioiir/ wlii.li it 
 c iiUico in tlio vcviiv.io 
 
 ' iiistcail <il' *l'f^ ''""'"' 
 lm<ini'.>t.> rJ)>, 'ir IVom 
 
 • only t'fll "'''"' '" "'"^''- 
 ■(.nunnnition, '» ''" 1""- 
 ,„„., or I'n.ni TOO.onii/. to 
 
 iti„n Act lias '"■'■" •''-"." 
 most suri'i'ssful liiiannal 
 il-nlnislration. The iilim 
 ,„\ at till- time In liave 
 
 Itic.lianlson, accoiuilant- 
 nilia Comiuuiy; Imt tho 
 sun-, was so nT.'at :\s to 
 lulivuluals to ohiuii tli!s 
 oasion soinc hot ilisiiutcs 
 
 llonso of (Joinnii lis. In 
 r, tht: merit of orit;iimUy 
 
 Jhll'im from 17^0 fn is:',', 
 ' from 17«'J (" !«-<■ i ■•i"''" 
 i)ut!). 
 
 Ireltinil 
 
 n.lU'Scf lluly 
 
 lllack : 
 .],/. i>cr lb. 
 
 nmn: 
 (id. \n!r lb. 
 
 4 -UJ. i>ii lb, S4''- 1*' "■• 
 
 I r, 
 
 I 1" 
 1 U 
 
 1 1 .'iV- P" "'• ' '''■ 1'" "'■ ' I 
 
 7 7' 
 
 111 G 
 
 In; .'■ 
 
 . I " 
 li.'i 11 
 In 4 
 
 .1 1 
 
 1 14 10 
 
 or,; viT rciil. :i<l- valorcir, 
 ami h.-n«fo'll| !'••■«•■""•■ 
 ;„ in liriai !!"'»"'■ ' 
 
 TEA l.'iT'J 
 
 J/l Account of the Qmiiitit'ira of Ten fiii/iniicil ijifi) the I'liiliil Kiiiijilom iliiriiir/ each of the. 
 iiuili-riiii'iiliiiiicil I Hint ciiiini:j icil/i I^:(!7,• s/iicifi/iiiii the (^iidiililicn rci.rjiorliit, tin- Qiiioililii'.i 
 .iiiiiii'illfi Uiliiiiicd for Jlonir I'oiisiiiii/iliiiii, llw JiiiUn of Diiti/, unit llic .Inniia/ J'/ai/iicc if 
 llir Duties. 
 
 I Yvar« 
 
 1H3,-. 
 
 1H-' 
 IS-i^ 
 is:.7 
 is-.s 
 
 IS.VI 
 ISl'l 
 Ml 
 lM.i 
 l-l.'' 
 Ml 
 IM'i 
 ISli. 
 
 isi; 
 
 HIS 
 
 isn 
 
 I SMI 
 ISlI 
 
 I s'>.' 
 IS.' 
 is-.i 
 IS-.. 
 
 IS- II 
 lv'i7 
 IS'.S 
 IKfii; 
 IsiT 
 
 Oinnlllies 
 liii|iurti'il 
 
 III, 
 
 .").i,61ii,sn(i 
 ';i,:ii;i),,Vii) 
 
 1!) ,.107,7111 
 .■l.,'J7.'>,HHl 
 411,11.1,714 
 .IS.l'.S.IIDH 
 -'s,ri,M,ss^ 
 .■|).7X7,7mi 
 111,71-', l'.;s 
 4.1.IMV,7.-)7 
 ,M,li;,ll7S 
 .')1,I1)I.,II7S 
 .'>4, 7117, 14'^ 
 .'■.■,,11'^ I. 'J I II 
 47,7;4,7.'..'> 
 .'i.1,4'>!l,lll'J 
 .'ill,',li,.1S4 
 7l,lfili,lwl 
 
 i;r,..ii;ii„o,v, 
 
 7il,7.T),l.1.'> 
 S,-.,7!l'^,".1.! 
 S.-,'J.)I),(1')7 
 
 sn,'i(Ki,4M 
 (n,i^).i,'jsi) 
 
 7.'i,4.-)'.!,.'i7K 
 I3f),«lll,llll 
 l2s,IWS,7'.:il 
 
 ru.tix)iurtciL 
 
 lb. 
 
 !i,, i.icn 
 
 I,lSI,iili.-> 
 '.i,l.'iS,OTO 
 
 4.a.ii,sii.", 
 
 1,71(;,'^1K 
 
 ■J..'.7r,s77 
 
 .■i,."ilS,!)i'J 
 '^..-iS.-i,.!?!! 
 4,l!lll,.1l).1 
 .'>,71li.l'i7 
 4,'.M,lll 
 4,S-'S,!lH.'> 
 4,(I.J.^,'i'>H 
 .■i,.'>.-.1,(il..S 
 4,7IH,1.-.S 
 ,1,.V',1,,V.'S 
 4, HI. ',,1117 
 
 ;;inrt,iivi 
 
 4. .'v. 'I, .'.II!) 
 C, 1.11,74.1 
 4,s.1i.,(liiU 
 S,(l.i,'i,i|.'i."i 
 13,(i'Jt;,.'.ll7 
 5,7IS,7r,4 
 K,7(l7,.i7l 
 7,'2l!i,-'7() 
 ,1ll,ai.'i,l.'.l 
 .11,1.11,11-2 
 
 Uu.'inlil)i'.i 
 rftniiH'il fir 
 Ci>ii.tum|i(iun 
 
 lb, 
 ,"il,Sa'J,(,2U 
 
 .11,W.'l,r,.',l 
 
 .in, .'.7 1, 1 II II 
 4'i.ni,Mi. 
 .1().(.J.',,','ll(i 
 .1v,-.',l,'i;i.-. 
 .T,,li7,'.'l<7 
 .17,.'.'iV,(l'^S 
 
 ,i(;,i;7.',,(;i;7 
 ,i7,.".v>,'.)r2 
 4ii,'."j.i,iin 
 41,. 6.1,7711 
 44,l!).1,l,',.1 
 111,74(1,114 
 411,11 l,S.'l 
 4h,7.11,7W) 
 .'ill,ii'21,'i7U 
 .'il,l7'2,.1l« 
 .'i1,'l»-,'),ir2 
 5l,7.'l,i.I.1 
 .VS,S1I,IIS7 
 CI,'J...1,illl 
 6,1,l'i!l,',isii 
 fi.1,V7«,-ilV! 
 C'J.I,')'.l,M3 
 7.1,'2i;,4S.1 
 ll)S!„1'il,HS7 
 1 1 1 ,()'ia,3H7 
 
 AiiiDinit o: 
 
 Iluiv rn-iivi 
 
 llii-re'iu 
 
 £ 
 :i, 1 11,102 
 
 b. 
 
 ,ll'i, 
 
 >Wk 
 
 ya. 
 
 171. 
 ,.'.'.1(1, 
 .iir.-.!, 
 
 .IIS.'j, 
 ,*is,1. 
 .7X11, 
 illli. 
 ,,'i,1(i, 
 ,(li.O, 
 ,11C,, 
 ,.'J.',S 
 ,77fi, 
 
 ,'l.li 
 ,HIII 
 (1.1.^ 
 .Xd.l 
 ,Hi.l 
 ,II(,H 
 ,!)'i7 
 ,M'i 
 ,\M 
 i.l.'.l 
 ,(lli.'i 
 ,l'.)l 
 
 Ai'i 
 fM'\ 
 ,lfi1 
 ,ISI 
 ,7'JI 
 ,I4I( 
 
 .i r, 
 
 ,II.T2 
 
 .171 
 
 UK 
 
 ■,.'Hill 
 
 Uiitcsoriiiiij 
 
 V It' MiM ill or uiulor 'it. yvt lli.f 0(1/. [ler cent, ad 
 ■I Viilnit-iii. 
 
 ( .\i iir al.i.vL' 'ts. pir lb., Ion/. illMii. 
 i lli.iil'.l, 1*. (1./. |n'r II.,; Ci.nL'ou, Tw.ink.1vv 
 / ll>.vin skill, (IriPKe I'c-kui', luiil ( :iui|.,.i, 
 S ■-'* J(/, ptT 1(1. 1 all tiditr Mirti ."j. j.ir II.. 
 \ Jrom Aiiril 'U.) 
 
 All surls '.'V. li/. in.r lb. (froii'.'.liilv 1.) 
 
 6/. l.iTL'e'it. adtiidolKi! fn.in .Mr.y 15 
 
 '.;.«. per Ml. I'lus .'. jitr cunt. 
 
 1.. 10./. p.rlb. 
 !..(./. „ 
 l«. '1./. „ 
 
 1.1. .-../. „ 
 1.. ',./. „ 
 lid. „ 
 
 -UL'^'ti'iJ^' the plan neither heloiif^'cd to Jlr. 
 llkiiiinlsoii, nor to any of those ivlio tlieii claimed 
 it; mill such (f our readers as will tiiko the 
 ir.iiililo to lool; into a. iniiiiplilet ascribed to .Sir 
 Mutllii'W lloeUcr {Sirioim Comtiilcralions on tlie 
 msKiit liiijli />H^/'t',<), inililishcd ill 1713, will lind 
 iliiit tl;c iiieasurc adoiited in 1781 had boon 
 .'.riinuoiisly reconimendcd 10 years before, 
 
 lint tlii'"|irinoiple of the ("omnuitation Act, and 
 the rti-iliiii^;' advant.ane that had resulted from the 
 rciiiictiiiii of ilie duty, were soon lost sifjht of. 
 Ill 17',i."i llio duty was increased to "_',") per cent,; 
 .iii(l,,aftcr successive aUf;nicutatioiis in 171)7, 171)M, 
 l,si)», ami IXO;!, itwas rai.sed in ISOi'i, to IMJ (ler 
 itiii. ml valonin, at which it continued till 1H1',I, 
 ivhci; il was raised to KH) per cent, on all tea.s that 
 br.iM;,'lit aliDve ■-'»'. per lb, at the Company's .sales. 
 Tiic iircccdini; and followiiif; stateiueuts show 
 tlii! |irii;;rcss of the consumption of tc;i in this 
 C..1II1IIV Irom a ver^' remote epoch down to the 
 fioMUt tinii; : — 
 
 ,ln .Immnt sliiiivlnff the Qiiiintiti/ of Tea an- 
 iiiiiV,/ i-,iisiiincil in tin; iJnildl Kinijilum, with 
 //ir nriTiiiH' Jiiilc itnil uiiijrnjittc Amount of 
 Diilii fiillcctcd thercun ; anil the uveraye I'rice, 
 ticiiisire and inclusive of the Duty. 
 
 Account of the Qnuntily of Tea remaining for 
 Home Consiimj)lii>ii m Great lililuin from 
 1711 /() 178(i, olitaineil by deiluctiiiy the 
 Quantity cvjiorted fruni the Quantity sold at 
 the Company's Sales. 
 
 \-inrs 
 
 1711 
 
 17'.iO 
 17'.'-. 
 17111 
 171'. 
 1711 
 17I'. 
 
 X,I5. — \Vc li.ive m.ade up this statement from 
 the accounts f?iveii in Jlilhurn's Oriental Commerce 
 (vol. ii. p. o31), and I'ostletliwayt's Dictionary, 
 art. ' Tea.' 
 
 Account of the Quantity if Tea entered for Home 
 Consiiinplion in the (United Kingdom, the Net^ 
 Amount of Duti) received thereon, and the Hates 
 of l)uty,'froni i,S18 to 1807. 
 
 I.b. 
 
 Years 
 
 Lb. 
 
 li, 700. 01 10 
 
 Year 
 
 7^1 
 
 I.b, 1 
 
 1 1 1,1111.1 
 
 1 7.'.(1 
 
 .1,.'i7s,4i.)ll 
 
 !i 117, '101 
 
 I7'i.'> 
 
 ■J,7".s,i.i(; 
 
 I7S'J 
 
 4,lll(,,<<'i| 
 
 ■JS.,,1!I1 
 
 17(10 
 
 '2,;"r,,iii.i 
 
 I7S.1 
 
 .1,ii.s7,i.l(i 
 
 .'..17,' mi 
 
 17(1". 
 
 l.'IO(.,.',|(i 
 
 17S1 
 
 S,(i'is,l7.1 
 
 l,.1S0,lil|l 
 
 1770 
 
 7.7'J1,'i.1s 
 
 17S.'i 
 
 11, 11. -.,71'. 
 
 «S(i,70il 
 
 177/. 
 
 ■■,l7.'i,liJS 
 
 n.sti 
 
 13,|JS0,.')II(; 
 
 ll'^0,OII(l 
 
 I7S0 
 
 .'>,'..SS,,-1.') 
 
 
 
 Vt-'ars Quantities 
 
 Duly received 
 thereun 
 
 ' Year. 
 
 'Ill roll- 
 
 Mini, (I ill 
 
 Ciili'.l 
 
 l\mj;tUnn 
 
 , 4 A veram; 
 
 Amount „„ " 
 
 ofUu:y ,,„,?,. 
 
 1'" 
 IV. 
 Ml. 
 
 m:. 
 
 Wi, 
 
 1M7 
 
 ; IMS 
 
 Ml 
 
 lb. 
 
 .'il,1'.l,'i'C. 
 
 .■i,r;7,'iS7 
 
 .-1I.1.7 -.,111.7 
 17, ■.",■.,« 11 
 iii,'-"r.,.i'.i.", 
 4I..-G".,77'l 
 4I,M1,11.1 
 46,7111,111 
 4ll,.■|l,s'^l 
 1S,711.7SI1 
 
 .i",ii'a,-.7ii 
 
 il.W'.llli 
 ,')"•.'! I'l.O .'I 
 
 ,1,-f.2,01.', 
 
 r.,ii.',s,siii 
 
 .1,47-.',M1I 
 .1,'I7.1.(1' S 
 4,iiss,'.r.7 
 4,t07,fili 
 4,6il,l!l.1 
 4,H.1.1,.-..'.1 
 .'i,ll'-',oir. 
 .0,01.(1, 111 1 
 
 .',,l7l,l'.i'i 
 .j,.'i!i-.,!lill 
 
 .'l.llll 1,1. i. 
 
 i 
 
 Rates of Duly 
 
 ■T 1,7 '1.1 111 
 .'.s,H.",l,tis7 
 (.i,'.r,,-,,uil 
 
 (i.l.l'J'll^Sd 
 
 iy.r.^.Ui 
 
 .'.,11s 1.1 7.': 
 '.,(.s:i.7'.il 
 4,7so,l 111 
 .'.,110,'i7.'> 
 i,.'i.->i.,'.'2(i 
 
 1 c.\ 
 1 » 
 
 1 1) 
 
 
 7-.';i7,iM 
 lii/,".;i.ss7 
 lll,il.9,.1S7 
 
 .•>,or,.i,ois 
 .'.,1SI1,17I 
 ■i,.V,',,IIS 
 ■2,77(i,'.'ill 
 
 1 '1} 
 
 (1 (1 
 (1 i; 
 
 
 ■-'J. aj./. Ver lb. Jl.iy l.'i, IS 10 
 
 l.t. 1(W. rprlli.,riine1, IS'.S: 
 Ij. (1./. lier 111. April 11, IS.'.l ' 
 U. 'Jil. per lb. April iX, 1»53 
 
 Ij. .0.;. per Ib.'.'vprll 0, 1SJ7 
 
 l.t. per lb. April 'i5, 1S(13 
 C J. per lb. Jui'.'g 1 , I KG.) 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 llj 
 
 II 
 IM 
 
 I'l 
 
 
 The follnwiiii? table, cinnpilod by the Inspector- 
 (icneral of Imports and lOxports, .-ets the most ma- 
 terial circnnistances cmiiu'cled with the tea trade 
 ill a very clear and strikiiiu' point of view. 'I'ho 
 liispeclor-tieneral has addi'd to bis lalile two more 
 colunins, one .'■'liowiiii;' tlic annual poimlation of 
 the I'liiled Kini'dom, and llie other the annual 
 tivcra^e coiisumidion of ten by each individual of 
 lliat I'opiihition, lint we have omitted these, iii- 
 iMniich ;is the average in qucsliuii wa.s wholly 
 '4 T 2 
 
 '1 A;.: 
 
 !? Ill i 
 
 'Hi 
 
1,33:) 
 
 TEA 
 
 'J .' 
 
 i . 
 
 fillliicioii.-'. Tlio consumption ortca)ioriii(livi(liml tlio coiiHiimptinn pithcr in Kiifclniul or Scotland, 
 ill (Jri'.it Mritaiii wiiH t'ornicrly a f,'(io(l dciil more Tlii.-t, iiidccil, is very rlonrly exliibitod in tlic lahlf 
 tliiiii (loiil)li' its coiisiiniiition per iiiilividuiil in sliowinj; the coniparalivo consumption of tea ni 
 Jrelaml. And lliiin;;li the proportional consninii- dilVcrcnt cpoclis in cadi of llic tiirw^ luimiloiiM. 
 tion in tlic lattirlias incrca»(Ml since IlK'ocriirrcncc Tlio cpuiiitity for Ireland in IHiii! !:< tliaf uiveaun 
 of the jMilaloe rot iiilSH!, it is still iniicli below ' an averap' of li years to Miio, in 'I'Ikjiii's y.^(V(ii„;u, 
 
 Aciniiiit iif llif Tiiliit unit Avinii/f Ctinsiimplhm <\f Tin lii/ F.iii!i /iiiliridiiiil nf tlic I'ojmliitiiin 
 in Kiiiiliiiiil, Si'dlltiiiil, mill Jrcluiii/, in 18-11 iiiiil IM.itl, iiml (Irint Ihitiiin iinil Jri'laiiil in |xi;il. 
 
 Citunlli) 
 
 'I'oliil (*iirtsiiiii)pti(>n 
 
 mil 
 
 18 'id 
 
 Knulaiiil 
 
 .S.r.ll..l>il 
 
 IrclniKl 
 
 Uiiilcd Kipcclom 
 
 111. 
 iis.8'i,-,,i.'ii; 
 a.'is'i,i;(i 
 4,M'*;,3*.'i 
 
 Ih. 
 
 47,'PS .(I.T'l 
 
 l,..--.s.-l.'.'-,-, 
 
 8,7(1'*, .Til 
 
 riii.dr. ',()'. 7 
 
 'i.l.'.'Ts.'il; 
 
 III. 
 j 'jn.ii'i.sHs 
 iv,infi,(iiu_ 
 iii'i,.")'^i,sH; 
 
 AviT.iite runsuniptinn liy vM:h Inilividuaj 
 ISIl 
 
 III. 
 
 OI. 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 1) 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 IS' 6 
 
 .1 
 
 III, — K.VST I.NDIA CoMr.\NY'.S I^IoXoI'OI.Y — Ix- 
 
 Fi.i i;x(;i; m: ox tiiic riuci-: or Tk.\— Con- 
 iirriuNH vNiiKU WHICH ir was iiki.i) — 
 
 AllOI.ITKI.N or. 
 
 From its (jri;;iii down to ln;!!, the trade in tea 
 was inoiiopoli>e(l liy the Kast India (.'oinpaii.v, 
 Consideralile (inantities of tea were, indeed, at 
 ditl'erent times, smufif;!'''' '"t" '''f^ country; hut 
 no IJritish snhji'ct, not anlhorised liy llie Comiiany, 
 was ever .allowed openly to import tea, lieiiin 
 thus the oiili/ .ti-/ln:i, they had it in their power, liy 
 limitinj; the quantity hroutjht to marUvt. to raise 
 its price above its natural elevation, and to realise 
 immense proiits at l!ie uxpens' < '' the imblic. 
 They niif^ht, no doubt, have declined availing,' 
 themselves of this power; but no such lorbearaiice 
 could be nationally exjiecled from the Conipany, or 
 from any other body of men. All indivi luals an.l 
 ussoeiations exert themselves to obtain the liiirhest 
 price for whatever they have to sell : and it is 
 found that those who are protecleil IVoin the com- 
 petition of others, or who have obtaini'd ,; mono- 
 poly of any market, invariably vaise the p.ice of 
 their commodities to a very hit;h pitch. The 
 Kast India ('ompany did this, prob.ibly, to ;\ less 
 extent than most other bodies that have enjoyed 
 eueli exclusive privile^'es. Still, however, it is 
 an undoubted fact, that the teas sold by them 
 durini; the last years of the nionop ily cost the 
 peoiile of liritain up"'ar(l3 of l,.')(l(l,0(Ki/. a-ye.ar 
 more than they wouiu have cost li.id they been 
 sold at the price at which teas of eiin.i'i quality 
 were sold, under a .'^ysteir, >■( free conipi'lition. in 
 New VorU, Ilanibnr;;, Amsterdam \.-, (lor 
 proofs of this statement, sec 1st edition of this 
 Dktiimarij, p, lO.'U,) 
 
 The L( ::is!atnreendeavoured at ditlerent |ieriods. 
 to prevent the Company from abusini; their mono- 
 poly, by eii.aeliiif; rei^ulatioiis as to the .■■.■ile of te;i ; 
 and though no loiifrerof any practical importance, 
 it may be worth while briefly to notice some of 
 the more important, and the means by which they 
 were defeated In 171j, for examjile, when the 
 fjrcat deduction wan made from the atmnuit of the 
 tea duties, it was enacted, by a statute pa^ ~ed in 
 that ye.ir (IH ' 'co, II. c. 2(1), in order to )irevenl 
 the Coiiip;iny Irom (hprivini; the public of the 
 bcuctit of this reduction, that in case the tea im- 
 ported by the I'.ast India (!om|iany shiiU not 
 always be sulliclint to answer the con.^iiniption 
 thereiif in Great liritain, and to Iwip tin: price of 
 Ua in this cinintri/ v/mii an I'linitHty irit/i Hii: priin 
 thereof in the 7ieiiiUnmriiiiJ Omtinrnt of J;'iiriijie, it 
 Bhall be lawful ibr the said (,'oiiipaMy, and their 
 Biicces.sors, to import into (Jreat liritain such 
 quantities of tea as tluy sli.'ill think iiecessar.v 
 from any part ol' l^nrope : anil bv .inothcr .section 
 of the same statute, it is enacted, that if the Kast 
 India Company bhall, at any lime, iie^dect to keep 
 the British market supplied Avith a siij/icient 
 
 qiiinititij of tin at rnianniifik prices, it shall lie 
 Lawful tor the lords of the Treasury hi urmit 
 licenses to iiiii/ utiier jjcrson or persons, liotlv liulitiu 
 or corporate, to import tea into (Jreat liiitaiafroui 
 any port of Knro|ie, 
 
 Had this statute Iieen enforced, it would 
 certainly have restrained I he demaiid.s nf the 
 Company within reasonable limits; Imt jf ,v,,j 
 very soon forj,'olten, and the Company cuiitiniioil 
 as before, to sell their teas at an "iinminin 
 advance as compared with their prices in lliin- 
 bur},' and Anistcrdain, 
 
 'I'lie sanii' well-founded J( ainu.sy, which dictntfil 
 the Act of ITl.'i, was again displayed in the pni. 
 ceediiiL^s at the reduction of th'i "duties in 17M, 
 It was then enac'ted (L'l (ieo. 111. c. ,')■"<;, that the 
 Kast liiilia ( otnpany should make 1 sjilcs i.f iij 
 every year as near as conveniently may he a; 
 equal distances of time from e.acri ntlicr. iii!! 
 should put n|) at such sales si:^ b pianliliosul mi 
 as in.ay be judged snlheient tosupjily the doniiii'l; 
 and at eacli sale the tea to be put up sii.ill ho -^1,1 
 without reserv<' to the hii;hest bidders, priiviJtil 
 an adv.atK'c o*' If/, per pound be bid up'iii Iho prioi; 
 at which the one is put np. liy annil.t r cLiii • 
 it w.as enacteo, that it should not' be lawliil r.iriln! 
 Ilast India Comp.any • to put up their I ■«< fer -alo 
 at a ly jirice w hicli shall, upon the whole nf tlii- 
 teas so iml lip :it any sale, exceed l!ic jiriiii'! ml 
 thereof, with the frei,:;bt and <-har>ces of imiinn- 
 
 ati 'U, top'tlur with lawful interest In. in die li 
 
 of arriv.al of such te;is in (Jreat Uritain. ini'i ;li; 
 common preiniuin of insin'aiice as a eniiipcnsaiiuii 
 Ibr the sea risk incurreil thereon.' The ( nm|Kinv 
 were further ordered to keep a stock, enu.il tu a[ 
 least 1 year'.i consiimptioii, according' to the m1('< 
 of the preeediiif; year, alw.ays beforehaml, .\r i 
 they were bound "to lay before the lords of ;lic 
 Treasury cnpies of the accounts and esliniates ii|i(iii 
 which their orders for importali iii,tiri(i,-i f^.lr-all^ 
 mid quantities jait up to .-;ile, shoulil he ;,'i()iiiiiii'il. 
 
 The object of these conditions is obvious. Tiny 
 wert! intended to secure a plentiful supply cf n.i 
 to the public, ..nd to ])reveiit its beins snid at xi 
 oppressive inciease of price, IJiit inur.ypuly aii^l 
 low prii'cs are altOi;'elher incompatihie. T1iiM"M- 
 ('itions now referred to were, ;is to all praetiraljlo 
 purposes at least, (|uite inoperative. 
 
 1, In llie tirst place, the Coniiiany made variniK 
 additions to the jirime cost, and ciiiisi'(|ninllvt > 
 the puttinif-tip price of their tea, which tin y 
 oiif^ht not to have made, but which the lor.i>'i' 
 the Treasury, had lliey boeu so disposed, ciiii 
 hardly disallow. They always, for ex.iiiiH''. 
 charf^ed the cost of the factory in Canton to ti:' 
 price of tea. This establishment coiisisti'd "i 
 about 20 jiersons, and cost at an aveniue iili'iu I 
 l(MI,(lilii/. a-year. We do not ]iresiune to sayihat j 
 it was alto;;ether useles.s. 1,'ndoubtedly, liov.ivir, 
 it miyht have been conducted at half the exi'iu-^' 
 
III. 
 
 07.. 
 
 ■i 
 
 N 
 
 'I 
 
 .f 
 
 t 
 
 7 
 
 'i 
 
 4 
 
 n KnRlniul or Scotl.iinl. 
 ,dv cxliibiteil in tlic l:ilili' 
 
 '(•(iiisuniptioii of nil iit 
 
 1 of tin- three lum;(li>iii<. 
 I in iHUCi i:< that i^ivem.i 
 IttOJ, iuTli'ii"''* />'■'■"■'";/. 
 
 !vi(hiiil of <!>'■ ^'"/"''"'""' 
 an and 'Jrehiiiil ,n W,,\. 
 
 on^nil^lltml^^'' l'"'l'''l"'l ! 
 
 18.'.6 I IJt^O 
 
 III. i>/. 
 
 I -■ '" 
 •i .1 _ 
 S_ 11 _ 
 
 „soiwl>k prices, it slinll lip 
 
 (,f the 'rreasiiry t" iintni 
 
 rson ()rp(T.S())i.i, lii"lyii"li'i«: 
 
 I tea into lircat ISniiiinlrom 
 
 hecn pnforceil. it wmll 
 ;iiiieJ llie (iomaiids (if iIk 
 sduaMe limit-*; '"" '' "■'* 
 mil tlie Cuiiipaiiy cnutiiimM, 
 Lheir teas at an 'iiiirniMii.; 
 
 with their liricen in 11 uii- 
 
 luled jralinisv, whielulirlntfil 
 (I'l-aiii tlisiilaved in tlio iim- 
 
 rtion (if th'i chitics ni l..^l. 
 (•Jl (;eo. ill.c. .'Kj.tlwl the 
 
 y shtiuhl maUe 1 silcs m' na 
 
 • as ciinvciiiently nuiy lie a". 
 time fr<im eiicli otIiiT. ^imi 
 
 ■li sales st:'''i inanlities u\ tci 
 ilUoient to supply the ilomwl; 
 
 • tea lo lie put up sliiiU I'o --W 
 tl„| hi-hest liiiMer:^ prnvi.W,! 
 i.rinuin(lt>el)iilup'inllio|.no( 
 
 ismtnp. liyannll,.rvlu.- 
 it shduMnnt lielawlnll.Tilw 
 V -to put up tlieir I -as tur -alo 
 ■^hall. iip'.n the whole el ih'' 
 ,v sale, exceed the prim- cH 
 ,-;.i-ht and >'liarKe> of imii-n- 
 , lawful interest fn.ni ihc uuk 
 „.a.i ill Croat Britain, ;"V! M, 
 ,f insuraiiee as a eoiiipeiisati"!! 
 urrea thereon.' The lonij.my 
 a to keep a stoch, eHU;ll t" ''l 
 iinption, aceonlin- to tlie siU- 
 ^ ,./u-. always hotoreKnul. A I 
 , I'lv before tlie lords (it I'l^ 
 thea.'-eounlsani1csiiuiat(;sui«'ii 
 fur imporlati.n.'Hin'slorvao, 
 ,,,,,, ^Me,sl,onMI;c^roui.* 
 ,,. conditions IS ohvious 11k) 
 ,,.,Hre a identiful supplv "I '" 
 .,, nroNeiitits heniii sokl at .u 
 .o.\iriee. Ht.t t--;^ V-;: 
 
 iiinlier nieomiiatih e. H';.' '' 
 "at.. were.astonllpra.';u.iU.. 
 
 iiuile inoperative. 
 
 ;,co, the Company made ■ 
 
 ,,,i„ic cost, and ^^""^71"',,. 
 rice of their tea, which ll>'., 
 i.iade.hut which tlie eras V 
 tlievhoen so (Usposcd. >.-i;' 
 Thcv tdways, lor e.am .. 
 of the factory in Caimm t', 
 |,is cstahlishment ^""'"^^^^ 
 ,„d cost at an avenj^e a 
 We do not presume to .'> 
 ,,„.le,s. Undoubtedly, he\.o.i 
 ;^ conducted at half the cxr^'tK. 
 
 TH.V 
 
 1381 
 
 It is a fact, that the wliolo American Inisiiiess at ' 
 Clinton has hei'ii Iransaeted liy the captains of the 
 ^lii|is; ami everyone knows that they have ha<l 
 tcuir disturbaiicos wiili ihe natives tlian the ! 
 IJmli.-li. . ' 
 
 •J. In tlio secoiul place, it was eslahlished by 
 till evidc nee taken before the s(deeL eoiniiiillee of 
 ISlO, that the Company bail for many years 
 tlirown the whole los,..eH iiri>int; I'roiii their oiilward 
 iiiveslineMt upon tea, by estinialiiif^ the value <if 
 tin- i;i(d, or Chinese money in which the .■iccoiinls 
 ;(ri' kept, at the jirice which it<'ost for tlie purpose 
 cf iK'iii};' Vested ill ti^ii. This was a completer 
 cMMuii of the jirovisions of the stalnlc; but it 
 Mil- one whicli it was very dillicult, if nut impcs- 
 Kiliii', to dell . -It. 
 
 :;. Ill the lliird place, the oblii^alion imposed on 
 t!h' (oiiipaiiy, of kee|iin;^ ii year's supply of tea in 
 ihiir warehouses, conlribiiled both to raise its 
 |.riio, and dotprioratc its ([uality. From a return 
 made lo an order of the select comniitteo of the 
 Hiiiise of Coninions in iHifd (^First lltpart, A])]>. 
 ]i. •.'■'!), it appeared that tlie shortest^ time any tea 
 i.M \<y tlie Company had been in store was 1 -l 
 iiie.:lbs; and tb.-it, at an averaj^e, all the teas sold 
 (liirint: the 3 ycar.s ending with IWJ'J bad been 17 
 ineiitlis in store, luit. nccordinij to the evidence 
 (if ihe most rospectaldo American witnesses, the 
 lila'.k ■ lid coarser kinds of lea arc depreciated at 
 l.a-t per cent, by being kepi a twelvemonth, 
 an I are, indeed, hardly saleable after the arrival of 
 ftisli teas from China. Adding, tlierefore, warc- 
 liduse rent, interest of caiiital, and iiisuiancc for 
 17 months, to the deterioration in |)oinl of c|uality, 
 we may estimate the loss to the public, by this 
 Wfll-ineant hut most injudicious iiiterlercnei; of 
 llic Leiiislaliire, at lo per cent, upon the jiriec of 
 all tile teas sold. 
 
 ■I. In the fourth place, it is obvious, even sup- 
 fiosini,' the prime cost of the Company's teas hud 
 iiiil lii'di iiiipropcrh enhanced, that tlie regulation 
 iililiicin^ tlicm to be soM at an advance of Id. per 
 lb, if otVeredjOn the puttiiig-up price, could not be 
 oiliorwi,-e thin nugatory. Had the trade been 
 (ipin, private merchants would have undersidd 
 each iilher, until the price of tea, like that of sugar 
 or collce, had been reduced to the very lowest 
 l»iiiit lliat would yield the sellers the customary 
 rati' of profit. lint the Company was in an en- 
 tirely dillerciit situation. Jieiiig the oiili/ sellers, 
 tliiv invariably iinderstmked the markcl. Instead 
 ii;'linnj;iii.ir forward such (luantilies of tea as might 
 have occasioned its sale at a small advance upon 
 tilt' npset iirice, they adjusted the supply so that 
 uii price was raised to a much higher elevation. 
 Xuw, it will he observed, that all tliat this system 
 if managinieiit put into the Company's coU'ers 
 dni.-iMcil of ('.(■<;•(( prcjil ; for the |iiittiiig-iip price 
 umbraci'il every item that could fairly enter inro 
 till.- cost of the tea, incliiding both inlercst on 
 cajiiial and insurance, and iiudiidin,L;' also, as we 
 have rcen, several items that had but little to do 
 villi it, To show the extent to which this soiree 
 if jiiiilit was cultivated, we may mention, that at 
 the .liino sale in 1830, the Company put up cong.iu 
 at Is. ;<(/, and '2s. \d. per lb.; the lowest sort, or 
 lliat put up at l.s. H(/., being sold pari ly at 2t.-. 1 hd., 
 Iiiiij;.™ advance of («'(.«/y-/«'0 ((»(/« /ir///']icr cent., 
 ainl |iarily at •Js. ;'«/., being an advance of i.-outy- 
 nvi: |ier cent. ; while the highest sort, or that 
 Hit up at -.'s. !(/., was sold partly at '2s. ■2d., being 
 au advance of /'owr per cent., and partly at Js. Id., 
 lirfii!;an advance of no less than si;vi;nty-tW(i 
 I*r cent, above the upset price; that is, above a 
 iriic calculated to yield ordinari/ pro/Us. Mr. 
 Mills, an intelligent tea merchai.l, in a paper laid 
 htlcte the committee of the House of Lords on 
 
 Kast India nfl'airs, showed, that the advance on 
 teas sold at the Company's iJiiiie sale in 1H:1(I, above 
 theputtiiu-upprice, amounted to r.'L',177/. \Hs. ld.\ 
 and as there are 1 such sales in the year, the total 
 advance must have been about oini.OOd/. ; and 
 this was eoiisideraldy under what it bad been a 
 l'v\Y years previously. 
 
 These stiitements show generally how the Com- 
 pany did'ealcd the provisions of the Act of 17MI, 
 ami, indeed, turned tliera to in own advantage. 
 lUil, as already observed, nothing (dse could he 
 expected. It is niigalorv to nitiinpl lo combiuB 
 nionopidy with low prices and good qualities. 
 'I'liey never have existed, and it is not jiossible 
 they ever should exist, togelher. .Monopoly is 
 the parent of (learness and scarcity; freedom, of 
 cheapness and plenty. 
 
 Croat, however, as was the sacrilico entailed on 
 the people of Ihilain by the Compaiu's monopoly, 
 it is doiiliiful whether it yielded any considerabie 
 amount of revenue to the Company, llvcryone, 
 indeed, must be satisfied, on genend grounds, that 
 it was impossible for tile Company to make any- 
 thing like the same profits by the privileges 
 conceded to them, that would have been made by 
 private individuals enjoying similar advantages. 
 • The spirit of monopolists,' to borrow the just and 
 expressive language of (iibbon, 'is narrow, lazy, 
 and oppressiv(\ Their work is more costly and less 
 productive than that of independent ariists; and 
 the new improvements, so eagerly grasped by the 
 competition of freedom, are admitted with slow 
 and sullen reluctance, in those proud corporations 
 above the fear of a rival, and below the confession 
 of an error.' We have no doubt that the diiectom 
 of the I'^ast India C( mpany were disposed to 
 extend its commerci', and to manage it according 
 to the most approved principles, but they were 
 wludly without the means of giving etlect to their 
 wishes. They had to operate throrgh servants; 
 and is it lo be imagined that the einp/iii/i's of such 
 bodies will ever display that watchful attention to 
 their interests, or conduct the business entrusted 
 to their care willi the unsparing economy prac- 
 tised by private merchants trading on thiir owa 
 account, superintending their own concerns, and 
 responsible in their own private fortunes for every 
 error they may commit 'i' The afl'airs of the Com- 
 pany, notwithstanding the oll'orts of the directors 
 .0 introduce activity and economy, have always 
 been managed according to a system of routine. 
 I'heir captains and mercantile agents were, wo 
 doubt not, ' all honourable men ; ' but it were an 
 insult to common sense to suppose that they may 
 bo comiiared for a moment with individuals tr.ad- 
 ing on tlieir own account, in the great rcquisitca 
 of zeal, coiitfuct, and skill. 
 
 >Seve>al genllcnen of great knowledge and 
 e.xpprience, who car"fiilly entpiired into the state 
 of the Company's atlMrs in IM.'UI, expressed lheir 
 decided convAlion tlia* they made nothing by the 
 lea trade; the incre.a.itd jirice at which they sold 
 the article not being mi;rc than sullicient to balance 
 the immense expenses incident to the monopoly. 
 Perhaps this slalement may be somewhat ex- 
 aggerated, though we incline to think it is not far 
 ! ironi the ni.irk. T;.kiiig, however, the accounts 
 laid In the Company before tlie commiltee on 
 Indian all'airs, as they stami, it would appear that 
 the profits realised by thein during the 3 yearg 
 ending with l(s_'7-"J8 amounted to '2..'>i'2,,')i>'Jl., 
 being at the rale of 817,.')-o/. a-year. (Appen. to 
 Seaiiid lieporl nf Select Commiltee of bS.'JO, p. !).^.) 
 IJiit we have already seen that the excess of price 
 receive 1 by the ComiiMiy for their teas, over tlie 
 (irice of similar leas sold at New Vork and Ham- 
 burg, has been above l,oUU,OU0/. a-year; so thai. 
 
T 
 
 ■ ■>■■■: \ 
 
 1382 
 
 Tl'LV 
 
 )nling t<> the Ciiin|iMny's own tlidwiii'.', tluir i liavo l)coii liiul it. been lower. In ciin^foiiintiro 
 
 inoiiiipuh- occ.'isioiu'd an (ihsulKlr /ds.i nl' 
 exclusive (pf its tniscliicvmiM inlliu'iii'c in l< 
 
 -Mt:/, 
 
 ■■■(•nin'^- 
 tliu LMnsiini|ilii)n ut'tcit, aiul in ('(inliiiin<i; our iraili' 
 with Cliina to less than !\ third of wliai ii, will 
 pfohably anionnt to iiiuier a sysliin f;i\in;,' Iri-f 
 Bcopi'to till' LMiurf^'ics of in lividiial i'ulcr|iri>('. 
 
 The renewal of u nioMo|i(ily productive ol' sueli 
 results was, therefore, wliolly out of thc^ (iue>lion. 
 There, was iiardiy, indeed, in Is;!;), an individual 
 in the eni|iire out of tlie paleof the Company wlio 
 was not anxious for the openini; of tlie tr.ide to 
 Cliina: and tlie Act ii & i Wni. 1\'. c. M,) (ante, 
 ICasi' Inijia (Jomi'Anv), aholisliinn- llie company's 
 monopoly, and middug it lawhil lor all individuals 
 to inip<irt tea, was p;isseJ with almost no oppo.-i- 
 tion. 
 
 IV. — DuTiKs o.'t Tka.— CoxsiiMi'TioN (iK 'I'i:a 
 
 IXTItlC UMTKM KiNdl KIM, Till. CoNTlMCNr, 
 
 TilK rsiTKi) .Statics, i;rc. 
 
 Down to April '.'2, l.s.M, the duty on lea was an 
 ad valoreiii one of Ol! per cenl. on all le.is .-old 
 under "_'.s-. ji |ioniid, and of 1(10 per cenl. on all Ili.U 
 wiMV S(dd at or above \ts. chrri^ed on the )>rii:e.s 
 which they brouuht at th'. Company's sales. 
 This was. certainly, a hiyh duly; thoiii;'li, as a 
 larije anionnt of ri'venne must be raisOd, we ilo 
 not know, had the trade; bei'ii free, Ih.'it it c<jnl<l 
 liave been fairly objected to on I hat ground. 
 Jiut, under the monopoly system, the duly w.is, 
 in fact, about 'JOO per cent, ad valorem. l''or, 
 the price of the tea sold by the Company beinj; 
 forced u|i to nearly double what, il would have 
 been under a tree sy.'tem. it followed, iiuismueli 
 as the duty varied direclly as the iirice. that it 
 also was doubled when the l;illi'r was doubled. 
 The price of congou in llamburj;-, for e.xainple, 
 varie<l, ilnrin}; the latter years of ihe niono]ioly, 
 from Is. '.'.(I. to 1.S-. ■i(/. per lb. ; and had the Coni- 
 I)any supplied our markets willi eoiii^ou at ilie 
 .same rate, it wonhl have cost us, duty included, 
 nearly '2s. Ad. and 'Is. M. per lb. liut instead ol' 
 this, the congou sold by tjie Comp.'uiy was. at an 
 average, a good deal above 'J.s-. per lb.; and. the 
 duty being as niueli, it invariably cost from l.s-. to 
 5s. per lb. Hence, though the duty was only 1 1)0 
 per cent, on the Company's price, it was really 
 above 200 per cent, on the price of tea in an open 
 market. The mischief of the monopcjly was thus 
 greatly aggravated; iiiasmii<h as every addition 
 made by it to the cost of the article made an 
 cijual addition to the buty on it. 
 
 The ad valorem duties ceased on Ajiril 22, 18;! 1 ; 
 and, under the Act ■'} &. 4 Win. IV. c. 101. all tea 
 imjiorted inio the United Kingdom for home con- 
 i-umption was chapped with a customs duty as 
 follows ; — 
 
 jMrlli. 
 
 «. (/. 
 
 llnlua - - - - . - . 1 (1 
 
 CuiiHou, twniik u, liy-on .vkin, ot.inKO |)i-koi', .inn cimii"! - 'I '1 
 
 bouilioni,', tunvcry pi-koe. hyson, yiiimn livs,m. puiiiiowdcr, 
 
 illi|K'rLil, aiitt utliL-r ici-wiut c'tiuiiicr., tt.it • -,'30 
 
 If we compare these duties with ihe wholesale 
 ])riees of lea, they will be seen to have been 
 exceedingly heavy, iiartieularly on bohea and 
 cong')u. itohea m,iy be sold, exclusive of <luty, 
 .it or under lOr/, or '.,•!. per lb.; so that the li.xed 
 duty was e(|uivalent to an ad valoreni duty of \M 
 per eent. or upwards. liut to inipos 
 en an article lifted to enter 1,'irgely into the con- 
 sumption <if the lower classes, seems to ue i'l the 
 List degree oppre.-si' e. It must have gone far to 
 lifiufralise the beneficial ell'ects that would otlic/- 
 wi.se have resulted l-oin the -djolition (d' the mono- 
 poly; and by coiiiining the consumption of the 
 arti<le within comparatively narrow bounds, have 
 rendered the duty less productive than it would 
 
 however, of Ihe coinplainls of the impurlers of tea 
 thai the diseriininating duties were not, and nmld 
 not be, fairly assesed, and that le.ns were sumo- 
 times charged at 2.v. 2r/. or o.i. per lb. lli.at slimil'l 
 only bavi; paid l.v, lii/., the duty was repe.de.l in 
 alioiil, Iwoye.irs. by the Act o <S: (i Win, IV. c,,'!:', 
 which enacted that an e(|ual dnlvof 2.i. b/, ppr 
 lb. (iiiere;ised in IHIIl to 2.s'. ■.'''//.) slioiilil be 
 charged, after .July I. WM',. on all te^is entered f.r 
 consumption in Ihe United Kingdom. 
 
 (Jonsidering the very gre:it dilVerences In ih,. 
 tpialities and the prices of llie dilVerent v,'nii'ti,.< 
 of lea, it would have been extreUK'ly de.^i^,■llllc, 
 had it been practicable, that tin; ilnty on llnm 
 should have been assessed on an ad v.duri'in 
 priiicii)le. Hut after the t'onipany's sales huci 
 ceased, and the trade had been fully opened, this 
 was no longer possible; and it was fonnil in the 
 ease of tea, as of wine, sugar, and similar artiulcs, 
 that it was better to adopt an unfair priiiei|ile 
 which could be fairly carried out, than lo iiilii|ri a 
 jiriiu'lple which, though I'air in the alistraei, \s;\. 
 sure in its practical operation to lead to every 
 .spei'ies of aliiise. 
 
 We reiiiaiked on this t ibject in our Troali-f on 
 'J'axalioii. as follows: — 
 
 ' Ihit while we admit tlnit Ihe necessilv nf iiie 
 case, or the impossibility of fairly asse-siii;; .ii.. 
 eriminating dutii'S on the dill'eri'iit varieties liti.'.i, 
 fully justilied their repeal, and the iin]:ii^iiiuii ..f 
 a single diitv in their ste;id. we C(]iiteinl tint 
 nothing ciiii jnstil'y Ihe ni;igniliiil(; of lliissiii::!- 
 (Iiity, which i<, beyond all ([uestion, the nn/st 
 objectionable in our tarilK 
 
 • It has, we are aware, been alleged that i;:.- 
 duty of 'Is. 'l\(l. per lb. is nut really so hail a- it 
 looks; that it is a luiilake to suppose that liii' 
 lower classes \\^i\ inferior teas, and that the ro- 
 duetioii of the duty on lliein would not inatoriallv 
 increase their consiiiii|ption. lint those who ni:ike 
 such statements either know nothing of die i;ii,'t.< 
 of the case, or reckon on the ignorance of ili">' Id 
 whom they address themselves. It iippears l'r»ii. 
 the ollicial returns, that in l.S|(i-17 and lfl7-l>i 
 the |irieo of bohea sold at the Company's s.'iles win 
 about hs. (i(/. : so that it must have cost the biiyc:', 
 duty included, about .">.<. per lb. ; and in ihr-t 
 voars the consump'tion ;iiiioiiiited. at an avera,'C, 
 to 1,7,S|,0(I0 lb. a-year. liut in |.s:il)-;!l ,iiiil 
 lH;]l-;i2. when the iirice of bohea to the liiiyirwas 
 reduced to y,v. \d. per lb. (l.s. Wr/, price anil \s. ■■<(/, 
 duty), the (uinsiiniption rose to (;,2x."),i)iill 11.,; 
 showing, beyond all dispute, that ;i f;ill of \s.M. 
 in the price of bohea had more than trelilcil iti 
 consuinplion. And llioiigh !St. .\iignsiino lia.? 
 said that '• nullum mendacinni tain in)piiilense>tiU 
 teste careat," we hardly think that anyoiii' will 
 venture to allinii, in the teeth of an experimriit 
 like this, that bohea would not be used, if it leilJ 
 be ]iroeiired by the poorer cla.sses ; or lli.it the 
 demand lor it would not be very greatly oxti'iukJ 
 by a reduction of is. 'Itl. or Is. o(/. peril), iii its 
 price. 
 
 ' i'aking the average price of bohea in bonil i;; 
 London at n^y., KU/., or Is. per lb., a duty of the 
 same anunint would, of course, be eipial lo .ai: .nl 
 valorem duty of 100 per cent., whicli is ec>n;uiily 
 ueli a duty | high for a duty on a necessary coiisiimcil hy the 
 pour. Hut even ivilli a duty of 1 .v. per Hj. b"!:' :'• 
 might be retailed at 2s. or 'Is. '.'.U. per lb, ; ami 3*. 
 this price theri; can be no iiiamicr ol' dimbt !li.".t 
 the eijiisumption would amoiuU to 10 or !2.000,tW'.' 
 i>f pounds. The reduetioi; of the duty on celiftou 
 to l.s. \Kt lb. Would, also, be of 'he ^fn'atest i'u- 
 po;l:uiee lo the lower and inidd. • . a .-."s a'' "■'' 
 po\Verful ,'^tiiniili;a it wo'.ih'. fji'-'o to coiiiJ'.<|itH ■ 
 
 .:, I' •; 4 
 
TEA 
 
 1383 
 
 lower. Ill ronsociii. tire, 
 lis ol'llic iniipni-tiMs ul'ira 
 hilii-i were not, mul ruuM 
 11(1 lli.'it lo.'is w«'i-c. soiii,'. 
 
 or ','s. per Hi. ll'^i' ^ln'nM 
 the ilutv \v;is r.'|ic;il(>l in 
 Alt :> i^ li Will. IV. (■..!■.', 
 
 (Miiuil limy "f -"• '''•P'""' 
 
 lo ■_'.<. ■_",'/.) nIioiiM be 
 SliCi, on all toii^ fiitori'il I'-r 
 ted Kiiv^iliiin. 
 
 ■ ^Ti'Ml (lilVcrciici's ill ili'i 
 t ol'llic (lillVrciit vari>ti.i 
 lici'U fxircmoly ilc-inililc 
 :- lliat the ilii'y oil limn 
 ;ossc(l on im ml Viilnivm 
 the Coiiiiiaiiy's Hall'.- li;ia 
 ail been fully oiiriinl. tliis 
 
 ■ ; antl it was I'oiiiiil in llw 
 siiiJiar. ami similar arlii'l ■<, 
 
 adopt an unfair iiiiuii|.l' 
 carried out, tlian to !iil"H ,i 
 li lair ill llie ali^-tra.;, \v,i 
 operation to lead lo cviry 
 
 is f ibjcct in our Trcali-f on 
 
 it tliat tliP nocossily nf ii;.; 
 ,lit,v of fairly asse->iii:,' .ii- 
 llie <UlVerent varietics(in'.':i, 
 epcal, and llie impositiim "f 
 ii'ir stead, we coiitemllleit 
 lie inai;nilmle of lliis .sinL-!" 
 iiid all (ineslioii, the must 
 arilV. 
 
 \vare. been alle^;ed lliat l"'' 
 
 1). is not really so bail a- it 
 
 iiiistaUe to suppose thai the 
 
 Vrior teas, and that the k- 
 
 m them would not iiialiTially 
 
 iptioii. lint lliiise whiMiiako 
 
 iT know nothing' <ifthi' liu'ls 
 
 1 on the ii;iu>rance of ilie>'tii 
 
 hemselve^. It appeal■^ fr"iv. 
 
 hat in ISIC-IT ami IMi-l'l 
 
 Id at the Company's sales was 
 
 it must have eost, the biiviT, 
 
 Kit .'is. iier lb. ; and in il»-t 
 
 on amounted, at an avc.r;i-o, 
 
 k-,.ar. lint in lx:)0-;U ^iiid 
 
 rieeofboliea tothehiiyerwaji 
 
 r 11). (Is. Hit- prii^c and h". «• 
 ,U„; rose to r,,-JH,-,.niiO Ik; 
 dispute, that a fallul Is.W. 
 ■I had more than tnblcti its 
 
 ,l,oU-h St. .\il-llslillO llM 
 
 iendaciumtaniimpiidens>.'>tii 
 ardlv think tliat anyone will 
 , f.le teeth of an expennn'ii 
 
 would not bo used, it it (■' wl 
 poorer classes ; or that lit 
 
 not l.cvcryRroatlyoxt.;mW 
 Li. -111. or is. \Ul. per lb. m «» 
 
 ivrc price of bolica in l»'ii;l ii: 
 
 "^,r Is. per lb., a ditty ol the 
 
 1, „f course, be e.pial to nr. n- 
 
 Opor cent., which IS eona.K; 
 
 I, necessary consuincd b H 
 h a dutvof Is. peril). Ii"--; 
 tOs.or ■i.s.■^/.l'^rlh.;^l';■; 
 ,, „o,nanncrol - ,;^ 
 .nldainoimtto I •'"'-",„„,, 
 l,ictior.ofthodinyoi.c,iV« 
 , also, be, of be ■-•ate-t im^ 
 amlmidd ■ - i > \ 
 ^vo■.ll^: ,;i-c to coa5J..ii»<- 
 
 er 
 
 it 
 
 and con.seriuently, also, to the demand for siii,'ar, 
 wbieli is indispensable to the use of tea. makes it 
 nil hut ei'rtaiii, thai in no very lenijtheneil period 
 the revenue would lo>(\ little hy the ehanL;('. 
 
 •We admit, however, that a rediiel ini of the 
 i|ii(\ to Is. per 11). would oeeasion al the oiilsel a 
 vcrv eoiisiderahle lo>s of revenue, .imouutiiiL; In, 
 j.ciiiaps, from l,(l(io,ii(io/. lo l,.",i 111,111111/. u year, 
 liiil this loss inii^ht lii^ advanta^;eoiisly eomiieii- 
 j:;it d hy addini; }. per cent, to thi' house-ia\, and 
 (Xii iidiu,:;' it to all houses und'T 10/. a year. .V 
 iiii;!-iire of this -^ort, besides heiiii; Just ami proper 
 ill ii^elf, would be in neeordaneo with the preei ileiit 
 sii hy .Mr. I'itt in I7.HI. And while it would be 
 nilvaiitaijeons to the Irade of the country, the 
 ecciipiers of houses would f^ain more by the fall in 
 ihf price of le;is than they would lose by the 
 inipesition and increase of the liouse-lax. A duty 
 pM per cent, on a Iioiise of UV. a year vonid only 
 aiiiiiiuit to Ks. And supposing the duly on black 
 ten to he reduced to Is. per lb., a fallof Is. -J^i/. 
 ]i(>r Ih. would bo ell'ected in the price; so that, 
 ."upposint; the consimiplioii m lea by families 
 iiiviipyiiiii H". bouses to ainouni, .at an averaLce, 
 t'l uuly lit Ihs. a y<'ar, tlu'v would save 0.1. lil.V/. 
 ii-vear. or nearly Imlf their lioiise-ta.\, b\' the com- 
 iniitatioii. 
 
 'Takin;itbe ))rico of bobea and low con;;ou in 
 biiiil in l.<in<lon at Is. ))er lb. (and it is usually 
 K,v.).llii' duty of 2s. 'J:\il., with wbicb they an^ a"t 
 lT,,-em eliar;;e.d, is (Equivalent lo an ad valorem 
 i.in' (if eoiisidirably more than tiro lutiiilrvil |ier 
 (■(■lit.; whereas, takiiii^ the price of the hyson and 
 (itlier superior teas consiiined by the ricli at from 
 OS, 1" •I'- per 11)., tbc duty on tlieni does not exceed 
 fnmi about oil to (17 ))er cent, ad valorem, thai is, 
 it (lues not amount to more than from ,'[ to ^ part 
 dl' the duty laid on the teas iMinsumed by the poor. 
 Surilv, liowever. Ibis is iieitber an a;;(' nor a 
 c.iuiiiry ill which an anomaly of this sort can be 
 ■•(ifiilv niainlained. The |)ublic necessities re(piire 
 that the lea, siii^ar, .and other necessaries of the 
 piiiir slimdd he taxed; but tbc obvious principles 
 (jf juslice, also, require that the duties on them 
 fliiiuM he. if not lower, at all events no bif^her 
 tliiiii those laid on the necessaries or luxuries of 
 the rich. The exist iiif.^ tc;i duties contradict this 
 |ihni principle, and arc at once unjust and exorbi- 
 tant. The duty on bobea and the lower eoiif;iius 
 slwuhl not, in "fact, exceed ('»/. or «(/. (ler lb., and 
 means may be found, in tbc commutation we 
 have ventured to suggest, of reducing it to that 
 amount. 
 
 ' It lias been supposed that such an elVeetiial 
 riilnetion of the duties on tea would greatly 
 imnase our trade with diina. 15ut others doubt 
 whether such would be the case, so far, at least, 
 as ro;;ar(ls our ex)i()rts, and we are iiudined to 
 a^'ree with them. The demand of the Chinese for 
 iifiinm far exceeds their demand for any oilier 
 I'ureigii pruihict; and it is at present, and has long 
 h(or., the most advantageous article of cxporl to 
 China. The presumption, cons(Mpiently, is. that 
 were increased quantities of tea sent from China, 
 ii wonhl '' .id rather to an increase of the imports 
 I'f (i|iiuni liian of the cottons or hardware of 
 Iji^'laiiil : or it might, perhaps, check or lessen the 
 heavy drain for bullion that is now operating on 
 China, lint though it might not increase our 
 'xpi.ris to Chiiiii. it would not fail to make a 
 <'iim'>|iiiiirtiiig addition to those to India, wliieh 
 fiirnislics the opium sent to (iiina. Kvery increase 
 ofimporln is sure to occasion, directly or indirectly, 
 an cipial increase of exports, lint whatever may 
 be its immediate or remote intbiencc on tlie trade 
 with the cast, a rediiclion of the duly o" tea is 
 tcquireilhy other aud more pressing considerations, 
 
 ' by a regard lo (lie well-being of our own people, 
 .'iiid lo those principles of eipial and imparl iai 
 iu-liee with which llie duly we have suL;ge.-<ted is 
 in perfect harmony, and lo which the present duty 
 on tea is in direct contradiction.' {Trailis( on 
 
 , 'J'd.riiliiiii. '_'ii(I cd. p. 'MX.) 
 
 I The plan we \'entured lo suggest for a comniii- 
 
 ' lalion of the duty was not adopteil. but its 
 elVectual rediiclion was then determined on and 
 
 1 ( ventiially can led out. .\11 parties appear to 
 have become sal idled that the foricer duty could 
 no longer be m.iiiii.aiiied. its reduction formed a 
 prominent feature in the Ihidget lunposed by 
 Mr. Disraidi ; and .afier the rejection of the latter, 
 il formed an eipi.-illy prominent feature in the 
 Ihidget introduced by .Mr. (ihuhtone, and was 
 afterwards jiassed into a law; the duty bciug 
 regulated as follows, viz. : — 
 
 To AiirU ."i 1 Kroiii April .'i. Frnin April.',, 
 1».-,1 ISVl.t.. April ISV,, 1.1 .\prll 
 
 I'roin and 
 after .\prit 'j, 
 
 1». 111./. PIT 111. I l«.l«/. per III. ^1 1. .'.(1. per III. li. Ill/, per 111. 
 
 lint among its other mischievou.'i clFecta, the 
 war with IJnssia made it necessary, not merely to 
 suspend this ar uigement, butto'raisn the duties 
 to Is. !)(/. per II)., at which rate, they continued till 
 April I), 18.".;, when they were redi'iced to Is. M. 
 
 This rateof (llity was continued until Mr. (ilad- 
 slone, in April Ixi;;!, as one of tlu' principal 
 features of bis Ihid-ct, carried the reduction to Is. 
 per lb., which, two years afterwards, in June 181)."), 
 lie further supplemented hy decreasing it to M. 
 per lb., at which point it now stands. 
 
 We beg to subjoin an estimate, which we have 
 submitted to the hii;hest mercantile aulborilies, 
 showing in detail the (lid'ercnl items which enter 
 into the price of tea, and its cost to the public. 
 
 Kslimiitf.ofthe Cost to tin: J'lihllc of the Tm re- 
 tiihied for lliiiiir Coiisiiiii/ilion in tin: I'liitcd 
 Kiu(jdoin, sujiponiiKj it to amount to 1I1,7IIU,I)UD 
 
 i,;.Vi,(!iin 
 ■rii.'iiio 
 
 ■JHl.ll.ll 
 
 K'l.'ieo 
 1 1. ■1,11111 1 
 
 Cosi iif d'., free (III tii>.ir,t in Cliin.->, .nil charge, indnsivo, 
 
 11 l,;(iil,i«iii II,. at u. |ivr 111. 
 l''r,i|ilit at I/, prr t(in. iiuM.iirfiii; .10 riilii^ ft., and 
 
 avfiaiiiiii,' .ilicjiil l.ili'il 11... of tf.i to till! tun 
 1. iiidiiii,' ( h.iri; ., .iial dart, rail's 
 
 .Maiiiif insaraiH'i- and im idciit il iliarycs, ." - . r cent 
 lii(iT,,..t IVir (i nlllIltll^ oil thf price uf ic;i in ( lima 
 t'li^t of tea in iui|{l.(nd - . . . "tT.T'Jo.iKlO 
 
 Only --.-.- v.S'.s.T.'iO 
 
 Outlay, and pnilil^ ofwlinlosali; anil ri-tail ilr attTs .^c. - 1 ,silll,00l» 
 Makini: till' avt-r.im- ici-it to tlic consumer V'?ry ~ 
 near '.^i. 10(i. per U,. - - . 1 1,"SS,7.'',() 
 
 We believe that this eslim.ite comes as iica;- the 
 mark as it is possible to do in such cntpiiries. It 
 sets the oppressiveiuss of the \i\U: duly in a 
 striking point of view. Il may be su|)posed, per- 
 liajis, that we b.ave overrated the prolits of the 
 dealers; but we do not admit that such is the case. 
 There are above 177.1)1)0 retail dealers in te.a. and 
 taking their profits nt I o/. each al an average', 
 they would exceed 1.770.111)0/. It should, al.so, 
 be borne in mind that the prolits made by the 
 ret.ail of tea an! to be regarded as iiududing ihc 
 greater part of those made by the retail of -iigar, 
 which is sold almost ai, its cost inice. Indeed, 
 very many grocers will not supply customers with 
 .sugar unless they also supply tliem with tea. 
 
 The following statements in regard to the 
 deliveries tcK\ .and prices of tea, are derived from 
 the valuable circul.ir of Messrs. I'ercival iS; Co,, 
 10 I'hilpot Lane, l.sCi'.-l.siw. 
 
 The annexed talile shows tiie sources whence 
 we derived our supplies of te.a in I.xi'm. 
 
 V(ij)ii<iti/of' Cliiiiii tofiinii.-ili ndditionol SiipplifS 
 of Tta. — It had been sometimes contended, that 
 should the duties on tea be materially redu(;ud, 
 
, •>■' 
 
 )3H» TFvV 
 
 Iiii/iiirh mill lMini!rn nf Ti'd in thf Uiiilnl hiiiiiihm in 1Ml''(! iiiiil IMi;7, iri/h Uie Slnr/i^ an 
 
 I /ill inlnr 111 ill iii'/i Vfiii. 
 
 I I 
 
 I)iHCTlptlim nf'VvA 
 
 ln)|M)rl 
 
 ll.ilin - 
 r.ipiT ■ 
 
 r. .1. r. .1.4 
 
 Niiu- \'t>iii{ unit lii)|i>it|{ 
 
 hmu Imnu 
 
 l-rk.H' [UW\ Ir.ifiaiul li Murj 
 
 I'.-kof, iL.M.ty . 
 
 Ilijinuc )•« k<<i- 
 
 S.TiitMl HI tii,;i' ix-kiN' 
 
 Tw.nikiiv 
 
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 \ t<l(11K h^'JHl 
 
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 rvi.vs.'i.iiiiii 
 
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 'l'i',l )i)iiMirli.(l intii I'liilt'il Kiiiuilnin in 
 
 ISI.S 
 
 F 
 
 roil) H.lnltiiir^ • 
 llnll.niil 
 
 
 
 
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 Kil>|il 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 •V. 
 
 ru 
 
 
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 r. 
 
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 !,• 
 
 
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 K" 
 
 - 
 
 
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 l-.ilil - 
 
 
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 Tulil lin|iiirl> 
 
 ■IIIV,'^'..1 
 
 .lll.l,l)))l 
 
 11S,777 
 l.-.l),si;.,.Mil 
 
 I, '.HIS, mil. 
 
 ■j.ifi.ini 
 
 Mill 
 
 aw 
 4<.i,fini 
 
 li.'iO 
 
 .'.,.i(;.i,.Ti'j 
 
 H<l,ll|l 
 I.1!l,(il(l,(Ul" 
 
 Ktilt.rt^l f..r 
 <',.ni,iiiillilliiii 
 
 III. 
 ■■tl:,\tl 
 
 4-"i.ll.1.-> 
 
 nwr ,r..i.i 
 
 II:-. 77 
 '.ir.,t,\i .;H 
 
 .Tili.M'KI 
 
 If,l,*(lT 
 
 .'.(in 
 VI IS 
 
 (i,.1.1.' 
 .i,'j'in,i)'),i 
 
 ltS,lill 
 lll'^,.1'^l,HH7 
 
 'iimi Vi 
 
 :*!,«>«'» 
 
 .■r.,-.-(i 
 
 IK.4IK, 
 111,1 l..,Jis 
 
 l.v.r,'.l7'J 
 
 17, ,'.17 
 
 IM 
 
 1« 
 
 «S1.'> 
 
 .U) 
 
 .IKI.MI? 
 
 ',!» I 
 
 ll,WH,»trt 
 
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 >i,l(';1 
 
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 Prim Current of Teas in LohiIiih, in Unnil, on Dminliir W, 1«(),"), IWHii. LSilT, iniil IsiiH. 
 
 
 
 ISO.) 
 
 
 
 >ii 
 
 
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 II .4 to 1) Ki 
 
 II 
 
 7 t* II » 
 
 
 
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 11 
 
 '•i 
 
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 a.MHl „r,Iii).irv tj 1)1)1 miilillinK, lirokini 
 
 lull liD.lillDiK r.i. ilii • 
 
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 (1 
 
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 11 
 
 
 
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 11 
 
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 1) 11) 1 
 
 liiil iniililiin^ r.illit'r ci)ar:.f tu rallivr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nlninu .... 
 
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 l,.„f, .... 
 
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 lint tnitldtiii^ t.i )))lilillin^', IVkoc 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 , • .'■ 
 
 1 s 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
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 r. 
 
 1 
 
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 1 <lj 1 II 
 
 tint iiiiililhii^ ti> mill tliiii; liI.ii'kKh 
 
 1 H 
 
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 S (1 
 
 
 1(1 
 
 
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 li.af, yn'kiw (Livinir. .Mimiiic 
 
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 Hiu. to li))est ,Mi)ni]iK, Ou|i.ii-k, .mil 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Knisow 
 
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 tin*. Id (iitcfit ... 
 
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 OrAn>;e rt'kiH., M'l.iiti'd, roininon hi 10 cady 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii„i..< . . : 
 
 1 1) 
 
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 1 
 
 7 
 
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 r.iirto lint* ilitto 
 
 1 a 
 
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 1 
 
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 r.iir to ll.vson kind 
 
 1 111 
 
 1) 71 
 
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 llvsun, or.lniarv to coinnioii 
 
 1 I 
 
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 pnotl to finest 
 
 •I 4 
 
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 •i 
 
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 tin,, to supi.ttiiic 
 
 •I 11 
 
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 Vouni; hyson, ciiiiniun to lincbt 
 
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 1 
 
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 III 
 
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 Gunpowder .... 
 
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 ,111111 
 ,111111 
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 I'liiiii 
 1,1 II III 
 1,111111 
 i.iniii 
 
 , I 
 
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 1 
 
 11.1 I 1 
 
 1 -i 11 
 
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 111 
 
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 llu' iiiriT.'i^^nl iliiimiiil iiC (lii> «Miunlr,v I'milil not. lit! 
 Mi|i|iliril. Mini lliiit till' ri iliirliiiii III' liii' iliily wniilil 
 iii.l rcaliv ln'iU'lil ll"' lirili.li ciiiisiiiiu'r, "imt, llir 
 I'hi.ic*!'." Oil'' li'.'iili'l'* will li;inlly fxpii'l lliiit wi' 
 .hiiulil riilrr lit miy li'ii^lli iiili' llir ii'l'iilMtiiiii of 
 ... iilisiiril a iiiirKiii. Al tlir riiiiiiiii'iici'iiu'iii nl last 
 ,viiiiirv till' fill iri' aiiiiii.'il riiMsiiiii|iliiiii ul' tra in 
 tlij. I'liiiiilrv', till' Ciiiiliiii'iil. .'iMil Aiiiri'ira, iliil muI 
 orliiiii^' •■iiiii'iiiil III .'itiil.iiiiit 111.; wlirrras llir 
 ,,iii.iiiiijiliiiM 111 <ir('.'il llritaiii. the ('iniliiiiMt, tin' 
 I iiili'il .si.'ilr:', ami Aii^lraii.i, aiiiniiiit^ at iiri'sciil 
 
 IMl'.ll til allillll K'.ll. 11(10,(1110 (11- ITO.OO'I.IHH) ll,.; 
 
 ;,ii| III rV('r,v iiiii! .'i''i|ii.'iiiil('il with tin- liiMtnn' ul 
 lli<' ir.'iilr i'4 awai'i' tli.'it, tlinii^li llii' cuiiMiiiiiitioM 
 li;i, iii.i-i'a-c(l iiiiin 
 
 lifflf*. I III' prii'''* ill all 'M"'" "larkcls liavc, wiiti 
 
 • w i'\ri'|iliiiii'<, lit'i'ii it'Kiilarly ili'i liiiiii:^. Wi- 
 
 niiiv, tlwrct'in', ii'.'<l i|iiitt' easy ii|iiiii this |ioiiil. 
 
 llii' f.rirtliu'liiiii 'll '•'" is rapidly cxlriidiiiff in 
 
 Ciiiiui : anil its viusf. cxlciil, its capacilii'S for 
 
 rii-iiii; iiiiliiiiKi'il i|nariti lies lit' li'.i, anil I hi' extent 
 
 l„u|iii-'i it is there iiM'il, iii.;;ative the idea that, 
 
 iiiiv r..-ii'eivalile iiierease ul' the ciinsiinipliiiii nl' 
 
 llij, iiiuiilr\ shiiiild have any pereeplible nr per 
 
 iiiiilH.iit iiilliieiii'e "11 its eiisl. prii'e. Itiit at. llie 
 
 sum' lime. I'i'i'iirrejiees <il' reliellinn nr extensive 
 
 luiiiiiii'iKin'* i" III'' iiiiiii'rv may fur a while iiiter- 
 
 nipt till' iisiuil supply, and (H'easiun a teinpurary 
 
 ri-.i el price. 1 he I'xpurt uf Assam lea friiiii liidi.'i 
 
 t.i (Ireat Urilain has, within the last live yejirs, 
 
 .....iilili'ii, and is still apparently mi the inerc-ise, 
 
 llw lireatesl altenliun heiiij; now paid to the cill- 
 
 Iivatiiiii uf the phuit. 
 
 Tiir (^iiiililie» of Tfit Ci'imrtiil hj Sni fiinn Chhia 
 
 ill iinliiiiiri/ i'riirs mill/ (IHIIH) l/v istiiiiitlfil us 
 
 t'nlloWH, I'iz. : — 
 
 rmtiil KlllKliiim 
 .Viiit-iiii* 
 ,'\ii«ir.-illa 
 JI..I1.1111I 
 
 In.lu - 
 
 llihi't I'laaii 
 
 rolnl 
 
 rill' e.xpiirts uf tea tn Itii.sf^in liy land luniiiint tii 
 11,111111,111111 111- l,'i,(l(i(l,0(iO 111, a-yeiir. 
 
 Itihiil Dmiirs ill 'I'm. — Kelailers in tea are 
 iil.ll},'i'il til take mil a li.ense. whieli eiisls 1 1.<. Vi^il. 
 ;i vi'/ir 111 tliiise rated .it K/. ur upwards, and '_'.«. iw/. 
 i.llinsc rated under ■>/. In ISCiH their nuinliers 
 »!•«■, I'lir till' l.'niled Kinf;diini, 1111, 7!)H uf the 
 lirM. mill T'.'.'.lll uf (he seciiiid, liiit Ihe (Mianeelliir 
 if llii' Kxcheipier (Mr. Liiwe) pnipii.ses tii almlish 
 llii- lici list; tax in the euiirse uf lliis year, iMtl'.l. 
 
 Ailiillmitiiin iif Tai. — It miKlit have heeii 
 fairly eiiuiif^h aniieipated, fniiii the hiii;h jiriee uf, 
 anil llie lii;;h duty mi lea, and the faeility wilh 
 ivliii'li it may he mixed up with hirei;^n suli- 
 ^laiiiv^ that it wmild nut escape adulleratiun ; 
 ami till' reci.rds uf the emirl-- uf jnsliee slmw iliiii 
 sirli i< the ease, several dealers liiiviii;; been 
 ii.iivuteil of Iliis perniciuiis practice. The ailul- 
 liTatimi U usually ell'eeted either liy the iiiter- 
 iiiiMiirt' uf sine ur ash lea\e.s wilh fresh teas, or 
 i.y niixini; the latler wilh tea that has been 
 ainaily used. The peiialtii'S on such olVences me 
 ^latcil below: Init (he best, ur rather the mily, 
 M'nirityon whieli any reliance e.-in be plared, is to 
 • '''111(1 III (dc character and rrs|ieetaliilily uf the 
 I'ar'ic- ilcaliiij,;- in tea. Even were he ilillneliced 
 liy ii'iihiii,:; else, il wuuld he extreme' fully in any 
 pcri-on oavryin:; on an extensive biisiiiesH to en- 
 
 leaves in iinilalimi uf tea. ur mix ur culmir h avc.» 
 uf ten with terra .lapmiici or otln r in;;redi( nl, or 
 vend ur expiise In sale, ur have ill pu-sessiuii tlio 
 same, he shall lurhit, fur every puiind i>\ iiieli 
 adidleralimi, 10/. (I (leu. II. c.' I I s. ||.) 
 
 I'.very persmi, whellu^r a dealer in or seller of 
 le;i, or nut, who shall dye ur f.ilirii'ate iin\ sluu 
 Icjives, liipiuriee leaves, or the leaves uf |e;i that 
 have been used, ur Ihe le.iM.s of Ihe a^h, elder, or 
 iillier tree, shriili, ur plant, in iniii.'ilimi uf tea, or 
 who shall mix or culuiir sinli liaMswith terr;i 
 .lapuliiea, ciipper.'is, siiL;;ir, iiiul,'is~e.-. el.iy, lu;;«u.id, 
 ur other iii:;reilient, or wliii shall >. II ur e\|M.M' pj 
 sale, ur have in en>(iiily, any sie h adiilleratiuiM 
 ihnw lliiif /iiiiiilnil mil/ f'liili/ in iinilalimi uf tea, .shall fur every pmind lurl'eit, 
 
 uii ciinvietion, by till' u.ilh nl' I w ilne-.s, befure \ 
 jnsliee, .'i/. ; or uii nun-payini nl, he ('(iiiiniilled t\> 
 lh(' bunse of curreetiun hir nut mure than l'_' nor 
 less than (1 muntlis. (17 (ieu. 111. e. '.",1 s. I.) 
 
 Any person liavin/^ in possession any ipiaiitit,v 
 "Xceedini; 11 piinnds uf slue, ash, ur elder leaves, ur 
 the leaves of anv other Iree, |il.int, or shrub, 
 j,'reen ur in.uinfaclurcd, and shall iml pruve to lli»> 
 satisfaetiiiii uf the jnsliee hcirinn the in;ilter that 
 the saiie- Were ^allured wilh the euiisent uf tll»^ 
 uwner lit the trees Ac., and that they were (ga- 
 thered fur sume uther juirpuse ih.ni that uf beiii!; 
 fabriealed in imitatiun uf tea, shall furl'iit .'i/. fiT 
 cMTy pmnid in his possession, ur, on nuii pay- 
 ment, l*e eiiMimiftcd to prison. (.Sec. -J.) 
 
 If an 'iHicer nf excise, or otlnr person, innUe 
 (lalli that lie Hiispeets herbs dyed, or ulhi'rwisir 
 prepared in iiiiitali"ii uf tea, are hid or Indued iu 
 any place, a justice may issiii! a warr.int for seiz- 
 in;; the saii\i' by day or iii^jht (in Ihi' ni^ht in 
 pieseiue of a constable), toKetherwith all w;ii;;;ons, 
 lulls, and packiij^cs iu which they may be coii- 
 tainc'l; the heriis iiiav be directed to be bumf, 
 and the wjif^^^uns ie. sold, and alter dcdnclin^ex- 
 petiHCS, the priieee.is to be shared, half Iu il'r- 
 foriiiur, and half 1. 1 iwiorof thi parish. Obslruct- 
 in^ Much seizure subjects theutiindir to a penalty 
 uf .1(1/., Iff not less I hail (< normuri! than l'.i inmithh' 
 injprisuiwiienl. (Sec. ;!.) 
 
 Herbs not to be burnt, if owner can piovp, 
 wirliiii 'Jl hours, that lluy were jrathered with 
 ciiiiw-Mt uf pruprii'tiir of trees, plants, or shrub.', 
 and ii.i;ii they were nut inl.f-nded to \m fabricaluil 
 in inuiailuii of lea. (Sec. 1.) 
 
 ((ccwpiiT uf premises where licrlw are found, 
 liable Iu the ]ienalties, unless he can prove they 
 Were luilj;ed wii limit his (tunsent. (See. .'».) 
 
 ('iiiisiiniiiliiin uf Tea on the Ciinlinviit 11111/ in tin: 
 Uiiiliil Sliitis. — Of the Cuiitinental slates. Kussia 
 and ilullaiid are the unly ones in which the cu»- 
 sumption of tea is considerable. In ISd.'i the 
 impurtsof tea inlu l.'.urupeiiii liiissi.i, (-x Finland, 
 .•iiiiuiintid to ;iil,"i,.'(,'}S) puuils. The eunsiiinptiuii (vf 
 lea in llulland amunnii'd in ISC,.") to .'),(;ou,(l0t) 
 lb. The ronsumpliiin of Kiimce does nut excocel 
 700,0110 11). The impiirtaliuiis intu llanilmrg 
 vary between ;!,(Mi(i,l)(l(i and ;;..'i(l(i,()00 lb„ the 
 greater part of which is forwarded to the interior 
 of t ierm.'iny. 
 
 The con.-iiniptimi uf Ihe L'liired States ainonntij 
 
 to fruiu u.'i.ooo.imo to .lo.lK 10,000 lb. a-ycjir. Diiliea 
 
 I oil lea used In funii une of the lar<;esl items of 
 
 Ainirican rev 1 line, having in smne years pio.liiccd 
 
 (l.'^iO.lMlll/. Their magnilnih.', however, Wiis justly 
 
 I ('"inplained of; and il is prub.'ihly uwiug to thi.< 
 
 ll>. 
 
 
 Itt'>,(itin 
 
 01 II) 
 
 It, 1 
 
 n: M 1 
 
 I'lf.fHMI 
 
 1 ll M 1 
 
 l.niin 
 
 1 Mil 1 
 
 I ,< II ii 1 
 
 (HIO 
 
 .'i.lHHI 
 
 1 ll M 
 
 1(>I,HIIII,0<I4) 
 
 /!'/'■ in such dishonest practices; fur they can riicninstanco that, while the cinsuinption uf tea 
 
 h.ir.lly ffil i,f being delected ; and the niiii of bis 
 liusiiii's-, (list w"idd follow such expusiire, would 
 lar more than balance whatever gains ho couhl 
 li"l'e to make liy Jiis frniidulcnt schemes. 
 I'fnitUies iiH Allillll I illiiiii. — \( anv dealer in or 
 
 was for several years pretty stalioiiaiy in the 
 I'nited Stales, that of coU'ee increased with even 
 greater rapidilv than in England. The lluurish- 
 iiig slate of I fie revenue for a niimbei v{ years 
 
 __ .„_. having ndmittid of a very great rv'uctiou of 
 
 jdkr of tea dye or fabricate any slue or (ither duties, those 1,11 tea were for a tiiviv wholly re- 
 
■t:''M:: 
 
 1386 
 
 TEAK WOOD 
 
 I 
 
 1. 
 I 
 
 
 )i(iilcj. As was til 1)1^ cxiicclid, tlic coiisiiniiitioii, 
 uliili! duly IVcp, ni|iiillv iiionascd. 'I'lio duty 
 iMidcr the prcuciit United StiitcH liirilF is 25 ceiils 
 
 "tHAKWOOD or INDIAN OAK. Tho pro- 
 duce 1)1' tho Tcvtnnu iiiatuVni, ii lar^cc loicst trci', 
 that (,T()WS ill dr>' and plovatcd districts in \\\v 
 •niilli of India, the liurman empire. l'i;,'u, Ava, 
 fsiara, Java, the Str.iils Settlcnieiifs Ac. 
 
 'leak timber is by far the best in tlie Kast ; it 
 vork.s easily, niid, tlioiij^li iKinuis, is strong and 
 <hirabIo; it is ciisilv siasoiicd, and hbriidis vitv 
 littU^; it is of an oily nature, and. tlu'n I'dre, ihies 
 not injure iron. ^Ir. Crawfurd t^ays, tliat in coni- 
 pariiii; teak and oak to;,'otlier, t!ir uselul i|ualitics 
 of thi^ I'oriner will be found to prcponilcTiile. 'It 
 is e(|ually strouf;, and somewhat more buoyant. 
 Its durability is inon^ uniform and decided ; and 
 to insure that durability it demands less cart' ami 
 jirefiaratinn ; for it may be |)ut iu use alrnosi 
 j;reen from the forest, without d;nif,'er of ih'v or 
 ■wet rot. It is lit to endure all climales and alter- 
 nalion.s of climate.' (Trcd^nld's Priiiii/ili) of 
 Citrpriilrij. p. 'iOli; Crawfunl's/vV/.s/. Aicliiji., V(d. i. 
 ]i. l.'il ; liees's Ci/tlaiiiiilid Ac.) 
 
 The teak of Alalaliar, ]iroduced on the liigh 
 table land of the south of India, is deemed the 
 best of any. It is tlu^ closest in 'its libre, and 
 contains the largest (|uanlity of oil, Ik iiii; at once 
 the heaviest and the most duralde. This species 
 of t( ak is used for the keel, timbers, and such 
 parts of a sbiji as are vuuler water: owinj; to its 
 great weiu'ld, it is less suitable for the ujiper 
 ■works, and is not at all lit for spars. The teak of 
 Java ranks r.ext to that of Malabar, and is espe- 
 cially suitable for plankin^r. The Jtauj^oon or 
 Uurman teak, and that of Siam. are not so close 
 trrained or durable as the others. J'hey arc, however, 
 tho most buoyant, and are, tlKrel'ore. best lifted 
 for masts and sjiars. Malabar teak is extensively 
 used m the buililiiii; yards of liombay. Shi|is 
 built wholly of it arc ahnost iMdcslriu'lible by 
 ordinary wear and tear : and instances are not 
 rare of their liaving lasted from MO to lOl) years; 
 they are said to sail iiidilVereiitly ; but this is 
 jirob.'ibly owinj^ as nnich to smue delect in their 
 construction as to the wciLjhl of the tiud)cr. C.-d- 
 cutta ships are never wholly built of leak; the 
 timbers and framework are ahvaysof nalive wood, 
 and the planUiuf; and deck only of teak. The leak 
 of liurma, beiiii; conveyed with comp.aratively 
 little difficulty to the ports of Kaiiifoon Jind i\Iaul- 
 niaiii, is the cheapest and most abundant r)f any, 
 and it is mainly owing to the facility with which 
 supplies of it are obtained tluit ship-building is 
 now carried on so very extensively at Maulmain. 
 It is largelv exported to Calculi a and JIadras. 
 £ltAN(i<)<iN.] {Private iiifonnaliiin,) 
 
 In 18)i(i we imported, chietly from Singapore 
 and the .M raits Settlements, 30,724 loads of teak, 
 valued ,at 312,101/. 
 
 A species ol timber called African teak is ex- 
 ported from the w .;st coast of Africa. Hut, in 
 point of fact, it is not teak, and it is ilestitutc t)l 
 several of its most valuable properties. It is, 
 liowever, for some purposes, a useful species of 
 timber. 
 
 TKASEL or FULLKKS' TIIISTLK (Ger. wc- 
 berdistel, kratzdist( 1 ; I'"r. chardon ii canler; Ital. 
 canto da e.irdare; S|)an. cardeiiclia, <'ardii |ieina- 
 dor). This |ihmt, which is cultivated in the north 
 and west of England, is an article of considerable 
 importance to clothiers, who employ the crooked 
 awns of the heads for raising the nap on woollen 
 cloths; for this purjiose they are lixed round the 
 peripherv* of a large broad wheel, against which 
 the cloth is held while the machine is turned. In 
 
 TIIUHAD 
 
 choosing teasels, tho preference should be givej 
 to those with the largest bur. and most juiinte], 
 wliieh are generally called wi/Zc liaseh. Tlicyaf,; 
 mostly used in jjrcpariiig mid dressing stocking;! 
 and coverlets; the smaller kind, commonly ciill^i 
 the fullers' or drapers', and sometimes the /!»/;, 
 ti-iisr/s, are use<I lu the |ireparation of the ii|;(; 
 stulfs. as cloths, rateeiis A-c. 
 
 TKKPII, KI.Kl'lIANT.S'. [Ivouy.] 
 
 TKLKCJKA I'll (the term is (Urivetr from the 
 Greek r^Af and ypav"). An instrument to writcai 
 a distance. The use of telegraphs, or of lioine moilj 
 of communication by signals or signs, is nf vm- 
 ancientilale (Ilollin's Amiiiit Uintori/, book xviii 
 see. (I), but commerce derived comparativi'lyiiiil,; 
 direct advantage from them till tho modern appli. 
 cation of electro-m.ignetism to telegraphic pur- 
 poses. Any Kciontilic des<'ription of the princi|jli! 
 and action of the electro-magnetic telegraph, (von 
 if appropriate, as it is not, to a work like tjii*, 
 would be unintelligible to most readers were it 
 not accompanied by diagrams or other illu>ira- 
 tioiis. We would therefore refer for this infomia. 
 tioii, in succinct form and moderate eoin|i,V'i,;o 
 Hrande and Cox's IJHionan/ of Science amiArl; 
 or, for a more elaborate dissertation on the subject, 
 to the last edition of tin- Kiin/clopadia liritumm, 
 the, article in which embodies very full clcscrip- 
 tious of some of Sir Charles W'healstono's iiivcu- 
 tions, and niiicli other interesting matter. 
 
 Sullice it here to say, that we can not onlysciij 
 messages in an incredibly short time to the iitlor- 
 most parts of I'.urope, but al.so to America liv tfce 
 Atlantic cable, and to India Ac. And iloulitlfSi 
 we shall soon be enabled to communicate in this 
 expeditious way with every civilised portii'ii of 
 the globe. A good operator can send 2,001) worilj 
 per hour. 
 
 The introduction of this modern telegraph U 
 lowed so closely on that of railways, ami hasbcfa 
 so intimately associati'd with tliem, that lljtir 
 direction in this country has not been of tliat|jer- 
 Cecily indepenilent character that tho extent and 
 importance of this sort of communication, c-re- 
 cially in commerci.al ."uid political matters, wni,! I 
 seem to demand. The Legislature liavinf; tiki 
 this view of the matter last year (180H),pa'*l 
 an Act (;U & 32 Vict. c. 110), empowering tiic 
 (Government to acquiri^ and inaiutaiii the varidii* 
 telegra|)hs in the United Kingdom, and to » « 
 them through the medium of the Post iiil^ 
 I'robably the arrangements forthopurcll^'•lMl|ll. 
 whole will bo ell'octcd in the course of tlii< .i-.r 
 (1H()!)). and the i.ssuc of fresh regulations aW 
 tables of rates may be 1' oked for ero Inn;;. 
 
 Already, under East Indiks, the si'ale <'■ 
 charges for mcss.nges by the Indian teleirpiili 
 has bi'cn given ; but as changes in those at h'liif 
 are immediately in prospect, it would he supcrilu 
 ous to state in detail the present tariffs of tlw 
 various telegraph companies. 
 
 In demonstrating the advantages of a low scale 
 of charges, Mr. Cyrus Field has iiiforineil us. ibt 
 under the 2.5/. tariff the receipts of tlie Atlaiitio 
 Telegraph Company were Mid. per il.iy, v!iik 
 they Were 579/. under a 10/. rate, and 09;l/. mf-'' 
 the 5 guinea tarilf. In an extract from the X" 
 York Tritmne, given by the rimes of Oc'obtrl". 
 18GH, the number of miles of tehgraph lino-- 
 worked in the United States is stated to Itr. 
 been ahi>ut 12.000 in 1848, 40,001) in 1».>, an 
 120,000 in 18(;«. 
 
 In l.Sli7 we exported teleirraph wire .mil m'"' 
 ratus (chietlv to Norway, Cuba, India, and >■■«- 
 foundland) of the aggn'gate value of •.;10,inis/. 
 
 TIIkEAD (Ger. zwirn; Dutch, garcn: h.iil: 
 Itol. lilo, refo ; Span, hilo, torzal; Kuss. nitkij. A 
 
mi HAD 
 
 ) iirffcrincc! k1iou1(1 be Riven 
 r^cst liiir. iinil most iminui, 
 ciilli'il ;«"/'■ ticni'ln- Tlu'vart 
 lariiij,' and drc-HiiiK stdckin.'t 
 malliT Uinil, fumminily al!. | 
 •s", mill sciiiictiiiu'M tlic/lii , 
 llin iircparation nf tint i,ui 
 '(•lis iVc. 
 
 lANTS'. [IvouY.] 
 tlio term i^* dcrivcil from tiic 
 w). All inslniim-'nt. to write ai 
 of tcU';^rai)lis,(ir of i-omi mi«lo 
 by HiKiials or ni^jiis, is nf vm- 
 'h Anciii't Jlistoii/, iMiiili xviii 
 CO (k'rivcd coniiiurulivi'lyjiiik 
 itn them till the inodinii iiiijli 
 aKIu■ti^'m to tnlPKrapliic |,iir 
 ilic dcwription of the primiil; 
 cctro-inaKnetic ti'lof,'iapli, (von 
 t is not, to a vork lilio tlus 
 iiriblc to most readers were it 
 by diagrams or other illu-tra- 
 thcreforc refer fur this infurtna- 
 iirm and moderate coinpa«, ;o 
 Di<-tionanj of Science and Atl; 
 rate dissertation on tlicsulij'i, 
 )f tlie Knci/clopa'iHa flrid/iiiiira, 
 eh enibod'ies very full ilcHTiiv 
 lir Charles Wheatstoiie's iuvcii- 
 thcr interestinR matter. 
 > say, that ^v•c ean not onlyso.^l 
 ;rcd'il)ly short time to llie im>r- 
 ope. but also to America liy tlie 
 id to liulia 4c. And (luuUl.s. 
 enabled to communicate in thij 
 with every civilised portiM, -f 
 id operator can send 2,000 wurJj 
 
 ,n of this modern telofirnph f.'l- 
 ,n tliat of railways, aiul liasbHii 
 ^oiiati'd with thcTn, that tlidr 
 •(umtrv has not heeu of lliat|*r- 
 t chaViicfer that tin: extent and 
 is sort of connnuiiieation. c-w- 
 ■ial and yiolitical matters, w.n.U 
 The LeKij^liiturc having taka 
 matter last year (18GH),pa=^cd 
 Viet. c. 110), einpowerini,' tlic 
 cnuir(! and maintain the variou' 
 . United Kinph^ni, and t" w';rk 
 he medium of the Post nilif' 
 uiKcments for the purota->-M'i ti.' 
 fleeted in tiie course of tlii^ ..:i 
 issue of fresh ret!ulatien» auu 
 av be 1' oked for ero Ion;,'. . 
 cr East Inwiks, the scale «\ 
 %aaes by the Indian iehfV^ 
 hut as changes in those at hnrae 
 in prospect, it would be sttperlh- 
 detail the present tariffs of ue 
 
 1 companies. , 
 
 InirtheadvantaResofabwsM 
 
 •.vnis Field has intormea us. tl.a 
 .VilV the receipts of the Atlai. 
 „„v were oti;./. per .by. ''f 
 ,:„WalO/.rate.and09 u,ri« 
 tn In an extract from tl,^ >^ 
 ,^■on by the ;Vmr.s ol Oc'o* ^ 
 „.r of miles of tek-rai.l. te^ 
 
 rnitcd States is ^t'l'^'' iVwd 
 m ill 1848, 4O,0UO in m><, M4 
 
 sported tele,craph.vire ami aprj; 
 
 'Norway, Cuba, l'«"«- ;".)'" 
 ic acffTi'u'iitc value ot -1"'"',, • .,. 
 
 cr'zwirn; Dutch, piren;h.>'l^ 
 pai..hilo,totz«l,Kuss.nitlu). A 
 
 TILES 
 
 small line made up of a number of fibre:? of .some 
 Vi'Ci'talilo or animal substance, such as lliix, eot- 
 t.m, of filk ; wlienee its names of collun, linen, or 
 .ilk ilircad. [Cotton; I.iNK.N i Si 
 
 Efji lis of 
 
 Ciilliiii, Lhicii, 1111(1 
 Tliieitil, In |S\l'i7. 
 
 QuBniltiM 
 
 Sil/i 
 
 Scirliiij 
 
 (■)li(m- 
 IJ-.ii • 
 
 Silk ■ 
 
 r;,,'iii,.'.-!i 
 
 S,.111 
 
 Valuut 
 
 £ 
 
 l,ll-.,.1|1 
 
 •ll.Ml.VJ 
 III,.-. 1 1 
 
 TIMllKR TRADE 1387 
 
 thin pieces, nut above 7 inches bmad, it is imII-'iI 
 batten; when ;ibiiv(' Ihal liri'ailt!., such tliiii 
 pieces are lalkd dial. Wood is the f,'oni'ral term, 
 cuniprehendiiij; under it limber, dye woods, liru 
 wood Ac. 
 
 'riinber is iji'iierally sold hy llie load. 
 
 Till' I'l.llowin;,' iiri' the ciinienls of iho loads of 
 dilVereiit spiciis ,if timber, liew:i and unhewn : — 
 
 'fllJ'.S ((icf. daehzioKel; l'"r. tnilcs; llal. tc- 
 .•,1c, eiiilo-ii-i; .Span, lejas ; linss. tscherepi/a). 
 V-i'rt o' •'''" hricUs, dried in kilns, and nsoil in 
 J-i.MriiW and pavin;; dill'erciit kinds of hiiihlin^js. 
 Til,, lii'st brick earth only should bo, made into 
 ,;;„.. [ llricKS AM) Tii.i.a. J 
 
 li.MliliK ((Wr. baiihuiz, dimmer; Dutch, tim- 
 iinrii.'iii ; ''>'• bois do charpciite, hois ii batir; 
 Ital. li'Ui'i.'nnc da fabbricare ; Span, madora de 
 i..!.i'iniiriiin ; Wiiss, sirik'woi gcss; I'nl. (.(.mbrii- 
 Kiiiai. 'Hie term used to express every lar;;u tree 
 ..iiianil. or capable of being sqiiareil, and tit lor 
 lull; ' (.iiiployed ill house or ship building?. In the. 
 Iw uii"c of the customs, when a tree is .sawn into 
 
 A load uf tiinlwr iiiilu'Wii 
 .•'\n rtd tliiilii r 
 
 I nit'li iilaiilt 
 
 II ,. 
 
 v's ;; ' 
 
 .IS ., 
 
 4 
 
 III (III I r. It, 
 '.II ,. 
 
 r.i 11 miu.iu fi'tt. 
 100 ., 
 
 .".1.0 „ 
 
 tl'l 
 
 ■Jllll ,, 
 
 i:i) 
 
 \M „ 
 
 fi. 
 
 ^f'} HiiNsian Hi. tl,','\U I 'toni;, 
 .'.S) ll.ilMi.lMl.ulilu II „ 
 ^."'A lir.iMi (lluu 10 „ 
 
 .1 IliK.i lot* 
 
 thlt-lc, 1 1 broiiil, make I toad tiiiiU'r, 
 
 .. '> .. I M 
 
 'J „ I 
 
 The price of timber has, owing to Ihe rednclion 
 of freight and aholiliun of the diiiics, and the 
 grcairr facility nf iinportatinn, fallrii vi.ry niaie- 
 ri.iUy since the poace of 1X1,'). We Mibjniii an 
 aci'onnt of the wholfsalc. prices of the loincipal 
 species of timber in Liverpool on .laiiii.iry ■-".', 
 I«()l», from Ilic lircnlar of Messrs, l''ariiworth and 
 Janline of Liverpool, 
 
 .\ltll,lM 
 
 t; 
 
 
 rrivw 
 
 
 1 
 
 Ariluin 
 
 — - 
 
 I'rirci 
 
 
 «. 
 
 </. 
 
 £ 
 
 t> 
 
 "a.l 
 
 X 
 
 ». 
 
 ■/. 
 
 £ 
 
 M. ■!■ 
 
 f >...« Il'ilitlt Siirlh Amtrica. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 (Utier kiiiil.i- 
 
 «ach 
 
 u 
 
 7 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 Villi. 'ill. IhT; , . r. 
 'Wl-i-VflloW - ^ - CU).U-ft. 
 
 M, .loliii. S.li., \H inches • M 
 
 ) 
 
 1 
 
 1 to 
 
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 t'rom the Vitilcit stntci, lUisi and iVett Iniliet, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 unit ^ijritUt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 RiK.i 
 
 
 
 
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 Vnii ,. • " ■ - " 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
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 Ulhwd .1 - - 4 ft. |»cr «,-i. 
 
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 SpiiM, 1 incho-t and uvwirds, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HaiiiUinliii, tiicltnrv - • Jo/. 
 a>h ami birch - .. 
 
 
 
 1(> 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 18 
 
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 calliinT nua'urt? in ihf nudillf 
 
 ^. 
 
 
 
 
 
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 111 
 
 
 
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 fi 
 
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 Deals, Anh. and ()t>et:a: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
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 &tundard 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
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 St. rtii'rhliiirK; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1st qu.ility 
 
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 Fisriiiture :inil Fancy W'ootU. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 N.n.— DlmI cnd^ iii'.d Latten •I'.d'i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 arf^enendljf solil ;it two-thirds 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Min wukI, M. DmnlnKO Vut i\. ol I jn. l» 
 
 
 
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 fi 
 
 ttie |)rlct; ut aealtt and Laiieiii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H.ihiiiiiii iii'- • !'*■''■ '"'^ 
 
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 resifctivcty. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Walnut, Amtrii-.in - l'*"' t-nhit- fi. 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
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 Uoaids, tlixn'iiiK planed— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iiali.m&c. - ptTft, ufl in. 
 
 M:i:tlc. 'i.ini-ejHl - - -i 
 llihrnftj'l, Kii. cli- Janeiro ton oi''2i' cwt. 
 
 
 
 
 
 .Ti 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■'■1 
 
 Istqualily 
 
 „ 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
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 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 11 
 
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 l).iiit/n', crown niiH.' per nalk of I'iOO iicr.. 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
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 CoiXMictl * - 'ft 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 ti 
 
 II 
 
 u 
 
 llnu.liLMil - 
 
 ,» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Umtuiotl sjinrs; 
 Jsitiuaiit) aiul larK*? " • v^cn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .Mrinel, ernwu yiyr 
 
 
 1011 
 
 
 
 
 
 l.-.ll 
 
 o 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hodman ti.iirvt 
 
 »' 
 
 •^l 
 
 
 
 
 
 •i.'t 
 
 O 11 
 
 TOCr editions, which may still h.ave historical in- 
 terest, however inapplicable to the present state 
 of things, 
 
 1, Iiiipor.'anve iifd cheap Supply itf Timher. — It 
 is surely unnecessary to enter into any lengtluned 
 timbir li!\j licea and is now coinhicted, thus ' statements on this head. If there be one article 
 rii.imiig some statements that appeareil in for- [ more* than another with which it is of primary 
 
 TIIIBKU 'nt.VDE. Having, in scp.trate arti- 
 dcs, duHTibt'd those species of timber most in do- 
 n.in 1 ill this country, we i hall eonliiie ourselves, 
 in tills artii'lo, to a' few remarks on the )iolicy 
 if tlio rc.'uhitions under which the trade in 
 
.. 'r' 
 
 ." ' 
 
 138H 
 
 TIMItKU THAKK 
 
 
 iiii|iiirl.:m'c I lull ii ^riMl ctiiiiiiiriuiiil /iinl iii;iiiii 
 tM'tiinii;; ii.'iliKii hUi' I'Ji^.liiiiil sliKiiM In- iiIhiii 
 
 • lllllllv '4ll|i|>llri| oil llli' liiwi'sl liTIIIH, lll.it llllirli' 
 
 is iMiiliir, Ouni)', In III!' ill rii'ii'iii'v III' iiiir limiir 
 Mi|>|>lii'i, iiiii'-l |Niri lil llir liiiiiii I, uilli till' i'M'i'|i 
 tiHii III niilv, ii'i|iiiii'il lor liiiiliiiii;r i.liijii mill 
 liiiiiT'-, mill iiH'ii |i.irl, iiUii, III lliiil i'iii|i|iiM'il ill 
 till' rniiNliiirl loll ni iii.'ii'liiiirry, ii iiii|iorlril liom 
 lllilo.lil. .All> lllili\ lilll.'ll llri|ll.'lilllril will) III!' 
 |ilir|io:-ri |o wllli'li llllllii'l is il|i|i|ii'il, lull i);lliil;illl 
 «r our ih'i'IiInii {>olir\ »illi ii.|H'('l III II, woiilil 
 IH'Mi', ri 1'1,'iiiily, iiiui|;iiii' lli.il niiiIi iiii .irlii'lr 
 roilM IlilVr liii'li liiMilc llir siili|rrl of ii|i|iii'M>iM' 
 iliiluH, ikiiil III mIiII iiiiiri' ii|i|iri'r<»ivi< liU'li'murM, 
 I'lllllicr ii Mill III lie iiiokril III III llli' ^.illli' lli;llt lis 
 liiiKi (iiliir roiiiiiiiiililii'H, ll is 11)411111^1 nil |iriii 
 I'ljili' III iiii|>osi' Iii':i\ y ihitii's nil iiiMltriiiU in 
 Iciiilril III III' Mili-<ri|iirlitly lll.iMiir.irl lirril ; lull 
 
 iiiiilii r is llli' r,iu iiiiiirii.'il ol' llli' iiio'.i iiii|Hiii,'iiii 
 ot iill lii.'iliiil'ili'liin s — lliiit of llli' itisli'iiiiii'iils ol 
 jiroiliiit lull .Sii|i|iii'-o il MiTi' |iro|iosi'il In l.iy 11 
 iii.ivyiliilv oil i<lil|iM, «;i'.Moiis, loniiH, iir work 
 hllojiH ulii'ii roiii|i|i'li'il ; u'oiilil iiol .siii'li II |irii|Mis:il 
 lie iiiiiM'is.'iUy yi'oiiliilV Aiiil yrl lliis is wli.il 
 AMIS rrillly ilnlir. 'llli- lillisliril ;irlirlrs wiir llnl, 
 iiiilii'il, ilirrrlly t.'isril ; Iml llir |iriiiri|i.'il iniilrrlal 
 III' wliii'li lliry ni'ii' iii.iili', iiml Avillioiil wliirli 
 tlicy roiilil not In' rniisliin "iil, \\:\s iMirilrliCil willi 
 nil rNoiliihiiil limy. In ilwill nii llii' iiiipoliry 
 nt'siii'li .1 lji\ uoiilil III' uiilM' tli.'ili iist'li'ss, or III! 
 lliiiij's I'ssiiiiijil In llic |iriis|ii lily of iii.iiiiil'iii'liiriii;; 
 iiiiliislry, iiii|>i'nM'il mill rliraji liiarliiiiriy in llir 
 lllo.sl iiiills|irii-'ali|i'. .Mn'<l iiiiliviilii.'ils miioli;;.s! 
 us well' ii'iuly i iioiiijli In riiliciilc Ilic roiilrinliclnrv 
 roiiililrl nl llii' I'l'illili liovrriiiiiriil, wlio, al Ilic 
 Very iiioiiii'iil lli.il lliry wt'ir rinlciivniirill^; In 
 linlsirr ii|i a iiiaiiiirarliiriii); liilcri'sl, laid ciioriiioiis 
 iliilirsnii torri;;ii irnii.ailil lliiis ilniililiil or Irrlilril 
 till' |iriri' ol' siiiiii' III' llli' iiio.st iiii|iiirlaiit niaiiii 
 I'lU'liiiii;^; iiii|iliiiirills. 'I'iiiilirr is, liowcvrr, nf 
 i|iiiU' as iiiiii'li iiii{uirlaiU'o in lliis rrspirl as iron; 
 mill our roniliirl in having lnirili'iitil il. villi 
 I'xorliilaiil iliilirs |iarlook as lai;;rly ol' llir /tin 
 i/i' .vi' rliarai'li I as llial of our ncinliliniirs. Iii'lci'il, 
 ns will III' iiinnriliali'ly hitii, it was iirrliap.s Irss 
 ilrl'riisililr. Soiiii' plaiisilili', miil prolialily run 
 fliisivi', rrasoiiiii,i;s may In' iirgril in ililriici' ol' 
 jiioilrrair iliilirs on irnii anil tiinliir, wlii'ii lliry 
 iiri' ini|iosi'i| lor iho .sake ol' rcvriuir ; luit Iliis 
 ii|M>loi;y I'lr I'lManrial rapai'ily rannot ln' fii'l up in 
 ilili'iii''' ol llir iron iliilirs nl' Iraiiii' or llii' lair 
 liinlirr ilulii's of I''.ii);1muiI. 'I'lu- fornirr, liinvrvtr, 
 Will' llir ll .1st nliii'i'lioualili" ; llicy wi'iv iiiipnsril 
 tn cnrniira.. llu' proiluitiou nl' iron in 'I'ranri' : 
 vlicrras till' (liilii's oiiiiuilur in l'.n};laiul wiTi' iiii- 
 iiosnl lor tlii'saUr, priiiiipally, nl' prniiinliiij; tlic 
 iuuilK'r liaili' III' I'anaila.auil oi' Inrriii),' llii'tMiiplny- 
 liu'iil ol' a t'l'W lliniisaiul adililiniial Ions of sliippiiii;. 
 \Vi' iliil llnl .sai-rilirc llio pio^o I'nr tlu' sake nl' I he 
 piMcii I'jriis, I'lil lor llli' .sakt' of tlio nll'al she had 
 (lii'krd up. 
 
 'J. Oiiiiiii iiiid ()/>triitioii of' llir ilisfrimiiiiitiifj 
 Diitti III J'lirniir t't .liiiirirnii iiiiiliir. — I'lii" prai'- 
 tii'o of ciu'nuraniui; llw iiiiporlation of llii' linilii'r 
 <if I'anada and our oilier |iiissi'ssioiis in Norlli 
 Am. rira in iiri'fvri'iu'o in tli.il nf Inrriuii coiiiilrirs 
 is lull nf ri'iiut i^rowili. It look its risi> diiriiif; 
 the .■idiiiiiiislratinii of .Mr. A'aiisittart, and linro in 
 t'viTV part till' impress v( liis faviuirili" policy. 
 Till'" cvi'nls tliat tnnk pl.ii'c in LSOS liavinn 
 soriniisly alVci'tid our pri'vinus rclat inns with the 
 Jiallic' i'owi'rs, a di'liiiciicy in tlu'. accustniiU'd 
 .supply of tiuilur bri^.in to ho apprclioiuU'd; and 
 till' ship-iiwiurs ■•ind I'anada mi'ivliaiils naturally 
 cii(iui;li iivaili'd llumsi'lvcs nf this circuni.stance 
 to rxiili' till' fiars of the ministry, mid to induce 
 thcin to chaiii.;!- the fair and lihcrnl system on 
 
 I which till' Iradi' in liiiiliiT liad Incii cniii|iii'|,',{ 
 ilnHii In that liiiir, liv Ki n '' hi;.; r\l raonliiinrv 
 i'ili'niirii).;i'iili'iil In Its iiiiporlalioil lioiii t'iiiii|,|| 
 I'.M'ii lis It ti'iiipnr.'iry I'Nprilii'iil, appliialili' t„ , 
 |n'ciiliiir I'liicrni'iny, Ilic policy ol itixiiii; am 
 
 'ii|i. 
 
 such i'iicniirii<;i'iiiciil i< cMri'ini'ly dmilil fill, .s, 
 |ii>siii|^ liniliir llnl In h.ivi'lii'i'ii nny Imij'.ir mIu 1 
 iililc liiini till' north nl Kiiropc, ils pilcr. „ 
 li.'iM' li'icii, and il Would, of cniir c, hat. ji,., 
 iiiipnrlcil frnin I '.iiia.l.'i, the I'liilid Mali' , nr 
 wlicrrMril cniilil 111' had, willioiil any inlirlirriirp 
 nil the pari nf I iov 1 liniiclil. Mill, ill I.So^l, nl;,,,^, 
 
 ad. Ill \Misniaili' In the diilii'4 prc^ iiiiis|\ ch.irvl 
 
 nil liinlicr hoiii Ihi' linrlll nf I'.iirnpi', nl llir mh,,. 
 I line ll in I llli. .1' pri'\ ioiisly charc.i'il 011 I iiiilirrli.in, 
 t'. 111,1. la niid our ntlii r pnst.i'^siniii in .\nii ricii,,,,-. 
 nliiini.l iiilircU ifpcalcd ; ;i!iil in Iho vcrv iwi 
 year (IHIIi) llie diilies thus iinpiiscil nii ILiiii,' 
 
 linihir were ilnuhhil, Nnr did the illcri'l [ 
 
 diilies nil such limher slop cmii licic. In |s{;{ 
 nller Napoleon's disaslroiis ■ aiiipai>;n in |;ii..i,i, 
 and when the free iiavioalinli ol the llulu,' |,.|.{ 
 heell reslnreil,'_';i per eelll. W.'ls added In Ilic ilud,., 
 on I'.iii'npean tiiiiher. The e\pci|ieiiiv i.f j<<. 
 cre.'isilij; llie ri'Veiillii wa', nil ilniihl, plc'iili'il III 
 jiisliliealioii 1. 1 this measure; Iml mc IuIiivi' it 
 ivas really nilciided to au^iueiil llie prelitiii.,. in 
 favour 111 ( '.'iiiiid.'i linilier; for Imw cmilil it !>. 
 supposed ihat an increase of ihe diuies i.n an 
 ariicle iiupniied froiii a parlicidar ipiartrr .'I' ili.. 
 wnrld, thai was already laxed up in tin v.'v 
 lli);lli'sl pniiil, cniild add any lliiiii; i'iiiisi,|,.|.,l,|,.|'. 
 the reieiiiie, when a convert ilile ailicli iiiit;|ii li. 
 impnrtid Iri'iii anolhcr ipiarler duly fni'':' I'll 
 various ihilics laid on I'iuropcaii tiiiilieriiiiii'ii!iii !. 
 when consolidated hy Iho Ael, ii'.l (icn. lil. i' ,1.'. 
 In :i/. ita. per liiail. 
 
 Admit I in^', I'nr tlii> mniiieiil, lli.'il tlie {...tiii: 
 an. I iiiipricedi'iiled aspect of lliiiij;s in Isns h,; 
 IKii'.l warraiilcil the K'vin^; of Home prclm i.-i 
 the iiiiporlalion of liiiilicr fnnii Caiiadi, ^ I'li {.,-!' 
 fcronce should pl.iinly have ceased in WW, ,v 
 IniiLC I'ls Ihe cnininuiiical inii with the hriil;,'!' i*i:i- 
 lerrupted, we iiiny he I'nrced to use a limit iinrLxi 
 Iho river; hut when the cominiiiiicalii.n i^ il':.iii 
 opened, and when there is not the reiiinli -I. Ii.-iiw 
 of ils future iiitcrriiptinli, it wmild he a sin. :i:i: 
 alisurdily In refuse to resume the use of tin Imlv 
 and In I'liiiliiiiie the costly and iiiconvciiiiiit pnu'- 
 tieo of hciii^ t'errieil over. This, Innvi'Vir, is 
 exactly what wc did in the oas.' nf ilic Ciiiah 
 trade, liecanse a forliiitnii.. cniiihinali.ni et oir- 
 cunistanccs olilij^cd us, upon one occibinn, l. 
 iiiipnrt infcrinr liiuher at a ei.iiiparalively :ii.-i: 
 price, we resolved tn cniilimie the praclii'i'. ili.' 
 histnry nf cominorce alloriLs few sii.li ili»|.l;iv-ii 
 j.;ratiiilous folly. 
 
 The ahsiirdily of this oondiict will a|i|«r>lNl 
 more striking; if we ri llect for a innnii'iit niiil. 
 peculiar situation of the countries in llie iii.ii'i'l 
 l''.iirnpo. The nations round the l!;illic li.ivi'iiii!' 
 little prnj,'ri'ss in niaiiiifacturinj,' iiidiisiry. lii'.v 
 aliniiiid in valu.'ihle raw prndiii'ls; Init llii'virt 
 wholly destitute nf the liner species of iiiiiiiiif.ii'- 
 tiired coiiimiiditu's, mid of ccilnnii's. Nnr iiw 
 they ;iny real iiiihicoincnt lo alleiiipt sii|i|>lra; 
 I hciiiselves directly with tlio former, nr ti'i'M.il'l:-" 
 the lalier. Their iron and copper iiiiiu.-, i'' ' 
 vast, forests, and their iiunieiise ir.icis et' lira!; 
 and hitherto uiinccupicd land, atl'.Tit ht I1l'^ 
 ready and ailvaiitat;eiiiis investineiils ler iv.t 
 delicieiit capital than could he foiuul in im'"- 
 factiires or foroi;j;n tnulo. IJiissia am! \'n\->'^ 
 were, iiidoed, tempted, by our corn ami wM 
 laws, to exclude .somo .species of )iiaiiiil'iii'''i™ 
 piods ; hut it is not possible that thoy jIu'uI'J 
 succeed in materiallv liniitiiij; our cxporis to 
 
 -.M 
 
limliir liMil l«'ii r<>iiilii.t..l 
 liv \;\.\< 'li'i:i i'"vliiiiiiiliiiiiry 
 Is Imi'i.rljilii'H IimIii fiiiiiMi. 
 ry rsiinliiiil, iipi'lMillili' I., a 
 ,'tlii' i"iUiy "f i:'*"!!,' »•» 
 HcMnimlv ilipiilitliil. S;|, 
 ll:i\rlM'i'll ll'>,^ liHli'.iT nlit:u;i 
 
 I, ,il l.iiri.l''. '•'' I""''' """'■' 
 wiml.l, 111' •••iiir r, Inn. \,.v.\ 
 iiiiihi, til"' I'niliil Mai.', r 
 ■ li;i.l, williiMil iiiiv iiii.rl. r.iir 
 iiiiiinit. Mill, ill iHH'.t, iilar:: 
 i.|li.Mliilir^l.r.'vi.iii-l\ .lur ! 
 iiurlll 111 l',iii'i|"'. "I llii'-imi" 
 |,,li-tvrliiiri',c'.l nil lillll..tll..';i 
 „,r |„,':.M- si,.if. ill Aiiii'r;-^;,,,- 
 .,.;lll'.l; ;.hI ill 111" V.'rv I1.M 
 iilir^ lliii-< ii'M"'-''' "" ''■"'''' 
 i.|/. N..r iliil iIk' iiiiTi';!..' J 
 li.r hI.'P I'M" '»'"'• '" '"I,'' 
 liMlHd-i.iln 1 :illlliili/,ll ill ll"-'ij. 
 llJivi.j,iili..li ol 111!' "ill'"' I'll 
 ■r trill, was iiilili'.l I" till' ilii'i" 
 licr. 'I'Ik' i\|"''li''ii''.v "I !"■ 
 1110 wa', II" . I. mill. iili':i.l"l 111 
 IS niriismr ; Iml »•' li. li.H' i! 
 il to aiiniiiciil 'III' liii'lVr.ii.Mii 
 liiiilHT; I'.ir liiiw i-tml.l il li' 
 iiiiTrasi' i.r llii" ilulii"' I'll K 
 •.nil 11 iiarli.'iiliir niiarl.r .■! lly 
 iilri'ii.lv laxcl 11)1 111 till' "'v 
 M aililMny llnii.L;niii'-i.l.i:i''l''l.' 
 1 a f.mvrrlilil"' mlirl' iiii-iil li" 
 (illii'i- niiarlir .liil.v ir.c? IV 
 I (III l',iiri>|H'aii liiMl.craiii.'ini.l, 
 I liv the All. ii'.x;..!. ill. ■ '-'. 
 
 till! llliillU'llI, llial till' l"viu:lt 
 
 .,1 asi.irl. Ill' lliiiik'i ill l""'* ml 
 111' f^iviii^' 111' ni'iiK' |iri'l'(r."i<el' 
 r linilxr fr.nu Caiiailn, >' I'liiw- 
 iiiiilv liavi" ii'iisnl ill l>*i:i. >' 
 .imilaiiiiii wiili Hn' lirulm' i< in- 
 y li.. lonril lo usf a Imill imf^ 
 ;irll llm I'diiiiiiuiii'iilii"! is ;i-':.iil 
 I llu'ii' is lint lln'rriiiiili'^li'li« 
 iriiiiliiiii. il wiiiilil I"' " Mil- '™ 
 ;i. torrsumi' (lie ii«' 111" 111. I'll Lv 
 lio I'listiv anil iiir..iiv«iii<iil I'fu- 
 i-rii'il oviT. 'I'lii.S liiittiv.r. li 
 iliil ill till' i-a-i' III' ilii'»'"'« 
 a r.irliiitiMi.. I'liiiiliiiiati.iii I'l '>'■ 
 ,'imI us, iiiion mil' iii;i"im.iii, t'' 
 rimluT at 11 ooiiiiiaraiivrly m: 
 
 I 1. 1 iMiiilimiii till' prai'iiiT. 1.:' 
 r.'c alV.irils I'ow smli ilhl'lay-J 
 
 • „f tliis oiiiiiliu'l will iMiliWii'l } 
 wi- rilli'ft I'lir a iiinnii'iit i'" :;'' 
 
 II (if till' iM.iinlrifs in lli.' in'ii'i;' 
 ti,.iisri.iiiiil till' Itallii-luvomH' 
 
 niaiiiira.'liiriii^' iiulustry. IwH 
 al.li' raw i.r.i.UicIs; \n\l lliir:!-^ 
 
 ,,nlii' liiu'i- siu'rics ,'l' iiiiimil.i':- 
 lu's. ami "f I'liliiiiii"'- Nm- WM 
 i.liii-oiiii'iit to alliiiil't MipW,"'; 
 tlv Willi Ihi'fiiri'iir. '"''!""'."" 
 rir ir.m ami rnlMuT llllll'^ '■': " 
 1 tlu'ir iiimii'ii^i' H''"'''* ','' '"";', 
 
 „.„'i'ui'ii'.i iiiii.i. <>iV"r'i If ';;:■; 
 
 aiUaLTiius iiivi'sliiiriiii* i.t ^■'■'l 
 I thai, ooiilil 1.0 I'll"'"! ;» !";''^;| 
 
 ,,,„,,te.l, l.y ...ir .-.ini ami _ I 
 ,. ,„„c spivii's III >"ai."l* • 
 is nut iHi'siblo. that tlioy > " 
 tiTiallv limitiag our csport. Ml 
 
 TIM 111. u Ti:\iii: 
 
 ;h'I 
 
 ihrin, |ir>ivlilril wo ilo ilitl nci'imil llli'lr clfi.rts hy wll (tii'ir k U. nml «.■ raiiii"! lake -m li .|ii,iii- 
 
 ,,.fipiii • til a.liiiil lli.ir iiriiiliic'i 
 
 (11 :lll llli' 
 
 .iiiilrii's ill till' wiirht, IIktc IM nil- 
 
 ,lv II. .IK' \^lii.'li lias Ml iiiaiiv rai'ililii'i t'nr 
 
 .:irr\ liiK I'" 'II' ailiaiilii 
 
 ■lis lr;li|i 
 
 lilh llh 
 
 rill 
 
 , lirral I'.iilaiii. 
 
 W.' 1 
 
 iM' a Mirjilii III' all llii.s.' 
 
 ,|ii, ls.il wliirli lEiissiii, I'riissiii, S«. ill n, | i.n 
 ark. .'iMil Niinvav stainl iinisl In iutiI , mihI, ..ii 
 i, iilur hail. I, lliiy haw i ^iir|iliis nf luany 'il 
 ,,n,. .il whi.h wi' am r(>iii|i iralivi-ly ili-l iliil... 
 ii-r irallli' we cariv nil w ilh lln' llalii.' 
 
 III. iiiii' 
 
 ili.i's II"'. ihi'i. fnrr. i|i'|«'iiil, ill any r.in.i.liraMi' 
 
 ,1, "ri'.', nil lll'lilii'i.'il nr iii'riili'iital rii.iiiiisluiii'rs. 
 
 lilies nf lillll.l'l' as \vi< lisi'il In .In; ami, I lirl i Inli', 
 tlii'V r. iiin.it lakr r.iKdiili :;...ii|s rrmii ii^.' 
 
 ' It Kiii'li an all. rali.iii was In laKi' pla.'.' in Ihn 
 .liilirsnii tJMiliir ill this rniiiiiry as t.i iv.. ihi> 
 I'mssiaiis Ik lari'.ir -.h in ..I' ili.' ira'lr Ihaii III- y at 
 liri".i'iil cniny, .|ii ymi tliiiik thai wniiM |iri>.liii'.i 
 
 liii'i'i'ii 'I'll I lii iiillv I'.'i liii' 
 
 ilh' 
 
 111 nl'lllr |il 'lliln 
 
 nl'yniii' niiiiilry In lli.' |.. niil.' i.l Ihi . rniinlry V' — 
 
 II 
 
 I.I. n 
 
 III ii'iiiilil iiiliiiii/i/ liilii' I'lir fiiiiri' 
 
 iliiiiilt J'liiiii I' ■ iiir, HH lli.v r.iiil.l :;. I lnlli.r liil nl' 
 
 ihi' 
 
 I'll.' Ci 
 
 .Ills 
 
 11 .1" 
 
 llHl..lll 
 I'll! I'll 
 ili'^ir.'s. 
 .M:ir.|iii 
 
 (Hijiiirl, Mari'h !>, I«.'l, |i. In.".) 
 
 Ill'.ri' nl III' Ml, 
 
 III ri'<l nil Mil' will. Iml l.iiiiiilalinii nl' i Tli.' ilhi'l lliat i h.' iiii 
 
 liniisi' ri'i^iilaliniis nr .li-^i'riniiiial lii", .Inli.'-., 
 
 111.' iiralili.'ilinii nl' iniiln il tv.'inls ami 
 
 1 1 li.is hr.'ii jiislly r.marln.l hy llii' 
 
 (iarniir, Il x.'i'llciil li iiislal.ir nl' tin' 
 
 lliiiWi "/ .Vi'/i.iKi, thai II. I iiic'iin-.iiliTalili' pur 
 tiiiiiiil till' iiiirr.'isi'.l iinwrr mill wrallh nl l';ii>;laiiil 
 
 ' ill' Ira.' 
 
 .1 In II 
 
 I' ^;rnu lln; npilhll 
 
 I.r i:ii> 
 
 llui III' llii-iiaii I'liiiiiri' is y rl niily in Ihi' iii\iiiry 
 
 nl'i'lVlll 
 
 .III ; sli.' iiiiisl I'nnliniii' Ini i v.tv Ii.ii 
 
 .1 .lull. '4 h.'iil nil Ihii 
 
 II" In Willi Nnrw 'V mill .Swrili'ii, a I'.nn.ili'il as 
 thry in Hiiiiin ih 'tfi' wcri' liy llir in.lli.iil nC 
 li.iri;iiij; Ihi'ihilv ..II ilr/iN, was si ill 
 
 nmi 1' •.irikifi;^ 
 ami I'Xlr.inrilinarv. 'I'lii'sr cnniilri.'i ha. I l.'iv prn- 
 
 lIlll'IS.CX.l'pl 
 
 liin).' 
 
 r ainl in.ii. In I'M'han.ri' Inrniir 
 
 I'nininiiililii's; anil as ii illnr ..t lli.'sn iniilil Imail- 
 van I ;iKi'..ii'^ly inipnrli.l mln l.ii "l.iii.l iimli r I lir IK'W 
 
 sysi.'in, III. trail.' Willi llniii all 
 iinl ilicv wiri' rrhiri'iMil 
 
 I" 
 
 I III a.lv 1111 
 
 in III' 
 
 II' c.'irri'r 111 iiiipinv. iii.'iil 
 
 II 
 
 I.' mai 
 
 I'Isnt' |''l 
 
 • I . Ill inly 
 inp.'ll.'.l I. 
 
 I II will I'l^ .iiir iiwn laiill il' wi' iln imi n.'ip sli 
 l.ri'iil.'r 1 Ivanla^'i's rinm lirr pr..>;ri'ss. 
 
 Smli II ill'' iialiiri' III' that roiiiincri'i' ii:^'aiiisl 
 uliii'li llir .li-iriininaliiii; ihilics nn liinhiT Imiii 
 
 nrl I.I 
 anil ll'illaii'l I'nr Ihi' ailLli'S 
 
 li.irlli III' I'airnpr aunt' 
 
 hln 
 
 In 
 
 l.iii'.i. i\ 
 
 Inn this sysl.'in hi'ijaii, 'r.'.i^.lllHI Inns nl 
 
 llrili-li • liippiiif,' 
 
 I'lili'iril iiiwarils I1..111 th.' Haiti 
 
 III \x\ I, till' yi'ar allrr Ih.' 
 
 ii> r I'i'iil. nl' ailili 
 
 llMll.ll .lull 
 
 nl lir.'ii inipns.'.l nn llalii.' liiiili.r. 
 
 iiluii.'ii all III.' purl 
 
 i| 
 III' that HI' 
 
 a Hi'li' npi n In 
 
 ihi'V lifiil I'lirmrrly iinpi.rlr.l Imiii 11 
 
 n pr.inl nf 
 
 I Ins, wi' may nn iiii"n ilial lli.' . \p..rlH l.> Sw.ili'ii, 
 wliirh mii.iniil.'.l in l.'sl I in ..I l.x|h/., ijicli | In 
 
 |H||.I In ID.ri.'ii;/, ami I'Vin in jHj'. 
 
 r,i'.i,;ii;i/. : whilr ihr 
 
 •\pllll-J 
 
 .S'nr 
 
 WiTn nlllv 
 wa\, wliii 
 
 h 
 
 11c ^llill- 
 i'llrll'll i 
 
 i.iilv 'JI'J.'lilii tniii III' lirili'^h sliipgi' 
 
 ■.Is 
 
 iiili'il 
 
 I'lll)^ lllllr lllnri' III. Ill III! 
 
 wlll'll II 
 
 1.' Mv-.|i'in lii'i'.'iii 
 
 h.'ill III 
 hi 
 
 All'! 
 
 nlwilli-lali 
 
 Mil" 
 
 Ih 
 
 va-'l inrrca-i'. 1 
 
 II Ih' 
 
 'll, cf 
 
 ilalii'ii ami wi.'illli in Iln 
 
 h.'i.l, in Ixi.'i, aim.iiiili'.l i. IHlMm'.'/., 1.11 in IKI;! 
 In (i 1,7 11/., ami ill |K|: ha,! nnlv inriiaiiil to 
 1:1 1.. 11 1/. 
 
 I his nxlrannrniary r.illiii;: nil in m> v.rv inip.it- 
 taiil a liran.'h lit niir rnninii'ii'i' li.'i\iiii; Ihtii rsia- 
 hlishi'il liiyi'inl all ipii'siinn hy I'viili'iin- lakm 
 hi'lnr.' Ilic rninmiiii'i's nl' l.m.ls ami I Iniiiimni 1 nn 
 III.' Inii'if;ii irailr nl' lliii (."iiiiry in IN.'O. an ap 
 prn.'nh In a lirll.r sysl.ni uas in.i.li' in IHu'l, wlnii 
 III.' iliilv nil linihi'i' rriini 1 hr iinrlli nl I'iiir'.pr was 
 
 III llii' llallii-. niir Ira.li' wilh ill.' .lilV.r.'iil 
 iliat ^.'.1 ha. I II.. I rci'iivi'ii'il, in Ixl.l, Irnin 
 
 ilirMnw-. iiilliriisl nil il ill l'Sii:i ami I.hI; 
 
 In 
 
 IM'.' 
 
 .Ml\' 
 
 ':i,i,l;l.'i Inns nl' riiili>li shippiii;; h It Ilin 
 liiillii' I'lir I 111' Ihiili'il Kiiii,'il.ini. 
 
 'rill riilliiwiii;; I'Xira.'l rr.nn Ih.' I'vi.l.-m'c nl' .Mr. 
 I'llwiiil Palzi'lnT, a inrrrlianl nl' IMrini'l. j;ivrn 
 III full' I lie rniiiniiltri' nl' I In* llniisi' nl' ( 'ninninns ..n 
 l!ii'|iii"i','ii Irail.' nl' till' rniinlry, in hs-.il, slmw- 
 till' ilV.s'l llial till' iiicrrascil iliilins mi linilnr 
 
 liail I 
 
 I ill' 
 
 .' I'Hiiiin.'li'i' 
 
 with I'nissia 
 
 'lli'l-illllTl' 
 
 a L'li'.-il all. rat inn in llir liiiihir 
 
 Irail' 1" llVI'i II Mrlll.'l ami lllis rnllllll'V nl' l.'lli 
 
 rr.lmc.l rnnii 'M. 
 
 :.i. I. 
 
 IT In.'lil, .'ll III' 
 
 .'IIIM' lilllr lli.'ll a iliily nl' IiIn. per Inail 
 
 nil liniliir Imni I'lrlli h Aiiiri 
 
 laiii 
 Tins, h.iwfv.r, 
 
 iiiijiaral ii.'ly iii.lli. 1. nl in. a-iiii'. 1 1 was 
 
 -it'lli'il. In III' Hiiri', al llii' liini', lli'it llin L'/. 
 
 Inail 111' I'x.'i'ss 111' iliil V I hill was ihn 
 
 ii'.nnni'il mi 
 
 l.allir tiniliri' nvir I lial lai.l 
 IVniii ('an.'i.la was nut. inm 
 
 I illlhrr 
 
 imp 
 
 irli" 
 
 lliaii I'limi'.li til 
 halaini' llm hi;;hi'r priini' msl, ihn i;ri'ali r Ir. irlil, 
 ami iillirr i'li.'ir;;.'s rniisi'.|iii'iil npmi III.' inipnil.i- 
 linn nl' llir l.illrr: ami lli.'il il wmilil. Ili.r.'rnrc, 
 III' ill I'liliiii' iiiilill'i nnl In a iiirr.liaiil whi'llicr lin 
 
 ' Sniri' 
 
 th 
 
 II var, a I'rrat alli'r.-ilimi : 
 
 k'liir.' 
 
 Ill' w.ir we iisi'il 
 
 Kiuli ll -lli 
 
 liavi- li.iil I'r.iiii ■-'nil 
 
 ps III .'I yi'.'ir, anil 
 
 havr UnO In I. mill 
 [limn till' war wn 
 
 illll niilv. 
 
 'Wll. II ynil l.ilk ..| '.Mill ships, iln ynii nii'.'lll '.Mill 
 .iiij'-irailiii;; hctwi'i'ii (iri'al. Itriliiin .'iml .Mriiu'l'.''' 
 
 -■Vi' 
 
 'iKi V 
 
 nil im.'in that nniiihi'r nl' (•ar;^ni'S wrrc 
 
 Mdi'l 111 111!' \i'ar 
 
 (I y '— ' V( 
 
 "W iiiaiiv c'lr^rncs wire Inadi'il I'nr (Imal 
 
 riritiiiii 'luring ll 
 
 liiii.r J.siii'ar 
 •Towlu 
 
 i;ii(" 
 
 last year ( IH2ii)'i''— ' Ahmii 
 lluTi' li.'ivi' mil lii'i'ii iiinri',' 
 
 1 what 1','iiiM' ilii ynn alliilnilc llial iliininn- 
 liiillill lilt' iraili'';'' — ' To Ihv. Iiiijli ilnlir.i in Eiiij 
 (uiii/; I'lir I'liriniTly llm duties were niily li... ami 
 smii' jii'in'c : iiiiw 1 hey are WI, hs. in a llritish, 
 mill 3/. .s.«. ill .'I l'iiri'ij;n ship.' 
 
 'Il.i^lliai iliminislieil li'a.li' in liinlier prnilnceil 
 li;'! ll all iialinii m llie eiri'iiinslailees ni' llie pen 
 I'li'i'l'l'ms^ia'.-"— ' Vis : I'nr il is the, nnly Ir.'iile 
 "liiili wi' eaii earr; 'Hi ; wheal ami nil the rest, nl' 
 "ur .'irlicles caiiiinl 1. ; hrnm;lil here; tiiiilur is the 
 •'Illy line tluil laii he hrmij;lil, and llie trade Irmn 
 l'"l.iiiil Iw* very nnn.'li ceased in cniiseipieiii'i' nl' 
 tliciliminislud iieniaiul I'nr il ; the iieople cannot 
 
 irli'il linilier I'li'iii .Meniel nr .Mir.'iiiiii'h 
 
 h 
 
 liiil III' r.'ii'i, liii\M'i,i'r, llie iliseriiiiiiial Imr dull' 
 
 eniiliiined in I'avmir ..I' ('.'iiiada linilnr' 
 
 h'mh 
 
 iiw III' this eipiali-al imi 
 
 lar Inn 
 11;: ellii led. 
 
 Sii niiii'li sn was lliis lhi'i"i-e. lli.'il (here were ili- 
 stani'i'.s 111' [-liiiis Inadini;' wilh liiiilier in ihe iinrlli 
 
 ll' I'aim 
 I lien hr 
 
 pe. earryiii! 
 
 lh;il linilier 
 
 ( 'aiiad.'i. and 
 
 iii'diiLT ll In l''.n"l.'iinl as ('.'iiiaila liinhi 
 
 the diU'eri'iiee nl' .Inlv h.'iviii:; hei'ii aliniil Milli- 
 
 I'ient In imleiniiilV Ihe riinriiinn-. 
 
 r.iiind .•iliniil vnva" 
 
 'XpClls 
 
 ll' this 
 
 We ill) mil iman |i 
 
 I hat this was a ('nninimi pr.'ieliii' ; but what are 
 we In lliiiiU III'.'! I'liiiinii'i'i'i.'il r.':;iil,'itinii lli:it a I- 
 niilled 111' MUi'li .'111 a.lveiiliiri' lieiii:^' nml.'n.'il.i'ii 
 wilh any prn.specl nl' siieei-s ? Adiiiil liiii;, linu- 
 ever, lliat the duty lia.l hi. 11 adjiisiid mi as In 
 have had the aiilieip:ilei| ell'eet, eniild iinylliini^ 
 he ii'nre pr. jinslermis ,'iiid ah-iird tliaii In inipn-i' 
 il nn such a primiple? I In re art! niiiie- nl' cnal 
 ill Now Unllaiid : lint wlial .shmilil we lliinU, weic 
 an attempt in;ide in iinpnse .•-m'h duties mi e.ials 
 rr.iin Neweasile as shniilil remler il imliU'erenl in 
 a l.niidnii il.'.ilrr wheihir li.' iinpnrl.'.l a eiir;;. ■ ..I' 
 dial Irnin the 'I'yne nr linlaiiy ji.'iy '!• Nnw. ihe 
 casiMif llic tiniher diilies u.'is, In p.iiiii ni piin i|il.', 
 pl'ocist'ly tile .^.-iine. We may ohtiiiu liiiiln'r liinii 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 
 
 *J 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 Ao IIIII2.0 
 
 12.2 
 
 <!£ 
 
 
 1-25 11 1.4 1.6 
 
 
 
 6" 
 
 ► 
 
 V 
 
 V] 
 
 
 fliotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4S03 
 

 «^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
■f :*:■.. ■ . 
 
 
 ; ■ 
 ( 
 
 I • 
 
 ?. 
 
 'X' 
 
 ,4-,-b. 
 
 
 • I 
 
 I 5 
 
 ir.oo 
 
 countries so near at hand that our Hhips m.-.y 
 make ;!, 4, 6, und even G voj-nHcs u-ycur to llicin. 
 Acciirilin^ to the evidence of Sir. J. D. I'o'.vloa, 
 tiKMi secretary to tiie London Doclv Company, sliips 
 can make six voyages from Norway, ii or'4 from 
 I'ru.Hsia, and 2 from Kussiu, in a season. (Coiii- 
 mwis' Ui'imrt, p. H!>.) And we refused to admit it 
 unless hiaded with a duty that raised its price to 
 a li!vel with what was broiiglit from t*io otlier 
 side of the Atlantic— a voyage which our ships 
 cannot, at most, perform above twice a-year. 
 
 i(. ComiiiiriUlre Qiialiti/ of Baltic mid Ciinada 
 Timber. — Had the timber of Canada been, at the 
 ])eriod we speak of, decidedly superio" to that of 
 lli(r north of Europe, something might have been 
 fouiul to say ill favour of the discriminating duty ; 
 for it might have been contended, with some show 
 of reason, that It was of the utmost consequence, 
 eon>idering the applicaiion of timber to ship and 
 liouse building, and other important purjioses, to 
 prevent the importation of an inferior species, even 
 though it might be vheaiicr. But tlie system we 
 adopted was of a totally diflercnt character. Wo 
 did not attempt to shut out an article which, 
 though cheap, was inferior; but committed the 
 twofold absurdity of shutting out one that was at 
 once cheap and at that time really, or supposed to 
 be, superior. 
 
 The committee of the House of Lo^-ds observe, 
 in tlieir First Report on die Foreign Trur/e of the 
 Coiintnj, that ' the North American timber is 
 more soft, less durable, and every description of it 
 mora liable, though in ditt'erent degrees, to the 
 dry rot, thar. timber of the north of Kuropo. The 
 red pine, however, which bears a small proportion 
 to the other descriptions of timber, and the greater 
 part of which, though imported from Canada, istlie 
 proJitce of the United States, is distinguished from 
 the white pine by its greater durability. On the 
 wh(de, it is stated by one of the commissioners of 
 his Majesty's nas'j', most distinguished for prac- 
 tical knowledge, experience, and skill, that the 
 timber of Canada, both oak and lir, does luit possess, 
 fi,r the purpose of ship-buiUlinfj, more than half 
 the durability of tvood of the same description 
 the produce of the north of Europe, The result of 
 its application to other purposes of building is 
 (ie^icribed by timbsr merchants and carpenters to 
 be nearly similar ' (p. 4). 
 
 Important evidence was given in support of this 
 view; but though such was the opinion of the best 
 infoimed parties at the time, and though its cor- 
 ret'tness is in some respects not to be doul)tC(l, 
 still there can be no question that the inferiority 
 of British North American timber was set in too 
 strong a light in the evidence referred to, and that 
 it is, in fact, better (itted for several niiportant 
 purposes thiin Baltic tim'jer. Nol only is the red 
 American pme of a very superior quality, but the 
 pine and spruce planks of New Brunswick and 
 Nova Scotia, especially the latter, are luiiversally 
 ))referred, for the purposes to which they are apjilied, 
 to all other varieties of timber; and notwitlisiand- 
 ing the reduction of the discriminating duty, and 
 eventual abolition of all duties on timber, their 
 importation, as will be seen, has increased be- 
 yi.nd all precedent. 'Ihese circumstances were 
 not, however, known to the parties who introduced 
 the discriminating system, which w.ns at the time, 
 ;ui(l fur loi;g after, most injurious to the best 
 interests of the Unitcil Kingdom: 
 
 ■1. Apologies for the Discriiniiuiting IJuiy. — If 
 anytliing ought, more than another, to make 
 lc;;islators pause before enacting a rcstriolivc 
 ngulation, it is the diliiculty of receding from it. 
 Alter it has been enforced for a while, a variety of 
 interests usually grow up under its protection, 
 
 TIMBER TKADE 
 
 which may bo materially injured by its rcpij 
 All, however, that the persons so interested ca 
 justly claim, is, that sutlicient time, and evci 
 possible facility, should bo ufforded them tn pn 
 ))aro for a change of system. Because the iiitcreji 
 of a comparatively srnallportion of the connniiiiit 
 may be injuriously alTected by the aboliiion of i 
 regulation ascertained to bo inimical to tlie[iiil)|i( 
 is it, therefore, to be contended that wo slmulil^j 
 all hazards, continue to enforce the regulation m 
 have so unwisely enacted? To maintain tin 
 afHrinativc woidd be to give perpetuity tu iIk 
 worst errors and absurdities, and wouM \x ^ 
 effeotu.al bar to every sort of improvement, X( 
 change, even from a bad to a good system, shouij 
 be rashly set about ; but when once the expcdiciicv 
 of an alteration has been clearly establisbcJ, j't 
 ou.i.ht to bo resolutely carried into effect. 
 
 it was objected to the abolition of the diserinii- 
 natiiig duties on timber, that it would lie iiijuriuuj 
 to Canada and the shipping interest. AVc licline, 
 however, that the injury was not nearly so f;r(at 
 as has been represented ; that it was, in fact, ciuite 
 inconsiderable. So far from the lumber trade-nx 
 fl'o trade of felling wood, squaring it, and (iDating 
 it down the rivers to the shipping ports— bun' 
 advantageous to a colony, it is distinotlv aiul com- 
 pletely the reverse. The habits which it geneialcs 
 are ([uitc subversive of that sober, steady spirit ot 
 iiuhistiy so essential to a settler in a rude coiintn-; 
 to such a great, degree, indeed, is this the case, tiiat 
 lumberers have been described as the pests uf a 
 colony, ' made and kept vicious by the very iraje 
 by which they live.' But, abstracting alto{;eiiier 
 from the circumstances now alluded to, itliasbcen 
 shown, over and over again, that the abolition of 
 the lumber trade wouhl ma .erially benelit tliewj 
 interests of the colonies. It is ludicrous, indeed, 
 seeing that not one tree in a hundred is lit lor the 
 purposes of being squared for timber, to siipiose 
 that the discontinuance of the trade could Lk- any 
 seri(ms loss. But the fact is, that when tnw are 
 cut down by lumberers, for export as tiiiibir. in- 
 stead of being burnt down, so great a gi.nvtli of 
 brushwood takes idace, that it actually cosl mure 
 to clear the ground where the lunibtrprs liave 
 been than where they have not bei n. Mr. Ilidi- 
 ards, who was sent out bj' Government to rciwrt 
 on the influence of the lumber trade, reprc-iiitcd 
 it as most unfavourable ; and observed that. ' wlicii 
 time or chance shall induce or compel the inha- 
 bitants to desist Irom this employment, iiLirind- 
 ture will begin to raise its head.' The slaloniiiits 
 of Captain Moorsom, in his Letters from Sara 
 Scotia, arc exactly similar. He consideri'il tlio de- 
 presj^ion of the timber market, altliougli a mvitc 
 loss to many individuals, a ' decided gain lu ilie 
 colony,' from the check it has given to tliu 'lum- 
 bering mania' (|,. 5;t). 
 
 The statements that were made ;;s to il:0 
 amount 'if caidtal expended on saw mills, aiuioilur 
 ii.xed works for carrying on the lunilic r tr:idi', liaJ 
 been singularly exaggerated, and Jli. '. lliora.-o: 
 (afterwards Lord Sydenham), who 1 lln' Ik- 
 means of acquiring accurate infon.iatinn n.i tl.i- 
 point, slated, in his speech on .March IH, ISjl.iliai 
 if 5UO,000/. were taken as the amount, it would Ik a 
 great deal above rat'.icr than under the realv.ihi', 
 
 The fact is, that in so far as the interests oitlie 
 colonies are concerned, it is plain tliey did not 
 really lose by the repeal of the dilVeiviUiai diilies 
 on foreign timber. For the quality of thiir tim- 
 ber having l.ieen well ascertained, and the pivjiidicc 
 with which it liiid I'oniierly to contemi iiJiviiy 
 subsided, it was found quite aide ftKc-isi'iiliyM 
 maintain its ground, under a free sysieiii, with 
 the timber of the Baltic or of anywhere oUc. 
 
rw" 
 
 iterially injured by its ivp^ji 
 the persons so iiitcrcstcil can 
 liat BulUcient time, anil every 
 loiild bo afforded them to pr^ 
 ■ system. Because the iiitorests 
 srnallportion of the eouunmiiiv 
 • affected by tlic abolitidii (,f'a 
 lied to be iiiimiciil to tlie piilJic, 
 ju contended that wo slmuld.at 
 uc to enforce the rcKulatidnwc 
 ! enacted? To inainta;ii th,> 
 , be to Rivo pcrpetuilY tn i!,c 
 absurdities, and wouKl be iin 
 rery sort of improveuieut, No 
 1 a bad to a good system, sli„ulj 
 , ; but when once the exiiedkiHT 
 has been clearly cstabhshcJ, it 
 itely carried into effect, 
 to the abolition of the discrimi- 
 imbcr, that it would he injiirwui 
 3 shipping interest. AVe btliivo, 
 injury was not nearly so j;rtat 
 lented ; that it was, in fact, i|uite 
 50 far from the iumher trwlr-oj 
 g wood, squaring it, uiiil iloating 
 rs to the sliipi)ing imrts-btinj 
 I colony, it is distinctly and com- 
 B. Th(3 habits whicli it i^eiieialcj 
 ve of that sober, steady spirit of 
 tial to a settler in a rude cuumn-; 
 gree, indeed, is this the case, ti.at 
 jccn described as the posts "fa 
 id kept vicious by the very irajf 
 vc.' But, abstracting aUofjctlift 
 tances now alluded to, it has I w. 
 over again, tliat tlie abolitigii of 
 would ma .erially benelit tlicroal 
 jolonies. It is ludicrous, indeed, 
 inc tree in a hundrctl is fit tor the 
 ig s(iuared for timber, to sup|iOse 
 nuance of the trade couUl k- any 
 kt the fact is, that when tree are 
 nberors, for export as timbor. ir,- 
 lurnt down, so groat a ;;i.i«th of 
 place, that it actually com more 
 und where the lunibtior.s line 
 they have not hem. Mr. llioh- 
 :nt out 1)3' Goveriinioiil to riport 
 of the lumber traile, repn-iitcd 
 urablc ; and ob.servcd that, ' when 
 hall induce or comiiel tlio inlia- 
 Irom this eini)lovn>L'iit, a^ruul- 
 ) raise its head.' The slaH'iiionts 
 rsoin. in his Letters from .\ora 
 Iv similar. He consideriMl ilie Je- 
 imher market, althoujili a Mverc 
 ividiials, a ' decided gam to i!ic 
 check it has given to tlic'biffl- 
 
 .. 01)). , 
 
 that were made r.s to t.:e 
 . . xpended on saw nulls, aiuloilier 
 arrving on the liinihcr trade, bad 
 x;,.V..erated,andMi. .'.ihomson 
 Svdenham), who ,..l tlie l)ri 
 inir "accurate iiifon.KitKni o.i t ib 
 
 lis speech on March 1«,1«;"'»' 
 taken as the amount, it wouMbt a 
 
 rather than under tho real Viiliie. 
 at in so far as the interests oi ilie 
 cerned. it is plain tlu<y M .lot 
 reiieal of the ditVcvomKil dime, 
 rorthequalityof tllolru;ll■ 
 ;,.llascertahKHl,analho■!llvJll'l.'« 
 ,■„l loi-inerly to cuiitnul bavins 
 ,-,„i,ul quite able .iKv.sslubyO 
 mild, under a free system, "HH 
 c Baltic or of anywhere el.-o. 
 
 TIMBER 
 
 Ilml the imports of timber from British North 
 \nieriea fallen off to the extent that was once 
 „ntifi|iated, from the reduction or repeal of the 
 discriminating duty, it would, no doubt, have 
 alTccttd tlie shipping interest. But it could not, 
 iiniler any circumstances, have dene tiiis to any 
 vcrv gf"' extent. And it is material, too, to 
 observe that whatever temporary ineonvenienec 
 the shipping interest might liave sustained from 
 tbc change, its future consequences would have 
 l,ecii .singidarly advantageous to it. The high 
 price of timber employed in the building of ships 
 ,vas then the heaviest drav.-back on t!io Britisli 
 shipowners; hut the equalisation, and still more 
 the abolition, of the duties, have reduced and will 
 lioep <li)"'n this price; and will, conscepiently, he 
 in so far advantageous to our shipowners. 
 
 CliiUKjes proposed or effected in the Timber Du- 
 lles from IM31 to 18GG inclusive. — Consiileriiig the 
 vicious principle on which the duties on timber 
 Mcre imposed, end their pernicious influence, the 
 tenacity with which they were long supported, 
 jiul the little opposition made to them, may well 
 excite surprise. In 1831 Lord Althorp moved 
 that the duties on foreign timber should ho reduced 
 (Is. per load on Januarj- 1, 1832; G,?. more on 
 .I.iiiunry 1, 18-S3; and 3*. on January 1, 1831; 
 makinfj the whole reduction lo.v. per load, and 
 taviiii; a protection in favour of Canada timber of 
 ;')i's. per load. The only real objection to this 
 ijivposal was, that it did not go far enough — that it 
 'Hatched the 8nakc_ without killing it.' But, 
 mi^oerate as it was, it was rejected by a large 
 niajority, and the p.oject fell to the ground. 
 
 Ill :i:i"> a committee of the House of Commons 
 aripoinlfd to enquire intt) the opeK'.tion of the 
 ihities on timber recommended a reduction not 
 (xceeiling los. of the protective duty of los. 
 levied on European timber. 
 
 But no stej) was taken to give effect to these 
 resolutions of the committee, so that the trade 
 continue'd on its okl footing down to 1842. 
 
 Theililfercntial duty of 45.S. per load ii favour 
 (,f Canada timber was, however, roduceri by the 
 Taritl' Act of the above year, from October 10, 
 19,3, to '-Ms. per load on timber property .so called, 
 and to 30s. on deals. But, though tiiis was a 
 signal imiirovcmcnt on the previous sy.stom, it left 
 much to be desired. It was brought about b}- 
 rtducini; the nrevious duties on foreign timber 
 from fi').<. to 2hs. and 32s. per load, and the pre- 
 vious duty on British colonial timber from lO.s. to 
 li.and is. per load. While, however, everyone 
 nmst admit tliat the reduction of the duty on 
 futei.:;!! limber was most proper, it is not easy to 
 see why any reduction should have lioen made in 
 ;k- duty on Canadian timber. Had it been al- 
 lied u'l remain as it was, or at 10s. per load, tlu 
 ilisciiMiiiiatirg duty in favour of c<d()nial timber 
 wild b.avo amounted to lb.i. and 22*'. per load, 
 rtiih rorlainly was a great deal too iimeh, at 
 lie siiiie lime that there wouhl have b.^en com- 
 paraiiv.ly litib' loss of revenue. Tin i)-ecedent 
 IliasN'. was, bowovi'r, further followc'l up in 1817, 
 iviiMi the (liscrlniinating duty was rediu ed to M.s. 
 And it was further followed up by the Act of 
 l?ol, tbi' It & 15 Vict. c. G2, which imiiosed a 
 iluly 01 ~s. tir/. per load on squared timber, and of 
 111*', p,r do, on deals and battens brnufrht from 
 foreiOT countries. Again in 18G0 the duties weTC 
 leduitd io l,s', and 2s. per load, and in iMaroh 
 Mil tl'.e duties were abolishcil, and importatiim 
 fcccamo t'lve, In the Ijist edition we ndeU'd, ' if the 
 duty i- to be maintained, this (7,s. Gf/. per loadf) is 
 1- low as it should be, or, perhaps, lower. But 
 Ibetecii be no reason why it .slninld imt, and 
 there are many -,vhy it shoidel, be extended to 
 
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 TIMBHU TRADE 
 
 Acciiiint, iJiDiviiKj tile QmintUits tnid i'lilius iif the variiiuH surlH of Woml and Timber Iinpon 
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 QiiK/ililits dilirered for Consumption, diirini/ each of the 4 Years tndiny February I, IHiJ; 
 /;iiHt Missrs. Duncan, JjU'imj Sf Co.'s Cireutar if February 1, ISCil). 
 
 if 
 
 rriHluce 
 
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 Cun&um 
 
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 ISM 
 
 ISf.7 
 
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 18(19 
 
 I86(i 
 
 18(ir 
 
 18(18 
 
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 riiU". i'iU'Ih'C vi.;i,.w - cubic fi'ut 
 
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 11.111 III 
 
 ri,i)iiii 
 
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 s.'.oo 
 
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 I'llcli nnu- : l..L'.i am! planks „ 
 
 111,111 III 
 
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 1,(177,11110 
 
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 colonial tinilur. I'nibiilily. imlpcil, it. may lie 
 suiipiist'il I hat it had bettor be reiiealcil. lint ivc 
 bi'f; to (li.-i^int iVoin this o]iiiiion; tlioiiLjhit iiii;;lit 
 be as ivcll, pcrliaii.'^, to allow ^liips fo be built in 
 bond. lint except on them, the duty, .supposinj; 
 it Here extended lo colonial timber, is too liiniled 
 to have any .son.«ible, or, at iiU events, any pre- 
 jndicial cU'ect.' 
 
 'I'iio review of the Liverpool timber trade of; 
 18(i.''<, ill ]\Ir. Kilward Chaloner's annual circular, j 
 states that the total tonnai;e employed in the 
 imiiortatiou of wood to that ))ort had been 
 .■!77,.'<;il tons in WW, .a^-aiiist li'.llV.'r.S in ]8ti7. | 
 Hut •iotwilli?landin;i this faliiiif; olf, the jirospects 
 of tlie trade were more favourable on .''"ebruary 1, 
 ]«<;'.). tlian on Tebniary 1, I8i;.S. 
 
 'I'lX ((ler. blecli, weis,.^hleeh ; Fr. fer blanc ; 
 Ital. latt.'i. banda slaf^nata ; !-'pan. lioja de lata; 
 Kiiss. blilelia, she.st; Arab, rc.sas ; ISan.'.^e. trapii 
 ,'iiid raiii^a). A metal which lias a line white 
 coliuir like silver; and when fresh, its brilliancy 
 is very ureal. It has a slif;htly disa|j;refable taste, 
 and emits a jieculinr sinoU wlien rubiud. lis 
 hardiie-v< is liotwocn that ' i gold niid lead. Its 
 specilio i;ia\'ity is 7-2'.', It is very malleable: 
 
 tinfoil, or tin leaf, is about _^_ of ,iii incl 
 thick; and it iiiifiht be beaten out into Iciv.-.' r 
 thin afjain, if .such were re(iuired for tliu )iiir|io-f 
 of art. Ill ductility and teuacitv it is vcryiiili 
 A till wire 0'()7iS inch in diameter is ciipiiblo 
 supjiortiiig a weight of .'f-1'7 lb, only willii 
 breaking. Tin is very lle.\ible, and prmlim« 
 cracUliug iioi.io when bent. It may bo rc.niii 
 alloyed with copper, zinc he., furiiiiiiij v 
 valiir.ble compounds. (Thomson's Clieiiiislrii 
 [Ire's JJietiouary, by Hunt.) 
 
 Tiie ores of this metal are found in oniiip.ir; 
 lively few places ; the principal, and jiprlbips ill 
 only, ones are (Cornwall, Galicia, Kr/peliira' 
 Saxony, ]{olieniia, the Malay couiitrits lliin: 
 and Haiica in Asia. They are peeiili.ir to priic 
 tive rocks, generally in granite, either ia «iii 
 bed.s, and are often a.ssociated with copiicr 
 iron iiyriics. 
 
 Till is much used as a covering to ?(^vor,il otii- 
 metals: iron is tinned, to prevent its rapiihwi' 
 tion when exposed to nir and niiii..-tiiri': .iml 
 Hame process i.s applied to copper, to .ivniii t| 
 injurious effects to which those who ii.^ i'i " 
 habit of employing cooking utensils iniuleol ll 
 
• jr.i»</ and Timber 
 
 Iiiijjitrled 
 
 ( 1HG7. 
 
 
 
 
 ValuM 
 
 
 
 
 
 18G-. 
 
 ISlid 1 
 
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 Cimsuniplion to Ffliiunrj 1 in eiih jiar 
 
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 le.if, is about _;^- of nil ineli 
 iiiii;lit lifi liPiiton nut. iiiln li'.ivo •"■< 
 iicli wore rciiuiroil fur tli« i)iir|ii|-ii 
 ilitv mill tcnacifv it is vcryinliTW, 
 T.s'iiu-li in (li.aiiictpr is raniille^f 
 woislit of :W-7 Hi. only ivitlniit 
 n is vow tloxiblo, niiil i.rodii.'o- 1 j 
 c ivhen bont. It may bo ronny 
 
 coi.niT, zinc &(•„ fDnnin:; vin- i 
 ipoinuls. (Thomson-s amUrr, \ 
 ini, bv Hunt.) , 
 
 thisV.etal arc fouml m wmpan- 
 ccs; tbc iirinpipal, anil perhaps itM 
 . Cornwall, Galici.'i, Krzpebiw' ir 
 >niiii, the Malav couiitrit.s tWM 
 Asia Thcv arc pociilwr to imn.i- 
 H.rallvinf;nniito,citlii>r invoiii^or 
 . often asr-ooiatoil willi coprcr '•U'l 
 
 lUSCilasacnvcriiiKfosovoralorM 
 ,,. tinned, to previ-i.t if ^rap.il 0X1' ■ 
 ,osea toairanilmi.i^tiiro:,™ 
 
 i,s appli.-il t" '^"I'PM-. ,'" ••'^•"1' 
 CIS to ivl.ioh those lylio ii.c 
 dying cooking Utensils iniuleolliiM 
 
 metal arc nlways liable. The soiulionft of tin in 
 tiic nitric, inuriatic.rfiitro-siilphuric, and tartaric 
 mills, are much used in dyeing, as giving adcgree 
 i,f pernianency and brilliance to several colours, 
 II, 1)0 obtained bj- the use of no other mordants 
 vith which we arc at present ncqnainted : tin 
 fiirms the basis of pewter, in the composition of 
 whicli it is alloyed with lead; when roUed into 
 thill sheets, it is called tin-foil, and is ap|hied, with 
 thf ftildition of mercury, to cover the Hurface of 
 j;la<stlms forming looking-glasses, mirrors 4c,; 
 iliiil ill combination with sulphur, it con.stitutcs 
 «|i,'it is called mosaic gold. (.Joyce's Clum. Mia.) 
 Tix l'i,.vrKS, known in Scotland by the name 
 of ic/iiVc iron, arc applicable to a great variety of 
 |iiir]ioses. They are formed of thin plates of iron 
 ilippeil into molten tin. The tin 'lot only covers 
 the surface < f the iron, but penetrates it com- 
 pleU'ly, anil gives the whole a white colour. It 
 i< usuiil til add about i of copper to the tin, to 
 ]Ti'veiit it from forming too thick a coat upon the 
 I run. 
 
 The demand for tin plates, which has always 
 bwn cimsiilcrablc, has latterly increased with 
 i-xtrnonlinarv rapidity. The exports in I8(i7 
 iiraoimled to" 1 ,579,09-i cwt., valued at '!,0G.3,260/., 
 iif wliicli no less than ],390,061/. worth went to 
 ihe United States. In 18(i6 the value of the 
 (•.-iports amounted to 1,800,192/. During !8()7, 
 84,'2O0 cwt. of British, and 20,.') 76 cwt. of foreign 
 ami I'olonial tin were exported from this country, 
 in nililitiiin to the uuwrought tin plates and tin 
 siiil tiiincil wares. 
 
 Historical Notices of the British Tin Trade. — 
 The tin mines of Cornwall have been worked from 
 a very remote era. The voyages of the Phncni- 
 ianstothe (.'assiteridcs, or tin islands, arc men- 
 tion eil by Herodotus (lib. iii. c. 11.5), Diodorus 
 Sioitliis (lib. iv. p. 301, ed. 1604), and Strabo 
 iCi«,(;. lib. iii.). Some difference of opinion has, 
 imlfoil, been entertained as to the particular 
 islands to which the Phoenicians applied the term 
 I'assiteridcs ; but Borlase (^Account of the Scilly 
 Numis, p. 72), Lnrcher {Herndote, tome iii. p. 
 ;iK4.eil. 1802), and the able.-t critics, agree that 
 they are the Scilly Islands and the western ex- 
 tremity of Cornwall. After the destruction of 
 Carthage, the British tin trade, which was alway.s 
 reckoned of peculiar importance, was carried ot. 
 l)v the merchants of Marseilles, and subsequently 
 by the Koinans. Besides Britain, Spain furnished 
 liie .incients with considerable quantities of tin. 
 We have no very precise information as to the 
 purposes to which they applied this metal. It 
 lias been supposed that the PhcDnicians, so famous 
 fur their purple dyes, were acquainted with the 
 11* of the .solution of tin in nitro-muriatic acid in 
 lixiiit; that colour. The best of the ancient 
 mirrors, or specula, were also made of a mixture 
 of copper antl tin : and tin was used in tin. coating 
 if copper vessels. (Watson's Chemical Kssai/s, 
 vol. iv.) 
 
 Ill modern times, the tin mines of Cornwall and 
 I'fvon have been wrought with various degrees of 
 inergj' and suceess. Queen Elizabeth brought 
 over some (Jerman miners, by wtiom some of the 
 processes were improved. During the civil wars, 
 the mines were much neglected. At the com- 
 mencement of last century, however, the business 
 of mining was carried on with renewed vigour ; 
 ■imlfrom 1720 to 1740 the annual produce was 
 iibout 2,100 tons. The produce went on gradually 
 ii^creasinp, till it amounted, in the 10 years from 
 l?.iii to 1«00, to 3,254 tons a-year. t)uring the 
 iipxt 1,') years the produce fell off; and for the 5 
 viars erding with 1815, it was always consider- 
 ably '.inder 3,000 tone a-year. But' in the last- 
 
 TIN 1303 
 
 mentioned year a considcialilc increase look 
 place: and since 1816, the produce has lieen.with 
 the exception of 1820, alway.s above 3,000 tonsn- 
 yeiir. And latterly it has" so increased, that on 
 the average of Ihe 3 years ending with 1867, the 
 annual produce of tlie tnines has been 12,991 Um» 
 of tin ore, and 8.38.5 tuns of metallic tin, of the 
 value of 1,441,798/. 
 
 The price of British tin was 92/. per ton in 
 1800 and at an average, from 18.1 to 1815 in- 
 elusive, was about 140/. p,T fun. Its fall from 1815 
 to 1820, and its comparatively low price for .sevcal 
 years thereafter, were owing to a variety of 
 causes : partly to improvenients in the art of 
 working the mines, jiartly to the increased supply 
 of metal obtained from them, and partly and 
 principally to the comiietitimi of the tin of JIanca 
 and of the Malay countries. Previously to 1814, 
 we had in some measure a monopoly of the 
 market o" the world. But since then the Banea 
 mines have been wrought with unusual sjiirit; 
 and their produce has been so much increa.se(l, as 
 not only fully to supply the market of China, to 
 which we formerly exported from GOO to 1.000 
 tons, but to meet us in every European inarki't, 
 Malay tin is now very extensively imported, fur 
 warehousing, into Eng'land, at the same time tliat 
 large quantities are carried direct to Holland, 
 where there are refining hou.ses. But, notwith- 
 standing these circumstances, both our exports of 
 tin and its iirice have increased considerably of 
 late years. 
 
 Duti/ on British Tin. — All tin produced in 
 Cornwall was subject, from a very remote period 
 down to 1837, to a coinage duty of 4/. per ton, 
 pay.able to the Duke of ("oriiwall : the tin raised 
 in Devonshire wa.s subject to a similar duty of 
 1/. l.!.*. 4d. per ton. This duty produced from 
 16,000/. to 20,000/. a-ycar; and was felt to be a 
 serious grievance, not only from its amount, but 
 from the vexatious regulations under which it 
 was collected, ivuckily, however, the duty on 
 tin, and all regulations with respect to its coinage, 
 were abolished by 1 & 2 Vict. c. 120. Compensa- 
 tion was made to the duchy of Cornwall for tin. .. 
 loss arising from this abolition, by settling on its 
 possessors a perpetual annuity equal to the netl 
 average amount of the diities"du'.iiig the 10 years 
 ending with 1837. 
 
 Tin, OisiI';ntal (Malay, tima; llin. kalai ; 
 Siamese, dibuk ; Burmese, kye-p'kyu, white 
 copper). In commercial language usually ealleii 
 Banca tin. It is found in several provinces of 
 China ; but the most extensive and, probably, 
 richest tin distiict in the world exists in the 
 Malay countries. This tomprehcnds the whole 
 of the peninsula, from the extreme cape to the 
 latitude of 14° on its western siile, and to 11° on 
 its eastern, and comprehend!' several of the small . 
 islands lying in the route between the peninsula 
 and Java, as far as the latitude of 3° south ; sr, > 
 that the whole of this tin district has an extreme . 
 length of near 1,200 miles. By far the greater 
 number of the mines within these limits are as 
 yet unwrought and unexplored. It was only in 
 the beginning of last century that the mines of 
 Banca, the most productive at present worked, 
 were accidentally discovered. The whole tin of 
 the Malav countries is the produce of alluvial 
 ores, or what is called, in Cornwall, ' Stream- 
 work ; ' and from the abunuance in which the 
 mineral has been found by the mere washing of- 
 thc soil, no attempt has hitherto been made at 
 regular mining, or obtaining the ore from itn 
 rocky matrix. Malay tin, consequently, is grain 
 tin, or tin in a very ])ure state; that being the 
 species which alluvial ore uniformly produces, 
 4U 
 
 itr 
 
 
,|::, :; 
 
 r 
 
 ■,\ 
 
 
 1394 
 
 TIN 
 
 The niiiios, or riither cxcavulions, ari' |>erpt'n- 
 iliculiir ])itM of fnim 15 to 23 feet dt'cp; and when 
 the soil and a superstratum of eoinnion elnv are 
 removed, the hed eotitaininf; the ore, con^istiiif; 
 of (piartz and (granitic gravel, is reached. The 
 !*and and jjravel are separatccl from the ore by 
 packing a ^^lream of water thronnh the wliole 
 materials. The ore so obtained is preserved in 
 lioaps, and snielte(l periodieidly w itb ohareoal in 
 a blast fnrnaee. Tlio mine or pit is kept clear of 
 water by the Chinese wheel. No ealtle are used 
 in any part of the proeess, human lal)our lieing 
 had recourse to llirou^rhout the wlioIe of itsstajjes. 
 The most imperfect part of tlie pmcess is llie 
 smeltinir. The stream ores of Cornwall, which 
 are jjcnendly poor, afford from (!f) to 75 per cent, 
 of urain tin ; wliereas, owin;; to the imperfection 
 of tlie process, from those of IJauca not more than 
 55 or (it) are nsiuilly obtained. 
 
 With very trifiinj; exceptions, the whole tin of 
 the Malay isl.ands is mined and smelted by 
 Chinese settlers; and before tlicir skill and enter- 
 prise were applied to its production, the metal 
 seems to liave been obtained by the inhabitants of 
 tlie countries which produced it, bj' processes 
 hardly more skilful than those by which the 
 precious metals ^verc procured by the native 
 inhal)itant.s of America, prior to the introduction 
 of European skill and machinery. The following 
 estimate has been Riven of the annual produce 
 of tlie principal states and places producing 
 tin:— 
 
 Kasi ((T^st <tf tht' .M.U.iv pfiiinstila— 
 .rmik C(>Um 
 
 Oui'.l.t 
 
 Snl.innore - 
 
 Total 
 
 Wi'itcoa.lol till' 
 Sun^'ora aiul 1 
 TrinKanu - 
 Pahaiif{ (* 
 SlnKkf|i 
 Banca 
 
 Total 
 
 ^fa1.1y |ieiiin&uta and idt.md:i' 
 I'atiuii 
 
 IMCUU 
 .'i.IHHJ 
 
 3,0011 
 S.tUIII 
 
 17,UU0 
 
 .i.ono 
 
 7,()<KP 
 
 .1,(1(111 
 
 S,0(l() 
 
 T'l.lllKl 
 
 . a3,iiui) 
 
 This can be considered only as n rough esti- 
 mate; but we believe it is not far wide of the 
 truth. The most considerable port of exportation 
 is Uatavia ; from which there is sent annually, 
 cither directly or through orders from the Dutch 
 tJovernmcnt or tlie authorities at Banca, between 
 4,000 and 5,000 tons. In Hunt's mineral statis- 
 tics, tlie )iroduction of the Scotch Banca mines is 
 .stated at 1,1 S-2 tons in 1805, 1.807 tons in 1806, and 
 4,200 tons in 1807, and the EcotioniLt of January 
 2, 180!>, quoting the oflici.il returns of the Dutch 
 Trading Company, stated the tot.il stock of Banca 
 tin in Holland in December 1808 to have been 
 142,011 slabs. From Prince of Wales Island 
 there is also a considerable quantity exported ; 
 and a snuiller one direct to China in junks, 
 from several of the native ports on the eastern 
 shore of the Malay jiciiinsula. The great marts 
 for tiic consumption of tin fire China, Iliiidostan, 
 and the continent of Europe. The (piidity of the 
 different descriptions of Malay tin, although there 
 may be some inconsiderable difference iu the 
 (juality of the original ores, seems to be derived 
 chiefly from the greater or less skill with which 
 the process of smelting is conducted ; and this, 
 again, necessarily depends upon the extent of 
 capital and goodnesi, of the machinery employed. 
 The mining oi)erations of Banca have long been 
 conducted upon a larger scale, and with more 
 skill, than in any other of the Malay countries; 
 and, consequeii*!y, the metal produced in this 
 island is superior by from 10 to 12 per cent. : in 
 the market of Canton it is called 'old tin,' in con- 
 tradistinction to 'new tin,' the produce of the 
 
 TOBACCO 
 
 other Malay countries. Ne.\t, in piiinl of (pialii 
 to the produce of Bunea, aretlmse of Triiig:i 
 and Sinj,'kep, which are not more than 5 per cei 
 inferior to it. The tin of tlie slate of I'eia, a cn 
 siderable part of which is iirodiiced by the iialiv 
 themselves, without Chinese assislniiee, is i 
 worst, and usually about 15 per cent, lielow tli 
 of Banca. The native tin of China is 10 per cii 
 inferior to that of Banca, and is jiroliably l>|(ji 
 tin, like tlie greater part of that of Coriiwnl 
 and, like it, the |iro(luce of regular mining ii|i(r 
 tioiis, and nol alluvial. The |iroiliice ol' i| 
 Chinese' mines is said of late years to have greai 
 decreased ; probably oviiig to tlie great iiii rca 
 which has recently taken place in the prodinc 
 the Malay countries, and the eheapiie.-s and almi 
 dance with which it finds its way to Cliiiia, 
 should be added, that of late years, and eliicil 
 owing to the very low price and abiiiiilanci; i 
 Ucrman speller (zinc) in the Indian markci, iljj 
 commodity has occasionally lieeii fraiidiiiunll 
 mixed with tin. The Chinese brokers of ( iiiuni' 
 however, arc sufliciently expert to delect il, 
 adulteration; and it is believed tliat this i!i- 
 creditable practice has lately ceased. 
 
 The price of tin, taking the Dutch market as ilii 
 standard, has fluctuated in the lOyeiirs fnuii !«,; 
 to 18G7 from lll.i. to 81.s., 95». being the jiricc ii: 
 September 7, 1807. (Hunt's 3Iinrrul IStatisIki 
 for 18C7 ; Crawfiird's Uiston/ iif the Imlim 
 Arclii/jelatin ; Dr. Horsficld's MS. StatiHtical I'm 
 of tlie Island of Banca ; Siiii/Kporc Clirunidi; 
 Canton lie.glslcr ; ic.) 
 
 TOIUCCO (Dan. tobak; Dutch, tahak ; Ger. 
 tabak; Ital. tabacco; Pol. tobaka; liiiss. taiak; 
 .S|ian. tahaco; Arab, bujjerbliang ; Hind, iiiiii- 
 baku; Mala>', tambrucoo). The dried leaves . ilie 
 Nicotiana Tabaciim,e plant indigenous to Aincria 
 but which succeeds very well, and is cxten.-ivdy 
 cultivated, in most parts of the Old WorlJ, Tlif 
 recent leaves possess very little odour or la-te; 
 but when dried, their odour is strong, narotic. 
 and somewhat foetid ; their taste bit ter ami ox- 
 trcmely acrid. When well cured, they aa' i.f ;i 
 yellowisti green colour. When distillled, llic. 
 yield an essential oil, on which ilieir virtue 
 depends, and which is said to be a virulent poisnii. 
 The leaves are used in various ways ; biiiij; 
 cliewed, smoked, and ground and inaiiulaitiirri 
 into snuff. It is in the last mentioiieil I'erm iliai 
 tobacco was for many years principally luni 
 Great Britain ; but now almost the whulc iii- 
 siimption is effected by smoking. Tliou^li ilie 
 '•onlrary has been often asserted, the use hI' t* 
 baeco does not seem to be productive of anv 
 perceptible bad consequence. 
 
 1. Historical Sketch of Tobacco. — The tastt for 
 tobacco, though apparently adiiiiiiisterinj,' only 
 to a frivolous gratification, has given birth to a 
 most extensive commerce, and been a ]io»ir;'a! 
 sjiiir to industry. Being a native of the X''"' 
 World, its introduction into Europe datij only 
 from the early part of the sixleeiitli ceniari'. 
 Seeds of the plant were sent, in 1560, truiii 
 Portugal, to Catherine de' Medici, hy Jeau Kicot, 
 the French ambassador in that country, irmi 
 whom it has received its botanical name. lii« 
 notion, at one time so general, tliat the .'poiiiii' 
 appellation tobacco was derived from its liaving 
 been imported from Tobago, is now iiniv(T-:::ii' 
 admitted to bo without foundation. HuuiIj"!' 
 lias shown that tobacco was the term used in iM 
 Ilaytian language to designate the pipe, it in- 
 strument made use of by the natives in .mu'Aju' 
 the herb ; and the term, having been traibjir'-' 
 by the Spaniards from the pipe to t!io hub it-* 
 has been adopted by the other nations «: ''"' 
 
 '.::i 
 
OBACCO 
 
 ifn. Next, ill pi'i'i' "'f i|ii'ili'V 
 Uuiica, urcilKiHc, ol' 'l'riiii;.ii,ii 
 1 lire not niorc tlmii 5 per i;iiit. 
 tin (if tliu Hiatc til' Teia, a ciiii- 
 lich is produi'i'il l>y tlie native* 
 It ChiiieM! assist mu'c, is the 
 about id por wnt. Iwlow tlmt 
 ivc tin of Cliina is 10 per (ciit. 
 Hanoa, unci is pr.iljuhly lilod 
 cr part of lliat "( Cornwall; 
 iidiu'e of rPH;ular mining oiitra- 
 luvial. Tlic iiro'liico of tin 
 lid of lute years to liavo nr.Mih 
 ly ovinn to the Kieal im wi- 
 ■'taken place in tlie producf of 
 .'s, and tlie elieiipne>s and aluiii- 
 1 it tinds its way to ('liiii.i, I; 
 tliat of lute years, and eliicily 
 V low price and abundanci! .1 
 inc) in the Indian markci, tin. 
 uicusionally been fraiidiiluiii'y 
 The Chinese brokers of t atitnii, 
 lieiently expert to delect ik 
 il it is believed that Ibis u-- 
 u has lately ceased. 
 , takiiiij the Uuteh innrkot as ili, 
 'tuateii in the 10 years fruiii 1*m 
 I. to 81s., 95s. beinK the iirico in 
 37. (Hunt's Mininil SIhIhIik 
 furd's Hhtoril af llie liid'w. 
 llorslield's MS. Slathtical V'n- 
 Banca; Siiiydpoie Chronidc; 
 
 Jan. tobak ; Uutcli, tabak ; (ur. 
 
 acco; Pol. tobaka; liiiss. t:ii li; 
 
 Vrab. bujjcrbbann ; Hind. i;hi.- 
 
 mbracoo). The dried leaves ■ iW 
 
 um,e plant indi,!;enoust(i Amori.;!. 
 
 ;ds very well, and is exteti>iv.ly 
 
 )st parts of the Old World, lli" 
 
 issess very little odour or t>ic; 
 
 their odour is stroii},', iiaroti.-, 
 
 cetid; their taste bitter ami cs- 
 
 When well cured, tliey aic 'it 
 
 colour. When distilloil, iIk; 
 
 ial oil, on which ilieir virtiio 
 
 ich is said to be a virulent iM.is.iii. 
 
 used in vari'us ways; biins; 
 
 1, and ground and niiumfactiinl 
 
 s in the last mentioned I'uriii iliai 
 
 many years principally luii u; 
 
 but now almost the wliulc iwi- 
 
 ected by sraokin},'. Thounl' iIb 
 
 icii often asserted, the use oi i"- 
 
 seem to be productive ul any 
 
 consequMice. 
 
 Sketch (if rotaiico.— The taste !': 
 apparently adniinistcriii;,' niiiv 
 ratilication, ha.s Kiveu binli t» a 
 commerce, and been a imwvna. 
 rv. lleing a native of the >« 
 (iduction into Kiu-opo ''"'''' ''■"•' 
 ■ part of the sixloeiith lentar;. 
 iilant were sent, in luCO, iwn 
 therine de' Medici, by Jean >koi. 
 ibassador in that country, tiiin 
 eceivcd its botanical name. [>■' 
 time so general, tliat the spftii^ 
 icco was derived from its luMts 
 from Tobago, is now uuiver-;;..} 
 ) without foundation. Hiitni"',- 
 tobacco was the term used """ 
 age to designate the jupo. 't ; 
 , use of by the natives m sni.i'- 
 the term, having boon tra.i> J.-' 
 ds from the piiH! to the hell) t-^^ 
 ,ted by the other nations e. ttt 
 
 TOIJACCO 
 
 1395 
 
 ancient world. (Enaui politique sur la Nouvi'llt- 
 I'.siiiKiiii; vol. iii, |). I'jO, 'Jiid edit.) Tobacco is 
 litlicved to have been lirst int'odueed into Kng- 
 huid by the settlers who reti...ied, in ir)Hli, from 
 the colony wliich it liad been attempted to foimd 
 in Virginia, under the auspices of Sir Walter 
 P.aleigh, in the preceding year. Harriott, who 
 accompanied tliis expedition, giveo, in his de- 
 scription of Virginia, an account of the tobacco 
 i.lant, and of the manner in which it wos used by 
 the natives ; adding, that the English, during the 
 time they were in Virginia, and since their return 
 home, were accustomed to smoke it after the 
 fashion of the Indians, ' and found many rare and 
 H(]iiitcrful experiments of the virtue thereof.' 
 (Ilakhiyt, vol. i. ]>. 75.) 
 
 Kaleigh, and other young men of fashion, 
 having adopted the practice, of smoking, it spreail 
 amongst the English; as it had previously spread 
 amiiiigst the Spaniards, Portuguese, Erencli, and 
 itlier Continental nations. i3ut it made its 
 .Tcatest progress in this country after the founda- 
 tion of the colony at James Town in Virginia, in 
 1007. The ."oil of the colony being found parti- 
 ( iilarly well littcd for the culture of tob'icco, con- 
 ^iderable quantities were raised and sent home ; 
 ;iiiil the numerous individuals interested in the 
 (olony contributed to introduce that taste for it 
 ivbicli was diffused amongst all classes with as- 
 tonishing rapidity. 
 
 James I, attempted, by repeated proclamations 
 iind publications, some of thera couched in very 
 strong terms, to restrain the use of tobacco. Hut 
 his efforts had very little effect; and the settlers 
 ill Virginia continued to experience a more rapidly 
 increasing and better demand for tobacco than for 
 anv other product of the colony. 
 
 During the earlier part of the reign of Charles I., 
 the trade in tobacco was monopolised by tlie 
 I'rowu. This monopoly was not, however, of long 
 lontinuance, and totally ceased at the breaking 
 .'ut of the civil war. 
 
 Tobacco plants had been early introduced into 
 lingland, and were found to answer remarkably 
 well. Tlicir cultivation was, indeed, prohibited 
 by James, and afterwards by Charles, but appa- 
 rently without effect. At length, however, the 
 :;rowing consumption of tobacco having excited 
 the attention of the government financiers, it was 
 >ten that, by Itnposing a duty ou its importation, 
 a considerable revenue might be raised ; but that, 
 were it allowed to be freely cultivated at home, it 
 would be very ditHcult to collect a duty upon it. 
 Ill 1G43, the Lords and Commons imposed a mo- 
 derate duty, for the sake of revenue, on plantation 
 tobacco; but instead of directly prohibiting the 
 Use of native tobacco, they burdened it with such 
 a duty as, it was supposed, would occasion its 
 culture to be abandoned. The facility, however, 
 with which the duty was evaded, soon satisfied 
 the republican leaders that more vigorous mea- 
 sures were required to-stop its cultivation, and 
 coiiscciucntly to render its importation a source of 
 revenue. Hence, in 1652, an Act was passed, pro- 
 liibiting the growth of tobacco in England, and 
 apixiiating commissioners to see its provisions 
 earriej into effect. This Act, was confirmed at the 
 llestoration, by the Act Charles II. c. 34, which 
 ordered that all tobacco plantations should bo 
 destroyed. These measures were believed, at the 
 time, to have been principally brought about by 
 the solicitations of the planters; but their real 
 intention was not so much to conciliate or benefit 
 the latter, as to facilitate the collection of a 
 revenue from tobacco; and, considered in this 
 poiut of view, their policy seems quite unexcei)- 
 tionable. 
 
 This Act did not, however, extend to Irehiiid; 
 and, iirevious to IHiJO, lie cultiviilion of tobiwro 
 made eonsiderabb' progress in tlie count ly. Had 
 this been allowed to continue, there e.in be no 
 question tlmt, in a few years, the revenue from 
 tob.'icco. amounting to about 4,fj(l0,O01)/. a year, 
 would have been most materially diminished"; for 
 it would be (juite visionary to suppose that any 
 plan could have been devised for collecting a duty 
 even of 100 per cent, upon tobacco— (see post)— 
 supposing it to have been generally iuiltivatcd in 
 Ireland. No one, therefore, can question the wis- 
 dom of the Act 1 it 2 \Vm. IV, c. Kt, prohil'iting 
 its growth in that country, and the rigorous 
 rnforcenient ■•( its provisions. Any advantage 
 Ireland ini^,.it liave gained by its cultivation 
 would have been but a poor compensation for the 
 sacrilico of revenue it must have occasioned. 
 
 In some countries, as England, tobacco was, 
 down to a comparatively late period, much used 
 in the form of snufl"; in others it is principally 
 cliewcd ; but, in one form or other, iv is every- 
 where made use of. So early as 1C21, Pope 
 Urban VIll. issued a bull, excommunicatuig those 
 who smoked in churches ! The practice of smok- 
 ing was at one time exceedingly prevalent in this 
 country; but during the reign of George III.it 
 was well nigh superseded, at least amongst the 
 higher and middle classes, by the practice of 
 snufl-taking. Latterly, however, smoking has 
 been extensively revived, and is much more gene- 
 rally practised than formerly, while snuffing is no 
 longer in fashion. 
 
 Wc epiote the following statement as to the 
 universality of the use of tobacco from a learned 
 paper on its ' Introduction and Use,' in the 22nd 
 volume (p. 142) of the Asiatic Journal: 'In 
 Spain, France, and Germany, in Holland, Sweden, 
 Denmark, and Kussia, the practice of smoking 
 tobacco i)revuils amongst the rich and poor, the 
 learned and the gay. In the United States of 
 America, smoking is often carried to an excess. 
 It is not uncommon for boys to have a pipe or 
 cigar in the mouth during the greatest part of the 
 day. The death of a chiltl is not unfrequently 
 recorded in American newspaper;:, with the follow- 
 ing remark subjoined :— "supposed to be occasioned 
 by excessive smoking." If wc pass to the East we 
 shall find the practice almost universal. In Tur- 
 key, the pipe is perpetually in the mouth ; and 
 the most solemn conferences are generally con- 
 cluded with a friendly pipe, employed like the 
 calumet of peace amongst the Indians. In the 
 Easl; Indies, not merely all classes, but both sexes, 
 inhale the fragrant steam; the only distinction 
 among them consisting in the shape of the instru- 
 ment employed, and the species of the herb 
 smoked. In China, the habit equally prevails ; 
 aud a modern traveller in that country (Barrow) 
 states, that every Chinese female, from the age of 
 8 or 9 years, wears, as an appendage to her dress, 
 a small silken purse or pocket to hold tobacco, 
 and a pipe, with the use of which many of them 
 are not unac(iuainted at this tender age. This 
 prevalence of the practice, at an early period, 
 amongst the Chinese, is appealed to by M. Pallas 
 as an evidence that '"in Asia, and especially in 
 China, the use of tobacco for smoking is more 
 ancient than the discovery of the New World." 
 He adds — " Among the Chinese, and amongst the 
 jMongol tribes who bad the most intercourse with 
 them, the custom of smoking is so general, so 
 frequent, and has become so indispensable a lux- 
 ury ; the tobacco purse affixed to their belt so 
 necessary an article of dress; the form of the 
 pipes, from which the Dutch seem to have taken 
 the model of theirs, so original; aud, lastly, the 
 4u2 
 
 ■illl:iii 
 
.' ' » '* .' 
 
 inoo 
 
 TOBACCO 
 
 • I 
 
 I- 
 
 ,i 
 
 1 
 
 
 r ',» i'. 
 
 •.I I 
 
 
 ., i- 
 
 '?f ■:■ 
 
 prcparntion of tlic yellow loaves, wliicli are merely 
 rubbed to pieces and then piif into the pipe, no 
 I'cciiliar; that they could not possibly derive all 
 this I'rom America by way of Europe"; especially 
 as India, where the practice of smoking is not hu 
 general, intervenes between Persia and China." 
 
 'I'liis, however, la a very doubtful i)roposition. 
 It seems sufficiently established that the tobacco 
 plant was first broii(;lit from Brazil to India a'jout 
 the year l(il7 ; and it is most probable that it was 
 thenVe carried to Siam, China, and other eastern 
 couniricH. The names (,'iven to it in all the 
 laii^'uages of the Kast are obviously of Kuropean, 
 or rather American, origin ; a tact which seems 
 completely to ne>;ativc the iilca of its being in- 
 dij;enous to the Kast. 
 
 Siiiircea of Siip/ilif, Imfmrtation into Great 
 Britain. — Tobacco is now very extensively cul- 
 tivated in France, the Zollverein States, Austria, 
 and other P^uropean countries, in the Levant, and 
 iu India ; but the tobacco of the United States 
 lind Cuba is still verj' generally admitted to be 
 decidedly superior to most others. It is much 
 higher flavoured than the tobacci of Europe; a 
 superiority attributable in some degree, perhaps, 
 to a difterent mode of treatment; Itut far more, 
 it is believed, to differences of soil and climate. 
 In the circular of Messrs. Parry and trosliio, of 
 Liverpool, date<l January 4, IMil, the high 
 character of American strijis is cs))ccially noted. 
 
 Previously to the American war, our supi>lies of 
 tobacco were almost entirely derived from Vir- 
 ginia and Maryland; nndthey are still principally 
 imported from these states : of 57,58(),287 lb, 
 of unmanufactured tobacco imported in 18(;7, no 
 fewer than 87,547,100 lbs. came from the United 
 .States. Mr. .IcfTerson, in liis Notes on Virginia, 
 has given a very unfavourable view of the effects 
 of the tobacco culture. It was, indeed, well 
 known to be a crop that speedily exhausted all 
 but the very best lands ; and in addition to this, 
 Mr. J. says that ' it is a culture productive of 
 infinite wretchedness. Those employed in it are 
 in a continued state of exertion, beyond the 
 powers of nature to support. Little food of any 
 kind is raised by them ; so that the men and 
 animals on these farms are badly fed, and the 
 earth is rapidly impoverished.' ^Knglish ed. p. 
 27H ) 
 
 Tobacco is extensively cultivated in Mexico, 
 but only for home consumption. It might pro- 
 bobly, however, Avere it not for the restrictions 
 under which it is placed, form a considerable 
 article of export from that country. Under the 
 Spanish Government, the tobacco monopoly was 
 one of the principal sources of revenue ; yielding 
 from 4,000,000 to 4,500,000 dollars, exclusive of 
 the expenses of administration, amounting to 
 about 800,000 dollars. No tobacco was allowed 
 to be cultivated, except in a few specified places. 
 Commissioners, or gmr<las de tabaco, were ap- 
 pointed, whose duty it was to take care that all 
 tobacco plantations without the privileged dis- 
 tricts should be destroyed. Tlic Government 
 fixed the price at which the cultivators of tobacco 
 were ot)liged to sell it to its agents. The sale of 
 the manufactured tobacco was fanned out ; and 
 cigars were not allowed to be sold, except at the 
 royal estancos. No one was allowed to use cigars 
 of his own manufacture. This oppressive mono- 
 poly was established in 1704, It has been con- 
 liniied, from the difficulty of supplying the 
 revenue which it produces, by the revolutionary 
 Governments. (Humboldt, Nouvelle-Espagne, iii. 
 49; Poinsett's Notes on Mexico, note 110, Lond, 
 ed.) In France, Spain, Austria, and some other 
 countries, the trade in tob.icco is monopolised by 
 
 their respective govcrnmcntf, and yields a lar^ 
 revenue, 
 
 Cuba is celebrated for its tobacco, particular! 
 its cigars. These consist of the leaves, fornu 
 into small rolls, for the purpose of smoking 
 At one time their importation into this country wi 
 prohibited ; but for many years this has bee 
 i)crmitted, and the exorbitant duty of 9», per II 
 having been reduced since March 1803 to m 
 the entries for consumption have more thn 
 doubled in the interval, the entries in iKti 
 having amounted to 88.7,022 lb. Ilavaininl 
 cigars are usually reckoned the best, Previoiisl; 
 to 1820, the cultivation and sale of tobacco wcr 
 subjected to the same sort of monopolj' in Cuba a 
 ill Alcxico; but, at the period referred to, tlietriuli 
 was thrown open. In consequence of the f'rccdoii 
 thus given to the business, the production aiii 
 exportation of tobacco both rapidly increased 
 though hardly, perhaps, so much as mi;rht lmv( 
 been expected; the culture of sugar and cotftE 
 being for a while reckoned more profitable ; that, 
 however, is no longer the case. In 1807 wtrf 
 exported from Havannah alone 7,716,802 lb, i.| 
 tobacco and 10!»,027,000,000 cigars. 
 
 Consumption of Duty-paid Tobacco in the United 
 Kingtlnm. — It appears from the following accoiinl, 
 which is not elsewhere to be met with, that ilie 
 consumption of duty-paid tobacco in (Jreat Britain 
 has increased from about 8,000,000 lb, in 178i), w 
 40,720,707 lb. in 1807 ; the duty on unmanulin- 
 tured tobacco having fluctuated during the snnie 
 period from 1», 3rf. to 4». per lb. The present rales 
 of duty as fixed by the 26 & 27 Vict. c. 7 arc 
 specified in the annexed Table No. II. There are, 
 however, good grounds for thinking that the 
 consumption would have been much greater, per- 
 haps nearly doubled, had the duty continued at 
 1«. 3d, per lb. The subjoined table shows that 
 during the 3 years ending with 1797, when the 
 duty in Ireland was iid. jier lb,, the annual averap 
 consumption of duty-paid tobacco, in that part "I 
 the United Kingdom, was 7,455,221 lb. Ami 
 the population having increased in the intervil 
 from about 4 to 5^ millions, the fair presuniptiiiii 
 is, had the duty continued the same, that tlie 
 consumption of tobacco would have increased in 
 the same proportion. But, instead of this, tlie 
 average annual consumption during the 3 year* 
 ending with l>"i5 has only been 6,72o,47!l lb„ 
 or not quite two-thirds of what it mighi, 
 under the supposed circumstances, have been 
 reasonably expected to be. But the inference 
 thence arising as to the influence of the duty \i 
 not, after all, quite so conclusive ns it wnnlJ 
 appear to be from this statement. For it is next 
 to certain that at the first mentioned period dniy- 
 paid tobacco would be extensively smuggled frmi 
 Ireland into England, where the duty was IW.per 
 lb, heavier; and since the equalisation of ihel 
 duty between the two countries it is probable th.ii f 
 some considerable portion of the tobacco used inl 
 Ireland, and carried thither by the cross-chanmll 
 trade, has already paid duty in this couniri'T 
 Apart, however, from all considerations of th;sl 
 sort, there can be no manner of doubt that thel 
 consumption both in Britain and Ireland would kl 
 very largely increased by reducing the duly ;• " 
 1». Orf. or Ik. per lb. 
 
 Smuggling. — The price of tobacco in bond vari'd 
 from 3d. anil 4d. to Orf., 8d., and lOrf. per lb.; 
 that a duty of even 3*. amounts to 1,200 per cent, ml 
 the inferior, and to 300 per cent, on the siiperior| 
 qualities. But, though quite excessive, thisis*'! 
 of those articles on which a high duty is Ifti-'l 
 objectionable. It is true that the more the waiiisT 
 and desires of man are multiplied the more la-l 
 
iimcnli, and yield* a Inr^e 
 
 ror its tobacco, particularly 
 
 „M«t of tlie leave*, fornu.l 
 
 the iiiirpoHC of »mokiii(.'. 
 
 irtation into thin couiitrvwii* 
 
 manv years this ha* bwn 
 xorb'itunt duty of 9.. i«:r lb. 
 il since »Iarch IHOJ to o,.. 
 sumption have more than 
 ,rval, the entries in lw„ 
 
 885,(122 U). Ilavaniml, 
 ikoned the best, rrcviously 
 iouand sale of tobacco ww 
 > sort of monopoly m tuba iis 
 ie period referred to, the trade 
 „ Consequence of the tree.l..in 
 business, the production an.l 
 »cco both rapidly nicrcascl. 
 laps, 80 much as mi-ht Imve 
 
 culture of supar and coffoe 
 :koned more prohtablc ; tli.it, 
 ger the case. __In 18^' ;"'■ 
 ,nnnah alone 7,710,802 lb...l 
 7,000,000 cigars. _ 
 Mtifpai'' Tobacco in the Untied 
 ar/from the following mcoum. 
 lere to be met with, that ilie 
 V-paid tobacco in drcat nritain 
 
 «bout8,000,000lb. iul,8!,m 
 807 ; the duty on unmanuliu- 
 ni: fluctuated during the same 
 to 4«. per lb. The present raus 
 ,v the 26 & 27 Vict. c. . aro 
 Led 'Able No. II. 'rijercaro 
 rounds for thinking that t.u 
 d have been much greater, pcf- 
 led had the duty continued at 
 •hhubjoined table shows tto 
 rs ending with 1797, when the 
 as 8./. per lb., the annual avera;.. 
 ,ty-paid tobacco, m that part, 
 rdom, was 7,455,221 lb. M\ 
 Iving increased in the interval 
 
 1 millions, the fair presunipti* 
 ? continued the same, that l.e 
 obacco would have increased 
 tion. But, instead of this, tlie 
 
 nlmptio'n during the 3 ye«s 
 15 has only been 0,/2o,4<ll b., 
 wo-thirds of what It m.gl 
 .Tscd circumstances have been 
 cted to be. But the inference 
 ' o the influence of the du v. 
 -uite so conclusive as it wuW 
 restatement. For it is n« 
 
 ; the first mentioned F"»'> '^' „ 
 lUe extensively smuggled f 
 and, where the dutj' was llrf, 
 
 I since the eqV» '^^''^.u , ! 
 B two countries it IS probable ti 
 
 le portion of the tobacco use<l m 
 ried thither by the cross-channel 
 
 '"eased by reducing the dutj.v 
 
 ni'e price of tobacco in bond varie; 
 
 ■^ to6rf.,8rf.,and lOrf. per »>■; 
 en 3*. amounts to 1,200 ore J, ^^ 
 1 to 3G0 per cent. «" f^.'^' ,«e 
 though quite «/-^^^'^,f' \" leM 
 
 s on which a high <1"' '« ,„ 
 Itistruethattiiemocthe^a 
 
 man are multiplied the more 
 
 TOO 
 
 dustrious he becomes; but tolmcco is at once a 
 tjlthv and an oHcnsive luxury, iiml, with the ex- 
 f option of ardent spirits, there is iiardly uiiy article 
 oil which the money of the poor Iwnl not better be 
 , xpciidi'd. The onlv good objection to the duty 
 is the Htiniiilus whioli it gives to sniuggtiiig mid 
 ailiiltcraiioii. In every other res|H'ct it is uiiex- 
 ceptiimable. Tlio establisliineiit of the coast- 
 guard has, however, materially obstructed the 
 clandestine importation of tobacco, though it is 
 >lill said tlint it is introduced in consiilerablo 
 ,|,iiiiitities. But no effectual check has been or 
 ,'iii bo f;iven to adulteration so long as the present 
 iliitv is maintained. At the namu time it woiilil 
 
 ACCO 1307 
 
 I be iinitc useless to Attempt to deal with an evil 
 
 I of this sort except by very decisive measures. 
 
 j Nothing less, we apprehend, than n reduction of 
 
 the duty to Is. <!(/. or rather I». per lli., would be 
 
 I of any material tervi((( in checking illegal prac- 
 
 j ticcs. And as a iciluctioii to this extent would 
 
 I certainly be uttendeil with greal loss of revenue, 
 
 I the (picslion of the tobacco duties may be properly 
 
 enough deferred to ft inorec Miiveliicnt opportunily. 
 
 I When, however, the duties on tea, sugar, and 
 
 other necessaries have been still further reduced 
 
 or alto;;cthcr repealed, and we have a considerable 
 
 surplus revenue, we may proceed to put the 
 
 tobacco duty on « dirtereiit footing. We subjoin 
 
 ..-.111 Acmunt of the Quitntitim of I'niwtnufuilurtil Toliuciu ivlitinril for Home Connumption, the 
 Itulm of Duty thereon, Hint tlie Tuliil \eil I'roduce of the JJutieH in' Great Britain iiiiil Ireland, 
 from 1/8'J tu 1858, iMttk inclusive. 
 
 
 
 (Irtai HritJiln | 
 
 
 Ireland 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 'I'nul ItilfH of Duty ptT It,, on [ 
 rtim.liuifncturi'tl T„l,«rro ! 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 (Junnlltir, 
 
 
 (Ju.nntllli'* 
 
 
 Total Itate^of Duly 
 
 
 relillitetl for 
 
 Home C'ln. 
 
 Nell Revi'iiue of 
 
 1 
 
 |.iii|.|Lil for 
 Iloiiif Con. 
 
 .Nett llevenue of 
 Cli>tuin» 
 
 Vian 
 
 
 (iniw llniiil. 
 
 Iier 111. o'l Coniaiill. 
 fjctuitsl 'I'oliacco 
 
 
 .umeliun 
 
 
 Aiiieriinn 
 
 nloii9nrS[inin 
 
 ktiiniilion 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 anil rnrlUHnl 
 
 
 
 
 
 III. 
 
 £ 4. i. 
 
 
 
 Hi. 
 
 £ f. d. 
 
 
 i:S9 
 
 S.I.VAIS-. 
 
 ^nt^,n•,^ I 1 
 
 U. .3 J. 
 
 ,3f . M. 1 
 
 «.7r.S,l4l 
 
 I'i8,70l 8 4 
 
 If. Irihh currency 
 
 1*'» 
 
 H,!)f.",'i'^ 1 
 
 AlV.ISI 7 1 
 
 
 ! 
 
 ■i,'flH),l,37 
 
 1.33,1!)5 18 III 
 
 .. 
 
 IT'Jl 
 
 M..'ll'l,'<;.'> 
 
 .'iS ■>,!)«(■> 9 1 
 
 .. 
 
 
 '/ ,519,111.1 
 
 ll7,4'i» i 
 
 
 i:ai 
 
 H,'J7'J,"il 
 
 .'iH»,M9li 7 7 
 
 1 . 
 
 
 l,7li7.18l 
 
 80,B!I3 4 5 
 
 
 IMI 
 
 H.'ii;,'",; 
 
 .'>I7,«I7 II 4 
 
 
 .. 
 
 '>,1fi8,H.17 
 
 U5,814 17 I 
 
 BJ. ditto 
 
 i;9i 
 
 !i,;«.i,'..i" 
 
 mr,,wi \t 111 
 
 .. 
 
 
 9.i'2B,'ai 
 
 193,1,18 10 7 
 
 ,. 
 
 WJ'i 
 
 lcl,'j;i,3i:S 
 
 659,9H9 .1 4 
 
 
 
 7,874,4119 
 
 a 15,7 19 9 (1 
 
 8,/. iliHo 
 
 1 J'j'i 
 
 111,1117,'' 1.1 
 
 7.Vi,41l 1.^ 1 
 
 t».'7.'. 
 
 ii.'i'.i. 
 
 (;,ill.'>,79ll 
 
 186,759 19 (I 
 
 
 i;a7 
 
 ii.v/a.fi'j 
 
 H\ira 16 K 
 
 It. Id. B.alllhs 
 
 4f.Bi/. IH.'^'iilH 
 
 8,11 '.,.-1.14 
 
 liB7,7'21 IB 4 
 
 
 IT'JH 
 
 II>,1HI>,7II 
 
 s<.7,.T"i 14 11 
 
 li. ;.l. \l viihi 
 
 4f. 7i/. 1 i 111., 
 
 l,s<li,IVI 
 
 »15,317 Vi 7 
 
 If. (ti((o 
 
 ■;9» 
 
 lll,WI.1,ll.1 
 
 T9i,.1(i9 14 -l 
 
 
 _ 
 
 .'.,S7I.,I7'^ 
 
 il88,0'i8 4 9 
 
 U. 7*li'ihs(liitc> 
 
 iHINI 
 
 11,7%, Hi 
 
 9S7,IIO S S 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 l..737,'^J.1 
 
 3^7,916 9 
 
 . , 
 
 IHIIl 
 
 m.iii.'.i'js 
 
 9i.3.s',.', 13 •, 
 
 i«. :,/. b.'joiIh 
 
 4f. ('"/. iH.'/IPIIln 
 
 (.,.389,7.11 
 
 mr,,wt B 4 
 
 1 
 
 mrt 
 
 ri,iaiiV7S 
 
 9'iS,G7.S 9 1 
 
 If. tJ. 33-,1eihi 
 
 4f. :i/. i3..'<utiis 
 
 B,3'^7,.1fi 
 
 3119,738 9 « 
 
 If. 7 |Oili»iirr lb. and 
 .31. |ier 10.111,. 
 
 ISM 
 
 f!,.',H9.,',70 
 
 l,niS,.',fi3 Ifi I 
 
 i« 7;.'. 
 
 4f. 8l.^ 
 
 .1,'J7S,11I 
 
 ■<fi5.9l4 3 4 
 
 
 IHHl 
 
 l»,iil,1'J» 
 
 l,lirii|,.-19 IS 
 
 II. 8 ,1. 
 
 4f. lli|</. 
 
 5,7S3.I>7 
 
 .".11,007 5 8 
 
 If. 5J. Brit, currer.c) 
 
 Isiii 
 
 i.'.i;.-.n.i;i 
 
 l.tlSHpHVl 4 .1 
 
 Ij. >../. 13.'Ji)lll> 
 
 If. llii/. I'l-'iOllls 
 
 4,118,791 
 
 .31 1-^,3 Ifi 8 1 
 
 
 ISllli 
 
 l/,4-..'>.11.1.i 
 
 1,IH.',,8.3II 1 1 1 
 
 •il. 'id. 13.'^0th> 
 
 .^>. 4iJ. 19.'J(ltlii 
 
 5,ll8'i,18fi 
 
 319,867 B 4 
 
 ,. 
 
 iMi; 
 
 ri,4.ij,!Wi 
 
 l,.3.-,fi,'il'^ 17 9 
 
 
 
 4,131,019 
 
 31.5,117 4 3 
 
 
 Isint 
 
 1»,S76.11'J 
 
 l,4lS,'i9'i .3 7 
 
 .. 
 
 
 5,847,110 
 
 403,973 3 8 
 
 
 IWW 
 
 1.^,1)11,870 
 
 l,,3^'>,l.'i4 .'. 7 
 
 
 4j, Id. i.riiiithi 
 
 fi,l97.BB'2 
 
 45I,V78 19 11 
 
 
 ^Slll 
 
 11, urn, 19.1 
 
 l,,VJ9,37fi 18 9 
 
 
 
 6,-i'il,lilB 
 
 ■<14,1'J8 5 .1 
 
 .. 
 
 ISIl 
 
 li,i«.i,'<l.i 
 
 1,7111,818 8 't 
 
 
 !! 
 
 fi,4.1.3,n!il 
 
 .5i'^,08',i 9 9 
 
 '^1. 'id. l.''-^<lllu ditto 
 
 IMi 
 
 1,'),I)1.1.''M 
 
 I.B79,Uli K a 
 lOustomi reronls* 
 i dntioyetl 1 
 
 l,.'i8l,R8l \l 9 
 
 it. u. i.v'^iTths 
 
 If. M. 18-Wllli 
 
 5,S9fi,7il'i 
 
 697,897 9 11 
 
 
 H13 
 
 1.1,64H,'^I.5 
 
 Vi. S</. 3-lfilhi If. \U. IMCtlM 
 
 5,011,817 
 
 T4B,IX)6 5 'i 
 
 ■^f. 8,;. 31l,tlisi'ilto 
 
 isn 
 
 ll)..1(PVH7 
 
 1 
 
 4,8B9..3ni 
 
 6.13,708 1« 11 
 
 
 m.i 
 
 t^,^ta7,\<n 
 
 l,7(il,l«7 7 10 
 
 Zt. 'id. 1 il. 5 ,(. 
 
 4,718,'il)-> 
 
 74il,'^79 13 1 
 
 3f. *id. ditio 
 
 miii 
 
 l'i,HI.'i,IIIIS 
 
 ■i,n3-.,I(l9 « 8 
 
 .. 
 
 
 4,7.3'^,n85 
 
 750,510 7 6 
 
 
 im; 
 
 1.1,5'J.'5,(JS9 
 
 '^,1.5H,.'i<"» .3 11 
 
 .. 
 
 
 4,778,lfi9 
 
 7.17,316 8 3 
 
 
 HIS 
 
 l.1,liSS,l.17 
 
 '.(,173,86(i 19 2 
 
 ., 
 
 , , 
 
 4,191.1111 
 
 664,183 9 1 
 
 .. 
 
 IKI'J 
 
 ViMI.W.'i 
 
 a,aH'.,oi,5 * 10 
 
 4f. 
 
 Bi. 
 
 3,IBB,8.Vi 
 
 614,989 5 7 
 
 4f. didu 
 
 WM 
 
 13,lll(i,.ii.'^ 
 
 •ifiW.'ITl 7 9 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 •i,.1SJ,498 
 
 516,416 'i 6 
 
 
 ISil 
 
 1V,9H.1,I!1S 
 
 »,fiOO,41.'i 7 8 
 
 .. 
 
 ., 
 
 ■.i.BI 1,914 
 
 ,V.iV,lB8 6 9 
 
 
 :%n 
 
 I'i,!l70,.'i(i6 
 
 '.•,.VJ9,I15 !.'> 1 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 3,3l'9,ll7'i 
 
 661,016 7 4 
 
 
 ■ ]sa 
 
 l3,llS,.Vil 
 
 'i,C9i,IH)9 15 
 
 
 ,1,5l6,l'i6 
 
 730,5(17 IX 8 
 
 
 
 Ofllriti.h ''•''''. 
 Aimrka Unlieil 
 
 Donii. 
 nioni of 
 
 
 
 
 Siiaiii and 
 PorlUKul 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KUlei 
 
 
 
 
 '<!! 
 
 i.Vis-,i>01 
 
 V,r,'i7.!P'i^ Vi r> 
 
 .3f. 0,(. 4,. 
 
 fii. 
 
 3,TI9,73i 
 
 7,in,189 5 4 
 
 .. 
 
 l>;;i 
 
 U.,ilU.5.M 
 
 a,i.3(l,lil7 (i .3 
 
 ■il. 'Ad. .3f. 
 (If the HrilUh I'm. 
 le^&iuns in .\mcrica 
 
 flfwher 
 u,-irts 
 
 4,lbU,lll9 
 
 7«S,-,(8S 1.3 II 
 
 3i. ditto 
 
 \s-ir, 
 
 1.1.7H 1,3711 
 
 2, "7 7, 87.3 1 1 7 
 
 'U. 9d. 
 
 3f 
 
 .1,S9S,fil7 
 
 SSI1.K9-. 11 
 
 
 ha; 
 
 ii,;"4,i.ir> 
 
 ^.■^■^3,.3lll IS 4 
 
 .. 
 
 
 4,nii,17'i 
 
 603,037 18 9 
 
 
 lv;s 
 
 ll,.'>ilV.CS 
 
 K.l'.IS.ll'i 18 t 
 
 .. 
 
 
 4,013,915 
 
 595,683 4 3 
 
 ' 
 
 M'J 
 
 l4,7iiii,4i;H 
 
 W,'.i.36,3B'i \1 !i 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 4,la5,MB 
 
 613,310 15 6 
 
 1 
 
 1S.VI 
 
 1.1,170,719 
 
 ^,.3IP9,W« 17 fi 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 4,l'i»,7S3 
 
 614,977 IB 5 
 
 ' 
 
 is.ll 
 
 l.',,3.Vl,illH 
 
 v,33S,inr. 19 .3 
 
 ,, 
 
 ., 
 
 1.1S.1,8«3 
 
 6'.tB,l81 17 5 
 
 1 
 
 IW 
 
 t:,,m'i,is'i 
 
 a,4V8,.33* 7 7 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 4„3l'i,«76 
 
 fi.W.OBB 5 8 
 
 " 
 
 1S.T1 
 
 l(i,ll91,S'JI 
 
 il,4.39,'i.37 .3 t 
 
 
 .. 
 
 4,,51/,141 
 
 fiS(l,8'i7 9 i 
 
 •• 
 
 IS'I 
 
 lli,4-7,'JS7 
 
 «,.3 1(1,371) 6 1 
 
 
 .. 
 
 l.71B,18'i 
 
 707,313 11 II 
 
 1 
 
 ISJi 
 
 17,il69,'iH9 
 
 a,fi(l7,ll.34 1.3 1) 
 
 
 
 I,87B,'i'l9 
 
 7'<7,499 9 
 
 i 
 
 ISM 
 
 17,i<i4,.37C 
 
 <,|..39,'2.'>I 11 fi 
 
 
 .. 
 
 5,(11,1,098 
 
 757,810 9 
 
 .. 
 
 isi; 
 
 I7,.1H7,S7.5 
 
 tj,fiS.^,l69 \'l 8 
 
 .. 
 
 
 5,(178,350 
 
 ;fia,193 8 6 
 
 .. 
 
 IsM 
 
 1»,»34,31P1 
 
 S,-9.'),7V7 14 10 
 
 
 ., 
 
 5,1115,1.35 
 
 766,084 1 5 
 
 
 IS.VI 
 
 17,7()7,4nl 
 
 J,7I.3,')86 7 .3 
 
 
 
 5,'iii?,7B4 
 
 78'2,I()0 7 11 
 
 .. 
 
 Ism 
 
 l7,.W0.8i6 
 
 li,7.'.S,fil'i in .3 
 
 3i. 9d. St 5 (ler cent. 
 
 Sf.'ji 5 
 
 5,3-,1,815 
 
 8'29,599 I 3 
 
 ."*. and '> pet .oni. 
 
 Is 11 
 
 I6,C09,».')« 
 
 '.(,687,313 17 10 
 
 
 \KI cent. 
 
 5,17J,i'J.3 
 
 863,481 7 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Krnm all part.. 
 
 
 
 
 - isri 
 
 lfi,S.1S,19S 
 
 2,7'2l,99B 19 .'. 
 
 3f. .V .1 |ier cent. 
 
 5.llin,'!Hfi 
 
 S5'i.296 10 8 
 
 
 M.-i 
 
 l;,7e'..v,)G 
 
 ■A8S0,II0 4 n 
 
 
 5,'/fi'i,7."0 
 
 S.3n,78B 17 
 
 
 IMI 
 
 l9.01fi..Vi6 
 
 .3.llT'i.41l) Ifi 4 
 
 
 5,579.«4 
 
 1 880,009 1 'i 
 
 
 Islj 
 
 ■iii,TMKi:i> 
 
 .3,^74,980 7 4 
 
 
 5,S7 1,888 
 
 9'27,I69 17 5 
 
 
 IS Hi 
 
 Vll,'.tl(l,l)9fi 
 
 .3,379,119 10 9 
 
 
 5,919,(,91 
 
 'J.T.l,i«H 3 3 
 
 
 IS17 
 
 11,.M6.997 
 
 .3,4.18,187 4 9 
 
 
 5,1111,139 
 
 S05,'.il5 5 9 
 
 .. 
 
 !«IS 
 
 ■<'i,llifi,aM 
 
 3,.'.39,»IS 19 7 
 
 
 5,1.38,314 
 
 811,.1'i4 1 
 
 
 IS19 
 
 '.l'i,Sl.'i,97il 
 
 .3,fh1'),ni6 19 9 
 
 
 4.7.37,<B7 
 
 718,9.19 15 'i 
 
 
 ' Is.iil 
 
 JW90,ia3 
 
 .3,593,479 1 1 
 
 
 4,5 17,8.37 
 
 7'24,IB3 B 9 
 
 
 ISJl 
 
 i3,^.M,;.il 
 
 .3.f,Bfi,771 IS 8 
 
 
 4,119,956 
 
 70(l.«fil B 8 
 
 ., 
 
 ISS) 
 
 n7H,74C 
 
 3,711.801 10 3 
 
 
 4,lfi7,lll 
 
 7(13,5S 1 7 t 
 
 ., 
 
 ■ ISW 
 
 i4,73'i,'i.->.i 
 
 3,899,1*3 Ifi 10 
 
 
 l,Blfi,333 
 
 Til, ins B 11 
 
 
 isil 
 
 v.i,a9e,is(i 
 
 3,988,97V 19 9 
 
 
 4,SS9,lBa 
 
 770,059 7 9 
 
 
 ISV) 
 
 Jl,3l3,l|il 
 
 3,<l9l,>i.1S 18 1 
 
 
 l.Sill.S'jn 
 
 7.16, ;()3 la 3 
 
 
 1 IsW 
 
 'J7,"ie,.).w 
 
 4,'rfl,370 4 9 
 
 
 1 ■■.1I7,9SK 
 
 810,801 9 11 
 
 
 Is,: 
 
 ■it ,\'i\''M) 
 
 4,'i77,fii|l Vt 
 
 
 ; 5,'i'l8,391i 
 
 834,1(8) 7 10 
 
 ,, 
 
 ISiS 
 
 »7.'tsl,ll4 
 
 4,111,171 9 '1 
 
 
 ' .i,i;8i,i89 
 
 895,4'il 3 9 
 
 
 1. 1 
 
 I" » 
 
 ■1. 
 
 • , ( 
 
 :.'/i 
 
 lilt 
 m 
 
 
. >•*:; ,,, 
 
 'I til 
 
 1308 
 
 TOUACC'O 
 
 •• ») 
 
 Irniunt of till' Qiiiiiitil'un iif TkIihiio iif itll ■<i>rls I'lnlfrnl fur Tlomr Conmiiiiplion In 
 Kiiiijiloiii ; till- Ailt Hcn-iiiir iif HiimIhiiis ; iiiiil llif liitlfH (>/ lintij therrim from W>\) tii 
 
 Ihf fiiih 
 |Hr,7. 
 
 \nn 
 
 Qiinniltlpt Knlprctl for llomv 
 TTnm«niif.irliiral .ManuniriiirnI 
 
 X 
 
 1H,-.!I 
 
 Ih. 
 3l,t!i.i,i);.'i 
 
 Ih. 
 
 ';iis,r)7 
 
 IHI'iO 
 INIM 
 
 n,'p,iii(i,(iM 
 
 M.IW.I.IIi, 
 
 .IllV.lilll 
 Ml.l'jd 
 
 ISIi.1 
 IHI',1 
 
 IHIi.'i 
 
 rmj.'n.fii;! 
 
 37,IM*l,H,'i(i 
 
 7(il,.TIIi 
 
 IM(: 
 
 .TJ,f,VI,HVJ 
 
 HN1,.T.IU 
 
 ISI.7 
 
 3!),7«7,!»ll 
 
 0.1V,SI.1 
 
 III. 
 
 ''l,7'M,»7'i 
 
 :l^,.^Hn,ll^i 
 '<'<,\i:,.vM 
 
 .17,VV1.IM1 
 .l^.'Jll/i.llOlt 
 
 1ii,'i(i.1,V.M 
 
 NeU UpvrmiPiif 
 
 Ct'^lltlllH 
 
 H.iln nf Duty 
 
 .'.,,vvi.:ii7 
 ft.ni'i.N^i 
 
 fj,,'iHi,lpl7 
 
 .'i.tlmMii'j 
 
 fi,CI'i.i,lV'l 
 
 U,'4<iiM>i.i 
 fl,l.'p7.W.1 
 (l,l<J6,.UU 
 
 'f rnin.innfirliiri-il, .'^#. 1 I '■</. |mt lli. 
 I .Miiiiiil'ii lurtilf •.(«. .1 '.'- '</. pi'i' III 
 I lUllii illllo 
 
 i (liitii dttid 
 
 iltlin I'lilo 
 
 /rnniniiuf.u-liiriMl. rimtiilnltitt I" II' 
 I nr iniiie (it niiii»lur» In vwty Im 
 ) III., '1<. I !'/. |ipr III. I nnliiliiiiiK 
 { Icsii tliJin ilitlii. .~t, Hil. |ii>r III. 
 
 IMitiuir.H-tiirfd, liUiiri*, .'m. |ti'r lli. 
 f IM.iiiiif.n tiiri^l, iiilii-r llun i-lu.irH,) 
 \ r.iri'lun iimiiuf.u luff, li.M.|ii"r lli. J- 
 t .M.iiint M iiiri-il III IhiiiiI. i*. pit Hi. | 
 
 Mnv II, 
 
 I till, .,,1,1 
 .'uIy II 
 IHIJ 
 
 ..Mnrch %j 
 
 Hill 
 
 illllii 
 
 The tobncco niiinn]iiily iif Austria, iiiclusivi' 
 (if nil iiroa nC (iii.OIMI Austrian acros with ii [im- 
 (liicf of ."ifilMKIO i!Wt. Ill' dried leaf, vii'ldcd to tlic 
 iiDVoriniiciit ill lHti."» abciiit ,')0,(l(lO,()l)(l llnriii.s. 
 
 J'riiis iif Toliucvo ill linml in London, Fthrmiry 
 unit April 1H(!!I. 
 
 
 
 W. ■! 
 
 . TIM !i 
 
 
 
 Sons 
 
 Cirrliliir. 
 
 
 
 Kill 
 
 I, \> 
 
 h'.l 
 
 
 r 
 
 rt II,. 
 
 
 >.i/. 
 
 jt. 
 
 ,/. 
 
 Marvlantl tiiu-ji-llow 
 
 
 11 1 
 
 tnd 
 
 <J 
 
 U-[|«)W - 
 
 hruwti Id lolory - 
 
 
 
 ;; 
 
 
 flnP!iiiinm*r»Marte 
 
 
 
 
 
 KoihI inidillinu iliilo 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 onhnaty lo iinthliini; 
 
 
 
 
 
 fiiK' sh.»g ami \u\xi •.plntierH 
 
 
 
 
 for rniiiiniiii iliiio 
 
 • 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 tini* liliick h\Mt-l t,cvn\ 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 f{IKI4l «tOllt mil MUlll ll 
 
 af - 
 
 
 
 
 iiixl.t.ni^ (litlu 
 
 
 
 ., 
 
 
 (lIlll.ll^CN sIllKt iliul 
 t.uU'ii - 
 
 V^r't 
 
 J 
 
 •• 
 
 
 vtrh't itf.it* or tii^i> >;>iiniiiif; 
 
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 nrdiii.iiy to nii.l(tliM« 
 
 
 
 
 
 KciHUi k) t tU-nniit'il hill 
 
 olU 
 
 
 
 
 til - 
 
 
 
 , , 
 
 
 hh.-it to iniilillii'^' 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 oi(lin.ir\ t» iniiltiliM^ 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 Ma;k» 
 
 
 
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 Virtiinii tlitro 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 IlllXt-il <llll<' 
 
 
 
 
 
 Viruiin.i Ii if. K'hhI to tint 
 
 
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 t'o' 1 
 
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 i.tri)!'. - 
 
 
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 Ill 1 
 
 •2 
 
 CiilKi 
 
 
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 II 
 
 Coliimliiaii- 
 
 
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 a 
 
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 K 
 
 'tk-rmnn - 
 
 
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 1 
 
 Ii 
 
 Mill KiVtTS 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mt'lllMKHl 
 
 
 
 
 
 llnviinn.ih leaf 
 
 
 II <i 
 
 Ill's 
 
 11 
 
 cmiirs - 
 
 
 (.«., ill.,? 
 
 ■ 't. 
 
 Jma 
 
 
 t) .'i 
 
 111 1 
 
 11 
 
 I'liiio Hic.> 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jnpan 
 
 
 11 1 
 
 I'.i'i) 
 
 y 
 
 Arrn..ui 
 
 
 
 
 
 St. Dinniiii:') li'.if - 
 
 
 
 
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 Yarii 
 
 
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 t'o'.-> 
 
 9 
 
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 ilur.ols 
 
 
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 toil 
 
 11 
 
 f.ictory (Irifd 
 
 
 '»/., Illj., ll 
 
 . III. 
 
 snips 
 
 
 11 ,',i 
 
 tol 
 
 II 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 11 1 
 
 1) 
 
 1) 
 
 Mtxiciii - 
 
 
 11 Ii 
 
 1 
 
 Ii 
 
 AlmTi.in !tc. 
 
 
 11 .-. 
 
 (1 
 
 III 
 
 K.ist iiiili.m 
 
 
 1) n 
 
 (1 
 
 ',' 
 
 Jliinuarian- 
 
 
 -iS 
 
 II 
 
 
 K«nuTal(l.t, stripi't'O 
 
 
 a III 
 
 ■I 
 
 I) 
 
 rar.iKuay - 
 
 
 II <i 
 
 11 
 
 III 
 
 Diinh 
 
 
 II .-, 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 'lurki;y • : 
 
 . 11. 
 
 u 3 
 
 U 
 
 
 ritr 
 
 ..' 
 
 I'r 
 
 t f 
 
 1 
 
 tirr 
 
 ■nt. 
 
 
 •^1 
 
 ril 
 
 I.M, 
 
 1 
 
 
 'i-r 
 
 Ih. 
 
 
 . ./. 
 
 
 s. 
 
 »/. 
 
 s 
 
 l< 
 
 n 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 s 
 
 
 ti 
 
 Si 
 
 II II 
 
 I n 
 
 11 ll 
 
 11 \i 
 
 II II 
 
 1 1 
 
 II <l 
 
 II 111 
 
 II 7 
 
 II s 
 
 II 1 
 
 11 s 
 
 'I III 
 
 •i II 
 
 ^ 11 
 
 .1 ■,! 
 
 ■4 K 
 
 •i '1 
 
 II <.l 
 
 II III 
 
 II .1 111 I II 
 
 a Kj 
 
 II 
 
 .^ 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 II 
 
 *>\ 
 
 •i 
 
 ll 
 
 11 
 
 y 
 
 II 
 
 .'1 
 
 1 
 
 It 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 'I 
 
 11 
 
 (1 
 
 7 
 
 •I 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 (1 
 
 7 
 
 II 
 
 Vi 
 
 11 
 
 II 
 
 .'1 
 
 II 
 
 111 
 
 I) 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 Ii 
 
 II 
 
 ■ll 
 
 II 
 
 H 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 41 
 
 n 
 
 ti\ 
 
 II 
 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 
 ri 
 
 U 
 
 id. 7<'. I 
 'It. Id. 
 
 . \y,l. 
 . 111/. 
 
 
 liegiilatinns as to Importation. — These arc eiii- 
 bodii'd 111 the C'listoivs Cmi.sdlidatioii Aet. the 11! 
 & 17 Viet. e. 1(17 .■<. I-I. and the 2() & "JT ^'iel. e. 
 7, under whieli the e.xisting duties are l.vied. 
 The latter (lermits the manul'aeture of cavendish 
 and ne^rohead in bund. The chief provisions (if 
 the earlier Act are as fnllojvs, viz.: — 
 
 Not to be Imported.— Tubacco stalks stripped 
 
 frdiii liie leaf, ulielhcr iiiaiiiifacliiri'd or imt, ani 
 tobacco Htalli liower. 
 
 Not to lie linjtortcd except under the fhllniniii, 
 Conditions, — Toblieei) and HnulT from the I'm 
 liidicH, and tobacco from the Turkish dnininion.', 
 iiicludinf; K^;ypt, unles.s direct from any (if tlnw 
 |ilaces ill packufres containing not less tiian IW 
 ill. liell liei;,dil each. 
 
 Nefjrohcad tobacco, and also siiutl' heiiijr tlii. 
 lirodiieo of the United States of Americ.i. mkt^ 
 in hoffsheiids. casks, chests, or cases cniilaiiiiiii; 
 not less than 200 lb. nctt Avcight each, nr iiiibj 
 direct from the United States in paekaf;e< tun- 
 tainiiiK not less than l&O lb. n3tt weif;iit each. 
 
 Tobacco from JIalta, nnd tobacco the piuilucc 
 of I'ortii Uit'o, Mexico, South Anierica, St, Dn- 
 niiiif;i>, Cuba, tlic British possessions in .ViniTii'a 
 and the West Coast of Africa, unless in liiii,'shiiaiii, 
 casks, cliests, or cases containing not le,<s ilm 
 ■JOO lb. nett wciRlit each, or unless direct fnun 
 those places or from the United States of Aiiidci 
 in packaf.;es containing not less than 801b. net: 
 weif^bt each. 
 
 Toliacci) and snuff, the produce of the Pliilip- 
 jiine Islands, unless in hogsheads, casks, iIic.m, 
 or ciuses containing not less than 'JOO lli, iicti 
 weight each, or unless such tobacco or snulf be 
 from Manilla direct, in bales or paekaj^es ou. 
 taiiiing not less than 200 lb. nett weiglit each. 
 
 Tobacco and snulT, of or from any counlnMr 
 jilaeo not liefore cnuincralcd, unless in hotfshcai!.-, 
 casks, cl 'sts, or cases containing not less than 
 200 lb. nett weight each. 
 
 Cigars, unless in packages containing not Icn 
 than 100 lb. nett weight each. 
 
 Cigarillos or eigarettos, unless in pailia;;M 
 contaimiig not less tlian 7r> lb. nett wei^lit each. 
 
 Tobacco, not being cigars, cig.arillds, or eiiiar- 
 etto.'>, and snulV, separated or divided ia any 
 manner within any package in wliicii the ranio 
 may liy the foregoing table be iinimrtcd, ctoji 
 tobacco from the dominions of the Turkish eni|)ire 
 or from Egypt, in outer packogcs containing i 
 less than 100 lb. nctt weight each. 
 
 Tobacco, snuir, cigars, cigarillos, or eigarctto 
 of any kind, or from any country or place what 
 ever, whether hereinbefore eiiiimerated as e,«|' 
 einlly restricted or not, unless in sliips nf mitl 
 than 120 tons burden, and into such ports wily 
 are or may be approved of by tiic Ciiiniiii>*i''i"' 
 of (.'ubtoms. 
 
 Tlie ports which arc at present (lflG',1) mu 
 rised to import tobacco and smiti are Unvh 
 Liverpool, Jiristol, Lancaster, Cowcs, Falnmiiti 
 Fleetwood, Hartlepool, Whitehaven, Hall, in"* 
 (Jrimsliy, llarwieli, Cardift', rortsmoutli, liiini;'; 
 (jlasgow. Port tilasgow, Greenock, Abcnic'i 
 Leith, Newcastle, I'lvmouth, .Southampton, IV 
 ton, Swansea, Itelfast, Cork, Uroghcila, DM 
 Galway, Limerick, Londonderry, N'cwry, >1 - 
 Waterford, and Wexford. A rent of is. is cliar. 
 
 iiliw 
 
r Consumption hi "''l' "'"'•' 
 rtonfrom l«W t.. 1««^ _ 
 
 Haiw "f """ 
 
 HI.ll.'.H. ••■-'■ ''-l'""' I IHin.al 
 llMl.l [ .IuIy 1 
 
 I 
 , of ni..l»lnr» ill iv"' 1""V^' 
 
 nrch ', 
 isi;'> 
 
 . I*../, iirr Ih. 1 ""I"'"' 
 
 „ Miml In lH.i"l. "i I'" "',' 
 
 lur nmiuilactur.d cr n..t, anl 
 
 ivd except under the folhirmj 
 
 CO ami smiff >'<"" ,""'. !"'^' 
 , IVoin the Turkisli (l.iininums 
 nless .\ircct, from uny ol tli|.>f 
 , contiiining not less tl.m. 1'ni 
 
 wo, and also siuiff lu'iiiK H"' 
 litoil Statca of America, unlf- 
 ts. chcstP, or cases cmtainuK 
 lb. nett weight each, or unlc* 
 Jnitcd States in vneki'K"/""' 
 ,an 160 lb. natt weight eadi, 
 lalta, and tobacco the ]m\m 
 cxico, South America. M. II. 
 IJritiah possessions in AniiTi'a 
 Mt of Africa, unless in lio«sli(*i<, 
 [•ases containing not less ihm 
 'ht each, or unless direct Inw 
 :,m the United States olAm.rK,| 
 aininguot less than 80 lb. mi. 
 
 muff, the produce of the rWlir- 
 ,li"«s in hogsheads, casks, cIu-In 
 fiig not less than "200 11. « 
 unless such tobacco or sim!t lo 
 rect, in bales or paeUa-cY'i'- 
 han -200 lb. nett weight eiKli. 
 snuff, of or from any counlrj-jr 
 enumerated, ui.lcss m hos.h(.|A-, 
 
 ,ases containing not less than 
 ;ht each. . . ., , 
 
 in pacl^ages conlaining not K^> 
 t weight each. . 
 
 cigareltos, unless in ra.ka > 
 ,ss than 7r, lb. nett weight mA 
 
 being cigars, •^isanHf •, "';'^»; 
 
 Y, separated or diviao.l n ) 
 
 ,u,v package in wliK-h t he . 
 .roiic tabic be imi-ur Uil, excyi 
 
 .iSionsof the Turkish cniF 
 
 in outer packages contaming not 
 
 ilT^S'clg^So.orci^a.u. 
 
 from any country on. a ev 
 Hereinbefore c"!«"«atc. a, -^ 
 
 or not, unless ni ships ..t iv.Ui^ 
 mrdcn and into such ports only ^< 
 
 Sm"'edofbythcComm.ss...». 
 
 bid. arc at present (lSGy)»f; 
 'riaecoanSsnutlareJ^;; 
 ,tol, Lancaster, Cowes, an 
 
 irtlepool, Wluteh.ivcn, "1 • 
 >viehU-ardiff.rortsmouth,l. n^^^ 
 
 t t;ias<'ow, Greenock, Al'^" "; 
 
 ^,;Synioua. ^h^- s: 
 
 llelfast, Cork, l^'Oi^^^'^^/^l.-o, 
 ■rick, Londonderry, ^;;[^;,|,^,,j | 
 iWexford. Arentof4s-i»^"'' 
 
 ]icr I 
 
 TOV 
 
 ■i|ii>M every hdgnlicad, ra^k, (lie>it, or oaM' of id- 
 liiici'o warclii.iiscd in every warelimiHii pn.vidrd 
 livtlie Crown; '_'». being paid iliiinrdialcly iipiin 
 il',|i(isiliiig llie lobai'co in (lie wanhoiisr, imcl i>.<. 
 , iiirc Ik li.re thi! li.bai'co is t.iken out fur hume 
 iuiisiiMi|>li>>n, or exportalioii ; it iiiiiy reiniilii fur 
 fiir viars In the warelioiiso witlii.ut luiy inldltinniil 
 Vliarge (nr rent. Nc abatement is maile from llin 
 iiilmicii duties on aeemint of dnniage. Tlic (hity 
 \^ In III' i'liar;.ci'i| on lliu (pinntity founil on dr- 
 livcry. 'I'hc alldwance of ibily-fret^ tobacTn fur 
 ,nrh^:n!i.r on biiani her .Majesty's navy, and fur 
 iicli soldier on foreign service, is lixeA at 2 lb, 
 
 lunar mciiiili. 
 TON, An I'jiglisli weight, containing 20 ewt. 
 I'ONN'Adl'l. in <!onimercial Nrvigatioii, tlie 
 miniliir of Imn burden that u sliip !■ ill cnrrv. 
 
 ihc iiiiiile in wliieli the tonnage of iWitish 
 ^liips was I'lirmcrlv nsci-rtained mav lie seen in 
 111,. Regislry Act,' :i it •! Win. IV', v. U', ss. 10 
 anil 1". I his modi', Iinwever, led t(. very inaerii- 
 wic ciiiicbisii.iis ; and as most ship|iiiij; cliiirges 
 ilciKiiil im llie liinnage, it oecasioned the liuildiiig 
 iif ships of an iniprojicr form for tiie. purposes of 
 imvisatiiiH. ill (irder that, by measuring less than 
 llieir real l.iirdeii, tliey might evade part of the 
 liiilii's. Il was, thrrefiire, long felt to be desirable 
 iliiil simie change should be made in tlie plan of 
 ■iiinsiiriiig ships; but the practical ol.staeles in 
 the wiiy of the ehaiige were greatei than inigiit 
 iiavc liiiti siipposcil. 'I'lie accurate estiinalioii of 
 ilii' tiiiiiiage of a ship is n dillicnlt ]iroliicm ; and 
 i; i< inilispeiisnlilc llnit any system to be adopted 
 ;i jiniclici' he not very complex ; for if sn, it will 
 ,lin>r lie wildly inapplicable, or it will be sure tii 
 I iiii-urrcclly applicil. In this case, as in must 
 ilicrs, miiiiiiiii riitii^ est jH'mplcuitiis. At best, 
 liicrct'iiri', only an appn.ximati! nieiisiiri'nicnt can 
 11.' nbtaiiii d. A ciiinniittee of seientilie and prac- 
 lii'iil L' 'ntleiiien having been appointed in l.**.'!! to 
 iviisjclcr the subject, a bill was introdiiceil into 
 I'atliaiii.'iil, at llicir recoiTimendatioii, einlioilyin;; 
 ;;plan fill llie more enrroot niensnrenieiil of slops, 
 ami was snhse(|neiitly passed into a law, tlie .". it 
 .. W'ni. IV. c. ."iti. Tlie rules it laid down were 
 I'litso siiiiple or easily ajiplicd as those that were 
 |ircvioiisly used ; but they gave tlie toiinage of 
 all ships, liiiwiver built, witli tolerable accuracy, 
 aiiilconsr.jiieiiily took away the tem|itatiiin, thai 
 lill then cxistcil, 111 build ships of such a fnrin 
 iliat iliey might measure less than their true 
 liinlt'M. liiit these rules have been again con- 
 -iikrahly inoililieil. Those whieli at present (ISCiil) 
 .xist are embodied in the Mercantile SliipiiiiiL; 
 Ai'tiil' l.s,'.l. the 17 it IS Viet. c. 10 1, amenileil 
 l.y till' '.'.'> it 'Jti Vict. c. (itS, and are siiliioined. 
 Ami wliatovcr may be their merit in other rc- 
 >l.n'ts, they ilii nut cerlainlv seem to have much of 
 ihal iicrspiciiity and simplicity which appear to 
 i.pcpsciiiial to such rules. 
 
 ToiiiKiiif Diih ; Flit ; Decimals. — Througliont 
 ili|. t'lill.uvin^- rules the tonnage deck shall be 
 takni le he ihe upper deck in .'ihips which have 
 i(s<thiui three ilecUs, and to be the second decU 
 I'r.im hi'l.iw ill all other ships; and in earryiiiLr 
 "•'.ich rules into ellcct all measurements shall be 
 ilk™ ill I'eet ami fractions of feet, and all frac- 
 tinns of r.et shall lie expressed in decimals. 
 iScc. 2n.) 
 
 I'nr .S7ii)i.v il} lie reiji'.ileiril of vhich ihe IlohJ is 
 cfoir,— The tonnage of every sbii. to be regis- 
 tored, with the exi'eptiiiiis mentioned in the iicni 
 section, shall previously to her being registered. 
 lie nscortaineil by tlie ibllowing lliile 1 : and the 
 t..iMia;;p ol' every ship to which such rule can l;e 
 .ipliliiil, whether she is jdiout to be registered or 
 Mt, -hall he ascertained bv the same rule. 
 
 TONNAOK 1300 
 
 1. Measnrf be len;,'lli of the ship ill a straight 
 line ailing toe upper side or the tiniiiage deck 
 friiiii the inside of Ihe inner planU (average thick- 
 ness) at Ihe side of the iJtiin to (be jiiide of the 
 miiNhlp stern timber or plaiil. there, as the ease 
 may be (average Ibicknc-iH), deihicliiig ( oin this 
 h'lif^tli what is due to the rake of the Imw in 
 the tliiekni'ss of the deck, and what is due to 
 the rake of the stern timber in the ibiekiiess of 
 the deck, and also what is due to the rake of 
 Ihe slerii timber in \ of the ronml if the beam ; 
 divide tlie lengtli so taken into the nimiber of 
 e(|iiiil parts reipiired by the following table, nr- 
 eoidiiig to the class in such table to which the 
 ship l.eli.ii;^s : 
 
 Taiii.i;. — Cl.'e-i I. Ships of whieh the toiinngn 
 deck is aeconliii;;- to the above measurement .Ot) 
 feet long or uiiihr, into ■) ecpial parts : 
 
 Cl.iss 'J. Slii|M of which (he lonnage deck is 
 ai'conling to the above mensiirenieiif above ,"iii 
 feet long, and not exceeding I'JO, into eipial 
 parts; 
 
 Class 3. .Ships of which the fi.niiage dick is 
 according to the above measiireineiit above I'Jd 
 feet long, and not exceeding l8o, into H e'lnal 
 parts: 
 
 (!lass '1. Ships of wliirli the tonnnpo deck is 
 according to the above measiireinent above 18(1 
 feet long, and not exceeding '.'•.'.■|, into 10 cf|iiul 
 j.arts : 
 
 Class .O, Ships of which the tonnage deck is 
 according to the above r.ieasuremeiit .above '22.') 
 feet Ion;,', into 1'2 eipial parts. 
 
 2. Then, the hold being first snfllciently 
 cleared to admit of the reipiir.il depths and 
 breaiUbs being properly taken, find the trans- 
 verse area of siicii ship at each point of division 
 of the lentrth as follows: Jlcasnre the depth at 
 each point of division, from a puiiit at a distance 
 of \ of the round of the beam belnw such deck, 
 or, in case of a lireak, below a line stretched in 
 continuation thereof, to the upper side of the floor 
 timber at tlie inside of the limber strake, after 
 deducting the average thieknesH of the ceiling 
 which is between the bilge planks and limber 
 strake; then, if the depth at the midsliip division 
 of the length do not exceed K! feet, divide each 
 depth into 4 equal ]i'irrs ; then measure the in- 
 side horizontal breadth at each of the ,T points 
 of division, and also at the iipiier and lower points 
 of the depth, extending each measurement to the 
 average tliicknessnf that part of the ceiling whieh 
 is between the points of measurement ; number 
 these breadth.'-, from above (i.e. numbering the 
 upper breadth l.and so on down to the lowest 
 breadth): mnliiplj' the seconil and fourth by 4, 
 and the third by 2 ; .add these products together, 
 and to the siimadd Ihe first breadth and the fifth ; 
 mnlliply the tpiantity thus obtained by ^ of the 
 eomnion interval between the breadths, and tiio 
 product .sliall be deemed the transverse area ; but 
 if the inidship depth exceed 10 feet, divide each 
 depth into eipiai parts instead of 'baiid measure 
 as before directed the ho:'izontal breadths at the 
 o points of division, and also iit the upper and 
 lower ]ioints of the depth ; number them from 
 above as before ; multij.ly the second, fourth, and 
 .sixth by I, and the third .and fifth by 2; add these 
 ])rodncts together, and to the sum add the first 
 breadth nnd the seventh; multiply the quantity 
 thus obtained by i of the common interval 1ie- 
 tween the breadtlis, and the product shall bo 
 deemed the transverse area. 
 
 ."!. Having thus ascertained the tr.insvcrse area 
 .it each point of division of the length of the ship 
 as required by the above t.able, i.roceed to as- 
 certain the register tonnage of tlic ship in the 
 
 in fi 
 

 i '. 
 
 \ 
 
 ll(»(> TONNAdI': 
 
 riilldwiii^ nmnncr : Niiiiilicr Mih iiu'iik Kiirrori- 
 xivcly 1, '.'i •'! it'i'.i Nil. t, iM'iii); lit till' I'Xtrflili 
 limit ol'llii! Ii'iiulli lit till' liiiw. mill till' liint iiiiiii 
 litTiil till' i'\lrriiu> limit nf llii' Ini^lli at llii' Mlcrii 
 
 lliiiii .'t ilri'ki, llii' tDiiimnn iif rai'li iipnco 
 tt'ri'ii ili'i'k.H aliiivi' till' liiiiiiiiKi' link kIiiiII 
 ii'si'ially iiHrcrtaliicil in iiiaiiiH'r iilmvc iIimiiiI 
 mil i<lmll lii> ailili'il in ilii> tniiiin^i' nt' tlii! « 
 
 lluii, ulicllicr till' Irii^tli III' iliviili'il 111 riiriliii); lit i iiHriTtaiiii'il at al'nri'.^aiil. (Si 
 
 .), I ItnlfH for .^/l/y/,ll mil riiiiiirniij /i 
 .'1, Ciiri/i) lilt Umiril. — Slii|H wliirli, ri'ii 
 
 tilt' lalili- into I iir \'l |iarls as in ('la>isi's I ami .'i, i Itiilrii for Shiim mil 
 
 or any iiitiTtiii'iliali' iiumliiT nn in ( liiMm'H •-' 
 
 anil I, mulliplv llir si'ioinl ami ivny rvrii iinm- 
 
 Ih'I'i'iI airil liy I, anil till' tliinl iiinl rvrrv mlil iinm- 
 
 Im'Ii'iI iiii'ii (rxrr|it tlid lir-it anil l.iil ) liv ■_' ; ailil 
 
 llii'sc |iriiiluit« tdni'tlirr, anil to tlii' miiiii inlil tin- 
 
 lirst anil hc^t it' llicy yiclil anything ; miilii|ily tim ' 
 
 i|iiantily llnii olilaiiiril liy ^ of ilu' lommon i 
 
 interval U'twri'ii tlii' ari'an, ami tin- |iroiliirt will 
 
 he till' cnliiriil coiili'nts of tin- Mpui'i^ nmliT llic 
 
 Umiumt: (li'ck ; iliviili' this jiriitliu't liy lOii, anil tlm 
 
 i|iiotii'nt liciii^ tlic liiiMiaf(P iimirr lln> loiiiiii^)' , 
 
 (Ici'k sliall 1)0 ilccmcil to In- the resistor innimno j 
 
 of lilt' !«lii|i, siilijcri III the aililitioim niiil ilu- 
 
 iliictioriH lu'ri'inatti'r incntiont'il. 
 
 't. If tlicri' ht' n hrcak, a piio|), or any oilier 
 permanent t'losttl-in «pac'e un llni npper tieek, 
 nvailahle lor carKo or .storen, or for the herthin;; 
 or aecommoilati'in of pasienjjers or erew, thu 
 t(iiina(;e of Kiieh Hpaco mIiiiII be aseertiiineil iis 
 fiilloviH : iMeiiKiirc the inlermil iiieaii leii);lh of 
 Miieli space in feet, ami iliviilc it iiitii two eipial 
 parts: me'isiire at Ih 
 
 iiisiile lireailths, nanu'ly, one at caeh vml ami th 
 other at the miildle of the loiiKth ; then to the 
 Niiinofthe end lireailths iiilit t times the miihlle 
 lireailth,nii(l multiply the wiiole sum liy one-third 
 of the common interval hetweeu the lireadlhs ; the 
 product will give the ineaii hori/.oiital areaof xueh 
 .>-pace; then measure thu mean heii^ht, ami 
 multiply liy it the mean liorizoiital area; divide 
 the product hy 100, and the ipiotieiit .shall he 
 deemed to be the tonnage of such space, and shall 
 be added to the tonnage under the tonnage deck, 
 Mscertaiiied as uforesnhl. suhject to the followiny; 
 
 lifiliHlrij ti 
 Ciiri/i) oil Umiril. — Ships wliiili, reiiiiiring In 
 measured fur any piirpo'-e other thiin reu'iii 
 lia\e eargo on liuard, iiiid ships tvhii'h, reipiir 
 III lie measured for the purpose of registry, eau 
 lie meilsiiri'd liy ihe rule almve given, sli.ill 
 meiisiired by the folliiwmg Kiile 'J; 
 
 I. Measure the length mi the niiper dei k I'r 
 
 the outside of the outer plank at llie stem in 
 
 allsiile of the stern post, dediii'ling iheiefrnni i 
 
 distance between the aftside of the stem poKtii 
 
 I the rabbet of Ihe stern post at the point whire I 
 
 ! counter plank crosses it ; measure also the gniii 
 
 I breadth of llie ship l.> the outside of Ihi'uii 
 
 planking or uales, and then, having first murk 
 
 on the outside of the ship on but h sides llitn 
 
 the li>'!glit of the upper deck at the ship's .liiji 
 
 I girt the ship at the greatest breadlh In a diri'dj 
 
 I perpendicuhir to tlio keel from the hei^rht 
 
 ' marked on the outside of the ship on the miuuli 
 
 to the height so marked on the other >'\iV' I 
 
 ,iassiiig a chain under the keel; to half tli<' ((iri 
 middle of its height three j tliii.s taken add half the main breadlh ; si|u;ir<' ll 
 sum; multiply the result by the length nf i| 
 ship taken as aforesaid; then mnltiplv tliis|iruiliii 
 bv the factor -OOlrt (lH-10,0lM)|hs) in the r,w i 
 ships built of wood, and by '00:il (•.'l-in,i)eiit|i. 
 ill the case of ships built of iron, and the iirmlik 
 shall be deemed Ihe register tonnage of the .iliii< 
 subject to the udditiuns and deductiuns lu'reiii 
 after mentioned. 
 
 'J. If there be a break, n poop, or other eliwiJii 
 
 space on Ihe upper deck, the tonnage iif «iiili 
 
 space shall be ascertained by multiplying lii;.'i'tli(i 
 
 lie mean length, breaillh, and ilepth lif such >|ia<'r, 
 
 so obtained .-hall be deemed to be Ihe tMiin;i(;c 
 such siiace, and shall, subji'ct to the deiliutimi' 
 for a clos>'d-in space appropriated to the ciiwa' 
 mentioned i.i Kule 1, be added to Ihe fnniiiijje 
 the ship ascertained as aforesaid. (.S'c. •.':'.) 
 Allownnre for Engine Ronm in Stnimtn, 
 every ship propelled by steam or oilier |iim 
 requiring engine room, an allowance .shal 
 mude for the space occupied by the piiipilliiii 
 power, and the nmoiint so allowed shall In' de 
 
 provisoes ; 1st, that nothing shall be added for a | ami dividing the product by 100, and the i|u 
 
 closed-ill space solely appropriated to the berthing '" 
 
 of the crew, unless such space exceeds j'jj of the 
 remaining timiiagc of the ship, and in case of such 
 excess the excess only shall be added ; and 'iiidly, 
 that nothing shall be ad led in respect i.'f any 
 building erected for the shelter of deck passengers, 
 and approved by the Hoard of Trade. 
 
 ,'>. If the ship has a third deck, commonly called 
 a spar deck, the tonnage of the space between it 
 imd the tonnage deck shall be ascertained a.s 
 
 follows: Measure in feet the Inside length of the I ducted from the gross tonnage of the 
 space at the middle of its height from the jilank at certained as aforesaid, and the remainder .sli.ill 
 the side of the stem to the lining on the timbers | deemed to be the register tonnage of smli 
 at the stern, and divide the length into the same 
 number of equal parts into which the length of 
 the tonnage deck is divided as above directed; 
 measure (also at the middle of its height) the 
 inside breadlh of the space at each of the points of 
 division, also the breadth of the stem rtnd 
 the breadth at the stern ; iiuniUM- them suc- 
 cessively 1, 2,1! <l'c., coinineiicing at the stem: 
 multiply the second and all the other even 
 numbered breailths by 4, and the third and all 
 other odd numbered breadths (cxcejit Ihe lirst and 
 la.st) by 2; to the sum of these iirodiicts add the 
 lirst and last breadths ; multiply the whole sum 
 by one-third of the common interval between the 
 breadths, and the result will give in superficial 
 feet the mean hori/.ontal area of such space ; 
 measure the mean height of such space, and 
 multiply by it the mean hurizontul area, and the 
 product will he the cubical contents of the .space; 
 divide this product by lOU, and the (piotient shall 
 be deemed to be the tonnage of such space, and 
 shall be added to the other tonnage of the ship 
 ascertained an nibresaid; and if the ship has more 
 
 "iieni 
 
 II If 
 
 and such deduction shall be estimated ns fnUo"- 
 viz. ;■ 
 
 a. As regards ships propelled hy paiiiUe-whct' 
 in which the tonnage of Ihe space solely ik'oii|i 
 ly and necessary for the proper workiiii; "f ili' 
 tiiiilers and machinery is above 20perii.nl. 
 under .'10 per cent, of the gro.ss toniinge n!' 
 ship, such deduction shall be 37-100tl;s of .- 
 Lrross tonnage; and in ships propelled by sor 
 ill which the tonnage of such space \i alwvi 
 IT cent, and under 20 per cent, of such i;f 
 ioiiiiage, such deduction shall be ;}2-100lli.suf;ui 
 gross tonnage 
 
 I). As regards all other ships, the ilcdiioti 
 shall, if the Commissioners of Custums aiil'' 
 owner both agree thereto, be estiinatcil in i'^ 
 .same manner; but either thej' or he may i:i :' 
 or his discretion require the space to he mM.>i 
 and the deduction estimated accurdin^h': 
 whenever such measurement is so roqiiiri'J il' 
 deduction shall consist of the tonnage of the *|« 
 actually occupied by or required to he cik'I'«<1 ► 
 the proper working of the boilers and machiiKr; 
 
,i„. LMiimur '^•'■\'' ;'"«'• I; 
 
 I ill niaiiii.T ,.l)ovoa.'Ti.l»..|, 
 I |„ ill.- i..iiimi;i' "1 >'"• »'ii;' 
 
 .aiil. (>>>•>■■ -••) „ . . . , 
 ,wt nniiirhxj li-V<^t>-!/ '-' '■ 
 
 ShilH wlii''l>. rniiiirm- U< l- 
 i.uriH.-." "lli.T tlii.n r.iiiMiv 
 
 r'l. una Hliii.H wliuOi. r.-imnii, 
 
 I,., rulf '>I'"V" K'Vi'ti, Mull I.. 
 
 IriiKlli "" tlio uiM-r 'I.', k Ir-in 
 .,„l.., plank lit til- St. mini 
 
 , i..>«t,'l."lu.>lui«:ili«''''"-"i"il'' 
 1,'. afisi.U' "f tlio xt.Tii ii..stnn.l 
 
 t,.rni«"'t at the I'"'"'. «'"■"'""■ 
 scHif mt'a-'iirii all") till' k'f'i"''' 
 ,i„ to tl.t- .>utsi.l.' .)f tliiM,ii:.t 
 
 liiul tli-n, liaviiiK lirst miivU 
 f till- Mliip oil I'"''' ""'•"* ""'"' 
 
 upixT .l'''k at till- xliip't »i'l-- 
 „. uriatc^t l)r.ii.llli in a .limli. 
 
 tlu- Ufil t''"tn tlx' ll<•l^^lll ■ 
 ,t«i.l.>..ltl..->*l«ii).aitho.MU|M: 
 
 ,„i,rk.-.i ..n th.- «;"';;.'■;"'" I 
 
 ,„l..r th.. lv.'.'l ; I" '"" ""■ «" ■ 
 u\fthomahihn>a.llh; >.|i"r|;t 
 he result hv the lenjith m| t|;.. 
 vsaiil; th.'nniiilti|il.vthiM'f'"''i 
 
 !.„.i;.ui.lhy-0(.21C21-10,Oi-ii.- 
 i,,s built ..f ir.in, aii<Mh'rr.« 1 
 th.' renist.T toiiiiani! ot lln' "Ir. 
 idilitiuiw uiul .Icliictious li.rc.i. 
 
 a break, a poop. »'•"*'"''''''''.'"''' 
 ppcr deck, the t.miww.' .il -j' 
 
 .certaincabyn.uU.plvinHl'W'H" 
 .breadth, ami <U-pth ..I MK•h^|,a.r 
 
 n product bv 100, and th.M,u..iw 
 flbc .Iccmedto be the tniin.p:-! 
 .shall, Kubj.'ct t.. the dHlmti" • 
 ,pacc ap|.r..priat.'dt.. theciv a. 
 ule l,bcn.hledto the t.mn*'.. 
 ine.l aH aft.rexai.l. (Sr. •-■-.) 
 r Enaine Room i« Stmm<:n.-\'i 
 ,„.lle.l by -steam or ..ther I-jM 
 room, an allo^-a.ice sha • 
 paec oeeupied by the piV « 
 ,'„„u,ui.t so allowed shalliM- 
 „. i;r,pss tonnage of .the slup .■■ 
 resili.l, and the ivmaimlerslial !■• 
 ,e register t..imat;e or siu'h ^ I,;: 
 :li.,nHhallbecstuiiatod«.f"llo»- 
 
 s ships ,.r..peUed by pa.Ullc-vli.*l- 
 
 nn««e .If the space s.d.y.KC<|,* 
 
 rv tV.r the pr..i)er workiutf "t Hi 
 
 s.iu:^yi."i"-^«i-;r:/:i 
 
 cent. .. • the Kross toi.n. ge >. 
 Ktion shall be 37- loot ;s of; 
 andiushil'M^r-'P^'ll^-'!'',,^ 
 
 „„,.aKc of such ^i""^;;.' i;, ; 
 
 Milder '20 per cent, ot »"'•»!■' , i 
 ietL.mshallhe3-.'-100tto-'f^"'M 
 
 l,s all other ships tj.e a*';; 
 „„unissi.,iiers of Ci.sl"m» » , 
 ^;ree thereto, be esti.na d "' 
 ^uteitlK-rtheyorhen^ay^^ ,; 
 II reouire the space to M n '■•' , 
 "tU CBtimated. according^. I, 
 
 muasurement is so f J ' 
 Ilconsi8t«fthetom.a«eot j 
 
 lie 
 
 TONNAdK 
 
 Willi tile nilditi.ii) ill the .■nae .if Hhips pr»pelli>il by 
 iMil(ll<''\vh..'el.s of .>iie-half, and in the eai.' ni'sliipi 
 lircipelledby s.'rewi nf Ihrre iDiirihs .pt'tli.' tonnage 
 lit' -iii'h space ; ami the iiieiiiureimiil ami use .if 
 Mii'li space siiall be );uViTlR'd by the ridl.iwiii^ 
 riKNi/:— 
 
 I, Mi'/isiir.' the liieaii il.'ptii of the > >:ic.' frciiii 
 lis iriiwii to the .'.'iliiii; at th" limber strake, 
 
 iiicn-'iire also tliris", or, if ii s<iiry, iiinr. than 
 
 ihrt'c hri ii.Itlis iif tlie space ai the middle of its 
 ilcpllr, takiii»; on.' .>f such im'asiii'i'iiieiils at ea.'h 
 ijiil. iiid another at the middle of ilii> length; 
 i.iki' the mean of sii.di breadllis; mea^iir.' also th.' 
 mi'.iii leinjth of the spa.'.' bi'tw.'.'ii th.' for.'in.isi 
 iiii.l afl.Tiiiost bulkh.'ads .ir limits .it' its leii^lli, 
 excluding su.'li parts, if any, as are not a.'tiially 
 iiriu|iii'd by or ri'i|iiir.'d for the pr.iper w.irkin;^ 
 dl' till' machinery; multiply lo;{etlier lli.'sii tlirei' 
 illnii'ii^ions of leiiL;th, broailth, anil depth, and the 
 liri'iliu't will bo the (Uibi.^al .'ontents of the space 
 lii'li.w lli.M'rowii ; then llllil tlu' .ulii.'al .'oiitenls 
 lit' till' space or spa.'.'s, if any, al ove the cmwii 
 iifnrriiiiil, wliicli are frain.'.l in for the maihin.'ry 
 ,r I'ur the a.lmissinii of lii^ht and air, by niiilti- 
 lilyiiii: to(,'etli.'r the h'ti^th, .l.'ptli, and br.'a.ltli 
 ilnri'iif; ad.lsiich contents to the cubical .'onti-iits 
 if till' spai'c below the crown; divi.l.Mh.i sum by 
 jiiil; and the result shall be deem.'.l to bo th.' 
 Iniinau'e of the said spa.'c : 
 
 '.'. If in any ship in w lii.'h the spa.-.! afor.'siii.l 
 1. Ill lie ni.'asure.l the en^'iiies anil boilers are tltted 
 ill '..■ii.iral.' .■ompartin.'iits, the eo.itenls .>f each 
 ■iliall III' ineasur.d severally in like iniinn.'r. a.'- 
 1 riliiin to the above rules, and the sum of ilu'ir 
 «'vi'riil results shall be d.'eine.l to be the tonnage 
 111' till' sai.l space: 
 
 ;l. Ill tlie .'ase .if screw steamers in wlii.'li the 
 >|iari' nliiresaid is to be measnr.'.l, the contents .if 
 ilio slmft trunk shall be ad. led to and (l.'.'meil to 
 iTni part of such space, ami shall lie ascertained 
 iiy multiplying' tof,'ether th.; main length, breadlli, 
 aiiil(li'|.th of the trunk, mid .lividiii;; the product 
 l.y IDil ; 
 
 4, If in any ship in wlii.'h the space afnrosai.l 
 i. to 111' ni.'asure.l any ulteration be inado in 
 the li'iinth or cap.icitv .if such s|iace, or if any 
 caliins lie iitted in sn.'h space, such ship shall be 
 liirmed to be a idiip not reKistere.l until re- 
 iiii'asiirpnieiit : 
 
 J. If ill any ship in which the space af.ircsai.l 
 isti) 111' measured any piods .ir stores are stowed 
 iir cirrii'il in such space, the master and .iwiier 
 shall I'ai'li be liable to u penally not exceeding 
 
 m. (S'c. ■.'■(.) 
 
 0;wn SItilhi, Imii' Mcasund. — In ascertainini; the 
 t'liumtfc of open ships, the upper ediic of the upper 
 >trakc \i to form the bonnilary line .if measurement, 
 ami the depths shall be taken from an athwart- 
 sliip liiie, extending from upper edge to upper 
 filijcof the said strake at each division of the 
 lvni;tli. (.Sec. -'l.) 
 
 Tmniiqe and Xiimier iif Cvrtifiaiti'- tii In- carried 
 fiii.Vum Biaiii. — III .-very rejjist.jrc.l llriiish ship 
 tlio luimliir deiiotinii the reijist.'r t.innafje, as- 
 Mtaiiioil ns lurein-b.'fore direeti'd. and the number 
 fifhor ccrtilicateof ie;;istrv, shall be .leejily earvcd 
 nr otherwise perinaiiently marked <m h.T main 
 liiain, and shall he so continued ; an.l if it at any 
 liiiio eiase to be so continued, such ship shall n.) 
 luiiL'crk' rec.i;,'nised as a British ship. (Sec. 25.) 
 
 Tinnwie whfn once ascertained to be eve-r after 
 immd the Titniuuje. — Whenever the toiinafje of 
 any ship has liecn ascertained ami registered in 
 acciinlaiu'c with the provisions of this Act, the 
 sami'shall thenceforth be deemed t.i be the t.mnagc 
 "I'sucli ship, and be repeated in every subsequent 
 ri;;istry thereof, unless any alteration is made in 
 
 TOOLS 
 
 1 101 
 
 ih.i form or capacity of hii.-Ii itliip, or unless it U 
 dls.'o-.'i-.'d that 111.' tiiniiaKi' of siicli uliip his lii'.'n 
 err.ineonsly .'oinpiited , and in either of such 
 cases siii'li .ilii|i shall Im ri'iimasiired, ami licr 
 tiiiina);.' .lili'minied ard rt'Kisler.'.l a.'cordiiig to 
 till' rnli'S liiTiiii conlaimd. (See. '.'li.) 
 
 Uimiumiirnnent iif Slii/n n/riiidi/ reiimlirril. — 
 'Ilie rules for tlu' ini'asur.'iii.'iit of tonnage lurein 
 .'oiitaine.l shall nit maKe it in'i'issary to aller the 
 pr.'si'iit r.'gi-.ired Iniirmg.' of any llritish ship 
 registered before this A.'l .'11111.! into .ip.'rntion : 
 but if th.' iiivtrr of any sii.li ship .lesires to have 
 tu..' same renirasiired a.'i'ordiiig to sii.'h riil.'s, h.' 
 may apply to tlieCoiiiinis.iiiiiii'rsofCiistoiiis for the 
 purpose, and such I'omniis^ioii.'rs shall th.'r.'up.in, 
 ami .III payment of su.'h ri'iisoiialdi' .barge for 
 the expenses of r.'nieiisnremeiit, not .'X.'.'.'ding 
 till! sum of 7.1. {'ill. for ea.li traiisv.'rse s.'.'tion, as 
 tli.'v may autlioiis.<, direct siieh r.ni.asur.'inent 
 to be mad.', and sn.'h ship shall ther.'iipoii be 
 I'emeasurei' ae.'or.ling to such rules as afuresai.l, 
 I .ir a.'cor.ling to sii.'li of them as may be appli.'alile ; 
 I ami 111.! iiiimb.T demiting tli.' regist.'r tonnage 
 I shall be altere.l a.icorilingly . (S.'c, 27.) 
 
 /'(.M'cr III remeimure Hnijine Umims iinpriiperhl 
 
 ^e.rlendeit, — If it app.'ars to the ('omniissiiiii.'rs .if 
 
 I Customs that in any steam ship mcasiiri'd befor.- 
 
 ' this Act came into iiperation store rooms or coal 
 
 I bunkers liavi' been intnidiii'.'d into or tlimwii 
 
 across the .'iighie room, so that the d.'.lnction 
 
 from the tonnage .m account of the .'rtgiiie room 
 
 ; is larger than it ought to be, the sai.l ..oniinis- 
 
 j sinners may, if tli.'y think tit, dir.i-t such engine 
 
 \ room to be m.'asured aconling to the rules in 
 
 force before this Act coniei into opi'ration, ex- 
 
 I cln.ling the spa.'e neciipied by such stife rooms or 
 
 L'oal blinkers, nr may, if th.! owners so il.'siie, 
 
 I cause the ship to be reineasnre.l according to the 
 
 , rules hereinbefore .'ontaineil, an.l siibj.'.'t to the 
 
 I conditions contained in the last pre.'e.ling s.'.'timi ; 
 
 I and after r.'ineasnrement th. sai.l commissioners 
 
 I shall cause the ship to be register.'.l anew, or tlu' 
 
 registry thereof t.i be alt'^re.l, as the case may 
 
 reipiire. (Sec. iM.) 
 
 Oflicem may Ite n/ipointed and Ueynlatiini* made 
 far Measiirementof Shifts. — '1 he Commi.ssioners of 
 Ciist.iins may, with the sanction of the Treasury, 
 app.iint such persons to sn|ieriiiteml the survey 
 and admcasurenient of ships as they iliink tit; 
 an.l may, with the approval of the Ituard of 
 Tra.le, make such roguhiti.m.s f.ir that purpose as 
 may be ne.'essary; an.l als.i. with the like ap- 
 jiruval, make such mo.lilicati.ins and alterations 
 as from time to time becoiiio necessary, in the 
 tonnage rules hereby |ir.'scrib.'d, in order to th.' 
 more accurate an.l uniform application thereot', 
 anil the ell'.'ctual carrviiig out of the principle of 
 admeasnrenieiit therein a.iopteil. (.Sec. 29.) 
 
 TOOLS AM) MACHINKS. Under this de- 
 signation are comprise.l all s.irts .if instruments 
 einphiyed to assist in the performance of any 
 nnd.Ttaking, from the rudest and simplest to the 
 most improvcil an.l complex. Hut we only men- 
 tion them here for the purpose of making one or 
 tw.i remarks on the restrictions to which the 
 trade in them was till a comparatively recent 
 period subjected. 
 
 Importation and Kxpitrtation of Tools and Ma- 
 chines. — Tools and machines being instruments of 
 production, it is obviously of tlie utmost im- 
 portance that they should "bo as much improved 
 as possible; and hence the expodieiicy of allowing 
 their free importation. Their exclusion, or the 
 exclusion of the articles of which they are mc.le, 
 would obviously lay every branch of indu .try 
 carrie.l on in a nation less advarced than ctliors 
 in their manufacture, under the most soriouj 
 
 .itL 
 
 i-^i 
 
•« I 
 
 1402 
 
 TOPAZ 
 
 ; . 
 
 
 <■•■< 
 
 V* 
 
 ■ ^' <ai\ 
 
 (Hsndvnntnpos, And supposing the iniplotnoiits 
 it ciiiijloyt'il to lir HUiH'rior to those of other 
 countries wlion Mic exclusion took phicc, tlic 
 absence of foreiicii ('ompetition, and of the enui- 
 Intiou which it inspires, would moat probnhly. in 
 n very Rhort time, oeension the loss of tlii- 
 superiority The injury nrisinff from tlie jim- 
 hibitidh of most otlier nrticlca is comparntively 
 iimitcd, nflectinn only the producers and cum- 
 sumers of those that lire prohibited. But ii jiro- 
 hibition of machines strikes at the root of every 
 species of industry : it is not injurious to one, or a 
 few branches, but to ell. 
 
 The question wlietlier the exportation of nia- 
 cliincry oufjht to be free, is not so easy of sohi'ion. 
 It is the duty of a nation to avail itself of every 
 fair means for its own aggrandisement; and sup- 
 posing the niachinerv belonging to any partieidar 
 people were decidedly superior to tiiat employed 
 by their neighbours, and that they had it in tlieir 
 power to preserve this advantage, their generosity 
 would certainly outrun their sense, were they to 
 communicate? tlieir improved nif.cliiiiery to others. 
 We do not, however, believe that it is jmssible, 
 whatever measures may bo adopted in \bat view, 
 for one country to monopolise, for any eonsiderabh? 
 poriod, any material improvement in maehl'iery 
 or the arts : and on this ground we thiuk tliat the 
 former restraints on the exportation of inacliiner\- 
 were wisely abolished. Drawings and models of 
 all sorts ormaehines used in Manclie?lcr,(ilasgow, 
 and Itirmingham, were always to be found in 
 most parts of the Continent ; and at Kouen, Paris, 
 «S:c., numbers of the best English workmen were 
 employed in the manufacture of prohibited ma- 
 chines". And it did certainly appear not a little 
 preposterous to prevent the exportation of a 
 machine, at the same time that we allowed (it 
 coidd not, indeed, be prevented) the free egress of 
 the workmen by wliom it was made. The etl'ect 
 of this policy was not to secure a monopoly of 
 improvi;l machines for the m.tnufactures of Eng- 
 land, but to occasion the emigration of English 
 artizans to the Continent, and the establishment 
 thereof machine manufactories under their super- 
 ii tendence. The prejudice that arose from this 
 state of things to the interests of England, is too 
 obvious to require being pointed out. It is plain, 
 therefore, that sound policy dictated that the 
 exportation of all sorts of machinery should bo 
 allowed on payment of a moderate duty. And 
 this policy was at length adopte 1 in the Act G it 7 
 Vict. c. 84, which repealed the restraints prc- 
 I'iously imposea on the exportation of machiner}'. 
 A policy of this sort affords a much more elKcient 
 encouragement to our manufactures tlian they 
 hitherto enjoyed ; for while it lessens the tempta- 
 tion to our artizans to emigrate, it helps to make 
 England the grand seat of the tool as well as of 
 the cotton manufacture. The total declared 
 value of the machiner\'' and mill-work exi)orted 
 in 1867 amounted to 2,737,057/., and that of tools 
 and implemeiits of industrj-, including agricul- 
 tural (154,403/.), to 208,067/. 
 
 TOPAZ (Gcr. topas ; Fr. topazo : Ital. to- 
 pazio; Span, topacio; Kuss. topas). The luinic 
 topaz has been restricted by M. Hr'\v to the 
 .stones called by mineralogists Occidental rnby, 
 topaz, and sapphire ; whieii, agreeing in their 
 crystallisation and most of tlieir properties, 
 were arranged under one sj^ecies by M. IJorae' 
 do Li.sle. 
 
 The word topaz, derived from an islam' in the 
 Eed Sea, where the ancients used to tind topazes, 
 was applied by them to a mineral very dill'orent 
 from ours. One variety of our topaz they de- 
 nominated Chrysolite, Colour, wine yellow. From 
 
 pale wine yellow it passes into yellowish whil 
 greenish white, mountain green, sky blue : fm 
 (U^ep wine yellow into flesh red anil crimson re 
 (Specific gravity from 3'464 to3'(iH. (Tlionis.in 
 Clicmiatri/.) 
 
 ' Vfl/oir Topaz, — In speaking of the topaz, 
 gi .\ of a beautiliil yellow co'oiir is always \\w\v\ 
 stood; it is wine yellow of ditl'ereiu degrees i 
 intensity; and the fuller and dee|)er the tiiip 
 the n'.orc the stone is esteemed. In liardneMj 
 yields to the spinelle. (Mawo On lHawnml.i.) 
 
 The yellow sapphire or oriental tiipai-. Is o 
 very little value m commerce. (Eiuaiuicl Oi 
 Diamonds &t.) 
 
 ' There are few gems more universal favonrii(« 
 than the yellow topaz, when perfect: llip rid 
 warm tone of its colour, the, vivacity of its liistK 
 (which it retains even by the side of the diaimmil), 
 and its large size, compared with many dtjiprsi 
 are characters which deservedly entitle it to di*. 
 tinefion ; it hears according!}' a high priicvjcn 
 of good ((uality. 
 
 ' It is cliielly employed for necklaces. eiir-ilni|i-. 
 
 ! bracelets &c.. in suit. No little skill and t,ii-te arc 
 
 ! required in cutting and duly proportioniiif; llm 
 
 j gem ; the table should be perfect»;i' symmctrlcil, 
 
 and not too large; the bizel of sutiieieiit depth, 
 
 and the collet side should be formed in ilfiicato 
 
 steps. It work.", easily on the mill, and the 
 
 lanidaries are in general tolerably w"ll acquiiimc] 
 
 AviHi it; yet it is uncommon to meet with one 
 
 well cut, 
 
 ' The yellow topa;! varies in price nceordliie \<\ 
 its beauty and perfection. A superlatively tine 
 SI ( me, perfect in C(dour and worknianshi]!, sulH- 
 eieiitly large for an armlet, orany otheroriKiinoiit, 
 weighing nearly Ml* carats, was sold for lOn/. 
 
 ' Topazes hava become more common since our 
 inteiconrse with lirazil ; eonse(|iiemly thiv arc 
 less in demand, and lower in price. (JI;i«i> On 
 Diamonds.) 
 
 They are not now in vogue as tlicy were J" 
 years ago, and u fine stone can at present ho had 
 i'or a few shillings. (Emanuel On Diamnnds.) 
 
 ' PinkTojiaz. — This is made from the br(»inish 
 yellow, which, when jf intense colour, s put inl" 
 the bowl of a cobacco pipe or siniiU crucible, 
 covered with ashes or sand ; on the applicatirai 
 of a low degree of heat, it changes its coIoit 
 from a yellow to a beautiful pink. This is fr- 
 formed with little hazard ; and if the coimr 
 produced hajipens to be fine, the price is iiiucl 
 augmented. 
 
 • ]{vl 2'()/x/z.— This beautiful gem, which vcr? 
 seldom occurs naturally, is of a fine crim«"ii 
 colour, tinged with a rich brown ; it is extremily 
 rare, and generally taken to be a variety "t'rubv, 
 for whxh I have seen it offered for sale. Its pricf. 
 from its scarcity, is quite capricious ; it has an 
 exquisite pleas' "g colour, very difierent from tlio 
 glare of the art)... jial pink topaz. 
 
 ' Bine Topaz. — It is also a beautiful gem, of a 
 fine celestial blue colour. It has occurred of con- 
 si<Ierable magnitude ; the finest specimen known, 
 I brought in the rough from Brazil ; (vhen cut and 
 polished, it weighed about \\ oz. Smaller fp"- 
 cir.iens are not uncommon, .indAvhcn light-colourd 
 are often taken for aqua-marinas, from which thrv 
 may alwaj'.s he distinguished by tlieir f:ri\', 
 weight and hardness &c. 
 
 White 2'o/)ar— is familiarly called ,VintM-V»w- 
 It is a beautiful pellucid gem, and is used f"r 
 bracelets, necklaces Ac. It possesses prcitir 
 brilliancy than crystal; and from its hardnc^N 
 has been .ised to cover paste &c., and to tonii 
 doublets.' (Mawe On Diamonds Sec, .nd ed. 
 p, 108-112.) 
 
, pnsscs into vpUowisli wliito, 
 iiitnin t;rPoii."»Uy l>liio : frm 
 it(. flesh rod ami crimson n>il. 
 n 3-464 to 3(!H. (Tliomson, 
 
 -In si)0!iUin,t; i>f tlio toimz. a 
 .-ellow fo'our is iil\v!i\ s mulir- 
 vc'liow of ililli-rrnt dc^'rop* oi 
 ' fuller nnd deeper tlie tiiipo. 
 is psteenied. In liardiics* i' 
 Ic. (Mnwo On lHwrninih.) 
 nhirc or oriental toiiaz is if 
 In commerce. (Einani.cl (h 
 
 'eniB more universal favnuriif* 
 'opaz, when perfect: the ri,h 
 lolour, the, vivacity of its liwrc 
 venby the side of the dianioiult, 
 compared with many others, 
 lich deservedly entitle it h< lii-- 
 accordingly a high pri^ o v'.icn 
 
 iploved for necklaces, ciii-diPi -. 
 it. ' No little skill and t.-Mc :ir. 
 " and dulv proportionint; Ihis 
 iTouhl bo perfectly synimctrioal, 
 ■: thcbizel of sutncient cli|)th, 
 Ic .should be formed in clcliciti 
 casilv on the mill, and the 
 icnernl tolerably w"ll aciiuaintcl 
 s uncommon to meet with one 
 
 ipa;: varies in price accnrdln? t.> 
 lerfcction. A superlatively liin' 
 cidour and workmaiisliiii, siilli- 
 \n aiiulct, or any other oriianiont. 
 8I> carats, was sold for 10i>/. 
 become more common since oiir 
 15ra/.il ; conseiiuenlly tlirv »' 
 and lower in price. (Miiwo On 
 
 now in vogue as theywcw:" 
 fine stone can at present l)i' li*! 
 [js. (Emanuel On Dltimmuh^ 
 -This is made from the bnnvnisti 
 •hen jf intense colour, .sputiut.^ 
 tobacco pipe or small crucible, 
 lies or sand ; on the application 
 c of heat, it cliaugcs its colour 
 o a beautiful pink. Tliisisi'ir- 
 ttle hazard ; and if tlio cul-m 
 ns to be t'.ne, the price is imict 
 
 —This beautiful gem, which ver; 
 naturallv, is of a line cnrn'^^n 
 •ith a rich brown; it is cxtromil} 
 llv taken to be a variety ot ruhy, 
 c "aeen it offered for sale. Its pncc 
 V, la quite capricious ; it has an 
 *-l colour, very diftercnt from the 
 .lial pink topaz. 
 —It is also a beantifulpem. of .i 
 ie colour. It has occurred of con- 
 tude; the finest spcciniea know, 
 f. rough from Brazil ;<vhcn cut ,i«^ 
 
 ighed about H oz. Smaller sf- 
 fcomn,on,andwhenlisht-comud! 
 
 for aqua-marinas, from which tn ) 
 e distinguished by tlicir pr^^K' 
 
 r-is familiarly called .1/in'«>f;!; 
 .1 pellucid Bern. am;s '..d£ , 
 
 laces &c. " P°*^'.f ,,L„c.i, 
 crystal ; and from Its .,^;, 
 
 to cover paste «^<'- «;" . "j ^,1. 
 ftwc On Diamonds kc, -nu 
 
 TORTOLSESHELL 
 
 TOnTOISESIIELL (Fr.ecaillodc tortue; Itnl, 
 pc.ngl'ii di tartaruga ; (Jor. .schildpatt ; Malay, si»ik 
 ku.id.iins, The brown and yellow acalesOf the 
 Tesliiilo imhricata, or tortoise, a native of the 
 tropical seas. It i.s extensively used in the 
 nianufacturo of combs, snuff-boxes &c., and in 
 inlaying and othci- ornamental wcrk. 
 
 Till' b( <t tortoiseshell is that of the Indian 
 Ar^'liipi !ago ; and tlie ilncst of tl'is quarter is 
 .ibiaiiioil on the shores oi the Spice Islands and 
 Xcw (iiiinca. Under the name East Indian, a 
 ;.'rcat deal of inferior .ihell is imported, brouglit 
 FroPi various parts of the P^ast Indies. The good- 
 ncs:^ of tortoiseshell depends mainl}- on the thick- 
 ness and size of the scales, and in a smaller degree 
 1,11 the clearness and brilliancy of the colours, 
 llel'orc the opening of the British intercourse with 
 India, the greater part of the tortoiseshell which 
 ivontually found its way to Europe, was tir.st 
 riirricd to Canton, which then formed the i)rinci|)al 
 mart for the commodity. It is still an article 
 lit" trade from that city ; but the imports and 
 fxiiorts are inconsiderable, Singapore being now 
 tlic chief mart for tiiis article. Ps price at the 
 latter varies from 750 and 900 from 1,000 
 to l,GflO dollars per picul, accord: '^ to quality. 
 (Crawford's Indian Archipelago; Singapore 
 Chronicle ; Canton Register.) 
 
 Exclusive of 4,507 lb. of tnrtleshell, the im- 
 ports of tortoiseshell in 1867 amounted to 34,82,") 
 "lb., valued at 21,257/, ; and the rr-exports to 
 2.5,576 "lb., of the value of lb,bCOl. Duty re- 
 pealed in 1843. 
 
 TOYS (Ger. spielzcug, spiclsachcn ; Dutch, 
 spcelgoed ; Fr. jouets, bimbelot.-, ; Ital. trastuUi ; 
 Span, dijes, juguctcs do uifios ; Kuss. igrushki) 
 include every trilling article made expressly for 
 the amusement of children. 
 
 H.w frivolous soever those articles may appear 
 in the estimation of superficial observers, their 
 manufacture employs hundreds of hands, and 
 !;i\es bread to man}' families in London, Birming- 
 ham &c. The greatness of the demand for tlicin 
 itay he inferred from the fact, that a manu- 
 f.ieturcr of glaus bead.s, and articles of that de- 
 scription, has received a single order for 500/. 
 worth of dolls' eyes. {Fourth Report, Artisans 
 awl Muckinery, p. 314.) Oonsiderablo 'luantitics 
 are also imported from Holland ; which sup- 
 plies us witli several sorts of wooden toys on 
 more reasonable terms than wo can atlbrd to 
 pruduce them. But of late years ;heso have 
 iicen made in greater abundance in England 
 than fonnerly. 
 
 In ISOG, the value of the foreign toys imported 
 was 190,(151/., imd the value of the toys exiiortcd 
 was 74,770'. In 1853 the duty of 10 per cunt, ad 
 valorem was repealed, and subsequently the duty 
 was reiiealed. 
 
 'ill.\l)i;. Under this head wo annex two 
 t.".l)Us, the information in which was not avail- 
 able at the time the article Co.mjieuck pas^jd 
 tliTiugh the press. 
 
 .Iffount showing the Value of the Imports and 
 Exports of the United States of America in 
 
 18C7, 
 
 TRANSIT 140,3 
 
 Account of the Total V<:luc of Imports for Homo 
 Consvmptinn into France and of F.r/i(irts of 
 Domestic Produce of i'rance in IHC)~ nnd IStl.S, 
 and of the Value of Imports into nnd F.rjiorl.i 
 of Bullion aid Specie from. Austria in lHi;7 
 nnd 1868. 
 
 I 
 
 1SC7 
 
 U.siTn) SrATa%, 
 Value of imiHjrt* 
 Bullion aniUiief if 
 j iti,! 
 
 I Ofwhii-h- 
 Entttetl for liome r onuumvtion 
 til wart'tiiiuiiL' - 
 
 Value of exiwrts 
 Bullion mill i)iei-ic 
 Toihl 
 
 ; .loHarst 
 
 I .■i'i7.<Pl.-.,lll 
 
 I io,;iii,.-ioi 
 
 ~378,«a'J,'.H:. 
 
 2is,i.ii,n:9 
 _in'i,i'.is,3.-.'.i 
 
 ."iPT.IO-.SS'. 
 _C,.,'.)!I1,117S 
 
 ~4C,",:'!)s.»(n 
 
 KllAVrr', 
 V.i'uc nf ini|inrts I'lilert-il for lioine 
 
 ('iinsliril|llioI), I'K Hpucib 
 Kiilliiiii null slifciu 
 Total 
 
 Value of cx|>oits of ilomc^lit' pro. 
 
 ilore- 
 Hull im and hpecic 
 Total 
 AcsrrtiA. 
 V.iliu' of imports of Imllion ,iii,l 
 
 siit'cie 
 \ -ilne'.fL'xports of do. - 
 
 [COM.MERCE ; hllMmi'S AND E.WOUTS.] 
 
 TUADE MAKK.S. In consequence ot the frau- 
 dulent use of names of well-known nianufacturi'rs 
 or their recognised marks of merchandise for the 
 purpose of vending spurious and inferior ai tides, 
 the Act 25 & 26 Vict. c. 88 was pas.sod in 18(;2. 
 For its provisions, see Copyuight, 
 
 TKAGACAN'TII. A species of gum the produce 
 of the Astragalus Tragacantha, a thorny shrub 
 growing in I'ersia, Crete, and tlie islands of the 
 Levant. 
 
 It exudes about the end of Juno from the si:em 
 and larger branches, and .soon dies in tlip sun. It 
 is inodorous ; impressing a very slit^htly bitter 
 taste as it softens in the rnouth. It has a" whitish 
 colour; is semitranspaicnt; and in very tl.in, 
 wrinkled, vermiform pieces ; it is brittle, but not 
 casilj- pulverised, except in frosty weather, or in 
 a warmed mortar. It should be chosen in long 
 twisted pieces, white, very clear, and free from 
 all other colours ; the brovri, and particularly the 
 black pieces, should be wholly rejected. (Dr. A. 
 T. Thomson's Dispensatory ; Milbi'rn's Orient. 
 Com.) In 18Gt;, ()!)8 cwt. tr.agacanth were im- 
 liorted. Duty repealed in 1840. 
 
 TRANSIT. The foUowing arc our existing 
 customs regulations as to the treatment of goods 
 in transit : — 
 
 (ioods for exportation in transit must be im- 
 ported as merchandise, in packages of legal size 
 and in vessels of legal tonnage ; and must be so 
 reported in the ship's inward report, which must 
 idso specify the description of the goods. 
 
 The exporter is to enter into transhipment 
 bond and pass a shipping bill, nhich should 
 contain full particulars of th" goods ; he will 
 then obtain an order tor the delivery of the 
 goods from the importing ves.sel, and a prick- 
 ing note for the shipment on board the export 
 vessel. 
 
 The goods, on delivery from the importing 
 vessel, must be conveyed to the exporting vessid 
 bv licensed lightermen (unless the vessels be 
 alongside, to the searcher on the station where 
 the export vessel is lying, within 24 hours in 
 London, ai'.d 12 hours at the outports; otherwise 
 the goods to bo subject to a more extended ex- 
 amination), and in "charge of an otlicer at the 
 exporter's expense. 
 
 TranshipniPiits are not allowed to proceed 
 after dark (excepting I\v permissiim of the 
 inspector-general, in casts of real iicccssity), 
 nor to take jdace in the river below Deptford 
 Creek. 
 
 In order that lighters may not be made Uoating 
 warehouses, spirits, wines, tea, and tobacco must 
 be shipjied within three days, and other goods 
 v.ithin si.r davs fvom the time of delivery 
 
 ! \ 
 
 : ' } 
 
 li' 
 •- 1 
 
 • 1' 
 
 illihi. 
 
 ■ i ;' 
 
 ' 1„. 
 ( :i 1 1 
 

 i > 
 
 
 ^-; 
 
 1 10 1 TRANSIT 
 
 Stum I he import iiif; vosai'l, but tliis tiiiu" may 
 lie cxti'iidi'tl ill cuHC tlii'j' liuve been unavoidably 
 shut out. 
 
 The otlicers of customs may make an exami- 
 nation sutlittiuiit to Hatisiy llitMnscIvi's of tln' in- 
 ti';,'rify of the transaclion. 
 
 (■oiKlswIiicii liavt been laiidt'd from tlic import 
 «liip. cxci'pt tlicy liavi' liein landoil in tlie transit 
 ulii'ils, cannot be cxporli'ii umliT tlio transiiip- 
 nunt rif;ulaiions. At ports whuro lij^iitcrs arc 
 IK t in use, and i;oods in transit arc iievessiiiil!/ 
 cotivoyt'd by cart or van, a I'art-I'ollowcr must 
 \iv sent in charge of t/ic goods, at lin' exporter's 
 «'xpeusf. 
 
 SaniploH of ancli goods as arc usiiall-- sold l)y 
 tiamjile, in transit may be drawn by ptrmis.^ion 
 ot tbi' surveyor, and under llu^ supervision of the 
 4 xamining otlicer, eitlier on Ixiard tlie import sliip 
 or alongside tbo import or export vessel, on pay- 
 ment (if dutiable goods) of the duly, if it exceed 
 Is. ill amount, but one sample only of each mark 
 is allowed to be taken. 
 
 Corn may be transliipjied at ports to whieli the 
 general transhipment regulations do not extend, 
 under similar refdations. 
 
 Transhipment of arms anil ammunition, not 
 allowed to thv British pos.sessions in Ameriea, 
 the Mauritius, or Cape of (lood Hope* 
 
 A (lupli<'ate shippini; bill is to be furnished 
 to the proper olHct'r at the port at which goods 
 may be entered for exportation, in transit to the 
 JSritish possessions. 
 
 These regulations are at present apidicabic 
 only to the ports of London, Liverpool, Hull, 
 J^outbampton, lllasgow, Goole, Grimsby, New- 
 liaveii, I'oole, and Newcastle, but at the latter 
 lilace it is restricted to vessels lying alongside 
 e.iih other. 
 
 The total value of the articles transliippcd in 
 IXfiT is estimated in the lioard of Trade returns 
 ."it t!,Gi')5,.')27/. 
 
 The following extract of a letter of March 7, 
 18(17, of the Director-tieneral of (Uistoms &c., 
 with relative statement, shows the re,';ulation 
 adopted by t'rance with regard to direct transit. 
 
 'The obligation of direct transit, stipulated in 
 our various treaties of commerce, has lost much of 
 iis importance, since the advantages of the Con- 
 ventional Tariff have been extended to the 
 majority of the European Towers, and we are 
 .able ut this moment to depart, without real incon- 
 venience, from the rigour of the laws established 
 in this respect. Commencing from the time of 
 the receipt of this letter, the obligation of direct 
 transit shall be applied, in the case of men'handise 
 mentioned in the Conventional Tariff, only in the 
 <'asi' of those articles designated by name jn the 
 <itateinent below. 
 
 • I'll is >])ecial category of goods will also be freed 
 from the above restriction, whenever they liave 
 been brought by land, or l)y means of internal 
 navigation froi.i the place of their origin t.) the 
 place of their arriv.nl in France, and liave not 
 been carried by .sea during any part of their 
 transit. 
 
 '.Statement of the articles which remain subject 
 to the obligation of direct transit, with the ex- 
 ception of importations from the country of origin 
 into France by land or by means of internal navi- 
 gation ■without any sea transit. 
 Sugar. 
 
 Molasses, not intended for distillation. 
 Skins, nn])reparcd. 
 Wool in mass. 
 
 Jlorse-hair, unprepared, prepared, or crisped. 
 Wax, unprepared. 
 4irease, other than of tish. 
 
 T R E ATI ES (COMM ERCL\ L) 
 
 Scouring from skins. 
 
 Hones and hoofs of cattle, unpr.|>nrej 
 calcinated. 
 
 Horns of cattle, unprepared. 
 
 liice with the straw. 
 
 I'aste uf Italy (macaroni, vermicelli &c.) 
 
 Fruits fur making oil. 
 
 IJosins. 
 
 Anise, unripe. 
 
 (irains for making oil. 
 
 Oil of every kind, not denominated. 
 
 IJoots, herbs, tlower.s, luavus, and bark, d 
 medicine, not denomiuated. 
 
 ("ork of every kind. 
 
 Dyeing wood grounded. 
 
 Itushes and osiers. 
 
 Cotton plant. 
 
 Oleic acid. 
 
 I'otash. 
 
 'I'artar, unprepared. 
 
 C.'irbonatc of potash. 
 
 Oil of schist, or petroleum, relined. 
 
 .Silk crape, plain, embroidered, or workcil.' 
 
 TUKATIFS (COMMERCIAL). I!y a coiji. 
 mcrcial treaty is meant a treaty between iwii 
 independent nations, for facilitating, ami nio*t 
 commonly, also, regulating the connnorce carrieii 
 on between them. 
 
 Oritjin, Objects, and PoUcynf modern Cummerm! 
 Treaties, — During the middle ages, ami iliran, 
 indeed, to a comparatively recent period, fdrel-iKr* 
 resi.lent in a country, whether for comuicrral or 
 other purposes, were, for the most part, sulijet: tii 
 very harsh treatment. At one time, it was usual 
 in Ijigland to make aliens liable for the debts anJ 
 crimes of each other; and the practice, fornierlv 
 so common, of laying heavier duties on the pujii 
 imported and exported by aliens than by lirilWi 
 subjects, i- n.jt even yet, we grieve to say, alic>- 
 gether abiuidoned. In France, and ."iine otlier 
 countries, during the 14th and loth centuries a 
 stranger was inca|)al)lc of beriueathiufc |mi|HTty 
 by will ; and the whole of his ])ersonal as \w" 
 real estate, feil, at his <leath, to the kin;,' or ilk' 
 lord of the barony. This barbarous law \n* 
 known by the name of Drnit d'AulMiine, and n^ 
 not completely abolished in France till a vmlate 
 period. (Robertson's Charles I", vol. i, note '.'!),) 
 I'reviously to last century, the laws with respect 
 to shipwreck, though intinitely more humane than 
 they had been at a more remote period, «cre 
 calculated rather to promote the interest eft' 
 sovereign of the countrj-, or the feudal lorils ou 
 whose territories shipwrecked vessels nii);ht 1« 
 thrown, than those of the unfortunate owners or 
 survivors. [Wkkck. ] The practice of coniisi- 
 ting shipwrecked ])roperty continued in Franc 
 till 1 OH 1, .when it was abolished by an edict' 
 Louis XIV. It W.1S at one time comnwii i;i 
 (iernianv, to use the words of M. Houchainl.'ji 
 les pre'dicateurs de prier Dieu en chnire, qu'il 
 fasse bien des naufragcs sur leurs cotes I ' {Tli'uni 
 des Trades de Commerce, |1. IIS.) And the fact. 
 that the celebrated jurist Thomasius wruie i 
 dissertation in defence of such pr.'iyers, alliirds i 
 possible, a still more striking proof of the spiri'i: 
 t he period. The most serious obstacles were lb»i:. 
 also, oppo.scd, by the prevalent iiisccuiity, aiiJ 
 the arbitrary nature of the tolls which the U'\ 
 were in the habit of exacting, to the lr;m>i 
 commodities through the territories of ocs ^tatf 
 to ihosc of another. 
 
 I'nder such circumstances, it became of niiif» 
 imiiortance for commercial states to endeavour t' 
 obtain, by means of treaties, that proleclimi aiK 
 sei'uritv "for the iicrsons and |)ro|)erties of iwij 
 subject's, when abroad, against unjust treanwnt 
 
(COMMEllClAli) 
 
 ""of cailli', iiiiiir> pni-vcl 
 
 ii|)rci)f»rcil. 
 
 i\v. . u- ( \ 
 
 iicaroiii, vrnmo'Ui J;c.) 
 
 ; oil. 
 
 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL) 
 
 1405 
 
 K' 
 
 >il. 
 
 , not ilfnoiuinatcil. 
 )Wfrs, leavus, ami 
 li'iioiiiiuatcd. 
 
 liark. 1 ; 
 
 nd. 
 Dundcil. 
 
 r.-<. 
 
 red. 
 
 tanli. . , 
 
 netroleiini, rotuied. 
 
 1 embrouleri'd, or workwl. 
 j'oMMEUCIAL). l!y a coin- 
 meant IX treaty bctweiMi l«. 
 ons, for facilitiitiiij;, ami mi.-i 
 •egulttting the commerce cartel 
 
 an J Policy of nmhrn Ci'mimM 
 Lr the niiddie at;es, and A»m. 
 I'lralivelv recent venoil, tnai-ikr. 
 Mtrv, whether for coniunTOial or 
 .-ere for the most part, subject !o 
 mcut At one time, it waM»i 
 nke aliens liable for the dobtsaii'l 
 iither; and the practice, lornkny 
 ivint; heavier duties o\\\\wj.^'A- 
 :ported bv aliens than by linn-li 
 even vet; we grieve to say, at. - 
 ed ill France, and foiiie wlw 
 ,/tho nth nn<l loth ciMitumv 
 .callable of bequeathiii;; l.nfeny 
 c whole of his personal (IS iv.U »• 
 
 at his death, to the kinj; -r ilio 
 ronv This barbarous law «i- 
 
 'abolished in France till a vcrj 
 
 hsons Charks T. vol. i. note J. 
 
 ,st century, the laws will. ro>l^^ 
 
 ,„„,rhinfmitelv more humane than 
 
 at a more remote period, i«re 
 
 T to promote the interest . t 
 ,ecoiintry,orthe.eud«lor 
 
 .9 shipwrecked vessels mis,bt K 
 
 ,oseo^he«nfortu..lteown 
 ruKCK.] The practice occ* 
 
 ed pmiH-rty eontinued m 1 ». 
 rit wis abolished by .™ e. 
 
 It was at one time '(mum'" ' 
 cthewor.lsofM.lV>»cl.a'"l.,l- 
 
 . de prier Dieu en .'^'"^ ?- ^' ^^^ 
 |.aufr^ess«rleursco.o n-M 
 
 Irated jurist Th.miasms m e . 
 Xlenc^-fsuchprayensag. I 
 Imore striking pivot of 1.;^'^^^^^^^ 
 le most serious obstacles >\cuu 
 I'bv the prevalent msccuiuv*^ 
 ,a,\ire of the tolls wh '. 
 iabit of exacting tot 1-^'^^^ 
 
 .rough the territories otoL." I 
 
 '''"■''"• L „o it- bec-inic of uiiiol' I 
 '='■■'"'"' •alstaso'emloav.nt.o 
 
 r of' reSe:; Xt prot^-i;,- 
 
 :^ persons and pn^g;«;i 
 abroad, agamst unjust 
 
 find vexations exactions, which they could not 
 
 Imve obtained from the laws of tlic co"i,tries in 
 
 wliicli they miglit happen to reside. Thus, it 
 
 ivas sti|iulated by Kdward II.. in 132.">, that the 
 
 raerciiaiits and mariners of Venice should have 
 
 Miiwer to come to England for 10 years, with 
 
 lilrrtv to sell their merchandise and to return 
 
 liiiui ' in safety, ' without Imvinij lithtr Iheir persons 
 
 ,,r (idiiil.i !it(>i>/>i'<l on account of other people's crimes 
 
 or'ihlila.' (Anderson, anno i;t2.").) The com- 
 
 Miircial treaties negotiated during the loth, IGtIi, 
 
 mill I'lh centuries, are full of similar conditions ; 
 
 ;iiiil llicre can be no doubt that by providing for 
 
 ilie security of merchants and seamen when 
 
 abroail, an<l suspending, with respect to them, the 
 
 liarbarmis laws siid practices then in force, they 
 
 iiiutributed materially to accelerate the progress 
 
 „f C"iiinierce and civilisation, 
 
 Oiinmercial treaties were also negotiated at a 
 verv early period for the regnlatioii of neutral 
 conimcrcediiring war ; and for defining the art icles 
 that should be deemed contraband, or which it 
 shuulil not be lawful for neutral ships to convey or 
 carry to either belligerent. These arc obviously 
 iiiiiiits that can only be decided by e-,press stipu- 
 lations. There is a good collection of treaties as 
 to this point, in the appendix to the excellent 
 work of Limpredi, Del Commercio tie'' Fopoli 
 
 Xtutrilli. I CO.VTKABAND.] 
 
 Instcid, however, of confining commercial trea- 
 ties to their legitimate and proper purposes — the 
 «c('iiriiy of merchnnts and navigators, and the 
 facility of commercial transactions — they very 
 •oon iiegau to be employed as engines for pro- 
 miitinf; llie commerce of one country at the ex- 
 linse of another. For more than two centuries. 
 tliosc engaged in framing commercial treatie) 
 have iiriiicipally employed themselves to secure, 
 (itlier by force or address, some exclusive advaii- 
 t,i(;e ill 'avour of the ships and products of their 
 particular countries. Ilenco these compacts are 
 full of regulations as to the duties to be charged 
 I'll certain articles, and the privileges to be en- 
 juveil by certain ships, according as they were 
 cither produced by or belonged to particular coun- 
 tries. It was in the adjustment of these duties 
 and regulations that the skill of the negotiator 
 was I licHy |>ut to the test. It was e.ipected that 
 he should be thoroughly acquainted with the 
 state of every branch of industry, both in his own 
 counirj- and in the country witli wiiich he was 
 negotiating; and he was to endeavour so to 
 adjust the t.iriff of duties, that those branches in 
 which liis own country was deficient might be 
 knelited, and those in wliich the other was 
 ,-uperior might be depressed. The idea of coii- 
 liiicting a negotiation of this sort on a fair principle 
 (if reciprocity is of vcrj- late origin : success in 
 fircumventiiig, in ovcr-roaching, or in extorting 
 from fear or ignorance some oppressive, but at the 
 same time worthless privilege, was long esteemed 
 the only proof of superior talent in negotiators. 
 
 In an able tract, attributed to Mr. Eden, after- 
 wards Lord Auckland, published in 1787 (Historiral 
 mid Political Remarks on the Tariff of tht: French 
 Treaty), there i& the following* outline of the 
 iiualiiications necessary to the negotiator of a 
 cummercial trc'ity : ' Besides a general knowledge 
 it the trade and reciprocal inierests of tlie coii- 
 tractinf; parties, he oaght to be precisely ac- 
 iiuaiiited with their several kinds of industry and 
 *kil!, to discover their wants, to calculate' their 
 rtsources, and to weign 'vith nicety the state of 
 their finances, iind the proportionate interest of 
 their money ; nay, further, he should be able to 
 wertain the comparative population and strength 
 of each country, together with the price .and 
 
 quality both of first materials, and also of fho 
 labour bestowed upon them: for this purposi, he 
 shoiilil en(|uirc into the operations of every clasi* 
 of merchants and manufacturers concerned in tli<- 
 trade; should consult their expectations on each 
 of its several branches; and collect their hopes 
 and fears on the effect of such a commercial revo- 
 lution on the competition of rival nations. A 
 good treaty of commerce, independent of the art 
 of negi.tiation, is pronounced, by one wlio well 
 knew the extent and diflicult.y of the subject, to 
 be a " mastcrj)iece of skill." ' (P. lO.) 
 
 Had Mr. Eden concluding by stating, that no 
 indivi<lual, or number of individuals, ever pos- 
 sessed, or ever would jiossess, the various (lualifi- 
 cations which in his estimation were re(piired in 
 negotiating a 'good commercial treaty,' he would 
 only have affirmed what is most certainly true. 
 We believe, however, that he had formed a totally 
 false estim.ito, not only of the qualifications of ii 
 negotiator, but of the objects he ought to have in 
 view It wa.s the opinitm of the Abbe ATably 
 {Droit public ilc fKiirope, tome ii. [>. .'•01), an 
 opinion in which we are disposed, with very little 
 modification, to concur, that when a ♦'ew general 
 rules are agreed upon for the effectu.il security of 
 trade and navigation, including the importation 
 and exportation of all commodities not proliibited 
 by law ; the siicedy adjustment of disputes ; the 
 regulations of (lilolage, harbour and lighthouse 
 duties ; the protection of the property and effects 
 of merchants in the event of a rupture &c. ; all is 
 done that ought to be attempted in a commercial 
 treaty. It may, indeed, be properly stipulated 
 that the goods of the contracting powers shall l)e 
 admitted into each other's ports on the same terms 
 as ' those of the most favoured nations,' that is, 
 that no higher duties shall be charged upon them 
 than on those of others. But here stipulation 
 ought to cease. It is an a'mse and a ])erversion 
 of commercial treaties, to make them instruments- 
 for regulating duties or prescribing custom-house 
 regulations. 
 
 We admit, indeed, that occasions may occur, in 
 which it m.av be expedient to stipulate tor a 
 reduction of duties or an abolition of prtdiibitions 
 on the one side, in return for similar c- /ncessions 
 on the other. Hut all arrangements of this sort 
 should be determined by a convention limited to 
 that ji.irticular object; and a fixed and not very 
 distant term should be specified, when the obliga- 
 tion in the convention should' expire, and both 
 liarties be at liberty to ontinue or abandon the 
 regulations agreed upon. Generally sjieaking. all 
 treaties which determine what the duties on im- 
 portation or exportation shall be, or which stipu- 
 late for preferences, are radically objectioiialilc. 
 Nations ought to regulate their tariffs in whatever 
 mode they judge best for the promotion of their 
 (>wn interests, without being shackled by engage- 
 ments with others. If foreign powers be all 
 treated alike, noi e of them hcs just grounds of 
 complaint ; and it can rarely be for the interest of 
 any people to show preferences to one over another. 
 Those, for example, by whom we may be most 
 advantageously supplied with foreign products, 
 re(inirc no preferences; and if we exclude them, 
 or give a preference to ot icrs, we incontestalily 
 injure ourselves: and yet 19 out of 20 of the 
 regulations as to duties in commercial treaties 
 have been founded on this preposterous principle. 
 They have been employed to divert trade into 
 channels where it would not naturally flow ; that 
 is, to render it less secure and less profitable than 
 it would otherwise have been. 
 
 A great deal of stress has usually been laid upon 
 the advantages supposed to be derived from the 
 
 I 1 
 
 S-ii 
 

 >> 
 
 »< < 
 
 1106 
 j)rivilegcs 
 
 TREATIES (C 
 
 ■ i • 
 
 I 
 
 :J 
 
 somotimcs conccacd in ('(iniincrcial 
 trciilics. But we believe that those wiio eiKniirf 
 into the siilycct will find thnt sucli conees'tiDiis 
 Imve, ill every ease, been not only injurioiia to llie 
 party mnliin^ thcni, but also to the party in wliose 
 i'avour they have been made. The famous ecim- 
 niercial treaty with Portugal, negotiated by .Mr. 
 Metaucn in I7()it, was almost universally regarded. 
 Cor n verj- long jjeriod, na admirably caleulateil to 
 ]>r(jmote the interests of this eountry ; but it is 
 now generally admitted, by every one who has 
 rellccted upon sueh subjects, that few transactions 
 have taken place by which these interests have 
 Iieen more deeply injured. It stipulated for the 
 free admission of British woollens into Portugal, 
 from which they happened, at the time, to be ex- 
 I'luded ; but in return for tliis concession — a con- 
 eession far more advantageous to the Portuguese 
 t lian to us — we bound ourselves ' for ever hereafter ' 
 to admit wines of the growth of Portugal into 
 (ireat Britain at IJ of the duty payable on the 
 wines of France. Thus, in order to open an 
 .iccess for our woollens to tlie limited marlvet of 
 I'ortuiial, wr consented, in all time to eonie, to 
 ihink inferior wine, bought at a comparatively 
 high price. [Wink.] This, however, was not all. 
 iiy excluding one of the principal eiiuivalents 
 the French ha<l to ofl'er for our commoilities, we 
 necessarily lessened their ability to deal with us ; 
 at the same time that we provoked them to adopt 
 retaliatory measures against our trade. It is 
 owing more to the stipulations in the Mcthucn 
 treaty than to anything else, that the trade 
 between England and France — a trade that would 
 naturally be of vast extent and importance — has 
 so long been cuutined •within comparatively narrow 
 limits. 
 
 It is visionary to imagine that any nation will 
 ever continue to grant to another any exclusive 
 advant.ige in her markets, unless she obtain what 
 she reckons an equivalent advantage in the 
 markets of the other. And if a commercial treaty 
 stipulating for an exclusive privilege be really and 
 bona fide observed by the country granting the 
 privilege, we may be sure that the concessions 
 made by the country in whose favour it is grunted 
 are sufficient fully to countervail it. Those who 
 grasp at exclusive privileges in matters of this 
 .sort, or who attempt to extort valuable conces- 
 sions from the weakness or ignorance of their 
 jieighbours, are uniformly defeated in their object. 
 All really beneficial commercial transactions are 
 bottomed on a fair principle of reci|)rocity ; and 
 that nation will always flourish most, and have 
 the foundations of her prosjjerity best secured, 
 who is a universal merchant, and deals with all 
 the world on the same fair and liberal principles. 
 The justness of these principles, we are glad to 
 observe, is now beginning to be very generally 
 admitted. Stipulations as to dutifs and Custom- 
 house regulations are disappearing from com- 
 mercial treaties ; and it is to be hoi)ed that at no 
 distant period every trace of them may have 
 vanished. 
 
 A good work on the principles, style, and 
 history of commercial treaties is a desideratum. 
 The best we have seen are Mascovius Dc 
 Faderibus Commerciorum, Ato. Leipsic, 1735; and 
 Houchaud, Theorie des Traiti'sde Cuiiimcree. 12mo. 
 Paris, 1777. But these are jirineipally works of 
 erudition, and were written befora the sound prin- 
 ciples of commercial policy had been unfolded. 
 Tliere is no good collection "of commercial treaties 
 in the English langua^'e; but Mr. Ilcrtslet's work 
 is valuable, as containing the recent treaties in an 
 accessible form. 
 We subjoin copies of or references to the principal 
 
 OMM]':i{CIAL) 
 
 commercial treaties and conventions existing 
 iliis iiionient between Great Britain and otli 
 l»iwers, viz. Auoi;nt:nk Kki'UHI.ic, Aiisrui 
 lii:i,(;ii'M, China, Dknmauk, Fiianoic, (iiiKioc 
 IIan'sio Towns, Italy, INIkxico, Moisocc 
 
 NkTIIKUI-ANDS, I'KISSIA, I'KKf, PollTI'OA 
 I'UUSSIA &C., lifSSIA, SlAM. TlKKKY, Uniti 
 StATKS, UkUUUAV, AN1> ZuLLVKUlilN. 
 
 AudKNTINU IJKi'unnc. 
 Ticaiy of Amili/, Coinmcrcv, and Navigiitiim h 
 iwei'n his Miijvatij and the United I'roviiires i 
 J{i,> de la riata. (Feb. 2, 1825.) 
 
 Article 1. Tlierc shall bo perpetual amity bi 
 twcen the dominions and subjects of his Majesi 
 the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britai 
 and Ireland, and the United Provinces of liio d 
 la Plata and their inhabitants. 
 
 2. There shall be, between all the territories t 
 his Britannic Majesty in Europe and the tcrritoric 
 of the United Provinces of Kio de la Plata, are 
 ciprocal freedom of commerce ; the inhabitants n 
 the two countries, respectively, shall have libcrn 
 freely and securely to come, with lluiir sliips ,ini 
 cargoes, to all such places, jiorts, and rivers in iIk 
 territories aforesaid, to which other foreigners art 
 or may be permitted to come, to enter into tli( 
 same, and to remain and reside in any part of the 
 said territories respectively ; also to hire and oc- 
 cupy houses and warehouses for the purposes of 
 their commerce ; and generally, the merchants 
 and traders of each nation respectively shall enjov 
 the most complete protection and security for their 
 commerce, subject always to the laws and statute 
 of the two countries respectively. 
 
 3. His Majesty the King of the United King- 
 dom of Great Britain and Ireland engages further, 
 that in all his dominions situated out of Europe. 
 the inhabitants of the United Provinces of Kio de 
 la Plata shall have the like liberty of commerce 
 and navigation stipulated for in the preceding 
 article, to the full extent in which the same is 
 permitted at present, or shall be permitted here- 
 after, to any other nation. 
 
 4. No higher or other duties shall be imposeu 
 on the importation into the territories of hii 
 Britannic Majesty, of any articles of the poMih, 
 produce, or manufacture of the United Provinces 
 of Kio de la Plata, and no higher or other duties 
 shall be imposed on the importation into the said 
 United Provinces, of any articles of the groirth,! 
 produce, or manufacture of his Britannic Majestrtl 
 dominions, than are or shall be payable on thel 
 like articles, being the growth, produce, ormara-r 
 ture of any other foreign country ; nor shall anyl 
 other or higher duties or charges be imposed, inl 
 the territories or dominions of either of the con-l 
 trading parties, on the exportation of any articlesl 
 to the territories or dominions of the other, thaal 
 su'.'li as are or may be payable on the exportation! 
 of the like articles to any other foreign country; 
 nor shall any prohibition be imposed upon tbcl 
 exn'"tation or importation of any articles tiiJ 
 grv, . th, produce, or manufacture of his BritanniJ 
 Majesty's dominions, or of the said United ProJ 
 viiices, which shall not equally extend to all other 
 nations. 
 
 5. No higher or other duties or charges oii ac| 
 count of tonnage, light, or harbour dues, pilotaifl 
 salvage in case of damage or shipwreck, or an! 
 other local charges, shall be imposed, in anyir 
 the ports of the said United Provinces, on BritisB 
 vessels of the burden of above 120 tons, thad 
 those payable in the same ports by vessels of tkl 
 said United Provinces of the same burden, niirif 
 the ports of any of his Britannic Majesty's terril 
 tories on the vessels of the United Provinces ol 
 
 f, 
 
TREATIES (COMMEUCIAL) 
 
 .ud conventions cxixtinj! at 
 „ Great Britain ami other 
 
 T^NK KKI'UBI.IC, ArSTIilA. 
 
 KNMAUK. I'-itANCic. }.m-.i:ci;. 
 Ai.Y, Mkxic), Moi-.occe. 
 
 V Si AM. TiiuiKY, LNiri;i) 
 
 riNi: llErunnc. 
 
 ,„„ncrcc, and N,ivj<j<'t!"n ie- 
 
 and the United FiovmcM ,./ 
 
 (l-eb. 2, 1825.) 
 
 shall be perpetual amity be- 
 
 , and i^ubiecta ot Uis » njcsty 
 
 ted Kinsidom of Great nritam 
 
 United Provinces of Kio dt 
 ihabitants. 
 
 between all the temtoncs ol 
 tv in Europe and the tcrritorici. 
 li^ces of Kio de la Plata, a re- 
 commerce; the inhabitants ,11 
 respectively, shall have liLcrtv 
 to come, with their sh.i;. a.vl 
 places, ports, and rivers m tlio 
 
 1 to which other foreigners aro 
 c'd to come, to enter into tlie 
 in and reside in any part of the 
 pectivcly; also to hire and oc- 
 ,varehouscs for the purposes of 
 and generally, the merchants 
 tx nation respectively shall cnioy 
 protection and securitv lor their 
 ; always to the laws and staiutw 
 
 ies respectively, 
 the King of the United Knic- 
 
 tain and Ireland engages further, 
 minions situated out of Europe 
 f the United Provinces of Kio de 
 ve the like liberty of commerce 
 'stipulated for in the precc.lmg 
 irextent in which the sa.ne« 
 sent, or shall be permitted here- 
 
 jr^o'ther'duties shall be imposed 
 ion into the territories of hu 
 tv of anv articles of the gro^nh, 
 &rof the United Provmces 
 Tand no higher or other duties 
 I on the importation into tie said 
 
 .'of anv articles of the gro,^^^^ 
 d'actureif his Britannic Maje^tv, 
 
 are or shall be payable ou the 
 ng the growth, produce, or laarn- 
 ? foreign country ; nor shaU any 
 durips or charges be imposed, la 
 ?dominions of 'either of the * 
 on the exportation of any articles 
 s or dominions of the other than 
 naybeTavableontheexportauon 
 
 m or other duties or charges on ac- 
 ge, itSor harbour duos pi^ap. 
 ^Jf damage orsh.pwrccK or, ^ 
 arges,shall be impose.,. UM 
 
 rovmces of the sanie "" ; ^_ 
 
 nlmvi' 1-1) toni, tliau shall be payable, in the 
 v:iii:i' piirts, on British vcs.stils of the same burden. 
 
 I'l, The same! duties shall bo paid (in the impor- 
 tatiiiii into the said United Provinces of any 
 iirticle the growtli, produce, or iiinnufacturc of liis 
 Ijiiiniinic Majesty's dominions, whether such iiu- 
 iiijrtatiim shall be in vessels of tiio said United 
 l'rii\ini'i'S, or in British vessels; and the siunc 
 iliitics shall bo paid on the iinporlatiiin into the 
 iloiniiiiiins of his Britannic Blajesty of any article 
 the v'niwth, produce, or manufacture of the said 
 liiiiw'. Provinces, whether such importation shall 
 In ill British vessels, or in vessels of the said 
 L'liitod Provinces; the same duties shall be |iaid, 
 
 111(1 the same drawbacks and bounties allowed mii 
 
 1407 
 
 10. It shall he frci^ Utr cai'li nl' the two con- 
 tracting parties to iippoiiit consuls for the pro- 
 tection of trade, to reside in the doiniiiioiis and 
 territories of the other party; but before any 
 consul shall act as such, he shall, in the usual 
 form, be apjiroved and admitted by the Govern 
 ment to which he is sent ; and either of the eoii- 
 tracling parties may exeei)t from the residence of 
 consuls such particular places as either of tlicin 
 may Judge lit to be so excepted. 
 
 11. l-'or the better security of commerce between 
 the subjects of his Britannic Majesty and the 
 inhabitants of the United Provinces of Bio de hi 
 Plata, it is agreed, that if at any lime any inter- 
 ruption of friendly commercial intercourse, or any 
 
 tlie exportation of any articles of the growth, | rupture, should unfortunately take place betweci 
 
 Mudiiee, or manufacture of his Britannic Rlajcsty's 
 (iuiiiinious to the said United I'rovinces, whether 
 sucli exportation shall bo in vessels of the said 
 Uiiitcil Provinces, or in British vessels; and the 
 same duties shall be paid, and the same drawbacks 
 aiulboiinties allowed on the exportation of any 
 Mtiiles the growth, produce, or manufacture of 
 thi'saiil United Provinces to his Britannic Ma- 
 iijlv's dominions, whether such exportation shall 
 1,0 in liriti.--h vessels or iu vessels of the said United 
 rriiviiices. 
 
 ;, 111 Older to avoid any misunderstanding with 
 ri-|iect to the regulations which may respectively 
 nmstitute a British vessel or a vessel of the said 
 L'liitod Provinces, it is hereby agreed, that all 
 vijscls built in the dominions of his Britannic 
 Majestv, and owned, navigated, and registered ac- 
 o.riliig to the laws of Great Britain, shall be 
 niiisidercd as British vessels ; and that all vessels 
 Ijiillt in the territories of the said United Pro- 
 vinces, properly registered, and owned by the 
 uiizcns thereof, or any of tlicin, and whereof the 
 master and three-fourths of the mariners, at least, 
 arc citizens of the said United Provinces, shall be 
 Cijusidored as vessels of the United Provinces. 
 
 S. -Vll merchants, commanders of sliips, and 
 (rthcrs, the subjects of his Britannic Majesty. 
 jjiall have the same liberty in aB the territories of 
 the said United Provinces as the natives thereof, 
 1.) uianage their o>vn affairs themselves, or to 
 pjmiiiit them to the management of whomsoever 
 ;!Ky please, as broker, factor, agent, or inter- 
 lirctcr; nor shall they be obliged to employ any 
 other persons for those purposes, nor to pay them 
 any salary or remuneration, unless they shall 
 cliooso to employ them ; and absolute freedom 
 shall be allowed' in all cases to the buyer and 
 stllcr to bargain and fix the price of any goods 
 imported into or exported from the said United 
 Provinces, as they shall see good. 
 
 'I In whatever relates to the lading and un- 
 ladiiiK of ships, the safety of merchandise, goods, 
 and tit'octs, the disposal "of property of every sort 
 and denomination, by sale, donation, or exchange, 
 or ill any other manner whatsoever, as also the 
 administration of justice, the subjects and citizens 
 of the tv:o contracting parties shall . enjoy, iu 
 '.heir respective dominions, the same privileges, 
 liberties, and rights as the most favoured nation, 
 and shall not be charged in any of these respects 
 «iih any other duties or imposts than those 
 which are iiaid or may bo paid by the native 
 subjects or citizens of' the power in whose do- 
 minions they may be resident. They shall be 
 e.\empted from all compulsory military service 
 whatsoever, wlicther by sea or land, anil from all 
 forced loans, or military exactions or reipiisilions ; 
 neiihor shall they be compelled to imj' any 
 ordinary taxes, under any pretext whatsoever, 
 neater than those that arc paid by native subjects 
 or citizens. 
 
 tlie two contracting parties, the subjects or citizen: 
 of either of the two contracting parties residing in 
 the dominions of the other shall have the jirivi- 
 lege of remaining and continuing their trade 
 therein without any manner of interruption, so 
 long as they behave peaceably and oominit no 
 offence against the laws ; and their ellects and 
 property, whether intrusted to individuals or to 
 the state, shall not be liable to seizure or seques- 
 tration, or to any other demands than those which 
 may be made upon the like effects or properly- 
 belonging to the native inhabitants of the state in 
 which such subjects or citizens may reside. 
 
 12. The subjects of his Britannic Majesty re- 
 siding in the United Provinces of Hio de. la Plata 
 shall not bo disturbed, persecuted, or annoyed on 
 account of their religion, but tliey shall have 
 perfect liberty of conscience therein, and to 
 celebrate divine service either within their own 
 private houses, or in their own particular churches 
 or chapels, which they shall be at liberty to build 
 and maintain in convenient places, approved of 
 by the Government of the said United Provinces : 
 liberty shall also be granted to bury the subjects 
 of his Britannic Majesty who may die in the 
 territories of the said United Provinces in their 
 own burial places, which, in the same manner, 
 they may freely establish and maintain. In the 
 like manner, the citizens of the said United 
 Provinces shall enjoy, within all the dominions 
 of his Britannic Majesty, a perfect and mire- 
 strained liberty of conscience, and of exercising 
 their religion publicly or privately, within their 
 own dwelliug-houses, or in the chapels and places 
 of worship api)ointed for that purpose, agreeably 
 to the system of toleration established in the 
 dominions of his said Majesty. 
 
 13. It shall be free for the subjects of his 
 Britannic Jlnjesty residing in the United Pro- 
 vinces of Kio de la Plata, to dispose of their 
 property, of every description, by will or testa- 
 ment, as they may judge fit ; and in the event of 
 any I3ritisli subject dying without such will or 
 testament in the territories of the United Pro- 
 vinces, the British consul-general, or, in his 
 absence, his representative, shall have the right 
 to nominate curators to take charge of the 
 property of the deceased for the benefit of his 
 lawful heirs and creditors, without interference, 
 givuig convenient notice thereof to the authorities 
 of the country ; and reciprocalh'. 
 
 14. His Britannic Majesty being extremely 
 desirous of totally abolishing the slave trade, the 
 United Provinces of Rio de la Plata engage to 
 co-operate with his Britannic Majesty, for the 
 completion of so beneficent a work, and to pro- 
 hibit all persons inhabiting within the snid 
 United Provinces, or subject ..o their jurisdiction, 
 in the most effectual manner, and by the r"i;;t 
 solemn laws, from taking any share in such 
 trade. 
 
 •3, 
 i' 
 
 ;; ; i 
 
 V 
 
''■i' :V 
 
 ,;* ■■ ''■"■ 
 
 I • 
 
 '' <j 
 
 >hi 
 
 
 r'v, 
 
 iv,r: 
 
 MAS 
 
 15. The present trrnty shall be rntilicd, nml 
 the rntilication shall be exchanged in l.dndun 
 ^vilhin 4 months, or sooner, if possible. 
 
 In witness whereof, tlic respective jdenipoten- 
 tinries have signed the same, and have atflxed 
 their seals thcrennto. 
 
 Done at Uuenos Ayrcs, the 2nd day of February, 
 in the year of our Lord 18i5. 
 
 WcionniNE IViusii, II.M. Consul-Gencral. 
 Mani-. J. Gakcia. 
 
 An order in coinicil, dated September 3, 18'.'". 
 orders that vessels of the United Provinces of 
 Kio de la Plata entcriuf; the ports of the United 
 Kinf^dom of (Jrcat Ilritnin and Ireland, in bidlast, 
 or Inden direct from any of the ports of Kio dc 
 la Plata, or departing from the ports of the 
 said United Kingdom, together with the cargoes 
 on board the same, such cargoes consisting of 
 articles which may be legally imported or 
 exported, shall not" be subject to any other or 
 higher duties or charges whatever than are or 
 shall be levied on British vessels entering or 
 departing from such ports ; or on similar articles 
 when imported into or exported from such ports 
 in Kritish vessels ; and also such articles, when 
 exported from the said ports in vessels of the 
 United Provinces of Kio dc la Plata, respectively, 
 shall be entitled to the same bounties, drawbacks, 
 and allowances that are granted on similar articles 
 when exported in Uritish vessehi. 
 
 Local Dues. — Provided nevertheless, that no- 
 thing herein shall extend to any duties or charges 
 on account of tonnage, light or harbour dues, 
 pilotage, salvage in case of damage or shipwreck, 
 or any other local charges to which any vessels of 
 the United Provinces of Kio de la I'lata, of the 
 burden of 120 tons, or of any less burden, are now 
 by law liable in the ports of any of his Majestv's 
 dominions; it appearing to his Majesty and .^is 
 privy council, that Uritish \'essels of the burden 
 of 120 tons, or of any less burden, are subject in 
 the ports of the said United Provinces to higher 
 duties and charges than are levied in those ports 
 on vessels of the said United Provinces of the 
 burden of 120 tons, or of any less burden. 
 
 Austria. 
 
 Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation be- 
 tween her Britannic Majesty and the Emperor of 
 . Austria. Signed at Vienna, July 3, 1838. 
 
 Article 1. From the date of the ratification of 
 this present treaty, Hritish vessels arriving in or 
 departing from the ports of his Majesty the Km- 
 peror of Austria, and Austrian vessels arriving in 
 or departing from the ports of the United King- 
 dom of Great ISritain and Ireland, and those of 
 all the possessions of her Britannic Majestv, shall 
 be subject to no other or higher duties or charges, 
 of whatsoever nature they may be, than those 
 which are actually or may hereafter be imposed 
 on nationol vessels, on their entering into or 
 departing from such ports respectively. 
 
 2. All productions of the soil, industry, and art 
 of the stAtes and jjossessions of his Majcstj' the 
 Emperor of Austria, including the said produc- 
 tions which may be exported through the north- 
 ern outlet of the Kibe, and the eastern outlet of 
 the Danube, and which may be imported into the 
 ports of the United Kingdom and the possessions 
 of her Britannic Majesty; and also all the pro- 
 (iuctions of the soil, industry, and art of the 
 United Kingdom and possessions of her Britannic 
 Majestv, which may be imported into the ports 
 of liis Majesty the 'j'"mperor of Austria, shall en- 
 joy reciprocally, in all respects, the same privi- 
 
 TREATIES (COALMERCIAL) 
 
 leges and immunities, an<l may lie imported nni 
 exported exactly in the same' manner, in vessel. 
 of the one as in'vessels of the other of the lii-l] 
 contracting parties. 
 
 3. All commodities which are not the produc- 
 tions of the soil, industry, and art of the two 
 ri'sj)ective states or their possessions, and whii-h 
 may be legally imported from the ports of Aus- 
 tria, including those of the Danube, into the ports 
 of the United Kingdom of Gieat Britain an.l 
 Ireland, of Malta, and (iibraltar, and other [uij. 
 sessions of her Britannic Majesty, in Austrian 
 vessels, sliill be subject to the same duties dtilv 
 which would be paid on the same articles, if tijoV 
 were imported in British vessels. 
 
 Her Britannic Majesty extends by this trc.iiv 
 to Austrian navigation and trade, the full bcnoiiis 
 I of the two Britisli Acts of Parliament passed on 
 I the 28th of August, 183.3, regulating the trade 
 and navigation of the United Kingdom and 
 British possessions, as well as all other privileges 
 of commerce and navigation now enjoyed, or 
 to be hereafter granted, by existing laws, bv 
 orders in council, or by treaties to the most 
 favoured nations. 
 
 4. All Austrian vessels arriving from the ports 
 of the Danube, as far as Galacz inclusively, shall, 
 together with cargoes, be admitted into the ports' 
 of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and 
 Ireland, and of all the {lossessions of her Dritan- 
 nic Majesty exactly in the same marncr as if 
 such vessels came direct from Austrian port*, 
 with all the privileges and immunities stipulated 
 by the present treaty of navigation and commerce 
 In like manner, all British vessels, with their 
 cargoes, shall continue to be placed upon the 
 same footing as Austrian vessels, whenever such 
 British vessels shall enter into or depart from the 
 same ports. 
 
 6. In consideration of British vessels, arriving 
 direct from other countries than those belon(;in[' 
 to the high contracting parties, being admitted 
 with their cargoes into Austrian ports, without 
 paying any other duties whate/er than tlio«e 
 paul by Austrian vessels, so also the productions 
 of the soil and industry of the parts of Asia or 
 Africa situated within 'the Straits of CJibraltar. 
 which shall have been brought into the ports of 
 Austria, may be re-exported from thence in 
 Austrian vessels directly into British ports, in the 
 same manner, and with' the same privileires, as to 
 all manner of duties and immunities, as if these 
 productions were imported from Austrian ports in 
 British vessels. 
 
 6. All commodities and articles of commerce 
 which, according to the stipulations of the present 
 treaty, or by the existing laws and ordinances "f 
 the respective states, may be legally imported into 
 or exported from the states and possessions of the 
 two high contracting parties, whether under the 
 British or the Austrian flag, shall in like manner 
 be subject to the same duties, whether imported 
 by national vessels or by those of the other state: 
 and upon all commodities and articles of com- 
 merce which may be legally exported from ports 
 of either state, the same premiums, drawback?, 
 and advantages shall be accorded, whether they 
 are exported by the vessels of the one or by those 
 of the other state. 
 
 7. All commodities and articles of commerce 
 which shall be imported, placed in depot, or ware- 
 housed in the ports of the states and possessions 
 of the two high contracting parties, so lonj; a* 
 they shall remain in depot or warehouse, and 
 shall not be used for internal consumption, sliall 
 be subject, upon re-exportation, to the same treat- 
 ment "and duties, whether that re-exportation 
 
and mav lie impnrtod nM 
 le wrnie' manner, in vcssi'N 
 ) of the other of tlie lii;;!! 
 
 which lire not the proilih- 
 iistry, and nrt of the tw.i 
 heir possessions, and whi.h 
 od from the ports of Au< 
 if the Danube, into the \imu 
 [lorn of Great Britani anl 
 
 I (libraltar, and other ]»<*- 
 innic Majesty, in Austrian 
 ^ct to the same duties milv 
 on the same articles, if tli( v 
 isU vessels. 
 
 jcstv extends by this trnty 
 In and trade, the full bonctin 
 ctH of Parliament passed on 
 
 1833, regulating the trailc 
 'the United Kingdom and 
 ,8 well «8 all other privilege* 
 icvigatiou now enjoyed, or 
 inted, bv existing laws, by 
 or by treaties to the most 
 
 >ssols arriving from the ports 
 ir as Galacz inclusively, sball, 
 ES, be admitted into the port^ 
 igdom of Great Britain and 
 he possessions of her Britan- 
 ly in the Bame marncr as if 
 direct from Austrian port*. 
 les and immunities stipulated 
 Y of navigation and commcroe. 
 
 II British vessels, with their 
 inue to be placed upon the 
 ustrian vessels, whenever such 
 11 enter into or depart from the 
 
 ion of British vessels, arriving 
 "ountrics than those belonpn;: 
 acting parties, being admitted 
 1 into Austrian ports, without 
 
 duties whatever than those 
 ^'esscl9, 80 also the productions 
 dustrv of the parts of Asi.-i or 
 ithin'the Straits of Gibraltar. 
 )een brought into the ports ot 
 
 re-exported from thence m 
 irectlv into British ports, in the 
 with" the same privile.L'es, as to 
 ies and immunities, as if these 
 imported from Austrian ports in 
 
 ities and articles of commerce 
 :o the stipulations of the presen 
 
 ^xistinc laws and ordinances ol 
 ies, may be legally imported into 
 the states and possessions of the 
 ting parties, whether under the 
 "trL flag, shall in like manne 
 "eduiies, whether import.1 
 19 oVbv those of the other state; 
 nmSdities and articles of com; 
 r be legally exported from ro«> 
 he same premiums, "raw""* 
 STall be accorded, whetljertta^ 
 he vessels of the one or bUho=e 
 
 iities and articles of eornnierce 
 nortcd. placed in depot.orware- 
 '•rt the states aniposs^si. ; 
 contracting parties, so ong; 
 
 TRKATl lis (COMMKRCIAL) 
 
 shall be made in the vessels of the one or in 
 {\wM' i)( thn Dllicr state. 
 
 H. No priority or preference shall he given, 
 directly or indirectly, by the Government of 
 ( itbiT country, or by any company or corporation, 
 „r iifjeiit acting on its behalf or under its aulho- 
 litv, it: the purchase of any article the production 
 1,1' "the soil, industry, or art of either of the two 
 Mh'i and thoir possessions, imported into llio 
 iKirts (if the other, on account of the nationality 
 
 1109 
 
 ,if the vessel in which such artich'S may lie iiii- 
 liorted ; it being the true intent aiul mcanin;; 
 1,1' the high contracting parties that no dil- 
 loriince or distinction whatever shall be made in 
 tliis respect. 
 
 ;i. In regard to the commerce to be carried on 
 ill ,\iistrian vessels with the British p(i.H.-,essioiis 
 ill iho Kast Indies, her Britannic Majesty con- 
 sents to grant the same facilities and privileges 
 til the subjects of his Imperial and Hoyal Apo- 
 stolic Majesty as are or may be enjoyed under 
 any treaty or Act of Parliament by the subjects 
 ur citizens of the most favoured nations ; subject 
 to the laws, rules, regulations, and restrictions 
 wiiich arc or may become applicable to the vessels 
 and subjects of any other foreign country- enjoy- 
 ing the like advantages and privileges ol trading 
 wilh the said possessions. 
 
 10. The present treaty does not include the 
 r.ivigation and carrying trade between one port 
 and another, situated in the dominions of mw 
 aintractiiig party, by the vessels of the othir, as 
 far as ie),'ards the carrying of passengers, conuno- 
 diiics. and articles of commerce; this navigation 
 and transport being reserved to national vessels. 
 
 11. The vessels and subjects of the high con- 
 iractliig parties shall, by the present treaty, enjoy 
 i:ci|iroeally all the advantages, immunities, and 
 irivileges," within the ports of their respective 
 stales and po^isessions, ^/hich are now enjoyed by 
 ilie navigation and commerce of the most favoured 
 nations; the cfl'cct hereof being to secure, in 
 the United Kingdom and British possessions, to 
 .\ustrian vessels and subjects, the full and entire 
 .idvantages of navigation and commerce allowed 
 liy the Xavii;ation Act pa.ssed in London on the 
 ::tith of August, 1833, and by another Act of the 
 same date, regulating the trade of tl'.c British 
 I'lisscssions abroad ; or which may be accorded by 
 (irders in cnuuoil or by treaty to other powers ; 
 find in Hke manner British vessels and subjects 
 
 li.iU enjoy, in the |)orts of the states and posses- 
 ions of his Imperial and Koyal Apostolic Ma- 
 ji-ty, the full and entire advantages of naviga- 
 tiijii and commerce granted by existing laws, 
 regulations, and ordinances, or by treaty, to 
 liirei;'ii iiowers; and her Majesty the Queen of 
 iiie United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire- 
 l.™d, and his Imperial ami Koyal Apostcdic Ma- 
 jiiiy, engage reciprocally not to grant any 
 favours, privileges, or immunities whatsoever, in 
 aattcrsuf commerce and navigation, to the sub- 
 jeets of any other state, which shall not be also 
 .It the same time extended to the subjects of the 
 une or of the other of the high contracting 
 panics, gratuitously if the concession in favour 
 (f the other state shall have been gratuitous, or 
 u|ffli giving as nearly as possible the same oimi- 
 pensalion or equivalent in case the concession 
 shall have been conditional. 
 
 1-. The id.iiise nf Article VII. of the convcii- 
 lii'U concluded at I'aris on the 5th November, 
 lM;'i, belwoeu the courts of Great Britain, Aus- 
 tria, I'russia, and l!iissi;i, relative to the coinnierce 
 letwcen the .stales of his Imperial and Kiiviil 
 -V-tolic Jiajoty iind the United (Stales of iliu 
 Ionian Islamls AvM remain in I'crce. 
 
 13. The present treaty, nl'lor being signed and 
 ratilied, shall replace the convention of navigation 
 and commerce concluded the I'lst December, 
 ItWi), in London, between the Governments of his 
 Britannic Majesty and of his Irnpi^rial nnil lloyal 
 Apostolic Majesiv; and shall continue in force 
 until the 31st ol' December, 1818; and further, 
 until the expiration of Vi months after one of the 
 high contracting parties shall have notitied to 
 the other the intention to terminate its duration. 
 It i.s further agreed that in r_' nicuiths after one 
 of the high contracting parties bus received from 
 the other such notilicatioii, ibis treaty, and all 
 the, stipulations it coiit:iiiis, s-liall cease to \n: 
 obligatory upon either party. 
 
 11. The pre.-ent treaty slitill be ratilied, and the 
 ratilicatioiis exchanged at Vienna, in the space of 
 one niiiiitli, or sooner if possible. 
 
 In witness whereof &c. plenipotentiaries have 
 signed the same, and have alHxed tliereto the 
 seals of their arms. 
 
 Done at Vienna the 3r(l dtiy of .July, in the 
 year of our Lord 1838. 
 
 Frkdi.uic Jamks Lamii. 
 Mp;tti;i:nm(1i. 
 
 JJfclnratioii signed by the mpecthi^ Plcni/ioten- 
 tiaries on the conclusion of the preccdiiKj Ticaty, 
 
 With a view to prevent bcforeliaml all dciubt 
 wbicl. might hereafter arise with regard to the 
 true sense of the expressions contained in the. 
 treaty of commerce and navigation signed this 
 day between the plenipotentiaries of her Majesty 
 the (}ueon of the United Kingdom of Groat Britain 
 and Ireland, and of his Majesty the Emperor of 
 Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia, the high 
 contracting parties have agreed, by comnion con- 
 sent, that the I'rench text of the said treaty shall 
 be considered by the Austrian Government as the 
 original te.xt. 
 
 in witness whereof the present declaration hari 
 been done in duplicate, and .signed by the respec- 
 tive plenipotentiaries, 
 
 Vienna, 3rd July, 1838. 
 
 FuKDEitic Jami;s Lamii. 
 
 MKTrKUMCII. 
 
 Dcchinition made hy the Plefil/iiitcnliuiy of hvr 
 liritannic Majesty on the Exchange of the 
 liiUiJications of the jireveding Treaty, 
 
 In proceeding to the exchange of the ratiiica- 
 tions of the treaty of commerce and n.ivigatioii 
 between her Majesty the Queen of the United 
 Kingdom of Great "Britain and Ireland and his 
 jNIajesty the Kmperorof Au.stria, King of Hungary 
 and Bohemia, concluded and signed at Vienna on 
 the 3rd of July, 1838, the undersigned plenipoten- 
 tiary of her Britannic Majesty is commanded by 
 her JMajestj- to explain and declare : — 
 
 1. That in the preamble of the said treaty, the 
 words 'the commercial relations (d' their respective 
 states and possessions ' shall be understood to 
 mean ' the commercial relations between their re- 
 sjiective states and possessions,' the latter lorm if 
 words being that adojjted in the preamble of tin 
 convention of commerce between Great Britain 
 and .■\nstria signed at London, December'Jl, liS'J'.i 
 
 2. That the stipulations of the third article of 
 the aforesaid treaty of the 3rd of July, 1838, re- 
 lating to g<iods not the produce of the resiiective 
 states, shall be understood to be mutual. 
 
 3. Tiiat by the seventh article of the a.'.csaid 
 treaty of the 3rd of July, 1><3S, it is uiuirrstood 
 that goods placed in warehouse slitill not be liable 
 to duty unless entered for consiimiition, and may 
 be exported on the same teriii-- in the sliipe of the 
 one as in those of the other c 'iiutrv. 
 
 4X 
 
 'm 
 
 !.■ \. 
 
 a, 
 
 V 
 
 :\-Al\ 
 
Vr 
 
 I • 
 
 
 ! ii 
 
 h'U 
 
 .' ..-J: 
 
 mi 
 
 1410 TKIOATIKH (rOMMKUOrAL) 
 
 Ilcr Ilritnniiiir Mnjosty'H rntilii'iitinti nf (lie nt'cin 
 
 sniil Irriilv nf irDninicrrc niiil niiviL;iilt<iii is cx- 
 clinii^od uiiilcr the explicit ilrcliinilioiis iiikI iiii- 
 (liTHfiiiKlirifis nl)(iv(> mciitioiii'il. 
 
 Dime lit ■Miliiii, the i llh iliiy of Scptomhrr, IH.'tH. 
 l''iii'.i>i':i{i(: Jamkh Lamu. 
 
 Counhr-Divhtratiim vmilr hi/ the Austrian I'lrni- 
 /iiiliiiliiiii/. 
 Ill coiisoriiiciirc <ti' (lie (Ifclarntion [irpMciitod (IiIm 
 (Iny by liis ICxccllciicy Sir l''r(Micri(' l.ninli, Am- 
 biiHsiKlor of licr ISritiiimii: Mnjcsfy to liis liiiprrial 
 nnci Ii'oy.il Apo>tolic Miijcsty, on tlio occnsion of 
 tlio cxcliiin^'c of the riililicntioiis of llio trciily of 
 coinmrice iiiul iin> i^iition coiicliiilcd mid signed 
 at Vienna on llic Urd of .Inly, lictwccii the plriii- 
 potcntiarics of his lin|ii'rial and l!oyal Apostolii; 
 Mnji'sty and of Iicr Ifrilaiiiiic Majesty, which 
 dcclaralion is cimceived in the followiii;; terms ; — 
 
 1. Tliat in the |ireanihli' of t ho said treaty the 
 words ' the cDHitinrciiil relations of tlie'r respective 
 statoH and possessions' shall he understood to 
 mean ' the I'oiinnereial relations between their rn- 
 spective stati's and pussessions,' the latter form of 
 words lieini; that adopted in the preainblu of the 
 coiiveiition of commerce si};iied at London on the 
 'Jlst of December, lH->'.\ betwei'U Austria and 
 Great Ih-itain. 
 
 2. That the stipulations of the .Ird article of the 
 aforesaid treaty of the .'ird of ,liily, IH,'t8, relntinj,' 
 to piods not the produce of the respective htiitcs, 
 shall be understood to be mutual. 
 
 a. That by the Ttli artich' of the treaty of the 
 .3rd of .Inly, lH;i8, it is understood thn't goods 
 placed ill warehouse shall not he liable to liiity 
 unless entered for consumption ; and may be ex- 
 ported on the .same terms in the ships of the one as 
 in those of the other country. 
 
 The luidcrsi^'iied, Chaiieelfor of Court and State, 
 is am ■lised b^' his Majesty the Kinperor, his 
 august master, to accede, in every particular, to 
 this declaration iiresented by his Kxcellency the 
 Ambassador other ISritannic Majestv. 
 
 Done at .Milan, the Mth of Sei)tciiiber. 18;!8. 
 
 MKTTKHNiril. 
 
 Tredty of Comnfyce hclween her Mdjesiy and 
 
 the Kmpintr of Austria, with thi^ final Protocol, 
 Siffnetl at Vienna, December !(!, 180.5. 
 
 Artie'.e 1. During the continuance of the pre- 
 sent treaty, the subjects and commerce of Austria 
 shall enjoy within all the dominions and posses- 
 sions of her ISritannic Majesty, including her 
 Majesty's colonics and foreign possessions, the 
 .same advantages which have been conceded to 
 French subjects and commerce by the treaty 
 between her Majesty and the ICniperor of the 
 French, signed at i'aris on the 23rd of Januiiry, 
 18(')0, and to the subjects and commerce of the 
 States of the ZoUverein by the treaty between 
 her Majesty and his Majesty the King of I'mssia, 
 representing the sovereign states and territories 
 united to the Prussian system of customs and 
 contributions, signed at IJerlin on the itOth of 
 May, 18(1,'>: and further, Austrian subjects and 
 commerce shall he placed in all other respects on 
 the footing of the subjects and commerce of the 
 most favoured nation. 
 
 2. From and after the 1st of January, 18G7, 
 British subjects and commerce shall, within the 
 dominions of his Imperial and Royal M.ijesty, be 
 placed in every respect upon the footing of the 
 most favoured nation, and share in all the ad- 
 vantages and favours which are enjoyed by the 
 comnieJ-ee and subjects of any thinl power. 
 
 From this rule are excepted: — 
 
 a. Advantages such as those which, for the 
 
 sole (inrpose of facilitating fron'ior trnflic, are 
 present conceded, or may hereafter be conceih 
 10 the .Slates of the (ierinan Zollverein, or 
 other neighbouring .Stales; and al"-!) those r 
 diietioiis of, or exemptions from, customs liiiti 
 which are valid only at certain parts of i 
 frontier, or for the inhabitants of particiil 
 localities. 
 
 h. Those advantages which belong, or nij 
 heri'after be conceded, to the subjects of i) 
 liermiin Confederation in virtue of Federal trei 
 ties and Federal laws. 
 
 c. Those special and ancient privileges wliic 
 are enjoyed by Turkish subjects, as siicli, fi 
 Turkish comnn'rce in Austria. 
 
 ;(. The Austrian Ciislimis TarifT (the prospii 
 system of calculating customs duties by wei;;li 
 being niaiiitained) shall be so regulated tlint ih 
 duty to bc! levied iijion articles the proiliicc (, 
 inaniifactiire of the dominions of her llril.'iiiiii 
 Majesty, upon their importation into the Aiislri.n 
 States, shall, from the 1st of .lamiarv, iHii;, n,, 
 exceed 2.'') per cent, of the value, with iheadditi,,! 
 of the cost of transport, insurance, and coniniissidr 
 necessary for the importation into Austria ns fai 
 as the Austrian Customs frontier; and fur ilij. 
 purpose there shall serve as basis the avoiajjo 
 value of the articles included under one and tlic 
 same denomination in each position of the tiitnro 
 Austrian Tarift'. 
 
 From and after the 1st of .Tanuarr, 1S70, liif 
 maximum of these duties shall not exceed 20 [lor 
 cent, of the value, with the additions above 
 delined. 
 
 The articles of State monopolies (tobacco, salt, 
 gunpowder), and further, the goods compriscil in 
 Clas.ses 1 and 7 of the present Austrian tariff, are 
 excepted from these maxima. 
 
 4. (Commissioners from both Govcmnient.'i shall 
 meet, not later than the month of March, 18(lil, 
 for the purpose of ascertaining and (letcrniinini; 
 the values and additional charges, and theys 
 take as the basis of their calculations the avrni^ 
 jiriees at the principal centres of production ,iiiJ 
 commerce of the United Kingdom for the vcat 
 18li'). 
 
 Three years after the duties fixed by troak 
 shall have come into operation, each of the con- 
 tracting parties shall have the right to claim j 
 revision of the values. 
 
 a. Those duties of the future Austrian tariff iii 
 come into o)ieration on the 1st of .laniiary, l.^or, 
 to which I'jigland attaches a special intcrejl, 
 .shall form the subject of a suppleincntarj' con- 
 vention to be concluded between the tiro 
 contracting parties. 
 
 The articles of State monopoly, na also ih 
 goods .subject to tiscal duties included in Chissti 
 1 and 7 of the present tariff, remain also 1 
 excepted. 
 
 (!. Internal imposts which are levied in thf 
 territory of one party on the productiiin, pn- 
 jiaration, or use of any article, whether on 
 account of the state or on account of municipali- 
 ties and corporations, shall under no pntra; 
 affect the productions of the other partv in a 
 higher or more onerous degree than the same pro- 
 ductions of native origin. 
 
 7. The contracting parties agree that eveirl 
 reduction in their tariffs of import nr cxpnl 
 duties, and every privilege, favour, or iiiiniuiiiiTI 
 which cither contracting jiarty ni.ny hereaftirl 
 grant to the subjects and commerce of a ihiMl 
 power, shall be extended immediately and iincon-l 
 ditionally to the other contracting party, ivitbal 
 reserve, however, of the exceptions cnumcratedl 
 in Article 2, a and b. 
 
r R K ATI MS (00 M M KRUI AL) 
 
 " 1 »..'r.-..ff,r W n.nc.Ml<.l, 
 ' (;orinnn Z..11v.t.im, nr t„ 
 
 ptinns from, «->'^<"'"^ """ 
 ^iilml.iliuitH <)f particular 
 
 „PS which hclonC. or nmv 
 ,,1 to thP iml)|oolH of ih,. 
 „„ invirluc of l-c'dcral trea- 
 
 '„,l mx'.cnt ,,i-ivil.-K.'s wl.iol, 
 rUish Mihjc-t^ iw Hueli, Icr 
 1 A Hytrin. 
 
 Customs 'I'arirf (the pr.»om 
 ,„ ,.„st,.ins .lut.M >y «'i^'.t 
 hall iH- so roKulntwl lly>t llir 
 
 , ',|..minioi.s of hPT Hnlunn,. 
 iinnortntion int.. the A.|.tna.i 
 the 1st of .lammry, lHi,,,noi 
 ofthe value, wilh the nd.lilMi 
 H.rt, insurance, niiae<.mn.is,M, 
 nnortation into Austria as ar 
 kstoms frontier; ini'l f'-r tlM< 
 U serve na basis the ..voia;;,. 
 ,« included under one ni'l '!« 
 , ill each position of the iutiir. 
 
 the 1st of .Tanimrj-, 1870, 11.0 
 duties shall not exceed 2nr 
 ic, with the additions abovo 
 
 State monopolies (tobacco, salt. 
 further, the Roods comprised ,n 
 f the present Austrian tariff, are 
 
 \sc maxima. . , „ 
 
 nrs from both Governments sb!. 
 m, tlTo month of MarcU, Ism, 
 of ascertaining and de tcrnumn: 
 Iditional charses. and they sU 
 of their calculations ho avora; 
 icipal centres of production a..J 
 r tnited Kingdom for the ycat 
 
 ifter the duties fixed by treaty 
 in'o operation, each otlio con- 
 shall have the right to clainu 
 
 Jof"thc future Austrian tariltto 
 ion on the 1st of Jamiarvl^O,. 
 Z attaches a special iulo«..., 
 f "bject of a supplemontao- o* 
 concluded between the two 
 
 if'state monopoly, as al«. the 
 '^fiscal duties include, m Class.^ 
 'Jrcsent tariff, remain also bete 
 
 nnosts which arc Ic^ed in tb I 
 
 ^h^iwScr^s^r 
 Hn^-art:^r;?| 
 
 plons\.f the other pa^^^^^^^^^ 
 onerous degree than the same pr 
 
 ^SS^i immediately aiul;^* 
 and 6. 
 
 nil 
 
 8. The subjects of one of the I'liiitra.'i hi;; parties the necessity of making separate provision for 
 ,httll enjoy, in the dominions and possissions of ; eviry variety of each article, thereby erratin;^ 
 
 iiiiiiule and inconvenient subdivisions in the 
 tiirilV. 
 
 With this view it becomes necessary to K^oiip 
 to;;i'thcr those different (pialities and desiTi|iliiiiis 
 of the Name article or of similar articles which, 
 frcmi their approximation in value and general 
 resemblance in character, it is foumi possiblr to 
 inchulc iinilor out! and the same deiioniiiiatiiin in 
 one position of tlit^ taiill'. 
 
 Itul it is underslcxiii that in (ixing the deiioini- 
 nations in each position of the future Austrian 
 tarilV, they hIiuII be so iirran;{e,l lluit the duty 
 allixed to any one position shall not (ixceed the 
 'luaximitni ' 'rates (|.\cd by Article Hf. of the 
 tn'aty upon the average value of any kind of 
 floods of commercial importance included under 
 unj' one donoininati.m in such position, unless by 
 common consent it is considered cxpttdient or 
 necessary. 
 
 :t. with reference to ticlo IV., the pleni- 
 jiotentiaries likewise agreed that if it shall be 
 found that the prices of any kinds of goods have 
 been essentially disturbed by exceptional causes 
 during the twelve months of the year 1805, the 
 (Commissioners of the two Governments shall 
 endi'avour to find such a basis of value as shall bo 
 considered to correspond to a fair average value 
 for future years. 
 
 In the case of textile manufactures (the prices 
 of which have been seriously deranged tluring 
 the late war in the United States of America) it 
 is agreed that if the average prices of the year 
 lH(i5 bo taken as a basis of value, cither contract- 
 ing pnrtj' may claim a revision of such valuation 
 after the Ist of January, 1808. 
 
 •1. The Ilritish plenipotentiary then declared 
 that : 
 
 Her Ilritannic Majesty engages to recommend 
 to Parliament the abolition of the duties payable 
 on the importation of wood and timber into the 
 United Kingdom, and also the reduction of the 
 duties payable on wine in bottle to the amount of 
 those payable on wine in wood upon importation 
 into the United Kingdom. 
 
 5. The Imperial Austrian plenipotentiaries on 
 their part <leclared that : 
 
 'Ihe duty upon the export of rags from the 
 states and possessions of his Imperial and Royal 
 ISIajesty shall, from and after the 1st of July, 
 1800, be reduced to 2 florins the Zollcentner; 
 and that: 
 
 The duty upon the importation of salted her- 
 rings into the states and possessions of his 
 Imperial and Royal Majesty shall, from the Ist of 
 February, 1800, bo reduced to 50 kreutzers per 
 Zollcentner; gross weight. 
 
 In witness whereof tlie undersigned plenipoten- 
 tiaries have drawn up the present protocol in 
 duplicate form, to which, after it had been duly 
 read, they allixed their signatures. 
 
 Vienna, this 10th day of December, 1805. 
 
 Ul.OOMFIKLD. 
 
 Alkxandeu Gkaf Mensdorff- 
 I'ouii-i.v, t'.M.L. 
 
 ReRNIIAUD-HakON WuLliERSTORF, 
 
 C, Admiral. 
 
 iti(! other, oipinlity of treatment with native 
 Milijccls in regard to charges on loading and 
 unloading, to warehousing, and to the transit 
 traile, as also in regard to bounties, facilities, ond 
 drawbacks. 
 
 il. The subjects of one of the two high contract - 
 ji,,,'p,i\vers shall, in the (h)minions of the other, 
 injov the same protection as native subjects in 
 rcL'iird to the rights of property in trade marks, 
 ;incl ether distinctive marks, as well as in patterns 
 iinil designs for manufacture. 
 
 1(1. The high contracting parties reserve to 
 ihcnisi'lvcs to determine hereafter, by a special 
 (unvoiition, the means of reciprocally protecting 
 copyright in works of literature and the fhie 
 ;irts within their respective dominions. 
 
 11. The present treaty shall remain in force for 
 ilii' space of ten years, to date from the Ist of 
 •lanuary, 1807; and in case neither of the high 
 idiitraciing powers shall have notilied to the 
 (ithcr, twelve months before the expiration of the 
 •aid perioil of ten years, the intention to put an 
 mdto its operation, the treatj- shall continue in 
 lorcc for onothcr year, and so on from year to 
 year, until the expiration of a year counting from 
 ilic dav on which one or other of the high 
 contracting parties shall have announced its in- 
 tention to put an end to it. 
 
 The high contracting parties reserve to them- 
 >clve.- the right to introduce, by common consent, 
 iuio ihis treaty, any modillcation which is not 
 .ippoaed to its spirit and principles, and the 
 utility of which shall have been shown by ex- 
 perience. 
 
 12. The present treaty shall be ratified, and tlie 
 ratifications shall be exchanged in Vieima, in 
 throe weeks or sooner if possible. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective plenipoten- 
 tiaries have signed the same, and have affixed 
 thereto the seal of their arms. 
 Done at Vienna, this Itith day of December, 
 
 Bloomfield. 
 
 Alexandeu Graf Mensdorff- 
 Pouii.lv, F.M.L. 
 
 BeKNIIAIID-BaUON WiiLLEItSTORF, 
 
 C. Admiral. 
 
 Final Protocol. 
 Upon proceeding to the signature of the treaty 
 of commerce concluded this day between (ircat 
 Britain and Austria, the plenipotentiaries of the 
 two iKiwcrs made the following declaratiims : — 
 
 1. The plenipotentiaries of his Majesty the 
 r.mpiror of Austria declared that in virtue of 
 Atiiile XIII. of the treaty of customs and eontri- 
 ktions union of the 23rd December, ISIiii, 
 between Austria and Liechtenstein, the treaty of 
 commerce concluded this day would apply eipially 
 wthe prill. -ipality of Liechtenstein, and the Bri- 
 tish plmipoteiitiary accepted this declaration. 
 
 2. In <ir(lcr to avoid any future doubt as to 
 theintcntiou of Article III., the plenipotentiaries 
 of tlic two powers agreed to the following ex- 
 planation :— 
 
 In the construction of a tariff of specific duties 
 by wiifjht within fixed ad valorem rates, it is 
 necessary to determine what shall be the unit of 
 ulue to which each specific duty shall be applied. 
 Iti adopting the basis of value established by 
 Article III,, it is understood that it is not intended 
 to depart from the general principle of the article, 
 tIz,, the application of certain maximum ad 
 I valorem rates of duty to all articles of British 
 produce and manufacture, but to guard against 
 
 Trealy of Navigation between her Majesty and 
 his Mitjesly the Emperor of Austria. Signed at 
 Vienna, April 30, 1808. Ratijications exchanged 
 at Vienna, June '26, 1868. 
 
 Article 1. British ships and their cargoes in all 
 the dominions of his Imperial and Royal Aposto- 
 lic Majestv, and ships belonging to 'the citizens 
 4x2 
 
 i!ll- 
 
 '!!' 
 
 Hi 
 
 • 
 
 I ! 
 
 1 ' 
 
 1. 
 
 I. ■;■ 
 
 rU ;• 
 
 i'u^ 
 
I ■ 
 
 , 
 
 
 1412 THKATIKS (f 
 
 of tlip lm|i<'rinl ntid ISnviil SinlcM nml their ciirjioi'H 
 ill nil tlic (lominiixiH of licr Maji'sty flic (^iccn of 
 till' I'liili'il KiiiKilonuif tiri'iil liritiiin iiiiil Iri'laiul, 
 from wlmtt'VtT plin'f niriviiif,' ami wliatcvrr may 
 lie tlu'ir i>lan' of (IcMtiiintiiiii. and wlialcviT may 
 
 III' till' pla >f origin or ilcHtiiintioii of llioir car- 
 
 Kiii'H, hImiII Im' Ircntcil in every respect on national 
 ^'llipH ami tlii'ir carijoi'H. 
 
 I'', very favour or exempt inn in tlieni' respei't^, 
 or any other privilege in matters of iiaviniitioii, 
 uhieli' either ot' the eniilraelint; piiitiei sliall >;rfiiil 
 til a third power, shall he <'\temli'd iiniiieiliately 
 iiiiil iineiinililiuiinlly to the other jiiirty. 
 
 It is, howevrr, a^^reed 'lat this stipulation hIiiiU 
 not he applieiilili' to tlio linlioiial liNlierii"4 of either 
 of the two emiiilries. 
 
 '.', The utipiiliitioiis eiiiitained in till" pieceilinj; 
 artii'Ie nil' lllsn to he applied In the eoluiiii ^ and 
 foreiLtn plls-es^i(l||s „f lier Itritannie Majenty, as 
 well as to the ships and eariroes of the same; hill, 
 
 as rej^ards the eoiisiin;^' trade, only in thus In- 
 
 nies and forei>;ii posses.-iiiiis the eoaslin^ trade uf 
 whiih shall have heeii, or shall In' heieallir, 
 opened to forei;;!! ships in eolifiiniiily willl the 
 Acts of rarliameiit wliieli govern this matter. 
 
 Till' fiireiL'ii pl).-se^sillns and enloiiies of her 
 Itritannie iMiijesty, the enastiiit; tr.ide of wliieli 
 lias heeii alreidy so opened to foreii^n ships, and 
 ill wliieh ill refiii'e ships heloiif^iMi; to the eiti/ens 
 nl' the Imperial and lloyal States are placed on 
 the national liMtliiiLr, are— 
 
 llrilidi India, 
 
 Ceyloi; 
 
 ( 'ape of ( iiiiid Hope, 
 
 Vietoria, 
 
 St. l,mi;t. 
 II. If any ship of war or niereliant -vessel of one 
 of the (Dntrai'linj; parties should run aground or 
 I"' wreeUed, or meet with any easiially upon the 
 inasls of the other, the ."aine aid and assistanee 
 shall he rendered to if, mid to the ear:;o, apparel, 
 .•iiid fnriiitiire thereof, as to a national vrssel ; !iml 
 in siieli ease no other expenses .shall he paid hy 
 llie ov.iiers or tli< ir assents and representatives for 
 the jireservation of tlie property or of the lives of 
 the |iersolis oil hoard the ship, than would he 
 payalile in the liUe ease of a wreek of or easiialty 
 to ii national \essel. 
 
 In e.i.se the master of a nienhant-vessel .should 
 he under the iieerssityof disposiiii; of a part of 
 his iiierehamlise in order to defray any salva^;e 
 expenses, no impediment shall he opposeil hy thi^ 
 .•mthorilies, the master hein;^ hound, however, to 
 eonform to the e.xistiii^ re;;niatioiis and farills. 
 
 Tlie jroods and merehandise saved from the 
 ivreek shall he exempt from nil duties of ciisfoms, 
 unless eleaied for eonsiiinption. 
 
 'I'lie respeetive eonsuls-jreiieral, eonsiils, vicp- 
 eniisnls. and eoiisular a^;eiils shall, if the owner or 
 inasler, or other nj^ent ot llie owner, is not pre- 
 sent, or is present and requires it, or is hound hy 
 the laws of his eonntry to aeeept coiisnlar assist- 
 ani'e, he authorised to interpose in order to all'urd 
 the neeesBaiy assistanee fo those eoneerned. 
 
 ■I. llie eonsuls-f^cneral, eonsnls, viee-eonsiils, 
 and eoiisular af.'Pnts of caeli of the eontraetiiif; 
 parlies residing; in tliu tioniinions and possessions 
 of the other, shall rceeivc' from the loeal authori- 
 ties .such (issistaiiee n.s can hy Inw he given to 
 them for the n covery of deserters from the ves- 
 .scls of their res]ieclive cuuntrios. 
 
 .'). All Vessels wliieh nccordinfj to Hritish law 
 are to he deemed liritish vessels, and all vessels 
 wliieh, .iccordinn fo the laws prevailing in the 
 States of Ills lniperi.it and Koyal Apostolic Ma- 
 jesty, are to he ileeined vessels belonging to the 
 iiuhjccts of his Imperial ami Koyal Apost'jlic Jla- 
 
 'OMMKHCIAL) 
 
 jeitty, hIwiII, for lli« piirpoHc* of this tronfy, Ik 
 'respectively deeined liritish vessrls, and vi,s,i|. 
 hi'loiiging to the eiti/ens of the Imperial ntnl 
 l.'oyal States. 
 
 (i. The present treaty shall remain in foreeln.ni 
 the exchange of the ratilicatiniis thereof until ih,. 
 ;i|sl of Deceinher. IKVT; and in case neither o| ih,. 
 high contraeting powi'rs shall have iiotitied tntli,. 
 other, twelve months hel'orii tin? expiration of ih,, 
 said period, the infeiition to put an end tn iis 
 operation, the treaty shall eoiitiniie in fnno r,r 
 allot her year, and so on from year to year, uiilil 
 the expiration of a year, eoiinliiig from the iliiyiin 
 which one or other of the high contracting p:irlii« 
 shall have annoiineed i's intention to put iiii iml 
 to it. 
 
 7. The pl•e^ent treaty Mliall he r.'ililii'd, iuhI i|„. 
 rat ilie.'il ions shall heexelianged at Vienna, wiihiu 
 eight weeks, or sooner if possihle. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective pliiii|in|(>i|. 
 tiaries have signed the same, and have iilliM'il 
 thereto the seal of their arms. 
 
 Moiie at Vienna, this .'Kith day of April, in the 
 year of our Lord IMtiS. 
 
 Hi.<H).MKir.i.i). 
 
 I.IIIIS .M Al.l.hT. 
 
 ni-.t.<iiiiM. 
 
 'I'll III;/ I't' Ciimmnii' iiml Niifiiiiiliint livlH'tfn htr 
 Miijiuli) unit (III' Kill!) of III!' lUlijiiiii^, Siijmd 
 III Liiiiitini, Jul;/ 'J.'l, 18I)"J. liiitijiciitiom i.r- 
 rliiiiiiicil III IjOiii/uii, Auyunt .'Id, lN(i'.'. 
 
 Article I. There shall he reciprocal lilxrlviif 
 eiiinmerce hetwceii all the dominions ami |iiis<i»- 
 sionsofthe two high eontnicting parlies ; amlilio 
 suhjci'tH of each of them shall, Ihroiigliimt llii' 
 whole extent of the territories and possiwiuiK uf 
 the other, enjoy the same rights, privilegis, lili'f- 
 ties, favours, immunities, and exeiiipli>ii>. in 
 mallei's of ciiinnierce and navigation, win. Iiiirc 
 or niav he enjoyed hy native suhjeets. 
 
 ■J. 'I'he suhjeets of one of the two high cuilrici 
 iiig jiartics residing in the iloniinions of tlii' dilnr. 
 shall have the same lilierty as native siilijiri. i.. 
 manage their own atl'airs theiii.selves, er Iim.ii: 
 init them fo the inanageinent of any other |»r.i.ii. 
 as brokers, factors, agents, <ir interpreters. Tin;, 
 shall not be restrained in their choice, ami ^li;i!I 
 not be obliged (o pay any .salary or rcimiiirr.iii"; 
 to any person whom they sliall not clincisi^ liuiii- 
 ploy ill those capacities; buyers and sellorsli 
 at iierl'eet liberty to bargain together, iiiul I" iii 
 tlie price of any goods or mercliniidisi^ iiii|'ciric4ii 
 destined fur exportation, on coiidilinii nfiih-in- 
 ing the regulations and the customs la\v.< »! il, 
 country. 
 
 .'1. lii nil that rclntes to iinvigntiDii .niiilnn 
 nierce, the high contracting parties shall niili.Tii!" 
 any privilege, favour, or immunity In any iili^ 
 country, which shall not he also and iiiiiniiliai'K 
 e.xtended to their respective subjects. 
 
 ■I. All vessels which according to tliolaw-'; 
 (Jreat liritain ar<^ to be deenicil Hrilisli vi-h!-. 
 and all vessels which according to tlif l:i«* "'■ 
 Helgium are to he deemed llelgian vtsstk :mv 
 decl.ircd to be Ibili.sli and lielgian vessels rojrt- 
 fivelv. 
 
 .'i. "No duties of tonnage, liarhour. Iiglit-li"iis, 
 pilotage, (innraiiliiu', or other nimilar or om- ; 
 sponding duties, of whatever nature or uiKkriv.: it- 
 ever deiioniination. levied for the profit or in i'"' 
 name of the Covernmeiit, laihlic functiiiiiarie-. 
 conimnnes, corporations, or estuhlislinuiii- i' 
 whatever kind, shall be imposed in the li't;>'i 
 
 either eonntry, upon the vessels of the otIuT i 
 try, from whiitever port or place arriviii;:,''' 
 
TUKATIKS (CoMiMKKCrAI, 
 
 ,„„„,, „f tlilK treaty, W 
 llrilisl. v.■«'<pl^ mill v<^^■«N 
 i/,,.„s ..r thf lmi>''f"»l '""I 
 
 lVHlmnr.-nmitilnf..r.rlr.m 
 ;. ,„.Mi.l<•ll^«•1lt•ltllor..|ll. 
 
 l„.r..rotli.M'Xi.iratH.M<.l lli. 
 
 ,„i„„ to ,,<«l "", ••"'.' '" '" 
 , „l,Hll routim." Ill l"i'''l' 
 „n Irom vciir (,. y.'ur ui,t.l 
 ,.iir .•c.uiiliiinrr"iiH»"''l''y"i' 
 I the liit;lii'cil\tractiii(,'|iiirli. 
 ilits iiiti'iiti.m to i>ul uiin,i 
 
 ..alvhliiiH l»-ralili.a, niMih. 
 irxVlmntii'il"'^' ''■""■'•""'"" 
 rr it' iiossihti'. , 
 
 the slllH', lin.\ liiivr uHimM 
 li.'ir nriiix. 
 this :iiitU tiny of Aiiril, lutli'' 
 
 (IS. 
 
 Ui.iM).Mi'n.i.ii. 
 
 Louis Mmikt. 
 
 Bl-.l.dlliM. 
 ,-,. tinil Xiii-iiliilwn hi-inw> k' 
 
 Kilut (>/■ ""■ /''■'.'/'"""■ . ■*"'."'"' 
 , •>•(" l'8()"i. linti/iiiilwiis rr- 
 
 . ^liiill 1"' ri'cipronil lilHrivnt 
 
 1, nil the (loiiiinions iiml | ■ 
 
 iMirontrm'tiiUJimrlics; andlh- 
 ,Vf tlii'in sliiiU, tliroiinliim! Ih'^ 
 ti<' Icrritdrift iiml |Hisswi»ii- "i 
 lu'Siiincrit^lits, privili-Ki^slil'-f- 
 
 „,muili.->, ' a"«l •■X''i»l">'"'-' '" 
 iciTO mill imvinntioii, wlii.liii^' 
 il l.v native sulyi'i'ls. 
 ,„f"(m.M,|-tl.r.t.w.il.if;li;Mitwl 
 
 iL'iii llif iloiiiiiii"'!'* "' '"''""''■'■• 
 ,,nc lil..Mtvatiiativosul.jnLi.i 
 ,11 atlairs"llH'inHelvcs(.rt.M...i. 
 ,,,iunKrnu,.it..fanyoti<'ri«r."n- 
 
 •aiiu'Il in their .'lioicc, ami -l.aH 
 
 i.av anv salary or rcimiiimn-ii 
 
 ,,!„;tlu.y.l,nlln.ael.o.pMn.;.n- 
 
 „uities; Imvers and sellers l™- 
 •to liarnaiu together, iiiui t"ii^ 
 ■oo(Uormerchamlise.nir;ino.l., 
 orlatUm.on .Mm.lilioM ol ,.1h • 
 ,n.s an.l tlu; eiistomH law.^ "I H' 
 
 relates to nav^'alionan;! ;;';•'■ 
 ,,„„raelin^; parties shall n^rt; 
 
 voiir, or immunity t;) m') ' ' 
 .hall not bo also and iiniiu'Ji^'"') 
 r resiH-otive. siihjcets . 
 
 which aecording to .1^. 
 r,. to h.^ deemed »"> ''',"'' , 
 hieh a.ronlin,' to the «> 
 
 he deemed lielpan vi«c • »^ I 
 ,i,i.shananelK'«"«^'''''"'' 
 
 ,f tonnage, Harbour light-b^;^: 
 
 iMiraiions, or '•■7''.'" ,,„ ,.„r;<, 
 Ihall be imposed mth^,„. 
 „„ tho vessels of the ly^^. 
 ver port ot plaee arruu'.-"-' 
 
 M 
 
 tilll liol ho Oi|iiilll)' iin|Hiieil in tlie like cases on 
 „;ill.iMal vessels. 
 
 1',. Ill all thai rei,'iiril:i the slalil>niML,^ the loiid- 
 iii_'. and nnloadiii;; of vessils in (lie ports, haiiiis, 
 iliiil»-<. roHilHleails, liarliours, or rivers ,if tin- two 
 iHiiiilrles, no |irlvile)^i> Hha!l he );raiileil in nalional 
 v.>.4i'|s uliieh hhall iiol he. ei|iially ^'riinled to 
 vi.M'ls of Ihe ollirr eoimlry ; Ihe iiileniion of the 
 lijrli eontriK'tini; parties In in^, Ihal in this re- 
 .iiiilalso the respeelive vessels shall hu treated 
 ,iii the fooling of |MTfeel ei|nality. 
 
 7. lirilish vessels enleriiif^ 11 port of |{elKlnMi, 
 and, rciipiiieally. Ilidniaii vessels enleriiitr a port 
 iitdreal llritain or ol ihe jtrilish possessions, and 
 |,'»iriiih' lo disehnrne only a part of their earj^o, 
 iii;i\. ciihjeet lo eompllaiK'u willi the laws and re- 
 "iil;ili"iis of Ihe respective! eoiinlrieH, retain on 
 [,i,iird that part of Ihe car^;o whieli is destined for 
 iiiiiitliir port, whether in Ihe same coimlry or in 
 aiiv iillier country, and may nvexport the same, 
 wiilieiit heiiiK nimpelleil to pay, upon sni h re- 
 laiiicci part of their earjjo, any duty of eiiHlonis 
 •avc lliiise lor walchin^;. which, of course, shall he 
 l.vii'd only at iho rati! lixed lor national vessels. 
 
 s, (joods of every kind which are or may he 
 |,';;idlv iniporlahle iiilo the ports nt' the I'nited 
 KniHiliiiii of tireal llritain and Ireland, ils colo- 
 nics iind possessions, in llritiHli vessels, may likft- 
 «i>o lie imported into such ports in l(elM;iHn 
 vcsM'ls, wilhout hiduK liahle lo other or higher 
 iliitii's, of whatever deiiomiimtion, than if such 
 ^ijihIs were imported in nalional vessels. 
 
 Ilii'iprocallv, (;oods of every kind which are or 
 niav l)« le,L;aHy importahle into Iho ports of Kel- 
 -luni ill ik'l(;ian vessels, may likewise he im- 
 iinrti'il into suih ports in Itrilish vessels, wilhout I 
 liiiiiif; liahle to other or higher duties, of whatever '• 
 ili-iiiiniiiialioii, than if such goods were imported 
 innatidiial vessels. | 
 
 1,1, (iiiuds of every kind wliiidi may he exported 1 
 illicr from Itelnii'nii by Hritish vessels, or from I 
 (Irpiit llritain and the Hritish poHsessiouM hy Itel- I 
 ■.•laii vosels, for whatever destination, shall not he 
 fcilile II) any other duties or formalities on depar- 
 ture lliiiii if they were e.xporled in national 
 vi'ssils; and they 'shall enjoy, under either Hag, 
 ill limiiities and drawhaeks, or other favonrH 
 tthicli arc or may be granted in each of the two 
 iMiiniriis to national vessels. 
 
 lU During tlio period allowed by the laws of 
 tklHoeomitries for tho warehousing of goods, 
 iKiolkcrdiilies than those for custody and storage 
 ■hall be levied upon articles imported from oiio of 
 the two ciiinitries into the other, until they shall 
 lilt removed for transit, re-exportation, or internal 
 luibiiiiiption. 
 
 In nil case shall such articles pay higher duties, 
 ir I.e liable toother formalities, liiau if they had 
 Ih'im imported under ihii national Hag, or from 
 :lie luiKt fiivinired country, 
 
 U. (iiiods of every kind coining from or going 
 loeiiber (if the two countries shall reciprocally he 
 t.wiilileil from all transit duty. 
 
 Ilie priibibition in regard' to gunpowder is, 
 Ihwevcr, inaiiitaiued ; and the two high cimt ract- 
 iiU|iarties reserve to themselves to subject the 
 iraii-ii uf arms of war to special authorisations. 
 
 Tin; treatment of the most favoured nation is 
 rw'i|iro('iilly guaranteed lo each of the two coun- 
 triesin all'that concerns transit and warehousing. 
 \t With regard to the coasting tradf, it is 
 ;i:rec(l between the high contracting parties that 
 ilic Hibjects and vessels of each of them shall, in 
 liie ilcniinions and possessions of the other, enjoy 
 iliisame privileges, and he treated in all respects 
 "u the 8,111)0 fuotiiig, as national subject") and 
 icssels. 
 
 1 1 1 ;i 
 
 Willi regard to ilie coaitiii^ tr.ide in the colo- 
 nies, ihc Hlipuliilions of till' pre. cut article . shall 
 he applicaldc only to thi' coasting trade of such of 
 Ihc icdoiiies of her llritaiiiiic iMiijcsly as have «p- 
 plic<l or himll liereattcr apply, in coiifnrmity wilh 
 the Acts of rarlianiunt which govern this mailer, 
 that their ciiiudiiig trade may he opened to foreign 
 ve-isels. 
 
 I<'l. The regulations estaldishcil for gooils im- 
 ported from France into llclgium by Articles IX 
 lo 'Jli inclusive, of the. treaty of commerce con- 
 eluded hctweeii ihe two counlriei on the 1st of 
 May, iHtll. shall ei|ually apply in llclgium lo the 
 same goods imported fronitircat llritain and its 
 possess lolls. 
 
 With regard to pure or mixed tissues, laxitl ad 
 valorem, the vahiation of which in Ihe ports may 
 appear to the llelglan tiovernment to present ilii- 
 liciilties, lliii Itelgian (•overnment reserves to 
 itself Ihe power to designate the eustom-honsi! 
 of llriissels exclusively lur tliu udmission of such 
 goods. 
 
 1 1. Neither of the two high contracting parties 
 shall impose upon goods Ihe produce or manufac- 
 Inre of the other party, other or higher diilies of 
 importation than such as are or may bo im|iosed 
 upon Ihe saiiU! goods tho produce of any other 
 foreign country. 
 
 I^ach of the two partieM eii'tagos to extend to 
 the other any favour or privilege, or reiluctiim in 
 the tarilV of duties of importation or exportation, 
 on articles mentioned, or not mentioned, in the 
 present treaty, which eitiier of Ihoni may grant lo 
 any third power, 'I'hey engage, moreover, not to 
 establish against each other any duty or jirohibi- 
 tioii of importation or exporlalion, which shall 
 not, at Ihe .same tim:', be applicablu tu all other 
 nations, 
 
 Il is further agi'ceil that if sea salt relined in 
 Itelgium should ohtain u (lediiction of more than 
 7 per cent, from the genc^ral duty of excise. 
 I Hritish salt relined in llclgium shall enjoy, at the 
 saiiM' moment, a deduction from the excise which 
 shall not he inferior by more than 7 per cent, to 
 the deduction granted to sea .salt, 
 
 lo. Articles the produce or maunfactnrc of Hel- 
 glnm shall not he snbjeot in tho lirilish colonies 
 to other or higher dnlies I hail those which arc or 
 may he imposed upon similar articles of liritish 
 origin. 
 
 Iti, The subjects of one of the high contracting 
 ]iarties shall enjoy, in the domiiiiuuH of the other, 
 th(! same |irotcction as native suhjccts in all thai 
 relates to property in trade, marks, as well as in 
 industrial and nianufacturing patterns and models 
 of every description. 
 
 Tho exclusive right to make use of an industrial 
 or manufaeturing pattern or model shall nor, with 
 regard to Hritish subjects in Hclgium, and reci- 
 procally wilh regard to Helgian subjects in (ireat 
 llritain, have u duration longer than that li.xcd by 
 the law of iho country for native subjects. 
 
 If the industrial or manufacturing pattern or 
 model is open to the public in the country of ori- 
 gin, it cannot lie made the subject of an exclusive 
 right in the other country. 
 
 The provisions ot' Ihe two preceding paragrapliri 
 are applicable to trade marks. 
 
 The rights of subjects of one of the high con- 
 trticting parties in Ihe dominions of the other are 
 not subject to the condition that the models or 
 patterns shall be worked there. 
 
 The present article shall not be put into opera- 
 tion in either country, with regard to such model* 
 or patterns, until the expiration of a year from 
 the date of the signature of tho present treaty. 
 1 17. Belgian subjects shall not have the right to 
 
 i' , 1 1.' 
 
 iP 
 
 :;;lf 
 
 I 111-- 
 
 m 
 
I ' 
 
 \ V 
 
 
 If 
 
 - - ^r 
 
 , : i< 1 
 
 I II J TUIIATII'X (( 
 
 I'liiitii ill (irr.'it llriliiiii ('M'tiisivc |irii|«'rly in ii 
 murk, nitiili'l, or luillrrii, iiiiIi'sh thrv kIi.iII Iiiivc 
 pri'ViiMiNly ciiiiipljcil willi llir rryiiliiii ii«, il' imv. 
 wliirli lire or iiiiiy l>r in I'urci' tor tlic (U'|iiinll ut 
 l.iiiiiliiii, hy lirili.xli niiltjci'tx, nl' iimrliN, nioilvlH, or 
 luiltcrio. 
 
 Itri'i|>ri>i'iilly, llrili»li Miilijci't.s nIiiiII nut liiivrtlic 
 ri|;lil to t'l.'iini in Ilcl^'niiii cM'li.niM' |irc<|i ty in ii 
 iiiiirk, iiiiili'l, or imltrni, iinli'hS tiny shall hiivc 
 |irt'vi .iiHJv i'iiiii|iiircl Willi llic liiw.i anil rr^iilniioiit 
 nil tliiiNO DiiliJi'i'tH wliicli ari! or tuny bu in I'urvu in 
 ItclKiiiiii. 
 
 IN. I'.iii'h of tlio liit;li i'liiitriii'tiii^' piirtlcH liiill 
 liiivc till' ri^lit III iiiiiiic rmiiiiilH I'm' I In- prolt'iiinii 
 of triidi' in tlir ilciinininiis iiiiil lrrrilii>'i)'.~i of llir 
 oilier piirly ; mill Ilic cunNiil' uliii iii;iy lie ho iip- 
 poiiiii'd xliiill t'lijoy, williin tlie icrriliiriiv* ot'ciirli 
 piii'iy, nil till' priviU'^i'H, cxiiiiptioiiN, iiiul iiiiinn- 
 niiics wliiili lire or iiiiiy lir >;riiiil('cl in tlniNi' irrri- 
 lorii's to iii^i'iitH of till' siiiiii' riiiik iiinl ilniraclcr I 
 Jlppoiiili'il liy or iiiitliorisril to aft lor tlic tiovcrii- 
 iiu'iil of the iiiott lavonri'il niilion, 
 
 Itt't'ori' iiiiy consul can act an miicIi, Ik^ iniiHt, 
 however, in i III' usual t'oriii l>cappro\eil aiul ail- | 
 init It'll liy the (■overiiiiient of the coiinlry to 
 which lie is sent; ami each of iho 'wo lii^li con- [ 
 tracliii); parlies nliall ha\e the ri>;ht to except 
 troin the resiclcncc of coiisiiIh any pilrlicniar 
 jilacoH uliich either of tlieiii may jiiilge proper to 
 be oxcepteil. | 
 
 lU, It' any vessel of war or morclmiit-voHHcl of 
 either of the two countries should be wrecked 
 iijioii the coasts of the other, sncli ves. el, or any 
 imrtrt thereof, and all furniture ami appurtenances 
 heloli^in^ thereunto, as well as all goods and , 
 nierchaiulise which shall be saved therel'roin, or 
 the jiroci'cds thereol', if sold, shall be restored li ' 
 the proprietors or to their agents, on hi iiig claimed i 
 by them. In cme there should be no such pro- 
 prietors or ag'.iits upon the N|iot. the said articles 
 and goods, or the ]irocci'ds thereof, as well as all 
 the papers I'ouiid on board of any hiicIi vessel, 
 shall be delivered to the British or itelgian consul ^ 
 in whose district the wreck shall liavo taken place ; j 
 and such consul, )iropriutors, or agents shall not , 
 be called upon to pay any charge but the expenses 
 incurieil in the preservation of the )iropcrty. and 
 the same rale of salvage which would be equally 
 I>ayatik', under the like circumstances, by n iia- 
 lioiial vessel. The goods and merohandisc saved 
 fioin the wreck shall not be subject to tlie. esta- 
 bli>heil duties, unless cleared for consumptiou. 
 
 ■Jil. The British tl'ig shall continue to enjov 
 in Helgiiini the repayment of the Scheldt toll 
 so long as the Hclgian tlag shall enjoy the same. 
 
 'Jl. From and after, at latest, the day on which 
 tlie capitalisation of the Scheldt toll shall be 
 ciVected by a general an-aiigemeiit — 
 
 (1) Tlietonmige duty imposed in Belgian ports 
 shall cease to be levied : 
 
 (2) The pilotage duties in Belgian ports and in 
 till' .Scl.eldt. so far as depends upon Belgium, shall 
 iiiiilergo a reduction 
 
 Of -0 per cent, for sailing vessels; 
 Of "..'.') per cent, for vessels towcil ; 
 Of 'M per cent, for stiam-vessels. 
 
 (3) The system of local 'axes imposed by 
 tlie city of Antwerp shall be throughout di- 
 niinirhed. 
 
 •J2. As il temporary exception to the stipula- 
 tions of Article 11, and for the space of "J years 
 from the 1st of October. IHIiL', the new system 
 shall be applied in the following manner to cer- 
 tain articles of British origin hereinafter euumc- 
 rated :— 
 
 Cotton yams twisted, warped, or dyed, shall 
 pay the duticcj imposed upon single yarns, un- 
 
 'OM.MKK('IAL) 
 
 lileai'licd or bleai'hi'll, with lui addition of ,', 
 cciiiiiiiis for l«isted yarns, H» ceiitiiiii's for 
 warpi d Minis, and 16 cenliuiet fur dyed yarn*, 
 per kilo);ramnie. 
 
 The duty on sliiH' of wool mixed with eotinn 
 shall be '.''.'i per cent, until the 1st of Dclnhir, 
 IMii.'l, and '.'11 per cent, iiiiiil the 1st of OitnlHT, 
 ■ Mil. I'uriiig the coiil iniiamc of the Iraiisiiurv 
 system the importer may, at his elioice, pny 
 lillnr iNll francs the 1011 kilogrammes, or iij,, 
 duties Hiipiilateil above. 
 
 Th diit\ upon nrinted uolton tissues sliuH |„. 
 I.'io fr.'iiics the liHi kilograniineH. 
 
 'J:!. Ii is nnilerstooii that in case the prcwnt 
 duty on till' importation of foreign spirits nliniiM 
 Im' maintained in llie British lariti', the artiili' ri' 
 lative to spirits which is contained in the iniiiv 
 concliidiil bit ween Belgium and France uii ili',. 
 1st of .May. IKtil, shall not be applied to ilriij.h 
 si'irits, so far as regards the reductions tlicniii 
 stipulated, until the 1st of October, iHC>;>. 
 
 '.'I. The Ionian Islands being under the protic- 
 lion of her Britannic Alajesty. the siibjicls .iihl 
 vessels of those islands shall enjoy, in the ilimii- 
 nionsof his .Majesty the King ot tlii^ Bel^iuiii, .ill 
 the advani.iges which are granted to the siiliji'iiii 
 and vcs.selsol (ireat Britain by the jirc'eiil tri'iitv, 
 as .soon as the (ioveriiment of the Ionian Islaiuls 
 shall ha\e agreed to grant to the siilijirls .uiil 
 vessels ot bis Majesty the Kingof I'e llel;,'iaiw 
 the same advantages which are gri. d in ihn.c 
 islands to till' subjects and vessels ot' her ltrii:iii- 
 llie Maji'siy; it being umlerstooil, that in unlir 
 ti) prevent abuses, every Ionian vessel ilaiiiiiii;; 
 the beiietlls of that treaty, shall he fiiriiislinl 
 with a patent signed by the Lord High Cuuiiiii.v 
 sioner of her Britannic Majesty, or by hi,s ri'|iri'- 
 sentative. 
 
 '.'o. The present treaty shall continue in furie 
 for 10 years, dating from the IDtli day afior llii- 
 exchange of the ratitications. In case iidtluT"!' 
 the two high contracting parties shoulil liuvc imti- 
 licd. 1"_' months before tlie end of the .said pirinj. 
 its intention to terminate the treaty, it .'<liall n- 
 main in force until the expiration of 1 year ilaliii^ 
 from the day on which either of the' hijjii cmi- 
 tracting pariica shuU liuvu given uotiei! fur it^ 
 termination. 
 
 The high contracting parties reserve to ilieiii- 
 selves the right to introduce into the treaty, liy 
 common conspiit, any modilications which may 
 not be at variance with its .spirit or principles. 
 and the utility of which may be shown by cxio- 
 rience. 
 
 20. l'"rom and after the date tixed by the \<k- 
 ceding article, tlie treaty of eonimerceaiicl navifja- 
 tion of the 27th of October, 1851, .shall ccuse to k 
 in force. 
 
 27. The present treaty shall be ratilied, and tln' 
 ratitications shall be exchanged at London before 
 the 1st day of September, 18G2. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective plcnipoteii- 
 tiarics have signed the same, and iiave alR.\e<l 
 thereto the seal of their arms. 
 
 Done in duplicate at London, the 23rd day of 
 July, in the year of our Lord 1802. 
 
 KUSSKI.I,. 
 
 TllO.MAS MiLNKK (ilnSO.N. 
 
 Sylvain van UK \Vkyi;i:. 
 
 Protocol of Conference held at the Foreign Ofic, 
 
 July 23, 1802, between the Pleni/ioteiUiurus "J 
 
 a real Britain and of Belgium. 
 
 The plenipotentiaries of her Britannic Majwly 
 
 and of bis Majesty the King of the lielijiansni 
 
 proceeding to the signature of the treaty of tum- 
 
 nierce and navigation between their august 
 
Willi iiii ii'l'li'i"" "'■ '■ 
 viiriH, !•> niilimi'H f(ir 
 iVuliiiKM I'l'r ilyiil yiirii., 
 
 if wool inix«''l Willi lolii'h 
 iiiilil lli>' l"t "'' '>'l"li". 
 „„iil tlir Ixt ..I' (lilnhcr. 
 
 MiMiimn.riil' llu^ iniiiMlnry 
 iiiiiv, 111 1""^ •■li"l'«'. im 
 100 klliiKf"'"""'^' '"■ ''" 
 
 il'i'd foltoil tlHHUi'* Hlmll !»■ 
 iirtatnliu'i*. 
 
 ,1 ilial ill I'liH" tho |inwm 
 nil of r..rcinii xiiinis slmnM 
 llrllisli tiirilV, 111.' iirliili' r, 
 1 is n.iilaiii.'il III I 111' irnily 
 (..iKiiiin iiiul l''riiiu'c tm ih, 
 ill not Ui ny\>\M to Unii-li 
 ■aril(t till! niliK'lioii^ tlnfin 
 Ut otOi'tolpiT, l«W». 
 itinlK lii'iiit; iii"l''f <'»' Pf"'"- 
 c Miiji'^lv. Ill*' «iil'J'il« ■i"'l 
 „ls hliaU'i'iiiov, in Uh' <l"ini- 
 the KiiiK'ol I do lt.lniiint, nil 
 li aro KrauU'il lo llic Hiilijtrii 
 Hiitaiu bv till' jtri'-tiil tri'aly, 
 
 llUH'Ilt of tlu' iollillll '''lilllll' 
 
 (I uriiiit to I 111' ciil'.i''ii'* 'i"'' 
 ty till' KiiiK <'•' '' '• K^'lj-''""' 
 , which aro ^ru A m ili"-'' 
 •Is luitl vessels ol' luT Itritiiii- 
 im' uiiiUislood, that ill iiril.t 
 t'vory Ionian vi'sscl rliiiiuinn 
 It troaty, Hliall ho fiiriiish"! 
 1 by I ho Loril ilinh Cuumii>- 
 mio Majesty, or hy his iv|irr- 
 
 Ireatv shall conlimie in f"M' 
 • IVoiii the KItli «lay 'if'" H"'. 
 liliealions. In (H.-e iii'itlur"! 
 
 (■tint? \">f<'^''* •■''"'"''"'""' """,' 
 ip'thoemlor iho .■•aid litri»a, 
 
 iiiiiale the. treaty, it shall lo- 
 
 he expiration of 1 year ilalm: 
 
 ,hieli either of tlie '"h''.' <:"."- 
 
 all hiivo given uotioe for ib 
 
 -tint: parties reserve lo iticiii- 
 introiluee into the treaty, by 
 
 luv moililii'Mlions which mny 
 With its siiirit or pniiciiilf-s 
 
 vhieli may be shown by txi'C- 
 
 ■r the .late tixc.l by tlio I'rt- 
 r,:il>'.)fc.)iiiinereeaiicliuviKa- 
 Oeti'.ber, 1851, shall ceuso lu k 
 
 treaty shall be ratified, ami tlie 
 ,0 exchanged at Loiid.m bulorc 
 ember, 18G2. 
 
 ^„f the respective pkmi^e- 
 Ihc same, ami have atfixea 
 
 t'atTn..on,.he23rd.layof 
 f our Lord 18C2. 
 
 Thomas Milnku t.iBsoN. 
 
 SYLVAiN VANUEWMi-i- 
 euce AeWaM/.« Foreign 0P:<. 
 ctwccn the Plenipolcntmrm <\t 
 
 nd of Belgium. . 
 
 iariesofhorlJritaiimcJhjjt^ 
 
 y the Kins ol '»'« ^ffTlZ 
 ■[gnatureofthctrea.^0 om 
 
 ■Nation between then au„u 
 
 TKKATIKS (( 
 
 eovereii^ns, places upon re.'onl thai liny linve 
 ii;,'r.'i'il upon III.' I'nlj.iwjii:; puiiils: 
 
 1 1 I Tliat III.' ili'< l.iriilJMns rilaliM' In I lie ,'irr>"<t 
 I,'' scaiinii ili'Mrhr", .lalcil the lib nf .l.iiiuary , 
 |s',i, iinil llie or.li'i' ill luiiiiiil iHiirln '. li/iie tlio 
 Mil of K.'briiarv, IN.'i,'i, ainl piiblisbed In ihe l,,,„. 
 iluH (iiiiilli; .it Iho IMlli of I'.'briiary, nliall inn 
 liiiiii' in foieo anil vali.lity, as il' they had In in 
 iincrii'd ill th.' saiil tr.'iily. 
 
 r.') Thai iiIiIiiiiikIi llio li.-'li.'ry eoiiveiilion eon- 
 .liiili'd on til.' --'nd of Aliinli, IX.V.', Iiiiwien In r 
 llrimiiiii'' Maj.'siy nii.l bis iMajesty ib.' Kiiii; of 
 'ill jli'l^'ians, is provisionally inaiiilaiind, ii is 
 mull I ilie ri'servalion mad.' by lb.' (ioviTiinii'iit of 
 l,l< Mniesty III.' Kiiif of the ltel^;laiis, ilml Ihey 
 imH a^'.'iiii briiii; lorward, in a fnliiri' neKulialinii, 
 ihr liriip'wilioii rilaliv.' to llie reripronil periiiis- 
 .imi til li'b within Iho inariiii' lirrilorial liniil, 
 
 III iiiuiiilainiii^' lli.^ said I'onvenlion eonebid.'d 
 111 llie .'.'inl of Marili, IK.^'J, an except imi lo ilie 
 -ii|iiilaiioiis I if till' li'i'iily of coniiiiercc and navi^a- 
 timi (linmil Ibis .lay, is iiia.li' in so far as rejianls 
 till' aihaiita;;('s wliiili are or may be n\\vu in 
 iillier ciiiiiilry to llie prodiic.' of milional lishery. 
 
 CD Willi ri';;ard lo sii;,'ar, the (inveriim.'nt of 
 \'U .Maji'sty the Kiiiu' of the llelnians reserv.' to 
 ilit'iiiM'lves to I'.'iii'w their piop.isilion that an 
 i-ri'iiiii'iit hIkiiiIiI be coiiio to between (ireal 
 I'lnluiii, ll<'l(.':iiiiii, 1'' ranee, the /ollverein, and lli.^ 
 Ni'tliirlaiiils, for respectively briinjinj,' the duties 
 ii|uiiiriiwaiid retineil MUfjars imported from anyone 
 mI'iIiiim' countries into tli.^ olliers to an ei{ualily 
 with the tuxes imposed upon the. same prodii.' 
 li iiH (if iialioiial .>ri;;in, and for terminaliii}; 
 .iniultaiiiMdisly in those r> coiinlries th.^ system .if 
 iiiiniies nil the exportation of sii^ar. 
 
 fill' lU'lf^ian (iov.'rnnient rely ii|Kin the ;.u|i- 
 |iirl mill lo-operati.m of the (lovernment f her 
 i'.rilaiiiiii' Majesty for Ibis purpose. 
 lU'.HSI- I.I.. 
 
 Thomas Mii.nku <!iiisox. 
 Sylvain van i)k \V'kvi;ii. 
 
 I'rolimtl (if Coiiffirnce held iit the I'ore'uin Office, 
 
 Anqml :!o, IHIi'.', between the Fleitii>iitenliiiries 
 
 iif Viimt Uiitiiin and of itelyium. 
 
 The uiulersisiied, in proeeedinn lo theexehaiif;.' 
 
 'I'llie ratiiiiHtions of the treaty of commerce and 
 
 iiiivipilidii eiiiiebided on tb.', 'J.'ird of July, IW(i'.', 
 
 I'lHi'i'ii her Majesty the Ijiieen of the I'nited 
 
 Kiiiuilmii of (Jreiil liritaiii an.l Ireland, and bis 
 
 M;iji'-ty the Kinj,' of the Helfiians, have at;ieed to 
 
 M'urd in Hie present protocol the niodilieathins in 
 
 ;lir sail! treaty arransi'd this day iH'tween them ; 
 
 mill ill idiiscquencc of which the I'ollowiiiL; tariff 
 
 i.- ailiiiited : — 
 
 X„. Cotton Yarns. 
 
 iHt Year Siul Vt-nr 
 
 III. 
 'i'\iiinl anil undir 
 ■i ,i«"iii, ■ii.i'iin 
 .'». iii.iino 
 
 4 ,111 'I (,.').llllll 
 
 Ti 
 .10 
 I.'. 
 
 .Vi 
 
 Aliiivc (i.">,niio IVec entry Cweifihiiif; cbari;e of ! 
 li' I'liitiiiies) diuinj; the whole duration of ihe j 
 irciily, I 
 
 Tlii'so mndifiontiona shall have the same force | 
 iiiiil ('licet as if they were textually inserted in | 
 ;li('siii| iicaty, and they shall come into operation 
 ifi'iiillic 1st ('a' October." IHO'J, the old duties eou- 
 limiiii;; to be applied to the. above-nienlioiied 
 jtli('li>. as well as the mixed tissues (Article 'Z'2 
 "Ilk' treaty), u|) to that dale. 
 
 Ill k'sliiiiiHiy whereof the idenipotentiaries 
 ! :ivi; sijiiicil (he present protocol, and have thereto 
 illixoil Iheir seals. 
 
 U"iio in Loiulun the 30th of August, 18C2. 
 
 Kl'SSIil,!.. 
 
 TllOJlAS illl.NKK (llI'.SON. 
 
 SVI.VAIN VAN \>V. W'kVI.K. 
 
 iMMKIUTATi) III,. 
 
 ClIISA. 
 
 Tieiittt I't' l*nire, l'eietit/nltiftt unit t\tiitmeree, 
 liihi II n her Miiji i/i/ mnl tlie /■,'iiiih inr i>l' Chinii, 
 Sii/iiid. ill llie i'.iiiilinh unit ('liinme liiiiiiiiiiile», 
 lit 7'ieii ttiit. Jiiiiv '.'li, IM,'iH. IliilijieiilioHn f.r- 
 eliiiiiijrit III I'lliiiiii, (hlolier '2i, iHllli, 
 
 Arlielo 1. The treaty .if peace and aiiiity 
 between the two iialioiis, sillied at Nanking on 
 the '.".1111 day of ,\u;;iiM, in ibe y.ar l«l.', In here- 
 by ii'iiewt'd and coiitiniii'd. [(.!an lu.s. | 
 
 The supplementary treaty and general ri'Kula 
 tiiiiis of li'a.le baviii); been amended and impinved, 
 
 and Ibe siibstan '.' their provisions bavjii^j bi'en 
 
 iiicor|i<nate.l in this tr.'iity, t'lo said siipplemiiilary 
 treaty and k' mral i'e){ulathin.'i of trudu are iier.'b/ 
 abi'i lulled, 
 
 ".!. I'or Ibe belier presei'vatioii of liariiionv ill 
 fiiliiii', her .Miiji'sty llie (^iieeii of (ireat Mritaiii 
 and bis .Maje^iy ibe I'jiipernr of China inutiially 
 a^ri'i' that, in aecordain'e with the universal piac- 
 liee of ^iial and friendly nations, b.r Majesty 
 tb.) (.iiieen may, if Hlie^ee ill, appoint ainlia--sailors, 
 ininislirs, or other (li|iloniatii' apiils to the Court 
 of I'eluiij;; and bis Majesty llie I'iiiipenir of China 
 may, in lik.^ uiamier, if ne'see ill, apjioint umbas- 
 sadors, minisliis, or other diploinalh'uneiit.s tothu 
 Court .'f .St. .lames'. 
 
 il. His .Majesty the I'.n peror of China hereby 
 aj^rees, that the ambassadni-, minister, nr (itbcr 
 diplomatie aHciit, so appiiinled by her .Mlije.ty the 
 <iiii('ii of (ireat Ib'ilaiii, may" reside, "with bis 
 family and esiablisbnient, periii.'iiieiiity at the 
 capital, or may visit it occasionally, at ibe option 
 of the Itrilish (iovernmeiit. lie. shall not bi^ 
 called upon to perform any ceremony dero^;atory 
 to him as repre.seiilins the soverei;;ii of an inde- 
 pendent iia'ion on ii footing of eiiiiality with that 
 of China. On the other hand, be shall use the 
 same forms of ceremony and respect to his Majesty 
 the Kmperor as are employed by the ambassadors, 
 ministers, or diplomatic a^i.'iits of her Maji\sty 
 towards the ,sovereif;n.s of iiKhpeiideiit and equiil 
 Diiropeaii nations. 
 
 It IS further nsreed, that her Majesty's Oovern- 
 iiieiit may ucipiire at rekinna site for bnildinK.or 
 may hire bouses for tlii! accoininodation of her 
 Majesty's mission, and that the Chinese Govern- 
 ment will a.ssist it in so doins. 
 
 Her Majesty's representativo .shall be at liberty 
 to choo.se his own servants an.l iittendaiitH, who 
 shall not be subjected to any kind of molestation 
 whatever. 
 
 Any person Kuihy "'' disre.spcet or violence to 
 her Majesty's representative, or to any member of 
 his family or establisbnient, in deed or word, shall 
 be .severely punished. 
 
 'I. It is further agreed, that no obstacle or difli- 
 culty shall be made to the free movements of her 
 Majesty's repre.sentative, and that be, and the 
 persons of his suite, may come and i^n, and travel 
 at their iileasiire. He shall, moreover, have full 
 liberty to send and receive his correspondence, to 
 and from any point on tlu^ sea-coast that he may 
 s.'lect ; and his letters and effects nhall be held 
 sacred and inviolable. Ib^ may employ, for their 
 transmission, special couriers, who shall meet with 
 the same protectitm and facilities for travelling as 
 the persons employed in carrying de.sp.itches for 
 the Imperial (iovernmeiit; and, generally, he shall 
 enjoy the siine privileges as are accorded to olHcers 
 of tiie .same rank by the u.sagc and consent of 
 Western nations. 
 
 All expenses attemling the diphjniatie mission 
 of (ireat Britain in China shall be borne by the 
 IJritish (iovernment. 
 ,"), His JIajesty the Emperor of China .agrees to 
 
 ,:il 
 
 ::\\\\ 
 
1 1 1 (') 
 
 TUKATIKS (COMMKRCIAL^ 
 
 ♦ 
 
 I, 
 
 
 ■.} 
 
 ■i 
 \ 
 
 ■ ititi'i'csts of tlu' public si'ivire may re(|_iiir('. 
 S. 'I'lio ('liri.stinii ri'lipion, ns proies.scd hy J'ro- 
 
 imtiiiii.i'i' iiiu' 111' llu" MTivtarirs iil'stjili'. orii (irc-i- 
 (I'lit '.'!' (iiK! (if tilt! lidij'ds, ,'is the .iIl;!! iilHi'ir willi 
 \\iii>m till! iiniliiiss.'idor, iniiiUlcr, ur oIIrt ili|ili>- 
 iii.ilii! ;i;;i'iil of luT Maji'sly the (^iii'cn idiall 
 li.iii.-.u I liii^iiioss, lillipr pi'r>i);i:illy or in wiiliiii'. 
 nil a f.i.itiii^ (if piirfci't ('i|iiality. 
 
 (I. Ilii- .Slajcsty the l^^iiccii (if (in-.il liiiiaiii 
 aijrccs tliat 1 lie priviicscs licicliy scciiicil .sliali lie 
 ('ii,,iy('<l ill IKT (loiniiiiniis by tii(^ atiibas.«a(l(irs, 
 iiiiiiistcrH. (I- (liplonialic ajjoiitu of the l'',iiipcr(ir of 
 Cliiiia, accrcdilcd to the court of bcr Majesty. 
 
 7. Il("' Majesty tho Ciucpii may appoint one or 
 more ('(iiisiil.s ill tlie doiiiinion.s of the Kniperor of 
 ''liiiia; ai.d siiei. consul or consuls shall be at 
 liberty to re-ide in any of the open ports or cities 
 (if riiiiia, as her Majesty the Queen may consider 
 most expedient for the interest.! of British coin- 
 iiieree. They shall be trcat(>d with due respect by 
 toe t'binese aulborilies, and enjoy the same privi- 
 le^Ces and immunities as the consular ollicersof the 
 most t'livour'd nation. 
 
 Consiils and vicc-i!onsuls in charf^e shall rank 
 with iiitendeiits of circuit.s; vice-consuls, aetin;; 
 vice-consuls, dnd interpreters, with |irefects. They 
 sliall have acces.s to the o'Ucial residences of these 
 olllcers, and communicate with them, either jier- 
 sonallv or in writing', on a footinjj of e(|ualilv, as 
 th ■ " 
 
 testanf.s or lioman Catholics, incu! ates flio 
 practice of virtue, and teaches man to do as he 
 would be done by. Persons teaching or imifessiiig 
 it, therefore, Hliall alike be ciititled to the jirotee- 
 tidii of the Chinese authorities, ror shall any such, 
 veaccalily pursuing their calling, and not otlcnding 
 against the law, be persecuted or interfered with. 
 
 '.). Hritisli subjects arc hereby autliorised to 
 travel, for their pleasure or for jiurposos of trade, 
 to Jill parts of the intcrioi, under passpo.ts which 
 will be issued by their consuls, mid countersigned 
 by the local authorities. These passports, if de- 
 manded, must be )>roduceil for examination in 
 ! lie localities passed through. If the passport be 
 nut irregular, the bearer will be allowed to proec(>d, 
 and no cpposition shall be .iflered to his hiring 
 jieisoiis or hiring vessels for the carriage of his bag- 
 gMfV or merchandise. If he be without a passport, 
 ur if he commit any olVence aguin.st the law, ho 
 shall bo handed over to tlio nearest consul for 
 punishment, but he must not be subjected to any 
 ill-usage ill excess of necessary restraint. No 
 passport need bo applied for by persons going on 
 excursions from the ports open to trade to a dis- 
 tance not exceeding 100 //, and for a jKinod not 
 oxceediag ") days. 
 
 The ])rovisions of tliis article do not apply to 
 crews of sliijis, for the due restraint of whom 
 regulations will be drawn up by the consul and 
 the local authorities. 
 
 To Nanking, and other cities disturbed bj' per- 
 sons ill anus against the Government, no pass shall 
 be given, until they .shall iiave been recaptured. 
 
 II). liritish mercliant-.ships shall have authority 
 to trade upon the great river ( Vang-tsze). The 
 upper and lower valley of the river being, how- 
 ever, di.<turbed by out-laws, no port shall be for 
 the present opened to trade, with the exception of 
 Chin-ki!».)g. which shall be opened in a year from 
 the date of the signing o.*' this treaty. 
 
 ho soon as peace shall have been restored, British 
 vessels .'^hiill also bo .idmitted to trade at such 
 ports as far as Ilan-kow, not exceeding 3 in 
 miml.i r, as tiie Briti.sh minister, after consultation 
 with the Chinese .Secretary of .State, may deter- 
 mine shall be ports of entry and discharge. 
 
 II. In addition to the cities ond towns of 
 C.intii!!, Amoy, t'lichow, Ningpo, and Shanghai, 
 
 (ipeiii'il li\ llic tr.'aly of NaiiKiiu'. it is iit,r!c(l tlin 
 Urilisli siiliii cts may 'Veipient tiic cities and |iort 
 I if Ne\v-('bw,iiig,Taiig-('li 'W, r.ii-Wiiii (l''(iiiii(i-,i) 
 Cli.iii-Cliow ^.Swatow), and Kiiiiig-Chnw (Ibii 
 ii.'in). 
 
 Ihiv are peniiilled to carry on trade will 
 i\ liiuiisdcver they pleas.', iiiiil 'o proceeil to and |V( 
 at ple.isin-e with Ibeir vessels .iiid niereliail(li«c. 
 
 i'liey shall enjoy the same privileges, jiihun- 
 t.iges, and iniiniiiiities at the sjid towns and puits, 
 as they enjoy at the ports .'ilicidv opened to ir.i.l,., 
 iiieliiding the right of icsideiiee, of liuviii,' ur 
 renting bouses, of leasing land theicin, and of 
 liiiilding ehiirclies, hospital-, mid ci nieteries. 
 
 I'.'. British suliji cts, whether at iIk- )iorls nr at 
 other places, (leji'''ng to liiiild or open Imii-is, 
 warehouses, eliiinhes, bos|ii(als, or linrial-griiiiinl., 
 shall make their agicinciit for tlu^ l.ind nr iMiild- 
 ings they re(piire, at t lie rales piev.iiliiig aiiiun,' 
 the people, cipiitalily, and v.ithout exnetioiw eii 
 either side. 
 
 i;!. The t'biiiese (loverninent will )i|ju'e .iii 
 restrictions whatever upon the cmployiiient, In 
 British subjects, of Cliinese subjects in any h\v{i:\ 
 capacity. 
 
 II. British subjects may hire wbiitevcr limiti 
 they nlease for the transport of goods or p,'\--in. 
 gers, aiii' the siiiii to be paid for such liniits ,~li,ili 
 be settled between the parties themselves, witliinit 
 the interference of the (Uiinese (ioverniiient. lin' 
 number of these boats shall not be liinile(l,ii(irsli:ill 
 a monopoly in !vspeet either of the boats, or ulih' 
 porters or coolies engaged in carrying the ^'cimis 
 be granted to any jiarties. If any .•'.iiii^'Hiiii;; 
 takes ])laco in them, the olVenders will, of coun', 
 be imiilsbed according to law. 
 
 If). All (picstions in regard to liglUs, ivjicil.-r 
 of |)roperty or ])ei-.son. •■iiisiiig belweeii li;i;i.ii 
 subjects, shall be subject to the jurisdiction of l;;e 
 British authorities. 
 
 III. Chinese subjects who may be ::iiMty (if ;i:n 
 criminal act towards liritisii subjeets sliiiil ! • 
 arrested and ininished by the Chinese aiilliiuiin-, 
 according to the laws of China. 
 
 British subjeets who may C(nnmit any oriino in 
 China shall be tried and punished by the '(1:1-111. 
 or other public functionary authoixsed t'uex'.v. 
 according to the laws of (ireat Britain. 
 
 Justice shall bo ecpiitably and i;niwrti:il!,v 
 administered on both sides. 
 
 17. A British subject having re ison to rompl.i 
 of a Chinese, must proceed to the consulate, .iiil 
 state his grievance. The consul will cn(piire into 
 the merits of the case, and do his utiiio.«t 
 arrange it amicably. In like manner.if aCliiiu-' 
 have reason to complain of a British, subjoct, tli ■ 
 consul shall no less listen to his complaint, ami 
 endeavour tO settle it in a friendly iiiaiincr. !• 
 dis])utes take place of such a nature that tlio cui' 
 sul cannot arrange them amicably, then lie slwll 
 request the assistance of the Chinese authdiiti- ■ 
 that they may together examine into the merit- ci 
 the case, and decide it equitably. 
 
 18. The Chinese authorities shidl at .ill ti":' 
 afford the fullest protection to the persons .in'i 
 property of British subjects, whenever these slcij! 
 have bison subjected to insult or violence. In iii' 
 cases of inceniliarisin or robbery, the local .intbc 
 rities shall at once take the necessarj' stcp.s p 
 the recovery of the stolen property, the suppie--iui 
 of disorder, and the arrest of the guilty piiit:i'-, 
 whom thev will punish according to law. 
 
 19. If any British merchant-vessel, while witi 
 Chinese waters, be plundered by robbers or pimto-, 
 it sluill be the duty of the Chinese authoritie- 1 ' 
 use every endeavour to copture and punish llif 
 said robbers or pirates, and to recover the stolen 
 
' NauUiiu-, it i.s iiu-.-n';l Hint 
 ivqu.Mit tl..' .■iti.'san.li.uit. 
 .(■I, .w,lm-Wiai(l".rmu,iK 
 ), ami Kii.M--ni"W (ll.i.- 
 
 I to carry on Ira.l.' «illi 
 «.. •111(1 to proofca loiiniliiu 
 vrwls .111(1 niiMrliiimli->'. 
 1„. HHiiK' i-rivili'Ki'S ;l'l^i'" 
 nt llirsaiatowiiHaii<li«iit., 
 „rts alr.ailv 01.1'iiril to iiaK 
 of rcsiilnur, of Imviii'; <■< 
 iisim; laud tlimiu. and ul 
 
 .pitiil-. »"'!'•' ""■''■'■""• 
 /wlirlli.'riit |iiiM>">-tf "'■■,( 
 
 ,' to ImiM ">■ "1"''» """•'■ 
 Jio.pitaKorl.uriaK'nmn.i-, 
 
 ,viii.Mit for tl.cl.Mi.lorluiU- 
 
 till' ralos iirovailmt!; aiii»n,' 
 
 ,-, iiiul v.ithout i'xnctiur..s ,11 
 
 r.ovcrnmont will vl'"''' •'" 
 r upon th« <'iiiploy>'i<'iit, l.v 
 ;i.inVsi:Mil)j.rt<iuaiiyla«l;;. 
 
 •t^ inav liire whatever Imals 
 ivaiispl.rt of nooils or iwi-mii- 
 
 l)e l>aia for sui-h lioats .~lia!i 
 lie iiarlies tlieuiselves, witheiit 
 hoi:liinese«ioveriimeiit. hij 
 ts hliiiU not I'olimiteil, nor skill 
 ,,,'t eitli'-r of tliB lioats, pretll,' 
 „,r„"-eil in earryin- tlie. -».«!-, 
 ^r parties. If any .■'.ini;-';;!"'-' 
 n, tilt' ttlVenaer.s will, ot iouiv'. 
 iULC to law. 
 
 , in retriiril to rights vl;oi„i 
 ■rson. arisiii): Itelweeii 1!;-.;m. 
 iil.ject lothcjnrisaietioiiot I;;' 
 
 octs wlinn>nyl«et;ii''t.Y"'''';' 
 mis Uritish snbjeets Mall ■'■• 
 IkmI l,y tlicCliinesoautlK'iit"-. 
 
 iws of China. 
 
 who may ocnnmit any criim' in 
 
 'edantl punished by the .;«-.^.'.. 
 
 ■■unctionarv authonsea tin.i.i. 
 
 iw= of Great ISritani. 
 
 1,0 equitably and r.ap^trUall) 
 
 Bth sides. , .„ 
 
 tbiecthnvinsreisontoromiil.. 
 t proceed to the eonsulate, m 
 
 1 The consul will cniiuiro im 
 
 fe case, and tlo 1' i^ ;''",?;:' :", 
 ly. In like manner, if a tl"' 
 Uplainof aUnt.slts«l..lt^. 
 [ess listen to Ins comitlamt, .m;. 
 
 le it in a McntUy manner . 
 
 cof such a nature that tilt. 
 
 Ic them amicably, then 1^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ;nee of the Chinese autliou 1 . 
 rtiier examine into the merit, .'t 
 
 Lie it equitably. . 
 
 Ka authorities ahidl at all t" ■ 
 
 ^hcarrestof the gmUj !"'«■• • 
 punish accordmg to law. ;, 
 
 ,tv of the Chinese authotitie- 
 
 TREATIKS (COMMKUCIAL) 
 
 ],ri p'l'Jy. 'hat it may Im handed over to the consul 
 fur icsiiuation to the owner. 
 
 'JO. If any Uritish vessel heat any tiniowrecUed 
 ,>r stranded on the coast of China, or bo conipilird 
 to liilic I'fuKO in any port within thctloininionsnf 
 till' jjiqieror of China, the Chi,';"sc authorities, on 
 li iiiu' apprised of the tact, shall immediately I'dopt 
 iniMMUi's for its relief nnil Ht!curity; the jMirsoiis 
 „ii lioMiii shall receive friendly treatment, and 
 fliiill he furnished, if necessary, with the means of 
 cimvoyanco to the nearest consular station. 
 
 L'l." If criminals, subjects of China, shall take 
 vi-fi!;,'!' ill llouf; Konjf, or on hoard thi" h.'tish 
 ships there, tlicy shall, upon due rei^uisition liy 
 tiic Cliineso authorities, bo searched tor, and, on 
 p.(Kif of their guilt, bo delivered tip. 
 
 In like manner, if Chinese offenders take refuse 
 in the houses or on board the vessels of Uritish 
 
 ^u^jel'ts at the op^n ports, thev shall not be har- 
 liourod or concealed, but shall he delivered up, on 
 line rrqnisition by the Chinese authorities, ad- 
 dressed In the British consul. 
 
 •J'.'. Should any Chinese subject fail to discharge 
 ilr'bt; incurred to a Uritish subject, or should he 
 iVaiiiliilently abscond, the (Chinese authorities will 
 ill) their utint 't to effect his arrest, and enforce 
 rciovery of the debts. The British authorities 
 will likewise do their utmost to bring to justice 
 iinv British subject fraudulently absconding or 
 I'liilint; to discharge debts incurred by him to a 
 Cliim'sesiihiect. 
 
 i':(. Sliiiiild natives of China who may repair to 
 Hon;' Kiiiij; to trade incur debts there, the re- 
 oiverv (if such debts must be arranged fltr by the 
 KiiL'lisli courts of justice on the spot ; but sliould 
 the ('liineso debtor abscond, anti be known to 
 have property, real or personal, within the Chinese 
 tprritiiry, it shall bo the duty of the Chinese au- 
 thorities, on application by, and in concert with, 
 the llritisli consul, to do their utmost to see 
 justice doii" between the parties. 
 
 •21. It is asret'd that British subjects shall pay, 
 m all merchandise imported or ex])orted by them, 
 ihi! duties described by the tariff; but in no case 
 M\ they he called upon to pay other or higher 
 ilutii'.s ttian arc required of the subjects of any 
 'tlu'T fnreiiTii nation. 
 
 ■&. liiipi'Vt duties shall be considered payable 
 m the landing of the gooils, and duties of export 
 on the shipment of the same. 
 
 •-'il. Whereas the tarifl' fixed by Article 10 
 of the treaty of Nanking, and which was esti- 
 ip-tcd so as to impose on imports and orports a 
 duty at about the rate of 5 per cent, ad valorem, 
 hukcn found, by reason of the fall in value of 
 variouj articles of merchandise, therein enume- 
 rated, to impose a duty upon these considerably 
 ill excess of the rate originally ossumcd as above 
 to II.' a fair rate, it is agreed that the said taritf 
 shall be revised, and that as soon as the treaty 
 shall have lipen signed, application shidl be made 
 to the I'.niperor of China to depute a high ofliccr 
 of the Board of Hevenue to meet, at Shanghai, 
 oilicors to be deputed on behalf of the British 
 tiovemment, to consider its revision together, so 
 that the tariff, as revised, may come into operation 
 immediately after the ratification of this treaty. 
 
 2". It is ngreed that either of the high con- 
 tmctinp; parties to this treaty may demand a 
 further rcvi ' ,1 of the tariff, and of the comnier- 
 dal articles of this treaty, at the end of 10 years ; 
 but if no demand bo made on cither side within 
 6 months after the end of the first 10 years, then 
 the tariff shall remain in force for 10 years more, 
 iwkoned from the end of the preceding 10 years ; 
 ami so it shall bo, at the end of each successive 
 Iieri^id of 10 vears. 
 
 1117 
 
 'iH. Wlicii'iis it was iign'cd in Art: 'Ic 10 of llii! 
 treaty of Nanking, that Uritish imports, having 
 paid the tariff duties, should bu conveyed into the 
 interior 'Veo of all further charges, except a tran- 
 sit duty, the amount whereof was not to exceed a 
 certain percentage on tarill" value ; anil whereas 
 no accurate informatiim having been furnished of 
 the amount of such iluty, Britis'i merchants have 
 constantly coinpluined that charges an! suddenly 
 and arbitrurily imposed by the provincial autho- 
 rities as transit iluties upon jiroducc on its way to 
 the foreign market, and on imports on their wav 
 into tho interior, to the detriment of trade; it is 
 agreed that within 4 months from the dgning of 
 tliis treaty, at all ports now open to Bri:ish trade, 
 and within a similar period at all ports that may 
 hereafter be opened, tho authority appointed to 
 superintend tho collection of duties 1 hall bo 
 obliged, upon application of the consu'., ti 1 declare 
 the amount of duties leviable on produce between 
 the place of production and tho port of siiipmcnt, 
 and upon imports lictwccn the consular port in 
 question and the inlami inarkets named by tho 
 consul; and that a noiilication thereof shall 
 be published in ICnglish and Chinese for general 
 information. 
 
 But it shall be at the option of any British 
 subject, desiring to convey produce purchased 
 inland to a port, or to conviy imports from a port 
 to an inland market, to clear liis goods of all 
 transit duties, by payment of a single' charge. 
 Tho amount of this charge shall bo leviable on 
 exports at the first barrier they may have to pass, 
 or, on imports, at the port ut wliich they are 
 landed; and on payment thereof, a certificate 
 shall be issued, which shall exempt the goods 
 from all further inland charges whatsoever. 
 
 It is further agreed, that the amount of this 
 charge shall be calculated, as nearly as possible, 
 at the rate of 2^ per cent., ad valorem, and that it 
 shall be (i.xod for each article at the conference to 
 be held at Shanghai for the revision of tho tariff. 
 
 It is distinctly understood that the payment of 
 transit dues, by commutatiim or otherwise, shall 
 m no way afl'ect >,hc tariff' duties on imports or 
 exports, wliicii will continue to be levied sepa- 
 rately and in foil. 
 
 '21>. British merchant-vessels, of more than 150 
 tons burden, shall bo charged tonnage-dues at tho 
 rate of 4 mace per ton : if of 150 tons and under, 
 they shall be charged at the rate of 1 mace per 
 ton. 
 
 Anj' vessel clearing from any of the open ports 
 of China for any other of the open ports, or for 
 Hong Kong, shall bo entitled, on application of 
 the master, to a special certificate from the cus- 
 toms, on exhibition of which she shall be ex- 
 empted from all further payment of tonnage- 
 dues in any open port of China, for a period of 4 
 months, to be reckoned from the date of her port 
 clearance. 
 
 30. The master of any British merchant-vessel 
 may, within 48 hours after the arrival of his 
 vessel, but not later, decide to depart without 
 breaking bulk, in which ca.so he will not bo 
 subject to pay tonnage-dues. But tonnage-dues 
 shall be held duo after tho expiration of the said 
 48 hours. No other fees or charges upon entry or 
 dc])ai-ture shall he levied. 
 
 .'U. No tonnage-dues shall be payable on boats 
 employed by British subjects in the conveyance of 
 passengers, baggage, letters, articles of provision, 
 or other articles not subject to duty, between ony 
 of the open ports. All cargo boats, however, con- 
 veying merchandise subject to duty shall pay 
 tonnage-dues once in C months, at the rate of 4 
 mace per register ton. 
 
 ::Hi ' 
 
 .11^ 
 
 W 
 
 ; ■• 11: 
 
 ill 
 
. ♦I'l '• 
 
 'IV'--'' .i 
 
 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL) 
 
 .' • ' 
 
 u 
 
 ■ f 
 
 
 1-118 
 
 32. Tho consuls and superintendents of customs 
 slmll consult tc^jether rcgardinj? tlie oret'tion of 
 beacons and lighthouses, and the distribution of 
 buoys and light-ships, as occasion may <lenian(l. 
 
 33. Duties sliall be paid to the bankers, autiio- 
 rised by tho Chinese Government to receive tlic 
 same in its behalf, eitlicr in sycco or in foreign 
 monev, according to the assay made at Canton on 
 the 13th day of July, 1843. 
 
 31. Sets of standard weiglits and measures, 
 prepared according to the standard issue to tlie 
 Canton Custom-house by tiie Board of Revenue, 
 sliall be delivered by the superintendent oi" cus- 
 toms to the consul at each port, to secure unifor- 
 mity and prevent confusion. 
 
 35. Any British merchant-vessel arriving at 
 one of the open ports shiUl be at liberty to 
 engage the services of a pilot to take her into 
 port. In like manner, after she 1ms discharged 
 all legal dues and duties, and is ready to take her 
 departure, she shall be allowed to select a pilot, to 
 conduct her out of port. 
 
 3t). Whenever a British merchant-vessel shall 
 arrive off one of the open ports, the superintend- 
 ent of customs shall depute one or more customs 
 officers to guard the ship. They shall either live 
 in a boat of their own, or stay on board the ship, 
 as may best suit their convenience. Their food 
 and expenses shall be supplied them from the 
 custom-house, and they shall not lje entitled to 
 any fees whatever from the master or consignee. 
 Should they violate this regulation, they shall 
 be pimishcd proportionately to the amount ex- 
 acted. 
 
 37. Within 24 hours after arrival, the ship's 
 papers, bills of lading, «tc., shall be lodged in the 
 hands of the consul, who vdll, within a further 
 period of 24 hours, report to the superintendent 
 of customs the name of the ship, her register 
 tonnage, and tha nature of her cargo. If, ow ing 
 to neglect on the part of the master, the above 
 rule is not complied with, witliin 48 hours 
 after the ship's arrival, he shall be liable to a fine 
 of 50 taels for every day's delay ; the total amount 
 of penalty, however, shall not exceed 200 taels. 
 
 The master will be responsible for the correct- 
 ness of the manifest, which shall contain a full 
 and true account of the particulars of the cargo 
 on board. For presenting a false manifest, he 
 will subject himself to a flee of 500 taels ; 'nit he 
 will be allowed to correct, within 24 hours after 
 delivery of it to the customs officers, any mistake 
 he may discover in his manifest, without incurring 
 this penalty. 
 
 38. After receiving from the consul the report 
 in due form, the superintendent of customs shall 
 grant the vessel a permit to open hatches. If the 
 master shall open hatches and begin to discharge 
 any goods without such permission, he shall be 
 lined 500 taels, and the goods discharged shall be 
 confiscated wholly . 
 
 30. Any British merchant who has cargo to 
 land or ship, must apply to the superintendent of 
 customs for a special permit. (>argo landed or 
 shipped without such permit, will be liable to 
 confiscation. 
 
 40. No transhipment from one vessel to another 
 can bo made without special permission, under 
 pain of confiscation of the goods so transhipped. 
 
 41. When all dues and duties shall have been 
 paid, the superintendent of customs shall give a 
 
 port-clearancp, and the consul shall then return I . _ _ _ 
 
 the ship's papers, so that she may depart on her resort to other than Ihe ports of trade declare 
 voyage. | open by this treaty. They are not unlawfully 
 
 42. With respect to articles subject, according l enter other ports in China, or to carry on d: 
 to tho taritr, to an ad valorem duty, if the British j tine trade along the coasts thereof. Any vcs; 
 merchant cannot agree with the Chinese officer in | violating this i)rovision shall, with her cargo, 
 
 fixing a value, then each party shall call tw( 
 three nu-rcliants to look at the good.", and 
 highest prico at which any of these nieicln 
 would be willing to ))iirchase thcni, .diiJl be 
 sunu:d as the value of the goods. 
 
 43. Dutiesshali be char;;ed upon the nett wci 
 of each article, making a deduction for tlio t 
 weight of congee, &c. To fix the tare on 
 article such as tea, if tho British merchant car 
 agree with the custom-house otlicer, then c 
 l)arty shall choose so many chests out of ev 
 1(10, wliii'h bi'ing first weighed in gross, s| 
 afterwards be tared, and tho average tare u] 
 these chests shall be assumed as the tare upun 
 whole ; and upon this principle shall the t 
 be fi.\ed upon all other goods in packages. 
 there should be any other points in disr) 
 which cannot bo settled, the British nicreii, 
 may appeal to his consul, who will coniniu 
 cate the particulars of tho case to the 
 perintendent of customs, that it may lie cqi 
 ably arranged. But tho ajjpcal must Le iiu 
 within 24 hours, or it will not be attended 
 While such points are still unsettled, the sup 
 intendent of customs shall postpone the in serti 
 of the same in his books. 
 
 44. Upon all damaged goods a fair reduction 
 duty shall be allowed, proportionate to 'heir i 
 terioration. If any disputes arise, they shall 
 settled in the manner pointed out in the clause 
 this treaty having refei-ence to articles wliicL pi 
 duty ad valorem. 
 
 45. British merchants who may have iraporti 
 merchandise intr any of the open ports and pa 
 the duty thereon, if they desire to re-export tl 
 same, shall be entitled to make applicatidn to tl 
 superintendent of customs, who, in order to pr 
 vent fraud on the revenue, shall cause p\ammi 
 tion to bo made by suitable officers, to see tb: 
 the duties paid on such goods, as entered in tl 
 custom-house books, correspond with the icpn 
 sentation made, and that the goods remain wit 
 their original marks unchanged. He shall the 
 make a memorandum on the port-clearance of tl 
 goods and of the amount of duties paid, and d 
 liver the same to the merchant; and shall aL 
 certify the facts to the officers of customs of t 
 other ports. All which being done, on the arriv 
 in port of the vessel in which the goods are l^de 
 everything being found on examination tiiere 
 correspond, she shall be permitted to breaK bul 
 and land the said goods, without being subje 
 to the payment of any additional duty therto 
 But if, on such examination, the superintendei 
 of customs shall detect any fraud on the nvcni 
 in the case, then the goods shall be subject to co 
 fiscation by the Chinese (lovernment. 
 
 British merchants desiring to re-export dut 
 paid imports to a foreign country, shall ' 
 titled, on complying with the same conditimi-i : 
 in the case of re-exportation to another pi it 
 China, to a drawback-certificate, which shall be 
 valid tender to the liistoms in payment uf iiiipo 
 or export duties. 
 
 Foreign grain brought into any port of Cliir 
 in a British ship, if no part thereof has bee 
 
 landed, may be re-exported without hindranii 
 
 46. The "Chinese authorities at each port 
 adopt the means they may judge most propir 
 prevent the revenue suffering from fraud ursimi; 
 
 *''''">''• . . .- , 1 
 
 47. British merchant-vessels are notentirieu 
 
 ha 
 
 -&,1 
 
TREATIES (COMMERCIAL) 
 
 1419 
 
 , each party .U«ll call two or 
 
 look at the KuoJ"' '"") "'« 
 
 hich anv of these moirhants 
 
 vurchaso tUcm, .'hall be as- 
 
 of the I'oods. 
 
 lochur^sed upon the nettw.)i.'!>t 
 kinir a deduction ior the tar.', 
 gic To fix tlic tare on any 
 if tiic IJritish lucrchant caiin.it 
 ustom-house olHcer, then cad, 
 , Si. many ehesta out ot evwv 
 lirat weighed iu Kvoss, shall 
 ,.(1. and the avern(,'e tare \\],m 
 jc assumed as the tare ujiontk 
 
 1 this principle shall tlie tare 
 1 otlicr floods in packages. It 
 
 anv other points m dis;,ut, 
 
 settled, the British mmn.a. 
 
 ,is consul, who will cmnmuni- 
 
 liars of the case to tlie su- 
 
 •ustoms, that it may Ui a\m\- 
 
 But the appeal must be ina.le 
 
 or it -will not be uttcmlpd to. 
 
 la are still unsettled, the super- 
 
 oms shall postpone the in surtion 
 
 Is books. , .. .. 
 
 lumagcd goods a fair reduction ol 
 lowed, proportionate to 'heir .Ic- 
 anv disputes arise, they sliaU W 
 inner pointed out in the clause ol 
 ng refei-ence to articles which pay 
 
 erchante who may have imported 
 tr. any of the open ports and paul 
 ,n if they desire to re-export tlie 
 .ntitled to make application to the 
 'of customs, who, in order topte- 
 he revenue, shall cause i-iamma- 
 le by suitable officers, to see that 
 on such goods, as entered in the 
 books, correspond with the icpre- 
 k and that the goods remain with 
 uarks unchanged. He shall heu 
 andum on the port-clearance o the 
 10 amount of duties paid, and de- 
 
 to the merchant; and shall aUo 
 s to the officers of customs of the 
 i\\ which being done, on the arnval 
 
 •ssel in which the goods arc l^den 
 
 .r found on examination tuere o 
 
 t shaU be permitted to breaK bulk, 
 
 said goodsV without being subject 
 
 t of any additional dutv thereon 
 
 % exambiation, the superintenden 
 11 detect anv fraud on the revenue 
 "the goods shall be subject to con- 
 
 ■e Chinese Government. 
 Aants desiring to re-ex,io rt du 
 to a foreign country, sha. l". tn 
 Ivin" with the same conditions a.- 
 rl-^xpoitation to another port. 
 twback-ccrtifieate,whichsha a 
 the customs in payment ot import 
 
 in brought into anv port of China 
 
 ship, if no part thereof lu^ i^^» 
 ^re^-^xported without h.ndra.u.. 
 i„escauthcritiesateacl.por M 
 
 ns they mav judge mo tpP^^. 
 venue suflering from fraud or Mm „ 
 
 nerchant-vesselsarenotcngg 
 
 than the PO^ts "f \f'M^^^^^^^ 
 reaty. They are not unla«l 
 rtsi^ China; or to carry oiKlm^u^ 
 „g the coasts tdiereot.M^ 
 
 .rrovision shall, with her carg , 
 
 jubject to confiscation by the Chinese Govcrn- 
 
 IH. If any British jnerchant-vessel be concerned 
 in smuggling, the goods, whatever their value or 
 nature, shall be subject to confiscation by the 
 ('hiiiese authorities, and the ship may bo pro- 
 hibited from trading further, and sent uway as 
 -non us her accounts shall have been adjusted and 
 
 .li). All penalties enforced, or confiscations made, 
 under tills treaty, shall belong and be appropriated 
 to tiie public service of the Government of China. 
 5(1. All official communications addressed by 
 till, diplomatic and consular agents of her Majesty 
 the tjiiccn to the Chinese authorities shall, hence- 
 toitli, be written in English. Th':y %vill for the 
 iiieseiit be accompanied by a Chinese version, but 
 it is undci.,tood that, in the event of there being 
 mv dill'erenc'j of meaning between the ICnglish 
 iind Chinese texts, the English Government will 
 hold the sense as expressed in the English text to 
 lie the correct sense. This provision is to apply to 
 the treatv now negotiated, the Chinese text of 
 which has been carefully corrected by the English 
 ori;,'inal. 
 
 01. It is agreed, that henceforward the character 
 
 barbarian shall not be applied to the Govern- 
 
 iiiont or subjects of her Britannic Majesty, in any 
 
 Chinese official document issued by the Chinese 
 
 authorities, eith"r in the capital or in the province- z. 
 
 :,i. Itritish siiips of war coming for no hostile 
 
 wiiT we, or being engaged in the pursuit of pirates, 
 
 hall be at liberty to visit all ports within tlie 
 
 doiniuions of the Emperor of China, and shall 
 
 receive every facility for the purchase of precisions, 
 
 orccuring water, and, if occasion require, for the 
 
 making of repairs. The commanders of such ships 
 
 shall hold intercourse with the Chinese authorities 
 
 on terms of equality and courtesy. 
 
 53. In consideration of the injury sustained 
 bv native and foreign commerce from the preva- 
 lence of piracy in the seas of China, the high 
 I'ontracting parties agree to concert measures for 
 its suppression. 
 
 54. The British Government and its subjects are 
 hereliv contirmed in all privileges, immunities, and 
 idvaiitages conferred on them by previous treaties ; 
 and it is hereby expre&sly stipulated, that the 
 British Government and its subjects will be allowed 
 free and equal participation in all privileges, im- 
 munities, and advantages that may have been, or 
 may be hereafter, granted by his Majesty the Em- 
 peror of China to tlr^ Government or subjects of 
 anv other nation. 
 
 o5. In evidence of her desire for the cont." nuance 
 lit a friendly understanding, her Majesty the Queen 
 iif Great Britain consents to include in a separate 
 article, which shall be in every respect of equal 
 validity witli the articles of this treaty, the con- 
 ditions affecting indemnity for expenses incurred 
 and losses sustained in the matter of ♦he Canton 
 questiim. 
 
 5tl. The ratifications of this treaty, under the 
 hand of her ilajesty the Queen of Great Britain 
 and Ireland, and his Majesty the Emperor of 
 China, respectively, shall be exchanged at Peking, 
 mthiu a year from this day of signature. 
 
 In token whereof, the respective plenipotentiaries 
 have signed and sealed this treaty. 
 
 Done at Tien-tsin, this 26th day of June, in the 
 year of our Lord ISoS ; corresponding witli the 
 Cuinese date the IGtli day 5th moon of the 8th year 
 oiHien-Fiing. 
 
 Elgin and Kincaudine. 
 Signature of first Chinese Plenipotentiarj'. 
 Signature of second Cliinese Plenipotentiary. 
 Stid of the Chinese Plenipotentiaries. 
 
 Agreement made in pursuance of Article A'A'F/. 
 ofllw Trt-aty. Signed November H, MM. 
 
 Whereas it was provided by the trroty of Tien- 
 tsin that a conference should bo held at Siianghui 
 between officers deputed by the British Govern- 
 ment on the one part, and by the Cliinese Govern- 
 ment on the other part, for the purpose of deter- 
 mining the amount of tariff-duties and transit-dues- 
 to be henceforth levied, a conference has been held 
 accordingly ; and its proceedings having been sub- 
 mitted to tlio Right Honourable the Earl of Elgin 
 and Kincardine, high commis.sioner and plenipo- 
 tenl ary of her Britannic Majesty the Queen, on tlie 
 one part ; and to Kweiliang, Hwashana, Ho Kweit- 
 sing, Mingshen, and Twau Ching-Shih, high com- 
 missioners and plenipotentiaries of his Imperial 
 Majesty the Kmperor, on the other part ; these 
 higli officers have agreed and determined upon the 
 revised tariff hereto appended, the rate of transit- 
 dues tlierewith declared, together with other rules 
 and regulations for the better explanation of the 
 treaty aforesaid ; and do hereby agree that the 
 said tariflT and rules — the latter being in ten orticles 
 thereto appended — shall be equally binding on 
 the Governments and subjects of both countries 
 with the treaty itself. 
 
 In witness whereof, they hereto affix their seals 
 and signatures. 
 
 Rule 1. — Unennmerated Goods. — Articles not 
 enumerated in the list of exports, but enumerated 
 in the list of imports, when exported will pay the 
 amount of duty set against them in the list of 
 imports ; and similarly, articles not enumerated 
 in the list of imports, but enumerated in the list 
 of exports, when imported will pay the amount of 
 duty set against them in the list of exports. 
 
 Articles not enumerated in either list, nor in 
 the list of duty-free goods, will pay an ad valorem 
 duty of 5 per cent., calculated on their market 
 value. 
 
 Rule 2. — Duty-free Goods. — Gold and silver bul- 
 lion, foreign coins, flour, Indian meal, sago, biscuit, 
 preserved meats and vegetables, cheese, butter, 
 confectionery, foreign clothing, jewellery, plated 
 ware, perfunierj', soap of all kinds, charcoal, fire- 
 wood, candles (foreign), tobacco (foreign), cigars 
 (foreign), wine, beer, spirits, household stores,, 
 ship's stores, personal baggage, stationery, car- 
 peting, druggeting, cutlery, foreign medioini , and 
 glass and crystal ware. 
 
 The above pay no import or export duty ; but, 
 if transported into the interior, will, with the ex- 
 ception of personal baggage, gold and silver bul- 
 lion, and foreign coins, pay & transit duty at the 
 rate of 2^ per cent, ad valorem. 
 
 A freight or part-freight of duty-free com- 
 modities (personal baggage, gold and silver bullion 
 and foreign coins excepted) will render the vessel 
 carrying them, though nc/ other cargo be on board, 
 liable to tonnaga dues. 
 
 Rule 3. — Contraband C/oorfs.— Import and ex- 
 port trade is alike prohibited in the following 
 articles : Gunpowder, shot, cannon, fowling-pieces, 
 rifles, muskets, pistols, and all other munitions^ 
 and implements of war ; and salt. 
 
 Rule 4. — Weights and Pleasures. — In the cal- 
 culations of the tariff, the weight of a pecul of lOO 
 catties is held tu be equal to 133J lb. avoirdupois ; 
 and the length of a chang of ten Chinese feet, to 
 be eciual to 141 English inches. 
 
 One Chinese chili is held to equal 14 A. inches 
 English; and 4 yards English, less 3 inches, to- 
 equal 1 chang. 
 
 Rule L'. — Regarding certain Commodities hereto- 
 fore Contraband, — The restrictions aflTccting trade 
 "in opium, cash, grdn, pulse, sulphur, brimstone. 
 
 1 1. , 
 
 
 4\ 
 
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 . *•• 
 
 ';. •,.- 
 
 ■- 
 
 .•1 
 
 I , 
 
 ■ ' ' '■■¥ 
 
 1120 
 
 sultpptrc, and spelter, aro relaxed, under tlie ful- 
 lowiiifj conditions : — 
 
 1. Opium will henceforth pay 30 taols jier pccul 
 import duty. The importer will sell it only at 
 the port. It will be carried into the interior l>y 
 Cliine.se onlv, and only as Cliineso property ; tlie 
 foreign trader will not be allowed to accoinpany 
 it. The provisions of Article 9 of the Trenty of 
 Tien-tsin, by which British subjects are authorised 
 to proceed into the interior with passports to trade, 
 will not extend to it, nor will tiiosc of Article 'J8 
 of tlie same treaty, by which the transit-dues are 
 reRultttcd ; the transit-dues on it will be arranged 
 as the Chine.sc Government see lit : nor, in future 
 revisions of the tarifT, is the sam" rule of revision 
 to be applied to opium as to other floods. 
 
 2. Copper Cash. — The export of cash to any 
 foreif;n port is prohibited ; but it shall be lawful 
 for Uritish subjects to ship it at one of the open 
 ports of China to another, on compliance with the 
 iollowinf» regulation: — Tlie shipper shall give 
 notice of the amount of cash he desirts to ship, 
 and the port of its destination, and shall bind him- 
 self, either by a bond with two sufficient sureties, or 
 by depositing sucii other security as may be deemed 
 by the customs satisfactory, toretuni, within six 
 mouths from the date of clearance, to thp collector 
 at the port of shipment, the certificate issued 
 by him, with an acknowledgment thereon of the 
 receipt of the cash at the port of destination, by 
 the collector at that port, who shall thereto affix 
 his seal ; or, failing the prouuction of the certificate, 
 to forfeit a sum equal in value to the cash shipped. 
 Cash will pay no duty inwards or outwards ; but 
 u freight or part-freight of cash, thougli no other 
 cargo be on board, will render the vessel carrying 
 it liable to paj- tonnage-dues. 
 
 3. The export of rice and all other grain what- 
 soever, native or foreign, no matter where grown 
 or whence imported, to any foreign port, is jiro- 
 hibitcd ; but these commodities may be carried by 
 I'ritish merchants from one of the open porta of 
 China to another, under the same conditions in 
 respect of security as cash, on payment at the port 
 of shipment of the Juty specified in the tariff'. 
 
 No import duty will be leviable upon rice or 
 grain ; but a freight or part-freight of rice or 
 grain, thougli no other curgo be on board, will ren- 
 der the vessel importing it liable to tonnage-dues. 
 
 4. Puke. — The export of pulse and bean-cake 
 from Tung-chau and Niu-chwang, under the 
 British flag, is prohibited. From any other of 
 the open ports, tiiey may be shipped on payment 
 of the tariflf-duty, either' to other ports of China or 
 to foreign countries. 
 
 6. Siiltpetre, sulphur, brimstone, and spelter, 
 being munitions of war, shall not be imported by 
 British subjects, save at the requisition of tlie 
 Chinese Government, or for sale to Chinese duly 
 authorised to purchase them. No permit to land 
 them \'iU be issued until the customs have proof 
 that the necessary authority has been given to the 
 purchaser. It shall not be lawful for British 
 subjects to carry these commodities up tiic Yang- 
 tze-kiang, or into any port other than those open 
 on the seaboard, nor to accompany them into the 
 interior on behalf of Chinese. They must be sold 
 at the ports only ; and except at the ports they 
 will be regarded "as Chinese property. 
 
 Infractions of the conditions, as above set forth, 
 under which tiade in opium, cash, grain, pulse, 
 saltpetre, brimstone, sulphur, and spelter may be 
 henceforward carried on, will be punishable by 
 confiscation of all the goods concerned. 
 
 Rule 6. — Liability of Vessels entering Port. — 
 To the prevention of misunderstanding, it is agreed 
 that thu term of 24 hours, within which British 
 
 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL) 
 
 vessels must bo reported to the consul un 
 Article i!7 of tiie treaty of Tien-tsin, sliidl 
 unilei-stood to commence from the time a Brit 
 vessel comes within the limits of t\w. jiort ; as ii 
 tiie term of 'H hours allowed her by Article 'i(, 
 tlio same treaty to remain in port without pi 
 meiit of tonnage-dues. 
 
 The limits of the port shall bo defined by i 
 customs, witii all consideration for the convcnier 
 of trade, compatible with due protection of i 
 revenue ; also the limits of the anchorages witi 
 which lading aiid discharging is permitted l)y t 
 customs ; and the same shall be notified to t 
 consuls for public information. 
 
 liiile 7. — Transit Dues. — It is agreed tli 
 Article 28 of the treaty of Tien-tsin snail be i 
 terprcted to declare tfie amount of transit-dii 
 legally leviable upon miTchandise imported 
 exported by British subjct',8, to be J of the tari 
 duties, except in the case jf the duty-free gooi 
 liable to a transit-t'uty of 2 J per cent, ad vnlotet 
 as provided in Article 2 of these rules. AJerchai 
 dise shiUl be cleared of its transit-dues under tl 
 following conditions • — 
 
 In the. case of Imports. — Notice being given i 
 the port of entry from which the imports are i 
 be forwarded inland, of the nature and qunntit 
 of the goods, the ship *'rom which they have bee 
 landed, and the place inland to which they ar 
 bound, with all other necessary particulars ; tliecol 
 lector of customs will, on due inspection made, ain 
 on receipt of the transit-duty due, issue a transit 
 duty certificate. This must be produced at even 
 barrier station, and vised. No further duty nil 
 be leviable upon imports so certificated, no inattei 
 how distant the place of their destination. 
 
 In the case of Exfrnrts. — Produce purchased bv 
 a British subject in the interior will be inspectell 
 and taken account of at the first barrier it pa».«< 
 on its way to the port of shipment. A meraoran- 
 duui, showing the amount of the produce and tha 
 port at which it is to be shipped, will be deposii.< 
 there by the person in charge of the produce ; lu 
 will then receive a certificate, which must be 
 hibited and vised at every barrier on his way 
 the port of shipment. On the arrival of the . 
 duce at the barri'-r nearest the port, notice n'lU' 
 be given to the Cc:3toms at the port, and the 
 sit-diies due thereon being paid, it will Iw passet 
 On exportation the produce will pay the Mriff-dut 
 
 Any attempt to pass goods inward or o'-^w 
 otherwise than in compliance with the r' lO 
 laid down, will render them liable to coiiiiscatio 
 
 Unauthorised sale, in transitu, of goods 
 have been entered as above for a port, will rcnA 
 them liable to confiscation. Any attempt to 
 goods in excess of the quantity specified in 
 certificate, will render all the goods of thesan 
 denomination named in the certificate liable 
 confiscation. Permission to export produce iv 
 cannot be proved to have paid its transit-<Iiii 
 will be refused by the customs until the trail: 
 dues shall have been paid. 
 
 The above bring the arrangement agreed to 
 garding the transit-dues, which will thus belevii 
 once and for all, the notification required and 
 Article 28 of the treaty of Tien-tsin, for the iirf 
 mation of British and Chinese subjects, is hen! 
 dispensed with. 
 
 Ilule S.— Foreign Trade u.,der Passports.-l< 
 agreed that Article 9 of the treaty of Tien-i.i 
 shall not be interpreted as authorising Brili' 
 subjects to enter the capital city of Peking !• 
 pun)oses of trade. 
 
 liule 9.— Abolition of the Mrltagc Fee.-b 
 agreed that the percentage of 1 tael 2 nw 
 hitherto charged m excess of duty-payments, 
 
 pro 
 
 I her 
 
 111; 
 
 W 
 
I. . m imF '-^' 
 
 ortcd to the consul . mW 
 ■eatv of Tien-tsm, Mmll 1... 
 ■nco from the time a \M 
 
 allowed her l.y Article *iO 01 
 :.„,uin in port without pay- 
 
 port shall bo defined by th,. 
 aiderationforthcconvcnienr,. 
 with due protection ot h. 
 mlt8 of the anchorages within 
 "charKinKispcmnttedbyt,. 
 same shall be notitied t» tl« 
 iformation. _ 
 t Z>u*».-lt H nKrecd thai 
 ■eatv of Tien-tsin snail be in- 
 e the amount of transit-( u.> 
 ,on merchandise ""POrted or 
 r8ubjec%tobcbofthetanff. 
 Je case Jf the duty-free goods 
 iutyof24perccnt.advnloteni, 
 Lcle 2 of these rules. Merchan- 
 d of its transit-dues under tlif 
 
 ^H^<».-Noticc bein^' Kivn at 
 from which the imports are to 
 nd of the nature and quantity 
 ,hip ^rom which they have b«n 
 pla?e inland to which they are 
 ?crnecei.saryparticulars;thed- 
 iviU on due inspeciion made, anil 
 transit-dv.ty due, issue a tramit- 
 This must be produced at evcrv 
 nd««ed. No further duty . 
 imports so certiticatcd, no matter 
 
 ,,lace of their destination. 
 '/.;x,K,r/».-l'roducc mirchasod . 
 t in the interior will be inspeet«l 
 nt of at the first barrier it pa* 
 e port of shipment. A mcmoran- 
 ^amountot^he produce and th 
 Ts to be shipped, will be dcpo.*.l 
 •son in charge of the produce; e 
 Bacertiticate,whichmustk«- 
 ^ at every harrier on 1.19 way to 
 kment. On the arrival of .the pto- 
 ri'r nearest the port, notice mu>t 
 f atoms at the port, and the IM- 
 -reon being paid, it will be pa^ 
 Theproducewillpaythe''r.MU. 
 
 tn nnss eoods inward or o- wara^ 
 n compliance with the r.ee. 
 
 iender them liable to couiiscat. 
 1 sale, w tramiUh ot goods * 
 
 H^v^rst^rtaTet*.! 
 
 .Srarrangementa^^^^^^^^ 
 ansUues,..hichwmthuskl I 
 
 aU, the notion r^^-'^^d^i^J 
 
 he treaty "f.^icn-**™' '"' ;, herelv 
 tish and Chinese subjects, 13 M •] 
 
 Vrticle9ofthetreaty«^^^^^^^^ 
 
 tmon of the ^rff^jri^ 
 
 % rSf^fluty-V— "' 
 
 TRE.\TIKS (COMMKRCIAL) 
 
 (Iffrny the expenses of melting by the Cliiiipse 
 (lovp'rnmcnt, shall be no longer levied on Jiriti>h 
 siiliji'Cts. 
 
 ihilc 10. — Collection of' Duties under one Si/stnn 
 III all I'orls. — It being, by treaty, at the option of 
 the Chiiifso (io/crnniont to adopt what nic:nis 
 iippi'iir to it best suited to protect its rovcnuc, 
 iiccniing on Itritish trade, it is agreed that one 
 imil'onu system shall be enforced at every jjort. 
 
 T'-e liigli officer appointed by tlic (Jhiiiesc(io- 
 vcrnmcnt to superintend foreign trade, will accord 
 
 inclv, from time to time, cither liiinsclf visit, m- 
 will" send a deputy to visit, the different ports. 
 The said high otliccr will be at liberty, of his own 
 choice, and independently of the suggestion or 
 nomination of any liritisli authority, to select niiv 
 liritisli subject he may see (it to aid him in the 
 administnition of the customs revenue ; in tlie 
 
 1431 
 
 prevention of smuggling ; in the detinitinn of port 
 houndiirirs ; or in discharging the duties of liar- 
 liour-master ; also in tho distribution of liglits, 
 buoys, beacons, and the like, the maintenance of 
 whifli .shall lie provided for out of tho toiinage- 
 dui's. 
 
 'i'lu' Chinese (iovernnunt will aiiopt wli.it 
 measures it shall (ind re(|uiMli' '() prevent smug- 
 gling up the Yang-tzc-ldang, when tliat rivr 
 shall lie o|)'ned to trade. 
 
 Done nx, Sliangiial, in the proviiue of Kiaug-su, 
 tliis Htli (lay of Novemliev, in the year of our Lord 
 I«r)M, being tho Itrd day of the loth moon of the 
 Hth year of the reign of Ilicn-l'ung. 
 
 Kl.CJIN AM) Kl.Nt.'AllDINi:. 
 
 Signatures and Seal of the l'"ive (Jiineso High 
 Coniinissiopci's and rienipotentiaries. 
 
 Tariff on Imports. 
 
 ArtlclM 
 
 .^.^il'a'tiila - 
 I lk■^^•-«il^. vi-llow 
 ; Ifclil iiJl 
 
 husk 
 
 Illtho-ile lu.ir, lil.n-k . 
 
 ' uline - 
 
 ' Hit(l.' m-!.ts, 1stc|ualllv 
 
 'Jiiil I. 
 
 3rd, T unclfanc'tl • 
 llullona. Iiraa 
 Camiihur, barooi, rliMn 
 ri't'visL' 
 Canva«nnan)tloiiiliuk,nol ix- 
 
 rmllii)! '>" >ll>. lunn 
 Canlauiomi. lupcrlor . 
 
 iiltTior. or KTBinkof Parauise 
 Cinnamon 
 
 rioikj . . - 
 
 Clotes ... 
 
 mother 
 Coal, fcitfiiin - 
 Cm-lnne.'il 
 
 Coral - ■ ■ 
 
 Coril ipe, Manilla 
 Conteli.ins • 
 
 heads 
 foltdn. r.iw . 
 Collun iHiH-e Koodj ; 
 Grev. wliiU', |>lain. and 
 (willed, fxeeedinK 34 in. 
 wiiie, and not eiceidniK 1" 
 vds. loiiK - - 
 
 Mcefdimr r>l In. wide, ami 
 
 exoftilintt 1f» 5<ls. loii« 
 DrilH and j.nni, not exieed 
 ioK ."^0 in. wide, aiid not fJ - 
 rerdinK 10 yds. hmn 
 not exctidiiil,' .m In. wide, 
 and not exceedinn .30 vila. 
 
 1"'W - ■ ,. .; 
 
 T-cloth<. not exi-ceduiK ■'* 
 
 in. wide.and notexceediiiK 
 
 4S vds. loOK 
 
 nw riree<linK 31 in. wiilr, 
 
 I and nut cxt'eeilinn VI *.K. 
 
 lonn 
 
 i Cotton, d«ed. lisureil and |ilnin, 
 
 I not eieeeilinit 3il In. wide, 
 
 1 and not exieeding 10 vils. 
 
 lonR - • - 
 
 fancy, white hrocades and 
 
 white spotted shirlinKs, not 
 
 1 excnthnu ."*> in. wide, and 
 
 not exceeilinK 4i) yd.s. loiiK 
 
 I printeil, ehint7.es and fn ni- 
 
 tures, not cxceedinn 31 in. 
 
 1 wide, itnil not exceetlinK 3" 
 
 I yds. lonjt 
 
 I caml.rics, no! exreedinf; •!(> 
 I in. wide,<ind notexi-eedinf; 
 j 'l\ vds. lonir 
 1 notixeeedinB'16 In. wide, 
 
 ;ind titU txctedinj; 1".; 
 yds. lonfE 
 mullins, not exreedin^; 4f. in. 
 wide, and not exee. ding *.i1 
 jils. lonj; 
 notexreediiiRl'i in.wide, 
 1 and not exceedn:(» 1'^ 
 
 yds. lonj; 
 damasks. not exrei-ttinj; 3*1 in. 
 wide, and not e.\f.'eilinj( 40 
 yds. lonu 
 dimities ur iinillintri, not ex. 
 ' retdini; -1" in. wiiie, and 
 1 not exeeidinn Vt yds. Ions 
 glnnhanis, not exn^edinK VS 
 in. wide, and not e\eeedini; 
 3.1 yd.s. lonii 
 handkfrchit-fs, not exceeding 
 
 1 yd. square 
 filttians, not exceeding 33 
 
 yds. long 
 TeWeleens, not exreediii;; ." 1 
 'yds. lonR 
 
 Unantilles | Duly 
 
 |>er 
 
 1 1 10 catties 
 
 catty 
 
 ftross 
 ealty 
 
 jnece 
 
 IIIU catties 
 
 .^ |ier ceTit. 
 100 Ciitties 
 
 ton 
 
 UK) c.itties 
 
 cat IV 
 Inocalti.'s 
 lOO stones 
 
 liiOcaiti:* 
 
 jii.^ce 
 every 10 yards 
 
 dii.cn 
 YWrc 
 
 t. m. c. r. i 
 
 O I A I 
 
 B .'> o I 
 
 1 I 
 
 n I 
 
 o 
 
 7 .') 
 II 
 
 (I h 
 
 4 
 
 II I 
 
 (I 
 
 ) 3 
 
 V 
 
 II 
 •i 
 
 4 n II 
 
 1 ti (I II 
 n .'> II II 
 
 I ,5 o 
 ad val. 
 
 ,'. (I n 
 
 1 H 
 
 II .', II 
 
 6 U 
 II I II II 
 3 S II 
 U 3 II II 
 
 7 n 
 
 U 3 i 
 
 I i)uanliti(.s 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 :, 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 CI 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■' 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 (I 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 ■'■ 
 
 3 l> 
 
 K\ 'X (t 
 
 Of .') 
 
 I) .") :. 
 
 (1 y J 
 
 'i 
 
 I :■■ 
 
 'olton threat) • . . 
 
 yarn 
 Cow lie/onr, Inili:\n • 
 Cudh 
 
 Klt-i>liiin(&* tueth, whulL> 
 brnkcii 
 Foatlierii, kin(!rUhci!>', iKiacocks* 
 Fish Disiws - - . 
 
 •kins 
 FlinU 
 (laiiiliicT - . . 
 
 (iltiM-nt'. Anierii an, rrude 
 
 iliirilietl • 
 Gla>iR, window 
 (iUiit 
 tioid tlircail, real 
 
 iniiiation 
 tiuin Iieiij.iiniii 
 
 oil of - 
 (ium (ir.izun'it tiluud - 
 
 inyrrli - - . 
 
 filibiinnm 
 Jliilf';, litilliilii and cow 
 
 r)iii>ii('eri>!> 
 Il-riiit, bullatu 
 deer - 
 thincH'tTos 
 Indigo, lif^uitt 
 
 Ishiijlass ... 
 Lacqiiered'Ware 
 Leatlter 
 
 Until, fine, .is Irisli or Scotch, 
 not i'l'-ifdinK .00 yds. Imm | 
 cosirse, OH hncn and cuttun, or i 
 silk ;tndlitH>n mtKtures, not ' 
 exieedinK ^0>ds. lunfj - \ 
 Liicraban Bcid - - , 
 
 iMrtce - - - , 
 
 IVIniiKruTe bark 
 Wcial.s: 
 
 CoPiKT, manufactured, as in 
 slieeis, rods, nail-i - i 
 
 uhininufactuieJ, as in | 
 
 (dahs 
 yellow metal, sheathinKt 
 
 ami nails - - \ 
 
 Jaf.in - - j 
 
 Iron, manufartured, as in ^ 
 
 bheelr>, roils, bars, hoops - , 
 
 unmanut'acturi-tl, as in , 
 
 l»i«w - - 
 
 kcntk-!^'e - - ■ 
 
 lili'e - - - ' 
 
 Lead, in pips 
 in slut- l.s 
 QiiirkNilver 
 i>|ielier (sale.able only under 
 
 reeulation atiiiendcd) 
 Sleel 
 Tin 
 
 plates - - - 
 
 Mother o' pt-ail shell • 
 niiisical botei 
 MuH.sels, dried 
 Nntniffc-i 
 
 Olives, unpk'kltd, >;tltei!, or 
 pickled . . - 
 
 Opium 
 I't- pper, black 
 whit(> 
 Prawns, dtitd 
 rntcluik 
 
 llaiians _ . . 
 
 Ko-e inalots - 
 Salt «sh 
 Sa'tpetre (sakabh" only nntUr 
 
 rfijulatinn apptiuUd) 
 Sanuiil-wooit - - • 
 
 Sa}nn-xvo(nl - - • 
 
 Seahoivf teeth 
 Sharks' lias, black 
 white 
 Shark-.* skins 
 Silver thread, real 
 
 imitation 
 
 100 catiit 
 
 cttv 
 lOocaiin-i 
 
 UiO 
 l'"i cattU". 
 
 box of loi) %>\, ft. 
 
 luo cattn-. 
 
 tallv 
 
 1 "isaf. f- 
 
 '• j-er cent. 
 loi> , atliis 
 
 UiO 
 
 Duty 
 
 t. m. c. r. 
 
 7 a o 
 
 7 
 
 1 .'i a 
 
 1 N O 
 
 A o 
 
 ^ o 
 
 4 o 
 
 10 
 
 <i 
 
 (» O ^ (I 
 
 1 .5 n 
 
 1 n o 
 
 I) o 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 f: 
 
 o u 
 
 1 
 
 o 1 
 
 (I 4 
 
 
 
 .') 
 
 .'. 
 
 
 
 ^ (I 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 .'» 
 
 5 (t 
 
 .') 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 .') i) 
 
 h II 
 
 n 
 
 K 
 
 I 
 
 1 '.; 
 
 2 
 
 1 1 .T 
 
 1 I' 
 
 u u r- 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 11 tl 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 o 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 .'> 
 
 o 
 
 ti 
 
 1 II 
 
 
 
 •I 
 
 .3 
 
 ,i 
 
 I) 
 
 'i 
 
 .3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 .'1 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'i 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 ad \ 
 
 .11. 
 
 
 n 
 
 •i 
 
 II 
 
 M 
 
 •i 
 
 3 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 n 
 
 .31) 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 (1 
 
 II 
 
 f, 
 
 (i 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 1. 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 r, 
 
 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 ,3 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 K 
 
 u 
 
 n 
 
 .3 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 !i 
 
 I) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,1 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1) 
 
 
 
 •i 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 \ 
 
 .3 
 
 
 
 1) 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 u 
 
 I'll 
 
 V !■■ ■ I 
 
 \\\\ 
 
 M 1 
 
 •I I 
 
 .' ti 
 
 i !' ! 
 
 I . 
 
 v'i 
 
 •• 1: il ' 
 
 
 I 'f 
 
 
 !l«, 
 
1422 
 
 
 irv 
 
 i " 
 
 ■,-.• 
 
 
 • -^ 
 
 ■ .i 
 
 \ 
 
 ■f 
 
 ,1 
 
 ■ I 
 
 I 
 
 i* 
 
 
 
 .4- . : 
 
 ♦ . ■ 
 
 
 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL) 
 Tariff on Impartf — continued. 
 
 Artlcl« 
 
 Quantities 
 
 Dul; 
 
 Articlet 
 
 Quantities 
 
 
 Duty 
 
 
 iwr 
 
 t. 
 
 m.c. 
 
 c. 
 
 
 per 
 
 t. 
 
 m. c. 
 
 HInewft. htill'.ilo and deer 
 hkinii, roi, lartfo 
 
 ino latllea 
 
 II 
 
 .'1 .'. 
 
 
 
 Tinder 
 
 ino catllrn 
 
 II 
 
 3 S 
 
 each 
 
 
 
 1 ,'. 
 
 II 
 
 Tortolseihell 
 
 ratty 
 
 II 
 
 1 r, 
 
 ftinnll 
 
 
 II 
 
 II 7 
 
 .', 
 
 broken • 
 
 „ 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 marten 
 
 1^ 
 
 II 
 
 1 .', 
 
 II 
 
 Umbrellas - 
 
 each 
 
 I) 
 
 U 3 
 
 liea-otter 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 
 
 !, II 
 
 II 
 
 \'rlvt-ik, not exceeding ."4 ydf. 
 
 
 
 
 liKi'f and leopard 
 
 
 
 
 1 .'. 
 
 I) 
 
 long 
 
 piece 
 
 n 
 
 1 H 
 
 tieiiver 
 
 100 
 
 .', 
 
 II II 
 
 
 
 Watches 
 
 pair 
 
 1 
 
 .0 II 
 
 doe, hare, and rabbit • 
 
 ,^ 
 
 
 
 .'> 
 
 II 
 
 l^naill^s h perles 
 
 
 4 
 
 .1 
 
 nqnlrrel 
 
 „ 
 
 II 
 
 ,5 II 
 
 II 
 
 Wax, .lapan - 
 
 100 catlici 
 
 
 
 fi ,') 
 
 land olter 
 
 „ 
 
 '/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Woods, cainagnn 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 racoon 
 
 ,, 
 
 !i 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 ebony 
 
 
 
 
 1 .'i 
 
 Smalti 
 
 100 cattlei 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 11 
 
 liairoo 
 
 ,, 
 
 •t 
 
 II 
 
 Snnti; foreign 
 
 M 
 
 7 
 
 1 II 
 
 II 
 
 fr.mr.tnt 
 
 ,1 
 
 
 
 4 .', 
 
 Sticklao 
 
 ,* 
 
 II 
 
 .1 II 
 
 II 
 
 Kranjee, .ir, ft. long, 1 
 
 
 
 
 SiiKlili»h 
 
 
 II 
 
 S 
 
 , 
 
 fl. N In. wide, and 1 ft. 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphur and brimstone (saleable 
 
 
 
 
 
 thick 
 
 cich 
 
 a 
 
 s n 
 
 oi.ty under regulation ap- 
 
 
 
 
 
 I.aka- 
 
 lOllcattlea 
 
 n 
 
 1 4 
 
 pended) - 
 
 ^ 
 
 1) 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 r«l - 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 'l'ele»';n)H«f,Kpyando)ierai9lnsKCft, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wo*illen innni-.factnres, tIz. i 
 
 
 
 
 loiiklnu'ulajwes and mirrors - 
 
 ,^ per cent. 
 ml catties 
 
 ad val. 
 
 
 hlnnkeu - 
 
 pair 
 
 
 
 'i 
 
 'I' liters* liones 
 
 1 
 
 a 'j 
 
 ' 
 
 brondcliith and Hpnnith 
 
 
 
 
 'I'iinlier : 
 
 
 
 
 
 hlrincH, habit and tneiliuni 
 
 
 
 
 M.'ifils iind spam, hard womlt 
 
 
 
 
 
 cl.iih,.'il loli4 in. wide - 
 
 chang 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 not exri't-tlinu 40 ft. 
 
 eacll 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 b>iiu'ell8, r.l in. wide 
 
 J, 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ditto, not eiceidiutf 'ill ft, - 
 
 J, 
 
 li 
 
 II II 
 
 
 
 camlets. Knulish, ."M in. ss'ide 
 llulch, .^3 in. wide 
 
 j^ 
 
 II 
 
 II .', 
 
 ditto, ezci-etiiliK >'!> ft. 
 
 
 lu 
 
 U 
 
 1 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 1 II 
 
 soft wooti, not eaceedInK 
 
 
 
 
 
 iinilaiion and bomba* 
 
 
 
 
 •10 ft. . 
 
 f, 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 /eltes 
 
 ,^ 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 ditto, not exceedinn fiO ft. 
 
 
 4 
 
 .'. II 
 
 II 
 
 cassimer, H, flannel and nar- 
 row cloth 
 
 
 
 
 ditto, exceeding (>0 ft. . 
 
 j^ 
 
 (i 
 
 .') 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Jleatns. hard woml, not ex. 
 
 
 
 
 
 laMliigs, 31 In. wide 
 
 J, 
 
 
 
 II i 
 
 ceeding vtj ft. ionj;, and 
 under l'^ in. square 
 
 
 
 
 
 imitalion and Orleans, 31 
 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 
 
 1 .'. 
 
 
 
 in. wide 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 riankH, hard wtKMl, not ex- 
 
 
 
 
 
 bunting, not exceeding 21 in. 
 
 
 
 
 cee«ling VI ft. long, I'iin, 
 
 
 
 
 
 wide, 411 )ds. long 
 
 piece 
 
 
 
 i a 
 
 wiile, and .' in. thick 
 
 100 
 
 3 
 
 .'. 
 
 
 
 and cotton mixtures, viz. : 
 
 
 
 
 ditto, not exceeding in ft. 
 
 
 
 
 
 luotres, plain and brocaded. 
 
 
 
 
 long, \'i in. wide, and Sin. 
 
 
 
 
 
 not exceetling ."^1 yda. long 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 'i (1 
 
 thick . 
 
 „ 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 II ' 
 
 inferior Stianish stripes 
 
 Chang 
 
 
 
 1 (1 
 
 soft wood 
 
 1,000 so. ft. 
 cubic toot 
 
 6 
 
 7 II 
 
 i 
 
 yarn 
 
 lOU catties 
 
 3 
 
 u 
 
 teak - 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 s i 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tariff on Exports, 
 
 Articles 
 
 Quantities 
 
 Duty 
 
 
 per 
 
 t. ni, c. c. 
 
 AIU.Tl 
 
 100 catties 
 
 4 .'> 
 
 green or copperas 
 
 ft 
 
 10 
 
 Aniseed, star 
 
 
 5 II 
 
 broken 
 
 jj 
 
 2 .5 (1 
 
 oil - 
 
 ^^ 
 
 5 (1 
 
 Apricot ieeda» or almondi 
 
 ,, 
 
 4 .^ 
 
 ArstTilc 
 
 J, 
 
 4 ft 
 
 Artificial flowers 
 
 ^j 
 
 1 S (1 
 
 haiTilKio ware 
 
 ,^ 
 
 n 7 a 
 
 ItanKles, or f;lass armlets 
 
 ^, 
 
 5 
 
 lie ns atul j*a» (eicept from 
 
 
 
 NcwchwanK and Taiiff- 
 
 
 
 rhow) . . - 
 
 J 
 
 6 
 
 Bean cake (except from New- 
 chw.mu and lang-chow) • 
 Bone and horn ware - 
 
 
 
 ;; 
 
 3 5 
 
 1 ,1 
 
 JJrass buttons 
 
 ^^ 
 
 i> 
 
 foil - 
 
 „ 
 
 I 5 II 
 
 ware . • ■ 
 
 ,j 
 
 10 
 
 wire - 
 
 J 
 
 115 
 
 Camphor 
 
 i,(ioo 
 
 7 5 
 
 C<»nes . . - 
 
 5 II 
 
 t:aniharitles - - - 
 
 100 cattin 
 
 i II 
 
 Capoor cuicherry 
 
 ,, 
 
 3 
 
 (T.ir|tets iinti druggets - 
 
 1011 
 
 3 5 
 
 Cassiii liKnci 
 
 100 catties 
 
 II 6 
 
 buds - • - 
 
 
 8 
 
 IWJ^rs . 
 
 1* 
 
 15 
 
 oil - 
 
 
 9 
 
 C.T-tor nil . - - 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ! 
 
 Chestnuf'i 
 
 ^^ 
 
 10 
 
 ) hiii.i root ... 
 
 J, 
 
 13 
 
 1 hin<iware, fine 
 
 ^j 
 
 9 
 
 coarse 
 
 „ 
 
 4 5 
 
 Cinnabar - - - 
 
 ^ 
 
 7 5 
 
 Clothing, cotton 
 
 ,, 
 
 15 
 
 bilk 
 
 
 10 
 
 Coal 
 
 ij 
 
 4 
 
 C..lr 
 
 ,, 
 
 II 1 
 
 Copper ore • 
 
 ,, 
 
 5 
 
 {.healhing, old 
 
 ,* 
 
 6 
 
 Copjwr and pewter ware 
 
 
 115 
 
 rorals, false - - - 
 
 
 3 5 
 
 Ceiitcn, rnw • 
 
 ,, 
 
 3 5 
 
 rags - 
 
 
 4 5 
 
 Cow, Hezoar 
 
 caVty 
 
 3 6 
 
 Crackers, fireworks - 
 
 100 catties 
 
 5 
 
 Cultfbs - . - 
 
 
 15 
 
 luriosiiies, antiques - 
 
 .'j per cent. 
 
 a Tal. 
 
 iJatvs, black - - - 
 
 100 catties 
 
 15 
 
 red - 
 
 
 9 
 
 Dye, green - - - 
 
 catty 
 
 8 
 
 KifK-s, preserved 
 Fans, nather 
 
 1,1)110 
 
 3 5 
 
 101) 
 
 7 5 
 
 p.iptT 
 
 ,, 
 
 4 5 
 
 paliii-leaf, trimme<l 
 
 1,0110 
 
 3 6 
 
 untnmmed - 
 
 
 2 
 
 Felt cniMngs 
 
 100 catties 
 
 1 (1 
 
 caps ... 
 
 1011 
 
 1 S 5 
 
 Fundus, or agaric 
 
 100 catties 
 
 fi 
 
 (ialan{iai ... 
 
 ,, 
 
 C 1 
 
 (i.rlic 
 
 ,^ 
 
 3 5 
 
 (jinseng, native 
 
 5 per cent. 
 
 ad Tal. 
 
 Corean or Japan, 1st quality 
 
 catty 
 
 5 
 
 2nd quality 
 
 >* 
 
 3 5 1 
 
 (tiass tieads - 
 
 nr vitrl6ed ware 
 Grass cloth, fine 
 
 coarse 
 Ground*nuts 
 
 cake 
 Oynsum, fpround, or plaster 
 
 I'arU 
 Hair, camels' 
 goats' - 
 Hnms 
 
 Harinll. or orplment - 
 Hemp 
 Honey 
 Horns, deer's, young - 
 
 old 
 Indian Ink - 
 Indigo, dry • 
 I Tory ware - 
 JoMi-stlcks - 
 
 Kittysols, or paper umbrellas 
 Lacquered ware 
 Lainp-wicks - 
 Lead, red (minium) - 
 white (i-enise) - 
 yellnw (nias!»icot) 
 Leather artlclea, as pouches, 
 purses 
 green - 
 Lichen 
 Lilly Howe' i, dried - 
 
 seeds, or lotus nuts 
 Liquorice 
 Lungngan • 
 
 without the stone 
 Manure rakes, or poudrette 
 M'irbte itlabs 
 Mais of all kinds 
 Malting 
 Melon needs 
 Mother-o'-pearl ware 
 M usbrooms 
 Musk 
 
 Nankeen and native cotton cloths 
 Nut^^alls 
 Oil, as bean, tea, wood, cotton 
 
 and hemp seed 
 Oiled pd)>er - 
 Olive seed 
 
 OysttfT-shel), sea>shelU 
 Faint (green) 
 Palampore, or cotton bed-quilts 
 Paper, I si quality 
 
 Vnd quality 
 Pearls, false - 
 Feel, orange 
 
 pumelo, 1st quality 
 Snd quality 
 Pepiiermint leaf 
 
 oil 
 Pictures and paintings 
 
 on pith or rice*paper 
 Pottery, earihmware - 
 Preserves, romfiu, and sweet 
 meat! > 
 
 Quantities 
 
 per 
 
 100 catties 
 
 pair 
 100 catties 
 
 catty 
 
 100 catties 
 
 100 
 100 catties 
 
 3 
 
 1 5 ( 
 
 7 ( 
 
 100 
 
 roll of 40 yds. 
 
 100 catties 
 
 catty 
 lOOcatiiet 
 
 catty 
 100 catties 
 
 100 
 100 cattlet 
 
 each 
 
 100 
 
 100 catties 
 
 3 5 
 
 i 
 
 1 « 
 
 5 
 
 b 
 
TIlKATIIiS (COMMKllCIAL) 
 Tariff' on Exports — cimtimicd. 
 
 1423 
 
 :li*(UU1Il 
 
 n. wiilu 
 If 
 bonlba- 
 
 eanSi m 
 ig 21 In. 
 
 rocddedi 
 irdi. long 
 pes 
 
 luir 
 
 cliang 
 
 piece 
 
 rhang 
 lOU catties 
 
 n I 1 I 
 
 4 5 
 
 II II h II 
 
 U I II (' I 
 
 II .1 s i 
 
 n 4 n 1 
 
 II 5 I 
 
 .1 .'i J 
 
 2 5 
 
 i II 
 
 u 1 II n 
 
 3 U 
 
 
 Quantities 
 
 "lilMter of 
 
 per 
 
 100 CBttici 
 
 11 
 *> 
 
 >i 
 
 Ihiij 
 
 pair 
 100 catties 
 
 catt; 
 100 cattlet 
 nbrcllas - 100 
 
 ■^ 100 catties 
 
 
 
 II II 
 
 
 
 5 I) 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 It) 
 
 pouches, 
 
 he stone - 
 uilrette 
 
 cotton cloths 
 K>d, cotton 
 
 tils 
 
 n bed-quilts 
 
 ualltr 
 quality 
 
 rice-paper • 
 re - 
 and sweet- 
 
 100 
 
 roll of 40 yds. 
 
 10(1 catties 
 
 catty 
 100 catties 
 
 catty 
 100 catties 
 
 100 
 100 catties 
 
 each 
 
 100 
 
 100 catties 
 
 3 
 
 II (I 
 5 
 5 
 5 II 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 J II 
 
 5 (1 
 5 
 
 n a 
 
 II 
 
 01 
 
 7 
 
 ;i 
 
 J i 
 
 5 I' 
 
 S 
 
 5 II 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 I II 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 5 
 
 19 
 
 ISO" 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 s " 
 i °l 
 
 Arilclas 
 
 Quanlllles 
 
 
 Duty 
 
 _l 
 
 Articles 
 
 Quantities 
 per 
 
 Duty 
 
 
 per 
 
 t. 
 
 m. 
 
 c. 
 
 '^- I 
 
 
 1. 
 
 m. c. c. 
 
 Raltann, iplll 
 
 10(1 catties 
 
 II 
 
 2 
 
 .'1 
 
 II 1 
 
 Silk, caps • 
 
 lllO 
 
 (1 
 
 U 
 
 Hdtt'in-w.ire 
 
 ,, 
 
 (1 
 
 3 
 
 II 
 
 o 1 
 
 and cotton mittures 
 
 100 catties 
 
 4 
 
 ft 
 
 jlhiil>art) 
 
 „ 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 Rllrar and gold-ware • 
 
 ,, 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Hue or pstldv. wheat, millet. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Snuir 
 
 ,, 
 
 II 
 
 MOO 
 
 anil ottier grain. . 
 
 „ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Soy ... 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Ri.^«, iit'lulr or skin - 
 
 eaih 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 ■J 
 
 I 
 
 Straw, braid 
 
 
 
 
 7 11 
 
 S«tll%ilOO . - - 
 
 lOii catt Irs 
 
 (1 
 
 1 
 
 .') 
 
 •• 1 
 
 Sugar, brown 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 1 2 
 
 Saiiil.ilwooil ware 
 
 catty 
 
 (1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 II ! 
 
 while 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Sf'^i'fcd 
 
 10(1 caitles 
 
 (1 
 
 1 
 
 .') 
 
 " 1 
 
 candy 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 2 5 
 
 Sesamuni seed 
 
 „ 
 
 (1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 5 ! 
 
 Tallow, animal 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Siioei and boots, leather or 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 regelable 
 
 „ 
 
 n 
 
 3 (1 
 
 lAitn 
 
 100 pain 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tea ... 
 
 „ 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 j MMW 
 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 Tinfoil 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 .'. 
 
 Killt, t.iw and thrown 
 
 100 ratllra 
 
 in 
 
 (1 
 
 II 
 
 II < 
 
 ToIhicco, pre|iart'il 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 
 4 A 
 
 1 " yeliow, from Ssechuen - 
 rei-iml, from Dupions 
 
 (, 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 (1 
 
 II 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 I .1 
 
 ,, 
 
 .1 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 (1 
 
 Tortol^cshell ware 
 
 catey 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 wild raw 
 
 
 •i 
 
 .', 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 Trunkii, leather 
 
 100 catties 
 
 1 
 
 .') n 
 
 refuse - 
 
 „ 
 
 1 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Turmeric 
 
 ,, 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 cocotins 
 
 ,, 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Twine, hemp, Canton 
 
 ,t 
 
 
 
 1 9 
 
 fiosi, I'anton 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Soo-chuw 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 frum other provincci - 
 
 ,, 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tumipi, salted 
 
 „ 
 
 
 
 1 8 
 
 rllilHini and thread 
 
 „ 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vamlth, or crude lacnuer 
 
 *, 
 
 (1 
 
 4 
 
 SiHiVln-'-goiKli;: 
 1 vonBwn, shawls, scarfs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ]| Vermicelli - - 
 
 
 11 
 
 1 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vermilion . 
 
 ,, 
 
 2 
 
 .'. 
 
 crJlic, •alln. gau/e, velvet. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wai, white or Insect 
 
 „ 
 
 1 
 
 .', 
 
 ami eiiibriildpreil go«U . 
 
 It 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wood, plle-i, iwles, and JolsH • 
 
 each 
 
 
 
 II 3 
 
 Smhuen and Shantung 
 
 
 4 
 
 .'1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ware . . - 
 
 lOOcailles 
 
 1 
 
 1 5 
 
 SiU, tasscU - 
 
 !• 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wool 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 3 .'> 
 
 Cmcention hehoeenher MajesiyamUhe Emperor 
 of China. Siqned in the Englisli and Chinese 
 Uiiguages, at Peking, October 24, 1800. 
 
 Article 1. A breach of friendly relationa having 
 been occa.sioned by the Act of the garrison of 
 Ta-liii, which obstructed her Britannic Majesty's 
 representative when on his way to Pelting for the 
 purpose of exchanging the ratiticutions of the 
 treaty of peace concluded at Tien-tsin in the month 
 of Ji'ire, 1858, his Imperial Majesty the Emperor 
 ,)f China expresses his deep regret at the mis- 
 understanding so occasioned. 
 
 •.'. It is further expressly declared, that the ar- 
 rangement entered into at Shanghai in the month 
 of October, 1858, between her Britannic Majesty's 
 ambiissador the Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, and 
 hli Imperial Majesty's commissioners Kwciliang 
 and MwiL-ihana, regarding the residence of her 
 liritaiinic Majesty's representative in China, is 
 herebv cancelled, and that, in accordance with 
 .\rticle 3 of the treaty of 1868, her Britannic 
 Majesty's representative will henceforward reside 
 permanently or occasionally at Peking, as her 
 Britannic Majesty shall be pleased to decide. 
 
 3. It is agreed that the separate article of the 
 treaty of 1858 is hereby annulled ; and that in 
 lieu of the amount of indemnity therein specified, 
 hi3 Imperial Majesty the Emperor of China shall 
 pay the sum of 8,000,000 of tacls in the following 
 proportions or instalments, namely : At Ticn-tsin, 
 nn or before the 30th day of November, the sum of 
 .■iiiO,OOi) taels ; at Canton, and on or before the 1st 
 day of December, I860, 333,333 taels, less the sum 
 which shall have been advanced by the Canton 
 authorities towards the completion of the British 
 factory site at Shameen ; and the remainder at the 
 ports open to foreign trade, in quarterly payments, 
 which shidl consist of i of the gross revenue 
 from customs there collected. The first of the 
 said payments being due on the 31st day of De- 
 cember, 18G0, for the quarter terminating on that 
 day. 
 
 it is further agreed that these monevs .shall be 
 Pciid ir'o the hands of an officer whom fier Britan- 
 nic MujOsty's representative shall specially appoint 
 to receive them, and that the accuracy r-f the 
 amounts shall, before payment, be duly ascerti.incd 
 by British and Chinese officers appointed to dis- 
 charge tills duty. 
 
 Elgin and KiNCAnniNE. 
 Signatures and Seal of the Five Chinese High 
 Commissioners and Plcnipoteiitiaries. 
 
 In order to prevent future discussion, it is more- 
 over declared, that of the 8,000,000 of taels herein 
 guaranteed, 2,000,000 will be appropriated to the 
 indemnification of the British mercantilo commu- 
 nity at Canton, for losses su.staincd by them, and 
 the remaining 6,000,000 to the liquidation of war 
 expenses. 
 
 4. It is agreed that on the day on which this 
 convention is signed, his Imperial Majesty the 
 Emperor of China shall open the port of Tien-tsin 
 to trade, and that it shall be thereafter competent 
 to British subjects to reside and trade there under 
 the same conJitions as at any other port of China 
 by treaty open to trade. 
 
 5. As soon as the ratifications of the treaty of 
 1858 shall have been exchanged, his Imperial 
 Majesty the Emperor of China will, by decree, 
 command the high authorities of every province 
 to proclaim throughout their jurisdictions, that 
 Chinese choosing to take service in the British 
 colonies, or other parts beyond sea, are at perfect 
 liberty to enter into engagements with British 
 subjects for that purpose, and to ship themselves 
 ana their families on board any British vessel at 
 any of the open ports of China ; also that the high 
 authorities aforesaid shall, in concert with her 
 Britannic Majesty's representative in China, frame 
 such regulations for the protection of Chinese 
 emigrating, as above, as the circumstances of the 
 different open ports may demand. 
 
 6. With a view to the maintenance of law and 
 order in and about the harbour of Hong Kong, his 
 Imperial Majesty the ICmperor of China agrees to 
 cede to her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain 
 and Ireland, and to her heirs and successors, to 
 have and to hold as a dependency of her Britannic 
 Majesty's colony of Ilong Kong, thrt portion of 
 the township of Cowloon, in the province of 
 Kwang-tung, of which a lease was granted in 
 perpetuity to Harry Smith Parkcs, Esquire, Com- 
 panion of the Bath, a mcmlwr of the allied com- 
 mission at Canton, on behalf of her Britannic 
 Majesty's Govsminent, by Lan Tsung Kwang, 
 governor-general of the Two Kwang. 
 
 It is further declared that the lease in question 
 is hereby cancelled ; that the claims of anv Chinese 
 to property on the said portion of Cowloon shall 
 be duly investigated by a mixed commission of 
 British and Chinese otiicers ; and that compensa- 
 tion shall be a- arded by the British Government 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 i; 
 
 1 
 
 ; ! 
 
 li 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 
 ft i' 
 
 1 
 
 • ■ t 
 
 1 n 
 
 I'i 
 
 i' 
 
 i, I- 
 
 i.:' 
 
 i ; 
 !, '■ 
 
 
 :; 
 
 ■1, • 
 
 • !' 
 
 1 
 
 ;1 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 t:»-' 
 
 
^ ',»**■ ' 
 
 . f 
 
 , .1 
 
 I ■.:'■. 
 
 '■ I 
 
 1424 
 
 to any ('hincsc wliosc' cliiilii hlinll im by iIk; f-:ii(l 
 riiiiiiiii.ssioti ('Ntul)liNho(J, mIiouIcI his ri'ninval be 
 (Irriiicd lu'ccssaiy by the Hriti.sh (Jovcriiint'iit. 
 
 7. It is aj;rff(l that tliu i)rovi.si(nis of the tn'aty 
 nf \HM, except in so far as these arc niu(iitieil by 
 the preneiit eoiiventlon, siiall without dehiy eoiiie 
 iiilo operation n.s soon as the ratilleation.i of the 
 t reaty aforesaid Hhall liavc been ex('hanp;e(l. 
 
 It is further agreed tliat no separate ratilleation 
 of (he present convention sliiill lie necessary, lint 
 tli.it it shall take ett'eet from the date of its klKiia- 
 turi', and he equally hiiidinf;, with the treaty above 
 mentioned, en the hi(;h contract in.;' parties. 
 
 H. It is agreed that lus soon as Iho rat ilicnf ions of 
 tlie treaty of the year 1H.")M shall have been cx- 
 ilianjjed, his Imperial Majesty the JOmperor of 
 Chiii.'i shall, by decree, command the hii^h aullio- 
 litics in the capital and in the provinces to print 
 and publish the aforesaid treaty and the present 
 convention, for general information. 
 
 !•. It is aftrocd that as .soon as this convention 
 shall h.ive been sifjned, the ratilications of the 
 treaty of the year JHfiH .shall have been exchanged, 
 and an imperial decree respecting the publication 
 of tli(^ saiil convention and treaty shall have been 
 liromulgated, n.s provided for by Article 8 of this 
 iMjnvention, Chiuan shall be evacuated by her 
 Kritantne Majesty's trooj)S there stationecl, and 
 lier Itritannic Majesty's Ibrce now before I'eking 
 shall commence its march towards the city of Tien- 
 tsin, the forts of Taku, the north coast of .Shanj?- 
 tunLC, and the city of Canton, nt each or all of 
 whicli places it shall be at the option of her Ma- 
 jesty tli(^ (iuecn of Great Uritain and Ireland to 
 retain a force until the indemnitv of 8,000,000 of 
 taels, f;uarantced in Article 3, shall have been paid. 
 
 Done at I'ekinj;, in the Court of the Hoard of 
 Ceremonies, on the 24tli day of October, in the 
 year of our Lord IHGO. 
 
 Kl.r.lN AM) KiNCAUDINE. 
 
 Signature and Seal of the Chinese ricnipotentiary. 
 
 Di-NMARK. 
 
 Coin-eiilidii of Commerce helween Great Britain 
 
 TRKATIKS (COMMERCIAL) 
 
 .'\Iaj('sty, which can loyally be inipcrti'.l iiiiii 
 ports of the United Kin.i;(lom in Itanish ship.H, 
 ■I. All piods which can lef^nlly be iinjiorted 
 the ports of either country shall be admittcc 
 the same rate of duty, whether imported in vex 
 of the other country or in national vt^H.sels ; 
 all floods which can be Icfrnlly ex|>orte(l frmn 
 ports of either coimtry shall In: entitled to 
 same bounties, drawbacks, and allowances, whcl 
 ex|i(irted in vessels of the other country or 
 national vessels, 
 
 !). No priority or iirefcronce shall bo yiv 
 directly or indirectly, by the (lovernnient olcii 
 country, or by any conipanv, corporation, or ug, 
 ai'tin^ on its behalf or under Its authority, in 
 imrchase of any article the growth, pnKliicc 
 maiiiilacture of either country imported inloi 
 other, on ai.'coiint of or in reference to the chur.io 
 of the vcs.sel in which such article was inipnrii 
 it being the true intent and meaning of the hi 
 couiraeting parlies, that no distinction ordilTerot 
 whatever shall be maile in this respect. 
 
 (!. 'I'lie high contracting parties having miitiwl 
 delennincd not to include in the present cmnc 
 tioii their rc-ipective colonies, iu which are cm 
 prciiended, on the part of Denmark, ( irei'iil.iii 
 Iceland, and the islands of Ferroc; ; it is c.\|ir('s,s 
 agreed that the intercourse which may nl iircsci 
 legally be carried on by the subjects or .siiiiu 
 either of the .said high contraeting parlit.-iwji 
 the cidoiiics of the other, shall remain upuii tl 
 same footing as if this convention had never bet 
 conclnded. 
 
 7. The present convention shall be in force fi 
 the form of 10 years from the date hereof; an 
 further, until the end of 12 months nfler citlicrc 
 the high contracting parties shall have pvei 
 notice to the other of its intention to terminal 
 the same; each of the high contractiiicf jmrtio 
 reserving to it.self the right of giving such iiotic 
 to the other, at the end of the said term of 1 
 years ; and it is hereby ogreed between them, ilia 
 at the expiration of 12 months after such iwtii 
 shall have been received by either party I'm 
 
 (in 
 Jh 
 
 ,1 Dnnnark, sinned at London, the IG/A of l''*^ other this convention, and all ih 
 
 ,,..,1 • • thereof, shall altogether cease and de 
 
 ' 8. 1 he present convention shall be 
 
 Article 1. From and after the 1st day of .July 
 Hoxt, Danish vessels entering or departing from 
 the ports of the United Kingdom of Great Britain 
 and Ireland, and Itritish vessels entering or de- 
 parting from the ports of his Danish M.ijcsty's 
 dominions, shall not be subject to any other or 
 higher duties or charges whatever than are or 
 shall be levied on national vessels entering or 
 departing from such ports respectively. 
 
 2. All articles of the growth, produce, or manu- 
 facture of any of the dominions of either of the 
 high contracting parties, which are or shall be 
 jiermitted to be imported into or exported from 
 flic ports of the United Kingdom and of Denmark 
 respectively, in vessels of the one country, shall, 
 in like manner, be imported into and exported 
 from those ports in vessels of the other. 
 
 .'!. All articles not of the growth, produce, or 
 manufacture of the dominions of his liritannic 
 ^lajesty, which can legally bo imported from the 
 United Kingdom of tJreat Uritain and Ireland 
 into the ports and dominions of the King of Den- 
 mark, in Hritisli ships, shall be subject only to 
 the same duties lus .ire paj'able upon the like 
 articles if imported in Danish ships; and the 
 same recipriicity shall be observed with regard 
 to Dani^^h vessels in the ports of the said 
 United Kingdom of Great Uritain and Ireland 
 in respect to all articles not the growth, produce, 
 or maniiractvni^ of the dominions of his Danish 
 
 lie provifi 
 erininc. 
 liresent convention shall be ratilied, ( 
 the ratifications shall be exchanged nt Lomioi 
 within 1 month from the date hereof, or soont 
 if possible. 
 
 In witness whereof, the respective plcnipd 
 tiaries have signed the same, and have alii; 
 thereto the seals of their arms. 
 
 Done at London, the 16th of Juno, 182 
 
 (iKOUGK CANXINC 
 
 AV. IltisKi.ssox. 
 C. E. Mor.TKK. 
 
 Separate Articles. 
 The high contracting parties reserve to tlin 
 selves to enter upon additional stipulations ; 
 the ])iirpose of facilitating and cxtondiiif,', 
 beyond what is comprehended in the convcnli 
 of this date, the commercial regulations of tli. 
 resjieetive subjects and dominions, upon the pri 
 cijile either of reciprocal or equivalent .i(lvant;ii; 
 as the case may be. And in the event of ■■ 
 articles or article being concluded hetwcon 
 said high contracting parties for giving cfl'oct 
 such stipulations, it is hereby ai^ieed iliat i 
 article or articles which may hereafier he so o 
 eluded shall be considered as forming part of ! 
 aforesaid convention. 
 
 Additio)ial Articles. 
 
 Their Britannic and Danish Majesties mutiia 
 
 agree that no higher or other duties shall be lev 
 
1 loyally 111' iiiili"i'''/> ,"."" "« 
 I Kiii','tl(im in |)iini.-.li sliiii«. 
 icli can Icunllv Ik; im|«'f'''' ""' 
 r couiitrv xliftll l"" atlinitiiMl .,; 
 ity, whether imported ui ve-,! 
 trv or in national vi':>sels ; imr; 
 u"bc lofrally exi.ort.;.l fMin ih 
 iinilrv Hliiill !>'• entitled U, t;, 
 wbaeka.andallowiiniVH.wIiHl,.; 
 els of the other eonntry nr ii, 
 
 or iii-oference slmll he Kiv.ii, 
 tlv,bvllie<iovernuient divilbr 
 • Jompanv, eoriioralinn, or asnr, 
 jlfor nnderits anthorily. ni il. 
 nrtielo the urowth, pnHlucc ., 
 ither conntry imiiorted inli. i!i> 
 of or in refereneo to the chur;i.;>r 
 diieh sncli article was impnrt.il. 
 intent and meaning of the lii:i, 
 ■s, that no distinction ordilhr ik 
 . inaile in this respect, 
 itraclinj,' parties having mutiialiv 
 
 inclnde in the present cMivf; 
 ivp colonies, in which are (diii 
 he part of Denmark, (ircoiilaiii. 
 islands of Fen-oi! ; it is exiir.'s.-ly 
 intercourse which may iil iircnii; 
 .,! on hv the subjects or sliips ui 
 d hiL'h'contractiiiK partus wii'i 
 the other, shall reniaiii upon iV 
 if this convention had never been 
 
 t convention slinll lie in force U 
 vears from the date lierenf: ar.i 
 e end of 12 months after either.' 
 nctinK parties shall have «ivii; 
 her of Its intention to terminal 
 
 1 of the high contractiiiR partv- 
 'If the rifiht of Kiving siu'h noti.. 
 t the end of the said term cit ! ■ 
 
 hereby agreed between them, ilia: 
 11 of 12 months after such not;. 
 n received by either party Imi 
 i;onventioii, and all the provi?ioi> 
 together cease and deterimno, 
 It convention shall be rnlilied, aiil 
 i shall be exchanged at Lomlm. 
 from the date hereof, or souiier 
 
 creof, the respective plcnipotcii- 
 iie.l the same, and have nlhxcl 
 
 ., of their arms. 
 
 Ion, the ICtUof June, 1824. 
 
 (Jr.oiiGK Oansino. 
 
 W. HUSKISSON. 
 C. E. MoI.TliK. 
 
 Separate Articks. 
 ntracting parties reserve tothci" 
 ■ upon additional stiinihitions i'^ 
 facilitating and cxtondinp, ev.;. 
 . c'omprchended in the c«>vci ' ' 
 ,0 commercial regulations oi th i. 
 k'cts and dominions, upi.n the F - 
 cciprocal or etinivalent ^^<^^ 
 av bo. And in the event ol a; 
 icle being concluded, hetwoon U 
 •acting parties lor gnnn,'cfla.; 
 ims it IS hereby a-recd that n^ 
 Kiel, may hereafter .«. so c* I 
 'considered as forming pMloi »< 
 }ntion. 
 
 Atldltioml Articks. 
 niic and Danish Majestic, niug 
 ighcror other duties shall be le"» 
 
 TKKATIKS (COM. Ml 
 
 in cither of I'.iii' domiiiions (their rospeclive 
 colonies being cxirpted from the convention of this 
 ilftte), upon any personal property of I heir respec- 
 tive subjects, on tlie removal of same from the 
 (liiniitiions of their said Majesties reciprocal!}-, 
 I'ither upon the inheritance of such iimperty, or 
 iiilierwise, than are or tthall he payaule in each 
 state upoti the like pro|>erty when removed by a 
 Mihject of sticii state ri'spectively. 
 i'ui treaty as to abolition of sound dues, see 
 
 KuStNEUIl. 
 
 Fhanck. 
 
 Cunvenlion of Xaviifntion hHween lila Uritiinnlr 
 Miijrsli) Olid the ^Itist Clirintian Kiiuj, tiiiietliir 
 villi two luldithnal Artivli:i thermnto imnru:i(l. 
 Sii/ned at London, January 21), lH2(i. 
 Article 1. French vessels coming from or de- 
 iiiirtiiig for the ])urts of France, or, if in ballast, 
 r.Mniiig from or departing for any place, shall not 
 Ijii subject, in the ports of the United Kingdom, 
 lithcron entering into or departing from the same, 
 I ) any higher duties of tonnage, harbour, light- 
 iiDUse', pilotage, ipiarantine, or oilier similar or 
 1 .irrespondiug duties, of whatever nature, or under 
 'A'hatevcr deuomiiiatioii, than those to which llri- 
 lisli vessels, in respect of tho same voyages, are 
 iir may be subject on entering into or departing 
 irum such ports; and, reciprocally, from and after 
 iho same period, liritish vessels coming from or 
 ilcpurtiiig for the ports of the United Kingdom, 
 ,ir, if iu ballast, coming iumx or departing for any 
 liliico, shall not be subject, in the ports of France, 
 cithir ill entering into or departing from the 
 samp, to any higher duties of tonnage, harbour, 
 li);lit-house,'pilotage, quarantine, or other similar 
 (ir corresponding duties, of whatever nature, or 
 under whatever denomination, than those to whi(,'h 
 Frcncli vessels, in respect of the same vnvages. 
 arc or may bo subject, on entering into or ([epart- 
 iii;; from' such ports; whether such duties are 
 (ollected separately, or are consolidated in one 
 anil the same duty— his Most Christian Majesty 
 reserving to himself to regulate tho amount of 
 >iicli duty or duties in F'rancc, according to the 
 rate at which they are or may bo established in 
 ilie United Kingdom ; at the same time, with a 
 view (if diminishing the burdens imposed ujioii 
 the navigation of the two countries, his Most 
 (liristiaii ilajesty will always bo disposed to rc- 
 ilucc the amount" of the said burdens in France, 
 in proportion to any reduction which may here- 
 after be made of those now levied in the ports of 
 the United Kingdom. 
 
 •.'. Goods which can or may be legally importeu 
 into the ports of the Unitetl Kingdom, from the 
 ports of France, if so imported in French vessels, 
 ^hall be subject to no higher duties than if im- 
 [iiirtcd in British vessels ; and, reciprocally, goods 
 whicli can or may be legally imported into the 
 |iorts of France, "from the ports of the United 
 lungdom, if so imported in British vessels, shall 
 <« subject to no higher duties than if imported in 
 French vessels. The produce of Asia, Africa, and 
 America, not being allowed to be imported from 
 ilie said countries, nor from any other, in F'rench 
 vessels, nor from France in French, Uritish, or 
 any other vessels, into tho ports of the United 
 Kingdom, fur home consumption, but only for 
 warehousing and rc-ex|x)rtation, his Most Chris- 
 tian Majesty reserves to himself to direct that, iu 
 like manner, the produce of Asia, Africa, and 
 America shall not be imported from tho said 
 eoimiries, nor from onv other, in British vessels, 
 noi from the United Kingdom in British, French, 
 or any other vessels, into the ports of France, for 
 the consumption of tliat kingdom, but only for 
 warchouBing and re-exportation. 
 
 CRCIAL) Hi,') 
 
 With regaril to the productions cl the eouiitrii's 
 of I'iiircjpe, it is understood between the high con- 
 tracting parties, that such proJuctions mIwiII not lie 
 imporii'd, in British ."hips, into France, for the 
 I'onsuniptioii of that kingdom, unless such .ihiii-i 
 shall have been laden therewith in some port of 
 the United Kuigdura; and that his Mritannic 
 Majesty may adopt, if he shall think lit, somi'. 
 corresponding restrictive measure, with regard to 
 t he product loiis of the countries of Kuropc iiiiportcil 
 into the ports of the United Kingiloni in Freiicli 
 vessels : the high contracting jiurties reserving, 
 however, to themselves the power of making, by 
 mutual consent, such relaxations in the strict 
 execution of the present article us they may 
 think useful to the respective interests of the two 
 countries upon tho principle of mutual concessions, 
 all'ording each to the other reciprocal or urpiivalent 
 advantages. 
 
 3. All goods which can or may bo legally ex- 
 ported from the ports of either of the two countries 
 shall, on their export, pay the same duties of 
 exportation, whether the exportation of such goods 
 be made in British or in French vessels, provided 
 the said vessels proceed, respectively, direct from 
 the ports of the one country to those of tho other. 
 And all the said goods so exported in British or 
 F'rench vessels sTiall ho reciprocally entitled to 
 the same bounties, drawbacks, and other allow- 
 ances of tho same nature, which are granted by 
 the regulations of each country, respectively, 
 
 4. It is niutuallv agreed between tho high con- 
 tracting parlies, that in the intercourse of navi- 
 gation between their two countries, the vessels of 
 any third power shall in no case obtain more 
 favourable conditions than those stipulated, in 
 the present convention, in favour of British and 
 French vessels. 
 
 i>. Tlie lisliiiig-boats of either of the two coun- 
 tries, which may be forced by stress of weather to 
 seek shelter in the ports or on the coast of the 
 other country, shall not be subject to any duties 
 or port charges of any description whatsoever ; 
 Iirovided the said boats, when so driven in by 
 stress of weather, shall not discharge or receive oil 
 board any cargo, or portion of cargo, in tho ports 
 or on the parts of the coast whore they shall have 
 sought shelter, 
 
 6. It is agreed that the provisions of the present 
 convention lictween the high contracting parties 
 shall be reciprocally extended and in force in nil 
 the possessions subject to their respective do- 
 miniiuis in Kurope. 
 
 7. The present convention shall bo in force for 
 tho term of 10 years from the 5tli of April of the 
 present year; and further, until the end of 12 
 months after either of tho high contracting parties 
 shall have given notice to tlie other of its inten- 
 tion to terminate its operation; each of the high 
 controcting parties reserving to itself the right of 
 giving such notice to tho other, at the end of the 
 said term of 10 years : and it is agreed between 
 them, that, at the end of 12 months' extension 
 agreed to on both sides, this convention, and all 
 the stipulations thereof, shall altogether cease and 
 determine. 
 
 8. The present convention shall be ratifled, and 
 the ratifications shall be exchanged in London, 
 within the space of 1 month, or sooner if possible. 
 
 In witness whereof, the respective plenipoten- 
 tiaries have signed the same, and have affixed 
 thereto the seals of their arms. 
 
 Done at London, the 2Gth day of January, in 
 the year of our Lord 182C. 
 
 George Casnino. 
 William Huskisson. 
 Le Pkince de Poliosac. 
 4Y 
 
 
 i : ! 
 
 Mi 
 
 i i' 
 
1420 
 
 TRKATIKS (( 
 
 
 I ♦ 
 
 1 '' ,'. 
 
 
 
 I , 
 
 Adililiomtl AitirltH. 
 
 Artiolo I. Frnicli vcoioIm Hhall Im nllowcti lo 
 wiil ('ri>m nny port wliiilcvrr nt'thi? cDunlripH iiiultr 
 till' (Idiiiinioii lit' lii)! Mimt (!liriHtinn Miijmty, to all 
 till' i'dIdiiIcs o('|Iii> liiiiti'il KiiiKiloni (i-xoi-pt those 
 posHPSHril by tlio KiiMt India ('onipiiny), anil to 
 impiirt into tlu> waiil I'olnnioH all kinilH oi' nuTolian- 
 ilisii (Ix'in)^ proilurtioimtlio growth or innnnfactnre 
 of Knnirc, or of any oountry iniilcr tlin iloniiiiion 
 lit' l''nini'r), with llii' I'Xfrplion of Mnch n« aro 
 priiliiliitoil to l)i> inipurti'il into tlio nalil coli mcs, 
 or am |M'rmitti'il to lio iinporti'il only from ' un- 
 trii-H nnilcr tlio llriti.sh iloniiiiioii ; anil the xaiil 
 l''ri'iu'h vcssrlH.ft.s wi'll as thc'niiTi'haniliNo importril 
 III ihn HaniP, xlmll not ho snhjrct, in tlui colonieH 
 nl'tho Itnitiul Kin^iloni, lo otlirr or higher iliitirs 
 than lliosn to whirli llrilish vi'ssi'Ih may he 
 fnhji'rt on impurliiii^ tin; sninu niorchanillMo from 
 any forri^ii conntry, or whirh aio iinpiiHPit upon 
 tho mpri'liandlMn ItHi'lf. 
 
 Thu same faciliticii Himll hn ^rnntcil, rrciproi'ally, 
 in tho rolimioa of Frnticc, with rupiril to thu 
 importation in Mrilish vcshi'Ih of all kiniU of 
 niprchaniliiic (hoiii^ pniductionN tho growth ami 
 mannfai'tnro of tho Unitnl Kinploin, or any 
 country under tho Hritiah (luiiiinion), with ili'i! 
 exception of such as aro prohibited to bo "import cd 
 into tho said cohmica, or arc permitted to hi' 
 imported onlv from countries under tho dominion 
 of Kranco. And whereas all goods, thcproilnce of 
 any foreign country, may now bo imported into 
 tho colonics of tho United Kingdotn, in the nliipM 
 of that country, with tho exception of a limited 
 list of spccilied articles which can only bo imported 
 into the said colonics in HritiHh shipn, his Majesty 
 the King of tho United Kingdom reserves to him- 
 selftho power of adding tolliesaiil list of cxeepted 
 articles any other the pruduco of the Freiu'h 
 dominions, the addition whereof may appear to his 
 Majesty to bo necessary for placing the commerce 
 and navigation to be permitted to tho subiects of 
 each of the high contracting parties with the colo- 
 nies of the other upon a footing of fair reciprocity. 
 2. French vessels shall be allowed to export 
 from all the colonies of tho United Kingdom 
 (except thosQ possessed by the East India Com- 
 pany) all kinds of merchandise which are not 
 prohibited to be exported from such colonies in 
 vessels other than those of Great Britain ; and 
 tho said vessels, as well as the roerchandiso 
 exported in the same, shall not be subject to other 
 or higher duties than those to which British vessels 
 may be subject on exporting the said merchandise, 
 or which arc imposed upon the merchandise itself; 
 and they shall be entitled to the same bounties, 
 drawbacks, and other allowances of the same 
 nature, to which British vessels would be entitled, 
 on such exportation. 
 
 The same facilities and privileges shall bo 
 granted, reciprocally, in all tho colonies of France, 
 for the exportation in British vessels of all kinds 
 of merchandis3 which are not prohibited to be 
 exported from such colonies in vessels other than 
 those of France. 
 
 These 2 additional articles shall have the same 
 force and validity as if they were inserted, word 
 for word, in the convention signed this day. They 
 shall bo ratified, and the ratifications shall be 
 exchanged at the same time. 
 
 In witness whereof, the respective plenipoten- 
 tiaries have signed tho same, and have affixed 
 thereto the seals of their arms. 
 Done at London, Jan. 26, 1826. 
 
 George Canning. 
 William Huskisson. 
 Le Priscb de Polignac. 
 
 DM.MKUCfAL) 
 
 A Treasury letter, dated 2Htti of March, IS'.'i 
 ilirei'tM that French vessels, and their cur^;u, 
 legallv imported or exported on lioanl the miiimi 
 aci'orifing to tlio terms of llie eiinveiilioii in i|| 
 preeeding pages, are from tlie fitli of April, Isji 
 lo be charged with siirli ami the like duties nnlv 
 of whatever kind they iimy Ih', that are eliarp'i 
 on llrilish vessels, and similar cargoes lailni nn 
 hoard thereof; and in like manner the saiin 
 lioniitioH, drawliaeks, and allowaiiees are to I,: 
 paid on artieles exported in Freiuli vessels, iIlk 
 are paid, granted, or allowed oii similar iirlliln 
 exported in Mritisli vessels. And the iieci'K»iirv 
 iiislruetioim are to Im Iransniitteil to thu ulHcm 
 in till! colonies for carrying into elVeet the iitipu- 
 laliiins eiintaincd in the 'J additional artii'lis , if 
 the said convention, respecting French vesiu'Uanil 
 llii'ir cargoes, from thi^ 1st of October, IH-.'t), 
 
 A convention regulating the respective limiu 
 of the llritish and French oysler and olhi-rdslHTiM 
 was signed at Paris on the '-'ml of August, l((;j|i, 
 and another in IM(!K, 
 
 7V('(//// of Ciimmvrif. hi'tirirn hvr 3liiji:ili/ uiulllit 
 /■,'iii/wror of t/ii! t'rriifh. Siijiiad at Purit, 
 ,/iiiiiiari/ -M, IM(i(). Hati/iftilioiu exrlutnijeil at 
 I'lirin, Fi'hriKiri/ 1, I8(i(), 
 
 Articlo 1. His Majesty tho Kmperor ul lln" 
 French engages that on the following articteuf 
 British Dro'lui'tiini and nianufacliire, inipurtid 
 froin the Uniteil Kingdom into France, the iliidei 
 shall in no ease exceed ;i() per eciil. ad viiloroni, 
 tho two additional deciines included. 
 
 Tho articles am as follows:— 
 Kefincd sugar ; 
 
 Turmeric in powder ; 
 Hock crystal worked j 
 
 Iron forged in lumps or prisms ; 
 
 Brass wire (copper alloyed with /inc), polijhcJ 
 or unpolished, of every description; 
 
 Chemical productions, cimmcruted or noii-tiiii- 
 merated ; 
 
 I'^xtracts of dye-woods ; 
 
 Ciurancine ; 
 
 Common map of every description, and pcrfumcJ 
 soap ; 
 
 htone-ware and earthen-ware, fine and common ; 
 
 China and porcelain-warc ; 
 
 (ilass, crj'stal, mirrors, and plate-glass ; 
 
 Cotton yarn ; 
 
 Worsted and woollen yarn of every description ; 
 
 Yams of flax and hemp ; 
 
 Yarns of hair, cnmnerated or uon-cnumcratcii ; 
 
 Cotton manufactures ; 
 
 Horse-hair manufactures, enumerated or non- 
 enumerated ; 
 
 Worsted and woollen manufactures, enumcratcJ 
 or noil- enumerated ; 
 
 Cloth list ; 
 
 Manufactures of hair ; 
 
 Silk manufactures ; 
 
 Manufacturer of waste and floss-silk ; 
 
 Manufactures of bark and all other vegetable 
 fibres, enumerated or non-enumerated ; 
 
 Manufactures of flax and hemp ; 
 
 Mixed manufactures of every description ; 
 
 Ilosierv ; 
 
 Haberdashery, and small wares ; 
 
 Manufactures of caoutchouc ahJ gutta pcrcha, 
 pure or mixed ; 
 
 Articles of clothing, wholly or iu part made up; 
 
 Prepared skins ; 
 
 Articles of every sort, manufactured from 
 leather or skins, included or not under the deno- 
 mination of small wares, fine or common j 
 
 Plated articlca of every description ; 
 
 Cutlery ; 
 
Iillr.l 'JHlli of Mliro>>i '**■''. 
 vcHsrlH, iiu'l llK'if '•■'"■«""' 
 „„rl.Ml on l)oiir.l t lie, Han,., 
 « „1' tlm coiiv.'iilioii Ml III 
 >.„„ tl.- f.tli "f Aj'nl, 1"^'; 
 ,1, ,uia Ihc liU.. .luli^" only 
 viimv Ih-, tlmt iiro ibiirKni 
 
 i".l miiiilivf ciifKocs 
 
 llkilcil 
 
 in liUo miuim-r tlir xiiiii. 
 
 ,11,(1 allowmu'i'rt iiro tul.. 
 rtoil ill l'"r<ii'l> vi'HHcls, ilut 
 f iiUow.'d on hiiniliir arti.l.^ 
 vc.Hs.ls. Au-j lb. ums,;>rv 
 Ki Inmsmittf'l to tliu ollini, 
 rrviiiu' into .■llVct Uifl Htipii- 
 I till" -1 mlditi"""! iirtu'lvn I 
 rcsiiocliiin l''r-''":l' yi!"*'!"'"! 
 l«. lsto|M).^toli«r, l«-'ti. 
 ,,l,Uin^' tli.^ rc>(..-.a.v.> nmu 
 rencl.oysl.Tm..lo>l..;rli.luru. 
 
 on till- -'ii'l "f August, IW, 
 
 ■t bttxceen hvr Mw'liJ ""<y'" 
 tWmh. Si,in<:>l at Im... 
 1). Uatijii'iiii'"^* excltiwjM d 
 ■\, 18(10. ■ 
 
 Mnjosty tho K miicror of il«- 
 „»t on the rollowint; arlifWsn 
 , ami inaniifnciuri!, impurinl 
 inwloni into Kmnco, the jlulus 
 xcwtl ;10 I'l-r <'cnl. lul vuldMii, 
 ,\i'ciiiiPH ini'ludud. 
 as followH :— 
 
 vdcr ; 
 
 irkcil ; 
 
 unips or prism* i 
 
 ,pi!r alloyed with zinc), polislit'l 
 
 evorv description ; 
 
 uctions, enumerated or noiKim- 
 
 j-woods ; 
 
 fcvcrydcscription, and perfumed 
 
 , carthcn-warc, fine ond common ; 
 
 elain-warc; 
 lirrors, and plate-glass i 
 
 [ooUcn yarn of every description; 
 
 feu, enumerated or non- 
 [oollen manufactures, enumciatcJ 
 M; 
 of hair ; 
 
 fernJr^S"^^ 
 
 Id or non-enumerated ; 
 
 lof flax and hemp j . ,. „ . 
 Ictures of every Sescnptioa; 
 
 I and small wares; . 
 
 ■of caoutchouc ai- gw" 1 
 Ithing, wholly or iupartmadeup; 
 
 Twares, fine or common, 
 Uf every description, 
 
 TUKATIIvS (COMMKUCIAr,) M.'7 
 
 Metal wari's, \Tli('tlier eniinierateil or imt ; i Maruifiiehire^ v( iron anil steel ; 
 
 I'ijj anil rasl-iripii of (ivery (k>seri|itioii, wilhonl Maeliiiiery ami iiieiliaiiiea I iiisiriniHiits ; tools, 
 
 .lisilmlioii ofwei^lii. ; am! oilier inslruiiieiiN ; 
 
 Itiir ami wrouKlii iron, wit li tin; exception of Ciiilery, and oilier arii.lis oI'hI.m I, iron, or east- 
 
 ilie kinds s|u'eilied ill Arlielt^ 17 ; ' iron ; 
 
 Slecl ; I l'"iuioy ornaments of -del and iron ; 
 
 Mai'liiiierv, tools, and meelianical liiHtrninpiils Articles covered \\iili rii|iiiir liy galvaiiie )ii'ii- 
 ifrvcTV deseri|ilion ; 
 
 I'arria^'i's on springs, liiwd and pninled ; I 
 
 Caliinet. ware, earved \vorl>,aiid turnery of every | 
 
 liM'riplioii ; worked ivory and wood ; ' ' 
 
 llraiidies ' I spirits, iiieliidili;^ llnne iml distilled 
 liiiui wine, I Trii's, molasses, or riee; 
 Slii|is and Ixiilts ; 
 
 Witli respect, to ri'lined sn^^ar and elieiniejil 
 f«lui'lions of wliieli sail, is the basis, the cxeiM' 
 r inland duties shall he added lu the uinonnl ol' 
 .|,i. uliove speeilied duties. 
 
 ■j. His Imperial Majesty enpiKCH to reduce the 
 
 ,in{iorl ihitieH in Kraiiee on llrilidi eoal and coKr 
 
 ; . IJie anionnt of l.j eeiitiines tortile HlO kilo- 
 
 .:i:iiiiiiies. with the aildilion of the °J deeinies, 
 
 nil Majesty the I'liiiperor alsoeiinaijes, within I 
 
 >:irA ri'iiiii till! dale of the ralilieation of ihe 
 
 rociit treaty, to estalilish ii|>on Ihe importation 
 
 I .'iial and eoke hy land ami Ity sea, a nnil'onn 
 
 ,iiiu, wliii h -hall not, exceed that which is lixi'd 
 
 l.v'thepreceilin;;' parat,'raph. 
 
 ',;, It is iindcrstood that the rales of duly mcil- 
 lii.iii'il ill the pre<'editi;c articles are independent 
 lllio ilill'erenlial duties in t'avoiir td' French sliiii- 
 I'in:;, willi which diities they shall not interfere. 
 
 1, Tlic duties nd valorem stipulated in the 
 {.ri'Mnl iriaty shall lie calculated uu the value at 
 ■Jill place of |iroduelioii or fabrication of the objtict 
 impotli'il, with the aildilion of the cost of traiis- 
 IKitt, insurance, and cominission necessary for the 
 impiiriaiiuii into France iw fur as the port of 
 Jis'lmr(;c. 
 
 t'lir the levying of these duties, the importer 
 •iiiiU make a "written declaration at the cuHtoiu- 
 l!'iii<e, st-ilinj; thi! value and description of the 
 Ills iitipnrled. If the custom-house authorities 
 Ih; of opinion that the declared value is 
 
 cess ; 
 
 Millinery and artilicial th 
 
 Itaw Iriiits ; 
 
 (iloves, ami other h allnr iirlicles of elolliiii|.c j 
 
 iiil'lionr and ^nlta iienha ; 
 
 liawls, plain, ininleil, ta- 
 res, and other wo,'.-ti d 
 lied; 
 
 not 
 and 
 
 nut ciin- 
 
 ManiiliictiireM ol'i 
 
 Oil 
 
 Musical iiislriiiiients ; 
 
 Wor-led and woolli n 
 patterned ; 
 
 t'overlids, wiH.lliil yli 
 and VMiollcii niaiinl.'K'tines, not i niiineraled ; 
 
 llandkerchiet's, and other maiinlacliMes 
 I'liiiiiierali'd, of linen and hemp ; 
 
 rcrfiniicry ; eabinel ware, carved work, 
 tninery of every description ; 
 
 Clocks, watilie-, mill opera ulast^cs ; 
 
 Maniifaetures of lead, ennnierali d or 
 incrated ; 
 
 KeathiTH, dressed or not ; 
 
 (ioat's, and other hair inainifactiires ; 
 
 China and porcelain warc! ; 
 
 Stiaie and earthenware j 
 
 (irapes ; 
 
 Sulphate of ipiinine ; 
 
 Salts of morphine ; 
 
 Manufactures <d° silk, or of silk niixei 
 other materials, of whatever description they may 
 b(! ; 
 
 Articles not enumerated in the tariff, now )iay- 
 in;; an lul vali rem duty of 10 percent.; subject, 
 however, to sncli measnres of precantiou .is the 
 protection of the |)ulilii: reveinie may reiiuire, 
 a^'aiiist the introduclinii <d' niateriiils liable to 
 custom or (excise duties, in the composition of 
 article.s admitted duty free in virtue of the present 
 para(;rupli. 
 
 with 
 
 G. Her Uritannic Majesty on>,'ap;os also to pro- 
 n-ulVicieiit, lliey shall be at liberty to take the poso to rarlianient that the'dntiesun the iin])orta- 
 [iMils im paying,' to the importer tho price de- j tiuu of French wine be at once reduced to a rate 
 larcil, with im addition of 5 per cent. . not exceedinK 'in. per gallon, ami that from the 
 
 lliis iiayineiil, to;;cther with tlie restitution of 1st April, INlil , the dnties on importation Hhall bo 
 
 regulated as follows : — 
 
 (1) On wine euntaininp; less thou 15 decrees of 
 proof spirit, veritied by Sykes's hydrometer, tho 
 duty shall not exceed Is. per f,'allon. 
 
 (2) On wine contoininfr from 15 to 20 degrees, 
 the duty shall not exceed 1». (W. per gallon. 
 
 (3) On wine containing from 20 to 40 degrees, 
 the duty shiUl not exceed 2ii. per gallon. 
 
 (4) On wine in bottles, the duty shall not 
 exceed 2$. per gallon. 
 
 (5) Wine shall not bo imported at any other 
 ports than those which shoU be named for that 
 purpose before the present treaty shall come into 
 
 any duty which may have been levied upon such 
 ;'ii'ds, Hhall he. made within the 16 days following 
 ihc di'flaratioii. 
 
 :>. Ill"- ltritannicMajt!8(y engages to rocomineml 
 I" rarlianient to enable her to abolish {\\c duties 
 ifimpiirtaiiiai on the following articles: — 
 
 Sulphuric ucid, and other mineral acids ; 
 
 .^Ijatcs and cornelians, set ; 
 
 Lucil'tTs of every description ; 
 
 Pircu.'^siou caps ; 
 
 Anns of every description ; 
 
 Jewels, set ; . . 
 
 Toys ; 
 
 Cdrks ; 
 
 Bropadc o( gold and silver ; 
 
 Embroideries and needle-work of every descrip- 
 
 ti"n ; 
 
 lirass and bronze manufactures, and bronzed 
 mttal; 
 
 Canes, walking canes or sticks, umbrella or 
 I'M.*! sticks, mounted, painted, or otherwise 
 "niamtuted ; 
 
 Hats, of whatever substance they may be 
 Made; 
 
 tjlovos, Btockiiigs, socks, and other articles of 
 t^iton or linen, wholly or in part made up ; 
 
 Leather manufactures ; 
 
 Lace mimufactured of cotton, wool, silk, or 
 
 force ; her ISritannic Majesty reserving to herself 
 the right of substituting other ports for those 
 which shall have been originally named, or of 
 increasing the number of them. 
 
 The duty fixed upon the importation of wine at 
 ports other than those named, shall be 2s. per 
 gallon. 
 
 (U) Her Britannic Majesty reserves to herself 
 the power, notwithstanding the provi-dons of this 
 article, to fix the maximum amountof proof spirit 
 which may be contained in liquor tleclared as 
 wine, without, however, tho maximum being lower 
 than 37 degrees. 
 
 7. Her Britannic Majesty promises to recom- 
 mend to Parliament to admit into the United 
 Kingdom merchandise imported from France, at 
 4y2 
 
 (; . 
 
 ; I 
 
 *l i; 
 
 \ ' 
 
I t'.'H 
 
 '• A . 
 
 . (■ ■ 
 
 II rule of duty r(|iiiil tn lli<> I'xi'im' iliitv wliirli iiur I 
 hIiiiII III' iin|ii)ii'il ii|iiiii iirlii'li'^ •<( llu- xitim* ilc- 
 Hi'ri|iti>iii ill till' In, III! KiiiKiloin. At llic >aiiii' 
 tiiiii* till' iliity rliiir;;riilili> ii|iiiti llir iiiiiiiii'laliiHi nl' I 
 riiii'li nirrrhiillilinr llliiy lie iiii);iiirllli'il ItV nih'Ii a 
 Miitn (n slmll 111' nil ri|ii:vali'iit luf tln» «'!C|H'iihi"< 
 wliii'li till' HyHti'iii of vxuiitc may I'lituil u|ioii tlii' 
 Ilriti,->li lifiiiliiri'i'. 
 
 H, In nrriiniaiiii' with tin' pri-rrilinn arlirlr, liri' 
 Itrllaiiiiiit Majr>ty iimliTlakrH In riroiiiiiH'iiil tn 
 I'arllanii'iit tlirailiiiiHHina inlnllii! L'liiti'il Kiii;;il'>iii 
 of liraiiilicN anil K|iiritM ini|iortrit from Frniu'i', at a 
 iliity exactly oi|ii;il to tlir I'xi'i."!' iliity luviril ii|ii>n 
 liiimiMiiailr ll|ll^it^ with tlicaililiiiun nf nMiirta\ of 
 '.'(/. |ii'r ^alliin, uliirli hIuiII nmkc tlir art lul iliity 
 payablo on Fri'iiili lirainlii'H ami spirits Ha, •>,!. tho 
 Kalliin. 
 
 Ilcr Ilrilniinic Maji'sty also niiiliTtnkn.i to ru- 
 coniinitnil to rarliaiiiiiit tlii> ailinisKinn of rum 
 anil talia impnrti'il from tin; l-'rcncli eolmiics, at 
 till' samo duty which ih or shall be levied on 
 thi'si' same artii'li'i* iiiiportuil from the Urilish 
 colonie'*. 
 
 Her llritannlc MnioHty iimlerlaki's to ii'coni- 
 meiiil to I'arliaiui'Mt tlu' ndminsion of pa|)er-lian){- 
 iiif^s iniporleil IVdin Kranri*, nt u duty vipial to tlii> 
 I'xrisi' tax, thai is to say, at I I.*, per cwt. ; and 
 cardlioard of tlii' same nri^'in, ul u duty which 
 shall not exceed l.'p.i. per cwt. 
 
 Her llrilnnnir Majesty further umlertaki's to 
 recommeiul to I'arliainent the admission of pdd 
 mill Hilver plate imported from France, at a duty 
 equal to the Htninp or excise duty which is char);eil 
 oil Hrilish pdd ami silver |date, 
 
 11. It is understood between the two hi^jh con- 
 tracting; powers, that if oiie of lliein thinks it 
 necessary to e>tal>lis!i an cmIsc lax or inland 
 duty upon any arliclu of home production or 
 manufacture which is comprised amoiif; the pri'- 
 cediii); enumerated articles, the foreii;n imported 
 article of the same description may be immediately 
 liable to an eipiivalent duty on importation. 
 
 It is eijUttlly umlerstood between the hi){li con- 
 tracting; powers, that ill case the IJritish tiovern- 
 ment should deem it necessary to inc.i-ase the 
 excise duties levied upon homo-made spirits, the 
 duties on the inipnrtationof wines may In; modilied 
 in the follow in-- manner: — 
 
 For every iiurea-'e of l*. per gallon of .spirits on 
 the excise duty, there may be, on wines which 
 pay Ifi. lit/, duty, an augmentation not e.xceedin;; 
 \>t(l. per gallon ; and on winea which pay 2.«,, an 
 augmentation mil exceeding 2J(/. per gallon, 
 
 10. The two high coutracting powers reserve to 
 themselves the power of levying upon all articles 
 mentioned in the pre.sent treaty, or upov riy other 
 article, landing or shipping dues, in or-.' i to pay 
 the expenses of .-.U necessary esti'irii->ii^ient.s at 
 the ports of importation and exportati'i i. 
 
 But in all that relates tu local trcitmeiit, the 
 dues and charges in the ports, basins, docks, 
 roaitsteads, harbours, and rivers of the two coun- 
 tries, the privileges, favours, or advantages which 
 are or shall bo granted to national vessels generally, 
 or to the goods imported or exported in them, 
 shall be equally granted to the vessels of the other 
 country, and to the goods imported or exported 
 in them. 
 
 11, Tlie two high contracting powers engage 
 not to prohibit the exportation of coal, and to 
 levy no duty upon such exportation. 
 
 12. The subjects of one of tho two high con- 
 tracting powers shall, in the dominions of the 
 other, enjoy the same protection as native subjects 
 in regara to the rights of property in trade-marks 
 ond in patterns of every description. 
 
 13, Ihe ad valorem duties established within 
 
 TUI';.\TIi:.-l (COMMKIICLVI,) 
 
 the limits llxi'il by the pri'ii'ding artnli's slia 
 conviirted Into specific dllliei bv a sllppleuien 
 
 coiivi'tilion, which shall be I'liiieluileil lirtori' lli 
 lit .Inly, l-^t'iii. The medium prices ilnring ll 
 iniinllis preieiling the dale of the present ir 
 shall lie lakiii as the basis for this conversimi. 
 |)ulies shall, hnwevrr, be levied in collfnri 
 with the liases aliove estalilished — 
 
 (1 ) In the event of this siipplomentarv ciim 
 lion not having conie into loree befiiri! tlir 
 piralioii III' the period lixeil for tile executiuii 
 France of the present treaty! 
 
 (2) I'lioti those articles the specillc diitii') 
 which sliall imt have been settled liy rnini 
 ciiiisent. 
 
 I I, I'lie present treaty shall be binding Dir 
 rnili'd Kingdoni of lireat llrilain ami Irejainl, 
 himn as the necessary legisliitivo sniietinii <| 
 have been given by I'arliament, with the rt,><(> 
 made in Article (> respecting wiiicH. 
 
 Further, her ilritannic .Majesty reserve* 
 herself the power of retaining, iipnii „f(f 
 griiiinds, and iiy way of exception, diiiiiigii|ii.|| 
 nut exceeding 2 years, dating from the |)i 
 April, INIil), half of the duties on tlinsi' iirt|,'|, 
 the free admission of which is stipnlutml bvt 
 present treaty. 
 
 This reserve, however, does not api ly In artid 
 of silk manufacture. 
 
 1;-). Tho engagements contraeled by his M.iJM 
 Ihe Fmiieror of the French shall be I'lillilli'd, lu 
 the tarill's previously indicated as payalile • 
 llritish goods and mannl'aclures shall lii> niiijlii 
 within the following peiiods : — 
 
 (1) F'orcoal and coke, fioin the Istof July, IW 
 
 (2) For bar and pig iron, and for steel nfili 
 kinds which are not subject to prohiiiitiiiii.lrir 
 the Isl. of Detober, IHIKI. 
 
 (3) For worked inelals, machines, ti«il.<, iii 
 mechanical instruments of all sorts, wiihln a|«rii< 
 which shall not exceed the 31st of Doeeiiilnr, l*i' 
 
 (-1) F'or yarns ami manufactures in tlux m 
 hemp, frcni'the Isi nf June, IHGl. 
 
 (5) Ami for all other articles from tiic U ' 
 October, IM\. 
 
 ItJ. His Majesty the Kmperor of llio Fn; 
 engages that the ad valorem duties payalile i 
 the importation into Franco of mercliamli-c i 
 British production and .nanufacture, shall 
 exceed u maximum of 2,j per cent, from the 1 
 of October, 18(i4. 
 
 17. It is understood between the two highf 
 tracting powers, as an clement of the cmivpri 
 of the ad valorem duties into spccilic duties i 
 for the kinds of bar iron which arc at prr- 
 subjected on importation into France to aihih 
 10 francs not including the 2 additional tlerim 
 the duty shall bo 7 francs on every lOU ki^ 
 grammes ui'til tho 1st of October, i8(il, , 
 francs from that period, including in both «■ 
 the two additional decimos. 
 
 1 8. Tho arrangements of the present treaty 
 commerce arc applicable to Algeria, Ixith lor i: 
 exportation of her produce, and for the iiii|iurtai. 
 of British goods. 
 
 li). I'^acli of the two high contracting' p* 
 engages to confer on the other any favour, |in' 
 lege, or reduction in the tarirt'of duties of imp' 
 ation on the articles inentioned in the pri'j' 
 treaty, which the said power may coneede i^i n 
 third iwwer. They further engage not to enf' 
 one against the other any prohibition of iiiiM' 
 tion or exportation, which shall not at tka' 
 time be applicable to all othernations. 
 
 20. The present treaty sha'.l not be valiil m; 
 her Britannic Majesty eholl be auflioriseilli; li 
 assent of her Parlianicnt to execute the o'X 
 
TKr.ATIKS ((OMMKKCIAI,) 
 
 ll,Mliiii<-'l>y i""M'l'l''""'"'"> 
 
 ),a\U H:lii.l.-\l"r'>r''ll';l 
 
 ,. M.r.liiiin i.ru'.M iluriuK 111.' 
 1,.. .liii.'ol' ihi' prrs.'Ut iiw> 
 „. |m,iH r..r ilii-' n.iiv.THii.ii. 
 „,v.i-. I." I''vi'''l '" «•"»'""'"■ 
 ,-,. .•■.lllllU.■»ll'•<l- 
 „,•,l,UMl|.l.lt•m>;.lturycnm, 
 
 o\w Into lorr,- l.rlor.) llii.\ 
 
 I'lit Iri'iliy. . , , .. 
 
 iirlii'l.M the KliCi'Ulo .liili.'< 
 
 liuvi; l.i'«ii >"'»*'^'* '■>' '"'""■ 
 
 treaty »»mU bo liin.liin! fur n 
 '„l»irfiH Hriluln iiii'l Inliiml. 
 ,mjfV l(.;,'iHliHivo «iint'tl"n >l:i. 
 |,v l'arliiii"<'i>t.w'"»^''" '''"*'' 
 
 rrxin'ctini; wines, 
 llritrti.nic MaJMy f«'n" ■ 
 n.r of ri-tiiiiiint;, "I'"" H"" 
 ,viivofi'X.'fi>IU)'>.'l«""'}>''M«' 
 
 ;,f till! .liilii's on tho*' luiil 
 on<.f whul> UHtiimlatcilbyiii' 
 
 oweviT, <l«>os not opi ly U< iirli.! ■ 
 
 " mVntK contrnclpilhy lii« Maj-' 
 the Fri'ii.'li '<>'"" I)*.' Iiillillnl... 
 •iouxlv iu.li.'iue.l n'',l';'>''''''-, ; 
 ,ul miuuilactures shall lie mtli- 
 
 winii iifiioil"* ■• — ,,,,,. 
 
 .ml coke, from the IstofJulv,*.;. 
 
 and pi- iron, mul lor Htclnfi' 
 
 re not si.l),)e.'t to i.rohil.itmiMr '« 
 
 I)IT, !«•>"• . , I 
 
 ke.l nioluU, miichuu'^ \'«'k m , 
 trument. of nil sorts within <ii.n 
 
 cxcoo.lthe;Mstoll)oo.;inl,.T,l*'' 
 [ns mill nmniif-iuturos ui Hax ;»; 
 1st >,f June, 1«01. 
 all other artielcs Irom tliehl- 
 
 n^tv the Kmperor of the Frcncl. 
 
 hc'nil viilorein iliitios payaWe m 
 
 into Friineo of mor>'lwiuw 'I 
 
 tion and .nnnufttctnre, shii .w! 
 
 tmumof -25 per cent, from tlic H 
 
 J.rstood hot ween the tw..lii;'l' "• 
 . as an element of the cmvc 
 rem duties into spccitio iliitios, tl ■■ i 
 o" bur iron whieh are at ,.r« 
 mnortation into France to a duty .f 
 
 SainK the 2 additional «^ 
 
 kll be 7 francs on every DO mo-i 
 
 1 the 1st of October. 18«1, ,«a»' 
 
 ImtJerio'M""!"'''"!; '"''''''''' 
 ional ileoimes. ..„.(,•, 
 
 Cfiements of the ?«««"' f^j 
 nnpUcabletoAlsena,lHitlilo I 
 
 fuL produce, and for the tmiwrtaui 
 
 'f "the two hi^'h contracting r'«;»| 
 >rero. the other any favour, |.nr.-l 
 
 tn in the tariff of duje^j^; 
 nrtielcs raenlioncil in tne (i^ i 
 S said power may con«J;^ 
 
 ThPV further engnjic "<>' '?'"„, I 
 he'Sr^ny prohibition o.™^J 
 nation, which shall not at tnes^'i 
 r...Me to all othsrnations. ■ 
 
 Parlianlent to execute tlie eii„», ■ 
 
 iiu'IiIh colilrili'tiil l>y hir in the iirtliUs of tlic 
 ircwiit innl.v. 
 
 ■>\. I he pri'.^eiit trciilv .-liiill rrnwiiti in fi>r<r 
 f,<r llx' '^pO)'!' of 10 vi'tH'*, li> iliitr rrmn tlic day nl 
 iht>i'Xi'li'ii>Ke of ralilii'iiliiitit ; and in nw niiihi r 
 „l till' l><»<l' I'liiilrai'tiiiK pMwcrK flmll liiive iinlilii d 
 In till' III Iter, \'i nioiith^ lict'iire till' I'.xpiriitinii III 
 'III' »aiil period of It) yi'iir'<, the iiilriitloii to put an 
 ,11,1 In its operation, the tnaiy nliail cunliiiiii' in 
 Mfii' fur another vear, iiiiil mi ou front yrar In 
 vi.ir, until llir cxpiratiiiniif a year, cniuilinn Iruiii 
 tin: ilav III! which one ni' otliir of the lii^li cuii 
 ;riii'iiiiV po^vcrx shall liaveiinnouneid its intention 
 i,i|iiit ani'iid to it. 
 
 'llie IiIk'' eiiulrartiii:; powers reserve to tliein- 
 <i'lvi'» llie riifht to inlrmliiri' by enininon cnnsi'nt 
 iiiio this 'reaty any TUi'ililU'iiiinii wliieli is not 
 Mijiiwd III its spirit luid priiiri|ili's, and tlir utility 
 ,,1 wliirli shall have beii shown liy cxprrieiu'e. 
 
 '.".'. rill' present treaty shall lie ralilini, and llie 
 Taiiliialiiins shall be exi'haiip'd at I'aris within 
 ibi' |n'riiiil of 1'' liays, or sooner if possililc. 
 
 Iiilallli wjiereol, ihi' lei.peetive pienipiileiitiaries 
 liiivt'liK'n'''' ''■ andaHixed thereto the seal of their 
 amiit. 
 
 Iiiiiie in duplii'ate at Tans, the 'J.'Ird day of 
 ,liuiimrv, in the year of our Loril ISdlt. 
 CoWl.l'.Y. 
 
 iliciiAiii) C()Iii>I':n. 
 
 V. IIAIIUCIIK. 
 
 I'". K<>i.'iii:ii. 
 
 .iilitiiinndl Artiilctii llie Trtdlil of Ciiiiiminecun- 
 cliiiliil lit I'liris, Jiiiiuiiri/ 'Si, IMIiO, /;c((t'e('ii liir 
 }liijt»ty mid the F.mperor of the I'rtmli. Siijiiiil 
 ii( I'urin, I'ehriinrii 'Hu lUtiO. ItilijiciithiiiH u- 
 thinijed at Paris, 'fibiiKinj 'JH, mW. 
 
 Itv Arliele 8 ot the treaty of eonimerco hctweeii 
 iiirMiiicstv thetiueen of the United Kingdom of 
 iitcat llritain and Ireland, and his Majesty the 
 hiilKTor of the French, sinned at I'aris on the "Jord 
 iil.lnuuary last, her Itritannic Majesty undertook 
 ;u ri'ciiminend to I'arlianient the admission into 
 iholJiited Kin(;diim <if bnunlies luid spirits ini- 
 |iiriiilfriim France, at ailiiiy exactly eipial to the 
 ixiiMciliitv levied upon home-made spirits, with 
 ilii aiMition of a surtax of W. V«r gallon, wliieli 
 W"uM make the actual duty payable on Freiah 
 IraiulU's and spirits Hx. '.'»/. per >,'allon. 
 
 Slice the ratitication of the said treaty the 
 luivimmeiit of her Kritannic Majesty have ascer- 
 wimil that the surtax of 'id. per gallon is not 
 -ullidtnt to countervail the charjjes with whieli. 
 ill consequence of the operation of the laws of 
 (j'tiirns and excise, lioine-inade British spirits 
 Lave miw to contend ; and that ii surtax limited 
 t'ltlic rate iii'ld. pernaUon would still li ave hmne- 
 iiiailc llritisli spirits subject to a dilVeniitial duty 
 ill favour of foreign brandies and spirits. 
 
 t'liuscquently the (ioveniment of her Hritai-'iie 
 Majesty haviii'j; represented these circumstances 
 iiiiliu'doveminent of his Majesty the Kmperor of 
 the French, and his Imperial Majesty havin;; con- 
 Hnml that the amount of the said surtax shall 
 !«■ increased, the two hi}?h contracting parties to 
 ilicNiid tre.ity of commerce do, by the jiresent ad- 
 Jilidual article, a^'ree that the amount of such 
 >urtax shall be iid. \wx gallon ; and her Britannic 
 Miijcstv engages to recommend to Parliament the 
 nlmisaKiii into the United Kingdom of br.uidies 
 and spirits imported from France at a duty exactly 
 Hliial to the excise duly levied upon home-made 
 >I>irits, with the addition of a surtax of hd. per 
 callim. 
 
 The present additional article shall have the 
 -ime force and validity .as if it had been inserted in 
 the trcatv of commerce of the 23rd of Jaiuiarv last. 
 
 irjD 
 
 It sh.'ill III' ralilliil, aii'l iIk' ratillealion-i llieri'of 
 iliall be I'M'lianued at I'aris within .> days fruiii tlw 
 dull' III iis Nl:;ii,'itiiri'. 
 
 Ill witiii'ss wlnreof, the re'<peetivo pleiil|Hilen 
 liarli's have signed the same, and liuvu ulllxod 
 thi'reto the h aU of llirir arnii. 
 
 I» at Pari-, iliis '.'Jtliday of February, in the 
 
 year of our Lord iwOd. 
 
 Ciiwi.i'iv. 
 I. I; MiiM'llK.. 
 V. Km iii.ii. 
 
 Siiiiiid Adililii'iiiil .triiilr In llii 'I'leiilif ii/' Cum- 
 titeree iuuiliidiil ill I'm in, Jmiiiiirii IM, |M()ll, 
 lielireiii hir Mujenli/ iiiiil llie I'.iiiliernr of 
 the treiieli. Siijiied ill I'miH, June '.'7, jMCiO 
 Uiilifiiiiliiniii i.n/imiiieil III J'nri ', Jiili/ I, IMIil), 
 
 It having been found imposxible to eoiielnde the 
 negoiialiiiii of the arran'.!i'Mii'iit which l-i to llx, 
 according to paragraph I of \riiili' l;i nl'tlii' treaty 
 of commerce eoncliidcd betwei'ii (inal llritain and 
 France, the 'j;ir<l of ,laniiary last, the rate of the 
 speeitic duties to be levied on llritisli iiii'ri'liaiidi.-<(' 
 imported into France, within the periml sti|iiilated 
 by the said article, the high cniitracting parlies 
 have considered it Mlvisable, in tlie iiitcreit of the 
 respective eomnierce of the two count ries, to make 
 a fresh arrangement with a view to ensure llie 
 gradual execution of the aforesaid treaty within 
 the periods llxcd by the same 
 
 In consequence whereof, the undersigned, in- 
 vested with full powers on the part of her .Majesty 
 the Queen of the United Kiiigilmii oftireat llritain 
 and Ireland, on one side, and of his Majesty the 
 F.mperor of the Fnnch on the other, have agreed 
 upon the following articles : — 
 
 I. Instead of a singh nveiition establishing 
 
 the specific duties to he paid by British merchan- 
 dise imported into FVance, three separate conven- 
 tions shall he Hiiecessively eoncliidcd; the first of 
 which shall comprise bar and pig iron, steel and 
 worked metals, machines, lools, and mechanical 
 instruinenis of all sorts ; the secoinl, yarns and 
 ninnnfactnrcs in flax iuh\ lienip; the third, all 
 other articles <if British prndiiction and niann- 
 factnrc ennmerated in Article 1 of the treaty of 
 the "Jiird of .lanuary. 
 
 'J. These cuiiventioiis shall be v?gotlated, con- 
 elniled, and ratilied in such a nianner as to come, 
 into force with respect to the articles to which 
 they apply, at each of the jieriods fixed by Article 
 1 "i, of the treaty of which they will furm the com- 
 plement. Nevertheless, the last of these conven- 
 tions shall he concluded and ratilied before the 
 1st of November ne.xt. 
 
 The present addit ional art iclc shall have the same 
 force and validity as if it had been inserted in the 
 treaty of commerce ol the '_':)nl of , lanuary last. 
 It shall be ratilied, and the ratilications thereof 
 shall be exchanged at I'aris within four days at 
 latest from the (late of its signature. 
 
 In witness whereof, the respective pleniiioten- 
 tiaries have signed the same, and have atlixcd 
 thereto the seal of iheir arms. 
 
 iKine at I'ari", this 'JTth day of >Utne, in the 
 year uf our Lord lr<OU. 
 
 COWI.I'-.Y. 
 
 r.. TiiDuvKXKr.. 
 
 Conccinion between her Miijef.lii iindthe Kmperor of 
 the French, sujiii'emenlunj to the 'I'reuti/ of Coin- 
 merce of Jmiiurij 23, IHtiO, icith u Tariff annexed 
 thereto. Signed at Paris, October 12, 1860. 
 liatijicatiom exchanged at I'aris, October 25, 
 18G0. 
 Article 1. The articles (if British origin or 
 
 manufacture enumerated in the tarill" annexed to 
 
 111 
 
 ■■ ■ I L . ■ 
 
■i 
 
 .r\:. 
 
 t ■ . • 
 
 • \ ■* 
 
 » " - 
 
 •■♦■, 
 
 
 i>- 
 
 ' •■■' 
 
 
 
 / • 
 
 •V-. 
 
 
 
 ■1' ■ 
 
 - 'll*'' 
 
 'I . 
 
 
 . t 
 
 ,' 
 
 '. 
 
 • ' 
 
 ,.'')(, 
 
 ' 1 
 
 '' 
 
 
 
 
 
 • ■•* 
 
 
 
 
 -*". 
 
 ..■ 
 
 
 
 "* .'' 
 
 
 
 •; 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 
 I ■ 
 
 A\i 
 
 ■ \ . •• 
 
 :. I 
 
 1480 TKKATII'IS (COMMERCLVL) 
 
 the present convention, shall, wlicn inniorlcil 
 direct Irom the United Kingdom, under the l-'rcncli 
 or the liritish fing, be admitted into France lit tiio 
 duties spccilied by tlie said laritl'. 
 
 2. In order to establish the fact that tlic goods 
 are of British origin or mnnutacturc, tlie importer 
 must present at the French Custom-house either 
 an oflicial declaration made before a Kritish 
 magistrate exercising jurisdiction at the place of 
 (les|)atch, or a certiticato granted by the chief 
 oflicer of the customs at the port of cndmrkation, 
 or a certilicafe granted by tlie consuls or consular 
 agents of France at t)je places of despatch or at 
 the ports of embarkation. The above-mentioned 
 consuls or consular agents of France shall legalise 
 the signatures of the British authorities. 
 
 3. The importer of machines and mechanical 
 instruments, complete or in detached pi<'ces, of 
 British origin or manufactiire, shall he oxemjit 
 from the obligation of pioduchig at the French 
 customs any model or drawing of the imported 
 article. 
 
 4. The importer of any goods of British origin 
 or manufacture taxed ad valorem, must attach to 
 the declarotion verifying the value of that aiticle, 
 ond to the certificate of origin, an invoice emana- 
 ting from the manufacturer or from the seller, 
 which shoU show the real price, and shall be rise 
 by a consul or consular agent of France in the 
 United Kingdom 
 
 h. Wlicn articles upon which an ad valorem dn( y 
 is levied have been previously warehoused, the 
 duty shall be levied according to the value of 
 those articles at the time of their actual entry 
 into France. 
 
 t>. Tlie imjiorter against whom the French 
 customs may desire to exercise the right of pre- 
 emption stipulated in the treaty of the 23r(l of 
 .lanuarj', IWiO, may, if he prefers to do so, demand 
 a valuation of his goods by experts. 
 
 The same demand may be made by the French 
 customs when they may not thinlc lit to liavc im- 
 mediate recourse to pre-emption, 
 
 7. If the result of such valuation by experts 
 should prove thot the goods Lave not a value of 5 
 per cent, above that which has been declared liy 
 the importer, the duty shall be levied upon the 
 amount of the declaration. 
 
 If the proved value is o per cent, above the 
 value declared, the Fiench customs shall be en- 
 titled, at their choice, either to exercise the right 
 of pre-emption, or to le\y the duty on the valiio 
 determined by the experts. 
 
 
 Tlii.1 duty shall be increased by 60 per cent. 
 a line, if the valuation of the experts is 10 
 cent, above the declared value. 
 
 If the value, as determined bv the arbitnitiDn, 
 exceeds tlie declared value by 5percent..MicrnsiN 
 of the enquiry bvtheexperts nhiiU be delrayi'd ijv 
 the declarant. In the contrary case, tliey siiall bV 
 defrayed by the French Crtstom-house. 
 
 «. In the cases contcmplatcfl by Article fi the 
 two arbitrating experts shall bo nameil, one hv 
 the declarant, the other by the local chief ni' the 
 French Custom Service. If there Ik-, dilleroiicc of 
 opinion between them, or if at the time of appoint- 
 ing the experts the declarant shall require it, the 
 experts shall choose an umpire. In default of 
 agreement, this umpire shall be appointed by the 
 president of the tribunal of commerce at tin' port 
 of importation, or, in his default, by the prcsiiient 
 of the tribunal of commerce at the nearest plnco. 
 
 The decision of the arbitrators shall be given 
 within the 15 day.? which follow their nomiiiution. 
 
 9. Independently of the duties of customs, 
 articles of goldsmith's work and of jewoUcrv of 
 Briti.sh manufacture in gold, silver," plaiin.a, or 
 other metals, imported into France, shall lie sub- 
 ject to th' system of control established in that 
 country for similar articles of domestic manufac- 
 ture, and shall pay, if it becomes necessary, on ihe 
 same basis as those, the duties of markiuj; and 
 guarantee. 
 
 10. The tariff annexed to the present conven- 
 tion shall, independently of the articles alrcadv 
 admissible under the treaty of the 23rd of Jaiiuar\- 
 last, be immediately applicable to refir.pil suj^ars, 
 to works in metal, to machines, to detached pieces 
 of machines, to tools, and to mcchauical instru- 
 ments of every description. 
 
 11. The present convention shall have the .same 
 duration as the treaty concluded between the 
 high contracting parties on the 23rd of ,Iaiiiiary 
 last, of which it is a complement. 
 
 12. The present convention shoU be ratilicd. and 
 the ratifications shall be exchanged at I'aris 
 within 15 days, or sooner if possible. 
 
 In witness whereof, the respective plenipoten- 
 tiaries have signed it, and have affixed thereto ilie 
 seal of their arms. 
 
 Done in duplicate, at Paris, the 12tii dav of 
 October, 1860. 
 
 COWI.KY. 
 
 RiciiAUi) Couniix. 
 
 ' E. TllOUVESEL. 
 
 F. IJOIHIKU. 
 
 Tariff aniir.ved to the Convention concluded on October 12, 1860, between Great Britain and France. 
 
 Dejcrlplion of .VrtUlM 
 
 1 
 
 1 Ilntis of Impor*. 
 lutlHi 
 
 j Description of Articles 
 
 Kates of Import 
 Duties 
 
 1800 
 
 Per lin 
 
 kil. 
 fr. tent. 
 
 free 
 
 2 ".W 
 .-> i5 
 
 a oil 
 
 7 00 
 
 8 50 
 
 9 iO 
 
 ISG4 
 
 I8CU 
 
 1861 
 
 Mbtam. 
 Iron:— 
 
 Ore of . . . . 
 
 Filings. slftK and dross, from llio forge - 
 
 IMg and fyaKmentn of old cist iron 
 
 rurilied r.ist, c-illed * niazee,' and old 
 broken wrought Iroji 
 
 Crude, in lumps or prisms, not freed 
 from the dross - 
 
 IJars squiire, round, or flat ; rails of all 
 shaiies and dimensions ; ancle and 
 T iron : and « irt', with the txci-ii- 
 tions hereinafter mentioned 
 
 HootM,of Ihe ttiickness of 1 luiliinu'trc 
 or less - 
 
 Sheet, rolletl or hammeT(?d, ezceedinft 
 1 nidlimitrein thicknesi 
 
 In plates wclchinfc V'lll kitot. or le s, ■ 
 and of which the hreadfh doe^ nut 
 cKcetd 1 mitre 'Jo r,-ntlmi'*res, 
 nur the lenRth 4 metres 50 venti* 
 metres - - . 
 
 In plates <'Xreeding 'i(Vi kilos. In ueight, 
 or 1 mitre VO centimetri-s in 
 breadth, or 4 mitres 60 centimetres 
 in length 
 
 IVr KM) 
 
 kil. 
 fr. cent. 
 
 free 
 
 2 "OO 
 
 2 ;.'> 
 
 4 .'lO 
 fi 00 
 
 7 ,10 
 7 .')0 
 
 AtRTArs. 
 Iron ; — 
 
 Sheet, thin, and bl.ick iron, In plates of 
 1 millimetre or less in thickness • 
 (.N.B. Thin sheet and black iron in 
 flat plates, cut out or trimmed in 
 any waj, to pay one-tenth more 
 than rectanftular plates.) 
 Sheets, tinned, loj'pL'retl, covered with 
 
 zinc or lead 
 Wire.not exceeding ,'i-lOth millimities 
 in diameter, whether tinned, 
 coppered, or covered with zinc 
 Steel :- 
 
 In bars of all kinds - 
 
 Sheet, exceeding 2 inillimitres in 
 
 thickne.s 
 Sheet, not exceediiiR 2 nitllimetrcs 
 in thickness, and wire, including 
 bright wire for instruments 
 Cotnier :— 
 
 Ore, filinffs and old bmken articles 
 and brass smelted, in pigs, bars, or 
 1 plates • 
 
 Hn!l,.<l nr beaten into iMrs or sbeets - 
 . Wire ol all si«es,whether jioilshed ornot 
 
 I'er 100 
 
 kil. 
 fr. cent. 
 
 1.-1 00 
 
 IC 00 
 
 H 00 
 15 (10 
 22 0(1 
 
 :<a 00 
 
 fiee 
 
 i:> "on , 
 
 15 00 ' 
 
 Per 100 
 
 kil. 
 fr. cent. 
 
 10 00 
 
 13 00 
 
 10 C<1 
 13 00 
 18 03 
 
 21 01 
 ft« 
 
 M "m 
 
 10 IM 
 
rcascd by 50 per ccut., n^ 
 of the experlB is 10 i« r 
 
 vnlup. ... . 
 
 mined bv Ibe nrbi ratiui,. 
 ,l„ebyr.pcrc,-nt..th...|,st> 
 :pcrts nhnU be (Iclniyci ..y 
 
 ■ontrarv <•«"«, tl"'y «'"'" '' " 
 , CiWtom-bousc. 
 ,mplato<« by Art.rlo fi t »■ 
 fl shall bo named, one l.y 
 r bv the local cUiul ot tho 
 e 'If there be ditVi;rcnco of 
 
 orif atthotimeofaiiiioint- 
 elarant shall require it tlio 
 
 an umpire. In default of 
 c shall be appointed by the 
 nal of commerce at thf, )«« 
 his default, by the presi.icnt 
 niercc at the nearest place. 
 ,c arbitrators shall he nivcn 
 liich follow their nominaiitm. 
 
 of the duties of customs, 
 •s work and of jewellery ot 
 
 in Kold, silver, planna, or 
 ed into France, shall he sub- 
 f control established m that 
 irticles of domestic niamifjc- 
 if it becomes necessary, on the 
 !, the duties of uiarkuig and 
 
 icxcd to the present eonven- 
 Icntlv of the articles already 
 treaty of the 23rd of Januar>- 
 V applicable to reiiv.ed susarN 
 to machines, to detached pieces 
 lis, and to mcchaQical instru- 
 
 convcnUon shall have the sawe 
 rnatv concluded between tlie 
 ,arties on the 23rd of Jaim^y 
 acoroplcmcnt. . 
 
 convention sbaU be rat. heel a.M 
 
 ihall be exchanged at lJii:> 
 sooner if possible, 
 reof. the respective ideiiiiiotra- 
 
 ■ate, at Paris, the 12tudayof 
 
 COWI-KY. 
 
 KiciiAUi) CounKX. 
 
 E. TllOUVESEL. 
 
 F. HOHIIKK. 
 
 ■ Articles 
 
 cV lion, In platM »f 
 1„5 ill ihlckneM • 
 , „nd black iron n 
 oul or triinniKl in 
 , „ne.lenlh "io'« 
 
 ,er«l> lovered »lil> I 
 
 t,',.10thminlnifel'« 
 ' whether tinned, 
 cred Mlih xlnc 
 
 l.erIO(l 1 Per 100 ' 
 kil. "'• ' 
 
 fr. cent. I ('• '*"'• ' 
 
 10 00 
 
 in 
 
 inilUmitret in 
 
 c 'i millime,'"' 
 „„r wire, includini! 
 instrument* • ] 
 
 iirokw articles • 
 leil, i:> Vi»»- ''»"' ", 
 
 ■itii iMn ur steels • j 
 ether iwiiJied or not i 
 
 If 00 13 00 
 
 U OO I 10 f* 
 
 15 00 1 15 00 
 
 2'i 01) ! 18 <» 
 
 .10 Ofl 
 free 
 
 5-1 W 
 frw 
 
 TREATIES (C05IMERCIAL) 
 Turift' annexed to the OiHrcH/iVoi— continued. 
 
 1431 
 
 Iie^rrlption of Articlci 
 
 1 
 
 v. "on ; jj JJ .1 
 
 Uate« of Import 
 Dutiis 
 
 (■,)()i«er : 
 
 tiilt iir niUprwl, !it'n|pn, urnwn, or 
 rolleil, iirid win- laul i>n itiriMil ur 
 silk .... 
 
 On*, crude, caliltiPil, or imundetl, 
 
 Aliii(r«, nnd o\A liroken artiiiles 
 In vk'i, biiri, or }»lates 
 Hollffi . - . - 
 
 ' Die Hiid tlrosiof all «)rts tilinRs nml 
 olil liroken articles 
 In ''ifT^. barn, or platea 
 II«(1hI or sheet, alIo>*:(l vflth antimony, 
 \ ill (tig ami t J pe, old 
 
 ' O^e nml metal In plK^, bars, or plates, 
 I illiiiR* and old broken arlicle-* 
 
 I Alloyt^ with antimuny (llrltannla 
 metal), in inpots - • 
 
 Pure metal or alluyedi beaten or rolleu 
 I lUmwlli: — 
 ' Cnul"* - . - - 
 
 ' Aniii""")-— . , 
 
 (Ire and sulphurated 
 MetaUrreifulus - - . 
 
 ' Nickel :- 
 
 ( )re and siwisi 
 
 I'ure. and alloyed with other metaU, 
 
 especially copper or ziiir (argentinf 
 
 or (ierman silver), in loBots or pijt* 
 
 IHito. ditto, rolled or drawn 
 
 ! ManKsneM i— 1 
 
 ' Or.' ' ■ ■ I 
 
 ,Ars«Tiic:— I 
 
 ; Mftaiiit: - - ■ r 
 
 I Not cnumeratcil - • J 
 
 MBTAL MAKL-JfACTLBil. 
 
 'Ciitiron.- 
 
 1 Not turned nor imlhlien :— 
 
 iiiLl.us. Chair* for railways, plates, 
 and other castinKS *f"'n the oi»eii 
 mould - - - - 
 
 5nd <Mass. Cylindrical pipes 
 
 Istriiiiht), rafters, fcoUd columns, 
 and Kas retorts - 
 r^rd Class. Tots and nil other manu* 
 factures not included In the pre. 
 redinK classes - 
 Polished or turned - 
 Tinned, enamelled, or Tarnished 
 U'roupht iron : — . . - 
 
 Ironwaies (heary), including frame- 
 
 work; pieces of firames - 
 Knew and iirders for ships - 
 Ironwork for carls and wngKOns 
 Hinges; damps; large bolts ; braces, 
 and other fastenings of doors and 
 windows, not polished nor turned 
 tiratinKs(M)lid); beds; seats and t'ur- 
 niiure for gardens and oth^r kinds, 
 «iih or without ornaments or ad- 
 juncU in cast iron, steel, or copper, 
 .V.B.-Axte*. springs, and tires for 
 wht*U, are not included in tlie 
 alwve category, but are classed 
 among detached piec« of ma- 
 diinery 
 ?mall ironwares ('Bcrnirerie') in- 
 clodinR : locks and padlocks of all 
 sorts bolts and hinges, in sheet 
 iron, latchc*, and flat li"lts, and all 
 nther articles in wroujjht or sheet 
 iron for fastenings of doors or 
 windows, and furniture, polished, 
 tiitd.oT turned - 
 Nails, foTBcd ')y machinery - 
 
 bv hand . - - 
 
 Wood screws, screw-bolts, and nuts - 
 Anchors * ' " ^ 
 
 fhiinsandchaincalile!! • f 
 
 Tools, in pure iron, with or without 
 1 handles 
 
 Tubes of wroupht-iron, simply weUled, 
 I of 9 mi III metres interior diainetL-r 
 1 ormoix' 
 
 Ditto, (litio, lei.s than 9 millim&trei, 
 and fittings of tu!>es 
 1 Tul« in wrought iron, welded on a 
 I iiiandril. or l.tp-weldetl • 
 
 { \"a\\ hooks (fur sea-fishing), tinne<t or 
 
 not - - 
 
 : llou'«hotd articles and other wares un- 
 tnuTierateil :— 
 In wrotieht or sheet iron, pollshetl or 
 1 painte-1 
 
 Ditto, ditto, enamelled, vnndshed, or 
 tinned . . ■ • 
 
 Steel Wares :- 
 loo I in pure steel ; files ; saws, cir- 
 cular or straight; .scythes, sicHes, 
 and other unvnumerateil 
 NecdlH flit sewins, ''is than .5 centi- 
 metres in length 
 Ditto, of 5 and more centimitres in 
 
 length 
 FttJi-hookj(rorriTer6»hln|;), blued or 
 not * ■ ■ . 
 
 Ter UlO 
 
 kil. 
 fr. lent. 
 
 free 
 01) 
 
 free 
 
 n DO 
 
 free 
 
 A (10 
 6 00 
 
 free 
 
 H 00 
 
 free 
 
 free 
 
 Ter U)0 
 
 kil. 
 fr. cent. 
 
 free 
 o 10 
 I 00 
 
 free 
 
 ,1 
 
 .'l') 
 
 .", 
 
 on 
 
 ■' 
 
 'ir> 
 
 ,-, 
 
 ■r, 
 
 
 on 
 III) 
 
 IH) 
 
 4 
 
 (i 
 10 
 
 .'in 
 on 
 
 (10 
 
 1.'. on 
 
 10 on 
 
 i.o 00 
 
 10 on 
 
 U) 00 
 
 6 on 
 free 
 
 frcu 
 B l"1 
 
 free 
 
 13 
 
 00 
 
 11 
 
 00 
 
 •i'l 
 
 on 
 
 w 
 
 on 
 
 H.-i 
 
 uu 
 
 w 
 
 00 
 
 AO 
 
 00 
 
 sn 
 
 00 
 
 17 
 
 00 
 
 14 
 
 Oi) 
 
 to 
 
 on 
 
 IG 
 
 00 
 
 •in 
 
 on 
 
 .'y 
 
 03 
 
 son 
 
 00 
 
 Ml) 
 
 00 
 
 ion 
 
 00 
 
 ion 
 
 00 
 
 lOil 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 00 
 
 Mrtal IMani PArri rbs 
 Steel wnre> : — 
 
 Metallic pens (other than gold or 
 
 silver - . . . 
 
 Small nrticli's of ornanumt, such as 
 
 heads, purse garniture, 'jroochcs, 
 
 and thimhliM 
 
 Iliiusehidd articles and other wares un- 
 
 enutnirateil . . . 
 
 Cutlery :- 
 
 00 ll 
 
 'i 
 
 I'^ (It) 
 K Oil 
 H 00 
 
 Per 100 
 
 kil. 
 fr. cent. 
 
 25 00 
 40 00 
 
 I'er 100 
 
 kil. 
 tr. cent. 
 
 100 00 
 
 yo (^0 
 
 32 00 
 
 <tf every description - < 
 
 IiiNtrtiinents, surgical, optical, ond> 
 
 ]>hilosc>ph{ral • - J 
 
 Arms, not heing implements of war :— 
 
 Sule arms - - . . 
 
 Fiie-arins - • . . 
 
 Si.NBRV IMbtam. 
 
 Tools of iron tipped with steel, with or 
 without handles 
 
 Article* made partly of cast and partly of 
 wrought iron, not polished, if th>' 
 weiL'ht of wrought iron is less than 
 half the total weight 
 
 Ditto, if half or more than half the total 
 weight .... 
 
 Ditto, polished, enamelletl or japanned, 
 and with ornamental adjuncts in iron, 
 enpiier, brass, or steel 
 
 Wire uauzc of iron or steel 
 
 t^yllnders of copper or brass fur printing, 
 whether engravetl or not 
 
 (Copper warei, metal gauze of copjier or 
 brass, wiirks of art and ornament, and 
 all other manufaciurt.it anitti-i of 
 cop(ier. pure or alloyed with zinc or tin 
 
 .Manufacturesof zinc of all kinds 
 
 Lead pipes, and all other manufactures of 
 lead - - . . I 
 
 JMnting type, new ... 
 
 'I'in poiii and pans and other manufactures 
 n' tin. whether pure or allojed with 
 antimony - . . . 
 
 iManufactures of nickel allied with copper 
 or zinc (argentine) ... 
 
 riatwi manufactures of every description • 
 
 .Manur.ictures of metal gilt or silveretl by 
 the mercurial or electro plate pro- 
 cesses .... 
 
 Piaie and jewellery of gold, of Bilvei*, 
 )ilatina, or other metali 
 
 Clocks and watctin - - 4 
 
 Clock and wuitch movements 
 
 ^IacHINKS ANO MACIIlNBJtV. 
 With niipirains complete;— 
 
 Steam-engines stationary, with or 
 
 without boilers or tlv-wheels 
 Ditto, marine, vlth or without Iwilers 
 
 „ locomotiT<*s and portable engines 
 Tenders for locomotive engines, com- 
 plete - - - - 
 Spinning machines - - . 
 For weaving 
 For paper- making - 
 For printing 
 
 For apricultural machines, and ma- 
 chines for making sheets and lilleu 
 of cards 
 Ijice-making machines 
 Distilling apparatus, sugar pant and 
 
 boilers made of cnpiicr 
 Carding machines, not fumUhed 
 Steam-boilers, of sheet-iron, of cylin- 
 drical or hpherical shaiie, with or 
 without boiler-pijies or heating 
 ])ipes .... 
 Ditto, tubular, of sheet iron, with 
 tubes of wrought iron, co])(>er, or 
 brass, or of sheet ircn rivetted, 
 with interior fumacen, and all 
 other boilers nat of cylindrical or 
 spherical shape ... 
 Ditto, ditto, of ftheet steel of every 
 shape .... 
 Gasometers, open boilers, furnaces 
 and stoves in sheet iron, or in cast 
 aitd sheet iron - 
 Hlpchines for .naking machines (' ma- 
 rhines outiU'i and machines not 
 enumeratMl :— 
 Containing 75 per cent, or more of 
 
 their weight in cast iron 
 
 Containing ^O jier cent, anci less 
 
 than 7 5 per cent, of cist iron. - 
 
 Containing le&s than 60 per cent, of 
 
 cast iron - - - 
 
 Detached parts of machines ■— 
 
 Sheets and fillets of cards on leather, 
 
 india-rubber, or other materials • 
 
 ]>ents of reeds in iron oi In copper • 
 
 llceds complete. In iron or copper - 
 
 Pieces in cast iron, polished, tiled, 
 
 and adjusted 
 riecE3 in wrought iron, potlsheil, 
 , filed, and adjusted or not, without 
 
 I distlncdon or weight 
 
 to per cent, ad valorem, 
 
 rcflucfil to 1') per cent. 
 
 nd valorem on Januaiy 
 
 1, is,;r; 
 10 pn tent. 10 per cent 
 
 ad valorem ad vulurem 
 
 10 00 
 
 210 00 
 
 •10 no 
 '^40 uo 
 
 s 
 
 no 
 
 4 
 
 M 
 
 10 
 
 on 
 
 8 
 
 00 
 
 IS 
 15 
 
 no 
 
 00 
 
 10 
 
 on 
 on 
 
 2-1 00 
 10 00 
 
 r> no 
 
 10 00 
 
 .-n 
 
 1111 
 ll") 
 
 (11) 
 no 
 
 00 
 
 len 
 
 00 
 
 ,')00 00 
 5 per rent. 
 ad valorem 
 
 100 UO 
 
 10 
 SO 
 IS 
 
 00 
 fK) 
 OU 
 
 in 
 
 14 
 
 on 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 00 
 
 lA 
 
 on 
 
 IS 
 15 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 15 
 
 00 
 
 JO 
 
 CD 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 9 
 
 00 
 
 15 
 
 00 
 
 40 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 30 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 no 1 
 OU ( 
 
 9 
 15 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 20 00 
 8 00 
 
 3 00 
 8 00 
 
 30 00 
 
 ton 00 
 
 100 00 
 
 100 00 
 
 500 00 
 5 iicr rent 
 ad Tnlorem 
 100 OU 
 
 6 no 
 12 00 
 
 S 00 
 
 10 no 
 
 10 on 
 
 10 00 
 
 12 00 
 25 00 
 
 G 00 
 
 10 00 
 
 IS 00 
 
 50 00 
 
 30 00 
 
 6 00 
 
 10 00 
 
 I i< 
 
 
 Hi! 
 
 'ft 
 
 i ii 
 
 I 11 ■ 
 
 > I.' 
 
 i!i 
 
 
 % 
 
 M 
 
1432 
 
 :i 
 
 ■■}:•■ 
 
 •; *V 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 ■« , 
 
 .V: 
 
 
 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL) 
 Tariff annexed to the Convention — continnetl. 
 
 DetcTlpdon of.Artietfs 
 
 MACItlNH ANII MaCHINRKV 
 
 With apiinrntut complete : 
 
 Steel ipriiiKS for carriage!, w.iKUon«, 
 
 or liH'omotivt-t - . - 
 
 Pieces In atcel* poUnhed. filinl, ad* 
 
 .jiiitMl or not ; weiynintt more 
 
 than 1 kiluutamme 
 
 I*itio, I kilofrrnmmeand le*« 
 
 I'leces In cop|>er» pure or tnlxi.-d whh 
 
 anv other nictaU 
 Sheets an<l liUtti for canlx of lenrher, 
 L-aoiiichouc, or otiier m-iterials 
 Gold leaf .... 
 Kcftncd iiifcar 
 
 CarriaKes * ' * { 
 
 Cabinet mnken* and turnerk' t>niall 
 
 waret* ami wares in ivory or 
 
 carved wotHl ('talilctterif ') 
 
 Leather : jircparift ikins, varnUhed, 
 
 djed» and morocco leather 
 Ditto, all other kinds 
 
 Leather manufactures of all kinds | 
 
 Hates cf Import 
 Duties 
 
 Daicription cf'ArtUlei 
 
 JVr KM) 
 
 kil. 
 fr. cent. 
 
 ^^) 00 
 III 00 
 
 '25 00 
 
 2n an 
 100 on 
 
 41 (K> 
 10 iwrcent. 
 ad valorem 
 
 250 00 
 
 30 00 
 
 10 per cent. 
 
 ad valorem 
 
 Per lOU 
 
 kil. 
 fr. cent. 
 
 V5 00 
 .'^S 00 
 
 yn on 
 100 no ; 
 41 00 I 
 10 per cent- 
 ad valorem 
 
 ^'.0 on 
 
 M) Ofl 
 
 mper rent. 
 
 ad Tsloreni 
 
 Machinrs an» AIachiniikv 
 With apparatus complete ;~ \ 
 
 Wootlm wnres: imply ca«l(s. new <ir 
 
 old, not hoo|»ed, or htHi|«cd with 
 
 wooden hf}0(>t . . • 
 
 Ditto, ditto, Iron hoops • } 
 
 Khovi-ls, forki, rahfK, handleii of tooU, 
 
 of wood, with or without ferrulet; . 
 Oars . . , . 
 
 IMales, spoons, )>orringers, and other 
 
 houtehold articles 
 Pieces of caqtentiTs' work, dre<t&i>d or 
 
 not - - - . 
 
 parts of cartwrlKhtb* »ork, drevstrd or 
 
 not - . - . 
 
 Other articles of wood, not tnume* ( 
 
 rated - - - \ 
 
 Household fumlturi-* 
 Shljia and l>oa's. built In the United 
 
 Kingdom, not refo^tered or sailing 
 
 under Hrltish fla^;, in wood 
 Ditto, ditto, in iron - - . 
 
 Hulls of ships, in wcmkI 
 
 in iron • • 
 
 lUtti of Import 
 Duilck 
 
 Per 100 
 
 kil. 
 fr. cent. 
 
 free 
 10 |>er cent- 
 al! vatoretn 
 
 free 
 
 10 per cent 
 ad valorem 
 
 IMfll 
 
 »-Per Khj 
 kil. 
 fr. 'ent 
 
 frw 
 
 l'>|>erieri 
 ad valoitrii 
 
 frre 
 
 iO permit. 
 ad valorem 
 
 Per ton of French 
 measurement 
 8-^ W) I uo an 
 70 00 fio (fi 
 
 15 00 ID (H) 
 
 ■'■0 IK) I 40 ()() 
 
 11 n 
 .1 () 
 in I) 
 
 6K (1 
 A (1 
 
 i: 
 
 1 U 
 
 iuiw. ii.iuf 
 
 .1 W 
 
 I a.i 
 11 .1 
 
 16 
 1 60 
 
 inokii. 
 
 1 ss 
 .-> 
 
 ■• 
 
 S 20 
 
 N.II — The mactiinc* nml m.it}iiner7 on lioard iuch ships shall be charKetl hcparolely, nct-ortllnf; to ihe rates fixed l>y the Tariff for 
 * Machines and .Machinerv.' 
 
 The present tariff is approved and annexed to tlie convention concluded on the 12tli October 
 IStJO, between Great Uritain and France. Cowley. ' 
 
 RlCIIAKI> COBDKX. 
 
 E. Thouve.nki.. 
 Paris. October 12, 1860. F. Rouhkh. 
 
 Convention between her 3fajesty and the Emperor 
 of the French, supplementary to the Treaty of 
 Commerce of January 23, 1860 ; with a Tariff 
 annexed thereto. Signed at Paris, November 
 16, 1860. Ratifications exchanged at Paris, 
 November 30, I860. 
 
 Article 1. Tlie articles of British origin or 
 manufacture enumerated in the tariff annexed to 
 the present convention shall, when imported direct 
 from the United Kingdom under the British or 
 the French flag, be admitted into France at the 
 duties specified by the said tariff. 
 
 2. The rules established by Articles 2, 4, 5, 6. 7, 
 and 8, of the convention concluded on the 12th of 
 October last between the high contracting powers, 
 for the proofs of origin, the declarations of impor- 
 tation, and the valuation by experts of the pro- 
 ductions taxed ad valorem, shall equally apply to I 
 the various articles of British origin or tnanu- I 
 facture enumerated in the tariff annexed to the j 
 present convention. i 
 
 Article 3 of the convention of the 12th ofi 
 October last, which exempts the importers of 
 machines, or detached pieces of machines, of 
 British origin or manufacture, from the obligation 
 of producing models or drawings, is declared to be 
 applicable to all the goods the importation whereof 
 was subject to that formality, and which are 
 comprised either in the present convention or in 
 that of the 12th of October last, 
 
 3. Independently of the duties of customs sti- 
 pulated in the tari F annexed to the present con- 
 vention, and by ap^Jication of Articles 1 and 9 of 
 the treaty concluded between the high contracting 
 powers on the 23rd of January last, the under- 
 mentioned articles of British origin or manufacture 
 shall, on their importation into France, and by 
 way of compensation for equivalent duties paid 
 by' French manufacturers, be subjected to the 
 supp'cmcntary duties hereinafter prescribed : — 
 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 <ii) (I 
 
 2 40 
 
 
 fr. r. 
 
 Raw snda • 
 
 - 4 .-.'. 
 
 t'rvstalh of N(xla 
 
 . 4 .-.. 
 
 >JulphBte of MHia ; 
 
 
 Pure anhjrilrate . 
 
 - f. (1 
 
 cnrBUUi-ed or hydrate 
 
 ■ i 40 
 
 Impure anhydrate 
 
 - i 40 
 
 crjstalllsed or hjdrate 
 
 - X 10 
 
 ion kil. 
 
 Rulphiieof sMia - - - (i O loo kil. 
 
 Salt of soda - - . " 
 
 Hydrochloric add > > • 
 
 Chloride of lime - . . 
 
 Chlorate of potash . . - 
 
 Chloride of magnesium 
 
 Plate ft'au or larce mirrors • 
 
 Glass ware, window Rlass» and other 
 
 white glau 
 Battles .... 
 Artificial ultramarine 
 Hal ammoniac ... 
 Kelp .... 
 
 Salts or raw residue of the calcination 
 
 of beet-root refuse 
 Salt of tin .... 
 Soap, white or mathled, com]H>icd of 
 Hlkalis and oil of olives, or olenui- 
 nou* seeds, pure or miked H-ith 
 animal fat : 
 The oil composing at leitt half Gf 
 the mixture of olea{{inout t>odies 
 The oil composing; leas than half in 
 the mixture of dlee^lnous bodies - 
 Of animal fat; 
 Pure . - - . 
 
 Mixed with rerin 
 Of palm or cocoa-nut oil mixed with 
 
 animal fat 
 Cutourcl, composed of oils from seeds 
 or of animal fut 
 Purf alcohol 
 
 Beer .... 
 
 Spirits of wine vamikh. }wr hectolitre 
 
 of pure alcohol containttl in the 
 
 varnish - - . . 
 
 It is understood thnt refined sii^ar is notcniti- 
 priscd in this list, because the duty of 41 franc- 
 per 100 kilogrammes, fixed on the importat. ii of 
 that article, includes the duty on consumption 
 with which it is now charg^ed in France, 
 
 It is equalh'' agreed between the high con-| 
 tracting powers that, in the event of the modi- 
 fication or the suppression of the duties of excise I 
 now iuiposed upon French manufacturers, ^oods | 
 of British origin and mnnufncturc shall, liti 
 regard to such duties of excise, be subjected lo I 
 the same conditions as similar French goods. lit f 
 however, in consequence of the suppression of any j 
 of such dutie? the Government should establi>Ii I 
 a supervision or control, or an administraiivel 
 system over certain articles of French raaiiufacr 
 t'ure, the direct or indirect charges whicli m.iyf)'?! 
 borne by the French manufacturer shall becoun-P 
 tei vailed by an equivalent surtax imposed upcii I 
 similar British articles. It is further uudenitotHil 
 that if drawbacks are granted to other articlesofl 
 French manufacture, the duties of customs whicb I 
 
;ii.; 
 
 IIIXIRY 
 
 ,1 
 
 laakl, new •" 
 
 mllCT of t"ol«. 
 nout fcrruiet; - 
 
 n, und other 
 
 irk, ilresst-d cir 
 
 urk, drcHitU or 
 
 lUtM of Import 
 1S6U 
 
 Vn 101) 
 
 kil. 
 fr. cent. 
 
 »-r»r|ilj 
 kil. 
 fr. nnl. 
 
 tVee I 
 It) fwr rent- 
 ail valorem 
 
 free 
 
 in (ifrtiTi 
 ail valoitiii 
 
 frn 
 
 not enume- (10 i>er cent. 10 percent. 
 \\ ad TaloTcm ad valorni,! 
 
 In the United 
 tered or kailinfc 
 in wood 
 
 Per ton of French 
 meaiurement 
 
 8.') tX> 
 
 71) 00 
 
 15 no 
 
 ,'iO 00 
 
 70 no 
 
 r.i) (fi 
 
 K) i» 
 
 40 m) 
 
 __ I 
 
 rilini; to .he rnle« filed by tlie Tatilf (or 
 
 (icluilwl on the 12th October, 
 Cowley. 
 RiciiAKU C<mi)KX. 
 
 E. Thouvenki,. 
 
 F. Rouiimt. 
 
 
 fr.c. 
 
 
 . 
 
 i: II 1O0 ki:. 
 
 _ 
 
 1 
 
 „ 
 
 . 
 
 .1 
 
 ,, 
 
 , 
 
 10 
 
 ,, 
 
 _ 
 
 ifi 1) 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 1 I) 
 
 »u|ier. h'.tiie 
 
 glau, and other 
 
 S SO 
 
 100 kil. 
 
 . 
 
 1 %■> 
 
 ■* 
 
 c 
 
 11 .1 
 15 
 
 " 
 
 . 
 
 1 60 
 
 ,. 
 
 of Ihl caUlnation 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 .-> 
 
 ,. 
 
 hied, comi»o*ed nt 
 
 
 
 f olives, nr oleaui- 
 
 
 
 e or mixed with 
 
 
 
 1^ at lesU half of 
 oleasinous lK>dies 
 
 
 
 S 20 
 
 It 
 
 t leM than half in 
 
 
 
 IcCjflnoiu bodies • 
 
 C 
 
 " 
 
 
 r, 
 
 „ 
 
 n - 
 
 G I) 
 
 
 nutoilmiieil wlih 
 
 4 
 
 
 idofoilsfromscedi 
 
 fi 
 
 
 - 
 
 <ll) I) 
 2 40 
 
 hcclolitre 
 
 niih, lier licrtolilre 
 containi^l in the 
 
 Ufl 
 
 ;,^ 
 
 d that refined sugar is not cm- 
 it, because tht- duty of 41 {rm< 
 imes, fixed on the iniportat >.i. ot 
 ludes the duty on consumption 
 now chnrg-ed in France, 
 acreed between the higli con- 
 that, in the event of the modi- 
 uppresaion of the duties of excise 
 )on French manufacturers, -^i 
 n and manufacture shall, "S 
 duties of excise, be subjected to 
 ions as similar French ({oods. , 
 Siequencc of the suppression of n 
 the Government should estabW I 
 r control, or an admin^traiiv. 
 tain articles of French mmi* 
 or indirect charges which ni«M 
 rench manufacturer shall bee* 
 
 , eauivalent surtax imposed uw 
 articles. It is futth« undei^.i^i 
 ks are granted to other artio.c o 
 ctnre,tEe duties of customs** 
 
 nrc iinjioscd upon similar articles of Uritish origin 
 (ir manufacture shall be augmented by a surtux 
 i(|iial to the amount of the drawbacks. 
 
 ■1. With regard to pure und mixed tissues taxed 
 nil valorem, the valuatii,:. of which m.iy appear 
 to tlic French Government to present dilKciilcies, 
 tlii'V reserve to them.selvea the power to design.ite 
 tlie custom-house of Paris exclusively for the 
 admission of such goods. 
 
 i), liach of the high contracting powcr.s engages 
 to extend to the other any favour, any privilege 
 (ir diminution of tariff, which either of them may 
 ^craiit to a third power in regard to the importation 
 nf goods mentioned, or not mentioned, in tlie 
 treaty of the 23rd of January, 18G0. 
 
 (i. 'The tariflf annexed to the present convention 
 shall come into force within a time which shall 
 not be later than the Ist of June, 1801, for yams 
 
 TREATIKS (COMMiatCIAli) 1433 
 
 and tissues of liax, hemp, and jute, and the 1st of 
 October following for all other iirticlcM. 
 
 7. The [ireaent convention shall have the same 
 duration as the treaty concluded between the high 
 contracting parties oh the 23rd of January last, of 
 which it is a complement. 
 
 8. The jiresent convention shall bo ratilieil, .and 
 the ratilications shall be exchanged at I'aris 
 witliii'. riftoen day.s, or sooner if possible. 
 
 In witness whereof the recpectivc plenipoten- 
 tiaries have signed it, and have allixcd thereto 
 the seal of their arms. 
 
 Done in duplicate, at Paris, the IGth day of 
 November, IStiO. 
 
 COWI.KV. 
 KU'IIAKO ConiiEX. 
 
 E. Thoi'vexei.. 
 
 F. ROUIIEK. 
 
 Tariff referred to in Trcnl<j wifli France, 
 
 Description of .Artitle* 
 
 Tkxtii.b Fahuils 
 Flal »nd h^nip : - 
 
 ) lax or hemp, combed ■ 
 I Y«rn of henili or tlal n!"asuring, 
 
 kilupramme;— 
 , Single;- 
 
 Uiilile.iched:- 
 (»,IK>0 mitre*, or lew - 
 li.nlR) metres, and not more than 
 12,1100 ,. >. 
 
 - 2I,UI)<I ,, •• 
 
 .VI.IIIHI „ •• 
 
 72.000 
 
 llleaihcd, or ilye<l :— 
 6,001 1 mitres, or It-ss - 
 0,0iiO metres, and n..: more than 
 I I2,l)(K) ,. 
 
 ' 24,0IH) ,, » 
 
 ;lli,IKH) „ I, 
 
 72,000 
 Twisted :— 
 
 L'libliai-lied - 
 
 Illfached,or (Ned 
 
 IS.fiOi) 
 24,001) 
 
 :mi,oiiii 
 
 (2,U(HI 
 
 12,000 
 21,IIIM> 
 
 .-r.,1100 
 
 72,1 Hill 
 
 Uateof Diitj In 
 I860 j IN«I 
 
 I>i-.-;<-riiilion of .Vrticles 
 
 pur lliokiloi. 
 fr. c. 
 
 211 O 
 
 .Vl 
 
 .10 (I I 
 
 (.11 |l 
 
 100 u 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 411 I) 
 
 4H II 
 
 S.I I) 
 
 l.V, II 
 
 L 
 X^-ui-t nf flax rr hemp, plain linens aiifl 
 diaper, hnvini: in the warp in the «p.ice of 
 I 5 ii)uare millimetres :— 
 Vnlileiclieiii— 
 
 S threailt or less - 
 
 [I, 10. and 11 threads ■ 
 12, 1.1, 1 1 „ - 
 
 I'l, If., 17 „ • 
 18, l!l, 211 „ - 
 21,22, 2"i „ - 
 
 i Vt threads and above - - " 
 
 Blt-acbed, dyeil or jirinted ;— 
 
 8 threads or less • ■ • 
 
 1, 111, .ind II threads - 
 ■■.:\ 14 .. - 
 I ■■, 1. 17 ,. - 
 
 •' '.',1 ui". ..I'd alwve • - " 
 
 1m '-. I'l., or li-iireil, having in the warp 
 
 II .: . . ;e ' «i|»are inilllmetres ;— 
 Unl.'e,rl-d. 
 
 » ihr < »ani. or lesa 
 P, )iv.ii..i , ; ihieads - 
 12, 1.1, II.,- 
 More than U ,. - 
 Dleache.i, dyed or iirinteil: — 
 H threads or less 
 9, 10, and 11 tlucails • 
 12,13, II ., - 
 .More than U .. - - , .' 
 
 Varni and liouisof flax or hemp mixeil with 
 oiher materials will pay the same duties as 
 imie jams ami tis<iies of flax or hemp, ino- 
 vided that the flax or hemp predominates in 
 wtitiht. 
 
 Ddin.iKk4 . - . • 
 
 Camlirics - - - " 
 
 l.a«ns . - - - - 
 
 Handkerchiefs, Vordered - 
 Net of thread - - - * 
 
 Ufe, do. - - ■ 
 
 Hosiery, do. - - - " 
 
 Halwnissherv. do. - - ■ 
 
 Kllibon of tlir«ad, unWeachii!, bleached, or 
 dyed . - - ■ „ ,- 
 
 Articles made of flax or hemp, wholly or in 
 I part made up - - - - 
 
 1 Articles not enumerated - 
 
 bame duties as up- 
 on single un- 
 bleached Yarn, 
 augmented bv 
 40 p.c. accord- 
 ing tothecl.is*. 
 
 Same duties asu)i- 
 un single ble.i(-ii- 
 ed or dveii 
 yams augment- 
 ed lij 40 p.;.. 
 according to tile 
 class. 
 
 '1'kxtii.r Kahrics. 
 Jute I — 
 III the fibre, or hackled, imnorled direct 
 from Itritlsh India, or from Hrilish eiitre- 
 li6ts, ill Itrili-h or French resseU 
 ComlKtl - . - - 
 
 .Tute vam, measuring per kilogramme : — 
 UiibWached : — 
 l*s« than 1,400 mitres- 
 From l,toil to .'^,7011 metres, exi'hisivel; - 
 .t,7(0 4,2110 „ 
 
 4,200 fi,.lllO „ 
 
 More than (1,000 mitres 
 me.iched. or dyed ; — 
 l.«ss than 1 ,400 mitres - 
 From 1,400 to :i,7'io mitres, exclusively • 
 3,700 4,2111 „ 
 
 4,200 li.ihio „ 
 
 More than 6,0lHl mi-Ires 
 Tissues of Jute, having in the wr.rp In the 
 
 hp.ice of .1 square niillimitresi^ 
 Unlileacheil:— 
 
 1 , 2, and ^ thre.ids, plain 
 1,2. .^ „ twilled 
 
 4 6 „ 
 
 fi.7, S „ 
 .Mure than S ,. . . . 
 
 llleachlsl, or dveil : — 
 1, 2, and ."S tilrcails, pl.iin 
 1 . 2, .1 „ iwilled 
 
 4 .'i „ 
 
 (1. 7, « „ 
 Mure than S „ ■ • • 
 
 per 100 kilos. 
 
 .-,0 II 
 
 .')') I) 
 
 90 
 
 115 
 
 170 
 
 2fi0 
 
 41K) 
 
 40 
 
 70 
 
 120 
 
 I5S 
 
 2.10 
 
 .->-,ll O 
 
 5.".4 
 
 I'll II 
 115 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 l-.!ll 
 
 
 
 16 p.c. .1(1 val. 
 
 I Same duties as 
 I* iilain linens. 
 
 Samt^ tlutim as 
 cutton net. 
 
 15 p.c. atl v.O. 
 
 ('ariM?Ls, ruRs, and nnttjng 
 Varnx and ti.4sues of jute mixed with other 
 materials, will pay ttie wime duties as pure 
 >avnft and ttssu<-s of jute* provided that 
 the Jute predoniiniites in wei|{ht. 
 Vfuetalile libren : — 
 
 I'nonnium tenax , ahncn, and other vegetable 
 tibrt*H, not spec. tied : — 
 Filaments: — 
 
 Kaw or stripped . • . 
 
 rCombed or twisted - - - 
 
 Thrt?ad& .... 
 
 Tissues .... 
 
 Horiiehair, raw, of all kinds, prepared or 
 curled .... 
 
 Tissues and manufactures of horse-hair, 
 
 pureormixnl- 
 Coituns :— 
 Cotton, raw, importeil direct from ltriii<;h 
 Indi;i,oTfroni Itritiah entrepAts, in liritish 
 or French ve>sel8 ... 
 
 Cuttoi:, in bheets, carded nr gnmmed (wad- 
 dinR) . - - . 
 
 Cotton yam.nlnfilo:— 
 Unlile.ifhetl : — 
 Of '2' t.tXXf mattes or less to the half kilo. - 
 'il,iKlOto.'>'MK>fl >. 
 
 .-1,()()(| Kl.tHV.l „ 
 
 .Vl,00lt „ 
 
 60,000 „ 
 
 7O,l'00 „ 
 
 80.0(K) „ 
 
 gO.lKH) „ 
 
 10»,0lH) „ 
 
 lio,Oo:' J, 
 
 r^o,)hK» 
 
 13(1.000 
 1 tO.OOi) 
 
 Kale of 
 
 Duty in 
 
 I SCO 1 1S6I 
 
 iwr |iiO kilos. 
 
 fl. c. 
 
 Free. 
 
 ,1 I) 
 
 per ino 
 
 tier 100 
 
 kilos. 
 
 kilos. 
 
 fr. c. 
 
 fr. c. 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 9 20 
 
 « 
 
 10 20 
 
 7 
 
 I'l 1) 10 
 
 Same 2 .linen yam. 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 1.-. I) 
 
 9 
 
 1 .'. 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 14 
 
 Same its linen yam. 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 
 1.^ 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 Ifi 
 
 .TO 
 
 24 
 
 Same u tissues of 
 
 linen, accord- 
 
 ing to class. 
 
 19 15 
 
 22 17 
 
 .10 2.1 
 
 41 .V. 
 
 .Same as ti.<sues of 
 
 linen, accord. 
 
 inc to class. 
 
 32 
 
 1 21 
 
 4i,000 
 
 JI.OOI 
 
 61,000 
 
 71,000 
 
 HI, 000 
 
 91,000 
 101,000 
 111,000 
 121,000 
 UI,IKX) 
 111,000 
 
 171,000 and above 
 Ilteachcd 
 
 Pjed 
 
 Fiee. 
 
 I 
 •i p.c. .id val. 
 10 p.c. ad val. 
 
 Free. 
 
 10 p.c. r.d vat. 
 
 Free. 
 
 per kilo. 
 10 
 
 15 
 20 
 .10 
 40 
 1) .'.0 
 O fiO 
 70 
 
 90 
 
 1 
 I 20 
 1 40 
 
 1 (ill 
 
 2 
 2 SO 
 .1 
 
 15 n.c. above the 
 ilulles on un- 
 bleached. 
 
 25 cents, per kilr. 
 i;bovetl)ediitie. 
 oil unbleached. 
 
 I. \ 
 
 
 i;=: 
 
 1 
 
 fili, ' 
 
 ii 
 
 (■J. 
 
 
 ^v\ 
 
 .1 ;:ii 
 
 m 
 
 ij| 
 
143-1 
 
 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL) 
 
 Tariff referred to in Treal;/ with France — continucil. 
 
 , V ' ■•,1 
 
 ^i'rV-^i 
 
 ' •■>• 
 
 t ■:•■ , ^ 
 
 ":► ;>'-■■• ■'• 
 
 is- 
 
 Dekcrifitlon of Articles 
 
 Trxtit.k Fabrki. 
 Cottnn yam. Iwikted in two itiraiuli :— 
 Ifiihlfiiclwil . . • 
 
 Blenched 
 
 Dyetl • 
 
 Warnetl varnst 
 Unblt^aciied 
 
 Iiyid 
 
 Ynms nf three threads^ grey, blenclieil, or 
 
 dyed : — 
 Sin'i:li' IwiRt _ - . . 
 
 Dmilile or (mIiIc twiiit - . . 
 
 Cotton tiH<4UM, plain, twilled, and un- 
 titeachfil: — 
 
 lit rias-s. welBliin„' II kl'ojframmos or more 
 the 10(» in^trei wiuarc; — 
 Of .!.'> threaiU ana leu to the f* square 
 millimetres 
 3fi threaiU and above 
 *^d riasH, we)^hinfE 7 to II kltofrrammes 
 exclUHtTe>y the UK) metrea squdre— 
 Of Xi thread* and less - . - 
 
 3fi to 13 ihreails - . - 
 
 44 threads and nliove 
 3rd Clau, weiuhioK 3 to 7 kilo^rammrs <:z- 
 cliisiTely the KM) metres square— 
 Of "-ll threads and leu - . - 
 
 2H to 35 threads ... 
 3fi 43 „ - 
 
 44 threads and alwTe 
 Cotton tis^uet — 
 Bleached - - . - 
 
 Dyed - 
 
 Printed - - - - 
 
 \'elTets anil fustians- 
 Made as silk velTet— 
 Unbleacheil . - . • 
 
 Dyt-d or iirintod 
 Other kintfs— cords, mo'fskins flee. — 
 
 (Tiib'e.iched . - - - 
 
 Dved or printed 
 Cotto'n ti'i.sues, unbleached, plain or twilled, 
 weiuhinfi less than 3 kiloKranimes per I'M) 
 square metres - - - - 
 
 Quillings, dimities, stripes and (hecks, 
 damasks and hrtlliants - - • 
 
 Counterpanes and blankets 
 Net, plain or embroidered 
 Gauzes and muslins, embroidered or fiffured 
 
 in the loom, for furniture or hanging* 
 Articles wholly or In part made up - 
 
 not denominated - 
 
 Kmhroidery by hand - - - 
 
 Lace and blonde ■ . - 
 
 Cotton yams and tissues mixed with other 
 
 materidts will pay the same dutin as 
 
 varns and tissues ornure cotton, provided 
 
 that the cotton predominates in welgbt. 
 
 Woollens — 
 
 \V%)ol. raw, Australian, imported direct or 
 from tlriti^li etitrepAis In UritUh or French 
 vi-ssels . . . - 
 
 Wool dved in masses - - - 
 
 combed (dyed or not) 
 Single vam of pure wool, bleached or not, 
 rontalninK In the kilogramme— 
 Of I to 30.000 mMrcs 
 
 31.000 40,000 „ 
 1 1,000 50,000 „ 
 ,11,000 f!0,000 „ 
 6I,0™» 70,000 „ - - 
 
 71,000 «0,000 „ 
 81,000 90,000 „ 
 91,000 100,000 » - - 
 
 101 ,000 and above - 
 Double yam for weaving, bleached or not - 
 
 for embroidery 
 Dyed yam*, singN; or double 
 
 Tissues of wool, pure 
 Felt ofall kind.i • 
 Blankets of pure wool 
 Carpets of all kinds 
 Hostert of pure wool 
 Halterdashfry of pure wool 
 Ribbutu of wooi - 
 Lace, woollen - 
 
 Hate of l>uty In 
 
 60 p,c. above the 
 duties on sinulo 
 
 yam unblearbed. 
 
 \b per cent, abovt; 
 twi&tL'd un- 
 blearbed. 
 
 25 cents. jM-r kilo, 
 above twisted 
 unhlearherl. 
 
 50 11. r. above the 
 (iuilei nil -.inglf 
 unblearbed 
 yarn. 
 
 15 p.r. above the 
 dtities on iin- 
 bleached warp- 
 ed yarns. 
 
 2*) cents, pfr kilo, 
 above theduile^ 
 on unblcichcd 
 warped ynrtiii. 
 
 per 1 U(H) metres 
 O (i 
 VI 
 
 per kilo. 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 t 
 
 so 
 
 1 vo 
 
 1 9'» 
 3 
 
 15 I.e. alnve 'lie 
 uuty on un- 
 bleachetl. 
 
 25 cents, jier kilo. 
 above the duty 
 on unbleachcti. 
 15 p.c. ad val. 
 
 A5 
 
 1 10 
 
 m 
 
 85 
 
 15 p.c. ad val. 
 
 10 p.c. ad val. 
 5 p.c. ad val. 
 
 Free. 
 
 per 100 kilos. 
 25 
 tb 
 
 per kilo. 
 O 25 
 35 
 45 
 55 
 65 
 75 
 ^.'i 
 
 05 
 
 1 
 
 50 «.c. above the 
 duty on single 
 unbleached yam. 
 
 Double the duties 
 on single 3 arns. 
 
 25 cents, ptr kilo- 
 above the duties 
 on yarns un- 
 dyed. 
 
 I 15 p.r. 10 p.c. 
 ( ad val. ad val. 
 
 15 p.c. ad val. 
 
 . 1 5 p.c. 
 ad val. 
 
 10 p.f-. 
 ad val. 
 
 Description of Articles 
 
 'I'Kxrii.R FAnan.-s. 
 U'onlli-ns !-Li^t -tboes 
 Articli>s not enumerated - 
 
 Cloih lUt ofall kindn. in pii.>4-e4 or not 
 Heady -made clutlifs— 
 New ..... 
 Old ..... 
 Yams and tissues of al)>ara, llama, itr vicuna 
 pure or inixetl with wool, will p.ty th<< f>ainc 
 iliitMs as yants and tissues of wool in what- 
 ever pro|K)rtions they may be mtxi>d. 
 
 Varnt and tisMins uf wool, or of other ma> 
 teriaN above mentioned, mixed with cotton, 
 or Willi any oihor filaments wbaiever, shall 
 pay ilie same duties as yarns anil listues of 
 pure wool, provided that the wool predomi- 
 nates in weight. 
 
 Varns of goat's hair will continue to pay 
 the duties at pre^^nt In force. 
 
 Tissues of gojt's hair, other than Indian 
 ccshniere shanis and scarfs, will pay as 
 tissues of pure wool. 
 Silks- 
 
 Mlk in cocoons .... 
 Haw or thrown . . > * 
 
 Dved— 
 
 For sewing, embroidery, or lace - 
 Others - - . - 
 
 W'.ihte hilk.— 
 Ill inais .... 
 
 Conilvd «... 
 
 In thread, single and twisted, unbleached, 
 
 bleacheii, blued or dved— 
 
 Of SO,(H)0 mitres sinjjle, or less, to the kilo. 
 
 Sl.thWJ „ or more, „ 
 
 Tissues of pure silk ~ ' { 
 
 Hosiery „ . - / 
 
 Lace ,, . - 
 
 Cripes, called Kngllsh, unbleached 
 or coloured 
 
 .\ft - 
 riain, unbleached 
 
 black,) 
 
 per kilo. 
 lU 
 
 Fi^nred. unbleached, or dressed ) 
 
 Tissues of pure waste silk, of silk and of 
 
 waste silkf unbleachedj bleached, dyedi 
 
 or printfHl .... 
 Tissues, haberd;ishcry, and lace of silk or of 
 
 waste silk - 
 
 With fine gold or silver 
 
 With semi-tine or false gold or silver 
 Tissues of silk or of waste silk, mixed 
 
 with other niaterlaU. in which the silk oi 
 
 waste silk predominates in weijj'u 
 Ribbons of silk or of waste silk- 
 
 Of velvet ... 
 
 Others 
 
 Mixed with other materials, silk or waste 
 silk predominating in weight 
 
 ClIKMtCAI. PllODL'CrS AN» D\B STt'KFS 
 
 Iodine - - . - 
 
 Brnmlne • . . 
 
 Acids- 
 Sulphuric ... 
 Nitric - . . - 
 'J'artaric - . - 
 Benzoic ... 
 Boraclc ... 
 Citric • . . 
 Arsenic ... 
 
 Lemon jutctt . . - 
 
 Oxides of— 
 Iron .... 
 Zinc, greV ... 
 
 Tin 
 
 ITranium ... 
 
 Copper ... 
 
 Zafnre and other combinations of cobalt 
 
 *«ulphuret of arsenic 
 
 ('blorlde of potassium 
 
 Iodide ,, - - 
 
 Sails of beetroot ... 
 
 C:irbonatcs of potash 
 
 Nitrate „ - - 
 
 Sulphate „ 
 
 Tartrates „ 
 
 Vegetable ashes, quick and lixiviated 
 
 Lees of wine - - . 
 
 Borax, raw ... 
 
 Nitrate of soda - - - 
 
 Kelp .... 
 
 Jtone black ... 
 
 Bones, calcined, white 
 
 rhosphatt>s, natural 
 
 Citrates of lime • 
 
 Sulphate of ma^esla 
 
 C.irbonate ,, - - 
 
 Chloride of maimesliim 
 
 Acetate of iron, liquid 
 
 tiarancine ... 
 
 Suuar of milk ... 
 
 Albumen 
 
 Phospliorus, white - 
 
 Hate of Duty In 
 18r>0 I 1861 
 
 10 p.p. nd vai. 
 15 p.r, I 10 p.p. 
 ad val. I ad val. 
 
 Free. 
 15 p.c. I 10 p.r. 
 ad val. I nd v,il. 
 20 i*r 100 kilf>,. 
 
 Tree. 
 Free. 
 
 'I I Free. 
 I'ree. 
 
 Free. 
 
 per kilo. 
 
 U 10 
 
 1 20 
 Free 
 
 20 
 15 p.c. 
 ad val. 
 
 10 p.c. 
 ad val. 
 
 I ^^^ 
 <ftom 
 I (1860 
 
 do. 
 
 } <*"• 
 (Free 
 /from 
 
 1 1861 
 
 12 
 
 3 50 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 8 
 lOper rent, ad 
 valorem 
 
 lierlOOkilM. 
 40 
 
TREATIES (COMMEKCIAL) 
 Tariff ri'jVnrii tn in Tn-.tli/ with //•(«/i(.'<,'— coiUiuuoiJ. 
 
 n;i6 
 
 itinnc to pny 
 
 than Imlim i 
 will imv BA 
 
 css.totliekilo. 
 more, »» 
 
 laceofsilkoTof 
 
 DiMcriptlun of Artlcloi 
 
 CiiKMicAi 1*noi)t'c rn A7«n Dvk Hrurrii, 
 Oilik'of /hic (whitpof /Inr) 
 Oiide' «mt caitinniiiB. t.f K-iiU 
 Olc r ftfid . - . - 
 
 Oi ilic nfU\ nnd oxiil^itci of pninth - 
 Vill.i* pTU-.>ial« „ 
 
 K.-.I .. , f. • 
 
 K»tru'(» of <'y»J woods— 
 For liiatk-i wild violoi* 
 
 niU nnti yel!i>W!i . • . 
 
 TuTMurli*, in |>owiler 
 Ihdrorliloric acltl (muriatic aclil) - 
 Cfiuslii- MMin .... 
 
 Ctilionate of todii (salt of loda) of all dPKreM 
 Artiliihil soiU Irnw) 
 ('ATlrfiiiale of soda, cryfttnlllwtt (irrjittals of 
 
 Sul|>tiate of votla and nulnldic nf smlii 
 
 uftUKta,('ry!itallized((ilaulierNiiBltK) 
 8iratl>onittii uf mxIh, aitU other Kalu of lotln, 
 noinpfcilii*d . - - . 
 
 tlhlnride of lime 
 
 ihloraii- of itotash . v • 
 
 S.mii, oriilnary, and for perfumery - 
 Arhtirial ultrrtmarino 
 ll.ll vlumpl'O'"* - - - 
 
 Aluminitiin . . - 
 
 Ahimiiiali'ofsoda 
 riiliiTltle of nlundnium - 
 (.linmiate.* of potash 
 
 had 
 Colonr-i not specified* dry, in paste and 
 
 |;ilUiit - , • 
 
 Stiiirii! acid . - - 
 
 (line and gelatine 
 Vaniiih— 
 
 Oil - - - - 
 
 ' K.-entltl oil - 
 i Niiiht of wine - - 
 
 'Or'hm.iiivcsof nil kinds - ( 
 
 I litmiiMKnoi speclHed - - j 
 
 (itAsti Asi> CavsTAf. Warb. 
 
 MiiTon. of le:is than 1 m^tre square 
 
 riatf-Rlass and mirrors— 
 
 rii|iolished - - - ■ 
 
 >ilvirt(l or ix)Ii!.hed 
 
 rM'ti:e*dF all shaiies - - . 
 
 Wirulow-Klas*. plain - - - 
 
 Glass, colwuetl, polished, or enRraTed, and 
 
 ■ for watches and optical purposu ■> 
 
 tilait ware, and ,'able glass, white or 
 
 1 coloured , . - 
 
 I ViiriticaMonii • - - 
 
 ■ Enamelled glaM . - • 
 j AttU tes of tclau not enumerated - 
 
 Broken glass and cuUet - 
 Rock crystal, rouRli or worked 
 I .N.B.-Rock crvstal mountetl will jtay as 
 j -"-Ilcr)'. 
 
 Kartiirnwarh and PoTTKnv. 
 Common ware— 
 
 Ti:e% of all kinds, bricks, and fire>bricks 
 (ns retorti>t drainage pipes, and others 
 Cturihivii of all Korts, including thoac 
 
 liIiunlia«o, or blacklead 
 ClaT pipes 
 Glaml fcr not, of all shape< ■ 
 
 4 
 
 Knteof imty in \\ 
 
 per KMl kilos. 
 
 fr. L. 
 
 7 
 
 7 14 
 
 ■i 
 
 r> I 111 
 
 '^O 
 
 30 n 
 
 DcM-ripiinn of Arilclei 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 .1 O 
 
 o mi 
 
 SO" ."i 
 
 4 Ml 3 O 
 
 •2 30 1 50 
 
 -0 
 
 4 V.'i 
 3H (iO 
 
 1 .'rfl 
 
 1 (I 
 
 70 
 
 3 50 
 
 
 U 
 
 10 p.c. od ral. 
 
 jp.c. ad val. 
 
 10 p.c. ad val. 
 \KT m^trc sq< 
 su|>erficiai 
 1 50 
 4 O 
 per 100 kilos. 
 I 30 
 3 50 
 
 10 p.c. .id val. 
 
 EAftTHR.NU'ARK ANM I'OTnruV* 
 
 Common ware -.— lilaxetl or not, with deco*! 
 
 rrfllona in rolirf, of one or more colours, J- 
 
 tldt or hollow ... .J 
 
 Stdiu'wait- - 
 
 Utensils nnd a]iparatus for the m. — uf.ir- 
 
 ture of chemical proiluvts 
 (■oinnion of all horts, tlai hihI hollow, in- 
 cluding tiottln. flasks, household artlclm, 
 kiu'hen utenhilti, ^c. 
 I'':)rthfnware — 
 With tin ula^c-colouretl paste, wlilte glaic • 
 With colo. ', glaze, niaiollca, with, 
 varnish of more than one cuour I 
 
 Fine earthenware . . / 
 
 Fine stoneware - . I 
 
 Torrelain, white or decorated, of all kinds, 
 I'arian and biscuit (white^ 
 
 Vaiiioui Articlbs. 
 .Artificial (lowers 
 
 Alodvi ..... 
 Mercury, all kinds 
 lluttonit, line or common, other than 
 
 hal>erdasliery • 
 Ilruhhes of all kinds 
 Musical instruments nnd parts of instru* 
 
 menu 
 
 Pins of all kinds .... 
 
 India-rubber manufactures- 
 Pure or miuti . - . . 
 .Applied upon tissues in piucei or upon 
 other materials ... 
 Mai'e-up weiring apparel 
 In elastic il'sues of any dimimsions 
 Itoois and shovs ... 
 N.IJ.— Articles of gutta-percha pay the 
 same duticrt as india-ruhlwr. 
 
 Oil and floor cloth— 
 For packing .... 
 furniture, hangings, and other purjioscs - 
 
 Nealins wax • . . . 
 
 IllackmK of all kinds • . . 
 
 Ink, writing, drawing, and printing 
 
 Cordafie. cables, and fishiug-net& - 
 
 Fish, fresh water— 
 Fre»h • . . . . 
 
 Prepared . . . . 
 
 Fish, sea — 
 
 Fresh, dry, salted, or smoked (except cod) • 
 Sauces and pickles 
 Cheese, hard . . . « 
 
 Ilcer - - . . . 
 
 Molasses- 
 Containing less than 50 per cent, of saccha* 
 rine matter - . . . 
 
 Centaining more than 50 per cent. 
 
 Alcohol, Iter lOT deg. 
 Mlates— 
 For roofing 
 
 In squares or slalw 
 
 Itatenf dutv In I 
 
 ■ _| 
 
 ISl.d I Ihlil I 
 |)IT IIHIkllot, 
 
 IV. c. 
 
 .'J (I 
 
 prr 100 kiloa. 
 4 U 
 
 •inii.c. I 1.'. p'-- 
 ad voj. I ad vul. 
 
 10 p.c. ad val. 
 Frt'U 
 
 10 p.c. ad v.il. 
 
 per 10(1 kilos, 
 (from Dwemtier I , 
 I IHtill) 
 
 ,'>U (I 
 per 1110 kilo.. 
 
 20 U 
 
 ion 
 \in II 
 
 ilH) 
 
 «o 
 
 .'. 
 
 l.i 
 
 30 (I 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 W O 
 
 Free 
 
 per Kill kilos. 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 iiS 
 
 10 
 
 per hectolitre^ In 
 addition to the 
 Internal tax. 
 S 
 
 per 100 kilos. 
 
 11 
 Same as r.iw nuit^r 
 ptr li(.-(-i<ilitri% It) 
 ndditioii to the 
 internal m\. 
 
 I 'I 
 per l.tino k-.los. 
 
 1 " 
 pfr 100 kilos, 
 
 lU 
 
 Grkkce. 
 
 Caimntiim of Commerce and Navi^atioti between 
 her Britannic Majesty and the King of Greece. 
 Signed at Ixmdon, October 4, 1837. 
 
 Article 1. From and after the exchange of the 
 ratifications of the present convention, Greek ves- 
 sels entering into or departing from the ports of 
 the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 
 and British vessels entering into or departing from 
 the ports of the kingdom of Greece, shall not be 
 subject to any other or higher duties or charges 
 whatever than are or shall be levied on national 
 vessels entering int<> or departing from such ports, 
 respectively. 
 
 2. All articles, the growth, produce, or manu- 
 facture of the dominions of either of the high con- 
 tracting parties, which are cr shall be permitted 
 to be imported into, or exported from the ports of 
 the United Kingdom of Great llritain and Ireland, 
 and of the kingdom of Greece, respectively, in 
 vessels of the one country, shall, in like manner, 
 be permitted to be imported inU) and exported 
 from those ports, in vessels of the other country. 
 
 3. All articles not the growth, produce, or 
 manufacture of the dominions of her Britannic 
 Majesty, which can legally be impoixed from the 
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 
 into the ports of the kingdom of Greece in British 
 ships, shall be subject only to the same duties as 
 are payable upon the like articles if imported in 
 Greek vessels. And, reciprocally, a similar rule 
 shall be observed in the ports of the United King- 
 dom, in respect of all articles not the growth, 
 
 S reduce, or manufacture of the dominions of his 
 lajesty the King of Greece, which can legally be 
 imported into the ports of the United Kingdom in 
 Greek vessels. 
 
 4. All goods, wares, and merchandise, which 
 can legally be imported into the ports of either 
 country, shall be admitted at the same rate of 
 duty, whether imported in national vessels or in 
 vessels of the other country; and all goods, R'aies, 
 and merchandise which can legally be exported 
 from the ports of either country, shall be entitled 
 to the same bounties, drawbacks, and allowances, 
 whether exported in vessels of the one country or 
 in those of the other. 
 
 I .1 
 
 "I 
 
 ii . 1 
 
 
 
 'U 
 
 ■ 1 1(J 
 
 ■'I 
 \i 
 
 I II 
 
 •if 
 
 i.^ 
 
 . i \-'\\. 
 
lino TliKATIKS (f'OMMKWCIAT,) 
 
 T). Neither of llic twd (iovcrniiicnl!), niul im 
 
 
 ■ f 
 
 • i* 
 
 ■I 
 
 !■.•'■' 
 
 r()iii|iiiiiy, <'cir|Hir!itioM. <ir nirciil iictiii:,' nii liili;ill' 
 of, or iiiulcr tlin mitlioril} of citlicr liovcriiiiK nt. 
 >li!ill, in (lie piirrlmsc of iiiiy articli- wliicli is llu' 
 iridwlli, |iro(liic(', or iimiiufiii'turt' of oiu' coiiiilry, 
 ami is iinporli'd into tlu; other, ^ivi', eilluT 
 directly or indirectly, any iiriority or preference 
 on acconnt of or in references to tlu' national ilia- 
 racler of the vcMsel in which Hiich article may he 
 iniporleil ; it liciii'; the trne intent and nieauin;; 
 of the hi);li contracting parlies, that, no distinction 
 or dilVercnce whatever shall be iimdc in this 
 jespecl. 
 
 (!. ;•! onler to avoid anj- inisnnderstandin),' with 
 rcfjnrd to the re^^nlations which may deferniine 
 the conditions wliieh constitute n ISritish or(ircck 
 vessel, it is hereby afrreed that nil vessels built in 
 tlie iloininions of her Itrilainiic Majesty, and all 
 vessels which, linviiifr been captnre<l from an 
 enemy by her Majesty'H ships of war, or by the 
 siibjeolH of her snid Majesty, fnrnished with letters 
 of nianinc by the Lordti (Joininissioners of the 
 Admiralty, siiall have been rcRularly eondemneil 
 ill one of licr snid Majesty's prize eonrts as lawful 
 jiri/e ; nnd all vessels which shall have been con- 
 deinned in niiy competent court, for a breach of 
 the laws made for tlie jirevention of the slave 
 trade ; nnd which siinli be owned, n.ivifated, and 
 rej^islcred aceordiii}^ to the laws of (treat Ib'itain, 
 shall be considered as llritish vessels: nnd that 
 all vessels l)nilt in the territories of (Jrecce, or 
 whi<'li shall have been captured ("ruin an enemy 
 by the ships of war of the (ireek (iovernment, 
 or by (Jrcek subjects furnished with letters of 
 inarqne, nnd shall have been resjularly con- 
 demned in one of the |irizo courts of the kinplom 
 of (ireecc as n lawful prize, nnd which shnll 
 be wholly owned by any subject or subjects of 
 (ireece, and whereof the master and thrce-foiirths 
 of the crew arc subjects of (ireece, shall be con- 
 sider .'d as Greek vcsmIs. 
 
 7. If nny ships of war or merchantmen of the 
 one nation should be wrecke<l on the coasts of I 
 the other, all such j)arts of the said ships of war : 
 or merehantinen, or of the funiittirc or appur- 
 tenances thereof, as also all poods and merchandise 
 ■which shall be snved, or the jiroduce thereof, and 
 likewise the papers found on board the vessel, 
 shall be carefully preserved until they nre claimed 
 by the proprietors, or their n^jcnts duly anthuriscd, 
 or by the respective consuls in whose district such 
 wreck may have taken place, if such claim be 
 preferred within the period fixed by the laws in 
 force in the states of the higlicoiitractiiif; parties; 
 and such consul, proprietor, or agent shall pay 
 only the expenses incurred in the preservation of 
 the" property, and the rate of salvage which would 
 liarc been pnynhle, in the like case, upon a 
 national vessel: and the said goods and merchan- 
 dise saved from the wreck shnll not bo liable to 
 pay duties, unless cleared for local consumption. 
 
 H. Iler liritannic Majesty nnd bis Mnjosty the 
 King of Greece have agreed thnt each of the high 
 contracting parties shall have the right to nomi- 
 nate and appoint consuls-general, consuls, nnd 
 vice-consuls, in nil the ports of the dominions of 
 the other contracting party wherein such consular 
 otBccrs are or may be necessary lor the advance- 
 ment of commerce and for the protection of the 
 trade of the subjects of either crown ; anil it is 
 expressly stipulated that such consuls, of what- 
 ever class, shall, in the country in which they arc 
 stationed, be placed upon the footing of the con- 
 suls of the most favoured nntion. 
 
 9. Her Itritannic Majesty consents to grant to 
 the subjects of his Majesty the King of Greece 
 the same fncilitica and privileges, with respect to 
 
 tlw cominerec! to be carried on in (iriek ves 
 with the llritish diiininioiis in \\w Iv'ist liidic! 
 are 'ir may be enjoyed inider nny treaty or A< 
 I'arliauieiil, by the subjects or citizensof the n 
 favoured nation ; it being always nnderslood | 
 the laws, ruli's, regulations, and restriiiimis wl 
 are or may be applicable to the ships mid snlij 
 of nvy other foreign country, enjoyini; the 
 faisilities and privileges of trading with tlm i 
 iloininions, shall be ei|ually ajiplicabli' to *lie v 
 jecis of the King of (ireece. 
 
 111. All subjects of her liritannic Miijesly sli 
 within the dominions of the King of (ireece. In 
 free as native Greeks to manage their own all 
 themselves, or to commit the management 
 those nfl'nirs to nny other person whom they n 
 ]ilcase to nppoint, as broker, factor, agent, 
 interpreter; nor shnll llritish subjects berestrai 
 ! i iheir choice of persons to act in such ea[ineii 
 nor Ih! called upon to pay niiv salary or reiim 
 ration to any person whom tliey shall not elm 
 to emi)loy. Absolute freedom shall iil.-o Ik> 
 lowed, in all rases, to the buyer and seller 
 bargain together, nnd to fix. as to them mny se 
 meet, the price of any goods, wares, or nierelii 
 disc imported into, or to be exported from, i 
 dominions of the King of Greece, observiii" i 
 laws and established customs of the country. T 
 same privileges shall be enjoyed in the ddn 
 nioiis of her llritAnnic Majesty by the siilijccts 
 bis Majesty the King of Greece, under tlic m 
 cuiiditioiis. 
 
 11. In all that relates to the police of purl.s 
 the hiding and unlading of vessels, and to tl 
 safety of incrchandise, goods, and ell'eets, tlicluc 
 laws and pidicc regulations of each country slia 
 be applied to the subjects of both, without di 
 crimination or distinction; and throughout li 
 whole extent of the territories of each coiitrartiD 
 parly, the subjects of both shall enjoy full .in 
 entire i)rotectioii for their persons a'ml pro|KTti 
 They shall have free and easy access to the ciuir 
 of justice in the prosecution and defence of 
 rig)its, and shall be at liberty to employ 
 lawyers, attorneys, or agents, of whatever ili- 
 miiiation, whom they may deem the best qualili 
 to maintain and defend their interests ; il Ih' 
 understood that they shall conform, in this 
 spect, to the obligations imposed upon native 
 jecis by the laws of the country. In nil 
 copcerns the administration of justice, they s 
 enjoy the same jirivileges, rights, and fraiiclii: 
 that belong to natives; and in none of these 
 they be subject to any other duty or lax than 
 imposed upon natives. They shall be exempt 
 from all compulsory niilitnry service, eitbcr ' 
 sen or by land ; no forced loan shall be iiiii* 
 upon them ; nnd their property shnll be siib 
 to no other charge, requisition, or tnx, than tin 
 to which the property of natives shall be Hal ' 
 
 12. Her Majesty the Queen of the United Ki 
 doin of ( jreat Hritain and Ireland, and liis Maji 
 the King of (ireece, agree that the Hiinjecls oi' 
 respective countries shall enjoy, within ilic 
 minions of the other, the full benefit of the cm 
 pletp toleration and [irotcction for the profo; 
 (pf all religious opinions, which at present esi 
 in both countries by law. 
 
 13. It shall be free for the subjects of her 
 tannic Majesty residing in the dominions nl i 
 King of (ireece, and for the subjects of his Jj 
 jesty the King of (ireece residing in the li 
 minions of her liritannic Majesty, to ilispo* 
 Iheir property, of every description, by «iil 
 testament, as they may judge fit; and if si 
 llritish subject shall die in the territories of t- 
 King of Greece, or any Greek subject shall die 
 
 ■ the 
 
 th 
 
 
 
 ly 
 
i,,carric.l m in <"<'U voss.l. 
 ,n,ini»nHin llio Ivist liidu's, ns 
 veil iiiidor «iiv trt'iityor Actdl 
 siilmM'ts or (•iti/<'ii'<<il' ll"' miisi 
 
 I liriiin nlwiivs un.l.TstcMHl tliMi 
 ilutioiis, iiiiil rfHtri.linnKwtii.il 
 ical.l.' to till- Hliii'^ !<"'' Ki'ly';;!" 
 ,rn (■miiilrv, cnjoymu' < i"' "k. 
 ilcKCs of lru.iill^! Willi tin; xiii.l 
 ,. ,.,,u.illy !ii>|.liciil)!<' to tlu' siili. 
 
 if (i rem-. . ,, . . , „ 
 
 of liiT Itritnnnic Mnjci'ly shnll, 
 oiiHofthe KinKoftimrcl.cn'. 
 i.ks 10 mniinKC tlu'ir own allairs 
 , commit tliu mamiKfincnl dl 
 V other iioTMon wliom they niny 
 L «>. lirokcr, factor, nnfiit, ..r 
 mil IJritisliHulm'itu Vic rcstraini.l 
 niTKoiiH to act in snch lapaiMlic!.. 
 
 II to imv nnv salary or rciiiuni'- 
 •Mon whom thcv fhall not .lui.w 
 olnto freciloin "shall al.-o Ik- al- 
 ses to till! linytT niid hcIIit t.. 
 
 nn'il to fix. as to thoin may wcni 
 
 • niiy nooilf, wares, or iiHTclian- 
 ito or to he cxportfil from, tli.' 
 c Kint! of Grcoi'i', ol.sprvins liic 
 hcil customB of tho country. Vw 
 
 shall he cnjovi'il in tin- (Imri- 
 tannic Majesty hy tlu; mitiji'ct»..f 
 Kiiit; of Oroi'cp, uiiiU'r tlic sami' 
 
 t relates to the yMcv of |>iiri:i, lo 
 Hiilailing of vessels, and I" tlic 
 .lulise, floods, and clVects, lliel.Kiil 
 reRiilalionsof each coimliy i-liail 
 he subjects of both, willioiit di'- 
 dislinction; and throughout, ilic 
 the territories of each coiUraclin; 
 ects of both shall enjoy full ami 
 11 for tlioir persons and pmixrly. 
 
 • free aii'.'i easy access to the c.iurts 
 . -prosecution and defence of llicir 
 ill! he at liberty to employ the 
 Bvs, or npents, of whatever il.iw- 
 j' they may deem the bestqualilinl 
 d deleiul their interests ; it km; 
 t they shall conform, in tins rf- 
 licalions imposed upon native siil- 
 aws of the country. In nil Ito 
 iministration of justice, tlioy sli,i.i 
 3 privileges, rif,'hls, and fraiiclm.s 
 natives; and in none of these sha,l 
 t to any other duty or lax than i- 
 liativcH'. They shall he ex.'nipli'l 
 lulsory n.ilitary service, cilbcr h) 
 [• iioVorccd loan shall be iiiip"M-l 
 n'cl their property shall be subjcc. 
 irKC, renulsition. or tax, than Hoc 
 ropcrty of natives shall be liahl.'. 
 
 iPstv the Queen of the United K,n;^ 
 Jritain and Ireland, and Ills Maios 
 
 recce, nfcrce that the suiycctsoi f 
 ntrie shall enjoy, witlmi the ^^^ 
 c other, the full benefit of the CO.- 
 n and protection for the iiroi.;».-" 
 s oi.iiiions, which at present exi^t^ 
 
 •ies by law. ,, • 
 
 bo fric for the subjects of he 1. 
 
 |y residiPL' in the dominions of kf 
 !cVand^"r the subjects of «>J- 
 
 „,; of (Ireece residing intlM 
 •r^Iiritannic Majesty;, to ..spo. 
 
 ., of every description, by 11 
 \hey mayjudKclit; am > » 
 ctshalldierntheternton 
 
 !ce, or any Greek subject slialHi«'» 
 
 TKl'.ATIKS (C0M.MI:K('I.\L) 
 
 ilic territories of the Queen of (Jreat Hritain, 
 without will or testament, the respective consuls 
 „r vii I'i'oiisiils shall exereist! the ri;;ht of adini- 
 iiittcriiif; to the proprny of subjects of their nation 
 M) (Ivil.,; intestate, lor the benelit of the leKilimate 
 heirs to such property, and of the credilors upon 
 • ho estate, so far as the laws of tho respective 
 ,'oniitries shall admit. 
 II. The lii);h contractini; parties a^ree that 
 
 llie ^ilipulations of the prese'ii :'onvenlion shall 
 
 |h< applicable to (iibraltar and to the ishunl ol 
 
 Malta. 
 |,'i. The present convention shall be in force for 
 
 10 vears from the date of the cxcliaiif;e i.f the 
 
 luiilicatioiis tliereof; and further, until tin! end of 
 
 IJ iiuiiillis after either of the liij;h contraetinp; 
 
 narlii't shall have fjiven notice to the other of its 
 
 inteiilieii to termiiwile the same; each of llio hif;h 
 
 coiitrai'linn parties reserving to itself the rif;ht of 
 
 ;;iviii(,' such notice to the other at the end of the 
 
 To years above inentionoil, or at any other period 
 
 after that time ; and it is hereby atirecd between 
 
 thi'in, that at the expiration of 12 months after 
 
 Mich notice shall have been received by either 
 
 partv from the other, this convention, am! all the 
 
 lirovisi.'iis thereof, shall altogether cease ami de- 
 
 Icnniiie. 
 l(i. The present convention shall ho rati- 
 
 lleil, mill the ratilicattons shall be exchaii;;eil 
 
 at I.iiiidoii, within :i months from the date 
 
 l.l'ITIll'. 
 
 Ill witness whereof, the respe.itive pli'nipoten- 
 liaricM have si;;iied the same, and have atlixod 
 th.Tclii the seals of their arms. 
 
 l).iiie at London, the Ith day of October, in the 
 vear .if our Lord IHIt". 
 
 I'.M.MKItSTDN. 
 TuiCOt'I'I. 
 
 1137 
 
 An ii'-iler in council, dated .Inly .'), 18iW, directs 
 lliat (ircek vessels, entering or departing from the 
 IKiits of the United Kingdom of (ireat ISritain 
 ami Ireland, together with the cargoes on board 
 the same (such cargoes consisting of arlii'les 
 whii'h may bo legally imported or export.Ml), 
 sliall not be subject to any other or higher duti.'s 
 or charges whatever than are or shall bo levied 
 oil llritisli vessels entering or departing from sueh 
 ports, iir on similar articles, when imported iiilo 
 iir exported from such ports in such vessels ; ami, 
 .nlso, such articles, when exported frmn the said 
 polls in Greek vessels, shall be entitled to the 
 same bounties, drawbacks, and allowances th.it 
 are ;,'rantcd on similar articles when exported in 
 Urilish vessels. 
 
 IL\SSE TONVN.S. 
 
 Cii)iicii/i()n o/ Commerce hetween his Britannic 
 M((jeiili/ and the Free llanneatic Republics of 
 J.uherk, Bremen, and Hamburg, Signed at Lun- 
 iluH, September '211, 18"25. 
 
 Article 1. From and after the date hereof, Bri- 
 tish vessels entering or departing from the ports 
 of the free Haiiscatic republics of Liibeck, Bremen, 
 or Hamburg ; and Lubeck, IJremen, or Hamburg 
 vessels entering or departing from the ports of 
 the United Kingdom of (Jrcat liritain and Ire- 
 land, shall not Iks subject to any other or higher 
 ship duties or charges than are or shall be levied 
 on national vessels entering or departing from 
 such ports respectively. 
 
 2. All gowls, whether the production of the 
 territories of the free Haoscatic republics of Lu- 
 beck, Bremen, or Hamburg, or of any other coun- 
 try, which may be legally imported from any of 
 the ports of the said republics into the United 
 Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in British 
 
 vessels, shall, in like manner, he permitted to be 
 imporleil in Luheck, Bremen, or llanibiirg vessels; 
 and all goods, whether the productions of any of 
 the dominions of his Britaniii.. Maji-sty, or of aiiv 
 other country, which may be legally exporte.l 
 from tho (Hirtsof Iho United Kiiigdoin in British 
 vessels, shall, in like manner, bo permitted to 
 be . xported from tin; saiil ports in Lubeck, Bre- 
 men, or Hamliiiig vessels. And all goods, which 
 may bo legally imported into or exported fio.n 
 the ports of l.ubeck. Bremen, or Hamburg, iu 
 national vessels, .shall, in like manner, bo pei- 
 niilled to be iinporle.l into or exported from the 
 ports of Lubeck, Bremen, or Hamburg, in British 
 vessels. 
 
 ;!. All goods which can bo legally imported info 
 the ports of the I'nited Kingdom directly from the 
 ports of Lubeck, Bremen, or Hamburg, or either of 
 llieiii, shall be admitted at the same rate of duty, 
 whether imported in British vessels, or iu vessels 
 1)1 l.mgiiig to either of tho said republics ; and all 
 goods which can bo legally exported from the 
 United King.lom, slmll ho entitled to the Jiami' 
 bounties, drawbacks, and allowances, whether ex- 
 ported in British or Hanseatic vessels. And the 
 like reciprocity shall bo obsi-rvcd in the ports of 
 the said republics, in respect to all goods which 
 can bo legally imported into or exported from any 
 or either of tho said jiorts in vessels behniging tu 
 the United Kingdom. 
 
 'I. No priority or preference shall bo given, di- 
 rectly or indirectly, by any or either of tho con- 
 tracting parties, nor by any company, e.irporation, 
 or agent, acting on their behalf or under their 
 authority, in the purchase of any article, the 
 growth, produce, or manufacture of their states 
 respectively, imported into tho other, on account 
 of or in reference to tho character of the vessel in 
 which such article was imported ; it being tlii' 
 true intent anil meaning of ihe high contracting 
 parties that no distinction or dill'ci-ciii.e whatever 
 shall be made in this respect. 
 
 .5. In consideration of tho limited extent of tho 
 territories belonging to the republics of Lubeck, 
 Bremen, and Hamburg, and the intimate connec- 
 tion of trade and imvigation subsisting between 
 these republics, it is hereby Htipul.ited and agreed, 
 that any vessel which shall have been built in 
 any or cither of tho ports of the said repiiblics, 
 and which shall bo owned exclusively by a citi- 
 zen or citizens of any or cither of them, and of 
 which tho master shall also be a citizen of either 
 of them, and provided J of the crew shall be sub- 
 jects or citizens of any or either of the said re- 
 publics, or of any or either of the stoles comprised 
 in tho Germanic Confederation, such vessel, so 
 built, owned, and navigated, shall, for all the pur- 
 poses of this convention, bt t-kcn to bo anil be 
 considi-red as a vessel belonging to Lubeck, Bre- 
 men, or HoMburg. 
 
 (1. Ai'> vessel, together with her cargo, belong- 
 ing to either of tho throe free Hanseatic republics 
 of Luheck, Bremen, or Hamburg, and coming from 
 either of the said porta to the United Kingdom, 
 shall, for all the purposes of this convent'. a, be 
 deemed to come from the countij to which such 
 vessel belongs ; and any British vessel and her 
 cargo trading to the ports of Lubeck, firemen, 
 or Hamburg, directly or in succession, shall, 
 for the like purposes, be on tho footing of a Han- 
 seatic vessel and her cargo making the same 
 voyage. 
 
 7. It is further mutually agreed that no higher 
 or ether duties shall be levied, in any or either of 
 the states of the high contracting parties, upon 
 any personal property of the subjects and citizens 
 of each respectively, c . the removal of the same 
 
 
 ' i I 
 
 I i 
 
 'ill 
 
 
 • J .' 
 t 
 
 i ft: 
 '"; if* 
 
1438 
 
 1..'. 
 
 TUKATIKH (COMMERCIAL) 
 
 s ' • 
 
 I.-';. ' 
 
 
 ■ J 
 
 
 '. I 
 
 ..i 
 
 Inmi the iluniiiiioiiH ur tfrritury tif micU hIuU'm 
 (I'iilior iijioii the iiilieritauco of biu'li iiropcriv, or 
 KiliiTwi.sc), tliiiti moor Hlmll bn pnyaliU', in imu'Ii 
 sl.'itc, upon tlif liko property when Voiiiovod by a 
 Milijcct or citi/.tMi ofNU(!li Htiito rcspcotivfly. 
 
 H. Tlio liif^li contrnctinK pnrtioH rcsrrvc to 
 tlicinsc'lvt's tu ciittT ii|ioii iiilditioiinl stipiiliition.s 
 for the piirpoxoof t'licilitatiii); and i-xtt'iiiliii};, (<v('ii 
 licyoiid what in coiiiprcliciuU'd in the; ooiivi'iition 
 of this date, tho coniriu'rcial rchkltoiiN of tliuir 
 rcspectivo Hulijui't-s and doniinioii^t, oiti/ciiH, and 
 lerritorios, upon tlic principle either of reeipineal 
 or e(juivalent advantiigufl, an the, ease may be ; 
 and, HI the event of any article or ariiulo.s being 
 coneliided between the Haid liifjli contracting 
 liartie.1, for );ivin>; eflect to such stipulations, it. is 
 lierebv ajjrecd thnt the article or articles wiiich 
 may fiereaftcr be ho concluded nhall be considered 
 as lonniiig part of the present convention. 
 
 !), The present convention shall b(( in force for 
 the term of 10 years from the date hereof; and 
 I'lirther, until the end of 12 months after the King 
 of tiic United Kingdom of Great Dritain and 
 Ireland, on the one part, or the (lovernmcnts of 
 the free Hanseatic republics of Lubeck, Hremen, 
 or Hamburg, or either of them, on the other [lart, 
 shall have given notice of their intention to ter- 
 minate the same; each of the said high contract- 
 ing parties reserving to itself the right of giving 
 such notice to the other at the end of the said 
 term of 10 years ; and it is hereby agreed between 
 them, that, at the expiration of 12 months ufter 
 snch notice shall have been received by either of 
 the parties from the other, this convention, and 
 nil the iirovisions thereof, shall altogether cease 
 and determine, aa far as regards the states giving 
 imd receiving such notice ; it being illways 
 understood and agreed, that, if one or more of 
 tl)c Hanseatic rei>ublics aforesaid shall, nt the 
 expiration of 10 years from the date hereof, give 
 or receive notice of the pro|)osed termination of 
 this convention, such convention shall, neverthe- 
 less, remain in full force and operation, as far as 
 regards the remaining Hanseatic republics or 
 republic which may not have given or received 
 such notice. 
 
 10. The present convention shall be ratified, 
 and the ratitication shall be exchanged at London, 
 within one month from the date hereof, or sooner 
 if possible. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective plenipoten- 
 tiaries have signed the same, and have affixed 
 thereto the seals of their arms. 
 Dune at London, September 29, 1825. 
 
 Gkokoe Canning. 
 
 W. HlSKISSON. 
 JAMKS COLQtIlIOVN. 
 
 Supplementary Convention to the Treaty of Com- 
 merce and Navigation of September 2"J, 1825, 
 between the Senates of the Free Hanseatic 
 Cities of Ltibech, Bremen, and Hamburg, and 
 her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and 
 Ireland, Signed at Loncbn, August 3, 1841. 
 
 Article 1. The senate of the free Hanseatic 
 cities of Lubeck, Bremen, and Hamburg, hereby 
 agree that British vessels coming from countries 
 not being part of the dominions of her Britannic 
 Majesty, shall hcncefonvard, together with their 
 cargoes, be ailmitted into the ports of Lubeck, 
 Bremen, and Hamburg, and all vessels shall on 
 their admission pay dues not higher nor other 
 than tliose which shall be paid in similar circum- 
 stances by vessels belonging to Lubeck, Bremen, 
 or Hamburg, and the duties to be paid upon the 
 cargoes of such British vessels shall not bo higher 
 nor other than if such cargoes had been imported 
 
 in vessels belonging l» Lubeck, llrcnien, o 
 Ilanibnrg. And in consideration thereof, he 
 Britaniii(^ Majesty agrees that from and alter Ihi 
 date of tiie exchange of the ratitication of tlii 
 present c<invenli<)n, the vessels of the said frci 
 Hanssatic republics of Lubeck, Uremcii, an( 
 Hamburg, when coming from Hanseatic pdriii, 
 shall, together with their cargoes, be ndinitlvil 
 into the ports of all her Itritanuic MajestyV 
 possessions ; and such vessels shall, on theii 
 admission, pay clues not higher nor other than 
 tliose which shall lie paid in similar circum.stiuii'0.4 
 by British vessels; and the duties to be pai(| 
 upon the cargoes of siu-h Hanseatic vessels ahall 
 not be higher nor other than if such cargoes li;i.| 
 been imported in llritish vessels. 
 
 2. In consideratiiin of the privileges extemW 
 to British t rado and navigation by the lirst iirticle 
 of the iircsent convention, her Britannic Majesty 
 further agrees that all goods, being the pruiiuonuf 
 the slates of the free Hanseatic cities of Liibcek, 
 Bremen, and Hamburg, or of the other states ui' 
 the (iermanic ('oiifedcralioii, or of the states cora- 
 ])rised in the (jerrnanic Union of Customs, ainl 
 which may be imported in any foreign vcsjoli 
 fr.in the [lorts of Lubeck, Bremen, and HamburK, 
 or from any port situated on the Kibe or W'eser, 
 into till! ports of the British possessions abroad, 
 incluiling (Vibraltar and Malta, shall also be per- 
 mitted to bo imporled frtim the said ports cf the 
 free cities of Lubeck, Hreiiien, and llambiirf,', into 
 the iiiirts of the said British p<isscssi(ins abruad, 
 including Gibraltar and Malta, in vessels beloii;;- 
 iug to Lubeck, Bremen, and Hamburg, built, 
 owiu'd, and navigated as stipulated in the tiftli 
 article of the conventic-^ of commerce and navi- 
 gation, concluded on the 29th of September, ISiJ, 
 between Great Britain on the one part, and the 
 free Hanseatic cities of Lubeck, Bremen, and 
 Hamburg, on the other part ; and such goods, 
 wares, and merchandise being the produce of thp 
 free Ilanaeatic republics, or of the other states of 
 the Germanic Confederation, or of the states of 
 the Germanic Union of Customs, and so importeil 
 in Hanseatic vessels into the ports of the naid 
 British possessions abroad, including Gibraltar 
 and Malta ; and all goods, wares, and merchandise 
 exported in Hanseatic vessels, built, owned, and 
 navigated as aforesaid, from the ports of the 
 British possessions abroad, including Gibraltar 
 and Malta, to any foreign country whatever, shall 
 jiay no other or higher duties than if the same 
 were importe<l or exported in British vessel?. 
 
 8. The present convention, which shall be 
 considered as supplemcntaiy to the convention 
 concluded between Great Britain id the free 
 Hanseatic- republics on the 29th of September, 
 1825, shall be ratifled, and the ratifications shall 
 be exchanged at London as soon as pcsdible 
 within the space of six weeks. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective plenijioten- 
 tiarics have signed tho some, and have affixed the 
 seals of their arras. 
 
 Uone at London, on the 3rd day of August, in 
 the year of our Lord 1841. 
 
 Pai-mf.kstos. 
 Banks. 
 
 By an order iu council dated SepterabiT !l, 
 1841, her Majesty is pleased to order that all 
 goods being the produce of tho states of the free 
 Hanseatic cities of Lubeck, Bremen, and Ham- 
 burg, or of tho other states of the Germanic Con- 
 federation, or of the states comprised in the 
 Germanic Union of Customs, and which may be 
 imported in any foreign vessels from the ports of 
 Lubeck, Bremen, and Hamburg, or from any 
 port situated on the Elbe or Wcsar into tie 
 
1 UHATIES (C0MMI:KCI AL) 
 
 1439 
 
 to LulH'ok, Hroiiu-n, 'it 
 couHulcrutioii thcro..t, ur 
 ecu that from uml "liBrtlu' 
 , of Iho ratiticaliou ot tliu. 
 1,0. voHscls of tho Httul trto 
 „f Liitu'ck, brcnieii, and 
 ;i„,r from Unnsfiitu'. p.iti- 
 ,l„.ir earn...-.., b'' '«'l»"ti.4 
 
 I her nriiuumi'. Miijosu s 
 ,.h viu^i-ls slrnll, on llu'it 
 
 not biL'ho.r nor otlicr tluui 
 „»i.\ in Himilar cir'Utnstaiuy* 
 ' and th« .Uitiw 10 1.0 i«.| 
 
 wt tliiin if sui'li cargoes h:ul 
 lisli vt'Hscls. 
 
 , of tlic i,riviU'p'>',<'xUniWa 
 naviL'iitioii by the lir»l nriiole 
 ntioii, hor Britminic Majesty 
 Unoo.\s,beiiiKtlici>voauoo..ii 
 i! Ilansoatic cities ol LiiLcd. 
 iirtr. or of tho other states „i 
 ilcration, or of the states cum- 
 anio Union of Oistoms. aii.l 
 iortccl in any foreijiu vcsh'K 
 ibcck, Bremen, Olid Uambur;', 
 timlcd on tho Elbcor\\c«r, 
 K' British possessions nlmiad, 
 . niid Malta, shall also be per- 
 ted from tho said ports if the 
 k BrenuMi, and lliimlmi-t,', into 
 id Brili-ih possessions abruuil, 
 r ami Malta, in vessels belons;- 
 Jremen, and Ilamliurn, built. 
 iited as stipulated in ibe m\ 
 (.ntic- of commerce and navi- 
 nn the 29th of September, 8i.i, 
 •itain on tho one part, and tlio 
 ities of Lubeck, Bremen, ami 
 5 other part; and such gwxU, 
 (indise being tho produce o thf 
 nibUc9,orof tho other states of 
 nfederntion, or of the states ot 
 ion of Customs, and so imported 
 Lels into tho ports of the « 
 '„ abroad, including Gibratar 
 
 II goods, wares, and merchandise 
 leatic vessels, built, owned a«d 
 
 .rcsaid, from the ports of the 
 
 „s abroad, including GibraUa 
 foreiim country whatever, shall 
 higher duties than if the same 
 exported in British vessels 
 
 ■ invention, which shall be 
 .pletnentory to the cotivcnW 
 
 len Great Britain >d the rec 
 toonthe29thof Septemte, 
 tifled. and the ratifications shaU 
 f LoAdon as soon as possible 
 
 Kfthf S;pective plenipoten- 
 fithosaracandhaveathxcKlthe 
 
 P; on the 3rd day of August, in 
 ordl841. p^,,,„„,os. 
 
 Banks. 
 In council dated September IJ, 
 
 Ity is pleased to o'^", ll^fl!^ 
 IpUuco of the states beta 
 
 I of Lubeck, Bremen, and. Ham 
 Iher states of tho GemiameC; 
 
 if the states comprised m ^e 
 l of Customs, and wh.clma^l« 
 foreignyessels from the por«o 
 
 iKirtH of the Itritish iiosHusNioiiH abroad, including 
 
 (.lilmillar and Maltii, hIuiII also be permitted to bo 
 
 imported from tlio siiid ports of thu freu cities of 
 
 Lubeck, Un^ineii, and Hamburg, into the ports of 
 
 the said llritisli possessions abroad, including 
 
 (iibriiitu'' and Multn, in vessels belonging to 
 
 bulieck, Bremen, and liamburg, built, owned, 
 
 and iiiivignted as stipulated in tho llltli article of 
 
 th(^ convention of conimerce and navigation, eon- 
 
 chulcd on tho '29th of September, 1«25, between 
 
 (ircat Britain on the ouu part, and the freu 
 
 llunsoatiit cities of Lulieck, Bronien, and lliiin- 
 
 liurg oil tho other part ; and such goods, being 
 
 the produce of tho free llanseatio republics, or of 
 
 the oilier states of tho (iernianic Confederation. 
 
 (ir (d' tho states of the (iermanio Union of 
 
 Customs, and i:o imnurted in Hansealiu vessels 
 
 inli) tho ports of I lie said British possessions 
 
 abrund, iiu'l'iding Gibraltar and Malta, and all 
 
 miotls expoi-ttil ill llanseatio vessels, built, 
 
 owned, and navigated us aforesaid, from the 
 
 ixirls of the llr.Uisb possessions abroad, including 
 
 (iibmltar and Malta, to any foreign country 
 
 whatever, shall 'lay no other or higher duties 
 
 tliaii if the same wero im|)ortcd or exported in 
 
 llritish vessels. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Trmli/ of Commerce and Navigation between her 
 MujnIiJ 'i»d the King of Italy, Signed at 
 Turin, August ti, 1803. Ratijicaiions K.ichanyed 
 nt London, October 29, 18G3. 
 
 Article I. There shall bo between all the domi- 
 nions ami possessions of the two high contracting 
 iiarties reciprocal freedom of cominerco and luivi- 
 u'ation. The subjects of each of the two con- 
 uacting parties, respectively, shall have liberty 
 freely and securely to come, with their ships and 
 artfoes, to all places, ports, and rivers in the 
 duminions and possessions of tho other, to which 
 other foreigners are or may be permitted to come; 
 and shall, throughout tho whole extent of tho 
 Jomiuions and possessions of tho other, enjoy tho 
 same rights, privileges, liberties, favours, immu- 
 nities, and exemptions in matters of commerce 
 and navigation, which are or may be enjoyed by 
 native subjects generally. 
 
 t. No other or hifi^her duties shall bo imposed 
 on the importation into tho dominions and pos- 
 sessions of her Britannic Majesty, of any article 
 the produce or manufacture ot the dominions and 
 possesfions of his Majesty the King of Italy, from 
 whatever place arriving, and no other or higher 
 duties shall be imposed on the importation into 
 tlic dominions and possessions of his Majesty tho 
 King of Italy, of any article the produce or monu- 
 faituto of her Britannic Mojesty's dominions end 
 jiossessions, from whatever place arriving, than 
 are or may bo payable on tho like article, the pro- 
 duce or manufacture of any other foreign country ; 
 nor shall any prohibition be maintained or imposed 
 on the importation of any article the produce or 
 manufacture of the dominions and possessions of 
 either of the contracting porties into the dominions 
 and possessions of the other, which shall not 
 equally extend to the importation of tho like 
 articles being the produce or manufacture of any 
 other auntry. 
 
 flis Majesty the King of Italy further engages 
 that he will not prohibit the importation into his 
 dominions and possessions of any article the pro- 
 duce or manufacture of the dominions and pos- 
 sessions of her Britannic Majesty, from whatever 
 place arriving, 
 3. No other or higher duties or charges shall 
 
 ('it her of the contracting (larties, on tho ex- 
 portation of any article to the ilominioim ami 
 piHNCs.-'ioMs of the other, than such as arc, or may 
 hi', payable on tho exportation of the like iirticlo 
 to any other foreign couiitry; nor shall any pro- 
 hibition hi: imposed on the exportation of aiiv 
 article from tlu; dominions and possessions of 
 either of the two contracting jiarlies to the 
 doiriinioi).-. and possessions of the other, which 
 shall not eipially extend to the export'ition of tho 
 like article to any other country. 
 
 4, The subjects of one of the contracting parties 
 shall enjoy, ill the iloiniinoiis and possessions of 
 tho other, equality of treatment wil!i native sub- 
 jects in all that relates to tho transit trade; and 
 also in regard to warehousing, bounties, facilities, 
 and drawbacks, 
 
 f). All articles which are or may ho legally im- 
 ))orlable into the )iorts of tho dominions and 
 possessions of her Britannic Majesty in British 
 vessels, may likewise !» imported into those ports 
 in Italian vessels, without being liable to any 
 other or higher '.liitics or charges, of whatever 
 denomuiatioii, than if such articles were imported 
 ill Itritish vessels ; and reciprocally, all artieb's 
 which urn or may lie legally iinportablo into the 
 ports of tho dominions and possessions of his 
 Majesty tho King of Italy in Italian vessels, may 
 likewise he imported iuto those ports in British 
 vessels, without being liable to any . other or 
 higher duties or charges, of whatever denomina- 
 tion, than if such articles were imported in Italian 
 vessels. Such reciprocal equality of treatment 
 shall take etl'cct without distinction, whether such 
 artii'les come directly from tho place of origin, or 
 from any other place. 
 
 In the same manner there shall bo perfect 
 equality of treatment in regard to exportation, so 
 that tho same export duties shall be paid, and 
 the same bounties and drawbacks allowed, in the 
 dominions and possessions of cither of the con- 
 tracting parties, on the exportation of any article 
 which IS or may bo legally exportable therefrom, 
 whether such exportation shall take place in 
 Italian or in British vessels, and whatever may 
 bu the place of destination, whether a port of 
 cither of tho contracting parties or of any third 
 Power. 
 
 G. No duties of tonnage, harbour, pilotage, light- 
 house, (quarantine, or other similar or correspond- 
 ing duties, of whatever nature, or under whatever 
 denomination, levied in tho name or for tho profit 
 of Government, public functionaries, private indi- 
 viduals, corporations, or establishinents of any 
 kind, shall bo imposed in tho ports of the do- 
 minions and possessions of either country upon 
 tho vessels of tho other country, which shall not 
 equally and under the same conditions be imposed 
 in tho like cases on national vessels in general. 
 Such equality of treatment shall apply reciprocally 
 to the respective vessels, from whatever port or 
 place they may arrive, and whatever maybe their 
 place of destination. 
 
 7. In all that regards tho stationing, loading, 
 and unloading of vessels in the ports, basins, 
 docks, roadsteads, harbours, or rivers of the do- 
 minions and possessions of the two countries, 
 no privilege shall be granted to national vessels 
 which shall not bo equally granted to vessels of 
 the other country ; the intention of the contracting 
 parties being that in this respect also the re- 
 spective vessels shall bo treated on the footing of 
 perfect equality. 
 
 8. The contracting parties agree that, in regard 
 to the coasting trade, the vessels and subjects of 
 
 I each contracting party shall enjoy, in the domi- 
 
 !^ "! 
 
 L and Hamburfti or frpro *y ^H be imposed in tho dominions and possessions of I nions and possessions of the other,' the same privi- 
 
' '■,.*.■ 
 
 ■ ) 
 
 ■ ■-'.* '■ 
 
 il 
 
 
 •' ■'('• 
 
 r I 
 
 
 lUO TREATIK>i (( 
 
 li'f;(>», mill »liull Ijp tionlod in all rcHpti t.s in tliu 
 Hiinio iimiiiivr, ua ualiuiiol vcitHuU out! uutive Mill- 
 
 j.'CtH. 
 
 Tlio iirovi.sidim <if thii Arficln slmll, Imwi'Ver, 
 iiH roH|H'it^ 111!' ciiliiniiil const in;; trade, hi! dccint'd 
 to cxlirid only to the coiiNtin;; triidu of such nl' 
 tli(! mlimiid |ios»ossir)iis «t' her llrilannic Miiji'sty 
 IIS iniiy luivo iicliiiimi'il or nmy licrcaficr pctitinn 
 her Majesty, under the provisions id' the Act 
 relaiin;; thereto, lo throw ojien their cuaxtin;; 
 trade to f()rei;,'n vessels. 
 
 !l. All vessels which neoordin;; to Ilritishlnwnre 
 to he deemed llritish vesselH, and nil vessels which 
 according to Italian law are to Lo deemed Italian 
 vessels, shall for the purposes of this treaty he 
 <leenie(l British and Italian vessels respectively. 
 
 1(1. The contracting parties agree that in all 
 luntters relating to commerce aiul navigation, anv 
 privilegc, favour, or immunity whatever, which 
 either contracting party has actually granted, or 
 may hercofter grant, to the subjects or citizens of 
 any other State, chall ho extended immediately 
 nnil iinctmditionally to the suhjccts or citizens of 
 the other contracting parly; it being their in- 
 tention that the trade and navigation of each 
 country shall ho place<l, in all respects, hy the 
 other on the footing of the most favoured nation. 
 11. Any import duty levied a<l volorem in the 
 territories" of his Majc sly the King of Italy shall 
 he calculated on the value nt the place of jiro- 
 duclion or fabrication of the object imported, with 
 the addition of the cost of transport, insurance, 
 and commission necessary for tiie importation into 
 Italy, its dominions and possesions, as fur as the 
 port of discharge. 
 
 I'or the levying of these duties, the importer 
 shall make a written declaration at the custom- 
 house, stating the value and description of the 
 goods imported, with the addition aforesaid. If 
 the custom-houso authorities shall be of opinion I 
 that the declared value is insuincient, they shall 
 he at liberty to take the goods on paying 'to the 
 importer the price declared, with an addition of b 
 jKT cent. 
 
 This payment, together with the restitution of 
 any duty which may have been levie<l upon such 
 goods, shall he made within the 15 days following 
 ihi' declaration. 
 
 V2. The subjects of each of the contracting 
 parties shall have, in the dominions and pos- 
 sessions of tlie other, the same rights as native 
 sidijects in regard to trade-marks and designs of 
 every descrii)t ion applicable to articles of maini- 
 lacturc. 
 
 l.'{. It shall l)c free for each of the contracting 
 parlies to an]ioint consuls-general, consuls, vice- 
 consids, and Consular agents, to reside in the 
 towns and ports of the dominions and possessions 
 of the. other. Such consuls-general, consids, 
 vice-consuls, and consular agents, however, shall 
 not enter upon their functions until after they 
 shall have been approved and admitted, in the 
 usual form, by the Govemmi to which they 
 are sent. They shall exercise wliatever functions, 
 and enioy whatever privileges, exemptions, and 
 immunities are or shall be granted there to con- 
 suls of the most favoured nation. 
 
 14. The si'bjects of each of the contracting 
 parties, confuiming themselves to the laws of the 
 countrv : — 
 
 1. Siinll have full liberty, with their families, 
 to enter, travel, v.' reside in any part of the 
 dominions and posst^sions of the other contrac- 
 ting party. 
 
 2. They shall be permittctl to hire or possess 
 the houses, manufactories, warehouses, shops, and 
 {>rcraises, which may be necessary for them. 
 
 those which are or may bo imposed upon nnt 
 
 ;ommi:rcial) 
 
 II, They may carry on their cinimerce, eit 
 in person or by any agents whom they may tli 
 lit to employ. 
 
 4, They nhall not be subject, in respect of t| 
 |)orsonN or properly, or in respect nl passp.i 
 licenses lor residenci' or eslablislinii'nt, nor ni 
 s|H'ct of their commerce or iiuluslry, to any tm 
 whether general or hicnl, nor to impimts or olill 
 tions of any kind whatever, other or greater tl 
 
 licli I 
 Hiibjecls. 
 
 l"*). The subjects of each of the contract! 
 parties in the dominions and possessions of i 
 other shall be exem])ted from all cotnpidsu 
 military service whatever, whether in the nrn 
 navy, lir national guard or militia. They .sh 
 he equally exempted from all judicial ami mm 
 ciiial functions whatever, as well as from all in 
 Irihutions, whether pecuniary or mi kind, iiii|iii. 
 as a compensation for personal service; nii 
 llnally, from forced loans ond military' cxactio 
 or rei|uisitions. 
 
 l(i. The subjects of each of the contractiiii; pu 
 ties in the dominions and possessions of the nth 
 shall be at full liberty to acquire, possess, niiil i 
 
 ' upon 
 
 Mil. 
 
 .■ll t. 
 
 iiose of every description of property whii'h il 
 laws of the country maj' permit any loreigiiorn, i 
 whatsoever nation, to acquire and posseas. Tlit 
 may acquire and dispose of the same, whether b 
 purchase, sale, donation, exchange, niarrin;,'o, lo 
 tament, succession tib intentato, or in any utlic 
 manner, under the same conditions as are ratali 
 lished by the laws of the country for all forcipior.* 
 Their heirs and representatives may succoeil i. 
 and take possession of such property, either ii 
 person or by agents acting on their behalf, in tin 
 t^ame manner and in the same legal forms a- 
 subjects of the country. In the absence of hi'ir< 
 and representatives the property shall be Ircntal 
 in the same manner as the like iiropertv iH'lonjjiii;' 
 to a subject of I he country under similar circuin-l 
 stances. I 
 
 In none of these respects shall they pay 
 the value of such property any other or "iii;;ii 
 impost, duty, or charge, than is payable by 
 jects of the country. In every case the iM 
 of the contracting parties shall be permittel 
 export their property, or the proceeds thereof 
 sold, freely, and without being sulijo eilonsm 
 exportation to pay any duty as foreigners, or 
 other or higher duties than those to which sub- 
 jects of the country are liable under similar 
 cumstances. 
 
 17. The dwellings, manufactories, warehouse: 
 and shops of the subjects of each of the contract; 
 parties in the dominions and possessions of 
 other, and all premises appertaining thereto, di 
 fined for purposes of residence or commerce, slial 
 be respected. If there should be occasion 
 make a search of, or a domiciliary visit to sui 
 dwellings and premises, or to examine orinspec 
 books, papers, or accounts, such measure shall ' 
 executed only in conformity with the lep 
 warrant or order in writing of a tribunal, or of tli' 
 competent authority. 
 
 The subjects of each of the two contractin; 
 parties in the dominions and possessions of tl 
 other shall have free access to the courts 
 justice for the prosecution and defence of tin 
 rights. They shall enjoy in this respect the fm< 
 rights and privileges as subjects of the couuin 
 and shall, like them, be at liberty to employ, " 
 all causes, their advocates, attorneys, or ajjifi 
 from among the persons admitted to the exerw 
 of those professions according to the laws "f "'' 
 countrv. 
 
 18. Any ship of war or merchant-veswl of m 
 
 til. 
 
 
rv on thoir cnmmorpe, .ilhir 
 iincnu whom tliey "in.v tl>"ii> 
 
 1)C iul.joot, in r.>.Hi..Mt c.f tlu ir 
 „f in n'HiMTt ol imHspuit., 
 V „rf.'*liil'lisliin.iii,n"r uiri. 
 ,rec or indnxtry. U> any iiu.^ 
 locftl,nort»inil»)»tHor"lii««- 
 vhtttcvcr, oili.T or Krfatcr than 
 
 miiy bo iraiwHcd upon muu 
 
 , of each of tho contracting 
 nlnions and possossionn of tli. 
 lomDtcd from all coinpuUurj 
 l„,tcver, whether in the «rmv. 
 tfuard or militia. Ihov ,h;.ll 
 r,l from all judicial and mmn 
 never, as well n* from all .■..„- 
 r pecuniary or 'n kind. imii.i«. 
 )n for personal service; ninl. 
 d loans and miUtarj' cxactun. 
 
 , (,f I'aeh of the contractiiin par- 
 iins and posscBsions of the iitlier 
 icrtv to acquire, possess, nn(l di- 
 icription of property which il>, 
 r\' may permit any lorci(,'iur», M 
 ,; to acquire and possess. Ih.v 
 .iispoBO of the same, whether l,.v 
 mation. exchannc, inarriaBc t,s- 
 „i al> intealato, or in any »tli|r 
 lie same conditions as are ostalj- 
 s of the countrv fur all lorei^ii' r-. 
 reiirescntatives may succwl i- 
 ,ion of such property, cither i;, 
 nts acting on their behalf, in th. 
 nd in the same IcRal forms a- 
 •ountrv. I" the absence ol hiir 
 vcs the property shall be trentcl 
 moras the like liropertvlKtagiii. 
 he country under similar eircum- 
 
 lese respects shall they pav "po" 
 eh property any other or hiclijr 
 cliarge, than is payable by M, 
 itrv. In evcrvcase the ?uhi«t- 
 „p' parties shall be permittc.lt.' 
 opertv, or the proceeds thcrco 
 
 without beiuii subje. cdonsiali 
 ,nvanydutya8foreif;iicrs,oram 
 
 .luties than those to which sub- 
 mtry arc liable under similar cir- 
 
 llinL's, manufactories, warehomes. 
 subjects of each of the contract K 
 
 .lomTnions and P<)sscssion9 of tli^ 
 
 ,reiniscs appertaining tlierctn, te- 
 
 M of residence or commerce, M 
 
 if there should be occasion tj. 
 -of, or a domiciliary, visit. osr 
 
 ^re^ises, or to examine or njpm 
 
 rrounts. such measure -^^ 
 
 in conformity with the m 
 in writing of a tribunal, or of tk 
 
 ■"tf ■ each of the two contraclin? 
 
 dominions and POB^s^'""^;;"! 
 
 avc free .«'=«^%»" £e Tf '^<ir 
 prosecution and defence »■ 
 shall enjoy in this respccthM" 
 
 •ileires as subjects of tne cou , 
 'tKlTe at liberty to empl^. 
 eir advocates, attorney , or V^^ 
 he penwns admitted to t;f^t^^ 
 wions accordmg to the w«» 
 
 anil', and have 
 iIkti'Ici ihr Hciil iif ihcir aiiiH. 
 Turin, August U, IHiiX 
 
 Ja.Mkh IIlIlmoM. 
 (lU)VASNl M,\NNA 
 
 p 
 
 ofwarormerchont-veaelofeitl'" 
 
 TnHATIi;.S (COMMKHCIAL) 
 of the contracting' parlies wliich inny be com- i tiariis have signed the 
 jiclli'd by stress of wi'iilher. or by aci'idrnt, til Hike "' ' ■ • ■ 
 
 ihelli r III a port of the oilier, shall be at lilierly 
 Id relit ilureiu, to pmeure all nueoMsttry stores, 
 Biiil to put to sen again, wilhoul piiyliig any 
 liiii's other than sueli its would be pnyn U> in 
 II niiiiilar oasu by a iiatimuil vessel. In eiise, 
 however, the master of a inerehinit-vessel should 
 ho under the necessity of disposing of ii jiarl of 
 his nierehandiMo in order lo defray his expenses, 
 liu HJiall he bound to conform to the rcgulatiuiH 
 mill tarill's of the place to which ho may have 
 cunie. 
 
 If any ship of war or inerchaiit-veasel of one of 
 the t'on'tracting parties should run aground or be 
 (vri'ckeil ujion the coasts of t!; ^ otiior, such ship or 
 venMel, and all iiarts thereof, and all furniture and 
 appurteiianccs belonging thereunto, and all goods 
 ami nierchandis«! saved therefrom, including any 
 whieli may have been east into tho sea, or the 
 lirnipeils thereof if sold, as well as nil papers 
 t'duiiil on board such stranded or wrecked shij) or 
 vww'l, shall be given up to the owners or llieir 
 njjcnts when claimed by them. If there are no 
 iiiih owners or agents on the spot, then the same 
 i-liall be delivered to the Uritisii or Italian consul- 
 (jciicral, con-ul, or vice-consul, in whose district 
 the wreck or stranding may have taken place, 
 uiwa being claimed by him within tho iieriod 
 lixiil by tho laws of the country; and such 
 ciiibuls,"owncrs, or agents, shall pay only the ex- 
 |KU>es incurred in the preservation of tho pro- 
 IKrtv, together with the salvage or other expenses 
 wliich would have been payable in the like case 
 (if u wreck of a national vessel. 
 
 The goods and mcrchandiso saved from the 
 ivrwk shall be exempt frorn all duties of customs, 
 uuless cleared for consumption, in which case they 
 shall pay the same rate of duty as if they had 
 been imported in a national vessel. 
 
 In the case either of a vessel being driven in 
 by stress uf weather, run aground, or wrecked, the 
 respective consuls-general, consuls, vice-consuls, 
 ind euiisular agents shall, if the owner or master 
 or other agent of tho owner is not present, or is 
 present and requires it, be authorised to interpose 
 in order to afford the necessary assistance to their 
 fi'Uow-countrymen, 
 
 19. The consuls-general, consuls, vice-consuls, 
 and consular agents of each of tho contracting 
 [larties, residing in the dominions and possessions 
 of the other, shall receive from the local authorities 
 such a.ssistance as can by law be given to them for 
 the recovery of deserters from tho vessels of their 
 respective countries, 
 
 20, The present treaty of commerce and naviga- 
 tion, when ratified, shall be substituted for tho 
 treaties in force between the high contracting 
 patiie.'', namely, those concluded on tho 6th of 
 April, 1847, anil 30th of December, 1854, between 
 Great Britain and Tuscany ; and on the 29th of 
 April, 1W.5, between Great Britain and the Two 
 Sicilies; and on the '27th of February*, 1851, and 
 Sib of August, 1854, between Great Itritaiii and 
 Sardinia ; and shall remain in force for 10 years 
 from the date of the exchange of tho ratilications, 
 and further until the expiration of 12 months 
 after either of the contincting parties shall have 
 given notice to the other of its intention to termi- 
 nate the same; each of tho contracting parties 
 bcin;; at liberty to give such notice to the other 
 at the expiration of the first 9 years, or at any 
 time aftcr\vnrds. 
 
 21. The present treaty shall be ratified, and tho 
 ratilications shall be exchanged at Loudon, in six 
 weeks, or sooner if possible. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective plcnipoten- 
 
 1441 
 
 alllxeil 
 
 Mkmc'i). 
 Tinili/ of Amity, Commrrce, ami Xtiviffiilinn, 
 liitwriit Gital llriliiin anil jthxiru. Sii/iuil at 
 Liiniliiii, Decimhtr 'H'l, IH'.'t!. 
 
 Article I. There shall be perpetual amity be- 
 tween the iloiiiiniiiiH and siibjeets of his Miiie>tv 
 the. King of tho United Kingilmn of (Jreai Uritaiii 
 and Ireland, and the United .States of ftlcxicn, 
 and their eitizeiis. 
 
 2. There shall he, between all the territories of 
 his Itritaiinie Majesty in Kiirope and the territo- 
 ries iif Mexico, a reiMproeal freedom of coinniorce. 
 Till- inhabitants of the two countries, respectively, 
 shall have liberty freely and securely to come, 
 with their ships and cargoes, to nil 'places iiiul 
 rivers in the territories nforcsaid, saving milv such 
 particular ports to which other foreigners shall 
 not bo permitted to come, to enter into the same, 
 and 10 remain and reside In any part of the said 
 territories respectively; also to hire and occupy 
 houses anil warehouses for the purposes of their 
 commerce; and, generally, the niercluuits and 
 traders of each nation, res|Kictivelv, shall enjoy tho 
 most complete protection and security ftir their 
 commerce. 
 
 In like manner, the respective ships ol war and 
 jiost-onice packets of tho two countries shall 
 havi liberty freely and securely to come to all 
 harbours, rivers, and places, saving only such 
 particular porta (if any) to which other foreifjii 
 ships of war and packets shall not bo permitted 
 to come, to enter into the same, to anchor, aiul 
 to remain there and relit; subject always to 
 the laws and statutes of tho two countries re- 
 siwctively. 
 
 Hy the" right of entering tho places, ports, and 
 rivers mentioned in this article, the privilege of 
 carrying on tho coasting trade is not understood, 
 in which national vessels only are permitted to 
 engage, 
 
 3. His Majesty the King of the United Kinf, lom 
 of Great Uritnin and Ireland engages further, that 
 the inhabitants of Mexico shall have the like 
 liberty of commerce and navigation stipulated for 
 in tho preceding article, in all his dominions 
 situated out of Europe, to the full extent in which 
 the same is permitted at present, or shall be per- 
 mitted hereafter, to any other nation. 
 
 4. No higher or otlier duties shall be imposed 
 on tho importation into the dominions of his 
 IJritannic Majesty, of any article of the growth, 
 produce, or manufacture of Mexico, and no higher 
 or other duties shall be imposed on the importation 
 into tho territories of Mexico, of any articles of 
 the growth, produce, or manufacture of his 
 Hritaimic Majesty's dominions, than are or shall 
 bo payable on the like articles, being the growth, 
 liroduce, or manufacture of any other foroign 
 country ; nor shall any other or higher duties or 
 charges be imposed in the territories or dominions 
 of cither of the contracting parties, on the exjior- 
 tation of any articles to the terr"'-ories of tho other, 
 than such as are or may be payable on the expor- 
 t.ition of tho like articles to any other foreign 
 country; ror shall any prohibition he imposed 
 upon the exportation ol any articles, the fjrowth, 
 liroduce, or manufacture of his liritnnnic Majesty's 
 dominions, or of the said territories of Mexico, lo 
 or from the said dominions of his Uritannic JNIa- 
 jesty, or to or from the said territories of Mexico, 
 
 4Z 
 
 ' 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 m 
 
THKATIKH (('()MMKH("rAI,^ 
 not rqiinlly rxtcml t<> nil oilur 
 
 •7 1 
 
 i • 
 
 f ■ ■•■ : 
 
 . i 
 
 • \ 
 
 whii'li nhnll 
 niitioiit. 
 
 f>. No fiinlnT or (itliiT (liitii'i or iliiir>;r:< mi 
 m'i'otiiit oC 10111111^1', lixlil or linrliour iIiii'm, pilolnp-, 
 naivn^fo ill cnHc of (liiiiiii^i> or Hlii|i\vrrck, or iiiiy 
 otliiT jiii'iil I'Imrp'H, hIiiiII Iw iiii|ioni'ii, in miv of 
 till' purtH of Mi'xiro, on Krilixh vi'^hcI'i, limn iJiokc 
 iiiiwilili' III till' Hiinir portM li\ McNii'iiii M'siclt* 
 (HiS ml itioniil iirticloN iit llii; cnil of tlil'< tniity); 
 nor, Ml the porln of liis llritaiiiiic iMaji'Kly'M (it 
 rilorii'H, on Mi>.\i('nn vi'm^o'Ih, tluin hIiiiII lie |itiyiil)lc, 
 ill III)' HMliu' (Hirts, oil llrillNli vcnncIm, 
 
 l>. Till' Hninc iliilit'H hIuiII Iii> paiit on (lie iiiipor- 
 lation into tint tcrriloricH of Mexico of any nrlicio 
 till' Krowlli, priMliicc, or nianiifactiiroof IiIh Itritiin- 
 nic SIiiji'sIv'h iloniinioiiH, ulii'tlu'rHiicli iiiipiirlatioii 
 hIiiiII III' in Mi'xican (hoc nililitioiuil arlii'li'N iit I lie 
 mil of tills ircnty) or in llrilixli vckmcIh; nnil iIic 
 name (liiticH h'lall lir paid on tliii importation into 
 llie iloiiiinions of his llriliinnic Majt'sty, of nny 
 articli' till' K*'**^"') piotlurr, or inaniii'acliin^ of 
 SIrxico, wlii'tlipr Nurli importation nliall Ih- in 
 Urilisli or in Mexican vcmscIh. 'I'Iio Hamc diilicH 
 hIiiiII lie paiil, ami the Maine lioiinties ami draw- 
 liacki allowed, on the exportation to Mexico of 
 nny articleHof tlict;rowtli, produce, ornianiifact tire 
 of hiH lirilannio Miijexty'x dominions, whether 
 such exportation hIuiII lie in Mexican or in llriliHh 
 vos-selH ; and the ^ame dtiticM Nliall lie pniil, and 
 the Nunie hounlicM and drawhackx allowed, on the 
 ex|Mirtation of anv nrticlcH the growth, produce, or 
 manufacture of nfexico, tuhis llritiinnic MaJcHty'.s 
 dominioiiH, whether hucIi rxportalioii Miall bo in 
 MritiHli or in Mexiuaii vohhcIh. 
 
 7. lit order to avoid nnv niiHiindorHtniulinf,' 
 with rcNpect to the ref^nlalioiis which may ro- 
 Hpectivcly constitute a Itiitish or Mexican vchscI, 
 it is hereby a/jreed that nil vessels built in the 
 domiiiioiiN of his llr tannic Majesty, or vess«'lM 
 which shall have bcei. captured from an enemy 
 by his Hrilannic Majesty's ships of war or by sub- 
 jects of his said Majesty, funiished 'vith letters of 
 niarijiii'by the Lorils ("omniissioners of the Admi- 
 ralty, and repilarly condemned in one of his saiil 
 Majesty's |irizo courts as a lawful jiri/.e, or which 
 shall have tioen condemned in nny competent 
 court for the breach of the laws made for the 
 prevention of the slave trade, and owned, navi- 
 pnted, and •■ ^'istered nccordiiiK to the Inws of 
 Great Kritnin, shall bo considered as British 
 vessels; and that all vessels built in the terri- 
 tories of Mexico, or captured from the enemy by 
 the shipii of Mexico, and condemned under 
 similar circumstances, nnd which shall lje owned 
 by any citizen or citizens thereof, and whereof 
 the master and ) of the mariners nrc citizens of 
 Mexico, excepting where the laws provide for 
 nny extreme cases, shall be considered as Mexican 
 vesx'ls. 
 
 And it is further nijrced, that every vessel, 
 qiialitied to trade as above described under the 
 provisions of this treaty, sliall Imi furnished with a 
 rc(,'istpr, p.issport, or sea letter, under the signa- 
 ture of tlic proper person authorised to grant the 
 same, according to the laws of the respective 
 countries (the torm of which shall be communi- 
 cated), certifying the name, occupation, and 
 residence of the owner or owners, in the domi- 
 nions of his liritnnnic Majesty, or in the tcrritcries 
 of Mexico, as the case may lie ; and that he or 
 they is or are the sole owner or owners, in the 
 proportion to be specilied; together with the 
 name, burden, and description of the vessel as to 
 build and measurement, and the several particu- 
 lars constituting the national character of the 
 vessel, as the case may be. 
 8, All merchants, commanders of ships, and 
 
 olhrrH, the siibjcclK of his llritam ,c Majestv 
 shall liavi' full' liberty, in all the territories o| 
 Mexico, to ninniii^e their own ntfairs theiiisclwa, 
 or to comiiiit thi'iii to the iiianagciiient of wlinin. 
 Noevci they plra'o', iis broker, fintor. a^eiit, nr 
 interpreter; nor nliiill they be obliged to i'iii|i|iiv 
 e.iiy other persons tor lliose purposes than tliiiio 
 employed by Mexicnns, nor to piiy tliein nnv 
 lit her Hillary or remiiiicration than such as is puji) 
 in like cases, by .Mexican cili/.eiis; niiil absolint 
 freedom shall Im) ullnweil, in all cam's, to ilig 
 buyer and seller, to bargain ami fix the prices ni' 
 any goods, imported Into or exporteil frnni 
 Mexico, as tliev shall see good, oliMTviiig ihg 
 laws nnd established customs of the eoniiirv. 
 The same privileges shall he enjoyed in ilie 
 dominions of his llritamiic Majesty, by the 
 citizens of Mexico, under the sanii! eoniliilii'ns, 
 
 The citizens and subjects of ibu contrHi'iiii|r 
 parties, in the territories of each other, hIuii) 
 receive and enjoy full and perfect proteciinn fur 
 their persons anil pro|ierty, and shall have fri'o 
 and open nccess to the ciiurlH of justice in tho 
 said countries, respectively, for the proseculinn 
 and defenco of their just rights ; and they uliall 
 be at lilwrty to employ, ii all causes, the ailvo- 
 cates, nlloriievs, or agents of whatever descrip- 
 lion, whom l^ey may think proper; ami tlipv 
 shall enjoy, in this res|K'ct, the same rights uiii 
 privileges iherein as native citizens. 
 
 !•, In whatever relates to the succession Id 
 personal estates, by will or otherwise, anil tho 
 disposal of personal iiroperty of every sort ami 
 denomination, by sale, donation, excliaii);i>, or 
 testament, or in any other manner wliiitHiH'vor, ai 
 also the administration of justice, the sulijirti 
 and citizens of the two contracting parties nlwll 
 enjoy, in their respective dominions and lern'orii'a, 
 the same privileges, liberties, and rights, n' n 
 siibjocts; and sliall not bo charged, i f 
 
 these respects, with any higher impoNts 
 
 than those wliich are paid, or may lie , , 
 
 the native subjects or citizens of "the |Kiwfr iii 
 whose dominions or territoric.i they nrny be 
 resident. 
 
 19. In all that relates to the polieo of tlio porln, 
 the lading and unlading of 8hi|is, the saf'ty of 
 meichandise, goods, and effects, the sulijci'ls of 
 his Hritannic Majesty, and the citizens of Mcxii'o, 
 respectively, shall be subject to the local lawn 
 and regulations of the dondnions and tiTri- 
 lories in which tliej* may reside. They iiliall Ik; 
 exempted from all compulsory military scrvicf, 
 whether by sea or land. No "forced loans nliali 
 be levied upon them ; nor shall their pr(i|)t'rty 
 be subject to any other charges, requisitions, lir 
 taxes than such as are paid by the native sub- 
 jects or citizens of the contracting parties in thiir 
 respective dominions. 
 
 1 1. It shall be free for each of the two cnntract- 
 ing parties to appoint consuls for the prcicciioii 
 of trade, to reside in the dominions and tcrritorin 
 of the other party; but, before any consul sball 
 act as such, he shall, in the usual funii, be ap- 
 iiroved and admitted by the Government to which 
 lie is sent; and either of the contractiiiff parliw 
 may except from the residence of wmsiiN such 
 particular places as either of them i.nay judiji' lit 
 to be excepted. The Mexican diplomatic a;.'Hili 
 and consuls shall enjoy, in the dimiini'ms of his 
 liritannic Majesty, whatever privilege, excep- 
 tions, and immunities are or shall bo giuiliil w 
 iigents of the same rank belonging to the mmt 
 favoured nation ; nnd, in like niaiimr, tl..- "i- 
 plomatic agents and consuls of his IJriiaiiiiio 
 AInjesty in the Mexican territories shall enjoy, 
 according to the strictest reciprocity, whaievcr 
 
TUKATIKS (COMMKKCIAl. 
 
 i„ „ll 111.' t.rril..n.^ ,.| 
 
 „> m.niiin<>ni«'" "' «'""" 
 l.rokrr, ln'l.ir. nn<'iil nr 
 l„,v 1,0 ..l.lini'.l "" '"n''"> 
 ll.uw piiri"-''''* "'"" "'"■" 
 H ii.ir to l">y ''"'"' '"" 
 
 •un i-ili/.oin; nii'l «l'«'l"ii' 
 
 wfil, ill nil «•"*'"• '." ""■ 
 
 ,rKaiii "ii'l "" ""■ I''"''* " 
 lilt.) or I'XlM.rlnl iMin 
 
 I „,.,, ffooil, oli-rrviiiK tlio 
 i-UHlniiiH of tli<^ '•'miilry. 
 hIiuU 1)0 1-iiJoyo.l 111 IW 
 
 ritiuiuic Mnj.'Hiy, by Ih^ 
 (Ut tliP """"' '•""'''• "'"^• 
 ,„l,l,.clH of Hi" contrnctini; 
 orfi'H of «■«'•'' "''»''• """" 
 
 II und iMTf.'Ct vrot«'<li<"i Int 
 om-rly, uu.l Mlinll lmv« ft™ 
 llir I'ourlH of juslifc 111 IW 
 ctivcly. for Hic. prosniilum 
 
 iuHi riKlits ; niid tboy AM 
 liov. i> nil cnu"*''') '•"' *'""- 
 nmiitii of whnti-vfr (U'«;riii- 
 ,0V think pro|«r; on;l tiny 
 
 roHiH'ct, the name ngliU uiid 
 I imtivc cili/oiiK, 
 roliitcH to the HUCccKHum to 
 I- wiU or otliorwiHC, ami tta 
 I iiroiierty of every nnrt and 
 Halo, aonatioii. exrliaiiuf, or 
 
 V otlicr maiinor whiit»«>vv<r, in 
 
 itioH of jUSticO. the HUl.J>vH 
 
 two contra«titi« pariu'H sluill 
 .ctivoaomiiiion»aiidtfrri'"rics 
 
 1, liberties, and rinhl^a' ■« 
 Jl not bo charnoil, ) 
 h any higher iiniionti* 
 
 aro, naiil, or may his , ,« 
 
 or cilizenH of tlio power lu 
 
 or tcnilorics thoy niiiy be 
 
 chUostothcpolicnoftheporU. 
 
 V adiim' of shiiw, the Baf-y <- 
 
 amlclTcctH. thcH.i.icot»»f 
 iv,anathociti/.en»ofM«K'S 
 X. Hubject to the localto 
 „(• the dominions and t t'r i- 
 .ymavrcMdc. They sliall lie 
 I? eoiuVulsory mii.tar)' Bcrvic , 
 land. No forced loans shall 
 h.e n ; nor shall their pniiicrty 
 oihir chargcH, requisitions. «r 
 ,w are i.aid by the native sub- 
 The co'ntractinK panic, ill thcT 
 
 '"f/foTcachofthetwocontract- 
 ^l";:nBuls.ior the pro.<.n- 
 in the dominions and terurw 
 V biit,bcforoanycon»u ;lall 
 
 Llu ii the usual form, be 'P; 
 7 y he Government to .W 
 
 i^t/ofthea.n.ra.tj.1. »- 
 
 ibo residence (» tonsii 
 ,s either of them my JiidfiH 
 The Moxicnn diplomatic 1^." 
 
 ,,, ^vhatcver pnvjo^-;,^;^ 
 ites are or shall i)«b j 
 
 strictest rcciptocUj, >^"'' 
 
 privili');!'". ('xi'i'pliiiii,!, aiict iininutiilii'< iirr or iiitiv ' 
 L' irriiiiti'd I'l III,' Mi'xiriiii iliplniiiiitu' iiu'i'Hl^ mid 
 ,'iiii'<iiN ill ih<' diiiiiiiiliiiiN iif hi« llriliiiinir Miiii'>l>, 
 1'.'. Kor I hi' III llrrMiTiirily of »iiiiiiiirnr lii'lwei'n 
 till' Miliji'i'lH of hU I' •liiiiiiic .Miii<"'ly anil thr i 
 ,iii/rii«()f till' Mi'xiciiii Mtnli'H, it is a^^ri'i'd that' 
 ,1', jii iiiiy liiiir, any inlrrriipliini ol friiinlly | 
 iiilrrcoiii'"', or any riipliiri', nhmilil uiilni-tiiiiiili'ly l 
 tiiki' plili'o hflwi'i'ii Ihr Iwii ciiiilrartinK jHirlir'*, I 
 
 ilii' imn liiml!* ri'Miiliii),' uikhi tin asl nIiiiII lir 
 
 „!l„wi'd I) iiionlht, ami llinic of I lie iiiteriur a 
 ulii'ii' year, ti> niml up llii'ir iirt'oiiiili, mid ilin- 
 l„>^i' of llirir property : ami a miIV I'lunliiol^hull 
 i, .^iMii llieiii to cMiliark at lli port which lliey 
 ■hill lliclllsi'lve-i Kilecl. All llln.io who are 
 ,.1'ililislieil ill the reipeelive iliiiniiiiiiiis and terri- 
 iHiiii of the two ciiiilraeliiii,' parliej*, hi llie 
 ixrriiw of imv trade or Kpeeial I'liiploymeiit, hIiiiII 
 l,:iM' tile privilege of reiiiaiiiitiK Oil i ooniiiiiiiiiK 
 
 .ui'li Iraile and eiiiplnyiiienl therein, will t any 
 
 miiiiaer of inlerriiptiiin, in full enjnyiiienl of llieir 
 liliiTiy and properly, lu lniin as they iH'have 
 Kciin'nlily, and coininii no otVeiice aKaiii.st ilie 
 hiw>' aiid their jjoodn and efl'ects, of \vliale\er 
 u,«rriptiiiii they may he, Hliall not lie liable lo 
 I'l/zire or HeipieHlnitiiin,or to any ollKTeliar^es or 
 iliiiiuiiils than IIkimi' which may he niaile upon 
 ill,, like elVect.s or projierly l)elouj,'inK to the 
 iiiitive siilijectH or citizens of the respeelivi' 
 iliiininioiiM or territories in which hiicIi subjects 
 ur '• ''.ens may reside. In the mjuiic ca.e, debts 
 U'lnt'i'ii individuals, public funds, and the shares 
 iif n.nipaiiies, shall never be eontiscated, sequos- 
 itiilnl, ,.r detained. 
 
 l;i. 'I'lic subiecls of his Itritaiinic Majesty re- 
 jiilini,' ill the Rlexican territories shall enjoy, in 
 ihcir lionses, persons, and properties, the pro- 
 iKliiiii of the (iovernmoiit ; and conlinuiii;; in 
 pojsiiision of what they now enjoy, they shall not 
 liedisturho.l, molested, or annoyed, in any maii- 
 ntr, nil iiccoiint of their rolinion, provided lliey 
 tMiieot that of the nation in v/hich they reside, as 
 well as the cunstitiiiion, laws, and oustotns of the 
 ciiiiiilry. They shall continue to etijoy, to the 
 iiill, tliH privilege already Rrauted to tlicm of 
 burviiiR, ill the places already assigned for that 
 piriiiisf, such subjects of his llrilaiinic Majesty as 
 raav (lie within tJie Mexican territories; iior shall 
 llu funerals and sojulchres of the dead be dis- 
 turldl ill anyway, or upon any account. The 
 (iii/.i'iis of Mexico shall oiyoy, in all the do- 
 u.iiiiiinsof his Britannic Majesty, the same pro- 
 imiiiii, nuiUliall he allowed the free exercise of 
 thiif rcliui,in, in public or private, either within 
 ihiitmvn lidiiscs, or in the chapels and places of 
 \to^hi|l set apart for that puriiose. 
 
 11. The subjects of his Itritaiinic Majesty sbiill 
 
 (in no account or jiretext whatsoever be disturbed 
 
 urmoieslcd in the peaceable nosse.ssion and exer- 
 
 cin'of whatever rij,'lits, privilefjes, and imniiini- 
 
 tks ilu'v have at any time enjoyed within the 
 
 limin (iescril)cd and "laid down in u convention 
 
 si;;uiil between his said Majesty ami the Kiiii'^ 
 
 i\m,(in the Mill of Jnly, ITMd; whether ouch 
 
 ri::lit<. privilcftes, and immuuilies shall be de- 
 
 rivtd ftum llic stipulations of the siiid conveii- 
 
 liwi. ur from any other eonccssimi wliieh may .it 
 
 any lime have liecii made bv the Kin;; of Spain, 
 
 IT liis jircdeccssors, to Itritis^l subjects and settlers 
 
 KMiliii}; and fullnwinn their lawful occiipalioiis 
 
 tilhiii the liuiils aforcsnid ; the two otitracliiif; 
 
 pariii's re.H'rviuir, however, for some more til tin;;- 
 
 oflKTlunitv, the further nrraiiKcmciils on this 
 
 Wiolu, 
 
 IJ. The (iiivoniment of ftlexicii en;;ai;es to 
 »i|#rate with his llritaiinic .M:ijesty for the 
 lotul abolition of the slave trade, atul to prohibit 
 
 I I l.'t 
 
 all perMiiM iiiliMliilini; wilhlii llie trrriliTies of 
 Me\ini, III tbr liliisl elfei'liial Inaillier, ll'olll l.ikill^ 
 aii\ hliiire ill such Inide. 
 
 ill. Till' '.* coiitrai'liii;.; parlies re "erve In Ihi'iii- 
 selves till' rij^'.il of tiealiii^ and a^rii intx heii .il'ler, 
 from tiiiii' to I line, upon siicli oilier an iih'« iis may 
 appear to them lo eniitrlliule siill furllier to iIki 
 impniMini'iit of their mutual iiitercuiirse, and the 
 adviinceini'iit of the i^eneral iiileresis iifllnji ro- 
 spretive siilijiits and I'il i/eiis ; and -.in h arlicli'siis 
 may be sn ii^i'iTil upon, shall, wlnii ilnly raiilled, 
 be re^;nriled as roruiiii)^ a purl ot llie preseiil irmly, 
 and shall have I lu^ same force iw tlmse leiw con- 
 tained In it. 
 
 I '7. The present Ireilly shall be raiilled, and the 
 riitiricaliiiiis •.jiall be exelniii^ed ii> Loiidun within 
 the space of 11 miiiillis, or sooner il possible. 
 
 In wilni'ss whereof, the respeeli'.e plenipoten- 
 tiaries have si-iic'd the same, and have iiHixed 
 tlierelo tli'ir respeelive seals. 
 
 l)one al London, the '.'llib day of heeeinlier, ill 
 the year of uur Lord IHJd. 
 
 SkU.XHTIAN (,'.\MA(III). 
 Wll.l.lAM lll>KI->sl»N. 
 •I.V.MI'.S ,1, .MllltlKlt. 
 
 .lilditloiml ArtivliH. 
 
 1. Wheri.as, in tlie present state of Mexican 
 sliip|/inK, it- would not be possibli; fur Mexico to 
 receive the full ailvanlnne of the leeiprocily es- 
 tablished by ihe Articles ,0, 11, 7 of ihi> ii^eaty 
 si|i;ned Ibis day, ifllial |iart of llie 7th Article which 
 stipulates tlnit, in order id \w eoiisidered as u 
 Mexican ship, a ship shall aclnally have been 
 Imilt ill Mexico, shoiiM hi' strictly and lilerally 
 observed, and iminedi.'i'. ly biou;;lit intiio|)eralion; 
 it is agreed thai, for ' space of |0 years, to be 
 rei'koned from tin' il;iie of the cxchantte of the 
 ratilicalions of this treiity, any ships, wliirrKucver 
 iiiiill, beiii;; bona tide the prii|ierly of and wholly 
 owned by one or more eiii/.ens of .Mexico, and 
 whereof the master and -J of the mariners, at 
 least, are also natiiral-born eitizens of .Mexico, or 
 persons domiciliated in Mexico, hv act of the 
 (lovernmenl, as lawful subjects of Slexico, to be 
 cerlilied acconliii!^ to the laws of that country, 
 shall be consideied as Mexieaii ships; his Majesty 
 the Kin^;ofilie I 'iiiteil Kingdom ofdrcat Britain 
 and Ireland resi'rviii;: to himself the rinlit, at the 
 end of the said term of 111 years, to claim the 
 principle of reeiproeal rcslriclion stipulated for in 
 tli(^ Article 7 above referred to, if the interests of 
 llritish navi^at ion shall Ix; found to be prejudiced by 
 the present exception to that reciprocity in favour 
 of .^ie\icall shipping. 
 
 2. It is further agreed that, for the like term of 
 10 years, the stipulations contained in Articles 6 
 ami li of tlu^ jiresent treaty shall be fliispemled ; 
 and in lieu thereof, it Is hereby agreed that, until 
 the e\|ilratioii of the said term of 1(1 years, 
 llritish ships entering into the ports of Mexico 
 tv.'iu ihe United Kingdom of (ireat liritain and 
 Ireland, or any other of his liritannic Majesty's 
 dominions, and all articles the growth, produce, or 
 manufacture of th'! United Kingdom, or of any 
 of the said dominions, imported in such ships, 
 shall (lay no other or higher duties than are or 
 may hereafter be (layable, in the said ports, by the 
 ships, and the like goods, the growth, produce, or 
 maimlactiirc of the most favoured nation ; and 
 reciproeally, it is agreed, that Mexican ships enter- 
 ing into the ports of the United Kingdom oftireut 
 Ih'itain and Ireland, or any other of his liritannic 
 Majesty's dominions, from any port of the Stales 
 of Mexico, and all articles the growth, produce, or 
 inanufaeturc of the .said .States, imported in ijuch 
 ships, shall pay no other or higher duties than are 
 
 4 z 2 
 
 II! 
 
 I 
 
 1! 
 
 ! t 
 
 ■ i J' 
 
 
 '■i ii 
 
 ; 
 
 t. ; 
 
 
 
 ,! 
 
 ■ %'■' 
 
 

 '■ i 
 
 , "' ' -S 
 
 
 1441 
 
 or mny hcronftor l)e paynWe in the said ports, l)y 
 the sin))", nnd iIks like fjoodg, tlie {{rowtli, prodiici", 
 or miiimfactun; of tlic moat fnvourcd nntion ; and 
 tlint no liif^iicr duties ohnll be paid, or boiuiticM or 
 drawbacks allowed, on the exportation of anj' 
 nrlicle, the growth, produce, or manufacture of 
 the dominionH of either country, in the ships of 
 the other, than upon the exportation of the 
 like articles in the ships of any other foreign 
 country. 
 
 It \K\ng understood that, at the end of the said 
 term of lU years, the stipulations of the said 5th 
 and (ith Articles shall, from thenceforward, be in 
 full force between the two countries. 
 
 The present additional articles shall have the 
 same force and validity as if they were inserted, 
 word for word, in the treaty signed this day. They 
 shall be ratified, and the ratifications 'shall be 
 exchunsed at the same time. 
 
 In witness \\i.^.;~., the respective plenipoten- 
 tiaries have signed the same, and have affixed 
 thereto their respective seals. 
 
 Done at Lordon, the 26th day of December, in 
 the year of our Lord 1826. 
 
 Skbastian Camacho. 
 William Hi'skisson. 
 James J. Morier. 
 
 An order in council, dated September 3, 1827, 
 orders that vessels of the United States of Mexico, 
 entering the ports of the United Kingdom of Great 
 Britain and Ireland in ballast, or laden direct from 
 any of the ports of IMexico, or departing from the 
 ports of the said United Kingdom, together with the 
 cargoes on board the same, such cargoes consisting 
 of articles which may be legally imported or ex- 
 ported, shall not be subject to any other or higher 
 duties or charges whatever than are or shall be 
 levied on Ilritish vessels entering or departing 
 from such ports, or on similar articles when im- 
 ported into or exported from such ports in British 
 vessels ; and also such articles, when exported 
 from the said ports in vessels of the United States 
 of Mexico respectively, shall be entitled to the 
 same bounties, drawbacks, and allowances that 
 are granted on similar articles when exported in 
 British vessels. 
 
 N.B — Treatises similar to the above have been 
 negotiated with Columbia, Buenos Ayres &c. 
 
 Morocco. 
 
 Convention of Commerce and Navigation between 
 her Britannic Majesty and the Sultan of Mo- 
 rocco, 
 
 Article 1. There shall be reciprocal freedom of 
 commerce between the British dominions and the 
 dominions of '.he Sultan of Morocco. The subjects 
 of her Britannic 1^' ijesty """ly reside in and trade 
 to any, port of -ne territories of the Sultan of 
 Morocco to which any other foreigners are or 
 shall be admitted. 
 
 Thev shall be permitted to hire houses, and to 
 build houses, stores, or warehouses, as stipulated 
 in Article 4 of the general treaty of this date. 
 
 They shall enjoy full protection for their per- 
 sons and properties, as specified in Article 4 of 
 the general treaty ; they shall be allowed to buy 
 from, and to sell to, vlioni they like, all articles 
 not prohibited in Article 2 of this convention, 
 either by wholesale or retail, at all places in the 
 Moorish dominions, without being restrained or 
 prejudiced by any monopoly, contract, or exclu- 
 sive privilege of purchase or sale whatever, ex- 
 cept the articles of export and those of import 
 cnuinerateil in Article 2; and they shall, more- 
 over, enjoy all other rights and privileges which 
 
 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL) 
 
 hereafter may he granted to any other foreignci 
 subjects, or citizens of the most favoured natior 
 The subjects of the Sultan of Morocco shall, 
 return, enioy in the dominions of her Brilann 
 Majesty the same protection and privileges wlii( 
 are or may be enjoyed by the subjects or cltizct 
 of the 'nost favoured nation. 
 
 2. Thi. Sultan of Morocco engages to aboli< 
 all monopolies or prohibitions on imported good 
 except tobacco, pi|H?8 of all kinds used for sniuli 
 ing, opium, sulphur, powder, saltpetre, lead, arm 
 of all kinds, and ammunition of war ; and furthe 
 to abolish all monopolies of agricultural protlun 
 or of any other article whatsoever in the (ioini 
 nions of the Sultan, except leeches, bark, tobacco 
 and other herbs ai^ed for smoking in pipes. 
 
 3. No tax, toll, duty, or charge whatsoever 
 beside the ox|)ort duty hereinafter mentioned 
 shall, under any pretext or on any account, b( 
 imposed by any person whatsoever, in any jiari 
 of the dominions of Morocco, upon or in respect 
 of any goods or produce whatsoever which mav 
 have been purchased for exportation bv or oil 
 behalf of any British subject ; but the said goods 
 or produce, when so purchased, shall bo conveyed 
 from any place in Morocco to, and embark from, 
 any port therein, absolutely free and exempt 
 f\tom all other taxes, tolls, duties, or charges 
 whatsoever. No permit, or any similar document, 
 shall be requisite to enable them to be so con- 
 veyed or embarked, nor shall any officer or sub- 
 ject of the Sultan offer any impediment to, or lar 
 any restriction on, the conveyance or embarkation 
 of such goods (except those goods or produce 
 which the Sultan of Morocco shall prohibit from 
 being exported, as arranged in Article 6), or on 
 any pretext demand or receive any money in 
 respect or on account of such goods ; and should 
 any such officer or subject act contrary to this 
 stipulation, the Sultan shall immediately punish 
 with severity the governor, officer, or other sub- 
 ject who shall have been guilty of such miscon- 
 duct, and render full justice to British subjects for 
 oil injuries or losses which they may duly prove 
 themselves to have suffered thereby. 
 
 4. The subjects of her Britannic Majesty, with- 
 in the dominions of his Majestj' the Sultan, shall 
 be free to manage their own affairs themselves, ( 
 to commit those affairs to the management i 
 any persons whom they may appoint as their 
 broker, factor, or agent; nor shall such BritisI 
 subjects be restrained in their choice of persons i 
 act in such capacities ; nor shall they be called 
 upon to pay any salary or remuneration to any 
 person whom they shall not choose to employ; but 
 those persons who shall be thus employed, and 
 who are subjects of the Sultan of Morocco, shall 
 be treated and regarded as other subjects of the 
 Moorish dominions. Absolute freedom shall be 
 given in all cases to the buyer and seller to bar- 
 gain together, and no interference on the part i " 
 the Sultan's officers shall be pennitted. Should 
 anv governor or other officer interfere in the bar- 
 gains between British and Moorish subjects, or 
 place any impediments in the lawful purchase or 
 sale of goods or merchandise imported into, or to 
 be exported from the Sultan's dominions, his 
 fSlierifian Majesty shall severely (mnish the fail 
 officer for such misconduct. 
 
 5. Should the Sultan of Morocco at any time 
 think pniper to exhibit the exportation of any 
 kind of grain or other article of commerce froui 
 his dominions, British subjects shall in no manner 
 be prevented from embarking all the pain ~" 
 
 other articles which tliev raav 
 
 liftve in their 
 
 magazinei, or which may have been bought pre- 
 viously to the said prohibition ; but they shall be 
 
Pd to any other foreifincrs, 
 fhemoB? favoured .mtjon 
 Sultan of Morocco shall, in 
 rominions of her Untanmc 
 ecTion and privileges winch 
 by the subjecU or cit.zcnj 
 
 rorSo enBURes to abolish 
 ilbitions on in.iiorted Roodj, 
 of all kinds used for smok- 
 nowder, saltpetre, lead, ams 
 Munition of war; and further 
 "lies of agricultura produce, 
 •le whatsoever in the domi- 
 Bxcept leeches, bark, tobacco, 
 1 for smoking in pipea. 
 duty, or charge whatsoever, 
 duty hereinafter mentioned, 
 •ctcxt or on any account, 1« 
 rson whatsoever, m any part 
 
 Morocco, upon or in respect 
 educe whatsoever which may 
 5d for exportation by or on 
 
 h subject; but the said goods 
 
 purchased, shall be conveyed 
 Morocco to, and embark from 
 
 absolutely free and exempt 
 XC8, tolls, duties, or charges 
 ermt, or any similar document. 
 tTenablethem tobc8ocon- 
 d, nor shall any officer or sub- 
 offer any impediment to, or laj 
 
 the conveyance or embarkation 
 Except those goods or produce 
 
 of Morocco shall prohibit from 
 
 19 arranged in Article 5), or on 
 
 and or receive any money in 
 unt of such goods; and should 
 
 r subject act contrary to this 
 iultan shall immediately punish 
 fgovemor, officer, or otkrsub- 
 r > i! «>,iUv of such miscon 
 
 [vebeenguiltyofsuchmiscon 
 fulljusticetoBi 
 
 full justice voiiritish subjects for 
 ««9\vhich they may duly prove 
 
 ve suftered thereby. 
 Tof her Britannic Majesty, >«*- 
 of his Majesty the Sultan, shall 
 
 e herrnaffa«»^»^«"^''^'n'";f 
 affiirs to the management 
 
 ragSnoTshXrnS 
 
 'neflTn heir choice of persons 
 Ses; nor shall they be can 
 
 V salary or remuncratioi^ loan 
 vsffiot choose to etnplov;bu 
 L shall be thus employed, and 
 \"frhrSulUnofMorocco>al 
 
 >Mrded as other subjects o the 
 
 ;garaeu u - ^^on, shall be 
 
 ions. Absolute »=>=",, , ^„. 
 
 fltothebuverandseUertoJ f 
 
 [ty shall severely punisn 
 
 British subjects sh«U in 1 J 
 
 Um embarking all the ^ a 
 
 Lbich they may l.a^e ' I 
 
 Uiehmavhavcbenj;s. jl^J 
 aid prohibition; but tucv 
 
 TRKATIF.S (COMJIERCIAL) H46 
 
 allowed to continue ti) export all tlicy iiiay liavo i Tlio Sultan of Morocco has tiic ri;;lit of pro- 
 in tlicir possession, during the tcrin of (! moiitlis hiliiliii;; any article of exportation; but when a 
 tVoin the time the proiiibition was i)nl)liely niuile proliibition 'on any article shall be imposed, it 
 known ; but on the day when tlic oriler of tiic sliall be in conformity with what is arranged in 
 Sulinn of Morocco regarding the in'oliibilion shall ' Article .5; but uiion' tiio exportation of articles 
 
 arrive, and shall be published to tlie inereliants, 
 IJritisii subjects shall, within the term of 2 
 (liivs, ileclare and give proofs of tlie amount of 
 produce thej* shall possess in their stoics, .-i 
 which the prohibition is imposed, and they siiull 
 also present legal cerlitlcatcs rcganling the amount 
 of tlic said produce which they shall Imvc bought 
 in the interior or elsewhere, previously to the (iro- 
 mulgation of the order for the proliibitiun. No 
 nroliibition, either as to the exportation, or im- 
 iBiitation of any article, jhall apply to liritish 
 »ulijeet«, unless such prohibition shall apply to 
 subjects of every other nation. 
 
 0. Merchandise or goods, except the articles 
 enumerated in Article 2, imported by British sub- 
 jects in any vessel, or f. om any country, shall not 
 lie prohibited in the territories of the Sultan of 
 Miirucco, nor be subject to higher duties than are 
 levied on the same kind of merchandise or goods 
 imported by the subjects of any other foreign 
 power, or by native subjects, after the date of 
 this convention. 
 
 All articles, except those enumerated in Article 
 2 the produce of Morocco, may be exported 
 (herefrom bv British subjects in any vessels, on 
 as favourable terms as by the subjects of any 
 other foreign country, or by native subjects, 
 
 7. In consideration of the favourable terms 
 upon which the produce of Morocco is admitted 
 into the territories of her Britannic Majesty, and 
 with a view to the extension of commercial inter- 
 course between Great Britain and Morocco, for 
 their mutual advantage, his Majesty the Sultan 
 of Morocco hereby agrees that the duties to be 
 levied on all articles imported into the territories 
 of his Majesty by British subjects, shall not ex- 
 ceed 10 per cent, in cash on their value, at tlie 
 pott of their disembarkation ; and tliat the duties 
 to be levied on all articles exported from tlie 
 tcrritorli'S of his JIajcsty by British subjects, shall 
 not exceed in amount the duties marked in the 
 following tarilf:— 
 
 Artklef 
 
 I Dalian 
 
 Ounces 
 
 Wheal - 
 
 Strike 
 
 fanega 
 
 ». 1 
 
 Mai^p and dura • 
 
 (iill 
 
 
 i 
 
 lUrle* - 
 
 strike 
 
 M 
 
 t 
 
 .UioiW Brain - 
 
 • 
 
 cantar 
 
 jk 
 
 Hour - 
 
 - 
 
 It 
 
 
 BiTitscfd 
 
 •> 
 
 
 — j 
 
 ll»tes - 
 
 . 
 
 ,, 
 
 — 
 
 Almond; 
 
 . 
 
 „ 
 
 — 
 
 (iTannts, Ivniom, and limes 
 
 1,(HH) 
 
 "" 
 
 Wild inaijoram - 
 
 
 cantar 
 
 
 Cummin be«il - 
 
 
 >» 
 
 — 
 
 ; Oil 
 
 
 t* 
 
 — 
 
 ; tjumj • 
 
 
 *( 
 
 ~~ 
 
 Henna . 
 
 
 fi 
 
 — 
 
 . Wai . 
 
 
 ft 
 
 — 
 
 Kifc . 
 
 
 „ 
 
 — 
 
 Wool, washed - 
 
 
 »» 
 
 — 
 
 ni Rfeaite • 
 
 
 It 
 
 — 
 
 Hi'lft, ^liif v and coat skin* 
 
 tt 
 
 — 
 
 Tannt-d %kiiis calUd fi-lntv, 
 
 
 
 Mwanj.andcochi 
 
 yea • 
 
 ,, 
 
 _ 
 
 Homt ■ 
 
 
 1,1)1)0 
 
 — 
 
 Tai!..w . 
 
 
 cantar 
 
 — 
 
 Mule^ • 
 
 
 liead 
 
 SA 
 
 l)onke\s 
 
 
 „ 
 
 6 
 
 Sheqi' - 
 
 
 » 
 
 2 
 
 (icr.U - 
 
 
 
 
 ToaU . 
 
 
 dozen 
 
 — 
 
 f.^i<^ • 
 
 
 i,(KH» 
 
 — 
 
 ' Mi|'i«rs 
 
 
 ino 
 
 — 
 
 I'uTiuiiine quills 
 
 
 l.itlXJ 
 
 ^ 
 
 i;ra,.K>l . 
 
 
 cantar 
 
 -_ 
 
 , 0.inrli feather* • 
 
 
 Ih. 
 
 — 
 
 Ha,i(cls 
 
 
 UH\ 
 
 — 
 
 ■ t-irawavset'd 
 
 
 caniar 
 
 — 
 
 t ftinU of wtJiK\ - 
 
 
 IIHI 
 
 — 
 
 : lla.r . 
 
 
 cantar 
 
 _^ 
 
 : KaiMns . 
 
 
 
 ~. 
 
 Wtxilliii s;ishe*, 
 
 ralliHl 
 
 
 
 kara/y 
 
 
 101 
 
 — . 
 
 Tarkwai (a live) . 
 
 
 can Mr 
 
 ^_ 
 
 'f annetl UfHw . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Htin|. ami liax - 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 tiie prohibition of which sliall lie taken ofl", the 
 duties noted in the tariff shall alone be paid. 
 Willi regard to wheat and barley, should the 
 Sultan tiiink proper to prohibit the exportation 
 of these articles, but should desire to sell to 
 merehunts the grain which belongs to (Jovcmmcnt, 
 it shall be sold at tlie price the Sultan thinks 
 projier to impose. Should the Sultan augment 
 or diminish tlio price of the grain, there shall be 
 granted to the iiureliascrfor exporting that which 
 he shall have bouglit, the term stated in Article 
 5 ; but should the grain be free for exportation, 
 the duties imposed thereon shall be in conformity 
 with what is stated in tiie tariff. 
 
 Should the Sultan of Morocco think proper to 
 reduce the duties on articles of exportation, his 
 Majesty shall have the right of doing so, on con- 
 dition that British subjects shall |)ay the lowest 
 duty that shall be paid by any other foreign or 
 native subjects. 
 
 8. Should a British subject, or his agent, desire 
 to convey by sea, from one port to another in the 
 dominions of the Sultan of Morocco, goods upon 
 which the 10 per cent, duty has been paid, such 
 goods shall be subject to no further dutj-, either 
 on their embarkation, or disembarkation, provided 
 they be accompanied by a certilicate from a 
 Moorish administrator of customs. 
 
 9. If any article of Moroquinc produce, growth, 
 or manufacture, except the articles enumcrutcd in 
 Article 2, be purchased for exportation, the same 
 shall be conveyed by the British merchant, or by 
 his agent, free of anj- kind of charge or duty 
 whatsoever, to a convenient place of shipment. 
 Subsequently, on exportation, the export duty 
 according to the tariff in Article 7 shall alone be 
 paid on it. 
 
 10. No anchorage, tonnage, import, or other 
 duty or charge, shall be levied in the dominions 
 of the Sultan of Morocco on British vessels, or on 
 goods imported or exported in British vessels, 
 beyond what is, or may be, levied on national 
 vessels, or on the like goods imported or exported 
 in national vessels ; they shall not, however, exceed 
 in amount the rates of the following scale, viz.: — 
 
 Six moozoonats per ton shall be levied upon 
 every British vessel (except steam-vessels) that 
 does not exceed 200 tons in measurement. Upon 
 every vessel (not a steam- vessel) measuring more 
 than 200 tons, the following charge shall be made, 
 viz. G moozoonats per ton shall be paid for 200 of 
 her tons, and 2 moozoonats per ton for the re- 
 mainder. Should the administrator of customs 
 have any doubt regarding the tonnage of a British 
 vessel, as declared by the master, the British 
 consul or vice-consul shall, on appeal being made 
 to him, cause the ship's papers, whereon the 
 t(mnngc is formally stated, to be exhibited. The 
 same charges shall be made in all the |iorts of 
 Morocco except Kabat and Laraiche, at which 
 ports 4 moozoonats per ton shall be paid for 
 pilotage into tiie river, should tlie vessel enter 
 the river, and 4 moozoonats per ton for pilotage 
 out of tlie river ; 3 moozoonats per ton shall also 
 be levied upon each vessel entering the river, on 
 account of anchorage. Should a vessel, however, 
 not enter the river, the same charges shall bo 
 levied upon lier as those which are paid at the 
 other ports. At Mogadorc, 4 moozoonats per ton 
 shall be paid on British vessels for pilotage on 
 their eiiteriiii; the port only, and G moozoonats 
 per ton fur anchorage. 
 
 I! ! 
 
 11 ji* 
 
 'U' 
 
 I ! 
 
 I 
 
 : ;i 
 
1410 
 
 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL) 
 
 >•* 1- 
 
 ^-;.,. 
 
 l-^k:. 
 
 'M 
 
 Hi 
 
 ■^S 
 
 . ! 
 
 ( 
 
 '■' I 
 
 Should the mnstcr of a Dritish vessel require, 
 at auy oilier port, a pilot, lie shall pay lor hini at 
 the rate of 2 inoozoonats per ton ; but tliis eharj^o 
 shall not be exacted except when the muster of a 
 vessel re(iuires a pilot. 
 
 The sum of IG dollars shall be levied, on account 
 of anchorage, on a steam-vessel ontcrinj? a port in 
 the Moorish dominion!) for the purpose of dis- 
 charfjinj; or cmbarkinj; cargo. If, afterwards, the 
 snid steam-vessel proceed from that port to any 
 other port or ports in the Moorish dominions, and 
 on her arrival at the latter embark or discharge 
 cargo, the aforesaid charge of IG dollars for an- 
 chornge sliall again be levied; but if Ihc said 
 gteam-vcssel, on her return voyage, should enter a 
 Moorish port at which the said anchorage dues 
 shall have already been paid, no further charge on 
 account of anchorage snail be levied upon her 
 unless the said steam-vessel depart on a second 
 voyage to a jNIoorish port, or tmless during her 
 return voyage she shall have touched at any port 
 other than a port of the Moorish dominions, in 
 which case the aforesaid charge of 16 dollars shall 
 again be levied. The charge, however, for an- 
 chorage on a steamer of 150 tons burden, or less, 
 shall not exceed what is due from a sailing-vessel 
 of the same size. 
 
 The masters of all vessels shall pavj in addition 
 to the aforesaid charges, the following sums to 
 officers of the ports, but no other payments shall 
 be dcmandc'd of them ; viz. : — 
 
 A vessel measuring 25 tons or less, 20 ounces ; a 
 vessel exceeding 25 and not over 50 tons, 40 ounces ; 
 a vessel exceeding 50 and not over 100 tons, GO 
 ounces ; a vessel exceeding 100 and not over 200 
 tons, 80 ounces ; a vessel exceeding 200 tons, 100 
 ounces. 
 
 In addition to these charges, the master of 
 every British vessel visiting the port of Totuan 
 shall pay 10 ounces for the messenger who shall 
 convey the ship's papers from the port of Martecn 
 to Tetuan ; 5 ounces to the trumpeter who shall 
 announce the arrival of the vessel ; and 3 ounces 
 to the public crier ; but no other payments shall 
 be demanded at the port of Tetuan. No charge 
 for anchorage shall be levied on account of liritish 
 vessels which may enter the ports of Morocco for 
 the purpose of seeking shelter from the weather, 
 and which do not embark or discharge cargo, nor 
 shall any charge for anchorage be levied upon 
 fishing-vessels. 
 
 And, in like manner, no anchorage, tonnage, 
 import, or other duty or charge, shall be levied in 
 the Uritish dominions on Moorish vessels, or on 
 goods imported or exported in Moorish vessels, 
 Beyond what is or may be levied on national 
 vessels, or on the like goods imported or exported 
 in national vessels. 
 
 11. Should British subjects desire to embark in 
 or discharge goods from ves'^cls arriving in the 
 ports of Morocco, they shall i .nploy the Moorish 
 Government boats for that purpose ; but if within 
 two days after tlie arrival of a vessel the Moorish 
 Government boats are not placed at their disposal 
 for the aforesaid purpose, the British subjects 
 shall have the right of employing private boats, 
 and shall not pay, in such case, to the port 
 authorities more than one half of what would have 
 been paid, had they einiiloyed tlie Government 
 boats. This regulation shall not be applicable to 
 the ports of Tangier and Tetuan, inasmuch as 
 there is a sufficient number of Government lighters 
 at those two ports. 
 
 The charges now paid for lighterage at the 
 dill'erent ports of Morocco shall not be augmented, 
 and the administrator of customs at each port of 
 Morocco shall deliver to the Britisli vice-consul 
 
 a tarill'of the charges now demanded for lighti 
 age. 
 
 12. 'l"he articles of this convention shall 
 applicable to all the ports in the empire of IMorocc 
 and should his Majesty the Sultan of Moroc 
 open the ports of Mehedea, Agadeer, or Wadnoo 
 or any other ports within the limits of h 
 Majest'y's dominions, no difference siiall be nia, 
 in the levying of duties, or anchorage, betwcc 
 the said ports and other ports in the Sultan 
 dominions. 
 
 13. If a British subject be detected in smngglin 
 into the Moroquinc territories goods of any i|( 
 scription, the goods shall be conliscated to ili 
 Sidtan ; and such British subject shall, on con 
 vietion before the British consul-general, consul 
 vice-consul, or consular agent, be liable to be (inte 
 in an amount not exceeding treble the amount ol 
 duties leviable on such goods, or in case of goodi 
 not admitted to importation, treble the value ul 
 the goods at the current price of the day ; anil 
 failing payment of such fines, such British subjwt 
 shall, on conviction before the British consul- 
 general, consul, vice-consul, or consular agent, be 
 liable to be imprisoned ; or, without being fined, 
 any British subject on conviction as aforc.Niid 
 may be imprisoned, but in cither case for a time 
 not exceeding one year, in such place as the 
 consul-general, consul, vice-consul, or consular 
 agent may determine. 
 
 14. In order that the two high contractiu;' 
 parties may have the opportunity of hereafti^ 
 treating and agreeing upon such other arrani;e- 
 ments as may tend still further to the improvement 
 of their mutual intercourse, and to the advancement 
 of the interests of their resjiective subject'!, it u 
 agreed that at any time after the expiration of 
 five years from the date of the exchange of the 
 ratifications of the present convention of commtree 
 and navigation, cither of the high contraeting 
 parties shall have the right to call upon the other 
 to enter upon a revision of the same; but until 
 such revision shall have been accomplished by 
 common consent, and a new convention shall have 
 been concluded and ratified, the present con- 
 vention shall contiime and remain in full force | 
 and effect. 
 
 Done at Tangier, the 9th of December, iu the I 
 year 185G, corresponding to the Moorish date of| 
 the 10th of Kabbea the second, in the year 1273. 
 J. II. DituMMONi) Hay. 
 (Arabic signature of) 
 Seed Moiiamed Khateeb. 
 
 Netherlands. 
 
 Trcitlij bchvcen his Britannic Majeity and ik\ 
 
 King of the Xetherlands, respecting Territorieiu 
 
 and Commerce in the East Indies. Signed am 
 
 London, March 17, 1824, 
 
 Article 1. The high contracting parties cnga(;etol 
 admit the subjects of each other to trade with theiif 
 respective possessions in the Eastern Archipelago,! 
 and on the continent of India and in Ceylon, uponT 
 the footing of the most favoured nation; thiirl 
 respective subjects conforming themselves to thJ 
 local regulations of each settlement. 
 
 2. The subjects and vessels of one nation shall 
 not pay upon importation or exportation, at thJ 
 ports of the other in tlie Eastern seas, any linliT 
 at a rate beyond the double of tliat at whioij 
 the subjects and vessels of the nation to whic!" 
 the port belongs are charged. 
 
 Tlie duties paid on exports or imports at 
 British port, on the continent of Imlia, or in Ceylonj 
 on Dutch bottoms, sliall be arranged so as ill 
 no case to be charged at more than double tlii 
 
TRHATTKS T'OM^rHnrTAL) 
 
 14t7 
 
 now dcmandoil for ligUtcr- 
 
 this convention ahnll lie 
 ,s in the on.iiireot- Morocco: 
 ,tv tlio Sultan of Movocm 
 .ien,Aga.lecr,or\Vndnonn. 
 witl.in tlie limits ot Ins 
 no liitVerencc sl.all be ma.le 
 itics, or nnchurap, betycn 
 thcr ports in tlie bultans 
 
 icctbcfletcctcdinsmnKRliiig 
 crritories t;oods of any , c- 
 shall be contiscated to the 
 ritish subject sball, on con- 
 ritish consul-Kcncral, consu, 
 lar agent, be liable to be Imd 
 cecdilig treble the amount ,,f 
 u-h goods, or in case of good, 
 ,ortation, treble the value o 
 urrent price of the day, ami 
 uch fines, such Bntish subject 
 T before the British consul- 
 s-consul, or consular agent, be 
 ,ncd; or, without being fined 
 on conviction as aforesaid 
 hut in cither case for a tirae 
 ' vcar, in such place as the 
 iisul, vice-consul, or consular 
 
 at "the two high contractmi; 
 
 the opportui.ity of hereafter 
 ■in., upon such other arranuc- 
 ' Htill further to the improvemeii 
 ^rcourscandtotheadvancenH.,, 
 
 their respective subjects, it is 
 nv time after the expiration o 
 le date of the exchange ot the 
 ! present convention of commerce 
 cither of the high contracting 
 
 the right to call upon the otte 
 evisio.^.f the same; but mUil 
 
 ill have been accomplish \>) 
 land anew convention shnUiw 
 
 and ratified, the prcscn c. - 
 'itinue and remain in full fuuo 
 
 •r, the 9th of December, iu the 
 bonding to the Moorish date of 
 Phe second, in the year 12,0. 
 ' J. II. Dkummom) HAi. 
 
 (Arabic signature oQ 
 
 ;eed Moiiamed Khateeb. 
 
 Inetheulands. 
 
 his Britannic ^V<yes<y ««d /J^ 
 htherlands, respectmg Terniom 
 I m the East Indies. 6'J«w "' 
 \h 17, 1821. 
 
 Ihigh contracting pa^ies » » 
 t^^of each other to^^^^^^ 
 
 feSSnCevliujon 
 
 Ci,P most favoured nation; th r 
 fccSrming themselves to the 
 
 fe-SKle nation M 
 tV Utlon or exportation, _«t; 
 Ir^n the Eastern seas an) I ^^^ 
 
 the continent of India, or mw 
 
 anioiii if the duties paid by British suliject.s, ami 
 (111 Kriii-'h bdttoms. 
 
 In regard to any article upon wiiicli no duty is 
 imiiosL'd when imported or oxporte<l by the siib- 
 joits or on the vessels of tlic imtimi to which the 
 "iiert l)elongs, the duty charKeil upon the sulijeeis 
 or \esscls of the other shall in 'lo case exceed (i 
 jicr cent. 
 
 3. The high contracting parties engage tlint nu 
 trcatv licreiifler made by either, with any niitive 
 iiower in llie Kastern seas, sliiiU contain any 
 iirticle tending, eitlier expressly, or by tlie impo- 
 sition of unequal duties, to exclude the trade of 
 theother party frimi the ports of such iialive power; 
 and that if, in any treaty now existing on eitiier 
 iiarl, any article to that etfect lias been a<lniitte(l, 
 <iicli article shall be abrogated upon tlic conulusioti 
 1,1' the present treaty. 
 
 It is understood that, before the conclusion of 
 tlic present treaty, communication has been made 
 l,v each of the contracting parties to the other, 
 di' all treaties or engagements subsistiiif; between 
 oach of them, respectively, and any native powers 
 in the Eastern seas ; and that the lilvc cominuni- 
 ciition sliall be made of all such treaties concluded 
 bv them, respectively, hereafter. 
 '4. Their "ritannic and Nethorland INIajesties 
 enttage to gi\e strict orders, as well to their 
 <:ivil and military authorities, as to their ships of 
 war to respect the freedom of trade, established by 
 Articles 1, 2, and 3 ; and in no case to impede a free 
 oimmunicationof the natives in the Eastern Archi- 
 iiclago, with the ports of the two Governments, 
 ri'spectivcly, or of the subjects of the two Govcni- 
 inents with the ports belonging to native powers. 
 0. Their Britannic and Ketiierland Majesties, 
 in like manner, engage to concur effectually in 
 rciiressing jiiracy in those seas : they will not 
 ijrant either asylum or protection to vessels en- 
 gaged in piracy, and they will in no case permit 
 tlic ships or merchandise captured by such vessels 
 to be introduced, deposited, or sold in any of their 
 ini-scssions. 
 
 (i. It is agreed that orders shall be given by the 
 two Uovernments, to their officers and agents in 
 ilie Kast, not to form any new settlement on any of 
 the islands in the Eastern seas, without previous 
 aiithurity from their respective Govcrnmcnta in 
 
 7. I'hi' Molucca Island8,and especially Amboyna, 
 lianda, Ternate, and their immediate dependencies, 
 are excepted from the oi)eration of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 
 aiuUth Articles, until the Netherland Government 
 shall think fit to abandon the monopoly of spices ; 
 Imt if the said Government .shall, at any time 
 jirevious to such abandonment of the monopoly, 
 allow the subjects of any power, other than the 
 Asiatic native power, to carry on any commercial 
 intercourse with the said islands, the subjects of 
 his Hritannic Majesty shall be admitted to such 
 intercourse upon a fooling precisely similar. 
 
 H. His Xetherland Majesty cedes to his Britannic 
 Majesty all his establishment on the continent of 
 India; and renounces all privileges and exemptions 
 (njnyed or claimed in virtue of those establish- 
 intnts, 
 
 'A The factory of Fort Marlborough, and all the 
 r.iiglish possessions on the island of Sumatra, are 
 hmby ceded to ids Netherland Majesty: and his 
 Hritannic JIajcsty further engages tiiat no British 
 -ittlemcnt shall be formed on that island, nor any 
 treaty concluded, by British authority, with any 
 i.ative iirince, chief, or state therein. 
 
 10, The town and fort of Malacca, and its 
 dependencies, are hereby ceded to his Britannic 
 Majesty; and his Netherland Majesty enj^agcs, 
 tot himself and his subjects, never to form any 
 
 est.iMisliiueiit on any part of tlio peninsula of 
 .Mal.'icca, or to conclude any treaty with any 
 native prince, chief, or state tlierein, 
 
 13. All the eoloiiios, possessions, and oatahlish- 
 meuts which are ceded by the preceding articles, 
 shall be delivered up to the officers of the resjiec- 
 tive sovereiuiis on the 1st of Mareii, 182.5. The 
 fortitieaiions shall remain in the state in which 
 they shall be at tlie period of the notification of 
 this treaty in India ; but no claim shall be made, 
 on either side, for ordnance, or stores of any 
 description, either left or removed by the ceding 
 power, nor for any arrears of revenue, or any 
 charge of administration whatever, 
 
 1(), It is agreed tliat all accounts and reclama- 
 tions, arising out of the restoration of Java, and 
 other (lossessions, to the officers of his Netherland 
 Majesty in the East Indies — as well as those 
 wliicli were the subject of a convention made at 
 Java on the 21th of June, 1817, between the 
 commissioners of the two nations, as all others — 
 shall be finally and com])Ietcly closed and satisfied, 
 on the iiaynient of the sum'of 100,000/,, sterling 
 money, to be made in London on the part of the 
 Netherlands, before the ex[)iratioii of the year 
 182;'). 
 
 17. The present treaty shall be ratified and the 
 ratifications exchanged at London, within 3 months 
 from the <latc hereof, or sooner if possible. 
 
 In witness wliereof, tlie respective plenipoten- 
 tiaries have signed the same, and affixed there- 
 unto tlie seals of their arms. 
 
 Done at London, the 17th day of March, in the 
 year of our Lord 1824. 
 
 Geokgic Canning. 
 
 Ciiaki.es Watkin.s Williams Wynn. 
 
 II. Fagei.. 
 
 A. \\. Falck. 
 
 Treat;/ of Commerce and Naviqation between her 
 Majesty and the Kingofthe Netherlands, Signed 
 at the Hague, October 27, 1837. 
 
 Article 1. There shall be reciprocal liberty of 
 commerce and navigation between and amongst 
 the subjects of the two high contracting parties ; 
 and the subjects of the two sovereigns respec- 
 tively shall not pay in the ports, harbours, roads, 
 cities, towns, or places ^vhatsoever in either king- 
 dom, any other or higher duties, taxes, or imposts, 
 under whatsoever names designated or included, 
 than those wliich are there paid by the subjects 
 of the most favoured nation : and the subjects of 
 each of the high contracting parties shall enjoy 
 the same rights, privileges, liberties, favours, im- 
 munities, and exemptions, in matters of commerce 
 and navigation, that are granted, or may hereafter 
 be granted, in either kingdom, to the subjects of 
 the most favoured nation. No duty of customs or 
 other impost shall be charged upon any goods the 
 produce of one country, upon importation, by sea 
 or by land, from such country into the other, 
 higher than the duty or impost charged upon 
 goods of the same kind, the produce of or im- 
 ported from any other country ; and her Majesty 
 the (iueen of the United Kingdom of Great 
 Britain and Ireland, and his Majesty the King 
 of the Netherlands, do hereby bind and engage 
 themselves not to grant any favour, privilege, or 
 immunity, in matters of commerce and navigation, 
 to the subjects of any other state, which shall not 
 be also, and at the" same time, extended to the 
 subjects of the other high contracting party, gra- 
 tuitously, if the concession in favour of that other 
 state shall have been gratuitous ; and on giving 
 as nearly as possible the same compensation or 
 eipiivaleiit, in case the concession shall have been 
 conditional. 
 
 t 'i 
 
 MM 
 
 I', 
 
 ill- 
 
 If 
 ill' 
 
 % 
 
 1' i: ^ 
 
 I' : 
 
 Vi 
 
 
 <A 
 
 
 mm 
 
; ■ 
 
 ■1" 
 
 /:• 
 
 T* 
 
 . » • ■ -I 
 
 
 ,^ « 
 
 ":' .'. i 
 
 ^/i V^'r.. ■ .. 
 
 1418 TREATIES (COHrMERCIAL) 
 
 2. No duties of tonnnpc, hnrhoiir, lij^litlioiHOs, 
 pilotnKC, quaniiitino, or otlicr Himilar or corrc- 
 (ipondiri}^ diitirs, of whatever nature or under 
 wlintevcrdciiomiiintion, hIiuU be impoaed in either 
 country upon the vessels of the other, in respect 
 of voyiiKcs between tlie two countries, if laden, or 
 in respect of any voyage if in ballast, which shall 
 not be eipially imposed, in the like cases, on 
 national vessels ; and in neither country sliall any 
 duty, charge, restriction, or prohibition be im- 
 posed upon, nor any drawback, bounty, or allow- 
 ance be withheld from, any goods imported from 
 or exported to the other country, in the vessel of 
 that other country, which shall not be ecpially 
 im()oscd upon or withheld from such goods wheii 
 80 imix)rted or exported in national vessels. 
 
 3. In order to avoid any misunderstanding' with 
 regard to the regulations that detcriiiine the con- 
 ditions which constitute a British or a Dutch 
 vessel, it is hereby agreed that all ^-essels built 
 in the dominions of her Britannic Majesty, and 
 all vessels which, having been captured from an 
 enemy by her Majesty's ships of war, or by the 
 subjects of her said Majesty, furnished by the 
 lortls commissioners of the Admiralty with letters 
 of marque, shall have been regularly condemned 
 in one of her said Majest}''s prize courts as a law- 
 ful prize ; and all vessels which shall have Ijccn 
 condemned in any competent court, for a breach 
 of the laws made for the prevention of the slave 
 trade ; shall, provided they arc owned, navigated, 
 and registered according to the laws of Great 
 Britain, be considered as British vessels ; and 
 that all vessels built in the territories of the 
 King of the Netherlands, or which, having been 
 captured from an enemy by his Majesty's ships 
 of war, or bv the subjects" of his said Majesty 
 furnished with letters of marque, shall have been 
 regularly condemned in one of the prize courts ol 
 the kingdom of the Netherlands as a lawful pri;.e; 
 and all vessels which shall have been condemned 
 in any competent court, for a breach of the laws 
 made for the prevention of the slave trade, shall, 
 provided they are wholly owned by any subject 
 or sid>jects of the King of the Netherlands, and 
 provided that the master and three-fourths of the 
 crew arc Netherlands subjects, be considered as 
 Netberland vessels. 
 
 4. It is further agreed, that in all cases where, 
 in either kingdom, the duty to be levied upon any 
 goods imported, shall be, not a fixed rate, but a 
 proportion of the value of the goods, such ad 
 valorem duty shall be ascertained and secured in 
 the following manner ; that is to say, the importer 
 shall, on making his entry for the payment of 
 duty at the custom-house of either country, sign 
 a declaration, stating the value of the goods at 
 such amount as he shall deem proper; and in 
 case the olTiccrs of customs should be of opinion 
 that such valuation is insuiHcient, he or they shall 
 be at liberty to take the goods, on paying to the 
 imiMirter the value according to his "declaration, 
 together with the addition of 10 per cent., and on 
 returning the duty paid. 
 
 The amount of these sums to be paid bj* the 
 oflicers on the delivery of the goods to them, 
 which must be within 15 days from the first de- 
 tention of the goods. 
 
 6. Forasmuch as all merchandise, of whatever 
 origin, whether admissible for home consumption 
 or not, may be received and warehoused in all the 
 ports of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and 
 Ireland, which are by law appointed to be ware- 
 housing ports for such articles, pending the entry 
 
 of the same either for home consumption or for .^...p,,.^... „. „.^„„ — 
 
 re-exportation, as the case may be, under the | Majesty the King of the Netherlands, coiu'lmicil 
 regulations appointed for this purpose, and with- ancl signed at the Hague on the 27th of October, 
 
 out such articles being liable, in the monntimp, to 
 the iiayment of any of the duties with which they 
 would bo charged, if tii>on arrival they were en- 
 tered for consuniptiim within the United Kin^,'- 
 dom ; in like manner, the King of the Nether- 
 lands consents ond agrees, that all the ports of 
 his Netherhind Majesty's dominions, which an; 
 now or which shr.ll hereafter become warehousing 
 ports by law, shall be free ports for the recepliun 
 and warehousing of all merchandise imported in 
 British ships, and of all articles whotever, the 
 |)ro<Iuce or manufacture of the llritish dominionst, 
 m whatever ships imported, either for home con- 
 8umpti(m or for rc-exportuiion, as the cnse may 
 be ; and the articles thus received and ware- 
 housed, subject to due regulations, shall n(;t Ijc 
 liable, in the meantime, to any of the duties with 
 which they would be charged, if tliey were en- 
 tered for consumption on their arrival in the 
 Netherlands. 
 
 C. If any ships of war or merchant vessels 
 should bo wrecked on the coasts of either of the 
 high contracting parties, such sliips or vessels, or 
 all parts thereof, and all furniture and appurte- 
 nances belonging thereunto, and all goods and 
 merchandise! which shall be saved therefrom, or 
 the produce thereof, if sold, shall be fuitlilully 
 restored to the proprietors, upon being claimed 
 by them or by their duly authorised factors; and 
 if there are no such proprietors or factors on the 
 spot, then the said goods and merchandise, or the 
 proceeds thereof, an well as all the pajjers found 
 on board such wrecked vessels, shall lie delivered 
 to the British or Netherland consul in whose dis- 
 trict tho wreck may have taken place ; and such 
 consul, proprietors, or fauiors shall pay only the 
 expenses incurred in the jireservotion of the pro- 
 pertv, together with the rate of salvage which 
 would have been payable in the like case of a 
 wreck of a national "vessel ; and the goods and 
 merchandise saved from the wreck shall not be 
 subject to duties, unless cleared for home con- 
 sumption. 
 
 7. The present treatj- shall be in force for the 
 term of 10 years from the date hereof, and further, 
 until the end of 12 months after cither of the 
 high contracting parties shall have given notice 
 to the other of its intention to terminate the 
 same : each of the high contracting parties reserv- 
 ing to itself the right of giving sucli nodcc to 
 the other at the end of the said term of 10 years. 
 
 And it is hereby agreed between them, that at 
 the expiration of 12 months after such notice shall 
 have been received by either party from the other, 
 this treaty, anil all the provisions thereof, shall 
 altogether cease and determine. 
 
 8. The present treaty shall be ratilied, and the 
 ratifications shall be exchanged at the Haque 
 within 1 month from the date hereof, or sooner if 
 possible. 
 
 In witness whereof, the respective plenipoten- 
 tiaries have signed the same, and have affixed 
 thereto the seals of their arras. 
 
 Done at the Hague, this 27th day of October, 
 in the year of our Lord 1837. 
 
 Vkustolk i)k Soklen. 
 
 EdWA11I> CllO.MWEI.L DiSBROWE. 
 
 Declaration made, hy the Plenipnteniiari/ nf kr 
 Britannic Majesty, on the exchanae nf the Rati- 
 fication of the preceding Treaty. 
 
 In proceeding to the exclianije of the ratiiica- 
 tions of the treaty of commerce and navi^'.ition 
 between her Majesty the Queen of the VmM 
 Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ami his 
 
warn 
 
 ' liable, in the nionntimc, to 
 • the (hilios with \vhicl\ thev 
 im)ii nriival they were en- 
 n within t\io United Kiiij,'- 
 r, tlio Kill),' "f tlic Nctlier- 
 creoa, tliat all tlio ports of 
 itv'.H (lomiiiiiMis, wliicli imi 
 ■roat'tor bi'ci.mf warcliimsinf; 
 Iree (lorts for the rei'Pi)liiiii 
 ill mercliaiKlise imported in 
 ■ all articles whatever, the 
 re of tlie liritish dominioni*, 
 lortcd, eillier tor liomc poii- 
 ixpnrtalioii, as the case may 
 rt thus received ami wnrc- 
 uc refiulations, shall not lie 
 nc, to anv of the duties wiili 
 e charj,'ed, if they were tn- 
 uu on their arrival in tlic 
 
 of war or mercliant vessels 
 in the coasts of cither of the 
 tics, such ships or vessels, or 
 ,d all furniture and appurte- 
 lercunto, and all (;•""'••* *'"' 
 shall be navcd therefrom, or 
 if sold, shall be faithfully 
 jrictors, upon beinj; cliiimeil 
 duly authorised fo"tors; nnil 
 proprietors or factors on the 
 roods and merchandise, or the 
 'well as all the papers fniiiul 
 ked vessels, sliall tw delivered 
 theriand consul in whose dis- 
 havr talcen place; anil such 
 jr factors shall pay only the 
 I the preservation of the nro- 
 h tlie rate of salvage which 
 layablc in tlic lilic case of a 
 
 1 "vessel ; and the poods and 
 from the wreck shall not be 
 iiilcss cleared for home con- 
 
 ;aty shall be in force for the 
 m the date hereof, and further, 
 
 2 months after either of the 
 irtics shall have pivcn notice 
 
 3 intention to terminate the 
 igh contracting parties reserv- 
 iglit of giving such notice to 
 , of the said term of 10 years, 
 igrccd between them, that at 
 tnontlis after such notice shall 
 by either partv from the other, 
 
 the provisions thereof, sliall 
 1 determine. 
 
 reaty shall be ratitied, and the 
 be exchanged at the Hauuc 
 in the date hereof, or sooner it 
 
 >of, the respective plcnipoten- 
 the same, and have afhxed 
 
 their arms. .. /^ . ■ „. 
 
 rue, this -iTth day of October, 
 
 ,ord 1837. 
 
 •OI-K 1)K SOKLEN'. 
 
 .Ill) CnoMWELL DisnnowE. 
 
 hy tlie rknwote,itmr!lofl''r 
 'y,„nthccx,LnneoJtkRali- 
 
 •ceding Treaty. 
 the exclianije of the ratite- 
 of commerce and navi;-'.>t on 
 ,tv the Queen of the I". J 
 , -Britain and Irebnd an to 
 of the Netherlands, com'biW 
 Iftguoonthe27thofOc.ober, 
 
 TRKATIKS (COMMERCIAL) 
 
 ia:)7, tiie undersigned, plenipotentiary of her 
 Jlritannic Majesty, is coramanded by her Majesty 
 to explain and declare that her Majesty has 
 ratilied the said treaty, notwith.'-Ntiuiiiig that 
 the preamble contains the words ' in Europe,' 
 which her .Majesty's (Jovernment had objected to 
 as redundant ; hut that her Majesty considers 
 those wonls to be without meaning, so far as 
 licr Majesty's dominions arc concerned ; because 
 tliosc words appear to establish a distinction be- 
 tween a kingdom in Europe and a kingdom out of 
 iluropc, whereas, by the word ' kingdom,' in tlie 
 said treaty, her Majesty, a.s far as regards her own 
 territories, means only the United Kingdom of 
 (ireat Hritain and Ireland, which is well known 
 to he in Europe, and docs not mean any of the 
 iiosscssicnis of her Majesty's crown beyond sea. 
 Her Majesty's ratiiicition of the said' treaty is 
 exchanged under the explicit declaration and 
 understanding above mentioned. 
 
 Done at the Hague, the 22nd day of November, 
 1837. 
 
 Edward Cuomwkli, Disiikowk. 
 
 CoKiUcr-Declarntion of the Pleni/mtcntiary of /i/s 
 Majesty the Kiny of the NetherlaniU. 
 
 The plenipotentiary of her Britannic Majesty 
 having, iiroviously to the exchange of the ratili- 
 cations the treaty of commerce and navigation, 
 concliidi'ti on the 27th of October, 1837, between 
 his Majesty the King of the Netherlands and her 
 MajcstV the (iueen of the United Kingdom ot 
 Great llritain and Ireland, delivered to the under- 
 signed, plenipotentiary of his Majesty the King 
 of the Netherlands, a declaration stating that her 
 Britannic Majesty had not in view in the said 
 treaty the possessions of her crown beyond sea; 
 the imdersigned is charged by his Majesty the 
 King of the Netherlands to declare that his said 
 Majesty accepts the above-mentioned declaration, 
 and that he likewise, on his part, has not meant 
 to comprise in the said treaty the possessions of 
 his crown beyond sea. 
 
 With regard to the obscrvotions made os to the 
 use of the words 'in Europe,' the Cabinet of the 
 llaRue is of opinion, that their intcrpretotion is to 
 be found in the circumstance, that the phrase ' in 
 Europe ' applies to the word ' ports,' and not to 
 the word 'kingdom.' 
 
 The Hague, the 22nd of November, 1837. 
 
 Vehstolk de Soelen. 
 
 Persia. 
 
 Tmtij of Commerce between her Majesty and the 
 Shall of Persia. Siqiicd at Tehran, October 28, 
 
 1811. 
 
 -Vrticlo 1. The merchants of the two mighty 
 states are reciprocally permitted and allowed to 
 carry into each other's territories their goods and 
 mauufucturos of every description, and to sell or 
 excliaii;;e tliem in any iiart of their respective 
 countries ; and on the goods which they import 
 or export, custom duties shall lie levied ; that is 
 to say, on entering the country, the same amount 
 of custom duties sliall be levied, once for all, that 
 is levied on merchandise inijiorted by the mer- 
 chants of the most favoured European nations; 
 and at the time of going out of the country, the 
 s.inie amount of custom duties which is levied on 
 the merchandise of merchants of the most favoured 
 Kuropcan nations shall be levied from the mer- 
 chants, subjects of the high contracting parlies; 
 and except this, no claim shall be made upon the 
 merchants of the two states in each other's do- 
 minions on any pretext or under any denomina- 
 tion; and the merchants or persons connected with 
 
 1119 
 
 or dependent upon the high contniciiiiy parties 
 in each other's dominions, mutually, sIimII rc<Mivo 
 the same aid and support, and the same respect, 
 wliicli are received by the subjects of the most 
 favoured nations. 
 
 2. As it is necessary, for the purpose of attend- 
 ing to the all'airs of the iiierchanfs of tlie two 
 parties respectively, that from both (iovcnimfnts 
 .'ommercial agents should be appoint! d to reside in 
 
 stated places; it is therefore proposed that two 
 commercial agents on the part of the British 
 (iovernment shall reside, one in the capital, and 
 one ill Tabrcpz, and in those places only, and on 
 this condition, that he who shall reside at Tabreezv 
 and he aloiie,shallbchonouied with the privileges 
 of consul-general ; and as for a series of years a 
 resident of the British (iovernment has resided at 
 Bushirc, the Persian Govemnient grants permis- 
 sion that the said resident shall n side tliero a» 
 heretofore. And, in like nianncr, two commercial 
 agents shall reside on the part of the Persian 
 Government, one in the capital of London, and 
 one ill the port of Bombay, and shall enjoy tho 
 same r.ink and privileges which the commercial 
 agents of the British Government shall enjoy in 
 Persia. 
 
 _ 3. This commercial treaty, we, the plenipoten- 
 tiaries of the high contracting parties, have agreed 
 to; and in witness thereof, have set thereunto our 
 hands and scah, at the capital city of Tehran, this 
 28Hi day of October, in the year of our Lord 
 1811, corresponding to the 12th day of the month 
 Hamazan, in the year of the Hejjira 1257. 
 
 John M'Neii.i.. 
 
 Meekza AnuL Hassan Kiiax, 
 
 Peuu-Boi.ivian Confederation. 
 
 Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Xacigntion be- 
 tween His Majesty and the Peru-Bolivian Con- 
 federation, together with 2 additional Articles 
 thereunto annexed, of June 5, 1837. 
 
 Article 1. There shall be perjiotual amity be- 
 tween the dominions and subjects of his Majesty 
 the King of the United Kingdom of Great Bri- 
 tain and Ireland, his heirs and successors, and 
 the Peru-Bolivian confederation and its citizens. 
 
 2. There shall be, between all the territories of 
 his Britannic Majesty in Europe, and the terri- 
 tories of the Peru-Bolivian confederation, a reci- 
 procal freedom of commerce. The subjects and 
 citizens of the two countries respectively sh.ill 
 have liberty freely and securely to come with 
 their ships and cargoes to all places, ports, and 
 rivers in the territories aforesaitl, to which other 
 foreigners are or may be permitted to come, to 
 enter into the same, and to remain and reside in 
 any part of the said territories respcctivclj' ; also 
 to hire and occupy houses and warehouses for the 
 purpose of their commerce; and generally, the 
 merchants and traders of each nation, respectivel)', 
 shall enjoy the most complete protection and 
 securitj' for their "ommcrce ; siilijoet always to 
 the laws and statutes of the two countries re- 
 spectively. 
 
 In like manner, the respective ships of war and 
 post-otlice packets of the two countries shall have 
 lilierty freely and securely to come to all har- 
 bours, rivers, and places to which other foreign 
 ships of war and packets are or may be permitted 
 to come, to enter into the same, to iinclior, and 
 to remain there and retit ; subject always to 
 the laws and statutes of the two countries re- 
 spectively. 
 
 By the riglit of entering the places, ports, and 
 rivers iiieiitioued in this article, the privilege of 
 carrying on the coasting trade is not understood, 
 
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 in which national vcsscIh only ore pcrniittLMl to 
 cnKO^e. 
 
 ;t. llis IMnjosty the King of tlio United Kiii.i,'- 
 <loin(il'<in'iit llri'tnin nnd Irdnnd onffiifjes Ciirthcr, 
 tliiit ihc iidiidiiliintH of tlic I'cm-Holiviiin confi'iU'- 
 riilion hIiiiU have tlip like lihcrty of commerce and 
 navijriitioii sliiiulatcd for in tlio preceding; nrtiele, 
 in all \n» donnnions Kitnntcd ont of Knrope, to the 
 fnll extent in which the same is perniittid at 
 present, or may be permitted hereafter, to any 
 other natii^n. 
 
 4. No liif;lier or other duties shall bo imposed 
 on tlic impnrlatlon into the dominions of his 
 Britauniu .Majesty of any ar'iolo of the growth, 
 produce, or manufacture of the I'cru-Itolivian 
 confederation, and no higher or other duties shall 
 be imposed on the importation into the territories 
 of the Peru- Bolivian confederation of any articles 
 of the {growth, produce, or nianid'acture o'fhis Itri- 
 tannie Majesty's dominions, than are or shall be 
 payable on the like articles, beiuf? the growth, 
 produce, or manufacture of any other forcijcn 
 country ; nor shall any other or higher duties or 
 charges be imposed in the territories or dominions 
 of cither of the contracting parties, on the expor- 
 tation of any articles to the territories or domi- 
 nions of the other, than such as are or may bo 
 payable on the exportation of the like articles to 
 any other foreign country; nor shall any i)ro- 
 hibition be imposed upon the exportation ur 
 importation of any article the growth, pro- 
 duce, or manufacture of his Britannic Majesty's 
 dominions, or of the said territories of the I'eru- 
 Bolivian confcieration, to or from the said do- 
 minions of his liritannic Majesty, or to or from 
 the said territories of the Peru-Bolivian con- 
 federation, which shall not equally extend to all 
 other nations. 
 
 5, No higher or other ointies or charges on 
 account of tonnage, light or harbour dues, pilot- 
 age, salvage in case of damage or shipwreck, or 
 any other local charges, shall be imposed in any 
 of the ports of the Peru-Bolivian confederation, 
 on British vessels, than those payable in the same 
 ports, by Peru-Bolivian vessels; nor in the ports 
 of his Britannic Majesty's territories, on Peru- 
 Bolivian vessels, than shall be payable in the 
 same ports on British vessels. 
 
 G. The same duties shall be paid on the impor- 
 tation into the territories of the Peru-Bolivian 
 confederation of any article the growth, produce, 
 or manufacture of his Britannic Majesty's domi- 
 nions, whether such importation shall be in Peru- 
 Bolivian or in British vessels ; and the same 
 duties shall be paid on the importation into the 
 dominions of his Britannic Majesty, of any article 
 the growth, ))roduce, or manufacture of the terri- 
 tories of the Peru-Bolivian confederation, whether 
 such importation shall be in British or in Peru- 
 Bolivian vessels. The same duties shall be paid. 
 And the same bounties and drawlmcks allowed, on 
 t"ie exportation to the ports of the Peru-Bolivian 
 confederation, of any articles of the growth, pro- 
 duce, or manufacture of his Britannic Majesty's 
 dominions, whether such exportation shall be in 
 Peru-Bolivian or British vessels ; and the same 
 duties shall be paid, and the same bounties and 
 drawbacks allowed, on the exjjortation of any 
 articles the growth, produce, or manufacture of 
 the Peru-Bolivian confederation, to his Britannic 
 Majesty's dominions, whether such exportation 
 shall be in British or in Peru-Bolivian vessels. 
 
 7. In order to avoid any misunderstanding with 
 respect to the regulations which may res])cctively 
 constitute a British or Peru-15olivian vessel, it is 
 hereby agreed that no ship shall be admitted to 
 be a ship of cither country, unless she shall bo 
 
 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL) 
 
 (irthelmill of su-.h or in n try, or iiu'-o been madi 
 prize of war to sueli eoinilry, and condemned a; 
 such ; or have been forfeited to such country undo; 
 any law ol the same made for the prevention o 
 the slave trade, and condemned in any conipelcni 
 court as forfeiture for a breach of such law ; mi 
 unless shi^ be navigated by a master who is a miIi- 
 ject of such country, und by a crew, of wIkjih 
 '■} at least are sulijccis of such country ; nor unless 
 she Ih' wholly owned by subjects of such couiitri-, 
 usually residmg therein, or under the doiniiildn 
 thereof; excepting where the. laws provide for 
 any extreme oases. And it is furilier agreed, that 
 no" ship, admitted to be a .ship of either country, 
 shall be (pialitied to trade as above desciilx'd, 
 under the provisions of this treaty, unless fur- 
 nished with a register, passport, or sea-lciipr, 
 under the signature of the projier persuii au- 
 thorised to grant the same, aceordnig to ibclawi 
 of the respective countries (the form of wliich 
 shall be communicated), certifying the nnnio, 
 occupation, and residence of the owner or owners, 
 in the dominions of his Britannic Majesty, or iii 
 the territories of the Peru-Bolivian confederation, 
 as the case may be, and that he or they is or are 
 the sole owner or owners, in the proportion to be 
 speciticd ; together with the name, burden, and 
 description of the vessel, as to build and measure- 
 ment, and the several particulars constitutin;; tlio 
 national character of the vessel, as the case mav 
 be. 
 
 8, All merchants, commanders of sliipg, and 
 others, the subjects of his Britannic Majesty, shall 
 have full libertj-, in all the territories of the I'eru- 
 Bolivian confederation, to manage their own af- 
 fairs themselves, or to commit them to the man- 
 agement of whomsoever the please, as broker, 
 factor, agent, or interpreter; nor shall they be 
 obliged to employ any other persons for those 
 purposes than those employed by Peru-Uoliviaus, 
 nor to pay thcrn any other salary or remuneration 
 than such as is paid, in like cases, by Peru- 
 Bolivian eiti/.ens; and absolute freedom shall be 
 allowed, in all cases, to the buyer and seller to 
 bargain and fix the price of any goods, wares, or 
 merchandise imported into or exported from the 
 Peru-Bolivian confederation, as they shall see 
 good, observing the laws anil established customs 
 of the country. The same privileges shall he 
 cnjoved in the dominions of his 'Jritannic Majesty, 
 by the citizens of the Peru- Bolivian confederation, 
 under the same conditions. 
 
 The citizens and subjects of the contracting 
 parties, in the territories of each other, shall re- 
 ceive and enjoy full and perfect protection for 
 their persons and property, and shall have free 
 and open access to the courts of justice in the 
 said countries respectively, for the prosecution 
 and defence of their just rights ; and they shall 
 be at liberty to employ, in all causes, the advo- 
 cates, attorneys, or agents, of whatever description, 
 whom they may think proper; and they shall 
 enjoy, in this respect, the same rights and privi- 
 leges therein as native citizens. 
 
 9. In whatever relates to the police of the ports, 
 the lading and unlading of ships, the safety of 
 merchandise, goods, and effects, the succession to 
 personal estates bj- will or otherwise, and the 
 disposal of personal property of avery sort ami 
 denomination, by sale, donation, exclian^'e, or 
 testament, or in any other manner whatsoever, .is 
 also the administration of justice, the suhjf* 
 and citizens of the two contracting parties shall 
 enjoy, in their respective dominions and terri- 
 tories, the same privileges, liberties, and rifihts, 
 as native subjects ; and shall not he eliar;;ocl, in 
 any of these respects, with any higher imposts ot 
 
iMMintry, or liii'-o been made 
 1 coiiiitrv, anil comlcmiipil as 
 i)ifcitc<l ti) such country under 
 ( niiuld fcir tlio prevention of 
 condenmcil in any coniiietcnt 
 ir II breaeli of n\ieh liiw : \vj 
 itcil bv a niiistcr who is n miIi- 
 rv, uiiil by a erew, of wlmm 
 Is of sucli "I'ountry ; imr nnh *i 
 1 bv subjei'ls of such country, 
 erein, or under the dominidii 
 where th(^ hiws i)roviile lor 
 And it is furllier agreed, that 
 3 be a ship of eitlief country, 
 to trade as above desciiljod, 
 ns of this treaty, unless fur- 
 lister, pa-sport, or sea-lctior, 
 re of the proper person au- 
 ic same, accordniK to tbclaHj 
 countries (the form of which 
 catert), certifyiiiK the name, 
 idence of tlie ownc^r or owners, 
 r his Britannic Majesty, or iii 
 le Peru-Bolivian confederation, 
 , and that he or they is or are 
 iwncrs, in the proportion to he 
 with the name, burden, and 
 ,-essel, as to build and mensurc- 
 rai particulars constitutin}; the 
 of the vessel, as the case may 
 
 td, commanders of ships, and 
 3 of his Britannic Majesty, shall 
 n all the territories of the Peru- 
 ition, to manage their own af- 
 r to commit them to the man- 
 isoever the please, as broker, 
 interpreter ; nor shall they he 
 : any other persons for those 
 ic employed by I'eru-lJoliviaiis, 
 nv other salary or remuneration 
 paid, in like cases, by I'eru- 
 and absolute freedom shall be 
 scs, to the buyer and seller to 
 e price of any goods, wares, or 
 )rte(l into or exported from the 
 ifederation, as they shall see 
 c laws anil established customs 
 The same privileges shall be 
 linions of his 'Jritannic Majesty, 
 the Peru-Bolivian confederation, 
 nditions. 
 
 nd subjects of the contracting 
 ritories of each other, shall re- 
 full and perfect protection for 
 [ property, and shall have fi«e 
 to the courts of justice in the 
 spectively, for the prosecution 
 icir just rights ; and they sbaU 
 >inplov, in all causes, the advo- 
 r ageiits, of whatever descnptwn, 
 think proper; and they shall 
 lect, the same rights and pnvi- 
 alive citizens. 
 
 relates to the police of the ports, 
 .nlading of ships, the safety ot 
 Is, and effects, the succession to 
 bv will or otherwise, and the 
 nil property of svery sort am 
 r sale, donation, exclmnge, or 
 my other manner whatsoever, a> 
 tration of justice, the subject 
 ,e two contracting parties sInU 
 respective dominions aiid tcm- 
 privileges, liberties, and riijh ^ 
 '; and .shall not he charge. m 
 ■cts, with any higher imports or 
 
 TREAT! i;s (COr.IMKRflAL) 
 duties than those which are paid, or nmy he paid, 
 bv tli<' native subjects or citizens of the power in 
 wliixe d( mi in ions or territories the v may lie resident, 
 sidijccl of course to the local laws and regiiliiiidus 
 of siicli iloininions or territorii'H. In the event of 
 a'lv subject or citi/.en of eitluT of the two coii- 
 
 trnctio},' parties dying without will or testament, | twccn individual.s, publi 
 ■ 1 thi' dominions or territories of the said .... 
 
 1 l.Jl 
 
 in inc oiinioiiiioM or lerntories ot tlie saiu con 
 tricting iiarties, the consul-general or consul of 
 thi' said nafi(m, or, in his absence, his represen- 
 tative, shall have the right to nominate curators, 
 to take charge of the property of the deceased, so 
 far as the laws of each country will permit, Cor 
 the benefit of his lawful heirs anil creditors, with- 
 out iiiterferenrc, giving convenient notice thereof 
 to ibe authorities of the country. 
 
 10. The subjects of his Britannic IMajesty re- 
 siding in the Peru-liolivian confederation, and the 
 natives and citizens of the confederation residing 
 in the diimuiions of his Britannic Majesty, shall 
 be exempted from all compulsory military "service 
 whiitsoever, whether by sea or land ; and from all 
 forced loans or military exactions or requisitions ; 
 neitbcr shall they be compelled, under any pretext 
 whatsoever, to pay any other ordinary charges, 
 requisitions, or taxes, greater than those that are 
 p.iid by native subjects or citizens of the terri- 
 tories of the contracting parties, respectively. 
 
 11. It shall be free for each of the two con- 
 tractii.g parties to appoint consuls for the pro- 
 tection of trade, to reside in the dominions and 
 territories of the other party; but before any 
 consul sliull act as such, ho shall, in the usual 
 form, be approved and admitted by the (iovem- 
 inent to which he is sent : and either of the con- 
 tracting parties may except from the residence of 
 consuls such particular places as either of them 
 may judge fit to be excepted. The diplomatic 
 agent* and consuls of the Peru-Bolivian con- 
 federation shall enjoy, in the dominions of his 
 Britannic Majesty, whatever privileges, excep- 
 tidiis, and immunities are or .shall be granted to 
 agents of the same rank belonging to the most 
 favoured nation; and in like manner, the diplo- 
 matic agents and consuls of his Britannic Majesty 
 in the territories of the Peru-Bolivian confedera- 
 tion shall enjoy, according to the strictest reci- 
 procity, whatever privileges, exceptions, and 
 immunities arc or may be granted to the diplo- 
 matic agents and consuls of the most favoured 
 nation in the territories of the Peru-Bolivian 
 confederation. 
 
 11 For the better security of commerce between 
 the subjects of his Britannic Majesty and the 
 citizens of the Peru-Bolivian confederation, it is 
 agreed that if, at any time, any interruption of 
 friendly intercourse or any rupture should unfor- 
 tmiateiy take place between the two contracting 
 parties, the subjects or citizens of either of the 
 two contracting parties residing upon the coasts 
 shall he allowed six month.s, and those residing 
 in the interior a whole year, to wind up their ac- 
 counts and dispose of their property ; and a safe 
 conduct shall be given them to embark at the 
 port winch they shall themselves .select. All 
 such subjects or citizens of either of the two 
 fontracti! g parties, who are established in the 
 dnminions or territories of the other in the exer- 
 cise of any trade or special employment, shall 
 have the privilege of remaining and continuing 
 such trail^. and employment therein without any 
 maniie'- of interruption, in full enjoyment of their 
 lilifrty and property, as long as they behave 
 peaceably, and commit no offence against the 
 laws; ami their goods and effect.s, of whatever 
 description they may be, whether in their own 
 custody, or intrusted to individuals or to the State, 
 
 shall not be li.'iblc to sci/.urc or sequestra; icii, or 
 to any oilier cbiirues or dcniaiids, than lliose u liitdi 
 may be iiuulc upon the like ell'ccis or properly 
 belonging to the iiiHive subjects or citizens ul tlio 
 dominions or territories in which such subjects or 
 citizens may reside, lii tlie same ca-e, debts bc- 
 I'uiids, and the sli.'ircs of 
 companies, shall never buconliscated, sequestrated, 
 or detained. 
 
 l.'J. 'I'lie subjects of his Kritannic Majesty, and 
 the cilizeus of the Pen.-Uolivian conf.deralion, 
 respectively, shall enjoy, in their houses, persons, 
 and properties, the protection of the (io\ernmeiit; 
 and continue in possession of the privileges which 
 they now enjoy. And the subjects of his Britannic 
 Majesty residing in the territories of the Peru- 
 Bolivian confederation shall furthermore enjoy the 
 most perfect and entire security of conscience, 
 without being annoyed, iirovented, or disturbed 
 on account of their religious belief. Neither shall 
 they be annoyed, molested, or disturbed in the 
 proper exercise of their religion, provided that 
 this take place in private houses, and with the 
 decorum due to divine worship, with due respect 
 to the laws, usuages, and customs of the countrj'. 
 In the like manner the citizens of the Peru- 
 Boliyiun confederation shall enjoy, within all the 
 dominions of his Britannic Majesty, a perfect and 
 unrestrained liberty of conscience, and of exer- 
 cising their religion publicly or privatelv, within 
 their own dwelling-houses, or in the chapels and 
 places of worship appointed for that purpose, 
 agreenbly to the system of toleration established 
 in the dominions of his said Majesty. Liberty 
 shall also be granted to bury the subjects or citi- 
 zens of either of the two contracting parties, who 
 may die in the dominions or territories of the 
 other, in buriol-places of their own, which, in the 
 same manner, they may freely establish and 
 maintain ; nor shall the funerals or sepulchres of 
 the dead bo disturbed in an}- way or upon any 
 account. 
 
 14. The Government of the Peru-Bolivian eon- 
 federation engages to co-operate with his Britannic 
 Majesty for the total abolition of the slave trade, 
 andto prohibit all persons inhabiting within the 
 territories of the Peru-Bolivian confederation, or 
 subject to their jurisdiction, in the mo.st elf'ectiial 
 manner, and by the most solemn laws, from taking 
 any share in such trade. 
 
 15. The two contracting parties reserve to 
 themselves the right of treating and of agreeing 
 hereafter, from time to time, upon such other 
 articles as may appear to them to contn'jute still 
 further to the nnprovement of their mutual inter- 
 course, and to tne advancement of the general 
 interests of their respective subjects and citizens ; 
 and such articles as may be so agreed upon shall, 
 when duly ratitied, be regarded as forming a part 
 of the present treaty, and shall have the same 
 force as those now contained in it. 
 
 16. The present treaty shall be ratified, and the 
 ratification shall he exchanged in London or at 
 Lima, within the space of 20 months or sooner if 
 possible. 
 
 In witness whereof, the respective plenipoten- 
 tiaries have signed the same, and have alHxed 
 thereto their respective seal.i. 
 
 Done at Lima this 5th day of June, in the year 
 of our Lord 1837. 
 
 Bklfoud Hintos Wilson. 
 LoKENZo Bazo. 
 
 Additional Articles. 
 
 Article 1. Whereas, in the present state of 
 Peru-liolivian shipping, it would not be possible 
 for the said confederation to receive the full 
 
 11' 
 
 r I 
 
 ,i 
 
11.-.2 THt;ATII'.S (CO.MMKKCIAL) 
 
 f Oio ri'dpriicily rstnljlislicd by tlio 
 
 ■,.■•■■:/• 
 
 ' , ' ' 
 
 ■f;. 
 
 «!': ' 
 
 • i 
 
 ndviiiitiifip 
 
 Arlicli's T), (!, (111(1 7 of llic trciity si^jni-d this iliiy 
 ir tliiit pnrt (if till" 7tli Articli' wliicli Htipiilatr.f 
 tliMt, in iirilcr In lie (■niinilcri'il ns a I'erii-lidlividi) 
 fillip, 11 sliip simll (ii'iiially liiivo Iicpii built in the 
 I'lTii-Ilnlivinn cnnfiilfriilion, Blimild bo strictly 
 nnil lilorally (ilxcrvcil, diiil imincdiatcly broujiht 
 into (ipcriition; it is (ijjnt'd tlint, for the Hpncc nf 
 ir> yiMi-s, til bo rcckiitiiil fnini the date of the c.\- 
 chii'iiijc of the rdtiliintioiis of Ihis tri'aty, any 
 ohips, whcrc-iooviT built, brinj; bona fidi^ tlic pro- 
 perty of and wholly owikmI by one or more citizens 
 of the I'lTii-Itoliviiin conlViieration, and whereof 
 the masters and three-fourths of the mariners, at 
 least, are clso nntiiral-horii citizenH of the I'ern- 
 ]{olivian confederation, or persons domiciliated in 
 the I'erii-Iiolivinn confedernfion bv net of the 
 Government, ns lawful subjeets of I'eru-Holivinn 
 confederation, to be certilied nccordin^ to the 
 laws of that countrj, Bhall be considered as Peru- 
 Bolivian ships; his Majesty the Kiufj of the 
 United Kingdom of (ireat Uritain and Irelnnd 
 reserving to himself the rifjlit, nt the end of the 
 said term of l.'i vears, to claim the principle of 
 reciprocal restriction stipulated for in the Article 
 7 above referred to, if the interests of British 
 nnvifjation shall be found to be prejiidicetlby the 
 
 f resent exception to that reciprocity in favour of 
 'cru-Bolivian shippinp. 
 
 2. It is further agreed that, for the like term of 
 15 years, the stipidntions e(mtained in the Articles 
 5 and 6 of the present treaty shall be suspended ; 
 nnd, in lieu thereof, it is hereby agreed that, until 
 the cxpirntion of the said term of 15 years, 
 British ships enterinj; into the ports of the Peru- 
 Bolivian confederation, from the United Kingdom 
 of Great Britain and Ireland, or any other of his 
 Britannic Majesty's dominicms, nnd all articles, 
 the growth, produce, or manufacture of the United 
 Kingdom, or of any of the said dominions, im- 
 ported in such ships, shall pay no other or higher 
 duties than are or may hereafter be payable, in 
 the said jiort.s, by the ships, and the like goods, 
 the growth, produce, or manufacture of the most 
 favoured nation : and reciprocally, it is agreed 
 that I'eni-IIoIivinn ships entering into the ports 
 of the United Kingdom of (Jrcat Britain and 
 Ireland, or any other of his Britannic Majesty's 
 dominions, from any port of the Peru-Bolivian 
 confederation, and all articles, the growth, pro- 
 duce, or manufacture of the said confederation, 
 imported in such ships, shall pay no other or 
 higher duties than nre or may hereafter be pav- 
 able, in the said ports, by the ships, and the like 
 goods, the growth, produce, or manufacture of the 
 most favoured nation ; and that no higher duties 
 shall be paid, or boinitic.-; or drawbacks allowed, 
 on the exportation of any article, the growth, 
 produce, or manufacture of the dominions of 
 either countrj', in the .ships of the other, than 
 upon the exportation of tlie like articles in the 
 ships of any other foreign country. 
 
 It being understood that, nt the end of the said 
 term of 15 years, the stipulations of the said 5th 
 and flth Articles shall from thenceforward be in 
 full force between the two countries. 
 
 The present additional articles shall have the 
 same force and validity as if the)' were inserted, 
 ■word for word, in the treatv signed this day. 
 They shall be ratitiod, and the ratification shall 
 be exchangiid at the same time. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective jilenipoten- 
 tiaries have signed the same, and have allixed 
 thereto their rcsiiective seals. 
 
 Done at Lima, 5th of June, 18.37. 
 
 Bk.t.i-()I!d IIinton Wii-son. 
 LoKEszo Bazo. 
 
 Tniili/ of Frienilship, Comiiifrce. ami Xtirif/titinti 
 liitifiin her Miijvuty iinil the lii'itiihlii- of t'eru 
 Siiiiiiil tit Loiiilon, A/iril 10. 1«50. Uiilifi,(i 
 liiiim ejrcliaiii/ril lit London, October I."), IH.VJ. 
 
 Article 1. There shall bo perpetual frieiMM]i| 
 between her Majesty the (jueeii of the IJiijit, 
 Kiiigiloiii of Great lirilAin and Ireland, her hcin 
 nnd successors, and the Itepublic of Peru, ant 
 between their resnective subjects and eiti/eim, 
 
 2. There shall lie, between all the doniinioiinoi 
 her Britannic Majesty nnd the territories of the 
 Bepublic of Peru, a reciprocal freedom of coniiiicrce. 
 The subjects and citizens of each of the two coun- 
 tries, respectively, shall have liberty freely am! 
 securely to come, with their ships and cnrgiK-s, to 
 all places, ports, and rivers in the territories dt the 
 other, where triule with other nations is permitted. 
 They may remain and reside iii any part uf the 
 said' terntorie! respectively ; and hire and occupy 
 the houses and warehouses which they iniiy n'. 
 quire ; and may trade by wholesale or retail in ail 
 kinds of produce, mnnufncturcs, nnd mercluindine 
 of lawful comnerce, enjoyingthe same exemptiom 
 and privileges as native subjects or citizens, and 
 subject always to the same laws, decrees, iinde». 
 labiished customs as native subjects or ciiizins. 
 
 In like manner, the ships of war and post-ofc 
 packets of each countrv, respectively, shall have 
 liberty to enter into nil harbours, rivcr.i, and 
 places, within the territories of the other, towhifh 
 the ships of war and packets of other nations are 
 or may be permitted to come, to anchor there, anil 
 to remain and refit; subject always to the la\v« 
 and regulations of each country rcsncctively. 
 
 The stipulations of this article do not apply tii 
 the coasting trade, which each country rexrvea 
 to itself rcs|>cctively, nnd shall regulate "acciirdiiig 
 to its own laws. 
 
 3. The two high contracting parties herehy 
 agree that any favour, iirivilege, or immunity 
 whatever, in matters of commerce or navij^atinii, 
 which cither contracting party has actually 
 granted, or may hereafter grant, to the su'ijectstir 
 citizens of any other State, shall be extended 'o 
 the subjects or citizens of the other centrartinj; 
 party, gratuitously, if the concession in favour of 
 that other State shall have been gratuitous, or in 
 return for an equivalent compensation if the con- 
 cession shall have been conditional. 
 
 4. No other or higher duties shall be imposed on 
 the importation into the dominions of ncr liri- 
 tannic Majesty, of any article of the growth, pro- 
 duce, or manufacture of the Kepublicof Peru; nnd 
 no other or higher duties shall be imposed on the 
 importation into the Kepublic of Peru, of any 
 article of the growth, produce, or manufacture of 
 her Britannic Majesty's dominions, than .ire or sliall 
 be payable on the like article, being the growth, 
 produce, or manufacture of any other foreign coun- 
 try ; nor shall any other or higher duties orchiiri;M 
 be imposed in the dominions or territories of either 
 of the contracting parties, on the exportation of any 
 article to the dominions or territories of tiie other, 
 than such as are or may be ))ayable on the exporta- 
 tion of the like article 'to any other foreign country. 
 No prohibition shall be imposed upon tiie importa- 
 tion of any article the growth, |)roduce, or niiinu- 
 facturc of the territories of either of the two con- 
 tracting p.irties into the territories of the other, 
 which shall not equally extend to the ini'- rta""" 
 of the like article, being the growth, pioiime. « 
 manufacture of any other country. Xor slniHiiV 
 prohibition be imposed upon the exporiaiio" ol 
 any article from the territoriesof either of the iwo 
 contracting parties to the territories of tbiMituer, 
 which shall not equally extend to the cxponation 
 
HliiiU be lu'nx'"'"' fr"''V''''i'P 
 
 tV tlu' (jlKH'll of till' IJllilul 
 
 liritttiii niul IicIhikI. Iut licirs 
 I tlic Kcpiiblic of IVrii, and 
 :tivf siibjoclst and fili/.ciirt, 
 , between nil the dinniiiimw of 
 ;Hty and the tcrritorii's nf the 
 •cciprocal freedom of eoniimitcc. 
 tizens of each of the twoeuun- 
 Hhall have liberty freely ami 
 ith their ship^ and enr;,'(K'8, to 
 il rivers in the tcrritorifs ot the 
 i\-ith other nations is iiermittcil. 
 and reside in any jmrt uf the 
 )ectively j and hire and occupy 
 irehouscs which they may re- 
 idc by wholesale or retail in all 
 Tjanu'facturcs, and niercliandL-c 
 ', cnjoyinnthc same exemptions 
 lativc'subjccts or citizens, and 
 the same laws, decrees, and ej- 
 us native subjects or citi/.inii. 
 the ships of war and post-olBcc 
 mntrv, respectively, shall have 
 into all harbours, rivers, mid 
 territories of the other, to which 
 ud packets of other nations are 
 ill to come, to anchor there, and 
 t; subject always to the laws 
 each country rcsiicctively. 
 I of this article uo not apply to 
 e, which each country reserves 
 ly, and shall regulate according 
 
 ;h contracting parties hereby 
 iivour, privilege, or iramuiiity 
 ;crs of commerce or navigation, 
 ntracting party has actually 
 ereafter grant, to the su'ijccts ot 
 her State, shall be expended '.» 
 tizens of the other cintrac.mj; 
 V, if the concession in favour ol' 
 iall have been gratuitous, or in 
 ivalont compensation if the con- 
 been conditional, 
 ■igher duties shall be imposed on 
 into the dominions of her Bri- 
 f any article of the growth, pro- 
 ure of the Republic of Peru; and 
 duties shall be imposed on the 
 the Republic of Peru, of any 
 vth, (iroducc, or manufacture ol 
 >sty'» dominions, tlianarcorshidl 
 like article, being the growth, 
 acturc of anv other foreign couii- 
 other or higher duties orchariiei 
 dominions or territories ol either 
 parties, on the exportation of any 
 inions or territories of the other, 
 rmav be pavable on tliecxpotta- 
 icle 'to any other foreign counirj-. 
 all be imposed upon the iinpMta- 
 B the growth, produce, or nianu- 
 ritorics of either of the two con- 
 nto the territories of the oilier, 
 juallv extend to the im-- rtatiu" 
 ', being the growth. P«»"';f;;! 
 ,> other country. >"'^I';'K 
 iposed upon the cxpor la Jj 
 ,he territories of either ofth no 
 
 8 to the territories ot the J^. 
 lually extend to the exponation 
 
 TRRATIIvS (nOM.MKRCIAL) 
 
 ,.r the like article to the territorioA of ail other 
 nations. 
 
 ,'). No other or higher flutles or charges on 
 account of tonnage, light or Imrliourdues, pilotage, 
 salvage in ease of damai;o or shipwreck, or any 
 other loi'al eharges, Hliall bo imposed, in any of 
 thi' ports of the Itepublic of I'eru, on Itri'tish 
 vc°s>'!s of the burden of above 2t)l) tons, than 
 those payable in the sumo ports by Peruvian 
 ve»M'h oi' the same burden ; nor, in the ports of 
 hor Uritannio Majesty's territories on Peruvian 
 vesst'ls of the burden of above '2U0 tons, than 
 jhall Ih) privable in the same ports by Uritish 
 vessels of the same burden. 
 
 (i, The same duties shall be paid on the im- 
 portation of any article which is or moy be legally 
 importable into the Kcpublic of Peru, whether 
 such importation shall be in Peruvian or in British 
 vessels ; and the same duties shall be paid on the 
 importation of any article which is or may be 
 legally importable into the dominions of her 
 Itritaiuiic Majesty, whether such itnportation shall 
 bein Uritish or in Peruvian vessels. The same duties 
 shall be paid, and the same bounties and drawbaeks 
 allowed, on the exportation of any article which 
 is or may be legally exportable from the liepublic 
 of I'crul whether such exportation shell be in 
 I'cmviaii or in British vessels ; and the same 
 duties shall be paid, and the same bounties and 
 drawbacks allowed, on the exportation of any 
 article which is or may be legally exportable from 
 her Britannic Majesty's dominions, whether such 
 exportntiou shall be in British or in Peruvian 
 vessels. 
 
 7. All merchants, commanders of ships and 
 others, the subjects or citizens of each country 
 respectively, shall have full liberty, in all the 
 territories of the other, to manage their own 
 affairs themselves, or to commit them to the 
 management of whomsoever they please, as agent, 
 broker, factor, or interpreter ; and they shall not 
 be obliged to employ anj- other persons than those 
 employed by natives, nor to pay to such persons 
 as they shall think fit to employ, any higher 
 salary or remuneration than such as is paid, in 
 like cases, by natives. 
 
 The subjects of her Britannic Majesty in Peru, 
 and the citizens of Peru, in the dominions of her 
 Britannic Majesty, shall enjoy the same full 
 liberty which is now or may hereafter be enjoyed 
 bv natives of each country respectively, to buy 
 from and sell to whom they like, all articles of 
 lawful commerce, and to fix the prices thereof as 
 they shall see good, without being prejudiced by 
 any privilege granted to other individuals to buy 
 or sell ; subject, however, to the general contribu- 
 tions or imposts established by law. 
 
 The subjects and citizens of either of the con- 
 traeting jiartics, in the territories of the other, 
 shall enjoy fidl and perfect protection for their 
 persons and property, and shall have free and open 
 access to the courts of justice for the prosecution 
 and defence 1 1 'heir just rights : and they shall bo 
 at liberty to employ, in all causes, the advocates, 
 attomcy'i', or agetiits, of whatever description, 
 whom they may think proper; and they shall 
 enjoy in this respect the same rights and privileges 
 aj native subjects or citizens. 
 
 8. In whatever relates to the police of the ports, 
 the lading' and unlading of ships, the warehousing 
 and safety of merchandise, goods, and effects, the 
 euccession to personal estates by will or otherwise, 
 and the disposal of personal property of cvcrj' sort 
 and deiionunation by sale, donation, exchange, or 
 testament, or in any other manner v/hatsoovcr, as 
 also with regard to the administration of justice, 
 the subja'ts and citizens of each contracting party 
 
 1453 
 
 slinll enjoy, in the dotninionu or lerritorios of tho 
 other, the same privileges, liberties, ami rights, as 
 native subjects or citizens; and sliiill not be 
 charged, in any of these rcspci'ts, with any other 
 or higher imposts or duties than those which are 
 or maybe paid by native subjects or citizens; 
 subject always to the local laws and regulations of 
 such dominions or territories. 
 
 In tho event of ony subject or citizen of either 
 of the two contracting parties dying without will 
 or testament, in the dominions or territories of tho 
 other contracting portv, the consul-general, con- 
 sul, or vice-consul ol' the nation to which the 
 deceased may belong shall, so far as tho laws of 
 each country will permit, take charge of tho 
 pro|ierty which the deceased may have left, for 
 tho benefit of his lawful heirs and creditors, until 
 an executor or administrator be named according 
 to the laws of the country in which the decease 
 shall have taken [ilacc. 
 
 9. The subjects of her Britannic Majesty re- 
 siding in the Republic of Peru, and the citizens of 
 the Kcpublic of Peru residing in the dominions of 
 her Bntannic Majesty, shall ad exempted frrun 
 all compulsory military service whatsoever, whe- 
 ther by sea or land, and from all forced loans 
 or military exactions or requisitions; and they 
 shall not be compelled, under any pretext what- 
 soever, to pay any ordinary charges, re(|uisitions, 
 or taxes, other or higher than those that are or 
 may be paid by native subjects or citizens. 
 
 10._ Each of tho two contracting parties agrees 
 that it will not knowingly receive into, or retain 
 in, its service, any subjects or citizens of the other 
 party who have dcsertetl from the naval or military 
 service of that other party ; but that, on the con- 
 trary*, each shall respectively discharge from its 
 service any such deserters, upon being required 
 by the other party so to do. 
 
 And it is further agreed, that if any of the crew 
 shall desert from the vessels of war or merchant- 
 vessels of cither contracting party, while such 
 vessels are within any port in the territory of 
 the other party, the authorities of such port and 
 territory shall be bound to give every nbL-.'stauce 
 in their power for the apprehension "of such ue- 
 serters, on application to that effect being inado 
 by the consul of the party concerned, or by the 
 deputy or representative of the consul; and no 
 public body whatever shall protect or harbour 
 such deserters. 
 
 It is further agreed and declared, that any other 
 favour or facility with respect to the recovery of 
 deserters, which cither of the contracting parties 
 has granted, or may hereafter grant, to any other 
 •State, shall be granted also to the other contract- 
 ing party, in the same manner as if such favour 
 or facility had been expressly stipulated by tho 
 present treaty. 
 
 11. It shall be free for each of the two contract- 
 ing parties to appoint consuls for the protection of 
 trade, to reside in the dominions and tenitories of 
 the other party ; but before any consul shall act as 
 such, he shall, in the usual form, be approved and 
 admitted by the Government to which he is sent ; 
 and either of the contracting parties may except 
 from the residence of consuls such particular places 
 as either of them may judge fit to be excepted. 
 
 The diplomatic agents and consuls of her Bri- 
 tannic Majesty in the Republic of Peru shall enjoy 
 whatever privileges, exemptions, and immunities, 
 are or may be there granted to the diplomatic 
 agents and consuls of the same rank of the most 
 favoured nation ; and in like manner, tho diplo- 
 matic agents and consuls of the Republic of Peru 
 in the dominions of her Britannic Majesty shall 
 enjoy whatever privilege?, exemptions, and ini- 
 
 t4 
 
 I / 
 
 i 
 
 !'l 
 
 H 
 
 >: 1 
 
 il 
 
 mV' 
 
» ' . 
 
 
 I 
 
 .< 
 
 . ' .' 
 
 ' .» 
 
 ' nuitiiiil iiitcrcounM!, ami to the lulvariccmciit i 
 tlu( iiiUTCNtH of tlii-ir rt'H|M'Ciiv(> hiiUjucIm an 
 
 1404 TRKATIRS (COMMKUCIAL) 
 
 miiiiitirs, nn; <ir niiiy liu tlirro ^rraiitc'd tciii^a'iits ul' I 1<>. In onlcr that thn twn Runtrnctiiif; parti 
 the luinc niiik uf tliu moHt I'livniiri'il iiatioii. | mav Iiiivr tlii^ opportunity nf licrttiirtcr trtutij 
 
 I'J. l''or lliclH'tU'r Hcciirity of coinnicrou between ami nu'roeiiij; upon nueli other nrrauKunients i 
 the MiliJeetH of her Itiitanniu Majeitty and thi' may lunil xtiti further to Iho improveinentof the 
 clli/.eii.t of the Itepiiblii; of I'eru, it in u^rt-eil that 
 if, at any time, any intorriiplion of friemlly inter- 
 courHe, or any rnplure nIiouIiI unfortunutely take 
 place helween the two conlraetinj^ parties, tin 
 Bulijeet.s or eitizenH of either the two contraetinK 
 partieM, rexiilin); upon the ooaHt-i, itball be allowed 
 ti monlliH, and thoHe reHidin^in the interior a year, 
 to wind up their a<'count!*, uml difipoHC of their 
 properly ; und a Hafe-condnct Hhall bo ^;ivcn them 
 to embark at the port which they nhall themselves 
 iteleet. Allnuiijeets or citizens of either of the two 
 contnictinir parlies who may bo established m the 
 dominion)) or territories of the other, in the exer- 
 cise of any trade or npeeial employment, Khali 
 have the privilef^o of remainiuff and continuing 
 such trade or employment therein, without anv 
 maimer of interruption, in full enjoyment of their 
 liberty and property, as \oi\\i as they behave 
 peaceably, and commit no oHencc against the 
 iaw.s; and their ({oods and cH'ectH, of whatever dc- 
 ticription they may bo, whether in their own cus- 
 tody, or entrusted to individuals or to the State, 
 hIiuU not be liable to seizure or Hocpiestration, or 
 to anv other charges or demands than thosi! which 
 may bo made upon the like ellects or property 
 belonging to native subjects or citizens. In the 
 same c<use, debts between individuals, p .blic funds, 
 and the shares of companies, shall never be con- 
 Hacatcd, sequestered, or detained. 
 
 13. The subjects or citizens of either of the two 
 contracting parties, residing in the dominions or 
 territories of the other, shall continue to enjoy, as 
 bitherto, in regard to their houses, persons, and 
 properties, the protection of the (jovernmcnt. 
 
 In like manner, the subjects and citizens of each 
 contracting party shall enjoy, in the dominions or 
 territories of the other, full liberty of conscience, 
 and shall not be molested on account of their 
 Teligioiis belief, jirovided they respect the estab- 
 lished laws and customs ; and such of those sub- 
 jects and citizens as may die in the territories of 
 the other party, shall bo buried in the public 
 cemeteries or accustomed places, with suitable 
 decorum and respect. 
 
 14, If any ship of war or merchant-vessel of 
 either of the contracting parties should be wrecked 
 on the coasts of the other, such ship or vessel, or 
 any parts thereof, and all furniture and appurte- 
 nances belonging thereunto, and all goods, and 
 merchandise which shall be saved therefrom, or 
 the produce thereof, if sold, shall be faithfully re- 
 stored to the proprietors, upon being claimed bv 
 them or by their duly authorised agents; and if 
 there ore no such proprietors or agents on the spot, 
 then the said goods and merchandise, or the 
 proceeds thereof, as well as all the papers found 
 on board such wrecked ship or vessel, shall be 
 delivered to the British or Peruvian consul in 
 whose district the wreck may hove taken place ; 
 and such consul, proprietors, or agents, shall pay 
 only the expenses incurred in the preservation of 
 the properly, together with the rate of salvage 
 which would have been jiayable in the like case 
 of u wreck of a national vessel. The goods and 
 merchandise saved from the wreck shall not be 
 subject to duties, unless cleared for consumption. 
 
 Lj. The liepublic of Peru engages to co-operate 
 with her Itritannic Majesty for the total abolition 
 of the slave trade, and to prohibit all persons in- 
 habiting the territories of the Republic, or subject 
 to its jurisdiction, in the most cH'ectiial manner, 
 and by penal laws, from taking any share in such 
 trade. 
 
 citi/euH, it is agreed that, at any time after t| 
 expiration of seven years from the date of tli 
 exchange of the ratitications of the present treiili 
 either of the contracting parties shall have ili 
 right of giving to the other parly notice ol It 
 intention to terminate Articles li, <l, •'>, and (i, i 
 the present treaty ; and that at the expiratimi o 
 12 months after such noticb shall have Ih'oii r^ 
 eeive<l Ity either party from the other, the nai. 
 Articles, and all the stipulations contained thenin 
 shall cease to be binding on the two coiitractiu{ 
 panics. 
 
 17. The present treaty shall be ratilicd b\- liei 
 llritannic ^iajesty the Queen of the United kini{' 
 dom of (trout Britain and Ireland, and by t|j( 
 President of tho Republic of Peru, with the au- 
 thority of the congress ; and the ratitications nhull 
 be exchanged at London in 2 years, or soouu i| 
 possible. 
 
 In witness whereof tho respective plciiip(i\.n- 
 tiaries have signed the sanae, and have alii.Ycii 
 thereto their respective seals. 
 
 Done at London the 10th day of April, in th« 
 year of our Lonl 1850. 
 
 PAI.SIKnaTON. 
 li, LAnOUCIIKIlK. 
 
 JOAO" J, De Osma, 
 
 Declaratitm made by the British Plenipotenttart/m 
 the exchange of the Ratifications of the preceding 
 Treaty. 
 
 Whereas by the second paragraph of Article 1() 
 of the treaty of friendshij), commerce, and navi- 
 gation, between her Majesty the Queen of tlie 
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and 
 the Republic of Peru, concluded and signed at 
 London on the 10th of April, 1850, it was stipu- 
 lated, that if any of the crew shall desert from 
 the vessels of war or merchant-vessels of either 
 contracting party, while such vessels arc within 
 any port in the territorj' of the other party, the 
 authorities of such port and territory shall be 
 bound to give every assistance in their power for 
 the apprehension of such deserters, on application 
 to that effect being made by the consul of the 
 party concerned, or oy the deputy or representative 
 of the consul; and that no public body whatever 
 shall protect or harbour such deserters : 
 
 And whereas tho power of appreiiendin^' such 
 deserters in the British dominions is by law cwi- 
 tined to seamen, not being slaves, who may desert 
 from merchant ships belonging to the subjects o!' 
 a foreign Power : 
 
 The undersigned, plenipotentiary of her Bri- 
 tannic Majesty, in proceeding to the exchange 
 the ratilications of the treatj- above nicntiimcd, 
 therefore declares, that the ratilications are ex- 
 changed on the understanding that the above 
 quoted stipulations of Article 10 thereof shall, In 
 the British dominions, be held to be applicable 
 only to seamen, not being slaves, who may desert 
 from merchant-ships belonging to citizens of tlie 
 Republic of Peru. 
 
 London, October 15, 1852, 
 
 Malmesbukv. 
 
 Portugal, 
 
 Treaty of Commerce between Great Briluin mil 
 Portugal. Siijned at Lisbon, December 27, Kli'!. 
 
 Article 1. His Sacred Royal Majesty of r(irtu;':il 
 promises, both in his owii name and that ui' hn 
 
mm 
 
 TH KATI VH (COMM VAICI A L) 
 
 14M 
 
 tho two ontrmtint? l>nrtii'j 
 tiinitv of li«"'i>fl«'' tftniniK 
 mih otlKT urrutiKcmcnlH u» 
 r to tlic imiiroveim'iit of llinr 
 and to thi^ lulvttiicpnii-nt <,( 
 •ir rMiM'ciivt' HiilycctH ami 
 tlmt, lit oiiy timo nt'tcr tlie 
 year* from tlio ililtu of th<! 
 Icotionsof the priwfiit trcniy, 
 ctiiii; iMirtii's Mmll havo ih,, 
 hu other |iarty notice ol n* 
 to Article* 8, 4. .0, an.l (1, of 
 luul tlmt nt tiic exi)irali..ii ul 
 •h noticu ithall liiive Ikoii r.- 
 tv from tlie otliur, tin- wiid 
 Htipulation" contained tlunin, 
 idiuf? on the two coiitractiug 
 
 treaty shall bo ratilied bv her 
 ho tiueen of tho United Kin«- 
 ain and Ireland, and by ilie 
 opublic of I'eru, with the au- 
 c»8 ; and the ratiflcations shiill 
 ondon in 2 years, or soouct il' 
 
 5of tho respective plcnlpn'.B- 
 i the same, and have aliixid 
 :tivc seals, 
 the ICth day of April, m the 
 
 J50. 
 
 Palmebston. 
 
 li. Lahouciikiik. 
 
 JoAo" J. De Osma. 
 
 by the British Plenipotentiariim 
 he Ratificatiom of the prectding 
 
 second paragraph of Article 10 
 ricndship, commerce, and iiavi- 
 lier Majesty the Queen of the 
 of Great Britain and Ireland and 
 'eru, concluded and signed at 
 th of April, 1850, it was stipu- 
 y of the crew shall desert from 
 or merchant-vessels of either 
 while such vessels arc within 
 ■rritorj' of the other party, the 
 di port and territory shall be 
 ry assistance in their power fur 
 if 8uch deserters, on application 
 iiir made by the consul of the 
 fr by the deputy or representative 
 I that no public body whatever 
 urbour such deserters ; 
 fee power of appreiiendins; such 
 Vitish dominions is by law con- 
 lot bcinfi slaves, who niiiy diHrt 
 ips beloiigiiiK to tho subjects ol 
 
 led, plenipotentiary of her Bri- 
 \ proceeding to the cxchaiiKf '> 
 l)f the treaty above nicntumed, 
 i. that the ratilications are e.t- 
 I understanding that the above 
 ,s of Article 10 thereof shall, m 
 
 Lions, be held to be applicabl 
 Lt being slaves, who may desert 
 Us belonging to citizens ot tli^ 
 
 Lr 15, 1852. 
 
 Mai-mesbikv. 
 
 I ToRTUGAL. 
 
 Lee between Great Britm«^ 
 \d at Lisbon, December 2-, !'>'•'■ 
 LcrodKoyalM.Ocstyofrom..|l 
 '^, his owu name and that ai lii= 
 
 KiiccMsam, to admit, for ever hcri'iificr, Itwo 
 Portugal, the wiiolh'ii cIhIIik, and Hit' ri'Ht of tlic 
 ^voiillcn iiinniitiK-tiiri'H of (lie ItritnuH, us was iic 
 cii^loiiii'd till they were prohibited by the Iuwh ; 
 iii'ViTthrlrHs, upon this comlilion : 
 
 '.'. 'I'luit Ih to Miiy, lliul her .Sacred Koyal 
 A!i<ii''<(y of (ireiit llritain kIiiiII, in lirr ow ' iiiuik* 
 unci tlmt of lirr Hucri'MHors, br ohlijfid fipr ever 
 herralter to ailmit tlio wines of the growth of 
 I'lirtngnl into llritnin; m> that at no linir, 
 whi'lher there hIihII be poiu'e or war U'twei ii llic 
 kiii;;<lotns of llritani and France, anything ni i^ 
 j^liall he dumandcd for these wines, by tho nainc 
 f custom or 'luty, or by whatsoever oiIut title, 
 .iirccily or indirectly, whether they shall be ini- 
 iKirli'd'into (ireat.liritain in |)i[H>s or ho^ohcnds, 
 iir oilier casks, thiin what slmll bedeniaiiilcil from 
 the like quantity or raeaMuru of French wine, 
 (leiliii'ting or abating a third part of tho custoni 
 or >luly: but if at any time this drclnclion or 
 almtuiient of customs which is to be made as 
 afiiri'^aid, shall in any niiinner bo attempted and 
 |ireju(lii'i'il. it shall_ bo just and lawful for his 
 Sacritl Koyal Majesty of Portugal again to 
 nruhiliit the woollen cloths, and the rest of the 
 llritish woollen manufactures. 
 
 ;t. 'I'hc most excellent lords the plenipoten- 
 tiaries promise, and take upon themselves, that 
 their above-named masters shall ratify this 
 treaty, and that within the space of 2 months 
 (lie ratilications shall bo exchanged. 
 Given at Lisbon, the 27th of beoembcr, 1703. 
 
 John Mktiiukn. 
 
 Makciii^ Ai,kgki;tknsis. 
 
 Treatij of Commerce and Navigation between her 
 Maje'nty and the Queen of Portuyal, Signed at 
 Liibon, July 3, 1842. 
 
 Article 1. Tlio subjects of each of the high 
 contracting parties shall, in the dominions of the 
 (ilhcr, enjoy all the privileges, immunities, and 
 [iroteutioii "enjoyed bj- the subjects of the most 
 favimred nation. They shall be entitled to travel, 
 to reside, to occupy (Iwellings and warehouses, 
 and to dispose of their personal, leasehold, and all 
 other proiMirty lawfully held by them, by sale, 
 (.'ift, c.iohange, or will, or in any other way 
 whatever; without the smallest let, and without 
 any hiiulrftiice whatever. 
 
 'fhev shall he exempt from forced loans, or 
 anvotlier extraordinary contributions not general, 
 (ir not liy law established, and from all military 
 service by sen or by land. Theirdwelliiigs, ware- 
 houses, iiiul ever\tliing belonging thereto, shall 
 lie respected, nnj shall not be subjected to any 
 arbitrary visit or search. No examination or 
 inspection hliall be made of their books, papers, 
 or aecoiiiits, without the legal sentence of a coni- 
 litteiit court or judge. 
 
 'I'lie assessment of tho amount to be paid by 
 the liritish subjects in Portugal and its dominions 
 1 r inancio cr decima industrial, and from which 
 they have hitherto enjoyed special exemp- 
 ti'in. shall in nil cases in future bo made, if so 
 elaiincd by them, according to the rate to be 
 (.'iveu by informadores, of whom two shall be 
 I'lirtugiicsc and two 15ritish merchants, to lie 
 named by the Concillio de Districto \ and in case 
 any objecti<iii ^tiould be made liy the parties 
 as-csscil to the amount of the said assc-smeiit 
 (which shall in all cases bear a just jiroportion 
 to the rate at which the native sulijcois of 
 I'otluijal are assessed), they slmll have a rinht lo 
 apiKal to the tribunal of the Treasury, and to 
 apiiear in person, or to be heard by coiuisel, before 
 the said tribunal ; and in tho ineantiine no exe- 
 cution shall be made on their properly, until au 
 
 ultimate di'ci.sidii tilinll have Im<cii pronotiiivetl by 
 the said tribunal. 
 
 It is, liowevi r, undersiood that liritish Nulijecti* 
 resident in Portugal 'oid .'ts ilinniMinns, nut carry- 
 ing on trade, i>r excci-'ini.- any liraiicli ol iiidii>itry 
 therein, lint deriving llicir incomes Irmn otlicr 
 Mourees, nliall, in like m iimer with PortiiKueso 
 HiiJijects, be wholly excm',p| from the operation of 
 tlu' saiil uiancin or dicin.a industrial tax. 
 
 The subjects of each of the liinh cintnieling 
 parties sliall also, witliin the dominions of the 
 other, lie allowed ihi' frei' use and exerci:<i' of 
 their religion, without being in any milliner 
 disturled on utrount of their religions opinions: 
 they slmll be aUoweil to nsNemlile loj^clhcr for 
 the purposes of pnlilic worship, and to cehlirato 
 the rites of their ri'lij^inn in tlicir own dwelling- 
 houses, (ir in the . Impels and places of worship 
 appointed for thai purpose, without any the 
 smallest hiinlrnnce or interruption whatever, 
 eillier now or hereafter; anil her Most Faithful 
 Majesty does now and for ever gracinnsly grant 
 to the subjects of her Itrilaiiniit Miyesty perniiH- 
 sion to build and maintain such clm|iels and 
 places of Worship within her dominiuns. It 
 being always undersiood that the said clmpeU 
 and |iliices of worshiii arc not to have steeples 
 and bells. 
 
 Her Hritnnnic Maje>ly's siilijccis shall like- 
 wise have full liberly u'< bury their dead, after 
 the manner and with the ceremonies usual \.\ 
 their respective countries, and in the grounds and 
 cemeteries which they slmll have purchased and 
 prepared for tlmt purpose ; and the sepulchres of 
 the dead, in conformity to ancient ami «>xisting 
 practice, shall in no way or on any iiccoui;t bo 
 dist'irbtd. 
 
 2. 'Ihe subjects of cither of tho contracting 
 parties nmy freely dispose by will of the personal 
 ellects which they shall possess in the territories 
 of the other; and their heirs, though subjects of 
 tho other contracting party, may succeed to their 
 personal ellects, either by will or ab inteslato, and 
 may obtain possession of tho same in due course 
 of law, either in person, or by other |iei'sons 
 appointed by them to act on their behalf. In the 
 event of the absence of heirs, or of persons duly 
 appointed to act for them, the consul may be 
 authorised to take charge, in due course of" law, 
 of the said ellects, until the owner shall have 
 made the necessary arrangements for obtaining 
 possession of tho property. If disputes .shall arise 
 between several claimants with respect to the 
 title which each may have to the property, such 
 disputes shall be decided by the courts of the 
 country in which the jiroperty is situated; and if 
 hereafter any favour as regards the possession or 
 inheritance of landed or funded property {fiiens 
 fonds) shall be granted, in the dominions of either 
 of the high contracting parties, to the subjects of 
 any other nation, the same favour shall extend 
 reciprocally to their respective siibject-s, as the 
 case may be, either in Portugal or Great Britain. 
 
 .'J. The subjects of either contracting party 
 residing within the dominions of the other, shall 
 be free to manage their owu affairs themselves, or 
 to commit those affairs to the management of any 
 persons whom they .nay appoint as their broker, 
 factor, agent, or interpreter; nor shall any such 
 liritish subjects be restrained in their choice of 
 jicrsons to act in such capacities, nor .-hall they be 
 called upon to pay any salary or remuneration to 
 any person whom they shall not choose to employ. 
 Absolute freedom shall be given, in all cases, to 
 the buyer and seller to liargain together, and 
 to fix the price of any goods, wares, or merchan- 
 dise, imported into, or to be exported from, the 
 
 
 ' . i' 
 
 a; 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ; 1 : 1 
 
 m-- "\ 
 
 i(^ 
 
 
It no 
 
 'i 
 
 ■ I 
 
 
 -I 
 
 ■)■ f 
 
 i' 
 
 ■i-: 
 
 iloiiiiniiinM of rlthnr colltrnrtin^; imitv, tlii' liiw« 
 mill I'.ttnliliilii'tlciiNtoiiMtil'llir coiiiiiry \»\\\n duly 
 iibttcrvcil. 
 
 Till' HiilijcrtA of either of tlio lii^li contrnotiii^' 
 pnrtii'H rt'Niclin^ wiiliin tlip iloiniiiloiiH of ilio otluT 
 •hnll ho (It hlicrly to open rctiiil ntorot mid hho|ii, 
 tliidiT the n;iiui^ niiiiiiri|iiil iiiiil |iolifo ri'^iilatioiiH 
 flH iiiilivo mihji>i't'< ; mid they Hhall nut, in this 
 rctpcct, Ik( liiildi' to iiny oiliur or higher iaxci or 
 ini|MwtH tiimi thoMo wi>i(!h iiri> or niiiy bu 
 
 tlRtivO HI|llJ0(MH. 
 
 4. ThtTo xluill he rcclprot'iil lihorty of coniini'rcn 
 and iiKvlKatiiin hrtwrcn tlic HiilijcctH of tho two 
 hi^h I'ontracliiii; pnrlirN; and tliu NnhjcctH of the 
 two Kovi'ri'i>;in n'«pcctivi'ly nhail not pay, in tlio 
 pnrtH, harhonrx, roadu, cilirM, towiiH, or phitrs 
 wliafMocviT in citlii'r kingdom, any other or 
 higher (hiticH, taxox, ratcH, or inipoHiN, under 
 wtiatNocvor nnmoH dcgi^jnated or iiiehnlod, than 
 thiHi! wliieh ore there paid by tlio Bulijecta or 
 citi/ouH of th<t must favoured nation. 
 
 No duty of customa or other iinpoMt iihnll he 
 charged upon any ifoodo, tht; produce of tlio one 
 country, upon importation by sea or by land from 
 that eountry into the other, lii^fher than the duty 
 or impost i'h,'irKc<l upon piods ofthosamu kind, 
 the produce of ami imported from any other 
 country; and no duty, ri'striction, or ))rohibition 
 shall iid implied ii])on the importation. and cx[><)r- 
 tation from one country to the other, of the f;uodH 
 and prmluce of earh, which Hhall not be imposed 
 upon (ToodH of the same kind, when imported from 
 or exported to nnv other eountry: and her Majesty 
 thc(inecn of the L'nited Kinfjdomof On'at liritain 
 and Ireland, and her Majesty the (juccn of Portugal, 
 do hereby bind and ciijjane themselves, their heirs 
 and Mneeessors, not to jjrant any favour, nrivilef;o, 
 or immunity, in matters of commerce and navi^'a- 
 tion, to the Riibjects or citizens of any other State, 
 -^vhich Rhall not also and at the same time be 
 extended to the subjects of the other high con- 
 tracting portv, gratuitously, if the concession in 
 favour of tliat other State shall have Iwen 
 gratuitous ; and on giving, as nearly as possible, 
 the same compensation or equivalent, if the con- 
 cession shall have been conditional. 
 
 h. No duties of tonnage, and no harbour, light- 
 ti<iiiso, pilotage, (luarnnline, or other similar or 
 
 Til KATI KS (CO.M M VMCW I,) 
 
 may b« coiiHlHtent with the intercut of tho higl 
 
 contracting parlies res|M'ctively. 
 
 'riiis matter shnll without delay lie made th 
 Hubject of a special negotialinn IhIwciii tlie twi 
 (iiiveniinents. 
 
 M, llrilinli nhipN nIuiII be allowed to proceei 
 direct from any port of her llritarinic .Miijeslv' 
 diiminions to any colony of her Most Kaithfii 
 .^! ijesly, and to import into such colony an\ 
 paid by I goods tho growth, produce, or inannfactiire of tli'i 
 l'nited Kingdom, or of any of tho ilriiish do 
 minions, except such goiHls ns are prohibited ti 
 be iiTi|Mirted into such colony, or which am ad 
 initted into it only flroin the dominions of hci 
 .Most l-'aithful Mi^jesty ; anil such llritish Hhip*, 
 and such goods so im|iorted in them, hIuiII \» 
 liable in suchcolonj' of her Most Foithful Miyesiv 
 to no higher or other duties and charges thnii 
 would bo there payable on Portuguese shipi 
 importing the like sort of goods, or on the liko 
 g(Mids, tho growth, priNluce, or manufacture of 
 any foreign country, and allowed to lie impurtcil 
 into the said colony in Portuguese ships. 
 
 In like inannor, Portuguese ships shall \», 
 allowed to proceed direct from ony port of her 
 Most Faithful Majesty's dominions to any culuiiv 
 of her llritaiinic Majesty, and to import into niicli 
 colony any gmHis tho growth, produce, or manu- 
 factiiro of Portugal, or of any of the PortuxMejo 
 dominions, except surh goods as are prohibited tn 
 bo imjiorted into such colony, or which are adinittfil 
 into it only from the dominions of her liritaniiic 
 Majesty ; and such Portuguese ships, and such 
 goods so imported in them, shiUI be liable, in such 
 colony of her Uritanniu Majesty, to no highrror 
 other duties and charges than would be there 
 payable on British ships importing the like son 
 of goods, or on tho like goods, the growth, pruducf, 
 or manufacture of any foreign country, anj 
 allowed to be imported into tho said colony ig 
 Itritish ships. 
 
 9, llritish ships shall be allowed to export from 
 any colony of her Most Faithful Mojesty to any 
 place not under tho dominion of her said Majeslv, 
 any goixls not generally prohibited to be cx|)()rtei| 
 from such colony ; and such Dritish ships, anil 
 such goods so ex|>orted in them, shall be liable, in 
 such colony, to no other or higher charges ihsn 
 
 corresponding duties, of whatever nature, or under . would be payable by, and shall be entitled to tht 
 
 same drawbacks or bounties as would be there 
 allowable on, Portuguese ships cxportintj '"cli 
 poods, or on such goods exported in Piirtiigueie 
 ships. 
 
 In like manner Portuguese ships slinll ' 
 allowed to export from any colony of her Itriiaiinii 
 Majesty to any place not under tho dumliiion if 
 her said Majesty, any goods not generally pru- 
 liibitod to bo exported from such colony; aoj 
 
 whatever denomination, shall be iin|)osed in eit' 
 country upon the vessels of the other, in res , ■ 
 of voyages between tlie two countries, if laden; 
 or ill respect of any voyage, if in ballast, which 
 shall not be equally im])08cd, in the like coses, on 
 national vessels, 
 
 (■>. All goods, the growth, produce, or manufac- 
 ture of their respective possessions, which can 
 legally be imported into either country from the 
 
 other, in ships of that other country, shall, when ' such Portuguese ships, and such goods so cxporteJ 
 8o imported, be subject to tho same duties, | in them, shall be liable in such colony to no niber 
 whether they l>e imported in ships of the one or higher charges than would be payable by, aoii 
 country or in ships of the other; and in like shall be entitled to the same drawbacks or bnuntiei 
 manner, all goods which can legally be exported ! as would be there allowable on, Uriii.sh ships 
 from either country to the other, in ships of that exporting such goods, or on such goods c.\|wrtd 
 other country, shall, when so exnorted, bo subject in Hritisli ships. 
 
 to tho same' duties, ami be entitled to the same 10. It is hereby declared that the .stipulatiooi 
 drawbacks, luinnties, and allowances, whether they of the present treaty ore not to be understiKxiis 
 be exported in ships of the one country or in ships 
 of the other. 
 
 7. In order to promote and encourage the com- 
 Tiiiriial inlercoiirse between the dominions of tho 
 high contracting parlies, for tho mutual benelit of 
 their rc.'pectivc subjects, her Britannio Majesty 
 and her Most iMiitliiiil Majesty agree to take into 
 rm^ideration the dutiis now levied npon articles 
 
 applying to the navigation and carryiiij; triJe 
 between one port and another, situated in the 
 dominions of cither contracting party, if 'wi 
 navigation and trade should in those dominiorj 
 bo reserved by law exclusively to national ve,«l<. 
 Vessels of either country shall, however, be jitf- 
 mitted to discharge part of their cargoes at one 
 port in the dominions of either of the bi^'h m- 
 
 the pnidueo or manufacture of eithercountry, with 1 trading parties, and then to proceed, wilh the 
 a view to make such reductions in those diitics as j remainder of their cargo, to any other port or [wm 
 
th 111.' iiitori'«t I'f tlio <>1k*» 
 
 iiM'i-tivcly. 
 
 willicMit ili'lnv Im- ii\ii'Ii< tliii 
 
 ,,.-„liiiiicm iKtH.'.ii th.' iwci 
 
 lall be nllowcil to pMCiod 
 of lift Hritaiinlo MiiJf^tVH 
 l,my of lur M.«t Knitliliil 
 imrt hit" »"'''' t'oliiiiy niiv 
 iiliioc, or miiiiiifixtii"' "I ''"' 
 of niiy of tlio Itrilinh ilo- 
 1 ^roollH M an' i)rotiil)it(i\ In 
 .J, colony, or wliicli uro a.l- 
 (Yoni tilt! ilominioiid of hor 
 ity ; unci nw\\ UutUh M\>n, 
 iniportftl in them, hIiiiU W 
 )f her MoHt Kaitliful Mnjosly 
 mr (lutit'H anil chnrKOH tlmii 
 vablo on rortugiieiMi niiipi 
 fort of nooiln, or on the like 
 nriHhicis or nianufacturo of 
 , mill allowi'd to Iw ini|iortt',| 
 
 in I'ortUh'iiu'^u «'<'l'»- , ,, , 
 I'ortunucno iilii|>» Hlinll l« 
 lUroct from any port of htr 
 ty'» dominionii to any coluiiv 
 ioKty, and to im\)ort into suoti 
 ic Krowtli, produce, or maiui- 
 or of any of the l'ortiiKii»c 
 ich Kooda as arc prohibiltil to 
 I, colony, or which are admitte.1 
 ic dominioiw of her Hritaniiio 
 1 l*ortii«iu'He shiiw, and such 
 a them, fihidl be liable, in such 
 nnie MajeHty, to no highnw 
 charf;c« than would be there 
 nhips importing the like son 
 ike goods, the growth, produce, 
 f any foreign country, and 
 ortod into the said colony in 
 
 hall be allowed to export from 
 Mo8t Faithful Majesty to niiy 
 dominion of her said Majesty, 
 rally prohibited to be cxporteil 
 
 and such British ships, ml 
 rtcd in them, shall be liable, in 
 
 other or higher charKfs than 
 jy, and shall be entitled to the 
 r bounties as would be there 
 tugucse ships exporting such 
 goods exported in rortugues* 
 
 T Portuguese ships shall '<■ 
 om any colony of her llriinnni. 
 ICC not imdcr the dominion of 
 any goods not generally pto- 
 nrtcd from such colony; and 
 lips, and such goods so cxiwrteJ 
 iable in sucli colony to no other 
 ban would be payable by, »nJ 
 he same drawbacks or iKiuntiia 
 allowable on, British ships 
 lis, or on such goods cxiwrted 
 
 declared that the stipulatiom 
 tv are not to be undcrstcw Ji 
 lavigation and carrying: tride 
 
 and another, situated in the 
 
 ■er contracting party, if -"« 
 
 adc should in those (Inmraiosi 
 
 cxclusivelv to national vessel'. 
 
 country slmll, however, be pr- 
 
 re part of their cargoes at m 
 
 ions of either ..f the by * 
 
 ui.l then to proccct, wi h 
 cargo, to any other port or |»rt» 
 
 TKK.VTIIvS (COMMKIU'I.UO 
 
 iiitiK snine duuiinious, without piiylngany hi;;lii'r 
 or oilier ilulii's ill such coses, tliiiii iiutioiiiil vcsk N 
 Koiilil pay ill like eircuinstaiucs ; and ttiev shall 
 lie pernilt'teit lo tilde, in like niaiiiier, at dlU'ereiit 
 ports in llie same voyage outwards, 
 
 II. The reeiiiroinl liberty of commerce and 
 iwivigatioii declareil and stipiiliiled for by the 
 |ires4'iit treaty, hIiuU not extend to eouirabaiid of 
 war, or to articles the property of the enemies of 
 cither parly. 
 
 The power granted by former treaties lo carry, 
 ill the HliijiH of either country, gomls iiml inercliiin 
 ili<<e 4il any description whatever, the properly of 
 the eiieniies of the other country, is now niiitually 
 reiiolllieeil. 
 
 r.>. in nil eases in which, in either kingdom, the 
 iliity to be levied ujioii any goods imported t'roni 
 the other kingdom sliiill 1h> not a tlxed rate, Imt a 
 
 proportion of the value of the goods, such iid vii- 
 
 bireni duly shall be ascerlained and secured in the 
 
 lullowing inaiuier; that is to say, the importer 
 
 >liall, on making his entry lor the |iayinent of 
 
 duty at the custiim-lionse, Hign a deelaraiioii.sliit- 
 
 iiig'tlie description and vahu^ of the goods at such 
 
 amount as he shall deem proper; and in case the 
 
 (.llicer or odicers of the cu-toins shall be of opinion 
 
 tliiit Mieli valiialioii is insniliricnt, he or they sliiill 
 
 lie at liberty to take llie goods, on jiaying to the 
 
 importer the value thereof aecordiiig'to the decla- 
 ration of the importer, together with an addition 
 
 iif 10 per cent. ; and the custoin-ln use ollicer shiiU, 
 
 ftt the same time, return lo the imporler any duty 
 
 which the importer may have paid upon sueli 
 
 j;ooils; and the amount of these sums shall bo 
 
 paid to the importer on the delivery of the gooils 
 
 10 the said odiccr or ollicers, which niust not be 
 
 later than if> days from the tirst detention of the 
 
 ({OOlls, 
 
 i;t. Inasmuch as all merchandise, of whatever 
 origin, whether admissible for homo consuiiiii- 
 tiiiii or not, may be received and warehoused m 
 :ill those ports of the United King<lom of (ireat 
 Britain and Ireland wbieh arc by law appointe I to 
 be warehousing ports for such articles, pending 
 tbe intry of the same, either for home consump- 
 tion or for re-cxiiortalion, as the case may be, 
 under the regulations appointed for this purpose, 
 nml without such articles being liable, in the 
 meantime, to the payment of any of the duties 
 with which they wouid be charged, if upon arrival 
 tbcy were entered for consutnptioii within the 
 Iji'ited Kingdom;— in like manner the (iuecn of 
 I'lirtiijAnl conseiits and agrees that the p<irts of her 
 l!o.st I'aithfiil Majesty's doniiiiions, wliieh now 
 iiie, or which shall hereafter beconie by law, ware- 
 liousing ports, shall be free jiorts for receiving and 
 warehousing, either for home consumplioii or for 
 re-exportation, as the case may bo, all merchan- 
 ili>e imported in British ships, and all articles 
 whatever, the produce or manufacture of the 
 Kritish dominions, imported by Portuguese ships; 
 and the articles thus received and warehoused, 
 Mihjcct to due regulations, shall not be liable, in 
 iliu meantime, to any of the duties with which 
 they would be charged, if they were entered for 
 consumption on their arrival in the dominions of 
 her Most Faithful Majesty. 
 
 14. All goods or mercliandisc found on board 
 of, or which shall have formed the cargo or part 
 of the cargo of a vessel of the one country, which 
 shall he wrecked, or left derelict, on or "near the 
 coast of tlie other country, unless the im|iortation 
 1)1 such goods or merchaiutise shall be absolutely 
 prohibited by law, shall ba admitted for home 
 consumption in the country on or iicar the coast 
 of which such vessel shall be wrecked, or h^l't 
 derelict, or such goods or mercliandisc may be 
 
 1457 
 
 found, on payment i>l' the same duty, as if the said 
 goods or inerchandise hud been iin|iorted in ■ 
 national vcnnel, even though such gooiU or mer- 
 chandise could not by law Ini imported into I ho 
 said country in any other than national veNiels ; 
 and in llxing the amount of duly to be paid on 
 such goods or merchandise, regard shall be hati lo 
 any damage which the said goods or merchandise 
 may have snstaiiicd. 
 
 'i'll prevent frauds, the Hoard of Custom* of each 
 nation hjuill exercise their judgment as lo the 
 ciiises of wrecks; niid when they are satislled 
 that llie said wrecks were the result of accident 
 or iiiisl'ortuni',iind iVee Irmn sii^pieiini of collusion, 
 they shall authorise, at the option of the proprie- 
 tor or agent, if presiMit, or otherwise of Ihe cuiisiil, 
 the iraiishipiiienl, or the sale for home consuin))- 
 tioii, of the goods or merchandise, provirled that 
 siii'li goods and merchandise could have been 
 legally importeil by the ships of the one country 
 into tile ports of the other eouiilr}'. 
 
 It' liny ships of war or merchant vessels should 
 he wrecked on the coasts of either of the high 
 contracting parties, such ships or vessels, or ony 
 parts thereof, and all furniture and appurtenances 
 lielonging thereunto, and all goods or merehandi.so 
 which shall he saved therefrom, or the tiroduco 
 thereof if sohl, shall be faithfully restored to the 
 proprietors, upon lieiii'.; duly claimed by them, or 
 iiy their agents duly authorised ; or il' there are 
 no such proprietors or iigeiits on the spot, by tho 
 respective consuls of the nation to which the" pro- 
 iirietors of the said ships, vessels, or goods may 
 lielong, and in whose district siicli wreck may 
 have taken pliu'c, provided such claim he preferred 
 within u year and a day from the time of such 
 wreck ; and such consul, proprietor, or agent shall 
 jiay only the expenses incurred in the preservation 
 of the property, together with the rate of salvage 
 which wouhl liavc been payable in the like case 
 of a wreck of a national vessel ; and the goods 
 and merchandise saved from the wreck shall not 
 be subject to duties, unless cleared for local con- 
 sumption. 
 
 li"). If any merchant vessel of either country 
 should be driven into the jiorls of the other by 
 stress of weather, for tho purpose of cll'ecting ne- 
 cessary repairs, every facility shall be allbrded to 
 such vessel for obtaining the assistance it may bo 
 in need of. 
 
 The strictest reciprocity shall bo observed, iu 
 the most favourable sense, as to the relief to be 
 ull'urded to such vessel from tho duties, chargf.B, 
 and expenses in the ports of either nation, to 
 which vessels, entering solely for the purposes of 
 trade, arc subjected. Sullieient time shall be 
 allowed for the completion of repairs ; and while 
 the vessel shall be iinilergoiug repair, its cargo 
 shall not unnecessarily be required to be landed, 
 either in whole or iu part ; and any dillereucc if 
 opinion which may arise between the custom- 
 house authorities and the masters of the said 
 ves.sel. as to the necessity of landing all or any 
 part of the cargo, shall be referred to two sworn or 
 public surveyors, one to be named by the chief 
 custom-luiuso authority of the jiort, and the other 
 by the consul of the nation to which the vessel 
 belongs. 
 
 Her Slajesty the Queen of Porliigal engages 
 
 that the commerce of British subjects within the 
 
 Portuguese dominions shall not be restrained, 
 
 I interrupted, or otherwise affected by the opcr.ition 
 
 of any monopoly, contract, or exclusive privilege 
 
 (if sale or purchase ^vhatsocyc^; but that the 
 
 ' subjects of the United Kingdom .shall have free 
 
 I ami unrestrained permission to liuy from and sell 
 
 ! to vi-homsoevcr thev please, and in whatever form 
 
 ' ' 6A 
 
 r I 
 
 ■i i 1 
 
m 
 
 .r 
 
 l.")8 
 
 TRKATIES (COMMERCIAL) 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 
 'ij '.. 
 
 mill iiinniicr may 1>o nprrcd ii))oii between the 
 ])iircliasi'r mid xeller, witlmul. licnif; obliged to 
 f^ive iiiiv prclerencp or Cavoiir in coiisc'<|uuiice of 
 liny siicli HKinopoly, cnntrnct, or cxidnsivo |irivi- 
 lof;o of sale and purdinso. And lier Kritannic 
 MnjeHty eii(;a;;es that n like exemption from rc- 
 Btrnint. ill respect to purchases or miles, shall be 
 enjoyed by the subjects of her Most Faithful 
 Majesty trading; to "or residing in flio United 
 Kiii.i,'iloin. Hut it is distinclly to bo understood, 
 that the present article shall not be interpreted 
 as aHectin^r the special ret^ulations now in force, 
 or whicli may bcrcal'ter be enacted, witli n view 
 solely to the encouranemenf and amelioration of 
 the Douniwiiie trade (it bein;; always understood 
 that Ibitisli subjects shall in rcspeot of llie said 
 trade be placed on the same fonliiig as Portuguese 
 subjects), or with regard to the exportation of the 
 salt of St. rbes. 
 
 This article does not iiivalidato the exclusive 
 right pos'-essod by the crown of Portugal, within 
 its own dominiims, to .he farm for the sale of 
 ivory, iir/.ela, gold diis'. soap, gunpowder, and 
 tobacco for homo ocmsuniption : provided, hov;- 
 cver, that should the above-mentioned articles, 
 gone\all\' or separately, ever become articles of 
 free commerce witliin the domiiiioin of her Most 
 Faithful Alfljesty, the subjects of her IJritannic 
 Majesty shall be permitted to traflic in tljem as 
 freely and on the same footing as the subjects or 
 citizens of the most favoured nation. 
 
 111. It is agreed and convenanted, that neither 
 of the high cimtracting parties shall knowingly 
 receive into, or retain in its service, i.ny subjects 
 of the other party who have deserted fnmi the 
 naval or military service of th.nt other party ; but 
 that, on the contrary, each of the contracting 
 parties .'^liall respectively discharge from its service 
 miy such deserters, upon being required by the 
 other party to do so. 
 
 It is further agreed and declared, that if cither 
 of the high contracting parties shall grant to any 
 Stat>! any new favour or facility, with fespect to 
 the recovery of deserters, such favour or facility 
 shall l>e considered as granted also to the other 
 contracting party, in the same manner as if the 
 said favour or facility had been expressly stipulated 
 by the present treaty. 
 
 And it is further agreed, that if any apprentices 
 or sailors shall desert from vessels belonging to 
 the subjects of either of the high contracting 
 parties, while such vessels are within any port in 
 the territory of the other party, the magistrates of 
 such port and territory shall be bound to give 
 every assistanccin their power for the apprehension 
 of such deserters, on application to that efl'ect 
 being iiiaile by tlio consul of the party concerned, 
 or by the deputy or representative of the consul ; 
 and no public body, civil or religious, shall protect 
 or harbour such deserters. 
 
 17. Her Britannic Majesty, on the representation 
 of her Most Faithful Maji^sty, and in contemplation 
 of the improving system of law and justice in 
 Portugal, hereliy consents to give up the exercise 
 of the rights connected with the Ccmservatorial 
 Court, so soon and so long as IJritish subjects arc 
 admitted in Portugal to the bnclit of securities 
 similar or oqiiivnlent to those enjoyed by the 
 subjects of her Most Faithful Majesty in (Ireat 
 Britain, as regards trial by jury, protection from 
 arrest without a %varrant from a magistrate, and 
 examination within '24 hours alter apprehension, 
 in Jiugruntc delicto, and admission to bail. It 
 being always understood, that in other respects 
 tlie subjects of her IJritaimic Majesty in Portugal 
 shall be placed on the same footing as Portuguese 
 subjects, in all causes, whether civil or criminal; 
 
 and that they shall not, except in cashes flagnmlU 
 di/icti, be liable lo imprisonment without formal 
 commitment (ciil/m fomiada) under a warrant 
 signed by legal authority. 
 
 18. It is hereby agreed, that her Britannic 
 Majesty, relying upon the guarantees which are 
 or may he atTorded to British subjects bv the law 
 of Portugal under the present constitutional sys- 
 tem, henceforward claims for liritish subjects in 
 Portugal no privileges which are not enjoyed by 
 Portuguese subjects in the Portuguese or British 
 dominions. It being, however, understood, that 
 her Britannic Majesty will be entitled, in the 
 event (which God forbid) of political troubles 
 aflecting the operation of the above-mentioned 
 guarantees, to claim the re-establishment and 
 observance of the privileges surrendered by the 
 present and preceding Article. 
 
 19. The present treaty shall be in force for tlio 
 term of ID years from the date hereof; and furtlur. 
 until the end of 12 months after cither of the liigh 
 contracting parties shall have given notice to the 
 other of its intention to terminate the same ; each 
 of the high contracting parties reserving to itsell 
 the right of giving such notice to. the other at tlit 
 end of the said terra of 10 years, or at any subse- 
 quent time. 
 
 And it is hereby agreed between them, that, at 
 the expiration of 12 months after sucli notice 
 shall have been received bj' either party from the 
 other, this treaty, and all the provisions thereof, 
 shall altogether cease and determine. 
 
 It is agreed, nevertheless, that either of the two 
 high contracting parties shall have the right, at 
 the end of 5 years, to require a revision of any 
 articles not affecting the principle of the treaty, on 
 giving G months' notice of a desire to make such 
 revision : provided, however, that it be distincth- 
 understood that the power of giving such notice 
 shall not extend beyond, nor be recognised alter, 
 the termination of the fifth year. 
 
 The present treaty shall be ratified, and tlio 
 ratifications shall be exchanged at Lisbon at the 
 expiration of 2 months from the date of its sig- 
 nature, or sooner if possible. 
 
 In witness whereof, the respective plenipoten- 
 tiaries have signed the same, and have affixed 
 thereto the seal of their arras. 
 
 Done at Lisbon, the 3rd of July, in the year of 
 our Lord 1842. 
 
 HowAni) RE WAt,Dr.N-. 
 Dt.-QUK DK Palmki.i.a. 
 
 True Intent and Spirit of' certain Points of Traiitj. 
 Lisbon, July 3, 184-.>. 
 
 The undersigned, her Britarmic Majesty's pleni- 
 potentiary for the negotiation of a treaty of com- 
 merce and navigation between Great Britain ami 
 Portugal, has the honour to declare to his EnccI- 
 lency the Duke of Palmella, that with referen( e to 
 Article h, all vessels built in the territory of \m 
 most faithful Majesty, or which shall be Uritish 
 built, or which shall have been captured from the 
 enemy by the ships of the Portuguese iJoverimiint, 
 and slave vessels condemned under similar cir- 
 cumstances, and which shall be wholly owned by 
 any subject or subjects of her Most Faithful Majesty, 
 and whereof the master and three-fourths of tlie 
 mariners are subjects of her Most Faithful Majesty, 
 will be considered as Portuguese, and will he 
 entillrd to be placed on the footing of national 
 vessels, and to bo treated on an equality with the 
 vessels of the most favoured nation, in the [rorts oi 
 her Britannic Majestv, i.e., in Great Britain :m\ 
 Ireland and the colonies hereinafter enumer.Htcd. 
 
 With reference to Article 8, in the words 
 
in cMC» flagrant!) 
 
 it without forniul 
 
 under a warrant 
 
 hat her Britannic 
 irnnlecs wliich arc 
 ut))ect3 by the law 
 constitutional sys- 
 liritish aiilyeitu in 
 are not enjoyed by 
 rtugiiesc or British 
 ir, understood, tlinl 
 be entitled, in the 
 f political troubles 
 e above-mentiimiid 
 -cstablisbmcnt and 
 surrendered by the 
 
 1 1)C in fon-e for the 
 horoof ; mid t'urthir. 
 cr either of tlie \\\n\i 
 > niven notice to the 
 iiite tlie snme ; encli 
 M reserving; to itsdl 
 ;c to. tlie other at the 
 ars, or at any subac- 
 
 itween them, that, at 
 18 after such iiwice 
 either party from tlu 
 le provisions tlu^roof, 
 
 terniine. 
 
 that either of the two 
 
 all have the rif?ht. at 
 lire a revision of any 
 rtciple of the treaty, (ni 
 a desire to make smli 
 •, that it be distinctly 
 of Rivinf? such notice 
 ir be recognised after, 
 vcar. 
 
 ' be ratitied, and the 
 lifted at Lisljon at tlie 
 ,ni the date of its sig- 
 
 respective plcnipnten- 
 me, and have affixed 
 
 IS. 
 
 3f July, in the year of 
 k'Aun nK WAt.Di'.s. 
 
 JK DK PAI-MKI.I.A. 
 
 riain Faints of Treaty. 
 ,isbon, July 3, 184-2. 
 ;annic Majesty's pleni- 
 on of a treaty of com- 
 een Great Britain and 
 
 declare to his Kscel- 
 , that with referen. e to 
 in the territory of her 
 which shall be Britbh 
 )cen captured from the 
 ortuguese Govenmieiit, 
 icd under similar eir- 
 dl l)e wildly owned by 
 Most Faithful Maje.-ty, 
 id three-fourths of the 
 Most Faithful Majesty. 
 prtugucsc, and will he 
 the footing of nnticnal 
 in an equality witli w 
 d nation, in the ports el 
 ., i!i Great lirilajn ami 
 ■reinafter cnumcriited. 
 
 icle 8, in the words 
 
 'growth, produce, and manufactiiro.' the wines 
 anil brandies of I'ortogal arc comprcliondcd. 
 
 With relcrcncn to Article 14, the jurisdiction 
 of the Cinque Torts docs not interfere witli tlu; 
 .■.tipulations of this urticli>. 
 
 With reference to Article 17, in respect to the 
 declaration of her Uritaniiic M.'ijesty regarding the 
 .(inditinnul surreiulerof the riglits couueclcd with 
 I lie Conscrvntoriftl Court, whenever the Portuguese 
 (idverument shall have oincially communicated to 
 her Majesty's Government any law or laws csta- 
 iilisldng the guarantees in (piestion, her Majesty 
 will recognise the right of the Tortuguese Govern- 
 iiu'ul to declare the liu'lher jurisdiction and autho- 
 liiy of the IJritisli Conservatorial Court to have 
 ciasrd by consent of her Majesty. 
 
 The colonics referred to are Canad.i, Newfound- 
 land, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, New Brunswick, 
 I'rinco Edward Island, and all other British pos- 
 .sessioiis in Nortli America, Briti.sh West Indies, 
 ineluding the islands and pos.scssions on the cun- 
 tinent of South America, Cape of (iood Hope, and 
 (itlicr possessions in Africa; the Mauritius, the 
 Islandof Ceylon. Van Uiemen's Laud, New South 
 Wales, New Zealand. 
 
 IIowAUi) i>i-. WAi.nicN. 
 
 bislion, July 3, 1842. 
 
 The undersigned, her Most Faithful Majesty's 
 ]ilciu|)otentiarv, has the honour to declare, by 
 iirder of the Government, to Lord Howard dc 
 Walilcn, in reference to the Article I of the treaty 
 (if connnerce and navigation, bj* both conc'iuled 
 and signed to-day, between Portugal and (Jreat 
 lirilain, that the maxirao that can bo collected 
 troni any British sulyect for mancio or dcciimi 
 indiistrial. will be 20 per cent, upon the rent of 
 their shops, dwellings, and warehouses, which will 
 serve as an invariable rule to the tribunal of the 
 treasury for deciding the appeals made by British 
 sabjects. 
 
 DtJiiE OF Palmbm-a. 
 
 Lisbon, Julys, 1842. 
 
 Pkussia. 
 
 Convention of Commerce helween his Uritunnic 
 Majesty and the King of Frussia. Signed at 
 London, April 2, 1H24, 
 
 Article 1. From and after the Ist of May next, 
 Prussian vessels entering or departing from the 
 (lorts of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and 
 Ireland, and British vessels entering or departing 
 from the ports of his Prussian Majesty's dominions, 
 shall not be subject to any other or biglicr duties 
 or charges whatever than are or shall be levied 
 on national vessels entering or departing from 
 such ports respeciiv'ely. 
 
 2. All articles of the growth, produce, or manu- 
 facture of any of the dominions of citlier of the 
 high contracting parties, which are or shall be 
 jiermitted to be imported into or exported from 
 the ports of the United Kingdom and of I'russia, 
 rcs|iectively, in vessels of the one country, shall, 
 in like manner, be permitted to bo imported into 
 ami exported from those pons in vessels of the 
 other. 
 
 3, All articles not of the growth, produce, or 
 inanufacturo of the dominions of his Britannic 
 Majesty, which can legally be imported from the 
 United Kingdom of (Jreat Britain and Ireland, 
 into the ports of Prussia, in British ships, shall be 
 .subject only to the same duties as are payable 
 upon the like articles if importetl in Prussian 
 ships; and the same reciprocity shall be observed 
 in the ports of the United Kingdom, in respect to 
 all articles not the growth, produce, or manufac- 
 
 TIIKATIIOS (COMMKUCLAL) 1 t.V.) 
 
 ture of the dominions of his Prussian IMiijcsty, 
 which can legally be imported into the ports ot' the 
 United Kingdom in Prussian ships. 
 
 4. All goods, wliich can legally be imported 
 into the ports of either country, shall be adinilti'd 
 at the same rate of <liity, whother imported in 
 vessels of tlie oihcr coiiiiin,or in national vessels; 
 and all goods which can Ix; legally exported from 
 the ports of either country, shall be entitled to 
 the same bounties, drawbacks, and allowances, 
 whether exported in vessels of the other country. 
 or in national vessels. 
 
 5. No priority or preference shall be given, 
 directly or indirectly, by the Government of either 
 country, or by any company, corporation, or agent, 
 acting on its behalf or under its authority, in the 
 purchase of any article, the growth, produce, or 
 manufacture of cither country, imported into the 
 oilier, on account of or in refereii>:e to the character 
 of the vessel in which such article was imported; 
 it being the true intent and meaning of the high 
 contracting parties that no distinction or diB'er- 
 eiice whatever shall be made in this respect. 
 
 (J. The present convention shall be in force for 
 the term of 10 years from the date hereof; and 
 further, until the end of 12 months after either 
 of tht; high contracting parties shall have given 
 notice to the other (if its intention to terminate 
 the same ; ea(di of the high contracting ))arties 
 reserving to ils( If the right of giving such notice 
 to tlie other, at the end of the said term of 10 
 years ; and it is hereby .agreed between them, that, 
 at the expiration of 12 months after such notice 
 shall have been received by either party from the 
 other, this convention, and all the provisions 
 thereof, shall rdtogether cease and determine. 
 
 7. The present convention shall be ratitied, and 
 the ratitications shall be exchanged at London, 
 within 1 month from the date hereof, or sooner if 
 piissible. 
 
 In witness whereof, the respective plenipoten- 
 tiaries liave signed the same, and have aliixcd 
 thereto the seals of their arms. 
 
 Done at London, the 2ud day of April, in the 
 year of our Lord 1824. 
 
 Gi'.oitGK Cansixg. 
 W. HusKisso.v. 
 
 \VEUTIII2i!. 
 
 An order in council, dated Ma3'25, 1824, directs 
 that, from May 1, 1824, Prussian vessels entering 
 or departing from the ports of the United Kingdom 
 of (ireat Britain and Ireland, shall not be subject 
 to any other or higher duties or charges whatever 
 than are or shall be levied on Britiih vessels 
 entering or departing from such jiorts; that all 
 articles of the growth, produce, or manuficture of 
 any of the dominions of his Prussian Majesty, 
 which arc or shall be permitted to be imported 
 into or exported fnnn the ports of the United 
 Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in British 
 vessels, shall, in like manner, be permitted to be 
 imported into and exported from the said ports 
 in Prussian vessels; that all articles not of the 
 growth, produce, or manufacture of the dominions 
 of his Prussian Majesty, which cai legally be 
 imported from Prussia into the ports .,{' the United 
 Kingdom in Prussian vessels, shall be subject 
 only to the same duties as are payable upon the 
 like articles if imported in British ships; that all 
 goods which can legally be imiiorted into the ports 
 of the United Kingdom shall be admitted at the 
 .same rate of duty, when imported in Prussian 
 vessels, that is charged on similar articles imported 
 in Briti.sh vessels ; and that all goods which can 
 be legally exported from the ports of the United 
 Kingdom, shall be entitled to the same bounties, 
 5 a2 
 
 ■l..\k\\, 
 
 '!f-r 
 
/' ^1 
 
 MfiO TUKATIKS (COMMKUCIAL) 
 
 (1ru\vliai'k!<, mid nllciwiiiUTx, wlu'ii i'X|i(irli'(l in 
 
 ■• 
 
 
 > ' 
 
 I'riisHiiin vosscl.s, tlint iirc ^I'liiitcil, |iiiiil, or 
 hIKiwimI (III siinilar nitic.li's when oxporlctl in 
 IJritisli vessels. 
 
 A 'rri'iisiiry letter, datcil Oetolior i:i. l«'.'l, 
 (liri'i'ls, that with res|)Ocl. to |)iloln|,'e and nil other 
 duties eharjjed on vessids lielonj;in(^ to I'nissia, 
 Sweden, and Norway, DeninarU, Hanover, ami 
 llainhnrf;, which liav4- entered or winch may 
 enter the port.s of the United Kingdom, either 
 IVoni stress of weather or I'roni niiy other eanscs, 
 it was the intention of the lord.s of the eoiuniitlee 
 of I'rivy Coniieil tor 'I'raih', that snch dues slionid 
 mkI he hi)^lier than are charged npoii llritish 
 vesNcIs, anil that it is only to lh(" ciimc of jjoods 
 iMi|iorled into this conntrv, and not l>i'iinf;hl dirict 
 iVorn llie conntrv to whicii the vessel lielon;;s, thai, 
 the ei|uidity of dnty iloes not apply. 
 
 An order in conncil, dated May I!, I8'2.'l, states, 
 that his iMajesty is pleased to declare, that the 
 ships of and liclon^in^ to the dorniiiiciiiM of his 
 .Majesty the Kini; of I'rnssia are entitled to the 
 privilef;('s (granted hy the law of n.'ivif.;alion, and 
 limy iniporl from the dominions of his IMajesty 
 the Kiiif; of I'rnssia, into any of tin- lirilisli 
 possessions ahroad, floods the prodni'e of suili 
 dominions, and may export, fjcods from imicIi 
 liritish possessions idiroad, to l.c carried to any 
 forei';n country whatever. 
 
 I'ltt'SSIA, I!.\VAI!I.V ^C. 
 
 Coiivrnlnm i>/' Ctmimrrcc iinil iXiiviijiitiim Inlirirn 
 (tiiiit lliiliiiii, on tlif iiiiv /liiii : iind I'russiii, 
 Jhiriiiiii, Sii.niiii/, U iirtimlii III, liiulin, llii' 
 JUiitiiriile of i/fssf, till' (liiiuil ihiclii/ of llissi , 
 (lie Stiitis J'orinhiij the (\iiiiiiii'niiil Union of 
 'riiininoi'i, Ximsiiii, unit iranlifoit, on llii: other 
 Jim I. Miirih '1, IHII. 
 
 Article 1. In consideration of the circunistance 
 that llritish vessels are a<linillecl, loj^elher with 
 iheir cargoes, to entry in llie porls of I'mssia, and 
 of lh>: oilier stut<'S of th(^ aforeiianied I'nion of 
 (ii-itoms, when comin)^ from the ports of all 
 connlries. and in eonsiilcration of the concessions 
 stipiilalcd in this present convenlion for liritish 
 tradi'with all the stales of this IJnion of ( 'nstoms; 
 in consideralion also of tin? facility which llic 
 appiicalion of .steam power to iidaiui navigation 
 .illonls tor the conveyance of prodncc and mer 
 ehanilise of all kinds np and down rivers; and in 
 consideration of the new opening; which may liy 
 these means lie ^iven to the trade and ii,'ivi;pilion 
 lielwceii tlie United Kingdom and the liritish 
 po.sse.ssions ahroad on the one hand, and the slates 
 now e<Mnposing the Union of Customs on the 
 oilier; some of whicli .states use as tli'! ii.attiral 
 outlet of their commerce ports not. within their 
 own dominions ; it is agree<l that, from and at'tcr 
 the date of the o.\(lianf,'e of the rat iliciit ions of 
 this present convention, J'ru.ssian vessels, and tin! 
 vessels of tlie other states foriiiiiif? the .said Union 
 of ("nstoms, tofjether with theircarfjoes, consisting 
 of all such floods as can he lepilly imported into 
 the United Kingdom and thu liritish possessions 
 ahroad, hy the said vessel.s from the ports of the 
 comitrics to which they respectively lielong, shall, 
 when coming from the mouths of the MeuHc, of 
 llie Knis, ol the W'eser, and of the l\ll)e, or from 
 the ii'oiitim of any mivigahh^ river lying helween 
 the Kibe and the Afcii.se, and forming the means 
 of communication between the .sea and the terri- 
 tory of any of the (ierinan states wliich are parties 
 to this treaty, be, admitted into the ports of the 
 I'mted Kingdom, and of the British possessions 
 .nhroad, in as full and nmplo a niunner, as if the 
 ports from which Buch vessels may have come, as 
 
 aforesaid, were within llie. dominions of I'mssia, 
 or of any other of llitt nIiiIch nforesaid; and hiicIi 
 vcs.sels nIihII \w permitted to import the goods 
 above mentioned upon tin- sainn teriiiH on which 
 the said goods might Ik; import<Ml if coming Iroiii 
 tin- national ports of Hueh veHselH; and also that, 
 in like manner, ouch vohncIs proceeding Irorii 
 (ireat Ilritaiii iiiid her colonial possessions abroail 
 to the places thus referred to, shall be treated as if 
 returning to a Prussian lla'tio )iort: it being 
 uuderslood that. Ihesu ]irivileges are to <'xtend to 
 the vcs.sels of I'mssia and of the states alort'.iaiil, 
 and to their cargoes, only In res|M>et to each of tlii> 
 said ports in which liritish ves.M'ls and llicir 
 I'lirgoes shall, upon their arrival thereat, ami 
 dcparttiri! tlierel'rom, continue to tie placitd on llir 
 same footing as the vessels of I'russni and of ihc 
 other states of the union. 
 
 ■J. The King of I'm.Hsin, in his own name, am) 
 in the name of the states aforesaid, agrees to pliirc, 
 always and in every way, the trade and nnvi. 
 ;;^ition of the subjects of her Itritaniiie AlajeHlv, 
 ill rcsprcl to thu im|iortati(m of sugar and riii', 
 upon the same fooling as that of the mo.tl fa- 
 vonrcd nation. 
 
 It. In the event of other (ierinan stales jniiiiri;' 
 the (ierinanic Union of ('ustoms, it is hereliv 
 a^^rccd llial. such oilier states shall be inchulcil iii 
 all ihi' slipiilalioiis of tlii^ present coiivi^iilioii. 
 
 I. The present conventiuii shall be in lunc 
 imlil the 1st of .lamiary, 18't2, and further Imi 
 the term of I! years, provided neither of the lii|;|| 
 colli racling parties shall have given to the ullur 
 • i inonlhs' previous notice that the same sli.ill 
 cea.se lo he in force on the said Isl of .lanii.nv, 
 IHIJ; and if neither parly shull have given in 
 the oilier (i montli.s' previous notice that llir 
 presenl. convention shall eea.so on the lirsi. d.iv 
 of .lamiary, IKIK, then the presenl coiivcnlinii 
 shall further remain in force until the I.st i.l 
 .lamiary, IK.jl, and further, until the end (if I:; 
 months after either of the high coiitriiiiiii;' 
 p.'irlics shall have given notice to the olliernril. 
 iiiiention to terminate thu same, each of llii'lii;;it 
 coiiiracting parties reserving to itself the rinlii u 
 f'.iving .such notice to the otTier; and it is Iuti'v 
 agreed between them, that at the expiratimi uf I.' 
 months after such notice shall have been rtivivni 
 by citlM'r party from the other, this coiivciilinii, 
 and all the provisions thereof, shall allii(,'(!lkr 
 ccasi! and determine. 
 
 The present convenlion shall bo ratilicil, .imj 
 ihe ralilications thereof kIiiiII be excliaiif;i'il ul 
 l.oiidciii, at the expiration of 2 months, (ir.scmn.i 
 if possilile. 
 
 In witness whereof, the respeclive pleiiipoicn- 
 tiaries have signed tlio same, and have .illi.xcJ 
 iherelo Ihe seals of their arms. 
 
 Doiii! at London, the 2iid day of March, in llif 
 yciir of oiir Lord 1811. 
 
 Pai.michstcn, 
 II, Uaiihuciikiie. 
 
 By an order in council, dated August 28, 1811, 
 it is oiilered, that Prussian vessels, and lh(ivc<sili 
 of the other states forming thu (jicriiiaii l.'niiiinf 
 (,'ii.sloms, together with their cargoes, cmbistiii; 
 111 all such goods as can be Icgolly iiiiporleil iiiii 
 the liuiled Kingdom and the British pi/sscssioiis 
 abio.id, by the said vessels, from the (Kirtu of lli- 
 countries to which they respectively lieloii;,',sli.i'l. 
 when coining from the mouths of the .Men*"' 
 the Kin.s, of the Wescr, and of the Elbe, or Irm 
 the niiiiiths of any navigable river, lyiiiR bcdfin 
 the I'.lbe and the Meiisc, and forniing tlic nii.i:n 
 of communication between the tea and ll"' w- 
 ritoiy of any of the German states, wliitli «« 
 
TKKATIKS (COMiMKKCI.Vr,) 
 
 c .lominions of rr»«tiu, 
 iitPH nlonsaiil ; ami wifli 
 ,.,1 ii. imiKire til.' K'"«l« 
 lie imimi (friiiH o" wliicli 
 imiM.rlctl if cc.iniiii,' Iv""' 
 I, v»'»>"'Ih; «"'' '''"" """' 
 voHHcls i.f"*'''''*''"*-' '""'I 
 .toiiiiil |.oHs.-H(.i(.iiH iil.rcm.l 
 ..llo.HlmllliotrtmK'dimif 
 I, Hiillio imrl: it l>fniK 
 riviloL'cs iir« I" cxI*'""' •'> 
 „| (,f llui MaU'H iifortvAaid, 
 Ivin rcsiMTl I" <wl» "• •»'' 
 lirilisli viwflM iiiid lli'ir 
 lii'ir arrival Mn^rcat, ami 
 iitiiiuo to 1(0 (ilacoil on llir 
 isi'Uof I'msHiii ami ol ilu- 
 
 "ia, in liin "W" '">""'• "'"' 
 csiiforpsnid, auri'i'stoplmv, 
 
 wnv, th« trailu aiid imvi. 
 
 of'lHT l»rilrtiiiii« Majcslv. 
 
 orlalion of »ut,'»i- aiul ruv, 
 
 fT „M Uml of 111" ">'"'■ f'l 
 
 tlicr (ieriiiaii Mlalt-n joiiiitii; 
 of lUiHtomH, it h IiiTfliv 
 
 r HtlllOHHluiUlKl iliclllllcd ill 
 
 il\i! i)r<'Hcnl coiiviMiiiiiii. 
 ivoiilion hIhiII Im in lorn' 
 iiiry, 1H»'2, niid fiirllur 1... 
 )rovi<lc(l noiUuT of llm liii;h 
 all liavo H'vt'" •" ''"' ""'" 
 noliiHi that the same sl.ill 
 )ii Iho Haiti iHt of .laimaiv, 
 
 • pari V Bliall have ^ivi'ii I" 
 ; pri'.vioua nolii't! tlwit il»' 
 >liaU coaso on thv. lirst, d.iy 
 ion tho prcsuiil (■(mvciiiioii 
 
 I ill forci! until Ho! IM "' 
 iirllicr, until tlu! cml nl 1'- 
 
 • of tho hiKh oiiitriiciiii,' 
 ■m notke t" tl><' oHhthI ii> 
 c tliu Hamf, rach of llii' lii;;ii 
 •sci-viuK to itHclf llu' linlii 'i 
 
 the other; anil it isliiTi'} 
 1, that at tlieuxmiali.iiitifl.' 
 .ticoHlmllhavehft'iirwiivnl 
 
 II tho other, this (Miiivcnli"ii, 
 .lis thereof, shall t\\u<ffik' 
 
 [.iilioii Hhall he ratilii-d, ami 
 Teof shall l"'- fXoliaiiKiil at 
 ration of 2 months, or fcmiir 
 
 of, the rcspoctivo iilcniiiolra- 
 tho same, ami liiive allixo.! 
 their ftrmH. , , . „ 
 
 the 2nil day of Marcli, m tl:> 
 
 11. 
 
 Pai.mkkston. 
 
 11. LAiiofcinciii!. 
 
 iiincil, dated AuK"»t 28, 1811. 
 russian vessels, ami iIh!VO<m.- 
 formin- theOer.iianl.iM'i 
 with their car^'oes, (miiim>iiii: 
 i can be Icfjally iniportol up' 
 „i and the British possw^i* 
 I vessels, from the P'"'»"V' 
 they respectively helou^'.«li»' 
 the mouths of the .Moii';v 
 •osUnndoftlieiqbo,orN 
 
 navicahlo river, lyiiiRljfi""" 
 |ire%ndforn.in«thc..n«; 
 
 hctwecn the .ea and tl' ' 
 Ihe German stales, wlntli art 
 
 |r,iili<"< to iIiIh treaty, he adniillvd into the purls 
 (if (he lliiilcd Kingdom unil of llie Ih'ili-ih possrs- 
 siiiiis aliroad, in as full ami niiiphi a nianiirr as if 
 piiriM friiiii wliicji hiioIi vessels iiiny have rimii' as 
 jifiii'i'said, an<l niicU venselH nIwiII lie piTiiiillcd to 
 iiiipiirl the ^oods aliove nieiilioned iipmi the sjiiiii> 
 li'i'iiis on which the said ^oods nii^ht lie iinpurli'd 
 il I'liiiiiii^ from (he niilional ports of siicli vcsMdi ; 
 jiikI al'<<i lliat in like iiiaiiiK^r smdi vessels iinicci'd. 
 iir: lioiii (ircat llrjiain and licr culonial pu^siy- 
 sjiiiis aliroad, to Ihe ports or places thus ri'fcrrcil 
 |.., shall lie Irealeil as if reliirniii^ to a I'riis'.iaii 
 li.iltie port ; it lieiii^ understood lliat these privi- 
 liM^'es are to extend to llie vessids or I'mssia and 
 ilu' slates afori'saiil, and lo Iheir cargoes only in 
 j'i'iipect to each <d' Ihe said stales, which Itrilisli 
 ve>si'ls and Iheir earf^oes shall, upon their arrival 
 lluTeat and deparlnro ihert^lVoin, continue lo be 
 pl.iccd upon the same footing its (lie ves-.tds of 
 I'l'iissia and of tln^ other slates of Ihe iiniun. 
 
 I'liiili/ of Ciimnimv hrlwrnt her Mnjisli/ unit llie 
 /iillvvriiii. Sii/iiiil III Hi rim, Aini/ 'M, \Ht\it, 
 HiilifieiiliiinH ijiliiiiiijril tit lirrllii, June III), 
 IHIi/i. 
 
 Article I. The snhjects of lier llrilamiic Ma- 
 \n{\ who dwell either leiiipiirarily or periiia- 
 Mi'iiilv in the Slates ot ihe /ollverein, iiikI the snli- 
 jiiisidthe .Slatesof the /ollverein who dw(dl fit her 
 li'in|iorally or perinaneiitty in the doiuinions or 
 iiiisiii's>ions of lier Itrilannic. Majesty, shall enjoy 
 lliiTiin, in resiiecl lo Ihe exercisi? of coinmerci; 
 and trailes. the same rii^lils as, and he sniijccled 
 111 no hiuher or oilier taxes than, Ihe suhjecls of 
 aiiv third country llie most favoured in those 
 rcspei;ts, 
 
 'J. 'I'Ik! prodneo and mannfacliires of the do- 
 minions and possessions of her llritannic IMajesly 
 wliich maybe imported into th- ZoUverein, and 
 iliu produce and mamifaclnres of ihi' Slates of 
 iJie /ollverein which may he iinporled into the 
 Inileil Kin;;d<ini of liicat Itritam and liclaiid, 
 ivlicllicr intended for consiiuiptioii, wandionsiuj;, 
 ji' cxporlalion, or Iransil, shall Ihereiii lie treated 
 ill llii; same luamier as, ami in parliciilar shall 
 III! hiiliject to no higher or other diilies llian, the 
 priidiice and inannlaclures of any third country 
 the most favoured in those respects. 
 
 ;;. No other or higher duties shall ho leried in 
 llu! /ollverein on the exportation of any noods to 
 llic diiiiiiuions and possessions of her Itrilannic 
 Miijcsly, nor in the doininioiis and possessions 
 III' her Itrilannic Maji'sty on the exporlalion of 
 any (iocids lo the /ollverein, limn ;ue or may 
 isi levied oil the exportation of Ihe liUe ;^'ooils 
 til any third coiiiilry the most, favoured in lliaL 
 rcHpi'i^t. 
 
 •1. 'i'lic transit of piods lo ainI from Ihe Kniled 
 Kinpliiiu of t ileal Hrilain ami liehind shall lie 
 free froiii all transit duties in the /ollverein, anil 
 Ilu; transit of ^joods to and from i /ollverein 
 >liall he free Ironi all Iransil iluties ii he United 
 Kiiij,'(l(ini of (ireat llrilaiii and Irelan 
 
 ,"i. Any favour, jirivilcf^e, or redueti n in the 
 tariff of duties of importalioii or ex irtation, 
 which cither of the conlia<lini; panics may 
 ciiiiccde to any third I'ower, shall lie extended 
 iinmi'diat^dy and unconditionally to the olher. 
 
 No proliihilioii of importation or e.\|iorlalioii 
 shall be established by either of them af;ain.st the 
 (illiiT, which shall not at the .saine time be aiipli- 
 aililo to all other nations. 
 
 The c<intiactin^; parties rngane not to )irohibit 
 tin: exporlalion of cuul, mid to levy no duly upon 
 siicli export ation. 
 
 The precediii}^ provisions respeclin;; the pro- 
 Inliitiuii of exportation stiall not invalidate the 
 
 I 101 
 
 olih;;alions wliiih Ihe cmislilulion of Ihe tier 
 inanicCiinfederalion imposes on Ihe ticrinaii Slates 
 which cniiipose lilt; /tdiverein. 
 
 ll. Willi rcf^artl to ihii marks or labels of (^otitis, 
 or of Iheir patdiaf^es, ami also with re;;ai'd to 
 patterns anil marks of maimfatdiiro ainl Iraile, the 
 siilijct:ls of lilt- Slates of llie /ollverein shall 
 enjoy in tint Ihiiletl Kiii^'iloni of (ireat Krilain 
 anil Irtdanil, anti tht; snlijecls id' her Ih'itannic 
 iMajtvMly hliall enjoy in the Slates of the /tdiverein, 
 lilt; saint; proleclion as iialivi; siiljeids, 
 
 7. i'lie stipnlalions of the precediuf; Arlit;les I 
 tti (i shall also lit; applieil to tin; tiolonies ami 
 fortdijn posses^iiins of lier llritannie Majesty. In 
 I host! colonies anil possessions the protlnce of the 
 Slalcs of the. /ollverein shall not be subject to 
 any hii;lier or olher import tlulies than tin; pro- 
 tlnce of tilt; United Kini^iloni of (ireat llrilain 
 anil Irtdaml, or of any ollit;r i;ountry, of the like 
 kind; nor shall tlit; ex|iorlatioii from those colo- 
 iiies or possessions to the /ollverein be subject to 
 any hi);her or other tlulies than the exporlation 
 to tlu; I'liitctl Kingdom of (ircat llrilain ami 
 Ireland. 
 
 H. I'lie present treaty .shall come into force on 
 the 1st of .Inly, iKiifi, ami shall r(;inaiii in fort;e 
 until theltOlh of .lime, l«77. In cast; neither of 
 the eoiilractiii}^' parlies shall, 12 iiionths btd'oit; 
 the laslinentioiietl tlay, hav«; (,'iveii ntili(;e lo llit; 
 olher of tin; inlenlioii lo termiiialt; the operation 
 of tilt; Irealy, then the same shall coiilinue in 
 foret! iiiilil lilt; expiralion of out; year from the 
 il.iy upon wliiidi either of Ihe coiitrai;tinn parties 
 shall have ;;iveii iitdice to the other to termiiialt; 
 
 llie s.'inie. 
 
 '.I. Tilt; present Irealy shall bo ratilietl, and tin; 
 ralilic.'ilions thereof shall he exchangeil at Ihrlin 
 in lliree weeks (this term wa.s suli.sc(|nenlly ex- 
 tenileil by prottii;ol lo the .'iDlli of June), or sooner 
 ;*' pos.-silile. 
 
 In wilncss whereof, the respective plenipoten- 
 tiaries have »i;;iietl the same, uiid have nllixed 
 then to Ihe .seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at llerlin, the ,'il)ili day of May, in the 
 year of mir Lord INIio. 
 
 NAl'IlJt. 
 
 .loilN Wahi). 
 
 lIlS.MAltCK. 
 
 V. r<).M.Mi'.!t-K.st;iii:. 
 
 I'lllMl-SlltlKN, 
 
 UKi.nuiicK. 
 
 ItUSSlA. 
 
 Treiitii of Commerce iinil Xavii/iition hetwein her 
 MiijeMij iinil ihe Jun/ieror lij'all the Jiiissiits ; 
 I'ilh three Seiuirate Articles thereunto iiniicreil. 
 ■ 'lined at A7, Petersburg, January 12, ISoU. 
 
 Arliclel. There shall he between all the doniinions 
 and possessions of the two hij^li rontractiiif; parlies, 
 reciprocal freeilom of commerce anil miviffation. 
 Tilt; subjects of each of the two conlrat;tiiig par- 
 ties, respectively, shall have liberty freely aiitl 
 set:urely to come, with their ships and carpies, to 
 all ]daces, ports, and rivers in the ilominionH and 
 po.sscssions of the other, to which other ft>rci;;ners 
 art! or may be |)erinilted to come; and shall, 
 throue;hoiit the whole extent, of the dominions 
 autl possessions of the other, enjoy the same 
 ri;i;hts, ])rivilei;ps, liberties, favours, immunities, 
 ami exemptions in matters of commerce and 
 navinalion, wTiicli are or may be enjoyed by 
 native subjects generally. 
 
 It is understood, however, that the prccodin;; 
 stipulations in no wise alVcct the laws, decrees, 
 and special re};nlalion8 ref^arilinjj commerce, 
 industry, and police, in vigour in ouch uf tho 
 
 ! • V 
 
J •" 
 
 i 
 
 '■ ■ 
 
 
 I ':• 
 
 
 1402 
 
 two countries, and generally applicable to all 
 fbrcifrners. 
 
 2. No (itlier or liifjlicr dntics slinll bo imposed 
 on flic importation into the (loniiiiion and jiossen- 
 siitis of licr Mritannii; Majesty, of any article the 
 ^rowtb, produce, or nianul'acturc of the domiuion.s 
 and pii^sessions of his Majesty tlie Kniperor of all 
 llio Ku:<sias, I'npm whatever |)laco 'irrivint;, and no 
 other or higher duties nliall be imposed on the 
 importation into the dominions and possessions of 
 his Majesty tlio Kmpcror of all the Kussias, of 
 any article the fjroHlh, produce, or manufacture 
 of her Kritanniu Majesty's dominions and posses- 
 sions, from whatever place arriviuf^, than arc or 
 shall be pabablc on the like article, the f^rowth, 
 produce, or manufacture of any other foreifj;u coini- 
 trv; nor shall any probibiiion be imposed on the 
 importatiim of any article tbi! fjrowtb, produce, or 
 manufac^turc of the dominions and (lossessions of 
 either of the two contractiup; parties into the 
 dominions and possessions of tbc other, which 
 shall not equally extend to the importation of the 
 like articles bcinp; the ijrowth, produce, or manu- 
 facture of any otlicr country. 
 
 .'i. No other or liifrhcr duties or charges shall 
 be imposed in the dominions and possessions of 
 cither of the contracting; panics, on tlici exporta- 
 tion of any article to the dominions and posses- 
 sions of the other, than such as are. or may be, 
 payable on the exportation of the like article to any 
 other foreign country; nor shall any prohibition 
 be imposed on the exportation of any article from 
 the dominions and possessions of either of the 
 
 TRKATIKS (COMMERCIAL) 
 
 article which is or may be lepiUy exp!>rtablc 
 therefrom, without disliiicli<iu, wlicllur such ex- 
 portation shall take place in liussian or in British 
 vessels, and whatever may be the place of desti- 
 nation, whether a port of the other contracting; 
 parly, or of any third power. 
 
 <!. No duties of loiMiai;c, harbour, pilotajje, 
 lif^htbouse, i|uarantinc, or oilier similar or corrc- 
 spondiiif; duties of whatever nature, or under 
 whatever denoininalioii, levieil in tlu^ name or for 
 the |)rolit of <iovernmenl, pul)lic fuiietionancs, 
 private individuals, cmporations, or establish- 
 ments of any kind, shall be imposed in the ports 
 of either couniry upon the vessels of the other 
 country, which shall not erpially and under the 
 same conditions be imposed in tlio like cases on 
 natioiK-xl vessels in f;c"'ral; the intention of the two 
 hif?li contractinii parties bein;; that, save certain 
 exemptions which the shippiiif; of some pons of 
 the United Kinf^dom of (ireat liritain and Ireland 
 enjoys from old limes, in this respect there sliall 
 not exist in their respective dominions and pos- 
 sessions, in rc,i;:ird to the above-mentioned dulies, 
 any privilef^e or i)refcreuce whatever favoiirini; 
 the national tlag to the jinjudice of the fla;,' of 
 the other parly. Such C(|uality of treatmi'ut 
 shall apply reciprocally to the respective vessels, 
 from whatever port Or place they may arrive, niul 
 whatever may be their place of destination. 
 
 7. In nil that regards the stationing, loading, 
 and unloading of vessels in the port.s, basins, ducks, 
 roadsteads, harbours, or rivers of the two counl 
 tries, no privilege shall be granted to iintidiml 
 
 two contracting parties to the dominions and | vessels which shall nut be eipially granted 
 
 possessions of the other, which sh.ill not equally 
 extend to the exportation of the like article to 
 any oilier country. 
 
 •1. The same reciprocal equality of treatment 
 shall take etlect in regard to warehousing, and to 
 the transit trade, and also in regard to bounties, 
 facilities, and drawbacks, which arc or may be 
 hereafter granted by the legislation of either 
 country. 
 
 I). All merchandise and articles of commerce, 
 the produce or manufacture cither of the do- 
 minions and possessions of his Majesty the 
 I'^mpcror of all the Kussias, or of any other 
 country, which are or may be legally importable 
 into the ports of the United Kingdom of Great 
 Britain and Ireland, its dominions and possessions, 
 iu British vessels, may likewise be imported into 
 those ports in Russian vessels, without being 
 liable to any other or higher duties, of whatever 
 deiiominati<>n, than if such merchandise and 
 articles were imported in IJritisIi vessels; and 
 reciprocally, all merchandise and articles of com- 
 merce, the i)roduce or manufacture either of the 
 United Kingdom of Great Ikilain and Ireland, its 
 doininiims and possessions, or of any other cmin- 
 try, which are or may be legally importable into 
 the ports of the dominions and possessions of his 
 Majesty the Kmperor of all the Uussias. in 
 Russian vessels, may likewise be imported into 
 those ports in IJritish vessels, without bi iiig 
 liable to any other or higher duties, of whatever 
 denomination, than if such merchandise and 
 articles were imported in liiissian vessels. Such 
 reciprocal equality of treatment shall lake ellcct 
 wilhoiit disliiiclion, wbethersucli merchandise and 
 articles conic directly from the place of origin, or 
 from any other idace. 
 
 In tlie same niaiiner, there .shall Ik; pirfcci 
 equality of trcalnieiit in regard to exporiaiioii, 
 so that the .•■ame export duties shall In; paid, and 
 the same bounties and drawlmcUs allowed, in the 
 dominions and possessions of either of the high 
 contracting parties, on the exportatiun of any 
 
 vessels of the other country; the intention of iho 
 contracting parties being that in this respect ulsi 
 the respective vcs.sels shall be treated on tlie 
 footing of i)crfcct equality. 
 
 8. The stipulations of the preceding articles 
 shall not apply to the coasting trade, which mcli 
 of the high contracting parties shall regulate ac- 
 cording to its own laws. 
 
 The vessels of each of the two contracting |i.ar- 
 ties shall, however, bo nt liberty, according as tin- 
 captain, jiroprietor, or other jierson duly aiillm- 
 rised to act as agent for the vessel or cargo, sli.ill 
 consider advisabh', to proceed from one port ul 
 one of the two States to one or several ports of 
 the same State, in order to discharge the wliokor 
 part of their cargo brought from abroad, or in 
 order to fake in or complete their cargo, witlwiit 
 paying other duties than those to which national 
 vessels are, or may hereafter be liable in eimilar 
 cases. 
 
 9. All vessels which according to the laws o! 
 (Jreat liritain are to be deemed ISritisli vessok 
 and all vessels which according to the laws of the 
 Kinjiire of Russia are to bo deemed liussim 
 vessels, shall for the purposes of this treaty be 
 deemed British ,ind Russian vessels respectively. 
 
 10. Her Brilannic Majesty engages that in all 
 matters relating to commerce and navigalioii. 
 the subjects of bis Majesty the Emperor of , ill 
 the Russians shall, in the IJritish dominions, \x 
 entitled to every privilege, favour, and immunity 
 which is aeluaily grained, or may herciil'tir If 
 granted, by her iSrilannic Majisly to the .siilijooi* 
 or citizens of any other jiower; and his .Miijpsly 
 the Kinperor of all the Riissias, actuated by i 
 desire to foster and extend the conimcrciiil re- 
 lations of the two countries, engages lliai any 
 privilege, favour, or iimnuuity whatever, in re- 
 gard to commerce and navigation wliitli bi- 
 Imperial .Alajesty has actually granccd, or may 
 hcreal'lcr gram, to the subjects or citizens of any 
 oilier state, shall bo extended to the sii'ijcii- 
 of her liritaunic Majesty. 
 
 ■ 4 ( 
 
T UKATl HS (COM.MHllCIAL) 
 
 IV bo Icti'illy cxiv.rtiiblc 
 „cli...., wlKtlur M.o . i-x- 
 ■0 in Uusniii" (>r ui Hritish 
 „iv 1«« tlio l>'a''« *''" "'■?''" 
 of tUu otlitT coiitrHctins; 
 
 iMir'P, linrbour, pilotnuo, 
 or oilier similar or eorrc- 
 natevcr luUv.re. or uu.lcr 
 Icvioii ill the name or tor 
 ;u.nt, iml.lio functionaries, 
 .rporatioi.s, or estalilisli- 
 11 be imposed in the portH 
 1 the vesHcls of tho otlier 
 not cnunUy and under tlie 
 .oacd ill llie like cases on 
 ril- llic intentum ol the two 
 c's beiii^' that, save certain 
 
 Hiiippi"K "f «'•""'', r? "!' 
 
 ,f (ireat Britain and Ircliiml 
 in this respect tlierc slmll 
 ■cctivo doniinioiis and pos- 
 lii. iibove-mentioned duiios, 
 ereiice wliatever favoiiniii; 
 li... prejudice of tiie tlai,' »1 
 „rli c.piality of troatmi'iit 
 Iv to the respective vessels. 
 r place thev may arrive, ami 
 ir place of destination, 
 irds the stationin.tr, loading, 
 els in the ports, basins, diiifc, 
 or rivers of the two emin- 
 imll he granted to national 
 not be eipially Kfi""'''' "' 
 •oiintry; tlir iuleiition ot tho 
 eini? that in this respect uls> 
 •Is shall be treated on tlu- 
 
 is of the prccedniR article^ 
 10 coasting trade, which acl, 
 ini; parties shall regulate ac- 
 
 iws. 
 
 h of the two contracting var- 
 jc at liberty, according' as ihr 
 or other piirson duly aiitlin- 
 t for the vessel or cargo, sliall 
 to proceed from one port «1 
 tes to one or several ports (,i 
 ,rder to discharge the wliokor 
 J brought from abroad, or in 
 complete their cargo, without 
 than those to whioii national 
 hereafter be liable in siunlat 
 
 hich according to the laws of 
 to be .leemed British vcsw n 
 ,1, according to the laws of -• 
 I are to be deemed luis»i ii 
 ibc purposes of this treaty be 
 \\ Itnssian vessels respectiyelj. 
 lie Majesty engages that m al 
 to commerce ami naviga i« • 
 isMaiesty the KmP"o' "' f 
 1 in the British dominion., * 
 Hvileg.', favour, and immuiu y 
 JranTcl. or may liorcufu.r 
 triTannicM.y>'s.ytotlic^^^ 
 ■ other power; and his M.K 
 all the K.issias, actuated } j 
 ind extend the -^"n— ';,: 
 w,. countries, engages th.it a 
 ■^ or immunity wlwitevcr, 
 •CO and navigation wh.O 
 bas actuallj- pranced on 
 othesuloectsorcitiMnsO ) 
 ,11 1,0 extended to the su'.'joi- 
 Majesty. 
 
 11. Ttie subjects of either of the two high 
 contract iiig parties, conforiiiiiig themselves to the 
 laws of ihc country, shall have — 
 
 (1) Full liberty, with their families, to enter, 
 travel, or reside in any part of the doniiiiioiis and 
 possessions of tho other contracting party. 
 
 (•_') They shall bo permitted, in the towns and 
 )ioit.s, to hire or pos.sess the houses, warehouses, 
 shops, and premises, which may be necessary for 
 ilieiii. 
 
 (;!) They may carry on their commerce, cillier 
 in jier.son or by any agents whom tliey may think 
 lit 10 employ. 
 
 (l) 'Ihey shall not be subject, in respect of 
 their persons or property, or in respect of pass- 
 |iiirls, licenses for residence or e.stabli.-shnient, nor 
 in respect of their conimerco or industry, to any 
 taxes, whether general or local, nor to imposts or 
 obligations of any kind whatever, other or greater 
 than those which arc or may be imposed upon 
 native subjects. 
 
 12. The dwellings and -warehouses of the sub- 
 jccls of cither of tlie two high contracting parlies 
 ill the dominions and possessions of tho other, 
 and all premises appertaining thereto, destined 
 lor purposes of residence or commerce, shall bo 
 respected. If there should bo occiwioii to make a 
 search of, or a domiciliatory visit to, such dwell- 
 ings and premises, or to examine or in.spcct 
 hooks, papers, or accounts, such im^asure shall be 
 executed only in conlbrinity -with the legal 
 warrant or order in writing of n tribunal, or of 
 the competent authority. 
 
 The subjects of cither of tho two contracting 
 jiarties in the dominions and possessions of the 
 other shall have free access to the courts of 
 iiisiiee for the pro.secution and defence of their 
 ligliis. They shall enjoy in this respect the 
 same rights and privileges as subjects of tho 
 eoiintry, and shall, like them, bo ut liberty to 
 employ, in all causes, their advocates, attorneys, 
 or agents from among the jiorsons admitted to 
 the exercise of those professions according to the 
 laws of the country. 
 
 13. The subjects of either of the two contract- 
 ing parties in the dominions and possessions of 
 the other shall be at full liberty to aci|uire, 
 possess, and dis))osc of every description of pro- 
 perty which the laws of the country may permit 
 any "foreigners, of whatsoever nation, to ncipiiro 
 anil possess. They may acquire and dispose of 
 llie same, whether by jiurchase, sale, donation, 
 exchange, marriage, testament, succes.><ion ab 
 intestato, or in any other manner, under the same 
 eonditions as are established by tho laws of the 
 country for all foreigners. Their lieirs and re- 
 presentatives may succeed to and take possession 
 of such property, either in person or by agents 
 acting on their behalf, in the same manner and in 
 the same legal forms as subjects of the country. 
 In the absence of heirs anil representatives, the 
 liroperty shall be treated in tiie same nianner as 
 ll\e like property belonging to a subject of the 
 eountry under similar circumstances. 
 
 In none of these respects shall they pay upon 
 ilie vahic of such property any other or higher 
 impost, iluty, or charge, than is payable by 
 siihjects of the country. In every case the sub- 
 jects of the contracting parties .'^hall be permitted 
 to export their property, or the proceeds thereof 
 if sold, freely, and without beiiig subjected on 
 -iich exportation to jiay any duty as tiireign.rs. 
 or any other or higher duties than those to which 
 siilijeets of the country are liable under ."-iinilar 
 ciieunistances. 
 
 M. The subjects of either of tlie tU'o liigli eoii- 
 iractiiig parties in tho dominions and possessions of 
 
 1103 
 
 the other, shall be exempted fidiii all coinpiilsory 
 military service whatever, whether in the army, 
 navy, or national guard or militi.'i. They shall 
 bo eipially exempted Irrin all judicial and mu- 
 nicipal charges uinl fiinetions whatever, iw well 
 as from all contributions, whether pecuniary or 
 in kind, imposed as u compensation for personal 
 .service; and. tiually, from forced loans and mili- 
 tary exiu'tions or reipiisitioiis. 
 
 In regani, however, to judicial and municipal 
 charges and I'uueliuns, those, slmi) be excepted 
 which are consecpieiit upon the possession of real 
 property or of a lease ; and in regard to military 
 exactions and re(piisiiions, those which all sub- 
 ject., of tho countiy may lie reipiired to furnish as 
 landed proprietors or as farmers. 
 
 \i>. It sliull be free for each of the two high 
 contracting parlies to appoint eonsuls-generul, 
 consuls, vicc-ciinsuls, and consular agents, to 
 reside in the towns and ports of the dominions 
 and possessions of the other. Such consuls-gene- 
 ral, consuls, vice-consuls, and consular agents, 
 however, shall not enter upon their functions until 
 after they shall have been approved and admitted 
 in the usual form by the (iovernment to which 
 they arc sent. They shall exercise whatever 
 functions, and enjoy whatever privileges, exemp- 
 tions, and immunities aro or shall l)e granted 
 there to consuls of I ho most liivoured nation. 
 
 l(i. Any ship of war or merchant-vessel of 
 either of the high contracting parties which may 
 bo compelled by stress of weather or by accident 
 to take shelter in a port of the other, shall be at 
 liberty to relit therein, to procure all necessary 
 stores, and to put to sea again, without paying 
 any dues other than such as would be payable 
 in a similar case by a national vessel. In'e.iso, 
 however, the master of a merchant vessel should 
 bo under the necessity of disposing of a part of his 
 merchandise in order to defray his expenses, he 
 shall be bound to conform to the regulations and 
 tarifl's of the place to which ho may have come. 
 
 If any ship of war or merchant vessel of one of 
 the high contracting parties should run aground 
 or be wrecked ujion tho co.ists of the other, such 
 ship or vessel, and all parts thereof, and all furni- 
 ture and appurtcn.ances belonging thereunto, and 
 all goods and merchandise saved therefrom, in- 
 cluding any which may have been cast into tho 
 sea, or the iiroceeds thereof if sold, as well as all 
 papers found on board such stranded or wrecked 
 ship or vessel, shall bo given up to the owners or 
 their agents when claimed by them. If there aro 
 no such owners or agents on the .spot, then the 
 same shall be delivered to the liritish or Kussian 
 consul-general, consul, or vice-consul in wliose 
 district tho wreck or stranding may have; taken 
 jdace, upon being claimed by him within tho 
 period lixod by tho laws of the country; and 
 .such consuls, owners, or agents, shall pay only 
 the expenses incurred in the preservation of tho 
 property, together with the salvage, or other ex- 
 penses, which would have been jiayable in the 
 like case of a wreck of a national ves.sel. 
 
 The goods and merchandise saved from tho 
 wreck shiil be exempt from all duties of customs, 
 unless cUnicd for consumption, in which case 
 they shall pay tlu^ same rate of duty as if they 
 had been imporlel in a national vessel. 
 
 In tli(' case; either of a vessel being driven in 
 liy stress of weather, run aground, or wrecked, 
 the respective consuls-general, consuls, vice- 
 consuls, and consular agents shall, if the owner 
 or master or other agent of the owner is not 
 present, or is present and reipiiroa it, he autho- 
 rised to inlerpo.so in order to ail'ord the necessary 
 assistance to their fellow-countrymen. 
 
 I ,1 
 
<",■> 
 
 ,■1 •• 
 
 I ■ 
 
 X 
 
 • I 
 
 
 . ■ ' '.' -■ ■• I- . 
 
 ¥:'t: '■' ! 
 
 ; ;■•. 
 
 I s 
 
 not 
 
 17. The coiisiils-Hciicrul, (■(hisiiIh, vici'-roiisiilH, 
 anil cdiiMiiliir ngcnts of I'illivr of the lii^'h roi)- 
 trnctiii); iPiirtics, rctidiiif? in tin; dnniinioiis niid 
 
 ijossc.isiona of tbo otluT, plniU iccrivo t'runi llie 
 ocftl iiuthoriticH such nssistani'o ns can l>y law bo 
 given to them for tlic roeovery of ilL'smcrn from 
 Hliips of war or nierchnnt vessels of tlieir respec- 
 tive countries. 
 
 18. The Ionian Islands hoing uiiilcr the pro- 
 tection of her llritannic Majesty, the snlijeets 
 and vessels of those Islands shall enjoy, in the 
 dominions and possessions of his ]\lajesly the 
 Kin|)eror of Ktissia, all the advantages which arc 
 granted liy the present treaty to the subjects and 
 vessels of Great llrilain, as soon as the (iovern- 
 inent of the Ionian Islands shall linvc agreed lu 
 grant the same reciprocal ndvnnlnges in those 
 islands to Russian sulijeels and vessels; it bring 
 understood that, in order to prevent abuses, every 
 Ionian vessel claiming the bcnelits of the present 
 treaty shall bo furnished with a patent signed by 
 the lord high cumniissioner or his representative. 
 
 19. The stipulations of the present treaty shall 
 be applicable to all vessels navigating under the 
 liussian (lag, without any distinction between the 
 Kussian Mercantile Marine, properly so cnllcd, 
 and that which belongs more particularly to the 
 Grand buchy of Finland, which forms ar. integral 
 part of the empire of liussia. 
 
 In regard to oommerco and navigation in tlic 
 Russian possessions on the north-west coast of 
 America, the convention concluded at St. Peters- 
 burg on tho _ 'ih of February, 1825, shall con- 
 
 tinue in force. 
 
 20. The high contracting parties being desirous 
 to secure, each within its own dominions, com- 
 plete and cfl'ectual ])rotcctii>n against fraud for 
 the manufactures of the other, have ngre'?d that 
 any piracy, or fraudulent imitation in one of the 
 two countries of I lie manufacturers' or trades- 
 men's marks originally alRxcd, bona tide, to goods 
 ])roduccd in the other, in attestation of their 
 origin and (jualily, shall bo strictly prohibited 
 and repressed. Her Britannic Majesty engages 
 to recommend to her rarliamcnt to adopt such 
 measures as may be required to enable her to give 
 the more conipUte execution to the stipulations 
 of tliis article. 
 
 ■Jl. The high contracting parties reserve to 
 themselves to determine hereafter, by a special 
 convention, the me.ms of reciprocally protecting 
 copyright in works of literature and of the line 
 arts, within tlieir respective dominions. 
 
 22. The present treaty of commerce and navi- 
 gation shall remain in force for ten years from the 
 (late of the exchange of the ratilicatiuns; and 
 further, until the expis-atic i of twelve months after 
 cither of the high contracting parties shall have 
 given notice to the other of its intention to termi- 
 nate the .same ; each of the high contracting 
 parties reserving to itsvM' the right of giving such 
 notice to the otiier at the expiration of the lirst 
 nine years, or at any time afterwards. 
 
 The present treaty shall be ratified, and the 
 ratification shall be exchanged at London in six | 
 weeks or sooner if [lossible. 
 
 In witness whereof the respective iilonipoten- 
 tiaries have signed tho .saine, and have aflixed 
 thereto the seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at St. Tetersburg, this ^,7"^. f">' "[ 
 
 Jlst duv of 
 
 •^"""'■^'J'' intheve.irof ourLordi^i^''. 
 December, " 18.j8 
 
 .lolIN F. CllAMl'TdN. 
 
 I'liiNci'; A. GoKTCUAcow. 
 
 T i; ! lATIKS (COJI .MKUCI.V L) 
 
 I. The commercial liitcrcnurse of KiiNsia with 
 file kingdoms of Sweden and Norway being 
 regulated by special stipulations, which may 
 hereaftrr be renewed, and whi(!li do not foriii 
 part of tho regulations applicabh^ to foreign com- 
 merce in general, the two high contracling 
 parties, being desirous of removing from their 
 commercial relations every kind of doubt or cause 
 for discussion, have agreed that IIiomi special 
 stipulations granted in favour of 'Aw. commerce 
 of Sweden and Norway, in eonsideralion of 
 etjuivalent advantages granted in those countrie-i 
 to tho comnu^rce of the Grand Duchy of Finlanil, 
 shall in no ca^e apply to the relalions of com- 
 merce and navigation established between the two 
 high contracting iparlics by the present treaty, 
 
 II. It is eijually understood that the exemp- 
 tions, immunities, and privileges hereinafter 
 mentioned, shall not be considered os at variance 
 with tho principle of reciprocity which forms the 
 basis of the treaty of this date, that is to say:— 
 
 1. The exemption from navigation dues diiriii;; 
 the lirst three years, which is enjoyed by vessel 
 built in Kussia, and belonging to lius.sian sub- 
 jects : ^ 
 
 -. Tho permission granted to the inhabitants 
 of the coast of the Govennnent of Archaugi'l, td 
 import duty free, or on payment of nioderiili' 
 duties, into the ports of the said Govenuncnt. 
 dried or salted fish, as likewise certain kinild u| 
 furs, and to export therefrom, in the same man- 
 ner, corn, rope, and cordage, pitch, and ravens- 
 duck : 
 
 ;). The privilege of tho liussian Amerian 
 Company : 
 
 •1. The immunities granted in Russia to cer- 
 tain English and Netherlaud Companies, callel 
 ' Vacht Clubs.' 
 
 III. The jircsent separate articles shall km 
 the same force and validity as if they were in- 
 serted, word for word, in the treaty signed iiii> 
 day. They shall be ratified, and the ralilicatiwis 
 thereof exchanged at the same time. 
 
 In witness whereof »tc. 
 
 S1.VM. 
 
 Treat;/ of' Friendship and Commerce between her 
 Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom and 
 the Kiiiffs of Siam, 
 
 jVrticle 1. There shall henceforward he per- 
 ' petual peace and friendship between her .Majo-ty 
 and her successors, and their Majesties the Kin;- 
 of Siam and their successors. All llritish snli- 
 jects coming to Siam shall receive from tli» 
 Siamese Government full protection and assi-t.inco 
 to enable them to reside in Siam in all se'curih. 
 and trade with every facility, free from (i|- 
 pression or injury on the part of the .SianiC5<'; 
 and all Siiiinese subjects going to an Ymj.I\A 
 country t-hall receive from the British Guvoni- 
 ment the same complete prot ction ami a-i-t- 
 aiice that shall be granted to IJritish Mibjcds hv 
 tho (iovernnient of Siam. 
 ; 2. The interests of all llritish subjects comiiy 
 I to Siam shall be placed under the ret; illation ,'1:1 1 
 control of a consul, who will bo appoiutcl i" 
 I resiilc at Bangkok: ho will himself cctifomi t". 
 and will enforce the observance by IJriti.-b sub- 
 jects of, all the provisions of this treaty, and suk 
 of the former treaty negotiated by Captain Uurcoy. 
 in 182(), as shall still remain in operation. Hf 
 shall also give effect to all rules or regiilali a' 
 that are now or may hereafter be enacted for tie 
 government of Uritish subjects in .Siam, the tin- 
 duct of their trade, and ibr the |)rcvent:ou of 
 violations of the laws of Siam. Any dL-putc* 
 
TllKATllvS (COMMKIICIAL-) 
 
 llCrt 
 
 itercour^i- of \U\**hi willi 
 ,U>n aiKl Norway ln'inK 
 HtiiuiliitioiiH, wlmli may 
 an.l wliicli il" ii"t «"f'" 
 ii.pliniblo to I'ori'iKii coin- 
 c two hijjii coiilraol Ills' 
 
 of removing from tlifir 
 crv kind of doubt or cause 
 itrfeed tliat tli«.-ts hjicciid 
 I favour of till', coimiu'ro- 
 rav, ill cons idirat ion ol 
 nniiiH.'tl in tlioso oountriiM 
 
 Ciraiid Dui'liy of I'inlaiul, 
 ,- to till! ri-latioii» ol coni- 
 •stalilishi'd liclwi'cn the twu 
 s l)V tli« tirescnt trouty. 
 iJcrstood that tli>' ••xuiiip- 
 nd priviloHP* lu'inmafU'r 
 c oouKidcrcd as al. vnrmnce 
 •cciprocity which forms tlie 
 this date, that is to say :- 
 rem navigation dues durini,' 
 rthicli is enj.>yod h>; vcssol, 
 bclongint; to Russian siib- 
 
 crantcd to the iiihal.itanK 
 ovcrnment of Arcliau^i'l, t» 
 on imvim'Ut of moilorali' 
 3 of thu said Govcrmiieiii, 
 119 lilicwise certain kiniln a 
 herefrom, in i lie same ni:ui- 
 cordage, pitch, ami ravciiv 
 
 of the Uussian Amcriiaii 
 
 1 prnnted in Russia to cor- 
 etlierland Companies, callcl 
 
 separate articles sliall liave 
 validitv as if they wore iii- 
 
 d in the treaty signed this 
 r'atilied, and the ralilicatiuiu 
 
 I the same time. 
 f 4c. 
 
 SiAM. 
 ,) and Commerce between hir 
 I of the United Kingdom mil 
 
 shall henceforward be pir- 
 ■cndshli) between her Maje-tv 
 and their Majesties the Kiic- 
 successors. All British su- 
 liam shall receive from th; 
 it full protection and assbtaii>o 
 cside in Siain in all so.airity. 
 vcrv facility, free trnm cl- 
 ou 'the part of the .Siaiuf.;'; 
 lubjccts goins to au hiulbii 
 v.. from the Untish Oovoni- 
 mplete prot ction and a^^.-- 
 yriinted to British subjcoti In 
 
 Siaiii. , . , 
 
 of all Uritish subjects coimn, 
 la.'cd under the reuulatioiiM' 
 ul, who will be appoiuto'l t" 
 c : he will himself ccnfomi K 
 he observance by 15riti.-b . suS- 
 ovisions of this treaty, and su't 
 V negotiated by Captain Bum . 
 Htill remain in op«at>on. 
 rcct to all rules or rcgii a>i * 
 ,ay hereafter be cnacteu for u 
 
 ritish subjects in i^'""'- Jf^'f 
 do, and for the If vc to^ 
 ■^laws of Siam. Any (i'-P"' ' 
 
 nrisiui; bi'twpi'n IlritiHli and Niamesu subjcels 
 itliall bo hoard and deterniineil by the consul, in 
 eoiijimcliou with the proper .Siamese olUcorg; and 
 erimiiml olVeiiccH will bo punished, in tlio raso of 
 |'.n;;li;<h olVenders, by the ronsul, accordiiifj to 
 Kn^diHh laws, and in the ca'^eof .Siamese offenders, 
 l)v their own law.-*, through the Siamese autho- 
 liiios. Ilut tlie consul shall not interlero in any 
 matters referring t^olelv to Siamese, neither will 
 llie Siamese authorities interfere in (piestions 
 which only coucoru the Hubjccts of her llritaimic 
 .Majesty. ' 
 
 It is understood, however, that the arrival of 
 tliu llritish ennsul at Itan^'kok shall not take 
 place before the ratilii'ation of this treaty, nor 
 until 10 vesselH owiicil by liritish subjects, sailing 
 iiniler Uritish colours and with llritish jiapers, 
 siiall have entered the port of ISnngkok for pur- 
 pose's of trade, subscnuent to the signing of this 
 treaty. 
 
 ;). If Siamese in the employ of llritish subicets 
 ofl'end against the laws of their country, or il any 
 Ji^iaincse having so offended, or desiring to desert, 
 vakfi refuge with a llritish subject in Siam, they 
 shall bo searched for. and, upon proof of their 
 guilt or desertion, shall be delivered up by the 
 consul to the Siamese authorities. In like 
 manner, any Uritish olVendcrs resident or trading 
 iu Siam, who may desert, escape to, or hide them- 
 gclvcs in, Siamese territory, shall be appr'hended 
 and delivered over to the llritish consul on his 
 -oi|uisition. Chinese, not able to prove them- 
 lu'lvcs to be Hritinh subjects, shall not be con- 
 hidercd as such by the llritish con.siil, nor be 
 entitled to his protection. 
 
 'I. liritish siibjeets are i)ermitted to trade freely 
 iii all Iho seaports of Siam, but may reside per- 
 manently only at llnngkok, or within the limits 
 as-iigned" by tiiis treat)', llritish subjects coming 
 to reside at llangkok may rent land, and buy 
 or build houses but cannot purchase lands within 
 a circuit of "200 sen (not more than four miles 
 Kni^lisli) from tlio city walls, until they shall 
 have lived in Siam for ten years, or shall obtain 
 special authority from tho .Siamese (Jovernment 
 to enable them "to do so. Hut with tho exception 
 of this limitation, British residents in Siam may 
 at any time buy or rent houses, lands, or planta- 
 tions, situated anywhere -within a distance of 
 twenty-four hours' journey from tho city of 
 I!anj;kok, to be computed by the ratt- at which 
 boats of the country can travel. In order to 
 obtain possession of such lands or houses, it will 
 be necessary that the Uritish subjects shall, in the 
 lirst place, inake application through tho consul 
 to the projier Siamese otliccr; and tho Siamese 
 oflicor and the consul having satistied themselves 
 of tho honest intentions of tho applicant, will 
 iw.^i-it him iu settling, upon cijiiitablo terms, the 
 amount of tho purchase-money, will mark out and 
 llx the boundaries of tho propertj', and will convey 
 till' same to the British purchaser under sealed 
 deeds. Whereupon he and his property shall be 
 iiiiu'cd under the protection of the (iovernor of the 
 district an I that of the ))nrticular local autho- 
 rities; he shiiU conform, in ordinary matters, to 
 anyjiit^t directions given him by them, and will 
 bo subject to thu same tax.ition that is levied on 
 Siamese subjects. Hut if through negligence, the 
 want of capital, or other cause, a llriti.sh .subject 
 should fail to commence the cultivation or im- 
 lirovement of the lands so acquired within a term 
 of three years from the date of receiving pos- 
 i-essidu thereof, the Siamese Government shall 
 have the power of resuming tho property, upon 
 returning to the British subject tho purchase- 
 money paid by him for the same. 
 
 ■'>, All British Hiibjccts intending' to reside in 
 Siiim s-liall be registered at the British coinulate. 
 They >liall not go out to sea, nor proceed bevotid 
 the liniits assigned by this treaty for the resiifenro 
 of British subjects, without a passport from tho 
 Siamese authoritiey, to bo applied for by the 
 llritish consul; nor shall thoy leave Siam, if tlio 
 Siamese authorities show to the British (Consul 
 that legitimate objections exist to their iiuitling 
 the country. But within the limits appointed 
 under tho preceding article, llrilisli subjeet-t arc 
 at liberty to travel to ami fro under the protection 
 of a nasa, to be furnished them by thu British 
 consul, and counter-sealed bylhenroper Siamese 
 olliccr, stating, in tho Sianieio character, thei' 
 names, calling, and description. The Siamese 
 otllccrs at the (Jovernment stations in the interior 
 may, at any time, call for the production of this 
 pitss, and iniiiiediatidy on its bcingexliibitod, thev 
 must allow the parties to proceed ; hut it w ill be 
 their dutv to detain those persons who, by tra- 
 vidling without a pass from the consul, render 
 themselves liable to the suspicion of their being 
 deserters; and such detention shall bo imme- 
 diately reported to the consul. 
 
 t>. AH British subjects visiting or residing in 
 Siam shall be allowed the free exercise of the 
 Christian religion, and liberty to build churches 
 ill such localities as shall be consented to by 
 the Siamese authorities. The Siamese Govcrii- 
 nient will place no restrictions upoH the employ- 
 ment by thu Knglish of Siamese subjects as ser- 
 vants, or ill any other capacity. Hut wherever a 
 Sianrieso subject belongs or owes service to sonic 
 particular master, the servant who engages him- 
 self to a British subject without the consent of 
 his master may be reclaimed by him ; and the 
 Siamese Government will not i,nforco an agree- 
 ment between a British subject and any Siamese 
 in his employ, unless made with the knowledge 
 and consent of tho muster, who has a right f^ 
 dispose of tho services of the person engaged. 
 
 7. British ships of war may enter the river, and 
 anchor at Paknam, but they shall not proceed 
 above Paknam, unless with tho consent of tlie 
 Siamese authorities, which shall be given where, 
 it is necessary that a ship shall go into dock 
 for repairs. Any British ship of wnr conveying 
 to Siam a public . jctionary accredited by her 
 Majesty's Government to the Court of Bangkok, 
 shall be allowed to come up to llangkok, but 
 shall not pass the forts called Pong Phrachamit 
 and Pit-patch-nuck, unless expressly pennhtcd 
 to do so by tho Siamese (Jovernment"; but in the 
 absence of a llritish ship of wa"-, the Siamese 
 authorities engage to furnish tho consul with a 
 force sufficient to enable him to give clVect to his 
 authority over British subjects, and to cnfjrce 
 discipline among British shipping. 
 
 8. The mcaHurenieiit duty hitherto paid by 
 British vessels trading to Bangkok under the 
 treaty of 1826 sliall be abolished from tho date 
 of this treaty coming into operation, and British 
 shipping and trade will thenceforth be only sub- 
 ject to the payment of import and export duties 
 on the goods landed or shipped. On all articles 
 of import the duties shall bo 3 per cent., payable 
 at tho option of the importer, cither in kind or 
 money, calculated upon the market value of the 
 goods. Drawback of the full amount of duty 
 shall be allowed upon goods found unsaleable 
 and re-exported. Should the British merchant 
 and the Custom-houso officers disagree as to the 
 value to bo set upon imported articles, such dis- 
 putes shall be referred to the consul and proper 
 Siamese officer, who shall each have the power to 
 call in an equal number of merchants as assessors. 
 
■ ' 
 
 I 
 
 ;■ 
 
 ■■' ;.-;;' 
 
 1 
 
 1 ' ' 
 
 ■>'''■'* 
 
 1466 
 
 not exceeding two on either (tide, to asiHist them 
 in Cdmin;^ to an e(|iiitiiblo dcei.iion. 
 
 Opium niiiy be imported free of duty, but can 
 only be sold to tlio opium farmer or liin ni;e.nts. 
 in the event of no iirrunKcmcnt bein^ etVoeted 
 witli thini for tho Halo of tlie, opium, it Hhall be 
 re-oxportcd, and no impoHt or duty shall lie levied 
 thereon. Any infriuf^emcnt of tliin re;,'ulation 
 Hhnll subject tho opium to Hcisuru uud eonllHca- 
 tion. 
 
 ArticlcM of export from tho time of production 
 to the (late of shipment s'hall pay one inipo.st 
 iiidy, wliether this be levied under tho name of 
 inland tax, trau.xit duty, or duty on exportation. 
 'I'lio tax or duty to bo paid on each article of 
 Siamese produce previous to or upon exportation, 
 is npecified in tho tariff attached to tliifl treaty; 
 aiul it is distinctly agreed that floods or produce 
 which pay any description of tax in the interior 
 nhall be exempted from any further payment of 
 duty on exportation. 
 
 luifilish merchants are to be nlhiwod to purchase 
 directly from the producer the articles ni which 
 thry trade, and in like maimer to sell their Roods 
 directly to the parties wishing to purchase the 
 same, without tho interference, in cither case, of 
 anv other person, 
 
 'rhc rates of duty laid downi in the tarilT attached 
 to this treaty are those that are now paid upon 
 goods or produce shipped in tSiamese or Chinese 
 vessels or Junks; and it is agreed that British 
 sliipping i-h'all enjoy all tlio privileges now exer- 
 cised by, or which hereafter may be granted to, 
 Siamese or (.'hinese vessels or junks, 
 
 British subjects will bo allowed to build ."hips 
 in Siam, on obtaining permission to do so from 
 the Siamese authorities. 
 
 Whenever a scarcity may be apprehended, of 
 salt, rice, and (ish, the Siamese tJovernmcntrescrve 
 to themselves the right of prohibiting, by public 
 |iroclamation, the exportation of these articles. 
 
 Bullion, or personal effects, may be imported or 
 exported free of charge, 
 
 9. The code of regulations appended to this 
 treaty shall be enforced by the consul, with the 
 co-operation of the Siamese authorities ; and the_v, 
 the said authorities and consul, shall be eiiablcil 
 to introduce any further regulations which may 
 be found necessary, in order to give effect to the 
 objects of this treaty. 
 
 All lines and penalties inflicted for infraction of 
 the provisions and regulations of this treaty shall 
 be paid to the Siamese Government. 
 
 Until the British consul shall arrive at Bangkok 
 and enter upon his functions, the consignees of 
 British vessels shall be at liberty to settle with 
 the Siamese authorities all questions relating to 
 their trade, 
 
 Ji). The British Government and its subjects 
 will be allowed free and equal participation in any 
 privileges tliat may have been, or may hercaller 
 bo i.;rantod by the .Siamese Government to the 
 government or subjects of any other nation. 
 
 11, After tho lapse of ten years from the date 
 of the ratitication of tliis treaty, upon the desire 
 of either the Hritish or Siamese (iovernment, and 
 on twelve months' notice given by either party, 
 the pres'iitand such portions of the treaty of IHM 
 as remain unrevoked hy this treaty, together with 
 the tarilf and regulatiejns hereunto annexeil, or 
 tho-e that may hereafter be introduced, sliiill be 
 subject to r<^vision by eomniissione rs appoint i''l on 
 both sides for thin purpose, who will be emiiowend 
 to dcci<le on and insert therein such amendments 
 as experience shall prove to be desirable. 
 
 The ratilieations were exchanged at Bangkok 
 on April ft, 1856. 
 
 TRKATIES (COMMKRCIAL) 
 
 General I{egiilal'mn» under irliich lirilhh Truile is 
 to he contlmted in Siitni. 
 
 1. The master of every Kngli^h ship coming to 
 Bangkok to trade, must, either bcl'oro or after 
 entering the river, as may be found convenient, 
 report the arrival of his vessel at the custom-house 
 at I'aknani, together with the mnnber of his irew 
 and guns, and the port from whence he coincH, 
 Upon anchoring his vessel at raknam, he will 
 deliver into tho custody of tho custom -hou.'ji; 
 otilcers all hisgunsaixl amnnmition : aiul a custom- 
 house olliecr will then be appointed to the vesHil. 
 and will proceed in her to Bangkok, 
 
 '2. A vessel passing I'aknam without disehar^'- 
 ing her guns and amnnmition as directed in the 
 foregoing regulation, will bo sent back to I'aknani 
 to comply with its provisions, and will be lined 
 HOO tieals for having so disobeyed. After deliven- 
 other guns and ammunition she will be permittcil 
 to return to Bangkok to trade. 
 
 ;). When a British vessel shall hare cast ancLur 
 at Bangkok, the master, unless a Sunday shdiild 
 intervene, will, within four-nnd-twenty hours alter 
 arrival, proceed to tho British consulate, and de- 
 posit there his ship's papers, bills of lading &c„ 
 together with a true manifest of his import cargo; 
 and upon the consul's reporting these parlieulars 
 to the custom-house, permission to break bulk 
 will at once be given by the latter. 
 
 For neglecting so to report his arrival, or fw 
 presenting a false manifest, the master will subject 
 himself, in eiicli instance, to a penalty of lUO ticid.s; 
 but he will be allowed to correct, within twenty- 
 four hours after delivery of it to the consul, aiiv 
 mistake he may discover in his manifest, withuiit 
 incurring the above mentioned penalty. 
 
 4, A British vessel breaking bulk, and torn- 
 mcncing to discharge before due permission shall 
 be obtained, or smuggling either when in the river 
 or outside the bar, shall be subject to the penaltv 
 of «0() ticuls, and conliscation of the gonds so 
 smuggled or discharged. 
 
 .0. As soon as a British vessel sholl have dis- 
 charged her cargo, and completed her outward 
 lading, paid all her duties, and delivered a true 
 manifest of her outward cargo to the Hritish 
 consul, a Siamese port-clearance shall be graiited 
 her on application from the consul, who, in tlic 
 absence of any legol impediment to her departure, 
 will then return to the master his ship's paiier*. 
 and allow the vessel to leave. A custom-lidusc 
 ollicer will accompany the vessel to Pakiiam, and 
 on arriving there she will be inspected by tlu 
 custom-house oiiicers of that station, and will 
 receive from them the guns imd aminuniticu [ti- 
 viously delivered into their charge. 
 
 Tariff uf Export and Inland Duties to be In'mlm 
 Articles of Trade, 
 
 I, The undermentioned articles shall be cntiru'- 
 free from inland or other taxes, on prodiictiuii vr 
 transit, and shall pay export duties as fulloHs.- 
 
 
 
 TilHl 
 
 Salitng 
 
 FtlitiiK 
 
 Ilun 
 
 I. 
 
 I vmy 
 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 II pfr I fi- 
 
 w. 
 
 (i.UTitm(;i' 
 
 
 6 
 
 1) 
 
 1) 
 
 ll 11 
 
 .1. 
 
 Hliiuo uro,' liorns 
 
 
 .'.I) 
 
 I) 
 
 
 
 U ,. 
 
 4. 
 
 C^nLimoinii In-st 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 II 
 
 I) 
 
 11 II 
 
 .'i. 
 
 bastard 
 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 I) 
 
 II „ 
 
 I]. 
 
 Drietl intiS'L'ls 
 
 
 1 
 
 1) 
 
 n 
 
 II .1 
 
 7. 
 
 IVIicaiis'f)Uillt • 
 
 
 •i 
 
 •i 
 
 II 
 
 '1 t. 
 
 
 Iti'ivl nut, tirktl • 
 Krarln wiKKt 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 M 
 
 1) 
 (1 
 
 111. 
 
 .•<liarli>' litis, viliilo 
 
 
 ti 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 II. 
 
 MiiL'k 
 
 
 .1 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 II ,. 
 
 I'.'. 
 
 I iikkr.-ili.iu si'ftt 
 
 
 I) 
 
 •i 
 
 1) 
 
 1) 
 
 1.-.. 
 
 I'e.icKk^' t.-ijis - 
 
 
 III 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 OjtfrlmiM: 
 
 11. 
 
 Htiflali) aiul tow hones 
 
 
 1) 
 
 
 
 (1 
 
 .Tivi|»ci 
 
 l'>. 
 
 Kliiii(ici-n>^* hidfH 
 
 
 
 
 'i 
 
 
 
 II „ 
 
 Ui. 
 
 Hide t-iiilMif{H 
 
 
 
 
 
 I) 
 
 ,. 
 
 11. 
 
 Tiirt e shi'lls 
 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 II „ 
 
 IS. 
 
 Slitl ill) 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 II » 
 
 ]'J. 
 
 Jleihe lie iult 
 
 
 ." 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 II ., 
 
 au. 
 
 b'tsli tiiawk 
 
 
 .") 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 U ,1 
 
TREATIES (COMMERCIAL) 
 
 ,ter uliicli lirilhh Tiuih i» 
 lutcd ill Siiim. 
 
 ■ry KiiKli-U "'"I' <'"">'"- *" 
 1st, fithiT bclort! or lUtcr 
 may l)" (ouwi convenient, 
 1 vi'HHcl nt the custtoin-htMisc 
 ritli till- nunibiT r.!' hix <rew 
 irt I'riim wliw\i:o his conies. 
 vcsHcl lit roknani. he will 
 tody of thi! cuatoni-housi; 
 ammunition : and ft custom- 
 . bo appointed to the vessel. 
 ;r to liuuKkok. 
 
 I'aknam without dihclinrK- 
 munition as directed in tlit 
 rt-ill be Hcnt bacU to I'akiinni 
 rovisions, and will bo liiud 
 
 disobeyed. Alter delivery 
 mition hI'ic. will be permitttd 
 to trade. 
 
 k-C88el Hhall haro cast nncUcir 
 iter, unless a Sunday sIkmiKI 
 
 1 four-nud-twcnty hourn aiur 
 Uritish consulate, and df- 
 ■t papers, bills of lading ic, 
 mauifost of hi» import (:iir(;o; 
 8 reportini; these puriicularj 
 e, pcrmiasiou to break bulk 
 
 bv the latter. 
 
 to report his arrival, or fur 
 mifcst, the master will huIijoci 
 ince, to ft penalty of 100 ticiiis; 
 ed to correct, within twenty- 
 ivcrv of it to the coii.sul, iiiiy 
 ;ovcr in his manifest, witln'iit 
 mentioned penalty, 
 sel breaking bulk, unil cwii 
 :c before due permission shall 
 'f^lins either when in the rivw 
 fhall be subject to the penalty 
 confiscation of the gondi so 
 
 •ged. 
 
 Uritish vessel shall have (lis- 
 and completed her outward 
 duties, and delivered a iriu' 
 itward cargo to the liriihli 
 ort-clcarauce shall be grante.l 
 from the consid, wlm, in the 
 , impediment to her departure, 
 the master his ship's paiwrs. 
 el to leave. A custom-liousr 
 ny the vessel to Pakiiam, ami 
 (ho will be inspected by tlu 
 •rs of that station, and ivill 
 the guns and aininuniticn ]'":■ 
 ilo their charge. 
 
 tioncd articles shall 
 other taxes, on pnii 
 ay export duties us ' 
 
 llun 
 
 Tiinl Salung Fuai'l! 
 
 VI. It riK* nr«lfl. uiirlr.*nt(l 
 
 
 V<\m 
 
 cent. 
 
 
 
 
 Ti. Klni(lt>hiir>' fiailicn 
 
 . 
 
 fi 
 
 o 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 irr Ion 
 
 '^^ Ciin-h • 
 
 . 
 
 H 
 
 ■t 
 
 II 
 
 I'l 
 
 vr ]K'i ul 
 
 Ul. Itcvt-I'tf ni'pd INui Tumtca) 
 
 
 
 •t 
 
 II 
 
 11 
 
 
 vA. I'll i«l tril w»(l - 
 
 
 
 
 •i 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 
 Ufi. *Juin Itfjunin - 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 n 
 
 J, 
 
 V7. Anufiii l"»rk 
 
 
 1) 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ti 
 
 „ 
 
 •i*. AtfUlA W04K1 
 
 
 •i 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 II 
 
 ,, 
 
 ■iV. Il.ij -'I'H . 
 
 5(1. (■|.Iil««'»l) rnt . 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^\, hofi, IT \OUn|f llo. 
 
 
 11) p«t 
 
 (tnt 
 
 
 
 'ihWc, 
 
 yt. lltti llUlw, line . 
 
 
 K 
 
 o 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 iicr lirti 
 
 .13. cuinmon 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 .. 
 
 .11. PitT *lin*w« 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 I>er i«ffut 
 
 .'.'t, ItiillMo ..ml cow liiUcft 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 311. Kieplinnl'' b""" . 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 ,^ 
 
 "v;, i'rtr*' bonei 
 
 
 !i 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 VI. lIuHMii 1 nriH 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 <l 
 
 
 yj. Klfi'l'a'it'" hi»le« - 
 
 
 n 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 ^, 
 
 411. litf.. .•<»■"• ■ 
 
 
 U 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 ptr i.kln 
 
 11. .vciiiailiUuikint - 
 
 
 4 
 
 f) 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 [HT ptJiltl 
 
 17. M|.lll«C 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 n 
 
 J, 
 
 4.1. Ili'itiP • 
 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 ,J 
 
 41. Url«.l lilt". PlahtiiK 
 
 " m 
 
 1 
 
 •i 
 
 
 
 
 
 J^ 
 
 Jj. Ptatlit' 
 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 ^J 
 
 41 . SMi«n wixjU 
 
 
 II 
 
 'i 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 ,, 
 
 41, Sail mr.it 
 
 
 ■I 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 ,J 
 
 4S. >lan«rov,» bhrk • 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 ,, 
 
 IK. HoMJwo<«l 
 
 
 
 
 •i 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 ,, 
 
 .',0. Kboriy - 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 
 ,'.1. Ilica - 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 |»er knyni 
 
 II. The undermentioned articles being subject 
 to tlio inland or transit duties herein uatned, and 
 whicli shall not bo increased, shall bo exempt from 
 export ditty. 
 
 Ttcnl S.ilutig Fuang Htm, 
 
 VJ. Suuar. wliUe 
 .'.3. r,d - 
 
 il. Odilon, clean ami 
 
 cli'anetl 
 S,'i. PeiilK-r - 
 ,W. Sail li«h, P;.i<ii 
 it'. He.in* ami Ven% - 
 6S. l>rie<1 I'rawna 
 19. I ll.«il • 
 fril. Silk, ra« 
 f,l, He»N'-waa 
 (ii. T,iHow - 
 I,.-.. Salt 
 CI. Tiibacco 
 
 10 per rent. 
 I II n 
 
 I II u 
 
 (Ine-lwi'irili 
 line twilflli 
 Oiie-l»einii 
 (Inulwelflli 
 Oiie-tiflt*ntli 
 1 II n 
 
 (i U II 
 
 I a u 
 
 II per pecul 
 
 per perul 
 II |>er lU.uuu liah 
 
 'I perpccul 
 O per ko\aTi 
 U per l,U(i(l bdl. 
 
 III. All goods or produce unenumeratcd in this 
 laritf shall bo free of export duty, and shall only 
 be subject to one inland tax or transit duty, not 
 exceeding tho rate now paid, 
 
 TuuKi;v. 
 
 Capitulations and Articles of Peace between Great 
 Britain and the Ottoman Empire, as agreed upon, 
 Hugmented, and altered, at different Periods, 
 anil, Jinallj/, confirmed by the Treaty of Peace 
 concluded at the Dardanelles, in 1 HO'J. 
 
 SULTAN MEHEMKD, 
 
 MAY HE LIVE FOK EVKIt. 
 ' Let everything be done in confurmity to these 
 cayitiilations, ani contrary thereto let nothing be 
 
 done.' 
 
 Article 1. The English nation and merchants, 
 and all other merchants sailing under the English 
 flag, with their vessels and merchandise of all de- 
 scriptions, may pass safely by sea, and go and come 
 into d(iminioi"is, without any the least prejudice 
 or molestation being given to their persons, pro- 
 liorty, or ett'ects, by any person whatsoever; hut 
 they shall be left in the undisturbed enjoyment 
 nt' their privileges, and be at liberty to attend to 
 their all'airs. 
 
 2. If any of the English coming into our 
 dominions by land be niolested or detained, such 
 persons shall be instantly released, without any 
 further obstruction being given to them 
 
 3, English vessels entering the ports and har- 
 bours of our dominions shall and may at all times 
 safely and securely abide and remain therein, and 
 at their free will and pleasure depart tliercfrom, 
 wiilumt any opposition or hindrance from anyone, 
 
 •1. If ii shall happen that any of their ships 
 sutler by stress of weather, and not lie provided 
 with necessary stores and retpiisitcs, they shall be 
 assisted by all who hap[)en to be present, ^vhcther 
 
 1167 
 
 tlie crews of our Imperial iihip.s, or others, both by 
 Hca and land, 
 
 5. Iteing come into the ports and harbours of 
 our ilomiiiiiiiH, they shall and mav he nt liberty to 
 purchase at their pleasure, with tlieir own money, 
 provisions and all other necessary articles, and to 
 provide tll('m^elves with water, without interrup- 
 tion or hindianee from anyone. 
 
 G. If any of their shins lie wrecked u)iou any of 
 the coaiits of our dominions, all bc;'s, cadis, gover- 
 nors, comniaudanls, and others our servants, who 
 may be ne.ir or jiresent, shall give them all helji, 
 protection, and assistance, and restore to them 
 whatsoever goods and elVects may lie driver* 
 ashore ; and in the event of any plunder being 
 committed they shall make diligent search and 
 cmiuiry to lind out the property, which, when 
 recovered, hhall he wholly restored by them. 
 
 7. 'i'lio merehnnts, interpreters, "bankers, and 
 others of the said nation, shall anil may, both by 
 .sea and land, come into our domiiiinna, and there 
 trade with the most perfect security ; and in coming 
 and going, neither they nor their attendants shall 
 receive any the least obstruction, molestation, or 
 injury, either in their persons or property, from 
 the beys, cadis, sea captains, soldiers, anil others 
 our slaves. 
 
 17. Our ships and galleys, and all other vessels, 
 which may fall in wiih any English ships in the 
 seas of our dominions, shall not give them any 
 molestation, luir detain them by deiinanding nny- 
 thing, but shall show good and niutiinl friend- 
 ship the one to tho otiier, without occasioning 
 them any prejudice. 
 
 111. If the cor.-airs or galliots of the Levant 
 bo found to have taken any Knglish vessels, or 
 robbed or pluinlcrcd them of tiieir goods and 
 elVects, also if anyone shall have forcibly taken 
 anything from the English, all possible diligence 
 and exertion shall be used and employed for the 
 discovery of the properiv, and intlicting condigu 
 punishment on those who may have committed 
 such depredations; and their ships, goods, and 
 effects shall be restored to them without delay 
 or intrigue. 
 
 21. Duties shall not bo demanded or taken of 
 the English or of the merchants sailing under the 
 tlag of that nation, on any piastres and sequins they 
 may import into our sacred dominions, or on those 
 they may transport to anj' other iilace. 
 
 30. English merchants, and all others .sailing 
 under their flag, may freely and unrestrictedly, 
 trade and purchase all sorts of merchandise (pro- 
 hibited commodities alone excepted), and convey 
 them, either by hind or sea, or by the way of the 
 river Tauais, to the countries of Muscovy or 
 Russia, and bring back thence other merchandise 
 into our sacred dominions, for the purposes of 
 traffic, ami also transport others to Persia and 
 other conquered countries. 
 
 38. Shoidd tho ships bound for Constantinople 
 be forced by contrary winds to put into Caffa, or 
 any other place of those parts, and not lie disposed 
 to buv or sell anything, no one shall presume 
 forcibly to take out or seize any part of their 
 merchandise, or give to the ships or crews any 
 molestation, or obstruct the vessels that are bound 
 til these ports. 
 
 •10. On their ships arriving at any port, and 
 lauding their goods, they may, after having paid 
 their duties, safely and securely depart, without 
 experiencing any molestation. 
 
 41. Lnglish ships bound to Constantinople, 
 Alexandria, Tripoli of Syria, Scanderoon, or other 
 ports of our sacred dominions, shall in future be 
 bound to pay duties, according to custom, on 
 such goods only as they shall, of their own free 
 
 ^,|['!i.i;iii 
 
nc.S 'I'KHATIKS (CO.M.MKKCIAI-) 
 
 will, laiiil witli II vi( w til niiji'; and lor siiih iiirr- 
 • im liny sli.illnot ilis< lini>;i>, no iliily hliii!! 
 
 ' ■/' 
 
 II' 
 
 
 
 h. ■'.- 
 
 iliaiiil 
 
 !>(■ •Icnianilril, ncillirr Ninill ihv liiHl iiuili'^tiitiim 
 
 IT liinilrancc Ito ^ivrn to 'lu'in. 
 
 •II. I'.nnlisli anil ullicr iMcrulmnln navi>;atin;; 
 uriiler llicir llii>,'s, will) trails to Alc|i|iii, sliall pay 
 MiL'li (Inlit's on ihc ^ilkn, brnu^lit ami laili'n liy 
 tlii'rn (in lioanl tlu'ir Nhip^ as aru palil liy thi; 
 J''ri'nrli anil Vunt'llanH, and nut una aspcr nmri'. 
 
 .'i.i. TIk" Imperial tli'ct, pdlfyn, and other vcm-cIm, 
 departing; Iniiii onr Miered iliiniininnH, and tailing 
 in will) lui^lisli xhips at Nea, Kliall in nii uiite 
 inuU'.st iir detain tlicni, nnr tako trmn tlietn any- 
 tliiii^; uliatxiK'ver. Kii;;li.'<li hliips dliall no luiiKer 
 lie lialilc to any rurllier seareli, or exaclion at >t'a, 
 nndiT eiiloiT olHeareh or examination. 
 
 7(1. ICn^lish xliipM eomin^ lo the iiortH ol' 
 Cdiistanlinopie, AieNandrla, Smyrna, C'yjirns, and 
 ■ illier ports III' nnr saered dominions, shall pay 'MM 
 aspers tor anehorane duty, uiiliont an asper more 
 bein;; deniandeil ol'lhem. 
 
 7'J. No molestation shall Im ^iven to any of 
 the aforesaid nation Imyini^ eandets, mohairs, or 
 ^ro(;ram yarn, at An;;ora and Id'^hliaiiar, and 
 desirons ot'exportinf; the same from thenee, after 
 having; paid the duty of '.i per eent., by any de- 
 mand of iiisioms lor llie exportation Ihereof, 
 neither Hhall one a.^per more be demanded of 
 them. 
 
 T.'i. That it bein;^ represented III us that Iji^jlish 
 inerehaiits have been aeeustomed hitherto to pay 
 no eustoni (ir seale duty, either on the silks 
 lioii^'ht by them at Ihussa and Cuiistantinople or 
 (>n those whieli come from I'ersiaand Cieor){ia, .'.nd 
 are purchased by them at Smyrna from the 
 Armciuans ; if sneli u.-a^;e or custom really exists, 
 'iiid the same he not prejudiiial to the empire, such 
 duly shall not be paid in liituie. 
 
 (N.H.— These eapilulatiiin>- may be found en- 
 lire in Herl.slet's 'J'ndlits; and in (Ihitty's Cont- 
 iiunUil Law, vol. ii. ]ip. L".HI-,JU. Apptn.) 
 
 Tiriitij hitu'cen Orciii liritnin itnd tlie Sithlinir 
 J'ditr, coiwlmlfil (it till' JJaniancllea, Ihc ^tlli nf 
 Junmiiy, ]KII'J. 
 
 Article 1. From tin moment of si^'niiif» the 
 present treaty, every ;ict of hostility between 
 JjiHland and Turkey .shall cease. 
 
 ,0. In return for tlii^ indulgence and ^ood trent- 
 iiient all'oided by the Sublime I'orte to Knglish 
 imrchants, with respect to their goods and pro- 
 perty as well IIS in all matters tenilin;^ to facili- 
 tate their commerce, Kufjland shall reciprocally 
 (xtiiid every indiilneaee and friendly treatment 
 to ihe thifrs. subjects, and luerchaiits of the Sublime 
 I'lirte, which may horealter freiptent the do- 
 iniiiioiis of his Britannic JIajesty lor the purpose 
 of lonimerce. 
 
 The last Custom-house tariflf cstablisUed at 
 ('on.-tautlnople, at the ancient rate of ;S per cent., 
 and particularly Ihi' article relating; to the in- 
 terior cunnuerce, shall continue to be observed, 
 as tliev are at present rejjulated, and to which 
 Kn;.d.ind pr imises to conform. 
 
 I'.iiy:lisli patents of ])rolection sliallnot, bo j^ranl- 
 ed to dependents, or mcichan.'s who are subjects 
 (if the Sublime Torte, nor shall any passport be 
 (leliverod to such persons, on the part of ambassa- 
 dors or consuls, Avithout permission jireviously 
 obtained from the .Sublime I'orle. 
 
 I tone near the Castles of the Dardanelles, the 
 .'ith of January, IHdi), which corresponds with the 
 year of the llegirii Vl'Si, the lUth day of the 
 inoou Zilkau'le. 
 
 Si;vii Mi.iif.MMi;!) Emin Vaaii) Effkn'di. 
 lldUia'T Aii.viK. 
 
 '/'null/ of CoMiiHiTCB iiiitl Xiii'iifiiliiin IikIwiih Inr 
 Miijinl;/ mill llie Siiltitn. Siijiied <il Kiiiiliiljii, 
 .tfirit ■.".», IHOl. Hittijiiiilioni ixi:liuiiiji:il ill 
 Connlitnliiwiilv, July U, 18tJl. 
 
 Article I. Allrijlili, privile(;cM, mid immuiillleH 
 whiili have been conferred on the Hubjects or 
 ^llips of (ireat llritaiii by the existing; capilii- 
 latiiiiis and treaties, are coiitirmed now and lor 
 ever, with the exception of those clauses of the 
 ■aid eapitulations which it is the object of the 
 present treaty to modify; and it is nioreoviT 
 expressly stipnlated, that all ri);!ils, privileges, nr 
 immuniiies which tlie Sublime I'orte now granls 
 or may hereafter f;rant to, or sutler to be enjoyi'il 
 by, the Bubjects, ships, coiiimeree. or navi;;atinii 
 of any oilier foreign I'ower, shall be eipially 
 (.'rantt'd to, uiid exercised and enjoyed by, Ihu 
 sulijects, ships, eomiueree, and nuvi^'iition uf (ireiit 
 llrilain. 
 
 '.'. The Hubjects of her liritannh! Maje-ily. 
 or their nueiits, shall be permitted to |iiir- 
 (hase, at all phices in the Otioinan domiiiiiiii> 
 and pos.sessions (whelher for the purposes ei' 
 internal trade or of (>xp(irtation) all articles, 
 without any exception whalsoever, the produce nr 
 manufacture of the said dominions and posses- 
 sions; and the Sublinid i'orte having in virtue i.f 
 the second Article of the convenlinn of coninienv 
 of August Ui, IH.'W, formally en^ca^jed to ah(ili>li 
 all monopolies of a^;! icultural priHlnee or of any 
 other articles whatsoever, as well as all periiiil,< 
 {tisherex) from the local f;overnors, cither for the 
 purchase of any article, or for its removal tnuii 
 one place to another, when purchased, any attempt 
 to colli' ' the subjects of her Itrilannic Miijesty 
 to reii ^iicli permits from the local K"veniiii'. 
 shall be considered as an infraction of tieiitic-, 
 and the Sublime Porte shall immediately piini^li 
 with severity any viziers or other otlicers win. 
 shall have lieeii ^niltv of such misconduct, ainl 
 shall render full justice lo liritish subjects fnrall 
 injuries >ir losses which they may (July provi' 
 themselves lo have suU'ered thereby. 
 
 3. If any article of Turkish produce or niami- 
 
 facturo be purchased by Uritish nierchaiits ur 
 
 their aijeuts, for the purpose of selliiif; the saiii.' 
 
 for internal consumption in Turkey, the siiiil 
 
 llrilish merchants or their at,'eiits shall pay, iii 
 
 the purchase and sale of such articles, and in any 
 
 I manner of trade therein, the same duties that arc 
 
 I liiiid in similar circumstances by the most I'a- 
 
 I voured class of Ottoman subjects, o' of foreigiifr< 
 
 I en^atred in the internal trade of Turkey. 
 
 j ■!. No other or higher duties or charges sliall 
 
 I be imposed in the dominions and possession.'' 
 
 ; of either of the contracting parties, on thi; ix- 
 
 jiortation 'if any article lo the dominions ami 
 
 possessions of the other, than such as are or may 
 
 lie payable on the exportation of the like arlicit' 
 
 to any other foreii^u country; nor shall any pro- 
 
 hiliilion be inipn-''d on the exportation of anv 
 
 article from the dominions and possessiiins "I 
 
 either of the two contracting parties tn llif 
 
 dominions and possessions of the other, wliiih 
 
 .shall not eiiually extend to the exportation ol 
 
 the like article t'l any other country. 
 
 No charf,'e or duty whatsoever will be demamlnl 
 on any article of Turkish iirodiice or maiuifactuii- 
 Iiurchased by llrilish subjects or their nfjcnl?. 
 either at theplacc where such article is pnrchnscd. 
 or in its transit from that place to the place whenc 
 it is exported, at which it will be sulijecl tn an 
 export duty not exceeding eight |ier eent. cakii- 
 lated on the value at the place ol shipment, ami 
 pay.'ible on exportation; and all articles wliiili 
 sholl once have paid this duty shall not .again ^ 
 
■„|.i.)<f<i.>« litlirirn her 
 
 Sii/md 'It Kiiiihilj", 
 
 ■atioiii iXclMiiijcJ lit 
 
 t;i. 
 
 iU'ijoH, nml imimiiiUUn 
 
 ,1 ..II tllO HUl.jOOt^ IT 
 
 Uio pxitiiiij; <u\)iiu- 
 ,,„l\rmc.l now mia I-t 
 (• ilicino iliiiiw" "' * "' 
 t, i^ llui ol'ju'''' "' ""' 
 . ni«l It ix moreover 
 ii'n rin'.iiH, priviU'^rN nr 
 
 ,Umc l'"rti- O''^^' «.f""'' 
 
 or milU-r to l)>' <'ii.|ov.:il 
 
 mitiH'vrf. or imv.Kali.M. 
 
 ,1 luid onjoycil by. Hi': 
 aii.limvinfttiouoK.rrui 
 
 „.r Hritiiiiiiii- Majr^ly. 
 
 1,0 lu-f'"''"-"^ '". V'"' 
 iho Otioinnn lUimuii.ui^ 
 r for tlic liiirposfs ,.i 
 ;,,„rtiition) nil urtules. 
 Imisocvcr.tlici.rodmvur 
 
 1 dominion!* niul V'"*'*''"-, 
 ,«.,rt.'li«vinf;, iiivirtiKM.i 
 
 M-ouvi'nti.)i\ofcomnu'r(v 
 
 iially pnKa««''l '" "'!"'"'' 
 lUural iifoiluco or ot any 
 r as w.'ll as all pcnmi.^ 
 Uovornor-«, i itluT for tlio 
 . i,r for its removal Itiiiii 
 e„ puroliased, niiy allcnipl 
 of liiT Hriiannic Mnji'sty 
 from ilif local novcniyi- 
 nn infraction of Uv:\\w-. 
 sliull imnifdialcly imiibli 
 icrst or otlicr oHu'frM win. 
 of such miacoiuluet, m\ 
 \ to British Bnl).i»'cU lor nil 
 tlu'y may duly lirovf 
 ■ri'd thereby, 
 urkisli produce or maiui 
 bv British niorduuit* ur 
 „toM- of wiling the sain.' 
 i'„ in Turkev, the siiu 
 heir a-ents shall pay, ai 
 r such articles, iuul m iiii> 
 the same dutien that iir.' 
 '.tance.H bv the most lii- 
 sidiieets.'o'ofl'urcigiiM* 
 111 trade of '1 ""key. 
 •r duties or ohar;;es slmll 
 lomitiioiis and possessions 
 
 raetiuK P"^''<:-^' '.'">'" !i'i 
 iole to the domumms ami 
 cr, than such as aye or iiuiy 
 nortation of the like urtuk 
 .untry; nor shall aiiypro- 
 , the exportation oi am 
 ;i„i,ms and possessions " 
 ontractinj; \.artio» t.. I 
 ■sions of the other, wlii.l 
 ;t.nd to the exportation ol 
 
 other country, 
 hatsoevcrwillbedeiiiaiii- 
 
 isU produce or mwmltt<:i'" 
 h .subjects or their agciiK 
 
 ,re such article is imrchwi. 
 l,at place to the place wlicno 
 
 ich it ^vill be subject 
 cdinpei>;htpercc..t^.il« 
 " the place ol shiiiment, .■ 
 i,a;nndall "rtiel"^ «' 
 this duty shall not again ^' 
 
 liable III the Name duly, however Ihcv may have 
 chanci'd hands, within any part of die Diioiniin 
 dnmininnR. 
 
 It is furthenni>ro ngreed tliat the duty of riRht 
 
 jicr cent, above ineiilioiied will be nmiiially r.'- 
 
 ihiced by one ( I) per cent., uiilil it shall bi. in 
 
 this maimer liruilly reihieed to a lixed duty of our 
 
 (1) per cent, ml valorem, destined to cover tin- 
 
 ({oncral ex|ieiises of ailniiiilstration anil coiurol. 
 
 .'■). No other or hinbei' duties hhiill ho iin 
 
 iioseil oil the iniportatioii into the doniinionH 
 
 and possessions of her Siritnimic Majeslv, nf any 
 
 article the prodiiro or mnnufactiiru of llie do- 
 
 iiiiiiioiis and possessions of his Imnerial RIajesty 
 
 the Sultan, from whatever place orrivini;, whether 
 
 hvseaor by land, and no other or higher duiies 
 
 >fiall bo imposed on tho imiiortnlion into the do- 
 
 miiiions and posKORsiona of liis Imperial Majesty, 
 
 • lany article tho produce or manufacture oV her 
 
 liritannic Majesty's dominions and possessions, 
 
 from whatever idaco nrrivinff, than arc or may be 
 
 iiiiyoble on tho liko article the produce or manii- 
 
 liidiire of any other foreign comifry ; nor shall 
 
 aiiv prohibition be maintained or imposed on the 
 
 importation of any article the produce or manu- 
 
 I'aciure of the dominions niid possessions of either 
 
 (if tlie contracting parties into tho doniinions and 
 
 possessions of tlie other, which shall not eipially 
 
 ixlend to the importation of th;'. like articles 
 
 lK?in(; the produce or maiiufai'ture of any other 
 
 cmiiitry. 
 
 Ilis Imperial Majesty fiirtlier en;,'nKes that, 
 save as hereinafter excepted, lie will not iirohibit 
 ilu importation into his dominions and possessions 
 iif any article the produce or manufacture of the 
 iliiminions and possegsiona of her Britannic Ma- 
 ji'siy, from whatever place arrivinii,' ; and that the 
 ilulics to be imposed on any article the produce 
 (ir manufacture of tho dominions or possessions 
 i.f licv Britannic Majesty imported into the do- 
 minions or possessions of his Imperial Majesty, 
 shall in no case exceed one lixed rale of cifjht («) 
 por cent, ad volorcm, or n specific duty, fixed by 
 lommon assent, (.(piivalent thereto. 
 
 Such rate shall be cahuilated upon the value of 
 such articles at the wharf, and shall be payalde at 
 the lime of their beinff landed, if brought by sea. 
 (.rat the first custom-house they may roach, if 
 l)rnii(,'ht bv land. 
 
 If these orticles, nftor bavins paid the import 
 duty of einht (8) per cent,, are sold either at the 
 [ilacc of iheir arrival or in llie interior of the 
 iduiitry, neither the buyer mu- the seller shall be 
 iliarKwl with nnv further duty inrespe.t to them; 
 anil if such arficle.i shouUI not be scdd for con- 
 Mini|.ii<m in Turkey, but should be re-exported 
 uitliiii the space of six months, the same shall 
 !.,■ considered as merchandise in transit by land, 
 ami he treated as is stated in Article XII.; the 
 iidniinistration of the customs beinff bouii'.l .o 
 i.'stdie at the time of their re-exportalion to the 
 merchant, who shall be required to furnish proof 
 ihal the ^oods in questi<m have paid |l'e import 
 (liitv of einht (8) per cent., the dill'cr<nce between 
 !liai duty and the duty levied on Roods in transit 
 bv land, as set forth in the Article above cited. 
 ' G. It is understood that any article the produce 
 '■r manufacture of a foreign country, intended 
 I.f importation into the united principalities 
 
 TUKATIK.S (CO.MMKHCIAli) HtlO 
 
 will not lie liable to the payiiicnl of iiistomsduty 
 until mich article reaches the llrst cusloi!i-liou>-i' 
 under tho direct administration of tho .Sublime 
 I'orte, 
 
 I'he same cimrso shall bo followed with respect 
 loany article the produi'eor inaniifaclnre of those 
 priiiiipalilies,aswi'll as with respect to any arlicli» 
 llie produi'c or manufacture of any other portion 
 ol' tho Ottoman doniinioiis, intended lor ex- 
 portation: such articles will be liable to the 
 payment of customs dutie-., (he former to the 
 ciistom-houso of the aforesaid prinei|)alilleH, and 
 the hitler to the OltomaT' custom houH(% the ohicet 
 being, that neither import nor export duties sball 
 in any case bo payable more than once. 
 
 V. The HuhjeciM of one of the contracting 
 parties shall enjoy, in the dominiom ond posses 
 sions of the oilier, eipiality of treatment wi h 
 native subjects in regard to warehousing, and also 
 in regard to bounties, facilities, and drawbacks, 
 
 8. All articles which are or mav l)o legally 
 importable into the dominions and possession^ 
 of her Britannic .Majesty, in British vessels, 
 may likewise be imported in Ottoman vessels 
 without being liable to any other or higher duties, 
 or charges, of whatever denomination, than it 
 such articles were imported in British vessels; 
 and reciprocally, all articles which are or may Ik? 
 legally iiii|i.irlahln into the dominions and pos- 
 sessions of his Imperial Majesty tho Hultaii in 
 Ottoman vessels, may likewise "bo hnported in 
 British vessels, without being liabh^ to any other 
 or higher duties or chorges, of whatever de- 
 nomination, than if such articles were imported 
 in Ottoman vessels, Such reciproe.il eipiality of 
 treatment shall take effect without distinction, 
 whether such articles come direct ly from the place 
 of origin or from any other eouiitrv. 
 
 In the same manner, there nluill Ik- perfect 
 equality of treatment in regard to eximrtation, so 
 that the same export duties shall be paid, and 
 the same bounties and drawbacks allowed, in the 
 dominions and possessions of either of the com- 
 traeling parlies, on the exportation of any artii'le 
 which is or may be legally exportable tlierefroin, 
 whether such exportation shall take jiliice in 
 Otioinan or in British vessels, and whatever may 
 be the place of destination, whether a port of 
 either ol the cc.ntiacting parties or of any tliirci 
 po\r('i-, 
 
 '.K No duties of tonnage, liarbonr, jiilotnge, 
 lighthouse, (luarantine, or other similar or eorrc- 
 spoiidiiig duti(.s, of whatever n.'itiire, or under 
 whatever denomination, levied in the name or for 
 the ]irolit of (iovevnment, inihlic fuiiciionaries, 
 private individuals, corporations, or estalilish- 
 ineiits of any kind, shall be imposed in the jiorts 
 of the ilominions and possessions of either conntrv 
 upon the vessels of the other country, which shall 
 leil e(|ually and under the same conditions be 
 imiioseil in the like cases on national vessels in 
 general. Such etpiality of trealnient shall apply 
 reciprocally to the respective vessels, from what- 
 ever port or place they may arrive, and whatever 
 may be their ])lacc of de.-iinalion. 
 
 10. All vessels which aceordiii'^ to British l.iw 
 are to be deemed British vessels, and all vessels 
 wliieh according to Ottoman law are to be deemed 
 Oiiriman vessels, shall for the purposes of this 
 
 of Mdldo-VVallachia, or into the principality . treaty bo deemed JSritish and Ottoman vessids 
 of Servia, which shall pass through any other | respc'ctively. 
 
 part of the Ottoman dominions, will not be liable | 1 1. No charge whatsoever shall be made upon 
 10 the payment of customs duty until it reaches i British goods being the produce or mannfailnre 
 ihoso principalities ; and on the other hand, that of ihe British dominions or possessions, whether 
 anv article of foreign produce or mamilacture in British or other ships, nor upon any goods the 
 passing through those principalities, but destined [iroduce or manufacture of any other foreign 
 for some other part of the Ottoman dominions, country carric 1 in Uritish ships,, when the same 
 
 .ii 
 
 |.-i. 
 

 147" TKKATIKM (COMMKKCI \l,) 
 
 rIiiiII (iitKN lliriiiiirli llin HiriiitN of iliK |)iii<l.iiii'l|iM I I'l ilin liK'iil ri':;iilnliiiiii Ic^m Ix^r llriliiniiiii 
 
 imriiH, tvlii'llii't' Hill li ((uikN mIiiiM |i.'|'m | MhJimIv'h imiiIuih>v nIiiiII lliink III. In il|>|>iv Inr il 
 
 I hlraiN ill llic> r<lil|i>< llial lii"ii^'lil j |ii'rliil lii')-ii'»', \tiiirli lirni^c will in lliiit niNc lii> 
 
 liri II liiillK|ii|i|M-.l III Mllin I riililiMl, iii'itvifjiMJ no valid iiliji'rlioii llii'rilii riiii 
 
 llllriri'll, 
 
 iir III llii' II 
 
 tliriiii|{li llii 
 
 llli'lll, nr rJiiiil ImM' Im'i II I liillK|ii|i|M-.l In mIIi 
 
 Vi'KHi'l" ; or «liillirr, iilti r liiiviiu; iuni huM Inr 
 
 (■\|iiirliitinii. |lii>v nliiill, Inr 11 nihiiii liinilnl liiiH', 
 
 lilt liliiilril III niilrr In lii' |ilairi| ill nlliiT Vrs^rl-i 
 
 Inr lllr inlllllllllllll'i' III llli'ir Vii\ll>;i', 
 
 III llii' l;illi r >'ii'<i- llii' (;iini|s ill i|iii".liiiii hIiiiII Iii- 
 
 <ll'|in.s|li'il III ( 'nl|H|il|||i||n|i|i< ill llii' |||;|||;,|/ini'< III' 
 till' riinlniii liniisr, I'.'illi'il titiimil iii,'i|:'l/.iiM"< ; iiml 
 ill any nllirr jilMri"* ullrrc lll<-rii !■• Iln I lllll'lilil, 
 lliry Nliail III' |iliirril llllilrr lllr rliMrf;i' nC ill)' 
 .'iiliiiiiiiilialinii III' III!' riiNiiiniN, 
 
 I-. Tlir Siililiiiii' i'lirlt' ilt'siriiiir In ^raiil li,v 
 iiiraii.i III ^raiiiial rniii'i>KNiniiN nil larililii'H in III 
 lintvrr In Ir.iiwit liy lainl, il is hli|iiilalri| anil 
 ai;ri'('i| thai llir ililly oC tlirrr (11) |irr ii'lil. Irvirii 
 ii|i III lliis I mil' nil arlii'li'M iiii|ini'li'il iiiln I'lirKry in 
 llli'ir |ia'<?-a^i' llimu^li Tiirkoy in nllin riiiiiilrii"*, 
 •■liall III' rriliiiiil iniwii (J) per ('('III., |ia\ alili', as tin- 
 (Inly III Ihrrc jicr cciil. liaw Ix'cii |i.ilil liitlicrln, dii 
 arriving in llir Ollnnian ilnniiiiiniiH ; nml al llic 
 ('■III iilClttlll yi'lir". tn 1)1' ri'ikniinl liniii till' iliiy (if 
 llii< cM'liaiif;!' dl till' ratiliraliniis nl llif iirrHciil 
 irraly, In .i ilsnl ami ili'liiiili' las nl' mir (I) prr 
 irnl., wliirli nIiiiII Iii' Ii'\ icil, »-i i.i tn In' llic caNc 
 Willi r('-<|iril In riirki'<li |irnilii('(' ('\|i()rl(ul, In ili Ir.iy 
 llic ('\|Miisi' (if i((;i'<i ratinii. 
 
 I ill' Siililiiiic I'lirli' al the niiiiii' tiinc ilci'hirrs 
 that il rrsirvi's In ilr.rir llic ri);lil In cwlalili^h, liy 
 a spcrial ciiacliiu'iil, the iiicaNiircs In lie aildptcil 
 Inr I he |iicv('iiiiiin nl' fraiiil. 
 
 Kl. Ilcr lliilaiiiiii' Majcsly's snlijccls, nr tlnir 
 a^cMl.i, li'ailiii)^ in kimhU the pmilncc nr niaiiii 
 racliirc nt Inrcinil cnniilrics, Khali lie snlijeil In 
 Ihe Gallic la\e><, and ciijny the .'•aiiic li^hls, pri 
 \ ilc^cM, and i III III unities as t'lirei^ii iiiliji'cH ilculiiii; 
 ill ^nnds, the prndiu'c nr Ilia 1111111(1 lire nl' their nw ii 
 
 lie all('i;i 
 
 tiiiiipnwder, in particular, n lien iillnweil In lie 
 iiii|iiiitci|, will lie lialile In Ihe liillnwinK stipii 
 Ini lolls: — 
 
 InI, It iiliiill not bn mild )iv miiIiIpcIn of her 
 llrilaniiie iMajcily In i|iiaiililies i'M'c(>diii){ ihe 
 i|iiiiiilil ie I Jill "cnlicd liy the Incnl rcKiilaiiniis, 
 
 '..'iiilly. When a i'ar/{i> nr a \i\Ti;v ipiiiiilily ni' 
 (gunpowder arrives in an Ollniiian purl nn Imard a 
 llrilisli vc'isel, Niicli vcHsel hIiiiII lie anchdreil al it 
 pailiciilar ^pnl to lie dcsi^iuiled liy Hie Ini'iil 
 aiillinrilics, and the (gunpowder nliall llicnee he 
 I'liiiveycd, iiiider Ihe iiispcctinii (if niieh aiilhn 
 rilles. In (li'iKiis nr lilting places dcsi^iialcd liy Ihe 
 (•nveriiiiicnt, lo which the pnrlies iiiliii'tmli'd mIiiiII 
 have access iiiider due rcKillalidlls, 
 
 I'liwliii^ pieces, iiisldlH, iiiid driiniiienlal nr 
 fancy wcapmis, as also hiiiiiII ipiniililics of ^im. 
 pinviler till spnrliiit;, reserved Inr private use, diall 
 lint he Hiilijeel In the Nlipnlalinns of Ihe prcMiit 
 article. 
 
 Hi. 'I'lie liriiiaiis reiinircd fur llritisli iiierclnint 
 vessel';, nil passiii;; tliroiii;h the Dardanelles ami 
 the llnspnrns, .shall iihvays he delivered in .sih h 
 nianner as in decasidii In hiicIi vcnhvIh ihn Icisi 
 pnssilile delay. 
 
 17. 'I'lie caplaiiis nf llrilisli liiorcliniil vcss. |^, 
 with t;(i(ids (III liiiard deslined fnr lh<^ Ol Iniii.in 
 eiiiiiire, hIi.iII he iihli^ed, iniiiieilialely on tlnir 
 arrival al Ihe purl, lo which they ari^ hninnl, ii> 
 depdsil in Ihe ciislnni house of tint Naid purl .i 
 true copy (if I heir iiiiinih'Ml. 
 
 |K. Cniilraliand ^dnds will \»\ linhht In cmifh 
 calinii hy the Ollnnian treiisiirv ; hnl a repnrl nr 
 prnces verbal (if the allctjcd acl (if ('niitiiihaiiij 
 iiinsi, as Mooii as the Maid ^;iiodH arc .soi/.eil hy llic 
 
 connlry. 
 
 11. All except inn to tin* HlipiilalioiiH laid down I aiilliorllies, he drawn up and (Miiiiinnnicaleil in 
 ill Ihe linii article shall he iiiade in re^iird In IIk; coiiHidar aiillmrily of the fnrei^ii snhici'i in 
 liiliaccn, in any shape whalsncxcr, and alsn in ! wlmni Ihe );nnds said lo Ik' ('niilraband shall lii'luiij;; 
 rcf^'ind In salt, which two articles shall cease tn | and no ^oods can he coiiliscated as contraliMinl, 
 lie included aiiinii^ llinse which the silhjecls of 
 
 her ilril.'innic Majesty are perniiiled In import 
 iiiln tiic Ollnnian dniiiiiiioiis. 
 
 Ihili-h siilijcclH, however, nr llieir aj;entn, 
 liny iiif; nr selling tnhaccn or sail fnr I'diisiinipl inn 
 
 them shall 
 
 unless the fraud with rcKurd 
 (Inly and legally prnved. 
 
 I'.l, All iiierchaiiilise, llKtprodncoormainifni'liiro 
 of tint Ottoman doiniiiions and po.s.s('Nsioiis, ini- 
 ported iiilo the dniiiinintis and poHsit.ssioim of l.cr 
 
 111 TiirKcy, kIoiII ho siilijcci in I lie .same rej;ii 
 
 lalinns, ,'inil shall pay Ihe same diilies, as llie iiinsf 
 
 lavntircd t)ltoiiiaii snhjecls Iradiii;; in Ihe two 
 
 articles alnrcsaid : and fiirlhcrmnre, as a cniii- 
 
 pcnsalinii fnr the prohiliilinii of the two articles j now nr may hereafter be ^Tanleil lo, or HiiU'iriil lu 
 
 above nieiiliniied, no duty whiilsnever shall in be enjoyed by, the mibjccls. ships, conimcrii', nr 
 
 future be levied on those arlieles when exported | iiavij;alioii of any foreign Power in the linli.^h 
 
 frniii I nrUey by the Hiibjecls nf her Urilaiiiiii' 
 
 Majesty. 
 
 Itrilish Kiibjecls Khali, nevertheless, be luiniid 
 
 In declare the (|Uanlily of Inliaccn and salt lliiis 
 exporlcd, to the proper iiistnni-biiiise authorities, 
 
 who shall, as heretofore, have the rirjil In watch 
 over the export of these ailiclcs, williniil thereby 
 beiiin eiilitledtn levy any tax tberenii mi any pre- 
 tence » hiil.snever. 
 
 I.'). It is understood between the two IiIkIi coii- 
 Irnctiiif^ parties, that the .Sublime I'orte reserves to 
 it.self the faculty and ri^jlit of issuing a p'lieial 
 prohibition against the imporlatinii into the 
 Ottoiiian domiilioii.s of priinpnwder, caniinii, arms 
 of war, nr milit.iry ntores; but such prnhibilion 
 vill mil come into operation niilil it shall have 
 Ikhmi olliciully notilied, and will apply only lo the 
 articles iiieniionod in the decree enact iii,n' the 
 prohibition. Any of these articles which have 
 not been so specilically prohibited, sli.ill, on beiiif^ 
 impurtc'd into the Uttoman dominions, be 8ubject 
 
 llritiinnie Majesty, kIiuII Ik- Ircatt'd in the mhiiii' 
 nianner us the like nierchandi.se lint prodiieo nr 
 inaiinfactnre nf the most favoured nation. 
 
 (Ml rij;lils, privilcfjes, or iininiinilies which iirc 
 
 dniiiininiis or jiosscssions, shall bee(pially uniiili 
 In. and exitrcised and enjoyed hy, the siilijrcls 
 ships, comiiiLTce, and niivigalion of the Ulluiii.iii 
 rnrle. 
 
 -'!). Tlin iircsent treaty, when ratified, slinll lir 
 Hiibslilnled fnr Ihe convention conuludiMl IicIhccii 
 the two liifrli coiiiractiii^ partiits on the lillli nl' 
 Angnst, IH.'IK, and shall remain in force lortwciiiy 
 eiglit years from the day of Ihn cxclinii({c i.f li"' 
 ralilications ; each of \\w hifjh contraeliii;; piirtii'< 
 bein^;, however, al liberty lo jfive lo Ihe oilier, m 
 the end of fourl ecu years (that time beiiiff (i,\('ii, 
 as the provisions of this treaty will then liavc 
 come into full force), notice for its revisiiin, er fur 
 its determination at Ihe expiration of a yi^arl'rn.n 
 the (late of lliat nolice, and hu again ut the. ciidol' 
 twenty-one years. 
 
 The jircseiit treaty shall receive it« rxcciilinii in 
 all and every one of the |)roviiiccs of the Oitniimii 
 einpiru, that is to say, in all the possessions of lii* 
 lm|>erial AIiijeBty tliu tiultan situated in EurojK' 
 
null"*'* Ikt llriliimiK- 
 ,i„k 111. I" iM'l"* '"' " 
 „. will ill III"' '■"•"' '"' 
 
 IllljUiaioll lIUTllo .1111 
 
 ,r, wlini iill"W«'il In li'' 
 l„ ilir IcilliiwiiiK "''I'll 
 
 )lil >iv hii»i,li'<'lH iif liir 
 
 i,i,rni''< '"« ''">« ""■ 
 
 lir lonil ri't,'illillloliM. 
 .,r II liirt'.'' il>i»ii'i'\ "' 
 Xloniiiii jiiirl I'll '"'""' •' 
 I hIiiiII !•'• iiik'Ik"''''' i" •' 
 ,«iKiml>"l I'V •'!'• '"'■>' 
 iiowiliT nIiiiII lliiliii' ''<• 
 i,,..Uon of Kii'li II""'" 
 iilncrsilr^iiniilili'il l>.V H"' 
 (. iiiirlii"' illltil'i'il*'!' nIimII 
 filial ioiiK. , 
 
 Ih, mill oriiniiifiiliil m- 
 Miiill (iiiniiiiii''^ "I' I'll" 
 ■vi'il I'll' liriviili- urn', liiill 
 liululiiiiiH nf I lit' |iri'Miil 
 
 vi\ fur lUilisli ini'rc'liaiit, 
 \Hf\\ till' |)iir<liim'lli"<aii(l 
 iv.s 1h> ilrlivrrcil in •^m li 
 
 'lO Hlirll VOMHflH 111!' Ir.i^l 
 
 Urilixli niiTi'hniil vitsl, 
 Icslimd fur III" OlldlliiiM 
 il, iiiiiiinliilK'ly <ill lliiif 
 liiih llii'V iiro limiiiil, \'< 
 \w»M\ 111" llii' •*'!''' !""■' ■' 
 rsl. 
 
 , will Im lililili" <" «'""'!'' 
 1 ir.'iiHiirv; Iml « iip'Ti "r 
 
 llhUnl ili'l III" itMllilllul 
 
 liil ^^(nidf* lirr Mli/.cil liy llu' 
 
 ii|> mill t'(miniiiiiit'iiii''l lo 
 
 of I 111! f<irt'i»,'ii HiilijiM'i 111 
 
 HTiiuiraliitmlKliuUlii'liiiij;; 
 
 loiilisciitfil 11^ rimtriiliiiiiil, 
 
 rt'nanl In Hi'''" ■"•'"" '"' 
 
 tlii'liriiiliii'i'iirniamiriii'liiro 
 
 liiiiiH anil iiiisMi'H.Hions iiii- 
 
 iiid anil iiiiNHCWMiiiim of l.ir 
 
 ill 111". Iri'iiloil in till" Nft""' 
 
 rchamlise (lie iiriiiliicn "r 
 
 il faviinrcil mil ion. 
 
 or iiiiiniinilioM wliirlinri" 
 
 (rranlt'ii in, or HullVnil I" 
 
 .iivlM, shiliH, niiniiicrii", lir 
 
 ■iL'ii Powfr in till- Uriti^" 
 
 ,s, shall bf I'liiially uraiiinl 
 
 (.njovcil l)V, I III' siilijiits, 
 
 ,iivi(,'atii>" iif llie Oiiiiiii.i" 
 
 itv, whon ratilloil, Hliiill !»■ 
 
 ■piiliim r,oneluilml IhIwcc" 
 
 11(4 (larticM (111 till' I "I I' "' 
 I remain in force liir twill V 
 
 lav of 111" cxclianup il il"' 
 ht> liiill ciMiirni'liiiK l"""'"' 
 >rty lopvcloll'colliiT,:!! 
 ■arn (lliat time lieiiit? Ii-^'''' 
 bin treaty will ilii'H li'i^'' 
 loliee for itsreviMon, or l"r 
 ,e expiration of a vcnrlPi.n 
 amlHOiigaiuatlliocndci 
 
 ilmll receive it« rxcciitii'" i" 
 ,oi>rovinccHoftheOiio"«i," 
 in all the iiosnessioni; ol In* 
 Sultan situated in hm\>^ 
 
 iir In Ahiii, ill IvKVI'l 'iinl in Iho nlliir |mrU nf 
 Alrira liilniiKinK l> the .Siililiiiii' I'nilr, in Sirviii, 
 nil I III llii' iiiiiliil |iriiiri{'iilili<'H III Miiiiliiviii iiml 
 W'liiliirliwi. 
 
 I III' Siililiiiii' I'lirli' di'i'liiri'i llnit hlie ii* ready l<> 
 
 (.mill In ,p|lin r.irri(;ll I'nwrrn wIlK tlllly mtU In 
 iiliLiill lllrlil. till' iniiiiiirniill Hit viilil iii^i'S rmi 
 lilini'il ill llie .sli|iiililllntii of the pri'i'lil tii'iilv, 
 
 '.'I. II iH iil»il\ I illldiTitiHiij lli:it liir lliil.iiiiiii' 
 Miiji'sly iloei iinl prrliiid, liv iinv Ailnle in 
 IJH pri'M'iil Iri'iily , In »lipiil<ili' l<>r iimri llniii llu 
 iililin and fair rniisirnilinn of Ilir Iiiiih i iii|iIi>\ i iI, 
 iinr In prirliidi' in iiiiv iiiiiiini'r I lie Oilnniiiii 
 (linernnii'iil Irniii the exeni^'e of iN riclili i.l 
 iniiriiiil ailiiiiiii "Iratioii, whin' (he e\i'n i e of 
 lliMse rir.hl'i diii'H not I'vliliiilly iiil'rlii;',i' iiju'ii 
 till |ii ivili'K>"< lli'i'orileil liy iliii'irilt liratirt, or In 
 ilii' pri'Hi'iil Irealy, to lliili'<li huhji rl < or Ihilili 
 iiiiriliiiiidi>-i' 
 
 V.!. 'I'he liii,'h I'oiitnii'lini^ parlien hiive n^md 
 (i. apjininl, joinlly, iMiinniissinnrrH Inr the Netlle 
 iiiriit III II liliilV nf I'liNlniii liiiiiT iliilii's, III III' 
 liviiil ill riiiilniiiiily wilh llie Klijnihiliniit ol llir 
 |,ri^riil Irealy, as well iipiui iin reliiiinli.r of every 
 ill .1 lijilinn liein;^ Ihii pioiliiii' oi iiiaiiiifailiiri' nl 
 llir |lrili><h diiniinioiit ami poM'-esiioiis inijiorleil 
 mill till' Siillan's iloiiiinioiis iiiid piHNeHNiniii, iin 
 uiiiiii ,'irlii'le 1 nf every ileMiriplinn the prnduie or 
 iiiiiiiifiieliiri' of llie dnniiiiinns anil pnsM'isioiii of 
 ihr Siillaii, wliii'h llrilish mihjielH or tlirir ni;eiils 
 Ml' liie In piirehasi' ill any pari of llie Olloiiiiin 
 ilnMiiiiiiiiiMiinil posMi'ssiniiMfor e.\porlafioii to (ileal 
 I'.riiaiii nf In aiiv other eniiiifry. 
 
 I'll' iirw liirilVto he Hit eniii'hiili'd nIiiiII riiiiiiiii 
 ill tune iliiriii;; heveii yeari, daliii;; Iroiii the lir^l 
 i,t Ui'iiilier, one IhoiiNand ei^'lil. hniidreil and 
 Hxly one. 
 
 I'faeli of the ennlraelin;; parlieM mIiiiII have Hie 
 ilL^hl, a veal' lii'fnre the eNpiratiiill nf llial lerill, 
 t>. ilniiiiiiil the levisioll of ihe liirilV. lllll. if, ilinili).^ 
 till si'veiith year, neither Ihe one nnr the other ol 
 llii' I'liiiliaeliii); parlies hhiill avail ilsell'ol this 
 li-hl, llie larilf then exislin^; hIwiII ennliniie to 
 liiive Ihe fnree of law for Kevon more yeius, daliiifj 
 Irnin llie diiy of the expiration of the neveii pre 
 
 lint; years; and Ihe samo hIuiII he the ease 
 
 willi respeet, to every HueceMitivn perinil of hiviii 
 \('nrs. 
 
 211. 'I'lie present frealy idmll he ralilleil, and the 
 r.ililiraliiiiis shall he exehantieil at ( 'ntislanlinopli' 
 in hvii ealeiiihir months, or Hiioner if pes-tihle, iniil 
 shall he earried into exoeution from the lirst of 
 Octo'ier, one thoiiHand •dulit hundred and hixty- 
 iiiii'. 
 
 Dime at Kaiilidjn, on the twenty ninth day of 
 April, one thoimand cij,'ht hundred and sixty-one. 
 liii-.NKV L. Kin.wi'-.K. 
 Aai.i. 
 
 Unitki) Statk.h. 
 
 Ciiiirrnlidn of Commrrrc liHwrni Crmt Jiritiiin 
 and Ihii ffiiileil Slalcs of Amniin. Sujiifd til 
 Lmilnii, the Wrd of July, IK I.'). 
 
 .\rtiele 1. There Hliall ho hot ween all iho terri- 
 lorii's nf \m llritnnnio Majesty in I'^iimpe, and Ihe 
 territories nf the United Stales, n reeiproeal liherly 
 iifioniiiu'ree. The inhabitanlsof the two eoiintriis 
 ri -pcctively .shall have lihcrty freely and securely 
 til I'lime with their Hhips and ear^nes to nil siii'li 
 Iilai'OH, ports, and rivers in the territories aforesaid, 
 10 wliieh other foreigners nro permitted to ennie, 
 to enter into the same, and In remain and reside 
 in unv part of the said territories respectively; 
 anil nfao to hire and occupy houses and warehouses 
 fur the piirpoBo of their commence ; ami (fencrally 
 the merchants and traders of each nation respcc- 
 
 riiKATlIvS (COMMKIICI \l,) M7I 
 
 lively shall i'li|oy the most colliplele proleelion 
 
 Ihrir I'oiiinieree , lint niiIiji'i'I 
 I and slaliili'sof the livn eoiin 
 
 and hii'iirily Im 
 l,l«ll\ ■< In III • law 
 Iri' s reipi'iiivily . 
 
 'i. Nil higher or oUier diitieH shall Im> inipuHeil 
 on ihe iiiipiiii.'iiiiin iiiin the lerritnrieH of his lln 
 laiiiiii' ,Mii|i'.|\ III l'',iiii'|ie, ol any iirtieles. the 
 kri'nw 111, |iinillii'i', nr tiiaiiillili'l lire III the I'liltrd 
 Stall's. , lllll MO hiijliir or oilier diilirs hIi.iII he iiii 
 piisi'il on I III' iiii|iiirtaliiiii iiiln lie' I hiili il Slnlis, 
 III liny iiilirhs, till' I'.rowlli, priiiliiee, nr niiiiiiil.n' 
 lure nl lii^ llriliiiiiiii' MiijiHiy's tiintnries in Vm 
 rnpe, thill are or hliiill he iiiiMihle on the like 
 arlii'lei, lieini; Ihe growth, |iriiiliii'i', or nianiiliii' 
 lure of any nllirr Inri icn roiiiilry ; nor shall any 
 lii|!;hi'r or nlliir iliilns or ehiiii;i < he iiiipn->ri| in 
 eillii r III the twii rnnntrii'i on llie e\|inrlJitiii|l of 
 any iiriielri to his Itritiiiinii' Mnieslv's terrilnriim 
 ill I'jiriijii', nr In Ihi' llniti'il Stiiles] resiK'eliM'ly, 
 than siii'h as are pay able nii the expni liilinii nl the 
 like iirlnli's In liny oHht hiiii;;n eoiiiiliy; nor 
 ■hull any prohihiiinii hr impnseil npiiii the expnr- 
 
 l.ilinii 1 r iiiipnrliiii f any ailiilis, ihe umwlli, 
 
 jiiniliii'i', nr iiianiifiii'hii'e of Ihe I'liiliil Miilri,or 
 III Ins lliiiaiiiiii' Majesiy's lerrilnries in fjimpe, 
 111 or fiiiiii ihe said lerritorieM of his jlritaniiie 
 Miijesly ill |',iirn|K', nr In or from thesiiiil United 
 Slates, whieh shall Iinl ('i|UHlly exieiid In all other 
 iinlions. 
 
 No hiirliir nr ollnr ihities or eharKi's slwill hn 
 iniposeil in any of the ports of the llniteil SlateH 
 on llrilish vessils, thnn llmse payahle in the same 
 purls hy Vessels of Ihe llniteil Slates ; lior in Ihe 
 pnrts of any of his llritiinnic Majesty's terrimries 
 in I'Jirope on Ihe vessels of the llniteil Sliilex, 
 than shall he payahle in the same |Mirls on Itritish 
 vi'ssiIh, 
 
 The saiiei dnlies hIiiiH lin paid on ihe iniportn- 
 linii into the llniteil Stales nf any arl ieles, the 
 i;rnwlh, prniliiee, or mamifaetiird of his Ihiiannic 
 iMajesly's teriiliiries in I'liirope, whether siieh ini- 
 pnrlalion shall he in the vessels of the llniled 
 Stales, or in llrilish vessels ; and Ihe same duties 
 shall hn paid on the iniportiitinli into the pnrls 
 of any of his Itriiaiinic iMajesly's territories in 
 l'',iirii|ie (if any art ieles, Ihe frrowtli, proihiee, or 
 iiiaiiiifaclnre of Ihe (Jniled States, whether Hindi 
 iiiiporlalioii shall he in llrilish vessels, or in ves- 
 sels of the llniteil Slates. 
 
 Ihe saiiie iliities shall lie paid, and the same 
 hnnnlies allowed, on th(^ oxportalion of any arli- 
 eli'H, the f^rnwlh, produce, or mannfacliire of his 
 llritannie Majesty s territiiries in l'',iirope. to tlio 
 Unileil iStales, whether such e.\porlalioli shall he 
 ill vessels of Ihe 1,'iiitcil .Stales, or in llritisli ves- 
 sels; and the same duties shall he paid, and the 
 same hnnnties allowed, on the exportalinn of any 
 arlielis, Ihe f^rowth, produce, or munnfai'lnre of 
 the IJniteil Slah'S, to his liritannic Miije-ty's ler- 
 rilnries in l')iirnpc, wlietlu^r nneliexpiirtaiion shall 
 he in Itritish vessels, or in vos.suls of the (Jiiiteil 
 States. 
 
 It is further aKrned, that in all cases where 
 drawbacks are or may lie allowed upon the re-ex- 
 pnrlalion of any jjomls, the growth, ptnduce, or 
 maniifaetnre of eillinr eonnlry respei'tively, Ihe 
 anioiinl of tlin said drawbaeks shall he the same, 
 whi'ther the said noods shall have been oriL'iiially 
 imported in a Itritish or American vessel ; hiiL 
 when snili re-exporla'inn shall take pliiee from 
 the l.'iiiled Slates in a Itritish vessel, or from the 
 territories of his llritannie Majesty in Kurope in 
 an American vessel, to any other foreign natinii, 
 the two cnniractinj; parties reserve to themselves, 
 respectively, the rij;ht of regiilaliiiK or diminish- 
 in),', in Hiich case, the amount of the said draw- 
 back. 
 
 • i I 
 
'.;«,»>• ' 11 ^i' 
 
 f . 
 
 I \ 
 
 I '■ 
 
 4 
 
 1472 TREATIKS (COMMERCIAL) 
 
 Tlio intorooursc between the Uintcd StntcH and 
 )iis Urilaiinic Majesty's possessions in the West 
 In<lics, ami on tlie continent of North America, 
 sliall nut lie afTccted by any of tlic provisions of 
 this artii'le, but each party shall remain ni the 
 coniplete possession of ita rights with respect to 
 Kiieli an intercourse. 
 
 ;t. Ijis Britannic Majesty agrees that tlie ves- 
 sels of uic United States of America sliall be ad- 
 mitted and hospitably rceeived at the principal 
 settlements oi tlic Hritish dominions in the Kast 
 Jndies, viz. Cnhutta, Mailian, Jiomhai/. and Prince 
 of Walls' Isliind, and that the citizens of the said 
 I'nited Stales may freely carrj' on trade between 
 the said principal settlements and the said Inited 
 StiiUfs, in all articles of whicli the importation 
 and exportatio!! respectively, to and from the said 
 territories, siiall not be entirely prohibited ; pro- 
 vided only, that it shall not be lawful for tliein, in 
 any tmie'of war between the British Government 
 and any state or power whatever, to export from 
 the said lorritories, without the special permission 
 of the British Government, any military stores, or 
 iii'vai stores, or rice. The citizens of the United 
 States shall pay for their vessels, when admitted, 
 no higher or other duty or charge than shall be 
 ]iayablo on the vessels of the most favoured Kuro- 
 pean nations, and they sh.iU pay no Jiiglier or 
 oilier duties or charges on the importation or ex- 
 jKirtation of the cargoes of the said vessels, than 
 shall be payable on the same articles when im- 
 )Hirt','d o»' exported in the vessels of the most 
 favoured European nations. 
 
 But it is expressly agreed, that the vessels of sliall have for ever, in ommon with the subject-- 
 the United States sLill not carry any articles | of his Britannic Majesty, the liberty to take lisli of 
 from the said principal settlements to any port or ^ every kind on that (lart of the coast of Newfouud- 
 place, excejit to some port or place in the United land which extends from Cape Kay to thi' Ilamciii 
 States of America, where the same .shall be nn- I Islands, on the western and northern coiists (f 
 laden. j Newfoundland, from the said Cape Hay to tlic 
 
 It is also understood, that the permission i Qiiirpon Islands, on the shores of the Magilakn 
 granted by this article is not to extend to allow j Islanils, and also on the coasts, bay <, liarliourN 
 the vessels of the United States to carni- on any . and creeks, from Mount Joly, on the soiiIIkii. 
 ))art of the coasting trade of the said British tcr- coiust of Labrador, to and through the Straiis oi' 
 ritorios; but the vessels of the United States, | Bellcisle, and thence northwardly iiKitlinitcIv 
 having in the first instance proceeded to one of | along the coast, without prejudice, however, (ij 
 the said principal settlements of the British domi- j any of the exclusive rights oi' the lliulsdii l;,iv 
 nions in the East Indies, and then going with 
 
 tractiiig p.irties may except from the residence ol 
 consuls such particular places as such party shall 
 j.idgc lit to b'-' so excepted. 
 
 5, 'I'liis convention, when the same shall ;iavc 
 been duly ratilicd by his Britanni<r Majesty and 
 by the rresident of the Unitid Stales, by and 
 with the advice and consent of their Senate, and 
 the respective ratifications mutually exchanged, 
 shall be binding and obligatory <in his .Majesty 
 and on the said United States for 1 years froiii 
 the date of its signature; and the ratilieatimis 
 shall be exchanged in G months fmni this tiine,i)r 
 sooner if possible. 
 
 Done at London, the 3rd of , July, IKl.j. 
 
 Ki:i':i). .1. h'onixsoN, 
 
 Hknuy (ioLi.mntN. 
 
 Wii.i.iA.M Adams. 
 
 .loirx ti. Adams. 
 
 11. Cl.AV. 
 AlIilCKT Gai.atin. 
 This convention was subsequently |iroloii;'eil 
 by conventions for that purpose in IS IS and bsj;, 
 
 Coiwent'wn hetween Great liriiain and the f'liilcd 
 States of America. Signed at Loit Jon, Octohcr 
 20, IS 18. 
 
 Article 1. Whereas difTerences have arisiii re- 
 spectiiig the liberty claimed by the I'nited .Si:iipj 
 for the inhabitants thereof, to take, dry, and cure 
 fish, on certain coasts, baj's, harbours, and creeks, 
 of his Britannic Majesty's dominions in America, 
 it is agreed between the high eontra<'tiiig partiis, 
 that the inhabitants of the .said United .St.ilci 
 
 their original cargoes, or any part thereof, from 
 one of tlie ?'iid principal settlements to another, 
 shall not be considered as carrying on the coast- 
 ing trade. The vessels of the United States may 
 also touch for refreshments, but not for eonimerce, 
 in the course of their voyage to or from the Bri- 
 tish territories in India, or to or from the domi- 
 nions of the Emperor of China, at the Cape of 
 Good Hope, the island of St. Helena, or such 
 other places as may be in the possession of Great 
 Britain, in the African or Indian seas; it being 
 well uudc-rstood, that in all that regards this 
 erticle, the citizens of the United States shall be 
 subject in all respects to the laws and regulations 
 of the British Government from time to time esta- 
 blished. 
 
 •1. It sh.ill be free for each of the two contract- 
 ing parlies respecdvely to appoint consuls, for the 
 ]>rotection of trade, to reside in the dominions and 
 territories of the other party ; but before any con- 
 sul shall act as 8uch,,he shall in the usual form 
 be approved and admitted by the Government to 
 ivliich he is sent ; and it is hereby do ,lared, that 
 in ease of illegal and improper conduct towards 
 the laws or (iovernmcnt of the country to which 
 he is sent, such con-ul may either be punished 
 according to law, if the laws will reach the case, 
 or lie sent back, the olTended Government assign- 
 ing to the other the reasons for tlie same. 
 
 it is hereby dtcbircd, that either of the con- 
 
 Company : and that the American fishermen sliaii 
 also have liberty-, for ever, to dry and cure li>liiii 
 any of the unsettled bays, harbours, and (treekso; 
 the southern part of the coast of Newfiiunill.inil, 
 and of the coast of Labrador; but so soon ,i*the 
 .same, or any portion thereof, shall be sctthJ. it 
 shall not be lawful for the said fisheriiicn tc (lr\- 
 or cure fish, without ))revious agreement for siuli 
 [mrpose with the inhabitants, proprietors, or pv 
 ses.sors of the ground. Ami the United Sialis 
 hereby renoume for ever .any liberty lierelofiH' 
 enjoyed or clai'iied by the inhabitaiu- tlierenf U 
 take, dry, or cure fish on or within :> marine miic- 
 of any of the coasts, bays, creeks, or liarlmiirs.:' 
 his Brilannic M.'ijesty's dominions in .Ameri::. 
 not ioidudcil within the above-nieiitioiied liiiii:-; 
 Iirovided, however, that the American lislieraifn 
 shall bi,' admitted to enter such bays oi li.iili iirs 
 for the purposeof shelter and of repairing (liim,i:."s 
 therein, of purchasing wood, and of oliiiiiiiii; 
 water, and for no other purpose wliat.ver: iii: 
 they slial. be under s '> restrictions an iiiayl; 
 necessary to prevent their taking, ilryiii^', oreunii.' 
 lish therein, or in any other manner abusiiy i"t' 
 privileges hereby reserved to them. 
 
 2. It is agreed that a line (ir.awn fmrn tliemo-; 
 north-wcitern point of the Lake of the ^Vi.-, 
 along the 4'.lth par.illel of north latitmle. nr il il'f 
 said point sh.ill not be in the4ythpaniHelol'ii"r:li 
 latitude, then that a line drawn from the ^s;; 
 point due north or south, us the case may be,uiiiii 
 
 .' i \. 
 
xccpt from the residcnco of 
 X places as such imrly slinll 
 
 when the same sl\nll nave 
 'his 15ritaiiiii>- Aliijisty and 
 the Uiiit<il Slalcrt, !)>• and 
 consent of tlieir Senate, and 
 ilions niuliially exchanged, 
 I obliRatorv on liis Majesty 
 itcil States lor ■\ years trom 
 utiire; and the ratilieatmib 
 I months from this tinie.or 
 
 10 3rd of July, 1H1''>- 
 
 FuKi). •'. lioiiiNK"^'- 
 
 IlKSItY GoLl.nt T.N. 
 WlI-I.lAM Al>AMS, 
 
 John Q. Adams. 
 
 II. (Lay. 
 
 Al.llKKT Gai.atin. 
 ,vns snbscquentlv iircdoii;;!',! 
 Hit iinrpose in ISIS and 1.SJ7, 
 
 Jrcitt Jlritain niul the fJmU-d 
 . Signed III London, OvUihet 
 
 IS ilifferenees have arism ro- 
 claimcil by the Tinted .S|;itps 
 hereof, to "take, dry, and ciirt 
 s, bnj's, harbours, and erieks 
 jestv's dominions in Amcriivi, 
 the high eontraetin;; parti.-, 
 s of the said United ^itiiPf 
 in common with the sulijcd- 
 icsty, theliberly to takelisln.i' 
 i)art of the coast of Newfound- 
 from Capo Kay to the llamiaii 
 stem and northern eoasls cf 
 n the said Cape Hay to the 
 1 the shores of the Majidakn 
 )n the coast.s, bays harlimirs 
 Mount Jolv, oil tlie soiitliini 
 [() and throuKh the Straits c' 
 lice northwardly iiidiliiiitcly 
 ithout prejudiee, however, lo 
 i-c rights of the lludsoa Day 
 t the American fishermen shall 
 )r ever, tu dry and cure lish in 
 1 bays, harbours, and crciks cit 
 of tlic coast of Newfuiiiiill.inil, 
 Labrador ; but so soon a* ilic 
 )n tliereof, sliall be soUImI. it 
 for the said fishermen t» dry- 
 it previous agrecnu-nt for suc'.i 
 uhabitants, proprietors, orifl'- 
 und. And the United Sl;it.5 
 or ever anv liberty l-.erotul.rc 
 by the inhabitanl^ tliercuf t ' 
 ish on or within :> niariin' niile> 
 is, bays, creeks, or harliour..: 
 esty's" dominions in Ami'ri.2. 
 n the above-meiitiiiiied limits: 
 , tliat the American fishfraifn 
 to enter such hays oi Iwili'U^ 
 shelter mid of repairiii,i;ilaniai'fs 
 isinK wood, and of olitumjn; 
 
 other purpose wliat.vnr; I-.:- 
 ler f '' restrictions as iii.iyi' 
 It their taking, dryin^r, or ouriK 
 any other manner abusing i-e 
 reserved to them. 
 Lhat a line (irawn from tlio m.>. 
 int of the Lake of tlie «;" ■■ 
 •.■lUel of north latitude. »r 'I H;' 
 ,tbcinthc4'JthpanilUloli..'Mj 
 at n line drawn from tlic ^'■; 
 
 south, U.S the case may U'.u.t" 
 
 TllEATIKS (COMMKRCIAL) 
 
 the said line sli.iU intersect the said parallel of 
 north latitude, and from the point of siicli inter- 
 section ihie west along and with the said parallel, 
 -.liall be the line of demareatiou between tln^ ter- 
 ritories of the United States and those of his 
 llritannie Majesty, and that the said line sliall 
 tnrin the northern boundary of the said territories 
 iif the United States, and the .southern boundary 
 iif the territories of his ISritanniu Majesty, from 
 the Lake of the Woods to the Stony Mountains. 
 
 ;i. It is agreed that any country that may be 
 claimed by either party on the iKU-th-west coast 
 of .\merica. westward of the Stony Mountains, 
 shall, together with its harbours, bay.s, and creeks, 
 :iiid the navigation of all rivers within tlie same, 
 he free and open, for the term of ID years from tlie 
 ilulc of the signature of the jirescnt convention, U) 
 tlie vessels, citizens, and subjects of the two 
 I'oivers: it being well understood that this agree- 
 ment is not to be construed to the prejudice of any 
 eliiim which cither of the two high contracting 
 parties may have to any part of the said country, 
 nor shall it be taken to all'cct the cliiiins of any 
 ntlicr I'ower or State to any ])art of the saill 
 cdiintry, the only object of the liigh eontiaetiiig 
 ]i!irtics', ill that resiiect, being to prevent disputes 
 and ditl'crcnces among themselves. 
 
 t. All the provisions of the convention to ' rc- 
 iriilatc the commerce between the territories of 
 
 1473 
 
 States, by and with the advice nnd consent of 
 tlieir senate, and by his liritannie Majesty, and 
 the resp(M-tive ratifications mutually, shall bo 
 binding and (ddigatorj- on the saiil United States 
 and on his Majesty ; and (he ratifications shall be 
 exchanged in G months from this date, or sooner 
 if possible. 
 
 In wiiness whereof, the respective plenipotenti- 
 aries have signed the .same, and have thereunto 
 aflixed the seal of their arms. 
 
 Done at London, Octidier 20, 1818. 
 
 Al.llKKT (lALATIN. 
 
 KiciiAitii Kusii. 
 lMtia>Ki:i(K John- Robix.son. 
 
 lIlvNKY Goui.IlUKN. 
 
 UnuorAY. 
 
 Ti'iiti) of Aiiiilji, Commerce, nnd Nuvlfiation he- 
 tweeii lier .l/iy'c.s^/ iind the Oriental Re/mhiic of 
 the UriKjiiiii/. Siyned at London, Auffiist 2(), 
 lo-l2. 
 
 Article 1. There shall be pcrjictual (icaee and 
 
 amity between the dominions and subjects of her 
 
 Majesty the (iueen of the United Kingdom of 
 
 (ireat llritain and Ireland, her heirs and suc- 
 
 ce.ssors, and the Oriental Kepubiic of the Uruguay 
 
 and its cilizeiw. 
 
 '-'. There sh lii be between all the territories of 
 
 tlie United States iuid of his llritannie Jlajesty, I her liritannie Majesty in Europe, and the terri- 
 
 emieluded at London,' on July il, in the year ()1 , tories of the OrieutariJepublic of the Uruguay, a 
 
 I'eciprocal freedom of commerce. The subjects 
 
 our L<ird 181.5, with the exception of the clau.se 
 wliieh limited its duration to 1 years, and exccpt- 
 iii;;, ilso, so far as the same was all'ectcil by the 
 ileelaration of his Majesty, respecting the island 
 (if St. Helena, are hereby extendeil and continued 
 in force for the term of 10 years from the date of 
 the signature (d' the present convention, in the 
 same manner as if all the provisions of the said 
 convention were herein specially recited. 
 
 ,■(. Whereas it was agreed by the lirst article of 
 the treaty of tihent, that ' all territory, jihux's, and 
 
 and citizens o( the two countries, respectively, 
 shall have liberty freely and .securely to come, 
 with their ships and cargoes, to all places, ports, 
 and rivers in the territories aforesaid, to which 
 other foreig'iers are or may bo permitted to come; 
 to enter into the same, and to remain and resido 
 in any part of the said territories respectively ; 
 also to hire and occupy houses and warehouses 
 for the purposes of their commerce ; nnd, gene- 
 
 , . rallv, the merchants and traders of each nation 
 
 li.isses.sions whatever, taken by either party from i shall enjoy, within the territories of the other, tho 
 the other during the war, or which may be taken most complete protection and security for their 
 alter the signing of this treaty, exce|)tiiig imly ■ commerce ; subject always to the laws and 
 til' islands hereinafter mentioned, shall be restored j statutes of the land. 
 
 witliout delay, and without causing any destruc- In like manner the respective ships of war and 
 tion, or carrying away any of the artillcrj-, or | post-oflicc packets of the two countries shall 
 other public jiroperly originally captured in the ' liave liberty freely and securely to come to all 
 said forts or places, whicli shall remain therein i harbours, rivers, and places, in either country, to 
 n; nil the exchange of the ratifications of this i which other foreign ships of war and packets are 
 treaty, or any slaves, or other private property ; ' I or may be permitted to come; and they shall bo 
 
 ami whereas, under the aforesaid article, the 
 liiited States claim for their citizens, and as their 
 |irivi»te property, the restitution of, or full com- 
 |ieiisation for, all slaves who at the date of the 
 cxeliange of the ratifications of the said treaty 
 were in any territory, |)lace, or possessions what- 
 snevor, directed by the said treaty to be restored 
 til the United States, but then still occupied by 
 the liritish forces, wliether such slaves were, at 
 the date aforesaid, on shore, or on board anj' 
 liriti.sh vessel lying in waters within the territory 
 or jurisdiction of the United States ; and whereas 
 liilVereiices have arisen, whether by the true intent 
 and meaning of the aforesaid Article of the treaty 
 of (ihent, the L'nited States are entitled to the 
 restoration of, or full compensation for, all or any 
 slaves as above described, the high contracting 
 jiarties hereby agree to refer the said differences 
 to some friendly sovereign or state to be named 
 lor that |iurpose: and the high contracting jiarties 
 tiirtlier engage to consider the decision of such 
 trieiully .sovereign or state to be tinal and conclu- 
 sive nil ill! the matters referred. 
 
 li. This convention, when the same shall Lave 
 Wen duly ratified by the ['resident of the United 
 
 allowed to enter into the same, to anchor and to 
 remain there and refit; subject always to the 
 laws a' ill statutes of the'two countries respectively. . 
 
 It is hereby declared, that the stipulations of 
 the present article are not to bo understood as 
 applying to the navigation and carrying traile 
 between one port and another, situated in the 
 dominions of cither contracting party ; such 
 navigation and trade being reserved exclusively 
 to national vessels. 
 
 3. There shall be reciprocal libort)- of commerce 
 and navigation Ixitween and amongst the subjects 
 and citizens of the two high contrai;ting parties; 
 and the subjects and citizens of the two countries 
 respectively shall not pay in the ports, harbours, 
 roads, cities, towns, or places whatsoever in either 
 country, any other or higher duties, taxes, or 
 imjiosts, under whatjioever names designated or 
 included, than those which are there paid by tho 
 subjects or citizens of the most favoured nation ; 
 and the subjects and citizens of each of the high 
 contracting parties shall enjoy the same rights, 
 privileges, liberties, favours, immunities, and ex- 
 emptions, in matters of commerce and navigation, 
 that are granted or mnv hereafter be granted ia 
 5"IJ 
 
 1 . ,'i, [.ti 
 
■I ^ 
 
 
 j-: 
 
 I 
 
 "\ 
 
 : i 
 
 • 
 
 I. 
 
 "1 
 
 1 J71 
 
 eitbiT ciiiintrv In tlii' siiliici'ts nr citixunfi t)f tlio 
 iTKHl fiiV(Piirc'(l iiatiiiii. 
 
 No iluly (if cnslmiH or otlior impost sliall be 
 (thnrncil 11)11111 liny hihkN tlic jiriHliici^ of oiu' 
 couiitrv, iiiiiMi iiii|iiprl,iliiiii liy sc.i or liy ImimI from 
 Hiu'li coiiiilry into llio oilier. Iiiirlicr tlitiii llif diily 
 or imiiost cliiirL,'!'!! ii|ioii i^ikkIs nt' ilir s.iini' kinil, 
 tlio proiluco of or iniiKirlcil fnnii any odicr 
 cimiitry. Ami lu'r Majesty tli(> (^(uecii ol' llie 
 lliiiteil Kine'iloiii of (ireat Hrilain ainl In'laiiil, 
 anil till' <>rieiital Iii'iuililii^ of the rriij^iiay, do 
 liercliy Mini and ciif^aiii^ Iheinsclves iiol lo (;raiil 
 any favour, jirivilcnc, or iTniniiiiily. in mailers of 
 comiiirrct! aiui naviijalioii, to llio siilijecls or 
 c'ilizeiis (if any oilier state, which sliali mil lie 
 also and at the same time extended to the siili- 
 JeetH or eiti/.i'lis of tlui other liiu'li (■initraeliiif^ 
 parly ; f;ratiiitoiisly, if the eoneessioii in favour of 
 that other stale shall have heeii Lirutiiilons ; and 
 <in )j;ivin.i; as nearly as possible the same eoni- 
 pensalion or eipiivaleiit, in case the concession 
 .shall have been condilioual. 
 
 •I. Xo hi^^her or other duties or iiaymenls on 
 .'icconnl of tonnai^o, liijlil or harbour dues, pilot- 
 ;ir;e, salvaijo in ease of damafje or shipwreck, or 
 juiy local charges, shall bt! imposed in any of the 
 ports of the one country upon the vessels of the 
 otlii'r, than are payable in those ports upon 
 national vessels. 
 
 .5. The same duties shall he paid on all articles, 
 the f^rowth, iirudiu e, <ir icianufacture of her Itri- 
 tannie Majesty's dominions, when imported into 
 the territories of the Oriental liepnblic of llie 
 Uruguay, whether suidi article be imported in 
 vessels of the said republic, or in IJritish vessels; 
 and the same duties shall be paid on all jirticles 
 the growth, produce, or ninuufai^lure of the said 
 rcpiil)li<". when imported into the doniini. 'is of 
 her Urilannic Maiesty, whether such .artic h be 
 imported in Itrilish vessel" or in vesstds of the 
 .sai<l republic. The same duties shall be paid, .-ind 
 the saini' bounties and drawbacks allowed, on 
 ■•ill articles the growth, proc^uee. or manufacture 
 of her IJritannic Afajesty's dominions, when ex- 
 ported to the said republic of tin; Urugii.ay, 
 whether such articles be exported in vessels of 
 the said republic', or in ..litish vessels; and Ihe 
 .same duties shall be paid, and the same bounties 
 and drawbacks allowed, on aP .'.rlicles the growth, 
 produce, or in;inul'aeturc of the said repnblii, ivlieii 
 ex'iorted to the dominions of her Urilannic 
 Majesty, whether such articles be exported in 
 British vessels, or in vessels of the said republic. 
 
 ti. In order lo avoid an\'^ inisiinderstanding with 
 respect to the regulations which m.ay rcspcctivclv 
 determine what shall be considered a Urilish 
 vessel, or a vessel of the Oriental Itepublic of the 
 Lfrugiiay, when engaged in commerce between 
 tlie two conntriej, it is hereby agreed, that all 
 vessels built in tlie d;imiuions of her liritannic 
 Majesty, or having been niaile prize of war and 
 condemned as siu !:, or having been forfeited 
 under any law ina<le for the iircvention of the 
 slave trade, and con<leiiined in any conijietent 
 court for a breach of such law, and which shall be 
 owned and navigated by subjects of her Majesty, 
 and whereof the m.aster ;iiid three-fourths at 
 least of the mariners shall b(^ subjects of her 
 Hritiinnic M.njesty, .and which shall be registered 
 according to the laws of (Jreat ISritnin, shall be 
 considered as Uritish vessels ; and that all vessels 
 built within the territory of the said Oriental 
 Uepublic of the Uruguay, or liaving bee.'i made 
 prize of war and conih^mned as such, or having 
 l)een forfeited under any law made for the pre- 
 vention of the slave trade, and condenmed in any 
 competent court for a breach of such law, or 
 
 TRK.TIKS (COM.MKkCI.VL) 
 
 being of bona lide llrilisli construction, built in 
 any iiort of her l!rilanni<! Majesty's doniiiiions, 
 anil aciiuired by purchase; and which sball be 
 owned and n;ivigaled by citizens of the said re- 
 public, and whereof tli(^ niiisler and three fourths 
 al least of the mariners shall be cili/.eiis ol' lli(> 
 s.'iid republic, or inalrieiilaled siilijects of her 
 llrilaniiic .Majesty, ami which shall be regis!. ■reij 
 acciirdiiig to the laws of the said republic, shall lie 
 considered as ves.sels of the .said Orieiit:il KepiiMii; 
 of the I'riigiiay, so far as shall rclati; to :iiiy 
 commercial rights or privileges in the se\ ir.il 
 porls of her lfrilauni(! Alajesty's doniiiiions. 
 
 And it is I'tirtlu^r agreed, tli.il no ship consiileroil 
 as being the .ship of either country shall be ipi.ili- 
 lied lo tr.ide as above described under the pnivi- 
 sioiis of this treaty, unless she be furiiisheil witli 
 a register, passport, or sea-letter, under ih,: 
 signature of the proper person aiillioii.sed to i;iaiit 
 Ihe same, according to the laws of the respii'iivo 
 countries, and in a form to be reciprocally cinii- 
 Miuiiicaled by the I wodiiveriimeiils i.j cich oiliir. 
 Such register, passport, or sea letter sh.dl critiiV 
 Ihe name, oceu|)ation. ami residence of the owner 
 or owners in the dominions of her liritannic 
 Majestv, or in the territories of the Oriiiit.il 
 b'epiiblic' of the Uruguay, as the case iiiay lio| 
 shall declare that he or tlit^v is or are tlii' s.ilo 
 owner of Ihe siiip, or owners in Ihe proporliiui to 
 be specilied; and shall state Ihe name, biirilii:, 
 and di'scription of the vc^-sel. as to build aiid 
 ine.isurcmenl ; and if Ihe ve.ssi 1 is of fori i^u 
 build, of wli;it country, ami, as far as may Iw 
 posr iblc, when and from whom puichjisid; ami 
 ,ill oliier particulars const it iitiiig the iiatiniia! 
 character of the vessel, as llie c!i-ie luay be. 
 
 7. The subjects of her Kril.innic Aljije-ty sliill 
 h.ive full liberty, in all Ihe tcrritoiii-. of iliu 
 Oriental lje|mblic of the l/'rilgiiay, lo iiiaii:i„'o 
 their own aH'air-i Iheinsclves, or lo comiiiil lliciii 
 lo the manage, nt of'whomsoever they | !ea-i',:i-: 
 broker, factor, .igent, or inli'rprete.r ; .iiiil llicy 
 shall not be oldigcd to employ .iiiy otl.er pirs"in 
 in tlci~e capacities ll.an those einployeil liy the 
 citi/.en.s of tlie Oriental l*epul)li(^ of tli" rrii^:u;i'-: 
 and they shall not be rest rained in their i linia- dI' 
 perso;is to act in such capacities, nor he .iliii,'i4 
 ii. p;iy them any other salary or reuuiiiciiti'ii, 
 than such as is paid in like cases by the i:iti/iiH 
 of the sjiid ri'iiublic; and absolute freeduiii -lull 
 be allowed in all cases to the buyer and scllir hi 
 b.'irgaiii and lix the |rric(! of any goods, ware-, "r 
 mereliinidise imported into and exjiorled iVoni tiw 
 Oriental liepiiblic of the I'ruguay, as tlHy>lii.l 
 see lit. provided they observe the laws and i-i:i 
 blished customs of the country. The sauiu piivi- 
 leges shall be enjoyed in the ilomiiiiuiis ef liif 
 Hritannic Mtijesly by the citi/.cnis of the OriiiiM 
 llepiiblic of the Uruguay, under the .s.idu; cdii- 
 ditions. 
 
 The subjects and citizens of e.'ich of tlic wii- 
 tracling parties respectively shall, in the tirri- 
 tori..s of the other, receive .'ind enjoy hill ::!i'l 
 perfect protection for their persons and prii|i' ily, 
 and shall liavc free iiiul open access to tliuoiiiiu 
 of justice in the said countries respectively, fur '' 
 prosecution and defence of their Just rights: xii 
 they shall be at lib'^rty to emphiy, in ullcau-i-. 
 the" advocates, attorneys, or agents of whati vir 
 (lescrijition, whom they may think pniper: ;!ii4 
 they shall enjoy, in this respect, the same riJiH 
 ami privileges therein as native citizens. 
 
 H. In whatever relates to the police of i""''; 
 the lading and uidading of ships; Ihosalityf 
 mercliamli.se, good.s, and ell'ects ; the suoci'ssioii to 
 personal estates by will or otherwise; aiiJ tte 
 disjiosal of personal property of every sort ana 
 
TI{KATIHS (COMMHIJCIAL) 
 
 1473 
 
 ilish roiistnictiiMi, Imilt in 
 lunic Mnii'stv's .Imniniims 
 hasc; anil wliidi sliiill lii! 
 
 I)V cili/i'iis nl' llin Huiil IV,- 
 ,,'niiislcr unci tlnvc r.nutlis 
 ■rs >UM 111- filii'.i'n.i d ilu; 
 trirul:it>'il snl>ici'ts of lur 
 .,1 wliii'li shall lit' rct,'ist,T.'il 
 (if the said n'lmliHi'. nl'i'll li<' 
 ,f (lie sulci Orlcnlul Iti'liiildic 
 
 Cur a-4 Hhull rdiiti: Ici .iiiy 
 f |irivllc'j;i's in llic several 
 
 Mait'-cly's (lominicinf. 
 rcHMl, lliiitnci sliiiiftin>iclfrc<i| 
 iUuT .■cmntry sliall lie ciuali- 
 
 (U-rtcrilic'cl iiinlc'i- the |ir..vi- 
 niless slif lie rnriiislicd with 
 
 or sea-letter, under ilic 
 or person anllitirised to -i.iiit 
 to till) laws of the resii.riivo 
 'cirin til he reei|iroially inm- 
 (idovernments In ciiclioili r. 
 irt, or sea-letter sh.all o'liiiV 
 1. and resideiiee of the ciwii-r 
 loininiiins id' her Itrilaimic 
 
 territorieM of the Oriiiital 
 ii:;nav, as the ease may lie; 
 „■! I II- "they is or are, the s..li' 
 • owners "in the iiroiiorlien hi 
 hall stale the name, hiircU. 
 the ve-sel. as to liiiilcl :uv\ 
 
 if the vessd is of fcirii:;ii 
 ritry, and, us far as inay In; 
 tViiin whom imrehasul. :iii.l 
 rs ninslitnliiit; the iialicma! 
 sel, as lhc> cii-^c- .nay be. 
 f hiT llrilannie Maje-ty shall 
 in all the territories of ilic 
 of the, li'rnnnay, In iiiiMi;i;,'(i 
 hemsclves, or to eciinmil llicra 
 . of-whoinsoever they l lea-Mr 
 lit, or inter|irete.r ; and tli.y 
 
 1 to emiilciy any oli.er piTsiin 
 i;,aii tliosr rniployi'il liy tlm 
 
 iital IJeiiidilie 'il't'""' l'"''-;'':'::. 
 )(■ resi rained in their clinicv »( 
 ueli eapaeilies, nor he olili,'"! 
 it her salary or reinuiinni!:!, 
 d in like eases hy theviti/'iH 
 
 ic; and ahsidute freedoiii -h;ill 
 
 isi's to the Imyor and seihr hi 
 |,riee. iif any i;ooils, w:iri'-,"r 
 
 ti'd into and "e.\|Mirled tVniii M'' 
 ,,f the I'mKuay, as iliiy >lii.l 
 
 ii'V observe the l:iws ami c -w- 
 till, comili-y. The same |invi- 
 iveil in the domiiiinns nl ht 
 by thceili/.ens of llie ()nrii;:il 
 riinuay, under the same om- 
 
 l citizens (if eueh nf the c'l:- 
 espectively shall, in the urn- 
 ■r, receive and cn|oy lull :'.;M 
 for their iiersons and pr(.|Kity, 
 . and open acces-s tuthcjcnirn 
 id countries respectivclv, lor Mcj 
 ■■■fence of their jnsL n-its: »l 
 
 hortv to cinpliiy, in all cm-'"' 
 
 irnoys, or af;ciit.s cit whntcuT 
 t hoy may think iimiicT; aiM 
 „ this resfiect, the same ri-W^ 
 rein af native citi'/eiis. 
 
 relate.s to tlie poliee c.t l».ib. 
 nladiiiK of Hl"l'^; ihesaH 
 Is,an<letlcct3; the sacc.s. n o 
 jv will or otherwise; ail. 'i 
 
 uil property of every snrt and 
 
 denoniination by sale, doiialinn, exehan;;(', or in 
 •iiiy other iiianMcr wlmtsoi'ver; and to the ailini- 
 iiislralion of |ii>lii^e; the siilijeets and eili/.riis of 
 caeh of the two enntiaetinj; parlies shall enjny, in 
 (iiii doininions and territories of the oibiT.'tJn' 
 snine privili'ncs, liberties, and iij;litM. as nativo 
 .subiii'ls or eili/.i'iis; and they shall mil lie charned 
 ill any of lliesf resprels with any liii;her impusts 
 (irihilic^s than ihnse which are or may hi' paid 
 hy natives; •onforniini;, of coiirsi', to the local 
 laws and re^iilalions of sneli doinininiis or terri- 
 tiiries. 
 
 And it is further nureed, that the snlijeets and 
 cilizens of ihe I wo emit rait ini;- parlir> >lialt liavi' 
 and eiijiiy, in the domiiiloiis or territorirs of cac^h 
 iillier, the iiio^l toll and prrfc^el lihirly to di'viso 
 <ir dispose of llirir properly and ell'eels of rvery 
 kind and denoiniiialion, iiiid wherisocver situate, 
 liy will or lestanieiit, to such pirsmi or persons, 
 aiul ill such proportions, ns their own free will 
 may dielftle. 
 
 iV any subject or citizen of either of the two 
 cciiilraeliii^ parties slioiilil die without will or 
 tcstiuneiit in Ihe dominions or terrilories of the 
 iitlier, the coiiMil-neneral or consul, or, in his 
 nhseiiee, the reiiicscniative of such consul-general 
 (ir eciiisiil, shall have the riirlit to nomhiale 
 iiiraliirs to take ehartje of the properly of the 
 (Iciiased, so far as the laws of the cuunlry will 
 licrnill, I'll; the benelit of the lawful heirs and 
 (Tiililiirs ot the deceased, without beiii!;- inlerfered 
 with liy ihe authorities of the country, but givin}^ 
 til those authorities due ami pro|ier notice. 
 
 II. The siil'ieets of her Kritaimic iMajesly re- 
 siiliiit,' in the lerritories of the Oriental Republic 
 (if the I'ruKiiay. and the citizens of the said 
 rc|iiililii' resldiii;;' 'w the dominior.s of her Mrilaii- 
 jiii^ Majesly. shall be excinptPil from all com- 
 pulsiiry iiiiliiaiy service whatsoever, either by sea 
 (It hind, and hoin all forced loans or military 
 Miiilieiis or re(piisitioiis. 
 
 .VeiUier shall I hey be compelled, under any 
 pretext wliatsoever, to ]iay ;iiiy eharees, re(|uis[- 
 liiins, iir l.ixes, ijreater than those which an; or 
 may he paid by native subjects or cilizens ol the 
 lirritciries in which they reside. 
 
 1(1. It shall he free for each of the two ciin- 
 IraciliiiL,' partie.; to appoint cons.ils for the protec- 
 tiiiii 111' trade, to reside in the dominions and 
 Icrriliiries ol the other party; but no consul shall I 
 nn as such until he shall in the usii.il form he 
 a|i|iriivc(l and .ulinitted by the (JoverniuenI to 
 wliiili he is sent ; and either of the coiitraetiii!; 
 Iiartics may except from the residence of consuls 
 -lull parlii'idar places as they may judi;e lit. to 
 lio excepted. The diplomatic agents and consuls 
 <if till' Krieiilal Itepuhlic of the I'mgnay, in the 
 (liimiuiiins iif her Itritannic Majesty, shall enjoy 
 whatever privilef;es, excm])tions, and immunities 
 ari' cir may there be granted to agents ol the same 
 rank iMlcnigiiig to the most favoured iialion; aiii. 
 in like inaiiiier the diphimatic .igeiits and consul i 
 cifhi'r Ihilamiic .M.ajesty, in the territories of tin; 
 Oriental Itepublic of the Uruguay, shall enjoy, 
 acciinling to the strictest reciprocity, wli;ilever 
 lirivile^'es, exemptions, and immuiiilies are or 
 may there he granted to the diplomatic .igents 
 anil odiisuls of the most favoured mil ion. 
 
 11. I'lir the better security of commerce between 
 Ihe. snlijeets of her Hrituniiie Majesly and the 
 (ili/ensof the Oriental Republic of the IJrngUiiy, 
 it is attrecil, that if at any time any interruption 
 ciflViendlv intercourse or any rupture should un- 
 fcirtuii.ilety take place between t lie two countries, 
 thc^ suliji'(;ts or citizens of either of the two con- 
 Iraeiing parties who may be within the territories 
 cifthe other, shall, if residing upon the coasts, be 
 
 allowed I miinlhs, and if residing in the interior, 
 '.• inoiilhs, to wind up their accounts and to dis- 
 pose of their pniperly ; ,'iiid a safe conduct shall 
 be given to all such of the afoiesjiid persons as 
 may chouse to ipiii ihe coinitry, to equable them to 
 embark uiiinolesled ill the port which the Ooverii- 
 iiieiil of the country shall select. It is, moreover, 
 I I'urlher agreed, that all subjects or citizens of 
 1 either of the; two contracliiig parties who, at tho 
 I lime of any such iiilerriiption of friendly lelationa 
 between the two countries, shall be established in 
 the exercise of any trade or special eiiiplovmenl. in 
 the iloininioiis or territories of Ihe otiier, shall 
 have the privilege of reuiaiiiing and of continuing 
 such trade and euiployineiit therein, willioul any 
 manner of inicrriipi ion, in full enjoyment of their 
 liberty and properly, so long as" they coinluct 
 iheinsehc'S peaceably, iind commit lio oll'eiico 
 .'igaiiist the laws; and their goods and ell'eels, of 
 whatever ilescription, whellier in their own cus- 
 tody or enlrusled to individuals or to the state, 
 shall not be liable to seizure or seipiestralion, or 
 to any other charges or demands than those to 
 whieli like elVec'ts or properly belonging to iialivo 
 subjecls or citizens ni.iy he liable. j)ebts between 
 individuals, propirty in Ihe public funds, anil 
 shares of companies shall never be conliscaled, 
 seipiestrated, or detained. 
 
 I-'. The subjecls ot her Itritannic Majesty, and 
 the citizens of tlio Oriental Kepiiblic of the I'm- 
 guay. respectively, residing in the terrilories of 
 the other (larly, shall enjoy, in their houses, per- 
 sons, and pro|ieities, the protection of the (iovern- 
 ineiil, and continue in possession of the privileges 
 which they now legally enjoy. They shall not 
 be disturhed, iiiolcsled, or auiioyeil in any inaimer 
 on account of their religion, but they shall liavo 
 lierfecl liberty of conscience, provided they respect 
 the religion of the country in which they reside, 
 as well iis the constitution, laws, and custnms of 
 Ihe land. They shall also have per;i.issioii to 
 celebrate divine service, according to the riles 
 and cereuionies of their own church, either within 
 their own private houses, or in their own parlicu- 
 liir churches or chapels, which they shall be at 
 liberly In build and maintain in convenient places, 
 approved of by the (ioverninent. Liberly shall 
 also he granted to the subjects or citizens of either 
 of the two contracting parties resident in the ter- 
 rilories of the other, to bury, in burial -plac'cs of 
 till ir own, such of their fellow-snbjecis or lellow- 
 eitizens who may die in such territories. .Suili 
 burial-places may be freely established and main- 
 tained ; and the funerals and sepulchres of the 
 dead shall not be disturbed in Jiny way, or upon 
 any accouul. 
 
 l:«. '!'he pic'i'iit treaty slia'l be in force for the 
 tciin of 10 years i'rom Ihe date thereof; and fiir- 
 (lier, uMl'l the end of 12 months after either of the 
 high contracting parlies shall have given notice 
 to the other of its iiitentiiiii to terminate the same: 
 each of the high eontraiting parlies reserving to 
 itself the right of giving .^ucli notice to the other 
 at the end ot the said term of 10 years, or at any 
 subsequent time. 
 
 And it is h;;reby agref:d between them, that at 
 the expiration of I'J nuv.iths after such luitice shall 
 have hee:: received by either party from the other, 
 this treaty, and all the provisions thereof, shall 
 altogether cease inid determine. 
 
 11. The present treaty shall be ratified, and the 
 r.ititications shall he exchanged at London, as soon 
 as iiossible wit hin the period of 18 months from 
 the date thereof. 
 
 In witness whereof, the respective plenipoten- 
 tiaries have signed the same, and have allixeil 
 thereto their respective seals. 
 u i 
 
 ■V 
 
. .1 
 J' 
 
 ' \ 
 
 i 
 
 •j 
 
 ', f 
 
 I ii 
 
 
 1470 TliKATIES (COMiMEKCIAL) 
 
 Doim ni London, llio 2(ith (l;iy of August, in 
 the ypiir ofonr l.oril 1HI2. 
 
 Ai!i:i!Iii;i;n. 
 
 lill'IIN. 
 
 .IdsK I'.i.i.Ai i;i. 
 Aihlttioual Artlde. 
 
 Whorrns by Arliclc tt of tlio treaty of mnity, 
 romiTHTco, iinil tmviKHtion, conclndol anil nii;ni'(l 
 tliis (lay lictwci'ii licr ISrilainiio Majcsly iiml tin- 
 Oriental Itcinililic of tlie Uni;;iiay, il is slipnlati'd 
 tluit tlic sniijprtsof her lirilatniii'Majontv ri'sidinjr 
 ill tilt' said r(')>nlili(' shall not be coniju'licd, under 
 any )irete.\f whatsoever, to pay any ehar^es, re- 
 quisitions, or taxes, ^jreater than those whi<'h are 
 or may be paid by native eitizeiis; and whereas, 
 by a law of the ( (rientnl Kepiiblie of the UniKiiay. 
 .1 tbreij^ner pays for llie license to open a shop, or 
 oilier establishincn' ineliided in the provisions of 
 the said law, a sum greater than that which is 
 paid by a native citizen ; her liritannic Majesty 
 cnf;af;cs, notwithstanding the provisions of the 
 nbove-inentioned article, not to insist iip<pn the 
 abolition of tliis distinction, so long as il exists 
 impartially with regard to the subjects or citizens 
 i)f every other foreign nation. 
 
 And his Kxcelleiicy the President of the Ori- 
 ental Itcpnblic of the Uruguay engages, on his 
 jiart, that if at any future lime the anio'iint pay- 
 aide by IJritish subjects for such license should 
 be increased, a corresponding increase shall at 
 the same lime be made in the sum payable by 
 native citizens <if the republic; so tliat the pro- 
 portion between the sum payable by liritisb 
 subjects and the .sum payable by citizens of the 
 Oriental IJepublic of the I'rugniiy, respectively, 
 .shall never be altered to the pr<Judice of JJritish 
 subjects. 
 
 'I'he present additional article shall have tlie 
 same force and validity as if it were inserted, 
 word for word, in the treaty signed this day. It 
 shall be ratilied, iiixl the ralilications shall b(' 
 exchanged at the same lime. 
 
 Ill witness whereof, the respeetive plenipoten- 
 tiaries have signed the same, and have allixed j 
 tliereto their respective seals. i 
 
 Done at London, the L'Olh day of August, in the 
 year of our Lord 1812. 
 
 AllKliliKKX. 
 L'll'ON. 
 
 •bisi: Ki.i„\ii!i. 
 
 Sicotid Aildilionul Artivle, 
 
 Whereas a strict and immediate execution of 
 that i)art of Article (i of the treaty of amity, com- 
 merce, and navigation, signed at London"on the 
 '2(;th of August. 1 8-1'.', between her Majesty the 
 (iuecii of the I'nited Kingdom of Great Ifrilain 
 and Ireland, and the Oriental Kepiiblic of the 
 L'ruguaj', which stipulates that .i ship must have 
 been actiu'dly built within the territory of the 
 Oriental Kepiiblic of the lJrugu.'iy,to be coiisidereil 
 a ship of that republic, would, iii the present state 
 of I'mguay shipping, deprive the republic of the 
 full advantage of the reciprocity intended to be 
 established ijy ilie treaty; it is agreed that, for the 
 space of 7 years from the date of the exchange of 
 the latilicatioiis of the tiaid treaty, any shiiis, 
 wheresoever built, being owned, naugatcd, and 
 registered in conformily with the provisions of 
 Article () of the treaty, shall be considered as 
 phips of the Orieiiial Kepublie of the Urugua\ : 
 her :Majesty the (Jnivn of the L'nited Kingciiiia 
 oftireat liritain .ind Ireland reserving to herself 
 the right to claim, at the end of the .-aid term of 
 7 years, the strict enforcement of all the stipula- 
 tions contained in the said article of the treatv, 
 
 THKHI/O.NI) 
 
 relative to the conditions which are |o (ti'termini» 
 the nalional character of vessels of the Oriental 
 Kepublie of the rriigiiay. 
 
 The present additional article shall have the 
 same force and validity as if it had been iiiMi'rled, 
 Word for word, in the aforesaid treaty of the 'ilitli 
 of August, \X\i. It shall III! ratilied, and Ihii 
 ratirx'atious shall be exchanged at the siinie time 
 and place as those of the treaty. 
 
 in witness whereof, the undersigned pleiiipn. 
 tenliaries of her Ilrilaiiuie Majesty, and of the 
 Oriental IJepublic of the I'rugiiiiy, have signal 
 the same, and have allixed thereto tht^ seals iif 
 their arms. 
 
 lione at Montevideo, the 8th day of .March, in, 
 the year of tair Lord 181;}. 
 
 .1. II. .M.\Ni>i;vii.i,i:. 
 
 SAN'lIAdl) \'.\S(il KZ. 
 Zol.I.VKItKIN. 
 
 See treaty under I'russiii in this ailicle. 
 TI{1'',I1I/()NI) (anciently 'I'rapeziis, fmin its 
 reseiiil)lance to a tra|)eziiim). A town of ,\siu 
 .Minor, on the south-east coast of tln^ lilack Scj, 
 hit. 11° r N.. long. :!!I0 I.V IH" K. I'opnlatiim 
 estimated by Mr. Consul \V. (J. I'algiave, in his 
 very instructive J{i/iiirt aii tlif I'rovimis of Tre- 
 hiziiiiil ^r., presente<l to rarliament in bsOl), ,it 
 ;i;i,;t01. The idd town is built on a rock riniii;,' 
 rapidly from the sea. It is a pliUM' of crr,.;it an- 
 liipiity ; and from the year I'io.'i to the liir.d siili- 
 version of the ICasterii em|)ire by .M'dionnncil 11„ 
 in the loth century wius the .seat of ;i diikiildin, 
 or, as it was sometimes called, an empiri', cuni- 
 prising the country between Iho I'hasis ami tlic- 
 llalys. Its fortilieations are still of some slniii;ili, 
 at least for a Turkish city. The space iiii'liuM 
 within the walls is notofgre.it extent; liiit the 
 chief pari of the western town lies wilhont ihc-i' 
 walls. The. hiuises are mean in their imtwiinl 
 appearance, and comfortless within. (Toiiriicfiirt, 
 Voijiiiir lilt Ltnint, tome ii. ))p. '.Ml-ll; Kiiiiuiis 
 Jiiuiniii lliroui/h Axiii Minor ifc. p. lilts ; .Mr. 
 Consi . I'algrave's lit/iorl on Anatoliim I'mviiKv-. 
 vol. for August to December IMIW, pp. .".{H, ;;;;ir| 
 Th(! increase in the commerce of TreliiziJiKJ. n, 
 consecpience of its becoming the entreixil I'nr iIk 
 transit trade with Persia as well as for llictr.iili 
 with the adjacent countries, led to its cxlfiisiini 
 and improvement; and the stimulus .mi pvcii 
 was greatly increased by circunistance.s !^;nHiii;,' 
 out of the late war with Uiissia. 
 
 llinhiiiir. — Trebizond has two iiorts. oiii' on llic 
 \V. and one on the I'',, side of a .small peiiiiisrLi. 
 or point of land, jirojecting a short wav into thi' 
 .sea. That on tlie K. i.s the best siieluMvil.aiiil 
 is tlie place of anchorage for the l.'irge.<l A\\\\\ 
 It is, however, e.xpo.sed to all luit the snuihorlv 
 gales ; but it dors not appear thai, with (iriliii.irv 
 piecaiiliuii, any danger need be apiinliiiiiiH!. 
 The grounil, from :\ to ^ a mile K., fniiii ilio 
 point, is good sand and clay, and holds extremely 
 well. Ships moor witli open hawse to the nurlii, 
 and a gooil hawser and stream anchor ui\ .slwtf. 
 as a sternfust. At night, the wind always cemf< 
 oil' the laud. There is a fixed light on tlie|i(.inl, 
 and there is a second light at I'latMiiii. iilmiitil 
 miles west. Captain ftliddleton says tliat llie 
 only bail weather is from the, N.W.; Ijiii iliat. 
 though the swell !ie considerable, it dues nut ciuv' 
 any heavy strain upon the cables. (.V(/»/ii"' 
 I M\i<i(izini\ vol. ii. )). 181.) At I'lafi'iia, ii«r 
 j rrel'izoiul, and quile as exposed, Tiirki.li vi'<-eii 
 I bive from time immemorial rode in .•ialuty H"-' 
 whole winter ; a satisfactory pr :f *'"■* the ilaii- 
 gei ~u;)po.''ed to be incident to t.iu iMCi :•> ?' 
 coa.-^t are wliollv visioniM-y, ( 7'.'(/. p. li^'- •>"' 
 
 ■:'f-'t- 
 
zosn 
 
 which iw I" ih-H-rmin.- 
 
 il mlii'lo shall hiivR the 
 „« if it hii.l iH'i'.i i<'«''f;'' • 
 .rfsai.l trculv ot \Ur-Mh 
 |,„U hti raulif.l, ami llm 
 clianp'tl al the sisnic Imio 
 
 !• treaty. , , 
 
 thi! iiiidrrsiniifd l)!''!"!'"- 
 imic Maivsty, aii.l "t tlu. 
 lie rniu'iiav, have siKiinl 
 lixca tiierctt) tlie M'als ul 
 
 , the 8lh (lay nf Mavih, in 
 
 .1. II. Mani'ivii.i.i:. 
 ,Saniia(1<> \'a-*<!1 I'Z. 
 
 i.vi'.itr.iN. 
 
 •Mssia in this artiih'. 
 icntlv ■rrapc/.us. fnmi lis 
 u./iu'm). A t"«'\ "' -V- 
 „st coast of the Ulack >-(';i, 
 l(i|0 .1.-,' -IH" v.. ropulaliiiii 
 lisul W. <!• ralniavi, ill his 
 ;•< OH tlir I'rovintit of In- 
 1 to rarliaiiiciit in IsCi'.l, ;it 
 VII is built oil a n»U risiu:; 
 It, is a iiliio' of Ljrciit an- 
 vcar rio;'. to till' liiial smK 
 m'cnii'irt' 1'^' .M'ihiimiii''l IL. 
 was the seat, of a .IiiIm'iIuih, 
 ines called, an empire com- 
 between the I'liasis iiml tin 
 i.ms arc still of SOUK' stn'iii;ili. 
 
 h city. 'I'll*' i*!""'*' '"'''"'''''' 
 notoV K'reat extent; Iml tl»' 
 ■stern town lies without iIim 
 " lire nn'an in their oiitwiini 
 ifortless within, d'oiiriicfurt, 
 
 Itome ii. IM'. '•J:'!-''; 'V'"'"" 
 .„■« Minor ii-r. p. :!:!■><;, Mr. 
 iinorl on Anatolian rn.viniv-. 
 u'eemher IHCH, pp. :i;!H. -l!'.) 
 he conuneree of ■rrelii/.inid. m 
 hecomiiiK H"' entrepot l»nlK 
 I'ersia as well as lor tlic Iraili- 
 .■oiintries, led to its extc'iismu 
 . and the stimulus f» p"" 
 sed by circunistaiiees ^mm% 
 with'Kussia. 
 
 i/.ond has two ports, otu^ on the 
 ,. v.. side of ft small poiiinsi'Li, 
 rojectint? a short wav mto iWj 
 e K is the best slieluMV,l,aiia 
 ichoraKC for the largest sliips. 
 uosed to all but the s.Mitliorh 
 "not appear thar, with or.liim 
 ■iUiLrer need he ai.pn'lM'iul''.. 
 n ^ to i a mile Iv, tnini 1 e 
 
 and clav, and holds extrniK 
 ■ with open hawse to tlio ii|i* 
 •r and stream anchor »n Am: 
 , uij^ht, the wind ahvavs cm^ 
 ,erersaV.xedli^d.toa.lu'l« 
 
 cond liKht at l"l'''''-''^,; ;'' 
 ptalu Middlctotr s,,>-H tl t e 
 
 !r is from the N.\ .; '»' , 
 !,o considerable, It down ti' 
 „ upon the cables. (.^""" 
 
 81.) At I'hit.ua, mr 
 ,u tc «sex|.oscd, lurui. 
 ^inmemorial rode m >; .^^^ 
 
 satisfactory pr:^*''"' I'"™', 
 ,e incident- to t.jc.'.H-'v^^ 
 
 visionory. ( ■'' "• 1 
 
 THKIilZON'I) 
 
 1177 
 
 Pal^rnve says that only one vessel within livini,' 
 memory has been tost in this harlioiir, 
 
 'I'riiilf. — In antiipiity, and in more niodeni 
 times, previously to the compu'st of ('onst.iii- 
 tiiiophi by the 'I'urks, and the exclusion oi' all 
 
 Armenia, (ieor;;ia, anil the iiorth-wrstprn parts of 
 I'ersia, tliroiii^li tliis channel. We are f;lad, liow- 
 I'ver, to have to slate, that williin these few years 
 this has been done; and, not withstanding tlio 
 dillieulties that iiecessarilv attach to everv iit- 
 
 foreiKU vessels from the lllack Sea, 'rrebizoiid was] tempt to open new channels of commerce,' with 
 
 the seat of an extensivi" traile. Anyone, indeed 
 who casts his eye over a map of W. Asia, must be 
 satisfied that this <-ity is the natural emporium of 
 all the comitries to the S.K. of the IllacU Sea, 
 from Kars on the east, round by Diarbi'Uer lo 
 Aniasia on tlie west. I'lrzeronm, the iirimipal 
 tity of Armenia, is only about l.'t"( miles S.i;. 
 fni'm Trebizond. Its merchants are<listinf;iiished 
 bv their superior attainments, and by their enler- 
 p'risp and activity. For a len^cthened period tl'ey 
 derived most part of their supplies of I'airopeaii 
 commodities by way ofSmyrna or Constant iiiople: 
 notliinj;, however, but the impossibility of obiainini; 
 
 semi-eivilisi'd nations, the experiment has proved 
 more than ordinarily successful. 
 
 The Iraii-iit trade of Trelii/.ond with I'orsia em- 
 ploys, at rdiii'^ to Mr. l'al;,'rave. about (>n,ili)() 
 
 pack bonus, carry ini; yearly rjil,(M)i) loads, each 
 .iboiil ,'|l, cwt., or"-.'I.O(IO toiH in all, ;i,0(Ht camels, 
 :!,iMM)nxrii, and il.ilUK asses, and is valued at about 
 l,;li)0,(iuii/. yearlv. TluMt! are no road dues, but 
 a lixed •_' per cent, is charged as cusloms. Itesiiles 
 the Kasi Anatolian inland trallic, valin'd at 
 ■|',i.'),()(Hi/., 'I'rclii/.diid has an exten>ive trade with 
 llatonm, IJidont Kale', and other ports on the 
 I Slack Sea; and sometimes, when the crops in tin) 
 
 llicm at so convenient a port as Treliizond, could adjacent territory are delicieni, it imports largo 
 have made them resort to such distant markets (juanlilies of corn from the Danube and Odessa, 
 as those now mentioned; and it may well excite ' 'I'lie imports from haigland |irineiiially consist of 
 .surprise, considering the period during which the' cotton stulls ami twist; iron, hardware, maclii- 
 Hlnck Sea has been open, that elVorts were not , nery, and coal; tin ami tin-plates; sugar, ten, 
 sooner made to establish an intercourse with ' and" other articles of C(donial produce itc. 
 
 Account of the yntionnlitivst, A'nmlirr, Toiiiiinic, <tiiil Cirifs of the Stmmi-ni tliiit Kiitrrvd luid 
 Clearvit Jrom Tixliizonit in 1MI)7, wil/i tin; i'oliiis of I he Jiii/jortH mid J'lxfMrls. 
 
 Nntlonnlitj 
 
 Kuksiaii 
 
 Fn-mli 
 
 Turki,li 
 
 Aiiklriiin 
 
 luli.iii 
 
 Jllilisli 
 
 I Kri'tiili 
 Turlisli 
 Auktrliii 
 llaliaii 
 llilliih 
 
 •l'iil;il 
 
 
 
 Nunilwr 
 
 TonnaKs 
 
 li:| 
 
 5(!,lll 1 
 
 Sli 
 
 ■l.T,.'!'.'! 
 
 .III 
 
 H.i^tl 
 
 .-..'l 
 
 Ili.S'.i 
 
 •ill 
 
 S,7MI 
 
 t 
 
 \,Ml 
 
 tsi 
 
 1 lll.S,',.'. 
 
 
 
 nil 
 
 .'ili,<IU 
 
 Mi 
 
 ■1.1, '.Ii 1 
 
 ■III 
 
 M,i-n 
 
 ."■'» 
 
 l(i,K(>i 
 
 VII 
 
 S,7(i0 
 
 •i 
 
 \,Ml 
 
 1 'iM7 
 
 Hil.H.'..', 
 
 Crpwt 
 
 l.ni'i 
 .1,liiii 
 I,.' 'I 
 
 1 .'if' 
 
 .'ill 
 
 1,01 •■ 
 
 ,■1,1 1 Hi 
 
 i.rii 
 
 .',11 
 lii.'Zii; 
 
 Vkh 
 
 iviiri 
 
 
 
 
 Viiliiif^ ill Tiirkisli 
 
 V.iUii.k ill KnKli->h 
 
 In llilliul 
 
 
 .■M.IIII.T 
 
 iUuii,-> 
 
 
 
 
 *• «. ./. 
 
 
 
 .1l,'..')0,lllll 
 
 aS7,',ll7 11 II 
 
 
 
 ;!i,'ii7,'.iii 
 
 rM>,Tti 111 II 
 
 
 
 ■.il,l'.l.'l,l'Ml 
 
 '.Jlll.l.-i'I 
 
 
 
 .'>0,l.'il,'J|-J 
 
 4i7,ii'i; •; II 
 
 
 
 ,Ti,!l.'i'i,4'iil 
 
 '.!7l,lii! In 
 
 
 
 ,t,l,17,litil 
 
 •.iS,lil7 II II 
 
 
 
 •iij,-ai.yn 
 
 l,S7li,HI.' t II 
 
 .. 
 
 
 Cl.KAtOII, 
 
 
 
 
 ."ll,l'J.'..1lill 
 
 '/-1 1, 111 a II 
 
 
 
 (i7,liSli,lii'l 
 
 ,'ilil,lt.'i.1 1) 
 
 
 
 I.Vi.T',lilU 
 
 I.Vi,Vl.S 11 (1 
 
 
 
 •I7,i.'i.",'isil 
 
 .1!ll>,-^lil II 11 
 
 
 
 1S,I11S,S|II 
 
 l.'jil,lll7 II 
 
 
 
 .i.iia.'i,'!*! 
 
 •t:i,t\i\ II 
 
 
 
 IS-i.l.l^.SlI) 
 
 l.'ll'I.SII II 
 
 .. 
 
 Account of livitiah itnd I'urciijn SitiUnij S/iijis iiliiili Kiitcrnl and Cleared at Treliizond in 1867. 
 
 KlItlTl'll 
 
 Nalion.-lity 
 
 llTltiOl 
 
 rurki-h I - 
 
 Uiiwiiiii 
 
 liTwk 
 
 lUliaii 
 
 A'istri:iil 
 
 l'ni»iiiii 
 
 MLtklir'.urg 
 
 'I'liliil . 
 
 Willi C.ltKi, 
 
 No. 
 
 4 
 
 IS 
 .1 
 II 
 
 !I'J 
 
 'rtititi.iuu 
 
 V.'iDil 
 N.'Jll.i 
 
 jni 
 
 .171 
 4,14J 
 
 88 
 
 lfi,83l 
 
 •i 
 4.1 
 II 
 
 In Iliillii^l 
 >. I 'roniiiifjc 
 
 4, 'Jill 
 no 
 
 M 
 
 4l<J 
 ids 
 
 N,.. 
 
 n 
 
 un 
 
 •jr, 
 
 .1 
 
 'J 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 _ 1 
 
 11.1' 
 
 CleATeil 
 With Carno [ 
 
 TollllilKL. 
 
 !i,7.-iS 
 
 
 rj,7si 
 
 .-> 
 
 11.-7 
 
 4 
 
 .l.lil,', 
 
 •i 
 
 4l'i 
 
 
 MS 
 
 . 
 
 Vl.'il.l 
 
 Clonrcil 
 
 Account of the Vesseh Engaged in the Coasting Traile itt Trebizond in 18G7 
 
 i 
 
 III ILillast With Ciircn 
 
 roiiniKe So. 'i-oniin^e 
 
 ■im »7o 
 
 "■(•Il ir7.'> ' 
 
 Nulioiinlitii 
 
 
 Kiilfn 
 
 il 
 No 
 
 With Cariio 
 No. Toniinut! 
 
 Turthli 
 Huuiaii 
 
 'I'otnl 
 
 ~ 
 
 itSI lii,1.15 
 
 .* .TJil 
 
 XVi IK,7WI 
 
 41 
 11" 
 
 iti.isr, 
 
 .-I'iii 
 
 in,!(7ii 
 
 In llallan 
 
 Nn. 
 Vi 
 •i-i 
 
 Tonnajfe 
 145 
 I l.'i 
 
 Of the exports, silk is the most important; 
 .ind next to it are raisins, n-.'t.^, sallVon, tobacco, 
 oopper, wax, shawls, beans, galls, leeclu^s &i:. 
 
 Muneij, H'eights, and Pleasures, same as at 
 
 CONSTAXTt.NOl'LK. 
 
 Port liegutatiom. — When a vessel arrives at 
 Trebi-<!ond, the master comes ashore to the Health 
 OIHce, to exhibit his bill of health, and, at'ter 
 undergoing a short interrogation, is admitted to 
 
 jiraliquc, unless his bill of health happens to be a 
 foul one. Sometimes the Health Ollice sends a 
 boat olV to the vessel, and thus saves the master 
 the trouble. 
 
 Mode of Landing Cargo. — After ft vessel re- 
 ceives pratiipie, the master may begin to dis- 
 charge, at his pleasure, into lighters provided by 
 the consignees of the goods at their expense. 
 Kach of these lighters takes from to 7 tons goods. 
 
 v.. : 
 il? ;:■ 
 
 ti 
 

 '■' .' 
 
 '*:'; 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 •■;■ 
 
 .1 •• •■ 
 
 1478 THIESTK 
 
 Ciistiim-hoiisi; — Tlicrp iirp no forin-i to iiii(1(m>;<) 
 nt the cusldiii-lidii'*!' |iriiir to (li.iclmi^ilif;, lun' 
 even Ml'lir till' vi'^.-icl lias liiiidid licr vnr^o. I'ln' 
 gonil.i fniin the vi-'si.'l nro tiikcii tn tlii' iiisloiii- 
 lioiisi, anil I'laiiiu'd tlii'iin! by tlip owinrs, thi^ 
 cniitaiii's foiisi^iu'C' Nfiiiling u [h-Tsdii to ^<ll|H'r- 
 iiitiiiil tho ilc'livcry. 
 
 lidllitst, coiisistinf; of saiiil and shinnh'. may lie 
 ]mii,<iu a|i|ilicniioii to the liarl)iiiir-in;isicr,l'iiriii)oiit 
 Ids. (»() piastres) the lif;hti'r of (1 or 7 tons. Thr 
 captain may, howeviT, scnil his own lioat to thi' 
 beach, abreast of his ship, and, by tho aid of liis 
 crew, load his own ballast, without paving anv lei' 
 for it. 
 
 Water is to bo obtained from the Marininnma 
 riviT, K. of the anchorai^e. Masters of vessels 
 may send their own boat and men foi' it ; but it 
 is advisable to employ a native boat, the latter 
 beiiifj better aeipiainted wMli the entrance of the 
 river, and better adapted to the service. Knglish 
 boats are liable to lie swamped if there be any 
 swell at the month of the stream. The expense 
 of a native boat is moderate, say its. to 7^. lii/. 
 
 Luhimivm nuiy be hired to assist nt the loadinj; 
 or discharge of vessels at 2.v. (10 piastres) per 
 diem carh. 
 
 Prorisioiis are abimdaiif. and moderate jn price. 
 The following are about the average rates of the 
 articles generally reipiired by shipping : — 
 
 ml IS furnislii'd 
 
 on of aei'oiu- 
 
 isseiigi'rs and 
 
 '11 lie clom; to 
 
 "ii'ing a little 
 
 IlrMil 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 liiislry or 
 
 n«.f - 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ,, 
 
 Miitinn 
 
 
 
 'i 
 
 (1 
 
 VfuetHlilcs 
 
 
 
 
 Mint - 
 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 Ki;it> - 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 „ 
 
 ToltavL'o 
 
 
 
 i'^ 
 
 „ 
 
 •iW. IKTOkL' 
 
 •ill. „ 
 
 ill. „ 
 
 ■l:J(/. lo .'til. I'l'r okt? 
 
 rfl<t. )ier do/t-n 
 
 'U. Int. |ii'r ukl' 
 
 Wt'iiihl.1 itiirl .Mcdsiirc.i. — Everything exc'pting 
 linen, silken, anil cott'jii stiill's. is sold by weight. 
 StulVs are sold by measuie. 'I'he following 
 serve as a guide to the shipmaster: — 
 
 1 kintal), 
 
 4 1 u 
 
 ki'*= Vi\ 
 
 1 lialin.in 
 
 i; 
 
 „ = in 
 
 1 okc 
 
 
 = n 
 
 will 
 
 The mea.surc of length is called a pike, and is 
 equal to 28 inches English. 
 
 Qiiiiniiifiiir Dues. — A fee, not exceeding 2 
 dollars (!).v. (if/.), is exacted by the Health OHice 
 for everj- bill of health granted to a vessel ; but 
 its cost depends upci the tonnage of the vessel. 
 
 Xo light dues or port dues are exacted ; but 
 the harbour-master, who, on seeing; the vessel 
 approaching the port, goes off and pilots her to 
 her anchorage, is entitled to 20 piii.stres= Is. 
 (Mr. Consul I'algravc's lieport, aw\ private injor- 
 mutiim.) 
 
 TIMESTE. A city and sea-port of the Au-trian 
 dominions, the capital of a di-trict of lllyria. 
 sitnateil near the N.l-.. extremity of the (Jnlf 
 of Venice, lat. of lifihihouse I'li .'^anta Teresa 
 mole, 450 ;i«' -ID" N„ hmg. l.i'^ -10' l,"i" K. I'opu- 
 lation, in 18(14, oftlie city district comprised within 
 the limits of the free po'rl, 105,000. It is divided 
 into the old a.\u\ new towns. 'I'lie former is built 
 upon elevated ground; the tatlir, which is lower 
 down, is laid out with greater regularity, and is 
 partly intersected by a canal, into which vessels 
 not drawing more than 'J -r 10 hit water enter 
 to load and unload. 
 
 JJarliour. — The harbour of Trieste, though 
 rather limited in size, is easy of access and con- 
 venient. It is proticted from southerly gales by 
 thi' JJiilii !!<iiuta 7'cn'.v«. so called froni the llmpress 
 Maria Theresa, at the extremity of which the 
 lighlliouse, already ni< iitioued, has been con- 
 Btrucled. The port, with the mole, forms a cres- 
 cent lA mile in lenglli, being a continu'd quay, 
 faced with hewn stones, with stairs and jetties 
 for the convenience of embarkation. On the 
 
 norlli side of the port is a dock or harbour, ap- 
 propriated exclii'-ivelv for ve -<ls per(oriniu>; 
 quaraiiliiie. It i- walled round: 
 with liiitels, warelioiises, and evei 
 modalioii reipiireii for the use 01 
 goods. Ships under IIOI) tons bii 
 the quays ; those of greater size 
 farther out. 
 
 The priuiipnl defects oftlie port are, its limited 
 size, and it-< being exposed to the N'.W. winds, 
 which sometimes blow with much violeiii »■. ami 
 throw in a heavy sea. The gali's, liowevr. ,.;i'e 
 seldom of long coiitiuiinnce ; ami the holdiiij; 
 ground being good, when the aiicliors are bwki-iii 
 and proper preeautions taken, 110 accident oeoiir*. 
 The tide at Trieste is .scarcel\ |iirceptible; liiit 
 till! depth of water is intluenci- I by the winiU 
 being increased by a liaig conUiUied siroci'o iiir 
 S.i;. wind, and diminished by tht- prevalenee of 
 the K.N'.i;. wind, known by the name of Unrn. 
 The access to the port is not oli- tructfi! by any 
 bar or shallow,- and there is pmrj anch.irage ia 
 the roads, in from (i to 7 and lo ta.thoir.i'* wadT. 
 \ good sailing vessel may bea( in by iiitrKit m ,v 
 day,excepl it blow hard from t.l.ie N.K. or ' N.i,,, 
 when she had belti'f aiiehor in the liay ol i, .^(s, 
 or I'inino, where slie will ride in perlcct sali—v. 
 
 J'i/iil.i. — Ships bound lor Trii-sle are uiiilinriKt 
 obligation to take pilots: but those enteriiifr lllie 
 port for the lirst tini*' would do well to take inn- 
 on making the coast ut Iwwia. IJoats are nlwam 
 hoverin:,' olV liovigno : tiu^v aine not maiiiieil In- 
 regular pilots, but bv ljniiMTB)<-n. who. tlmiifiii 
 unlit to I trusted with the mamagcinent of tin 
 ship. kiiDW tlie bearings of the places and thr 
 depth of \wis«'r. The fee iisu,iiily paid tliom 
 for pilotage is 20 didlars; in adulilion to wliicli, 
 they are supi'ifted ait the ship's e-xpensc duriii!; 
 the perfornii:i.<»' of qumrantine. 
 
 Lii/lil/ioiLies. — The lighthouse at the cxtreniitv 
 of the Santa T.'^Tcsa moU' is KKi feet (lUin.) Iiiirli. 
 The light is iiir*-rmittent anil may be seen, .sim- 
 posing thee-- <f the ob-'^rver to br cli'vatwl ii 
 I'eet above tli-- j»-vil of th-' sea, about K! iiaiiliia) 
 miles, or from Pirano on the side i.t Isiria, ainl 
 the shoals of (irruio on the Italian coast. Tl.tri' 
 are also tixei: lij^ts on Mole San < ailo anil MipI' 
 Giiiseppiiio. A lighthouse has also beer iTectui 
 on the point of .Salvore, bearing Imm 'I'rir.-!. 
 \\'. by S., di.-lant about IH miles. Tiie laiilerii 
 is elevated aU<ia I'lC feet above the level oftlie 
 sea, and is visibie for l.'i miles. Fruiii thi.s poiut 
 I'irano Hay opMi.s, where vessels may anchor iii 
 safety in all sorts of weather. 
 
 Miiiiei/. — Mercantile accounts are u-iially kept 
 at Trieste in wliat is commonly call'-'i mnrrnlim 
 money, from an agreement entereu into wiih 
 respect to it by som*' of the (ierinau priiices. in 
 17(i;!. The current coins that are leual teiiiltrare 
 dollars, J dollars or tlorins, zwanzigers. or iiincs 
 of 20 kreutzers. Ten dollars are loiiied out oftlie 
 C'olofiiie marc (;),(i(i8 trr. Eng.) of pure sihn, -.1 
 that the value of the dollar is l.«. or/, .sterling;. 
 
 The florin (conventioi money) ^2.«. sti'iliii;', 
 and the florin (.\ustnan Stiiiidaril) ^ abmt 
 \s. lO^r/. ; zwanzigers. or pieces of 2(i krout/m 
 (CO to the marc), -Kjr/. sterling. All cimtriiits 
 are either expressly ileclared, or are iiiKlfNiHid, 
 to be in silver moni^y ; gold coins, not Ijiin^' legal 
 tender, pass only as merchandise. 
 
 We'Kjhla iind Measures. — 'i'liose chiefly in ll^f 
 at Trieste are those of Vienna. The eiiiiiiiiiw' 
 pound contains I quarters, ll) ounces, or ^iili'll'*: 
 it is = H,(i;(!l English grains. Thus, 1<"I "i. »' 
 Trieste =r23-(; lb. avoirdupois; or SKJ.i, lb. of 
 ■Lne.ste=112 lb. avoirdupois. The /oil cintner 
 -- 110:J lb. avoirilu()oii<. 
 
 -'*- 
 
is n il(icl> i>r linrbour, iiii- 
 for vc -'U |«'rtoriniiij^ 
 round: ud is t'iiriii>lii'il 
 I, iiiid ever -iirt (iC ncfiiiu- 
 llic HMO 111 i-irri;;!'!'!* iiiul 
 )() tuns 1)111 ''U lie I'loirt! to 
 •catt'r size i "I'i'iK " little 
 
 (if tile port arc, ils limited 
 
 loscd to llic N.W. windi. 
 
 with iniicli vicdi'Mcf. and 
 
 'I'lio t;ali's, lioHi'v<-T, ;.a' 
 
 mani'c; and tlif iioldii ;; 
 
 en tlic imi'liors arc b»ilvnl 
 
 laki'U. iM> a<cidi'nt orciir-. 
 
 s s<'arccl\ iicri'cptililc ; Inn 
 
 intlui'in'c 1 liy tlic wiiiil, 
 
 lon^ coiih-uumI sirut'co ur 
 
 ■iJK'd Ity l!i*' lircvftlciicc HI 
 
 wii liy till' iiaiiii' of Hiii': 
 
 is not oil- truct I'll by any 
 
 iiTc i.-* ffooii ani'li-inifjc in 
 
 to 7 and in Iktlionui* watw. 
 
 nmv belli in by nistkit oi ;iy 
 
 u'd from ll.ie Nj;. or JuN'.L,, 
 
 inelior ill tlie liay of 4«isos, 
 
 will ride in perfect saff-v. 
 
 ml lor 'I'rit-^le are iiml.-' n.i 
 
 ,ots : 1)111 those ciitcriiiL' Mi- 
 
 e Would do well lo take II' 
 
 •if Irtiinia. IJoiifs arc nlw.n' 
 
 I : tlit^v anic not inaiincil In 
 
 )V (isiiwTBx-n. who, tliiiii;;ti 
 
 th the iBama^renienl of tlie 
 
 riti^s of the piace-i and tlii' 
 
 he fee ii>u.iilly paid tlii'iu 
 
 liars; in adnlitioii to wliiili, 
 
 .1 tlm ship's (Oipense diiriiij 
 
 vairantinc. 
 
 h^rlithouso at tlif cxlremity 
 moU' is l(i(i feel ( I'-ny.) liidi. 
 tent and may be seen, .miii- 
 e ob-'-rvL'r to be eleviiteii \i 
 of th><' sen, about K! iiaiiina) 
 :io (111 the side of Islria, mid 
 on the Italian coast. Tl.iri' 
 on Mole San Carlo ,iiid Mui' 
 ithousc has also been ereclta 
 iilvorc, bearing from Trit'>ic 
 ibont IM miles, riie lantern 
 iH'i feet above the level of tlie 
 r !."» miles. From this pniut 
 where vessels may anchor ia 
 ■ weathitr. 
 
 lie accounts are tisiially kept 
 .s ccnimoiily call'-"i rmivetil'm 
 LTcenieiit entcreil into \vi;h 
 :tt> of the (icrniaii princo''. in 
 coins tliat are lt'i;al tciulcr are 
 li<.>rins, /wanzii;ers. or |iiww 
 II dollars are eoiiu-d out of the 
 S fXT. Enp.) of pure silvir. ■» 
 1' didbr is l.v. :)(/. sterling. 
 entioi money) --.«. sterling, 
 .\ustriun Standard) ^iilwit 
 ers. or pieces of •-'H kroutzer* 
 -H^d. sterlin;,'. All contnicis 
 ,• declared, or arc uiiili'r>tii'J. 
 :\y ; gold coins, not beiii^' legal 
 merchandise. 
 
 asiircs. — Those chiefly in n'f 
 ' (if Vienna. The eoiniiuawl 
 lartcrs, Itl ounces or ;i2 lotlu; 
 h f.rains. Thus, I'"* ll>. at 
 avoir(ki|wis ; or l"iA II). of 
 ■oirdupois. 'J'he Zoll ctiituir 
 ioi». 
 
 Thejirincip.il dry mc.'i-iire is the stajo orstaro = 
 S'.'ll \\ inch, bushels. The Vienna nielz. n, whieli 
 IS s„mei Miles iisid.-=I'7-J.i Winch, bushel The 
 lioloiiick-lf.sci Winch, bushel. 
 
 The principal liipiid nieasiiro is the onia (,r 
 C'inier - Id boccali.^ II'IM wiiu' or I'.'J imperial 
 gallons very nearly. The barile^-- 1 7;j,i, Ijiulish 
 wine gnllons. 
 
 The (iin.i of oil contains ,"ij callisi, and wciglw 
 about I(i7 coininercial poimds. It is= 17 wine or 
 M'lil imperial gallons. 
 
 Tlie (11 wodlh'ii measnre '.'(Ml Knglish iiielies 
 The ell for .silk = l!."i'J Knglish inches. 
 
 7V<j(/e.— Trieste has no command of internal 
 ini vibration; but being the most convi nienr. or 
 ratber the only sea- port, not merelv of the lllvrian 
 provinces, but of the biichy of Austria, ami the 
 greater p;.rt of llniiLciiry, she possesses an exten- 
 sive eolvimeree. This has been increased bv the 
 laeilities atlbrded to all sorts of mercantile irans- 
 aetioiis bv tlie privilege of ;)();'A)_/yr/H,',M'onferred 
 en the I' ivn, and a consider.ible" extent of con- 
 ti^'iious country, ("nder this franchi.se, jill floods, 
 wiih but very few ex.vpiions, mav be iniporteii 
 uito and exported I'nm the city free of all duties 
 whatever. Foreign jiroducts, when taken for 
 cimsinnption into the interior, are subject to 
 duties. 
 
 A>/«)(•^•.■.— -These arc verv various, consist ijif; 
 iiiirrly of the raw and partly ,,f the manufactured 
 , -.Kli'K'ts (if Austria I'roper, Illvria. Dalinati.-i, 
 i'l ii«-ary, and Ilalv; with foreign article, iiu- 
 pi.r;,i'il md uarehouscd. .Anumg the principal 
 
 1'I7U 
 
 iMJ^ilwi ""' '^•"" '""^"^ l-y ><ca alone was 
 
 J'-'/X'itu Jn,m Jrivstc in iHtltl „,„/ IhiiT. 
 
 Itv M>a 
 liy l.iiiil 
 'I'.iii 
 
 Dili; 
 
 KxjHiru 
 mili I ~ iKor 
 
 ari"l('s of raw produce may be specilied, corn, 
 (jjii -sly wheat, ryc-ind oats, with timber, rice, wine, 
 oil. -iirrants and raisins, .slMiinac, lobacco, wa\! 
 &i'. ; silii, silk rags and waste, hemp, wool, llax. 
 limn rai;s, hides, tiirs, skins ^c. ; the produce 
 of tin mines makes an important item, confdstiu"' 
 ofiliiicksilver, ciimali.'ir, iroti. Ic.-ul. copper, bras." 
 liih.'irge. alum, vitriol i>ic. ; riie binsis of ('arniolii 
 furnish tiinl)er, for ship budding and other pur- 
 poses, of excellent (|uality and in frrcit abiindaiiec, 
 wiiii staves, corkwood, box, hoops \c.; marble 
 ■,il>o ranks under this bead. Of manufactured 
 nriii'les. the most importaiii are, thrown silk, silk 
 siiitf-. printed cottoii> from .\ustria and Switzer- 
 lunil. coarse and line linens, glass, and all sorts 
 of leather; under this lie.'id are also ranked .soap, 
 with lewellerv, tools jind utensils of all sorUs, 
 j,'liiss ware, and mirrors, reljued sugar, and a host 
 of other articles. ( If foreign articles imported and 
 re-shipped, tlu^ most important are sugar, collee, 
 anil (lye stutis. Trieste is also a considerable 
 ilepot for .-ill sorts of produce from the Black Sea. 
 Turkey, and Egypt. 
 
 It is not possible to obtain any very accurate 
 aii'iiiiiil of the i|uantity and value "of the exports ; 
 but Jlr. Money, the bite Itrilish consul at Trieste, 
 who ( .ircfiilly empiired into the subject, supposed 
 !li;it ihoy might have amounted in iM.'i:). exclusive 
 of those shipjied for Veiiii'c. Fiume, and other 
 AiLstrian ports, to about l,«(lll,ll(l(l/. a-year. 
 
 riierc has, however, been a considerable increase 
 in tin interxil; for Ibi! (iitire value of the exports 
 from Trieste to foreign coiihiries was estimated, 
 ill 1MI14. at (1,(100,(1(11)/. a-vear. 
 
 Mr. Jloiiar, in his J{,j',i„t of March 1, 1H(!7. on 
 tlif <'ommeree of Austria, states the value other 
 li/reij,'!) ('//(fjnierce in Ksi;.',, nt (;0l,;i()(yiO() fl,.ritw 
 (viz. -i^it'/^Oit/HK) lor imports, .'iiid ;!1 L.'ioO.OdO 
 for expi.rt.s). Ij^e extract from the .same geiitlc- 
 niiiii's /Jc/w/-/ of July 10. 18(18, an account of the 
 value of thi*' export.- «iid imports (exclusive of 
 the precious metals) of the Austrian dominions 
 ml «(■,(; and 1807. 
 
 This table shows that the value of the 
 
 ll'"- ' llor. I rl„r 
 
 H'j,ii(i.,,fiiin i(i.i,„.n„',,7 ini.r.«„i(i7 
 
 H.l.llH.O^M .I.|,s-N.|j^ _I.1.1K1I,0,V< 
 
 Showing an excess of imports over the export") 
 am,,un,nu; to a vahte of'21,7;il,(ill tlodn^r 
 
 Irieste heiufr „ ,'„,,. ,,„,(, ,, ,|,,,,,|n,,(i f -^ 
 <"iiHunipt,on, and that of the adjoining ter orv 
 p.'.v no (lutes whatever, and are exported am! 
 |mport..,lw,th,,..tnotic,'bytheenst.,,l,^ 
 hronght tr.im the interior for export at Trieste 
 lire c iar«(', ,'.„ ..^port duly ,.„ passin^J the cus- 
 tom-house nie. (ioods imported at TriVst,- to be 
 c'-nveyed through the Austrian dominions to those 
 -jt^^any other i'ower, ar.. charged a small transit 
 
 <iiin|iowder salt, and tobacco, bei.,>r an ides 
 
 ;;;;''-!;-•';-. by (;.,v.'^,,nen,,arc^,.lt,!il(.^.:lt 
 
 "■ inip.irted mto Iriesle except for sale to the 
 
 .overnrnent (,r its comrnctors. Vessels arriving 
 
 II guTip'.wder o„ board deliver it atthearsena^ 
 
 and on tln-.ir .dearmg out it is relurncd to then; 
 
 ree .d expert,.. 1 he utmost vigilance is exerted 
 
 lo prevent the introducfioi, of tobacco; but with 
 
 very little etT.'(.t. Th. only articles the exporta- 
 
 ininol which (rom the Austri.'m (h.minhins is at 
 
 present prohibued are g«ld and silver in bars, and 
 
 sliU co(?ootis. ' 
 
 S/,i/,,,i„,,.-Siucc the loss of Flanders, the mer- 
 cantiile navy of Austria has been confined wholly 
 to the ports (m the .Adriatic. J{ut it is, notwith"- 
 •'andiii^'. very considerable ; and engro.s.ses at this 
 moment ;, large share of the trade of the Mediter- 
 ratiean ar.d HIack .S.-a. The oak timber of Car- 
 ■■i<'l.i .ind the Dalmatian coast is reckoned about 
 "e ■•'-t-v best 111 the world, so that the Austrian 
 ships, beuifj built of if. ,u-e verv strong, at the 
 same imie that they are particnlarlv handsome. 
 1 hey are al.so well manned and provided The 
 seamen are expert, temperate, and ord^-rlv; and 
 the 1,'iwstor the regulation of the meroliant" service 
 are excellent. 
 
 Airoinit „f tl„- X„mli,T and Tmmaqe of Vrmh 
 r.nten;! „f t/,r Prinri,,,,/ J'„rt, of Austria, in 
 
 t!iK Yeiirs 1 «()•_>. lH(i;!, IHt; 
 
 rcirti 
 
 KnltTwl 
 
 • 1.1'vante 
 
 1', 
 \', 
 
 (ir.iil.i - 
 DiiiM) 
 Tri.'.lf - 
 Ciiji,, irlstri.-! 
 Pir.md - 
 lltivitno 
 I'ohi 
 
 Fiiiiiii' . 
 ■/.,;,).■■ ■ 
 
 S'llfllil'il 
 
 Sealati . 
 (tr,iv„?ji - 
 
 \m\i 
 
 Vel4SL■I^i |t»|l4 
 
 .1,.3i,!) .".'ili.ll'i-, 
 
 i.iiij w,m^ 
 
 ^'•'i\ '.i,W> 
 
 io,!iii.'i rii'.i,:!.'.-^ 
 
 t,"1.11 Ml,.->s.1 
 '^,'llli!l".l).'iU 
 
 1.17'j! WA'>i 
 v.siilin.Ki'.i 
 
 (nI.IO l.1l,!l^li 
 
 i,s;s ij.siii 
 
 i.T.-.ii mm; 
 
 m-! s.i,j;i 
 
 •i,ry'il ;i,Kj; 
 
 »l)" 10H,'.».'i 
 
 ISCl 
 
 ve^^tfU, 
 
 l!l.'i' 
 
 ■1,''74l 
 
 l,0(lll' 
 
 .lis! 
 
 tons 
 ni.lfiS 
 
 tNfit 
 
 I 
 
 vessels, liins I 
 .114 11,'ifi-il 
 
 iifi.'^-'ii s.ii'.i'^.un.'.i.'iil 
 
 11. .11/(1 »M s,764 
 S.IiI'jI .TOili 7,.11,-j 
 
 IC,.-.7S.7M..-.7l'in,lls 77a,U'lO 
 
 l,'-''i7! I7,r^l| 1,1 l:i l!i,-.-7,j 
 
 li,7S'l I'^1,l'i7; '^.f.vi 11 I, '.17 
 
 l.iiiil): ■il,.'>.17 l,-'0!l .io,s-.l 
 
 •^,11,0, 101. 7S7 1,'I7I II.-, 74,'i 
 
 'i,(;il I'il.'lio (l.,^,-,r) ||.',,.',7ii 
 
 l.S.'.h i.-,.'|,.i l,.j.,„ .l;,s.^s 
 
 l.l'.lli: S'i,3-,7 l,18.-il(li;.T.Vil 
 
 tt47i V^..V,7 i|5Si >>?,Si06 
 
 li.MM, 7-,..'5l7 l.'.llll, :.T,fl;)l| 
 
 SW I'^.-i.STs :»lln<798 
 
 Till miniber of vessels in 1860 and 1S67, as 
 .shown by the second table on the next page was 
 no diiiibt affected by the events of the war with 
 I I'ru.ssiii. 
 
 My far Ihe greater number of vwsskAs of .arge 
 burden belong to T>i(>ste. The rest bchmg to 
 I'lume, Jtagusa, and the Itocche di Catt.nro. On 
 
 Ma. 
 
I 
 
 f 
 
 IISi» 
 
 THIKSTR 
 
 Aiimhtr mill Toiimiiji: of I'l's.tils nf iiirll yulinn (Sinllii;! iiliil Slniiii) Ki^lrinl ill llir Pull of 
 
 Tnisli; in the leiiis IStiii, l'"^lil, \'-^i'">. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kill 
 
 ir.ll 
 
 
 
 Nnlluii.illiji uf \ 
 
 vamfI* 
 
 IHIM 
 
 INIil 
 
 1 tlli.'i 
 
 
 
 Vl*^*!'!^ 
 
 II.IK 
 
 VI'*.|*U 
 
 tlllW 
 
 Vi.,..'N 
 
 tlllH 
 
 
 f Sllllitlu 
 
 ;.M/ 
 
 v;;,77i 
 
 ;..''■■» 
 
 'i'li.T'iil 
 
 7, Til 
 
 M^,l >'l 
 
 Au*triin ■ • 
 
 (^«Il>>iiii 
 
 ni 
 
 l!l l.lhS 
 
 ;i..i 
 
 ■iil.'li 
 
 ;ii 
 
 ■,ir.', '.'ii 
 
 ltti%^i I'l 
 
 
 1 '. 
 
 V.'PMi 
 
 II 
 
 i.SI'l 
 
 •11 
 
 7,1'! 
 
 Mvii>ili<li mill Ni>rwt'Kiim 
 
 , 
 
 I'l 
 
 \,yit 
 
 •it 
 
 ...Mil 
 
 '.'I 
 
 li.l'.V 
 
 l).IIU<ll 
 
 . 
 
 11 
 
 .i,.-.i'i 
 
 It 
 
 l..il 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 l,''"H 
 
 rrii>-i Ml 
 
 , 
 
 .1 
 
 ;ii'4 
 
 V!l 
 
 7.1. VI 
 
 11 
 
 I.VI.'I 
 
 llillih 
 
 . (Nllllliit 
 
 ' I .SlIMIII 
 
 Sll 
 
 l.l.MI 
 
 I'l 
 
 7, Mill 
 
 '1^ 
 
 7,1.""i 
 
 s 
 
 V.'I'I? 
 
 ti 
 
 ■i.llS 
 
 1 
 
 '^,lli''l 
 
 iriiniMriJin 
 
 
 1.1 
 
 I.h;-! 
 
 ■it 
 
 1,11.1 
 
 m 
 
 I, III? 
 
 Mfi k i-iil>iir^ > 
 
 ^ 
 
 .1 
 
 Nil 
 
 I'l 
 
 •l.7','l 
 
 .1 
 
 I.lli'i 
 
 (llilt'iiliiiiu 
 
 
 H 
 
 V.ll.lll 
 
 7 
 
 l.l"-. 
 
 .'i 
 
 Kit 
 
 llrilMi 
 
 . (SallhiK 
 i^li ■nil 
 
 
 ;,ii<i 
 iw.;i( 
 
 •I'l 
 !>l 
 
 I'MHl 
 
 ■1 '.'.'J ; 
 
 .11 
 
 ii.,.(iii 
 
 Frvnili 
 
 . l^,lilM1^ 
 
 (Ml-. nil 
 
 I.I 
 
 V,.'i.S 
 
 1, 
 1 
 
 l.lllH 
 S'l'i 
 
 11 
 
 l,si-, 
 
 Itatl.in ; \i';i|tniii,in 
 
 
 "(ill 
 
 'v!.W, 
 
 .Ml 
 
 ■M.,-.l..l 
 
 (Vii 
 
 .'.S.SII 
 
 ** irihiii.iii 
 
 , 
 
 •1 
 
 V.lll'l 
 
 II 
 
 .1,171 
 
 ■.i'l 
 
 IIP.17! 
 
 I'llK.III 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 /■•-I 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 (1/1 
 
 Uoni.tti 
 
 (*».uliti^ 
 tMvaiii 
 
 .'lli.l 
 
 .11.1 -.1 
 
 ,'.,',() 
 
 .1'.',1 11 
 
 .'.I'l 
 
 .•■i,''pl 
 
 :i 
 
 .i,r7'i 
 
 II 
 
 Kli, .1. 
 
 .•ii 
 
 ^'.1,1 I'l 
 
 r»»rliii;in-»e 
 
 
 1 
 
 v.i:\ 
 
 .1 
 
 7'i'i 
 
 ■I 
 
 'ill 
 
 (iriik ' 
 
 
 .111 
 
 4I,M..' 
 
 '."If) 
 
 .-,!),'('. •. 
 
 li'i 
 
 '.(7,7 ■■; 
 
 'Jurki.li 
 
 IS.lllliiK 
 \ MiMIII 
 
 u 
 
 ■t.vl'l 
 
 ■I'l 
 
 .I.l?'^ 
 
 4'J 
 
 ■i.-l 11 
 
 4111 
 
 OltuT I .>iiiitrit'4 
 
 l-.lihn^' 
 * JMiMlll 
 
 "nil 
 
 l(p','lill 
 
 'l 
 
 h',\ ''1 
 
 <lii7 
 
 ri 
 
 1,1. T) 
 
 T..I..I . 
 
 IS.il.iiii,- 
 
 '.),7'il 
 
 ~ l.'il.Mil ~ 
 
 '.i,'<;» 
 
 47'<,I7I 
 
 ii.ivn 
 
 .'17,IIV< 
 
 • j Ml'. nil 
 
 Ml 
 
 VT'i.cl'M 
 
 >ii;<i 
 
 SI>ll,Si'i 
 
 H 1 1 
 
 3!ll,|lll 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T,.r,il . _. 
 
 • 
 
 WMH < 
 
 ;/.i,vi 
 
 l»,IIH 1 
 
 77'J, 'I'l'i 
 
 'l.!>(il 
 
 H17,l'/.1 
 
 Aiioiiiit, sliiiiri/ii/ t/ir Xitmliir uf ViumIh iiiiil tlii'ir '/'iiiiiiii;ii' llnit J'niniil iiinl i'linnil fr.nii Tilintt- 
 
 ill l«(i(i II lid l«lit. 
 
 Sll'ltliii'ii 
 
 lll.'iill 
 ii;l 
 
 . i;'M,t:n 
 ' .n;i.si7 
 
 Total 
 
 II. l;^ 
 
 'JN.',|1I.< 
 
 Of uhlrli ill li.l'l.l^ 
 .•"aili 1 . 
 Sleii'ti.T* - 
 
 : 
 
 .-.ii'iil 
 
 .ms.i'ii 
 ■js.iin 
 
 Kiitfritl 
 
 iH6fi I isn; 
 
 VtfMvK I Tom Vt*s%e\ 
 
 'IM7 
 
 1 
 
 
 Tdiii 
 
 Vf»»«I. 
 
 ISliT 
 
 Tiina 
 
 1 WvM*!. 
 
 1 'fiim 
 
 .',li|,7.1fi 
 
 .iH'i,i;iii 
 
 W"l7l.17" 
 
 Ill.lli'l 
 
 '11 1 
 II, mil 
 
 1 Ii iii.'.'m; 
 
 .*.h l,.'1'J 
 I.IH'M'J'I 
 
 '.1,11' 1 
 
 _ '."'1 
 
 llV.-il,! 
 
 ■'liii.w 
 Ml, I'll 
 
 !/ii,i.;i 
 
 I'.ii.mv 
 »i..-s'. 
 
 'i.'I'.rt 
 
 .*11 
 
 (11,'!H'I 
 Vi, 1 ! 1 
 
 .I.nii'l 
 III 
 
 i 7.'.,7i)(l 
 l.iil'i 
 
 Sy 
 
 llio otliiT linnil, Ihe sin;ilU'i- vr-srl.'* i'ni|iliiyril in 
 llic I'liii.^tiiij; trailc, ivliicli is vitv roiisiiliriiMi', 
 are niori' i'(|iiiilly diiiilnl ; \'inii'c' liiiviiii;, |iriilia 
 ^bly, ii.s iii;iiiy its Ti'ii'sli', ivliilc iv piud iiiiiiilicr 
 lu'ldiii; til tlif i>iirt.s of Istriii, lliiii;,'ary, ami l)al- 
 inntia. 
 
 Till' fi>r('i;;ii trailc of tlii.s port i'oin|irisi's all 
 voin;;(s lifviiiiil tli(> liniil.s of tlio Ailriatic; ami 
 may In- iliviili'd .is follow.s ; — 
 
 1. Till' Levant trade, iiicliidiii;; the loninii 
 I.ilamls, (inrcf. ('()ii.staii(iiiii|il.', .Sinynia. ( Idc^-a 
 Ac, the iiort.s ill .Syria, t'y|inir., ( 'amliii, ami i;j,^yi)t, 
 niori' tspt'oially .\li'\aiidri.i. 
 
 2. 'I'lii' /ioHi ;(/r or .Mcdili'i'raiic'.iii Ir.idr, in llio 
 west, i'oiii|irisiii:; tlie euast uf llarliiiry, .S|i;iiii, 
 rraiiee, ami Italy ; lieiiij; I'liiieipally carried mi 
 vith Marseille.'*, (ieiina, and Le;jliipr:i'. 
 
 ;!. Tlir I'liiiiiueree on tlie (n-eiiii, ivliiili llii' .\us- 
 trinii liiercliaiits have attciii|ited with (ciii.-ideralile 
 Miccc.-i.-i. .Sever.il sliips sail fur l}ra/.il, I he I'liited 
 8tate>. I'^iitilami, llaiiilmr^ &c. 
 
 CuniduiH Ui'iiiilittiiina, — Tlie I iistoiii-hiiiisn id 
 Trie.-T- has luilliiiii; whateier tu do ivilh tlieeiilry, 
 reportJiHi; &c. of lessels. When a ship .irrives, 
 slie is reported til the Health ( )lliee ; wliich piili- 
 lishes a list of arrivals and departures, with a 
 statenwint of thi'ir carj:oes. a.s they appear in the 
 uuuiitTsts. Shi] Rs are eh .iri'il by the same (itliee ; 
 the masters bci 11;; assisted by the consuls of the 
 eoniitry to ivhieh iliey h(d(iii;;. As soon as a 
 vpssel has perlorined ipiarantine, she luails or iin- 
 loiidi. without any inlertereiiee or inspection by 
 the ciistoiiis oflieers, or by .'inyiitio else, (imuls 
 iiiisiiseepiible of contagion may be landed during 
 quarantine. 
 
 Tariif. — By the commercial treaties lately 
 
 eiinehided between .\iislria and this eniiiilry 
 I Tui.i I ii;.s, Cu.M.Ml.ni i.M. I ^'Ud heiMceii .Vii.>tii;i 
 and the /uUverein, decided step.s towards fri'c- 
 diiin of trade h.'ivt' been taken ; and Mr. Seeif- 
 tary lluiiar. in his y^/nKV of .Inly lo, l.sils, siiys 
 that, since tin- iiitrodiietinn of the lediieed linilf, 
 an unusual cuinmercial activity is ohservnlili' 
 thii)n;;hiiiil the empire. Aiine.sed is a list, if tlii' 
 import duties on some articles largely produced 
 ill this I'oiintrv. 
 
 Irun jinil nIh'I virt' 
 
 /illl',Ml..ll.'lt. 
 
 I'lltllill >.IIH 
 
 I I.1X .lllil lu'l:l[i - 
 
 WlHllk-ll 
 
 I iilliin Koiiit* 
 
 I.tni'ii ii! II. iK or I i'iii| 
 
 Silk Un.,1, 
 
 f.iluT I'.r ,. li; 
 S.ulllfiv 
 lil.iN^ w.iri"^ 
 I* iitlu'iiw.irt.' 
 
 il I'riiiti"!! 
 
 iNVwIif. (MfMln;;) 
 I ircnniis 
 
 
 X t. 
 
 i/. 
 
 . 
 
 II .1 
 
 11 
 
 - 
 
 II 1 
 
 Ii 
 
 Iiiiiniiniiin 
 
 11 H 
 
 1) 
 
 ■ I'nIIXIMlUllI 
 
 II U 
 
 .1 
 
 1 llilDiniiuil 
 
 11 1 
 
 « 
 
 ■ liiMX'iniitii 
 
 II Ii 
 
 I 
 
 y iiiiiiiiniiill 
 
 1 
 
 (i 
 
 t in iviiiiinii 
 
 1) IK 
 
 'I 
 
 1 lllMlillMIIII 
 
 1 III 
 
 .', 
 
 liil.ix.liuiiii 
 
 S ■£ 
 
 fi 
 
 llliiriinuilll 
 
 11 1.1 
 
 'i 
 
 \ n::i\iinuin 
 
 7 'i 
 
 1 
 
 1 iiiiiiiniuiii 
 
 n ^ 
 
 
 
 ( 111 miiiiiiii 
 
 •i 4 
 
 II 
 
 } iiiiniiiitiiii 
 
 •! 
 
 
 
 1 Ml iXillllllll 
 
 II Vi 
 
 ■I 
 
 1 inlllltmiill 
 
 II n 
 
 1 
 
 1 iii.ik:iiiuiii 
 
 1 t 
 
 4 
 
 1 iMiMiiniiin 
 
 11 1 
 
 IS 
 
 1 111 IXKIIIIIII 
 
 e Vt 
 
 t 
 
 1 iiii"iniiiiii 
 
 11 ,5 
 
 llj 
 
 t ;ii.i\m.iiiil 
 
 II Ii 
 
 •i 
 
 ■ 
 
 i in 
 1 1" 
 
 .5 
 
 y'ii;7 C/iiiniis. — 'I'liese are jiaid at the nflic;; 
 of the hMrhiiiir master o;i clearhii; out. Tiny 
 aw llic same, whatever may he the ship^ sl.i}, 
 and are, [lerhaiis, the most imidtrate ol any in 
 l-lurope. 
 
TIMKHTK 
 
 IIHl 
 
 /,). 
 
 ,/ III iiif ruii (i/ 
 
 'J! 
 VI 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 ir. 
 
 7H 
 .1) 
 
 ll 
 
 I 
 
 .'.I'l 
 
 .M 
 
 T\ 
 4 'J 
 
 
 3ii,; ''1 
 
 VI -■,•.11 
 
 V.IIIM 
 
 ■(.lii; 
 l.lij'i 
 
 HII 
 
 l.•^:^•. 
 
 .'.H.'s.ll 
 lll,.17! 
 
 r.i.vii 
 
 w.isi 
 
 'ill 
 
 •il.Tu 
 4111 
 
 n!ii,iiii I 
 
 „il Clifiird /'■■•III Ti'inU- 
 
 i;i.T.riil 
 
 ISli? 
 'vr.-iU I T""' 
 
 rj'> 
 
 '.l.T.I 
 
 >)>,':•> I 
 
 .'liii.s'il I 
 
 ^!l|,N''1 
 
 •Jil.lul 
 
 ' III 1,'ili 
 
 ir,triii mul tlii^ niiintry 
 
 M. 1 ;.lh\ ln'UM'l'll Alislnil 
 
 i.i.'il Mi'i'H ti'wariU I'm- 
 laUi'ii ; iinil Mr. .Vm- 
 t cif .Inly 1". I'^f''*, ^'',vs 
 ,11 (if ilic ri'iliii'i'il iiirill'. 
 ,„.livilv is iilwrviiblr 
 \iiiK'\i'il is :i list.'! till' 
 
 irli.'les larsi'ly produad 
 
 (niniiiiunn 
 ) iMitxiiniitii 
 Hnii'innim 
 tin.<\ iiumi 
 \ ninniiiMin 
 I III i\iimiiii 
 t iniTHiiMiin 
 \i\\.\\ imuii 
 (ini:iiimim 
 'ii!i;i\iMiuiM 
 t iinruinuiu 
 
 ' *( III tYinitili) 
 } riiiniintnii 
 
 ' ( 111 ixitmiin 
 t inllltllUlin 
 
 ' I lU.IIMUUMI 
 
 I niinlintliM 
 ' 1 iiiixiitiiini 
 
 t IllMMMlUIII 
 ' (,lll.lMli>UI)l 
 
 arc pai'i at the oflicu 
 on cUririn- out- 'l''«'>' 
 p- nwiv be tho slli^ ^ stav, 
 mast niotlcnite vi any m 
 
 X 
 
 f. 
 
 .(. 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 i* 
 
 II 
 
 s 
 
 li 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Vi 
 
 > 
 
 II 
 
 
 li 
 
 II 
 
 vt 
 
 'I 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 !i 
 
 s 
 
 ■i 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 If 
 
 V 
 
 7 
 
 t 
 
 4 
 
 <i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 r/ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 .1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 i> 
 
 I'i 
 
 » 
 
 1 
 
 ;> 
 
 
 
 ( 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 \'i 
 
 ID 
 111 
 
 i 
 
 ;> 
 
 I'oii ('liiiiiiis jiiiiil III/ Aimlriiiii iinil tuniiin Shijis, 
 
 A.i-'til.in, I, II. I r..rrl«n j>n*U" u'l'.l ^lili"- kr. 
 
 ,\ntti,'rn«i', I'rr Inn ml .i-.uri'iiu'lll - • • 4 
 
 l.l|il,lll,.ll«- - - ■ . . ^ 
 
 riirKiiillllv, IH-r l.in Wfl«lil i»* (*n<>tU • . .T 
 
 N.ll.- 11 Kr.iii'i iH'r Uii ■li^jii. 
 rt.rrltni ".Ml" '"'* |,rlvilfm'.l- 
 .\n.-tuiriiu*'. liultllioiiM', 'Mill inrKii im,ilMivv,|Hir Ion ailnMMMiri,. 
 
 mi'iil, iiinl (M-r lull wi'lulil III K".*!-, ■ ■ -Id 
 
 Ni'W I..1IH ,««• iliitv, yrr Imi inliiiiM^nri-inrnl . - .If, 
 
 Vhl,.ir,ii;ui.>, piviitilL' liy Hltl|.«iU'liiirilit|{ in ImiIIiihI, nr wilh li .-. 
 
 ili.iii h.ill a f.,rt;.i ■ - • • . !i 
 
 i\iiii)Mmitivf Sliilvmvnt of thi' I'url ('liiiniin /iiiiil 
 III 'J'liisli; iTH/iiitiri'l;/, III/ It Hiilirv mid /iiiri- 
 lii/iil I'liii'niii Slii/i, mill II Fiiriiijii Slii/> not 
 niii-iliiiril,iiii-li ii/'.'lllO 'i'liiis Jliiiiliii, iiith iiii.tiil 
 Ciiri/iiin. 
 
 11. 
 
 Killvi' .mil |.livlli>.'i.|| — 
 
 Am li.'iiiui' 'mil IikIii. lu aliii%'i., ''DO tunni .It i kri'iit/frs iwr 
 
 t,in il(lMll'jt^llrl-llll■llt • • • - n'» 
 
 (■.irfi.iiliiii, .^"" 1,111^, nl .^ kri-in/. r« • - • I.', 
 
 Tiilnl - • ■ • • . .^ll 
 
 nr hIkjiiI it. IK<. ati-rllnK 
 J'lirriL'ii. ni'l |nivllt'«i-il — 
 .Vi'i lior-if^'i', I'kI'I 'iii'l i'iiri<'i> I'nly. nn hIhivu . . ,',() 
 
 ■ji»iiiiai;f illllj, .111*' tiiiu, iit li, irt-ut/i-ii . . - Ml 
 
 l.'ii 
 nr aliiiul I?/. ICj. <ili>rUn|{ 
 
 Iftlu- sliiji ili'|iart ill liiillii<(t, or wiili li'ss tliaii ^ 
 !i cart;", tlii'i'o is a Ciirtlu'r rlwir).;!! nt' i( kiriiizcrri 
 per tmi, m' 1.'' lioriiis; niaUlii^' in all IT.'i lliiriiis. 
 
 lliianiiilinr is strictly ciit'iirrt'il at Tricstr. anil 
 llii' ('-ilalilisliincntH tur i'acilitatin^ils |i('rriiniian<-|. 
 are riiiiipli'ti' ami cllicicnt. 'I'lii! Itnanl nf Health 
 :it tliis port is tlib central or )iriii('ipal oik' I'nr tlie 
 AiiHlriiiii States; anil maintains an active enrre- 
 h|iiiiiiliiMe with all llii>)iriiK:ipal imrts, linlli in tlu! 
 Mnlitcrnine.'in anil elsewliere, I'lieie are •_' lii/.a- 
 r,.||(is—tlial called St. Teresa, or La/.antto yiiurn, 
 i< appi'iprialeil to vessels from tlie Levant anil 
 lnyiil, uliieli are, for I lie iimsl pint, snlijeiled to 
 ihc Iniii,' III' lull (|iiarantiiie of III days, jt is spa- 
 (ii. lis, and priiperly K'nifded ; liaviiif; n sutlicieiit 
 iiimiliir lit' iniliinry and inedicalolHcers anil assisl- 
 ,niU; Willi I xleii'nive ipiays and nia/;aziiios liir 
 liiiiisiiii; iii.d airing (,'""ds, dwelliiif; limises, anil ! 
 niiartiiii iitH lor n'sideiil ntliceis and passi'iijjers 1 
 iVi'. It is, in tact, one oC the most iierlect e>ta- 
 Misliliicnts of the kind in existence. The oilier, or I 
 iij.l (riTfhiii) l.'izari'tlii. - iiiiti),Mions to the ;;re.'it 
 moll', is apiii'opriated lo .■-hips and passenp'i's per- 
 (oniiin^Mi linarantiiie of not nioii' than '_'X days; 
 niiii. tliipiiiih inferior to th<^ tornier, is :-iillicienlly 
 '■n|iai'iiiiis and ciniveiiicnt. The siiiiilarv ollici's, 
 mi'liiiiiii},' tliMt of liarhoiir master, are near the 
 ci'iiin,' li' the poll; -wlicri! also are moored vi-s.-^ids 
 iiii.liir iiliMTV.'itioii for a term not excecdin;; H days. 
 lliTi' iilsii are liiciliiies lor eoniiniinieiilinf,' viva 
 vm-i: v.itli persons under ipiarantine; iiiid spa- 
 ciiiiis wareiioiises, wilh. iidei)iiate guards iind 
 f'tlioriillicers. lUit, not\vitlistnndinj,' these conve- 
 liiimcs if a vessel arrive havin;',' an iiifeiliinis 
 iiKilmly 1111 hoard, she i.s not allowed lo enter 
 litlicr lazaretto nt Trieste. 
 
 Qiiiiriinlinc Diim piii/iilili: iin (iootls. — Xon- 
 sibccptilile guilds ]iay a<l valureni at the rate of li 
 krcul/.crs per Hill tlorins or I mille. Sli.sceptilile 
 .;;oiiils pay an extra eliarj^e, a'cordii^^ to tarill", or 
 liicircunistaiices. llesides llieahove ad valorem 
 iliity, i;iiinls not susceptible pay l Urentzers ( 1^(/.) 
 I'cr every l,OiM) lli. weii;lit of Vienna, drain is 
 Mibji'CI til an extra ehnr;,'e of ahoni .1. per cent. 
 
 Uriilitrii, Ciiiiitiiis.i'Dii JtriTc/iuiih, liriilnTiiiji' &;c, 
 — Tlicre are a few exceptions to the freedom i;eni - 
 rally iiijiiyed of settling and exercising any trade 
 afi'ricste. lirokers, for cxam| lo, are limited in 
 r.umWr, nnil apjiointed hy the Chamber of Com- 
 raiTcc, They are oliligi'd to give security, are 
 liniltr v,iri(iiis regulations, and m.'iy not themselves 
 irailc as principals. They are ot ,'! classes: 1st, 
 •i-okcrs fur the sale and |iiireliasi. of merchaiulise, 
 wiio are again .subdivided into particular classes, 
 
 acciirding to the jirtiiles thev are ci'ii\ei'saiit with, 
 as grain, oil, cotton, drugs, hide." and leather, 
 coliiiiial priidiiee, niiinnfaetiii'es Ac; '.'ml, hill 
 brokers, or exchange agents ; and, ,'!rd, ship and 
 insurance brokers. Such anthoriMil brokerH urn 
 aluiie allowed to extend coiilr.nl ', certilli ates, 
 surveys, or other documents; and lliey are eoiiHi- 
 dercd as pnlille fiinelioii.'irii s, whose dcpiLsitiolM 
 are received as legal eviileuce. 
 
 Anyone may lie a coniiiiis.-iiiu Mierchaiit or 
 factor, hill he may not. issue priiilid cirriilarx or 
 lists of priees ; imr will his hooks, hnwexer regu- 
 larly kept, be considered as i videiiee in a oiirt of 
 Justice, unless he is iiiiitiiriiliiliil, for wbieli thu 
 pos.session of ft certain amount of capital i.s re- 
 ipiireil. This, howevei'. is lilth^ more than mere 
 form, and a great deal of bnsiness is doiiu by 
 persons neting both iis merchants and brukor:<, 
 withonl being duly aiithori.sed. 
 
 The usual rate of a merchant's or farlnr'tt com- 
 mission on the piiri'liase of goods is •! per (■(■nt.: 
 on sales, }j percent, ilrl iriili'ir issuinelimes added. 
 
 A merchant's eommission for collecting freight, 
 and doing other shipping business, is 2 percent, 
 oil the inward cargo; and by (aistimi of the place, 
 the house to which a ship is consigned or recom- 
 mended by the charterers, is entilied to a com- 
 missinii of 2 per cent, on the. outward cargo, 
 whether it has or has not been iiislrumenlal in 
 procuring the goods that are laden out wards. 
 
 A broker's comini.ssion for freighting a ship, or 
 proem ing a charter, is 2 jier (;ent. Tiiis iloe.s not 
 include the charge for writing charter, or I'or any 
 other services )ierformeil in theelearanee. hi case 
 of general cargoes, when tlu^ broker has to collect 
 goods from dilVereni merchants, he charges :t per 
 cent, commission. \ bill broker's commission 
 ((!ourt,'ige) is sometiincs 1 per mille, more (.'oni- 
 nioiily h per mille. lirokerage fur the. .sale or 
 |inrclia.se of merchandi.se varies from .J, per cent, to 
 I jiiT cent., according to circumstances, and the 
 nature of the article. 
 
 liimiriiiiiv. — The iiisiiranee of ships is carried 
 on to a considerable extent at Trieste. The s(!eu- 
 rily is unexceptionable, tin! terms more inoderate 
 than in i'jiglinid, .'iiid losses are said to be ad- 
 justed promptly and liberally. J'he foiiner op- 
 pressive duties on policies of insurance in I'jiglind 
 liave been the causes that most iiisiiiances on sbip.'i 
 for the Ailrialic, that wen; at one lime elVected ill 
 London, Liverpool ivc., are now eil'icicd at Trieste. 
 The insurance of houses is universal ; and that of 
 lives is also, (if hile year-, (irMclisid to a considcr- 
 abl,' extent. House iiisiiraiice is carried on by 
 joint -.■^tol■k companies, of limited responsibility. 
 
 Itiiiiliiiiiiti-ii is nut, of very IVeipnnt (iccniTcnco 
 .'It Trieste. Tlie l.iws with respei l to it do not 
 dilVer niiieli from those in force in most other 
 countries. Frauds arc punishable by imprison- 
 ment ; but lure, as elsewhere, they an; very dilH- 
 ciilt to defect. Honest liankrup's .ire discharged, 
 on making a ciimplele di.scloKurc i.|' their aH'airs, 
 and a surrender of I heir assets. I'mjierty settled on 
 a wife is not alVecled by liie debts of llie Imsbaiul; 
 a rigiilalioii wliii li, it is evident, must lead to 
 trauil. 
 
 Cominiuilciitioiis hij Liiiiil. — The iiilercoiirse be- 
 tween Trieste and Austria, Hnngiiry (te., is neces- 
 sarily all carried on by land. Tin; mads leading 
 to the ,\iistri;in and Hungarian towns, ]>articnlarly 
 the tiist, are kept in good repair, and the tolls are 
 moderate; but owing to the niggi d nature of the 
 connlry, the ascent is in some places very con- 
 siderable. The draught horses employed on the 
 roads are excellenl : but, in si^iie of the mouii- 
 tainoiis districts, lMilliick.s are use.l. 
 
 7f«(7«'"y.i.— Despite the ('.illicultic.i in the way, a 
 
 ;-i li I' 
 
I 
 
 1482 
 
 TUIIvSTK 
 
 f , 
 
 
 I r; 
 
 ■i .■'■.. 
 
 1 » 1. 
 
 i '■\' 
 
 Tftilwny liiw Itccn cimNtriirtcd lictwri'ii Vii'iiim iiinl 
 Trii'Hic, Ik (li.Htiiiic(> of mnrc iliim iMo miles. 'Iliis 
 WiiH u very Krciit iiiiilcrtakiiiK. iiml IIk ciiiiipli'tiuii 
 rt'HcctH ^rciit credit on the AiiHtriiiii (■overnnieiit 
 mill eiiKiiieerN. Till! wliiil(> li'ii^'tli of Aii-.triiiii 
 TdihviiN •* now in netivitv iiiiioiints to u|iH;iriN ol' 
 4,1)1111 l'',ii);liM|i mill -I, anil IIiiih Trieste iinil Vii niiii 
 lire connected «illi all tlie nfnt towns of the 
 cmiiire, ami with the rest of iMinipc. 
 
 i'liiriiiiiiii, SliiirH \c. — 'I'imlper at TrieMtc is 
 excellent, workmen pii«l, ami their waj^cs iiiii- 
 dcratc; su thai it is a very In voni able place for 
 careeniny- ami repairiii);. Water is very uooil, 
 but rather scarce; ho that, if n lar>;e Hiipply he 
 rcipiired, iliiR nolicu iniist Ito (;ivt>ii. Ships arc | 
 Hcrvcil in re^iular rotation. Ileef in very pmil, lint ' 
 rather hi;;li priced, Itiittcrnnd clieese are dear;' 
 and fuel is excessively no. On the whole, there- 
 fore, Trieste can. lilt lie coiiHiiloreil an a favoiirnblo 
 place for the provisioiiinj; of a ship. 
 
 liiiiihiiiij. — I'licre arc no public hanks at Trieste, 
 Till! bank of Vienna has an ulllce here, Imt it is i 
 merely for the exchaiif{t! of its notes for r.ish, or, 
 more freipientiv, of larjje notes for small ones. 
 These notes, being ffimraiileed by (ioverinnent, are [ 
 IcKiil tender, and in ^'eiieral circulation, but no j 
 other company is allowed to issue iiotrs to be j 
 used as a circulating inediuin. There is not, 
 however, any ileficieiicy of currency, ltaiikiii}{ i 
 business is traii.sacted by private companies, orby 
 individuals, who are subject to certain re^'iilations, 
 and nro obli^'cd to lay liefore ciini|)etent aiillmrity 
 an attested statemeiit of the capital einbarUed in 
 their comerns. Their businr ss principally consists 
 in procurinjj bills of exclianf,'e from other places 
 for the use of the nKTchants of Trieste, or in dis- 
 cuiintiii^ (in which latti'r operation they have 
 many private competitors), at the rate of from 4 
 to t! per cent, per annum, according to tlic nature 
 of the imper oH'eri'd, and in proportion to the 
 scarcity or abundance of cash. 
 
 The priiH'ipal bankers of Trieste are of undonhted 
 solidity, and do not indul;;c in dangerous specula- 
 tions; and niitwithstaiuliii^ the apparent want of 
 Kreat bankin;; establishnicnts, the business of 
 biiyinp; and sellin;,', and of inakiiif; p.iynienis and 
 remit tauces, whether in bills or specie, is trans- 
 
 acted nt thin port with ^roat facility ; and then 
 seldom arises any distress, pressure, or siaf^nation, 
 from want of money or credit. 
 
 It is not usual for respectable bankers to ^'ive 
 interest on depimitH, The partners in joint-sinek 
 I'ompanies, bunks dc, are, in );eiieral, respiiiisili|i> 
 only to the I \tent of their declared capil.il; ami 
 the individuals com|Kisin^' them are only liiilile 
 each to the extent of their share. The siiiiie in- 
 dividual is fn'ipieiitlya p'licral mereliaiil.a partner 
 in a banking; house, and a nieinherof an insuraiici^ 
 company. All these businesses may at present bo 
 said to be prosperous, 
 
 Creilil, — (mmmU imported into Trieste are some- 
 limes sold for ready money, a di-coiilU Ixiiii} 
 usually understood, and allowed in >iii'h case, nf 
 'i or 'i.J per cent. Hut they are cniniiiiiiily M.lii 
 at .'I inoiithH' credit, that is, by hills of that iLili'; 
 occasionally, but rarely, they are sold at i'. iuiiiiiIm, 
 
 Hills thus obtained, tliou;;li oU'enii^' no oihcr 
 j,'iiaraiitee than the Hi(;natiire of the ilrawi t or 
 acceptor, may be discounted or insured at ,1 rini- 
 derate rate by companies who dedicate lli'in^elvi's 
 to this branch of bn'<iiiesN, and who, IVmn ilKir 
 extensive dealings, are good jiiiIkcs of the ri^ik. 
 The practice has becoine almost universal; ami it 
 not only facilitates sales, but has a leinlriiry 
 to ))revent bankruptcies, ns it i.s dilliciili lirr \ 
 housi! lung to conceal its iiLsolvency ; ami it« 
 credit is, by this mode of trial, soon ascertaineil. 
 
 7V/r('.«.— Ii'eal tare is allowed 011 most nrlicli'.iof 
 export; and on all articles of import, cxccjit 
 cotton and sugar. The tare on Jlra/.il sn^ar in 
 chests depends on their length and size, hui in 
 general it amoiintH to from l.'i to IS p(.r cmi,; on 
 Urazil sugar in bags the tare is it jier cent.; rni 
 llavannali sugar a tare is allowed of (I-.' lb, 
 Knglisb jier box, being from III to II percinl.; on 
 ■lainaica sugar the. tare is 14 per cent, Tnrion 
 Amerii'aii cotton, 4 jier cent. 
 
 Tnidi' nf Austria with the UnitKil Kinijilim.— 
 The direct trade carried on with Austria liy tlic 
 ports on the Adriatic is not so great as nii^'lit, 
 perhaps, be expected ; but it has increased of Lite 
 years: the value of the exports of liritisli )iroiluco 
 to Austria having risen from OilTi.'t.Vi/, in |s,>.;, m 
 •JOit.UiVi/. ill 1807. In addition to this, mir imlircci 
 
 Iccount of the Qmintities and Viilueg of the Principal Articles Imjwrted into the United Kingdom 
 {directly) from the Austrian Territories during the 4 Years endinij with lf07. 
 
 .■\rticlt.i 
 
 
 
 Unantltin 
 
 
 
 • <:ompuli.d Heal Value 
 
 
 
 IHfil 
 
 ISIi'i 
 
 ISIili 
 
 lsf,7 
 
 ISlit 
 
 ISCS 
 
 Im;i; 
 
 i>i.r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 ' *■ i 
 
 t 
 
 AfKol ... 
 
 cwl. 
 
 .117 
 
 b 
 
 4.'.fi 
 
 .170 
 
 l.Vill 
 
 18 
 
 l.fi.'^n ' 
 
 13 
 
 iltinei, of .infmal^ and (ish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 (riri'pt wli.-ildins) 
 
 tons 
 
 .I'.l 
 
 .'.1 
 
 7V7 
 
 R7^: 
 
 1, III II 
 
 •«S 
 
 4,?1t ! 
 
 I.TO 
 
 lUiKit.^ and i^\As% iH-'iuK 
 
 III. 
 
 47,'.i;'j 
 
 ll.'j.lli'.l 
 
 i'J.'i.llHI 
 
 J!i,iiiil 
 
 V,1'Jll 
 
 5,7i'J 
 
 H.?^ 
 
 J,» 
 
 Com ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wluit . 
 
 cwt. 
 
 11,011 
 
 i7'J.V8ll 
 
 1 ,1VK,.'>'^'J 
 
 Jiv.nw 
 
 4,(;n7 
 
 'im^Tl 
 
 fi7r.,'ii', ' 
 
 3J«."IS 
 
 Barlfv . 
 
 „ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 l«.,4SI 
 
 r.it.iiii 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 47,Hii7 I 
 
 ,vi,'.;i 
 
 (lals . 
 
 „ 
 
 4 an 
 
 — 
 
 l.Mt,KKfi 
 
 <il,iii 
 
 1.17 
 
 _ 
 
 ri,'i,'iii 
 
 "'■'J 
 
 Mai/e or Indi.-in rorn 
 
 ,, 
 
 7!I.MH 
 
 •io.i.ir 
 
 4i,SM 
 
 :.'ii;W- 
 
 M,1H0 
 
 7,7(ii) 
 
 14,llo'J ' 
 
 MI,TI< 
 
 Olhir kinds 
 
 
 _ 
 
 s 
 
 — 
 
 l,-.l,.147 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 Whi-.nl flour 
 
 „ 
 
 '.ill,l7'J 
 
 •ii;,-''i< 
 
 si.vr. 
 
 
 i(;,.'.7.'. 
 
 17,'i^'. 
 
 40,01 '. 
 
 lai.'.i' 
 
 Cotton, r:iw 
 
 ,, 
 
 fi.'i 1 
 
 l,>-'>S 
 
 .- 
 
 I, Ml) 
 
 K,'i(;'i 
 
 ii.iMi; 
 
 _ 
 
 s.'lll 
 
 Cn-ain ,if tart.ir 
 
 ,, 
 
 l,4JII 
 
 1,S'J5 
 
 \,v.\ 
 
 b\-i 
 
 1 7, ■.111 
 
 U,llll 
 
 b,vr, 
 
 i.'.'ir 
 
 Fniil : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( lurrantf 
 
 „ 
 
 •t>,7.m 
 
 I4,r,iii 
 
 4, 'III) 
 
 lIP,.'..1fi 
 
 : iii,fi7'i 
 
 ii,Tf;i) 
 
 4,';ii*i , 
 
 If.KI 
 
 lUUins - 
 
 ^^ 
 
 S-IS 
 
 l.U.Vl 
 
 f.l7 
 
 4,71)7 
 
 : 1,411 
 
 1,11.'. 
 
 HI9 : 
 
 ■vi: 
 
 ftum arabir 
 
 „ 
 
 1 ..'ii.ii 
 
 4,1.Vj 
 
 4,'.ir.'> 
 
 .1,.'..V) 
 
 1 ''.I'-'' 
 
 in.'jSH 
 
 lil.HS ; 
 
 i«.i;( 
 
 Hemp, ilrfsstHl 
 
 ,, 
 
 I.ISfi 
 
 1,7.17 
 
 I.IM'J 
 
 Klin 
 
 ' I.IOS 
 
 .^,oir. 
 
 1,1112 ; 
 
 '?..'!* 
 
 undressed - 
 
 ,^ 
 
 l.'.,iis.T 
 
 \\^r,\ 
 
 111,1(11 
 
 4i,.1S'i 
 
 ! 31.3M 
 
 24,KSII 
 
 .'iS,.'iS.5 
 
 ?:,;*! 
 
 Lard 
 
 
 
 
 14,74^ 
 
 ii 1,41s 
 
 IVl) 
 
 
 
 i'iflu\ 
 
 f.'.i,s7s 
 
 j<t 
 
 .M.^itltlcr root 
 
 ,, 
 
 flU 
 
 _ 
 
 3,1 ivi 
 
 3IWi 
 
 ! i.i'n 
 
 
 4,WS 
 
 6" 
 
 Oil, olive - 
 
 tuns 
 
 4'> 
 
 f,'. 
 
 H 
 
 Is 
 
 V,.V.7 
 
 3,4iS 
 
 111 
 
 '.Mrt 
 
 Oil MCil ('..ike 
 
 Ions 
 
 .'•Ml 
 
 lilH 
 
 Mir. 
 
 77r, 
 
 ' 1,1111 
 
 4,1(.'i 
 
 8,711 
 
 r.i^i 
 
 Paper and piisleli(».ird 
 
 cwl. 
 
 7,'>l(i 
 
 n.Mi.'j 
 
 7,1SS 
 
 in.'jo', 
 
 1U,17S 
 
 Ifi.'/.'.l) 
 
 m,.'iii." 
 
 D.ili 
 
 KaKs .,nd otherlnatertaU for 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nmkinir p.iper 
 
 tons 
 
 1 9.1- 
 
 .'.11 
 
 I, lilt 
 
 l,ni7 
 
 I7,9r,i) 
 
 ll,4ir. 
 
 S.'.,7(»l 
 
 •Jl.'il 
 
 Slinni.u'l) 
 
 ,, 
 
 4I-. 
 
 171 
 
 7'lli 
 
 1,71.1 
 
 •l.lll'l 
 
 3,111 
 
 «,.'.!' 1 
 
 ■iWX 
 
 Skins, (ioat 
 
 no. 
 
 4,'^iill 
 
 4,0110 
 
 27,1.1111 
 
 — 
 
 4 ^0 
 
 4110 
 
 V,7i" 
 
 "oil 
 
 lambs' 
 
 
 , llll.TlHP 
 
 .1.1,01111 
 
 74,111 III 
 
 I'i.lllM 
 
 7,111.'. 
 
 1 ,r,.M) 
 
 1,7li'l 
 
 Spoilt',. - 
 
 til. 
 
 yi,',i'l 
 
 "J'J.IIO 
 
 S.-.47S 
 
 45..1II 
 
 4,'^'>i 
 
 1 Wi,7i:ii 
 
 Vijm 
 
 Tallow - 
 
 rwt. 
 
 
 nil 
 
 V,'I7 I 
 
 — 
 
 f _ 
 
 i '/7i) 
 
 (,.!,<< 
 
 I.M'H 
 .-l.lSi 
 
 M'..,mI staves 
 
 loads 
 
 vt.vr, 
 
 lf..ira 
 
 KlI.'i'M 
 
 ■I.S11I 
 
 1 ini,2lfi 
 
 1 117,11711 
 
 17'.V.ial 
 
 Wool, sheep and landis* 
 
 II.. 
 
 ca7,fi;i 
 
 •i%\,'l\H 
 
 447,'JII.'. 
 
 vnM' 
 
 1 i.'.,li.'i 
 
 1 Wfi'll 
 
 sii.:!i 
 
 All other articlei - 
 Total 
 
 value 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 4l,%7 
 
 1 C77/.VI 
 
 4.'..vi-> 
 
 jlrKi'J.lt'il 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
Tiuhxn-: 
 
 tlHK 
 
 I nTcnt fiu'llity ■ aii.l Hwrc 
 C'HK, |ircwsuri', in' ~(iii;iiiili(iii, 
 f cri'ilit. 
 
 (■•.ni'ttrililo ImiiUtTi III Kivc 
 V\w imrtiuTK ill joinf-^inck 
 arc. Ill «''"••'■"'• ri'^i'iMisilili' 
 their (Urlarcd cilliilili "Mil 
 i.HiiiK llu'i" arc "iily I'n'ilf 
 tlicir slmrc. 'Hi'' nuiih' m- 
 i general miT''lmiil. II pari ncr 
 1,1 n inrmWrofaiiinrtiiraiicc 
 l)^l^^illesH^•H may lU preHCMit lie 
 
 H.rtctl into Tricslr arr -(imc- 
 ■ niimcv, a di-'-'miit Imiiir 
 11(1 allowed in 'icli rase, nf 
 ;iit ttu'V iiro coiiiiiiiiiily -..|i! 
 liat. iH,'l>v liilN "'■ lliiit-iliitc; 
 Iv, they ftVii Willi at I'l miHiilH. 
 tl.'thiiuKli «>nVriii^' iKi "lliir 
 Hinnaturi' «!' tlif ilraw. r m- 
 .iiiilltMl or llisiircil at a iiiu- 
 jiioswhoiliKlifiililli'iii-'lvis 
 iii^iiicsH, ami wlm. IVoin ijuir 
 iri' K<i<mI jii'IH<"< "'' ""■ '■''''^• 
 oiiui alniiiHt uuiviTMil ; .iml it 
 . saU'n, l)iit lia« a li'iidiiny 
 ili-ii's. as it is ilitlicall l- ;i 
 cal itn insdlvi'iicy ; ami m 
 lie (if trial, won asivrlaimil. 
 . is alliiwi'il •'» "»"*" II r' •>■''■* "f 
 
 II artiflis (if impoit, I'xc^ ' 
 Tlu' tare mi Hra/.il siitfar in 
 
 their k'linth and si/.c. but in 
 tdfrom K> to IKiKTcinl.; ui 
 L'M the tare i?« il per itiii.: mi 
 a tare i:^ allowed of liJ Hi. 
 •iiiKfrom 13 to 11 percent.; m 
 . tare is 14 P'T cent. Tim on 
 , per eciit. 
 
 ill u-ith the Unittil Kiniiilom.- 
 arried on witU Austria liy the 
 latic is not so K""''"' "^ ""-''*' 
 (.(I ; but it has increai'ed ol late 
 r the exports of llrili^li )iri"liicf 
 risen from (i:i7,;t.'>;U. in is.Vl.to 
 In addition to this, our imlireci 
 
 mrtid Mo the IJiijteil Kimjilm 
 •H vndiiKJ with {*"''. 
 
 I Computul Rtal Vnliie 
 
 •iiil 
 
 11(1 
 ,.-i()ll 
 
 .ml 
 
 ISfiS 
 
 •iSS 
 
 •i!^)flTi 
 
 ..Ml'. I 
 
 ,:ilii i 
 
 i,r,T'i 1 
 1.41^ 1 
 
 I,,l7.'l I 
 l.l'.S ' 
 
 iTi-" I 
 
 .j,Mi7 I 
 
 :>,i'"i I 
 i'J.iis ; 
 
 IT,')''.'! I 
 
 3,ll»l 1 
 
 Wll 
 7,ii^'i 
 
 m.u\r> 
 
 X,,\X', 
 4l,%7 
 
 7,7611 
 
 ll,(Mll 
 U.llll 
 
 l.M'i 
 lil,'.l.''S 
 
 .'i.llifi 
 •il,KSI) 
 M,<)i\ 
 
 S,1'iS 
 
 iHnii I 
 
 Jf I 
 l,fi:n 
 
 i,m ' 
 
 H,7'<1 
 fi7«,'M'. ' 
 
 47,111.; I 
 r..',,'i-.i 
 
 H.lI'l'J I 
 4(i7.l'' 
 
 4,r,i.> 
 mv 
 
 iil.TI"" 
 
 fiH.'iS.'i 
 
 f.'.i.s;'* 
 
 4,W> 
 
 III 
 
 8.711 
 
 iH,3r.ri 
 
 3,"i."i 
 IHil 
 
 I ,r,Mi 
 
 W,7(.ll 
 
 id7ll 
 
 117,(1711 
 
 ll,C.'i7 
 
 f,77;Mii_Li>Q'iW!lL 
 
 S.'i,7(»l 
 
 »,'in 
 
 »,7il> 
 
 lV,l'."*i 
 
 r.,111.'' 
 
 17il,'.lll 
 Sil,7'/1 
 4V>'> 
 
 He; 
 t 
 
 1,3.") 
 
 1.1V. 
 S,'.i^j 
 
 Jis.ni9 
 
 .I'J.i.Ti 
 
 ii;.'j: 
 Ml,;!* 
 
 i2«,-.n 
 
 s,.||l 
 
 i.'.'j; 
 If'.'*! 
 
 :;.;♦' 
 
 ' I"*! 1 
 
 ii:t\ 
 
 Utv Unitti/ KiHythiii to tft* Anntnan Ti'nitfiiin in vmh of thv ii IntiH tndimj with IWi;, 
 
 Aillcli't 
 
 fAlbnlloHl.t f . . • 
 
 A|'|***'*'l '^"*' tt'llx'rtl.i'lhfly • 
 
 f:i>ilU. i-IihU'To. anil i iiltn > 
 riit>|M>ri wriiui'lil uimI >-'nwriiiit{ht • 
 Cottuii >«rii 
 
 CutloDii riilvrrtl hj ihr ynul 
 HI VitlUv ■ 
 
 |>rtitf<« iinil > tii'ttiU-.il )iiiNlut'U 
 
 KflitiitMiWrfri' tiKl punvtdtii 
 
 Klili. t»Trm«' 
 
 |>lttlMril<t - . . 
 
 JliinlwArrHitil cutU<ry, unvntimtrnUtl 
 I Irnii, wr<iuf(lit mihI uiKtrnuglu 
 I l.tiirii yarn - . . 
 
 t„iiiviiN vnu-rr<l liy (In* V'tnl 
 
 i<lt Tillllf • 
 .Machinriy, n»r»m fnKli*«t 
 ult tiihvr lurti - 
 III), linxrnl 
 uni'ttuiii«rale«t • • 
 
 j SAll|>ftrf • • - 
 
 I htik nmnuftuhi' v% » • 
 
 I Tin |iliitifH 
 
 I Wi'ulli no, t iili-ml try \]w yaril 
 I nt value • 
 
 . All oitivr artU-len • 
 
 lotJlI • 
 
 
 
 Uunnllllm 
 
 
 Il«t 
 
 .iiril HmI N'uliw 
 
 
 lIMrt 
 
 iKIill 
 
 iwi? 
 
 IIM.-. 
 
 IMili 
 
 lli>.7 
 
 r«l. 
 
 VAllllf 
 
 Inn* 
 
 a;,.ii.i 
 
 (I'lV.IT 
 
 (.'^.,11 
 
 .'•'•*, Kit 
 
 ii,;<.i 
 
 7„1llil 
 ^\•^.^<■4 
 
 «.1,.1K« 
 
 «,7<t 
 
 T.,ir,i 
 
 4' 
 «!I.'J«I 
 11,'Mill 
 .11,1111 
 
 
 l,7.M 
 
 ■t.-ti' 
 
 ^^^h^ 
 
 ),VIII 
 
 U,ll.l 
 
 |V,M1I 
 
 
 1 ,.'i1 1 »ll 1 
 
 •i,i>:,t.ri-, 
 
 ^.||■tll,l,•|l, 
 
 IV.1,!I.10 
 
 v.-..,i'.i 
 
 llll.ll.li 
 
 ««lia. 
 
 
 l.^,ii;i.,ii,i 
 
 i6,u<;,7)i, 
 
 V.MI,liVt 
 l.,ltHII 
 
 l,.'>lll 
 .l.lll'l 
 
 »'IV..1 1 ^ 
 l/ilMI 
 1,7 1'< 
 
 «lt.,lll' 
 7,VH! 
 I,l4i 
 '^,H.1U 
 
 
 
 i,.'il7 
 
 .1,11- ■ 
 
 h;ll 
 
 4,11 1 
 
 .1,(1.11 
 
 
 '.> 
 
 III); 
 
 
 tun 
 
 III HI 
 
 K.VKI 
 
 t ."1. 
 
 . ''li 
 
 liH'. 
 
 Ki , 
 
 11,1 H.I 
 
 ■I.IUI 
 
 .i.u,m 
 
 "f." 
 
 7,»Tlt 
 
 n„17l 
 
 »l,lih; 
 
 .'i7|ill<'i 
 
 .Vi.llH'l 
 
 .■ill.ll,!) 
 
 II,. 
 
 SI. 171 
 
 Si.lll.l 
 
 .11 ,,1111 
 
 , '1,117.1 
 
 li.tM 
 
 1,'iiia 
 
 
 ■I4S./UI 
 
 5ii.<,Ni;.-i 
 
 371,'i.V.I 
 
 I7.SIU 
 
 ln,v.,ii 
 
 i.'..'.iii 
 
 valuv 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 l,'J>ili 
 
 h/ik; 
 
 h,s.1l 
 
 II 
 
 '• 
 
 
 •• 
 
 1,1111 
 
 ' 11,11.7 
 
 7.-..1 
 y,ii|.i 
 
 !>,ll.1 
 li.illl 
 
 
 "III. 111? 
 
 7 ,i;iMi 
 
 h'l»,S13 
 
 ux'm 
 
 ■1 >l.Vi 
 N4.1 
 
 143.I1U 
 
 IU3,.V(.1 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 Till 
 
 y-tx 
 
 4!) 
 
 K'i.l 
 
 *.ili(« 
 
 
 
 
 UllS 
 
 lli,lW3 
 
 41.1 
 
 1,IU'.I 
 
 (i.17 
 111,711 
 
 ynrii^ 
 
 iK.iJll'Jt 
 
 7iiii,'>;o 
 
 |l,',t,llGH 
 
 4i>,;.iii 
 
 41, not 
 
 M.uyt 
 
 VfltlMI 1 
 
 • * 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 (,1<!>I 
 
 l.-IH') 
 
 l,i|liU 
 
 » 1 
 
 • 1 
 
 .. 
 
 ,. 
 
 ' txfiin 
 
 'J.1,11.11 
 
 .1.1,7(1.') 
 
 " 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 .. 
 
 77l,lilH 
 
 'MV.I1..S 
 
 UI..1,'I1II 
 
 Aniiiiiit of the Qmlntille» ami ViiIikh h/ Ihr I'liiiei/iii/ .trlii/is nf Ihnii/n iiinl Cnhmiiil J'tiiiliin: 
 ,111(1 Miiiiiit'iirliirr Kv/Hirtril fnnii ihi i'liilid Kiiii/iliim In Ihv Aiinti'iuii Tnriliirii n in iiiih iij 
 the i\ lid/s vmliiiij with IHliT. 
 
 ArtlclM 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 tillaiititliw 
 
 
 
 ComptiivU Hviil N'litiii. 
 
 
 
 
 IHM 
 
 liu;6 
 
 iNo; 
 
 ISM 
 
 iscn 
 
 ISI.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JC 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Bu'ori 
 
 
 l-Hl. 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 . . 
 
 .1 
 
 .'.a 
 
 Cuiuiitiniii • • 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,T 
 
 ,, 
 
 K'Vi 
 
 ■Ji 
 
 ^^ 
 
 1 ,'ii..'> 
 
 I'ui'hintAl 
 
 
 
 .11 
 
 III 
 
 IIIU 
 
 IJi-i 
 
 " i(.i 
 
 V.....1 
 
 ClHtlJi- 
 
 
 Yi.. 
 
 .'.1 1.111.1 
 
 Ill.Sfil 
 
 1 1 iJ.V?? 
 
 1 , ll.'l 
 
 I.I.I 
 
 .■..IT!) 
 
 i:o(l.« 
 
 
 M 
 
 l,1.-.4,l'^l 
 
 l,lli»,7ll 
 
 Ii7(>,,'i)t.') 
 
 4l),IUU 
 
 3.1„1i'J 
 
 I'.i,7ll 
 
 Coyy r, unwrouiflit ami 
 
 l>.irt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w ..uifht 
 
 
 liinn 
 
 V.I 
 
 III 
 
 ".') 
 
 l.illifl 
 
 7)17 
 
 •j;7 
 
 " .i4in, raw 
 
 
 t\M. I 
 
 »,7C') 
 
 (1,.V17 
 
 .1,IHI 
 
 17, 1.-.') 
 
 3II,H1 1 
 
 Vll.iliS 
 
 llUU-», n»'l liirinttl 
 
 
 ,. 1 
 
 7,1.117 
 
 7, VI 11 
 
 11,1111 
 
 Ul.,i..1| 
 
 V.'i,Mli 
 
 .Tl..dl 
 
 taiinttl, uwfil Ar. 
 
 
 lb. ' 
 
 lli.M.I 
 
 vii,vim 
 
 ■u,y>t 
 
 1.17 
 
 1 ,. '•.l^^ 
 
 1,771 
 
 Indiuo 
 r.arti - 
 
 
 twi. 
 
 '4H1 
 
 1.11 
 
 IMI 
 
 K,llili 
 
 .■|,S'.) 1 
 
 .1,1 ml 
 
 
 »» ! 
 
 ,. 
 
 ,, 
 
 I,I11U 
 
 
 
 .1,11.1; 
 
 Niir.-, Ti/. nihirnllie • 
 
 
 n 
 
 .1,7(11 
 
 .. 
 
 sir. 
 
 '/,'l4'J 
 
 , , 
 
 II '. 
 
 (III, t(i'0,i nut • 
 
 
 " 1 
 
 4,1 H'i 
 
 l.a'.s 
 
 l,H74 
 
 U,lll4 
 
 «,'J1J 
 
 ._l,l. ..-. 
 
 ii.iliii 
 
 
 
 l.l.V, 
 
 47 
 
 l.lil'J 
 
 •.i,(l).'.« 
 
 ', 'i 
 
 .1,1'.'.. 
 
 li-til 
 
 
 tuiu 
 
 im 
 
 Vi 
 
 4<» 
 
 3,tiSU 
 
 3,V,..) 
 
 l,S.i.> 
 
 ilU'iniral, eii-vmi.ll iuu 
 
 Itr- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fuiiiid - 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 V,'.77 
 
 4, .'.11 
 
 8,n4« 
 
 ■J'J.'. 
 
 S,l'i7 
 
 9.11 
 
 IV|.inr 
 
 
 ., 
 
 l()7,:ii.'> 
 
 6SI,'iti( 
 
 in.l'JH 
 
 1,174 
 
 U,'J7'J 
 
 l,li.!.i 
 
 H.>«ln - 
 
 
 r»t. 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 .1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 hi'iriu: rum • 
 Tin - 
 
 >r.iuf(. 
 
 .-illi.na 
 
 .'ills 
 
 "■.ii.ii; 
 
 »I,.V.7 
 
 ".17 
 
 i3 
 
 V,'ib.'. 
 
 
 iwl. 
 
 l.',S 
 
 .171 
 
 lul 
 
 7.14 
 
 1,4U1 
 
 a, 177 
 
 Tohmai, tinman), fHcturcil 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ll.>l,l.'i7 
 
 
 ., 
 
 «,.',! IC 
 
 
 niiniiiCaiiuri-d 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 .1,112 
 
 v,.')(i(; 
 
 4',a73 
 
 I,«l(> 
 
 UJli 
 
 i',r.'ji 
 
 W'ai, t)!^. 
 
 
 CWI. ' 
 
 . . 
 
 , . 
 
 
 ,^ 
 
 ^. 
 
 , , 
 
 WojI, %litc|> ai.il lamb-.' - 
 
 
 III. 
 
 , , 
 
 
 J, 
 
 , , 
 
 
 
 Another tin icU-)( 
 
 
 value 
 
 .. 
 
 !! 
 
 ,, 
 
 17.7.M 
 
 liiVisi 
 
 v!V..',i6 
 
 Total 
 
 
 . 
 
 ,, 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 1.17, 1'is 
 
 U4,4Ul 
 
 li'.i,li;.: 
 
 Total of Hritihh and Korei^n |i 
 
 mlut'e 
 
 • ■ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 SUI,77(i~ 
 
 l/l?)li,.')t» 
 
 r,ivi,iii 
 
 unt of the 'J'litid Value of the Imiinita anil K.i/iorls of the Austiiun Kiiijiire (cr Daliiintiii) 
 in eiirh of neeeritl Years eniliiii/ with 1HG7. 
 
 Yenr* 
 
 JtniiortH 
 
 Ks|iort> 
 
 I EmIuHlclolicrSI, 
 
 : tnil.il IVceinbi-r .11, 
 
 IS.'iO 
 ISil 
 IS.Vi 
 IS.1.1 
 IH.Jt 
 
 ih;,.i 
 
 ISfi'J 
 1 8113 
 IHK4 
 
 isr,:, 
 
 IHdi; 
 
 is(i: 
 
 
 Dorini 
 
 £ 
 
 lIuriiiH 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 > 
 
 I.Ml.tf..-.,l3I 
 
 1.1,S.(,',,',I1 
 
 101,NI7,l'i8 
 
 ln,IS4,7lfi 1 
 
 . 
 
 I.V),.1|7,V1IS 
 
 l.'i.ll.'H. 7.111 
 
 i,iii,nM,;v; 
 
 M,llll.M7.1 
 
 • 
 
 l!)!l..1i;i,7l.l 
 
 r.l,'l-.ll,l7li 
 
 i»(;, 1.111,11-2 
 
 lS.li4.|,li.-.l 
 
 - 
 
 I!l7..1ll.f,''.11 
 
 l!),7.".!l,V.'.1 
 
 VI7,5(.V.IM 
 
 a 1,7 '.(..VIS 
 
 • 
 
 Vl'S,7vs,'.ss 
 
 5!II,K7V,S.')I( 
 
 ■2is.(iv1,i.s7 
 
 !dl,«lli„-.(iS 
 
 • 
 
 •.i1ll,liil,'JIV 
 
 VI.BIli.lDI 
 
 ..i1.2,,'.lis,7ii7 
 
 V.1,V.'>ii,S7l) 
 
 
 '.ifi1,lil.(i,'i.1li 
 
 •^l,|l'.ll,1Vl 
 
 1V.'.,'.17l,llli 
 
 .1'.,()/'.l,1lil 
 
 ■ 
 
 vxi,Mi;,-,si 
 
 l!7,il'.i.,7ll-.' 
 
 .1Vl,7Vi.,ls7 
 
 .1ll,.'ili.1,'iSH 
 
 . 
 
 ii7'<,.'>,->...li.-7 
 
 .^'i,S')n,;iNi) 
 
 1.'il,1ls,'.'.l) 
 
 .V.,17'.,V(11 
 
 . . 
 
 V7S,Sl.,'.,0IHI 
 
 •i';\'yi.\-!> 
 
 .1(i.'>, 111,11. Id 
 
 .1I,I.'JV,IS7 
 
 . > 
 
 2IIS.IIS).,(IIMI 
 
 VII.M.S.IilKI 
 
 3'2l,1l7,()(iS 
 
 .T2,i;.ii,;iii> 
 
 - 
 
 ii7ri,vKii,iM 
 
 li7,r.VH,011 
 
 4(KI,8SS,1liH 
 
 .HI,ll\.'i,S.'ili 
 
 trailo, (ir that carried . n with Austria by moans of tliat have been made in the tariff of Austria, and 
 the Eilie and otiier i, let..) to her land frontier, the lilienil (•(luimenial treaties .she has nenotiated 
 tliiini;li it cannot be exi.clly ascertained, is known in l,s.');i and \Mi) with Prussia, and that with the 
 to lie much greater : tliere is, too, every pro.spect of Z(illv(.rciii, whieh came into force on .luiie 1, IXtiS. 
 its future increase ; our imports from Austria in ' And we liavij already f,avcn in extenso the new 
 lWi7. alter her loss of Venetia, were valued at ! treaties of IfilLJ .ind' IHtiH between this country 
 l.'iO l,ii-.'a/. Weshallhave to notice [Zt)i-ivi;KKis ; and Austria, under Ti!i;A'ni.:s, Cti.ii.MKitciAi,, 
 Oil Gekmax Commkuciai. Union] the reductions (.\i .stkia). 
 
 si! 
 

 Cl^ 
 
 .0., ^"^ 
 
 .0, ^ 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 /. 
 
 ^/ 
 
 ^ <^% 
 
 ^' ^ #/% 
 
 4^ 
 
 .•v ^ 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1^128 |2.5 
 ■50 ~^~ Mini 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 1-25 111.4 ill 1.6 
 ^= ll^= 111^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 6" 
 
 •* 
 
 ^» 
 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

; '%:. 
 
 f 
 
 f, . 
 
 
 ■•v' 
 
 
 .#' ■;' 
 
 *','.► 
 
 ' 1-*'.^ 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ' ' ■ ." '»' 
 
 .',1 
 
 .•!.., , 
 •':(••:',>',' 
 
 1-. 
 
 • "< 
 
 *i 
 
 * 
 
 ^^. 
 
 ij 
 
 «♦. 
 
 ► ,y^ 
 
 >'^'. 
 
 
 ♦r 
 
 .iJi.: 
 
 
 ;|.'V, 
 
 1484 TRIESTE 
 
 Account of the Values of the Principal Artirka 
 Kr/mrleil from the Austrian Empire (ex JJul- 
 laatia) in 1802, 18G3, and 18G4. 
 
 ArllclBi 
 
 IMi< 
 
 18G3 
 
 1864 
 
 Anhnnliit 
 
 florins 
 
 flnrins 
 
 lliirlns 
 
 Oini and liulU 
 
 i,M,ii,ixm 
 
 «,l!<S,0(IO 
 
 9,t>i>i,iM)n 
 
 l!OW!i 
 
 ;7ii.()iH) 
 
 l,»8.'),ll(H) 
 
 l,()'^,',,ni)n 
 
 Swine 
 
 S,»17,liOO 
 
 v,().'>«;,ii(io 
 
 l,ll<<(i,IMMI 
 
 nookit \c. • 
 
 K.,14S,IH«( 
 
 lf,.'>74,0(IO 
 
 K,74i,l 
 
 Hulter 
 
 I,.1.1II,I)(I0 
 
 9ii.'.,(Hm 
 
 l,9H(l,lnill 
 
 Chw«! 
 
 30»,0t)0 
 
 376,000 
 
 40.1,1 Kill 
 
 Chemical produce and 
 
 
 
 
 coloufB 
 
 «,n(i(i,nos 
 
 2,017,000 
 
 !i,.T^7,0:in 
 
 ClothfH and millinery 
 
 ",Hii'J,l)CIO 
 
 fi,3UI,llllo 
 
 «,'i'li,i 11)11 
 
 CoaU 
 
 l,.'>7l>,U(MI 
 
 1 ,fiim,ooo 
 
 I,!*HT,()0ll 
 
 <'Otton manufactures 
 
 .i,n.'i(i,(H)i) 
 
 3,539,0110 
 
 3,S(i!t,0il0 
 
 Fla« 
 
 '^I'llVKKI 
 
 2,.'i43,(IOi| 
 
 V,0.'i7,l"») 
 
 Knilt 
 
 1 ..VKi.iiini 
 
 l,MS,(HiO 
 
 l,lto,IJ(lO 
 
 OlaM and irlau wares 
 
 IV,637,UUO 
 
 12,1OT,000 
 
 ia,'i9i,i)i)u 
 
 Orain : 
 
 
 
 
 Wheal anil spelt . 
 Hve, miiiel «c. 
 
 17,fi8S,Ono 
 
 6,.'S7fi,noo 
 
 8,561,007 
 
 •^,7IW,(MK> 
 
 V,9lli,(IIIO 
 
 1,3'.l'.l,llll(l 
 
 Barley aiul malt . 
 
 I,77i,l«M) 
 
 I,llt7,0()0 
 
 l,'i7s(li«) 
 
 (t-ils 
 
 S,n6i',(X)o 
 
 779,000 
 
 678,110(1 
 
 Maixe 
 
 31IS,()00 
 
 313,1X10 
 
 3i 1,000 
 
 Hair, lifislles and fea- 
 
 
 
 
 thers 
 
 s,M»,noo 
 
 «,770,OflO 
 
 2,8,-3,000 
 
 Hardwares - 
 
 »N,B7I,IKK) 
 
 3V,X0I,0I)0 
 
 ."•N,719.l«IO 
 
 Hem|i 
 
 ■i.Mi.lM) 
 
 K,0»5,oi)0 
 
 l,(>.'>l,IHIO 
 
 Uides,sVlnsandpelliy 
 
 I,7ZH.I)00 
 
 3,903,000 
 
 5,043,Otl(> 
 
 Instruments 
 
 I,M4,I(0() 
 
 l,(y».'>,l1(H) 
 
 1,670,1 mo 
 
 Iron and steel, raw - 
 
 4,7II),(I(H) 
 
 4,406,0(K) 
 
 4, 7 2-! ,1 KM) 
 
 Iron wares - 
 
 lo.'ii :,t)(j«i 
 
 7,714,0110 
 
 N,9;iS,0il0 
 
 Linen manufactures 
 
 K,07 1,0(10 
 
 H,9f^,0()0 
 
 ll,HiS,(ilH) 
 
 Iiinen yarn - 
 
 .'i,vii),<)oo 
 
 4,701,00(1 
 
 6,1. '.6.01 10 
 
 Leather 
 
 !l,'i ■)9,IHiO 
 
 9,'iH3,000 
 
 10,.3S7,"ll() 
 
 Machinery - 
 
 i,'/30,(X)0 
 
 860,000 
 
 75i,>XiO 
 
 Metais, precious, and 
 
 
 
 
 com 
 
 3«,593,nC0 
 
 30,519,000 
 
 27,910,000 
 
 Meuls, rommon 
 
 1,031,0110 
 
 1,V^7,000 
 
 1,960,000 
 
 Salt, kitchen 
 
 940,000 
 
 878,000 
 
 1.416.0(10 
 
 Silk 
 
 8,K7.1,INIO 
 
 9,778.000 
 
 8,2I2,(KM) 
 
 manufactures 
 
 4,7'i7,lrO() 
 
 5,610,000 
 
 6.()52,(H)() 
 
 Spirits 
 
 ^Jl^ an sort. . 
 
 56'J,(K)0 
 
 714,000 
 
 1,46»,00:) 
 
 1,397,000 
 
 t,fifi9,0()0 
 
 2,477,0('0 
 
 89,4.'.8,000 
 
 28,l!i8,000 
 
 23,H6.'1,OOl) 
 
 JVooden wares 
 
 4,'i'l ,"00 
 
 4,341,000 
 
 5,0U.>,0ll() 
 
 Woo , sheep's 
 
 4ii,53t),fl00 
 
 46,433,001) 
 
 47,91 2,1 lOO 
 
 Woollen manufactures 
 
 n,\5\,0UQ 
 
 17,648,000 
 
 19,158,000 
 
 The great drawback under which Aiuitna 
 labours, is the .situation of by far tlie hirf^er 
 portion of her provinces in the central parts of 
 Europe; and separated from the great inarltets 
 for their produce, either by a wide tract of inter- 
 vening country, or by high mountain ridges. 
 Austria is naturally an'agricultural country ; and, 
 unless compelled by circumstances to devote a 
 portion of her energies to manufactures, will, no 
 doubt, continue such for a lengthened period : and 
 hence, as the products of agricultural industry are 
 at once hepv}- and bulky in proportion to "their 
 value, the advantage of opening improved chan- 
 nels of communication with other countries. In 
 this respect, the free navigation of the Danube is 
 of much importance, though a great deal more 
 stress has been laid upon it in this country than 
 it deserves. The expense of carrying corn and 
 timber from Hungary to the Ulack Sea,and thence 
 to the ports of Western Europe, will, we appre- 
 hend, always be found too heavy to admit of 
 England or France ever supplying themselves, at 
 least to any considerable extent, with the corn, 
 flax, or timber of Hungarj' or Transylvania. The 
 cost of conveying produce from the interior of ihe 
 continent to the nearest shipping ports is a most 
 important element, which is too generally lost 
 sight of in this coi;ntry. To show its influence 
 we may mention that on various occasions when 
 wheat was sold at Lemberg, one of the principal 
 markets of Galicia, for 16s. or ICs. per quarter, it.s 
 price at Dantzic at the same time has been 40s. 
 and upwards ; the difference being occasioned by 
 the difficulty and expense of conveying com down 
 the Vi.!tula from Lemberg to Dantzic. 
 
 The Austrian Government and people have long 
 been alive to the many advantages that would 
 result from opening a communication between 
 Hungary and Fiume, and other pons o'l the 
 Adriatic. And notwithstanding the obstacles 
 opposed by the interposition of the Julian Alps, 
 and other mountain ridges, an excellent road liPS 
 
 TRINITY HOUSE 
 
 been carried from Carlstadt to Fiume. Siil], 
 liowover, the expenses of the carriage of biilkr | 
 products are too great to make this route i<\ii. 
 liciently available ; and the advantage of further I 
 improving and cheapening the coinmunicnlioiiij | 
 too obvious to need being pointed out. See ante. 
 under the head Hailwaysin Ihisariicle. 
 
 TIMNITY IIOUSK. This society was iiicor- 1 
 poratcd by Ilcnrj' VIII.. in 1.014, for the promo. 
 tion of commerce and navigation by licensing iwd [ 
 regulating pilots, and ordering and erecting bea- 
 cons, lighthouses, buoj-s Ike.. A similar society. 
 for the like purposes, was afterwards estaljlislie'^ I 
 at Hull; and also another at Xcwca.stle-u|)(jn- 
 Tyno in 1537 ; which 3 establishments, says 
 llakliiyt, were in imitation of that founded by the 
 Emperor Charles V. at Seville, in .Spain; who, 
 observing the numerous shipwrecks in the voyages 
 to and from the West Indies, occasioned by the 
 ignorance of seamen, established, at the Cum dt 
 Contratucion, lectures on navigation, and a pilot- 
 major for the examination of other pilots and 
 mariners ; having also directed books to be pub- 
 lished on that subject for the use of navigators. 
 Hut Hakluyt must surely have been in error, for, I 
 as Charles V. was not bom till loOO, he could not 
 well before 1514 have set up any institution to sera 
 as a model for our Trinity Hou.se. It ia much | 
 more likely that he copied the English example. 
 
 Henrj' VIIL, by his charter, confirmed to the I 
 Deptford Trinity House Society all th(> ancient 
 rights, privileges Ac, of the shii men and mariners 
 of England, and their several possessions at Dept- 1 
 ford, from which it is plain that the Society had 
 existed long previously. The corporation i.'as 
 confirmed, in 1(385, in the enjoyment of its privi- 
 leges and possessions, by letter's patent of tlie 1st 
 James II. by the name of the master, ward»n«, 
 and assistanls of the Guild or Frutrnity of the | 
 most glorious and undivided Trinity imuI of ?'. 
 Clement's in the parish of Deptford Strond, in the I 
 County of Kent. At first, the corporation appears 
 to have consisted of seamen only; but since the 
 charter of James II., noblemen and gentlemen 
 have been unrolled ambng its elder brethren. It 
 is govern'>d by 3 \ elder brothers, of wlidm 1 is I 
 master, 4 wardens, and 8 assistants: but the in- 1 
 ferior members of the fraternity, named younger I 
 brethren, are not limited in point of number; 
 everj' master or mate, expert in navigation, being I 
 admissible as such. Besides the power of erectini; I 
 lighthouses, and other sea-marks, on the .several I 
 coasts of the kingdom, for the security of nari-r 
 gation — [LioiiTHousKs], the master, wardens,! 
 assistants, and elder brethren, are invested by I 
 charter with the following powers; viz. the! 
 appointment of pilots io condipc', ships intVindl 
 out of the Thames ; the settling tl e several rates I 
 of pilotage. They formerly, alt o, e.ijoyed several I 
 ot'.ter powers, which have since fallen into disuse j 
 or been vested in other hands, The corporation j 
 is authorised to receive voluntary subscriptions, I 
 bencfaciions tfec- ; and to purchase, in mortmain, [ 
 lands, tenements &c. to the amount of 500/. perl 
 annum. The ancient Hall of the Trinity llousel 
 at Deptford, where the meetings of the brethreni 
 were formerly held, still exists, but is now only! 
 used as a Pay Hall for Pensioners. The corpora-f 
 tion now meet in a handsome building erected for J 
 the purpose in London, near the Tower. J 
 
 The revenue under the managcroent of thol 
 Trinity House, which arose from dues payable tol 
 the corporation on .iccount of lighthouses, buoyage, | 
 and beaconage, and ballastage, and from the ffl-l 
 terest of money in the funds and the ^ntoiW 
 freehold property, has been principally expeniledf 
 on pensions to poor disobled seamen, and on thel 
 
 '.I , 
 
¥ HOUSE 
 
 irlatmlt to Fiumo. Still, 
 of the carriage of biilky 
 t to make this route sui'. 
 I the advimtage of further I 
 ning the coninuinicationij 
 tig pointed out. See ante. | 
 ysiii tliiHariicle. 
 , 'I'liis socii'ty was iiicor- 
 I., in 1.014, for the proino- 
 lavigation by licensing mid | 
 onlering and erecting bca- 
 ,'8 &e. A similar sdcictr. 
 was afterwards eatal)li»li«l | 
 lother at Xewcastlc-upon- 
 ih 3 cstablislimcnts, says I 
 ation of that founded by the | 
 at Seville, in Spain ; "who, 
 18 shipwrecks in the voyages I 
 ; Indies, occasioned by the 
 2Stablished, at the Cum dt 
 on navigation, and a pilot- 
 nation of other pilots and 
 [) directed books to be pub- 
 t for the use of navigators. 
 rely have been in error, for, 
 bdm till 1500, he could not I 
 ct up any institution tosone 
 'rinity House. It is much 
 )pied the English example, 
 s charter, contirmcd to the I 
 use Society all the ancient 
 of the shi{ men and mariners 
 several possessions at Dept- 
 plain that the Society had 
 isly. Tlie corporation vas ] 
 tiie enjoyment of its priri- 
 , by letters patent of the lit I 
 me of the master, wardens, 
 (luild or Fru- ornity of the I 
 ndivided Trinity and of ft, f 
 3h of Ueptford Stroiiii, in the I 
 lirst, the corporation appears 1 
 seamen only; but since the I 
 noblemen and gentlemen I 
 mbng its elder brethren. It I 
 .der brothers, of whom 1 is | 
 8 assistants : but the in- 
 fraternity, named younger I 
 nited in point of number;! 
 expert in navigation, being I 
 Besides the power of erectini; I 
 sea-marks, on the .several j 
 I, for tlie security of nari-f 
 s], the master, wardens,! 
 brethren, are inve.sfed by I 
 Uowing powers; y'v.^ thel 
 io conduc', ships into .mil 
 he settling tl e several rates! 
 rmcrlv, alto, e.ijoyed several j 
 lave since fallen into disuse I 
 er hands. The corporation! 
 ive voluntary subscriptions,! 
 _ to purchase, in inortmain,r 
 to the amount of 500/. perl 
 Hall of the Trinity Housel 
 e meetings of the brethreni 
 till exists, but is now only? 
 • Pensioners. Thecorpora-I 
 ndsome building erected fori 
 
 , near tlie Tower. I 
 
 ; tbe management of tli'il 
 arose from dues payable to I 
 ,unt of lighthouses, buoy.ige,r 
 
 allastage, and from the m-l 
 ■the funds and the i«nt of| 
 J been principally expoirfedl 
 isabled seamen, and on tnei 
 
 m. 
 
 poi 
 
 TIllNlDAI) 
 
 I niiiintenance of their widow^i, orphans ito. and it 
 is ndinittcd that ii wum Ixitli judiciously niid 
 icoiiomieally administered. TlKMluties for lights, 
 li.iovs, and "liciu'ons henceforth, however, under the 
 iirovisions of the l(i & 17 Vict. c. I.'il, form jiurt 
 ,if the ' Morcniitile Marine Fund.' The Act pro- 
 vides that payments now chargeable on the ' fund ' 
 fur pensions Ac, may be commuted. The ex- 
 iionsi'S of lighthonsrs, ballastagc, and boaooniige, 
 are also to Ik; charged on the ' fund,' and the rates 
 of toll are to be n^viscd and tixed by her Majesty 
 in council The bidl.istago rates under the Trinity 
 House, being a charge peculiar to the Thames, are 
 in be made peculiarly applicable to .services ))er- 
 I'lirmed fur the safety and convenience of the ship- 
 ling froi|uentiiig that river. [Uallast.] 
 TUIXI1)AI>. [Coi-oNMixJ 
 TKIl'AN'ti or SKA SLUG (Bichc fie .Ver). \ 
 ■pccies of lish of tlio genus IlolutliHria, found 
 cliicllv on coral reefs in the luistern seas, and 
 Iii;;lirv esteemed in China, into which it is iin- 
 irted in large ((lunitities. It is an unseemly 
 , .king substance, of a dirty brown colour, hard, 
 riirid, scarcely possessing any power of locomotion, 
 (,r appearance of iMiiniation. Sometimes the slug 
 ii as much as 2 feet in length, and from 7 to H 
 inches in circumference. A span in length, and 2 
 or 3 inches in girth, is, however, the ordinary size. 
 The quality and value of the iisli, liowever, do not 
 bv anv means defiend upon its size, but upon 
 nmptrties in it neither obvious to nor discernible 
 ,v those who have not been long and extensively 
 eiigaged in the trade. In shallow water the 
 aniui.ll is taken out by the hand, but in deeper 
 water it is sometimes speared. When taken it is 
 fitted, dried in the sun, and smcked over a wood 
 lire: this being the only preparation it receives. 
 
 The lisbery is carried on from the western shores 
 of New (Ininca, and the southern shores of Au.s- 
 iralia, to Ceylon inclusive. Indeed, within the 
 Lvt few years it has been successfully prosecuted 
 nn the shores of the Mauritius. The whole pro- 
 duce goes to China. In the market of Alacassar, 
 the great staple of this lishery, not less than 
 tUrtii varieties are distinguislied, varying in 
 price from 5 Spanish dollars a picul (133J lb.)_to 
 14 times that price, each variety being distiii- 
 iruished by well-known names. The quantity of 
 tripaiig sent annually to China from Macassar is 
 about 7,000 piculs, or 8,333 cwt.: the price usually 
 varying from 8 dollars a picul to 110 and 11.5, 
 according to quality. (Crawford's Indian Archi- 
 pt/fljo, vol. iii. p. 441.) There is also a consider- 
 able export of iripang from Manilla to Canton. 
 
 Besides tripang.^/i-mairs and sharks' fins are 
 f.tportcd to Cliina from every maritime country 
 of India. 
 
 TROV WEIGHT. One of the most ancient 
 of the diflcrent kinds used in Britain. The 
 pound English troy contains 12 ounces, or 5,7G0 
 grains. It is used In the weighing of gold, silver, 
 ami jewels ; the compounding of medicines ; in 
 experiments in natural philosophy : in compar- 
 ing different weights with each other ; and was 
 (by 5 Gen. IV. c. 74) made the standard of weight. 
 Thov WKKiiir, Scotch, was established by 
 ■James VI. in the year 1618, who enacted tliat only 
 one weight should be used in Scotland, viz. the 
 French troy stone of 16 pounds, and 16 ounces to 
 the pound.' The pound contains 7,609 grains, and 
 is equal to ! 7 oz. 6 dr. avoirdupois. The cwt. or 
 112 lb. avoirdupoi.i, contains only 103 lb. 2J oz. 
 of this weight, thicigh generally reckoned equal to 
 lo4 lb. This weight is very nearly identical with 
 that formerly used at Paris and Amsterdam ; and 
 is generally known by the nams of Dutch weight. 
 
 TRUCK SY8THM 
 
 148.5 
 
 been used in most parts of Scotland in weighing 
 iron, hemp, tlax. and other Dutch and lialtic 
 good.s. meal, butcher's meat, lead Ac. [Wiciciiirs 
 .\M> Mk.vsukks.'J 
 
 TltUCK SYSTEM. A name given to a prac- 
 tice that has prevailed, particularly in tlie mining 
 and manufacturing districts, of paying the wages 
 of workmen in goods instead of money. Tlie plan 
 has been, for tlie masters to cstaldisli warehouses 
 or shops ; and the workmen in their employment 
 have either got their wages accounted for to them 
 by supplies of goods from such depots, vithout 
 reeeivin;.^' any money ; or they have got the money» 
 with a tacit or express understanding that they 
 were to resort to the warehouses or 8ho[)s of their 
 mi'sters for such articles as they were furnished 
 with. 
 
 Atlcnntaycs and Disadvantages of the Truck 
 Si/strni. — A great deal of contradictory evidence 
 has been given, and very opposite o|)iiiions have 
 been hold, as to the practical operation and leal 
 ctVcct of this system on the workmen. Nor is 
 this to be wondered at, seeing that everything 
 diqiends cm the mode in which it is adm'nistcrcd, 
 ami that it may be either highly advantageous or 
 highly injurious to the labourer. If a manufac- 
 turer of character establish a shop supplied with- 
 the iirincipal articles required for the use of the 
 workmen in his employment, and give them free 
 liberty to resort to it or not as they please, it can, 
 at all events, do them no harm, and will, most 
 likely, render them material service. The manu- 
 facturer, having the command of capital, may, in 
 general, lay in his goods to greater advantage 
 than they can be laid in by the greater number 
 of retail tradesmen in moderate-sized towns ; and 
 not being dependent on the profits of his shop 
 for support, he is, even though he had no advan- 
 tage in their purchase, able to sell his goods at a 
 cheaper rate than they can be afforded by the 
 majority of shopkeepers. Sometimes, also, a 
 factory is established in a district where shops 
 either do not exist at all, or are very deficient ; 
 and in such cases the master consults "the interest 
 and convenience of those dependent on him when 
 he jirovides a supply of the principal articles 
 retpiired for tlieir subsistence. It is easy, there- 
 fore, to see that the keeping of shops by mas- 
 ters for the use of their workmen may be very 
 benelicial to the latter. But to insure its being 
 so, it is indispensable that the masters should be 
 above taking an advantage when it is within their 
 reach, and that their conduct towards the %vork- 
 men should not be in any degree inHucnced by the 
 circumstance of the latter dealing or not dealing 
 with their shops. 
 
 Such disinterestedness is, however, a great deal 
 more than could be rationally expected from the 
 generality of men ; and hence, though many in- 
 stances may be specihcd in which the truck'sys- 
 tem was advantageous to the workmen, those of a 
 contrary description were u; ifortunately far more 
 numerous. It is obvious, indeed, that' a practice 
 of this sort affords very great facilities for fraudu- 
 lent dealings. Under the old law, a manufacturer 
 who had a shop, had means, supposing he were 
 inclined to use them, not possessed by any ordi- 
 nary shopkeeper as respects his customers, for 
 forcing upon his workmen inferior goods at an 
 exorbitant price. They are at first supplied on 
 liberal terms, and are readily accommodated with 
 goods in anticipation of wages, till thej' get con- 
 siderably into debt. The pernicious iutluenco of 
 this deceitful system then begins fully to disclose 
 itself. The workmen cease to be free agents ; they 
 are compelled to take such goods and at such 
 
 lit. 
 
 I i ' s; 
 
 hli 
 
 • ; i ( 
 
 
 ■!l 
 
 
 Though prohibited by the articles of Union, it has prices as the master pleases ; for, were they to at- 
 
 ■ ■id 
 
 i . u;-- 
 
 ir. t 
 
TRUCK SYSTEM 
 
 
 •' V ,, , , . 
 
 ■■•>f: 
 
 ♦ 
 
 .>|h: V 
 
 '{'. 
 
 ,ii- 
 
 ■?» , ,>; 
 
 i..^f.' 
 
 tempt to emancipate thcmsolvea from thio state of 
 thraldom by leuving their employment, they would 
 be. exjOTsed to the risk of prosecution and imprison- 
 ment for tlie debts they had itieurred. It is not easy 
 to iniaKinc the extent to which these facilities for 
 defrauding tlie labouring class were taken advan- 
 tai;o of in various districts of the country, hi 
 many instances, indeed, the protitt made by ilio 
 shops cxccculed those made by the business to 
 which they were contingent; and thousands of 
 •workmen, whose wages were nominally 30s. a 
 week, did not really receive, owing to the bad 
 quality and high price of the goods supplied 
 to them, more than '20s., and often not so much. 
 
 Aliolitiiui of the Truck Si/item. — A system of 
 dealing with the labouring classes, so very sus- 
 ceptible of abuse, and wliicli, in point of fact, was 
 very extensively nbused, wis loudly and justly 
 complained of. A bill was in consequence intro- 
 duced for its suppression by Mr. Littleton (now 
 Lord Ilatherton), which, after a great ileal of 
 opposition and discussion, was i)assed into a law, 
 1 & 2 Wm. IV. c. 32. (See abstract subjoined.) 
 
 Those who opposed this Act did so on two 
 grounds: 1st, that it was improper to interfere 
 at all in a matter of this sort; and 2nd, that 
 the interference would not be efi'ective. The first 
 of these objections does not appear entitled to 
 any weight. In suppressing the truck system, 
 ths Legislature did nothing that could in an^'wise 
 regulate or fetter the fair employment of capital ; 
 it interfered merely to put down abuse ; to carry, 
 in fact, the contract of wages into full effect, by 
 preventing the workman from being defrauded of 
 a portion of the wages he had stipulated for. 
 The presumption no doubt is, in questions be- 
 tween workmen and their employers, that Govern- 
 ment had bet.ter abstain from all interference, and 
 leave it to the parties to adjust their disputes on 
 the principle of mutual interest and comij"omi8ed 
 advantage. Still, however, this is merely a pre- 
 sumption ; and must not be viewed as an absolute 
 rule. Instances have repeatedly occurred where 
 the interference of the Legislature to prevent or 
 suppress abuse, on occasions of the sort now 
 alluded to, has been imperiously required, and 
 been highlj' advantageous. Those who claim its 
 interposition are, indeed, bound to show clearly 
 that it is called for to obviate some gross abuse, 
 or that it will materially redound to the public 
 advantage; and this, we think, was done in the 
 completest manner by the opponents of the truck 
 system. Regard for the interests of the more 
 respectable part of xhe masters, as well as for 
 those of the workmen, required its abolition ; for, 
 while it continued, those who despised taking an 
 advantage of their dependants were less favour- 
 ably situated than those who did. It is ludicrous, 
 therefore, in a case of this sort, to set up a cuckoo 
 cry about the 'freedom of industry." The good 
 incident to the truck system was in practice found 
 to be vastly overbalanced by the abuses that grew 
 out of it; and as these could not, under the 
 existing law of debtor and creditor, be separatelj' 
 destroyed, the Legislature did right in attempting 
 to suppress it altogether. 
 
 It was said, indeed, that this would be found to be 
 impracticable ; and the manufacturers would enter 
 underhan<l iiito partnerships with the keepers of 
 shops, and that the system would really be con- 
 tinued, in another and, perhaps, more objection- 
 able form. This anticipation has, we believe, been 
 in some degree realised ; but the system has not- 
 withstanding been in many places abandoned, 
 and is nowhere practised to anything like the 
 extent to which it was carried previously to the 
 passing of Lord Uatherton's Act. It will not, 
 
 however, bo completely rooted out, till all small I 
 debts, however they originate, be put beyond tlie 
 pale of the law. We have already vindicatod tlie 
 expediency of this measure on other gmiinilj 
 [(^itKDirJ ; and the influence it would have in 
 effectually destroying whatever is most pcrnicjdiu 
 in the truck system, is a weighty additional re 
 commendation in its favour. Were all riL,'lit cfl 
 action upon debts for less than 50/. or lun/."taktii I 
 away, no master would think of ac(]uiriii" a 
 control over the free agency of his workinon^liv 
 getting them in debt to him ; and no workmen 
 would, under such circumstances, submit to ijc 
 directed in his choice of shops or goods, iii,, I 
 case of the Scotch colliers affords a curious iiluj. I 
 tration of what is now stated. Down to 177j 
 these persons were really adsvrinti ykha, or i 
 pra'dial slaves ; that is, they and their dcscoml- 1 
 ants were bound to perpetual service at the works 
 to which they belong, a right to their labour btinL' 
 ac(]uired by any new proprietor to whom the 
 works were sold. The 15 Geo. III. c. 28 was |)a«.st(l ( 
 for the emancipation of the colliers froiu this state 
 of bondage. It, however, failed of pract'^allv 
 accomplishing its object ; for the masters speedily I 
 contrived, by making them advances in anticipa- 1 
 tionof their wages, to retain them as com|ilctciv, 
 as ever under their control. To obviate ihij 
 abuse, the 39 Geo. III. c. 56 was passed; which 
 most properly took from the masters all title (o 
 pursue the colliers for loans, unless advanced lor I 
 the support of the collier and his family durin ' I 
 sickness. This Act had the desired effect; and J 
 the colliers have since been as free as any other I 
 class of labourers. (See edition of the Wealth of\ 
 Nations by the author of this work, p. 172.) laf 
 fact, were small debts put beyond the pale of the i 
 law, it would not be necessary to interfere di- 
 rectly with the truck system; for it would not I 
 then be possible to pervert it to any very injurious I 
 purpose. 
 
 'Ihe following are the principal clauses i- the 
 Act 1 & 2 Wm. IV. c. 37, entitled 'An Act tu 
 prohibit the Payment in certain Trades, of Wages 
 m Goods, or otherwise than in the Current Coin 
 of the itealn;': — 
 
 1. In all contracts hereafter to be made for the 
 hiring of any aitificer in any of the trades herein- 
 after enumerated, or for the performance by any 
 artificer of any labour in any of the said trades, 
 the wages of such artificer shall be made payable 
 only in the current coin of this realm, and not 
 otherwise ; any contract to the contrary being 
 illegal, null, and void. 
 
 2. If such contract contain any sti|)ulation3 as 
 to the maitner in which the wages shall be ex- 
 |)ended, it is void. 
 
 3. Wages must be paid to the workman in coin 
 only. Payment in goods illegal and void. 
 
 4. Artificers may recover wages, if not paid in 
 the current coin. 
 
 5. In an action brought for wages, no set-offi 
 shall be allowed for goods su|)plicd by the em- 
 ployer, or by anj- shop in >,iiich he is in- 
 terested. 
 
 G. No employer shall have any action or suit in 
 equity against his artificer, for goods supplied to 
 him on account of wages, or supplied by any shop 
 in which he has an interest. 
 
 7. If the artificer, or his wife or children, be-j 
 come chargeable to the parish, the overseers may 
 recover any wages earned within the 3 precedingj 
 months, and not paid in cash. 
 
 8. Notuing in this Act is to invalidate the pay 
 ment of wages in bank notes or drafts on any 
 bankers within 15 miles, if artificer consents, 
 
 9. Any employer of any artificer in aiiy of the 
 
,• rooted out, till all small 
 iginntc, be put beyoiul the 
 mvc alreatly viiulicatcil the 
 icasuro oil other Knuiiiilj 
 nHuence it would Imvo in 
 vhatevcr is moat pcriiiriom 
 i» a weij^hty additimml re- 1 
 favour. Were all ri,i,'lit f,f| 
 ess than 50/. or 100/. takm 
 uld think of acciuiriii;; a 
 agency of his workinpii. Iiy 
 to him ; and no workmen 
 rcumstances, submit to V 
 ! of sliops or floods. I'lio 
 liers affords a curious illnj. 
 w stated. Down to 177o, 
 really adscripti gk.b(e. or 
 s, they and their descoml- 
 rpetual service at tiie wurks I 
 a right to their labour being 
 r jjroprictor to whom the 
 15 Geo. III. c. 28 -vn as parsed 
 if the colliers from tins state 
 revcr, failed of pract'nally 
 ct ; for the masters speedily | 
 them advances in anticipa- 
 retain them as completely j 
 control. To obviate thisj 
 I. c. 56 was passed ; which 
 jra the masters all titlf to 
 • loans, unless advanced for 
 )llier and his family durins; 
 lad the desired effect; and 
 3 been as free as any other I 
 lice edition of the WeuUh of\ 
 ir of this work, p. 172.) laf 
 s put beyond the pale of the 
 J necessary to interfere di- 
 c system ; for it would not I 
 rvert it to any very injuriouj | 
 
 ;he principal clauses iv the I 
 . c. 37, entitled ' An Act to 
 in certain Trades, of Wa^es 
 e than in the Current Coin | 
 
 lereafter to be made for the 
 in any of the trades hercin- 
 for the performance by am', 
 in any of the said trade?, i 
 ficcr shall be made payable 
 join of this realm, and not 
 ract to the contrarj- being] 
 
 contain any stipulations as] 
 |ch the wages shall be ex- 
 Mid to the workman in coinj 
 fods illegal and void. 
 Icover wages, if not paid in 
 
 Lght for wages, no set-off 
 
 roods supplied by the em-| 
 
 [hop in i.hich he is i«-| 
 
 ll have any action or suit in 
 Ificer, for goods supplied to 
 las, or supplied by any shop 
 lerest. , 
 
 r his wife or children, be- 
 i parish, the overseers may 
 •ned within the 3 preceding! 
 In cash. 
 
 let is to invalidate the pay 
 tk notes or drafts on any 
 Is, if artificer consents, 
 lany artificer in any of the] 
 
 TRUCK SYSTEM 
 
 lijudes hereinafter enumerated, who shall, byhini- 
 r 'if „r by the agency of any other person directly 
 r.r iiidirectly enter into any contract, or make any 
 iniviiu'i.t hereby declared illegal, shall, for tlu; 
 l^fit oll'enco fiirfeit a sum not exceeding 10/. nor 
 ||.i< tliun 5/., and for the second offence an)' sum 
 I jot exceeding '20/. nor less than 10/., and for a 
 liliird otfence bo shall bo guilty of a misdemeanor, 
 lind be punished by fine only, at the discretion 
 I ( ,i,t court, HO that the fines shall not in any 
 L^c exceed 100/. 
 
 Id. Oifencns shall be enquired of and fines 
 Im'overed Ijoforo 2 justi^'ca, and the amount of 
 lihc tines shall be in the discretion of such justices, 
 lor in eases of misdemeanor, of the court before 
 Lliicb tlie offence may bo tried; and in case of a 
 ■ond offence, it sliall be suflicient evidence of 
 lihe previous conviction, if a certificate, signed by 
 I the otlicor having the custodj' of the record, be 
 winced, stating in a compendious form the 
 jWral nature of the offence. lUit a second or 
 liliird offence shall only be punished as a first 
 |„r second offence, if committed within iO days 
 I liter the prior conviction ; and a fourth or any 
 Ijubscciucnt offence shall be punished as a third 
 I fciici;. Hut no second or third offence shall be 
 |»ro-cciited after more than 2 years from thecom- 
 ILion of the next preceding offence. 
 1 11, Justices may compel the attendance of 
 I titnei'ses, on the request of the parties. Penalty 
 Iformm-attendance without excuse and after proof 
 lidlue service of summons ,t the usual place of 
 I iWe for such persons, 24 hours at least before the 
 Iiiaie appointed for appearance, a commitment to 
 -lie prison within the jurisdi-Jtion of the justices, 
 iiiiut bail or mainprize, for not exceeding 14 
 ,,,. or until such person shall submit to be 
 iBiinincd. . , . 
 
 Jfctions from 12 to 18 inclusive regulate pro- 
 
 1,1. Act only to apply to the following trades : 
 
 I lilting, casting, converting, or manufacturing 
 
 I ('iron or steel, or any parts, branches, or pro- 
 
 \mi thereof; working any mines of coal, iron- 
 
 I Stone, limestone, salt rock ; or working or getting 
 
 «nc, slate, or clay ; or making or preparing salt, 
 
 Iteli3,tiles. orquarrie-s; or making or manufac- 
 
 Vmi any kinds of nails, chains, rivets, anvils 
 
 fie. kevs (fee, or any other articles or hardwares 
 
 mile of iron or steel, or of iron and steel combined, 
 
 I ft of anv plated articles of cutlery, or of any goods 
 
 I w wares made of brass, tin, lead, pewter, or other 
 
 tal, or of any japanned goods or wares whatso- 
 
 imt; or making, spinning, throwing, doubling, 
 
 I liniling, weaving, combing, knitting, bleaching, 
 
 I iveins;. printing, or otherwise preparing any kinds 
 
 IdwooUeu, worsted, yam, stuff", kersey, Mnen, 
 
 lUian, cloth, serge, cotton, 'eather, fur, hemp, 
 
 I kx, mohair, or silk manufactures whatsoever, or 
 
 I my manufactures whatsoever made of the said 
 
 lliit-mentioucd materials, whether the same be 
 
 L lie not mixed one with another ; or making or 
 
 1 (Amrise preparing, ornamenting, or finishing any 
 
 I ^«s, porcelain, china, or earthenware whatso- 
 
 liw.orany parts, branches, or processes thereof, 
 
 ly materials used in any of such last-men- 
 
 I toned trades ; or making or preparing of bone, 
 
 I thread, sibi, or cotton lace, or of lace made of any 
 
 I nixed materials. 
 
 20. Xot to extend to any domestic servant, or 
 I want in husbanctr)'. 
 
 21. No one engaged in any of the trades or 
 I'icctipations enumerated, or his father, son, or 
 |ltDilier, shall act as a justice. 
 
 2^!. County magistrates to act in cases where 
 Ikcse of towns are disqualified as above. 
 23. Xot to prevent any employer from supply- 
 
 TUXIS 
 
 11 8 
 
 ing or confrncting to sup|)ly to any artificer any 
 medicine or medical atteiidaiicp, or any fuel, or 
 any materials, tools, or implciiicnts to be by such 
 artificer ,'mployed in his trade or occupation, if 
 Kucli artificers lie employed in mining, or any hay, 
 corn, or other provend(^r to bo consumed l)y any 
 horse or other beast of burden employed l)y any 
 such artificer in his trade and occujiation ; nor 
 from demising to any artificer employi'd in any 
 of the trades and occupations enurner.ited the 
 whole or any part of any tenement at any rent : 
 nor from sui)plying or contracting to supply to 
 any such artificer any victuals dressed or i)repared 
 under the roof of anv such enipl)yer, and there 
 consumed by such artificer ; nor from nitiking or 
 contracting to make any deduction from the 
 wages of any artificer for an)' such nut, or 
 medicine or nie<lical attendance, or fuel, materials, 
 tools, implements, buy, corn, or provender, or 
 such victuals, or for any money advanced to each 
 artificer for any such purpose ; but such deduction 
 shall not exceed the true value of su(di fuel, 
 materials, tools, iinidemcnts, luiy, corn, and pro- 
 vender, and shall not be in any case made from 
 the wages of such artificer unless the agreement 
 for sucli deduction shall be in writing and signed 
 by such artificer. 
 
 24. Xot to prevent any such cmploj'cr from 
 advancing to any such artificer any monev to be 
 by him contributed to any friendly society or 
 bank for savings, or for his relief in sickness, or 
 for the education of any child of such artificer, 
 nor from deducting or contracting to deduct any 
 money from the wages of such artificers for the 
 education of any such child, provided the agree- 
 ment for such deduction shall be in writing and 
 signed by such artificer. 
 
 25. Workmen, labourers, and other persons in 
 any manner engaged in any employment or ope- 
 ration, in or about the several trades and occu- 
 pations aforesaid, shall be deemed ' artificers ; ' 
 and all masters, bailiff's, foremen, managers, 
 clerks, and other persons engaged in the hiring, 
 employment, or superintendence of the labour of 
 any such artificers shall be deemed to be ' em- 
 ployers : ' and any money or other thing bad or 
 contracted to be paid, or givin as a remuneration 
 for any labour done or to be done, whether within 
 a certain time or to a certain amount, or for a 
 time or an amount uncertain, shall be deemed to 
 be the ' wages ' of such labour ; and any agree- 
 ment, understanding, device, contrivance, collu- 
 sion, or arrangement whatsoever on the subject 
 of \vagcs, whether written or oral, whether direct 
 or indirect, to which the employer and artificer 
 arc parties, or are assenting, or by which they 
 are mutually bound to each other, or whereby 
 either of them shall have endeavoured to impose 
 an obligation on the other of them, shall bo 
 deemed a ' contract.' 
 
 TRUFFLES. A sort of vegetable production, 
 like a mushroom, formed under groiMid. A few 
 have been found in Northamptonshire; they arc 
 pretty abundant in Italy, the south of France, 
 and several other countries. The French are 
 black and warty externally, while the Piedmon- 
 tese are smooth. They are reckoned a great 
 delicacy. The pdtcs aux truffen d Angouleme are 
 highly esteemed, and are sent as presents to very 
 distant places. In 1867 we imported 33,003 lb. 
 of truflles, valued at 18,565/., and exported 284 
 lb. (Brande and Cox's Dictionary of Science 
 and Art ; &c.) 
 
 TUNIS. The capital of the regency of the 
 same name, on the northern coast of Africa, the 
 Golctta fort being in lat. 30° 48' 30" N., long. 
 10° 25' 45" E. The bay of Tunis is somewhat in 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 < ';■ 
 
 1; :.!■!! i 
 
 i' 
 
 , 1! , 
 
I HI,.) 
 
 1488 
 
 TUNIS 
 
 ■ ft 
 
 ,1- - Mj ". I 
 ■ it .'-3 ' 
 
 .'I, 
 
 
 ,1 ., . 
 
 
 " •'/ 
 
 ■i'^i.:'". 
 
 
 ■ii'^ 
 
 the form of n horseshoe. Its western extreinitv, 
 Cnpe Ciirtlinrrp, in Hitimted about 4 niilcs N'.k. 
 from the Cioletta; nml its eastern extremity, 
 Cajie Zafrun, l)eiirM iron Cane, Cnrthaj^c K. I>y 
 H,, tlistaiit about I. '{ miles. The bay is about lO 
 miles deep, and lias good anchorage all over, in 
 from 1(1 to 4 fathoms water. It is exposed to the 
 N. and S.K. gales ; but they seldom occasion 
 any damage. Tunis lies cm the west side of the 
 bay, being separated from it by a large lagoon, 
 having, where deepest, about 7 feet water. Tlie 
 port is at the (Jnletta, or channel, passing through 
 the narrow belt of land separating the lagoon from 
 the sen ; the entrance to it is by a cannl, in 
 which tliere is at all times l.'i feet water; and 
 ships may use it on paying n fee of 3 dollars a-day. 
 It is not, however, much resorted to; all vessels 
 of considerr.ble burden loading and unloading 
 from their moorings in the bav, by means of 
 lighters. 'J'he population of I'lmis has been 
 variously estimated at from lOO.OOO to l."}0,0()(), 
 being the most populous of any African city after 
 Cairo, 'i'lie streets are narrow, unpavcd, and 
 filthy. The buildings, though of stone, are mean 
 and poor ; and the inhabitants present the picture 
 of poverty and oppression. There is a fort at the 
 Goletta, of consideraljle strength, 
 
 Trade. — Notwithstanding the various draw- 
 backs arising out of the nature of the govern- 
 ment, and the ignorance and prejudices of the 
 people, connnerce and industry are in a more 
 advanced state in Tunis than in any other part 
 of Northern Africa, Kgypt excepted. Though 
 subject to droughts, the climate is, on the whole, 
 excellent. The soil still preserves that exuberant 
 fertility for which it was famous in antiquity. 
 
 Non quicqiiU! I.ibvrls telit 
 
 Fltv( ns area meuibus. (Scnec. In Thyfst. ) 
 
 It seldom receives any other manure than that 
 of someiimes burning the weeds and stubble; 
 and yet, in despite of its slovcnlv culture, the 
 crops are luxuriant ; and there is generally a 
 considerable excess of wheat and barley for ex- 
 portation. Corn is principally shipped at Biserta, 
 about 50 miles west of Tunis. Olive oil is one of 
 the principal articles of cxpo't. It is of various 
 qualities ; some good, and some very indifferent, 
 Susa is said to be the best place for its shipment. 
 Soa]) of an excellent quality is largely manufac- 
 tured ill the regency. It may be had either soft 
 or in wedges. The soft is made of barilla and 
 pure oil, and is much esteemed. The hard soap 
 IS made from the lees of oil, and is reckoned very 
 strong. The principal soap-works are at Susa. 
 Little, however, is prepared on a speculative 
 anticipation of a demand for exportation; but 
 any quantity may be had by contracting for it a 
 few months before the period when it is wanted. 
 A sort of woollen scull-caps are largely exported. 
 They are in extensive demand all over the 
 Levant, and are nowhere made in such perfection 
 as here. Ivory and gold dust, hides, wax, mo- 
 rocco leather, sponge, barilla, coral, dates, ostrich 
 feathers tfcc. are among the articles of export. 
 
 The imports from Europe consist of woollens, 
 coarse German linens, cotton stuffs, hardware, 
 sugar, coffee, spices, tin plates, gunpowder, lead, 
 alum, dye stuffs, wine, silk, Spanish wool A'c. 
 There is very little direct trade between Tunis 
 and England ; but a good deal is indirectly carried 
 on, through the intervention of Malta and Gib- 
 rr.ltar. Alarseilles has probably the largest share 
 of the trade with the regency. The value of the 
 exports to Tunis of British produce and manu- 
 factures, chiefly cotton, was in 1845, 102,077/., 
 and in 18G7, 67,204/., while the value of our 
 imports sent thence in 1867 was C,325/. 
 
 Exclusive of the trade bv 3e;i, n ooii>iil(.rii 
 trade is carried on between Tun' .md the inii'ril 
 of Africa, by means of caravans. Those inii, 
 slaves, gold dust, ivory, feathers, drugs itc. liu 
 carrv black cotton stuffs, linens, hardware, spltii 
 cod' neal ifec. 
 
 Iwival and military stores imported liitdTuiii 
 pay no dutv. Other articles pav a duty nl' ;) | 
 cent, ad valorem on a rated tariff. ObMniciioij 
 arising out of monopolies &c. are o('(iisii„i;iif 
 thrown in the way of exportation ; and in icineJ 
 it is necessary, before proceeding toship, tiMilitiJ 
 a thlierij, or iicense to that effect, from ilic hcj 
 That, however, may be, for the most part, pi 
 cured without much ditliculty. 
 
 Money. — Accounts are kept in piastres of 
 carobns or ,52 aspcrs. The piastre is worth .\\w 
 1,1. \d. sterling. The asper is an ini,i;,'in,n 
 money. The value of foreign coins depends ( 
 the state of the exchange. 
 
 Weiijhts.—iUM, silver, and pearls are wciijlii 
 by the ounce of « ineticals; l(i of these cjuini 
 make the Tunis pound = 7,7 73'.5 Kng. grs. T| 
 principal commercial weight is the cantan 
 taining 100 lb., or rottoli, being c(piivakiit i 
 1 ll-O.^ lb. avoird., or 50-;)6 kilog. 
 
 Measures. — The principal corn measuro is tl 
 cadz, divided into 16 whibns; and the wliilwiij 
 12 sahas. One ca(iz = 14J imperial bushel: 
 
 The wine measure is the milleroUe of mJ 
 8eilles=14'i imp. gallons, or ()4-33 litres. It) 
 divided into CJ initrcs. Tlinprincipal oil mcasif 
 is the metal or mettars-O-ViS wine gallons 
 19'39 litres; but it is of different diMien.sioiis 
 different parts of the country; and is lar^'crl 
 Susa, whence most of the oil is exported, tliaa| 
 Tunis. 
 
 The pic, or principal long measure, is nfl 
 sorts; viz. the pic woollen measure =2(l'.j V.\ 
 inches; the pic silk mens ure= 24*8 do. ; and 
 pic linen measure = 18'6 do. 
 
 For further particulars see that cliiiptcvl 
 .Shaw's Travels hi Barbary &, c. (one of rlio ml 
 learned and excellent works of the kind in : 
 English language), that treats of the kingdoa 
 'Tunis;' Macgills Accovnt of Tunis, \mfi\.^ 
 Jackson's Commerce of the Mediterranean, 
 5.5-56 ; Kelly's "^ambiat ; Farl. Papers ; iti', 
 
 KuiNs OK Cakthaoe. — The famous city] 
 Carthage, one of the greatest emporiums of 
 ancient world, long the mistress of the so.i, i 
 the most formidable enemy of Kome, was situa| 
 near the cape which still bears her name, «l> 
 10 miles north-east from Tunis. Such, howc\| 
 have been the alterations on the coast, that 
 port of the city, within whose ample cxpa^ 
 whole navies used to ride, is now wholly lilled i 
 antiquaries differ ns to its situation ; and thc( 
 has in some places receded from 2 to 3 iiiilos IW 
 the ruins of the buildings by which it was fl 
 nierly skirted. The common sewers arc still iq 
 very perfect state, as are several cisterns, pun 
 reservoirs, and other remains of that sort, w\ 
 the fragment of a noble aqueduct that siippll 
 the city with water. But besides these .iiif 
 very few Punic inscriptions that have been ( 
 up,' there is nothing left to attest the aiioi* 
 grandeur and magnificence of the city, orl 
 identify it with the illustrious people by wliorr 
 was founded and occupied till its destruction J 
 Scipio Nasica. There are no temples, no tnuJ 
 phnl arches, no granite columns or obelisks covcj 
 with Phoenician characters, and no ancient enl 
 blaturcs. These have all fallen a sacriliccf 
 hostile attacks, or to the destroying liaud| 
 time. 
 
 Nunc ii.Tssim, vijt reliqulas, vl» nomina servans 
 Obrultur, iirupriU non ngnoscenda ruiim. 
 
radc bv so.i, n rniKiilcralJ 
 wcoii 'I'liir ind tliciiiicril 
 >( rnriivnn*. Thcsu ini|. 
 V, fcatlHii-M, (IriiKM itc. I'll] 
 iHh, linens, hardware, s|iic(< 
 
 stores imported into 'i'liiii 
 articles pav n duty nC ,! |J 
 , rated tariff. Oli^iriiriinil 
 p(dies (fee. are iiocasidMall 
 exportation ; ami in ircntrf 
 proceeding to sliii i, ti m ilitjil 
 > that etl'ect, from I lie Ik| 
 he, for the most pan, |ii'| 
 litliculty. 
 
 arc kept in piastres ot' 
 The piastre is worth alid 
 ic asper is an ima;'iiia| 
 )f foreign coins dcpi'iuU 
 mge. 
 
 ver, and pearls arc wci^'li^ 
 leticals: l(i of tliesc cmii1(^ 
 id = 7,'73v5 Knj;. f;rs. 
 weight is the oaiitarn. c* 
 rottoli, being C(piivakiit f 
 50-;iG kilog. 
 
 incipal corn measuro is II 
 whibas; and the wlilliaiij 
 = 14 J imperial biishfls. 
 ; is the millerollu of Hi 
 lions, or (!4-3;J litres, hi 
 5. The principal (lilnicasiJ 
 tar=r)'125 wine f,'all()iis,| 
 I of different dinicii^iuiiH I 
 i country ; and is lar^'or I 
 f the oil is exported, tiiaal 
 
 TUiunirr 
 
 Ith mntilated frnKments of buildings na still 
 jjain are evidently the work of a later age; of 
 (sc wlio occupied the city between the period 
 k<n ft colony was sent to it l)y Augustus, and 
 liiiml subversion by the Saracens in the seventh 
 
 itiin'- 
 
 flUliBITII orTUllPKTlI. The cortical part 
 
 IlliP root of a species of Cnnvnlmdtia, brought 
 
 ..different parts of the Kast Iiulies. It is a 
 
 jrijli root about the thickness of the linger, 
 
 Uoiis, heavy, of a brownish hue without and 
 
 psh within. It is imported cloven iu the 
 
 adlc, lengthwis' , and the heart or woody 
 
 flier taken out. The best is ponderous, not 
 
 inldcd, easy to break, and discovers to the eye 
 
 IjitKC (piantity of resinous matter. At first it 
 
 ikes an impression of sweetness on the taste ; 
 
 tvilicn chewed for some time, betrays a nause- 
 
 Btcrimony. It is I'scd in medicine, but only 
 
 Lsmall extent. (Lewis's Mut, Med.) 
 
 linuuTii [MisEKAi.]. The name given by 
 
 mists to the subsulphate of mercury. 
 IlL'RBOT (Plenronectes maximus). A wcll- 
 \m and hignly esteemed species of fish. Very 
 diulcrablc qiiantitics of turbot are now taken on 
 im parts of our coasts, from the Orkneys to 
 |i Land's Ki'.d, yet a preference is given in the 
 jion markets to those caught by the Dutch. 
 K latter are said to have sometimes drawn as 
 Bch ai 80,000/. in a single year, for turbots sold 
 llcndon. 
 
 Iftesli turbots, however taken, or in whatever 
 If imported, may be imported free of duty. 
 fiiii.] 
 
 llURKEV. [Constantinople ; Gai.acz ; 
 \nvf.-, Smviina; Thkbizond; Ac] 
 llUKMEUIC. The root of the Curcuma longa. 
 If externally greyish, and internally of a deep 
 idy yellow or saftVon colour ; very hard ; and 
 tiiiilikp, either in figure or size, to ginger. 
 t« should be preferred which is large, new, 
 mv, diftieult to break, and heavy. It is im- 
 I'rom Bengal, Java, China &c. Small 
 intities of it have also been grown in England. 
 fins a somewhat aromatic, and not very agree- 
 ilt, smell ; and a bitterish, slightly acrid, but 
 dtr warm taste. It used to be in considerable 
 mation as a medicine ; and is extensively used 
 jiiidia for culinary purposes, entering into the 
 npositioii of curry powder and other articles ; 
 ^Europe, it is only used as a dye. It yields a 
 utiful bright yellow colour; which, however, 
 Jatrerjcly fugitive, and no means hare hitherto 
 adiicovercd of fixing it. It is sometimes em- 
 *v(d to heighten the yellows made with weld, 
 J to give an orange tint to scarlet; but the 
 ide imparted by the turmeric soon disappears. 
 iLfwis's Mat. Med, ; Bancroft On Colours, vol. i. 
 l!i6; Bri<i's/i Pharmacopaia, 1867.) 
 J He duties on turmeric, after being reduced in 
 tm were wholly repealed in 1845. The imports, 
 jiich have been much augmented since 1850, 
 JMnted in 18C7 to 1,841 tons, valued at 40,555/. ;. 
 |l(^^expo^ts during the same year being 1,397 
 I*. The price of turmeric in London in. 1867 
 I* from 18/. 3s. to 22/. 7s. per ton. The 
 my and Sindc bring the lowest, and the 
 IHal ami Pegu the highest price. 
 I IIRPENTINE (Ger. terpentin ; Fr. tdre^en- 
 pe; Ital. trementina; Russ. skipidar; Pol, 
 l>p«ityiiR). There are several species of turpen- 
 pt.kt all of them possess the same general and 
 limical properties. 
 
 1 1. Common Turpentine is a rcsinons juice which 
 Indesfrom the Scotch fir or wild pine (Pinas 
 ■•tiilris). The trees which are most exposed to 
 V*m, and have the thickest barks, yield it in 
 
 TFRPKNTiyE 
 
 1489 
 
 the greatest abundance, Thcv begin to produco 
 it when about 40 years old. 'I'he bark of the tree 
 is wouniled and the turpentine flows out in drops, 
 which fall into a hole, or sort of cup, previously 
 dug at the foot of the tree, holding about 1 J pint. 
 It is purified by being exposed to li(iUL'fy in the 
 sun's rays, in barrels perforated in the l)ott()m, 
 llirough'which it filters. In the United States, 
 the collection of turpentine is confided chiefiy to 
 negroes, each of whom has the charge of from 
 3,000 to 4,000 trees. The process lasts all the 
 year, although the incisions are not made in the 
 "trees till the middle of March, and the flow of the 
 turpentine generally ceases about the end of Octo- 
 ber. The boxes are emptied 5 or 6 times during 
 the vear; and it is estimated that 250 boxes will 
 liro(fuco a barrel weighing 320 lb. Turpentine has 
 a strong, somewhat fragrant odour, and a liitter, 
 disagreeable taste ; its consistence is greater than 
 that of honey ; its colour dirty yellow ; and it is 
 more opaque than the other sorts. We import it 
 chiefly from the United States, 
 
 2. Venice Turpentine is the produce of the 
 larch (Pinus Larix), It is obtained by boring a 
 hole into the heart of the tree about 2 feet from 
 the ground, and fitting into it a small tube 
 through which the turpentine flows into vessels 
 prepared for its reception. It is purified by strain- 
 ing through cloths, or hair sieves. It is more 
 fluid, having the consistence of new honey, a yel- 
 lowish colour, and is less unpleasant to the smell 
 and taste than the common turpentine. Genuine 
 Venetian turpentine is principally obtained from 
 the forests of IJaye, in Provence; but much of 
 that to be found in tlic shops comes from America, 
 and is, perhaps, obtained from a different species 
 of Hr, 
 
 3. Curuidian Balsam, or Turpentine, is obtained 
 from incisions in the bark of the Pinus Msamea, 
 a native of the coldest regions of North America, 
 It is imported in casks, each containing about 1 
 cwt. It has a strong, not disagreeable odour, and 
 a bitterish taste; is transparent, whitish, and has 
 the consistence of copaiva balsam. [Hai.sam.] 
 
 4. Chian, or Cyprus Turpentine, is obtained 
 from the Pistacia Terehinthus, a native of the 
 north of Africa and the south of Europe, and cul- 
 tivated in Chios and Cyprus. It flows out of 
 incisions mode in th« bark of the tree in the 
 month of July ; and is subsequently strained and 
 purified. It has a fragrant odour, a moderately 
 warm taste, devoid of acrimony or bitterness, and 
 a white or very pale yellow colour ; it is about as 
 consistent as thick honey, is clear, transparent, 
 and tenacious. From its comparative high price, 
 Chian turpentine is seldom procured genuine, 
 being for the most part adulterated either with 
 Venetian or common turpentine. The different 
 species of turpentine may be dissolved in rectified 
 spirit, or pure alcohol ; and, by distillation, they 
 all give similar oils, which, from their being dis- 
 tilled (and not from any resemblance to alcohol, 
 or spirits properly so called), are vulgarly termed 
 spirit of turpentine. If the distillation be per- 
 formed with water, the produce is an essential oil, 
 the common spirit of turpentine ; and if the dis- 
 tillation be carried on in a retort, without water, 
 the product is more volatile and pungent — a con- 
 centrated oil, as it were — and is called the ethe- 
 real spirit of turpentine. The residuum that is 
 left, in both cases, is a brownish resinous mass, 
 brittle, capable of being melted, highly inflam- 
 mable, insoluble in water, but mixing freelj' with 
 oils : it is the common rosin of commerce, {_Lib. 
 of Entert. Knowledge, Vegetable Substances ; 
 'i'homson's Di^ensntorg.) 
 
 In 1867 our imports of common turpentine were 
 5C 
 
 ii 
 
 t 
 
 •'I 
 
 1 ,-!» 
 
•tf' 
 
 'V 
 
 
 
 
 ' ' s 
 
 
 
 
 
 1400 TUHPENTINK, OIL OF 
 
 40,085 cwt., vnliicd iit l'.),ll!i/. ( )vit two-thiriln 
 of tliiH qiiniititv caiiic Irdiii tlie I'liitt'd Stnlcs. 
 
 TUUrKNTfNK, OIL OF ((Jtr. tcii.ciitiiiiil; 
 Fr. can ilc rnzf, IiuIUmU' tiTcbcnlhiiu' ; Unl. nn|iin 
 <li tmn; iSpnn. iiKonrfu*)- '•"''*! cfsc^iitinl oil drawn 
 from tiiriicntiiK! by distillatinn. ThiTu arc two 
 KortH (if thtH oil: the bcHt, red; and the mtoikI, 
 white. It is vcrv cxfi'iisividy used by Iioumo 
 pnintcrH, and in tiic nmnufnctiirc of vnrnisb, in 
 medicine 4c. The distillers have been cliarKi'd with 
 usinn it in the jircparntion of fjin. Oil of tiirpcn- 
 tinc is very often adulterated. That used in me- 
 dicine in limpid, colourless, with a strong jireuliar 
 odour, and pungent and bitter taste. In IHCiT we 
 exported 7(5,71)1 gallons, valued at 12,H2t/., (^liielly 
 to India and Australia. (^Uritish PharmacupwM, 
 1867.) 
 
 TUKQUOISE (Ger. tUrkiss; Fr. turquoise; 
 Ital. turuhina; Span, turqucsa). A ]irecions 
 stono, in considerable estimation. 
 
 Its colour, which is its principal recommenda- 
 tion, is a beautiful celestial blue, which ciianges 
 into palo blue, bud is sometimes tinged with 
 green. Spccitic gravity, 2'0. It possesses a some- 
 what waxy lustre, and is somewhat translucent, 
 although gcnerall}' opaque. It is much worn in 
 necklaces, and every part of ornamental jewellery, 
 from the size of a pin's head to that of an almond : 
 it contrasts beautifully with brilliants, or pearls, 
 BCt in fine gold, and appears to most advantage 
 when cut spheroidal. (Mawc On Diamonds, 2nd 
 ed. p. 129; Kmanuel On DiatnotuJs, pyi. 179 — 190.) 
 Real turquoises arc exclusively furnished by 
 Persia. The mines whence they arc obtained are 
 situated near Nishapore. They are thj property 
 of the Crown, and are farmed to the highest bid- 
 der. They bring a rent of from 2,000/, to 2,700/. 
 a-year. (Fraser^ Travels on the Shores of the 
 Caspian, pp. 343-347.) 
 TURTLE SHELLS. [Toutoisk Siiei.i.s.J 
 TUTENAGUE. The name given in commer- 
 cial language to the zinc or spelter of China. 
 [Zinc. J 
 
 But It is improperly applied ; for the article to 
 which the Portuguese originally gave the name 
 of tutenag, is, in fact, the gong metal of the 
 Chinese, that is, an alloy of copper and tin. It is 
 harder than zinc, though less so than iron, sono- 
 rous, compact, and has Bomo malleability. The 
 Aresh fracture is brilliant, but soon tarnishes. It 
 is made by melting 100 catties of the mineral 
 called hung-tung or red copper, with 25 catties of 
 tin, and running it, when intended for gongs, into 
 a thin plate. The sonorous nuality of these in- 
 struments is owing chiefly to long-continued and 
 expert hammering, and their price depends in 
 great measure upon the sound. Other instru- 
 ments are also made of this alloy, as well as 
 wash-basins, dishes, and small bells. Notwith- 
 standing the prohibition which formerly existed 
 against exportmg unwrought metals from China, 
 it is supposed that previously to 1820 about 2,500 
 tons tutenague were annually sent to India and 
 the Malay coimtries. But this exportation has 
 been superseded by the supplies of zinc which 
 India &c. now get from Europe, and which is 
 better fitted for the purposes to which tutenague 
 was applied. European zinc is, also, finding its 
 way to China. The export price of tutenague 
 varies from 14 to 40 dols. per picul. Large gongs 
 sell at from 40 to 50 eta. per catty. Small ones 
 at half that price. (C7iinese Commercial Guide, 
 p. 199.) 
 
 TYPES. The value of printing types and 
 materials for printing exported from this countrj' 
 in 1867 (chiefl}' to India, Australia, and the 
 United States) was 68,094/. 
 
 TYIU-: 
 
 TVUI'.. The iirineipal cily of riKeniciii, niiil 
 the moHt celebrated einporiimi of the aiiiimi 
 world. This famous city was situated on il,,. 
 S.i;. coast of tlie Mediterranean, wliere tiic in- 
 considerable town of Tsonr now stands, in Im, 
 :!;to 17' N., long. 35° 14' 3.1'' K. 'I'lie trade tlmt i, 
 at [)reseiit carried on at Tsour is too tritliii;; lo 
 deserve notice ; but as this work is iuteiiilcil td 
 give some account, however imperfeet. of tlie re- I 
 vohitiuns in the channels of commercial inter- | 
 prise, wo may, perhaps, be excused for sulnnitliiij,' 
 a few statements with rcHj)ect to the coinrnerce 
 carried on by so renowied a jicople ns the | 
 Tyrians. 
 
 Tyre was founded by a colony from Siiion, tlicl 
 most ancient of the Phcrnician cities. Tlie date I 
 of this event is not certainly known, but l.anhctj 
 supposes it to have been 1,61(0 years before the I 
 Christian era. (Chrotioloaie d'llerodote, caii. ii, 
 p. 131.) It is singidar, that while Homer men- 
 tions Sidon, he. takes no notice of Tyre, whose J 
 glory speedily eclipsed that of the motlier cliy; 
 but this is no conclusive proof that the hitler w-asj 
 not in his time a considerable cmiioriurn. Tho 
 prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezckiel, who 
 flourished from 700 to 600 years before (,'lirist,| 
 represent Tyro as a citj' of u'lrivalled ivcalthJ 
 whose 'merchants were princes, and her tralllc-I 
 kcrs the honourable of the earth.' Originally, tlioj 
 city was built on tho main land : but haviiit;becn 
 besieged for a lengthened period by the Habylouiaij 
 monarch Nebuchadnezzar, the inhabitaiics cnvA 
 veyed themselves and their goods to an island ad 
 a little distance, where a new city was foiituledJ 
 which enjoyed an increased degree of celebrity aiitf 
 commercial prosperitv. The old city was, on tha| 
 account, entitled Palictyre, and the other siin|il 
 Tyre. Tho new city continued to flourish, exi 
 tending its colonies and its commerce on all Mdca 
 till it was attacked by Alexander the Groat, ThJ 
 resistance made by the Tyrians to that coiKnicrol 
 showed that they had not been enervated bj 
 luxury, and that their martial virtues were no 
 Avise inferior to their commercial skill niul cntcij 
 prise. The overthrow of tho Persian empire wai 
 effected with less difiiculty thou the capture o 
 this tingle city. The victor had not the ma(,Tiani| 
 mity to treat the vanquished as their heroic coiidiicT 
 deserved. In despite, however, of the crucltiej 
 inflicted on the city, she rose again to cciwide^ 
 able eminence. But the foundation of Alexaii 
 dria, bv diverting the commerce that had formcrlj 
 centred at Tyre into a new channel, gave her aP 
 irreparable blow ; and she gradually declined tiU 
 consistently with the denunciation of the pr(iiibc| 
 her palaces have been levelled with the dust, m 
 she has become ' a place for the spreading of nef 
 in the midst of the sea.' 
 
 Commerce, Colonies ^c. of Tyre.— Phcenicia wj 
 one of the smallest countries of antiquity. 1 
 occupied that part of the Syrian coast whid 
 stretches from Aradus (the modem Rouad) on tM 
 north, to a little below Tyre on the south, a dij 
 tance of about 50 leagues. Its breadth was iniid 
 less consideroble, being for the most part bound^ 
 by Mount Libanus to the east, and Mount Can- 
 on the south. The surface of this narrow tra 
 was generally rugged and mountainous ; and I 
 soil in the valleys, though moderately fertile, dl 
 not afford sufficient supplies of food to feed t| 
 population. Libanus and its dependent ridg 
 were, however, covered with timber suitable t 
 ship-building ; and besides Tyre and Sidon, 1 iifl 
 nicia possessed the ports of Tripoli, Byblos, tfcfl 
 tus Ac. In this situation, occupying a coiinq 
 unable to supply them with sufticient quantitr 
 of corn, hemmed in by mountains, and by powi 
 
cily iif riinMiicin, nnd 
 |ioriiiin iif till' iiiii'iiiii 
 f wns situnU'tl on ili{' 
 rrnnoan, where the in- 
 imr MOW Htaiiils, in Im, 
 ,r>" K. The trade that ii 
 
 THdur JH too trilliiit; to 
 his wiirl4 is inteiiiled tn 
 ver iniiierl'eet. of tlic rc- 
 \a of I'oniinereial enter- ! 
 c exciispd for mihinittiii^ [ 
 cspcet to the. comniorce 
 Wind a jicople ns ihel 
 
 a colony from Sidon, the 
 niicinu cities. Tlie date [ 
 ^inly known, but Lairlicr I 
 ;n i.tV.K) years l)eforc liic I 
 h)q'te d'lieniiliite, eiip, ii, 1 
 I tliat while Homer nicn-| 
 ,o notice of Tyre, wliosel 
 that of the mother city 
 proof that the latter wasj 
 lidcrablc emporium. Tho 
 jifth, and Kzckiel, who 
 GOO years before (,'hristJ 
 ity of u'lrivalled wiallhj 
 
 ■ princes, and her trii(lic-j 
 he earth.' Ori>;inally, tlia 
 ain land : but havinj; bfcn 
 d period by the liabylouiaij 
 zar, the inhabitants cnn'j 
 ,heir goods to an island ad 
 ! a new city was fomuii'dJ 
 used degree of celebrity ana 
 
 The old city was, on thai 
 tyre, and the" other siniijljT 
 continued to flourish, ed 
 1 its commerce on all sidca 
 Alexander the Great, ThI 
 
 Tyrians to that cenciuciol 
 d not been enervated bj 
 
 ■ martial virtues were na 
 jommercial skill and cnletj 
 of tho Persian empire w« 
 iculty than the capture o 
 ictor had not the magnanM 
 ished as their heroic cunil\\<f 
 
 however, of the crueltia 
 jhe rose again to ccnsidei 
 the foundation of AlexaiJ 
 oinmercc that had formerlj 
 , new channel, gave her af 
 she gradually declined till 
 enunciation of the propuc^ 
 levelled with the dust, an 
 BC for the spreading of i 
 
 ifc. of Tyre.— Phoenicia w« 
 
 lountries of antiipiity. I 
 
 f the Syrian coast whiq 
 
 (the modem Rouad) on tB 
 
 Tyre on the south, a du 
 
 les. Its breadth was mud 
 
 /• for the most part beund< 
 
 Jhe east, and Mount Carm' 
 
 irface of this narrow tia 
 
 and mountainous ; and t 
 
 ugh moderately fertile, c 
 
 upplies of food to feed t 
 
 and its dependent ridg 
 
 i with timber suitable I 
 
 mdesTyreandSulon.ll* 
 
 ts of Tripoli, Byblos,lic^ 
 
 tion, occupying a co;nui 
 
 ■ with sufficient quantit. 
 mountains, and by pow* 
 
 TYKH 
 
 ful and warlike neighbours, on the one hand, anil lIlHiiles. 
 having, on the other, the wide expanse of the 
 Meiliterrnnean, Ktudded with ishuxls, and siir- 
 ninndcd by fertile coinitries, to invite tin; enter- 
 prise of her citizens, they were naturally led to 
 uiipigc in maritime ami commercial adventures ; 
 nnd became the Ixihlest and most experienced 
 nuiriners, and the greatest discoverers, of ancient , 
 times. 
 
 1491 
 
 acqui- 
 
 iif its 
 
 The furuier was a very valuable 
 
 sition, from its pri).\ii«ity, tho nuinlier 
 
 j jMirts, its fertility, and the variety of its vegetable 
 
 ' and mineral pru'luctions. Having ])assed siicccs* 
 
 I sively into (ireece, Italy, and Sardinia, they 
 
 i proceeded to explore tlie southern shores of France 
 
 I and Spain, and tue northern shores of Africa. 
 
 I They afterwards adventured upon the Allnntic; 
 
 I and were the first peuplu whose flag was displayed 
 
 From the remotest antiquity, a considerable i beytmd the pillars of Hercules. (Mons Cali>e 
 
 trade seems to have Iteen carried on Itetween the ' and Mons Aliyla, the Gibraltar and Ceuta of 
 
 Eastern and Western worlds. The spices, drugs, , modern times.)' 
 
 prc<ions stones, and other valuable products of (.)f the colonies of Tyre, (lades, now Cadiz, was 
 Arabia nnd India, have always been highly [ one of tho most ancient and important. It is 
 esteemed in Kurope, and have been exchangcil | supposed by M. de St. Croix to ha: '! originally 
 for the gohl and silver, the tin, wines Ac. of the i been distinguished by the name of Tartcssus or 
 latter. At the first dawn of authentic history, we ; Tarshish, mentioned in the sacred writings. (Dt 
 
 find Phcpnicia the nrincipal centre of this com 
 meroe. Her inhabitants arc designated in the 
 early sacred writings by tho name of Canaanites 
 —a term which, in the language of the Kast, 
 means merchants. The products of Arabia, India, 
 Persia 4c. were originally conveyed to her by 
 coni|)anies of travelling merchants, or caravans; 
 which seem to have licen constituted in the same 
 way, and to have performed exactly the same 
 part in the commerce of the Kast, in the days of 
 Jacob, that they do at present. (Gen. xxxvii. 
 2a &c.) At a later period, however, in the reigns 
 of David and Solomon, the Phoenicians, liavmg 
 formed an alliance with the Hebrews, acquired 
 the ports of Klath and Kzion-geber, at the north- 
 cast extremity of the Ked Sea. Here they fitted 
 out fleets, which traded with the ports on that 
 gea, and probably with those of southern Arabia, 
 the west coast of India, and Ethiopia. The ships 
 are said to have visited Ophir; and a great deal of 
 erudition has been expended in attempting to 
 determine the exact situatitm of that emporium 
 or country. We agree, however, with Heeren, in 
 thinking that it was not the name of any par- 
 ticular place ; but that it was a sort of general 
 designation given to the coasts of Arabia, India, 
 and Africa, bordering on the Indian Ocean; 
 somewhat in the same loose way as we now use 
 the terms East and West Indies. (See the chapter 
 mt\\e Navigation and Commerce of the PhiBHwians, 
 in the translation of Hceren's work.) 
 
 The distance of the Red Sea from Tyre being 
 very considerable, the conveyance of goods from 
 the one to the other by land must have been 
 tedious and expensive. To lessen this incon- 
 venience, the Tyrians, shortly after they got 
 possession of Elath and Ezion-gcber, seized upon 
 Khinocnlura, the port in the Mediterranean nearest 
 to the Ked Sea. The products of Arabia, India 
 &c., being carried hither by the most compendious 
 tuuie, were then put on board ships, and conveyed 
 by a brief and easy voyage to Tyre. If we except 
 the transit by Egypt, this was the shortest and 
 most direct, and for that reason, no doubt, the 
 cheapest, channel by which the commerce between 
 Southern Asia and Europe could then be conducted. 
 But it is not believed that the Phocnieians pos- 
 sessed any permanent footing on the Ked Sea 
 sfter the death of Solomon. The want of it does 
 not, however, seem to have sensibly aflFected their 
 trade; and Tyre continued, till the foundation of 
 Alexandria, to be the grand emporium for Eastern 
 ftoducts, with which it was abundantly supplied 
 by caravans from Arabia, the bottom of the 
 Persian Gulf and from Babylon, by way of 
 Palmyra. 
 
 The commerce of the Phoenicians with the 
 countries bordering on the Mediterranean was 
 siill more extensive and valuable. At an early 
 P«ti(xl, they established settlements in Cyprus and 
 
 I'l'tat et ilu sort des anciennen Colonies, p. 14,) 
 Iloercn, on tho other hand, contends, ns in the 
 case of Oiihir, that by Tarshish is to be understood 
 the whole southern part of Spain, which was 
 early occupied and settled by Phtt'nieian colo- 
 nists. (Sec also Iluet, Commerce dfs Ancieni^ 
 cap. 8.) At all events, it is certain that Cadiz 
 early became the centre of a commerce that ex- 
 tended all along the coasts of Europe as far as 
 liritain. and perhaps the Ilaltic. There can be 
 no doubt that by the Cassiteridcs, i,r Tin Islands, 
 visited by the 'Phoenicians, are to be understood 
 the Scilly Islands and Cornwall. [Tin.] The 
 navigation of the Phoenicians probably, also, 
 extended a considerable way along the western 
 coast of Africa; of this, however, no details have 
 reached us. 
 
 But, of all tho colonies founded by Tyre, 
 Carthago has been by far the most celebrated. It 
 was at first only a simple factory ; but was 
 materially increased by the arrival of a large body 
 of colonists, forced by dissensions nt home to leave 
 their native land, about 883 yearti before Christ. 
 {St. -Croix, p, 20.) Imbued with the enterprising 
 mercantile spirit of their ancestors, the Cartha- 
 ginians rose, in no very long period, to the highest 
 eminence as a naval and commercial state. The 
 settlements founded by the Phoenicians in Africa, 
 Spain, Sicily &c. gradually fell into their hands ; 
 and after tho destruction of Tyre by Alexander, 
 Cartilage engrossed a large share of the commerce 
 of which it iiad previously been the centre. The 
 subsequent history of Carthage, and the misfor- 
 tunes by which she was overwhelmed, are well 
 known. We shall only, therefore, observe, that 
 commerce, instead of being, as some shallow 
 theorists have imagined, tho cause of her decline, 
 was the real source of her power and greatness ; 
 the means by which she was enabled to wage a 
 lengthened, doubtful, and desperate contest with 
 Rome herself for the empire of the world. 
 
 The commerce and navigation of Tyre probably 
 attained their maximum from 650 to 650 years 
 before Christ, At that period the Tyrians were 
 the factors and merchants of the civilised world ; 
 and they enjoyed an undisputed pre-eminence in 
 maritime ailairs. The prophet Ezekiel (chap, xxvii,) 
 has described in magnificent terms the glory of 
 Tyre; and has enumerated several of the most 
 valuable productions found in her markets, and 
 the countries whence they were brought. The fir 
 trees of Senir (Hermon), the cedars of Lebanon, 
 the oaks of Bashan (the cojntry t« the east of 
 Galilee), the ivory of the Indies, the fine linen of 
 Egypt, and the purple and hyacinth of the isles^ 
 of J'Aishah (Peloponnesus), are specified among 
 the articles used for her snips. The inhabitants 
 of Sidon, Arvad (Aradus), Gebel (Byblos), served 
 her as mariners and carpenters. Gold, silver, 
 lead, tin, iron, nd vessels of brass; slaves, horses, 
 6c2 
 
1402 
 
 TYHK 
 
 
 /r;' ') 
 
 i; lien 
 1, null 
 
 A 
 
 ■-■>' 
 
 |iro<'iiiii« HttiiicM, 
 mid nirnl; client, linlin, fmiioy, nil, Hpit'CM, iiiiil 
 ^iiiiiH ; wiiKs wool, niid Hilk, iiru nitMilioiicd nx 
 lM"inf{ liroiiKlit into 'lie port of 'K\Xff l>y ncii, or to 
 itH inarkclHliv land, from Syriii, Araliin,'l>ainnHuiiH, 
 (ircoi'f, TarMtiinli, and oiIut planoH, the t^xnct nili! 
 of wliicli it i^ ilitlU'iilt to dolcrininc. Tliuro in, in 
 Dr. Viiioont'n Cummeree. iiiitl Niiviijiition of ll"' 
 Ancifiitu ill (lie Indian Ocean (v(d. ii, pp. tJ'JI— ti.Vi), 
 an elaborate and (like tlio other parts of that 
 work) jirolix cotnniontary on thin chapter of 
 K/.ckiel, in which most of tlie iiaineM of the thinfiH 
 and places mentioned arc Hatinfaotorily explained, 
 (lleeren On the J'hnnician^, cap. iv.) 
 
 Such. aceordiiiK to the inspired writer, was 
 Tyre, the 'Queen of the wateru' before she was 
 hcsiencd by Nebiicliadnezzar. IJiit, as has been 
 already remarked, the result of that sief^c did not 
 atfcct her trade, which was as succcHsfully and 
 ttdvantaneously carried on from the new city as 
 from the old. Inasmuch, however, m (^nrthaf^e 
 soon after bcf^an to rival her as a maritime and 
 mercantile state, this may, perhaps, bo considered 
 as the era of her greatest celebrity. 
 
 It would not be easy to overrate the beneficial 
 intluenec of that extensive coinmerco from which 
 the Phoenicians derived sticb immense wealth. It 
 inspired the jicoplo with whom they traded with 
 new wants and desires, at the same time that it 
 gave them the means of gratifying them. It 
 everywhere gave fresh life to industry, and a new 
 and 'powerful stimulus to invention. The rude 
 uncivilised inhabitants of Greece, Spain, and 
 Northern Africa acquired some knoAvlcdge of the 
 arts and sciences practised by the I'hucnicians; 
 and the advantages of which they were found to 
 be productive secured their gradual though slow 
 advancement. 
 
 Nor were the I'hcenicians celebrated only for 
 their wealth, and the extent of their commerce 
 and navigotion. Their fame, and their right to 
 be classed amongst those who have conferred the 
 greatest benctits on mankind, rest on a still more 
 unassailable foundation. Antiquity is unanimous 
 in ascribing to them the invention and practice 
 of all those arts, sciences, and contrivances that 
 facilitate the prosecution of commercial under- 
 takings. They are held to be the inventors of 
 arithmetic, weights and measures, of money, of 
 the art of keeping accounts, and, in short, of 
 everything that belongs to the business of a 
 couiiting-housc. Thev were also famous for the 
 invention of ship-building and navigation ; for 
 the discovery of glass [Glass] ; for their manu- 
 factures of line linen and tapestry ; for their skill 
 in architecture, and in the art of working metals 
 and Ivor}' ; and still more for the incomparable 
 splendour and beauty of their purple dye. (Sec 
 the learned and invaluable work of the President 
 de Goguet, Sur I'Origine des Loix etc. Kng. trans, 
 vol. i. p. 29fi, and vol. ii. pp. 95 — 100 ; see also the 
 chapter of Heeren on the Manufactures and Land 
 Commerce if the Phtenicians,') 
 
 But the invention and dissemination of these 
 highly useful arts form but a part of what the 
 people of Europe owe to the Phoenicians. It is 
 not possible to say in what degree the religion of 
 the Greeks was borrowed from theirs ; but that it 
 was to a pretty large extent seems abundantly 
 certain. Hercules, under the name of Melcarthus, 
 was the tutelar deity of Tyre ; and his expeditions 
 along the shores of the Mediterranean, and to the 
 straits connecting it with the ocean, seem to be 
 merely u poetical representation of the progress of 
 the Phoenician naTigators, who introduced arts 
 and civilisation, and establish<!d the worship of 
 Hercules, wherever they went. The temple 
 
 ercclpd in honour of the god nt (Iiwlcs wnn Img 
 rcgiirdcd with peculiar vciuTiilinn, 
 
 'I'lic (Irccks were, however, indcbtcil to tlip 
 Phu'iiiciiiiiH, not incrcly for the riidinicuis of civi- 
 lisiition, but for the great iiistninu'iil oi' iiH rutnrc 
 progress — the gift of letters, \o fiict in aiii'iiiii 
 liiitory is better established than that a know- 
 ledge of alphabetic writing was llrxt carried to 
 (ireece by I'luenician adventurers; and it niny 
 be safely allirmcd that tliis was the greatest lioo'ii 
 any i)eo|)le ever received at the hanclH of iinotlier, 
 Hefore (|uittinK this Hiiliject, ve niny lirieHy 
 ailvert to the statement of llcrodolus with re- 
 sjiect to tlie circumnavigation of Africr liy I'Ikc- 
 nician sailors. The venerable Father ot' I'listnry 
 mentions, that a tloet fitted out by Necho kiiiK nf 
 Kgypt, but manned and commanded l>y I'liieiii- 
 cians, took its departure from a port on IIk; licil 
 Sea, at an epoch which is believed to corri'spoiul 
 with the year <)04 before the Christian era, mid 
 that, keeping always to the right, they doubled 
 the southern jiromontory of Africa ; and returned, 
 after a voyage of three years, to Kgypt, by thu 
 Pillars of Hercules. {Heroil. lib. iv. s. 4'.'.) 
 Ilerodotus further mentions, that tlioy reflated 
 that, in sailing round Africa, they had ilio sun 
 on their right hand, or to the north— a circum- 
 stance which he frankly acknowledges seonied 
 incredible to him, but which, as evprynnc is now 
 aware, must hove been the case if the voynf;e 
 was actually jterformed. 
 
 Many learned and able writers, and particularly 
 (lossclin {Itecherches sur In Giographie »y»ti- 
 vmtique et pniitive de» Anciena, tome i. pp. 2i)l- 
 217), have treated this account as fabulous. Hut 
 the objections of Gosselin have been successfully 
 answered in an elaborate note by Lnrcher (//cVo- 
 dute, tome iii. pp. '1.58 — 4G4, ed. 1802) ; niid Mnjor 
 ISenncl has sufliciently demonstrated the prncti- 
 cability of the voyogc. (Gengraphi/ tf Ilerodotus, 
 p. 082&C.) Without entering \\\w\\ this discus- 
 sion, we may observe, that not one of those wlio 
 question th(? authenticity of the account given by 
 1 lerodotus, presumes to doubt that the I'hcciiiciaiis 
 braved the i)oisterou» seas on the consts of Spain, 
 Gaul, and Britain ; and that they had, parti.-illy 
 at least, explored the Indian Ocean. Hut the 
 ships and seamen that did this much, iniiflit, 
 undoubtedly, under favourable circiinistnnccs, 
 double the Cajic of Good Hope. The relation of 
 Herodotus has, besides, such an appearance of 
 good faith; and the circumstance, which he 
 doubts, of the navigators having the sun on tho 
 right, affords so strong a confinnation of its tnith, 
 tliat there really seems no reasonable ground for 
 doubting that the Phoenicians preceded, by 2,000 
 years, Vasco do Gama in his pei-iloiis piitcrprisD. 
 Present State of Syria.— 'the principal modem 
 ports on the coast of Syria arc Alexnndrctta, 
 Latakia, Tripoli, Beyrout, Seydo, and Acre. Tho 
 commerce which they carry on is but incon- 
 siderable compared with the extent and fertility 
 of the countries of which they are the inlets. 
 This, however, is not owing to the bndncss of the 
 ports, the unsuitableness of the country, or to any 
 natural cause, but wholly to long continued op- 
 pression and misgovernment. There is a pussaj-e 
 in the dedication to Saudys's Travels that de- 
 scribes the state of Syria, Asia Minor, Egypt ic., 
 about 250 years ago, with a force and eloquence 
 
 whloh if w not. verv likelv wiU SOOU be 8Ur- 
 
 which it 13 not very likely will soou 
 passed: — 
 
 ' Those countries, once so glorious and famous 
 for their happy estate, are now, through vice and 
 ingratitude, become the most deplored spec aciej 
 of extreme misery ; the wild beasts of mankinae 
 having broken in upon them and rooted out a i 
 
Ill nt (liiilps wns long 
 ration. 
 
 vor, inilrhtcil to tlip 
 llic riuliinciits of civi- 
 striinicnt ol' IIk I'liturc 
 1, No t'lii't ill luii'iciii 
 il tlinii timt a Jiiiow- 
 f WHM tir^t onrrii'd to 
 Mitiircrs ; iiiiil it iiiny 
 wn* tilt" i^iciitcHt Imhiii 
 till? liniKh ofiiMotlicr, 
 ijci't, wii may liricHy 
 if llerodoliis witli ri'- 
 ion of Afrii'P liy I'lio'- 
 ililo Fiitlicr of History 
 out by Ncclio kiiif^ of 
 ominniuli'd liy I'lio'iii- 
 oiii a port on tin; Ituil 
 liclicviid to corri'spoiiil 
 the Cliristiini crn, unit 
 lie riKlit, tlit'y (loublcil 
 f Africa i mid n^urnpil, 
 'cnrs, to K(,'yiit, by thu 
 {erod. lib. iv. h. 42.) 
 niis, tlint tlicy rolatod 
 ricii, tlicy bad I lie sun 
 ) tbo nortli— a oirciim- 
 nckiiowk'dKcs seoiiicd 
 ich, ns ("voryoiic U now 
 the case if the voyage 
 
 writcfH, and particularly 
 r III (ji'ographie »ijsti- 
 nriinii, tome i. pp. 204- 
 count ns fabulous, lint 
 1 have been succesflfiilly 
 note by liUrchLT (lliro- 
 i4, cd. m)?.) ; and Mftjiir 
 Icinonst rated the prncti- 
 Gengrujihij of Jlmidoliis, 
 itcrinj; upon this discus- 
 it not one of those who 
 of the account (,'ivcn by 
 3ubt that the I'liccniciaiia 
 ., on the coasts of Spain, 
 that they bad, partially 
 ndian Ocean, liut the 
 did this much, might, 
 oiirablc circunistances, 
 , Hope. The relation of 
 such an appearance of 
 lircumstance, wiiich he 
 , having the sun on the 
 conlinnntion of its truth, 
 10 reasonable ground for 
 icinns preceded, by 2,000 
 his perilous enterprise. 
 J.— The principal modem 
 Syria arc Alcxandretta, 
 t, Seyde, and Acre. The 
 carry on is but incon- 
 tho "extent and fertility 
 ich tliey arc tlie inlets. 
 ing to the badness of the 
 of the country, or to any 
 ly to long continued op- 
 icnt. There is o passage 
 iaudys's Travels that de- 
 ft, Asia Minor, Egypt ic, 
 th a force and eloquence 
 likely wiU soon be sur- 
 
 p 80 glorious and famous 
 re now, through vice and 
 most deplored spec aclM 
 , wild beasts of mankinda 
 them and rooted out a'l 
 
 1:LTI{A.MAH1NK 
 
 civilitie, and the pridi; of a stcnic and iinrbaroiis 
 tyrant posjifHsiiii,' ili(. ibrunrN of ancient iiikI just 
 il'iiniinion; who, ayinin^ oindy nt the liii^'lil of 
 grvatiieHHi- and Ni'iisii.ilitie, iiaih in t act of iiiii<; 
 riiluced HO great mid goodly a part of tlie world, 
 III tliat lnint'iil:i':ie distresHc and servitude iiinler 
 wliicli (to till' astiiiiishineiil of the iiiiilerstniiiling 
 lirliidiU'l's) it now failitit niul groiieth. Those 
 rich lands nt this prcNeiit rnniain waste and over- 
 ),'ri>wiU' with bushes, reccptaelcH of wild heasls. of 
 thcoves and murderers ; large territtiries dispeopled 
 iir thinly iiiliabited; goodly cities made desohile ; 
 Mimptiioiis buildings bec<iino mines; glorious 
 icuijiles either subverted, or prostituted to ini- 
 jijctie; true religion discountennnecd and op- 
 
 UNlTi::) HTATKS 
 
 140:) 
 
 pressed; nil nnliililie extinguished; no light of 
 ii'iiriiiiig pennilteil, nor vertue iherislieil : violence 
 and nipine insulting over nli, and leaving nu 
 seciiritii' save to an abject mind and iinlookt on 
 poverlie.' 
 
 Those who compare this beautiful passage with 
 the authentic statements of Volney — iiicom- 
 narably the In .t of the modern travellers who 
 have visited the conntriis referred to— will llnd 
 that it continued down to a eomparatively late 
 period to be as aecnrale as it is elmpient. I<at- 
 terly, however, thanks to the deca\ of the Turkish 
 power, Home improvement has taken place. Ami 
 the trade of lleyrout, and the other ports relirrreil 
 to above, hns considernbly increased. 
 
 u 
 
 ULTItAMAlMNE (Gcr. ultrnmnrin; Fr, bleu 
 il'dutreiner ; Ital. oltramarinu ; Span, ultramnr; 
 Kii»». ultrainarin). A very line blue powdar, made 
 from the blue parts of lapig lutuli. Il has the 
 valuable property of never fading, nor becoming 
 tarnished, on exposure to the air, or a modernto 
 lirat; and on this account is highly pri/.ed by 
 painters. It was introduced about the end of the 
 Hftcenth century. Owing to its great )iriee, artill- 
 cial marine is now used, and the tint of this is 
 now sujierior to that of thu natural, while its cost 
 is comparatively trilling. Under this general 
 head we give the following extracts from various 
 reports of the United States (loverninent Uepart- 
 ,nent just received, (lirande and Cox's Dicliuiiari/ 
 of Science and Art ; t&c.) 
 
 UMHKELLAS. The value of the umbrellas 
 and parasols of llritisli manufacture exported in 
 
 18fi7, chiefly to India, the United States, Urazil, 
 
 and Australia, was l«7,in/. 
 1 UNITKI) STATK.S. [Ai.n,\NV; IJai.timokk; 
 
 DosroN; Cll.Vltl,KST<iN ; (iAi.vKSTON; Miinil.K; 
 
 Nkw Oulkans; Ni;v>' YtiHK; riui.Aiiui.i-iiiA; 
 , San Fii.iNc'is< (> ; 4e.-] 
 
 In liie HffMirt of the Secretary of the Interior, 
 ; dated Washington, November 'M, 1«IW, which has 
 
 just reached this eounlrv, it is stated that during 
 
 the last tiscal year imblic lands were disposed of 
 
 as follows :— 
 
 ('ntth «iili^ 
 
 Locnlvtl wiUt inllilaM wnrriinti 
 
 'I'ukfM fur hunmu-iuu • - 
 
 A pprt. rtsl to Stat«-« its iwamp . 
 
 (fiiintii f» railnmriK - . 
 
 I.ocatuil with culIeK* tcrlii - • 
 
 ntriil 
 U14,'lll'.\1 
 .'.1/,'i.VllS 
 
 v.vj,i!ir-s.'i 
 
 liUI'^.NHieUK 
 6,6.1A,34»-4u' 
 
 A quantity les.s by 385,.372 acres than that dis- 
 posed of the previous year. 
 
 Table exhihiling the Number of Banks, with the Amount of Capital, Bond» Depotited, and Cir- 
 cuhtion, in each State and Territory, September 30, 18ti8. ( From Heport of the Comptroller 
 of the Currency, December 7, 1808.) 
 
 
 Organiaaltuii 
 
 
 
 
 
 SUIM ami Tenllurin 
 
 Or^isn. 
 
 Cloud or 
 
 In Olio* 
 
 Cajillal paid in 
 
 Bonila on 
 Uvpuhil 
 
 Circulation 
 taauisl 
 
 In actual 
 circulation 
 
 
 iavd 
 
 cloailiK 
 
 Mli'in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ilol. cl. 
 
 dol. 
 
 dol. 
 
 dol. 
 
 Milne .... 
 
 61 
 
 .. 
 
 CI 
 
 9,IIS1,000 (HI 
 
 8,4o7,'i50 
 
 7,5(i9,l6B 
 
 7,510,066 
 
 Nfw Hitminhlre . - - 
 
 40 
 
 .. 
 
 4i| 
 
 4,7N.'>,ll<HI mi 
 
 4,S.1»,(HI0 
 
 4,3KS,1!I5 
 
 4,1(81,695 
 
 VfTiiionl .... 
 
 ■10 
 
 .. 
 
 411 
 
 6,A60,lll'i M 
 
 ti,5 1 7 ,(»») 
 
 ;>,mt,'jm 
 
 S,737,MO 
 
 MlMchiiiettH ... 
 
 WW 
 
 •I 
 
 WI7 
 
 8(I,0.T2/HHI Oil 
 
 64,7IH,IOO 
 
 58,561,030 
 
 57,084,640 
 
 HhiKlc I.lanil 
 
 b-l 1 
 
 .. 
 
 61i 
 
 VII,3ri4,SIHI 00 
 
 14,IS5,r,OII 
 
 lll,K7'i,(i3U 
 
 l'i,49l,480 
 
 Connrctlciit ... 
 
 S,1 ' 
 
 1 
 
 Kl 
 
 «4,i;H4,Vlt0 IH) 
 
 l!),76N,m)0 
 
 17,Km.,i.M 
 
 17.443,793 
 
 NoVork .... 
 
 314 
 
 11 
 
 WJ 
 
 II6,.'>4I,<J41 00 
 
 ;»,44'i,5(H) 
 
 73,Si.^,505 
 
 6S,853,71(S 
 
 NfwJtTM-y 
 
 ,M 
 
 1 
 
 Al 
 
 ll,iS3,3MI IH) 
 
 I0,6;H,65I) 
 
 9,5'iO,48S 
 
 9,397,983 
 
 PenniylTnnia ... 
 
 •Mh 
 
 H 
 
 1S7 
 
 60,V47r'^UU 00 
 
 44,303,.ViO 
 
 39,940,700 
 
 38,77K,101J 
 
 MaijUmt .... 
 
 it 
 
 .. 
 
 .T2 
 
 Vi,-.'M,V\t SO 
 
 10,065,7.'>0 
 
 9,150,800 
 
 8,904,800 
 
 Ildawirc . . . ■ 
 
 11 
 
 .. 
 
 II 
 
 l,4'iS,IN1 no 
 
 l,3lH,im) 
 
 \,%\l,fii 
 
 1,198,825 
 
 IlulTlcl of Columbia. 
 
 )i 
 
 li 
 
 4 
 
 1 .'..'•O.OOO 00 
 
 1,3>)S,000 
 
 1,S78,000 
 
 1,137,700 
 
 VirillniA .... 
 
 SO 
 
 V 
 
 IS 
 
 li,.'iM(),(MX) (10 
 
 il,1'^9,SIK) 
 
 K,I57,930 
 
 V,I46,67U 
 
 W'wt ViTKinia - . - 
 
 li 
 
 .. 
 
 15 
 
 K,lil(i,4iK) o:i 
 
 •i,'M,l'M 
 
 K,0KI),350 
 
 1,988,550 
 
 Ohio . 
 
 1.17 
 
 4 
 
 133 
 
 lilf.llM.'lH) (Kl 
 
 iio,;f.3,so() 
 
 IS,r,li;,7iO 
 
 IS,4IO,tV5 
 
 Iniiianil .... 
 
 71 
 
 3 
 
 6S 
 
 IV,S(i7,0()ll IH) 
 
 1^,53^,500 
 
 ll,li;9,055 
 
 11,018,735 
 
 llllllOil .... 
 
 M 
 
 • . 
 
 S3 
 
 lli,ll70,00l) 00 
 
 Il,OI7,'J5() 
 
 9,777,0511 
 
 9,618,1.10 
 
 Miclil([.in .... 
 
 43 
 
 1 
 
 *'l 
 
 .■i.-illl.OlU Oil 
 
 4,357,700 
 
 .'l,87S,955 
 
 3,8M,45» 
 
 Wi'Coiiiin .... 
 
 .17 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 !t,!irill,IKH) 00 
 
 K,7fiH,0.'iO 
 
 K ,583 ,950 
 
 !f,54l,4ln 
 
 Iowa .... 
 
 4S 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 4,057,000 00 
 
 3,7(i3,750 
 
 3,319,805 
 
 3,'i5i,«8 
 
 1 Minnrsola • • . • 
 
 Hi 
 
 1 
 
 lb 
 
 1,710,0(10 00 
 
 l,7l'i,'imi 
 
 l,50l,giN) 
 
 1,176,800 
 
 'Kin-a. . . . . 
 
 4 
 
 
 !> 
 
 4(XI,IKI(I 00 
 
 .1M'i,OllO 
 
 .354,600 
 
 .341,188) 
 
 Miuouri .... 
 
 W 
 
 "l 
 
 IH 
 
 7,810,300 00 
 
 4,7'i4,050 
 
 4,305/j50 
 
 4,l'i9,3IU 
 
 Kmtucliv .... 
 
 I') 
 
 .. 
 
 \b 
 
 S.KS.'i.OOO 00 
 
 !i,6r,5,'J0O 
 
 t.Ki;no 
 
 V,338,6W 
 
 Te^ii«v4?e - - • - 
 
 l.T 
 
 1 
 
 It! 
 
 X,(l».'j,3IIO 00 
 
 1,49K,700 
 
 \,'iia,vto 
 
 1,»04,7M 
 
 UulsiaitA .... 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 I.SOIVXN) 00 
 
 1,308,000 
 
 1,1(15,11(8) 
 
 1,131,415 
 
 Miui»iii|)i .... 
 
 •i 
 
 li 
 
 .. 
 
 l.')(),OOI) 00 
 
 7'i,00(l 
 
 66,000 
 
 61,035 
 
 Ndiraska . . . • 
 
 4 
 
 .. 
 
 4 
 
 .^'iO.OOO 00 
 
 'i35,0IKI 
 
 170,1810 
 
 170,(88) 
 
 Colorailo .... 
 
 .T 
 
 ,. 
 
 3 
 
 SiO.DOO 00 
 
 »'J7,000 
 
 V51,.')0il 
 
 V54,(8IO 
 
 (ieOTiiin .... 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 K 
 
 ' 1,6110,000 00 
 
 1,3S3,5(K) 
 
 I,>35,4I8) 
 
 1,K34,IM8> 
 
 North Carolina . - . 
 
 6 
 
 ,. 
 
 6 
 
 1 h.'>3,.100 00 
 
 .39'J,'HI0 
 
 317,618) 
 
 316,0(8) 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 3 
 
 .. 
 
 3 
 
 6HA,00D 00 
 
 ^04,000 
 
 153,(M8) 
 
 135,000 
 
 ■Alabama . . . . 
 
 .% 
 
 1 
 
 » 
 
 S00,000 01) 
 
 370,500 
 
 353,l)V5 
 
 301,918) 
 
 Nera'la .... 
 
 1 
 
 .. 
 
 1 
 
 15,1,0110 110 
 
 1 55,01 K) 
 
 131,718) 
 
 131,-00 
 
 (Irexon .... 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 100,000 00 
 
 lmi,IKIO 
 
 88,500 
 
 88,500 
 
 T«a» .... 
 
 4 
 
 .. 
 
 4 
 
 Sli5,0l'0 00 
 
 47'i,llMI 
 
 417,6.35 
 
 407,535 
 
 Arkansas .... 
 
 '1 
 
 .. 
 
 It 
 
 KIMI,(KIO 00 
 
 1200,000 
 
 179,5(8) 
 
 179,500 
 
 I'tah .... 
 
 1 
 
 .. 
 
 1 
 
 1 150,000 00 
 
 1511,001) 
 
 135,500 
 
 135,m)0 
 
 Montana . . • . 
 
 1 
 
 .. 
 
 1 
 
 10I),0IN) 00 
 
 40,0011 
 
 36,000 
 
 36,188) 
 
 Mahii . . . . 
 Total* - 
 
 1 
 
 l.r.85 
 
 1 ., 
 
 1 
 
 ' IIUl.illlO ml 
 
 75,000 
 
 63,500 
 
 63,.'<I8) 
 
 S(i 
 
 l,(!Vd 
 
 4'/t>,INU,l 1 1 iVl 
 
 ' .34'i.019,95l) 
 
 ,109,9l5,l6'6 
 
 " ■i99,806;;i65 
 
 ,* 5C of these have never completed their orf;anitatlon,^or have f^one into liquidation* 
 
 ! \ 
 
 h lii 
 
 1 ' !' 
 
 \ :' ! 
 
1494 
 
 VALONIA 
 
 .»^' 
 
 1'lii< r|iiniitity of liiiiiN Ntill iiiiiiispoMcil of U ' 
 l,4o'),:i('.(;,(;7M tii-wn. 
 
 From Minoii); otlici- n'lniirkM |iiiHt)li> to tlii' 
 exNtillK lllfid'ot' tlir I'liitcil Slilti'H roliliiilliMl ill till- 
 Jir/Mirt for IH(iM of tln' M|M'ciiil ('omniisslom'r of llic 
 Rrvcinic, we I'xtnicf tlu? following wtiii'ticc: ' Aim- 
 tlirr I'liiinictcriMtii' ffiitiiri- of the cxi.Htiiin tiirilf Is i 
 tiial it Mtti'iiipts iiiiliHfriiiiiniitt- or iinivcrMiil |iio- ' 
 tci'liiiii ; Jill i'lrii wliicli, if fully nirricil out, would 
 tviiili'i' nil iiroti'ctloii II nullity, iiml to the I'Xtriil I 
 to wliic'li it is ciirrit'il out iIoch iiiorr for fori'inii, ii.s 
 coii'|iiiri'(t with iloiiii':<tii-, iiiiliiHtrv tliiiii iiliiiiMt 
 anv other oiiu iiL't'iicv. I Tiirirt' uiiiIit Xkw 
 Yoitic.J 
 
 VALI'AHAIHO 
 
 I'MANdK. A iM'rioil of fine, twi),i)T llirri- innntlm, 
 or of . MM iimiiy iliiy«, iifti-r tlip tl/ilf of u liill of ex. 
 
 rlwinpMlrcorililli; In till* Clistolliof ililfiTriil jilan'N 
 
 lii'forc till- lirll Ik'i'iiiiii<<i line. Doiililo or inliii^ 
 iitniici' is iliiiilili' or tri'lile llu> iihiiiiI tlirii'; iukI l 
 iiiiiti'a' is .^ ilii' tiiiii-. Whfii a iiionili is liiviilcii, 
 lliK J iisiuicc, iiotwitlistniKliii^' till- ilinVri'Mci' in 
 till" IciiKtlis of till' moiitliH, is iiiiilorinly l;i ilays. 
 rHiiiici's arc ralrulati'il i-xclusivrly of ttic iliiii' Cf 
 tint liill. Hi'ls of t>xi-lmiii(c drawn at usanrr urn 
 allowed till' usual ilay:i of urncv, ami on tin- last 
 of the 11 ilay.s the hill hIiouIiI Iiu |iresented fur 
 pnynient. ( KxciiAxiii:.] 
 
 USIJKV. [Inti;kk.st and Anmuitiks.J 
 
 ",;.-' i' 
 
 ■ ' 1 . , 
 
 I ■ 
 
 ■ . I .. 
 
 ',*'.'■, 
 
 \i. 
 
 VALONIA. A upocins of acorn, forming a 
 very coiisiileralilo arlicle of export from the 
 Morca and the Levant, The more Hubstancc 
 tlicro is in the linsk, or cup of the acorn, the 
 better. It is of a bright drab colour, which it 
 preserves so loiij; as it is kept dry ; any drmpucSs 
 injures it; an it then turns Mack, and Iomch both 
 its utren^'th and value. It is priiicipallv used by 
 tanners, and is always in ilamaiid. 'I'hongli u 
 very bulky article, it is iini'"ornily bought and 
 sold by weif,'ht. A ship can only take a small 
 proportion of her rej^istered tonunnc of valoiiia, so 
 that its freifjilt per ton is always hinh. 
 
 Of 1!),;V17 tons of valonia impiirted in IH(i7, and 
 valued at .'i;(l,'_'()l/., I7,'.'7'.t toiis were brouj;ht 
 from Turkey, and the rosiiluo almost entirely 
 from (Jrecce. The duty, after beinfj reduced in 
 1842 from L'dji. to o». per ton, was wholly repealed 
 in 1846, TIk! price of valonia in London in 181)7 
 varied from 14/. to 17/. Cm. jier ton. 
 
 VALI'AKAiSO. The iirincipal seaport of 
 Chile, lat. (Fort .St. Antonio) ;(:io I' !)" .S., U)n«. 
 710 37' i;j" ^v'. ropiilatioii 7(),4;W in 180.'). 
 The water in the buy is deep, and it alFordH 
 secure anchorage, except diiriiif,' norlherly gales, 
 to the violence of which it is cxpo.scd ; but as 
 the holding ground is good, and the pull of the 
 anchor against a steep hill, accidents sehloia 
 occur to ships propcrly/oiind in anchors and cables. 
 The mole is neither strong nor extensive; but the 
 water close to the shore is so deep, that it is 
 customary for the smaller class of vessels to carry 
 out an anchor to the northward, and to moor the 
 *hip with the stern ashore by another cable made 
 fast 1^0 land. Large sliips lie a little further off, 
 and load and unload by means of lighters. The 
 oest shelter is in that part called the Fisherman's 
 Bay, lying between the castle and Fort St. An- 
 tonio, where, close to a clear shingle beach, there 
 is 9 fathoms water. In the very worst weather, a 
 landing may be effected in this part of the bay. 
 There is a lighthou.se with a fixed and flashing 
 light on Angeles or Playa Anclia Point visible 
 for 20 miles in clear weather. (Mie.rs's Chili and 
 La Platii, i. 440, and Admiralty list of lights 1868.) 
 In 18Gfi,901 vessels of 354, 123 tons entered thy port. 
 
 The harbours of Vuldivia and Coiicepcion are, 
 much superior to that of Valparaiso ; the former 
 being, indeed, not only the best in Chile, but 
 second to few in any part of the world. But 
 Valparaiso, being near the capital, Santiago, am' 
 being tlie central depot for the resources of tlie 
 province, is most frequented. The town is con- 
 veniently situated, at the extremity of a moun- 
 tainous ridge ; most part of thi; houses being 
 built either upon its acclivity or in its breaches. 
 
 Large quantities of corn and other articles r,f 
 provision are sliip])ed here for Callao and oiIiit 
 ports along tlie IVriivian coast : tlio expuris iVuni 
 San Francisco have nearly ceased. The principal 
 articles of cxoort are the precious melals, cuiipiT, 
 tallow and hides, wheat and Hour, wool, salt|)<'lri! 
 itc. The produce of the Chilian miiiesof j^uld ,iii,| 
 silver has increased during the last few ji-an, 
 and their average produce mav now he (ak'i n at 
 abou. I,000,()0() dols., or 800,(m()/. a-year. Hut 
 the increase in the proiliiction of copper has l"'.ii 
 much more considerable, having fully tniilnl 
 since I8ir). It would appear from a series oft li« 
 I'rodiwc Keportsof Messrs. W. 1*. KohortsoiuK'n. 
 of Valparaiso, ending with that of January'.', W<'\ 
 that, besides copper, considerable quantities of 
 nitrate of soda and breadstiid's are re^'iilnrly 
 exported from this and adjacent ports. At that 
 date freights weio 2/. l.w. per ton for co|i|icr 
 lirodiice to Swansea, and 2/ 17.1. (Ir/. for enpiu'r or 
 wheat to Liverpool. In 18(14 the entire value iif 
 the mineral products exported from Chile wascsti- 
 iiialed at 18,()!)8,723 dols. The import aiulexpurt 
 trades of the republic have more than trcliicd 
 since 1848, when their aggregate amipiiiit was 
 l(),y.j4,!>52 dols. The following were the priiieipiil 
 articles of export, with their volucs, in iMdO:— 
 
 Coinier ore and i-opiier 
 I'nrn. wheat, liarley and flour 
 Silver 
 
 J.'i.'ill.'lHIP 
 6U,W 
 
 Total value of the exports in 1860, .'),817,978/. 
 The total imports in 1800 were valiicil at 
 4,171,293/. t)f these by far the largest portion is 
 sup]died by the United Kingdom, the United 
 .States, France, the Ilaiisc Towns, Brazil, Peru itc. 
 
 The value of our exports of British produce to 
 Chile amounted, in 1807, to 2,;')24,I38/. Anion); 
 other items thev comprised, cottons worth 
 1,311,437/., woollens 286,183/., linens 141,!li>5/., 
 hardware and cutlcrv 88,604/., iron Vlbfl'^^U 
 apparel and hoberdushcry 45.87o/., cmptv iiiiff'f 
 78,047/., coal 44,790/. &c. Exclusive of gold and 
 silver, we import from Chile considerable quanti- 
 ties of copper ore and copper, com, .silver ore, 
 saltpetre, hides, wool Ac. The value of the wliolo i 
 imports from Chile, chiefly copper and corn, into | 
 the United Kingdom in 1867, was 4,417,ot)K/. 
 
 Chilian Port Regulations. Export Duliis.— i 
 Chile Guano, 12i cents per 1,000 lb. | 5 per cent. 
 on the following articles : bar silver, on valuation 
 of 9 dols. per marc; unsmelted silver (pina), do; 
 old jilutc (chafalonia), do. ; copper, in bars, oa | 
 valuation of 14 dols. per 100 lb. ; do. rctalla do., 
 9 dols. do.; do regulus ores, calcined ore?, silver 
 ores, mixed ores, and tailings not capable of 
 amalgamation, and tailings, pay 5 per cent, on 
 
lIHO 
 
 ,r, lieo, OT three mi)\\\h», 
 
 tt llilll' of II IliU III' l'\- 
 
 liiuiiit'i'.iftVri'iit plarrH, 
 ,(>. |)iiiil)l(^ iir irrh:!^ 
 hi; iiMiiiil timi^ ; ami ^ 
 'II a iiiiiii'li it iliviili'il, 
 illjj tllii ililViTciiic ill 
 ii iiniliirinly I'l ilay-i. 
 limivt'ly of the ilair nf 
 ' tlrnwti lit usaiiri' iini 
 irracf, mill on tlir last 
 Diild l)u (irfwiiti'il Inr 
 
 kMD AMMurriKs,] 
 
 anil olhor ailiclcK of 
 n for C'nllan ami "IImt 
 :onst : tlio I'x ports In mi 
 censed. 'I'lie principal 
 ireeioiis inelals, ei.ppor, 
 ml Hour, wool, salt|i"iri! 
 liiliaii mines of Hdlil iin.l 
 iij; tlio last, few yiiif", 
 I! innv now lie talii ii at 
 M(l(),o"m)/. a-yenr. Hut 
 tioii of copper lias I" .11 
 , havint; fully tniiliil 
 lear from a series ol ilie 
 1. W. 1". Iloliertson A-Ce. 
 itlmt of.Ianiiary'.', iw'i''.^ 
 isiilerable quaiilitiei of 
 eailstuffs are re^cul.irly 
 djuceiit ports. At lli:lt 
 ,M. per ton for eitper 
 2/ 17.1. lif/. foreiippi'icir 
 IHIil the entire value of 
 rtedfroin Chile was e.^ti- 
 Tho import ami expert 
 lave more than trelilcil 
 afjTcgate nmimiit was 
 nvi"ig were the priiieipiil 
 leir values, in IHliO;— 
 
 l,'/.'in,^iH'.i T" 
 lili.'IH 
 
 orts in 1H6C, 5,m7,978/. 
 1H()(> were valued at 
 far the larf,'est iKirtimi h 
 g Kiiwlf"", the United 
 ; Towns, Brazil, Peru ic. 
 ts of Hritish pnidaee to 
 
 , to '>,im,mi. Amoiih' 
 
 iprised, cottons w'nrtli 
 3 183/., linens 111,»-, 
 88,G04/., iron li5,: ii^'.. 
 ry 45.870/., empty l«if,'^ 
 ' Exclusive of f,'iild.ina 
 :hile considerable quaiiii- 
 coppcr, com, silver "re, 
 tL value of the wliolo 
 
 tlv copper and enrii, mta 
 1867, was 4,417,.)li>i/. 
 ;o„.s. Export Duio'i-- 
 per 1,000 lb.; 5 per CO., 
 
 : bar silver, on vahinti « 
 melted silver (|iina). 'l"! 
 do. ; copper, in bars, oa 
 r l()0 1b.;do.rctallal'^ 
 ores, calcined ores silvci 
 
 tailings not capable 
 ings, pay 5 per cent, on 
 
 V.\LI>AUAIS(J 
 
 proe'eds of neeniiiit sales when received from 
 pinee of destination. The proviiieini ('onlriliiiliuii 
 nil export of ropper on'i* is itholiHiieil, mid in the 
 7'i<«r.« of Manli :l, IM'IH, it is stated that the intal 
 receipts from eustmns at Valpjiraisn duriiij; tin- 
 veiir l'^*'^ ainoiiiited to r>,r>l)ll,i)OII dols., of whiih 
 ilfiO.ndd (IoIh. appertains to Peeemher alone. Never 
 litfiire has tho roveiiiie from this soiiree reaehed 
 <(i hi^h a ll^ure. 
 
 P„rl Vlinnif*. — Toiinnun diien, '25 oentH per ton ; 
 iijjht dues, :l^ cents per ton; rolo and captain 
 of the port's fees, I dols. ; harhour muster's I'ee.s, 
 i ilols. Whftle ships, vessels ill distress or in 
 ballast, or dis^■hnl•^,'ing under 'JO piickams, are 
 oxrnipt from tonnage and li^ht dues. Tonnnge 
 JucH paid at <ine port are imt levied In another. 
 
 The lading charges which are on account of the 
 owner of tlie goods, iiiiiy he ralenlated at froiii II'.") 
 dels, to ITiOdoh. jM!r ton, nccordlngto the descrii)- 
 linii of inerchnnili.se. l^inHlKiiccs elinrgd generally 
 Spcr cent, coiiimission for sales, and '2J guarantees. 
 FitnUjii. t'liiij*. — Tho oiilv ports of entry for 
 foreign tings nre, Ancud, V'lildivin, Taleahiinno, 
 Coiieepiion, Valparaiso, Coiiuiniho, and Caldi^ra, 
 jnd Lotii nnd ('onmel in lialla.st; and vessels 
 (rnm abroad entering any other port are liable to 
 jeizure. Coasting trade is prohibited tu foreign 
 Ii8);s, but they mny disehnrge portions of their 
 «ri|,'inal cargoes in one or morn ports, nnd load 
 Chilian |iroduce for a foreign jMirt. 
 
 All communicntion with the shore is prohi- 
 bited until nfter the visit of the port nnd rcvcnno 
 officer, who will require a general manifest of the 
 cartjo, or the hill of lading, nnd n list of stores. 
 21 lioiirs are allowed for correction of errors or 
 omissions. For any mistnke discovered after- 
 wanl, the captain is sulijected to linos or seizure. 
 Pasneiisers' luggnge free. 
 
 in IHiiii the ports of t^hile were entered hy 
 3,(llM vessels (of which 1,4UG were Hritish), with a 
 total tonnage of l,41ii,81(!. 
 
 Perhaps no purt of South America hns prolitcd 
 more than Chile by the cstablishnient of indepen- 
 dence. The contrast between her jin^seiit state 
 and that in which she wns found by M. dc In 
 Perouse is mo.st striking. 'The iiitlnencc of the 
 Govemitient,' snid that nccnmplishcd nnvigntor, 
 'b in constnnt opposition to that of tho climate. 
 The system of i>'ohibitior. exists at Chile in its 
 fullest extent. This kingdom, of whicli tho pro- 
 ductions would, if increased to their innximum, 
 supply nil Kurope ; whose wool would be sulH- 
 cient for the mnnufactures of Frnnce and Eng- 
 land; and whose herds, converted into salt 
 provisions, would yield a vast produce : this 
 lingdom, alas ! has' no commerce. Four or Ave 
 «mall vessels bring, every year, from Limn, 
 tobacco, sugar, and some articles of F^urnpean 
 manufacture, which the misernble inhabitants can 
 obtain only at second or third hnnd, after they 
 have been charged with heavy customs duties at 
 Cadii^ at Lima, and lastly, at their arrival nt 
 Chile; in exchange they give their tallow, hides, 
 (ome deals, nnd their wheat, which, however, is 
 also low a price, that the cultivator has no in- 
 ducement to extend his tillage. Thus Chile, with 
 all itfl gold, and articles of exchange, can scarcely 
 procure sugars, tobncco, snniT, linens, cnnibrics, 
 and hardware, necessary to the ordinary wants of 
 life.' (Pi'rouse's Vnynge, vol. i. p. 50, F^ng. ed.) 
 
 Instead, however, of 4 or 5 small sliijis from 
 Lima, Valparaiso is now annually visiteil 'ly well- 
 nigh a thousand ships of all nntio.^s. cxc'.usive of 
 those visiting the other pn-ta. All sorts of 
 European goods are carried direct to Chiio. nrd ni-e 
 admitted at rensonablc duties. The advnntnges 
 Ksulting from thii extensive intercourse with 
 
 VANILLA U0« 
 
 fnreigtiers, and from the si'itlement of F.nglish 
 and American adveiitiirers in the country, have 
 been already iinnieiise, and will every day becmno 
 more visible. It was impossible, cuiisideriiig thrt 
 ignorance of ihe mass of the people, thai the old 
 system of t^ raniiy and siiiierstitinii could Im' pulled 
 to pieces without a good deal of viol.'iicu and mis- 
 chief; but the fiiiiitdatioliH of a better order of 
 things have been laid, and Chile is bucoining an 
 opulent and a llnurisbiiig country. 
 
 Its popiilatioii in INtl.'i aniiiun'li'd to l.HID.'i'.M 
 And Itosalis states, in bis excellent work on Cliila 
 (F.miii Hiir /(• Chile, llambouru IM,'i7), that in 
 \K>b the eonsiimptiiui of sugar amounted co 
 ;I2,7H"),'J.'>(I lb., being nearly 'I'l lb. to each indU 
 viilual (p. 42M). As a furtlier evidence of its pro- 
 sperity, we may mention that the public revenue, 
 which in 1817 amounted to l,7r>-M-'7 dols., hmi in 
 18|(; iiicrnased to ;),(;-2;i,!H« dols., and in 18ti4 to 
 '.»,'27 1,1120 (hils. 
 
 Mi>nei/H, lyelijhlii, nnd iTeii»itre». — Tho nnlntal 
 of I nrrobns, oi- KM) lb.,-- Ini-i I lb. nvoirdiipois. 
 The faiiegn, or |irincipal corn measure, contains 
 11,4119 F.nglish eiiliic inches, an. I is therefoM 
 == I •.')!!!• Winchester biisliils. Hence 5 faiiegns 
 ~ 1 Winchester quarter very nearly. Tho vnra, 
 or measure of length, •-=0''.I27" Fnglis'h vanl. 
 
 VAXCOlJVKIfS LSLAN'I), amalgainntcd with 
 Hritish Columbia in \m\ (2',» & ;ll) Vict. c. (17), 
 since which time Victoria, its capital, has ceased 
 to be a free port. The latter has about (i.OOII in- 
 habitants, and the island about 10,000. [Coi.o- 
 Mi';s.] 
 
 VANILLA orVANKLLOKS. T!ie fruit of tho 
 E))iilenilruin Viinilhi, a species of vine extensively 
 cultivated in Mexico. 
 
 It has a trailing stem, not unlike tho common 
 ivy, but not so woody, which attaches itself to 
 any tree that grows near it. The Indians propa- 
 gate it by planting cuttings at the foot of trccH 
 selected for that piirpiMO. It rises to the height 
 of 18 or 20 feet; tho tlowers are of a greenish 
 yidlow colour, mixed with -ivliite; the fruit i^ 
 about 8 or 10 inches long, of -i yellow colour when 
 gathered, but tiark brown ,1 olaek when imported 
 into Kurope ; it is wrinkled on the outside, and 
 full of a vnst number ol seeds like grains of sand, 
 having, when properly prepared, n peculiar and 
 delicious fragrance. It is principally used for 
 mixing with nnd perfuming chocolnte, nnd in 
 confectionery ; nnd is, <m thnt account, largely im- 
 ported into Spnin ; but as chocolate is little used 
 in England, vanilla is not much known in this 
 countrv. In 18(!7, 8,1781b. of it were imported, of 
 the vnluc of 2,8G4/., nnd 5,551 lb. were re-exported. 
 Vanilla is principally gathered in tho intcn- 
 dancy of Vera Cruz, in Mexico, at Misautia, 
 Colipa, Yactiatla, and other places. It is collected 
 by the Indians, who sell it to the whites (gente de 
 niznn), who prepare it for market. They spread 
 it to dry in the sun for some hours, then wrap it 
 in woollen cloths to sweat. Like pepjier, it changes 
 its colour in this ojicration, becoming almost 
 black. It is llnallj- dried by exposing it to the 
 sun for a day. There arc 4 varieties of vanilla, 
 all differing in price and excellence ; viz. the 
 viinilla Jinu, the zacate, the rezacnte, and the 
 vasura. The best comes from the forests sur- 
 rounding the village of Zentilla, in the intendancy 
 of Ooxaca. According to Humboldt, the mean 
 exportation of vanilla from Vera Cruz might, at 
 the time he wrote, amount to from 900 to 1,000 
 millares, worth at Vera Cruz from 30,000 to 40,000 
 dollars. Vanilla is also imported from Brazil, 
 but it is very inferior. The linest Mexicaa 
 vanilla is extremely high priced. The British 
 duty of OS. 3d. per lb. formerly charged oa 
 
; • 
 
 ) .. 
 
 1496 
 
 VKGETABLE WAX 
 
 
 I . ■ 
 
 Ik 
 
 .^^•^ 
 
 vanilla wns rcponleil in 1853. (IliiinbdltU, Xim- 
 velle-JCBpaffin, 2iul edit, 'omc iii, pp. 37, -Ifi ; 
 Poinsett's Xoten on Mexico, p. 11)4 ic. ; Krniiilc 
 .' nd Cox'h Dictionary of Science and Art ; tti;.) 
 
 VEGiyrAHLK WAX. The produce of tlie 
 berry of a tree (Rhu» sueceduneum) gro.anf:; in 
 Japnn. The tree, which is well known to botanistK, 
 is said to be abundant ; it varies in hci^lit from 
 15 to 25 feet, and the berries which it produces 
 arc found in clusters, not unlike biniclics of grapes. 
 
 The native method of preparing the wax is of 
 a very primitive description. The berries havin;- 
 been gathered, arc washed and bruised after n 
 rude fashion ; and being then slowly boik'<I, the 
 wax is extracted and thrown to the surface. 
 Having been skimmed off, it is moulded into 
 cakes of about 30 lb. each, which, being dried in 
 the sun, are tit for use. 
 
 This beautiful wax, one parcel of which varies 
 but little from another, lias a bright cream colour, 
 is nearly of the consistence of bees' wax, bears 
 without softening a high degree of atmospheric 
 heat ; and as it contains a lar(,-e percentage of 
 Btearine, it is highly suitable for the manufacture 
 of candles, I'larticularly of thuse known as ' com- 
 posite,' as well as for otlier purposes. 
 
 Little is as yet known in this country of this 
 V''<luable commcHlity. Small lets of it have occa- 
 sionallv been indirectly imported, but the first 
 cargo L)rought hither direct, was impokced into 
 London in April 1859, by the American ship 
 Florence, from Nagasaki, the principal seaport 
 of Japan. In 1807, we imported 8,904 cwt., valued 
 at 37,817/. 
 
 VEGETABLES. In 1807, we imported vege- 
 tables (chiehv from France and Holland) of the 
 value of 50,o'79/. 
 
 VELLUM, A species of fine parchment. 
 [Parciimknt.] 
 
 VENEERS. Thin plating, or layers of sufie- 
 rior used for covering inferior material. They are 
 chiefly of wood. In 1807 we imported, principally 
 from France, 4,970 cwt. of veneers, valued at 
 44,878/. 
 
 VENICE. A famous cit^, now of the kingdom 
 of Italy, formerly the capital of the republic of 
 that name, and previous to 1800 belonging to the 
 Austrian empire, on a cluster of sniall islands 
 towards the northern extremity of the Adriatic, 
 now joined to the mainland by a railway bridge, 
 
 Sart of the line to Padua, in lat. 45° 25' 53" 
 [„ long. 12° 20' 31" E. Population 123,702 
 in 1802. The commerce of Venice, cnce the 
 most extensive of ony European city, is now 
 comparatively trifling ; and the population, down 
 to 1800, gradiitlly diminishing, both in numbers 
 and wealth. . or imports consist of wheat and 
 other sorts of grain, from the adjoining provinces 
 of Lombardy and the Black Sea ; olive oil, prin- 
 cipally from the Ionian Islands ; cotton stuffs 
 and hardware from England ; sugar, coffee, 
 and other colonial products from England, the 
 United States, Brazil tSzc. ; dried fish, dye stuffs 
 4c. The exports principally consi.st of grain, 
 raw and wrought silk, paper, woollen manu- 
 factures, fruits, cheese &.c„ the products of the 
 adjoining provinces of Italy, and of hei own in- 
 dustrj' ; but her manufactures, so famous in the 
 middle ages, are now much decaved. 
 
 Port, — The islands on which Venice is built lie 
 within a !iue of long, low, narrow islands, running 
 N. and S., and enclosing what is termed the 
 lagoon, or shallows, that surround the citj-, and 
 separate it from the mainland. The ])rincipal 
 entrance from the sea to the lagoon is at Itlala- 
 mocco, about 1 ^ league S. from the city ; but 
 Ihere are other, though less frequented, entrances, 
 
 VENICE 
 
 both to the S. and the N. v)f this one. There ib a 
 bar outside Malamocco, on which there arc not 
 more than 10 feet at high water at spring tides- 
 but there is a channel between the western point 
 of the bar and the villoge of Son Pietro, which 
 has 10 feet water at springs, and 1 ' at neaps. 
 Merchant vessels usually moor of*' the ducal 
 paiace; but sometimes tlii'y come into the grand 
 canal which intersects the city, and sometimes 
 they moor in the wider shanncl of the Giudccca, 
 Vessels coming from the south for the most ])art 
 inuke Pirano or liovigno on tlie coast of Istria, 
 where they take .in board pilots, who carry tliem 
 to the bar opposite to Malamocco. But tlie em- 
 ployment of Istrian pilots is quite optional with 
 the master, and is not, as is sometimes rejiresented, 
 a compulsory regulation. When one is taken, the 
 usual fee from Pirano or liovigno to the Imr is 20 
 Austrian dollars, or about 4/. On arriving at the 
 bar, ships are conducted across It and into pott 
 by- pilots, whose fluty it is to meet them outside, 
 or on the bar, and of whose ser. "-es they must 
 avail themselves. (For the cfar.i i on accouut 
 of pilotage, see posf .) 
 
 Jl/(m«y.— Formerly there we.-c various methods 
 of accounting here ; but now accounts are kept, as 
 at Genoa, in lire Italiane, divided into centesimi, 
 or 100th parts. The lira is supposed to be of the 
 L,ame weight, fineness, and, consequently, value aa 
 the franc. Put the coins actually in circulation, 
 denominated lire, are respectively 'jqual in sterling 
 \ alue to about 5(/, and i^fi. The latter were coined 
 by the Austrian Government. 
 
 Weightsand Measures. — The commercial weights 
 arc here, as at Genoa, of two sorts ; the peso snttile 
 and the peso grosso. Tlie French kiloKrarame, 
 called the libra Italiana, is also sometimes intro- 
 duced, 
 
 100 lb. pcto inrotwsslOF-lAA Ib. mrolrilupois 
 Iii7-H.'«l n.. Troj 
 47*098 kiloifrainmrft 
 9H-4U Ib. of il.miliiiri; 
 96-A69 „ .Vinslcrdsm 
 toCUle ft(i*4*28 lb, AToirilupbiA 
 KU'7«.t Ib. Troy 
 ZO-\%X kilaKrainmri 
 6!t'196lb. or Hamburg 
 6U-9))6 „ Ainslerdam 
 
 The moggio, or measure for com, is divided 
 into 4 st^e, 10 quartc, or 04 qiiartaroli. The 
 staja=2'2/ Winch, bushels. 
 
 'riie measure for wine, anfora = 4 bigonzi, or 
 8 mastelli, or 48 sechii, or 192 bozze or 7G8 
 quartuzzi. It contains 137 Engliish wine gal- 
 lons. 
 
 The botta = 6 bigonzi. Oil is sold by weight on 
 measure. The botta contains 2 migliaje, or SO 
 miri of 25 lb. peso grosso. The mivo=4'028 
 English wine gallons, 
 
 'i'he braccio, or long measure, for woollen=2G'6 
 Eiiglish inches: the braccio for silks=24'8 do. 
 The f-jot of Venice = 13-68 English inches. (Xel- 
 kenbrecher and Kelly.) 
 
 Historical Notice. — Venice was the earliest, and 
 for a lengthened period the most considerable, 
 commercial city of modern J-^urope. llcr origin 
 dates from the invasion of Iialy by Attila in 452. 
 A number of the inhabitants of Aciuilcia, and the 
 neighbouring tcrritor/, flying from the ravages of 
 the barbarians, found'a pror but .secure asylum in 
 the cluster of small islands oi)positc the mouth of I 
 the Breuta, near tlie head of the Adrialic (julf. ' 
 In this situation they were forced to cultivate 
 commerce and its subsidiary arts, as the only I 
 means by which they could maintain lhemselv» 
 At a very early period they bcgau to trade lyith j 
 Constantinople and the Levant; and iiotnm 
 standing, the competition of tiie (icnoesc and j 
 Pianns, they continued to engross the priiicipiu 
 trade in Eastern products, till the discovciyot « I 
 
E 
 
 f tliis onC' There, k a 
 
 wliioli there nre not 
 water at sprin); tides- 
 rcen tbe wi-stcrn point 
 
 of Sfti; rictro, which 
 n^a, and 1 ' nt nuaps. 
 
 moor oR' the chical 
 y conic into tiie j^rand 
 e city, and soniciiniw 
 annel of the Giudccca, 
 louth for the most part 
 on the coast of latria, 
 
 piloti<, wlio carry them 
 lamocco. But tlie era- 
 i is quite optional with 
 8 Bometinies represented, 
 
 When one is taken, the 
 {ovigno to the l)ar is '20 
 
 4/. On arriving at the 
 
 across it and into port 
 is to meet them outside, 
 hose scr. '-es they must 
 the chr.i i on account 
 
 re were various methods 
 low accounts are i<cpt,a8 
 !, divided into ontcsimi, 
 , is supposed to be of the 
 id, consequently, value as 
 IS actually in circulation, 
 )ectively iqual in sterling 
 irf. The latter were coined 
 iient. 
 
 —The commercial weights 
 two sorts; the uesu solri/o 
 Tie French kilo;;rarame, 
 I, is also sometimes m'.to- 
 
 RA lb. iiToiiilu|>ois 
 
 Wl Ui. Troj 
 
 9H kiloKrainmw 
 
 Hi lb. of ll.imbiirE 
 
 i6!) „ .vmslenlsm 
 
 li» lb. «TOirdu)i*u 
 
 !i.l lb. Tr<iy 
 
 %X kllo(!r»inmM 
 
 96 lb. of HanibuTR 
 
 N(i „ Ani!.lera.iin 
 
 sure for corn, is divided 
 I, or C4 quartaroli. The 
 lels. 
 
 nc, anfora = 4 bigoczi, or 
 lii, or 192 bozzc or TC8 
 137 English wine gal- 
 Oil is sold by weight oi; 
 ontains 2 migliaje, or SO 
 grosso. The miio=4'028 
 
 measure, for woollen =2C'6 
 )raccio for silks =24'8 do. 
 ^8 English inches. (>ti- 
 
 'cnice was the earliest, and 
 od the most considerable, 
 aern Kuropc. Heronfe^n 
 I of halvbyAttdani4o2.^ 
 itantsof A.piilcia.andlhej 
 flviug from the ravages pt 
 prorbulsccureasylumm , 
 inds opposite the mouth on 
 
 head of the Adriatic 0" f- 
 were forced to cultnate 
 osidiary arts, as the ojJy 
 :„uld maintamthem^el* 
 thcv began to trade witn 
 heLv^^if, aiidnotr-J 
 tion of the (ienoese anrt , 
 I to engross the rrmcial' 
 ,cts,till the discovery ot»l 
 
 VENICE 
 
 1497 
 
 route to India liy the Cane of (Jood Hope turned 
 this trallic into a totally new channel. The 
 crusade.s contributed to increase the wealth ami 
 to extend the conime.'ce and the po.s(s.:s.s;')n8 of 
 Venice. Towards the miodlc of the flfteenlh cen- 
 tury, when tiic Turkish sultan, Mahomet II., 
 tntcrcd Constantiiio|ile sword in hand, and placed 
 himself on the throne of Constantineand Justinian, 
 the power of the Vcnetiaas liad attained its maxi- 
 mum. At that [leriod, liesidcs several extensive, 
 iiopulous, and well-cultivated provinccH in Lom- 
 Wy, the republic 'vas mistress of Crete and 
 tvprus, of the jjrcater part of the Morea, and 
 most of the isles in the K^can Sea, She had 
 secured a chain of forts and factories that ex- 
 tended along the coasts of Greece from the Morea 
 loDalmatia; while she monopolised almost the 
 whole foreign trade of Egypt. The preservation 
 of this mono))o1y, of the absolute dominion siie 
 had early usurped over the Adriatic, and of the 
 dependence of her colonics and distant establish- 
 ments, were amongst the principal objects of the 
 Venetian Govennnent ; and the measures it 
 adopted in that view were skilfully devised, and 
 prosecuted witli intiexible constancy. Willi the 
 (ingle exception of Rome, Venice, in the fifteenth 
 century was by far the richest and most magnifico.c 
 if European cities ; and her singular situation in. 
 the midst of the pea, on which she seems to tloat, 
 contributed to impress those who visited her 
 with still higher notions of her wealth and gran- 
 deur, Sannazarius is not the onlj' one who has 
 preferred Venice to the ancient ca)>ital of the 
 world; but none have so beautifully expressed 
 their preference. 
 
 ViderHt AdrUcii VenetKin Nqitiintis in undls 
 
 Stire urbt'in. el toto jionere jura niuri. 
 Nunr mlhi TarpeYas quintumTh. Jupiter, arcet 
 
 Ob|i(-e, el ilia lua mnnia .Martin, ait : 
 81 Titierim fietafio prKferK. nrlteni asiiice utramque. 
 
 lllam nomlnes dica», banc |HHUiue f >eos. 
 
 Though justly regarded as one of the principal 
 kalwarks of Chri8ter.dom against the Turks, 
 Venice had to contend, in the early part of the 
 sixteenth centurj', against a combination of the 
 European Fowers. The famous league of Cambra)-, 
 ofvhich Pope Julius II. was the real author, was 
 formed for the avowed purpose of effecting the 
 entire subjugation of the Venetians, and the par- 
 tition of their territories. The emperor and the 
 kings of Franco and Spain joined this powerful 
 confederacy. Hut, owing less vo the valour of 
 the Venetians, than to dissonpions amongst their 
 enemie.s, the league was speedily dissolved with- 
 out materially weakening the power of the repub- 
 lic. From ihat period the policy of Venice was 
 comparatively pacific and cautious. Hut notwith- 
 itanding her efforts to keep on good terms with 
 the Turks, the latter invudei! Cyprus in 1570 : and 
 conquered it, after a gallant resistance, continued 
 for 11 years. The Venetians had the principal 
 share in the decisive victory gained over the Turks 
 ilLepanto in 1.571 : but owing to the discordant 
 views of the confederates, it was not properly 
 followed up, and could not prevent the fall of 
 Cj'prus. 
 The war with the Turks in Candia commenced 
 in 1645, and continued 'Jll 1670. The Vu'ictinns 
 aerted all tlieir energies in defence of this valu- 
 aUc island ; and its acquisition cost the Turks 
 above 200,000 men. The loss of Candia, and the 
 rapid decline of the commerce of the republic, now 
 ^most wlioUy turned into other channels, reduced 
 icnice, at the close of the seventeenth century, 
 to a state of great exhaustion. She may be said, 
 udeed, to have owed the last 100 years of her 
 «i8tence more to the forbearance and jealousies 
 of others than to any strength of her o'l-n. 
 
 Nothing, however, could avert that fat j she had 
 seen overwludm so many once iiowerful states. 
 Ill 17U7, the 'maiden city ' siibniittetl to the yoke 
 of the conijueror: and the last surviving witness 
 of antiquity — tlie link that united the ancient to 
 ihe modern world — stripped of independence, of 
 commerce, and of wealth, is now slowly sinking 
 into the waves wlicm* siie arose. 
 
 The foundation of \ eiiicc is described bj' Gib- 
 bon, c. 35 ; and in his (iOth chapter he has 
 elo(|uently depicted her piosperity in the year 
 1200. Mr. Ilallam, in his work on the Middle 
 Ages (vol. i. pp. 470-87), has given a brief account 
 of the changev of the Venetian Government. Her 
 history occupies a considerable space if the volu- 
 minous work of M. Sismondi on the Italian Re- 
 publics ; but his details as to her trade and com- 
 mercial jiolicy ar? singul.'irl}' meagre and unin- 
 teresting. All previous histories of Venice have, 
 however, been thrown into the shade by the 
 valuable work of M, Daru {Ilistoire de '.a licpu- 
 blique de Venis^, 2nd ed. 8 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1821). 
 Having had access to genuine sources of informa- 
 tion, inaccesidbleto all his predecessors, M. Daru'b 
 work is as superior to tlieirs in accuracy, as it is 
 in most other qualities required in a history. 
 
 Trade, Navigatitm, and Manufactures of the 
 Venetians in the Fifteentli Century,- -~'V\w Vene- 
 tian ships of the largest class were denominated 
 galeasses, and were fitted out for the double 
 purpose of war and commerce. Some of them 
 carried 50 pieces of cannon, and crews of GOO men. 
 These vessels were sometimes, also, called ar- 
 gosers or argosies. They had early an intercourse 
 with England ; and argosies used to be common 
 in our ports. In 1325, Edward II. entered into a 
 commercial treaty with Venice, in which full 
 liberty is given to the Venetians, for 10 years, to 
 sell their merchandise in England, and to return 
 home in safety, without being made answerable, 
 as was the practice in those days, for the crimes 
 or debts of other strangers. (Anderson's Chron. 
 Deduction, Anno 1325.) Sir William Monsou 
 mentions, that the last argosie that sailed from 
 Venici, for England was lost, with a rich cargo 
 aad many passengers, on the coast of the Isle of 
 Wight, in 1587. 
 
 In the beginning of the filteenth centurv, the 
 annual value of the goods exported from A cuice 
 by sea, exclusive of those exported to the states 
 adjoining her proviiiucs in Lombardy, was esti- 
 mated, by contemporary writers, at 10,000,000 
 ducats ; the profits of tiie out and home voyage, 
 including freight, being estimated at 4,000,000 
 ducats. At the period in question, the Venetian 
 shipping consisted of 3,000 vessels of from 100 to 
 20O tons burden, carrying 17,000 sailors ; 300 
 ships with 8,000 sailors ; and 45 galleys of various 
 size, kept afloat by the republic for the protection 
 of her trade Ac, having 11,000 men on board. 
 In the dockyard, 10,000 labourers were usually 
 employed. This is the statement of the native 
 authorities; but tliere can be no doubt thf.t it 
 is greatly exaggerated— 1,600 would be a more 
 reasonable number. The trade to Syria and 
 Egypt seems to have been conducted principally 
 by ready money ; for 500,('00 ducats are said to 
 have been annually exported to these countries ; 
 100,000 were sent to England. (Daru, tome ii. 
 p. 180 &c.) The vessels of Venice visited every port 
 of the Mediterranean, and every coast of Europe ; 
 «nd her maritime commerce was, probably, not 
 much inferio'-to that of all the rest of Christendom. 
 So }»te as 1518, 5 Venetian galeasses arrived at 
 Antwerp, laden with spices, drugs, si'hs iS;i;. for 
 the fair at that city. 
 
 Tl>e Venetians did not, however, confine them- 
 
 
 'H; 
 
 ■I I 
 
 <:1' 
 
 1 
 
 l\ 
 
 ' %■' 
 
 ."- ^i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 . Il 
 
 'M 
 
 1 
 
 ^.JLu 
 
 j 
 
 
^7^«il 
 
 1498 
 
 VENICE 
 
 .! ■■■; •) 
 
 i-\- 
 
 selves to the supply of Europe with the commo- 
 dities of the East, and to the extension and im- 
 provement of navigation. They attempted new 
 ar*s, and prosecuted them with vigour and 
 success, at a period when they were entirely 
 unknown in other European countries. The glas's 
 manufacture of Venice was the lirst, and for along 
 time the most celebrated, of any in Europe ; and 
 her manufactures of silk, cloth of gold, leather, 
 reflned sugar A'c, were deservedly esteemed. The 
 iealousy of the Government, and their intolerance 
 of anything like f«ee discussion, was unfavourable 
 to the production of great literory works. Every 
 scholar is, however, aware of the fame which 
 Venice earl)- acquired by the perfection to which 
 she carried the art of printing. The classics that 
 issued from the Aldine presses are still universally 
 and justly admired for their beauty and correct- 
 uess. The Bank of Venice was established in the 
 twelfth century. It continued throughout a bank 
 of deposit merely, and was skilfully conducted. 
 
 But the policy of Government, though favour- 
 able to the introduction and establishment of 
 manufactures, was fatal to their progressive 
 advancement. The importation of foreign manu- 
 factured commodities mto the territories of the 
 republic for domestic consumption was forbidden 
 under the severest penalties. The processes to be 
 followed in the manufacture of most articles were 
 regulated by law. ' Dfes I'annde 1 172, un tribunal 
 avoit etc' crct' pour la police des arts et metiers, 
 la qualite ct la quantity des mati6res furcnt 
 soigneusemcnt ddtermindes,' (Daru, iii. 153.) 
 Having, in tliis way, little to fear from foreign 
 comiietition, and being tied down to a system of 
 routine, there was nothing left to stimulate 
 invention and discover)'; and during the last 
 century the manufactures of Venice were chiefly 
 remarkable as evincing the extraordinary perfec- 
 tion to which they had early arrived, and the 
 absence of all recent improvements. An unex- 
 ceptionable judge, M. BerthoUet, employed by the 
 French Government to report on the state of the 
 arts of Venice, observed, 'que I'industrie des 
 V^nitiens, comme celle des Chinois, uvoit ete 
 prdcoce, mais etoit restde stationnaire.' (Daru, 
 tome iii, p. 101.) 
 
 M, Daru has given the following extract from 
 an article in the statutes of the State Inquisition, 
 which strikingly displays the real character of 
 the Venetian Government, and their jealousy of 
 foreigners : ' If any workman or artisan carrj- 
 his art to a foreign country, to the prejudice of 
 the republic, he shall be ordered to return ; if he 
 do not obey, his nearest relations shall be im- 
 
 Erisoned, that his regard for them may induce 
 im to come back. If he return, the past shall be 
 forgiven, and employment shall be provided for 
 him in Venice. If, in despite of the imprisonment 
 of his relations, he persevere in his absence, an 
 emissary ihall he employed to despatch him ; and 
 after his dsath his relations shall be set at liberty.' 
 (Tom, iii. p. 150.) 
 
 The 19th book of M. Dam's history contains a 
 comprehensive and well-digested account of the 
 commerce, manufactures, and navigation of Venice. 
 But it was not possible, in a work on the general 
 history of the republic, to enter so fully into the 
 details as to these subjects as their importance 
 would have justified. The Storia Civile e Politico, 
 del Commercio de' Veneziani, da Carlo Antonio 
 Marin, in 8 vols. 8vo., published at Venice at 
 different periods, from 1798 to 1808, is imworthy 
 of the title. It contains, indeed, a great many 
 curious statements ; but it is exceedingly prolix ; 
 and wliile the moat unimportant and trivial sub- 
 jects are freciucntlj- discussed at extreme length. 
 
 many of great interest are either entirely omitted, 
 or are treated in a very brief and unsatisfuctdiy 
 manner. The commercial history of Venice re- 
 mains to be written ; and were it well executed, 
 it would be a most valuable acquisition. 
 
 Present Trade and Manufactures of Venice,~ 
 From the period when Venice came into tlio 
 
 fiossession of Austria, down to 1830, it seems to 
 lave been the policy of the Government to en- 
 courage Trieste in preference to Venice ; ami the 
 circumstance of the former being a free port, gave 
 her a very decided advantage over the latter. 
 Latterly, however, a more equitable policy has 
 prevailed. In 1830 Venice was made a free port, 
 and down to 1866, when she became part of the 
 kingdom of Italy, fully participated in every 
 privilege conferred on Trieste. But, nutwith". 
 standing this circumstance, the latter continued 
 to preserve the ascendency ; and the revival of j 
 trade that has taken place at Venice has not Iwcn 
 so great as might have been anticipated. Tlie 
 truth is, that except ui so far r i she is the 
 entrepot of the adjoining provinces of Lombardy, 
 Venice has no considerable natural advantage as 
 a trading tity ; and her extraordinary prosperity 
 during the middle ages is more to be" ascribiid to 
 the comparative security enjoyed by the inhabi- 
 tants, and to their success in engrossing the 
 principal share of the commerce of the Levant, 
 than to any other circumstance. Still, however, 
 her trade is far from inconsiderable, though it was 
 much depressed during 1866 in conse(iuencc of the 
 war. The great articles of import arc sugar, 
 coffee, tobacco, and other colonial products; 
 indigo and other dye stuffs, olive oil, oil seed, j 
 coal, iron, salted fish, various descriptions of 
 cotton, woollen, and other manufactured goods; i 
 wheat and other grain, from the Black Mea; 
 tin plates and hardware, raw cotton &c. The | 
 exports principally consist of silk and silk goods, 
 wheat and other grain, paper, jewellery, gliss, ami 
 glass wares, Venetian treacle, "books, with a great 
 variety of other articles, including portions of! 
 most of those that are imported. 
 
 Account of Total Number of Vessels Entered 
 and Cleared at Venice, including Giastingl 
 Vessels, with Amount of Tonnage, 
 
 
 VoKll 
 
 Tons 
 
 1865 
 1866 
 
 6,179 
 fl.liUS 
 
 60J.6I3 
 
 Total Imports and Exports united. 
 
 IS65 
 1866 
 
 Uecreaie 
 
 Ital. hvrrs 
 . ss.Jia.tfiii 
 
 . 86,r.67,l32 
 
 . r,674,430 ii». = JEB7,I11J 
 
 The comparison of the trade by land and river j 
 navigation in 1865 and 1866 is as follows :— 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 Decrease - 
 Total decrease 
 
 Total Imports 
 
 Italian llr. 
 
 54,806,090 
 
 _4^,777rMO_ 
 
 11,028,510 
 
 Total hipora 
 
 18,068,339 
 
 From which it oppears the decrease »/ '"de lyr J 
 land and river navigation in 1866 was 18,0b»,w»| 
 which, added to the decrease in the aniount o» 
 trade by sea, makes the total falling off ("""""H 
 able entirely to the war, which ended in nen 
 transfer froin Austria to Italy) 19,744,2b9 ItaluuU 
 livres, or 789,771/. 16». .^ 
 
 The following tables show the value of ourtraaa 
 
 with Venetia. 
 
VENICK 
 
 1499 
 
 re either entirely omitted, 
 brief and unsatisfactory 
 al history of Venice re- 
 I were it well executed, 
 ible acquisition. 
 'anufactures of Venive.-. 
 Venice came into tho 
 )wn to 1830, it seems to 
 r the Government to en- 
 rence to Venice ; ami the 
 ler being a free port, gave 
 rantage over the latter. 
 ore equitable policy ha^ 
 lice was made a free port, 
 [ she became part of the 
 y participated in every 
 Trieste. But, notwith'- 
 ince, the latter continued 
 sncy; and the revival of 
 iCe at Venice has not been 
 e been anticipated. The 
 in so far r ) she is the 
 1 provinces of Lorabardy, 
 ble natural advantage as 
 r extraordinary prosperity 
 is more to be ascribed to 
 ty enjoyed by the iiihabi- 
 iccess in engrossing the 
 commerce of the Levant, 
 imstance. Still, however, 
 lonsiderable, thougii it was 
 1866 in conse(iuenceufthe 
 :les of import are sugar, j 
 other colonial products; 
 stuffs, olive oil, id) seed, i 
 I, various descriptions of | 
 ther manufactured goods; 
 in, from the Black .Sea; 
 ire, raw cotton fee. The 
 sist of silk and silic goods, 
 paper, jewellery, glass, and 
 reacle, books, with a great I 
 es, including portions of] 
 mported. 
 
 SKll 
 
 Tons 
 
 179 
 ,(.'J9 
 
 601,6(3 
 
 md Exports united. 
 
 lUl. lirrM 
 . »S.3la,H61! 
 . «6,i;67,l3S 
 . l>7i,430!r». = ^".''" 
 
 he trade by land ami rivet j 
 1866 is as follows :— 
 
 ,rs the decrease of trade! 
 on in 1866 was 18,068,3i)»J 
 iecrease in the amount on 
 ! total falling off (attnbutJ 
 war, which ended m m 
 to Italy) 19,744,269 ItaliM 
 
 show the value of ourtrada 
 
 TiiWe showing the Value, in Italian Livrea, of Merchandise Imported and Exjmrted hy Sen at 
 ' Venice, in the Fear 18CG, compared with l«ti5. 
 
 Counlrin 
 
 Imtwrta 
 
 ElpurU 1 
 
 ISGG 
 
 186} i 
 
 1866 
 
 186.) 
 
 livrt^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 llvr« 
 
 llvrn 
 
 IlTrn 
 
 1 Vtite*. rutf'ln, AbrnzzI, ami Catnlirla 
 
 IXl.UOli 
 
 Mil, 980 
 
 49^014 
 
 4'.3,350 
 
 .'i.lm.iHi 
 
 t.Vll.M'i 
 
 WitM-i 
 
 1,641,152 
 
 Pontifical Siali'<, Umliiia, ine MarchCT, 
 
 
 
 
 
 mlHinilU- 
 
 HM.'»l 
 
 9'M.Mt 
 
 814,647 
 
 1,176,1190 
 
 
 4S,.16.l 
 
 •.'lli,.570 
 
 
 , , 
 
 1 (iflioa ami Sirclinla 
 
 7i),'iao 
 
 VOS,7A7 ! 
 
 ■2 If) 
 
 17,700 
 
 Vmella .... 
 
 llilian I'oft* .... 
 Wtrf SlalM of AmeriM 
 
 •VM.'Ml 
 
 •itli..V'i j 
 
 (.■i7,rill 
 •.!,167,0'.4 
 
 113,873 
 3,405,468 
 
 fi,0l)7.1.1l 
 
 '',hi\i,ij:h\ 1 
 
 nnfiii 
 
 9.-.5,990 
 
 
 Hiiti, J'l- l)»iiilnK0 
 
 .1.').\,.1IK) 
 
 .111,7(15 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 Baibicy Slaits 
 
 W7,ns 
 
 187,460 
 
 214,917 
 
 161,420 
 
 S^l'dMla ami U'atlachla - 
 
 I'JH.ol.'i 
 
 llfi.'JSa 
 
 iSi.l'i-i 
 
 746,870 
 
 fi.i,»art 
 
 HI, 300 
 
 
 
 Turliev .... 
 
 979,157 
 
 7.16,7.'.7 
 
 405,315 
 
 411,993 
 
 
 fi.1,t5fi 
 
 IS 1,9 10 
 
 ,, 
 
 , , 
 
 |i«eilen ami Norway . - - 
 
 440,400 
 
 1,H.'»<,K90 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 KS : -. : : 
 
 99,463 
 
 210,595 
 
 
 
 l,l>.'>li,IS7 
 
 1,078,797 
 
 129,3f;i) 
 
 418'.125 
 
 JIalta .... 
 
 46,7aS 
 
 1 1 ,4IM) 
 
 585,815 
 
 627,652 
 
 UrMlUrilaln . . . - 
 
 7,7»'J,9SG 
 
 7,936,102 
 
 I.1,151,W3 
 
 12,321,835 
 
 Spain- .... 
 
 20,(K)0 
 
 17,41)0 
 
 ., 
 
 .. 
 
 719,.VJ9 
 
 I,()91t,5i7 
 
 135,fl95 
 
 227,4.'i2 
 
 Grtece . - - . 
 
 .19,3'*) 
 
 50,810 
 
 331,5111 
 
 178,2118 
 
 
 6I0,I)I.'S 
 
 900,7M 
 
 821,511 
 
 S77,27f) 
 
 lojliia .... 
 
 35,l7S,.T6i 
 
 .14,147,488 
 
 12,313,990 
 
 12,170,318 
 
 ! roleinn I'or" - • • • 
 
 1 Total 
 
 4S,)I41,44.1 
 
 49,861,198 1 
 
 28,738,5111 
 3l,205,,'-55 
 
 28,447,143 
 31.852.811 
 
 .'..'),4i;l,S77 
 
 56.4an,Ml 1 
 
 imiint of the Quantities and 
 
 Values of the Imports into the 
 
 United Kinqdom from Venetia 
 
 during each of the 3 Years ending with 1867. 
 
 
 l'rlnci|ul Articles 
 
 laiMofanimois nil fiih (ezceiit whalefiiu) 
 
 Bijjle, anil i;las« lieaiU 
 
 Com: wheat - . - 
 
 barley . - - 
 
 maize or Inilian corn - 
 
 whe.1t flour - - . 
 
 GUsimauiif .cturea ... 
 Hemp, ilres^eu ... 
 
 unilre.se<l . . - 
 
 Meu iircsirveil otherwise than ti> fialtlng 
 ' jljdi mi other inaterialu for maHnR iia|ier 
 Rice, not in the husk 
 S«ili, 'il'all i>orts - . - 
 
 .Shumac . . - - 
 
 Wood; walnut . . - 
 
 Wool, sheeit ami lambs* - • 
 
 Allothrranii-'les - . - 
 
 Total - - - 
 
 tons 
 
 lb. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 value 
 cwt. 
 
 tons 
 
 ewt. 
 
 value 
 
 tons 
 
 tt 
 
 lb. 
 
 value 
 
 I86S 
 
 (.iuanlltles 
 I 1866 
 
 2,93!),.' 
 
 713 
 
 492 
 
 9,.'.94 
 
 2,542,268 
 
 2,791 
 
 11.5,191 
 
 .3,.'iflf) 
 
 7,lfH) 
 
 8,500 
 
 .-)'15 
 
 88 
 
 1,.3II2 
 
 '7,.^3n 
 
 ll,6'l 
 
 7,808 
 
 141,026 
 
 210 
 
 365 
 ,30,600 
 
 21 
 
 262 
 i,l93 
 
 '334 
 592 
 ,773 
 
 599 
 
 5,750,562 
 
 118,766 
 
 l(r,79S 
 6,769 
 
 4',45l 
 
 133,785 
 
 3,f)f)f) 
 
 117 
 
 2,248 
 
 "969 
 
 2')7 
 
 12,142 
 
 Coinputnl Ileal Value 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 3,973 
 
 2,317 
 
 3,664 
 
 1 I6,ij80 
 
 127,112 
 
 lS7„'iS8 
 
 1,319 
 
 59,132 
 
 87,014 
 
 933 
 
 2,336 
 
 
 2,727 
 
 96 
 
 4,9S7 
 
 65 
 
 1,023 
 
 6,607 
 
 472 
 
 965 
 
 4,358 
 
 ! 21,450 
 
 .13,202 
 
 12,856 
 
 1 274,100 
 
 270,216 
 
 «43,.16l 
 ll,2f)0 
 
 2,914 
 
 4,432 
 
 5!,»17 
 
 .. 
 
 3,186 
 
 1,791 
 
 1,378 
 
 690 
 
 4,922 
 
 1 1,868 
 
 3,391) 
 
 12,f)94 
 
 , 3,730 
 
 5,134 
 
 2,692 
 
 ! l,.').Tf. 
 
 1,084 
 
 454 
 
 19,8.-i6 
 
 22,864 
 
 23,895 
 
 . <«.1,314 
 
 438,481 
 
 Oil, .172 
 
 {Account of the Quantities and Vahns of the Ex^xyrts to Venetia of the Produce and Manufacture 
 of the United Kingdom in 18G5, 1866, and 1867. 
 
 Principal Articles 
 
 Quantities 
 
 ISGA 
 
 \M6 
 
 Alhli, iodi . - ■ 
 
 ^ Appaitft aiid habenla&hcry 
 ' Arms: cannon and mortars 
 ' Oaii, cinders. <tnd culm 
 I Copper, wruuxht aiid unwrought 
 Cdtoojam - - • 
 
 j Cotlonsi entered t>y the yard 
 1 at value 
 
 ! Eirthenware and porcelain 
 jPiih: herrings 
 pilchards 
 Hnd»am and cutler;, unenumetated 
 I Iron, wrought and unwrought - 
 1 Linen yam • • - 
 
 I linens, entered by the yard 
 j at Taiue 
 
 Uachinery: stenm-enKines 
 all other Hortt 
 jOil.ieed ... 
 Siltpetre - . - 
 
 iTinflatei . . - 
 
 i Woollens, enteri'd by the yard - 
 I at vaiue 
 
 jAUother articles 
 I Totid 
 
 cwt. 
 
 value I 
 
 cwt. I 
 
 tons : 
 
 cwt. ! 
 
 lb. 
 
 vd. 
 Blue 
 
 4,449 
 
 33,876 
 
 369 
 
 121,639 
 
 990,921 
 
 barl. 
 
 4,135 
 
 Iihd. 
 
 6,392 
 
 cwt. 
 
 92 
 
 ton 
 
 1,.181 
 
 lb. 
 
 14,926 
 
 vd. 
 
 value 
 
 61,913 
 
 .. 
 
 1* 
 
 • ■ 
 
 Ral. 
 
 179,921 
 
 cwt. 
 
 2,431 
 
 value I 
 
 vd. 
 Tame 
 
 113,442 
 
 .'.21 
 
 42,576 
 
 146 
 
 127,298 
 
 1,54.5,911 
 
 8,784 
 4,6.10 
 43 
 1,113 
 9,588 
 59,324 
 
 135,129 
 1,094 
 
 319',i40 
 
 1867 
 
 Declared Keal Value 
 1864 1866 1867 
 
 4, .506 
 
 2,664 
 
 43,.503 
 
 899 
 
 114,700 
 
 ■!,626,737 
 
 7,139 
 
 5,914 
 
 197 
 
 2,482 
 
 78,393 
 
 41,147 
 
 279,040 
 1,970 
 
 264,646 
 
 £ 
 
 1,911 
 
 2,797 
 
 I6",i98 
 
 1,634 
 
 9,127 
 
 24,290 
 
 8.10 
 
 749 
 
 4,416 
 
 21,648 
 
 473 
 
 9,664 
 
 1,070 
 
 2,574 
 
 271 
 
 170 
 
 1,246 
 
 24,173 
 
 3,714 
 
 963 
 
 21,031 
 
 260 
 
 4,279 
 
 15.1,749 
 
 £ 
 
 283 
 2.130 
 
 22)176 
 
 626 
 
 10,423 
 
 37,495 
 
 2,127 
 
 748 
 
 8,7 -4 
 
 14,306 
 
 301 
 
 7,413 
 
 801 
 
 2,084 
 
 621 
 
 90 
 
 217 
 
 23,746 
 
 1,353 
 
 2,100 
 
 18,138 
 
 307 
 
 11.295 
 
 £ 
 
 2,273 
 4,167 
 
 II, not) 
 
 20,944 
 
 3,.i89 
 
 7,668 
 
 52,7.10 
 
 2,187 
 
 793 
 
 7,140 
 
 18,278 
 
 981 
 
 14,725 
 
 5,409 
 
 1,856 
 
 3«0 
 
 656 
 
 2,514 
 
 43,400 
 
 4,614 
 
 2,286 
 
 17.497 
 
 42.5 
 
 9,349 
 
 167,657 i 236,5,13 
 
 The Venetians may now look forward with hope 
 to a new and more "prosperous era in their com- 
 mmial annals, resulting from the advantages 
 tiey will derive from annexation to the kingdom 
 »f Italy under a liberal constitutional Govern- 
 ment favourablfi to the system of free trade and 
 moderate taritl's, and hostile to prohibitory duties. 
 
 Tariff.— The Italian customs tariff is far 
 mjie favourable than that of Austria formerly was 
 to the importation of the following important 
 tticles of British commerce : — 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Fish: salmon, cotliish. 
 
 s. 
 
 Italian 
 
 
 
 At'STRIAir 
 
 per cwt. 
 
 per cwt. 
 
 J. M. 
 
 
 
 d. 
 
 t. 
 
 </. •«. d. 
 
 litlchards, herrings, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 stocktish 
 
 1 
 
 ;i 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 Ltnen weft goods according 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to quality 
 
 9 
 
 3 to 46 
 
 u 
 
 20 
 
 t to S32 10 
 
 Linen and henrp y.un. On 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iwlfttand dyed varus the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Italian am much lower 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cotton yam, accordiuK to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 quality 
 
 6 
 
 1 12 
 
 s 
 
 H 
 
 U 26 8 
 
 Cotton weft Koods 
 1 Woollen weft ,ioods 
 
 29 
 
 4 81 
 
 3 
 
 73 
 
 2 432 10 
 
 46 
 
 1 121 
 
 11 
 
 73 
 
 2 532 10 
 
 i 1 
 
 ii\ 
 
 I:- 
 
 M 
 
 ii 
 
 it 
 
) ' 
 
 1600 
 
 VENICE 
 
 r 
 
 ■'■■..' '' 
 
 "t';V 
 
 \i.:t :■ 
 
 
 Leather. — Tlic Italian nilmits (if the importation 
 of tanned liidcs and leatlier, 'whiuli was precluded 
 by the Austrian tarifT. 
 
 Iron and Ironwares. — Tlie Italian duties on 
 iron and all Horts of iron and Btee), and un all 
 descriptions of nicral Roods, afford facilities for 
 their nnportation which the higii duties of Austria 
 impeded. 
 
 The manufactures of Venice are very vorious, 
 and more extensive than is generallv supposed. 
 The famous glassworks produce ma(;niriccnt mir- 
 rors, with every variety of artificial ))earls and 
 genas, coloured beads, enamel and Mosaic works 
 &.C. Jewellery, including gold chains, is also ex- 
 tensively produced ; as are gold and silver stuffs, 
 velvets, silks, laces, and other expensive goods ; 
 and leather, soap, earthenware, wax-lighta &.C., to 
 a greater or less extent. Printing is more exten- 
 sively carried on in this than in any other city of 
 Italy, and books form a considerable article of ex- 
 port. Ship-building is also carried on to some 
 extent, both here and at Chiozza. In 183G, the 
 first steam-engine seen in Venice was set up for a 
 sugar relinery. 
 
 From the circumstance of Venice being situated 
 nearly opposite the mouth of the lirenta, which 
 brings do>\-u lai^e quantities of mud, the pro- 
 bability is that the lagoon, by which she is sur- 
 rounded, will ultimately be tilled up. Under the 
 republic this was a subject of great apprehensitm, 
 and every device was resorted to that seemed 
 likely to avert a result so pregnant with danger 
 to the independence of the city. But now that 
 there is no particular motive for hindering the 
 mud from accumulating in the lagoon, it is pro- 
 bable that, ia the course of time, the shallow will 
 be converted into terra iirma, and Venice lose her 
 insular position. The works projected and ap- 
 proved for deepening the entrance to the port of 
 Malamocco, and for deepening and widening the 
 channel from thence to the port and arsenal of 
 Venice, will render the port easy of access to 
 vessels of large tonnage, and afford important 
 advantages to the foreign commerce of the port. 
 
 Railway to Fentce.— -Venice is connecteu with 
 the mainland, and with the chief towns of Italy, 
 and the rest of Europe, bv railway. That part ol 
 this important work which passes through the 
 lagoon is supported on arches. It may be ex- 
 pected that this new and easy channel of com- 
 munication with some of the most fertile districts 
 of Lombardy, will be of considerable service to 
 Venice ; and will tend, in some degree, to revive 
 her decaying energies. 
 
 Many of the inhabitants depend for their sub- 
 sistence on tishing in the lagoon, and the con- 
 tiguous portions of the Adriatic. 
 
 Italian Port Charges, — These are considerably 
 lower than those of Austria. Steam-ships, from 
 whenccsoevcr arrived: Health dues, 5 Italian 
 ret per Italian ton; light dues, 50 cents per 
 ton ; total, 55 cents per ton, with liberty to touch 
 at any Italian port within the month, on again 
 paving the health dues only. 
 
 In steam-ships, the English ton has an advan- 
 tage of about 10 per cent. ; 40 per cent., instead 
 of 30 per cent., being allowed for the engine and 
 coal-room ; the charges are, therefore, about 49 
 Italian cents, equal to (iO Austrian soldi (i^^-d.) 
 per ton. 
 
 Steamers may also pay the charges for 1 year, 
 on payment of I'oO Italian livre for light dues, 
 and 50 cents for health dues. 
 
 In sailing vessels, the English ton is equal to 
 the Italian, and pays for health dues, 20 cents, 
 and light dues, 50 cents; together 70 cents, or 
 about 'iSJ Austrian soUli (fi^J'-d.). 
 
 Banking Establishments. — The old bank ofl 
 Venice was founded so fur bfick as 1171,bciii,'r 
 tiic most ancicul establishment of the kind in I 
 Europe. It was a bank of deposit; and siiclil 
 was Mie estimation in which it was held, tiint itJ 
 pan(!r continued to bear an agio as compared wiili I 
 coin down to 1707, when the bonk fell with tkl 
 liovornment by which it had been guaranteed. All 
 present (1809) there are in Venice, U'sides privati' 
 bniikcrs, a discount bank, or * Societil Mercantile,' I 
 a branch of the ' llanco del I'opolo ' of FlorcncfJ 
 and a new bank called ' linnco I'opolnre.' Tliel 
 legal and usual rate of interest and discount is J 
 per cent. It is not the practice to allow intcretj 
 on deposits. Billa on London arc usually dro\va| 
 at three months. 
 
 Brokers, Commission Sfc. — The number of brokersl 
 is limited, and they are licensed by Government;! 
 but the business of commission morclmiit and I 
 factor is open to everyone. Before, however,! 
 commencing any trade or profession at Vcnicp,! 
 a petition must be presented for leave to the au-f 
 thorities : but this is more a matter of form thani 
 anvthing else; its prayer being rarely, if ever,| 
 refused. 
 
 The usual rate of commission and factorage onl 
 the purchase or sale of colonial produce is 2 perl 
 cent., and on manufactured goods 3 per cent., in-l 
 elusive of broker's commission, 1 jier cent. A| 
 shipbroker's commission on the freight of a wholcl 
 cargo is 2 per cent., and on a general cargo 1 perl 
 cent. By the custom of the place, merchant*! 
 charge 2 per cent, on the inward, and 2 per cent.r 
 on the outward freight of all ships consigned toi 
 them ; and this, though they had done no morel 
 than recommend the master to a broker. .4 billfi 
 broker's commission is ^ per mille. Merciianta 
 and bankers charge a commission on internal! 
 bills of i per cent., and on foreign ditto of 1 perj 
 cent. 
 
 Insurances are effected by companies and indi-j 
 viduals. The Government charges no duty oa| 
 the policies. 
 
 Communications with Lombardy are effected by 
 flat-bottomed vessels, which, passing throu|rh thel 
 lagoon, enter the canals and rivers, and maker 
 their way through most part of the country 
 watered by the Po and its tributaries. Tha 
 freight of goods from Milan to Venice, dbtanll 
 about 170 miles, is about 1/. per ton. The prin-j 
 cipal products they bring down are grain, silli 
 hemp, and tlax, cheese, rhubarb See. The countrj 
 to the north of Venice affords large quantities ol 
 deals, which are shipped for Malta, Sicily, and tha 
 Levant. J 
 
 Quarantine. — Ships coming from without thel 
 Straits of Gibraltar, provided there be no infecj 
 tious disease on board, are admitted to pratiqu* 
 on performing a short quarantine of 7 days a r 
 part of the lagoon, about 1 mile from the cityj 
 Long quarantine is performed a little farthe* 
 off. The lazaretto, and establishments for pMJ 
 sengers ifec. performing quarantine, are among th« 
 best in Europe. 
 
 Provisions, Ships' Stores §-c.— These articlei 
 mov oil be had at Venice of excellent quahtyj 
 but not cheap, with, perhaps, the exeeptiou ^ 
 bread. Water is conveyed to the city by lightcrsj 
 and is, consequently, rather dear; fuel is verf 
 scarce, and very high priced. 
 
 7'an'.?.— Cases, casks, and other covenngs gj 
 into the scale with their contents, and the duty 4 
 levied on the gross weight. Wine, spirits Ac conj 
 sumed in this city, being liable to au excise (lut« 
 to cover the municipal expenses, have an aiiwj 
 once, if in iron-bound casks, of 18 per cent, w tnj 
 weight; and if not in iron-bound casks, ot i^ pe' 
 
VERA CRUZ 
 
 1501 
 
 allowed between inercliiintH arc 
 
 rnti. — The old bank ofl 
 J fur back as 1171, beiiij 
 l)li8hment of the kind ij 
 Ilk of deposit ; and sucli 
 vhich it was held, that iti 
 : an agio as compared with 
 icn the bank fell with tlit 
 it had been guaranteed. At 
 B in Venice, besides privaW 
 ik, or ' Societil Mercantile,' 
 :o del I'opolo ' of I'lorenct, 
 d ' Hnnco I'opolnre.' Tliel 
 F interest and discount is lil 
 a practice to allow iutcrutl 
 London are usually drawn [ 
 
 §■0. — The number of brokml 
 e licensed by Goveniraent;! 
 commission merchant andl 
 eryone. IVfore, however,! 
 io or profession at Venic,! 
 sented for leave to the au-F 
 nore a matter of form thanl 
 ayer being rarely, if everJ 
 
 immission and factorage oal 
 if colonial produce is 2 perl 
 ctured goods 3 per cent., in-l 
 ommission, 1 ])er ccut, Al 
 on on the freight of a. whoiel 
 nd on a general cargo 1 p«i 
 m of the place, mcrchanu 
 the inward, and 2 per cent 
 ht of all ships consigned to 
 gh they had done no raorel 
 master' to a broker. AbiUl 
 is i per millc. Mercliank 
 a commission on int 
 nd on foreign ditto of I pen 
 
 (ted by companies and indi-l 
 iment charges no duty ml 
 
 th Ijomhardy are effected by| 
 which, passing througii t' 
 lals and rivers, and ma 
 most part of the countrj 
 
 and its tributaries. Tha 
 Milan to Venice, dijtant| 
 )out 1/. per ton. The ; 
 l)ring down are grain, sill 
 
 rhubarb &e. The countrj 
 ._ affords large quantities ( 
 ed for Malta, Sicily, andthJ 
 
 coming from without tli9 
 irovided there be no infecj 
 
 are admitted to pratiqa^ 
 rt quarantine of 7 days in I 
 bout 1 mile from the ( . 
 performed a little farthei 
 ind cbtablishments for pH 
 5 quarantine, are among th^ 
 
 Stores S-c— These article) 
 Venice of excellent quaUtyJ 
 perhaps, the exceptiou ol 
 •evedtothecitybyliglitcrj 
 , rather dear; fuel is vetj 
 priced. 
 
 LS, and other coverings u. 
 eir contents, and the duty « 
 ight. Wine, spirits Ac. con 
 Bing liable to an excise dutl 
 al expenses, have an alloffj 
 casks, of 18 per cent, on tM 
 
 iroii-bouud caste, ol i^ p» 
 
 |p.i,t. The tares 
 Ij* follow :— 
 
 li i4ton wool, remambuco and Ilahla 
 
 Kut Incli'> *-:• - - - • - 
 
 |»iuM, 11"'" • , • 
 
 \ lamai*!*. imiHcoTnilo . - - 
 
 tiourboit. Iirown nntl ycltutv, and Kiit India of all co.otir^ 
 refined, crunlu'd - . - ■ 
 
 la-imiloiie ..... 
 
 1 |i lun hrmp ..... 
 
 I ;; idder ri«l - 
 
 li nuirv imtnsh ■ - ■ ■ - 
 
 " On other aftlclei, real taret are utuallir taken. 
 
 lier rent. 
 
 • 'I 
 
 • 1 
 
 15 CO IH 
 
 II 
 
 V! 
 
 (Exclusive of the authorities already referred 
 Ito.see liowring's Uepnrt ontht Statistics of Hal u ; 
 I ijiM. Diet. ; Consular Reports ; Commercial Cir- 
 
 l(K/ar»; ifcc.) 
 
 I VKK.V CIJUZ. The principal neaport on the 
 Iwtcrn coast of Mexico ; lat. 19° 11' 52" N., long. 
 Iji^o jj' 4.-)" W. Population estimated at 10,000 in 
 1 litfiS. Opposite the town, at the distance of about 
 1 41)0 fathoms, is a small island, on which is built 
 I tiie strong castle of St. Juan d'UUoa, which com- 
 Imands the town. The harbour lies between the 
 I town and the castle, and is exceedingly insecure; 
 1 the anchorage being so very bad, that no vessel is 
 I considered safe unless made fast to rings fixed for 
 
 I the purpose in the castle wall ; nor is this always 
 
 I I sufficient protection from the furj' of the nor- 
 Itherlv winds (Jos nortes), which sometimes blow 
 Ivith'tr>;mcndous violence. Humboldt mentions, 
 I in proof of what is now stated, that a snip of the 
 I line, moored by 9 cables to the castle, tore, during 
 litempest, the brass rings from the wall, and was 
 1 tolled '0 pieces on the opposite shore. (iVo«- 
 
 vlk-Espagne, 2mc ed. iv. 69.) Its extreme un- 
 I kealtliiness is, however, a more serious drawback 
 liponVcra Cruz than the badness of its port. It 
 I b said to be the original seat of the yellow fever, 
 I The city is well built, and the streets clean; 
 I bit it is surrounded by sand hills and ponds of 
 siapiant water, which, within the tropics, are 
 I quite enough to generate disease. The inhabi- 
 tints, and those accustomed to the climate, arc 
 I not subject to this formidable di.sorder ; but all 
 srangcrs, even those from the Havannah and the 
 I West India Islands, are liable to the infection. 
 Xo precautions can prevent its attack ; and many 
 have died at Xalopa, on the road to Mexico, who 
 Leiely passed through this pestilential spot, 
 1 During the period that the foreign trade ofl 
 Mexico was carried on exclusively by the Jlota, 
 ihicti sailed periodically from Cadiz, Vera Cruz 
 TO celebrated for its fair, held at the arrival of 
 the ships. It was then crowded with dealers 
 1 from Mexico and most parts of Spanish America; 
 iMt the abolition of the system of regular Heets in 
 1?;8 proved fatal to this fair, as well as to the 
 still more celebrated fair of Portobello, 
 A lighthouse has been erected on the north- 
 I rest angle of the castle of St, Juan. The light, 
 »hich is a revolving one of great power and bril- 
 iisncv, is elevated 80 feet above the level of the 
 I sa, and is visible 15 miles off in clear weather. 
 
 Commerce.— An individual, looking at a map of 
 
 I the world, would be apt to conclude that Mexico 
 
 l<oneof the most favourably situated countries 
 
 I fcr commerce; and, in some respects, this is true. 
 
 But her trade labours, notwithstanding, under 
 
 I mn serious disadvantages. Though washed by 
 
 tlie Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, neither of her 
 
 wasts is accessible for several months of the year. 
 
 On the east coast, or that bordering on the Gulf 
 
 «( Mexico, there is not a single good harbour ; 
 
 ipd during the season when the coasts are acces- 
 
 fiUe, they are extremely unhealthy, ving also 
 
 to the rapid ascent from the shores to the interior, 
 
 the construction of roads, and the transport of 
 
 anmodities to and from the inner provinces, is 
 
 alike diffloult and expensive. No doubt, how- 
 ever, an efllcient (Jovornment and an industrious 
 people would speedily, in a great measure, over- 
 come these obstaclesto rn extensive iiitercourso 
 with the foreigner. Hut Mexico has neither the 
 one nor the other ; and, at present, her trade is 
 confined within the narrowest limits. Down to 
 
 1778, when the Spanish Oovernment relaxed the 
 old prohibitive system, the foreign goods legally 
 im^iortcd into ftlexico comprised only a /ew 
 (Chinese and European manufactures ; the former 
 brought aniuially in wie galleon of about 1,400 
 tons, and the latter sent once in three years ex- 
 clusively in ships chartered by Government from 
 Seville or Cadiz. On the opening of the trade in 
 
 1779, private capitalists engaged in it ; and after 
 that period, at an average of 12 years before and 
 after, the returns for exports alone rose from 
 11,000,000 to 19,000,000 dollars, the difference 
 being chiefly in the quantityof specie, but the trade 
 was fettered with vexatious duties nt every step, 
 from the merchant to the consumer On the break- 
 ing out of the civil war, the ports of Tampico, 
 Mazatlan, and San Hlas were opened by the new 
 Government ; and soon after^vards foreign vessels 
 were admitted into all the porta on the same terms 
 as Spaniards, _ The Spanish capitalists retired to 
 Cuba or Spain; and their places were supplied 
 bv British and American merchants, who esta- 
 blished themselves in the interior, and supplied 
 the inhabitants in return for dollars with manu- 
 factured got ""the superior quality and cheapness 
 of which has, no doubt, had some influence m 
 depressing native manufactures. The jealousy 
 of the natives, howevor, and the absurd threats 
 of the Government against foreign artificers and 
 traders, tended to prevent their settling in the 
 country, and engaging in anj' considerable under- 
 taking, other than the mines ; and the depressed 
 state of the latter, which have always furnished 
 the principal article of export, has extended still 
 farther to depress and paralyse commerce. The 
 roads, too, instead of being improved, luave been 
 suffered to fall into a state of almost irreparable 
 decay. In this respect, the following extract 
 from one of the letters of M, Chevalier is decisive. 
 ' The splendid road which, during the domination 
 of the Spaniards, was constructed across deserts 
 and precipices, by the merchants of Vera Cruz, to 
 the summit of the upper country, is a melancholy 
 instance of the carelessness with which the public 
 interests of the country are directed. During the 
 war of inilependence, this road was cut up in vari- 
 ous points ; and, down to this day, the enfranchised 
 Mexicans have not replaced a single stone, or filled 
 up a single trench, nor even cut down one of the 
 trees, which, in the absence of any considerable 
 traffic, and under the influence of a tropical sun, 
 are rapidly growing up to a magnificent size in 
 the very middle of the road. In the upper coun- 
 try nothing would be more easy than to open 
 noble means of communication. The soil is na- 
 turally level ; the basaltic rocks, particiUarly 
 adapted for the construction of roads, arc found in 
 great abundance. But even where there are roads, 
 the Mexicans make little use of them. They carry 
 to a yet more extravagant length the inconceiv- 
 able predilection of the Spanish race in favour of 
 transporting their goods on the backs of animals. 
 You expect to meet mth carts and waggons ; no 
 such thing : everything is conveyed on the backs of 
 mules or Indians, Troops of little consumptive 
 donkeys bring into the city, in parcels not much 
 bigger than a man's two 'fists,, the charcoal re- 
 quired for the culinary operations of the inhabi- 
 tants. The price of every bulky ai licle is thus 
 increased to an enormous degree. The interior 
 
 r 
 
 i,i 
 
 , ! 
 
 i. 
 
 oil 
 
 V M 
 
 lilii 
 
 '! >! i 1 
 
 I 1: 
 
 
>V y 
 
 t ■. 
 
 1602 
 
 VERA CRUZ 
 
 (liatrictB are as inacccssiblo as if they were cut 
 off bv an enemy's armj-, and famine frequently 
 ensues.' 
 
 In consequence of this wretched state of the 
 roads, of the insecurity consequent to the preva- 
 lence of rcvohitions, and the torpor and indolence 
 of the inhabitants (occasioned partly and princi- 
 pally by physical, but partly, also, by moral 
 causes), industry of all kinds 'is at an extremely 
 low ebb ; and the commerce of the republic is far 
 from being commensurate either with her popula- 
 tion, or the number and value of her exportable 
 products. Mr. Secretary of Legation Middleton, 
 in his Report of November 29, 1867, states on the 
 authority of an English gentleman employed on 
 the projected railwav Iwtween the capital and 
 Vera Cruz, that if the lino were completed, the 
 deshecho or refuse, now thrown aside as worth- 
 less in the important mineral district of Pachuca, 
 inip^ht be conveyed (all expenses by land and sea, 
 freight included), at the rate of from 25 to 30 
 dollars per ton to Swansea, where it would be 
 worth from 45 to 47 dollars per ton for smelting. 
 
 For a considerable period after the town of Vera 
 Cruz had thrown off the Spanish yoke, the castle 
 of St. Juan d'Ulloa continued in possession of the 
 Spaniards. During 'this interval, the commerce 
 of Vera Cruz was almost entirely transferred to 
 the port of Alvarado, 12 leagues tc the south-cast. 
 Alvarado is built upon the left bank of a river of 
 the same name. The bar at the mouth of the 
 river, about 1^ mile below the town, renders it 
 inaccessible for vessels drawing above 10 or 1? 
 feet water. Large ships are obliged to anchor in 
 the roads, where they are exposed to all the vio- 
 lence of the north winds, loading and unloading 
 by means of lighters. Alvarado is supposed, but 
 
 Srobably without much foundation, to be a little 
 ealthier than Vera Cruz. The trade has now 
 mostly reverted to its old channel. 
 
 For a few years, Tampico rose to considerable im- 
 portance as a commercial seaport. Thus the value 
 of its exports, which was 266,932/. in 1858, rose 
 to 1,609,182/. in 1862, but fell to 235,473/. in 1864, 
 but the value of its imports has increased steadily 
 though less rapidly from 266,340/. in 1858 to 
 668,404/. in 1864. It is situated about 60 leagues 
 N.N.W. of Vera Cruz, in lat. 20° 15' 30" N., long. 
 97° 52' W., being about 104 leagues from Mexico. 
 Hitherto it is said to have been free from fever. 
 The shifting of the bar at tlie moutii of the river, 
 and the shallowness of the water on it, which is 
 sometimes under 8, and rarely above .1 5 feet, are 
 serious obstacles to the growth of the port. Vessels 
 coming in sight are boarded by pilots, who conduct 
 them, provided they do not draw too much water, 
 over the bar. Those that cannot enter the port 
 load and unload by means of lighters ; mooring so 
 that they may get readily to sea in the event of a 
 gale coming on from the'north. 
 
 Exports and Imports. — The precious metals 
 have always formed the principal article of export 
 from Mexico. During the 10 j'ears ending with 
 1801, the average annual produce of the Mexican 
 mines amounted, according to M. Humboldt, to 
 23,000,000 dollars {Nouvdle-Espagne, iv. 137) ; 
 and in 1805 the produce was 27,165,888 dollars. 
 {Id. iv. 83.) But during the revolutionary war, 
 the old Spanish capitalists, to whom most of the 
 mines belonged, bemg proscribed, emigrated with 
 all the property they could scrape together : and 
 this withdrawal of capital from the mines, added 
 to the injury several of them sustained by the de- 
 struction of their works during the contest, the 
 interruption of all regular pursuits which it oc- 
 casioned, and the insecurity and anarchy that 
 afterwards prevailed, caused an extraordinary 
 
 falling off in the produce of the mincH. Within | 
 these few years, h<)wever, a considerable improve 
 ment has taken place. The efforts, and tlu; liivi^iil 
 expenditure, of a few of the companies formed bl 
 this country for working the mines, assistttl inj 
 bringing them into good order. Latterly, alioj 
 they have been conducted with greater sfcili mi\ 
 economy, and a considerable increase of producel 
 has taken place. The coinage of gold nnd silver I 
 at the diflcrent Mexican mints in 1855 was ml 
 follows, viz. : — 
 
 
 Uold 
 
 811m 
 
 Tol.l 
 
 
 doll. 
 
 doll. 
 
 dol^. 
 
 Cultacan 
 
 144,<iUS 
 
 7.17,9fiS 
 
 HkS.KS 
 
 Chihuahua 
 
 I7,SM 
 
 47S,AIN) 
 
 w,().i(; 
 
 nuranKO 
 
 7.1,fi47 
 
 609,171 
 
 risv.His 
 
 Mftiicu - 
 
 l.»,M3 
 
 4,013,M9 
 
 4,IRK,fiV3 
 
 Ouannjuanto 
 Guacarajfira 
 
 MS.SOO 
 
 4,fi<JS,NU() 
 
 i.i'A.mi 
 
 10,36S 
 
 63<,f;r>'^ 
 
 f '14,0.10 
 
 San I.ui. I'oloji - 
 
 .. 
 
 l,H49,;9'i 
 
 i,si'',;m 
 
 Zacatt-ca* 
 
 .. 
 
 .1,619,0110 
 
 .■'.'^I'J.llOO 
 
 i7,M.i,rj; 
 
 Total 
 
 .. 
 
 But to this may be added from 8,000,0( 
 10,000,000 dollars for those raised and exporta 
 without being brought to the mints, and fur biil-| 
 lion assayed at the mints, and exported in ban, 
 
 And but for the prevalence of insecurity, alargej 
 increase of this produce might be expected. 
 
 We extract from the very interesting and in-i 
 structive Report of Mr. Secretary of Legationl 
 Middleton, of July 10, 1866, a tabular stntt'iiicntl 
 showing the amount of gold and silver coined aa 
 the various Mexican mints in the tirst tlireq 
 months of 1866 : — 
 
 MinM 
 
 Uold 
 
 tillTCT 
 
 ToUl 
 
 
 doll. 
 
 dots. 
 
 doll. 
 
 Kfnico 
 
 80,0!I4 
 
 I,OS!l,»(« 
 
 1,1M,«6 
 
 (iuanaxuato - 
 
 9S,000 
 
 K'mo 
 
 Wj.lxl 
 
 Zacatecas 
 
 16,000 
 
 1,064,000 
 
 I,ON(',0(V) 
 
 Guadalajara • 
 
 lli,176 
 
 131,6.1.1 
 
 m,m 
 
 Durango 
 
 IW!>* 
 
 i(S4,000 
 
 W6,,-ija 
 
 Galore* 
 
 .. 
 
 167,SiiO 
 
 16;,*) 
 
 Nan I.uis Fotosl 
 
 ,. 
 
 1X3,140 
 
 in.Ho 
 
 Oajaca 
 Chihuahua 
 
 7,360 
 
 60,3« 
 
 C;,6S3 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 Culiacan 
 
 ., 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^, 
 
 Hermoftillo 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 Alamml 
 
 .. 
 
 ,. 
 
 „ 
 
 Total 
 
 «5,91S 
 
 3,690,1SS 
 
 .l,9lfi,0TI) 1 
 
 It would appear, too, from this iJepur/, and from 
 Mr. Middleton's Reports of Dec. 31, 1866, and 
 Dec. 31, 1867, the former on the sulpliur dcpositd 
 and the latter on the soda and snlt producin| 
 districts of Mexico, that she is rich in minerals o 
 every description. 
 
 Besides the precious metals, cochineal, floui 
 indigo, provisions, leather, sarsaparilla, vanill^ 
 jalap, soap, logwood, and pimento are the principi 
 articles exported from Vera Cruz. 
 
 Theimports consist principally of cotton, wooUeU 
 linen, and silk goods, paper, brandy, quidtsilveij 
 iron, steel, wine, wax &c. 
 
 According to Humboldt, the imports at Vefl 
 Cruz, before the revolutionary struggles, mm 
 be estimated, at an average, at about 15,000,OIK 
 dollars, and the exports at about 22,000,000 do. 
 
 It must, however, be observed, that this stst^ 
 ment refers only to the registered articles, or t 
 those that paid the duties on importation and ex 
 portation. And exclusive of these, the value o 
 the articles clandestinely imported by the ports ^ 
 the Gulf, previously to the revolution, was esOF 
 mated at 4,600,000 dollars a-year ; and 2,500,0« 
 dollars were supposed to be annually smuggW 
 out of the country in plate and bars, and ingots* 
 gold and silver. A regular contraband trade use* 
 to be carried on between Vera Cruz and Jamaicai 
 and notwithstanding all the efforts of Goverumer 
 for their exclusion and the excessive ««ve"t.v.'' 
 ita laws against smuggling, the shops of Utsict 
 
VERA CRUZ 
 
 1503 
 
 
 811 m 
 
 Toul 
 
 
 doll. 
 
 (Ids. 
 
 IH 
 
 7.i;,9fi» 
 
 HHJ.KS 
 
 B 
 
 47S,SI)(I 
 
 !0,O.W 
 
 7 
 
 609,171 
 
 fitV.HIH 
 
 i.T 
 
 4,nn,:i.')9 
 
 iAdHM't 
 
 10 
 
 4,ri»H,H0() 
 
 i,S')4,(»») 
 
 Wi 
 
 63K,«B'J 
 
 l.«4,iiM 
 
 
 l,K49,;9'i 
 
 l,SI'.,?jS 
 
 
 3,619,0110 
 
 s.r.n.iioo 
 
 
 • . 
 
 ii,m,m 
 
 ytetc always pretty well Hupplicd with the pro- 
 (luctH of Kiiglaad and (icrmaay. (Iluinbuldt, 
 Jfoitvelle-Eitpugne, iv. 125; PoinHCtt's Note» on 
 Uexico, p. 183.) 
 
 Hiiuiboldt states that the total irapulatioii of 
 Mexico, exclusive of Guatemala, might be esti- 
 ma'cd at tlie time ho wrote at about 7,000,001), 
 Of this number about ^ were Indians, the rest 
 
 being descendants of Europeans, and mixed niccs. 
 In 18.')7, tiie population amounted to H,\M,H^t\\. 
 lint iiotwitliHtuiiding their large iiumlK<rs, the in- 
 diiU-ncc and wiint of industry of the niaits of tlie 
 people is awch that tlio trade we carry on with 
 them is quite incoiisidernble compnreil with what 
 might be expected. We subjoin in illustration of 
 this reinarl( an 
 
 Account of the Quantities anil Values of tlie Principiil Articles, Imjuirted into the United Kingdom 
 from Mexico, in each of the ii I'ears endiny with 18G0, 
 
 Princi|Ul and oCwt A-llcl» 
 
 
 
 Quantltln 
 
 
 Comiiulnl Heal Value 
 
 
 IS6i 
 
 IH66 
 
 1807 
 
 186.5 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 Billil woikI 
 
 ton* 
 
 \fir'\ 
 
 M,\ 
 
 80,4.10 
 
 10,'.l'iO 
 
 8,4181 
 
 Coolune*! • • . - 
 
 CWI. 
 
 i,.ir>u 
 
 1,979 
 
 l,7Hii 
 
 M,.147 
 
 36„1V7 
 
 Sv,173 
 
 tofV't unwrought und pan wrousht 
 
 tonft 
 
 VI 
 
 •i\ 
 
 ... 
 
 .5,97.1 
 
 l,9SI 
 
 
 CMliin, raw 
 
 cwt. 
 
 yiT^ncs 
 
 3,115 
 
 'f> 
 
 !i,834,IS7 
 
 «S,.VM 
 
 lit 
 
 Fialic - . - - 
 
 tonti 
 
 691 
 
 9M 
 
 .VIB 
 
 4,».'.« 
 
 4,076 
 
 3,«I0 
 
 Hemp • . • 
 
 cwt. 
 
 .i,:!io 
 
 'i,\yt 
 
 l,1,i!l6 
 
 6,4.16 
 
 1,766 
 
 »I,.'>3I 
 
 Hlclw, not tanned - 
 
 »» 
 
 I,'<I3 
 
 -B 
 
 8.1 
 
 3,97l> 
 
 VI3 
 
 •U9 
 
 Indigo . - - - 
 
 Vb. 
 
 9,'.5 
 
 ."187 
 
 1 ;tn 
 
 W.alH 
 
 15,41.1 
 
 .1(),S49 
 
 JaU|i .... 
 
 IS6.').14 
 
 7«,M4 
 
 &H,8(I4 
 
 SS.Okl 
 
 I.'.,'.(OH 
 
 12,757 
 
 IjOfwood .... 
 
 MilioKiiny • - 
 
 torn 
 
 1.96H 
 
 l,.MO 
 
 1,1)1 tt 
 
 17,«7fi 
 
 13,'i,^4 
 
 10,655 
 
 »» 
 
 Sl,Hli 
 
 18,900 
 
 ■21,'^IH 
 
 !i04,3fifi 
 
 170„1,16 
 
 177,145 
 
 Nicitagua wood 
 
 *• 
 
 «» 
 
 _ 
 
 .179 
 
 l,'.i;i 
 
 „ 
 
 6,254 
 
 
 
 11.1 
 
 'isa 
 
 'is 
 
 »4,.1.'i9 
 
 4,392 
 
 758 
 
 Tobari'o, unninnufrtcturcd - 
 
 lb. 
 
 t4,9»l) 
 
 i.-iti 
 
 — 
 
 M4 
 
 3U8 
 
 
 VuwIloM . - - . 
 
 ,, 
 
 3,161t 
 
 _ 
 
 ^. 
 
 819 
 
 __ 
 
 — 
 
 All oth« artlclBi - 
 
 value 
 
 — 
 
 _-- 
 
 — 
 
 10,V08 
 
 8,683 
 
 .5,776 
 
 Total 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3,Vt6,9M 
 
 315,478 
 
 1 315,168 
 
 i \:ount 
 
 of the Quantities and Values of the Princijml Articles of British Produce E:^ported from 
 the United Kingdom to Mexico during each of the 3 Years ending with 18GG, 
 
 ' Principal and other ArUclea 
 
 
 QuantlUet 
 
 
 Computed Heal Value J 
 
 1865 
 
 \H6G 1 
 
 1867 
 
 1865 
 
 1806 
 
 1S67 
 
 Apparel and halierdashery 
 
 value 
 
 „ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 £ 
 
 22,286 
 
 £ 
 14,394 
 
 ..» £ 
 9,191 
 
 Arms and ammunition : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Flre-armi (tmall) - - numlier 
 
 211 
 
 406 
 
 ^ 
 
 147 
 
 619 
 
 ^ 
 
 Uunpowder 
 
 III. 
 
 60,675 
 
 ^ 
 
 .- 
 
 1,183 
 
 ... ' 
 
 — 
 
 Bctrandale ■ 
 
 barrelj 
 
 1,601 
 
 1 ,334 
 
 813 
 
 7,918 
 
 7,V8 
 
 5,689 
 
 ! CoaU, cinden, and culm 
 
 toUft 
 
 7,937 
 
 13,7 VI 
 
 5,981 
 
 4,182 
 
 7,539 
 
 4,670 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 166,018 
 
 14«.7«3 
 
 123,.1H0 
 
 16,8,19 
 
 17,500 
 
 X,I27 
 
 CoUMU, mleied bj the jard 
 
 yards 
 
 43,483,967 
 
 S9,H39,687 
 
 25,825,168 
 
 1,028,905 
 
 691,4SO 
 
 497,998 
 
 at value 
 
 value 
 
 m- 
 
 ^. 
 
 ^ 
 
 7.1,016 
 
 45,775 
 
 28,670 
 
 Drop and chemical praducu - 
 
 „ 
 
 V. 
 
 _ 
 
 .. 
 
 9,074 
 
 .1,778 
 
 1,.582 
 
 Earthenware and porcelain 
 
 II 
 
 — 
 
 "- 
 
 .. 
 
 20,253 
 
 7,126 
 
 4,463 
 
 Hjnlwaiw and cuUerj, unenu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cwt. 
 
 13.1 .'i3 
 
 P,7«9 
 
 3,511 
 
 60,029 
 
 31,607 
 
 11,496 
 
 Iroo, wrouKliI and unwrouxht . 
 Uuher, wrought and unwrought 
 Linens, entered bjr the jard 
 
 tons 
 
 15.0«0 
 
 9,«(U 
 
 565 
 
 110,.i48 
 
 100,113 
 
 8,377 
 
 value 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1.300 
 
 .146 
 
 601 
 
 jarda 
 
 5,331 plUl 
 
 3,733.564 
 
 3,279,S18 
 
 214,869 
 
 144,198 
 
 106,483 
 
 at value 
 
 value 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 .. 
 
 2,969 
 
 970 
 
 991 
 
 Mtchlncrj t iteam englnet 
 
 
 *- 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 17,297 
 
 86,547 
 
 21,652 
 
 all other m»u 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 ~~ 
 
 47,880 
 
 35,431 
 
 38,501 
 
 Saltpetre - 
 Hllk manufacturea 
 
 rwt. 
 
 350 
 
 1 
 
 _ 
 
 520 
 
 2 
 
 _ 
 
 value 
 
 _ 
 
 
 .. 
 
 22,468 
 
 16,009 
 
 8,990 
 
 WooUeni, entered b; the jard . 
 
 „ 
 
 .. 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 8,.148 
 
 3,068 
 
 1,085 
 
 yards 
 
 1.492.959 
 
 1.146,999 
 
 447,764 
 
 113,819 
 
 76,779 
 
 31,011 
 
 at value 
 
 value 
 
 ^ 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 6,641 
 
 3,076 
 
 1,.597 
 
 AU other article! 
 
 Total 
 
 ,1 
 
 — 
 
 ~~ 
 
 "• 
 
 75,174 
 1,896,894 
 
 81,567 
 1,283,213 
 
 17.4.56 
 812,918' 
 
 — 
 
 It should, however, be observed, that the imports i 
 of British goods at second hand into Mexico and 
 Colombia from the West Indies is still far from 
 inconsiderable; and a pretty large proportion of 
 the British goods sent to Chili are conveyed thence 
 toAcapulco and othet Mexican ports on the Pacific. 
 Fonnerly the imports into Mexico supplied most 
 part of the demand of Peru and the West coast of 
 South America. \ 
 
 The Mexican Republican Government issued a 
 revised tariff, which came into operation on 
 October 1, 1853. It did credit to those by whom 
 it vas prepared. Some of the more oppressive 
 duties were largely reduced; and, on the whole, it 
 must be considered as a great advance towards a | 
 liberal system of commercial policy. Much, how- i 
 ever, depends on the way in which such a reform is 
 carried out. In a Government so fluctuating as 
 that of Mexico, a policy or tariff in favour to-da}' 
 may be repudiated to-morrow. In January 1867, 
 the unfortunate Emperor Maximilian issued a 
 decree, reforming the scales of tonnage and light- 
 bouse dues affecting ships in the coasting and 
 foreign trade, but neither during the existence 
 aor since the dissolution of the empire, has any 
 
 settled Government, down to 1869, existed capable 
 of preserving order or enforcing its decrees. 
 
 VERDIGRIS (Ger. grUnspan ; Fr. vert-de-gris,^ 
 verdet; Ital. verderame ; Span, cardenitlo, verdin, 
 verde-gris ; Russ. jar). A kind of rust of copper^ 
 of a beautiful bluish-green colour, formed from 
 the corrosion of copper by fermented vegetables. 
 
 Its specific gravity is 1*78. Its taste is disa- 
 greeably metallic: and, like all the compounds- 
 into which copper enters, it is poisonous. It -was 
 known to the ancients, and various ways of pre- 
 paring it are described by Pliny. It is very ex- 
 tensively used by painters, and in dyeing ; it is 
 also used to some extent in medicine. The best 
 verdigris is made at Montpelier; the wines of 
 Languedoc being particularly well suited for cor- 
 roding copper, antl forming this substance. It is- 
 I generally exported in cakes of about 25 lb. weight 
 j each. It is also manufactured in this country, by 
 I means of the refuse of cider &c. The goodness of 
 j verdigris is judged of from the deepness and 
 I brightness of its colour, its dryness, and its form- 
 I ing, when rubbed on the hand with a little water 
 , or saliva, smooth paste, free from grittiness. 
 i (Thomson's Chemiatry; Rees's Cyclopcedict.) In 
 
 H.: 
 
 li^ 
 
 u 
 
 I ■ 
 
 m 
 
 .!•! 
 
 in. 
 
 \V- 
 
 lir 
 
IfiOi 
 
 VlllMUICK 
 
 IHCiii the imports and oxportH of vcrlisrriH wore 
 rosprctively 7!>'2 ond '22ti cwt. In IH.Vl iliu ml 
 vnlnrctn duty of 10 per coiit., with wliioh it wuh 
 prcvioiiHlv Imrdciiod, wits rcpcnioil. 
 
 VlCIMtllCK (tier. nprcHt; Fr. veijiis; Ilnl. 
 aKresto; Span, afrrnz). A kind of liarnli, auHtiTu 
 viuoffnr, raiido of tlii' oxprcHsed jiiicn of tlio wild 
 apple, or rrnh. Tho Fr«iicli j^ivu tlilM iiftino to 
 unripe frrapi'H, and to the 8our liipior obtained from 
 tlicm. 
 
 VKUMICKMJ ((Jir. nudcln; Dntdi, meolnoe- 
 pcn, nroppon ; Fr. vcrmiccUc ; Ital, verMiicclli, 
 taKliolini ; Span, nlotrian). A Mpccicsof wheaten 
 paHtR formed into long, Hlcndcr, hollow tuhe.i, 
 or threads, used nmon^st us in soups, hroths ifec. 
 [MaccAkom.] Mr. Lowe ))roposes to rei)eal the 
 «iitv on vcnuicelli and niaeearoni this vear, lH(i!t. 
 
 VERMILIOX. [Cisnahar.] Our imiiorts 
 of vermilion in 18G7 were 100,117 lb., valued at 
 12,8G7/. 
 
 VICTORIA. [C<)i,oNiK8; MKLiiounxK ; Van- 
 couver Island.] , 
 
 WARHIIOUSINO SY.STKM 
 
 VINE(;AU ((!er. CRsii^; Dutch, azijn; Fr. 
 vinaifjre ; lial. aceto; Span, and I'ort. viimurc; 
 Kuss. nk/.iis ; l.at, acetum). fSee AciK (ArKTic), 
 for a deseription of vinenar.J A duty of 2»/. por 
 gallon lioinK formerly imposed on vine^rar, ji, 
 manufacture was placed under the control ol' th,. 
 excise. A license, costing .W,, and renewnbl.' 
 ainninlly, has to ho taken out hy everv nmkcr nf 
 vincfjar, or acetous ncld. In IHpJ, iho duty en 
 vinegar nroduced ■-'It.H I'.*/., sliowin;; that •.',«llf,ii|fi 
 pdlons liad been brought to the charge, Th,. 
 nwuuifacturo is ainio.st conlined to l'',nglani|; tli<' 
 rpiantitics produced in .Scotlaniland Ireland lulu; 
 (piite inconsiderable. The duty was repcali^ii iJJ 
 IHlt, but in IH.'id the present" duty of ;),/, pp, 
 gallon was imposed on foreign vinegar, of which in 
 IH(!7 we imported 61,01)7 gallons, chielly iVum 
 France, the price being from 1*. 6ti. to it, per 
 gallon. 
 
 VITRIOI^ [Con-KRAs.] 
 
 VITRIOL, OIL OF. [Auid (Sl-H'iiibic).] 
 
 w 
 
 '( 
 
 WALNUTS. The fruit of the Jiiglans, or wal- 
 nut-tree, of which there are several varieties. The 
 walnut is a large handsome tree, with strong 
 spreading branches. The fruit is a pretty large 
 smooth, ovate nut, containing an oily kernel, 
 divided into four lobes. The nut has been always 
 held in high estimation: it was called by the 
 Romans JovU glans, the acorn or mast of Jove, 
 snd hence the name of the tree. 
 
 The walnut tree is indigenous to Persia and the 
 countries bordering on the Caspian Sea. It has 
 long been introduced into Great Britain ; but the 
 fruit seldom ripens m the more northerly parts of 
 the island. Previously to the very general intro- 
 duction of mahoganj-, the wood of the walnut 
 tree was extensively used among us in making of 
 furniture ; and it continues to be largely employed 
 for that purpose in many parts of tlic Continent. 
 It is much used by turners ; and is su|X!rior to 
 every other sort of wood for the mounting of 
 guns; a circumstance which caused great devas- 
 tation among our walnut plantations during the 
 latter years of the war. Great numbers of walnut 
 •trees are annually consumed in the Haute Vienne 
 and other departments of France, in the manu- 
 facture of the wooden shoes or clogs used by the 
 peasantry)-. The nuts are either gathered when 
 ripe, bemg served up at desserts without any 
 preparation ; or they are plucked green and 
 pickled. (Poiret, Histoire philosnphique des 
 Flantes, tome vii. p. 213; Kees's Cyciopadia; <fec.) 
 The duty of 2«. Ijrf. per bushel on walnuts was 
 Teduced in 1853 to Is. per bushel, and has since 
 been abolished. The imports in 1852 were only 
 32,521 bushels, but in 1867 they amounted to 
 lfiO,129 bushels, coming chiefly from France and 
 Belgium. 
 
 WANGHEES, sometimes called Japan Canes. 
 A species of cane imported from China. They 
 should be chosen pliable, tough, round, and taper; 
 the knots at regular distances from each other ; 
 and the heavier the better. Such as are dark- 
 coloured, badly glazed, and light, should be re- 
 jected. (Milburn's Orient. Com.) 
 
 WAREHOUSING SYSTEM. By this system 
 is meant the provisions made for lodging imported 
 articles in public warehouses, at a reasonable rent, 
 without payment of the duties on importation till 
 
 I they bo withdrawn for home consumption. If 
 re-exported, no duty is ever paid. ' 
 
 I 1. Expediency and Origin of (he ^FareAouiinj 
 System. — It is laid down by Adam Smith, in one 
 of his justly celebrated maxims on the siilii"ct of , 
 taxation, that * Every tax ought to be levied at 
 the time and in the manner that is most likoly to 
 be convenient for the contributor to pay" it.' 
 ( IVeaUh ol Nation*, p. 371.) Xo or.J cm iloubt 
 the soundness of this maxim ; and vet it was 
 very strangely neglected, down to 1*13, in the 
 management of the customs. Previously to tlii.^ 
 period, the duties on most goods imported had 
 either to be paid at the moment of their importa- 
 tion, or a bond, with sufficient security for their 
 future payment, had to be given to the revenue 
 olliccra. The hardship and iucoiiveuicnce of such 
 a system is obvious. It was often very difficult 
 
 I to tind sureties ; and the merclmnt, in order to 
 
 I raise funds to pay the duties, was frequently re- 
 duced to the ruinous necessitv of selling iiis goods 
 
 i immediately on their arrival, when, perhaps, the 
 market was olready glutted. Neither was this 
 the only inconvenience that grew out of this 
 
 ' sj'stem ; for the duties having to be paid all at 
 once, and not by degrees as the goods were sold 
 for consumption, their price wa.s raised by the 
 
 I amount of the protit on the capital advanced in 
 payment of the duties : competition, too, was 
 
 ; diminished, in consequence of the greatercommand 
 of funds required to carry on trade under such 
 disadvantages ; and a few rich individuals were 
 enabled to monopolise the importation of those 
 commodities on which heavy duties were payable. 
 The system had, besides an obvious tendency to | 
 discourage the carrying trade. It prevented this I 
 
 I countrj- from becoming the entrepot for foreign 
 products, by hindering the importation of such as 
 were not immediately wanted for home consump- 
 tion ; and thus tended to lessen the resort of 
 foreigners to our markets, inasmuch as it rendered 
 it difficult, or rather impossible, for them to com- 
 plete an assorted cargo. And in addition to all 
 these circumstances, the difficulty of granting a 
 really equivalent drawback to the exporters of 
 such commodities as had paid duty, opened a 
 
 ' door for the commission of everj- species of fraud. 
 
 i But these disadvantages and drawbacks, obriou^ 
 
[NO SYSTEM 
 
 si^; Dutch, a/,i|ii; Fr. 
 ^|mii. mill I'lirt. viimurc; 
 i\). rS(M> Acid (Acktic), 
 •;;nr,J A duty of 'iil. per 
 iinpoHcil on vii)oi;ar, ii( 
 
 uiitlcr tlic control ol' tli.' 
 tiuR f)/., nnil rpnowiibli' 
 m out 1)V nvery maker (f 
 I. In \Xii, lliu duty (.11 
 /., showing ilmt '.'.Hiir.diii 
 {ht to till! clmrno. Tilt 
 •ontlncd to I'.nKlaml; tln' 
 lootlunilnnd Irclnnd luin; 
 I'hc duty wni repealed in 
 
 jirasciit duty of M, ]ior 
 ort'ign vinoj^ar, of wliieli in 
 01>7 Kn"""'"? cliii'lly finm 
 t; from ix. Gil, to •.'«, per 
 
 UAS.] 
 
 , [Acid (Si'i.fiiinic).] 
 
 WA H HI 10 i:siN(J S YST KM 
 
 1505 
 
 r home consuitiption. It 
 1 ever paid. 
 
 Origin of the Jrarehnumg 
 irn by Adam Smith, in one 
 maximH on tlie siil)j"ct of 
 tax ought to be levied at 
 inner that is most likely to 
 le ccntrihiitor to pay it,' 
 . 371.) No or.j can doubt 
 I maxim ; and yet it was 
 tod, down to liiDS, in the 
 atoms. I'revioualy to tlu* 
 most goods impotteil l\ad 
 5 njomcnt of their iraporta- 
 iufficient security for their 
 a be given to the revenue 
 and inconvenience of such 
 It was often very dilScult 
 the merchant, in order to 
 ! duties, was frequently re- 
 eccssitv of selling his goods 
 arrival, when, perhaps, the 
 glutted. Neither was this 
 ce that grew out of this | 
 s having to he paid all at 
 jes as the goods were sold 
 r price was raised by the 
 on the capital advanced in 
 es : competition, too, was 
 ence of the greater command 
 carry on trade under such 
 few rich individuals were 
 J the importation of those 
 heavy duties were payable. 
 68 an obvious tendency to 
 g trade. It preventc<l this 
 K the entrepot for foreign 
 r the importation of such as 
 wanted for homo consump- 
 ed to lessen the resort of 
 ets, inasmuch as it rendered 
 ipossible, for them to com- 
 o. And in addition to aU ] 
 Jhe difficulty of granting a 
 wback to the exporters of 
 had paid duty, opened « 
 »n of ever}- species of fraud, 
 iges and drawbacks, obvious 
 
 iH they niny now appe.ir, did not attract the' 
 |,iil*tic attention till a ediiiparatividy liitc period.' 
 Sir liobcrt \V'nlpoli> seems to have JM'eii mie of tlie 
 lii'l who iiad u elear perception of their iiiJiirioiiM 
 JMlliieiicc ; and it was tlie principal (d)jei't of the 
 I'aiiioiis Kj^cimt Srhrmr, proposed by liini in 171111, 
 III oblige the importers of tobacco and wiiin to 
 di'iiosit them in pidilic wureliouses ; relieving 
 (lieiii, however, from the necessity of paying the 
 duties chargeable on lliem till they were witli- 
 ilrawn for home vonsiiniplioii. 
 
 No doiibl can now remain in the miml of any 
 (iiie, that tint adoption of tliis Hclicine woiilil have 
 lireii of llic greatest adviintagt! to tlio comineree 
 and industry of ll.o eoiiiitry. Hut so powerful 
 was the delusion generated in the publii; mind 
 with respect to it, that its proposal well nigh 
 iiui«ed a rebrllioii. Most of the merchants of the 
 diiy had availed theinsidves of the facilities which 
 the existing systcn' HlVorde<l of defrauding the 
 ri'Vt'iiue; and tliey extermisly eiiilcavoured to 
 thwart tlic .siiecesH of a scheme wliioli would have 
 L'iven a serious check to such practices, by making 
 tliL' public believe that it would be fatal to the 
 ('(immercial prosperity <if the country. The eflTorts 
 nf the merchants were powerfully seconded by the 
 spirit of party, which then ran very high. The 
 jHilitical opponents of the ministry, anxious for an 
 ii|iporliiiiity to prejudice tbcm in the public esti- 
 iiiatiiin, contended that the scheme was only the 
 liist step towards the introduction of such a uiii- 
 virsiil system of excise as would inevitably prove 
 alike subversive of the comfort and lilicrty of the 
 people. In conseipience of these artful misrepre- 
 wiilalions, the most, violent clamours were every- 
 where excited against the fichcme. On one occa- 
 fidii Sir Hobert Walpole narrowly cscaix'd fulling 
 a sacrifice to the ungovernable fury of the mob, 
 which beset nil the avenues to the House of Coni- 
 mims ; and, after many violent and lengthened 
 debates, the scheme was ultimaUdy abandoned. 
 
 The disadvantages of the <dd jdnn, and the 
 Icnclits to be derived from the establishment of a 
 vohmtnry warehousing system, were most ably 
 piiiiited out by Dean Tucker, in his Kiisuy on the 
 Comiuiralive Advnntageit and Dimilvantuges of 
 
 i'lmti Britain and France with respect to Trade, 
 imblislied in llhO. Hut so powerful was the im- 
 )iifssi(m made by the violent oiiiiosilion to Sir 
 
 liolK-rt Walpide's scheme, and such is the ftirce of 
 
 jirejiidice, that this obvious and signal improve- 
 ment—the greatest, perhaps, that has been made j dntion Act, 1853,' 
 
 i;i our commercial and linancial .systems-could 
 
 not be safely ado[)tcd till 1W03. 
 Regulations as to Ifarehousing. — The statute 
 
 U Geo. III. c. UM laid the foundation of the 
 
 system ; but it was much improved and extended 
 
 by subseipient statutes. 
 The existing regulations a.s to warehousing are 
 
 emlwdied in tlie Customs Consolidation Act, the 
 
 It) & 17 Vict. c. 107, and subse<iuent Acts. They 
 
 empower the Commissioners of the Customs, under 
 
 tlie authority and direction of the lords of the 
 
 Treasury, to nominate the ports at which goods 
 
 may be warehoused without payment of duty, and 
 
 llic warehouses in which particular descriptions of 
 
 Roods may be deposited. The Act also fixes the time 
 
 during which goods may be deposited and allowed 
 
 to remain in the warehouse, the remission of the 
 
 duties in case of loss by accident, the allowances 
 
 f"r waste Ac. 15ut being of much importance, we 
 
 liiive given a full abstract of the l(i & 17 Vict. c. 
 
 lt)7, and subse(|iicnt modifications and alterations 
 
 thereof, under IsirouTATiDX and Exi-outatidn. 
 iVarehnusing Ports i^'c.— Certain porta onlj' are 
 
 warchouisin^' ports ; nor may all sorts of goods be 
 
 warehuusfcd in every warehousing port. We sub- 
 
 join a li>t of the waridiousing ports and towns 
 in (ireat llritain and Irtdand. (ioods of idl sorti 
 may, .>peakiiig generally, be warehoused in the 
 principal ports ; but the regulations as to those 
 that may be warehoused in the lesser ports nro 
 perpetually varying. 
 
 /•'iiyliind, 
 
 Al>rr«ilwilh 
 
 AlMnioiilh 
 
 Aninil**! 
 
 Il.iniftln)ilii 
 
 Kirivirk 
 
 MKlPtl.tll 
 
 lt<i.ili)ii 
 
 llr^tilliiiil 
 
 llriiluf^tntLT 
 
 MiiiliMiii 
 
 llrlsMI 
 
 Cirillir 
 
 CariliKin 
 
 I'atli.lr 
 
 C •rniirvim 
 
 ('hf|i^ltiw 
 
 rheHtiT 
 
 roii'lifHtfr 
 
 Cmn'. 
 
 Diutinotitli 
 
 II,mI 
 
 I'oiiulnt 
 
 l)„v.r 
 
 Kii*U;r 
 
 KiilniiMith 
 
 I-' ivi-rsh^uil 
 
 KlectwiKMl 
 
 Fulkviitune 
 
 Manchester, Halifax, Leeds, and Bradford are 
 warehousing towns ujider customs regulations. 
 
 Srotlimd. 
 
 Fowey 
 
 Prnmnc* 
 
 (UinRlHTrniiKh 
 
 riviiHiuih 
 
 (ilnurt'-'irr 
 
 r..nlt< 
 
 (iimle 
 
 I'lirttrnouth 
 
 firiiiiHl.v 
 
 Trrn'on 
 
 iUUU%' 
 
 ItnitiM'y 
 
 ILlltlftNtol 
 
 IUMi-t{4te 
 
 lUrwicli 
 
 H<H hiMvr 
 
 llnvie 
 
 Kiiiittiru 
 
 Hull 
 
 H*.. 
 
 l|>«wlctt 
 
 Ni!rtrlinrfMiKh 
 
 l-iiiNB,iir 
 
 North SUitUU 
 
 l*ftl. 
 
 .Hhfirvh.im 
 
 I.litlt'lniniilim 
 
 Siitihii(n|i|itn 
 
 I.tvfrpiHil 
 
 Soiiiu ShUliU 
 
 Mniii'ily 
 
 St.ifkimi 
 
 l.4>ll(tilll 
 
 Sinutttrlanit 
 
 I.f>Wf>tlllt 
 
 SWHHMM 
 
 Ivine 
 
 TelUMiiioulh 
 
 I.titn 
 
 Truni 
 
 Affiltlrin 
 
 Weymouth 
 
 Miinclte^ter 
 
 Whitlty 
 WhiienHTeti 
 
 iMnrvpnrt 
 
 MttMlettlmrouuh 
 
 Wi»l»«?.:h 
 
 .Milfiml 
 
 \V<KKttirlil|ce 
 
 Ni-wiaitle 
 
 Wnrklntttun 
 
 New ha veil 
 
 Yarmouth 
 
 NVw)Kirt 
 
 
 AU'rtleen 
 
 Dutult't* 
 
 I^llh 
 
 A Hoi 
 
 (1U^K"^ 
 
 Muntrow 
 
 AittriMlh 
 
 (UftDKf mouth 
 
 I'erth 
 
 .\ ntruHUii 
 
 (Jriinton 
 
 I'eterheiifl 
 
 Avr 
 
 (ireenock 
 
 I'nrt UlasK 
 
 Ji.iittI' 
 
 Inveriifsi 
 
 Trwm 
 
 HiiTTiiw^toneu 
 
 Kirki-alily 
 
 Wick 
 
 |)uinfrit!« 
 
 Ireland, 
 
 
 llnlllna 
 
 (ill way 
 
 Sll«o 
 
 llflfii-^t 
 
 Limerick 
 
 Tralee 
 
 ('okrnlne 
 
 Londondi-n y 
 
 W«ttTfor.| 
 
 ('..rk 
 
 Newry 
 New KoH* 
 
 W«MtiM>rt 
 Weifimi 
 
 Ihro^hed.-! 
 
 Duhlin 
 
 MklUberven 
 
 VouKhal 
 
 Duiulnlk 
 
 
 
 WAnKiiotsK Ratks. 
 Charges on Goods on Delivery from Warehouse 
 
 for Home Consumption (23 & ii Vict. c. 110). 
 
 There shall be charged upon goods deposited in 
 any warelumse for security of duties of customs, 
 in addition to such duties and any other charges 
 thereon, for every 100/. of such duties of customs 
 payable thereon, the rates following, viz. : — 
 
 On delivery for home consumption from any 
 warehouse approved under the ' Customs Consoli- 
 
 In resiiect of tobacco 
 
 other ^oods 
 
 >. d. 
 
 t 6 
 5 
 
 or other goods shall 
 such warehouse under 
 
 Whether such tobacco 
 have been removed to 
 bond or not. 
 
 On delivery for home consumption from any 
 warehouse at any port or place not possessing the 
 privileges of bonding at the time of the jiassing 
 of this Act, or from any wandiousc approved 
 under any Act other than' the ' Customs Consoli- 
 dation Act,' 1853, viz. : — 
 
 In retipect of tobacco 
 
 other goods 
 
 'I0<. 
 
 Wahehousk Rent. 
 
 Hates for Warehouse Rent on Goods Deposited 
 
 in the Queen's Warehouses. 
 
 P.ickages of hagRa};e, and small tiackagefl of presents, 
 nuch as boxes, keKs.Jnr-i fiC, empty tasiks, hamples, 
 and wines, spirits, or other li(|ULds, not exceeding 1 
 
 gililOll ..--•- 
 
 PackaRf'S of wine, spirits, or other liquids, exceeding 
 
 I intllon and not excetdioK ^0 gallons 
 Eicecdinn'^iDHallons . . . - 
 
 per week 
 
 Ud. per paclc. 
 
 4d. „ 
 
 6d. „ 
 
 The baggage of passengers and surplus stores 
 are allowed to remain a week, exclusive of the 
 5D 
 
IMti 
 
 WATCH 
 
 (lay of rt'Cfipt niiil (Irlivcrv, imd other ^ooiN H 
 iliiyH, (tw of rt'iit.lo >;ivi^ the luirtii'i* time for tlirir 
 exuinlniition iiiul cleiiniiicc. 
 
 StorcM <if niiviit olIii'iTM pitiil ofT, rvinniii 12 
 nioiitli.H free. Ston'.>( of ineri'liiint vesiel.^ are 
 cliiir^'eil II low rent iieeonlitiH; to ni/x or roiiteiits. 
 [Stduks. I 
 
 Al'stnirt Statement xlmwinij the Totitl Qiiitiililieiiof 
 the I'rinei/Mil .trtir/e.i in the ('iiHtiiiiiH lloiii/eil 
 Wurehoimen of the United KimjiUwi on J)e- 
 cemher ill, iMdtl, a«// Deremher ill, lH(i7, 
 
 
 
 UiiimhiuM III 
 
 U'.iri'liniiKH 
 
 Ariklen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 thi% ^\, iHi.ii 
 
 life. .11, IHfi7 
 
 rocM • 
 
 lb. 
 
 .1,(l-.1,7Mi 
 
 .^,.1VH,''I7 
 
 ColfW. 
 
 
 .i;.'l'l!,Kll.1 
 
 44,'«lll,'il1 
 
 rurranta 
 
 cwt. 
 
 ,111,11V. 
 
 1 Ml, 'ifl 'i 
 
 Knl-iiin 
 
 
 S 1,7,1') 
 
 '11, 'I.-/ 
 
 Kmii • 
 
 Hal* 
 
 7.:r,i,mt 
 
 (),Hi<i,ii:ii 
 
 Hriimly 
 
 
 6,M^,l^i> 
 
 ^,^:,l^li^ 
 
 Ofnvvit 
 
 
 IM.HH 
 
 IW.TJt 
 
 HiiKnr, rrflnnl, anU 
 
 MiKar 
 
 
 
 raiiity 
 
 LV/t- 
 
 .".T.ti.V) 
 
 iiri,s'.() 
 
 NiiKar, mw 
 
 „ 
 
 .•»,'<.'>ll,.1lJ4 
 
 ■J.lll.HVH 
 
 Miilaum 
 
 ,. 
 
 11 -I,;;.-! 
 
 l'.,i7.1 
 
 Ten . 
 
 III. 
 
 IcH),i;ii,i,.',n 
 
 Hi,(ii||.r.H 
 
 Tolincro, unmaniifiirltirMl 
 
 "7,viii,rjl 
 
 Tli.H.l.l.lii 1 
 
 Tob;ii'ro, inatuif'irturfil, 
 
 
 
 ciKaitf and Miult' 
 
 III. I 
 
 .1,ll|'.,l!lfi 
 
 v.iiiii.rip'. 
 
 Win' - 
 
 Kill. 1 
 
 l.-.,sa'M.Vi 
 
 l.1..Vli,7VI 
 
 WATCH. A division of time on board .slii|p, 
 by wliieh the duties of the erew iire re^'iiltited. 
 A 8lii|rH erew is divided into two wateiie.-i, the 
 stnrlHmrd or captain's watch and the port or 
 ninto'H watch. The tirst otlicer has tliu entire and 
 indeixMidcnt ulmrKu of the port waich. The second 
 officer attends to the starboard watch under the 
 orders of the captain. Kadi watch is tin deck 
 for 4 hours or 8 hells, except from 4 to H V.M., 
 which is divided into 4 bells each and is termed 
 the dog watch. It is thus divided to cqiiaDse tlic 
 time of the ni^'ht duty, each watch taking eight 
 hours, and four Ixiurs alternately. 
 
 WATCH IvS (Cer. uhren, taschenuhren ; Fr. 
 niontrcs; Ital. oriu<ili da tascu, o da saiteoccia; 
 Span, rclojes de faltriiiuera ; Huss. karmannlle 
 tschasU). Portable machines, generally of a small 
 size and round flat shape, tiiat measure and 
 indicate the successive portions of time ; having, 
 for the most |)art, their motions regulated by a 
 spiral 8i)ring. When constructed on the most 
 approved principles, and executed in the best 
 manner, a watch is not only an exceedingly 
 useful, but a most admirable piece of mechanism. 
 It has exercised the genius and invention of the 
 n:ost skilful mechanics, as well as of some of the 
 ablest mathematicians, for ncarl)' 3 centuries. 
 And, considering the smallness of its size, its 
 capacity of being carried about uninjured in every 
 variety of position, the number and complexity 
 of its movements, and the extroordinory accuracy 
 with which it represents the successive portions 
 of time as determined by the rotation of the 
 ■earth on its axis, we need not wonder at Dr. Paley 
 having referred to it as a striking specimen of 
 human ingenuity. 
 
 Spring watches are constructed nearly on the 
 Rame principle a.s ])endulum clocks. Instead of 
 the pendulum in the latter, a spring is used in the 
 former, the isochronisra ol' the vibrations of 
 which corrects the unequal motions of the 
 balance. 
 
 Historical Notice.— ^he invention of spring 
 watches dates from about the middle of the 
 seventeenth century, and has been warmly con- 
 tested for Huygens and Hooke. The English 
 writers generally incline in favour of the latter. 
 Dr. Hutton says (Mathematical Dictionary, art. 
 ' Watch ' ) that the words ' Rob. Hooke invenit, 
 1658,' were inscribed on the dial plate of a watch 
 presented to Charles II. in 1675. But Moutucla 
 
 WATClllvS 
 
 afllrins ('linloiie ilm MnthimiitiiiiieH, loin, jj, p 
 41.'), ed. IHOO) that lliiygens mmle thiv •/><//, 
 ilieourerte' in Ili.'iCi, and presented a spring wiitili 
 to the Klates of lloliiiiid in 1<!.')7. ConipMi'M^ 
 these Hialeiiieiils, it eertninly appears tlint tln' 
 claim of llnygens to liie priority of (lie discnvirv 
 is the iM'lter establislied of the two. Wo do imi, 
 however, believe tliilt eitlier tif those iliitin 
 giii.shed persons owed, in this respect, anyiliii^ 
 to tlii^ other. The probability se.eins in Ii,.. 
 that the happy idea of employing a spiiiii; in 
 regulate (he inolioii of watches occurred to liiiin 
 both nearly ut the same time. 
 
 Imiirovement of iVatrhen. — < )wing to the fiiciliiy 
 with which the longitude may bo detorniiiiid liy 
 the aid of acouralely going watches, it is cii\rr,.,i'| 
 importance to have them made as perlni as 
 possible. In this view, libt'ral preniiunis [i.tvc 
 ueen given to the mukurs of the best inaiiiii' 
 watches, or chronometers, by the (ioveriiineiili nt' 
 Kngland, France, Spain Ac. In the rei),'ii i,r 
 (jiieen Anne, I'arrmment offered a reward nt 
 2(VHM)/. to anyone who should make a wakli nr 
 other instrninent, capable ot delenniiiinij; ilu' 
 longitude at sea, within certain liniit.-i. Tliii 
 niagnitieent premium was awarded, in ITiM, lu 
 the ccl<4irated .lohu Harrison, for a iiiariiu' 
 watch, which, Ijeing tried in a voyage to liar- 
 badoes, tletennined its longitude with even ninn' 
 than the rcipiired accuracy. Other preniliiiib. 
 though of inferior amount, were .sulisei|iii'iitly 
 given to Messr.''. Mudge, Ariiidd, Karnshaw itc. 
 Since IH2'2, two prizes, one <if itOO/. and mic «( 
 2l)U/., have been annually given to the makers ni' 
 the two chronometers adjudged to be the lioi, 
 after having been submitted to a twelveiiiinilir.s 
 trial at the Hoyal Observatory at (irccmiich, 
 And to such perfection has the niaiinracliiro 
 attained, that some of the chronometers eiii{iliiyi'il 
 by navigators, though carried into the most 
 opposite climates, have not varied to the c.xtpiit 
 of two seconds in their mejii rate of ((iiiiij; 
 throughout the year. 
 
 Watch Manufacture. — The watch-ninkiiig busi- 
 ness, though latterly a good deal dcprcssoil, 'm 
 hugely carried on in London; the artists of wliicli 
 have attained to a high degree of excellciiio in 
 this de))artment. In ISGIJ, there wen' 2(i,iWH 
 gold, and 103,515 silver, and in 1807, 2i>,\M ]itt\A 
 and 98,143 silver watch ca.ses assayed nt (inld- 
 smiths' Hall, London, the aggregate value of ilmsc 
 for 1867 being, probably, not much under 0'Jil,()iiU/. 
 The manufacture is also carried on to a con- 
 siderable extent at Birmingham and Clii'st'T, 
 11,700 silver ca-ses having been assayed hihI 
 marked at Uirmingham, and 12,507 guld ami 
 18,505 silver at Chester, in 1866. 
 
 On the Continent, watches are principally manu- 
 factured in Pari.s, Geneva, and in Xeiifdint'l. 
 Some of the French and Swiss watches, par- 
 ticularly the latter, are excellent; but, generally 
 speaking, they are slight, and inferior tii those 
 made in London. Paris and Geneva wutclics arc 
 largely exported to foreign countries ; uiul are 
 everywhere in high estimation, particularly anwiiK 
 the ladies. In 1867 we imported 24,380 fiold and 
 05,317 silver watches, chiefly from France. 
 
 Watches impressed with any mark or stami), 
 appearing to be or to represent any legal Itritisli 
 assay mark or stamp, or purporting by any mark 
 or appearance to be of the manufacture of tlio 
 United Kingdom, or not having the name and 
 place of abode of some foreign maker abroad 
 visible on the frame and also on the face, or not 
 being in a complete state, with all the parts 
 properlv fixed in the case, may not be im- 
 ported "into the United Kingdom, even fur the 
 
IKS 
 
 himntiii<te», Imn. ii. p. 
 ^{t'liH niiiilt" tliin ' /"//f 
 ruiiciitod H Hprinn wali h 
 1 in Hi.')". Oomiui Mn 
 liiily H|>|U!arN tliiit iln' 
 iriiii'ily tit' ll>n iliwuvcry 
 t' thn two. Wo till iiiii, 
 ■itiior of lluiHc tliiliii 
 
 I tliiH rcHpert, anylliiii^ 
 ntmliility Mo.cms in \u: 
 
 oinpUiyiiiK " K|"iiii; in 
 itflit'H (locurri'il to lliciii 
 line. 
 
 .,._( )winfC to till' I'miliiy 
 ! iiiiiy lict ilotorniiiii'd liy 
 It; wntclu'H, it is <il ^jriiii 
 ^in iimdf lit iiiiili'il lis 
 
 lilxTikl |)ri>iniuiiis Imvi' 
 CM of tlii^ Im'sI, iiiiiiiiii' 
 1, liy thi' (iov^riinu'iil- nf 
 
 4l'. Ill tli(i rcif,'" 111' 
 It offcrcil II rcwiird i.i 
 kIioiiUI iniiUn ii wiitfli m 
 )lc til ilctt'nniniiig llii' 
 
 II cortiiiii limits. Tlii< 
 iiH iiwiirilcd, ii: ITill, lu 
 liirrisoii, I'or ii iiiariiu' 
 c'll ill i» voyiinr In liar- 
 mnitutlc Willi t'vt'ii iimri' 
 nicy. Other |iiciiiiuin-. 
 unit, wiTO sulwciiiiciilly 
 ;, Arnold, Kiiriisliuw ^v. 
 ono of 'III')/- mid »iiu i>l' 
 y nivt'ii to tlic iiiaiicrs ol' 
 idjiidnL'd to 1)0 llii^ lirsi, 
 littcd to a twclvuiiimilirs 
 scrvatory nt (irci'in.iiOi. 
 II has the niaiiiil'iiftiin' 
 le chronometers ciiiiilnyoJ 
 
 carried into the iiiott 
 not varied to the extont 
 L'ir mean rate of '^m'i 
 
 -The watch-niakiuK l)u»i- 
 
 . Kood deal de|>rcss«l, is 
 
 [ulon ; the artists of wliitli 
 
 1 deforce of excellciife in 
 
 |lH(J(i, there were 2t),',lHf 
 
 mid in 18<i7, '2.j,i;!i pl'l 
 
 1 eases lussayeil nt (inltl- 
 
 e iigUf'^K''"' value of tliiwc 
 
 I not much under (i'JO,0(io/. 
 
 [so carried on to ii con- 
 
 rminj^ham and Clie-tir, 
 
 Ana been assayed imn 
 
 11, and 12,507 gold and 
 
 , in 1806. 
 
 fihes are principally mnnii- 
 feva, and iu NcufiliiU'l. 
 Ind Swiss watcher', par- 
 fexcellent; but, i^i-mifK 
 ]ht, and inferior to those 
 and Geneva watches are 
 •cign countries; and are 
 nation, particularly aniuiiK 
 
 imported 2M«'U">1^1'"«' 
 Uetty from France, 
 ith any mark or stamij, 
 present any legal l>ri"*f 
 ' purporting by any mark 
 the manufacture ot tlio 
 Dt having the name am 
 [e foreign maker abroad 
 'i also on the face, or not 
 itate, with all the part^ 
 case, may not be im- 
 Kingdom, even foi »« 
 
 WATHK 
 
 purpono of being warehoused. (.'I «!k •! Win, I\'. 
 e. fi'i M. 58. Sen also 'I'riide Mark* Act, 25 tb 'ifl 
 Viet. e. 88.) 
 
 \Vntrhr» ill (Tliinii. — IVetty ronsiderablo iiiiin- 
 bcrs of ICiiropean walitlies are imported into ( Miiiiii; 
 and it nmy \>f\ worth inentioiiiiig, as a eurious 
 instaiiw! of "the diversity of tastes, I lint the ( "liiiie-ie, 
 »^ well as most other Kastern nations, who can 
 afford it, iinifonnly uu-ur wittvhen i« /«///'.i ! 'I'liis 
 sort of extra vagaiice is not, howc^ver, condnecl to 
 wntehes, liut extenils ton viirii'ty of other nrtieles. 
 Shawlx, for examide, areinvnrialily worn in India 
 in pairs of exactly the Nnme paiterii; audit is 
 
 l.')()7 
 
 'Tlio purify of water may bn known by fliu 
 followiii:; marks or propertin of pure water : — 
 
 ' I. I'uru wau^r i.i lighter than water that is not 
 pure. 
 
 ' 2. Turo water U more fluhl than water that in 
 not pure. 
 
 '■'I. It lias nil colour, smell, or tnsto. 
 
 'I. It wets inorii easily than ihe waters eon- 
 taiiiiii}; metallie and e.irthy sails, i-alled bard 
 waters, and feels softer when toiii'lied. 
 
 in nli'ohol, 
 
 ' 5. Hoaii, or a Hiliitioii of soap 
 mixes easily and perfectly with it. 
 '<;. It Is not rendered tiirbiil by adding to it n 
 linrdly pimsible, indeed, to llnil a native dealer Holiitinii of gold in aiiua regia | or ii solulloii of 
 who will sell A Hingli! hIi.iwI. silver, or ol lead, or of mercury, in nitric acid j 
 
 WATKU. It may be thought unncopssary, or a solution of acetate of lead in water. 
 porhnpH, to nay anything In a work of 'bis sort 'Water was, till mndern times, considered as 
 with respect to a fluid ho well knowi and so an elementary or simple substance ; but it is now 
 ahiindniit. _ _ ascertained to bo a compound of oxygen and 
 
 Hut, besides being an indispensable neccHsnry hydrogen.' 
 of life, water is, in most large cities, an i«i/«)Wi«h/ ; 2. >V'(/'/''// ';/' fyntur. — London was very ill 
 titmim-rfiitl itrtlrli; It is in the latter )iolnt of supplied with water jircviously to the early part 
 view, principally, that wo mean to eonsider it. of the Heventeenth eeiifurj', when the New Kivor 
 Innsinucb, however, as the mode of supplying water was introduced into the city. This ex- 
 diffircnt piiices with water, and its price, iieces- eeedingly useful work was jilaiiiied and carried 
 sarily vary in every )iossible way, we shall limit into elject by the famous Sir Hugh Myddelton, 
 our remarks on tliese subjects to the metropolis i who expended bis whole fortune on the pro- 
 only, 'riie few remarks we intend to oiler of aijoct; liavlng, like 'many other public benefactors, 
 general nature will apply indilt'erently to any 1 entailed povertv on himself and his posterity 
 populous place, the supply of which with water | by embarking in an undertaking productive of 
 occasions a considerable exjiense. | vast wealth to others, and of great public utility. 
 
 1, QiKility of Water. — Ur, IJro has made the The New Uiver has its principal source near 
 following Htateinenls with respect to the cpiality , Cbadwell, between Hertford and Ware, about 20 
 of water : — ' Water,' soys ho, ' is a very trans- miles from l^iidon ; but the artillcial channel 
 parent lluid, possessing a moderate degree of nc- [ in which the water is convoyed is about 10 
 livity with regard to organised substances, which miles in length. .Sir Hugh Myddelton encountered 
 renders it friendly to animal and vegetable life, for innumerable dllHcultics during the progress of tbo 
 both which it is, indeed, indispensably necessary, undertaking, which it is probable would have 
 Hence it nets but slightly on the organs of been abandoned, at len"t for a time, but for the 
 sense, and is therefore said to have neither taste ' aid nfTorded by .lames 1, The New River Com- 
 nor smell. It niipenrs to possess considerable ' pany was incorporated in lOllI, (i years after the 
 elasticity, and yields in a perceptible deforce to ' water had been brought to the reservoir at 
 the pressure of air in the condensing machine. ! Islington. The undertaking yielded very little 
 ' Nat' e water is seldom, if ever, found per- ' profit for a considerable number of years ; but it 
 fectly pure. The waters that flow within or upon lias since become extremely profitable; so much 
 the surface of the earth contain various earihy, so, that an original 501)/. share has been sold for 
 saline, metallic, vegetable, or animal particles, ac- lli,0()0/. 
 
 cording to the substances over or through which! The Chelsea Water- Works Company wos formed 
 they pass, liain and snow waters are much purer | in 1 723, and (with the aid of ii smaller companies, 
 
 than these, although they also contain whatever 
 floats in the air, or has been exhaled along with 
 the watery vapour."?. 
 
 none of which arc now in existence) it, and the 
 New Uiver, supplied all that part of the metropolis 
 noii;h of the Thames with water, down to the year 
 
 \.— Account of the Average Daily Quantity of Water supplied by each of the Metropolitan 
 
 Vompuniea in 18CG. 
 
 i_ 
 
 Name of tlie Company 
 
 ttrnss Avfrn^e 
 
 Dail; Uuantlly 
 
 Inlsiid 
 
 Kal*. 
 a!i,S«H,7ll9 
 1U,380,0IIU 
 
 QuHntiiy for 
 other tlian 
 Ilou^e Supply 
 
 KaU. 
 4.351, !«;'> 
 A.DDD.OIKI 
 
 Ounnlity for 
 lluUM! Supply 
 
 Cals. 
 
 is,.-..-B,sni 
 
 I4r".80,0l)0 
 
 Number of 
 llouiea 
 
 109,!9R* 
 90,174 
 
 Quantity 
 
 I»er Kiicli 
 
 llouw 
 
 fials. 
 11,9-75 
 
 lOll 
 (nearly) 
 
 t^ojiulatlon 
 Kstimated 
 at about 
 
 Quantity 
 [H-r head of 
 Population 
 
 lllvri i.BA (NiMrANlif*; 
 New lUver t:uin|)any 
 East I.ondon Waterworks Company - 
 
 800,000 
 658,570 
 
 fiaU. 
 2VI7 
 
 22 
 (nearly) 
 
 Total drawn from IhF UlTer l*n and ) 
 
 Ihe welU of the New Kl»er Com. > 
 
 1 panj J 
 
 4«,V;8,7G9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tiunaa CoMFAKlM : 
 Chelsea Waterworks Company 
 WMAllddleiex ■ 
 
 Grsnd Junction Waterworks Company 
 
 IMU'haelina», IHMi|: 
 
 8u{iiilied 10 tenants 
 
 IJied fur sand wanhlni?, condensing 
 &c.. at th,' i:,>miian>N works 
 Southwark and Vauih«ll Water Com- 
 
 lanj (.Michaelmas 1111)6). • 
 
 8,000,000 
 8,'^0M,l(iS 
 
 l,t!l,3,0IX) 
 556,0OU 
 
 6,807.0110 
 7,l)5'^,ie8 
 
 i(6,<100 
 36,500 
 
 V5.r 
 
 210 
 
 (nearly) 
 
 201,1)00 
 255,500 
 
 33-86 
 
 .10 
 (nearly) 
 
 
 8,778,«0i 
 
 538,850 
 
 12,50a,000 
 
 653,810 
 3,076,712 
 
 8,124,359 
 9,125,'2SS 
 
 20,450 
 
 60,5,TO 
 'i 215 
 
 307 
 l3«St 
 
 238,050 
 449,540 
 
 34 
 21t 
 
 
 Lambeth Waterworks Company 
 
 8,950,000 
 
 1,S5 1,000 
 
 Total 
 
 7,099,000 
 
 !i',235 
 
 207 
 
 225,000 
 
 34-it 
 
 
 7ll,'<80 
 37,203 
 
 Total drawn from the Thamn 
 
 46,977, 'ia.'» 
 6,I50,IXKI 
 
 
 
 
 
 r237:b6r 
 
 r" 24-4 
 
 
 From Wells, Kent Waterworks 
 
 1 .36G,I»HI 
 
 1 5,781.0011 
 
 1 33,861 
 
 1 171 
 
 I \ 
 
 il-' 
 
 i\ ■ 
 
 * £xcludiDK trade and builneu pretnisn and public builUingt. 
 
 f For domestic nippllea only. 
 
 6d2 
 
 "''•'! j, 
 
 \.\<-' ii - 
 
 ill 
 
lAUH 
 
 WATKU 
 
 1810. In Hint ycnr, Jiowcvir, .'» nvvr c<iiii|iniiiiK, 
 thii l''.nNt l.oiiiloii, \V'('N( MitlillcM'x, nixl (iriiiiil 
 •liiiii'lioii, vtvtv. cNtiililiNlii'il under the iinlliorily nf 
 (lincrcnl Ai'tH i<{ rnrliiuncnt. At iircwint (IMiilt) 
 tlif ni('lr(i|iiiliM iit Hu|i|ili('(l with miiIit \>y tlic 
 liilliiwinK ctiniiiiinii'it : — 
 
 Xl'W IfiVLT, 
 
 ('Iii'Ihvii, 
 
 Kiivit London, 
 
 WoHt Middlfwx, 
 
 (Iriind .Innctlon, 
 
 l.iiniliflli, 
 
 Viuixhull, Sontliwnrk, nnd Kent Wiitor Workx. 
 
 The Moiiri'OH wlu'Mcc llii'ni' coinpanicH draw tlicir 
 Miiiiilii'H uru Niatod in Talilu No. I. 
 
 liicro linvc bot-n HcviTal royal cntniniHHionH 
 a))|H)intiMl to enquire into tlie .statu of thu bupnlv 
 of water in the nietro|ioliH. Tlie report of tiiiit 
 a|>|iointed in IH'27 eontainH much useful infnrum- 
 tion, and at prcHent (IH(i!l) there iH one eoniini^txion 
 turning iIh exeluitivu attention to the Huppiv of 
 London, wiiilu anol Iter on the polhition of riverH 
 in carefully examinini; the ((ualiiy of London 
 water drawn from the I'lnuneH and other HtrenmH 
 for human u.se. 
 
 Monopoly of the Water Companiei, — The nane- 
 tion of I'nrliament was fsS'«v\\ to the .') new eoin- 
 nanies formed in IHIO, not ho it a in the view of 
 incrcaitinK the actual supply of water, av of eiicck- 
 int; monopoly, and reducing the rated by tlieir 
 competition. liut these expcctationH have not 
 been realified. For a while, indeed, the compcli- 
 tion of the eeveral companies wag excccdinnly 
 injuriouM to their interests, and occasioned the 
 total destruction of some of the inferior ones ; liut 
 no sooner had this happened thr.n tht others dis- 
 
 : oove'ed that their inlen'Sl« were in reality llie 
 
 I same, and that tlio true way to promote theniwa« 
 
 til eoiicert ineasureN loKether. In I'lirlherance of 
 
 I thii olji'tt, the t> companieK for the supply of that. 
 
 , part ot'thu m<.lropoliH north of liii- river proceeded 
 
 I to dividt^ the (own into us nninv diNtrii'ls, binding 
 
 tbemxelveK. under heavy penalties, /lo/ /« tutcrutich 
 
 on riuli olhrr't rtltitm; nnd hnviiik! in this way 
 
 I ((one far to secure theinNelves against any new 
 
 coinpelitiirH, llieir next nieasun' was to ndd /irr- 
 
 I iiiiil-lHriilj/ per cent, to the rates estaltUHJiud in 
 
 i \n\i); and these linve, in several iiinlnnees, been 
 
 still furll.Lr aiiKnienled. The periiliar iNinellts 
 
 ihal were expected to result from cbeir niiillipli- 
 
 catlon Iwne, therefore, proved ijiiite ininKiiiur-; 
 
 anil I hough the supply id' water has been iiicreascil, 
 
 it niiglit have been more abundant and chcajier 
 
 uiidi'r a ditl'erent Hy»tem. 
 
 We liiirrow 'I'ables 1 1, nnd III. from the evidence 
 taken before the committee of the House of Coni- 
 niiiiis ill IHol and in IHCi on the Metropolis 
 Water Dills :— 
 
 Tabh U. 
 
 Wftt*r riim|mnle 
 
 Irniwrlnl (iallon* 
 >u)i|ilUdai)nuall> 
 
 Nrw RIvi'r 
 
 rhelwn • • 
 
 lirADil .function • 
 houllivinrli and 
 V.iuihHil 
 
 I.HIIlllvtIl 
 
 KiiNl Loiitlon 
 Kent 
 
 \Vp<i Mlilillt»«l - 
 llati)|i^lVM(l • 
 
 Total 
 
 .i,«ji.nno,oon 
 
 l.l.^N.I.^N.IHIII 
 
 iit^'i.iai.s.v) 
 
 K, 19.1,1 or. .S7(l 
 I.I'M.WHMIOO 
 
 .1'J1.!U«,7.')0 
 
 l,»ir,,<.wi„iiv 
 
 _ |.'i(i.lll,VSlll^ 
 
 Walar Itinlt 
 
 IMF AllllUIII 
 
 t 1. 
 
 IM.4.11 17 
 .l.-i.'in 'J 
 
 Com DM 
 
 .MllhVn 
 llalliiiii 
 
 to tiM 
 
 riiin|i3it; 
 
 i. \ M ,.H. 
 
 ^ ! .M .1 1 
 
 •tt.tlli 17 
 
 70,111 •, II 
 
 II.UJ 1.1 
 
 B'>,4l.'i S 
 
 7,tHIM IV III I 4 
 
 1.1 7 7 
 !» ' »H H 
 II I in I'J 4 
 .1 I 1.1 » 9 
 B I .■"! 14 
 1 4 
 
 IIL— Account ((/' the Amuuiii of Cii/iita/, Utile, of Dividend, and Bonui (if any), of the tecerui 
 Metropolitan Ifater Com/Htnieii, for the I'earH undermentioned, viz.:— 
 
 'I 
 
 Nainaorihi 
 Compui) 
 
 INiO 
 
 * 
 
 lUI 
 
 M 
 
 IKM) 
 
 i. 
 
 1861 
 
 1864 
 
 
 1865 
 
 •/. 
 
 lloniii(irint) 
 
 beiwcen I8M 
 
 andlUSa 
 
 Ntw ItlTvr- 
 
 M 
 
 t. 
 
 il! 
 
 t. t. 
 
 M 
 
 <. 
 
 i. 
 
 Capiial 
 
 l,49l.fi7l 
 
 i,ii»,<j;i8 
 
 M1«,'JS« 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,419,948 
 
 II 
 
 l,4IU,94K 
 
 
 
 
 
 I,4IU,»48 
 
 
 
 
 
 In IHBRlherawH 
 
 llliidcnd 
 
 4 1.16 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 u 
 
 71 
 
 4 
 
 1 1 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 m 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 alionu«ofl,4(XV. , 
 1)fr ih^ire, or 
 1,/. 1 ll. Cjif. p« 1 
 rent. u|ion the 
 capital. 
 
 Eaitt Ixindon— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (;»i>ltal 
 
 400,000 
 
 SOC.fXW 
 
 97.1,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 975,000 
 
 
 
 1.1.1,1,818 
 
 
 
 
 
 l,247,5«n 
 
 
 
 
 
 Three lioniim of 
 
 Dividend 
 
 8 
 
 s 
 
 A 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 u 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 1 )#r lent, each ' 
 on urdinarjiilock i 
 
 Chelwa — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cai.ltal 
 
 3110,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 STO.niin 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 570,(100 
 
 
 
 610.000 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 A 1.1,600 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Illvldrnil 
 
 A 
 
 tl 
 
 •■>J 
 
 
 
 4i 
 
 
 Ai 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 Wi^l Allddletei- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cai'llal 
 
 SOB ,.100 
 
 MB ,.100 
 
 704,901 
 
 
 
 
 
 7V2.(19S 
 
 
 
 78.1,7 IB 
 
 
 
 
 
 7M,367 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IlKldend 
 
 fi 
 
 6 
 
 .1 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 II 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 A 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 per thare 
 
 per share 
 
 lier ihaieof liU, 
 
 per ihare 
 
 DfliK. 
 
 per share 
 
 ofBW. 
 
 perihanofew. 
 
 
 Grand Junrtion 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Share raulul)— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ra|iital 
 
 3.11,000 
 
 3.11,000 
 
 5511,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 5r,5.7l5 
 
 
 
 B31,7i(.l 
 
 
 
 
 
 631,280 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ni.ldend 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 "4 
 
 
 
 7J 
 
 
 Si 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 Sotithwark and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V«mhall(Sh«rc»)- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CapllAl 
 
 :03,1il8 
 
 301,012 
 
 .186,790 
 
 
 
 
 
 371,010 
 
 
 
 .V7,700 
 
 
 
 
 
 377,870 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;; 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 38,3110 
 
 
 
 ia6..'.(l(l 
 8U,4'i5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12fi,.llK) 
 125,160 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 DlTldend 
 
 "b 
 
 "b 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 fi 
 5 
 
 
 fi 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J.amlwlli (Sharm)- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <'.ipiial 
 
 211,81)1 
 
 2S7,.126 
 
 361,3W 
 
 
 
 
 
 387,C0O 
 
 
 
 507,992 
 
 
 
 
 
 432.130 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dividend 
 
 4 
 
 (T 
 
 !>\ 
 
 
 
 5J 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 Kent WnUrworks- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 .Tune 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oapllal 
 
 »V!I,100 
 
 •^54.500 
 
 387,125 
 
 
 
 
 
 .151,1.10 
 
 
 
 409,7.10 
 
 
 
 
 
 428,944 
 
 
 
 
 
 Xmh 
 
 Dividend 
 
 .1/. ISl. 
 
 .'i 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 (1 
 
 li 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 percent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 percent. 
 
 per 
 
 an. 
 
 per rent. 
 
 jier an. 
 
 per cent, per an. 
 
 pa cent, per 
 
 ■n. 
 
 1 
 
 
 I>er an. 
 
 per an. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Derember 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Capital 
 
 «'i!),100 
 
 Wi.Mn 
 
 .151,150 
 
 
 
 
 
 .151,1.10 
 
 
 
 419,127 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 428,914 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dividend 
 
 .1/. Mi. 
 
 4.'. 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 5 
 
 11 II 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 (1 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 ll 
 
 - 
 
 
 |ier rent. 
 
 Iter cert. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per 
 
 an. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 pf r nn. 
 
 Iter cent. 
 
 per 
 
 an. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 lier 
 
 an. 
 
 d • 
 
 
 |ier an. 
 
 T,'r Rn. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The results of this Table tend to confirm the nndertnkinRs that cnn be .lafcly tiwteil to thefree 
 f.finriple we endeavoured to enforce in the n,*iclc ]irinciples that may generally be relied upon, 
 0>Mi'.\.NiKS, that certain restrictions should, in there be only one set of springs adjacent to a 
 almost all cases, bo imposed on companies for the town, or if there be certain springs nuire «»- 
 supply of water to a large city. These arc not, venicntly situated for supplying it with water 
 
N Wire in rrtllly \\\e 
 ^ ti» |irmiiiitt' llifinwa* 
 cr. In riirlluTniicn <if 
 I I'lir the Hii|i|)ly (if Hint 
 
 nl tlif rivir jirticenlfd 
 iiniiy (liHiritlM.liindint? 
 nallU'K, iiol to tncruuch 
 il ImviiiL' ill tliiM way 
 •iv<'« iiKiiiiiKl any now 
 u.surc wan to ailil/iri-- 
 c rntcH fstalillHliLMi in 
 tovcral in^lanccM, \wv.\\ 
 
 'I'lu! iii'i'iiliar UtnclitH 
 It friini ilu'ir nuilii|iH- 
 (vcil <|niti' ininninar"; 
 aliT liiiH iK'cn iiU'rraHC'ii, 
 aljuniiant and vlica|>ci 
 
 (1 III. from tli« evidence 
 
 e of \\\v llouHC of Cnm- 
 
 IC7 ou lh« Mvtru|iultH 
 
 11. 
 
 BRA 
 
 Illy 
 
 C'liM \m 
 
 W.l.r K.nt. ,|„|,„„ 
 l>.r Annum ,„ „„ 
 
 
 ('iim|i.in]i 
 
 on 
 
 HI 
 30 
 
 ~ t I. J. £ 1.4. 
 
 Vl>.^,^^^ 1 7 "> . vi k .i 
 
 M.'lU !l ^ 1 '1 T 1 
 4.1,.1II7 It U 'M ll> 11 
 
 "11 
 
 tm 
 
 76 
 iU 
 
 \t 
 mo 
 
 w,^•^•> ifi II i'> 77 
 «,ii(i 17 u »H no 
 7r.,SHi II II [ Id I'J 4 
 it.iit \^ ^ 11 1 9 
 e-NiiA n fi 1 '•■ J 4 
 
 7,(Kil) U 10 1 4 « 4 
 
 .■w 
 
 4».1,II.1A 17 » 1 
 
 (i/* liny), of the teventl 
 •d, viz.: — 
 
 Honuidfiinl 
 18CS bttwitn IIM 
 uidlMS 
 
 , ' " ""■ 1 
 
 •J.tfSt " " i '" "tefillinewai ' 
 
 6 « UJ «lionii»ofl,4(XV. i 
 
 1 in-r ih«re, or 1 
 
 1,/. \U.6id.ra\ 
 
 rvnl. uiwn the 
 
 cuvlul. 
 
 7.')6n n Thrw bonum rf , 
 
 (i 16 « ' '1'" lent.'"" 1 
 
 un oriUnuj Mock | 
 
 S,600 
 
 1 
 
 4. .167 n n 
 .s IS n 
 
 ihareofew. 
 
 
 1 ,5sn 
 
 
 7,s7n n 
 
 (i,.VHl II 
 ,'j.ldO 
 
 :^' 
 
 4t 
 
 
 2,130 ] 1 
 
 « t 
 
 8,945 n 
 
 fi n II 
 
 N«ne 
 
 cent, per ui. 
 
 
 8.915 
 6 
 
 
 . cent, iwr an.' , , 
 
 bsafolvtiwtocltntiicfrce 
 crally"be relied upon. It 
 
 of (.prinp^ «tlja«"' '" " 
 jrtaiii 8prii.K>> mf ^''"; 
 supplying it with «ater 
 
 WATKIl 
 
 than any other, a roni|iany aci|ul.-lnR a rl((lit to 
 Huch Kpriii){H, ami ini'iir|Miraieil for tlii> purpose of 
 convoying tlie water to fotvii, tlienliy niilii an 
 rxfliitirr tiilriintiiiir \ and if no limits lie sit, to its 
 divldendM, iti partners inny innl«<' an I'linniioiis 
 nriitit at tlie expeiino of tlie pnlilii', willioiit it" 
 Lt'itiK poMHilile niatnriaily to rednee tlii'tn by nii'iiiit 
 of eiini|H>' itioii. Wliiil luiH liap|ieiied ill tlie i iiie 
 of tlie Nv'W lliver (,'onipaiiy NiiDlcii'iilly cvincci 
 truth of what han now lieen Ntateil 
 
 l.)(ll) 
 
 neeeititnrily throw li^lit on thin part of tlio 
 ipii'Ktion.' 
 
 We think that, it would Iw highly rxpedienl tu 
 adopt the Hii^Kte-lloiiH of the eoiiiiiiitlie, hy euMilitC 
 upon the ooiiilMliirt to lay aiiniiiilly detailed sinti'. 
 ineiilt of their iilfaifH ln'fore I'arliaiiiiiit. 'I'hey 
 nIioiiM lie iililined in tliew Htf'"melitH to k'wc ail 
 meoiiiit of the rates ['liai'j^ed hy tlii'in. and to niako 
 a spfiial ri'port as to every ease in whieh th-v liavR 
 the truth of what han now lieen ufated. Had its wiilidrawn water from u hoiistholder. It is to no 
 dividends lieen limited to anything like a reason- piuposi' to repeat, in opposition to this proposal, 
 
 able profit, the water that in at present Niipplied the i inioii-plaees ahoiil loinpetitioii sceiiriiiKfor 
 
 by itH means miKli*. have been fiiriiish...! for a the lili/ens a Niillhirnl supply of water at the 
 mnall part of what it netiially oohIh. Ihit in eases lo>,'est prices, in the same way that III" eoni|H>tl- 
 of this Mint, priority ol oeonpatioii, even without tioii of liakers and luitehers seeures thi>iii supplies 
 any other iK'euliar advanliiKe, jj'ies far to e.xrliide of beef and bread. The statements already inaiiii 
 all rcunlar and wholesoniii eomiH'tition. A eoni- { show that there is no anaioj;y whatever" in tho 
 pany that han jjot^ pipeij laid down in the streets (ireiiinstanees under whieh these articles are siip- 
 
 tnay, if threatened by the eoin|ietition of another 
 
 cornpany, lower itn ratcH ho as to make the latter 
 
 withdraw from the Held; and aH mion as this is ^ 
 
 done, it may revert to its old, or even to lii>;her ' 
 
 char^'CK. It is not, in fact, poHsible, in eiiinbroiis 
 
 concerns of this sort, to have anything like com- | 
 
 petition, in the ordinary Nenso of tho term; and ' 
 
 ex|ierienee shows that whenever it is attempted, 
 
 it only colli iniies for a limited period, and is sure i 
 
 to be in the end efleetually HuppresHed. We are, 
 
 therefore, clearly of opinion, that no company 
 
 lihould ever be formed for the conveyance of water 
 
 into a lar^o city, without a maximum bein^ set 
 
 both to the rates and tho dividends; K>^'in;; the 
 
 company an option, in the event of the maximum 
 
 rate yielding more than the maximum dividend, 
 
 either to reduce tho rate, or to apply the Burplutt 
 
 tn tho purcha.Me of the company 'h Htock ; no that 
 
 ultimately the charge on account of the dividendit 
 
 may be (;ot rid of, 
 
 VVe arc glad to have to add, that wc were sup- 
 ported in what we now and in former editions of 
 this work have stated on this subject by the 
 Report of tho .Select Committeo of tlie House of 
 Commons on the supjily of water for the iiietro- 
 poli.s, printed in lh2l. It i.s there said — 'The 
 public is at jircsent without any protection even 
 agaiiiBt a further iiulelinitc cxteiision of demand. 
 Id ca.Hcs of dispute there is no tribunal but the 
 boards (if the companies themselves, to which 
 individuals can apjieal ; there arc no regulations 
 hut such as the coinpaiiies may have vidiintarily 
 imposed upon themselves, and may therefore at 
 any time revoke, for tho continuance of the sup- 
 ply in its present state, or for detlnin^ the cases 
 m which it may be withdrawn from the house- 
 holder. All these points, and some others of the 
 same nature, indispensably require legislative 
 regulation, whore the subject-matter is uii article 
 of the lirst necessity, ond the supply has, from 
 peculiar circumstances, got into such a course 
 that it is not under the oporatiou of those prin- 
 ciples which govern supply and ileinaiid in other 
 cases. 
 
 ' The principle of the Acts under which these 
 companies wore instituted, was to encourage com- 
 petition ; and certainly in this, as in other cases, 
 it is only from competition, or tho expectation of 
 competition, that a perfect security can be had 
 for a good supply. But your committee are satis- 
 fied, that, from the peculiar nature of these under- 
 takings, the principle uf competition requires to he 
 guarded by particular checks and limits in its 
 application to them, in order to render iteflectual, 
 without the risk of destruction to the competing 
 parties, and thereby, ultimately, of a serious in- 
 jury to the i'ublic' And the committee proceeds 
 
 iilii'd. If a man be dissatislled with any pariicular 
 butcher or baker, he may go to aiiolh'er, but il i» 
 ii'tf iiiiHuihle for him to clmiiyr hi* walrr mrrcliant, 
 unless he also change the place of his resideiico. 
 No water company will encroarh upon the district 
 assigned to another; and supposing an individual 
 unhii'ky enough to ipiarrel with those who liavo 
 the absolute moniijmly of the supply of the district 
 in which he resides, he must either migrate to 
 another, or be without water, unless he can f^ct a 
 supplv upon his own premises. Such lieing tho 
 actual state of things, it is quite ludicrous to talk 
 about eompctition alTording any real securiiy 
 against extortion and abuse. I'veii tlie publica- 
 tion of the proceedings of the companies would 
 be a verv inadeiiuate check on their -ondnct; 
 but such as it is, it is perhaps the only one that 
 can now be resorted to ; and as it would havo 
 considerable intlucnce, it ought not to be neg- 
 lected. 
 
 il. Quality of the Lomlon Water. — Alltherom- 
 imnii's, with the exception of tho New Hiver and 
 Kast London Comimnies, derive their supplies of 
 water from the Tliames; and in consequeii'^e of 
 their taking it up to some extent within tiie limits 
 to which tlie tide flows, and of the discharge of 
 the seweriige of Oxford. lie.iding, and other towns 
 on its banks into the river, the water taken Irom 
 it is necessarily, in the lirst instance, loaded with 
 many impurities. Ihit the reiiorts that were 
 formerly so very prevalent, with respect to tho 
 deleterious quality of the London water, havo 
 been shown to have been exaggerated. Hy far 
 tho greater part of the impurities complained of 
 arc not chemically combined with it; and they 
 may bo separated from it by tiltration. Most of 
 tho com|ianics havo recently made very consider- 
 able elVorts to improve their water, and the forth- 
 coming Heports of tho two commissions will show 
 how far tli(!y have been successful. But though 
 the companies may not have done in this respect 
 as much, perhaps, as they might and should havo 
 done, a great improvement has, on the wliole, 
 been cfTected : and notwithstanding all that has 
 been said to the contrary, it is quite certain that, 
 though not so jnire us it might be, there is not 
 the slightest foundation for the notion that its 
 impurities have been such as to aflect, in any 
 serious degree, the health of the inhabitants. 
 
 The returns of 1851 are taken from the report 
 by tho Government Commission on the chemical 
 (piality of the supply of water to the metropolis in 
 18,51 ; and those of 185(5 are taken from the 
 Beports to the Bight Hon. William Cowper, 
 M.l'., president of the General Board of Health 
 on the metropolis water supply in 1856, 
 In 1851, the population of London was 2,362,236 ; 
 
 i! 
 
 (t 
 (i 
 
 to remark — ' The submission of their accounts consequently there were 19-4 gals, of water sup- 
 annually to Parliament, for a few years, would plied per head of the whole population. In 1856, 
 
 3 
 
 iiV 
 
■Mi 
 
 a;,"' 
 
 ' ). ■, I" (■ 
 • ■ .1 '' 
 
 ■rji::'t 
 
 t! ■ ■ t 
 
 ' 
 
 1510 
 
 WATER 
 
 rV. — Compartson of the Quahti/ and Qitantitt/ of IValer ttupplierl hi/ the MitropoUtan Water 
 CompanitH in the learn I80I, iHoO, and 18(i7, 
 
 Companies 
 
 New RlT«r 
 Kast London 
 
 Thnmes 
 <;oin- 
 panin 
 
 ( Wfsi Mkhlli 
 J (irnnd Junci 
 1 Nouthwark 
 ! Vau shall 
 
 MkltlleAn 
 
 jnctinn 
 
 and 
 
 i /au shall 
 
 * Lamt»eth 
 
 Total 
 
 Aver.iK^ ot TliBmeii 
 
 <'(imp»nie4 
 A veraKt* of New R ver 
 
 niul Eaut London • 
 
 Averaif)? of ail Com> 
 pariieH - 
 
 D^rte cf HardncHS 
 
 Quantity iupplicd per Pay 
 
 I'.TI I'OI ' 
 IMI.T \"H I 
 
 IH51 
 
 IHSfi 
 
 •Itic 
 
 ilt^. 
 
 I4'!l 
 
 l.TIi 
 
 1 A-O 
 
 ivx 
 
 Ml 
 
 I.T.I 1 
 
 ll-li 
 
 I4'CI 
 
 14 '(I 
 
 IS'O ' 
 
 ivn 
 
 l.-.M 
 
 14'li 
 
 11'7 1 
 
 1 li-0 
 
 ll-s ; 
 
 
 —:: 1 
 
 1»C7 
 14-11 
 
 1.1-0 
 
 ty-t ! 
 
 l.T.'. ! 
 
 Ifi-(l 
 
 IH.'iI 
 
 SHU. I 
 
 .1,'),617 , 
 tt,U.1li,n4« 
 3,!»4ii,-3() 
 
 .■\,.1.14,l('il I 
 
 .1,641,717 I 
 
 fi.ni.l.Tlfi 
 
 .V'77,i«;ii i 
 _£,n7!i,riii 
 
 l!),!H)y,477 
 
 l».'iG 
 
 2'.,nn(i,nnn 
 
 K^IKHI.IMIII 
 
 .'i,.lli.l,i««) 
 (;,s».i„iBi 
 c,7i4,wa 
 
 lin-i.-ii.i'ii 
 
 (Mn>l,(j(lll 
 _j^,Tli.1,7.'ill 
 
 1807 
 
 (P>l«. 
 •",ll.il,!ll7 
 l!l,.1Vl,'.l»H 
 
 7,'ilN,.i;,', 
 
 N,Ml.,KS'i 
 Si7liU,U'J() 
 
 ij, :'i,.iii 
 
 46,4«l,-;a,i 
 
 «Mfi I 1-31 0-98 H-4 |?-4 I IS-.'* 
 
 3-l.'> I !•(« n-43 I MMI 
 «-73 ' 1"(3 0-71 I 14-S ! 
 
 I.V9 ■ 14-« 
 1.1-1 I 1.1-9 
 
 vt,47l,66(i 1 1 .( inii.cmii jt'i^^ixt.'inr, < 
 yusir,,mr,* :n.vnM'!\ oi,r,7.'>,-3o | 
 
 ft This i^tal includii 437,lf>K K^MotiK of water dally, 6U]iplie<l by the Kampsti-nil rnm)iany in IH.'iI. 
 
 < K(l3,l)lill ,, In IH.'in liy iho llampslead Wnter Company, and 360,000 galinu 
 
 RUpjillea 1.. the same yva^ by the I'lurnsteatl, U'uDlwit-h, and Charliun Water CaiTip't»y. 
 
 the population ivaH 2/)8.3,U2 ; and flic siii)))h- 
 30-2 gals. Ill 18(!7, tlu' jioimlatioii lii'ing b,0G7,u!)(i, 
 the supplj- iva.s iK)-!) gals. 
 
 We uouot whether there be at this moment 
 many considerable town.s, in the cmi>ii-e, or, indeed, 
 in Kiirope, better supplied »vitli excellent water 
 than London. 
 
 Accordinfj to the return furni.shed by the several 
 water conipaiiies in 18,')(l, it appeared that 27(l,.")81 
 houses were then supplied with water, the fjross 
 daily quantity delivered having been 44,383,a32 
 gallons. 
 
 It will be obperved from the preceding table No. 
 I. that till, supjily of water to the metropolis bj* 
 the companies has now reached the enormous 
 quantity of upwards of 05 million gallons per day. 
 Thus the average daily supply of water for all 
 purposes, which in 18f)0 was lti4 gallons per house, 
 was, in 18G8, as furnished by tlie various com- 
 panies, for domestic purposes alone, from 21 to 
 
 upwards of 34 gallons per head of the pojiulation. 
 Hcfore the passing of the Metropolis Water Act 
 of 1852, consiilerably more than half the supply 
 was not iiltered ; subsiding reservoirs were in .>^iich 
 case the onlj* means of clearing the water of impu- 
 rities in suspension ; but these are now fur the 
 mo.st ])art employed as well as the filter beds, the 
 cost of the entire water works of the metmpoli.s 
 having been considerably vpu-urds of seren mil- 
 lions Kterlitig. Even this amount, however, will 
 fall short of the total expenditure; for tiie in- 
 termediate outlays between the former letiirns 
 and the jiassing of the new Acts, and the cost of 
 many works in hand, but not yet complete, are 
 not included in this sum. 
 
 The subjoined table, No. V,, illustrative of the 
 quality of the water supplied to the chief towns 
 of England and Scotland, is taken from the Keport 
 of the Commons' Committee of 18C7. See al.so large 
 table in Watts's Dictionary of Cliamistnj. 
 
 V. — Table, showing the Qiudity of the WutiT supplied to the fulloiciug Towns in England and 
 
 Scotland, 
 
 Name of Town 
 
 fihinin)>hnm - • 
 
 Leamington 
 
 (iuililford 
 
 Sunderland and S, Shields 
 
 Koulhiport 
 
 Newcastle and Gateshead - 
 
 Wakefield 
 
 Dover - - - 
 
 Canterbury 
 
 Norwich 
 
 Croydon 
 
 York - 
 
 Derby - 
 
 Lincoln . - - 
 
 Worce>ler 
 
 Cheltenham 
 
 Liverpool and W. Derby i'- 
 
 Durham 
 
 Lce<ts - - . 
 
 EdinliurKh 
 
 Preston - 
 
 Dundee - 
 
 ShrtnLld 
 
 Glaitffow, south of Clyde 
 
 (Gorbats) 
 GIaM!Ow, north of (;l;de 
 
 (Loch Katrine) 
 I'lymnuth 
 
 Manchester and Salford - 
 Towns with wa*.2r over 
 
 loo hari^ness - 
 Towns with wattr under 
 
 10° hi-rdness 
 Metropolitan water 
 
 ApiK-aranf e of the Water 
 
 when examine<l in a Glass 
 
 Tube '^ft. in Length 
 
 Slightly turbid, and pale 
 
 olive gleeu 
 Slightlv turbid, and pale 
 
 ^{reenisli vellow 
 Hrighi and colourless 
 ditto ditto 
 
 ditto ditto 
 
 Slightly turbid, and pale 
 
 ttreenUh yellow 
 Turbid and olive green - 
 llright and nearly colourless 
 colourless 
 nearly colourless 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 pab- olive green 
 pale peaty lint 
 neiiiiy colnurle>s 
 Sti|{htty turbid and peaty - 
 Bri;:ht and nearly colourU'S. 
 ditto pale olive green 
 
 ditto nearly colourless 
 Turbid and sliuhtly ftealy - 
 Sli«bt'y turbid and jieaty ■ 
 llright and jieaty 
 
 Solid 
 .Matter 
 
 per 
 Gallon 
 
 OrganiC[ Oxygen 
 
 and ' requiri-d 
 
 other to l)xy. 
 
 Volatile dise t>r> 
 
 Matter ganic 
 
 per anfl other 
 Gallon Matter I 
 
 Am* 
 
 inonia 
 
 per 
 
 Guilun 
 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 ditto 
 
 ditto 
 
 Slightly turbid and peaty • 
 
 ditto ditto 
 
 Dri^'lit and rather peaty • 
 ditto deep olive green - 
 
 llright and nearly colourles* 
 (ieneraily slightly tuibid 
 
 and peaty 
 llright and slightly green. 
 
 ish yellow - 
 
 gr. 
 .17-70 
 
 VVS.'i 
 •i'iV) 
 
 ri-M 
 
 'i I -S'l 
 
 'ii\-,.'t 
 Ill-OS 
 \'.mi 
 
 IS-.- 1 
 
 1(1. s<i 
 l.'>-70 
 14114 
 
 1.1 '.'iS 
 
 ir>-.-,7 
 
 l(l-.-!0 
 7-M 
 7-011 
 S-UI) 
 
 .'.-91 
 
 gr. I gt. j gr. 
 1-fii 0-090 O-0'.iO 
 
 I -as 
 
 '.i-.ill 
 l-lli 
 •.(ti3 
 
 ODj 
 I -.11 
 1-04 
 1-00 
 1-10 
 0-KO 
 0-HO 
 1-06 
 1.15 
 1-S3 
 1-06 
 0-M 
 l-OI 
 0-SH 
 0-.^7 
 0-07 
 0.60 
 O-.'il) 
 
 0-fi3 
 
 fl-lS.'i 
 0-07.') 
 0-(lill 
 0-075 
 
 0-(l«0 
 014(1 
 O-t/05 
 0-(HI7 
 0-0«) 
 0-lf.(ll 
 0-1 INO 
 0-O.l.i 
 0078 
 0- 1 Oli 
 (IIIS7 
 0-tlS5 
 0-103 
 0-1 10 
 O'tlflO 
 O-lf. 
 
 t-i;t 
 
 0-OSO 
 0-1. ')5 
 
 0045 
 O-tlll'i 
 0-1 101 
 0-0'.<0 
 
 ; 0019 
 
 10-5 
 
 01 15 
 
 16-0 
 
 0-001 
 
 170 
 
 0-oao 
 
 lH-0 
 
 0-0'.i5 
 
 14-5 
 
 ' 0-(H)l 
 
 lti-4 
 
 o-irai 
 
 14 3 
 
 0(101 
 
 14-4 
 
 OOOH 
 
 11-0 
 
 0-035 
 
 10-0 
 
 0-010 
 
 VfO 
 
 0-0.10 
 
 96 
 
 00.10 
 
 7-5 
 
 0-010 
 
 7-5 
 
 0-Oll!i 
 
 7-U 
 
 0-0.'5 
 
 4-5 
 
 1110 : n-.it) 0-110 
 
 ■\-U\) 0-41 O-Oi.'i 
 
 4-17 1 11-^5 l'^5 
 
 li3-90 
 
 S-.-,3 
 •.io-17 
 
 1-37 i 0-068 
 0-49 0-102 
 1-18 : 0-077 
 
 t. 110'^ 
 0-013 
 
 0-028 
 11-01',! 
 
 0-02S 
 0-0'^ 1 
 
 Hardness 
 
 Before '■ After 
 Uoillng I Boiling \ 
 
 deg. I deg. 
 
 15-5 I 115 
 
 18-5 ■ 9-0 
 
 1 8-5 , 7-8 
 
 I'^n 1 8-0 
 
 lU-5 1 l'^-5 
 
 I'J-0 
 6-5 
 4-5 
 5-1) 
 .VI 
 7-0 
 7-0 
 
 I 6-0 
 hi) 
 3-5 
 60 
 (1-5 
 2-0 
 2-9 
 
 i-:> 
 
 2 
 
 LSul 
 
 Mor- I 
 
 I'opulation ,_,i,f,,^ 
 
 , I'l.pu. 
 latliiii i 
 
 212,C-il 
 
 !!4 4 
 
 lS,7fiS Id.s 
 
 •.•'.l,.'>.1l' 19-1 
 
 1.15...',.-, '.o-: 
 
 I4,'i47 ' 19-0 
 
 II 
 
 1,611; 
 
 .,|||9 
 
 .1 l,.'i7J 
 
 16,61.1 
 
 71,440 
 
 46,47 1 
 
 59,!lil!) 
 
 51,049 
 
 47,06.1 
 
 .10,M6!I 
 
 49,7:12 
 
 4 95 ,.".87 
 
 70,274 
 
 ll,',56(i 
 
 176,081 
 
 ll(l,5'rt 
 
 19-n 
 VIS 
 
 21"^ 
 
 n\ 
 
 267 
 17-1 
 
 21,; 
 21 -.1 
 211-9 
 211-0 
 IV!) 
 211-2 
 211-7 
 
 no 
 
 27-4 
 2li-9 
 
 l'.;S,9.''il I 26-2 
 
 1-0 1 
 
 1-0 
 ,1-0 
 2-5 
 
 14.9 
 
 4-9 
 
 1-0 
 1-0 
 2-0_ 
 
 7-1 
 
 •i-d 
 
 > 41IVJ79 'n\ 
 
 tl'i,.'i!l'' 
 
 'JS'7 
 22-2 
 
 2.VI 
 

 (■ Mvtrnpolitan Water 
 
 1 
 
 Uy KUi'plicit |« 
 
 IT Day 
 1S«7 
 
 IS^C 
 
 
 
 
 617 
 lltU 
 730 
 ll'il 
 717 
 
 «i:>,nno,iinn 
 
 Ki.lKHI.IIIHI 
 
 .'i.suj.imii 
 
 'i»,!).i|,!)l7 
 l!l,.1Vl,'.mH 
 
 ".'MN,.ir,', 
 
 X,V,Hi,H.S'i 
 
 7lr, 
 
 (i,lii|i,"iii) 
 
 !i,3l.3,7S() 
 
 It, :'i,.iii 
 
 477 
 
 .1li,()l!t,7H'i 
 
 •I6,4'JI,VW 
 
 66r. 
 
 1 1 .niio.nno 
 
 4W,v.'..i,i)n.'. 
 
 DK.'i* ;«.'ilia,S4'.'t !ll,fj7.'i,r>30 I 
 Company, and A^O,0(K) gatloiis 
 
 hend of the population. 
 Jletropolis Water Act 
 •c than half tlie Bupply 
 P reservoirs were in Mich 
 uring the water of impu- 
 t these are now hit the 
 11 as the filter beds, the 
 H'orivs of the metropolis 
 y upwards of seven mil- 
 amount, however, will 
 xpenditure; for tiio in- 
 een the former returns 
 w Acts, and the cost of 
 t not yet coniiilete, are 
 
 o. v., illustrative of the 
 ilied to the chief towns 
 is taken from tiie Report 
 ec of 1807. .See also large 
 ry of Chemistry. 
 
 Towns in England and 
 
 JnL'iif 
 
 ISuI 
 
 j I ' Mor- j 
 
 t i I '•''■' 
 
 , Boiling i I'oi'ul'tion ^}^„^ 
 
 I i , I'i'Pu. 
 
 I i liilon 
 
 den. , 
 
 
 
 llA 1 
 
 2l!i,CSI 
 
 ai-l 
 
 9-0 
 
 m,70s 
 
 1«'S 
 
 "•« 
 
 •J'.l,.>3l' 
 
 19-4 
 
 H-0 
 
 l.V,, ..').-. 
 
 '.11-7 
 
 \'l-b 
 
 I4,r>47 
 
 190 
 
 TrS ' 
 
 H.filfi 
 
 I'l-n 
 
 12-0 ' 
 
 .')),lll!) 
 
 »4H 
 
 «•,'! 
 
 5i,.'i7:. 
 
 'IVl 
 
 4-5 ' 
 
 Ifi,6l3 
 
 •IVi 
 
 S'O 
 ,'rl 
 
 71,440 
 4i:,4Tl 
 
 Jf,-7 
 I7'l 
 
 7-0 1 
 
 .'jy.'niK 
 
 i\., 
 
 7-U 1 
 
 J1,04'J 
 
 J5-3 
 
 7-.'. ' 
 
 47,ii(i3 
 
 JllS 
 
 1 <l'0 1 
 
 so.-ir.n 
 
 %IH\ 
 
 (.-0 
 
 4'.l,7!>a 
 
 IVI) 
 
 3'.'. 
 
 4W,.'.«7 
 
 'l»-i 
 
 6'() i 
 
 7o,a;4 
 
 ai'7 
 
 (,-r, ' 
 
 n;,;m 
 
 VCd 
 
 «■» 
 
 17(i,"»l 
 
 V7'4 
 
 v« : 
 
 llO.iW 
 
 illcS 
 
 to 
 
 li;s,9.'.i 
 
 Wi 
 
 410,07!) ; 1I7'I 
 
 1-0 
 1-0 
 
 •fn 
 
 J 
 
 .-i^p.rn.i 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 .. 
 
 n-i 
 
 !CG 
 
 i 
 
 .. 
 
 Ml 
 
 4-5 
 
 
 .. 
 
 ».V1 
 
 ■\VATKR 
 
 AVEIOHTS AND MEASURES 1,511 
 
 The late Dr. .Stranf;, of (ila %o\\', in a paper on | fid-c the IJritisii Association for the Advancement 
 till' supply ol water to great iuv' .is, read in I x."i« l,i- i <if Science, gave the following table :— 
 
 VI. — Water Siip/ih/ to Great Towns.— ftiimmnry of Hesults. 
 
 
 
 
 
 llally 
 
 
 Piilv 
 
 
 Town! 
 
 
 I'oiiiilntlnn within 
 
 D.iilv Sniijily 
 
 SnppU for 
 
 Ciisl of 
 
 Supply for 
 
 rrn^perllve ^"Pply 
 
 
 
 JfouniU ot Su|i)tl> 
 
 
 e.irit In- 
 
 i ndrrLiklnfl 
 
 i\vr\ X 
 
 daily in addition 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 liilliilant 
 
 
 eipunded 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Kal«. 
 
 unl>. 
 
 £ 
 
 Kal>. 
 
 Halt. 
 
 London 
 
 
 '.',fi«ll,917 
 
 si.o'.'i.sn 
 
 .10-.T 
 
 7,I0'/,HV.T 
 
 Il'l 
 
 
 r.iris 
 
 
 
 vl>..>.>i),o(tn 
 
 UV 
 
 S(HI,04 0* 
 
 33 
 
 20,000,000 
 
 Miimluirn - 
 
 
 
 /'.ooii.ono 
 
 .■il'V.'i 
 
 i;o,(ioo 
 
 V9'.W 
 
 
 New Vnr'c - 
 
 
 . 1 713,1H1(I 
 
 VH.IlOO.doO 
 
 .T.'-V7 
 
 1,Kno,-,iH) 
 
 l.V, 
 
 
 .Maitfliestur 
 
 
 
 ll.n(H>,niM 
 
 'ir 
 
 |,-li0,O(KI 
 
 s-6 
 
 I4,t)00,(lt)0 
 
 Mverpfwl - 
 
 
 
 ll,Onii.(HJil 
 
 U'i- 
 
 l.lioi.i.cn 
 
 
 
 l«il» 
 
 
 l.VI.OOO 
 
 I.N.'iO.ooo 
 
 IV 
 
 VS-.,S7 1 
 
 
 
 Kdinl.iiriili 
 
 
 ■ 1 !<IS.0(IO 
 
 4,SO'1,000 
 
 az .1 
 
 4.''(.,000 
 
 lOi 
 
 2,1100,01111 
 
 ^Mwrileen - 
 
 
 
 l,'.;Mo,nno 
 
 IH'I 
 
 ,')H,000 
 
 21- 
 
 
 Dundttv 
 
 
 Ud.OOO 
 
 l,7.''0,()IHf 
 
 IH-^ 
 
 1.19,000 
 
 Vi-r, 
 
 
 (irernock - 
 
 
 40,0,H) 
 
 a,il'^,.'.oo 
 
 .'iVH 
 
 90,000 
 
 V3'4 
 
 
 Paisley 
 
 
 . 1 4S,I50 
 
 \im,\r,l 
 
 •il- 
 
 (!(J,OoO 
 
 17' 
 
 
 (ilas.ow - 
 
 - 
 
 1'/ll,0IHI 
 
 Ifi. 710,000 
 
 .19'S 
 
 B.'J|,1»I( 
 
 •ik- 
 
 20,000,000 
 
 • Indelwndenl of the t'o.,t of Canal do I'Ouri-quv. 
 
 This is a very valuable table, t nd condenses a 
 1,'rcat deal of information witliii the narrowest 
 compass. 
 
 Hut Dr. Strang appears to have underrated the ! 
 supply of water to each iniiabifant in London. 
 A considerable portion of the immense population ' 
 withhi the bills of mortality derive rheir supplies 
 of water from other sources than those specified : 
 nliiive. [ 
 
 4. Water for Ships. — Vario.is imiirovements 
 have been made in the art of jircscrving water on 
 board shi[)S. Of these, the princii)al are the \ 
 cimrring the inside of the casks in which the 
 water is Ivcpt, and the substitution of iron tanks 
 tor casks. The latter being made of the reciuired 
 sliiipe, may be conveniently stowed into any part | 
 of the ship. In men-of-war, the iron tanks ssrve | 
 as ballast; the water being brought up by a fore- j 
 ing pump. Water is ftnmd to preserve better in ! 
 lliim tlian in any other sort of vessel. Drip- 
 stones may be employed with much advantage in 
 till' purilication of water. When water is taken 
 1)11 board from a river into which the tide llows, 
 it should, of course, be raised at low ebb. 
 
 WAX BEIvS' ((Jer. waclis; Fr. cire; Ital. and 
 8paii. cera; Kuss. wosk). A vegetable jirodiict. 
 Several plants contain wax in such abundance as 
 to make it worth while to extract it from them. 
 But all that was known in commerce, down to a 
 comparatively recent period, consisted of bees' 
 wax. The honey is first pressed from the comb, 1 
 and the wax is then melted into cakes. It has 
 a slight odour of honey, is insipid, and of a bright 
 vellow hue. It is brittle, yet soft, and somewhat 
 unctuous to the touch. It is often adulterated 
 •with earth, jiea meal, resin Ac. The presence of 
 the former may be suspected when the cake is 
 ver}' brittle, or when its colour inclines more to 
 grey than to yellow ; and the presence of resin 
 may be suspected when the fracture ajipears smooth 
 and shining, instead of being granulated. Wax, ' 
 when bleached or puritiod, is white, perfectly | 
 insipid, inodorous, and somewhat translucent ; it 
 is hard not unctuous to the touch, heavier and 
 less fusible than yellow wax, and does not malt 
 under l.')U°. It is sometimes adulterateil with 
 the white oxide of lead to increase its weight, 
 with white tallow, and with potato starch. The 
 lir^t is detected by melting the wax in wat'-r, when 
 the oxide falls to the bottom ; the presence of tal- 
 low is indicated by the wax being of a dull opaque 
 white, and wanting the transparency which dis- 
 tinguishes pure wax ; and starch may be detected 
 by .ipplying sulphuric acid to the suspected wax, 
 as the acid carbonises the starch, without acting 
 on the wax. T'he yellow wax is firm, breaking 
 with granular fracture, of an agreeable, honey-like 
 
 odour, not unctuous to the touch, and does 
 
 not melt under 110°. (Thomson's Chemistry, 
 and Dr. A. T. Thoi.. son's Dispensatory; British 
 Pharmticopieia IX(>7.) 
 
 Notwithstanding the largo supply of wax pro- 
 duced at home, a considerable quantity is also im- 
 ported from abroad. The duties on wax, which 
 were formerly quite oppressive, after being greatly 
 reduced in ]84'2, Avere wholly repealed in 184.5. 
 Ill 18;i;j the foreign wax retained for consumption 
 amounted to 1,310 cwt. In 1807 the imports and 
 re-exports of wax were respectively 9,8,50 and 
 4.074 cwt. Of !t,8v')0 cwt. wax imported in 1807, 
 and valued at 77.80s/., l,.S34 cwt. came from 
 Portugal, 1,001 cwt. from Morocco, 1,102 cwt. from 
 the West Coast of Africa, 1,795 cwt. from the 
 United States &c. 
 
 WEKIHTS AM) jMKASURES. Weights are 
 used to ascertain the gravity of bodies — a quality 
 depending partly on their magnitude and partly 
 on their (lensity. Measures are used to determine 
 the magnitude of bodies, or the space which they 
 occupy. 
 
 (Koran account of the weights and measures 
 used in foreign countries, and their equivalents in 
 English weights anil measures, see the notices of 
 the great seaport towns dispersed throughout 
 this work. Tlius, for the liussian weights and 
 measures, see I'kteusbuko ; for those of China, 
 see Canton ; &c.) 
 
 Neither the magnitude nor the weight of any 
 one body can be determined, unless by comparing 
 it with some other body selected as a standard. 
 It is impossible, indeed, to form any idea in 
 respect of magnitude or weight, except in relation 
 to some definite space or weight with which we 
 are ac(i\iainted. We saj' that one article weighs 1 
 pound, another 2 pounds, a third 3 pounds, and 
 so on ; meaning not only that these weights 
 are to each other as 1, 2," 3 (fee. but also that 
 the weight or specific gravity of the first is equal 
 to the known and determinate weight denominated 
 a ])ound, that the second is equal to 2 pounds, 
 and so on. 
 
 Standards of Weight and Measure. — Standards 
 of lineal measure must have been fixed upon at 
 the earliest period, and appear to have consisted 
 principally of parts of the human body— as the 
 cubit, or length of the arm from the elbow to the 
 tip of the middle finger ; the foot ; the ulna, arm, 
 o]- j'ard ; the sjian ; the digit, or finger ; the 
 fatlioin. or space from the extremity of one hand 
 to that of the other, when they are both extended 
 in opposite directions : the pace &c. Large spaces 
 were estimated by measures formed out of multi- 
 ples of the smaller ones; and sometimes in day's 
 journeys, or by the space which it was supposed 
 an ordinary man might travel in a day, using a 
 reasonable degree of diligence. 
 
 i I 
 
 II 
 
 !!., . 
 
 '.■1 ■; 
 
 V] 
 lis.' 
 
 :.i!^f 
 
 ' 'i 
 
 ! 'i 
 
 i J 
 

 :?1 
 
 I ■ / 
 
 "Ir 
 
 1512 
 
 Hut liiicnl incnsurr.^ can only be uss'il to <loter- 
 iiiine tlie maj;nitii(lL' of solid bodies ; the niafjnitudc 
 of bodies in a li(|iiid or tliiid .state luis to be deter- 
 mincd by what arc called mnasurps of capneity. 
 It is probable that, in the iiifaiu'v of society, shcll.s, 
 or oilier hollow instriinionts ail'ordcd by nature, 
 were used as standards. Ihit the inaccuracy of 
 the conclusion drawn from referriiij^ to them niuct 
 soon have l)ccomc ol)vious ; and it early occurred, 
 that to obtain an accurate measure of liquids 
 nothinir more was nccessarj- than to constitute 
 an artiticial one, the dimensions, and consequently 
 the capacity, of which should bo determined by 
 the lineal measures previously adopted. 
 
 The determination of the gravity or weight of 
 ditl'erent bodies supposes the invention oi" the 
 balance. Nothing is known of the steps', wlich 
 led to its introduction ; but it was used in the 
 remotest antiquity. It seems jirobable that, at 
 first, cubes of some common lineal measure, as a 
 foot, or the fraction of a foot, formed of coppc.-, 
 iron, or some other metal, were used as standards 
 of weight. When the standard was selected, if it 
 was desired to ascertain the spccitic gravity or 
 weight of any given article, all that was necessary 
 was to put it into one of the scales of the balance, 
 and as many cubes or parts of cubes on the other 
 as might be necessary to c(. anterpoise it. 
 
 Weights have, however, been froquentlj' derived 
 from grains of corn. Hence, in this, and in some 
 other Euroiiean count-ies, tlie lowest dcmomiiiation 
 of weight is a grain; and 32 of these grains are 
 directed, by the ancient statute called Compnsitio 
 Mensurarum, to compose a pennyweight, whereof 
 20 make an ounce, 12 ounces a pound, and so up- 
 wards. 
 
 In every country in which commorcinl transac- 
 tions are extensively carrie I on, the importance 
 of having weights and measures determined by 
 some fi.xcd standard becomes obvious to every- 
 one. But OS the size of ditlcrent jiarts of the 
 human body diflers in ditterent individuals, it is 
 nccessar)- to select some durable article — a me- 
 tallic roti, for example — of the length of an or- 
 dinary cubit, foot &c., and to make it a standard 
 with which all the other cubits, feet tic. used in 
 iiiensuration shall correspond. Tliese standnrds 
 have always been preserved with the "greatest 
 care : at Komc, they were kept in the t( mple of 
 Jupiter; and among the Jews, their custody was 
 intrusted to the family of Aaron. (I'aucton, 
 Mctrologie, p. 223.) 
 
 The principal standards used in the ancienc 
 world wore, the cubit of the Jews, from which 
 their other measures of length, capacity, and 
 weight were derived ; and the foot of the Greeks 
 and Romans. 
 
 In Kngland, our ancient historians teil us that 
 a new, or rather a revived, standard of lineri 
 measure was introduced by Henry I., who ordered 
 that the ulna, or ancient ell, which corresponds to 
 the modern yard, should be made of the exact 
 length of his" own arm, and that the other mea- 
 sures of length should be raised upon it. This 
 standard has been maintained, without any sensi- 
 ble variation. In 1742 the Koyal Society had a 
 yard made, from a very careful comparison of the 
 standard ells or yards of the reigns of Henry VH. 
 and Elizabeth kept at the Excheciuer. In 1758 
 an exact copy was made of the Hoyal Society's 
 yard ; and this copy having been examined by a 
 committee of the House c)f Commons, and reported 
 by them to be equal to the standai-d yard, it was 
 marked as such; and this identical yard is de- 
 clared, by the Act 5 Geo. IV. c. i4, to be the 
 standard of lineal measure in (ireat Uritain. The 
 clause in the Act is as follows : — 
 
 WEIGHTS AND mi;asur1':s 
 
 'From and after the 14 of May, 1825 Csiili- 
 scqueiitly extended to the 1st of January, l.H2li), 
 the .*traiulit line or di.-tance ln'tweeii tlio centres 
 of tlie 2 points in the gold studs in the striii','lit 
 brass rod, now in the custody of tlie elerk of the 
 Hou.-e of Commons, wliereoii ll:c words iuid 
 ligiires " Standahi) Vaiih, 17(!0," are engnivnl, 
 shall be the original and geiiulne standard of llmt 
 measure of length or lineal extension calUd a 
 yard ; and the same straight line or distanee b, - 
 "tween the centres of the said 2 points in the said 
 gold studs in the said brass rod, the brass lidii;; 
 at the temperature of 02-" by Fahrenheit's tlu-r- 
 momclcr, shall be and is hereby deiiominaled the 
 " I.Mi'KKIAI. STANDAIil) Ya1!I>," aii'i shall lie and 
 is hereby declared to be the unit or only standard 
 measure" ■ '■ extension, wherelroin or whereby all 
 other measures of extension wliatsoe\er, wlutlier 
 the same be lineal, snperlicial. or solid, shall lie 
 derived, computed, and ascertained; iiml that all 
 measures of length shall be taken in pails er 
 mnlliples or certain proporlions of the said stan- 
 dard yard ; and that ^ of the said standard Viinl 
 shall be a foot, and -^V, of sm^h foot shall lie .m 
 inch; and that the polo or perch in leii';lli sliall 
 contain .'j.J such yards, the furlong 220 siuli yanis, 
 and the mile 1,700 such yards.' (See. i.) 
 
 The snporticial measures are fornieii on tlu' 
 basis of the siuare of this standaiil; it beiii.; 
 enacted, that 
 
 'The rood of land shall contain 1,210 square 
 yards, according to the said standard yanl; and 
 that the acre of land shall ci;ntain i.sio siieli 
 square yards, being 100 square perches, [■. jles, iir 
 rods.' '(Sec. 2.) 
 
 Uniformili/ of Jfeiyhis and Jtfetisities. — 'I'lio 
 confusion and inconvenience attending the use nf 
 weights and measures of the same deiioniiiiatioii, 
 but of dift'erent magnitudes, were early reinarki il; 
 and there is hardly a country in which elinr;.< 
 have not been made to reduce thom to tlic same 
 uniform system. Numerous Acts of I'arliainent 
 have been passed, h.-iving this cJiJeet in view, 
 and enjoining the use of the same w(i;;lits ami 
 measures, under verj' severe penalties, lint, 
 owing to the inveteracy of ancient eiistonis, and 
 the diiliculty of enforcing new regulations, ilic,<e 
 statutes have always had a very limited iiillnenee, 
 and the greatest diversity has continued to pre- 
 vail, except in lineal measures. Tlic statnic 
 of ,'") Geo. IV. 0. 74 seems to have, at leiigili, 
 eftected what forimi- statutes failed of aecem- 
 plishing. It is, perhaps, indebted for its success 
 in this respect to the moderate nature of the 
 changes which it intro<lueed. We have already 
 seen that it made no alteration in the lineal mea- 
 sures jiroviously in use. Neither did it all'eet tlie 
 |)reviously existing system of weights ; hotli the 
 Troy and the Avoirdupois weights having been 
 preserved. 
 
 'The Troy weight,' says Jlr. Davies Gillicrt, 
 late President of the Hoyal Society, • apjicared to 
 us (the commissioners of weights and iniasnies) 
 to be the ancient weight ot this :;ingdoni, having, 
 as we have reason to suppose, existed in the same 
 state from the time of St. Edward the Confessor; 
 and there are reasons, moreover, to believe that the 
 word Troy has no reference to jiny town in France, 
 but rather to the monkish name given to Loiiiltui, 
 of Troy Novant, founded on the legend of Binle. 
 Troy weight, therefore, acecirding to this el.v- 
 niology. is, in fact, London weight. W'c were 
 induced, moreover, to preserve the Troy weight, 
 because all the coinage has been uiiilbrinly rejra- 
 lated by it; and all medical preseriptiiuis or 
 forniulie now arc', and always have been, esti- 
 mated by Troy weight, under a peculiar sub- 
 
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
 
 lol3 
 
 t of Jliiy, I«2r) rsiil)- 
 Ist <>r .lanimry, l.S-.'ti), 
 ■(■ lii'twccii iIk! cciitri's 
 
 stiuls ill the slr;ii\'lit 
 idy of tliu clerk of ilie 
 R'lin tl:e Avonls iiinl 
 i, ITtiO," arc cii;;rav<il, 
 niiiiic staiidanl nl' iluit 
 al extension ciiil.d ,i 
 lit line or (lisiaiice li,- 
 i.l 2 |)oint.s ill tlic saiil 
 ■;s roil, the brass Im iiij^' 
 
 by l'"alireiilicit's tlier- 
 jrcby il('iiomiiia(c<l the 
 UiD," anil sliall be ami 
 ! unit or only staiiil.inl 
 refroin or whereby all 
 II wliatsoe\er, wlieilier 
 Icial. or solid, sliall be 
 ertaineil; and tbat all 
 be taken in parts (ir 
 lions of the said staii- 
 he said .standard yurd 
 snob foot shall lie ,m 
 
 perch in leMf;lh sli.ill 
 iirloiii,' L'l'l) such var.is, 
 rds.' (Sec. i.) 
 Ns are formecl on ilu' 
 lis standard; it beiii; 
 
 contain 1,_M() square 
 il standard yard: aiiil 
 ill contain i.sli) siieli 
 [iiarc porches, p des, er 
 
 and Jilcustires. — 'I'lie 
 c attending the ii-e uf 
 iie same dcnoniiiiation, 
 , wore early remarki d; 
 iiitry in which eltHr;.< 
 luce tlioin to the saiiie 
 IS Acts of I'arliaiiRMit 
 
 this cbject ill view, 
 he same wei;;hts ami 
 ere penalties. Ijiit, 
 
 ancient customs, iiiid 
 new regiilalioiis, iliise 
 
 cry limited iiilliicmo, 
 
 has continued to piv- 
 
 ures. Tlie statute 
 
 to have, at Iciigiii, 
 
 ites failed of acoeiii- 
 
 lebted for its success 
 
 lerate natiirt; of the 
 We have already 
 ion in the lineal iiiea- 
 
 thor did it alfect the 
 
 if weights ; biitli the 
 wciirhts haviui; heea 
 
 Mr. Davics Gilbert, 
 Society, • apjicared to 
 iglits and lueasuns) 
 lis xingdoni, having, 
 , existed in the same 
 ward the Confessor; 
 er, to believe that the 
 I any town in France, 
 line "given to Lolideii, 
 the legend of liriile. 
 ca-ding to this ely- 
 weiglit. We were 
 ve tlie Troy weight, 
 jeeii uniformly regu- 
 eal prescriptions or 
 ays iiavu been, csti- 
 der u peculiar sub- 
 
 division which the College of riiysieians have ' proportions of the said Iinperial standard gallon ; 
 expressed themselves rr.ost anxious to iireserve.' I and the quart shall ho \ of such standard gallon, 
 
 It was resolved, therefore, to continue the use ' and the pint shall be j^ of such standard gallon, 
 of Troy weight; and also, on account of the i and 2 such gallons shall bo i iiock, and K such 
 iieeuracy of the Troy standard, to raise the Avoir- gallons shall be a bushel, and K such bushels a 
 ilupois weight from this basis. | quarter of corn or other dry goods, not nuuisured 
 
 'We found,' said Mr. Davies Gilbert, ' tiie by lieaped measure.' (Sec. ti.) 
 Avoirdupois weight, by which all heavy goods ' Wo subjoin a Table showing the contents of 
 liiive been for ii long time weighed (probably dc- the dift'erent gallon.s, both in measure and weiglit. 
 rived from Avoirs (Avcria), the ancient naii.e for 
 (roods or chattels, end roids, weight), to bo ' 
 
 uiiivcr.sally used throughout the kingdom. This | 
 weight, however, seems not to have been i)re- : 
 served with such scrupulous accuracy as Troy 
 weight, bv which more precious artieh's have ' 
 been weiglied ; but we had reason to believe that 
 the pound cannot differ by more than 1, 2, or 3 j 
 grains, from 7,000 grains Troy ; some being in 
 excess, and others, though in a less degree, in 
 defect, but in no case amounting to above 1, 2, or 
 
 grains. It therefore occurred to us, that we 
 
 Imi>eri;tt a.illon 
 Corn KAllon 
 Winf KAllon 
 Alu gallon ■ 
 
 Tror 1 
 
 Wi'iKht 
 
 lb. ox. dwt. pr. 
 
 Ii I Hi 0. 
 
 II y • \U 
 
 10 I 'J 'if 
 
 \-i 4 fi S 
 
 Heaped Measures. — The greatest blemish, by 
 far, in the Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 74 was the coiuinn- 
 ance and legitimation of the jiractiee of selling by 
 heaped measure. This practice has since, how- 
 
 should be offering no violence to this system of ' ^'^'w. "ceu abolished, along with the use of all 
 
 weights, if we declared that 7,000 grains Trov '"^■'" ""'l customary measures, by the Act 5 & 
 
 " considered as the pound " '"; ^^' •-■• *'*'i which contains several important 
 
 slio'dd be_ hereafter 
 Avoirdupois.' 
 
 In accordance with these views, it was enacted 
 —'That from and after the 1st day of May, 182o, 
 the standard brass weight of 1 pound Troy 
 weight, made in the year 1758, now in the cus- 
 tody of the clerk of the House of Commons, shall 
 be, and the same ii hereby declared to bo, the 
 oiiginol and genuine standard measure of weight, 
 and that such brass weight shall be, and is hereby 
 denominated, the Imperial Standard Troy pound, 
 and shall be, and the same is hereby declared to 
 be, the unit or only standard measure of weight, 
 ftiiin which all other weights shall be derived, 
 computet'., and ascertained; and that -J- of the 
 snid Troy pound shall be an ounce ; and that J- 
 of such ounce shall be a pennyweight ; anil that 
 
 provision:!. 
 
 This Act sets out with repealing the 4 & 5 of 
 Wm. IV. e. 49, and the provisions in the Acts 5 
 Geo. IV. c. 74, and (Jeo. IV. c. 12, which require 
 that all weights and measures shall be exact mo- 
 dels or copies in shape or form of the standards 
 deposited in the exchequer; and tliosc allowing 
 the use of weights and measures, not in conformity 
 with the Imperial standard, established by said 
 Acts; or that allow goods or merchandise to be 
 bought or sold by weights or measures established 
 by local custom, or founded on special agreement. 
 It then goes on to enact as follows : — 
 
 Weights and Measures stamped at the Exchequer 
 declared legal. — Weights and ineasiiros vorilied 
 and stamped at the exchequer cs copies of stan- 
 
 'I'"t I dard weights and measures, .shall be taken to be 
 mai 1 1 :„i.4„ 1 »„ 1. 1 r 
 
 ^5 of such pennyweight shall be a grain; so u.u. , ,^.^^1 ^^.^^^^^^ „,„j ,„^^,ures, to be used for com- 
 5,700 such grams shall bo a Troy pound; ann | parison as copies of the Imperial standard weights 
 that 7,000 such grains .shall be, and they are ; g^^y measures, although not similar in shape to 
 hereby declared to be, a pound Avoirdupois and i tiiog,. required under the provisions of the said 
 that J- of the jaid pound Avoirdupois sliall be an ^^^^^^ . j,„(i „,e Comptroller-General, or other duly 
 
 ounce Avoirdupois, and that i of such ounce 
 i<hnll be a dram.' 
 
 At the period of pa&sing the statute 5 Geo. IV. 
 c. 74, the measures of capacity wc> j found to be 
 in the greatest confusion; and a considerable 
 change has consequently been made in them. 
 The wine ^t,allon formerly amounted to 231 cubic 
 inches, the com gallon to 2C8'8, and the ale 
 gallon to 282. But these are superseded by the 
 Imperial gallon, which contains 2(7-274 cubic 
 iiK'he.", or 277^ very nearly. It is deduced as 
 follows: — 
 
 authorised olHcer of the exchequer, niaj compare 
 and verify, and stamp as correct, standard mea- 
 sures of a yard, standard weights and standard 
 measures of capacity, any weights and measures 
 which correspond in length, weight, and capacity 
 with the standards, or parts or multiples thereof, 
 deposited in the exchequer, under the 5 Geo. IV. 
 c. 74, although such weights and measures may 
 not be models or copies in shape or form of the 
 standards so deposited, (Sec. 4.) 
 
 Copies ufthe Standard Weights and Measures 
 worn to be re-verijied. — All copies of the Imperial 
 
 The standard measure of capacity, as well for \ standard weights and measures which have be 
 
 liquids as for dry goods not measured by heaped 
 niea.iiire, shall be the Gallon, containing 10 lb, 
 .Avoirdupois weight of distilled water weighed in 
 air, at the temperature of 62° of Fahrenheit's 
 tliernionieter, the barometer being at 30 inches ; 
 and a measure shall be forthwith made of brass, 
 iif such contents as aforesaid, under the directions 
 of the Lord High Treasurer or the Commissioners 
 of his Jlajesty's Treasury ; and such bra.ss mea- 
 sure shall be, and is hereby declared to be, the 
 liriperial standard gallon, and shall bo, and is 
 hereby declared to be, the unit and only standard 
 mca.sure of capacitj', from which all other measures 
 III' capacity to be used, as well for wine, beer, ale, 
 ■«|iirits, and all sorts of liquids, as for dry goods 
 not measured by heaped measure, shall be derived, 
 idinpiiteil, and ascertained ; and all measures 
 sliall be taken in parts or multiples or certain 
 
 come defective, or have been mended, in conse- 
 quence of wear or accident, shall forthwith bo 
 sent to the exchequer, for the purpose of being 
 ngain com,)arcd and verified, and shall be stamped 
 as re-verified copies of such standard weights and 
 measures, provided the Comptroller-General, or 
 other officer appointed for such verification, deem 
 them fit for the purjioses of standards; and every 
 new comparison and verification .shall be indorsed 
 u(K)u the original indenture of verilication ; and 
 such weights and measures shall be stamped upon 
 payment of fees of verification only; and the 
 Comptroller-General, or other officer, shall keep an 
 account of all copies of the Imperial standard 
 weights and measures verified at the exchequer. 
 (Sec. 5.) 
 
 Local and Customary Pleasures abolished. — 
 From and after the passing of this Act, the Win- 
 
 .■;!l:M 
 
1514 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MKASURKS 
 
 ■I -t'V; 
 
 '!'::ii 
 
 "- t 
 
 ■•f. 
 
 ' ,' ■ 
 
 : ■ M 
 
 ■1- 
 
 Chester bushel, the Scotch <>11, an<l all local or 
 cmtoiiuiry menKurefl, hIioII bo nbiiliHhcd ; and 
 every pcrHOii who shall sell by any nicasurc other 
 than one of the Imperial niea-sureH, or some mul- 
 tiple ur aliquot parf. thereof, hIuiU be liable to a 
 penalty not exceeding 40)i. for every such sale: 
 but nothing; therein Hhall prevent the Halo of any 
 articles in any vessol, wher«! sucii vessel is not re- 
 presented as containing any amount of Im|)erial 
 measure, or of any lixed, local, or customary mea- 
 sure heretofore in use. (Sec. (J.) 
 
 Heaped Measure abolished. — From and after the 
 passing of this Act, so much of tiie said Acts as 
 relates to heaped measure is hereby repealed, and 
 the use of heaped measure shall bo abolished, and 
 all barf^ains, sales, and contracts made after tlic 
 passing of tiiis Act, by heaped measure, shall be 
 null and void ; and evi ry jterson who shall sell 
 any articles by heaped i leasure shall be liable to 
 a ijcnalty not 'exceeding 40». for every such sale. 
 (Sec. 7.) 
 
 Articles sold by Heaped Meastire, how to be sold, 
 — Whereas some articles heretofore sold bj' heaped 
 measure are incapable of being stricken, and may 
 not be conveniently sold by weight ; it is enacted, 
 that all such articles may henceforth be sold by a 
 bushnl measure, cori-es ponding in shape with "the 
 bushel i)re8cribed by the 5 Geo. IV. c. 74, for the 
 sale of heaped mcasurr, or by any multiple or 
 aliqiiot part thereof, tilled in all ])art8 as nearly to 
 the level of the brim as th(' size and shape of the 
 articles will admit ; but nothing herein shall pre- 
 venL the sale by weight of any article heretofore 
 sold by heaped measure. (Sec. 8.) 
 
 Coals to be sold by Weight. — From and after 
 •lanuary 1, 183G, all coals, slack, culm, andcannel, 
 of every description, shall be sold by weight and 
 not by'measure, under a penalty of 40». for every 
 sale. (Sec. 9.) 
 
 All Articles to be sold by Avoirdupois, except S^c. 
 — From and after the passing of this Act, all 
 articles sold by weight shall be sold by Avoirdu- 
 pois weight, except gold, silver, platina, diamonds, 
 or other precious stones, which may be sold by 
 Troy weight; and drugs, which, when sold by retail, 
 may be sold b\' A nothecaries' weight. (Sea 10.) 
 
 The Stone,' i.. nndred Weight «fc. — From and 
 after the passing of this Act, the weight denomi- 
 nated a stone shall, in ail cases, consis! -if 14 stan- 
 dard pounds Avoirdupois, the Innulred v eight of 
 8 such stones, and the ton of 20 such hundred 
 weights ; but nothing herein shall prevent anj- 
 bara;ain, sale, or contract being made by any 
 multiple or aliquot part of the pound weight. 
 (Sec. 11.) 
 
 Contents of Weights and3Ieasures to be stamped 
 on them. — All weiglits made after the passing of 
 this Act of the weight of 1 pound Avoirdupois, 
 or more, shall have the number of pounds con- 
 tained in them stamped or cast on the top or side 
 thereof in legible ligures and letters; and all 
 measures of copacity made after the passing of 
 this Act shall have their contents stamped or 
 marked on the outside thereof in legible ligures 
 .md letters. (Sec. 12.) 
 
 Weights of Lead or Pewter not to be stamped. — 
 The stamping of weights of lead or pewter, or of 
 any mixture thereof, is pro'<ibitetl after January 
 1, "l83(j ; but nothing herein siiall prevent the use 
 of lead or pewter, or any mixture thereof, in the 
 manufacture of weights wholly and substantially 
 cased with brass, copper, or iron, and legibly 
 stamped or marked 'cased,' or prevent the in- 
 sertion of such a plug of lead or pewter into weights 
 as shall be bona tide necessary for adjusting them 
 and affixing the stamp thereon. (Sec. 13.) 
 
 Conversion of Rents, Tolls 8fc, — Clauses 14 and 
 
 15 rcgulote the nnicecdings that arc to take place 
 in Kngland, Ireland, and Scotland, for the conver- 
 sion of rents, tolls &c. poyablc in weights or mea- 
 sures now abolished into Imperial standard weights 
 and measures. 
 
 I'iar Prices. — In Scotland, from and after the 
 passing of this Act, the fiar prices of all grain in 
 every county shall be struck by the Imperial 
 quarter, and all other returns of the prices of 
 grain shall be set forth by the same, without any 
 reference to any other measure whatso(!ver ; nnil 
 any siicriff clerk, clerk of a market, or other per- 
 son oft'cnding against this provision, shall forfeit 
 not exceeding r>/. (Sec. 10.) 
 
 Copies of Standards, Inspectors Sfc. — Clauses 
 17, 18, Ift.and 20 i)rescribe the mode in which 
 copies of the standard weights and measures shall 
 be pi'jvided in counties, cities, boroughs &c., the 
 appointment of inspectors of weights and mea- 
 sures &c. Clause 22 orders that the oxpense of 
 I)rovi(ling copies of standard weights, with the 
 remuneration to inspectors, be defrayed out of the 
 count}' rate. Clause 23 prohibits any maker or 
 seller of weights or measures from being ap|)oinled 
 inspector, an<l orders all inspectors to cnt(^r into a 
 bond of 20!t/. for the due performance of the duties 
 of their office, and the safe custody of tiie stamps 
 and standard woights and meabures committed to 
 their care. Clause 24 orders inspectors to attend 
 at market towns when ordered by justices. The 
 following clauses are of general importance. 
 
 Magistrates to procure Stamps for Inspecton 
 for Stamping all Weights S^-c. — In Fngjand llie 
 justices in general or quarter sessions assembled, 
 and in Scotland the justices and magistrates at a 
 meeting called by the sheriff, and in Ireland the 
 grand juries, shall provide the inspectors with 
 good and sufficient stamps for stamping or sealing 
 w^eights and measures; and ail weights and mea- 
 sures whatsoever, except as herein excepted, used 
 for buying and selling, or for the collecting of any 
 tolls or duties, or for the making of ntiy clinrgcs 
 on the conveyance of any goods or merciiandise, 
 shall be examined and compared with one or more 
 copies of the Imperial standard weights and mea- 
 sures provided under authority of this Act for 
 such inspectors, who shall stamp, so as b»>9t to 
 prevent fraud, such weights and measures, if they 
 be found to correspond with the said copies ; and 
 the fees An* sucli examination, comparison, and 
 stamping shall be thc^e in the schedule at the end 
 of this Act; and every person using any weight 
 or measure other than those authorised bv this 
 Act, or some aliquot part thereof, or which has 
 not been stamped as aforesaid, except as herein 
 excepted, or which shall be found lisjht or other- 
 wise unjust, shall foj"eit not exceeding.')/.; and 
 any coui -act, bargain, or sale made by such 
 weights oi measures shall be wiioUy null and 
 void ; and every light or unjust weight and mea- 
 sure shall, on being discovered by any inspector, 
 be seized, and, on conviction, forfeited ; but no- 
 thing herein shall require anj- single weiiclit. above 
 56 lb. to be inspected and stnmiicii, nor any wooden 
 or wicker measure used in the sale of lime, or 
 other articles of the like nature, or any glass or 
 earthenware jug or drinking cup, thongli repre- 
 sented as containing the amount of any Imperial 
 measure, or of any multiple thereof; but any 
 person bu^-ing by any vessel represented as con- 
 taining the amount of an Imperial measure, or ot 
 any multiple thereof, is autluirised to require the 
 contents of such vessel to be ascertained by com- 
 parison with a stamped measure, such measure to 
 Ije provided by tiie person iisir.g such wooden or 
 wicker measure, glass, jug, or drinking cup; and 
 in case the person using such last-mentioned mea- 
 
 w 
 
WEIGHTS AND JIKAHUllES 
 
 1513 
 
 s tlint arc to take place 
 k'otlanil, i'or the conver- 
 ablc in wdinhts or mca- 
 ipcrial staiulard weights 
 
 ind. from and after the 
 iar prices of all Rrnin in 
 tniclt by the Imperial 
 Eturns of the prices of 
 / the same, without any 
 easurff whatsoever ; and 
 a mariner, or other per- 
 » provision, shall forfeit 
 (i.) 
 
 Inspectors ^c. — Clauses 
 
 ibe the motle in which 
 
 ghtj) and measures shall 
 
 cities, borouplis &c., tho 
 
 rs of weights and mca- 
 
 ers that the oxpense of 
 
 dard weiglits, with the 
 
 •s, be defrayed out of the 
 
 prohibits any maker or 
 
 ires from being apjiointed 
 
 nspectors to enter into a 
 
 (lerformance of tlie duties 
 
 fe custotly of tiic stamps 
 
 d meabures committed to 
 
 ders inspectors to attend 
 
 rdered by justices. The 
 
 ;cneral importance. 
 
 B Stamps for Inspectors 
 
 its ifc. — In Kngland t'ue 
 
 larter sessions assembled, 
 
 ices and magistrates at a 
 
 herift', and in Ireland the 
 
 'ide the inspectors with 
 
 [)8 for stamping or sealing 
 
 and all weights and mca- 
 
 t as herein excepted, used 
 
 r for the collecting of any 
 
 ! making of «!iy cliargcs 
 
 ly goods or merchandise, 
 
 imparedwith one or more 
 
 andard weights and mea- 
 
 uthority of this Act for 
 
 all stamp, so as host to 
 
 hts and measures, if Ihe.v 
 
 jrlth the .said copies ; and 
 
 ination, comparison, and 
 
 n the scheilule at the end 
 
 person using any weipht 
 
 those authorised by this 
 
 irt thereof, or which has 
 
 oresaid, except as herein 
 
 I be found light or other- 
 
 t not exceeding.')/.; and 
 
 or sale made by such 
 
 lall be wholly null and 
 
 unjust weight and mea- 
 
 :overed bv any inspector, 
 
 ictioii, forfeited ; but uo- 
 
 e any single weight above 
 
 stamped, nor any wooden 
 
 in the sale of lime, or 
 
 we nature, or any glass or 
 
 king cup, though repre- 
 
 amount of any luiptnal 
 
 Jtiple thereof; but any 
 
 essel represented as con- 
 
 n Imperial measure, or ot 
 
 authorised to require the 
 
 () be ascertained by coui- 
 
 mcasure, such measure to 
 
 ;on usir.g such wooden or 
 
 ug, or drinking cup; and 
 
 such last-mentioned raea- 
 
 woodcn measures, within their rcsjM'ctivo jurisdic- 
 tions — 
 
 huK liu.hi'l 
 
 |ii'( k, aiul a\\ uniliT 
 
 jartl - 
 
 rf. 
 
 .1 
 
 I 
 
 Each half hundretl weight - - - - li 
 
 quarter uf a hundred weight - • - ti 
 
 ■tone • - . > * '4 
 
 weight under a stone to a iwiind inclusive - - 1 
 
 weight under a (Ntund . - - - 0\ 
 
 (etof Heights ut a pound and under • • "i 
 
 For examining, comparing, and stam])ing all 
 iron weights, or weights of other descrii)tions, not 
 made of brass, within their resjiective jurisdic- 
 lions— 
 
 Kai'h half hundred weight 
 
 quarter of a hundred weight 
 ttone .... 
 weight under a atone 
 . wt of weightier a pound and under 
 
 01 
 
 For examining, comparing, and stamping all 
 mi'asures of cnpacity of liquids, made of cojjper or 
 other metal, within tiieir respective jurisdictions — 
 
 K,iLi) five giiltiin ■ 
 four giilliHi ■ 
 tliree gnllun - 
 
 two gitllull . 
 
 gallon 
 lulfg 
 
 f gal Ion • 
 ■tu^rter and under 
 
 II 
 <> 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 !4 
 I 
 
 sure or vessel refuse to make such comparison, or | For examining, comiiaring, and stamping all 
 if, upon comparison being made, it be liiund to bo 
 delicient in <|Uantity, the person using the same 
 shall be subject to'the forfeitures and jtenalties 
 
 imposed on those using light or unjust weights or 
 mean'.res. (Sec. 21.) 
 
 Wciyhts and Measures once stamped need nut he 
 
 re-strmpcd. — N'o weight or nicisure didy stamped 
 
 bv any inspector appointed under the 4 it o Wni. 
 
 iV. c. 4'", or this Act, or bv any person or persons 
 
 authorised to examine and stam|i weights or mea- 
 sures, shall be liable to \>c r'-stampeil, although 
 
 the same be used in any other place than that at 
 
 which it was originally stamped, but shall be con- 
 
 iiidercd as r legal weight or measure throughout 
 
 the United Kingdom, unless found to be defective 
 
 or unjust. (Sec. 27.) 
 Power to Justices ^-c, to en'er Shops and inspect 
 
 Weiyhts and Measures. — Justices, sheritt's, magis- 
 trates, and inspectors are authorised to examine 
 
 weights and measures, and to order such as are 
 
 light or otherwise unjust to be seized and for- 
 feited ; those using such weights and measures 
 
 are sulijected to a jienalty of not more than bl. ; 
 
 and a like penaltj* is imposed oti those refusing to 
 
 jitiiduce such weights and measures, or obstruct- 
 ing the magistrates. (Sec. 28.) 
 Penalties on Inspectors counterfeiting Stamiis 
 
 if.— Inspectors or other persons authorised to 
 
 inspect weights or measures, wlio shall stami) any 
 
 weight or measure without verifying the same, or 
 
 who shall otherwise misconduct themselves in 
 
 their office, shall for eery such offence forfeit not 
 
 more than 5/,; persons forging or coimterfeiting 
 
 any stamp or mark used for stamping or marking 
 weights or measures, forfeit for every offence not 
 more than 50/. and not less than \bl. ; and per- 
 sons knowingly using weights or measures marked 
 with such counterfeit stamps, forfeit for every 
 offence not more than 10/. nor less than 2/. (Sees, 
 29,30.) 
 
 Penalty on Price Lists &fc. — From and after 
 Januarj- 1, 1830, any person printing, or clerk of 
 any miirket or other jierson making any return, 
 price list, price current, or any journal or other 
 paper containing price list or price current, in 
 which the weights and measures quoted o-- re- 
 ferred to denote or imply a greater or less weight 
 or measure than is denoted or implied by the 
 same denomination of Imperial weights and mea- 
 sures uniler the provisions of this Act, shall for- 
 feit and pay not exceeding 10s. for every copy of 
 every such return, price list, price current, journal, 
 or other paper which they publish. 
 
 The remaining clauses relate to the recovery of 
 penalties ; and save the rights of the Fo\inders' 
 Company, and of the Universities of Oxford a'ld 
 Ciiinbridge. 
 
 Srhnliile of Fees to be taken by all Inspectors 
 vf Weights and Measures appointed under the 
 Authority of this Act. 
 
 For examining, comparing, and stampi ig all 
 brass weights, within their respective jurisdic- 
 tions— 
 
 The propriety of allotthig a scjiarate oflice for 
 the preservation and readjustment of standards 
 having been considered by the Standard Com- 
 mission of 1841, and various committees in 1854, 
 Wr>, and 18(!l, an .Vet was at length passed, 29 
 it i!0 Vict. c. 82, callcil the Standards o( Weights 
 and Measures and Coinage Act of 1800, This Act 
 — 1st, transfers from the Exchequer to the Hoard of 
 Trade all duties in oonnec'ion with the custody 
 and nuinagemcnt of the rarliamentary and .secon- 
 dary standard of weights and measures ; 2i\d, 
 establishes a stai'ilard department ; itrtl, jtrovides 
 for the reverilication of these stair'ards, and ft r 
 allowance of errors in tlie comparison of standards ; 
 4th, abolishes stamp duty aiul fees taken at the 
 E.xchi'iiuer on the veritioation of standards ; and 
 5th, directs an annual Keport to the Hoard of 
 Trade on the jiroceedings of the tiovennnent to 
 be laid before Parliament. It would appear, from 
 the first lieport of Mr. Chishclm, Warden of the 
 Standards, that from 1800 down to 1807, 5,542 
 standards have been verilicd for the first time, 
 anil 11,108 reveriticd. 
 
 The Acts 22 it 23 Vict. c. 50, and 23 & 24 Vict, 
 e. 119 s. 15, provide that no copies of the stand- 
 ard weights shall be legal unless comjiared or 
 reverified every 5 years, and copies of the standard 
 measures to be comjiared every 10 years. 
 
 Invariable or Natural Standards.— As the stand- 
 ards adopted in most countries have been in a 
 great dcfjree arbitrary, it has long been the opinion 
 of sciontllic men that to construct a more perfect 
 sj-stem of weights and measures, some natural and 
 unchangeable bt;sis should be adopted. It has, 
 indeed, been contended by Paucton and Ilailly, 
 that the measures of the ancients were deduced 
 from a basis of this sort : and that the stadium 
 always formed an aliquot, ))art of the earth's cir- 
 cumference, that part differing amongst ditl'erent 
 nationsand authors. Hut no I'-a' i.ing or ingenuity 
 can induce anyone tj believe \ na; is .so obvitnisly 
 incredible. The anjients had no means of deter- 
 mining the earth's circumference with anything 
 like the accuracy required to render it the great 
 imit of a system of measures ; and, what is etiually 
 decisive, no ancient author ever makes the slight- 
 est allusion to any such standard. 
 
 In more modern times, however, the idea of 
 seeking for a unit of weight and measure in some 
 unchanging natural object has been practically 
 carried into effect. The standards that have 
 been usuallj- proposed for this object have been 
 some alitpiot part of the (ptadrant of the meridian, 
 or the length of a ])endiilum vibrating secwids in 
 some given latitude. The latter Las been in so 
 far atlopted into the existing system of weights 
 and measures established by tne Act of 1823, that 
 the length of the standard yard, as compared 
 w!th that of a pendulum vibrating seconds in the 
 latitude of London, is specilied iu the Act as 
 follows : — 
 
 ■ i- I 
 
1516 
 
 WKIGIITS AND MKASURKS 
 
 I" 
 
 If? • 
 
 ■ '.•' ' ■• 
 
 ': ^■A• 
 
 r■). , 
 
 '■i f 't- 
 
 .:.' 
 
 ' ■ 
 
 • t' 
 
 
 'M 
 
 *:%, 
 
 .l;"' 
 
 ' Wliprons it Ims bocn nswrtnincd by llic roni- 
 liiiMHioncrH nppDiiitcil hv his Mujesty to ciuiuin! 
 into tlio suljcct "f W('i(,'lits nixi iironHiircH, tlint 
 the Miid yiinl licrchy dcclnri'd to Im iliu Iniporinl 
 8tnndnrd yard, when cumimrcd with n pciuhiliiin 
 vibratiiij,' seconds of mean time in tho latitude of 
 London, in a vacuum at t)ic level of the xea, i.s 
 in tiiu |)r()|icirlion of 3ii itichos to .')',) inches and 
 l,:)!l.'l ten-tlionsandlh parts of nn inch ; hi^ it 
 therefore enacted and declared, tinit if at any time 
 licrenffer the sai<l Imperial standard yard A\i\\\ he 
 lost, or shall he in any manner destroyed, defaced, 
 or otherwise injured, it shall and may lie restored 
 by making', under (he direction of the Lord lli^di 
 Treasurer, or the commissioners of his Rfiijcsty's 
 Treasury of the United Kingdom of Groat llritain 
 and Ireland, or any three of them for the time 
 bein^;, a new standard yard, bearing the same 
 pro|)ortion to such pendulum, as aforesaid, as the 
 said Imperial standard yard bears to such pendu- 
 lum.' 
 
 Taiilks of Kxoi.isii Wkioiits and MKAsiiiti:s, 
 
 ACC-OUDINO TO TlIK NlCW OU ImI'KKIAI. MkA- 
 Sl l{i% 
 
 Imperial Troy Weight, 
 
 Tlie ttandaril pounil containing ,'j,7(jU grs. 
 
 'li (irnin4 • 
 'A) IViinyweii^litfl 
 1'^ Oitnte!) 
 
 French (irainmes. 
 I firnln = (CmilS 
 
 1 IVnny weight = IvWVi 
 I Dimie = 3Mo-.'7 
 
 I round =s;3'a.T.O 
 
 Troy weight is used in tlic weighing of gold, 
 silver, jewels &c. It is also useil in ascertaining 
 the strength of spirituous liquors ; in philosophical 
 experiments ; and in comparing dillereut weights 
 with each other. 
 
 Apothecaries' JFeii/ht, 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. (irnmm 
 
 
 
 1 Ornin 
 
 t= OMl'ilH 
 
 SO (frains • 
 
 . 
 
 - 1 Scruple 
 
 == i-'iiht 
 
 ,1 S<-ni)ilM • 
 
 > 
 
 • 1 l>tam 
 
 = .1-hSH 
 
 H Drams - 
 
 . 
 
 - 1 Ouiict! 
 
 z= M-\r't 
 
 12 Ounces - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1 I'ouml 
 
 = 37.1-^3.1 
 
 This weiglit is essentially the same as troy 
 ■weight, but diftcrentlv divided. It is chictly used 
 for medical prescriptions; hut drugs are mostly 
 bought and sold bv avoirdupois weight. 
 
 Diamond Weight. — Diamonds an<l other pre- 
 cious stones are weighed by carats, the carat 
 being divided into 1 grains, and the grain into IG 
 parts. The diamond carat weighs 3A grains 
 troy : thus, 
 
 Diamond Wf Ight 
 16 Parts - 1 (iralii 
 
 4 Uralns . I Curat 
 
 Troj Weight 
 
 II H 
 
 • TO B'"'"' 
 
 DeclKTAminet 
 = ilj 
 
 /•npcrial Avoirdupois Weight: 
 
 W I)ram< 
 16 Ouia'ei 
 'i« rounds 
 4 QuarlfrH 
 UO llundredweights 
 
 1 I>rnm 
 1 Ounce 
 1 round 
 1 Ouarter 
 1 llundrdwt. : 
 1 'Ion 
 
 Kr. Grammes 
 
 1-771 
 
 W-,-546 
 
 1M-A14 
 
 12-GUUkil. 
 
 5II-71I6 „ 
 
 1015-UliO „ 
 
 The dram is subdivided into 3 scruples, and 
 each scruple into 10 grains; the pound, or 7,680 
 grains avoirdupois, ccpials 7,000 grains troy, and 
 hence 1 grain trr.y equals 1"0'J7 grains avoirdu- 
 pois. 
 
 Hence aUo 111 Iti. avoirdupois = 1 7A lb. Troy 
 and VJ'i oi, „ =17^oz. ,, 
 
 The stone is generally 14 lb. avoirdupois weight, 
 but for butcher's meat or fish it is 8 lb. Hence 
 the hundred weight (cwt.) equals 8 stone of 14 lb. 
 or 14 stone of 8 lb. 
 
 A stone of glass is 5 lb. A seam of glass is 24 
 8tone, or 120 lb. 
 
 Hay and straw arc sold by the load of 8G 
 trusses. 
 
 The truss of hay weighs 50 lb. and of straw 3C 
 
 lb. The truss of now hay is (10 lb. until .Scp- 
 tcmlier I. 
 
 The custom of allowing more than '(Jounces 
 to the pound of butter used to lie very ;eiU'ral in 
 several parts of the country. 
 
 Cheese and Ihiller. 
 
 M !• 
 
 lllllltH > 
 
 . -- I ^■\..^v 
 
 ."■( ( 
 
 ove» 
 
 - = I \V.> Ml f\.«l 
 
 *i 
 
 ♦ t 
 
 . - 1 ., Sullnlk 
 
 t,a V 
 
 uuikU - 
 
 • = 1 I'irkiii nt'ljutu-r 
 
 
 Imperial Lonff Measure, 
 
 
 
 Vr. .ViMrei 
 
 \i InilH's 
 
 
 1 i-iH(i . = n--,((m 
 
 .1 Kiul 
 
 
 I Vanl - = 1) <i| 1) 
 
 .'.» V.irds 
 
 
 1 Toll.* or ItoU • =3 .'i*ii"i| 
 
 111 l>oll'< 
 
 
 1 FiirltiiiK . = '.'(M-lfii* 
 
 H Furliinirs 
 
 
 1 Mill* . = lfiim-.iir,i| 
 
 .1 Mills 
 
 
 1 UMtfiie . =3 IH^7:m;'J 
 
 61) tftrourniihlcil or i 
 
 
 I,1U 1- 
 
 uu\U\xM\\vs\ 
 
 1 n.'Krei- - -WVHyUii 
 
 llesides the above, there are the jialni, which 
 eipials .') inclii's ; the hniid, I inches; the span, ',) 
 inches ; and the fathom, U feet. 
 
 Imperial Superjieiul Measure, 
 
 lit IiuIh'< ■ 
 !l Siniare Feet 
 .Tll| S<|tiare V.tnis 
 ■til Si|UHre Fiiles 
 1 llo<«ls 
 
 1 Sqimre Foot 
 
 I Siin.ir." Yard. 
 
 I Si(ii ire r<ile 
 
 I KiHid 
 
 1 Acre 
 
 Fr. Si|. Mcim 
 = ii.ii'irl 
 = ii«.-.li; 
 = '.••.■Villi 
 = Mn\-\.i\i,t 
 = loif.^i.iiis 
 
 The inch is generally divided, on .soale.i, iiiio 
 lOths, or decimal parts ; but in sqiiarin;; the 
 dimensions of artificers' work, the diinili't'linal 
 sy.stcm is adopted ; the inch being divided iiiln 
 12 parts or lines, each part into 12 seooiuN, and 
 each second into 12 third.s. 
 
 Land is usually measured by a chain of l \v\V\ 
 or 22 yards, which is divided into 100 liiik.s. Ten 
 chains in length and 1 in breadth make an acre, 
 which ciiuals 100 square jierchcs, or 4,810 square 
 yards. 
 
 Ctdiic or Solid Measure, 
 
 ,-W rubic Incli, 
 V7 ('utile Feet 
 4U Feet of rough 
 
 tlrnlier, or 
 50 Feet hewn do. 
 l'.t Cubic Fett 
 
 Fr. Culiic Mrtrei 
 
 - = ■IM!M 
 
 ■ = ■;ii;i 
 
 . 1 Cubic Foot 
 - 1 Cubic Vurd 
 
 1 .tin. /|-l,1'il, 
 
 > - 1 Load or Ion - ={[.j|^- 
 • 1 Ton of shipping - = l]S'Ji 
 
 By cubic measure, marble, stone, tinriher, ma- 
 sonry, and nil artificers' works of length, breadth, 
 and thickness, are measured, and also tlic cmitents 
 of all measures of capacity, both liquid and dry. 
 
 Imperial Liquid and Dry Measure, deduced from 
 the Standard Gallon, containing 10 Ih. irei(iht 
 of Distilled Water, temperature tii°, Imnme'ter 
 30 inches. 
 
 .SfS 
 
 A oz. 
 
 lli.lt" 
 
 •iK 
 
 .= 1 
 
 .-^I'tiM 
 "(iU-.lIS 
 
 O 
 
 JO ■ 
 
 J I.ISf,.-!? 
 
 -| . .:7-..M 
 
 l_A.'.l-'.tS 
 
 ^ SO '_i"m: i_^/ivi91 
 
 1.411 lll-^i.;il "|l77l.'i-.'i'.i6 I '/.OlSiU 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 _» 
 16 
 3i 
 61 J6 
 
 Si6"| 61 
 ,()'<! iM6 
 
 i 
 _it 
 
 4 
 
 'A 
 
 4 I 
 
 ', 61" .1/ 6 
 l|'« (.1 .1i 
 
 The dimensions of the Imperial standard bushel 
 areas follows:— the outer diameter lOJ inches 
 and t"\e inner diameter \^. The depth is !<ti 
 and tiie height of the cone, for heaped measure, is 
 C inches. The contents of the Imperial heaped 
 bushel were 281,'"r4887 cubic inches. Th sub- 
 divisions and multiples are in the samo propor- 
 tion. 
 
 Wool Weight 
 
 Like another bulk v articles, wool is«eighcd 
 
liny U (iO lb. until Sep- 
 
 iiifc nxiro 
 
 thnn 
 
 'tj imiicos 
 
 isfd to III! 
 
 VtTV 
 
 ji'iicrnl ill 
 
 iitry. 
 
 
 
 
 ml Duller 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 . = 1 CI.Kf 
 
 . = 1 \V.> iri Km»« 
 . St \ Sutlolk 
 . = 1 I'irkiiiol liutliT 
 
 
 honij Mcimitre. 
 
 1 I'ool - = 
 1 Yanl - = 
 1 I'cilu or IImI ■ => 
 1 KurlotiK • = 
 1 Mill' ■ = 
 
 1 lAMi;Utf - = 
 
 Fr. 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 'Jill 
 Ifiii'i 
 
 Mi'lrt't 
 
 ■■IIIH 
 
 '1111 
 
 ll^'ll 
 
 IMi 
 
 .1i|-,'l 
 
 Ji;'j 
 
 1 I),-Kre,. 
 
 . = 
 
 llUO 
 
 ;ir^ 
 
 lioro lire tlic imlm, wliicii 
 iiiitl, l iiu'lii's; the .spun,',) 
 1, I'uet. 
 
 tcrficial Measure. 
 
 Vx. Si|. Mclin 
 1 Square Knot = It.u'li'l 
 
 I Si|ii.iri- Vnrd. = il'^rilli 
 
 I Shu tre Toll! = '.'''-'^'liil 
 
 1 Kooil = |ini'i,i;ri< 
 
 I AlTC = liili,-i,iii» 
 
 lly divided, on scali's, iiitu 
 I't.s ; but ill Hqimrin;; tlio 
 h' work, the (liii'.ili't'iiiial 
 c inuh bcin^ dividcil iiiln 
 purt into 12 Kccuiul.'t, aiul 
 irds. 
 
 surcd by a chain of \ \\a\H, 
 ivided into 100 links. Ten 
 1 in brcndth make nii acre, 
 re perches, or '1,810 siiuarc 
 
 Solid Measure, 
 
 1 ('lll)ic Knot 
 1 Cubic Vurd 
 
 Kr. Culiic Metrrt 
 
 = ■;iiii 
 
 1 Load or Ton - =ji.j*i^; 
 
 1 Ton of sliipping . 
 
 MS'Ji 
 
 marble, 8t(Mu', timber, ma- 
 s' works (if lenfflli, breadth, 
 tsiircd,and nlso thccniitcnts 
 city, both liquid and dry. 
 
 ')ri/ Measure, deduced fnm 
 n, cuntaininij 10 tb. weUjhl 
 temperature 02*^, Imnmetn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 e 
 
 ■c 
 
 
 ! — 
 
 "* 
 
 ' \ 
 
 < *' 
 
 5 1 |l-' 
 
 H 
 
 ~1 
 
 1 
 
 1 £ « 
 
 
 
 
 
 fit 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 4 ' ti 1 1 3 
 
 i'lB 
 
 CI 
 
 ^^l 
 
 IS • n U 1 
 
 l'<l 
 
 •^:,6 
 
 it>i 
 
 bi .1; 6 f 
 
 ,11 IK 
 
 i\t 
 
 Ui6 
 
 I'lH M .1' K 
 
 he Imperial Standard busliel 
 jiitcr diameter I9i indu"'- 
 ter I84. The dcptli is if\- 
 cone, for heaped measure, n 
 iits of the Imperial lieapod 
 17 cubic inches. T!i suU- 
 cs are in the same proper- 
 
 )/ Weight 
 
 V articles, wool is weighed 
 
 WEIOUTS AND .MK.V.SUKK.S 
 
 1.317 
 
 by avoirdupois weight, but the divisions differ ; 
 thus :— 
 
 ; Hounila . = I Clove I li\ Tml« . = I Wiv 
 
 jClovn . = I Stone I •/ Wfv« - = I Vn k 
 
 i Stunt • =. I Toil I 1'^ Nai'kii • = I |.ii,t 
 
 A pack of wool rontaink VIO lb. 
 
 OLD MKAHUIIKH SUI'KKSMIKI) UY TICK 
 I.MI'KKIAI. 8VSTKM. 
 
 Old IFine Measure, 
 
 i rinli • 
 
 4 Ouarts 
 4^ Oallons 
 
 'i Tieires 
 C^lialloill 
 
 t ilttphe&dt 
 
 1 rinl . 
 I Ounrl ■ 
 I (!nllnn 
 I 'i'll'lie 
 1 I'uni'lieon 
 1 llot:itlii',i(l 
 1 riue or llutt 
 1 Tun • 
 
 Culilc In. 
 
 KM'HT.'i 
 
 will' '' 
 
 '.•film. 
 W-IW „ 
 
 H'I'il „ 
 IfiKU „ 
 
 a.'i'rini „ 
 
 Kl. I.ilrps 
 
 (I-I7.1I 
 
 ll'tllli.1 
 
 ,T.17vi 
 
 l.'isui,;.'? 
 
 .ii-'iiir' 
 •^^H■ l.'iiiii 
 4;'i"jiiiii 
 
 'J.').1-!lll3(i 
 
 The pint is subdivided into halves and rpiart'^rs ; 
 the latter is ciillud a gill. A rundlct i.s 18 galhins, 
 and an anker U. 
 
 Conversion of Old Wine Measure into Inperial 
 Measure. — The old wine gallon contains 'J.'U cubic 
 inches, and the Imperial gallon 277'27-l ditto. 
 Hence, to convert wine gallons into Imperial 
 
 gallons,muItiplyby ■ , or by -83311; and 
 to convert Imperial gallon:s into wine gallon.s, 
 
 multiply by the reciprocal fraction - /, or by 
 
 ^til 
 1'20032. But for most practical purposes, wine 
 measure multiplied by 5 and divided by G will 
 j;ive Imperial measure with sufficient accuracy, 
 anil converselj". 
 
 N.B. — The multipliers and divisors emjiloyed 
 to reduce old wine, ule &c. measures to imperial 
 measure, serve also to reduce prices by the former 
 to tlic latter. 
 
 We subjoin, from the very complete and valu- 
 able work of Mr. Ituchanan, of l!!dinburgli, On 
 fVeitjhts and Measures, a 
 
 Table nf English Wine Gallons, from 1 to 100, 
 with their Equivalents in Imperial Gallons. 
 
 I 
 
 •I 
 3 
 4 
 h 
 
 f, 
 7 
 
 H 
 
 9 
 111 
 
 II _ _ 
 
 I'i; 9-!)97.1.Tl| 37 
 1.1 lll-S.KIII ! ,'!H 
 M ' ll'Cfi.l.Vi 
 1^ ! I'ri'JMli 
 
 16 I3-1J9;7 
 
 17 I U'lMSU 
 ID 14"J'J6IHI 
 19. I.'>-H';910 .. 
 
 ; ill ! Ifi-(ili'«'.i I .15 
 
 ; 'it \ I7-49,H3 I Ifi 
 
 n l«-3iN4l 11 47 
 
 a\ 19-161.',.^' 4H 
 
 Jl I9'9916(i '! 49 
 
 ■ M ' 8U-M777 1 1 50 
 
 Hence, supposing the former denominations to 
 be preserved, a tierce of wine = 3.5 Imperial gallon.s 
 ven,' nearly ; a puncheon = 70 ditto very nearly ; 
 .1 hogshead = ,52,1 ditto very nearly; a pipe or 
 biitt=105 ditto very nearly; and a tun = 210 
 ditto very nearly. 
 
 Old Ale and Beer Measure. 
 
 •i Finn 
 
 ■1 OtUTU 
 
 I rint 
 
 1 (Ju.irt 
 1 Ijallou 
 
 Cuh. In. 
 
 .-.'i-'^i 
 7l)-5 
 
 Ft. I.ltris 
 = (l-.')77fi 
 = 1-1. Mi 
 
 = 4-(;'.i"8 
 
 Old .tie and liver Measure — cont. 
 
 Cuh. In. Vt. I.ilri'4 
 
 H li.illoiK I Kirkin alf r.lir, ft*t = .id lihi.t 
 
 '' lliiloin I ., I r I l(.H „ :i i\ .',S7i 
 
 ■i Kirihi. 1 Kililrrkiii « !i.17 ,, = H-,I7U 
 
 I Kilil.Tkliiii 1 ll.irri'l .'rS7'i „ « IIH. ,1ISS 
 
 II llirril I llc'ir.hnul 8 HI'i „ :j -iVVVtVi 
 't ({.irrrN 1 Tunrliron In 7'ill ,. = .3.1rfi»7ft 
 t ll"a.lu.ail« I Hull 17l.;l „ = I'lDlllfit 
 ' "'i'l« I lun 3.'i im „ = ll!)S'll'J»H 
 
 Vonrersiiiu of Old Ale and lieer Measure into 
 Iiiiiieriiit .Measure.— The old ale gallon contains 
 2X2 cubic inrlu'H, and the Imperial standard gal- 
 lon 277-271 ditto. Hence, to convert ale gallons 
 
 into Imperial gallons, miiltiplv bv ."!!*"', or 
 
 2i7'27l 
 by I-0I70I1.") ; and to convert Imperial gallons 
 into idi^ galbiii.s, multiply by the reciprnciil frac- 
 
 """ " Vh"'' '' "'' ^'•' ■^"•'-'"- I- '>!<-'>*'' extreme 
 ncciiracy be iei|iiired, the first 3 decimals need 
 only be used. And for most practical purposes, 
 all' measure ninlliplicd by oil and divided bv 00 
 will give Imperial measnie with sullicient accu- 
 racy, and conversely. 
 
 'J'uhle of Emilish Ate Gallons, from 1 to 100, with 
 their Eipiivalenis in Imperial Gallons, 
 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 1 J, 
 
 
 ■1 
 
 '3 
 
 if 
 
 
 t2l 
 
 1 1 
 
 I 
 
 1 01704 
 
 1 w 
 
 ■J 
 
 'i in III!) 
 
 ' «7 
 
 3 
 
 3 1151 13 
 
 ■J< 
 
 4 
 
 4'OfiSIH 
 
 ■/'I 
 
 •t 
 
 r.-i<n.;ri 
 
 .-,1) 
 
 •N 
 
 11 
 
 crs 
 
 7-ll!)3l 
 Sl.lfi.lB 
 !ll.',3lll 
 III'I7II|5 
 II'IHTIII 
 l'i!iO|.')3 
 
 I l"A3sfi'/ 
 
 1 '•.'r..'ifi7 
 
 ifi'^7'^;i 
 
 , I7-KN'J<I1 
 S| IS'.3llliN0 
 
 1<I 
 '.ill. 
 '.'I 
 •ii '. 
 
 I!l-31i385 
 Vll'3 1(1119 
 ii I •.35793 
 •^J-37t'JS 
 '.i3-39JO'i 
 '/!• 1119117 
 
 M-4l31(i 
 »7-4fiO'ill 
 
 m-\-Ti'< 
 
 ■i'.<-\'iVi\l 
 .31 1-51 131 
 31-.'i'JK3H 
 .T^^.'.45l'.i I 
 3.3-.',(;'^l7 
 31.57951 , 
 35-5'lfi.-.fi i 
 
 3fi^fii.3(;(ii 
 
 37-fi.3(lfi5 I 
 
 .3Sfil7fi9 , 
 
 .3U-(ifi471 
 
 4ll-Bm7S 
 
 4l-Bi|Htia 
 
 4'.C715H7 
 
 43-7.3'^91 
 
 4!-74li!ifi 
 
 45-7(i7l"l 
 
 4fi-7S41l7 
 
 47'l«llil9 
 
 4H-K1SI4 
 
 49-S.35IS 
 
 '.n-S5'i'3 
 
 ■S 
 'J I 
 
 5(1 , 
 
 57 ' 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 
 (.1) 
 
 Bl 
 
 (13 
 
 Bl 
 
 B5 
 
 Bfi 
 
 B7 
 
 BH 
 
 B9 
 
 70 
 
 "I 
 
 Ti < 
 
 73 
 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 .E..i 
 
 
 S -i 
 
 1^ 
 
 •a'' 
 
 i 
 
 '5 3. 
 
 ■■s 
 
 
 
 '•e 
 
 .^1 KB9^7 
 
 7fi 
 
 77^'29.53K 
 
 .5'i'S8B3l 
 
 77 
 
 78-3lil3 
 
 53-9I13.3B 
 
 78 
 
 7!l-.T^917 
 
 5f9illlO 
 
 79 
 
 SI1.34B5K 
 
 5.V937I5 
 
 h(l 
 
 81-.3fi3'.6 
 
 .')fi^95M9 
 
 Kl 
 
 8'^38(IB0 
 
 57^97 154 
 
 8'i 
 
 S3 39765 
 
 5S-9S858 
 
 83 
 
 8I^4MB9 
 
 Bi|-rKI5B3 
 
 81 
 
 85-13171 
 
 r,fniir,7 
 
 S5 
 
 8B4I878 
 
 BXII397I 
 
 SB 
 
 H7^4fi.583 
 
 B3ll.'>'i7B 
 
 87 
 
 88^l»'.iH7 
 
 Bf07..8(l 
 
 88 
 
 89'1999'.i 
 
 B5^(I9IIS5 
 
 89 
 
 911-5 IB9B 
 
 BB-I(I7K9 
 
 911 
 
 91 -.5.3401 
 
 fi7-C^49l 
 
 91 
 
 9'^-53105 
 
 BH^MIIW 
 
 9'i 
 
 93-5fi80'J 
 
 B9^I.Wll3 
 
 93 
 
 91-58514 
 
 7(VI7C07 
 
 91 
 
 9,5Bl)'il8 
 
 7ll931'i 
 
 95 
 
 9fi-Bia-/3 
 
 7'.|-/l"l« 
 
 flfi 
 
 97 •B.3627 
 
 7.3'«7'il) 
 
 97 
 
 98B.5332 
 
 -4-1(14^5 
 
 98 
 
 U9^fi7036 
 
 75^«fiH9 
 
 99 
 
 IIIO-r.S7ll 
 
 7B-i7i3l 
 
 inn ' lnl.7014'> I 
 
 Old Dry or Winchester Measure. 
 
 1 111II.4 
 
 V I'lnu 
 '2 (juirts 
 •i i'ollln 
 '^ (i.illons 
 4 I'lcks 
 
 4 Mu\holi 
 '/ Coonii 
 
 5 OuarlLTA 
 
 1 Tint 
 
 I lluart 
 
 I Killle 
 
 1 (iailoii 
 
 I I'eck 
 
 1 HuOifl 
 
 1 Coom 
 
 I (Juarler 
 
 1 U'ey or Load 
 
 I List 
 
 Cuh. In 
 33-B 
 B7-i 
 I31-I 
 !l68-8 
 .',37-B 
 'il.5(l4'^ 
 4'97 
 9^954 
 49^7 70 
 «!»-5l() 
 
 7 feet = 
 
 Fr. Litres 
 
 ll-,'>.50.53 
 IIIIII17 
 
 4-401VIS 
 
 H-8II8.56 
 
 35'A31.3n 
 
 14l^9.37»l 
 
 28 1 87 11.1 
 
 ll(ia-.37'ilfi 
 
 li8l8-744.T,i 
 
 The Winchester bushel is I84 inches 3vide, and 
 8 inches deep. Corn and seeds are measured by 
 striking the bushel from the brim, 3vith a round 
 piece of light wood, about 2 inches in diameter, 
 and of c(iual thickness from one end to the other. 
 All other (Iry goods are heaped. 
 
 Conversion of Winchester Bushels into Im- 
 perial Bushels.— T\\c Winchester bushel contaiis 
 21,50-12 cubic inches, and the Imperial ,standard 
 bushel 2218-192 ditto. Hence, to convert Win- 
 chester bushels into Imperial bushels, multiply by 
 2l,).l-42 , .()Q9.j.j7 . ami to convert Imperial 
 22I8-1!)2 •' 
 
 bushels into Winchester bushels, multiidy by the 
 
 reciproiml fraction "^"A^'/f'^, or 1'0315157. For 
 
 21u0'42 
 practical purposes, multiply Winchester measure 
 by 3! and divide by 32 for Imperial measure, and 
 the coutrarv. 
 
 
 'Vl 
 
 : ( 
 
 1 1 '^ 
 
 -i' Hi 
 
M;^.- 
 
 IfilS 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
 
 In .soino ninrkpt.H, corn U Bold liy wci(;lif, which 
 JH thu t'uiroNt iiiodi! of dciiling, though not tht^ 
 n\o((t convfiiii'iil in pnicticc, Kvon wlicro nicii- 
 Huri'.s aro uwd, it is custoniary to wcij^li ccrtniii 
 quantities or proportions, and to rojiuliitc tiic 
 prices aecordinjjiy. The average l)ushel of wlieat 
 IH generally reckoned at HO ll>. ; of liarley 47 lb.; 
 of oatH 3811).; peas 04 lb. ; buans (i8 lb.'; clover 
 68 11).; rye and canary 531b., and rape 4« lb. In 
 8oine places a load of corn for a man is reckoned 
 5 bushels, and a cart load 4U bushels. 
 
 Table of lyinvhenler Quartern, from 1 to 100, with 
 their Kquivitlvnts in Imperial Quarters. 
 
 
 v(i-i:.'i()7 
 
 a7'l44.'>!l 
 VS-II.VJB 
 
 ijii'im.'Mi 
 .iiiii.'i'isi; 
 .11 iivi.li) 
 
 .1C!)')17'> 
 .1V-J(iltO 
 .11'!).11)."i.'j 
 .TDOIKHJ 
 ■lA-sliUM 
 .10 K.1N99 
 .17-SI1K1.1 
 ,1II-7;7»S 
 
 .ia-7i7.ii 
 
 •l(l-7IB77 
 ■ll'SHfi'ii 
 4V6.'),'.C7 
 iVd'iiVi 
 ■(4-7»l'iB 
 4.'i-.tfilUI 
 46-.'>.1.146 
 V.Vl-i'M 
 4S-I7«S 
 
 •1^ ' 
 
 i 1 
 
 h 
 
 'f 
 
 () 'iBni'i 
 
 •in 
 
 lu.msu 
 
 •ii 
 
 VilllK.II 
 
 •iH 
 
 .TS7779 
 
 w 
 
 4-NI7K1 
 
 m 
 
 .l-SlfifiS 
 
 .11 
 
 6-7Kiil.1 
 
 IK 
 
 7'7.M'.H 
 
 .11 
 
 hjViiri 
 
 .11 
 
 9'(i94t7 
 
 .14 
 
 W'Cfivri 
 
 •Ki 
 
 1 1 'BLLIfi 
 
 .17 
 
 yi'mvM 
 
 .18 
 
 l.1-.'.71!iB 
 
 .19 
 
 14 A 1. 71 
 
 40 
 
 |.V.'.IIIS 
 
 II 
 
 |6-4HI)Bll 
 
 4'i 
 
 l7-4.WO,'i 
 
 41 
 
 1S-4)9I9 
 
 41 
 
 19.1«H9t 
 
 :.■> 
 
 «()M,'iin9 
 
 4li 
 
 1II'.U7«.1 
 
 47 
 
 i'i-i'JViH 
 
 4H 
 
 WS(ifi7-1 
 
 49 
 
 ■H-W6\H 
 
 .W 
 
 1 
 
 "ii 
 
 1*" 
 
 u 
 
 -1 
 
 ll 
 
 
 ■sS. 
 
 ■g 
 
 it 
 
 e 
 
 a a 
 
 
 S^ 
 
 is 
 
 S^ 
 
 t. 
 
 .'ji 
 
 4!l-44IKO 
 
 , 7fi 
 
 7i-fi;79; 
 
 .VI 
 
 .',(llH'i4 
 
 77 
 
 7l-(;l74i 
 
 .-i.i 
 
 .'.1-.1NIIB9 
 
 7S 
 
 7.'i'l,l..X7 
 
 .'.4 
 
 .'.V.V.dll 
 
 79 
 
 7i; 'iVBII 
 
 S.-, 
 
 .M.119.'.9 
 
 HI) 
 
 77-.'>i.'.7i: 
 
 .',f, 
 
 ,'i4-/N'll)1 
 
 81 
 
 78-.Vi'iVl 
 
 .'i7 
 
 .'i.'ii(.W4S 
 
 H'i 
 
 Tl- l!)4li.') 
 
 .',H 
 
 ,5«''i;i79.1 
 
 81 
 
 M) 4BI1I) 
 
 .',» 
 
 .'.7' 19717 
 
 81 
 
 81l.1.1.'iA 
 
 W 
 
 .'.K'lfifiS'i 
 
 8.1 
 
 8v4ii.im) 
 
 Bl 
 
 .VII.1B'i7 
 
 8l> 
 
 8:M7'i44 
 
 6'i 
 
 BII-IIIJ7I 
 
 87 
 
 84MIIS9 
 
 fi.1 
 
 fil'()7.5lfi 
 
 88 
 
 S.V.I 11.11 
 
 04 
 
 li'i'OI4BI 
 
 89 
 
 8B"i8ll78 
 
 B.'i 
 
 fi.l-dl IIIB 
 
 90 
 
 87''iilll!1 
 
 Bfi 
 
 fi.T9S1.'i<) 
 
 91 
 
 88'il9liH 
 
 B7 
 
 B4'U.W9.'i 
 
 92 
 
 89-|89l'i 
 
 6S 
 
 B.'.U'iVIO 
 
 9.1 
 
 90liS.'.7 
 
 fi9 
 
 Bi;'S9IHt 
 
 94 
 
 9I-I'i1l)'i 
 
 71) 
 
 B7-H'iri9 
 
 9.5 
 
 9'i09747 
 
 71 
 
 i;h-8.io74 
 
 9B 
 
 91-nfii;9l 
 
 n 
 
 B9-II(HIIH 
 
 97 
 
 9fl).1li.17 
 
 7.1 
 
 7n-7l>9fi3 
 
 98 
 
 9.VIHI.'.S1 
 
 74 
 
 71-7.19I18 
 
 99 
 
 9.5-»7.'iM 
 
 7.'. 
 
 7'i-70H.'>1 
 
 nil) 
 
 9fi'9ll7ll 
 
 Co<tl Meunure. 
 
 4 VecVii 
 1 Hil'.hell 
 .1 Snckii 
 4 V'ala 
 ^i\ Chaldrons 
 
 I Ruibel 
 1 Sai'k 
 1 Vat 
 
 1 Chaldron 
 I Hcore 
 
 Coal Measure. — Coals were formerly sold by 
 the chaldron, which bears n certain proportion to 
 Winchester measure. 
 
 The coal bushel hold.s 1 Winchester quart 
 more than the Winchester bushel ; its contents 
 being 2217'()2 cubic inches. It is 19^ inches 
 ■wide from outside to outside, and 8 inches deep. 
 In measuring coals it was heaped up in the form 
 of a cone, to the height of at least G inches above 
 the brim (according to a regulation passed at 
 Guildhall in 1806), the outside of the bushel being 
 the extremity of the cone, so that the bu.shel 
 should contain at least 2814"9 cubic inches, nearly 
 equal to the Imperial heaped bushel. Hence the 
 chaldron should measure 58'()4 cubic feet. 
 
 But the sale of coals by measure has, in conse- 
 quence of the frauds to which it led [Coai/J, 
 been aboli.shcd ; and they are now sold by weight. 
 
 Of Wo'od Fuel English Measure.— \WooA fuel 
 is a.ssized into shids, billets, faggots, fall wood, 
 and cord wood. A shid is to be 4 feet long, and, 
 according as they are marked and notched, their 
 proportion must be in the girth ; viz. if they have 
 but 1 notch, they must be Ifi inches in the girth ; 
 if 2 notches, 23 inches ; if 3 notches, 28 inches ; if 
 4 notches, 33 inches ; and if 5 notches, 38 inches 
 about. Billets are to be 3 feet long, of which 
 there should be 3 sorts; viz. a single cask, and 
 a cask of 2 ; the 1st is 7 inches, the 2nd 10 inches, 
 and the 3rd 14 inches about: they are sold by 
 the 100 of 5 score. Faggots are to be 3 feet long, 
 and at the band 24 inches about, besides the knot 
 of such faggots ; 50 go to the load. Bavins and 
 spray wood are sold by the 100, which are 
 
 accounted a load. Cord wood is the bigger sort 
 of lirewooil, and it is measured by a cord, or line, 
 whereof tlioro aro 2 measures ; that of 14 feet in 
 length, 3 feet in breadth, and 3 feet in lieiglit. 
 Tlie otlier is 8 feet in length, 4 feet in ht'i;,'ht, 
 and 4 feet in breadth. 
 
 Measures of Wood. 
 
 l.lKHIhlllL-llorwilOil 
 
 lllrwi. 
 I Cord 
 nil) lb. 
 
 I r.iril 
 =s 1 C.ml 
 
 ™ \ Chalilron nfcaaU 
 = f Uuin 
 
 uinul of wood 
 
 French Si/stem of IVeiijhts and Measures,— 'the 
 new nietrii'nl system established in France .siil). 
 sequeutly to tlie Uevolution is founded on the 
 measurement of the quadrant of the meridian, (ir 
 of the distance from the pole to the eqimtiir. 
 This distance having been determined witii the 
 greatest care, its ten-millionth part was assumeil 
 us the metre, or unit of length, all the other lineal 
 measures being multiples or submultiplcs of it, 
 in decimal proportion. The mbtre corre.spimiLi 
 pretty nearly to the ancient French aune, iw 
 yard, being cijual to 3'07844 Frencii feet, or 
 3-2H1 English feet, or 39'370« English iniiie^ 
 
 The unit of weight is the gramme, wliicii i.s ,1 
 cubic centimetre, or the lUOth part of a metre ut' 
 distilled water of the temperature of incltini,' ice; 
 it weighs 15'43<t English troy grains. 
 
 In order to express the decimal pro|)(irlinii, 
 the following vocabulary of names has lieiii 
 adopted, in which the terms for multiplying mv 
 Greek, and those for dividing Latin :— 
 
 liliimw 
 liii) „ 
 l.iioo „ 
 Ui.iiutt „ 
 
 inih part 
 liioth „ 
 l.lKNith „ 
 
 For niultl)ilivrii. the word 
 
 /)tV'ci prelUed means * 
 Hfclo ,, 
 
 Kiln „ 
 
 4fi/ri<l .1 
 
 On the coiit'r.iry, for divliors, 
 
 the word Drci expreuet the 
 Ctnii „ 
 
 Mllll „ 
 
 Thus, D/camttrt meant 10 m^trea 
 
 n^eimitre „ the loih part of a metre 
 Kittinriimme „ 1,IJ0I) grammen &c. 
 
 The are is the element of square inea'iure, 
 being a square decamfetre, equal to 3-9.'5.'5 Jinglisli 
 perches. 
 
 The stire is the element of cubic measure, irad 
 contains 35*317 cubic feet English. 
 
 The litre is the element of all measures of ca- 
 pacity. It is a cubic decimetre, ami cijiiaLs 
 2'1135 English pints. 100 litres make theiiecto- 
 litre, which equals 264 19 wine gallons, or -HH 
 Winchester bushels, 
 
 Systeme Usuel, or Binary System. — This new 
 system has the metrical standard for its hms, 
 but their divisions are binary, that is, by 2, i, S 
 •fee, ; and instead of the new vocabulary, thd 
 names of the ancient weights and inca.'^urej are 
 used, annexing the term usuel to each. Thus tiie 
 half kilogramme is called the livre usuelle, ami 
 the double metre the toise usuelle. 
 
 The following tables show the proportions be- 
 tween the new or metrical French system and the 
 English system : — 
 
 Comparison of French and English Weights ami 
 Measures, containing the A'cw or Mitrical 
 Weights and Measures of Friince, with thrir 
 Proportion to those of England, both according 
 to the Deciiiutl System and the Systeme usuel, 
 
 DeCIM.\I. .SV.STIIM, 
 
 French 
 Mlllim«tre 
 ('entlin^tre 
 Decimetre 
 MHrt 
 I>^<am^tr« 
 Il.ctomftlre 
 Kitomjttru 
 M^rlainetre 
 
 Long 
 
 Measures. 
 
 Rniiliih 
 = 0-n-'.l17 In. 
 
 = 0MM7I „ 
 
 = ,v9i:io „ 
 
 =s 1!)-.1710(l „ 
 
 = .Vi-sO'MiiA. 
 
 = .■■i8-ll!)lfi7 „ 
 = Ill9.>-6.18!)ll}ill. 
 = lia.iri .18U0() „ 
 
 or (i milei 1 flirlonfi US |wlct 
 
wood is the biffnor Hurt 
 Murcd by o cord, cir lim-, 
 Mures i that of M fi'd in 
 h, and 8 feet in height. 
 leiij{th, 4 foct in lici^'lit, 
 
 of Wood. 
 
 = I C.iril 
 ^ I Cnnl 
 
 Chiiulron of coitU 
 
 ^llillUl of wood 
 
 r f: 
 
 ijlhtii and Meatiireg.—Tho 
 itablislied in Franco sul). 
 iition in founded on tlio 
 idrant of the meridian, or 
 the polo to tlie ei|imtiir, 
 een determined with the 
 lliontli part wan assumpii 
 cn(;th, all the other Urieiii 
 an or milmiultiples of it, 
 
 The mbtre corre-sponil'i 
 aneient French aimr, iw 
 3-07«li Frencli feet, iir 
 )'3708 Knglish inches, 
 a the gntmme, whiili is a 
 J lOOtli part of a nii'tri' of 
 [tipcraturc of meltinj,' ice ; 
 ih troy fjrainH. 
 
 the decimal prnpdi'tlnii, 
 lary of names ha.s lieiii 
 terms for multiplying iiiv 
 iriding Latin :— 
 
 I. . 10 limn 
 
 - 1,0011 „ 
 ■ lu.iruo „ 
 
 MM the • 10th part 
 „ . Knilh „ 
 
 „ . l.tHHIth „ 
 
 10 iTi^treH 
 
 the lUlh fihrt of n metre 
 
 IflKX) ffTAmmeil &c. 
 
 z 
 
 ent of square measure, 
 re, equal to 3-955 Hiiglisii 
 
 ent of cubitj nicasuro, iinil 
 !et English. 
 
 ent of all measures of ca- 
 c deeiinfetre, and ciiuals 
 100 litres make theliooto- 
 119 wine gallons, or •.'•83lJ 
 
 Vimry Syste»n.— This mw 
 al standard for its basis, 
 
 binary, that is, by 2, J, " 
 the new vocabulary, tli« 
 weights and measures are 
 n tisuel to each. Tims tlie 
 led the livre usuelle, and 
 >ise usuelle. 
 
 show the proportion!! be- 
 cal French sj'stcin and tlic 
 
 and English Weights and 
 the Netv or Milrical 
 res of France, with thnr 
 f England, t/oth arcordliig 
 and the Si/stme usuel. 
 
 I, sv»TI:m. 
 
 Measures. 
 
 EngUsh 
 O'If'W in. 
 (I-.TWI „ 
 .T'J.ITM „ 
 .W.-)710(> „ 
 
 : r.'^-so'ir, ft. 
 
 .-.V»-Ili)lfi7 „ 
 
 I io<jr>-(ir.S!«)Ml«. 
 
 = ](19,-rt .IS'JOI) „ 
 i miln 1 flirlonji ii |KiI» 
 
 WKIOHTS AND mk.vhi;rI':s 
 
 11119 
 
 Solid MeatureH. 
 
 TVrUllir* . 
 
 >^hr* u ruble mttre) 
 
 DvU'Ut^rv 
 
 .V.VTI7culilof». 
 S'i:i-i;4l 
 
 Measuret of Citpacity, 
 
 Mlliirr 
 <Vililllre 
 IWillHrp 
 d.ilrr (n nihil' I 
 tlet'tinittre) j 
 llieallira - 
 
 llei'lolltra • 
 
 Kilolitre 
 Myrialltro 
 
 . s n-iiri1ll.1 cubic In. 
 - o iltiliivs ,, 
 
 . =1 ft'lO'^Htl ,, 
 
 .1 _ f (il'Ovini 
 
 ■ / - \or'J-ll.r^wlne pt. 
 
 ■ :; • = (ilO'ihil'iHrulil.- In. 
 
 or 'fliX't wlneK<l. 
 
 . = ^■.^<^\: rui.icft. 
 
 or, 'ift'i\'.} wine KAl. 'i*i Imi'l. uhI, 
 or l-HVI Wliiclu'.ler liu«hl. 
 
 ■ lA . = •Tc'^ITI lubiifl. 
 
 or I tun nntt I'i wine u.n\> 
 • s 3J.1M7lllicubU' It. 
 
 Superficial Meaaurea, 
 
 Cenllare 
 
 Are\A Miunre decamfetrc) 
 
 Dvcare 
 
 Hectare 
 
 . = MWlllmi. yil. 
 
 • s l1<l'Mllli „ 
 
 - =3 iniii'diiiii 
 
 - = nucii-ifiii „ 
 
 or II acret I rood .1A iwrchen 
 
 Weights. 
 
 MHinramme 
 
 Cenllitramme 
 
 D^i'tifrninnie 
 
 Cirammf 
 
 Deiiinramme 
 
 HerHiKramme 
 
 Kilogramme 
 
 SlyriaKramme 
 
 Oulnliil 
 Mllller, or Bar 
 
 . = (lOSl I drains 
 . = n^\s\^ ,, 
 . = \-r,tn „ 
 . = I'l'I.MO ,, 
 
 - = l.M-.Hm „ 
 or A'OI dramt avolrduiHiU 
 
 - = ytl.'ii az.Ttm, 
 or ^'^i' 07. avolrdupoU 
 
 - — 'i 11m S ot. ^ dwt. 'i nT. Troy, 
 or '2 lb. ^ OK. VG'iU drami avoirilnpniH 
 . = V(i-7!)SII>. Tru, 
 or v'i'DIHU lb. aToirdupoti 
 ■ — 1 cwt- .f qr. 'i^ lb. nearly 
 • = u ton» 16 cwt. 3 qr. m lb. 
 
 HYSTfe.MK USUKI.. 
 
 Comparison of lydght. 
 
 KiloKiamme 
 
 LiTTeUnllelle 
 
 Half 
 
 Ouarti'r 
 
 Elilhth 
 
 On.e 
 
 Half 
 
 Quarter 
 
 «roi 
 
 ftrammei 
 I, I Hill 
 !>lin 
 
 ivs 
 M■^ 
 
 IS'6 
 7» 
 3-9 
 
 Tro.v ^\■elKht 
 lb. tr£. dwt. (jr. 
 
 '2 
 
 1 1.1 
 
 IS--. 
 
 uas 
 
 4-S 
 !|-M 
 10 l-IU 
 .'. O'.l 
 
 Avolrdupoil 
 
 lb. ol. dr. 
 
 il 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 4 
 
 .1 l» 
 
 I loj 
 
 K 1.1} 
 
 It 
 
 Comparison of Linear Measure. 
 
 Mesures usuellet) 
 
 Toi'C usuelle 
 Fied, ur foot 
 Inch 
 
 Aune 
 
 Half 
 
 Quarter 
 
 Eighth 
 
 Sliiecnth 
 
 One third of an aune 
 
 Siilh 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 Kndliah iMeaMUren 
 mtlrei feet inch part 
 « B 9 
 1 I 
 O 1 
 
 oj 
 
 J_ 
 li 
 
 0)0 
 
 :i 
 5(7 
 
 5o 
 
 05 
 
 1 
 
 OTu 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 r. 
 u 
 II 
 
 5 
 !i 
 3 
 7 
 ,■5 
 
 3 
 
 74 
 
 93 
 .Of 
 llTiT 
 
 9 
 10) 
 
 Comparison of Measures of Capacity. 
 
 Litres Kng. Winch. Buah. 
 
 Baisw.tu usuel \fi = OM'Jl 
 
 With halves and quarters in proportion. 
 
 I'arls Pinte English Pint. 
 
 LiUonuniel 1074 = •i\ 
 
 With halves and quarters In proportioiu 
 
 Ancient Weights and Measures. — This subject 
 IB involved in considerable diflSculty ; and to 
 «nter fully into it would be quite inconsistent 
 irilh our objects and limits. But the following 
 Wis, abstracted from the best authorities, may 
 w usefid to such of our readers as have occasion 
 to look iato the ancient authors. 
 
 TAllLl; l)K VAU 
 
 {according to 
 
 Attic olMilut 
 
 .\lllc driirhma 
 
 I^n^er Mlna 
 
 (f renter Mlna 
 
 Mnlicil IMina - 
 Talent = lid inlnii. a 
 
 OhI lin-ek (Irii'hm 
 
 tllil (irii'k iniitii ■ 
 Kiiypttrtit iiiin.l 
 Plulfliiiiu: iiiin.'l of 
 
 pair. I 
 .\ltfsanilrlaii mlna of 
 
 corlde.i 
 
 Roman denarius 
 
 Denarius of Nero 
 
 Papyrlus 
 
 Ounce 
 
 Pound of in oi. ■ 
 
 lOUH ANCIKNT WKlOiri'S 
 different A uthorifies). 
 
 Kn,tllvh Trnjr tirains 
 
 iHl ibrisllani 
 9' I Arbuthnot 
 .M-< ll.r. 
 -.1 'iKi Arb. 
 % till INiUL-lon 
 
 - 3,ii!M (br. 
 
 {•i.lltli Clir. 
 .'.,1M Arb. 
 «,'«") Pauc. 
 • 6.991 Kr. Arb. 
 icwi. Bnullsb 
 
 ( m-'i Knit Troy itr. Arb. 
 
 - / ti^'.'i — Unriinn denarius. 
 
 . C,,\U 
 
 ■ H,3aii 
 
 "'"'•) H.9S.'. 
 
 I"V}9, 
 
 ,99^ 
 
 :.l-n 
 lia-,', 
 
 Arb. 
 Arb. 
 Arb. 
 Arb. 
 
 Arb. 
 
 .'i4 Pauc, 
 «I7 Pauc. 
 
 ( 41.^1 i:hr. 
 
 < iM-l Aril. 
 
 ( 4.11-i I'luc. 
 4,1.'iil (hr. 
 
 (I.OSI Chr. 
 
 {r,,-l li; Arb. 
 
 I.1,l7fl Pauc. 
 
 = Alllnm. VI. Chr. 
 3 1 Hum, oz. Arb. 
 
 HCKIPTUllK MKAflUUKS OF I.KNGTll. 
 
 and Hutton.) 
 
 {Arliuthniit 
 
 Dixit - . 
 
 Pnim 
 
 Spall 
 
 Leaser cubit • 
 Hacred lublt . 
 
 Kalhnm 
 
 KKi-kiHS reed . 
 
 Arabian |iole - 
 
 Schdiiius 
 
 Sinillum 
 
 Habbalh day's Journey 
 
 Eastern mile . 
 
 Parasanit 
 
 Day s journey - 
 
 Inches 
 "•7 r^'> 
 
 •i-.n 
 
 H-'ll 
 Kn«. Keet 
 1 -i-i-, 
 l-71'i.'i 
 
 Yards 
 V-.-M 
 ,Vt(i,'. 
 VIU 
 4ri'V 
 
 l.l.W 
 
 Ml la 
 !■«»« 
 4-1,'iH 
 .13 Ml 
 
 OltECIAN MEASURES OK LENGTH. 
 
 and Hutton.) 
 
 (Arbuthnot 
 
 UOMAN 
 
 Dartylos 
 
 
 
 
 Inches 
 
 n-:,Mtb 
 
 Doron I 
 Iloclimel 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ."■•(«1S7 
 
 Dirhas 
 
 
 
 
 T-.'i.'i IfiS 
 
 Orthodaron 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 S310l.'> 
 
 Splthame 
 
 
 
 
 91lfi.'>«'^ 
 
 Pous - 
 
 
 
 
 12-1 N7.'i 
 Enit. Feet 
 
 Pom - 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 fOr,7i!9 
 
 Pyitme 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 Pi3air. 
 
 Pyiion 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 I'UMIl 
 
 Pecliys 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 •.41091.- 
 Knit. Paces 
 
 tirinrl.i 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 1 '1107 ^9 
 
 Stadlosi 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dulm / 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 100-r«9l6 
 
 Mlllon 
 
 
 
 
 80S-83,-3 
 
 MEASURES 
 
 OF LENGTir. 
 
 {AHmtl 
 
 
 Hutton.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Knu. Irthe^ 
 
 Diftitus trnnsversua 
 
 
 
 tyViYiA 
 
 l^nci.T, the ounce 
 
 
 
 n-ji.7 
 
 PaliitUH minor • 
 
 
 
 
 !!-901 
 
 Pes, the foot - 
 
 
 
 
 I1-6II4 
 Enx. Feet 
 
 Palmipes 
 
 
 
 
 raiiH?.', 
 
 Cubitus 
 
 
 
 
 l-4.0n.5 
 
 tiradus 
 
 
 
 
 •2-1175 
 Paces 
 
 Passus 
 
 
 
 
 0-967 
 
 Stadium 
 
 
 
 
 IS0-S75 
 
 Mdiare 
 
 
 
 
 967 
 
 ROMAN DRY MEASURES. (Arbuthnot am/ 
 Hutton.) 
 
 Hemlna 
 Sextarius 
 
 Modius 
 
 EnR. Pints 
 0-SO74 
 .•0I4S 
 
 Enc. Peck 
 
 ATTIC DRY MEASURES. 
 
 Xestes 
 
 Chenix 
 
 Medimnut 
 
 Eiiit. Pint, 
 
 - (l!i!«).T 
 
 - I-4H6 
 Winch, bush. 
 
 - 1-0900 
 
 ti 
 
 i-' ^ . I 
 
 mm 
 
■{fH • 
 
 (■,, 
 
 t , • 
 
 .;;-^'^'^ 
 
 1.W0 WKLI) 
 
 JKWINII HUY MKANl'IIKS (ncm/f/i/i^ ^) Ji)jic/)Am«). 
 
 (Uihal 
 I >h 
 
 Rplinh 
 (■(loinerj 
 
 Knic. f)liitl 
 - ill'il'i 
 
 • 7iir.» 
 
 KnK. I'ri'li 
 
 • 1 |i. r. 
 Willrh. bu»h. 
 
 • I I Mill I 
 
 . ■.•i«li7 
 Uuartvr 
 
 IinsiAN mi:amuiii:s roll i.iQriiist. {.irbiillimit 
 und Jlultuii.) 
 
 Ilt'inltm 
 !<r<l<l'lu> 
 
 ( OltRiUI 
 
 I'rna 
 ^iii|>hitrA 
 
 Kng. i>lnt4 
 
 - ll'i'lJMI 
 . I'I'IMt 
 • 7'17IV 
 \\'\nr eaI. 
 
 . y.ny 
 
 ■ 7 I7li 
 MluU. 
 
 ■ ftlljO 
 
 ATTIC UEASVUKS roll I.IQI'IDH. 
 
 (*ittylu4 
 Xmi«ii 
 Chiiui 
 
 MdniM 
 
 Kntf. jtinti 
 • (P '.1 ri 
 . I1I".T 
 
 ■ d'Ht'lHI 
 
 Wine ifiitt 
 - lu-.l.liu 
 
 JKWIHII MKAsrUKH KoU I.igt'lD.S. 
 
 r«ph 
 
 I.n4( 
 
 Cab 
 
 II in 
 
 Srah 
 ll.itli 
 
 KnK- plnll 
 
 • tlM.I'^ 
 
 WInr K^il, 
 . .TII'.O 
 
 HhiN. 
 
 . !•( !.I4 
 
 Wr.MI or DYKU'S WKED (Get. wau; Diifch, 
 voiiw, \viiii\vo ; I''r. frantic ; Itnl. Ki«>'l'>i'cllii; Lnt. 
 luteola). All impurfcct biennial, witli Hiiiall 
 fusiform riidtn, and a leafy stem from 1 to it feet 
 in liei^'lit. It is a native of Itritain, Italy, niul 
 various parts of JCurope, and is cultivated fur tlic 
 sake of its stalk, Howers, and leaves, which are 
 employed in the dyeing of yeUow, whence its 
 botanical name Besfdu luteoltt. Weld recjuires 
 the {{"'wtii of nearly two summers before it 
 rumcs to iiuiturfty; and the crop is liable to fail 
 from so many causes, and is besides so exliaust- 
 ing, that its cultivation is by no means protitable, 
 and is only carried on, in this country at Iea.st, to 
 a small extent, principally in Kssex, Weld is 
 
 J)referrcd to all other substances in giving the 
 ivcly green lemon yellow. It is, however, ex- 
 pensive ; and it is found, wlien employed in 
 topical dyeing, to degrade and interfere with 
 madder colours more tiian other yellows, and to 
 stain the pans wanted to be kept white. Hence 
 quercitron bark is now emjiloyed in calico print- 
 ing, to the almost total exclusion of weld. 
 It is still employed in dyeing silk a golden 
 yellow, an<l in pnjier staining. (Loudon's Kiuy. 
 of Agriculture \ Hancroft On Colours, vol. ii. jip, 
 5)5-100; Hces's Cydofxcdia.) 
 
 WlvSTKHN AUSTUALIA. [ Colon iks.] 
 
 WIvST INDIKS. [Coi.oNiKs.] 
 
 WHALEHONK, A substance of the nature of 
 horn, adhering in thin parallel lamina: to the 
 upper jaw of tlie whale. These vary in size from 
 3 to \l feet in length ; the breadth of the largest 
 at the thick end, where they are attached to the 
 jaw, is about a foot. They are extremely elastic. 
 
 Whalebone bore anciently a very high price, 
 •when the rigid stays and the expanded hoops of 
 our grandmothers produced an extensive demand 
 for this commodity. The Dutch have occasionally 
 obtained TOO/, per ton, and were accustomed to 
 draw 100,000/. annually from England for this 
 artii.'lc. liven in 17G3 it brought 600/., but soon 
 after fell, and has never risen again to the same 
 
 WHALH I-ISIIKUY (NOUTIIKIIN) 
 
 value. During the pn-i'iil ci iilury the prirc liml 
 varied Im'Iu'im'ii t'lO/. and :li)(l/., Hcldnui fulling ti,| 
 th(! lowest rate, anil rarely exceeding I."i0/. .Mr I 
 Scoresby reckoiinl the jirice, in the live \f:\rA 
 ending 'with |HI«, at !MI/. j in IKII it innuiuiii,! j 
 til from i:iO/. to It.')/.-, and in IHII it viiriiil irurnl 
 •JHO/. for soul hern to .'t.'iil/. for northern. Iliii |J 
 for what is called lizr Imite, or such pieces \\A 
 measure II feet or upwards in length; iImkc liiliiwf 
 this standard are usually sold at half prire, |t| 
 may apiic singular that whalcbune slunilil li-i, 
 while od li been so decidedly lowered ; hut t|j|. 
 one change, it is obvious, causes the ntlicr. Oil I 
 lieiiig the main product of the lishery, r,|;iil,ilit| 
 its extent; wliii'li being dimiinshed liy the l.iw [ 
 price, the iiuanlity of whalebone is Icsseiiiil, «liilcj 
 the demaiul for it contiiniing as great iis licriircF 
 the value c(iiisei|ueiitly rises. It is, limvcvvr, I 
 probable that the high iiric<> of bone may. in >iinii' 
 degree, tend to revive the lishery. In |Xi'i7 whale 
 lins alone appear in the list of imports, ami ml 
 these |;17 tons, of the value of .M.'.'KCi/., cann' liihi 
 the I'nited Kingdom, chii^lly from the iiiirthoni 
 ports of the l!nited Stall's; the price per tun of 
 the whole varying from WXtl, to 4 Id/. 
 
 It may be wurtli while to remark, as eviniini; 
 the ignoranie that at one time previiilcil witli I 
 respect to the wluile, that, by an old fcu.lal law, | 
 the tail o( all whales belonged to the ipieiii, as a 
 |)erquisite to t'uriiish her Majesty's warilmhe with 
 whalebone, (lilackstone, vol. i. p. -'1!;!,) 
 
 WIIALK (COMMON). The Halann ;h/,<^V,7m 
 of liinnieus, a marine animal of t)ie ci'iai'i'mis 
 species, and the largest of all those wiili wlijcji 
 men are ncipiainted. The whale has simictimi's, 
 it is alKrmeil, been found 1(!0 feet in lenyili; Imt 
 this is most probably an exaggeration. In llie 
 northern seas it is at present seldom foiiml iilmvi! 
 liO feet long, being now, however, generally killod 
 before it arrives at its full growth; this is no 
 proof that the animal may not formerly have nt- 
 tained to a inueh larger size. Tliehndii of | 
 whales are covered, immediately under the skin, 
 with a layer of fat or lilnhlwr, which, in a larfjo 
 lish, is from I'i to IS inches thick, In yonn); 
 whales this fatty matter resembles hug's' laril, 
 but in old tmes it is of a reddish colour. Tlii.s is 
 the valuable part of the whale, and the desire to 
 possess it has prompted man to attempt tlie cap- 
 ture of this mighty animal. The hluhher yields, 
 bv expression, nearly its own weight of a thick 
 viscid oil (train oil). The common whale is now 
 rarely found except within the Arctic circle ; but 
 at a former ]ieriod it was not unfrei|iii'ntly met 
 with on our coasts. There is a good aeemnitnf 
 the common whale, and of the manner in which the 
 lishery is carried on, in Mr. John Lning'.s V' yage to 
 Spitzbergen, one of the shortest, chen.p'.nr, and hest 
 of the innumerable books published on this hack- 
 nevcd subject. 
 
 'i"he I'hysiier mncrocephtlus, or hlack-headod 
 spermaceti whale, is chiefly found in the Smitlicm 
 Ocean. It usually measures about (iO feet in 
 length, and ">0 in circumference at the tliickcsl 
 part. The valuable part of the fish is the spongy, 
 oily mass dug from the cavity of the head; this 
 is crude spermaceti; and of it an ordinary sized 
 whale will vield about 12 large tiarrels. 
 
 WHAM-; FISIIKUY (XOKTHKIfN). Wcdo 
 not propose entering, in this article, into any 
 details as to the mode in which the (islicry is 
 carried on, but mean to confine ourselves to a brief 
 sketch of its history and value in a commercial 
 point of view. 
 
 I' is probably true, as has boon sometimes con- 
 fer, ied, that the Norwegians occnsionnlly captured 
 the whale before any other Kuropeaii nation cu- 
 
{V (SOUTH i:i:n) 
 
 u'lii I'l'iitiirv till' |iri('i' IiiihI 
 
 il ,'IIM)/., Nclildill t'jlllin^' Id 
 
 rely cxiTpiliiiK l.'iO/. .Mr I 
 iirit'i', in llir tivc ycirsl 
 11/, ; ill Ih:U it iiiiiiii'iiiii'.if 
 mil ill IHII it viirii'il irnnil 
 ■p(i/. fur iiorllicrn. TIih u[ 
 
 ■ Imiii; or Hllcll piii'cs in 
 lis ill li'ii^th; tliii^i' lii'liitvl 
 lly solil M liiilt' jiriii'. It 
 lit wlwilrliiilic xliiiiilil Hm, I 
 cciilcilly lowiTcil ; liiit Iho I 
 111, cauM's tlir ollii r. (Ill, 
 't lit' the tislicry, r,!;iiliilis| 
 i; iliiiiinlHlinl liy tlie |<i\v 
 liali'boiic is h'!t!<piu'(|, «liilo 
 iiiiiin;; as ^Tcat iis iMliiriJ 
 V risi'H. 1 1 is, jiiiwi'vir, I 
 iricc of bone iiiiiy. in .-iiinii. 
 !»■ ti^luTv. In I'sc; «||,||,, 
 w lisl of ini|iorts, niiil ni 
 iiliii^ of T) I, '.'Hi;/., , ■nine lull, I 
 ■liiclly fidin tilt! iiiirtlimi 
 iiti's; the iirii'o per tun of I 
 
 1 ;i;i.v. to 1 Id/. 
 
 Ic to iTliuirk, as cviiifiiii; 
 
 OIK' tiiiK! prcvniliil wiiji 
 liat, by nil olil fcuiliil law, 
 (■loii(,'c(l to Ihfi (|ii(Mii, nsii 
 r iMiiJesty'.s warilriibf with j 
 10, vol. i. p. -j;):!.) 
 « ) . The liiiheiin mi, itirtliis 
 
 animal of the iTiaci'mis 
 t of all thiis(! Willi wliicli 
 riie wliald has smiiotimcs, 
 111 ICO feet in leli-tli; Imt 
 nil cxnfjtjeratioii. In iho 
 ri'seiit sehloin f'Dunil almvi; 
 , however, nciin-ally killed 
 ( full ^'rowtli; this is no 
 may not, formerly linve nt- 
 ViiVT .«izc. Tlie'liiiilii of I 
 inicdiately iiniler llie skin, 
 lilitli/ier, which, in a large 
 ! iiit'lu's thii'k. Ill yoiiiif; 
 tter resembles huff's lard, 
 a reddish eiilmir. This in 
 ; whale, anil the ih'sire to 
 1 man to attempt, the cnp- 
 iinal. The blubber yields, 
 ts own weight of a thick 
 The common whale is now 
 thin the Aretie cirele ; but 
 was nut inifreiiuriiily met 
 rhero is a fjiioil nrmiint iif 
 of the manner in which the 
 Mr. John LniiiK's Vnjugeto 
 shortest, cben|i(at,aiiil host 
 ks published on this hnck- 
 
 cr/iliiiliis, or black-hoadeil 
 ietly found in the Snnlhern 
 ensures about (iO feet in 
 umferencc at the thickest 
 t of the fish is the spon^.v, 
 n cavity of the head; this 
 nd of it an onlhiary sized 
 12 larRC barrels. 
 ' (XOirniKliN). We do 
 ill this article, into any 
 i in which the fishery is 
 confine ourselves to a brief 
 lid value in » commercial 
 
 s has been sometimes con- 
 ;ians occasionally captured 
 ither Kuropcau nation cu- 
 
 WII.VLK FLSllKHY (NoWTIlKUN) 
 
 1A31 
 
 •jURrd in SI) perilling an enterprise. Ihit the early 
 I'llbrtS of the Norweniiilis «rre not eniiiliirti'il nil 
 any Hystemalii' plan, iind shiuild be re^^anled niily 
 ill the Hiimi' I II >i II I of vie was the lishiii'X ixpnlilioii-. 
 of the I'.wipiiiiiMiix. '1 he lli«rayaiis Were rirtaiiily 
 the lirst piMPple who proieeiiteii Ilie wliiile lishcrv 
 US a reKiibir nuiiniereial pursuit. They carried It 
 on with vi;,'iiiir mid sihtivhs In the r_'tli, I. lib, ami 
 llth eeiitiiries. In \:\xx, ICdward 11 1, ri'limpiisbed 
 to I'eirr lie riiyniiiif a duly of t'll, sterliiij; n 
 whale, laid mi thosi' liroii;;ht into the port of 
 lliarril/. to iiidi'iuiiify him fur the extraurdlniiiy 
 cxpenseH he liml iiiriirri'd in llltiiii; out a lleet for 
 ihe servii'e of bis Mnjesly. This fact proves lie- 
 ymid dispule that the llsberv enrrieil on fruiii 
 iliarrit/, at the period referred lo must have been 
 very eousiilernble indeed; ami it was also prose- 
 cuted to a fXTvi\\i'T or less extent from Clbipurrr, 
 Vieux lloiiiMii, ami siibsiMpo'iitly from Itoelielle 
 and other i)lnees. {Mi'mniif hhi- rAntiijiiitr dr In 
 Pa III' lie III Uitldne, par Noi'l, I'Jino. J'uris, 
 17!l.^.) 
 
 The whales captured by the Itiscayniis were not 
 «iilarf;e as llio.se that are taken in the Polar seas, 
 and are supposed to have been attriurted soutli- 
 waril in pursuit of herrings. They were not very 
 lifodiictive of oil, but their tiesli was use;l as an 
 arlicle of food, and the whalebone was applied to 
 a variety id' useful purposes, and broiif^ht a very 
 liigh price. 
 
 This branch of industry censed lon^ since, nnd 
 I'rnni the same cause that has occasioned the 
 oe.'wation of the whale lisbery in ninny other 
 [ilaces — the want of tisli. Whether it were that 
 ihi' whales, from n .sense of the daiifiers to which 
 tlicy exposed tbcinselves in coiniii;; southwards, 
 no loiifjer left the icy sea, or that the breed bad 
 Veen nearly destroyed, certain it is that they 
 (,'railiially became less numerous in the Hay of 
 liiscay, mill at leiijrth ceased almost entirely to 
 frw|ueut that sea ; and the lishers beiii;; obli;;ed 
 10 pursue their prey upon the banks of Newfound- 
 land and the coasts of Iceland, Iho French fishery 
 rapidly fell oil". 
 
 The voyages of the Dutch and Kiiglish to the 
 N'ortherii ((cemi, in order, if possible, to discover 
 ajiiissnge through it to India, tlioiigb they failed 
 (if their main object, laid open the liaunts of the 
 whale. The ciuupanions of liarentz, who dis- 
 rovcreil Spilzbergeii in lijlKi. nnd of Iludsini, who 
 iwn after explored the snnio seas, represented to 
 their countrymen the nma/.iiig number of whales 
 ivith which they were crowded. Vessels were in 
 innsequencc fitted out for the northern whale 
 fishery by the Kngli.sli and Dutidi, the harpooners 
 and ft part of the crew being Iliscayans. They 
 (lid not, however, confine their elT'orts to a fair 
 competition with each other as fishers. The 
 Muscovy (Company obtained a royal charter, pro- 
 hibiting the ships' of all other nations from fiali- 
 ingintlie s(;as round Spitzbcrgen, on )iretext of 
 its having been lirst discovered by Sir Hugh 
 Willoughby. There can, however, be no doubt 
 that Barentz, nnd not Sir Hugh, was its original 
 discoverer; though, supposing that the fact had 
 been otherwise, the attempt to exclude other 
 nations from the surrounding seas on such a 
 ground was not one that could be tolerated. The 
 Dutch, who were at the time prompt to embark 
 in every commercial pursuit that gave any hopes 
 of success, eagerly entered en this new career, 
 nnd sent out ships fitted out equally for the pur- 
 poses of fishing and of defence against the attacks 
 of others. The Bluscovy Company having at- 
 tempted to vindicate its pretensions by force, 
 reveral encounters took place between their ships 
 and those of the Dutch. The conviction at length 
 
 bi'cnme general tliiit there was room eiioilijh for 
 nil piirllis ill the imrlliiTii sen-,; and in order to 
 iiviild llie cliiiiiee of eiiiiiiiig into inllisimi with 
 eilrll othei-, lliey piirrelliil Spil '.liergeli and iho 
 ndjiii'i'iil oieiiii iiilii districts, wbiib were respee- 
 lively iis'tigiicd lo the l',n:;lisb, |)utcli, llaiii- 
 liiiri^iiers, I'niirh, liiiiies Ac. 
 
 The Diili'h, being thus left lo proseciito tlin 
 li-liery withoiii Imviiig lliiir atteiilioii liiverled 
 by hostile nliinks, ,«|ie,'ilily aci|iiirid a decideil 
 superiority over all llieir cmiipeiiiors. 
 
 When the I'.iiriipeaiis llrsi began lo prosecute 
 the llshery on the coast of Spil/bergeil, whaleit 
 were everywhere found in vast numbers. Ignorant 
 of the sireiigth and striilageiiis of the fonnidabln 
 foe by whom they weie now assailed, instead of 
 betraviiig iiiiv syinptoiiis of fear, tbey siirroundeil 
 the stiips ami crowded all the bays. Their capturu 
 was in coiiseipieiiee a comparatively easy task, 
 mid many were killed which it was nfterwnrdi 
 necessary to abandon, fiMin Ihe ships being al- 
 ready full. 
 
 While llsli were thus easily (ditained, it was tho 
 practice toboil i\w. blubber on shore in Ihe North, 
 and to fetch home only the oil and whalebone. 
 And, perhaps, nothing cnii give a mort! vivid idea 
 of Ihe extent and iiiiportaiice id' the Dutch fishery 
 in the middle id' the Heveiiteentb ei^ntury, than 
 the fact, that they constructed a coiisiderablo 
 village, the houses of.whieh were all iireviously 
 prepared in llolland, on the Ish; of Amsterdam, 
 on the northern shore of Spitzbcrgen, fo which 
 they gave the appropriate name of Smerrenlifri/ 
 (from xmvvrvn, to niell, and Inrij, a monntain). 
 This was the grand reiulezvoiis of the Dutch 
 whale ships, and was amply provide(l with boih'rs, 
 tanks, and every sort of apparatus required for 
 preparing tlu^ oil and the bone. Hut this was not 
 nil. The whale fleets were attended with a miin- 
 ber of provision ships, the cargoes of which were 
 landed at iSniecienberg; which abounded during 
 the busy seasoii with well-furnished shops, goo(l 
 inns Ike. ; so that niaiiy of the conveniences and 
 enjoyments of Ainstcrdam were found within 
 abimt 11 degrees of the I'ob'. It is particularly 
 inenlioned, that the sailors and others were every 
 inorniiigsupjdied withwimt a Dutchman regards as 
 a very great luxury — lint mils lor breakfast, llata- 
 vin nnd Smeerenberg were founded nearly at the 
 same period, and it was for a considerable time 
 doubted whether the latter was not the more im- 
 portant establishment. (De Iteste, Uktinre den 
 Ft'ches Sec tome i. p. 42.) 
 
 During Ihe Hourishing period of the Dutch 
 fishery, tho (luantity of (dl made in the north 
 was si) great that it could not bo carried home by 
 the whale ships ; and everv year vessels were 
 sent out in ballast to assist in importing the pro- 
 duce of tho fishery. 
 
 But the same cause that hnd destroyed the 
 fishery of the IJiscnynns, ruined that winch was 
 carried on in the immediate neighbourhood of 
 Spitzbcrgen. Whales became gradually less com- 
 mon, and more and more timid and difiicult to 
 catch. They retreated first to the open seas, and 
 then to Ihe'great banks of ice on the eastern 
 coast of Greenland. When the site of the fishery 
 had been thus removed to a very great distance 
 from Spitzbcrgen, it was found most economical 
 to send the blubber direct to Holland. Smeeren- 
 berg was in consecjuence totally deserted, and its 
 position is now with difficulty discoverable. 
 
 But though very extensive, the Dutch whnle 
 fishery was not, during the first 30 years of its 
 existence, very profitable. This arose from the 
 circumstance of the right to carry it on having 
 been conceded, in 1G14, to an exclusive com- 
 6 E 
 
.1 
 
 1A22 
 
 ■t '. I, 
 ■t 
 
 '^ 
 
 i 
 
 pMiiy. Till' rxpniKc iiiHonnrnlilc Crdin niuli jriciit i 
 nNxiiciiitiiiiiH, till' wiiNti riiliii"<s iiiicl iiiirniilirii'ncr"* 
 III' their HirMiiiiH, wliii were luiirli tnini' iiiiitir i 
 li|)iiu lulviiriciii^ llicir own iiitiri'^lM tlmii llii^r >>l' 
 till' ('i>lii|j|iiiy, iiii'rcii-x'il lilt' iiutliiy-t mi iiiikIi. thai j 
 llii' rctiiriiH, (,'ii'al as th('\- were, |iriivi'il litlli- I 
 liiiirc than acln|iiali> tii (fi'lVay Ihciii, ami Ihri 
 tl'<lii'rv WHS rniihtii (I within Car iiarrDwcr linii'i' 
 than It wiMiid nthcrwiMt' have rriu'linj. Hut altiT 
 viiriniis iirtiiiin^atiiiiis nf the thartcr nf tlio llmt 
 roinpany, anil the I'lirMiatiiiii nf honu' inw miri, 
 till' traili' was linally tliriiHii i>|ii'n in Hirj, 'I'hi' 
 I'lVi'i'lf* III' this iiicaNiiri' wcrt' inimt Hiiliilary, ami 
 aft'iirilcil mil' lit' llic imist Htrikiii^ i'\ain|il('M' tn lie 
 nii't with 111" the ailvantaKcH nf frci' cniiiiit'litii ii. 
 Within II IV'w years the iLshery wan \ nutty ex- 
 tt^nileil ; nnil tliniiKh it lieeanie |ir ^rcH'^ivcly nmre 
 niid inure (iillleult frmn the ^rimiii;; neareitv 
 uf li>li, it prnved, iinlwilh.iliniiliii); tliene ilivaif- 
 vnnln;,'es, inure prntitahle fii the |iiivati' ailven- 
 turers, than it liail ever heeii to the eompait , 
 nnil conlinneil for almve a leiitnry to he pro- 
 M'cntotl with eipial enerj;y ami Hiieeess. The 
 faniiiiiH Jiihii lie Witt liax'allinleil as lollowx to 
 tliix ehaii);;u in the niudc ol' coiuhutin^; the 
 trade ; — 
 
 'III this respcet," sn.\s lie. 'it is worthy of 
 (ibservatioii, that the anlliorisiil (ireeiiland ( oni- 
 juiny liinde heretofore litlln prolit l>.\ their tislwry, 
 lieeanse of the jjreat ehnr^;e of seltin;; oiit their 
 Hliips; and that the train oil, hhiiilier, and whale 
 (ins were not well niaile, handleil, or eiired ; and 
 beiii)^ broii^'lit hither and {uit into warelioiiscH. 
 Were not boIiI soon emiii;;h, nor to the conipaiiy's 
 best advantage. Whereas now that everyone 
 equips their vessels at the cheapest rate, follow 
 their lishiti;; diligently, and manage all earel'iilly, 
 the bliililier, train oil, and whale tins are einployeil 
 for so many uses in several lonnlries that tliev 
 can sell them with that eonveiiieney, that thoni^Ii 
 tlii'ic lire iiiiw I;") xliipn fur I l/tiit f'liriiiirli/ huI/i-iI 
 <nit of lliilliiiid on Ihnt iicnmiit, and consequently 
 each of till in could not take so inaii}' whales as 
 heretofore, and notwithstandiiij; the new prohi- 
 bition of France and other countries to import 
 these commodities, and thotif^h there is jjreater 
 plenty of them imported by our fishers; yet 
 those commodities arc so much raised in the 
 value above what they wore whilst there was a 
 company, that the common inhaliitaiits do exer- 
 cise that fishery with prolit, tn the much t;reati'r 
 benefit of our country than when it was (under 
 the management of a company), carried on but by 
 a few.' ( 'J'nie Inlerest of llollunti, p, (!;t, 8vo. od. 
 London, 1710.) 
 
 The private ships sent by the Dutch to the 
 whale fishery ^^ere littcd out on a principle that 
 secured the luniost economy and vigilance on the 
 part of everyone connected with them. The hull 
 of a vessel was furnished by an individual, who 
 commonly took upon himself the office of caplniM ; 
 a suil-maker 8U|iplied tbe sail.s, a cooper the casks 
 &c. The parties engaged as adventurers in the 
 undertaking. The cargo being brought to Ilullaiul 
 and disposed of, each person share<l in the produce 
 according to his proportion of the outfit. The 
 crew was hired on the same principle ; so that 
 everyone bad a motive to exert himself, to sec 
 that all unnecessary expenses were avoided, and 
 that those that were necessary were confined with- 
 in the narrowest limits. This jiractice has been 
 imitated to some extent in this and some other 
 countries, but in none has it been carried so 
 far as in Holland. It apjicais to us, that it 
 might be advantageously introduced into other 
 adventures. 
 
 Wheu iu its niost flourishing state, towards the 
 
 "VVMALK FISHKUY (NoitTirKlIN) 
 
 M'ar lllMl, the Hiiteh whale lisliery eni|iloyeil alioiil 
 i.'i;o shins, ami I l.iHio saihirs. 
 
 The I'jiglish w liale tisherv, like that of llollanij, 
 was originally enrried on liy an exeliisive iis'.ii 
 riiitlon. The .Muscovy t'ouipiuiv was, indrrd, 
 
 speedily driven from the field; hilt It was ill), 
 nii'iliately sueeeeded , by olher-^, ihat did lint 
 prove more I'ortiiiiate. In 17-.'), the South Srti 
 ('iiiilpiiiiy emharked lai';;i'ly in tlie trade, iiii([ 
 proseeiited it lor K years; at the end of wliirli. 
 Iiiiviiig lo>t a large sum, they gave it up. Itm 
 the Legislature, having resolved to support tin 
 trade, gninli'd. In 171)'.', a bounty of 1'0.4. per lun 
 III every ship of more than 'J.yw ions biinleii en- 
 gaged in it ; but this premium being iiisiitlirii'iit, 
 it was raised, iu I7I1I, to lOn. per ton, wlun « 
 niiniher oi ships were litlid out, as minh eer- 
 tniiily in the intention of catching the boinily ui 
 of catching fish. 1) 'oeived bv the prospe'ruiis 
 appearimce of the- fishery, I'lrlianient iiiiiiLiini'il 
 ■hat it was firmly estalAisheii, iiml in 1777 tlie 
 bounty was reduced to ;t(l«. The elVeets of llijs 
 rediii'tion showed tlu' factitious nature of ihi' 
 trade, the vessels engai;ed ill it having fnlliii i.|l 
 in the ciiiirsi! of the next •') years from iD.'i to ,'!',). 
 To arrest this alarming decline, the hoiintv was 
 raised to its old level in I7H1, and of course tlii' 
 trade was soon restored to its previous state nf 
 apparent prosperity. 'I'he liostiliiies oecasinmil 
 liy the Ainerii'ali war rediieed the Diiteli li>jii'ry 
 to less than half its previous amount, and g'lvc a 
 proportional extension to that of Mnghnnl. TIr 
 iioinity, which had in consequenei' heeonie very 
 heavy, was reduced, in 17M7, to '.Ws. per ton; in 
 I7!l'.' it was further reduced to '1^>k.\ and in I7li') 
 it WHS reduced to •_'(l.s., at which sum it conliiiiiid 
 till 1H;!I, when >t ceased. 
 
 It iip|H'ars t'rom accounts given in JIoeplKTsnii's 
 Anmilx if Commrrcc (vol. iii. p. ;"il l,vol. iv. )i. I.IO), 
 that the total bounties jiaid for the eiieiMininii- 
 ineiit of till! wlmle fisherv, in the interval lii'lun'ii 
 17.5(1 and 17KH, amouiiteil to no less Hian 1,.")77.!i;m/. 
 It will be seen from the official aceoinit wliicli 
 follows that there are no means of fiinii>iiin;,' 
 any accurate account of the siiins paid as Ihiihi- 
 ties from the yeai I7WI to IHI.'l inclusive ; hut it 
 is, notwithstaiidin';, abundantly certain that tlio 
 total bounties pr.id during the period fnini IVHll 
 to IH-il considerably exceeded 1,000,000/. Hero, 
 then, we have a sum upwards of two .millions 
 AND \ iiAi.K laid out since 17.10 in proiniilin.,' the 
 whale fishery. Now we believe that if we esti- 
 mate the entire average value of the yrtas |iro- 
 diice of the northern whale fishery (and it is 
 to it only that the preceding statements apply) 
 during its'latter years, at 100,000/. ii-ycar, we shall 
 be considerably beyond the mark. Hut hail the 
 2,.')00,000/. expended in bolstering iiii this lir.iicli 
 <if industrj- been laid out as capital in onliiiary 
 em|)loyment, it would have produced I'.'.'iiOOli.. «- 
 year of wtt prolit ; being 25,000/. a-vear moro 
 than the total value of the produce of the lisliery. 
 without allowing anything for the capital w.istcd, 
 and ships lost in carrying it on. Whatever, there- 
 fore, may be the value of the whale fishery as a 
 nursery for seamen, it is absurd to rciiaril it as 
 
 ..■I .. . . .1.. _._ ^1-- ^..i.i; Ul. 'I'li^. 
 
 - ontributing anything to the public wealth. Tlie 
 remark of Dr. l^-anklin, that he who draws a lisli 
 out of the sea draws out a piece of silver is evor 
 in the mouths of those who are clamouring for 
 b(mnties and protection against competition, liut 
 we apprehend that even Franklin himself, saj.^- 
 cious as ho was, would have found it rather diffi- 
 cult to show how the wealth of those is to be in- 
 creased, who, ill fishing up one piece of silver, are 
 obliged to throw another of greater value into the 
 seo. We subjoin 
 
Ic iiwlic'r)'oni|il<)V('(l iiliiriit 
 
 icrv, litter Ihiit 1)1' Ilolliinil, 
 
 II )»y nil cxiliiNivc ii»>ci- 
 t'iiiii|iiiiiv ua>t, iiiilcnl, 
 
 I' ticlil ; liiit it wiis iiii- 
 
 ■ iitlii'r>, lliiil iliil Mill 
 
 III ITL'.'i, llic SiPiilli Si,i 
 ^I'lv ill tlic triiilr, iiiic[ 
 I ; lit till' rliil III' wliicli. 
 1, tlli'> ^'iivr it ll|i. Itiil 
 
 li'Milvnl III Hii|i|iiirt till 
 t iKiiiiity of '.'ti.i. per tun 
 lai) '.Mill iiiiiM liiirili'ii ('II- 
 iniiiiii hi'iiiK iiiKiinii'ii'iit, 
 til liiD. |ht tun, wlicii n 
 lllti'il nut, iH niiii'li crr- 
 f i'utcliiiiK till' liiiiiiiiy us 
 ivcd liv llic |irii<|H'niii.« 
 rv, IVrliiiiiii'iit iiiiiiL;iiii'(l 
 Al.iiiL'ii, mill ill 1777 tlic 
 IKIx. The I'lVccts of this 
 'iiclitioiis iiiiliiri' III' till' 
 I'll ill it liaviii;^' I'lilli'ii oil 
 t i'l yrars from Iti.'i i,, :i!i, 
 ilci'liiir, tlic lioiiiity wiis 
 17H1, ami of coiirst' the 
 to its iircvioiis Mtiiti' iif 
 'lie hiistililii's oconHiiiiicd 
 •ilnccil till' Diitcli li-ln'ry 
 ions ninomit, iiml ^ivi' n 
 ) that of I'.ii^laMil, 'I'Ih 
 oiis('i|iit'iir(' bri'Diiit' very 
 17M7, to Ilil.s. iiiT tmi; in 
 u'fd to '^'iH. ; ntiii ill 171'i') 
 I wliii'li sum it uoiitiiiiu'il 
 
 iitM^ivt'ii in ^[nrpticr-iiii'^t 
 . iii. J), .''il l,vol. iv. |). I.'iil), 
 
 paid for the (MiciiuniLjc- 
 V, in tlio iiitiTval lictwini 
 to no less than \S>''Xi'>K 
 It- oilicinl nccoiiiit wliidi 
 no incaiis of fiirni>liiii;,' 
 tlio Nums jiaid as liimii- 
 o IHIU inclusive ; Imt it 
 ndantiy certain tliiil tiie 
 
 ■■ tl)o period from I7'<i> 
 •coded 1,00I),0()0/. Here, 
 wards of two millions 
 cc ITiOO in promoting' llie 
 
 liolicvc that if we esti- 
 
 vnlup, of tlio </nm jiro- 
 rlialc fishery (ami it is 
 cediiiK Htalements apply) 
 100,000/. H-y car, we slmll 
 tho nmrk. " Hut had the 
 itcring iMi this lirnidi 
 . .IS capital iu onliimry 
 ivc produced I'ifi.OOO.. a- 
 ng 25,000/. n-A-ear mor^ 
 !ic produce of tlie lishery, 
 ig for the capital wasted, 
 ,'iton. Whatever, thcrc- 
 jf the whale fishery as a 
 i absurd to rcjiard it. as 
 
 ■ the public wealth. The 
 that lie who draws a fish 
 
 a piece of silver is ever 
 Avho are clamouring for 
 igainst competition, liul; 
 
 Franklin himself, sa^'a- 
 avo found it rather diffl- 
 ilth of those is to be in- 
 p one piece of silver, are 
 of greater value into the 
 
 wii.vr,!': nsiFKitv (Noktiif-un) 
 
 )r,23 
 
 III .Iii'ii4,ii' I'l' llii Xiiiiiliir iif' SliiiiH iniiiuiilhi 
 
 Jilliil mil ill (liriit Hrililin fur tin .Wiilliiiii 
 
 U'liilli' /''(Ji/irn/, of till' 7'xii/if/i/e iiiiil Cniri nf' 
 
 siiih iSlii/m, mill i>l' till' liiiiiiitivt jniiil nn llirir 
 
 .liiitiiiit, I'l mil I I'h'.) til |N| I. 
 
 Vt'iim 
 
 I7VI 
 run 
 
 i;'ii 
 I v.n 
 i;'i.^ 
 i;'ii 
 
 K'li 
 IT'Hi 
 
 i;'ii 
 
 Wl'l 
 
 IKIIII 
 Itlll 
 iHII'i 
 I HI 1.1 
 I Hill 
 lhil.% 
 
 iMlli 
 
 ivi;| 
 '" 
 
 IHl.l) 
 ISII 
 
 Nl>l|» 
 
 111 
 ll« 
 ill 
 
 U1 
 
 )>< 
 
 III! 
 'tl 
 .11 
 (ill 
 
 ni! 
 
 HI 
 7!) 
 Ill 
 li'( 
 
 Tom 
 
 IC.I'HI 
 •Llill.tH 
 ,1.1,'Hlli 
 V'l.'lHI 
 •i.l.lHT 
 |i'..1Hli 
 ll,;iN 
 |-,H.11 
 |(i,.17l 
 I H,7.'H 
 M..1ltll 
 17,7'Jll 
 IHrMiK 
 ■t\ ..'Ml 
 'iS.MIH 
 •iS.II.II 
 
 •i;,.-.;ii 
 ■nMi: 
 
 .Man 
 
 ll^tlinllm pilUI 
 
 
 'I'l.l. lIlH-.l. 
 
 I.IH'i 
 
 mfnttt rr.iiii 
 
 t.Vi'l 
 
 »hl. h iIm .1 
 
 I,'.(i7 
 
 Ml. nil. 1 ..f 
 
 .1,<|ll 
 
 thill. .Ik.-., I. till 
 
 K.'iMI 
 
 III 111.' M'.r. 
 
 l."lll 
 
 ITH'i I.I Is. 'i 
 
 l,UII> 
 
 nml.l !«■ 
 
 •l,lli^ 
 
 khi.WII, UIT" 
 
 ■.■,.,.1.1 
 
 il4-.,ir..t('<l ... 
 
 a.iii.i 
 
 Il.t lirv .11 the 
 
 K.l.VI 
 
 Lit*. i'ii«l.tiii> 
 
 '.1,111 
 
 huUHI. 
 
 .\lv.| 
 
 
 .1,'.llfl 
 
 
 .■l,vi7 
 
 
 ri.ii.ifl 
 
 
 .i,;n 
 
 
 Thi-ri* lire n<i iloi'unit-Mi« hy whitl) ihi* mvoiinU tor 
 \hv%v )t-.in i.itt lit) rwiKlvritl. 
 
 I u; I 
 
 .1fi,'.7'l 
 
 4.TIIS 
 
 X : 
 4.1.7OT II 
 
 If is not even ccrtiiiil whetlicr the expiiiililiin 
 (if '.'..")( KM II III/, upon boiiiilii's would nally liavi' ^ 
 had till' elVr t of iimUiiif; tin' whidc lislicry be 
 carried on upon ii idiisidcraMi' mciiU', but for the 
 occupation of llolbind by llut Knuicli, and tin* 
 eonseipient hostilities in whicli mIk^ was involved 
 with this coiintrv. 'I'liC'^c did iiioro to proinoti' i 
 and coiisididati' ilie Itritisii li'-hcry than iinytliiiig ■ 
 (I.e. Tlic war entirely annihilated that of the i 
 Uutch: and our (ioveriinieiit, having wisely olVcicd 
 til the Ushers of Holland idl the iinniunitics 
 I'lijiiyed bv the ciiizeiis of (ireat liritain in llic 
 event (if 'acii nettling amongst us, many availed 
 tliemsi'lvcs of the invitation, bringing wi>li tliein 
 their capital, industry, and skill, in coiiseipicncc 
 (if this signal enconragcniciit, the whale lisliery of 
 r.ii(;laml was prosecuted with gn-atcr success than 
 lit iinv previous period; and at the termination of 
 the war, in XM'i, there were nearly l.'tO valuable 
 ships and about (!,0(I0 seamen engaged in Ibo 
 Xiirilierii lisbery, anil about ilO Hliips mid HOO 
 men iu that to tlio .South. 
 
 ,\ Iter peace was rcstort'd, the Knglisli capitalists 
 niid others beeanu' apprehensive lost the Dutch 
 cIkjiiIiI engage anew witii their ancient vigour 
 and success iu the whale lisbory. Ihit tliesi' 
 iipprehensioiis were without any real foundation. 
 The llollandors, during the Ili) years they had 
 1)0(11 excluded from tlie s(>a. had lost all that 
 priii'tical acqiiaintanco with the details of tho 
 lisliery, for which they hiul long boon so famous, 
 niul which is .so es.scntial to its success. Tho 
 liovcrnment attcni|itod to rouso their dormant 
 ciior^ics by the otVor of con.siderablo promiums 
 iiiiil other advantages to those who embar' ed in 
 the trade. Three companies wore in cor c(iiioiu;e 
 fiiniK'd for carrying it on ; 1 at Kotte dara, 1 at 
 llailiiigcn, and 1 in South lloHiir . lint their 
 dVorts were limited, and altog ...r unfortunate. 
 Ill 1K'2(I, the company of South Holland was 
 (lissolv('(l, while that of Harlingeii despatched \ 
 sliip.s, and that of Hotterdam 2. In 1H27, Kotter- 
 diim sent only 1 ship, and Harlingcn 2. In 1H28, 
 1 solitary ship sailed from Holland — a feeble and | 
 l:ist effort of the company of [Lirlingeii ; and 
 piiico then a ahip or two has been occasionally 
 fitted out by private adventurers, but generally 
 witlinut SHCcess, 
 
 .Such has been the fate of tho Dutch whnle 
 fishery. Tlic attempts to revive it failed, not 
 because the ships sent out were ill calculated for 
 the service, but because they were manned by 
 unskilful seamen, and fish were deficient. In the 
 early ages of the iishery, the former difficulty 
 
 Willi!. I have Imcii gut over, bocniisi., owing to the 
 (.■wpii'-s (if coiiipctiliirs, and Ilie s.'anly supply of 
 I'll and wli.'ili'li.iiii', 'Veil ii -.mall i'ir;!;ii brought 
 
 a high price; lint nIi tbe li'.liery Ilis bccii 
 
 proscciiii'd (III II large scale .'md at a very low 
 rule of prollt by the l'!iii;lisli, .\m. ri('aii'<, niiil 
 llambiirKliers, no new I'omjx.litor (■otiiing iriln tho 
 Hold could expect tn maiiitaiii liim-.(.|f iiidi'ss he 
 had iiciirl ,■ cipial advantau'i's. The Diiteli have, 
 tliereliire, ilniii' wi.rly iu willidniivliig from the 
 trade. Any iitlrinprto oslalilish it by tho aid of 
 bounties iiMil oijiir ariill.'ial ('iici'iiiragcmonts 
 woiilit be line (if which tlie iilllmatc siicci.ss mililt 
 1)0 very doiibtl'iil, and wlii h could load to no 
 really iiseiil n-nli. Dnriii;, tlio '.Ml vears pre- 
 ceding the rreiicli war ended IMI."), th(. Iishery of 
 Holland was gradually ilcidiiiing, and hud, in a 
 groat incaHiiro, ceased lo bo iirolitablo. It would 
 1)1! folly to eiideiivour to raise anew, and at a groat 
 o.\poiise, a branch of industry tiiio b'ld become 
 iiuprodiiclivo at a forn.er |)orh)d, wi'ci. ,liore i.s 
 no grmind lor siippiisin^ vliat it w nM I more 
 productive at this inoiiieiit. 
 
 We have ali-oa'ly imii I Hovt.riil ebangos of the 
 
 localities ill which the whale tlshi.ry has boon 
 carried m at dill'en.nt periods; and within the«o 
 few yea.s others of the same kind have taken 
 lihu'o. The Dutch lisliers first b(!gan to fro(pient 
 Davis's Straits in 1710; and as the whales hud 
 not hillierlo boon jiiirsiied into this va.t rccosit, 
 they weri. f'oimd in greater numbers than ip the 
 seas round Spit/.b('rg(,.|i. Kroni about this po.iod 
 it w-as usually resorted to by about throe-tonli.s 
 of the Diiteli Nhips. It was'iiot till a compara- 
 tively liite perio.i that Davis's Straits bi.gan to 
 be fn.ipiented by Knglisli whalers ; and (hiwn to 
 IM'JO, WI..OI1 Ciip'lain Scorosbv published his olabo- 
 rato and Vi.liiablo work on t' t whale Iishery, that 
 carried on ill the (ireeiilaiKi seas was by far the 
 most considerable. Hut it will be .seen i'rom tht 
 subjoined account, that from IH'-'O down to IH87 
 the <ireeiilaiid seas wore nearly abandoned. This 
 was principallvacoiiseipienco of the greater abun- 
 dance of whales in Davis's .Straits, but it was, 
 also, in part owing to the various discoverioo 
 made by the ".Kpeditions titted out by (Jovernu out 
 for exploring the seas and inlets to the wcstw, rd 
 of Davi.s's Straits and ItafKn's Hay having male 
 the fishers acquainted with several new and ad- 
 vantageous situations for tlio prosecution of their 
 biisinos.s. Since 1«;!7, however, tho few .ships 
 that have been sent out have gone mo.stly to the 
 (ireonland seas. 
 
 Tho sea in Davis's Straits is less incommoded 
 with field ice than the (iroonfand and Spit/.borgen 
 sea, but it abounds with icebergs; and the Iishery, 
 wh(.|i carried on i i llatrni's Bay and Lanca.ster 
 Sound, is more dangerous, perhaps, than any 
 that has hitherto b"cn attempted. 
 
 Tho Northern fisher)'' dccliiu'd rapidly down 
 to 1842, from which |)eriod it coutiniied nearly 
 stationary down to I84t), when it revived a little. 
 
 It should, however, be observed that the fisher.y 
 is now rather for seals than for whales ; tho value 
 of the produce obtained from the former consider- 
 ably exceeding the value of that obtained from 
 the latter. 
 
 During 18G7, wc im))ortcd 3,220 tons spermaceti 
 oil, valued at 373,307/. During the same year 
 the imports of train oil were 11,901 tons, of the 
 value of 47><,723/. 
 
 For a long time psjst the whale fishery has been 
 more allied to a gambling than to an industrious 
 (tursiiit, so that its decline is not really to be 
 regretted. Tho extensive use of gas, and the 
 increased imports of vegetable and mineral oils, oc- 
 casioned in part by the reduction of the oppressive 
 5e2 
 
1524 
 
 ■I'' 
 
 " ■■.■■i,( 
 
 • I- 'I 
 
 
 '> 
 
 ..;■ X'^' 
 
 \ ' 
 
 •>-v 
 
 h-m 
 
 ii- 
 
 duties \viih which tiic lormnr wore 
 
 afti'cfcd, have iirevpiitcd tiie ilimiiiution in thu 
 
 guiiply of wliiilc oil fioi.i haviiifi imy bail clVcct. 
 
 Thuru has hoc ii a niiiKiihir cliaiifje in tlio iniits 
 from whicli the Xortherii tisliory has ijooii carried 
 on. In London wcro undcrtai<Ln all the disco- 
 veries which led to its establishment; and tlie 
 great companies formed in this city enjoyed for a 
 lengthened period nearly a com|)lete monopoly of 
 the business. So late as 17H0 and IT'.IO, the me- 
 tropolis sent out 4 limes the number of vessels ^ 
 that sailed from any otlier port ; but it was 
 observed that her fishery was, on the whole, less 
 fortunate than that of the new rivals which liad 1 
 spmng up ; and her merchants were so nuicli 
 discouraged, that in Mr. Scoresby's time they 
 equipped only 17 or IM vessels. They have 
 wholly abandoned the trade, and have not scut 
 out a single ship since 188(!. 
 
 Hull early became a rival to London, having 
 jent out vessels at the very commencement of the 
 lisherj-. Though checked at first by the monopoly 
 of tlic great companies, as soon as the trade 
 became free she i)rosecuted it with distmguished 
 success. Towards the end of last century, she 
 attained, and preserved down to 1837, the cha- 
 racter of the lirst whf.le-tishing port in (Jreat 
 Britain. In 181!) she sent out ti.'j sliips, and her 
 imports of oil amounted in 18'2() to 8,086 tons. 
 But such and so rapid was the decline of the 
 fishery in the interval, that from 1838 to 184') she 
 only .-'ent out a solitary ship. In 181(1, however, 
 the business took n start; and from that year 
 down to the present time, Hull has sent from 10 
 to 13 or 14 ships. But she is not supposed to have 
 made anything by this pursuit. [Docks; IIui-i..] 
 At jjresent (18C!»), I'eterlicad is one of the ports 
 principally engaged in the (isherv. 
 
 WHALE I'TSIIERY (SOUTHEIIN).— This 
 consists of three distinct branches; viz. 1st, the 
 catch of the spermaceti whale, which furnishes 
 the valuable substance called Si-khmackti ; 2nd, 
 that of the common black whale of the Southern 
 seas ; and 3rd, that of the sea elephant, or southern 
 walrus. 
 
 The spermaceti whale {Physeter macrocephdlus) 
 is found in all tropical climates, and especially on 
 the coasts of New Zealand and the adjoining seas. 
 The ordinarv duration of the voyage of a ship 
 from England, employed in this department of 
 the fishery, is about 3 years. 
 
 The common black whale of the Southern seas 
 {Physeter microps) is met with in various places, 
 but princijjally on the coast of Brazil ; in the 
 bays on the west coast of Africa ; and in some 
 of the bays of New South Wales, Van Diemen's 
 Land &c.' 
 
 Sea elephants (intermediate between the walrus 
 of the Northern seas and the seal) are principally 
 met with in the seas round the Islands of Desola- 
 tion, South Georgia, and South Shetland, the 
 coast of California &.c. Vast numbers of these 
 animals are annually captured ; vessels frequei^tly 
 load entirely with them ; and they are believed to 
 furnish more oil than the common South Sea 
 whale. The oil of the black whale and that of 
 the sea ele]>hant are both known in the market 
 by the name of southern oil, and they are so verj' 
 similar that those inost ver-ed in the trade can 
 with ditiiculty distinguish the one from the other. 
 Hence ships commonly engage indifferently in 
 either fishing as opportunity offers. The usual 
 duration of the voyage of a ship from England 
 in either of the last two departments, or in the 
 two combined, varies from 12 to 18 months. 
 
 The South Sea fisliery was not prosecuted by 
 the English till about the begiiiniug of the 
 
 ■\Vir\LE I'lSIIEKY (SOUTHERN) 
 former were forineilv An\eriean war; and as the Ameiicaiis had alicady 
 
 entered on it with vigour mid succe-is, I Anieriemi 
 liiirpodiiers were sent out in each vessel. In 
 17'.)1, 7.'» whale ships were sent to I he South Sea ; 
 Imt the numlier has not been so great since; ami 
 latterly it has Iweu unprosperoiis and declining, in 
 consequence partly of the conipelitioii of llic 
 colonists in Australia, who are incomparably bet- 
 ter situated for tlu- |)rosecution of this braiieli df 
 imlustry, and partly (d' that of the Aiuerieans. 
 The Miierocfphiiliis', or spermaceti whale, is pnr- 
 ticularlv abundant in the neighbourhood of ilif 
 Spice Islands; and the late Mr. Crawfnrd, in liiv 
 valuable work on the Kimtfrn Arvliipclitiji' (iij. 
 4 17), entere<l into some details to show that iIk 
 lishery carried on there was of greater iinportJiiiir 
 than the spice trade. Unhukily, however, tin 
 statements on which Mr. Crawfurd founded lil< 
 com|)aris()ns were entirely erroneous, neither ihi' 
 shi|)s nor the men employed amounting to nioiv 
 than I or J of what he represented. And the tradt 
 has li'ow become ((uite insignificant. It is siilli- 
 cient to mention, in jiroof of this statement, that 
 in 1857 the Southern fishery supplied us with (inly 
 291 tons oil, and in 18t)7 it is not mentioiud as 
 having yieldeil any. 
 
 Ami'iicuii ff^liale Fhhenj. — For a len^'tlionoil 
 period, the Americans have prosecuted the wliak' 
 fishery with greater vigour and success lli.in, 
 lierha'ps, any other people. They coinnicncwi in 
 KiJIO, and for about 50 years found an nni|ii(> 
 supply of fish on their own shores. Hut the whale 
 having abandoned tliein, the American navi},'atiirj 
 entered with extraordinary ardour into the l:-ii- 
 eries carried on in the Northern and S(jiiilicm 
 Oceans. From 1758 to 1775, Massachusetts im- 
 ploycd annually 183 vessels, carrying 13,8lMi \tn<. 
 in "the former;" and 121 vessels, carrying I l.ii.'ti 
 tons, in the latter. Mr. Burke, in his fiinimia 
 speech on American affairs in 1774, ailverlcii to 
 tliis wonderful display of daring enteqiiisi as 
 fidlows: — 
 
 ' As to the wealth,' said he, ' which the eolonies 
 have drawn from the sea by tlieir lisliories, you 
 had all that matter fully opened at your liav, 
 You surely thought these ac(iuisitioiis of valnp, 
 for they seemed to excit'? your envy ; and yc; tlie 
 spirit by which that enterprising cniployinciu lias 
 been exercised, ought rather, in niy opiiiiiin, to 
 have raised esteem and admiration. And pray, 
 sir, what in the world is equal to it ? Pass liy tlu! 
 other parts, and look at the manner in which ihe 
 New England people carry on the whale lishery. 
 While we follow them among the trembling oceans 
 of ice, and behold them penetrating into tin' ilee;)- 
 est frozen recesses of Hudson's Hay and Davis's 
 Straits; while we are looking for them beneath 
 the Arctic circle, we hear that they have |iieri'Cil 
 into the opposite region of polar cold; that they 
 are at the ontipodes, and engaged under the frozen 
 serpent of the South. Falkland Island, wliieh 
 seems too remote, and too romantic an olijeet lor 
 the grasp of national ambition, is but a stage ami 
 resting-place for their victorious industry. Xor 
 is the equinoctial heat more discouraging to them 
 than the accumulated winter of both poles. We 
 learn, that while some of them draw the lino or 
 strike the harpoon on the coast of Africa, others 
 run the longitude and pursue their gigantic Kamc 
 along the coast of Brazil. No sea, but what is 
 vexed with »heir fisheries ; no climate that is not 
 witness of th Jr toils. Neither the perseverance of 
 Holland, nor the activity of France, nor the dex- 
 terous and firm sagacity of English enterprise, 
 ever carried this most perilous nuidc of nari.v 
 industry to the extent to which it has oeca 
 pursued by this recent people ; a iwoplc wo are 
 
lie Amoricnii.i liftil nlivaily 
 r ntnl siicciss, I Anicric'iii 
 Hit ill t'licli vessel. Ill 
 re sent to tlio South f^i'u ; 
 bci'ii si> ^rcat wiiifo ; iiinl 
 Dsjicroiis and (leclinliif;, in 
 
 llii^ ('iiiii|i('titi<>ii of ihi' 
 lio arc iiii'oiiiparaljly hit- 
 icciitioii of this hrniich nf 
 ' that (if the Americans, 
 speniiaccli whale, is |iiir- 
 hc iicij^lihoiirliooil of ilip 
 late Mr. ('ruwfiinl, in \t\. 
 Kdsti'rn Arcliipfl(iii'< (ijj. 
 
 details to show that the 
 was of greater iinjiortiiiico 
 
 Unhukily, however, tlic 
 Ir. Crawfiird founded lil« 
 ely erroneous, neither lli.' 
 oyed aniouiitin;^ to nimi' 
 'lirescnted. And the tiailo 
 insif^nificant. ]t is siiHi- 
 Hif of this statcinent, (hat 
 liery supplied us with mily 
 07 it is not nientioiiid :i< 
 
 Kherij. — I'or a len;vlhpiioil 
 lave prosecuted the whalo 
 rii^our and success ili.in, 
 pie. They coninioncul in 
 it) years found an iiiii|ile 
 wii shores. Huttlii'wiialf 
 utile American navi^iMlnrs 
 nary ardour into tlii- l:-li- 
 ! Northern and Soiiilicrn 
 ) ITV."), Massachusetts cm- 
 ssels, carrying l.'i.MJil ti ns. 
 1 vessels, carrying ll.ii.'li 
 Hr. )5urke. in his liiiiiinis 
 Hairs in 1771, ailvcrtcil Id 
 r of daring enterprisi. as 
 
 id he, ' which the colonics 
 ica hy tlieir lisherius, you 
 iiUy opened at your Imr. 
 CSC ac(iuisitions of valno, 
 . . your envy ; and yc; the 
 terprising cinployiiieiu lias 
 rather, in i.iy upiiiiini, to 
 . admiration. Ami iiniy, 
 i equal to it ? Pass liy tin: 
 the manner in whidi llie 
 irry on the whale lislicry. 
 mong the trembling oceans 
 penetrating into the iky;)- 
 ludson's IJay and Davis's 
 looking for "them beneatli 
 ar that they have |iiormi 
 1 of polar cold; that they 
 I engaged under the frozen 
 
 Falkland Island, whieli 
 on romantic an object lor 
 nbitiou, is but a stage and 
 victorious industry. Xor 
 nore discouraging to them 
 finter of both poles, Wc 
 of them draw the line or 
 .he coast of Africa, others 
 ursuo their gigantic game 
 ;il. No sea, but what is 
 _ s ; no climate that is not 
 Jeithcr the perseverance of 
 y of France, nor the ttcx- 
 y of English enterprise, 
 
 perilous mode of hnfi'O' 
 ,; to which it has hecu 
 people ; a iieoplc who are 
 
 AVIIALK FISIIKRY (SOUTH HRN) 
 
 still in the gristle, and not hardened into nian- 
 iiood.' 
 
 The unfortunate war that broke out sonu nfler 
 tills speech was delivered, chei'ked for a whih' ilic 
 progress of the tishery ; but it was resinned with 
 renewed vigour as soon as peace was restoivil. 
 Tlie American lishery was jiriuciiially carried 
 oil from Nantucket and New lledlord in Massa- 
 clmsetts; and for a. considerulilo time past the 
 ships have mostly resorted to the iSouthern .Seas. 
 '.\lt hough,' says Mr. I'itkin, '(ireat Hritain has, 
 at various times, given large bounties to her ships 
 employed in this lishery, yet the whalemen of 
 Nantucket and New Iledf'.ird, unprotected and 
 unsupported by anything but their own industry 
 and enterprise, have generally been able to meet 
 their competitors in a foreign market.' (tWiHc/re 
 nfilie Ihiitnl Sliilfs. 'Jnd od p. -1(1). 
 
 In IH'iH the American whale lishc'ry was of very 
 great extent and importance. Itemiiloyed about 
 000 ships, of the aggregate burden (,hine iJO) of 
 19H,,')!);i ton.:, principalh' belonging to New Ued- 
 ford, Nantucket, and other ports in .Massachusetts, 
 Rhode Island, and Connecticut. A very largo 
 •lortion of this immense fleet was employed in the 
 Fftcilic; and the |)08session of San Francisco 
 aft'ords facilities for the fitting out and repair of 
 ships for this business. In i8.')7 there were im 
 
 WHRVT 
 
 iMS 
 
 especially to those engaged in the sperm lisherv. 
 Tluse, liowcver, have not been so successful in 
 foriiiig sliijis into this trade as might have been 
 aiiiicipatcil: tor it appears from the ollicial accoiinis 
 lliiil. in I!s.'j7, only I ships, ol the aggregate hnrdeil 
 of l,HCi7 tons, arrived in the ports of France from 
 the whale lislu^ry, bringing with them !).):i,.'i«« 
 kilog. of oil. {.Idiiiitiixliitliiiii lies /himiiirs, 1M57, 
 p. ;iis.) In iHil,'). l,l«;i,lM7 kilo,', of oil, the 
 produce of the lisheries, wire imported, and 
 l,(i(;:>.l)|« were ( ntered for home consumption. 
 
 WII.\.Ml'()A. |C.\Nr(..N.J 
 
 NVll.MiF. A sort of quay, constructed of wood 
 or stone, oil the margin of a roadstead or barboii.', 
 alongside of which ships or lighters are lirought 
 for the sake of being conveniently loaded or un- 
 hmded. 
 
 There are two denominations of wharves, viz. 
 It't/iil i/inii/s tmi.\ siiff'rniiiif wliitn-cx. The t'oriiier are 
 certain wharves in all sea-ports, at which all goods 
 are required by the I Fliz. c. 1 1, to be landed and 
 sliipi)ed, and they were set out for that purpose by 
 commission fr<nii the Court of K.\che(|ner, in the 
 reign of Charles II. and subsequent .sovereigns. 
 Many others have been legalised by Act of I'lir- 
 liament. In some ports, as Ciiepstiiw, Ciloucestcr 
 il'C, certain wharves are deemed legal quiiys by 
 immemorial practice, though not set out by" com- 
 
 ported into the United States 78,11() barrels of : mission, or legali.sed-by Act of I'arliament 
 sperm, and 2;!,0!)I barrels of whale oil, and 1 Sutl'eraneewharvesarcplaecswherecertaingoods 
 2,058,580 lb. of whalebone. In 1«(1 1 the im- may be landed and shipped, such as hemp, flax, 
 ports of fish oil into the United States were , coal, and other bulky goods, by special sulferance 
 1,324.134 gals., worth l,45!t,013 dols., while in 18(15 | granted by the crown for that "purpose, 
 tlicy declined to 700,171 gals. Yet in 1«(17 tlit , The goods that may be lande<rat the dift'crent 
 while asid flsh oil exported from the States 1 wharves are s))eciticd by the Commissioners of 
 amounted to 1,.52G,287 gals., worth 2,277,ilo5 Customs, and depend iiartly on their situation, 
 ilol.s. On the whole, it appears more than pro- and partly ou the character and capability of the 
 bable that the American whale tishery has pas.sed ! wareliouses connected with them, 
 its zenith. The same cau.se that led to the cessa- WIIAKF.\(iF. The fee paid for landing goods 
 tion of the Biscay and Spitzbcrgen lisheries is ope- on a wharf, or for shipping then. off". Tlic stat. 
 rating throughout the whle extent of the I'acitic. 22 (^h. II. c. 11 (inodilied by 1 &. 2 (iee. IV. 
 The supply of whales is everywhere becoming I c. 8',t), after providing for the establishment of 
 
 exhausted. And the risks and los.ses that have 
 alw.iys attended the trade, and given to it so 
 niiieli of a gambling character, are being con- 
 stantly increased. Hence the probability .seems 
 to betliat the flshery of the United States will 
 eventually experience the fate of that of Holland 
 ami England, and no doubt its deidiiie has been 
 .somewhat jirecipitated by the late civil war. 
 However, the petroleum springs in her territory 
 rentier the great American republic quite inde- 
 pendent of whale oil. The Sandwich Islands 
 are at present the resort of the ships engaged 
 in the Southern tishery. And the accounts 
 from thence coiilirm its decline. There is as 
 much enterprise and energy as ever, but the 
 ' gigantic game ' is deficient. 
 
 Frmch Whale I-'isliuri/. — France, which pre- 
 ceded the other nations of Fairope in the whale 
 lishery, can hardly be said, for many years past, to 
 have had much share in it. In 1784, Louis XVI. 
 I'.Hlcavourcd to revive the tishery. With this 
 view he litted out (i ships at Dunkirk on his own 
 account, which were funiis'icd with harpooners 
 and n number of exjiericnced seamen brought at a 
 great expense from Nantucket. The lulventure 
 was more successful than could have been reasoii- 
 ablv expected, considering the auspices under 
 which it was carried on. Several private iudi- 
 viduaLs foUowed the example of his Majesty, and 
 in 17yO France had about 40 shijis employed in 
 the tishery. I'he revolutionary war destroyed 
 every vestige of this rising traile. Hut since the 
 peace, Govermiient has luiide great ell'orts for its 
 reue'v-i : and high bounties have been granted to 
 all vessels litted out for the whale lisheries, but 
 
 wharves and quays, makes it Lawful for any person 
 to lade or unlade goods, on paying wharfage and 
 cranage at the rate ajipointed by the king in council. 
 
 WllEAT (tier, weizen ; Dutch, tarw; Dan. 
 livedo; Swed. livcto; Fr. fnmient, blc ; Ital, 
 graiio, formento; Span, and I'ort. trigo; Kuss. 
 psclieii/.ia ; I'ol. pszcnica). A species of bread 
 corn {Triticiiin Linn.), by far the most important 
 of any cultivated iii Ivurope. We are totally 
 ignorant of the counlry whence this valuable 
 grain was first derived; but it was very early 
 cultivated in Sicily. It is raised in almost every 
 liart of the temperate zones, and in some places as 
 high as 2,000 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 T'hc kinds of wheat sown are numerous, but 
 they may be classed under 4 heads : viz. cone or 
 bearded wheat, which, however, is now little 
 cultivated ; white wheat, of wliieh there are 
 innumerable varieties, the n7i//e Dantzic Ijeing 
 considered one of the be.st; red wheat, which is 
 seldom si; vn where the climate is good and early, 
 and the land in proper ccniditiou; and spring 
 wheat. A greater number of people are nourished 
 by rice than by wheat; but owing to the greater 
 quantity of gluten which the later contains, it 
 makes by far the best bread. Kye comes nearer 
 to wheat in its bread-making qualities than any 
 other sort of grain ; still, hi-wever, it is very in- 
 ferior to it. T'he finest samples of wheat are 
 small in the berry, thin skinned, fresh, |)lump, 
 and bright, slipping readily through the fingers. 
 
 lleing very extensively cultivated on soils of 
 very various qualities, and frequeiitlj' with very 
 imperfect preparation, the produce of wheat crops 
 in Great Uritaiu varies from about 12 to 66 
 
 I I 
 i 
 
 1 
 
1520 
 
 WHISKY 
 
 ■■'■,1 
 
 ■11. • 
 
 = !;^ <.'■(. 
 
 '•I " 
 
 inici! 
 IVdiii 
 
 t"ll 
 
 biitilicb per ncrcs. Acconliiif; to tho ngriciiltural 
 returns lor IStiH, titcrc were iJ,!l51,018 niTi's in the 
 United Kinj^'doni devoted to the cidtivntion of 
 ■»vheat; wliiie Frnnce liiid l',H,')i),->l)H acres in 1M(I7 ; 
 lipain 7,.'III,8'J2 acres in \Hiu ; Bavaria l.OlI.O.'ir) 
 in lH(i;i; and Prussia it,f'7.'l,20''i, "nd the United 
 .States 12,304,H!)1 acres in 18(»7, nil grow In.:; wheat 
 cro|>s and spelt. 
 
 The eonnlies most diatin^cuished for the quan- 
 tity and (pialily of tlicir wheat, are Kent, Ksscx, 
 Suflblk, Itutlanil, llertfoi'dshire. liorkshire, Hamp- 
 shire, and Ilorel'orilshire, in KuKland; and Iler- 
 wickshire, and the Lothians. in Scotland. In the 
 northern counties it is, speakuif^ {generally, of an 
 inferior tpudity ; lieing cold to the feel, dark 
 coloured, thick skinneii, and yielding; compara- 
 tively little llour. In llui licst wlieat cmuilii's, 
 and in f^oiiil ye.irs, the weifiht of a Winciii'ster 
 bushel of -wheat is fnim ilO to (!2 ll>. In the Isle 
 of Sheppey, in Kent, (where, perhaps, the besl 
 samples of wheat sent to the London market are 
 produced), this j;rain, in some favourable seasons, 
 weighs Cii lb. a bushel. Where the diniale is 
 colder, wetter, or more backward, or in bad 
 seasons, the weight of the bushel of wheat is not , 
 more than j(i or 07 lb. _ It is calculated that the 
 
 average weight of the" bushel of good iCnglish ' ., , , ■ ■ ■ 
 
 wheat is 5«i lb. ; and that tho average yield „f| ''"tailed upon them by that grand eatastropii 
 flour is ];J lb. of tlour to II lb. of grain. (Lou- 
 don's Eiici/. (if Ai/rivultiirc &v,) In l.S(i7 w" im- 
 ported i54,()li),,")tii) cwt. of wheat, ai;'l ;(,iV.'. 9 
 cwt. of wheat meal and Hour, ifl.-llf-.D ! i ■■ 
 the lirst and HMi,H\)i cwt. of the ia.t l..i\ nig ! S;h'C(V)i o/' T'imc— There are man v varieties „( 
 been entered for homo consumption. The average ! vines ; and this eireumstance, eoinbined with 
 price of liritish wheat for the week ended April dillVreneer of soil, climate, mode of preiiar.iliiii 
 24, 1«()!), was 4,i.v. M. per quarter. I J-c, occasions an extreme varietv in the s|»ri, - »i' 
 
 For a view of the regidations with respect to wine. Ihit between places imniediatilv .(inti-n- 
 thc importation and exportation of wheat ite., ... . . 
 
 see CoKN Laws and Ojun Tisadk ; but iis the 
 
 Chancellor of tho Kxehecpior (Mr. Lowe) proposes 
 
 this year (IHt)'.t) to abolish the duties onall(les('ri|)- 
 
 tion.s of corn, we have appended his resolutions 
 
 on this subject with others to Tauikf, IJuitisii. 
 WIIISKV. A spirit obtained by distillation 
 
 from corn, sugar, or molasses, though generally Ilcpends on peculiarities of s 
 
 from the former. Whisky is the ualioniil njiirit, if , mnv be the cause, it is ccn 
 
 ■we may .so term it. of Scotland and Ireland ; but 
 
 that distilled in the former is generally reckoned 
 
 superior to that of the latter. [Sriuns. ) 
 
 WIXE (<ier. wein : Fr. vin; Ital. and Span. 
 
 vino ; Port, vinho ; I{uss. wino. ■winogradnoe 
 
 WINE 
 
 (piantitics of inferior winu were made from native 
 grapes. Vineyards are now, however, unknown 
 in this country; but the grapes raised in hot- 
 hou.ses, and u.-<ed at desserts, are excellent. 
 
 The vine grows in every sort of soil; but that 
 which is liglit and gravelly seems best suited fur 
 the production of fine wines. It succeeds ex- 
 tremely well in volcanic countries. The bc^t 
 wines of Italy are produced in the neighbuurhood 
 of Vesuvius: tho famous Tokay wine is alsn 
 made in a volcimic di.strict, as are several of llic 
 best French wines; nuuiy parts of the .south nf 
 France bearing evident marks of extinct Vdl- 
 canoes. Hermitage is grown among the deori.s of 
 granite rocks. Tlio most favourable situation for 
 a vineyard is uiion a rising ground or hill faciii;; 
 the south-east, and the situation should not be too 
 conliu(<d : 
 
 — — .ipiTtlt* 
 
 ]t.lcr1lUH .-illliit 1'olk.s. 
 
 The art of cxpre.-ising and lermenting the 
 of the gra]ie appears to have been practisi'd 
 the ronu)te.st anti(piitv. Tho sacred writings 
 us that No.'di planteci a viiu'yard soon after ih,. 
 deluge ((Jen. ix. 20) ; and a modern Latin pcjit 
 ingeniously rcpresen's the vine as a gift Iniiu 
 Ilciiven, to c(msole mankind for the miseries 
 
 Omnia vnstntlii crpn quiltn cernerl't arvU 
 l>usolnt,i I}eus, nohis teMci.t villi 
 Doiiii dedit ; Iristf^ hot limiin quo itmnore fovit 
 l:cli(|Ulas, inundi soli^itus vile rtliit.iiii ! 
 
 \'aiiif.'rii l*ru-il. Hit.^liciitn, lili. 
 
 winoo ; Lat. vinuni ; (Jr. otvos ; Arab, khumr). 
 The fermented juice of the grape, or berries of the 
 vine ( Vitis rinifera). 
 
 The vine is indigenous to Persia nnA tho Le- 
 vant ; but it is now found in most temperate 
 regions. The limits within which it is cultivated 
 in the northeri hemisphere of .'Hc Old World 
 vary from about 15° to 48° and 52° ; but in North 
 America, it is no' cultivated farther north than 
 38° (,i 40°. It is rarely grown at a ■.'roater 
 altitude than 3,000 feet. From Asia the vine 
 was introduced into Greece, and thence into Italy. 
 The Phoceans, who founded Marseilles, carried 
 the vine to tho south of France ; but it is doubt- 
 ful whether it -as introduced into Burgundy till 
 the age of tho Antonines. The ancient writers 
 give the most contradictory accounts with resiiect 
 to the introduction of the vino hito Gaul. See 
 the learned and excellent work of Le Grand 
 d'Aussy, Vie. privik des Fraiifak, tome ii. pp. 
 329 — 3it3.) The statemont given above .seems 
 the most probable. Tho species of Vitis indi- 
 genous to North America is very different from 
 the Vitis vinifera. In favourable seasons, the 
 vine ripens in the open air in England; and in 
 the eleventh and twelfth centuries, considerable 
 
 ous to each other, and where even a cir I'lil 
 observer would hardly remark any dillVniK i. the. 
 ipialities of the wines, though produced liy iKe, 
 same s|)ccies of grape, and treated in the same 
 way, are often very dift'erent. A great ili'il 
 evidently depends \\\w\\ the aspect of the vine- 
 yard ; and it is ))robable that a good deal 
 
 soil. Hut whatever 
 certain that tliue are 
 wines raised in a few limited districts, such as 
 Tokay, .lohannisberger, Consiantia, the best 
 Burgundy, Champagne, ciriret tfc., that no :.n ir 
 care has hitherto succeeded in proclu 'iiig of eijiial 
 goodness in other places. 
 
 A>'. MNT Wines. — The wines of Leslius iiiid 
 rhiw 'iiaiiiigthe (i rooks, and the Falcriiiaii and 
 Coci").i' 'liMng the Komans, have acquired an 
 ipMV" ;.,',' .• of renown. Great uncertainty, liow- 
 evor, i'i. ,.,il as to the nature of tlie.-c \viiie.s. 
 Dr. Ilcni 'f II thinks that the most celebrated (if 
 them all, the Falerniaii, approached, in its must 
 essential characters, near to Madeira. In jne- 
 I)aring their wines, the ancients often inspis,sat"il 
 them till they became of the consistence of hoiiev, 
 or even thicker. These were diluted with water 
 previous]}' to their being drunk : and, indeed, 
 tho habit of mixing wine with water scem.s w 
 have prevailed much more in antiquity than in 
 modern times. 
 
 MonicuN Winks. — The principiil wines inado 
 use of in this country are Port, Sherry, ('l.iiet, 
 (hampagne, Madeira, Hock, Marsala ifec. 
 
 Port. — The , roduce of a mountainous ilistriet 
 situated on tho banks of the river Douro, about 70 
 miles east of Oiiorto, whence it is shipped and its 
 name derived. This district, not exceeding 31) 
 miles in length and about 4.i in breadth, baviiijr 
 been found peculiarly iittcd for the production of 
 exportable wine, was marked out in 1 750 by the 
 Marquis r.f Pombal, in a charter grnnteJ to the 
 
[NE 
 
 iiu wcro nmdc from nntivc 
 now, liowevcr, unkiu'Wii 
 ic grnjies raised in licit- 
 ortx, an: pxcclU'iit. 
 ery sort of soil; but (liat 
 clly seems best siiitcil for 
 wines. It su<'oecds ex- 
 lie countries. The lic-it 
 leed in tlio ncinliboiii-liodd 
 [)us Tokiiy wine is iil-.ii 
 riot, as iire several of llic 
 My pjirts of the south df 
 : "nuirks of extiiiet vni- 
 ;rown nmon;; the dc'uris (if 
 it fiivouriible situatimi for 
 ing ground or hill faijii;^' 
 itualion shoukl not he too 
 
 aiiertiis 
 
 lint iiilk^s. 
 
 and tormenting the juice 
 have been •,)ra('tis('(l Irom 
 The sacred writings t "li 
 vineyard soon after ilif 
 ind a modern Latin |iiiit 
 the vine as a gift IViim 
 inkind for the niiscriis 
 hat grand eatastroiilh'. 
 
 nil cernett't arvis 
 Icl.i villi 
 
 liiiilln quo tnuiiere fovit 
 s vile rtliiiniii ! 
 \';iiiierii IWani. Hiitticnm, lili. \[. 
 
 re are many varieties nf 
 nstanee, eomliiiii'il v.:;ii 
 ite, mode of |)i'e]iai'.itii'i] 
 e variety in tlie spfiii - ul' 
 i^es immediately eonti^ii- 
 l where even a earful 
 smark any dill'.renii. :h: 
 though pi'oduei'd liy tliii 
 and treated in the snmi' 
 ifferent. A great ili'il 
 
 the aspeet of tlu' vim- 
 able that a good il^al 
 
 of soil. l?Ht wliiiti'vir 
 < certain that tliun aw 
 imited districts, sucli as 
 Consiantia, tin- Ust 
 eli'ir.i, ive., that im i.rt if 
 ed in produ 'iiig of iqiial 
 
 iic wines of I.osIkis and 
 , and the Falernian anil 
 mans, have ac(|iiired an 
 Great uneertainty, liow- 
 
 nature of tlic-e wmcs. 
 it the most celebrated of 
 
 ai)proachcd, in its ninst 
 r to lladeira. In |iio- 
 incients often ins|ii3sat"il 
 [he consistence of hoiioy, 
 ivere diluti'd with water 
 g drunk : and, iiidce<i, 
 ic with water seems lo 
 re in antiquity than in 
 
 e princijial wines made 
 re Port, Slieny, ('laivt, 
 ick, Marsala ite. 
 
 1 iiiountainous district 
 he river Douro, about 7U 
 nice it is shipped and its 
 ;ri<!t, not exceeding 30 
 . li in breadth, haviiiff 
 3d for the production of 
 kcd out in 1 760 by the 
 charter granted to the 
 
 'Oporto Wine t 'oiiipany,' tu wliuin wa ^ seciirel 
 the absolute disposal of all wines produced in this 
 district, with power to fix the prices paid to 
 cultivators, as well as to prepare the wiue.i tor 
 export and regulate the prices at wliieli tliey 
 should be sold to foreigners. 
 
 The establishment of this company was a 
 source of great injustice to the IJrilisli luei-cliaiits, 
 and gave rise to innumerable idjuses, and eiicHess 
 disputes between the llritish and rortiiguese 
 (loveriinicnts ; ceasing to exercise its niiniupoly 
 in 18.'!4, it existed under varying conditiuiH until 
 18().j, wiien the wine iiroduce of tlie whole king- 
 dom was thrown open to free trade. A more 
 particidar account of this company and its evil 
 influences in deteriorating the ([uality and raising 
 the price of port wine, will be fouiul in former 
 editions of this work. 
 
 The wines i)roduccd in this district and its 
 immediate vicinity, known as the • I'ai/ vi- 
 nhateiro,' possess qualities not shared by those 
 grown in other parts of Portugal; the wines are 
 cultivated in a soil cmnposed of little else tiian 
 the debris of voleanie rock cidlected in rude 
 terraces built upon the mountain sides. From a 
 variety of causes ])ort wiiio contains a large 
 amount of suspended vegetable matter, and great 
 natural alcoholic strength, which however has 
 hiiherto been found insutKcient to jireserve its 
 ([ualities and avert re-fermentation without the 
 addition of extraneous brandy. The determination 
 of the requisite amount of this spirit is one of the 
 chief difficulties experienced by the jirodiieers and 
 shippers; and an anxiety on the part of tlieso to 
 protect themselves from the risk of the deteriora- 
 tion of their pro]iert\-, and in some cases their 
 ignorance, coujiled v. ith t.;n expectation of tiie 
 consumer that ])ort wine can be kejit almost any 
 length of time in cask or bottle with advantage, 
 have doubtless led to the use of more brandy tlian 
 perhaps might be absolutely necessary ; hence 
 port wine has been stigmatised as an artilicial 
 and adulterated compound. 
 
 The almost tropical summer-heat, the dry cli- 
 mate and arid soil of the wine districts, are 
 peculiarly adapted to ripen the grapes to per- 
 fection. They are extremely luscious and deep 
 coloured; and the long procegs of treading in the 
 rough stone wine-pres.s has the effect of extract- 
 ing all their colouring vegetable matter and 
 astringent (pialities, while the great amount of 
 saccharine they contain, is converted into alcohol. 
 In common with other articles of commerce, 
 port wine is subject to adulterations and imita- 
 tions : bags of dried elder berries trodden in the 
 wine-press were formerly much used to incresise 
 the colour of inferior wines, but a modern 
 demand for wines of a lighter colour caused 
 the almost complete discontinuance of their use. 
 The imitations are chiefly the productions of 
 Hamburg, Cette, and Tarragona. 
 
 The vitio disease, or ' oidium Tnckeri,' has been 
 severely f'!t in the port wine district, and has 
 of late yenr.i much curtailed the produce, thereby 
 enhancing prices. 
 
 For further details see Opokto. vSee also ". 
 curious ei.ntroversy on the a<lulteratioii of port in 
 Reports of Mr. Secretary Lyttou and Mr. Consul 
 €rawford, published by the Foreign Office in IHiu. 
 Sherry is of a deep amber colour; when good, 
 it has a fine aromatic odour; its taste is warm, 
 with some degree of the agreeable bit'erness of 
 the peach kernel. When new, it tastes h.'rsli and 
 fiery ; it is mellowed by being allowed to nMiiain 
 4 or 5 years or longer in the wood ; but it does 
 not attflii. to its full flavour and perfection until 
 it be kept for 15 or 20 years. It is a very strong 
 
 WINE i.'i27 
 
 ^^'itic iitaiiiiiiu,- ai'Out 111 per rent, of alcohol. 
 
 It is iirinidiially priiiliiced in the viciidty of Xeres, 
 not tar tVoiii Cadiz, in Spiiii. It is very ex- 
 tensively used ill tills country as a <liiiiier wine, 
 aiid we cdnsiinu' a icreatcr quantity of tliis Ciaii 
 any other wine. I )ry slierr\-, oTdm'unlillatln, when 
 geniiiiK' and old, fetches a vcrv high price. I'er- 
 haps no wine i:. sn niiieli adulterated as sherry. 
 V\ ith the exception of .Marsahi, t'.ie consumption 
 of sherry has been far more inlluenced than that 
 of any other wine by lli(> reduction of the duties 
 in iM-.Tiand iMCii. l',, ijso;, tlie quantiH- retained 
 for homo coiisiiiii]ilion aiuomited to "(i.l:!l, 17'» 
 
 gallons, being 7(l-'.l)(IO gallons more tliutifiri' times 
 the rpiantily retained Ibr ciinsuin|ition at an 
 average of IM-J:! and IWl. (See jiost.) 
 
 The province of Valencia, in ,S|)ain, produces a 
 great variety of wines. Largo quantities of a 
 strong, sweetish, red wine, called lieiiicarlo, from 
 the |)ort whence it is shipped, is exported to 
 Cette. It is thence conveyed, hy the canal of 
 Languedoc, to Itordeaux, where it is mixed up 
 with the pi, orer sorts of the wines of the (iironde, 
 to which^it gives cohuir, body, and durability. 
 
 The Val ill' I'rmis, a pleasant red wine of La 
 Maneha, sai 1 by Swinbnriio to be ' the most 
 drinkable, for commmi use, of any in Spain ' — 
 (Tracvh in Sjiiiiii, ji. .'U'.), Ito. ed.)-^has probably 
 been commended 'beyonds its deserts. It was 
 rickoned among the best Sptmish wines, in 1542, 
 by Lobera de Avila. iihvsician to Charles V. 
 {Don Quixote, por I'dlicer, iv. I.SO, 8vo. 1788.) 
 15ut in whatever estimation it may be held in its 
 native province, we doubt whether it is ever likely 
 to be acceptable to foreigners. When carried to 
 the coast it is cimveyeil in goat skins, smeared 
 with pitch. 'Ihis gives it the olor ile Imtu, by 
 which it is disagreeably distinguished. 
 
 Chirvt. — The term used in Kngland, though not 
 in France, to designate the red wines, the produce 
 1 of the (iironde. Of these Chateau Lafite, Latour 
 I and Chateau Margaiix in Mcdoc, and Haut Urion 
 I in the Craves district occupy the first rank, and 
 ' ill a good vintage the three iirsl sell fully 21) per 
 cent, dearer than any other wines in the depart- 
 ment. The Lalitc is a full bodied wine, wit/i 
 peculiar flavour and character; the Latour has 
 also a good deal of body, but not quite so much 
 flavour as the Lafite. The Chateau Margau.x, on 
 the other 'and, is lighter, but extremely delicate. 
 The ilaut IJrioii is ditferent in character from 
 the above wines, having a great deal of spirit and 
 body, and much less flavour. 
 
 The wines most esteemed after the first growth.s 
 are called scconits cms or second growths ; such 
 are Kauzan and Durfc t in the parish of Margaux 
 and the vineyards of Lcoville and Larose in the 
 parish of St. .lulien, Mouton in the jiarish of 
 I'auillac, and Gorsse in the parish of Cnnteiiac. 
 These afford wines o*" line quality, which, In 
 favourable years, ha\e much of the excellence 
 of the first growths, and in some instances are 
 fully equal to them. The above-named parishes 
 and that of S*. Estephe produce the great majority 
 of the third and fourth class wines as well as 
 those that are sold as ordinary clarets under tho 
 generic name, of their parishes. Mcdoc and Ilaut 
 Jledoc designate the lightest wines of this district, 
 and Bas Meiloe the coarser wines in tho northern 
 part. St. Emilion is a jjeculiar wine, with body 
 liiit without much flavour, and is made on the 
 biinks of tho Dordogne river. 
 
 Clarets arc generally bottled after .S years. 
 The finest wines are sometimes not fully de- 
 veloped for 1(1 or 15 years, but the lighter and 
 ' secondary qualities and the wines of lig''t vintages 
 come to perfection much .sooner. Wines of tine 
 
 I ^^1 
 
 ■ ; :1 
 
 ;■ ■' ! 
 
 01 
 
1528 
 
 WINI-: 
 
 '•) 
 
 f^ 
 
 viiitiiK''"" wlion ki'|it loll;,' ill liottle, ofti'ii (U'pdsit 
 II crust (111 tlio k1''"<S "i'<i 'lie .sniin' may Ik' said of 
 all tiiii- rod wiiu's, iiarticiilarly wlittii liottli'(l early. 
 In forincr tiiiirs and helnrt' tliu use of clari't 
 liocami' as ^nicrnl as it is, llordcaiix wines were 
 rarely exported to tlie I'liiteil Kin^dimi in a state 
 of jn'irity. Hut it is now (niitc tin' reverse, and 
 cxiiericnee lias proved that tlie pure clarets of a 
 fjood viiita;;e will last, and keep tlieir colour and 
 flavour niueli loll^;cr wlieii pure tlian wiien blended 
 ■with hotter wines. 
 
 The j)riee of claret varies from 12/. to (!0/. and 
 XOl. per iiojjsliead, and sometimes as much as KM)/, 
 and 120/. (ler ho^'shoad are paid for the supci'ior 
 fjrowths of the very (iiiest vintages. Car^o and 
 ordinary clarets can be bou;;lit at from (i/. to 10/. 
 per hoffshend. Fine clarets in bottles sell from 
 SGn. to OOs. per dozen, and there are instances of 
 remarkably old and rare wines having brought 
 in public sales aliovc 50/. per dozen. 
 
 (See the valuable work of Dr. Henderson, Ok 
 Ancient and ^[odirn U'lnvn, \K 181; and Jullien, 
 Topaqraphie i/e I'iyunliles, ])p. 2(12 — 212. iSeo 
 also Mr. Ueekwith ' On Fermented Drinks ' — 
 Refmrts on Piiil.i Exhihlt'mn — who I'stimates tlie 
 quantity of Bordeaux wine grown at 8.j,000,000 
 of gallons.) 
 
 Cliampdyne, so called from the province of 
 France of which it is the jn'oduee, is one of tlu^ 
 most deservedly esteemed of the French wines. 
 
 The wines of Champagne are divided into white 
 and red wines; t'-'se last, owing to the recent 
 great extension of the trade in sparkling wines, 
 are now made in but small quantities, and then 
 only in such localities as cannot make good white 
 wines, and these red wines arc consumed in the 
 country ; the best of them, llouzy, Clos St. Hiisle 
 A'c, greatly resemble in colour and aroma the wines 
 of Burgundy, but have a peculiar character of 
 Champagne. 
 
 The white wines are of two classes; those 
 m.ndc of black, and those of white grapes. Of the 
 first, the characteristics are ' elegance,' body and 
 bomjuet ; the best are those of Ay, A''crzcn.iy, IKm^.y 
 &c. Of the second, noted for their lightness and 
 exquisite flavour, the best are those of Cramant, 
 Avizc, Chouilly Ac. In jireparing tl;e wines for 
 sparkling, the diflcrent growths, such as Ay, 
 Verzenay, and Cramant, are so mixed u]) as to 
 form a wine possessing the different qualities 
 appropriate to e.ich, thus combining body with 
 nerve, cxquisitive tlavour and lightness &c. 
 
 All sparkling wines arc thus made up of dif- 
 ferent growtiis, experience having shown that 
 such wines are much more likelj- to keep in good 
 condition and go on inqiroving. 
 
 The still wines are made with the wines of 
 Verzenay and Ay ; they are much admired by 
 connoisseurs, but the consumption of them is very 
 limited. These wines are usually called ' Sillery 
 sec' from the fr.ct of all the wines of Verzenay 
 having originalh- belonged to the ' manpiis of 
 Sillc'ry,' who used to call these wines after his 
 name. There are hardly any wines grown at 
 Sillc'ry, the locality being too much exposed, and 
 the few that are there are .annually frozen in the 
 spring. 
 
 The annual exportation of Ch.impagnc amounts 
 to I .'{,500,000 bottles, of which about .•1,000,000 are 
 consumed in France, and the greater part of the 
 rest sent to England and its colonies. 
 
 The trade in wines is principally carried ou in 
 Reims, Epernaj", Ay, jind Avize. 
 
 The cellars in which the wines arc stored are 
 excavated from the rock of chalk, or from a 
 calcareous tufa, the temperataro of these being 
 always about 48 degrees Fahrenheit. 
 
 In the last edition the proiluco of the province 
 of CliJiinpagiip was stated at about 1,000,001) 
 hectolili-es, or 22,0(10,000 of gallons. Mr. Ueek- 
 with {Hi parts on I'liriH K.ilii/iition i)t' 18(10) csli- 
 mates the average quantity of wine ))roduccd in 
 the ( li.'inipiigiK! district at .">2,0(I0,000 of gallons, 
 willidut, however, stating the data on which this 
 estimate is founded. 
 
 liiiiiiniidy. — The best wines of this iirovince, 
 though not so )i(i])nlar in Kngland as tliose ui 
 Chauipagiie, ])robably because tli<'y are very apt 
 to be injured by a sea-voyage, enjoy (lie highest 
 reputation. ' In richness of flavour and perfuiiie, 
 and all tlie more delicate qualities of the juice nf 
 the grape, they unquestionably rank as the liist 
 in the world ; and it was not without reason that 
 the dukes of Ilurgundy, in former times, were 
 designated as the jir!na:i di's lions vins.' (Hen- 
 derson, p. 101,) M. .lullicii is not less decided: 
 — ' Les viiis des premiers cms, lorsqu'ils pro- 
 vicnncnt d'unc bonne aiinec, reunissont, dans dc 
 jiisfes proportions, toiitcs les (pmliti's qui ronstitueiU 
 Ifs vinspitifiiits; ils n'onf besoiii d'aueiiu melan^'o, 
 d'aucnne preparation pour alteiudrc! leiir phis liant 
 degre' de perfection. Ces operations, que I'dii 
 (lualifie dans certains jiays de so/»i» t/ui uldeiU « 
 In ijiialitc, soiit foiijtuirs miisibles aux viiis de 
 Ilourgognc ' (p. 10-1). 
 
 Komanc-Coiiti, C'hambertin, the Clos Vougcot, 
 and IJichcbourg are the most celebrated of tlie 
 iii:i) wines of Ilurgundy. Chambertin was the 
 favourite wine of Louis XIV. and of Xapoleoii. 
 It is the produce of a vineyard of that name, 
 situated 7 miles south from Dijon, and t'liriiishiiig 
 each year from IHO to 150 puiicheons, from ail 
 extent of about 05 acres. It has a fuller brnly 
 and colour, and greater durability, than tie 
 Homaiie, with an aroma nearly as fragrant. 
 
 Tlie white wines of Burgundy are less nume- 
 rous, and, C(msequenfly, less generally kmmn, 
 than the others; but they maintain the liiglic-t 
 rank among French white wines, and urc rut 
 inferi'ir to the red cither in aroma or fiavou.. 
 
 Th..' entire annual produce of wine in liiirgundy 
 and lieaiijolais may at present be estimated, at 
 an average, at nearly 75,0()0,0()(J of gallons, of 
 which about 1 suffices for the coiisiiniptioii of the 
 inhabitants. Since the Bevolutioii, the niltiva- 
 tion of the vine has been greatly extended in the 
 province. Many of the new vineyiinls having 
 necessarily been jilanted in cemparativcly iiii- 
 favoiirable situations, a notion has been gaining 
 ground that the wines of Burgundy arc degene- 
 rating. Thir, however, is not the case. On tlie 
 contrary, the (|uaiitity of Lons cms, instead ot 
 being diminished, lias increased considerably; 
 Jiougli, as the supply of inferior wines lias in- 
 creased in a still greater degree, the fine wines 
 bear a less proportion to the whole than they did 
 lireviously to the Bevolution. (.Iiillien,p. 00.) 
 
 The ])riiicipal trade in Burgiindj- is carried on 
 at Dijon, tJevrey, Chalons-sur-Saone itc. 
 
 Besides the above, France has a great variety 
 of other excellent wines. Hermitage, .Sautoriie, 
 St.-lVry li-c, are well known in England, and 
 deservedly enjoy, particularly the first, a high 
 degree of reputation. 
 
 This makes a total export of 2,8G8,.'598 hecto- 
 litres, worth 2(iO,3.'JO,573 fr., or 1(1,847,107/. 
 .Vbout 20 rears ago the exports did nut exceed 
 1,500,000 hectolitres, so that there has been a 
 large increase; in the interval. The average 
 annual export from Bordeaux al inc during the 5 
 vcars ending with 18C4 was 13,!:i(!l,'.t7(i gallons. 
 And were France still further to liberalise her 
 commercial policy, it is not easy to say to how 
 great an extent "her exports of wine, iu the pro- 
 
AVIXE 
 
 1523 
 
 riidiu'c (if the proviiK'c 
 'il lit iilimit 1,0110,0(111 
 (if jiallotiM. Jlr. IJcck- 
 iliiliilion (if lHt)()) cstl- 
 V (if wine pnidiK^cd in 
 rr.',00(l,000 (if millions, 
 tlic (iatii (III wIiIl'Ii this 
 
 lines (if fills (iroviiicp, 
 I Enf^liind as t!i(is(< nf 
 iiiisc they uri- very a|it 
 •nj;(', ciiidv tlic lii},'lic.st 
 )f ilavoiir and |)crfmiic, 
 lualitifM (if tlio juice nf 
 lably raiilv as tlic. liist 
 lot witliout rcasdii tliat 
 ill fdriiior times, were 
 ilis hiiiis ttiiis.' (Ileii- 
 ;ii is iKit less decided : 
 s erus, lors([irils pro- 
 icc, rt'iiiiissciit, dana ile 
 .1 t/iialili's qui voustltiiviU 
 lesdiii d'aiiciiii melanf^c, 
 alteiiidri? leur pliisliant 
 ( (ipc'iatidus, ([tie I'mi 
 8 (le soihs qui aiiieiit a 
 iiiiisibles aux viiis de. 
 
 rtin, tlic Clos Voui,'C("it, 
 most celebrated of tlu! 
 Chninbertiii was the 
 XIV. and of Xapcileoii. 
 incyard of that name, 
 n Dijon, and fiirnishini; 
 50 iiuiichcoiis, friiiii ail 
 !. It lia.s a fuller hedy 
 
 durability, than the 
 early as frajjrant. 
 rf^undy are less iiiinie- 
 Icss {(encrally kndwii, 
 |y maintain the hiyht.-t 
 wines, and are rot 
 
 nroma or lla\oiii. 
 of wine in liiirj^undy 
 
 isent be estimated, at 
 ;0()0,00() of f;alloiis, ef 
 the consiiraplion of tlic 
 evolution, the ,'ulliv:i- 
 
 reatly oxteiidec' in the 
 new vineyurds having 
 
 in comparatively iiii- 
 [itioii has been nainiiij; 
 
 Ihirgundy arc defjonc- 
 not the case. On tlic 
 
 bans mm, instead ol 
 
 icrcascd considerably ; 
 
 inferior wines has iii- 
 
 degree, the line wines 
 
 c whide than thev did 
 (Jiillicn,p.90.) 
 
 lurfiundy is carried on 
 
 sur-.Saone &c. 
 
 ;c has a grC'it variety 
 
 Ilerniilaf.'-e, Saiiterue. 
 
 own in ICnglaiid, and 
 
 iirly the lirst, a high 
 
 ■t of 2,8C8,r)l)H hccld- 
 fr., or 1(I,«47,I07/. 
 ..ports did not exceed 
 lat ;herc has been a 
 erval. The average 
 ux alone during the b 
 as 13,iJ(!l,'.l70 gallons. 
 tlicr to liberalise lier 
 easy to say to how 
 of wine, in the pro- 
 
 Aecoiint of thf Qiitiiilitic.i tiiid J'ttliii' of flii' U'inrs K.i/H.rliil from Fiiiiirc in ISCi.'); lHntiiitiiiisltinij 
 lii'twiiii lliosf of the (liidiitic iind llioxr of olliir Hifiiiitiniiiln, tinil liiiivtiii lliosi: J'^.ijiortvd in 
 Cas//H null Hott/i'H ; iinil S/ii'ciJ'i/iiig the QuiinlilifH of tliom: sent to iiieh Country eonsuininij 
 liiryi/i/, ituit their Total I'lilne, 
 
 (\iunlrles lo uliiili Kxiitirtnl 
 
 Willi- III (;»k. 
 Ortlietiinimlii j (Ifiillnr l>i'|iailimMil« 
 
 rnltcil Stales - 
 
 iwiKliiin 
 Miiti' '"owns 
 rniciiJiv 
 
 iii;i lU' u ri.it.i 
 
 lliily 
 
 SwK/frlaiul • - 
 
 AlKiTla 
 
 I'nileil Kinudfiin 
 ItritlKti H<iht IiiiliL'ii • 
 Siianith .VniLTica 
 Alfxli'u 
 (itrinany - 
 Ku»»la 
 
 Olher |i:ir(l - 
 Total 
 
 (JllllMtlty ' 
 
 heel. 
 IVli'illB 'I 
 
 7li,(i!)ll ' 
 HS.IIKi 
 
 (..'», r»s,"i 
 
 ISJ,!.-!! 
 
 40I,.1SI 
 flTS.K.Tll 
 
 Value 
 franci 
 
 'J'>,I8I,'II 
 
 '.iA.ihi,;ii 
 
 (Jirmtily 
 
 llt'L't , 
 
 7i,'JI7 
 
 3i»i.r.'l 
 
 .TTS.Vis 
 
 ri.'.s.iTii 
 
 .'i.'iUi'i.i J 
 
 l.lVliM.V 
 
 \':ilui^ 
 
 fr.uu .1 
 
 Wi.'O ill Hnlllt's 
 
 (irilu'lilromlu I (ll'ullur I>t'|mrlnii'iils 
 llnntillli Vnliiu (Jiuiiluy; Valuo | 
 
 Iraiici h*ft. frni 
 
 hiHl. 
 
 i.i,;ui> ^, 
 
 I 
 
 ',ni,;^s,(isi 
 
 Wl.7'^s,lisl 
 
 h*ft. 
 il.ll'i 
 ■^,.1-tl 
 
 ■ ir,'jis,,-ii7 
 
 1I,S«7 
 
 
 17,117 
 
 •J, IAS i 
 
 
 
 V.iiliS 
 
 
 
 S.'Jj'i 
 
 1 
 
 
 f',X,r, 
 
 ,1,1 'HI 
 
 •i\.Tl'> J 
 
 
 ju.syi; 
 
 .'iS.l'JJ 
 
 Ii,'iis.3l7 
 
 ns.fiii 
 
 y '^1,7 11, sot 
 
 "/r,7ii,H()» 
 
 ts 
 
 ductioii of which she is immeasurably superior to i 
 every other conntrv, might be increased. 
 
 Exclusive of wines, there were exported from 
 France, in IHCu), l,(<'2it,122 litres of vius <le liqucum, \ 
 valued at 4,H!)0,(1 13 francs, and in lH(i7 the total 
 value of the wines exported from France was 
 lll5.788,-.'20 francs. 
 
 The total averaf?o produce of the vineyards 
 (if France is estimated by IMr. licckwith, in 
 his Kssiii/ on Fermenteil J)rinks, 18(i(!-7. at 
 831,000,000 of gallons, exclusive of l(i.O,000,000 of 
 gallons annually distilled into brandy. Sec the 
 article U(.)i!i)i''Ai:x, for an account of the iiillueiice 
 of (he improvcil rrcnch c(immcrcial policy on 
 this great department of industry. 
 
 Dispute us to the compurative ^Merit ofChumpiiflne 
 and liuryundy. — The question, whether the wines 
 of Chani))ague or Uurgnndy were entitled to the 
 lircfcrcnce, was agitated durinf; the reign of 
 Louis XIV. with extraordinary keenness. The 
 celebrated Charles CofHn, rector of the L'niversity 
 of Beaiivnis. jiublished, during this controver.-y, 
 a classical ode, in which Champagne is eulo- 
 gised, and its superiority vindicated with a 
 spirit, vivacity, and dcdicacy worthy of the 
 theme. The citizens of Itbeims were not un- 
 srateful to the poet ; but liberally rewarded 
 him with an appropriate and inuiiiticent dona- 
 tion of the wine be bad so happily (laiie- ; 
 gyrised. Ciieiieau wrote an ode in praise of : 
 liurgiuuly ; but, unlike its subject, it was flat and 
 insipid, and failed to procure any recompense to 
 its author. The ditl'erent pieces in this amusing 
 controversy were collected and published in 8v(i. 
 at Paris, in 1712. (Lc (Jrand d'Aussv, JVe 
 /imv'e des Fravfiiis, tom. iii. p. iJi), and tlu' I}io- 
 ijruphie Vuiverselle, torn. ix. art. ' Cofliil ' ((Jharles) . 
 Krasinus attributes the restoration of his bealtli 
 lo his having drunk liberally of lUirguiuly ; and 
 lias eulogised it in the most extravagant terms. 
 An epistle of his, (pioted by Lo (iraiid d'Aussv, 
 diows that Fal.-tair and he would Iiave s| cut an 
 (veniiig together more agreeably than might 
 liavc been supposed : — ' Le premier (pii enseigiia 
 I'art lie faire ce vin (de IJonrgogne), on qui nous en 
 lit present, lie doit-il point passer plutot pour nous ; 
 avoir (lonne la vie que pour iimis avoir gratilie 
 il'uiic liipieur'i" (Vie vrivde de* Franfuis, tom., 
 iii. p. 9.) ] 
 
 Consumptinn of French Wine, in Knglond. — 
 Owing to the intimate connection subsisting 
 Wtween Knglaiul and France for several cen- 
 turies after the Conquest, the wines of the latter 
 were long in almost exclusive possession of the 
 " 'i market: but the exteiisiou of commerce 
 
 gradually led to the introduction of other species; 
 and in the reigns of Kli/.abetli and James I. the 
 dry white wines of Spain seem to have been held 
 ill the highest estimation. This, however, was 
 only a temporary preference. Subsequently to 
 the licsloraiion, the wines of France regainctl 
 their fornur ascendancy. In Ii!87 their importa- 
 tion aniountcd to 10,518; in 1088, to 11,218; and 
 in 1080, to 11,100 tuns. It is exceedingly doubt- 
 ful whether so much as a single pipe of port 
 had ever found its way to Lnglaiid (ireviously to 
 this period (Henderson, p. jI;>) ; and it is most 
 probable that the wines of France woulii have 
 continued to preserve ilicir ascendancy in our 
 markets, had not their importation been arti- 
 licially checked. 
 
 The trade with F'rancc bad occasionally been 
 prohibited iirevionsly to the accession of William 
 III. ; but It was not until lOiW that any distinc- 
 tion was made between the duties (layable oa 
 French and other wines, lint Louis XIV. having 
 espoused the cause of the exiled family of Stuart, 
 the British Government, in the irritation of the 
 moment, and without rellccthig tliat the blow 
 aimed at the F'rench wouhl infallibly recoil upon 
 themselves, imposed, at the period above men- 
 tioned, a discriminating duly of 8/. a tun on 
 French wines, and in l(i'J7 increased it to 33/.- 
 In conse(|nencc of this enormous augmentation of 
 duty on French wines, the merchants began to 
 import red wine from Opoi.,^ as a substitute for 
 the red wines of lJo.d?aux, excluded by the high 
 duties. It is probable, however, that these dis- 
 criminating duties wouhl have been repealed as- 
 soon as the excitement which produced them 
 had subsided, and that the trade would have re- 
 turned to its old channels, had not the stipula- 
 tions in the famou.^ commercial treaty with 
 Portugal, negotiated by Mr. :Methuen in 1703,, 
 given them permanence. Siuli, however, was 
 unluckily the case : for, according to this treaty,, 
 we bound ourselves to charge in future 3iJJ per 
 cent, liigbor duties on the wines of France than 
 on those of Portugal; the Portuguese, by way of 
 compensation, binding tbenisolvcs to admit our 
 woollens into Iheir markets in preference to those 
 of other countries, at a lixed and invariable rate 
 of duty. 
 
 Though very generally regarded at the time a» 
 the higiiest etl'ort of diphmiatic skill and address, 
 the Met linen treaty was certainly founded on the 
 narrowest views of iiatioiial interest, and proved, 
 in no common degree, injurious to both parties, 
 but especially to Kngland. By binding our- 
 selves to receive I'ortugucse wines for tuo-thirds 
 
 I i> 
 
 :m 
 
 I ! 
 
1630 
 
 WINK 
 
 I 
 
 ;|- '> 
 
 .1. 
 
 
 of the duty pnynhlo on tlinsc of Fraiicp, \vc, in 
 oflcot, pnve till! I*ortU},'iicsn growers a nioiioiioly 
 of lliu Ilritisli iniirkct, nnd thcrchv ntlrnctcil loo 
 groat a iiropnrlion of tlip dclicii'iit <'a|iital of 
 l'ortiii;nl to llu; iirodiiclioii of wiiio ; while, on llic 
 otlicr Imnd, we not only pxidndcd inw. of iln' 
 principal ci|iiivak'nts tlio Kroiu'h had to oiler for 
 our rMinjniodilics, and proolaiincd to il.i; world that 
 wc fonsidcrcd it better to deal with uro ndllions 
 of poor hcfjirarly custonierH, than with tliirli/ 
 millions of rich ones, but W(! also provoked the 
 retaliation of tin; French, who forthwith excluded 
 most part of our articles from their markets. 
 
 The injurious elfect of the re^'ulations in the 
 Methueu treaty was distinctly pointed out hy 
 Dr. Davennnt and Mr. Ilinno. ' The latter, in his 
 Essay on l/ic Baliiiwe of Trailt; pnblislied in 
 J ".')2, says, 'Our jealousy and hatred of France 
 are without bounds. These passions have oc- 
 casioned innuinerahlc barriers and chstructiiins 
 on commerce, where we are commonly accused of 
 beiiifi the af,'f;ressors. Hut what have wo gained 
 by the bargain ? IVe lost the Frcmli mar/it-t for 
 our ifoollvn mauiifactiiirs, and transferred "the 
 commerce of wine to Spain and I'orlug'il, iv/icre 
 we buy iiivrli worse li(/uor (tt a much h'njhcr jirire. 
 There arc few I'jiglishnicn who would not think 
 their country absolutely nnned were French wine 
 sold in England so cheap, and in such abundance, 
 aa to supplant ale and other honusbreweil 
 liqiun-s. Ihit, would we lay aside prejudice, it 
 ■woidd not bo diflicult to prove that nothing coidd 
 be more innocent, perhaps more advantageous. 
 Each new acre cf vineyard planted in France, in 
 order to supply Fjigland with wine, would make 
 it rcqinsite for the French to take an equivalent 
 in English goods, by the sale of which we should 
 be equally benelited.' 
 
 In conse(|uenco of the preference so unwisely 
 given to the wines of Portugal over those of 
 France — a preference continued, in dcliance of 
 every principle of sound policy ,ind cotnmon 
 sense, down to K'<(U — the imports of French wine 
 were for many years reduced to a mere triHo ; and 
 notwithstanding their increased consumption, oc- 
 casioned by the reduction of the duties in 182"), 
 the quantity of all sorts retained for consumption 
 in 1K.J2 did iu)t exceed iT'Of'MS gallons; while the 
 consumption of Portuguese wines amounted in 
 the same year to 2,'18!»,350 galhms. This is the 
 most striking example, ])erhaps, in the history of 
 connnerce, of the influence of customs duties in 
 diverting trade into new channels, aiul altering 
 the taste of a people. All but the most opulent 
 classes having been compelled, for a long series of 
 3'cars, either to renounce red ■wine, or to usn port, 
 the taste for the latter had become apparently 
 firmly rooted; the beverage that was originally 
 forced upon us by necessity- having for a time 
 become congenial from habit. It wa.'^ expected 
 when the discriminating duty in favour of port 
 was abolished in 1H31, tliat the excellence of the 
 French wines would speedily regain for them a 
 large portion of that favour in the English 
 market wliich they formerly enjoyed. A:ul this, 
 since our commercial treaty with France came 
 into operation, lias been fully realised. In 18(!7 
 there were entered for home consumption in the 
 United Kingdom, 3,595,598 gallons of F'rench 
 wine, while but 2,828,098 gallons of rortuguese 
 red wine were entered. (See post.) 
 
 Madeira, so called from the island of that name, 
 is a wine that has long been in high estimation 
 in this and other countries. Plants of the vine 
 were conveyed from Crete to Madeira in 1421, and 
 have succeeded extremely well. There is a con- 
 siderable difference in 'the flavour and other 
 
 (|iu)litics of the wines of Madeira ; the best are 
 produceil on the south side of the island. I'hougli 
 natural', strong, they receive an aililition of 
 brandy when racked from the vessels in which 
 (hey have been fermented, and another portion is 
 thrown in previously to their exportation. This 
 is said to be recpured to sustain the wine in the 
 high tenq)erature to which it i.: subjected in its 
 passage to and from India and riiiiui, to which 
 large quantities of it arc sent; it being found ih.'it 
 it is nu'llowed, and its llavoiir materially inqiroved 
 by the voyage. It does not, however, necessarily 
 follow that the wiiu's which have made tliV 
 longest voyages are always the best. Much nnist 
 obviously depend on the original (piality of tlu' 
 wine ; aiid many of the parcels selected to be sent 
 to India arc so inferior, that the wine, when 
 brought to London, does not rank so high as that 
 which has been imported direct. Hut wh; u the 
 parcel sent out has been well chosen, it is vcr\' 
 much matured and imjjroveil by the voyage ; anil 
 it not oidy fetches a higher price, but is in all 
 respects superior to the direct imjiortatiims. .Most 
 of the adventitious spirit is dissipated in the 
 course of the Indian voj-nge. 
 
 Madeira wines may be kept inr a very Inng 
 period. ' Like the ancient vintages of the ,Sur- 
 rentino lulls, they are truly jtirinissima viiui, 
 retaining their qualities unimpaired in hntli ox- 
 trem(!s of climate, surtering no decay, and con- 
 stantly inqmjving as they advance in age. Indeed, 
 they cannot be pronounced in condition until they 
 have been kept for 10 years in the wood, nml 
 afterwards allowed to mellow nearly twice that 
 tinu" in bottle ; and even then thev" will hardly 
 have reached the utmost perfection of whioli they 
 are suscejitible. When of good (luality, nnd nii- 
 tureil as above described, the}- lose all their 
 original harshness, and acquire that agreeable 
 pungency, that bitter sweetishness, which was m 
 Inghly prized in the choicest wines of antiqnity; 
 uniting great strength and richness of flavdnr 
 with an exceedingly fragrant and ditfusiblc amma. 
 The nutty taste, which is often very marked, is 
 not communicated, as some have imagined. l>y 
 means of bitter almonds, but is inherent in the 
 wine.' (Henderson, p. 253.) 
 
 The wines of Madeira have latterly fallen into 
 disrepute in England. The growth of the island, 
 wlien greatest, was very limited,' not exceeding 
 20,000 pipes, of whicli a considerable quantity 
 went to the West Indies and America. Hence, 
 when Madeira was a fashionable wine in England, 
 every .sort of deception was practised with respect 
 to it, and large quantities of spurious trash was 
 ilisposed of for the genuine vintage of the island. 
 This naturally brought the wine into discredit; 
 so that sherry has been for several years the 
 fnshimiable white wine. It is dillicult, li()\vever, 
 to imagine that adulteration was ever practised 
 to a greater extent upon Madeira than it is mvr 
 practised upon sherry. It is not, therefore, im- 
 probable, that a reaction might have taken place 
 in favour of Madeira, had not its growth lieen 
 nearly extinguished for several years by the vine 
 disease. Hopes were, however, entertained in 
 18C8 of the possibility of restoring it to its 
 former productiveness. '[Madkiua.j The quan- 
 tity entered for home consumption in 1S27 
 am'ounted to 308,295 gallons, whereas the quantity 
 entered for home consumption in 1867 amounted 
 to only 19,538 gallims. 
 
 Matmsey, a very rich, luscious species of Madeira, 
 is made from grapes grown on rocky grounds, 
 exjjosed to the full influence of the sun's rays, and 
 allowed to remain on the vine till they are uver- 
 ripe. 
 
AVINE 
 
 1531 
 
 The trndc in Mndoirn wine i-t cnrriod on at ' vcari* nt nl)out 2'(0,000 cimcr:*, of alioiit Ui Ixittlr^ 
 
 ;iou9 species of Madeira, 
 wn on rocliy groiimls, 
 c of tlie sun's rays, and 
 ine till they are over- 
 
 Vuiieiml, tiic c.i)iilul 111' Hie iilaiul, in lat. I!-'" 117' N., 
 Ion;;;., 17" (i' \V. fyfii/litu unit Miiisiircs sninc 
 at lit, liisbiMi. Tlie island is said to have ^utlrnMl 
 very severely from tlie disease that rcc'ntly at- 
 tat'fvcd the vine. 
 
 Tiiieriffii wine — Pn called frnin Ihn island of 
 that ninne — resindilcs .A'adcira, and is uol nnfro- 
 fjiiently suhstituti'd in its stead; hut it wants tln^ 
 fidl lioilv and rieh llavour of the hest K'"o"'ths 
 of iMadeira. 
 
 (ifrniiin friiirs. — The wines of (Jermany im- 
 ported into lMi;;lnnd arc princi|pally iimdueed im 
 the hanks of the IJlnne and Moselle. 'I'lie 1,'hine 
 wines (constitute a dislinet order hy thenis(dves. 
 'i'liey are drier than the Kreneli white wines, and 
 are eharaeterised hy a delicate tiavour and aroma, 
 which is i|uite peculiar to them, and of wliieli 
 it would, therefore, he in vain to attempt the 
 description. A notion ])revails, that they are 
 naturally acid ; and the inferior kinds, no doubt, 
 are so ; hut this is not the constant I'haraeter 
 of llic IJhine wines, which in ^'nod years h:ive no 
 perceptible acidity to tlie taste, at least not more 
 than is common to them with tlu! growths of 
 warmer re;;ions. Their chief distinction is their 
 cxlri'iiie durability. The wines made in warm dry 
 years are always in great demand, and fctcii 
 very ingh prices. 
 
 The .lohannisbergcr stands at tlie hc.ad of tho 
 Rhine wines. It has a very choice llavour and 
 porhnno, and is characterised hy an almost total 
 want of acidity. The vineyard is the property of 
 Prince Metternich. The Steinberger ranks next 
 to the .lohaniiisberger. It is the, strongest of all 
 the Khenish wine.s, and iti favottrable years has 
 much tiavour and delicacy. 
 
 each. The best Aiisbriich is very ilear; ami but 
 little that is genuine is seen in I'.ngland. (I'aget's 
 Tiiifrln in J/iliii/illi/, i. IKI ; Henderson, p. ".'•JH; 
 .lidlien, |). in;.) ■ 
 
 Som<! oilier varieties of Hungarian wines arc 
 now (1H('>',») sold in London ; but they have not !is 
 yet displaced, lo any apprcciidilee.\tent, the wines 
 to which till' ICuglish have long bi en accustomed. 
 
 /tiiliiiii iriiifs. — The Sicilian white wine called 
 Marsala, from the town (the ancient Lilylneuin) 
 whence it is shipped, anil near which it is made, 
 is now pretly largely consumed in JMigland ; the 
 eulries lor home consumption having increased 
 from 7H.i;H(1 gallons in IH-.M, to :!«7,7.'iil in 1S,')2; 
 an exiraordinary increase, particularly when it is 
 considered that during the same period the con- 
 sumption of most sorts of wine had been nearly 
 stationary. Latterly, however, it has been rathe'r 
 decliidng, though 4 l;l,l'.ll) gallons of Sicilian wine 
 were entered for eousumption in tlie llnit(!d 
 Kingdom in IMl!/. Marsala is a dry wine; the 
 l)est ipialities closelyresembling the lighter sorts of 
 Madeira; but the increased demand fur it s ems 
 to have been owing as much to its cheapness as to 
 any peculiarity of quality. It is, however, wliccn 
 good, an agreeable dinner wine. Mar-ala has 
 been brought to its present state of perfection and 
 repute by tho care and exertions of two Kuglish- 
 men, the Messrs. Woodhouse, established in Sicily, 
 who have an extensive factory in the iieighliour- 
 hood of Marsala. The wine is shipi)ed in largo 
 quantities for America; whence a considerable 
 quantity is again conveyed to the West Indies, 
 where it is not unfreiiuently disposed of as real 
 Madeira, 
 
 With the exception of Mar.sal.i, very little wine 
 
 The produce of cert; in vineyards on the banks eilhcr of Sicily or Italy is imported into England 
 
 of the Moselle is of superior (piality. The better 
 sorts are clear and dry, with a light pleasant 
 flavour and high aroma ; but they sometimes con- 
 tract a slaty taste from the strata on which they 
 (;ro\v. They arrive at maturity in 5 or (> years ; 
 though, when made in a favourable season, they 
 will keep twice that time, without experiencing 
 any deterioration. (Henderson, p. 2'M>.) Tho 
 importation of Khenish wine has more than 
 doubled iu the 10 years down to 18()7. 
 
 HiimjariaH Wines. — The finest of all the 
 liqueur wines is Toliity, so called from !i town in 
 Hungary, near which it is produced, on the Tlieiss, 
 44 niile.sN.N.W. Dehreczin. It consists of three 
 varieties: viz. the AW'ncc, flowing spontaneously 
 
 The wines of those countries are, indeed, witliout, 
 |)erliaps, a singh; e.\(K'ption, very inferior to those 
 of Krance. Tlie natives bestow no care upon the 
 culture of the vino ; and tlieirignorance, obstinacy, 
 ar.d want of skill in the i)reparation of wine, are 
 sain o be almost incredible. In some districts. 
 ;is in Tuscany and jiarts of N'aples, the art is, no 
 doubt, better understood and i)ractiscd than in 
 others; the Montcpidi-iann of the former, said, by 
 Kedi (Bucco In Tuscitmi) to he d' ogni vino it re, 
 and the lAicrima Chri.iti of the latter, being tiie 
 most celebrated varieties, Hut the lacrima is 
 better known by name than in reality, it being 
 made in .small tpiantities, and mostly reserved'for 
 royal cellars, (Henderson, p, •J.-iD.) And, de- 
 
 from the ripest grapes, and corresponding with the j spite the suiierior (luality of those now mentioned, 
 Mustiim sjKinte dejlnens anteqiuim ridrenlur uvie of j had not the Falernian, Oecuban, and other famous 
 the ancients ; the" Ansbmch, obtainetl bv pressing i ancient wines, been incomparably better than the 
 
 the gra;:es with the hand, a. small tpiantity of good 
 new .vine, or must, being at the same time poured 
 ui-er them; and tlie Maslns, or inferior variety, 
 produced by pouring a larger quantity of less 
 
 best of those that are at present produced, they 
 never would have elicited the glowing panegyrics 
 of Horace, 
 
 jrines of Greece and Cyprus. — The soil in most 
 
 choice must over the same berries, and subjecting i parts of Greece and of the Grecian islands is ad- 
 
 mirably fitted for the growth of the vine ; and, in 
 antiipiity, they produced some of the choicest 
 wines. But the rapacity of the Turks, and the 
 insecurity of person and property that has always 
 prevailed under their miserable Government, has 
 eU'ectually prevented the careful cultivation of the 
 vine ; and has occasioned, in many places, its 
 bodied, but milil, bright, and" clear; and has a total abaudonmcnt. It m.iy, however, be fairlv 
 peculiar flavour of most exiiuisite delicacy, 1 ; iiresumcd, now that (ireece has emancipated lier- 
 nevcr tasted it in perfection but at private tables. , self from the iron yoke of her oppref^ors, that the 
 and that only twice ; I could then have willingly ! culture of the vine will attract some portion of 
 confessed it" the finest wine in the world,' The that attention to which it is justly entitled; and 
 
 them to the action of the press. Of these varieties 
 the first, which is made onl- in very small (pian- 
 tities, is in the highest degree sweet and luscious, 
 and is more sought for as a raritj' than as being 
 pleasant to the palate. It is on the Ausbruch that 
 the reputation of Tokay de[)ends. Mr. Paget says, 
 'It is sweet, rich, but not cloying; strong, full 
 
 Maslas, or inferior variety, is a much thinner 
 wine, rather sweet, with a preponderating flavour 
 of the dried grape. Mr. I'agcl estimates the 
 entire produce of the Tokay vineyards in ordinary 
 
 that, at no distant period, wine will form an im- 
 portant article of export from Greece. At present 
 (181)9) Greek wines are sold in London, but have 
 not as yet found much favour with the English. 
 
 jiLJi 
 
153-i 
 
 WINE 
 
 . ■ v4' • 
 
 *rv 
 
 '"I 
 
 
 ■*i".. • 
 
 
 Xiiwlicri', (.I'l-Iinji.-', luw tlic ilcstnictivo iiidiioiicu 
 of Turkish barlnirism ami iiii»;;(iv('nini('iit lici'ii so 
 Hpimrt'iit as in ('iiiidiii ami Cyiniis. Wliilo tlicsc 
 two rcniiwiipil ajul iiolilt." islamls wen- ihissi'ssimI 
 by tlio Wnctiiiiis, they sii|i|ilicil all ICurope with 
 the cluiicot <k'ssci-t wines. Maeci alliriiiH, that 
 towanls the ciul nt' the Idlh eenlurv, (Jaiidia scut 
 minually 2()(>,()(l(l casks uf nwilmsey lo the Adri- 
 atic; whereas now-a-days it hardly "iirodiiees .siitli- 
 cieiit. to supply the wants of its tiw iinpoverisheil 
 iidiabilants. (Henderson, p. ".'I.'l.) 'I'he wines of 
 Cyprus, particularly those ])roduced from the 
 vineyard called the Coiuiuaiulery, from its haviiij; 
 belonged to the Knights of Malta, weri^ still more 
 liighly esteemed than those of Crete. In the 
 earlier |iart of l;ist century, the total produce of 
 the vintage of the island was supposed to amount 
 to above -',(l(H),()()() gallons, of wliioli nearly i was 
 exported; but at present (IWiD) the wine' grown 
 and exported doe* not nmouiit to J- of these 
 quantities. Tiie op|)ression of which they have 
 been tlie victims has reduced the peasantry to the 
 extreme of indigence. At tliis time thepopnla- 
 tion of the island is iiot supposed to exceed 
 200,000, and small as this number is, it is oon- 
 Ktantly diminishing by, the inhabitants availing 
 themselves of every opportunity of emigrating. 
 {Ceng. Diet. art. 'Cyprus.' ) 
 
 Cupv U'iiien. — Of tiie remaining wines impnrte<l 
 into England, those of the Cape <if Good Hope 
 form the largest portion; the quantity entered 
 for home eonsuni|)tion in 1 MOT being 2;"),8'.)() im- 
 perial gallons. Hut the consunqition uf Cape wine 
 was formerly more considerable, having amounted 
 in 1827 to 0',)8,-l;M: gallons. The famous Con- 
 stantin wine is the produce of two contiguous 
 farms of that name, at the base of Table Mountain, 
 between 8 and 9 miles from Cape Town. The 
 wine is very rich and luscious ; though, according 
 to Ilenders(m, it yields in point of flavour and 
 aroma to the museadiii'; wines of Langucdoc and 
 Houssillon. But, with this excei)tion, most part 
 of the Capo wines brought to Knglaud liavc an 
 earthy, disagreeable taste, are often acid, want 
 llavour and aroma, and are, in fact, oltogether 
 execrable. And yet this trash, being the produce 
 of a British |)()ssession, enjoyed till lately ))cculiar 
 advantages in our markets ; for while the duty on 
 Cape wine was only 2s. \\d. per gallon, that on all 
 other wines was .")«. \)d. The consequences of this 
 unjust preference were doubly mischievous : in the 
 iirst place, it forced the importation of an article 
 of which little was directly consumed, but whi^'h 
 ■was extensively employed as a cot -enicnt men- 
 struum for adulterating and degrading sherry, 
 Madeira, and other good wines ; and. in the second 
 place, it i)revented the improvement of the wine; 
 ibr, while the Legislature thought fit to give a 
 bounty on the importation of so inferior an article, 
 ■was it to be supposed that the colonists would 
 exert themselves to produce anything better ? It 
 is not easy to imagnie a more preposterous and 
 absurd reguljition. The Act enforcing it should 
 have been entitled, an Act for the adulteration of 
 wines iti Great Britain, and for encouraging the 
 growth of bad wine in the Cape Cohmy. 
 
 Consumption of Ifine in Great Jiritain. Unties. 
 — We have repeatedly ha<l occasion, in the course 
 of this work, to cjiU the reader's attention to the 
 injurious opcratipn of une(|ual and exorbitant 
 duties. Perhaps, however, the trade in Avine has 
 suffered more from this cause than any other de- 
 li. irtmcnt of conmierce. We have already endea- 
 voured to point out some of the eflects resulting 
 from the inequality of the duties, or from the 
 preference so long given to the inferior wines of 
 Portugal and iSpaiu over the superior wines of 
 
 l'"r/ince, Ihit the exorbitancy of the duties was, 
 if jiossible, still more objectionahle than the partial 
 prnx'iple on which they were umiionicI, It a;'p(^ars 
 iVoin till- subjoined table, that (luring the '.I years 
 ending witli 1701, when the duty on French wisies 
 was I*. I ()</., and on Portuguese .'In, 1^(/. per ini- 
 |)erial gallon, the consumption in (ireat llrilain 
 amoimted, at an average*, to 7,021.770 gallons a- 
 year, producing '.)00,00(l/. of revenue. It is |iro- 
 liabl", hail the increase taken place <iiii<iiiiilli/, that 
 these duties might have been greatly increased 
 without any material diminution of consumption, 
 lint in 170o and 170(1 they were raised to IOk. Or/, 
 per giillon on French, ami (i.i. [i/. )ier gallon on 
 Portuguese and Spanish wine; and the conse- 
 quence of this sudden and inordiiuite ineroiise, 
 as exhibited in the table, was, that the consump- 
 tion fell from above 7,000,000 gallons in 171)5 
 to 4,180,710 gallons in 170(1, and to o,! 10,710 in 
 1707. llut this unanswerable demonstration of 
 the ruinous effect of heavy and sudden additions 
 to the duties did not prevent them being raised, 
 in IWOl, to lit*. iW. on French, aiul to Hs. KW. on 
 Portuguese and Spanish wine. They contituied 
 at this rate till 1820 ; and such was their inlUii'iuv, 
 that notwithstamling the vast increase of wealth 
 and p<ipulation since 1700, and the general iin- 
 provement in the style of living, the total coii- 
 snniption of wine, during the ii years ending with 
 1824, amounted, at an average, to only 4,«27,38.'J 
 gallons a-year, being t)07,r)07 gallons' inider the 
 annual consumption of the 9 years ending with 
 1704. It may, therefore be truly said, niakini,' 
 allowance for the increase of (lopulation, that the 
 consumption of wine in (ireat Britain fell olf full 
 i")0 per cent, between 1790 and 1824. 
 
 On Mr. Uobinson (afterwards Lord Bipoii) be- 
 coming Chancellor of the Exchequer, he resolved 
 upon the ellectual redueti<ni of the wine duties; 
 and took, in 1825, nearly 50 per cent, from their 
 amcmnt : and notwithstanding the spirit duties 
 were at the same time reduceil in a still greater 
 degree, the consimiption of wine in Great liritaia 
 increased in ordinary years from about 4.oUt),000 
 to about (),.'(00,000 imperial gallons, while there 
 was no loss (>f revenue. NVe are, therefore, justi- 
 fied in affirming that this measure was very suc- 
 cessful, and that it afforded a valuable example 
 of the superior productiveness of low duties. .\ii 
 article in the Ediidiurgli Itevicu-, No. HO, con- 
 tributed to bring about this measure. See also 
 an excellent tract on the Wine Trade, by Mr. 
 VVarre, published in 1824. 
 
 The duties, as reduced by Mr. liobinson, were 
 7.1. 'id. per imperial gallon on F'rencli wines. 
 As. U)d. per ditto on all other foreign wines, and 
 2s, bd. on those of the Cajie of Good Hope. They 
 continued on this footing till the Equalisation Art 
 (1 & 2 Wm. IV. q. 30), which imposed a duty of 
 5s. ()(/. per imperial gallon on idl foreign wines, 
 aiul 2s. 9f/. on those of the Cape, to which 5 per 
 cent, was added in 1840, 
 
 But the equalisation efTected by this Act should 
 not have been brought about by iuiding anything' 
 to the duties on port, sherry ic, but by reducing 
 those on FVench wines to their level. The sub- 
 joined tables show that the consumption of wine 
 in the United Kingdom was about stationary 
 from 1820 to 1831; and the addition of M. per 
 gallon, that was then made to the duties on all 
 sorts of foreign wine, except French, from which 
 Is. 9f/. was deducted, appears to have s'^'isibly 
 affected the consumption of 1832. Considering, 
 indeed, the increasing wealth and population of 
 the United Kingdom, and the more generally 
 diffused use of wine, the stationarj- amount of the 
 quantities retained for consumption is not a 1 
 
ucy til' tilt! lUilif.H wns, 
 iiiiiiililu tli.'iii iIk' imrliiii 
 re iiiiiiiiM'il. It ii'i'iiwiiH 
 that (liirinj; llio ii ycnrH 
 c (liity on Kri'iifli wisicft 
 imiii'sc .'1». 1 ill. per iiii- 
 ptioii in (iri'iit llritiiin 
 to 7,ii-.M.770 pillions li- 
 lt' rt'vi'nui'. It is pro- 
 t'li plncu iiiiidmillii, tliftt 
 lii'cu ;;r«'ailv iiirri-aswl 
 nution (if c'>in^iini|ition. 
 • well! niisi'd to lOd. (W. 
 <l tt.«, \tl. |i('r );iillou oil 
 wine; iiml tin; ooiiac- 
 jul iiionlinati' iiUTCiisi', 
 wftH, that the consump- 
 lO.OOU piUons in 17<.)!> 
 7'Jti, anil to 5,1 l"J,7iO in 
 crable (lenmiiMlration of 
 y and sudden additions 
 ent them heiii); raised, 
 ench, and tti Ha. lOf/. on 
 wine. They eontimied 
 sneh was their inlliicncp, 
 vast increase of wealth 
 K), and the f^eiu'rnl im- 
 if liviiif;, the total cun- 
 the il years ending with 
 :craf,'e,"t<) only •l,«.i7,3t<;S 
 7,ri07 gallons undor the 
 lie "J years endiu),' with 
 he truly said, makini,' 
 ! of iiopulation, tliiit the 
 ireat Hritaiii fell otV full 
 J and l«2'l. 
 
 rwards Lord Kipnii) bc- 
 
 1 Kxcheqner, he resolved 
 
 tion of the wine duties; 
 
 50 per cent, from their 
 
 inding the spirit duties 
 
 duced in a still Rteatet 
 
 jf wine in Great liritaiii 
 
 ars from about 4.6UO,000 
 
 rial gallons, while there 
 
 NVe are, therefore, justi- 
 
 f mcasnre was very suc- 
 
 ded a valuable cxiimple 
 
 cness of low duties. .\n 
 
 r/i Ikiieu; Xo. XO, coii- 
 
 this measure. See alsu 
 
 le Wine Trade, by Mr. 
 
 by Mr. liobiiison, were 
 illon on French wines. 
 other foreign wines, and 
 po of Good Hope. They 
 till the K<piaHsatioiiAet 
 •Iiich imposed a duty of 
 lu on all forcihii wines, 
 he Cape, to which 5 per 
 
 fectcd by this Act should 
 out by aiiding anythiui; 
 rry &c., but by reducing 
 their level. ' The sub- 
 he consumption of wine 
 » was about stntiunury 
 il the addition of Hi/, per 
 de to the duties on all 
 ceiit French, from which 
 )pears to have s-^-wibly 
 n of l><:i-2. Considering, 
 ealth and i.opulation ot 
 ind the more generally 
 stationar}' amount of tie 
 nsumption is not a I 
 
 lO 
 
 Hurprisiii};. A good deal is, we believo, nserili- 
 idile to iidiiUiratioii, and more, jirobably, to a 
 c'liange of habits. The diitii's were, also, iierlmps 
 loo high, lint they were more (dijeclionable from 
 the nioile in which they were assessed than from 
 (heir amount. It is against all principle to impose 
 llie same duty on inferior ami cheap wines, 
 worth only 111/, per hogshead, as on the choicest 
 llur^'Ulldy and Champagne, worth (io/ or 70/. lu'r 
 hiij;shead. Its injustice would not be exceeded, 
 were th • same duty charged on small beer that 
 is charged on gin. The elVeet of this apparently 
 ecpial, but really tiiost uneiimd duty, was to ex- 
 clude low priccif wines from the Knglish markets. 
 Coinmcfcially speaking, llordeaux is nearer Lon- 
 don than I'aris : and but lor this system, the 
 cheap wines of the (iironde, Langnedoe, and 
 I'tovence might have been bought here at a less 
 price than in most parts of France. Hut, how 
 desirable soever, it would be all but impossible to 
 assess an ad valorem duty on wine. It is fre- 
 quently no easy matter to distinguish between 
 dill'erent dc.icrintions of wine, and it is still nmre 
 ditlicult to distinguish between different varieties 
 of the same wine, though they may differ k"*""'!)' 
 in value. There can, in truth, be litth; doubt 
 (hat any attempt to lay an ad valorem duty on 
 wine wonlil occasiiin such an amount of fraud as 
 would gre.itly overbalance any advantage of 
 which it might be productive. 
 
 In the last edition of this work the author re- 
 marked as follows : ' .V proposal has recently been 
 made, which has met with considerable support, 
 for reducing the duty on all wines to l.«. per 
 gallon. It is contended that a reduction of this 
 extent would not occasion any permanent loss of 
 revenue, inasmuch as it would have the effect, in 
 no very lengthened period, of increasing the con- 
 sumption to 5 or (i times its iircsent nmoniit. Rut 
 we greatly doubt whether such would be the case. 
 A reduction of the duty to the extent supposed 
 would not have any consideratilc intlnence in re- 
 ducing the i>rice of tiie finer descriptions of wine; 
 and it is very ipiestionable whether the inferior and 
 Inw-priecd wines that are now excluded, would, 
 though there were no duty, lie very generally 
 introduced into this country. The better opinion 
 seems that beer would continue, as at present, to 
 lie p'eferred by the bulk of the population ; and 
 if so, the measure would have little other iii- 
 lluence than to occasion a reduction of revenue. 
 
 'Itesides, if the wine <hities were re<lnced to Is. 
 per g.illon, and the consnmptitm to increase to the 
 extent that has been anticipated, there would 
 certainly be a serious decline in the consumption 
 of malt and spirit, and, conseiiuently, in the 
 revenue derived from them. And to do justice 
 to all imrties, to the growers of barley and the 
 distillers, as well as the importers of wine, it 
 would be necessary to make a corresponding re- 
 duction in the duties on malt and spirits. Unless 
 this were done, a reduction of the wine duties to 
 1j. per gallon would be really equivalent to a 
 bounty or premium on the consumption of wine. 
 But there should be no favouritism in taxation ; 
 and, however desirable, the substitution of one 
 sort of stimulus for another is not to be effected 
 bv encroaching on that equality of taxation 
 which should be a fundamental principle in every 
 sound svstem of finance. 
 
 ' Unless, therefore, some means be discovered of 
 fairly and easily assessing the wine duties on an 
 ad valorem principle, little probably would be 
 gained by disturbing the present arrangement. 
 A reduction of the duties to 3s. per gallon, that is, 
 to about Cd. per bottle, has been suggested ; and if 
 they are to be interfered with, this would seem to 
 
 AVINK 15.33 
 
 be the most judicious pliin. A duty of tbisMinonnt 
 would not be felt on the superior wines; and 
 whih' it would be no j^niit c hick to the coiisiiinp- 
 tion of the secoiidat'v growtl s, it wiiiitd not give 
 mi undue stimiilu-i to the use of wine,' .Since 
 the aliovi' WHS writtm, {\w ihities have been 
 redui'rd, iiiid in iHi'iil the prcsiiit rates were re- 
 
 gnlati'd as follows, viz. : — 
 
 On wine coiiliiiiiiiig less than ".'t! degrees of 
 proof spirit. Is. per gallon; '.'(i aid less than 12 
 (legri'cs of [iroof spirit, •J.x. (!//. per gallon; and 
 additional for every degnc of ,streii;;lh beyoiul 
 the highest above speeilied, Wd. per giillim. 
 
 Gmsiim/itidn of U'iw In Inhiiid. Piilivn. — In 
 17'.M), the duties on wine lonsiiined ir. Ireland 
 were considerably below the level of those im- 
 posed in (irent llritiiin, and the average annual 
 (pumtity of all sorts rehiiiied for home eonsuiup- 
 tioii in that country iimonnted to about 1,1(10,000 
 imperial gallons, |iroduriiig about l.'tH,000/, a-year 
 revenue. Had those to whoni the government of 
 Irelaml was intrusted possessed any knowledge of 
 the merest elements of (iuance, or of th' condition 
 of the Irish people, they would not have attempted 
 to add to the public reveuiK.' by augmenting the 
 duties on wine. Owing to the rimited number of 
 the middle classes in Ireland, an increase of duty 
 could not be expected to III' proihietive; and 
 though it had yielded 50,000/., or even 100,000/., 
 a-j'car additional revenue, that would have been 
 no compensation for the injury it was sure to do 
 in cheeking the dill'iision of that taste for luxuries 
 and enjoyments so essential to the im|iroveiiient 
 of the people. Hut those who had to administer 
 the affairs of Ireland were insensible to such con- 
 siderations, and never doubted that 'l and 2 make 
 •I ill the arithnietie of the customs as well as of 
 Cocker. Such, indeed, was their j.lmost inerediblo 
 rapacity, that in the interval between i7Ul and 
 181 1, tiiey raised the duty on Fremli wine from 
 ;!.'!/. 7s. per tiiii to I H/. 7». ()</.; and that on port 
 from 22/. Is. 8f/. to 'Xd. lis. This was a niueh 
 more rapid increase than had taken place in 
 Fiigland ; and as the country was far less able 
 to bear even the same increase, the consequences 
 were proiiortionally mischievous. In 1815, the 
 ([uantity of wine retaineil for home consumption 
 in Irelaml had declined, notwithstanding the 
 Iiopulation had doubled, to (iOH,(lOO imperial gal- 
 lons, or to about half the quantity consumed in 
 1790; and in 18il, the consumption had fallen to 
 4(!7,000 gallons, Avhile the revenue only amounted 
 to 185,000/. 
 
 The reduction of the duties in 1825 nearly 
 doubled the consumption of wine directly im|)orted 
 into Ireland, and added considerably to the re- 
 venue; but since 1814, when the duties on wine 
 in Great Britain and Ireland were eiiualised, it 
 has not been possible to state tin consumption of 
 wine in either with accuracy, on account of the 
 transhipments from the former to the latter. It 
 is, however, quite certain that the consumption 
 of wine in Ireland, partly in consequence of the 
 high duties, and partly of a change in the mode 
 of living, did not in 1853 amount, as compared 
 with the population, to half its amount in 1790. 
 In Thorn's Irish Almanack for 1869 the consump- 
 tion in 1790 is stated at 1,117,55() proof gallons, 
 and that in 1853 at 512,093 gallons, while in 18G5 
 it is estimated at 973,901 gallons. 
 
 Adulteration of Wine. — We have already al- 
 luded to this practice. It was pro. uted to a 
 very great extent previously to the reduction of 
 the duties in 1825, and is still very far from being 
 suppressed. It has been afHrmed, but we are in- 
 cli-.ied to suspect the statement of exaggeration, 
 t'.iat at one time more than a third part of all the 
 
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 1.. .','1 
 
 .•■!! 
 
 lo II 
 
 ':,-, 
 
 lo33 
 
 ' Hh 
 
 
 
 St-o nuten appvnJuU tu Tublu 1. 
 
 - ^ .^ — « .^ (O 1* Jl « o 
 
 ^ « L.- rj_'r '^j^ic f, I'i'-'^,'^ 
 r, I'-. J* >m J« 5* W « ■- - 
 
 IV.— ^iixoMMi «/* /Ae Quantities i>f the iJiffufnl J'^aricfits of Winv Importid and Retained for 
 Home VofiSumptioH in the (Jnitvd Kinydoin in 1W07. 
 
 Proclui-r of Hrltibh I'os&etKiona : 
 
 South .Vfrica - 
 
 Atisir-i'"* - 
 
 (lilur llnllhli I'tMVKftlonft 
 I'riMlut e of Fortiyn CouiUrio* : 
 
 France 
 
 I'lirtiijial 
 
 Siiaiii ■ 
 
 Hol'rm.l 
 
 rnnar\ I^lanlll» • 
 rt.iK.'sicUy 
 (ieTiiiaiiy 
 Other )»aris 
 
 Tniai tinportft _ 
 
 
 ImiHiru 
 Kid Wine 
 
 Kalloni 
 
 i 
 'I'oHI ' 
 
 ^jitloti.4 
 
 Ent 
 While WInt 
 
 ijniloni 
 
 riM fur ConiiUini 
 
 Rnl Wine 
 
 KalloiiH 
 
 lion 
 
 Whit* Wine 
 
 Toul 
 
 Kalloni 
 
 Uailuirs 
 
 4,';vi 
 
 l,7lfi 
 
 'l,.17ll 
 
 w,xn 
 
 A,.'ili9 
 
 •i.'i.SO'l 
 
 1 '.1,111 
 
 .'>,llil 
 
 'JI,II1 
 
 1AA1I 
 
 .1,'iUM 
 
 : l>(,H.-il 
 
 3'J,C.1 
 
 ■ii.HM 
 
 (il,(l'J'J 
 
 '^.-1,1111 
 
 11.1,910 
 
 4S,0.-,H 
 
 1, 07 S, 1.11 
 
 •J,r,'i2,s.'j0 
 
 .1,771,101 
 
 900,707 
 
 !l,fi(ll,«>ll 
 
 3,.VJ',,.VJH 
 
 .IH.S.la 
 
 '.!.()H.',,7ll(i 
 
 V,7al,'i1S 
 
 'i!l,l'J» 
 
 ll,h'^H,(l'JS 
 
 !I,S'>7,'^!I7 
 
 «,1.14,I7A 
 
 l,i'J.'..7.11l 
 
 7,.1.1II,KII.'> 
 
 A,1M,I1.',.1 
 
 681,aH(i 
 
 S,S(.?,1.1'.I 
 
 4'J,.1I'I 
 
 al6 
 
 , 4'J,.'i>i.1 
 
 I9,MS 
 
 ttlill 
 
 I'l.HOI 
 
 3l).'j.lKi« 
 
 li6,7M 
 
 4al,7S'J 
 
 .I'Ji.V'll 
 
 '^l,41K 
 
 4111,719 
 
 'in,\m 
 
 Itll 
 
 Vl',.107 
 
 l,Wi1 
 
 4li 
 
 4,.1"ll 
 
 41S,4(;7 
 
 l.H.IA 
 
 4'iO,;.(l'^ 
 
 41.1,1'JII 
 
 4,717 
 
 4 17, '107 
 
 .-..11,117 
 
 RO.'il'i 
 
 4.11J1H'J 
 
 anljUM 
 
 87,9 la 
 
 .iri!l,7Ha 
 
 llll,.1NII 
 
 .17,.1(iS 
 
 M7.7').1 
 
 Hl.fi7l 
 
 .1.1,)I14 
 
 1 I4,H8.'. 
 
 H,li>lil,ll'< 
 
 U,7A'<,lli'.l 
 
 lA,4l-.(,.'iHI 
 
 7,4A4,7W 
 
 6,'al,10* 
 
 i.1.7.'>'^4'iS 
 
 I 
 
 - -rr>i-**-t; = — t'- 
 
 ■C 3D 2^ ~.^ 't"^ "l*^. . 
 
 5 >*Sfl-» — '5'Ot^'SjttLl 
 
 
 ^Account of the Price of Wine in Bond in London^ December 2, 1808, from the Circular of 
 the eminent Brokers Messrs, Matthew Clark ^* Sons, 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 ClnrcU, rarjio - 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Port : T4'r¥ vunerlor old 
 
 jJIKt'lnld 
 
 _ 
 
 
 pipe 
 
 (lA to 
 
 KO 
 
 - 
 
 
 hhd. 
 
 A lo 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 .',11 
 
 6(1 
 
 llerinita)>e, red and wliiie (1st (jrowth) 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 .. 
 
 ,. 
 
 I'ltn ii^lil - 
 
 
 
 
 .10 
 
 40 
 
 ordinary iiuullty 
 
 
 
 
 ■ • 
 
 .. 
 
 {[ockI ynuni( 
 
 
 
 
 ■jr, 
 
 iN 
 
 .Ma»de« 
 
 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 ., 
 
 common do. 
 
 
 
 
 •i-i 
 
 •it 
 
 1' Tenct)» red 
 
 
 
 pipe 
 
 U 
 
 If. 
 
 IVi.Vs 
 
 
 
 
 4j 
 
 M 
 
 whiti? - 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 Whitt port, fine - 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 Hoclc, tuiienor j 
 
 
 
 autn 
 
 4A 
 
 60 
 
 Red wineH} from Oporto • 
 
 
 
 J, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 other qualities 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 6 
 
 .10 
 
 Lisbon . 
 
 
 
 jj 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 Mosclk', line 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 .10 
 
 White ,. (hnedry) 
 
 
 
 jj 
 
 i!H 
 
 .16 
 
 othur qualities 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 (i 
 
 16 
 
 (do. rith) 
 
 
 
 jj 
 
 .IV 
 
 3H 
 
 Madeira, direct fine old - 
 
 
 
 pipe 
 
 10.5 
 
 150 
 
 1 RucpIIm 
 
 
 
 ,j 
 
 .16 
 
 44 
 
 tfood young 
 
 
 
 
 .■ill 
 
 HO 
 
 1 rwc.i»eIlos 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 4i 
 
 fair „ 
 
 
 
 1, 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 FiRuera 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 Marsala 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 IC 
 
 17 
 
 ; Shern ; (ine 
 
 
 
 butt 
 
 100 
 
 IKi) 
 
 Cape, uhite, good and lair 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 Kood - 
 
 
 
 
 (ill 
 
 80 
 
 romnion 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 *■ 
 
 , * 
 
 * fair - 
 
 
 
 J, 
 
 .10 
 
 bi\ 
 
 red, good 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 V.1 
 
 ciiinmon and fair 
 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 ' White wines from Cadii Kav 
 
 
 
 J, 
 
 Vi 
 
 H 
 
 Tenerifle, London p;irticular 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 40 
 
 Malaga, l«t quality 
 
 
 
 iHpc 
 
 
 
 '.•nd quality 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 • • 
 
 VA 
 
 and „ 
 1 Spanlih. red (xood and fine) 
 
 
 
 >f 
 
 18 
 15 
 
 in 
 
 cargo 
 Fajal, white, good 
 
 
 
 »* 
 
 • • 
 
 " 
 
 I (common and fair) 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 U 
 
 caiKO 
 
 
 
 t» 
 
 • ■ 
 
 • • 
 
 white - 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 16 
 
 CUrrti, UtKrowihal8G5'» 
 
 
 
 hlid. 
 
 KO 
 
 K5 
 
 white - 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 1 Vnd 
 
 
 
 
 .lA 
 
 (K) 
 
 Hungarian, red • 
 
 
 
 hhd. 
 
 7 
 
 1* 
 
 other qualities - 
 
 
 
 _;: 
 
 U 
 
 lii'j 
 
 white 
 
 
 
 •• . 
 
 7 
 
 IS 
 
 i 
 
 ' ''"I. 
 
dlirrrv rniHiiiiH' 
 
 WINK 
 
 '» 
 
 il in l.iiiiiliiii \\:^^^ tlic iu'ihIiii')' of 
 
 IiIiIm'iI, HJIH, llri' CMTV llll\ 
 
 |ii'iirM III uliiili 4\('rviiiii' Clin 
 null' kniiw K llii'v nmlil nnl l<4> 
 Sir, I'li'i'Huiiiil 
 dm H'iiir 'i'liii/i 
 li iin lliii Nnlili'i'l. 
 in llh' rilt;n< nl 
 iiii'lli til iIiIh iIii 
 
 till' Aiimr /iiimn, 
 (ilVi'K'il liir Kiili' III 
 \-r'<.iiil Willi lllr 
 JlHurili'iJ wrrr lIli'V |;rniiinr. 
 'WilliiiniM, in liii |iiini|ilili'l nn 
 •( |S-1), j{iivi' wniir rniiiin-i idlii 
 'I'lii' inni'iHi' iif llii' iliiliiM 
 %\'illiiiiii iinil Aniii' IIinI ^wr 
 ^•rriiiliilili' CriitiTiiilv (-ri- ii |i,i|iir liy Ailili^mi in 
 (III' I'lillii, Nil i;il). Ilnl lliiiii^li iiiliilli'nilioii 
 
 III- |iriillliilri| liy, it iliirx mil wholly ili'|il'llll nil I III' 
 lIlllii'M, lull U ill cnnlilllll' --Il lull;; 111 till' llllllrrilll-i 
 ^INi'il in iiilnlli'i'Mlioli nil' ('lii'Mprr tlinn tlir wiiir, 
 (ir iil'lirli' ililnllrrilli'il. 'Si'i> ih In iiijnilrriltiiin iil' 
 |iiirl wine iiniirr (i'i'Mi/i/i/i/; iiihI sit hIhd Hi/mrln 
 »il' Mr. Scrii'Inry l.ylliin anil Mr.Cnnsiil ( 'ninlnril 
 on llir niiiiir snliji'i'i, |iiililiMli('<l liy tliii < invrrnnii'iil 
 
 ill IM(i7. 
 
 'I'lir (inly ■•I'i'iirity iittiiiiiMt licin^j iiii|iiiii'i| n|H>n 
 Ih Id (leal willi rrs|K'clalili' liiuisi'i lar^;rly ciipiijril 
 ill the trailr, to wliiiiii a rrpnlaliini I'nr Nrlliii^ 
 PIiiihI wine i^4 <>r It'll tiiiu's limrr ini|iiirlaiiri' lliiiii 
 anylliin/; llii'.v cuiilil cxpt'ot. tn iiialii' liy ailiii- 
 (iraliiiii. 
 
 A/iiisiiiiH.- Arriiriliii)^ to lln' HyMlini ul' uiiii' 
 IDriiMiriM lliat iinvailiil iluwn In IN'Jii, llir i,'allnii 
 Cnnlaincil J.'ll I'llliic ilirlics; tlic lii'ir", I- ^illlntl'4 ; 
 tlic pnnrliinn, HI ^all HH ; tlir lin;;s|ii'ail, tiil pil- 
 I'iiih; till' pipe or IiiiII, I-H ^nlloim; anil llio Inn, 
 1!'~>'J pillnns. Itiil in the Nysli'in <it' iiii'aHiiri'.s 
 intrniliii'cil liy tlir Art Titii'ii. IN'.c. 71, tlii' inipriial 
 ulanilai'il f^allnn cnnlainM '.!77,'.'7I ciiliii' inclii's; mi 
 ilial llic ticrrcr-;),') (very nearly) imperial j^al- 
 Inns ; (lie pnnilii'nii 7(1 (very nearly) ditlu ; llie 
 1i(ip;slieail ''i'J.!| (very nearly) ililln ; llie pipe or 
 Imtl ■ lll.'i (very nearly) iliito ; ami III 'ini'^'-MO 
 (very nearly)" ilitlo.' [\\'i;ii;ii r- IMi;.\- 
 
 8ri(i";s.| 
 
 A very j,'reat (|nnnlily of wine i.> tlie 
 
 con.siiiner in iln/cns; iiiiieli iimre, inileeil, than in 
 Holil ill any oilier way ; anil yet, Iheie is no refill 
 liition as III the si/e nf liottles — a ileCeel whiili 
 lias oeeasioiieil a j^reat deal of aluise. No one 
 (lonlits the propriety of inaUiii^ all Kalloiw, 
 lin.sliels, lie. of the saiiic rapacity; anil why 
 mIioiiIiI not similar rc^riilatioiis he enforceil in the 
 •case of ineasnrcs ho iiiiiversallv nseil as liottles ? 
 
 No ahatement of ihilicH niaile on aecoiinl of any 
 •tlamano P'C|/'i'Ve(l livwine, (Hi A; 17 Vict, e. lo7 
 
 «. no,) ' ■ 
 
 Wine fur OjTwvrit of Nnrij. — l'"iir the ipiantit.y 
 'of (Inty-IVee wine to Ik' alloweil lo odieer.s of the 
 navy, iind the rej;nlalions under which it, is to lie 
 nllo'wvd, see ante, bii'nK iwiuiN and K.M'oiir.v- 
 TiiiN, and for similar allowances for the; morcliant 
 (forvice, see S'I'ohks. 
 
 Hi'ijitlitlions IIS tit Mirinij, BollUnij iSv. In lyari'- 
 hituiTH. — It Hliall he lawful, with the sanction of 
 the cominissioiiers of customs, and nftcr notice 
 ■^ivcn liy the respective importers or proprietors, 
 to draw olf any wine or any sjiirits into reputed 
 4|unrt or pint liottles for exportation only ; and to 
 <lra\v off and mix hrandy with any wine, not ex- 
 crrdinj; the iiroportion of 10 f^.'dlons hnindy lo 
 1((0 fjallons wine; iind also to till up any casks of 
 wine or Riiirits from any other casks of the same 
 respectively seonred in the same wa'-eliouse; and 
 also to rack oil' any wine from the Ices, and mix 
 «ny wines of the same sort, erasinfr from the cask 
 all import brands, niiless the whole of the wine 
 BO mixed he of. the same brand ; am! als.i to lake 
 such samples as nniy be allowed by iiie comniis- 
 eioners of customs, with or without entry, and 
 with or without paj'mcnt of duty, except as the 
 same may eventually become payable as on a 
 ideticiency of the original quantity. (IG & 17 Vict. 
 
 wool, 
 
 c, In" N, lO.'i.) <ii'ropi;;a may lie iniieil wlih 
 iillnr wiiiei iiiidir the same rci;iiliillnii>i, mid in 
 the '•iiiiie pmpnrli'ins as liramly . 
 
 WeliiiM' liiiii'nwed •',. Ilr^l pail of llie cninpic 
 hcii'<ive Tiililc Nil. t. (p. I..;lh Irnui a valiiahli' 
 eilillliirnr I llnlims(ieoi(.',e Shaw, l'.-<i|. Tlielallir 
 'years are taken fniiii parlianieiilary papers, 
 
 'I'lilili- fliiiiiinii tlir (iiiiinlilin of' U'liw in tin- 
 I lliiiiilril H'liiiliiiiiHiii nf llif Ihiiliil KiiniiliHii 
 iin /hti'iiiliii- III, iHlili mill \HiV;, mil) il,,- 
 Siuiiim wliinir lliisr (^iiiiiilitii'ii li'rrr tin 
 
 I'lHIIllllvi 
 
 llrlll.li initwi'.lima In H. .\ti\in ■ 
 IIiIkt Hi null |i<KM>,Kloli« 
 ll.'llnii.l 
 
 I I. 
 
 I'.ilMU.ll 
 M.kIi'Imi 
 
 sp.im .... 
 I .iitrtrlr* 
 
 lliljr, liii lililliiK N.ljilia mill Nlilly 
 IMIi 'I iiHiiilrirv ■ 
 .Muvil Ih IhiihI ' 
 liilnl 
 
 III W .inlintiM't 
 
 I ll«<'..tl, iniiii nw.ll.lm;; 
 
 iiiiU, 
 i;.7iii 
 
 l'l,7l'l 
 I 1.1,1 'H 
 
 l,Tii,i,;ii 
 1, '17, 'nil 
 
 ,T.„VIII 
 
 li.'JIiX.'MII 
 
 ,1,I.Tt 
 
 V»i,7i'li 
 
 ■t'KI.JHI 
 
 /;i.,-'is 
 n.H'i'M 1, 
 
 i'lii. 
 '/Il, 'II, 
 ii.'ii? 
 1 1 '.,'.i<i 
 
 l,l>HI,ll.l, 
 
 'i,ii'n,iiiii 
 
 ,1S,l'lli 
 
 fl.MI.U't 
 
 7,;ii( 
 
 'Hl'l.i.7H 
 
 ,'lll,l,','l1 
 
 71 1, Ml 
 
 li,.vi;.;/i 
 
 WOAI) (|(ier. wniil ; |)iilrli, weidc ; f'r, pasli'l, 
 1,'lli'ile, viilieile; Ital. (^ilililniie, ;;lliiilii, ^;|,'|nI|ii, 
 Span, pastel. j,'lastii). 'I'lie tuiitin tiililnriit i.i 
 
 lint. . Is, a biennial plant, with a fnsirniin iJliruiM 
 rnnt, and sinoolh branchy stem, rising fmin .1 t<> 
 .'') fed in hei^rlil, Wnail is inili^'enniis i,, iiiii,| 
 p.irtsof l'',iirope; and was exlensively ilseil I'n'iii 
 a vi'i-y remiilii period, down In the t;i"'nenil jnirn 
 diictinii of indigo, in the dyeiii)^' of bhie. It is^lill 
 cnltivati'il to a eoiiNidcrahle extent in Krunii'; 
 but in this country its eultivatioii is cliii'ijy iv' 
 
 strii'lcd to a few irislricis in |,ii liisliiie, Allir 
 
 beiiij; bruised by machinery, to express llif 
 watery part, il is inrined inin I'lidls, wliicli leriiiciil. 
 Mild fall into a dry powder, which is snlil |i, i|m' 
 (Iyer. Woad is imw seldoin eniploveil williiml a 
 niixtiire of inili^'o, liy itself it i"n iiicapalile nI' 
 giviiih' a liriKbl, and deep blue colnnr; hut Ihi' 
 cnlniir which it does nivc is very diinihli', ilic 
 licNt met bods of conducting,' the feriiiiiitiitinii ,'iiii| 
 
 preparation of woad an- still so very ill iiniler-t I 
 
 that the ^,'oiiiliiess of any parcel of it can never lie 
 aseertaiiK'd till il be, actually iisid ; so that il Inn 
 the disadvantaf^e of bein^'pnichased iiinlir Ilic 
 f,'reatest unci>rtaiiity as lo Its true value, ,\l llii^ 
 proper aj^e, iiidino plants yield about III) times as 
 much coloiirint; matter, and of u far snperinr 
 ipiality, as an equal weight of woad; sn Hint 
 I here is no prospect that any iiiipmvemeiit lliat 
 may be unnle in its preparalinii will ever iiinlor it 
 
 either in i;oodne.ss or chea| ss, a rival nf the 
 
 former, (Loudon's h'lin/.of .liirliiiltiiii-, llanonirt 
 Oil ColourH, vol. 1. p. lil7.') We have lin^vidiisly 
 ri.Nl>Hi<>| ^iven some account of the ellnrts iiiadi! 
 by the woail growers to prevent the use of iiulimi, 
 
 WO(U>. [TiMHKIl.] 
 
 WOOL (<ier. wollo; I)ut<;h, wol; Dan. iikl; 
 Swedish, ull ; Fr. lainc, 't.:!. am! .Span, laiia; 
 I'ort. laa ; Uiws. wolna, scliersi ; I'nl. weliia; 
 l.at. lana). A kind of soft liair or down. Tlio 
 term is not very well delliied. It is applied liotli 
 to the fine hair of animals, as sheep, raliiiits, flnmB 
 speeies of goals, the vicuna >fec., and to line 
 vegetable libres, as cotton. In this article, liow- 
 (?ver, we refer only to the wool of sheep— an 
 article which has continued, from the earliest 
 period down to the present day, to lie of primary 
 importance, having always formed the principal 
 part of the clothing of mankind in most temperato 
 regions. 
 
 Speciei of Wool, — It hoa been customary in 
 
r'OOI. 
 
 I' HMiiii' r<'i;iiliiti>>iii, iiikI ill 
 
 14 liriiiic|> . 
 
 .1. lir^t |>inl i>r llii' niiii|ii<' 
 
 (|l. I.>:ll) ImiIII II Vllllllllili' 
 
 lyy.r Sliiiw, I', -"I. 'I'lii' liilh r 
 iMrliiiiiiriiiary |iii|ii'i''<. 
 
 illlllllilllH il/' WlllV ill //if 
 
 « IP/ ihf I 'nihil Kiimil'iiii 
 IHiKI mill iHii/, ,111,1 //„. 
 irjir (^iiiiiililii'H it<rrc I in 
 
 I III W'lirrliiiliMit 
 
 ] I),., . ,'rl, ISI.Ii II.T ,11, 111, 
 
 Wool. 
 
 I. -..17 
 
 klir 
 
 • I 
 
 iiii., 
 
 i;,;iii 
 
 I'lji'i 
 
 l(.l,V.1 
 I.Vil.l.M 
 
 <,.'ii:.'iiii 
 
 .1.'i..Vlll 
 
 M'''<>'<'>l 
 
 vi;,;iiii 
 4'mi,:hi 
 ;7l,.''is 
 
 M,H'i7,l .> 
 
 ii.ii.. 
 
 Vli.Uli 
 
 ii.'ii; 
 
 II 'I, '■Hi 
 
 .I'HI.II.I, 
 
 ,1 I'M, It III 
 
 ."Yi,!'!!! 
 
 Ml.lri 
 
 7,;ii/ 
 
 Vll'l.i.7H 
 
 .1ll,1,VIH 
 
 7 II, Ml 
 
 i\vi/,;ii 
 
 ; Dlllili, «rn|r; IV. |iilstr|, 
 
 Kii'i'liilU'i Ullililii, nl/iiliii. 
 
 Till' /.iillis lillltiiriil n|' 
 
 liiiit, willui l'iiNitii:iii lilimiH 
 cliy Niciii, rlsiiijj rriiiii :i i,i 
 mill in iiiili^M'iiiiiH III iiiii^t 
 wnn ixti'imivcly iini>i| frmii 
 lliiwil III Ihr t;r||ciii| jnlrn- 
 <• dyeing; III' liliif. || issii|| 
 iliTiilili' crvlciil ill Kriiiiiv; 
 Ik nilliviitiiiii is cliirllv iv- 
 
 i^•l^* in Ml Iii.iliiii' ,\(lir 
 
 iirllilii'iy. til ('X|irrs,s l||i< 
 'il iiilii liiills, wliirli lirini'iit, 
 wilcr, \\liii'li i-i siilil III Mm 
 I'liliim ciiiiildycil willhiiil ,'1 
 y ilM'll', Il is iiirii|iiilili' III' 
 lr('|i liliic niliiiir; liiit llii' 
 ,'iv(' i.t very iliiiiihli'. Tiic 
 I'liti^' III!' ri'riiii'iilnliiiii iiiiil 
 I- .Ml ill sii vi-ry ill iiinli'r-lii.nl 
 ly imrri'l nl' it cm hcmt Ih' 
 
 lllltlly lisi'il; HO lllHl il ll.'IS 
 
 iciiiK |iiircliiisril miller lliii 
 III Its tliK' v;iliir. .\t lliii 
 lis yii'lil .'ilxiiit :lll tiiin'S lis 
 cr, mill of II far siiporinr 
 weight of wiiml; sn tliiit 
 ml liny iiniirnvciiiciit iliat 
 |i!iriitiiiii will cviT ii'iiijpr it 
 t'lu'apiu'ss, ji rival nf the 
 ri/. of .ti/iifHlliirr ; Itaiiorol't 
 •17.) \V(! Iiiivc. iiri'viimnly 
 ircimiit III' tini pIVirls iiinili! 
 I prcvc'iil, tlio use of iiiilij,"!. 
 
 ; I)iit(;li, wul; Dun, iilil; 
 nc, ^'.r.l. null Span, laiia; 
 nn, Hrlior.si ; I'ol. wt'lna; 
 if soft liair or down. The 
 Iclincil. It i.s applii'il Imtli 
 mis, n.s shi'pp, raliiiits, aomfi 
 viciiim &C., and to line 
 ton. Ill til i.s article, liow- 
 o llio wool of ghccp— an 
 itiiiuod, from tho earliest 
 lent day, to lie of primary 
 vay.s formed the jirincipal 
 iiaiikind in most temperate 
 
 [t hoa been customary in 
 
 lliit riiiiiilry In iliviili' wmiI iiilu 'i jffcdt ilnowii* 
 — Imii; iiml hliurl Wimli; iillij tlii'si> auiiill illlii 
 
 (•llliiinlillillii rlllsri, II rilill;.; In llli' lllli'll<"n iil 
 
 IIm' liliri'. 
 
 Slmrl 'Aiiiil il II. il ill III)' rliilli Mlilliiiliii liirr; 
 iiiuli ', lli< ri'liifi', IriijiirlillN rillli'ij I'liilliiii'r niiiil. 
 Il lllll\ Mirv ill ii'll'lll I'liilll I In :■ nr I Imlli'.; if 
 
 II III' Imii.'i'l', il rri|iiirrs In lii< nil nr liriil.i'li In 
 prr|i,iri' il I'nr llir iiiiiiiiilinl iiri', 
 
 'I lir I'lllimi piiipirly nf VMml \: Kiinwii III I'M ry 
 
 iiiir. 'Vlii' jir 1 III liiit iiiiiMiiir, I'nr rMiiiipli', 
 
 ili|'iMii|s iiilirrly ii|i"iii il. 'rin'Hiinl nf Hhiili Imii 
 
 nil' lllllilr i < III illn I' r<|illll llnl' Wnvi II ; lllll InrKs nf 
 
 it liiiii;^ I linn hi; 'Illy jiili riiii siil iiii'l iniii|iri .mij |i, 
 
 IMirlll W.'ilir, rnlnTi' mill fnllll ll nljil |i'li,|rjiM|s 
 hllli llllii'i'. 
 
 t'lnlli mill wnnlli'li fnnils ari' 111 nil' fliilil wiinl 
 pus I"- linn this prii|iirly i llir wiml i i ciinliil, -pun, 
 (tiiM'ii, mill liii'ii. Ill in;', put iiilii tin- liillin;; mill, 
 till' prill I'll . Ill II lliii ',■ liil.i'.i phiir. 'I III' !.|riil\i' 1 nf 
 till' iiiill iiiiiKi' llii' liliirs rnlirri' ; llii' pii'i'i' i-iili 
 
 jl'l'lril In llll' llpirilllnll rilllh'lH'IS ill l<'l|n||| IIII, I 
 
 iiri iillli.iiinl ils hNliiri' liiTumrs iiinn rniiipiirl ii'iij 
 llliirinii. 'I'liii prnri-s is i-ii|ili:i| III llll. Iiinnv 
 liml '-!l'i'll"lll III' wnnjli'll rinlll. |!i|| till. |iiM|. uiii.j 
 
 III V, liii'li hlilM'i mill wnrsli'il |;iinili iim iiiii'li' is 
 lll|ili\'l| III' ill I'rilill ■, priipi'liii'.. 'I'llil i> ilnlll' 
 
 liy I'.'i- '•ill , till' wnnl llirniii'Ji lir.'ili'il iriiii cninl).. 
 uliii'li lalii'i iiwiiy llll' liiiiiiiii' nr I'l iillni y pml nl 
 till' Unnl, mill npplnsilll.'lll'.s il In llll' ll;iliiri' III 
 hill< III' nil lull. 
 
 I,ii'ij; nr rniiiliiii'; wnni may vary in Ii'Iil'IIi (Vniii 
 ,'l In X ilH'llr-i. 'llll' ^Imrti'r I'nlllliill;; UnnK mi' 
 
 priiiripally ii'-r'l I'nr linsn, ami mi' hpiiii miIIit llimi 
 till' Inn;; rnliiliili \Min|<; Ilir I'nriiiri' lii'ili;', liiilili' 
 iiilnwiiiil i< r.il limil, mill llll' l.'itlir iiitn suit 
 wiii-.li'i| yarn. 
 
 Till' liiH'iiis-i nf till' liair nr liliri' I'liii rarily lie 
 I'llillLlli'il, at Irll^l I'nr any ll rl'lll plllpnsi'. I'Mi'pl 
 liy III'' Wiinl ,'Mirlrr nr llraln, arnKlnlliril liy Inn;; 
 
 liiiliil III ili'i'irii llinsc miiiiili' ililVrrriirr I thai an' 
 i|iilii' iiiiip{ii'i'i'ialili' liy I'liiiiiiinii iiliM'rM'rs. In 
 (.iMtili;; wiinls, lllrrr mi' firipii'lll ly H nr 10 ililVrr- 
 ilil ,■p^li^^ ill a i-ilin|i. Ili'i'i'c ; ami if IIm'Ih'sI wnnl 
 iif lllll' lli'irc III' lint t'i{ii,'il In Hit' liinr snrl, il is 
 lliriiwii III '..'ml, .'inl, or llll, nr to a slill Inwrr smi, 
 nf llll I ipi.'il ilr'.;ri r nf lilli'lii'SS Willi it. 'I'lii' lii'st 
 l'!ii;:li>li .''liiirt milivi' Ilirn'S, hih'Ii as tlii' liiii' 
 Nmliill, ami .^niilliilnwii, arr nciicially ili\iilril liv 
 till- Hiiiil .snrlir inln till' fnllnwiii;; hiirt>, all vary- 
 ing' ill liiHiirss fiiiiii raili oilier; — vi/.. I. priiiii'; 
 'J. I liiiii'i' ; ;i. siipir ; 1. licail; Ti. ilnwiiri>;lils ; 11. 
 •■I'liiiiiU ; 7. liiu'i'ilili; H. cnarM' iilili; ll. liviry ; 
 10. hliiiit rnaisi' nr lilii'cli Wnnl. T'lic rrl,'lti\(; 
 v.'iliie nf e.'irli \ .iriis ai'i'imliii^; In llie ;;r('al»,'r ile- 
 liillliil I'nr rnar-^e, litlC, nr liiiilille clnllis. 
 
 llll' siifliii'>s nf till' liliri' is ll ipiality nf j^reat 
 iiii|iuiliiMr(', It, is lint ilipemli'iil nil tile (liii'iK'ss 
 
 III' llll' lilirc; ami rnii-.istM of a ] liar IVel, 
 
 Il|iprn.'irliiii;; In lli.itdf .silU nrdnwil. 'I'lie ditVir- 
 eiiii' ill till' v.'iliH' nf •_' pieces of clnlli imnle nf '> 
 UiiiN nf Wnnl eipially line, lint niie (lislini^nislieil 
 I'nr lis Miftness ami IIm nllier fur the llppll•^ile 
 ijinilily, is sncli, tliiil, with the same pnnfess .'iinl 
 e.\p(ii-e nf iii.'iniirailui'e, the niie will be Wnrlli 
 frnin 'Jli III 'J.I per ceiil. iiinre than the othei'. Mr. 
 li.ilieweli .shnweil that the (le;,'re(! of Hllfllu^ss 
 ili'l'i'iiil-. principally nn the ii.ifiiro of llie snil on 
 ■(vliii'li .sheep are fed: that sheep pastured on 
 cli.ilk ilislricl.s, nr li;;lit ealcareniis snil.s, usually 
 priiiliiee hard wnnl : while the wool nf llmse tli.'it 
 •lie p.i-liired nn rich, Inaiiiy, ar^^illaceiniH soils, 
 U iilv.-.'iys (lisliii<;iiislie(l hy its wiflness. Of the 
 f iri'i-ii wools, the Saxon is ;,'enerally .softer th.'iii 
 t'li' Sjiaiiish. Hard wnnls arc all" defective in 
 tli('ir_/l////»/ prnperiiis. 
 
 Ill clnihiiig Willi, the ciilmir of the (Iccce .slinuld 
 
 altMiys npprnileh ll'* llllletl n* |Mi«'<|li|e in ll.i>|itiri>Mt 
 W lllll'! Iiriait e Nlli'll Wnnl |s ||iil niily ||ieei«ary 
 fnr I Inih, ilr. I'd whili', lllll fnriill I I'llil < that iiri> 
 In Im' dsi'il III i 'hi I nlniii ., llll wlili'h a eliiir wliiln 
 I'iniinil ii riipiiriil lii/'i\i'ii lllll' ili'cri llll ri'linesn 
 
 and hi-tr.'. >„\ if thi' l,ii;didi Iim' Hnnlleil 
 
 -Ini'p, as III'' N'nrlnU a-id .*-niiilii|iiM ii. hine Idiiel* 
 nr crey I'lii' • aiid |i :; , III all -mil -Imp thrrf i'l 
 n ll iidi'tiiy In i;rnw c.ri'y wnnl nil -11111" p.'i I nf llip 
 linilv. nr III prn.liiii' sniiiii ^re\ lllin s iiiternil.xeil 
 with the Ih'i I'l, whii'li ri'iideri lie' wnil unlit I'nr 
 imiiiy kinds III w hill' 1,'iinils : fnr llinii'^h Ilin lilaek 
 liair< may he Inn IVw ami liiililile in he di'lieli'il 
 hy the Wnnl I'lirler, yet will II the ilnlll js -toveil 
 
 Ihry III me vi-llili', fnrmil,;; reihll'll fpnis, l»v 
 
 whirll ils enlniir i- liiiieh llijiiri'd. 'Ilii' I |l'|•|'fnr^f- 
 •llil i' ' lii'i'p, wliii'll have wliile I'lii'i'i, lire llll iri'ly 
 III'" I'lniii llli. di'feet. iiii'l \ iild a ll"' I'n willinllt 
 aii\ aihiiistiiri' nf '.riy h.iir-. 
 
 llll' I'lianii" . Ill the wnnl is an iiii|Hirl.iiil cnn- 
 i-iileialiiin. I h" Spaiii-h wnnl, fni' I'.Miniple, U 
 i\\\\i\\ s Niniiri'd after il i-i "li'irii ; win irjs the l''.iij{. 
 li-h \Miiil il niily iiiijii rfii'lly wa hid mi Ihe sheep 
 |iri'\ inii-lv In il . Ill ilij; slmril. In enli-iipii nee, it 
 I-. '.'lid llial whili' a p.ii k nf r',ii;rlidi el il hint,' wnnl 
 
 nf '_'hi III. wii'.'ht will w.i ti' III I |i| III. ill the 
 
 liiaiiiir.ii'liiri', till' s.'imi' ipi.iiilily nf ,Sp,'ini>li will 
 
 linl wa.le I I'lh.'iii j.slli. ( l.-iniliiii' i, Ihi'refnrc, 
 
 is nil nlijii'i III niinh impnrlaii"!' In lli" hiivif. 
 
 I'll fnri' 111" ri I "III iieprnvei'ii'iils in ihi' >pitiiiin(» 
 nf wnnl hy linn hiiii'iy, ;;ri'at lril';lli and Irell^jth 
 of staple wils enll ideri'il illili piIis'lMe ill iiniHt 
 
 hill;,' VMiiils. Till' lllll" s i.r the lull" wnnlli'li 
 
 sliii'p fill ill Ihe riih ni.'irhi's nf I'.iiil .'hi'I l.iliinhi 
 ii-.i'd III he ri'ikniii'd pii'iiliarly siiil.'ilil" I'nr llio 
 
 plirpii'.i's nf III'' wnnl cnllllier ; lllll the illlproVl!- 
 
 mi'iils alhiili'd In have ell'ei'l; d a viry trn ,il chaiij^n 
 in this respect, and have enaliliil the iiianiifai;- 
 llimr In Hiilisliliili' shnrl wnnl i if .'1 iiieln s staple, in 
 III" plai'i' III' Iniei; cnmliiii;; wiinl, in lie- pri'par.itiol,' 
 of iMii>l wnr-li'd ailii'les. .\ nri'ii idlenilinn has, 
 ill lllll -I'lpii'iiie, taken place in the priiporlinii of 
 IniiH In slinrt wnnl since IHIMI; tlnre having heeii 
 ill the iiilirini, a inrilin;; In INIi'. Iliihliard's calcii- 
 1,'lliiilis fsi e pml ). an ilnrea-il' nf l.'l_',ll'i.i plieks ill 
 the ipiaiilily nl' lln' Inrmir prnihiceil in I'ji^daiul, 
 and a ileeri.ie nf 7l',h:;ii ill the i[liaillilv nf the 
 latliT. 
 
 Whileiles nf lle"^'" is nf le-s iiiij [.'iiice in lllO 
 Inn;; eniiihin^ than in clnthiii;^ wi lu. prnvided it 
 ll" flee frnm (^rey li.iir.s, Sniinlim" . Iinwiver, Ilic; 
 llii'i'e has a diliKy hi'nwn (nlniir, cilled u irinirr 
 .v/(//h, which is a ^iirc imlic iilnii ih.it the wool i.s 
 lllll ill a tlininnnliK' Miiiiid .-^late. Such llei'cesnrc 
 ciirel'iilly Ihrnwil nut hy the wnnl snrtir; heili;; 
 snilalilc only I'nr f^nmls thai are tn he dyed lihu'U. 
 Till' liiii'iiess of heavy iinnliiii'j; wnnl Is not id' so 
 niiieli ciiiisei|ii('iii'i' as its nllni qiialitiis. 
 
 The iMeriiin nr Spanish lireid nf slieip was 
 inlrndiiced iiitn this cnillllry illmllt tlieelnse of tlm 
 
 l.'i.-i ei'iiiury. (ii'iir;ii' III. was a f^rcal p.itrnn of 
 this Im'i'ciI, which w.is I'm- several years a very 
 ^.'ical favniirile. Ihit it li:is h"i ii ascertiiiiied that, 
 lliiiii;;h the llee^e dues lint iiiiiell di ^liierate here, 
 the earca.se, which is ii.itiirally ill fnniied, and 
 .'illiirds innipar.itively little weij^ht of meat, docs 
 iinl iniprnve; and as the lariiici', in tli" kind of 
 sheep whi'li he keeps, mii-t Innk llnl iiiily In the 
 prndiiec nf Wnnl, hill also In the hillihrr inarki.'t, 
 
 lie has fniiiid it his interest ralher In ntiirii to the 
 native hrceds of his own cniiiitry, and tn ^'ive up 
 Ihe Sp.'iiii^li sheep. They have, hnwever, lieeii of 
 cniisiderahle .service to the llncks nf I'ln^land ; 
 lia\ iiii^ lieeii jiidicinusly crossed with tlm Soutll- 
 dnwii, I.'yel.'iiid &f. 
 
 Dilvriiiriitinn nr Ci'iiiiii/r in Ilic Cliiiiiirli'r of 
 liriliuli U'liiil. — It app.-ars to he sllllii !• lltlv 18- 
 F 
 
 ! ,1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
]u38 
 
 
 V;' 
 
 ■;■ •'/ , 
 
 tal)Iislu'<l, l>y the evidonco taken l)eforc the Ilcm.sc 
 of LortlM ill 1H28, and other authorities, that « 
 consi(UTabh! (U'tcrioratioii, or nitlier, perliai)s, 
 chai'jie, had tnkeii jdaee in the (juality of Itriti.sli 
 wwol, partieiihirly (hiriiij^ the l!0 precediiif,' years. 
 The nivat <ihject of the an'ineulturist lias been to 
 increase the weight of the carease and the (piantity 
 of the wool; and it seems very dillieult, if not 
 quite imiHissible, to aeeoinplish tiiis without iii- 
 jurin};; the fineness of the lleece. Mr. Culley said, 
 that tlie Herefordshire sheep, tiiat produce the 
 finest wool, are ke|)t lean, and yield IJ lb. each; 
 ho added, 'if they be better kept, they n;row hirj^e 
 and product' more wool, but of an inferior quality.' 
 This would seem to bo universally true. The 
 great extension of the turnip husbandry, and the 
 general introduction of a larger breed of sheep, 
 appear, in evorv instance, to have lessened the 
 value of the fleece. Speaking of the Norfolk 
 fleeces, Mr. Fison, a, wool sorter, said, that 25 
 years ago the weight was 2,J lb. a llet ce, and that 
 now it is 3 lb. or ilj lb. (Rejiort, p. 3oG.) But 
 according to a table furnished by tlie saiiu! gen- 
 tleman, containing the results of his experience, 
 it a|)|K'are(l that of 15 tods, or •121) lb., of clothing 
 wool grown in Norfolk in 1790, 2001b. were /<nwii', 
 while, in 1828, the sairfc quantity of Norfolk wool 
 only yielded 14 lb. prime, {ihid. p. 207.) The 
 statements of other witnesses were to the same 
 effect, (/i(V/. pp. 388, G-tO, and 014.) According 
 to the estimate in Mr. Luccoek's Treatise on Emj- 
 lish }F<ml, which has always enjoyed the highest 
 reputation, the produce of all sorts of wo(d in 
 England, in 1800, was 384,000 packs, of 240 lb. a 
 pack, liut Mr, Hubbard, a very intelligent and 
 extensive wool-stapler at Leeds, has shown that, 
 supposing Mr. Luccoek's estimate of the inimber 
 of sheip to bo correct, the quantity of wool ])ro- 
 ducod in 1828 could not, owing to the greater 
 weight of the fleece, bo estimated at less than 
 463,100 jiacks; and it is now (1869) believed to 
 amount to more than 500,000 packs. It is, therefore, 
 probable, notwithstanding the decline in the price 
 of wool, that, taking into account the greater 
 weight of the carcase, and the greater weight of 
 the tleece, sheep produce more at present to the 
 fanner than at any former jjcriod. 
 
 Ninnbtr of Sheep in Great Brituin. — It was not 
 possible till the publication of the statistics of 
 agriculture collected by Governinent to form any 
 accurate estimate either of the niunber of sheep or 
 of the quantity of wool annually produced. With 
 the exception of Mr. Luccoek's, most of the state- 
 ments i'lit forth with respect to both these ])oiut3 
 were much exaggerated, Hut Jlr. L.'s estimate, 
 which Avas considerably under any that had pre- 
 viously apjieared, was drawn up with great care ; 
 and, as will be seen, approa('hed near to accuracy, 
 Accordiiii;' to Mr, Luecock, the 
 
 WOOL 
 
 peasantry were rudely ejected from their little 
 possessions, there can be no doubt that il. has, on 
 the wliole, been decidedly advantageous, Hesides 
 rendering large tracts of country more valuable to 
 the proprietors and the public generally, tlio coii- 
 <lition and habits of the peasantry have been ma- 
 terially iini)rovcd, instead of loitering awa\- 
 more than half their time, as was their fo'uua' 
 practice, they have now cither become ilie 
 servants of the large fanners, or have resorted to 
 towns and villages, and been inetamorplKjsed into 
 industrious tradesmen, lishermcn Ac, A very 
 small pro|)ortion of the whole has emigrated; and 
 the countr3- is more populous at present than 
 before the sheep farming system began. 
 
 In the General Ite/Mrt of Scotlaiid, 1814 (vol. 
 iii, Appen. p, 6), the number of sheep is estimated 
 at 2,850,000; but according to the census for 
 1868, the number wis 7,112,112, And in cim- 
 soquence of the rapid extension of the practice (if 
 turnip-feeding, both the weight of the carcase and 
 of the fleece have been largely increased. 
 
 According to Mr, Wakefield, there was not a 
 single ilock of breeding sheep in the whole pro- 
 vince of Ulster. {Accoiiut of Ireland, 1812, vol.i. 
 p. 341.) liut according to the latest agricultural 
 statistics, the wludo number of sheep in Ireland in 
 1868 was 4,822,444. 
 
 The total number of sheep in Great Britain and 
 Ireland, and including the Isle of Man and Channel 
 Ishinds, ill 1868, was 35,607,812. Tiiis niunlu'r, 
 though above the average, is more than 6,0iJ(),ii(|i) 
 under that given by Dr, Colquhoun for 1812; but 
 that learned person assigns no grounds whatever 
 for his estimate, which is utterly inconsistent with 
 all the really authentic information on the snliject. 
 It is curious enough to observe the German sta- 
 tistical writers referring to Colquhoun's statements, 
 as if they were of standard authority. They 
 would 1)0 about as near the mark, wore tliey to 
 quote the Ar(d)ian Niyhts in proof of any dis- 
 puted historical fact. 
 
 Nuinbi'r of lon^-wooHeil shwp in Kti;;Ian(t 
 
 ami \\alf, ill ISilO Win . - 4,IM,.-I1S 
 
 Nuinlx'riitMi.irt-aoollet! ditto - - 1 l.SiJ.i'J'* 
 Total nuiiiber shorn 
 
 19,007,007 
 
 According to the (lovernmcnt returns, the num- 
 ber in England and Wales in 1868 was 23,59D,289, 
 
 During the last half century a very decided 
 increase has taken place in the number of sheep 
 in Scotland, and a very great improvement hi the 
 breed, particularly in the Iliglilaiuls, In this 
 district, many of the proprietors have let their 
 estates ill large farms to store farmers, who have 
 introduced the_ Cheviot breed of slieop, instead of 
 the small black-faced heath breed 
 formerly the only one to be met with 
 
 isao- 
 
 Short lloeces 
 honii tlt'eces 
 
 . 
 
 193,17-) 
 131,791 
 
 
 
 
 Short and lonR, skin andlamljs' woo 
 
 58,70.5 
 
 
 
 
 I'art of W'ales not included In the 
 
 aliove t.ibles - 
 Incruase from ISOII to ISliS 
 
 383,974 
 
 9,M2 
 fi9,9J3 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 4fi3,lli9 
 
 
 
 ISOO- 
 IS'^S- 
 
 -r.irksof short wool 
 -Ditto ililto 
 
 - 
 
 IU3,175 
 
 lio.ii.'iS 
 
 
 
 
 Decrease 
 
 - 
 
 7'i,.sv!l) 
 
 
 
 182S- 
 
 -Short lleeces 
 Long lleecea 
 
 , 
 
 IVOBM 
 ■if.3,K17 
 
 
 
 
 >liort and tonf;, skin and lambs* \ 
 
 •oo 
 
 69.40S 
 
 
 
 
 W.iles, taken as before 
 
 - 
 
 ■l')3,!H»7 
 4I13,1M) 
 
 
 
 ISOil- 
 1 S'^S. 
 
 -Tacks of long wool 
 -Ditto ditto 
 
 - 
 
 131,791 
 •J(i.-.,H47 
 
 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 l.T.!,0-i3 
 
 
 
 ISOO- 
 
 -Total quantity of short wool 
 Ion;; wool 
 
 
 193,17'i 
 131,791 
 
 rM 
 
 'ifiij 
 
 ISW- 
 
 -Total quantity of short wool 
 lonK wool 
 
 
 1 aii,iij.i 
 
 263,S17 
 
 3HI 
 
 -.n'i 
 
 
 Im-re.ise of wool 
 Illcrea^e of skin and lambs* wool 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 i.1.1 llMce 
 
 7)11) 
 
 
 Total increase 
 
 
 
 "fi'J 
 
 lai 
 
 N,B.— The Avool from slaughtered slieep ami 
 carrion not mentioned in this table ; but allowed 
 for above. 
 
 Jiritish Trade in mml.— From 1660 down to 
 
 „. , 1825, the export of Avool was strictly pioljibitctl. 
 
 that was ' A notion grew uii towards the end of the l^tl' •""', 
 ' ■ • - ... .. ■-- • liiilf ot 
 
 We may I continued to gain gn und during tlie 
 inneritod last century, that the wool of England 
 
 „ .„ ...^ ,.. , „ s system; to that of every other country; thai , 
 
 for, though it bo true that, in a few instances, the . coulil not be prtjduccd any where else; and tuatu 
 
 remark! by the way, that a good deal of umneritod last cent ury, that the wool of England "«■< . 'i|ierior 
 odium has attached to the jjatrons of this system; to that of' every other country; that lonj;- wool 
 
WOOL 
 
 1.J39 
 
 I'jected from tlifir little 
 no doubt that il. 1ms, on 
 f ailvuiitii),'L'ous. l5('Muli's 
 country more viiliiablc to 
 public gcncriiUy, tlic cou- 
 pcttsttutry liavc been ma- 
 itcml of loitering ftwiiy 
 imc, n.i was their fo-nu^r 
 low cither become ilie 
 •mors, or have resorted to 
 been metamorpluwed into 
 tishernien &c. A very 
 vhole has emigrated ; ami 
 upulous at [irescnt than 
 ; syateui began. 
 •t of Scotlund, 181 1 (vol. 
 Tiber of Hlieep is estimated 
 )rding to the census lor 
 
 7,1 12,1 12. -'^"'l '" ^="'•- 
 xtension of the i)ra('tico of 
 
 weight of the carcase and 
 argely increased, 
 akefield, there was not a 
 ;; sheep in the whole pro- 
 uiit of Ireland, 18 1'.*, vol.i. 
 g to the latest agricultural 
 nbcr of sheep in Ireland ill 
 
 sheep in (Ircat Uritain and 
 he Isle of Man and Channel 
 35,007,812. This nuniluT, 
 ige, is more than tl,Oi)(),(Hli) 
 '. Colquhoun for 1812; but 
 signs no grounds wliatovcr 
 is utterly inconsistent with 
 information on the subject, 
 ( observe the German sta- 
 ; to Colquhoun'sstatenients 
 standard authoritj-. Tlicy 
 ar the mark, were iliey to 
 iyhts in proof of any ilis- 
 
 JVumhur of Slu •/> iind Quantity of Sher/i'.H U^uil firodmed in England, uri-DriUnij to Mr. 
 Luccoch's Tallies, revised by Mr. Ilnhlmrd, and made applieuhle to 1S2S. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 IM.I--. 
 I3l,-'.)l 
 
 
 lambs' w 
 
 ool 
 
 S'i'sili'J 
 5S.701 
 
 
 lied in the 
 
 I'is 
 
 3li3,'J7« 
 f.U,^)33 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 4li3,lll!t 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1 1)3, 175 
 HiO.ti.'i.'i 
 
 
 MI 
 
 . 
 
 li.sai 
 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 laLfi.-iS 
 »i3.SI7 
 
 
 laiulis* \ 
 
 r.si.'.ipj 
 
 ■ool li11.40.'j 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 4.')3,MII7 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 4r,3,l(.« 
 
 131,7111 
 •^li.->,^47 
 
 
 le 
 
 
 13V,0-i3 
 
 
 v.ml 
 vuol 
 
 
 I!i3,l7.'i 
 131,7111 
 
 rM.'if'') 
 
 >»ol 
 
 
 1 '^(t,ti.'i» 
 W3,8)7 
 
 3SI,'<^! 
 .■t'i,:.">.1 tleffc 
 
 
 
 
 
 bs' wool 
 
 
 
 M.TiH 
 
 iicruast 
 
 
 
 
 ^m slanghterod sheep and 
 tin this table; but allowed 
 
 r„„i,—l<wm lii<il> d"wu to 
 ool was strictly pmliibiial. 
 .rdstheendofthelTtliaiu 
 
 ind during the .:'st liall.M 
 ool of England wa^.'il'cno 
 
 ■ country; that loii^ woo, 
 anvwhcre else; ami that u 
 
 ir 
 
 
 
 IHI II) 
 
 
 
 
 
 1S2S 
 
 1 
 
 iniimy 
 
 Number of 
 Sl.iirt Wool 
 
 \Vei)tl>l 
 
 Numl..-r of 
 I'aiks 
 
 N'niidMT of 
 l.onu' M'ool 
 
 Number of 
 
 Wiiyb 
 nf 
 
 Nnmin-r of 
 r.ii'ks .if 
 
 •Number of 
 I'ai'ks of 1 
 
 
 Shet'ii 
 
 FleiTe 
 
 She.|. 
 
 l'af),s 
 
 Kleccu 
 
 Short Wool 
 
 X.MI)K W'lKll 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nnnhilnili.rl'iiul - 
 
 ,')3S,lli'^ 
 
 ' .'illb 
 
 1 •;,".", 
 
 
 
 .>Ub 
 
 fi,1117 
 
 li.ini; 1 
 
 l)ur)inin ■ 
 
 |VJ,3S,i 
 
 . .'> 
 
 .1,.".M) 
 
 
 
 ■! 
 
 
 .li.llH 1 
 
 Ditto - 
 
 
 ; !• 
 
 
 fiV.'JOO 
 
 'i.'iW 
 
 ,] 
 
 '^,3SU [ 
 
 rumlH-rlmwl 
 
 37s',inn 
 
 ' n 
 
 •Vii •, 
 
 
 
 7,'sS3 
 
 
 Westinorel.mcl 
 
 •ur<,7'i:> 
 
 
 
 
 .') 
 
 4, Hi;') 
 4,-i'JO 
 
 
 York, Wnl Killin^ 
 
 3S3, 1 Tl 
 
 var. 
 
 (i,'i;:'s 
 
 , , 
 
 ,1 
 
 1 ?» 
 
 4',.3SiJ 
 
 Kast do. 
 
 .3llli,.'IO 
 
 .-. 
 
 (1,.-S0 
 
 
 
 
 7,li.')fi 
 
 Nttrth ilo. 
 
 ,-)(ii,3iB 
 
 > var. 
 
 .'>,!).-.'J 
 
 .. 
 
 
 ,% 
 
 .'i,70S 
 
 l,!)0'< 
 
 MoldenK-ss 
 
 ,. 
 
 NJ 
 
 
 S 1,111)1) 
 
 iiVsoo 
 
 s 
 
 
 a,si)i) 
 
 other |Mtt of Yorkshire 
 
 .. 
 
 ' s 
 
 
 11,310 
 
 177 
 
 .'1 
 
 ,^ 
 
 177 
 
 Lanraster - 
 
 ' 310,1101) 
 
 3 
 
 i,'vi> 
 
 
 
 <i 
 
 ri'mi 
 
 
 rhp^ter - 
 
 fi.'i.iillil 
 
 var. 
 
 •xia 
 
 
 
 i.'^ii 
 
 ,, 
 
 Dirhj 
 
 .IHMtll) 
 
 1 •"• 
 
 1,'.3', 
 
 
 
 
 !)',i'i6n 
 
 .\ollin«b.ini 
 
 ■ri't.i 17 
 
 var. 
 
 4.1 !•> 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 ■i' 
 
 ,, 
 
 'i.lllU 
 
 Lim-oln - 
 
 l^-.,lil8 
 
 '•i 
 
 'i,^r>i 
 
 1 ,, 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 3,0'Jl 1 
 
 Uilto, rifli land 
 
 ,, 
 
 '.) 
 
 
 l.Vtl.fio-. 
 
 4t,"'if,l 
 
 u 
 
 ,, 
 
 4iJ,'ilil ! 
 
 TJilto. iiiarshi'H • 
 
 ,, 
 
 M 
 
 
 S7,.'it)i) 
 
 v,'tu; 
 
 u 
 
 
 3,-,'Sl 
 
 Ditto, niUcellaneous land 
 
 ., 
 
 S 
 
 ,, 
 
 .'■0j.l,.',7 
 
 I'.s.v, 
 
 f> 
 
 
 1 '>,i; 1 1 
 
 Rutland - 
 
 ,, 
 
 .1 
 
 .. 
 
 1 1 1 1) 
 
 •-',370 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 y,s"»t) • 
 
 North iin]itipn 
 
 .. 
 
 'i 
 
 ., 
 
 l>IO,lll)() 
 
 lli,OOI) 
 
 (> 
 
 
 l'i,oi)0 1 
 
 Warwirk - 
 
 \S'i.W,'i 
 
 3 
 
 V,'iS7 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 !« 
 
 
 S„-.74 
 
 Ditto - 
 
 
 .'j 
 
 
 ltiit,<)0 ) 
 
 .3,33-. 
 
 • • 
 
 Leire»ti'r - - - 
 Ditto - 
 
 w,mn 
 
 .3J 
 
 'I'lll 
 
 3^'l,',;s 
 
 nViiio 
 
 }" 
 
 
 10,013 
 
 Oiford - 
 
 .lll'l'.-.S 1 
 
 v.ir. 
 
 .•,',vi-, 
 
 
 
 .'* 
 
 ., 
 
 B.313 1 
 
 Uuiks - 
 
 ■ii-l.'MiH 
 
 .", 
 
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 " 
 
 .', 
 
 ,^ 
 
 4,';i'> 
 
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 3.0."i,(il«) 
 
 var. 
 
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 1; 
 
 
 S,S7."> 
 
 Ditto - 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 liOO.OOO 
 
 fi.fiCB 
 
 s 
 
 
 ti.Glifi 
 
 SomiTx't - - - 
 
 ■'iiii",;i)o 
 
 li 
 
 !),3SS 
 
 
 .. 
 
 ,^ 
 
 a.H'i 
 
 VUG 
 
 A\'oriTstt'r 
 
 "311, .HI I 
 
 4,s'^l) 
 
 
 
 •2 
 
 
 Is'ill 
 
 Monmouth 
 
 I77,r,i') 
 
 var. 
 
 l.l.'l 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 4' 
 
 , , 
 
 V.lllil) 
 
 Herdbril - 
 
 '>IIO,<lllt) 
 
 V 
 
 4,'.'llll 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 4 
 
 '^,77S 
 
 .'),)■..', 
 
 Shroiohlre 
 
 li'i,0-.l 
 
 ■^1 
 
 4, .307 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 1 
 
 'J, 3 11 
 
 I,ijli0 
 
 Slalloril - 
 
 is3,rio 
 
 i! 
 
 I,.v^ti 
 
 . , 
 
 . 
 
 }'» 
 
 
 3„'i03 
 
 Ditto - 
 
 
 7 
 
 
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 "113 
 
 •• 
 
 Bnlford - 
 
 'i'lV.OiH) 
 
 .o 
 
 ■KiM 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 .■v 
 
 
 4,-r,o 
 
 Ikrks - 
 
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 p 
 
 ■t,l.'il 
 
 
 
 3) 
 
 I,'l71 
 
 ,. 
 
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 Ditto - 
 
 lOS.IIllll 
 
 'J,Oi.'l) 
 
 S7,.'.0I) 
 
 Vj'ii 
 
 }.'.! 
 
 
 4,i)iO 
 
 Camliriilije 
 
 fi7',711 
 
 1 
 
 I'.'us 
 
 
 , 
 
 4> 
 
 l,'i70 
 
 .. 
 
 Ditto - 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 s 
 
 
 I'i.CSS 
 
 I'.MO 
 
 S 
 
 
 1,.3U0 
 
 SuWilk - 
 
 407,000 
 
 '^1 
 
 .\'l7fi 
 
 
 
 '4 
 
 X','i0| 
 
 
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 cs3,;i)i 
 
 *i 
 
 A,I1'J7 
 
 
 .. 
 
 4,-.;73 
 
 si.'iir. 
 
 Ditto - 
 
 ,. 
 
 
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 ."'s.'jflO 
 
 1,1 M 
 
 "1 
 
 ., 
 
 1 ,'ii)3 
 
 Emcx 
 
 .',10,01 ill 
 
 3 
 
 fi.lSli 
 
 
 
 4 
 
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 277,1 tlo 
 
 >i 
 
 .■','/07 
 
 .. 
 
 
 5 
 
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 ■iMi 
 
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 ■ft.lKIO 
 
 4 
 
 7.'.0 
 
 
 
 .', 
 
 1)37 
 
 
 Kftn 
 
 5iil,l7.') 
 
 •51 
 
 7,000 
 
 .. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ltl,3«l! 
 
 1 Ditto, llomnrv market - 
 
 ., 
 
 7 
 
 
 IS.O.OdO 
 
 r!,\nn 
 
 nl 
 
 ., 
 
 .■.,1110 
 
 1 Ditto, Ihi- inar»h 
 
 .. 
 
 7 
 
 
 I0S,330 
 
 3,ii;ii 
 
 6 
 
 ., 
 
 • -','-134 
 
 ' Surrey 
 
 •iR3,OflO 
 
 3 
 
 .Viio 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 3 
 
 i,i'.;7 
 
 
 Suv*x, downs 
 
 "Kl.stll) 
 
 2 
 
 a,.-iio 
 
 ., 
 
 ,, 
 
 3 
 
 3,0i,i) 
 
 
 Ditto, lowlands - 
 
 .'>l7,tlOi) 
 
 3 
 
 K,S.-,7 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 f,,S37 
 
 ,, 
 
 lIal^Il^lure 
 
 .'llfi.'illit 
 
 3 
 
 0,l.'>7 
 
 " 
 
 ,, 
 
 .3 
 
 G,l.'.7 
 
 , , ' 
 
 MoofWieht 
 
 f>l,Olt'l 
 
 ■^1 
 
 SI10 
 
 
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 4 
 
 1,0111 
 
 1 
 
 Wilts, downs 
 
 .'iS3,.'iiil) 
 
 r,,tisi 
 
 •• 
 
 
 •a 
 
 6,fl8.'i 
 
 .. 
 
 Ditto, iv.xsture - 
 
 1I7,.'««I 
 
 3 
 
 1,1'iO 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 4 
 
 1,').'.S 
 
 , ^ 
 
 Dorset - - - 
 
 C<ryi,'> (1) 
 
 ■■'J 
 
 O.SSll 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 '),S7S 
 
 
 DcTon 
 
 ■I3i;,,s;.t) 
 
 1 
 
 7.'2SO 
 
 .. 
 
 
 .'. 
 
 u,i7ri 
 
 H.HiCi 
 
 Ditto ... 
 
 ., 
 
 s 
 
 .. 
 
 1 ■.).-. ,7 .--O 
 
 bVjss 
 
 S 
 
 
 6,13.1 
 
 Cornwall - 
 
 !i03.()on 
 
 1 
 
 3,3S'i 
 
 
 .. 
 
 7 
 
 ,, 
 
 .5,'J'^I) 
 
 ■r..tal - 
 
 1 i,S,'il,'^0!l "" 
 
 
 "i;l.-.,47'. 
 
 4,1 'i3,.-.l)» 
 
 i3l,7Tlt~ 
 
 
 I'JD.fi.'j'l 
 
 ■/i;3,si7 
 
 we succeeded in keeping the raw material at home, 
 wc should iiifalliblv command the market of tlie 
 world for our woollen manufactures. In conse- 
 quence, innumerable statutes were passed, the 
 enactments in some of which were the most 
 arbitrary and severe that can bo imagined, to 
 prevent the clandestine e.xiiortation of wool. 
 Mr. John Smith was one of the first who, in his 
 excellent work, entitled Memoirs of Wool, ex- 
 posed the injustice and absurdity of this system, 
 by proving that whatever advantages the maiiu- 
 facturors might gain by ])reventing the exporta- 
 tion of wool, were more than lost by the agri- 
 culturalists. This learned and accurate work con- 
 tains a great deal of information with respect to 
 the progress of manufactures and commerce in 
 Englanil. lUit despite Mr. Smith's reasonings, 
 which were enforced by many later writer-i, 
 and whii'li experience had proved to be in all 
 respects accurate, the iirohibition of the ex- 
 portation of wool was continued till 1825, when 
 Mr, Hiiskisson happily succeeded in lu'ocuring the 
 abolition of this mi.serable remnant of a barbarous 
 policy. The improvement of machinery, bv en- 
 abling short or clothing wool to be apiilicd to most 
 of those purposes for which long or combing wool 
 had been exclusively approi>riated, had annihilatetl 
 the only apparently tenable argument on which 
 the proliibitiou of exportation had ever been vin- 
 
 tlicated; and even this, .uwill be observed, ajiidied 
 only to a small jiroportion of the whole wool pro- 
 (lucfd in Kngland. 
 
 Down to 1802, the import.ation of foreign wool 
 into (Jreat Itrit.iin had been quite free ; and, being 
 the raw material of an important manufacture, 
 the policy of allowing it to be imiiurted free of 
 tliity is obvious. In 1802, however, a iliit.v of ,")s. 'id. 
 per cwt. was laid on all foreign wool imported. 
 Ill 181.1 this duty was raised to (is. 8(/. ; and in 
 1819 Mr. Vansittart raised it to the enormous 
 ainount of 5t),v. per cwt., or to (>(/. per lb. Had Eng- 
 lisli wool sutttced for all the purpo.ses of the manu- 
 , facturo, such a duty would liave been less objec- 
 tionable; but the very reverse was the case. 'I'lie 
 use of foreign wool had become, owing to the 
 detoiioration, or rather, perhaps, to the cb.iiige in 
 the character, of Uritish wool, and otlii'r circum- 
 stances, quite indispensable to tht; iiroseoution of 
 I the manufacture ; and as our supcrioril,\' over the 
 i foreigner in several departments of the trade was 
 j by 111) means decided, it is plain that the imposition 
 ! oi' a duty which amounted to about 50 per cent, 
 upon the price of a considerable quantity of the 
 I wool we were obliged to import must, bad it been 
 persevered in, have ruined the manufacture. It 
 I occasioned, indeeil, during the perioil of its con- 
 tinuance, a considerable decline of the exports of 
 woollens, and was productive of other niiscLievoua 
 ' 5k2 
 
 I It) 1 
 
 t'l I 
 
IMO 
 
 AVOOL 
 
 ■'] 
 
 cfTcrt!", from vliidi tlio iii.aniifaptnrc piifTtTcd for a imports nnioiintrd to nriir f»,flO0.0()(i 11). ; nnd tlipy 
 coiisidoniMc iicridd iil'tor it w.is r<'|ioid('cl. liiivc since frinic on K<'<*dualiy incmisinfr, till in 
 
 ■ ' IKCr llicy iniiimntcd to '.'.•Ui.'A'I.Km lb. Iiistond, 
 
 liciwcvcv, of lioini; principally di rivod Crom Spain, 
 iis w.'is thf CISC down to IHM, tlic i;rcatcr part by 
 l':ir of Ibis iinnicn.sc cnpply of f'orcif;n wool is at 
 
 'I'lifi evidence ns to tbe abscdnlc necessity of 
 employing; forcij;n wocil, t.iken before tbe l.nids' 
 ronnnittee, was as (lc'<'isivc as can well be inia- 
 f;ined. Mr. (iott of Leeds, une of Ibc most exten- 
 
 Hive and best inf(irnic(l maniifactnrers in tliiM'inpire, |irescnl furnished by onr Ar. iralian and South 
 
 stated to tlie comniitlec that, in his own works, he African cobniics, tbe Sotilh Anicric.ui States, nnd 
 
 used only forei^jn vo(d. On bcinj: asked whether he the l'',ast Indies. 'I'bo late Kinir <>f Saxony, when 
 
 ronld carry on an export trade to the same extent. I'Mcctor, inlrodticed tli" breed of .Merino shec]) into 
 
 ns at the then present tinn', if he niainifa<'tnred his bis dominions, and exerted him.-elf to promote 
 
 cloth of llritish wool, Mr. Colt re|ilied that, in the f;rowlIi of Ibis vahiable raciMif animals. His 
 
 certain descriptions of cliitji 'Ac co>//f/ (1(7 /iK/Zic im praiseworlliy elVorts liavr' been < rowned wilh the 
 
 fiiiic/f l/i(it iroiilil Ac iiinc/ifDilii/i/ii nl all fur lliv most sif^nal snccess. The ^lerino s'liccp seem to 
 
 Jhirii/ii iiKir/iil, iir inn for llii: home iiiiir/ict, e.tccjit sncceed ln'tlerin Saxony and other (ii'rinan sli.tes 
 
 of fill-fill)! iron/.' llcni in Spain, and have increased so rapidly 
 
 The view taken by Mr. (ii.tt of the cd'cct of the that the Spanish wool trade has become insij^. 
 
 imporlalion III f(irei;:n wool (01 the ]irice of lirilish nificant compared with that of (iermany. The 
 
 vo(d was supported by the concurrent testimony importations of (ierman wool wen; (jnile trilhiif; 
 
 of all the mannfaetnrimx witiu'sses examined by ihirin/^ the war — amoimtinn in IMPJ to onlv '.'S 
 
 tlio eoinmiltee. Jtl.'iidicts, flamiels of all sorts, 
 baizes, carpels, bearskins I've, are made jnincip.'dly 
 of Kiifilish W(i(d ; mid the command of foreiirn w(i(d 
 enables the mannfacturers to use a i^onsiderabh^ 
 quantity of Knjjlish W(>ol in the mannfactnre of 
 certain descriptions of. cloth, which, if made en- 
 tirely of it, wiaild be quite unsaleable. On Mr, 
 
 )nt since the peace they have increased he- 
 all precedent. In IHI I they amounted to 
 
 II 
 
 VOIK 
 
 ii, l;|-.', b")(; lb. ; in 1820 lliev were ."),ll;!.lli 11 
 in l.HlT) they rose to '.'S.^'lllVKM lb. ; but this 
 beiiii; a year of overlradiiiff. tliey declined in 
 |S-_'(i to lo,.")|."),-_>.'!2 11). Subsequently they re- 
 covered from this de;iression, and" in ' IK'Jll 
 
 (joodman, u wool-stapler of Leeds, beinj; asked amounlc(l to .'il,7(il'>,liH lb. They have since, 
 
 however, sunk very rajiidh', ])riiici|ially in con- 
 seipience of the (piickly increasing; imports of 
 
 whether, if a duty were laid on foreign wocpI, it 
 
 would force the use of J';ii;;lish woid in tiie niaiin- 
 
 factiire of cloths, from which it was excluded, he 
 
 answered, '(.'crtainly not: we could not j^et 
 
 l)co|de to 'vcar such a cloth ; they want a better, 
 
 iincr cloth: it is .so nincli handsomer in its wear, amounted to 1MI.H.'!2,."(8I lb., but that was iiiucli 
 
 and so miicli more durable.' (Hvfiort, )). 211.) above the average. 
 
 Mr. rrancis, of lleytcsbury, declareil that there 
 
 was no demand for cloth miidc wholly of IJritisli j'/'c price of Cithiiiiil Wixi! in T.onilin in April 
 
 donial wool. 
 The re-exports of forei!;ii wool amounted in 
 Slii; to li(!,.^7;^lH« lb. In ISCiT the re-exports 
 
 wool; that it was iprineip.ally applicable to the 
 niaiuifaetijre of blankets, baizes (\-c. ; and that 
 the exclusion of foreii;n wool would only injure 
 the mannfactnre without raisinir the price of liri- j 
 tisli wool. (!'. '.'(!«.) Statements to the same efl'cct j 
 were made bv Mr. Webb (p. '-'TO). Mr. Shepp.ird 
 (p. 201), Mr". Ireland (p. ;!l!t), nnd, in short, by 
 every one of the witnesses conversant with the 
 nianufaetnre. 
 
 The history of the manufacture sinre 1.S28 has 
 comidctcly confirmed the accuracy of the sl.ile- 
 mciits made by ^[r. (iott and the other witnesses. ' 
 Very large quantities of foreif,ni woid have been i 
 imported diniiij; the interval; but the price of 
 British wo(d has, iiotwitlistandiuir. maintainod its 
 proper lex el ; and h.is, in fact, been at an avcra;;e 
 considerably higher since the reduction and 
 abolition of the duty on loreign wool than pre- 
 viously. 
 
 Foreign H'linl imjwrtiil into JCnfiliinil. — \ very 
 great chan.ne has taken ]ilaee, within the course of 
 
 18()!) iriis i/nj'iil/oics, rii. ; — 
 
 ./\iistr:t!i.in. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ./. 
 
 ». ,/ 
 
 l'l<it!iiM;j ami rniiibi 
 
 'B 
 
 511 
 
 icr 
 
 ur 
 
 
 IKT 111. 
 
 
 S 1 
 
 () 'i •■'- 
 
 KmIT .Hill ^UOll 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 ii 
 
 IlltiTitir 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 1 :> 
 
 Scixirtil 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 '.' II 
 
 ll.lll'lUMstlcd- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 1 -i 
 
 I.anil.s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 'J 11 
 
 1 (H k% fiiul iiiices 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 -i 
 
 IJtiMse 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 II n 
 
 Skill 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (1 
 
 1 .T 
 
 Cap.', avt-raiic (Lick 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 :> 
 
 l.ninll^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 1 1 
 
 J."l'k^ anil iiii-tei 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 (1 s 
 
 (Ir.aM- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 11 Tj 
 
 Ka.l In.lia . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;> 
 
 •i 1) 
 
 iNiw ZimI.uuI - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;i 
 
 ■,! ,1 
 
 (ill.TiU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 III 
 
 1 4 
 
 The breed of sheeji that wi's carried out to New 
 South Wales and Van Diemen's Land has suc- 
 ceeded remarkably well ; and Australia is already, 
 jierhaps, the principal wool-growiiii;' cniintry ol 
 the world. The imports into (ircat Ihilain liiive 
 increased with extraordinary rajii.lity. la 1S3D 
 thev amiiunted to .'!,,") li;,«ti'.) lb., in IW.) to 
 10.i28,771 lb., in IS.jS to fiLlOL.'iOl) lb., anil in 
 
 woo! 
 from India only began in 18;!:t, when they aninuntcil 
 to the inconsiderable quantity of .'i,72l lb.; Imt 
 such has been their increase in the interval, tliiit 
 in l8o8 thev amoiinled to 17,;;;!.'>.oi)7 lli., nnil in 
 !S(;7 to 15,2ol,()2ll lb. Of late years Ihissiii lias 
 
 Account of tin; Vnhivs of WooIIih nnd Womtiil (Inot/s iinil Yum Kximrted in iliffnint lairs 
 from 1718 to 1S(;7. (ISnines On Woollen Manitfiiitiirix ; and J'url. Pujiers.) 
 
 the present eentiirv. bolii as respects the (piantity I8ri7 to ]!!:>.108,17i) Ui. The imports 
 
 of foreign wool imported, and the countries wdience 
 
 it is di rived. I'reviously to 1800 oui average 
 
 imports of woul did not much exceed ;j,(IIIO,lloo 
 
 lb., mostly brought from Spain, the wool of which 
 
 long inaintaiued a high character. Jii l80o our 
 
 
 W-.-lTi 
 
 
 ;\.'.Tpii*"arlur(.>d 
 
 (ilKllU 
 
 
 
 
 JC 
 
 1 
 
 71«lo I7'.' 
 
 1 1. 
 
 Omcial value. 
 
 v 
 
 iirlv nviT! 
 
 KPj 
 
 y.lKiV.nlliI 
 
 
 Kill 
 
 
 .■,ii.'i(i ,111)11 
 
 
 K.'iil 
 
 
 4.,~yii,miii 
 
 
 171.11 
 
 
 ,'■.4'.-. -IK) 
 
 
 17711 
 
 
 4,1 1.1,11110 
 
 
 17SII 
 
 
 5!,.'iSM,lli.(l 
 
 
 17!ll) 
 
 
 ,'i,l<lii. 1 
 
 
 ISIKI 
 
 
 r,,<MT, 1 
 
 WonlU'n and 
 
 Tnlal Woollen 
 
 
 .'Uaniir.trlured 
 
 \Vtir..>tial 1 
 
 anil \\'orstfil 
 
 Years 
 
 Yarn ] 
 
 Kxports 
 
 
 (mh.'iU 
 
 -^ - - 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 
 1 ■'-■ 
 
 
 Oiniial valiif. 
 
 ISlO 
 
 * .'),7;."i,(iiui 
 
 
 '^.iiriv.iiiii) 
 
 
 Ilt'c'nrt'il 
 
 
 ."■..ll.'ifi.llol) 
 
 
 valiii! 
 
 
 4,.T^il,li|ll) 
 
 I son 
 
 s,.'isi;.i«)n 
 
 
 .'•.,i,'..i,r.ii« 
 
 isr.o 
 
 4,7yH,Mti() 
 
 
 4,1 l.'i.lllll) 
 
 IKIll 
 
 .'i,."'i7,lliiil 
 
 
 S,.',S'.,(I II 
 
 1 S ii) 
 
 Kj.lMS.IIIII) 
 
 
 .o.irjii.iioi) 
 
 IKCIl 
 
 1'.i,I.%.>.l!)S 
 
 
 C,oi7.oiii) 
 
 1 1S07 
 
 VIl.l.ll.llM) 
 
 Woollen and 
 I Wo^^tld 
 \'arii 
 
 I? 
 
 4,'i 
 1,4'. 
 •I.SI 
 
 .'i.SZ 
 
 '.'.OIIO 
 
 ,111111 
 .-..l.'.l) 
 
 Tei.il M'lv.llpn 
 
 mill » er^ltil 
 
 K\l>'"« 
 
 £ 
 
 .'..77.1,11 'II 
 Dpfl.irwl 
 
 naliie 
 .', .',,si,,IH«l I 
 4 S'll.lHO I 
 .'i,7Hll,l'l"l I 
 
 liuiliylll'l I 
 
 IC.mai.il' 
 
 i!-.,!i.'iii,.'"; ' 
 
WOOL 
 
 loll 
 
 r 0,nflO.no<i 11). ; mill tlicy 
 iluiilly iiicii'iisiiif;, till in 
 '.'.■((i.'JJ 1, 1117 II). Iiistond, 
 )iilly (1( rivod from Spain, 
 IHl'l, llip ij renter ])iirtl)y 
 ply of l'i)rei;;n wool is at 
 r Ai. .raliiin and South 
 illi Anicrican States, and 
 te Kiiur '>( S:ixoiiy, when 
 ireed of Merino sliec)) into 
 rted liini?elf to priimote 
 l)le riie(^ of animals. His 
 (' lieen erowneil with the 
 lie Merino siieep seem to 
 ■ and other (iernian sli.trs 
 ive iiiereased so rapidly 
 trade has lieeome insij;- 
 
 th.'it of <!erniany. The 
 I wool were ipiilo trilliii},' 
 itinf,' in IKI- to only 'JS 
 a ihey have iiK'reaseii lio- 
 
 Ihl I ihey aiiionnliil to 
 thev were ."),! II!. 1 12 11).; 
 •JH.t'.MMKil 11). ; hnt this 
 radinjj, they declined in 
 Subsequently they rc- 
 lejiression, nn(l in IH.'Kl 
 i| II). They have sincp, 
 pidlv, i)rintripally in con- 
 .ly increasinj; iniportj of 
 
 )rei,i;n wool nmoimtcd in 
 
 In 1H(!7 the re-pxpurt-i 
 
 1 lb., but that was miitli 
 
 >('(«)/ In T.dikI'III ill April 
 f'lillowii, ciz. : — 
 
 l..r 111. 
 
 
 .(. 
 
 ». 
 
 ■;. 
 
 
 s 
 
 (iv 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 -, 
 
 
 7 
 
 •J 
 
 1) 
 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 'i 
 
 
 n 
 
 y 
 
 M 
 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 'i 
 
 
 i; 
 n 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 .-1 
 
 
 
 'J 
 
 1 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 .'i 
 
 1) 
 
 n 
 
 hat wi's carried out to New 
 \ Diemen's Land has siic- 
 II; and Australia is alrenily. 
 wool-{,no\viiij; eoiintry o! 
 fts into (ireat livilain Imvc 
 irdinarv rapi.litv. In 1833 
 v')l (;,«<)',) 11).. in IS*;!'.) to 
 to f)l,101J)iiO 11)., anil ill 
 ;b. The imports (if wool 
 n |.s;!:(, when thev ammintcil 
 l„n„tity of .XT-il lb.; but 
 erease in the iiitevval, that 
 ■d to 17,;;:!.'UII7 lb., mill in 
 ( )f late years Uiissiii lias 
 
 '.r/mrti'd in ill/' rent Yiars 
 J'lirl. rapvn.) 
 
 ■A 
 
 Wool I I'll nnd 
 1 WiiMlll 
 Viirii 
 
 I 4:.',',iiiiii 
 
 ' I,1.'»!,(Hl'l 
 S,SI.-.,I.MI 
 
 ami W "i-lwl 
 
 £ 
 ,'i,;;.l,||iO 
 
 ])n-l.ir«l 
 Viitiie 
 
 i ,'iSii,lll«l 
 
 4|s'.l.l«« 
 
 .'i.THII.l'KI 
 
 111, .!«" 
 
 ic.mai.il'' 
 •jj.il.lisJiir 
 
 Return of I hit Itnli:i nf Diiti/ Clinriji:<ihii- on Fiiri'l./n anil Colnni'il ll'm! from ISIS il,ni-n t:> thi-ir 
 AlmlitioH, (hi: QiiiinliticH Im/mitid, unit tlic I'liiin „f Sunlhi/im-n linil Kent Liinii ll'vol, in 
 each I'eur from IHlfi to LSI.). 
 
 ! 
 
 
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 I'ri.-.' 
 
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 llnUsofDulJ 
 
 W.H.I 
 
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 111 
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 i;,ri.'i,'^i)ii 
 
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 II.MII.SII 
 
 i'j,s:.'>,ii'^ 
 
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 1 .'.J 
 
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 f.',i.1s,l|il 
 
 1 .t 
 
 1 -il 
 
 .i'i,i;7i,l.'M 
 
 ill, 11)1, Sil 
 
 1 1) 
 
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 ■j7,.VII.|iiil 
 
 is,iMi,;i'j 
 
 .) Ill 
 1) llj 
 
 II II) 
 
 ul,W.-i,'.)I.T 
 
 ■JI,I.')I,1IS 
 
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 1 'i 
 
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 ll,'i7.i.7'J-. 
 
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 Prices of Sunthiloii'ii Flecrrs in 
 
 Kwi 
 
 .ini 
 
 1 Wl'llliT 
 
 
 Flti«ci-» 
 
 £ 
 
 f. 
 
 £ t. 
 
 II 
 
 II to 1 1 1) 
 
 11 
 
 li 
 
 11 ID 
 
 
 III 
 
 Ifi l.-i 
 
 17 
 
 II 
 
 IS II 
 
 1.1 
 
 II) 
 
 II 1) 
 
 Hi 
 
 I) 
 
 17 HI 
 
 17 
 
 1) 
 
 IS III 
 
 16 
 
 II 
 
 Hi 1) 
 
 thi: Month of Jn/i/ in I'ltrh I'fiir from 
 clmtii-i; pir I'lii'lt of ".'lO Ih. 
 
 \vn 
 
 1><'..1 
 i--'.i 
 
 IM.,-. 
 I. Mi', 
 lM.7 
 iMiS 
 
 IMJl to liSdS, lioth ill- 
 
 '»'«■!( !■■ 
 
 LfceM 
 
 
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 jf 
 
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 1 1 II 
 
 I'l 
 
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 Hi HI 
 
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 1.1 
 
 1) 
 
 Is u 
 
 1!) 
 
 1) 
 
 HI 1) 
 
 ■ii 
 
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 17 
 
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 ■'we illi 
 
 1 W'uiher 
 
 Klum-ci 
 
 £ 1. 
 
 £ 1. 
 
 i; 11 
 
 Ill 17 III 
 
 H.) 1.1 
 
 ■il II 
 
 '.;i II 
 
 -.'.•i 1) 
 
 '.11 HI 
 
 •/I HI 
 
 i; 11 
 
 17 HI 
 
 Il 
 
 Hi 
 
 Tea Heecei 
 
 
 .« .. £ 
 
 «. 
 
 
 IS II 
 
 
 
 •J'l III 10 '.'.' 
 
 
 
 •il, II J^ 
 
 
 
 ■ill III '^1 
 
 
 
 IS '1 •i,l 
 
 
 
 17 II i: 
 
 HI 
 
 
 IJ Ul Hi 
 
 HI 
 
 
 Account of the (iminlltie.i of fViio! (.S/ipcyi, L-nnh, itnil Aljinru') Im/tnrlnl into fhr Unilfil Kintj- 
 doin from }'itrionii Conntrii.i ilnrinij inch i'c.ir from IHll to l«l)7, sji,cifi/ini/ tlie Countries 
 from which it came, and the Quantities brouyht from each. 
 
 Years 
 
 Spniii 
 
 ISII 
 IHI5 
 IHIK 
 1817 
 184S 
 IS I'l 
 1S.SII 
 IH.'il 
 lS5i 
 IS.VI 
 IS6I 
 lS-,,5 
 18 W 
 1857 
 I8.W 
 IS.V) 
 ISliU 
 18111 
 ISM 
 186.1 
 18114 
 1865 
 18116 
 1867 
 
 III. 
 !I1S,S.M 
 
 l,ii;i,,-.Hi 
 1,11^(1, 1, 
 .l'il,l'i> 
 
 l(lli,li.1S 
 
 l'.:7..v.'j 
 
 41l),7il 
 
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 'r.1,11.1 
 
 I'll, 1 Hi 
 
 4'il,.1i'(l 
 
 iis,;.pO 
 
 .i:i7,'2.w 
 iiii,.'.iii 
 
 l.-.-.,874 
 1,111 lii,'r^7 
 fi.1'i,.'i.')l 
 .1lli,6'l9 
 •J.iil.ll.'. 
 -Hi.lll 
 II. '1,1111 
 l'i.l,'i.'iS 
 4<ll,lll<l 
 
 (ieriii.iiiy, 
 I vi/. 
 
 MeikNn- 
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 IH.nii"T, 
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 diul lllin-<e 
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 I m. 
 
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 1 l,'.,s.ss,;ii'. 
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 I'i,7.'ill,llll 
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 ll,.'iSl.sili) 
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 1 K,tiS7,7Sl 
 
 ' (i,l)SS 'i 
 
 Hl.VI.'i.lSli 
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 4,4'>S,S-iO 
 I Ill,S.'.,'i,'iiii 
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 ll.'ifi'i.il'ii) 
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 l'i,i.sii,ii;') 
 4,IS.'i,il77 
 
 nth. r 
 
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 ..I' 
 
 Kuroi.e 
 
 111. 
 
 r...-i,-.,')s7 
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 ll,7.1.1,'.ill 
 7,'I.Vi,'i'l7 
 7,l)il,ll!)S 
 
 li,r>'.i,.v,i 
 K,7i)1,'i'i'i 
 li,';iii,i,'ifl 
 
 1.1,.1Si,lll) 
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 II.ISI.IS.I 
 S, 111), IDS 
 1 l,4Sl),S61) 
 '.i1,sili,Vil) I 
 17,'Jiii,SVJ 
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 I7,l.'il.lilll I 
 17,7.TI..1')'^ ' 
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 llrilUh 
 
 llrltiOi 
 
 Ilrlti-h 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
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 l'tl>^t'«.l>lllS 
 
 SelUeiu.iiH 
 
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 Oilier 
 
 T.ii.il 
 
 
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 III the 
 
 Ml 
 
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 Ka.t liulu's 
 
 .Ui.ir.ilia 
 
 
 
 
 
 III. 
 
 111. 
 
 111. 
 
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 .1,'l7 '..M'li 
 
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 7l.,Sl1,S>.1 
 
 
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 i,."i:ii,.'i\i 
 
 'ii,;s'i,iiii 
 
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 liWiyi.iKi 
 
 
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 •iii,ir.ii,si.'> 
 
 7, .'lis'ilil 
 
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 S,Sil,'ill 
 
 l)il.|S7 
 
 70,8(14, S4 7 
 
 
 .'•.,.177,1'J'i 
 
 ■l,IS'i,S.V1 
 
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 76,7lis,(il7 
 
 
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 71,1ili,77S 
 
 
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 H.1,1 11,971 
 
 
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 4.i,l:i7,.i(il 
 
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 l'i,Hlll,Si,i) 
 
 47,il7li,iilll 
 
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 IH),1'.)li,ll9 
 
 
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 lllli.l'il.'J'JJ 
 
 
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 7,Hlti,70S 
 
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 11,711, I7i 
 
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 1 lS,1'.).i,477 
 
 
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 71,11'),l)Ui 
 
 l'i,.1.TI,lilW 
 
 Il,sil7,'lll7 
 
 171,91.1, I7« 
 
 
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 77,17.1,1111 
 
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 11,1)71,1111 
 
 177,177,li'.« 
 
 
 1.|,SSII,SII.5 
 
 •ill.Ti'i,!').! 
 
 !i'i,i)i7,r.:) 
 
 i:),'i.ii,'..i7 
 
 lii,.1lli),'ill 
 
 '^Mil,17.1,"l.'i 
 
 
 ■/l),-.!'!i),1V.'i 
 
 17,lll),lil7 
 
 lll'l,7.1l,'iiil 
 
 17,SlS,lSli 
 
 7,.1IS,S'IS 
 
 ■ili,ii)li,747 1 
 
 '^!l,,'l'l,llll;) 
 
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 1 11,77 i,iill 
 
 il.i)lS,.|S'i 
 
 l),7.17,'iOi 
 
 'ii:),iis,i,s'j 1 
 
 .Hi,l7i),i)'.ll» 
 
 i.'i,'iii,iiii) 
 
 1.11, HIS. 171; 
 
 •i','iri,7iis 
 
 ii,'.!i:i.vii 
 
 •r.'i.iil.'iil 
 
 
 Tim re-exjiorls of Tureit;!) wool .iinounletl in tS6G lu tiri,.1li7,:1111li. Ill ISJS they .-iiiuiunteil to *.lO,.>S7,liSlb. 
 
 become of primary importance among the wool- ' 
 e.xpiirtiii;; eouiitrics, especially from her |)orts 
 on the Itlack Sea. Wo said in ii previous edilioii 
 that provided tranipiiUily wore maintained in 
 South Africa, the probability was that it would in 
 no very leufjthened period rival New .South Wales 
 asa wool-e.xportiii!;- country. T'liis anticipation 
 has been more than rcali.sed, the imports haviiifr 
 increased from 2.1!.'7,ll3 11). in is 1 1, to ;!t;,17tl,0'.)'.) 
 lb. in 181)7, while the imports of wool from New 
 South Wales in l,Sli7 were oJ,()80,4:{7 lb. Alpaca, 
 and other wools of that sort, chielly come from 
 Peru ; goats' wool comes principally from Turkey, 
 but the best is that of Thibet. 
 
 WOOLLEX MANUF.VCTUIM':. The art of 
 forming wool into cloth and stiitfs. T'liis has 
 ahvays ranked as mi important branch of national 
 industry ; and until surpassed b)- the cotton 
 inaniitacture, was tiecidedly the most important 
 of all the manufactures curried on in Kiigland. 
 
 liise and I'roi/ress of the liritisli IFoollen 
 Mitnnfaiture. E.vports. — There can be no doubt 
 that the arts of spinning wool, and manufacturing; 
 the yarn into cloth, were introduced into Eng- 
 laiiil by the Itomans, the inhabitants being pre- 
 viously dothcil only in skins. Erom the period 
 of the iLomaiis quitting England down to tho 
 tenth ceutur.v there are uo notices of the mauu- 
 
 at; 
 
 
 |M 
 
 1 
 
1542 
 
 WOOLLEN 3IANU1'ACTURE 
 
 '?:■■'! 
 "■.Pf " 
 
 '} 
 
 fnctiirc, nnd tlioso rclnting to the period from tlic i conimixlity of the city of Norwich.' In 1014 a 
 tenth to the thirtcciitU century are liut few and ' (,'r('iit iin|>rovement took place in tlie woollen 
 imperfect. It is certain, however, that the mann- nianiifiictiire of tlie West of ICnuhnid \iy tlie iii- 
 factnr.i of Imiad clotlin was cstaldished soon alter veiiticm of what is calU'd medley or mixed clotli, 
 the year I'JdC.if not )irevi(Mislv. {SmhU'a Mvinnhs \ for wliich (iloticestersliiro is still fi'nous. Ourinfif 
 (;/' ti'odl, \^ 17.) lint the woollen manufactures of ; the reif,'n of Charles II. there were many, though 
 Flaniiers heinirat this ]ieriod, and lonj; afterwards, inifoinidcd, coinphnnts of tlie dec.iy of the nianu- 
 in n comimrativelv advanced state, iMi^lish wocd ! facture ; and, hy way of encouraging it, an Act 
 was exported in large (|nantities to IJruges and ' was p.issed (."id C"h. 11. wt. i. c. .'!) ordering thiit 
 other Flemish cities, whence line cloths and other ! all perscins .should he hurled in woollen shrouds, 
 products were hroiiglit back in exchange. Kdward ' 'I'liisAct, the |)rovisionHof which were subsequently 
 III. took the most judicious measmvs for im- | enforced, preserved its place on the statute book 
 
 proving the Knglisli manufacture by inviting over 
 Flcmisli weavers, fullers, dj'crs, and others, and 
 protecting them from the assaults of the rabble. 
 Shortly after the tirst immigration of Flennugs, 
 or in li!,17, nii Act was jiassed, prohibiting the 
 wear of any cloths made beyond sea, and inter- 
 dicting the export of Knglish wool. (Jlild. i. y,').) 
 Hut in these turbulent times sucli restraining 
 Acts were little better than a dead letter; and 
 this, indeed, wiis soon after repealed. ( //)/(/. i. ;!•_>, 
 y!>.) I'Voni this remote period tlienuiiiufacture has 
 always been regarded as of primary importance, 
 and has been the object of the especial solicitude 
 of the legislature. It may be doubted, however, 
 whether it has derived any real advantage from tlie 
 numberless statutes that have been pa.ssed in the 
 view of contributing to its advancement. With the 
 exception indeed of the prohibition of the export 
 of English wo(d, which was linally )iut a stop to 
 in lOliO, the other Acts, being mostly intended 
 for the regulation of the manufaeture, could net 
 
 fur more than I'M years. 
 
 Towards the end of the I7tli century. Mr. (Jre- 
 gory King and Dr. Davenant — (Daven.ant's 
 U'lirh, Whitworth's ed. ii •_','!;{) — estimated the 
 value of the wool shorn in ICngland at •_',0(l(l,()(l()/, 
 a-year: and they snjiposcd that the value of tlie 
 wool (including that imported from abroad) was 
 (piadriipled in the manufacture: making the en- 
 tire value of tlie woollen articles annually pru- 
 diieeil in ICnglaiid and Wales 8,(ll)(t,(M)()/.. of which 
 about ■.'.(Ii;(i.l)(i0/. were exported. In 17<M) and 
 17nl, the odicial value of the woollens ex|)ortc(l 
 amounted to about ;i,()00,()(IO/. a-year. Owing !» 
 the vast increase of wealth and populalion, tiio 
 nianufactnre must have been very greatly ex- 
 tended during last century; but the increase m 
 then' '>unt of exports was comparatively incnn- 
 sidei;ilile. At an average of the (i years ending 
 with I'H'.K the oflicial value of the cxjiorts was 
 '^,h■[^l,l^'l()l. a-year, being only about !)-W,uwi, 
 above the amount cxiiorted in 1700. The extra- 
 ordinary increase of the cotton manufacture seim 
 
 be otherwise than mischievous; and tlie lienelit 
 derived by the nrniufacturers from the prohibition ; alter 17S0, and the extent to which cotton articlM 
 was more ajiiiareut tlian real; ina.smueli as it ' then began to be substituted for those of wool, 
 occasioned a diminished growth of wo(d, at the ' though it did not occasionally absolute dedino of 
 same time that it was impossible to jirevent its I the manufacture, no doubt contributed [)owerfully 
 clandestine exportation. Jlr. Smith has ])roved I to check its jirogress. In 180'J the otHcial vajiic 
 that the manufacture made a far more rajiid i of the exports rose to 7,321,01'J/., being a lar;,'er 
 progress during the reign of Elizabeth, when wo(d '■ amount than any to which they attained for sivc- 
 might be freely carried out of the kingdom, than i ral subseipient years. In 18i!G the declared viilue 
 it ever did during any equal jicriod subsequent to ' of the cxjiorts rose to 7,()39,8r)4/., but it again lell 
 the restriction on exportation. Eoreign wool j back. Tlie exports during the 3 years cn;!:.,j; 
 
 began to be imported in small tpiantities in the 
 thirteenth century. 
 
 At first the manufacture seems to have been 
 pretty e(iually distributed over the country. In 
 an insurrection that took place in 1,525, more than 
 4,000 weavers and other tradesmen are said to 
 have a.ssembled out of Laneham, Sudbury, and 
 other towns in Suffolk. The manufaetuie had 
 been previonsly introduced into Yorkshire. In 
 16.'J3 an Act was passed (34 & 35 Hen. Vlll. c. 
 10), reciting ' that the city of York afore this 
 time had been ujiholden princiiially b}' making 
 and weaving of coverlets, and the poor there(jf 
 dailj' set on work in spinning, carding, dyeing, 
 weaving &c. ;' and the manufacture, having .spread 
 into other j)arts, was 'thereby debased and dis- 
 
 with 1852 were nearly stationary, their avcrni;e 
 amount being N,5(i2,C8J</. a-year. Altluaigh, there- 
 fore, it be not true, as has sometimes been con- 
 tended, that the manufacture, taken as a wholo. 
 had declined, it had not down to that date in 
 creased rapidly; and might, indeed, be re^'ardcd 
 as being in a nearlj* station.-iry state. 
 
 Value (if'tlic Mumijhcture, Nnmlii;r of Pvnona 
 cinploi/etl. — The most discordant estimates have 
 been given as to both these points. For tlic most 
 part, however, they have been grossly exn;'f;c- 
 rated. In a tract published in 173'j, entitkd 
 Ciinnideratioiis on the liiniiiiti;/ (Snniggliiig) oj 
 ■ Wtjol, the number of persons engageil in tlic 
 ! manufacture is stated at 1,5(I0.IM)0, and their 
 I wages at 11,737,500/. a-year. Dr. (Jamiiljoll, in 
 
 credited ; ' and enacting, as a reniedj- for this his Politicul Smvei/ of (irciit BriUiin, pulilislml 
 evil, that henceforth 'none shall make coverlets in < in 1774, observes — 'Many coniputatiiins have 
 Yorkshire but iiiliabitants of the city of York !' j been made upon this important subject, ami, 
 This may be taken as a fair sjiccimen of the com- ! amongst others, <me about 30 years since, which, 
 mercial legislation of the time. Indeed, it was i at that time, was thought to be jiretty near the 
 enacted, nearly at the same iieriod. that tin? truth. According to the best information that 
 
 manufacture should be restricted, in Wdicester- 
 shirc, to \Vorcester and 4 other towns. \\'orsled 
 goods, so called from Worsted, now an incon- 
 siderable town ill Xorlblk, where the manufacture 
 was first set on loot, were firoduced in the reign of 
 Edward II., or perhaps earlier; bill Norwich soon 
 after becam(>, and, notwithstanding the comiie- 
 tition and superior advantages of Bradford, is 
 .still, a principal scat of this branch of the manu- 
 facture. In anActof Henry VIII. (33 Hen. VIII. 
 
 can be obt.ained, tliere may be from Id.ODH.OdU to 
 12,000,000 sheep in Fjigland — some think more. 
 The \alue of their wool may, one year with an- 
 other, amount to 3,000,000/.; the expense 'il' 
 manufacturing this may probably he IMJOO.WiO/.. 
 and the total value 15,000,000/. Wc mayex|i(iii 
 annually to the value of 3,000,000/., tho'ndi one 
 year we' exported more than 4,0011,(10(1/. Inre- 
 lerciice to the number of jiersons who are main- 
 tained by this nianufactnre, they are jirobably 
 
 c. IC) worsted yarn is described as ' the jirivate ujiwardc of 1,000,000. Sanguine men will jmige 
 
•WOOLLEN MANUFACTURE 
 
 1543 
 
 f Norwii'li.' Ill lOH n 
 
 place ill till! woollen 
 
 of ICuf^liiiKl 'ly "i*' '"- 
 
 nicdlpy or niixi'd doth, 
 
 isHtill IV'iious. DiirinK 
 
 iiero were niiiiiy, HioukIi 
 
 the (U'c.iy of till' umnii- 
 
 ciicotiriiKinn i*. i>" A<'t 
 
 (t. i. c. I!) orilLTiiij; thiit 
 
 iiifci ill woolli'ii shrouds. 
 
 which wiTC subsequently 
 
 hieu on the stiilute hoolc 
 
 a 17th fPiitury, Mr. Gre- 
 )iivenant — (Diiveiiaiifs 
 ii ■>•(;{) — cstiiniitcd the 
 in Knuiliind at ■_>,(m((,()()ii/. 
 scd that the value of tlic 
 iported from ahroad) was 
 iifacture : making the cn- 
 ou articles annually vro- 
 I'alcs «,0()(yiOi)/., of which 
 exported. In 1700 and 
 of the wtKtlK'iis exportcil 
 10,000/. a-year. OwiiiK ti> 
 ealth and inMudalioii, llic 
 c been very greatly ex- 
 tury ; but the increase in 
 
 was conil"ii''*t"'^K^' ""^™" 
 age of the ti years ending 
 value of the exports was 
 ng oiilv about. f)10,(iiiii/. 
 i)rtedin"l700. The cxtra- 
 c cotton manufacture seim 
 ent to which cotton aitioks 
 istituted for those of woul, 
 iicn any absolute dcelinc of 
 ubt contributed powerfully 
 In 180-J the otHcial vajuo 
 l7,3-21,01'.'/., beinga lar),'er 
 licli thev attained for scve- 
 In l«o("j the declared value 
 ■,0;!l),Hr)4/.. but it again Ml 
 .uring the 3 years en;i:.,^' 
 \- stationary, their average 
 </. a-year. Although, tbero- 
 has' sometimes been con- 
 ifacture. taken as a whole, 
 not down to tliat date ni- 
 niight, indeed, be re-ardcd 
 ationary state. 
 ..tiire. ' A'iniilier <if I'lrsuns 
 "discordant estimates have 
 these points. For the most 
 uive been grossly exn^'gc- 
 iblished in lTd\\ ent.tlal 
 RwmiiKj (Smuggling) "j 
 persons engaged m ilie 
 at l.oOO.OOO, and their 
 a-vear. 1 >r. Camiibell, in 
 Grmt Bi'iUwi, piil>lifli«l 
 Many computatiuiis have 
 i.s iiiiiiortani subject, aiiJ, 
 bout 30 vears since, which, 
 unht to "be pretty near the 
 the best infoinialien that 
 niav be from \»m\m to 
 ngland— some think more. 
 ,ol mav, one year with an- 
 )00,0(K)/.: the «l)enseol 
 ay probablv be WJOO.udO/,. 
 
 ,(JOO,000/. We miiy «1'"''- 
 ! of 3,000,000/., tlioHirh one 
 ,re than •t,00i>,O0ii/. Inre- 
 • of persons who are mm- 
 facture, they arc rrobaWy 
 Sanguine men wiU judge 
 
 allowing for lli(^ increase of population and of 
 exportiiliuu iVoni the linu! y\r. .Stevenson's esti- 
 iuat(! was luaih', the total value of the various 
 deseript iouM of Wdolli-iis.innually produced in (irent 
 liritain might have been moderal' ly esliniatcd 
 iu 1K.')S at from ■J.'i.oon.iKlil/. to •JT.iMiO.dOU/., or 
 •JC.Ol 1(1,1 1(10/. at a medium. Wo have furl her been 
 assured by higli praelieal authorities, that Mr. 
 SU'vensou's disirilniliou of the items was essen- 
 tially erroneous ; and tiiat, assuiriiii; tlie value of 
 
 these computations too low, and few will believe modilied. Taking Scotland into ncconiit, and 
 them too high,' (ii, XM.) l!ut tin; moderaticni 
 displayed iu this estimate was very soon lost 
 Bigiit of. In IMOO the woollen inanufacluierH 
 objected strenuously to some of thi' provisions in 
 the treaty of union between (Ireat Ihitain and 
 Ireland, and were allosted to urge their olijeelions 
 at thi^ bar of the House of Lords, and to produce 
 evidence in their support, Mr. Law (afterwards 
 Loril I'Mlenborough), the counsel employed by the 
 niamil'acturers on this occ.isioii. stated in his ad- 
 dress to their Lordsliips, on information commu- the maiuifaelurc: to have been •_'(i,000,()00/., it was 
 nicaled to liim liy his clients, tliat (Kio.ooo packs made up nearly as follows; — 
 of wold were aiinnally iiiodnced in Ijiglaiid and , 
 Wales, worth, at 11/, jier iiack, t;,(;oo,0(i(i/. ; that ^ " " 
 the value of the uiauufactured goods was 3 times 
 .as great, or l!i,S(M).()UO/. ; that not less than', 
 
 l,;")0(i.O0() persons were iinmediately engaged in ' 
 
 the ojierativfi br.anches of the manufacture; audi 
 
 that the tr.ide collaterally employed about the I 
 
 .same number of hands, {.trroinit nflliv I'mactl- 
 
 iii(l!< of' the Mcrcliiintu, Miiiniftctiiicis \i: p. 31.) 
 
 It i.'j a'toiiishing that reasonalde men, conver- 
 sant with the manufacture, should have put forth 
 
 such ludicrously absurd statements. We have 
 
 lU 
 
 :' (if iniiniifiK'Inred nrlirlcs 
 
 £ 
 
 lu.-iteri.il, I IM.iMiD.ouolt). Ilrilish wool 
 
 111 U. ^<l, iivr 10., anil (jii,ui)(l,UOi) il.i. .£ 
 
 fori'liiiKitVi. . - - ia,K;-..l)O0 
 
 \\*.i«i*. .... - 7,7i-'',i)iM 
 
 ini,(l.vl'stliir^,«.l|i .H;-. - - - l,'iUU,l]l«) 
 
 I'mlii^, siiin tu repluce wear nnd tear of 
 
 i-a|iilaH«c. - - . - 4,VI)il,i'nO 
 
 2fi,i)no,noo 
 
 Ihit this estimate is exclusive of the v.iluc of 
 shoddy stud's, wliicli might i)erliai)s have amounted 
 to abi'mt -.'.OOO.OoiJ/. 
 
 The wages of the workpeople amounted to 
 ibout 30/. a-year, making the total nuinlier eni- 
 
 alreadv seen that the (piantity of wool produced ploved (ex those in the shoddv trade) about 
 in England and Wales, in IHOO, did not really •2j;',j")0(l. 
 
 amount to 400,000 packs: and the notion that 'Mr. liaines, iM.l'., has, in his valuable account 
 ilirve out of the nine millions of peo|)le then in the of the woollen manufactures of the I'uited King- 
 country were directly and indirectly employed in dom (Stdlislicul Jnurniil, xxiii. p. .'13), given tlic 
 the manufacture is too ridiculous to deserve no- following el.iliorafe estimate of their value (ex the 
 tice, tlumgh it was generally acquie;ce(l in at the worsted manufaclurcs) in l«5>i: — 
 time, (Jliddleton's Survey of MidtlU'sc.r.iw\ cd. 
 p. (ill ; Adolphus's liritinh ICmpiic, iii, i'M tic.) 
 
 Mr. Stevenson, who is one of the very few- 
 writers on Ilritish fitatistics to whose statements 
 much deference is due, gave the fidh wing esti- 
 mate of the value of tiie woollen manufactured 
 goods annually produced in Kiiglaiid and Wales, 
 and of the interest itc. of the caiiital, and the 
 number of persons ein|)loyed in the maiiufacline : 
 
 £ 
 IS.IBi .,1100 
 
 Total v.iliio of manufaclurwl articles 
 
 VcilueofMiv mati.ri.il • . . i-|l,000,llol> 
 
 liltercNi on eaiiilai, sum tii rqilare its wear 
 . aiul tear, and iiunufaclurtTs" protits - y.lo'l.oon 
 
 WauK of work Mien - - ■ U,oi»i.Oi"> 
 
 Nuiiilier of iieople cni]iloyctl, -ISn.OOO, or ]icrliaiK .'jnii.du i. 
 
 llut even this estimate required to be materi.iUy 
 
 (I. I U.aw 5Iaterlal: — 
 
 III. 
 7.',,0(l."i,tltWi Fiireimi and colonial wool 
 hti,n.l(),liO.') Jiritish woiil, at l«. ."(/. ver 111. 
 
 sliiKldv and iiiunpo; — 
 1 •, nno noi) T."'!'."'!".""" »>■ sliodd.v, at 2|./. per ll).\ . 
 l.i.niOT.nOO j |,,,_,||„| ,„||| II,. „„,„„„, at .1J,I. per II..) 
 
 Cotton and cot'.on warps, 1-oUtlt of the wool 
 ■.!iHi,!tll.T,(iG'i 
 
 (!.) Dve-warcs, oil, and snap - - - 
 
 \?<,) \^a^■,'s— l.'iil.ll'MI worli-people, at Ti.,. t;./. per week 
 1 1.) Hint, wear and le.ir uf macliinerv, npair-., c.ial. in- 
 terest on capital, and prolit, M per cent, on the above 
 Total - - - - • 
 
 Looking to the vast increa.so in the exports 
 since l.-^o.S, as shown in the subjoined table, the 
 gross value of the woollens annually produced in 
 the I'liited Kingtloin mav now (IHli'J) be set down 
 at from :J(;,0()0,Otl(J/, to o7",000,000/. 
 
 in Account of the Qunnttly ami Vahen of the Woollen and Worsted Mannfitctures and Woollen 
 Viirn of 'British J'rodnce J'J.ipiirled fiom the L'nited Kinydom in each of the « lears ending 
 
 with 18G7. 
 
 Woollen JIanufaclurM. 
 Cloths of aM kinds, coatinusSic. pee. 
 Mixed stull'.. flannels &e. >d. 
 
 Worsted stHlIs ■ - pii res 
 
 Woollen and worsted yarn lb. 
 
 Values. 
 Cloths of all kinds co.atinKS Ice. • 
 IVIixed stulls. tiannels il£C. 
 
 W(l^^tt.<^ stlltls - 
 
 Other knids - - - 
 
 Total 
 Woollen and worsted yam 
 
 .'ifi.-.T.is .%s,2r,i s.T2,M8 yd. aT.TCi.Mn w.mb,r,;r. .is.fii'i.nsg 3y>u. 
 
 R7.<is7 '.iO'.! 7i..'i.-'i,(i.-i :fi.'iai,r,M io,'ii:..ii-.i ui.s'iii.isv , i},-'>'ij." ", J,l-^:L' 
 
 '2^i\').■^\.', v,is.-.,.h(i .-i.ss.i.iioii jd. Io.-i,sis.os- i!i7.'^s7,.-iss v.m.ik ,,fii!) '.i'2.,'^'.>. 
 
 ]£'££■ £ ' ^ . I 
 
 ".nTL-'iOfi '2,9GI,lOi .\,tt^i.Vti r),.ir,l,910 4,.')3.->,.'>19i 
 
 .i,7.-|,.'iiw .1,71^,1107 ii.-i,;si i,-.is,sii i,.-,oii,7ir. 
 
 4 101 ois .-,<iiii,.iil .'>,s77,'i:s s,,i-.:i,;s.i lo,7'J7,s(i'i 
 
 l,.-vlS,UlS l,",-,.'>,.T)'^ ^l.-.ll,7 t) 1,S7II,IM) [.S0,->,1I>I 
 
 I'i,I.Vi,008 11,11N,7I1^ 1.1,1 ivili l.'i.lS'.l.i; 1 _1S,M.1,4'J7 
 
 "ri,si.i,l5o :i,rir,-i,'.):ii .-i,s.i;.'eis s,on7.;.'0.> 4.'J."_..^_1Z 
 
 £ 
 
 4,oa.-,9'>4 
 
 1,II7I,SIS 
 
 i3,.->riii,iii7 
 
 l .fil.'i.V.H 
 W.KU.T .-ii) 
 
 £ 
 
 S,^o^ 
 
 1,113 
 
 l.l.M 
 
 i,I.VJ 
 ■jl.7'lli 
 " l,7l.:,ln.i 
 
 791 
 
 nut 
 
 .-ii.isn.'iog 
 
 ll.lili.O.).') 
 V0T,ni3,917 
 JV7,4.14,UW 
 
 £ 
 
 6,.1<7,57.'i 
 
 .s.VJ,,-,19 
 
 l'MI4,'J9H 
 
 l,7S9,IIIU 
 W,I MI,iJ.'i'j 
 
 .'i.sri.U'Jti 
 
 The United States, the llansc Towns, Ilidlinid Account of the Declared Value of the Wool- 
 and Helgium, but especially t'.ic tirst, are by far , /,.„ Mannfactiires, e.rdusice of Woollen and 
 the largest markets for our woollen and worsted Worsted Yarn, K.iported from the United 
 giiods. " British North America, Australia, and Kimidom in the under-mentioned Years, ending 
 Oiiiia also, take ctmsuleiable ipiaiitities. Varu is ^ icilh lS(i7. 
 principally sent to the Ilanse Towns, llidland, i 
 
 linssia. lianovcr, and Uelgiuni. | 
 
 In l«-.>0 the total exports of yarn amounted to 
 
 .mlv 3,024 lb., and in 182."> to 7C,'.l(U lb., whereas 
 
 ill i8(!7 thev amounted to no fewer than. ■>7,4:!(;.4M, 
 
 111. of woollen ami worsteil yarn— an increase all 
 
 Imt unparalleled in the history of industry. , 
 
 Years 
 
 . 
 
 £ 
 
 ISii) 
 
 S,,',S0,13» 
 
 1S21 
 
 (i,IK.'i,6lS 
 
 IS.-.il 
 
 1 4,7'^S,i,Cli 
 
 ts-.'i 
 
 1 B,sl()..'ill 
 
 IMll 
 
 .'),.-. '7,S5.T 
 
 isi;, 
 
 7,i;i)s,iis 
 
 
 i; 
 
 ^ 
 
I ■ 
 
 •,f' 
 
 ' ■ \, 
 
 
 latt ■WOOJ.LKX .MANUFACTrUK 
 
 Tlio iliffrrcnt. |irii;^io.>''' of tli" ('X|ii)rt.j iif iniriii- 
 faiturrtl K"'"'-' "i"i >■'"■" 'i>i"'iiil.-<, no iloiibt, on 
 varimiM caiisi's ; lint piincipally, vn- hi'licvc, on 
 tlu^ diannc, pri'vion'-ly notici'il, that lia.s taken 
 plarc in llio I'liaraclur ol' onr wool, which lits it 
 unicli lit'ltcr than I'nrnicrly for hcin^^ mailc into 
 worsted yarn, which is nhiiorit the only ih'seri|i- 
 tion of yarn that is exported. The operation of 
 tliis change is evinced in a still more strikinf,' 
 manner liy coinparni;:;' the export of cloth, jod- 
 perly so calleil, wilh tliat of slnll's, iii the ninier- 
 menlioued veius. 
 
 Gl|H)rts of rlnlti 
 
 ISIG I IH'^U 
 
 r,;i;,-r,^: 'n\.:,iw •ii';:\ii i;:>.':i<r,^ 
 .vi3..'li^ii,i.'.s,'iH'i I,7is,i;i7 a,.'>'is,iii'! 
 
 M'hile in \M7. the return heinf; ;;iveii in vards, 
 3l,lSi»,-.'(ni yar.ls of cloth, and 2(l(Vl(;7,0(i7 "yards 
 of stnlls, were exported. 
 
 It is obvitms that this deeliiiin;; or stationnrv 
 nmoinit on the onv. hund, andeoiitinned ninl rapid 
 increase on the other, mnst have lieen oeeasioncd 
 by the operation of some powerfnl and permanent 
 cause ; and none .-neh can be assif,'ned other than 
 the decreasing suitableness of liritish wool lor 
 bcin^ uiade into doth, an<l its increasin^^ snilable- 
 ne.ss for being made into worsted yarn and stnlVs. 
 Wo ilo not think that the duty on wool hail, 
 when it existed, luuuli inlluencc either one way or 
 the other. 
 
 Latterly the stnll' trade has made great [iro- 
 preas. This has been maiidy occasioned by the 
 change of fashion in this and other eonntries, by 
 which stull's made of a mixture of cotton and 
 worsted, and cotton and silk, have been largely 
 substituted fur doth.':, anil the home and foreign 
 demand for them propoKiomdly increased. In so 
 far, indeed, as the extraordinary extension of the 
 stuff trade depends on this change, it cannot, per- 
 ha)is, be icganUd as resting on any very solid 
 foundation, lint it is on the whole abundantly 
 obvious that the ex|iort trade in doih has de- 
 clined; and that, it is oidy in the stuff traile and 
 in the |)ro(luction of \:nn that we have decided 
 superiority over for'igners. For an account of 
 the rectnt history of the woollen tnule, see tin? 
 2iul vol. of liischolV's y//,s7();y (;/'//((' ll'oii/lcu anil 
 Worsttil Mitiiiifiti li:ns, a useful work lurnncl on 
 the i)lan of .Sniilh's JJunoir- nf Ifnal, but neit/ier 
 so learned nor so able. 
 
 Shodili/ mill Miiiiiio Tmili: — The greater num- 
 ber, perliaps, of our rcaiUis may never have heard 
 of that branch of the wonllen m;nnifacture called 
 the sliiiitili/ null 1111:111/11 intiU; which has grown up 
 of late years, and is now of very considerable 
 value and importance. It is ])rincipally carried 
 on at Jialley, where it originated, and at Dew.s- 
 
 bury, which has bei le the bead-iiuarters of the 
 
 business. Cloth.--, whdiu r of shoddy or inungo, 
 are made cither wholly or in part of old, or worn, 
 wool ; the former, or tho.so called shoddy, con- 
 sisting of tlio wool of soft goods, such as stockings, 
 llannels Ac. ; and the latter, or those called 
 mungo, con-i-liMg ol 'lie wool of liard go(nls, that 
 is of the ilifferent descri|)tions of cloth. The 
 latter is more vahi:d)le than the former, the piice 
 of shoddy averjiging about 2,J(/. per lb., whereas 
 the mean jirice of nnnigo is about hd. ])er lb. 
 The ohrclotlis or rags having been collected, and 
 subjected to \ariou.T jiroces.ses, arc torn to pieces 
 by the aid of powerful machinery, ami reducod to 
 their origin.tl state of wool; and this wool, being 
 respuii, either with or without an admixture of 
 fresh Wool, is again made into cloth. Formerly 
 this sort of cloth was used only for padding and 
 such like uurnoses : but now it is made into 
 
 AVIU;CK 
 
 blaiikits, fln.-hings, druggets, carpets and table 
 covers, cloth for pilot and IVtcrsham great coala 
 ttc. The clothing of the army, and the greater pro- 
 portio!! of that of thi^ navy, consist in part of the 
 same nuiterial, which in fact is occiisionally worn 
 by everybody. Large ipiantilies of shoddy cloth 
 are exported. (ircat improvements have been 
 ell'ected 0/ late years, not only in t he fabric of the 
 cloth, but also in the dyes: this is especially seen 
 in the doth for .soldiers' uniforms, which is no 
 longer ol a brick-du.-t colour, but makes a much 
 nearer approach to .scarlet. The beautiful woollen 
 table covers are made wholly of oUl wool, being 
 printed by luiiiii J'oilin from designs drawn in 
 London and .\laiiche.'-ier, ami cut on holly and 
 other blocks im the spot. 
 
 It must, however, be observed that, though the 
 cloth made from old, may look jis well as that 
 made from new wool, it has neither lliir strength 
 nor tenacity of the latter. It is seldom that old 
 wool is ii.sed singly ; gener.dly it is mixed u|i 
 will' new wool in proportions varying from 10 to 
 5(1 or tio |ier cint., according to the purjioscs lo 
 which it is to be applied; and if the old wool he 
 not in excess, the capacity of the chith for wear 
 is but little alfeeted. 
 
 Xo honest inatud'acturer will, of cour.se, substi- 
 tute old for new wool in the manul'aetnre of any 
 sort of goods will, out apprising his eustonu'rs of' 
 ihe fret. JJut this is all that he is reiiuired to do: 
 and there cannot be a doubt that, speaking goiu'- 
 rally, the .substitution of oM for new wool is, ia 
 vcrv many cases, highly advantageous. 
 
 'llic analogy betrtceii this manufacture niiil 
 that of paper is so striking, that it nnist f'orci: 
 it.sclf on the attention of everyone; the vilest 
 and most worthless materials being eonverti'il in 
 botli into the most beautiful and useful fahricn. 
 The shoddy trade is, in fact, one of the triniiiphs 
 of art and civilisiUioii. 
 
 ' The nuniufacture,' says Jlr. llainc.s, ' ha.s 
 forced its way, and made Jialley, Dcwsbiiry, ami 
 the neighbourhood llx- most prosperous parts of 
 the woollen di.strict. There are now in Hatlcy 
 alone ;>() rag machines in 3.5 mills, producing an 
 less than Il',(IUI),()i)0 lb. of rag-wool ])er aiuuun; 
 and 1 am assured, on good authority, that ;! tiuii's 
 this (piantity is made in the district. Tiic rags 
 are giithercd from all parts of the kiugilimi, as 
 well as imported regularly from the Conliiieat, 
 America, juid Australia. There is now, alse, a 
 con.-idcrable m;inuraclnre of the shoddy, or wg- 
 wool, in (ierni.riy. anil it, is belii^ved that no lo,>s 
 than 1) or 10 miiiion lb. weight were inipurteil 
 last year.' 
 
 \\T;LCK. In Xavigation, is usually understood 
 to mean any ship or goods lirivcn ashore, or liiaiid 
 doaliiig at sea in a deserted or unmaiiageahle 
 condition, lint in the legal sense of the word in 
 Kngland, jc/ci/,! nuist have come to land ; when 
 at sea, it is (li.-tingnished by Ihe barbanms ,ip- 
 pelhitions u( Jliitsiiiii,/etsai)i, and laynn. [l''i.oi- 
 
 S.\M.] 
 
 Jn nothing, perhap.s, has the beneficial iiitlucnce 
 of the advance of .society in i'ivili.-'ation been more 
 apparent than in the regulations w itii re.-pect id 
 the persjns iind property of .shipwrecked inili- 
 vidiials. Jn most, rude and uncivilised countries 
 their treatment has been cruel in the extreme. 
 Amongst the early Greeks and l!oman.s, strangers 
 and cnen.ies were" regarded in the same point of 
 view. (Ilostis apud antiiiuos, peregrinus dicelia- 
 tur. J'omp. Fvstits\ .see also Cicero ih OJ/k: 
 lib. i. c. 12.) Where such inhospitable sentiments 
 prevailed, the conduct observed towards those 
 who were shi|)wrceked could not be othenvl.sc than 
 barbarous ; and in fact they were, iu most in- 
 
L'K 
 
 ,'('ts, carpets niid U\h\c 
 IVtci-.slmiii Kri'iit. coals 
 iny.iiiiil till' (^rcaliTpn)- 
 y, ii>ii«i-.t ill pari nl" tlic 
 iu:t U iH'ca-iidiially worn 
 intilic.s III' sliiMldy cliilli 
 ipriiviiiiciits have ln'cii 
 iiiily ill iIk' I'alirie of lliu 
 i: tliis i.i (.'sin'cialiy seen 
 iiiiiroi'ins. wiiicli is no 
 iiiir, liiit iiialiOH a iiiui'li 
 . Tilt' Ijcaiilil'iil woollni 
 lolly ol' old wool, liciii;; 
 rom il(si)^ii.s drawn in 
 and cut on holly and 
 
 served that, tlion;;h llic 
 y look as well as that 
 ias ncilhcr llie !<lreiij;tli 
 , It, is seldom that old 
 ner.illy it is mixed iip 
 ions varying; from 10 to 
 lill;;' to the purposes In 
 ; and if the old wool hi; 
 ity of the elolli lor wear 
 
 T will, of course, snhsti- 
 he nianiifaclme of any 
 irisiii;^ his customers of 
 lat he is reipiircd to do : 
 lilt thai, speaking (;oiic- 
 
 (ild for new wool is, in 
 idvantai;ooiis. 
 
 this numnfactnrc niid 
 ;injr, that it niiist forcii 
 if every one; the vilest 
 inls hein^ converted in 
 tifnl and useful fahrics. 
 ct, one of the triinnplis 
 
 lys Mr. Itaines, 'has 
 IJalliy, Dcwshiiry, and 
 ost prosperous jiarts u( 
 re are now in liatlcy 
 j5 mills, pruduciM^; im 
 
 f ran'-wdol ))er aiiiiiiiu; 
 iiithority, that .'! limes 
 
 the district. Tiie rags 
 of ll;i! kingdom, as 
 
 y from the Conliiieiit, 
 There is now, alsr, a 
 of the shoildy, or ra;;- 
 
 s hidii;ved that no less 
 weight were imported 
 
 111, is usually understood 
 Iriven ashore, or (iunul 
 
 erted or nnmaiiafjeable 
 
 1 sense of the word ia 
 
 come to land ; when 
 
 by the barharinis ap- 
 
 III, and luynn. [1''i.ot- 
 
 tlie beneficial iidhience 
 
 civili>atioii been more 
 
 ations witii respect to 
 
 of shipwrecked indi- 
 
 1 uncivilised countries 
 
 criiid in the extreme. 
 
 and Jioinans, strangers 
 
 1 in the same iiuint of 
 
 los, peregrinus dicelia- 
 
 also Ciirro de OJ/ic. 
 
 ihospitable sentiments 
 
 iserved towards those 
 
 iluotbe otherAvise tliau 
 
 ley were, in most in- 
 
 ptaneos, cither put to death or sold as slaves, i 
 Hut as law anil piod order j^rew up, and eoin- 
 merco and navigalioii were extended, those who 
 escaped from the perils of the sea were treated 
 in a way less re|iiignaiit to the diidates of hu- 
 manity;' and at length the lloiiian law made it 
 n capital olleiiee to destroy persons shiiiwreckeil, 
 or to prevent their saviii|j the ship; and the 
 stealiiif; even of a plank from a vessel ship- 
 wrecked or ill distress made the party liable In 
 answer for tlio Vilmlc .ship and ear^o. {I'aml. 17, 
 '.), ;t.) 
 
 Diniiif^ llie gloomy period which followed the 
 subversion of the Koniaii empire, and the esta- 
 blishment of the northern nations in the soiithei'ii 
 parts of Kuropp, the ancient barbarous )n-aciices 
 with respect to shipwri^ck were everywhere re- 
 ncweil. Those who Hurvivcd were in most coun- 
 tries reduced to servitude; and their goods were 
 cvcrvwbere conliscated for the iisi? of llie lord on 
 whose manor they had been thrown. (Uobertsoirs 1 
 Clmrks ('., i. note "Jit.) Hut nothing, (lerhaps, | 
 can so strongly evince tlie prevalence and nature i 
 of the cnorniities, as (he ciVorls that were made, i 
 as soon a-) governments began to nci|iiirc au- ; 
 thoritv, for their suppression. T"he regulations as 
 to shipwreck in the Laws of Oleron are, in this 
 respect, most remarkable. The l>.")th and .'Wlh 
 articles state, that ' idiots, in order to ingratiate 
 themselves with their lonls, did, like faithless and 
 treacherous villains, sometimes willingly run the 
 ship upon the rocks iS:e. ; ' for which oH'eiice they 
 are held to be accursed and excommnnieatcd, and 
 piiiiislied as thieves and robbers. The fate of the 
 lord is still more severe. 'lie is to be apjire- 
 heiided, his goods conliscated and sidd, and him- 
 self fastened to a post or stake in the midst of his 
 own mansion-honse, which being tired at the four 
 corners, all shall be burned together: the walls 
 thereof be demidislied ; the stones pulled down ; 
 and the site converted into n market ]daee, for the 
 sale onl^v of hogs and swine, to all posterity.' 
 The yist article re.dtes, that when a vessel was 
 lost by running on .shore, and the mariners had 
 landcil, they often, instead of meeting with lu 1]), 
 'wcn^ attacked by people more barbarous, cruel, 
 and iiduiman than mad dogs ; who, to gain their 
 moneys, apparel, and other goods, did sometimes 
 raurdi'r and destroy these poor distressed seamen. 
 In this case, the lord of the country is to execute 
 justice by punishing them in their persons and 
 their estates ; and is commanded to )diingc them 
 in the sea till they be half dead, and then to have 
 them drawn tortli out of the sea and stoned to 
 deatli.' 
 
 Such were the dreadful severities by which it 
 was attempted to put a stop to the crimes against 
 ■which they were directei! The viidi'iice of the 
 remedy shows better than anything else how 
 inveterate the disease bad become. 
 
 liut the fact that divines did not scruple (o 
 prostitute religious worship by praying that the 
 adjacent coasts might be enrielied with .ship- 
 wrecks, affords, perhaps, the most striking jiroof 
 of the barbarism of the times referred to. And 
 incredible as it may .seem, this )>ractiec was con- 
 tinued down to a comparatively recent epoch. 
 'Ccpcndant il y a encore en AUemagne des pays 
 oiila ciuitumede conlisqiier les biens naufrages 
 n'est point encore ab(dic. II y a meme des en- 
 droits oil les ministres prodieateurs ne font pas 
 difliciilte dc prier Dieii en chaire qn'il se fasse 
 bien des naufrages siir leurs ciites. Kt ces prieres 
 Thomasiiis a entrepris serieuscment de les justifier ; 
 tnais liar des raisons .si singulifcres, (pt'elles ne 
 valoient pas la iieine que IJarbeyrac a jirise de les 
 lefuter.' (Valin, Cummcntaire sttr lOrdommnce 
 
 WWV.CK ir>15 
 
 f/c HWI, ii, ,")So. See also I'lilTendorf. ' Droit de la 
 Miiliiiv (7 iliH iliiis,' /Kir /Idilii'/riir, ii. Tmi.) 
 
 The law of I'.iiglainl, like llial of oilier modern 
 countries, adjudged wrecks to belong to the king. 
 Hut the rigour and injustice of Ibis law were mo- 
 dified so early as the reign id' lli'iiry I., when it 
 was ruled tliiit if any person escaped alive out of 
 the ship, it should lie no wreck. .Vml after various 
 inodilicatioiis, it was decidid, in the reign of 
 Henry III, that if goods were cast on shore, 
 having any marks by which they could be identi- 
 fied, they were to revert to the owners, if claiineil 
 any time wilbin a year and a day. Ily tho 
 statute 'JT Kd. 1 1 1, c. 1.', if a ship be lost and the 
 goods come to laud, tlicy are to be ihdiverecl to 
 the merchanls, paying only a reason. ible reward 
 or S.M.v.vciK to ihose who saved or preserved 
 them. Itiit these iincient statutes, owing to 
 the confusioii and ili-ord.r of ifie times, were 
 very ill enforced; and llu^ disgraceful practices 
 previously allinled to continueil to the middle of 
 last century. 
 
 .V statute of Anne (12 .\nne st. 2 e. IH), con- 
 firmed by the i (ieo. I. c. 1".', in the view of 
 imtling a stop to the atrocities iii question, orders 
 all head otlicers and others of the towns near the 
 sea, upon application made to llieni, to summon 
 as many hands as are necessary, and send them 
 to the relief of any ship in distress, on forfeiture 
 of 1(1(1/.; and in -ease of any assistance given, 
 .salvage ia to bo assessed by .'I justices, and paid 
 by the owners. I'er.sons seiireliiig any goods east 
 ashore are to forfeit treble their value; and if they 
 wilfully do any act by which the ship is lost or 
 destroyed, thev are guilty of felony without 
 benefit of clergy, lint even this statute seems 
 not to have been siiflicient to acciimplish the end 
 in view; and in 17.').'! a new statute (2li (ieo. II, 
 e. lit) WHS enacted, the preamble id' which is as 
 follows : ' Whereas, notwithsiaiidiiig the good 
 and .salutary laws now in bein^ against )diiiidcr- 
 iiig and destroying vessels in distress, and against 
 taking away shipwrecked, lost, or stranded goods, 
 many wicked enormities have been committed, 
 to the disgrace of tho nation, and the grievous 
 damage of merchants and mariners of our own 
 and other countries, be it' «*vc. : and it is then 
 enacted, that the preventing id' the escape of any 
 person endeavouring to save liis life, or wounding 
 liim with intent to destroy him, or putting out 
 false lights in order to bring any vessel into 
 danger, shall be e.ipital felony. I5y tho same 
 statute, the pilfering of any goods cast ashore is 
 made petty larceny. 
 
 We regret, however, to have to state that the 
 ]dunder of shipwrecked property is still by no 
 means uneommon on the llritisli coasts. The 
 Committee on .Shipwrecks in 1H13 stated that 
 ' there is ou many |iarts of the coast a want of 
 that moral principle which should inculcate a just 
 regard for the rights of such projierty. It ia 
 looked upon as a chance gift, which every one 
 has a right to .scramble for as he can, notwith- 
 standing the laws wdiieli have been pa.ssed, from 
 the earliest jieriod, to prevent or punish such de- 
 predations. The plunder of shipwrecked property 
 on the coasts has been carried on to an enormous 
 extent, anil this seems to have arisen from there 
 having been no iicrsous ou the spot, when u wreck 
 had taken place, to look after the property.' The 
 Committee state that the establishment of the 
 coast-guard has done much to repress these 
 abuses. Tho Litter, however, cannot legally 
 interfere, except when the cast-away articles^ are 
 subject to Ciustoins' duties; and the Committee 
 suggest that all abandoned property should be 
 vested in the Goverument in trust for those to 
 
 11 
 
 i-> 
 
 I ■; 
 
15tG 
 
 WHKCK 
 
 .■I 
 
 
 V;iv. 
 
 
 whom it nifty hrlitnfr, ns U donr in I'miior mid 
 Ilolliuid, (Ui'/Hirt (if CiiiiiiiiiHii- of IHt.'l, p. viii.) 
 
 SiiiPi' thiH rc])cirt wns ]iul)li«li(Ml tlii' law in 
 rcRtird to Hliipivrcck nnd milvnfjf luis Ixrii Iwico 
 (•(iiiHolidiifC'd and rmliodicd ; lirxt in tlic Act !> it 
 10 Vict. c. !•!•, nn<l nioiM' recently in the Mer- 
 Cftnlilo ^<iiip|iiiig Act of IS.Vl, the 17 it 18 Vict. 
 c. 101, tlie latter licinn' uliulitlv modided bv the 
 •I'.tth sec. of ■.'.') it ■-•(•. Vict. c. (I:).' 'nie reader will 
 lind in the art. S.\i.\A(j!>; a lull accuinit of tlie 
 rnles and regulations laid down in thi' .'! last- 
 mentioned statntes in repird to lliat important 
 subject ; and we now he^; to Hiilijoin tiiose whieli 
 hai'c reference to the conduct to be pnrsne<i in 
 regard to wrecks. 
 
 JiK/iiiiirs to lie iiislitiitrti in fdscjt iif' Ifrev/t ami 
 Citmiiilti/. — In any of the ciise.s following;, viz.: — 
 
 Whenever any ship is lost, abandoned, or 
 mntcrinllv damaged on or near the cuast.s :>f the 
 United Kingdom : 
 
 Whenevir any ship cnnscs loss or mnlerial 
 damage to anv other s-Iiip on or near siu'h coasts : 
 
 Wlienever l)y reason tif any casualty happening 
 to or on board of any ship on or near bucU cim.sts 
 loss of life ?iisues : 
 
 AVhenever any such loss, .abandonment, damage, 
 or casualty happens elsewhere, and any competent 
 rvitnesses thereof arrive o» nro found at any place 
 in the United Kingdom: 
 
 It shall be laivfn' for the ins|icctin'.'; olHcer of 
 the coast-guard or the principal olliccr of (.'ustoms 
 residing at or near the jilacc where such loss, 
 abandonment, damage, or casualty occurred, if 
 tlie same occurred on or near the coasts of the 
 United Kingdom, but if elscwhen! at or near the 
 jdace where such witnesses as aforesaid arrive or 
 arc found or can be conveniently examined, or 
 for any other jiersou appointed for the purpose by 
 the Hoard of Trade, to make impiiry respecting 
 such loss, abandonment, damage, or casualty ; 
 and he shall for that purpose have all the ])owers 
 given by this Act to inspectors appointed by the 
 said Koard. (Sec. 4.'}2.) 
 
 FoniHtl Investiijiitioii before Jiistiees. — If it 
 appear to such oflieer or person as nfo-.csaid^ c.'ther 
 upon or without any .such jirelimiiary Muiuiry, 
 that a formal investigation is necessaiy or expe- 
 dient, or if the Hoard of Trade so directs, he shall 
 apply to any 2 justices or to w stipendiary magis- 
 trate to hear the case; and such justices or 
 magistrate shall thereupon (irocecd to hear and 
 try the same, and shall for that purpose, so far as 
 relates to the summoning of parties, compelling 
 the attendance of witnesses, and the regulation of 
 the |>roceediugs, have the same powers as if the 
 same were a iiroceeding relating to an oH'ence or 
 cause of complaint upon which they or he have 
 power to make a summary conviction or order, or 
 as near thereto as circumstances permit; and it 
 shall be the duty of such officer or person to 
 superintend the man.agemcnt of the case, and to 
 render such assistance to the said justices or 
 magistrate -s is in his power; and, upon the con- 
 clusion of the case, the said justices or magistrate 
 shall send a report to the Hoard of Trade, con- 
 taining a full statement of the case jiiul of their 
 or his opinion thereon, accoini)anicd by such 
 report of or extracts from the evidence, and such 
 observiitions (if anv) as thej' or lie inav think tit. 
 (Sec. -i;!;j.:> 
 
 Power to apjioint Kavtiiud Assessn —In cases 
 wliore nautical skill and knowledge are' rcijuired, 
 the Hoard of Trade shall have the power, either 
 at the request of such justices or m.igistrate, or at 
 its own discretion, to appoint some person of 
 nautical skill .and knowledge to net as assessor to 
 sucli justices or magistrate ; and such assessor 
 
 shall, upon the conclusion of the case, either 
 signify his ( oncurrence in their report by signing 
 th(^ same, or if he dissent therefrom shall signify 
 siu'li dissent and his reasons therefor to (he 
 Hoard of Tra.le. (Sec. I.U.) 
 
 Sli/Hiiiliiiri/ Miiiilslriilv to lie Menilier of I.oiud 
 Miiriiie Jioiiri/, mill lo lie /uiiil, — In jilaces wliere 
 
 there is a I al jAlarint^ Hoard, ai;d wluTe a 
 
 stipendiary magistrate is a nu-inbi'r of sncli Ho:ird, 
 all such iuvi'sligations shall, whenever he happens 
 t<i be present, lie made before such niagislrMle; 
 and there shall b(^ paiil to such magistrate iu 
 respect of his services under this Act siu'li ns 
 muneration, whetlier by way of niuuial iucriMse 
 of salary or otherwise, as her Majesty's Secretary 
 of Slate for the Ilouie Department, with the 
 cou^en^ of the Hoard of Trade, may direct; and 
 such remuueriition shall be paid out of the Mer- 
 cantile .'Marine l''uud. (.Sec. l;),").) 
 
 Coats of mieli JiiveHtl(/<iHiiiiH, — The said justices 
 or m.agi-itriite may niake such order with respect 
 to the costs oi' anv such investigation or any 
 portion thereof as they or he may (leinn just, iuid 
 such costs shall be paid accordingly, and shall lie 
 recoverable in the same maimer as'other costs iii- 
 curre<l in siinnnary proceedings before them or 
 him ; nnd the Hoard of Trade may, if in any i;no 
 it thinks lit so to do, pay the expense of any siioh 
 investigati(ni, and niay"|)ay to such assessoV :Mieli 
 remuneration as it thinks tit. (Sec. 4;JlJ.) 
 
 IniU'ntii/dtion.i in Seotliind. — In the case of any 
 such investigation being held iu Scotland, the 
 Hoard of Trade may remit the same to the l.orJ 
 Advocate to be prosecuted in such manner «•< lie 
 may direct, nnd in case ho .so rctiuires, with the 
 assistance of such persons of nautical skill ,iiul 
 knowledge as the Hoard of Trade may njtpoiiit for 
 the purpose. (Sec. l,'!?.) 
 
 Muster or Mute mnij he re<iuired to drliter 
 Certifieate iVc— Such justices or magistrate as 
 aforesaid may, or in Scotland such iieison or 
 persons as is or are directed by the Lord Advocate 
 to conduct the investigation" may, if they or he 
 think lit, require any master or mate possessing .a 
 ceriilicate of competency or service whose comluct 
 is called in question or appears to them or liiiu 
 likely to be called in question in the course of 
 such investigation, to deliver such eertiticalo to 
 them or him, and they or he shall hold the irrti- 
 licnte so delivered until the conclusion of the in- 
 vestigation, and shall then either return the siiine 
 to such master or mate, or, if their report is such 
 as to enable the Hoard of Trade to caned or 
 suspend such certificate under the powers given 
 to such Hoard by this Act, shall forward the Mime 
 to the Hoard of Trade, to be dealt with as ^iich 
 Hoard thinks lit ; .and if any master or male fail 
 so to deliver his certificate when .so reqiiireil, he 
 shall incur a penalty not exceeding 50/. (Sec. 
 •138.) 
 
 liourd of Trade Superintendents of Wmh, 
 with power li '/ipnint Receivers. — The Hoanl of 
 Trade shall thi >ughout the Uniteil Kiii;,'ilom 
 have the general superintendence of all iiiatters 
 relating to wreck ; nnd it may, with the emisont 
 of the Commissioners of her Majesty's Treasury, 
 ajipoint anj' oiKcer of Customs, or of the coast- 
 guard, or oi the inland revenue, or, when it ap- 
 pears to such Hoard to be more conveiiieiil, aii>' 
 other person, to be n receiver of wreck in any 
 district, .and to i)orforia such duties .as are herein 
 mentioned, niid shall give due notice of every 
 such appointment. (Sec. 439.) 
 
 Admiral not to interfere with IFrec/;.— No 
 ndinirnl, vice-admirnl, or other person, under 
 whatever denomination, exercising ailniiralty 
 jurisdiction, shall as such, by himself or his 
 
n of tlip cnsc, oitlicr 
 their roport by Mi({iiiii>r 
 iK^rcrriiiii Hlmlt niijniry 
 iHoiis thiTeCiir to tlio 
 
 I.) 
 
 I' /»' ^Iniilifr (>/' Jtiiiuil 
 /xiiil. — In iilarcs wlicre 
 Itiuinl, ai:(l ^\h(•^(' n 
 iiKiiiliiToC mich lloarii, 
 II, wlu'iU'ViT lutliapiicii* 
 (•l'i)ri! Hiicli tii.inistrali'; 
 to Hiich ina^istniti' in 
 ndcT this Act such rc- 
 •ay of annual inrrcase 
 her Majesty's Siciclary 
 Deimrl'inent. with tiie 
 IVade, may dired; and 
 ■ paid out of tiic Jlur- 
 
 ()«». — 'I'lie sniil Jii^licest 
 iueh order witli rc<|M'C't 
 I inveMti^jatiou or any 
 lie may (leem just, and 
 i'('onlin,i,'ly, and sliall he 
 lanner as other eosts iri- 
 odlnj;-t before them or 
 rade may, if in any la-ic 
 he expense of any suoh 
 ly to such nssoHsdr :^iicli 
 lit. (Sec. 4;!(J.) 
 «'/. — In the case of any 
 )ield ill Scotland, I lie 
 t the same to the l.^rd 
 I in such manner a-s lie 
 10 .so rcipiire.-', willi the 
 s of nauticai skill aiul 
 f Trade may ajipoint fur 
 
 lilt requlreil to ililicer 
 
 iticcs or mnf^istratci as 
 
 [itlund such pei'.soii or 
 
 d by the Lor<l AilvDcato 
 
 ion may, if they or he 
 
 er or mate possesMng a 
 
 r service whose conduct 
 
 ppears to them or liiin 
 
 estion in the course of 
 
 iver such rcrtilicalo to 
 
 he shall hold the <Lrti- 
 
 10 conclusion of I lie iu- 
 
 either return the si;me 
 
 if their rejiort is such 
 
 )f Trade to cancel or 
 
 mder the powers given 
 
 shall forward the ^ame 
 
 be de.'dt with as such 
 
 my master or male tail 
 
 e when so reriuireil, he 
 
 exccediuy bill. (Sec. 
 
 /■intcnJcntti of Wreck, 
 eivfrs. — The Doard of 
 the United Kiii^'dom 
 endence M' .all matters 
 may, with the oousont 
 er Majesty's Treasury, 
 tdins, or of the coast- 
 venue, or, when it ap- 
 c more convenient, any 
 •eiver of wreck in any 
 li duties .as are herein 
 ! due notice of every 
 I3t>.) 
 
 i-re with jrrccli.—f!o 
 
 • other jiersoii, under 
 
 excrcisin;; admiralty 
 
 h, bv himself or his 
 
 ngcnts, receive, tnko, or interfere with any wreck 
 e.xcejit as herein mentioned. (Sec. I Id.) ' 
 
 Jhilij of lievviriT whin hiiij Shi/i it Sirtiiiiliul 
 or in DiHlrrsH. — Whenever any ship or boat is 
 stranded or in distress at any places on the ^hore 
 (if the sen or of any tidal water williin the limits 
 of tlie United Kiii(;clom, tlii^ r iver of the dis- 
 trict within which such place is situate shall, 
 upon lieiii^ made accpiainted with such aeciihiit. 
 forthwith proceed to such place, and upon hi^ 
 arrival there be shall take the cominaiid of ali 
 persons present, and assign sncli duties to each 
 person, and issue such directions, as he may think 
 tit with a view to the preservation of sm^h ship or 
 boat, and the lives of the jiersmis heliinf^iii;; 
 thereto, and the cargo and apparel thercid'; and if 
 any person wilfully disobeys such directions, he 
 shall forfeit n sum not exceeding Ml. ; but it sliall 
 not be lawful for such receiver to interfere between 
 the master of sueli ship or boat and his crew in 
 matters relatiiij? to the mana;;ement thereof, 
 unless ho is reipiested so to do by such inasttT. 
 (Sec. 'I II.) 
 
 I'owerH of Receiver in Ctme of Acciilvni fo any 
 Shi/) or Boat. — 'i'he receiver may, with a view to 
 snih preservation as aforesaid of the ship in- boat, 
 peismis, cargo, and apparel, do the foUowing 
 things (tliat is to say) : — 
 
 1. Summon such number of men as lie thinks 
 necessary to assist him : 
 
 2. IJeipiire the master or other ])erson having 
 the charge of any ship or bout iie.-ir at hand to 
 give such aid with liis men, shiji, or boats, as may 
 be in his power : 
 
 ;!. Demand the use of any waggon, cart, or 
 horses that may be near at hand ; 
 
 And any person refusing witliout reasonable 
 cause to comply with any summons, reipiisition, 
 or demand so made, shall for every such refusal 
 incur a |ienalty not exceeding 100/. ; but no 
 lierson shall be liable fo pay any duty of assessed 
 tuxes in respect of any such waggon, cart, or 
 hcuses by reason of the user of the .same under 
 this .section. (Sec. -ll'i.) 
 
 Articles washeil on Shore, or d. ' Si'c. to he de- 
 livered to lieceirer, — All cargo and other articles 
 belonging to such shi]) or boat, that may be 
 washed on shore, or otherwise be lost or taken 
 from such .ship or boat, sliall be delivered to the 
 receiver ; and any jierson, whether he is the 
 owner or not, who sccrett's or keejis possession of 
 any such cargo or article, or refuses to deliver the 
 same to the receiver or to any jierson authorized 
 by him to demand the same, shall incur a iienalty 
 not exceeding 100/. ; and it shall be lawful for 
 such receiver or other |)erson as aforesaid to take 
 such cargo or article by force from the pers(m so 
 refusing to deliver the same. (Sec. 'IIH.) 
 
 lUceicer to .suppress Plunder and Disorder by 
 Force. — Whenever any such accident occurs to 
 any shiji or boat, and any jierson ])lunders, creates 
 disorder, or obstructs the preservation of such 
 ship, boat, lives, or cargo, it shall be lawful for 
 the receiver to cause such jierscm to be ai>pre- 
 liendcd, and to u.se force for the sinipre.ssion of 
 any such idundering, disorder, or ob.struction, 
 with power fo command all her Majesty's subjects 
 to assist him in the use of such force ; and if any 
 person is killed, maimed, or hurt by rea.s(m of his 
 resisting the receiver in the execution of the 
 duties hereby comniitted to him, or any jiorsim 
 acting under his orders, such receiver or other 
 person shall be free and fully indemnitied as well 
 against the f^uecn's Majesty, her heirs and suc- 
 cessors, as again.st all persons so killed, maimed, 
 
 or hurt. (Sec. 441.) 
 Certain Officers to e.vercise Power of Receiver. — 
 
 During the abseni'o of the receiver from the place 
 wl'cre any such n<'cident as aforesaid occurs, or in 
 places where no receiver has been appcdiited under 
 this ,\ct, the follipwillg olli(('is in succession, each 
 in the absence of the other, in the order in whic h 
 they are niinied, vi/. any principal olliier of 
 Customs or of the coa>t-gu.ird, or of inland 
 revenue, and nl-o any slurllV, ju-tiie of the peace, 
 luniinis-iniii' 1 ollirer mi I'liU' p.iy in the naval 
 service of lur M ije:.ty, or coiiiiiiis-ioiii'd ollii'cr on 
 full p.iy in the I'nilil.iry service of ber Majesty, 
 may do all luatter-i and things hereby authorized 
 to be dune by the receiver, wit li this exception, 
 that with respect to any goods or articles belong- 
 ing to any such ship or boat, the delivery up id" 
 wliich to the receiver is hereiii required, any 
 ollicer so acting shall be considered as the agent 
 of the receiver, and shall place the same in the 
 custody of the receiver; and no person so acting 
 as substitute for any reci'iver shall be entitled to 
 any fees payable to receivers, iw he deprived by 
 reason of his so acting of any right to s.ilvnge to 
 which lie would otherwi.^e" be entitled. (.Sei-. 
 415.) 
 
 Power, in disc of a Ship heiiiii hi Distress, 
 
 to puss over ndjoinimi Lands with Ciirriaijes 
 
 ! Whenever any acci(k'iit as aforesaid occurs to any 
 ship or boiit, all persons may, for the purpose of 
 rendering assistance to such ship or boat, or 
 saving the lives of tlii' persons on lio;ird tho same, 
 or the cargo or apparel thereof, unless there bo 
 some ))ublic road e(iually convenient, puss and re- 
 pass either with or without carriages or horses 
 over any adjoining lands, without being subject 
 to interruption by the owner or occujiier, so that 
 they do as little damage as |iossible, anil may 
 also, on the like condition, deposit mi such land.'* 
 any cargo or other article recovered from such 
 ship or boat; and all damage that may be sus- 
 tained by any owner or occupier in consequence 
 of any such passing or repas.dng or (le|iosit as 
 aforesaid shall be a charge on the ship, boat, 
 cargo, or articles in respect of m- by which such 
 damage was occasioned, and shall, "in default of 
 payment, be recoverable in the .same manner as 
 .salvage is liereby made recoverable; and the 
 aiiKaint payable in respect thereof, if disputed, 
 shall be determined in the same manner as the 
 amount of salvage is hereby in case of dispute 
 directed to be determined. (Sec. 44(i.) 
 
 Penalty on Owners ^-c. of Land refusing to 
 allow Carriaycs Wc. to pass over their Land. — If 
 the owner or occupier of any land over wdiich any 
 ]iersmi is hereby authorised to pass m- reiiass for 
 any of the puriio.ses hereinbefore mentioned does 
 any of the fidhiwing things (that is to say) : — 
 
 1. Imjiedes or hinders any sticli person from 
 so passing or repassing, with or without car- 
 riages, horses, jind servants, by locking his gates, 
 refusing, upon retiuest, to open the same, or other- 
 wise however : 
 
 2. Impedes or hinders the deposit of any cargo 
 or other article recovered from any such ship or 
 boat as hereinbefore mentioned: 
 
 3. Prevents such cargo or other article from 
 remaining so deposited for a reasonable time, 
 until the same can be removed to a safe place of 
 public deposit : 
 
 He shall for every such ort'encc incur a penalty 
 not exceeding 100/," (See. 4 17.) 
 
 Power of lieceirer to institute Examination Sfc, 
 — .\nv receiver, or in his absence any justice of 
 the peace, shall, tis .soon as conveniently may be, 
 examine upon oath (which oath they are hereby 
 respectively empowered to administer) any person 
 belonging to any ship which may be or may have 
 been in distress on the coasts of the United 
 
 <. 'i 
 
 
 .'!f 
 
 .'■** 
 
ITtlM 
 
 WKHCK 
 
 .-.I 
 
 Kin;;iliini, or nny (iiliir |i( r>iin wlin iiiny Im iiMc 
 ti> );ivi' iiiiv nct'iiiiiit tlii'i'i'iif III' III' llic riii'L;ii nr 
 Mtiirc^ tlnirnt', i\H III Mil' liilliiwiii^ iMiillrr.«; viz. : 
 
 I. 'I'lii^ iiaiiii' uiiil ili'Mcrii'liiiii III tilt' sliip, 
 
 U. 'I'lii' imiiirM 111' llic niii-tcr mikI iiI' iIh' nwiuT-i. 
 
 !l. 'I'lic ninirs III' till' iiwiliTt ol' llic nir;;ii, 
 
 1. Till- |Hii'is III- |ila>'('H IViiiii mill Id wliii'li the 
 Hliiji nas lioiniil. 
 
 ."i. 'llic ncc:i-<iiill dl'llli' ilUtri'HS of llic MJlip. 
 
 (i. Tlio scrviccH rciiilcrcil. 
 
 7. Siiili iiilii r iiiiilliisiir I'irciiiinl.'iiii'cs nliiliiij; 
 til .xiii'li ^<lli|^ III' III llir r,'iri;ii nil ImiiiiiI the )<iiiiic, 
 US llic rcci'ivci' 111' jiisiii'c iliiiiks iiccciiiiry. 
 
 Ami Hiiili receiver or jii-ilicc fliiill iiiUc the cx- 
 aiiiiiiatiiiii tluwii in wriliii;,', ami "litill iii.iUc l\vi> 
 ('iiliie.s III' llic same, iiC which he xliiill mciiiI mie In 
 the lloaril 111" Trnilc, anil llienlhertn the Secretary 
 of the t.'iiiiimiltcc uf Moyil'-i in Lnliiliiii, aiiil such 
 last-meiitiiineil cii|iy shall lie |i!accit liy the -aiil 
 secretary in smiic cuiis|iiciiiiiiH sitiialinn I'ur the 
 iii.M|icetiiin ul' (icrsons disirinin nl' cxainiiiiii;; the 
 Hainc ; ami for the |iiir|iiises nf such cNaiiiiiialinii 
 «!Vci'y receiver nrjiislicc as at'nrcsaiil shall have all 
 the piiwers f;iven hy this Act to iii-|M ciur.-t ap- 
 puiiiteil hy llic IJnanl (il'Traile. (Sec. I \h ; 
 
 Orijfiiiiil iir firtifiiil ('i>i>!/ of F,.viniiiitat nn tit he 
 primi'i t'licie Kritiniri: — .\n exaiiiinalinii ho taken 
 ill wrilinj; im ii/'nresaiil, or ft copy thcreoC, piir- 
 portiii;; III lie ccrlilicil iimlcr the li.iml nl' the 
 receiver or jiistici' hd'ore whom such exainiiiatioii 
 was taken, shall be ailiiiil'..'il in eviilcnce in any 
 court of justice, or before ai'v jicrson havin^j by 
 law or ' const nt of |iarlies authority to hear, 
 receive, anil examine cviilcnee, as prima facie 
 proof of all inattci's cmilaiueil in such written 
 cxainiiiation. (Sec. •! lit.) 
 
 Uitlfs to hi' oliservvd lii/ I'rrniwn _fiiiiliiii/ Wrerk. 
 — The following; rules shall U? ohscrvcil by any 
 person llmliiiK or takiii;,' pnsses-iioii of wreck 
 within the rnitcil Kiiii;iluiii; vi/.: 
 
 1. If tlio iiersdii so limlini^ or taking; iiosscssion 
 of tlie snine is the owner, he shall as smm as 
 possible K'vc notice lo the receiver of llio ilislrict 
 within which such wreck is foiiiul, .stating that be 
 has so fouiiil or taken posscssimi of the same ; ami 
 lie shall ilescribe in such uoiice the marks by 
 which ..iicli wreck is disliii^uislieil. 
 
 2. if any person not beiii;; the owner limls or 
 takes possession of any wreck, lie shall as soon a.s 
 possible ilelivor the same to such receiver as 
 aforesaiil. 
 
 Ami any |)orsiin niakiii;; ilcfaiilt in obeying; llio 
 provisions of this section shall incur tliefollowiii!^ 
 penalties ; (that is to say) 
 
 .'J. If he is the owner ami make? default in 
 pcrformiiiL; the several things, the performance of 
 which is bercby imposed mi an owner. 
 
 He shall incur a penalty not cxceedini? UHl/. 
 
 4. If he is not the owner and makes default in 
 ]icrforiniiii; the several thiiif^s, the performance of 
 whiidi is hereby imposed on any person not being 
 an owner, 
 
 lie shall forfeit all claim to salvage. 
 
 He shall pay to the owner of sncli wreck, if tlie 
 Rame is claimed, but it' the same is iiiielaiincd I 
 then to the person entitled to such nnelainied l 
 wreck, double the value of such wreck (such value , 
 to be recovered in the same way as a ])cnalty of 
 like nniount) ; and 
 
 He shall incur a penalty not exceeding 100/, 
 (Sec. -1.00.) 
 
 Bc('t(i't7'» io xKize cnni-cali'd Wreck. — If any 
 receiver suspects or receives information that any 
 wreck is secreted or in the possession of some 
 person who is not the owner thereof, or otherwise 
 improperly dealt with, he may apply to any justice 
 of the peace for a warrant, ami such justice shall 
 
 have power to grant ft wairant, by virtiin whereof 
 it sliaM be lawful for the receiver In enter into 
 any house or other plme wherever Nilimie, and 
 iiNo into any ship or boat, and m search for, and 
 to sci/e and detain any such wreck as aforesaid 
 till re foiiiiil; and if iinv such sel/.iire is imnle In 
 con-ei|iiciice of infoniiiiliiiii thai may have been 
 given by .'iiiv peisoii lo the receiver, the inliiriiier 
 shall be eiitillid by way of lalvage to such siiiii, 
 not escecillng ill liny case .'i/., as the receiver may 
 allow. (Sec l,"il.) ' 
 
 A'(i</ci' i)J' If'iii/i til lif ijiri'n ttfi Ufi-nrrr.^V.vvty 
 rei ivcr shall \ti'hiii \x hmirs after taking posses, 
 siuu of any wreck cause to be pnsted up in the 
 iiis|iiiii-lioii-e of the |iort inaic-l to the plaie 
 where Hitch wreck was fniiiiii or sei/.i'd a dc-erip- 
 tiiiii of the same and of any inoks by which it is 
 ili'.liiigiii>lieil, and shall also, if the \'alue of siieli 
 wreck exceeds '.Ml/., bin not nlhiirwise, traiisniil a 
 similar description to the Seci .tary of Lloyd's 
 aforesaid: ami such seeretiiry sliall |iost up the 
 description so sent, or a copy thereof, in sniiie 
 conspicnous place, for the inspection of all pcrsniu 
 desirous of examining the same. (Sec. I.'c.'.) 
 
 tloiiiln jtiri.ilmh!i' or of Hiiiii/I Value inn// Iw mild 
 iiiiiiiidiiili;;/.— \t\ cases where any wreck in the 
 custody of any receiver is iimler the valiu^ of ."i/., 
 or is of so perishable a nature or so nnicli 
 damaged that the same camiot. in his opinion, be 
 advaiilagcoiisly kept, or if the value thereof is mil 
 siillicient to defray the charge of warehoiisiiii;, 
 the receiver may sell the s'liiie bel'ore the expira- 
 tion of the period after iiieiilioneil, and the iiiumv 
 rai-ed by such sale, after defraying the i xpciiscs 
 thereof, shall be held by tlu! receiver for the saiiu' 
 purposes and subject to the same claims fur ami 
 to which the article sold would have been lieM 
 and liable if it had remaiiicil unsold, (Sec. 'bV!,; 
 
 fi'/iire mill Lord of the Manor or other Person 
 is entitled to iinrhtliiied H'reeh, Ueceieer to ijive 
 him Aotire. — In cases where any admiral, vice- 
 adiiiiral, lord of the manor, or other iiersim is 
 eiiiitled for his own use to iinclaimed wreck 
 found on any place situate witbin a district fur 
 which a receiver is appointed, such adiniral, vice- 
 admiral, lord of the manor, or other person shall 
 deliver to such receiver a slatemeiit cop.Laining 
 the particulars of his title, and the address to 
 which notices are to be sent; and iipiiu such 
 slatemeiit being so delivered, and proof made tii 
 the satisfaction of the receiver of tlu' validity of 
 such title, it shall bo bis duty, wlicucv. r he takes 
 possession of any wreck found at any such pl.T'i', 
 to send within I.S hours Ibereafter a ilescripliim 
 of the same and of any marks by which it i< ilis- 
 linguislied, directed to such address as al'orcsnid. 
 (Sec. \:>i.) 
 
 I'lii/iiieiitH ti> he iiiiide to Ueeeiver, — There slliiU 
 be paid to all receivers aiipoinlcd iimler this .\i't 
 the expenses properly incurred by them in llie 
 performance of their diiiii.^. and also in respect nf 
 the several matters specilied in the table annexed 
 to this Act, such fees not exceeding 'be anmiints 
 I herein mentioned, as may from time lo time \w 
 directed by the Hoard of Trade; and tl' ; receiver 
 shall have the same lien and be enlilled to the 
 same reinedies fur the recovery of such expenses 
 and fees as a salvor has or is entitled to in re^iiect 
 of salvage due to liitn ; but, save as aforesaiil, no 
 receiver appointed under this Act shall, as such, 
 be entitled to any remuneration whatsoever. 
 (Sec. ).■).'>.) 
 
 Slims pityiMe to Ueeeiver to he ihtenniiieil hij 
 Board of Trade. — Whenever any dispute arises 
 in any part of the L'nited Kingdom as to the 
 amount payable to any receiver in respect uf 
 expenses or fees, such disoutc shall be determiiieJ 
 
ml, l>y virtiii' wlicrccif 
 riifciviT til iiitci' iiitii 
 Nlicri'vrr xilimt<', iiml 
 mill III si'iirrli liir, ami 
 I'll wrrrk in ilt'iirrNiliil 
 ell sii/.iir>' i-* nil"!"' in 
 I lli;it imiy lmv<! Imi'M 
 ri'i'rivcr, \\n- liiliiniiiT 
 iiilviiH'' '" xiii'li «iiiiii. 
 /., us tlu! receiver uiay 
 
 III //// Hiiriifi; — I'.viTv 
 rs ;irici' iiiUiii^; piHscs. 
 I l»' |iM!tti'il ii|i in till' 
 
 llllUI'.-t to tlld |llll(l' 
 
 ill or M'i/.i'il a ili-<'ri|i- 
 
 V III. irks hy wliicli il is 
 
 111, it' I he value oC such 
 
 iitlii'Twisc, Irnnsiiiil ii 
 
 Si'i'i .tiiry of Lliiyil's 
 
 arv sliall ]»>*t up tlio 
 
 I'lPpy thci'cnt', ill siiniii 
 
 iis|ii't'tiiiu til' all iitrsiiiiH 
 
 saiiir. (Si'c. I.'i'.',) 
 
 mall I 'nine miiij lie nalil 
 
 ere niiy wreck in llic 
 
 niidcr tint value nf .V., 
 
 natiiru or so iiiucli 
 
 mot. ill liis (i|iiniiiii, Ik' 
 
 tilt' value lliereot' is iiel 
 
 liaif^e of warelioiisini;, 
 
 ■mie liet'ore the expir.1- 
 
 iitii'iieil, ami tin- momy 
 
 letVayiii;; tlie ixpeiiscs 
 
 le receiver fur the saiin' 
 
 ic same claims fur ami 
 
 would have liccii liclil 
 
 eil iiiisiilil. (See. 'I.'):!.; 
 
 Miiniir III' other I'rrsun 
 
 \'ieilt, Hereirer to ijive 
 
 vre any ailmiral, vicc- 
 
 or, or other person is 
 
 e to uiielaimi'il wreck 
 
 le within a district fur 
 
 [I'll, .--uch iiilmiral, vice- 
 
 r other persnu shall 
 
 statement coutainin)? 
 
 and the address to 
 
 sent; and upon such 
 
 ed, mill prool' made tii 
 
 iver of th.- validily of 
 
 ty, whenev. r he takes 
 
 iiiil at any such place, 
 
 liiTcat'ter a descripliim 
 
 ks hy which it is ili'^- 
 
 1 address as atoresaid. 
 
 /^ccci'i-cc.— There shall 
 pointed mnler this Act 
 urred hy them in the 
 and also in respect nf 
 li in the tabh' amiexcil 
 txeeeuin,' the anioimts 
 from time to time he 
 'rade ; and th ; receiver 
 lid be entitled to the 
 .verv of such expenses 
 is eiitith'd to in rcsjR'ct 
 i, save as afnrcsaiil, im 
 his Act shall, as such, 
 .nei-ation whatsoever. 
 
 ;r to he deterviiiml hij 
 ■cr anv dispute arises 
 Kingdom as tn the 
 icceiver in respect of 
 ute shall be determiuea 
 
 WllliCK 
 I'raile, wliohe dcelsimi sliall be I I'rimlli/ for ^ellinii U'rnli 
 
 l.J4I> 
 
 II Forrlfiu I'lirln. — 
 If any pi r-mi takes into any l'oriij,'ii port or plaeo 
 aii,\ ship or liiiiil Htramled, di'i'i'Iiet, or ollurwix*? 
 ill di-triss on or tic.'ir the shore ot the sea or of 
 any tidal water siliiale within tlio limits of tlu? 
 I'nited Kiiiuiliiiii. or any part of the iiiru'o or 
 apparel tlienol, err aiiytliiii;; li"loii;;iii^ llirrelo, or 
 any wreck loimil within mi' li limit-* as aforc'^aid, 
 and III' re mIIh the sailic, lie >liall be ;,'iiilly ot" 
 I' limy, and he s'lbjeet to penal MTviliide for U 
 li rill iiol eMeidiii'.; I year". ( S. e. I71>.) 
 
 /{riiiiliitiiiiii II) III' iili.iiri'ei/ III/ llitiliro in Murine 
 .SV.Dc.v, — I'.very person ilcaliiiK in Imyiii;,' anil 
 M'Uiii;; aneliors, , 'allies, sail-*, or old Junk, old iron, 
 IT marine -lores ef any ile-iTiplioii, shall eoiiforin 
 
 II llie fiillowiiii;- re;^ulaliiill-, vi/. : 
 
 I. lie sh ill have bis naiiie. to^'cthcr with tho 
 words • j). alir in Marine Stoics.' |i.iiiited dis- 
 tinctly ill jeiters of not less Ihini il inches in 
 ^ length oil every warelioiisit or other pl.iee of 
 ' de)iiisit lii'li'li'^ili;,' to liini. 
 , If he dues not, he sh.ill incur a jienaltv not cx- 
 
 eeediiii; '.'iK. 
 1 •.'. lie .-hall keep a book or books faiily written, 
 I and shall <'iiter therein an aecoiinl oi' all sneli 
 In l''.n(,'hiiid, bv the iiilinlrftnnt.s of the hundred, ' niarimi stores as lu! may from time to timo 
 wiipcntake, waril, or district ili tlio naliireof a | become possessed ol', sl.it'ini,', in respi-ct of each 
 ■|iuidred. by whatever name denoiniiialcil. in or ^ article, tho time at wbicli and the pei-MHi from 
 
 whom he purchased or received the nine, adding, 
 
 bv the Hoard of 
 
 liiial. (Sec, I'jii.) I 
 
 /|/i///i>((/i(iH 11)' t'rm. — All feex I'CCi'ived by any 
 receiver iippoiuh d mnler this .\ef, in respect of 
 anv t>', rvicis peil'oruied by biiii as receiver, -li.ill 
 be" carried |o and form part of the Mi rcanlili 
 .Mamie I'lind, and a separate accoiinr tlniiof 
 shall be kept, ain' the nioneys ari-iiig iberelVoiii 
 hliall be ippbcd in defriiyiii',' an\ expenses duly 
 incurred in cMrryiiig into elVect the puipo-es of 
 this Act, and in such manner as the Itoard of 
 Trade directs, (."sec. l.'iT.) 
 
 For llicrcuiilalioiis as losalvage see Sai.v.vhi:. 
 /» ril»e t'f Sliijiinii III il I'lii/iir/ii Iniiiil jihiii- 
 ilniil III/ It liiiiiiilliiiiiiH Aasiiiililiiiif, lliiiiiliiil III he 
 Uiilile III DiiiiiiiiieK. — Ulieiiever any ship or bo.it 
 is stranded or oibervise in distress on or near tlie 
 hhore of any sea or tid.il water in the I'liiteil 
 Kingdom, and siicli ship or boat, or any fiarl 
 nf the cargo or apparel Ihereof, is pliiiidercd. 
 ilamaged. or dctroyed by any persons riotoii-ly 
 mill tumiilliiou»ly .■issembled logether, whether mi 
 shore or alloal, iiill compensation shall be made 
 III the owner of such ship, boat, cargo, or apjiarel, 
 as follows : — 
 
 nearest to which the said otVeiiee is eoiiimilled, in 
 manner provided bv the T it K (ieo, 1\'. e. .'tl. in 
 
 ■ ■ ilher 
 
 near 
 
 and 
 or as 
 
 of the deslruelioii of eliiirclie 
 liiiililings bv a riotous assemblage 
 lliereto as elreunistances permit : 
 
 lu Ireland, by the inhabitants of the county, 
 ciiimty of a city or town, barony, town or towns, 
 parish or parishis. in or nearest to whieli such 
 ell'ciice is eoiniiiittcil, in manner pro-idcd by the 
 :> A- 4 Wm. IV. e. ii' s. 7'i, for the n overy of 
 satisfaction and amends for tho malicious de- 
 iniilitiou of or injury to churches, ehaiiels, and 
 
 in the case of evoiy siuli last-ment iolicd person, 
 a descriploii of his business and place ofaliodc. 
 
 If he does not, he -ball iiiciir for the lir-t oHetlce 
 a penalty not exceeding '_Mi/.. and for every siib- 
 sei|nent olVeiice a penalty not e.-.eeeding oH/. 
 
 ;>. lie shall not, by himself or his iigeiif.s, 
 liiirchase marine stores of any descriptiuu from 
 any iiersoii apparently under the age of sixteen 
 I years. 
 
 If ho does so, he shall incur for the (Irst ofl'elicc 
 
 st. '.', c. .'J with respeel to prosecutions for repairing 
 the ilamnges of any churches and other bnililiiig.-, 
 I r as near thereto "as cireumstaiiees perniil. 
 
 I'eiiiilti/ for pliiiideriiiii in Cases of Sliiineieek 
 i,-c.—V.\i'ry person w ho docs any of the following 
 acts, viz 
 
 a penalty not exceedin,;- ol,, and for every sub- 
 itlier bnildings used for religious worship, nc- , seipieiit oll'enci a penally not e.Lceediug •.'il?. 
 I'ordiug to the usage of the United Chiircii of i .|. He shall not cut up. 'iny cable, or any similar 
 laiLrland and Ireland, or as near thereto as I'ircnm- | article, exceeding i> tiitlioni's in length, or unlay 
 stances permit, j the same into twine or (lape stnlV, on any prelenec 
 
 In Scotland, by the inhabitants of the county, whatever, wltlmut obtaining such |ierniit and 
 oity, or borough in or nearest to which sneli olVeiiei; publishing such notice of his having so obtained 
 is coinmilted, in manner jirovided by the 1 (ieo. I. ihe same as is after mentioned. 
 
 If he does so, he .shall iiienr for the lirst otTencc 
 a penalty not cxce ding -JO/., and for every sub- 
 seipielit otleiiee a iicnalty not exceeding oU/. 
 
 Milliner of ohtiiiiiiini Permit to cut iiji Cnli/es. — 
 In order to obtain such permit as aforc.-aid, a 
 dealer in nii' line stores shall make a declaration 
 Wrongrnlly carries away or removes any )iart before some justice of tlio |ieaep having jurisdiction 
 of anv shiiior boat stranded or in danger of being over the idace where siicli dealer resides eoiitain- 
 straiided or ollierwise in distress on or near the ing the following p;irticnlars, viz. : 
 shore of anv .-i i or tidal water, or any part of the 1. A .statement of the iiuality and description; 
 caigii. or apparel thereof, or any wreck ; or i of the cable or other like article about to be cut 
 
 'J. kndeavmirs in any way to impede or hinder up or unlaid, 
 the saving of siieli ship, boat, cargo, apparel, or -J. A statement that he iiiirchasrd or otherwise 
 wreck ; or i aeipiired the same bona (ide and without fraud, and 
 
 ,'!. Secretes any wreck, or obliterates or defaces without any knowledge ir siispieion tliat the same 
 any marks thereon : had been come by dishonestly. 
 
 ."^liall, in addition 'o any other penalty or punish- j ;!. A statement of the name and desoriiilion 
 mint he mav be snijectto under tliisor any oilier of the person from whom he pnrcliased orreceived 
 Act or law, i'or each such olVeiice incur a penally the same. 
 
 not exeeidiug ,0(1/. ; and every ])ersoii, not being | Andit sliall be lawful for the justice before whom 
 a receiver or a person hereinbefore authorised to ' any such declaration i- iiiiuli', or for the receiver 
 tike the coiuinand in eases of ships being stranded ' of the district in which such dealer in marine 
 or ill distress, or not acting under the orders of , stores resiils, upon tho ])roduction of any such 
 such receiver or person, who, without the leave of declaration as aforesaid, to grant a permit autlio- 
 tlie master, endeavours to board any such shi|) or rising him to cut up or unlay sucli cable or other 
 koalas afnresaid, shall for each olVence incur a | like article. (Sec. ISI.) 
 
 t'lnaltv lint exceeding riH/. ; and il shall be lawful j Permit to he mherliseil hefhre Deitler proceeds to 
 fur the master of such ship or boat to repel by j net tliereou. — Xo dealer in marine stores who has 
 lerie any such person so attempting to board the j obtained permit as aforesaid sliall proceed to cut 
 .-aiiie. \.Sec. ITf^.) tip or unlay any cable oroihr like raticlo until 
 
 ¥ 
 
 ■I ; 
 
•I .«• 
 
 lAAO 
 
 WIU'X'K 
 
 Wrwki Culiuiimt 
 
 I Hill 
 IHIil 
 
 miiii 
 iHiir 
 
 I, .TBI 
 
 l.li^A 
 l,n;il 
 
 .rii 
 
 1(11 
 III 
 
 Tiilul 
 
 7,111(1 
 1,711 
 'J,iili 
 •J.ai'l 
 
 V.IHKl 
 
 TMal r.UM 
 l.ml 
 
 nvo 
 iin 
 
 I, 111 
 
 V'lll 
 I, Ml 
 
 Thn number of caNimltics in oiicli month of IH(I7 
 wnt :— 
 
 «*«M>ll, 
 
 . I,. I'll 1 
 III 
 
 . I.HI 
 
 • VlJ 
 
 • w^ 
 
 • Mil 
 
 .riininrv 
 Kfl.riitry 
 Miir. h • 
 April ■ 
 MiY . 
 .Iiini' • 
 .lul> ■ 
 
 . AIH ' 
 
 • Hi I 
 
 - ijii'l 
 
 - 117 
 
 - Ill'i 
 . M , 
 
 • ni 
 l,.1Ul) I 
 
 Mrmiifht fiirw.ird 
 .\iitfiitl 
 S< pliiiiilirr 
 (>ili.li,r 
 NiivcMilM>r 
 |)vc-vinlicr - 
 
 'I'nUl < • 
 
 V,.M.1 
 
 licprPHpntinR KM.-il'i toiin, niul oni|iloyiii|{ ll),!)Tl 
 liiiiiils, of wlioin l,.'l.'i;i |)«Ti«li('il. 
 
 Ill lm!7 till' wri'cKs mill I'lihimlticd wcri>:— . 
 
 TiiUllv wri'i hfil 
 
 riirll.ill> il>uiiaKL>it, iniirif or teMi Kvrluunly 
 'Intal .... 
 
 tl.lll 
 1,11/11 
 1,117(1 
 
 III- linn for I lie M|)ii('i' of ono wpclc nt, tlio \vii*t 
 licfiirc iloiii^ iinv Niii'li art |iiililirilii il In mhiiiu 
 III NVH|in|i(>r |iiilili»li('i| iMwiri'si to ilii< iiIiht wlirrii 
 lilt rrxiilcH one or nioro nilvrrliMnni'iitH notll'viin^ 
 tlif tact of hit having olitaint'il a |M'rinit,'aiiil 
 NIN'fifyiiiK 'Ixt hatiiri' of llu- calili' or olhcr urlii'li> 
 tncntioncil in tin- |ifiniit, anil tlio iplai'o wUvrv 
 tliL Hninii is il)'|HMit('i|, ami llic time ill whii'li llio 
 HUtno is inti'iiili'il to he rut iip or niilaiil; ami if 
 niiy iKTson (<ii!<p<'('ix or lirlicvi's that .iiirli ciilili' or 
 othiT artifUi is liix proiirri v, he may iipply to,inv 
 Jiisticii of ilii> pcacn for a warrant; iiml Miirli 
 JiiNtit'o of lliti poai'c niiiy.oii |lu> applii'ani niakiii^' 
 oath, or, if a perNon ciiiitliil to niako an aillrinii- 
 tion, making' an aHirination in support of such 
 liiw snspii'ioii or licliof, jjiaiit a wariaiit by virtiu! 
 whrrrof till' iippliraiil shall litM'iitith'il to rripiiro 
 tho priiihii'tioii by such ih'ah'r a.s afort'sniil of tlu' 
 cnbh> or iiihrr artii'le incntioncd in tho pcrinil, 
 unil also of the book of I'lilrirs bcforii tlircrti'il to 
 br kept by every ilealer in niarini! stores; ami, 
 upon sneh cable or other article anil hook of 
 entries heinn pnxlnceil, to inspect ami examine 
 the same: iiiul if any dealer in marine Ntores 
 ■nikes default in complying; nith any of the 
 |irovisioii.s of this section, he .shall for the lirst I 
 olFenee incur a penalty not exeeeiliii^; 'JO/,, and 
 for every sub.seipient oll'eUcc a penalty not ex- 
 ceeding /lO/. (,Sec. lH-2.) 
 
 Mniiiifiivtiirfrii U> /ilitce Mur/m on Anchor»,— 
 Kvcry maniifaetiirer of anchors shall, in ease of 
 each anchor which he mamifaelnres, mark in 
 lejjible characters on the crown and also on the 
 .shank under the stock his iimno or initials, with 
 the addition of a prej^ressive number and the 
 weight of Hiii'h imelior ; and if he makers default 
 in (loin;; ho, be shall for each ott'enco incur a 
 penalty not exoeediiif,'r)/, (Sec. IH.l.) [Anciioh.s,] 
 Korriijn (lixii/s f'liiinil )lvrelirt to hi: mitijecl to iliv 
 Mime, Diitlfn lis oil Jiii/)iiiiiition. — All wreck, hein^; 
 foreign ^oods brought or coming into tho United 
 Kingdom, or the I.sle of Man, shall be subject to 
 tho name duties as if tho Hiime wore imported into 
 tho United Kingdom or the Isle of Man respec- 
 tively ; and it an v tpiestimi arises as to the oriffiii | which have cscaiied with less, tlmuKh still serious 
 
 The number of 1,1170 wreekH, other than enlii- 
 sioiis, is ill excess of the wrecks and casiinltie.i 
 of any former year, and is at the rate of nioro 
 thiiii I per diem. 
 
 'I'lie nnmbi'r of wreckn in each month of iMKi 
 is thus given :- 
 
 
 
 vwseti. 
 
 
 
 Vl>tM-l| 
 
 ■Tiittn.irv 
 
 
 . ^H'^ 
 
 Ilrnimhl fi)rwara 
 
 - I,|t 1 
 
 K'linmry 
 
 
 - 'lif, 
 
 A iiftutt 
 
 . 
 
 fit 
 
 Alairli 
 
 
 - '4\^ 
 
 Si'|iti*niWr 
 
 . 
 
 1 '.'» 
 
 .\|.r(l . 
 
 
 'n 
 
 ( li InhtT 
 
 . 
 
 11.1 
 
 .M.»> . 
 
 
 m 
 
 Ndvi MitH-r 
 
 _ 
 
 ■ U 1 'i 
 
 Junu - 
 
 
 fiN 
 
 DvceniU-r 
 
 . 
 
 • iW 
 
 July « 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 • 
 
 • l/J.'j(l 
 
 In this year HOti hands perished. 
 
 Ill l«,')«"tliere were 1,170 wrecks, of which lol, 
 incliidiiif; au sunk by collision, were total lnsscs. 
 Happily only ;M0 lives were lost. 
 
 Kstimiiting tho vessels totally lost, with thus,' 
 that have been abandoned and broken up, a( (Kill 
 n-year, and 200 tons burileu at an average, aiiil 
 their value, including that of their car^'oes, at 'Jii/. 
 11 ton, the entire loss would amount to •_',I00,i|(H)/,, 
 to which a further and considerable sum must be 
 added to repair the damage ilone to those sliiiw 
 
 ..,I,:..l. I . 1 ...:»!. !_.. .1. 1 .-.I • ' 
 
 of such goods, they shall be deemed to be the 
 produce of such conntrv as the Commissioners 
 'f Cu.stoms may upon investigation determine. 
 , See. 4')'X) 
 
 Gi^oth siivcif from Slii/is wrecked to he fonviirileil 
 to ihi'ir orii/imil Destination. — The Commissioners 
 of (,'u.stonis and Mxcise shall permit all goods, 
 wares, and merchandise saved from any ship 
 stranded or wrecked on its honieward voyage to 
 bo forwarded to the port of its original destina- 
 tion, ond all goods, wares, and merchandiso 
 Paved from any ship stranded or wrecked on its 
 outward voyage to be returned to the port at 
 which the same were shipped; but such com- 
 missioners arc to tako security for the due pro- 
 tection of the revenue in respect of such goods, 
 wares, and merchandise. (Sec. i<0().) 
 
 Numher of Shipwrecks. — The loss of property 
 by shipwreck is very great. It appears from an 
 examination of Lhn/ii's List from 17!),'5 to 1H2!), 
 that the losses in the Uritish mercantile navy 
 only, amounted, at an average of that iicriod, 
 to about 077 vessels a-year, of tho aggregate 
 
 injury. Hence, apart from the loss of life, which 
 v.iries from about ,000 to «0() and l,-'00 Imiuls .a- 
 year, tho avoidance or diminution of wrecks is a 
 matter of no little importance. 
 
 This result might, in some degree, he cll'cctoj 
 by building better and .stronger ship.s, supjilyiiig 
 them with improved compasses &c„ and' by 
 opening harbours of refuge on the parts of tho 
 coast where these disasters mostly occur. N'o 
 ih)ubt, however, the abuse of insurance, with the 
 carelessness, ignorance, and drunkcnne.ss of tliu 
 masters and crews, are the grt'at sources of lufs; 
 and nothing will do so miidi to oliviate tliisc ns 
 the |)lttn now adopted of making the grant of a 
 certilicutc of litness, after undergoing an pxaiiiiiiii- 
 tion by a public board, indispensable to uiialilo 
 any individual to bo appointed to tho coniinaiid 
 of a ship (ante : Mahtkk). Provided always that 
 tho examination be properly conductcil ; if not, it 
 will be Worse than useless. 
 
 During the last war with France, ii2 .i^hips of 
 the line went to the bottom, beside 7 lifty-giiu 
 ships, Hi! frigates, and a vast number of smaller 
 vessels. And the losses sustained by the imvies 
 
 burden of about titi.OOO ton.s, or to above -^\ 
 
 of its ontiri- amount in ships and tonnage. | of France, Spain, Holland, Doimark &c., must 
 The following accounts contain notices, of late have vorv greatly exceeded those oi ours. Iloiice, 
 disasters : — as Sir Charles Lyell has observed, ;t is iirobabic 
 
 The abstract ])ublished by the Government fur- that a greater number of monuments of ti;o skill 
 nishes the following details with regard to losses I and industry of man will, in the course of airo.s, 
 
 at sea in some late years. During the f) years 
 ending with 18G7, tho wrecks and ca.sualties 
 were : — 
 
 be collected together in the bed of the ocean, 
 than will be seen atone time on the surface of the 
 continents, (^Principles of Geology, 7th cd. p. 72S.) 
 
 
YAK I) 
 
 ■/.\sc 
 
 l.V.t 
 
 ' 
 
 TMI 
 
 TMiil M>M 
 
 1.1X1 
 
 1 
 
 VflC 
 
 1.7(1 
 •Mfl 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 \A 
 
 l.'li 
 
 VMrt 
 
 1 
 
 SSS5 
 
 1,1.1:1 
 
 III 
 
 oacli mnt 
 
 Ithof IHH7 
 
 rnu 
 
 ^til rorw.iril 
 
 • I,.VM1 
 
 mull 
 
 ri 
 
 |)|i>i 
 
 iliff 
 
 . i.m 
 
 tnl.t 
 
 r 
 
 . Ill 
 
 IVVI 
 
 iWr 
 
 . •i^^ 
 
 cpml>i-r 
 
 • I'll) 
 
 
 T.iinl' • 
 
 . v,.-.i.n 
 
 nn 
 
 1 ('Illlili>\ 
 
 iiiK' l!'.;)7l 
 
 t(M 
 
 . 
 
 
 !as 
 
 iinlticH w 
 
 (•rt' : — 
 
 VPttM*U. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 . HMi 
 
 xvr 
 
 oimly 
 
 ■ l,(l»(l 
 
 
 . 
 
 - l.Wli 
 
 V.MM). A \o\\n mi'iiiiiro u«'it in r.n.'liinl, liliito; Spnii. Iillo ; Purl. Ho; Kusi, |iriiHliii), 
 
 • if :i lii't, or ;iii im-licit. ( NVi.iuurs ask Mia- U'cm.I, I'littmi, ilux, An\, >|mii iiiio ilin'inl. \Vc 
 
 Ni III ■•. I I'tpiirt very liirnu iiimiitilici* nf yarn. ( ('urrii."* ; 
 
 V.\l!\ («lcr. tfiirnj Dutch, n""'"! ^'f. 111 ; Iml- I.i.mcm j Ai"-. ) , 
 
 htUm, iitlinr tlmn fulli- 
 wri'i'ks anil ciiNnnltii'H 
 is lit, llii^ riito of iiinri' 
 
 II piicli month of iMlil 
 
 
 
 vl's-iU 
 
 llrriituht ftirw 
 
 ard 
 
 - 1,1' 1 
 
 uKii^l 
 
 
 i;i 
 
 fptt'inlwr 
 
 
 . 1 'I'l 
 
 iliibiT 
 
 
 - ii.n 
 
 iivrlltlll-r 
 
 
 . 7 1 '1 
 
 tfi'vntltvr 
 
 
 - ill 
 
 'I'lilal 
 
 
 • l,D.'ill 
 
 lorislii'd. 
 
 ) wivck-i, of wliii'li |i>l, 
 .sioii, wcro, toliil lii>si's, 
 re lost. 
 
 totiiUy lost, witli thnsi' 
 ami i)rok('ii up, iil t'liii) 
 Ion lit nil iiviTiij,'!', 1111(1 
 of their oiir^roi'H, iit "Ji)/. 
 1 nniouiit to •.',l(H),il(iii/,, 
 Hiilcriiblu sum must bo 
 f^ii (hme to ttio.su slii|W 
 Bss, tliough still .scrioiw 
 1 till! loss of lilV, whicli 
 00 mid l.'.'OO Imiitts n- 
 iniition of wreciis is a 
 nee. 
 
 mc ilosrce, be cffcotcd 
 
 Diijjcr sliip.s, supplyins 
 
 pusses &c., and liy 
 
 n the parts of tho 
 
 rs mostly occur. N'o 
 
 if iiisura'iicc, willi the 
 
 d dninkeiiiK'ss of tlio 
 
 ureal sources of lu>s; 
 
 ,li to oliviate tliwe iis 
 
 lakinj; the grant of a 
 
 ulergoiiig an oxaniiiiii- 
 
 dispensable to eMai)le 
 
 iited to tho conmiaiKl 
 
 Provided always that 
 
 conducted ; if not, it 
 
 ,li France, J!-' ships of 
 iiti, beside 7 lifty-Kiiu 
 ist luimhev of siiwher 
 istained by the navies 
 , Denmark &c., must 
 those 01 ours, lleucc, 
 served, it is probable 
 lonumcnts of tl^o J*'^''! 
 n tho course of au'C'*, 
 le bed of the oceiiu, 
 c on the .surface of the 
 eologi/, 7th cd. p. Tia.) 
 
 Z.\l''l''K,lt or Z.VFlJj'. .\rt'M' the siilpliur, 
 
 .ir-o'iiic, and oIIht vohiliti^ parts of chIimIi, have 
 
 Ih'i'II i'\|Hdleil by ralcinalioii, iIk^ r<'-<ic|iiiiiii Is 
 
 siiM, iiii\eil or iinini.\ed with line s.'ind, iiinler 
 
 tlie iibove name. When the retidnnm is mclti'il 
 
 wllli siliceous earth and iiota-.b, il foriii' a kind 
 
 III' blue ^lass, known by the name of small/. 
 
 ISMAl.r/.], of great importance in the arts, 
 
 Wlieii smalt/, is ground very line, it recrives in 
 
 cniniiieri-e the name ii( /xiiriln- lilin: /aller, like 
 
 Hiiiali/, is empliiyeil in the manufacture of eartli- 
 
 ciiware and china, for painting the siirlaee of lint 
 
 iiiices a blue colour. It siiD'ers no change from 
 
 the most violent lire. It is also empluyiMl to 
 
 tiiige the crystal glasses, made in imitalion of 
 
 ()p;iipic mid transparent iirecious stones, of a blue 
 
 cnloiir. It is almost wholly brought from (Jer- 
 
 iniinv. In "^i'? the imports of /alVcr anuninled 
 
 III •-'■-M ewt., tho (exports being onlv i;t ewt. A 
 
 (Inly of I.*, per ewt. on its being Imported was 
 
 rfi«ale(l in IM bi. 
 
 Zi;.V. INDIAX (>'(>ltX or MAl/.i:. | Mai/.i;.] 
 
 Zi;.\l,AN'l>, NKW. [Aucki.ank; Cni.nsiivs.] 
 
 ZKDOAIIY (der. zittwer; Fr. /eih.aire; Ital. 
 
 /(■(loaria; Span, (tedoaria; .Vrab. Judwar; 1 1 in. 
 
 nirliisi). The root of a plant which grows in 
 
 Miilabar, tN'yIoii, ( 'ochin-t'hina it(^ of which 
 
 there are three di'itinct species. It is brought 
 
 hiiinc in pieces of various sizes, externally 
 
 wriiikli'd, and of an nsh colour, but internally of 
 
 a liidwiiisli roll. Those roots which are heavy 
 
 ami t'rci' from worms are to be chosen; rejecting 
 
 tliiiM' which are decayed and broken. Tlie odour 
 
 of zodmiry is fragrant, and somewhat like that of 
 
 Cinii|iliiir; the taste biting, aroniatic,and bitterish, 
 
 with Slime degree of acrimony. It was formerly 
 
 i.'ra|ilnvid in medicine, but is scarcely evi^r nsi'd 
 
 Ijv iiKidern practitioners. (Milburn's Orient, 
 
 Com.) 
 
 Zl\(! or SPKLTFU ((lor. /.ink; Fr. zinc; 
 
 Span, ziiico. eiiick ; IJu.ss. selipi.aiiter ; I. at. zin- 
 
 (iiiii). A metal of a brilliant while colour, with 
 
 a shade of blue, composed of t\ iininber of thin 
 
 lilatcs adhering together. When this met.il is 
 
 riiblied lor some time between the lingers, tliiy 
 
 a(.(|iiire a peculiar taste, and emit a very pcr- 
 
 cfptililc smell. It is rather soft; tinging the 
 
 lingers when rubbed upon them, with a black 
 
 fiil'iiir. 'I'lie .specilic gravity of niidteil zinc 
 
 varies from l!'8(il to 7M, tho liglit(!st being es- 
 
 trt'iiicd the purest. When hammered, it beconuvs 
 
 a<hif;li as 7-1908. This metal forms, as it were, 
 
 ilic limit between the brittle and the inallealile 
 
 nktals. Its malleability is by no means to bo 
 
 (■"iii|iari(| with that of copjier, lead, or tin ; yet it 
 
 i< nut brittle, like antimmiy (U- arsenic. When 
 
 >iriick with a hammer, it lUics imt break, but 
 
 yields, and becomes somewhat llatter: ;!n(l by a 
 
 caiilidtij and eiiual pressure, it may be reduced to 
 
 jirctty thill plates, which are supple and (dastic, 
 
 'out caiiiwt be folded without breakinji. When 
 
 bcaii'd to about Imp, it bii'innes so briiile that 
 il may Ik^ ri'dmi'il lo pnwdcr in a mortar. It 
 possesses a ecrlain decree of diiililil\-, and may, 
 with care, be drawn out into wiri'. lis tmacity 
 is such that a wire whoso diann'ter is i'i|iial to 
 i',, inch i^ capable of siipporliiig a weight of 
 about '.'I'l lb, /ine has never been found in a 
 slate of purity. The word zinc occurs lor the 
 llrsi \hw. in the wrilinns of Paraeidsns, who 
 die(l in l.')ll; but the method of extracting 
 it from Its ores was not known till llii' early 
 part of last century. (Tboinson's Clivminlni \ 
 see also I'rc's DUlimuinj by Until.) The com- 
 pounds oi zinc and copper are of great imporlaneu, 
 
 ( lIliA.SS. I 
 
 MiiHiijUrliin; of Xiiw ^S'c.— The material useil 
 by the Knglisli inaniifaclurer Is blende, or black 
 jack (snlphnret of zinc) ; it is commonly found 
 with lead, and is procurcil of tin. best ipiality ia 
 Flintshiri! and the Isliiof .Man. Ilesides its em- 
 ployment in the manufacture of brass, bell inidal, 
 anil other important compounds, zinc lias of lato 
 years bis'ii i'orined into plates, and applied to 
 many purposes tor which lead was formerly used, 
 such as the rooling of buildings, the niannf.ii'liiro 
 id' water-sponts, dairy pans itc. Foreign zinc, 
 being less brittle, is better lilted for ndling I ban 
 thai of I'.ngland. 
 
 The diilies on spelter, which were formerly 
 proliibitiu-y, were reduced in \KV1 io2l. |>er ton oil 
 that formed into plat(^s or cakes, and to UN. im 
 what is crude. The duty on tho latter, after 
 being farther reduced in M 12 to In. per ton, wiw 
 repeah'd in IS I."). In conseijuence of thcr' ro- 
 diietions, considerable 'piantities aru no'- im- 
 liorted, partly Ibr home use, and partly for re- 
 exportation to India and other countries. Forei;;ii 
 zinc is principally made in Upper .Silesia, whence 
 it is conveyed by internal navigation to Dantzic, 
 ' Stettin, and Ilainlmrg. The freight from tli ! 
 i latter to Hull and Londmi is nominal merely; 
 the wool-ships being glad to take it as ballast. 
 Ilainanit, near Xamiir, has also .suiiie part of the 
 , sp(dter trade, \ good deal cd" spelter is shipped 
 , from Hamburg for France and America. 
 [ Zinc is produced in the province of Vuiian in 
 (Ihiiia; and previously to l.SJi) largo (|uaiitities 
 (d' it were exported from that empire to India, 
 the Malay Andiipdago ifcc. But about that tiino 
 the free traders began to convey Kuropean spelter 
 ^principally <Ji"maii) to India; and being, though 
 less pure, dccidcdlv choaiicr than tho (31iiiiese 
 article, it has entirely .supplanted tho latter in tho 
 Calcutta market. Iii 1HI)7 tho exports of foreign 
 I and native spelter from this coimtrv for India 
 I amounted respectively to 421 and l,'.Mi) tons; in 
 addition to which considerable quantities were 
 exported from Amsterdam, Uotterdam &c. 
 j In liS(!7 wti imported 21,;l;i2 tons crudo, and 
 j !), t«ii tons ndled spelter. Uy far the largest 
 i portion was brought from Prussia by the channel 
 
■!■' 
 
 1,W2 
 
 ZOLLVKIJKIN 
 
 ."..I 
 
 y .' 
 
 •• .. 
 
 ■/ ' I 
 
 . I 
 
 ■ U V .' ■. I 
 
 1' ' 
 
 ol' tlu' llanso Tciwiis, and pnvtly nlmi fnnn lid- } df iiilcniiil iiifcrcdursc, tliry iiur-iiUMl tlic iiicnstirrs 
 (iiiiiii. The cxiiorts (liiriiiLC tlm siiuic yciir nicrssmy to luiii^; it iilimit with iin (•anii'slii"ss 
 iiiiKiiiiiti'il t(i (),7fS2 tuns, priiit'i|)ally to tht; i';ii>t i thiit iiriuhntMl cuiiviction, and with ii (lilcriiu- 
 
 Inchcs 
 
 /.OM.Vr.Kr.IX (litcriilly ("ustonis' Tnicn). As 
 n (Mini|"inn<l word, it nifiins the associatinn ol' 
 n minilur dl" stales loi' the cstaldislinK'til ti( a 
 t'dinninn luslonis law and cnstonis line with rci^aid 
 to lorciLTn (dinilrics, ainl tlic siiii|in'ssion ol' hulh 
 I'oi- the iutcn'dUisi' of the states with eaeh olher 
 uilliin Ihc border line, 'J'lie coinpoiind wonl. 
 however, has gained the ineaniiif; ol a jiroper 
 name t'or the (ierinan Cii-loins' l,eaj;iie; this 
 t'lisloms' nnion havinL; ubiaineil a Lrreal |iolilical 
 iin|ii]rianee through its having lieen I'onnany years 
 the only tie holilin 
 oC tile i'atherlaiid. 
 
 nation, coh/c i/ni rai'ilf, to eany their point. 
 
 'I'he lirst IrcMlies in I'lirtheratwe ol' Ihis olijeet 
 were negotiated hy I'rnssia with the iirineipalities 
 ot' Sehwarzhnrg-Sondershanseii and S<liwar/linrg- 
 1,'ndolstadt, in ISIS and ISI'.l, on tln^ |>rinei|>l(! 
 that tlieri' should he a perfect IVredoni of eoiu- 
 nieree lietweeli th'.'<e eonntries ami I'ms-ia ; that 
 tiie duties on importation, exportation, and Ir.aii- 
 sit, in I'rus.-ia and the principalities, should he 
 identical ; that thesi' should lie charged along the 
 frontier of the dominions of the <'onlr,ietiii'i- 
 
 _ Jiarties; and that each should partici|iate in tlii> 
 
 together the scattered jinrts i liroduce of such duties, iji projiortion to il^ |iop»- 
 
 iation. All the treaties sul'sc(|uently enlered into 
 
 Nexl to the efforts of the rnissian Oovernniont I liave heen foumled on thi< fair and e(piitaMi> 
 to dill'use the hlessiugs of ediu'ati(ni, their ell'orls ' principle ; the oidy exceptions to the perfect 
 
 fo inlrochu'e a free commcreial system into (ier- 
 iiiany conslilute their liest claim to the gratitiuh' 
 and esteem of their own snhjects and of the 
 world, (iermany, as every(UU' knows, is divided 
 into a vast nnnilier of independent, and mostly 
 jietly, states. I'ntil a very recent period, c'very- 
 one of these states had its own (aistoni-honses, 
 nud its <iwn larilV and revenue laws; which 
 frei|ncntly ditVered very jvidely indeed fnun thosi 
 
 iif its neiglibours. The internal trad 
 eianilry was, in consequence, .subjcited to all 
 those vexatious ami ruinous restrictions that are 
 usn.illy laiil on the iiitereoursu between distant 
 and independent states. JOneh petty state en- 
 deavoured either to procure a rcveime for itself, 
 or to advance its own industry, by taxing or 
 prohibiting the jiroductions of tlinse by which it 
 vas surroundeil ; and customs oliiecrs and lines 
 of custom-houses were spread all over the cfiun- 
 try. Instead of being reciprocal and depenclenr, 
 cvcrythiug was separ.ite, independent, and hos- 
 tile : the commodities admitted into llessowere 
 prohibjicd in liaden, and those prohibited in 
 \Virt(inberg were admitted into liavaria. Jt is 
 ndmilteil on all haiuls that nothing has contri- 
 buted so much to the growth of industry and 
 wealth in (ircat Uritain as the ))erfoct freedom of 
 internal industry wo have so long enjoyeil, and 
 that intinuite correspondence among the various 
 parts of the empire which has rendered each the 
 best m.arket for the proibicts of the other. Mow 
 dift'ereut would have been our present condition 
 liad eaeh county heen an independent state. 
 Jealous of those around it, and anxious to exalt 
 itself ill their expense I lint, initil within these 
 few years, this was the exact ccrndition of (ier- 
 tiiany; and, considering the extraonlinary ob- 
 stacles such a state of things opposes to the 
 progress of mamifactnres, e<iinmerce, and civilisa- 
 tion, the wonder is, not that they arc compara- 
 tively backward in that coiuitry, but that they 
 ^sll(ulid he so far advanced as they really are. 
 
 I!ut. thanks to the intelligence and perseverance 
 of Prussia, Ihis anii-soeial system has been well 
 nigh suppressed, and the most iierfect free<lom of 
 commerce established among the great bulk of 
 the (icrmanie nations. The disadvantages of the 
 old system had long been r^ecn and deplored by 
 well-iidormed men ; but so many interests had 
 grown up under its proteeticui, aiul so many dcep- 
 rootf .1 prejudices were enlistoil in its favour, that 
 its overthrow seemed to be hopeless, or, at all 
 evenls. exceedingly distant. The address and 
 resolution of the Prussian (ioverimicnt, however, 
 triumphed over every obstacle. Being fully 
 imprc~~cd with a strong sense of the many 
 a<l\antagcs ih;it would result to I'nissla and 
 (ierniaiiv from the introduction of a free svstein 
 
 freedom of tra<le in idl the countries conipriM'il 
 
 ' within the league or tariff alliance being cumII I, 
 
 l>t, to articles constilntiug state moiuipolii^s, jis 
 .-^alt ami c.irds, in Prussia; .'nd, to articles nf 
 native produce, burdened with a ditVereiit rale of 
 duty on consumption in one state from w hat tlicy 
 I pay in another; and, ord, to articles pruihu'.il 
 1 'imler ])atents conferring on the ])ati'ntc( s ci ri.-ijn 
 ! Jirivileges in the dominions of the states yraiitiii" 
 
 of the I the patents. With thesi- exceptions, wlii 'li 
 
 not very important, the most perfect IVccdum of 
 commerce exists among the allied states. 
 
 Since? ISIS, when the fouudalions of the .illi. ikv 
 were laid, it has jirogressively extended, lijl it 
 now comprises nmre than three-fourths of di,. 
 (icrmanie states, exclusive of Austria. iJucil 
 lle.sse joined the alliance in IS-.'S, and I'.lcetornl 
 Ilesse in 1S;J1 ; the kingdoms of liavaria, Sjixunv, 
 and Wirtemberg joined it afterwards, as li.ivi' 
 liaden, Nassau, and almost all the smaller .-t.ilis 
 which have since been annexeil to or aro siill 
 initninally iiulependent of Prussia, with th.' cn- 
 ception of Meckleiibiirg-Sehwerin ami Mccklui- 
 burg-Strelitz, 
 
 In ISIi.") the Zollverein or tarilF alliance coiii- 
 pri.-ed — 
 
 
 j 
 
 (icrman 
 
 l'*'I>lll;(Ii(m 
 
 
 
 b(j. iiiilua 
 
 it) l.Mil 
 
 I'rii^sit 
 
 
 .'..IKS 
 
 I»,IU'A!I.M 
 
 Itavaria 
 
 
 1 ^v>n 
 
 •l,SI.VI7li 
 
 Siiumy 
 
 
 •ii'i 
 
 !i,.1l.-..'"0 
 
 Iliinover 
 
 
 
 1,10 .,:;; 
 
 Wirtemlierff . 
 
 
 f.S 1 
 
 i.7 i^.rus 
 
 Iliilfii IDudu nO 
 
 
 V.'ii 
 
 l.l'K.lH 
 
 Hesse (Klei-Ioral) 
 
 
 aM 
 
 ;u.,ss'i 
 
 tli-sMMnuilu) 
 
 
 i;i4 
 
 k:i,svi 
 
 'rhu Thiirin^tan Sl.ilr-i 
 
 
 ar.7 
 
 l,i(r..-,-;.i 
 
 ItniMKUii-k (l)ui-h> ui'}- 
 
 
 (1,1 
 
 L'lis.'i '.' 
 
 (>iil«-nliur|{ 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 VII. in; 
 
 Nassau 
 
 
 8.'> 
 
 ■IIA.'. 1 
 
 Frankfort 
 
 
 •i 
 
 •.•i:: 1 1 
 
 l.uxenihurK - 
 
 
 17 
 
 wi."-u 
 
 Tiitnl - 
 
 
 S."ii7 
 
 .":.,v:i;,'iva 
 
 Throughout the whole extent of this inniunsc 
 country, from Aix-la-Chapelle on the cistern 
 conlines of the Xetherlaiids, eastward to 'I'lNitnii 
 the conlines of Uussia, and from Stclliii and 
 D.antzic southwards to Switzerland and liclicmi.'i, 
 there is nothing to interrupt the frtcdoni of cnni- 
 mcrce. A commodity, whether for eoiisiiniplion 
 or tr.ansit, that has once passed the frontier of tho 
 league, may be subseepieiitly conveyeil, wilhont 
 let or hindraiieo, throughout its wlioU' extent. 
 Instead of being conlined within the n.irrow pre- 
 cincts of their own territories, the products of each 
 separate country of the alliance may he sent Id 
 every one else; so that each may apply ii-ilf in 
 pP'fercnce to those departments in wliicli it Ii.i'* 
 some natural or acquired advantagi' ; imil e.ieli 
 has to depend for its success, not on the ii;i~cr.ibli' 
 resource of customs regulations, hut on its i-kill 
 
 
pv imr.Micil till' niciisurcs 
 n'lt witli iiu iMriu'stii'-'s 
 , aiiil with n di tiTiUi- 
 liirrv tluir iii>inl. 
 iitlicr.'iiici' 111' lliis (ilijort 
 111 >villi llic iiriiK ip.ilitii's 
 aiisi'M ;inilSi'li\viir/,l>iir^r- 
 
 I ISl'.l, (111 tlu^ |iriiicipl(: 
 licrt'cct tVicildiii 111' I'diii- 
 iitrics iiiicl I'nis-iii ; that 
 1, cNiiurlMlinii. mill traii- 
 |iriiiciii.'ihlics, >lii'ii!tl lie 
 il,l ho cliiirgfcl iiloii;.' the 
 mis (if the ciiiitractiiif,' 
 hiiiild iiartii'ili.'itr in thi' 
 
 II priiiiiirtidii to il^ jjcipii- 
 ;iili-;i.iiiicntly entered iiilo 
 
 thi< t'ilir and e(|iillalile 
 cilitinlis to tlie ]ieifoit 
 tlu" eouiitrics e(>iii|iri.-oii 
 rt'allianee hein^ cDtiliiii'd, 
 in;; state! nionoi'iilii's, mh 
 sia ; "-'nd, to arliilis et' 
 d Willi a ditVerent rale lA 
 one state from wliat lliey 
 Srd, to nrtieles iirinlin'nl 
 ; on the patentee s nrt.iiii 
 ins of llie states ^laiitin;; 
 se exeeplions, w lii.'li are 
 
 most perfeet freii'.imi ol' 
 
 tho allied states. 
 'oundalioiis of the alii, iici' 
 essively extended, till it 
 han tliroc-fourtlii el' tin' 
 isivu of Anstria, Diicil 
 ue in IS'-'K, and l';li'et(iMl 
 donis of liavaria, Saxmiy, 
 (I it afterwards, as liavc 
 lost all the smaller .-talis 
 1 nnnexcd to or av sijll 
 of I'rn.ssia, with tlh' ix- 
 :-Scliwenn and Meckliu- 
 
 or tariiy alliamr cum- 
 
 (icrniin 
 
 hq. IllilfS 
 
 i.lKS 
 
 I'l'imlatum 
 in iMit 
 
 l.I'M.'iH 
 
 I,1U.-., 
 
 extent of this iiiimiaso 
 
 I'hapelle on the eiistcni 
 
 Ills, oa.stward t<, TiNit mi 
 
 am", from Stellia ami 
 
 Iwitzerlam'. and l;(ilM'iin:i. 
 
 ,i)it the. freedom el' i'"!"- 
 
 ^vhcther for eonsiiniiiliim 
 
 I if the 
 
 veil, williiiiit 
 
 liiile eMi'lit. 
 
 hiassed the frontier 
 ently coiive. 
 i<Miout its w 
 
 Id within the narrow- pn 
 es, the prodnetsc.fiaf 
 
 alliiuiee may 
 Icai'h may ajijily 
 
 lit tit 
 il.M'lf in 
 
 loli 
 
 rtments "in wliieli it lia 
 'd advantage ; i 
 
 , not (111 ilie ii;i-^ur:i 
 Illations, hut on its 
 
 ZOLLVEIJEIN 
 
 011(1 industry. The coitipetition thence nrisinir is 
 moHt Hiihitiiry ; and, .should the peaee of ICurope 
 ln! iire.servcd, we run little risk in saying that all 
 sorts of induHtry will iimko more proj^re.sH niiioii;; 
 (he Htate.s comprised within Die taritf alliaiiee, 
 (liiriiif? the next ten years, than they did during 
 the half century previous to its IxiiiK or^anLsed. 
 
 An nsHembly of representatives from the allied 
 states nieetH annually, to hear complaints, adjust 
 dilliuultie.s, and make .such new enaclnieut.s as 
 may seem to be required. The Prussian taritf 
 has been adopted, with certain moditieations, 
 The duti(!a are received into a common treasury, 
 and are apportioned according to tho |iopulation 
 of each of the allied states. In addition to its 
 other advantages, the new system has reduced 
 the cost of collecting the duties to a mere trille, 
 compared with its former amount ; and has cnal)led 
 hundreds of custom-honses, and thoiwands of cu.s- 
 tonis otiicers, to be employed in the ditl'crent de- 
 partments of industry. 
 
 The discrepancy in wcight.s and measures used 
 in different parts of (iernmny ocea.sioned con- 
 siderable iiicoiivcnicni'e ; and it is important that 
 the e(pialisation of weights and measures, and 
 their reduction to a common standard in all the 
 allied states, is declared to be (iie of the objects 
 of the League. 
 
 It is also exprc.s.sly provided that the tolls, or 
 other charges in lieu thereof, shall, in all ca.ses, 
 ivlieihcr they belong to the public or to ])rivate 
 iiidiviiluals, be limited to the sums reqiiimd tnltv.i'p 
 the rtwih in a proper Ktatc. nf repair; and that the 
 lolls existing in Prussia shall be considered as 
 the highcit that are to be levied, and shall not in 
 any case be exceeded. 
 
 It was at first supposed by many persons in 
 this country, and the oiiinion is not yet entirely 
 nliaiidoncd,' that the Prussian league was in .some 
 degree directed against Uii, and that, at all ev( nts, 
 it thrcatciiod to be very injurious to our trade 
 with (itrmony: we do not, however, believe that 
 there is any foundation whatever for either of 
 these opinions. The alliance was planned, and 
 brought to its present advanced slate, in the view, 
 (ind with the intention, of putting down the 
 palling and innumerable rcstvaiiits 1))' which the 
 interciairse of the German states with each other 
 wn.s furmerly interrupted ; and not with the in- 
 
 IThiS 
 
 in such matters Pnifwia has such an oirerwludming 
 intlnenee. Slie must eiiiieilialo tlu" oilier stales, 
 and curry them along with her; and this can only 
 be done by acting on fair principles, and with ii 
 view to till common interests of the alliance. 
 
 liesides, if any of the existing duties lit? exor- 
 bitiint, or if any of them, that an^ at )ire.-.eiit 
 moderate, shoiilii be .suhse(|uenlly raised to an 
 exorbitant pitch, does any one siip|iiise that the 
 over-ta.\eil arlielis would not be ininieili.itely 
 smuggled into all parts of the le.iguc ? We, who 
 occupy an island, and have revenue cruisers and 
 coast guards on all the seas and slionw most, 
 accessible to the. smuggler, know from experience 
 that it is not possible to liiniU^r over-t,ixed com- 
 modities from making tluir way into our iiuirkets. 
 Hut the facilities fiw smuggling into the territories 
 of tho league are incomparably greater. It has a 
 land frontier of several thou.-aiKl mih'S ; and 
 thimgb the wliulo Prussia" mnsy were employed 
 for that purpose, it woe Iv ' iiind that it wa-i 
 utterly impotent to i i,(', he territories of 
 the league from bein; <iuj,'(-. with such over- 
 taxed commodities m "iie in demand by the 
 inhabitants. 
 
 We arc glad to bo able to irengthen our view 
 of the intluinee and objects of the I'russiaii coiii- 
 mercial league by Living Uefore the rijader the 
 following extract from i work printed by order 
 of the House of lieprcsentutives of the American 
 States. ' I'russia,' it is there said, ' has evidently 
 taken the lead in this wise and inipdrtant nva- 
 sure, to which the smaller states have gradually 
 acceded. The whole commercial policy of tlii.t 
 enlightened power has been distinguished for its 
 lilH?ralily, being founded on the desire of placing 
 her intercourse with all nations on the basis of 
 reciprocity. The commercial league of (iermany 
 is intended to carry out this principle, and not to 
 bo directed, as has been supposed, again.-t any 
 particular nation, as it is well known that I'mssia, 
 in her treaties with maritime powers, has inva- 
 riably adopted the system of reciimu'ity, to what- 
 ever extent those with whom she negotiates an; 
 willing to carry it. The c.st.iblishment of this 
 community of commercial interests forms a part 
 of the fundamental compact, by which the new 
 (termaiiic ('(Uifederation was created, afu^r the 
 dissolution of the ContVderntion of the Phiue; to 
 
 tcntion of throwing any obstacles in the way of i be siihseipi.Mitly adopted, however, at the option 
 tiie trade of the alliance with foreign countries : | of such of the co-states as should choose to accedi! 
 it is, indeed, quite absurd to suppose that it j to it. Its effects cannot fail to iiromote eemmercc. 
 
 kill 
 
 Mioiild have this ell'ect. Tho freedom of internal 
 (■(imnnTce will do ten times more to premnte the 
 industry and pio.spcrity of the allied states than 
 .iiiy otlier measure, or system of measures, that 
 their governments couhl have adopted ; and, 
 iis jKipulation increases, and the inhabitants be- 
 come more industrious and wealthy, there will, 
 11(1 doubt, be an augmented demaiiil for foreign 
 imiducts. The league is now no new thing, it 
 ori^'iiiatcd half u century ago, and has been pri.v- 
 Crcssively augmented ; but, liitberto, it has not 
 hud the slightest influence in ''iminishing our 
 iiiterciiurse with Germany ; on- exports to it, in- 
 eluding Holland and Itelgium, naving been greater 
 (in an average of the last tive years than at any 
 fiirmer period. fl.Mi'oitis asd K.M'outs.] Ge- 
 neriiUv .speaking, t)ie duties on imports arc rea- 
 soniille— at least, on all the liner goods. It never, 
 ill I'dCt, cim be the policy of the alliance to make 
 llum oppressive ; for, though certain states may 
 (•noiicdusly suppose, that their interests would 
 lit promoted by .such means, others would un- 
 (imibtcdly be of a different opinion, and would 
 resist .iny attempt to carry them beyond a rea- 
 siin.ibk' amount. It is a mistake to suppose that 
 
 and every other branch of industry, as it removes 
 all those vexatious and endless (iilliculties which 
 previously obstructed the freedom of intercourse. 
 Navigable rivers and highways are now opened 
 to the unfettered use of the (ierman people; the. 
 customs and toll-houses, with tlieir otiicers and 
 barriers, have been witlulrawn from the interior, 
 and the whole intercommunication resenildes that 
 '■■ of the subjects of any one of the states within its 
 own territories. To these beiielits may be added 
 the assured prospect of iiniirovenicnt in the. 
 finances of the great and smjiUer sovereigntie.-i 
 composing the league. This advantage will grovir 
 out of tlu! sim]ilicity or unity of the new system, 
 a .saving in the cost of cfdlection, and from thi^ 
 increased consumption which renovated industry 
 and progrcs.sive lud. ;ierity so invariably cause.' 
 {DifiCHt of Customs JMtrs, vol. iii. p. '2'27.) 
 
 I'riissliin Duty on Cottons. — The duty on cottou 
 goods being that in which we are most interested, 
 we took (jirior to the late alterations in the Zoll- 
 verein tarilf) some pains to ascertain its real 
 influence, Tliis diily ainounltd to .'>!) rix-dollars 
 per Prussian (piiutal on all cotton goods, without 
 respect to qualitv or price ; luid, taking the (luiu- 
 6(i 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 ■1 .' 
 
 165 1 
 
 ZOLLVERRIN 
 
 I • 
 
 •' _ I i' 
 
 >Jf- 
 
 !( 
 
 f, , .nj .'■ 
 
 V...-r 
 
 tnl nt nil 11). nvciinlupois, and tlin rix-doUnr iit 
 ;')»., it wiiH iMiuiil to 11. lOji. per 1111 lb. Now wu 
 Icnni from slatpiiionts <il>li^'iiii;ly fiirniHliL'il to lis 
 by u larfjc wliolesiilt! hoiist' in tho City — 
 
 1. Tlmt n quintal (lliJ 11).) of roarnesliirtlii;/, 
 worth All. ppr yard, contained 'IDT yards; it coii- 
 siMiiii'iitly cost HI. G.«., and tlu; Prussian or taritV 
 nlliauco duty of"/. U'.i. on it was, llit'rol'orp, onui- 
 vak'iit t(0 an nd valorem duly of !'() per cent. 
 
 2. That a (piiutal lA' .iii/wrinr .shlitiii;;, worth Is. 
 per yard, pontalucd \,'i~-*\,') yards ; it conspqucntly 
 cost '2'2I. l~n. "(/..making the Prussian duty on 
 siu'li piods ;i'i,J |)pr ppnt. 
 
 3. Tiiatu iiuiiital o\' printed rottnng, worth \s.Gd. 
 per yard, cuntainpd (iHi) yards ; it consequently 
 cost 47/. 9,s., making tho I'russian duty on such 
 goods l,")-} per cent, 
 
 ■1, That a quintal oi fine printed cottons, worth 
 2.S. Of/, per yard, contained (JTK yards ; it cimse- 
 quently cost XAI. 15s., making the Prussian duty 
 on such goods Mi} per cent. 
 
 It is plain, thprcfore, that, except on the coarsest 
 nnd cheapest species of goods, the I'russian or 
 tarill'alliance duty was very far from being oppres- 
 sive ; and, as tlie value, of coarse goods is princi- 
 pally dependent on the cost of the raw cotton and 
 tho wages of labour. I)ping but little influenced by 
 superiority of machinery, it is not very probable 
 that we should export them largely to Prussia, 
 even were the duty materially reduced. No 
 doubt, however, it would conduce greatly to the 
 interests of the people comprised within the 
 league, though wo do not know that it wouhl 
 sensibly att'ect us, were the duty assessed on an ad 
 valorem principle, and made 20 or BO per cent, on 
 nil goods ; and we should think that this might 
 be done without any material difficulty. 
 
 The subjoined translation of the more important 
 clauses of the Customs Treaty of March 22, 1883, 
 sets the principles on which the alliance is founded 
 in a clear point of view. , 
 
 Customs Treat;/, concluded March 22, 1833, be- 
 tween the Kings of liuvarin and Wirtemt>erg, on 
 the one part ; and the King of Priissia, the 
 Prince Klectural Co-Regent of Hesse, and the 
 Grand Duke of IIe<>se on the other part, 
 
 I. The existing Customs' Union between the 
 states above named shall henceforth constitute a 
 (^icneral Union, united by a common system of 
 customs and commerce, embracing all the coun- 
 tries comprised therein. 
 
 II. In this general ro-nnion are also coinprised 
 the states which have already adhered, either for 
 the wholfi of their territory or for a part, to the 
 system of customs and coinniprce of one or other 
 of the contracting states, having regard to their 
 special relations, founde<l upon the conventions of 
 adhesion concluded with the states which have 
 intervened. 
 
 III. But there will remain excluded from the 
 general re-union the parts separated from the 
 countries of the contracting .states which, because 
 of their situation, are not yet included either in 
 the re-union of the IJavarian or W'irtemberg 
 customs, nor in those of Prusc'a and Hesse. 
 Nevertheless, the regulations now in force to faci- 
 litate the commerce of these territories with tho 
 princijial country will be maintained. Other 
 favours of this kmd cannot be accorded without 
 the unanimous consent of the contracting states. 
 
 IV. In the c<iiitracting states there shall be 
 established uniform laws for the duties of import, 
 of export, and of transit, except such modifications 
 .as, without injury to the common object, result 
 necessarily from the particular legislatiim of each 
 contracting "tate, or from Ki<'al iuti.'iesfs. 
 
 Thus, excpptions nnd modifications to tho roni- 
 mon taritf may take place, as to rates of duties of 
 entry, of export, and of transit (aceordiiig as the 
 direction of the routes of coniinercp nuiy recpiire) 
 established uixm articles recognised as of minor 
 ponsequenco in extensive comniprce ; provided 
 always that these nuxlitications bo )irefprre<l by 
 separate states, ami tliat they shall not be disadvan- 
 tageous to the gpiu'ral interests of th(' Association. 
 
 'i"i\.\ adininistration of the duties of import, 
 export, and transit, as well as the organisation 
 of the authorities which are eng.'ige<l therein, in 
 all the states of the Association, shall be esta- 
 blished upon a uniform footing, having regard, 
 however, to the )ijirticular relations existing in 
 those countries. The laws and (U'diuances which, 
 according to those principles, ought to be uniform 
 in the contracting states, and which are to con- 
 stitute the law of tho tariff and the regidations of 
 the customs, shall Ix^ considered as an integral 
 ])art of the ]iresent treaty, and shall be published 
 nt tho same time. 
 
 V. There can neither be alterations, nor addi- 
 tions, nor exceptions, to tho Acts above mentimicil 
 (Art. IV.), but by the unanimous consent of all 
 the contracting parties, and in the form required 
 for the making (confection) of the laws. 
 
 The preceding a|)plies ('(pially to all the ordi- 
 nances which would establish, for tho administra- 
 tion of the customs, dispositions entirely dirt'erent. 
 
 VI. Liberty of commerce, and community of 
 the receipts of customs, as regulated by the follow- 
 ing article, will commence simultaneously with 
 the ojioration of the present treaty. 
 
 VII. Dating from this epoch, all duties of im- 
 port, of export, and of transit shall ceasi^ on tlio 
 common frontier of tho 15avnro-Wirteml)erg and 
 Prusso-Hessian customs re-uni(ms. All articles 
 of free commerce in one of those territories may 
 1)0 imported freely and without duty into all the 
 others, except only as follf)Ws : — 
 
 A. Articles monopolised by tho states (play 
 ing cards and salt) conformable to Articles IX. 
 nnd X. 
 
 B. Indigenous articles, now subject in tlio 
 interior of the contracting states to ditfcrpiit 
 duties, or excepted from all duty in one state, ami 
 imjjorted into another, and wliich according to 
 Article 11. ought consequently to be subject to a 
 duty of compensation. 
 
 Finally, C. Articles which, without prejudirp to 
 patent rights or conceded privileges in one of the 
 contracting st.ites.camiot be imitated or importid, 
 and ought consequently to be excluded duriiii,' 
 the existence of the patents and privileges fn>m 
 importation into the state which li.w granted them. 
 
 VIII. Notwithstanding tho Iri.ilom of ciiiii- 
 merce, and the exemption from dutie,-, established 
 by Article VII., the transport of arti s of com- 
 merce, subject by the common tariff t lutics of 
 import or export on the frontiers of le Asso- 
 ciation, cannot take place between the itcs of 
 Bavaria and Wirtemberg, anil tho s' :o3 of 
 Prussia, of Electoral llesse, or of Grand Diiral 
 Hesse, and reciprocally, except by the public 
 roads, military routes, and navigable rivers. For 
 this purpose there shall bo establishecl on tho. 
 interior frontiers common bureaus of veriiieation, 
 to which the conductors of merchandise must, oii 
 exhibiting their licenses, declare what are tho 
 articles which they are employed to traiisiiort 
 from one territory to another. 
 
 This disposition will not be applicable to retail 
 commerce in raw materials, nor to the petty com- 
 merce of the frontiers or the fairs, nor to tho 
 effects of travellers. Process for the vcrilicatimi 
 of merchandise will go no further than is leiimnd 
 
 it-:. 
 
oilificfttions to the rom- 
 , IIS ti) rates of ilutics of 
 iinsit (nceonlintr ms tin- 
 coiniiu'nr may ly(iiiiri') 
 ri'i'OKiii^i'd as of iiiiiioi- 
 t> ('oniincrco ; j)i-ovi(U'(l 
 I'litioii-* lie profenvd by 
 u'VslialliKit iKMlisulvaii- 
 I'lvstsoftlic Association, 
 llic (liitifs of iiiiiiorl, 
 'I'll as till' ovfraiiisatioii 
 ail' fiiKaj^'i'il tlieriin, in 
 sociatioti, stiall l)e vsta- 
 footin^', iiavin;r npml. 
 ar relations cxistin;; in 
 's niid ordinaiKTs wliicli, 
 lies, ought to \h' uniform 
 , and wliich avi' to coii- 
 ffand the rrguhitions of 
 iiisicliTPd as an integral 
 f, and shall be puljlishi-d 
 
 he alterations, nor addi- 
 the Acts above nientioncil 
 nanimous consent of all 
 ind in the form reqiiirwl 
 III) of the laws. 
 c(|ually to all the nrdi- 
 blisb, for the administni- 
 Dsitions entirely dirt'crcnt. 
 L'rce, and comnnmity of 
 IS regulated by the follow- 
 nce simultancoui>ly with 
 ent treaty. 
 
 < epoch, all duties of im- 
 transit shall cease on tlio 
 Havaro-Wirtemberir niul 
 ! re-unions. All artitlcfl 
 ; of tliose territories may 
 without duty into all tlie 
 illows : — 
 
 Led by the states (play 
 formable to Articles IX. 
 
 les, now subject in tlio 
 
 cting states to ditfcront 
 
 all duty in one state, and 
 
 and wiiich aceordinj,' ti) 
 
 jucntly to be subject to ii 
 
 hich, without prejudiro to 
 id privileges in one of tlio 
 it be imitated or iniponeil, 
 r to be excluded diiriii!,' 
 tents and privileges freiii 
 :e which li.'w granted them, 
 np the Iri' (iom of c<iiii- 
 mfrom duties, established 
 nsport of arti s of coni- 
 jnimon tariff t duties of 
 he frontiers of e Asf( - 
 ice between the ites of 
 erfr, and the s' es of 
 :esse, or of Grand Ducal 
 ,', except by tiie public 
 nd navigable rivers. For 
 ill be established on the 
 on bureaus ufverilieation, 
 
 (d" merchandise must, on 
 pS, declare what me the 
 e employed to transixirt 
 lother. 
 
 not be applicable to retail 
 als, nor to the petty eoiii- 
 
 or the fairs, nor to tlie 
 rocess for the verilicatioij 
 further tluiii is leiiinred 
 
 ZOLLV 
 
 for security of the duties of compensation. (.See 
 Art. VII. H.) 
 
 XIII. The contracting parties reciprocally re- 
 new their adhesion to the principle that the tolls, 
 or other charges in lieu theR'of, shall only be suf- 
 licient to defray tiie e.xpen.se of maintenance and 
 repairs of the roads; whether the tax he for the 
 state or for private rights. It wa.s thus that has 
 been approved the suiijilement to the duty of 
 customs, created in IJavaria and Wirtemberg, to 
 replace the duty of tolls, paving, causeways, 
 bridges, and generally of all analogous taxes. 
 
 The tolls ifcc. now existing in I'ru.ssia, accord- 
 ing to tiie general tariff' of 18'28, shall be consi- 
 dered as the hiqlifst rales, and sliall not be ex- 
 ceeiled in any ol the contracting states. 
 
 In accordance with the princi)dc thus an- 
 nounced, the individual duty for closing the gates 
 of cities shall be abolished; as also the duty of 
 paving of causeways, where it still exists ; and all 
 ]iave<l roads will be considered as causeways of a 
 description liable only to the duty on causeways 
 established by the general tariff. 
 
 XIV, The contracting Governments agree to 
 unite their efforts to introduce into the states a 
 uniform sy.stem of coins, weights, ami measures, 
 to commence immediately after the reijuisite nego- 
 tiatiims for this purpose; and, subse(iuently, to 
 din'Ct their eff'orts towards tlie adoption of uni- 
 form custom-house weights. 
 
 The contracting states, in the impossibility of 
 establishing this uniformity before tliis treaty 
 goes into ojieration, agree, for facilitating the for- 
 warding of merchandise where it lias not already 
 been done, to revise their tariff' as to weights and 
 nieasures, assuming for a basis the tariffs of the 
 other contracting states. They will cause such 
 modifications to be published, for the government 
 of the public and of their custom-house bureaus. 
 
 The common tariff" (Art. IV.) shall be divided 
 into two principal divisions, according to the .sys- 
 tem of weights, measures, and moneys of Bavaria, 
 and that of I'rus.sia. 
 
 The declaration of the weights and measures of 
 articles .-iubject to duty shall, in Prussia, be ac- 
 cording to I'mssian weights and measures ; in 
 liavaria and Wirtemberg, according to those of 
 Havana; and in the two Ilesses, according to the 
 weights and nieasures there legally established. 
 
 In expediting custom-house Acts, the quantity 
 of mcrcliaiidise must be exiiressed according to 
 the two principal divisions of the common tariff'. 
 
 Until the contracting .states agree upim a 
 ty.-itcm of common money, the payment of duties 
 ill eaeli state shall be made in tlie same currency 
 as in use for jiayment of its other taxes. 
 
 lint from the present time, the gold and silver 
 coins of all the contracting states, with the 
 ex<'eptioii of small money {ulieUhmtinze), shall be 
 received in all the bureaus of receijit of the Asso- 
 ciation; and tor this purpose tables of value 
 riiall be imblished. 
 
 XV. The tluties of navigation upon the rivers, 
 comprising therein those which ajiply to vessels, 
 .-hall always be mutually acquitted according 
 to the Acts of the Congress of Vienna, or of special 
 conventions, upon all the rivers to which these 
 regulations apply, unless other determinations be 
 adopted in this respect. 
 
 The contracting states agree to enter, without 
 delay, into negotiations for that which particu- 
 larly regards the navigation upon the Uhiiio and 
 the neighbouring streams, in order to etl'eet an 
 arrangement by which the import, export, and 
 transit of the productions of all the states of the 
 Union upon said streams shall be, if not ab.so- 
 lutcly liue, at least relieved as far a.s possible 
 
 EREIN 1555 
 
 from duties of navigation, under the reserve of 
 
 charges of reconnoissance. 
 
 All the advantages granted by one state of tho 
 Union to its subject.-*, in the exerci.se of the navi- 
 gation ujion .s,'iid streams, shall extend equally 
 to the navigation of the other a.sso<'iated states. 
 
 Upon tho other streams to which neither tho 
 Acts of the (Congress of Vienna nor any other 
 treaties apjily, the duties of navigation shall bu 
 according to the special regulations of the (jovern- 
 ments interested. Nevertheless the subjects of 
 the contracting states, their merchandise and 
 vessels, shidl throughout be treated on those 
 streams with perfect equality. 
 
 XVI. Dating from the day on which the general 
 custom-house regulations of the Union shall coma 
 into operation, the duties of |mblic .stores {etnpes) 
 and of transhipments (iimsc/iliu/iierlite), wliich 
 still exist in tiie territories belonging to the 
 Association, shall cease, and no one shall be liable 
 to forced delay, nor to tho discharging and storage 
 of his merchandise, except in cases authorised by 
 the common regulations of the rustoms or uavi- 
 gati(ui. 
 
 XVII. No duties .shiill be claimed for canals, 
 locks, bridges, ferries, cranes, weighing and stor- 
 age; and the establislimeuts destined to facilitate 
 commerce shall not be allowed rent, except when 
 actually u.sed. (Jharges cannot be increased; and 
 the subjects of the oilier contracting suites shall 
 be on a perfect equality with the subjecta of the 
 countries having those establishments. 
 
 If the establishments for weighing and cranes 
 are only used by the custom diouses, no charge 
 shall be made, if the artich 3 have been previously 
 weighed at a custom-house. 
 
 XVIII. The contracting states engage to con- 
 tinue their common eff'orts for the encourage- 
 ment of industry by the adoption of uniform 
 regulations, so that the subjects of each state may 
 enjoy, as extensively as iiossilJe, the privilege of 
 seeking work and occupation in every other state. 
 
 From the coming into operation of the present 
 treaty, the subjects of any one of the contr.acti ig 
 states, trading or seeking employ in the territory 
 of any other of those states, shall not be subject to 
 any impost whicli does not equally aff'ect the 
 native similarly employed. Manufacturers and 
 merchants who are only making imrchases for 
 their trade, or travellers who have not goods with 
 them, but simply patterns for the ))urpose of 
 soliciting commissions, shall not, when thus em- 
 ployed, have any duty to |iay in another state, it 
 authorised to carry on sucli comnierce in the state 
 where they have their domicile ; or if emiiloyed 
 ill the service of native inanufacturers or n'ler- 
 ehants. 
 
 When trading in the markets and fairs, or when 
 they are selling the i>ro(luee of the soil and fabrics, 
 in any one of the states of the Association, the sub- 
 jects of the other contracting states shall be treated 
 in all respects as subjects of the .same state. 
 
 XIX. The seaports of Prussia shall be open for 
 commerce to all the suojects of the states of the 
 Union, on paj'ment of the same duties as arc paid 
 by Prussian subjects, and the consuls of the 
 several states in the seaiiorts or places of foreign 
 commerce shall be bound, in ctiscs of need, to 
 assist with their advice and support the subjecta 
 of the other contracting states. 
 
 XX. To protect against contraband their com- 
 mon custom-house systi -n, and to insure tho 
 regular payment of the duty of consiimjition in 
 the interior, the contracting states have co.iduded 
 a reciprocal cartel, \i hich shall be enforced as soon 
 as possible, but, at tiic furthest, ut the same time 
 with the present treat v. 
 
 5 ti 2 
 
i... 
 
 1556 
 
 ZOLLVEREIN 
 
 .mi 
 
 ., •>• ■ . I 
 
 '»■.).: 
 
 :v V; 
 
 
 ••'• 1lr'-' 
 
 • ., 
 
 
 
 \t:i' 
 
 ;-#' 
 
 
 ■ '/ 
 
 " I'l ; " I 
 
 
 
 XXI, TIiP comnninit)' of rccclpfs of the con- 
 tnu'liiif,' Hintes, sU|)iilnte(i liy tlio present treaty, 
 Hhall coinprcliciKl tlic i)ro(luct of (lutie.s of entry, 
 of export, mill of trimsit, in the I'riissian states, 
 tlie kin},'{l()nis of Itavnria niid Wirtcniherg, the 
 J'^lcct orate, and tlie (irand Diiohy of Ilosse, coni- 
 prisio}^ tliereiii lliose countries which have down 
 to iho proseiit time a<'ceded to the custom-liouse 
 liysli'm (if llie contractinij states. 
 
 The foUowing are exchidcd from the commu- 
 nity of receipts, and remain reserved for l!io par- 
 ticular l)enelit of the respective tJoverimicnts: — 
 
 1. The imposts eolU'etcd in tlie interior of 
 each state on iiuli^'cndiis products, comprisini; 
 therein the compensatory duti(!s reserved in 
 Article XI. 
 
 2. The toll on rivers, to which are np)ilieablc 
 the rej;iilations of the Acts of the Congress of 
 ■\'ieiina, or special eonveiitions. (Article .\V.) 
 
 it. Duties of iiaving, of causeways, of bridges, 
 of ferries, of canals, of locks and ports, charges of 
 weighing and storage, as well as similar receipts, 
 wliatever may be their name. 
 
 •1. The lines and cdiiliseatioiis which, beyond 
 the jiart alloweil to informers, remain the pro- 
 jierty of each Government throughout its terri- 
 tory. 
 
 XX [I. The produce of the duties received into 
 the couimou treasury shall be divided among the 
 htates of the Association, in projiortion to the 
 ])opulation which ina}' be found in the Union, 
 tml)jcct to deduction, 1st, of tlie expenses specified 
 ill Article XXX.; 2nd, of the restitution of 
 errniieous receipts ; 3v(l, of the restoration of duties 
 and diininutioiis made in consecpience of special 
 common conventions. 
 
 The population of every state which has entered 
 or may enter into the Association, by treaty with 
 one or other of the contracting states, under tlic 
 Piigagemcnt made by the latter, to make an 
 annual contriliution, for the participation of the 
 former to the common revenue of the customs, 
 shall h(! added to the jiopulation of the states 
 which make this contribiitinn. 
 
 There shall be made every .3 years, dating from 
 a |ierio(l to be hereafter fixed, .in exact enuinera- 
 ticin of the piipnlalioii of the associated states: 
 the states shall reciprocally commiuiicate the re- 
 sults thereof. 
 
 XXIII. All restitutions of duties not authorised 
 In- the legislation of the customs shall remain 
 charged to the treasury of the Uovernment which 
 shall have granted it. 
 
 Conventions, hereafter to bo concluded, will 
 regulate in what cases similar restitution may be 
 accorded. 
 
 XXIV. Ill c(mformity with the object of this 
 Association of Customs tending to facilitate a freer 
 and more natural commercial intercourse, the 
 I'avours accordeil for the (layment of custom- 
 house duties at certain ))laces in which fairs are 
 lu'ld, especially the jirivileges of abatement 
 {ni/iut priviliyien), cannot be extended to those 
 states of the Association where *hoj' do not exist; 
 on the contrary, they shall be restricted and 
 abolished as far as ]possible, regard being had to 
 the means of subsistence of the jdaces heretofore 
 favoured, and to the commercial relations which 
 they have with foreigners; but others can on no 
 account be granted without the general consent 
 of the coiitriicting ]mrties. 
 
 XXX I II. There shall ever}' year,- on ,Tune l,be 
 an assembly of plenipotentiaries of the Covern- 
 nients of the Union empowered generally to 
 delilicrate; and each state may send thither a 
 duly authorised rejiresentative. 
 
 Tlie [ilenipotcntiaries will choose from among 
 
 themselves a jiresidcnt, who, however, shall have 
 no pre-eminence ovct the other members. 
 
 '1 lie lirst lussemhly shall be held at Munich. 
 
 At the close of each annual assembly, the place 
 of next meeting will be determined, having re- 
 ference to the nature of those subjects which will 
 then come under discussion. 
 
 XX XIV. The assembly of plenipotentiaries 
 will liave under its considorati in the foUowing 
 sulijei^ts : — 
 
 A. To consider the complaints which may have 
 arisen in any of the stales of the Association 
 concerning the execution of the general treaty, 
 of special conventions, of the law, and of custom- 
 house regulations ; also of the tariff, when these 
 shall not have been adjusted during the year by 
 cories| ion deuce between the diH'ereut ministers. 
 
 H. The definitive reparation among the states 
 of the Union of the total common receipts, based 
 uiMin the observations made by the 8ui«ri(ir 
 authorities, and verified by the central bureau, 
 as may be rendered necessary- by the common 
 interest. 
 
 C. To deliberate njion \. -opositions and siii;- 
 gestions made by tlie < lovernments for the jw- 
 fection of the administration. 
 
 1). Discussions n]ion alterations, demanded liy 
 any of the contracting states, in the laws, tarill's, 
 and custom-house regulations, as well as in tliu 
 organisation of the administration, and in gcnenil 
 ujion the development and perfection of the guiio- 
 ral system of customs and commerce. 
 
 XXXV. If, in the cour.se of the year, when the 
 plenipotentiaries are not in session, extraordinary 
 incidents should occur, which require ])r(im|it 
 decision on the part of the states of the Union, 
 the contracting jiarties will consult niion these 
 through their diplomatic agents, or they will 
 order an extra sitting of their jileniiiotentiarics. 
 
 Recent Cliamjes in the German Cimtoms' Unm, 
 — The discussions in the assemblies of the lA>a!;iie 
 were, especially of late rears, a good deal inliii- 
 ciiced by pidilical considerations. A league de- 
 nominated the Steurverein had been foniied in 
 opjiosition to, or in rivalry with, tlie Priissiun 
 league, by Hanover, Oldenburg, and Urunswiei;. 
 It was evident, however, inasmuch as the in- 
 terests of these and the other (iermuii states were 
 identical, that it would be a great imlilic advan- 
 tage were these associations merged into (uie. 
 But owing to p<ditical, commercial, and fiiiaiici;il 
 jealousies, this desirable object was of very dillioiiit 
 attainineiit. At length these ditliciilties'were sur- 
 mounted ; and a treaty negotiated between Han- 
 over and Prussia, on .September 7, 1851, jiniviilcd 
 for the incorporation, from January 1, 1851, of tiie 
 former, and the other states included in the Steur- 
 verein, with the Prussian Union. Some nwditi- 
 cations were introduced by the treaty into the 
 basis of the League, but they are of little im- 
 portance, excejit to the parties iminediatoiy 
 interested. 
 
 Treaties with Austria. — Blore recentlj' a peat 
 deal of discussion took (dace between Priidiia nnd 
 the subordinate German states on the one hand, 
 and Austria on the other, in regard to the lornm- 
 tion of a Customs' Association which should in- 
 clude the latter ; and in order to jiave the way 
 for this desirable consummation, yVustrin issued a 
 new taritr on November 2^>, l^iol, in which she 
 made many important modifications in the pro- 
 hibitive system on which she had jirevioiisly 
 acted, at the same time that she established a (roc 
 commercial intercourse between Hungary (which 
 had previously a separate customs establishiinnl) 
 and the other states of the empire. And tlioii;,'li 
 this wise and liberal measure has not yet led to 
 
ZOLLVEREIN 
 
 1557 
 
 who, however, shall have 
 If other meinberH. 
 11 be held lit Munieh. 
 iiiuinl iissenibly, the place 
 e (Icternniiied, having re- 
 thosc subjects which will 
 ■iion. 
 
 ibly of plenipotentiaries 
 isiilernti )ii the foUowing 
 
 mplaints which may have 
 stiles of the Association 
 on of the general treaty, 
 )f the law, and of custom- 
 
 of the tariff, when these 
 listed during the year by 
 
 tlie (liH'crcnt ministers, 
 laratiou among the states 
 al common rcceijits, based 
 i made by the suiK^ridr 
 ■d by the central bureau, 
 leceasary by the common 
 
 on r -opositiona and 8ii£;- 
 < lovcrnments for the pcr- 
 alion. 
 
 Mlterations, demanded hy 
 states, in the laws, tarills. 
 Iiitioiis, as well as in tliu 
 linistration, and in general 
 Hid perfection of the geiit- 
 and commerce, 
 ursc of the year, when the 
 t in session, extraordinary 
 r, wliich require jinimjit 
 tlie states of the Union, 
 s will ccmsult ujion these 
 ttic agents, or tliey will 
 if their plenipotentiaries. 
 e German Customs' Uiiiiin. 
 le assemblies of the lx'ai;ue 
 ! vears, a good deal iiillii- 
 isiderations. A league dc- 
 vrviii had been formed in 
 ivalry with, tlie Prussian 
 Ideulmrg, and llrunswick. 
 ver, iiuismuch as the in- 
 other (Jorman states were 
 I be a great public ailvaii- 
 ^iations merged into ono. 
 commercial, and tiiiaiuril 
 c object was of very didicnlt 
 these difhciilties were snr- 
 nogotiated between llan- 
 eptember 7, 1851, pnivided 
 om Januarj' 1, 1851, nf the 
 tales included in the Steur- 
 ian Union. Some niodili- 
 ed by the treaty into the 
 jut \\\i-y are of little ini- 
 the parties imniediatciy 
 
 I.— More recently a f,Teat 
 jdace between Prussia nml 
 an states on the one hand, 
 lier, in regard to the lijrnm- 
 jociation which slioulil la- 
 in order to jiave tiie way 
 iniination, Austria issued a 
 er 25, 1851, in which she 
 t modilii'atioiis in the pre- 
 k-hich she had ))reviously 
 that she established a free 
 ! between Hungary (wliioh 
 ate customs estiiblishuiint) 
 ■ the empire. And thoii;,'n 
 iicasure has not yet led to 
 
 the incorporation of Austria into the Customs' further stipulated that the duties to be imposed 
 Union, it has led to the conclusion by hcrofscvenil on manufactureil products should be moderate and 
 im|)orlant commercial treaties : the lirst of these, reasonabh!. It had a variety of other clauses, all 
 
 with Prussia, wms dnteil February 1!», lH.'),'j, 
 
 'I'ho contracting parties engaged to suppress, 
 with a few specilied cxce|itioMs, till prohil)itioiis 
 against importing the pro<liicts of tlie one into 
 the territories of the other ; they next established 
 a complete freedom of traile iK'tween the two 
 countries in all articles of raw produce; and lliey 
 
 of n lilierni character. The duration of the treaty 
 was limited to VI yc.irs, so that it had expired 
 and was letiewed before hostilities broke out bo- 
 Iwei'ii Prussiii nnd Austria. The war of I8»it! 
 affected the trade of (iermany most injuriously, 
 and by wiiy of illiisinition we subjoin a state- 
 ment referriiii' to 18G5 and IbtUi. 
 
 All Accniint shi.wimj the Proportion of the licreniipx of the Girmnn Cimfoiiis' Union liiiiseilin the 
 iliff'crent Stnti-s in l«(i.") anil \HtU], anil the Distr'ihution theno/', iwrorilini/ to their J'n/iiilation, 
 from Mr. tiecretary of Legation Lowllier'a Hejmrtf of July iX, IHUO, anil July 29, 1«07. 
 
 Stales of the Vcrein 
 
 llrtiioviT 
 Kleiioral lifise 
 .\a-H-iu - 
 
 Kr.inkt'url.im-tlie- Maine 
 I.iltfintiuru 
 Hiivari:i 
 SaX'.ny 
 Wirifinlivra 
 Riclt'ii - 
 tirand Duoyl Ilei'ie 
 'rtiiirliiuii*. 
 Ilriiniiwli'k 
 OUlfitlMirK 
 Total 
 
 ISC', 
 Tlxt. 
 
 n,iiM,,'isr. 
 i,'jii>,.ii'j 
 
 IW.Ki.T 
 
 l,:ii.i,uNS 
 
 4 Vi,si5 
 
 i (iill,i:>H 
 
 Md.MS) 
 
 ?,\t,-i',-i 
 
 _ l!.1;i,l,TJ_ 
 v.i,9i.-.,-.(;5 
 
 Hum 
 
 Kxjmrt Diips 
 
 isir, 
 
 ISfiJ 
 
 isr.ri 
 
 Till. 
 
 rill. 
 
 rixt. 
 
 ll,(;iis,i'.o 
 
 SS, ■,,',.', 
 
 SI,'H!I 
 
 J,SS1,.-,.T. 
 
 !!,lill 
 
 4,S.">a 
 
 y>;,;s% 
 
 KHU 
 
 ,, 
 
 Ul,71,'. 
 
 K^ 
 
 
 71.'-,; 1.1 
 
 Ifi.Sl.T 
 
 Ks3 
 
 11^,1111 
 
 1,(1111 
 
 Vii'^ 
 
 l,.1ll.'i,.-.BI 
 
 ;,-i(i'j 
 
 •i-» 
 
 4,-S.-.,'.l'^ 
 
 .-i.HHI 
 
 •i\ 
 
 ;<lr,,!,•l^ 
 
 SM 
 
 
 UUJ.IHI 
 
 4,!H1 
 
 Z.VM 
 
 4S;,(i.|H 
 
 1,1(10 
 
 I 
 
 .le.'i.'^'ifi 
 
 l.j'j 
 
 G 
 
 'iW.lVt 
 
 IB 
 
 
 7(1(1,1 Hi 
 
 hi; 
 
 l,.^M 
 
 KI,.1III,1A3 
 
 rr,,->'M 
 
 Tr 
 
 lal 
 
 I86i 
 
 ISC6 
 
 rlxl. 
 
 rlvt. 
 
 n,7i.i,iii 
 
 Il.filv,;!') 
 
 1, 'J 1 '.),!( Id 
 
 l,SNII,lf,.'> 
 
 .">;.i,')ii.T 
 
 3.'>;,.'isi 
 
 !iH,:.',(j 
 
 '.pi.ii'i 
 
 K.i!i,():,(i 
 
 •i\i\,r>\)\ 
 
 yl^,M^ 
 
 IIH,VI7 
 
 1, .i;i, ■.'!); 
 
 l,.ii,,'i,«r,i) 
 
 •i,iu\',yi 
 
 •.(..IS.'i.'i.l.l 
 
 4'.ri,(i'.!i 
 
 .'i(p;,.')ii.T 
 
 i,(i(.n,i'.f« 
 
 i,(iiii..i;<i 
 
 si;/>!(U 
 
 ■iH;,(i.-.'^ 
 
 .'<IV,III 
 
 .1(Vi,'i(i'< 
 
 'ii^,■r,^ 
 
 V 1 1 ,; 1 u 
 
 '«!,'/ Ifi 
 
 2(i;,!iTi) 
 
 ' :i.".,'j'JI,(iS."i ' 
 
 Sl,.14(i,7.'>l 
 
 Renewal of the Zolherein. — The <!erman States I 
 lying to the south of the river M,;ine having 
 )Ireserved their indepeiidenee after the war of . 
 IKllti, were not under any obligiitiou to unite: 
 themselves eitlier poliiii;ally or commercially with ' 
 Prussia, or even to renew the Zidlvcrcin which 
 the war had dissolved. However, a sense of 
 their own interest siibseiiuently induced the | 
 Soiitliern States not only to enter into military \ 
 cdiiventions with the Pnissiiiii Crown, but to con- 
 tinue nienibers of the Zollvereiii u|)on an enliirged ' 
 h.isis. On July 8, 1HI)7, a new /(illverein tre.ity 1 
 for a further term of years was concluded between j 
 the states of the North (Jernian Confederal ion and ; 
 the South (ierman State.^, viz. — Pmvaria, ^Vir- 
 leinberg, liaden, and He.sse-Darmstiult — the scope 
 of which extends to the whole of (icnnany, except 
 Aiistiia, inasmuch as the two IMccklenbiirgs, and 
 the tliree lliinsc Towns, as members of the North- 
 ern Confederation, are parties to the last-men tinned 
 treaty, and are represented in the ZoUvciciii 
 (■(iiiiii'ils. Under the old system, questions were 
 settled in ihc ZoUverein conl'erences, in wliich i 
 iiiianiniity was rei|uired ; wliereas, under the new 
 treaty, the legislative power is given to a feder,al ', 
 eoinicil of 58 member.s, in conjuiielion with a Ciis- j 
 tdiiis Parliament. In the council, Prussia has 17 ; 
 voles, and a veto uiioii all alterations of existing 
 laws ; in other cases the majority of the council 
 decides, Prussia having a casting vote. The j 
 tUi.stonis Parliament (which met for the lir.st time ' 
 ill Perlin on April '-'7, ixtiS) is cho.sen upon the; 
 jiriiiciple of universal siillVage by the ]ieoplc of the 
 .^diitlurn St.'ites, as well as of the St;ites of the j 
 North (ierman (Nuifcderation, nnd in it all resolu- 1 
 lions are passed by an absolute majority. There , 
 i-^, llieret'dre, every reason to believe tliat Prussia j 
 Mid the eoinnicrcial States of the Noitli will : 
 enjoy their due inlhience in the council of llie ' 
 new Ciistdins' Union, and tli.it the public opinion ; 
 dl'tlienalidii will be fully and fairly represented 
 ill the Customs Parlianicht. 
 
 A ilillieiilly ill the w.iy of the acocssion of the 
 twd Mecldeiiluirgs to the Zollverein system was! 
 fdund to exist in their treaty of 18(15 with France, I 
 liy the I8|h Article of which the Jleckleiiburgs had , 
 engaged not to raise tlejir customs duties above tlic ' 
 
 rate of 1 dollar per centner, and not to introduce 
 any new duties whatever. This dilliculty has been 
 removed. Prussia has con.seiited to a reduction of 
 the customs tarilf on French wines, and some other 
 articles ; and the two MecUlenbiirgs are left at 
 liberty to enter tla^ customs frontier of the North 
 (ierman Confederation, and to fullil all their en- 
 gagements as members of that alliance. The 
 arrangements for that |)urpo.se are exjiected to bo 
 soon completed by the Fet'cral ('ouiicil, and the 
 early admi.ssiop of the two Mecklenburgs within 
 the customs line may now be anticipated. 
 
 Schleswig and llolstein retained their ohl tarifT 
 for some time after their annexation to the Pru.s- 
 sian Jlonarchy, but towards the eiKlof .\pril I8(!7 
 a royal ordinance put the /ollverein tariff into foreo 
 within liotli Duchies; and on Xovcmbcr 15 they 
 were fiirmally incliide(l within the limits of the 
 /ollverein itself. The town of Altona w.'is, how- 
 ever, exceptt'd, and has been allowed for the present 
 to remain a free port, with similar iirivileges to 
 those enjoyed by the neighbouring territory of 
 Hamburg. The transit duties formerly levieil on 
 goods passing through the.se Duchies are now 
 entirely abolished. 
 
 The tariff and regulations of theJCoUverein were 
 likewise applied to the Duchy of Ijiueiiburg as a 
 part of the I'rnssian Monarchyon .Ijiiiiiary 5, 181)8, 
 and the transit duties long charged on the passage 
 of goods through that Duchy were then abolished, 
 liy these sevcivd extinsions the Zolherein fnmticr 
 has been lironglit down to the FIbe, subject to the 
 exemptions temporarily granted to Hamburg anil 
 Altona as jiorts of free importation. 
 
 Ciiniinirciiil Treaties. — .\niong the commercial 
 tre.-ities lately Cdncliidcd by llie Zollvcyein, tliat 
 with Austria, dated March !•, 18(;8, stands promi- 
 nent (Ml accoiiiil id' the rediietioii.s of iliities and 
 the iiicre.Tsed I'aeilities of Irallic, for which it stipu- 
 lates. The provisions of the former commercial 
 treaty between the same parties of April 11,1805, 
 arc much enlarged ; and in return for numerons 
 reiluetions to be made by Austri'i the Zidlvcreiii 
 pledges itself to lower its customs tarifl'as reganls 
 the importation of jiig iron, linen yarn, wine, 
 horses, and various other article.'' The export 
 duties (with 2 or 3 exceptions), as well as the 
 
l.WS ZOLLVKRi:iN 
 
 traiiBit (liitlpR, nrn on l)oth hUIos nhollHlu'd. Df diilii-M in tho tariff nf the (JoririnnCimfoniH' ITiiiiin 
 tlu< ii(iviiiil)i),'t'!i of tilt' liiMt troiity witli tlic /olSvu- ! Iiiivd iiikIit^iiic iiiiiiiv iiioililiciitiniis. Hut i-xri'iit 
 rein, tin" niiitrd i\iii;;(liiiii will piirtiikit in I'oii.so- im (Miiiric mid liciivv );iiimIh, they cuiiliniK-, »|h>hU- 
 <|iit'iu'<' of till* 'most I'tivoiii'c'd iiiition rliiiiye' In ' iiii; generally, to l>c niixlcriitc. A dt'i'liiriitinii 
 (iiir Iroiily with Aii.Hlria. | 'riiKATii'.M (Aiikikia). | i of April I, IMll'.t, ior llu' iiiliiiiNiion duly free iiihi 
 A treaty of niivipitiim with Italy had Ikvii pro-; (Irciil Itritain and the /idlviTciii of pattrriiN and 
 viiiiiMly ('oncluilt'd (III Octohor I I, IH(17; and inoro ! HiinipIrM iinportiHl liy I'oininorcial travrllcrH, has 
 rrcuMitly, Marcli !tf>, l«(iM, n treaty of coinnn'ret! hccn publixhod in the lAtnilnn (inzvtli: 
 and navigation with Spain Iuin been nnnoiinccd, | The overtures made to linssia on Udialf of 
 >vhereliy the /nllverein linN the ri^ht of tradiiif; on the Xollverein li.'iv(> hitlicrlo lieeii iiiiHUt'ecsHfiil. 
 
 th : nioxt favoured foiitinfr with tlie Kiiropean 
 portion of the Spanixh nioimn'hy, and has eon 
 ceded rt'eii)nK'al imvile^es to Spain in llieHtatesj 
 (if till! lliiioii. The dilVerential duties whieh have 
 
 {Hr/Hirt of Mr. Wanl, ininistiT resident at ilani- 
 hurtr, of May l/i, IHC.«.) 
 
 We have little doulit, should peaee he preserved, 
 that the advanta^eH of which the /idlverein must 
 
 hitherto existed in Spain in favour of certain he prodnetivc will he so many and so ^reat, lliat 
 articles of French |)roduee and niannfactiire have it will lay the foiindalioiis of a lasiin^r inli^rconrse, 
 likewise been abolished in favoured' the /.ollveicin. of which \\i' can neither furcseu tliu extent nor Ihu 
 la cun^uiiuuiivu uf tUusu und other ulmii^en, the [ beneliciul inllucnvu. 
 
 'IllK ICXD. 
 
 ■ ..I 
 
 I, If 
 
 T.osnox: rrsTNTFi) iir 
 
 SPOtTISWOODK ANT) Co.. NKW-.STHI:KT SUl'ARB 
 A.ND r.U(HAilK»T aiUtlT 
 
 I 6 
 
SUPPLEMENT, 
 
 ADMIKALTY COIJKT JIUISDICTIOX. 
 
 ICorNTV ('(tiMt'is.] 
 
 AlJC ANI> WA'Al. By Hm! WitU! iiikI llccr- 
 hdiiac Act of lK(i!», ;i2 & 'M Vict. c. '_'7, tin; lincii.sin^' 
 of rvrntHliiiK^iit liimi'ct.s in Kii;;liiml, and nl' ilic n^- 
 tailin({<'f liw^r, cider, iind wine, is tninnlirrcd from 
 llic cxfisu to till' Jii.si ices iiHscnibliid at the general 
 ainniai licensing nici^tiiiKi and tiic provLslons 
 of !)(iuo. IV. c. (il iiru dixlarcd to he. a|i|iii<:aiil<i 
 to (;raiitH of cc|•tilicat(^s niiiicT I lie new Acl ; 
 sli|iiiia(inf<, liowcvcr, tliat r.iicli ccrliliral' s arc iinl, 
 fxi(!|it under cxlraordiiiary cin lun^laiic ■>■, to he 
 re-fused where the li(iiiors an^ nut. lo he cii:i- 
 a\iined on tlie |)rcnli^o.s. 
 
 The ;t'2 & :t.'l Viet, c. It .suhslilutes for the 
 eiHtotns' diiCi(\s ciiarf^cuhle on beer and ah' in the 
 liuitT, on importation into tii« I'nitt^d Kiiif,'(h)in, 
 the f()lh)wiiiK diitie.-, after June i, 18G!), viz. : — 
 
 IWrr :iiiil ale. iinni'.-lv— £ x. tl. 
 
 Mmii, Itie burriTor lltlrty-hlz Rallon* • •lie 
 
 >l>rur(', till* wiJltsor wlllch wen-, U-t'ore f<Tmi.-n(atioii, 
 <>t A sprcilii- gravity nut L-xt L*c<llri({ one tlicii^anil our 
 hiiiiilri-(l and liinct)' dVKrces, l)iu liarrel uftlilrt>-MV 
 
 i;;iMiins- • - • - 1 1 I) 
 
 Kki-i-tnlhitj mil* tlidiis.iiiil (MIC tiiuKlretl and nindv 
 ili'cri'e-, llie barrel ot 1tiirty--..\ gallons - -lid 
 
 oruihvr fiirlh, vl/.— 
 
 lUiT, Itn' wort* of Willi h Wirt*. Ii fm; l»Tni''litali"n, 
 of a siM-ciilr Kravlly nut ext-f-filinj,' uiii' Ihmi.saiiil mid 
 »isi\-tivetli'«rcfs, On- barrel of thirty-hix i,MlIini'i • S (. 
 
 Hiceedinu one ItlDUsalid and hixty five tli'^ree*. and 
 not eKi-eedinK (ine tltoUk.in(l and ninety decrees, tlic 
 barrel 'if llilrty-six Kalbun - - • I) 1 1 II 
 
 Kxi ei'dlnt; onethtlll^and antl ninety dCKrecx, the bariel 
 iiftbirty-sUK«ll""» " ■ - • l(i I) 
 
 And in clinrginj; the above rates of duly iiiioii 
 tlie imiiortation of beer, tlie speeilie ;,'ravi(y ul' 
 tlio, wort.s from wiiich the same was made siiall 
 lie ascertained and ileterniincd in the manner 
 priscriheil by 1'.) dfe 20 Vict. e. ;M h. 1(1, fur 
 asi'crtaiiiinf; and determining the rates of draw- 
 liiiok (111 the exportation of Iner. 
 
 Al.i;XANI)i;iA. [Sii:/. '"•.na,,.! 
 
 AI.ICANTl';. 'llie values of inipor's and t x- 
 linrls ill ISrilish ves.iels at Alicante in IKiiT and 
 |.-i;h werei- 
 
 heeii I/, per ton. (Kcport liv Mr. ('onsul Ilarrie 
 of March It), IhCH.) [Sivmn.] 
 
 AM ST Hi! DAM. The foHowinK stati.ilics in re- 
 lalion to the iraileofthis port ami of the Nether- 
 lauds art' extracted, the (ir.st tablt! from tho 
 licporl of .Mr. CiiiiMil .Ncwiiham of May 27, 18(>!», 
 and .htilast tun Irum that of .l.'inuary 7, IKlil), 
 liy .Mr. Tlmrluw, si nil Mcretary to our Lega- 
 tion at the Hague : — 
 
 i. — .-/(•(,•()»«< iif ill!' Aniviih mill DejHtrtiirrs of 
 Nitlicrliiiiilti mill I'lirviiiii I'lis.sil.i at .Inislir- 
 iliiiii ihir'iiiij 1X1)7 mill IHliS, 
 
 Nitlierlandi 
 i'ureif{n ' 
 Tutali 
 
 .Vethi'rl.'inds 
 l-'un-i^n • 
 'I'otaU 
 
 ■sM'U 'Ions 
 
 I'l'l.l.'ill 
 
 .-I'ji.a;.'. 
 
 i.iiiii 
 
 IHGH 
 
 Vessel! I Toll* 
 
 7'i7 I ~VOlT,\vr 
 7."iS , V'^l,7lil 
 
 "i.ii..'. I i.vi.i'jV 
 
 Departnm 
 
 •illS.II.'i.T 
 
 iini.iiii: 
 
 1111,71', 
 
 V1I7,IM 
 VI 1,1 III 
 
 l-il,.'.l,(i 
 
 Yors 
 
 111.7 
 WIS 
 
 Slll|iil 
 
 IDS 
 Hll 
 
 TotlH 
 
 •.'t,(i:(|.i 
 
 'il.Sti!) 
 
 Vahie \'aluf 
 
 ofliiipurtt of l^KplIrt> 
 
 .•JI.K.I.' 
 K 1 .11.-. I 
 
 ■1S,3H 
 
 I 
 
 Tin; increase in the value of imports wa.s 
 eauswl hy the arrival of .some Hritish vessels with 
 wheiu from tho lilack Sea. During 18G« the 
 trade at this port did not increase, but the duties 
 on ),'(iods imported, and port duties, which in 1H(')7 
 ninounted to 70,7,'j2/., were, in 18(18, 88,2s;)/., 
 • xdiisive of railway materia! and fuel, imported 
 free. 
 
 The exportation of esparto grass, chiefly to 
 Idiftland, has largely increased, 10,425 'tons 
 haying been .shipped in 18G8 against 2,51.'} in 
 18t)7. The sy.stem is now generally adopted of 
 incising the esparto to reduce its bulk. The 
 average price of this article, free ou board, 1ms 
 
 Of the 7:18 forci-ii iirrivals in 1H(;8, 200 were 
 steamers of 78,000 ton-, and of these 1811 were 
 IJritish of 71,"Ji).'/ t'liis. 
 
 II. — Tnhli: ahinviiiij (liiii nil Jiii/iiiii.i anil Kximrts 
 of llii: A'l-.llii'rliniilit friiin 18t;i In 18C7. 
 
 (ieneral ] Import fur I tioneral i. , r j 
 iinporta* t;<,ii .uinp- I Kxiiorta- lluty-lree .In Transit 
 tioii I lion lion l-.»liorfi | 
 
 lloriiK I tloriii* I llorins (lorins ilorliu 
 
 IWil 17l.".17,77" .•;sli,17li,.i(;i;l.V>,lli.,'i7ll.-.ll,li./,'^lf. K'l.v.il,-. 'I 
 
 I Hd.'.i ',1111, ')■/», .,7S lll.•i,'(.'l.^,■/^;jl.^»,l)'Jl,l•i7 .iii.7iii,ii'ii' !ii,'iiii,'i77 
 
 I si.''i.Vi^,'i7 1,71111 \ii,\ ei.iai i.iii,.viii,7.'i'.i .i.s.'i'j.v'ii, iw,ii.Ti,4.oi.: 
 
 ll>li7l'.)V,ils 1,71)5 t.Ti,iiW.'i,l,;il|ll'.l,.il7,(.ll .•■illi,MS7,.'.iii;ilili,l.TII,,".ll7' 
 
 deferring to the convention for the free naviga- 
 tion of the liliine entered into in 1X(;8 by the 
 Netherlands, I'mssia, Iraiice, liavaria, liaden 
 i itc, Mr. Thurlow gives the follouiii;; .•iiiiong other 
 particulars, showing the exKiU nf coinmcree 
 (la.ssing Lobith,on tlie Diittdi ];i)ili()iiiif the lihiiie, 
 iitdllVernit periods fiora \X'.V1 iluwnwaril.'-, .'iinl ia 
 the '.i years ending with 18G7, 
 
 III. 
 
 Yeara 
 
 1 Up lUlino 
 
 tlown lUilne 
 
 Tolnl 
 
 
 
 rwl. 
 
 rwl. 
 
 cwt. 
 
 ISWtO IS.Ti 
 
 I,r,i;'.'„-iit 
 
 .'i,4.V,,t',', 
 
 7,11117,7.'.!) 
 
 IK.^', 
 
 is.i:) 
 
 'J.lllN.WIS 
 
 (i.yii.i.ti.!) 
 
 !),U14,II77 
 
 l^l(l 
 
 ISII 
 
 .1,'i«7,.TJI 
 
 .\S«I,V',I) 
 
 !),|IW,U11 
 
 ISl') 
 
 1X411 
 
 I.I71,.V.0 
 
 «,<:(il,7.'W 
 
 lll.S.Kl.lO.'. 
 
 IS.-il) 
 
 IS'it 
 
 .'i,()i»,'.aH 
 
 "j,.'ji;7,'.ii() 
 
 I4,MI7,l((iS 
 
 1SV> 
 
 1»VJ 
 
 «,o;4,.'>i.i 
 
 l(i,ii.')S,ir,!i 
 
 n,i)yifivi 
 
 ISIil) 
 
 1H04 
 
 b,imV,lll!8 
 
 18,lia7,U48 
 
 !tl,IIO,tllli 
 
 i>ii;', 
 
 
 i,7'J'.',liZI. 
 
 Vl,l)l'i,l,sl 
 
 li7,7.17,l)(l.'/ 
 
 um 
 
 
 i,l»H,7l.') 
 
 a(i,lK)7,'5Ul 
 
 Sl.lUli.UlD 
 
 IS(i7 
 
 
 6,r.lS,(ii7 
 
 3U,IK)4,41I) 
 
 36,fiM,007 
 
 ARCHANGEL. The following table, taken 
 from .Mr. Consul licimy's lleport of March 31, 
 1809, exhibits the values of the exports from 
 Archangel in each of the live years sndiny with 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 1 ] 
 
 I ■' i 
 • I' i 
 
•••■«■ 
 
 
 ': ': '. 
 
 'I 
 
 
 ■M ', ' ^ 
 
 
 
 'f 
 
 . ! 
 
 :'-^-*;';v 
 
 .V . 
 
 •i ARROWltOOT 
 
 1868, and tho proportion of thuso to (treat 
 Britain : — 
 
 Valuet of KsjiorU, 
 
 IKCI 
 
 TaUl ■ - \vm,iM 
 
 To (ireU 
 
 BrIUin, ■ IfiHLSm 
 
 IHSfi 
 
 III67 
 
 I.O'^U.UOV l,«(M;,64l:l,-^tU,gAa;l,,'j(l|,'^l I 
 
 fi6!i,7oii «S7,tvj|_7a.i,6ns nmi/i.-.H 
 
 ARROWROOT. Customs' duty on, rcptiiled, 
 18G9. 
 
 AUSTRIA. See arficif TiiiiMi: in Dlr- 
 tionarj', edition 18C'J, 
 
 UALTIMOKi:. In illuHtratiou of the rapi.l 
 Rrowtii of tlii.s port, Mr. ('onsul Itaiiml.'', in iiis 
 Report of April iO, I8(!!), mentions tluit the 
 population, wliieh was 212,000 in 18(i0, had iii- 
 crcuscd to ,3.')2,l)00 in lH(iH. The following tnlilc 
 exhibits the iuereasc of our trade with lialtimorc 
 Bince 180G : — 
 
 British Sliipf)inff. 
 
 
 Kntenid j| 
 
 t'leaml 
 
 Yfirn 
 
 Number 
 of 
 
 Tom 
 
 ,, , 1 Nuitilwr 
 ofCaiKoe. Vwieli 
 
 TonK 
 
 M,7«l 
 (;ii,.iiM 
 
 lil.llO 
 
 of Cargoes 
 
 1807 
 I8GH 
 
 ISS 
 
 till 
 
 4S,49-. 
 
 BII.IVS 
 
 <|l)l«. :, 
 
 ■-'.'rts.iimi lilt 
 '^.uiis.iiii «iiy 
 
 V,().'i7,llcl(l i 8,'i7 
 
 doll. 
 
 Rl).1,.'.(1() 
 
 UAXtiKOK. The fiillowiiif; is an iiliridgniont 
 of a table ^iven by Mr. Kno.x, our Consul-General 
 for Siani, in his Report of March 25, ISlJl) : — 
 
 Account of Britith and Foreign SJilppiiitj En- 
 tereil and Cleared rit the Port of Bany'hoh in 
 18()8, and of the Values of their Cargoes. 
 
 cleared 
 
 Bnllih 
 
 French 
 
 American - 
 
 North (ierman 
 
 FortUKUese . 
 
 Sweden and Norway 
 
 Dutch 
 
 South American 
 
 Hawaiian • 
 
 Dmish 
 
 UlUbiMll 
 
 Siameie 
 Junlis to China 
 Toul- 
 
 1,^11.1! 
 
 i.vn.s 
 ..■»')ii 
 
 ,107 
 
 ,5llH, 
 ,1UU 
 
 £ ! 
 ni.vnii I 
 
 !,«.'> I 
 S!l,137.| 
 
 .. i' 
 
 3i,oon [ 
 
 9(i 
 
 ■»i,:i(inaM,4ii 
 
 A 
 
 l.liVI H.lll! 
 
 1.1 
 
 H,7I1 4'.MIii 
 
 (ill 
 
 iil,7M 15(i,'l|.1 
 
 f, 
 
 7.'>0 .I.IIKl 
 
 » 
 
 1,178 7,41)5 
 
 11 
 
 4,iU4 S2,18'^ 
 
 300 
 
 .odVioi 
 
 - .14(i M«„17.'5 ff'i.S'JH 
 
 4, 
 
 I 
 
 I26{ 
 
 47 
 
 991' 
 M7' 
 ,1)17 ; 
 
 J S l,n7B fi,3S6 
 
 ' 4 !)i)4 6,7111) 
 
 1 , i.'i7 «.4"0 
 
 114 45,47'J 397,':7S 
 
 lll7 l.1.1,liM999,Sl7 
 
 It would appear from the .same Report that 
 since 1867 the export of rice, formerly our prin- 
 fipal trade from this port, had ceased in ^reat 
 mea.iure, but that new markets have been found, 
 and that in 18G8 .lixtv-nine vessels cleared thci en 
 with full carj^oes for turope, and others sailed for 
 Mauritius, California, and Australia. 
 
 BANK OF ENGLAND. An Act (32 & 33 
 Vict. c. 104) for facilitating the payments of 
 dividends on the public stocks, passed in 18G9, 
 makes the following regulations Avitli respect 
 thereto, viz. : — 
 
 2. Power to send dividend warrants by post. — It 
 shall be lawful for the governor and company of 
 the Bank of Kngland, hereinafter called tlie Bunk, 
 from time to time, with the sanction of the Com- 
 missioners of the Treasury, to make arrangements 
 for payment of dividends on any stocks by 
 sending warrants through the post. I'^very such 
 warrant shall be deemed to be n cheipie on the 
 said governor and company within the intent 
 and meaning of the statute of 21 A 22 Vict. c. 79. 
 
 3. Effect of posting a warrant. — Every stock- 
 holder desirous of having his dividend warrants 
 acnt to him by post shall make a request Bccord- 
 
 llANKRUPTCY 
 
 ingly in writing to tho Bank, sucli writing to be 
 signed bv him, and to be in a fonn aiiprovcd by 
 the Bank and by the said commissioncrH, and 
 shall give to the'liaiik an address in tho United 
 Kingdoiii to wliich the letters containing such 
 warrants are from lime lo time to be sent, mid 
 the posting by the Bank of any letter addrc.xsi'd 
 to a stockhohU'r at his rei|iii'st at (he adilrcss 
 given by him to the Bank, ami coiitMining a divi- 
 dend warrant, shall, as respects the liability ul' 
 the Bank, be equivaU'iit to the delivery of siicli 
 warrant to the stockholder hiniself. 
 
 ■I. Change of dug on which tlividcnds on stocks 
 fall due. — The half-yearly dividenils due on aiiv 
 public stocks which at the time of the passing (if 
 this Act fall due on October 10 in each year, 
 hIiiiU from and after the passing of this Ai't be- 
 come due on ( ictober .0, instead of October 10. 
 
 b. Audit of dividends. — The Treasury ninv 
 from time to time mak;^ regulations as "to diV 
 mode in which the audit of the accounts relating 
 to dividends on public stocks is to be held hy the 
 commissioners for auditing tho jjiiblic aeeoiiiitH, 
 Olid may, if they think lit, dispense with siicli 
 audit altogether. 
 
 G. Defnition of terms. — In this Act 'iiiihlic 
 stocks ' shall mean and include any stock forin- 
 iiig iiart of the national debt, and transferable in 
 the bi^oks of the llank : 
 
 ' Stockholder ' shall mean the proprietor of aiiv 
 hliare in the public stocks : 
 ' Person ' shall ineliido corporation : 
 'United Kingdom' shall include the Clmniipl 
 Islands, the Isle of Man, and any other islanii-i 
 adjacent to any part of tho United" Kiiigdmii : 
 
 "'Warrant' shall include draft, order, cIim|up, 
 or any other document used as a medium f'jr 
 liavinent of dividends. 
 
 liANKRUl'TCY. In the articles Ban-ki;i i-r 
 AND BANKiiri'TCY. and Insdi.vkncv AN'i) Haxk- 
 i!iJi>rrv, in this Dictionary, the history and policy 
 of the laws afl'ecting bankrupts in "the Uiiiteil 
 Kingdom, and the progres-s of opinion and le;;i.s- 
 lation on the subject, Imve been shortly traced, 
 down to the session of 18fi8. We have now, by 
 way of supplement, to give a short abstract lif 
 the more important clauses of the Bankniptcv 
 Act of 18G9 (32 tt 33 Viet. c. 71), entitled An Art 
 to consolidate and amend the Law of Bankruptcy. 
 The Act is divided into a preliminary aiid 
 eight other parts. 
 
 In the preliminary portion the 2nd clanse 
 declares it inapplicable to Scotland or Iielaiul, 
 except when exi)res.sly provided. 
 
 The 3rd dates its operation from Janunrv 1. 
 1870. 
 
 The 4tli dediics various terms used in its pro- 
 visions ; and 
 
 The fttli excludes from its operation companies 
 or partnerships registered under the Companies 
 Act of 18(12. 
 
 In Part I., relating to the adjudication tnd vest- 
 ing of i)roperty, clause (1 provides for the ailjii- 
 dicatioii of a bankrupt owing 50/. to one or more 
 creditors, and defines si.K acts of bankniiitcv, on 
 any one of which that may have occurred within 
 the previous six mouths, his or their petition 
 mus'. he founded. 
 
 7- 9 refer to the proceedings on debtors' sum- 
 mons and petition, proof of debt and of fiading 
 when necessary, and act of bankruptcy, and 
 to contested debts. 
 10 to the advertisement of adjudication. 
 12 binds creditors not holding securities. 
 1.9 empowers the court to restrain suits .itiil 
 appoint receiver. 
 14, 17, and 18 provide for the oppointmpnt, by 
 
TPTCY 
 
 ink, such writing to be 
 in a fonu oi)provcil by 
 j(l coininiHmiincrH, and 
 1 niUlrcxH in tlio Unitoil 
 letters contain ing hiicIi 
 () time to bo M'.nt, anil 
 of nny letter luldrcssfil 
 re(|m'st, nt tbo address 
 , iiiid routaininK adivi- 
 ■es]ioctH tho liability of 
 to llu" didivery of such 
 r hiins(df. 
 
 hicli iliridciiih on stoilii 
 r dividends due im any 
 e time of tlie pasHiii^ of 
 itober 10 in eaeli year, 
 passing of tliia Art lic- 
 istead of October 10. 
 s. — The Trcnaury may 
 ;• regulations an to llic 
 of the nceounts rdatiiiK' 
 Bcks is to 1)0. held liy the 
 n^; the public nccoiuit.'f, 
 tit, di.^pcnse with such 
 
 (. — In this Act 'inililii' 
 include aiiv stock form- 
 debt, and transferable in 
 
 }an tlio proprietor of any 
 
 corporation : 
 lall include the Chflniipl 
 n, and any other iKlninlH 
 ho United Kingdom : 
 idc draft, order, cliequp, 
 used as a medium for 
 
 the nrticle.t n.VMUMPT 
 
 InSOLVKNCV AN'I) ll\XK- 
 
 ry, the history and policy 
 ankrupth in "the United 
 CSS of opinion and Ic^fis- 
 ivc been sbortl)' traced, 
 8('>8. We have now, liy 
 
 give a short abstract of 
 uses of the Bankruptcy 
 
 I. c. 71), entitled An Act 
 
 the Law of Bankruptcy. 
 
 into a preliminary and 
 
 portion the 2nd claii.-ic 
 
 Scotland or Ireland, 
 rovidcd. 
 
 ration from January 1. 
 
 terms used in its pio- 
 
 ils operation companies 
 d ntuler the Companies 
 
 he adjudication lind vcst- 
 ; ])ri)vides for the adjn- 
 wiiig 50/. to one or more 
 : acts of banknipt<'y, on 
 ay have occurred wifliiu 
 IS, his or their petition 
 
 ledlnga on debtors' sinii- 
 
 _■ of debt aiul of trading' 
 
 i;t of bankruptcy, and 
 
 1 of adjudication, 
 lolding securities. 
 
 t to restrain .suits rttld 
 
 for the oppointinent, by 
 
 BANKRUPTCY 
 
 the oredilors or by their <'uuiniiltcc of inspection, 
 not exceeding live in nundier, of a truHtee (paid 
 or unpaid, but ^ivin^ security) to nuuin^^e the 
 bankrunt's properly, aiul that liiu re|{islrur id' thi^ 
 court Hiiall act as trustee till the appointment bu 
 made. 
 
 U) describes the property of a bankrupt divisible 
 anioii)^ his creditors, and s|)eciMllv excinpis— 1st, 
 property held in trust ; and 2n(f, tools of trade, 
 ami family weariiij^ ajiiiarel uiul beddiufr, to the 
 value in all ofjo/. 
 
 10 lays down re;;uIutiong auto the first meeting 
 of creditors. 
 
 In I'art II., re){ulutinK the ndniiidHtration of 
 the proiierty, clause 19 relates to the conduct of 
 the bankrupt in aiding; or impeding' its realisation, 
 and his punishinent in the tatter case. 
 
 20 lays down rules for the conduct of the 
 trustee. 
 
 21 regulates general meetings of creditors after 
 the (irst. 
 
 22-24 vest the ijrojierty in the trustee, and 
 enable lilni to diselulin that which is onerous. 
 
 25-2U define his powers; inter alia, authorising 
 him, if the creditors approve, to receive and de- 
 cide on proof of debts, and to adniiiuster oaths. 
 
 To carry on bankrupt's business, ami to ein- 
 plov him to superintenci it. 
 
 To sell the proi)ertj', or mortgage or pledge 
 any part of it. 
 
 To bring or defend suits, refer disputes to 
 arbitration, compromise debts or claims. 
 
 To divide property whicli cannot lie sold among 
 the creditors, and to accept coin|)osition, or general 
 .scheme of arrangement ullered by the bankrupt. 
 
 30 binds the trustee, under pemdties, to pay 
 sums into the Bank of Kngluiul, or other bunk 
 chosen by creditors. 
 
 31-10 describe del)ts, distingui.shing as prefer- 
 ential, certain local rates, assessed and other taxes, 
 and wages of clerks and servants, and deal with 
 allowance to debtors, set off aiul secured debts. 
 
 ■U-.JO apply to the distribution of dividends, 
 appro|iriation of the surplus, if any, by the bank- 
 rupt after payment of creditors and costs, the 
 close of the bankruptcy, discharge of the biuikrupt 
 (mainly depending on the ])ayjnent of 10.s'. in the 
 pound), and effect of the discharges. 
 
 ol-,'),'i relate to the release of the trustee and 
 its ctlects. 
 
 .Vl explains the status of an undischarged 
 bankrupt. 
 
 bi)-'M provide for the appointment of a comp- 
 troller or auditor of trustee's accounts, and deliiie 
 his duties and powers. 
 
 I'art 111.— clauses .")a-72 constitute the Court of 
 lianluiiptcy and Court of Appeal, ond specify 
 their general powers. 
 
 7:i-77 i)rovidc for the enforcement of war- 
 rants an<l orders of the court, and enjoin that the 
 liankrnptey Courts in Kngland, SScotland, and 
 Ireland, and every British court elsewhere, shall 
 be .nuxiliary to each other in bankruptcy cases. 
 
 7X, 70 empower the l..ord Chancellor to revoke 
 or alter rules of court, and to effect change of 
 jiirisdii'tion in county courts. 
 
 In I'art IV., consisting of suiiplemental pro- 
 vi>i()ns, clau.se 80 makes additional regulations 
 as til proceedings in bankruptcy. 
 
 f^l. W2 state the couseciuenccs of anmdliiig of 
 niljudieation. 
 
 1^1), «4 lay down rules as to the trustee and 
 tommittce of inspection. 
 
 •*.-), H() relate to the power over the bankrupt. 
 
 *i7-',)5 to the property devwlving on the trustee. 
 
 DG-'JO to the discovery aad stwure of the bauli- 
 rupt's property. 
 
 13ELU1UM 
 
 a 
 
 mo-lo.'j refer to Joint and sepurntc estates. 
 loii-lo'j specify the nature uf the evidence 
 iiei'essary in proceedings in bankruptcy. 
 
 I lO-l 10 are of a miscellaneous kind, IIH eiiMct- 
 ii'g that no person not being a trader shall be 
 ailjudged a bankrupt in respect of a debt uou- 
 tracied prior to the liankruplcy Act of lisiJI. 
 
 In I'art \'., relating to persons having privileKo 
 of I'arliamenI, 120-12-1 ena 't that this iiriviloKe 
 is not to prevent adjudication on bankruptcy; 
 that the seat of a bankrupt nu'iidier of the House 
 of l'iinunun-< shall bu vacated; and that the 
 Speaker shall isbuu a m.'W writ. 
 
 I'art \'l.— Clause I :;.■> makes regulations for the 
 liquidation by urrangeinent of the affairs of the 
 debtor. 
 
 I'art VII. — Clauses I'-'f., 127 contain regulations 
 for tlu! payment by a debtor to his creditors of a 
 composition, without any proceedings in biiuk- 
 ruptcy. 
 
 I'art VIII.— Clauses 12H-I;m make temporary 
 provision for transfer of oflicers from ohl to new 
 Court of liankrupl<y, the .-ibcdition of the County 
 l)istriet Courts, compensation to, and reappoint- 
 nieut of oflicers &e. 
 
 Sclu'duli' 1 appended to the .\et gives tlie fol- 
 lowing list of, and description of Traders: — 
 
 Alum makers,apothecaries, auctioneers, bankers, 
 bleachers, brokers, brickmakcrs, builders, calen- 
 derers, carpenters, carriei-s, cattle or sheep sales- 
 men, coach proprietors, cowkeepcrs, dyers, fullers, 
 keepers of inns, taverns, hotebi, or coft'ce houses, 
 lime-burners, livery stable keepers, market gar- 
 deners, millers, packers, printers, sharebrokers, 
 shipowners, shipwrights, stockbrockers, stock- 
 jobbers, victuallers, warehousemen, wlutrlingers, 
 persons using the trade or profession of a scrivener, 
 receiving otlicr men's nuineys or estates into their 
 trust or custody, persons nsuring ships or their 
 freight or other matters against iierils of the sea, 
 persons using the trade of mercliandise by way 
 of bargaining, exchange, bartering, commission, 
 consignment, or otherwise, in gross or by retail, 
 and perscms who, either for themselves or as agents 
 or factors for ctliers, seek their living by buying 
 and selling or buying and letting for hire goods or 
 coiumodities, or l)y the worknuutship or the conver- 
 sion of goods or commodities; but a farmer, grazier, 
 common labourer, or workman for hire shall not, 
 nor shall a mendxr of any parluership, associa- 
 tion, or comjiany which cannot bu adjudged bank- 
 rupt under this Act, be deemed as such a trader 
 for the purposes of this Act. 
 
 In the article B.vnkiui't and lUNMviai'Tcv in 
 this Dictionary the author expressed an oiiinion on 
 the impolicy of imprisonment for debt w here the 
 debtor had acted honestly and had done all that 
 shouhl be re(]uired of him. By Act o2 &. iiiJ Vict, 
 c. ()2 the Legislature have adopted this view, and 
 maj- be said to have abolished imprisonment for 
 debt in Kngland, except for the iiunishnient of 
 fraudident debtors and of contempt of court. 
 
 The ;i2 & ;i;i Vlct.c.S.'J provides for the winding 
 up of the business of the late In.solvent Debtors' 
 Court in Kngland, and repeals a number of enaet- 
 nu'iits relating to insolvency, bankruptcy, im- 
 prisonment for debt ic. 
 
 BA1;LI';Y and HAULKY meal, and 
 BAKLKY I'EAIJLKD. Import duty on, repealed, 
 l«(5:>. 
 
 BKAXS AND BKAN MEAL. Customs' duty 
 on, re|iealed, iMtj'J. 
 
 BEAU or BlGti. Customs' duty on, repealed, 
 1«6». 
 
 BEER. [Ai 10 AXi> Bkku.] 
 
 BELGIUM. See article ou AsTWElir in the 
 Dictivuury, eUitiyu 1»G'J. 
 
 a2 
 

 4 BIOO 
 
 ni(if!. rnKAii.i 
 
 HIKDH. [Ska r«iiii.H.J 
 
 HISCUIT AM) IIIJKAl). Cu(»tom»' duty on, | 
 rciifinlpd, I NO!). i 
 
 BOSTON. The rockn cnllcil TimHor niul Cor- 
 win ill tin- iiifliii cliiiniu'l iiciir Kort Wiirron, whidi 
 cnu.H(<(l iiiiicli troubli! (o tliu Nhippiii^s liiivo bucii ! 
 rpmovcd to the dopth of twciity-tlirco feet at low I 
 water, and tlit'He and otiier opcrntiuDU for widen- ' 
 iii^ and dcepeninf; tlie npproat'liex to ttiix har- 
 bour have rendered it one of the inoHt Hcciire \ 
 on the eoaNi, and will xooii make it one of the 
 inoHt aivcsMible. — Coimul I^ou.sada'b Kejiort of 
 February 8, I8tJ!». 
 
 liKA/IL. [Si.AVKs AM> Si.AVK Tkadi;.] 
 
 Ill the Dictionary of IMli'J will bi' found artirles , 
 on the uiidemieiitioned lirazilian ports; viz. 
 
 liAlllA, I'AKA, I'KltNAMni'CO, ni'.d lilo DK 
 
 Jankiuo. 
 
 UKISTOL. For nn aceount of the harlinur, 
 docks d'l'., iif this port, sue the article Doiks in 
 the Dictioimrv. edition of IHGlt; snii-heail i/Wn/o/ , 
 /A(cA», S/il/)iiiiii/, itc. 
 
 BLCKWllKAT ANOMKAI.. Custonis' iluty ' 
 oil, rcjiealed, 18U'.i. ' j 
 
 I 
 
 t'AXADA. ('iii,iiNii;s : IIii>n(pn's Il.w Cum- 
 i-ANV, in this .SuppliMUiMil. Sic also articles 
 Hai.ii'ax :iiult^n;iiK( ,inthe Die li(>Marv,ed. IHW. , 
 
 I'ANAL. [Si i:/. Caxai-.J 
 
 t'Al{Ull''F. For an account of this ])ort and! 
 its doeks, see the article U(kks in the Dictioiiarv, 
 edififiM INOlt. Sub-head Curdiff, 
 
 ( lilAtJKS. The ;{-' h .1:1 Vict. c. 11 
 ftboliMics (IVoni .Taiiuary I, 1x7(1): l.The duties 
 upon licenses lo kec|), use, and let to hire hackney 
 earrintfcs in the metropolis, and the wirkh- duties 
 payable in respect of them; ami 2, the duties upon 
 licenses to keep, u>c, and einiiloy sta^e c.irria^i'cs 
 in (ireat Britain, aiul also tlie 'inileafje duty in 
 respect of the same, and iui|)oscs the fullowin^; , 
 tlutics :— 
 
 CHINA 
 
 U lU (> 
 
 Kor t**rv lior«i' nr iiuil* • • • < 
 
 Fur Armorial IttnrinifH — 
 
 II' >ui'h ariii.irhil lH->tinii< •h>ll Im> iwlnlinl. inukcd, 
 
 or aflltctl nil or III Ally I'nrrltiui' • - y '^ 
 
 II' •iii'h »iiiioiliil Im'iiiIiik« >Ii.>'I not I" «> ptlnlnl, 
 iiiniliKl, or altlti'tl, liul shall li« uiIimwIm, wutii 
 or MW\\ • * - - ' 1 » 111 '! 
 
 For tfvi;r> liurH> (It'alrr - • " - lil lO II 
 
 [IIackM';V ('AltlllA(iK.H.] 
 
 CASSAVA I'OVVDliU. CuHtomii' duty on, 
 repealed, I8(i!(, 
 
 fATTLi:. An Act pnwed in IHtiO (3-.' dc ;(;1 
 Vict. c. TO) cons(didates, amends, and makes per- 
 petual the Acts for preventing the introiluetioii 
 or spreading; of eontOKiouH or infect iinw disca'^cK 
 anioiiK cattle and other animals in (Jreat Uritain. 
 It is divided into 1(1 parts; the 1st |ireliiuinary, 
 the 2i)d referring to local autliorilicH, the 3rd to 
 the import of foreij,'n animals, the 4th to the 
 discovery and prevention of disease, the /ith ti. 
 slaughter of cattle he. in cattle plo^ue, and com- 
 pensation to be awarded to the owners, the (Ith 
 to Orders in ('(unicil in'., the 7th to the ac- 
 ipiisltion A-c. of land for the buryinj; m- slau^li- 
 Icriiii; of animals \c.. the Htli to the expenses el' 
 loi'al authorities, the Htli to oll'ences and k^al 
 proeeiiliiiKs.niMl I he Kltli to Scotland ; and apjieiid- 
 ed (o tlic Act are !l Schedules, chiefly (oiitaiiiiii;; 
 re;;'iihiiioiis ; i|ie .'ith stating the maximum ttilN, 
 dues, and paynicnts in the Metropolitan market 
 after llie opeiiiii:;' nf the l''orci;;ii Cattle market; 
 vi/. ,1. 
 
 Miii-p 
 Ikntu 
 
 I'alvi'S 
 l'ltt< 
 
 Kor fvi-ry inalp H'Tvnnt . • . . 
 
 For i>vLTy i'arrl:i){e— 
 
 II' 4iii-h inrrJAfte Khali linve ttitir or iiiorp whpi-ls, niul 
 kh.ill lie of ihe wttxht of four hiiti'lrt-ilwrlKhl .ir 
 iipwanU . . . . . 
 
 If fcurh i-arriai{P shall havp less ihaii limr wlii-e's, or, 
 liavliii; f<,ur or mori* H-Iii>fls, shall Iw of a h'ss 
 w,'if{lil lli.iit fxiir huiKlrttlUi'i^ht . . ■ 
 
 II IJ 
 
 I i piT lii'a J 
 
 An Order in Cduncil of Aii;,'ust 10, IKGlt, appii- 
 cabletothe Metropolis, revokes all iirevioiisuiciirs 
 on the subject of contagions and infect imis illseases 
 of cattle, ami regulates the import of cattle iiitn 
 the piirt of London, the moving of eattkMind llicii- 
 sale, exiiitiitiou, slaughter &e. 
 
 CIIILK. See VAi.i'AitAiso in Dictioimrv, edi- 
 tion IXCi'J. 
 
 CIIIN.A. The followiiigtables, and that given 
 Milder Shaiigluii, arc extracted from the l\etiiriisiir 
 Trade printed at the Customs' I'ressof .Shangliiiiiii 
 1H(!!1. See iiisu articles A.miiv, Canto.v, Imhi- 
 < iiiiw, lloMi Ko.sti, Macao, Xixdi-ti, SiiANtiiiAi 
 ifcc, ill the Dictionary, edition I8ti','. 
 
 Slil/i]iiiiii at C/iinene Poiln in tliv fiilliitriiui ]'iiini. 
 
 
 
 
 •*"' 
 
 ISi)', 
 
 ISiili 
 
 1 
 
 M.7 
 
 i.stn 
 
 r:-»k' 
 
 Vf««-I» 
 
 
 Vi'smU 
 
 
 \-e.«fl« 
 
 
 \'e.'sfU 
 
 
 Vf,.i'ls 
 
 
 (entfrtil 
 
 Toiu 
 
 (L'lilL-ri'd 
 and 
 
 'X'ons 
 
 {i-nliTal 
 
 TollH 
 
 (I'lilcroil 
 
 Tons 
 
 tiit'.-ii''( 
 
 Tom 
 
 
 anil 
 
 
 
 ajiil 
 
 
 and 
 
 
 anil 
 
 
 
 I'lfarni) 
 
 V,Oll!>,.'?')c) 
 
 rlt.iroill 
 4,7'^1 
 
 ;<,Oi.'),!in(; 
 
 cle.irnl) 
 .■i.BII'i 
 
 l,'J.'i7.i.H7 
 
 rli'arfil) 
 
 'j.'nn 
 
 l,t'.7.1.7.'.l 
 
 fli-artil) 
 .l.d'^.l 
 
 'J,■!^:,-■i^ 
 
 Amfri.iiii 
 
 S.O.-ili 
 
 Atikiriaii 
 
 .">.'. 
 
 I'iflin 
 
 lU 
 
 .'i,i;si 
 
 HI 
 
 2,Sll 
 
 s 
 
 ■i.'J'ii} 
 
 .. 
 
 
 HelKi.-il 
 
 •n 
 
 A/.iiii 
 
 N 
 
 ii.viii 
 
 'i 
 
 li'."^ 
 
 •i 
 
 I.IIIHI 
 
 't 
 
 V.vud 
 
 llrhi^li 
 
 ;,'ii.'i 
 
 'i,Wi,'t\t 
 
 7,7!(ii 
 
 3,l('i7,!enl 
 
 s,-^7H 
 
 .•5,!)il,S'.l 
 
 7, Ml 
 
 .•!,71l,t)M) 
 
 7,I(ii 
 
 i,i.ia,(i!ia 
 
 rtiiin-,e 
 
 1,1 I'd 
 
 (i4,.'iSS 
 
 .'.71 
 
 .'•>'J,.'.IS 
 
 .'. 1 It 
 
 S^.Ti 1 
 
 .'.111 
 
 .■•1,111).) 
 
 .'.71 
 
 .i7,7.yi 
 
 llaiii.h 
 
 :r,i 
 
 ir.4,Hi)ii 
 
 (i7i) 
 
 141,017 
 
 ■^ir. 
 
 37.l)'.S 
 
 l.T) 
 
 '^'i,S7i) 
 
 1.1,'. 
 
 ,7.17 
 
 Ihiii'h - 
 
 v.n 
 
 .V.M71 
 
 I7li 
 
 .')fi,nMO 
 
 I!M 
 
 ti^l.sS.T 
 
 ■i.Yi 
 
 HV.tl 'S 
 
 in 
 
 5.'.,|lui 
 
 Kr,'iu-h 
 
 ji; 
 
 tf.-i.eii't 
 
 Vl'V 
 
 •J 1, lis 7 
 
 a.ii 
 
 Ids,'.) IS 
 
 'i\: 
 
 11 '.^..'.S? 
 
 -ifj 
 
 1 :.'... 111'. 
 
 lliiwajlait 
 
 K 
 
 'lilt 
 
 ■i^ 
 
 4,(>lill 
 
 i» 
 
 .l.'.iit) 
 
 s 
 
 l.WIIJ 
 
 1! 
 
 l,.|;ll 
 
 Ilnliiiii • 
 
 •i 
 
 H.I'J 
 
 10 
 
 U,'i 1 7 
 
 .'> 
 
 ;i,!i')7 
 
 l.T 
 
 II,','J.'. 
 
 ■' 
 
 1,111'^ 
 
 .lapaiii'M' 
 
 t 
 
 lie 
 
 . . 
 
 , , 
 
 1 
 
 1 ,'lfi.i 
 
 1 
 
 Ml') 
 
 n 
 
 l.l'.S 
 
 \orih (ierinait • 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 V.'.'IS 
 
 M'>.-:i 
 
 'i.'i^e 
 
 Btl.SIl 
 
 1,774 
 
 4(17,1117 
 
 llri'iil|.n 
 
 ift-i 
 
 M.yn 
 
 4'^S 
 
 I'ij.sr.'i 
 
 
 
 , , 
 
 
 
 
 llaiiiliur;{ 
 
 1,111!) 
 
 .•!Sil,l.V, 
 
 l.ll'^ll 
 
 Si'S.llli 
 
 .. 
 
 
 . , 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 llanovvr 
 
 I--7 
 
 ,-.ll,ll.!li 
 
 1.11 
 
 'Jl.slU 
 
 ., 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 I.UIin'k 
 
 'it 
 
 7,4M 
 
 1 1 
 
 .-.,7.'5I 
 
 ., 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 ., 
 
 •■ 
 
 Met-klinhurK- 
 
 .M 
 
 111,.'. IS 
 
 'i'l 
 
 .1,7111 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 :: 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 (>Uli-iilmr(( 
 
 -« 
 
 H.'ITl 
 
 .'.1 
 
 ll.lill 
 
 .. 
 
 ,. 
 
 ,, 
 
 •• 
 
 
 .. 
 
 rrussiaii 
 
 IN? 
 
 46,143 
 
 •n<:, 
 
 4i,.!;S 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N'*»rwav and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SwfiU'ii 
 
 110 
 
 58, ly. 
 
 lis 
 
 ■^6,877 
 
 (}2 
 
 \-:yi7 
 
 M 
 
 !i'.i,171 
 
 106 
 
 86,163 
 
 New (ir inndian • 
 
 1 
 
 ■IBB 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 l*oriut|iK-sv 
 
 !t« 
 
 t.'.IVi 
 
 "•u 
 
 'i.'iA'i 
 
 .-.0 
 
 '.'i',ii7-J 
 
 " 
 
 4(10 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 I'lTuvian 
 
 S 
 
 (i.'JSli 
 
 i 
 
 1, litis 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 .. 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 KiiN^iall 
 
 •il 
 
 •J, IDS 
 
 'iV 
 
 11,1.'..! 
 
 la 
 
 ■i.ti'i 
 
 .'.1 
 
 »,<1S7 
 
 .18 
 
 lV,0!)9 
 
 Siaiiu'^L' 
 
 l.v; 
 
 fiS,.'-,!)'. 
 
 l\i 
 
 111,177 
 
 1.'.7 
 
 r.4,r,ni 
 
 lliti 
 
 7l,»«t 
 
 •i'fi 
 
 1)1, .11 8 
 
 Sp:ui:>b 
 
 (.<> 
 
 'iii,y<'t 
 
 Hi 
 
 ■i l.H'il 
 
 18 
 
 •iri.MD 
 
 71 
 
 id.Sfi.T 
 
 44 
 
 11,147 
 
 S^n Salvador 
 Total 
 
 U>i 
 l7,»Uii 
 
 .11,(i(i7 
 ».,6.V),4»-. 
 
 .'■« 
 
 •.il,'JU4 
 
 ]r,,tiTi 
 
 
 'i 
 
 •JSfi 
 (i ,.196,81* 
 
 "i4,()7S 
 
 1,111 III 
 6,4111,511.1 
 
 I«,G8S 
 
 7,l.1li.''.t)l 
 
 t;,S77,.'.sa 
 
 11.7114 
 
. u lu ti 
 
 « iiulnlnl. iiiuknl, 
 . . » 'i (I 
 
 nut \<* Ml iKilntrtI, 
 In oihvrwl»« wutii 
 
 '. '. I I'i tU I) 
 
 Customs' duty ou, 
 
 icd ill iHCii) (a-2 4 ;i:i 
 
 iicntls, and niiikcs jior- 
 tiii); tliK iiitrodiu'tion 
 
 or inrt'ctinuH dinoii'ii'i* 
 iduIh in Great llritaiii. 
 
 (lie l^«^ |ir(>iiiniiiary, 
 autlioriliuH, tliu 3rd tu 
 nalH, till' 4tli to till' 
 iif (liHcaKC, tlie Titli ti. 
 ittlo idaK"**! and coiii- 
 o tli<! owni'i'N, tlin litli 
 
 ., tilt! "til to till! ai'- 
 
 li(> buryinj; or slttiih'li- 
 mll to tllc ex pen HI'S (if 
 to otVenct's ami lenal 
 Scotland ; and np^n'iiil- 
 iliiM, fliicliy ((PiitHiiiiii;,' 
 )i till- niaxiinuin toll-^, 
 M('tr()|iolitaii niarliot 
 'orci}{ii Cattle ninriict ; 
 ii. 
 
 • U |)t'r lieaU 
 V 6 I, 
 
 : -u :: 
 
 \ui,'iiRt 10. IHUD, appli- 
 okcs all ]irt'vioii.s (inii rs 
 and int'oflion;* discasc'i 
 1' import of cat tit' into 
 viiif^of cattle, iiiul llii'ii- 
 fa: 
 ISO in Dictionary, I'dl- 
 
 t tallies, and that nivcii 
 ti'd tVonitlit' K'ctiirnsof 
 lis' I'rt'ss of .SliaiiKliiii ia 
 i\MiiV, ('ANTn.N, l''(HP- 
 (), XlMil'U, SllANdll.M 
 
 ion IMW. 
 
 im;< 
 
 1,7.'' I 
 1,<JW 
 
 ,111111 
 
 ,IISII 
 
 i,i;iiii 
 ■',S7il 
 
 i,,'>S7 
 I, ■-'110 
 l,V(,'i 
 Wl'l 
 I.SII 
 
 ('^,171 
 
 "411O 
 
 H.'l'tT 
 
 •I,!l'il 
 
 -.Sli.T 
 
 ysfi 
 
 Ve,«i'l. 
 
 
 inlcif.l 
 ;iiiil 
 
 Toiw 
 
 cli-arwl) 
 
 
 .-,..).,1 
 
 'J,'M7,^'^7 
 
 7,15.5 
 .'»71 
 I"'j 
 
 l.vui; 
 
 ■I.H-'i.lKl'^ 
 
 IV 1 
 
 i;'.p,iii' 
 1,'i'iii 
 i.iiri 
 
 1,774 
 
 l.l'.S 
 
 ii;;,iii7 
 
 .12 
 
 •in 
 
 41 
 
 ii 
 
 •^i;,i63 
 
 li,099 
 !M,.1I2 
 11,1-17 
 
 i.i;{iii 
 
 id.si.^ I iijinsJMii'rilll 
 
 ('ni.\.\ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 
 8 ft i^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 « ^ 
 
 tt 5: - 
 
 
 
 « i 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 §5^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 u 
 
 Jt 
 
 "?!5 Si''*' 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 •: ■••••. 
 
 
 5^.1 
 
 3| 
 
 3 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — • 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 ft 
 
 5 
 
 § 
 
 '.iiSl 
 
 523 
 
 * = S 
 
 
 ?|5 
 
 m 
 
 ? 
 
 ?, 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ = 
 
 i?Bs 
 
 s*"^ 
 
 5^*8 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '1 
 
 5 
 
 » 1 :^ — ■ 
 
 I 
 
 rf; ."• — tj ■* w -• -^ — or a! (a "^ »i I* *f* — .- 
 
 _5^-v^. «o.'a n^.-. -.••.1 -»j- ' f;'-! 
 
 ** 1 1 * t* I "f « 'i j< *'; I » »- 2 ri I ?• •• 1^ 
 
 rt t . N j> ?> ff 5 — ffi /: I. .1^ I -'.--• '» 
 
 H>V^.-\ n'^- <V- ^V^ ':'-t1 
 
 ■n t- •• 
 
 ■M'C I- 
 
 J'^'-, 
 
 — -^ s 
 
 ■\=.<: 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 » N ?i 
 
 »■ ^' 
 
 I*. — -^ 
 
 *:«r, 
 
 
 
 
 t^r^.- 
 
 p^ 
 
 i"'^.'-; 
 
 
 « »! 
 
 a^ :r -M ts 2 ti I 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 !3 
 
 S? 
 
 ar ; ?j ' X X N 
 t*. r I ^ ri — J 
 
 "ISr* I ?t*C*') «*!"• eeor* 1 n»5i' 
 
 3j_;C,^ I ?^>».'J "■•".'•. ^•n*'^. " 
 
 Z =:"tT sT—t-T « >i **'—-/(',, N — — 
 
 ^i-r— fi^^ f-'ySiS ' -^frt^ ( fTtt 
 
 ?yc -rt >» ?i>i^. &«35 Si;?) 
 
 m 
 
 i^5 
 
 . 
 
 ?= 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 e 
 
 t.i, r. 
 
 c^-r. 
 
 
 *>l 1 
 
 
 
 
 iJjJS 
 
 U5S 
 
 <c 
 
 'S 
 
 M 
 
 10 
 
 
 94 M 
 
 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 I 
 
 
 ■■ n ?i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jjl'.l'lte 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "r — to 
 
 1-31 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i — tr 
 
 ::£S 
 
 ir r. •" Ti'C'O 
 
 • /■ — -r ^ 3* Jd 
 
 5<^ — I — "i-'i-^ , i-'N— irTc— ' , >'?*—" 
 
 5c*! ' -NNr* I— — •r I." -a :*:>■.-. 
 
 -i-^. "-'•.S. "i»l=S. -.-=1 -1'^=. 
 
 nr.-o %^vi^ t^wo ^K. J* vsr. T< 
 
 r-.S !?•;,- 
 
 
 r^ w — 
 
 r-rx 
 
 1* .- •» 
 
 
 ,m 
 
 T. >' <- 
 
 ^>1=^. 
 
 -.-i^i 
 
 s 
 
 s. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <C VI-- 
 
 
 •■? 
 
 
 - J« 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 e 
 
 
 4 ' 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 I.:' 
 
 c 
 
 I- 
 
 ■J 
 
 8 = 5. 
 
 1 
 I-' 
 
 ■■J 
 
 ■i s ? 
 
 c *» 5 
 
 .>■ = ?. 
 
 b ;. J U. -., IjJ 
 
 6 
 
 1- 
 
 ■3 : ■ 
 
 S 
 
 ■? 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 c V :i 
 
 ■5 = 1 
 
 :: - 
 
 1 
 
 1^ 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
 tb.,.1] 
 
 iCM 
 
 u.^u; 
 
 ^', 
 
 U 
 
 
 *i 
 
 %■■' 
 
 ■III 
 
 C J3 M 
 
 |:' I:' !=• 
 
 s £ a 
 til 111 111 
 
 1= 
 
 e 
 
 i?5 
 
 -j4 - 
 
 ■5:2 
 
 v. 
 
 •A 
 
 ■l','S'C?.'l ••1,7, 'S3«l "I W'-'l ''M 
 'i'.«I ui 'r,7,f,'i;'Hi s|j, 'iin«I "! 'fii'O'tis "'VI. ''.Pfl "! *'!«'«IJ",1 UBV'uijo^ 91(1 I'l v|r.i!t|> 
 'Aimi\' uiojj p,)|joilx.i .1)1 !,po<)i) iillutai',,! jn iTln- \ .n(,f, 'p.ii'iu'u ,«! oj lunoiuu 111 iiiniiDitiiif 
 jCiiiiaiJujns lull tijv *.\ntii v* jo siiGigjoil uo|iil,>,ik.i oq) ipi.w 'siio,| .1^,1111 iiiii.ij pdiJi'itx<i>a)| ii\)ooi) ati.f, 
 
riTTNA 
 
 Riviniii- nffiirh /'..;•/— l«fi« nii)l \M7. 
 
 J ■ •< 
 
 !, .,^i 
 
 .1 , 
 
 .} i 
 
 i 
 
 I'llfH 
 
 Iiiiiwrl 
 
 Kiimrl 
 
 Tminaii» Hun 
 
 « imm '|'r«U» 
 '•..IX 
 
 T«MI IMH 
 
 1 Tm«l 11(17 
 
 ~ 
 
 Til. m.r.,. 
 
 7/«. m r.r. 
 
 ri: m.r.r. 
 
 T/« m f r. 
 
 T7«. »!.■.». 
 
 T/t. IM.C.i'. 
 
 Mhiiniihiil • 
 
 l,|,u,^l>\.■l.l.^ 
 
 :iii,iMlo.».».ii 
 
 lip<>,'.B.i.;.n.T 
 
 It/.ini '..i.i 
 
 «,toi,nii..i . -I 
 
 v,im,ii'i.».7.i 
 
 I'rtitlon 
 
 ^^^^,l<t\.t.^.•> 
 
 A^li,»1.1.1.(.(l 
 
 17,711. ^.IHI 
 
 IH/Kil.l.l.H 
 
 H(i(i,-M<I,'J.H.I 
 
 ».1l, 771.11.7.7 
 
 Nwntow 
 
 IH7,n0.l.tl.l> 
 
 I'll, Mil n.ii.N 
 
 Iv.mHi.i. 11.11 
 
 •ili,V1li.ll..1.ll 
 
 .Itl.lll/.'I.H.t 
 
 ■^/",•(|.^.|.l..^ 
 
 Airnv 
 
 M.i.nji. 11.(1. 1 
 
 l,vi,vi7.1.7.'l 
 
 H,ANV..1.IMI 
 
 i?.'*n.(i.i..i 
 
 4'*<l,ll|l.7.>l.1 
 
 .MI1,lV7 H.ll.! 
 
 KiNtrhdW 
 
 HM.inci.i.i.i 
 
 l.ffir.nj. 1.^.1 
 
 |ll,l lt.7.ll.ll 
 
 5|1,M7. 1.1.0 
 
 l,HI.1,l(il.li,l.il 
 
 l.TOl.l. .S.l.'l.'l 
 
 'I'Akuw 
 
 «,YHH.n.J.'J 
 
 ^'^,sl^^^},H.^t 
 
 l,IKII.I.II.M 
 
 i.ni.B.^.t 
 
 ril.XtliM.-tM 
 
 (.H,I7I.I.S.H 
 
 Tainiul 
 
 i|/v,>iai.it.»..i 
 
 <1,7«'.).6..1 
 
 l.vii.^.on 
 
 t;i.7.o..i 
 
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 l",lM7.l.l.7 
 
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 ILiitkow 
 
 yM.I.L.I 
 
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 «,!«<• VII.C) 
 
 vi.niv.ii.A.* 
 
 A.M,il'l!l..1.ll.l 
 
 4«(i,.VI7.l.7.'V 
 
 «1M.7.'J.1 
 
 l,|ii|,vn.'i.(l.« 
 
 S,:l(ll).7.IM) 
 
 4.1,7j<i.n.I..^ 
 
 l,l'<y,'><ui.l.i.7 
 
 i »IJ,«17.(l.7..'i 
 
 I'llrfiin 
 
 n.'.,l.1ri./.(P.« 
 
 7i,VIV.7.«.l 
 
 I.VI0.1.A.II.II 
 
 li.lilll.li.l.H 
 
 iMI.V, I.V.I. II 
 
 . ai«pi,iiil.i.i.o 
 
 TlrnHlil . 
 
 »lll.(il'l.«..1.'l 
 
 .II.IIIH.V.I.!) 
 
 .'l.ll.llt.t.O.II 
 
 fiSllM|.H..1.ll 
 
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 , 4ll,/'l7.l(.i.ll 
 
 N«W< llWAHK 
 
 lcn,in« i,'i •■ 
 
 HI.MI. 1.1.11 
 
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 ^7,1'iH.ll.t.l) 
 
 _»I.\7.V..7.<.« 
 
 ' V.1l,li7<.t 1.7 
 
 TuIaI lUlkwAti 
 
 Tl.. 
 
 ^,t^^:,n:•.l,n.r,..'i 
 
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 VKtJM.XX-i 
 
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 AiM Trm,lr Ihits 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 n,7'iH..1,l.(l 
 
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 ,, 
 
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 Illll.'i.X.II 
 
 1 Ml.l.'t.O 
 
 Ihi. il.i. lUnkow . 
 
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 1 M.at^.li.^.l 
 
 Tiitil, IH'.H II. TU. 
 
 
 
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 Jt,IH1,ii'''.'<.'.7 
 
 ' 
 
 In IM7 H. 'i'l>. 
 
 .1,|.V.4 15.0.0.1 _ 
 
 4.nrii,oi,v.i.o.a _ 
 
 _ •J0.1,<I.M.H..V« 
 
 iin,vro,it,<A 
 
 ,, 
 
 ll,7H.VVW.<.7.!i 
 
 CIFOCOLATK. [Ln knsks; Tk.v.] ' 
 
 CIIHIMTIANIA. In OiiiHiil-lipiicrn! Crowe's 
 IJcport of Miirch HI, IKiiil, un tliu Spiint; llrrrinu 
 J''isliory on tlin Sonlh-Wc^t ('oant of Niirwiiv, he 
 
 ({ives tlic nnnc.\ril tiiblr, sliowiiif; il iiti li fur 
 
 tlic lust .six vcnr.H tiidini; with IHIt'.l, imii llic 
 c.x|K)rts for the live years ended I WJH ; — 
 
 Catch 
 
 Ktpnrinl 
 
 
 HrK. 
 
 Hrli. 
 
 mm 
 
 IIH7,(»iO 
 
 A.VUNNI 
 
 isi;.% 
 
 "N!l,l)l"l 
 
 mi.ivi 
 
 ihm; 
 
 74;,iNio 
 
 .I'IS./I'. 
 
 1SI17 
 
 .'I'J'J.OUt 
 
 .i;!i,i/v 
 
 ISf.H 
 
 l>IV,IHH) 
 
 IMI.IIU 
 
 IMi'l 
 
 i;hi,imio 
 
 
 The nliove lif^nrrs nicroly i-ffi'r In llu' s|irin;; 
 lierrinjf lislicry, iiihI not to wiint is cHii^^ht dnriii;^ 
 tiir season to the iiortii, nnd exported from the 
 northern provinees. 
 
 CIDI.H. I Am: nnd nK.Kii.] i 
 
 COA.STINd 'Ih'ADK. Tlio MereJi.ant Sliip- 
 pin^f (t'olMiiia!) Aet of iMCii (.'j-i Vict. e. II) 
 jilaeos, on eortnin conditions, the re;,'iilation of the 
 t'onstiiin trade of our colonial po.sscssions under 
 their resjurtive Lef;islatiircs, and empowers lliein 
 to grnnt, after duo examination, ccrlilicales of 
 i|U)ilifi<'ation to persons inteiidin;^ to net as 
 inaHter.s, mates, or engineers on board llritish 
 ^<hips. 
 
 COCOA XUTS. [LicKNsKs; Ti;.\.] 
 
 COI'I r.K. [l-l(i:.Nsi;s ; Ti-..\.] 
 
 COINS. Hy Order in Coinu-il of Aupst 7, ISliK, 
 p)l(l coins made at the branch mint of Jlel- ■ 
 bourne, \'ictoria, are declared legal tender in all 
 part.s of the empire. 
 
 Considerable discu.s.sion has been excited by 
 the proposal of Mr. Lowe (Chancellor of the 
 Exchequer) to levy seipnoragc on our Kidd coinanc 
 by fiiNTHf; in return for every l'.'.'t".'7 1 i;rains of 
 bullion delivered at the Mint a .sovereign of the 
 reduced weight of I22-J7 I grains. As the views • 
 of the author of the Commercial 1 )ictionaiy on the 
 subject of $eiguoraf;c are given in the article on 
 Coixs, p. 33i, edition ISfiO, they need not bo 
 repeated Iimv. \ 
 
 COLLISION'. Tlie County Courts Admi- 
 ralty jurisdiction i.s extended by 3'J & 33 Vict, 
 c. .51 to all claims not exceeding .'lOO/. each ' 
 on account of damage to .sliijps, whether by 
 collision or otherwise. 
 
 C( »LO>riKS. The Canada Rupert's Land Loan 
 Act of 18(i!> guarantees a loan of 300,000/. 
 by the Canadian (iovernment for paymeiit to 
 the Hudson's Hay Company of the price of the 
 
 surrender of Riipert'H Land to the Canndinu 
 Doniinion, 
 
 The Merchant Shipping Cidonial Aet of IN(;:i 
 gives power to Colonial Legislatures to reguloln 
 their eonitiiig trade, and to grant, allter exaini- 
 iiation, cartilicntes of (pialiticntioii to persons in- 
 tending to net as masters, mates, or engineers in 
 Itritisb ships. 
 
 l!Hi,;i2.» persons emigrated from the rniled 
 Kingdom in IH(\h, of whom \!'>'>,!t:\-i went to llic 
 I'niled .States, •.'l,2fl(> to our North Ameriiitii 
 cidonies, and I2,K0!) to the AuHtralian colonics 
 nnd New /caland. 
 
 CO.MI'.VNIK.S. T1ip3-.>A 3.TVict. e. 11», p.vsoil 
 IHdii, regulates partnerships for working iniius in 
 tile stininnrieH of Devon nnd Cornwnll. [I'.MiT- 
 
 XKIISIIIi's; It.MLWAV.s; StocKS.J 
 
 See nctroiiiit of its dock in nrtiilo 
 the Dictionary, edition ll^dO, suh-licail 
 
 COHK. 
 
 Doi KM in 
 Coi/i. 
 C()l!\ 
 
 LAWS AND CORN TliADK. .Mr. 
 Lowe ((,'hancellor of the Kxchequer) carriid nut 
 his intention referred to under Wiir..vr T.viin-r^c, 
 in this Dictionary, and on .Iiine I, IHtlii. by :1l' \ 
 33 Vict. c. II, the customs' duties cen.swl on the 
 import of corn, grain, meal nnd flour, and artid.'s 
 of the like character, viz., 
 
 Wheat, bnrley, onts, rj-e, pease, beans, maize or 
 Indian corn, buck wheat, bear or bigg, wheat meal 
 inid flour, barley meal, oat meal ami grnals, rye 
 meal and flour, pea meal, bean meal, iiiai/.c nr 
 Indian corn meal, buckwheat meal, meal iint 
 otherwise enumerated or described, arrowniiii, 
 barley, pearled, biscuit and bread, cassava pow- 
 der, maecaroni, mandioca flour, manna croup, 
 potato flour, powder, vi/. hair, powder pcrfumcil, 
 powder not othenvise enumerated or described, 
 tiint will svTVv the same ])urposc as starcli, rice 
 dust and meal, sago, semolinn, starch, stnrdi gum 
 oti torrified or calcined, tapioca, vermi(,'clli. 
 
 COUNTY COURTS. The Admiralty Juris- 
 diction of the county court.'! is extended by .V.' & 
 33 Vict. c. .51 to any claims not exceeding 300/. 
 cich, relating to the use or hire of any »liip, or 
 the carriage of goods in any ship, or any chiiin in 
 tort in respect of goods carried in any ship, and to 
 all claims for damage to .ships whether by colli- 
 sion (ir otherwise, and also, if the pjirties agree, to 
 claims of higher amount referring to idl thi; 
 above claims except those for damage. It pro- 
 ■ ides, too, that the judge may be assisted by two 
 mercantile assessors. (See ni.so Baskritt( v in 
 this Supplement.) 
 
aiuH 
 
 T.ll.ll IH"? 
 
 tM.r.r, 
 
 ' Til. m.f.r. 
 
 w.y . \ 
 
 »,1IP|,1|'I.».;.I 
 
 t*l.'J.I1.l 
 
 !P.1l,77t.'1.7.7 
 
 l/.'I.K.H 
 
 1(»,1ii.1.|.l..% 
 
 ll.7.»,<t 
 
 ,'«l1,1i7 H.il.l 
 
 il.n.l.il 
 
 l,;iw,(i.H.i.^(.'i 
 
 Ifi.^l.A.II 
 
 (;h,i7i.i.h.h 
 
 IM.A.'J 
 
 «'Vi.i;. 1.1.7 
 
 W D.I.I 
 
 4A«,«(l|. 7.1.1 
 
 I4.II.II..1 
 
 l(1,|lM.n.v,^ 
 
 J>.l.^^^.^ 
 
 4W..W)7.I.7.^ 
 
 w). 1.4.7 
 
 »l»,»/»7.n.7..'» 
 
 1.1. V. 1 .11 
 
 1 1llllt,llll,l.l.ll 
 
 1.'. ».K.| 
 
 4II,'(!I7.H.7.^I 
 
 v,.;.'4.« 
 
 ».1I,II7«.I 1.7 
 
 17.4. 7.« 
 
 ! 11,7111,111.1.7.3 
 
 JH.I.I.d 
 
 ' (I.Mn.s.d.T 
 
 11.1.(1.7 
 
 .V71.I.7..'. 
 
 Iv.ii 7.1 
 
 
 II.M.6 
 
 ii't.K.i.'i 
 
 UII.^N.II 
 
 1 Ml.l.'l.ll 
 
 lO.fi (I.H 
 
 1 M.OI7.(i..1.i 
 
 i.'i.H.I,7 
 
 ' 
 
 •• 
 
 _lt,7ii4,S.1(l.'4.7.!t 
 
 11(1 tl> 
 
 t)w Cnnniliiiii 
 
 Ciiloiiinl Act iif lK<l:i 
 >:i.slntiir('N lo rcKiiliitu 
 II Kr»>>t< ol'tcr r.Miiiii- 
 licntiiin to ihtnoiis iii- 
 inntox, (ir onijinrrrn in 
 
 I'd from tli(> I'liilpil 
 1 l.l.'^ri.'li wi'iil to 111!' 
 our Nortli AiiiiTiraii 
 ic AiiHlriiiiaii cnlnriii's 
 
 t n.TVict. i\ l!t, p.vHOiI 
 I tor wiirkin;; mines in 
 1(1 Cornwiill. [I'.Mir- 
 
 DCNH.J 
 
 f its ilock in nrtirln 
 edition IWII), suli-iiciul 
 
 OHN TIJAni:. .Mr. 
 .\chrqiirr) carriid nut 
 LT Wlii:.\i T.\iiii-|'^c. 
 .Iiilio 1, IKd'.l, by ;i-.'«t 
 (iiiticH t'ea.stid on ihi^ 
 and flour, and lu-ticli's 
 
 poii.<ip, Iionns, m.iizo ur 
 iiror hii^ii, ivlicat niial 
 
 incnl iind k''""''*. r.v« 
 
 lioiiii men), mtu/A'. cr 
 li(>ilt meal, meal nut 
 desrriticd, «rro\vniij|, 
 i lircad, cassava pnw- 
 
 (loui-, manna rioup, 
 nir, powdiT pcrfuracil, 
 ncratcd or described, 
 urposc ns starcli, rici! 
 iin, starch, stnrcii gum 
 oca, vermicelli, 
 riie Adnai.-alty juris- 
 
 is extended by M & 
 s not exceeding! 300/. 
 .• hire of any »liip, or 
 
 ship, or anv claim in 
 ed in any .sfiip, and to 
 lips wlictbcr by ccilli- 
 if the parties aKf"', ''i 
 
 rcfcrrinfr to all the 
 for daniiif,'!'. It iiro- 
 ay be assisted by two 
 also Baxkriptc V in 
 
 ('IT8T0M.H 
 cn.sToMS. Tiio ;i:.' \- ;;;i Vu'i. ,•. |(,,i m„. 
 
 iidwors tbc ccuiiniliHii'iii'rM of (.UKtiiniH to ili'tpni'tii 
 with the iilli'iiiliiiin' (if tliH master of a viihcI at 
 lliii Ciintoni-houHo to vt'rify tho ninieiiix nf liis 
 Mhip, lUld to iti'ci'iit II likit di'rlaratinii truin any 
 pcrsiiii authorised liv tlie imistei ill willing' under 
 liis hand, to liiake It mi his liehalf, Sch Lviiiki.' 
 for liitt of dulii'it ulioliitlii'd and alttircd. 
 
 |)KI»KNTi;UI..S. fSr.M K«.) 
 
 i>KI<r, iiiiprisiiuiiient for, is nhulidhcil in 
 IliiKlmid liy -'W A M Vict. c. II-.', except iiitlii-ciwc 
 lit Iraud or ('iiiiteinpt nf emirt, 
 
 See also ;t'J & ;i:l Viet. c. Nil fur wiinlliij^ up the 
 husiiiesH of the lut(! lllHnlveiit Debtors' ( oiirt. 
 
 DKHT.S. Tlie Act ;i-> A: ;i:i Vict. c. HI ab.di-iies 
 tiio distiiictioii iHdweeii specially ami niniple ciiii- 
 tract debts of a deueamd pcrHoii in Miigluiid and 
 Ireland. We iiuoto tbc ciiaelmeiit ; 
 
 ' All tfttviillti/ tlittl timiilr iDiitnirt tliliti of 
 ilecrimiU /ier$iiiit In alitiiil in tiiiiiil ili-i/rct: njler 
 JiiHuitry I, INTO. — III tbc administration of the 
 estate of every person who shall dio oii or nftci' 
 the lirst day of .January, one tlioiisaiid ei^jbt hun- 
 dred and savcnty, no debt or liability of such person 
 sliull be entitled to any priority or prelciciice by 
 rcauuii merely that the same is secured by or 
 arises under a bond, deed, or other iiistriimeiit 
 under seal, or is otherwise made or eonstiiiited a 
 specialty debt; but all the creditors of such person, 
 us well 8|)eciulty a.s simple contract, shall be 
 treated as standiiiK in e()ual degree, and hi.: pai'l 
 accordinjfly out of the assets of such deceuscd 
 person, whether such assets are lej^al or eiiuitable, 
 any statute or other law to the contrary notwith- 
 F-tandinK: Provided always, that this Act shall 
 not prejudice or allect any lien, charge, or other 
 security which any creditor may hold or be entitled 
 to for the payment of his debt.' 
 
 E.iinit ii/Act. — This Act shall not extend to 
 ,Scotlaiid. 
 
 DKNMAIIK. SceCoi'i,MiA(;i..v and Ki.siNKLit 
 in Dictionarv, edition IBii'J. 
 
 DIVIDKN'D.S. [».\.SK OK r.N(ii..v.M>; Find.,. 1 
 
 i)rXl>KK. for account of this port in tbc 
 Dictionary, edition iHti'J, see J.'oi ks, sub-head 
 y^M«(/('ef. 
 
 K.VST IXDIKS. Two Act.s, pas.srd in IH(il), 
 art'ect the fjoveriinicnl of India : the lirst (HJl it, .'!;t 
 Vict. c. 97) enacts tliat vacancies in the Council 
 lit India shall be filled up by the .Secretary of 
 State; that members are in future to be appointed 
 Inr 10 years, beiii); eligible for an additional term 
 of !) years, and may have retiriii{? pensions of .'jOO/. 
 a year after 10 years' serviije; and the appoiiit- 
 ineiits of ordinary nienibers of the (iovcriior 
 licncrarsCoiiiicil and of the Councils of the I'resi- 
 ileucies are to be made by roval warrant without 
 the consent of the Council of India. The lii & :M 
 Vict. c. 98 gives the Governor (icneral in Council 
 power to make laws for native subjects beyond an 
 well as within our Indian territorie.s. 
 
 KAU Di; COLOGNl':. The (luty of cusloius 
 upon all Cologne water brought into the IJnitcd 
 Kingdom i.s. by '.iJtIk Xi Vict. c. H s. 3, fixed at 
 Us. per gallon, whether itnported jii llasKs or 
 otherwise. [W.\Ki;in)i siMi. ] 
 
 ECUADOK. See article GLAYAgLii. in Pic- 
 tionarv, edition 18G9, 
 
 r.XiilXKEKS. Cohinial Legislatures have, 
 power, under 32 Vict, c. II, lo grant, after exa- 
 mination, certilicates of qualification to jiersons 
 intending to act an muiiter.s, mates, or cngiuucrd 
 on board British ships. 
 
 EXCISE. See Licenses; Taiuff; Wabe- 
 
 HOLSIXG. 
 
 OI-YCETIINK 7 
 
 ITItn IX.SI'ltANCi;. stamp duty on, abo- 
 
 Vin\wA, im\). [InsI IIANIK.] 
 
 I'l.SII. [Ov.^rKii-.; ."^.vi.Miiv.) 
 
 Thi' ;JJ K .13 Vict. c. :iJ, the hiHli. riei (Ireland) 
 Act, gives the iiispcilois nf Irish fi.',|ieries power 
 to miiki' bylaws as to ibe.-«e llsbcries, niid regula- 
 tions as to vnliintary ogreemenlii hetwefn ownfrn 
 of ti'liiiig Vessels and ibeir crews, and providen fur 
 the recovery of fishing boat* ami gear pick«d u|i 
 at sen. 
 
 II.OII!. |C..i(N.l 
 
 l'l!.\.NC|'.. Tbc following statement of the 
 total vainer nf the import and export Irudu of 
 I'' ranee in ea, bof the eight years ending with 181)8 
 is extracted from the ltc|iorl, dated .Inly I, IHQ'J, 
 of .Mr. Went, secretary of the Itritish Embassy ui 
 Paris :— 
 
 Ywiw "~ " " 
 
 Isr.l 
 1-1,1 
 li(.l 
 
 IS,, I 
 l^Pl'i 
 
 iH'ili 
 
 ISli7l 
 
 IsiiH 
 
 ImiwrM 
 
 Kiimu 
 
 4 
 
 M 
 
 97,'i'n,lvii 
 
 ; 7, 11 -,11, 1(10 
 
 s7,'iw,vi"P 
 
 «'i,;ii7,'(io 
 
 »7.ir. ',1(111 
 
 |cc.,;ii/,.l«ii 
 
 tril,lvf,,o<MI 
 
 llli.!l(i«.7'i') 
 
 lo.^,l,;7,;4ll 
 
 l/,1,').'j,c«)0 
 
 lll,;.vi,ii.(i 
 
 \V;!H,3m 
 
 |1ll,lll,ll,,'iHI 
 
 in.ii.u.ini) 
 
 }Mi,fHi,m) 
 
 ll(,.V7l,(ilHI 
 
 111 tlic Dictioiiiiry, edition ISfiO, will be found 
 articles tm the following I'reiicli pnrtii, vi«. 
 liiiitMi.M .\, ll.w UK., MAKKKii.ivicb, and Nantks. 
 
 EKKKlllT. r.Siiii's.i 
 
 I T ND.S. Hy the 32 & 33 Vict. c. 104, holders 
 of stock iiiav now have tlieir dividend warrants 
 sent througli the post. See clauses of the Act 
 (luoted under Hank ok Esoland. 
 
 tlAL.VTZ. New regulations of the European 
 commission of the Danulie, modifying the dues for 
 river pilotage, and conceriiiiig towage between 
 Isaktclia uud tbc Siilina Mouth, the anchorage in 
 the port of Siiliim, and the Seamen's Hospital 
 there, have, with a piefatcry notice of the Board 
 of Trade of July M, 1809, been [lublished in the 
 London Gnzvllc. 
 
 (iLASdOW. For on account of her docks and 
 shipping, see article Docks, sub-head (iluagow, 
 in tbc Dictionarv, cdilion 1809. 
 
 (iEVCEHlNl'! is proitnced through the snnoni- 
 tication of fat oils, and Im obtained in large 
 i|uantitics, especially from palm oil, in Foap and 
 caudle iTiaiinfactories. It is used in the arts by 
 modeller.-', printers &c., also for preserving fruit, 
 food itc., and in iihannaccutical preparations, 
 both for iiiterniil u.>c and for ointments. It is 
 made into glyeerinu soap, and is also used for 
 greasing delicate machinery. 
 
 (ilyccrine when treated with nitric acid becomes 
 iiitro-glyceriue or glonoine oil, a highly iiiHam- 
 iiiublc substance, discovered by M. Sobrero in 1847, 
 and more recently used for blasting. The carriage 
 of this c.xplo.sive 'material has been attended with 
 so much danger that the Eegislaturchave, by 3-2 & 
 33 Vict. c. 113 s. 3, prohibited, under heavy 
 penalties, the importation and exportatiimof it, or 
 of any substance having nitro-glycerino in any 
 f'orm as one of its component parts. Sec. 4 
 provides that the niaiinfaoture, sale, and carriage 
 of it in the United Kingdom are to be regulated by 
 license by one of her Majesty's Secretaries of 
 State; si'c. fl provides that persons having any 
 in their posses.sion at the passing of the Act nmsit 
 give notice to the Secretary of State ; and sec. 6 
 enacts that nitro-glycerine' may be searched fof 
 in the same wav as gunpowder, under 23 & '24 
 Vict. c. 139. 
 
 For a fuller notice of glycerine, and nitro- 
 glycerine, reference is made to Ure's Dictionary 
 of Manufacturei hy Haat. 
 
 ('I 
 
'I 
 
 < ■: ■ 
 
 
 
 v.. ■■ . 
 
 
 >i 
 
 8 GREAT GRIMSBY 
 
 r.HKAT f.IiniSilY. I'm- an ncooiint of »hi» 
 port SCO article Docks, siili-lu'nil (Jrimslii/, in tho 
 Dictionary, edition IHCO. 
 
 (iiti'MCC'E. StM^ articles Ionian Isi,amis, 
 I'ATitAs, and Syka in tlio Dictionarv, edition 
 
 (;i:OATS. [Oats am. Oatmkai..] 
 
 HACKNEY CARUIAdKS. The .12 & nn 
 A'iet. ('. M s. 17 (lo operate IVcjiii .laniiary I, INTO) 
 npealed the duties on licenses to kei p, use, and 
 let hackney carriafics within the liniiis i.t' the 
 inctro])olitan district and the Cily ut' London, and 
 also the weekly dnties payidde in respect of such 
 hackney earringes ; the duties on licenses to keep, 
 nse, and employ stage carriages in (ireat Britain, 
 and also the mileage dtity payahlo in respect of 
 such stage carriau'cs. | Cahuiacics ; ll(ii!si;s.] 
 
 HAIK POWDKU. [I'owi.Kii.] 
 
 IIAY'l'I. ( I'linr at I'i;in< i: in Dictionary.] 
 
 IIOLKAND. [See Amstkuoam in this Snp- 
 plemenl, and A:.isti;i:i)a:\i : liArAviA: IIurn-.K- 
 HAsi ; in the Dictionary, edition isill'. ] 
 
 IIOKSICS. The duties on licenses to he taken 
 out hy persons who ■■hall let horses I'.ir hire in 
 (ireat IJritain, and the duties on licences to let 
 to hire horses for travelling post hy the mile, or 
 from stage to stage, in Ireland, were repealed, from 
 January 1, 187(1, hy ;t2 & Xi Vict. c. 1 1 s. 17 ; and 
 the same Act imposes a license duty of Kts. M. 
 after that date for every horse or mule kcjit in 
 (ireal Uritain and nseil for dranuht or ridini:. 
 
 IILDSON'S IJAY COMPANY. Tlu' t aiiada 
 Unipcrt's Land Loan Act, ;!_' & X', Mel. c. 1(11, 
 gtiarantecsa loan to he raised by the (lovernnient 
 of Canada for i)aynicnt of .•iOli.OiKl/, to the !hid- 
 son's BayConipany lor the sinrender of lluiiert's 
 Land to the Dominion of Cana<la. 
 
 HULL. For an account of her docks, ship- 
 ping, itc., see article Diu ks, sid)-h"ad Jlni/, in 
 the Diet ioiniry, edition isi''.). 
 
 iMPOPT.s AND i:xP( )i;t.';. (.sc pp. n, lo, 
 
 and 11 of this Supplement.) 
 
 INDIA. [East Im.iks.] 
 
 INDIAN CORN. [Mai/.i;. ] 
 
 INSUKANCK. On .June l'."., Ind!', the stamp 
 duty at the rate of Is. luA percent. i}er anninn on 
 insurances against los- or (hiiii:ige by lire < ea-ed 
 in terms of sec. 1"_' of ;!_' cS: ;'.;! N'ici. i! 1 J. 
 
 ITALY. ICmhodicd in the lieport of .lauuiiry .'!(), 
 181)9, hy Mr. Ilerries, our Secretary of I.egiition at 
 Florence, is the following talile, showin;;- tlic 
 
 extent of the 
 
 navigation 
 
 or 1M17 
 
 in ea( 
 
 !i of tlie 
 
 maritime diat 
 
 •icts into w 
 
 iiieii tl 
 
 coast 
 
 s of tlie 
 
 kingdom of Itily are divii 
 
 led :— 
 
 inwards 
 
 Clt-arei 
 
 
 
 Kntercil 
 
 (H-twanU 
 
 .Afautitne Diblrit 
 
 *■• I'ur»'i:;i 
 
 Tr.ulf 
 
 CcMlsIin;; Trade 
 
 
 Mii|<, 
 
 Ton* 
 
 Ships 
 
 Tons 
 
 (ifnna 
 
 :>,i;n i 
 
 ,'2fi9,()n5 
 
 lS,(i.'.T 
 
 I,.V,7.n77 
 
 MeSNin.i 
 
 i.'ii'i 
 
 ll.').*,Ifi.'i 
 
 I.'>,s-J7 
 
 l,ll2.".,l,^)ll 
 
 I^rghnru 
 
 ■ , -'.Ml 
 
 IMT.d'il 
 
 17,'^11 
 
 l,'-'-,7,ai'J 
 
 .N'<il>tei 
 
 ■J.S'l'f 
 
 fi7'^,.1lll 
 
 11,.TO7 
 
 IHJ'.TO'J 
 
 Pa'ermo 
 
 ''TT 
 
 .-'i!i.nii 
 
 7,yi') 
 
 ■ins.:)!)! 
 
 Venire 
 
 s,-.i,7 
 
 (.7'.;,llil 
 
 '^..IIS 
 
 l.T>.71S 
 
 ('.itrinta 
 
 ■ , l,'>'>i. 
 
 .•.i7,ii".t 
 
 11,(1.--, 
 
 fill.>,'il(i 
 
 l'ar.intt» 
 
 • , 1.11,1 
 
 •ir:\7-il 
 
 7,'..',V 
 
 ■i.lii,r,99 
 
 l*..rl.> Kinppftiicic 
 
 1!,.'S1 
 
 '^!'.1, !>"■"> 
 
 «,I170 
 
 .I.T.I, ;^a 
 
 Cliyi.lti 
 
 - 1 l,.1ll 
 
 •4\\,U\> 
 
 .I.THfi 
 
 X'M.'li't 
 
 l";t>tfl .iintnaru 
 
 • . l,-i"7 
 
 !ilti,i;i() 
 
 1 1 ,■!s^ 
 
 ni'i,-i.:, 
 
 Xiudiia 
 
 ■-M-'.'i 
 
 .ir.s,si7 
 
 .■>.r.'.)7 
 
 II, I.I i: 
 
 Ilaii 
 
 l.lill) 
 
 I.-..'.,1K.T 
 
 t.,'llH 
 
 .-..T.J.'.I 
 
 ^IHvi.T 
 
 ■ 1 '•"'■• 
 
 Xfi.J.VI 
 
 le.V^I 
 
 .^ii:i,^7 1 
 
 Ir.ipiiii 
 
 - 1 'J.. 7 
 
 98, Dm 
 
 i;,-NS 
 
 V'llt,-'.1'l 
 
 i'iz/'» 
 
 - 1 (,ip 
 
 li.WI!) 
 
 n.ii.i- 
 
 :j.'»;i,n),o 
 
 1 ]\Iailfl;i|pna 
 
 • 1 i.ii:'.i 
 
 I'^I.IKI 
 
 •i.Mli 
 
 VIII, Sll'^ 
 
 I'.irto M.iiiriz.o 
 
 ■i,.'..'iO 
 
 1X7,S',S 
 
 'i,l7.'> 
 
 I l",,fiH'i 
 
 i'nrt.>ftiraio 
 
 - ' TSS 
 
 fi(),77'i 
 
 .'j.fil.T 
 
 l/,ii, ifi'i 
 
 lliinitii 
 
 t,A(i7 
 
 si,(i;ii 
 
 fi.llS 
 
 IM.SVl 
 
 Gaeta 
 
 na 
 
 5.yj:, 
 
 3.'..',7 
 
 _llPs,aiv! 
 
 Total . 
 
 \ 42^M7_6.9'.'R,ail 
 
 iTA Vecciiia, Gat.i 
 
 [fi'.l,lt'.r 
 
 y.9iil,llsU 
 
 See articles Civ 
 
 .IfOl.l, 
 
 Gknoa, 
 
 MEXICO 
 
 Lkoiioiix, Messina, Nai-i.ts, Pamckmo, and 
 Vknice, in Dictionary, edition i8(!9. 
 
 liEITlI. I'"or an account of this jiorf see article 
 DoiKs in the Dictionarv, edition iMlill, suh-head 
 Ac/7/(. 
 
 LICKNSIX The .'(2 & 83 Viet. e. 11 s. 17 
 (to operate from .lanuary 1, 1H70) repealed — 
 
 The duties on liceii-es to keep, use, and let 
 hackney carriages within the limits of the Metio- 
 politaii district and the City of London, and also 
 the weekly duties payalde in respect of such 
 hackney earri.iges. 
 
 The duties (Ui licenses to keep, use, and emidoy 
 stage carri.igPH in (ireat Hritain, and also the 
 iiiile.'ige duty pay.iblc in respect of such stage 
 carriages. [Caiiciaiiios ; IIoksks.] 
 
 The excise licenses for selling tea, cofl'oe, cocoa 
 nuts, chocol.'itc, or jiepper. 
 
 Tlu^ diitii's on lii.i'uses to he taken out bv 
 persons who sliall let horses for hire in (Irca't 
 liritain ; and the dulics on licenses to let to liire 
 horses for the purpose of travelling post by the 
 mile, or from stage to stage, in Ireland; and the 
 same Act imjioses a license duty of H)s. (ir/. alter 
 'hat date for every horse or mule kept in (ireat 
 liritain and u.sed for draught or riding, as well as 
 other license duties for male .servaiit.s, carriages, 
 and armorial bearings. 
 
 LKillTIlorSK. Tho ;!2 & Jiil Vict. e. 77 
 provides for the erection of a lighthouse on tlio 
 (ireat Passes L'ock in (.'evion. 
 
 LH^IIIU.KS, PIMTLSII. [Waukhoisi.ni;.] 
 
 LI\KHP()()L. For an account of her port, 
 docks &c., see artiide Diickh, sub-head Lirer- 
 })ool. in Dictionary, edition 18(!i). 
 
 London. I'or a description of the vaiimi-i 
 dockK on the Thames, see article Doi ks in the 
 Dictionarv. 
 
 MACCARONI. Cii.stoms' dutv on, repoiiloil, 
 18()9. - ' 1 
 
 MAIZH or INDIAN COI!N, and MLAI,. 
 Customs' duty on, repealed, INd'.i. 
 
 MALT. Extracts and essences or oilier con- 
 centrations of malt may now be imporled into 
 the llnited Kingdom, in transit m- to he wjiie- 
 hoi.'sed for exportation onlv, under .">2 & li.'i \i(i. 
 
 C. 14 s. ;i. [\\.V. ANl. lilOKl!. I 
 
 J'..\NDIOCA FLOUU. Customs' dutv on, 
 repealed, IHGO. 
 
 MANILLA. Tho Hoard of Trade gave notice 
 (.July ."), 180!)) in the London Giizette, that the 
 .Spanish (ioveriiment h.as issued two decrees, cf 
 wliich translations are piiblislied, the one retoiin- 
 ing the customs' duties in the Phili|']iiiies, ami 
 tho other relating to the introduction and repairs 
 of ves.sels in those islaiuls. 
 
 MANNA CHOl'P. Cutdom.s' dutv on, re- 
 pealed, I8(;i). 
 
 MASTERS. Colonial Legislatures have, iniiler 
 'A'l Vict. c. 11, ])owor to grant, alfer examination, 
 ccrtilicates of fpialiticafion to perso.ns intending 
 to act as masters, m.-ites, or engineers, on heaid 
 British ships. 
 
 ?.1ATES. [Mastkhs.] 
 
 MEAL, of all kinds. Customs' dutv on, re- 
 jiealed, 18(i9. 
 
 MECKLENBLKCi. See article Rostock, in 
 Diet oiinrv, edition 18G9. 
 
 METHVL.VTED SPIRIT. The ;!2 & .S'! 
 Vict. c. 1(W explains the 18 it 19 Vict. c. iiS a.s 
 to the excess or deliciency in the .stocks of makers 
 of this spirit which wourd be forfeited or clinrged 
 with dutv under this Act. 
 
 MEXfCO. See articles ArAPi;i.co,and Vkiia 
 Cruz, in Dictionary, edition 18ti9. 
 
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 
 
 Ai'i.F.s, l'Ai,i:inio, niul 
 litioii imilt. 
 
 nt of lliis port SCO art iclo 
 I'ditioii l.M(>!l, suh-lipnd 
 
 & :t;! Vict. <•. Ms. 17 
 I, IH70) ropciilcd— 
 111 ki'('|i, use, and lit 
 the limits of tlic Mclid- 
 ity (if Ldiidon, mid id.-io 
 lili' ill R'spcit of fiiieli 
 
 kcop, usp, iiiul rin])Ioy 
 Hritain, iiml nlso the 
 
 1 rcspfict of such .stage 
 
 HdKSKS.] 
 
 selliii}^ ten, cofleo, cocoa 
 
 s to lie tnkcn out by 
 uses for hire in (Jrca't 
 III licenses to let to hiri' 
 
 travelling post by the 
 iic, ill Ireland; and the 
 e duty of 1(),«. M. alter 
 
 or mule kept in (inal 
 ,dit or ridiiitc, "« ^vcll m 
 lale servants, carriaKis, 
 
 I .'!2 & ;!3 Vict. c. 77 
 of a lighthouse on tlio 
 
 loll. 
 
 I. [Waiikikhsixc.I 
 n account of her piirt, 
 )iK'Ks, sub-head Liier- 
 n lm>'.). 
 
 •ription of the varinii-i 
 c article !)()( ks in the 
 
 ms' <luty on, repealed, 
 
 COliX, and Mi:.\l,. 
 1, IKKK 
 
 e.sseii»;es or oilier I'oii- 
 now be iniiiorled inln 
 transit or to Ik; Wiirc- 
 v, under .'t-' & ;i.'! Vici. 
 
 ;i:.i 
 
 Customs' duty on, 
 
 (1 of Trade gave nntici' 
 itliin Gazette, that the 
 issued two decrees, of 
 I'ished, the one rcferiii- 
 1 the I'hilii'iiiius, and 
 itroduction and repairs 
 
 'ur4oms' duty o;i, rc- 
 
 egislatures have, under 
 
 lilt, after examination, 
 
 to jiersons intending 
 
 n I'ugiueers, on beard 
 
 Si\lhU*ii 
 N..nv.i» 
 llftiinark 
 I'riis^M 
 (ierinailv 
 ll.ill;in<r 
 Ilrl^jiuni 
 Kr.'i'iie 
 
 I'oruiuitI Pnirer 
 A/uri's 
 .Maili'irl - 
 I Sjiitiii - 
 
 Jt.tiv . 
 
 '. -'rian Territories 
 
 .il M ■ 
 
 . Innian IslaiuU ■ 
 Oreere 
 TurkeT 
 Chaniifi Ifllanils 
 
 Total 
 
 I 
 
 I Asia 
 
 STria and ralpstiiiL' 
 ] Arabia and I'erid.i 
 1 Kiiit IndiL's .ind <'C)liiii 
 
 Cliiim and .lapan 
 ! .Tava anil Suinalia 
 ' rhili)>|iiiic lalandb 
 
 I Total 
 
 .\VUICA 
 
 Kuyi.t . 
 Morofi-o 
 
 Weklim roaslof Afriia 
 Cape iif (lofal 1Io|k> and .Natal 
 O'-astfrn ( (last of Atiica 
 St. Ili'if-na and .Isi'tMi^iion 
 >Iauiititis 
 Algtr.a 
 
 Total 
 
 AwfiRNA 
 
 llritisli North Anirriian Colonics 
 
 West Indies 
 (iuiana 
 llaytl • 
 
 Foreiftn West Iniiies 
 l'nit(*rt Stiites of A ineriea 
 iMexiro 
 
 Central Ameriea 
 Columbia 
 lliazil 
 
 States of l.a I'lata and l'rn;;n.iy 
 Cliili . 
 I'eru - 
 Fallilajul Islands 
 
 Tot.il 
 
 £ 
 
 '.',Rlli,109 
 
 ;.ii,wi 
 
 l.iw,;(,7 
 
 1,1.11,.-'.W 
 
 ll,.->.1H,'.'Sl 
 
 (),SS1,M.".7 
 'i..1lll.5i91 
 
 s.lsy.Wi 
 
 ii,ll!ll..11l 
 lIKi.'lliT 
 7l.')iHI 
 
 .■i,iisi,;7s 
 
 l.'illR.I'iS 
 
 i,"-ll!l,'!ll 
 
 7!)i,ll!l 
 
 7.'..-, 11.1 
 
 ■1;ll,"i.Vi 
 
 ■I.I.I.SS? 
 
 fi. 1.^7, ."HI I 
 
 1,111 fi.iil ID 
 
 £ 
 
 !i,!l 'M.finfi 
 
 uir.,.-.ii; 
 
 (.77,(1117 
 l.'J'.l.l.Vi 
 
 v,ll'l'...1il) 
 
 I.'i.SlllI,.!'!! 
 S,1.17,7.'i.T 
 V.II.Vi.s.l.l 
 il.lKiV.d'i.T 
 '.i,il(ifi,ll.17 
 S'i.'ill 
 
 •.',:77,ll(i 
 1,1VII,S|7 
 
 .0,171,1111 
 
 ;.'l.iiis 
 (i.-.i,'.iiii 
 i."i.,i'ii 
 
 .'.S'.', fl'.) 
 .'),Slll,ii(.H 
 
 ;.'i /,.'.!) i 
 
 .i,i7(i,r.;.(; 
 
 KM,:. IS 
 l.Sii'i.Ml 
 l.M>ll,'l')'J 
 
 ir.,!iii7, 111.1 
 
 .S,!i!l'l,71.1 
 
 v,'-i;i,(i(i.'> 
 
 1 1, 7.111,1111 
 
 '.',11111,1(11 
 
 l'^9,7S(; 
 
 '.f.lMM.S'W 
 
 1,1,1I,(1'J7 
 
 .'.,>>.T^,S7.'> 
 
 ill'^.o.'.H 
 
 (;.')",.-,ii( 
 
 1.11,11(11 
 
 11 7, (ill 
 
 fi,'l.1ll,(,ll.i 
 1!liVI'.l 
 
 (i(i,';7i,9.SB ii.i,;.'.'j,.i,s,i I iii.,ii'j!),nti 
 
 l,.1C(;,f.l)S 
 
 1,111, 
 
 I 1 ,'.'i'i,i';'i 
 
 l(i7 , !. 1,1.71 
 
 .1,011 
 
 (;i7, 
 
 MS, 
 1,'^s-i, 
 '/,«7!) 
 
 i7,(ii;i 
 
 •^,Sll , 
 
 I'.'.l'il 
 
 1,S'.M, 
 
 Kit 
 
 71 
 
 '^,'.'17 
 "'.il 
 
 4, .SSI 
 'J(i1 
 
 ins 
 1..1 
 .'.1 1, 
 .'j.'lll 
 ll.'l. 
 
 ;n,'^7(i,ii'ri 
 
 All 
 lis 
 
 S1'> 
 
 ,1.10 
 ,.110 
 
 isl 
 
 ,lll(l 
 ,.1^*.i 
 ■i-l\ 
 pl.lil 
 .'.Hi ! 
 ,1IS 
 ,-'.1 
 
 '1 is-ii 
 
 Av,.r,,B,. An- = = = ?|- 
 inial .ViiiiinnI ' u^ * ^ E 
 
 £ 
 
 £ , 
 
 
 \,uhii,\ in 
 
 .1,l'."<.lll') i 
 
 in'.'.7() 
 
 (Ji7,i;s.i 
 
 7U,(,1S ' 
 
 1"/.'ll 
 
 771,1)111 
 
 TS.'i.lPl 1 
 
 1'IM 
 
 l,l.V.,.-,.'i!l 
 
 l.'iid.'iKi 1 
 
 7 "ill 
 
 .1,l>ll'i,V.-.7 
 
 V,|(| 1,7(17 . 
 
 I'i''i1.'. 
 
 111,711,'., IHK 
 
 I(i,',"ll.S,-.7 ' 
 
 !I1"|JI 
 
 l.i,1'l,',,(i'JS 
 
 s.Tcs.ms 1 
 
 .'ill'D'.'i 
 
 .1,1 ■.( 1,1(1'. 
 
 '^SII.IIT'. ' 
 
 lli'l ..',() 
 
 tll,l..'.';,71l 
 
 lii..in.(,(is 1 
 
 .'.IIIC..'. 
 
 1,V,I,. I'J 
 
 l,".7,-<ll(i 1 
 
 IIISSS 
 
 !i'.,lliH 
 
 1(11,1.'.!! 1 
 
 •.'.!lU 
 
 7i;",V) 
 
 ;.-.;(ii'j 1 
 
 •117 
 
 •i,'iiis,vn 
 
 '^.KJll.-.SI 1 
 
 1.1 'III! 
 
 7(Mi.-i!IS 
 
 ■j;s,'i(iii 1 
 
 .'.'.'jS.S 
 
 .'.,ni(i,7S(i 
 
 .'..Kii.i.im 1 
 
 .■^ll'Sl.'l 
 
 1,(17;, (.'.» 
 
 MI.1,M87 ' 
 
 .'.'KU 
 
 .'>(I1,!),','J 
 
 (iii7,Sll i 
 
 .T17lt 
 
 1.'S,(III 
 
 11(1,1,(1/ i 
 
 'J'l'.S 
 
 ils,sM 
 
 I'.'MCS 
 
 ■i\',i 
 
 C,II1T,.'S!I 
 
 (;,'i7l,ii1( 
 
 .1,'.'M7 
 
 .'..■l.'i,l^ll 
 
 l".'.(i,H1S . 
 
 .■•7'.(1 
 
 'il.'','.!i,i. '0 VI I, .1^7, 7'.;. I ' '^",1(7:1,', 
 
 ,'.,.i.'.i.i)!ii ii,:oi,fMi I s,ii-j(..(,er, 
 
 7'l'>,'..il ll'.'7,7,'i.'> l,;i(.,S'.7 
 
 7(i'.,7i:) •J.'i5,.1ll() ! '.il7,Sll 
 
 1,111,11'. i,'Mi,7.'.i l,i."i.'.'r. 
 
 '.1:1, Ml I nv.lll 77, ■.r. 
 
 ■.I.(.l.'.,'li(i I 'i1,l,|. 1,117 ■/■.',71s.,-.;i7 
 
 !i.(ils..'.:'i I '.i,(.li,i.vt , 7,'.v..'."l 
 
 i,--",i,is5 Mi,s;i I i,i'ii,."...i 
 
 i,oi'.',i(;s I !r,ii,iiii ii'i7,i"i 
 
 1ll.'i7 
 
 ,'.(11 
 
 .1ll,111,7Sj Ki.l'il.dlll 
 
 ■,'i;'.i,.(i.s 
 
 
 .11.1- 
 
 (i.ir.i.K.i 
 
 IC'i.V.i 
 l,l(|^,l■iS 
 
 'i,'.'71,!.Ui 
 
 .'.(i.llll 
 
 1'.,'.7l 
 i;,'..-.,s,.(i 
 
 lll,'.:li.'.,1-il 
 
 1,1'.'..(''l 
 
 1.'.ll..i.'i 
 
 »:i.\M<, 
 
 1 11.' II 
 
 1,^^il.l:M 
 l(..;iis,'ii,-, 
 
 l,^i'!i,7.'.1 
 
 iji,;:ii 
 
 '.',•. 1 1,'.;" 
 
 (.,. I'l.'.ii.i 
 
 l,lil1.. S'l 
 
 l,:..-.').':(li 
 1 /,S.1.! 
 
 c.nni.non 
 
 •.i;(i,i7i 
 
 l.'il-j.ir,.', 
 
 1,7I'I,( 1(1(1 
 
 ('.(I 
 
 .','S 
 
 ■.1,SS7 
 .'.'I7.1.-I I 
 
 i-',:.(ii 
 .■ii.i,:i'ii 
 
 1,7(i7,7'.'7 
 
 'J,li::l..1(l() 
 
 771,(i.~.S 
 
 11.'l,11l 
 
 2,n'*7,'i7,'i 
 
 •jl.'iiT.'.c.i; 
 
 i,S'i.sS!r. 
 
 lis. 11'.! 
 
 ■J,7-.'..l'.i 
 
 .'i,fiil,'l,'il 
 
 '.'.;(.".sis 
 
 1,''('1,'-S7 
 
 i,is(i.:.'.i 
 
 '.t.lVi 
 
 17,.'i'l1,7:"J i 4S,-il.'.,(;89 
 
 Aim nAi 1 \ 
 
 West and South .\i!>lralia, \'k> 
 n.ria. New S..iiih Wales, 
 (Jurensland, Tasmania, and | 
 Sew Zealand - ■ ! 
 
 South Sea l.^tand!< . * ; 
 
 Total 
 
 1I,S17,;I1 I 11 
 
 1K4,S1.', ' 
 
 : ii,iir.i,(i'js I 11 
 
 ■•'i.-'ii 
 
 :.(^'is,i72 1 s,';(;.;,ir'i I 
 
 IMl.'.MS I IS'.).-.(7 ' 
 
 I,111,'.7S 1.7 11,11(1 ! 
 
 1 ,.1'i'.i,"-i I I l.s'.i.iui . 
 
 (•l.V-fi .".'(,".71 
 
 .'.1,11s I li.i. 11! ; 
 
 i .'.1,1^.'. .177. I'd 
 
 l'.,711 ■ 'ii,..'/.-. 
 
 ll.11'>,(lli I 1 '.',.',7 1.1(11 
 
 (i,s'ii,"(;o .'..sii.id! 
 
 '.',I1(|,.1(.(1 , 1,S.-.',,;(.| 
 
 7('i,.V.I I 
 
 11,. Isl 
 
 I.K'i.'ill 1 
 
 'is.i'.n.'.i I I 
 
 i.'-SI.'ill 
 
 i,'.i,'i(ii I 
 
 1,ld-',"1'.i 
 7,'-''il.711 
 l..:.V.,71') 
 l,^'. ','ls.' 
 l,1iis,s(;s 
 17,li'.!7 
 
 (;,iiii,si. ii,Sis.7ii 
 
 1!I.'..7IS ':':!, '.7'! 
 
 l,:..l,-i.7 l,l."l,V11 
 
 I, .'.11.171 I 1,T;i.17i1 
 
 IS.SI'i .'.'^IIB 
 
 1.'.,.'i7il ; l.'i.r.'.l 
 
 ■si.c.jd i '>i(i,;i'i 
 
 '/1.I.U7 '_ 17,.11J 
 
 ld,11i;.s7ll ■ ld,M~S,.57S 
 
 i"Jl,(l,'1 
 
 I ".(..' ',.".11 
 
 I '/..Si1,7(i1 
 
 Sl.'.'llS 
 
 '.:15,.'.I)(I 
 
 'J,c.!ii,7.-.:i 
 
 I .'.,(U1,.V',7 
 
 i.,'-:i,(; 'J 
 . .•.•ii,i-'S 
 l,i'/.'>,'.i(ii 
 7,liU I 
 
 I.MT.CSS 
 
 l,'j(.s,(:(i(i 
 
 7d7.i"'.i 
 
 '^■."',S'.(i 
 
 '.',". 1, ■'..(! 
 
 •j.,l.-.l.i..-:'j 
 sis.iss 
 liid,.iid 
 
 '.'.sil'.l.lllS 
 
 .■.,i.".l.'>si 
 
 I,'" 
 1,1.-. 
 
 il..1'J('.,7'Jl i .'.l,-idl,',!)S 
 
 i3,riii,-iifi <j,i;ii,7.i!) 
 li7,S'i(i I i;i,sss 
 
 :.:i I 
 
 ',7sS 
 
 1.1,11 1 
 
 17,'i7d,1Sl 
 
 .'.,.'.ii7,r,'ii 
 
 •J„1ill,.'.17 I 
 
 7li.,7ilri 
 
 11(1,117 I 
 
 1,'idli,'i1(l i 
 
 ■:l,(iis,r,tii , 
 
 1, 1.1(1, 'i7'.l I 
 
 IS1,.1li.' ' 
 
 ■i,SlS,lHl I 
 
 (I,d1.'.,d!l'^ I 
 
 i.i;!i,.')'is i 
 
 l,'.Ci.'.,l III 
 :,iHd..-,i.'i 
 
 I'/.d.ll I 
 
 .ll.ll'i.ll'.! I 
 
 l',',(i7.'.,r.i(i ■ li.lo'.Sifl 
 
 17,ns7 h1,.V)S I 
 
 11,7SI,1,'.'J 
 
 '.i,B.ii,o.'7 : i!i,l'i.i,.^;i7 ; I'J. I'll, isi 
 
 •111 
 lit 
 
 .".>'1S| ' 
 
 l'l..'.i 
 
 S'lS'l 
 
 II. 'Ill 
 
 •WJ 
 
 ■•il,\ 1 
 
 '/•!).'.( I . 
 ■IdU 
 
 I.J'IIIG ! 
 
 1I'7S.1 
 11*1(1(1 
 1"JC.S 
 
 ■ •iini 
 
 IS'.llll 
 
 I'JI'.'ll 
 
 7"'.1I1 
 
 1'II17 
 
 lli"/iid 
 
 .ll'l.'.l 
 
 1'1",'!)1 
 
 ll_l-j.ll 
 •iidfl 
 
 •J'Jl'i.KiO 
 
 (i'.i lid 
 •1S7 
 
 (;o"'7 
 
 I^ustoms' duty on, rc- 
 
 I article Ro.stock, in 
 
 !IT. The .'12 & .3:) 
 18 it 19 Viet. c. ;iS as 
 
 II the stocks of makers 
 je forfeited or ehnrgeti 
 
 Kl'.CAHTUI.ATKiN. 
 
 Eiiroiw 
 Asia - 
 Africa 
 Ainei ic.a 
 Australia 
 
 f.rand 'folal - 
 
 I (^di'tTLIST I (■.1.7'.'i,1S1 
 
 i 1'i,'jr'.,'i|1 I 1il,111.7S-. 
 
 I ld,'ii;'..1'il I Ili,il1d.!i.'.l 
 
 1, ..'. I.T'i'l I ■is.'^l.'j.d !» 
 
 ! I'.'.iil'i.d.'S I 11,i;.'.,'.i7 
 
 |lti(l,1l'.l,lI11 l01,S1.1,7'i'. 
 
 (ic.,(|ij(|,'lll 
 1(",.1lll,ii|l) 
 ll,.11.'>.(H'i 
 ()l,.1'.lii,7:il 
 11.7S1,I.V; 
 
 13S,917,MC 
 
 7o,'.'7ii,ii'i(; 
 
 l'i,'i71,l(ll 
 .'il.'.'llt.'i'lS 
 
 'J,(iM,lli7 
 
 iS»,')til,'l'.'1 
 
 7.1,777.sr,1 
 l(:,i(;'i,(i(i(* 
 
 Ill,l1l.,^7d 
 17,'-"TII.1M 
 I'J.l'il.-.'J? 
 
 e.c.sii.in , isi.,',i4 i 
 
 ii.i.i.Mc. ; i'ji',i.-.i I 
 
 lil,K(,s,,i7S ! (i'idlii I 
 
 .'.1,1 1'.'.ii'i I '.i'.iini.ii 
 
 1J,UI!,1-.1 I (,'J',b!)7 
 
 ArAPt:i.co,and Vkka 
 n 18t!9. 
 
■v- 
 
 
 
 •^■•■ ;*■ 
 
 I 
 
 •#;•,•■'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AveraRP An- 
 
 lu ■E.sS 
 
 Counlrlel 
 
 1H(!3 
 
 isni 
 
 11«5 
 
 ISCO 
 
 1867 
 
 nual ..Vinoiin 
 
 of Exports 
 
 18(',1.G7 
 
 flljl 
 
 Iv impit 
 
 
 1 £ 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 i'H 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 
 n\n»i,i 
 
 V.fi'.li.vTIi 
 
 ■J,Sl.i,lll9 
 
 8,981,1101; 
 
 3,176,6.''G 
 
 3,911,0.15 
 
 3,117,07K 
 
 IR-t91 
 
 Swi-iiril 
 
 (.illi.aij 
 
 7. 11, Ml 
 
 90,1,307 
 
 8/3,188 
 
 617,118 
 
 748,479 
 
 4-11)5 
 
 Nurway 
 
 .'<'.(i,S79 
 
 7 7 i ,1197 
 
 677,007 
 
 K,''4,H8 
 
 81,1,811 
 
 74 1 ,851 
 
 4'40| 
 
 Dniniiirk 
 
 (tsll.i.ST 
 
 1,1.8,767 
 
 1,81.1,1.18 
 
 1,808,811 
 
 1,888„V,« 
 
 I,I.')6,6I1 
 
 6-868 
 
 FruiMia 
 
 1,') 17,1 IS 
 
 1, 1.11, .199 
 
 8,II9,'',180 
 
 1,800,199 
 
 8,879,110 
 
 1,965,389 
 
 1 1 -660 
 
 Germany 
 
 11, (.!.'., 1(1,1 
 
 I4,.1.1,S,»HI 
 
 15,801,351 
 
 1,1,91.7,193 
 
 17,663,871 
 
 14,679,IH)3 
 
 87-1188 
 
 Hiillaiiil 
 
 l',Mi,KIO 
 
 (1,^.11,9.17 
 
 ■<,117,7.''3 
 
 8,999,7 1 3 
 
 9,188,748 
 
 7,951,961 
 
 47-191) 
 
 BclKium ... 
 
 •i.un^i^i 
 
 8,1111,891 
 
 •/,9.1.'.,813 
 
 8,8111,665 
 
 8,816,110 
 
 8,601,580 
 
 15458 
 
 Fran re 
 
 i>,(i;.i,3i)!) 
 
 ft.l17,J61 
 
 J,,ll.8,0!l.1 
 
 11,700,140 
 
 t8,181,o;l 
 
 9,918,788 
 
 5!).085 
 
 PurlUKitI Proper 
 
 v,;i.'..777 
 
 8,091,114 
 
 V,or,6.037 
 
 8,IHI1,10I 
 
 1 ,8/3,.188 
 
 8,041,588 
 
 18-118 
 
 A /ore.'. . . - 
 
 h't,'iHH 
 
 l(Pll,9(i7 
 
 88,811 
 
 1 89,786 
 
 108,881 
 
 108,194 
 
 ■61)1 
 
 aiadLira - 
 
 (.1,9/1 
 
 71,51)1) 
 
 (i4,.598 
 
 88,575 
 
 74,436 
 
 71,105 
 
 •481 
 
 Spain - - - - 
 (lihralMr 
 
 .1,,'illS, .',.',« 
 
 .1,(IH4,77« 
 
 a,177.l4(i 
 
 8,II93,8«9 
 
 8,837,91.8 
 
 2,680,513 
 
 15-517 
 
 i,'/i;7,!iiiii 
 
 1, Villi, IGS 
 
 1,1/0,847 
 
 1,114,697 
 
 783,118 
 
 1,1190,586 
 
 6-470 
 
 Italy .... 
 
 (),i'li.'>,l7.1 
 
 i,W>U,!>Ol 
 
 5,174,410 
 
 5,8,18,874 
 
 4,881,.1,''3 
 
 5,1.18,686 
 
 .11-.1I10 
 
 .Vustrian Territiiriet 
 
 SiM,7,1)t 
 
 798,119 
 
 781,(148 
 
 918,ll.'.8 
 
 963,958 
 
 851,.503 
 
 5.|l.''8 
 
 .Malta 
 
 ru'i.am 
 
 7.'..i.ll.1 
 
 fill, 901 
 
 6'i3,30» 
 
 •198,796 
 
 631,945 
 
 3-749 1 
 
 I -Tifan Inlands • 
 
 4(1 ;HH 
 
 48'),1.1,1 
 
 4.1(i,19l 
 
 11,00« 
 
 431,438 
 
 4/6,016 
 
 8-5/7 ! 
 
 (irctce ... 
 
 .111,0^1 
 
 4.13,SS7 
 
 588,899 
 
 :I7,6I5 
 
 514,686 
 
 4.',8,|il9 
 
 S-718 1 
 
 Tnrkt')- 
 
 !i,tTi,i3U 
 
 B, 1.17, SKI) 
 
 5,810,068 
 
 6,5,10,603 
 
 6,911,518 
 
 6,059,1101) 
 
 .15-917 1 
 
 OunnL-t Iblands 
 lolal 
 
 Syria and I'ale»linc - - ' 
 
 «'i'',77G 
 47,47U,W)S 
 
 1,0I(V(00 
 fiU,ll7 1,989 
 
 752,695 
 
 63,:.M,J»3 
 
 490,951 
 66,099,941 
 
 469,583 
 
 719,361 
 
 4-868 1 
 377-/98 
 
 70,870,086 
 
 63,594,889 
 
 l.lWn..',fiS 
 
 i,3fi(i,(?ns 
 
 1,534,90/ 
 
 1,5.59,368 
 
 1,141,115 
 
 1,886,1. ''6 
 
 7-61H 
 
 1 Arabia and Persia 
 
 1' H)fi 
 
 .1.1,(I9.'> 
 
 (18,167 
 
 91,079 
 
 99,831 
 
 67.076 
 
 -398 
 
 i Hast Indies and t-'evlon . - j 
 
 2.., .11.1,11.1 
 
 8I,9,W.6.')0 
 
 8ll,3l7,7'/(l 
 
 S3,/I79,8G5 
 
 «4,64,',,916 
 
 88,.'>8T,499 
 
 133-6.',3 
 
 4 liina and .Tapan 
 
 J,IM7,IC)J 
 
 i,1.'),1,99l 
 
 6,761,941 
 
 8,9/6,606 
 
 9,018,580 
 
 6,888,091 
 
 41) 474 
 
 1 .lava and Sumatra • - j 
 
 GM 1,4/4 
 
 TJB.hiu 
 
 B87,7.^■. 
 
 IJ8I.,857 
 
 1,389,485 
 
 I,ii8l,,87l 
 
 6-145 
 
 Philippine hlani!& 
 
 To",il - . ' 
 
 Ani -A 1 
 Ecypl - . . . i 
 Morocco - - - ' 
 
 ■'iC 1,1148 
 4,411,819 
 
 7(i'),7l9 
 30,875,913 
 
 (;,(),')i,3i;i 
 
 9,15,.-iOU 
 
 917,841 
 36 ,.104,010 
 
 1,048,468 
 
 849,078 
 
 5-l),78 
 
 .10.411,785 
 
 6,091,080 
 
 37,879,568 
 
 .18,638,176 
 
 193-037 
 
 7,688,178 
 
 8,86,5,315 
 
 6,490,218 
 
 31-506 ' 
 
 I71,.')61 
 
 l«8,,'i38 
 
 870,174 
 
 191,838 
 
 189,167 
 
 197,1138 
 
 1173 , 
 
 \Vc' tern C^oast of A frit .1 - ' 
 
 1 l/'J,m3 
 
 I,(IIIS,l./8 
 
 1,818,465 
 
 1,113,578 
 
 1,711,116 
 
 1,11)7,6/6 
 
 7-711 : 
 
 1 Capt: ofiiood Hope and .Natal 
 
 I,.jV.1,7M 
 
 8,87l,6lfi 
 
 1,701,060 
 
 1,199.081 
 67,484 
 
 1,893,011 
 
 1,757,599 
 
 10-487 
 
 Eablern t)oast of Africa 
 
 ■JH^i7t 
 
 ,'i(;,(;ll 
 
 60,388 
 
 39,574 
 
 5ll„146 
 
 -:.99 ' 
 
 St. Helena and Asceiisiitn 
 
 iH.nii) 
 
 4.'.,574 
 
 ,''3.887 
 
 51,010 
 
 48,616 
 
 46,759 
 
 -877 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 .'.ll.Sl.l 
 
 (l,'.,',,1,^(l 
 
 697,. 1,54 
 
 569,185 
 
 ."77,150 
 
 .',18,370 
 
 1-/I7 
 
 Alit-ria 
 
 I.>,7.>1 
 
 18,8/9 
 IU,8uj,31ll 
 
 .'.,.'.9.'i,BIII 
 
 18,363 
 
 15,713 
 tl,. 336,6 18 
 
 6,884,960 
 
 88,1,85 
 18,574,101 
 
 5,868,108 
 
 15,.-.19 
 
 ■1)91 
 
 Total 
 
 7,8.-.3,4i(7 
 4, SI, 1,4 Si 
 
 10,0.10,961 
 
 10,407,889 
 
 5,560,858 
 
 61-748 1 
 
 .Amkhi. A 
 nrilish North .American t'olniiic^ 
 
 4,707,787 
 
 38'm8 
 
 Wot Indie. 
 
 ."),.)'.' .',(..',7 
 
 ."■,''11,8119 
 
 8,169,100 
 
 8,1 10,300 
 
 1,858,861 
 
 8,614,315 
 
 l.VSIl 
 
 (juiana 
 
 .''11,1119 1 
 
 K81,996 
 
 774,668 
 
 769,514 
 
 651,189 
 
 711,115 
 
 4 ■'/.!'/ 
 
 H .yli 
 
 .'.■/S,(1I4 
 
 4,'«l,*ill 
 
 3.15,314 
 
 447,381 
 
 891,6/3 
 
 410,7119 
 
 •/- 116 
 
 Koiei;{il West IiuliC'i 
 
 ■J,'.iM,.a[ 
 
 .1,K8'I,I90 
 
 8,987,875 
 
 3,179,841 
 
 3,0./0,111 
 
 3,801,818 
 
 19-l«).> ! 
 
 Uinl.d Slatejof Almli.a . : 
 
 1.').." II,. 11)11 1 
 
 l(;,7l)S,.'ill.', 
 
 8 1,887 ,9.56 
 
 '88,499,514 
 
 81,885,703 
 
 80,781,811 
 
 18'/-W.> 
 
 Mexico 
 
 \,u-;>,.;:'i 
 
 1,11I9,7M 
 
 1,896,895 
 
 1,881,813 
 
 818,948 
 
 1,196,876 
 
 S-l" 
 
 Tcnttal America 
 
 I iii,i;irj 
 
 8/1,791 
 
 1,18,148 
 
 l.''3,/6l 
 
 8t3,,''6ll 
 
 179,174 
 
 1-1)65 
 
 Coluioliia 
 
 I,'i7ll 11.1 
 
 8,'' II, ,''77 
 
 8,789,458 
 
 3,408,0.18 
 
 8,695,7.19 
 
 8,680,481 
 
 1,''-9«.1 
 
 Braiil 
 
 .l.'.lol.ytil 
 
 (',8l9,8(ii) 
 
 5,651,9/0 
 
 7,884,7.13 
 
 5,691,557 
 
 5,757,. 546 
 
 ^'l^'i 
 
 stairs of La Plata and rrii;;ua\ - 
 
 l,^'.j,!l.1'i 
 
 8,7'i8,,'>99 
 
 8,76,1,818 
 
 4,8.13,7.19 
 
 4,889,618 
 
 3,181,144 
 
 i«-s;i '. 
 
 (■hid .... 
 
 1,111,111 
 
 I,fi«1,,W) 
 
 1,5' II, 987 
 
 1,858,988 
 
 8,.584,1.18 
 
 1,8I8,'16II 
 
 ll)-7!)l 
 
 Peru . . . . ■ 
 
 l,'//7,.11.) 
 
 1,31.0,808 
 
 1,186,753 
 
 1,368,868 
 
 1,485,961 
 
 1,868,886 
 
 7-581 1 
 
 Falkland Mandt 
 
 1 l,;,ij,i 
 .1'J,«49,S60 1 
 
 18,838 
 47,593,799 
 
 9,888 1 
 
 17,087 
 
 7,611 
 
 11,611 
 49,618,087 
 
 ■m<i 1 
 
 Total 
 
 48,815,089 
 
 61,396,791 
 
 61,801,598 
 
 •/91-.176 
 
 -ArjraAMA 
 
 
 
 
 
 West and S.nith -Vtistr.ilia, Vic- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L.jrii, New Siiuih \\'a!e>. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tliiccnslanil, 'i'aMiiania, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Xea'and 
 
 r/,l!)S„-,,11 
 
 11,S''7,'3I3 
 
 I«,.'i19,841 
 
 13,643,186 
 
 9,613,7.19 
 
 18,190,111 
 
 78-.182 
 
 Suutli st-a Islands 
 
 lll.llfi 
 
 181,815 
 
 36,876 
 
 1.17,886 
 
 19,818 
 
 101,984 
 
 ■619 
 
 Total 
 
 ri,(;,i9,(i.'jo 
 
 18,048,088 
 
 13,375,517 
 
 13,781,158 1 
 
 9,631,687 
 
 I'.' ,891, .195 
 
 '^i^'nTi 
 
 HlUAPtTL'I.ATIOK. 
 
 I Kurope 
 
 I Aula - 
 
 I A frica 
 
 I .Anicrii^a 
 
 ' An-.trali,i 
 
 ',5:9,Sl»i 
 
 ',1"9,.',99 
 
 ■,111,187 
 
 '. 19,1fi0 
 
 ,.19.i..50 
 
 30,' 
 10,. 
 47, 
 
 1/j 
 
 (irand Total 
 
 I ,919 
 5,913 
 5,184 
 1,799 
 8,088 
 
 1 
 146,608,348 160,419,0.53 
 
 758,38.1 
 131,785 
 ,0.10,951 
 ,815,089 
 ,.175,517 
 
 66,099,911 
 36,.1l)l,010 
 11,-13,5,648 
 fil,.'"96,79l 
 13,781,158 
 
 165,815,785 |188,917,-'16 
 
 70,870,0./6 
 37,879,,''68 
 l'8,574,ll)l 
 51,81)1, ''91 
 9,631,687 
 
 61,,''9l,,l/9 
 17,618,176 
 111,107,819 
 4'),611,0'/7 
 18,'/94,.195 
 
 180,961,983 I68,5.'>3,316 
 
 .177.891 
 lf)1-6;7 
 
 ■89 1 -.176 
 78-911 
 
 .l)i)ll-()Oli 
 
luj'uiliire and Pioduci' of 
 tlic 5 Viiini entlitiy with 
 Value of those. AuiiikiIIi/ 
 iriny the aiiid f) IVii/jt lo 
 and tlw AeentijK Frn- 
 
 AveMRP An. 1 = o o Eijal 
 
 iiual Aimmnt "^ S-i g"!"! 
 
 olEipi'm SIS .,-5* I 
 
 ll,Ua6 6:!,5<J4,8i!'J 3;7WS 1 
 
 67,07li 
 
 6,iSi'^,o'Jl 
 
 I,"Sti,'i71 
 
 »49,07« 
 
 !),IH.'> 
 
 [),.WH .T^,C3S,17() I<r>-li,-)7 
 
 .5,3 1. 'i 
 
 |'J,.ir.7 
 1,1 iti 
 
 ■ -74 
 
 G,49n,SI8 
 
 I97.ti5'i 
 
 1,5(17 ,6 j6 
 
 1,767,59!) 
 
 5II..MB 
 
 4fi,7M 
 
 siv,.-;ii 
 
 I.'j.m'J 
 
 1R-I!I.1 
 4-lir,'i 
 4HII 
 fi-Sl.'.i 
 lI'lilHI 
 lt7-iiSS 
 4r-l!lll 
 
 I'i-ii'j 
 
 ■MIS 
 
 1.V.M7 
 6'47il 
 
 .l.-i'.IIPlI 
 .Vli'j'^ 
 
 Vi<7 
 
 i-7IH 
 
 .1,V')I7 
 
 4'^liH 
 
 1,101 I 10,4U7,lt»9 
 
 1,598 49,fllS,nV7 
 
 12,190,111 
 |(i|,'JS4 
 
 I'.i,V'.ll..VJ5 
 
 Mf376 
 
 72-312 
 ■619 
 
 7 Mil 
 
 l,(l'2r> 
 l),.'il« 
 t.KM 
 1,'.9S 
 -.,(1'27 
 
 f,:i,.v.ii,viii 
 5';,ii3s,l7fi 
 111,107 ,»S9 
 49,(ilS/K7 
 l'^,-J94,.19.'> 
 
 1I1.V6J7 
 
 (;i-7is 
 w I ■.■!;« 
 
 T'iOll 
 
 IMPOHTS AND EXPORTS 
 
 11 
 
 III. — Account of the. Rani Value, nf the. variiius Articles Impnrted from Foreign Countries Into theUnited 
 Kingdom during each of the. it Years ending with IHlu. sjieeifying the Con iilries from whieh 
 they were Imported, and the Value of those Annmdly rereiiud from eaeh ; anil showing id so 
 the Areriige Amount of our Im/>orl» during the said o I'ears from eaeh Cmnilry and from earh 
 of the T) yreat Dil'iiions of the Ghlie ; and the Aiwraye Proportion Imported from eaeh, 
 supposing the whole Imports lo he 1,0UU, 
 
 Counlrin 
 
 { Ki'IimPK 
 
 Huftsiil - 
 
 Sweiltm - 
 
 Ncirwiiy - 
 
 l),nliiinrk 
 I rrus.sia . 
 ; (Ifrnmny 
 
 IliilUtiil - 
 I llelfjiuin 
 
 Kranrt' - 
 
 A7.<irfH 
 
 Madeira 
 I Spai'i 
 I (iilirallar 
 ' lluly 
 
 ' Au%lriin TtTrUoTie> 
 ! Malia - 
 ; Ionian Islands 
 1 tireece . 
 Turkey ■ 
 Channel Island* . 
 
 Total - 
 
 A.-IA 
 
 Syria and Paleslini; 
 
 Aratiia and Persia 
 
 Kast Indies and I'eyloi 
 
 I China and .Taiiati . 
 
 I .lava and Slinl.-irr.-i 
 
 I Philippine KLuuLs 
 
 Total - 
 
 ISli.l 
 
 £ 
 ■'i,aTi,ii;:i 
 
 l,iiTI,l)s.l 
 l,l.'i.'),V91 
 (i ,'^51, 50.1 
 s,|iii>,7(ii 
 (1,1.11 1, 'J IS 
 .'>,l74,ril 
 ■^l,n'^),717 
 
 SI 11,(14 1 
 
 4,84l,.T;l 
 (i9.l.-.l) 
 
 i,7H3,617 
 ■ISI.IHS 
 1 .W,M:7, 
 19'i,»79 
 
 9«ii,4r>,'> 
 
 5,90.'i,lW7 
 ttlK,5(W 
 
 S9,60O,17.'> 
 
 1S61 IHC^ 
 
 £ 
 
 l4,7l'i,fi.Vl 
 .-..'I'ii., ihll 
 l,.')7^7/.l 
 l,7'(S,'i01 
 S,S(i'J,lll9 
 9,'^sil,9i,l 
 
 Il.Cfill.lsO 
 ti,l|il,9'il 
 
 W.(. 10,7.-.-. 
 
 ,-,l'i,M,'l'^ 
 
 I7,'^(il 
 
 6,S7!l,7li'. 
 
 1I7,0VI 
 
 '^,(i9.n,l»'-' 
 
 liS.llIS 
 
 IM),5i,'.9 
 
 740,.'>,V> 
 
 S,OI4,74,', 
 
 837,a')tl 
 
 9'J,9iia,7«n 
 
 I7..1S.-.,M7 
 4,199,791 
 l,4'il,»fii 
 •i.'ihl.'ihl 
 6,ii(i,Vll.'. 
 IIM8.'i,i;ii'J 
 1'2,4I.1,40I 
 7,V>1,S1,', 
 
 '^,17 I, Mil 
 M7,7fi4 
 iill,W.9 
 
 ! K 
 
 Al'hlLA 
 
 Ef\vt ■ 
 , MorutTO 
 ' Wert Coast of Africa 
 
 Ca))i* of (jood Hope and Natal 
 I East Coast of Afrira 
 I St. Helena and AKension • 
 1 Mauritius 
 
 .\lgeria - 
 
 i Total - 
 
 .^HRitriA' 
 
 Kritisli North Atnerlean I 
 t West Indie* - 
 
 (iuiana - 
 I llajit - 
 I Korfign West Indies 
 
 I'nited States of Atnerira 
 I Melici ■ 
 
 Central Aineriia - 
 
 ( 'o'uinl)ia 
 
 !''j/il - 
 
 I.a l-:?ta and Uruguay 
 
 Cliili 
 ' i'lru 
 I Falkland Isla.'^ds . 
 
 Total - 
 
 Af;-r«At.i.«. 
 
 West and tSnnth Australia, \'ic- 
 toria, New Souta Wale^, Oueens- 
 laiul, 'r.ismania, and New Zealand 
 
 South taea Island). 
 
 Total . 
 
 141,87.^ 
 
 260 ,.569 
 
 .11,.58fi 
 
 76 
 
 ■ .')1,0S1,6J,1 
 
 »7,6.57,!114 
 
 l.'i,.'),-.tl,-.'4'i 
 
 17,178,811.5 
 
 •^■^,417 
 
 16,749 
 
 1 l,Mli,l9H 
 
 C >4,4.-56 
 
 1 71,188,9.19 
 
 7.5,9t)7,S7S 
 
 1 ir>,.1n5,S96 
 
 19,607,390 
 
 4V7,8.14 
 
 •ilt.nr, 
 
 ; 1,7'.<I,S94 
 1,919,84.1 
 
 1,186,996 
 1,97.'),S7.1 
 
 .14,4(,.'S 
 
 71,'i.V-> 
 
 18,1167 
 
 10,68.5 
 
 l,ns»i,^7t) 
 
 1,589,769 
 
 104,W» 
 
 1.57,4h7 
 
 K'i,71.5,til.'5 
 
 «.5,l.5.">,6'.Jt 
 
 1 
 
 s,s4i,.'ir,4 
 
 6,930,508 
 
 7,0'f^.7.18 
 
 9,161,963 
 
 I,(li9,7-i(l 
 
 1,98.5,1(71) 
 
 'J7l>.(ilO 
 
 WI,'ilO 
 
 4,471,919 
 
 6,4)1, ■11.5 
 
 19,.'>7'/,n.1.'! 
 
 |7,9'i3,6T8 
 
 a,^94„1.17 
 
 3,ia'i,:i.-<l 
 
 78.->,791 
 
 SI II I/. 17 
 
 8ii(,,(18B 
 
 I ,S9«,i,.-)9 
 
 4,191,1X111 
 
 7Ji>i\,l'il 
 
 • •J,4li'^,53-i 
 
 8,28.5,486 
 
 1 tt,ii88,H6« 
 
 3,162,24! 
 
 1 .'S,8'i4,S14 
 
 2,81)9,47.5 
 
 1 17,114 
 
 14,887 
 
 .58,31)3,460 
 
 63,810,374 
 
 1 
 
 7,lC0,B(ifi 
 
 10,0.W,.1.-2 
 
 I9,9fi7 
 
 18,211) 
 
 ' 7,180,633 
 
 IO,0.57,.542 
 
 V,923 168,6.53,316 |l,01>lHl«i 
 
 Europe . 
 
 .\sia 
 Africa , 
 
 AmiTi a 
 .'Vuslralia 
 
 89,500,375 
 71,188,939 
 22,745,613 
 .5S ,3115,160 
 7,180^33 
 
 99,962,720 
 76,967,878 
 2.5,163,6.58 
 63,8III,.174 
 10,067 ,.542 
 
 248,919,020 1274,962,172 271,072,286 i295,290,274 
 
 RFcAPirrr-ArloN, 
 

 t 1 
 
 12 MOROCTO 
 
 MOnoCCO. Sec niticlc jMociAntiui:, in 
 lioiiarv, (Mlitioii IM(!1I. 
 ^IVM. fAi-KAM) nia;i!.] 
 
 NKWCASTLK. Vor nii ncrount. of tliis 
 soe tlio iirtiflo Dockk in tlic Dictioniiry, sub- 
 A'cirranl/i', 
 
 iNn"H()-(lLY('Kl|IXK. On mvount o 
 (laii^jcronsly oxplo.sivi' niitiiiv, its iiniiort 
 and oxportation have liccn I'Drliiddon by M 
 
 \'i(t. C. Il;l S. ;). [(il.VI KltlNK. I 
 
 NOKWAY. Sec aiticlcM Hkikjkn and Ci 
 'iiAMA, in tlic Dii'tionary, edition \W.>. 
 
 Dic- 
 
 ])iirl 
 -head 
 
 f its 
 ation 
 
 tnis- 
 
 OAT8 and OATMl- A L. and (i\U )ATS. ( iis 
 tonis' duty on, rcpralt'd, IfSli'J. 
 
 OVSTI'IKS. I'owcr to inaki! oyster beds, on 
 written licen.so of the, inspeetors of Irisli lislicriea, 
 is f^rantcd to certain persons by U^ & i!3 Vi<'l . e. 1)2. 
 
 l'.\UTXi:i!SIIII'S. TJie ;i2 & ;);! Vict. e. .-in, 
 passed ISIlH, is tor re.i;iibiliMg the |)rooeedinKS 
 of companies for worUin;,' mines in tlie stannaries 
 of Devon or t'ornwall, and refers to tlie calls, 
 (leciinnts Ac, connected with them. 
 
 I'llASK, and I'KA MKAh. Ciislnnis' duty on, 
 repealed, 180!*. 
 
 I'KirKK. [Li.i:nsi:.s; Tka.J 
 
 I'OlM'l'dAL. See separate articles in the 
 Dictionary, edition lH(i',i. on I,i r.oN, JIatao, 
 and OPDuro. 
 
 I'OI'ATO l'L()i;it. (,'nstoni,.' dutv on, re- 
 Jiealed. IHC!). 
 
 l'(»\Vl)l'"-li', Hair, jKJwdcr perfumed, and any 
 powder suitable for starch. Customs' (hity on im- 
 jiort of and assessed tax on tlie use of bolli, 
 abolished. l.S(!i1. 
 
 I'KI'SSIA. See separate articles in tlie Dic- 
 tionary, edition Istiji, on the undermentioned 
 Trussiim ])orts, viz. Da.ntzic, KoMCisJiKltu, 
 Mi-,.MKi,, and .Stktjin. 
 
 I.'AILVVAYS. The .02 & Xi Vict. c. (' (IJailways 
 Comiianies Meetings Act I.Sd'.l) repeals so nuicli 
 of lh(^ llef^'ulation of Kailways Act of lH(ils as 
 relates to the approval, by meeting of incorporated 
 JIaihvay Comjianies, of bills and ccrtilicatcs for 
 conferring;' fnrlber powers im those comp.'Uiies. 
 'I'lie Itaihvays Abandoninent Act of b'^illt (32 it 
 ;;.{ A'ict. c. Ill) makes s[)ecial provision for the 
 ab.'lndonnicnt of Wjiilways .ind the <lissolution 
 of llailw.iv (!onii)anies. 
 
 i!y the TeleLcraphs Act of 181)1) it wotiM appear 
 that the estimaU d cost to the [inblic nl buyiiij;- the 
 inter.st of our Kaihvay Conipanies in lelef^raphic 
 business will not exceed 70i),OllO/. The interest 
 of the Tel, graph ('oni|ianics will cost a much 
 lari^'or sum. 
 
 According to the ItaUiray Newn, the traffic re- 
 ceipts of the railways of the United Kingdom on a 
 mile;ige of 1:!,.>1 1 amount to 81.X7.')(i/., or (!()/. hs. 
 jier mile for the week ended October 2!t, 18(!;); and 
 for the (■orrcspondinn- week of 18(;8 tlie receipts 
 were 78!),!t(;()/. on l.'>,:);!,'> miles, orO'.t/. bs. per mile. 
 
 KICK. [liANliK.lK.] 
 
 i;iCK DIST AM) aiKAL. Customs' duty on, 
 repealed. IH(i!). 
 
 iUT'KHT'.S LAND. [Colonies; Hudson's 
 .Day (Jo.-Mi'AKY.'] 
 
 lU'S^jf.■\. .See separate articles Ahoiianokl, 
 Oi>i:ssA, I'ETi-iisuiMKi, UiGA, Talianijog, in the 
 i)ictioiiaiv, edition 18()9. 
 
 itVK AND KYK MEAL, ant> F' '1^-1. p,,(j, 
 6n, rei'calcd, 1809. 
 
 SAGO. Customs' duty f ?>, T'rtv ':'d I8('>;). 
 SALMON'. The appointment nv the I.oi I 
 IJcutcnant of 2 inspca ts of iali-;' n' L lioriei i.i 
 
 STAIN 
 
 Ireland is sanctioned bj- the .'!2 Vict. c. '.), and 
 certain i)owers are conferred on them by ;!2 it .l.'J 
 Vict. c. '.)2. 
 
 SALT. I Spain.] 
 
 SALVADOK. [Tai.i.uw.] 
 
 SKA UlRDS. An Act, 112 &. I!!) Vict. c. 17, 
 has been passed for tlie preservation of sea birds 
 during the breeding scisiui, April 1 to August 1. 
 
 HKAMKN. The .Seamen's ( iithing Act of H2 it 
 ;i.") Vict. c. 57, for the jiroti'ction of Beamen's 
 clothing and property, refers exelusividy to seamen 
 belonging to her Majesty's navy, or bcu'ue on the 
 books of any of her Alajcsiy's sbijis in commission, 
 (jr any hired vessels in her Majesty's service in 
 time of war. 
 
 SKICDS. In eonseipieiiee of the growing |)rae- 
 tice of adulterating seeds, llu; (iovernment have, 
 by iJ2 it ii.'l A'ict. c. 1 12 (e(uning into force on May 
 I, 1870), imposed jienalties. not exceeding .V. lur 
 the lirst. and oil/, for any suhseipieiit olVeiiee, (in 
 e\ery person who, with intent to drt'niiul, iir to 
 enable another [lerson to defraud — 
 
 1. 'Kills or causes to bi^ killed any seciU' 
 (ilotroying by artificial means their viiidity nr 
 germinating jiowcr); 
 
 2. 'Dyes or causes to \h\ dyed any >ccils ' 
 (giving to them, by any |)idcess of e('iliiiiriii;,', 
 (hcing, sulphur-smoking, or other art ilieial iiiiaii>, 
 the a)ipearance of secils of another kind): 
 
 ;i. Sells or causes to btt s<ild .-iiiy killiil or dved 
 seeds. 
 
 sku;xoha(;k. [c.ins, ] 
 
 SKJIOLINA. Cnst:)ins' dutv on, repealed. ISilii, 
 
 SHANGHAI. (See Table, "p. li! of this Sup- 
 plement.) 
 
 SIIIl'.S, SHH'PIXG. The Merch.int Sliippin- 
 Colonial Act of 18(;!) jdjices the regulation of cur 
 colonial coasting trade under the Colonial l,ei,'isla- 
 turcs, and empowers them to grant, after due 
 examination, certilieates of (|ualilicalion to pcrsmis 
 intending to act as masters, mates, or engiiieer.'i 
 on board Hritish ships. 
 
 By ;!2 and 3'! Vict. e. Til, the .Vdniiralty jiui - 
 diction of the (,'ounty Courts is extended" to jniy 
 claims not exceeding ;ll)ll/. each, relating to the 
 use or hire of any ship, or the carriage df iroiKls 
 in any ship, or any claim in tort in ri'spect hI 
 goods carried in .uiy ship, and to all elaiins fur 
 (lainagi! In ships whether by collisidii or otlicr- 
 wise, anil .also, if the ji.'irties agree, to claims nl 
 higher ainonnt referring to all the above chiims 
 except those for damage. It |)rovi(les. ino, that 
 the judge may be assisted by two niercantile 
 assessors. 
 
 SIAM. [liANCKoi;.] 
 
 SLAVES AND SLAVE TltADK. Tlie gne,! 
 feeling that formerly existed between lirazii ami 
 this country having been sensibly weakened by 
 our mode of carrying out, under 8 "it 9 Vict. c. 1 2J, 
 .•i convention between the two countries for the 
 final abolition of the African Slave Triulc. this Act 
 has been repe.; ■ d by the 32 Vict. c. 2, on the 
 ground that the circninstanees which led t) the 
 passing of the lirst-mentioned Act no Innycr 
 exist, by rciison of the cessation of the iuiportalioii 
 of slaves into Brazil from Africa. See Zanzihai; 
 for notice of jurisdiction in slave trade casus 
 given by 32 it '!3 Vict. c. 7') to liritish cunsiil 
 there. 
 
 SOUTIIAMPTOX. See, for aceoniir of this 
 port, article Docks, Rub-head SouthumpUm, in 
 Dietionarv, edition 1809. 
 
 SOUTH SHIELDS. See article Docks in 
 Dictionary, edition 180!). 
 
 '^FAIN". As intimated by Board of Trade 
 >v,fi.es of July 28 and August 2,% 18ti!t, the 
 ■■^u uiish Government have abolished their mo- 
 
y llu! :)i Viof. c. 'I, mid 
 irrt'il <m them by 32 it 3;J 
 
 .M>\v.] 
 
 \ot, ;;•_' it :i;5 Vkt. c. 17, 
 
 ' pivscrviiliim "t" si'ii liinltt 
 isiin, Aiiril 1 to Aiifiust 1. 
 iiciiV cliitliiii;^ Act (if H'J & 
 |)ri)tccli<>ii of Bi'iiiiu'ii's 
 'fci-si'xcluNivcly to scaim;ii 
 ty's niivy, or lionic on the 
 jsty'.i xliips ill (Oiiiiiiis.sion, 
 her .Miijcsty's servicT in 
 
 inu'c of the urowiiiK |iiac- 
 'li.i, I lie (iovcniniont liavi', 
 coiniiif; into fmcc on May 
 Hies, not cxcccilin;; .")/. fi.r 
 iiy .-.ub.seciui'nt otUiit'i', on 
 h intent to di framl, or In 
 o (U'lrand — 
 to l)(^ UIIKmI any sccd^' 
 il means tlieir vitality i.r 
 
 to \h\ dyed any ^(■l•ll^' 
 inv prowsH of colonriri^', 
 'j;, or other artitieial nii aiiv, 
 
 of anotlier Itind) : 
 lie .sold any killed or dyed 
 
 ,'lllN>. ] 
 
 ms' duty on, repealed, isilii. 
 Table, ji. |;5 of this .sup- 
 
 SPAIN 13 
 
 S/iectal Tithh fin- Sliiiiujliai. — Annual Value iif the wliiile Traih in Forrjijn UiWih and in Chinese 
 J'nulure. Carriiil in Ionian y'l'mmla — IWI.") tti iHtiM. 
 
 FuilKI'iN *i()OM 
 
 Imnortecl . . • - 
 
 lie expnrtitl In Forel||n Counlrm, 
 
 cltieMjf to .lapan 
 Ke eipnrli'U to Chinene Ports, rliii'tly 
 
 to Ninupo, thf Noillicrii, ami tliu 
 
 Vantfta/e I'ort* • 
 
 isri.', 
 
 T.ifl. 
 3S,,T)-,;77 
 
 llu- 
 
 t-xiNirtetl ! 
 
 Tai'li 
 
 S.Vl.HVl, 
 
 l'^l,991,0'iii; 
 |i1,lW,l.T^i 
 
 ('HINKKK I'HOIII (K : 
 
 Iniporlcil, rhii'llv from lliiiikiiw, Kiu- 
 killllU, iiiul Nlit((liu - 
 HfexMorn-il III Koreliiti ('otiiitrii.*i 
 ill' i'X)H»rt»*U to ('luni-.>i- Ton* 
 
 v;.,Mr,,:57H 
 
 li:.,i,v.,7iiv 
 
 i 'l,7tlli,'JS'i 
 
 i'ill,»Pa,7S.' 
 ll.l-'.I.W? 
 
 7,7n/,Ml' .. ! 
 ^;ro^s Value of llu; Tr.ule ortlii* I'ort iHti,t)ii»,.'>.*>(i, 1 
 
 rhinf^e I'rottnrt.' of UhM origin Kxportetl 
 
 to Korfitt" (^luiiirit's 
 ('llillt'^(■ I'r<-«1»(<' ">' l*>^ •>' origin Kx)iuriftl 
 
 10 I linific I'itrt-. 
 
 -\iiiin>\iin.»lf \«'t \'iiluf 
 
 Fon-iuti CftoiU ~- Il'sh Uc-exiiortf(l 
 A Wr.i.itl «ntl t»i i;him;M- Vmt'< 
 
 I'hmi'-f <m»imU rfffivfil — li'->'i Ke- 
 fxi><<rti'<l Alirtiul aiiit lo t hiiif'-f 
 I'i.il-i .... 
 
 t liiMi->;,* (I'loil-t of I,iR;jt Ori^'iti Kxp^-rtnl 
 
 lIliMl"! - • - . 
 
 11... .1.1. itit. ti» rhiiii"vi' I'ort-t 
 
 L itnni.'i /nfiii 
 
 IO,fiI7,'iO,-. 
 
 
 ."s.iisii.MSI 
 
 luor. 
 
 18(i7 
 
 
 IKIIH 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ilr 
 
 ,., , mi.urinl 
 '1 aoU 'i'uei, 1 
 
 1 He- 
 1 eitioried 
 Taels 1 'l'iiL'1.1 
 
 Tae!i 
 
 lie- 
 
 exiM.rlotl 
 
 Tael. 
 
 i:,im,'}>j:, ,. jif, 
 
 07(1,031 
 
 4il,j()7 
 
 ,tl3 
 
 .. 
 
 Vf>t,m 
 
 1 V,V,T.I,I01 
 
 •• 
 
 
 •^,ns(l,7U6 
 
 -r,,vr,,na) 
 
 ^.-.l.sn.Ms? 
 
 ,. 
 
 .■!.-i,ilf,,'.,7r,7 
 
 1 1 
 
 iJI.Ul'^.iUS 
 
 I 
 
 
 37,7.Vi,.0fi.', 
 
 1 
 r.nMt.r,: .. .T),s:(i,7.'.r 
 
 ll,'e,,-,,7ii:, .. i|(l,i)lli,S'il 
 
 31,3'r 
 
 I'J.Wll.'i.'i.- 
 
 ; N,ll.-,.1,',l 
 
 i\,\'j:,\w 
 
 ■^:.,'ill,ii7ii 
 
 
 'i7,6l,ij,(l(l7 
 
 ti,'tfis,s7; ^^ I'j 
 
 ■'1I,'^-!U 
 
 I'J.S'J- 
 
 ."■re 
 
 (1,1 IS, '.Hi __ 7 
 
 '/S _',!).■)! 
 
 7,'iir 
 
 .'!" 
 
 'ji,(i.'ii.;iii M7 
 
 l'.T..t'i!l 
 
 iVl.n 
 
 .Ill 
 
 i 
 
 ll.Sf.V.VIO 1 
 
 iv.s; .',■'«■' 
 
 
 v,i'.i,s»ii ! 
 
 .'.,9H-.,iii;2 
 
 .'.,Wi;,| 7'i 
 
 . 
 
 (i,ir.:,s7'. 
 
 II,e(:s,S77 
 li,llS,VJi 
 
 1 '/,.-. 11, '"ill 
 
 7,'A.','.M 
 
 _ 
 
 ■i,s'i;,(p7ii 
 7,si.i,Uii 1 
 
 :^.',,■!(,-,,ll^„ ' 1 
 
 .-.S.e'i-.liil 
 
 
 r.,S2 
 
 %«1 ^ i 
 
 Spaitisli Tmiff lif .imj. I. li^dl*. 
 — linjiort Dutirs IvcU'd in the Pvninsulti niul 
 IhtU'urU- Inlands on FonUjn and Cohniai Mer- 
 kandisi'. 
 
 '^''irijj'. — Iiiipnrt J)ntlrs S,r. — voidui'ud. 
 
 t'liit 
 
 Tlip Morohnnt Sliipjiin;; 
 icos the rt'f^Miljition nl' i iir 
 I'jicr 111" <'(ilnnial I<t':;i.>];i- 
 lictn l(t ^^rant» after ilitc 
 s o('qiialiIl(.'ation to ihtsuhs 
 istcrs, matos, or fn^iiiecrs 
 
 . 51, tlu' Admiralty jiiris- 
 'ourts iscxt'Milod to any 
 !00/. cacli. rt'latiiiK t» tlu' 
 . or flio carriai^^p I'f frood.-i 
 liiii ill tort in n-siiLi't ot 
 lip, and to all (laiins for 
 IT I>y coUi.^inii or othcr- 
 irtios a^rci', to flalius ol 
 ; to all tilt' abnvt' clainis 
 ■('. It jirovidi'-i. tni), that 
 ifttcd l)v t\vo nuTcantiit' 
 
 I'K Ti;Al>i:. Tho^nicd 
 istnl Ix'twefii Brazil and 
 on soiisiblv weakened liy 
 , under«*ifc9Vi<;t. c.l-j}, 
 he two roiuitrii'^i for tlift 
 lean Slave Trade, this A<'t. 
 »c 32 Vict. 0. 2, oil tlio 
 stances which led to the 
 nlioned Act no lonuer 
 ^salion (d'thc imiinrtatiuii 
 1 Africa. See /anziuai: 
 on in slave trade casus 
 c. 75 t.; Uritish eouMil 
 
 See, for acoonnt of this 
 b-hend Southaw/Uoti^ \n 
 
 See article Docks in 
 
 d by Hoard of Trade 
 
 Anjru.t 2,\ IHtiit, the 
 
 ivc abolished their mo- 
 
 Unit 
 
 - t 
 
 I 
 
 ICfwl nnit I'oke, \ht ton of . 
 ' I'iiT, I'iit-h, asplmlt, tMtiiin'iii>ui 
 ' vhalf, liitumvii, aiul raw ptMro- 
 . h-um 
 IVtniii'iiin and other niinL'ral i»iU, 
 
 reline<l ; and tieii/liie - 
 Ori-s, iiiT ion of - 
 
 ■ l.iiiiiiion or ordinary holltiw itla^^ ., 
 
 ;rr>'stat,andKtah!iini'itaiiuiisiliL-riot' { 
 
 I'laitf glasii and crystal - -i 
 
 quu-l[->ilveri'd. aii<l ] 
 
 iTvstaU for spixtiU'lL's r.nd 
 
 I'il.i/iil lilfs, larp! nnd MiiiiH, fniir 
 'HUrin; tiles uir tlrmr.-.. Inirk-i, ' 
 tili'i tor roufs, tuliL''., .tiid hiiiit- 
 I.ir articles 
 itiit china, and linecartliniware - 
 
 t'lirciilaiii . . - 
 
 iild jfWeU, evi'il if rimt.iininj; 
 (learU or stones 
 
 "^jiveT do. do. ilo- 
 
 li.tlil, silver, or platinum, jumU- 
 into other arliilfh 
 
 ^loel in liars, pl.itcs, ni.d (Mrri.ii.M' 
 'priiiKs 
 
 Ir.tii, in li.irs 
 
 O-j. ill lidtf. of all kinds - 
 
 Oil. iii.itli* into cniniiiiin artu U*-* 
 
 Do. MMik- into tine articli-s, that is 
 lo sav, ]ii)1i>lii'il l-ikkIs, with a 
 I'lialint! en. i me lied , and with 
 nrniintfhts of other iiutaU 
 
 i>i>. ill rails (harras.rarrileh| 
 
 Do. ill plates, H * niUiiiielros ' and 
 abiive ill thi' knu^s, and had in^t 
 Ifiioiiloiies) 
 
 ilii. IntnniLTwl or rolled, and iron i 
 piiiitllfd. In liarH of whatever - 
 -lia|i(', from 1 It ' niiliinetro. ' 
 and Almve m swtion - -' 
 
 Do. in Itarn (if whatt -'er shape. ii|> ! 
 to Hi ' inilimctros' in neeiion; ' 
 itu. m plates, up to 'niili I 
 iia-trot' in thicknesh; and hoop:* I 
 furcavks - . -I 
 
 Do. wire . ^ .; 
 
 I>ii. in nail, and wrews, even if ' 
 tir.iM.headud - . ■ 
 
 On, ill lubt-s 
 
 Do. made into ciminum artifles^ 
 even if (-«)ated with le>d.ltn,or , 
 /iiK*. or if piMiilnl or varnished ; 
 ami in tube> %*;ih a cuvuriiiu of 
 brass - , .t 
 
 [Oo. niade into Hnf artieLs, that is 1 
 
 i to tar, poiithed onca, with n | 
 covering ut' vnaiuel, anil with 
 
 I.DOU ki'os, 
 ' 101) kitos. ! 
 
 1 y 
 
 1,000 kilos. 
 KlU kilos. 
 
 O IDII 
 
 V '^'11) 
 
 n lull 
 
 ."i V'KI 
 
 IS OKI 
 
 7 0(11) 
 
 ' nrnamrnt^ of other nutaU, and j 
 
 ij line met-l ariicle.i not other«i>e 
 
 speiilied . . .' 
 
 Imn and steel in llseIe^^ pieces, in- [ 
 
 <ludiii[:raiK(liarr.u *aruIe^^ -| 
 
 I 'li'M''''»^- - - •■• 
 
 I, ^ inanufK-turei) - . ' 
 
 ^ ' Needles, j«ns, jiieces for watches, | 
 
 f" '^i , and other similar artictis of iron i 
 
 or steel . . .) 
 
 fl w 1 *^"'*'*'^' '""K*; *loi razors, and ' 
 
 o ^-f peiiknivi-.s . . .1 
 
 H on I' Scissors 
 
 1[' 00 ( Mde-arms, and hlades for tin' 
 
 same 
 
 , Fire-arms, and harn-'s and other 
 tirtinhed pieces fur the same 
 SO 00 ('o|iper of the lirst i astii:«, and 
 I oiil copper 
 Copper ami brass in Inrs and 
 lumps 
 _^1 .Ml Do. do. in sheets :iiiil naiN, and 
 ."•7 ''0 voppcr wire 
 
 Uo. do. in tubes, l.ir^re pieces 
 half-tinisheil, such a-. < <i.ir>e 
 partn of chalinf;.di>hes, ^v., and 
 3 ^'U ' the bottoms of iHidirs - 
 
 I Itrass win* 
 'i 00 I Itrun/e not manufactured 
 
 The same metals when mnmifac- 
 I.'* 00 tu red, and all mixinres of com- | 
 '.; '>0 ninn metals with copper and tin I ., 
 
 (iold pUUn^, in shet-ts • m kilo. 
 
 ill niaiuif.icttiretl ar- 
 ticV'S . . •' .» 
 
 I Silver idatinKi it) sh<rts - -. „ 
 
 in manufacture<l ar. 
 i: .VI ilcbs - - ■ .. 
 
 H to j! Tin, in lumps - - .| 100 kitos. 
 
 j itiamifacturiHl - -' i, 
 
 I'lL'-le.id, or lead in himp'., sheets, 
 r> t^nO \) GO plates, tubes, halts, or siit.Ul Ahot- 
 t , Do. iii^iiiuf.ictured 
 
 i 1 /inc, in liars, lumps, or cakes 
 
 I ' in shei'ts, nails, or wire 
 
 4 too II 00 ' m.uuif.u tared 
 
 I I All other metats anil mixtures not 
 
 r mentionctt, in bheetsj lumps, 
 I nails, Sec. 
 
 I D». manufactured 
 
 n <M)|, U'iret;:iu/i! 
 
 H aOn hi inanufacluretl nr- 
 
 tides 
 *iO 00 : ('onimon salt 
 13 00 I (ttueHnd albumen 
 IMiosphorus 
 Nitr.ite of potash (»allpelre( 
 
 soda - 
 Oxide of lead 
 !> OOJ 22 50 I Sulphate and pyroliunilo of iron • 
 ! Chemic.d articles not mentioned ■ 
 , Pharmaceutic at ariiclui for meilt- 
 ' cinal uie exclusively 
 
 (."0 
 i;. one 
 
 ii tHKJ 
 
 j 
 
 M i)On' 
 
 1 -IDOi 
 
 o soo 
 
 (\ otitil 
 
 It'll I 
 Jll" 
 
 .'jO 
 
 0(t 
 
 ;-o , 
 
 70 
 
 .'>0 
 
 Inilkil.'s. 
 
 11 
 
 ndo 
 
 ^7 .0.) 
 
 „ 
 
 'A 
 
 (lull. 
 
 .'i(ie 
 (II In' 
 
 i, (III 
 
 is •:, 
 i-i ,',ii 
 
 kll,>. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 ■^i)(l 
 
 3 (Id 
 
 ;; 
 
 I) 
 
 ■Hill 
 
 1 m 
 
 >f 
 
 II 
 
 Mill 
 
 ■J (111 
 
 n 
 
 'i 
 
 (Hill 
 
 ,') (111 
 
 lui) kilos. 
 
 .0 
 
 mill 
 
 ii .0(1 
 
 » 
 
 ■J 
 
 001 1 
 
 ui .0(1 
 
 f, 
 
 •ill 
 
 OUli 
 
 1 
 
 .0(1 00 
 
 I, 
 
 1 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ni'i 
 (111 ' 
 
 due* 
 
 70 (10 
 
 ^^l ec 
 ill lili 
 
 II llHi 
 
 •111', 
 
 iiOOj 
 
 (1(10 
 
 xuu. 
 
 kilo. 
 100 kilos. 
 
 kilo. 
 100 kiloi. 
 
 kilo, 
 ad vat. 
 
 _ 
 
 Tilei 
 
 .', 
 
 (11 III 
 
 ■•Ill 
 
 (nil 
 
 
 
 Cue 
 
 ", 
 
 '^iiii 
 
 '/. 
 
 liiii 
 
 11 
 
 mil 
 
 10 
 
 IIIK' 
 
 
 
 i;ei' 
 
 l.o 
 
 mill 
 
 u 
 
 'iUI 
 
 
 
 40(1 
 
 I 
 
 .-11 III 
 
 4 
 
 due 
 
 (1 
 
 •Jiiii 
 
 1 
 
 .0111 
 
 II 
 
 4dli 
 
 •i 
 
 001 1 
 
 II 
 
 filKI 
 
 
 
 Old 
 
 12.') 0(1 
 « 7.0 
 
 1'^ .01. 
 ,011 (II 
 
 1 .0(1 
 H Oil 
 
 l.'i (II 
 Sj 01 
 
 Wyr 
 
 1 
 
 .011 
 
 "7 
 
 .011 
 
 11 
 
 so 
 
 1 
 
 on 
 
 3 
 
 •^.0 
 
 111 
 
 (111 
 
 (1 
 
 .0(1 
 
 ^ 
 
 7-0 
 
 1 
 
 (1(1 
 
 ,'i 
 
 (10 
 
 1 
 
 ,0(1 
 
 II 
 
 111 
 
 (1, 
 
 , 1 
 
 .1.. 1 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 
 »■ .('•■• ■',■:« 
 
 , I 
 
 
 ■*:'. 
 
 ; 
 
 14 SPAIN 
 
 TarijH'.— Import JJuim* i^-c.—contiitutd. || Tariff.— Import DutieM ^c— continue J. 
 
 Unit UuilMln ' I Unit 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 I inokllui. 
 
 I 
 
 Stanh . • - ■ 
 
 1'l.inti for iiuliihtn-t) |>iiri>(istH, 
 
 ciciirint*, niul Mi|t.«r not iititdtf | 
 
 from the ku^.ir caite - •; 
 
 Snap-* . • •( 
 
 Parninnp, Mfnrlnp, sikI whale 1 
 
 it}>erm in inaku>s 
 |)o. do. <li). iiianHftuiurwl - ' 
 I'erfumerj <»•"' fH»tnt«» - 
 Ula«llnf{ tK>w(ler 
 PowiliT fur )t|ioriinK> and iiiatchei 
 
 fur lihuttnfi I 
 
 l!li|iloalf« iniitures. iiinl In the 
 
 Mine way as jK>w)lfr 
 Mnw coltnil 
 
 Spiin cuttiiii, anil i-oliun twitted In 
 
 Dill* or two htratuU for wvavin^', 
 
 uiitpkMched, white, ur iljed, up 
 
 In So, ?>tt hu luilvv - ■' iulo. 
 
 l)u. do. du< do. fiDin No, .Ifi j 
 
 upwards - - '. m 
 
 Do. twUtfd In 5 nr innre sIrnmU 
 fnr spwlnit *>r pniliruidfrtuft, uri- 
 liteached, whlif, or dywl „ 
 
 Plain flose nrestifil win-en !;(«»!■*, ; 
 itnl)lpat*h«(l. uliu*-, itr iU*'il, in 
 pieces «tr haiulin*rihi»'t'., up to 
 V.') ihreadt im lu-ivc, » .jumimI m 
 the woof mul w.irii, in a Mjuare ■ 
 of (j • inilim^-iros' - ,, 
 
 l>o. do. of '^G IhrratU iuid up- 
 
 wards • *' ,, 
 
 Mo. printed and twillwl .md : 
 Ii«ured in tht* liKim. up so y.*» 
 ihrtadt inclu>ivt.' in we vv4Mf 
 and wttr]i - * »■ 
 
 Do. do. do. of 'iC* thi««U aurt 
 
 ufwardft ■ - - »# 
 
 Do. do. tranMiarent, *ui ii ■•■ 
 niiHii n, rHmlirM-. lawn, and 
 g:\u >}l'atl kiniU * ,, 
 
 Quilted stutr* .Hid ' piqut* ' „ 
 
 MintC. pUitt) and ttllii-r double 
 
 faltricfc tur imtkinK clothes ^ 
 
 Tulle .--■»• 
 Crochet in wm form, including 
 
 crochet Inc - - „ 
 
 Lace of ail ttrts, ttcepi ■ ivchet 
 
 lace - • - - ,, 
 
 Knitted wart-s liejido^ d« f>nnlo) 
 in the piece, m Nhirts, or >tiitu- 
 sers - - • - ,♦ 
 
 Do. in filorhiMici. >4>rl(K, gloves A*^>-i .. 
 
 ' AbaCi't.' aiuw^ .Mnd jute - •' 100 kilos. 
 
 Kaw heniti. Mi«t itiresiteil du. •. „ 
 
 liaw aid ure4!«K( i'.jk - -| „ 
 
 Yarn of • nlMir » , .>><>es, andjuto • ,, 
 
 hemp or 'Iw* •' „ 
 
 Thread twiated in iwo or more 
 
 fttranda • ■' „ 
 
 Kiv'KinK ""'^ c^miajw - -^ „ 
 
 Plain woven -iniclei* up to 10 , 
 
 threads incluxve - -. kilo. 
 
 Do. from II III ^\ inclusive - „ 
 
 Do. of 'i.'-t and upwards - ■ , „ 
 
 Do. (willed and wi'rked • M ,, 
 
 I.Hci-work - - ■' ». 
 
 Knittetl wdtea (teiitiUMd*-^nto) -i ,, 
 
 I'arpetf - - • ,» 
 
 Cnnnnun wool . - -j UHJ J»iloi> 
 
 U'nol of otiiir kinds, airf leiif: i 
 
 wool for twistitiK • - i „ 
 
 I)i». cornbeil and prcpii«4^1 for do. „ 
 
 Wonted, Kpun and twi*ted in the : 
 
 rough, or In the arease - kilo* 
 
 Do. ( It'anited or bleached •; „ 
 
 Do. dveti - - • .. 
 
 ('arprts • - • 11N> kilos. 
 
 Hiankett - - -' kilo. 
 
 Woven fioo<U of pure mooI, or j 
 luixed with colltiii, plain .and j 
 twilled, even if w nil pde, MU'h I 
 a-t l^izes and flannels, pltikh#* 
 or velvets - - "' .« 
 
 (Thin cloth-*, kfrseyinen-s, »nA 
 
 soft wool and ti'-KVietl sliawls „ 
 
 iTbick coinrnon cloths, and other 
 I woven articles of i-lothwork „ 
 
 Coarse, napped iJomU. containing 
 I or tiiti a mixture of cotton ,, 
 
 ;Dn, do. of h'isiles and horsehair -. ,, 
 
 Knitted Kood^ (ti-jidos de putitoj - ,, 
 
 !Silk, raw or k|<un, but untwi^tetl • j ,, 
 
 tw'iitled, up tu 4 strands in- ; 
 elusive - - - ,, 
 
 'Do. lio. bevond 1 str.mds -j ,, 
 
 .Waste hilk, hpun, but untwisted • ,, 
 
 I Do- twibted up to 1 »trand.s, in- ' 
 , elusive - - *( M 
 
 j Do. do. Iwvond 4 strands - „ 
 
 Plain or twilled woven giHHhi ■ ,, 
 
 > V'elvets and plushen - ,, 
 
 , Woven KnodK mixed with silk and , 
 I warsted, waste Hilk.raw itlk^ or | 
 
 nniL<it ftilk and waste silk •] ., 
 
 jTulle of Hilk or wH.ste >ilk •! ., 
 
 tl.aceand }>otnt do. do- •{ ,, 
 
 jKidttcd Kt>wU (tejidufl d« punto) 
 
 do* do* ■ • * II 
 
 iim kiioi. ■» (iiiu> 
 
 10 on I f-Uimmon tiAitfr, wirlxnit ii/e. or 
 linlt'.at<f(l, liir ftrllutiiQ • 
 ; Dt*. f*tr wrllhifi, hthuf;rji)ihtnK, 
 f U.^ I «n<l f«>r prims ■ 
 1H' 70 Cut )in|wr, piiper iiiailc Ity hnnd, 
 I I nvlni Mlier, and i-ardlioarti 
 
 in nmM m on ' Bu<>k>, IhuukI or uiiluiiiul, f>r 
 mi IMIn. ^1 III) I ullMnr pflntwl imlwra in SV"ni>l> - 
 
 .VHl 
 
 II filHI 
 U 1X.1 
 
 n oflfii 
 
 U (ilXI 
 
 II ,'.(10 
 701) 
 
 1 WUl> 
 
 1 or: 
 
 I 600 ! 
 
 1 'ir.'.l 
 
 1 !iOlll 
 
 1 MMIl 
 
 1 ■mil! 
 
 I •CI 
 
 I H 
 
 OAli 
 
 Hill 
 
 40(1 
 IKHI 
 IIIKI 
 ill III 
 0011 
 
 000 
 0011 
 
 ,')(K 
 
 1 000 
 I TOO 
 
 goo 
 
 i 000 
 
 'i 000 
 
 II lull 
 
 u wo 
 
 -, 000 
 
 1'^ Olio 
 
 » ■«) 
 
 I (110 
 
 I tioo 
 
 >0 000 
 
 1100 
 
 « .500 
 
 OOill 
 fiilOi 
 lilXI 
 
 i! .lOOi 
 VnOl 
 
 fiiii) 
 Olio, 
 
 III »i)o; 
 
 .1 6001 
 U OOlli 
 li OUOi 
 
 9 
 U7 
 
 Do. do. in I'firt'iKil IhiikuhiO'h 
 •"W I Kn)(ra«iiiK.. iiihii>, atul iU...iuiiH 
 
 li Paiier, Hlwiiiivu ua a iialural 
 M' «r.wn.l 
 
 I Ilo. on a dull tw lUNtruu, uroiind 
 1."' ))(.. with Kn^ilt iiilvrr, wool, ind i 
 ■*) rry,im .. -I 
 
 iirown. iilolrioj,', niul curiiiiuin 
 )>.n'kinu iMpiT, .itia);r.fiii atul 
 Imslvlunrd 
 OlIu.fH not iiit'ntlunetl In llie 
 
 ■i M' 
 
 Tnrlir 
 Sravi« - 
 Lhvku and 
 
 iMains 
 
 tmall |)lnnkii and 
 
 H 
 A 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 i7 
 
 im 
 «> 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 4 
 
 « 
 1« 
 6 
 
 I) 
 ia 
 
 \t 
 
 , JtouMled polm iinU &lia|)«il wart 
 I lor .hl|u1iulMtn)( 
 
 .iMtincr.* wowl, m trunk, or piccef • 
 I sawn Into plank. 
 
 •T 00 f i:,tHks, miulf ii|. or not 
 
 j Coiiinin.1 wtMHl, niailf into all 
 *i 70 I Motts of arliilt-s, whether tuinrdi 
 pHOTilnf. or .arninlu'fl, or not, 
 uni< lalh.t, inau|[l«l or vanitalied, 
 nr tiMviiarMl for iiildlnit - 
 
 4 00 l-'inc .wtHHl. inaile into fumilurt* 
 anil iittim artifk^, tunisd, 
 
 3 70 cnrvwt, poltaliud, and vnmlHiivd. 
 
 1' nitli'iw of onItn.try wnod 
 
 I ven uff w d with tinar luirti i iip- 
 
 .1 00 1, l)nlst.n. . t.xt4*pt arti.-lts t-overed 
 
 'I ^0 M'ith M..I. ami );tldi.<l l.iihA 
 
 { Do. In 11..^ haiiitr urtit'ltts uiUlatlt 
 
 .1 .'>0 llimf inlaid uillt niotnpr.ol'- 
 
 5 IH) , jifarl or oilier line nialerInU, and 
 
 , with inouldliiKK of melat, ami 
 3 (X) ' ItuiM' roveretl with silk 
 rmaniiMl hlden and akiti-s 
 
 6 V.'i Tanni d tie. 
 
 P.iti-nt laathen 
 
 Skins for uorerlnR and lor onia- 
 oO inent - - - , 
 
 U'l (*loves 
 00 I Hoot, and slioe, 
 00 Arurks UHtnl b> saddlers, &c, 
 fiO I Pianos 
 .-iO i (iuld wntrlie^ 
 40 j Waii'l.Hv nf silver or other iiielalj 
 
 ! Clocks ..fall other sons « 
 60 
 
 UO ' Instruii.etits of Aciinreaiid art 
 
 «6 I Agricultural inacliines 
 .SIV ' 
 
 «A LfKoinulive enfflnes 
 
 •"I 
 
 S»\ tllhcr nmchiiiery (oniplete for 
 
 tWI' in.inufactureh -" - , 
 
 Kir 
 
 OIV Octachetl parta of machines 
 
 Insntatiiifi appntatuK, strelrhers, I 
 wires, iMisis, and nthcT articles 
 llir the electric tclcuraiih 
 
 CarriaiiFS and clarencrs, with two 
 * tahlero*,' with or without i 
 hiHHls. new, second-hand, or 
 mended 
 
 Brouuli.-itns, with or willinttt a 
 foldnt;; seat, t liinil.UseH huldinj; 
 more than 1.0 persons, dill, 
 fences, new, ftiToiid*haiid, or i 
 iiicntled 
 
 Two or lour wheeletl carriaKes, 
 wilhont tliollMkards. *|.iMeros' 
 wilh „r wilhoul I ffti^h, what- 
 cvir may l.e the Auinlier of 
 >cats, onniihUM-s up to l.'i seats 
 iiK-Iusive, and iMrri.^)ti.s unenu- ' 
 nit-r.-it.d, new, second hand, of 
 meiidml . . .1 
 
 Kailw.vy ( arriages, trucks or viftis \ 
 f.r rallA-.nrs, and ciru and 1 
 wa((){ons for nierfhand.se, Ace. ', 
 
 Wooi'f-n sMp.s, up III HiOio'ii 9f» I 
 cubic metrv each 
 
 Ships from 10! to .'(lO.(|iU* '' 
 
 "■■■ wr.ird^ - 
 
 lull kilo,. 
 
 kilo. 
 100 kllol. 
 
 per 1,11110 ; 
 
 per cuhic | 
 iiiairo 
 
 llJU klloa. 
 
 .'ill 
 
 4 
 17 
 1^6 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 .'id 
 .'ill 
 
 6 0001 15 00 
 
 .'5111 upw 
 Do. Iron, no rnaiter 
 naue - 
 
 TinihiTs, 
 wrecks 
 
 &c. 
 
 •f what Ion- 
 (dcspojos) from 
 
 Sell cod and otickfish 
 Fish, fresh, or with the salt indlj- 
 jieusahle lor its piescrralion 
 
 each 
 
 IdO kllM. 
 
 j 
 
 P. 
 
 4 
 
 000 
 
 lu 
 
 OINI 
 
 10 
 
 IMIO 
 
 IR 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 IHKI 
 000 
 iUII 
 
 II 
 
 kO 
 
 fHM) 
 000 
 
 80 
 
 000 
 
 .1 
 
 000 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 III Ml 
 1100 
 
 
 
 60O 
 
 1 p.c. 
 ad val. 
 
 'ilNi 
 
 1 mm 
 
 10 III! 
 
 •ii IHj' 
 M Ull 
 40 noi 
 
 III IHI 
 
 1 'ii; 
 
 «7 .'<;' 
 .■il) on 
 
 SOU nil 
 
 I 
 
 la .'* 
 
 40 im' 
 
 7 54l| 
 
 1 50 
 
 1 p.c. I 
 ad rnl. 1 
 
 11 /lOI 
 
 17 ill 
 
 14 OUO 
 
 40 IKKl KKI m 
 
 r- 11(1(1. 7 ill 
 
 II .'iiiii' I a.'i 
 
 1 IMI 'i ill 
 
 II -.Klfli I) .'ill 
 
 N iiliol ilO IKi| 
 
 .1 .^■illl H 7.V 
 
 I mifl « .'id 
 
 luo (i(i(i! Ull iKi 
 
 .1 110(11 7 .'lO 
 
 HliUi 1 UU 
 
 80 p.c. I nil |i.c. ' 
 
 ad val. I ad tal. 
 
 1(1 p.c. I III |i.c. 
 
 ad val. I ad rai. 
 
 Ip.c. 
 ad vhI, 
 l!ii.c. 
 
 ad val. 
 aii.c. 
 
 metrical 
 ton 
 
 lOOkilot, 
 
 ad val. 
 
 ad val. 
 
 1 Cp.c. 
 ad val. 
 Id p.c. 
 ad val. 
 
 (i (I.e. 
 
 ad inl. 
 Id p.,.. 
 ad val. 
 
 5 p.c. 
 ad val. 
 
 .1 p.c. 
 ad val. 
 
 400 UOU 
 
 100(1 (Kll 
 
 1 
 
 JOG 00(1 
 
 7.')0 Wi 
 
 \K 000 
 
 Sit M 
 
 tr, f.c. 
 
 ad val. 
 
 S.'j p.c. 
 ad val. 
 
 1.1 ono 
 
 10 000 
 i 00(1 
 
 S« «d 
 ■ill Od 
 IK ill 
 
 5 OCO 
 
 H SO 
 
 8 p.c. 
 ad val. 
 
 7 oou 
 
 iJ 
 
 8 p.c. 
 od tal. 
 1? «i 
 
 f Ou 
 
Dutie$ ^c— continued. 
 
 Unit 
 
 UvtiM In 
 
 llUlkilill. 
 
 kilo. 
 
 luo knot. 
 
 |ier l,(lul> 
 
 IMT i-ulilc 
 iiivlru 
 
 4 IKMJ 
 10 WMI 
 
 10 (100 
 
 11! IMHl 
 I (Kin 
 U 
 
 11 (Hid 
 VII (KMI 
 
 Nl) 000 
 i 000 
 
 in dim 
 
 3 null 
 
 600 
 
 1 p.c. 
 ail val, 
 
 d villi' 
 1 mill 
 
 4 UOII 
 
 VHI'tl 
 
 1110 kilM. 
 
 U 0011 
 
 I 3 ' 
 
 10 nil 
 
 IS w 
 
 !iO m 
 
 40 nil: 
 III <lll[ 
 
 1 »)l 
 a? .'«■/ 
 
 All Uii 
 
 ion oi, 
 
 ! 
 
 18 M. 
 
 40 IMi! 
 
 7 illj 
 
 1 lie. 
 atl Tal. 
 
 10 m\ 
 
 17 ill 
 
 3.1 00' 
 
 I 
 
 •10 iiiKi: 1(H) m 
 
 "i dlKI' 7 ill] 
 
 II .'.mi* I li.'i 
 
 I UOd' li illl 
 
 V(X)| II .'illl 
 M iiiiol ttti (mi 
 3 S"ii| s ;.v 
 
 1 iMinl t .Mil 
 
 lUII IHin 'i'M> IHii 
 
 ,1 (IINII 7 .Ml' 
 
 n Hiiu i on! 
 
 to p.c. I VII V.C. 
 
 ail>al 
 
 I 111 p.f. 
 
 ad val. 
 
 IIMV 
 
 ad VHJ. 
 lili..-. 
 ad fal. 
 
 ad val. 
 in |,.c. 
 
 an val. 
 I |... . 
 ad tAl. 
 
 ail ral . 
 
 i C p.r. C) |).c, 
 
 ! All Vitl. I Mi lal. 
 
 t III p.C. )N !• 
 
 ad vnl. ad v 
 
 .1 p.f. 
 ad Tul. 
 
 each 1400 oou 
 
 300 00(> 7/jO b(i 
 
 ,1 p.r. 
 ad val. 
 
 Wi 000 
 
 I X.'i p.c. 
 
 metrical 
 
 
 ton 
 
 K nmi 
 
 X 
 
 to imj 
 
 .'j con 
 
 ii 
 
 A 000 
 
 100 kilm. 
 
 8 p 0. 
 
 
 ad val. 
 
 
 7 uou. 
 
 tt 
 
 W 
 
 31% AU 
 
 S5 p.c, 
 
 «.') on 
 
 ISi it' 
 
 XI 50 
 
 )(p.c. 
 atl ft) 
 1? »] 
 
 SPAIN . 
 
 HallMl, iinioli«cli And plckUU lUh • 
 
 rthellHftlt 
 
 IJnrtfllned ftulrari prmlureil tn, nr 
 eomlnic dint-ily front, the 
 Spanihli I'roviiUfi in AiiUTieu • 
 
 \\o. from any fort-iKn |»oTt 
 
 i)o. reflneili anil i-anuy, prmliireil 
 
 ill, niul rninliiit ilirecily froini 
 
 ihtf Hpunlih I'ruvtncei in Amt< 
 
 rica - - - . 
 
 rtiv lame* from rureiftn rountrlt^ ■ 
 
 CaraL-U cocott xl^ thoM hlinllar 
 ihfreto 
 
 I itiayaqntl do. do. do. 
 
 t'olleet prodtiCMt ^^* ^^^^ prnreiMl. 
 iiiff thrrctly from. \\\v. .^paiil»h 
 l*To»lncM hi Aintftica • 
 
 l).». from foreiun cuuntrirs 
 Die su-ralledrinK.ileserinnanion, 
 AtuI thii^e Hlinilar tlitfreto 
 
 riitiiiiinuii ofother Horn - 
 
 '■'loves - • - ■ 
 
 I'epper • 
 
 1 IVa . - . • 
 
 wpirtta (aKuardlvntiO, ninde In, 
 n*ul prot'eedl'm dirertly fiorii, 
 
 I il,*' Spanish I'roTinct'S m Aiiil*- 
 
 ■ in a 
 
 Do. from fort Ifjn countrit's 
 l.iqortiri 
 
 , MiH-r wid ryder - 
 
 I KttVrveMrlnK wliit-.i 
 All other winw 
 
 '('hncolatf 
 •iwt-vU , • - ' 
 
 ii'.^iri . - - • 
 
 iV.isif-t for wmym, alltnentary plants, 
 
 tiretuli and Ukculu 
 ii men* . - - ■ 
 
 HrtMU'v . - - . 
 
 Ammttnitlon or raps fur tire-arms 
 1 iiilowt^l tn he u^^.^l 
 I MnisheN (if fln« ai<d L-oar<ie hair 
 \Vv\x^ of ail sorlH - 
 India rul'ber and gutta pt-rcha, 
 
 law ■ 
 I Do. in "Ul*. thread-^, Ar.4l tiihfs 
 lJt>. iiiiuk- into articles of any 
 
 shniif 
 i)ili loth nndwnaed clothiCor flourn 
 
 anil packing - 
 Ho. of all othtT sorts 
 Iraiiie-* anil toyt,, except thf^e of 
 
 tiirioi>e shpll, i-worv, mothcT-of- 
 
 pearl, Kotd ;uid Jiilver 
 llvory, umber, jet, tortolbeihrll. 
 
 anil I oral, work«d Into any 
 
 sh.ipe not hitherto mentioned 
 I*<ikle iinjtationi of the forefioinu 
 
 iirticles arilcle« of iiMCrMrliaiim, 
 I and of similar suhhtaiices 
 istik covered umhrellas and para- 
 
 I'aratioN and unihrelta-i coveretl 
 
 with other textuiL-<( 
 'Silk haberdashery 
 H.iherd.i«hery of other sorts 
 fl.it< and caps ; 
 
 llf straw 
 
 Hats ofotlter sorts 
 
 i'.ipi Ao. do. 
 
 Unit and raps of all 9ort«, 
 worked and trimmed l>y a 
 ! milliner 
 
 jliulia rubber textures, with a 
 \ mixture of other mateitaU 
 |Str.iw textures - 
 jAII articles of hardware and iiier* 
 I eery not tneniionwl 
 
 KXPORTATIOX TAUIKF. 
 Lumps of rorlt. or cork sheets 
 
 from the provnire of (ierona 
 Old r.ifj'iof linni, rotion, »r hemp, 
 
 ati'l other sei-iind hand articles 
 
 of tlie same materials - 
 (iaienn tsuiphiile of lead) 
 Argt'UtlK'rous lead ore« - 
 
 lltharue - •! 
 
 Unit 
 
 herin. 
 
 Hue 
 herto. 
 litre 
 
 lOU kilos. 
 
 kiln. 
 100 kilos. 
 
 kilo. 
 
 100 kilos. 
 
 kiio. 
 
 100 kltoii. 
 
 kilo. 
 
 each 
 kiVu. 
 
 each 
 
 Dulles In 
 
 Y 
 
 A 
 
 J. 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 '■J 
 
 1) 
 
 Vdll 
 
 H 
 
 Illl 
 
 1 
 
 0011 
 
 V 
 
 .'jO 
 
 7 
 
 600 
 
 l!l 
 
 nn 
 
 •) 
 
 4.VI 
 
 V3 
 
 (,.■> 
 
 III 
 
 soil 
 
 V7 
 
 (HI 
 
 1'^ 
 
 900 
 
 \t 
 
 V,j 
 
 n 
 
 5011 
 
 r,n 
 
 r> 
 
 «i 
 
 sun 
 
 (il 
 
 Si 
 
 7 
 
 40(1 
 
 IH 
 
 80 
 
 lU 
 
 Ollll 
 
 VS 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 .lOO 
 
 1 
 
 V.'i 
 
 
 
 Vin 
 
 II 
 
 (ill 
 
 
 
 tun 
 
 1) 
 
 ."ill 
 
 u 
 
 ion 
 
 
 
 V.'. 
 
 u 
 
 61)11 
 
 1 
 
 ."id 
 
 » 
 
 001 
 
 7 
 
 Ad 
 
 7 
 
 .'inn 
 
 IS 
 
 7', 
 
 u 
 
 41)11 
 
 1 
 
 nil 
 
 5 
 
 dim 
 
 Ii 
 
 .Ml 
 
 (1 
 
 4111 
 
 1 
 
 nil 
 
 
 
 Vnll 
 
 (I 
 
 .'ill 
 
 
 
 41)11 
 
 1 
 
 IM) 
 
 n 
 
 VIII 
 
 (1 
 
 .'HI 
 
 1 
 
 fluo 
 
 3 
 
 7.'i 
 
 5 
 
 Wu 
 
 11 
 
 r,d 
 
 II 
 
 inn 
 
 II 
 
 V.'i 
 
 1 
 
 UUn 
 
 1 
 
 7.^ 
 
 70 
 
 OOn 
 
 17.-' 
 
 on 
 
 I) 
 
 mm 
 
 V 
 
 nil 
 
 
 
 3011 
 
 u 
 
 7j 
 
 •i 
 
 (10(1 
 
 .'. 
 
 nn 
 
 
 
 4UII 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 -.w 
 
 1 
 
 H.'i 
 
 \^ 
 
 non 
 
 Si 
 
 ,'■11 
 
 
 
 4UU 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 6(H) 
 
 1 
 
 .'lU 
 
 5 
 
 000 
 
 1! 
 
 Hi) 
 
 1 000, 2 .'id 
 
 1 nodi 'i .10 
 
 n cnn, I .'id 
 
 .') mm IS .'.II 
 
 I 800, * 6n 
 
 n iwKi 
 d Nnu| 
 
 I ao(i| 
 
 i.'i on 
 
 V 
 
 10(1 1 (HI 
 
 3 00(1 7 so 
 
 3 on 
 V on 
 
 aop.r. ! '^n p.r. 
 
 aU val. i ad vat. 
 
 I BOOi 
 
 d 6nU| 
 
 4IKI 
 
 mo; 
 
 nopoly of «alt after January t, 1870. A new 
 Spanish Customs' Taiiff of import duties (fee. came 
 inlooperatiiiii oii August 1, 1869; aud the prelixed 
 aiv its cliief features. (S(;e \<\t. lii-l't of this 
 Snjijili'inent.) [Ai.ic antk ; M.vmi.i,.\.] 
 
 nI'IRITS. [hw VK C(>n<<iJ<K ; Metiiyl.vted 
 i'<('(lilT ; Wakkiioinixg.] 
 
 SPRun;. [Ai.K .\M. hkku.] 
 
 ST.\KCH, and CAM OF. TOliRIPIED OH 
 C.MX'INKD, CustoniB' ''".ty ou, repealed, 1801). 
 STOCKS. The CoB'>. aies Clauses Amemlmeat 
 
 TALLOW ir, 
 
 Act of 18Utt removeii certain limitations on thi* 
 interoit tn be paid nn debenture Block, and gives 
 facilities fur borruwiiiK money to meet debentures 
 fulling due, and fur isouing nharcH or ntiicli at dis- 
 (^ount. See also Hank <>k KN(ii.A.Ni>, for facilities 
 now niven to holders of (iovernmeiit stocli for 
 receipt, of their diviileiids. 
 
 HUKZ CANAL. M.dc Lcsseps haviii|^rbroU|r|it 
 his ureat v.-orit well iiijjh to comiiletioii, tlie canal 
 wnsfiirinally opened on Wednesday, Novemlier 17, 
 18()!t, and ticets from the Mcdiicrrniieaii and the 
 (tulf (if Suoz met and siilutcd on Lalte Tiiiisuh. 
 The lenntli of tiie canal from I'ort Said on the 
 Mediterranean to Suez is about «7 miles, the miijor 
 part lying witliin the Meiizaleh, Uallali,Timsuli, 
 and bitter Lalies. 
 
 The surface or waterline width of the inaritlinu 
 canal is for the most port 'MH tcct, a reduced 
 widlii of I'.M) feet beiiiy; adopted fur cuttings 
 where till! cliaimel traverses certain clevation.s. 
 'I'he deptii of water will lie 'i(i feet. 
 
 I'nlil it ha in tlioroUf;li workin;; order and 
 completely at the .service of coninieice, and has 
 .stood tlie test of u.se by iiriictical scuineii for a 
 year or two, it would be premature to pmnouncc 
 the canal a complete success, or to attempt any 
 precise calculation of tlie saving to Ije elicited by 
 tlie adoption of this route to India in lieu nf that 
 by the Ciipe. But when it is recollected that the 
 length of voyage frum this country to liombay 
 via Suez is little more llian (I,()0(J miles, while 
 that by the Cape ia nearly KV.'OO, the eeunomy 
 in navigation to be effected liy an eilicicnt cana^, 
 with moderate tolls, between i'(jrt Said and Suez, 
 must be very great. 
 
 The passing tolls, as fixed for the present, seem 
 to bo moderate for passengers at ten francs per 
 head, and somewhat heavy on shipping at ten 
 francs per ton measurement. This charge is ex- 
 clusive, 1. Of pilotage, which viiries with the 
 ships" draft of water ; 2. Of towage, which is two 
 francs per ton, and is exclusive also of port chaiges 
 if a vessel passing through chances to toiuh at 
 any of the three iiorts, viz. I'ort Siiiil, Isniailin, in 
 Lake Tini.sah, or oppo.^itc llie new ciiilialikincnt 
 near Sue/.. The charge for licrthing and anchor- 
 ing at any of these after twenty-four hours' .stay 
 is live centimes per ton per day. 
 
 I'or a histoi y and description of the canal, and 
 of the operations re({uisite to comiiletc it, we beg 
 to refer to two articles by Captain Clerk in the 
 numbers of the Fnrtniphtl;/ Jievuic for Janiiaiy 
 and Febnwiry lH(i!) ; the 'iOltli iiUinber of A'»(- 
 qiiieering, No\ ember 2ii, 181!!); and tlie Nitice to 
 Mariners in the London Gazette, December 17, 
 IHIiii. The last, embodying the inforiiiiition 
 received from Commander C. S. Narcs, of II. M. 
 surveying vessel Newport, which passed tliinugh 
 at the opening of the canal, describes slmrHy t7ie 
 outer anchorage, approach to, lights, and harbour 
 of I'ort Said ; the curn'iit otT the coast, and in the 
 canal at the imrth end: the deiitli of Malcr at 
 various iioinis (IH ft. being the iniiiiinuni, and 2'.i 
 the maxiniiiin); the lights at the cut lance of .Suez 
 L.igoon ; the Suez dock; the tidal intlucncc at the 
 Suez end of the canal ; the effect of sand drifts, &c. 
 Commander Nines states that a single ship could 
 |>ass through in from 11 to ItJ hours, but that it 
 is impossible to carry a train of large shijis 
 through in mio day. 
 
 SWKDKN. See articles (JurrKNiifiui and 
 Stockholji, iix Dictionary, edition IStil*. 
 
 T.\ LLOW. By Bo.nu of Trade notice of .July 
 5, 18G"J, it would appear that the (ioveniraent (if 
 Salvador ha.s abolished the duly of '-'o per cent, 
 hitherto levied upon leaf and cuke tallow. 
 
16 
 
 TAPIOCA 
 
 TAPI(X:A. Cust(im»' (lutv on, repealed, 18fi0. 
 
 TARIFF. The tV2 & 33 Vict. c. 14 abolishes 
 the CuHtoiDH' duties on corn, K^ain, meal and 
 tluur, and articles of the like character (for list of 
 thent Hce Cokn). It provides that the Customs' 
 duty on Kau de Cologne shall be 14«. po' gallon, 
 whether imported in dusks or otherwise. It admits 
 extracts and essences of malt in transit or to bo 
 warehoused for exportation only, and alters the 
 Customs' duties on beer and ale. [ Alk.] 
 
 The same Act abolishes the excise licenses for 
 sellinff tea, coffee, chocolnto Ac, and for letting 
 horses and hackney carriages for hire, the stamp 
 iliity of 1«. 6rf. per cent, per annum on tire inaur- 
 nnce, and assessed tax for liair powdt^r, niul Hul)stl- 
 lutcs licenses for assessed taxes on male servants, 
 carriages, horses and mules, and armorial bearings. 
 [Spain.] 
 
 TKA. Tiic dutj* on licenses for trading in or 
 selling tea, coffee, cocoa nuts, chocolate, or iieppcr, 
 abolished from July i>, \XW, by ;12 & 33 Vict. 
 0. 14. 
 
 TKLlXlK.VrilS. Tlic Tilrgruph Act of 18118 
 has been amended by the 32 it 33 Vict. c. 7.3, 
 which, after defining a Iclciiraph as ' any apparatus 
 for transmitting niesjages iiroilicrcitnimuniciitions 
 liy nicansof electric signals," iiud a tcleijraiii us 'any 
 message or other counnniiicution traasmittetl or 
 intended for transmission i)y a telegraph,' gives 
 the Postmaster lieneral the exclusive privilege, 
 with certain exceptions, of sending messages; witti 
 ])ower to purchase undertakings of telegraph com- 
 panies within tlic United Kingdom; to transmit 
 aiul make nrrangenieiits for foreign messages, and 
 to raise 7, .)00,()()()/. on terminable annuities. An- 
 nual accounts, and copies of all regulations, in re- 
 lation to the (loverument Telegraphic system, inc 
 to be laid bef(ir4> Parliament, and messages are (o 
 be (l(cnieil post letters in llie meaning of llie Act 
 
 1 Vict. C. 31!. [IJ.MLWAYS. ] 
 
 TIMHi'',K. An cKport duly of 1 cent jier cul)ic 
 foot has been imposed by tlie Costa Uicaii (Jovern- 
 ment on timber tlie natural production of Ijinum 
 on the Atlantic. Sec Hoard of Trade notice of .luiie 
 17, 18t59. 
 
 Estimaieil Import of Wood into the United Kiny- 
 dom in IHtilt, from 3Icssrx. Churchill §,• Siin'ii 
 Cirvular of Jatiuiiry 4, l<s7U. 
 
 Colonial SHwn W'ooil Mlealn. Itattenft&c.) 
 
 Hi'wn ., ('limber and llanlwoixU) 
 
 Fnrcij;n Sawn „ (Dcal^, llatu-n*, noanlN \(' 
 Hewn f rl'itnlier uni' llaidwautls) 
 
 Colonial and Forcinn Stavch - 
 
 Total ... 
 
 Ixiads 
 
 T.V),ll()l) 
 
 'i,">;,ciiii) 
 
 . l,j|i;,nnii 
 
 ()■.'. mil) 
 - ,1,il)(.,U(i(l 
 
 T1;A DF.IJS. See, for definition of a trader, the 
 article IJASKiJUrTcy in tliis Supplement. 
 
 THEATIKS. In this article in the Dictionary, 
 edition 18G!t, under the sub-head Japan, it shouicl 
 liiive !)ccn stated that a summary of our treaty 
 with the Fnipcror of Jajian of August 2(), 18j8, 
 would be found embodied in the article on 
 Xacasaki. 
 
 '{"I'h'KKV. See articles in Dictionary,* edition 
 18<>!), viz. CoxsTANTiNori.K, 8al>)nica,"Smyhna, 
 and TiiKBizoNi). 
 
 TVNE. See article Docks, in Dictionarj', 
 edition 18G0. 
 
 ZANZIBAR 
 
 WAKKII0U8ING. Tho Customs and Exci« 
 Warchousinp Act of 18(i!» (32 & 3.1 Vict. c. 103 
 after explaining tho terms ' foreign spirits 
 ' wine,' and ' liritish spirits,' and distinguishiu 
 ' Kxcise warehouses ' from ' Customs warehouses 
 provides, by clause 4, for the warehousing of foreig 
 spirits, and wine in bond in Excise warehouse 
 and for tho moving tho same from one Customs ( 
 K.xciso warehouse to another, or for cxporlatioi 
 or for ships' stores, or on payment of customs fn 
 home consumption. 
 
 Tho following is a new scale of charges n 
 delivery of goods for home consumption, tlio ol 
 scale having been repealed, viz. :— 
 
 Srule of Charges on Delivery of Goods for Hum 
 Consumption from Customs and Excise Wart 
 houses, — Tnero shall be charged upon the goml 
 hereinafter mentioned upon tho <lelivcry of th 
 same for ln,me consumiitlon from any customs o 
 excise warehouse, in addition to the duties <i 
 customs or excise ])ayable in respect of suci 
 goods, and any other charges thereon, the rate 
 following for every full sum of one hundrei 
 pounds, and in proportion for any fractional par 
 of one hundred pounds of the amount of sue! 
 duties, namely :— 
 
 For Goods liable to Duties of Customs. 
 
 In rt-^pcct of tnltacco - " - O 'i (i 
 
 In re>l>ui:tofotlier gCMjdi < - • U A U 
 
 For Goods llidite to Duties of Excise. 
 
 In rnpcct of llrilLih compounded tpirils 
 
 £ 
 
 . 
 
 VKHMK'I.LI.I. 
 
 I MUSI. 
 
 (Justoms' duty on, rciicilcd. 
 
 and such rates shall be deemed to bo duties oi 
 customs or excise according as the same beeonu 
 ()ayal)le in respect of goods delivered from a eiis- 
 toiiis (//• excise warehouse. 
 
 ( lause 13 makes special jjrovision for tli( 
 warehousing and testing of British li<pHMir>, 
 whereof the strength cannot bo ascertained U\ 
 tlu! livilronieter, 
 
 WilKAT. Diitv on, repealed, 18Uy. 
 
 WINE. The \Viiic and ISecrhonse Act of IHIill 
 tr.insfors the granting or renewing of lici'iiscs foi' 
 the sale, by retail, of beer, cider, or wine, and tlin 
 regulation of refrcshnieiit houses, from the Excisi' 
 to the uistices at their licen.-iiig meetings. | Am: 
 
 AM) iJl'.KK.] 
 
 See also, under Wahkiiousing, the provision.'- 
 of the (vustoms and Excise Wareliousing Act ni 
 18()11, lor the warehousing of foreign wine in 
 Customs or Excise warehouses, and moving tin' 
 same from one to the other, for exportation, ui- 
 as ships' stores, or for home consumption. 
 
 ZAXZIBAK. Uy the Slave Trade .rurisdieii,.ii 
 (Zanzibar) Act of 18(')!t, the liritish consul .ni 
 Zanzibar is granted such jurisdiction as ordinarily 
 belongs to our Colonial Vice-Admiralty Courts in 
 regard to veasels captiifed on suspicion of beiii;; 
 engaged in or ('quipped for the slave trade, in the 
 following cases, viz. : — 
 
 1. When a Zanzibar vessel shall have been cap- 
 tured, in pursuance of any treaty with the Sultan 
 of Zanzibar, either within or beyond the dominion:* 
 of Zanzibar; and 
 
 2. When the vessel captured shall not be i ntitlcil 
 to claim the protection of the flag of any stati' ur 
 nation, 
 
 i'riiiinl till Spoiilmodh d- Co., Xeic SIrett Sguart and Wutmiiuter, 
 
?:anzibar 
 
 NG. Tho Customs and Excise 
 of lH(i!» (Sa&H.'l Vict. c. lOU). 
 tlio terms * foreign Hpirits,' 
 i.sh Hpirits,' and di.stin^ulHhiiiK 
 o» ' from ' CustoniH warehuuwH,' 
 ! 4, for the warehouMing of fureif{» 
 in bond in Kxcixc wnruhoiiHe.i, 
 e; tho same from one CustoinH or 
 tu another, or for cxportntiun, 
 I, or on payment of customs for 
 I. 
 
 N a now scalo of uharacs on 
 for homo consumption, tlio oM 
 repealed, viz. :— 
 on Delivery of Goods for llomr 
 I Customs and Excise Ware- 
 all be charn;ed upon the goods 
 )ned upon tho delivery of the 
 isum]itinn from auv customs oi- 
 , in addition to the duties oi' 
 5 (layablo in respect of sucii 
 lier clinrj;es tlicreon, the rates 
 ry full sum of one hundred 
 (portion for any fnietioniil pun 
 muds iif the aniuuiit of suelj 
 
 tble to Duties of Customs. 
 
 £ >. ,1. 
 
 CO . • . -i I. 
 
 [[(0(U • • ■ !i 
 
 able to Duties of Excise, 
 
 M I. </. 
 
 I cornpoundcil iplrlls • U 6 
 
 idl be deemed to bo duties oi' 
 iccordiiiff as the some beeoiin' 
 of goods delivered from a eus 
 jhoiise. 
 
 cs special i)rovision for tlii' 
 
 tcstui)^ of British li'iueiii-, 
 
 gth cannot be ascertaiued l>y 
 
 V on, repealed, IHGO. 
 i/ie and IJecrhouse Act of ]«ii:i 
 iiig or renewing of licenses (or 
 of beer, cider, or wine, and tliii 
 bnieiit houses, from the Excise 
 icir licpn>iiig meetings. | Am, 
 
 kV.\iii;iim!siNG, the provisions 
 d Kxcise W'areliousing Act nf 
 rehousing of foreign wine in 
 ■ warehouses, and moving tlir 
 tlie otiier, for exportation, i>. 
 for home consumption. 
 
 5y the Slave Trade .Turisdicliiii 
 ■'l8(;!», tlie British consul ni 
 s\icli jurisdiction as ordinarily 
 juial \ ice-Admiralty Courts in 
 aptuved on suspicion of beiii;;- 
 iped for the slave trade, in tlic 
 
 bar vessel shall have been cap 
 ! of any treaty with the Sultan 
 vithin or beyond the domiiiioni 
 
 2I captured shall not be i iititloil 
 don of the Hag of any state ur 
 
 U'eitmlniter,